bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique utilisation pattern responses of five sympatric ungulates to local phenological gradients
Authors: Shamon Hila , Boyce Andy J. , Kunkle Kyran , McShea William J.
Published: March 2022

Context Ungulate life-history strategies and behaviour are driven by two dominant factors, namely, acquisition of nutrients and avoidance of predation. Although many studies have investigated single species resource/habitat selection, there are still gaps in our understanding of multi-species systems and resource partitioning. Aim We explored the habitat selection of five sympatric resident ungulates in relation to seasonal phenological gradients in a temperate grassland (Northern Great Plains) system. We identified and compared habitat-utilisation strategies across the vegetation-growing season and related to established forage acquisition hypotheses. Methods We collected ungulate detection data during two field seasons (July–October 2018, May–September 2019) across 202 sites and deployed 1202 cameras (29 284 camera-nights). We modelled ungulate detections in relation to normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and NDVI slope (rate and direction of change) to learn about ungulate resource selection in four habitat types (grass, prairie dog colonies, forest and riparian). Results We found unique foraging strategies for each of the focal species throughout the growing season (spring, summer, early autumn), which resulted in seasonal partitioning of resources among sympatric ungulate species. Conclusions The temporal and spatial patterns observed emphasise that multiple species can experience the same vegetation phenology and respond differently in their movements and foraging behaviour. At local scales, some ungulates selected for higher forage quantity (selection of higher NDVI) and some for higher forage quality (selection of positive NDVI slope or greening up). Implications The unique foraging strategies presented here indicated that generalisations are problematic when managing wildlife resources and emphasise the need to conduct multi-species studies to understand resource utilisation at local scales. Furthermore, understanding variation in foraging strategies of resident sympatric species can direct management planning where decreased connectivity or loss of migration pathways alters traditional behaviours.
From reactor to patient: an example of radioactive diagnostics and effective half-life in thyroid cancer treatment
Authors: Neel Matthew S
Published: March 2022

We follow a radioactive sample from production in a reactor to its use in a biological application to model the complexities in the use of radioactive isotopes from a student’s perspective. Specifically, we describe a way to use gamma ray detection outside the body to estimate the clearance rate of these radioisotopes from the body and how that rate can be used to assess thyroid cancer remnant mass. This procedure has a long history in nuclear medicine and is well established. Classroom discussion questions are included to think more deeply about the proper (and improper) handling of radiopharmaceuticals as well as patient safety.
Reversible energy absorption of elasto-plastic auxetic, hexagonal, and AuxHex structures fabricated by FDM 4D printing
Authors: Namvar N , Zolfagharian A , Vakili-Tahami F , Bodaghi M
Published: March 2022

The present study aims at introducing reconfigurable mechanical metamaterials by utilising four-dimensional (4D) printing process for recoverable energy dissipation and absorption applications with shape memory effects. The architected mechanical metamaterials are designed as a repeating arrangement of re-entrant auxetic, hexagonal, and AuxHex unit-cells and manufactured using 3D printing fused deposition modelling process. The AuxHex cellular structure is composed of auxetic re-entrant and hexagonal components. Architected cellular metamaterials are developed based on a comprehension of the elasto-plastic features of shape memory polylactic acid materials and cold programming deduced from theory and experiments. Computational models based on ABAQUS/Standard are used to simulate the mechanical properties of the 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials under quasi-static uniaxial compression loading, and the results are validated by experimental data. Research trials show that metamaterial with re-entrant auxetic unit-cells has better energy absorption capability compared to the other structures studied in this paper, mainly because of the unique deformation mechanisms of unit-cells. It is shown that mechanical metamaterials with elasto-plastic behaviors exhibit mechanical hysteresis and energy dissipation when undergoing a loading-unloading cycle. It is experimentally revealed that the residual plastic strain and dissipation processes induced by cold programming are completely reversible through simple heating. The results and concepts presented in this work can potentially be useful towards 4D printing reconfigurable cellular structures for reversible energy absorption and dissipation engineering applications.
Designing plasmonic metasurface absorbers with desirable absorption values for different thermal applications
Authors: Nagaty Ahmed , Aly Arafa H , Sabra Walied
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we demonstrate and explore an approach to designing absorbers based on using plasmonic metasurfaces in the visible spectrum. The approach opens up the possibility of rapidly choosing an absorber with the desired absorption value using an analytical expression. By using the three dimensional finite element method, we present a wide comparison between varieties of plasmonic absorbers based on using different nanoantennas in the proposed metasurface designs. The utilized plasmonic nanoantennas are such as the titanium nitride (TiN), Aluminum (Al), Gold (Au), and Silver (Ag) nanoantennas. The comparison between using these plasmonic nanoantennas will be according to the resulted absorption from the proposed designs. The plasmonic metasurfaces using the TiN nanoantennas demonstrates a high absorption compared to the obtained absorption from the other metasurface designs using (Al), (Au), and (Ag) nanoantennas. Accordingly, based on these results, we used a regression analysis to fit our simulated data to an analytical expression in order to generalize the concept of generation the absorbers of interest with the desired absorption based on the proposed metasurfaces. This promising technique provides a methodology to design preoptimized absorbers for practical applications such as sensing, thermal management, and solar cells.
Constraints on small-scale primordial density fluctuation from cosmic microwave background through dark matter annihilation
Authors: Kawasaki Masahiro , Nakatsuka Hiromasa , Nakayama Kazunori
Published: March 2022

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) observation by the Planck satellite precisely determines primordial curvature fluctuations on larger scales than 𝒪(1) Mpc, while the small-scale curvature fluctuation is still less constrained.
The constraint on small-scale fluctuations is highly improved if we assume the standard thermal relic dark matter scenario.
When small-scale fluctuations are large enough, dense regions collapse to form small halos even in a redshift z ≳ 103, which is called “ultracompact minihalos”.
These minihalos enhance the annihilation of the dark matter and it is constrained by observations such as extragalactic gamma rays and the CMB. We revisit the effect of minihalos formed by the small-scale density fluctuations and calculate the ionization history modified by the dark matter annihilation assuming the thermally produced WIMP accounting for all dark matter with e
+
e
−-channel annihilation.
We perform the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to constrain the size of small-scale curvature fluctuations by the CMB power spectrum.
It is found that the constraint from the CMB power spectrum is comparable to that from the extragalactic gamma rays.
Assuming a pair-annihilation cross section 〈σ
v〉 = 3 × 10-26cm3/s and a mass of dark matter 1 TeV,
we constrain the curvature power spectrum 𝒫ℛ(k) < 𝒪(10-6) over 1 Mpc-1 < k < 106 Mpc-1.
We confirm that our constraint mainly comes from the energy injection in early time (z ≳ 100) and hence it is independent of the uncertainty of minihalo properties in the late time.
Primordial neutrino asymmetry evolution with full mean-field effects and collisions
Authors: Froustey Julien , Pitrou Cyril
Published: March 2022

Neutrino oscillations and mean-field effects considerably enrich the phenomenology of neutrino evolution in the early Universe. Taking into account these effects, most notably the neutrino self-interaction mean-field contribution, we revisit the problem of the evolution of primordial neutrino asymmetries including for the first time the complete expression for collisions, which describe scattering and annihilations with electrons/positrons and reactions among (anti)neutrinos. We show that a generalisation of the adiabatic transfer of averaged oscillations (ATAO) scheme, a numerical method previously developed without neutrino degeneracy and based on the large separation of time scales in this problem, is sufficient to reach the same accuracy as the full quantum kinetic equation integration, but is notably faster. This approximation highlights the physics of synchronous oscillations at play in the evolution of neutrino chemical potentials, especially in the particular case with only two-neutrino mixing. In particular, it allows to understand what controls the beginning and the amplitude of oscillations, but also why there is a subsequent regime of collective oscillations with larger frequencies. We also find that it is very important to use the full collision term instead of relying on damping-like approximations, in order not to overestimate how collisions reduce these synchronous oscillations. Finally we study qualitatively how mixing parameters affect the final neutrino configuration, and in particular we show that the CP-violating Dirac phase cannot substantially affect the final N
eff nor the final electronic (anti)-neutrino spectrum, and thus should not affect cosmological observables.
Effects of the hydropower regulation on dynamic stability of a renewable-based power system
Authors: Li Huanhuan
Published: March 2022

Renewable energy, particularly solar photovoltaic power integrated with hydropower, has become a remedy for replacing conventional electricity to provide important opportunities for the safety utilization of electric power. However, the solar photovoltaic power is intermittent and stochastic due to the uncertain solar irradiance, which can lead to the unstable operation of the complementary power system. For this consideration, this paper focuses on the stability mechanism of the hydropower regulation responding to the volatility of solar photovoltaic power. To achieve the analysis, a hydro-PV hybrid power system is established. Then, the effect of the hydropower regulation on dynamic stability of a hydro-photovoltaic hybrid system is investigated considering two hydropower regulation factors such as the optimization of hydropower control parameters and the performance of dynamic hydro regulation indicators. Finally, the optimized proportional, integral and derivative adjustment parameters are obtained, and the dynamic rule of regulation indicators responding to the volatility of photovoltaic power is also revealed. The obtained results not only help make an optimal decision for the coordinated operation of renewable-based power systems, but also benefit for the reduction of the operational cost and power curtailment.
Artificial intelligence for hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy systems: A review with case study
Authors: Su Shenglin , Yan Xianglin , Agbossou Kodjo , Chahine Richard , Zong Yi
Published: March 2022

In recent years, with the progress of computer technology, artificial intelligence has been rapidly developed and begun to be applied in industry, economy and other aspects. Besides, with the pursuit of green hydrogen, hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy systems have become the focus of the development of the hydrogen industry. This paper compares different artificial intelligence applications in hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy systems and carries out a case study in a typical area. Firstly, this paper summarizes important works in literature, which use artificial intelligence methods to predict the supply chain of the renewable energy system, including the prediction of renewable energy system resources, output power, load demand and terminal electricity price. Secondly, main articles about artificial intelligence optimization algorithms used in renewable energy systems are also summarized, including swarm and non-swarm biological heuristics, physical or chemical heuristics and hybrid optimization algorithms. Finally, a case study is carried out in Tikanlik, Xinjiang, China. Tikanlik’s weather and load data train the artificial neural network to predict system output power. It shows that 99.32% of the relative error of the test set is less than 3%, which proves that this model can achieve good prediction results.
Study on Co-firing characteristics of NH3 and coal in the main burning zone of the coal staged combustion
Authors: Yuan J Y , Wang P P , Ruan C J , Huang X Y
Published: March 2022

The mathematical models including NH3 and pulverized coal were established, and the co-combustion characteristics of NH3/pulverized coal and NOx formation process in the main combustion zone (air consumption coefficient 0.9) of coal staged combustion are studied. The gas temperature distributions and NOx generation characteristics under different ammonia/pulverized coal ratios are investigated. The results show that the ammonia combustion and the NOx production is greatly enhanced by coal combustion when the ammonia and pulverized coal are mixed. For pure ammonia combustion, due to difficult ignition and lower burning rate in the lower gas temperature environment, the NO concentration formed in the furnace and at the outlet are very low; When the proportion of NH3 is 20%, the NOx concentration at the furnace outlet is the highest; when the ammonia gas ratio is 40%, NO at the outlet is lower than that of pure pulverized coal. In addition to a large amount of NO, there are also a large amount of NO2 and N2O in the high temperature region when ammonia and pulverized coal are mixed.
Classification of KPI lumps
Authors: Chakravarty Sarbarish , Zowada Michael
Published: March 2022

A large family of nonsingular rational solutions of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) I equation are investigated. These solutions are constructed via the Gramian method and are identified as points in a complex Grassmannian. Each solution is a traveling wave moving with a uniform background velocity but have multiple peaks which evolve at a slower time scale in the co-moving frame. For large times, these peaks separate and form well-defined wave patterns in the xy-plane. The pattern formation are described by the roots of well-known polynomials arising in the study of rational solutions of Painlevé II and IV equations. This family of solutions are shown to be described by the classical Schur functions associated with partitions of integers and irreducible representations of the symmetric group of N objects. It is then shown that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the KPI rational solutions considered in this article and partitions of a positive integer N.
Spatial based mapping of londerang peatprotected revegetation
Authors: Umi Kalsum Siti , Saragih G M , Munir Misbahul
Published: March 2022

The Londerang Peat Protected Forest is the largest protected peat forest in Jambi Province with 12, 500 hectares. In 2015 there was a peat forest fire that destroyed the existing vegetation. Based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite, thousands of hotspots were observed from May to October. The condition of peat damage reaches 90%. Peat plays an important role in absorbing 75%of carbon so it should not be burned, dried, and used as plantation land. The purpose of the study was to determine changes in land cover, to determine the extent of revegetation, and to determine the area of unvegetated forest in the Londerang Peat Protected Forest area. The remote sensing method used is Image Classification assisted by ArcGIS Version 10.8 software with Landsat 8 satellite imagery. The analysis is carried out by making 20 color classifications on satellite image data, then the majority or pulling the minority pixel classes into the majority of pixel colors. From each code grid in the attribute table, the data are combined according to the landcover classification.The results of the spatial analysis of land cover In 2013-2018 there was very high forest degradation. In 2013 it was 2940.1 ha, in 2018 it was 191.3ha from the initial area of 12500 ha so that the Gonderang HLG was categorized as critical. Revegeted land is 354 ha with 164, 000 planted vegetation and the type of planted vegetation is endemic vegetation (Jelutung, swamp island, Gelam). The revegetation of the Londerang Peat Protection Forest has only been carried out for only 2.8% of the total land area.
Argon force field revisited: a molecular dynamic study
Authors: Méndez-Bermúdez José Guillermo , Guillén-Escamilla Iván , Méndez-Maldonado Gloria Arlette , Alva-Tamayo José Abundio Daniel
Published: March 2022

We report the improvement of five argon force fields by scaling Lennard-Jones 6–12 potential (LJP) energy (ϵ) and distance (σ) parameters to reproduce liquid-vapor phase diagram and surface tension simultaneously, with molecular dynamics. Original force fields reproduce only liquid-vapor phase diagram among other properties except surface tension. Results showed that all new force fields obtained by scaling LJP parameters reproduce well the experimental surface tension and the liquid-vapor phase diagram, also the LJP energy and distance parameters converge in a nearby region in the ϵ-σ phase space, which is different from the original values. This study gives the intervals where the numerical values of ϵ and σ reproduce both properties mentioned above. Furthermore, a study to calculate surface tension to avoid finite size effects is shown.
Workplace Violence Against Female Health Managers in the Male-Dominated Construction Industry
Authors: Park Jeongim , Choi Sohyeon , Sung Yeji , Chung Jinjoo , Choi Sangjun
Published: March 2022

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to investigate health managers’ exposure to workplace violence (WPV) at construction sites and to review the statistical characteristics of experts in the safety and health fields using a gender-based analysis.

Methods

A preliminary survey of health managers at construction sites was conducted from March to April 2020 via the Health Managers Council in Construction Industry online community (https://band.us/band/62438722). Available national statistical data of safety and health personnel were reviewed.

Results

A total of 85 health managers (13 men, 72 women) responded to a preliminary survey. Health managers reported little physical violence (5.9%), while inappropriate work orders (83.5%) and sexual harassment (52.9%) were high, and health managers’ experience of sexual harassment was significantly higher among women than men (P < 0.01). The professional safety and health field in Korea have a large gender gap, with few women. In particular, the proportion of women in the safety field was lower than in the health field.

Conclusions

Young female health managers in the male-dominated construction industry are more vulnerable to WPV, including sexual harassment. To reduce the risk of WPV exposure and gender discrimination among female health managers, it is necessary to increase regular employment and provide more practical WPV prevention education for all construction employees.
Competitive ability depends on mating system and ploidy level acrossCapsellaspecies
Authors: Orsucci Marion , Yang Xuyue , Vanikiotis Theofilos , Guerrina Maria , Duan Tianlin , Lascoux Martin , Glémin Sylvain
Published: March 2022

Background and Aims

Self-fertilization is often associated with ecological traits corresponding to the ruderal strategy, and selfers are expected to be less competitive than outcrossers, either because of a colonization/competition trade-off or because of the deleterious genetic effects of selfing. Range expansion could reduce further competitive ability while polyploidy could mitigate the effects of selfing. If pollinators are not limited, individual fitness is thus expected to be higher in outcrossers than in selfers and, within selfers, in polyploids than in diploids. Although often proposed in the botanical literature and also suggested by meta-analyses, these predictions have not been directly tested yet.

Methods

In order to compare fitness and the competitive ability of four Capsella species with a different mating system and ploidy level, we combined two complementary experiments. First, we carried out an experiment outdoors in north-west Greece, i.e. within the range of the obligate outcrossing species, C. grandiflora, where several life history traits were measured under two different disturbance treatments, weeded plots vs. unweeded plots. To better control competition and to remove potential effects of local adaptation of the outcrosser, we also performed a similar competition experiment but under growth chamber conditions.

Key Results

In the outdoor experiment, disturbance of the environment did not affect the phenotype in any of the four species. For most traits, the obligate outcrossing species performed better than all selfing species. In contrast, polyploids did not survive or reproduce better than diploids. Under controlled conditions, as in the field experiment, the outcrosser had a higher fitness than selfing species and was less affected by competition. Finally, contrary to the outdoor experiment where the two behaved identically, polyploid selfers were less affected by competition than diploid selfes.

Conclusions

In the Capsella genus, selfing induces lower fitness than outcrossing and can also reduce competitive ability. The effect of polyploidy is, however, unclear. These results highlight the possible roles of ecological context in the evolution of selfing species.
Emancipatory Visions: Using Visual Methods to Coconstruct Knowledge with Older Adults
Authors: Reyes Laurent , Shellae Versey H , Yeh Jarmin
Published: March 2022

This article calls for gerontologists to engage with visual methods in qualitative research as an innovative tool for community-engaged research that has potential to advance social justice in gerontology. Reflections about using visual methods from the intersectional standpoint of the authors, 3 younger women of color, are presented. In Working the Hyphen, J. Yeh shows how interpersonal dynamics are fundamental to visual methods and that attention to identity can provide new insights into aging while also reconstituting existing power dynamics that researchers must carefully consider. In Employing Elicitation Techniques With Experts, L. Reyes discusses how a colonial lens limits understandings of civic participation and erases contributions of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) older adults, proposing that elicitation techniques offer opportunities for BIPOC older adults to contribute their expertise to the research process and dissemination of findings beyond an academic audience. In Pedagogy and Practicality, H. S. Versey describes promises and complexities of scaling visual methods on multiple levels—teaching future generations of researchers the philosophy and practice of photovoice; negotiating university and community relationships through a service-learning project; and navigating identity between herself, her students, and research participants. In sharing our self-narratives, we integrate reflexivity into the research process and challenge power dynamics in knowledge construction.
Machine learning fromPseudomonas aeruginosatranscriptomes identifies independently modulated sets of genes associated with known transcriptional regulators
Authors: Rajput Akanksha , Tsunemoto Hannah , Sastry Anand V , Szubin Richard , Rychel Kevin , Sugie Joseph , Pogliano Joe , Palsson Bernhard O
Published: March 2022

The transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa coordinates cellular processes in response to stimuli. We used 364 transcriptomes (281 publicly available + 83 in-house generated) to reconstruct the TRN of P. aeruginosa using independent component analysis. We identified 104 independently modulated sets of genes (iModulons) among which 81 reflect the effects of known transcriptional regulators. We identified iModulons that (i) play an important role in defining the genomic boundaries of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), (ii) show increased expression of the BGCs and associated secretion systems in nutrient conditions that are important in cystic fibrosis, (iii) show the presence of a novel ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) BGC which might have a role in P. aeruginosa virulence, (iv) exhibit interplay of amino acid metabolism regulation and central metabolism across different carbon sources and (v) clustered according to their activity changes to define iron and sulfur stimulons. Finally, we compared the identified iModulons of P. aeruginosa with those previously described in Escherichia coli to observe conserved regulons across two Gram-negative species. This comprehensive TRN framework encompasses the majority of the transcriptional regulatory machinery in P. aeruginosa, and thus should prove foundational for future research into its physiological functions.
Synthetic 3′-UTR valves for optimal metabolic flux control in Escherichia coli
Authors: Choe Donghui , Kim Kangsan , Kang Minjeong , Lee Seung-Goo , Cho Suhyung , Palsson Bernhard , Cho Byung-Kwan
Published: March 2022

As the design of genetic circuitry for synthetic biology becomes more sophisticated, diverse regulatory bioparts are required. Despite their importance, well-characterized 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) bioparts are limited. Thus, transcript 3′-ends require further investigation to understand the underlying regulatory role and applications of the 3′-UTR. Here, we revisited the use of Term-Seq in the Escherichia coli strain K-12 MG1655 to enhance our understanding of 3′-UTR regulatory functions and to provide a diverse collection of tunable 3′-UTR bioparts with a wide termination strength range. Comprehensive analysis of 1,629 transcript 3′-end positions revealed multiple 3′-termini classes generated through transcription termination and RNA processing. The examination of individual Rho-independent terminators revealed a reduction in downstream gene expression over a wide range, which led to the design of novel synthetic metabolic valves that control metabolic fluxes in branched pathways. These synthetic metabolic valves determine the optimal balance of heterologous pathways for maximum target biochemical productivity. The regulatory strategy using 3′-UTR bioparts is advantageous over promoter- or 5′-UTR-based transcriptional control as it modulates gene expression at transcription levels without trans-acting element requirements (e.g. transcription factors). Our results provide a foundational platform for 3′-UTR engineering in synthetic biology applications.
Be Filial
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

Confucians believe that what we should become is based on what we already are. Our best selves must grow from our earlier and more basic selves, and so we start with parent–child relations and with families. On this basis, this chapter explains what filial piety (xiao) is, why Confucians believe it to be of fundamental importance, and what to do when familial relationships go awry. Filial piety is an attitude of love and respect for one’s parents, feelings that are natural to have (at least to a degree, and at least partly in response to loving concern from one’s parents), and filial piety is expressed both through characteristic actions and in one’s demeanor. According to the Analects, filial piety is the “root” of humaneness, which is the height of human virtuosity. If one devotes oneself to cultivating filial piety, multi-faceted virtuosity will grow, and with it an increasingly humane world. Confucians will counsel us always to do our best to respond to challenges within our families out of the feelings of love and respect that lie at the core of filial piety.
Read in the Right Way
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

The first part of this chapter sketches Zhu Xi’s ideas about why reading is important and how to do it well, including the importance of focused reading and employing a questioning attitude. Notwithstanding some differences of emphasis, all the Confucian heroes of this book held that the open-minded reading of classic texts is central to human learning and moral growth. Later, the chapter turns to some criticisms of this emphasis on classics—for example, can it lead to a rigid orthodoxy?—and to ways that Confucians should seek to intervene in debates about the value of liberal education today.
Reflect Regularly
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

Confucians put considerable emphasis on practices of reflection, including something called “quiet sitting.” This chapter explains what these practices were, why Confucians advocated them, and how to do them. It shows that self-examination relies on both thought and feeling. We see that one point of looking within is to help discover internal inconsistencies and, in particular, harmful selfish divisions within us. It is also the case that paying careful attention to our inner reactions can give us glimpses of the pure, non-selfish emotions of which we are capable. Reflection is not the whole story for Confucians, in part because their goal is spontaneous action rather than paused, intentional, or forced reactions. Still, reflection aimed at harmonious wholeness is a key aspect of Confucian self-cultivation.
Be Engaged
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the relations between what Confucians traditionally call “inner sagehood” (or personal development) and “outer kingship” (or socio-political engagement). It explains that the scope of the engagement that Confucians call on us to undertake is broad and varied, some of it overtly political but some not. The main goal of this chapter is to explain and justify the Confucian view that inner development and external engagement are intimately linked. To live a Confucian life, one must be engaged. It also draws on the feminist insight that personal development might depend not just on engagement but also on successful structural changes, which will provide a foundation for critical developments in modern Confucianism.
Fake It ’Till You Make It
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

The first part of the chapter explains what it is, according to Confucians, to “make it” and why this goal is important, and then turns to the difference between good and bad “faking.” Some forms of pretending—forcing oneself to act correctly, which here is called acting “conscientiously”—are valuable both in the short term and in their longer-term contributions to one’s moral growth. The latter part of the chapter focuses on sincerity, which is a main characteristic of “making it,” and defends its attractiveness against challenges emerging both from traditional rivals of Confucians and from contemporary thinkers. Confucians call upon us to strive to be sincere and sagelike, but they recognize the need for quite a lot of pretending along the way.
Dealing with Conflict
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

The core idea of this chapter is that the ideal Confucian way to deal with conflict is to harmonize all the relevant dimensions of value. Drawing especially on conflict cases from the Mengzi that involve the sage Shun, the chapter explains how it is possible to harmonize multiple values and what we can do when we fall short. One of the themes is the importance of certain negative emotions, like grief, which can be part of a harmonious response. The chapter also examines conflicts that occur between things that happen outside of one’s control and the way we wish things were. In this case, Confucians recommend understanding and accepting “fate” (or ming) without becoming fatalist.
Gender
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

This chapter first reviews some of the core ideas related to gender and social roles that we find within early Confucianism, including the Book of Changes. By drawing on the writings about gender of three boundary-pushing Confucian thinkers including a Ming Dynasty Empress, the chapter then demonstrates that when the core ideas about gender are combined with other key Confucian commitments, it becomes clear that Confucians today should embrace an egalitarian conception of gender. This does not mean viewing everyone as simply the same, however; Confucian ideas help us to shape relationships and societies that honor both equality and difference.
The Early History of Yijing Interpretation
Authors: Adler Joseph A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the origins of the two major “schools” of Yijing interpretation: the xiangshu or “image and number” approach and the yili or “meaning and principle” approach, from the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. The major figures in each group are introduced with examples of some of their interpretive techniques. The xiangshu group includes Meng Xi, Jiao Yanshou, Jing Fang, and Yu Fan, all during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). The so-called “Yi apocrypha” are also briefly discussed, including two numerological diagrams, the Hetu (River Chart) and Luoshu (Luo Text), which became more influential during the Song dynasty (960–1279). The last section of the chapter is on Wang Bi (3rd century CE), the first great exemplar of the yili approach.
Past Is Prologue—1955
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

It is 1955 and George Platt Lynes has left his hospital bed to attend the ballet at New York’s City Center for Music and Drama. Recently returned from Paris and Rome, seeing old friends like artist Pavel Tchelitchew and screen siren Gloria Swanson, Lynes is depleted in energy and spirit. He has been photographing the New York City Ballet and its preceding companies since 1935, but now his colleague Lincoln Kirstein has denied him the honor of documenting George Balanchine’s popular Christmas confection, The Nutcracker. The company’s dancers are among Lynes’s models and occasional intimates. These nocturnal outings are his pleasure and distraction. He has made repeated visits to see the young Julie Andrews in her New York debut in the 1920s musical pastiche The Boy Friend. This night at City Center, he does not last to the final curtain, but retreats to New York Hospital.
Missing Miss Stein and Hating Yale
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Returned to Englewood, George launches As Stable pamphlets with Gertrude Stein’s “Descriptions of Literature.” Planning other titles, George next prints Ernest Hemingway’s irreverent “Today Is Friday.” Its cover drawing by the voluble gay Jean Cocteau displeases the writer, offended to be implicated in a project involving “fairies.” Meanwhile, George briefly holds a lowly job at Brentano’s bookstore, even while proposing projects to keep him tethered to Gertrude Stein. She and George correspond frequently, but his equanimity wilts under the challenges of literary publishing. He follows modernist cultural trends, however, through the Manhattan salon of the eccentric Muriel Draper, whose bohemian gatherings approximate the daring of Paris’s Left Bank. At Draper’s, George becomes reacquainted with his Berkshire schoolmate, Lincoln Kirstein. In the fall of 1926, George is enrolled at Yale, but barely lasts the first semester. The conventionality of the male undergraduates appalls him. Instead, he plans a bookstore modeled on Sylvia Beach’s Shakespeare & Company.
The Triangle Takes Shape
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

In late 1926/early 1927, George befriends American literary expatriates Monroe Wheeler and Glenway Wescott, visiting New York on business. Calling at their hotel, George falls hard for Monroe and intrudes on the pair’s established intimacy begun at the University of Chicago’s Poetry Club in 1918. When they return to France, George maintains an amorous correspondence with “Monie.” The two expats, previously living at the Riviera’s Hôtel Welcome among artist friends of Jean Cocteau, soon retreat to a modest villa so Wescott can concentrate on his fiction. There, at La Cabane, they host transatlantic artists and writers. George takes a summer college course on bookselling. In fall 1927, he opens the Park Place Book Shop in suburban Englewood, but soon loses interest. Wheeler and Wescott visit again in early 1928, whetting George’s appetite to join them on their return. The bookstore is sold by early March. In May, George crosses the Atlantic.
A Death in the Family
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Receiving word of an emergency, George and Russell rush home to find the Reverend Lynes dead. Hosting the mourners leaves George numb. He settles into a Midtown apartment/atelier. He photographs opera singers for NBC but lives on credit in the deepening Depression. He empties the rectory for Adelaide who moves to North Egremont where she converts the rear barn/office into a guest inn. George makes inroads into fashion photography. With Barbara’s help, he travels to Paris, calming Monie’s fears of his inconstancy. He and “the boys” meet up briefly with Russell assisting an automobile tour of Spain for Vassar girls. The tour ends tragically in a car accident killing a passenger, but brings Russell together with Mildred Akin, an art history graduate. By fall, the Lynes portrait of Gertrude Stein is slated for Time magazine’s cover. In Stein’s Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, George discovers Stein’s cute but dismissive references to him and Glenway.
Bankrupt
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

By the late 1940s, George’s business is unsteady. He sells the Hollywood house; Russell retains the chattel mortgage on the artwork. In 1950, George consults a financial manager; this lasts mere months. His career flags as new leaders emerge in fashion photography: Irving Penn and Richard Avedon. George publishes nudes in the Swiss homophile periodical Der Kreis under his own name and as “Roberto Rolf.” The journal’s advocacy predates Harry Hay’s American homophile Mattachine Society. George helps Neel Bate, aka “Blade,” produce an underground illustrated porn edition, The Barn. George befriends Samuel Steward, a Kinsey protégé, encouraging Steward’s correspondence explicitly describing his homosexual escapades. In 1951, George moves alone to rough Hell’s Kitchen, turning his tenement into a facsimile of elegance. His finances are desperate—the IRS demands settlement of an old $4,000 tax claim. His studio is padlocked, his equipment seized, the entirety put up for auction.
Vapors and Friends
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Russell and Mildred travel to Europe after publication of Russell’s The Tastemakers. This revives George’s desire to travel abroad. Yet visiting his doctor after coughing up blood, he is referred to a specialist and kept in hospital for tests. By May 20, 1955, exploratory surgery confirms inoperable lung cancer. George is consigned to a radiation regime, unaware of his prognosis. News spreads among close relations. George’s flat is packed away since he cannot work or handle stairs, then Russell borrows a free apartment where friends gather to keep George cheered. Tiring radiation treatments last through June. By summer, George stays in North Egremont, joined by Perlin who humors him with campy quips and needling. Relations with Russell are strained by financial pressures, George’s testiness, and Mildred’s own hospitalization for depression. Desperate to get to Paris, where George can stay with filmmaker François Reichenbach, George prepares an autumn trip once permitted by doctors.
The Most Powerful Human Sound Ever Created: Theorizing the Saxophonic Scream in Free Jazz
Authors: Wallmark Zachary
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the starkly divided reception of 1960s free jazz, focusing on its most characteristic, commented-on, and instantly recognizable timbre, the screaming saxophone, as exemplified by John Coltrane’s late recordings (1965–67). Approaching this reception history through an analytical lens that synthesizes phenomenology and cognitive neuroscience, it argues that the polarized perceptions were largely driven by the mechanisms of embodied timbre cognition. Some listeners interpreted this timbral effect positively (as a sign of spirituality, as righteous Black rage); others interpreted it negatively (as unredeemable noise, unjustifiable Black rage, gendered hysteria). The chapter closes by suggesting that reception of this timbral quality was bound up in a complex nexus of both innate responses and culturally inscribed modes of hearing.
Small States, Big World
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 places small states within the broadest international context and considers the treatment of small states by major International Relations theories. The systemic level of analysis, particularly as linked to structural realism, has tended to emphasize great powers and obscure the role of small states. Many studies of small states, especially those concerned with their survival, have adopted this perspective too, leading to pessimistic views of small states’ prospects. This chapter challenges this approach and instead explains world politics as a composite of myriad relationships. For any given small state, a handful of those relationships will be especially salient; usually, the most salient relationships also will be asymmetrical. Great power politics, institutionalization, economic governance, and the normative environment shape the international background in which small states’ salient relationships develop. Today, these factors create an international environment that is relatively permissive, allowing variation in outcomes for small states.
Small-State Security
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

Chapter 5 focuses on case studies of small states’ pursuit of their goals in the realm of international security. Small states have long been understood to be particularly limited—even existentially threatened—in the security sphere. This chapter’s cases suggest significant variation in security outcomes for small states. The chapter pairs successful and unsuccessful cases by region (Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe). It covers issues like the attempted diversification of security ties, foreign military basing, and autonomy and alliances. The cases examine specific security issues of states including Djibouti, Gabon, El Salvador, Honduras, Bhutan, Nepal, Estonia, and Moldova. Although existential threats have greatly diminished, small states continue to face serious constraints in their asymmetrical security relations. However, there is substantial variation in how small states define their security goals and respond to these challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to the transfer of undertakings legislation in England and Wales. After an overview of the subject, its scope, and impact, a detailed legislative history summarizes the changes made to TUPE from its inception in 1981 through the amendments made to the Acquired Rights Directive In 1998 and then to the domestic legislation by way of the amendments made in 2006 and 2014, including the introduction of the service provision change provisions. The proper purposive approach to the interpretation of the legislation is considered by reference to the domestic and European case law before detailed consideration is given to the preservation of the existing body of case law by way of the EU withdrawal legislation on Brexit. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the application of the transfer legislation to the public sector and its extension to specific public sector situations.
Service Provision Changes
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides a detailed commentary on the provisions of TUPE relating to service provision changes which ensure the application of the transfer of undertakings legislation to outsourcing, in-housing, and retendering. After summarizing the components of a service provision change and the proper approach to the interpretation of the statutory provisions, the chapter provides an in-depth treatment of the key issues relating to service provision changes including discussion of the need for the activities in question to remain fundamentally the same post-transfer, the impact of the fragmentation and division of activities, the requirement that the client remain the same, and the impact of a cessation of activities, as well as issues such as the definition of what constitutes an organised grouping of employees, its principal purpose and the exclusion from the scope of the service provision change provisions of short-term service contracts and the supply of goods.
“Descriptive Readings” of Noun Phrases
Authors: King Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2022

Following Kaplanian tradition, this chapter calls both pure indexicals like ‘I’ and demonstratives like ‘she’ and ‘that’ indexicals. Though these expressions all have uses in which they are used to talk about particular people and objects, as Nunberg (1993) pointed out, they also have uses in which they allow the sentences they occur in to convey claims that in some sense don’t seem to be about particular people and objects: 1. (uttered by Tracey to Glenn, who she just let in the door, explaining why she didn’t answer the door sooner) ‘You could have been a murderer!’ 2. (uttered pointing at the Pope) ‘He is usually Italian.’ 3. (uttered by a condemned prisoner) ‘I am traditionally allowed to order whatever I like for my last meal.’ This chapter gives an account of how these readings of 1–3 arise.
What Borderline Cases Cannot Be
Authors: Raffman Diana
Published: March 2022

Vague terms have unclear or “blurred” boundaries of application, where having blurred boundaries is taken to consist in having (possible) borderline cases. Borderline cases in turn are standardly defined in terms of the opposition between a vague term ‘Φ‎’ and its contradictory ‘not Φ‎’: for example, borderline cases for ‘Φ‎’ are neither definitely Φ‎ nor definitely not Φ‎, or such that neither ‘x is Φ‎’ nor ‘x is not Φ‎’is true, or such that both ‘x is Φ‎’ and ‘x is not Φ‎’are indefinite in value. This chapter provides a number of reasons to think that the standard analysis of borderline cases in terms of contradictories cannot be correct.
The Anatomy of Arguments in Natural Language Discourse
Authors: Stojnić Una
Published: March 2022

According to tradition, in assessing the validity of an argument expressed in a natural language, context must be fixed. This chapter argues that one cannot adequately capture validity for natural language arguments by imposing a ban on context-shifting because expressions within discourses, and so arguments, carry linguistically encoded effects on context that determine the meanings of context-sensitive items. These effects are induced not only by the sentences the discourse comprises, but also by the linguistically-encoded relations between them. While research in dynamic semantics has long stressed the importance of context-change for capturing intuitions about validity, it still represented arguments as relations between sets of sentences and sentences, the premises and conclusion. This is a mistake: an adequate account requires individuating argument patterns as structured discourses, the structure of which determines the information expressed by the premises and conclusion.