bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Totalsynthese und Untersuchung der biologischen Aktivität von (−)‐Artemisinin – die Antimalaria‐Aktivität von Artemisinin ist nicht stereospezifisch
Authors: Krieger Johannes , Smeilus Toni , Kaiser Marcel , Seo Ean‐Jeong , Efferth Thomas , Giannis Athanassios
Published: May 2018

Ein effizienter und Diversitäts‐orientierter Zugang zu (−)‐Artemisinin (1) und dessen natürlich vorkommendem Enantiomer (+)‐Artemisinin ausgehend vom kommerziell erhältlichen (S)‐(+)‐ bzw. (R)‐(−)‐Citronellen wurde entwickelt. Dadurch konnte eine bis heute immer noch offene Frage beantwortet werden, nämlich ob Artemisinin stereospezifisch wirkt. Die biologische Untersuchung mit dem Plasmodium‐falc.‐NF54‐Stamm ergab, dass die Antimalaria‐Aktivität von Artemisinin nicht stereospezifisch ist. Mit dem hier beschriebenen, einfachen und biomimetischen Zugang zu diesem natürlichen Endoperoxid eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit zur Herstellung weiterer Artemisinin‐Derivate, die mit den bisherigen Methoden und Synthesen nicht zugänglich sind. Auf diese Weise kann das Problem der aufkommenden Resistenz von Plasmodium falciparum gegen Artemisinin angegangen werden.
Preparation, characterization, and catalytic behavior of xMO/yNaZSM‐5 catalyst for dichlorohydrin dechlorination reaction
Authors: Yang Lu , Liang Yunxia , Yang Huimin , Li Fuxiang , Xue Jianwei , Lv Zhiping
Published: May 2018

A series of loaded CaO or MgO catalysts with NaZSM‐5 zeolites as supports were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and used to catalyze the dechlorination of dichlorohydrin (DCH) to epichlorophydrin (ECH). The resulting prepared catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption‐desorption, CO2 temperature‐programmed desorption, and the Hammett indicator method. The reaction results demonstrated that the MgO/NaZSM‐5 catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance compared with the CaO/NaZSM‐5. In addition, the effect of different MgO loadings on the activities of as‐synthesized catalysts was investigated. Notable, the activity of MgO/NaZSM‐5 catalyst increased with the increased loading content of MgO. Based on the obtained characterization for the xMO/yNaZSM‐5 catalysts, the increased catalytic activity could be attributed to both the increase of Brunauer–Emmett–Teller values and the increase in base strength resulting from MgO loading onto the NaZSM‐5 zeolite. In addition, the calcination temperature of the sample was also an important factor for the DCH dechlorination reaction. Under optimized conditions, 99.8% conversion of 1,3‐DCH and 95.5% yield of ECH were achieved using 10MgO/80NaZSM‐5 zeolite calcined at 550 °C under atmospheric pressure, a reaction temperature of 330 °C, weight hourly space velocity of DCH 1.06 hr−1, a nitrogen feed flow rate of 100 ml/min and a DCH saturator temperature of 80 °C.
Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in Paget disease: a SEER population‐based study
Authors: Zhao Yang , Sun He‐Fen , Chen Meng‐Ting , Gao Shui‐Ping , Li Liang‐Dong , Jiang Hong‐lin , Jin Wei
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes of Paget disease (PD), Paget disease concomitant infiltrating duct carcinoma (PD‐IDC), and Paget disease concomitant intraductal carcinoma (PD‐DCIS). We identified 501,631 female patients from 2000 to 2013 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. These identified patients included patients with PD (n = 469), patients with PD‐IDC (n = 1832), and patients with PD‐DCIS (n = 1130) and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) (n = 498,076). Then, we compared the clinical characteristics of these patients with those who were diagnosed with IDC during the same period. The outcomes of these subtypes of breast carcinoma were different. Based on the overall survival, the patients with PD‐IDC had the worst prognosis (5‐year survival rate = 84.1%). The PD‐DCIS had the best prognosis (5‐year survival rate = 97.5%). Besides, among patients with Paget disease, the one who was married had a better prognosis than who were not. And, according to our research, the marital status was associated with the hormone receptor status in patients with PD‐IDC. Among three subtypes of Paget disease, patients with PD‐IDC had the worst prognosis. Besides, patients who were unmarried had worse outcomes. And the marital status of patients with PD‐IDC is associated with hormone status. The observation underscores the importance of individualized treatment.
Prognostic relevance and performance characteristics of serum IGFBP‐2 and PAPP‐A in women with breast cancer: a long‐term Danish cohort study
Authors: Espelund Ulrick , Renehan Andrew G. , Cold Søren , Oxvig Claus , Lancashire Lee , Su Zhenqiang , Flyvbjerg Allan , Frystyk Jan
Published: May 2018

Measurement of circulating insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs), in particular IGF‐binding protein (IGFBP)‐2, at the time of diagnosis, is independently prognostic in many cancers, but its clinical performance against other routinely determined prognosticators has not been examined. We measured IGF‐I, IGF‐II, pro‐IGF‐II, IGF bioactivity, IGFBP‐2, ‐3, and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A), an IGFBP regulator, in baseline samples of 301 women with breast cancer treated on four protocols (Odense, Denmark: 1993–1998). We evaluated performance characteristics (expressed as area under the curve, AUC) using Cox regression models to derive hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 10‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), and compared those against the clinically used Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI). We measured the same biomarkers in 531 noncancer individuals to assess multidimensional relationships (MDR), and evaluated additional prognostic models using survival artificial neural network (SANN) and survival support vector machines (SSVM), as these enhance capture of MDRs. For RFS, increasing concentrations of circulating IGFBP‐2 and PAPP‐A were independently prognostic [HRbiomarker doubling: 1.474 (95% CIs: 1.160, 1.875, P = 0.002) and 1.952 (95% CIs: 1.364, 2.792, P < 0.001), respectively]. The AUCRFS for NPI was 0.626 (Cox model), improving to 0.694 (P = 0.012) with the addition of IGFBP‐2 plus PAPP‐A. Derived AUCRFS using SANN and SSVM did not perform superiorly. Similar patterns were observed for OS. These findings illustrate an important principle in biomarker qualification—measured circulating biomarkers may demonstrate independent prognostication, but this does not necessarily translate into substantial improvement in clinical performance.
Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in seven patients with peritoneal sarcomatosis from uterine sarcoma
Authors: Sardi Armando , Muñoz‐Zuluaga Carlos A. , Sittig Michelle , Diaz‐Montes Teresa
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

Peritoneal sarcomatosis from uterine sarcoma is a rare disease with no effective treatment and poor prognosis. Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) has successful results in peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastrointestinal/gynecological origins. We show that CRS/HIPEC is safe, feasible, and may benefit selected patients with peritoneal sarcomatosis from uterine sarcoma.
Improvement of common variable immunodeficiency using embryonic stem cell therapy in a patient with lyme disease: a clinical case report
Authors: Horowitz Richard , Freeman Phyllis R.
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

Bone marrow transplantation and stem cell therapies have been used for the treatment of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and other life‐threatening medical disorders. This is the first known case report in the medical literature describing improvement of both Lyme disease and CVID with human embryonic stem cell therapy.
2‐Electron Reduction of CO2 by Graphene Supported Ru Complexes – on the Role of Electron Donation.
Authors: Szyja Bartłomiej M.
Published: May 2018

This work presents the theoretical activity of the graphene supported Ru‐CNC pincer complexes, Ru‐porphyrin in the electrocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to FA, reduction to CO. The pathways with the formate, carboxyl intermediates are investigated to estimate the preferred pathway, the overpotential needed to overcome the thermodynamic limitations of the process. The effect of the electron donation from the supporting graphene sheet is discussed, based on the observed charge density difference. The results indicate the carboxyl intermediate as the more stable one„ the electron donation causes the additional stability of this intermediate, which in turn is likely to lead to the strongly bound carbonyl species.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Dearomatized C−H Activation and Annulation Reaction of Vinylnaphthols with Alkynes: Access to Spiro‐Pentacyclic Naphthalenones
Authors: Duarah Gauri , Kaishap Partha P. , Sarma Bipul , Gogoi Sanjib
Published: May 2018

The ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed annulation of vinylnaphthols and alkynes is described. The reaction proceeds through C−H activation, dearomatization, and alkyne insertion. This reaction affords spiro‐pentacyclic naphthalenones that have biological significance in good yields.
Efficiency of Air Filters at High Relative Humidity or Exposed to Water Droplets
Authors: König Claudia , Schmidt Frank , Engelke Thomas
Published: May 2018

Filtermedien der Filterklasse E12 wurden im Labor mit NaCl‐Partikeln und Feuchte beaufschlagt und anschließend einer DEHS‐Effizienzmessung (DEHS: Di‐Ethyl‐Hexyl‐Sebacat) in Anlehnung an DIN EN 1822 Teil 3 unterzogen. Verglichen wurden Druckverluste und Fraktionsabscheidegrade in unterschiedlichen Beladungsstadien mit Ergebnissen des Ausgangszustands, um die Relevanz von Feuchte oder wasserlöslichen Verunreinigungen wie Salz auf die Filtrationsleistung zu erfassen. Im Anschluss wurden Aufnahmen mit einem Raster‐Elektronen‐Mikroskop gemacht, um ein besseres Verständnis für das Verhalten der abgeschiedenen Partikel in den unterschiedlichen Beladungsstadien zu erlangen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Filtern aus dem Realbetrieb verglichen.
Potential Technical Approaches for Improving Low‐Temperature NOx Conversion of Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems
Authors: Braun Peter , Gebhard Jürgen , Matysik Frank‐Michael , Rabl Hans‐Peter
Published: May 2018

Lean‐burn engines, such as diesel engines, are widely used in mobile and stationary applications. Operation of lean‐burn engines leads to formation of distinct amounts of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2). Efficient aftertreatment is mandatory to meet legal requirements, especially at low exhaust temperatures, as for the future a decline of the exhaust temperature level can be predicted due to improved engine efficiencies. Within this review, potential technical solutions to enhance the DeNOx‐aftertreatment efficiency at low exhaust temperatures are presented.
Synthesis of the Diverse Glycosides in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Zhu Dapeng , Yu Biao
Published: May 2018

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a huge treasure trove for the discovery and development of modern pharmaceuticals. Indeed, numerous biologically and pharmacologically significant molecules have been identified from TCM; among them, a considerable portion belongs to glycosides. These glycosides are extremely diverse in structures, consisting of a large variety of aglycones, glycans, as well as glycosidic linkages. In addition, these glycosides occur frequently as a complicated mixture of congeners in the nature sources. This micro‐heterogeneity leads to the isolation of a homogeneous glycoside in an appreciable amount a formidable task. Therefore, development of synthetic approaches toward these nature glycosides has received great attention. In this account, we summarize our twenty‐year efforts spent on this topic. Fifty five representative TCM‐relevant glycosides synthesized by our group are highlighted. Based on the aglycone structure, these glycosides are categorized into three groups, i.e., steroid glycosides, triterpene glycosides, and flavonoid and phenolic glycosides. Typical synthetic approaches are discussed, showing the demanding tactics for regio‐ and stereo‐controlled installation of glycans and overall manipulation of protecting groups. These expedient and scalable synthetic approaches have provided practical alternatives to the accessibility of these TCM components and thus opportunities for their in depth biological and pharmacological studies.
Selective Cleavage of C−O Bonds in Lignin Catalyzed by Rhenium(VII) Oxide (Re2O7)
Authors: Qi Zaojuan , Zhang Bo , Ji Jianwei , Li Xinxin , Dai Tao , Guo Haiwei , Wang Aiqin , Lu Lican , Li Changzhi
Published: May 2018

Invited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Dr. Changzhi Li from Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China, and Dr. Lican Lu, Xiangtan University, China. The cover picture shows the harvest of a renewable supply of aromatic compounds accessible from lignin model compounds and lignin feedstocks through the selective Re2O7‐catalyzed cleavage of lignin C–O bonds. This study paves the way towards the development of rhenium‐based catalysts for the reductive valorization of realistic lignin materials in a controlled manner. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201700547.
Market reactions to environmental policies: Evidence from China
Authors: Jiang Yan , Luo Le
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate Chinese market reaction to environmental‐policy‐related announcements from the Chinese government in response to the Copenhagen Climate Summit from 2009 to 2011. Based on a market model with a newly developed bootstrapping significance testing methodology, we find that market reactions to these policy‐related announcements are significantly positive. Further, we test whether specific industry or firm characteristics can explain cross‐sectional variation in these market reactions. Our results show that market reactions are more significantly positive for high‐pollution industries than low‐pollution industries. The study contributes to the understanding of how investors respond to announcements related to the Copenhagen Climate Summit in the context of China. In contrast to prior studies that examine directly whether a firm's abnormal return or cumulative abnormal return is negatively affected by environmental regulations, we conduct this study in a distinct way in that our results show that an expectation of delayed carbon legislation will affect a firm's abnormal return positively, which indicates that the market is likely to respond negatively to an immediate implementation of carbon legislations.
Prevalence of chew and spit and its relation to other features of disordered eating in a community sample
Authors: Aouad Phillip , Hay Phillipa , Soh Nerissa , Touyz Stephen
Published: May 2018

Background

Until recently, research into Chew and Spit (CHSP) behavior has predominantly focused on clinical samples, and little is known of its prevalence in the community. The current study aimed to bridge this gap by exploring CHSP features in a representative sample of the general population. We hypothesized that the point‐prevalence of CHSP would be less than 1%; concurrent with other eating disorder symptomology, and associated with poorer health related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methodology

Using the 2016, respondent‐based, South Australian Health Omnibus Survey (HOS), data were collected on 3047 participants aged ≥15 years old. HRQoL was assessed with the Short‐Form health‐questionnaire‐v1 (SF‐12).

Results

CHSP point prevalence was 0.4% (95% CI .23 to .69%; n = 13), and was more prevalent in people with compensatory disordered eating behaviors. The median age of those with CHSP was 39, and both mental and physical HRQoL were reduced compared with the general population (Mdn: MHQoL = 49; HRQoL = 50), with MHQoL being significantly lower in those with symptoms of a clinically diagnosable ED and concurrently engaged in CHSP (z = –2.33, p = .020).

Conclusions

Due to the low prevalence of CHSP, the reliability of inferential statistics may increase the chance of Type II errors, therefore, future studies should use larger samples. Although CHSP is not “common” in a wider community sample, its prevalence appears to be similar to other ED associated symptoms.
Phylogenetic signal in tooth wear dietary niche proxies
Authors: Fraser Danielle , Haupt Ryan J. , Barr W. Andrew
Published: May 2018

In the absence of independent observational data, ecologists and paleoecologists use proxies for the Eltonian niches of species (i.e., the resource or dietary axes of the niche). Some dietary proxies exploit the fact that mammalian teeth experience wear during mastication, due to both tooth‐on‐tooth and food‐on‐tooth interactions. The distribution and types of wear detectible at micro‐ and macroscales are highly correlated with the resource preferences of individuals and, in turn, species. Because methods that quantify the distribution of tooth wear (i.e., analytical tooth wear methods) do so by direct observation of facets and marks on the teeth of individual animals, dietary inferences derived from them are thought to be independent of the clade to which individuals belong. However, an assumption of clade or phylogenetic independence when making species‐level dietary inferences may be misleading if phylogenetic niche conservatism is widespread among mammals. Herein, we test for phylogenetic signal in data from numerous analytical tooth wear studies, incorporating macrowear (i.e., mesowear) and microwear (i.e., low‐magnification microwear and dental microwear texture analysis). Using two measures of phylogenetic signal, heritability (H2) and Pagel's λ, we find that analytical tooth wear data are not independent of phylogeny and failing to account for such nonindependence leads to overestimation of discriminability among species with different dietary preferences. We suggest that morphological traits inherited from ancestral clades (e.g., tooth shape) influence the ways in which the teeth wear during mastication and constrain the foods individuals of a species can effectively exploit. We do not suggest that tooth wear is simply phylogeny in disguise; the tooth wear of individuals and species likely varies within some range that is set by morphological constraints. We therefore recommend the use of phylogenetic comparative methods in studies of mammalian tooth wear, whenever possible.
Dietary choices are influenced by genotype, mating status, and sex in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Camus M. Florencia , Huang Chun‐Cheng , Reuter Max , Fowler Kevin
Published: May 2018

Mating causes many changes in physiology, behavior, and gene expression in a wide range of organisms. These changes are predicted to be sex specific, influenced by the divergent reproductive roles of the sexes. In female insects, mating is associated with an increase in egg production which requires high levels of nutritional input with direct consequences for the physiological needs of individual females. Consequently, females alter their nutritional acquisition in line with the physiological demands imposed by mating. Although much is known about the female mating‐induced nutritional response, far less is known about changes in males. In addition, it is unknown whether variation between genotypes translates into variation in dietary behavioral responses. Here we examine mating‐induced shifts in male and female dietary preferences across genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster. We find sex‐ and genotype‐specific effects on both the quantity and quality of the chosen diet. These results contribute to our understanding of sex‐specific metabolism and reveal genotypic variation that influences responses to physiological demands.
Genetic diversity and colony structure of Tapinoma melanocephalum on the islands and mainland of South China
Authors: Zheng Chunyan , Yang Fan , Zeng Ling , Vargo Edward L. , Xu Yijuan
Published: May 2018

Aim

Tapinoma melanocephalum is listed as one of the most important invasive pest species in China. Information regarding the patterns of invasion and effects of geographic isolation on the population genetics of this species is largely lacking.

Location

South China.

Methods

To address this problem, we genotyped 39 colonies (two colonies were collapsed due to genetic similarity) using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA sequencing to compare colony genetic structure of T. melanocephalum on the mainland and islands of South China.

Results

An analysis of the colony genotypes showed that the genetic diversity of the mainland population was slightly higher than that of the island populations but not significantly so. However, the observed heterozygosity on Shangchuan Island (SCD) was significantly lower than that of the other colonies. We also found six haplotypes in 111 mitochondrial DNA COI sequences. The relatedness (r) value between colonies of SCD was 0.410, higher than that of the other populations. The genetic clusters among colonies were not related to geographic locations and exhibited admixture likely due to frequent human‐mediated dispersal associated with trade between the mainland population and the islands. Pairwise FSTs between populations showed differentiation among mainland populations, while SCD displayed high levels of divergence (FST > 0.15) from most mainland populations. There was no significant isolation by distance among colonies. Most populations showed signs of a bottleneck effect.

Main conclusions

Our study suggests that there was no significant difference in the genetic diversity among the islands and the mainland; however, the lower genetic diversity, the higher degree of genetic divergence from other colonies, and the higher relatedness among nestmates made the SCD population stand out from all the others.
An exploration of differences in the scaling of life history traits with body mass within reptiles and between amniotes
Authors: Hallmann Konstantin , Griebeler Eva Maria
Published: May 2018

Allometric relationships linking species characteristics to body size or mass (scaling) are important in biology. However, studies on the scaling of life history traits in the reptiles (the nonavian Reptilia) are rather scarce, especially for the clades Crocodilia, Testudines, and Rhynchocephalia (single extant species, the tuatara). Previous studies on the scaling of reptilian life history traits indicated that they differ from those seen in the other amniotes (mammals and birds), but so far most comparative studies used small species samples and also not phylogenetically informed analyses. Here, we analyzed the scaling of nine life history traits with adult body mass for crocodiles (n = 22), squamates (n = 294), turtles (n = 52), and reptiles (n = 369). We used for the first time a phylogenetically informed approach for crocodiles, turtles, and the whole group of reptiles. We explored differences in scaling relationships between the reptilian clades Crocodilia, Squamata, and Testudines as well as differences between reptiles, mammals, and birds. Finally, we applied our scaling relationships, in order to gain new insights into the degree of the exceptionality of the tuatara's life history within reptiles. We observed for none of the life history traits studied any difference in their scaling with body mass between squamates, crocodiles, and turtles, except for clutch size and egg weight showing small differences between these groups. Compared to birds and mammals, scaling relationships of reptiles were similar for time‐related traits, but they differed for reproductive traits. The tuatara's life history is more similar to that of a similar‐sized turtle or crocodile than to a squamate.
The puzzling phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishAstatotilapia burtoni
Authors: Pauquet Gaëlle , Salzburger Walter , Egger Bernd
Published: May 2018

Astatotilapia burtoniis a member of the “modern haplochromines,” the most species‐rich lineage within the family of cichlid fishes. Although the species has been in use as research model in various fields of research since almost seven decades, including developmental biology, neurobiology, genetics and genomics, and behavioral biology, little is known about its spatial distribution and phylogeography. Here, we examine the population structure and phylogeographic history ofA. burtonithroughout its entire distribution range in the Lake Tanganyika basin. In addition, we include severalA. burtonilaboratory strains to trace back their origin from wild populations. To this end, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrialDNA(mtDNA) control region (d‐loop) as well as thousands of genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from restriction‐associatedDNAsequencing. Our analyses reveal high population structure and deep divergence among several lineages, however, with discordant nuclear and mtDNAphylogenetic inferences. Whereas theSNP‐based phylogenetic hypothesis uncovers an unexpectedly deep split inA. burtoni, separating the populations in the southern part of the Lake Tanganyika basin from those in the northern part, analyses of the mtDNAcontrol region suggest deep divergence between populations from the southwestern shoreline and populations from the northern and southeastern shorelines of Lake Tanganyika. This phylogeographic pattern and mitochondrial haplotype sharing between populations from the very North and the very South of Lake Tanganyika can only partly be explained by introgression linked to lake‐level fluctuations leading to past contact zones between otherwise isolated populations and large‐scale migration events.
Effects of experimental N addition on plant diversity in an old‐growth temperate forest
Authors: Lai Mengying , He Shanchuan , Yu Shuang , Jin Guangze
Published: May 2018

Temperate forest ecosystems have experienced mounting negative effects due to increasing levels of nitrogen (N) deposition. We examined the effects of experimental N addition on plant diversity in an old‐growth temperate forest to test the following hypothesis: Long‐term excessive N addition decreases plant diversity by affecting the growth of plants, which results from changes in the soil nutrient content and a decrease in the soil pH in temperate forests. Experimental N additions were administered at the following levels since 2008: control (0 kg N ha−1 year−1), low N (30 kg N ha−1 year−1), medium N (60 kg N ha−1 year−1), and high N (120 kg N ha−1 year−1). Additionally, plant diversity was studied from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that the experimental N additions had significant effects on plant diversity and soil properties in an old‐growth temperate forest. The high‐N treatment decreased the density, cover, and diversity of understory plants, and some herbs even appeared to undergo premature aging, whereas the species diversity of herbs and ferns in the low‐N treatment plots showed a slight increasing tendency. This may have been because the old‐growth temperate forest is an N‐limited ecosystem, so the moderate N input did not show a large influence on plant diversity. However, the long‐term high‐N treatment ultimately reduced plant diversity by changing the soil nutrient contents, decreasing the pH values, and damaging plant growth. Our results suggested that the long‐term excessive N addition negatively affected the forest ecosystem in an N‐limited temperature forest.
The unrealized potential of herbaria for global change biology
Authors: Meineke Emily K. , Davis Charles C. , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: May 2018

Plant and fungal specimens in herbaria are becoming primary resources for investigating how plant phenology and geographic distributions shift with climate change, greatly expanding inferences across spatial, temporal, and phylogenetic dimensions. However, these specimens contain a wealth of additional data, including nutrients, defensive compounds, herbivore damage, disease lesions, and signatures of physiological processes, that capture ecological and evolutionary responses to the Anthropocene but which are less frequently utilized. Here, we outline the diversity of herbarium data, global change topics to which they have been applied, and new hypotheses they could inform. We find that herbarium data have been used extensively to study impacts of climate change and invasive species, but that such data are less commonly used to address other drivers of biodiversity loss, including habitat conversion, pollution, and overexploitation. In addition, we note that fungal specimens are under‐explored relative to vascular plants. To facilitate broader application of plant and fungal specimens in global change research, we consider the limitations of these data and modern sampling and statistical tools that may be applied to surmount challenges they present. Using a case study of insect herbivory, we illustrate how novel herbarium data may be employed to test hypotheses for which few data exist. With the goal of positioning herbaria as hubs for global change research, we suggest future research directions and curation priorities.
Addition of Metalated 3‐Alkyl‐Substituted Alkoxyallenes to Imines: Preparation of Tetrasubstituted 2,5‐Dihydropyrroles, Pyrrolidin‐3‐ones, and Pyrroles
Authors: Hausherr Arndt , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: May 2018

Metalated 3‐alkyl‐substituted methoxyallenes were either generated by lithiation of the corresponding methoxyallenes or, according to a procedure of Brandsma, from 3‐alkyl‐substituted propargyl methyl ethers. Additions of these axially chiral intermediates to various imines afforded the expected allenylamines in good yields, but low diastereoselectivity. The products were cyclized either under basic conditions or with silver nitrate as catalyst to furnish the desired 1,2,3,5‐tetrasubstituted 2,5‐dihydropyrrole derivatives. Under basic conditions the cyclization is stereospecific whereas the presence of silver nitrate can induce partial crossover. The mechanisms of the two cyclization modes are discussed. Two of the N‐tosyl‐substituted dihydropyrroles were subjected to an excess of potassium tert‐butoxide giving the expected aromatized 3‐methoxypyrrole derivatives by elimination of p‐tolyl sulfinate. Acid‐promoted hydrolysis of the enol ether moiety of 2,5‐dihydropyrroles furnished the corresponding pyrrolidin‐3‐ones in good yields. The sodium borohydride reduction of these intermediates gave the corresponding 3‐hydroxypyrrolidine derivatives with high diastereoselectivity that strongly depends on the substitution pattern of the precursor. This study reveals that 3‐alkyl‐substituted methoxyallenes and their propargylic ether equivalents allow an efficient and flexible approach to 1,2,3,5‐substituted pyrrole derivatives that are useful intermediates for subsequent stereoselective elaboration and promising candidates for natural product syntheses.
Low Temperature and Controllable Formation of Oxygen Vacancy SrTiO3‐x by Loading Pt for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Peng Shaoqin , Gan Chao , Yang Yang , Ji Shengfu , Li Yuexiang
Published: May 2018

Oxygen vacancy plays a key role in the photocatalytic processes of oxide semiconductors. However, it usually needs high hydrogenation temperature to form oxygen vacancy for SrTiO3. To decrease the temperature, Pt was preloaded on SrTiO3 to transform H2 into the active hydrogen through hydrogen spillover. As a result, the surface oxygen vacancy of Pt/SrTiO3‐x forms at low temperature to 150 °C. Without Pt loading, the defects of SrTiO3 cannot occur even at 400 °C. As the hydrogenation temperature increases, the surface oxygen vacancy of Pt/SrTiO3‐x rises, and a thin disorder overlayer on the facet loaded with metal Pt appears at 400 °C; whereas at 600 °C, besides the disorder overlayer, the surface defects at the facets without Pt and bulk defects are produced, indicating the controllable formation of oxygen vacancies. With the increasing of hydrogenation temperature, the activity of Pt/SrTiO3‐x enhances, and reaches the maximum at 400 °C. The produced H2 amount of Pt/SrTiO3‐x prepared at 400 °C is about 3 times as high as that of Pt/SrTiO3. The activity of Pt/SrTiO3‐x obtained at 600 °C is significantly lower than that at 400 °C. The surface oxygen vacancies are responsible for the enhanced activity; while the decreased specific surface and bulk defects produced at high hydrogenation temperature reduce the activity.
Evacuation ahead of natural disasters: Evidence from cyclone Phailin in India and typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines
Authors: Walch Colin
Published: May 2018

Why do some people evacuate ahead of natural disasters while others do not? This paper explores the conditions under which people are likely to evacuate. It does so by contrasting a success case of evacuation before cyclone Phailin in Orissa (India), with a failed case in Tacloban, before typhoon Haiyan (the Philippines). This paper examines this striking variation by examining the importance of two main factors suggested by previous research: experience and trust. The paper argues that prior experience of natural disaster increases individual perception of risk and may lead to institutional learning, but only where the experienced disaster was traumatic. Trust between citizens and public officials is held to further increase the likelihood people will evacuate in advance of natural disasters. Evidence of these causal mechanisms is found in the empirical analysis, which is based on 41 interviews and six focused group discussions in India and the Philippines between August and November 2014.
Age‐related differences in GABA levels are driven by bulk tissue changes
Authors: Maes Celine , Hermans Lize , Pauwels Lisa , Chalavi Sima , Leunissen Inge , Levin Oron , Cuypers Koen , Peeters Ronald , Sunaert Stefan , Mantini Dante , Puts Nicolaas A. J. , Edden Richard A. E. , Swinnen Stephan P.
Published: May 2018

Levels of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, can be regionally quantified using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Although GABA is crucial for efficient neuronal functioning, little is known about age‐related differences in GABA levels and their relationship with age‐related changes in brain structure. Here, we investigated the effect of age on GABA levels within the left sensorimotor cortex and the occipital cortex in a sample of 85 young and 85 older adults using the MEGA‐PRESS sequence. Because the distribution of GABA varies across different brain tissues, various correction methods are available to account for this variation. Considering that these correction methods are highly dependent on the tissue composition of the voxel of interest, we examined differences in voxel composition between age groups and the impact of these various correction methods on the identification of age‐related differences in GABA levels. Results indicated that, within both voxels of interest, older (as compared to young adults) exhibited smaller gray matter fraction accompanied by larger fraction of cerebrospinal fluid. Whereas uncorrected GABA levels were significantly lower in older as compared to young adults, this age effect was absent when GABA levels were corrected for voxel composition. These results suggest that age‐related differences in GABA levels are at least partly driven by the age‐related gray matter loss. However, as alterations in GABA levels might be region‐specific, further research should clarify to what extent gray matter changes may account for age‐related differences in GABA levels within other brain regions.
Three brain states in the hippocampus and cortex
Authors: Kay Kenneth , Frank Loren M.
Published: May 2018

Contemporary brain research seeks to understand how cognition is reducible to neural activity. Crucially, much of this effort is guided by a scientific paradigm that views neural activity as essentially driven by external stimuli. In contrast, recent perspectives argue that this paradigm is by itself inadequate and that understanding patterns of activity intrinsic to the brain is needed to explain cognition. Yet, despite this critique, the stimulus‐driven paradigm still dominates—possibly because a convincing alternative has not been clear. Here, we review a series of findings suggesting such an alternative. These findings indicate that neural activity in the hippocampus occurs in one of three brain states that have radically different anatomical, physiological, representational, and behavioral correlates, together implying different functional roles in cognition. This three‐state framework also indicates that neural representations in the hippocampus follow a surprising pattern of organization at the timescale of ∼1 s or longer. Lastly, beyond the hippocampus, recent breakthroughs indicate three parallel states in the cortex, suggesting shared principles and brain‐wide organization of intrinsic neural activity.
Refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma after first‐line immuno‐CT: Treatment options and outcomes
Authors: Filliatre‐clement Lauriane , Maucort‐Boulch Delphine , Bourbon Estelle , Karlin Lionel , Safar Violaine , Bachy Emmanuel , Sesques Pierre , Ferrant Emmanuelle , Bouafia Fadela , Lazareth Anne , Ghergus Dana , Coiffier Bertrand , Traverse Glehen Alexandra , Salles Gilles , Ghesquieres Hervé , Sarkozy Clémentine
Published: May 2018

In the rituximab era, one‐third of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients experience relapse/refractory disease after first‐line anthracycline‐based immunochemotherapy. Optimal management remains an unmet medical need. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of a cohort of refractory patients according to their patterns of refractoriness and the type of salvage option. We performed a retrospective analysis, which included 104 diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients treated at Lyon Sud University Hospital (2002‐2017) who presented with refractory disease. Refractoriness was defined as progressive/stable disease during first‐line treatment (primary refractory, N = 47), a partial response after the end of first‐line treatment that required subsequent treatment (residual disease, N = 19), or relapse within 1 year of diagnosis after an initial complete response (CR) (early relapse, N = 38). The 2‐year overall survival (OS) rates for primary refractory, early relapse, and residual disease patients were 27%, 25%, and 52%, respectively, while the event‐free survival rates for those groups were 13%, 13%, and 42%, respectively. In a univariate analysis, lactate dehydrogenase level, Ann Arbor stage, poor performance status, high age‐adjusted International Prognostic Index score, and age > 65 years were associated with shorter OS. The use of rituximab and platinum‐based chemo during the first salvage treatment was associated with prolonged OS. In a multivariate analysis, age (HR:2.06) and rituximab use (HR:0.54) were associated with OS. Among patients <65 years who achieved a CR, autologous stem‐cell transplant was associated with higher 2‐year OS (90% vs 74%, P = 0.10). Patients who were treated with a targeted therapy in the context of a clinical trial after second‐line treatment had a higher 2‐year OS (34% vs 19%, P = 0.06). In conclusion, patients with primary refractory disease or early relapse have very poor outcomes but may benefit from rituximab retreatment during the first salvage treatment.
Mean platelet component and mean platelet volume as useful screening markers for myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Masutani Ryota , Ikemoto Toshiyuki , Maki Ayako , Tanada Hiroko , Iwatani Yoshinori , Watanabe Mikio , Takubo Takayuki , Okada Yoshikatsu
Published: May 2018

Background

Hematologic disorders, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), are difficult to identify in routine hematologic examinations using automated hematology analyzers. However, the practical uses of mean platelet component and mean platelet volume (MPV) measured by these analyzers as screening markers for MDS, remain unclear.

Methods

Mean platelet component and MPV values were measured in the peripheral blood of patients with MDS, aplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and in healthy controls using an automated hematologic analyzer. Cutoff values for discriminating between the MDS group and healthy controls were determined by recursive partitioning analysis.

Results

Mean platelet component was significantly lower in MDS patients compared with controls, while MPV was significantly higher. Combined cutoff values for MDS diagnosis of <25.3 g/dL for mean platelet component and >10.0 fL for MPV showed a specificity and positive predictive value of 99.9% and 99.1%, respectively. These cutoff values also differentiated between MDS and diagnoses of aplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Conclusion

Mean platelet component and MPV may, thus, be useful and convenient screening markers for MDS.
Transferability and within‐ and between‐laboratory reproducibilities of EpiSensA for predicting skin sensitization potential in vitro: A ring study in three laboratories
Authors: Mizumachi Hideyuki , Sakuma Megumi , Ikezumi Mayu , Saito Kazutoshi , Takeyoshi Midori , Imai Noriyasu , Okutomi Hiroko , Umetsu Asami , Motohashi Hiroko , Watanabe Mika , Miyazawa Masaaki
Published: May 2018

The epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA) is an in vitro skin sensitization test method based on gene expression of four markers related to the induction of skin sensitization; the assay uses commercially available reconstructed human epidermis. EpiSensA has exhibited an accuracy of 90% for 72 chemicals, including lipophilic chemicals and pre−/pro‐haptens, when compared with the results of the murine local lymph node assay. In this work, a ring study was performed by one lead and two naive laboratories to evaluate the transferability, as well as within‐ and between‐laboratory reproducibilities, of EpiSensA. Three non‐coded chemicals (two lipophilic sensitizers and one non‐sensitizer) were tested for the assessment of transferability and 10 coded chemicals (seven sensitizers and three non‐sensitizers, including four lipophilic chemicals) were tested for the assessment of reproducibility. In the transferability phase, the non‐coded chemicals (two sensitizers and one non‐sensitizer) were correctly classified at the two naive laboratories, indicating that the EpiSensA protocol was transferred successfully. For the within‐laboratory reproducibility, the data generated with three coded chemicals tested in three independent experiments in each laboratory gave consistent predictions within laboratories. For the between‐laboratory reproducibility, 9 of the 10 coded chemicals tested once in each laboratory provided consistent predictions among the three laboratories. These results suggested that EpiSensA has good transferability, as well as within‐ and between‐laboratory reproducibility.
Response to Comment on “Is the nuclear refractive index lower than cytoplasm? Validation of phase measurements and implications for light scattering technologies”
Authors: Steelman Zachary A. , Eldridge Will J. , Wax Adam
Published: May 2018

Recently, Maxim A. Yurkin commented on our paper “Is the nuclear refractive index lower than cytoplasm? Validation of phase measurements and implications for light scattering technologies” as well as on a complementary study “Cell nuclei have lower refractive index and mass density than cytoplasm” from Schürmann et al. In his comment, Yurkin concluded that quantitative phase images of cells with nuclei that are less optically dense than the cytoplasm must exhibit a characteristic concavity, the absence of which is evidence against our conclusion of a less‐dense nucleus. In this response, we suggest that Yurkin's conclusion is reached through an oversimplification of the spatial refractive index distribution within cells, which does not account for high index inclusions such as the nucleolus. We further cite recent studies in 3‐dimensional refractive index imaging, in which the preponderance of studies supports our conclusion. Finally, we comment on the current state of knowledge regarding subcellular refractive index distributions in living cells.
Core Entrustable Professional Activities in Clinical Pharmacology for Entering Residency: Value of Interprofessional Health‐Care Teams in Medication Prescribing and Medication Error Prevention
Authors: Cohen Lawrence J. , Donnenberg Vera S. , Wiernik Peter H. , Newman William C. , Amankulor Nduka
Published: May 2018

In recent years, health care has been increasingly delivered by interprofessional teams in the inpatient, outpatient, and transition‐of‐care arenas. For many reasons, effective communication between patient‐centered care teams and patients is critically important in order to optimize care, ensure patient safety, and prevent medical and medication misadventures. In rapid‐paced, high‐stress medical environments, it is especially important to carefully evaluate the causes of all misadventures in a manner that avoids assigning blame and identifies the root causes and, through team activity, leads to development of remedies that reduce the likelihood of future misadventures. Using a series of illustrative cases, this paper seeks to bring attention to these issues and provide insights regarding some tools developed to assist in improving patient safety and effective team communication.
Optimal‐size clique transversals in chordal graphs
Authors: Cooper Jacob W. , Grzesik Andrzej , Král' Daniel
Published: May 2018

The following question was raised by Tuza in 1990 and Erdős et al. in 1992: if every edge of an n‐vertex chordal graph G is contained in a clique of size at least four, does G have a clique transversal, i.e. a set of vertices meeting all nontrivial maximal cliques, of size at most ? We prove that every such graph G has a clique transversal of size at most if , which is the best possible bound.
Five year neurodevelopment outcomes of perinatally HIV‐infected children on early limited or deferred continuous antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Laughton Barbara , Cornell Morna , Kidd Martin , Springer Priscilla Estelle , Dobbels Els Françoise Marie‐Thérèse , Rensburg Anita Janse Van , Otwombe Kennedy , Babiker Abdel , Gibb Diana M , Violari Avy , Kruger Mariana , Cotton Mark Fredric
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved neurodevelopmental outcomes of HIV‐infected (HIV‐positive) children; however, little is known about the longer term outcomes in infants commencing early ART or whether temporary ART interruption might have long‐term consequences. In the children with HIV early antiretroviral treatment (CHER) trial, HIV‐infected infants ≤12 weeks of age with CD4 ≥25% were randomized to deferred ART (ART‐Def); immediate time‐limited ART for 40 weeks (ART‐40W) or 96 weeks (ART‐96W). ART was restarted in the time‐limited arms for immunologic/clinical progression. Our objective was to compare the neurodevelopmental profiles in all three arms of Cape Town CHER participants.

Methods

A prospective, longitudinal observational study was used. The Griffiths mental development scales (GMDS), which includes six subscales and a global score, were performed at 11, 20, 30, 42 and 60 months, and the Beery‐Buktenica developmental tests for visual motor integration at 60 months. HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV‐unexposed (HU) children were enrolled for comparison. Mixed model repeated measures were used to compare groups over time, using quotients derived from standardized British norms.

Results

In this study, 28 ART‐Def, 35 ART‐40W, 33 ART‐96W CHER children, and 34 HEU and 39 HU controls were enrolled. GMDS scores over five years were similar between the five groups in all subscales except locomotor and general Griffiths (interaction p < 0.001 and p = 0.02 respectively), driven by early lower scores in the ART‐Def arm. At 60 months, scores for all groups were similar in each GMDS scale. However, Beery visual perception scores were significantly lower in HIV‐infected children (mean standard scores: 75.8 ART‐Def, 79.8 ART‐40W, 75.9 ART‐96W) versus 84.4 in HEU and 90.5 in HU (p < 0.01)).

Conclusions

Early locomotor delay in the ART‐Def arm resolved by five years. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at five years in HIV‐infected children on early time‐limited ART were similar to uninfected controls, apart from visual perception where HIV‐infected children scored lower. Poorer visual perception performance warrants further investigation.