bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inherited Characteristics of Sweet Corn as They Relate to the Time Required for Development
Authors: Arnold Charles Y.
Published: August 2022

The characteristics of 8 sweet corn hybrids were equated to the time required for them to pass through several phases of development. Environmental effects on the values for the characteristics were reduced by using the mean values for 11 plantings in 3 seasons. The effect of temperature on the required time was reduced by adjusting the observed time to what it would have been at 70°F.

The differences in the time required to reach harvest at 72% kernel moisture was established by the time of tassel initiation and more clearly defined by the time of pollen shed and silking. Differences in the period from silking to harvest were significant but not correlated with the time from planting to harvest.

The physical characteristics found most useful in evaluating the time required were: in the periods from planting to tassel initiation and planting to pollen shed - the number of leaves on the main stalk, in the period from planting to silking - the number of leaves on the main stalk and ear length, in the period from silking to harvest - yield and % oil of the kernels at harvest time.

A significant physiological characteristic was detected in the rate of leaf appearance in the seedling stage. The relative rate between planting and the 4th leaf stage and the one between the 4th leaf and 8th leaf stages were not well correlated. The latter was found to be the best index of the rate of development and gave significant results through all periods of development.
Relation of Slice Gap Width in Oranges and Plant Water Stress1
Authors: Kaufmann Merrill R.
Published: August 2022

Since turgor pressure of orange fruits is important in determining fruit growth, a method of evaluating plant water stress which is based on fruit turgor is desirable. When a fruit is cut halfway through along a plane perpendicular to the axis, a gap forms as a result of fruit turgor. Measurements of the width of the gap indicate that it is strongly influenced by the degree of water stress in the plant. Gap width is also affected by fruit size. A gap will form in fruits which have an endocarp at least 1 cm in diameter; this occurs when fruit diameter is 2 cm or greater. Gap width can be measured through the parts of the growing season during which most of the growth occurs and may be useful, therefore, in determining the need for irrigation. Measurements of gap width during an irrigation cycle demonstrate that the width decreases as water becomes less available but increases after re-irrigation.
The Effects of Root Sectioning and Chemicals on Sweetpotato Plant Production1
Authors: Whatley Booker T.
Published: August 2022

Roots of the ‘Centennial’ variety of Ipomoea batatas Lam. were sectioned and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Captan, Semesan Bel, and combinations of these chemicals using 5 soaking intervals. A significant difference was found between the effects of chemicals in number of plants produced and mean weight of plants. Combinations of chemicals were better in both cases than chemicals used independently. DMSO treatments yielded significantly more plants than Captan or Semesan Bel treatments; however, the 3 single chemicals produced plants of similar mean weight. Whole roots produced significantly more and a higher average weight of plants than individual root sections. Soaking time had no effect upon number of plants or mean weight of plants.
Occurrence, Severity and Nature of Oedema in Pelargonium hortorum Ait.12
Authors: Balge Russell J. , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Beck G. E.
Published: August 2022

Five cultivars of Pelargonium hortorum Ait. were used to determine the effect of soil and air temperatures, photoperiod, light intensity, soil water content, and cultivar response on the occurrence and severity of oedema. Oedema was most severe on the peripheral portions of the lower epidermis of the lower, older leaves of the plants. As the disorder progressed, the symptoms became prevalent over the entire lower epidermis. Symptom expression was similar in appearance on most of the cultivars, but the cultivars differed in their susceptibility. A continuously warm moist soil with humid cool night temperatures predisposed plants to oedema. Anatomically, hypertrophy of the spongy parenchyma cells into the sub-stomatal cavity resulted in the occlusion of the stomatal pore. In severe stages the spongy parenchyma cells divided periclinally and a periderm was differentiated which resulted in the raised macroscopic intumescences characteristic of oedema.
The Inheritance of Three Major Fruit Colors in Grapes1
Authors: Barritt B. H. , Einset J.
Published: August 2022

In the grape, 3 major fruit color phenotypes occur: white, red, and black. Segregation for fruit color is reported for 43 crosses involving 27 parent varieties. Evidence is presented which supports a 2-gene hypothesis for the inheritance of fruit color. A gene for black fruit color (B - - -) was dominant and epistatic to that for red and white fruit with red fruit (bbR—) dominant to white (bbrr). Fruit color genotypes are presented for 27 grape varieties.
The Effect of Shoot Inclination on Dry Matter Distribution of Prunus persica Stokes and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Seedlings1
Authors: Alexander D. McE.
Published: August 2022

The effect of shoot angle on dry matter production and distribution was determined for seedlings of peach over 7 or 11 weeks’ growth and of sweet orange over 12 weeks’ growth. The effect of tilting the pots was also determined for sweet orange. For peach, total weight and leaf weight was greatest and the proportion of root was least for plants with vertical shoots. In the case of citrus, mean plant weights did not differ significantly but the proportion of leaves increased and the proportion of roots again decreased for plants with vertical shoots. Shoot inclination affected the proportion of the growth increment used to develop the root system in both peach and orange. Tilting the pots had no effect on distribution of dry matter in sweet orange.
Studies on the Tolerance of Plants to Ammonium Nutrition1,2
Authors: Maynard Donald N. , Barker Allen V.
Published: August 2022

Bean, sweet corn, cucumber and pea plants were susceptible to ammonium toxicity when cultured on an ammonium source of N. Growth of plants was normal, however, when the pH of the nutrient solution was maintained near neutrality by the addition of CaCO3. The control of acidity was effective in altering the distribution of ammonium; ammonium accumulation in the shoot was lessened and accumulation of amides in roots was enhanced. A natural resistance to ammonium was exhibited by the onion plant since it did not accumulate ammonium in the leaves; however, the nonchlorophyllous bulb acted as an ammonium sink.
Washing Techniques for the Removal of Nutrient Element Deposits from the Surface of Apple, Cherry and Peach Leaves1
Authors: Ashby D. L.
Published: August 2022

The effects of washing techniques on the removal of nutrient element deposits and on leaching losses from apple, cherry and peach leaves were evaluated. Leaves were dipped in solutions containing N, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn or B, dried, and then washed. In general, a detergent wash and 2 rinses effectively removed most of the nutrient element deposits from leaf surfaces in all 3 tree-fruit species. There was no leaching of N, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, B or K from leaves due to the washing treatments. Some movement of Zn, Fe, Mn and B, but not of N and Mg, into detached apple, cherry and peach leaves was indicated.
Influence of 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid and Gibberellin on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of Southern Peas1
Authors: Hipp Billy W. , Cowley W. R.
Published: August 2022

Field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of TIBA and Gibberellin sprays on yield, growth characteristics and chemical composition of ‘California Black eye No. 5’ and ‘Purple Hull Pinkeye’ varieties of southern peas. Yield of peas was slightly increased on both varieties with the application of TIBA. Time of application as well as rate was a critical factor in producing maximum yields. Application of TIBA reduced plant size and concentrated maturity. The application of 50 ppm Gibberellin 5 days after application of 20 g per acre of TIBA further concentrated maturity and increased the desirability of peas for mechanical harvest. Iron concentrations in pea leaves were increased with application of TIBA.
Environmental Factors Influencing Reproductive Differentiation and the Subsequent Formation of the Inflorescence of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica, Plenck, cv. ‘Coastal’1
Authors: Gauss James F. , Taylor George A.
Published: August 2022

Environmental growth chamber studies were employed to determine the influence of temperature, daylength, and seed vernalization on reproductive differentiation of the shoot apex and subsequent formation of the inflorescent head or “button”. Under the conditions employed, low temperature alone did not directly influence differentiation or button formation. However, low temperature markedly retarded vegetative growth so that the plant underwent differentiation and formed buttons at a younger morphological age. Low temperature had no influence on the chronological time of differentiation or button formation except under continuous light. Therefore, in studying the influence of temperature on flowering, a chronological index should be used alone or conjointly with a morphological index.

Under continuous light, seed vernalization or low ambient plant growing temperatures resulted in both chronological and morphological earliness of differentiation and subsequent button formation. It is suggested from these results that a low temperature-mediated phytochrome system may play a part in the control mechanism for flowering of green sprouting broccoli.
Magnesium Deficiency in Tree Fruits as Related to Leaf Concentration of Magnesium, Potassium and Calcium1
Authors: Ashby D. L. , Stewart J. A.
Published: August 2022

The interactions between Mg, K and Ca in leaves of ‘Spartan’ apple and ‘Bing’ cherry were studied in relation to the expression of Mg deficiency symptoms. Results of sand culture and field experiments indicate that Mg analyses alone may permit reliable assessment of the severity of Mg deficiency in tree fruits, and that this assessment is not significantly improved by the use of cation ratios. Regression equations were used to relate per cent leaf Mg to symptom expression (the index of the severity of deficiency). Little response to soil applied Mg was obtained on young ‘Spartan’ and ‘Bing’ trees. No mutual antagonism between leaf K and Mg was observed in ‘Spartan’ apple and only a one-sided effect of K on Mg in ‘Bing’ cherry. K applications increased the severity of Mg deficiency symptoms in all experiments, however.
Morphological and Histological Effects of Ethrel on the Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L., as Compared with Those of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid1
Authors: Bradley Muriel V. , Marei Nasr , Crane Julian C.
Published: August 2022

Apricots on branches sprayed with Ethrel at the beginning of pit hardening abscised, whereas similar treatment with 2,4,5-T stimulated fruit growth and decreased drop. In the stem, gum ducts were formed in the xylem after treatment with Ethrel but not with 2,4,5-T, both at 100 ppm concentrations. Both Ethrel and 2,4,5-T stimulated cambial activity in petioles and midveins, thus increasing phloem and xylem tissues. Both growth regulators induced tylosis formation in petiole xylem. 2,4,5-T treatment caused increase in petiole diameter and leaf blade thickness, through increasing endopolyploidy and thus cell size in ground tissue of the petiole, and in mesophyll, epidermis and vascular bundle sheathes in the leaf blade. Ethrel caused little if any increase in cell size in those tissues, and therefore no obvious increase in petiole diameter and leaf blade thickness.
Pollen Effects on Chilling Requirements of Almond and Almond-Peach Hybrid Seeds1
Authors: Kester Dale E.
Published: August 2022

Effect of genotype on variation in chilling requirement among almond seed populations was studied. Pollen of different varieties used on the same seed tree changed embryo genotype and, subsequently, the chilling requirements of the populations of seeds produced. There was a direct correlation between time of bloom of seed and pollen parents and the length of chilling required by their offspring seeds. Chilling requirements were not significantly different in seed populations resulting from reciprocal crosses involving varieties of long and short chilling. Such seed populations had comparable genotypes but were exposed to different maternal effects. Embryo genotype was a controlling factor in determining seed chilling requirement in almond. A distinction between systems affecting inheritance of time of bloom in almond was shown in that ‘Tardy Nonpareil’, a late-blooming bud mutation of ‘Nonpareil’, transmits later bloom to its seedling offspring but did not transmit longer chilling to the seeds.
The Response of Pea Plants to Low Concentrations of Cycocel, Phosfon and B-Nine1
Authors: Adedipe N. O. , Ormrod D. P. , Maurer A. R.
Published: August 2022

In 2 greenhouse experiments, 15-day old pea seedlings were sprayed with 1 or 100 ppm of Cycocel, Phosfon or B-Nine. The plants were grown to marketable maturity of peas.

Cycocel at 1 ppm increased plant height, internode length, pea yield and total dry matter, but decreased chlorophyll concentration as well as the ratio of chlorophyll a:b. Cycocel at 100 ppm decreased plant height, internode length and total dry matter, but had no significant effect on pea yield. Phosfon at 1 ppm had little effect on growth and yield, but 100 ppm markedly decreased plant height and pea yield while increasing chlorophyll concentration. B-Nine at both concentrations was relatively ineffective in altering the growth pattern of the pea plant.

Cycocel generally increased the concentrations of N, P and Mg in the pea vine. Phosfon generally increased P and Ca. B-Nine at 1 ppm decreased N and P while it increased both at 100 ppm. All 3 compounds generally decreased K.
Leaf Analysis as a Guide for Potassium Nutrition of Potato12
Authors: Fong Kwok H. , Ulrich Albert
Published: August 2022

“White Rose” potato plants were grown in modified Hoagland’s solution at concentrations of 0 to 16 meq/1 of K. After 32 days of growth, 16 plant parts were taken for analysis. The K status of the potato plant was reflected best by the second leaf below the flat top (Fig. 1). This leaf was the recently matured leaf of the plant, was relatively easy to sample, and did not differ greatly in K concentration from the first, third, and fourth leaves. The critical K value at a 10% reduction of growth was 2.3% for the petiole tissues and 1.1% for the blade tissues.
Effects of Potassium Nutrition on Growth and Cation Content of Potato Leaves and Tubers Relative to Plant Analysis1
Authors: Ulrich Albert , Fong Kwok H.
Published: August 2022

Potato plants were grown outdoors in pots containing Alvolite, a low K material, under low and high K conditions. The blades of recently matured leaves were relatively constant in K concentration, whereas the petioles changed rapidly with growth and K supply. Sodium was largely excluded from the leaf tissue while Ca and Mg were higher with low K supply. Tubers under high and low K nutrition changed only from about 2.0 to 1.3% K, respectively, and the values of Na, Ca, and Mg were very low, ranging from only 0.06 to 0.30%. Therefore, an analysis of tubers is not useful in plant analysis.

The degree of K deficiency can be estimated by following the rate of K decline in reference to the K critical level of 2.3% for the petiole and 1.1% for the blade tissues as illustrated by present results and of a field experiment.
The Influence of Calcium on the Development of Lettuce Tipburn1
Authors: Thibodeau P. O. , Minotti P. L.
Published: August 2022

Foliar sprays of Ca(NO3)2 or CaCl2 completely controlled lettuce tipburn in the variety ‘Meikoningen’ when directed to susceptible immature leaves. Analysis of treated and untreated plants showed that treatment markedly increased the Ca content of tipburn susceptible leaves and revealed a 5-fold increase in Ca content as one progressed from immature heart leaves to mature basal leaves in untreated plants. Foliar sprays of organic acid salts, particularly oxalate, accelerated the development of tipburn and increased its severity. When Ca and oxalate treatments were alternated, application of Ca at the beginning of the dark period and oxalate in the morning resulted in markedly less tipburn than application of these sprays in the reverse order.
Absorption of Phosphorus by Chrysanthemum morifolium Cuttings Propagated Under Nutrient Mist1
Authors: Wott J. A. , Tukey H. B.
Published: August 2022

Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ram. cuttings were rooted in special containers so that the stems and foliage were exposed to intermittent nutrient mist at the same time that the basal ends of the stems and developing roots were irrigated with 32P-labeled nutrient solution. Analyses of the radioactive and non-radioactive P contents of the cuttings revealed that almost all of the P absorbed by the cuttings during propagation was absorbed by the stems and foliage from the nutrient mist and either utilized in new growth of the foliage or translocated into the developing roots. Absorption of P from the rooting medium was of importance only during the last 2 days of propagation when new roots were well developed, and even then, was less than foliar absorption. Applications of nutrients to herbaceous and softwood cuttings are made more efficiently through nutrient mist than to the rooting medium directly.
Fruit Size Inheritance in Highbush Blueberries, Vaccinium australe Small1
Authors: Draper A. D. , Scott D. H.
Published: August 2022

Three blueberry progenies from crosses of large-fruited X large-fruited parents were significantly larger in fruit size than 3 progenies from crosses of large-fruited X small-fruited parents. Mean fruit sizes of the 3 large-fruited X small-fruited populations were equal to the fruit size of the smaller fruited parents in each cross, indicating that small fruit size is a dominant character. Large fruit size is not linked with low yield.
Influence of Growth Retardants on Development and Loss of Hardiness of Acer negundo1
Authors: Irving R. M.
Published: August 2022

Cold hardiness of Acer negundo was not increased by applications of CCC, B-Nine, and Amo if the plants were exposed to long day conditions and no subsequent hardening period was provided. Plants given short photoperiods during this time gained 8° in hardiness. Weekly applications of these compounds to plants given short days followed by a hardening period caused greater hardiness than those given short days alone.

Treating hardened, non-dormant plants with CCC, B-Nine, or Amo, either as a dip solution or soil drench, failed to retard the loss of hardiness after a dehardening treatment of 5 days at 70°F. Treatment with gibberellic acid by similar means distinctly accelerated the loss of hardiness under these conditions.
Photoperiod Responses of Phaseolus Plant Introductions in Hawaii1
Authors: Hartmann Richard W.
Published: August 2022

Tropical lines of Phaseolus spp. planted in Hawaii in spring or early summer included types which bloomed in the usual 30-45 days and types which did not bloom until days had begun to shorten in the fall. Short day types bloomed at daylengths between 113/4 and 131/4 hr, with the majority blooming between 121/2 and 13 hr. P. vulgaris, P. lunatus, and P. calcaratus included both short-day and day-neutral types. All lines of P. aconitifolius, P. acutifolius, and P. angularis were day-neutral. Single lines of P. erythroloma and P. cf. stenolobus were short-day, and single lines of P. pilosus, P. radiatus, and P. bracteatus were day-neutral.
Relationship of Seasonal Tissue Changes to Cold Acclimation of Juniperus chinensis ‘Hetzi’1
Authors: Pellett Norman E. , White Donald B.
Published: August 2022

Changes in total sugars, reducing sugars, total N and protein N showed little relationship to changes in cold acclimation. Root and top moisture percentages decreased during the fall, the rates closely paralleling the increase in cold acclimation. It is postulated that a decrease in the cellular moisture, resulted in increased concentration of cellular solutes and closer spatial arrangement of water binding substances. Cold acclimation may have resulted from the higher bound water/free water ratio.
The Effect of Potassium Gibberellate on Flower Bud Development in the Redskin Peach1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , LaRue J. H.
Published: August 2022

Applications of potassium gibberellate (KGA) were made to ‘Redskin’ peach trees at various times after bud differentiation. KGA applied before leaf fall caused flower bud mortality and retarded bud development, depending on timing and concentration. Response peaks for each of these effects occurred at different stages in the development of flower buds. The KGA-induced retardation of floral development reduced the damage caused by frost during the bloom period. In contrast to the delay in bloom obtained when KGA was applied before leaf fall, flower bud development was accelerated when KGA was applied after a substantial part of the chilling requirement had been satisfied. The cold hardiness of the dormant flower buds was not greatly affected by KGA.
Inheritance of Tomato Fruit Weight1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: August 2022

The variability, mode of inheritance, and gene action for tomato fruit weight was studied in a cross of 2 divergent lines, Mo. Accession 223 (a selection of USD A P.I. 272689), and 1-417-1. The data indicated that more than 10 gene pairs, and possibly as many as 20, differentiated the parents for fruit weight in this cross. Partial dominance of small fruit weight genes was shown. No evidence of epistatic interaction was found. Gene action was largely geometrically cumulative. Heritability estimates in the broad sense was 29%. Little additive genetic variance was detected.
Carnation Production in Vermiculite Amended Media1
Authors: Boodley J. W. , Sheldrake R.
Published: August 2022

‘Cardinal Sim’ carnations were grown for 2 years in 6 media combinations that were supplemented with 2 particle sizes of vermiculite. The addition of vermiculite resulted in significantly higher K levels in carnation foliage the first year than in control plants. The positive effect of vermiculite persisted through the second year but at a lower level. A combination of 1-1-1 by volume sphagnum peat moss, perlite and #4 vermiculite was as good a growing medium as the control soil when compared on a total production and quality index basis.
Components of Variation in Tomato Harvest Patterns1
Authors: Davis R. M. , Smith P. G. , Schweers V. H. , Scheuerman R. W. , Millett A. H.
Published: August 2022

For the tomato cultivar ‘Earlipak No. 7’, measurements were made on several components which contribute to variations in harvest patterns. Components which were observed at 4 locations were: per cent of ovaries retained; the per cent of these which grew and matured; the sizes of ovaries at selected periods of time; the variance in this component; the elapsed time between flower and maturity, and between interim stages; the variances in these components. Sizes and seed numbers of matured fruits were observed. Correlation coefficients among the variates are presented. It appears that measurements upon each of the components and at least one more (flower production rates) are essential to a fundamental understanding of variations in the harvest pattern on a genetic or environmental basis. The apparent influence of seed number on growth rates and mature weight is brought into question.
Morphological and Anatomical Aspects of Petaloidy in the Carrot (Daucus carota L.)1
Authors: Eisa Hamdy M. , Wallace Donald H.
Published: August 2022

One type of male sterility in carrots is expressed as the change of anthers to petaloid structures. Different shapes of petaloids were observed. According to the degree of petaloidy, they were filamentous, spoon-shaped, incomplete and complete. In most cases the 5 transformed stamens of a single flower exhibited the same shape, although in others some variability existed. Serial sections of normal and petaloid stamens revealed anticlinal cell division of the epidermal cell layer early in stamen primordia development to be associated with petaloidy. In one of the lots the anthers were not completely transformed and in this case there was an inverse relationship between the degree of petaloidy and anther locule development. In anthers where pollen grains dehisced, some were viable and germinable.
The Effect of Mist-Fertilizer Propagation on the Growth and Nutrient Content of Euphorbia pulcherrima and Chrysanthemum morifolium1
Authors: Morton William M. , Boodley J. W.
Published: August 2022

Two cultivars of poinsettias and 3 cultivars of chrysanthemums were propagated under low concentration mist-fertilizer solutions to offset the problem of nutrient losses by leaching that occur under mist. Greater terminal growth, fresh weight, dry weight and degree of rooting resulted. Effects of mist-fertilizer propagation were permanent, so plants flowerd earlier, and had greater fresh and dry weights with increased numbers and larger size flowers. Significantly higher levels of N, P and K occurred in leaf tissue of cuttings that received a complete fertilizer as opposed to tap-water misted cuttings. The N, P and K content of chrysanthemum leaves was higher when cuttings were removed from the propagation bench than when they were inserted.

There were differences due to cultivar but not to media when moisture conditions in the rhizosphere were adequate. Mist-fertilized chrysanthemum cuttings were not satisfactorily stored at 31-33°F.
The Effect of Captan on Strawberry Pollen Germination1
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Chen L. I.
Published: August 2022

Captan has been shown to inhibit pollen germination of the strawberry when included in or sprayed on agar germination media, or when sprayed on anthers after dehiscence. Toxic effects did not disappear during prolonged germination. Pollen germination was slightly affected by captan sprayed on the undehisced anthers.
Rate of Ripening of Initiated Bananas as Influenced by Oxygen and Ethylene1,2
Authors: Hesselman C. W. , Freebairn H. T.
Published: August 2022

The ability of initiated bananas to ripen at rates close to those considered normal was found to be ethylene dependent in low oxygen concentrations. Fruit denied ethylene by low oxygen treatments, which reduced the fruit's ability to produce ethylene, ripened far slower than similarly treated fruit receiving exogenous ethylene. A sequence of ripening changes was proposed to account for the present knowledge of ripening.
Ethylene Production by Citrus Leaves from Trees Grown in Artificially Salinized Plots1
Authors: Rasmussen G. K. , Furr J. R. , Cooper W. C.
Published: August 2022

We collected lemon leaves from 25 trees growing in control and artificially salinized plots at Indio, California, 4 and 6 weeks after beginning of irrigation with water carrying 5,000 ppm total salt. Chloride content of the leaves was directly correlated with their ethylene production. Leaves with visible injury from high Cl produced more ethylene than those with no visible injury from salinized plots; foliage from the latter treatment produced more ethylene than those from nonsaline control plots. The correlation coefficient was significant at odds of 19:1 at 4 weeks and 99:1 at 6 weeks.
Growth Substances and Fruit Shedding in the Pecan, Carya illinoensis1
Authors: Lipe John A. , Morgan Page W. , Storey J. B.
Published: August 2022

Wheat coleoptile straight growth bioassay of pecan fruit extracts established the presence of growth promoting and inhibiting substances. Indoleacetic acid was tentatively identified as a promoting substance. The growth inhibiting substance(s), possibly abscisic acid, promoted abscission of cotton cotyledonary node explants. The absolute level of growth substances did not appear correlated with the seasonal shedding pattern.
The Hardening Response of Three Clones of Dianthus and the Corresponding Complement of Peroxidase Isoenzymes1
Authors: McCown B. H. , Beck G. E. , Hall T. C.
Published: August 2022

The stems of 3 clones of Dianthus were studied at weekly intervals from August through November and the cold-hardiness as well as the peroxidase isoenzyme complement was determined. The hardening patterns showed indications of the typical plateau, this occurring at −10 to −14°G in November. The time of initiation of hardening correlated well with the winter-hardiness of the clones, the hardiest clone undergoing hardening 2 to 3 weeks before the tender clone. As determined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the stem extracts, the 2 winter hardy clones showed a gradual synthesis of 2 to 4 new peroxidase isoenzymes during the hardening period, whereas the tender clone showed only a relatively weak initiation of one isoenzyme. The formation of the new isoenzyme preceded the period of hardening by several weeks to more than a month, depending on the specific isoenzyme and the clone.
Differential Tolerance of Several Inbreds of Onion Allium cepa L. to Certain Herbicides1
Authors: Hiller L. K. , Weigle J. L.
Published: August 2022

Considerable differences exist in the tolerances of onion inbreds to CIPC. Inbreds derived from ‘Iowa Yellow Globe’ were the most tolerant among the inbreds evaluated. Seedlings grown in the laboratory on agar containing the herbicide responded similarly to treated plants in field plots. The laboratory technique provides a fast, efficient method of screening large numbers of inbreds under controlled conditions.
Influence of (2-Chloroethyl) Trimethylammonium Chloride (Cycocel) and Daylength on Gibberellin-like Activity in the Root Exudate of the Poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima, Willd. cv. ‘Paul Mikkelsen’1
Authors: Criley Richard A.
Published: August 2022

Three substances with gibberellin-like activity in the dock and barley endosperm bioassay systems were detected in the root exudate of poinsettia cultivar ‘Paul Mikkelsen’. In the isopropyl ether:acetic acid (95:5, v/v) solvent system on 250 µ layers of silica gel G, these substances had Rf values of 0–0.1, 0.4–0.6, and 0.7–0.8. The extracted exudate material at Rf 0–0.1 generally showed greater activity in plants grown under long day conditions while the relative proportion of the other 2 fractions to the first increased under short day conditions. Following a drench with (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (Cycocel), the activity of all 3 fractions was reduced in comparison to the control. The Rf 0–0.1 material evidenced lower activity in relation to the other 2 fractions in exudate from Cycocel spray-treated plants.
Effects of Gibberellins and Naphthaleneacetic Acid on Fruit Development in Seedless Apple Clones1
Authors: Dennis F. G.
Published: August 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA3) has little effect on fruit set in seeded commercial varieties of apple unless pollination is prevented. To determine whether seedless apples might respond to GA, blossoms of several apetalous clones were treated with gibberellins. In addition, seeded and seedless fruits were sprayed several weeks after bloom with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), a fruit-thinning agent, to ascertain the role of seeds in auxin-induced fruit abscission.

GA3 was effective in increasing fruit set in 2 of the 6 clones tested, but had no effect on the remaining 4, only one of which crops heavily under orchard conditions. GA7 and GA4+7 were more active than GA3 in inducing fruit set in the 2 responsive clones. NAA thinned both seeded and seedless fruits of one clone. Fruit growth was inhibited in seedless fruits of 2 other clones, but abscission was not promoted. These results support the view that NAA-induced fruit abscission is not a result of seed abortion.
A Temperature Sensitive Male Sterile Gene in Broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica1
Authors: Dickson M. H.
Published: August 2022

A temperature sensitive gene in broccoli conditions complete male sterility at temperatures of 24° C day and 17° night. At 17° day and 12° night slight development of abnormal pollen occurs and at 10° the plant is highly male fertile. The gene, designated ms6, behaves as a recessive and can be distinguished from other stable genetic steriles by temperature manipulation. Under field conditions in New York plants remained sterile from June 15 to the end of September.
Effect of Calcium, Boron and Naphthalene Acetamide Sprays on Cork Spot and Mineral Content of York Imperial Apple1
Authors: Wightman Kenneth A. , Hewetson Frank N. , Childers Norman F. , Buchanan David W.
Published: August 2022

Boron, calcium, and naphthalene acetamide (NAAm) foliar sprays were applied alone or in combination to ‘York Imperial’ apple trees under Eastern Pennsylvania orchard conditions. Mineral content of the leaves and fruit and number of cork spots in the fruits were determined.

B applications alone or in combination with Ca and/or NAAm increased leaf and fruit B content. All Ca applications increased the leaf Ca content, the fruit P content, and the leaf and fruit K and Fe content, but had no effect on fruit Ca content. NAAm sprays increased the leaf Mg and Al content. NAAm applied in combination with Ca increased the leaf Ca content. The NAAm effects appear to be associated with the valence of the element, having no effect on monovalent elements, some effect on divalent elements, and the strongest effect on the trivalent element, Al.

Th B-Ca and B-Ca-NAAm spray treatments reduced the number of cork spots per fruit. Regression analysis indicated that as the B and Ca content increased in the leaves, and fruit peel and flesh the cork spots decreased. Cork spots increased as the P and K content of the leaves increased. Core data showed that cork spots decreased as the B and Mg content increased and the B × Mg interaction decreased. There was no relation between number of cork spots and the leaf and fruit content of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, or Al, despite significant effects of the treatments on these elements.
The Use of Alar on Vigorous ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Forshey C. G.
Published: August 2022

Over a 3 year period, Alar was applied to vigorous, young ‘McIntosh’ apple trees at 2 rates (1000 and 2000 ppm) and at 3 times during the growing season (14 days after bloom, mid-July, and early August). All treatments were effective in increasing fruit firmness and reducing pre-harvest fruit drop. Applications 14 days after bloom significantly reduced both terminal shoot growth and fruit size at harvest. Effects of these treatments were minimal the year following treatment.
Fluctuations in the Cold Resistance of Apple Twigs During Spring Dehardening1
Authors: Howell G. S. , Weiser C. J.
Published: August 2022

The relationship of environmental temperature to the cold resistance of apple bark tissue was studied on mature orchard trees in the field during natural spring dehardening and on 3 and 4 year old trees in the containers which were dehardened under controlled conditions. Field studies showed day to day fluctuations in dehardening and rehardening during the spring in each of 2 years. These short term changes in cold resistance were closely related to the air temperatures of the preceding day. In controlled studies, hardy plants during the winter dehardened as much as 15°C in one day in a warm greenhouse, and rehardened 15° in 3 days when they were held at −15°. The dehardening process was only partially reversible. Once dehardening began, the bark did not reharden beyond a certain base level. This base level raised with each successive day of dehardening. The base level usually corresponded to the minimum killing temperature on the day preceding the final day of dehardening.
Chloride Content of Citrus Seeds and its Distribution in Various Fractions1
Authors: Altman A. , Goell A.
Published: August 2022

Chemical analysis of chloride in seeds of 11 species and varieties of citrus (on their own roots) showed marked differences in chloride content. The concentration of chloride in the seeds was directly related to known concentrations of chloride in leaves of the same varieties, and to the order of their appearance in a list of “salt tolerance”. No significant differences were found in the chloride content of seeds from one variety upon 5 rootstock varieties. Similarly, no effect of salinized irrigation water on the chloride content of the seeds could be detected. Fractionation analysis of the seeds of 2 varieties (low and high in chloride content) revealed that in both varieties about 15–20% of the total chloride was present in the aqueous supernatant (“cell sap”). In the low-Cl seeds, 42% of the total CI was found in the aqueous residue and 43% in the benzenic fraction (fats). The corresponding fractions in the high-Cl seeds were 74% and 6%, respectively.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees to Soil Incorporated Simazine1
Authors: Robinson D. E. , Lord W. J.
Published: August 2022

‘Mcintosh’ apple trees were grown under greenhouse and outdoor conditions in 30 lb. cans containing soil-incorporated simazine at concentrations of 0.2–6.4 ppm. Differences in fresh weight increase occurred at lower concentrations than did differences in terminal growth or visual symptoms. The lowest concentration at which simazine adversely affected fresh weight increase of the greenhouse-grown trees was 1.6 ppm for the 2 soils used in the study. Root development was drastically reduced at 3.2 and 6.4 ppm simazine. There was a suggestion that trees on MM 106 rootstock were more tolerant to simazine than those on EM VII and EM IX rootstocks. A significant increase in per cent leaf N resulted from simazine treatments in the outdoor experiment, but with the greenhouse-grown trees this response was found only on the lighter of the 2 soils and at injurious simazine levels.
An Anthocyanin Recovery System from Cranberry Pomace1
Authors: Chiriboga C. , Francis F. J.
Published: August 2022

Anthocyanin content is one of the limiting factors in the production of cranberry juice cocktail, yet the press cake contains approximately 40% of the pigment of the berries. The pigment can be recovered by extracting the pomace with methanol containing 0.03% HCl. Other solvents are less effective. A single extraction from whole ground pomace at a 5:1 solvent:pomace ratio will extract approximately 50% of the pigment. A multiple extraction will remove over 90%. Grinding the pomace reduces the time of extraction from several hours to less than ½ hr. The methanol in the pigment solution can be removed by distillation under vacuum and the resulting aqueous solution absorbed on an Amberlite C G-50 resin. The resin absorbs the anthocyanin and many of the impurities can be rinsed off the column with water. The pigments can be eluted with 0.0001% HCl in ethanol and concentrated to provide a concentrate for addition back to the juice.
The Effect of Seedless Versus Seeded Fruit Development on Flower Bud Formation in Pear1
Authors: Griggs William H. , Martin George C. , Iwakiri Ben T.
Published: August 2022

‘Bartlett’ spurs carrying seedless or seeded fruits produced relatively high percentages of flower buds. Spurs carrying seedless pears for 31 days after bloom produced more flower buds than did spurs carrying seeded pears. Also, the exudate from seedless pears had more growth-promoting activity. Beyond 31 days there were no consistent differences in flower bud formation in spurs carrying seedless vs. seeded pears. Carrying seeded pears 31 days largely inhibited flower bud initiation in ‘Winter Nelis’. There was an inverse relationship between flower buds and seeds in fruits on spurs of both varieties defruited 61 days after bloom. The relationship was not distinct for spurs carrying fruits longer. Fluctuations in the growth-promoting activity of the fruit exudate indicate that the hormonal status, at the time the spur was defruited, influenced flower bud formation more than did number of fruits, seeds, or length of fruit-carrying period.
Lithium Toxicity in ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit in Arizona1
Authors: Hilgeman R. H. , Fuller W. H. , True L. F. , Sharpies G. C. , Smith P. F.
Published: August 2022

Surveys were made of Li in leaves, irrigation water and soil in groves of 37 to 43 year old ‘Marsh’ grapefruit on sour orange rootstock. Lithium in leaves increased during the late summer. Leaves with 50 to 60 ppm Li in September generally developed necrotic lesions on margins below the tip in November when they contained 60 to 90 ppm Li and abscissed within 1 to 4 months. Lithium varied widely between spring-cycle leaves on the same tree and within the leaf where it accumulated in the lesions. Severe Li toxicity symptoms were associated with 0.18 to 0.25 ppm Li in the irrigation water, 0.7 to 1.0 ppm in the soil and from 68 to 232 ppm in spring-cycle leaves in November. Vigorous growth and high yields occurred with 24 to 34 ppm Li in the leaves, 0.07 to 0.11 ppm Li in the irrigation water and 0.3 to 0.4 ppm in the soil. Severe leaf symptoms with Li content as high as 175 ppm were induced by soil applications of LiCl under field conditions.
Respiratory Climacteric and Chemical Changes in the Mango Fruit, Mangifera indica L.1
Authors: Krishnamurthy Shanta , Subramanyam H.
Published: August 2022

The parameters for optimum maturity of fruit of ‘Pairi’ variety mango, harvested near Mysore from 1964 to 1969, have been found to be 260 ± 20 g in weight, olive green surface color, and outgrown shoulders. In addition, pH and color of the pulp in terms of chromaticity coordinate x were useful indices. Other parameters were not consistent.

Respiration climacteric maximum was delayed in immature fruits and advanced in over-mature fruits. Fruits of optimal maturity recorded the climacteric maximum on the 9th day ± 1 at ambient storage of 26 ± 2°C and 45–65% RH. Sugar accumulation was maximum at about the time of the climacteric peak in respiration and sucrose was predominant. The chemical composition of the fruit was more or less similar over several seasons and harvests.
Effects of Radiofrequency Electrical Treatment on Germination of Vegetable Seeds1
Authors: Nelson S. O. , Nutile G. E. , Stetson L. E.
Published: August 2022

Seed lots of several vegetables, including garden beans, cabbage, cantaloupe, cucumber, lettuce, okra, onion, garden peas, pepper, spinach, and tomato, and two seed lots of Kentucky bluegrass were exposed to 40-MHz radiofrequency (RF) electric fields and tested to determine the influence of the electrical treatment on germination performance. Germination was significantly increased by RF treatment through reduction of hard-seed content in beans, okra, and peas. Acceleration of germination was evident in seed lots of bluegrass, tomato, and spinach. It was particularly marked and consistent with spinach. Acceleration of spinach emergence was also noted in soil tests. The influences of seed moisture content, seed size, and characteristics of the RF electric field were also considered. Improved responses are attributed to thermal stresses developed in seed during RF treatment, but further research is recommended to explain the responsible mechanisms.
The Course of Ripening of Banana Fruits Stored in Sealed Polyethylene Bags1,2
Authors: Fuchs Yoram , Temkin-Gorodeiski Naomi
Published: August 2022

Green, unripe banana fruits (Dwarf Cavendish) were stored in sealed polyethylene bags with and without potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Some fruits were triggered to ripen by ethylene before sealing the bags and in some of them ethylene was injected after sealing. The presence of ethylene stimulated pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity and starch hydrolysis and caused softening, but color change was inhibited by high concentrations of carbon dioxide. It is suggested that in the presence of high carbon dioxide and low oxygen concentrations, ethylene acts in different ways on the coloring and the softening processes of banana fruits.
Lettuce Tipburn as Related to Nutrient Imbalance and Nitrogen Composition1
Authors: Ashkar Saleh A. , Ries S. K.
Published: August 2022

Preliminary analyses of lettuce showed that leaves with tipburn necrosis contained less Ca, and more organic N, particularly free amino acids, than normal leaves. A susceptible head lettuce, ‘Great Lakes 659’, was grown under varying NO3, Ca, Mg, and light intensities in the greenhouse and growth chambers. Tipburn was easily induced by a high NO3 and low Ca nutritional regime. Five mM or more Ca in the nutrient solution prevented tipburn. Necrosis was aggravated by high Mg levels and high light intensities. This disorder was associated with an accumulation of free amino acids, particularly aspartic and glutamic acids, and their amides.
Opportunistic Risk Screening of Depression by Community Pharmacists: Noble Intervention to Mend the Mind during COVID-19
Authors:   Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, Selangor, Malaysia, Chidambaram Ramasamy
Published: August 2022

Depression is the most common condition affecting the mental health of individuals. During the whole lifetime, at least one in four individuals go through an episode of this disorder. Recently, the Malaysian number of cases has increased to around 500,000 with more adding due to COVID-19 pandemic. The first professionals to detect depression by analysing the rather emotional, presenting symptoms of the patient are the family physicians. In such circumstances, how is it possible for a community pharmacist to identify undiagnosed depression? Depression is real, sadly, the silent nature of the disorder results in an increase in its unreported cases. On the bright side we believe the new screening guidelines and intervention of community pharmacists might be one noble way to aid in the opportunistic risk screening of depression and heal the hidden emotions during COVID-19.
Ellagic Acid Induces in vitro Alkalinisation of the Digestive Vacuole in Drug-Sensitive Plasmodium falciparum Strain
Authors:   School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Muchtar Nur Hazirah , Nik Mat Zin Nik Nor Imam ,   School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Mohamad Fatin Sofia ,   School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Abu-Bakar Nurhidanatasha ,   School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
Published: August 2022

Background: Malaria is one of the leading causes of death worldwide caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The reduced efficacy of the mainstay antimalarial drugs due to the widespread of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) necessitates an effort to develop novel antimalarial drugs with new targets. The effects of a phenolic compound, ellagic acid, against the malaria parasite have previously been reported. This present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid on pH of the P. falciparum digestive vacuole. Methods: The antimalarial potential of ellagic acid against the chloroquine-sensitive strain (3D7) of P. falciparum was assessed by using a malarial SYBR Green 1 fluorescence-based (MSF) assay. The effect of different concentrations of ellagic acid on the pH of the parasite’s digestive vacuole at mid-trophozoite stage was examined by using a ratiometric pH indicator, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran on the flow cytometry. Results: The result of the MSF assay showed that ellagic acid has an antimalarial activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 1.85 ± 4.57 nM) at par with a standard drug, artemisinin (IC50 = 1.91 ± 5.41 nM). The pH of the digestive vacuole of ellagic acid-treated parasites was significantly changed (pH values ranged from 6.11 to 6.74) in a concentration-dependent manner as compared to untreated parasites (P < 0.001). A similar effect was shown by the parasites treated with a standard proton pump inhibitor, concanamycin A. Conclusion: These findings suggest that ellagic acid might have altered the digestive vacuole pH through the inhibition of proton pumps that regulate the acidification of this organelle. Overall, this study provides a valuable insight into the potential of ellagic acid as a promising antimalarial candidate with a novel mechanism of action.