bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foundations
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines what it meant for the early United States to be both a haven for European immigrants and a slaveholding republic. The Constitution recognized and protected slavery through the fugitive slave clause, the three-fifths clause, and the migration or importation clause, which prohibited Congress from outlawing the importation of enslaved persons for twenty years. Strangely for a country that attracted so many foreigners, however, the Constitution offered no guidelines on the admission, exclusion, or removal of immigrants. It authorized Congress to devise a naturalization policy for immigrants after they arrived, which Congress restricted to white people. Yet the Constitution did not define citizenship, and the states rather than the federal government controlled mobility and political membership in the early republic. Tensions over which level of government controlled mobility—by immigrants, free black people, or slaves—peaked during the crises over the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) and Missouri’s admission to the Union (1820–1821).
The Threat to Slavery
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines a series of antebellum court cases concerning the mobility of black people and immigrants. In Commonwealth v. Aves (1836), the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that an enslaved person brought into a free state was automatically free. In Groves v. Slaughter (1841), the US Supreme Court examined congressional and local power over the interstate slave trade. In Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), the Court ruled that states could not infringe on the federal government’s power to return fugitive slaves, but neither did they have to enforce federal laws. Northern states passed new personal liberty laws in response, while southern states demanded a stronger fugitive slave act. In the Passenger Cases (1849), the Supreme Court invalidated two state immigration laws as violations of federal commerce power, but the four dissenters, led by Chief Justice Roger Taney, defended these laws as legitimate exercises of police power and warned that southern states risked losing control over black mobility.
America the Unleashed
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy , Kushi Sidita
Published: May 2023

The post-9/11 era ushered in a significant US foreign policy reorientation from “diplomacy first, and force as a last resort,” to “military force first.” This period saw the rise of Department of Defense (DOD) budgets and special operations and the waning of Department of State (DOS) funds, influence, and diplomatic capacity—a hallmark of kinetic diplomacy. The Bush Doctrine also pushed preventative wars and unilateral practices of rampant militarism. During this era, the United States overestimated the capabilities of its military superiority, disregarding other tools of statecraft. The chapter highlights increasing trends of US militarism and blurred grand strategy, characterizing the United States as a world bully who still cannot win its most important foreign policy battles. This chapter reserves a separate section to discuss new US military technology such as drone warfare.
Introduction
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

Creative Health for Pianists is based on a series of musical archetypes: short snippets that condense one or more dimensions of music. In their basic form, the archetypes are easy to play and suited to a complete beginner. At the same time, the archetypes open the floodgates of creativity for pianists at any level. The archetypes may become the foundation of healthy technique, defined as the fashioning of a creative response to a creative situation. Technique is the result of a balance of tensions, physical, musical, sonic, and rhythmic. This balance is often perceived as a form of relaxation. When the pianist’s ego gets out of the way, music itself does a lot of the interpretive work for the pianist.
Celeste
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“Celeste” is an exploration of the piano’s sonic dimensions, including resonance, sympathetic vibrations, and the interplay of consonance and dissonance. Each of these factors depend on touch and timing. Inviting the pianist into this vast territory of sonic exploration, the chapter starts with a very easy exercise that allows for an immediately enhanced perception of sound. The basic exercise or archetype is varied into compositions that expand the occupation of the sonic territory. The chapter contains a detailed and practical study of the harmonic series, compositions that open up the pianist’s perception of harmonics and voicing, and compositions using extended drones and highlighting the role that the lowest note in a musical texture plays in determining consonance and dissonance. The chapter also contains a simple but effective exercise and improvisational prompt for the pianist to sense and control the influence of the right pedal on the overall sonic effect of a chord or passage.
Gesture
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“Gesture” gathers multiple tools to help the pianist become aware of the interaction between intention, gesture, and sound. Exercises includes the “Crawler,” which renders the hands strong and adaptable; “Crossing Hands,” highlighting the play of opposing forces between the left and the right sides of the body; “Singing Thumbs,” which give extra attention to the thumbs’ anchoring role in piano technique; and “Nested Thumbs,” which invite the hands to intertwine and relax; and multiple exercises to facilitate change, adaptation, growth, and expressivity when it comes to the use of the pianistic hands. Simple exercises are developed into compositions of varying complexity and difficulty. The chapter includes a sequence of compositions for the right hand alone and for the left hand alone, with innovative ideas to help the pianist master the all-important thumb passing in changes of position up and down the keyboard.
Mudra
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“Mudra” presents concepts and exercises to help the pianist conceive of hands as heralds of meaning and beauty. The central archetype, named “Mudra,” is a seemingly ordinary five-note chord, which becomes ever less ordinary the more one practices it. The archetype allows for a sense of structure and elasticity in the hands. Exercises and compositions show how a structured hand is capable of change, movement, and adaptation. The chapter touches upon the mystical or symbolic dimensions of existence, while at the same time proposing practical exercises to help the pianist integrate the symbolic with the technical dimensions of piano playing. Multiple compositions develop the chapter’s central archetype, showing how a simple building block is a potential shapeshifter that may give rise to highly varied sounds, rhythms, and sequences. The chapter covers the difficulties of playing three notes against two. It concludes with three single-hand compositions that encapsulate the richness of expression of which the pianist’s hands are capable.
Conclusion
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

The conclusion incites the reader to appreciate the stories behind the individuals who play the piano so differently one from the other. The story of Glenn Gould, for example, is inseparable from Glenn Gould himself; and the story of Glenn Gould is completely distinct from the story of Artur Rubinstein. Readers of Creative Health for Pianists may nourish their own playing with the stories they tell themselves regarding their experiences with the piano. The conclusion evokes Plato and his belief in archetypes, which are central to the methodology of Creative Health for Pianists. Plato is also evoked for his invention of Atlantis, the utopian civilization which, though fictional, became real to many people over the millennia. Finally, the conclusion posits that Creative Health for Pianists is rooted in the culture of the imaginary but inspiring Atlantis, where the conservatory is called the House of Unconditional Love.
A Summary of Treaty Benefits
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

This Chapter discusses the multiple benefits the UNCLOS Treaty provides for the United States; indeed more benefits for the United States than to any other nation in the world. These benefits include a massive extension of United States sovereign rights in the oceans, protection of navigational freedom for military and commercial vessels and aircraft, huge expansion of United States fishery resources, assured access to strategic minerals of copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese and rare earths from the deep seabed, the first major framework for protecting the marine environment, and important new mechanisms for peaceful resolution of oceans disputes. The United States territorial sea receives a fourfold increase from three nautical miles to twelve nautical miles, and the overall area of United States resource jurisdiction is increased to an area larger than the continental United States itself. Each of the “USA” designated deep seabed mine sites is approximately the size of the State of Rhode Island and each contains strategic minerals worth at least a quarter of a trillion dollars. Of particular importance to the United States Navy, the Treaty protects freedom of navigation through international straits and broad corridors within archipelagic island nations, and ensures full navigational freedom within the new 200-mile economic zone and beyond.
A Summary of Costs from Non-Accession
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

This Chapter describes the substantial costs to the United States from continuing non-accession to the Law of the Sea Convention. These include loss of two of the original United States deep seabed mine sites, “USA-2” and “USA-3,” with an estimated value of half a trillion dollars in strategic minerals of copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese and rare earths; and risk of loss of the two remaining United States mine sites, “USA-1” and “USA-4,” for a loss of another half trillion in strategic minerals. Continuing non-adherence also puts at risk in multiple ways the critical navigational freedoms won by the United States in the UNCLOS negotiations. It further places at risk international recognition of the substantial extended continental shelf won by the United States, and it precludes the United States from membership in three important new oceans institutions created at the initiative, or with the support, of the United States. Non-adherence also undermines United States leadership in the oceans and complicates United States efforts in oceans organizations such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Arctic Council, and in international negotiations such as the ongoing negotiation concerning marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (the BBNJ negotiations).
Arguments Against the UNCLOS Treaty Are False or Misleading
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

This Chapter moves to a discussion of arguments made against the UNCLOS Treaty and why they are false or misleading. It identifies and provides an overview response to the principal arguments which have been made against United States accession to the Treaty, while the next Chapter provides a compendium of specific examples of these false or misleading arguments. As the core response to the isolationist narrative against the Treaty this Chapter is the longest in the book. It begins with an identification of the principal arguments which have been made against UNCLOS and then responds to each, detailing why these arguments are either false, misleading, or both. In doing so the Chapter considers, in turn, arguments asserting loss of American sovereignty, harm to American security, harm from dispute resolution provisions, harm to United States interests in deep seabed mining, criticism of the royalty payments under Article 82 of the Convention in exchange for the massive new extended continental shelf for America, arguments that the Treaty is an arm of the United Nations, arguments that America should simply continue to live under customary international law or the 1958 Geneva Conventions, arguments that America should shoot its way to the rule of law in the oceans, arguments that bilateral approaches to oceans law are superior to the multilateral approach which hugely succeeded in UNCLOS, arguments that UNCLOS was primarily a “third world scheme,” arguments that President Reagan would have opposed UNCLOS even after the 1994 renegotiation of Part XI on deep seabed mining which met all of his conditions for United States support, arguments that Republicans or conservatives are united in opposition to the Convention, and arguments asserting that the legal regime brought about through the UNCLOS negotiations was “always the law.” Of particular note, the sections on dispute resolution and on royalty payments under Article 82 provide important history on the background of the negotiations in these areas, as well as a review of the most important decisions of the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea. And the section on President Reagan’s views includes a clear statement from George P. Shultz, Reagan’s former Secretary of State, that the Reagan Administration made it clear that it would support UNCLOS if the Administration’s “position on the sea-bed were accepted.”
The Senate Resolution of Advice and Consent
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

The Senate Foreign Relations Committee has previously done the heavy lifting on UNCLOS. Thus, in its favorable consideration of the Convention in 2003-04, and again in 2007-08, the Committee, working with the Executive Branch, prepared a detailed Resolution of Advice and Consent. This Resolution, rarely noticed by the critics, contains important additional layers of protection for the United States. This Chapter discusses this Resolution and its included understandings and declarations. “Understandings” simply reflect the official view of the United States as to the meaning of articles of the Convention. “Declarations” make United States choices as permitted by the Convention, such as the choice under Article 298 exempting “military activities” from the compulsory dispute settlement provisions of the Convention. “Declarations” also make choices under domestic law, such as Section 3, paragraph 24 of the Senate Resolution declaring the bulk of the Convention as “not self-executing” in United States domestic courts. One significant reason for moving forward to Senate advice and consent is that when the Resolution is adopted the multiple understandings in the Resolution, reflecting the United States view of critical articles, including many of the most important articles protecting navigational freedom, will become part of the interpretive process for governments and tribunals in interpreting the Convention. These authoritative understandings will provide a critical push-back against erroneous interpretations made by rogue governments such as that of Iran concerning the Strait of Tehran. While this Chapter concludes that no changes are necessary in this Resolution to further protect United States’ national interests, it also concludes that there is no reason not to add an additional understanding on dispute resolution; an understanding which is consistent with the Treaty but which as a clarification would definitively set aside lingering concerns with respect to the dispute settlement provisions of the Convention. Accordingly, this Chapter concludes with a discussion of such an additional understanding, and a suggested text of such an understanding should members of the Senate be so inclined. The author believes that it would be foolish not to move forward with Senate advice and consent if a simple additional understanding added to the previously adopted Resolution of Advice and Consent would generate the necessary votes for Senate approval.
Restoring Reason in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

There has been debate throughout American history as to the proper role for America in the world. Honest and informed debate serves the national interest as the Nation addresses a myriad of complex global issues. But, whatever the debate, it must be rooted in truth, full context, realistic options, and honest assessment of the real-world costs and benefits of those options – that is, “reason.” Sadly, the anti-Convention narrative, rooted in falsehoods and exaggerations, and isolating itself from real-world options, fails the standard for useful debate – and this false narrative is continuing to betray America, its security, its industry, its foreign policy and its people.
Policy Implications and Research Challenges
Authors: Bamberger Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the implications of the decades of research on pay communication and transparency for the workplace and for public policy. Specifically, it focuses on practical next steps that have the highest probability of being accepted by both labor and management. Also discussed are policy reforms that policymakers might consider. Implications for future research into pay communication are examined next, with a focus on identifying issues and questions that remain unresolved, as well as on the challenges scholars face when trying to address them. This chapter concludes with a discussion of implications for practice: steps that practitioners might want to consider if they are interested in enhancing their employees’ pay knowledge.
Faith in Facts
Authors: Suh Chris
Published: May 2023

Chapter 5 follows the continuing transpacific collaborations in the aftermath of Japanese exclusion by focusing on the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), an international nongovernmental organization based in Hawai‘i. Established in 1925, the IPR held biennial conferences that attracted prominent elites from the Pacific Rim countries, and it ran a research program that aimed to provide the Pacific Rim countries with much-needed knowledge about Asia. Of particular importance was the IPR’s research into Japan’s claims that the empire needed to find a solution to support its rapidly growing population problem. This research had unintended consequences. When Japan’s army invaded Manchuria in 1931, claiming that it needed to secure more land and food for its “surplus population” during the Great Depression, the IPR’s research aided the League of Nations, and indirectly the US government, in invalidating Japan’s claims.
Toward a New Order
Authors: Suh Chris
Published: May 2023

Chapter 6 explains how the long decade between the Manchurian Crisis and Pearl Harbor finally witnessed the end of the US policies created during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency. There were many events that signaled their end. In 1934 the US government set the timetable for Philippine independence. In 1937, Congress held hearings on granting statehood to Hawaiʽi. In 1939, after witnessing the brutality of Japanese troops during the Sino-Japanese War for two years, the Roosevelt administration decided to terminate the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and Japan. Many Americans became convinced that Japan was not a progressive power. In 1941 the US government made a commitment to curb Japan’s expansion of the self-proclaimed “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.” In contrast to earlier generations, FDR’s generation believed that governing the world with a multipolar order, with Japan as America’s most important nonwhite partner, was no longer a viable option to maintain peace.
Introduction
Authors: Rozeboom Grant J. , Jonker Julian David
Published: May 2023

The ideal of equality is difficult to articulate: it must be both sufficiently tolerant to accommodate important features of our practices, and sufficiently demanding to provide meaningful guidance for reform. The relational egalitarian ideal aspires to do a better job of negotiating this tension than the distributive egalitarian ideal. We articulate two strands of relational egalitarianism, an antihierarchical tradition and an antisectarian tradition. The antihierarchical tradition, which we discern in the works of Rousseau and those who follow him, criticizes social arrangements that leave some as social inferiors. The antisectarian tradition, which we discern in the work of Mill and Rawls, promotes social arrangements that accommodate diverse views about the good. We then describe how the contributors to this volume bring these twin aspects of the relational egalitarian ideal to bear upon questions about hierarchical arrangements in the workplace. These include questions about the scope, content, and justification of the relational egalitarian ideal, and taking them up promises to shed light on workplace phenomena underexplored by ethicists, such as self-employment, human capital, and freedom of employee speech.
The Workplace as a Cooperative Institution
Authors: Jonker Julian David
Published: May 2023

How should workplace authority be exercised in the face of disagreement? This chapter begins by outlining a positivist conception of workplace authority, such that employees lack a moral obligation to obey employment directives without more, but may have reason to adopt a workplace perspective that treats such directives as authoritative. There is reason to adopt such a perspective to the extent that the workplace can be seen as a cooperative institution. Workplace authority can be made compatible with the cooperative conception of the workplace if it is subject to a workplace justification constraint, i.e., if workplace directives are justifiable to all reasonable participants in the workplace. This criterion allows workplace authority to accommodate disagreement to the degree we expect of other liberal institutions. It provides a basis for using workplace authority to achieve the goals of work while respecting the fact that individuals may reasonably diverge in their conceptions of the good. The criterion has an egalitarian justification, but one that aims not at equalizing some dimension of the bilateral relation between employer and employee, but rather at providing an institutional perspective which gives each workplace participant equal standing.
England
Authors: Annesley Claire , Ratton Beatriz Lacerda , Watts Jake
Published: May 2023

The England experiment shows men and women candidates to be evaluated equivalently for different levels of posts, ability to win votes, and most masculine policy areas. However, regarding ability to be an MP, whenever the candidate is from the participant’s preferred party, participants more favorably evaluate the woman, and when the candidate is from the party they oppose, they give more favorable evaluations to the man. A party effect is consistently found in the England experiment, and participants give significantly more favorable evaluations to the candidate from their preferred party. In addition, more favorable evaluations of parties map onto party issue ownership. Acceptance of women as leaders by English young adults may be influenced by England’s experience with two women Prime Ministers, even though gender inequality persists throughout UK politics.
A Time to Heal or a Time to Kill
Authors: Kang Xiaofei
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 analyzes the campaign rhetoric against shamans, the mainstay of religious life in the Yan’an region. The campaign took male shamans and their ritual power as the chief targets of attack. The Party newspaper strategically paired journalists’ accounts with shamans’ own confessions to condemn ritual healing practices as “murderous business.” Two parallel narratives were designed to establish the Party’s epistemic authority over shamanic practices. Drawing on traditional rhetoric of patriarchy and female sexuality, the propaganda strove to establish the Party as the new ritual master that would save rural women’s reproductive bodies for the health of the incipient Party-state.
Catching the “Red-Shoed Demoness”
Authors: Kang Xiaofei
Published: May 2023

Chapter 5 examines the changing narratives of a ghost story in the CCP’s anti-superstition polemics. It discusses why and how the same ghost, a “Red-Shoed Demoness,” appears in four different political and literary genres during the anti-shaman campaign. The titular heroine stands at the center of multiple intersections: between Party-controlled journalism and audience-oriented stage performances, between the historical narrative of ritual exorcism and popular entertainment, and between rural “superstition” and CCP’s anti-superstition claims. The four different ways to tell the ghost story testify that the CCP’s construction of a new rural culture rested on a foundation of underlying fascinations with ghosts, shamans, and exorcistic battles between officials and spirits. Rather ironically, the propaganda workers, who were on the frontlines to fight against superstition, barely fell under the female demon’s enchantment spells. As they moved the story from Party newspaper’s coverage to oral and visual performances, propaganda workers inadvertently put the Party’s claim to the heavenly mandate by the power of “superstitions.”
Moral and Immoral Whiteness in Immigration Politics
Authors: Matos Yalidy
Published: May 2023

Immigration has been at the heart of U.S. politics for centuries. This book examines the inherent moral, value-based nature of white Americans’ immigration attitudes. The book tests a theory about the centrality of morality with a series of empirical models that take advantage of public opinion survey data as well as the roll call votes of elected officials. Ultimately, the book argues that white Americans’ immigration attitudes are at bottom moral choices. The moral choice that whiteness affords, that not all racial groups have, is the choice to continue to produce and reproduce a system structured on white supremacy or to repudiate it. In this project, the book asks under what conditions do whites choose to lean toward reproducing whiteness and/or repudiating it and what role does whites’ socialization play in the moral choices whites make about immigration. The notable contribution of this book to the field of immigration is that it uniquely argues that not only does whiteness structure immigration but that immigration attitudes are inherently moral choices—choices that are learned through the socialization of group norms and continually dictated by partisanship and whiteness. White identity, identification, and whiteness undergird these moral narratives in varying ways. The immigration choices made by whites move toward either reproducing whiteness or repudiating it within the continuum of white supremacy. In this current climate, as immigration continues to be weaponized to divide, it is important to understand the roots of immigration attitudes in the United States.
Enacting Whiteness through State-Level Immigration Laws
Authors: Matos Yalidy
Published: May 2023

This chapter uses original roll call data to examine the consequences of whites’ decision-making in electing state-level representatives who make decisions about how immigration is enforced in their state. These policies have detrimental consequences for immigrant communities and those perceived as foreigners, in that they dictate daily life and mobility with (anti-sanctuary) or without (sanctuary) fear of punishment. The chapter links white Americans’ individual moral choices to elect certain representatives over others, who then vote on immigration legislation structured by white supremacy. The discussion is grounded in the historical link between the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and Northern Liberty Laws and anti- and pro-sanctuary legislation to further argue how whiteness structures immigration legislation aimed at controlling and surveilling non-white mobility to maintain the racial status quo. Ultimately, the chapter finds that representatives who serve more non-Hispanic whites are more likely to vote against sanctuary policies.
Research in BDSM
Authors: Weinberg Thomas S.
Published: May 2023

“Research in BDSM: 40 Years Along” reviews work in BDSM studies since 2006, selectively focusing on research in areas and populations that had not been previously covered and work that the author felt significantly advanced previous knowledge. The chapter is organized topically, examining research in the etiology of BDSM done by evolutionary biologists, studies of the personality characteristics of BDSMers, gender and BDSM roles, negotiating consent and power exchange, BDSM subcultures, affiliation, support and belonging, BDSM communities and social control, and the development of a BDSM identity. Summaries of present knowledge are provided at the end of each topic, and a conclusion presents suggestions for additional research topics.
Navigating Dissonant Desires
Authors: Cardoso Daniel , Pascoal Patrícia M. , Quaresma Rita
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the potential romantic relationship challenges posed to kink-identified people and how they connect with identity development and individual well-being. By thematically analyzing the survey responses of 87 kinky Portuguese respondents, the researchers identified challenges across three interconnected main themes: (1) intrapersonal, (2) interpersonal, and (3) societal. The chapter also approaches how respondents deploy an array of strategies to cope with those challenges, mostly connected to communication and stigma management. Overall, this work will allow clinicians, educators, and the public at large to become more aware of the specific needs of this group and how current limitations in research, education, and healthcare impact individuals’ emotional and sexual well-being.
Kinky, Swinky, and PolyKink
Authors: Stewart Marla Renee
Published: May 2023

Kink has had some culture-shifting impacts on various communities, including Black communities in the South, non-monogamous communities, and mainstream communities. These personal and professional reflections discuss the intersectionality of kink and other various identities and how kink has pervaded these communities for the better. Within Black communities, its influence has been helpful in being considered less taboo and more embraced within the culture of Black kink, especially among folks who identify as LGBTQIA+. In swinging communities, kink has helped people to learn and navigate consent, as well as negotiate sex. In polyamorous communities, one sees communication crossovers, as well as collective identity understandings. In mainstream communities, one sees aftercare making a debut and, overall, how it is contributing to the greater good of people’s sexual lives.
Rich as Diogenes
Authors: Roubineau Jean-Manuel
Published: May 2023

Holding that the pursuit of glory, power, and wealth is a source of endless frustration, creating lives that ultimately are unsatisfying and self-defeating, Diogenes espoused extreme poverty. He claimed that the wealthy see themselves as continually needing more of everything and live in permanent fear of losing what they have, while poverty teaches one to be secure with little and self-sufficient, hence free from anxiety. Testimonia about Diogenes’s economic treatise, On Wealth, suggest that it can plausibly be taken to be part of a shift on the part of ancient Greek philosophers away from emphasizing sound management principles (oikonomia) to exploring the basic moral assumptions of a household, on the one hand, and the proper government of cities, on the other. Additionally, Diogenes transformed the practice of begging into a reciprocal economic arrangement: in return for asking for alms, he dispensed moral instruction.
Pagan Inscriptions, Christian Viewers
Authors: Sitz Anna M.
Published: May 2023

What did people in the early Christian period (4th–7th century ce) think about the ancient, pagan inscriptions filling their cities? Why, for example, is the famous Res Gestae of the “divine” Augustus almost perfectly preserved on the walls of a temple in Ankara in Asia Minor, even though the city became a Christian imperial center? The prima facie explanation—that late Romans ignored the older epigraphic material around them—is proven untrue in this book. By gathering both literary and archaeological evidence, this study indicates that early Christians (and late pagans, Jews) in the eastern Mediterranean interpreted older inscriptions in Greek and other languages through their own worldviews. After establishing the modes of reading ancient inscriptions in the textual sources, the book presents a series of archaeological case studies spanning from Greece to Egypt, which reveal three possible reactions to epigraphic material—preservation, spoliation, and erasure—at pagan sanctuaries, the physical and discursive spaces in which the “culture wars” of early Christian hegemony were fought. Intersecting with research on spolia, damnatio memoriae, and the fates of pagan statues, this book makes a critical intervention in the fields of epigraphy and archaeology by arguing for the transtemporal agency of inscriptions. It adds a new facet to the study of “Christianization” in the Roman world by proposing that ancient inscriptions contributed to broader attitudes about the (pagan) past in late antiquity, attitudes that continued to color how people in the medieval period and beyond evaluated classical patrimony.
Spoliation
Authors: Sitz Anna M.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 continues the archaeological case studies by turning to sanctuaries where inscriptions ended up as spolia, that is, reused building material. While the use of spolia has sometimes been viewed as a triumphalist act heralding the victory of Christianity, the way that inscribed blocks were reused in churches and, in one case, a synagogue does not support such an interpretation. Nor did builders completely ignore inscriptions when they appropriated them as building material: at several sites, inscriptions were clearly taken into account during the construction process, even if their pagan content was moderated in some way, such as through scrambling or hiding. This chapter investigates the construction decisions that resulted in the protection or display of inscribed spolia and the ways these texts intersected with local identity formation.
Conclusion
Authors: Sitz Anna M.
Published: May 2023

The concluding chapter emphasizes that most viewers throughout the centuries read inscriptions not as epigraphers do, with a focus on historical accuracy, but rather through the lens of their own time, place, and cultural expectations. Furthermore, the continued vitality of ancient inscriptions in late antiquity has been overlooked in part because of a scholarly fixation on spolia to the exclusion of stones preserved in place. These inscriptions, spoliated or not, created the composite, intertextual epigraphic landscapes of late antique cities and sanctuaries. The afterlives of inscriptions paralleled to some degree those of pagan statues, but divergent ontologies of words and images in this period also resulted in different treatment of these two media. Finally, this chapter underlines once more that the inscriptions considered in this book proclaimed overwhelmingly civic messages, and this was still intelligible in late antiquity. Indeed, the decisions made about epigraphic material in that period resulted in the astounding preservation of thousands of inscriptions, which has enabled the development of the highly specialized field of epigraphy today.
Taking Time Seriously
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: May 2023

This chapter is about time, the fundament of Bergson’s philosophy. He criticizes theories that “spatialize” time and unfolds his alternative understanding of duration. Bergson and Einstein had a fractious dispute, though carefully considered they disagree on little. Bergson uses his conclusions about time to refute determinism by showing that the classical proofs of determinism fallaciously apply spatial thought to consciousness. Bergson’s idea of intuition is a development of his thought on duration. We are not aware of temporal continuity through external sense; we see and hear only where events stop or start, not the continuity of their movement, which we experience only through sympathetic intuition. Bergson’s thought on duration resonates with the Daoist understanding of the dao, a point on which a final section of the chapter expands.
Making Memory Matter
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: May 2023

In Matter and Memory, Bergson introduces theories of perception and memory that feature his concept of the virtual. Perception is virtual action and memory is virtual experience. Virtual existence is the mode of being common to tendencies, dispositions, generalities, and habits, as well as memories and the past itself. Bergson’s theory of memory is an alternative to practically everything psychology and philosophy have said on this topic. Memories are not traces, an inappropriate spatial concept; instead, they express the effectiveness of the past in the present. The chapter details Bergson’s ideas on the mind-body problem, the relation of brain and consciousness, his unique panpsychism, his critique of notions of chaos and nothingness, and implications of his arguments for physical thought on entropy and quantum entanglement.
Élan Vital
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses Creative Evolution, Bergson’s most widely read and controversial book. A look at the history of vitalism exposes the misunderstanding of Bergson as a vitalist. His opposition to Darwin is opposition to mechanical biology, though his arguments are not entirely successful. Élan vital is Bergson’s term for an event that initiated with terrestrial life, unleashing an immanent tendency that presses life to all its diversity. Intelligence and instinct are two lines in which evolution has been most progressive, culminating respectively in human beings and the Hymenoptera. Humanity is challenged to advance the vital élan, which can no longer progress through speciation, requiring instead the deliberate efforts of science and technology. Evolution includes cosmology, where Bergson’s ideas anticipate features of the later Big Bang theory. Bergson and Nietzsche were pioneers in evolutionary epistemology, and the chapter closes with a comparison of their ideas on being, becoming, and eternal return.
Comparative Contexts
Authors: Driessen Michael D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the data and methodology employed for the case studies. In order to do that, the chapter begins by offering an overview of the political and religious contexts of the four countries sponsoring the interreligious dialogue efforts studied in this book, namely, Algeria, Lebanon, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. The chapter presents data from the Arab Barometer and the World Values Surveys to contextualize social support for religious politics and democracy across the region. The second half of the chapter introduces the survey instrument designed for interviews with interreligious dialogue participants in each of the four cases and discusses how the data was analyzed.
The Adyan Foundation (Lebanon)
Authors: Driessen Michael D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the case study of the Adyan Foundation in Lebanon. Drawing on surveys and fieldwork conducted in the country, the chapter focuses on the history of the Foundation in Lebanon and the lived experience of youth participants in the organization’s dialogue activities. The chapter highlights the development of key conceptual categories that Adyan has developed to connect their experience of dialogue to their work within civil society, including, particularly, spiritual solidarity, religious social responsibility, and inclusive citizenship. The case study considers the attractiveness of dialogue activity in contemporary Lebanese society and explores how participation in dialogue activities have both impacted individuals’ religious and social lives and shaped their political worldviews and actions.
Interreligious Engagement in the Gulf
Authors: Driessen Michael D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a case study of two prominent, state-based interreligious dialogue initiatives from the Middle East, KAICIID and DICID, and examines their goals and activities. The chapter argues that KAICIID and DICID have helped legitimize new ideas about religious pluralism and citizenship in the region and have connected multireligious collaboration to concrete policymaking efforts in the process. Although many members of these institutes recognize a paradox inherent in their work, they tend to see themselves as participating in a process of historic change in their own countries and in the region, one which is in tune with both the history of their nations and a more inclusive, religiously plural future. The case study offers a broad portrait of interreligious dialogue initiatives in the Middle East and highlights the dynamics and desires which have enabled various actors and institutions to support common positions on religious pluralism, solidarity, and citizenship despite their myriad differences.
Democracy Unmoored
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel
Published: May 2023

The end of the 20th century marked a triumphant moment for liberal democracies, which sold their vision of governance on the basis of their strong markets, economic redistribution to their citizens, and a robust constitutional order. But today democracies young and old, fragile and resilient alike are under threat—not from military conflict, nor from autocracies beyond their borders, but primarily from within. New tactics employed by would-be autocrats, whether in Hungary, India, Brazil, or the United States, exploit cracks that have emerged in democratic institutions since the 2008 financial crisis. Why have democracies weakened, how has populism emerged in its place, and what are its implications for the long-term future of democratic governance around the world? Democracy Unmoored: Populism and the Corruption of Popular Sovereignty examines these questions in three parts. The first addresses the recent ascendancy of populism around the world, arguing that populism has emerged as democracies have grown less able to deliver on their promises and the economic, social, and cultural narratives underpinning democracy unraveled amidst economic dislocation, migration, and demographic change. The second explores how populists govern when they take power and the intralegal ways that populists wield democratic institutions against democratic governance. The third and final part offers suggestions to better insulate democracies against the populist tide, including the application of ordinary tools of criminal and administrative law; improving state capacity, checks on the executive and citizen participation; and exploring novel electoral frameworks.
Introduction: The Populist Challenge
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel
Published: May 2023

Democracy Unmoored begins with personal observations. A trip to Argentina revealed uses of executive power to tilt elections, from massive doles on election eve to hijacking the stage of football competitions. In Venezuela, a trip to lecture on press freedom overlapped with the destruction of media offices. Whether caudillo politics in Latin America or attempts at election interference by President Trump, authoritarian populists’ tactics around the world are not the blunt tools of 20th-century military rulers and other tyrants. This introduction defines populism as a movement based on political mobilization in disregard of institutions, focused on society rather than institutions of the state. Populism is not a challenge of new, fragile democracies—young and mature democracies around the world are confronting similarly motivated populist movements using similar, often intralegal, tactics to consolidate power and wear down opposition. These new challenges and the new solutions they demand are discussed in the following chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E.
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter outlines the purpose and main arguments of the book and outlines the space environment. First, the book argues that space technologies have not been inherently developed for the benefit of all humankind. Space technology’s original sin is its militarized origin and heritage, which continues to drive space activities today. Second, we are living in a Global Space Age where all countries have a stake in it and not only the biggest powers of the international system. Third, Earth orbit should be viewed more as a coastline rather than a new ocean of the “ultimate high ground.”
The Dawn of the Global Space Age
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E.
Published: May 2023

The original sin of space technology can be charted through the foundational developments in the United States and the Soviet Union to demonstrate the technologies proliferated and perpetuated injustices and inequalities on Earth. On a visceral and essential level, this chapter shows how ahistorical and incorrect it is to accuse certain states of “militarizing” space today. Space was always militarized. It is no coincidence that the major space powers also have significant nuclear and missile infrastructures. Both superpowers, despite their anti-colonial beliefs about themselves, conducted imperial practices or took advantage of historic territorial gains from settler-colonialism in setting up and supporting their space programs.
Beyond Bipolarity
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E.
Published: May 2023

Neither superpower nor the Germans before them had a complete monopoly on practical and theoretical space technology. Europe, China, Japan, and India have their own journeys into orbit and beyond. This chapter explores the genesis of these space powers and entrenches a global space historical perspective that is so fundamental to understanding the major contours of power and technological spread or diffusion in the twenty-first century. In addition, the legacy of empire continues as multiple space powers benefitted from previous imperial gains on Earth as the Global Space Age took root.
Tethers of Modernity
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E.
Published: May 2023

Spacepower provides what are now considered essential military and economic infrastructures, and they have matured and long moved on from their “emergent” phases. With that comes familiarity, path dependencies, and higher costs of switching to alternatives as certain infrastructures become “sunk costs” and shape successive behavior and choices around their technical features and capabilities. This chapter focuses on three general classes of space systems that make up major orbital infrastructures: communications satellites (SATCOMs), space situational awareness (SSA) and space tracking systems, and satellite navigation technologies. They have become essential for modern military power, civil infrastructure and the digital networks that underpin the modern global economy, data-dependent systems, and computerized electricity and production systems.
Leaked Celebrity Tirades and the Primal Scene of Racism
Authors: Kelly Casey Ryan
Published: May 2023

Chapter 1 begins with an examination of a series of racist celebrity tirades by actor Mel Gibson, comedian Michael Richards, and WWE Wrestling and reality television star Hulk Hogan. I argue that these three racist events restage the primal scene of U.S. colonialism, or the racist psychosexual dynamics of the nation’s origins. Rather than unmask and indict overt racism, the wide circulation of such outbursts does the work of postracial culture by staging an encounter with lack but with significant distance between hearing and understanding of the primal scene of U.S. racism. This chapter illustrates how racist irruptions of sustain anxiety over and fascination with miscegenation as a threat to white purity.