bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Some Cognitive Factors Involved in Person-Perception during Selection Interviews
Authors: Ferguson Julia , Fletcher Clive
Published: August 2011

The study examined some of the cognitive components in accuracy of social perception during the selection interview. 75 undergraduates completed several cognitive measures and were then required to interview a candidate for the job of accountant and make ratings of the candidate on several dimensions. Analysis showed pervasive sex differences in accuracy, and many effects specific either to same sex or to opposite sex dyads. Accuracy of female interviewers tended to be associated with greater cognitive complexity and integration of the interviewers. Accuracy of male interviewers was more dependent on the sex of the candidate; when interviewing a male candidate, accuracy was negatively associated with cognitive integration and when interviewing a female candidate, accuracy was negatively associated with the logical memory and visual recall subscales of the Wechsler Memory Scale.
Reliability and Reactivity of Self-Recording by Preschool Children
Authors: Lee Steven W. , Piersel Wayne C.
Published: August 2011

Reliability and reactivity are two important aspects of self-recording which have been studied in school-age children and adults. Little research on reliability and reactivity of self-recording by preschool children is available. The reliability of preschool children as recorders of their own behavior and whether reactive changes (or increases in behavior) occurred as a result of self-monitoring were evaluated. Two types of training in self-monitoring (didactic instruction vs guided practice) were received by two independent groups of 6 preschool children. Reliable self-recording for children ages 4 through 5 was not attained. Reactive changes in the recorded behavior were not observed.
The Famous Sayings Test: Sex Differences and Some Correlations with other Variables
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

31 men and 54 women responded to Bass' Famous Sayings test, the Social Interest Scale, and the Narcissism Personality Inventory. Women scored significantly higher on measures of Conventional Mores, Social Acquiescence, and Social Interest. Correlations of Bass' four scales were similar to those reported in earlier studies. Social interest correlated positively with Conventional Mores and negatively with Hostility for women, while Social Interest correlated negatively with Fear of Failure for men only.
British and American Attitudes toward Family Relationships
Authors: Brooks Deems M. , Kennedy Gregory E.
Published: August 2011

Responses of students in a London university and a midwestern American university to measures of family dynamics yielded significant differences in attitudes toward their families. Although the Americans were more likely to come from divorced families, they were also more likely than the British to describe their families as satisfying, cohesive, and adaptable. The British students were more likely to anticipate cohabitation before marriage. Both American and British students said they eventually plan to marry. The British were somewhat more likely to take an extreme view of sex-role functions, but they were also more likely to describe family sex roles in egalitarian terms.
The Relationship of Fear of Failure to Growth Need Strength and the Job Characteristics Model
Authors: Britt Michael A. , Teevan Richard C.
Published: August 2011

Considerable research has shown that individuals high in growth need strength react positively to job enrichment efforts. However, little is known about the motives and job characteristics that appeal to the low growth need strength worker. Research on the construct “fear of failure” indicates that it should, theoretically at least, diverge with growth need strength. Further, fear of failure theory predicts that such individuals prefer gradual change and advancement, high structure, and low individual responsibility. The relation between growth need strength and fear of failure was tested. Results generally confirmed the predicted relations, along with an interesting sex difference on the relations of fear of failure and growth need strength. The implications of these findings to job enrichment efforts is discussed.
Development and Test of a Multivariate Model of Absenteeism
Authors: Hendrix William H. , Spencer Barbara A.
Published: August 2011

Given the high costs associated with employees' absence in today's cost-conscious environment, there has been increased interest in understanding the factors leading to absenteeism. In 1986 Brooke proposed an absenteeism model as a stimulus to research. The present study tests a multivariate model based on Brooke's proposed framework. Subjects were 443 Department of Defense civilian employees. Confirmatory path analysis (LISREL VI) was performed to test the proposed model. Given a poor fit between the research model and the data, exploratory path analysis was performed next to establish the paths leading to absenteeism, and a revised model was developed. Although these results provided partial support for the hypothesized model, the data suggested that the actual relationships between absenteeism and the 14 independent variables are more complex than anticipated. The revised model provides a better fit than the original model and establishes a framework for further research.
Psychometric Investigation of the Mach IV Scale Measuring Machiavellianism
Authors: Panitz Eric
Published: August 2011

A psychometric investigation of the MACH IV scaele developed by Christie and Geis in 1970 to measure Machiavellianism was conducted. Factor analyses performed on data from two different samples of respondents suggest empirical difficulties in the number and nature of dimensions underlying the scale. Comparable analyses of a Satisfaction scale developed by Hunt and Chonko in 1984 and administered at the same time to the same subjects as the MACH IV scale indicated no similar difficulties with the Satisfaction scale's empirical validity.
Correlations among Scores on Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Subtest (Spanish), WISC—R (Spanish) and Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
Authors: Diáz Joseph O. Prewitt , Rivera Rosalida
Published: August 2011

Spanish translations of the Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Battery, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale were administered to 30 Puerto Rican first grade pupils. Analysis confirms the concurrent validity of the Spanish versions of WISC—R with Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and the Spanish Woodcock-Johnson achievement subtests. The Spanish WISC—R is a valid and reliable instrument to measure intellectual functioning of Puerto Rican children with Spanish as their preferred mode of communication. Scores on the nonverbal Columbia scale correlate more strongly with the WISC—R Verbal scaled scores and may be used with recently arrived nonEnglish speakers.
Decision Making with Probability Forecasts of Rainfall
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiaki , Ohta Hirohiko
Published: August 2011

Decision making with probability forecasts of rainfall was investigated experimentally by considering three variables, i.e., the rainfall probability, the duration of being away from home, and the outdoor weather condition. 274 Japanese college students were asked to make decisions on the necessity for person A to take an umbrella with him under 16 different conditions. Analysis showed obviously that the necessity tended to increase as probability of rainfall rose, as duration became longer, and also as the outdoor weather was cloudy rather than clear. Discussion of these results considered recent studies of decision making and subjective probability.
Maslach Burnout Inventory: Factor Structures and Norms for USA Pharmacists
Authors: Lahoz Monina R. , Mason Holly L.
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to establish normative data as well as evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the three subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory when given to a national sample of USA licensed practicing pharmacists. Data were subjected to principal factors analysis with iteration and a varimax rotation to obtain a three-factor solution. Visual analysis and statistical comparison provided empirical support for the presence of the hypothesized ( a priori) constructs of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Lack of Personal Accomplishment. Internal consistency of the derived subscales, as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, were comparable with previous data. Pharmacists' subscale scores were significantly lower than those obtained in studies of the helping professions.
Is There an Ellsberg-Fellner Paradox? A Note on its Resolution
Authors: Brady Michael E. , Lee Howard B.
Published: August 2011

The Ellsberg-Fellner Paradox can be shown to be nonparadoxical if Keynes' concept of weight-of-evidence is incorporated in decision making under risk and/or uncertainty. Keynes' concept is a more advanced version of C. S. Peirce's “second number” approach and is identical to R. Carnap's reliability-unreliability index. The Ellsberg-Fellner Paradox is paradoxical only to decision theorists who accept the Von Neumann-Morgenstern-Savage axioms. Decision theorists who accept the logical approach to probability can bypass this problem.
Mmpi Correlates of College Women Who Reported Experiencing Child/Adult Sexual Contact with Father, Stepfather, or with other Persons
Authors: Roland Billy , Zelhart Paul , Dubes Richard
Published: August 2011

MMPI responses were obtained from three groups of college women ( n = 171): those reporting child/adult sexual contact with father/stepfather, with other persons, and a control group reporting no such experience. A comparison of group mean MMPI validity and clinical scales showed the father/stepfather group to have several subscales elevated to clinically significant levels. None of the subscales for the other two groups were so elevated.
Effect of Homosexuality upon Public Health and Social Order
Authors: Cameron Paul , Cameron Kirk , Proctor Kay
Published: August 2011

Are homosexuals “not dangers to society” and is homosexuality “compatible with full health”? To answer these questions 4,340 adult respondents drawn via area probability sampling from 5 metropolitan areas of the USA self-administered an extensive sexuality/public order questionnaire of over 500 items. Bisexuals and homosexuals (about 4% of the sample) as compared to heterosexuals: (1) more frequently exposed themselves to biological hazards (e.g., sadomasochism, fisting, bestiality, ingestion of feces); (2) exposed themselves sexually to more different bodies (e.g., more frequently admitted to participating in orgies, reported considerably larger numbers of sexual partners); (3) more frequently reported participating in socially disruptive sex (e.g., deliberate infection of others, cheating in marriage, making obscene phone calls); and (4) more frequently reported engaging in socially disruptive activities (e.g., criminality, shoplifting, tax cheating). From the standpoints of individual health, public health and social order, participating in homosexual activity could be viewed as dangerous to society and incompatible with full health.
Some Determinants of Fear about Aids among Australian College Students
Authors: Austin Daphne , Hong Sung-Mook , Hunter Wilma
Published: August 2011

An 18-item questionnaire assessing attitudes toward AIDS and homosexuality was administered to 420 Australian tertiary students. The predictive power of attitudes toward homosexuality, empathy toward AIDS sufferers, knowledge about AIDS, church attendance, age, and sex was tested using independent and stepwise multiple-regression analyses. In the stepwise analysis attitudes toward homosexuality and empathy toward AIDS sufferers were the major contributors to fear about AIDS. Church attendance and age improved the over-all prediction significantly, but only slightly. In the independent analysis all variables, except church attendance, were significant predictors. Educational programmes on AIDS should address the relationship between homosexuality and fear of AIDS.
Risk-Taking, Responsibility for Health, and Attitude toward Avoiding Aids
Authors: Neubauer Bruce J.
Published: August 2011

A telephone survey was completed with 400 adults to explore a possible relation between health risk-taking and perceived personal responsibility for health. The attitude that AIDS could be avoided by being careful was weakly associated with responses to questions about wearing seat belts and smoking. The pattern held only among those who thought their health was good for people their age. After reviewing related literature, it appears that poor health status and dogmatism may contribute to denial of risk and to risky sexual behavior. Themes for public health educational campaigns are suggested.
Self-Actualization and Personal Autonomy
Authors: Bordages John Walter
Published: August 2011

Self-actualizing individuals, according to Maslow (1954), are hypothesized to operate autonomously of external expectations due to their undistorted perceptions of their own realistic abilities. Scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory, a measure of self-actualization, were used to divide subjects into high, medium, or low self-actualizing categories. Subjects were given a Logical Reasoning Ability Test over three treatment conditions: high, low, and no expectations with regard to performance. Analyses indicated greater personal autonomy for high and moderate self-actualizing subjects than in nonself-actualizing subjects, who showed the greatest variance in their reasoning test scores.
Attention Checklist: A Rating Scale for Mildly Mentally Handicapped Adolescents
Authors: Das J. P. , Melnyk Louise
Published: August 2011

A check list for attentional deficits without reference to hyperactive behavior observed in the classroom was constructed, and teachers' ratings were factor analyzed. The check-list rating was compared to a widely used rating scale for attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (AD-HD), the Abbreviated Conners Rating Scale. Both scales were given to 15 teachers to rate 100 mildly mentally handicapped adolescent students. Analysis showed that 33% of the mentally handicapped students were rated above 1.5 on the Conners Scale, which is the cut-off for hyperactivity. This is much higher than the prevalence of hyperactivity in regular classrooms. The two sets of ratings correlated strongly (.84). Check-list items were grouped under one factor explaining 70.7% of variance and so are recommended for use in discriminating attentional deficit in mentally handicapped as well as in regular class students. The high correlation with ratings on the Conners Scale suggests that AD-HD is a unitary syndrome with attention being most problematic for children labeled hyperactive.
Self-Esteem and Defensiveness: An Analysis of the Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Lawton J. M. , Fergusson D. M. , Horwood L. J.
Published: August 2011

A structural equation model was developed to examine the relationships between the self-esteem and defensiveness scales of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Data were analysed for a sample of over 800 New Zealand children using methods of confirmatory factor analysis. The fitted model suggested that the data were consistent with an hierarchical model in which the observed self-esteem scores were fallible indicators of self-esteem in four specific areas of experience. These areas in turn were subsumed by a higher-order factor of global self-esteem. The model also suggested that defensive responding systematically contaminated the subjects' over-all reporting of self-esteem. Model estimates showed that between 28% and 54% of the variance in the self-esteem indicators arose from random errors of measurement and a further 1% to 3% was due to the effects of defensiveness. It is suggested that confirmatory factor analytic methods should be used in further analyses of the relationship between self-esteem and other measures to take account of possible biases arising from these sources.
Development of a Short Self-Esteem Measure for Use with Adults in Community Mental Health Surveys
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: August 2011

A short, adult version of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory has been devised for use in lengthy questionnaires with community mental health samples, when time available for any single instrument is limited. Published studies indicate the general reliability and validity of the full scale. Experimental validity was demonstrated in one study. A comparison with Coopersmith's longer adult version of the scale is presented.
Intercorrelations among General Arousability, Emerging and Current Sexual Desire, and Severity of Sexual Dysfunction in Women
Authors: McCabe Marita P. , Jupp James J.
Published: August 2011

Intercorrelations among general trait arousability, emerging sexual desire, current sexual desire, lack of sexual desire perceived as a problem, and sexual dysfunction were assessed in 65 women currently involved in marital or de facto heterosexual relationships. The Stimulus Screening Test was used to measure general arousability and the Assessment of Sexual Function and Dysfunction Questionnaire was used to measure emerging sexual desire, current sexual desire, lack of sexual desire, and sexual dysfunction. Analysis showed that arousability was positively associated with current levels of sexual desire which was negatively associated with sexual dysfunction. There was a curvilinear relationship between arousability and sexual dysfunction, with women experiencing both high and low levels of arousability being more likely to score higher on measures of sexual dysfunction than those experiencing medium levels of arousal. The possible implications of these results are discussed.
Will Premenstrual Syndrome Produce a MS Hyde?: Evidence from Daily Administrations of the Emotions Profile Index
Authors: Bisson Carole , Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

22 women participated in a study that required daily completion of the Emotions Profile Index and a short diary form for 49 consecutive days. The Emotions Profile Index for 868 subject-days was factor-analyzed. Differences in Factor 1 (friendly extraversion) were related to menstrual cycle position while differences in Factor 2 (timidity) were not. Evidence for a premenstrual move in the direction of aggressive, depressed distrust (irritable introversion) is discussed. It is noted that premenstrual differences in emotion are much weaker than the other significant effects discovered in the experiment (individual differences, unusual events, stress): the potentially cumulative effects of these variables are discussed.
An Experimental Paradigm for the Study of Conceptual Conservatism and Change
Authors: Nissani Moti
Published: August 2011

Although we are indisputably capable of changing our beliefs, everyday experience suggests that such changes are hard to make: we often cling to old and familiar conceptions of reality, disregarding or explaining away contradictory evidence. This report presents a new experimental paradigm for the study of this critically important human attribute. Preliminary qualitative observations indicate that conceptual conservatism can be directly explored in a controlled laboratory setting, that it plays a more critical role in human affairs than has been hitherto supposed, and that it is traceable in part to the cognitive difficulty of replacing one belief with another.
Age and Locus of Control among Women Food Preparers
Authors: Houts Sandra S. , Warland Rex H.
Published: August 2011

While it is theoretically plausible that locus of control and age are related, findings reported in the literature remain inconclusive. We suggest that the inconsistent results may be effects of differences in locus of control scale instruments used. For instance, will scales assuming multidimensionality of locus of control yield different results from scales assuming unidimensionality of the construct? Similarly, will scales that consist of general items produce results different from those scales that are research topic specific? Findings of two studies are reported. Both used locus of control scales specific to beliefs about food and health, but one was unidimensional, the other two-dimensional. Respondents in the two national telephone surveys were 406 and 461 women. The unidimensional scale produced a negative, linear relationship between age and locus of control: older women were more external than were younger women. In contrast, both dimensions of the two-dimensional scale formed quadratic relationships with age. The internal dimension showed internal beliefs increasing until age 60, then decreasing The relation between age and belief in powerful others/fate weakened until about age 50, then strengthened again. The latter findings suggest that, particularly in late middle age and on matters concerning food and health, internal and external beliefs are neither mutually exclusive nor necessarily inconsistent.
Levels of Organizational Responsibility in a New Faculty Orientation Program
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: August 2011

This study established topic priorities for planning a workshop for new faculty members at the university level.
Effect of Telephone and Face-to-Face Communication on Rated Extent of Self-Disclosure by Female College Students
Authors: Bermack Elaine
Published: August 2011

70 female college students volunteered to be interviewed by a female interviewer on a highly intimate topic, sexual behavior. Half of the subjects were randomly assigned to a group interviewed over the telephone and half to a group interviewed in a face-to-face situation. Responses were rated on the basis of two scales, a 5-point Extent of Self-disclosure Scale and a 5-point Impression Scale. Oneway analysis of variance suggested that the measures of self-disclosure were reliable and showed convergent validity. Self-disclosure was not influenced by the communication medium. Suggestions for research using different communication situations, different measures of self-disclosure and different intimate topics are given.
The More Positive Evaluation of Men Than Women on the Gender-Stereotyped Traits
Authors: Gerber Gwendolyn L.
Published: August 2011

The favorability of men's and women's personalities was compared using the socially desirable characteristics typically associated with each sex (stereotypic traits) as well as those that are associated with the opposite sex (cross-stereotypic traits). The stereotypic traits are the male's masculinity and the female's femininity; the cross-stereotypic traits are the female's masculinity and the male's femininity. An average score was computed for both sexes on the stereotypic and cross-stereotypic traits. As predicted, there was an over-all evaluation bias that favored men. In addition, the stereotypic traits for each sex were rated higher than the cross-stereotypic traits. These effects were stable across different rating conditions—whether one or two persons were rated and whether the stimulus person was described as married or no information was given concerning marital status. The implication of these results for sex as a status characteristic was discussed.
Gallup's Mirrors: More Than an Operationalization of Self-Awareness in Primates?
Authors: Morin Alain , DeBlois Sandra
Published: August 2011

This speculative article comments on Gallup's work on self-recognition and self-awareness in primates. It exposes Gallup's position on the social origin of the self-concept and proposes the existence of “self-representational” processes capable of reproducing internally the social phenomena implicated in the acquisition of self-information. On that basis, the possibility is raised that allowing primates to see themselves in a mirror might provide them with such a process, with which introspection, and consequently, the formation of a more sophisticated self-concept, would be possible.
Examining the Career Plateau: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examines the career plateau by comparing police officers having 15 or more years of service who had been promoted with those who had not. Although having similar career orientations when they began policing, officers at career plateau developed a nonwork orientation. Officers at plateau also reported less job satisfaction, greater psychological burnout and greater intention to leave policing. These negative experiences were not associated with poorer emotional and physical health however. Low commitment to work may have protected the officer at career plateau from these negative consequences.
Mediators of Perceptions of Stress among Community-Based Elders
Authors: Fry P. S.
Published: August 2011

Research focusing on the relationship between the frequency of stressful life events and perceptions of stress among the aged has increased considerably over the past few decades. The present research focused on expanding the simple life-events/stress-perceptions paradigm by including several other variables that have previously been assumed to be associated with an increase in perceptions of stress among elderly persons. More specifically, the present investigation concerned evaluation of mediating effects of levels of social support, problem-solving, and frequency of daily hassles on the perceptions of stress by elderly individuals. A prospective design evaluated over a 24-mo. period was used to assess the mediating effects. A conceptual model of mediating effects was tested using path analysis statistical techniques on data from a sample of 80 community-based elderly volunteers. The postulated model accounted for 53% of the variance associated with the prediction of perceptions of stress among the elderly subjects. Implications for current theory and research in the study of mediating variables in the stress symptomatology of older adults are discussed.
Length of Survival and Lymphocyte Percentage in Women with Mammary Cancer as a Function of Psychotherapy
Authors: Grossarth-Maticek R. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2011

50 patients suffering from terminal mammary cancer and visceral metastases received chemotherapy, and in addition half of them received psychotherapy, while half did not. A lymphocyte count was undertaken seven times in all, once before initiation of chemotherapy, the others after six applications of the therapy. As hypothesized, the 25 women who received psychotherapy lived longer and had significantly higher lymphocyte counts on Occasions 5, 6 and 7 than did the 25 women who did not receive psychotherapy. of the types of psychotherapy employed, a specially designed form of behaviour therapy was significantly more helpful than dynamic psychotherapy in prolonging life.
Identification of Emotion from Body Movements: A Cross-Cultural Study of Americans and Japanese
Authors: Sogon Shunya , Masutani Makoto
Published: August 2011

In the present study American and Japanese subjects' judgments of emotional cues in body movements were compared, when facial information was excluded. Seven fundamental emotions of joy, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, anger, contempt and three affective-cognitive structures for the emotions of affection, anticipation, and acceptance were displayed by four Japanese actors/actresses with their backs turned toward the viewer. The emotions of sadness, fear, and anger as expressed in kinetic movement showed high agreement between the two cultural groups. Joy and surprise, even though they are classified as fundamental emotions, contained some cultural components that affected the judgments. Furthermore, USA subjects successfully identified disgust as portrayed by Japanese actors/actresses, but Japanese subjects did not identify the expressions of disgust or contempt. Affection, anticipation, and acceptance have some cultural components that are interpreted differently by Japanese and Americans, and this accounted for some of the misunderstandings. Nevertheless, most of the scenes depicting emotions and affective-cognitive structures emotions were correctly identified by the subjects of each culture.
Causal Linking during Text Comprehension
Authors: de Groot Annette M. B. , van der Pal Fred
Published: August 2011

To study the linking of causally related events during reading, sets of 10 to 12 sentences were prepared so each subject was presented 40 texts, 10 within each of four conditions, 2 causal and 2 noncausal, presented on a Macintosh Plus microcomputer, Each text contained a test sentence, for which reading time was registered. Mean reading time was shorter for the two causal conditions than for the two noncausal conditions. It was concluded that during comprehension of text readers engage in causal linking.
Children's Television Viewing with Family Members
Authors: Lawrence Frances C. , Wozniak Patricia H.
Published: August 2011

The amount of time children view television with other family members was examined. The sample of 151 children was 6 through 17 yr. of age. Data were gathered by personal interviews conducted in the home. Analysis showed that children spent 75 min. per day (65% of their viewing time) watching television with family members, most often a sibling. When children did watch television with a parent, the parent was most likely the father. Rarely did the entire family view together.
Psychological Aspects of the Nuclear Arms Threat: Annotated Bibliography Update: I. A—F
Authors: French Christopher C.
Published: August 2011

This article provides the first section of a four-part update of an annotated bibliography of books, articles, and chapters related to the psychological aspects of the nuclear arms threat. This particular section lists some 128 references. The complete bibliography provides details of 596 references.
Self-Esteem, Depression, and Alcohol Dependency among High School Students
Authors: Workman Mathew , Beer John
Published: August 2011

123 high school students completed the short form of the Cooper-smith Self-esteem Inventory—School Form and its Lie scale, Beck's Depression Inventory, and an Alcohol Dependency Scale. Analyses of variance (2 × 4) showed boys had higher mean Lie scores than girls, and freshmen had lower mean alcohol dependency scores than sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Correlations between self-esteem scores and depression scores were significant and negative, but values were significant and positive between self-esteem and lie scores and between depression and alcohol dependency scores. Much work is required to understand better the relations among depression, self-esteem, and drug and alcohol dependency in high school students if interventions are to focus upon prevention.
Predicting Performance and Persistence in Hospice Volunteers
Authors: Lafer Barbara
Published: August 2011

In a group of 75 prospective hospice volunteers, screened and accepted for training, those rated as performing satisfactorily differed significantly from those rated as performing unsatisfactorily or those who dropped out six months after completion of training. Discriminant function analysis indicated that a function consisting of death anxiety, tolerance, and flexibility significantly differentiated the three groups of volunteers. The satisfactory persisters demonstrated lower death anxiety, higher tolerance, and more moderate flexibility than unsatisfactory persisters or dropouts. Fifty (67%) of the 75 cases were correctly classified. These findings suggest that the inclusion of personality measures in the screening procedure could be useful in the selection of hospice volunteers.
Lateral Preference and Students' Worries: A Correlation
Authors: Dillon Kathleen M.
Published: August 2011

A significant correlation was found between left-sided lateral preference as measured by the General Laterality subtest of the Lateral Preference Schedule and scores on the Student Worry Survey for 34 male college students but not for 44 female college students ( M age = 19.9 yr.). This finding is consistent with other studies done with clinical populations showing correlations between left-handedness in males and various psychological disorders.
Performance of Humans in Concurrent Variable-Ratio Variable-Ratio Schedules of Monetary Reinforcement
Authors: Shah K. , Bradshaw C. M. , Szabadi E.
Published: August 2011

Four women pressed a button in five two-component concurrent variable-ratio variable-ratio ( conc VR VR) schedules of monetary reinforcement. There was no consistent tendency towards “probability matching” (distribution of responses between the two components in proportion to the relative probabilities of reinforcement); three of the four subjects showed exclusive preference for the schedule associated with the higher probability of reinforcement. These results are similar to results previously obtained with pigeons and rats in concurrent VR VR schedules.
House Arrest: A Viable Alternative for Sex Offenders?
Authors: Bingham John , Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

This article reported on the efficiency of a community-based corrections program, namely, house arrest, presently being implemented in the state of Florida. Primarily, prison over-crowding has served as an impetus to enacting viable detention options for minor offenses. The authors discuss the usefulness and rehabilitative aspects of a house arrest program offered as an alternative to incarceration for sex offenders. The advantages and drawbacks of the program are discussed and two case studies are presented.
Malingering Traumatic Mental Disorder on the Beck Depression Inventory: Cancerphobia and Toxic Exposure
Authors: Lees-Haley Paul R.
Published: August 2011

The revised Beck Depression Inventory is widely used to measure severity of depression, and it is often used in personal injury litigation as evidence of trauma. However, the potential vulnerability of the inventory to malingering has not been assessed. of a group of 52 untrained volunteers, 96% were able to fake depression on the inventory and 58% successfully faked extremely severe depression. Users are cautioned against treating Beck's inventory as a literal measuring instrument in contexts where manipulation of responses is a potential issue.
Age, Sex, and Personality Correlates of Self-Actualization in Elderly Adults
Authors: Plouffe Louise , Gravelle François
Published: August 2011

The present study examined age, sex and personality correlates of self-actualization among older adults. The Personal Orientation Inventory and Personality Research Form were administered individually to 80 community men and women aged 56 yr.—84 yr. No main effect for sex was observed on inventory scores, but younger subjects (56 yr.—67 yr.) obtained higher scores than older subjects (68 yr—84 yr.) on four subscales: Existentiality, Feeling Reactivity, Acceptance of Aggression and Capacity for Intimate Contact. Age was negatively correlated with Feeling Reactivity in both sexes; Inner-directedness decreased with age in men and Capacity for Intimate Contact diminished with age in women. For men, inventory scores were positively associated with the traits of Change and Endurance and negatively correlated with Abasement, Order and Succorance. For women, Impulsivity correlated positively and Order was associated negatively with scores on the inventory. These results suggest that the components of self-actualization are differentially influenced by age for men and women and that the traits accompanying self-actualization are sex-linked.
Mmpi Scores of Tattooed and Untattooed Prisoners
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

20 nontattooed and 20 tattooed male inmates' mean T scores on the MMPI did not differ significantly and showed an 8/4 pattern.
A General Strategy for Single-Subject Research
Authors: Holtgrave David R.
Published: August 2011

This article offers a general strategy for conducting single-subject research. The strategy is designed to capture the behavior of the subject over time; this necessitates using a stream of behavior research methodology. The strategy guides the researcher through the exploratory analytic and modeling steps appropriate for stream of behavior studies. An important application (to an environmental health problem) is discussed.
Critical Thinking and Mental Ability Groups
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Hartsoe Kent , Harper James
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effects of teaching critical thinking using different approaches. 118 university students, who were identified as being of high, average, and low mental abilities, participated in the study. Analysis confirmed that critical thinking can be taught effectively. The students of high and average mental ability reported higher scores on a critical thinking test after information and exercises on critical thinking were given to them. A different approach in teaching critical thinking would be needed with the students of low mental ability if they are to profit from the information.
Sex Differences in Styles of Conflict Management
Authors: Duane Michael J.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the conflict-management styles of 63 men and 7 women responsible for resolving employees' grievances. The results tended to challenge the laboratory-experimentation data that women are more conciliatory during negotiations and less comfortable with tasks associated with conflict management than are men.
Assessing Computer Anxiety
Authors: Cohen Brett A. , Waugh Gordon W.
Published: August 2011

A study was conducted to develop a scale for assessing computer anxiety. The scale was administered to 152 psychology students. The responses were then subjected to both item and principal components analysis. Computer anxiety was significantly and negatively correlated –.48 with the total amount of experience individuals had had with computers. Graduate and undergraduate students did not differ significantly in anxiety. When controlling for amount of experience with computers, clinical psychology students reported more anxiety than industrial-organizational psychology students, but men and women did not differ significantly in anxiety.
Changes in Humor Appreciation of College Students in the Last Twenty-Five Years
Authors: Carroll James L.
Published: August 2011

79 college students were administered the IPAT Humor Test of Personality. No differences were found between men and women in their humor appreciation. The sample was compared with the 1963 population norms and many changes were found for both sexes.
Bias in Meaning in Life Ratings
Authors: Ebersole Peter , Kobayakawa Shari
Published: August 2011

A measure of depth of meaning in life, the Meaning in Life Depth instrument (MILD), was checked for two possible sources of bias in the depth ratings made by 113 college student-judges. The judges rated for depth of meaning 10 essays written by other individuals. The judges also indicated the categories of meaning they personally most preferred. The judges' ratings of the 10 essays were then matched with their own categories of meaning preference to see if they preferred (were biased toward) essays similar in type of meaning to theirs. This type of bias was found, and suggestions were made about dealing with this problem. Age bias, the second type of bias investigated, did not occur; that is, the judges did not systematically prefer essays written by people of their approximate age over those written by older people.
Personality Type, Organizational Norms and Self-Esteem
Authors: Marcic Dorothy , Aiuppa Thomas A. , Watson John G.
Published: August 2011

To measure the relations of personality type, self-esteem, and job satisfaction 102 managers in New York were given a battery of tests, including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Regression analysis was conducted to determine the similarity or congruence of each subject's personality type with what had been determined to be the organizational norm for each organization in the study. Subjects with personality types most similar to the organizational norm had higher self-esteem and lower turnover rates. No correlation was found with personality type congruence and job satisfaction.
Dubious Support for Firo-B's Validity
Authors: Hurley John R.
Published: August 2011

The evidence that Floyd (1988) recently cited as supporting FIRO-B's validity was reviewed. Without hypotheses about relationships between the 25 items of a Living Group Questionnaire and FIRO-B's 6 scales, Floyd determined all correlations between these measures separately for undergraduate males and females. The .05 level of statistical significance was reached by 15 correlations among 300, about the number expected by chance, and none was significant for both genders. Flawed in other respects, Floyd's report gave no firm evidence to counter increasing challenges to FIRO-B's validity.
Age and Sex Differences in the Responses of Adolescents to the Hand Test
Authors: Castle Sonya R. , Stoner Sue B.
Published: August 2011

The Hand Test of E. E. Wagner was administered to 163 adolescents attending a rural midwest high school. Subjects were placed into four age groups based on their chronological ages. There was an age difference for the variable Exhibition; however, post hoc analyses indicated that none of the age groups were significantly different from one another. Boys gave more Exhibition and Crippled responses, and interactions of age × sex in the absence of significant main effects were obtained for Direction, Tension and Environmental responses. Implications of the results are discussed.
Students' Reactions as Guides to Course Revisions
Authors: Lynch Denis J. , Tamburrino Marijo , Nagel Rollin
Published: August 2011

Items on four course changes made in response to students' evaluations of a course on interviewing were rated higher by the 3 succeeding classes of students, indicating changes improved the students' perceptions of the course.
Laughter: Nature's Epileptoid Catharsis
Authors: Grumet Gerald W.
Published: August 2011

The ability to laugh, like other favored behavioral traits, may have evolved over many generations in response to environmental stresses favoring reproduction among successfully adapted people. This speculative overview depicts laughter as a symbolically-triggered release mechanism that unleashes instinctive drive energies associated with survival, in the process lowering anxiety. The use of humor to trigger the laugh reflex has become a cultural activity in which unacceptable impulses are expressed in an acceptable manner. As this occurs, there is an emancipatory release of repressed energies and assorted conflicts are “resolved.” An attempt is made to examine the neurological events of laughter; here, there is a suspension of cortical-diencephalic inhibitory control, and tensions are discharged from lower centers, the presumed custodians for some of the encoded programs of instinct and emotion.
Approach to the Medically Ill Borderline Patient: A Case Study
Authors: Fitzgibbon Marian L. , Barbuto Joseph
Published: August 2011

Description and discussion are provided of the problems involved in the medical treatment of a patient with borderline character structure who has become seriously medically ill.
Job and Personal Factors Related to Job Stress and Risk of Developing Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Hendrix William H.
Published: August 2011

Results indicated that job stress is affected by physical stressors, role conflict, quantitative workload, job boredom, and whether one has an external locus of control. Coronary artery disease potential, as measured by the cholesterol ratio, was affected by sex, height-weight index, and smoking.
Character Structure and Performance on the Mmpi
Authors: Gibson David R. , Malerstein A. J. , Ahern Mary M. , Jones R. Dallas
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 74 normal adults, a typology of character structure based on the developmental theory of Piaget was used to predict performance on the MMPI. The typology's validity was assessed by examining its empirical relationship to 11 clinical scales of the MMPI. Significant differences among the character types were noted for 5 of the 11 scales examined (Hypochondriasis, Depression, Masculinity/femininity, Psychasthenia, and Ego strength). There were significant differences on three additional scales (Hysteria, Psychopathic deviate, and Hypomania) between subtypes of the most numerous character type, which included two-thirds of the subjects studied. Differences among the character types and subtypes were generally consistent with expectations.
Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory for a White and Mexican-American Gerontic Population
Authors: Gatewood-Colwell Gail , Kaczmarek Margaret , Ames Michael H.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory from 51 white and Mexican-American gerontic subjects ( M age = 70.2 yr.) gave an internal consistency coefficient of .80, so reliability was satisfactory. A parallel validity paradigm yielded a significant product-moment coefficient of .79. No significant mean differences emerged for sex of respondents or for ethnic groups, contributing support for use of Beck's scale with aging minority groups. Beck's scale appears reliable and valid for use in written self-report applications.
The Thayer Scale Response Patterns of Type a and Type b College Students
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Green Tonja , Haleblian Jerayr
Published: August 2011

Using Thayer's Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, the activation patterns of 95 Type A and 105 Type B college students were measured. The pattern of the group means suggests that Type A students are higher than Type B students on both energy and tension activation. When the responses of individuals were examined, the Type A students were 2.5 times more likely to exhibit this high activation pattern than was the case for the Type B students.
Implicit Theories or Halo Effect? Conceptions about Children's Intelligence
Authors: Murrone Jeanne , Gynther Malcolm D.
Published: August 2011

Information about implicit conceptions of children's intelligence was obtained by having undergraduates, aged 20 yr. or older, rate behavioral descriptions for hypothetical children classified as having “Above Average,” “Average,” and “Below Average” intelligence. While sex of subject and sex of child rated did not significantly influence the ratings, a main effect for level of intelligence was obtained, that is, ratings of behaviors rationally classified as Verbal Abilities, Problem-solving Abilities, Social Competence, Character/Personality Traits, Interest in Learning and/or Culture, Other Intellectual (Nonverbal) Skills or Abilities were significantly influenced only by the broad level of intelligence by which the child was classified. Factor analysis gave a social competence and a problem-solving factor comparable to those in people's conceptions of adult intelligence but did not substantiate a verbal abilities factor.
The Role of Addington V Texas on Involuntary Civil Commitment
Authors: Hays J. Ray
Published: August 2011

The United States Supreme Court in 1979 set the standard for involuntary commitment. This decision, styled Addington v Texas, raised the burden of proof required to commit persons from the usual civil burden of proof of “preponderance of the evidence” to “clear and convincing” evidence. There was no reduction in the rates of commitment as a result of the decision. The proportion of patients committed in Texas grew in almost linear fashion during the years 1972–1986. Various economic, sociological, and treatment factors may have more influence on commitment of patients than does a court decision.