bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ecology of Chrysomela gemellata Rossi and c.Hyperici forst, and their effect on St. John's Wort in the Bright District, Victoria.
Authors: Clark LR
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the basic entomological study necessary in an investigation
of the effectiveness of Chrysomela gemellata Rossi and C. hyperici
Forst. as controls of St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum L. var. angustifolium
DC, in the Bright district, Victoria.
The investigation has shown that the conditions prevailing in the Bright
district during the study period must have been generally near the limit of
tolerance of both C. gemellata and C. hyperici, parts being a little above and
parts definitely below this limit. Furthermore, largely because of certain behaviour
responses, neither insect has been able to colonize the timbered areas
infested by Hypericum. The total area favouring the multiplication of the insects
forms only a small part of the area colonized successfully by Hypericum.
Within the zone favourable to the beetles, they have failed to control
Hypericum effectively except in small, treeless areas adjoining densely timbered
country infested by the weed (in such places the timbered area has acted as a
damping factor to population fluctuation, enabling the insects to persist in
moderate numbers). Although adverse conditions have played an important
part in limiting the effectiveness of the insects, their failure has been due primarily
to their own characteristics. Both species have poor powers of dispersal
and a relatively poor ability to multiply.
In the most favourable sites, both species are able to multiply within a
few years to a density high enough to cause complete defoliation of the host
plant, which usually dies out. By destroying their food and reducing their
protective cover, both species suffer very heavy losses and greatly limit their
own numbers. Although many individuals succumb to starvation, a large proportion
of the mortality is caused by density-independent factors, e.g. frost and
predation, which are allowed to operate in an intensified manner by removal of
the protective cover provided by the foliage of the host plant.
After completing the defoliation of the weed, the surviving beetles migrate
elsewhere in search of more food. Their desertion of the site gives the host
plant a chance to recover by regeneration from seed. Numerous environmental
factors unfavourable to the insects, combined with their poor mobility and slow
rate of increase, frequently allow the plant to recover almost completely before
beetle numbers become sufficiently high to defoliate it again.
Where other wort-controlling agencies are lacking, the insects have caused
their host plant to fluctuate violently in density in both space and time without
producing a great overall reduction in quantity. By destroying stands of
Hypericum in areas in which the soils are capable of growing a dense pasture,
the insects have paved the way for successful wort control by other factors,
e.g. shade-producing herbage and grazing animals. Such areas virtually cease
to provide habitats for the insects after the original stand of Hypericum is
destroyed.
The Lotka-Volterra Theory of Interspecific competition.
Authors: Andrewartha HG , Birch LC
Published: June 2005

It is shown that there is a fundamental contradiction in the mathematical theory of interspecific competition of Lotka and Volterra.
A review of Australian Nemestrinidae (Diptera)
Authors: Paramonov SJ
Published: June 2005

The author has revised all material used by Mr. G. H. Hardy in 1924 and
Dr. I. M. Mackerras in 1925 for their reviews of the Nemestrinidae as well
as that accumulated during the last 25 years in the more important museum
collections throughout Australia. One species of Atriadops from Aru I., as well
as two species of Exeretoneura, one species of Nycterimyia, and 13 species of
Trichophthalma from Australia, are described as new.
Additional descriptions and notes on the types of known species, as well
as new locality records, have also been added.
A comprehensive key for the identification of both males and females of
all species of Trichophthalma has been constructed. Previously, on the data
available, it has only been possible to identify the male sex of many of the
species with certainty.
The most important Australian genus, Trichophthalma, is represented by
45 species, while the Australian nemestrinid fauna now includes a total of 58
species.
The Australian psychodidae (Diptera), Part 1
Authors: Satchell GH
Published: June 2005

A new genus of Psychodidae, Atrichobrunettia, gen. nov., is erected to contain species showing affinities with Brunettia Annandale, but lacking hairs on the wing membrane. Two new species are described, A. alternata, sp. nov., and A. subalternata, sp. nov. Three new subgenera of the genus Telmatoscopus Eaton are created; Paratelmatoscopus, subgen. nov., containing 2 new species, Telmatoscopus (P.) variegatus, sp. nov., and T. (P.) subvariegatus, sp. nov.; Nototelmatoscopus, subgen. nov., containing the species T. (N.) festivus, sp. nov., T. (N.) crassepalpis, sp. nov., T. (N.) obscurus, sp. nov., and T. (N.) nicholsoni, sp. nov.; Eutelmatoscopus, subgen. nov., containing the species T. (E.) neglectus, sp. nov., T. (E.) norrisi, sp. nov., T. (E.) confusus, sp. nov., and T. (E.) fordi sp. nov., all of which species are described, as also is T. poncianicolus, sp. nov., a species of uncertain subgeneric affinity. Two new species are described of the hitherto monotypic genus Notiocharis Eaton, N. dimorpha, sp. nov., and N. pallida, sp. nov. A new species of the monotypic genus Trichopsychoda Tonnoir, T. montana, sp. nov., is described, as also are 2 species of Pericoma Walker, P. confusa, sp. nov., and P. pseudoalbipes, sp. nov., and 11 species of Psychoda Latreille, P. dennesi, sp. nov., P. aenigmatica, sp, nov., P. unimaculata, sp. nov., P. irrorata, sp. nov., P, truncata, sp. nov., P. subpennata, sp. nov., P. squamata, sp. nov., P. arcuata, sp. nov., P. squamipleuris, sp. nov., P. apennata, sp. nov., P. ypsylon, sp. nov.
Further descriptions are given of the species Pericoma bancrofti Tonnoir and Psychoda pseudoalternata Williams.
The name Psychoda infurcis Satchell is shown to be a synonym of Psychoda makati Del Rosario.
Keys to the genera and species of Australian Psychodidae, including those described in Part II, are provided.
The Australian armyworms of the genus Persectania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Authors: Common IFB
Published: June 2005

Persectania ewingii (Westwood) is one of the more important armyworms in southern Australia and Tasmania. Conflicting information about its ,ecology in Tasmania and Western Australia has led to a critical examination of the identity of specimens referred to this species from various parts of its reputed range. It is shown that a second species, P. dyscrita, sp. nov., which is apparently restricted to areas of southern Australia with a low summer rainfall, has previously been confused with P. ewingii. In New Zealand, a third distinct species, P. acema (Walker), has been misidentified as P. ewingii. P. ewingii and P. dyscrita are confined to Australia, and P. aversa to New Zealand. The male and female genitalia of the three species are figured and a key to the two Australian species is provided.
The Australian Mecoptera or Scorpion-flies.
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

This paper deals with the systematics of all known Australian Mecoptera.
Two new species are described: Austrobittocw anomalus (Austrobittacus is a
new genus) and Harpobittacus phaeoscius; and three new subspecies: Harpobittacus
australis rubripes, H. tillyardi albatus, and H. t. rubricatus.
A study of the ecology of the adult bogong moth, Agrotis Infusa (Boisd) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with special reference to its behaviour during migration and aestivation.
Authors: Common IFB
Published: June 2005

Observations have been made during three summers on the ecology and
behaviour of the bogong moth, Agrotis infusa (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae),
which occurs in large assemblages at altitudes above about 4000 ft
in the Australian Alps. Moths of the spring generation migrate to the, mountains,
where they aestivate gregariously in crevices and small caves in certain
rock outcrops at or near the mountain summits. Many of these moth "camps"
are occupied annually from early November until early April. In the late
summer and autumn, the moths migrate back to their breeding grounds.
A small proportion of the aestivating moths became intensely active for
a period of about an hour just after sunset and just before sunrise each day,
when they indulged in a random flight over the outcrops. Activity appeared
to be initiated by rapidly changing light intensity, and was accompanied by
pigment migration in the eyes of the moths. Food was not sought when the
moths were active, although the feeding response was sometinles elicited if
they happened to settle on sugary food. However, moisture from rain or dew
was apparently ingested as required.
Without exception the aestivating moths had not copulated and their
ovaries were immature. Their fat-body was well developed and a series of
estimations during the summer and autumn showed that the average fat
content of the abdomens of males exceeded 61 per cent, and of females 51
per cent, of their dry weight.
Attacks by various predators on the aestivating moths seemed to be unimportant,
but a mermithid nematode caused some mortality when its larvae
emerged from parasitized moths in midsummer. This parasite appeared to be
confined to the moth camps, where its life cycle has been adapted to the
aestivating habit of its host.
Mature larvae of A. infusa were collected during the late winter and
early spring of 1952 in pastures over a wide area of New South Wales. They
were most abundant on heavy soils on the Western Slopes and Plains and
caused serious damage to linseed crops in the north of the State and in
southern Queensland. The main areas of heavy, self-mulching soils, where the
large moth populations are believed to originate, have been broadly defined.
Although A. infusa is a multivoltine species, there is evidence that a
facultative diapause occurs in the adults of the spring generation. This, together
with migration, enables most of the adult population to avoid the
breeding grounds during the summer, when the pastures are dominated by
perennial grasses unpalatable to the larvae. The same individuals return to
the breeding grounds in the late summer and autumn, when the dicotyledonous
annuals upon which the larvae feed have germinated.
Australian Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea).
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The paper deals with the taxonomy of the Australian representatives of
the Trigonalidae, a family of wasps parasitic on sawflies. Four new species of
Mimelogonalos and two new species and one subspecies of Taeniogonalos are
described.
A temperature-controlled physiological colour response in the grasshopper Kosciuscola Tristis Sjost. (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Key KHL , Day MF
Published: June 2005

The alpine grasshopper Kosciuscola tristis shows a physiological colour
change under the control of temperature. Males are a bright greenish blue
above about 25�C and a dull near-black below about 15�C. Intermediate
shades are developed at intermediate temperatures. A similar, but less marked,
change occurs in the female. The colour change in the male was studied with
the aid of a special colour chart, which enabled quantitative ratings of colour
to be made.
The histology of the integument is described. In the pale phase a dense
layer of highly refractive, very small granules occupies the distal portion of
the cells of the epidermis; these are underlain by a layer of larger dark brown
granules. In the dark phase the position of these layers is reversed and the
nuclei are raised above the basement membrane, on which they rest in the
pale phase. At intermediate colour shades the granules show transitional distributions.
It is concluded that the colour change is brought about by the
migration of the two types of granule in opposite directions within the
epidermal cells.
The ecology of K. tristis in its natural habitat is discussed. On clear days
the insects become pale 2-3 hr after sunrise and begin to turn dark again during
the late afternoon; the night is spent in the dark phase. The colour follows
closely the temperature given by blackened thermometers, but at any given
temperature it differs from the equilibrium colour developed when that temperature
is maintained constant, because of the lag in accommodation to the
continuously changing temperature in the field. It is suggested that the colour
change may have a thermoregulatory function.
Two undescribed species of Kosciuscola show similar colour changes, but
these are confined to the face and ventral surface. The same two types of
granule are present in the epidermal cells, including those of the dorsal surface,
where they are distributed as in the pale phase of K. tristis at all temperatures.
Studies in functional and analytical graniology. 2. The functional classification of Mammalian Skulls
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The stresses exerted in the alveolar process are transmitted onto other parts
of the skull by means of arches or resisted lacally. The arches are: (a) long,
(b) short, and (c) flat. Accordingly, the functional taxonomy of the mammalian
skull is based on the conception of the breviarcuate skull (short arch),
the longoarcuate skull (long arch), and the planoarcuate skull (flat arch).
The structural evolution of these types from the primitive skull is illustrated
and described.
Studies in functional and analytical graniology. 5. The functional metamorphoses of the carnivorous skull.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

Four main positions of circumscribed stresses in carnivores are distinguished
as exemplified by the conditions in (i) Canidae, (ii) Felidae, (iii)
Machairondontinae and Odobenidae, and (iv) Otaridae and Phocidae. The
functional transformations in the last two divisions are discussed with reference
to the Canidae and Felidae. The changes in Phocidae and Otaridae are caused
by the vanishing of the maxillary node. In Smilodon, the moments of the masseter
and temporal muscle and the way in which the muscular torque is formed
in the cat and Smilodon, are discussed. The extinction of Smilodon is explained
in a mechanical way. In connection with it further relations of force
are analysed with special reference to the torque and its moments. The
skull of Mustelidae is briefly discussed as an example of transposition caused
by a different type of locomotion.
The life history of the rat lung-worm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae).
Authors: Mackerras MJ , Sandars DF
Published: June 2005

Adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis live in the pulmonary arteries.
Unsegmented ova are discharged into the blood stream, and lodge as emboli in
the smaller vessels. First-stage larvae break through into the respiratory
tract, migrate up the trachea, and eventually pass out of the body in the
faeces.
Slugs (Agriolimax laevis) act as intermediate hosts. Two moults occur
in the slug, and third-stage larvae appear about the 17th day. The larvae
remain within the two cast skins until freed in the stomach of the rat by
digestion. They then pass quickly along the small intestine as far as the lower
ileum, where they leave the gut and become blood-borne.
They congregate in the central nervous system, and have been found there
17 hr after ingestion. The anterior portion of the cerebrum is the most
favoured site, and here the third moult takes place on the sixth or seventh
day and the final one between the 11th and 13th days. Young adults emerge on
the surface of the brain from the 12th to 14th day, and spend the next 2 weeks
in the subarachnoid space. From the 28th to 31st days they migrate to the
lungs via the venous system, passing through the right side of the heart to
their definitive site in the pulmonary arteries. The prepatent period in the rat
usually lies between 42 and 45 days.
Studies on Marsupial Reproduction. 1. General features and techniques.
Authors: Waring H , Sharman GB , Lovat D , Kahan M
Published: June 2005

Previous work on the reproduction of marsupials is mentioned briefly and the taxonomy of Setonix brachyurus Quoy and Gaimard, the animal chosen for this investigation, is discussed. The feeding in captivity, surgery, methods of taking vaginal smears, and histological methods are described.
Anatomically the reproductive system of Setonix is similar to that of other marsupials. There are two ovaries, two uteri, and two lateral vaginae. The vaginal culs-de-sac are connected to the urogenital sinus, forming a pseudo-vaginal canal which remains open after the birth of the first young. The reproductive system differs from that of the true kangaroos and resembles that of the rat kangaroos in possessing an anterior vaginal expansion.
Some preliminary observations on breeding are recorded, with some details of growth rates, feeding, etc. of pouch young.
Australian Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The paper deals with the systematics of the Australian representatives of
this small family of predatory wasps. Four new species of Aphelotoma are
described and a new genus, Austrotoma, erected for Aphelotoma aterrima
Turner. A single species only of Dolichurus is recorded. Ten Australian
species and one subspecies are recognized in the paper.
Studies on the parasitic stages of the cattle tick. Boophilus Microplus (Canestrini) (Acarina: Ixodidae).
Authors: Hitchcock L.F.
Published: June 2005

Studies were made on infestations of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) established by single applications of large cultures of larvae to cattle. The minimum duration of the larval stage was 4.5 days, and the maximum 13.1 days. Fifty per cent of the larvae had undergone ecdysis by 5.5 days after attachment. Nymphs commenced to moult 11.9 days after the attachment of the larvae to the cattle, and the last moulted 20.3 days after the infestation of the cattle. Fifty per cent of nymphs had completed the moult 13.9 days after attachment of the larvae. Male nymphs moulted, on the average, somewhat earlier than female nymphs. Adult males were still present up to 70 days after attachment of the larvae to the cattle. Engorged female ticks commenced to fall 18.9 days after the attachment of the larvae. Fifty per cent had fallen by 21.9 days, and the last fell at 35.5 days. Climate has little effect on the duration of the stages on cattle.
A diurnal rhythm in the fall of engorged ticks was demonstrated, most ticks falling between the hours of 6.00 and 10.00 a.m. There is a considerable natural mortality of all stages of the tick on cattle. The importance of the life history studies to toxicological work is discussed.
Patterns of Spermatogenesis in Grasshoppers.
Authors: White MJD
Published: June 2005

The number of generations of secondary spermatogonia ranges from 4 to 9 in 66 species of grasshoppers studied and the number of sperms per sperm bundle from 64 to 2048.
Australian Heloridaw, including Monomachidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The genera Helorus, Monomachus, Ropronia, Vanhornia, and Tetraconus are considered to belong in one family, the Heloridae, rather closely allied to the genus Austroserphus of the family Proctotrupidae. A new genus (with three new species) combining many of the characters of the above genera is described as well as a new species and a new subspecies of Monomachus.
Revision of the Australian Mayflies (Ephemeroptera). 1. Subfamily Siphlonurinae.
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The present paper deals with the systematics of the adults and nymphs of
the Australian species of the subfamily Siphlonurinae. Two new species of
Mirawara are described.
Further Australian Harvestmen (Archnida: Opiliones).
Authors: Forster RR
Published: June 2005

In the present paper 20 new species and five new genera are added to the
Australian harvestman fauna. Examination of the type material of some of
the previously described species has permitted a number of these to be
redescribed and figured.
Studies in functional and analytical craniology. 7. The longoarcuate skull.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

An analysis is made of the morphofunctional relations of the longoarcuate
skull, using the skulls of lagomorphs and rodents.
Then the paper considers the morphology of the premaxillary node as well
as the absence of the supraorbital node, the anterior translocation of the
squamosal node, and the development of the preorbital node. Then details of
the fronto-premaxillary junction and complicated morphofunctional connections
in the preorbital node are given,
Finally, the vectorial analysis of the structure of the longoarcuate skull
is discussed.
Studies in functional and analytical craniology. 8. The Planoarcuate skull.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The planoarcuate skull is analysed in comparison with previously described
types of crania. The extraordinary plasticity of the planoarcuate skull is
pointed out, and explained in analytical and functional terms. The systematic
and morphotical position of the mesozoic skull is discussed. The primitive
planoarcuate skull, as well as advanced planoarcuate adaptations, are
described. Certain similarities between the mammalian planoarcuate skull
and the mechanical features of some reptilian skulls are pointed out.
Studies in Functional and analytical craniology. 11. Experiments with the decalcified skull of the Dog.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

Experiments were carried out on the decalcified skull of a dog in order to estimate experimentally the location of stresses in the breviarcuate skull. The results reached are in agreement with the main functional conclusions of the previous studies (Tucker 1954a-f, 1955a-d). However, new information has been obtained about the mechanical conditions in the glenoid cavity and the topography of the areas influenced by the temporal and masseter muscles.
Studies in Functional and analytical craniology. 12. Experiments with the decalcified skull of the Rabbit.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The decalcified skull of the rabbit was subjected to forces in a variety
of ways and stresses were inferred from movements observed in sutures,
nodes, and tracts. They were in accordance with the vectors analysed in
previous studies (Tucker 1954a-f, 1955a-d, 1956a). The suspending arrangements
of the maxillary alveolar processes in the rabbit were described.
A re-examination ot the mecopteroid and orthopteroid fossils (insecta) from the Triassic beds at Denmark Hill, Queensland, with discriptions of further specimens.
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

This paper interrelates the species of mecopteroid and orthopteroid
insects (excluding Blattaria), described in the literature, from the Triassic
beds at Denmark Hill, Queensland. The affinities of a number of the species
are considered to be very different from those proposed in the original
descriptions. A new genus of Planipennia and another of Gryllacrididae
(Orthoptera) and a new species of Perlaria are described. The order
Paratrichoptera Tillyard is relegated to family rank within the suborder
Eumecoptera.
The effect of light on the fecundity of the Queensland fruit-fly, Strumeta tryoni (Frogg.)
Authors: Barton-Browne L
Published: June 2005

The number of eggs laid by Strumeta tryoni (Frogg.) was affected both by illuminance and by the daily period of illumination.
Flies kept in constant darkness laid no eggs. When the daily period of illumination was 74 hr, flies under 120 lm/sq. ft. laid
fewer eggs than those under either 60 or 240 lm/sq. ft. At 60 and 240 lm/sq. ft. the flies laid approximately equal numbers of
eggs. At an illuminance of 240 lm/sq. ft., the longer the daily period of . illumination (up to 72 hr) the greater was the number
of eggs laid. Light had these effects on fecundity by influencing the amount of feeding, the rate of maturation of eggs, the
readiness with which eggs were laid, and the age at which the flies mated. In constant darkness the flies fed very little, matured
no eggs, laid few eggs even when gravid, and did not mate. When the daily period of illumination was 75 hr, flies under an
illuminance of 120 lm/sq, ft. fed less, matured eggs more slowly, and mated later in life than those under either 60 or 240 lm/sq. ft.
The act of egg laying was not influenced by illuminance within the range 60-240 lm/sq. ft. When the illuminance was 240 lm/sq. ft.,
the longer the daily period of illumination (up to 78 hr/day) the greater was the amount of feeding, the rate of maturation of
eggs, and the number of eggs laid by mature females, and the earlier in life did the flies mate.

It is probable that the effects of light on feeding and egg laying were due to the influence that light had on the activity of
the flies. They were inactive in darkness and were less active at 120 lm/sq. ft. than at either 60 or 240 lm/sq. ft. The effect of
light on the rate of maturation of eggs can be explained by the effect of light on the amount of feeding.
Palaeozoic and Mesozoic hemiptera (Insecta)
Authors: Evans JW
Published: June 2005

New species of Triassic Homoptera and Heteroptera from the Brookvale
series of New South Wales and Mt. Crosby, Queensland, are described, one
homopteron from the Upper Permian of Warner's Bay, N.S.W., and Homoptera
previously recorded from Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata in Australia and
elsewhere are reviewed. New illustrations, made from type specimens, are
given for some Australian species.
Representatives of the family Scytinopteridae, previously known only
from Permian strata, are recorded from the Triassic.
Two forewings of uncertain affinities, but having venational features
similar to hylicids, are ascribed to species in genera placed in a new family,
the Hylicellidae.
For leaf-hoppers which are regarded as transitional between the
Palaeozoic and Mesozoic faunas, a new family, the Stenoviciidae, is proposed,
and another new family, the Chiliocyclidae, is proposed for a group of
Mesozoic leaf-hoppers of wide distribution.
A forewing from the Triassic of Queensland is identified as that of a
eurymelid and another as a cicadellid.
The earliest undoubted cercopid, so far recorded, is described from the
Triassic; a new family, the Eoscarterellidae, is defined to comprise insects of
probable cercopoid affinities, and the family Dysmorphoptilidae is transferred
to the Cercopoidea.
As the genus Palaeontina Butler is considered not to be a homopteron,
a new family name, the Cicadomorphidae, is proposed for large Homoptera
with cicada-like wings, previously recorded only from the Jurassic of Europe
and which formerly have been included in the family Palaeontinidae. A new
genus and species belonging to the Cicadomorphidae is described from the
Triassic of New South Wales.
The relationships of a new family, the Cicadoprosbolidae, and of the
Mesogereonidae are discussed and both are considered to be allied to the
Cicadidae.
Two new psylloids are described and also an aphid, the latter being the
first representative of the Aphidoidea to be recorded from Triassic strata.
No new fulgoroids are described but problems associated with the determination
of fulgoroid venation are discussed.
The genus Actinoscytim Tillyard is transferred from the Homoptera to
the Heteroptera and together with three new genera ascribed to a new family,
the Actinoscytinidae. The family Ipsviciidae, formerly regarded as belonging
to the Homoptera is also removed to the Heteroptera. The family Dunstaniidae
is reviewed in the light of a re-examination of type specimens. Fossil fragments,
poorly-preserved specimens, and wings of uncertain position which
have at some time been referred to the Homoptera, are listed, and some are
discussed. Possible derivations and interrelationships of the various major
groups of Homoptera are indicated by means of a chart.
The ecology of Oncopera Fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in South Australia. 2. The influence of temperature and moisture on speed of development and survival rate of the eggs.
Authors: Madge PE
Published: June 2005

Eggs of the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera fasciculata
(Walker), are laid on the surface of the ground during the spring and may
be exposed to desiccation.
A field experiment showed that there was a higher survival rate
among the eggs and early-stage larvae when eggs were placed under tall,
dense herbage. The most likely explanation for this result is that the dense
cover protected these stages from dryness and heat. Tall, dense cover is
found where improved pastures (herbage consisting of clovers and introduced
grasses) have not been heavily grazed or cut for hay.
Laboratory experiments showed that the eggs are easily killed by
dryness because they lose water rapidly when exposed to evaporation. The
median lethal dose for eggs that had completed 15 per cent. of their
development was a 43 per cent. loss of water. As the embryo develops, the
eggs become more susceptible to loss of water, and water that is lost cannot
be regained when free water becomes available.
A cytotaxonomic study of the pusilla group of species in the genus Austroicetes Uv. (Orthoptera: Acrididae).
Authors: White MJD , Key KHL
Published: June 2005

Cytological study of the members of the pusilla group has shown that the
"inland race" of A. pusilla (Walk.) differs in several constant chromosomal features
from the other races and must be regarded as a distinct species; this has been
described as A. interioris, sp. nov. The alleged "intergradation" between the
two forms is to be ascribed to overlap in phenotypic characters and not to inter­
breeding, the "intermediates" being always cytologically typical of one or other
species. Certain phenotypic characters are fully diagnostic when present, but a small
proportion of individuals in eastern Australia and a much larger proportion in South
Australia and Western Australia cannot be determined with certainty on the
phenotype. A. nullarborensis Key differs cytologically from both the other species.
The taxonomy and distribution of the three species is discussed. A. pusilla
and A. interioris cannot be regarded as species in statu nascendi, and their inter­
relations induce scepticism in regard to claims to have ·recognized introgressive
hybridization in various groups of animals by classical taxonomic methods. The
bearing of the new information on the phylogeny of the group is indicated.
A revision of the ruteline genus Anoplognathus Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).
Authors: Carne PB
Published: June 2005

The genus Anoplognathus Leach is restricted to Australia and adjacent
islands. Many of its species, commonly known as Christmas beetles, cause severe
defoliation of trees, especially eucalypts. Notes on the biology, host preferences,
and distribution of the species are given.
The key to the species is based on a careful study of their mutual affinities.
The grouping that results differs considerably from that adopted by previous workers.
The species are redescribed and figured, particular attention being paid to the male
genitalia which show marked constancy within species, in contrast to the variation
in colour, size, and degree of vestiture of the beetles.
The following new species are described:
A. narmarus, sp, nov.
A. pindarus, sp. nov.
A. nebulosus moanus, subsp. nov.
Changes of status proposed:
A. insularis Ohaus, 1898, to become a subspecies of punctulatus Oll., 1890.
A. aurora Arr., 1919, to become a subspecies of macleayi Blackb., 1891.
A. acuminatus Ohaus, 1904, to become a subspecies of nebulosus Macl., 1864.
New synonymies proposed:
A. uiriditarsis Leach, 1815, =reticulatus Boisd., 1835, =viridicollis Macl., 1873.
A. montanus Macl., 1873, =odewahni Macl., 1873.
A. olivieri (Dalm.), 1817, =duponti Boisd., 1835.
A. macleayi Blackb., 1891, =pallidus Arr., 1919.
A. rugosus Kirby, 1818, =longipennis Macl., 1873, =dispar Macl., 1873.
A. porosus (Dalm.), 1817, =pectoralis Burm., 1844, =luridus Arr., 1901.
A. hirsutus Burm., 1844, =explanatus Arr., 1901.
A. brunnipennis Gyll., 1817, =flavipennis Boisd., 1835, =quadrimaculatus Ohaus,
1898.
Utilization and digestion of Carbohydrates by the Australian Sheep Blowfly Lucilia cuprina.
Authors: Webber LG
Published: June 2005

The nutritional value of 30 carbohydrates, mainly mono- and oligosaccharides
and sugar alcohols, was determined by longevity experiments on the Australian
sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina.
Carbohydrates which maintain life for considerable periods are hydrolysed
by enzymes present in the gut and salivary glands. The crop is an important site
of hydrolysis of carbohydrates. The midgut and salivary glands secrete similar
carbohydrases. These include two �-glucosidases, an �-galactosidase, and an amylase.
A �-fructofuranosidase may be present, but this requires confirmation.
Field experiments indicated that the important natural sources of carbohydrates
were the honeydew of coccids and psyllids and the nectar of Eucalyptus
blossoms.
The ecology of Oncopera fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in South Australia. 4. Fluctuations in numbers during 1948-1955 and an analysis of their causes.
Authors: Madge PE
Published: June 2005

The development of the pastoral industry in County Grey has increased the numbers of Oncopera fasciculata (Walker) in the area. Even during unfavourable periods between outbreaks the numbers are greater than they used to be. Although the outbreak of 1948-50 was the greatest that has been recorded, not all of the suitable places were occupied during the outbreak, nor was all of the food eaten except in restricted areas. With food and shelter in excess of needs, the numbers reached during 1948-50 depended mainly on weather.
Predators have very little influence on the numbers of 0. fasciculata except when unfavourable wet weather forces larvae, prepupae, and pupae from their subterranean burrows. No parasites were found during this study. The evidence suggests that an increase in the numbers of 0. fasciculata in any one generation may be expected when there are fewer than about 45 days without rain during the late egg and early larval stages (October-December). Extensive damage to pastures may be expected when there is a series of such years; this has happened only once during the past 95 years (1947-49), and was followed by the outbreak of 1948-50.
The numbers of 0. fasciculata on the poorly drained soils are likely to increase whenever a dry, late winter (fewer than about 2 or 3 days of waterlogging during July-September) is followed by a wet, late spring. Changes in the distribution and abundance of 0. fasciculata during 1948-55 are described and a probable explanation is put forward.
The structure and fuction of the Epididymis. 1. The histology of the Rat Epididymis.
Authors: Cleland KW
Published: June 2005

Epididymides from six white rats have been examined by standard histological
techniques. The epididymis, consisting of rete, efferent ducts, and epididymal duct
possesses an epithelium containing six cell types-principal, basal, ciliated, apical,
halo, and clear cells-each of which is described.
Cytoplasmic differences in the principal cells permit two zones to be recognized
in the efferent ducts. The principal cells along the length of the epididymal duct
vary in a number of features such as: height, depth and distribution of staining,
the incidence, size, and intracellular distribution of vacuoles, the shape of the nuclei,
and the distribution of chromatin within them. Such differences permit definition
of six major zones, some of which may be further subdivided. Variations in the
histological characteristics of the various zones in different individuals have been
described. These zones have been related to the usual anatomical divisions of head,
isthmus, and tail.
The lumen of the epididymis contains spermatids and their breakdown
products in addition to spermatozoa. The latter vary in density (number per unit
volume), and in their arrangement with respect to one another, in the various zones
of the efferent epididymal ducts.
The implications of these histological findings in the physiology of the
epididymis are discussed.
Kentromorphic phases in three species of Phasmatodea.
Authors: Key KHL
Published: June 2005

Nymphs of the injurious Australian Phasmatidae Podacanthus wilkinsoni Macl.,
Didymuria violescens (Leach), and Ctenomorphodes tessulata (Gray) were reared from
the early instars in crowds and in isolation. Typical kentromorphic phase differences,
quite analogous to those of locusts, developed in the colour pattern of the isolated and
crowded insects and persisted into the adult stage. This is believed to be the first
record of kentromorphic phases in the Phasmatodea.
The two types of pattern are described and illustrated in colour. The "lowdensity
phase" is rather uniform and usually green, while the "high-density phase"
is conspicuously patterned with black, yellow, and sometimes white. The extreme
conditions are connected by all intergrades and for Podacanthus a rating scale has
been used to measure the phase level attained by individual insects.
Observations were made on the mean phase rating corresponding to different
densities of Podacanthus nymphs on eucalypt saplings in the field. The rating rose
from about 1.5 at densities of one insect per 10-20 15-in. branchlets to the scale
maximum of 4.0 at densities of about one insect per branchlet. A correlation was
also found between the ratings of museum specimens and subjective estimates of
abundance recorded by their collectors.
All three species showed morphometric phase differences also analogous to those
of locusts: the length of femur III, the ratio length of femur III/width of head, and
the sexual dimorphism with respect to width of head all tended to lower values in
the high-density phase.
The phasmatids showed no overt gregariousness and Podacanthus nymphs
spent 95 per cent, of their time at rest, even in crowds of the high-density phase.
Thus, in this group, activity and gregariousness can play no part in phase change. It
is therefore probable that, both here and in locusts, the physiological mechanism of
pattern change involves a direct nervous link between sensory stimulation and the
endocrine system responsible for the pigmentation.
Neither Uvarov's nor Kennedy's theory regarding the biological function of
phase pattern change is applicable to the Phasmatidae and it must be doubted that
either is applicable to locusts. It is suggested that the colour-pattern aspect of
kentromorphic variation may be a mechanism for effecting a switch-over from
procryptic to aposematic adaptations in nice correlation with the population densities
under which each of these has survival value.
Cytogenetics of the grasshopper Moraba scurra. 2. heterotic systems and their interaction.
Authors: White MJD
Published: June 2005

Moraba scurra Rehn shows inversion polymorphism in two different chromosome
pairs, ."CD" and "EF". Each of these systems produces a heterotic effect
on male viability. The cytological polymorphism of the CD pair is present in almost
all populations except in the south-western part of the distribution area of the
species (Tumut, N.S.W., to Merton, Vic.), where only the Standard sequence
is present. Some populations have the Standard CD much more frequent than the
Blundell CD, while in other localities the relationship is reversed and in five
colonies a third sequence, Molonglo, was found, either replacing Standard or coexisting
with Standard and Blundell.
The cytological polymorphism of the EF chromosome is distributed rather
irregularly throughout the geographic area occupied by the species. Many populations
have only the Standard type of EF chromosome and even in those which also
contain the Tidbinbilla sequence the latter is always greatly outnumbered by
Standard.
In populations containing both cytological polymorphisms, these are apparently
not combined at random, there being a genetic interaction between them, as
far as the viability of the males is concerned. This interaction leads to a deficiency
of Bl/Bl, St/St individuals and to a further deficiency of genotypes in which Tidbinbilla
coexists with the Standard CD chromosome, either in the heterozygous or the
homozygous condition.
On the assumption that the overall selective values of these genotypes are
generally similar to their effects on male viability, those populations which possess
both heterotic mechanisms must have a complex balanced polymorphism, involving
equilibria between the alternative gene sequences of the two different chromosome
pairs, as well as between those of the same pair.
The genera hapatesus Candeze and Toorongus, gen.nov. (Coleoptera: Elateriadae)
Authors: Neboiss A
Published: June 2005

This paper deals with the systematics of two elaterid genera-Hapatesus
Candeze and Toorongus, gen. nov. Both are characterized, and all species figured.
The genus Hapatesus is divided into two subgenera: Hapatesus s.s., with 11
species, of which eight are new and Minutesus, subgen. nov., with five species of which
four are new. This division is based on differences in characters of the male and female
genitalia. H. leai Schenkling is synonymized with H. minor (Lea), the latter being
given specific rank. H. bubanus is a new name for H. hirtus var. minor Elston non Lea.
The genus Toorongus contains four species of which two are new. H. dubius
Schwarz is synonymized with T. jugulatus (Candeze).
Biological and social patterns in the Australian bulldog ants of the genus Myrmecia.
Authors: Freeland J
Published: June 2005

A method of maintaining laboratory colonies of Myrmecia F. (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) is described and the results of some hundreds of hours of observation
reported.
Small larvae consumed eggs lying nearby in the egg mass with which they were
kept, and thus caused gaps in the size distribution of the brood. The workers
separated the larger larvae from the egg mass and fed them on insects.
A highly adaptive form of oviposition by workers and queens replaced the
regurgitation of many ants, eggs being presented as food to larvae of all sizes or taken
by the queen and other workers, sometimes after solicitation. With special exceptions,
adult ants or larvae did not consume insects during the winter, though brood
cannibalism was prevalent at all seasons.
Behaviour patterns of adult ants are described. There was some division
of labour (specialization) partly associated with polymorphism, and the social structure
appeared more complex than has been supposed. The lack of advanced regurgitation
and development of trophic oviposition in Myrmecia is discussed in relation to the
evolution of ingluvial feeding in other Formicidae.
The relationship between seasonal movements and the development of geographic variation in the Australian Chats, (Epthianura Gould and Ashbyia North (Passeres: Muscicapidae, Malurinae))
Authors: Keast A
Published: June 2005

The present paper reviews the taxonomy of the Australian chats (Epthianura
Gould and Ashbyia North) and demonstrates the close link between the occurrence of
geographic variation in a species and aspects of its ecology, in particular the occurrence
and extent of seasonal movements. The various species differ as follows:
E. crocea. - No seasonal movements, habitat specialized, distribution peripheral,
and isolated in four widely separated river valleys. Marked geographic
variation.
A. 1ovensis. - Negligible seasonal movements, habitat specialized, range continuous
but very restricted. No geographic variation.
E. albifrons. - Somewhat nomadic over much of range, habitat generalized,
distribution peripheral and inland. Isolated insular population (Tasmania) is the
only one to have differentiated.
E. aurifrons. - Seasonal movements moderate but varying with area and nature
of season, habitat fairly generalized, wide and continuous interior distribution. No
geographic variation.
E. tricolor. - Markedly nomadic, and with seasonal shift in abundance from the
south to the north of the continent. The habitat is generalized and the range interior
and continuous. Breeding habits must tend to further accelerate gene flow. No
geographic variation.
The ultimate influence of ecology on variation in the Australian chats is best
seen from a comparison of the two "extreme" species, E. crocea and E. tricolor. In the
former, a series of traits combine to produce a number of distinctive isolates, forms
with the "potential" of developing into new species. In the latter, by contrast, the
whole behavioural pattern is such as to make the development and maintenance of
any geographic variation virtually impossible.
Acomparative study of Lipomatosis in the Salivary Glands of Mammals with special reference to the Echindna.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The occurrence, site, and morphology of lipomatic changes in the salivary
glands of the pig, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, goat, rhesus monkey, guinea pig, bandicoot,
rabbit, and the echidna were investigated, special attention being given to
the glands of the echidna. The areal, tubular, acinar, marginal, central, interlobular,
peritubular, paratrabecular, and capsular accumulations were described.
It was concluded that lipomatic changes in the salivary glands are of two distinctly
different types, one being the formation of fatty cells from the cells of the connective
tissue and the other being the partial or complete transformation of the glandular
cells into fatty cells.
A review of the Australian rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaedae)
Authors: Carne PB
Published: June 2005

The subfamily Rutelinae is represented in Australia (including Tasmania) by
21 genera comprising 96 species and 6 subspecies. Of these, two species belong to
the tribe Anomalini, one to the Adoretini, and the remainder to the indigenous
tribe Anoplognathini.
The subfamily is well represented in Queensland and in New South Wales,
poorly so in Tasmania and in Western Australia. Of the two subtribes of the
Anoplognathini, the Schizognathina is the more highly specialized. Some genera
include forms that have sexually dimorphic modifications of the mouthparts and
sensory organs that are very similar to those of some Dynastinae.
The following alterations and additions are made to the taxonomy of the
group :
New genera. - Exochogenys, Dungoorus.
New species. - Paraschizognathus brunneus, elgatus, elgatus subsp.
kiewarrus, ocularis, pinarus, queenslandicus, tubrabuccae; Schizognathus
rugulosus; Amblyterus deuqueti, simplicitarsus bundabergensis, tibialis;
Mesystoechus costatus; Dungoorus murrumbullus.
Species names placed in synonymy. - Repsirnus purpureipes Macleay
(under R. aeneus (F.)) ; Calloodes nitidissimus Lea (frenchi Ohaus); Anoplognathus
antiquus Arrow (Trioplognathus griseopilosus Ohaus) ; Pseudoschizognathus
occidentalis Ohaus (schoenfeldti Ohaus).
New combination. - Exochogenys nigripennis (Blanchard).
Changes of status. - Repsimus manicatus (Swartz) var. montanus Lea
given subspecific status. Genus Mesystoechus Waterhouse transferred from
tribe Rutelini to tribe Anoplognathini.
The choice of communal Oviposition sites by the Australian sheep blowfly. Lucilia cuprina.
Authors: Vartib-Browne L
Published: June 2005

Large groups of eggs representing the oviposition of a number of females of Lucilia cuprina are frequently found on fleece preparations. Females were shown to have a preference for ovipositing in cavities in the fleece, especially those near the moist cotton-wool plugs. The cavities are primarily attractive as places of high humidity and low illuminance. Of secondary importance is the preference of females for laying at places where other females are already ovipositing.