bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Being the victim of violence during a date predicts next‐day cannabis use among female college students
Authors: Shorey Ryan C. , McNulty James K. , Moore Todd M. , Stuart Gregory L.
Published: October 2015

Aims

To determine whether being the victim of violence during a date among female college students on any given day predicted cannabis and alcohol use the following day.

Design, Setting and Participants

Between August 2010 and January 2013, we conducted a 90‐day daily diary study with 174 females who were in current dating relationships from a large university in the Southeastern United States. The mean age of the sample was 18.70 years [standard deviation (SD) = 1.27]; participants were primarily non‐Hispanic Caucasian (86.2%). Participants answered questions about contact with their dating partner, being the victim of violence (physical and sexual) during a date, physical perpetration, alcohol use and cannabis use for up to 90 days. The mean number of diaries completed was 54.90 (SD = 27.66).

Measurements

The primary outcomes were self‐reported daily cannabis and alcohol use. Being the victim of violence during a date was assessed each day using self‐report items from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales and Sexual Experiences Survey.

Findings

Being the victim of violence during a date predicted cannabis use the following day (odds ratio = 2.25), and this effect held when controlling for contact with a partner, cannabis and alcohol use the previous day, physical perpetration the previous day, alcohol use the same day and the overall likelihood of being the victim of violence during a date, substance use and physical perpetration. Being the victim of violence during a date did not predict next‐day alcohol use. Being the victim of sexual and physical violence during a date did not differentially predict next‐day substance use.

Conclusions

Among female college students in the United States, being the victim of violence during a date appears to increase the risk for cannabis use the following day.
Modulation of Muscle Tone and Sympathovagal Balance in Cervical Dystonia Using Percutaneous Stimulation of the Auricular Vagus Nerve
Authors: Kampusch Stefan , Kaniusas Eugenijus , Széles Jozsef C.
Published: October 2015

Primary cervical dystonia is characterized by abnormal, involuntary, and sustained contractions of cervical muscles. Current ways of treatment focus on alleviating symptomatic muscle activity. Besides pharmacological treatment, in severe cases patients may receive neuromodulative intervention such as deep brain stimulation. However, these (highly invasive) methods have some major drawbacks. For the first time, percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (pVNS) was applied in a single case of primary cervical dystonia. Auricular vagus nerve stimulation was already shown to modulate the (autonomous) sympathovagal balance of the body and proved to be an effective treatment in acute and chronic pain, epilepsy, as well as major depression. pVNS effects on cervical dystonia may be hypothesized to rely upon: (i) the alteration of sensory input to the brain, which affects structures involved in the genesis of motoric and nonmotoric dystonic symptoms; and (ii) the alteration of the sympathovagal balance with a sustained impact on involuntary movement control, pain, quality of sleep, and general well‐being. The presented data provide experimental evidence that pVNS may be a new alternative and minimally invasive treatment in primary cervical dystonia. One female patient (age 50 years) suffering from therapy refractory cervical dystonia was treated with pVNS over 20 months. Significant improvement in muscle pain, dystonic symptoms, and autonomic regulation as well as a subjective improvement in motility, sleep, and mood were achieved. A subjective improvement in pain recorded by visual analog scale ratings (0–10) was observed from 5.42 to 3.92 (medians). Muscle tone of the mainly affected left and right trapezius muscle in supine position was favorably reduced by about 96%. Significant reduction of muscle tone was also achieved in sitting and standing positions of the patient. Habituation to stimulation leading to reduced stimulation efficiency was observed and counteracted by varying stimulation patterns. Experimental evidence is provided for significantly varied sympathovagal modulation in response to pVNS during sleep, assessed via heart rate variability (HRV). Time domain measures like the root mean square of successive normal to normal heart beat intervals, representing parasympathetic (vagal) activity, increased from 37.8 to 67.6 ms (medians). Spectral domain measures of HRV also show a shift to a more pronounced parasympathetic activity.
Client knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding zoonoses: a metropolitan experience
Authors: Steele SG , Mor SM
Published: October 2015

Objective

To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to zoonoses among pet owners.

Methods

Questionnaire completed by 81 clients attending a small animal practice in Sydney, Australia.

Results

Most (64.5%) clients reported that they were not concerned about contracting a disease from their pet, but 7.9% and 3.9% of clients were a little or very concerned, respectively; 23.7% of clients stated that they had not considered the possibility. Although respondents indicated that they had heard of a number of zoonoses, knowledge of animal sources and exposure pathways was generally low, particularly for the more important zoonoses in Australia such as toxoplasmosis, psittacosis and Q fever. Only 37.0%, 12.3% and 11.1%, respectively, of clients had heard of these diseases. Most respondents (84.1%) indicated that they viewed veterinarians as having the primary responsibility for providing information about zoonoses, yet less than half (48.1%) recalled ever getting information from their veterinarian. Likewise, many respondents (48.1%) indicated that medical professionals played a role in providing information about zoonoses, yet less than one‐quarter (23.5%) recalled ever getting information from their doctor.

Conclusion

The low level of knowledge among pet owners about sources and exposure pathways indicates a need to strengthen communication between veterinarians, doctors and their clients around the possible risks of zoonoses and appropriate prevention strategies.
Organoarsenic Roxarsone Promotes Angiogenesis In Vivo
Authors: Zhang Yumei , Wang Yujing , Lu Qianqian , Xin Wenfang , Cui Weibo , Zhu Jiaqiao
Published: October 2015

Roxarsone, an organoarsenic feed additive, is widely used worldwide to promote animal growth. It has been found to exhibit a higher angiogenic index than AsIII at lower concentrations and to promote angiogenic phenotype in human endothelial cell in vitro. Little research has focused on the potential angiogenic effect of roxarsone in vitro or in vivo. Here, we investigated the pro‐angiogenic effect of roxarsone in vivo. The effects of 0.1–10.0 μM roxarsone were tested in the rat endothelial cell Matrigel plug assay, chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model and MCF‐7 cell xenograft tumour model; 10 ng/mL vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was used as a positive control and PBS as a negative control. Roxarsone significantly increased the volume, weight and haemoglobin content of the Matrigel plugs compared to PBS group (p < 0.05); 1.0 μM roxarsone exerted the most significant effects. H&E staining and CD31 immunochemistry revealed obviously more new vessels or capillary‐like structures in the plugs of the roxarsone and VEGF groups. Roxarsone significantly increased the numbers of primary/secondary vessels and area of vessels in the CAM assay and obviously increased tumour weight and volume in the xenograft model compared to PBS (p < 0.05). Histochemistry indicated local necrosis was observed at the centre of the xenograft tumours in the PBS and roxarsone groups, with less necrosis apparent in the VEGF‐treated tumours. The growth of endothelial cells and VEGF level was obviously affected at blockade of VEGF and its receptor Flt‐1/Flk‐1 by SU5416 or its antibody in vitro. This study demonstrates roxarsone promotes angiogenesis in vivo, and a VEGF/VEGFR mechanism may be involved.
Direct regulation of transforming growth factor β‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition by the protein phosphatase activity of unphosphorylated PTEN in lung cancer cells
Authors: Kusunose Masaaki , Hashimoto Naozumi , Kimura Motohiro , Ogata Ryo , Aoyama Daisuke , Sakamoto Koji , Miyazaki Shinichi , Ando Akira , Omote Norihito , Imaizumi Kazuyoshi , Kawabe Tsutomu , Hasegawa Yoshinori
Published: October 2015

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) causes the acquisition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10) can negatively regulate many signaling pathways activated by TGFβ, hyperactivation of these signaling pathways is observed in lung cancer cells. We recently showed that PTEN might be subject to TGFβ‐induced phosphorylation of its C‐terminus, resulting in a loss of its enzyme activities; PTEN with an unphosphorylated C‐terminus (PTEN4A), but not PTEN wild, inhibits TGFβ‐induced EMT. Nevertheless, whether or not the blockade of TGFβ‐induced EMT by the PTEN phosphatase activity might be attributed to the unphosphorylated PTEN C‐terminus itself has not been fully determined. Furthermore, the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN is well characterized, whereas the protein phosphatase activity has not been determined. By using lung cancer cells carrying PTEN domain deletions or point mutants, we investigated the role of PTEN protein phosphatase activities on TGFβ‐induced EMT in lung cancer cells. The unphosphorylated PTEN C‐terminus might not directly retain the phosphatase activities and repress TGFβ‐induced EMT; the modification that keeps the PTEN C‐terminus not phosphorylated might enable PTEN to retain the phosphatase activity. PTEN4A with G129E mutation, which lacks lipid phosphatase activity but retains protein phosphatase activity, repressed TGFβ‐induced EMT. Furthermore, the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN4A depended on an essential association between the C2 and phosphatase domains. These data suggest that the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN with an unphosphorylated C‐terminus might be a therapeutic target to negatively regulate TGFβ‐induced EMT in lung cancer cells.
Trajectories of Ethnic–Racial Identity and Autonomy Among Mexican‐Origin Adolescent Mothers in the United States
Authors: Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Jahromi Laudan B. , Zeiders Katharine H.
Published: October 2015

This study examined trajectories of ethnic–racial identity (ERI) and autonomy development among Mexican‐origin adolescent females in the United States (N = 181; Mage at Wave 1 = 16.80 years, SD = 1.00) as they transitioned through the first 5 years of parenthood. Trajectories of ERI and autonomy also were examined in relation to psychosocial functioning. Unconditional latent growth models indicated significant growth in autonomy, ERI resolution, and ERI affirmation from middle to late adolescence. Conditional latent growth models indicated that autonomy and ERI exploration growth trajectories were positively associated with psychosocial adjustment. Although adolescent mothers are experiencing transitions that are not normative during adolescence, they also engage in normative developmental processes, and their engagement in such processes is linked with better adjustment.
Prevalence of type 5 familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Korea and novel mutations in STXBP2
Authors: Seo J.Y. , Lee K.‐O. , Yoo K.‐H. , Sung K.‐W. , Koo H.H. , Kim S.‐H. , Kang H.J. , Park K.‐D. , Shin H.Y. , Baek H.‐J. , Kook H. , Lyu C.J. , Song J.‐S. , Lee M.J. , Kim J.‐Y. , Lim Y.‐T. , Koh K.‐N. , Im H.J. , Seo J.J. , Kim H.‐J. ,   on behalf of the Korea Histiocytosis Working Party
Published: October 2015

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (F‐HLH or FHL) is a potentially fatal immune dysregulation syndrome with a heterogeneous genetic background. Most recently, STXBP2 has been identified as the causative gene of type 5 FHL (FHL5) with a worldwide distribution. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of FHL5 in Korea. About 50 Korean pediatric patients with HLH who lacked pathogenic mutations in PRF1, UNC13D, or in STX11 from the previous series of 72 patients with HLH were analyzed for STXBP2 mutations by conventional sequencing analyses. As a result, we found one patient with two novel mutations of STXBP2: c.184A>G and c.577A>C. c.184A>G (p.Asn62Asp) was located within a highly conserved region of the STXBP2 protein and predicted to be deleterious. c.577A>C in exon 7 resulted in incomplete splicing mutation with exon 7 skipping concurrent with exon 7‐retained transcript with p.Lys193Gln substitution. The frequency of FHL5 was ∼1% (1/72) in Korean pediatric patients with HLH. This is the first study on FHL5 in Korea, and the data from a nationwide patient cohort provide another piece of genetic profiles of FHL.
Scraps, Neighbors, and Committees: Material Things, Place‐Making, and the State in anAstana Apartment Block
Authors: LASZCZKOWSKI MATEUSZ
Published: October 2015

Drawing on fieldwork in 2008–09, this article focuses on a courtyard (dvor) in aSoviet‐era apartment block inAstana,Kazakhstan. I explore the mundane material maintenance of the courtyard, in particular the use of scraps, as a way to reflect on the relationships between material agency, the formation of locality, and the state. Historically, the courtyard was an urban form through which the Soviet state sought to define its citizenry. In the post‐Soviet period the dvor persists as a space in which citizens' subjectivities and relationships to the state are formed. However, infrastructures fall into disrepair and are haphazardly patched up by residents. I argue that scraps play important roles in the emergence of localities, both enabling and constraining residents' agency. They engender a sense of disconnect between the local community and the state. Simultaneously, scrappiness also means that locality is unstable and ephemeral. Scraps, in general, are an underappreciated element of urbanization; yet they are significant actants in the making and unmaking of social and political configurations.
Touring the Hidden City: Walking Tour Guides in DeindustrializingGenoa
Authors: GUANO EMANUELA
Published: October 2015

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted inGenoa, a northernItalian city whose deindustrialization process began in the early 1970s, this paper explores how the city's high levels of intellectual unemployment have given rise to the profession of walking tour guides. These are highly educated women, and more rarely men, who, working independently of the financial and political powers that usually drive urban revitalization processes, utilize their cultural capital and talents to spin itinerant tales of concealment and discovery around the master narrative of Genoa's decline and its tourist potential. Through an analysis of their professional histories and experiences as well as the ways they present the city, I argue that the guides comprise asui generis“creative class” (Florida 2012) that helps transformGenoa into a city worth visiting. In their attempt to boost cultural tourism, tour guides inhabit a liminal space from where they vie for legitimacy, build professional personas that both challenge and reinforce gender norms, and straddle contested lines between high and popular culture, and between amateurism and professionalism. I contend that, compared withRichardFlorida's (2012) upwardly mobile “talents,”Genoa's walking tour guides form a residual creative class that emerges out of necessity and struggles to survive by creatively exploiting the “hiddenness” of a densely layered cityscape.
Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin when used in conjunction with incretin‐mimetic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Fulcher G. , Matthews D. R. , Perkovic V. , de Zeeuw D. , Mahaffey K. W. , Mathieu C. , Woo V. , Wysham C. , Capuano G. , Desai M. , Shaw W. , Vercruysse F. , Meininger G. , Neal B. ,   on behalf of the CANVAS trial collaborative group
Published: October 2015

Aims

To assess the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) who were on an incretin mimetic [dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist].

Methods

CANVAS is a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study that randomized participants to canagliflozin 100 or 300 mg or placebo added to routine therapy. The present post hoc analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg compared with placebo in subsets of patients from CANVAS who were taking background DPP‐4 inhibitors or GLP‐1 receptor agonists with or without other antihyperglycaemic agents at week 18.

Results

Of the 4330 patients in CANVAS, 316 were taking DPP‐4 inhibitors and 95 were taking GLP‐1 receptor agonists. At 18 weeks, canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg provided larger placebo‐subtracted reductions in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients taking DPP‐4 inhibitors [−0.56% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.77, −0.35), and −0.75% (95% CI: −0.95, −0.54), respectively] and GLP‐1 receptor agonists [−1.00% (95% CI: −1.35, −0.65), and −1.06% (95% CI: −1.43, −0.69), respectively]. Body weight and blood pressure (BP) reductions were seen with canagliflozin versus placebo in both subsets. Higher incidences of genital mycotic infections and osmotic diuresis–related adverse events (AEs) were seen with canagliflozin compared with placebo. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was numerically higher with canagliflozin versus placebo; nearly all events occurred in patients on background insulin or insulin secretagogues.

Conclusions

In patients on background incretin mimetics, canagliflozin improved HbA1c, body weight and BP, with an increased incidence of AEs related to SGLT2 inhibition.
Restoring crown fractures by direct composite layering using transparent strip crowns
Authors: Eden Ece , Taviloğlu Engin
Published: October 2015

Traumatic dental injuries are mostly seen at childhood and adolescence. The most common fracture in permanent anterior teeth is crown fracture. Esthetic and easy rehabilitation of these anterior teeth is possible using layering techniques and direct composite resin restorations. Shape, color and surface texture are the most important factors in restoring crown fractures esthetically. This article illustrates how to perform an esthetic composite resin restoration of crown fractures using strip crowns. The technique suggests using a strip crown as a mold for direct resin composite restoration. This provides a cost‐effective treatment with operator friendly approach where most outstanding advantage is the minimum chair‐side time with a single visit that is very important for young trauma patients.
Guided Endodontics: a novel treatment approach for teeth with pulp canal calcification and apical pathology
Authors: Krastl Gabriel , Zehnder Marc S. , Connert Thomas , Weiger Roland , Kühl Sebastian
Published: October 2015

Aim

To present a new treatment approach for teeth with pulp canal calcification (PCC) which require root canal treatment.

Case

A 15‐year‐old male patient presented with pain of his upper right central incisor. The tooth showed signs of apical periodontitis. Due to PCC, location of the root canal was judged to be difficult and associated with a high risk of perforation. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and an intra‐oral surface scan were performed and matched using software for virtual implant planning. After planning the position of the drill for root canal location, a virtual template was designed, and the data were exported as an STL file and sent to a 3D printer for template fabrication. The template was positioned on the anterior maxillary teeth. A specific drill was used to penetrate through the obliterated part of the root canal and obtain minimally invasive access to the apical part. The root canal was accessible at 9 mm distance from the apex. Further root canal preparation was carried out using an endodontic rotary instrumentation system. After an interappointment dressing for 4 weeks, the root canal was filled with vertically condensed gutta‐percha using an epoxy sealer. The access cavity was restored with a composite material. After 15 months, the patient was clinically asymptomatic with no pain on percussion. The radiograph showed no apical pathology.

Conclusions

The presented guided endodontic approach seems to be a safe, clinically feasible method to locate root canals and prevent root perforation in teeth with PCC.
Systems genetic analysis of hippocampal neuroanatomy and spatial learning in mice
Authors: Delprato A. , Bonheur B. , Algéo M.‐P. , Rosay P. , Lu L. , Williams R. W. , Crusio W. E.
Published: October 2015

Variation in hippocampal neuroanatomy correlates well with spatial learning ability in mice. Here, we have studied both hippocampal neuroanatomy and behavior in 53 isogenicBXDrecombinant strains derived fromC57BL/6JandDBA/2Jparents. A combination of experimental, neuroinformatic and systems genetics methods was used to test the genetic bases of variation and covariation among traits. Data were collected on seven hippocampal subregions inCA3andCA4after testing spatial memory in an eight‐arm radial maze task. Quantitative trait loci were identified for hippocampal structure, including the areas of the intra‐ and infrapyramidal mossy fibers (IIPMFs), stratum radiatum and stratum pyramidale, and for a spatial learning parameter, error rate. We identified multiple loci and gene variants linked to either structural differences or behavior.Gpc4andTenm2are strong candidate genes that may modulateIIPMFareas. Analysis of gene expression networks and trait correlations highlight several processes influencing morphometrical variation and spatial learning.
Temperature‐induced water stress in high‐latitude forests in response to natural and anthropogenic warming
Authors: Trahan Matthew W. , Schubert Brian A.
Published: October 2015

The Arctic is particularly sensitive to climate change, but the independent effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2) and temperature on high‐latitude forests are poorly understood. Here, we present a new, annually resolved record of stable carbon isotope (δ13C) data determined from Larix cajanderi tree cores collected from far northeastern Siberia in order to investigate the physiological response of these trees to regional warming. The tree‐ring record, which extends from 1912 through 1961 (50 years), targets early twentieth‐century warming (ETCW), a natural warming event in the 1920s to 1940s that was limited to Northern hemisphere high latitudes. Our data show that net carbon isotope fractionation (Δ13C), decreased by 1.7‰ across the ETCW, which is consistent with increased water stress in response to climate warming and dryer soils. To investigate whether this signal is present across the northern boreal forest, we compiled published carbon isotope data from 14 high‐latitude sites within Europe, Asia, and North America. The resulting dataset covered the entire twentieth century and spanned both natural ETCW and anthropogenic Late Twentieth‐Century Warming (~0.7 °C per decade). After correcting for a ~1‰ increase in Δ13C in response to twentieth century pCO2 rise, a significant negative relationship (r = −0.53, P < 0.0001) between the average, annual Δ13C values and regional annual temperature anomalies is observed, suggesting a strong control of temperature on the Δ13C value of trees growing at high latitudes. We calculate a 17% increase in intrinsic water‐use efficiency within these forests across the twentieth century, of which approximately half is attributed to a decrease in stomatal conductance in order to conserve water in response to drying conditions, with the other half being attributed to increasing pCO2. We conclude that annual tree‐ring records from northern high‐latitude forests record the effects of climate warming and pCO2 rise across the twentieth century.
A comparison of a new alcohol‐free 0.2% chlorhexidine oral rinse to an established 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse with alcohol for the control of dental plaque accumulation
Authors: Papaioannou W , Vassilopoulos S , Vrotsos I , Margaritis V , Panis V
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To compare the clinical efficacy of two formulations (alcohol and alcohol free) of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) rinses on plaque, gingivitis and discoloration of teeth.

Methods

This double‐blind crossover study consisted of one group of 10 volunteer dental students that followed two 21‐day experimental gingivitis test periods. During these periods, the subjects abstained from oral hygiene except for the oral rinse provided. The study started after an initial two‐week preparation programme that included a professional prophylaxis and repeated oral hygiene instructions. This was repeated for the 14‐day washout period between the two rinses, including prophylaxis as per the first stage of the study. A calibrated examiner performed the clinical measurements at the beginning (baseline) and end of each study stage. The presence and amount of plaque were recorded using the Silness and Löe plaque index (PI) and gingival inflammation by the gingival index (GI) while the discoloration index (DI) was recorded on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the six anterior teeth of both the mandible and maxilla.

Results

Mean PI increased similarly for both solutions; however, the differences between initial and final values were statistically significant only for CHLOREL®. Similarly, the mean values for the GI showed small increases over the course of the study periods, but not statistically significant for either solution. The mean DI increased significantly for both solutions. Regarding the comparison of the initial and final values ​​between the solutions, per index, no statistically significant differences were observed.

Conclusion

The non‐alcoholic chlorhexidine rinse had comparable levels of action as the generally recognized gold standard alcoholic rinse.
A qualitative study of UK pharmacy pre-registration graduates' views and reflections on pharmacist prescribing
Authors: McIntosh Trudi , Stewart Derek
Published: October 2015

Background

Pre-registration pharmacy graduates are a key group in relation to developing and implementing innovations in practice.

Objective

To explore the views and reflections on pharmacist prescribing of UK pre-registration pharmacy graduates.

Method

Semi-structured telephone interviews with a sample (n = 12) of pre-registration pharmacy graduates.

Key findings

Most reported a desire to train as prescribers, largely for reasons of professional development, but acknowledged the need first to develop as pharmacists. They perceived the lack of organisational strategy, pharmacist prescribers' self-confidence and additional workload to be barriers and were aware of the value of interprofessional relationships as potential facilitators to pharmacist prescribing.

Conclusion

While participants were supportive of pharmacist prescribing, they highlighted the need first to gain experience as pharmacists and were acutely aware of barriers to prescribing implementation.
Retrograde intrarenal surgery for urinary stone disease in patients with solitary kidney: A retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety
Authors: Kuroda Shinnosuke , Fujikawa Atsushi , Tabei Tadashi , Ito Hiroki , Terao Hideyuki , Yao Masahiro , Matsuzaki Junichi
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To compare outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery for urolithiasis between patients with solitary kidneys and patients who have single‐side urolithiasis with bilateral kidneys.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery in solitary kidney patients (group A) carried out during 2007–2014, and in patients with bilateral kidneys with comparable stone burdens (group B). Stone‐free status was defined as no residual fragment on computed tomography 1 month later.

Results

There were 19 patients in group A (mean age 62.5 ± 18.4 years, range 14–76 years). The mean stone diameter and burden were 6.0 mm (range 3–24 mm) and 10.42 ± 6.92 mm, respectively. The stone‐free rate was 94.7%, and no repeat procedure was required. The glomerular filtration rate tended to rise post‐surgery (postoperative day 1: 48.67 ± 15.92 mL/min, 100.2%, P = 0.940; postoperative month 1: 51.32 ± 16.90 mL/min, 105.7%, P = 0.101) compared with preoperative rates. The stone‐free rate and surgery time were not significantly different between the two groups, although post‐surgical hospitalization time was longer for group A (4.05 vs 3.08 days, P = 0.037). The change in glomerular filtration rate was not significantly different between groups A and B (postoperative day 1: +0.101 vs +0.547 mL/min, respectively, P = 0.857; postoperative month 1: +2.749 vs 3.161 mL/min, respectively, P = 0.882). No significant difference was found in terms of complication rate.

Conclusions

Retrograde intrarenal surgery in solitary kidney patients is as safe and effective as in bilateral kidney patients.
An Incentive‐Compatible Condorcet Jury Theorem*
Authors: Laslier Jean‐François , Weibull Jörgen W.
Published: October 2015

We consider a group of individuals who face a binary collective decision. Each group member holds some private information, and all agree about what decision should be taken in each state of nature. However, the state is unknown, and members can differ in their valuations of the two types of mistakes that might occur, and in their prior beliefs about the true state. For a slightly randomized majority rule, we show that informative voting by all voters is the unique Nash equilibrium, that this equilibrium is strict, and that the Condorcet asymptotic efficiency result holds in this setting.
Is Extending Compulsory Schooling Alone Enough to Raise Earnings? Evidence from French and British Compulsory Schooling Laws*
Authors: Grenet Julien
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I compare two reforms that raised the minimum school‐leaving age to 16 in France (1967) and in England and Wales (1972). Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that while the reform in England and Wales led to a 6−7 percent increase in hourly wages per additional year of compulsory schooling, the impact of the change to French law was close to zero. The results suggest that the major difference between the two reforms was that the fraction of individuals holding no qualifications dropped sharply after the introduction of the new minimum school‐leaving age in England and Wales, whereas it remained unchanged in France.
Upstream Market Power and Wasteful Retailers*
Authors: Peitz Martin , Shin Dongsoo
Published: October 2015

We provide a novel explanation for the wasteful product disposal by retailers. In our model, after purchasing a quantity of a product from the manufacturer, the retailer exerts a costly effort to sell the product to the final users. The manufacturer’s production cost and the outside opportunity associated with it is private information. We show that, when the manufacturer has the upstream market power, the retailer sells all units purchased from the manufacturer. However, when the retailer has the market power, it might deliberately purchase more than it sells to the final users (thus wasting the unsold amount).
Does It Matter if You Are Observed by Others? Evidence from Donations in the Field*
Authors: Alpízar Francisco , Martinsson Peter
Published: October 2015

We investigate whether people's donations in the field are affected by the presence of others. In the analysis, we distinguish between individuals who arrived at a national park alone and those who arrived as members of a group. We also investigated the effect of donations being made in the presence of a third party made in the presence of a third party. We find that donations are significantly more frequent for individuals who are members of a group. When a third party is present, we find that the total donations by individuals who are a part of a group are significantly higher than those of lone travelers, mainly because of the increased probability of donating.
Influence of Yb:Hf Ratio on Ytterbium Hafnate/Molten Silicate (CMAS) Reactivity
Authors: Poerschke David L. , Seward Gareth G. E. , Levi Carlos G.
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the influence of YbO1.5 concentration on the reactivity between YbO1.5–HfO2 thermal barrier coating (TBC) materials and silicate melts [calcium–magnesium aluminosilicate (CMAS), specifically 33CaO–9MgO–13AlO1.5–45SiO2, all in mol%]. Three thermal barrier oxides (TBO) with YbO1.5 concentration between 30 and 80 mol% were tested at 1300°C and 1500°C. Porous pellets were used to study reaction layer growth and the behavior within infiltrated porosity. Complementary experiments examined the phase equilibria in melts containing varying quantities of the candidate TBOs. The effectiveness of reactive crystallization to limit interaction depth increased with the YbO1.5 concentration in the TBO. The results indicate that the TBO must contain sufficient YbO1.5 to satisfy the equilibrium between the melt and HfO2‐based fluorite phase before YbO1.5‐bearing silicates can precipitate. Increasing the YbO1.5 availability leads to the crystallization of apatite, garnet, silicocarnotite, and/or cuspidine (alumino)silicates. Apatite was observed at 1300°C and 1500°C, garnet and silicocarnotite only appeared at 1300°C, and cuspidine was only evident at 1500°C. The implications for the design of CMAS‐resistant coatings are discussed in the context of the experimental results.
On the position of Uruguay in the South American biogeographical puzzle: insights from Ephemeroptera (Insecta)
Authors: Dos Santos Daniel A. , Emmerich Daniel , Molineri Carlos , Nieto Carolina , Domínguez Eduardo
Published: October 2015

Aim

To study the relationships between Uruguay and neighbouring geographical areas based on distributions of Ephemeroptera species (mayflies: an ancient order of aquatic insects). We wanted to evaluate whether Uruguay more closely represents (1) the southern limit of the tropical (Paranense and Amazonian) fauna or (2) the northern limit of the temperate (Pampean‐Bonaerense) fauna.

Location

South America with an emphasis on Uruguay.

Methods

We compiled more than 5000 collection records of mayfly species throughout South America and evaluated these using current taxonomy and geographical validity. We used the Network Analysis Method (NAM) on these data to identify units of co‐occurrence (UCs: mutually exclusive groups of co‐distributed species, with each group connected through strong links of sympatry and disconnected from the others). We focused solely on those UCs that included Uruguay in their spatial ranges and used these to infer the vicinity relationships.

Results

We recovered four UCs consisting of many species that link Uruguay with tropical areas of Brazil and NE Argentina. These groups followed a geographically nested pattern. The results contradict the previously held view that the Uruguayan fauna holds strong affinities to that of temperate grasslands that lie to the south in central oriental Argentina (i.e. the currently accepted concept of Pampas). A comparison of the genera known from Uruguay and Buenos Aires Province further reinforces the distinction between Uruguay and temperate areas to the south.

Main conclusions

The hypothesis that Uruguay represents the southern limit of tropical affinities is strongly supported by mayfly distributions, indicating that a reappraisal of the Pampas as a cohesive biogeographical province is needed. We suggest that Uruguay and Buenos Aires should belong to different provinces, the former aligned with tropical provinces and the latter aligned with more temperate areas.
The Effects of Blackthorn (Prunus Spinosa L.) Addition on Certain Quality Characteristics of Ice Cream
Authors: Kavaz Yuksel Arzu
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the certain physicochemical properties, color values, total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), glass transition (Tg′), melting (Tm′), freezing point (Tf) and melting point (Tm) temperatures, and sensory characteristics of ice cream produced with minced blackthorn (BT) (Prunus spinosaL.) at different concentrations. The increment ofBTconcentration caused an increase in the titratable acidity, viscosity, overrun, first dripping and complete melting times anda* color value, while decreasing the total solid, ash, fat, protein contents,pH,L* andb* color values.TPCandTFCvalues of samples showed a variation from 42.22 to 84.85 and from 27.40 to 39.03 μgQE/mg extract, respectively, whereasTg′,Tm′,TfandTmvalues showed a significant decrease with the increment ofBTconcentration. On the sensory evaluation, only color scores of the samples showed differences from each other atP < 0.05 level.

Practical Applications

Ice cream is an important dairy product produced with milk, cream, water, fruits, flavoring agents and other ingredients. The acceptability of the ice cream by consumers is affected by some factors, including quality characteristics, ingredients, sensory properties and storage conditions. In recent years, the use of natural and organic additives such as fruits for ice cream production showed an increase. ThePrunus spinosa L. (blackthorn [BT]) is a natural fruit and locally grows in some parts of the world.BTcontains high amount of antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals. The use ofBTat different concentrations for ice cream production caused an acceptable effect on some physicochemical, thermal and sensory properties of ice cream. On the contrary, the concentration increase ofBTallowed important effects on most of the observed quality parameters of ice cream samples.
Potential Long‐Term Global Environmental Implications of Efficient Light‐Source Technologies
Authors: Bergesen Joseph D. , Tähkämö Leena , Gibon Thomas , Suh Sangwon
Published: October 2015

Artificial lighting is a major source of electricity demand globally. As the demand for lighting services grows over the next 40 years, especially in developing countries, efficient light‐source technologies such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) can reduce the energy consumed for lighting services and therefore its environmental impacts. LED technologies in both residential and commercial/industrial applications are expected to see dramatic improvements in luminous efficacy over the coming decades, potentially leading to more environmentally benign lighting. A scenario‐based, integrated hybrid life cycle assessment quantifies and confirms the environmental benefits of deploying efficient light sources in all global regions through 2050, with electricity generation following the International Energy Agency's (IEA) BLUE Map scenario for limiting climate change to 2 degrees Celsius. Data used for previous assessments of light sources is updated and harmonized to reflect recent and expected future improvements in luminous efficacy and materials efficiency for LED lamps and luminaires. The aggregate life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of global light provision can be reduced by more than a factor of 7 owing to decarbonization of electricity generation, increased adoption of efficient light sources, and future advances in LED technology. Estimates of the technological capability and market penetration of efficient light sources show that by 2050, a 2.5 to 2.9 times growth in the global demand for lighting services can be accommodated while still meeting IEA GHG mitigation goals and increasing metal depletion just 20% above 2010 estimates.
The relationship between cultural sensitivity and perceived stress among nurses working with foreign patients
Authors: Uzun Özge , Sevinç Sibel
Published: October 2015

Aim and objectives

To determine the relationship between cultural sensitivity and perceived stress of nurses working at Kilis State Hospital.

Background

As foreigners live in and visit Turkey for various reasons, it is essential to provide culturally appropriate healthcare.

Design

Descriptive and cross‐sectional design.

Methods

This study was implemented at the State Hospital in Kilis on the southeast border of Turkey, between June–July 2014. The study sample consisted of 120 nurses. Data collection tools included a questionnaire about the socio‐demographic and professional characteristics of participants, the Chen and Starosta's Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, and Perceived Stress Scale.

Results

The average score for nurse cultural sensitivity was 84·32 (SD, 11·40) and the average score for perceived stress was 27·97 (SD, 7·32), corresponding to a medium level. We identified negative correlation between cultural sensitivity and perceived stress.

Conclusions

Nurses working at Kilis State Hospital have a medium level of cultural sensitivity and perceived stress, and cultural sensitivity tended to be affected by perceived stress.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study suggests that training programmes for cultural sensitivity and stress management should be available for nurses. Furthermore, patient care plans should be adapted to consider different cultural backgrounds of patients. These findings should be considered when designing nurses' education and continuing education programmes.
Burden of serious fungal infections in the Czech Republic
Authors: Chrdle Aleš , Mallátová Nad'a , Vašáková Martina , Haber Jan , Denning David W.
Published: October 2015

We have estimated the number of serious fungal infections in the Czech Republic. All published epidemiology papers reporting Czech fungal infection rates were identified. Where no data existed, we used specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies in those populations. Population statistics were obtained from the 2011 Census data, prevalence and incidence data for at‐risk conditions were obtained from publicly accessible healthcare statistics and relevant surveys. We estimate that 152 840 Czech women suffer with recurrent vaginal thrush. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is likely in 4739 adults and 6581 more have severe asthma with fungal sensitisation. Hypersensitivity pneumonitits secondary to fungi is estimated in 1050 cases and 365 people may have chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Oesophageal candidiasis is estimated in 210 HIV‐positive people. There are 12 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV population and 60 more cases in non‐HIV population. There are an estimated 526 cases of candidaemia, 79 cases of Candida peritonitis and 297 cases of invasive aspergillosis a year. About 176 000 (1.67%) Czech people suffer from severe fungal infections each year, predominantly from recurrent vaginitis and allergic respiratory conditions. Substantial uncertainty surrounds these estimates except for invasive aspergillosis in haematology and candidaemia in critical care.
Burden of fungal infections in Qatar
Authors: Taj‐Aldeen Saad J. , Chandra Prem , Denning David W.
Published: October 2015

Few estimates of fungal disease frequency have been attempted in the Middle East. We have estimated the burden of fungal infections in Qatar. The aim of the study was to compute and determine the burden of serious fungal infections, in an attempt to estimate fungal disease frequency, which has not previously been attempted in this country. Disease statistics were collected from the Microbiology laboratory database and from 2011 WHO statistics. The data are expressed per 100 000 populations. The reported cases of candidaemia rose to 288 with an estimated rate of 15.4/100 000. A real increase in the burden of candidaemia was found over that previously reported (12.9/100 000) for the years 2004–2009. Candida peritonitis was estimated in 8.02 cases/100 000 population. Recurrent (≥4 year−1) vaginal infections affect at least 32 782 women with a rate of 3506/100 000 inhabitants. Severe asthma with fungal sensitisation affected 1486 people, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 1126 people and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis 176 people. Rhinosinusitis, mucormycosis and Fusarium infection occurred at rates of 2.31, 1.23, 1.86 cases/100 000 respectively. The estimated rate of invasive aspergillosis was very low (0.6/100 000). Low rates of Cryptococcus meningitis and Pneumocystis pneumonia are attributable to low HIV infection rates. In conclusion, fungal infections are increasingly reported, especially candidaemia. Surveillance and guidelines are needed to optimise care and management of common fungal infections. In addition, a fungal registry system needs development for surveillance.
The burden of serious fungal diseases in Russia
Authors: Klimko N. , Kozlova Y. , Khostelidi S. , Shadrivova O. , Borzova Y. , Burygina E. , Vasilieva N. , Denning D. W.
Published: October 2015

The incidence and prevalence of fungal infections in Russia is unknown. We estimated the burden of fungal infections in Russia according to the methodology of the LIFE program (www.LIFE‐worldwide.org). The total number of patients with serious and chronic mycoses in Russia in 2011 was three million. Most of these patients (2607 494) had superficial fungal infections (recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, oral and oesophageal candidiasis with HIV infection and tinea capitis). Invasive and chronic fungal infections (invasive candidiasis, invasive and chronic aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis, mucormycosis and Pneumocystis pneumonia) affected 69 331 patients. The total number of adults with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitisation was 406 082.
Burden of serious fungal infections in Belgium
Authors: Lagrou Katrien , Maertens Johan , Van Even Ellen , Denning David W.
Published: October 2015

We aimed to estimate the total number of serious fungal infections occurring yearly in Belgium. The number of cryptococcal infections was retrieved from the National Reference Center for Mycosis. Populations at risk and fungal infections frequencies in these populations were used to estimate incidence or prevalence of other fungal infections. The Belgian population consists of 11.10 million people. Cryptococcal meningitis is rare. In all, 15 of the 1227 newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases presented with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. This accounts for ±14% of total PCP cases (n = 120). The incidence of candidaemia is estimated as 5/100 000 resulting in 555 cases and 213 deaths. A total number of 675 invasive aspergillosis cases and ≥169 deaths attributed to this infection were calculated. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is estimated to be prevalent in 662 cases. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis cases were estimated to be 23 119 applying a 2.5% and 15% rate in adult asthma and cystic fibrosis patients respectively. Severe asthma with fungal sensitisation cases was estimated to be 30 402. There were 174 760 women with recurrent Candida vaginitis assuming a 6% rate in women aged between 15 and 50. Approximately 233 000 people of the Belgian population (2.1%) are estimated to suffer from a fungal infection on a yearly basis.
Ilex sanqingshanensis sp. nov. (Aquifoliaceae) from Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: Shi Shi , Chen Su‐Fang , Zhong Fang‐Hua , Wu Guang‐Xi , Liao Wen‐Bo , Fan Qiang
Published: October 2015

Ilex sanqingshanensis, a new species of Aquifoliaceae from Jiangxi, China, is described and illustrated with morphological characteristics and ultrastructure of pollen grains. The new species is easily distinguished from the most similar species I. wugongshanensis C. J. Tseng ex S. K. Chen et Y. X. Feng by having smaller leaves that are elliptic, ovate or elliptic‐ovate, with shorter (0.5–1.0 vs 2–3 mm) teeth on the leaf margin, longer pedicels of staminate flowers (2.0–3.5 vs 1.5 mm), smaller pyrenes (3.5–4.0 × 2.0–2.5 vs 4.5–5.0 × 3.0 mm), and woody pyrenes (vs stony pyrenes).