bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymerization Shrinkage and Depth of Cure of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites and Highly Filled Flowable Resin
Authors: Jang J-H , Park S-H , Hwang I-N
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the polymerization behavior and depth of cure (DOC) of recently introduced resin composites for posterior use: highly filled flowable composite and composites for bulk fill. A highly filled flowable (G-aenial Universal Flo [GUF]), two bulk-fill flowables (Surefil SDR Flow [SDR] and Venus Bulk fill [VBF]), and a bulk-fill nonflowable composite (Tetric N-Ceram Bulk fill [TBF]) were compared with two conventional composites (Tetric Flow [TF], Filtek Supreme Ultra [FS]). Linear polymerization shrinkage and polymerization shrinkage stress were each measured with custom-made devices. To evaluate DOC, the composite specimen was prepared using a mold with a hole of 4 mm depth and 4 mm internal diameter. The hole was bulk filled with each of the six composites and light cured for 20 seconds, followed by 24 hours of water storage. The surface hardness was measured on the top and the bottom using a Vickers microhardness (HV) indenter. The linear polymerization shrinkage of the composite specimens after photo-initiation decreased in the following order: TF and GUF > VBF > SDR > FS and TBF (p<0.05). The polymerization shrinkage stress of the six composite groups decreased in the following order: GUF > TF and VBF > SDR > FS and TBF (p<0.05). The mean bottom surface HV of SDR and VBF exceeded 80% of the top surface HV (HV-80%). However, the bottom of GUF and TBF failed to reach HV-80%. A highly filled flowable (GUF) revealed limitations in polymerization shrinkage and DOC. Bulk-fill flowables (SDR and VBF) were properly cured in 4-mm bulk, but they shrank more than the conventional nonflowable composite. A bulk-fill nonflowable (TBF) showed comparable shrinkage to the conventional nonflowable composite, but it was not sufficiently cured in the 4-mm bulk.
Color Masking of Developmental Enamel Defects: A Case Series
Authors: Torres CRG , Borges AB
Published: August 2014

Developmental defects involving color alteration of enamel frequently compromise the esthetic appearance of the tooth. The resin infiltration technique represents an alternative treatment for color masking of these lesions and uniformization of tooth color. This technique is considered relatively simple and microinvasive, since only a minimal portion of enamel is removed. This article illustrates the color-masking effect with resin infiltration of fluorosis and traumatic hypomineralization lesions with a case series. The final esthetic outcomes demonstrated the ability of the resin infiltrant to mask the color of white developmental defect lesions, resulting in satisfactory clinical esthetic improvements. However, in more severe cases, the color-masking effect was not complete.
Transdentinal Cell Photobiomodulation Using Different Wavelengths
Authors: Turrioni APS , Basso FG , Alonso JRL , de Oliveira CF , Hebling J , Bagnato VS , de Souza Costa CA
Published: August 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of transdentinal irradiation with different light-emitting diode (LED) parameters on odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23).

Methods and Materials

Human dentin discs (0.2 mm thick) were obtained, and cells were seeded on their pulp surfaces with complete culture medium (Dulbecco modified Eagle medium). Discs were irradiated from the occlusal surfaces with LED at different wavelengths (450, 630, and 840 nm) and energy densities (0, 4, and 25 J/cm2). Cell viability (methyltetrazolium assay), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), total protein synthesis (TP), and cell morphology (scanning electron microscopy) were evaluated. Gene expression of collagen type I (Col-I) was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test with a 5% significance level.

Results

Higher cell viability (21.8%) occurred when the cells were irradiated with 630 nm LED at 25 J/cm2. Concerning TP, no statistically significant difference was observed between irradiated and control groups. A significant increase in ALP activity was observed for all tested LED parameters, except for 450 nm at 4 J/cm2. Quantitative PCR showed a higher expression of Col-I by the cells subjected to infrared LED irradiation at 4 J/cm2. More attached cells were observed on dentin discs subjected to irradiation at 25 J/cm2 than at 4 J/cm2.

Conclusion

The infrared LED irradiation at an energy density of 4 J/cm2 and red LED at an energy density of 25 J/cm2 were the most effective parameters for transdentinal photobiomodulation of cultured odontoblast-like cells.
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration on Enamel Color and Microhardness
Authors: Borges AB , Zanatta RF , Barros ACSM , Silva LC , Pucci CR , Torres CRG
Published: August 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide gels with different concentrations (20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%) on enamel Knoop microhardness (KNH) as well as on changes in dental color (C).

Methods

Cylindrical specimens of enamel/dentin (3-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness) were obtained from bovine incisors and randomly divided into six groups (n=20), according to the concentration of the whitening gel (20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, control, thickener). After polishing, initial values of KNH0 and color measurement, assessed by spectrophotometry using the CIE L*a*b* system, were taken from the enamel surface. The gels were applied on the enamel surface for 30 minutes, and immediate values of KNHi were taken. After seven days of being stored in artificial saliva, new measures of KNH7 and color (L7* a7* b7*, for calculating ΔE, ΔL, and Δb) were made. Data were submitted to statistical analysis of variance, followed by Tukey test (p<0.05).

Results

Differences in gel concentration and time did not influence the microhardness (p=0.54 and p=0.29, respectively). In relation to color changes, ΔE data showed that the 35% gel presented a higher color alteration than the 20% gel did (p=0.006).

Conclusion

Bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel was more effective than with the 20% gel, without promoting significant adverse effects on enamel surface microhardness.
Children’s Book Illustrations: Visual Language of Picture Books
Authors: Hladíková Hana
Published: August 2014

High-quality picture books that merge text and illustration together in order to tell a story are eminent for healthy mental and social growth of children. This paper is to outline the benefits picture books bring to children between the ages three to eight, determine functions of its illustrative language, examine the process of its production, and point out a set of elements that, according to number of professional children's book illustrators, significantly contribute to the success of a picture book
Report on the Financial Evaluation: McDonald’s Corporation and Yum! Brands
Authors: Ayrapetova Tamara
Published: August 2014

The aim of this paper is to perform financial analysis by using financial ratios and to comment, evaluate, and understand the origins of the results by using the comparison of two companies chosen as a case study.

The McDonald's Corporation is the largest fast food restaurant in the world. McDonald's Corporation statistics base it in over 119 countries and it serves more than 68 million customers daily. The company's revenues are coming not only from its primary products like hamburgers, cheeseburgers, etc., but also from rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees. This report will look at the financial statements of the McDonald's Corporation over the past 3 years starting from 2010 through 2012. The author of the paper will apply financial ratios to analyze company's position and to identify patterns and trends. She will then compare the results of the analysis with one of the biggest competitors of McDonald's - Yum! Brands Inc. and the industrial averages. Yum! Brands Inc. is a US based corporation. It includes famous brands like KFC and Pizza Hut in their chain. Currently Yum! Brands are the largest competitors McDonald's has in the fast-food industry. To compare the two companies financial statements will be taken from Yahoo Finance (2013).
Programming Language Paradigms & The Main Principles of Object-Oriented Programming
Authors: Bartoníček Jan
Published: August 2014

This paper's goal is to briefly explain the basic theory behind programming languages and their history while taking a close look at different programming paradigms that are used today as well as describing their differences, benefits, and drawbacks
Cervical intraspinal extradural primitive neuroectodermal tumour in an adult
Authors: Gogou Pinelopi V , Balafouta Myrsini J , Gennatas Constantinos S , Kondi-Paphiti Agatha , Papacharalampous Xenophon N. , Michalaki Vasiliki , Kouvaris John R
Published: August 2014

Intraspinal extradural primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNET) represent a rare entity that almost always carry a poor prognosis. A recent literature research revealed only four cases reported in adults. The tumours have mainly thoracic and lumbar location. We report the only case with cervical location and with the longest survival. Urgent laminectomy was performed resulting in a rapid pain relief for the patient. The patient was followed up with craniospinal irradiation and several cycles of chemotherapy. The patient died due to dissemination of the disease 31 months after the diagnosis. Intraspinal PNET tumours have a rapidly progressive course, and there is no current consensus on the optimal therapeutic approach.
Double primary cancers registered in a tertiary care hospital: review of two cases
Authors: Mohammad Amrallah A. , Al-Zahrani Abdullah S. , El-Khatib Hani M.
Published: August 2014

In our centre, among 1965 registered cancer patients between May 2011 and December 2013, we report three cases with multiple primary malignant neoplasms. One of them was excluded due to lack of data, and so we present the remaining two cases. The first case is an 82-year-old female patient with colon and thyroid cancer and the second case is a 61-year-old female patient with colon and breast cancer. Both cases were metachronous and discovered accidently during the regular follow up, and managed with a curative intent. Conclusion: It is important for the clinicians to keep in mind that individuals with cancer are at increased risk for subsequent primary malignancies, which must be differentiated from recurrent or metastatic disease.
Impact of relatively new chemotherapeutic agents on the outcome of Egyptian patients with advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Gaafar R , Khaled H , Sallam Y.A. , Shafik H , Aboulkassem F.A. , Emara M
Published: August 2014

Purpose: Patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) are well known to have poor response to chemotherapy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of Egyptian MPM patients.

Patients and methods: The first study was a non-randomised, open-label trial. It included 34 eligible patients who were assigned to receive either cisplatin–pemetrexed or pemetrexed alone if cisplatin was contraindicated for a maximum of eight cycles. In the second trial, 21 chemo-naive patients with histologically proven advanced MPM were included. They received cisplatin and raltitrexed for a maximum of six cycles.

Results: In the first trial, the median age was 43.5 years (range 25–69), partial response (PR) was achieved in 37.5%, stable disease (SD) in 50%. Median time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were 7 and 14 months, respectively. Survival at 1 year was 64.7%. No toxicity was observed in 17.6% of patients and grade 3–4 toxicity was evident in 11.8% (neutropenia), 8.8% (anaemia) and 2.9% (vomiting and diarrhoea) of patients. In the second trial, median age was 46 years (range 19–71), PR was achieved in 23.2% and one CR was reported. SD was noticed in 61.9% of patients. Median TTP and OS were 6 and 12 months, respectively. Survival at 1 year was 51.6%.

Conclusion: Both cisplatin–pemetrexed and cisplatin–raltitrexed are effective and safe regimens in the treatment of MPM.
The Oversight of Fire Prevention in an Enterprise
Authors: Kopczewski Marian , Tobolski Marek
Published: August 2014

An efficiently working fire protection system in an enterprise, a work place or an institution guarantees the proper execution of fire protection duties. Its proper organisation is of key importance. The conditions of the proper organisation of the fire protection system in a given organisational unit are above all the universality in the scope of using applicable provisions, knowledge of applicable provisions, appropriately exercised supervision of usage of applicable provisions, orders and established rules of conduct. The aim of this paper is to specify the most important duties of owners, users or managers in providing protection against fire or other local risks. This results from the fact that given the variety of operating enterprises, the character of their activity, kind of production and used technology, size, fire risk, etc. it is not possible to determine a standard model of a fire protection system for a particular work place.
Omega-Psir: From the Repository to the Research Knowledge Base Experience of Warsaw University of Technology
Authors: Rybiński Henryk , Koperwas Jakub , Skonieczny Łukasz , Kozłowski Marek , Kozłowski Marek
Published: August 2014

This paper is devoted to a solution for building a research knowledge base for the university. An experience in developing a specialised software for building such a knowledge base is presented. We present the functionality of the system, as well as, sketch applied AI technologies aiming at providing features attractive for the system beneficiaries. It is shown that although a classical repository is the main part of the system, the essential value of the solution is in providing analytical tools for the ‘research management’. First lessons learned from deploying the software at Warsaw University of Technology are also discussed. The platform has been developed under the SYNAT project, aimed at building nation-wide scientific information infrastructure
Effectiveness of the Management System in Accredited Laboratory as a Tool to Enhance Competitiveness
Authors: Wierzowiecka Joanna
Published: August 2014

The situation on the market of laboratory services in Poland is growing rapidly. In order to stay in this difficult market, one shall convince potential customers to his/her competences and quality of services. Testing or calibration laboratories, wishing to assert its position in the market, introduce the management system based on the PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 standard, the so-called ‘General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories’, and then apply for the certificate of accreditation in the Polish Centre for Accreditation (PCA) [14].

In order to maintain accreditation, as well as to maintain a competitive advantage, laboratories must prove that the management system is effective, which is the matter of this article. The first part presents the analysis of concepts on the effectiveness of the quality management systems and their improvement, in particular those set out in the standards of ISO 9000 series, as well as in the ISO/IEC 17025 standard (in the past and present). In the following part one identified and described the PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 standard on the effectiveness of the management system in the accredited laboratory (including the involvement of top management and quality policy, internal audits, corrective and preventive actions, evaluation of the effectiveness of training, quality control tests). Then one showed how to assess the effectiveness of the management system, which shall or may be used by the accredited laboratory (i.e. internal audit, self-assessment, management review, surveys and financial appraisal).
Insourcing as a New Trend in Global Business
Authors: Chudzicka Jadwiga
Published: August 2014

In the face of world economic crisis, it is worth considering ‘what changes in thinking are needed to revive the global economy?’ Traditional management methods have already lost much of their potential. Keeping the compliance of job category with human nature is an important factor supported by insourcing. The purpose of this study was to answer the question whether the current economic situation in the world is more profitable to firms sending domestic jobs overseas, or perhaps - in the end - it is better to use insourcing services, providing employment to workers in their home countries
A Model of Knowledge Sharing in Polish Manufacturing Enterprises
Authors: Patalas-Maliszewska Justyna
Published: August 2014

This article elaborates on a model of knowledge sharing in Polish manufacturing enterprises. The author aims to analyse the effectiveness of knowledge sharing in Polish manufacturing enterprises based on the research results gained from the study described in this paper. In particular, the likely consequences and results of knowledge sharing by using Web 2.0 technologies are studied. This is followed by a discussion on the results of the literature and empirical studies. The summary indicates potential directions for further work.
The Mutual Benchmarking Method for Smes’ Competitive Strategy Development
Authors: Rostek Katarzyna
Published: August 2014

Competitive advantage is a relative feature, evaluated in respect of other competing enterprises. The gaining of sustainable competitive advantage is conditioned by knowledge of own performance and the results of the competitive environment. SMEs have limited opportunities to obtain such information on their own. The method of mutual benchmarking changes this situation by introducing the collaborative network. The aim of the cooperation is to support each of the group members to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, which is the result of a conscious strategy, and not only a matter of chance. This cooperation is based on the collecting and processing of data and sharing information through a common IT platform: for example, a group of Polish SMEs was shown how to implement such a common IT solution and how to provide the information preparing within the proposed service. The whole is a complete proposal for effective support of creating a competitive strategy in SMEs.
A Hybrid Method for the Modelling and Optimisation of Constrained Search Problems
Authors: Sitek Pawel , Wikarek Jaroslaw
Published: August 2014

The paper presents a concept and the outline of the implementation of a hybrid approach to modelling and solving constrained problems. Two environments of mathematical programming (in particular, integer programming) and declarative programming (in particular, constraint logic programming) were integrated. The strengths of integer programming and constraint logic programming, in which constraints are treated in a different way and different methods are implemented, were combined to use the strengths of both. The hybrid method is not worse than either of its components used independently. The proposed approach is particularly important for the decision models with an objective function and many discrete decision variables added up in multiple constraints. To validate the proposed approach, two illustrative examples are presented and solved. The first example is the authors’ original model of cost optimisation in the supply chain with multimodal transportation. The second one is the two-echelon variant of the well-known capacitated vehicle routing problem.
Regional Convergence in the European Union, new Member States and Croatia
Authors: Mikulić Davor , Lovrinčević Željko , Nagyszombaty Andrea Galić
Published: August 2014

Over the past two decades, the issue of regional convergence in the European Union has been the subject of a wide range of empirical research. This paper aims to provide more information on the differences in regional growth patterns of new member states (NMS), as well as Croatia, in addition to the factors influencing regional disparities within each country. This research provides an analysis of regional convergence in the period 2001-2008 at the NUTS II and NUTS III level.

The most widely used model for testing convergence hypotheses is beta-convergence analysis. Other factors commonly included in the econometric modelling of convergence are demographic variables, labour market conditions, industrial structure, institutional factors and overall government policy. The main hypothesis is that the process of regional convergence in NMS and Croatia is not strong enough to dominate over other factors, influencing regional potential growth (mainly industry structure and quality of human capital). Absolute β-convergence can be found at the national level for EU countries. Convergence also can be found for NMS regions, but the pace of convergence on the regional level is lower in comparison to the national level and the estimated β-convergence parameter is less significant.
Commodity Price Volatility during and after the Economic Crisis – Implications for Romania
Authors: Pop Larisa Nicoleta , Rovinaru Flavius , Rovinaru Mihaela
Published: August 2014

Under the impact of a wide range of forces, the prices of globally traded commodities often experience sudden and significant fluctuations, putting under uncertainty and risk the economic status of producers, consumers and traders from the private to the national level. Although commodity markets are notorious for their price volatility, the events the world economy experienced in recent years, particularly the global economic crisis, offered new connotations to this phenomenon. These price movements reverberated across internal markets all over the world, affecting their statuses. As Central Eastern European countries, due to the processes they have undergone in recent decades, manifest an increased responsiveness to external shocks, Romania experienced the international turmoil in a severe manner. This paper calculates and presents, by comparison, the food price volatility experienced at the international level and on the Romanian market during the years of the crisis and immediately after its appeasement.
The Role of Gender and Situational Factors in Wine Consumption of Generation Y
Authors: Dlačić Jasmina , Kadić-Maglajlić Selma
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing wine consumption of Generation Y consumers in the context of two countries from South-Eastern Europe (Bosnia -Herzegovina, and Croatia). Analysis reveals that self-expression, sociability, tradition and food are significant predictors of wine consumption. Multivariate regressions have been applied in order to explain the influences of the abovementioned factors on wine consumption. Research findings show that specific gender and situational differences exist in the wine consumption behaviour of Generation Y. This paper discusses theoretical, empirical and practical implications, and offers ideas for further research
Overview of Biotope Types of Socotra Island
Authors: Habrová Hana , Buček Antonín
Published: August 2014

The study describes main biotopes of Socotra Island. The biotopes were distinguished and described during complex field observations on more than 250 localities of Socotra between years 1999-2004. Classification of biotopes is based on differences in physiognomy, structure and species composition of the vegetation component of present biocoenoses. Groups of biotope types differ, above all, in the physiognomy and structure of vegetation. Biotope types are divided according to composition of dominant species. In this manner, 13 groups of biotopes and 39 biotope types were distinguished and described
Geological And Morphological Evolution of The Socotra Archipelago (Yemen) from the Biogeographical View
Authors: Culek Martin
Published: August 2014

Some misunderstandings persist in the biological literature, concerning the geological evolution of the Socotra Archipelago. The aim of this paper is to interpret new information about the Gulf of Aden geology, from the view of possible methods of terrestrial biota species migration to the Socotra Islands. An overview of the Socotra Platform with the Socotra Archipelago topography is given. Present-day geological publications are mostly oriented towards tectonic structure of the Gulf and its tectonic evolution, and thus information concerning the elevation of the land surface and the sea level was necessary to deduce. The first biogeographically relevant emergence of a land mass in the area of present-day Socotra Archipelago commenced during the late Eocene Epoch (38-34 Ma BP). Some islands persisted after later transgressions of the sea, before the time of the opening of the Gulf of Aden rift (ca 20-17 Ma), accompanied by substantial uplift and large-scale uplift of the land. This was the last time when terrestrial biota could, relatively easily, reach the area of the Socotra Archipelago on land from the African mainland, and also with medium probability from present-day Arabia. The total evaporation of the Red Sea from 11-5 Ma BP enabled the migration of terrestrial species from and to Arabia via Somalia. Nevertheless, channels in Guardafui and Brothers basins made important, but perhaps nonfatal, barriers. The last and most important uplift of Haggier Mts. on Socotra occurred at the end of the Miocene Epoch (9-6 Ma BP). That was probably the time of the last Tertiary emergence of the Socotra Platform, potentially enabling some species to migrate across narrowed abovementioned channels. Great changes in sea level occurred during the Quaternary Period, periodically exposing the surface of the Socotra platform. Two channels persisted, preventing the invasion of modern species onto the Socotra Archipelago. Channels within the Brothers basin between Abd al-Kuri Isl. and other islands of the Archipelago formed some barriers to dispersal, and probably led to important biota differences in the scope of the Archipelago. Finally, a scenario of the “facilitation” provided by tsunami and sea currents for the immigration of biota onto the Archipelago is presented.
Impacts and Characteristics of Computer-Based Science Inquiry Learning Environments for Precollege Students
Authors: Donnelly Dermot F. , Linn Marcia C. , Ludvigsen Sten
Published: August 2014

The National Science Foundation–sponsored report Fostering Learning in the Networked World called for “a common, open platform to support communities of developers and learners in ways that enable both to take advantage of advances in the learning sciences.” We review research on science inquiry learning environments (ILEs) to characterize current platforms. We searched databases and 11 major science and technology journals and identified 30 distinct ILEs investigated in articles published from 2008 onwards. We use research-based inquiry principles to analyze ILE features that support learners, teachers, developers, and researchers. We identify ILEs that are taking advantage of learning sciences research, building on the accomplishments of others, and creating the platforms envisioned in the report. We hope that this review will help teachers, designers, and researchers identify platforms they can customize and enhance rather than starting anew if unnecessary. Enhancing existing platforms combines the efforts of many individuals and, thus, strengthens the field.
Audiological profiling of 198 individuals with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
Authors: Narne Vijaya Kumar , Prabhu Prashanth , Chandan Hunsur Suresh , Deepthi Mahadeva
Published: August 2014

Objective:

The study aimed at exploring the audiological characteristics and the relationship between speech identification scores with cortical evoked potential measures and hearing aid benefit in individuals with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD).

Study design:

We initiated a retrospective study of patients who were diagnosed as having ANSD. In 198 patients with ANSD, patient history, risk factors, degree and configuration of hearing loss, speech identification scores in quiet and noise, otoacoustic emissions (OAE), immittance evaluation, auditory brainstem responses (ABR), long latency responses (LLR) and hearing aid benefit were assessed.

Results:

The results showed that the majority of the patients had bilateral ANSD with a female to male ratio of 1.25:1 with the majority having a rising configuration of hearing loss. OAEs were present in most with absent stapedial reflexes and ABR. The study also showed that individuals with ANSD do obtain benefit from hearing aids and it is related to the presence of LLR. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the audiological characteristics of a large group with ANSD. Among the management options, hearing aids were found to be useful in only a few of the patients and other rehabilitation options, such as cochlear implants, need to be explored in future studies. Currently, the determining factors for benefit with hearing aid are speech identification scores and cortical auditory evoked potentials.
Establishing Trailer Ventilation (Boarding) Requirements for Finishing Pigs during Transport
Authors: McGlone John , Sapkota Avi , Johnson Anna , Kephart Rebecca
Published: August 2014

Specifically, this study aimed to establish the effects on mortality and morbidity of boarding levels (amount of side-wall trailer ventilation) for finishing pigs in mild weather (8.80 ± 0.30 °C, 71.70% ± 1.12% humidity). Pigs from commercial finishing sites were transported in 302 pot-bellied trailers to commercial processing plants. Measures collected at the processing plant were rates of dead on arrival (DOA), non-ambulatory, non-injured (NANI), non-ambulatory, injured (NAI), and total dead and down (D&D). Boarding levels (% that side walls were closed off with inserted boards) were divided into 3 bins: low, medium, and high, and outside temperature was divided into 4 bins <5 °C, 5.10–10 °C, and 10.10–15 °C and >15 °C. Average rates of DOA, NANI, NAI, and D&D were approximately 0.30%, 0.12%, 0.04%, and 0.46%, respectively. The D&D was highest when boarding level was low with temperatures <5 °C (p < 0.05). However, variations in boarding level (medium and high boarding) in the temperature range of 5.10 °C to 23.30 °C did not affect pig losses.
The c-Met Inhibitor MSC2156119J Effectively Inhibits Tumor Growth in Liver Cancer Models
Authors: Bladt Friedhelm , Friese-Hamim Manja , Ihling Christian , Wilm Claudia , Blaukat Andree
Published: August 2014

The mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as its only high-affinity ligand. Aberrant activation of c-Met is associated with many human malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the in vivo antitumor and antimetastatic efficacy of the c-Met inhibitor MSC2156119J (EMD 1214063) in patient-derived tumor explants. BALB/c nude mice were inoculated with MHCC97H cells or with tumor fragments of 10 patient-derived primary liver cancer explants selected according to c-Met/HGF expression levels. MSC2156119J (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) and sorafenib (50 mg/kg) were administered orally as single-agent treatment or in combination, with vehicle as control. Tumor response, metastases formation, and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured. MSC2156119J inhibited tumor growth and induced complete regression in mice bearing subcutaneous and orthotopic MHCC97H tumors. AFP levels were undetectable after 5 weeks of MSC2156119J treatment, and the number of metastatic lung foci was reduced. Primary liver explant models with strong c-Met/HGF activation showed increased responsiveness to MSC2156119J, with MSC2156119J showing similar or superior activity to sorafenib. Tumors characterized by low c-Met expression were less sensitive to MSC2156119J. MSC2156119J was better tolerated than sorafenib, and combination therapy did not improve efficacy. These findings indicate that selective c-Met/HGF inhibition with MSC2156119J is associated with marked regression of c-Met high-expressing tumors, supporting its clinical development as an antitumor treatment for HCC patients with active c-Met signaling.
Entropy Production in Pipeline Flow of Dispersions of Water in Oil
Authors: Pal Rajinder
Published: August 2014

Entropy production in pipeline adiabatic flow of water-in-oil emulsions is investigated experimentally in three different diameter pipes. The dispersed-phase (water droplets) concentration of emulsion is varied from 0 to 41% vol. The entropy production rates in emulsion flow are compared with the values expected in single-phase flow of Newtonian fluids with the same properties (viscosity and density). While in the laminar regime the entropy production rates in emulsion flow can be described adequately by the single-phase Newtonian equations, a significant deviation from single-phase flow behavior is observed in the turbulent regime. In the turbulent regime, the entropy production rates in emulsion flow are found to be substantially smaller than those expected on the basis of single-phase equations. For example, the entropy production rate in water-in-oil emulsion flow at a dispersed-phase volume fraction of 0.41 is only 38.4% of that observed in flow of a single-phase Newtonian fluid with the same viscosity and density, when comparison is made at a Reynolds number of 4000. Thus emulsion flow in pipelines is more efficient thermodynamically than single-phase Newtonian flow.
Rikki Don’t Lose That Number: Enumerated Human Rights in a Society of Infinite Connections
Authors: Tsimpourla Clare
Published: August 2014

The international Human Rights regime acknowledges a certain number of rights. That number, albeit increasing since its inception, does not seem able to keep up with the pace of modern technology. Human rights today are not only exercised in the tangible world; they are also exercised on a daily basis in a world of ubiquitous computing–as such they can be easily breached with a mere click of a button. To make matters worse, these rights are controlled largely by multinational corporations that have little regard for their value. In this paper we will attempt to explore the difficulties the global human rights regime faces today, the challenge that is its enforcement, and whether it has come to a standstill in an age where connections grow faster than the rule of law.
Phylogenetic and Transcription Analysis of Chrysanthemum WRKY Transcription Factors
Authors: Song Aiping , Li Peiling , Jiang Jiafu , Chen Sumei , Li Huiyun , Zeng Jun , Shao Yafeng , Zhu Lu , Zhang Zhaohe , Chen Fadi
Published: August 2014

WRKY transcription factors are known to function in a number of plant processes. Here we have characterized 15 WRKY family genes of the important ornamental species chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). A total of 15 distinct sequences were isolated; initially internal fragments were amplified based on transcriptomic sequence, and then the full length cDNAs were obtained using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) PCR. The transcription of these 15 genes in response to a variety of phytohormone treatments and both biotic and abiotic stresses was characterized. Some of the genes behaved as would be predicted based on their homology with Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY genes, but others showed divergent behavior.
The Role of Infragravity Waves in Near-Bed Cross-Shore Sediment Flux in the Breaker Zone
Authors: Kularatne Samantha , Pattiaratchi Charitha
Published: August 2014

Results from a series of field experiments, conducted to investigate the influence of infragravity waves (from wave groups), ripple type and location relative to the breaker line on cross-shore suspended sediment flux close to the sea bed in nearshore environments, are presented. The field data were collected from Cable Beach (Broome) and Mullaloo Beach in Western Australia and Chilaw in Sri Lanka. These beaches experience different incident wave, tidal and morphological conditions, with Cable Beach having a 10-m spring tidal range, whilst the other two beaches have tidal ranges <1.0 m. Measurements included simultaneous records of surface elevation, two-dimensional horizontal current velocities and suspended sediment concentrations, together with half-hourly observations of the seabed topography. Although most of the data sets were obtained just outside of the surf zone, a few results from inside of the surf zone were also included. A significant correlation between wave groups and suspended sediment concentration was found at all of the measurement sites, either with or without bed ripples. The direction and magnitude of cross-shore suspended sediment flux varied with location with respect to the breaker line; however, other parameters, such as bed ripples and velocity skewness, could have influenced this result. In Broome, where the measurement location with respect to the breaker line varied with the tidal cycle, the cross-shore sediment flux due to swell waves was shoreward inside and just outside of the surf zone and seaward farther offshore of the breaker line. Further, sediment flux due to swell waves was onshore when the seabed was flat and offshore over post-vortex ripples. Sediment flux due to swell waves was onshore when the normalised velocity skewness towards the shore was high (positive); the flux was offshore when the skewness was lower, but positive, suggesting the influence of other parameters, such as ripples and grain size. The net cross-shore sediment flux was onshore when the Dean number was less than 1.67 and offshore when the Dean number was greater than 1.67. Nevertheless, the Dean number did not account for the influence of ripples or velocity skewness. The cross-shore sediment flux at the infragravity frequency was mainly offshore outside of the surf zone, whereas it varied between onshore and offshore inside of the surf zone.
Evolution of Land Use in the Brazilian Amazon: From Frontier Expansion to Market Chain Dynamics
Authors: Soler Luciana , Verburg Peter , Alves Diógenes
Published: August 2014

Agricultural census data and fieldwork observations are used to analyze changes in land cover/use intensity across Rondônia and Mato Grosso states along the agricultural frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. Results show that the development of land use is strongly related to land distribution structure. While large farms have increased their share of annual and perennial crops, small and medium size farms have strongly contributed to the development of beef and milk market chains in both Rondônia and Mato Grosso. Land use intensification has occurred in the form of increased use of machinery, labor in agriculture and stocking rates of cattle herds. Regional and national demands have improved infrastructure and productivity. The data presented show that the distinct pathways of land use development are related to accessibility to markets and processing industry as well as to the agricultural colonization history of the region. The data analyzed do not provide any indication of frontier stagnation, i.e., the slowdown of agricultural expansion, in the Brazilian Amazon. Instead of frontier stagnation, the data analyzed indicate that intensification processes in consolidated areas as well as recent agricultural expansion into forest areas are able to explain the cycle of expansion and retraction of the agricultural frontier into the Amazon region. The evolution of land use is useful for scenario analysis of both land cover change and land use intensification and provides insights into the role of market development and policies on land use.
Experimental Study on the Seismic Performance of Recycled Concrete Brick Walls Embedded with Vertical Reinforcement
Authors: Cao Wanlin , Zhang Yongbo , Dong Hongying , Zhou Zhongyi , Qiao Qiyun
Published: August 2014

Recycled concrete brick (RCB) is manufactured by recycled aggregate processed from discarded concrete blocks arising from the demolishing of existing buildings. This paper presents research on the seismic performance of RCB masonry walls to assess the applicability of RCB for use in rural low-rise constructions. The seismic performance of a masonry wall is closely related to the vertical load applied to the wall. Thus, the compressive performance of RCB masonry was investigated firstly by constructing and testing eighteen RCB masonry compressive specimens with different mortar strengths. The load-bearing capacity, deformation and failure characteristic were analyzed, as well. Then, a quasi-static test was carried out to study the seismic behavior of RCB walls by eight RCB masonry walls subjected to an axial compressive load and a reversed cyclic lateral load. Based on the test results, equations for predicting the compressive strength of RCB masonry and the lateral ultimate strength of an RCB masonry wall were proposed. Experimental values were found to be in good agreement with the predicted values. Meanwhile, finite element analysis (FEA) and parametric analysis of the RCB walls were carried out using ABAQUS software. The elastic-plastic deformation characteristics and the lateral load-displacement relations were studied.
Trafficking of ThermoTRP Channels
Authors: Ferrandiz-Huertas Clotilde , Mathivanan Sakthikumar , Wolf Christoph , Devesa Isabel , Ferrer-Montiel Antonio
Published: August 2014

ThermoTRP channels (thermoTRPs) define a subfamily of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that are activated by changes in the environmental temperature, from noxious cold to injurious heat. Acting as integrators of several stimuli and signalling pathways, dysfunction of these channels contributes to several pathological states. The surface expression of thermoTRPs is controlled by both, the constitutive and regulated vesicular trafficking. Modulation of receptor surface density during pathological processes is nowadays considered as an interesting therapeutic approach for management of diseases, such as chronic pain, in which an increased trafficking is associated with the pathological state. This review will focus on the recent advances trafficking of the thermoTRP channels, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM3, TRPM8 and TRPA1, into/from the plasma membrane. Particularly, regulated membrane insertion of thermoTRPs channels contributes to a fine tuning of final channel activity, and indeed, it has resulted in the development of novel therapeutic approaches with successful clinical results such as disruption of SNARE-dependent exocytosis by botulinum toxin or botulinomimetic peptides.
Effects of Ursolic Acid Derivatives on Caco-2 Cells and Their Alleviating Role in Streptozocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Authors: Wu Panpan , He Ping , Zhao Suqing , Huang Tianming , Lu Yujing , Zhang Kun
Published: August 2014

In this study, the effect and mechanism of a series of ursolic acid (UA) derivatives on glucose uptake were investigated in a Caco-2 cells model. Their effect on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress were also demonstrated in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-glucose (2-NBDG) was used as a fluorescein in Caco-2 cells model to screen UA derivatives by glucose uptake and expression of glucose transporter protein (SGLT-1, GLUT-2). Moreover, STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered with these derivatives for 4 weeks of treatment. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin levels, biochemical parameters, lipid levels, and oxidative stress markers were finally evaluated. The results of this study indicated that compounds 10 and 11 significantly inhibited 2-NBDG uptake under both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent conditions by decreasing SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 expression in the Caco-2 cells model. Further in vivo studies revealed that compound 10 significantly reduced hyperglycemia by increasing levels of serum insulin, total protein, and albumin, while the fasting blood glucose, body weight and food intake were restored much closer to those of normal rats. Compounds 10 and 11 showed hypolipidemic activity by decreasing the total amounts of cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). Furthermore, compound 10 showed antioxidant potential which was confirmed by elevation of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. It was concluded that compound 10 caused an apparent inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake in Caco-2 cells and hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia and augmented oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Thus, compound 10 could be developed as a potentially complementary therapeutic or prophylactic agent for diabetics mellitus and its complications.
Prebiotic Potential of Agave angustifolia Haw Fructans with Different Degrees of Polymerization
Authors: Velázquez-Martínez José , González-Cervantes Rina , Hernández-Gallegos Minerva , Mendiola Roberto , Aparicio Antonio , Ocampo Martha
Published: August 2014

Inulin-type fructans are the most studied prebiotic compounds because of their broad range of health benefits. In particular, plants of the Agave genus are rich in fructans. Agave-derived fructans have a branched structure with both β-(2→1) and β-(2→6) linked fructosyl chains attached to the sucrose start unit with a degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 80 fructose units. The objective of this work was to assess the prebiotic potential of three Agave angustifolia Haw fructan fractions (AFF) with different degrees of polymerization. The three fructan fractions were extracted from the agave stem by lixiviation and then purified by ultrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography: AFF1, AFF2 and AFF3 with high (3–60 fructose units), medium (2–40) and low (2–22) DP, respectively. The fructan profile was determined with high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), which confirmed a branched fructan structure. Structural elucidation was performed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy. The AFF spectrum shows characteristic fructan bands. The prebiotic effect of these fractions was assessed in vitro through fermentation by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains. Four growth patterns were observed. Some bacteria did not grow with any of the AFF, while other strains grew with only AFF3. Some bacteria grew according to the molecular weight of the AFF and some grew indistinctly with the three fructan fractions.
Vegan Diet, Subnormal Vitamin B-12 Status and Cardiovascular Health
Authors: Woo Kam , Kwok Timothy , Celermajer David
Published: August 2014

Vegetarian diets have been associated with atherosclerosis protection, with healthier atherosclerosis risk profiles, as well as lower prevalence of, and mortality from, ischemic heart disease and stroke. However, there are few data concerning the possible cardiovascular effects of a vegan diet (with no meat, dairy or egg products). Vitamin B-12 deficiency is highly prevalent in vegetarians; this can be partially alleviated by taking dairy/egg products in lact-ovo-vegetarians. However, metabolic vitamin B-12 deficiency is highly prevalent in vegetarians in Australia, Germany, Italy and Austria, and in vegans (80%) in Hong Kong and India, where vegans rarely take vitamin B-12 fortified food or vitamin B-12 supplements. Similar deficiencies exist in northern Chinese rural communities consuming inadequate meat, egg or dairy products due to poverty or dietary habits. Vascular studies have demonstrated impaired arterial endothelial function and increased carotid intima-media thickness as atherosclerosis surrogates in such metabolic vitamin B-12 deficient populations, but not in lactovegetarians in China. Vitamin B-12 supplementation has a favourable impact on these vascular surrogates in Hong Kong vegans and in underprivileged communities in northern rural China. Regular monitoring of vitamin B-12 status is thus potentially beneficial for early detection and treatment of metabolic vitamin B-12 deficiency in vegans, and possibly for prevention of atherosclerosis-related diseases.