bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compact radial shearing interferometer with a randomly encoded cosinusoidal zone plate for wavefront measurements
Authors: Wang Zhongyu , Wang Shuai , Yang Ping , Xu Bing
Published: February 2020

A radial shearing interferometer (RSI) using a randomly encoded cosinusoidal zone plate (RECZP) to measure the wavefront is proposed. The RECZP has two foci, i.e., a virtual focus and a real focus, so its Fresnel diffractions contain only two beams. These two beams can be regarded as the extended beam and the contracted beam in the RSI, respectively. This RSI is composed of a RECZP and a charge-coupled device (CCD). The radial shearing rate is continuously adjustable by changing the distance between the CCD and RECZP, which is good for measurement sensitivity and dynamic range for different situation requirements. In the simulation experiment, we analyzed the influence of beam tilt error, distance error of zone plate and CCD, CCD camera nonlinearity, and noise on wavefront reconstruction results. We also analyzed the effects of different fabrication errors (randomly encoded principle error, sidewall angle error, depth error, and alignment error of amplitude zone plate and phase zone plate) on the diffraction intensity distributions, which determine the fabrication tolerance of the RECZP. Experimentally compared with a ZYGO interferometer, the RECZP-RSI optical system can get good results.
Comparison of wavefront recording plane-based hologram calculations: ray-tracing method versus look-up table method
Authors: Yanagihara Hidenari , Shimobaba Tomoyoshi , Kakue Takashi , Ito Tomoyoshi
Published: February 2020

In this study, we compare the ray-tracing method with the look-up table (LUT) method in order to optimize computer-generated hologram (CGH) calculation based on the wavefront recording plane (WRP) method. The speed of the WRP-based CGH calculation largely depends on implementation factors, such as calculation methods, hardware, and parallelization method. Therefore, we evaluated the calculation time and image quality of the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) image by using the ray-tracing and LUT methods in the central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) implementations. Thereafter, we performed several implementations by changing the number of object points and the distance from 3D objects to the WRP. Furthermore, we confirmed different characteristics between CPU and GPU implementations.
Numerical simulation of a highly directional optical leaky wave antenna using diamond-shaped graphene perturbations
Authors: Patel Shobhit K. , Parmar Juveriya , Ladumor Mayurkumar , Ahmed Kawsar , Nguyen Truong Khang , Dhasarathan Vigneswaran
Published: February 2020

We present a graphene-based optical leaky wave antenna (OLWA) with diamond-shaped perturbations. The leaky wave antenna is created by applying diamond-shaped graphene perturbations to a Si3N4 waveguide. The leaky wave behavior is observed by changing the graphene chemical potential. Results in the form of leakage power, normalized directivity, and reflectance, transmittance, leakage power, normalized directivity, and normalized E-field are presented. The half power beamwidth (HPBW) of 1.2° is achieved by this antenna. The reflectance and transmittance are in a very low wavelength range between 1.4 and 1.6 µm throughout. The leakage of power is more for the lower graphene chemical potential. The graphene-based design is also compared to a gold-based design and silicon-based design to show the leakage comparison. The designed graphene-based OLWA can be used in medical sensing devices.
Electro-optic frequency combs
Authors: Parriaux Alexandre , Hammani Kamal , Millot Guy
Published: February 2020

Frequency combs are optical spectra composed of a set of discrete equally spaced lines. Such spectra can be generated by diverse sources such as mode-locked lasers, resonators, or electro-optic modulators. This last possibility has shown a growing interest in the recent years for its advantageous features in providing high repetition rates, intrinsic mutual coherence, or high power per comb lines. Moreover, applications of electro-optic modulator-based combs have flourished in fundamental physics, spectroscopy, or instrumental calibrations. In this paper, we present the most recent progresses made on frequency combs generated by electro-optic modulators, along with the applications where these combs have shown a particular interest.
Towards real-time wide-field fluorescence lifetime imaging of 5-ALA labeled brain tumors with multi-tap CMOS cameras
Authors: Reichert David , Erkkilä Mikael T. , Holst Gerhard , Hecker-Denschlag Nancy , Wilzbach Marco , Hauger Christoph , Drexler Wolfgang , Gesperger Johanna , Kiesel Barbara , Roetzer Thomas , Unterhuber Angelika , Widhalm Georg , Leitgeb Rainer A. , Andreana Marco
Published: February 2020

Fluorescence guided neurosurgery based on 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has significantly increased maximal safe resections. Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of 5-ALA could further boost this development by its increased sensitivity. However, neurosurgeons require real-time visual feedback which was so far limited in dual-tap CMOS camera based FLIM. By optimizing the number of phase frames required for reconstruction, we here demonstrate real-time 5-ALA FLIM of human high- and low-grade glioma with up to 12 Hz imaging rate over a wide field of view (11.0 x 11.0 mm). Compared to conventional fluorescence imaging, real-time FLIM offers enhanced contrast of weakly fluorescent tissue.
Open and disaggregated optical transport networks for data center interconnects [Invited]
Authors: Xie Chongjin , Wang Lei , Dou Liang , Xia Ming , Chen Sai , Zhang Huan , Sun Zhao , Cheng Jingchi
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we present Alibaba’s practices and views on open and disaggregated optical transport networks, with a focus on metro data center interconnects (DCIs). We first discuss technology developments that have enabled open optical transport networks, followed by a presentation of our open optical network architecture for DCI networks. We then describe an overall data center network architecture and the application scenario of open and disaggregated DCI technology. Details of the point-to-point DCI network architecture and the need for reconfigurable optical add–drop multiplexers (ROADMs) in DCI networks are then discussed. We present the data models of DCI equipment, including optical terminal transponders, point-to-point optical line systems, and ROADMs, developed based on OpenConfig YANG models. The detailed design and implementation of a home-grown control and management software platform for DCI networks are also presented. We conclude with a discussion of the real deployment of the technology in Alibaba’s networks.
Full 3D + 1 modeling of tilted-pulse-front setups for single-cycle terahertz generation
Authors: Wang Lu , Kroh Tobias , Matlis Nicholas H. , Kärtner Franz
Published: February 2020

The tilted-pulse-front setup utilizing a diffraction grating is one of
the most successful methods to generate single- to few-cycle terahertz
pulses. However, the generated terahertz pulses have a large spatial
inhomogeneity, due to the noncollinear phase-matching condition and
the asymmetry of the prism-shaped nonlinear crystal geometry,
especially when pushing for high optical-to-terahertz conversion
efficiency. A

3
D

+
1

(

x
,
y
,
z
,
t

) numerical model is necessary in
order to fully investigate the terahertz generation problem in the
tilted-pulse-front scheme. We compare in detail the differences among

1
D

+
1

,

2
D

+
1

, and

3
D

+
1

models. The simulations show that the
size of the optical beam in the pulse-front-tilt plane sensitively
affects the spatiotemporal properties of the terahertz electric field.
The terahertz electric field is found to have a strong spatial
dependence such that a few-cycle pulse is generated only near the apex
of the prism. Even though the part of the beam farther from the apex
can contain a large fraction of the energy, the terahertz waveform
shows less few-cycle character. This strong spatial dependence must be
accounted for when using the terahertz pulses for strong-field physics
and carrier-envelope-phase sensitive experiments such as terahertz
acceleration, coherent control of antiferromagnetic spin waves, and
terahertz high-harmonic generation.
Sensitivity of SWIFT spectroscopy
Authors: Han Zhuoran , Ren Dingding , Burghoff David
Published: February 2020

SWIFT spectroscopy (Shifted Wave Interference Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) is a coherent beatnote technique that can be used to measure the temporal profiles of periodic optical signals. While it has been essential in understanding the physics of various mid-infrared and terahertz frequency combs, its ultimate limits have not been discussed. We show that the envelope of a SWIFTS interferogram is physically meaningful and is directly related to autocorrelation. We derive analytical expressions for the SWIFTS signals of two prototypical cases—chirped pulses from a mode-locked laser and a frequency-modulated comb—and derive scaling laws for the noise of these measurements, showing how it can be mitigated. Finally, we confirm this analysis by performing the first SWIFTS measurements of near-infrared pulses from femtosecond lasers, establishing the validity of the technique for highly-dispersed sub-picojoule pulses.
High peak power, sub-ps green emission in a passively mode locked W-cavity VECSEL
Authors: Meyer Jason T. , Lukowski Michal L. , Hessenius Chris , Wright Ewan M. , Fallahi Mahmoud
Published: February 2020

We report on the experimental results of a passively mode-locked vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL), implemented in a W-cavity configuration, using a lithium triborate (LBO) crystal for intra-cavity second harmonic generation (SHG) at 528 nm. The W-cavity configuration allows separation of the crystal from the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM), enabling independent control over the Gaussian beam sizes at the crystal, chip, and SESAM. This optimized cavity demonstrated a second harmonic pulse width of ~760 fs at a frequency of 465 MHz and 230 mW average output power, resulting in a peak pulse power of 580 W.
First order design of compact, broadband, high spectral resolution ultraviolet-visible imaging spectrometer
Authors: Yang Qinghua
Published: February 2020

An imaging spectrometer combining an entrance slit, a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) and a plane transmission grating is presented. Each unit of the entrance slit is imaged on a separate column of the detector and different wavelengths are dispersed across different rows of that column. To cover the full spectral range, the FPI needs to scan N steps. For each unit of the entrance slit, one spectrum is obtained at each FPI spacing position and a total of N spectra are sequentially obtained to constitute a high resolution spectrum. The combination of imaging, interferometry and dispersive spectrometry enables the instrument to obtain spatial information and high-resolution spectral information of a broadband source in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. First-order approximations of system performance are given. The unique design of the optics will make the instrument compact and suitable for high-spectral-resolution broadband ultraviolet-visible spectral imaging.
Tunable all-optical microwave filter with high tuning efficiency
Authors: Liu Li , Liao Shasha , Xue Wei , Yue Jin
Published: February 2020

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a continuously tunable all-optical microwave filter based on a photonic crystal (PC) L3 cavity. Due to the small cavity mode volume and prominent optical properties, the required power to arouse the cavity nonlinear effects is low as microwatt level. Moreover, the cavity resonance could be continuously shifted by finely adjusting the input powers. Therefore, under optical single sideband modulation, the frequency interval between the optical carrier and cavity resonance could be controllable. In this case, the central frequency of the microwave photonic filter (MPF) could be continuously tuned with low power consumption. To the best of our knowledge, the experimental tuning efficiency of 101.45 GHz/mW is a record for on-chip tunable all-optical microwave filters. With dominant features of all-optical control, ultra-high tuning efficiency (101.45 GHz/mW), large rejection ratios (48 dB) and compact footprint (100 µm2), the proposed silicon nanocavity is competent to process microwave signals, which has many useful applications in on-chip energy-efficient microwave photonic systems.
100 GBd IM/DD transmission over 14 km SMF in the C-band enabled by a plasmonic SSB MZM
Authors: Baeuerle Benedikt , Hoessbacher Claudia , Heni Wolfgang , Fedoryshyn Yuriy , Koch Ueli , Josten Arne , Elder Delwin L. , Dalton Larry R. , Leuthold Juerg
Published: February 2020

100 Gb/s NRZ-OOK transmission over 14 km standard single mode fiber in the C-band is demonstrated with a simple intensity modulation and direct detection scheme. The transmission concept utilizes single sideband modulation and comprises a single differential digital-to-analog converter with adjustable phase offset, a new dual electrode plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator, a laser at 1537.5 nm, standard single mode fibers, a photodiode, an analog-to-digital converter, and linear offline digital signal processing. The presented SSB concept requires no DSP and complex signaling at the transmitter. The demonstrated SSB transmitter increased the possible transmission distance by a factor of 4.6 compared to a DSB transmitter. We also investigated the equalization requirements. A T/2-spaced feedforward equalizer requires 27 taps to achieve transmission over 10 km with a BER below the HD-FEC limit. In comparison to a DSB transmitter, the SSB transmitter reduced the receiver DSP complexity by a factor of 13.7.
Optical damage thresholds of microstructures made by laser three-dimensional nanolithography: publisher’s note
Authors: Butkutė Agnė , Čekanavičius Laurynas , Rimšelis Gabrielius , Gailevičius Darius , Mizeikis Vygantas , Melninkaitis Andrius , Baldacchini Tommaso , Jonušauskas Linas , Malinauskas Mangirdas
Published: February 2020

This publisher’s note contains corrections to Opt. Lett.
45, 13 (2020).OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.45.000013
Machine-learning enables image reconstruction and classification in a “see-through” camera
Authors: Pan Zhimeng , Rodriguez Brian , Menon Rajesh
Published: February 2020

We demonstrate that image reconstruction can be achieved via a convolutional neural network for a “see-through” computational camera comprised of a transparent window and CMOS image sensor. Furthermore, we compared classification results using a classifier network for the raw sensor data against those with the reconstructed images. The results suggest that similar classification accuracy is likely possible in both cases with appropriate network optimizations. All networks were trained and tested for the MNIST (6 classes), EMNIST, and the Kanji49 datasets.
Improved performance of UVC-LEDs by combination of high-temperature annealing and epitaxially laterally overgrown AlN/sapphire
Authors: Susilo Norman , Ziffer Eviathar , Hagedorn Sylvia , Cancellara Leonardo , Netzel Carsten , Ploch Neysha Lobo , Wu Shaojun , Rass Jens , Walde Sebastian , Sulmoni Luca , Guttmann Martin , Wernicke Tim , Albrecht Martin , Weyers Markus , Kneissl Michael
Published: February 2020

We report on the performance of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) emitting at 265 nm grown on stripe-patterned high-temperature annealed (HTA) epitaxially laterally overgrown (ELO) aluminium nitride (AlN)/sapphire templates. For this purpose, the structural and electro-optical properties of ultraviolet-c light-emitting diodes (UVC-LEDs) on as-grown and on HTA planar AlN/sapphire as well as ELO AlN/sapphire with and without HTA are investigated and compared. Cathodoluminescence measurements reveal dark spot densities of

3.5
×

10

9

  

cm

−
2

,

1.1
×

10

9

  

cm

−
2

,

1.4
×

10

9

  

cm

−
2

, and

0.9
×

10

9

  

cm

−
2

in multiple quantum well samples on as-grown planar AlN/sapphire, HTA planar AlN/sapphire, ELO AlN/sapphire, and HTA ELO AlN/sapphire, respectively, and are consistent with the threading dislocation densities determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curve. The UVC-LED performance improves with the reduction of the threading dislocation densities (TDDs). The output powers (measured on-wafer in cw operation at 20 mA) of the UV-LEDs emitting at 265 nm were 0.03 mW (planar AlN/sapphire), 0.8 mW (planar HTA AlN/sapphire), 0.9 mW (ELO AlN/sapphire), and 1.1 mW (HTA ELO AlN/sapphire), respectively. Furthermore, Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations showed a 15% increase in light-extraction efficiency due to the voids formed in the ELO process. These results demonstrate that HTA ELO AlN/sapphire templates provide a viable approach to increase the efficiency of UV-LEDs, improving both the internal quantum efficiency and the light-extraction efficiency.
From Ethiopian Slave to Egyptian Ṣūfī Master? Yāqūt al-Ḥabashī in Mamluk and Ottoman Sources
Authors: Cecere Giuseppe
Published: February 2020

Shaykh Yāqūt al-Ḥabashī (d. 732 ah/1332 ce) is a saintly figure from Mamluk times that is still highly revered in present-day Egypt. He is traditionally described as an Ethiopian slave who became a Ṣūfī master of the ṭarīqa Shādhiliyya in Alexandria. However, both his life and teachings are difficult to reconstruct, as he did not leave any written work and source information on him is fragmentary and inconsistent. This paper tries to shed light, if not on the shaykh’s biography, at least on the making of his hagiographic image, by means of comparative analysis of different biohagiographic traditions on him in Mamluk and Ottoman sources. This will hopefully help to better understand the formation of historical self-representations in the early Shādhiliyya, as well as to gain some fresh insights into social representations of slavery and phenotypic diversity in medieval Egypt.
From the Editor in Chief
Authors: Doğanay Ahmet
Published: February 2020

Dear producers and consumers of knowledge,

I would like to share the happiness of being with you again with first issue of Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction (PEGEGOG) in 2020. Initially, I want to thank you for the increasing interest for our journal.

In this issue, I am pleased to inform you that our journal has started to be indexed in ERIC database as well. With this good news, there has been a significant increase in the number of submissions to our journal. Although this interest in our journal has pleased us, I would like to inform that we will be more selective in order to improve our publication quality. Therefore, I recommend you, dear science producers, to carefully examine the author's guide before submitting your article.

Ninety seven manuscripts were submitted to PEGEGOG in the last three months. Of these, about 19.00% were accepted for publication. This is good news for our journal. On the other hand, I have to indicate that there were critical problems in terms of format within these articles as stated in the previous issue. First of all, unfortunately we had to reject some articles as in many of them there were texts very similar to ones in different articles. At first step, we scan all articles in i-Thenticate program to determine the exact quotations from other resources. After this scan, we reject the articles detected to have exact quotations at a high rate without initiating peer-review process. Apart from that, we also send back the articles not written in an academic format not to disturb our reviewers unnecessarily.

One of the problems with the articles submitted to our journal and we had to reject was about data analysis. The data is the raw information collected from related resources through research aims. These should be analyzed in parallel with these aims. It is necessary to analyze them using statistics for quantitative data and methods such as content analysis or descriptive analysis for qualitative data. Analysis provides the data being transformed into findings and make sense. Especially, in some of document analysis and some qualitative studies, it is seen that data are presented as findings. In some others, data are presented being only described. It is essential that the studies are formed in an article format obeying the rules by the journal and presented for publication afterwards.

As always, we present the ten articles got through peer-review process and given DOI number to you dear producers and consumers of knowledge. I wish these studies conducted in various fields of educational sciences will be useful and contribute to theoretical knowledge within the field. Hope to meet within the next issue.

Sincerely yours,
Wedle dobrych obyczajów czy zgodnie z zasadami współżycia społecznego? Uwagi na tle funkcjonowania klauzuli generalnej z Ustawy o zwalczaniu nieuczciwej konkurencji
Authors: Laszczyk Anna
Published: February 2020

The aim of this paper is to analyse the application of the good practices blanket clause on the example of the Suppression of Unfair Competition Act. First, the authors characterise the general functions and use of blanket clauses, then they focus on the one of their main interest. The authors analyse the origin of the clause as well as the actual understanding of good practice both in the doctrine and in judicial decisions, and subsequently compare the functioning, or application, of good practices and principles of community life to conclude that the application of a good practice clause is not efficient and its use in the future should be discontinued.
Nabycie służebności przesyłu w drodze zasiedzenia
Authors: Łukasz Sokołowski
Published: February 2020

The paper is an attempt to determine the admissibility of acquisition of a transmission easement by virtue of usucaption. It also contains the review and assessment of the main issues, doubts and discrepancies which are present in the doctrine and jurisprudence. The survey also deals with deliberations concerning the possibilities of usucaption of particular ways of using the facilities as referred in the article 49 of The Civil Code prior to the amendments of The Civil Code of 20 May 2008 that introduced a new legal institution of a utility of transmission easement.
Przesłanki powództwa o uchylenie uchwały spółki kapitałowej
Authors: Szczepańska Katarzyna
Published: February 2020

The paper presents the interpretation of grounds for repealing a resolution of a capital company (private and public limited) in the event of a conflict between such resolution and the company’s articles of association (statue), good practice, or when the intent of the resolution is contrary to the company’s interests or to the detriment of a shareholder,based on the views of representative legal doctrine and court rulings. These opinions are then confronted with views presented by legal theorists as well as the developments and changes of their interpretation in selected jurisdictions.
On the Judicialisation of International Law
Authors: Wiśniewski Adam
Published: February 2020

The judicialisation of international law is a relatively recent phenomenon that gained momentum in the 1990s and 2000s. Coupled with the trend towards widespread compulsory jurisdiction, it has been crucial in strengthening the commitment of states to adhere to their international obligations. Another important effect of judicialisation on international law is that at least certain international norms have acquired an “objective” nature, detached from the will of states. This is because the interpretation and application of these norms is no longer dependent solely upon the subjective discretion of states, but is subject to consideration and examination by independent judicial bodies. The process of judicialisation, while contributing to the international rule of law, has undoubtedly changed the face of international law a great deal as a result of some other factors. The multiplication of international courts has led to the expansion of the judicial institutional layer, making international law less horizontal. Also, as a result of the growing case-law of these courts, the system of international law is becoming more complex and developed, and thus also more mature. The natural aspect of the judicial function is the development of international law. Despite the problems and risks involved, the proliferation of international courts and tribunals can be perceived as one of the important components of the dynamic transformation of international law during the recent decades.
The Conditions and Procedure for the Admission of Children of Incarcerated Mothers to Mother-and-Baby Units at Prisons in Poland
Authors: Teleszewska Magdalena
Published: February 2020

The admission of mother and child to the a mother-and-baby unit has a positive effect on both the development of the child as well as the social rehabilitation of the mother. Children in mother-and-baby units are provided the right conditions for development. The mother learns to fulfill her parental responsibilities. In addition, incarcerated women who are in prison with their children want to change for the better, in order to provide their children a better future.
Reticulated platelets – clinical application and future perspectives
Authors: Meintker Lisa , Krause Stefan W.
Published: February 2020

Reticulated platelets are immature platelets freshly released from the bone marrow into the circulation and contain vestigial amounts of ribonucleic acid. Thus, they can serve as an indicator for the activity of thrombopoiesis. Despite the current lack of a standardized reference method, two types of hematology analyzers have incorporated a fully automated measurement of reticulated platelets. The “immature platelet fraction” (IPF; Sysmex XE-/XN-series) has some clinical utility in the differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia. This is less clear for “reticulated platelets” (retPLT; Abbott CELL-DYN Sapphire/Alinity HQ). The usefulness of these parameters in the prediction of platelet recovery after chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation and as a decision aid for platelet transfusions has not been unequivocally confirmed. Recent findings have shown an association of reticulated platelets with an adverse risk in patients with coronary artery disease and stroke as well as resistance to anti-platelet therapy. Furthermore, a role of reticulated platelets for the prediction of sepsis was indicated. However, validation in larger prospective trials is necessary to establish the clinical benefit of reticulated platelets in these conditions. This review gives an overview of the available analytical methods and summarizes the current knowledge regarding the clinical application of reticulated platelets.
Preparation of CaCO3nanoparticle/pulp fiber composites using ultrafine bubbles
Authors: Fuchise-Fukuoka Moe , Oishi Masatoshi , Goto Shisei , Isogai Akira
Published: February 2020

In this study, CaCO3nanoparticle/pulp fiber composites were prepared by formation of ultrafine bubbles of CO2gas in aqueous Ca(OH)2solution containing beaten or unbeaten pulp fibers. Scanning electron microscopy images of the fiber/CaCO3composites showed that primary CaCO3nanoparticles with average diameters of 50–80 nm densely formed on the pulp fiber surfaces. The average sizes and morphologies of the precipitated CaCO3nanoparticles can be controlled by controlling the CO2flow rate into the pulp slurry. From dynamic drainage analysis of the CaCO3/pulp slurries with high shear force, retention of the CaCO3nanoparticles on the pulp fiber mats was ∼10 % higher for the slurry formed by the ultrafine bubble method than for that formed by mixing precipitated CaCO3and pulp fiber. Therefore, precipitated CaCO3nanoparticles stably formed on the pulp fiber surfaces in the slurry by the ultrafine bubble method. Compared with reference handsheets, handsheets prepared with the CaCO3nanoparticle/pulp fiber composites had higher CaCO3contents and had consequently higher specific surface areas and surface smoothness values. In contrast, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased because the sheet density decreased with increasing CaCO3content in the handsheets.
Controlling Risks in the Compounding Process of Individually Formulated Parenteral Nutrition: Use of the FMECA Method (Failure modes, effects, and Criticality Analysis)
Authors: Royer Mathilde , Libessart Maïté , Dubaele Jean-Marc , Tourneux Pierre , Marçon Fréderic
Published: February 2020

Parenteral nutrition (PN) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) involves a succession of risky processes. The objective was to identify and prioritize the risks associated with PN in order to improve the quality of the pathway. A failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) was used to identify potential PN pathway failure modes. A multidisciplinary working group conducted a functional analysis of the processes, then listed the failure modes (FM). The FM criticality was assessed on a scale from 1 to 5 for occurrence (O), severity (S), and detection (D). The risk priority number (RPN), ranging from 1 to 125, was calculated. The FMECA identified 99 FM (prescription (n=28), preparation (n=48), and administration (n=23)). The median RPN was 12, with scores ranging from 3 to 48. 25 % of the scores had an RPN>21.75.

Among them, 12 were associated with prescription FM, 5 were associated with FM related to preparation and 8 were associated with a FM linked to administration. It allowed us to prioritize areas of potential quality improvement for parenteral nutrition of the preterm infant. The results demonstrated the need for the presence of a clinical pharmacist in the NICU to ensure the quality of PN process.
Promoting ‘Positive Stories’ of Help and Rescue from the 1992-1995 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. An Alternative to the Dichotomy of Guilt and Victimhood?
Authors: Moll Nicolas
Published: February 2020

Public discourses about wars and mass violence are often dominated by questions of guilt and victimhood as well as a focus on the figures of ‘perpetrators’ and ‘victims’. This can also be observed concerning the public remembrance of the 1992-1995 conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, attempts were made here to promote the memory of another war-related figure: that of the rescuer who helped people ‘from the other side’. The author analyses these attempts at remembrance in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and places them within the context of global efforts to publicly acknowledge rescuers, in particular the ‘Righteous Among the Nations’.
The New Independent Orthodox Church in Ukraine
Authors: Mykhaleyko Andriy
Published: February 2020

In January 2019, the Ukrainian Orthodoxy received what is known as the tomos from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which established the independent Orthodox Church in Ukraine. The granting of autocephaly to the Orthodox Christians of Ukraine caused a deep crisis in the Orthodoxy and a conflict between Constantinople and Moscow. The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) condemned the Ecumenical Patriarch’s action and accused the Patriarchate of Constantinople of encroaching on the ‘canonical territory’ of the ROC. The author examines the foundations of this formation of a new Orthodox Church, the religious and political factors influencing the process of its establishment, and the reaction of the Russian Orthodox Church leadership and Russian politicians. He also reflects on the consequences for relations within Orthodoxy, for ecumenical dialogue, and for contacts between Ukraine and Russia.
In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of methanolic extract of Asparagus horridus grows in North Cyprus Kuzey Kıbrıs da yetişen Asparagus horridus metanolik ekstraktının in-vitro antioksidan, anti-enflamatuar ve anti-kanser aktivitesi
Authors: Altundag Ergul Mutlu , Gençalp Duygu , Özbilenler Cahit , Toprak Kübra , Kerküklü Namık
Published: February 2020

Background

Asparagus horridus is an edible plant known as “Ayrelli” in North Cyprus. The scientific literature has not yet submitted a report about the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of A. horridus plant from North Cyprus until now. The purpose of the research was to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of A. horridus.

Materials and methods

Soxhlet extraction of A. horridus was performed using methanol. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, TFC, FRAP and TPC assays. Protein-denaturation assay was performed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect. The anti-cancer effects of the extract on HepG2 and B-CPAP cell lines were determined with MTT assay.

Results

Antioxidant activity for A. horridus extract was determined by DPPH (50%), TFC (266.26 μg QUE/mg extract), FRAP (1.27 μg FeSO4/mg extract) and TPC (167.613 μg GAE/mg extract) assays at 25 mg/mL. Inhibition of protein-denaturation activity was found as 29.42% at 25 mg/mL. After 24 h of the extract treatment, cell proliferation of HepG2 and B-CPAP cancer cells were inhibited at IC50 values 63.24 μg/mL and 101.24 μg/mL, respectively.

Conclusion

These results have shown that the methanol extract of A. horridus grows in North Cyprus has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities.
Utilization of 1-phenylimidazo[1,5-a]quinoline as partner in 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition reactions
Authors: Jaber Areej M. , Zahra Jalal A. , El-Abadelah Mustafa M. , Sabri Salim S. , Khanfar Monther A. , Voelter Wolfgang
Published: February 2020

A Selected set of 2-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3-oxazepino[7,6-b]indoles 4a–d and dihydroacenaphtho[1,2-f][1,3]oxazepine 5 have been prepared via 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition reaction involving 1-phenylimidazo[1,5-a]quinoline, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, and N-(substituted)isatins or acenaphthoquinone. Structures of the new heterocycles 4a–d and 5 are supported by NMR and HRMS spectral data, and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography for 4c and 5.
Patient Flow Analysis in General Hospitals: How Clinical Disciplines Affect Outpatient Wait Times
Authors: Aeenparast Afsoon , Farzadi Faranak , Maftoon Farzaneh , Yahyazadeh Hossein
Published: February 2020

Background: Overcrowding is an important problem for outpatient services in healthcare facilities. Patient flow analysis (PFA) is a useful method for identifying inefficiencies in and facilitating patient flow. Objective: PFA was used to estimate patient wait time and determine how different clinical disciplines impact wait times in the studied hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated a study population comprised of outpatients who referred to clinics at a general hospital in Tehran, Iran. A total of 3836 samples were selected from different stations. Nonrandomized quota sampling was used, and data was gathered using workflow checklists, the content validity of which was proven by experts and hospital authorities. SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis. Results: Total patient stay in the outpatient setting was an estimated 77 minutes (without considering para-clinic units and pharmacy). More than 90% of this time was spent waiting. The wait time of patients at the clinic was greater than that at other stations, and it was less at the cash station than at other stations. Wait times varied at different clinics (P value < 0.001) and were correlated with physician delay (P value < 0.001). Conclusion: The most important result of using PFA in the outpatient setting was managing wait times. This study indicated that a considerable amount of a patient’s total stay in the system was related to waiting for physical examinations. This suggests that the first priority in improving the system should be managing patient wait times for physical examinations.
A Self-inflicted Hot Oil Burn in a Male With a Major Psychiatric Disorder: A Case Report
Authors: Ismaili Shahroudi Moqaddam Zahra , Saberi Isfeedvajani Mohsen
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Suicide is a major challenge to public health worldwide, and self-inflicted burn is one of the most violent suicide methods. Case Presentation: In this case, a self-inflicted hot oil burn in a male with schizotypal personality and major depressive disorder is reported. Conclusion: Psychiatric disorders, marital problems, and economic poverty are mentioned as risk factors for self-inflicted burn. Thus, these risk factors should be considered in the management of self-inflicted burn patients.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Adherence to Treatment in Patients With Heart Disease in Iran
Authors: Khodaveisi Masoud , Fakhrazizi Shahla , Mohammadi Nahid , Tapak Leili
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Adherence to treatment is essential in heart disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional awareness of hypertensive patients and their dietary intake in heart disease. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study that was performed on hypertensive patients referred to Farshchian Cardiovascular Clinic in Iran, using the available random sampling method. Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaire and three questionnaires of nutritional awareness, illness perception, and dietary follow-up of patients with hypertension. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and descriptive statistics. Results: The mean score of knowledge was 4.73 1.5 1.55. Fifty-eight percent of patients were unaware of high-fat diet, 56% of them did not eat red meat and 63% of them did not. The mean score of perception was 29.58 ± 3.94% of which 38% of the patients were uncontrollable and 43% strongly opposed their illnesses which could lead to premature death and 56% were against dietary restriction. Conclusion: There is a need for interventions to improve the knowledge and attitude of patients with heart disease.
The Impact of Thwarted Belonging on Tolerance of Abusive Behaviors in a Romantic Relationship
Authors: Trujillo Alejandro , Claypool Heather M.
Published: February 2020

Introduction: This work examined the role of thwarted belonging in directing reactions to intimate partner violence (IPV). We tested two competing hypotheses. First, we offered the Insensitivity Hypothesis, which argued that excluded (compared to control) participants would indicate they were comfortable and willing to remain in an abusive relationship longer, an effect likely mediated by reduced relational needs. Second, we offered the Hypersensitivity Hypothesis, which argued that excluded (compared to control) participants would indicate they were uncomfortable and willing to leave an abusive relationship earlier, an effect likely mediated by activation of hostile cognitions.

Methods: To test these, female participants underwent an exclusion or non-exclusion experience, completed measures of the hypothesized mediators, and then read a vignette describing a heterosexual romantic relationship that slowly turned more abusive. Participants took the perspective of the female victim and indicated when they would feel uncomfortable in the relationship and leave the relationship.

Results: Results partially supported the Insensitivity Hypothesis, as exclusion (relative to control) lowered relational needs, and lowered relational needs predicted later desires to exit the relationship (no significant effects emerged for discomfort onset).

Discussion: Implications of these findings for the belonging and IPV literatures are discussed.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor As an Indirect Mediator of Nociceptor Activation and Pain
Authors: Tewari Damini , Cook Andrew D. , Lee Ming-Chin , Christensen Anne D. , Croxford Andrew , Becher Burkhard , Poole Daniel , Rajasekhar Pradeep , Bunnett Nigel , Smith Julia E. , Hamilton John A. , McMahon Stephen B.
Published: February 2020

The interaction between the immune system and the nervous system has been at the center of multiple research studies in recent years. Whereas the role played by cytokines as neuronal mediators is no longer contested, the mechanisms by which cytokines modulate pain processing remain to be elucidated. In this study, we have analyzed the involvement of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in nociceptor activation in male and female mice. Previous studies have suggested GM-CSF might directly activate neurons. However, here we established the absence of a functional GM-CSF receptor in murine nociceptors, and suggest an indirect mechanism of action, via immune cells. We report that GM-CSF applied directly to magnetically purified nociceptors does not induce any transcriptional changes in nociceptive genes. In contrast, conditioned medium from GM-CSF-treated murine macrophages was able to drive nociceptor transcription. We also found that conditioned medium from nociceptors treated with the well established pain mediator, nerve growth factor, could also modify macrophage gene transcription, providing further evidence for a bidirectional crosstalk.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe interaction of the immune system and the nervous system is known to play an important role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain disorders. Elucidating the mechanisms of these interactions is an important step toward understanding, and therefore treating, chronic pain disorders. This study provides evidence for a two-way crosstalk between macrophages and nociceptors in the peripheral nervous system, which may contribute to the sensitization of nociceptors by cytokines in pain development.
Direct Activation of Primary Motor Cortex during Subthalamic But Not Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Johnson Luke A. , Wang Jing , Nebeck Shane D. , Zhang Jianyu , Johnson Matthew D. , Vitek Jerrold L.
Published: February 2020

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) is an effective treatment for parkinsonian motor signs. Though its therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear, it has been suggested that antidromic activation of the primary motor cortex (M1) plays a significant role in mediating its therapeutic effects. This study tested the hypothesis that antidromic activation of M1 is a prominent feature underlying the therapeutic effect of STN and GPi DBS. Single-unit activity in M1 was recorded using high-density microelectrode arrays in two parkinsonian nonhuman primates each implanted with DBS leads targeting the STN and GPi. Stimulation in each DBS target had similar therapeutic effects, however, antidromic activation of M1 was only observed during STN DBS. Although both animals undergoing STN DBS had similar beneficial effects, the proportion of antidromic-classified cells in each differed, 30 versus 6%. Over 4 h of continuous STN DBS, antidromic activation became less robust, whereas therapeutic benefits were maintained. Although antidromic activation waned over time, synchronization of spontaneous spiking in M1 was significantly reduced throughout the 4 h. Although we cannot discount the potential therapeutic role of antidromic M1 activation at least in the acute phase of STN DBS, the difference in observed antidromic activation between animals, and target sites, raise questions about its hypothesized role as the primary mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of DBS. These results lend further support that reductions in synchronization at the level of M1 are an important factor in the therapeutic effects of DBS.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecently there has been great interest and debate regarding the potential role of motor cortical activation in the therapeutic mechanisms of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease. In this study we used chronically implanted high density microelectrode arrays in primary motor cortex (M1) to record neuronal population responses in parkinsonian nonhuman primates during subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS and globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS. Our results suggest a contribution of antidromic activation of M1 during STN DBS in disrupting synchronization in cortical neuronal populations; however, diminishing antidromic activity over time, and differences in observed antidromic activation between animals and target sites with antidromic activation not observed during GPi DBS, raise questions about its role as the primary mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of DBS.
SOAS Address: Rethinking Street Vending
Authors: Ray Krishnendu
Published: February 2020

“What is at stake here?” asks Krishnendu Ray urgently, examining the past, present, and future of marketplaces and street vendors. What lessons can be learned from cities in the Global South—from Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia, where the desperate actions and activism of a street vendor helped launch the Arab Spring, to Durban, South Africa, where women street vendors forced their way into urban planning by organizing? Ray, a member of the Gastronomica Editorial Collective, posed historical and contemporary questions about liveliness and livelihoods of global cities and what good taste and good food can mean for the very future of democracy when he delivered the 2019 Distinguished Lecture at the annual event co-sponsored by the SOAS University of London and Gastronomica. The recorded talk is available for free at www.soas.ac.uk/about/. This year, in addition to reprinting the lecture, we extend the London conversation to a global audience, inviting two leading scholars of street vending to respond to Ray's lecture. Sandra C. Mendiola García leads us to Puebla, Mexico, to a marketplace where chiles en nogada become the linchpin of an ebullient flowering of democratic potential. She agrees with Ray that marketplaces are sites not just of capital accumulation but also of critical social infrastructure. Jane Battersby, as well, notes the role of street vending and marketplaces as social infrastructure. Throughout African cities, street vendors, often women, are crucial to urban food security, yet urban planners continue to regard vendors as symptomatic, even causing urban problems. The future of marketplaces and street vending, and with it an element of life in an urban democracy, depends on vendors' abilities to demand collective voices in the planning and governance of cities. Finally, in their epilogue, Noah Allison and Jacklyn Rohel note that these conversations about what they, citing Ray, describe as the “last mile of the food chain” are ongoing. Proposing more expansive definitions of vending, they focus attention on the multiple meanings assigned, globally, to urban street vending and on the ways in which those meanings relate to how cities feed themselves.
Confronting Whiteness in Kansas City's Local Food Movement: Diversity Work and Discourse on Privilege and Power
Authors: Kolavalli Chhaya
Published: February 2020

In recent years, the whiteness of the local food movement has been an increasingly popular topic in both academic and popular discourse. In what ways have those within this movement responded to critiques of exclusionary whiteness and privilege? Drawing on interviews with local food advocates in Kansas City (KC), this article explores the discourses and practices used within the movement in response to questions of equity and racial justice. It argues that in KC, one way that local food movement advocates react to these critiques is by discursively celebrating “diversity”—a response that actually works to further conceal racialized inequality and to maintain systemic white privilege. Within this case study, this “diversity work” took the form of counting and celebrating phenotypic diversity in local food spaces. In KC, this manifests as a celebration of new U.S. immigrants—a form of diversity work that is easier to engage in than calls for deeper, structural changes in the food system. This diversity work, whether intentionally or not, depoliticizes discussions of food systems reform and distances local food advocates from the responsibility to address deeper inequities. Such findings illustrate some of the narratives and practices that help sustain structural racial inequality in local food systems amidst a shifting broader discourse that calls for the dismantling of white privilege within many social movements.