bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Mexican restaurant-associated outbreak of Salmonella
Enteritidis type 34 infections traced to a contaminated egg farm
Authors: McNEIL M. M. , SWEAT L. B. , CARTER S. L. , WATSON C. B. , HOLLOWAY J. T. , MANNING R. , ALTEKRUSE S. F. , BLAKE P. A.
Published: July 2002

In May 1996, the Georgia Division of Public Health was notified about a cluster of persons
with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections in Waycross, Georgia. A matched pair case-control
study to determine risk factors for illness found a statistically significant association of SE
infection with a history of having eaten at Restaurant A during the 5 days before onset of
illness (relative risk = 13 [95% confidence interval (CI)=3–62, P<0·01]). In a second case-control study, to determine specific food exposures, consumption of a deep-fried Mexican dish
(chile relleno) (4 of 21 cases vs. 0 of 26 controls, odds ratio undefined, 95% CI>1·46,
P=0·034) was found to be significantly associated with SE infection. An environmental
investigation found evidence of suboptimal food storage and cooking temperatures at
Restaurant A; cross contamination of foods may have contributed to the low attributable risk
identified for chile rellenos. Five of 37 Restaurant A food and environment specimens yielded
SE strains. All five positive specimens were from chiles rellenos. Of the seven outbreak-associated strains (six patient isolates and one food isolate from Restaurant A) for which
phage typing was conducted, all were phage type 34. A FDA traceback investigation through
Restaurant A's single-egg supplier identified the potential source as three interrelated farms
in South Carolina. Environmental culture from one of these farms yielded SE phage type 34. As
a result of this outbreak, FDA helped institute a statewide egg quality-assurance programme in
South Carolina to minimize SE contamination of eggs.
The effect of timing of sample collection on the detection of
measles-specific IgM in serum and oral fluid samples after
primary measles vaccination
Authors: HELFAND R. F. , KEBEDE S. , MERCADER S. , GARY H. E. , BEYENE H. , BELLINI W. J.
Published: July 2002

This study compares the timing of the rise and decline of measles-specific IgM in serum
samples and in oral fluid samples. Two hundred and eighty 9-month-old infants presenting for
routine measles vaccination in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were enrolled. Paired serum and oral
fluid samples were collected before and 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks after measles vaccination. Samples
were tested by using a modified antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay. For the 321 IgM-negative pre- and post-vaccination serum samples, 317 (99%) of their corresponding oral fluid
samples were IgM-negative. Among the 130 IgM-positive serum samples, 75% of their paired
oral fluid samples were IgM-positive, with the percentage rising to 87% after oral fluid samples
collected [ges ]3·5 weeks after vaccination were excluded. Among the post-vaccination serum
samples, the percent IgM-positive peaked in week 3 and declined to 79% in week 4. For post-vaccination oral fluid samples, the percent IgM-positive peaked in weeks 2 and 3, and then
declined to 43% in week 4. This modified antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay appears to
detect vaccine-induced measles-specific IgM in the first 3 weeks after vaccination.
Predicting the course of meningococcal disease outbreaks in
closed subpopulations
Authors: RANTA J. , MÄKELÄ P. H. , TAKALA A. , ARJAS E.
Published: July 2002

A stochastic epidemic model was applied to meningococcal disease outbreaks in defined small
populations such as military garrisons and schools. Meningococci are spread primarily by
asymptomatic carriers and only a small proportion of those infected develop invasive disease.
Bayesian predictions of numbers of invasive cases were developed, based on observed data
using a stochastic epidemic model. We used additional data sets to model both disease
probability and duration of carriage. Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques were
used to compute the full posterior distribution which summarized all information drawn
together from multiple sources.
Molecular typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains by
PCR-based methods and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Application to French and Danish isolates
Authors: COUSIN-ALLERY A. , CHARRON A. , DE BARBEYRAC B. , FREMY G. , JENSEN J. SKOV , RENAUDIN H. , BEBEAR C.
Published: July 2002

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified P1 gene was used
to type 153 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated in France between 1977 and 1994, and
in Denmark between 1962 and 1994, and an additional group of 28 strains isolated from
Belgium and Germany between 1990 and 1993. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
analysis was tested on French, Belgian and German strains. Both methods separated the strains
into two groups corresponding to the two reference strains M129 (group I) and FH (group II),
and gave concordant results. When 75 selected strains of different geographical origin were
analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), strains of group II fell into two closely
related subgroups, subgroup IIa corresponding to the reference strain FH, and subgroup IIb.
Most of the strains isolated in Denmark in the period 1962–86 belonged to group I. Almost all
strains isolated in France and Denmark between 1987 and 1988 were from group II, the two
subgroups being present. In 1991–3, almost all strains from France as well as Denmark,
Germany and Belgium belonged to group I.
Here comes nobody: a dramaturgical exploration of Luciano Berio's Outis
Authors: OSMOND-SMITH DAVID
Published: July 2002

This study, intended as a seventy-fifth birthday tribute for Luciano Berio, examines the dramaturgy of his most radical theatrical work, Outis (1995–6). To a greater extent than any of his previous operatic works, Outis dispenses with linear narrative. Instead, it constructs an associative network of images – visual, verbal and musical – upon a cyclic frame. A recurrent source for these images is the story of Odysseus/Ulysses, the wanderer, and the many different texts that stem from that tradition. These include Ulysses by James Joyce – whose work has long been a source of inspiration for Berio. This essay suggests, however, that it is rather the techniques and aspirations of Joyce's Finnegan's Wake that provide the most telling analogue for what Berio here seeks to achieve.
Meniscus draw-up and draining
Authors: HOCKING L. M.
Published: July 2002

When a solid plate is removed from a pool of fluid, a film of fluid is attached to the plate. There
are two possible outcomes. The edge of the fluid may be raised through a finite distance, with
the edge slipping on the plate. Alternatively, a continuous film of a certain thickness may be
drawn up. For plates which have a small slope, it is shown that the first alternative holds when
the speed of withdrawal is sufficiently small, and that, when a critical speed is exceeded, the
height of the edge above the fluid level in the pool increases with time. A related problem
concerns the shape of a receding meniscus in a channel. If the static contact angle is small,
lubrication theory can be applied to the film of fluid adjacent to the wall of the channel, and
the results of this part of the solution can be matched to the central part of the meniscus, which
is controlled by capillarity and gravity, but for which lubrication theory does not apply. As in
the draw-up problem, for small speeds the shape of the meniscus is time-independent, but
above a critical speed, a tail of fluid of increasing length remains in the tube.
Approximately preserving symmetries in the
numerical integration of ordinary differential equations
Authors: ISERLES ARIEH , McLACHLAN ROBERT , ZANNA ANTONELLA
Published: July 2002

We present a general procedure for recursively improving the invariance of a
numerical integrator under a symmetry group. If h is a symmetry, we construct the
adjoint method h−1h.
In each time step we apply either the original method or the adjoint method, according to a
prescription based on the Thue–Morse sequence. The outcome is a solution sequence which
displays progressively smaller symmetry errors, to any desired order in the time-step. The
method can also be used to force the solution to stay close to a desired submanifold of phase
space, while retaining structural properties of the original method.
Measuring the outcomes of care in older people: a non-critical review of patient-based measures. I. General health status and quality of life instruments
Authors: Kliempt P. , Ruta D. , McMurdo M.
Published: July 2002

Introduction

The methodology of quality of life measurement has developed markedly in the last few years. Clinicians and researchers have increasingly acknowledged that the burden of illness can not be described only in terms of disease status. Measurement of psychosocial factors such as pain, restricted mobility, difficulties fulfilling family or work responsibilities, and psychological wellbeing provides a far more comprehensive and meaningful assessment of the impact of disease on the patient’s life. Similarly, such patient-based measures are increasingly replacing traditional clinical or disease indicators as the primary measures of outcome in clinical trials.
Screening for delirium: a means to improved outcome in hospitalized elderly patients
Authors: Musselman Dominique L , Hawthorne Colleen N , Stoudemire Alan
Published: July 2002

In recent years, psychiatrists have improved their accuracy and efficiency in diagnosing delirium, particularly in hospitalized elderly patients. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential as unrecognized and untreated delirium is associated with longer length of hospital stay and greater expense, accelerated functional decline, an increase in nursing home placements, persistent cognitive deficits, and elevated rates of mortality.
The impact of smoking in elderly people
Authors: Vetter Norman J
Published: July 2002

Smoking has been closely implicated in many cardiovascular, lung and other diseases which are prevalent in the elderly, but most prevention programmes tend to be aimed at younger age groups.

The prevention of smoking in retired people is a subject which is not yet fully researched, but there is a little information which suggests that it may be a worthwhile pursuit. Certainly, work has shown that longevity can be improved even in older people by stopping smoking. Coronary heart disease death rates for 65-74 year olds who have recently given up are similar to non-smokers. For other causes of death, especially lung cancer and bronchitis, the benefits of stopping smoking take up to five years to appear. In terms of morbidity, there are suggestions that ex-smokers move reasonably quickly towards the state of non-smokers for bone density, pulmonary function and muscle strength.
A semantic characterisation of the correctness of a proof net
Authors: RETORÉ CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this note is to show that the correctness of a
multiplicative proof net with
mix is equivalent to its semantic correctness: a proof structure is a
proof net if and only if
its semantic interpretation is a clique, where one given finite coherence
space interprets all propositional variables.

This is just an example of what can be done with these kinds of semantic
techniques; for
more information and further results, the reader is referred to
Retoré (1994).
An environment machine for the λμ-calculus
Authors: de GROOTE PHILIPPE
Published: July 2002

We introduce a natural deduction-like formalisation of Parigot's

λμ-calculus. From this, we
derive an environment machine that allows any well-typed
λμ-term to be reduced to its weak
head normal form. The soundness and completeness of the machine is proved.
From Illusory ‘Society’ to Intellectual ‘Public’: VOKS, International Travel and Party–Intelligentsia Relations in the Interwar Period
Authors: David-Fox Michael
Published: July 2002

This article examines the emergence of the Soviet regulation of foreign travel in a specific context: the space in which Soviet international aspirations overlapped and interacted with Party–intelligentsia relations at home. The discussion ties together two major, international aspects of Party–intelligentsia relations. The first is a detailed discussion of the regulation of foreign travel, exploring the manner in which access to the outside world in the early Soviet years was, like other scarce or highly sought-after resources, subject to bureaucratic monopolisation and, as a result, became not only subject to party-state regulatory agendas but also a prime staple of patronage transactions. The second is an examination of how the emergence of Soviet cultural diplomacy in the 1920s began to influence Soviet domestic interactions with the non-party intelligentsia. Specifically, the article examines the particular way in which the intelligentsia was enlisted in foreign cultural relations by the All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad (VOKS). The article shows the policies and attitudes behind the creation of VOKS as an ostensibly non-governmental association and dissects the many aspects of its intricate engagement with the non-Party, intellectual public known by the Russian term obshchestvennost'. The analysis suggests that the widespread assumption that personal and bureaucratic relations are dichotomous or fully separable ignores the way in which institutional agendas and personal connections were routinely intertwined in Soviet patronage. Furthermore, key stages in the Soviet handling of the intelligentsia's access to international contacts, from the New Economic Policy to Stalin's ‘Great Break’ to the Great Purges, were fundamentally shaped by the intense ideological and cultural significance invested in the foreign cultural resources as they were transformed from prized assets to fatal sources of contagion.
‘Most Respected Comrade . . .’: Patrons, Clients, Brokers and Unofficial Networks in the Stalinist Music World
Authors: Tomoff Kiril
Published: July 2002

This article utilises primarily archival sources to explore unofficial networks in the Stalinist music world. It analyses the relationship between the patrons, clients and brokers whose personal interactions helped an inefficient and over-burdened music bureaucracy to accomplish its two basic tasks: administering musical production and ensuring the material wellbeing of Soviet composers, musicologists and musicians. Musicians used unofficial networks to resolve professional disputes with bureaucratic institutions and to acquire material support, especially scarce apartments. Because they were used to manipulating bureaucratic procedures, unofficial networks sometimes came under attack. Investigating these ubiquitous informal interactions therefore contributes to our understanding both of the Stalinist music system and the cyclical campaigns to purge the Soviet arts.
A Protestant Perspective on Access to Healthcare
Authors: VERHEY ALLEN
Published: July 2002

In writing this paper I am reminded of a conference
that I once attended. On that panel, the Jewish scholar
spoke first. “Let me tell you what the Talmud says,”
he began, and he gave a wonderful talk full of references
to the legal rulings and stories of the Jewish tradition.
Then the Catholic priest spoke. “Let me tell you
what the Magisterium says,” he began, and he gave
a wonderful talk carefully attentive to the moral tradition
of the Catholic Church. Finally, a Protestant spoke. “You
have heard what the Talmud says and what the Magisterium
says,” he began, “Now let me tell you what
I think.” I didn't know whether to laugh or
cry, but now I find myself in a similar situation.
Environmental Ethics and Medical Ethics: Some Implications
for End-of-Life Care, Part I
Authors: Carrick Paul
Published: July 2002

Physicians and nurses caring for terminally ill
patients are expected to center their moral concerns almost
exclusively on the needs and welfare of the dying patient
and the patient's family. But what about the relationship
of traditional medical ethics to the emerging new theories
of environmental ethics, like deep ecology? As we glide
into the twenty-first century, can anyone seriously doubt
that the mounting global concerns of environmental ethics
will eventually influence the ethics of medicine too?
Tutte Polynomials of Perfect Matroid Designs
Authors: MPHAKO EUNICE GOGO
Published: July 2002

This paper gives a general expression for the Tutte polynomial of perfect matroid designs,
that is, for matroids in which all ats of the same rank are equicardinal. In particular,
explicit expressions are given for the Tutte polynomial of projective and affine geometries
over a finite field.
Expected Value Expansions in Random Subgraphs
with Applications to Network Reliability
Authors: SIEGRIST KYLE
Published: July 2002

Subgraph expansions are commonly used in the analysis of
reliability measures of a failure-prone graph. We show that these expansions are special cases of a general
result on the
expected value of a random variable defined on a partially ordered set;
when applied to
random subgraphs, the general result defines a natural association between
graph functions.
As applications, we consider several graph invariants that measure the
connectivity of a
graph: the number of connected vertex sets of size k,
the number of components of size k,
and the total number of components. The expected values of these invariants
on a random
subgraph are global performance measures that generalize the ones commonly
studied.
Explicit results are obtained for trees, cycles, and complete graphs. Graphs
which optimize
these performance measures over a given class of graphs are studied
Distant Vertex Partitions of Graphs
Authors: JAGGER CHRIS
Published: July 2002

We consider the function χ(Gk),

defined to be the smallest number of colours that can
colour a graph G in such a way that no vertices of distance
at most k receive the same
colour. In particular we shall look at how small a value this function
can take in terms of
the order and diameter of G. We get general bounds for this and
tight
bounds for the cases k=2 and k=3.
Emerging modernity in an urban setting: nineteenth-century Bristol revealed in property surveys
Authors: Jordan Spencer , Wardley Peter , Woollard Matthew
Published: July 2002

This article analyses the urban structure of nineteenth-century Bristol through the analysis of property surveys. Examination of a machine-readable version of a property survey for 1837 demonstrates that Bristol exhibited modern patterns of urban development as the city's medieval form was supplanted by processes associated with the segregation of class and economic activity, a functional change from a mercantile centre to one broadly based on manufacturing and services. The longitudinal implications of this change are examined using subsequent surveys for 1851 and 1871.
The use of spinal anaesthesia in severe pre-eclampsia
Authors: Botfield Claire , Howell Paul
Published: July 2002

Women with severe pre-eclampsia (PE) commonly require delivery by Caesarean section (CS). Whilst the choice of anaesthetic technique in this group of women has been controversial for a number of years, clinical experience has demonstrated the relative safety and value of well-managed incremental epidural anaesthesia. Several studies attest to the benefits of epidural analgesia in labour and epidural anaesthesia for CS. It is now widely recognised that epidurals provide relatively smooth control of blood pressure, maintain or improve utero-placental perfusion, optimising fetal outcome, and eliminate the airway and haemodynamic problems associated with general anaesthesia. Thus, epidural anaesthesia is the current technique of choice amongst most obstetric anaesthetists for CS in severe PE. Good inter-disciplinary communication between anaesthetic and obstetric staff should allow the need for CS to be anticipated early, and the epidural catheter inserted and topped-up in good time. However, in the case of urgent CS where it is not considered appropriate to wait the time required to produce effective epidural blockade, the choice of technique lies between spinal and general anaesthesia.
Emergency anaesthesia for the compromised fetus
Authors: Robinson Jane E , Douglas M Joanne
Published: July 2002

Emergency anaesthesia for the compromised fetus encompasses anaesthesia for both acute fetal distress and the chronically hypoxic fetus. Fetal distress, a poorly defined term, is still used by clinicians today. Parer and Livingston defined fetal distress as “progressive fetal asphyxia, that if not corrected or circumvented, will result in decompensation of the physiologic responses (primarily redistribution of blood flow to preserve oxygenation of vital organs) and cause permanent central nervous system and other organ damage or death.” More recently the term “non-reassuring fetal status” has been adopted as a better descriptor than fetal distress.
Chlortetracycline staining patterns of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa treated with β-cyclodextrins, dibutyryl cAMP and progesterone
Authors: Dinkins Michael B. , Brackett Benjamin G.
Published: July 2002

Efforts to achieve complete chemical definition of media used for in vitro capacitation of bovine spermatozoa including removal of heparin purified from porcine intestinal mucosa are presented. Fluorescent staining with chlortetracycline (CTC), known to reflect changes coincident with sperm capacitation in certain species, was studied following treatments of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa with β-cyclodextrins, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and progesterone in comparison with heparin. The CTC staining patterns (F, B and AR) were confirmed to correlate with known conditions that effectively prepare cryopreserved bull spermatozoa for fertilisation in vitro. In the absence of glucose, the routinely employed heparin-containing capacitating medium caused an increase in spermatozoa displaying the AR pattern. Both progesterone (100 μM) and dbcAMP (0.01–0.1 mM) were able to increase the proportion of B pattern stained sperm cells more than after exposure to control (mDM) conditions without a significant reduction in motility. Exposure to either dbcAMP or β-cyclodextrins was accompanied by an increase in proportions of spermatozoa displaying the AR pattern over those seen in controls. Exposure to β-cyclodextrins did not increase the proportion of B pattern stained spermatozoa. Comparison of spermatozoa from two bulls revealed differential responses of spermatozoa from different males to treatments with heparin and progesterone. In vitro fertilisation results demonstrated that previously cryopreserved bull spermatozoa could be capacitated in chemically defined conditions devoid of heparin or other biological components.
Chromatin and chromosomal fine structure in spermatogenesis of some species of amphibians
Authors: Gavrila Lucian , Mircea Liliana
Published: July 2002

Spermatogenesis is a complex differentiation process which is characterised, among other features, by conspicuous stage-specific nuclear events such as the pairing of homologous chromosomes coupled with the formation of synaptonemal complexes, the replacement of histones with sperm-specific proteins during spermiogenesis and, as a result, chromatin condensation and its inactivation in sperm cells. The chromatin of spermatogenic cells undergoes dramatic conformational changes upon differentiation from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa. During the haploid stage of spermatogenesis, histones are gradually replaced, firstly by transition proteins and later by sperm-specific proteins. As a result of the high degree of condensation and inactivation of spermatid and sperm chromatin, Sertoli cells are responsible for the nourishment of germ cells with ribosomal RNA and nutritive substances.
Aberrant expression and dysfunction of Fas antigen in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr murine ovary
Authors: Xu Ji Ping , Li Xiang , Mori Etsuko , Guo Mao Wu , Mori Tsuneatsu
Published: July 2002

In lpr mice the insertion of an early transposable element (ETn) into intron 2 of the Fas gene, which mediates apoptosis, causes the development of massive lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and autoimmune disease. In the present study we investigated the influence of this mutation on ovarian development of lpr mice. By means of in situ hybridisation, the expression of Fas mRNA was detected at the same levels in the ovarian cells of MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice as in those of MRL/MpJ- +/+ (MRL/+) mice. However, indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining with anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (mAb) on the membrane of follicle and egg of MRL/lpr mice was significantly weaker than that of MRL/+ mice. Furthermore, the expression level of Fas protein at the 45 kDa band from ovarian cell lysates of MRL/lpr mice was much lower than that of MRL/+ mice. The co-incubation of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9)-Fas ligand (L) cells with eggs of MRL/+ mice resulted in apoptosis of eggs, as detected by the terminal deoxynucleotide transferase mediated dUPT-nick end labelled (TUNEL) method. In contrast the co-incubation of Sf9-FasL cells with eggs of MRL/lpr mice did not generate apoptosis in eggs. Following intraperitoneal administration of anti-Fas mAb into both types of mice, most oocytes, a proportion of granulosa cells in the ovary and hepatocytes in liver of MRL/+ mice were positively stained by the TUNEL method, corresponding to the appearance of DNA fragmented ladders by DNA fragmentation assay, while negative signals were obtained in those cells of MRL/lpr mice. As the mice aged, the ovarian size of MRL/lpr mice was found to be much larger than that of MRL/+ mice due to the increased number of ovarian follicles. Therefore, the ovarian adenopathy in MRL/lpr mice was strongly suggested to be caused by the dysfunction of Fas antigen in the ovary.
CAMP EXPERTISE: ARTHUR SYMONS, MUSIC-HALL, AND THE DEFENSE OF THEORY
Authors: Faulk Barry
Published: July 2002

BY THE CLOSE OF THE PREVIOUS CENTURY, English music-hall or variety, an entertainment form that incorporated comic acts, sketch comedy, dance, even animal acts, was drawing a broad base of middle-class patrons, and losing its exclusive character as working-class entertainment. “Variety” halls like the Alhambra or the Empire now claimed the attention and lucre of a new mass audience. Music-hall was also, I would argue, a proving ground where enterprising intellectuals could flex their evaluative muscle. Perhaps more than any other Late Victorian man of letters, critic and poet Arthur Symons frequented the music-hall with an eye toward representing it, a service that he regularly performed for The Star newspaper and elite cultural venues such as The Fortnightly Review.
Pesticides and war: the case of Fritz Haber
Authors: SZÖLLÖSI-JANZE MARGIT
Published: July 2002

The interconversion of military and civilian scientific research has been discussed in various contexts. Fritz Haber was concerned with the military application of poison gas research in the First World War. It is less well known that, simultaneously, he also initiated modern pest control by toxic substances, thus taking advantage of the military development for civilian purposes. However, the case of Haber shows that, in the Age of Mass Extermination, such conversion cannot be easily kept under control.
Human rights, rhetoric or reality?
Authors: TULKENS FRANÇOISE
Published: July 2002

The question of effectiveness is the main theme of this article, notably as this refers to the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and to the main issues at stake today. The second part of the article, explains the role played by the European Convention on Human Rights among all the universal and regional instruments for the protection of human rights. Finally there is a critical look at what might be termed a degree of ‘inflation’ of the fundamental rights.
Objective identification of frontal wave cyclones
Authors: Hewson T D
Published: July 2002

This brief paper further develops the objective front‐plotting methodology described in Hewson (1996), to enable the tips of frontal wave cyclones to also be objectively identified. The method embraces a new definition of frontal waves, but is analogous to operational practice in that these waves are located where cold and warm fronts join. It is suggested that for the early stages of cyclonic development the new methodology will perform better than those previously published. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluating Therapeutic Approaches to Hemineglect
Authors: McCourt Mark E.
Published: July 2002

The six chapters of this compact volume provide an
economical introduction to the symptomology, assessment,
and treatment approaches to visuospatial neglect. Neglect
researchers may find themselves slightly disappointed by
the scant attention devoted to theoretical issues regarding
neural mechanisms or etiology. To be fair, however, the
authors acknowledge that theoretical synthesis is not the
purpose of the book,which is aimed primarily at an audience
of clinicians and therapists. As such, this monograph admirably
fulfills its mission, which is to provide a succinct but
comprehensive overview of the clinical assessment and rehabilitation
of neglect disorders.
The Functional Brain in Depth and Breadth
Authors: Howieson Diane B.
Published: July 2002

This book gives a comprehensive account of the
functional neuroanatomy of the brain. The first edition,
Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioral Neurology
(1990), consisted of topics traditional for this subject
matter, such as “The Cerebral Hemispheres,”
“The Limbic System,” and “Neuroanatomy
and Pathophysiology of Head Injury, Stroke, Neoplasm, and
Abnormal Development.” With the addition of eleven
new chapters, the second edition is impressive and unique
in its range of topics. The new chapters cover evolution
and ontogeny of the brain, social–emotional intelligence,
and such unusual topics as the neurophysiology of repression
and religious experiences, and the origins of life. One
section is titled “The Birth of God and Limbic Hyperactivation.”
The writing style is clear and compelling. Most topics
are well referenced with scientific literature and include
informative illustrations. More theoretical topics are
presented with logical arguments.
Neuropsychological test performance in the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome: Independent effects of diagnostic group on functioning
Authors: BECKER JAMES T. , SALTHOUSE TIMOTHY A.
Published: July 2002

Individuals infected with the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) are at risk for developing cognitive impairment.
The extent to which the impairment represents the results
of a single factor accounting for a wide degree of cognitive
dysfunction, or is the result of the combined effects of
multiple factors, has not been determined. In the present
study, we analyzed data from 134 patients with AIDS and
105 HIV− controls using a recently developed analytical
procedure. The results revealed that, by and large, the
test variables shared a significant amount of variance
related to disease status. Hence the AIDS-related influences
on cognition are shared and thus cannot be considered independent.
Two tests, Digit Symbol Substitution, and the primacy measure
of verbal free recall, had a direct relationship with the
group variable (AIDS vs. controls). These results
suggest that a single factor is sufficient to account for
a large proportion of the AIDS-related variance on a wide
variety of neuropsychological tests. (JINS, 1999,
5, 41–47.)
Reorganization of verbal memory and language: A case of
dissociation
Authors: WOOD AMANDA G. , SALING MICHAEL M. , O'SHEA MARIE F. , JACKSON GRAEME D. , BERKOVIC SAMUEL F.
Published: July 2002

Left-to-right reorganization of verbal memory following
early left hemisphere damage has been reported in patients
whose expressive language is governed by the right hemisphere.
We present a case in which verbal memory performance was
intact, despite severe left mesial temporal damage, and
despite aphasia on left internal carotid sodium amytal
ablation. The distribution and degree of left mesial temporal
damage was assessed visually and quantitatively on MRI.
These findings raise the possibility that verbal memory
may shift to the language-nondominant hemisphere as a result
of early left mesial temporal damage. (JINS, 1999,
5, 69–74.)
Hidden grids: paths of expressive gesture between instruments, music and dance
Authors: LANZALONE SILVIA
Published: July 2002

In his work Contropasso (1998–9) Michelangelo Lupone
collaborates with Massimo Moricone in the dance showcase piegapiaga
achieving direct interaction between dancers and live electronics
performance. The choreography takes advantage of acoustic events as
generated by three dancers and further elaborated on via computer by the
composer through use of granular algorithms and digital filtering, allowing
the construction of the musical events to occur in real time. The live
electronics performer changes sound parameters in relation to the dancers'
movements by use of the program SDP – Sonorous Drawing Plane
(S. Lanzalone) – created specifically for the control of different
synthesis algorithms allowing them to be processed on systems such as
Fly30 (CRM) and Mars (IRIS). SDP reads and converts computer mouse data as
the operator creates lines corresponding to performance gestures, thus
creating both visible and audible output. This software allows a single
gesture to control more than one parameter, thus creating complex changes
in the audio programme output. The article deals with different
compositions, performances and didactic
situations the author has
experienced using SDP.
Expanding contexts for computer music: one composer's experience
Authors: Burt Warren
Published: July 2002

Using his own experience of forty-three professional engagements over a period of a year, most of which involved
performances on a laptop computer, the author examines the nature of the ‘musical scenes’ into which involvement
with computer music has led him. The author contends that the social nature of ‘computer music’ is changing not only
because of changes in the technology, but also because of a number of social factors, some of which are examined in
this article.
A layered architectural model for music: Malaysian music on the World Wide Web
Authors: ANG MINNI , OTHMAN ABU TALIB , RAMANI A. K. , SIOWCK-LEE GAN , MATUSKY PATRICIA
Published: July 2002

The design and development of a layered Web architecture for Malaysian music can be applied as a model of Web architecture for music education, specifically for the introduction of the music of a particular country or region. The model is designed and developed in two phases: the building of the subject architecture and the design and development of the application architecture. The complete Web architecture is analysed and tested to determine its suitability for delivery of music-related content. Research findings indicate that the Web architecture is reliable, efficient and suitable for its purpose. The classification scheme proposed is found to provide a firm foundation for the building of the Web architecture. In conclusion, the prototype model provides a suitable extensible platform for the delivery of music content, which may be packaged for the purpose of education.
Editorial
Authors: Scott Stephen
Published: July 2002

Linda Dowdney's 6-year term as an Editor of Child
Psychology & Psychiatry Review has come to an end, and
she is stepping down. As her co-editor, I would like to pay
tribute to her unstinting work. Linda became co-editor by
joining Jonathan Hill at the end of 1992, taking over from
Barbara Maughan. At that time the old ACPP Review &
Newsletter appeared six times a year. However, it soon
became obvious that it was worthwhile re-styling and
upgrading the ACPP Review & Newsletter to a peer-reviewed journal, so Linda and Jonathan planned this
together with the Council of the ACPP. Progress was
slow, but finally in 1995 all was agreed. Jonathan Hill
withdrew in 1995 and I took his place.
Molecular Cloning, Genomic Organization, Developmental Regulation, and a Knock-out Mutant of a Novel Leu-rich Repeats-containing G Protein-coupled Receptor (DLGR-2) from Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Eriksen Kathrine Krageskov , Hauser Frank , Schiøtt Morten , Pedersen Karen-Marie , Søndergaard Leif , Grimmelikhuijzen Cornelis J.P.
Published: July 2002

After screening the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project database with sequences from a recently characterized Leu-rich repeats-containing G protein-coupled receptor (LGR) fromDrosophila (DLGR-1), we identified a second gene for a different LGR (DLGR-2) and cloned its cDNA. DLGR-2 is 1360 amino acid residues long and shows a striking structural homology with members of the glycoprotein hormone [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin (LH/CG)] receptor family from mammals and with two additional, recently identified mammalian orphan LGRs (LGR-4 and LGR-5). This homology includes the seven transmembrane region (e.g., 49% amino acid identity with the human TSH receptor) and the very large extracellular amino terminus. This amino terminus contains 18 Leu-rich repeats—in contrast with the 3 mammalian glycoprotein hormone receptors and DLGR-1 that contain 9 Leu-rich repeats, but resembling the mammalian LGR-4 and LGR-5 that each have 17 Leu-rich repeats in their amino termini. The DLGR-2 gene is >18.6 kb pairs long and contains 15 exons and 14 introns. Four intron positions coincide with the intron positions of the three mammalian glycoprotein hormone receptors and have the same intron phasing, showing that DLGR-2 is evolutionarily related to these mammalian receptors. The DLGR-2 gene is located at position 34E-F on the left arm of the second chromosome and is expressed in embryos and pupae but not in larvae and adult flies. Homozygous knock-out mutants, where the DLGR-2 gene is interrupted by a P element insertion, die around the time of hatching. This finding, together with the expression data, strongly suggests that DLGR-2 is exclusively involved in development.

[The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBank/EMBL database with accession no. AF142343.]
Construction of Long-Transcript Enriched cDNA Libraries from Submicrogram Amounts of Total RNAs by a Universal PCR Amplification Method
Authors: Piao Yulan , Ko Naomi T. , Lim Meng K. , Ko Minoru S.H.
Published: July 2002

Here we report a novel design of linker primer that allows one to differentially amplify long tracts (average 3.0 kb with size ranges of 1–7 kb) or short DNAs (average 1.5 kb with size ranges of 0.5–3 kb) from a complex mixture. The method allows one to generate cDNA libraries enriched for long transcripts without size selection of insert DNAs. One representative library from newborn kidney includes 70% of clones bearing ATG start codons. A comparable library has been generated from 20 mouse blastocysts, containing only ∼40 ng of total RNA. This universal PCR amplification scheme can provide a route to isolate very large cDNAs, even if they are expressed at very low levels.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession numbersBG060207–BG062928.]
A Cysteine Endopeptidase Isolated from Castor Bean Endosperm Microbodies Processes the Glyoxysomal Malate Dehydrogenase Precursor Protein
Authors: Gietl C. , Wimmer B. , Adamec J. , Kalousek F.
Published: July 2002

A plant cysteine endopeptidase with a molecular mass of 35 kD was purified from microbodies of germinating castor bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm by virtue of its capacity to specifically process the glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase precursor protein to the mature subunit in vitro. Processing of the glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase precursor occurs sequentially in three steps, the first intermediate resulting from cleavage after arginine-13 within the presequence and the second from cleavage after arginine-33. The endopeptidase is unable to remove the presequences of prethiolases from rape (Brassica napus) glyoxysomes and rat peroxisomes at the expected cleavage site. Protein sequence analysis of N-terminal and internal peptides revealed high identity to the mature papain-type cysteine endopeptidases from cotyledons of germinating mung bean (Vigna mungo) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. These endopeptidases are synthesized with an extended pre-/prosequence at the N terminus and have been considered to be processed in the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to protein-storing vacuoles.
Light Promotion of Hypocotyl Gravitropism of a Starch-Deficient Tobacco Mutant Correlates with Plastid Enlargement and Sedimentation1
Authors: Vitha Stanislav , Yang Ming , Kiss John Z. , Sack Fred D.
Published: July 2002

Dark-grown hypocotyls of a starch-deficient mutant (NS458) of tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) lack amyloplasts and plastid sedimentation, and have severely reduced gravitropism. However, gravitropism improved dramatically when NS458 seedlings were grown in the light. To determine the extent of this improvement and whether mutant hypocotyls contain sedimented amyloplasts, gravitropic sensitivity (induction time and intermittent stimulation) and plastid size and position in the endodermis were measured in seedlings grown for 8 d in the light. Light-grown NS458 hypocotyls were gravitropic but were less sensitive than the wild type (WT). Starch occupied 10% of the volume of NS458 plastids grown in both the light and the dark, whereas WT plastids were essentially filled with starch in both treatments. Light increased plastid size twice as much in the mutant as in the WT. Plastids in light-grown NS458 were sedimented, presumably because of their larger size and greater total starch content. The induction by light of plastid sedimentation in NS458 provides new evidence for the role of plastid mass and sedimentation in stem gravitropic sensing. Because the mutant is not as sensitive as the WT, NS458 plastids may not have sufficient mass to provide full gravitropic sensitivity.
Analysis of Promoter Activity for the Gene Encoding Pyruvate Orthophosphate Dikinase in Stably Transformed C4Flaveria Species1
Authors: Rosche Elke , Chitty Julie , Westhoff Peter , Taylor William C.
Published: July 2002

The C4 enzyme pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase is encoded by a single gene, Pdk, in the C4 plantFlaveria trinervia. This gene also encodes enzyme isoforms located in the chloroplast and in the cytosol that do not have a function in C4 photosynthesis. Our goal is to identifycis-acting DNA sequences that regulate the expression of the gene that is active in the C4 cycle. We fused 1.5 kb of a 5′ flanking region from the Pdk gene, including the entire 5′ untranslated region, to the uidA reporter gene and stably transformed the closely related C4 speciesFlaveria bidentis. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) activity was detected at high levels in leaf mesophyll cells. GUS activity was detected at lower levels in bundle-sheath cells and stems and at very low levels in roots. This lower-level GUS expression was similar to the distribution of mRNA encoding the nonphotosynthetic form of the enzyme. We conclude that cis-acting DNA sequences controlling the expression of the C4 form in mesophyll cells and the chloroplast form in other cells and organs are co-located within the same 5′ region of the Pdk gene.
Apyrase Functions in Plant Phosphate Nutrition and Mobilizes Phosphate from Extracellular ATP1
Authors: Thomas Collin , Sun Yu , Naus Katie , Lloyd Alan , Roux Stanley
Published: July 2002

ATP, which is present in the extracellular matrix of multicellular organisms and in the extracellular fluid of unicellular organisms, has been shown to function as a signaling molecule in animals. The concentration of extracellular ATP (xATP) is known to be functionally modulated in part by ectoapyrases, membrane-associated proteins that cleave the γ- and β-phosphates on xATP. We present data showing a previously unreported (to our knowledge) linkage between apyrase and phosphate transport. An apyrase from pea (Pisum sativum) complements a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) phosphate-transport mutant and significantly increases the amount of phosphate taken up by transgenic plants overexpressing the gene. The transgenic plants show enhanced growth and augmented phosphate transport when the additional phosphate is supplied as inorganic phosphate or as ATP. When scavenging phosphate from xATP, apyrase mobilizes the γ-phosphate without promoting the transport of the purine or the ribose.
Biosynthesis and Elongation of Short- and Medium-Chain-Length Fatty Acids
Authors: van der Hoeven Rutger S. , Steffens John C.
Published: July 2002

Short- and medium-chain-length fatty acids (FAs) are important constituents of a wide array of natural products. Branched and straight short-chain-length FAs originate from branched chain amino acid metabolism, and serve as primers for elongation in FA synthase-like reactions. However, a recent model proposes that the one-carbon extension reactions that utilize 2-oxo-3-methylbutyric acid in leucine biosynthesis also catalyze a repetitive one-carbon elongation of short-chain primers to medium-chain-length FAs. The existence of such a mechanism would require a novel form of regulation to control carbon flux between amino acid and FA biosynthesis. A critical re-analysis of the data used to support this pathway fails to support the hypothesis for FA elongation by one-carbon extension cycles of α-ketoacids. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis experimentally using criteria that distinguish between one- and two-carbon elongation mechanisms: (a) isotopomer patterns in terminal carbon atom pairs of branched and straight FAs resulting from differential labeling with [13C]acetate; (b) [13C]threonine labeling patterns in odd- and even chain length FAs; and (c) differential sensitivity of elongation reactions to inhibition by cerulenin. All three criteria indicated that biosynthesis of medium-chain length FAs is mediated primarily by FA synthase-like reactions.
Specific Combinations of Zein Genes and Genetic Backgrounds Influence the Transcription of the Heavy-Chain Zein Genes in Maizeopaque-2 Endosperms
Authors: Ciceri Pietro , Castelli Silvana , Lauria Massimiliano , Lazzari Barbara , Genga Annamaria , Bernard Loris , Sturaro Monica , Viotti Angelo
Published: July 2002

The transcript levels of heavy-chain zein genes (zH1and zH2) and the occurrence of the zH polypeptides in different opaque-2 (o2) lines were investigated by RNA-blot analyses and by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protein fractionations. Four mutant alleleso2R, o2T, o2It, and o2-676 introgressed into different genetic backgrounds (GBs) were considered. The mono-dimensional gel electrophoresis zein pattern can be either conserved or different among the various GBs carrying the same o2 allele. Likewise, in the identicalGB carrying different o2 alleles, the zein pattern can be either conserved or differentially affected by the different mutant allele. Zein protein analysis of reciprocal crosses between lines with different o2 alleles or the sameo2 showed in some case a more than additive zH pattern in respect to the o2 parent lines. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay approaches, with O2-binding oligonucleotide and endosperm extracts from the above o2 lines, failed to reveal o2-specific retarded band in any of the o2 extracts. The results suggest that the promoter of some zH1 andzH2 contains motif(s) that can respond to factors other than O2.