bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of dividend policy: Evidence from listed firms in the African stock exchanges
Authors: Nnadi Matthias , Wogboroma Nyema , Kabel Bariyima
Published: December 2013

The study demonstrates that much of the existing theoretical literature on
dividend policy can be applied to the emerging capital markets of Africa.
Using available financial data of listed firms in the 29 stock exchanges in
Africa, the study finds similarities in the determinants of dividend policy
in African firms with those in most developed economies. In particular,
agency costs are found to be the most dominant determinant of dividend policy
among African firms. The finding is non-synonymous with emerging capital
markets which have a high concentration of private ownership and trading
volumes. Agency cost theory may be important in both emerging and developed
capital markets but the nature of the agency problem may be different in each
case. Other factors such as level of market capitalization, age and growth of
firms, as well as profitability also play key roles in the dividend policy of
listed African firms.
Asymmetric correlation of sovereign bond yield dynamics in the Eurozone
Authors: Dajcman Silvo
Published: December 2013

This paper examines the symmetry of correlation of sovereign bond yield
dynamics between eight Eurozone countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany,
Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) in the period from January 3, 2000 to
August 31, 2011. Asymmetry of correlation is investigated pair-wise by
applying the test of Yongmiao Hong, Jun Tu, and Guofu Zhou (2007). Whereas
the test of Hong, Tu, and Zhou (2007) is static, the present paper provides
also a dynamic version of the test and identifies time periods when the
correlation of Eurozone sovereign bond yield dynamics became asymmetric. We
identified seven pairs of sovereign bond markets for which the null
hypothesis of symmetry in correlation of sovereign bond yield dynamics can be
rejected. Calculating rolling-window exceedance correlation, we found that
the time-varying upper- (i.e. for positive yield changes) and lower-tail
correlations (i.e. for negative yield changes) for pair-wise observed
sovereign bond markets normally follow each other closely, yet during some
time periods (for most pair-wise observed countries, these periods are around
the September 11 attack on the New York City WTC and around the start of the
Greek debt crisis) the difference in correlation does increase. The results
show that the upper- and lower-tail correlation was symmetric before the
Eurozone debt crisis for most of the pair-wise observed sovereign bond
markets but has become much less symmetric since then.
A method to detect and control fully fluidized conical beds with a wide size distribution of particles in the vicinity of the minimum fluidization velocity
Authors: Mele Jernej , Golobic Iztok , Senegacnik Andrej
Published: December 2013

This article presents a new method for the control of a gas-sand conical
fluidized bed with a wide size distribution of particles. A two-step
procedure was developed and experimentally tested. The minimum velocity for
full fluidization is determined by a new statistically based method and then
the fully fluidized state is initiated and controlled. It is proven that the
characteristics of the pressure drop vs. fluidization velocity remain
practically the same for different bed heights and over a wide size
distribution of particles. The method analyses the recorded pressure drops
with a histogram. The minimum velocity for full fluidization is determined as
the smallest fluidization velocity from the histogram bin with the highest
density. Finally, it is also proved that the fluidization velocity is a
reliable parameter for controlling the fluidization. The method was used to
control fully fluidized beds at the minimum gas velocity in a pilot FICFB
gasificator.
Study on thermal properties of synthetic and bio-based polyurethane
Authors: Sercer Mladen , Raos Pero , Rujnic-Sokele Maja
Published: December 2013

Polymers that are created by the chemical polymerization of naturally
occurring monomers are attracting considerable commercial interest in the
last few years because of their non-toxicity, biodegradability and
biocompatibility and use of feedstock that is renewable. The development of
specialized lignin compounds, such as electrically conducting polymers,
engineering plastics and polyurethane, is an area of highest interest and
growth. The paper will present the comparison of the mechanical and thermal
properties of conventional polyurethane and bio-based polyurethane, i.e.
polyurethane based on polyols produced by liquefaction of waste wood biomass.
Is a cultural cortical recycling hypothesis likely in relation to economic artifacts?
Authors: Bourgeois-Gironde Sacha
Published: December 2013

Neuroscience of material artifacts production and handling has recently pointed to the likeliness of a cultural cortical recycling hypothesis (Stout et al., 2008). This hypothesis had been more robustly established in the case of symbolic artifacts such as letters and numbers (Dehaene and Cohen, 2007). In both cases the idea is that specific cortical maps dedicated to basic perceptual and/or motor functions were re-used at some point of relatively recent human history (within temporal scales at which anatomical evolutions of the brain cannot take place) in view of the processing of novel cultural items. Optimal functional recycling jointly facilitates and carries over constraints on the processing of these artifacts. It also presumably plays a role in their emergence and morphogenesis. I present theoretical arguments and a preliminary set of behavioral and neurobiological data that might support the speculation that the historical emergence and the typical neural processing of coins — both a material and symbolic artifact which is central for modern economic life — are explained by a similar hypothesis.
Hyperphosphorylation of tau by GSK-3β in Alzheimer’s disease: The interaction of Aβ and sphingolipid mediators as a therapeutic target
Authors: Jembrek Maja , Babić Mirjana , Pivac Nela , Hof Patrick , Šimić Goran
Published: December 2013

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the extracellular deposits of β amyloid peptides (Aβ) in senile plaques, and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Although accumulation of Aβ has been long considered a leading hypothesis in the disease pathology, it is increasingly evident that the role hyperphosphorylation of tau in destabilization of microtubule assembly and disturbance of axonal transport is equally detrimental in the neurodegenerative process. The main kinase involved in phosphorylation of tau is glycogen-synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK-3β). Intracellular accumulation of Aβ also likely induces increase in hyperphosphorylated tau by a mechanism dependent on GSK-3β. In addition, Aβ affects production of ceramides, the major sphingolipids in mammalian cells, by acting on sphingomyelinases, enzymes responsible for the catabolic formation of ceramides from the sphingomyelin. Generated ceramides in turn increase production of Aβ by acting on β-secretase, a key enzyme in the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), altogether leading to a ceramide-Aβ-hyperphosphorylated tau cascade that ends in neuronal death. Modulators and inhibitors acting on members of this devastating cascade are considered as potential targets for AD therapy. There is still no adequate treatment for AD patients. Novel therapeutic strategies increasingly consider the combination of multiple targets and interactions among the key members of implicated molecular pathways. This review summarizes recent findings and therapeutic perspectives in the pathology and treatment of AD, with the emphasis on the interplay between hyperphosphorylated tau, amyloid β, and sphingolipid mediators.
Asymmetric cell division: Implications for glioma development and treatment
Authors: Lewis Kate , Petritsch Claudia
Published: December 2013

Glioma is a heterogeneous disease process with differential histology and treatment response. It was previously thought that the histological features of glial tumors indicated their cell of origin. However, the discovery of continuous neuro-gliogenesis in the normal adult brain and the identification of brain tumor stem cells within glioma have led to the hypothesis that these brain tumors originate from multipotent neural stem or progenitor cells, which primarily divide asymmetrically during the postnatal period. Asymmetric cell division allows these cell types to concurrently self-renew whilst also producing cells for the differentiation pathway. It has recently been shown that increased symmetrical cell division, favoring the self-renewal pathway, leads to oligodendroglioma formation from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In contrast, there is some evidence that asymmetric cell division maintenance in tumor stem-like cells within astrocytoma may lead to acquisition of treatment resistance. Therefore cell division mode in normal brain stem and progenitor cells may play a role in setting tumorigenic potential and the type of tumor formed. Moreover, heterogeneous tumor cell populations and their respective cell division mode may confer differential sensitivity to therapy. This review aims to shed light on the controllers of cell division mode which may be therapeutically targeted to prevent glioma formation and improve treatment response.
Set-up, optimization and first set of samples at the radiocarbon laboratory in Lebanon
Authors: Baydoun Rana , Samad Omar , Aoun Maria , Nsouli Bilal , Younes Ghassan
Published: December 2013

A new radiocarbon laboratory has been established recently at the Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission. This laboratory consists of benzene synthesis line and a low background liquid scintillation counter, Tri-Carb 3180 TR/SL for measurements with Bismuth Germanate (BGO) guard detector. The effectiveness of the benzene line was tested firstly by preparing benzene from a wood sample after carbide and acetylene receiving. Normalization and standardization of the liquid scintillation counter was carried out, as well as the Factor of Merit (E2/B) was determined for three different counting regions. To assure accuracy and reliability of results, reference materials were used. Based on z-score and u-score evaluation, as well as Student’s t-test, acceptable data were obtained from travertine and wood samples available through the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA-C2 and IAEA-C5), and humic acid (U) and murex shell (R) from the Fifth International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (VIRI). After that, a preliminary study was done, which is the base for future research in order to assess the anthropogenic impact and degree of environmental pollution in terms of radiocarbon isotope ratio (Δ14C) deduced from the Percent Modern Carbon or PMC. This work represents the results of four reference materials and those of five green grass samples. The Δ14C of green grass samples collected from two different clean zones were found to be 50‰ and 52‰, while the values of those collected from different polluted zones were 23‰, 7‰ and 15‰.
Thermoluminescence (TL) dating of ancient Syrian pottery from six different archaeological sites
Authors: Bakraji Elias , Boutros Nada , Abboud Rana
Published: December 2013

Syrian archaeological pottery sherds were collected for TL dating from six different archaeological sites named Al-Shermanieh, Tell Serah, Der Al-Hajar (south of Damascus), Tell Al-Shekdakah, Tell Al-Souwirieh (east of Damascus) and Khurbet Al-Kulieh (south west of Damascus). The samples were prepared by fine grain technique and the annual dose for each sample (pottery sherds and soil sample) was measured using an alpha spectrometer system for uranium and thorium contribution as well as with atomic absorption spectrometry for the potassium contents. The mean ages were found to be 5500 ± 150 years, 2950 ± 50 years, 1200 ± 50 years, 1300 ± 150 years, 3300 ± 100 years and 3400 ± 200 years for the examined pottery from the sites Al-Shermanieh, Tell Serah, Der Al-Hajar, Tell Al-Shekdakah, Tell Al-Souwirieh and Khurbet Al-Kulieh, respectively. The results were in good agreement with the ages estimated by archaeologists except for one sample which belongs to Der Al-Hjar site.
Ink-Jet Printing of Gluconobacter oxydans: Micropatterned Coatings As High Surface-to-Volume Ratio Bio-Reactive Coatings
Authors: Fidaleo Marcello , Bortone Nadia , Schulte Mark , Flickinger Michael
Published: December 2013

We formulated a latex ink for ink-jet deposition of viable Gram-negative bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans as a model adhesive, thin, highly bio-reactive microstructured microbial coating. Control of G. oxydans latex-based ink viscosity by dilution with water allowed ink-jet piezoelectric droplet deposition of 30 × 30 arrays of two or three droplets/dot microstructures on a polyester substrate. Profilometry analysis was used to study the resulting dry microstructures. Arrays of individual dots with base diameters of ~233–241 µm were obtained. Ring-shaped dots with dot edges higher than the center, 2.2 and 0.9 µm respectively, were obtained when a one-to-four diluted ink was used. With a less diluted ink (one-to-two diluted), the microstructure became more uniform with an average height of 3.0 µm, but the ink-jet printability was more difficult. Reactivity of the ink-jet deposited microstructures following drying and rehydration was studied in a non-growth medium by oxidation of 50 g/L D-sorbitol to L-sorbose, and a high dot volumetric reaction rate was measured (~435 g·L−1·h−1). These results indicate that latex ink microstructures generated by ink-jet printing may hold considerable potential for 3D fabrication of high surface-to-volume ratio biocoatings for use as microbial biosensors with the aim of coating microbes as reactive biosensors on electronic devices and circuit chips.
Testing for a Single-Factor Stochastic Volatility in Bivariate Series
Authors: Chiba Masaru , Kobayashi Masahito
Published: December 2013

This paper proposes the Lagrange multiplier test for the null hypothesis thatthe bivariate time series has only a single common stochastic volatility factor and noidiosyncratic volatility factor. The test statistic is derived by representing the model in alinear state-space form under the assumption that the log of squared measurement error isnormally distributed. The empirical size and power of the test are examined in Monte Carloexperiments. We apply the test to the Asian stock market indices.
Immune System Regulation in the Induction of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies
Authors: Kelsoe Garnett , Verkoczy Laurent , Haynes Barton
Published: December 2013

In this brief review, we discuss immune tolerance as a factor that determines the magnitude and quality of serum antibody responses to HIV-1 infection and vaccination in the context of recent work. We propose that many conserved, neutralizing epitopes of HIV-1 are weakly immunogenic because they mimic host antigens. In consequence, B cells that strongly bind these determinants are removed by the physiological process of immune tolerance. This structural mimicry may represent a significant impediment to designing protective HIV-1 vaccines, but we note that several vaccine strategies may be able to mitigate this evolutionary adaptation of HIV and other microbial pathogens.
Le combat naval de Tourane (1847). Une nouvelle approche
Authors: Bui-Quang Tung
Published: December 2013

On April 15, 1847, at Touran (Danang), two French vessels destroy within one hour most of the Vietnamese fleet. This bloody incident is the resuit of a reciprocal misunderstanding in the political and diplomatie relations. The interest of this article consists of comparing, for the first time, French, Vietnamese and English documents concerning this question to attempt to explain a tragedy whose conséquences had been very important for the two countries, France and Vietnam.
Les communications postales et télégraphiques en A.O.F. pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Hongla Hamos
Published: December 2013

Nineteenth century technological revolution permitted the development of imperialism. Post and telegraph, submarine cables, and wireless network were the tools of this development. Thèse tools, during world war one, in French West Africa, assured its home and external security. It also brought its financial, material, and human contributions in French war effort, specialy on the behalf of black soldiers, « the tirailleurs sénégalais », who were figthting in metropolitan front. This war was an opportunity to show how this new arm can be used to build and protect an empire, mother land included.
La maladie du sommeil en Afrique de l'Ouest jusqu'en 1914. L'exemple de l'Afrique occidentale française
Authors: Bado Jean-Paul
Published: December 2013

African human trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is an historical disease of Africa, strictly confined to Africa. This paper has for purpose to expose the spread of this epidemy and to explain its distribution, mainly in French West Africa, because such studies are few. The sleeping sickness was first mentionned by Ibn Kaldun in fourteenth century. From the sixteenth century to 1914, many régions in Africa have been devastated. Particularly, this research realised on archival evidence, shows the preponderant position of European biomedical sciences in the colonial expansion. But the researchers make a lot of mistakes in finding the causes of the disease, and the sanitary authorities of French West Africa did not consider it a priority.
Factionalism, imperialism and the making and breaking of Bonny kingship c. 1830-1885
Authors: Lynn Martin
Published: December 2013

This article examines the consequences of the factional strife that developed in Bonny in the 19th century. The Bonny state was deeply riven by the long established tension between canoë houses that in this period was given an added dimension by the growth of the palm oil trade. This factional struggle particularly affected the position of the Amanyanabo of Bonny during the reigns of William Dappa Pepple and his son George. Factional struggles led figures in Bonny to look for outside help, as in William Dappa' s use of British assistance to gain power in 1836-1837, and in his rivals' overthrow of him in 1854. The consequence of this factional tension was the decline of the powers of the Amanyanabo and eventually, the split of Bonny into two in 1869. The attemps to manipulate outside assistance in these struggles merely provided an opportunity for the British to increase their influence, a process that culminated in the takeover of Bonny in 1884-1885.
Louis Manipoud, un réformateur colonial méconnu
Authors: Bezançon Pascale
Published: December 2013

The French educative policy in Indochina isn't well known, even though some of the teachers were really devoted for this « éducative mission ». Louis Manipoud was one of these men. He spent more than thirty years in Cambodia, he was passionnated by the Cambodian culture and language. At first, he was a teacher, then he was an inspector of the primary schools, he was answerable for the modernization of the traditional teaching in the pagoda schools. This reform permitted for a lot of people to access to the knowledge. But this story doesn't describe only the life of an uncommon man, because we can discover all the French colonial atmosphere. Manipoud show us this univers with humour and sincerity.
L'action missionnaire française en Centre et Nord Vietnam (1856-1883)
Authors: Burel Laurent
Published: December 2013

Soutenus en 1860 par la France, puis délaissés plus tard, les missionnaires des MEP furent les évangélisateurs du Vietnam, qu'ils ont divisé en huit vicariats apostoliques. Ils font de la paroisse, commune chrétienne dont l'organisation interne est calquée sur la commune traditionnelle vietnamienne, la base de la christianisation et s'appuient sur les notables. Ils encadrent spirituellement et temporellement leurs ouailles, défendent des chrétiens devant les tribunaux et resocialisent les exclus grâce à leurs actions caritatives. Parallèlement, ils essaient de dégager une élite et promeuvent une pastorale spécifique. Des tentatives de collaborations avec le pouvoir central sont aussi tentées pour introduire la modernité dans le pays. Mais l'échec de ces tentatives et les persécutions amenèrent plusieurs missionnaires à avoir une action plus politique. Ils appelèrent et aidèrent la conquête française et parfois se compromirent dans des complots ou des tentatives de rebellions contre Tu'-Du'c.
The « Union des populations du Cameroun » and its Southern Cameroons connection
Authors: Takougang Joseph
Published: December 2013

Basé largement sur les sources archivistiques, cet article discute du rôle que l'Union des populations du Cameroun (UPC) a joué dans la politique du Sud camerounais avant 1955 et après le mois de juillet 1955, quand la plupart des leaders du parti avaient décidé de résider dans le sud du Cameroun. Au-delà de la promotion de l'« idée de l'unification » par les politiciens dans le territoire, par exemple, l'article examine les efforts, par le parti, de jouer un rôle important dans la politique locale sud-camerounaise, y compris la promotion du programme économique et politique de Français camerounais vivant dans le territoire. Même après la proscription du parti dans le sud du Cameroun en mai 1957, l'UPC était suivi par le « One Kamerun Party » qui avait continué de promouvoir son programme politique dans le territoire.
Le grand rendez-vous : Bolivar-San Martin
Authors: Barell Renée
Published: December 2013

Pendant la guerre d'Indépendance de l'Amérique du Sud (1810-1830), les deux grands Libérateurs, celui du Nord, Bolivar, et celui du Sud, San Martin, au moment où leurs armées convergeaient, décidèrent de se rencontrer. Au cours de deux journées, à Guayaquil, ils tinrent trois conférences secrètes, au bout desquelles San Martin céda volontairement son armée à Bolivar et s'exila en France. Que s'était-il passé ? Le secret fut tellement bien gardé qu'il subsiste encore aujourd'hui malgré la gloire grandissante de San Martin en Amérique latine. Dans cette étude, l'auteur produit des documents (certains inédits en France) qui dévoilent le mystère de cette célèbre entrevue.
La France et le Siam de 1685 à 1688. Histoire d'un échec
Authors: Jacq-Hergoualc'h Michel
Published: December 2013

In the case of the relations between France and Siam during the 17th century, the period going from 1685 to 1688 sees the materialization of some ambitions shared by France and by Phra Narai' s favourite, Constance Phaulkon ; it sees also their sudden breakup. The second Siamese embassy reaches France in 1686, makes a lasting impression on the French imaginary and provokes at Versailles, owing to the father Tachard' s tact, Constance Phaulkon 's officious emissary, the organization of a second embassy, which really is a military expedition to take possession of Siam. An insufficient material preparation, a deep lack of co ordination between the officials chiefs (de la Loubère et Céberet) and the officious one (Tachard), the enmities quickly declared between the chiefs and kept alive by Phaulkon, led to a failure. Treaties were signed again, but the French troops, decimated by the passage and badly ordered were quite unuseful for Phaulkon, when he had to face a Palace revolution, fomented by an anti-French party. He was put in jail, then murdered. Phra Narai died soon after ; the usurper assumed power and our troops, after a painful siege at Bangkok, could go back to France, while exploded in Siam a xenophobe reaction aimed at the French people.
Est-ce que l'art africain existe ?
Authors: Mark Peter
Published: December 2013

L'appréciation de « l'art africain » est un phénomène du XXe siècle, associé à des artistes et collectionneurs européens. L'image de la sculpture africaine comme « primitive » et comme associée à des rituels secrets et dangereux continue à influencer la perception de «l'art africain». La notion de «l'art africain» était plus ou moins étrangère aux sociétés d'origine des objets. L'idée d'une esthétique formelle était, elle aussi, le produit des sociétés occidentales. Cette idée a servi à transformer les créations culturelles en « objets de valeur », objets que les Européens pouvaient apprécier en dehors de tout contexte culturel. Il serait temps que les chercheurs mettent fin à la décontextualisation de l'art africain. Quant aux historiens de l'art africain, il faudrait que leur discipline soit basée sur une méthodologie historique.
The creation and critique of a Central African myth
Authors: Samarin William
Published: December 2013

In opposition to my reconstruction of the origin of Sango — the lingua franca and official language of the Central African Republic — is that of M. Diki-Kidiri. His I characterize as mythic, motivated by ideology and not grounded on historic and linguistic facts. Whereas I have argued that Sango emerged because of the pidginization of Ngbandi dialects at the very beginning of the colonization of the region, Diki-Kidiri allèges that it simply evolved from Dendi, already a vehicular language when Europeans arrived. His arguments are submitted to analysis and contradiction by thorough documentation.
Théodore Roosevelt explorateur. Positivisme et mythe de la Frontière dans l'expediçao cientifica Roosevelt-Rondon au Mato-Grosso et en Amazonie (1913-1914)
Authors: Enders Armelle
Published: December 2013

De décembre 1913 à la fin d'avril 1914, l'ancien président des États-Unis Théodore Roosevelt dirige une expédition scientifique à l'intérieur des États brésiliens du Mato Grosso et d'Amazonie. Le but principal de celle-ci consiste à reconnaître environ 700 km du cours d'un fleuve considéré comme « inconnu », lequel reçoit le nom de «Roosevelt» au terme d'un voyage périlleux. La logistique de l'expédition est assurée par le gouvernement brésilien, représenté par le colonel Candi do Mariano Rondon, célèbre par ses explorations dans l'intérieur du pays et sa politique à l'égard des Amérindiens. A son retour dans l'hémisphère nord, Théodore Roosevelt met sa notoriété au service de sa propre légende, mais aussi de la propagande des missions militaires brésiliennes et des apports de celles-ci à l'extension de la civilisation à travers la forêt vierge.
Le développement des activités sportives en Afrique occidentale française : un bras de fer entre sportifs et administration coloniale (1920-1956)
Authors: Deville-Danthu Bernadette
Published: December 2013

Durant l' entre-deux-guerres, le pouvoir colonial français tenta de développer l'éducation physique et la préparation militaire en Afrique occidentale française afin d'améliorer l'état sanitaire des populations africaines, réserves de main-d'œuvre et de soldats. Mais dès les années trente, les Africains se montrèrent attirés par les jeux sportifs, le football en particulier, délaissant ostensiblement les activités proposées par l'administration. Celle-ci dut progressivement (notamment après la Seconde Guerre mondiale) concéder, contre son gré, aux Africains la création d'un mouvement sportif comparable à celui de métropole. Les administrateurs tentèrent alors de promouvoir l'athlétisme, seule discipline sportive ayant à leurs yeux les vertus recherchées. Mais là encore, les populations contrèrent les volontés du colonisateur qui ne put développer l'athlétisme que là où il pouvait l'imposer : en milieu scolaire. Les pratiques sportives représentent donc un domaine où les colonisés ont su infléchir de façon nette les volontés du pouvoir colonial
Aspect de la pacification en Grande-Kabylie (1955-1962). Les relations entre les sections administratives spécialisées (SAS) et les populations
Authors: Bartet Sylvain
Published: December 2013

Les sections administratives spécialisées (SAS) sont créées par le gouvernement général de l'Algérie, en 1955, après le déclenchement de la guerre d'indépendance dans l'espoir de soustraire les populations algériennes à l'emprise nationaliste du FLN. Chaque SAS est dirigée par un officier, chargé à la fois d'une mission civile d'administration et de développement économique et social, et d'une mission militaire et policière. C'est en Grande Kabylie, région « clé » de la pacification, que les SAS sont les plus nombreuses. Mais les officiers SAS se heurtent ici à la force du sentiment national. Il empêche tout « ralliement » massif des Kabyles à la cause française, même si l'emprise du FLN, qui se répercute sur les relations entre les SAS et leurs administrés, varie suivant le contexte, militaire ou politique, et si les SAS peuvent être appréciées par les villageois.
1848 dans les colonies françaises des Caraïbes. Ambitions républicaines et ordre colonial
Authors: Schmidt Nelly
Published: December 2013

The year 1848 in the French Colonies of the Caribbean is a span in the long process of suppression of slavery in the Americas. More than a symbolic watershed, the period goes from 1848 to 1856, that is from the adoption by the Republicain Provisional Government in Paris on March 4th of the principle of the abolition of slavery in the colonies to the application of the special decrees dealing with the « policing » of labour in Martinique and in Guadeloupe, about which Schoelcher was to déclare that each article amounted to a « violation of individual liberty ». From 1848 to 1856, a series of decrees were intro duced, tending towards the reestablishment of a regulation of the life of the population which, in its restrictions, was quite a faithful reflection of the previous System of slavery. How then, in the middle of the 19th century, was the confrontation between the principle of the Republic and the contraints stemming from the colonial interests acted out ? What were the compromises reached ? And what concessions did the implementation of the specific French policy, characterised by the development of sugar monoculture and the principle of colonial assimilation, give rise to ?
Une troisième force combattante pendant la guerre d'Algérie. L'armée nationale du peuple algérien en son chef le "général" Bellounis. Mai 1957-juillet 1958
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert
Published: December 2013

De mai 1957 à juillet 1958, l'un des lieutenants de Messali Hadj, Mohammed Ben Lounis, réussit à constituer une armée de 2 000 à 3 000 hommes, l'Armée nationale du peuple algérien, qui combattit l'Armée de libération nationale du FLN. Il le fit avec l'aide des autorités françaises qui crurent que Ben Lounis s'était rallié. En réalité, le prétendu « Général Bellounis » se comporta seulement en allié incommode des Français. Nationaliste, il entendait imposer son autorité aux dépens du FLN et de la France — mais il y échoua. Pour les responsables français, divisés par « l'affaire Bellounis », ce fut une expérience manquée dont seul le FLN tira profit.
L'Angleterre et Madagascar (1880- 1885)
Authors: Ganiage Jean
Published: December 2013

C'est un pays que nous avons converti, que nous avons civilisé... Pourtant, le gouvernement britannique ne fit à peu près rien pour empêcher les Français de s'emparer de Madagascar, les archives du Foreign Office en apportent la démonstration. Mais elles révèlent aussi toute l'ampleur de la campagne entreprise par les missions protestantes — un véritable déluge de pétitions — pour sauver leur œuvre dans la grande île. Dans cette guerre de religion, les catholiques, pourtant mal soutenus par un gouvernement républicain, finirent par l'emporter. Si les archives britanniques ne manquent pas d'intérêt, par leur caractère un peu trop fragmentaire, elles ne permettent pourtant pas de bien saisir dans sa complexité le déroulement de la crise franco-malgache.
Histoire, maladies et médecines en Afrique Occidentale XIXe-XXe siècles
Authors: Bado Jean-Paul
Published: December 2013

En partant d'un constat, le faible nombre de travaux sur l'histoire des maladies et des médecines en Afrique occidentale, particulièrement francophone, cet article invite à s'en préoccuper à travers quelques éléments de réflexion et de mise au point aussi bien sur les docteurs Eugène Jamot et Albert Schweitzer que sur certaines terminologies biomédicales. Il souligne les difficultés de l'histoire écrite par ses protagonistes à travers de nombreux exemples, et suggère des références bibliographiques. Il tente aussi de définir quelques obstacles à éviter lorsqu'on s'intéresse à l'histoire des maladies et des médecines en Afrique occidentale au dix-neuvième et vingtième siècles.
Contribution à l'étude de la propagande socialiste en Algérie dans les années 20 et 30
Authors: Aouimeur Mouloud
Published: December 2013

The action of the French of socialist party SFIO manifests in Algeria through the press, propaganda tours, the commemoration of historical events written in the annals of French socialism,... etc. It relies on local militants and the participation of metropolitan socialist leaders. The propaganda is often done in French, emphasizing in general, problems of national order. Hence the difficulty to effectively penetrate into Muslim circles which are run by the Algerian nationalist movement. Being conscious of the problem, the party is looking forward to address itself to these circles through Muslims who are members of Algerian socialist branches. Initiatives to publish doctrinal pamphlets in Arabie remain without success. Nevertheless, in Algeria socialism has succeeded in influencing few Muslims who are for the greater part assimilationist teachers.
La survivance des institutions coloniales après 1945. L'exemple du Conseil Privé du Gouverneur des établissements français d'Océanie : l'occasion manquée de 1947
Authors: Regnault Jean-Marc
Published: December 2013

After WWII, the willingness of French governments to end the traditional colonial System soon finds it's own limits. Despite the creation of an elected councilmen assembly, the governor still holds vast powers. He bases his decisions on the advice of a Private Council whose members are nominated, a practice that proves to be contrary to democratic practices. In 1947, the French Establishments in Oceania are plagued by popular revolts against the French administration. The Private Council becomes the target of attacks by the local population, as well as the inspector of the colonies Robert Lassalle-Séré is, even so the motivations are quite different. The inspector would like to increase the power of the governor. The French minister for Overseas prefers not to introduce any reform. The disappointment felt by the local population transforms the feeling of hatred against an institution into a protest against the French presence. The emblematic kingpin of this struggle is Pouvanaa a Oopa, elected deputy of the French national Assembly in 1949.
Un roman noir des fronts pionniers de l'Amazonie bolivienne : Albert Mouton et les crimes du rio Madidi - 1890-1896
Authors: Roux Jean-Claude
Published: December 2013

The Mouton Affair, at the end of the XIXth century, leads to an interesting point of view concerning the conditions of the rubber boom at thefringes of the Northern Bolivia's Amazonia border. Mouton was a Frenchman, a kind of Parisian adventurer who owned rubber plantations in the Madidi river area, a veryfar and hard to reach country. At that time, the Bolivian authorities did not control the territory and thus were unable to repress the abuses produced by the harsh competition between the rubber collectors. Hence the laws were ignored and the human rights either of Whites or Indians were violated in that country where a kind of slavery was still practiced at least until 1910, as it appeared in the Putumayo Case, in Peru. But the crimes of Mouton were many and the question is : Why Mouton is the only rubber producer who had serious troubles with Bolivians authorities ? We might think that, a part of the issue can be explained by the strong rivalries between the interests of the rubber companies ; now, the properties of Mouton were coveted by competitors who were expecting to seize them as it is shown by the many quarrels which followed its death...
L'Hébreu et l'eau des fleuves
Authors: Kalfa Ariane
Published: December 2013

Le signifiant hébreu, dans la tradition juive, est intrinsèquement lié à l'eau. Eaux des deux, des fleuves, des puits, de mer, de part en part, dans les textes bibliques, le signifiant ainsi que le devenir de l'hébreu puisent leur origine dans l'eau. Dans la vie des patriarches et des prophètes, l'eau intervient sous différentes formes, souvent dans la traversée, toujours au sein d'une épreuve comparable à celle de la naissance. Et l'eau est inséparable du passage qui est à l'origine de l'appellation « hébreu ». L'hébreu se réfère en premier lieu à Abraham qui est celui qui provient de l'autre rive. Il est celui qui, en passage, traverse le fleuve, et c 'est cet hébreu qui permettra au juif d' advenir. Initiateur du prophétisme, il creuse en lui l'humain, de révélation en révélation, d'épreuves en épreuves, de traversée en traversée. Nous retiendrons deux figures bibliques qui sont fondatrices : celle de Jacob et de la traversée du Yaboq et celle du cheminement de Moïse, qui, dès sa naissance est associé aux eaux du fleuve du Nil.
Perceptions juives du navire dans les textes bibliques et gréco-romains : réalité et métaphores
Authors: Kashtan Nadav
Published: December 2013

The continuous domination of the Mediterranean by the great thalassocracies - Phoenicia, Greece and Rome - left only limited "maritime space" for neighboring peoples such as the Jews. Jewish presence in the port- cities around the Mediterranean during the Greco-Roman era mode, nevertheless, the practice of navigation indispensable for survival and for contacts between communities. This situation is reflected in the ambivalent approach ofJudaism to navigation on the one hand, and the adoption of maritime symbols in the Bible, in the literature and in the iconography of Palestine, on the other. Jewish authors inspired by Greco-Roman culture show the attraction of rulers like Simon Maccabaeus and Herod to the sea in a particular historical context. The ship, however, can become a rhetorical means, which sometimes reflects the personal expérience of the author himself, such as in the case of Josephus Flavius's sea travels. The perception of the ship and the balance between reality and metaphor are strongly expressed in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs in the Apocrypha, that combine the allegorical style of the Biblical tradition with the maritime developments of Hellenistic and Roman times.
Les négociants juifs de Livourne et la mer au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Filippini Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2013

Most of the Jew traders from Leghorn came to Tuscany by sea when they fled Spain and Portugal. However, in a port without any sea-going ship, they had to charter foreign boats to do their business. They played on competition between European skippers and by praticing loans "à la grosse aventure " ; therefore they often succeeded to control the ships which carried goods for them. They also had to worry about their overseas partners and brokers from northwestern Europe down to Middle East. According to changing economic and political situations, they must have a flexible strategy.
Les négociants juifs d'Afrique du Nord et la mer à l'époque Moderne
Authors: Ayoun Richard
Published: December 2013

The Jewish traders of North Africa played a crucial role in the sea trade during the 16th, 17lh and 18lh century. The Jewish of the Maghreb ports involved in the Mediterranean trade constituted a kind of aristocracy who refused to be assimilated to the local Jews. They called themselves « Livournais ». Expelled from Spain and Portugal, they kept their original language and spoke arabic and became the middlemen between North African rulers and European trading ports. They often held position of trust with the rulers.
Vie et mort(s) des entreprises en Indochine française (1875-1944)
Authors: Serres Julien
Published: December 2013

The life and death of limited companies in French Indochina brings a new light on the economic life of the colony : if enterprises creation cycles follow the upbeat times of strong development, the vanishing rhythm of companies seems to have an agenda of its own. The most destructive phase does not occur during times of crisis but during periods of strong growth. Thus, neither paradise, nor hell, colonial Indochina appears to be a highly competitive market. If indubitably the big conglomerates, the most powerful lobbies or monopolistic companies turned the Indochinese market into a regulated market, small limited compagnies had to find their way.
Les abolitionnistes français de l'esclavage, 1820-1850
Authors: Schmidt Nelly
Published: December 2013

Cet article évoque les grandes lignes des propositions d'émancipation des esclaves des colonies françaises à l 'époque où ce qu 'il fut convenu d'appeler le mouvement abolitionniste français se développa sous sa forme la plus classique mais aussi, paradoxalement, la moins bien connue. L 'historiographie n 'a pas enregistré dans sa juste dimension l 'influence anglo-saxonne souvent prépondérante dans la renaissance et les activités du courant abolitionniste français. Elle a ignoré, par ailleurs, toute initiative locale, apparue dans les colonies. Il ne s 'agit pas de présenter une vision close et exhaustive du courant abolitionniste français. L 'objectif est de poser quelques-unes des questions essentielles que soulève une telle enquête, de distinguer ce que put signifier l'expression mouvement abolitionniste pendant la période considérée, d'observer comment les abolitionnistes français se rattachèrent-ils au long processus de suppression de l 'esclavage qui était en cours.
Approche de l'identité réunionnaise par l'étude d'une culture politique : le R.P.F. à l'île de la Réunion (1947-1958)
Authors: Gauvin Gilles
Published: December 2013

La Réunion, île tropicale, montagneuse et volcanique, constitue à 9 000 kilomètres de la France continentale un espace régional revendiquant à la fois son appartenance à la République et son caractère identitaire propre. La recherche historique ne peut s 'affranchir de cette problématique fondamentale. La vie politique réunionnaise nous offre peut-être une clé de lecture pour approcher la question de l'identité. En effet, l'étude des cultures politiques insulaires, à travers les regards croisés que portent les responsables politiques locaux et nationaux sur l 'espace et la société de La Réunion, nous semble un champ d'investigation particulièrement fécond. L 'histoire locale du Rassemblement du Peuple Français approchée sous cet angle dévoile un certain nombre de caractéristiques de la société réunionnaise qui permettent de mieux comprendre le comportement politique des « nationaux » dont Michel Debré prit ensuite la tête de 1963 à 1988.
Grégoire et le combat contre l'esclavage pendant la Révolution
Authors: Dorigny Marcel
Published: December 2013

L'engagement de Grégoire dans les combats contre l'esclavage et la traite et pour l'égalité des libres de couleur sous la Révolution est l'aspect le plus connu de son action en ce domaine. Pourtant une mise au point est nécessaire et fait l'objet de ce «précis historique». Outre les grandes interventions de la période de l'Assemblée constituante, sont ici précisées ses interventions sous la Convention et plus encore sous le Directoire, période beaucoup moins connue. Ses silences, d'interprétation difficile, sont signalés
De la littérature des nègres ou défense et illustration de la race noire
Authors: Abénon Lucien-René
Published: December 2013

En publiant en 1808 De la littérature des Nègres, Grégoire prenait le contre-pied de la politique de Napoléon, qui avait rétabli l'esclavage six ans plus tôt et mis en place une ségrégation des couleurs aux colonies, comme avant 1789. Ce livre montre l'ampleur des connaissances accumulées par Grégoire sur les multiples formes de l'activité intellectuelle des Noirs. Plaidoyer pour l'unité de l'espèce humaine, ce livre eut une influence importante au moment où des théories pseudo scientifiques prétendaient établir une hiérarchie des «races».
Grégoire contre Christophe : un manuscrit inédit
Authors: Bénot Yves
Published: December 2013

In this unpublished manuscript, probably from the second half of 1819, Gregoire reaffirmed his complete devotion to the principles of representative democracy, constitutional arrangements for society, and his refusal of excessive spending by governments. In the name of these principles, Gregoire formed a negative judgment on the kingdom of northern Haiti, where the King Cristophe (Henry the First) ruled. At the same time, he rescinded his more favorable (or pragmatic) judgment of the same kingdom of 1815.
Grégoire défenseur de la cause des Noirs dans les revues de la Restauration
Authors: Bénot Yves
Published: December 2013

L'intervention journalistique a été une des voies par lesquelles Grégoire agit sous la Restauration, en plus de ses nombreuses publications. Particulièrement importants dans le combat contre la traite, contre le racisme et pour la reconnaissance de Haïti sont ses collaborations dans la Chronique religieuse, de 1819 à 1822, qu'il dirige, et dans la Revue Encyclopédique de son ami Marc-Antoine Jullien, de 1822 à 1827. L'ancien évêque de Blois est à son aise dans l'usage de ces formes courtes, où se manifeste son sens de l'ironie et des formules percutantes.
L'abbé Grégoire, son legs : six concours pour la liberté et l'égalité
Authors: Girollet Anne
Published: December 2013

Le testament de Grégoire organisa six prix à décerner par concours, dont les sujets devaient mener à une réflexion sur le despotisme, l'esclavage, les libertés, l'égalité, thèmes révélateurs des combats qu'il a menés. Si ces concours, guère connus, n'ont malheureusement pas tous été à la hauteur des aspirations de l'abbé, le prix relatif aux moyens de combattre le préjugé de couleur fut l'occasion d'ouvrir un large débat et relança le mouvement abolitionniste français.
La Compagnie algérienne levier de la colonisation et prospère grâce à elle (1865-1939)
Authors: Bonin Hubert
Published: December 2013

Héritière de la Société générale algérienne, la Compagnie algérienne reflète d'abord un "modèle" de colonisation qui se veut "moderne" : création de vastes domaines de forêts et d'agriculture, participation au boum minier de la fin du 19ème siècle, liens aux groupes financiers qui investissent dans les équipements de base, comme les chemins de fer. Puis une autre logique prévaut, celle de la banque, encouragée par la maison de Haute Banque Mirabaud, qui la patronne. Elle contribue alors à l'édification du système bancaire d'Afrique du Nord : diffusion de la banque de dépôts, flux de crédits au profit des Nord-Africains d'origine européenne et des firmes commerciales et industrielles. Elle devient aussi une banque transméditerranéenne en développant en métropole des unités dans les ports travaillant avec l'Afrique. Ces initiatives diversifiées expliquent qu'elle soit l'une des grandes entreprises du Maghreb colonial dans l'entre-deux-guerres, active également en Tunisie et au Maroc, et donc la rivale du Crédit foncier d'Algérie et de Tunisie.
Vie et destins des supplétifs d'Hammam Melouane
Authors: Mathias Grégor
Published: December 2013

Le Sud algérois constitue une zone importante d' affrontements de la guerre d'Algérie. De 1956 à 1962, des unités de supplétifs vont être mis en place pour contrôler la région stratégique d' Hammam Melouane. Les enseignements de la guerre contre-révolutionnaire de l'Indochine repris par des officiers expérimentés, l'efficacité des supplétifs, les stratégies de l'ALN, et la division politique des familles vont expliquer l'intensité des combats et l'importance des représailles de l'indépendance. Face aux interprétations contradictoires des historiens de l'engagement et du destin des supplétifs de l'armée française, l'étude monographique des supplétifs d'Hammam Melouane permet d'apporter des éléments nouveaux au débat. La reconstitution des engagements, des combats, et de la chronologie des représailles de l'été 1962 ont permis d'esquisser les responsabilités des différents protagonistes de la guerre d'Algérie.