bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fracture properties of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregates
Authors: Bordelon A. , Cervantes V. , Roesler J.R.
Published: October 2009

Six different concrete mixtures were cast in the laboratory to evaluate the fracture behaviour of paving concrete made with recycled concrete as a coarse aggregate, virgin coarse aggregate, and a blend of recycled concrete and virgin coarse aggregate. Discrete structural fibres were also added to each concrete mixture to compare with the fracture behaviour of the plain concrete mixtures. Single-edge notched beam, compression, and split-tensile tests were performed. For the specific recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and virgin aggregate types studied, the total fracture energy of an RCA concrete mixture was improved by 53% by blending it with virgin coarse aggregate. The fracture behaviour of RCA concrete with 0·2% volume fraction of synthetic macrofibres was also similar to the same fibre dosage level with virgin and blended coarse aggregate concrete. In order to achieve the same tensile strength and fracture properties as virgin coarse aggregate concrete, RCA concrete mixtures must be modified by blending them with virgin coarse aggregates or adding discrete structural fibres.
Z Caisson at Rosyth Royal Dockyard
Authors: Murray M. , Baird D. , Stewart A.
Published: October 2009

Z Caisson is a seismically designed concrete dock gate constructed and installed at Rosyth Royal Dockyard in 1995 in support of the Royal Navy's nuclear submarine refit programme. The first such structure in the UK, it received the British Construction Industry Award for small projects in 1996 in recognition of its design and construction. The caisson is a gravity structure which rests on a prepared gravel bed at the dock entrance and seals against the dock jambs via a proprietary rubber ‘lip seal’. It therefore applies negligible loading to the dock structure, which would otherwise have required strengthening for the seismic case.
Jacob Leupold's analysis of the overshot water-wheel
Authors: Lockett W. G.
Published: October 2009

Jacob Leupold flourished in Leipzig in the early eighteenth century. He is renowned for his Theatrum Machinarum, a ten-volume encyclopedia of technology, written to instil an understanding of basic mechanical principles in skilled artisans rather than the established cognoscenti of his day. Leupold's analysis of the overshot water-wheel is examined in the context of the earlier theoretical work of Antoine Parent and the subsequent experiments of John Smeaton. In spite of an egregious error in calculation, his simple mathematical model is basically sound and may be seen as an early example of the application of ‘technological science’ in the practice of engineering.
Salinity modelling for the Sabine—Neches Estuary, Southeast Texas
Authors: Mantz P. A.
Published: October 2009

A two-dimensional, depth averaged, computer code was used to model salinities for the Sabine–Neches Estuary in Southeast Texas, USA. The model bathymetry was set to the mean sea level of 1996, and channel friction was adjusted to give an optimised Manning's n value for the annual, 6-minute water level data at eight stations.The simulated velocities were checked using flow discharges measured at six estuary sections for a three-day survey period.

Three dispersion methods were used to calibrate the model for salinity. The data used were a 6 month record for 1996 at seven estuary stations, and a 7-year partial record from 1990 to 1996 for two stations at the Upper and Lower ends of Sabine Lake. The first method used a constant salinity dispersion coefficient and the second used a velocity related coefficient; they were accurate to within an annual mean value of about 5 ppt. For the third method, a two dimensional dispersion function was derived, which modelled to within an annual mean value of about 1 ppt.

The ultimate purpose for the study was to estimate salinity increase for Sabine Lake with designed, fresh water flow extractions from the catchment. A maximum salinity increase of about 2 ppt for a 50 year return period was estimated.
Compact and covered sewage treatment: Singapore style
Authors: Booth E. M. , O'Toole G. B.
Published: October 2009

In the early 1990s the Ministry of Environment of Singapore foresaw the need to upgrade the existing sewage treatment facilities in the north-west of the island, to meet the anticipated rapid population growth in the catchment area. Binnie Black and Veatch (South East Asia) undertook designs to increase the treatment capacity of the works at Kranji from 76 MI/d to an ultimate capacity of 300 MI/d, whilst minimising landtake, containing odours and meeting effluent standards. Construction of the plant was completed in August 1999, and the works have now been successfully commissioned. This paper describes the treatment processes used and the performance achieved by this compact and covered treatment works.
Mathematical modelling of alluvial rivers: reality and myth. Part 1: General review
Authors: Cao Z. , Carling P. A.
Published: October 2009

Mathematical modelling fluvial flow, sediment transport and morphological evolution started half a century ago and, to date, a variety of mathematical models have been developed and are in widespread use. However, the quality of mathematical river modelling remains uncertain because of: (a) poor assumptions in model formulations; (b) simplified numerical solution procedure; (c) the implementation of sediment relationships of questionable validity; and (d) the problematic use of model calibration and verification as assertions of model veracity. An overview of mathematical models for alluvial rivers is provided in this and the companion paper ‘Part 2: Special issues’. This paper is the first part, providing a general review of mathematical river models. The issues addressed comprise what have been obvious since the very beginning of mathematical river modelling and are still open, and also the pertinent components that pose challenges to model developers and end-users pursuing refined modelling practice. In particular the simplified mass conservation equations, asynchronous solution procedures, sediment transport functions, movable-bed resistance, numerical difficulty for strong hyperbolic equations, and representation of movable and complex geometry are discussed. A test example is provided to demonstrate the impacts of simplified mass conservation equations and an asynchronous solution procedure in comparison with those of largely tuned friction factors. It is concluded that mathematical models for fluvial flow–sediment–morphology systems are far from being mature, and that considerable expertise, physical insight and experience are vital for meaningful solutions to be acquired and for the limitations of modelling outputs to be properly identified, interpreted and assessed.
Developing a lock operation strategy for pool lowering
Authors: Stockstill R. L.
Published: October 2009

The pool lowering capability of Locks and Dam I, Mississippi River, can be increased if the lock filling and emptying system is used as a discharge outlet. However, the steady state conditions of passing flow through the lock system and the conditions during the acceleration to steady state can include excessively low pressures downstream of the filling and emptying valves. A lock valve operation scheme that provided acceptable flow conditions in the lock system was developed using a numerical flow model of the lock filling and emptying systems coupled with commercial optimisation software. The flow model was validated with field data obtained at the Lock I prototype. The resulting modelling system determined the optimum valve operations to obtain steady state conditions and provided the head–discharge relationship for the lock.
Behind the shroud: a survey of editors in ecology and evolution
Authors: Grod Olyana N , Lortie Christopher J , Budden Amber E
Published: October 2009

An online survey of ecology and evolution editors was conducted to assess the characteristics of journal editors and describe manuscript‐handling practices. A total of 450 respondents – representing 155 ecology and evolution journals – participated. The following patterns were detected: (1) there are more male than female editors; (2) the greater the number of manuscripts handled per year by editors, the lower the proportion are rejected without review; and (3) previous review time, scientific status, and seniority of reviewers are factors that editors consider when selecting a reviewer. This research highlights the potential importance of editor characteristics in the peer‐review process; we suggest that increased transparency promotes both recognition of the editor population and more equitable reviewing practices.
Persistence in Japanese language study and learners’ cultural/linguistic backgrounds
Authors: Matsumoto Masanori
Published: October 2009

Motivational characteristics of students learning Japanese as a foreign language at universities in Australia were investigated to find out what affecting factors are closely related to their intentions for continuing/discontinuing their study. The results showed that students’ cultural/linguistic backgrounds have a significant impact on their performance in learning the language, and sustaining motivation, which is closely related to their interest in aspects of Japanese culture, is an important determinant for persistence in their study. Developing intrinsic cultural interest is an important factor for sustaining motivation, which is more likely to occur when learners have distant cultural/linguistic backgrounds from Japanese. Closer cultural/linguistic backgrounds, on the other hand, may become hazardous for having accurate self-efficacy.
‘Working your words’
Authors: Caldwell David
Published: October 2009

This paper explores the language used by Australian Football League (AFL) footballers and Australian Broadcast Corporation (ABC) journalists in their post-match interviews broadcast on ABC (774 Melbourne) radio. From Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Appraisal is used to investigate the evaluative language expressed by the AFL footballers in their exchanges with ABC journalists. Despite the many applications of linguistics to media discourse, especially within SFL, this research is the first to analyse the language of Australian athletes in their post-match interviews. It is found that irrespective of the result of the game, ABC journalists and AFL footballers maintain a neutral stance by countering expressions of positive Attitude with negative Attitude, as well as employing Graduation and Engagement resources that reduce authorial endorsement. These findings are summarized and discussed, including reference to neutralism from Conversation Analysis. The paper goes on to claim that the tenor between AFL footballers, ABC journalists and the broadcast audience makes it difficult for AFL footballers to express authoritative evaluations. The ultimate aim is to show that AFL footballers do well to negotiate a particularly challenging register.
Calibration of facies proportions through a history-matching process
Authors: Ponsot-Jacquin Catherine , Roggero Frédéric , Enchery Guillaume
Published: October 2009

The facies-proportion calibration method is a new history-matching technique, which modifies facies proportions within a fine geological – geostatistical model until a good match of the field data is reached.

The initial facies proportions in the model are usually locally constrained by well data, for example, but their spatial tendencies may be unreliable in some parts of the reservoir. The algorithm presented in this paper introduces average proportion ratios between facies groups in order to calculate new facies proportions while taking into account their initial values. It can be applied locally on specific regions or globally on the whole reservoir for stationary or non-stationary facies distributions. The proportion ratios can be manually adjusted or iteratively computed through an optimization process. The method has been successfully applied to a real field case.
New radiolarian assemblages from La Désirade Island basement complex (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles arc) and Caribbean tectonic implications
Authors: Cordey Fabrice , Cornée Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2009

New radiolarian assemblages of Late Jurassic age were extracted from seven chert localities of the basement complex of La Désirade Island (Guadeloupe), the oldest geological unit of the Lesser Antilles arc and the eastern Caribbean region. These fauna range in age from Kimmeridgian or early Tithonian to early or early late Tithonian, showing that La Désirade cherts are not all coeval, contrary to what was established by previous studies. Furthermore, the close spatial association of cherts and volcanic elements composed of basaltic flows and volcaniclastics suggests a mixed setting of hydrothermal siliceous deposits and biogenous sedimentation consistent with an arc-related oceanic setting rather than an ophiolite-type oceanic crust. As the youngest age is obtained to the northwest of the basement complex whereas older data are found to the southeast, it also suggests that La Désirade basement complex may have undergone some structural stacking consistent with an accretion-type geodynamic setting. Our biochronological data provide a preliminary tectonic model of an eastward subduction zone for Lesser Antilles arc basement emplacement during the Mesozoic.
The late Cretaceous-Eocene instability of the Apulian passive margin in Albania (Kruja carbonate platform) and its impacts on sedimentation
Authors: Heba Grigor , Prichonnet Gilbert
Published: October 2009

A detailed sedimentological analysis (facies F1–F15) and a precise biostratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous (CsB1–CsB7 biozones), Paleocene and Eocene are established for the shallow-water carbonates in the Kruja platform (Kulmaka massif), located along the Apulian passive margin of Albania. Two distinct periods of evolution were recognized : (1) a period of pre-Santonian stability leading to neritic inner platform sedimentation, despite the regression close to the end of the Cenomanian followed by the deepening during the Turonian recorded on other platforms of the Apulian domain; (2) a period of instability, during Upper Santonian-Upper Eocene interval, causing in “the western zone” major hiatus (16–47 Ma, and locally 60 Ma) and Eocene polygenic breccias, whereas the neritic sedimentation continued in “the eastern zone” with moderate fluctuations.

This instability has also been reported for the same period in the Gavrovo platform (Greece), similar to the Kruja platform, reflecting a regional feature. This instability is attributed to strike-slip movements along NNW-SSE faults between the Kruja-Gavrovo platform and the Ionian Basin following the collision of Apulian and European plates at the Cretaceous-Eocene times. Two erosional phases are proposed for the Kulmaka massif (Kruja platform), during Upper Santonian-Upper Eocene interval. Following Upper Santonian time, strike-slip movements generated horst and grabben structures in the inner cretaceous platform and caused erosion of the cretaceous series in “the western zone” that produced up to 450 m thick slope breccias in the Ionian Basin. This instability induced a differentiation of sedimentary conditions across-strike of the platform since the Upper Maastrichtian time : pelagic in “the western zone” and neritic external platform in “the eastern zone”. During Paleocene and Middle-Upper Eocene times, the second phase generated new hiatus, identified throughout the Kruja-Gavrovo platform, and polygenic breccias in “the western zone” of Kulmaka massif. The difference in sedimentation between these two zones of the massif is preserved during the Middle-Upper Eocene time. Finally, the Oligocene flysch, resulting from a major distensive event of the Alpine orogeny, cover unconformably the carbonate platform.
Morphosedimentological record and human settlements as indicators of West-African Late Holocene climate variations in the littoral zone of the Iwik peninsula (Banc d’Arguin – Mauritania)
Authors: Barusseau Jean-Paul , Certain Raphaël , Vernet Robert , Saliège Jean-François
Published: October 2009

The geomorphological, sedimentological and archaeological studies of coastal features in the Iwik-Aouatil area show two categories of coastal sedimentary units: very extensive sand flats and linear relief features covered by a thin veneer of anthropogenic Anadara senilis shell-middens. These units provide an opportunity to discuss the return to arid conditions in western Sahara during the Late Holocene, when climate changes induced the alternating occurrence of more or less dry episodes, from around 5 ka until today.

These constructions reflect the global climate change within the general framework known for the region. Two different processes occurred: (1) constant deposition of wide sand-flats and (2) construction of sedimentary ridges at specific moments. These processes demonstrate the existence of (1) constant sand discharge during the whole period as sand availability is not a limiting factor and (2) a substantially increased sand influx during the 4.2-3.2 ka episode. Because of sea-level stability in the Banc d’Arguin area during the Late Holocene, the variability of morphogenetic agents is considered to be the likely cause of fluctuations, influencing sand input rate and implying that either sand was delivered in greater abundance (aridity crisis and stronger winds) or littoral drift was more powerful (stronger waves and more frequent storms in the northern part of the Atlantic ocean), or both simultaneously. The action of these two driving forces in the depositional processes observed in the Iwik-Aouatil coastal plain is evaluated with respect to the occurrence of episodes of rapid climate changes (RCCs) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) changes. A climate pattern combining episodes of RCC and NAO positive (NAO+) index during the 4.5-3.2 ka period is convenient for both sand supply, which accelerates the southwestward migration of barchan’s lines, and sand transportation, which improves the efficiency of the littoral drift.
Prepare Yourself For the Professional Practice Examination
Authors: R. Memari A.
Published: October 2009

This Ebook has been written in an easy style to understand the way to establish full clarity of the two subjects, dealt in the text books, Part “A” – Professional Practice and Ethics, and Part “B” - Engineering Law and Professional Liability. It eases the tough and complicated language used in the two textbooks. The simplicity of the language utilized to prepare the answers to the questions of the previous Professional Practice Examinations, paves a way to follow and understand these two subjects easily. The Ebook can be considered as an essential prerequisite to the two textbooks assigned to the PPE candidates. The PPE candidates should consider this book as a useful tool in order to prepare themselves for the Examination.
PPE, Part "A", Part "B", April 2003
Authors: Memari A. R.
Published: October 2009

This chapter discusses in a very informal manner the suggestive answers of the author
to the question papers of April 2003. The two parts (Part “A” – Professional Practice and Ethics)
and (Part “B” – Engineering Law and Professional Liability) of Professional Practice
Examinations have been completely answered. The simplicity of the language adopted in this
chapter will act as a useful tool for the PPE candidates to further understand these two subjects.
PPE, Part "A", Part "B", August 2003
Authors: Memari A. R.
Published: October 2009

This chapter deals with the answers to the questions of question papers Part “A”
Professional Practice and Ethics, and Part “B” – Engineering Law and Professional Liability of
August 2003. In order to establish easy way to understand these two subjects, all the questions
are answered in very informal way.
Using the Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge Framework to Design Online Learning Environments and Professional Development
Authors: Doering Aaron , Veletsianos George , Scharber Cassandra , Miller Charles
Published: October 2009

In this article we sought to understand how social studies teachers' metacognitive awareness of their technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) changed after their participation in a program that consisted of: (a) professional development for the use of an online learning environment; and (b) using an online learning environment in their classrooms. Inservice teachers who went through the TPACK-based program experienced considerable movement within the TPACK diagrammatic knowledge domains and expressed positive and encouraging comments regarding their knowledge domains portrayed within the TPACK framework. Quantitative and qualitative results are shared along with implications of designing professional development, online learning environments using TPACK, and advancing the TPACK framework itself.
Biometrics of the Dunlin (Calidris alpina) Migrating in Autumn Along the Polish Baltic Coast
Authors: Meissner Włodzimierz , Krupa Robert
Published: October 2009

Biometrics of the Dunlin (Calidris alpina) Migrating in Autumn Along the Polish Baltic Coast

The aim of this study is to present the general biometrical characteristics of Dunlins passing the Polish Baltic coast during autumn migration. Data were collected between the first week of July and the end of September in 1991-2002. Comparison of the mean wing lengths of Dunlins from different regions revealed that birds migrating through the Puck Bay had on average shorter wings than those trapped in areas located more south-easterly and clearly longer than those from Mauritania. In adults, seasonal variation of mean bill and wing lengths showed sigmoid pattern with larger birds in July at the beginning of migration and in mid-September. Such pattern is typical for this species, because females, which are larger than males, migrate earlier. Similar pattern of seasonal changes of mean bill and wing lengths might be noted in second-year birds. Juveniles caught in July must have belonged to local population of C. a. shinzii, which is smaller than the nominative subspecies. The sample of juvenile birds trapped in the beginning of August probably consisted of individuals from both subspecies, which resulted in the lower mean values of wing and bill lengths. Changes in the size of juveniles from year to year might be caused by differences in food availability on the breeding grounds, e.g. due to weather conditions.
Autumn Migration of Waders (Charadrii) at the Reda Mouth (N Poland)
Authors: Meissner Włodzimierz , Włodarczak-Komosińska Anna , Górecki Dariusz , Wójcik Cezary , Ściborski Mateusz , Krupa Robert , Zięcik Piotr , Kozakiewicz Maciej , Rydzkowski Piotr , Remisiewicz Magdalena
Published: October 2009

Autumn Migration of Waders (Charadrii) at the Reda Mouth (N Poland)

The migration of waders was investigated at the Reda mouth (Polish Baltic coast) between 1996 and 2001. During the study 496 counts were conducted in the period between 5 July and 5 October. The most numerous species observed were: the Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) - 39.5% and Dunlin (Calidris alpina) - 29.8% of all waders. Because of a variety of habitats in the Reda mouth region, among the waders staging numerously in the Reda mouth there were species typical both for coastal and inland habitat. It was shown that birds from tundra zone migrated later than those from more southern breeding areas, which was caused by much later beginning of egg laying in northern latitudes. Moreover, in the species from tundra zone, e.g. the Knot (Calidris canutus), Little Stint (C. minuta), Curlew Sandpiper (C. ferruginea), the migration of both age classes were well separated, whereas in those from more southern areas, e.g. the Little Ringed Plover (Charadius dubius), Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), such difference was less pronounced and the period of common passage of adults and juveniles was much longer. A comparison of the obtained data on migration pattern with some other sites in Poland where regular counts were conducted showed several similarities and some discrepancies, which are discussed in the paper.
Autumn Passage of Waders (Charadrii) in the Middle Vistula Valley (Kaliszany, Central Poland)
Authors: Grzywaczewski Grzegorz , Wiącek Jarosław , Polak Marcin
Published: October 2009

Autumn Passage of Waders (Charadrii) in the Middle Vistula Valley (Kaliszany, Central Poland)

The phenology and dynamics of wader migration were studied at a stopover area in the middle Vistula Valley (Kaliszany ringing station, 51°05'N, 21°48'E, central Poland). The study was conducted during autumn passage seasons of 1993-1996 and 1999-2001. At this time 364 counts were done from mid-July to the end of October. Altogether 23 030 waders of 27 species were recorded within the study period. The most numerous species observed were: the Northern Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) — 49% of all birds, Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) — 16% and Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) — 9%. Species constituting ca 2-4% of all noted waders each were: the Dunlin (Calidris alpina), Spotted Redshank (T. erythropus), Wood Sandpiper (T. glareola), Curlew (Numenius arquata), Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) and Green Sandpiper (T. ochropus). The proportion of the remaining species did not exceed 2%. The pattern of autumn migration dynamics is presented for the dominant species.
Fieldwork Results of Wader Research Stations Working in Poland in 2006-2008
Authors: Bzoma Szymon , Meissner Włodzimierz , Janiszewski Tomasz , Wybraniec Magdalena , Remisiewicz Magdalena , Krupa Robert , Kozik Radosław , Kaczmarek Krzysztof , Kleszcz Anna , Minias Piotr , Włodarczyk Radosław , Lukoszek Krzysztof , Wojciechowski Adam
Published: October 2009

Fieldwork Results of Wader Research Stations Working in Poland in 2006-2008
Bayesian Network Models for Local Dependence Among Observable Outcome Variables
Authors: Almond Russell G. , Mulder Joris , Hemat Lisa A. , Yan Duanli
Published: October 2009

Bayesian network models offer a large degree of flexibility for modeling dependence among observables (item outcome variables) from the same task, which may be dependent. This article explores four design patterns for modeling locally dependent observations: (a) no context—ignores dependence among observables; (b) compensatory context—introduces a latent variable, context, to model task-specific knowledge and use a compensatory model to combine this with the relevant proficiencies; (c) inhibitor context—introduces a latent variable, context, to model task-specific knowledge and use an inhibitor (threshold) model to combine this with the relevant proficiencies; (d) compensatory cascading—models each observable as dependent on the previous one in sequence. This article explores the four design patterns through experiments with simulated and real data. When the proficiency variable is categorical, a simple Mantel-Haenszel procedure can test for local dependence. Although local dependence can cause problems in the calibration, if the models based on these design patterns are successfully calibrated to data, all the design patterns appear to provide very similar inferences about the students. Based on these experiments, the simpler no context design pattern appears more stable than the compensatory context model, while not significantly affecting the classification accuracy of the assessment. The cascading design pattern seems to pick up on dependencies missed by other models and should be explored with further research.
On the Estimation of Hierarchical Latent Regression Models for Large-Scale Assessments
Authors: Li Deping , Oranje Andreas , Jiang Yanlin
Published: October 2009

To find population proficiency distributions, a two-level hierarchical linear model may be applied to large-scale survey assessments such as the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The model and parameter estimation are developed and a simulation was carried out to evaluate parameter recovery. Subsequently, both a hierarchical and a simple model were applied to NAEP reading data. The impact of using a hierarchical model was found to be relatively modest in this case, mostly due to modest clustering. Several other applications and future studies are discussed.
A History of Alcohol Dependence Increases the Incidence and Severity of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Cardiac Surgical Patients
Authors: Hudetz Judith  A. , Patterson Kathleen  M. , Byrne Alison  J. , Iqbal Zafar , Gandhi Sweeta  D. , Warltier David  C. , Pagel Paul  S.
Published: October 2009

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) commonly occurs after cardiac surgery. We tested the hypothesis that a history of alcohol dependence is associated with an increased incidence and severity of POCD in male patients undergoing cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. Recent verbal and nonverbal memory and executive functions were assessed before and one week after surgery in patients with or without a history of alcohol dependence. Cognitive function was significantly reduced after cardiac surgery in patients with versus without a history of alcohol dependence. The results suggest that a history of alcohol dependence increases the incidence and severity of POCD after cardiac surgery.
Mapping Latent Heat Flux in the Western Forest Covered Regions of Algeria Using Remote Sensing Data and a Spatialized Model
Authors: Zahira Souidi , Abderrahmane Hamimed , Mederbal Khalladi , Frederic Donze
Published: October 2009

The present paper reports on an investigation to monitor the drought status in Algerian forest covered areas with satellite Earth observations because ground data are scarce and hard to collect. The main goal of this study is to map surface energy fluxes with remote sensing data, based on a simplified algorithm to solve the energy balance equation on each data pixel. Cultivated areas, forest cover and a large water surface were included in the investigated surfaces. The input parameters involve remotely sensed data in the visible, near infrared and thermal infrared. The surface energy fluxes are estimated by expressing the partitioning of energy available at the surface between the sensible heat flux (H) and the latent heat flux (LE) through the evaporative fraction (Λ) according to the S-SEBI (Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index) concept. The method is applicable under the assumptions of constant atmospheric conditions and sufficient wet and dry pixels over a Landsat 7 image. The results are analyzed and discussed considering instantaneous latent heat flux at the data acquisition time. The results confirm the relationships between albedo (r0), the surface temperature (T0) and the evaporative fraction. The method provides estimates of air temperature and LE close to reference measurements. The estimate of latent heat flux and other variables are comparable to those of previous studies. Their comparison with other methods shows reasonable agreement. This approach has demonstrated its simplicity and the fact that remote sensing data alone is sufficient; it could be very promising in areas where data are scarce and difficult to collect.
Classifying Human Leg Motions with Uniaxial Piezoelectric Gyroscopes
Authors: Tunçel Orkun , Altun Kerem , Barshan Billur
Published: October 2009

This paper provides a comparative study on the different techniques of classifying human leg motions that are performed using two low-cost uniaxial piezoelectric gyroscopes worn on the leg. A number of feature sets, extracted from the raw inertial sensor data in different ways, are used in the classification process. The classification techniques implemented and compared in this study are: Bayesian decision making (BDM), a rule-based algorithm (RBA) or decision tree, least-squares method (LSM), k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN), dynamic time warping (DTW), support vector machines (SVM), and artificial neural networks (ANN). A performance comparison of these classification techniques is provided in terms of their correct differentiation rates, confusion matrices, computational cost, and training and storage requirements. Three different cross-validation techniques are employed to validate the classifiers. The results indicate that BDM, in general, results in the highest correct classification rate with relatively small computational cost.
Applications of Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Enzyme Biosensors
Authors: Li Huihui , Liu Songqin , Dai Zhihui , Bao Jianchun , Yang Xiaodi
Published: October 2009

A biosensor is defined as a kind of analytical device incorporating a biological material, a biologically derived material or a biomimic intimately associated with or integrated within a physicochemical transducer or transducing microsystem. Electrochemical biosensors incorporating enzymes with nanomaterials, which combine the recognition and catalytic properties of enzymes with the electronic properties of various nanomaterials, are new materials with synergistic properties originating from the components of the hybrid composites. Therefore, these systems have excellent prospects for interfacing biological recognition events through electronic signal transduction so as to design a new generation of bioelectronic devices with high sensitivity and stability. In this review, we describe approaches that involve nanomaterials in direct electrochemistry of redox proteins, especially our work on biosensor design immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), cytochrome P450 (CYP2B6), hemoglobin (Hb), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The topics of the present review are the different functions of nanomaterials based on modification of electrode materials, as well as applications of electrochemical enzyme biosensors.
Multiple Fan-Beam Optical Tomography: Modelling Techniques
Authors: Rahim Ruzairi  Abdul , Chen Leong  Lai , San Chan  Kok , Fazalul Rahiman Mohd  Hafiz , Fea Pang  Jon
Published: October 2009

This paper explains in detail the solution to the forward and inverse problem faced in this research. In the forward problem section, the projection geometry and the sensor modelling are discussed. The dimensions, distributions and arrangements of the optical fibre sensors are determined based on the real hardware constructed and these are explained in the projection geometry section. The general idea in sensor modelling is to simulate an artificial environment, but with similar system properties, to predict the actual sensor values for various flow models in the hardware system. The sensitivity maps produced from the solution of the forward problems are important in reconstructing the tomographic image.
Effect of Type-I Interferon on Retroviruses
Authors: Gómez-Lucía Esperanza , Collado Victorio  M. , Miró Guadalupe , Doménech Ana
Published: October 2009

Type-I interferons (IFN-I) play an important role in the innate immune response to several retroviruses. They seem to be effective in controlling the in vivo infection, though many of the clinical signs of retroviral infection may be due to their continual presence which over-stimulates the immune system and activates apoptosis. IFN-I not only affect the immune system, but also operate directly on virus replication. Most data suggest that the in vitro treatment with IFN-I of retrovirus infected cells inhibits the final stages of virogenesis, avoiding the correct assembly of viral particles and their budding, even though the mechanism is not well understood. However, in some retroviruses IFN-I may also act at a previous stage as some retroviral LTRs posses sequences homologous to the IFNstimulated response element (ISRE). When stimulated, ISREs control viral transcription. HIV-1 displays several mechanisms for evading IFN-I, such as through Tat and Nef. Besides IFN-α and IFN-β, some other type I IFN, such as IFN-τ and IFN-ω, have potent antiviral activity and are promising treatment drugs.
Morpholino oligomer-mediated protection of porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages from arterivirus-induced cell death
Authors: Patel Deendayal , Stein David A , Zhang Yan-Jin
Published: October 2009

Background

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes extensive economic losses in the swine industry. Current strategies and vaccines to control the disease are inadequate. We previously demonstrated that peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) could potently inhibit PRRS virus (PRRSV) replication in cell cultures. PPMOs are single-stranded DNA analogues containing a modified backbone and cell- penetrating peptide. PPMOs are nuclease- resistant, water-soluble, can enter cells readily and exhibit highly specific binding to complementary RNA. In this study, we examined PPMO- mediated inhibition of PRRSV replication in a primary culture of porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs).

Methods

PAMs were collected from piglets, pre- incubated in culture and infected with PRRSV. Viability, cytopathic effects, virus yield and apoptosis of PAMs in the presence or absence of a PPMO (5UP2) were examined. The 5UP2 PPMO is complementary to a conserved sequence in the 5’-terminal region of the PRRSV genome. The level of several interferon- associated gene products and activity of caspases were monitored.

Results

PRRSV infection induced the activity of caspases-3/7, -8 and -9 significantly. Treatment of PAMs with 5UP2 resulted in protection of the cells from PRRSV-induced cell death for at least 7 days and avoided the activation of the caspases evaluated. 5UP2 treatment of PRRSV-infected PAMs also prevented the vigorous induction of interferon-β and chemokines observed in infected and mock-treated PAMs.

Conclusions

PPMO-mediated suppression of PRRSV replication in PAMs was associated with a reduction of apoptotic and inflammatory responses. These results provide further rationale for the development of PPMO 5UP2 as an antiviral to control PRRSV infection.
Ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care units in Malaysia
Authors: Katherason Supaletchimi Gopal , Naing Lin , Jaalam Kamarudin , Imran Musa Kamarul , Nik Mohamad Nik Abdullah , Aiyar Subramaniar , Bhojani Kavita , Harussani Najah , Abdul Rahman Aisai , Ismail Asma
Published: October 2009

Background: The outcome indicator of nosocomial infection (NI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is used to benchmark the quality of patient care in Malaysia. We conducted a three-year prospective study on the incidences of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), risk factors, and patterns of the microorganisms isolated in three ICUs. Methodology: A follow-up in prospective cohort surveillance was conducted on patients admitted to an adult medical-surgical ICU of a university hospital and two governmental hospitals in Malaysia from October 2003 to December 2006. VAP was detected using CDC criteria which included clinical manifestation and confirmed endotracheal secretion culture results. Results: In total, 215 patients (2,306 patient-days) were enrolled into the study. The incidence of ICU-acquired device-related NI was 29.3 % (n = 63). The device-related VAP infection rate was 27.0 % (n = 58), with a mechanical ventilator utilization rate of 88.7%. The death rate due to all ICU-acquired NI including sepsis was 6.5%. The most common causative pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 27). Multivariate analysis using Cox regression showed that the risk factors identified were aspiration pneumonia (HR = 4.09; 95% CI = 1.24, 13.51; P = 0.021), cancer (HR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.27, 4.97; P = 0.008), leucocytosis (HR=3.43; 95% CI= 1.60, 7.37; P=0.002) and duration of mechanical ventilation (HR=1.04; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.08; P = 0.030).  Age, gender and race were not identified as risk factors in the multivariable analysis performed. Conclusion: The incidence of VAP was comparable to that found in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System report of June 1998. The incidence of VAP was considered high for the three hospitals studied.
Primary echinococcal cyst in the thyroid gland: a case report from Iran
Authors: Moghimi Mehrdad , Kamrava Seyed Kamran , Heshmatzade Behzadi Ashkan , Asghari Ali Mohammad , Jalessi Maryam , Naraghi Mona Masoumeh , Ehteshamia Afshar Elnaz
Published: October 2009

Hydatid disease is prevalent in most sheep-raising countries in Asia , Australia , East, and Southern Europe. Hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus is often manifested by a slow growing cyst mass. Hydatid cysts may be found in almost every parts of the body. However the lungs and liver are the most involved locations. Due to the vital cycle of the parasite the thyroid gland is an uncommon site of infection even in the countries where the disease is endemic. However, hydatic origin was suspected in only 50% of patients preoperatively and immunologic test had 33% false positive rate. Although hydatid cyst was considered intra-operatively and confirmed by a frozen section histology. This study is to report a case of primary hydatid disease of the thyroid.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of select respiratory tract pathogens in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Ndiaye Aissatou Geuye , Boye Cheikh Saadbou , Hounkponou Edwige , Gueye Fatou Bintou , Badiane Aida
Published: October 2009

Background : Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common causative agents of respiratory tract infections (RTIs).  The increase in resistance to current antibacterial agents highlights the need to monitor the resistance pattern of these bacterial pathogens. Methodology: In this study, we assessed the antibacterial susceptibility of these pathogens causing respiratory tract infections in Dakar, Senegal, during 2007-2008.  A total of 290 bacterial isolates (75 H. influenzae, 10 M. catarrhalis, 105 S. pneumoniae, and 100 S. pyogenes) were collected.  Results and Conclusions: All H. influenzae isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ofloxacin, clarithromycin, cephalosporins, and macrolides.  Overall, 26.7% of H. influenzae isolates were completely resistant to ampicillin.  Among the M. catarrhalis isolates, 30% were resistant to ampicillin.  All the isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis that were resistant to ampicillin were beta-lactamase producing strains.  Among the S. pneumoniae isolates, 33.3% isolates exhibited intermediate susceptibility to penicillin G, and one isolate was completely resistant.  All five isolates that were resistant to erythromycin expressed the M phenotype.  S. pyogenes exhibited high susceptibility to all other antibiotics, except tetracycline.  Our study suggests that except for M. catarrhalis, all other bacterial isolates are susceptible to cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluroquinolones.
The Situation Room: A Step by Step Procedure toward Pandemic Influenza Preparedness
Authors: Castro-Jiménez Miguel Angel , Vera-Cala Lina María , Rey-Benito Gloria Janneth
Published: October 2009

In the context of the public health surveillance, the situation room might be playing an interesting role as a strategy for early alert and follow-up of a specific public health event and its determinants. The implementation and proper functioning of an influenza situation room monitoring seasonal and pandemic influenza or any other public health event could help to mitigate the impact of the next pandemic on public health in any country regardless of its level of economic development. This paper is aimed to suggest some basic steps for implementing an Influenza Situation Room as a strategy of prevention of diseases with potential to cause human pandemics and its mitigation if it has already occurred.
Relationship of drug resistance to phylogenetic groups of E. coli isolates from wound infections
Authors: Saeed Muhammad Azeem , Haque Abdul , Ali Aamir , Mohsin Mashkoor , Bashir Saira , Tariq Ayesha , Afzal Amna , Iftikhar Tayyaba , Sarwar Yasra
Published: October 2009

Background: Drug resistance is a major problem in Escherichia coli isolated from surgical wound infections. In this study, we evaluated relationship between phylogenicity and drug resistance. Methodology: A total of 29 multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates of known drug resistance genes and integron profile were selected for the present study. Triplex PCR was conducted for phylogenetic classification of these isolates into four established phylogenetic groups: A, B1, B2 and D. Statistical analysis was done to determine the association of different drug resistance genes and integrons with the phylogenetic groups. Results: Most of the isolates (44.8%) belonged to phylogenetic group A followed by group B2 and D (24.1% each) and group B1 (6.9%). Conclusions: There is a definitive relationship between drug resistance and various phylogenetic groups of E. coli infecting wounds. A shift towards phylogenetic group A might be observed with an increasing drug resistance profile.
The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against β-lactam-resistant bacteria
Authors: Gangoue-Pieboji Joseph , Eze Noelly , Ngongang Djintchui Arnaud , Ngameni Bathélémy , Tsabang Nolé , Pegnyemb Dieudonné Emmanuel , Biyiti Lucie , Ngassam Pierre , Koulla-Shiro Sinata , Galleni Moreno
Published: October 2009

Background: In effort to identify novel bacterial agents, this study was initiated to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of 17 crude extracts from 12 medicinal plants against beta-lactam-resistant bacteria. Methodology: The antimicrobial activities of plant extracts were evaluated against clinically proved beta-lactam-resistant bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp.) and reference strains of bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 29751, E. aerogenes ATCC 13048, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790) by using disc-diffusion and agar-dilution assays. Results: The crude plant extracts demonstrated broad spectrum activity against all bacteria tested with inhibition zones in the range of 8-30 mm. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of different plant extracts against the tested bacteria were found to range from ≤ 0.3 to ≥ 10 mg ml-1. The most active plant extracts were from Dortenia picta and Bridelia micrantha (MIC: 1.25-10 mg ml-1) on beta-lactam-resistant Gram-negative bacilli and the extracts from B. micrantha, Mallotus oppositifolius, Garcinia lucida, Garcinia. kola, Campylospermum densiflorum (leaves) and C. zenkeri (root) on beta-lactam-resistant Gram-positive cocci (MIC: ≤ 0.3-5 mg ml-1). Conclusion: Of the 17 plant extracts studied, seven showed good antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria. The stem bark of B. micrantha and the leaves of D. picta were most active towards beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacilli. This study shows that medicinal plants could be sources of compounds which can be used to fight against beta-lactam resistant bacteria.