bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Optimal Lowest Instrumented Vertebra to Prevent the Distal Adding-On Phenomenon in Patients Undergoing Selective Thoracic Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis with Lenke Type 1A and 1B Curves: Comparison of Nine Selection Criteria
Authors: Park Se-Jun , Park Jin-Sung , Kang Dong-Ho , Lee Chong-Suh
Published: July 2024

Background/Objectives: There is no solid consensus regarding which lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) selection criterion is best to prevent distal adding-on (DA) after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery. This study aims to search out the LIV selection criteria in the literature and to compare the ability of each LIV selection criterion to prevent DA in patients with AIS. Methods: Patients who underwent thoracic fusion for AIS of Lenke type 1A or 1B were included in this study. Nine criteria for LIV selection were found in a literature review. For each patient, whether the postoperative actual location of LIV was met with the suggested locations of the LIV was assessed. The preventive ability of nine criteria against DA was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. The patients who met the LIV selection criteria but developed DA were investigated. Results: The study cohort consisted of 145 consecutive patients with a mean age of 14.8 years. The criteria of Suk (OR = 0.267), Parisini (OR = 0.230), Wang (OR = 0.289), and Qin (OR = 0.210) showed a significantly decreased risk of DA if the LIV selection criterion was chosen at each suggested landmark. As the additional levels were fused, there was no statistically significant benefit in further reducing the risk of DA. Among the patients who met each criterion, the incidence of DA was lower in criteria by Takahashi (5.9%), Qin (7.1%), and King (7.4%) than the others. Conclusions: Qin’s criterion, using the substantially touching vertebra concept, has the highest preventive ability against DA development. Extending the instrumentation further distal to this suggested LIV criterion did not add further benefit.
A New Histology-Based Prognostic Index for Aggressive T-Cell lymphoma: Preliminary Results of the “TCL Urayasu Classification”
Authors: Nitta Hideaki , Takizawa Haruko , Mitsumori Toru , Iizuka-Honma Hiroko , Ochiai Tomonori , Furuya Chiho , Araki Yoshihiko , Fujishiro Maki , Tomita Shigeki , Hashizume Akane , Sawada Tomohiro , Miyake Kazunori , Okubo Mitsuo , Sekiguchi Yasunobu , Ando Miki , Noguchi Masaaki
Published: July 2024

Background: Aggressive mature T-cell lymphoma (TCL) is a disease that carries a poor prognosis. Methods: We analyzed the expression of 22 tumor cell functional proteins in 16 randomly selected patients with TCL. Immunohistochemistry was performed in paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections to determine the protein expression statuses in tumor cells. Results: Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), a protein that serves as a pro-survival component under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the tumor microenvironment, was significantly associated with a shortened survival. Furthermore, significant differences were observed when GRP94 was combined with six other factors. The six factors were (1) programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1); (2) programmed cell death 1 (PD-1); (3) aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3); (4) P53, a tumor suppressor; (5) glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), an ER stress protein; and (6) thymidine phosphorylase (TP). Based on the combination of GRP94 and the six other factors expressed in the tumors, we propose a new prognostic classification system for TCL (TCL Urayasu classification). Group 1 (relatively good prognosis): GRP94-negative (n = 6; median OS, 88 months; p < 0.01); Group 2 (poor prognosis): GRP94-positive, plus expression of two of the six factors mentioned above (n = 5; median OS, 25 months; p > 0.05); and Group 3 (very poor prognosis): GRP94-positive, plus expression of at least three of the six factors mentioned above (n = 5; median OS, 10 months; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Thus, the TCL Urayasu prognostic classification may be a simple, useful, and innovative classification that also explains the mechanism of resistance to treatment for each functional protein. If validated in a larger number of patients, the TCL Urayasu classification will enable a targeted treatment using selected inhibitors acting on the abnormal protein found in each patient.
A Complex Relationship between Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Depression among General Population during Second Year of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Radulovic Danijela , Masic Srdjan , Stanisavljevic Dejana , Bokonjic Dejan , Radevic Svetlana , Rajovic Nina , Milić Nikola V. , Simic Vukomanovic Ivana , Mijovic Biljana , Vukovic Maja , Dubravac Tanaskovic Milena , Jojic Mirka , Vladicic Masic Jelena , Spaic Dragan , Milic Natasa M.
Published: July 2024

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy and public health, disrupting various aspects of daily life. Apart from its direct effects on physical health, it has also significantly affected the overall quality of life and mental health. This study employed a path analysis to explore the complex association among multiple factors associated with quality of life, anxiety, and depression in the general population of the Republic of Srpska during the pandemic’s second year. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a nationally representative sample (n = 1382) of the general population (adults aged 20+) during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. Assessment tools included the DASS-21 scale for depression, anxiety, and stress, along with the Brief COPE scale, Quality of Life Scale (QOLS), and Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS-3). Sociodemographic factors and comorbidities were also assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to identify the direct and indirect links of various characteristics to quality of life, anxiety, and depression. Results: This study revealed a considerable prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms (27.5% and 20.9%, respectively), with quality of life playing a significant mediating role. The constructed path model accounted for 33.1% of moderate to severe depression and 79.5% of anxiety. Negative coping was directly linked to anxiety and indirectly to depression via anxiety, while the absence of positive coping had both direct and indirect paths (through quality of life) on depression. Among variables that directly affected depression, anxiety had the highest effect. However, the bidirectional paths between anxiety and depression were also suggested by the model. Conclusions: Pandemic response strategies should be modified to effectively reduce the adverse effects on public mental health. Further research is necessary to assess the long-term effects of the pandemic on mental health and to analyze the contributing factors of anxiety and depression in the post-COVID period.
Cytocompatibility of Polymers for Skin-Contact Applications Produced via Pellet Extrusion
Authors: Varsavas Sakine Deniz , Michalec Paweł , Khalifa Mohammed , Li Ping , Spintzyk Sebastian
Published: July 2024

Orthoses and prostheses (O&P) play crucial roles in assisting individuals with limb deformities or amputations. Proper material selection for these devices is imperative to ensure mechanical robustness and biocompatibility. While traditional manufacturing methods have limitations in terms of customization and reproducibility, additive manufacturing, particularly pellet extrusion (PEX), offers promising advancements. In applications involving direct contact with the skin, it is essential for materials to meet safety standards to prevent skin irritation. Hence, this study investigates the biocompatibility of different thermoplastic polymers intended for skin-contact applications manufactured through PEX. Surface morphology analysis revealed distinct characteristics among materials, with TPE-70ShA exhibiting notable irregularities. Cytotoxicity assessments using L929 fibroblasts indicated non-toxic responses for most materials, except for TPE-70ShA, highlighting the importance of material composition in biocompatibility. Our findings underscore the significance of adhering to safety standards in material selection and manufacturing processes for medical devices. While this study provides valuable insights, further research is warranted to investigate the specific effects of individual ingredients and explore additional parameters influencing material biocompatibility. Overall, healthcare practitioners must prioritize patient safety by meticulously selecting materials and adhering to regulatory standards in O&P manufacturing.
Comparative Analysis of Osteointegration in Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite-Titanium Implants: An In Vivo Rabbit Model Study
Authors: Văruț Renata Maria , Rotaru Luciana Teodora , Truicu Flavius Nicușor , Singer Cristina Elena , Iulian-Nicolae Iliescu , Popescu Alin Iulian Silviu , Popescu Cristina , Teisanu Cristina , Sima Gabriela , Nicolaescu Oana Elena
Published: July 2024

The study evaluates the osteointegration of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and hydroxyapatite-titanium (HApTi) biocomposites implanted in the femurs of rabbits. The biocomposites were fabricated using powder metallurgy and subjected to a two-step sintering process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze the morphology, while mesenchymal stem cells were cultured to assess cytotoxicity and proliferation. In vivo experiments involved the implantation of HAp in the left femur and HApTi in the right femur of twenty New Zealand white rabbits. Computed tomography (CT) scans, histological, immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric analyses were performed to assess bone density and osteoblast activity. Results demonstrated that HApTi implants showed superior osteointegration, with higher peri-implant bone density and increased osteoblast count compared to HAp implants. This study concluded that HApTi biocomposites have potential for enhanced bone healing and stability in orthopedic applications.
Effect of Exposure Conditions on Mortar Subjected to an External Sulfate Attack
Authors: Omikrine Metalssi Othman , Quiertant Marc , Jabbour Mike , Baroghel-Bouny Véronique
Published: July 2024

This study aims to investigate the influence of exposure conditions on the behavior of mortar subjected to an external sulfate attack (ESA). Three different exposure conditions (full immersion, semi-immersion, and drying/wetting cycles) were tested on mortar prisms made with Portland cement and two w/c ratios (0.45 and 0.6). To monitor degradation, it was necessary to evaluate variations in length (expansion), mass changes, compressive and tensile strengths, changes in the total porosity measured using water accessible porosity tests, and changes in the macroscopic behavior of the samples. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was used to determine the size distribution of the pores. It was demonstrated that mixing mortar with the lower w/c ratio of 0.45 results in improved performance against an ESA. This study also demonstrates that the type of exposure to an ESA has no significant effect on the kinetics of sulfate penetration during the exposure period. However, the sample’s surface becomes more cracked when subjected to repeated drying and wetting cycles. For all the considered exposure conditions, expansion occurred in three stages. In stage 1, the reaction product (ettringite) precipitated in large voids, without causing significant expansion (the expansion remained low and stable). During the second stage, the reaction products generated growing internal stress. The final stage of expansion resulted in microcracks, strength losses, and the formation of macropores, which ultimately lead to material failure. The MIP results indicate that major changes in the porosity and pore volume distribution occur at the surface layer in regard to the gel and capillary pore ranges.
A Study of Directionality Effects in Three-Beam Coaxial Titanium Wire-Based Laser Metal Deposition
Authors: Mathenia Remy , McLain Braden , Sparks Todd , Liou Frank
Published: July 2024

Coaxial wire-based laser metal deposition is a versatile and efficient additive process that can achieve a high deposition rate in the manufacturing of complex structures. In this paper, a three-beam coaxial wire system is studied, with particular attention given to the effects of the deposition direction and laser beam orientation on the resulting bead geometry symmetry. With the three-beam laser delivery, the laser spot pattern is not always symmetric with respect to the deposition direction. Single titanium beads are deposited in different directions and at varying deposition rates, and the bead profile is quantitatively scored for multiple symmetry measures. Through an analysis of variance, the deposition direction and deposition rate were found to be insignificant with respect to the resulting bead symmetry for the developed measures. The bead symmetry and geometry are important factors in determining if a build is free of critical defects, and in this study, it is shown that the three-beam coaxial wire deposition setup is a directionally independent process.
Optimising Extracellular Vesicle Metabolomic Methodology for Prostate Cancer Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Hamed Mahmoud Assem , Wasinger Valerie , Wang Qi , Biazik Joanna , Graham Peter , Malouf David , Bucci Joseph , Li Yong
Published: July 2024

Conventional diagnostic tools for prostate cancer (PCa), such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), digital rectal examination (DRE), and tissue biopsy face, limitations in individual risk stratification due to invasiveness or reliability issues. Liquid biopsy is a less invasive and more accurate alternative. Metabolomic analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) holds a promise for detecting non-genetic alterations and biomarkers in PCa diagnosis and risk assessment. The current research gap in PCa lies in the lack of accurate biomarkers for early diagnosis and real-time monitoring of cancer progression or metastasis. Establishing a suitable approach for observing dynamic EV metabolic alterations that often occur earlier than being detectable by other omics technologies makes metabolomics valuable for early diagnosis and monitoring of PCa. Using four distinct metabolite extraction approaches, the metabolite cargo of PC3-derived large extracellular vesicles (lEVs) was evaluated using a combination of methanol, cell shearing using microbeads, and size exclusion filtration, as well as two fractionation chemistries (pHILIC and C18 chromatography) that are also examined. The unfiltered methanol–microbeads approach (MB-UF), followed by pHILIC LC-MS/MS for EV metabolite extraction and analysis, is effective. Identified metabolites such as L-glutamic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and methylmalonic acid have important links to PCa and are discussed. Our study, for the first time, has comprehensively evaluated the extraction and separation methods with a view to downstream sample integrity across omics platforms, and it presents an optimised protocol for EV metabolomics in PCa biomarker discovery.
Impaired Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Regulated by p70S6K: A Putative Pathological Feature in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Gu Wenyu , Cong Xinli , Pei Yechun , Che Ajuyo Nuela Manka’a , Min Yi , Wang Dayong
Published: July 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease. Mitochondrial energy metabolism and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) play significant roles in AD pathology. However, the potential relationship between them is unclear. In this study, bioinformatics methods were initially applied to analyze the transcriptomic data in the CA1 and the primary visual cortex of patients with AD and Aβ42-treated SH-SY5Y cells. By applying secreted Aβ42 and p70S6K gene silencing in cells, we explored disorders in mitochondrial function and the regulatory roles of p70S6K by flow cytometry, laser scanning confocal microscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The study reveals that impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism is a potential pathological feature of AD and that p70S6K gene silencing reversed most of the changes induced by Aβ42, such as the activities of the electron transport chain complexes I and III, as well as ATP synthase, ATP production, generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and phosphorylation of AMPK, PINK1, and Parkin, all of which are required for mitochondria to function properly in the cell.
Replacement of Dietary Carbohydrate with Protein versus Fat Differentially Alters Postprandial Circulating Hormones and Macronutrient Metabolism in Dogs
Authors: Jackson Matthew Irick
Published: July 2024

The effect of dietary macronutrients on fasting and postprandial responses was examined. Thirty-six healthy dogs were fed a high-carbohydrate (HiCHO) food once daily for 5 weeks, followed by randomization to either a high-protein, low-carbohydrate (PROT_LoCHO) or high-fat, low-carbohydrate (FAT_LoCHO) food for 5 weeks, then crossed over to the other LoCHO food for 5 weeks. Plasma samples were obtained at the end of each feeding period at timepoints before (0 h) and 2 h post-feeding. Apparent total circulating energy availability was assessed as a summation of the energetic contributions of measured glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides (TGs), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and fatty acids not from TGs or NEFAs. In both the fed and fasted states, there were increases in circulating apparent total energy availability after feeding the FAT_LoCHO food compared with the HiCHO or PROT_LoCHO foods. Changes from the postabsorptive to postprandial points in catabolic, anabolic, and signaling lipids all exhibited food effects. Consumption of either LoCHO food led to lower leptin/ghrelin ratios in the fasted state relative to the HiCHO food. The FAT_LoCHO food led to the highest postprandial levels of the incretins gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1, yet the lowest increases in insulin relative to the other foods. These findings provide information on how macronutrients can influence dietary energy processing and metabolic health.
Potential of Streptomyces avermitilis: A Review on Avermectin Production and Its Biocidal Effect
Authors: Cerna-Chávez Ernesto , Rodríguez-Rodríguez José Francisco , García-Conde Karen Berenice , Ochoa-Fuentes Yisa María
Published: July 2024

Secondary metabolites produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces avermitilis bacterium are powerful antiparasitic agents used in animal health, agriculture and human infection treatments. Avermectin is a macrocyclic lactone with four structural components (A1, A2, B1, B2), each of them containing a major and a minor subcomponent, out of which avermectin B1a is the most effective parasitic control compound. Avermectin B1a produces two homologue avermectins (B1 and B2) that have been used in agriculture as pesticides and antiparasitic agents, since 1985. It has a great affinity with the Cl-channels of the glutamate receptor, allowing the constant flow of Cl- ions into the nerve cells, causing a phenomenon of hyperpolarization causing death by flaccid paralysis. The purpose of this work was to gather information on the production of avermectins and their biocidal effects, with special emphasis on their role in the control of pests and phytopathogenic diseases. The literature showed that S. avermitilis is an important producer of macrocyclic lactones with biocidal properties. In addition, avermectin contributes to the control of ectoparasites and endoparasites in human health care, veterinary medicine and agriculture. Importantly, avermectin is a compound that is harmless to the host (no side effects), non-target organisms and the environment.
Synthesis and Properties of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents via Heating-Stirring and Ultrasound
Authors: Martín María Isabel , García-Díaz Irene , Rodríguez María Lourdes , Gutiérrez María Concepción , del Monte Francisco , López Félix A.
Published: July 2024

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a greener alternative to other more polluting traditional solvents and have attracted a lot of interest in the last two decades. The DESs are less toxic dissolvents and have a lower environmental footprint. This paper presents an alternative synthesis method to the classical heating–stirring method. The ultrasound method is one of the most promising synthesis methods for DESs in terms of yield and energy efficiency. Therefore, the ultrasound synthesis method was studied to obtain hydrophobic (Aliquat 336:L-Menthol (3:7); Lidocaine:Decanoic acid (1:2)) and hydrophilic DESs based on choline chloride, urea, ethylene glycol and oxalic acid. The physical characterization of DESs via comparison of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed no difference between the DESs obtained by heating–stirring and ultrasound synthesis methods. The study and comparison of all the prepared DESs were carried out via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The density and viscosity properties of DESs were evaluated. The density values were similar for both synthesis methods. However, differences in viscosity values were detected due to the presence of some water in hygroscopic DESs.
Tailoring Fibroblast-Activation Protein Targeting for Theranostics: A Comparative Preclinical Evaluation of the 68Ga- and 177Lu-Labeled Monomeric and Dimeric Fibroblast-Activation Protein Inhibitors DOTA.SA.FAPi and DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2
Authors: Läppchen Tilman , Bilinska Adrianna , Pilatis Eirinaios , Menéndez Elena , Imlimthan Surachet , Moon Euy Sung , Afshar-Oromieh Ali , Rösch Frank , Rominger Axel , Gourni Eleni
Published: July 2024

Background: FAP radiopharmaceuticals show promise for cancer diagnosis; however, their limited tumor residency hinders treatment. This study compared two FAPi derivatives, DOTA.SA.FAPi and DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2, labeled with gallium-68 and lutetium-177, aiming to determine an optimum combination for creating theranostic pairs. Methods: The radiotracers were studied for lipophilicity, binding to human serum proteins, and binding to human cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in vitro, including saturation and internalization/externalization studies. PET/SPECT/CT and biodistribution studies were conducted in PC3 and U87MG xenografts for [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi and [68Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2. [177Lu]Lu-DOTA.SA.FAPi and [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2, were evaluated in PC3 xenografts. Biodistribution studies of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi were performed in healthy male and female mice. Results: All radiotracers exhibited strong binding to FAP. Their internalization rate was fast while only [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 was retained longer in CAFs. [68Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 and [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 displayed elevated lipophilicity and affinity for human serum proteins compared to [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA.SA.FAPi. In vivo studies revealed slower washout of [68Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 within 3 h compared to [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi. The tumor-to-tissue ratios of [68Ga]Ga-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 versus [68Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi did not exhibit any significant differences. [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2 maintained a significant tumor uptake even after 96 h p.i. compared to [177Lu]Lu-DOTA.SA.FAPi. Conclusions: Dimeric compounds hold promise for therapy, while monomers are better suited for diagnostics. Finding the right combination is essential for effective disease management.
Identification of Novel GANT61 Analogs with Activity in Hedgehog Functional Assays and GLI1-Dependent Cancer Cells
Authors: Abu Rabe Dina , Chdid Lhoucine , Lamson David R. , Laudeman Christopher P. , Tarpley Michael , Elsayed Naglaa , Smith Ginger R. , Zheng Weifan , Dixon Maria S. , Williams Kevin P.
Published: July 2024

Aberrant activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in various cancers. Current FDA-approved inhibitors target the seven-transmembrane receptor Smoothened, but resistance to these drugs has been observed. It has been proposed that a more promising strategy to target this pathway is at the GLI1 transcription factor level. GANT61 was the first small molecule identified to directly suppress GLI-mediated activity; however, its development as a potential anti-cancer agent has been hindered by its modest activity and aqueous chemical instability. Our study aimed to identify novel GLI1 inhibitors. JChem searches identified fifty-two compounds similar to GANT61 and its active metabolite, GANT61-D. We combined high-throughput cell-based assays and molecular docking to evaluate these analogs. Five of the fifty-two GANT61 analogs inhibited activity in Hh-responsive C3H10T1/2 and Gli-reporter NIH3T3 cellular assays without cytotoxicity. Two of the GANT61 analogs, BAS 07019774 and Z27610715, reduced Gli1 mRNA expression in C3H10T1/2 cells. Treatment with BAS 07019774 significantly reduced cell viability in Hh-dependent glioblastoma and lung cancer cell lines. Molecular docking indicated that BAS 07019774 is predicted to bind to the ZF4 region of GLI1, potentially interfering with its ability to bind DNA. Our findings show promise in developing more effective and potent GLI inhibitors.
Synthesis and Evaluation of the First 68Ga-Labeled C-Terminal Hydroxamate-Derived Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor-Targeted Tracers for Cancer Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Wang Lei , Kuo Hsiou-Ting , Chen Chao-Cheng , Chapple Devon , Colpo Nadine , Ng Pauline , Lau Wing Sum , Jozi Shireen , Bénard François , Lin Kuo-Shyan
Published: July 2024

Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), overexpressed in many solid tumors, is a promising imaging marker and therapeutic target. Most reported GRPR-targeted radioligands contain a C-terminal amide. Based on the reported potent antagonist D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-NHOH, we synthesized C-terminal hydroxamate-derived [68Ga]Ga-LW02075 ([68Ga]Ga-DOTA-pABzA-DIG-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-NHOH) and [68Ga]Ga-LW02050 ([68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Pip-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-NHOH), and compared them with the closely related and clinically validated [68Ga]Ga-SB3 ([68Ga]Ga-DOTA-pABzA-DIG-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-NHEt). Binding affinities (Ki) of Ga-SB3, Ga-LW02075, and Ga-LW02050 were 1.20 ± 0.31, 1.39 ± 0.54, and 8.53 ± 1.52 nM, respectively. Both Ga-LW02075 and Ga-LW02050 were confirmed to be GRPR antagonists by calcium release assay. Imaging studies showed that PC-3 prostate cancer tumor xenografts were clearly visualized at 1 h post injection by [68Ga]Ga-SB3 and [68Ga]Ga-LW02050 in PET images, but not by [68Ga]Ga-LW02075. Ex vivo biodistribution studies conducted at 1 h post injection showed that the tumor uptake of [68Ga]Ga-LW02050 was comparable to that of [68Ga]Ga-SB3 (5.38 ± 1.00 vs. 6.98 ± 1.36 %ID/g), followed by [68Ga]Ga-LW02075 (3.97 ± 1.71 %ID/g). [68Ga]Ga-SB3 had the highest pancreas uptake (37.3 ± 6.90 %ID/g) followed by [68Ga]Ga-LW02075 (17.8 ± 5.24 %ID/g), while the pancreas uptake of [68Ga]Ga-LW02050 was only 0.53 ± 0.11 %ID/g. Our data suggest that [68Ga]Ga-LW02050 is a promising PET tracer for detecting GRPR-expressing cancer lesions.
Construction of Fire Safe Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hierarchical Composites with Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Liu Yan , Yao Ansheng , Fu Libi , Xie Shiwei , Zhang Yijie , Xu Peihui , Feng Yuezhan , Shi Yongqian
Published: July 2024

Incorporating outstanding flame retardancy and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) into polymers is a pressing requirement for practical utilization. In this study, we first employed the principles of microencapsulation and electrostatic interaction-driven self-assembly to encapsulate polyethyleneimine (PEI) molecules and Ti3C2Tx nanosheets on the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), forming a double-layer-encapsulated structure of ammonium polyphosphate (APP@PEI@Ti3C2Tx). Subsequently, flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites were fabricated by melting the flame-retardant agent with TPU. Afterwards, by using air-assisted thermocompression technology, we combined a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film with flame-retardant TPU composites to fabricate hierarchical TPU/APP@PEI@Ti3C2Tx/rGO composites. We systematically studied the combustion behavior, flame retardancy, and smoke-suppression performance of these composite materials, as well as the flame-retardant mechanism of the expansion system. The results indicated a significant improvement in the interface interaction between APP@PEI@Ti3C2Tx and the TPU matrix. Compared to pure TPU, the TPU/10APP@PEI@1TC composite exhibited reductions of 84.1%, 43.2%, 62.4%, and 85.2% in peak heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke release, and total carbon dioxide yield, respectively. The averaged EMI SE of hierarchical TPU/5APP@PEI@1TC/rGO also reached 15.53 dB in the X-band.
A Bicyclic Analog of the Linear Peptide Arodyn Is a Potent and Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Gisemba Solomon A. , Ferracane Michael J. , Murray Thomas F. , Aldrich Jane V.
Published: July 2024

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of stress-induced relapse to substance abuse and mood disorders. The dynorphin A analog arodyn (Ac[Phe1,2,3,Arg4,D-Ala8]dynorphin A-(1–11)-NH2) exhibits potent and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonism. Multiple cyclizations in longer peptides, such as dynorphin and its analogs, can extend the conformational constraint to additional regions of the peptide beyond what is typically constrained by a single cyclization. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a bicyclic arodyn analog with two constraints in the opioid peptide sequence. The peptide, designed based on structure–activity relationships of monocyclic arodyn analogs, was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclized by sequential ring-closing metathesis (RCM) in the C- and N-terminal sequences. Molecular modeling studies suggest similar interactions of key aromatic and basic residues in the bicyclic peptide with KOR as found in the cryoEM structure of KOR-bound dynorphin, despite substantial differences in the backbone conformations of the two peptides. The bicyclic peptide’s affinities at KOR and mu opioid receptors (MOR) were determined in radioligand binding assays, and its KOR antagonism was determined in the [35S]GTPγS assay in KOR-expressing cells. The bicyclic analog retains KOR affinity and selectivity (Ki = 26 nM, 97-fold selectivity over MOR) similar to arodyn and exhibits potent KOR antagonism in the dynorphin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS assay. This bicyclic peptide represents a promising advance in preparing cyclic opioid peptide ligands and opens avenues for the rational design of additional bicyclic opioid peptide analogs.
Physiological Mechanisms by Which the Functional Ingredients in Beer Impact Human Health
Authors: Zeng Yawen , Ahmed Hafiz Ghulam Muhu-Din , Li Xia , Yang Li’e , Pu Xiaoying , Yang Xiaomeng , Yang Tao , Yang Jiazhen
Published: July 2024

Nutritional therapy, for example through beer, is the best solution to human chronic diseases. In this article, we demonstrate the physiological mechanisms of the functional ingredients in beer with health-promoting effects, based on the PubMed, Google, CNKI, and ISI Web of Science databases, published from 1997 to 2024. Beer, a complex of barley malt and hops, is rich in functional ingredients. The health effects of beer against 26 chronic diseases are highly similar to those of barley due to the physiological mechanisms of polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids), melatonin, minerals, bitter acids, vitamins, and peptides. Functional beer with low purine and high active ingredients made from pure barley malt, as well as an additional functional food, represents an important development direction, specifically, ginger beer, ginseng beer, and coix-lily beer, as consumed by our ancestors ca. 9000 years ago. Low-purine beer can be produced via enzymatic and biological degradation and adsorption of purines, as well as dandelion addition. Therefore, this review paper not only reveals the physiological mechanisms of beer in overcoming chronic human diseases, but also provides a scientific basis for the development of functional beer with health-promoting effects.
Synergistic Catalytic Effects on Nitrogen Transformation during Biomass Pyrolysis: A Focus on Proline as a Model Compound
Authors: Cheng Shan , Yao Kehui , Tian Hong , Yang Ting , Chen Lianghui
Published: July 2024

To investigate the control mechanisms of NOx precursors and the synergistic effects of composite catalysts during proline pyrolysis, a systematic series of experiments was conducted utilizing composite catalysts with varying Fe-Ca ratios. Product distribution analysis was employed to elucidate the catalysts’ mechanisms in reducing NOx precursor emissions. The synergistic interactions between Fe and Ca were quantitatively assessed through comparative theoretical and experimental release calculations. The results indicate that an increase in the Fe content in the catalyst led to a rise in amine concentrations from 0.9% to 2.95%, implying that Fe facilitates the generation of amine-N through ring-opening and substitution reactions. When the Fe to Ca ratio was balanced at 1:1, nitrogen predominantly participated in the formation of purines via cyclization and substitution reactions. Additionally, all composite catalysts exhibited a suppressive effect on the release of NOx precursors, attributed to their significant enhancement of solid product retention. Fe-Ca composite catalyst synergistically inhibits the release of gaseous nitrogen. Notably, the strongest synergistic effect was observed with a 1:3 Fe to Ca ratio, which reduced the release of NH3 by 38.7% and HCN by 53.6% during proline pyrolysis. This study offers valuable insights into the control of NOx precursors and the optimization of nitrogen-rich biomass pyrolysis processes.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Grilled Marshmallows
Authors: Maciejczyk Maciej , Janoszka Beata , Szumska Magdalena , Pastuszka Beata , Waligóra Sławomir , Damasiewicz-Bodzek Aleksandra , Nowak Agnieszka , Tyrpień-Golder Krystyna
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study was to assess potential health risks among children and adolescents consuming various grilled marshmallows using a survey and to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in these food products. PAH analysis in grilled marshmallows included a dilution stage with deionized water and liquid–liquid extraction with cyclohexane and solid-phase extraction (SPE). PAH fractions were initially analyzed via high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and PAH concentrations were determined via gas chromatography with a tandem mass detector using the selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. This study on the consumption of grilled marshmallows was conducted among approximately 300 children and adolescents. The preliminary results indicated that “raw” marshmallows did not contain PAHs. However, the obtained data suggested the exposure of young people to carcinogenic PAHs from grilled marshmallows (63.5% of them consumed marshmallows). Carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was determined in all samples. The profile of PAH concentrations in the extracts isolated from various grilled types of marshmallows was similar (r2 > 0.8000), regardless of the grilling method. Compared to the white sugar confection, higher concentrations of PAHs were determined in multicolored marshmallows. The lack of social awareness about exposure to carcinogenic substances is alarming.
Construction of Ferric-Oxide-Doped Nickel–Iron Hydroxide Electrocatalysts by Magnetic-Field-Assisted Chemical Corrosion toward Boosted Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Xu Mengdie , Lei Ling , Hu Huilin , Chen Yana , Yang Xuchao , Yu Kaige , Cao Bingying , Zhang Xianzheng , Jiang Xueliang , Yao Chu , Yang Huan
Published: July 2024

Transition-metal-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts have attracted widespread attention due to their inexpensive prices, unique layered structures, and rich active sites. Currently, designing low-cost, sustainable, and simple synthesis methods is essential for the application of transition-metal-based catalysts. Here, magnetic field (MF)-assisted chemical corrosion, as a novel technology, is adopted to construct superior OER electrocatalysts. The produced Ni(Fe)(OH)2-Fe2O3 electrode exhibits an overpotential of 272 mV at a current density of 100 mA cm−2, presenting a 64 mV reduction compared to the electrode without an MF. The experimental results indicate that an MF can induce the directional growth of Fe2O3 rods and reduce their accumulation. In addition, an external MF is beneficial for the lattice dislocation of the obtained catalysts, which can increase the surface free energy, thus reducing the activation energy and accelerating the electrochemical reaction kinetics. This work effectively combines a magnetic field with chemical corrosion and electrochemical energy, which offers a novel strategy for the large-scale development of environmentally friendly and superior electrocatalysts.
Analysis of Antioxidant Compounds in Vitex negundo Leaves Using Offline 2D-LC-ECD and LC-MS/MS
Authors: Wu Qimei , Zheng Jinfen , Yu Yan , Li Zhirong , Li Ying , Hu Chengfeng , Zhou Yaping , Chen Rongxiang
Published: July 2024

Vitex negundo has strong antioxidant activity, but its primary antioxidant components are not clear. In this study, the antioxidant components were screened by offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (2D-LC-ECD) and subsequently assessed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identification, radical scavenging capacity, and molecular docking. Various fractions were isolated from Vitex negundo leaves, and 39 antioxidant components were screened and identified. All of the fractions containing the antioxidant components exhibited certain antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the response of LC-ECD and the in vitro antioxidant activity of the fractions. Molecular docking demonstrated that components with high response to LC-ECD exhibited robust interaction with antioxidant-related target proteins. The main antioxidant components of Vitex negundo leaves were isoorientin, chlorogenic acid, agnuside, cynaroside, and scutellarin. The 2D-LC-ECD combined with LC-MS/MS was rapid and effective in screening the antioxidant components in Vitex negundo leaves and could also provide technical support for the discovery of antioxidant components with different polarities and contents in other medicinal and edible plants.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Chiral Smectic Four-Ring Esters
Authors: Urbańska Magdalena , Gratzke Mateusz , Czerwiński Michał
Published: July 2024

Orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystals (OAFLCs) represent unique self-organized materials with significant potential for applications in photonic devices due to their sub-microsecond switching times and high optical contrast in electro-optical effects. However, almost all known OALFCs suffer from low chemical stability and short helical pitch values. This paper presents the synthesis and study results of two chiral AFLCs, featuring a four-ring structure in the rigid core and high chemical stability. The mesomorphic properties of these compounds were investigated using polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Spectrometry and electro-optical studies were employed to estimate the helical pitch, tilt angle, and spontaneous polarization of the synthesized compounds and the prepared mixtures. All studied compounds exhibit enantiotropic chiral smectic mesophases including the SmA*, the SmC*, and a very broad temperature range of the SmCA* phase. Doping top-modern antiferroelectric mixture with synthesized compounds offers benefits such as increased helical pitch and tilt angle values without significantly influencing spontaneous polarization. This allows the prepared mixture to be regarded as an OAFLC with high optical contrast, characterized by an almost perfect dark state. These valuable physicochemical and optical properties suggest significant potential of studied materials for practical applications.
Biodegradable and Ultra-High Expansion Ratio PPC-P Foams Achieved by Microcellular Foaming Using CO2 as Blowing Agent
Authors: Wu Change , Zhang Tianwei , Liang Jiaxin , Yin Jingyao , Xiao Min , Han Dongmei , Huang Sheng , Wang Shuanjin , Meng Yuezhong
Published: July 2024

Poly(propylene carbonate-co-phthalate) (PPC-P) is an amorphous copolymer of aliphatic polycarbonate and aromatic polyester; it possesses good biodegradability, superior mechanical performances, high thermal properties, and excellent affinity with CO2. Hence, we fabricate PPC-P foams in an autoclave by using subcritical CO2 as a physical blowing agent. Both saturation pressure and foaming temperature affect the foaming behaviors of PPC-P, including CO2 adsorption and desorption performance, foaming ratio, cell size, porosity, cell density, and nucleation density, which are investigated in this research. Moreover, the low-cost PPC-P/nano-CaCO3 and PPC-P/starch composites are prepared and foamed using the same procedure. The obtained PPC-P-based foams show ultra-high expansion ratio and refined microcellular structures simultaneously. Besides, nano-CaCO3 can effectively improve PPC-P’s rheological properties and foamability. In addition, the introduction of starch into PPC-P can lead to a large number of open cells. Beyond all doubt, this work can certainly provide both a kind of new biodegradable PPC-P-based foam materials and an economic methodology to make biodegradable plastic foams. These foams are potentially applicable in the packaging, transportation, and food industry.
Nanofibrous Conductive Sensor for Limonene: One-Step Synthesis via Electrospinning and Molecular Imprinting
Authors: Macagnano Antonella , Molinari Fabricio Nicolas , Papa Paolo , Mancini Tiziana , Lupi Stefano , D’Arco Annalisa , Taddei Anna Rita , Serrecchia Simone , De Cesare Fabrizio
Published: July 2024

Detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from different plant species and their organs can provide valuable information about plant health and environmental factors that affect them. For example, limonene emission can be a biomarker to monitor plant health and detect stress. Traditional methods for VOC detection encounter challenges, prompting the proposal of novel approaches. In this study, we proposed integrating electrospinning, molecular imprinting, and conductive nanofibers to fabricate limonene sensors. In detail, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) served here as fiber and cavity formers, respectively, with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) enhancing conductivity. We developed one-step monolithic molecularly imprinted fibers, where S(−)-limonene was the target molecule, using an electrospinning technique. The functional cavities were fixed using the UV curing method, followed by a target molecule washing. This procedure enabled the creation of recognition sites for limonene within the nanofiber matrix, enhancing sensor performance and streamlining manufacturing. Humidity was crucial for sensor working, with optimal conditions at about 50% RH. The sensors rapidly responded to S(−)-limonene, reaching a plateau within 200 s. Enhancing fiber density improved sensor performance, resulting in a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 137 ppb. However, excessive fiber density decreased accessibility to active sites, thus reducing sensitivity. Remarkably, the thinnest mat on the fibrous sensors created provided the highest selectivity to limonene (Selectivity Index: 72%) compared with other VOCs, such as EtOH (used as a solvent in nanofiber development), aromatic compounds (toluene), and two other monoterpenes (α-pinene and linalool) with similar structures. These findings underscored the potential of the proposed integrated approach for selective VOC detection in applications such as precision agriculture and environmental monitoring.
Random Field Ising Model Criticality in a Complex Binary Liquid System
Authors: Frielinghaus Henrich , Dubey Purushottam S. , Saha Debasish , Shin Eunjoo , Holderer Olaf , Sengers Jan V. , Förster Stephan
Published: July 2024

While Ising criticality in classical liquids has been firmly established both theoretically and experimentally, much less is known about criticality in liquids in which the growth of the correlation length is frustrated by finite-size effects. A theoretical approach for dealing with this issue is the random-field Ising model (RFIM). While experimental critical-exponent values have been reported for magnetic samples (here, we consider γ, ν and η), little experimental information is available for critical fluctuations in corresponding liquid systems. In this paper, we present a study on a binary liquid consisting of 3-methyl pyridine and heavy water in a very light-weight porous gel. We find that the experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical predictions from the RFIM.
Energy Storage Application of CaO/Graphite Nanocomposite Powder Obtained from Waste Eggshells and Used Lithium-Ion Batteries as a Sustainable Development Approach
Authors: Adaikalam Kathalingam , Teli Aviraj M. , Marimuthu Karuppasamy Pandian , Ramesh Sivalingam , Lee Hyungyil , Kim Heung Soo , Kim Hyun-Seok
Published: July 2024

The reuse of waste materials has recently become appealing due to pollution and cost reduction factors. Using waste materials can reduce environmental pollution and product costs, thus promoting sustainability. Approximately 95% of calcium carbonate-containing waste eggshells end up in landfills, unused. These eggshells, a form of bio-waste, can be repurposed as catalytic electrode material for various applications, including supercapacitors, after being converted into CaO. Similarly, used waste battery electrode materials pose environmental hazards if not properly recycled. Various types of batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries, are extensively used worldwide. The recycling of used lithium-ion batteries has become less important considering its low economic benefits. This necessitates finding alternative methods to recover and reuse the graphite rods of spent batteries. Therefore, this study reports the conversion of waste eggshell into calcium oxide by high-temperature calcination and extraction of nanographite from spent batteries for application in energy storage fields. Both CaO and CaO/graphite were characterized for their structural, morphological, and chemical compositions using XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS techniques. The prepared CaO/graphite nanocomposite material was evaluated for its efficiency in electrochemical supercapacitor applications. CaO and its composite with graphite powder obtained from used lithium-ion batteries demonstrated improved performance compared to CaO alone for energy storage applications. Using these waste materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices results in cheaper, greener, and sustainable processes. This approach not only aids in energy storage but also promotes sustainability through waste management by reducing landfills.