bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inductive Heating with Magnetic Materials inside Flow Reactors
Authors: Ceylan Sascha , Coutable Ludovic , Wegner Jens , Kirschning Andreas
Published: January 2011

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles coated with silica gel or alternatively steel beads are new fixed‐bed materials for flow reactors that efficiently heat reaction mixtures in an inductive field under flow conditions. The scope and limitations of these novel heating materials are investigated in comparison with conventional and microwave heating. The results suggest that inductive heating can be compared to microwave heating with respect to rate acceleration. It is also demonstrated that a very large diversity of different reactions can be performed under flow conditions by using inductively heated flow reactors. These include transfer hydrogenations, heterocyclic condensations, pericyclic reactions, organometallic reactions, multicomponent reactions, reductive cyclizations, homogeneous and heterogeneous transition‐metal catalysis. Silica‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles are stable under many chemical conditions and the silica shell could be utilized for further functionalization with Pd nanoparticles, rendering catalytically active heatable iron oxide particles.
ChemInform Abstract: The Relation Between Atomic Shape and Crystal Structure Illustrated by Metallic Elements.
Authors: Ruhnow M.
Published: January 2011

A description of the variety of crystal structures (Cu‐, W‐, Mg‐type structure) of pure metallic elements using a consistent principle is proposed as a result of a new look on the relation between the atomic shape and the crystal structure, resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties, Crystal and Electronic Structure of GdNi5‐xCux Series.
Authors: Bajorek A. , Chelkowska G. , Andrzejewski B.
Published: January 2011

The title compounds (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.5, 4.8, 5.0) are prepared by arc‐melting of the elements under Ar atmosphere and characterized by XRD, XPS, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Spinel Li4Ti5O12 Anode Material from Industrial Titanyl Sulfate Solution.
Authors: Wu Feixiang , Wang Zhixing , Li Xinhai , Wu Ling , Wang Xiaojuan , Zhang Xiaoping , Wang Zhiguo , Xiong Xunhui , Guo Huajun
Published: January 2011

The title anode material for lithium ion rechargeable batteries is prepared by solid state reaction (850 °C, 16 h) of Li2CO3 and H2TiO3 or TiO2 precursors obtained from industrial titanyl sulfate solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Calcium Alanate and Its Dehydriding Performance Enhanced by FeF3 Doping.
Authors: Li Changxu , Xiao Xuezhang , Chen Lixin , Jiang Kun , Li Shouquan , Wang Qidong
Published: January 2011

Ca(AlH4)2 is synthesized by ball‐milling of 2:1 mixtures of NaAlH4 and CaCl2 under 1 MPa H2 for 48 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Fabrication of Antimony Telluride Nanoparticles Using a Brief Chemical Synthetic Process under Atmospheric Conditions.
Authors: Kim Cham , Kim Dong Hwan , Han Yoon Soo , Chung Jong Shik , Kim Hoyoung
Published: January 2011

Sb2Te3 nanoparticles for thermoelectric applications are prepared from an aqueous mixture of SnCl3, Te powder, NaBH4, and L‐tartaric acid (reflux, 6—12 h) and characterized by powder XRD and FE‐SEM.
ChemInform Abstract: Li2CaSi2N4 and Li2SrSi2N4 — A Synthetic Approach to Three‐Dimensional Lithium Nitridosilicates.
Authors: Zeuner Martin , Pagano Sandro , Hug Stephan , Pust Philipp , Schmiechen Sebastian , Scheu Christina , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

The new title compounds are synthesized from mixtures of Li, Si(NH)2, LiN3, and Ca or Sr using excess Li as flux (Ta crucible, 900 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Phenols and Arenes with Hydrogen Peroxide: Synthesis of Vitamin E Intermediates and Vitamin K3.
Authors: Moeller Konstanze , Wienhoefer Gerrit , Schroeder Kristin , Join Benoit , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: January 2011

This selective oxidation reaction takes place under mild conditions with H2O2 as green and waste‐avoiding oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of Trienes and Dienes via Nickel‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Cotrimerization of Acrylates and Alkynes.
Authors: Horie Hiroaki , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: January 2011

The nickel‐catalyzed reaction of alkynes with acrylates in the presence of bulky NHC ligand gives rise to the corresponding dienes, whilst the reaction in the presence of P(p‐anisyl)3 affords trienes (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Closing of 1,7‐ and 1,8‐Enynes of Propargylic O,O‐Acetals by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Metathesis.
Authors: Lanfranchi Don Antoine , Bour Christophe , Boff Bastien , Hanquet Gilles
Published: January 2011

Ring closing metathesis of acetal‐tethered enynes proceeds smoothly in the presence of ethene and Grubbs II catalyst to give perhydropyran and ‐oxetan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Esterification and Amidation of Carboxylic Acids with Imidazole Carbamates and Ureas.
Authors: Heller Stephen T. , Sarpong Richmond
Published: January 2011

The carbamates are chemoselective reagents for the conversion of carboxylic acids to esters including substrates with sensitive functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of the Double Bonds in Heptamethyl Cycloheptatriene‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7‐heptacarboxylate.
Authors: Platonov D. N. , Okonnishnikova G. P. , Salikov R. F. , Tomilov Yu. V.
Published: January 2011

Pd‐catalyzed hydrogenation of the title cycloheptatriene (I) results in the reduction of one or two double bonds furnishing all‐cis‐cyclohepteneheptacarboxylate (II) as the major product.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Crystal Structures, and Spectroscopic and Chemical Properties of 2,4,6‐Trifluorophenyl‐ or 4‐(Methoxycarbonyl)phenyl‐Substituted (E)‐1‐(3‐Guaiazulenyl)ethylene and (2E,4E)‐1‐(3‐Guaiazulenyl)‐1,3‐butadiene Derivatives.
Authors: Takekuma Shin‐ichi , Matsunoka Hiroto , Ogawa Syoutarou , Shibasaki Yasutaka , Minematsu Toshie
Published: January 2011

Wittig reactions in general furnish a mixture of (E)‐ and (Z)‐isomers, whereas reactions of Wittig reagent (I) with aldehydes (IIb) and (VIb) selectively afford the (E)‐ and (E,E)‐form (IIIb) and (VIIb), resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Mediated Allylation of Aldehydes, Ketones and Sulfonimines with 2‐(Alkoxy)allyl Bromides.
Authors: Dhanjee Heemal , Minehan Thomas G.
Published: January 2011

The synthetic utility of indium reagents derived from substrates such as (I) is demonstrated for the title reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Binaphthyl Sulfonimides and Their Application in the Enantioselective Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Ban Shurong , Du Da‐Ming , Liu Han , Yang Wen
Published: January 2011

Asymmetric Michael addition of cyclohexanone (I) to β‐nitrostyrene derivatives (II) proceeds with high to excellent stereoselectivities (up to < 98% d.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Amidation of Activated Alkenes Using Pd(OAc)2 as a Catalyst Precursor.
Authors: Liu Xinzhu , Hii King Kuok
Published: January 2011

Oxidative amidation of electron‐deficient alkenes proceeds smoothly under Pd—Cu cocatalysis in “chloride‐free” conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐Silylative Passerini Reaction: A New One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Siloxyamides.
Authors: Soeta Takahiro , Kojima Yuuki , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: January 2011

The procedure is successful under optimized conditions which include the molar ratio of the reactants.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Strategy for the Chemoselective Sulfonamide N‐Alkylation of Sulfonyl Ureas under Neutral and Mild Conditions.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Sheikhi Ehsan , Moghaddam Gita Sheikhi , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: January 2011

Sulfonyl urea derivatives, generated in situ from isocyanates (I) and amines, are selectively alkylated by trialkyl phosphites in combination with DMAD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Fluorinated 2,2′‐Biphenols and 2,2′‐Bisanisoles.
Authors: Francke Robert , Schnakenburg Gregor , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: January 2011

The selective Ullmann‐type reaction proceeds under solvent‐free conditions and tolerates even a bromo substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Diindeno[1,2,3,4‐defg;1′,2′,3′,4′‐mnop]chrysenes: Solution‐Phase Synthesis and the Bowl‐to‐Bowl Inversion Barrier.
Authors: Chang Hung‐Ing , Huang Hsin‐Ting , Huang Cheng‐Hao , Kuo Ming‐Yu , Wi Yao‐Ting
Published: January 2011

A simple synthetic approach for generating buckybowls such as (IV) from 9,10‐diarylphenanthrenes in the solution phase is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Thiolation Annulations of 1,4‐Dihalides with Sulfides Leading to 2‐Trifluoromethyl Benzothiophenes and Benzothiazoles.
Authors: Li Chun‐Lin , Zhang Xing‐Guo , Tang Ri‐Yuan , Zhong Ping , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: January 2011

New methods to prepare the title compounds are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemical Surprises in the Lewis Acid Mediated Allylation of Isatins.
Authors: Vyas Devendra J. , Froehlich Roland , Oestereich Martin
Published: January 2011

The BF3‐mediated treatment of isatins (I) with the stannane (II) proceeds with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(0) Nanoparticle Catalyzed Ligand‐Free Direct Arylation of Benzothiazole via C—H Bond Functionalization.
Authors: Saha Debasree , Adak Laksmikanta , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: January 2011

Pd nanoparticles, generated in situ, render possible an efficient preparation of various 2‐substituted derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Greener Approach Towards the Facile Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazol‐5‐yl Cyanide Derivatives at Room Temperature
Authors: Balaskar Ravi S. , Gavade Sandip N. , Mane Madhav S. , Shingate Bapurao B. , Shingare Murlidhar S. , Mane Dhananjay V.
Published: January 2011

via a multicomponent reaction using triethylammonium acetate as catalyst and reaction medium
ChemInform Abstract: A Clean and One‐Pot Synthesis of Spiroindoline‐Pyranopyrazoles.
Authors: Ahadi Somayeh , Yasaei Zahra , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: January 2011

The title compounds (IV) and (VI), which are prepared in aqueous media in a four‐component one‐pot procedure, show significant antibacterial activity in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkynes to Carbonylsalicylamides via Elimination of Isocyanates.
Authors: Yoshino Yasufumi , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: January 2011

Bulky substituents at the alkyne moiety provide the adducts regioselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine Catalyzed One‐Pot Five‐Component Reactions for Direct Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Piperidines.
Authors: Khan Abu T. , Khan Md. Musawwer , Bannuru Kranthi K. R.
Published: January 2011

The reaction of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds (I) or (V) with 2 molecules of an aromatic or aliphatic amine and two molecules of a benzaldehyde affords the piperidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Heck Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Dibrominated Pyridines.
Authors: Ali Asad , Hussain Munawar , Malik Imran , Villinger Alexander , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter
Published: January 2011

The palladium‐catalyzed reaction of 2,3‐ and 3,5‐dibromopyridine with olefins (II) gives rise to the desired dialkenylpyridines (III) and (V), resp., whilst the reaction of 2,5‐dibromopyridine unexpectedly leads to bipyridine derivatives (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Cascade Reductive Amination of Isochromenylium Tetrafluoroborate with Primary Amines.
Authors: Liao Hong‐Ze , Hu Zhi‐Long , Cui Kai , Jiao Jiao , Qin Yong , Yao Zhu‐Jun
Published: January 2011

Various primary amines afford the expected target compounds, whereas 1,2‐diamine (VII) gives a nine‐membered ring compound.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Caryl—O Bond‐Forming Cyclization for the Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzodioxines and Its Application in the Total Synthesis of Sweetening Isovanillins.
Authors: Naidu Ajay B. , Ganapathy D. , Sekar Govindasamy
Published: January 2011

The process can be applied to starting aryl iodides or bromides, where the former are more reactive.
ChemInform Abstract: Cynogen Bromide and Ethylacetoacetate in Heterocyclization: Novel Synthesis of Tetracyclic Derivative of 3‐Aryl Quinazolinones.
Authors: Deshmukh M. B. , Patil Suresh S. , Patil Sanjeevani S. , Jadhav Swati D.
Published: January 2011

The title compounds, e.g. (VI), are synthesized via a new four‐step sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient in situ Preparation of Symmetrical 1,4‐Dibenzylpiperazines from Benzyl Bromides and 2‐Bromoethylamine Hydrobromide.
Authors: Bradley Lynn M. , Nardone Michael J. , Hunt David A.
Published: January 2011

The reaction affords intermediate benzylaziridines which undergo an unprecedented dimerization to yield the title compound.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Photochromic 6′‐Amino‐Substituted Spirooxazines from 1‐Nitroso‐2‐naphthol Zinc Chelate and Indoline Base.
Authors: Pang Mei‐Li , Zhang Hui‐Juan , Liu Pei‐Pei , Zou Zhi‐Hong , Han Jie , Meng Ji‐Ben
Published: January 2011

Condensation of the zinc salt, formed in nearly quantitative manner, with indoline bases (I) in the presence of cyclic amines affords the title compounds in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Carbonyl Dyes from 1‐Hydroxy‐2‐acetonaphthone and 2‐Fluorobenzophenone.
Authors: Coelho Paulo J. , Fernandes Isabel C. , Carvalho Luis M.
Published: January 2011

Compound (IV) is a blue and compound (III) a yellow dye.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleoside‐Aminophosphonate Hybrids and Their Biological Activity Evaluation.
Authors: Zhang Xinying , Qu Yingying , Fan Xuesen , Bores C. , Feng Dong , Andrei Graciela , Snoeck Robert , De Clercq Erik , Loiseau Philippe M.
Published: January 2011

A highly efficient one‐pot three‐component synthesis of α‐aminophosphonates is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Acetophenone Derivative and Other Constituents from Senecio vulgaris
Authors: Lai Peng Xiang , Ma Qing Lin , Row Kyung Ho
Published: January 2011

isolation and structure determination
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling of Solidification: Grain Structures and Segregations in Metallic Alloys
Authors: Gandin Charles‐Andre
Published: January 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Application of Baeyer—Villiger Monooxygenases as Biocatalysts
Authors: de Gonzalo Gonzalo , Mihovilovic Marko D. , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: January 2011

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Introduction of Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Mathey F.
Published: January 2011

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Fujita Satoru , Kapoor Mahendra P. , Inagaki Shinji
Published: January 2011

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cholinesterases: Structure of the Active Site and Mechanism of the Effect of Cholinergic Receptor Blockers on the Rate of Interaction with Ligands
Authors: Antokhin A. M. , Gainullina E. T. , Taranchenko V. F. , Ryzhikov S. B. , Yavaeva D. K.
Published: January 2011

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Secondary Metabolites of Plants from the Genus Saussurea: Chemistry and Biological Activity
Authors: Wang Yu‐Fang , Ni Zhi‐Yu , Dong Mei , Cong Bin , Shi Qing‐Wen , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Kiyota Hiromasa
Published: January 2011

Review: 247 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design of Low‐Temperature Hydrogenation Catalysts: Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Verification
Authors: Chen Jingguang G. , Qi Sui‐Tao , Humbert Michael P. , Menning Carl A. , Zhu Yue‐Xiang
Published: January 2011

Review: 49 refs.
Efficiency of Moso Bamboo Charcoal and Activated Carbon for Adsorbing Radioactive Iodine
Authors: Chien Chuan‐Chi , Huang Ying‐Pin , Wang Wie‐Chieh , Chao Jun‐Hsing , Wei Yuan‐Yao
Published: January 2011

Preventing radioactive pollution is a troublesome problem but an urgent concern worldwide because radioactive substances cause serious health‐related hazards to human being. The adsorption method has been used for many years to concentrate and remove radioactive pollutants; selecting an adequate adsorbent is the key to the success of an adsorption‐based pollution abatement system. In Taiwan, all nuclear power plants use activated carbon as the adsorbent to treat radiation‐contaminated air emission. The activated carbon is entirely imported; its price and manufacturing technology are entirely controlled by international companies. Taiwan is rich in bamboo, which is one of the raw materials for high‐quality activated carbon. Thus, a less costly activated carbon with the same or even better adsorptive capability as the imported adsorbent can be made from bamboo. The objective of this research is to confirm the adsorptive characteristics and efficiency of the activated carbon made of Taiwan native bamboo for removing 131I gas from air in the laboratory. The study was conducted using new activated carbon module assembled for treating 131I‐contaminated air. The laboratory results reveal that the 131I removal efficiency for a single‐pass module is as high as 70%, and the overall efficiency is 100% for four single‐pass modules operated in series. The bamboo charcoal and bamboo activated carbon have suitable functional groups for adsorbing 131I and they have greater adsorption capacities than commercial activated carbons. Main mechanism is for trapping of radioiodine on impregnated charcoal, as a result of surface oxidation. When volatile radioiodine is trapped by potassium iodide‐impregnated bamboo charcoal, the iodo‐compound is first adsorbed on the charcoal surface, and then migrates to iodide ion sites where isotope exchange occurs.
Synthesis and tribological properties of copper matrix solid self‐lubricant composites reinforced with NbSe2 nanoparticles
Authors: Tang Hua , Cao Kesheng , Wu Qiong , Li Changsheng , Yang Xiaofei , Yan Xuehua
Published: January 2011

Copper matrix solid self‐lubricant composites were prepared by powder metallurgy route using copper powders and NbSe2 nanofiber or sheet. The tribological properties of the as‐prepared materials were estimated by a ball‐on‐disc on UMT‐2 multi‐function friction and wear tester under dry conditions in a normal laboratory atmosphere (55‐70% relative humidity, 15‐25 °C). The NbSe2 nanofiber or sheet was very effective in improving the tribological properties of the composites. It is found that the composites with 15 wt.% NbSe2 nanofibers showed a very low coefficient of friction of 0.1487. Furthermore, the value levels of electrical resistivity for the composites with different contents of NbSe2 nanofiber reached to 10‐6 Ω.cm. When the NbSe2 content was high enough, a continuous supply of NbSe2 nanofiber to the tribo‐surface is an important precondition and the benefit of its anti‐friction properties for the copper matrix composites. This behavior is related that little NbSe2 is reacted with the Cu‐base in the sintering process, although there needs enough NbSe2 nanofibers as solid lubricants; too much NbSe2 nanofibers will decrease the intensity of the composites, reducing the wear resistance. So adding the appropriate contents of NbSe2 nanofiber to the composites play an important role in anti‐friction and wear resistance. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Defect structure and optical damage resistance of In:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3 crystals with various [Li]/[Nb] ratios
Authors: Wu Fengjiang , Luo Suhua , Wang Jian , Sun Xiudong
Published: January 2011

In:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3 crystals were grown in air by the Czochralski technique with various [Li]/[Nb] ratios of 0.946, 1.050, 1.200, and 1.380 in melt. Based on the ICP‐AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) analyzed results, the chemical formula of the triple‐doped In:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3 crystals were obtained. It can be seen that the near‐stoichiometric ratio value is between 1.050 and 1.200 for our samples. The optical damage resistance of In:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3 crystals was characterized by changes in light‐induced birefringence and it increases with the increasing of [Li]/[Nb] ratios. The dependence of the optical damage resistance on the defect structure of In:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3 crystals is discussed in detail based on the obtained chemical formulas. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of tetrapod‐like ZnO/TiO2 core‐shell nanostructures as photocatalytic powder
Authors: Sartori A. , Visentin F. , El Habra N. , De Zorzi C. , Natali M. , Garoli D. , Gerbasi R. , Casarin M. , Rossetto G.
Published: January 2011

The coupling of zinc oxide tetrapods (t‐ZnO) with anatase TiO2 in the form of CVD coatings on ZnO nanotetrapods was investigated. t‐ZnO/TiO2 core‐shell structures, consisting of uniformly and completely TiO2 covered ZnO nanotetrapods, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and UV‐Vis spectra. Photocatalytic activity, determined by degradation of a sodium methyl red solution, was found to be comparable to pure t‐ZnO, while improved separation easiness was verified that makes the presented powders promising for wastewater treatment. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ionic Liquid‐Based Membranes as Electrolytes for Advanced Lithium Polymer Batteries
Authors: Navarra M. A. , Manzi J. , Lombardo L. , Panero S. , Scrosati Bruno
Published: January 2011

Gel‐type polymer electrolytes are formed by immobilizing a solution of lithium N,N‐bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in N‐n‐butyl‐N‐ethylpyrrolidinium N,N‐bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Py24TFSI) ionic liquid (IL) with added mixtures of organic solvents, such as ethylene, propylene and dimethyl carbonates (EC, PC, and DMC, respectively), into a poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF‐HFP) matrix, and their properties investigated. The addition of the organic solvent mixtures results in an improvement of the ionic conductivity and in the stabilization of the interface with the lithium electrode. Conductivity values in the range of 10−3–10−2 S cm−1 are obtained in a wide temperature range. These unique properties allow the effective use of these membranes as electrolytes for the development of advanced polymer batteries based on a lithium metal anode and an olivine‐type lithium iron phosphate cathode.
Dynamic Simulation of the Electron Bernstein Wave Heating Under NBI Conditions in TJ–II Plasmas
Authors: Cappa A. , López‐Bruna D. , Castejón F. , Ochando M. , Vázquez‐Poletti J.L. , Medina F. , Ascasíbar E. , Reynolds J. M. , Tereshchenko M.
Published: January 2011

In this work, we have calculated the expected properties of the Electron Bernstein Wave (EBW) heating using the O–X–B double mode conversion scenario in a plasma that evolves from Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) to Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) heating in the TJ–II device. For this purpose, a transport simulation that reproduces the time evolution of a typical collapsing plasma heated by a combination of ECR and NBI power has been used. It is seen that the predicted EBW absorption depends strongly on the plasma characteristics, whose time evolution depends in turn on the heating properties. Therefore, the need of consistently computing the ray tracing and the plasma evolution is underlined. The fraction of the absorbed EBW heating power becomes very high as soon as the O mode cutoff layer appears. This guarantees the overlapping of both EBW and ECR heating, thus avoiding excessive plasma cooling when the wave cutoff is reached. The EBW power deposition profile evolves from off‐axis to a much more centred shape that persists until the radiative collapse quenches the plasma (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magneto‐Modulational Instability in Relativistic Plasmas
Authors: Liu Y. , Liu S. Q. , Li X. Q.
Published: January 2011

The behavior of magnetic fields generated by high frequency transverse plasmons in relativistic plasmas can be described by a set of nonlinear coupling equations, which has considered the nonlinear wave–wave, wave– particle interactions and the relativistic effects of electrons. Modulational instability of the spontaneous magnetic fields is investigated on the basis of the nonlinear coupling equations. Analytical and numerical results indicate the self‐generated magnetic fields are modulationally unstable and will be localized in a narrow region. The characteristic scale and maximum growth rate of the magnetic fields depend on the average Lorentz factor of electrons and the energy density of transverse plasmons. The relativistic effects of electrons will enhance the self‐focusing of magnetic fields (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A One‐Dimensional Particle‐in‐Cell Model of Plasma Build‐Up in Vacuum Arcs
Authors: Timko H. , Matyash K. , Schneider R. , Djurabekova F. , Nordlund K. , Hansen A. , Descoeudres A. , Kovermann J. , Grudiev A. , Wuensch W. , Calatroni S. , Taborelli M.
Published: January 2011

Understanding the mechanism of plasma build‐up in vacuum arcs is essential in many fields of physics. A one‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell computer simulation model is presented, which models the plasma developing from a field emitter tip under electrical breakdown conditions, taking into account the relevant physical phenomena. As a starting point, only an external electric field and an initial enhancement factor of the tip are assumed. General requirements for plasma formation have been identified and formulated in terms of the initial local field and a critical neutral density. The dependence of plasma build‐up on tip melting current, the evaporation rate of neutrals and external circuit time constant has been investigated for copper and simulations imply that arcing involves melting currents around 0.5–1 A/μm2, evaporation of neutrals to electron field emission ratios in the regime 0.01 – 0.05, plasma build‐up timescales in the order of ∼ 1 – 10 ns and two different regimes depending on initial conditions, one producing an arc plasma, the other one not. Also the influence of the initial field enhancement factor and the external electric field required for ignition has been explored, and results are consistent with the experimentally measured local field value of ∼ 10 GV/m for copper (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multiplex assessment of non‐organ‐specific autoantibodies with a novel microbead‐based immunoassay
Authors: Grossmann Kai , Roggenbuck Dirk , Schröder Christian , Conrad Karsten , Schierack Peter , Sack Ulrich
Published: January 2011

Advances in immunofluorescence assay development paved the way for the simultaneous detection of several antibodies in one sample, for the serological diagnosis of systemic rheumatic diseases. Standardized automated screening of such antibodies can be achieved by HEp‐2 cell‐based indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) using a multicolor fluorescence imaging technical platform. To create a common platform for both screening and specific antibody assessment, multiplex measurement of antibodies using fluorescence‐coded immobilized microbeads was employed on the same platform. The multicolor fluorescence detection system VideoScan (AKLIDES®) was used for the fluorescence analysis of a multiplex microbead‐based immunoassay (MIA). First, immunoglobulin G (IgG) was covalently coupled to one microbead population in duplicate and in three independent experiments. The coupled IgG was detected by a Cy™5‐conjugated secondary antibody. Thus, intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) were obtained. Second, a multiplex determination of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) to Scl‐70, Sm, dsDNA, SS‐A (Ro60), CENP‐B, and La/SS‐B by solid‐phase MIA was investigated, using 72 sera from patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis (SS). The reproducibility study revealed intra‐assay CVs ranging from 3.2% to 9.9%, and interassay CVs ranging from 9.6% to 14.7%. The detection of Scl‐70‐, Sm‐, CENP‐B‐, and La/SS‐B‐ANA with MIA showed very good agreement with the ELISA results (kappa = 1.0). The resulting relative sensitivities and specificities for Scl‐70‐, Sm‐, CENP‐B‐, dsDNA‐, and La/SS‐B‐ANA were 100%, respectively, with the exception of dsDNA (specificity 97%). Multiplex detection by immobilized fluorescence‐coded microbeads using multicolor fluorescence is a reliable method for the assessment of rheumatic‐disease‐specific antibodies. Multicolor fluorescence analyses with pattern detection algorithms provide a common platform technique for both the screening of ANA by cell‐based IIF and specific antibody assessment by multiplex detection. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Detection of mitochondrial fission with orientation‐dependent optical Fourier filters
Authors: Pasternack Robert M. , Zheng Jing‐Yi , Boustany Nada N.
Published: January 2011

We utilize a recently developed optical imaging method based on Fourier processing with Gabor‐like filters to detect changes in light scattering resulting from alterations in mitochondrial structure in endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis. Imaging based on Gabor filters shows a significant decrease in the orientation of subcellular organelles at 60 to 100 minutes following apoptosis induction and concomitant with mitochondrial fragmentation observed by fluorescence. The optical scatter changes can be detected at low resolution at the whole cell level. At high resolution, we combine fluorescence imaging of the mitochondria with optical Fourier‐based imaging to demonstrate that the dynamic decrease in organelle orientation measured by optical Gabor filtering is spatially associated with fluorescent mitochondria and remains largely absent from nonfluorescent subcellular regions. These results provide strong evidence that the optical Gabor responses track mitochondrial fission during apoptosis and can be used to provide label‐free, rapid monitoring of this morphological process within single cells. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A novel variable step size adjustment method based on channel output autocorrelation for the LMS training algorithm
Authors: Ozen Ali
Published: January 2011

The least mean squares (LMS) algorithm, the most commonly used channel estimation and equalization technique, converges very slowly. The convergence rate of the LMS algorithm is quite sensitive to the adjustment of the step‐size parameter used in the update equation. Therefore, many studies have concentrated on adjusting the step‐size parameter in order to improve the training speed and accuracy of the LMS algorithm. A novel approach in adjusting the step size of the LMS algorithm using the channel output autocorrelation (COA) has been proposed for application to unknown channel estimation or equalization in low‐SNR in this paper. Computer simulations have been performed to illustrate the performance of the proposed method in frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. The obtained simulation results using HIPERLAN/1 standard have demonstrated that the proposed variable step size LMS (VSS‐LMS) algorithm has considerably better performance than conventional LMS, recursive least squares (RLS), normalized LMS (N‐LMS) and the other VSS‐LMS algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations of platelet biochemical and functional properties in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: a role in cardiovascular risk?
Authors: Vignini Arianna , Moroni Cinzia , Nanetti Laura , Raffaelli Francesca , Cester Annamaria , Gabrielli Orazio , Cherubini Valentino , Mazzanti Laura
Published: January 2011

Background

The involvement of platelets in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications is supported by several studies. Type 1 diabetic (T1D) platelets show increased adhesiveness and aggregation related to a modification of nitric oxide synthase activity. Moreover, different cell types from diabetic patients showed a decreased membrane Na+/K+‐ATPase activity, which might be involved in diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether T1D at onset is able to induce alterations of platelet physicochemical and functional properties and whether these changes are affected by hyperglycaemia.

Methods

The study was performed on 50 young subjects: 30 patients (1–14 years) affected by T1D and 20 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy subjects. We analyzed platelet membrane fluidity by fluorescent anisotropy of 1‐(4‐trimethylaminophenyl)‐6‐phenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene and 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene, Na+/K+‐ATPase, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite production.

Results

In T1D subjects, we observed an increased fluidity in the plasma membrane outer part and greater rigidity in the internal part compared with that in controls. Na+/K+‐ATPase activity and nitric oxide levels were significantly reduced, while peroxynitrite production was increased compared with that in controls. Moreover, correlations found between the above parameters were correlated with fasting glycaemia and haemoglobin A$_{{\rm 1c}}$.

Conclusions

T1D patients exhibit structural and functional modifications of platelet membrane properties and alterations of nitric oxide metabolism due to diabetes per se and not to chronic hyperglycaemia, insulin therapy, or ageing. These results support the hypothesis that oxidative attack could be an important early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin therapy has a complex relationship with measure of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: a case for further study
Authors: Monnier Louis , Colette Claude , Michel Françoise , Cristol Jean‐Paul , Owens David R.
Published: January 2011

Background

Because pharmacotherapies in type 2 diabetes exert complex effects, we examined the different anti‐diabetic strategies, especially the influence of insulin doses, on the activation of oxidative stress, a key player in atherosclerosis, ageing and the risk of cancer.

Methods

This observational study included 122 persons with type 2 diabetes, 61 treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents alone (group I), 61 treated with a combination of oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin at either a low dose (<0.40 unit/kg/day, group IIa, n = 30) or high dose (≥0.40 unit/kg/day, group IIb, n = 31) of insulin. Oxidative stress was estimated from 24‐h urinary excretion rates of 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α. Haemoglobin A$_{\rm{1c}}$ (%) was also measured to assess overall diabetic control.

Results

The 24‐h excretion rates of 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α [median (range) pmol/mmol of creatinine] were much lower in group IIa [68 (32–220)] than in either group I [120 (26–329) p < 0.001] or group IIb [101 (30–289) p = 0.026]. Considering groups IIa and IIb as a whole, a significant and positive relationship (p = 0.021) was observed between insulin dose and 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α. Haemoglobin A$_{\rm{1c}}$ was comparable in the three groups.

Conclusions

The main benefit of insulin therapy is the restoration and maintenance of near normal glycaemia. However insulin at elevated doses can promote oxidative stress which is thought to be an important mediator of some of the deleterious effects of insulin. Our study shows that the link between insulin action and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes is complex and warrants further study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence of cardiac trabeculation on neuregulin signaling and blood flow in zebrafish
Authors: Peshkovsky Courtney , Totong Ronald , Yelon Deborah
Published: January 2011

Maturation of the developing heart requires the structural elaboration of the embryonic ventricle through the process of trabeculation. Trabeculae form as the ventricular myocardium protrudes into the lumen of the chamber, thereby increasing muscle mass and altering functional output. Little is understood about the cellular basis for trabeculation and its genetic regulation. Here, we establish the utility of the zebrafish embryo for the analysis of the mechanisms driving trabeculation. In zebrafish, we can follow trabeculation in four dimensions and define morphologically discrete stages for the initiation, propagation, and network elaboration that form the ventricular trabeculae. We find that Neuregulin/ErbB signaling is required for the initial protrusion of the myocardium into the ventricular lumen. Additionally, we demonstrate that optimal blood flow through the ventricle is important for the advancement of trabeculation. Thus, our results indicate that the zebrafish provides a valuable model for investigating possible causes of congenital defects in trabeculation. Developmental Dynamics 240:446–456, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyaluronan production by means of Has2 gene expression in chondrocytes is essential for long bone development
Authors: Moffatt Pierre , Lee Eunice R. , St‐Jacques Benoit , Matsumoto Kazu , Yamaguchi Yu , Roughley Peter J.
Published: January 2011

Mice possessing no Has2 expression in chondrocytes died near birth and displayed abnormalities throughout their skeleton. By embryonic day 18.5, the long bones were short and wide, and possessed excessive mineralization within their diaphysis, with little evidence of diaphyseal bone modeling. However, this does not appear to be associated with an absence of blood vessel invasion or the reduced presence of osteoclasts. There was no evidence for the formation of an organized growth plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis, and while hypertrophic chondrocytes were present in this region they were abnormal in both appearance and organization. There was also increased cellularity in the epiphyseal cartilage and a corresponding decrease in the abundance of extracellular matrix, but aggrecan was still present. Thus, hyaluronan production by chondrocytes is not only essential for formation of an organized growth plate and subsequent long bone growth but also for normal modeling of the diaphyseal bone. Developmental Dynamics 240:404–412, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplification of cytokine production through synergistic activation of NFAT and AP‐1 following stimulation of mast cells with antigen and IL‐33
Authors: Andrade Marcus V. , Iwaki Shoko , Ropert Catherine , Gazzinelli Ricardo T. , Cunha‐Melo Jose R. , Beaven Michael A.
Published: January 2011

IL‐33 is associated with atopic and autoimmune diseases and, as reported here, it interacts synergistically with Ag to markedly enhance production of inflammatory cytokines in rodent mast cells even in the absence of degranulation. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms revealed that synergy in signaling occurred at the level of TGF‐β‐activated kinase 1, which was then transmitted downstream through JNK, p38 MAP kinase, and AP‐1. Stimulation of the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT pathway by Ag, which IL‐33 did not, was critical for the synergy between Ag and IL‐33. For example, selective stimulation of the NFAT pathway by thapsigargin also markedly enhanced responses to IL‐33 in a calcineurin‐dependent manner. As indicated by luciferase‐reporter assays, IL‐33 failed to stimulate the transcriptional activities of NFAT and AP‐1 but augmented the activation of these transcription factors by Ag or thapsigargin. Robust stimulation of NF‐κB transcriptional activity by IL‐33 was also essential for the synergy. These and pharmacologic data suggested that the enhanced production of cytokines resulted in part from amplification of the activation of AP‐1 and NFAT as well as co‐operative interactions among transcription factors. IL‐33 may retune mast cell responses to Ag toward enhanced cytokine production and thus determine the symptoms and severity of Ag‐dependent allergic and autoimmune diseases.
IL‐17‐producing T cells contribute to acute graft‐versus‐host disease in patients undergoing unmanipulated blood and marrow transplantation
Authors: Zhao Xiang‐Yu , Xu Ling‐Ling , Lu Sheng‐Ye , Huang Xiao‐Jun
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IL‐17‐producing T cells, including Th17 and Tc17 cells, on acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) in patients who had undergone granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐mobilised peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) and G‐CSF‐primed bone marrow (G‐BM) transplantation. Allografts from forty‐one patients were analysed for IL‐17‐producing T cells with respect to aGVHD. Furthermore, ten patients with aGVHD onset were monitored for the presence of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood by flow cytometry. Patients who received a higher dose of Th17 cells in the G‐BM (>8.5×104/kg, p=0.005) or a higher dose of Tc17 cells in PBPC (>16.8×104/kg, p=0.001) exhibited a higher incidence of aGVHD. An increased Th17 population (up to 4.99% CD4+ T lymphocytes) was observed in patients with aGVHD onset. In contrast, the percentage of Th17 population decreased drastically in aGVHD patients following treatment to achieve partial and complete remission (p=0.013 and p=0.008, respectively). All percentages of Th17 and Tc17 cells were significantly reduced after in vivo G‐CSF application. Our results suggested that IL‐17‐producing T cells contributed to aGVHD. The application of G‐CSF in vivo aided in reducing the occurrence of aGVHD through a decrease in IL‐17 secretion by T cells.
Telomere‐dependent replicative senescence of B and T cells from patients with type 1a common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Visentini Marcella , Cagliuso Maria , Conti Valentina , Carbonari Maurizio , Mancaniello Debora , Cibati Marina , Siciliano Giulia , Giorda Ezio , Keller Baerbel , Warnatz Klaus , Fiorilli Massimo , Quinti Isabella
Published: January 2011

A subset of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), group 1a of the Freiburg classification, is characterized by increased B cells expressing low levels of CD21 (CD21low), lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. The CD21low B cells have been shown to be profoundly anergic, and defects of BCR‐mediated calcium signaling and of T cells have been described in CVID 1a. We found that also the classical naïve B cells from CVID 1a patients, but not from CVID non‐1a patients, proliferated poorly. The B cells of CVID 1a patients had a reduced capacity to divide reminiscent of the proliferative arrest associated with replicative senescence. Thus, we investigated whether lymphocyte dysfunction in CVID 1a was related to telomere‐dependent replicative senescence, and found that both the B and the T cells from CVID 1a patients had significantly shorter telomeres compared with B and T cells from CVID non‐1a patients. Telomere lengths in B and T cells were significantly correlated, indicating that the rate of telomere attrition in lymphocytes is an individual characteristic of CVID patients. Our findings suggest that telomere‐dependent replicative senescence contributes to the immune dysfunction of CVID 1a patients, and may provide an important clue for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of CVID.
The enigma of CD4‐lineage specification
Authors: Xiong Yumei , Bosselut Rémy
Published: January 2011

CD4+ T cells are essential for defenses against pathogens and affect the functions of most cells involved in the immune response. Although CD4+ T cells generally recognize peptide antigens bound to MHC‐II molecules, important subsets are restricted by other MHC or MHC‐like molecules, including CD1d‐restricted “invariant” iNK T cells. This review discusses recently identified nodes in the transcriptional circuits that are involved in controlling CD4+ T‐cell differentiation, notably the commitment factor Thpok and its interplay with Runx transcriptional regulators, and focuses on how transcription factors acting upstream of Thpok, including Gata3, Tox and E‐box proteins, promote the emergence of CD4‐lineage‐specific gene expression patterns.
Metal Complexes of a Multidentate Cyclophosphazene with Imidazole‐Containing Side Chains for Hydrolyses of Phosphoesters – Bimolecular vs. Intramolecular Dinuclear Pathway
Authors: Wang Le , Ye Yong , Lykourinou Vasiliki , Angerhofer Alexander , Ming Li‐June , Zhao Yufen
Published: January 2011

A multidentate imidazole‐containing cyclophosphazene (Im6Cpz) ligand was synthesized and its metal complexes (MxIm6Cpz; M = ZnII, CuII, CoII; x = 1, 2, 3) were prepared and used as phosphoesterase models towards hydrolysis of the model substrates p‐nitrophenylphosphate (NPP) and bis(p‐nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP) in 75 % DMSO buffer solution at pH = 7–11 at 37 °C. The hydrolysis of BNPP by Cu3Im6Cpz exhibits enzyme‐like saturation kinetics with kcat = 1.4 × 10–5 s–1 and kcat/Km = 0.0027 M–1 s–1. The CuII complex exhibits a tremendous selectivity toward NPP, showingnearly a stoichiometric binding with kcat = 6.8 × 10–4 s–1 under saturation conditions and a significant second‐order rate constant kcat/Kd = 136 M–1 s–1, which is 5.0 × 104 times higher than that for BNPP hydrolysis. An intramolecular dinuclear pathway was revealed for the complexes Cu2Im6Cpz andCu3Im6Cpz; whereas an intermolecular dinuclear pathway was observed for CuIm6Cpz. Cu3Im6Cpz shows an order of magnitude higher activity than the simple CuII complex of the untethered ligand N‐methylimidazole, Cu(MeIm)2, suggesting a possible contribution from the proximity effect in the Im6Cpz complexes. The high catalytic specificity of Cu3Im6Cpz towards the phosphomonoester NPP suggests that it can serve as a good model system and a blueprint for further exploration of catalytic activity and specificity in phosphoester hydrolysis.
Water‐Soluble and Biocompatible Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Luminescence and Sensing Application (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2/2011)
Authors: Li Mei‐Jin , Jiao Pengchong , He Weiwen , Yi Changqing , Li Cheuk‐Wing , Chen Xi , Chen Guo‐Nan , Yang Mengsu
Published: January 2011

The cover picture shows the structures of two novel water‐soluble cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with good water solubility, high quantum efficiency and biocompatibility. Preliminary experiments of cell viability and sensing of lectin show that iridium(III) complexes with appended sugar groups provide advantages of reducing the toxicity and of improving the solubility in water, and open up the possibility of molecular targeting of carbohydrate‐binding domains in cells and tissues. Details are discussed in the Short Communication by M.‐J. Li, G.‐N. Chen et al. on p. 197.
First do no harm: Iatrogenic Maintaining Factors in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Treasure Janet , Crane Anna , McKnight Rebecca , Buchanan Emmakate , Wolfe Melissa
Published: January 2011

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the way that we as clinicians may play an inadvertent role in perpetuating eating disordered behaviour. This is considered within the theoretical framework of Schmidt and Treasures' maintenance model of anorexia nervosa (AN). The model includes four main domains; interpersonal factors, pro‐AN beliefs, emotional style and thinking style. Interpersonal reactions are of particular relevance as clinicians (as with family members) may react with high expressed emotion and unknowingly encourage eating disorder behaviours to continue. Hostility in the form of coercive refeeding in either a hospital or outpatient setting may strengthen conditioned food avoidance and pessimism may hamper motivation to change. Negative schema common to eating disorders, for example low self‐esteem, perfectionism and striving for social value may augment existing or initiate new eating disorder behaviour. Services can become a reinforcing influence by providing an overly protective, palliating environment which ensures safety, security and acceptance whilst reducing loneliness and isolation. This stifles the need for an individual to develop their own sense of responsibility, autonomy and independence allowing avoidance to dominate. Furthermore, the highly structured environment of inpatient care supports the rigid attention to detail and inflexibility that is characteristic of people with eating disorders, and allows these negative behaviours to thrive. Careful planning of service provision, reflective practice, supervision and regular team feedback is essential to prevent iatrogenic harm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.