bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The RAF inhibitor PLX4032 inhibits ERK signaling and tumor cell proliferation in a V600E BRAF-selective manner
Authors: Joseph Eric W. , Pratilas Christine A. , Poulikakos Poulikos I. , Tadi Madhavi , Wang Weiqing , Taylor Barry S. , Halilovic Ensar , Persaud Yogindra , Xing Feng , Viale Agnes , Tsai James , Chapman Paul B. , Bollag Gideon , Solit David B. , Rosen Neal
Published: July 2010

Tumors with mutant BRAF and some with mutant RAS are dependent upon ERK signaling for proliferation, and their growth is suppressed by MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitors. In contrast, tumor cells with human EGF receptor (HER) kinase activation proliferate in a MEK-independent manner. These findings have led to the development of RAF and MEK inhibitors as anticancer agents. Like MEK inhibitors, the RAF inhibitor PLX4032 inhibits the proliferation of BRAF
V600E
tumor cells but not that of HER kinase-dependent tumors. However, tumors with RAS mutation that are sensitive to MEK inhibition are insensitive to PLX4032. MEK inhibitors inhibit ERK phosphorylation in all normal and tumor cells, whereas PLX4032 inhibits ERK signaling only in tumor cells expressing BRAF
V600E
. In contrast, the drug activates MEK and ERK phosphorylation in cells with wild-type BRAF. In BRAF
V600E
tumor cells, MEK and RAF inhibitors affect the expression of a common set of genes. PLX4032 inhibits ERK signaling output in mutant BRAF cells, whereas it transiently activates the expression of these genes in tumor cells with wild-type RAF. Thus, PLX4032 inhibits ERK signaling output in a mutant BRAF-selective manner. These data explain why the drug selectively inhibits the growth of mutant BRAF tumors and suggest that it will not cause toxicity resulting from the inhibition of ERK signaling in normal cells. This selectivity may lead to a broader therapeutic index and help explain the greater antitumor activity observed with this drug than with MEK inhibitors.
PDZRN3 Negatively Regulates BMP-2–induced Osteoblast Differentiation through Inhibition of Wnt Signaling
Authors: Honda Takeshi , Yamamoto Hisato , Ishii Aiko , Inui Makoto
Published: July 2010

PDZRN3 is a member of the PDZ domain–containing RING finger family of proteins. We previously showed that PDZRN3 is essential for the differentiation of C2C12 mouse mesenchymal progenitor cells into myotubes. Mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in addition to myotubes, and we have now examined the potential role of PDZRN3 in the differentiation of C2C12 cells into osteoblasts. The abundance of PDZRN3 in C2C12 cells was increased after the induction of osteoblast differentiation by exposure to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 in low-serum medium. Depletion of PDZRN3 in C2C12 cells by RNA interference resulted in marked enhancement of the BMP-2–induced up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Dkk1, an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, markedly attenuated the enhancement of the BMP-2–induced increase in ALP activity by PDZRN3 depletion. The up-regulation of ALP activity by Wnta3a was also promoted by depletion of PDZRN3. Furthermore, the expression and Wnt3a-induced phosphorylation of LRP6 as well as the increase in the cytosolic abundance of β-catenin induced by Wnt3a were potentiated in PDZRN3-depleted cells. These results indicate that PDZRN3 plays an important role in negative feedback control of BMP-2–induced osteoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells through inhibition of Wnt–β-catenin signaling.
Proteasome Nuclear Import Mediated by Arc3 Can Influence Efficient DNA Damage Repair and Mitosis in Schizosaccharomyces Pombe
Authors: Cabrera Rodrigo , Sha Zhe , Vadakkan Tegy J. , Otero Joel , Kriegenburg Franziska , Hartmann-Petersen Rasmus , Dickinson Mary E. , Chang Eric C.
Published: July 2010

Proteasomes must remove regulatory molecules and abnormal proteins throughout the cell, but how proteasomes can do so efficiently remains unclear. We have isolated a subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, Arc3, which binds proteasomes. When overexpressed, Arc3 rescues phenotypes associated with proteasome deficiencies; when its expression is repressed, proteasome deficiencies intensify. Arp2/3 is best known for regulating membrane dynamics and vesicular transport; thus, we performed photobleaching experiments and showed that proteasomes are readily imported into the nucleus but exit the nucleus slowly. Proteasome nuclear import is reduced when Arc3 is inactivated, leading to hypersensitivity to DNA damage and inefficient cyclin-B degradation, two events occurring in the nucleus. These data suggest that proteasomes display Arc3-dependent mobility in the cell, and mobile proteasomes can efficiently access substrates throughout the cell, allowing them to effectively regulate cell-compartment–specific activities.
Assembly of the Mitochondrial Protein Import Channel
Authors: Becker Thomas , Guiard Bernard , Thornton Nicolas , Zufall Nicole , Stroud David A. , Wiedemann Nils , Pfanner Nikolaus
Published: July 2010

The preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) consists of a central β-barrel channel, Tom40, and six proteins with α-helical transmembrane segments. The precursor of Tom40 is imported from the cytosol by a pre-existing TOM complex and inserted into the outer membrane by the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM). Tom40 then assembles with α-helical Tom proteins to the mature TOM complex. The outer membrane protein Mim1 promotes membrane insertion of several α-helical Tom proteins but also affects the biogenesis of Tom40 by an unknown mechanism. We have identified a novel intermediate in the assembly pathway of Tom40, revealing a two-stage interaction of the precursor with the SAM complex. The second SAM stage represents assembly of Tom5 with the precursor of Tom40. Mim1-deficient mitochondria accumulate Tom40 at the first SAM stage like Tom5-deficient mitochondria. Tom5 promotes formation of the second SAM stage and thus suppresses the Tom40 assembly defect of mim1Δ mitochondria. We conclude that the assembly of newly imported Tom40 is directly initiated at the SAM complex by its association with Tom5. The involvement of Mim1 in Tom40 biogenesis can be largely attributed to its role in import of Tom5.
Bowel Preparation for Pediatric Colonoscopy Procedures
Authors: Hunter Anna , Mamula Petar
Published: July 2010

Colonoscopy is a routinely performed procedure in children and adolescents. Proper visualization of the intestinal mucosa, completion of the procedure, including examination of the terminal ileum, detection of pathological lesions, and therapeutic maneuvers, all are highly dependent on the quality of the bowel preparation. A significant proportion of patients, in some reports up to one third, are inadequately prepared for the examination, which leads to extended procedure time, incomplete examination, or need for repeat procedure. Aside from efficacy and safety, the most important aspects of colon preparation in pediatrics are ease of administration, palatability, dietary restriction, and minimization of disruption of daily routine. An ideal preparation does not exist and a wide variety of regimens are being used. Several of these have been investigated in pediatric clinical trials. This article reviews the published literature with an emphasis on the most commonly used agents, their mechanism of action, efficacy and ease of use, and safety.
Sex-specific effects of maternal immunization on yolk antibody transfer and offspring performance in zebra finches
Authors: Martyka Rafał , Rutkowska Joanna , Cichoń Mariusz
Published: July 2010

Trans-generational antibody transfer constitutes an important mechanism by which mothers may enhance offspring resistance to pathogens. Thus, differential antibody deposition may potentially allow a female to differentiate offspring performance. Here, we examined whether maternal immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) prior to egg laying affects sex-specific yolk antibody transfer and sex-specific offspring performance in zebra finches (
Taeniopygia guttata
). We showed that immunized mothers deposit anti-SRBC antibodies into the eggs depending on embryo sex and laying order, and that maternal exposure to SRBC positively affects the body size of female, but not male offspring. This is the first study reporting sex-specific consequences of maternal immunization on offspring performance, and suggests that antibody transfer may constitute an adaptive mechanism of maternal favouritism.
The expected lifetime of an extraction project
Authors: Evatt G. W. , Johnson P. V. , Duck P. W. , Howell S. D. , Moriarty J.
Published: July 2010

When a mining company begins extraction from a finite resource, it does so in the presence of numerous uncertainties. One key uncertainty is the future price of the commodity being extracted, since a large enough drop in price can make a resource no longer cost-effective to extract, resulting in the mine being closed down. By specifying a stochastic price process, and implementing a financial-type model which leads to the use of partial differential equations, this paper creates the framework for efficiently capturing the probability of a mine remaining open throughout its planned extraction period, and derives the associated expected lifetime of extraction. An approximation to the abandonment price is described, which enables a closed-form solution to be derived for the probability of operational success and expected lifetime. This approximation compares well with the full solution obtained using a semi-Lagrangian numerical technique.
Embryonic modulation of maternal steroids in European starlings (
Sturnus vulgaris
)
Authors: Paitz Ryan T. , Bowden Rachel M. , Casto Joseph M.
Published: July 2010

In birds, maternally derived yolk steroids are a proposed mechanism by which females can adjust individual offspring phenotype to prevailing conditions. However, when interests of mother and offspring differ, parent–offspring conflict will arise and embryonic interests, not those of the mother, should drive offspring response to maternal steroids in eggs. Because of this potential conflict, we investigated the ability of developing bird embryos to process maternally derived yolk steroids. We examined how progesterone, testosterone and oestradiol levels changed in both the yolk/albumen (YA) and the embryo of European starling eggs during the first 10 days of development. Next, we injected tritiated testosterone into eggs at oviposition to characterize potential metabolic pathways during development. Ether extractions separated organic and aqueous metabolites in both the embryo and YA homogenate, after which major steroid metabolites were identified. Results indicate that the concentrations of all three steroids declined during development in the YA homogenate. Exogenous testosterone was primarily metabolized to an aqueous form of etiocholanolone that remained in the YA. These results clearly demonstrate that embryos can modulate their local steroid environment, setting up the potential for parent–offspring conflict. Embryonic regulation must be considered when addressing the evolutionary consequences of maternal steroids in eggs.
Imitation dynamics of vaccination behaviour on social networks
Authors: Fu Feng , Rosenbloom Daniel I. , Wang Long , Nowak Martin A.
Published: July 2010

The problem of achieving widespread immunity to infectious diseases by voluntary vaccination is often presented as a public-goods dilemma, as an individual's vaccination contributes to herd immunity, protecting those who forgo vaccination. The temptation to free-ride brings the equilibrium vaccination level below the social optimum. Here, we present an evolutionary game-theoretic approach to this problem, exploring the roles of individual imitation behaviour and population structure in vaccination. To this end, we integrate an epidemiological process into a simple agent-based model of adaptive learning, where individuals use anecdotal evidence to estimate costs and benefits of vaccination. In our simulations, we focus on parameter values that are realistic for a flu-like infection. Paradoxically, as agents become more adept at imitating successful strategies, the equilibrium level of vaccination falls below the rational individual optimum. In structured populations, the picture is only somewhat more optimistic: vaccination is widespread over a range of low vaccination costs, but coverage plummets after cost exceeds a critical threshold. This result suggests parallels to historical scenarios in which vaccination coverage provided herd immunity for some time, but then rapidly dropped. Our work sheds light on how imitation of peers shapes individual vaccination choices in social networks.
A natural genetic polymorphism affects retroactive interference inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Reaume Christopher J. , Sokolowski Marla B. , Mery Frederic
Published: July 2010

As environments change, animals update their internal representations of the external world. New information about the environment is learned and retained whereas outdated information is disregarded or forgotten. Retroactive interference (RI) occurs when the retrieval of previously learned information is less available owing to the acquisition of recently acquired information. Even though RI is thought to be a major cause of forgetting, its functional significance is still under debate. We find that natural allelic variants of theDrosophila melanogaster foraginggene known to affect rover and sitter behaviour differ in RI. More specifically, rovers who were previously shown to experience greater environmental heterogeneity while foraging display RI whereas sitters do not. Rover responses are biased towards more recent learning events. These results provide an ecological context to investigate the function of forgetting via RI and a suitable genetic model organism to address the evolutionary relevance of cognitive tasks.
Tumor antigen analysis in neuroblastoma by serological interrogation of bioinformatic data
Authors: Kohler M. Eric , Johnson Bryon D. , Palen Katie , Chen Qing‐Rong , Khan Javed , Orentas Rimas J.
Published: July 2010

The identification of tumor antigens remains a major objective in tumor immunology, especially in pediatric malignancies where solid tumors often do not express a single dominant antigen. Methods such as the Serological Screening of Recombinant cDNA Expression Libraries (SEREX) have been used in the discovery of tumor‐expressed proteins by virtue of their ability to induce an antibody response. To focus and accelerate this approach, we first identified candidate antigens by gene expression profiling data from clinical neuroblastoma specimens and then used an animal model to generate an antibody response to an engineered cell‐based vaccine. Candidate tumor antigens were expressed as recombinant proteins in a mammalian system and screened for antibody recognition using serum from mice vaccinated with a neuroblastoma cell‐based vaccine engineered to express CD80 and CD86, with or without Treg depletion. Through this procedure, the never in mitosis A (NIMA)‐related kinase NEK2 was identified as a tumor‐associated antigen. Direct testing of serum from patients newly diagnosed with neuroblastoma showed specific serological responses in two of 20 patients. Although NEK2 was not universally recognized, it may serve as a tumor antigen for some patients. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2316–2324)
The importance of family management, closeness with father and family structure in early adolescent alcohol use
Authors: Habib Cherine , Santoro Joseph , Kremer Peter , Toumbourou John , Leslie Eva , Williams Joanne
Published: July 2010

Aims  To examine the importance of family management, family structure and father–adolescent relationships on early adolescent alcohol use.

Design  Cross‐sectional data was collected across 30 randomly selected Australian communities stratified to represent a range of socio‐economic and regional variation.

Setting  Data were collected during school time from adolescents attending a broad range of schools.

Participants  The sample consisted of a combined 8256 students (aged 10–14 years).

Measurements  Students completed a web‐based survey as part of the Healthy Neighbourhoods project.

Findings  Family management—which included practices such as parental monitoring and family rules about alcohol use—had the strongest and most consistent relationship with alcohol use in early adolescence. Adolescents reporting higher family management were less likely to have drunk alcohol in their life‐time, less likely to drink alcohol in the preceding 30 days and less likely to have had an alcohol binge. Adolescents reporting emotionally close relationships with their fathers were less likely to have drunk alcohol in their life‐time and less likely to have had an alcohol binge in the preceding fortnight.

Conclusions  Findings indicate that family management practices may contribute to alcohol abstinence in adolescents. Furthermore, emotionally close father–adolescent relationships may also foster abstinence; however, fathers’ drinking behaviours need to be considered.
In vivo levels and in vitro production of interferon-gamma in fibrosing interstitial lung diseases
Authors: PRIOR C , HASLAM P L
Published: July 2010

The in vivo role of interferons in the development of fibrosis is not fully understood but it is known that interferons can suppress fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro. We have recently demonstrated that in a group of patients with sarcoidosis having predominant pulmonary involvement, patients with the highest levels of circulating interferon-gamma (IFN-y) more frequently resolved on corticosteroids, suggesting that they had a less‘fibrotic’ component to their disease. We now report that in two other diseases, where the tendency to develop pulmonary fibrosis is greater than in sarcoidosis, namely cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) and fibrosing alveolitis associated with the systemic connective tissue disease progressive systemic sclerosis (FA + PSS), very few patients have elevations in IFN-γ in their serum. However, as in sarcoidosis, those with the highest levels responded to corticosteroids (P < 0·05). Attempts to measure IFN-γ levels in the lungs, using cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid supernatants, were negative in all the study groups, suggesting that these samples may be inadequate for such studies. To investigate whether there might be an intrinsic defect in T lymphocyte function associated with predisposition to fibrosing lung diseases, we then investigated the in vitro production of IFN-y by lymphocytes separated from the blood of 18 untreated patients (six with CFA, six with FA + PSS and six with sarcoidosis). IFN-γ production was impaired in 10 (56%) (two with CFA, four with FA + PSS and four with sarcoidosis). A higher proportion of the fibrosing alveolitis patients (CFA or FA + PSS) with impaired IFN-γ production have subsequently shown spontaneous lung functional deterioration. These findings suggest that impaired IFN-γ release might be a potentiating factor in the pathogenesis of these fibrosing lung diseases.
Estimation of net nitrogen flux between the atmosphere and a semi‐natural grassland ecosystem in Hungary
Authors: Machon A. , Horváth L. , Weidinger T. , Grosz B. , Pintér K. , Tuba Z. , Führer E.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this work is to estimate the net N balance (deposition – emission) between the atmosphere and a semi‐arid, semi‐natural grassland (Bugac station, Central Hungary, CarboEurope IP, NitroEurope IP level 3 site). Dry deposition of N compounds has been determined by the inferential method, based on continuous monitoring of NO2 gas and daily 24‐hour concentration measurements of HNO3 vapour, NH3 gas, and NH4+ and NO3− particles, using dry deposition velocities from the literature, measured above surfaces with the same characteristics as Bugac station. The bi‐directional flux of NH3 within the atmosphere and the canopy (excluding soil emission) has also been estimated by the inferential method. Wet deposition of nitrate and ammonium ions was calculated on the basis of daily precipitation sampling and concentration measurements of nitrate and ammonium ions. To estimate the soil‐atmosphere exchange of different gaseous N forms (N2, NO, N2O, NH3), the DNDC model was used as validated by the chamber measurements of NO and N2O soil emission fluxes. Soil emissions of NO and N2O have been determined by dynamic and static soil chamber methods, respectively. The measurement and modelling activity covers a complete year. Using the measured and modelled data, the calculated N balance at Bugac station between August 2006 and July 2007 is estimated at −8.8 kg N ha−1 year−1 (deposition) as a sum of the deposition and emission terms (−10.4 and 1.6 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively). Due to the warm and dry weather during the examined period, wet fluxes were substantially lower than usual, which may also have altered the regular yearly course of dry deposition and emission.
Changes in Radical‐scavenging Activity and Components of Mulberry Fruit During Maturation
Authors: Oki Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Mio , Nakamura Taeko , Okuyama Akiko , Masuda Mami , Shiratsuchi Hideki , Suda Ikuo
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT Extracts of mulberry fruits (Morus sp.) were prepared from 8 cultivars harvested at 4 stages of maturity, and their radicalscavenging activity, anthocyanin content, and total phenolic content were measured. The radical‐scavenging activity was evaluated by a spectrophotometric assay using the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in a 96‐well microplate. Mulberry fruit extracts exhibited the DPPH‐scavenging activities, ranging from 2.5 to 20.3 μmol‐Trolox equiv/g‐FW. Their activities were variable during maturation, and the highest activity was observed in the fully mature mulberry fruit in all cultivars. Anthocyanin was scarcely present in the immature mulberry fruits; however, its content increased as the fruit matured in all cultivars. On the other hand, all immature mulberry fruits contained non‐anthocyanin phenolic compound. An on‐line high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the detection of DPPH‐scavenging compounds revealed the difference in predominant radical scavengers between the immature and fully mature stages in the Miran 5 cultivar. Four major radical scavengers in the Miran 5 cultivar were assigned to 2 caffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acid and its isomer) and 2 anthocyanins (cyanidin 3‐glucoside and cyanidin 3‐rutinoside) in the immature and fully mature stages, respectively, by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis. The change in the content of 4 compounds in mulberry fruits during maturation demonstrated that the most likely contributors to the DPPH‐scavenging activity were caffeoylquinic acids in the immature mulberry and anthocyanins in the mature and fully mature mulberry.
Lactic Acid Fermentation Reduces Acrylamide Formation and Other Maillard Reactions in French Fries
Authors: Baardseth Pernille , Blom Hans , Skrede Grete , Mydland Liv T. , Skrede Anders , Slinde Erik
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT Blanched and nonblanched potato rods (var. Beate) were fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum strain NC8 (109 colony‐forming units [CFU]/mL) at 37 °C for 45 and 120 min. Potato rods were pre‐fried at 170 °C for 3 min, cooled, and subsequently deep‐fried for 2 min 15 s. Potato juice (var. Beate) was fermented with the same strain (108 CFU/mL) at 30 °C for 1 to 5 h. Lactic acid fermentation of nonblanched potato rods for 45 min reduced acrylamide level in French fries with 48%, and with 71% after 120 min. By blanching potato rods before fermentation, reductions in acrylamide after 45 min and 120 min were 79% and 94%, respectively. Blanching, and especially fermentation, reduced visually judged browning of the French fries. Fermentation of potato juice reduced pH from 5.70 to 4.05 after 3 h. Simultaneously, glucose declined from 610.8 mg/100 mL to 7.9 mg/100 mL, fructose from 457.8 mg/100 mL to 0.0 mg/100 mL, and sucrose from 132.0 mg/100 mL to 29.2 mg/100 mL. Asparagine content remained largely unaffected between 0 h (1217.5 μmol/100 mL) and 4 h (1175.6 μmol/100 mL) and increased slightly (1470.3 μmol/100 mL) after 5 h fermentation. Levels of several other amino acids involved in Maillard reactions, that is, alanine, arginine, phenylalanine, and serine, decreased during fermentation. It is concluded that acrylamide formation during production of French fries can be effectively lowered by lactic acid fermentation of potato rods before deep‐frying. The reduction is due to reduced levels of reducing sugars rather than reduction of available asparagine.
Deliquescence Lowering in Food Ingredient Mixtures
Authors: Salameh Adnan K. , Mauer Lisa J. , Taylor Lynne S.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT Many common food ingredients (crystalline sugars, inorganic salts, and organic acids) exhibit deliquescence, a moisture‐induced solid to solution phase transition that occurs at a characteristic relative humidity, RH0. An automated gravimetric water vapor sorption balance was used to measure RH0, and a water activity (aW) meter was used to measure aW of saturated solutions to characterize deliquescence of individual food ingredients and their mixtures. Measured RH0 and aW values were similar (P > 0.01), except for ingredients that form hydrates (confirmed by FT‐Raman spectroscopy) and for mixtures containing more than 2 ingredients. A significantly lower (P < 0.01) RH0 was obtained for all mixtures compared with individual ingredients, and optical microscopy images demonstrated the impact of ingredient contact on RH0 lowering. Increasing temperature significantly decreased RH0 (P < 0.01). Results demonstrate that deliquescence lowering in ingredient mixtures has the potential to impact both chemical (for example, sucrose and citric acid mixtures) and physical stability (caking) of powdered ingredient mixtures.
Low back pain and work‐related factors among nurses in intensive care units
Authors: June Kyung Ja , Cho Sung‐Hyun
Published: July 2010

Aim.  To examine the relationship of low back pain prevalence and treatment to personal and work‐related characteristics among intensive care unit nurses.

Background.  Back pain is the most common work‐related health problem among nurses.

Design.  A cross‐sectional study including a survey conducted in 2007.

Methods.  The study sample included 1345 nurses in 65 intensive care units in 22 South Korean hospitals. Back pain prevalence was measured by the frequency of back pain (always, once a week, once a month or once in two or more months) during the past year. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between back pain and personal and work‐related characteristics.

Results.  The mean age of nurses was 27·2 years. Overall, 90·3% of nurses had back pain at least once a month (21·9% always, 40·7% once a week and 27·7% once a month). Only 18·3% had received medical treatment for their back pain. Compared with neonatal intensive care unit nurses, who had the lowest prevalence, nurses in other specialties, excluding paediatric intensive care units, had a greater likelihood of back pain. Specialty medical (e.g. cardiology, neurology) intensive care unit nurses had the greatest probability of back pain and treatment. Perceiving staffing as inadequate and working 6 or more night shifts per month were related to a 64% increase (OR = 1·64; 95% CI = 1·16–2·33) and 48% increase (OR = 1·48; 95% CI = 1·10–1·99) in back pain, respectively. Nurses with 2–4 years of working experience in intensive care units had the greatest probability of back pain and treatment.

Conclusions.  A high prevalence of back pain was found in intensive care unit nurses, even though they comprise a very young workforce in Korea.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Improving nurse staffing, reducing the frequency of night shifts and assessing risk factors in specific intensive care unit specialties are suggested to decrease back pain prevalence.
Patients’ experience of pain and pain relief following hip replacement surgery
Authors: Joelsson Maud , Olsson Lars‐Eric , Jakobsson Eva
Published: July 2010

Aims.  The aim of this study was to describe patients’ experience of pain and pain relief following hip replacement surgery.

Background.  Annually, many patients undergo hip replacement surgery. Previous research has focused largely on the long‐term effects on pain for patients who undergo hip replacement surgery and to a lesser degree on their subjective, early postoperative pain experience.

Design.  A descriptive qualitative design was used.

Methods.  The study was carried out in an orthopaedic ward at a hospital in Sweden during 2006. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 patients who had undergone hip replacement surgery. Data were analysed by means of qualitative content analysis.

Results.  The postoperative pain experience was characterised in terms of interrelated contexts of time, various bodily activities and postoperative pain intensity. The postoperative pain intensity was characterised in terms of intensive and worst imaginable, strange feelings and fear and a feeling of faintness. Easing of postoperative pain was related to professional care features, such as nursing staff, pharmacological pain relief and technical aids. Self‐care features were related to relieving body positions, endurance and looking ahead.

Conclusion.  Although the development of total hip replacement surgery has been very successful, there are issues that need to be addressed in relation to postoperative pain management. The findings in this study show that there are reasons for making a more concerted effort to develop postoperative pain management, particularly during the first few days after surgery.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The results provide some indication that pain management for this group of patients in the early postoperative period needs to be improved to reduce the fear of moving and improve the process of regaining independence. Devoting more attention to the patients during the initial postoperative phase may be the key to improve the training and making it even more effective.
Evidence and clinical judgement
Authors: Macnaughton R. Jane
Published: July 2010

Widespread acceptance of the neologism ‘evidence‐based medicine’ (EBM) has had the consequences of obscuring what evidence really is, and of eroding the importance of judgement in clinical situations. In this essay I seek to correct this lack of balance in the view of clinical encounters as portrayed by EBM. A better understanding of what evidence is can be obtained by looking beyond medicine to the way in which scientists and detectives view evidence. In both spheres, the importance of judgement is emphasized, even if it is a technical type of judgement. Clinicians also employ a technical kind of judgement, similar to that in science and detective work, when assessing the evidence relating to the truth of a diagnosis for an individual patient; but judgements relating to the ongoing care and treatment of that patient are based on what Aristotle calls phronesis or ‘practical wisdom’.
Erhebungen über das Vorkommen und den Schaden der Holzschädlinge in Wohnhäusern in Südschweden
Authors: Butovitsch V.
Published: July 2010

Im Herbst 1948 wurde unter Leitung der Zoologischen Abteilung der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt Schwedens eine Stichprobenuntersuchung der Wohnhäuser in der Provinz Blekinge und im südlichen Teil der Provinz Kalmar (Südschweden) ausgeführt. Die Untersuchung hatte einen orientierenden Charakter und bezweckte vor allem die approximative Feststellung der Ausbreitung der Holzschädlinge sowie des Umfangs der verursachten Schäden innerhalb der betreffenden Gebiete. Die Untersunchung umfaßte 513 Wohnhäuser, gleichmäßig verteilt auf hierzu ausgewählte 14 Kirchspiele. Bei der Wahl der Kirchspiele hatte man dafür Sorge getragen, daß sowohl das Küistenland als auch das Inland berücksichtigt wurde. Die zu untersuchenden Häuser wurden aus den Registern des Kgl. Wohnungsamtes sowie der Provinzialbehörden gewählt und zwar so, daß die verschiedenen Altersklassen der Häuser nach Möglichkeit gleichmäßig vertreten waren (s. Tab. 2).

Die Untersuchung selbst wurde von einem Entomologen und einem Schädlingsbekämpfungspraktiker gemeinsam ausgeführt. Die Angaben über gemachte Beobachtungen, Proben und Berechnungen wurden in besondere Fragebogen für jedes Haus besonders eingetragen.

Von den im vorliegenden Bericht dargelegten Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchung werden hier die wirtschaftlich wichtigsten angeführt.
Tenuipalpus oudemansi Geijskes, eine für Deutschland neue Spinnmilbenart
Authors: Dosse Gudo
Published: July 2010

Erstmalig für Deutschland wurde in der Umgebung von Stuttgart‐ Hohenheim an Apfel eine Spinnmilbenart aus der Gattung Tenuipalpus festgestellt, die als T. oudemansi Geijskes bestimmt wurde. Nach kurzem Vergleich der Morphologie der in Hohenheim gefundenen Weibchen mit den Angaben von Geijskes und Taher Sayed und dem Geijskes'schen Originalpräparat wird die Beschreibung des Männchens vorgenommen, das bisher in Europa unbekannt war. Es ist in Größe, Farbe und Form von den Weibchen verschieden und weist einige Abweichungen im Körperbau auf. An Hand von Abbildungen wird dies erläutert.

Der Populationsverlauf auf den Apfelbäumen in Hohenheim wird für die Vegetationsperiode 1952 wiedergegeben. Der Höchstbefall der Milben lag im Monat Juli bei 225 Tieren und 100 Eiern auf einem Blatt, bei einem Durchschnitt von 100 Milben pro Blatt.

Einige Beobachtungen über die Eiablage und Überwinterung der T. oudemansi werden mitgeteilt, und aus den gemachten Angaben der Schluß gezogen, daß es sich in Hohenheim nicht um einen Zufallsbefund handelt, sondern daß die Art in der Gegend bereits heimisch geworden sein muß.
Vergleichende Betrachtungen über den Massenwechsel der Kiefernbuschhornblattwespen
Authors: Thalenhorst Walter
Published: July 2010

Die vergleichende Kauslanalyse der Populationsdynamik systematisch und ökologisch verwandter Insektenarten verspricht weitere Aufschlüsse über die Ursachen der Entstehung von Massenvermehrungen. Den sich auf diesem Wege ergebenden Möglichkeiten wird an Hand eines Beispiels (Kiefernbuschhornblattwespen) nachgegangen. Dabei lassen sich bis zu einem gewissen Grade artgebundene und umweltgebundene Voraussetzungen für das Vehalten der Untersuchungsobjekte voneinander trennen. Eine entscheidende Rolle können bestimmte biologische Eigentümlichkeiten spielen, die ihrerseits spezifische gegenseitige Reaktionen zwischen den Arten und ihrer ökologischen Umwelt bedingen und dadurch gewisse, dieser Umwelt angehörige Hemmungsfaktoren ein‐ oder ausschalten.
Über die wichtigsten artdifferenzierenden Merkmale der Schildlaus Quadraspidiotus mařani ZahradníK (=Qu. schneideri Bachmann)
Authors: Zahradník Jiři
Published: July 2010

Quadraspidiotus mařani Zahr. (‐schneideri Bachm.) ist eine gute Art, nicht nur vom Standpunkt der Morphologie (konstante Form von p1, Dorsaldrüsenzahl), sondern auch vom Standpunkt der Bionomie. Die Art überwintert als befruchtetes Weibchen, die naheverwandte Qu. piri Licht.

als Zweitlarve. Beide Arten sind variabel, man kann aber zwischen ihnen eine scharfe Grenze ziehen.
Zur Atmung von Aphiden vor und nach Begiftung mit insektiziden Phosphorsäure‐estern
Authors: Ehrhardt P. , Voss G.
Published: July 2010

The first part of the recent work deals with the respiratory activity of different aphids. Also, the relation between the oxygen consumption and temperature as well as the respiratory quotient ofMegoura viciae Buckt. were investigated.

The second part is devoted to the effect of “Systox” and “E 605” (Parathion) on the respiration ofMegoura viciaeBuckt. A short period of excitation accompanied by a rise in the oxygen consumption was observed when these two insecticides were applied as contact poisons or as fumigants but not when they were sucked along by the aphids with the plant sap. By all such methods of application however, a continuous slight decrease in the oxygen consumption of the poisoned insects was observed which amounted to only about 8 % after 28 hours as compared with the control, although the aphids were almost completely motionless after 3 hours of the insecticide application.

Finally the results were discussed and compared with those of Jochum (1956) onLeptinotarsa decemlineataL.

Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Atmungsmessungen an verschiedenen Aphiden beschrieben. Des weiteren wird die Abhängigkeit des O2‐Verbrauchs von der Temperatur und der respiratorische Quotient vonMegoura viciaeBuckt. untersucht.

Der 2. Teil behandelt den Einfluß von “Systox” und “E 605” auf die Atmung vonMegoura viciaeBuckt. Nach Kontakt‐ und Atembegiftung ließ sich eine kurze Erregungsphase verbunden mit leichtem Anstieg des O2‐Verbrauchs beobachten. Diese Erscheinungen bleiben nach peroraler Systoxaufnahme aus. Bei den drei angewandten Applikationsmethoden fiel der Sauerstoffverbrauch in einem Zeitraum von 28 Stunden gegenüber der Kontrolle nur unwesentlich ab, obwohl sich die Tiere seit 25 Stunden in irreversibler Rückenlage befanden. Abschließend werden die Befunde diskutiert und mit den Ergebnissen von Jochum(1956) anLeptinotarsa decemlineataL. verglichen.
Forstentomologische Beiträge aus Belgisch Congo
Authors: Schedl Karl E.
Published: July 2010

In 1952, the author had the opportunity of studying a number of forest entomology problems, mainly wood destroying insects, for the Institut National pour l'Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge. The results of these studies are now gradually becoming available.

The wood inhabiting anthribids are of common occurrence in African rain forests but their habits were hardly known up to now, as far as Africa is concerved. This short paper is intended to fill the gap for the species observed.

Im Jahre 1952 hatte der Verfasser Gelegenheit für das Institut National pour l'Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge eine Reihe von forstentomologischen Problemen, in erster Linie die holzzerstörenden Insekten, zu studieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen kommen jetzt zur Veröffentlichung.

Die holzbewohnenden Anthribiden sind im afrikanischen Regenwald eine häufige Erscheinung. Ihre Lebensweise war, soweit der afrikanische Raum in Frage steht, bisher kaum bekannt. Diese Lücke auszufüllen sowie die beobachteten Arten aufzuzählen, ist der Zweck dieser kleinen Arbeit.
Zur Kenntnis des Rübenderbrüßlers (Bothynoderes punctiventris Germ.). Teil III
Authors: Auersch O.
Published: July 2010

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Rübenderbrüßlers in Mitteldeutschland wurde durch umfangreiche Freilandbeobachtungen ermittelt und zu den Bodenverhältnissen in Beziehung gesetzt. Halophile Gewächse dürfen wir als die ursprünglichen Wirtspflanzen des R. ansehen. Mit dem allmählichen Zurückweichen der Salzflora paßte er sich mehr und mehr nitrophilen Pflanzen an. Der Derbrüßler kann nach unseren Untersuchungen als präglaziales Relikt gelten.

Wir versuchten, eine Reihe von entwicklungsbiologischen und morphologischen Fragen vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem Massenwechselverhalten des fraglichen Schädlings zu klären. So ist z. B. die Fraßtätigkeit von der Temperatur in starkem Maße abhängig. Die Reaktionsfähigkeit auf die Temperatur ist bei juvenilen Käfern am kräftigsten und nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter ab. Der Nahrungsbedarf ist demzufolge im Mai am größten und nimmt dann proportional der Temperatur‐Reaktionsfähigkeit ab.

Treten im Frühjahr Verzögerungen in der Entwicklung des Reifungsprozesses ein, so wirken sie sich auf die Gesamteizahl und damit auf das Vermehrungspotential aus, so daß die Umweltbedingungen in diesem Entwicklungsabschnitt von besonderer epidemiologischer Bedeutung sind. In Jahren mit unzuträglichen Witterungsverhältnissen verzögert sich die Ei‐ ablage, so daß die gesamte Brut nicht voll zur Entwicklung kommen kann und in der Regel zugrunde geht.

Die meteorologischen Bedingungen werden als die wichtigsten limitierenden Faktoren herausgestellt. Unter den natürlichen Feinden spielen die Vögel eine bedeutende Rolle.

Am Beispiel des Rübenderbrüßlers stellen wir dar, daß eine systematische Massenwechselforschung von weittragender Bedeutung ist. Es wird in diesem Zusammenhang darauf hingewiesen, daß aufsteigende Gradationen mehr als bisher polyfaktoriell zu untersuchen sind, weil die Ergebnisse von derartigen Untersuchungen und Versuchen einem Warn‐ und Prognosedienst besser nutzbar gemacht werden können.

Abschließend legen wir die gegen den Derbrüßler gebräuchlichen Bekämpfungsverfahren dar.

The distribution of Bothynoderes punctiventris Germ. (Col., Curcul.) in what used to be Saxony is outlined and related to the soil conditions. The results of studies on the habits of the beetle and its larvae are given together with the conclusions which can be drawn from them regarding the epidemiology of the pest.

A short term forecast based on controlled tests in Spring on areas attacked the previous year, is suggested to obtain useful bases for a pest warning service. The control methods used against the beetle are described.
Konstitution und Wirkung von Insektiziden
Authors: RIEMSCHNEIDER RANDOLPH
Published: July 2010

Die Wirksamkeitsdaten von 42 in den Jahren 1945‐48 getesteten Addukten aus Poly (hetero) halocyclopentadienen und ungesättigten Verbindungen (M‐410‐Analogen) werden mitgeteilt. Die Wirksamkeit der beschriebenen Cl‐substituierten Dicyclopentadiene kann durch Weiterchlorierung gesteigert werden: Tab. 2, Nr. 20‐24, 35.

Insecticidal tests with 42 Diels‐Alder adducts prepared from poly(hetero)‐halocyclopentadienes and unsaturated compounds (M410 analogues) carried out in 1945‐48 are reported. The activity of the Cl‐substituted dicyclopentadienes mentioned can be increased by further chlorination.
Über das schädliche Auftreten der Diprion‐ Arten (Hym., Diprionidae) in finnischen Kiefernbeständen in diesem Jahrhundert
Authors: Kangas Esko
Published: July 2010

A report is given on the occurence of mass outbreaks of Diprion species in Finland between 1897–1962. Diprion sertifer appears locally at intervals from 5–6 years; heavy outbreaks occured with approximately 30 years intervals in 1897, 1932–33 and 1960–62. D. pini shows usually localised outbreaks, scattered over the whole country. There exists in both species an ecologically and climatically well definid centre of outbreaks, which is of larger extension in D. sertifer than in D. pini.
Zur Biologie und Schadwirkung der NadelholzspinnmilbeOligonychus ununguisJacobi und der SitkafichtenlausLiosomaphis abietinaWalker (Horn. Aphid.)1
Authors: Scheller H. D. v.
Published: July 2010

1. An Baumarten der GattungPicea, vor allem an Sitkafichte, tritt die monözische, polyphage BlattlausLiosomaphis (Elatobium) abietinaWalkerauf.

2. Der Entwicklungszyklus dieser Aphidide ist in Kontinentaleuropa ein Holozyklus, während er unter dem Einfluß eines ausgeglichenen Meeresklimas in England und an der Westküste N‐Amerikas anholozyklisch zu verlaufen scheint.

3. Die zweigeschlechtlichen Morphen (Sexuales) und die Fundatrices werden erstmals genauer beschrieben und abgebildet.

4. Die Schadwirkung der Fichten‐Röhrenlaus beschränkt sich im Frühjahr und Sommer auf die älteren Nadeln; diese können dem Baum total verlorengehen. Der intakt bleibende jüngste Nadeljahrgang sichert geschädigten Beständen auf gutem Standort i. a. das Leben, einzelne Bestandesglieder jedoch fallen aus. Der Wasserhaushalt befallener Bestände übt auf ihre Erholungsfähigkeit einen großen Einfluß aus.

5. Die Bevölkerungsbewegungen vonL. abietinaund der Ausbruch von Massenvermehrungen werden durch Witterungsbedingungen, vor allem während des Winters und Frühjahrs, entscheidend beeinflußt.

Der Massenwechsel der Fichtenröhrenlaus in den Jahren 1957 bis 1959 in Schleswig‐Holstein und die dabei aufgetretenen Mortalitätsfaktoren werden geschildert. Der Zusammenbruch der Gradation im Sommer 1959 muß vornehmlich jahreszeitlich bedingten physiologischen Veränderungen in der Zusammenetzung des Phloemsaftes der Wirtspflanze zugeschrieben werden, in zweiter Linie der Wirkung räuberischer Arthropoden, unter denen die CoccinellideAphidecta obliterataL. zahlenmäßig am stärksten ins Gewicht fiel.

Parasiten dagegen hatten keine entscheidende Bedeutung; eine ausL. abietinagezogene neue Braconiden‐Art wurde von Herrn Dr. P. Stary, Prag, alsLysaphidus Schimitschekibeschrieben.

6. Das Zusammenwirken der FichtenschädlingeOligonycbus ununguisJacobi undLiosomaphis abietinaWalker könnte für befallene Bestände eine akute Gefahr werden.

Die Arbeiten der mit einem * verschenen Autoren konnten im Original nicht eingesehen werden.
Einige Beobachtungen über Schäden und Schädlinge in Pinus‐radiata‐Anpflanzungen bei Valparaiso1
Authors: Francke‐Grosmann H.
Published: July 2010

The primary causes of dieback in some Pinus radiata stands near Valparaiso, Chile, are unsuitable site and climate. Some fungi, Sclerophoma magnusiana and Spaeropsis sp. as well as the Adelgid Pineus börneri Ann. seem to be of secondary importance. The latter is well controlled by a Dipterous larva, Leucopis spec., new to the fauna of Chile. In the bark of dead and dying trees some secondary phloëmeaters are found. Under thin bark the larvae of an Aegeriid moth are often feeding, under the thicker bark the larvae of a Buprestid and of some Cerambycid beetles. One of them was identified as Callideriphus laetus Blanch., a Cerambycid, indigenous in Chile but not found attacking Monterey pine until now. Blue stains are often present in the infested truncs. The bark of pines damaged by fire was gnawed through by numerous larvae of Ernobius mollis L. The radiata‐stands obviously are in danger of getting highly susceptible to attacks of secondary fungi and insects when the precipitations are lower than normal.
Über den Einfluß der Nahrungsmenge auf die Entwicklung von Syrphus corollae Fabr. (Dipt. Syrphidae)
Authors: Bombosch S.
Published: July 2010

Die tägliche Fraßkapazität der Larven von S. corollae ist während des 1. und zu Beginn des 2. Stadiums sehr gering. Sie erreicht danach aber beachtliche Werte. Die Gesamtzahl der von einer Larve gefressenen Blattläuse wird stark durch die Luftfeuchtigkeit beeinflußt. Niedrige Feuchtigkeitswerte erhöhen wohl infolge eines angespannten Wasserhaushalts der Larven (1,2) den Nahrungsbedarf wesentlich. Die Temperatur scheint dagegen in erster Linie für die Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit von Bedeutung zu sein. Die Entwicklungsdauer wird nicht beeinflußt, wenn den Larven am Ende ihrer Entwicklung die Nahrung entzogen wird. Eine Verpuppung erfolgt selbst dann noch, wenn unter diesen Bedingungen die Nahrungsmenge um 43% vermindert wird. Der in diesen Versuchen deutlich werdende autonome Ablauf der zur Verpuppung führenden hormonalen Prozesse (5), kann aber durch Hungerperioden gestört werden, wenn der Nahrungsentzug zu Beginn des 3. Larvenstadiums erfolgt. Eine Verlängerung der Dauer dieses Stadiums tritt nur dann auf, wenn die Hungerperiode genügend lang ist. Über die Dauer dieser sensiblen Phase könne noch keine Aussagen gemacht werden.

In bezug auf das eingangs erwähnte Problem der Beurteilung natürlicher Feinde während einer Aphidengradation haben die Untersuchungen einen Ausschnitt dessen gezeigt, was geschehen kann. Auf den ersten Blick scheinen die Ergebnisse derart viele Möglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, daß eine auch nur annähernd befriedigende Quantifizierung der Prozesse bei einer Blattlausgradation unmöglich erscheint. Da jedoch in der freien Natur die auf den Nahrungsbedarf der Blattlausepisiten wirkenden Einflüsse keineswegs unbegrenzt variieren können und viele im Laboratorium geprüfte Situationen im Freiland sicher nur selten verwirklicht sind, erscheint es uns durchaus möglich, durch weitere Untersuchungen reale Vorstellungen davon zu erhalten, was in der Natur wirklich geschieht.

Laboratory studies were carried out to determine the food intake and its effect on the development of Syrphus corollae. The aphids Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae were used for food. The total food intake per Syrphid larva was 86/ aphids. The food intake was very dependent on the relative humidity, less so on temperature. Starving at the commencement of the third larval instar led to disturbances in development.