bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensibilité des alevine vésicules du saumon atlantique à l’acidité en présence et en absence d’aluminium inorganique
Authors: Parent Lise , Couture Pierre , Campbell Peter G.C. , Dubreuil Bertrand
Published: March 2019

Résumeé

L’effet du pH sur la toxicité et sur la bioaccumulation de l’aluminium chez des alevins vésicules du saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) a été étudié sous des conditions physico-chimiques contrôlées. Les expériences ont été réalisées à des pH et à une température semblables à ceux rencontrés lors du choc acide au printemps (pH 5). On a utilisé un système expérimental constitué de trois auges dans lesquels le pH et les concentrations d’aluminium étaient contrôlés quotidiennement. Durant une période de traitement (pH 5, avec ou sans Al) de 17 jours, et une période de dépuration subséquente de 18 jours, on a suivi l’accumulation de 1 aluminium et la survie chez les alevins de saumon. De plus une expérience d’extraction d’aluminium à l’EDTA a été réalisée afin de discriminer entre les quantités d’aluminium adsorbé et absorbé.

Les résultats démontrent une mortalité plus élevée quoique faible (6%) dans le milieu acide (pH 5) contenant de l’aluminium (135 μg/L). Cette mortalité peut être reliée à la forte prise en charge de l’aluminium par les alevins; signalons que 60% de l’aluminium pris en charge était extractible à l’EDTA, cette fraction étant considérée ici comme adsorbée. De plus on note des concentrations plus élevées chez les alevins de petites tailles comparativement à ceux de taille supérieure. Nos résultats démontrent également qu’il y a désorption de l’aluminium très tôt au cours de la période de dépuration. Les facteurs de concentration, calculés par le rapport des concentrations moyennes en aluminium total pris en charge par les alevins et les concentrations en aluminium inorganique monomère mesurées dans le milieu, sont beaucoup plus faibles à pH 5 qu’à pH 6.7. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’il y a compétition cationique entre les ions Al+3 et H+ pour leur adsorption sur les sites de liaison superficiels chez les alevins.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water of the Niagara River, 1985-86
Authors: Maguire R. James , Tkacz Richard J.
Published: March 2019

The surface microlayer of the Niagara River at Niagara-on-the-Lake was sampled 34 times in 1985-86, and was shown to contain PCBs, chlorobenzenes and chlorinated hydrocarbons at concentrations generally up to 40 times greater than concentrations 1n subsurface water. Organisms which spend part or all of their lives at the air-water interface are thus likely to be at increased risk relative to subsurface water exposure. A small “spill” of PCBs 1n the river on July 29, 1986 was only detected in the surface micro-layer, and not in subsurface water. On this date, concentrations of PCBs in the surface microlayer were up to 6,400 times larger than concentrations in the subsurface water, and 1t appeared that the “spill” was downstream of Niagara Falls and the Whirlpool. Despite such high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the surface microlayer, at no time during this study did the microlayer contribute significantly, relative to subsurface water, to the loading (i.e., amounts) of these chemicals from the Niagara River to Lake Ontario.
Quality Degradation in Waters Undergoing Interbasin Transfer
Authors: Davis E. , Remenda V.H. , Sauer E.K.
Published: March 2019

The Saskatchewan River system is the main source of good quality water in the Western Interior Sedimentary Basin which forms the populated and agricultural area of the prairie region of Western Canada. Water from this river system has in the past been diverted at many points into local drainage areas where water shortages existed. It is expected that in the future more diversion schemes will be initiated to transport Saskatchewan River water to the water deficient areas of the Prairies.

There is evidence that the quality of water flowing into diversion schemes utilizing existing drainage systems or glacial and proglacial drainage channels has been degraded from natural causes. Increases in mineral salts and phosphates, in some cases, has rendered the diverted water of little use for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. More diversions are in the feasibility and planning stages - many diversions may prove to be unacceptable if the inherent degradation potential of natural channels is understood. Alternative diversion routes and schemes which exclude the use of topographical low areas will have to be devised and investigations conducted on the degradation potential of the alternative routes.
Hexazinone Residues in Surface and Groundwater at Two Sites Within Agassiz Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Williamson D. A.
Published: March 2019

Studies were undertaken to determine the fate and effect of Velpar L (hexazinone) on aquatic systems following application to reforestation plantations. Surface water and groundwater were monitored for hexazinone residues. Conventional flask and microplate algal bioassays were conducted using Selanastrum capricornutum Printz, a Microtox bioassay was undertaken using Photobacterium phosphoreum and a S.O.S. chromotest was undertaken using Escherichia coli.

Both lateral off-site migration and vertical migration of hexazinone were observed within the surficial aquifer at the study sites. Lateral movement was limited to the extent that less than 10 µg/L were detected in groundwater samples within 5 m of the application site. Hexazinone residues were detected in test wells for a period of approximately 1000 days following application. Hexazinone appeared to move downward in a relatively narrow band at a rate that was artificially enhanced during the process of groundwater sample extraction. Hexazinone residues were detected within ephemeral pools that formed on treated soils for a period of approximately 1000 days following application. Algal bioassay studies indicated inhibition of primary productivity would occur at relatively low hexazinone concentrations (22.5 µg/L). Velpar L was not mutagenic as evidenced by the S.O.S. chromotest and was relatively non-toxic as indicated by the Microtox bioassay.
Modified Anaerobic Serum Bottle Testing Procedures for Industrial Wastewaters L
Authors: Cornacchio L. , Hall E.R. , Trevors J.T.
Published: March 2019

Serum bottle bioassay techniques are batch procedures which provide a cost efficient alternative to continuous flow studies for determining anaerobic treatability characteristics of an industrial wastewater. In addition, the toxic effect of the wastewater on the anaerobic microorganisms is easily assessed in a relatively short period of time. As part of a study to screen the anaerobic treatability characteristics of a large number of industrial wastewaters, additional research was carried out to modify the original serum bottle procedures for routine use. Several experiments were completed in which the relative proportions of inoculum, nutrient medium, and wastewater were varied. This permitted assay conditions to be optimized to prevent nutrient deficiencies and excessive lags in inoculum activity, while providing for the testing of a wide range of wastewater concentrations. The effect of changing the total assay volume on the requirement for monitoring biogas accumulation and composition was also investigated.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Aromatic and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Commonly Detected in Landfill Leachates
Authors: Berwanger Della J. , Barker James F.
Published: March 2019

Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons are hazardous organics which persist in groundwater impacted by landfill leachate. Recent studies have indicated that the aromatics biodegrade readily under aerobic conditions. Similarly, methane-oxidizers are reported to metabolize trichloroethylene. This study investigates an in-situ biorestoration scheme involving stimulating aerobic biodegradation in a contaminated anaerobic, methane-saturated groundwater using hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source.

Batch biodegradation experiments were conducted with groundwater and core obtained from the Gloucester Landfill, Ottawa, Canada. Hydrogen peroxide, added at a non-toxic level, provided oxygen which promoted the rapid biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene.

Morphologically different methane-oxidizing cultures were obtained from Gloucester groundwater and a surface sediment. Both cultures degraded trichloroethylene in microcosms containing a mineral media and Gloucester core. Degradation was not observed when the mineral madia was replaced with Gloucester groundwater, or when other chlorinated hydrocarbons were added. Additional research is required to identify and overcome this inhibition to trichloroethylene biodegradation, before this remedial strategy can be employed.
Water Quality Branch Special Issue
Authors: Whitfield Paul H. , Watt Evan R.
Published: March 2019

This special issue of the Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada highlights some of the recent work of the Water Quality Branch, Environment Canada. The Water Quality Branch operates out of regional offices located in Moncton, New Brunswick; Longueuil, Quebec; Burlington, Ontario; Regina, Saskatchewan, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Many of the issues and problems regarding water quality in Canada are not common to all regions, this is reflected in the diversity amongst the papers that are presented.

Water Quality Branch activities range from broad and philosophical water quality considerations to studies of specific basins where water quality problems exist. This special issue consists of papers which touch on a number of these interests. The first two papers consider the design of water quality networks. Two papers consider water quality objectives as a management tool; developing guidelines for pesticides, and developing effective monitoring programs for objectives. Several papers consider problems associated with temporal variations: temporal patterns of acidification in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, trends in water quality of the St. Lawrence, phosphorus variability in the Flathead River, and changes over time in the St. Croix River. The remaining papers report specific pieces of work reflecting novel methods or procedures: large volume extractors, organic contaminants in suspended sediments, contaminants in water and suspended sediments, and contaminants in surficial sediments.

On behalf of the Water Quality Branch, we would like to thank the authors for their contributions to this special issue of the Journal. We would also like to thank the many colleagues who joined with Water Quality Branch staff to review the papers. Special thanks are extended to external reviewers who contributed much to the quality of the papers presented.
Developing Canadian Water Quality Pesticide Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life
Authors: Wong Michael P. , Kent Robert A.
Published: March 2019

Water quality guidelines for major water uses in Canada are currently being developed for in-use pesticides by the Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers. These guidelines are recommendations for the support and protection of Canadian water resources and form the scientific basis for establishing site-specific water quality objectives. The multi-disciplinary approach taken to derive numerical limits designed to protect freshwater aquatic life integrates the physical-chemical characteristics, use patterns, levels of Canadian occurrence and environmental fate with the current toxicological profile of the compound. To illustrate the procedure, the recommended guideline for the pesticide carbofuran is developed and the rationale briefly summarized.
Temporal Patterns of Acidification of Rivers in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and their Relationship to Sulphate Emissions
Authors: Howell G. D. , Green P.E.J. , Field C.A. , Freedman B.
Published: March 2019

Twenty-eight rivers in Atlantic Canada are sampled monthly, and have periods of record dating back as far as 1965. Statistical analysis of water chemistry for rivers in areas of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland that are believed to be sensitive to acidification has revealed that pH was significantly lower during the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. Annual hydrogen ion export for selected rivers was also greater during this period. This period of relatively low pH and large hydrogen ion export corresponds to a peak of North American sulphur dioxide emission, suggesting that these rivers may be responding to atmospheric loading of anthropogenic mineral acids.
Tendances temporelles de la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau du fleuve Saint-Laurent (Tronçon Cornwall-Quebec) au cours de la période 1955 a 1986
Authors: Désilets L. , Langlois C. , Lamarche A. , CLuis D.
Published: March 2019

Les principales tendances temporelles de la qualité de l’eau du fleuve Saint-Laurent de Cornwall à Québec ont pu être décelées et caractérisées à l’aide des logiciels statistiques DETECT et DEPASS, basés sur les fonctions double-masse et CUSUM et sur des tests non paramétriques. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la majorité des changements observés ont eu lieu entre 1969 et 1978. Les tendances se regroupent selon deux masses d’eau, soit celle en provenance des Grands Lacs et celle en provenance des rivières des Laurentides. La conductivité montre des tendances reliées à des facteurs climatiques et hydrologiques. Les tendances à la baisse pour les concentrations de phosphore et à la hausse pour les nitrites et nitrates sont analogues à celles décrites pour les Grands Lacs et seraient attribuables à la réglementation des concentrations en phosphore dans les détersifs et à l’intensification des activités agricoles respectivement. Enfin, les concentrations décroissantes en sulfates et en solides en suspension décelées dans le fleuve sont reliées à la réglementation et à la diminution des rejets des usines de pâtes et papiers et des raffineries.
A New Life for the St. Croix River
Authors: Bailey Harold S.
Published: March 2019

The water quality of the upper 110 kilometres of the St. Croix River is considered to be pristine. A major industrial discharge renders the lower 14 kilometres of the river a water quality limited segment. Prior to 1970 the Georgia-Pacific Pulp and Paper Mill at Woodland, Maine, discharged untreated effluent directly into the river causing dissolved oxygen concentrations to drop well below 5 mg/L, the objective chosen in the interest of restoring endemic fish populations. Since 1972, the Mill has installed primary and secondary treatment, regulated river discharge rate and effluent composition which has greatly improved the summer dissolved oxygen regime. By 1980, dissolved oxygen concentrations were generally above 5.0 mg/L and restocking the river with Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) was initiated.
Contamination des eaux et des sédiments en suspension du fleuve Saint-Laurent par les pesticides organochlores, les biphényles polychlores et d’autres contaminants organiques prioritaires
Authors: Germain A. , Langlois C.
Published: March 2019

Entre 1981 et 1987, la Direction des eaux intérieures a recueilli dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent 357 échantillons d’un litre au moyen de la technique conventionnelle et 23 échantillons composés d’une fraction dissoute (50 L) et d’une fraction particulaire (10 g base sèche) au moyen de l’échantillonnage à grand volume (SEASTAR et APLE). La fréquence de détection pour l’ensemble des produits organochlorés augmente de 13 à 38% en passant de la technique conventionnelle à celle à grand volume et la diversité des produits augmente avec l’échantillonnage à grand volume, passant de 7 à 18 composés détectés. Les BPC, présents dans 27% des échantillons conventionnels, sont présents dans tous les échantillons à grand volume. En 1987, trois échantillons d’eau provenant de SEASTAR et du APLE ont été analysés pour des polluants prioritaires appartenant à la catégorie “bases/neutres”. Nous avons mesuré des phtalates dans les fractions dissoute et particulaire et quelques HAP et chlorobenzènes majoritairement associés à la fraction dissoute. Les teneurs de contaminants dans l’eau sont en deçà des lignes directrices pour l’alimentation en eau potable alors qu’un certain nombre d’entre eux excèdent les critères pour la protection de la vie aquatique. Dans les sédiments en suspension, seules les concentrations de BPC et DDT total excèdent parfois les critères de qualité pour le dragage et l’immersion en mer.
Distribution of Mercury in Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River Sediments
Authors: Mudroch Alena , Hill K.
Published: March 2019

Sediment cores were collected in Lake St. Clair in 1985 and in the St. Clair River in 1986 to investigate the horizontal and vertical distribution and association of Hg in the sediments. A layer of recent sediment up to about 35 cm thick was differentiated by the geochemical composition and visual appearance from the underlying glacial-lacustrine deposits. The concentration of Hg in the surficial sediments in Lake St. Clair was lower in 1985 (<0.025 to 1.200 µg/g) than that found in 1974 (<0.20 to 3.00 µg/g). Up to 8.30 µg/g of Hg were found in the sediments collected from the nearshore area at Sarnia, Ontario, in the St. Clair River in 1986. The concentrations of Hg ranged from 5.05 to 16.00 µg/g in different sand-sized fractions (0.063 to 0.350 mm) of the sediment. The concentration of Hg was 17.80 µg/g in the silt-clay size fraction (<0.063 mm). No relationship was found between the concentration of organic matter and Hg, and the concentration of silica and Hg in the St. Clair River sediments. The results indicated a relationship of Hg with particles of different mineralogical composition. Up to 3.72 µg/g Hg was found in the surface sediment in Chenal Ecarte. The greatest concentration of Hg (13.15 µg/g) existed in the 0.350 mm particle size fraction, which consisted mainly of small pieces of decaying wood. A good relationship was found between the concentration of Hg and organic matter in the sediment at this area.
Teratogens in the Niagara River Watershed as Reflected by Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) Labial Plate Deformities
Authors: Dickman Mike , Lan Que , Matthews Brett
Published: March 2019

Chironomids from three rivers within the Niagara River Watershed were sampled and divided into two groups: those with ligulae and those with labial plates. The latter group of chironomids (i.e. the Chironomini and Tanytarsini) were classified as either normal (no deformities in their labial plates), slightly deformed (slight asymmetries due to teeth which were missing or chipped) or grossly deformed (those with extra teeth, fused teeth, crossed teeth or large gaps between their teeth). Among the 1,062 chironomids taken from the 15 sample sites, 699 possessed labial plates and 14% of these (97) displayed gross deformities in the structure of their labial plate. Most of the chironomids displaying gross deformities came from areas in the Niagara River watershed where sediments were contaminated with a number synthetic teratogens.

The highest frequency of chironomid labial plate deformities (47% gross deformities) occurred at the B.F. Goodrich Company’s discharge pipe. In 1986, 33 kg of vinyl chloride, (C2H3Cl), a known carcinogen, was released into the Welland River at this site. This substance is suspected of causing the high frequency of deformities observed at this site.

The second highest frequency of chironomids with gross labial plate deformities occurred in the heavily industrialized section of the Buffalo River, (Buffalo, New York). Thirty-five percent of the Chironomini and Tanytarsini at the five sampling sites in the Buffalo River displayed gross deformities as compared to 9% at the “control” site.

It was concluded that the frequency of chironomid labial plate deformities provides researchers with a useful index for evaluating sediments
Chemical Monitoring: Effective Use of Chemical Analysis for Optimization of Contaminant Removal
Authors: Maynard Allan W.
Published: March 2019

A number of comprehensive programs have been carried out to characterize oil refinery wastewaters with respect to specific organic and inorganic toxic chemicals. This paper provides some background on these studies which have shown that wastewater treatment systems at refinery sites are effective in reducing or removing toxic chemicals. Also presented is a discussion of analytical variability so readers can better appreciate the validity of results obtained from effluent monitoring programs. The variability associated with some chemical analyses, can be significant. Finally, a recommended approach towards routinely monitoring effluent quality and effectiveness of treatment, is presented. This approach involves the monitoring for total phenols, as a possible “surrogate” parameter, along with a “short list” of demonstration parameters.
Toxicity Measurement and Reduction Procedures (Biomonitoring and TRE Programs)
Authors: Chapman Peter M.
Published: March 2019

Toxicity measurements (i.e., determining adverse effects of environmental samples on test organisms or systems) have evolved from simple acute lethality measurements with fish to more subtle measurements and are being used not just reactively (e.g., for assessment and remediation) but also proactively (e.g., in toxicity reduction and evaluation [TRE] programs). This paper outlines some of the current trends in toxicity testing and presents a phased program for TRE application to an effluent discharge. Certain limitations to toxicity testing related to regulation and an appropriate level of environmental protection are identified, in particular the fact that inter-laboratory comparisons clearly indicate that this testing provides a range of values rather than a single definitive number.
Loadings of Selected Chemicals into the St. Lawrence River System from Lake Ontario, 1986/87
Authors: Tsanis I.K. , Biberhofer J. , Murthy C.R. , Sylvestre A.
Published: March 2019

Determination of the mass output through the St. Lawrence River outflow system is an important component in computing mass balance of chemical loadings to Lake Ontario. The total flow rate in the St. Lawrence River System at the Wolfe Island area was calculated from detailed time series current meter measurements from a network of current meters and Lagrangian drifter experiments. This flow is roughly distributed in the ratio of 55% to 45% in the South and North channel, respectively. Loading estimates of selected chemicals have been made by combining the above transport calculations with the ongoing chemical monitoring data at the St. Lawrence outflow. A vertical gradient in the concentration of some organic and inorganic chemicals was observed. The measured concentration for some of the chemicals was higher during the summer months and also is higher in the South Channel than in the North Channel of the St. Lawrence River. These loading estimates are useful not only for modelling the mass balance of chemicals in Lake Ontario but also for serving as input loadings to the St. Lawrence River system from Lake Ontario.
Minimum Concentration of Phosphate for Anaerobic Fixed Film Treatment of Landfill Leachate
Authors: Thirumurthi Dhandapani
Published: March 2019

Six laboratory model anaerobic fixed film reactors (AFFRs), fed by a pretreated landfill leachate were monitored at 33 to 37°C to estimate the minimum concentration of phosphate required to sustain anaerobiosis. The AFFRs, packed with biorings, were operated at identical volumetric organic load (L = 8 kg COD.m−3 d−1) and hydraulic retention time (T = 2.6 d). In phase 1, the ratios between feed COD and P (total phosphate expressed as mg P/L) were, respectively, 53,000, 42,400 and 30,300 in reactors A, B and C. In phase 2, the COD/P values were 43,200, 36,000 and 21,600, respectively, in reactors D, E and F. Orthophosphate supplement (Na3 PO4) was added to AFFRs B, C, E and F, but not to A and D. Based on the analysis of data during near-steady-state conditions of the six units, it is concluded that the minimum concentration of total phosphate required to support anaerobic decomposition of leachate was 0.7 mg P/L, and the maximum ratio of COD/P that can be applied was 30,300. AFFRs-C and F, with feed COD/P ratios of, respectively, 30,300, and 21,600, had the same COD removal efficiency of 91%. However, AFFRs-A, B, D and E with COD/P values equal to or above 36,000 had COD removal at or below 49%.
Évaluation des risques environnementaux concernant la présence de composés synthétiques organiques toxiques dans les boues résiduaires municipales lors de leur valorisation (revue de littérature)
Authors: Couillard Denis , Grenier Yvon
Published: March 2019

La présence de composés synthétiques organiques toxiques comme les BPC, les HPA, etc., dans les boues résiduaires soulève des interrogations quant à la sécurité reliée à leur usage comme fertilisant. Une revue de littérature révèle que, généralement, il n’y a pas de risque sérieux puisque ces composés se retrouvent en faibles concentrations dans les boues; ce qui est d’autant plus vrai que les municipalités productrices sont peu industrialisées. Le puisage de ces produits par les racines des plantes n’est pas le mode de transfert principal; c’est plutôt l’évaporation à partir du sol, suivi de la déposition sur les feuilles des plantes étudiées, qui est responsable de leur contamination. La présence de matière organique dans les boues aurait même un rôle positif à jouer en retenant au sol ces polluants où ils pourront se dégrader à la longue. De plus, des normes d’utilisation éditées par plusieurs gouvernements concernant les concentrations permises et les types de cultures aptes à recevoir des boues diminuent les risques potentiels.
Emergency Response Spill Cleanup of Wood Treating Waste
Authors: Connell P.J. , Marr T.A.
Published: March 2019

The use of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) solution for pressure treating wood is an accepted method for extending the useful life of wood. However, the wood treating solution can be hazardous to the environment if spilled or improperly handled.

In the spring of 1989, a fire at a wood treating plant in western Canada resulted in the accidental spill of a large amount of treating solution containing 3% CCA, along with a spill of an organic based wood dye. These two solutions combined with firefighting effluents and rain water to produce in excess of 100,000 US gallons of wastewater. The wastewater was contained on-site in ditches, portable pools, and tanker trucks. The British Columbia Ministry of the Environment (MOE) ordered the treatment of the waste prior to discharge to a nearby water course.

A skid-mounted reverse osmosis/ion exchange treatment system was employed for the cleanup operation. Approximately 90,000 US gallons of the wood treating waste were processed over a 3 week period. The system was operated in a 70% recovery mode, where 70% of the feed wastewater was treated for discharge and the remaining 30% of concentrate was recovered for reuse in the wood treating plant. The quality of the treated effluent was confirmed by the MOE as suitable for discharge. The CCA level in the feed wastewater was reduced by >99.9% to <0.05 mg/L in the treated effluent. Wood dye was not visibly detected in the treated effluent. The productivity of the system decreased over the first 2 weeks of operation as the reverse osmosis membranes conditioned to the wastewater, and eventually attained a stable performance during the last week of operation as fouling became controlled.

The results of this cleanup operation indicate the effectiveness of reverse osmosis followed by ion exchange polishing for treating spills of this nature, as well as other wastewater streams containing low concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants.
Assessing the Migration and Transformation of Pesticides in the Subsurface : The Role of Expert Systems
Authors: Crowe A.S. , Mutch J.P.
Published: March 2019

The expert system described here is designed to aid regulatory personnel in their assessment of the potential for pesticides to contaminate groundwater. The expert system, known as EXPRES (EXpert system for Pesticide Regulatory Evaluation Simulations), consists of existing simulation models coupled with a knowledge-based system. The numerical models are used to simulate the transport and transformation of pesticides in the unsaturated zone. The knowledge-based system guides the user through the choice of all the necessary information for characterizing the physical, climatic, hydrogeological, pedological and agricultural settings of typical agricultural regions across Canada required by the pesticide model, as well as aiding the user with the model predictions. EXPRES is designed to be used as a management tool to aid in policy decisions and is not intended for use as a research tool. Thus, its purpose is not to provide insight into the processes that control the fate of pesticides in porous media, but to provide an assessment of the potential hazards and to identify if further study is warranted.
Hamilton Harbour Water Clarity Response to Nutrient Abatement
Authors: Painter S. , Hampson L. , Millard E. S.
Published: March 2019

Swimming and fish habitat are two of the beneficial uses identified by the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan. Both uses require improvements in the Harbourșs water clarity. Beginning in 1988, the addition of a pickle liquor step at the Hamilton Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) successfully reduced the total phosphorus loading into the Harbour from 515 kg.day−1 to 364 kg.day−1 in 1990. A comparison of the 1987 and 89/90 Harbour data showed that chlorophyll decreased 15 μg.L−1 and seston decreased 2.8 mg.L−1, which improved Secchi disc transparency 42 cm from 148 cm to a two year summer average of 190 cm. Secchi disc transparencies in the 3 metre range appear to be attainable when chlorophyll concentrations are below 7 μ/tg.L−1.
Ammonia and Nitrite Contamination of Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario
Authors: Barica J.
Published: March 2019

The temporal and spatial distribution of total and toxic unionized ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and total dissolved nitrogen concentrations in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, were investigated during 1987–1988. The concentrations of toxic un-ionized ammonia in vertical and horizontal profiles depended on ammonia loadings from the Hamilton and Burlington municipal sewage treatment plants, the seasonal nitrogen cycle, pH and water temperature. Toxic ammonia levels in the Harbour exceeded the International Joint Commission objective of 20 μg/L at all sampling sites for about half of the year (spring and summer). For extended periods in the late spring and mid-summer, concentrations frequently exceeded the chronic toxicity threshold of 300 μg/L. Toxic un-ionized ammonia concentrations were distributed unevenly over the Harbour with a distinct areal zonation and patchiness. Volatilization of ammonia, estimated at 6.8 tonnes per summer, reduced the toxic effect but was insignificant in the overall NH3-N budget. The nitrite concentrations exceeded the chronic toxicity thresholds of 30 μg/L for most of the summer and frequently surpassed the cold-water fish toxic levels of 250 μg/L. Near the outfall from the Hamilton sewage treatment plant, nitrite levels were 600–1,200 μg/L. The frequency of nitrite toxic episodes was however lower than those of un-ionized ammonia. Nitrite was less abundant than total ammonia and can be considered as a less serious contaminant. Nitrification in Hamilton Harbour appeared to be inhibited by high toxic un-ionized ammonia levels.
Spectrophotometry Measurement of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hamilton Harbour Sediments
Authors: Murphy T.P. , Brouwer H. , Fox M.E. , Nagy E.
Published: March 2019

Eighty-one sediment cores were collected to determine the extent of coal tar contamination in a toxic area of Hamilton Harbour. Over 800 samples were analyzed by a UV spectrophotometric technique that was standardized with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The coal tar distribution was variable. The highest concentrations were near the Stelco outfalls and the Hamilton-Wentworth combined sewer outfalls. The total concentration of the 16 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 48,300 m3 of near-surface sediments exceeded 200 µg/g.
Occurrence of Dyes in the Yamaska River, Québec
Authors: Tkacz Richard J. , Maguire R. James
Published: March 2019

A study of the Yamaska River in Québec in the period 1985-1987 has revealed the occurrence of fifteen dyes in water, suspended solids and sediment downstream from textile mills. The dyes were found in 1985 and 1986, but not in 1987, possibly because of improved waste treatment procedures. The most contaminated area was downstream from Granby, which has the largest concentration of textile mills in the basin. Three dyes were positively identified — Disperse Red 60, Disperse Blue 26 and Disperse Blue 79, the most widely used dye in the world. In addition, a mutagenic degradation product of Disperse Blue 79, 2-bromo-4,6-dmitroaniline, was identified in sediment at a location about 6 km downstream from Granby. This product is a result of the reductive cleavage of the azo bond of Disperse Blue 79 in anaerobic sediments. Most of the dyes found are expected to be moderately stable in aerobic environments, but may degrade under anaerobic conditions. This is the first demonstration of the occurrence of dyes in the Canadian environment.
Growth of Bacterioplankton on Dissolved Organic Carbon in Hamilton Harbour and Western Lake Ontario
Authors: Markosova Ruzena
Published: March 2019

Bioassay procedure was used to measure dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in Hamilton Harbour and western Lake Ontario using batch experiments with an incubation time of 12 days in four experiments. Three different levels of natural DOC concentration were assayed; high concentration of DOC, 20.2 mg C/1 (influence of sewage treatment inflow); intermediate concentration of DOC, 16.7 mg C/1 (STELCO plant, industry polluted water); and an unaffected locality with low concentration of DOC, 12 mg C/1 (predominantly autochtonous input from photosynthetic activity in Lake Ontario). Decreasing DOC in all samples was observed during the first five days of experiments followed by a stabilization of DOC at a constant level. The value of the labile fraction of DOC represented 75% of total amount of DOC in the sewage sample water, 57% in the sample affected by industrial waters and 66% of DOC in unaffected sample from Lake Ontario.

Bacterial growth started rapidly from the first day of batch experiments and maximal biomass was reached after two to three days. The highest bacterial biomasses were reached in the samples affected by sewage treatment waters (2.37 mg C/1) and the lowest value was observed in Lake Ontario (0.51 mg C/1).
A Computerized Algorithm for the Design and Analysis of Step-Feed Activated Sludge/Sedimentation Systems
Authors: Moreno Oswaldo , Leduc Roland , Gehr Ronald
Published: March 2019

A computerized algorithm is developed for design and analysis of the steady-state step-feed activated sludge system with secondary sedimentation. It takes into account both the biodegradation occurring in the aeration tank and the solids-liquid separation process. The biodegradation model considers an aeration tank with any number (n) of stages. The algorithm also deals with the effluent clarification and sludge thickening processes that may occur in the sedimentation tank, and accounts for the interactions occurring between the aeration tank and the final settling tank. The resulting system of nonlinear equations is solved by an iterative procedure. A computer program (STEPF) is used to obtain design results, and general conclusions are drawn.
Forms of Particulate Phosphorus and the Sediment Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio as Indicators of Phosphorus Origins in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Thomas Richard L. , Santiago Serge , Gandais Véronique , Zhang Li , Vernet Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2019

An evaluation has been carried out on the composition of sediment from a number of different environments in Lake Geneva basin (Switzerland) and compared to Lake Erie sediment, specifically on the forms of phosphorus and the C/N ratio. Compositional features and progressive spatial and temporal changes in composition have been used to define origins of phosphorus and organic matter and to elucidate both river and lake processes. Lake Geneva bottom sediment clearly represents a compositional continuum from the mixing of the mineralized product of primary production (C/N ratio 8–10) in the water column with allochthonous sediment derived predominantly from the upper Rhone River (C/N ratio 12–17). Analysis of the sediment in the effluent of a number of sewage treatment plants gave very high levels of phosphorus, particularly non-apatite inorganic phosphorus and C/N ratios from 6.7 to 9. Changes in composition in the sediments of storm driven rivers were related to the variable influences of point and diffuse sources as they respond to climatic variation and to land use and human population in the basins.
Hydraulic Impact on Granules in UASB Reactors
Authors: Kosaric N. , Blaszczyk R. , Orphan L. , Lynch C. , Maat D.
Published: March 2019

20 Litre UASB reactors, operated continuously, were used to study hydrodynamic influences on accumulation and settling characteristics of granules. Two experiments were performed. The effect of liquid upflow velocity in the reactor on granules was investigated in Experiment 1. The effect of liquid inlet port configurations, in terms of the number of inlet ports, their diameter and the direction of influent stream into the reactor (at the same upflow velocity of 1.5 m/h) was investigated in Experiment 2.

It was found from Experiment 1 that settling characteristics of granules at lower liquid upflow velocities (0.25 and 0.5 m/h) significantly differed from those observed at higher upflow velocities (1.0 and 1.5 m/h). A wide spectrum of settling velocities was observed at lower liquid upflow velocities while granules became more uniform at higher upflow velocities.

It was found from Experiment 2 that settling of granules was little influenced by different inlet port configurations. However, more inlet ports and/or configurations which forced granules to move at the bottom of the reactor were favourable for the accumulation of granules and for higher concentration of VSS within the granules.
Evaluation of the Feasibility of Implementing Biological Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Raymond Lise , Comeau Yves , Riel Jean F. , Brière François G.
Published: March 2019

A weighted rating system to evaluate the feasibility of implementing biological phosphorus removal to wastewater treatment plants was developed and applied to identify the most promising existing Quebec plants using activated sludge that may benefit from this advanced technology.

Three main categories of criteria were considered, (A) phosphorus discharge standards, (B) influent and effluent characteristics and (C) process characteristics. The percentage of the total weight attributed to each category was 12%, 29% and 59%, respectively. The most important factors were proposed to be the plant flexibility and configuration, the influent BOD5/TP and TKN/COD ratios, the existence of a primary clarifier, the requirements to comply with phosphorus standards, the presence of a sand filter and the possibility of mixing without air entrainment the zones of the process that should not be aerated.

Among the 16 activated sludge plants for which operating data was available for 1989, 9 showed an interesting potential for conversion to biological phosphorus removal (6 with aeration tanks, 1 with oxidation ditches and 2 with sequencing batch reactors). Operation and construction modifications were proposed to convert these 9 plants to biological phosphorus removal and the rating system was used to assess the beneficial effect of the proposed modifications. A preliminary cost estimate performed on 7 of these plants indicated that conversion costs to biological phosphorus removal were either negligible (4 or 5 plants) or comparable to the present value of the cost of chemicals over a 20-year period (2 plants). With these conversions, biological phosphorus removal could replace partially or completely chemical phosphorus precipitation, depending on the phosphorus standards, wastewater and plant characteristics.
An Introduction to Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Destruction of Organics in Wastewater
Authors: Carey J. H.
Published: March 2019

Various processes that have been suggested for the oxidation of organic compounds in wastewater are summarized. The most widely applicable are based on generation of hydroxyl radicals via the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, ozone and titanium dioxide. Other methods of generating hydroxyl radicals and other oxidants, as well as other methods of oxidation that have been suggested for organic wastewater treatment are also discussed.
Chemical Models of Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Glaze William H. , Beltran Fernando , Tuhkanen Tuula , Kang Joon-Wun
Published: March 2019

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been defined as near-ambient temperature processes that involve the generation of highly reactive radical intermediates, especially the hydroxyl radical. These processes show promise for the destruction of hazardous organic substances in municipal and industrial wastes, in drinking water and in ultrapure water. Three types of AOPs are considered in this paper: catalyzed decomposition of ozone; ozone with hydrogen peroxide (Peroxone); and photolysis of hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet radiation. Kinetic models for these processes are being developed based on known chemical and photochemical principles. The models take into account measured effects of radical scavengers such as bicarbonate; dose ratios of the oxidants or UV intensity; pH; and the presence of generic radical scavengers. The models are used to discuss two cases: oxidation of parts-per-million levels of nitrobenzene with ozone, Peroxone and peroxide/UV and oxidation of naphthalene and pentachlorophenol with peroxide/UV.
High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation: An Advanced Oxidation Process for the Treatment of Aqueous Based Organic Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Cooper William J. , Nickelsen Michael G. , Meacham David E. , Waite Thomas D. , Kurucz Charles N.
Published: March 2019

Advanced oxidation processes for the removal and destruction of hazardous organic chemicals in water and wastewater is a research area of increasing interest. Advanced oxidation processes generally consider the hydroxyl radical, OH-, the major reactive transient species. A novel process under development, utilizing high energy electrons, extends this concept to include the simultaneous formation of approximately equal concentrations of oxidizing and reducing species. Irradiation of aqueous solutions results in the formation of the aqueous electron, e−aq, hydrogen atoms, H-, and OH-. These reactive transient species initiate chemical reactions capable of destroying organic compounds in aqueous solution. This paper presents data on the removal of six common organic contaminants that have been studied at the Electron Beam Research Facility. The removal and the factors affecting removal were determined. This study focuses on halogenated ethenes, benzene and substituted benzenes. Removal is described in waters of different quality, including potable water, and raw and secondary wastewater. Removal efficiencies ranged from 85 to >99% and varied with water quality, solute concentration, dose and compound.
UV/Oxidation of Organic Contaminants in Ground, Waste and Leachate Waters
Authors: Zeff Jack D. , Barich Jerome T.
Published: March 2019

Over the past four years, Ultrox International has demonstrated the efficacy of ultraviolet light-enhanced oxidation at industrial, Department of Defense and Superfund sites. Waters containing halogenated solvents such as trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and other halogenated compounds have been successfully treated with UV/ozone or UV/hydrogen peroxide or UV with ozone and peroxide. Other contaminants such as benzene, toluene, xylene, hydrazines, phenols, chlorophenols, dioxanes, PCBs and pesticides in wastewaters and groundwaters have also been reduced to acceptable discharge standards. Summations of the above projects will be presented, along with some of the technological basis of this process. Data showing comparisons of UV-enhanced oxidation testing with traditional ozonation also will be presented based upon research conducted under government grants.

Design and cost data from pilot plant testing and from operations at full-scale commercial installations will be presented. The applications will cover ultraviolet/oxidation systems treating waste water in the wood treating industry, rocket fuel waste water, and groundwater containing chlorinated solvents at automotive, aerospace and electronics manufacturers.

A discussion of test results and process economics from a demonstration of the ULTROX® process in the U.S. EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program also will be presented.
Rayox® — A Second Generation Enhanced Oxidation Process for Process and Groundwater Remediation
Authors: Cater Stephen R. , Bircher Keith G. , Stevens R.D. Samuel , Safarzadeh-Amiri Ali
Published: March 2019

The Rayox® water decontamination system represents a second generation enhanced (advanced) oxidation water remediation technology. Several key features of the Rayox® system give it substantial performance advantages over previous embodiments of enhanced oxidation technology. These features are discussed along with their impact upon system performance. Results from several case studies on groundwater treatment demonstrate Rayox®’s powerful and versatile capability to destroy a variety of pollutants, including refractory compounds such as carbon tetrachloride, di- and trichloroethane, etc. in water to virtually any required discharge level.
Advanced Chemical Oxidation of Organics Using the perox-pure™ Oxidation System
Authors: Froelich Emery M.
Published: March 2019

Development of the perox-pure™ oxidation system began in the late 1970’s, and there are now about seventy (70) full-scale treatment systems in operation. The process uses high intensity UV light, hydrogen peroxide, and a patented reactor design to catalytically oxidize toxic organics in water. Dissolved organics are converted to carbon dioxide and water and, if present, halogens are converted to halides. Data from bench-scale and full-scale treatment systems are presented along with a discussion of the unique advantages of the perox-pure™ chemical oxidation system. The process can be operated as a closed system generating no air emissions, solid residues, or other secondary pollution problems. Treated water is suitable for discharge, reinjection or reuse. In addition to economic and performance data, recent improvements that provide operating cost savings of up to 50% are highlighted.
Restoring Hamilton Harbour
Authors: Rodgers G. Keith
Published: March 2019

Hamilton Harbour is one of 43 “Areas of Concern” in the Great Lakes for which plans must be developed to restore beneficial uses specified in the 1987 agreement between Canada and the United States regarding Great Lakes Water Quality. Assessment of the remaining barriers to achieving the ecosystemic values or beneficial uses of the Harbour reveals the types of problems encountered in similar situations elsewhere—eutrophication from excessive nutrient inputs (primarily from sewers and sewage treatment plants), a historical legacy of infilling of crucial fish and wildlife habitat and of contaminated sediment (residues of past sewage discharges and steel industrial effluents). Water quality, except for trophic conditions, already meets existing standards as a result of progress in the past 20 years.

The major challenge in the proposed program to restore the beneficial uses, apart from the cost of correcting the existing situation, will be how to maintain conditions in the face of population growth and industrial diversification. There are technological limits and heavy costs associated with implementing the technology that is available for the final steps in the restoration program.