bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT ORGANS OF EGGPLANT (SOLANUM MELONGENA L.) GROWN IN WEST JAVA-INDONESIA
Authors: Fidrianny Irda , Winarsih Siti , Ruslan Komar
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The goals of this research were to evaluate antioxidant potential from different organs of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and correlation of total phenolic and flavonoid content with their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH, and exhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of FRAP.Materials and Methods: Each sample was extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH and FRAP assays, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content were carried out by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and correlation with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP capacities were analyzed by Pearson’s method.Results: The lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 1.14 μg/ml and the lowest EC50 of FRAP capacity 49.80 μg/ml was given by ethanolic leaves extract of eggplant. Ethanolic leaves extract of eggplant also presented the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (8.87 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g), while the highest total flavonoid content was shown by ethyl acetate leaves extract (24.50 g quercetin equivalent/100 g). There was a significantly negative correlation between TPC in leaves and fruit extracts of eggplant with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP.Conclusions: All different extracts of eggplant organs (except n-hexane stem extract) were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in eggplant leaves and fruit extracts were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP methods. DPPH and FRAP showed linear results in antioxidant activities of eggplant leaves, fruit and stem extracts.
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS (LEAD AND CADMIUM) CONTAINED ON THE ILLUSTRATED CERAMIC PLATE BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Authors: Mustarichie Resmi , Indriyati Wiwiek , Riokogro Riajawan
Published: August 2017

Objective: This study aims to determine whether there are lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) metals caused by the dilution of color on a locally illustrated plate.Methods: Illustrated ceramic plates soaked for ½, 1, and 2 hrs in acidic solution were then measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer to the availability of Pb and Cd.Results: The results showed that in the three samples of locally made illustrated ceramic plates gave contamination of Pb and Cd. The highest Pb content of metal contamination at the time of ½ hr immersion in the sample plate of the brand B was equal to 1.2539 ppm. At the time of 1 hr immersion in the sample plate of the brand, C was equal to 0.7737 ppm. The highest Cd content of metal contamination at the time of ½ hr immersion in the sample plate of the brand B was 0.2690.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the locally made illustrated plate could cause pollution of Pb and Cd. These results suggested caution in the use of decorated ceramic plates, especially, for acidic foods and the need for further research for various brands of ceramic plates display in the market.
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PHYSALIS ANGULATA L. USING WAVE LENGTH-DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE, WAVELENGTH DISPERSION X-RAY FLUORESCENCE, FROM RAJASTHAN
Authors: Preet Raman , Gupta Raghbir Chand , Pradhan Saroj Kumar
Published: August 2017

Physalis angulata L. is an important medicinal plant, commonly known by different names such as mullaca, wintercherry, camapu, cutleaf, andreferred as “pilu,” by local tribal people of Rajasthan. This plant species is distributed from temperate to tropical region of the world. Traditionally, ithas anticancerous, antimycobacterial, and anticoagulant properties. The juice is used in the treatment of earache, jaundice, fever, gonorrhea bladderdiseases, etc., cytological exploration of the species from Rajasthan revels the existence of two cytotypes diploid (2n=12) and tetraploid (2n=24). Thisstudy is undertaken to identify the total mineral content of both the cytotypes from different plant parts, i.e., fruit, leaf, stem, and roots by wavelength dispersion X-ray fluorescence technique which is a simple method, recognized as a nondestructive technique to determine the elements from the raw plant material without any chemical treatment and helps to ascertain the nutritional role. The analysis of mineral content led to the identification and concentration analysis of twenty-seven elements in diploid cytotype and twenty-five in tetraploid cytotype. The percentage value of potassium (5.52%); iron (0.50%) and selenium (0.0042%) is reported to be higher in diploid cytotype and the amount of calcium (2.15%); magnesium (0.75%) and zinc (0.0075%) are higher in tetraploid cytotype. The amount of most of the minerals is higher in tetraploid cytotype as compared to the diploid cytotype. This information is very helpful in standardization of herbal products as this plant species is widely used for its medicinal benefits.
ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC POTENCIES OF STILBENE OLIGOMERS FROM STEM BARKS OF BAOTI (DRYOBALANOPS LANCEOLATA) GROWING IN KENDARI, INDONESIA
Authors: I Sahidin , W Wahyuni , Malaka Muh Hajrul , I Imran
Published: August 2017

Objective: The purpose of the research is to isolate and to identify compounds from stem barks of Dryobalanops lanceolata and to evaluate their activities toward bacteria and cancer cell lines.Methods: Isolation of the compounds worked with chromatography methods including thin-layer chromatography, vacuum liquid chromatography, and radial chromatography. All compound structures were determined based on the spectroscopic evidence including ultraviolet (UV), Infrared, and one-dimension and two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and comparison the spectroscopy data with related data from references. The biological properties of compounds are evaluated toward bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 35219 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and human breast cancer cell lines T-47D as cytotoxic potency.Results: Five stilbene oligomers have been isolated and identified from acetone extract of D. lanceolata stem barks namely balanocarpol (1), e-viniferin (2), a-viniferin (3), vaticanol B (4), and hopeaphenol (5). The inhibition zone value (in mm) of e-viniferin, balanocarpol, a-viniferin, hopeaphenol, and vaticanol B toward E. coli and S. aureus is 11±0.22 and 7±0.17, 9±0.17 and 13±0.12, 8±0.20 and 8±0.16, 6±0.16 and 8±0.11, and 5±0.12 and 4±0.14, respectively. Biological activity of the compounds against breast cancer cell lines T-47D (inhibitory concentration 50% in μM) for e-viniferin, balanocarpol, a-viniferin, hopeaphenol, and vaticanol B is 34.13±0.15, 98.17±0.41, 84.79±0.24, 52.04±0.26, and 119.30±0.54, respectively.Conclusions: e-viniferin is the most active compound toward E. coli and human breast cancer cell lines T-47D. Biological activity against bacteria S. aureus indicated that balanocarpol is the most potential compound.
CHITOSAN MICROSPHERES FOR THE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS: PACLITAXEL AS A MODEL
Authors: Al-najjar Basma Yahya , Hussain Saad Abdulrahman
Published: August 2017

Chitosan has unique physicochemical and biological features that suggest it as a good candidate for the development of safe and effective drug delivery systems. Linking drug molecules with chitosan through a functional spacer enables formulation of prodrugs that have appropriate pharmacological activities at specific desired sites. The development of formulations of targeted delivery systems for the chemotherapeutic agents, especially those with unfavorable pharmacokinetic features, like paclitaxel (PTX), can potentially alleviate the systemic cytotoxicity as well as directing therapy to the specific lesions. The main aim of this literature review is to critically evaluate the use of chitosan microspheres as a drug delivery system to enhance PTX distribution and efficacy in specific targeted sites.
TEN-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF DIAZEPAM CONSUMPTION IN INDONESIA
Authors: Priyatni Nunung , Hasanbasri Mubasysyir , M Mustofa , Suryawati Sri
Published: August 2017

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate annual consumption during 2004-2013 of diazepam, an essential medicine which is controlled under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances in Indonesia and to investigate factors influencing its use in health facilities.Methods: This was a case study with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Annual consumption was calculated from the quantity of exports and imports. The use of diazepam was calculated from consumption deducted by 20% buffer stock. The consumption and use of diazepam were presented in kilogram and also in defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD). In-depth interviews were conducted to investigate factors that influence the use of diazepam. Triangulation was conducted to confirm the qualitative and quantitative findings.Results: The annual average consumption in 2004-2006 was 530 kg. Furthermore, it decreased 38% during 2011-2013 to 329 kg. Calculated use of diazepam also decreased. The average consumption for the 10-year period of diazepam was 470 kg, and the calculated use was 376 kg (0.45 S-DDD). Considering the approximate need of diazepam to treat various health problems, its use should ideally be around 1-2 S-DDD. Therefore, the calculated use of diazepam was considered too low as confirmed by frequent stockouts. The interviews revealed that among the factors influencing its use was its limited production. There was an increased use of alprazolam, but it was unlikely to compensate for the diazepam stockouts.Conclusion: Consumption and use of diazepam for medical purposes in Indonesian decreased over 10 years, and stockouts are often reported. The government should improve its availability and correct impediments for adequate production and supply of diazepam.
EXTRACTION, ISOLATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ESSENTIAL OIL FROM SYZYGIUM JAMBOS
Authors: Ghareeb Mosad Ahmed , Hamed Manal Mortady , Abdel-aleem Abdel-aleem Hassan , Saad Amal Mohamed , Abdel-aziz Mohamed Sayed , Hadad Asmaa
Published: August 2017

Objectives: Over the past few decades, phenolic compounds become important due to it has been associated with protection against different diseasesand sensory point of vision. Hence, at the present study, there has been a growing interest to carry out structural elucidation and characterization ofthe pure isolates from Syzygium jambos.Methods: S. jambos dried powder leaves were extracted by soaking in 85% methanol solvent at room temperature 25±2°C. The antioxidative activityof the isolates was assessed according to 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and phosphomolybdenum assays.Results: A total of 8 compounds were isolated from the n-butanol extract of S. jambos (Family Myrtaceae) plant, they were identified as quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (1), prenylbenzoic acid 4-β-D-glucoside (2), morolic acid 3-O-caffeate (3), 5,4’-dihydroxy, 7-methoxy, 6-methyl-flavone (4),3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (5), quercetin (6), isoetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), and (4’-hydroxy-3’-methoxyphenol-β-D-[6-O-(4”-hydroxy-3”,5”-dimethoxylbenzoate)] glucopyranoside) (8). Compounds 5 and 6 showed the most radical scavengers among the tested compounds with SC50 values of5.50 and 4.30 μg/ml, respectively, compared to ascorbic acid as standard and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values of 605.0 and 680.59 mg ascorbicacid equivalent/g compound, respectively. In vitro antimicrobial activities of the isolated compounds were tested using disc agar plate method againstfour pathogenic microbial strains including Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast with inhibition zones from 9 to 19 mm. Gas chromatographymassspectrometry analysis for the essential oil provides twenty four identified components representing 92% of its total oil composition.Conclusion: The results supported that S. jambos could be attributed to sources of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial applications.
EFFECT OF ALPHA LIPOIC ACID IN TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Panda Priyambada , Panda Sitansu Kumar , Mishra Tapaswini
Published: August 2017

Objective: Antioxidant probably can prevent the progression and complications of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Due to effectiveness of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) as an antioxidant, this study was done in T2DM patients to evaluate the effect of ALA on their diabetic status, lipid profile, and oxidative stress (OS) status.Methods: A total of 35 patients with diabetes were selected randomly who were under insulin treatment mainly and grouped as Group “A.” Another age- and sex-matched healthy controls selected grouped as “B.” Both groups supplemented with ALA (300 mg/day) for 6 months continuously. All parameters were tested before and after the supplementation.Results: There was a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar from 161 to 122 mg/dl in Group “A” and from 98 to 90 mg/dl in Group “B.” Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels also significantly decreased from 211 to 158 mg/dl and 8.81% to 7.2%, respectively, in Group “A.” PPBS levels significantly decreased from 130 to 124 mg/dl in Group “B,” but HbA1c% decreased insignificantly from 5.26% to 5.24% in Group “B.” Lipid profile parameters decreased in both groups except triglyceride level, which show insignificant relation in Group “B.” OS marker malondialdehyde significantly decreased from 1.967 to 1.592 nm/ml in Group “A” and from 0.613 to 0.472 nm/ml in Group “B.” Plasma antioxidant glutathione shows a significant increase in both groups from 2.117 to 2.405 μmol/L in Group “A” and from 2.631 to 2.811 μmol/L in Group “B.” Plasma nitric oxide also shows significant increase in both groups from 1.712 to 1.990 μmol/L and from 2.139 to 2.318 μmol/L, respectively.Conclusion: Therefore, ALA is a potent antioxidant and can be used against oxidative injury associate with T2DM.
IN SILICO DOCKING ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L. ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST EGFR PROTEIN
Authors: K Jaikumar , Noor Mohamed Sheik , W John Wyson , M Deventhiran , A Babu , D Anand , P Saravanan
Published: August 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effective new phytocomponents from Calophyllum inophyllum ethanol leaf extract against breast cancer target protein of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) using in silico docking studies.Materials and Methods: The identification of compounds was done by GC-MS analysis. The in silico docking studies were carried out using Discovery Studio 4.0 software.Results: The GC-MS analysis of ethanol leaf extract revealed the presence of eleven compounds. The docking analysis have exhibited moderate to potent inhibition with a range of dock score 3 to 55. 2H-Benzo(cd) pyrene-2,6(1,H)-dione, 3,5,7,10-tetrahydroxy-compound showed the dock score of 55.427.Conclusion: The results revealed out that the compounds present in Calophyllum inophyllum can inhibit the EGFR protein. The plant possesses anticancer potential because of the various bioactive compounds presence which is mainly responsible for anticancer activity.
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE CREATION OF THE PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE BANDAGE
Authors: Nv Khokhlenkova , Sm Kovalenko , Jm Azarenko , Mv Buryak
Published: August 2017

The results of modern research on the creation of pharmacologically active bandage were generalized. The main components of the development of pharmacologically active dressing (choice of active ingredients, carrier substrate, the method of immobilization, etc.) were determined. Methodological approaches to the creation of  pharmacologically active bandage were developed. The practical significance of the developed methodological approaches demonstrated by research and development of dressings with thick oak bark extract.
ANTI-ELASTASE, ANTI-COLLAGENASE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE UNDERUTILIZED RED PITAYA PEEL: AN IN VITRO STUDY FOR ANTI-AGING APPLICATIONS
Authors: Vijayakumar Ramya , Abd Gani Siti Salwa , Mohd Mokhtar Nor Fadzillah
Published: August 2017

Objective: To investigate the in vitro anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and antimicrobial activities of the red pitaya peel extract for cosmetic application focusing on skin aging.Methods: Extraction was performed by the reflux method for 103 minutes at 56°C with 82% aqueous ethanol solution and the red pitaya peel extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase properties were evaluated using the drug discovery kits (neutrophil elastase colorimetric and matrix metalloproteinase-1 colorimetric, respectively). The antimicrobial potential was analyzed using agar well diffusion method against 10 selected microorganisms, and the presence or absence of the inhibition zones was identified.Results: The red pitaya peel extract exhibited remarkable inhibition percentage 87.62±0.05% and 96.92±0.02% for anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities, respectively. Red pitaya peel extract showed significant inhibition against the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis B29 with an inhibition zone diameter of 8.0±0.3 mm.Conclusion: The excellent anti-aging properties displayed by the underutilized red pitaya peel extract highlighted its potential as a natural source of anti-aging agent for cosmetic formulations.
KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS, AND PRACTICES REGARDING BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE DENTAL STUDENTS
Authors: Kumar Santhosh , Rahman Reshma
Published: August 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practices of dental students regarding biomedical waste (BMW)management.Methods: A self-administered structured questionnaire consisting of 16 questions on knowledge, awareness, and practices about BMW managementwas distributed among 100 students randomly belonging to 3rd year, final year and intern students of Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University,Chennai. The data extracted were tabulated, statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and results obtained. The data were analyzed using ANOVAtest (all the results are calculated at 1% level of significance) and Post-hoc test.Results: Overall, 67% respondents were aware of the existing BMW management policy systems in India. 62% of students were aware about thecorrect color coding management system for hospital waste management that prevails in India. 86% of students knew about the dental wastecategories of materials used in dentistry. There was a statistically significant difference of knowledge levels among the 3rd year, final year students andthe interns. 100% practice discarding sharps in the puncture-proof containers. Only 27% of the respondents discarded the extracted tooth in a properway. Only 51% of them have attended previous training programs on dental waste management. There was also a statistically significant difference ofBMW disposal practices among the three groups.Conclusion: The majority of dental students in our study have good level of knowledge and awareness regarding BMW management in dental clinics.However, their practice toward BMW disposal was poor. Hence, the knowledge acquired must be put into practice. Intern students have the highestlevel of knowledge and practices toward dental waste disposal when compared to final year and 3rd year students. Hence, these findings imply thatproper training, continuing education programs, and short-term courses about BMW management, and infection control procedures are requiredto motivate the dental students and dental auxiliaries. The importance of training regarding BMW management must be emphasized as the lack ofproper and complete knowledge about BMW management impacts practices of appropriate waste disposal.
A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS BASED ON SEVERITY
Authors: Varughese Jilu Daniel , S Jayakumari
Published: August 2017

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to measure differences in HRQOL according to gender and severity of COPD.Methods: An observational study was conducted over a period of 9 months. A total of 100 COPD patient’s data were collected regarding patients age, gender, smoking status, and clinical characteristics using an SF-12 health survey questionnaire.Results: The total study population of 100 patients, 78% were men and 22% of women with a mean age of 65.4±13.2 years. The spirometry measurements, the mean forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) value was 57.2±10.4. HRQOL correlated significantly with FEV1 values (p=0.9760, p<0.0001). The severity of the disease was mild in 22%, moderate in 41%, severe in 24%, and very severe in 13% of patients. HRQOL was compared between men and women; the mean mental component summary scores were significantly higher in women (65.6±10.7) than in men (59.2±11.6). An inverse significant correlation between HRQOL and degree of dyspnea was observed (p=−0.9218, p<0.0001).Conclusion: The mental health status is essentially higher in women when contrasted with men. HRQOL is impaired, and moreover, it progressively worsens with increasing severity of the disease. This study shows that patients with higher smoking index are having more likelihood of developing the COPD disease and dyspnea has a great impact on HRQOL of patients. Evaluation of COPD patients should not be based only on pulmonary function tests but also by considering and estimating the patient’s HRQOL.
A STUDY ON STANDARDIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SENSORY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF HERBAL RASAM
Authors: S Vijayalakshmi , A Arun , Arun Kanchana
Published: August 2017

Objective: Herbs have gained a widespread acceptance as a dietary constituent in Tamil Nadu, generally forming a substantial portion of the dietwhich serves as a therapeutic function. This study was aimed to formulate and standardize the four types of Rasam using four different herbs and toanalyze its quality changes in fresh Rasam and refrigerated Rasam (4±1°C). Appearance and odor scores of Rasam were satisfactory throughout thestorage. Sensory attributes were rated better for fresh Rasam than refrigerated Rasam, but all the attributes were decreased with increasing storageperiod.Methods: Microbiological quality of four types of different herbal Rasam was examined with freshly prepared Rasam and with refrigerated Rasam forthe presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Yeast, and Mold.Result: Comparison with the microbiological results shows in refrigerated Rasam-PAR, SAR, and AIR were at an acceptable level of microbiologicalquality whereas, Rasam-STR were at an unacceptable level of microbial quality due high level of total plate count and yeast and mold growth.Salmonella was examined, but it was not detected in all the four Rasam. Similarly, the microbial quality of all four freshly prepared Rasam showedhighly acceptable. Conductivity was measured for the presence of ions in solution.Conclusion: This study proposes that to minimize bacterial level in foods and always to consume freshly prepared Rasam than refrigerated. It alsoconcludes that good hygiene practices are necessary though the food serves a therapeutic function.
ANTIMICROBIAL USE, PRESCRIBING, AND RESISTANCE IN SELECTED TEN SELECTED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A BRIEF OVERVIEW
Authors: Haque Mainul
Published: August 2017

The widespread accessibility of antimicrobials transformed the path of olden times. Many infections beforehand not curable found treatment, forexample, tuberculosis. Scientist, common people thought once that humankind has able conquered microbial diseases. Nonetheless, irrational andunnecessary use antimicrobials create resistant microbes throughout the universe. Moreover, the development new antimicrobials have slowed down,particularly for those diseases of developing countries who have very poor financial ability to pay the research overhead of the inventor. Thereafter,currently available antimicrobials antimicrobials are loosing their efficacy and spectrum everyday against resistant microbes. Subsequently, oncethose diseases were treatable with no antimicrobials or very low profile agents now need the higher form of antimicrobials even multiple agents. Assuch health care cost is increasing every day which is beyond the economic ability of common people of anywhere of the world. All these 10 developingcountries very frequently were observed that overuse and irrational use of antimicrobials. Researchers of these developing countries opined thatanswer remains in continuing medical education for all health-related stakeholders and appropriate policy to stop irrational prescribing, and promoteprudent and rational prescribing and use of medicine, including antimicrobials.
ANTIOXIDANT, CYTOTOXICITY, AND STABILITY EVALUATION OF GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT-BASED MICROEMULSIONS FOR ENHANCED THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Singh Manisha , Singh Surya Pratap , R Rachana
Published: August 2017

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate the antioxidant (AO) potential, cytotoxicity, and stability of preformulated Ginkgo biloba standard extractmicroemulsion (GBME), to investigate if, it retains the therapeutic potential of EGB761 and remains safe and stable for a longer period.Method and Results: GBME has shown enhanced AO (85.2±0.78%, IC50=31.3±0.45 μg/ml) in comparison to EGB761 (74.1±0.51%,IC50=49.4±0.05 μg/ml) using 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay. Similarly, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate(DPPH) assay has also shown that AO for GBME (94.6±0.04%, IC50=11.4±1.03 μg/ml) was higher than EGB761 (78.6±1.20%, IC50=34.6±0.81 μg/ml).Further, IC50 value of antiradical unit of GBME was much lesser (ABTS=14.3±1.05 μg/ml and DPPH=17.03±1.8 μg/ml) in comparison to EGB761(ABTS=34.1±1.62 μg/ml and DPPH=37.5±0.08 μg/ml). Equivalently, both, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and nitric oxide activity wereappreciably higher for GBME than the pure extract. The in vitro cytotoxicity assessment showed that GBME is quite safe (98.68±0.76% cell viability) incomparison to EGB761 (83.29±1.02%). Thereafter, these samples were tested for stability by evaluating their AO activity along with high-performanceliquid chromatography analysis, for the major phytocompounds, after 1 year, and results suggested that AO of GBME remained stable while comparingwith the freshly prepared GBME, whereas AO of EGB761 reduced significantly as compared to freshly taken EGB761 extract implying the degradationof phytocompounds supporting decrease in AO activity.Conclusion: Therefore, the observed results suggest that GBME maintained AO and scavenging activity along with enhanced shelf life with no observedtoxicity, which can be explored further for its potential therapeutic implications in various oxidative stress-induced central nervous system disorders.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF FAMOTIDINE IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Kumar Ritesh , Chandra Amrish , Gautam Pawan Kumar
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to develop a simple, precise, economical, accurate, reproducible, and sensitive method for the estimation of famotidine (FAM) in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage forms by ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrophotometry.Methods: The method uses 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.20 as a solvent for the quantitative estimation of FAM in bulk and its tablets dosage form by UV absorption spectrophotometry.Results: FAM exhibited absorbance maxima at 266 nm in 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.20 solvent. The developed method was validated as per the ICH analytical method validation guidelines. Beer’s law was obeyed in range of 0-30 μg/ml with r2=0.9998. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values of FAM were found to be 0.152 and 0.461 μg/ml, respectively. The mean percentage recovery for developed method was found to be in the range of 99.35-99.48%, respectively, for the marketed dosage forms. The developed method was also found to be robust and ensures bench-top stability.Conclusion: The developed method was found to be suitable for the routine quantitative analysis of FAM in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. It was also concluded that developed UV spectrophotometry method was accurate, precise, linear, reproducible, robust, and sensitive.
News Balance Rhetoric: The Fraser Institute’s Political Appropriation of Content Analysis
Authors: Hackett Robert A.
Published: August 2017

The Fraser Institute’s bulletin On Balance, which offers monthly content analyses of news, is critically examined. Methodological, conceptual and epistemological problems are discussed, as well as a rhetorical mode of reporting results which implies a politicized interpretation of news.
Balance and Freedom of Speech: Challenge for Canadian Broadcasting
Authors: Cook Peter G.
Published: August 2017

The development of Canadian broadcast policy and law respecting “content balance” (and corollary notions of public “access and reply” entitlements, “abusive speech,” and “controversial issues of public importance”) exhibits significant definitional vagueness and discontinuity. The authors summarize the history of policy making in the area, and provide two case studies: one of religious television broadcasting, one of community radio broadcasting. These materials lead them to reject the notion of content balance as an element of regulatory terminology.
Networks of Record: All-News Television and Public Affairs Coverage in North America
Authors: Hogarth David
Published: August 2017

This paper examines claims about “record news coverage” made by 24-hour television news services. It is a critical assessment of the type of social knowledge “record broadcasting” provides its public.
Globalization and Internationalization in Publishing
Authors: Lorimer Rowland
Published: August 2017

The motive force behind the global production and distribution of media products is to be found in a translation of basic human rights into free flow of information doctrine and a variety of associated legal and policy provisions. The workings of these mechanisms can be seen in the form of evolving publishing activities in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, a subdominant trend towards international exchange of culturally distinctive work can also be defined and found in Eastern Europe. Both trends have implications for Canadian publishers.
The Emergence of Non-State TV in the Ukraine
Authors: Kachkaeva Anna G.
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the emergence of various forms of non-state television in the Ukraine. In the absence of regulatory machinery, cable and cassette technologies permit operators to broadcast pirated material without any concern for variety, quality, or copyright considerations, and to treat the airwaves like private property.
Television’s Frames in the 1988 Canadian Election
Authors: Mendelsohn Matthew
Published: August 2017

This paper identifies the frames television news used to interpret the 1988 Canadian election. Leadership and the horserace dominated. The question newsworkers set out to answer was a strategic one: “Who will win and why?” The Conservatives’ assumptions about the Free Trade Agreement were embedded into news coverage.
Government Advertising in a Crisis: The Quebec Referendum Precedent
Authors: Rose Jonathan
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the federal government advertising strategy during the 1980 Quebec referendum. It is argued that during periods of political instability governments use persuasive advertising disguised as informational advertising.
Of Boundaries and Borders: First Nations’ History in Museums
Authors: McLoughlin Moira
Published: August 2017

This paper suggests that traditional history museums can be approached as maps that to orient their users to linear, culturally specific narratives of time and space. As an alternative, the paper proposes that we consider museum as borderlands: spaces of coexistence, negotiation, and transformation which do not assume given centres of power.
From Literary Modernism to the Tantramar Marshes: Anticipating McLuhan in British and Canadian Media Theory and Practice
Authors: Tiessen Paul
Published: August 2017

This study offers brief sketches of four twentieth-century cultural analysts and activists. It examines their work and illustrates the extent to which a fairly sophisticated McLuhanesque sensibility was operating in Canada in intellectual and government circles from the 1920s to the 1940s, 10 years prior to the arrival of Marshall McLuhan. The four figures are John Grierson, Wyndham Lewis, Graham Spry, and Gerald Noxon, all of whom began their careers in England and played important roles in Canadian media history.
Computer Networking in Canada: From CA*net to CANARIE
Authors: Shade Leslie Regan
Published: August 2017

This paper will discuss the current status of computer networking in Canada, from the establishment of CA*net in the late 1980s, to current plans to upgrade its networking capabilities through the implementation of CANARIE (the Canadian Network for the Advancement of Research, Industry and Education). A preliminary overview of the Internet, the multitude of computer networks that are linked together internationally, will situate Canadian networking in the global context. CANARIE's U.S. equivalent, the National Research and Education Network (NREN) (subsumed within the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991) and the proposed Information Infrastructure and Technology Act will be discussed briefly to give an idea of how contested the debates have been regarding network accessibility. Some of the burgeoning networking communities in Canada that will certainly vie for CANARIE access will be described, including freenets, local area bulletin board services (BBSs) connected via FidoNet, and non-profit organizations such as The Web.
The Confrontation of Modern and Traditional Knowledge Systems in Development
Authors: Howard Pat
Published: August 2017

The development project in both capitalist and socialist contexts has augmented the power of technocrats while invalidating alternative knowledge systems rooted in the traditions of local communities, thereby disenfranchising them. Recreating space for the autonomy of such communities requires cross-cultural communication in a collaborative effort to examine the limitations of the reductionist sciences and how they have shaped the development effort. Alternative ways of knowing and ways of sharing knowledge so as to reinforce core community values need to be explored. The paper concludes with a brief description of such an effort between First Nations in British Columbia and minority nations in Yunnan, China.
Of Culture, the Economy, Cultural Production, and Cultural Producers: An Orientation
Authors: Lorimer Rowland
Published: August 2017

The task of this orientation paper is to connect the explorations of cultural industries that are contained in the following papers to a concern with cultural development broadly defined in Canada’s opening economy. It addresses this task in Parts I and II by defining a series of connecting terms and reviewing the adequacy of the relevant literature. Part I outlines the nature of culture and cultural development, four models of cultural development, cultural development policies and programs, and cultural development and political realities. Part II discusses the economy, open and closed economies, and the likely socio-economic and socio-cultural implications of Canada’s opening economy. Part III considers the nature of the infrastructure which supports cultural industries in Canada. It then turns to provisions for education in the creative arts and the status of cultural workers.
Marketing, Management, and Competitive Strategy in the Cultural Industries
Authors: Finn Adam
Published: August 2017

As the cultural industries come under increasing competitive pressure, industry organizations cannot afford to focus exclusively on creative and artistic concerns. They have to allocate their resources to projects where there is a real market demand, and must conduct all aspects of their business affairs in a competent manner or fall by the wayside. Therefore the authors examine the business aspects of successfully competing in the cultural industries. They consider in turn marketing and distribution, new product development, general management and organizational analysis, accounting and management information systems, finance, and competitive strategy in a global environment. The authors argue that a competitive industry begins with a recognition that a country’s cultural products are really only successful when they reach an audience which is prepared to pay (at least a significant proportion of) the real cost to experience them. Moreover, as creative and other input resources are always limited, improving the marketing, financial, and operational efficiency of a cultural industry organization is one way of increasing industry output and providing a richer cultural environment for Canadians.
Power Shift?: Towards a Political Economy of Canadian Telecommunications and Regulation
Authors: Winseck Dwayne
Published: August 2017

This article appraises attempts by some researchers to read a “power shift” thesis into recent regulatory decisions in Canadian telecommunications. While such arguments are predicated on a radical transformation of political and economic power brought about by technological and regulatory change, this article demonstrates that these assertions are without warrant. Instead, evidence is presented showing that recent developments—regulatory, economic, and technological—indicate the extension of power along the three major axes of power in the Canadian telecommunications systems: the federal government, telecommunications providers, and major user groups. Contemporary regulatory changes increase the scope of the federal government in reconciling the interests of the latter two groups, as communication policy is transformed into state-sponsored industrial policy.
The Audiovisual Locations Industry in Canada: Considering British Columbia as Hollywood North
Authors: Gasher Mike
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this article is to characterize the audiovisual locations industry in Canada, an industry which attracted $500 million in direct spending by foreign film and television producers in 1994. Two questions are posed: What is the locations industry? and What is its significance as an emerging cultural industry in the Canadian context? The paper first situates the locations industry in its theoretical, historical, and sociopolitical context. It explains its economic rationale and considers the extent to which the locations industry integrates audiovisual production within the Hollywood industry. A case study of British Columbia, Canada’s largest centre for locations production, is then presented to consider how the locations industry defines place. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the promotion of locations production in Canada speaks to a larger debate over the nature of Canadian cultural production.
Reflections across the Atlantic: Contrasts and Complementarities in Broadcasting Policy in Canada and the European Community in the 1990s
Authors: Collins Richard
Published: August 2017

This article describes the development of broadcasting policy in the European Community and considers its relevance for Canada. It outlines the policy conflicts in Europe between proponents of competition and planning and the relationship between different policies (and policy paradigms) and rival programs for fostering European union.
Walter Ong’s Paradigm and Chinese Literacy
Authors: Ze David
Published: August 2017

Oral residues in Chinese written tradition were maintained by the ruling authorities for the facilitation of correct moral education of the masses, and propagated largely through the traditional learning methodology. When an overwhelming web of ideological control was tailored through the production and dissemination of standardized written texts, oral residues and restricted literacy acted as the agents for the maintenance of the established educational system and social order. This article applies and extends Ong’s thesis of nine general features of oral mentality to the China example and explores the social impact of oral residues in a literate society. It concludes, through the study of China’s case, that the social dynamics of communication technologies are determined not by the functions of the technologies, but by how the technologies are socially organized.
CBC Radio on the Internet: An Experiment in Convergence
Authors: Patrick Andrew S.
Published: August 2017

An experimental trial was conducted to determine: (1) if there was any demand for regular radio programming distributed as digital audio files over the Internet, (2) if the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) was willing to distribute programming in this format, and (3) what implications such a service would have for the corporation. Both sample and regular radio programs were digitized using computer sound equipment and made available via FTP, Gopher, and World Wide Web. Analysis of the traffic logs and a review of the comments submitted by users showed a very high demand (possibly all that was possible with this trial configuration) and a keen interest in the service. CBC has decided to adopt the trial and start a permanent service on the Internet. The trial identified a number of issues that will have to be addressed for this service, including archival storage, copyright, royalties, production changes, and electronic commerce opportunities.
Art in the Information Economy
Authors: Braman Sandra
Published: August 2017

Economically, art has been viewed as a resource, a commodity, a process, a secondary good, a technology, and as capital. The role of art as a producer of and storage for cultural capital has historically been the most important for society as a whole. Today, however, the general stock of cultural capital is declining. Other trends in the current information economy include a greater appreciation for art as a source of innovation than for art products as commodities in themselves; recognition of the ability of art to serve as a source for minority communities seeking a niche in the global economy; and an increase in efforts to quantify cultural capital. The problem of the decline of cultural capital should be a matter of concern to civil society as a whole.
Intellectual Property, Moral Rights, and Trading Regimes: A Publishing Perspective
Authors: Lorimer Rowland
Published: August 2017

Intellectual property law and international trading regimes are two salient areas of policy that have a profound impact on the operations of cultural industries such as publishing. This paper reviews the distinctive attributes of seven different forms of intellectual property protection, pointing the way for publishers to expand their thinking about protecting and exploiting their investment in intellectual property, especially in these times of multimedia publishing. It examines the nature of authorship in an historical context paying particular attention to the concept of moral rights. It then discusses the treatment of intellectual property and moral rights within various international trading regimes.
A Case Study of Functional Subjectivity in Media Coverage: The Gulf War on TV
Authors: Garon Lise
Published: August 2017

This paper tests the hypothesis of functional subjectivity through empirical data about international media coverage. The Gulf War was chosen as the test case. Twenty-eight evenings of prime-time news, from CNN, TV5, CBC, and CBV—all subject to the same military propaganda and censorship—were compared in order to determine the relationship between subjectivity in television news reports and the media’s hypothetical influence strategies. The four networks took an ambiguous stance toward military information. However, their subjective reports were compatible with their national positions and possible influence strategies that aim to capture the public eye.
Introduction: Scholarly Communication and the STM Serials Pricing Crisis
Authors: Lorimer Rowland
Published: August 2017

This paper introduces the scientific, technical, and medical (STM) serials pricing crisis, distinguishing it from a temporary crisis in 1996 in humanities and social science publishing in Canada and from the general constraints operating on scholarly publishing. It then reviews the papers selected for inclusion in this volume.
The University as Public Sphere
Authors: Ambrozas Diana
Published: August 2017

There is a certain parallel between arguments about the decline of the public sphere and the decline of the university today. Both institutions are said to be increasingly fragmented and politicized. In this paper, I mobilize Nancy Fraser’s alternative account of the public in order to defend contemporary political changes in the university, such as affirmative action or women’s studies programs. Such changes are necessary to transform an elite institution into a more democratic one and, in addition, they broaden the scope of our knowledge.
The Corporate-Linked University: From Social Project to Market Force
Authors: Newson Janice
Published: August 2017

Recently, Canadian university campuses have begun to display signs of increasing corporate influence in their affairs. In spite of the recent appearance of these signs, the foundation was laid in the early 1980s for this increasing corporate influence through the shift in government policies and the political effectiveness of groups like the Corporate-Higher Education Forum, the Business Council on National Issues, and the Canadian Manufacturer’s Association. However, universities themselves have neither been passive nor helpless in relation to these external pressures. They have been active agents in a process of self-transformation in which budget-based rationalization and corporate linking have been their means of institutional survival. As a consequence, universities are now functioning less as institutions whose essence derives from their educational and scholarly commitments and more as businesses that deliver educational services and produce knowledge-based products.
The Public Broadcaster and Democracy in Transformation: The 1996 Spry Memorial Lecture
Authors: Teer-Tomaselli Ruth Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

Public service broadcasting’s purpose, the object of much debate in South Africa, may be defined as the provision of a universal service of excellent programming while maintaining public legitimacy through an editorial independence from both the government of the day and commercial interests. Since the 1980s, the global media landscape has undergone fundamental changes. Most of the dynamics which today plague public broadcasting are of international import, and the direct result of the intervention of the global economic order. Public service broadcasting must be carried out within the means available to the public broadcaster, and so it is at this point, when the pragmatism of limited financial means meets with the idealism of an all-encompassing mandate, that public service broadcasting’s late-twentieth-century contradictions become apparent. This paper tracks this paradox across the re-launch and transformation of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) from a state broadcaster serving the interests of largely “white,” “coloured,” and “Indian” middle classes to a public broadcaster mandated to better serve the country’s 11 official language communities.