bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient occult hepatitis B virus infection in a blood donor with high viremia
Authors: Bremer Corinna M. , Saniewski Mona , Wend Ulrike C. , Torres Pilar , Lelie Nico , Gerlich Wolfram H. , Glebe Dieter
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Screening of blood donors for viral nucleic acids has recently been introduced in several countries. With the use of transcription‐mediated amplification, a blood donor was detected who had 90,000 copies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA/mL but no hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc). One month later, anti‐HBc and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti‐HBs) appeared; HBV DNA disappeared after 2 months. This study asked why HBsAg was undetectable in this rare case of transient occult HBV infection.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The HBV DNA in the first sample was cloned and sequenced to identify mutations. The physical nature of the virus was examined by polyethylene glycol precipitation, DNase digestion, density gradient centrifugation, and immunoprecipitation.

RESULTS: Several mutations were found all over the genome, but the HBs antigen loop was unchanged. A stop mutation in the precore region led to loss of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) expression. No HBV DNA–containing immune complexes were present. The plasma did not contain nonencapsidated HBV DNA that could explain the absence of HBsAg. The virus was immune precipitated by antibodies against HBsAg or preS1 antigen. The ratio of HBV to HBsAg subviral particles was estimated to be 1 in less than 20 whereas in overt cases the ratio is 1 in more than 1000.

CONCLUSION: The acute resolving occult HBV infection was caused by an HBeAg‐negative variant, which otherwise was almost normal. The negative HBsAg result was probably due to an unusually low production of surplus HBsAg. The absence of the viral immunomodulator HBeAg and the early appearance of anti‐HBs suggested a rapid noncytolytic HBsAg‐specific T‐cell response leading to low expression of HBsAg.
Barack and Slumdog Millionaire
Authors: GARDELS NATHAN , MEDAVOY MIKE
Published: April 2009

President Barack Obama pledged in his first TV interview—with the Arab satellite channel Al Arabiya—that America under his watch would “listen with respect and not dictate” to the world. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has further announced that this country will no longer just throw around its military might but will pursue a “smart power” approach by tempering the use of hard weaponry with the “soft power” of persuasion and cultural attraction. Or, as Madame Secretary's husband Bill has put it, America will now lead through the power of example instead of the example of power.

The first exceedingly complex test of Obama's smart power strategy will be how to end George W. Bush's misguided “war on terror” in Afghanistan and Pakistan, keeping al‐Qaida at bay without being swallowed by the quagmire of tribal politics. An array of experts from New Delhi to Paris offers their views in this section.
Is the Muslim World a Credible Partner for Obama's Outreach?
Authors: IBRAHIM ANWAR
Published: April 2009

President Barack Obama pledged in his first TV interview—with the Arab satellite channel Al Arabiya—that America under his watch would “listen with respect and not dictate” to the world. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has further announced that this country will no longer just throw around its military might but will pursue a “smart power” approach by tempering the use of hard weaponry with the “soft power” of persuasion and cultural attraction. Or, as Madame Secretary's husband Bill has put it, America will now lead through the power of example instead of the example of power.

The first exceedingly complex test of Obama's smart power strategy will be how to end George W. Bush's misguided “war on terror” in Afghanistan and Pakistan, keeping al‐Qaida at bay without being swallowed by the quagmire of tribal politics. An array of experts from New Delhi to Paris offers their views in this section.
AFPAK Realities
Authors: CHELLANEY BRAHMA
Published: April 2009

President Barack Obama pledged in his first TV interview—with the Arab satellite channel Al Arabiya—that America under his watch would “listen with respect and not dictate” to the world. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has further announced that this country will no longer just throw around its military might but will pursue a “smart power” approach by tempering the use of hard weaponry with the “soft power” of persuasion and cultural attraction. Or, as Madame Secretary's husband Bill has put it, America will now lead through the power of example instead of the example of power.

The first exceedingly complex test of Obama's smart power strategy will be how to end George W. Bush's misguided “war on terror” in Afghanistan and Pakistan, keeping al‐Qaida at bay without being swallowed by the quagmire of tribal politics. An array of experts from New Delhi to Paris offers their views in this section.
Bring Hamas Into the Political Process
Authors: HALEVY EFRAIM
Published: April 2009

President Barack Obama pledged in his first TV interview—with the Arab satellite channel Al Arabiya—that America under his watch would “listen with respect and not dictate” to the world. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has further announced that this country will no longer just throw around its military might but will pursue a “smart power” approach by tempering the use of hard weaponry with the “soft power” of persuasion and cultural attraction. Or, as Madame Secretary's husband Bill has put it, America will now lead through the power of example instead of the example of power.

The first exceedingly complex test of Obama's smart power strategy will be how to end George W. Bush's misguided “war on terror” in Afghanistan and Pakistan, keeping al‐Qaida at bay without being swallowed by the quagmire of tribal politics. An array of experts from New Delhi to Paris offers their views in this section.
“Yes We Can” in the Middle East
Authors: CARTER JIMMY
Published: April 2009

President Barack Obama pledged in his first TV interview—with the Arab satellite channel Al Arabiya—that America under his watch would “listen with respect and not dictate” to the world. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has further announced that this country will no longer just throw around its military might but will pursue a “smart power” approach by tempering the use of hard weaponry with the “soft power” of persuasion and cultural attraction. Or, as Madame Secretary's husband Bill has put it, America will now lead through the power of example instead of the example of power.

The first exceedingly complex test of Obama's smart power strategy will be how to end George W. Bush's misguided “war on terror” in Afghanistan and Pakistan, keeping al‐Qaida at bay without being swallowed by the quagmire of tribal politics. An array of experts from New Delhi to Paris offers their views in this section.
Economic Crisis Can Deepen Global Links
Authors: ANNAN KOFI
Published: April 2009

As the global financial crisis emanating from the United States shuts down world markets, can globalization survive? Will the resurgent intrusion of the state—and thus politics—into the market lead to protectionism and collapse, as was the case in the early 20th century? Or will the new interconnectivity of climate change and mutual economic dependence—especially between China and the US—deepen global links?

The former mayor of Shanghai, legendary Nobel economist Paul Samuelson and Third Way guru Anthony Giddens ponder those questions in this section.
Swedish Lessons
Authors: BILDT CARL
Published: April 2009

As the global financial crisis emanating from the United States shuts down world markets, can globalization survive? Will the resurgent intrusion of the state—and thus politics—into the market lead to protectionism and collapse, as was the case in the early 20th century? Or will the new interconnectivity of climate change and mutual economic dependence—especially between China and the US—deepen global links?

The former mayor of Shanghai, legendary Nobel economist Paul Samuelson and Third Way guru Anthony Giddens ponder those questions in this section.
Lessons for the West from Asian Capitalism
Authors: MAHBUBANI KISHORE
Published: April 2009

As the global financial crisis emanating from the United States shuts down world markets, can globalization survive? Will the resurgent intrusion of the state—and thus politics—into the market lead to protectionism and collapse, as was the case in the early 20th century? Or will the new interconnectivity of climate change and mutual economic dependence—especially between China and the US—deepen global links?

The former mayor of Shanghai, legendary Nobel economist Paul Samuelson and Third Way guru Anthony Giddens ponder those questions in this section.
Taming Capitalism
Authors: SARKOZY NICOLAS
Published: April 2009

As the global financial crisis emanating from the United States shuts down world markets, can globalization survive? Will the resurgent intrusion of the state—and thus politics—into the market lead to protectionism and collapse, as was the case in the early 20th century? Or will the new interconnectivity of climate change and mutual economic dependence—especially between China and the US—deepen global links?

The former mayor of Shanghai, legendary Nobel economist Paul Samuelson and Third Way guru Anthony Giddens ponder those questions in this section.
Application of Raman Spectroscopy and Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering to the Analysis of Synthetic Dyes Found in Ballpoint Pen Inks*
Authors: Geiman Irina , Leona Marco , Lombardi John R.
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  The applicability of Raman spectroscopy and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to the analysis of synthetic dyes commonly found in ballpoint inks was investigated in a comparative study. Spectra of 10 dyes were obtained using a dispersive system (633 nm, 785 nm lasers) and a Fourier transform system (1064 nm laser) under different analytical conditions (e.g., powdered pigments, solutions, thin layer chromatography [TLC] spots). While high fluorescence background and poor spectral quality often characterized the normal Raman spectra of the dyes studied, SERS was found to be generally helpful. Additionally, dye standards and a single ballpoint ink were developed on a TLC plate following a typical ink analysis procedure. SERS spectra were successfully collected directly from the TLC plate, thus demonstrating a possible forensic application for the technique.
Macroscopic Analysis of Axe and Hatchet Trauma in Fleshed and Defleshed Mammalian Long Bones*
Authors: Lynn Kalan S. , Fairgrieve Scott I.
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  Recently, the authors have noted that many studies involving the characterization of chopping weapon wounds have used either semi‐fleshed or defleshed bones (e.g., J Forensic Sci 2001; 46: 228). As these types of specimens do not reflect the full range of actual cases of postmortem dismemberment or perimortem trauma, 11 fresh pig (Sus scrofa) articulated hind limbs, with contiguous surrounding flesh, were inflicted with wounds using two axes and two hatchets. Defleshed humeri and femora were subjected to the same treatment. While there were no great differences found between the fleshed and defleshed specimens, characteristics observed including entrance site width and the presence of chattering were inconsistent with some aspects of Humphrey and Hutchinson’s study (J Forensic Sci 2001; 46: 228). Further, it was found that curve transverse and spiral fractures were prevalent in femora, while longitudinal fractures were prevalent in fibulae. Hence, fracture types may play a role in characterizing some wounds caused by chopping weapons.
Microscopic Indicators of Axe and Hatchet Trauma in Fleshed and Defleshed Mammalian Long Bones*
Authors: Lynn Kalan S. , Fairgrieve Scott I.
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  The characterization of wounds in bone caused by chopping weapons has been based on either semi‐fleshed or defleshed specimens. This approach has not been adequately justified as reflecting actual cases involving fleshed bone. Likewise, the histological appearance of features in chopping wounds also deserves further attention. We used 11 fresh pig (Sus scrofa) articulated hind limbs, including the femur, tibia, and fibula with contiguous surrounding flesh (including an intact epidermal layer), to receive wounds using two axes and two hatchets. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of these wounds exhibited osteon pullouts in the fracture surfaces of fleshed specimens, suggesting the attenuation of force by the surrounding flesh. Lamellar separation was also exhibited at the impact sites and fracture surfaces of both fleshed and defleshed specimens. A consistently rough morphology is characteristic of fracture surfaces while impact surfaces are smooth and yielded evidence of striations from each implement.
Skin sensitizing properties of the ethanolamines mono‐, di‐, and triethanolamine. Data analysis of a multicentre surveillance network (IVDK*) and review of the literature
Authors: Lessmann Holger , Uter Wolfgang , Schnuch Axel , Geier Johannes
Published: April 2009

Numerous publications address the skin sensitizing potential of the short chain alkanolamines triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA), monoethanolamine (MEA), which are not skin sensitizing according to animal studies. Regarding TEA, we analysed patch test data of 85 098 patients who had been tested with TEA 2.5% petrolatum by Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) to identify particular exposures possibly associated with an elevated risk of sensitization. Altogether, 323 patients (0.4%) tested positive. The profile of patch test reactions indicates a slightly irritant potential rather than a true allergic response in many cases. Although used widely, no exposure associated with an increased risk of TEA sensitization was identified. Therefore, the risk of sensitization to TEA seems to be very low. MEA and DEA were patch tested in a much more aimed fashion in 9602 and 8791 patients, respectively when prevalence of contact allergy was 3.8% and 1.8%. MEA is the prominent allergen in metalworkers with exposure to water‐based metalworking fluids (wbMWFs); DEA is probably used in cutting fluids less frequently nowadays. Chronic damage to the skin barrier resulting from wbMWF, the alkalinity of ethanolamines (increasing from TEA to MEA), and other cofactors may contribute to a notable sensitization risk.
Contact hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis among school children and teenagers with eczema
Authors: Czarnobilska Ewa , Obtulowicz Krystyna , Dyga Wojciech , Wsolek‐Wnek Katarzyna , Spiewak Radoslaw
Published: April 2009

Background:  Patch testing is an essential procedure in the investigation of eczema in children.

Objectives:  To analyse the frequency of contact hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis among Polish children with eczema.

Patients/methods:  During an allergy screening programme involving 9320 children aged 7 and 16 years, 12.6% reported symptoms of chronic/recurrent eczema. From this group, a representative sample of 229 eczema children underwent patch testing: 96 children aged 7 years and 133 teenagers aged 16 years. Patch testing was with 10 allergens: methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI), nickel sulfate, mercury ammonium chloride, thimerosal, cobalt chloride, potassium dichromate, lanolin, fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru), and colophonium.

Results:  49.4% tested children were found patch test (PT) positive. 43.8% of 7 year olds with eczema were PT positive, with sensitization to nickel sulfate (30.2%), thimerosal (10.4%), cobalt chloride (8.3%), fragrance mix I (7.3%), MCI/MI (6.3%), potassium dichromate (6.3%), M. pereirae (3.1%), mercury ammonium chloride (2.3%), and colophonium (1.0%). 52.6% teenagers were PT positive, with sensitization to nickel sulfate (23.3%), thimerosal (27.8%), cobalt chloride (10.5%), potassium dichromate (6.0%), mercury ammonium chloride (2.3%), M. pereirae (1.5%), and MCI/MI (0.8%). The final diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis was confirmed in 36% of 7 year olds and 26% of 16 year olds.

Conclusions:  Every second child with eczema is PT positive, whereas every third child is finally diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis.
Erythrocyte‐derived microvesicles may transfer phosphatidylserine to the surface of nucleated cells and falsely ‘mark’ them as apoptotic
Authors: Liu Rui , Klich Izabela , Ratajczak Janina , Ratajczak Mariusz Z. , Zuba‐Surma Ewa K.
Published: April 2009

Lysis of erythrocytes using hypotonic solutions is one approach to remove red blood cells (RBCs) from umbilical cord blood (UCB), bone marrow (BM), and peripheral blood (PB) before flow cytometric analysis or sorting of nucleated cells (NCs). Our team employed this separation step to prepare UCB‐, BM‐, or PB‐derived cells to sort very small embryonic‐like stem cells (VSELs). We noticed that depletion of RBCs from UCB by hypotonic lysis resulted in a significant increase in the number of NCs including VSELs that bind Annexin‐V (Ann‐V). Surprisingly, these cells were not apoptotic and displayed normal proliferative potential. To explain this discrepancy, we show that RBC‐derived microvesicles (RMV) released during erythrocyte lysis may transfer phosphatidylserine (PS) to the surface of NCs and ‘mark’ them falsely positive as apoptotic cells. This observation should be considered whenever Ann‐V binding viability assays are employed to evaluate the quality of NCs depleted from erythrocytes via hypotonic lysis.
Rapid divergence in physiological and life‐history traits between northern and southern populations of the British introduced neo‐species, Senecio squalidus
Authors: Allan Eric , Pannell John R.
Published: April 2009

Alien plants provide a unique opportunity to study evolution in novel environments, but relatively little is known about the extent to which they become locally adapted to different environments across their new range. Here, we compare northern and southern populations of the introduced species Senecio squalidus in Britain; S. squalidus has been in southern Britain for approximately 200 years and reached Scotland only about 50 years ago. We conducted common garden experiments at sites in the north and south of the species’ range in Britain. We also conducted glasshouse and growth chamber experiments to test the hypothesis that southern genotypes flower later, are more drought‐tolerant, germinate and establish better at warmer temperatures, and are less sensitive to cold stress than their more northern counterparts. Results from the common garden experiments are largely consistent with the hypothesis of rapid adaptive divergence of populations of the species within the introduced range, with genotypes typically showing a home‐site advantage. Results from the glasshouse and growth chamber experiments demonstrate adaptive divergence in ability to tolerate drought stress and high temperatures, as well as in phenology. In particular, southern genotypes were more tolerant of dry conditions and high temperatures and they flowered later than northern genotypes. Our results show that rapid local adaptation can occur in alien species, and they have implications for our understanding of the ecological genetics of range expansion of introduced weeds.
A tree in the jaws of a moth – temporal variation in oak leaf quality and leaf‐chewer performance
Authors: Roslin Tomas , Salminen Juha‐Pekka
Published: April 2009

The extent to which individual host trees maintain their relative quality over time may affect patterns of abundance, distribution and microevolution in herbivorous insects. In this study, we explore temporal consistency in the quality of oak Quercus robur foliage, using leaf‐chewing larvae of the moth Amphipyra pyramidea as our model herbivores. By utilising an artificial diet, we are able to isolate the impact of chemical contents from physical attributes, and thereby to ask to what extent purely chemical parameters create tree‐to‐tree differences in host quality, how consistent such differences are among trees between different parts of a single growth season, and to what extent individual moth larvae are able to compensate for chemical variation in food quality. We find that with physical traits controlled for, chemical traits suffice to create strong differences in larval growth rates between trees, and between larvae fed on young and mature foliage. Nevertheless, these initial differences are efficiently compensated for the fact that larvae with lower growth rates continue to grow for a longer time, and thereby end up at the same size as larvae with high growth rates. At the pupal stage, we could no longer detect differences between either larvae fed foliage from different trees or between larvae fed young versus mature foliage – despite notably little variation among individuals within each group. Such compensatory responses were also reflected in patterns of consistency. The intraclass correlation for larval weight was relatively high (ρ=0.45), but lower for development time (ρ=0.26), and non‐existent for pupal weight (ρ=0.00). These results suggest that in terms of pupal mass, A. pyramidea is able to compensate more or less completely for differences in resource quality, that patterns of consistency vary with the specific trait examined, and that the net effect of spatiotemporal variation in host plant quality on herbivore fitness should be dissected by experiments aimed at different life history traits. If slow growth comes with high mortality, spatiotemporal patterns in resource quality may have a major impact on herbivore fitness; if not, the patterns may be nullified by efficient compensatory mechanisms.
Vitamin D production in psoriasis patients increases less with narrowband than with broadband ultraviolet B phototherapy
Authors: Osmancevic Amra , Landin‐Wilhelmsen Kerstin , Larkö Olle , Wennberg Ann‐Marie , Krogstad Anne Lene
Published: April 2009

Background: Phototherapy of psoriasis is an effective treatment. In addition to standard broadband ultraviolet radiation B (UVB), (280–320 nm), narrowband phototherapy (NBUVB) (monochromatic UV between 311 and 312 nm) has become an important treatment for psoriasis. The same wavelength range of UVB (290–315 nm) induces synthesis of vitamin D. The aim was to compare the effect of broadband with NBUVB therapy on vitamin D synthesis in patients with psoriasis.

Methods: Sixty‐eight Caucasian patients (17 women and 51 men) mean age 54.1 ± 16.0 years, with active plaque psoriasis, were treated with broadband UVB (n=26) or NBUVB (n=42) two to three times/week for 8–12 weeks. The serum concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3), 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3), intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and creatinine were measured before the first exposure and after the last dose of radiation.

Results: In broadband UVB treated patients, 25(OH)D3 increased from 37.9 ± 16.9 to 69.4 ± 19.7 ng/ml (P<0.0001) and in patients treated with NBUVB from 34.8 ± 11.9 to 55.3 ± 17.6 ng/ml (P<0.0001) and P=0.008 between the treatment groups. PTH decreased on broadband UVB (P<0.05). The serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3, calcium or creatinine remained unaltered.

Conclusion: Serum 25(OH)D3 in psoriasis patients increased less with NBUVB than with broadband UVB phototherapy. Psoriasis improved on both regimens.
Sun exposure behavior and protection practices in a Mediterranean population: a questionnaire‐based study
Authors: Nikolaou Vasiliki , Stratigos Alexander J. , Antoniou Christina , Sypsa Vana , Avgerinou Georgia , Danopoulou Ifigenia , Nicolaidou Electra , Katsambas Andreas D.
Published: April 2009

Objective: Skin cancer campaigns have only recently been implemented in a wide scale in Greece. In order to better target those individuals at risk, we aimed to explore sun exposure behaviors in a sample of the Greek population.

Methods: A total of 802 subjects, randomly selected among the residents of the two largest Greek cities, underwent a questionnaire‐based telephone interview, assessing the degree of sun exposure patterns and knowledge of skin cancer risk factors.

Results: Females more commonly (90%) used sunscreens compared with males (67.5%), and among sunscreen users, only 8% used products with SPF <10. Almost half of the participants (48%) preferred going to the beach during the midday hours. Over exposure to the sun was mostly reported by individuals with phototypes III/IV and of younger age (18–35 years). Most participants were aware of sun exposure as a cause of skin cancer, but among those who did not, 41% were younger than 34 years of age.

Conclusions: In our survey, significant differences in age, sex and phototypes were observed with regard to sun exposure patterns and sunscreen use. Educational campaigns should focus more on younger age groups, encouraging a more complete set of photoprotective measures. However, potential trial limitations inherent in self‐reported measures should be taken into account.
Methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa and pilonidal cysts
Authors: Saraceno Rosita , Teoli Miriam , Casciello Carmen , Chimenti Sergio
Published: April 2009

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and pilonidal cysts are chronic, inflammatory skin conditions involving apocrine gland‐bearing skin. Treatment is limited and unsatisfactory. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported to be safe and effective in the treatment of several off‐label skin conditions. We report the case of a 29‐year‐old man affected by HS and pilonidal cysts since the age of 21. In the past, the patient was treated with antibiotics, corticosteroids and retinoids, without significant clinical improvement. Treatment with methyl aminolaevulinate (MAL)‐PDT was started. A topical MAL cream (Metvix®) was applied to the affected areas with an occlusive dressing for 3 h and irradiated with a red light source. Therapy was repeated every 15 days for a total of nine applications. The patient completed a 6‐month follow‐up and achieved an almost complete clinical remission of the skin lesions (80%) and complete resolution of the itching and discomfort. This is the first case of HS associated with pilonidal cysts treated with MAL‐PDT. MAL‐PDT was effective and well tolerated in our patient. The costs of this therapy represent an important limitation, taking into account the high number of sessions that were performed compared with non‐melanoma skin cancers.
Dysplastic nevus syndrome with development of multiple melanomas. A surgical concept for prophylaxis
Authors: Brod Corinna , Schippert Wilfried , Breuninger Helmut
Published: April 2009

A 58‐year‐old man presented in 2001 with dysplastic nevus syndrome with at least 300 nevi and about 100 clinically highly atypical nevi. Three melanomas had been excised by a private dermatologist within the past year. We then removed two additional melanomas. Between 2002 and 2003, 117 nevi which were atypical on dermatoscopy were removed; most by horizontal (shave) excision. Adequate clinical and dermatoscopic control was not feasible due to the large number of atypical nevi. In order to reduce the number of nevus cells, we treated test sites with both dermabrasion and split‐thickness excision. The latter proved to be more efficient and was used to completely excise the skin of the back, as well as parts of the arms and chest in two sessions under general anesthesia. Wound healing was uneventful.

Following these procedures, adequate clinical and dermatoscopic monitoring of the remaining nevi was possible and only a few had to be removed. No more melanomas appeared in the treated areas.
Nestedness, SLOSS and conservation networks of boreal herb‐rich forests
Authors: Hokkanen Päivi J. , Kouki Jari , Komonen Atte
Published: April 2009

Question: Herb‐rich patches are biodiversity hotspots for vascular plants in boreal forests. We ask: Do species occurrences on herb‐rich patches show a non‐random, nested structure?; Does patch size relate to richness of edaphically demanding and red‐listed species?; Does a set of small patches support more edaphically demanding and red‐listed species than a few large patches of the equal area?

Location: Eastern Finland (63°04′N, 29°52′E), boreal vegetation zone.

Data: Vegetation mapping of 90 herb‐rich sites, varying from 0.05 to 6.93 ha in size and belonging to six different, predetermined forest site types.

Results: Using the RANDNEST procedure, only one site type showed a significantly nested pattern, and patch area was not related to “nestedness” in any of the site types. The number of edaphically demanding and red‐listed plant species was positively correlated with a patch size in three forest site types. In all site types, a set of small patches had more edaphically demanding and red‐listed species than did a few large patches of the equal total area.

Conclusions: For conservation, it is essential to protect representative sets of different herb‐rich forest site types because flora varies between the site types. Within herb‐rich forest site types, several small areas may support representative species composition. However, successful conservation requires thorough species inventories, because of the high level of heterogeneity between the herb‐rich patches.
The effects of gender and ethnicity on absolute vs. relative ratings for low‐fat school lunch entrées
Authors: Jowers Esbelle M. , Bartholomew John B. , Callen Karen J.
Published: April 2009

School lunch interventions often have to compete with less healthy alternatives. This study was designed to test the absolute and relative preferences for three low‐fat entrées currently available within three schools in central Texas. Students rated three low‐fat school entrées: chef salad, turkey sandwich and baked potato. Two rating formats were used: (1) absolute ratings, scored individually, with five‐point scales; and (2) relative ratings indicated by a series of dichotomous, ‘yes–no’ forced choice questions. Across three elementary schools, 238 fifth grade students received parental consent to participate. One hundred thirty‐three (56%) were present for all taste tests. The final subject pool was comprised of 77.4% Hispanic and 22.5% Caucasian children. The absolute and relative ratings were analyzed via 2 (gender) × 2 (ethnicity) × 3 (entrée) repeated measures analyses of variance. Relationships among these variables were assessed with bivariate correlations. Absolute ratings were positive, averaging 4.05 on the five‐point scale, with no differences as a result of ethnicity or gender. Relative preferences were lower, indicating they may be a better measure of intention to select. A significant effect for food [F(2,126) = 4.09, P = 0.01], as well as for food × gender interaction, [F(2,126) = 8.03, P < 0.01] was found. Post hocs revealed lower ratings for chef salad compared with the other low‐fat entrées. Girls reported greater intention to select salad than boys (d = 0.62). These data suggest that although low‐fat items can be acceptable to children, absolute ratings may be a poor indicator of behaviour when children are provided a choice among competing entrées.
Vascular Risk Factors as Predictors of Sexual Function Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Authors: Mohamed Osama A. , Hamed Hamed A. , Roaiah Mohamed Farid , Helmy Tarek , Mahran Ali , Bennett Carol J.
Published: April 2009

Introduction

A strong association between cardiovascular risk factors and erectile dysfunction (ED) was suggested. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the gold standard for surgical myocardial revascularization.

Aim

We herein evaluate the impact of vascular risk factors on postoperative sexual functions in patients undergo CABG.

Main Outcome Measures

ED severity by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and penile duplex study.

Methods

The present study included 100 patients who underwent CABG. The patients were evaluated by an abridged form of the IIEF-5 questionnaire, followed by CABG. Six months after surgery the erectile function of all patients was revaluated utilizing the IIEF-5.

Results

Number of risk factors was significantly associated with postoperative change in IIEF-5 score (P = 0.02). A post hoc analysis of the association revealed that patients with one risk factor were significantly more likely to have increased IIEF-5 scores (N = 18), whereas those with two or more risk factors were significantly more likely to have decreased IIEF-5 scores (N = 21, P < 0.05). Furthermore, those with no risk factors were significantly more likely to be stable (N = 8) compared with those with more than two risk factors, who were more likely to have decreased scores (P < 0.05). The hierarchical logistic regression results showed that when examining all risk factors simultaneously, because of multicollinearity, only hyperlipidemia was significantly associated with postoperative ED (odds ratio [OR] = 11.33, confirdence interval [CI] = 1.25, 102.82). Frequency of intercourse was also significantly associated with postoperative ED after controlling for risk factors (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.52, 0.97).

Conclusions

This data clearly shows that the number of cardiovascular risk factors is an essential predictive factor for sexual function following surgery. Only hyperlipidemia may play a predictive role for the future sexual function of patients undergo CABG.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Vibrator Use by Men in the United States
Authors: Reece Michael , Herbenick Debra , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dodge Brian , Ghassemi Annahita , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: April 2009

Introduction

While vibrating products have been recommended by clinicians for the treatment of male sexual dysfunctions, knowledge is lacking with regard to the prevalence of vibrator use among men in the United States, the characteristics of men who use vibrators, and whether there are relations between vibrator use and sexual function among men.

Aims

To establish lifetime and recent prevalence rates for vibrator use by men in the United States, to document the characteristics of men who use vibrators and their reasons for using vibrators, and to explore relations between men’s vibrator use and sexual function.

Methods

During April 2008, data were collected from a population-based cross-sectional survey of 1,047 men aged 18–60 years in the United States. Analyses were conducted using poststratification data weights.

Main Outcome Measure

Measures included sociodemographics, health status and health-related behaviors, sexual behaviors, vibrator use, and sexual function.

Results

For both solo and partnered sexual activities, the prevalence of men who had incorporated a vibrator into sexual activities during their lives was 44.8%, with 10.0% having done so in the past month, 14.2% in the past year, and 20.5% over 1 year ago. Men who had used vibrators, particularly those with more recent use, were more likely to report participation in sexual health promoting behaviors, such as testicular self-exam. Men who had used vibrators recently also scored higher on four of the five domains of the International Index of Erectile Function (erectile function, intercourse satisfaction, orgasmic function, and sexual desire).

Conclusions

Among men in the United States, vibrator use during solo and partnered sexual interactions is common and is associated with a wide array of positive sexual health characteristics. Future research should continue to explore ways in which men incorporate vibrators into solo sexual acts, partnered sexual play, and sexual intercourse.
A Prospective Study on the Association Between Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) and Erectile Dysfunction: Results from a Large Study in Elderly Chinese in Southern China
Authors: Wong Samuel Y. , Leung Jason C. , Woo Jean
Published: April 2009

Introduction

Although many cross-sectional studies have been conducted on the association between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfucntion (ED), no studies were prospective in Asia.

Aim

The relationship between LUTS and ED is examined using a prospective cohort of 2000 Chinese men.

Methods

Baseline and 4-year data from a large prospective cohort study of 2000 Chinese elderly men were analyzed. A total of 1,736 subjects were included in the current analysis after excluding those with history of bladder or prostate cancer, or urological surgery, and those who used alpha blockers or anti-androgen.

Main Outcome Measures

LUTS were measured at baseline by the International Prostatic Symptom Score and ED was measured using one question on impotence at the end of 4 years.

Results

A dose–response relationship was observed for the relationship between baseline severity of LUTS and severity of ED at follow-up with those who had more severe LUTS at baseline with an increased odds of having more severe ED (odd ratio [OR] = 1.86, confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–2.97 for mild LUTS at baseline; OR = 2.95, CI: 1.81–4.81 for moderate LUTS at baseline; and OR = 3.82, CI: 2.00–7.27 for severe LUTS at baseline). Other baseline factors that were statistically significantly associated with ED included body mass index (OR = 1.13, CI: 1.01–1.26), hypertension (OR = 1.30, CI: 1.02–1.65) and diabetes (OR = 1.44, CI: 1.07–1.93).

Conclusion

The presence of LUTS is associated with ED with more severe LUTS being associated with higher degree of ED in men.
Lipoxin A4 inhibited hepatocyte growth factor‐induced invasion of human hepatoma cells
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Yan , Li Yong‐Sheng , Wu Ping , Wang Hong‐Mei , Cai Zhen‐Yu , Xu Fang‐Yun , Ye Du‐Yun
Published: April 2009

Aim:  Inflammation is a critical component of tumor progression. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) has been approved for potent anti‐inflammatory properties. Recently, it was reported that LXA4 repressed the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), which is essential for invasion. However, there are few reports dealing with its effects on cancer. To explore whether LXA4 regulate invasion, the effects of LXA4 and its receptor agonist BML‐111 on hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)‐induced invasion of hepatoma cells and the possible mechanisms were researched.

Methods:  Lipoxin A4 receptor (ALX) expression in HepG2 cells were measured through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Cytotoxicity of LXA4 and BML‐111 to HepG2 cells was detected by MTT and (3H)‐TdR incorporation assay. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed using a Boyden chemotaxis chamber. COX‐2 expression was detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Moreover, the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐2, MMP‐9, IκBα and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) p65 were observed via western blot, and NF‐κB transcriptional activity was tested by transfections and luciferase activities assay.

Results:  ALX expression was detected in HepG2 cells, and suitable concentrations of LXA4 and BML‐111 had no cytotoxicity to cells. LXA4 and BML‐111 inhibited HGF‐induced migration and invasion; downregulated COX‐2, MMP‐2 and ‐9; restrained HGF‐induced IκBα degradation, NF‐κB translocation and the transcriptional activity of NF‐κB in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, exogenous PGE2 could reverse the inhibitory effects of LXA4 also BML‐111 on HGF‐induced invasion and migration partially.

Conclusion:  LXA4 inhibited HGF‐induced invasion of HepG2 cells through NF‐κB/COX‐2 signaling pathway partially.
Liver development: lessons from knockout mice and mutant fish
Authors: Nakamura Takashi , Nishina Hiroshi
Published: April 2009

The liver is an organ with vital functions, including the processing and storage of nutrients, maintenance of serum composition, detoxification and bile production. Over the last 10 years, there have been major advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying liver development. These advances have been achieved through the use of knockout mice as well as through forward‐genetics studies employing mutant fish. The examination of many such murine and piscine mutants with defects in liver formation and/or function have pinpointed numerous factors crucial for hepatic cell differentiation and growth. In addition, these studies have permitted the identification of several important liver‐specific markers that allow the contributions of variouscell types to hepatogenesis to be monitored. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge of the shared molecular mechanisms that underlie liver development in species as diverse as fish and mice. A better molecular understanding of liver formation may provide new insights into both normal liver biology and liver disease.
Incorporating Environmental Impacts in Strategic Redesign of an Engineered System
Authors: Harper Steven R. , Thurston Deborah L.
Published: April 2009

Large engineered systems do not often live out their life cycles as originally planned. Traditional design methods do not address redesign issues that arise during long term operation of these systems. The problem of how to consider the environmental impacts of stranded assets is especially problematic, particularly during system operational changes. This paper presents a method for analysis of a dynamically changing system that includes consideration of both economic and environmental impacts. A case study of an electrical power system illustrates the approach. Using a 100yr time period and using several decision rules (e.g., keep all plants operating until planned retirement age or retire all plants 10% early), the aggregated results were derived. The best sequence of decision or decision rule can now be determined by the highest multiattribute utility score. The best decision sequence is one that immediately retires and decommissions all fossil fueled electrical power plants, although early retirement without immediate decommissioning produces inferior utility values. There is little gained in utility when extending operational life of the plants, and as the 100yr period moves forward, all solutions collapse on the final system configuration. The results provide several insights that were gained through the ability to forecast the environmental impact caused by changes within the life cycle phases of a system, such as early retirement or operational life extension of facilities.
An Inductive Design Exploration Method for Robust Multiscale Materials Design
Authors: Choi Haejin , McDowell David L. , Allen Janet K. , Rosen David , Mistree Farrokh
Published: April 2009

Synthesis of hierarchical materials and products is an emerging systems design paradigm, which includes multiscale (quantum to continuum level) material simulation and product analysis models, uncertainty in the models, and the propagation of this uncertainty through the model chain. In order to support integrated multiscale materials and product design under uncertainty, we propose an inductive design exploration method (IDEM) in this paper. In IDEM, feasible ranged sets of specifications are found in a step-by-step, top-down (inductive) manner. In this method, a designer identifies feasible ranges for the interconnecting variables between the final two models in a model chain. Once feasible ranges of interconnecting variables between these two models are found, then, using this information, feasible ranges of interconnecting variables between the next to the last model and the model immediately preceding it are found. This process is continued until feasible ranged values for the input variables for the first model in the model chain are found. In IDEM, ranged sets of design specifications, instead of an optimal point solution, are identified for each segment of a multilevel design process. Hence, computer intensive calculations can be easily parallelized since the process of uncertainty analysis is decoupled from the design exploration process in IDEM. The method is demonstrated with the example of designing multifunctional energetic structural materials based on a chain of microscale and continuum level simulation models.
Multifunctional Topology Design of Cellular Material Structures
Authors: Seepersad Carolyn Conner , Allen Janet K. , McDowell David L. , Mistree Farrokh
Published: April 2009

Prismatic cellular or honeycomb materials exhibit favorable properties for multifunctional applications such as ultralight load bearing combined with active cooling. Since these properties are strongly dependent on the underlying cellular structure, design methods are needed for tailoring cellular topologies with customized multifunctional properties. Topology optimization methods are available for synthesizing the form of a cellular structure—including the size, shape, and connectivity of cell walls and openings—rather than specifying these features a priori. To date, the application of these methods for cellular materials design has been limited primarily to elastic and thermoelastic properties, and limitations of classic topology optimization methods prevent a direct application to many other phenomena such as conjugate heat transfer with internal convection. In this paper, a practical, two-stage topology design approach is introduced for applications that require customized multifunctional properties. In the first stage, robust topology design methods are used to design flexible cellular topology with customized structural properties. Dimensional and topological flexibility is embodied in the form of robust ranges of cell wall dimensions and robust permutations of a nominal cellular topology. In the second design stage, the flexibility is used to improve the heat transfer characteristics of the design via addition/removal of cell walls and adjustment of cellular dimensions without degrading structural performance. The method is applied to design stiff, actively cooled prismatic cellular materials for the combustor liners of next-generation gas turbine engines.
A Kriging Metamodel Assisted Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Design Optimization
Authors: Li M. , Li G. , Azarm S.
Published: April 2009

The high computational cost of population based optimization methods, such as multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGAs), has been preventing applications of these methods to realistic engineering design problems. The main challenge is to devise methods that can significantly reduce the number of simulation (objective∕constraint functions) calls. We present a new multi-objective design optimization approach in which the Kriging-based metamodeling is embedded within a MOGA. The proposed approach is called Kriging assisted MOGA, or K-MOGA. The key difference between K-MOGA and a conventional MOGA is that in K-MOGA some of the design points are evaluated on-line using Kriging metamodeling instead of the actual simulation model. The decision as to whether the simulation or its Kriging metamodel should be used for evaluating a design point is based on a simple and objective criterion. It is determined whether by using the objective∕constraint functions’ Kriging metamodels for a design point, its “domination status” in the current generation can be changed. Seven numerical and engineering examples with different degrees of difficulty are used to illustrate applicability of the proposed K-MOGA. The results show that on the average K-MOGA converges to the Pareto frontier with an approximately 50% fewer number of simulation calls compared to a conventional MOGA.