bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors: Ahlquist's landmark hypothesis of a single mediator with two receptors
Authors: Bylund David B.
Published: October 2007

This essay looks at the historical significance of an APS classic paper that is freely available online:

Ahlquist RP. A study of adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol 153: 586–600, 1948 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/153/3/586 ).
Fever and sickness behavior during an opportunistic infection in a free-living antelope, the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)
Authors: Hetem Robyn S. , Mitchell Duncan , Maloney Shane K. , Meyer Leith C. R. , Fick Linda G. , Kerley Graham I. H. , Fuller Andrea
Published: October 2007

To study their thermal responses to climatic stress, we implanted seven greater kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros) with intra-abdominal, brain, carotid, and subcutaneous temperature data loggers, as well as an activity logger. Each animal was also equipped with a collar holding a miniature black globe thermometer, which we used to assess thermoregulatory behavior. The kudu ranged freely within succulent thicket vegetation of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The kudu spontaneously developed a bacterial pneumonia and consequent fever that lasted between 6 and 10 days. The fever was characterized by a significant increase in mean 24-h abdominal temperature from 38.9 ± 0.2°C to 40.2 ± 0.4°C (means ± SD, t6 = 11.01, P < 0.0001), although the amplitude of body temperature rhythm remained unchanged ( t6 = 1.18, P = 0.28). Six of the kudu chose warmer microclimates during the fever than when afebrile ( P < 0.0001). Despite the selection of a warmer environment, on the first day of fever, the abdominal-subcutaneous temperature difference was significantly higher than on afebrile days ( t5 = 3.06, P = 0.028), indicating vasoconstriction. Some kudu displayed increased frequency of selective brain cooling during the fever, which would have inhibited evaporative heat loss and increased febrile body temperatures, without increasing the metabolic maintenance costs of high body temperatures. Average daily activity during the fever decreased to 60% of afebrile activity ( t6 = 3.46, P = 0.014). We therefore have recorded quantitative evidence for autonomic and behavioral fever, as well as sickness behavior, in the form of decreased activity, in a free-living ungulate species.
Cyclophosphamide-Induced Bladder Inflammation Sensitizes and Enhances P2X Receptor Function in Rat Bladder Sensory Neurons
Authors: Dang Khoa , Lamb Kenneth , Cohen Michael , Bielefeldt Klaus , Gebhart G. F.
Published: October 2007

We studied sensitization of retrogradely labeled bladder sensory neurons and plasticity of P2X receptor function in a model of cystitis using patch-clamp techniques. Saline (control) or cyclophosphamide (CYP) was given intraperitoneally to rats on days 0, 2, and 4. On day 5, lumbosacral (LS, L6–S2) or thoracolumbar (TL, T12–L2) dorsal root ganglia were removed and dissociated. Bladders from CYP-treated rats showed partial loss of the urothelium and greater myeloperoxidase activity compared with controls. Bladder neurons from CYP-treated rats were increased in size (based on whole cell capacitance) compared with controls and exhibited lower activation threshold, increased action potential width, and greater number of action potentials in response to current injection or application of purinergic agonists. Most control LS bladder neurons (>85%) responded to ATP or α,β-metATP with a slowly desensitizing current; these agonists affected only half of TL neurons, producing predominantly fast/mixed desensitizing currents. CYP treatment increased the fraction of TL bladder neurons sensitive to purinergic agonists (>80%) and significantly increased current density in both LS and TL bladder neurons compared with control. Importantly, LS and TL neurons from CYP-treated rats showed a selective increase in the functional expression of heteromeric P2X2/3and homomeric P2X3receptors, respectively. Although desensitizing kinetics were slower in LS neurons from CYP-treated compared with control rats, recovery kinetics were similar. The present results demonstrate that bladder inflammation sensitizes and increases P2X receptor expression and/or function for both pelvic and lumbar splanchnic pathways, which contribute, in part, to the hypersensitivity associated with cystitis.
Synaptic Inputs to Granule Cells of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Balakrishnan Veeramuthu , Trussell Laurence O.
Published: October 2007

The mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) integrates auditory nerve input with nonauditory signals via a cerebellar-like granule cell circuit. Although granule cells carry nonauditory information to the DCN, almost nothing is known about their physiology. Here we describe electrophysiological features of synaptic inputs to granule cells in the DCN by in vitro patch-clamp recordings from P12 to P22 rats. Granule cells ranged from 6 to 8 μm in cell body diameter and had high-input resistance. Excitatory postsynaptic currents consisted of both AMPA receptor-mediated and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated currents. Synaptically evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents ranged from −25 to −140 pA with fast decay time constants. Synaptic stimulation evoked both short- and long-latency synaptic responses that summated to spike threshold, indicating the presence of a polysynaptic excitatory pathway in the granule cell circuit. Synaptically evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents in Cl−-loaded cells ranged from −30 to −1,021 pA and were mediated by glycine and, to a lesser extent, GABAA receptors. Unlike cerebellar granule cells, DCN granule cells lacked tonic inhibition by GABA. The glycinergic synaptic conductance was mediated by heteromeric glycine receptors and was far stronger than the glutamatergic conductance, suggesting that glycinergic neurons may act to gate nonauditory signals in the DCN.
Transcriptional profiling of native inner medullary collecting duct cells from rat kidney
Authors: Uawithya Panapat , Pisitkun Trairak , Ruttenberg Brian E. , Knepper Mark A.
Published: October 2007

Vasopressin acts on the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) in the kidney to regulate water and urea transport. To obtain a “parts list” of gene products expressed in the IMCD, we carried out mRNA profiling of freshly isolated rat IMCD cells using Affymetrix Rat 230 2.0 microarrays with ∼31,000 features; 7,913 annotated transcripts were found to be expressed above background in the IMCD cells. We have created a new online database (the “IMCD Transcriptome Database;” http://dir.nhlbi.nih.gov/papers/lkem/imcdtr/ ) to make the results publicly accessible. Among the 30 transcripts with the greatest signals on the arrays were 3 water channels: aquaporin-2, aquaporin-3, and aquaporin-4, all of which have been reported to be targets for regulation by vasopressin. In addition, the transcript with the greatest signal among members of the solute carrier family of genes was the UT-A urea transporter ( Slc14a2), which is also regulated by vasopressin. The V2 vasopressin receptor was strongly expressed, but the V1a and V1b vasopressin receptors did not produce signals above background. Among the 200 protein kinases expressed, the serum-glucocorticoid-regulated kinase ( Sgk1) had the greatest signal intensity in the IMCD. WNK1 and WNK4 were also expressed in the IMCD with a relatively high signal intensity, as was protein kinase A (β-catalytic subunit). In addition, a large number of transcripts corresponding to A kinase anchoring proteins and 14-3-3 proteins (phospho-S/T-binding proteins) were expressed. Altogether, the results combine with proteomics studies of the IMCD to provide a framework for modeling complex interaction networks responsible for vasopressin action in collecting duct cells.
A Preliminary Analysis of Bifidobacterium longum Exported Proteins by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis
Authors: Sánchez Borja , Champomier-Vergès Marie-Christine , Anglade Patricia , Baraige Fabienne , de los Reyes-Gavilán Clara G. , Margolles Abelardo , Zagorec Monique
Published: October 2007

Extracellular proteins of Bifidobacterium longum may mediate important interactions with the host. Here, we report on a comprehensive analysis of such proteins by using protein-free culture conditions and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry for protein identification. Seventeen proteins were detected in the culture supernatant, and 14 of them could be identified. Among these were 3 hypothetical solute-binding proteins of ABC transporters, an invasion-associated protein homolog, putative enzymes catalyzing cell wall turnover, several polypeptides with similarity to bacterial conjugation proteins, and 3 proteins of unknown function. Surprisingly, aldolase, usually considered as a cytoplasmic protein, was found in the culture supernatant. All proteins, excluding aldolase, were predicted to contain a signal peptide and a signal peptide cleavage site in their immature form. Some of the excreted proteins are interesting targets for further genetic and physiological studies.
Characterization of Cecal Microbiota and Response to an Orally Administered Lactobacillus Probiotic Strain in the Broiler Chicken
Authors: Gérard Philippe , Brézillon Christophe , Quéré Florence , Salmon Annick , Rabot Sylvie
Published: October 2007

A probiotic Lactobacillus strain was given in drinking water to young broiler chickens from 1 to 19 days of age. Cecal contents were collected from 4- and 19-day-old chickens in treated and control groups. Enumeration of bacteria by culture on selective media showed a decrease in Clostridium perfringens carriage in the 4-day-old treated chickens, whereas coliforms and Lactobacillus populations were not significantly affected by the treatment. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis with 7 phylogenetic probes targeting the major groups of intestinal bacteria revealed that the Clostridium coccoides group accounted for more than 50% of the total bacteria in the cecum of 4-day-old chickens, whereas the bacterial community of 19-day-old chickens evolved towards a more diverse microbiota with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (36%) and C. coccoides (22%) groups representing the predominant bacteria. No effect of the Lactobacillus strain supplementation was observed in the composition of the cecal microbiota assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization with the 7 probes. Nevertheless, profiling of the cecal microbiota using temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis in combination with principal component analysis demonstrated an impact of the probiotic treatment on the overall bacterial community as well as on the Lactobacillus population.
Survival of Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 in the Faecal Microbiota after Administration in Lyophilised Form or in Fermented Product – A Randomised Study in Healthy Adults
Authors: Rochet Violaine , Rigottier-Gois Lionel , Ledaire Audrey , Andrieux Claude , Sutren Malène , Rabot Sylvie , Mogenet Agnès , Bresson Jean-Louis , Cools Stéphanie , Picard Céline , Goupil-Feuillerat Nathalie , Doré Joël
Published: October 2007

The survival of Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 was assessed after its ingestion in a fermented product or in a lyophilised form. Twelve healthy subjects were included in a randomised, open study with 2 parallel groups. The composition and activities of the faecal microbiota were monitored before (10-day baseline step), during (1-week product administration step) and after (10-day follow-up step) the ingestion of 1 of the 2 products. A colony immunoblotting method, fluorescent in situ hybridisation with group-specific DNA probes, and temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis using group-specific primers were carried out to compare survival of B. animalis strain DN-173 010 after ingestion of the 2 products, together with analyses of enzyme activities and faecal metabolites. At the end of the supplementation step, the mean number of B. animalis DN-173 010 quantified by immunodetection in the faeces of 5 of 6 subjects in each treatment group was ≧108 colony-forming units/g faeces. These numbers corresponded to an average survival of 22% for the lyophilised form and 20% for the fermented product. At the same step, the PCR temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis profiles showed a double band corresponding to the B. animalis DN-173 010 pattern for 11 subjects. No major modification was observed during the trial in either the dominant members of the faecal microbiota assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation or their activities. In conclusion, we show that the lyophilised form of B. animalis DN-173 010 survives transit and could represent a more convenient form to administer for long-term clinical trials.
Glycosylation Profile of Differently Charged IgA1 and Their Binding Characteristics to Cultured Mesangial Cells in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Leung Joseph C.K. , Chan Loretta Y.Y. , Tang Sydney C.W. , Tam P.C. , Fenn John , Lai Kar Neng
Published: October 2007

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by mesangial deposition of polymeric IgA1 (pIgA1), yet the pathogeneic mechanism remains unresolved. In the present study, we examined the glycosylation profile of differently charged IgA1 from IgAN patients. The binding characteristics of these IgA1 fractions to cultured human mesangial cells (HMC) and hepatoma cell lines (HepG2) were studied. Methods: Differently charged IgA1 were isolated by ion exchange chromatography. The glycosylation profile in the carbohydrate moieties of these differently charged IgA1 was analyzed by galactose (Gal)-, galactose-acetylgalactosamine (Gal-GalNAc)-, or sialic acid-specific enzyme-linked lectin binding assays (ELLA). The binding characteristic of these IgA1 to HMC was examined by flow cytometry and competitive binding assay. Results: Anionic pIgA from IgAN patients showed less reactivity in (Gal)- and (Gal-GalNAc)-specific ELLA (p < 0.01). There was higher reactivity for anionic pIgA1 in α(2,6)-linked sialic acid-specific ELLA (p < 0.01). Anionic pIgA1 from IgAN patients exhibited increased binding to cultured HMC and the binding was significantly reduced after neuraminidase treatment (p < 0.05). In contrast, anionic pIgA1 from IgAN patients bound less to cultured HepG2 cells and the binding was enhanced following neuraminidase treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions: We demonstrated an unusual glycosylation and sialylation pattern of anionic pIgA1 in IgAN which may have an important effect on its pathogenesis.
Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Tkaczyk Marcin , Czupryniak Aneta , Owczarek Danuta , Lukamowicz Jolanta , Nowicki Michał
Published: October 2007

Endothelial function impairment may constitute a link between nephrotic syndrome and atherosclerosis. We assessed changes in plasma thrombomodulin, von Willebrand factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 at different stages of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children and correlated them with clinical and biochemical parameters. The study group included 132 nephrotic children (aged 2–18 years) divided into four groups, i.e. in acute phase of the disease with proteinuria, during steroid-induced remission, steroid-free remission, and in long-term, steroid-free remission. Forty-one healthy children served as controls. Plasma thrombomodulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and von Willebrand factor activity were increased in children with early nephrotic relapse. They systematically decreased in later stages of the disease but the increase in von Willebrand factor persisted in drug-free remission. These disturbances were dependent on the degree of proteinuria and serum albumin concentration. The study revealed that nephrotic children show markers of endothelial dysfunction that are dependent on the disease activity. This leads to the hypothesis that children with severe clinical course of nephrotic syndrome may be at high risk of accelerated atherogenesis.
How Negative Emotion Enhances the Visual Specificity of a Memory
Authors: Kensinger Elizabeth A. , Garoff-Eaton Rachel J. , Schacter Daniel L.
Published: October 2007

Some studies have suggested that emotion primarily increases memory for “gist,” and does not enhance memory for detail. There are, however, some instances in which negative objects (e.g., snake, grenade) are remembered with more visual detail than neutral objects (e.g., barometer, blender). In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we examined the encoding processes that lead a person to remember the exact visual details of negative and neutral objects, and to remember which of two decisions were made about the objects (a size decision or an animacy decision). The enhancement in memory for a negative item's visual details appeared to result from enhanced visual processing: The right fusiform gyrus, a region known to be critical for processing exemplar-specific details, showed a greater extent and magnitude of activity during the successful encoding of negative objects. Activity in the right amygdala also corresponded with memory for visual detail, although it did not relate to memory for the task performed with the item. These data provide strong evidence that engagement of some amygdalar regions can correspond with enhanced memory for certain types of details, but does not ensure successful encoding of all contextual details.
The Eyes Remember It: Oculography and Pupillometry during Recollection in Three Amnesic Patients
Authors: Laeng Bruno , Waterloo Knut , Johnsen Stein Harald , Bakke Søren Jacob , Låg Torstein , Simonsen Synnøve Steiro , Høgsæt Jørgen
Published: October 2007

Two patients (TC and SS) with lesions that included the hippocampal regions (predominantly on the left side) were severely impaired in their recall of simple, verbally stated facts. However, both patients remembered spatial information that was temporally associated with semantic information. Specifically, TC and SS could not recall explicitly the content of an episode, but their spontaneous oculomotor behavior showed that they retained some information about the event as their gaze automatically returned to the locations on the computer screen where visual information had been paired to verbally presented information. Thus, this spatial information is implicit, automatically retrieved, and eye-based, as when one patient (TC) was asked to point with the finger to the same positions he was impaired. In addition, in an old/new recognition task, TC and SS and an additional patient, OB, showed significant changes in eye pupil diameter when viewing novel visual stimuli compared to stimuli that they had previously seen, also when they (incorrectly) declared with confidence that an old item was new. The spared memory of these patients, despite severe amnesia for the learning episodes, is characterized by a re-enactment of previous eye fixations that were associated with each (forgotten) episode and physiological responses (as indexed by pupillometry) to previously seen stimuli. Such spared memory can be seen as a type of “snapshot” memory, which automatically processes eye-based spatial information and whose content remains implicit. Finally, we surmise on the basis of the neuroanatomical findings of these patients, that neural substrates in the spared (right) hemisphere might support both the eye fixations' re-enactment and implicit visual pattern recognition.
Assessment of Western North Pacific 96- and 120-h Track Guidance and Present Forecastability
Authors: Payne Kathryn A. , Elsberry Russell L. , Boothe Mark A.
Published: October 2007

Because the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) has only four dynamical models for guidance in making 96- and 120-h track forecasts, an opportunity exists for improving the consensus forecast by the proper removal of a likely erroneous forecast to form a selective consensus (SCON). Forecast fields from all four models [the U.S. Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), the U.S. Navy version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model (GFDN), the Met Office (UKMO) model, and the Global Forecast System (GFS)] were available during the 2005 western North Pacific season to evaluate for the first time the error mechanisms leading to large track errors. As shown previously for the NOGAPS and GFDN models during the 2004 season, error sources related to the midlatitude circulations accounted for about 90% of all large 120-h track errors by all four models during the 2005 season. This dominance of midlatitude-related error source is a major shift from the 72-h errors, which include more errors related to tropical circulations. In the GFS model, 95% of the large errors occurred because of an incorrect depiction of the vertical structure of the tropical cyclone. A systematic error in the GFDN model was identified in which a false anticyclogenesis was predicted downstream of the Tibetan Plateau, which accounted for over 50% of the large GFDN track errors. The consensus spread versus consensus error relationship is examined to isolate those 20%–25% of cases with large spreads and large errors that are candidates for forming an SCON. If the model tracks that contributed to the large errors are eliminated, the average improvement of the SCON forecasts relative to the nonselective consensus is 222 (239) n mi during 2005 (2004), and the corresponding average improvement relative to the JTWC forecasts is 382 (203) n mi. This application of SCON is considered the potential “forecastability” in that it represents the optimum use of the present numerical guidance for consensus forecasting.
A Five-Year Climatology of Elevated Severe Convective Storms in the United States East of the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Horgan Katherine L. , Schultz David M. , Hales John E. , Corfidi Stephen F. , Johns Robert H.
Published: October 2007

A 5-yr climatology of elevated severe convective storms was constructed for 1983–87 east of the Rocky Mountains. Potential cases were selected by finding severe storm reports on the cold side of surface fronts. Of the 1826 days during the 5-yr period, 1689 (91%) had surface fronts east of the Rockies. Of the 1689 days with surface fronts, 129 (8%) were associated with elevated severe storm cases. Of the 1066 severe storm reports associated with the 129 elevated severe storm cases, 624 (59%) were hail reports, 396 (37%) were wind reports, and 46 (4%) were tornado reports. A maximum of elevated severe storm cases occurred in May with a secondary maximum in September. Elevated severe storm cases vary geographically throughout the year, with a maximum over the south-central United States in winter to a central and eastern U.S. maximum in spring and summer. A diurnal maximum of elevated severe storm cases occurred at 2100 UTC, which coincided with the diurnal maximum of hail reports. The wind reports had a broad maximum during the daytime. Because the forecasting of hail from elevated storms typically does not pose as significant a forecast challenge as severe wind for forecasters and tornadoes from elevated storms are relatively uncommon, this study focuses on the occurrence of severe wind from elevated storms. Elevated severe storm cases that produce only severe wind reports occurred roughly 5 times a year. To examine the environments associated with cases that produced severe winds only, five cases were examined in more detail. Common elements among the five cases included elevated convective available potential energy, weak surface easterlies, and shallow near-surface stable layers (less than 100 hPa thick).
A Probability Model for Verifying Deterministic Forecasts of Extreme Events
Authors: Ferro Christopher A. T.
Published: October 2007

This article proposes a method for verifying deterministic forecasts of rare, extreme events defined by exceedance above a high threshold. A probability model for the joint distribution of forecasts and observations, and based on extreme-value theory, characterizes the quality of forecasting systems with two key parameters. This enables verification measures to be estimated for any event rarity and helps to reduce the uncertainty associated with direct estimation. Confidence regions are obtained and the method is used to compare daily precipitation forecasts from two operational numerical weather prediction models.
Pressure Groups in Congress
Authors: Celler Emanuel
Published: October 2007

Lobbying is the sum of all communicated influ ences—both direct and indirect—on legislators concerning leg islation. It is indispensable to effective lawmaking which, in a democracy, is always the product of compromise. Every Member of Congress is a message center and reagent in the vast communications system through which the electorate make known their needs. The "good" representative is he who effectively accommodates opposing interests within his con stituency; who successfully relates the needs of his constituents to those of the people as a whole; and who harmonizes his re sponses to the demands made upon him with the dictates of his conscience. The touchstone of "good" lobbying and "bad" lobbying is only whether the message conveyed is intelligible and accurate, or cryptic and misleading. Legislation will be improved when more and more people learn to intervene di rectly in the conduct of our national affairs. Venal lobbying is already the subject of criminal prohibition and penalty, and indirect, or "grass-roots" lobbying is best kept within check by vigorous enforcement of the antitrust laws, to assure "the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources."
The Bureaucracy in Pressure Politics
Authors: Freeman J. Leiper
Published: October 2007

Public administrative agencies in many ways re semble and behave like pressure groups. They not only ad minister laws, but they attempt to influence public opinion and legislative action, promoting the interests of their members and of related groups. General statutory regulations do not re strict them noticeably in this regard, although in some impor tant ways the Chief Executive does, especially through budg etary, personnel, and other organizational controls. Never theless, public bureaucracies enjoy considerable autonomy to propose public policies and promote their adoption.

By day-to-day liaison with legislators, avenues are kept open for administrative lobbying. Most crucial in the legislative ac tivities of executive agencies is their strategic work with com mittees considering bills in the legislature. Among the critical kinds of support which may be mobilized here are executive superiors, employees, and clientele. Also, by elaborating their administrative structure, bureaucracies enlist the interest and participation of influential citizens as advisors and sponsors. Additionally, bureaucracies may bring pressure to bear upon legislators through the exercise of administrative discretion. Finally, in the publicity arena, bureaucrats have certain privi leged positions, although they may invite legislative reprisals through overzealous propagandizing.
Farmers in Politics
Authors: Mccune Wesley
Published: October 2007

The farm vote is an independent one. Although there are many farm organizations—The American Farm Bu reau Federation, The National Farmers Union, The National Grange, many different commodity groups, and co-operative or ganizations—and a farmer might belong to one or more groups, nevertheless his political inclination remains an individual de cision. Although the farm population is shrinking signifi cantly, the farm vote has determined a national election as re cently as 1948, and with skillful dramatization, it can quite easily determine the results of Congressional elections—the question of price support was a significant factor in the 1954 Congressional elections. In the 1952 Presidential campaign, even though the election did not hinge on the farm vote, both parties tried to woo it. And, after the election, both the Demo cratic and Republican party established a farm division. With the aid of appeals to consumers as against producers, there is reason to believe that something which might be called "the food vote" may determine the next Presidential election, if not subsequent ones.
Organized Labor in Politics
Authors: Carey James B.
Published: October 2007

In this article, one of America's top labor leaders discusses the reasons organized labor is in politics and the way it operates. The article outlines briefly the history of la bor in politics and the changes in its philosophy over the years. It discusses the need for political action on the part of labor, stating frankly that "organized labor could not possibly stay out of politics," for labor's collective bargaining responsibili ties and its political responsibilities "are indivisible." The au thor cites the record of huge contributions of millions of dollars by a few wealthy families to political parties and candidates and points out that in 1956, "with all of labor's work and effort, twelve wealthy families spent more money than all of organized labor managed to raise during the entire election campaign." The three phases of labor activity in political action—registra tion, education, and exercise of the right of free speech—are discussed thoroughly. In concluding, the author gives a bold and frank answer to the question: "What does labor expect in return for its political support? What does labor want?"
Regulation of Pressure Groups and Lobbyists
Authors: Zeller Belle
Published: October 2007

Many states have lobbying laws which require the filing of registration, appearance and expense statements. However, these laws for the most part are restricted in cover age to direct communication with members of the Legislature and the Governor in influencing legislation. Although the in tention of the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 was to regulate both direct and indirect communication with Con gress by pressure groups and lobbyists, this objective was car ried out by using vague and ambiguous language in a law with criminal penalties as sanctions. A series of decisions by the United States Supreme Court involving the existing statute has construed lobbying in its commonly accepted sense as repre sentations made directly to the Congress. The members of the McClellan investigating committee, aware of the need of ob serving constitutional guaranties, are sponsoring in the 85th Congress Senate Bill 2191 which provides for the revision of the existing statute with requirements for disclosure of both direct and indirect communications with Congress and with any agency or department of the executive branch. To meet strict Constitutional requirements, civil penalties are provided for all persons except legislative agents who continue to be subject to criminal punishment as well as those who file false statements or send spurious communications.
Interest Group Theory in Political Research
Authors: Garceau Oliver
Published: October 2007

A group theory of American politics was one of the earliest and remains one of the most systematic schemes for studying the political system. The analysis of pressure groups has contributed to our understanding of the many patterns of interaction by which the individual is related to politics in addi tion to his intermittent role as voter. Nevertheless, the litera ture of political groups has been highly critical. Systematic research is needed to build a working theory of how the member sees his several group relations, how group leaders are and may be held to account, and what the consequences of pressure poli tics are for coherence, continuity, and precision of public policy. Comparative studies of interests in different political systems today promise important advances in interest-group theory.
Nature and Prospects of Political Interest Groups
Authors: De Grazia Alfred
Published: October 2007

All politiking is done by "interested" persons and the term "interest group" involves a truism, not a pathologi cal condition. Interest groups are essential political aggre gates whose form, functions, and power depend upon stated socio-political conditions. Interest groups have intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions. Group leaders usually possess the intensive perspectives of their group, whereas the rank and file usually have significantly varied and split involvements in their groups. The "individual" interest can be conceived in group theory terms, so can the "national interest." A strong antigroup ideology is found in nineteenth-century democratic and socialist movements, which tended to fluctuate between semi-anarchism and executive dictatorship. Group theory pic tures the developing society more accurately in many ways than such other theories, while simultaneously interest groups are still treated as pests or threats to democracy. Political phi losophy should seek to reconcile fact and value in this situation and has a variety of theories from the past to utilize. Interest groups, broadly regarded as instruments of pluralism and lo calism, are an especially American practical alternative to the program of communist centralism in ideology and government.
Changing Patterns of Health Service: Their Dependence on a Changing World
Authors: Roemer Milton I.
Published: October 2007

The patterns of health service are becoming increasingly organized in all sectors: hospital care, ambulatory patient care, and public health. Developments in science and technology contribute to the enormous specialization which, in turn, has generated patterns, such as group practice, to in tegrate the specialties. Urbanization has produced great medical centers and has stimulated regionalized planning. Rising costs have led to the health-insurance movement in a dozen forms, which has affected the quantity and arrangements of medical care. Likewise, governmental and voluntary pro grams tackling specific diseases or services have developed because of high costs combined with other problems. The rise in proportion of the aged and chronically ill has changed the emphasis of public health, of hospitals, and of medical research. The growth of industry has stimulated special medical-care programs and has fortified the insurance movement. Trans portation and communication have changed the relationship of patients to doctors and hospitals. The over-all impact of democratic and humanistic principles has greatly extended the supervisory role of government over the medical-care system and has widened citizen participation in medical af fairs. The resultant organizational complexities have created a great new need for co-ordination of health services in communities.
A Role for Behavioral Science in a University Medical Center
Authors: Straus Robert
Published: October 2007

In the planning of a new Medical Center at the University of Kentucky, a unique opportunity was provided to begin with the delineation of a philosophy and basic ob jectives around which architectural planning, program design, and staff recruitment could be developed. From the beginning, behavioral scientists have been prominent in planning, activa tion, administration, teaching, and research within the Medical Center. Features of the Center include special emphasis on meeting the needs of students and patients, on providing comprehensive health services, and on relating the Medical Center to the health needs of the community and region. The Medical Center has provided strong support for a Depart ment of Behavioral Science which has assumed many func tions. The primary impact of behavioral science is reflected in the charter and character of the institution and in the extent to which behavioral-science concepts have become inculcated in the philosophy, values, and role perceptions of personnel at varying levels of responsibility.
Selection of Volunteers
Authors: Henry Edwin R.
Published: October 2007

The Selection Division of the Peace Corps is responsible for initially screening applicants and then—on the basis of the applicants' questionnaires, placement-test results, letters of reference, and academic records—for matching ap plicants to specific programs. Invitations to enter training are given to those who have been matched to assignments. During training the selection process continues. Selection of persons for volunteer service overseas differs importantly from more familiar selection procedures for positions in business, industry, government, or academia. To date, the Selection Division has processed 160,000 applications. Approximately 20,000 ap plicants have become Volunteers.
Volunteers in the Field: Teaching
Authors: Deutchman Arnold
Published: October 2007

Volunteers teaching abroad have had to cope with various problems, such as maintaining discipline, adjusting to strange syllabi, confronting rote methods of learning, and de fining appropriate participation in their communities. These difficulties, and others, have resulted not only from Volunteers' lack of teaching experience, but also because of an absence of consensus on the part of Peace Corps, host-country nationals, and Volunteers regarding the Volunteer teacher's role. In particular, differing expectations of the teacher's community role are examined and placed within a framework of socio- economic development. The quality of Volunteer teaching is assessed, as well as the extent to which teachers are meeting genuine needs for their services in host countries.
The Returning Volunteer
Authors: Calvert Robert
Published: October 2007

By the end of this decade as many as 50,000 United States citizens may have served in the Peace Corps. The contribution of these former Volunteers to society in the United States and in the world will constitute a major impact of the Peace Corps. Half of all Volunteers change their career goals during Peace Corps service. To assist them with voca tional and educational planning, a Career Information Service has been established. This Service orients Volunteers through monthly career bulletins; overseas career libraries; consultants in various academic and vocational fields; and rosters of Volun teers interested in continued education, government service, in volvement in the War on Poverty, and business and industry. National organizations and leaders in many professions have expressed their interest in recruiting returning Volunteers or have established special programs for them. The widely dis cussed "re-entry" period faced by former Volunteers is to be anticipated in view of the differing society in which the Peace Corps worker served overseas and his total involvement in his job. Volunteers are changed by their Peace Corps experience and return searching not merely for a job, but for work which will carry some of the same responsibility, satisfaction, and room for initiative which most Volunteers experienced overseas.
Evaluation and the Question of Change
Authors: Bennett Meridan
Published: October 2007

The article describes the position of the Peace Corps' Division of Evaluation in relation to the other two Divisions which make up the reflective arm of the Peace Corps—Research and Planning. It follows the growth of the evaluative function in the Peace Corps from its unstructured beginning through its first crisis (surviving pressures to limit its function to that normally performed by an inspector gen eral), through a period in which evaluation's emphasis shifted from examining the effort the Peace Corps was making overseas to examining the results of that effort. Changes brought about by evaluation in the five years of the Peace Corps' history are described. The function of staff evaluators and consultants from outside the agency is discussed, as is the nature of a present-day evaluation report and the methods used to prepare it. Current problems of evaluation are outlined, as well as its limits in directing and documenting change in the Peace Corps. The social sciences are seen as pivotal in creating an integration of research, planning, and evaluation with the strong impera tives to act in development problems.
The Future of the Peace Corps
Authors: Wofford Harris
Published: October 2007

Beginning as a quantum jump, the Peace Corps faces a crisis of growth. Will it choose consolidation or another quantum jump? It also faces a crisis of skills. Will it be able to recruit the more experienced, higher-skilled personnel needed by the host countries? Starting as a token venture, which few took seriously, the Peace Corps now faces large responsibilities. It is participating in institution—building—in nation-building— on a large scale. It needs to become more professional and more effective, to be seen as a central part of America's over seas education and development programs, and to be integrated with those programs. It needs to find its context in the larger systems it serves: American education and politics, overseas governments and peoples, and international education and de velopment. A 1970 Peace Corps is described—doubled in size and improved in quality: Volunteering is part of a new defini tion of citizenship; Peace Corps service is an integral part of higher education. The flow of Volunteers begins in high school, widens in our colleges and universities, and extends beyond the Peace Corps into new overseas careers. The Peace Corps itself is a kind of university in dispersion.
On Exploring the "Dark Figure" of Crime
Authors: Biderman Albert D. , Reiss Albert J.
Published: October 2007

The history of criminal statistics bears testimony to a search for a measure of "criminality" present among a population, a search that led increasingly to a concern about the "dark figure" of crime—that is, about occurrences that by some criteria are called crime yet that are not registered in the statistics of whatever agency was the source of the data being used. Contending arguments arose about the dark figure between the "realists" who emphasized the virtues of com pleteness with which data represent the "real crime" that takes place and the "institutionalists" who emphasize that crime can have valid meaning only in terms of organized, legitimate social responses to it. This paper examines these arguments in the context of police and survey statistics as measures of crime in a population. It concludes that in exploring the dark figure of crime, the primary question is not how much of it becomes revealed but rather what will be the selective properties of any particular innovation for its illumination. Any set of crime statistics, including those of survey research, involve some evaluative, institutional processing of people's reports. Concepts, definitions, quantitative models, and theories must be adjusted to the fact that the data are not some objectively observable universe of "criminal acts," but rather those events defined, captured, and processed as such by some institutional mechanism.
Surveys of Population Samples for Estimating Crime Incidence
Authors: Biderman Albert D.
Published: October 2007

A national survey and intensive surveys in three cities were undertaken for the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (hereinafter referred to as the National Crime Commission), to assess crime incidence by asking random samples of the public whether they had been victimized by crime. The major difficulties of these surveys arose from victimization's being an infrequent and usually not highly salient life event for most people. Even though these surveys found victimization to be far more common than suggested by national or local police statistics, they captured people's experiences selectively and incom pletely. The immediate data from a victim survey naturally differ in form from police and other agency statistics. While these make the survey data distinctively instructive, they present problems for comparison with police statistics. Such comparisons as can be made suggest that a large volume of citizen complaints to the police are not reflected in published offense statistics.
The Role of the Police
Authors: Terris Bruce J.
Published: October 2007

It is impossible to increase the ability of the police to reduce violent crime unless police-community rela tions are substantially improved in minority areas. These relationships have been getting increasingly worse because of rising demands of minority groups, frequent physical and verbal abuse committed by police officers against citizens, and other police activity on the streets. Recent changes in police departments to make them more professional have often further harmed police-minority relations, and the reforms being adopted in police departments to improve these relationships have generally not been effective. Substantial improvement in police-minority relations requires that the police and public radically change their concept of what police work is about. Police officers must be seen as one of many different groups in our society dealing with human problems and serving the public, such as teachers, gang workers, and correctional officers. Such a change will require that police personnel and policies be substantially changed.
The Future Role of Women
Authors: Keller Suzanne
Published: October 2007

During the next century, societies will have to plan their populations along with other national resources. The success of this objective will depend, in large part, on the reproductive ambitions of women and the availability of effec tive substitutes for maternity. These broad developments will necessitate a reorganization of national priorities, as well as changes in family, household and work patterns. Among the foreseeable consequences are: reduced occupational sex typing, lessened emphasis on marriage and maternity as su preme goals for women and greater participation of women in all spheres of the labor force. As a result, we must expect and prepare for both new forms of socialization and self- images by gender. Concluding the paper are suggestions for steps society might take to help ease the transition into the new era.
The Future of the Government Process
Authors: Hart Philip A.
Published: October 2007

Widespread disillusionment with government is seriously eroding public support for our system of democracy. Despite that disillusionment, the need for a viable Congress to set policies and to protect the rights of individuals may well increase as the nation moves toward a postindustrial society. Furthermore, the history of countries following the demise of an effective legislature is not very encouraging. While concern over the future of Congress is not new, today's doubts are perceived to be more serious. President Nixon's attempts to cut domestic programs without Congressional ap proval raises new questions about Congress's ability to act. Public support for the administration's actions stems from concern over inflation and awareness that Congress is poorly equipped to make rational spending decisions. Since Congress cannot be effective without the confidence of the public, Con gress should eliminate the need to raise private campaign funds—one source of public distrust—and must reform the way it handles the budget. Under the present system, for example, Congress never officially adds up the effects of the various spending actions it takes. However, meaningful budget reform may not come unless demanded by the public.