bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLAQUE FORMATION BY POLIO AND MEASLES VIRUSES IN BS-C-1 (HOPPS) CELLS DERIVED FROM THE AFRICAN GREEN MONKEY
Authors: Furesz John , Moreau Pierre
Published: February 2010

BS-C-1 cells, cultivated in a simple medium designated M-E, were found to be suitable for a plaque assay of polio and measles viruses. In the plaque assay both low- and high-passage levels of the BS-C-1 cell line were highly susceptible to measles virus but titers of polioviruses were lower in the high-passage cells. Low-passage cells, preserved and stored at −196 °C for prolonged periods, are recommended for the titration of polio and measles viruses.
STUDIES ON THE AMOEBA-TO-FLAGELLATE TRANSFORMATION OF TETRAMITUS ROSTRATUS
Authors: Brent Morgan M.
Published: February 2010

The amoebae of Tetramitus rostratus growing with Escherichia coli were inoculated into a yeast peptone broth and a potassium phosphate buffer solution, and flagellate formation was studied. In both, the numbers of flagellates formed and their proportional incidence increased with the number of amoebae inoculated. In buffer the numbers of flagellates reached a peak at 10 hours, and in broth at 23 hours.Comparisons between the buffer and broth, using the same inoculum, indicated that population density is only one factor governing flagellate formation, since this transformation was greater in buffer for a given population.Replacement of E. coli with four other monoxenic associates indicated that bacterial flora makes little difference in buffer on flagellate transformation, as flagellates were formed with all four genera. A search for a "flagellating substance" produced in the medium or within the cells was not successful.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SENSITIZATION OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL BETA LYSIN
Authors: Wiseman G. M.
Published: February 2010

It is well known that the beta hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus is unable to cause lysis of erythrocytes at 37 °C but will do so when the temperature is lowered. Sheep erythrocytes sensitized to partially purified beta lysin were, however, lysed at 37 °C by NaCl at concentrations less but not greater than 0.80–0.85%. Increasing acidity rather than increasing alkalinity was also effective in causing lysis of erythrocytes at this temperature. These observations suggest that the beta lysin-sensitized red cells are much more sensitive to osmotic swelling than are normal cells.Kinetic studies of the effect of time, lysin concentration, pH, and temperature on sensitization of sheep erythrocytes to beta lysin indicate that the reaction may be enzymatic. This concept is further supported by the Mg++ ion requirement of the beta lysin and its sensitivity to the action of trypsin.
A STUDY OF THE STORAGE STABILITY OF VIRAL ANTISERA
Authors: Nagler F. P. , Polley J. R.
Published: February 2010

Antisera prepared against certain viruses contained antibodies of particularly high titer and it seemed desirable to dilute them before distribution for use in diagnostic tests. A study was made of the stability of viral antisera stored undiluted and diluted under various conditions. It was found that, in general, the sera could be diluted, lyophilized, and stored, even at 37 °C for a year, with little or no loss of antibody titer if the diluent was 5% peptone or 10% bovine albumin rather than saline.
THE INFLUENCE OF HOST LEAVES ON GERMINATION OF THE ASEXUAL SPORES OF SPHAEROTHECA MACULARIS (WALLR. EX. FR.) COOKE
Authors: Jhooty J. S. , McKeen W. E.
Published: February 2010

Although the conidia of Sphaerotheca macularis need high moisture levels (above 90% relative humidity (R.H.)) to germinate satisfactorily on glass surfaces, they are able to germinate on host leaves under very dry conditions. The effects of some fractions, extracted from strawberry leaf surfaces, revealed that none of these fractions have a stimulating or an inhibitory influence on germination of these spores on glass surfaces at 98% R.H. The R.H. of strawberry leaf was measured and its influence on germination of these spores discussed.
SOME RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANT NUTRITION, FUNGAL POPULATIONS, AND INCIDENCE OF FUSARIUM WILT OF MUSKMELON
Authors: Wensley R. N. , McKeen C. D.
Published: February 2010

The rate of muskmelon wilt was shown to be a function of the amount of nitrogen available to and absorbed by the plant. Since NH4NO3 nitrogen did not increase the size of the soil population of either F. oxysporum or the wilt component, F. oxysporum f. melonis, it is concluded that its effect is through an increased host susceptibility. The effectiveness of nitrogen on wilt is expressed at all population levels of the wilt fungus, highest rates of wilt being found in soils with highest populations. Calcium and potassium retarded wilt in less highly fertilized soils and caused a reduction in population of the wilt fungus. Interactions of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium are discussed.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF RIBOFLAVIN BY EREMOTHECIUM ASHBYII: IX. GROWTH AND RIBOFLAVIN FORMATION AND THEIR RELATION TO THE UTILIZATION AND ASSIMILATION OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE LIQUID CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: Osman H. G. , Chenouda M. S.
Published: February 2010

The major amount of riboflavin is formed when the mycelia reach a mature stage and the major carbon source is almost exhausted. While the riboflavin is being synthesized in larger quantities, the mycelial dry weight, the total nitrogen, and total lipid content decrease. The mobilized cell reserves may be those components which call upon the biosynthesis of the major amount of the vitamin. At the stage of growth where glucose is almost completely utilized an increase in the excretion of pyruvic and lactic acids from the mycelia into the culture medium occurs. This may partly explain the increase in the acidity of the culture medium at that stage.
REPLICA PLATING TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS IN SOIL
Authors: Stotzky G.
Published: February 2010

A replica plating method was developed to study ecology of microorganisms in soil. Precise placement of inocula and amendments at desired loci in sterile soil contained in petri plates were accomplished with a template. Subsequent growth and distribution of individual species, even when part of a mixed population, was measured by periodic transfer with an easily constructed replicator to agar plates of differing nutritional composition or containing selective inhibitors. The method is rapid and reproducible, and permits the study of many variables and interactions in a single soil plate; it can also be used with non-sterile soil and other suitable microbial habitats.
THE FORMATION OF SPHERULITES IN PELLICLES OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE
Authors: Colvin J. Ross
Published: February 2010

Two-dimensional analogues of spherulites are formed in the pellicle of bacterial cellulose produced by static cultures of Acetobacter xylinum. These spherulites are much larger (sometimes more than 1 cm diameter) than those usually observed in other natural or synthetic polymers. They are due to the radial orientation of bacterial cellulose microfibrils in limited regions of the plane of the pellicle. These spherulites interact to form characteristic, dendritic structures of great complexity which resemble leaves of higher plants.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: XIV. ON THE MECHANISM OF LYSIS OF A MARINE BACTERIUM
Authors: Buckmire Francis L. A. , MacLeod Robert A.
Published: February 2010

Electron micrographs of thin sections of cell envelope preparations of a marine pseudomonad suspended in 0.5 M NaCl showed the presence of two unit membranes at the periphery. When suspended in 0.01 M NaCl the two membranes became infinitely separated and both non-dialyzable and dialyzable material appeared in solution. The composition of the non-dialyzable fraction indicated that it was derived from a mucopeptide layer. This layer was not visualized but at a high enough salt concentration is believed to lie between the two unit membranes and to play a role in holding the membranes together. Both heated and unheated envelope suspensions released hexosamine-containing material at low salt concentration. Lowering the salt concentration of the suspension caused an immediate rise in pH of the suspending solution. The effects of temperature and salts on the release of the hexosamine-containing fraction were analogous to the effects of temperature and salts on the denaturation of a polyanion and are explainable in terms of polyelectrolyte theory. It is suggested that the mucopeptide layer of this organism is made up of units which form a continuous layer only if their negative charges are screened by the cations of a salt. Loss of this layer would weaken the wall to the point where the intracellular osmotic pressure would cause the remaining membranes to rupture.
A CYTOPLASMIC POLYHEDROSIS OF HYALOPHORA CECROPIA (LINNAEUS)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: February 2010

Hyalophora cecropia (Linnaeus) is susceptible to infection by a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. Electron microscope studies showed spherical viral particles known as "cores" which remain in groups of 12 to 17 subunits. The virus particles were embedded in a protein mass located in craters of the polyhedra. Larvae of the first, second, and third instars were more susceptible to viral infection than later instars. However, up to 50% of the larvae of later instars sometimes survived. The larvae of subsequent instars and the pupa were very resistant and periodic injections of strong dosages of virus material produced no ill effect. In general, larvae infected by this cytoplasmic virus shrank to less than half normal size before death.
ON THE CYTOLOGY AND SYNTHETIC CAPACITIES OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIALLY PRODUCED BACTEROIDS OF RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARUM
Authors: Jordan D. C. , Coulter W. H.
Published: February 2010

Bacteroids of Rhizobium leguminosarum were formed rapidly in media containing 0.35% yeast extract, but not in media containing 0.1% yeast extract. Bacteroid production in the former media could be prevented by increasing the oxygen tension, suggesting that the limited oxygen supply within root nodules may be the principal factor initiating the natural formation of bacteroids. The artificially produced bacteroids were shorter and possessed a more irregular external morphology than bacteroids extracted from red root nodules of field pea, although the internal organization of both types of bacteroids was similar.During the development of bacteroids in laboratory media there was a rapid decrease in viable count and a concurrent increase in nephelos, although this increase was at a reduced rate compared to that exhibited by the normal small rod forms of rhizobia. These data indicate an inhibition of cellular division and a continued synthesis of at least certain protoplasmic constituents. In this connection the capacity to synthesize nucleic acids was similar in both artificially produced bacteroids and the small, rod types of the test organism, although some minor differences were found with bacteroids in situ within the nodules when nodule age varied.All types of bacteroids, whether they were within the nodule, had been extracted from the nodule, or were produced in laboratory media, suffered an impairment in the synthesis of protein and cell wall. Therefore, in several important respects, artificially produced and naturally produced bacteroids are physiologically similar. The alteration in wall-synthesizing capacity and the possible formation of limited amounts of abnormal wall material incapable of employing certain ions, such as Mg2+, for maintenance of rigidity is a likely cause of both the inhibition of cellular division and of the abnormal external morphology of these rather unusual cells.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON PYCNIDIOPHORA DISPERSA CLUM, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PERITHECIA FORMATION
Authors: Basu S. N. , Datta Rekha
Published: February 2010

Pycnidiophora dispersa Clum was isolated from jute and found to be a strong decomposer of this fiber, but not of pure cellulose. The effect of certain carbohydrates, nitrogen compounds, trace elements, and accessory growth factors as well as pH and temperature on the growth and perithecia formation of this fungus was studied. None of the carbohydrates tested gave appreciable growth or perithecia formation in liquid medium, but an initial low concentration of each produced both when tested on solid medium. Of the nitrogen compounds tested only peptone had any effect, which was probably caused by impurities. Pure vitamins and trace elements induced neither growth nor fruiting. Malt extract, yeast extract, and the culture filtrate of an Actinomyces sp. all stimulated growth and fruiting. The filtrate factor and malt extract factor were found to be insoluble in organic solvents, heat-resistant, and adsorbed by charcoal.
METABOLIC DEVELOPMENT AND SECONDARY BIOSYNTHESIS IN PENICILLIUM URTICAE
Authors: Bu"Lock J. D. , Hamilton Diana , Hulme M. A. , Powell A. J. , Smalley H. M. , Shepherd D. , Smith G. N.
Published: February 2010

In cultures of Penicillium urticae Bainier, two successive physiological phases are distinguished. In the first, or trophophase, mycelial N, P, RNA, and —SH and the utilization of acetate for synthesis reach maximum values while glucose oxidation, mainly by the hexose monophosphate pathway, is most rapid. In the second, or idiophase, assimilation of N and P is reduced, RNA and —SH levels are lower, glucose is oxidized more slowly and mainly by glycolysis, fatty acids or mannitol accumulate, and special phenolic metabolites derived from 6-methyl-salicylic acid appear. The phase transition occurs sharply, with a minimum of respiratory activity and of acetate utilization; thereafter the pattern of secondary metabolism is established in a stepwise manner. The observations are interpreted in terms of sequential enzyme induction initiated by metabolic dislocation, and the generalized applications of such an hypothesis are considered.
GROWTH OF LETTUCE AND CAULIFLOWER TISSUES IN VITRO AND THEIR PRODUCTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL METABOLITES
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Chan E. C. S. , Barker W. G.
Published: February 2010

Plant tissue cultures of cauliflower and lettuce were successfully established on semisolid White"s medium supplemented with coconut milk (20%) and naphthaleneacetic acid (5 p.p.m.). On this medium the tissues exhibited vigorous proliferative growth with no tendency for organogenesis. Ethanol–ether extracts of the stale medium of these tissues yielded an alcohol-insoluble fraction that was highly and consistently inhibitory for Staphylococcus aureus but variable in antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium phlei. The results suggest that in view of the progress in mass tissue culturing of plant cells in vitro, the use of cultured plant tissues should be explored for the production of antimicrobial principles of medical interest.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL STABILIZATION OF THIN STILLAGE: II. ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION
Authors: Fargey T. R. , Smith R. E.
Published: February 2010

Sedimented solids, obtained as a slurry after the aerobic fermentation of thin stillage, were subjected to anaerobic decomposition in stirred culture. The solids were added gradually in increasing increments to anaerobic sludge from a sewage disposal plant for purposes of acclimatization. The fermentation resulted in the generation of large volumes of gas with a methane content of 70% and a reduction in chemical oxygen demand of approximately 65%. Gas production was somewhat inferior to that obtained during anaerobic decomposition of "raw" thin stillage solids.
EVALUATION OF TRANSFORMATION IN CELL POPULATIONS CONTAINING ABERRANT CELL FORMS AND THE INHIBITION OF TRANSFORMATION BY SELECTED INHIBITORS
Authors: Wingfield Damon D. , Kerr Thomas J. , Durham Norman N.
Published: February 2010

Growth of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 for short periods of time in the presence of proflavine or actinomycin D produces chaining and, because transformation to prototrophy is scored by plating on minimal medium, the presence of cells in chains could interfere with accurate scoring of transformants. A procedure using absorbancy measurements has been developed to permit scoring of transformation in cell populations containing aberrant cell forms (chains). The initial presence of minute quantities of L-tryptophan in the medium did not influence the frequency of transformation but did shorten the lag period required for growth of the transformed cells in the liquid medium. The results establish that the presence of cells in chains does interfere with evaluation of transformation as scored by the plate count procedure.A decrease in transformation frequency was observed with either proflavine or actinomycin D, indicating that both compounds inhibit the transformation of B. subtilis strain 168 from auxotrophy to prototrophy. Addition of proflavine or actinomycin D after the recipient cells had been incubated with donor deoxyribonucleic acid also inhibited transformation, suggesting that the chemicals have an intracellular site of action.
PRODUCTION OF COMPETENCE-PROVOKING FACTOR AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCE OF A TRANSFORMABLE STREPTOCOCCUS IN SERUM-FREE MEDIA
Authors: Pakula R.
Published: February 2010

Production of competence-provoking factor and transformation of a group H streptococcus were achieved in the absence of serum or albumin in media sterilized by filtration through Millipore filters.No significant transformation was found when the medium was heated more than 40–50 minutes at 115°−117 °C. This suggests that the medium contained a heat-labile factor necessary for transformation. The factor was found in yeast extract, one of the ingredients of the medium.Addition of serum to heated medium allowed production of the competence-provoking factor and of transformation. Serum albumin, claimed to be an adequate substitute for serum, was less active in this respect. It is concluded that serum contains, in addition to albumin, another factor enhancing transformation.
THE FUNGAL FLORA OF A BOREAL FOREST RAW HUMUS
Authors: Reddy T. K. R. , Knowles R.
Published: February 2010

The fungi present in the raw humus under black spruce in the boreal forest of Quebec were studied by the soil-washing technique. Penicillium, Pullularia, and yeasts together comprised 75–94% of isolates from the washings and 42–77% of those from the washed particles. There was evidence that Penicillium spp. existed to a significant extent in the mycelial state. Aspergillus and Tricho-derma spp. were absent or rare. The possible ecological significance of the high incidence of Pullularia and yeasts is discussed.
TRICHOPHYTONS: CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION AND THE ISOLATION OF TONSOPURPURIN AND STEROID E
Authors: Hap A. Ho van , Omelon J. A. , Duncan G. R. , Walker G. C.
Published: February 2010

Chromatography of the methylene chloride extracts of the dried mycelium of a number of Trichophyton species on a thin layer of silica gel may supplement other methods of classification of Trichophyton species. An unidentified steroid has been isolated from petroleum ether extracts of T. tonsurans 327, as well as brassicasterol and tonsopurpurin. The latter appears to be a pigment which has the chemical and physical characteristics of a naphthoquinone.
STUDIES OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS: II. EFFECT OF METABOLIC INHIBITORS ON VIRUS MULTIPLICATION
Authors: Sabina Leslie R.
Published: February 2010

The suppression of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus multiplication by certain metabolic inhibitors was studied. Viral inhibition with analogues of deoxyuridine and the reversal of this inhibitory effect by thymidine indicates a deoxyribose type of nucleic acid in IBR. Experimental evidence showed no difference in antigenic constitution between IBR and analogue-resistant IBR viruses.
CONTINUOUS PHASED GROWTH, WITH A MODIFIED CHEMOSTAT
Authors: Dawson P. S. S.
Published: February 2010

A modified chemostat is described which may be used to maintain a continuously phased population in the culture for periods of many months. Preliminary results with Candida utilis show that changes in the amino acid pool occur over the cell cycle, and that these changes alter with growth rate. The significance of the method and its relationship to chemostat culture are outlined.
AN ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE FROM PENICILLIUM CYANEO-FULVUM BIOURGE: I. PRODUCTION AND PARTIAL PURIFICATION
Authors: Cooke Patricia M. , Stevenson J. W.
Published: February 2010

Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum Biourge, which produces a toxin-neutralizing substance, has been shown to produce a separate and distinct antiviral agent. The two products may be separated in a semipurified state by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate and ethyl alcohol.
THE PRODUCTION OFmeso-glycero-ido-HEPTITOL ANDD-glycero-D-ido-HEPTITOL BY PICHIA MISO
Authors: Ōnishi Hiroshi , Perry M. B.
Published: February 2010

Pichia miso, isolated from miso paste, when cultivated in the presence of D-xylose, produced xylitol, meso-glycero-ido-heptitol, and D-glycero-D-ido-heptitol. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of the two heptitols.
FORMATION OF RHAPIDOSOMES IN SAPROSPIRA
Authors: Lewin Ralph A. , Kiethe Juta
Published: February 2010

not available
THE RIBOSEPHOSPHATE AND GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE ISOMERASES OF AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Matsushima K. , Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

The ribosephosphate isomerase and glucosephosphate isomerase present in extracts from cells of Aerobacter aerogenes grown on D-glucose were separated by chromatography on TEAE-cellulose and partially purified by absorption on and elution from alumina Cγ gel. The ribosephosphate isomerase was most active at 30 °C, pH 8.5, and most stable at pH 7.5 whereas the glucosephosphate isomerase was most active at 45 °C and most active and stable at pH 8.0. The ribosephosphate isomerase was highly specific for D-ribose 5-phosphate. The preparation of glucosephosphate isomerase attacked D-glucose 6-phosphate (100%) and had some (3–7%) activity on D-mannose and D-galactose 6-phosphates but did not attack D-ribose, or D-allose phosphates. For ribosephosphate isomerase, Km = 1.8 × 10−3MD-ribose 5-phosphate and for glucosephosphate isomerase Km = 0.36 × 10−3 MD-glucose 6-phosphate. Both isomerases were sensitive to heavy metals and sulfhydryl reagents but could be protected with cysteine. 6-Phosphogluconate, 5-phosphoribonate, and D-erythrose 4-phosphate were potent inhibitors of glucosephosphate isomerase and 5-phosphoribonate of ribosephosphate isomerase. Cobalt, manganese, and to a lesser extent, magnesium and phosphate ions inhibited the isomerases.
INFLUENCE OF CARBOHYDRATE AND NITROGENOUS AMENDMENTS TO SOIL ON INCIDENCE OF MUSKMELON WILT AND POPULATIONS OF THE WILT FUNGUS
Authors: McKeen C. D. , Wensley R. N.
Published: February 2010

Amendments of ethanol, peptone, and sucrose to Fox sandy loam soil naturally infested with the muskmelon wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. melonis, increased the incidence of wilt above that of unamended control soil. Population levels of F. oxysporum and F. o. f. melonis in ethanol-amended soils were 7 to 20 times higher at 7 to 30 days after treatment than in unamended soils. Amendments of peptone and sucrose caused smaller increases in population levels of these fungi than ethanol.
IRON OXIDATION BY WASHED CELL SUSPENSIONS OF THE CHEMOAUTOTROPH, THIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS
Authors: Landesman Joanne , Duncan D. W. , Walden C. C.
Published: February 2010

Experimental variables in the manometric study of iron oxidation by washed cell suspensions of the obligate chemoautotroph Thiobacillus ferrooxidans have been examined. To obtain maximum respiration rates, extremely low cell concentrations (11–15 μg nitrogen) must be used, the substrate level must be between 400 arid 800 μmoles Fe++in the form of ferrous sulfate, and physiologically young cells must be employed. With this procedure, Qo2(N) values range from 19,000 to 22,500, nearly double any previously reported results. Optimum pH and temperature for iron oxidation are 1.75 and 40 C, respectively. Water-soluble vitamins and surfactants have no effect on the rate of respiration, Two basal salts of the growth medium (9K), i.e., potassium chloride and potassium phosphate, inhibit iron oxidation if added individually; however, concurrent addition of all the basal salts stimulates respiration significantly. Addition of small amounts of ferric iron reduces the lag and stimulates iron oxidation, whereas larger quantities inhibit respiration. During the first 5 minutes of exposure of resting cells to ferrous sulfate, ferric iron production is twice the amount predicted on the basis of oxygen consumption. Subsequently, ferric iron production levels off to approximate theoretical calculations.
STUDIES ON INDUCTION OF MUTATIONS BY HEAT IN SPORES OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Chiasson Leo P. , Zamenhof Stephen
Published: February 2010

Previous studies have demonstrated that heating dry spores induced the formation of a high proportion of mutants. In this paper, a study was made of the correlation between the temperature of the heat treatment and the proportion of auxotrophic mutants induced. This proportion was found to increase between 105° and 115°, and then to decline (115°–155°). The proportions of auxotrophs for individual amino acids reached maxima at various temperatures.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS GLYCYL HYDROXAMIC ACID AND β-ALANYL HYDROXAMIC ACID
Authors: Gale Glen R. , Hynes John B.
Published: February 2010

An investigation was made of certain pharmacological and chemical characteristics of the antimycobacterial agents glycyl hydroxamic acid (GHA) and β-alanyl hydroxamic acid (BAHA). Inhibition by GHA of the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis was antagonized by D-, L-, and DL-alanine, pyridoxal phosphate (PyP), and ascorbic acid. Inhibition by BAHA was reversed by D-alanine. Oxidation of L-alanine by the organism was inhibited by GHA, and this inhibition was partially antagonized by PyP and by L-alanine. BAHA had virtually no effect on oxidation of L-alanine. GHA inhibited the dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase from guinea pig liver, and this inhibition was antagonized by PyP. BAHA was without effect on DOPA decarboxylase. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy suggested an alteration of PyP by GHA and BAHA. The test for hydroxylamine was found unsuitable as a means for determining stability of each compound due to falsely high values. Synthesis of each compound is described in an appendix.
EFFECT OF COLCHICINE ON THE MYCELIAL WEIGHT AND THE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENTS OF THE MYCELIUM OF CUNNINGHAMELLA SP.
Authors: Naguib M. I. , Salama A. M.
Published: February 2010

Colchicine had little effect on dry weight, nitrate, and phosphorus uptake, during a 48-hour period, by 5-day-old mycelium of Cunninghamella sp. except at 10 p.p.m. concentration of the chemical when the phosphorus content was higher. The drug also induced a higher percentage incorporation of phosphorus into organic compounds, while protein building was lowered particularly in the presence of 20 p.p.m. of colchicine. The latter phenomenon was accompanied by excessive accumulation of peptide nitrogen mostly in the external medium.Further, high concentrations of colchicine seemed to inhibit the rate of nitrate assimilation.
EXTENDED STUDY OF SERRATIA IN A DIAGNOSTIC BACTERIOLOGY LABORATORY
Authors: Hotz R. M. , Dowell Jr. V. R.
Published: February 2010

The incidence of Serratia in clinical material received in a general hospital diagnostic laboratory was studied. Initially the morphologic features, biochemical characteristics, chromogenesis, and antibiotic susceptibility of 21 isolates were examined. On the basis of these studies certain cultural and biochemical tests were selected for routine identification of Serratia.Serratia isolated from various types of clinical specimens received during a 4-year period (1960–1964) were recorded. Most of the Serratia were nonchromogenic except on a special medium. The cultures were resistant to a number of antibiotic agents, particularly penicillin, polymyxin B, and the tetracyclines. A higher incidence of Serratia in sputum than in throat and nasopharyngeal cultures was observed. There was a noticeable increase in the overall incidence of Serratia isolates over the 4-year period. This may be a reflection of hospital acquired infections.
LYSOZYME SENSITIVITY OF THE CELL WALL OF PSEUDO-MONAS AERUGINOSA: FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF THE NON-PEPTIDOGLYCAN COMPONENTS IN CELL WALL RIGIDITY
Authors: Carson K. Jane , Eagon R. G.
Published: February 2010

Electron micrographs of thin sections of normal cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the cell walls to be convoluted and to be composed of two distinct layers. Electron micrographs of thin sections of lysozyme-treated cells of P. aeruginosa showed (a) that the cell walls lost much of their convoluted nature; (b) that the layers of the cell walls became diffuse and less distinct; and (c) that the cell walls became separated from the protoplasts over extensive cellular areas. These results suggest that the peptidoglycan component of the unaltered cell walls of P. aeruginosa is sensitive to lysozyme. Furthermore, it appears that the peptidoglycan component is not solely responsible for the rigidity of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria.
INADVERTENT DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI
Authors: Baker Gladys E.
Published: February 2010

The numbers and kinds of fungi carried on footwear of travellers was determined by swabbing soles and surfaces of shoes worn by passengers on planes arriving at Honolulu International Airport, a traveller arriving on a navy ship, and shoes in luggage of persons arriving from areas outside the Hawaiian Islands. A total of 65 species of fungi was isolated from these sources. They represent 3 Phycomycetes, 5 Ascomycetes, and 57 Fungi Imperfecti.
WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS IN SASKATCHEWAN BIRDS AND MAMMALS 1962–1963
Authors: Burton A. N. , McLintock J. R. , Spalatin J. , Rempel J. G.
Published: February 2010

In Saskatchewan during 1962 and 1963 Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus was isolated from 23 English sparrows, one Swainson"s hawk, one mourning dove, one Richardson"s ground squirrel, and one chicken from a sentinel or indicator flock. Our findings indicate that these species provide a source of virus for mosquito infection and transmission during the summer months. Antibody studies revealed a wide range of birds and mammals susceptible to the virus. It would appear that WEE isolates obtained from a mature mourning dove and from an adult Richardson"s ground squirrel, May 19, 1962, were the result of latent infection because of the lack of mosquito activity before this date. Infection rates in domestic birds suggest an agreement with the incidence of clinical cases in man and horses during 1962 and 1963.
THE UTILIZATION OF FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS BY YEASTS AND YEAST-LIKE FUNGI
Authors: Westlake D. W. S. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: February 2010

Three hundred cultures of yeasts and yeast-like fungi were tested for their ability to metabolize flavonoid compounds. Rutin, quercitrin, taxifolin, and naringin were used by strains of Pullularia and by the asporogenous yeasts Cryptococcus albidus and Cryptococcus diffluens. Catechin and 5, 7-dihydroxyiso-flavone were not used by any of the cultures tested.The utilization of flavonoid compounds was dependent upon the nutritional complexity of the medium used. When a complex organic nitrogen source was used in the medium, not only were quercetin glycosides metabolized at a faster rate but yeasts, which were inactive on a synthetic medium, utilized varying amounts of the glycosides. The aglycone quercetin was utilized only in the presence of organic nitrogen compounds. Culture filtrates were inactive but cell-free extracts of a Pullularia sp. and of strains of C. albidus and C. diffluens degraded rutin, in the presence of air, to glucose, rhamnose, protocatechuic acid, phloroglucinol carboxylic acid, and carbon monoxide. The metabolism of flavonol glycosides by yeasts is discussed as a taxonomic characteristic and the pathway used is compared to the known microbiological routes for the utilization of these compounds.
REGULATION OF INDUCED CELLULASE SYNTHESIS IN PYRENOCHAETA TERRESTRIS GORENZ ET AL. BY UTILIZABLE CARBON COMPOUNDS
Authors: Horton J. C. , Keen N. T.
Published: February 2010

Cellulase (Cx) synthesis was inducible by Pyrenochaeta terrestris in liquid culture. Cellulase activities on various types and amounts of cellulose reached specific maximum plateaus which were maintained indefinitely. These plateaus were reestablished when the enzyme was diluted at each substrate concentration. The maximum levels appeared related to rates of cellulolysis. Above a low threshold rate of hydrolysate liberation, maximum Cx levels are ordered inversely to cellulolytic rates. Supplementing the inducer cellulose with glucose or related compounds above 5 × 10−4 M repressed synthesis nearly to the basal level. The evidence lends credence to a hypothesis that Cx synthesis by P. terrestris is regulated by an inducer:repressor mechanism.
THE CELL WALL AND CELL DIVISION OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Steed Pamela , Murray R. G. E.
Published: February 2010

The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is generally complex and multilayered. Many, exemplified by Escherichia coli and Spirillum serpens in this study, show a constrictive division in which die cell appears to be pinched in the middle and septa are not seen. It was found that sections of E. coli and S. serpens show true septum formation in a high proportion of dividing cells when they were grown and fixed at 45°. Cells grown at 45° still showed some septum formation if cooled to 20° before fixation. However, septa were demonstrated in cells grown and fixed at 30° when the buffer used in the Ryter and Kellenberger fixative was diluted 1:6; it would appear that the tonicity of the fixing environment is critical. These septa involve an annular invagination of the plasma membrane and the concomitant synthesis of an extremely thin cell wall septum, which appears to consist of the mucopeptide layer alone. Centripetal splitting of this layer and synthesis of the outer layers of the wall follow but are sufficiently delayed that a complete septum was often visible. This form of septum has been known as the normal habit fur some and can now be considered normal for most, if not all, Gram-negative bacteria. The reason for the appearance of constriction in dividing cells fixed by commonly accepted methods remains obscure but attention is drawn to the problems of artefact in the preservation and study of dynamic structures at high resolution.
REQUIREMENTS FOR AND RATES OF FORMATION OF EXTRACELLULAR PSEUDOURIDINE BY AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFAGIENS
Authors: Suzuki T. , Hochster R. M.
Published: February 2010

The minimal requirements for a synthetic medium capable of supporting adequate growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were found to be D-glucose, urea, phosphate, and magnesium salt. D-Ribose, D-fructose, and D-xylose could be used to replace D-glucose.When the organism was grown on the above medium, the addition of any one of the pyrimidines or pyrimidine ribosides, uracil, cytidine, uridine, or orotic acid resulted in the extracellular accumulation of pseudouridine. From the data presented it is clear that conversion to uracil took place in all cultures before pseudouridine was formed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION OF BETAINE BY A MARINE BACTERIUM, ACHROMOBACTER CHOLINOPHAGUM
Authors: Shieh H. S.
Published: February 2010

The rapid oxidation of betaine and the production of formaldehyde and dimethylglycine by cell-free extracts of Achromobacter cholinophagum has been demonstrated. Homocysteine was shown to be an inhibitor of betaine oxidation and transmethylation from betaine to homocysteine did not occur.
SOME PHYSICAL AND GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF A CANINE ADENOVIRUS ISOLATED FROM DOGS WITH LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
Authors: Yamamoto T.
Published: February 2010

The canine adenovirus causing laryngotracheitis s was shown to exhibit a cytopathic effect, growth response, hemagglutinin synthesis, and complement-fixing antigen synthesis characteristic of adenoviruses in general. Infectious virus was not synthesized until at least 16 hours after infection. The release of the virus was prolonged for a considerable time after infection as was the hemagglutinin and complement-fixing antigen. The virus was elutetl from DEAE- and TEAE-cellulose columns with about 0.2–0.3 M NaCl at pH 7.3. Thermal inactivation of infectivity was similar to that of other adenoviruses, with almost complete inactivation in 40 minutes. Of the animal cells tested, only the canine primary cells and a continuous canine cell line were found to propagate the virus.
LONGEVITY OF SELECTED EXOGENOUS MICROORGANISMS IN THE RUMEN
Authors: Adams John C. , Hartman Paul A. , Jacobson Norman L.
Published: February 2010

Various microorganisms commonly believed to be exogenous to the rumen were introduced directly into the rumina of cattle, and the microbial populations that survived were determined. Approximate times required for one decimal reduction in plate count were Chromobacterium violaceum, 2 hours; laboratory strain of Serratia marcescens, 4 hours; Serratia sp. isolated from the rumen, over 8 hours; vegetative cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus, 3 hours; spores of B. stearothermophilus, 4 hours; yeasts (Candida krusei and Hansenula anomala) from high moisture corn, 8 hours; and S. marcescens bacteriophage, over 8 hours. Survival of the test organisms was affected by inoculum size; an increase in the inoculum size resulted in a reduced rate of death. These results suggest that the times required for death of exogenous microorganisms in the rumen are much greater than most ruminologists heretofore thought.When cells susceptible to Serratia sp. phages were inoculated simultaneously with homologous phages into the rumen, the phages apparently attached themselves to the cells and were inactivated. No burst (release of phage) was observed during the experimental period.Chromobacterium violaceum and S. marcescens survived for periods of about 10 times longer when the cells were placed in VIVAR jars (in vivo artificial rumens) than when the cells were inoculated directly into the rumen. These results indicate that data obtained by using VIVAR jars should be interpreted with caution.
STUDIES ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF NOCARDIA ERYTHROPOLIS IN LIQUID MEDIUM
Authors: Adams James N.
Published: February 2010

Growth studies of Nocardia erythropolis, an actinomycete described previously on cytological bases as reproducing by fragmentation, were carried out with cultures in liquid medium. Multiplication of this organism, indicated by viable counts, total cell counts expressed as particle production, and cell mass increase measured by optical density or cell volume increases, was significantly different from eubacterial multiplication. Two distinct phases were noted during the growth cycle. Active growth of the organism, as measured by cell mass, occurred early in the cycle in the absence of an increased viable count. Conversely, in the later phase of fragmentation, numbers of viable particles increased without a concomitant increase in cell mass. Toward the end of the phase of fragmentation the viability of the fragmentation product decreased markedly. It is postulated that nonviable fragments are in part a result of septum deposition which separates cytoplasmic elements of coenocytic filaments not containing nuclear elements.
HYPHAL CELL WALL STRUCTURE OF TWO SPECIES OF PYTHIUM
Authors: Mitchell Ralph , Sabar Naama
Published: February 2010

Hyphal cell walls were prepared by ultrasonication. Glucose was the only sugar detected in both species. Evidence was obtained indicating that the Pythium butleri Subram. glucan is beta 1,2-linked, and that the glucan of Pythium myriotylum Drechsler is beta 1,4-linked. Sixteen amino acids were detected in P. butleri cell wall hydrolysates. Four of these amino acids were absent from P. myriotylum preparations. Similar quantities of lipid were found in both species. The significance of these data for fungal classification is discussed.
A SEROLOGICAL COMPARISON OF VEGETATIVE CELL AND ASCUS WALLS AND THE SPORE COAT OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Snider I. J. , Miller J. J.
Published: February 2010

Cross-agglutination tests with sera obtained by injection of vegetative cells, asci, and spores into rabbits revealed no immunological distinction between the walls of vegetative cells and asci, whereas the spore coats were found to be serologically distinct from cell and ascus walls. Treatment of vegetative cells and asci with periodate or a proteolytic enzyme before agglutination tests gave results which suggest that the critical antigen is a protein structure.
HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS FROM AN EXTRACELLULAR TREMELLA POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Slodki M. E.
Published: February 2010

The composition of an extracellular heteropolysaccharide from Tremella mesenterica Fries NRRL Y-6151 (O-acetyl:xylose:mannose:glucuronic acid molar ratio 0.5:4.4:3.8:1) was investigated by examination of partial acid hydrolysis products. Removal of D-xylose residues by mild hydrolysis gave a polymer containing xylose:mannose:glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 2.8:3.6:1. More extensive hydrolysis led to the formation of oligosaccharides containing mannosyl units appended to 2-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-mannose.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SPARSOMYCIN
Authors: Bannister Edward R. , Hunt Dale E. , Pittillo Robert F.
Published: February 2010

A primary site of sparsomycin attack in Escherichia coli appears to be inhibition of synthesis of protein, which occurs at concentrations of sparsomycin that do not affect DNA or RNA synthesis. Sparsomycin interferes with the normal excretion of amino acids by E. coli. Some cross-resistance was observed between a culture resistant to sparsomycin and cultures resistant to other inhibitors of protein synthesis.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Kushnarev V. M. , Smirnova T. A.
Published: February 2010

A method is described for determining the localization of alkaline phosphatase in the cells of E. coli B with the electron microscope. Enzyme activity, determined by deposition of inorganic phosphate, is located in the exterior layer of the cell wall.
COLONIAL VARIATION IN ACTINOBACILLUS MALLEI
Authors: Evans D. H.
Published: February 2010

An examination of colonies of 51 strains of Actinobacillus mallei grown on a complex agar medium containing heart infusion broth, yeast extract, glucose, and glycerol indicated a high degree of heterogeneity in respect of colonial morphology both within and between strains. A strain possessing high virulence for hamsters (I.P. LD50for hamsters < 20 cells) was almost completely homogeneous, and colonies of this strain, when viewed microscopically using an oblique lighting technique, were buff in color and had a dull, slightly rough surface and even edges with a slightly cross-hatched appearance. The designation "typical" was given to colonies of this type. Other colonial types designated as "smooth", "intermediate", and "dense, yellow" were isolated from subcultures of this strain. Additional colony types were found upon examination of other strains; these include a "wrinkled variant and several forms of granular and rough colonies. Prolonged incubation of stationary broth cultures of several strains led to the establishment of new colonial types in several strains tested, and ""wrinkled" and "white, opaque, glistening" colonies were isolated from cultures inoculated with "typical" and "intermediate" forms. The relationship of these findings to the earlier work of Mochida is discussed.
GROWTH OF ACTINOBACILLUS MALLEI IN CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIA
Authors: Evans D. H.
Published: February 2010

A simple, chemically defined liquid medium containing phosphate buffer, magnesium and ferrous sulfates, glucose, and tribasic ammonium citrate supported excellent growth of a virulent strain of Actinobacillus mallei. When growth was measured turbidimetrically, a comparison of the rates of growth in media containing different initial concentrations of hydrogen ion (pH 6.3 and 6.6), phosphate buffer (0.05 M and 0.08 M), glucose (0.05 M and 0.10 M), and ammonium citrate (0.01 M and 0.02 M) indicated that the lower concentration of phosphate, glucose, and citrate and pH 6.3 favored early growth. The higher concentration of glucose favored an increase in cell mass during the early stationary phase unaccompanied by a comparable increase in viable cells. The highest viable cell count was attained in a medium containing 0,08 M KH2PO4–K2HPCO4, 0.05 M glucose, 0.02 M ammonium citrate, 0.000005 M Fe++, and 0.001 M Mg++ after 45 hours incubation, during which time the viable cell concentration rose from 1.6 × 107 to 1.5 × 1010/ml.
UTILIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATES BY ACTINOBACILLUS MALLEI
Authors: Evans D. H.
Published: February 2010

Twenty-three substrains representing colonial variants of 11 strains of Actinabacillus mallei were examined for their ability to attack carbohydrates. Tests conducted in a basal liquid complex medium, containing yeast extract and proteose peptone No. 3 with bromcresol purple as indicator, showed that all strains tested produced acid from arabinose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, and trehalose, while five substrains gave positive results with lactose, one with sucrose, and two with maltose. Eosin methylene blue agar of the same basal composition gave positive results for most of the strains grown on arabinose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, and trehalose, and negative results for all strains grown on xylose, lactose, sucrose, and maltose. In a chemically defined medium containing ammonium chloride as nitrogen source and bromcresol purple as indicator, acid was produced by eight substrains of five of these strains from glucose, galactose, mannose, and trehalose, and by several strains from fructose and sucrose. The ability of these five selected strains to utilize carbohydrates as sole carbon sources for growth was tested in a chemically defined medium containing ammonium citrate as nitrogen source. All strains were able to grow on glucose, galactose, mannose, and trehalose, and most were able to grow on fructose. Arabinose, xylose, lactose, sucrose, and maltose did not support the growth of any of the strains tested.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEMADSORBING ENTERIC (HADEN) VIRUS
Authors: Spahn Gerard J. , Mohanty Sashi B. , Hetrick Frank M.
Published: February 2010

Characteristics of the hemadsorbing enteric (HADEN) virus were studied in bovine embryonic kidney (BEK) cell cultures. The virus was found to be resistant to both ethyl ether and sodium desoxycbolate. The growth of the virus was not inhibited by 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, but guanidine hydrochloride completely inhibited its multiplication. Virus infectivity was not affected by heating at 56 C for 4 hours. No loss in titer occurred after a 30-minute exposure to pH 2.0; however, very little infective virus remained after a 2-hour exposure to this acidity. Of nine cell culture systems tested, HADEN virus produced cytopathic changes only in BEK and bovine lymph node cultures. Cytological studies on infected cells were conducted using fluorescent antibody, acridine orange, and inclusion body staining techniques. The fluorescent antibody staining first revealed viral antigen in the cytoplasm (6 hours) followed by nuclear invasion, which was pronounced by 48 hours. Acridine orange staining showed an increase in cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid staining 72 hours postinfection. The virus produced type A intranuclear inclusions which were fully formed by 72 hours. Electron micrographs of negatively stained virus preparations showed spherical particles approximately 28 mμ in diameter with a capsomeric structure. It is suggested that HADEN virus is a member of the bovine enterovirus group.