bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preface: Phys. Status Solidi C 7/2
Authors: Bechstedt Friedhelm , Zahn Dietrich R. T. , Nanishi Yasushi , Ponce Fernando A.
Published: February 2010

The 12th International Conference on the Forma‐tion of Semiconductor Interfaces (ICFSI‐12) brought together world‐leading experts in the area of semi‐conductor interfaces including their preparation, physics, and application. The focus was on recent ad‐vances in controlling and characterizing the physical and chemical properties of semiconductors in contact with metals, other semiconductors, insulators, or mo‐lecular overlayers with special emphasis on electronic, spintronic, photonic, and photovoltaic applications. The conference subtitle “From Semiconductors to Nanoscience and Applications with Biology” indicates the enormous impact of semiconductors and their interfaces on applications in biological, environmental, and even medical fields. ICFSI‐12 in Weimar thus found considerable interest in the science community and around 230 scientists from all around the world actively participated. The highlights of the conference included the plenary and invited talks on theory and experiments of graphene given by Steven Louie, Walt de Heer, and Thomas Seyller. Additionally, the audience was highly impressed by the in situ electron microscopy observations of silicon and germanium nanowire growth presented by Frances Ross as well as by the atomic‐scale in situ characterisation of solid/electrolyte interfaces by Klaus Wandelt. Finally, Robert Hamers reviewed his work on biomolecular interfaces to semiconductor surfaces. He also received the Semiconductor Surfaces, Interfaces, and Nanostructure Prize for his outstanding contributions to the field. Altogether 6 plenary, 14 invited, and 114 contributed talks as well as 104 poster contributions were presented at the ICFSI‐12 conference. Of these contributions around 100 papers can be found as contributions in these proceedings. They are organised in the follow‐ing subsections:

– Surfaces and deposition

– Liquid–solid interfaces

– Organic interfaces

– Heterojunctions

– High‐k and oxide materi‐als

– Wide bandgap materials

– Nanowires and nanotubes

– Graphene

– Nanoparticles

– Devices

The success of the conference was not only based on the lively discussions and scientific exchange, but also due to the inspiring environment provided by the Congress Centrum Neue Weimarhalle and the City of Weimar itself. The participants enjoyed an entertaining social program including a concert “Musical Weimar: From Bach to Liszt” and a lecture on Goethe. The support of the Neue Weimarhalle and the Hotel Leonardo staff is thus gratefully acknowledged. Moreover, very special thanks go to Simone Lange, Sybille Raschke, and Lutz Feige for their great support. Their effort enormously helped to run the conference smoothly and make it enjoyable for everybody.

ICFSI‐12 was a great success demonstrating the timeliness of the subject. We are thus very much looking forward to the next ICFSI‐13 conference to be held in Prague in 2011. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neuroprotective effect of HT008‐1, a prescription of traditional Korean medicine, on transient focal cerebral ischemia model in rats
Authors: Bu Youngmin , Kwon Sungeun , Kim Yun Tai , Kim Mi‐Yeon , Choi Hoyoung , Kim Jae Goo , Jamarkattel‐Pandit Nirmala , Doré Sylvain , Kim Sung‐Hoon , Kim Hocheol
Published: February 2010

HT008‐1 is one of the prescriptions used in Traditional Korean Medicine for the treatment of mental and physical weakness. It is composed of Panax ginseng, Acanthopanax senticosus, Angelica sinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis, which have been reported to have various pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. The study investigated whether HT008‐1 has neuroprotective effects in a focal cerebral ischemia rat model. Stroke was induced in rats by 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 22 h of reperfusion. HT008‐1 (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) and the component herbs (300 mg/kg) were administered orally twice at 0 and 2 h after ischemia. Oral administration of 300 mg/kg HT008‐1 reduced brain infarction by 45.7%, prolonged the latency time by 24.8% in the rotarod test, and enhanced the score by 17.0% in the balance beam test. Only P. ginseng and S. baicalensis showed protective effects, and HT008‐1 showed a greater effect than its component herbs. HT008‐1 down‐regulated the COX‐2 and OX‐42 expression in the penumbra region. In conclusion, the results show that HT008‐1 may be effective in a rat stroke model by an antiinflammatory mechanism and may improve sensory‐motor function by reducing damage in the cortex and caudoputamen. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Horse chestnut extract contracts bovine vessels and affects human platelet aggregation through 5‐HT2Areceptors: anin vitrostudy
Authors: Felixsson Emma , Persson Ingrid A.‐L. , Eriksson Andreas C. , Persson Karin
Published: February 2010

Extract from seeds and bark of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanumL) is used as an herbal medicine against chronic venous insufficiency. The effect and mechanism of action on veins, arteries, and platelets are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of horse chestnut on the contraction of bovine mesenteric veins and arteries, and human platelet aggregation. Contraction studies showed that horse chestnut extract dose‐dependently contracted both veins and arteries, with the veins being the most sensitive. Contraction of both veins and arteries were significantly inhibited by the 5‐HT2Areceptor antagonist ketanserin. No effect on contraction was seen with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the α1receptor antagonist prazosin or the angiotensin AT1receptor antagonist saralasin neither in veins nor arteries. ADP‐induced human platelet aggregation was significantly reduced by horse chestnut. A further reduction was seen with the extract in the presence of ketanserin. In conclusion, horse chestnut contraction of both veins and arteries is, at least partly, mediated through 5‐HT2Areceptors. Human platelet aggregation is reduced by horse chestnut. The clinical importance of these findings concerning clinical use, possible adverse effects, and drug interactions remains to be investigated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On an analytical model for the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones
Authors: Montgomery Michael T. , Smith Roger K.
Published: February 2010

Stimulated by recent developments in understanding tropical cyclones, we offer an evaluation of an analytical model that has been proposed to explain the rapid intensification of these storms. We articulate a number of concerns with this model, including the neglect of both the vertical momentum equation and the thermodynamic equation, and conclude that it falls a little short of achieving its stated aims. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Comprehensive characterization of marine dissolved organic matter by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with electrospray and atmospheric pressure photoionization
Authors: D'Andrilli Juliana , Dittmar Thorsten , Koch Boris P. , Purcell Jeremiah M. , Marshall Alan G. , Cooper William T.
Published: February 2010

We compare the ultrahigh resolution 9.4 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectra of marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated from two sites in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) obtained by complementary electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). Ions produced by APPI extend to higher carbon unsaturation than those produced by ESI, indicated by higher double‐bond equivalents (rings plus double bonds) minus oxygen (DBE‐O) values, whereas ESI‐generated ions are more oxygenated. Moreover, many sulfur‐containing compounds were efficiently ionized by ESI but not detected by APPI. Because the mass spectra obtained by ESI and APPI are significantly different, both are necessary to obtain a more complete description of the molecular composition of marine DOM. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Method for improved secondary ion yields in cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Brewer Tim M. , Szakal Christopher , Gillen Greg
Published: February 2010

A method to increase useful yields of organic molecules is investigated by cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Glycerol drops were deposited onto various inkjet‐printed arrays and the organic molecules in the film were rapidly incorporated into the drop. The resulting glycerol/analyte drops were then probed with fullerene primary ions under dynamic SIMS conditions. High primary ion beam currents were shown to aid in the mixing of the glycerol drop, thus replenishing the probed area and sustaining high secondary ion yields. Integrated secondary ion signals for tetrabutylammonium iodide and cocaine in the glycerol drops were enhanced by more than a factor of 100 compared with an analogous area on the surface, and a factor of 1000 over the lifetime of the glycerol drop. Once the analyte of interest is incorporated into the glycerol microdrop, the solution chemistry can be tailored for enhanced secondary ion yields, with examples shown for cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) chloride adduct formation. In addition, depositing localized glycerol drops may enhance analyte secondary ion count rates to high enough levels to allow for site‐specific chemical maps of molecules in complex matrices such as biological tissues. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A gas chromatography/pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry system for high‐precision δD measurements of atmospheric methane extracted from ice cores
Authors: Bock Michael , Schmitt Jochen , Behrens Melanie , Möller Lars , Schneider Robert , Sapart Celia , Fischer Hubertus
Published: February 2010

Air enclosures in polar ice cores represent the only direct paleoatmospheric archive. Analysis of the entrapped air provides clues to the climate system of the past in decadal to centennial resolution. A wealth of information has been gained from measurements of concentrations of greenhouse gases; however, little is known about their isotopic composition. In particular, stable isotopologues (δD and δ13C) of methane (CH4) record valuable information on its global cycle as the different sources exhibit distinct carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition. However, CH4 isotope analysis is limited by the large sample size required and the demanding analysis as high precision is required. Here we present a highly automated, high‐precision online gas chromatography/pyrolysis/isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry (GC/P/irmMS) technique for the analysis of δD(CH4). It includes gas extraction from ice, preconcentration, gas chromatographic separation and pyrolysis of CH4 from roughly 500 g of ice with CH4 concentrations as low as 350 ppbv. Ice samples with approximately 40 mL air and only ∼1 nmol CH4 can be measured with a precision of 3.4‰. The precision for 65 mL air samples with recent atmospheric concentration is 1.5‰. The CH4 concentration can be obtained along with isotope data which is crucial for reporting ice core data on matched time scales and enables us to detect flaws in the measurement procedure. Custom‐made script‐based processing of MS raw and peak data enhance the system's performance with respect to stability, peak size dependency, hence precision and accuracy and last but not least time requirement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ℋ︁∞sliding mode observers for uncertain nonlinear Lipschitz systems with fault estimation synthesis
Authors: Raoufi Reza , Marquez H. J. , Zinober A. S. I.
Published: February 2010

This paper presents a scheme to design robust sliding mode observers(SMO) with ℋ︁∞performance for uncertain nonlinear Lipschitz systems where both faults and disturbances are considered. We study the necessary conditions to achieve insensitivity of the proposed sliding mode observer to the unknown input(fault). The objective is to derive a sufficient condition using linear matrix inequality(LMI) optimization for minimizing the ℋ︁∞gain between the estimation error and disturbances, while at the same time the design method guarantees that the solution of the LMI optimization satisfies the so‐called structural matching condition. The sliding motion affects only a part of the system through a novel reduced‐order sliding mode controller. Furthermore, the so‐called equivalent control concept is discussed for fault estimation. Finally, a numerical example of MCK chaos demonstrates the high performance of the results compared with a pure SMO. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient and secure agent code distribution service
Authors: Cucurull J. , Navarro‐Arribas G. , Martí R. , Robles S. , Borrell J.
Published: February 2010

Mobile agents (MAs) are autonomous computing entities that dwell in agent platforms and have the ability to move to different locations as needed. They are typically composed of code, data, and a state. The performance of MA migrations is always penalized by the need of carrying these components to each visited location. In contrast to the agent data and state, the agent code is static during the whole agent life. Therefore, optimizing the agent code management, the agent migration performance can be improved. The main contribution of this article is the definition of a global cache service to efficiently and securely deal with the distribution of agent code. An implementation of the service has been developed, and its benefits have been extensively demonstrated by a set of performance tests carried out in different scenarios. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Simulation of Liquid Steel Flow in Wedge‐type One‐strand Slab Tundish with a Subflux Turbulence Controller and an Argon Injection System
Authors: Cwudziński A.
Published: February 2010

The paper presents computational modelling of the liquid steel flow in a wedge‐type one‐strand slab tundish. The modelling was extended on the variance of liquid flow under a subflux turbulence controller (STC) and a gas permeable barrier on the tundish bottom. Commercial software was used for solving the mathematical model of the casting process. For the description of interactions between the continuous phase (liquid steel) and the discrete phase (inert gas), an Euler‐Lagrange description was chosen. The internal space of the subflux turbulence controller had the shape of a truncated cone, made according to a new design. Three locations for the gas permeable barrier were simulated and the flow rate of inert gas blown into the liquid steel was varied in the range from 10 to 30 Nl/min. The numerical modelling was validated by experimental tests which were carried out in an industrial wedge‐type tundish of a Polish steel plant. The industrial experiments included a direct sequence of heats of different chemical analysis in the course of the casting operation.

The computations provided liquid steel flow maps, residence time distribution curves (RTD), and the volumes of particular flow types (stagnant, plug and ideal mixing flows), which characterize the effect of argon blowing and the subflux turbulence controller on liquid steel flow in the tundish. As a result, the industrial tundish operation was optimized.
Simulation of the Soaking and Gas Jet Cooling in a Continuous Annealing Line using Dilatometry
Authors: Granbom Y. , Ryde L. , Jeppsson J.
Published: February 2010

The present study concerns the simulation of a continuous annealing line (CAL), using dilatometry. Simulations of CAL have been performed on four commercial steel grades with different chemical compositions in order to investigate how the alloying elements C, Mn, Si and B affect the microstructure and hardness of dual phase (DP) and martensitic steels. Three annealing cycles corresponding to those used in a CAL have been applied. When annealing intercritically, as is the case in DP‐steel production, the materials do not reach equilibrium during soaking. Mn and C increase the austenite content and consequently the hardness of the materials. Higher levels of Si (0.4 wt %) are required to retard the formation of new ferrite during cooling in the gas jet section, prior to quenching. B increases hardenability effectively when annealing in the austenite region but is not as efficient during intercritical annealing, which implies that boron restrains ferrite nucleation rather than impeding ferrite growth. Results from DICTRA calculations show that it is possible to simulate the phase transformations during soaking, gasjet cooling and quenching.
Formation Free Energies of Solid Solution between Tri‐Calcium Phosphate and Di‐Calcium Silicate
Authors: Takeshita H. , Hasegawa M. , Kashiwaya Y. , Iwase M.
Published: February 2010

In order to determine the free energy changes for the reaction

molten copper containing phosphorus was brought into equilibrium with mixtures of tri‐calcium silicate + di‐calcium silicate + solid solution between tri‐calcium phosphate and di‐calcium silicate in a stream of Ar + H2 + H2O gas mixture at temperatures between 1548 and 1598 K, and the results are expressed as
Analysis of Mould, Spray and Radiation Zones of Continuous Billet Caster by Three‐dimensional Mathematical Model based on a Turbulent Fluid Flow
Authors: Shamsi M. R. R. I. , Ajmani S. K.
Published: February 2010

An analysis of mould, spray and radiation zones of a continuous billet caster has been done by a three‐dimensional turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer mathematical model. The aim was to reduce crack susceptibility of the billets and enhance productivity of the billet caster. Enthalpy‐porosity technique is used for the solidification. Turbulence is modelled by a realizable k‐ε model. The three‐dimensional mesh of the billet is generated by Gambit software, and Fluent software is used for the solution of equations. In various zones, different standard boundary conditions are applied. Enhanced wall treatment is used for the turbulence near the wall. In the mould region, Savage and Prichard expression for heat flux is applied. In the spray cooling zone, the heat transfer coefficient for surface cooling of the billet is calculated by knowing the water flow rate and the nozzle configuration of the plant. The model predicts the velocities in the molten pool of a billet, the temperature in the entire volume of billet, the heat transfer coefficient in the mould region, the heat flux in the cooling zone and radiation cooling zone, and the shell thickness at various zones. The model forecasts that the billet surface temperature up to the cutting region is above the austenite‐ferrite transformation temperature (which is accompanied by large volume change). The model predicts a temperature difference of maximum 700 K between the centre and surface of the billet. The entire solidification takes place at 11.0 m length at 3.0 m/min. For the same casting arrangement, increasing the casting speed up to 4.0 m/min has been explored. Based on the simulation results, recommendations to alter the spray water flow rate and spray nozzle diameter are presented to avoid a sudden change of temperature.
Inclusion Characteristics of Bearing Steel in a Runner after Ingot Casting
Authors: Doostmohammadi H. , Jönsson P.G. , Komenda J. , Hagman S.
Published: February 2010

In the uphill teaming method of ingot casting molten metal from the ladle goes into the runner system, which feeds one or several ingot moulds. This method is still important for production of bearing steel. In order to make clean steel, which has a controlled amount of inclusions, good understanding of inclusions characteristics is necessary. In this work non‐metallic inclusions of steel left in the runner part of an ingot casting system were studied. Inclusion type, size, and morphology were the main focus of this study. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to assess inclusion size and morphology. The chemical composition of inclusions was determined by SEM equipped with EDS. An automated program called ‘INCAFeature’ was used to collect statistics of inclusion characteristics. Based on the statistical analysis of inclusion composition, four types of inclusions including oxides, sulfides, carbonitrides and complex inclusions were defined. The inclusion characteristics in the runner were also compared to literature data of inclusions found in ladle and mould samples.
Ermüdungsprobleme prismatischer, trogförmiger Eisenbahnbrücken mit dicken Tragblechen und deren Bewältigung
Authors: Schrade Christian
Published: February 2010

Beim Nachweis prismatischer, trogförmiger Eisenbahnbrücken, die abgesehen von den Endquerträgern keine Aussteifungen aufweisen, ist die Annahme eines formtreuen Querschnitts nicht mehr grundsätzlich zulässig. Eine Untersuchung mit der Verallgemeinerten Technischen Biegetheorie (VTB) konnte zeigen, dass die erforderliche Ermüdungssicherheit für Bauwerke des untersuchten Typs bei Vernachlässigung von Querschnittsverformungen nicht unbedingt gegeben ist. Zur einfachen Bewältigung der Ermüdungsprobleme unter Berücksichtigung einer Vielzahl von Parametern wurde mit Microsoft Excel ein auf der VTB beruhendes Näherungsverfahren entwickelt, das die Querbiegespannungen sehr wirklichkeitsnah bestimmt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass eine Erhöhung der Stegblechdicke, welche die Stahltonnage nur geringfügig anhebt, die Probleme löst, sodass die Vorteile des untersuchten Bauwerkstyps hinsichtlich Bauhöhe, Fertigung und Montage weiterhin bestehen.

Fatigue problems of prismatic hutch‐shaped railroad bridges with thick plates and their handling. The assumption of a non deformable cross‐section at the calculation of prismatic hutchshaped railroad bridges without stiffening elements except for the bearing crossbeam is not in principle tolerable. An investigation with the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) revealed that constructions of that kind due to high transverse bending do not necessarily achieve the sought fatigue security. In order to provide simple means for multiple choices of parameters, a GBT‐based approximation procedure, implemented in Microsoft Excel, was developed which calculates transverse bending stresses very accurately. It appeared that increasing the web plate thickness solves the problem, so that the advantages of the investigated bridge type concerning height of construction, assembly and installation persist.
Verallgemeinerte Technische Biegetheorie – Einordnung in die Entwicklungsgeschichte statischer Berechnungsmethoden
Authors: Strehl Christian
Published: February 2010

Seit über 40 Jahren besteht ein logisches und erfolgreiches Berechnungsverfahren für Tragwerke aus zusammengesetzten Scheiben. Es stellt eine Erweiterung der technischen Biegelehre für die Berechnung biegesteifer prismatischer Faltwerke unter Berücksichtigung der Querschnittsverformungen dar. Die Entstehung der sogenannten Verallgemeinerten Technischen Biegetheorie (VTB) und die Leistungen dieses Berechnungsverfahrens werden hier anhand schematischer Skizzen erläutert.

Generalized Beam Theory – A classification with respect to static calculation methods. Since more than 40 years a logical and successful method of analysis for structures combined of several plates exists. The method is an extension of the Engineer's Beam Theory for the calculation of rigid prismatic folded structures while allowing for changes of cross sections. The history of the so called Generalize Beam Theory (GBT) and the performance of this calculation method are illustrated by schematic diagrams.
Lagerungsbedingungen und Lagerkräfte in der Verallgemeinerten Technischen Biegelehre
Authors: Haakh Andreas
Published: February 2010

Die Behandlung der Lagerungsbedingungen in der Verallgemeinerten Technischen Biegelehre (VTB) erfolgte seit ihrem Bestehen über die Zustandslager Längung, Biegungen, Torsion und den Profilverformungen. Lagerkräfte mussten aus den Schnittgrößendifferenzen rechts und links der Lager berechnet werden. In wurden erstmals diskrete Knotenlager in Form von Pendelstäben, Verschieblichkeiten und Festhaltungen eingeführt, allerdings ohne die Ermittlung der Lagerreaktionen. Nach einer kurzen Zusammenstellung der Grundlagen wird die systematische und einheitliche Behandlung allgemeiner Lagerbedingungen und ihre Rückrechnung mit Hilfe des Prinzip der virtuellen Verrückungen (P.d.v.V.) unter Verwendung des Weggrößenverfahrens dargestellt.

Bearing conditions and bearing forces in the Generalized Beam‐Theory. The handling of bearing conditions in the Generalized Beam‐Theory (GBT) was realized by supporting modes such as elongation, bending, torsion and cross section distortions. Bearing forces had to be calculated using the difference of the internal forces on both sides of the support. In discrete node bearings like suspension rods, expansion bearings and fixed bearings were introduced, but without calculation of the bearing forces. After a short compilation of the basic principles a systematic and uniform handling of all bearing conditions and their calculation is presented using the principle of virtual displacements in conjunction with the displacement method.
Anwendung der Verallgemeinerten Technischen Biegetheorie in der Ingenieurpraxis
Authors: Schrade Wolfgang
Published: February 2010

Die Zahl der wissenschaftlichen Publikationen und Fachbeiträge, die im Zusammenhang mit der Verallgemeinerten Technische Biegetheorie (VTB) stehen, dürfte, beginnend mit der Arbeit von Schardt im Jahr 1966, inzwischen die Zahl von fast 70 erreicht haben. Viele, wenn nicht sogar die meisten dieser Veröffentlichungen sind eher theoretischer Natur, so dass die Anwendung der VTB in der Ingenieurpraxis fast zwangsläufig etwas im Hintergrund bleibt. In dem nachfolgenden Beitrag soll deshalb anhand einiger ausgewählter Beispiele dargelegt werden, dass die Anwendung der VTB bei der Lösung entsprechender Aufgabenstellungen durchaus einer Behandlung zum Beispiel mit der FE‐Methode vorzuziehen ist.

Application of the Generalized Beam Theory in practice. The number of scientific publications which are connected to the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT), beginning with Schardt's paper in 1966, should be about 70 right now. Most of these publications are rather theoretical so that the practical applicability of the GBT inevitably stays in the background. Therefore, the following essay by giving some examples is supposed to show, that in some practical cases the application of the GBT is to be preferred in comparison to the Finite Element Method.
Mit kühnem Schwung
Authors: Keil Andreas , Linden Sebastian
Published: February 2010

Im Gelsenkirchener Norden, gleich hinter der ZOOM‐Erlebniswelt, überquert seit Juni 2009 eine filigrane, kreisförmig gekrümmte Hängebrücke den Rhein‐Herne‐Kanal. Mit einem kühnen Schwung und einer Spannweite von 141 m verbindet sie die Rad‐ und Wanderwege der südlichen Erzbahntrasse mit dem nördlichen Emscher Park Radweg. Die Brücke vereint durch ihre Leichtigkeit und ihre reduzierte, integrale Konstruktion ästhetische mit ingenieurmäßig sinnvollen Eigenschaften. Durch ungestützte Tragseilverankerungen und eine komplexe, dreidimensionale Werkstattform werden innovative Akzente gesetzt. Der vorliegende Bericht erläutert den Entwurf, die Planung und Ausführung sowie die komplexe Montage unter Schifffahrt dieser scheinbar schwebenden Konstruktion.

With a bold sweep – A one‐side suspended pedestrian bridge in Gelsenkirchen, Germany. North of Gelsenkirchen, right behind ZOOM‐Erlebniswelt, a delicate, horizontally curved suspension bridge crosses the Rhine Herne Canal since June 2009. With a bold sweep and a span of 141 m it connects the bike and walking trails of the southern Erzbahntrasse with the northern Emscher Park bike trail. The bridge combines architectural aesthetic and discerning engineering attributes through its lightness and its minimal, integral construction. Using unsupported main cable anchorages and a complex, three‐dimensional workshop geometry, innovative accents were created. The following report illustrates the design, planning and construction as well as the complex erection sequence of this elegant, seemingly floating structure.
Development of capillary array DNA sequencers for genome analysis
Authors: Kambara H.
Published: February 2010

Massive analysis of biological molecules is being successfully applied to elucidate various biological phenomena using techniques of molecular science. This new era was initiated by the Human Genome Project, which was supported by the development of various automated tools including DNA sequencers and DNA chips. A small project led by Akiyoshi Wada in Japan triggered the development of automated DNA analysis instruments. As one of the members of the project, the author has been engaged in developing DNA analyzers including capillary array DNA sequencers. Here, the principles and development of the main technologies related to capillary array DNA sequencers, which contributed to the completion of the Human Genome Project, are reviewed. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 10: 000–000; 2010: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.200900010
A refined MAC protocol with multipacket reception for wireless networks
Authors: Lee Hyukjin , Lim Cheng‐Chew , Choi Jinho
Published: February 2010

Medium access control (MAC) protocols making use of multipacket reception (MPR) capability achieve better throughput than conventional MAC protocols. When a wireless network operates with MPR capable nodes and non‐MPR nodes, the MAC protocols must not only utilise the MPR capability to maximise throughput, but must also enable the co‐existence with these two types of nodes. We propose a new MPR MAC protocol to achieve the co‐existence requirement by adopting a request‐to‐send (RTS)/clear‐to‐send (CTS) mechanism in IEEE 802.11 MAC standards. This MPR MAC protocol also improves throughput by allowing additional data transmissions to use the MPR capability fully. We analyse the system throughput of the co‐existence of different link characteristics of nodes, and optimise its throughput by adjusting contention window sizes with respect to certain throughput requirements of the nodes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QoS provisioning for multiple non‐real‐time services in cellular wireless networks
Authors: Tzeng Show‐Shiow , Lu Hsin‐Yi
Published: February 2010

Future mobile services are expected to include various non‐voice oriented services. One important category of non‐voice oriented mobile services is non‐real‐time services. When a mobile user establishes a connection to access non‐real‐time service, the mobile user usually cares about whether the total time to complete its data transfer is within its time tolerance. In addition, different mobile users may have different bandwidth requirements and different tolerances in the total completion time. It is essential for wireless systems to provide various mobile users with different total completion times. In this paper, two quality‐of‐service (QoS) metrics, called stretch ratio and eligibility percentage, are employed at a connection level to present the degree of the length of the total completion time. We devise a measurement based call admission control scheme that provides multiple QoSs for various mobile users which have different requirements of stretch ratios, eligibility percentages, and bandwidths. Extensive simulation results show that the measurement based call admission control scheme not only provides various satisfactory QoSs for mobile users but also produces high throughput. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination method of optimal number of clusters for clustered wireless sensor networks
Authors: Li Wenfeng , Martins Philippe , Shen Lianfeng
Published: February 2010

In this paper, we present an analytical model for determining the optimal number of clusters, with the objective of minimizing the communication costs in a clustered wireless sensor network (WSN). Sensor nodes are located randomly and distributed according to a homogeneous two‐dimensional Poisson point process. Overall communication costs in the network are calculated analytically based on a practical energy consumption model at node level. The optimal probability of being a cluster head (CH) for each node is deduced by minimizing a cost function taking into account the energy dissipation of nodes. The scenarios with single‐hop and multi‐hop clustered networks are investigated. Simulation results show the existence of the optimum number of clusters which improves the energy efficiency of clustering schemes. We also verify by simulations that the analytical optimal probability of being a CH can provide a good approximation of the actual optimum probability, regardless of the different densities of nodes in the network. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient vectors for expression cloning of large numbers of PCR fragments in P. pastoris
Authors: Rao Ben , Zhong Xing , Wang Yaping , Wu Qiong , Jiang Zhengbing , Ma Lixin
Published: February 2010

The yeast vectors described, pYEV and pYEVB, were designed for parallel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning of open reading frames (ORFs) and immediate protein expression in Pichia pastoris. The pYEV vector was used to clone PCR fragments obtained by using Taq or similar polymerase mixes, which leave an A‐base overhang. The other vector pYEVB, with the same features for blunt‐end ligation of PCR products, was developed to be complementary to pYEV. These two plasmids were linearized using the restriction enzymes BfuI and SchI, respectively. The purified PCR products, without any other treatments, were cloned into the linearized vectors, followed by selection on plates supplemented with X‐gal. Only desired recombinants carrying the target gene in the correct orientation can give typical blue colonies. This screening technique is based on a lacO reconstruction strategy that can produce a full‐length lacO to exhaust endogenous LacI and switch on the transcription of lacZ in the host. The recombinant plasmids extracted from the blue colonies can be linearized by SalI and transformed into P. pastoris for immediate expression. By using these two vectors, researchers could be saved from the tedious and time‐consuming conventional cloning procedures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A functional analysis of Kluyveromyces lactis glutathione reductase
Authors: García‐Leiro A. , Cerdán M. E. , González‐Siso M. I.
Published: February 2010

Glutathione reductase (GLR) null mutants of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, a model eukaryotic respiratory cell, were created and phenotypically analysed. We found that cells lacking GLR show decreased resistance to oxidative stress and higher levels of reactive oxygen species and catalase activity than the wild‐type strain. However, glutathione redox levels (GSH : GSSG ratio) were similar in the ΔKlglr1 mutant and wild‐type strains. The thioredoxin–thioredoxin reductase system is proposed as an alternative system for maintaining the GSH : GSSG ratio in the ΔKlglr1 mutant. The involvement of GLR in glucose metabolism in K. lactis is suggested by the improved growth on glucose caused by the ΔKlglr1 mutation and by the increased GLR activity in the ΔKlgcr1 strain, KlGcr1 being a transcriptional activator of glycolytic genes. We also studied the subcellular location of GLR in K. lactis, showing that it is present in mitochondria; however, the ΔKlglr1 mutation does not affect mitochondrial morphology. Genomic DNA integrity and life span are also unaffected by the ΔKlglr1 mutation, at least under the conditions tested in this study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of PaAAC1 encoding a mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier in the biosynthesis of extracellular glycolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, in the basidiomycetous yeast Pseudozyma antarctica
Authors: Morita Tomotake , Ito Emi , Fukuoka Tokuma , Imura Tomohiro , Kitamoto Dai
Published: February 2010

Pseudozyma antarctica produces large amounts of the glycolipid biosurfactants known as mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL), which show not only excellent surface‐active properties but also versatile biochemical actions. A gene homologous with a mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier was dominantly expressed in P. antarctica under MEL‐producing conditions on the basis of previous gene expression analysis. The gene encoding the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier of P. antarctica (PaAAC1) contained a putative open reading frame of 954 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 317 amino acids. The deduced translation product shared high identity of 66%, 70%, 69%, 74%, 75% and 52% with the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (AAC1), S. cerevisiae (AAC2), S. cerevisiae (AAC3), Kluyveromyces lactis (KlAAC), Neurospora crassa (NcAAC) and human (ANT1), respectively, and conserved the consensus sequences of all ADP/ATP carrier proteins. The gene expression by introducing a plasmid pUXV1‐PaAAC1 into the yeast cells increased the MEL production. In addition, the expression of PaAAC1 in which the conserved arginine and leucine required for ATP transport activity were replaced with isoleucine and serine, respectively, failed to increase MEL production. Accordingly, these results suggest that PaAAC1 encoding a mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier should be involved in MEL biosynthesis in the yeast. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trans Fatty Acids in Human Milk are an Indicator of Different Maternal Dietary Sources Containing Trans Fatty Acids
Authors: Mueller A. , Thijs C. , Rist L. , Simões‐Wüst A. P. , Huber M. , Steinhart H.
Published: February 2010

The trans fatty acid (TFA) patterns in the fats of ruminant meat and dairy products differ from those found in other (processed) fats. We have evaluated different TFA isomers in human breast milk as an indicator of dietary intake of ruminant and dairy fats of different origins. Breast milk samples were collected 1 month postpartum from 310 mothers participating in the KOALA Birth Cohort Study (The Netherlands). The study participants had different lifestyles and consumed different amounts of dairy products. Fatty acid methyl esters were determined by GC‐FID and the data were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), ANOVA/Post Hoc test and linear regression analysis. The two major principal components were (1) 18:1 trans‐isomers and (2) markers of dairy fat including 15:0, 17:0, 11(trans)18:1 and 9(cis),11(trans)18:2 (CLA). Despite similar total TFA values, the 9(trans)18:1/11(trans)18:1‐ratio and the 10(trans)18:1/11(trans)18:1‐ratio were significantly lower in milk from mothers with high dairy fat intake (40–76 g/day: 0.91 ± 0.48, P < 0.05) compared to low dairy fat intake (0–10 g/day: 1.59 ± 0.48), and lower with strict organic meat and dairy use (>90% organic: 0.92 ± 0.46, P < 0.05) compared to conventional origin of meat and dairy (1.40 ± 0.61). Similar results were obtained for the 10(trans)18:1/11(trans)18:1‐ratio. We conclude that both ratios are indicators of different intake of TFA from ruminant and dairy origin relative to other (including industrial) sources.
Brief report: Adolescents under missile attacks: Sense of coherence as a mediator between exposure and stress‐related reactions
Authors: Braun‐Lewensohn Orna , Sagy Shifra , Roth Guy
Published: February 2010

Employing the salutogenic approach (Antonovsky, 1987), this pilot study aimed at exploring the mediation effect of Sense of Coherence (SOC) on the relationships between exposure to missile attacks and stress‐related reactions among adolescents. A strong SOC means a tendency to see the world as more comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. Data were gathered during August 2006 (Second Lebanon War) from 230 Israeli adolescents, 12–18 years old. Adolescents filled out self‐reported questionnaires, including demographics, level of physical exposure, SOC, Scale of Psychological Distress (SPD), State Anxiety and State Anger. Exposure to missile attacks was found to be significantly positively linked to stress reactions; exposure was negatively linked to SOC which was also negatively linked to stress reactions. The mediation hypothesis was supported, with SOC mediating the effect of exposure to missile attacks on stress reactions. It seems that SOC may have a protective effect against stress reactions among adolescents exposed to political violence. This should be further studied in a longitudinal research.
Eating Clean and Green? Investigating Consumer Motivations towards the Purchase of Organic Food
Authors: Smith Samantha , Paladino Angela
Published: February 2010

Growing consumer concern for health and environment issues has resulted in increased attention towards the purchase and consumption of organic food. This has driven an increase in organic research, especially as marketers seek to understand the motivations behind consumer purchases of organic goods.

This study explored the effects of health consciousness, environmental concern, organic knowledge, availability, quality, price consciousness, subjective norms, risk aversion, perceived control and familiarity on organic attitudes, organic purchase intentions and organic purchase behaviour. These variables formed the antecedents of the causal model which utilised Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980) Theory of Reasoned Action as the framework of analysis. Results showed strong support for the relationship between organic knowledge, subjective norms and environmental concern on organic attitudes. While health consciousness, quality, subjective norms and familiarity were found to influence purchase intentions, familiarity was the only variable found to exhibit a significant relationship with organic purchase behaviour. This paper will discuss the implications of these results for marketers. It will also consider the limitations of the study and areas for future research.
Higher Operads, Higher Categories
Authors: Leinster Tom
Published: February 2010

Higher-dimensional category theory is the study of n-categories, operads, braided monoidal categories, and other such exotic structures. It draws its inspiration from areas as diverse as topology, quantum algebra, mathematical physics, logic, and theoretical computer science. The heart of this book is the language of generalized operads. This is as natural and transparent a language for higher category theory as the language of sheaves is for algebraic geometry, or vector spaces for linear algebra. It is introduced carefully, then used to give simple descriptions of a variety of higher categorical structures. In particular, one possible definition of n-category is discussed in detail, and some common aspects of other possible definitions are established. This is the first book on the subject and lays its foundations. It will appeal to both graduate students and established researchers who wish to become acquainted with this modern branch of mathematics.
Collaborative Federalism
Authors: Painter Martin
Published: February 2010

This provocative 1998 study of federalism identifies a pattern of intergovernmental relations in Australia. Through his general discussion of the nature of the Australian federal system, and close analysis of recent developments in Australian politics and policy-making, Painter argues that our federal system is being fundamentally reshaped as state and commonwealth governments cooperate more closely than ever before on joint policy-making schemes. Much of this collaboration has been prompted by the need for microeconomic reform in the 1990s, and increasing concern about the degree of overlap, inefficiency and duplication across the federal system. The book includes a narrative account of the often fraught progress of the Special Premier's Conferences and the Council of Australian Governments. It also includes detailed discussion of a number of key examples.
Design Theory
Authors: Hughes D. R. , Piper F.
Published: February 2010

Design theory has grown to be a subject of considerable interest in mathematics, not only in itself, but for its connections to other fields such as geometry, group theory, graph theory and coding theory. This textbook, first published in 1985, is intended to be an accessible introduction to the subject for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students which should prepare them for research in design theory and its applications. The first four chapters of the book are designed to be the core of any course in the subject, while the remaining chapters can be utilized in more advanced or longer courses. The authors assume some knowledge of linear algebra for the first half of the book, but for the second half, students need further background in algebra.
International Criminal Law Practitioner Library
Authors: Boas Gideon , Bischoff James L. , Reid Natalie L.
Published: February 2010

Volume I of the International Criminal Law Practitioner Library series focuses on the law of individual criminal responsibility applied in international criminal law, providing a thorough review of the forms of criminal responsibility. The authors present a critical analysis of the elements of individual criminal responsibility as set out in the statutory instruments of the international and hybrid criminal courts and tribunals and their jurisprudence. All elements are discussed, demystifying and untangling some of the confusion in the jurisprudence and literature on the forms of responsibility. The jurisprudence of the ICTY and the ICTR is the main focus of the book. Every trial and appeal judgement, as well as relevant interlocutory jurisprudence, up to 1 December 2006, has been surveyed, as has the relevant jurisprudence of other tribunals and the provisions in the legal instruments of the ICC, making this a highly relevant work.
Analysis of Gravitational-Wave Data
Authors: Jaranowski Piotr , Krolak Andrzej
Published: February 2010

Research in this field has grown considerably in recent years due to the commissioning of a world-wide network of large-scale detectors. This network collects a very large amount of data that is currently being analyzed and interpreted. This book introduces researchers entering the field, and researchers currently analyzing the data, to the field of gravitational-wave data analysis. An ideal starting point for studying the issues related to current gravitational-wave research, the book contains detailed derivations of the basic formulae related to the detectors' responses and maximum-likelihood detection. These derivations are much more complete and more pedagogical than those found in current research papers, and will enable readers to apply general statistical concepts to the analysis of gravitational-wave signals. It also discusses new ideas on devising the efficient algorithms needed to perform data analysis.
Darwin's Fishes
Authors: Pauly Daniel
Published: February 2010

In Darwin's Fishes, Daniel Pauly presents an encyclopaedia of ichthyology, ecology and evolution, based upon everything that Charles Darwin ever wrote about fish. Entries are arranged alphabetically and can be about, for example, a particular fish taxon, an anatomical part, a chemical substance, a scientist, a place, or an evolutionary or ecological concept. The reader can start wherever they like and are then led by a series of cross-references on a fascinating voyage of interconnected entries, each indirectly or directly connected with original writings from Darwin himself. Along the way, the reader is offered interpretation of the historical material put in the context of both Darwin's time and that of contemporary biology and ecology. This book is intended for anyone interested in fishes, the work of Charles Darwin, evolutionary biology and ecology, and natural history in general.