bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formant Frequency Characteristics of Children, Young Adult, and Aged Female Speakers
Authors: Scukanec Gail P. , Petrosino Linda , Squibb Kevin
Published: August 2011

Previous literature indicates that a difference may exist between formant frequencies (F1 and F2) of children, young adult, and elderly speakers. The purpose of this study was to compare F1 and F2 of 3 young, 6 young adult, and 3 elderly female speakers for the /i/, /æ/, /u/, and /a/ vowels. Analysis indicates a trend towards vowel reduction across the life span. These findings support previous research regarding age-associated acoustic changes as well as support for the possible anatomical and physiological alterations which may influence such changes.
Communality of Videogame Performances with Tracking Tasks
Authors: Bliss J. , Turnage J. J. , Kennedy R. S. , Dunlap W. P.
Published: August 2011

Performances on three videogames were compared with two different tracking tasks and a third dual tracking task, after stability of performance was achieved by 40 male subjects. The six tasks were performed in succession for three weeks each, and one year separated administration of the tracking tasks from the videogames. Convergence of the cross-correlations among these tasks occurred such that higher correlations were attained for scores obtained late in practice (late/late) of two tasks (even when they were performed a year apart) rather than for scores obtained earlier in training (viz., early/early). High communality between these two types of tasks was observed as indicated by virtual overlap between the videogames and the tracking tasks, even though different control media (joysticks, knobs), control orders (zero/first), and control inputs (displacement/force transducer) were required. Because these tasks apparently index similar abilities, there may be advantages to measuring tracking skills with videogames, which include low cost, wide availability, inherent interest to subjects and motivation, rapid approach to stable levels, and, in many cases, greater apparent face validity relative to real world performance requirements.
New Assessments of Weight-Related Body Image Derived from Extant Instruments
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Wood Katherine C. , Phelps Kimberly D. , Boyd Karen
Published: August 2011

A study of 79 female college students examined the reliability and validity of two new size/weight-related measures of body image. The Body-size Appraisal Scale and the Overweight Preoccupation Scale were derived from existing instruments. Analyses supported the internal consistency and 2-wk. test-retest reliability of both new scales. Correlations of scores on each scale with measures of anxiety about being fat, negative body-image affect and avoidance, restrained and bulimic eating, and depression support their concurrent and construct validity. Scores on the Overweight Preoccupation Scale were also related to the extent of investment in physical appearance. Regression analyses indicated that each new scale could be predicted from several other conceptually relevant body-image attitudes, even after actual body weight was controlled.
Does Trampolining and Anaerobic Physical Fitness Affect Sleep?
Authors: Buchegger Joachim , Fritsch Reiner , Meier-Koll Alfred , Riehle Hartmut
Published: August 2011

The structure of nocturnal sleep of 16 volunteers, participating in the anaerobic sports of trampolining, dancing, and soccer, was monitored by means of polygraphic recordings. Since trampolining requires the acquisition of unfamiliar patterns of motor coordination, it can be considered as a special form of motor learning, whereas the acquisition of motor skills specific for dancing and soccer can be linked with motor patterns of normal biped locomotion. According to this view, an experimental group of 8 volunteers was formed; they participated in a training course of trampolining. In addition, a control group of 8 subjects was recruited, who engaged in one of the other two anaerobic sports. Subjects who had acquired new motor skills during a 13-wk. program in trampolining showed a statistically significant increase in REM-sleep. By contrast, the 8 subjects of the control group showed no considerable changes in REM-sleep, This suggests that efforts in acquiring new and complex motor patterns activate processes specifically involved in the generation of REM stage during nocturnal sleep.
Social Correlates of Suicide and Homicide in Urban and Rural Regions
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The social correlates of suicide and homicide rates in urban and rural states in the USA during 1980 were quite similar and fail to replicate the results from a prior analysis of counties.
Depression, Suicidal Ideation and Autonomic Reactivity
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Depression and suicidal ideation were not related to self-reported autonomic reactivity in a sample of high school students (12 boys and 28 girls).
Stimulus Sequence and the Exponent of the Power Function for Loudness
Authors: Baird John C. , Berglund Birgitta , Berglund Ulf , Lindberg Siv
Published: August 2011

In two experiments, 15 and 13 subjects estimated the loudness of 12 sound-pressure levels (38–104 dB; 6-dB intervals) of a 1000-Hz tone by the method of magnitude estimation with a modulus assigned to the first stimulus presented. The tone duration was 1 sec. and the interstimulus interval was 6 sec. The presentation order was systematically ascending-descending in one experiment and balanced-irregular in the other. The results indicate that (1) loudness is a power function of sound pressure with an exponent of 0.60 for the systematic order and 0.29 for the irregular order. (2) For both the irregular and systematic orders, a large step-size (12 or 18 dB) between the stimulus on Trial n and on Trial n-1 (or n-3) results in a slight assimilation effect. This also occurs for the small step-size (6 dB) in the irregular order. (3) The size of momentary exponents (based on two points, Trials n and n-l or n-3) depends on the sound pressures of successive stimuli, whether the steps are positive or negative, and whether the stimuli have been presented in systematic or irregular order. For positive steps, the momentary exponent is lower for a soft tone (Trial n) than for a loud tone, whereas for negative steps the momentary exponent is lower for a loud tone than for a soft tone. These effects are more pronounced when these stimuli are presented in an irregular order. A relative judgment model is offered for magnitude estimation. It assumes that subjects judge the loudness of a stimulus in terms of three reference markers: the minimum and maximum sound pressures as well as the sound pressure of the previous stimulus.
Schizophrenia and Automatic Processing: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Belloch A. , Bañbos R. , Perpiñta C.
Published: August 2011

This study deals with the schizophrenic deficit as one of automatic processing. To test the idea, a special experimental task was designed on which 21 schizophrenics, 21 depressives, and 21 normal subjects had to complete a series of simple geometric figures. When the subjects had thoroughly learned this activity, another information source, a brief story, was introduced, and the subjects had to pay attention to the story while they did the task. Two dependent variables were considered, execution time and performance. There were no differences among the three groups in the first experimental condition; but in the second condition, when the distractor was introduced, schizophrenics needed more time to do the task and their performance was noticeably worse than those of both normals and depressives. This outcome is explained in terms of a failure in the internal mechanisms which regulate the automatic, parallel, and unconscious processing.
Effects of Speed and Accuracy of Exertion of Force on the Relationship between Force Output and Fractionated Reaction Time
Authors: Kawabe-Himeno Shoko
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of speed and accuracy of force exertion on the relationship between force output and fractionated reaction time. Subjects exerted their force (10% or 40% of maximum isometric contraction) on “accurate” and “fast” tasks as rapidly as possible at the light signal. On the “fast” task, premotor time for the 40% target was lengthened in comparison with that for the 10% target, and motor time was shortened with an increase of force output. On the “accurate” task, on the other hand, premotor time was independent of magnitude of force, and no relation between motor time and force output was found. These findings show that the relationship between force output and fractionated reaction time may be affected by the effort to exert force accurately.
Developmental Differences in Reaction Times under Varying Conditions
Authors: Humphries Charlotte A. , Thomas Jerry R.
Published: August 2011

24 children in Grades 2 and 5 performed a systematically ordered sequence of simple, choice, and precued RT tasks. The younger children's interpretation of instructions differed from that of older children and must be considered in interpreting their RTs.
Lingual Vibrotactile Threshold Shift Differences between Stutterers and Normal Speakers during Magnitude-Estimation Scaling
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Schuster Susan , Belch Marianne
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in tactile sensory system function between stutterers and normal speakers. This task was accomplished by studying possible tactile threshold shifts occurring during magnitude-estimation scaling of vibratory stimuli presented to the dorsal surface of the tongue. Ten normal speaking men ( M age = 19.7 yr.) and 10 stutterers ( M age = 25.9 yr.) participated. Analysis suggested that stutterers and normal speakers differ in terms of the responsiveness of the sensory mechanism for the lingual tactile threshold to vibratory stimulus intensities applied at suprathreshold levels. The stutterers and normal speakers performed similarly on all aspects of the magnitude-estimation scaling tasks, but the amount of threshold shift occurring during the scaling procedures was significantly greater for the stutterers at each suprathreshold intensity level employed.
Effect of Numbers Vs Pictures on Perceived Effectiveness of a Public Safety Awareness Advertisement
Authors: Bochniak Stanley , Lammers H. Bruce
Published: August 2011

In a 2 × 2 completely randomized factorial experiment, 24 women and 16 men rated the perceived effectiveness of an earthquake preparedness advertisement which contained either a picture or no picture of prior earthquake damage and contained either statistics or no statistics on likelihood of an earthquake. A main effect for superiority of the picture was found. The presence of statistics had no main or interactive effects on the perceived effectiveness of the advertisement.
Induced Movement-In-Depth and Induced Changing-Size Elicited by a Luminous Rotating Spiral
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: August 2011

Induced movement-in-depth and induced changing-size are infrequently investigated forms of a phenomenon whereby movement is ascribed to a stationary stimulus. The present note concerns qualitative responses to a display designed to elicit both forms. The inducer was a two-arm luminous rotating linear-function spiral, and the stationary stimulus was an annulus concentric with the spiral; it was patterned with concentric luminous circles. Viewing was monocular. Among the findings, induced movement-in-depth was more frequently reported than induced changing-size, despite the lack of veridical movement-in-depth in the display. Possible lines of explanation are suggested.
How Can We Define the Sequential Organization of Dreams?
Authors: Montangero Jacques
Published: August 2011

Little is known about the processes of sequential organization of dreams. To conduct experiments aimed at studying how this organization compares with that of waking narrative or day-dreams and whether it is specific to individuals or to phases of sleep, a preliminary analysis must be accomplished. We must be able to define the sequential organization of reported dreams. The present paper proposes a way to define this aspect of dreams, using different categories of connection between the successive events represented and a schematic representation of the sequence of events constituting the dream. Such analyses are based on a segmentation of the dream report into units at a semiotic level which does not correspond to the linguistic units of the report. Material collected in an interview on the day following the dream recording helps us to analyze the sequential organization. Examples of the method of definition of this organization are given. An analysis of the example shows that semantic links connect successive scenes of the dream that seem completely discontinuous from a narrative point of view.
Eye Color and Personality
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In studies of college students ( n = 464), no association was found between eye color and manifest anxiety, androgyny, Type A personality, self-esteem, or Sheldonian temperaments.
Factors Affecting Reaction-Time Testing and the Interpretation of Results
Authors: Taimela Simo
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to identify factors that might affect reaction-time (RT) testing and interpretation. Simple reaction time and choice reaction time were measured in a cohort of 893 white young men. Age, body size, color vision, and intelligence (IQ) were analyzed as subject-related factors. Effects of time of day of test and different examiners were analyzed in relation to testing facilities. All factors were statistically correlated to RTs; however, the relationships between age and RTs and between height and RTs were noticeably weak and apparently insignificant in practice. A defect in color vision was notably associated with slow choice RT and with mistakes on the test. As the choice was coded by color in the choice RT test, the result was expected. Low IQs were significantly related with slow RTs. Slow RTs have been correlated with low-grade IQs in previous studies also. Lower grades and greater variation in RTs were recorded just before meals or if testing was done outside the daily testing schedule. The examiner supervising the RT testing significantly affected the results. It was concluded that the introduction for tests should be given impersonally using a tape recorder or comparable equipment.
Work Attitudes and Birth Order
Authors: Kirkcaldy B. D.
Published: August 2011

For 301 undergraduates there were no significant differences among work attitude profiles for 31 only, 99 youngest, 86 first-born, and 85 mid-children.
Perceptual and Preferential Effects of Photomontage Simulations of Environments
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

To determine how well photomontages simulate real environments, 58 respondents were asked to identify which parts of 12 photographs of urban scenes had been simulated. Less than 14% of the responses were correct identifications of photographic alterations. The data support the hypothesis that the respondents could not distinguish real from altered environmental components in photographs. In addition, to assess whether the photomontage technique affected preference judgments, preference data were obtained for three scenes shown as slides, slides of prints, and slides of altered prints. An analysis of variance indicated that the three media accounted for 4.8% of the variance in preference, while the scenes accounted for 44% of that variance.
Colour of Reading Material and Performance Decrement
Authors: Hamid P. Nicholas
Published: August 2011

Performance deficit of 32 students on a simple letter-cancellation task, before and after reading a lengthy booklet, was greater for ‘warm’ (pink, yellow) than ‘cold’ (blue, green) paper.
Academic Characteristics of Self-Identified Illiterates
Authors: Fleener Fran T. , Scholl Jan F.
Published: August 2011

The purpose was a descriptive account of the academic characteristics of 35 adults (22 men and 13 women) who perceived themselves as needing help in reading. Ages of participants ranged from 16 through 60 years. All had completed Grade 6, mean of Grade 11. Sixteen were functionally illiterate, that is, read below Grade 5. Twenty-seven were unemployed. The most common deficiencies found were in phonics, comprehension, and perception. All aspects of phonics, but especially the sounds of the short vowels, were a problem. Difficulties in perception were evident in reversals of letters and words, miscalling letters, and adding and omitting letters. Comprehension, the calling of words without knowing their meaning, was a major problem. Some individuals found it necessary to read aloud to understand. Others read so slowly they lost the meaning of a paragraph before they had finished it. Difficulty in remembering was perceived by some subjects as a factor in their lack of reading skill. It is hoped that by identifying these specific deficiencies in reading skills greater emphasis could be placed on them, and illiteracy could be prevented or at least reduced.
Reduction of Reaction Time Preceding Increased Complexity of Movement
Authors: Etnyre Bruce
Published: August 2011

In 1960 Henry and Rogers reported reaction time (RT) increased with increased response complexity while response alternatives were held constant. The purpose of the present study was to observe the effects of RT and movement time (MT) when subjects attempted to separate initiation of a task from the subsequent movement response, 24 subjects performed a ball-striking movement in response to an auditory stimulus. In the experimental condition the subjects were instructed to complete initiation as quickly as possible and then make a separate subsequent movement to strike a ball. It was concluded that subjects could not completely separate the initiation phase from the movement phase of the task but could significantly reduce the RT by focusing on the initiation portion of the task.
Effects of Time of Day, Introversion and Neuroticism on Selectivity in Memory and Attention
Authors: Smith A. P.
Published: August 2011

Two experiments examined the effects of time of day, introversion and neuroticism on selectivity in memory and attention. The first experiment showed that none of these factors interacted with task priority, which suggests that such variables do not produce the same changes in selectivity as do exogenous factors such as noise. In Exp. 2, colour names were read more quickly in the late afternoon than in the early morning, whereas patches of colour were named more quickly in the morning. Results from the Stroop interference condition showed that subjects classified as extraverts on the basis of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scores were less susceptible to distraction than those scored as introverts, but the size of this effect was influenced both by time of day and by whether the subjects scored as stable or neurotic on the questionnaire.
Gender Differences in Sales Managers' Perceptions of Occupational Gender Stereotypes
Authors: Comer Lucette B.
Published: August 2011

This study of gender stereotypes within a traditionally male occupation was based on the hypothesis that male managers would describe their female subordinates as more closely resembling occupational gender stereotypes than would female managers. A survey was conducted of 77 U.S. managers who supervised women in the traditionally male occupation of industrial sales. All the managers described their subordinate saleswomen ( n = 202) on gender stereotypes relating to their “selling ability,” their “human relations ability,” and their “motivation.” The presence of some stereotypic thinking was evident. Male managers described the “selling ability” of their female subordinates more stereotypic ally than did 19 female managers. No significant gender differences were noted between male and female managers' perceptions of saleswomen's “human relationships” and “motivation.” The implications of these findings are discussed.
Toe Graphaesthesia as a Discriminator of Brain Impairment: The Outstanding Feet for Neuropsychology
Authors: Richards Pauline , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Because of the vulnerability of the medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres to the consequences of shear forces, we hypothesized that quantitative sensorimotor deficits for the feet would be strong indicators of general brain dysfunction. On the basis of the Halstead-Reitan Impairment Index, 28 adults who had received closed head injuries were assigned to perfectly normal, normal, or (mildly to severely) impaired groups. Foot tap and finger tap as well as agnosia and graphaesthesia for the fingers and toes were measured. Deficits in toe graphaesthesia were the most powerful group discriminator. Potential usefulness of haptic/motor, finger/toe comparisons for recording the progress of degenerative diseases, such as AIDS, is also suggested.
Field Dependence/Independence and the Water Level Task: A Commentary to Pennings' Paper
Authors: Pascual-Leone Juan
Published: August 2011

After some methodological comments about the Water Level Task used by Dr. Pennings, a question is raised about the generality of his important results. The argument is put forward that field dependence is a generic style of cognitive functioning cutting across content domains; so specific training in one content domain, even if successful, is unlikely to change subjects' style of functioning in other distant domains. A change in style using cognitive training might not be possible unless training is conducted across content domains to generate some sort of “field-independence learning set.”
Consistency of Interform Content for the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

A total of 116 undergraduates (49 men, 67 women) completed the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control followed immediately by another form. Scores were higher for women than for men and on the original than on the new version. Alternate-form reliability coefficients were .517 for the complete sample, .712 for men, and .210 for women. It was concluded that consistency across content was lower than desirable.
Psychological Aspects of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: August 2011

Research on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome has not identified a definitive cause or treatment but psychological aspects have been noted.
Addressing the Psychosocial Needs of Orthopedic Pain Patients
Authors: Hinkley Bruce , Jaremko Matt E.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of comprehensive examinations of 258 patients with orthopedic pain yielded 5 types of pain responders. Research is under way to analyze the response to pain and effectiveness of response treatment for each type of pain responder.
Hemisphericity Style, Sex, and Performance on a Mirror-Tracing Task
Authors: Roig Miguel , Placakis Nicholas
Published: August 2011

60 right-handed college students classified as preferring either a style of left or right hemisphericity mirror-traced a star pattern once with each hand. Speed of tracing and number of deviations outside the star pattern were the dependent measures. Analysis showed no statistically significant differences in performance between right- and left-style groups or between men and women. However, subjects classified as showing a right-hemisphericity style mirror-traced the star pattern significantly faster and more accurately with the left hand than with the right. The left-hemisphericity-scoring group displayed a nonsignificant tendency to perform better on the reverse pattern.
College Students' Attitudes toward Apparel and the Media
Authors: Belleau Bonnie D. , Didier Jacqueline T. , LaMotte Lyn
Published: August 2011

This study, developed from Matthews' 1963 study of attitudes toward apparel or clothing, was designed to investigate apparel and media attitudes of 173 college students. A factor analysis of their attitudes recorded on a questionnaire gave six factors or dimensions of attitudes toward apparel. Six factors also resulted from a factor analysis of responses to questions on media attitudes. Analysis also indicated that media influenced everyday lives of the respondents. Individual physical and psychological environments may be major considerations in attitudes toward apparel and media. Television was the most prevalent but not necessarily the most influential medium. Respondents felt that television promoted an image, rather than a product, and acceptance of the image was manifested in individual choices consistent with body type and lifestyle.
Prison Norms for Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices
Authors: Templer Donald I.
Published: August 2011

Prison norms for the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices were developed using 1126 male inmates in a prison in Nevada. 556 of the men were white, 480 black, 55 Mexican, 19 Cuban, 9 Asian, and 7 Native-American. Norms were provided for three age categories—under 35 years, ages 36 to 54, and all ages combined. Normative information was presented for white inmates, black inmates, and all ethnicities combined. There was substantial overlap in distribution of scores by black and white inmates.
Context Effects in Recall and Recognition at Various Retention Intervals
Authors: Culross Rita R.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the differential effects of cuing in a number of contexts on recall and recognition at various retention intervals. Subjects were shown cue-target word pairs and were asked to recall the target words under three sets of cues, varying in relation to the original cue. Ail 80 subjects completed a recognition task following the final recall task. Results suggest type of cuing does not have differential effects on recall and recognition; both recall and recognition are hindered by cuing in a number of different contexts, and the ability to recall improves over time, cuing, and exposure to the list.
Use of Subliminal Stimulation to Enhance Learning Mathematics
Authors: Hudesman John , Page Warren , Rautiainen Jussi
Published: August 2011

24 students, who participated in a summer session mathematics enrichment program, viewed subliminally presented messages. Prior to each class, the experimental group of 16 viewed a subliminally presented psychoanalytic merging message and the control group of 8 viewed a neutral message. After 20 sessions students were retested. Experimental students had higher mathematics scores than controls. These data are compared with results obtained by other investigators.
Reply to Stuart and Lovegrove's Question, “Visual Processing Deficits in Dyslexia: Receptors or Neural Mechanisms?”
Authors: Grosser George S. , Spafford Carol S.
Published: August 2011

Recently Stuart and Lovegrove questioned the receptor hypothesis of Grosser and Spafford which these authors used to account for the findings that dyslexic individuals have superior peripheral color discrimination to normal readers but also have poorer peripheral brightness discrimination than normal readers. Stuart and Lovegrove hypothesized that dyslexics instead have an impaired transient visual system. The receptor hypothesis is an attempt by Grosser and Spafford to link the functioning of the rods and cones to transient and sustained visual system functioning in a more specific manner than has been tried heretofore by suggesting that, while the parvocellular system is almost entirely fed by cones, both kinds of receptors drive magnocellular cells (but with the rapid onset of early transient system responding being due to the highly light sensitive rods). The rods are proposed to be the receptors initiating the rapid onset of responding in the magnocellular, transient pathway. In dyslexic individuals, they maintain, there are relatively fewer rods to provide for the rapid onset of transient system responses, resulting in a diminished capacity of the transient system to inhibit sustained system activity (as occurs with normal readers). Their receptor hypothesis supplements the concept of transient-vs-sustained system differences.
Locus of Control and Cerebral Asymmetry
Authors: De Brabander Bert , Boone Christophe , Gerits Pol
Published: August 2011

Data about the lack of synchronism of flexor carpi ulnaris peak EMG values of bimanual reactions during a semantic and during a visuospatial discrimination reaction time task are reported. The effects of type of task as well as the presence or absence of an unexpected stimulus preceding the reaction stimulus on lack of synchronism clearly depend upon the locus of control of the subjects, as measured on Rotter's I-E scale. On the basis of several arguments it is proposed that the measure of lack of synchronism reflects in an opposite sense the amount of dopaminergic activation or motor readiness in the sense in which Pribram and McGuinness in 1975 and Tucker and Williamson in 1984 have defined these concepts The results for 15 women and 18 men show that more internally oriented subjects are more activated by a semantic task and by an unexpected preparatory stimulus in this type of task than more externally oriented subjects. The opposite appears to hold on the visuospatial task and unexpected preparatory stimuli therein. Together with earlier findings about reaction times and a number of relevant findings in the literature, the results are interpreted as indicative of basic differences in asymmetric tonic activation of the cerebral hemispheres between more internally and more externally oriented subjects. A model is proposed to explain phasic activating effects which ensue when tonically more left- or right-activated subjects perform left- or right-hemisphere tasks and when supplementary irrelevant stimuli are received.
Stereotypes about Women's Body Types Associated with Occupations
Authors: Keas Stacey , Beer John
Published: August 2011

Surveyed were 75 women (22 freshmen, 17 sophomores, 17 juniors, 15 seniors, 2 graduate students, 2 students did not report year in college) attending a Kansas university about demographic characteristics and perceptions of female body-build-behavior stereotypes derived from Lerner's 1969 study of men. Also surveyed were 100 occupations derived from Bose and Rossi's 1984 study of occupational prestige. These women did hold stereotypes about women's body-build and personality. They held stereotypes about the type of body expected in specific occupations. Such stereotypes might limit their choices.
Retail Executives' Perceptions of Knowledge and Skills Needed by College Graduates
Authors: Heitmeyer Jeanne R. , Grise Kay S. , Force Chris C.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the perception of one retailer concerning knowledge and skills needed by college graduates desiring retail positions; these perceived skills and knowledge were considered important by the retailer for successful careers in merchandising. A questionnaire, developed by the researchers, was answered by 73 retail executives. Information regarding current skills and knowledge desired was analyzed in relation to retail executives' gender, age, education, current position, number of retailing positions held, and years in retailing. Analysis showed that knowledge and skills considered most important by the majority of retailers were merchandising mathematical skills and knowledge of management. Results have implications for both educators and retailers.
Design and Analysis Considerations in Research
Authors: Randhawa Bikkar S.
Published: August 2011

This short note emphasizes the need for multivariate analysis when multiple correlated dependent variables are used in a study. The use of multivariate analysis and the consequences of not using it are illustrated in relation to a previously published study that used self-concept subscales as dependent variables.
Neuropsychological Profiles of Adults Who Report “Sudden Remembering” of Early Childhood Memories: Implications for Claims of Sex Abuse and Alien Visitation/Abduction Experiences
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Six adults, who had recently experienced sudden recall of preschool memories of sex abuse or alien abduction/visitation, were given complete neuropsychological assessments. All experiences “emerged” when hypnosis was utilized within a context of sex abuse or New Age religion and were followed by reduction in anxiety. As a group, these subjects displayed significant ( T > 70) elevations of childhood imaginings, complex partial epileptic-like signs, and suggestibility. Neuropsychological data indicated right frontotemporal anomalies and reduced access to the right parietal lobe. MMPI profiles were normal. The results support the hypothesis that enhanced imagery due to temporal lobe lability within specific contexts can facilitate the creation of memories; they are strengthened further if there is also reduction in anxiety.
Perceptions of Gender-Role Characteristics and Transformational and Transactional Leadership Behaviours
Authors: Hackman Michael Z. , Hills Marylyn J. , Furniss Alison H. , Paterson Tracey J.
Published: August 2011

This research was initiated to investigate the relationship between perceived gender-role characteristics and transformational and transactional leadership. Looking at the 1985 leadership model of Bass and the gender model of Bern (1974), a combination of the measures developed in their research was used. The resulting questionnaire was administered to a sample of 153 Polytechnic students in a first-year management course. Analysis suggested significant positive correlations between perceived gender characteristics and transformational leadership and significant positive correlations between some transformational and transactional leadership behaviours. Values were of low to moderate magnitude. The results imply that to be effective, leaders must display both feminine and masculine behaviours.
Imagery, Concreteness, and Meaningfulness as Determiners of the Emotionality of Words When Meaning is Controlled
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: August 2011

We studied variables that influenced rated emotionality value of words and the contribution of each one. 218 subjects rated each word in a list of 98 pairs of words (196 words), one concrete word and one abstract word in each pair, on imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness, and emotionality. Date of entry of each word into Spanish and word length were also examined. Stepwise multiple regression procedures were performed to evaluate the contribution made by each variable to over-all emotionality values. 39 06% of the emotionality variance was explained by imagery. Concreteness and meaningfulness values contributed 3.62% and 2.82%, respectively. Word length and date of entry were rejected in the final equation, as their contributions were minimal.
Pregenital Fixation and Perceptual Distortions to Conflict-Laden Material
Authors: Cooper Colin , Lewis Christopher Alan , Kline Paul
Published: August 2011

Three standard questionnaire measures of oral and anal fixation were administered to 142 students. On the basis of their scores 26 students were selected and shown tachistoscopic exposures of pictures designed to activate oral or anal conflicts. Five subjects in each group had extremely high scores on the corresponding measure of fixation, five had extremely low scores, and 16 had intermediate scores. It was hypothesised that individuals who were fixated at one or other of the psychosexual stages would show stereotyped perceptual distortions to repeated dim exposures of the corresponding picture. Highly fixated subjects showed significantly more deviant responses than did subjects who showed low levels of fixation at the same stage. A form of Q-factor analysis indicated that subjects who were fixated at the oral sadistic or anal stages showed different patterns of perceptual distortions to the anal picture than those who were not fixated. These results were interpreted as supporting the link between defenses against anal eroticism and the anal character.
Correlation of Eye Color on Self-Paced and Reactive Motor Performance
Authors: Miller Lori K. , Rowe P. Joanne , Lund Jacalyn
Published: August 2011

Researchers continue to examine the distinctiveness of motor performance by dark- versus light-eyed individuals. Dark-eyed individuals generally perform better at reactive type tasks (boxing, hitting a ball, defensive positions in football, rotary pursuit), while light-eyed individuals perform better at self-paced tasks (bowling, golf, pitching baseballs). Subjects performed two tasks, rotary pursuit and ball tossing (with light and dark background). Eye color (light or dark) and accuracy of performance were recorded for each subject. No significant difference was found between eye color and performance on the pursuit rotor (reactive activity). A significant difference was found between men's and women's performance in throwing a ball (self-paced activity) at a light-colored background.
Psychometric Properties of the Learning-Orientation Grade-Orientation Ii Scale
Authors: Jacobs Keith W.
Published: August 2011

The Learning-Orientation Grade-Orientation Scale of Eison, Pollio, and Milton was administered to 85 college students and analyzed to study the psychometric properties of the instrument. Scale means were consistent with those usually reported. Cronbach coefficients alpha for 5 of the 6 scales ranged from .58 to .70; however, the coefficient alpha for learning-orientation attitude scale was questionably low (.29). Item analyses and factor analyses support the continued use of at least 5 of the 6 scales measured by the inventory.
Memory Disadvantages for Cvc Associates of Emotional Words
Authors: Contini Luciano , Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

A paired-associate task (word-CVC) performed by 40 subjects confirmed that associates to active emotional words were less well remembered than associates to neutral words or pleasant or unpleasant ones. Results are interpreted as satisfactorily explained by differences in the activation of network nodes if such differences were in turn affected by the arousal characteristic of the words.
Three-Dimensional Interpretation of Quadrilaterals
Authors: Kawabata Nobuo
Published: August 2011

The three-dimensional interpretation of two-dimensional images was studied by using quadrilateral patterns, and some relationships between their structure, depth, and shape interpretations were analyzed under various viewing conditions. We defined rectangular and nonrectangular viewing conditions as follows: the viewing condition in which the quadrilateral, including parallel sides, could be a projection from a rectangle and the viewing condition in which it could not be so. For 9 subjects, 10 measurements were made in each experiment. Analysis showed that a pair of parallel sides of a quadrilateral were viewed as parallel to the viewer's forehead when the sides were horizontal in the image plane and were seen as slanting in depth if they were slanted in the image plane. The quadrilateral composed of parallel and nonparallel sides was perceived as rectangular when viewed with foveal vision even though under the nonrectangular viewing condition, if that viewing condition was not so different from the rectangular viewing condition. The quadrilateral did not appear to be rectangular when viewed in peripheral vision even though the rectangular viewing condition was used.
Eye Contact in Dating Couples and Unacquainted Couples
Authors: Iizuka Yuichi
Published: August 2011

18 dating couples were compared with 18 pairs of unacquainted subjects on amount of eye contact as well as time spent in gazing at one another during performance of a computer bowling game. The dating couples spent more time gazing at one another than did unacquainted couples in this task situation. Dating couples of both sexes tended to look at their partners more often than would unacquainted couples. The prediction that women would spend more time looking at the men than men would spend looking at the women was not supported.
Pre- and Postconstruction Environmental Evaluations
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

Previous research found a low correlation between evaluations by a neighborhood design review board and by the public for drawings of houses. However, the use of drawings raised the possibility that the correlation was due to media effects. That possibility was tested in a second experiment which used as-built photographs for stimuli. The correlation between the review board's preconstruction and the public's postconstruction evaluations was .10, but the correlation between pre- and postconstruction scientific public evaluations was .73. These findings suggest that the lack of correspondence between the review board and the other people was not due to media effects and that the scientific method of design review outperformed the neighborhood design review board method.
Automatisation Deficits in Balance for Dyslexic Children
Authors: Fawcett Angela J. , Nicolson Roderick I.
Published: August 2011

Traditional theories of dyslexia have focused on components of the reading process. The Dyslexic Automatisation Deficit hypothesis takes a broader view, attributing deficits to an inability to become completely fluent in cognitive and motor skills. A series of experiments compared the balance of 15-yr.-old and 11-yr.-old groups of dyslexic children and normal children matched for age and IQ under single-task and dual-task conditions. There were no group differences in the single-task conditions. However, introduction of a concurrent secondary task led to a dissociation in that, whereas the balance of normal children was unaffected, the dyslexic children's balance was significantly impaired. It was concluded that the normal children balanced automatically whereas the dyslexic children did not. These results directly support the proposed framework.
The Emotions Profile Index and Locus of Control
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 24 male and 32 female college students, internal locus of control scores were correlated (with correlations ranging from −0.26 to 0.39) with psychological health on Plutchik's Emotions Profile Index.
Motivation Needs of Sampled Fortune-500 Ceos: Relations to Organization Outcomes
Authors: Chusmir Leonard H. , Azevedo Ana
Published: August 2011

Motive scores (needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power) of the chief executive officers of the nation's 50 largest industrial firms were determined using content analysis of letters to stockholders contained in the firms' annual reports. The scoring method was a modification of the standard TAT scoring procedure. Results showed chat chief executive officers' high need Achievement was correlated with relative growth in sales, while high need Power was correlated with relative growth in profits. Effects of need Achievement and need Power also were examined for return on equity and return on sales. Implications are discussed.
Self-Esteem and Narcissism among the Most and Least Empathetic Finnish Baseball Players
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: August 2011

560 girls and 819 boys, ages 8 to 16 years and actively interested in Finnish baseball, were tested in small groups in three training-camp championship games with the modified Mehrabian and Epstein's Empathy Scale, and the Battle Self-esteem Inventory, Form B. Narcissism was estimated on the 1984 Emmons scale. The hypothesis that the most empathetic players compared with the least empathetic players have better self-esteem and less narcissism was confirmed.
Selected Neurocognitive Test Data and Work Attendance for Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Heinrichs R. Walter , Bury Alison S.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between work attendance-absence and selected measures of executive (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making B) and motor (Purdue Pegboard) function was explored in a sample of 42 chronic psychiatric patients at a sheltered workshop setting. Work attendance was unrelated to intelligence but correlated with several executive and motor variables. A stepwise regression analysis produced a three-variable model which accounted for 40% of the variance. However, the direction of the relationships suggested that high attendance was most likely for older, more cognitively rigid patients, with less manual dexterity than other patients. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to consider jointly neurocognitive and environmental constraints on ecological functioning.
Fashion Advertisements: A Comparison of Viewers' Perceptual and Affective Responses to Illustrated and Photographed Stimuli
Authors: Kimle Patricia Anne , Fiore Ann Marie
Published: August 2011

The perceptual and affective responses of 44 women to actual illustrated and photographed fashion advertisements during focused interviews were explored. Content analysis methods identified categories of response; frequency of response categories for the two media were compared using Fisher's z tests. Significant differences in perceptual responses included greater visual interest created by the use of color in photographs, greater interest in layout and design features of the illustrations, and interest in characteristics of the models in the photographs. Affective response differences included greater preference for photographic advertisements and the garments in them. Contrary to suggestions from professionals in fashion advertising, no significant differences were found in viewers' perceptions of information about the products in the advertisements or perceptions of meaning and aesthetic response.
Consistency between Death Rates of Immigrants and Death Rates in Their Home Nations
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Unlike suicide rates, rates of death from motor vehicle accidents and “all other violent deaths” of 13 immigrant groups in Australia are not consistently associated with mortality rates from these causes in the home nations.
Attrition of the Zeigarnik Effect: Role of Subjects' Expectancy Aroused by Placebos
Authors: Bhavsar V. H. , Jha R. J. , Joshi N. J. , Kelkar V. V.
Published: August 2011

The present paper describes the effect for 45 medical students and interns of “placebo” treatment on the Zeigarnik effect. Attrition of the Zeigarnik effect caused by placebo was resistant to caffeine and diazepam ( ns = 58 and 28).
An Empirical Test of the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale: Panel Responses to the Clinton Candidacy
Authors: Powell F. C. , Wanzenried J. W.
Published: August 2011

A panel of 178 university students used the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale to rate Governor Bill Clinton before and after a television interview and ten weeks later before and after a televised debate. The findings show a significant difference in personal credibility among the test scores and new scale findings emerge from the data.
Isometric Squeeze Relaxation (Progressive Relaxation) Vs Meditation: Absorption and Focusing as Predictors of State Effects
Authors: Weinstein Martin , Smith Jonathan C.
Published: August 2011

We taught isometric squeeze relaxation (a variant of progressive relaxation) or meditation to 52 anxious subjects (16 men, 36 women). For meditation, pretreatment high absorption correlated with reductions in state cognitive and somatic anxiety as well as increments in state focusing. For isometric squeeze relaxation, pretreatment low state focusing correlated with reductions in somatic anxiety and increments in focusing. Results suggest that isometric squeeze relaxation (and progressive relaxation) may be more appropriate for individuals who have difficulty focusing, and meditation for those who already possess well-developed relaxation skills at a trait level. The results appear more consistent with Smith's cognitive-behavioral model of relaxation than with Benson's relaxation response or Davidson and Schwartz's specific effects models.
Criticisms of Research on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire: A Rejoinder to Chara
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

This paper contains a reply to Chara's 1992 challenge to four criticisms made in 1990 of his previous work.