bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipoprotein lipase and the disposition of dietary fatty acids
Authors: Fielding Barbara A. , Frayn Keith N.
Published: May 2017

Lipoprotein lipase (EC3.1.1.34; LPL) is a key enzyme regulating the disposal of lipid fuels in the body. It is expressed in a number of peripheral tissues including adipose tissue, skeletal and cardiac muscle and mammary gland. Its role is to hydrolyse triacylglycerol (TG) circulating in the TG-rich lipoprotein particles in order to deliver fatty acids to the tissue. It appears to act preferentially on chylomicron-TG, and therefore may play a particularly important role in regulating the disposition of dietary fatty acids. LPL activity is regulated according to nutritional state in a tissue-specific manner according to the needs of the tissue for fatty acids. For instance, it is highly active in lactating mammary gland; in white adipose tissue it is activated in the fed state and suppressed during fasting, whereas the reverse is true in muscle. Such observations have led to the view of LPL as a metabolic gatekeeper, especially for dietary fatty acids. However, closer inspection of its action in white adipose tissue reveals that this picture is only partially true. Normal fat deposition in adipose tissue can occur in the complete absence of LPL, and conversely, if LPL activity is increased by pharmacological means, increased fat storage does not necessarily follow. LPL appears to act as one member of a series of metabolic steps which are regulated in a highly coordinated manner. In white adipose tissue, it is clear that there is a major locus of control of fatty acid disposition downstream from LPL. This involves regulation of the pathway of fatty acid uptake and esterification, and appears to be regulated by a number of factors including insulin, acylation-stimulating protein and possibly leptin.
Effects of red pepper added to high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals on energy metabolism and substrate utilization in Japanese women
Authors: Yoshioka Mayumi , St-Pierre Sylvie , Suzuki Masashige , Tremblay Angelo
Published: May 2017

The effects of dietary red pepper added to high-fat (HF) and high-carbohydrate (HC) meals on energy metabolism were examined in thirteen Japanese female subjects. After ingesting a standardized dinner on the previous evening, the subjects took an experimental breakfast (1883 kJ) under the following four conditions: HF meal, HF and red-pepper (10 g) meal, HC meal, or HC and red-pepper meal. Palatability of the experimental meals was measured immediately after the meals. Expired air was collected before and for 210 min after the meal to determine energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation. Diet-induced thermogenesis was significantly higher after the HC meals than after the HF meals. Lipid oxidation was significantly lower and carbohydrate oxidation was significantly higher after the HC meals than after the HF meals. Addition of red pepper to the experimental meals significantly increased diet-induced thermogenesis and lipid oxidation, particularly after the HF meal. On the other hand, carbohydrate oxidation was significantly decreased by the addition of red pepper to the experimental meals. Addition of red pepper to the HC meal increased the perceived oiliness of the meal to the same level as that of the HF meals. These results indicate that red pepper increases diet-induced thermogenesis and lipid oxidation. This increase in lipid oxidation is mainly observed when foods have a HF content whereas the increase in the perceived oiliness of the meal was found under the HC meal conditions.
Effects of 14 weeks of progressive endurance training on energy expenditure in elderly people
Authors: Morio Béatrice , Montaurier Christophe , Pickering Gisèle , Ritz Patrick , Fellmann Nicole , Coudert Jean , Beaufrère Bernard , Vermorel Michel
Published: May 2017

Effects of progressive endurance training on energy expenditure (EE) were studied in thirteen elderly sedentary subjects (62.8 (sd 2.3) years) after 7 and 14 weeks of training. Daily EE (DEE) and energy cost of the various usual activities were measured over 48 h by whole-body indirect calorimetry. Free-living DEE (DEEFLC) was calculated from 7 d activity recordings and the energy costs of activities were measured in the calorimeters using the factorial method. DEEFLC did not vary significantly throughout the training period despite the additional energy cost of training sessions (0·60 (sd 0·15) MJ/d), because energy expended during free-living activities (EEACT) decreased by 4·8 (sd 7·1) % (P < 0·05) and 7·7 (sd 8·6) % (P < 0·01) after 7 and 14 weeks of training respectively. Measurements in the calorimeters showed that sleeping metabolic rate transiently increased by 4·6 (sd 3·2) % after 7 weeks of training (P < 0·001) and returned to its initial level after 14 weeks of training. BMR was 7·6 (sd 7·0)%(P < 0·01) and 4·1 (sd 6·1)% (P = NS) higher after 7 and 14 weeks of training respectively, than before training. Likewise, diet-induced thermogenesis increased from 3·7 (sd 2·5) to 7·2 (sd 2·8) % energy intake after 7 weeks of training (P < 0·05), and returned to its initial level after 14 weeks of training (4·2 (sd 2·6) % energy intake). Despite these changes, energy expended during activities and the corresponding DEE did not vary throughout the training period. It was concluded that: (1) DEEFLC remained constant throughout the training period due to a compensatory decrease in free-living EEACT; (2) progressive endurance training induced a transient increase in sleeping metabolic rate, BMR and diet-induced thermogenesis after 7 weeks which was not reflected in the energy expended during activities and DEE.
Effect of essential:total nitrogen ratio on protein utilization in the growing pig
Authors: Heger Jaroslav , Mengesha Samson , Vodehnal David
Published: May 2017

Two N balance experiments using growing pigs were conducted to study the effect of essential:total (E:T) N ratio on N retention and utilization. Purified diets contained casein and crystalline amino acids as the sole sources of N. E:T values ranged from 0·25 to 0·86 while either the concentration of total N (Expt. 1) or essential N (Expt 2) was kept constant. At a constant concentration of total dietary N, N retention and total N utilization were maximized with an E:T value of approximately 0·6, while essential N utilization gradually decreased as E:T increased. At a constant level of essential N, N retention remained unchanged until the E:T value reached 0·48 and then decreased. In Expt 2, maximum total N utilization was attained with an E:T value of 0·66 while N excretion and essential N utilization decreased with increased E:T value. These results suggest that under conditions of optimal protein utilization, essential amino acids are partially degraded and used for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids.
Water intake and excretion, urinary solute excretion and some stress indicators in mink (Mustela vison): effect of ambient temperature and quantitative water supply to lactating females
Authors: Tauson Anne-Helene
Published: May 2017

Lactation is a physiologically demanding period in mink production, during which kit and dam losses may occur. Ambient temperature and quantitative water supply are thought to affect animal performance and well-being, but conclusive data in the literature are sparse. Therefore, effects of ambient temperature (Ta; low, about 5° medium, about 15° high, average 20-25°) and water supply (ad libitum (N), or 10 % extra supplementation in the food (E)) were investigated regarding effects on quantitative water intake and excretion, urine osmolality and solute excretion, and urinary cortisol and catecholamines as stress indicators in an experiment with twelve lactating mink with litters of three to seven kits in three consecutive periods, lasting 3, 3 and 2 d respectively. Kit ages ranged from 15 to 20 d at the end of the experiment. Water requirement for milk production (factorial calculations) and water available for evaporation (balance component) were estimated. Period, and hence mainly Ta, had a significant influence on intake of metabolizable energy, quantitative water intake and excretion, but there was less effect of water supply. The total water intake and excretion were very high in relation to the weight of the animals as an effect of lactation. Water intake and excretion, and urinary Na excretion, seemed to be less accurately regulated compared with corresponding functions in non-lactating animals. Rectal temperature increased with increasing Ta, possibly as a means of decreasing evaporative water loss. Water output in milk was estimated to increase from 118 g/d at low Ta to 134 g/d at high Ta. The amounts of water available for evaporation were estimated to be 42, 58 and 69 g/kg0·75 at low, medium and high Ta. Cortisol data did not indicate that the animals experienced negative stress. It was concluded that prolonged periods of high Ta may be hazardous for lactating mink because of decreased intake of metabolizable energy resulting in energy deficit and excessive mobilization of body reserves simultaneously as the requirement for intake of water increases considerably.
Short-term ingestion of chlorogenic or caffeic acids decreases zinc but not copper absorption in rats, utilization of stable isotopes and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique
Authors: Coudray Charles , Bousset Carole , Tressol Jean C. , Pépin Denise , Rayssiguier Yves
Published: May 2017

The amount of dietary trace elements absorbed from a meal depends, among other factors, on the quantities of certain minor plant constituents present in the meal. These substances can act as ligands and bind trace elements in the digestive tract in available or unavailable forms for absorption. The present study was designed to investigate the extent to which different polyphenols (PP) may influence Zn and Cu absorption in rats. Different PP of nutritional interest (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin and rutin) were studied using meals extrinsically-labelled with stable isotopes67Zn and 65Cu. Male Wistar rats were fed on a non-labelled semi-synthetic diet containing (mg/kg) 38 Fe, 35 Zn and 7·5 Cu for 8 d. PP were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent and added to the meal at 1 g/kg during 3 d before isotope administration and until the end of the experiment (a further 3 d). The control group received the dimethyl sulfoxide only. After overnight food deprivation, rats were fed on the labelled test meals (4 g diet+0·1 mg 67Zn and 0·1 mg 65Cu) with 0·5 mg Dy as a faecal marker. Faeces and urine pools were collected for 3 d and analysed for 67Zn and65 Cu isotopic enrichment using the inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Zn absorption was significantly less in rats fed on chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid than in the control group. Catechin ingestion non-significantly inhibited 67Zn absorption. However, the PP studied were without effect on Cu absorption. The study illustrates the effect of metal-binding phenolic compounds on mineral nutrition in the rat, and the possible importance of the effects of different foods rich in these compounds on mineral absorption in man.
Relation of BMI to a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measure of fatness
Authors: Morabia Alfredo , Ross Alan , Curtin François , Pichard Claude , Slosman Daniel O.
Published: May 2017

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a valid technique for measuring the fat, bone and lean (muscle, organs and water) masses of the body. We evaluated relationships of BMI (kg/m2) with independent measurements of fat and lean masses using DXA in 226 adult volunteers. The evaluation was an application of a general approach to compositional data which has not previously been used for describing body composition. Using traditional regression analyses, when lean mass was held constant, BMI varied with fat mass (men r 0·75, P < 0·05 ; women r 0·85, P < 0·05); when fat mass was held constant, BMI varied with lean mass (men r 0·63, P < 0·05; women r 0·47, P < 0·05). In contrast, a regression model for compositional data revealed that BMI was: (a) strongly associated with log fat mass in both sexes (b1 4·86, P < 0·001 for all women and b1 5·96, P < 0·001 for all men); (b) not associated with bone mass, except in older men; (c) related to lean mass in women but not in men (b3 −4·04, P < 0·001 for all women and b1 −2·59, P < 0·15 for all men). Women with higher BMI tended to have more fat mass and more lean mass than women with lower BMI. Men with higher BMI had more fat mass but similar lean mass to men with lower BMI. Investigators need to be alert to the inaccuracy of BMI to assign a fatness risk factor to individuals, especially among women.
The effect of moderately and severely restricted dietary magnesium intakes on bone composition and bone metabolism in the rat
Authors: Creedon Annette , Flynn Albert , Cashman Kevin
Published: May 2017

Forty 3-week-old male rats, Wistar strain, average weight 59 g, were randomized by weight into five groups of eight rats each. Three groups were fedad libitumon a semi-purified diet containing (per kg) 400 (adequate), 200 (moderately Mg-restricted) or 20 (severely Mg-restricted) mg Mg for 3 weeks while two groups were pair-fed with the Mg-adequate diet in the same quantities as those consumed by the two Mg-restricted groups respectively. While weight gains and food conversion efficiency values for the Mg-restricted groups were similar to those of the corresponding pair-fed control groups, serum and kidney Mg, and femoral dry weight were reduced by 70, 7 and 9 % respectively in the severely Mg-restricted group and were unaffected in the moderately Mg-restricted group. Significant reductions were observed in urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) (by 44 and 34 %) and deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr) levels (by 40 and 33 %) (markers of bone resorption), serum osteocalcin levels (by 46 and 28 %) (marker of bone formation), femoral Mg levels (by 52 and 14 %) and osteocalcin mRNA levels (by 46 and 22 %) compared with the corresponding pair-fed controls, in the severely and moderately Mg-restricted groups respectively, and these reductions, except for those in urinary Pyr and Dpyr, were more marked in the severely Mg-restricted group. Femoral Ca and P concentrations were unaffected by dietary Mg restriction. These results show that not only severe but also moderate dietary restriction of Mg over 21 d results in qualitative changes in bone (i.e. reduced Mg concentration) as well as in aberrant bone turnover in young growing rats (i.e. severely depressed rates of bone formation and bone resorption), which may impair bone development and bone strength.
’Imalaand rounding in a rural Syrian variety: Morpho-phonological and lexical conditioning
Authors: Habib Rania
Published: May 2017

This study investigates two concurrent phenomena—’imalaand rounding — in the Arabic variety spoken in the Syrian village of Oyoun Al-Wadi.‘Imalarefers to the use of [e] and [e:] in place of the urban vowels [a] and [a:] respectively; rounding refers to the use of [o] and [o:] in place of the urban vowels [a] and [a:] respectively. The use of two different vowels for each urban vowel is explained morpho-phonologically. The study economically proposes two phonological rules to account for‘imalaand rounding and shows that only one rule can apply per word, to the final syllable of a word. In light of Lexical Phonology theory, certain morphological patterns and suffixes explain the presence of‘imalain initial syllables and in environments that induce rounding. That is, it is part of the lexical representation of a morphological pattern or suffix in the lexicon. Hence,‘imalacould occur in the initial syllable as part of the morphological pattern, and rounding could occur in the final syllable of the same word as a result of a post-lexical phonological rule.
RESTORATION THROUGH AGROFORESTRY: OPTIONS FOR RECONCILING LIVELIHOODS WITH CONSERVATION IN THE CERRADO AND CAATINGA BIOMES IN BRAZIL
Authors: MICCOLIS ANDREW , PENEIREIRO FABIANA MONGELI , VIEIRA DANIEL LUIS MASCIA , MARQUES HENRIQUE RODRIGUES , HOFFMANN MAURÍCIO RIGON MOURA
Published: May 2017

The new Brazilian Forest Code obliges farmers to restore degraded lands on conservation set-asides required on all rural properties, known as Permanent Preservation Areas and Legal Reserves. While farmers can do so through agroforestry systems (AFS) to improve their livelihoods and offset the costs of restoration, these areas must also maintain basic ecological functions. How this can be done in practice, however, stills need to be regulated at the state level, but there are few scientific studies in Brazil on the costs and benefits of restoration through AFS. These knowledge and policy gaps have left ample room for interpretation and thus discouraged technicians from recommending — and policymakers from regulating — AFS for restoration. Aiming to bridge these gaps, this study draws from a comprehensive literature review, expert knowledge, stakeholder participation and analyses of agroforestry-based restoration efforts in the field. First, we discuss the social and ecological benefits of AFS as well as key constraints to upscaling agroforestry-based restoration. Focusing on different biophysical and social contexts within the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga biomes, we conclude that AFS can provide win–win solutions for reconciling livelihoods needs with conservation goals and propose practical options to do so, which vary according to farmer objectives, resource constraints and opportunities. In order to guide implementation of these agroforestry options, we propose design principles and criteria as well as key species and management practices most suited to different contexts and farmer objectives.
Response to the Ingersoll Lecture by a Theologian
Authors: Kaufman Gordon D.
Published: May 2017

Birth and death are the most elemental symbols of the mystery we are to ourselves. Birth: the original moment of creativity through which new life comes into being with all the potentialities for joy and sorrow and meaning which we know to be most deeply human. Death: the dissolution and passing away, and even violent destruction, of all of this, disappearing forever from human consciousness. Events of such importance can never be left by men to lie undisturbed in their bare facticity: they will be elaborated and interpreted in myth and theory; they will be transformed in their character and their import for human life by deliberate techniques of control, as well as by the more unconscious impact of long established custom and practice. There are no obvious criteria for deciding what is significant and what is true, what is right and good, with regard to such events. The most we can do, perhaps, is formulate a negative criterion: above all, with events of such real and such symbolic import for human life, we want to avoid serious illusion or delusion.
Can There Be Talk About God-And-The-World?
Authors: McClendon James Wm.
Published: May 2017

Not all religious discourse or talk is about God, and not all that is about God is also about the world. Let us here pay attention, however, to that religious talk which is about both God and the world, not in bare conjunction (e.g., “God exists and the world exists”), but in some richer relationship (e.g., “God is present in the world”). And let us call this latter sort God-and-the-world talk. Such talk is interesting to theologians and to plain men, and it is therefore of interest to the analyst of religious language.
Hybridisation Experiments on Five Species of African Schistosomes
Authors: Taylor M. G.
Published: May 2017

The African schistosomes fall naturally into two main groups of sibling species, the S. haematobium complex and the S. mansonil S. rodhaini group. Morphological differentiation of the species within each group depends on small differences in the eggs but in many cases there are clear biological differences in definitive and intermediate host specificity and in parasitic site within the host, and these criteria serve to strengthen a classification based on egg morphology. Nevertheless, many authors have disputed the validity
Asexual Multiplication in Cysticercus pisifortnis (Cestoda)
Authors: Opuni E. K.
Published: May 2017

Asexual multiplication in Cysticercus pisifortnis (Bloch, 1780) was first described by Moniez (1880). This observation was refuted by Solomon (1934) as being “erroneous or descriptive of an isolated or abnormal phenomenon”. Several years later, Crusz (1948) confirmed the observations of Moniez (1880). Voge (1967) did not mention asexual reproduction in this species in her review on postembryonic development of cestodes.
On Two New Nematodes (Aphelenchoidea) from Tobacco Roots in India
Authors: Tandon R. S. , Singh S. P.
Published: May 2017

Two new species belonging to two different families of the super-family Aphelenchoidea are described. The material was obtained from the roots of tobacco plants, Nicotiana tabacum.

The worms were killed by hot water, fixed in F.A.A. solution, cleared in 1% glycerine alcohol mixture and mounted in pure glycerine.
Further Studies on Macrogyrodactylus polypteri, a Monogenean on the African Freshwater Fish Polypterus senegalus
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: May 2017

Macrogyrodactylus polypteri Malmberg, 1957* is a viviparous monogenean found on the skin and fins of the African freshwater fish Polypterus senegalus Cuvier. It was first reported by Malmberg (1957) from Gambia. Khalil (1964, 19G9) and Amirthalingam (19C5) recorded it on the same host species and Saoud & Mageed (1969) found it on P. bichir in the Sudan. Prudhoe (1957) described a new genus and species, Neogyrodactylus congolensis, on the skin of Clarias lazera from the Congo but Yamaguti (1963) considered this genus to be a synonym of Macrogyrodactylus. A third species, M. clarii Gussev, 1961 was reported on Clarias sp. from south Ethiopia and Ghana. On the basis of one specimen M. latest Paperna, 1969 was reported on Lates nilotica from Ghana. So far the species of the genus are confined to African freshwater fishes.
On Halipegus alhaussaini n.sp. (Trematoda: Hali-pegidae) from Rana esculenta in Iraq, with Notes on Halipegus and Related Genera
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. , Roshdy M. A.
Published: May 2017

The specimens described herein were collected by one of us (M.A.R.) from the stomach of Rana esculenta in Al-Basrah, Iraq. After fixation in 70% alcohol and staining in Gower's carmine, they were found to be a hitherto undescribed species of the genus Halipegus Looss, 1899 which is named here as Halipegus alhaussaini n.sp. in the honour of the late Professor A. H. Al Haussaini; Formerly Head, Department of Zoology, University of Ain Shams, U.A.R. for his distinguished contributions to the study of zoology in Egypt.
Separation from parents during childhood trauma predicts adult attachment security and post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Bryant R. A. , Creamer M. , O'Donnell M. , Forbes D. , Felmingham K. L. , Silove D. , Malhi G. , van Hoof M. , McFarlane A. C. , Nickerson A.
Published: May 2017

Background

Prolonged separation from parental support is a risk factor for psychopathology. This study assessed the impact of brief separation from parents during childhood trauma on adult attachment tendencies and post-traumatic stress.

Method

Children (n = 806) exposed to a major Australian bushfire disaster in 1983 and matched controls (n = 725) were assessed in the aftermath of the fires (mean age 7–8 years) via parent reports of trauma exposure and separation from parents during the fires. Participants (n = 500) were subsequently assessed 28 years after initial assessment on the Experiences in Close Relationships scale to assess attachment security, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was assessed using the PTSD checklist.

Results

Being separated from parents was significantly related to having an avoidant attachment style as an adult (B = −3.69, s.e. = 1.48, β = −0.23, p = 0.013). Avoidant attachment was associated with re-experiencing (B = 0.03, s.e. = 0.01, β = 0.31, p = 0.045), avoidance (B = 0.03, s.e. = 0.01, β = 0.30, p = 0.001) and numbing (B = 0.03, s.e. = 0.01, β = 0.30, p < 0.001) symptoms. Anxious attachment was associated with re-experiencing (B = 0.03, s.e. = 0.01, β = 0.18, p = 0.001), numbing (B = 0.03, β = 0.30, s.e. = 0.01, p < 0.001) and arousal (B = 0.04, s.e. = 0.01, β = 0.43, p < 0.001) symptoms.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that brief separation from attachments during childhood trauma can have long-lasting effects on one's attachment security, and that this can be associated with adult post-traumatic psychopathology.
Providing graduated corrective feedback in an intelligent computer-assisted language learning environment
Authors: Ai Haiyang
Published: May 2017

Corrective feedback (CF), a response to linguistic errors made by second language (L2) learners, has received extensive scholarly attention in second language acquisition. While much of the previous research in the field has focused on whether CF facilitates or impedes L2 development, few studies have examined the efficacy of gradually modifying the explicitness or specificity of CF as a function of a learner’s response to the feedback. Yet, the type and extent of CF needed by a learner, as suggested by Vygotsky (1978), sheds light on whether a learner is developing his or her abilities in a particular area and the ways in which they do it. This paper reports on a study that explores the design, effectiveness and learners’ perception toward agraduated(Aljaafreh & Lantolf, 1994) approach to CF, i.e., feedback that progresses from very general and implicit to very specific and explicit, in an intelligent computer-assisted language learning (ICALL) environment. The results show that the graduated approach to CF is effective in helping learners to self-identify and self-correct a number of grammatical issues, although an onsite tutor provides necessary remedies when the ICALL system occasionally fails to do its part. Implications for CF research, particularly on the notion of individualized feedback, are also discussed.
The seed ecology ofAegilops triuncialis: linking trait variation to growing conditions
Authors: Dyer Andrew R.
Published: May 2017

Adaptive plastic responses in invasive species allow for establishment and persistence despite the lack of genetic matching to new environments. The capacity of annual species to invade habitats to which they are not adapted is likely to be predicated on post-invasion seed trait variation correlated with conditions in the new habitat. To test this, I compared variation in seed traits and germination patterns ofAegilops triuncialis, an invasive annual grass, from 69 sample populations from 24 sites in California (USA) across 13 years. Seed mass, germination fractions, seed viability, and strength of induced dormancy between dimorphic seed pairs were used to investigate plastic variation within and among populations, across two general soil types, and among two widespread maternal genotypes. I found that seed mass variation was constrained although both seed types showed a 3-fold range among populations, 20–25% variation within populations between years, and was positively correlated with longer growing seasons. However, induced seed dormancy in the small seed type was correlated with large seed mass and to late-season precipitation, suggesting that longer growing seasons influence the strength of maternal and sibling chemical signals that induce dormancy in the small seeds. Thus variation in small seed germination fractions varies with the growing conditions experienced by the maternal plant. The greater longevity of the small seed type suggests that plasticity in germination in this species may contribute to seed bank formation, which is atypical of invasive annual grasses in California, and this may contribute to the persistence and spread ofA. triuncialisin invaded ranges.
ON MULTI-ASSET SPREAD OPTION PRICING IN A WICK–ITÔ–SKOROHOD INTEGRAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: TAO XIANGXING , SHI YAFENG
Published: May 2017

We provide an elementary method for exploring pricing problems of one spread options within a fractional Wick–Itô–Skorohod integral framework. Its underlying assets come from two different interactive markets that are modelled by two mixed fractional Black–Scholes models with Hurst parameters, $H_{1}\neq H_{2}$, where $1/2\leq H_{i}<1$ for $i=1,2$. Pricing formulae of these options with respect to strike price $K=0$ or $K\neq 0$ are given, and their application to the real market is examined.
NEW GENERALIZED -IMPLICATIONS
Authors: PEI D. , ZHU Y.
Published: May 2017

A new generalized class of fuzzy implications, called ($h,f,g$)-implications, is introduced and discussed in this paper. The results show that the new fuzzy implications possess some good properties, such as the left neutrality property and the exchange principle.
COVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS POWERED BY RENEWABLE ENERGY
Authors: CHEN XIAOLONG , MENG XIANGBO , SONG XIAOSHI , SHAN CHUN
Published: May 2017

We analyse the coverage performance of cognitive radio networks powered by renewable energy. Particularly, with an energy harvesting module and energy storage module, the primary transmitters (PTs) and the secondary transmitters (STs) are assumed to be able to collect ambient renewables, and store them in batteries for future use. Upon harvesting sufficient energy, the corresponding PTs and STs (denoted by eligible PTs and STs) are then allowed to access the spectrum according to their respective medium access control (MAC) protocols. For the primary network, an Aloha-type MAC protocol is considered, under which the eligible PTs make independent decisions to access the spectrum with probability $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{p}$. By applying tools from stochastic geometry, we characterize the transmission probability of the STs. Then, with the obtained results of transmission probability, we evaluate the coverage (transmission nonoutage) performance of the overlay CR network powered by renewable energy. Simulations are also provided to validate our analysis.
General practitioners’ clinical expertise in managing suicidal young people: implications for continued education
Authors: Michail Maria , Tait Lynda , Churchill Dick
Published: May 2017

Aim

To examine general practitioners’ (GPs) clinical expertise in assessing, communicating with, and managing suicidal young people aged 14–25 to inform the development of an educational intervention for GPs on youth suicide prevention.

Background

Suicide is the second leading cause of death for young people worldwide. GPs are ideally suited to facilitate early identification and assessment of suicide risk. However, GPs’ levels of competence, knowledge, and attitudes towards suicidal young people have not yet been explored.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey on GPs’ levels of confidence in assessing and managing young people at risk of suicide; knowledge of risk factors and warning signs of suicide in young people; attitudes towards young suicidal people; and training preferences on managing suicide risk.

Findings

Seventy GPs completed the survey (30 males). The majority of GPs reported high levels of confidence in assessing and managing suicidality in young people. Experienced GPs demonstrated high levels of knowledge of suicide risk factors in young people but low levels of knowledge of warning signs that might indicate heightened risk. Although 48% of GPs disagreed that maintaining compassionate care is difficult with those who deliberately self-harm, GPs perceived communication with young people to be difficult, with one-third reporting frustration in managing those at risk of suicide. A total of 75% of GPs said they would be interested in receiving further training on assessing and managing young people at risk of suicide.

The study has important implications for providing specialist training to support GPs in assessing and managing youth suicide risk and facilitating attitudinal change. GP education on youth suicide risk assessment and management should promote a holistic understanding and assessment of risk and its individual, social and contextual influences in line with clinical recommendations to facilitate therapeutic engagement and communication with young people.
The Dark Matter filament between Abell 222/223 – ERRATUM
Authors: Dietrich Jörg P. , Werner Norbert , Clowe Douglas , Finoguenov Alexis , Kitching Tom , Miller Lance , Simionescu Aurora
Published: May 2017

It has come to our attention that the article The Dark Matter filament between Abell 222/223 (Dietrich et al. 2016) published on 12 October 2016 contained an error in the copyright line. The article was published with copyright IAU. The correct copyright line is © The Authors 2017. Published by Cambridge University Press. This has been corrected in the online version.

We apologise to the authors of the article, and to Springer Nature for this error.
Development of a 70 MHz unit for hyperthermia treatment of deep-seated breast tumors
Authors: Crezee Johannes , Van Tienhoven Geertjan , Kolff Merel W. , Sijbrands Jan , Van Stam Gerard , Oldenborg Sabine , Geijsen Elisabeth D. , Hulshof Maarten C.C.M. , Kok Henny P.
Published: May 2017

A dedicated hyperthermia (HT) system was designed for tumors in intact breast extending beyond the heating depth of our superficial 434 MHz antennas, consisting of a treatment bed fitted with a 50 cm × 40 cm × 16 cm temperature controlled open water bolus. The patient lies in prone position with the breast immersed in the water positioned in front of a 34 cm × 20 cm 70 MHz waveguide operating in the TE10 mode. E-field patterns were measured in a tissue-mimicking phantom. HT was applied once a week with the 70 MHz applicator for six patients treated with thermoradiotherapy for deep lesions of recurrent breast cancer or melanoma. Two 14-sensor thermocouple thermometry probes were placed in catheters to monitor the invasive temperature. Results: Phantom measurements showed sufficient penetration depth up to 10 cm depth. The combination of 300–900 W antenna power and a water temperature of 42°C was well tolerated for the entire session of 1 h and resulted in good tumor temperatures with T90 = 39.8°C, T50 = 41.1°C, and T10 = 42.2°C. No toxicity or complaints were associated with the heating. A water mattress and other measures were needed to assure a comfortable position throughout the treatment. Conclusion: the 70 MHz breast applicator system performed well and tumor temperatures were good.
Cosmic Muons Reveal the Land Hidden Under Ice
Authors: Lunn Jenny
Published: May 2017

Scientists accurately map the shape of the bedrock beneath a glacier using a new technique.
Thermoelectric quantum oscillations in ZrSiS
Authors: Matusiak Marcin , Cooper J. R. , Kaczorowski Dariusz
Published: May 2017

Topological semimetals are systems in which conduction and valence bands cross each other and the crossings are protected by topological constraints. These materials provide intriguing tests for fundamental theories, while their unique physical properties promise a wide range of possible applications in low-power spintronics, optoelectronics, quantum computing and green energy harvesting. Here we report our study of the thermoelectric power of single-crystalline ZrSiS that is believed to be a topological nodal-line semimetal. We show that the thermoelectric power is an extremely sensitive probe of multiple quantum oscillations that are visible in ZrSiS at temperatures as high as 100 K. Two of these oscillations are shown to arise from three- and two-dimensional electronic bands, each with linear dispersion and the additional Berry phase predicted theoretically for materials with non-trivial topology. Our work not only provides further information on ZrSiS but also suggests a different route for studying other topological semimetals.
Draft genome of spinach and transcriptome diversity of 120 Spinacia accessions
Authors: Xu Chenxi , Jiao Chen , Sun Honghe , Cai Xiaofeng , Wang Xiaoli , Ge Chenhui , Zheng Yi , Liu Wenli , Sun Xuepeng , Xu Yimin , Deng Jie , Zhang Zhonghua , Huang Sanwen , Dai Shaojun , Mou Beiquan , Wang Quanxi , Fei Zhangjun , Wang Quanhua
Published: May 2017

Spinach is an important leafy vegetable enriched with multiple necessary nutrients. Here we report the draft genome sequence of spinach (Spinacia oleracea, 2n=12), which contains 25,495 protein-coding genes. The spinach genome is highly repetitive with 74.4% of its content in the form of transposable elements. No recent whole genome duplication events are observed in spinach. Genome syntenic analysis between spinach and sugar beet suggests substantial inter- and intra-chromosome rearrangements during the Caryophyllales genome evolution. Transcriptome sequencing of 120 cultivated and wild spinach accessions reveals more than 420 K variants. Our data suggests that S. turkestanica is likely the direct progenitor of cultivated spinach and spinach domestication has a weak bottleneck. We identify 93 domestication sweeps in the spinach genome, some of which are associated with important agronomic traits including bolting, flowering and leaf numbers. This study offers insights into spinach evolution and domestication and provides resources for spinach research and improvement.
An Hsp90 co-chaperone protein in yeast is functionally replaced by site-specific posttranslational modification in humans
Authors: Zuehlke Abbey D. , Reidy Michael , Lin Coney , LaPointe Paul , Alsomairy Sarah , Lee D. Joshua , Rivera-Marquez Genesis M. , Beebe Kristin , Prince Thomas , Lee Sunmin , Trepel Jane B. , Xu Wanping , Johnson Jill , Masison Daniel , Neckers Len
Published: May 2017

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an essential eukaryotic molecular chaperone. To properly chaperone its clientele, Hsp90 proceeds through an ATP-dependent conformational cycle influenced by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and assisted by a number of co-chaperone proteins. Although Hsp90 conformational changes in solution have been well-studied, regulation of these complex dynamics in cells remains unclear. Phosphorylation of human Hsp90α at the highly conserved tyrosine 627 has previously been reported to reduce client interaction and Aha1 binding. Here we report that these effects are due to a long-range conformational impact inhibiting Hsp90α N-domain dimerization and involving a region of the middle domain/carboxy-terminal domain interface previously suggested to be a substrate binding site. Although Y627 is not phosphorylated in yeast, we demonstrate that the non-conserved yeast co-chaperone, Hch1, similarly affects yeast Hsp90 (Hsp82) conformation and function, raising the possibility that appearance of this PTM in higher eukaryotes represents an evolutionary substitution for HCH1.
Design of synthetic epigenetic circuits featuring memory effects and reversible switching based on DNA methylation
Authors: Maier Johannes A. H. , Möhrle Raphael , Jeltsch Albert
Published: May 2017

Epigenetic systems store information in DNA methylation patterns in a durable but reversible manner, but have not been regularly used in synthetic biology. Here, we designed synthetic epigenetic memory systems using DNA methylation sensitive engineered zinc finger proteins to repress a memory operon comprising the CcrM methyltransferase and a reporter. Triggering by heat, nutrients, ultraviolet irradiation or DNA damaging compounds induces CcrM expression and DNA methylation. In the induced on-state, methylation in the operator of the memory operon prevents zinc finger protein binding leading to positive feedback and permanent activation. Using an mf-Lon protease degradable CcrM variant enables reversible switching. Epigenetic memory systems have numerous potential applications in synthetic biology, including life biosensors, death switches or induction systems for industrial protein production. The large variety of bacterial DNA methyltransferases potentially allows for massive multiplexing of signal storage and logical operations depending on more than one input signal.
Large scale meta-analysis characterizes genetic architecture for common psoriasis associated variants
Authors: Tsoi Lam C. , Stuart Philip E. , Tian Chao , Gudjonsson Johann E. , Das Sayantan , Zawistowski Matthew , Ellinghaus Eva , Barker Jonathan N. , Chandran Vinod , Dand Nick , Duffin Kristina Callis , Enerbäck Charlotta , Esko Tõnu , Franke Andre , Gladman Dafna D. , Hoffmann Per , Kingo Külli , Kõks Sulev , Krueger Gerald G. , Lim Henry W. , Metspalu Andres , Mrowietz Ulrich , Mucha Sören , Rahman Proton , Reis Andre , Tejasvi Trilokraj , Trembath Richard , Voorhees John J. , Weidinger Stephan , Weichenthal Michael , Wen Xiaoquan , Eriksson Nicholas , Kang Hyun M. , Hinds David A. , Nair Rajan P. , Abecasis Gonçalo R. , Elder James T
Published: May 2017

Psoriasis is a complex disease of skin with a prevalence of about 2%. We conducted the largest meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for psoriasis to date, including data from eight different Caucasian cohorts, with a combined effective sample size >39,000 individuals. We identified 16 additional psoriasis susceptibility loci achieving genome-wide significance, increasing the number of identified loci to 63 for European-origin individuals. Functional analysis highlighted the roles of interferon signalling and the NFκB cascade, and we showed that the psoriasis signals are enriched in regulatory elements from different T cells (CD8+ T-cells and CD4+ T-cells including TH0, TH1 and TH17). The identified loci explain ∼28% of the genetic heritability and generate a discriminatory genetic risk score (AUC=0.76 in our sample) that is significantly correlated with age at onset (p=2 × 10−89). This study provides a comprehensive layout for the genetic architecture of common variants for psoriasis.
Antigen-specific CD8+ T cell feedback activates NLRP3 inflammasome in antigen-presenting cells through perforin
Authors: Yao Yikun , Chen Siyuan , Cao Mengtao , Fan Xing , Yang Tao , Huang Yin , Song Xinyang , Li Yongqin , Ye Lilin , Shen Nan , Shi Yufang , Li Xiaoxia , Wang Feng , Qian Youcun
Published: May 2017

The connection between innate and adaptive immunity is best exemplified by antigen presentation. Although antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are required for antigen receptor-mediated T-cell activation, how T-cells feedback to APCs to sustain an antigen-specific immune response is not completely clear. Here we show that CD8+T-cell (also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTL) feedback activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in APCs in an antigen-dependent manner to promote IL-1β maturation. Perforin from antigen-specific CTLs is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in APCs. Furthermore, such activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the induction of antigen-specific antitumour immunity and pathogenesis of graft-versus-host diseases. Our study reveals a positive feedback loop between antigen-specific CTLs and APC to amplify adaptive immunity.
In situ dynamic tracking of heterogeneous nanocatalytic processes by shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Hua , Wang Chen , Sun Han-Lei , Fu Gang , Chen Shu , Zhang Yue-Jiao , Chen Bing-Hui , Anema Jason R. , Yang Zhi-Lin , Li Jian-Feng , Tian Zhong-Qun
Published: May 2017

Surface molecular information acquiredin situfrom a catalytic process can greatly promote the rational design of highly efficient catalysts by revealing structure-activity relationships and reaction mechanisms. Raman spectroscopy can provide this rich structural information, but normal Raman is not sensitive enough to detect trace active species adsorbed on the surface of catalysts. Here we develop a general method forin situmonitoring of heterogeneous catalytic processes through shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) satellite nanocomposites (Au-core silica-shell nanocatalyst-satellite structures), which are stable and have extremely high surface Raman sensitivity. By combining operando SHINERS with density functional theory calculations, we identify the working mechanisms for CO oxidation over PtFe and Pd nanocatalysts, which are typical low- and high-temperature catalysts, respectively. Active species, such as surface oxides, superoxide/peroxide species and Pd–C/Pt–C bonds are directly observed during the reactions. We demonstrate thatin situSHINERS can provide a deep understanding of the fundamental concepts of catalysis.
Exploiting the kinesin-1 molecular motor to generate a virus membrane penetration site
Authors: Ravindran Madhu Sudhan , Engelke Martin F. , Verhey Kristen J. , Tsai Billy
Published: May 2017

Viruses exploit cellular machineries to penetrate a host membrane and cause infection, a process that remains enigmatic for non-enveloped viruses. Here we probe how the non-enveloped polyomavirus SV40 penetrates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol, a crucial infection step. We find that the microtubule-based motor kinesin-1 is recruited to the ER membrane by binding to the transmembrane J-protein B14. Strikingly, this motor facilitates SV40 ER-to-cytosol transport by constructing a penetration site on the ER membrane called a ‘focus’. Neither kinesin-2, kinesin-3 nor kinesin-5 promotes foci formation or infection. The specific use of kinesin-1 is due to its unique ability to select posttranslationally modified microtubules for cargo transport and thereby spatially restrict focus formation to the perinucleus. These findings support the idea of a ‘tubulin code’ for motor-dependent trafficking and establish a distinct kinesin-1 function in which a motor is exploited to create a viral membrane penetration site.
Measuring the orbital angular momentum spectrum of an electron beam
Authors: Grillo Vincenzo , Tavabi Amir H. , Venturi Federico , Larocque Hugo , Balboni Roberto , Gazzadi Gian Carlo , Frabboni Stefano , Lu Peng-Han , Mafakheri Erfan , Bouchard Frédéric , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal E. , Boyd Robert W. , Lavery Martin P. J. , Padgett Miles J. , Karimi Ebrahim
Published: May 2017

Electron waves that carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) are characterized by a quantized and unbounded magnetic dipole moment parallel to their propagation direction. When interacting with magnetic materials, the wavefunctions of such electrons are inherently modified. Such variations therefore motivate the need to analyse electron wavefunctions, especially their wavefronts, to obtain information regarding the material’s structure. Here, we propose, design and demonstrate the performance of a device based on nanoscale holograms for measuring an electron’s OAM components by spatially separating them. We sort pure and superposed OAM states of electrons with OAM values of between −10 and 10. We employ the device to analyse the OAM spectrum of electrons that have been affected by a micron-scale magnetic dipole, thus establishing that our sorter can be an instrument for nanoscale magnetic spectroscopy.
Global mapping of CARM1 substrates defines enzyme specificity and substrate recognition
Authors: Shishkova Evgenia , Zeng Hao , Liu Fabao , Kwiecien Nicholas W. , Hebert Alexander S. , Coon Joshua J. , Xu Wei
Published: May 2017

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) introduce arginine methylation, a post-translational modification with the increasingly eminent role in normal physiology and disease. PRMT4 or coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) is a propitious target for cancer therapy; however, few CARM1 substrates are known, and its mechanism of substrate recognition is poorly understood. Here we employed a quantitative mass spectrometry approach to globally profile CARM1 substrates in breast cancer cell lines. We identified >130 CARM1 protein substrates and validated in vitro >90% of sites they encompass. Bioinformatics analyses reveal enrichment of proline-containing motifs, in which both methylation sites and their proximal sequences are frequently targeted by somatic mutations in cancer. Finally, we demonstrate that the N-terminus of CARM1 is involved in substrate recognition and nearly indispensable for substrate methylation. We propose that development of CARM1-specific inhibitors should focus on its N-terminus and predict that other PRMTs may employ similar mechanism for substrate recognition.