bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human-Induced Landcover Changes Drive a Diminution of Land Surface Albedo in the Loess Plateau (China)
Authors: Zhai Jun , Liu Ronggao , Liu Jiyuan , Huang Lin , Qin Yuanwei
Published: March 2015

A large decrease in the land surface albedo of the Loess Plateau was observed from 2000 to 2010, as measured using satellite imagery. In particular, ecological restoration program regions experienced a decrease in peak season land surface albedo exceeding 0.05. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of variation during the peak season albedo in the Loess Plateau and analyzed its relationships with changes of anthropogenic and natural factors at the pixel level. Our analysis revealed that increasing grassland coverage due to returning rangeland to grassland could lead to a maximum albedo decrease of 0.030 in peak season. This result highlighted the human-induced land use change in driving the decreasing albedo on an annual scale. There was no significant correlation between precipitation change and albedo reduction. Precipitation could influence the spatial pattern of albedo in drought years by influencing the natural vegetation water requirement. However, the role of precipitation was not obvious in the ecological restoration program regions. This article demonstrates the substantial role that land use change could play in regional-scale albedo change and climate. Finally, some implications for the radiative forcing of land use change are discussed.
Green and Blue Water Footprint Accounting for Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Primary Region of Mexico
Authors: Lopez Lucia , Bautista-Capetillo Carlos
Published: March 2015

Water shortages are a key obstacle to the sustainable supply of food to the world population, since agriculture has the largest consumptive water use. The Water Footprint (WF) has been developed as a useful tool to assess the contribution of goods and activities to water scarcity. This concept is being used around the world to improve agricultural water management. This paper analyzes climate data in order to estimate green and blue WFs for dry beans in the dry beans primary region of Mexico under both irrigation and dryland conditions. The quantification of green WF is very important in this area, since 95% of the crop is obtained in dryland conditions. Standard methodology was used to assess the crop WF. Five different sowing dates were considered: two for irrigation (15 April and 15 May) and three for dryland (1 and 15 July and 1 August). It was found that the optimum sowing date for dryland conditions is 1 August, with a WF of 1839 m3·Mg−1 (1 Mg equal to 1000 kg) in the sutheastern part of the region; nevertheless, results show that the largest green water availability occurs around the first days of July. Under irrigated conditions the best sowing date is 15 May, with a decrease in crop evapotranspiration of 10.1% in relation to 15 April; which means a reduction of 36.1% of blue water use in the northwestern region mainly.
Accuracy of Hourly Water Temperatures in Rivers Calculated from Air Temperatures
Authors: Chen Gang , Fang Xing
Published: March 2015

Water temperature is a critical variable for water quality control and management. The primary objective of this paper was to develop and compare simple methods to estimate hourly water temperatures in rivers. The wave function (WF) model, originally used to calculate hourly air temperature, was modified and applied to eight Alabama rivers. The results show significant improvement by using the modified WF model instead of direct linear and non-linear (polynomial and logistic) regression models with time lags (4–5 h). The average Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) used to evaluate model accuracy for the eight rivers improved from 0.71 for the linear model to 0.89 for the modified WF model with NS for most rivers exceeding 0.90. A lumped modified WF model was also developed by combining water temperature data for all eight rivers and can be applied for rivers in Alabama when no observed water temperatures are available to develop a site-specific WF model. The procedure to develop a modified WF model can be applied to other regions.
Les véritables « Questions et réponses » d'Anastase le Sinaïte
Authors: Richard Marcel
Published: March 2015

L'édition de J. Gretser, Ingolstadt, 1617, reproduite au tome 89 de la Patrología graeca de Migne (col. 311-824), provient d'un manuscrit qui combinait deux collections différentes, un florilège en 88 questions de la fin du ixe siècle ou du début du Xe et un recueil des véritables « Questions et réponses » de YAbbas Anastase. Celles-ci sont conservées presque intégralement (une question omise) dans un manuscrit de Moscou du ixe-xe siècle, partiellement dans plusieurs autres. Les questions 75-141 de l'édition, y compris les questions extra ordinem, proviennent de ce recueil, utilisé déjà par l'auteur du florilège en 88 questions. L'article donne la liste des 103 questions authentiques et analyse les principaux témoins de cet ouvrage.
Les prières usuelles annexées aux anciennes traductions françaises du psautier
Authors: Brayer Édith , Bouly de Lesdain Anne-Marie
Published: March 2015

Les plus anciennes traductions du psautier en ancien français contiennent, à la suite des psaumes, sept cantiques tirés de l'Ancien Testament, le Te Deum, trois cantiques tirés du Nouveau Testament et des prières usuelles.

L'article décrit 37 manuscrits conservés en Grande-Bretagne (17 mss.), à Paris (17 mss.), à Munich (1 ms.), au Vatican (1 ms.) et à Vienne (1 ms.), en les groupant par familles : psautiers anglo-normands, psautiers lorrains, psautiers bilingues non dialectaux, psautiers français en prose ou en prose mêlée de vers, psautiers entièrement en vers.

Les textes du Gloria, du Pater noster, du Credo et de Y Ave Maria sont publiés d'après vingt manuscrits répartis selon les rédactions. Le texte intégral des différents manuscrits d'une même rédaction est présenté en tableaux synoptiques.
La minuscule caroline et le renouveau culturel sous Charlemagne
Authors: Bischoff Bernhard
Published: March 2015

Si l'on examine des manuscrits de l'époque de Charlemagne écrits en minuscule Caroline, mais originaires de différents scriptoria et de différentes parties de l'Empire, leur écriture présente presque toujours une image harmonieuse ; mais par la composition de l'alphabet, y compris celle des ligatures, et par leur stylisation, ils témoignent au contraire d'une divergence et d'une variabilité surprenantes. Partant de cette constatation, l'auteur montre que l'origine de cette écriture multiforme, qui ne parvint qu'une génération plus tard — relativement pour une grande partie — à une plus grande unité, ne peut être expliquée ni par l'introduction officielle ou la diffusion d'une création spontanée, ni par l'imitation volontaire. La minuscule Caroline est née organiquement de la cursive et de la semi-cursive et s'est formée sous l'action de forces convergentes : l'isolement des différents éléments de l'écriture, la recherche de la clarté et la disposition naturelle pour la calligraphie.
Failure to Look Beyond Blocks Is a Mistake
Authors: Berger V. W.
Published: March 2015

Tamm and Hilgers [1] are to be congratulated for bringing more attention to a rather important issue in trial design, namely chronological bias. Far too many researchers use permuted blocks without even recognizing that chronological bias is the reason they do it. Only armed with the rationale can we hope to enter an informed discussion regarding the merits, or lack thereof, for using permuted block randomization in actual trials. But chronological bias is only part of the story. If it were the entire story, then there would be a rather easy solution. We could just use blocks of size two, or even alternate treatment groups. But we can’t, and the reason we can’t is selection bias. The two are at odds, as the solution to chronological bias is a small block size, and the solution to selection bias is a large block size [2, 3]. At least this would be the case if we were limited to using permuted blocks. Fortunately, we are not.
Graphene quantum interference photodetector
Authors: Alam Mahbub , Voss Paul L
Published: March 2015

In this work, a graphene quantum interference (QI) photodetector was simulated in two regimes of operation. The structure consists of a graphene nanoribbon, Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which exhibits a strongly resonant transmission of electrons of specific energies. In the first regime of operation (that of a linear photodetector), low intensity light couples two resonant energy levels, resulting in scattering and differential transmission of current with an external quantum efficiency of up to 5.2%. In the second regime of operation, full current switching is caused by the phase decoherence of the current due to a strong photon flux in one or both of the interferometer arms in the same MZI structure. Graphene QI photodetectors have several distinct advantages: they are of very small size, they do not require p- and n-doped regions, and they exhibit a high external quantum efficiency.
Impact of Intellectual Capital on the Organizational Performance of Airline Industry in Malaysia
Authors: Khalique Muhammad , Isa Abu Hassan Md.
Published: March 2015

This chapter aims to examine the role of intellectual capital in order to enhance the organizational performance of airline industry in Malaysia. Five components of intellectual capital, namely human capital, customer capital, structural capital, technological capital, and spiritual capital, were used to investigate the role of intellectual capital in airline industry in Malaysia. A structured questionnaire was used to gather the required data from Kuala Lumpur, Sultan Ismail Johor Bharu International Airport, and Kuching International Airport. A total of 195 out of 200 useable questionnaires were collected. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test the proposed research hypotheses of this study. The findings show that two variables, namely customer capital and spiritual capital, appeared as significant contributors while the remaining three variables, human capital, structural capital, and technological capital, appeared as insignificant contributors. This is a preliminary study and it could be a milestone for further studies.
PPPs in Road Infrastructure
Authors: Verma Manisha
Published: March 2015

PPPs are based on the implicit premise that the market stands for better efficiencies than the government and partnership with the private sector will provide access to its more efficient technical and managerial resources in addition to its capital. They have also been claimed to cut down on time and cost over-runs. This chapter, which provides findings from PPPs in highways from India, reveals that PPPs have multiple problems in their implementation. What is significant is that the public partners are responsible for many of these problems, although the private developers have also contributed through their manipulation of contractual obligations, land grabbing, and under-reporting of traffic to make illegitimate profits. A more active role of the state in the governance of PPPs, so as to make them more effective modes of delivery of services, is suggested. The chapter also recommends introspection on the philosophy of “single-size-fits-all” solution to address the infrastructure ills within any country.
Relationships among Information Technology, Service Quality, and Overall Satisfaction of the Customers in Life Insurance Corporation of India
Authors: Choudhuri Partha Sarathi
Published: March 2015

At present, customers are fully aware of their needs and requirements, expectations, and information technology-enabled services. Based on the several factors, customers are evaluating the quality of perceived services offered by their service providers as well as estimating their overall satisfaction with their service providers. As customer satisfaction has now become the ultimate goal of the different service providers, considering different factors, organizations are trying to move their focus from product to the customers. Like any other sector, in life insurance sector the insurance companies are trying to provide better quality of services to their customers with the help of information technology not only to satisfy them but also to retain them in the competitive insurance market. In this chapter, the author studies the significant relationships among the information technology, service quality, and overall satisfaction of the customers in Life Insurance Corporation of India in Burdwan.
Financial Performance of Selected FMCG Companies in India during Post-Reform Era
Authors: Chakraborty Kaushik , Sarkar Subhasis
Published: March 2015

The FMCG sector with a market share of $13.1 billion has presently proved itself as the fourth largest sector in the Indian economy. In fact, rural India with more than 70 percent share of the total Indian population has emerged as the most significant FMCG market. During the last two decades, deregulation, globalization, and liberalization measures adopted by the central government have made a paradigm change in the FMCG sector. Both the foreign direct and portfolio investments in Indian FMCG sector in the post-reform period have notably influenced the financial performance of the companies belonging to this sector. Moreover, increasing presence of MNCs in the Indian market has forced the existing domestic companies in the FMCG sector to reorient their financial strategies in order to survive. A large number of studies have been carried out to evaluate individually the different aspects of the financial performance of the FMCG companies in India. However, no comprehensive study for measuring the overall financial performance of the Indian FMCG sector by taking into account the financial data of the last two decades has been made. This chapter seeks to analyze the overall financial performance of 16 selected companies in the Indian FMCG sector during the period 1993-94 to 2012-13. The companies have been selected from “India's Most Respected Companies” as published by Business World, New Delhi, February 14, 2011 (Vol. 30, Issue 39) by following purposive sampling procedure. Relevant statistical techniques and tests have been used in carrying out the analysis.
Social Networking
Authors: Arora Shivani
Published: March 2015

This chapter aims to explain the impact of social networking websites on the youth of India. Their usage pattern being the focus which would go on to establish the efficacy of usage of social networking websites to expand the business. The build-up of the chapter is not only theoretical but also provides an analytical opinion derived from the results of a study. For the purpose of the study, questions were administered to around 500 avid users of social networking websites from Delhi University (150 completed questionnaires were received). The representative sample would go a long way in forming an opinion on whether it is worthwhile to use social networking to promote brands to the segment studied or not.
Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Sundar Sethy Satya
Published: March 2015

Engineers are observed as an archetype of people who carry out their professional tasks through rationality and quantitative aptitude. Thus, they do not consider themselves responsible for any sort of consequences their designed products have. But in contrast to their claim, many scholars argue that engineering products cannot be judged as value neutral as they are designed for public use. The product is good when people use it and get benefit from it and bad when tragedy occurs. The tragedy can be abated or possibly avoided if engineers would incorporate Emotional Intelligence (EI) into their professional task. EI is defined as “skills” that subsume self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. Thus, not incorporating EI in the engineering task brings about unwanted tragedies. Against this backdrop, this chapter critically examines the salient features of EI, three models of EI, significance of integrating EI into engineering design, methods to learn and develop EI, and ethical implications of EI in engineering profession.
Religious Ethics, General Ethics, and Engineering Ethics
Authors: Bhat P. R.
Published: March 2015

The objective of this chapter is to examine the underpinning relation among religious ethics, general ethics, and engineering ethics. We, the human beings, belong to one religion or the other by birth and/or by practice. There is hardly any society that is non-religious, and every major religion has religion-based ethics. Every evolved religion promotes values such as honesty, truthfulness, nonviolence, helping the needy, etc. These values are developed by major religions, such as Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, etc. All these values together constitute our understanding about general ethics. Fortunately, many religions prescribe similar values, and these values are considered as general ethics, which the chapter delineates in detail. The chapter also elucidates why we have not considered agnostics' and atheists' views on religious ethics even if general ethical principles are based on religious ethics. Further, what is the need to have professional ethics such as engineering ethics when we already have religious and general ethics? The chapter argues “engineering ethics” as a professional ethics would be an autonomous system and would be independent of religious ethics and general ethics. The reason for this claim is professionals need to perform their duties in accordance with their professional codes of conduct, and not based on their religious ethics or general ethics. The chapter submits that engineering ethics is an autonomous ethics even if it has values that resemble religious or general ethics.
Integrating Ethics into Engineering Education
Authors: Zhou Chunfang , Otrel-Cass Kathrin , Børsen Tom
Published: March 2015

In this chapter, the authors aim to explore the necessity of teaching ethics as part of engineering education based on the gaps between learning “hard” knowledge and “soft” skills in the current educational system. They discuss why the nature of engineering practices makes it difficult to look beyond dealing with engineering design problems, identify the difference between knowledge and risk perceptions, and how to manage such tensions. They also explore the importance of developing moral responsibilities of engineers and the need to humanize technology and engineering, as technological products are not value neutral. With a focus on Problem-Based Learning (PBL), the authors examine why engineers need to incorporate ethical codes in their decision-making process and professional tasks. Finally, they discuss how to build creative learning environments that can support attaining the objectives of engineering education.
Sterilization of Women
Authors: Akrivopoulou Christina M. , Asproudi Maria N.
Published: March 2015

This chapter explores the international practices and policies regarding women sterilization and the legal and ethical dilemmas they pose. As is analyzed, women, in many places of the world, frequently rely on access to sterilization procedures in order to control their fertility at will. However, this is not always the case. Often, women are forced to undergo permanent and irreversible sterilization, without being aware of it or without their informed consent. As is illustrated in this chapter, despite the condemnation of such practices by the United Nations (UN), cases of coerced sterilization are recorded all around the globe, especially targeting women with mental disabilities, the poor or socially stigmatized, and those perceived as “unworthy” of reproduction. This chapter underlines the grave violations of human rights caused by involuntary sterilization and the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection of women in danger.
Remarks and Considerations on the CJEU Decision on Biometric Passports
Authors: Chatziliasi Evanthia , Bourka Athena
Published: March 2015

Biometric passports, namely passports including a storage medium that contains the facial image and two fingerprints of their owner, became mandatory when Regulation (EC) 2252/2004 entered into force. In the case C-291/12, the Court of Justice of the European Union was asked to examine whether biometric passports constitute a possible infringement of the fundamental right to the protection of personal data. This chapter aims at analyzing the aforementioned Judgment of the CJEU, focusing in particular on the application of the proportionality principle. The authors attempt to formulate some additional remarks and considerations on the critical matters of that case, and to this end, they especially focus on the processing of multiple biometric elements, the existence of alternative and less intrusive means, as well as the security of the biometric passports.
Afghanistan
Authors: Safi Hafizullah
Published: March 2015

Based on interviews and the use of the “Conflict Management Modes” exercise, it was discovered that Afghan managers are more directive, less empowering and delegating, more relationship-oriented, have long-term visions, are less confrontational and mostly avoid conflicts, whereas American expatriate managers seemed to be more collaborating, more empowering and delegating, more task-oriented, more short-term in their thinking, and collaborative in handling conflicts. It is recommended that Americans working in Afghanistan need to pay more attention to the need to build human capital, pay exclusive attention to cultural values, and foster more relationship-oriented attitudes, particularly when working in this kind of environment. Afghans need to be prepared to be more confrontational, more collaborating, and empower others in order to develop future leaders. In certain areas, such as teamwork, expertise, and the relationship between management and leadership, both Afghan and American managers seem to agree to a great extent but with different attitudes.
Paradigm Shift toward Student Engagement in Technology Mediated Courses
Authors: Becker Melissa Roberts , McCaleb Karen , Baker Credence
Published: March 2015

University recruitment websites continue to show students happily using technology in the higher education environment. Exactly how technology is used in the teaching and learning process continues to challenge and frustrate university instructors and students. A frequent depiction of college classrooms consists of an instructor lecturing from the front of the classroom and reprimanding students for talking to each other. In this paradigm, the professor is the “sage on the stage” and is the single transmitter of knowledge. Is this teaching and learning approach the most effective way to educate students? With recent discoveries about how students learn most optimally, and how technology can augment the process, a paradigm shift is required towards appropriate and intentional implementation of technology tools for engaging students to use higher-order thinking skills. This chapter explores the use and application of free digital tools that both improve and in turn enhance the learning process.
Learners' Perception of Engagement in Online Learning
Authors: Chakraborty Misha
Published: March 2015

The widespread popularity of online classes is evident in both professional and academic settings. Learners' engagement and satisfaction with the online courses, especially from the learners' perspective, are considered core to the promotion of quality learning. The voices of the present day's “virtual generation” need to be heard. The opportunities they see and the challenges they face can be utilized in creating engaging online learning environments. This chapter discusses online class engagement strategies that work. Multiple sources including semi-structured interviews with eight participants at a Research 1 University in Southwest United States, online course documents, email exchanges, and discussion transcripts were used to collect and analyze data. The findings indicate online class engagement factors and issues that need to be considered in effective design and successful delivery of online courses. The findings can be used to help faculties and learners achieve optimum benefits from online classes.
A Study of Trainee Attitude and Satisfaction between E-Learning Training versus Traditional Training
Authors: Hairston Nancy , Nafukho Fredrick Muyia
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the relationship between change in attitude toward computers and overall course satisfaction of participants. Of the 262 randomly selected participants, 64% completed the study. Data were collected using questionnaires and course satisfaction rating survey. Results of the study indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in overall course satisfaction between the e-learning group (the treatment group) and the traditional group (control group). The traditional group was more satisfied with their course than the treatment group on the general program construct and the overall course satisfaction index. Results of the t-tests indicated that overall the e-learning group liked computers more than the traditional group prior to treatment and remained with this attitude after treatment. The control group had a statistically significant change in attitude toward computers after the treatment to reflect a less favorable attitude toward computers after the treatment.
Toward An Effective Virtual Learning Environment
Authors: Valentin Marie A. , Muyia Helen M. , Kim Junhee , Valentin Celestino
Published: March 2015

In this chapter, the authors present an Effective Virtual Learning Model and answer the research questions, What is the perception of social presence on virtual learning? What role does social presence play in student engagement in virtual learning? and, What are the social presence factors influencing the effective learning environment? The method used to answer the pending research questions was the integrative literature review utilizing a six-step format. Authors conducted a literature review search utilizing the descriptors of virtual learning and social presence. From there articles were identified, selected, and synthesized according to the research questions. This research was informed by the Community of Inquiry Framework as the theoretical foundation from which the results were concluded. Based on results of emerging themes, the authors present the Effective Virtual Learning Model as a foundational basis for theory, research, and more importantly, practice.
MOOCs Global Digital Divide
Authors: Valentin Celestino
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to help address the question of global digital divide and provide the readers with scholarly information to help them reach their own conclusions, and to answer the question, “Is there really a MOOC global digital divide or is it just a myth?” The methods used included a critical review of the literature and a non-traditional open approach to research, which included utilization of websites, blogs, MOOCs website articles, peer-reviewed scholarly journals, books, and platform website information. Findings include total number of MOOCs users, platform providers, and the countries involved with learning using MOOCs.
DAP12 Expression in Lung Macrophages Mediates Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Neutrophil Extravasation
Authors: Spahn Jessica H. , Li Wenjun , Bribriesco Alejandro C. , Liu Jie , Shen Hua , Ibricevic Aida , Pan Jie-Hong , Zinselmeyer Bernd H. , Brody Steven L. , Goldstein Daniel R. , Krupnick Alexander S. , Gelman Andrew E. , Miller Mark J. , Kreisel Daniel
Published: March 2015

Neutrophils are critical mediators of innate immune responses and contribute to tissue injury. However, immune pathways that regulate neutrophil recruitment to injured tissues during noninfectious inflammation remain poorly understood. DAP12 is a cell membrane–associated protein that is expressed in myeloid cells and can either augment or dampen innate inflammatory responses during infections. To elucidate the role of DAP12 in pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), we took advantage of a clinically relevant mouse model of transplant-mediated lung IRI. This technique allowed us to dissect the importance of DAP12 in tissue-resident cells and those that infiltrate injured tissue from the periphery during noninfectious inflammation. Macrophages in both mouse and human lungs that have been subjected to cold ischemic storage express DAP12. We found that donor, but not recipient, deficiency in DAP12 protected against pulmonary IRI. Analysis of the immune response showed that DAP12 promotes the survival of tissue-resident alveolar macrophages and contributes to local production of neutrophil chemoattractants. Intravital imaging demonstrated a transendothelial migration defect into DAP12-deficient lungs, which can be rescued by local administration of the neutrophil chemokine CXCL2. We have uncovered a previously unrecognized role for DAP12 expression in tissue-resident alveolar macrophages in mediating acute noninfectious tissue injury through regulation of neutrophil trafficking.
Osteoporosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Sarkar Malay , Bhardwaj Rajeev , Madabhavi Irappa , Khatana Jasmin
Published: March 2015

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lifestyle-related chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. COPD is associated with various comorbidities found in all stages of COPD. The comorbidities have significant impact in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden in COPD. Management of comorbidities should be incorporated into the comprehensive management of COPD as this will also have an effect on the outcome in COPD patients. Various comorbidities reported in COPD include cardiovascular disease, skeletal muscle dysfunction, anemia, metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a significant comorbidity in COPD patients. Various risk factors, such as tobacco smoking, systemic inflammation, vitamin D deficiency, and the use of oral or inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are responsible for its occurrence in patients with COPD. This review will focus on the prevalence, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis in COPD patients.
Intérêt de la vidéocapsule endoscopique dans le diagnostic des tumeurs de l’intestin grêle
Authors: Sokpon Martin , Amrani Leïla , Salihoun Mouna , Zneti Kaoutar , Kabbaj Nawal
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Les tumeurs de l’intestin grêle sont rares et de diagnostic le plus souvent difficile. L’avènement de la Vidéocapsule Endoscopique (VCE) a révolutionné l’exploration de cette portion du tube digestif, qualifiée de boîte noire de l’endoscopie car elle permet de visualiser toutes les lésions du grêle y compris les tumeurs. Le but du travail est d’évaluer l’apport de la VCE dans le diagnostic des tumeurs de l’intestin grêle. Matériel et méthode  : 13 cas de tumeurs de l’intestin grêle ont été colligés de janvier 2007 à avril 2014. Tous les patients ont bénéficié au préalable d’une endoscopie œso-gastro-duodénale, d’une iléo-coloscopie, d’un transit du grêle et/ou d’un entéroscanner. Résultat  : L’âge moyen des patients était de 63 ans avec une prédominance masculine dans 76,9 %. La symptomatologie clinique était dominée par les mélénas inauguraux dans 61,5 %, l’anémie avec une altération de l’état général dans 15,4 %, 1 malade adressé pour recherche d’une localisation primitive d’une tumeur carcinoïde rectale, 1 cas de rectorragie et 1 cas de diarrhée chronique. Les lésions à la VCE se présentaient sous forme de compression extrinsèque faisant évoquer une GIST dans 76,9 %, d’un processus ulcéro-bourgeonnant dans 23,1 %. Le type histologique était dominé par les tumeurs stromales (GIST) dans 69,2 %, suivi par l’ADK moyennement différencié dans 2 cas et 1 cas de tumeur carcinoïde. Conclusion  : La VCE est un examen simple, non invasif dont la contribution est très utile pour le diagnostic des lésions du grêle. Dans notre série, les tumeurs du grêle étaient révélées dans la majorité des cas par des mélénas et le type histologique le plus fréquent était une tumeur stromale (GIST).
Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Extruded Cu-Lean AA7xxx Gas Metal Arc Welding Lap Joints
Authors: Dabrowski J. , Kish J.R.
Published: March 2015

A study was undertaken to evaluate the localized corrosion susceptibility of extruded Cu-lean aluminum alloy (AA) 7xxx single fillet welded lap joints prepared by gas metal arc welding exposed in a cyclic acidified salt fog environment (ASTM G85-A2). Major parameters varied including the Cu-lean AA7xxx (AA7003 vs. AA7108), heat-treated condition (as-welded T6 vs. post-weld paint-bake), and welded joint orientation (weld applied parallel vs. perpendicular relative to the AA7xxx extrusion direction). It was found that, in the absence of applied stresses, pitting corrosion (selective grain attack) was the dominant mode of corrosion that occurred across the welded joints with the heat affected zone (HAZ) being more susceptible than the unaffected base material, regardless of the joint design parameter tested. The hardness profiles measured across the welded joints agreed well with those published in the literature for which links between the hardness and precipitate structure (type, size, and density) have been established. Based on this established framework, the type and size of the precipitates (smaller Guinier–Preston zones in the HAZ versus larger η′ precipitates in the unaffected base material) likely accounted for the difference in pitting susceptibility observed.
A Educação de Jovens e Adultos no Espaço Prisional: sentidos da escolarização para mulheres em privação de liberdade
Authors: Dos Santos Pollyana , Da Silva Durand Olga Celestina
Published: March 2015

O direito à Educação na Prisão baseia-se no princípio constitucional de direito à educação para todos. As especificidades do contexto prisional demandam o desenvolvimento de políticas educacionais capazes de atendê-las. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar de que forma a Educação de Jovens e Adultos se insere no espaço prisional e quais seriam os sentidos da escolarização para as mulheres estudantes em privação de liberdade. A pesquisa que inspirou este trabalho teve a intenção de responder ao seguinte problema: quais os sentidos das experiências escolares vividas por mulheres em privação de liberdade nos diferentes momentos de suas trajetórias de vidas? Para tal, orientou-se por um trabalho de abordagem quanti-qualitativa e contou com os instrumentos de coleta de dados: análise documental, observação participante, entrevistas e aplicação de questionários. Ao analisar as experiências escolares tecidas na escola do presídio foi possível notar um movimento de entrada e permanência na escola: a princípio, a aproximação se justificava pela ocupação do tempo ocioso ou pela remição de dias de pena, entretanto, essa relação com os estudos era redimensionada quando se (re)descobria o gosto por estudar. O lugar ocupado pela instituição escolar e a concepção de EJA para os espaços prisionais contribuíram para dar novo sentido à escolarização: recuperavam-se os nomes, a historicidade da trajetória de vida das estudantes e problematizava-se sobre as condições de vida e os motivos que levaram a cometer crimes, bem como se tornavam possíveis projeções para um futuro.
A formação continuada dos docentes do Proeja/FIC/Pronatec na Rede Municipal de Goiânia: os desafios do fazer coletivo
Authors: Alves Miriam Fábia , Costa Claudia Borges
Published: March 2015

Este artigo pretende discutir a experiência do Proeja/FIC/Pronatec na rede municipal de Goiânia, destacando a formação continuada dos docentes e os desafios do fazer coletivo na implementação de um programa que objetiva a formação geral integrada à educação profissional, para jovens e adultos do ensino fundamental. A pesquisa conta com o acervo documental e bibliográfico e tenciona problematizar o papel da formação continuada na implantação desse fazer pedagógico na rede municipal de Goiânia. Essa ação conta com a participação efetiva da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Goiânia, Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás e do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás. O programa está sendo implantado em dez escolas da rede municipal da educação que retomam uma tradição de formação e fazer coletivo que abre possibilidade para a sustentação de uma política de formação geral integrada à educação profissional para jovens e adultos trabalhadores
Software Livre e Educação: uma relação em construção
Authors: Silveira Bonilla Maria Helena
Published: March 2015

Laboratórios com Linux Educacional, um software livre, estão chegando às escolas públicas e a maioria dos professores não sabe como interagir com os ambientes. Muitos acreditam que esses sistemas e aplicativos são mais difíceis de operar, menos eficientes e de menor qualidade que o proprietário mais divulgado. Isto se deve ao desconhecimento sobre o que é e quais os princípios, propriedades e potencialidades dessa tecnologia. Em vista dessa dificuldade enfrentada pelos professores, o artigo busca explicitar o que é um software livre, como ele chega ao Brasil e se torna política pública, suas potencialidades para a educação e a importância da formação dos professores, buscando auxiliá-los a interagir com os ambientes com um pouco mais de conhecimento, desmistificando falsas ideias veiculadas pela mídia e pelo mercado e, dessa forma, contribuir para que a relação entre software livre e educação possa se fortalecer.
Procesos de literacidad en jóvenes y adultos: convergencia de instituciones y sujetos
Authors: Lorenzatti Maria del Carmen
Published: March 2015

En este artículo se analizan prácticas de literacidad desplegadas por una señora de nula escolaridad. Desde la perspectiva de los nuevos estudios de literacidad se propone argumentar que estas prácticas forman parte de procesos sociales más amplios donde se entrelazan conocimientos de los sujetos sobre la cultura escrita, demandas que las instituciones realizan en relación con la lectura y escritura y relaciones de poder. Se trata de un estudio socioantropológico, de corte etnográfico. Interesa especialmente desentrañar las relaciones entre las distintas escalas de contextos locales y globales para mostrar que las prácticas de literacidad no pueden ser consideradas en forma abstracta, disociadas de sus condiciones históricas, políticas, económicas, sociales y culturales.  Este estudio pretende aportar conocimientos para repensar la práctica docente en el campo de la educación de jóvenes y adultos.
Everyday Diversity
Authors: Ho Christina
Published: March 2015

The Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal has been an important forum for discussing issues around cultural diversity. Articles on cultural diversity have been present in virtually every issue of the journal. These have ranged from conceptual pieces on cosmopolitanism, identity, dialogue, prejudice, pluralism, cultural and social capital and social inclusion, to articles embedded in empirical research on ethnic precincts and segregation in cities, experiences of religious minorities, immigrant entrepreneurs, and more. Over its five year history, the journal has also had themed editions on cultural diversity issues, including one on embracing diversity in sport, and another on the Chinese in Australian politics. The scope of this work has been wide, and authors have brought a range of disciplinary and methodological approaches to the journal. The purpose of this paper is to draw together some of the work that has been published around cultural diversity, particularly relating to everyday experiences of cosmopolitanism and racism. Focusing on everyday social relations has been an important part of recent scholarship on cultural diversity in Australia (e.g. Wise and Velayutham 2009). In contrast to research framed around multicultural policy or mediated representations of diversity, the scholarship of the ‘everyday’ aims to explore people’s lived experiences and daily interactions with others.
Militarised violence in the service of state-imposed emergencies over Palestine and Kenya
Authors: Pfingst Annie
Published: March 2015

States of Emergency are declared against the disorder-ing of state sovereign power by acts of resistance, rebellion and revolt and are characterised by the technologies of control, containment and punishment. Through spatial, archival and visual encounters with emergency landscapes and the geographies of resistance, the essay considers the historic and contemporary operations, provisions, regulations and practices authorised under state-imposed emergencies. It does so in order firstly, to bring attention to the practices authorised through state-imposed emergencies and the currency and saliency of their ongoing effects, and secondly to re-frame the militarised violence of settlement/occupation as an integral part of state-imposed emergencies in which all that is necessary will be done to protect the sovereign state from the resistance of the colonised/occupied and to effect a return to ‘order’.   Through encounters with the archival record, and the architectures, remnants and territorial arrangements found in post-colonial Kenya and across the multiple geographies of Palestine, the essay draws out seven clusters of state imposed emergency practices and effects. The work grapples with a number of questions: what is it that a declared state of emergency performs for the state? Does a state of emergency enable particular forms of militarised violence? Are there common practices to be found across different modes of state-imposed emergencies? What is the genealogy to the states of emergency across Palestine and Kenya? Does our excavation of the practices of state-imposed emergency shed light on the ways we apprehend state violence in colonial, post-colonial and neo-colonial geographies?
Aboriginal ‘resistance war’ tactics – ‘The Black War’ of southern Queensland
Authors: Kerkhove Raymond Constant
Published: March 2015

Frontier violence is now an accepted chapter of Australian history.  Indigenous resistance is central to this story, yet little examined as a military phenomenon (Connor 2004).  Indigenous military tactics and objectives are more often assumed than analysed.Building on Laurie’s and Cilento’s contentions (1959) that an alliance of Aboriginal groups staged a ‘Black War’ across southern Queensland between the 1840s and 1860s, the author seeks evidence for a historically definable conflict during this period, complete with a declaration, coordination, leadership, planning and a broader objective: usurping the pastoral industry.  As the Australian situation continues to present elements which have proved difficult to reconcile with existing paradigms for military history, this study applies definitions from guerilla and terrorist conflict (e.g. Eckley 2001, Kilcullen 2009) to explain key features of the southern Queensland “Black War.”The author concludes that Indigenous resistance, to judge from southern Queensland, followed its own distinctive pattern.  It achieved coordinated response through inter-tribal gatherings and sophisticated signaling.  It relied on economic sabotage, targeted payback killings and harassment.  It was guided by reticent “loner-leaders.” Contrary to the claims of military historians such as Dennis (1995), the author finds evidence for tactical innovation.  He notes a move away from pitched battles to ambush affrays; the development of full-time ‘guerilla bands’; and use of new materials.
The Women Against Rape in War Collective’s protests against ANZAC Day in Sydney, 1983 and 1984
Authors: Burgmann Meredith
Published: March 2015

Non-refereed Memoir delivered at “Women Against Rape in War: Gallipoli to Coniston” Conference, UTS 29 August 2014
Sources, transport and deposition of iron in the global atmosphere
Authors: Wang R. , Balkanski Y. , Boucher O. , Bopp L. , Chappell A. , Ciais P. , Hauglustaine D. , Peñuelas J. , Tao S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric deposition of iron (Fe) plays an important role in controlling oceanic primary productivity. However, the sources of Fe in the atmosphere are not well understood. In particular, the combustion sources of Fe and their deposition over oceans are not accounted for in current biogeochemical models of the carbon cycle. Here we used a mass-balance method to estimate the emissions of Fe from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass by accounting for the Fe contents in fuel and the partitioning of Fe during combustion. The emissions of Fe attached to aerosols from combustion sources were estimated by particle size, and their uncertainties were quantified by a Monte Carlo simulation. The emissions of Fe from mineral sources were estimated using the latest soil mineralogical database to date. As a result, the total Fe emissions from combustion averaged for 1960–2007 were estimated to be 5.1 Tg yr−1 (90% confidence of 2.2 to 11.5). Of these emissions, 2, 33 and 65% were emitted in particles <1 μm (PM1), 1–10 μm (PM1−10), and >10 μm (PM>10), respectively, compared to total Fe emissions from mineral sources of 41.0 Tg yr−1. For combustion sources, different temporal trends were found in fine and medium-to-coarse particles, with a notable increase in Fe emissions in PM1 and PM1−10 since 2000 due to a rapid increase from motor vehicles. These emissions have been introduced in a global 3-D transport model run at a spatial resolution of of 0.94° latitude by 1.28° longitude to evaluate our estimation of Fe emissions. The modelled Fe concentrations were compared to measurements at 825 sampling stations. The deviation between modelled and observed Fe concentrations attached to aerosols at the surface was within a factor of two at most sampling stations, and the deviation was within a factor of 1.5 at sampling stations dominated by combustion sources. We analyzed the relative contribution of combustion sources to total Fe concentrations over different regions of the world. The new mineralogical database led to a modest improvement in the simulation relative to station data even in dust dominated regions, but could provide useful information on the chemical forms of Fe in dust for coupling with ocean biota models. We estimated a total Fe deposition sink of 8.4 Tg yr−1 over global oceans, 6.6% of which originated from the combustion sources. The higher than previously estimated combustion-related Fe emissions implies a larger atmospheric input of soluble Fe over the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific Oceans, which is expected to enhance the biological carbon pump in those regions.
Microphysical properties of carbonaceous aerosol particles generated by laser ablation of a graphite target
Authors: Ajtai T. , Utry N. , Pintér M. , Kiss-Albert G. , Puskás R. , Tápai Cs. , Kecskeméti G. , Smausz T. , Hopp B. , Bozóki Z. , Kónya Z. , Szabó G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In this work various microphysical properties including mass concentration, size distribution and morphology of aerosol particles generated by laser ablation of a high purity graphite sample were investigated in detail. Supplementary chemical analysis of the generated particles including microstructure investigation by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy were also made. These measurements proved that the proposed method can be used to model the real atmospheric carbonaceous particulate under various climate relevant conditions regarding its specific properties investigated here. However, to introduce the presented methodology as a novel BC surrogate, further improvement and investigation including simplification in experimental setup, comprehensive analysis of thermochemical refractiveness and optical responses of the generated particles as well as comparative study with the presently available concurrent surrogates are required. The related results of these issues are planned to be demonstrated in other studies.