bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remission in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis — A Comparison of New ACR/EULAR Remission Criteria to Established Criteria
Authors: KURIYA BINDEE , SUN YE , BOIRE GILLES , HARAOUI BOULOS , HITCHON CAROL , POPE JANET E. , THORNE JOHN C. , KEYSTONE EDWARD C. , BYKERK VIVIAN P.
Published: April 2012

Objective.

To describe the frequency of remission in an early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) cohort.

Methods.

The frequency of remission was evaluated, based on 8 definitions including the Boolean-based American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) criteria.

Results.

Of 369 patients, remission at 12 months ranged from 18% according to the ACR/EULAR clinical trial criteria to 40% according to the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) < 2.6. Higher tender joint count, swollen joint count, and physician global scores were seen for DAS28-based definitions, and patient global assessment (PtGA) scores were almost 5-fold higher for DAS28 remission.

Conclusion.

Remission is achievable in ERA but its frequency differs according to the remission definition applied. Adoption of the new ACR/EULAR definition will limit the number classified as in remission, especially if the PtGA criteria are rated high for reasons other than inflammatory arthritis.
Sex Differences in Pain Scores and Localization in Inflammatory Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Authors: BARNABE CHERYL , BESSETTE LOUIS , FLANAGAN CATHY , LeCLERCQ SHARON , STEIMAN AMANDA , KALACHE FARES , KUNG TABITHA , POPE JANET E. , HARAOUI BOULOS , HOCHMAN JACQUELINE , MOSHER DIANNE , THORNE CARTER , BYKERK VIVIAN
Published: April 2012

Objective.

To systematically identify and examine reports of sex-stratified pain measurements in patients with inflammatory arthritis.

Methods.

Data sources included PubMed (1950 to April 2010), Embase (1980 to April 2010), and manual searches of reference lists and conference abstracts. We included cohort studies and randomized trials comparing pain scores, treatment efficacy at reducing pain, or pain localization, between females and males with inflammatory arthritis [rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis].

Results.

Twenty-six cohorts and 1 randomized trial reported sex-stratified pain scores, and all but 1 cohort identified worse pain scores at enrollment in females. In a metaanalysis of mean visual analog scale (VAS) scores (0 to 10) in 16 RA cohort studies (reporting on 21,612 females and 6871 males), the standardized mean difference in VAS was 0.21 (95% CI 0.16, 0.26). Treatment with disease-modifying therapy results in improvement in mean scores for both sexes; however, female absolute scores remain higher. In 12 spondyloarthropathy cohorts reporting pain localization, females develop more peripheral arthritis during their disease course (68.9% vs 51.2%) but less inflammatory back pain (50.6% vs 66.4%).

Conclusion.

We identified important sex differences in pain scores in inflammatory arthritis, with higher pain levels in females. In spondyloarthritis, females develop more peripheral arthritis and have less frequent spinal involvement compared to males. These differences may affect a clinician’s perception of disease severity and activity, and thus influence management decisions.
Interleukin 6 in Systemic Sclerosis and Potential Implications for Targeted Therapy
Authors: MUANGCHAN CHAYAWEE , POPE JANET E.
Published: April 2012

Objective.

The purpose of this study was to review the potential importance of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods.

PubMed and Scopus databases and American College of Rheumatology (from 2009–10) and European League Against Rheumatism abstracts (2009–11) were searched using keywords “scleroderma; SSc; cytokines; interleukins; interleukin 6” and publications were excluded if not pertaining to IL-6 in SSc. Data were extracted from selected articles to construct a cell interaction model of the effects of IL-6 in SSc.

Results.

A total of 416 reports were found (PubMed, n = 82; Scopus, n = 331; 3 abstracts); 372 were excluded (irrelevant) leaving 41 publications and 3 abstracts (39 from PubMed, 18 from Scopus; but 16 were repeated from PubMed search), where 40 suggested IL-6 was important in SSc and 4 did not. Effects of IL-6 in SSc were summarized schematically.

Conclusion.

Of the 44 publications, 40 suggested that IL-6 may be important in SSc, allowing for a conceptual framework within SSc including effects on macrophages, fibroblasts, plasma cells, monocytes, and extracellular matrix.
Cyberdépendances et autres inquiétudes déclinologiques
Authors: Minotte Pascal
Published: April 2012

Résumé Compte tenu de la place importante qu’ils occupent dans les loisirs des adolescents, les jeux vidéo et leurs usages sont devenus des objets d’étude incontournables. Parmi les questions posées par ces recherches, deux s’avèrent tout particulièrement sensibles par leurs implications idéologiques et politiques. La première concerne le surinvestissement dont les jeux vidéo peuvent faire l’objet, appelé parfois « cyberdépendance » ou « passion obsessive ». La seconde, ravivée à chaque fait divers impliquant des mineurs, porte sur la possible exportation « In Real Life » du contenu violent de certains d’entre eux. C’est dans ce contexte que, à la demande de la Ministre wallonne de la Santé, de l’Action sociale et de l’Égalité des Chances (Belgique), l’Institut Wallon pour la Santé Mentale a réalisé un état des lieux de la connaissance sur ces deux questions. L’article propose un résumé de ce travail.
Le « surgissement » cybernétique, un opérateur du transfert dans la psychose ?
Authors: Willo Geoffroy , Missonnier Sylvain
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article reprend les étapes d’une « psychothérapie par le virtuel » auprès d’un adolescent psychotique. Au fil de son évolution, nous verrons comment l’usage d’un jeu informatique finit par se constituer comme le vecteur d’une première adresse transférentielle du psychotique sur le clinicien. Le virtuel sera donc déconstruit à la loupe du pathologique pour révéler sa fonction de « surgissement », spécifique de ce qu’on nomme la cybernétique. Cette fonction de surgir est triple. En premier lieu, sa contingence charge le surgissement de promesses, de nature à en espérer tout autre chose et bien plus que ce que la machine est en mesure de fournir. Ensuite, l’apparente autonomie de la machine que crée ce surgissement soulage le patient qui peut se leurrer de ne pas être à l’origine de ses représentations. Enfin, ce générateur de représentations permet de présentifier formellement le symptôme, de sorte à créer ce que Freud appelait une « force de pulsion de guérison » préparant une relation transférentielle.
Un cas d'école
Authors: Balland Ludivine
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article analyse la trajectoire sociale et l’entrée dans le métier d’une jeune enseignante de français issue d’un milieu populaire. Il étudie les modalités de la rencontre – toujours singulière – entre un individu façonné par un parcours et une expérience de l’institution. L’article propose un suivi biographique qui permet de rendre compte des évolutions et des variations des manières d’être et de travailler de l’enseignante, des arrangements multiples pour faire face quotidiennement à des collégiens distants de la culture scolaire. Dans le cas analysé, l’entrée dans le métier permet par ailleurs d’aborder le paradoxe apparent de l’apprentissage, par une « enfant de la démocratisation », de la gestion des « enfants de la démocratisation ».
Genèse et structure d'un interchamp orthopédique (première moitié du xixe siècle) : Contribution à l'histoire de l'institutionnalisation d'un champ scientifique
Authors: Quin Grégory
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article tente d’établir une sociohistoire de l’orthopédie durant la première moitié du xix e siècle. Poursuivant certaines conclusions de Pierre Bourdieu observées pour le « champ scientifique », nous analyserons dans une perspective historique l’orthopédie en termes de champ – d’interchamp exactement. De fait, nous nous focaliserons sur la manière dont les acteurs d’un processus de spécialisation contribuent à définir le regard orthopédique. Pour cela, nous nous appuierons notamment sur les controverses – méthodologiques, pratiques et symboliques –, et les stratégies (personnelles ou collectives) inhérentes au processus de structuration de l’espace social médical. Il s’agit, précisément, de décrire l’institutionnalisation d’un dispositif d’investigation des corps au sein de l’orthopédie.
Extracting Stochastic Airwake Models from a Database for Engineering Analysis and Simulation
Authors: Gaonkar Gopal H. , Mohan Ranjith
Published: April 2012

A framework is presented for extracting interpretive models of airwake autocorrelation and autospectrum as well as crosscorrelation and cross-spectrum from a database. These models have a simple analytical structure that aids routine simulation and application as a predictive tool.
Airwake refers to turbulence shed from the ship superstructure, and the database, to a set of spectral (autospectral and cross-spectral) points of flow velocity data from experimental and computational fluid dynamics–based investigations. The framework is developed from first principles:
It is based on perturbation theory; it addresses all three velocity components, and it is tested against a comprehensive database under different superstructure and wind-over-deck conditions. For each velocity component, the autocorrelation and cross-correlation are represented by separate
perturbation series in which the first terms have a form of the von Karman longitudinal or lateral correlation function. These series are then transformed into equivalent perturbation series of autospectra and cross-spectra. The perturbation coefficients are evaluated by satisfying the algorithmic
constraints and fitting a curve on a set of selected spectral data points in the low-frequency bandwidth (0≤f(Hz)≤1.6); the emphasis is on extracting spectral models for this bandwidth. Generally, no more than a second-order perturbation correction (a three-term perturbation series)
is necessary, and the extracted models lend themselves well to construction of shaping filters driven by white noise. The framework's strengths and weaknesses are discussed as well.
Spiritual care in a hospital setting: nurses’ and patients’ perspectives
Authors: Vlasblom Jan P. , Van der Steen Jenny T. , Jochemsem Henk
Published: April 2012

Many patients wish to discuss spiritual issues with nurses. Previous work has shown that nurses do so infrequently. A mixed methods research approach was used to investigate the perceptions of spiritual care of nurses and patients. Fifty-one nurses and 75 patients of five hospital departments of a non-academic hospital in the Netherlands were surveyed in 2007. We recorded the nurses’ perception of patient wishes, perceived relevance of spiritual care for patients, spiritual care provided in practice, and their evaluation of the spiritual care provided for the patients. With regard to the patients the nurses cared for, we recorded their satisfaction with the information and experiences of spiritual care provided by the nurses. Furthermore, semi-structured qualitative interviews with eight nurses examined the nurses’ perceptions of spiritual care including perceived barriers and facilitators of spiritual care giving. The nurses generally perceived spiritual care as important. The quantitative and qualitative research indicated that time to listen, availability, empathic skills, openness to other opinions, and a good relationship of trust were important facilitators. Fortyone per cent of the nurses said that few patients received sufficient attention to their spiritual needs. Patients also experienced limitations in the support for and registration of their spiritual needs. Both nurses and patients acknowledged shortcomings in the provision of spiritual care. Even though some issues may be improved relatively easily, such as registering needs, in practice giving spiritual care is complex, as it requires being available and building a relationship with the patient.
Bladder stone: still a rare cause of obstructed labour
Authors: Mann Sonika , Mann Amit , Dahiya Pushpa , Dahiya Krishna
Published: April 2012

Bladder stone is still a rare cause of obstetrical dystocia. We report a rare case of obstructed labour due to a huge bladder stone. Diagnosis was confirmed only at the time of cesarean section because of the unusual posterolateral location of the stone, which was impacted below the fetal head thus obstructing labour. A bladder stone weighing 140 g and measuring 9×6×5 cm3 was removed by cystolithotomy at the time of cesarean section. The postoperative period was uneventful.
Treatment of pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Ijaiya Munir'deen A. , Raji Hadijat O.
Published: April 2012

Prolapse of the pelvic organs is a common condition encountered in gynecological practice that adversely affects the quality of life of affected women. It affects millions of women worldwide. The principles of treatment of pelvic organ prolapse include restoring anatomy and vaginal function, correcting associated urinary and or fecal incontinence, and preventing de novo prolapse and incontinence. There are various treatment options for pelvic organ prolapse. These vary from conservative treatments/ mechanical interventions to surgery. The choice of treatment depends on severity of symptoms, patient’s age, parity, and whether there is the need to conserve the uterus for reproductive function. In conclusion, thorough evaluation of symptoms and degree of prolapse is essential in order to provide the best possible treatment and ultimately improve quality of life.
Profinite completions and Kazhdan’s property (T)
Authors: Aka Menny
Published: April 2012

We show that property (T) is not profinite, that is, we construct two finitely generated residually finite groups which have isomorphic profinite completions, while one admits property (T) and the other does not. This settles a question raised by M. Kassabov.
On the trace of branching random walks
Authors: Benjamini Itai , Müller Sebastian
Published: April 2012

We study branching random walks on Cayley graphs. A first result is that the trace of a transient branching random walk on a Cayley graph is almost surely (a.s.) transient for the simple random walk. In addition, it has a.s. critical percolation probability less than one and exponential volume growth. The proofs rely on the fact that the trace induces an invariant percolation on the family tree of the branching random walk. Furthermore, we prove that the trace is a.s. strongly recurrent for any (non-trivial) branching random walk. This follows from the observation that the trace, after appropriate biasing of the root, defines a unimodular measure. All results are stated in the more general context of branching random walks on unimodular random graphs.
The geometry of right-angled Artin subgroups of mapping class groups
Authors: Clay Matt T. , Leininger Christopher J. , Mangahas Johanna
Published: April 2012

We describe sufficient conditions which guarantee that a finite set of mapping classes generate a right-angled Artin group quasi-isometrically embedded in the mapping class group. Moreover, under these conditions, the orbit map to Teichmüller space is a quasi-isometric embedding for both of the standard metrics. As a consequence, we produce infinitely many genus

h

surfaces (for any

h

at least 2) in the moduli space of genus

g

surfaces (for any

g

at least 3) for which the universal covers are quasi-isometrically embedded in the Teichmüller space.
The simultaneous conjugacy problem in groups of piecewise linear functions
Authors: Kassabov Martin , Matucci Francesco
Published: April 2012

Guba and Sapir asked if the simultaneous conjugacy problem is solvable in diagram groups or, at least, for Thompson’s group

F

. We give a solution to the latter question using elementary techniques which rely purely on the description of

F

as the group of piecewise linear orientation-preserving homeomorphisms of the unit interval. The techniques we develop extend the ones used by Brin and Squier allowing us to compute roots and centralizers as well. Moreover, these techniques can be generalized to solve the same question in larger groups of piecewise-linear homeomorphisms.
Hereditary conjugacy separability of right-angled Artin groups and its applications
Authors: Minasyan Ashot
Published: April 2012

We prove that finite-index subgroups of right-angled Artin groups are conjugacy separable. We then apply this result to establish various properties of other classes of groups. In particular, we show that any word hyperbolic Coxeter group contains a conjugacy separable subgroup of finite index and has a residually finite outer automorphism group. Another consequence of the main result is that Bestvina–Brady groups are conjugacy separable and have solvable conjugacy problem.
Universal Borel actions of countable groups
Authors: Thomas Simon
Published: April 2012

If the countable group

G

has a nonabelian free subgroup, then there exists a standard Borel

G

-space such that the corresponding orbit equivalence relation is countable universal. In this paper, we will consider the question of whether the converse also holds.
Noncommutative $\varepsilon$-graded connections
Authors: de Goursac Axel , Masson Thierry , Wallet Jean-Christophe
Published: April 2012

We introduce the new notion of

\varepsilon

-graded associative algebras which takes its roots from the notion of commutation factors introduced in the context of Lie algebras ([Scheunert, 1979]). We define and study the associated notion of

\varepsilon

-derivation-based differential calculus, which generalizes the derivation-based calculus on associative algebras. A corresponding notion of noncommutative connection is also defined. We illustrate these considerations with various examples of

\varepsilon

-graded commutative algebras, in particular some graded matrix algebras and the Moyal algebra. This last example also permits us to interpret mathematically a noncommutative gauge field theory.
Occupational Role Development in the Young Adult with Mild Mental Retardation
Authors: Webster Patricia Schaefer
Published: April 2012

This study investigated the occupational choice process according to the special needs of the young adult with mild mental retardation. The study was guided by specific assumptions developed after a review of the literature concerning the condition of mental retardation and occupational role development. Propositions were developed and a model was constructed to illustrate the relationships between components of the occupational choice process and factors affecting occupational role development. A case study is presented to illustrate that the theory could be applied to a practical situation and to illustrate those areas for occupational therapy intervention.
Student Selection Process: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Lucci Jennie A. , Brockway Jo Ann
Published: April 2012

This is a follow-up study of the 20 junior students admitted into an occupational therapy educational program under a selection process described in a previous article in AJOT in 1974. It reports the outcome resulting from the use of the selection process and t test findings between the upper ten ranked students and the remaining lower ranked students. Academic achievements and employment patterns of the 19 students completing the program are presented.
Excessive Postrotary Nystagmus Duration in Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth
Published: April 2012

The Southern California Sensory Integration Test results of 109 learning-disabled children were reviewed and analyzed to investigate the hypothesis that learning-disabled children with excessive postrotary nystagmus durations display greater neuropsychological impairment than learning-disabled children with normal or depressed postrotary nystagmus. The findings supported the hypothesis that learning-disabled children judged to have relatively greater neuropsychological involvement exhibited significantly longer postrotary nystagmus durations. Data analysis revealed that six Southern California Sensory Integration Tests assumed to measure cortical level functions shared significant variance with excessive Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) scores. A similar relationship was not found for normal or depressed SCPNT scores. A connection between cortical level versus brainstem level central nervous system dysfunction, nystagmus, and learning disorder is discussed.
Vestibular Function in Mildly Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Shuer Julie , Clark Florence , Azen Stanley P.
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare the duration of nystagmus in mildly mentally retarded and normal adults as measured by the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test. The results revealed that the retarded males demonstrated attenuated duration of nystagmus. These findings support the need for further investigation of possible sensory integrative deficits in this population so that proper treatment can be provided.
Effects of Sensory Integration Treatment on the Low-Achieving College Student
Authors: Angelo Jennifer Kay Burgess
Published: April 2012

Twelve college-age students who had either a low grade point average or visual perceptual problems were provided a program of sensory integration activities to determine whether sensory integration therapy would affect their academic performance. Selected reading tests were administered to establish a pre-test baseline. The students were then given a sequenced program of sensory integration activities designed to stimulate the vestibular system. After a 14-week period, reading tests were again administered.

Test results indicate a statistically significant improvement in reading skills and support the use of sensory integration therapy for individuals with difficulty learning at the college level.
A Model of Human Occupation, Part 3, Benign and Vicious Cycles
Authors: Kielhofner Gary
Published: April 2012

Earlier papers in this series conceptualized occupation as an open system phenomenon, with change the central theme. This paper presents an explanation of adaptive and maladaptive changes in the concept of benign and vicious cycles. Hypothetical case material is used to illustrate how the model could be applied to an explanation of change in occupational behavior. The paper also outlines how the concept of benign and vicious cycles, as conceptualized in the present model, can guide clinical intervention.
Kinesthetic Biofeedback: A Treatment Modality for Elbow Range of Motion in Hemiplegia
Authors: Greenberg Sharon , Fowler Roy S.
Published: April 2012

Two treatment modalities for increasing active elbow extension with hemiplegic subjects were tested. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups—an experimental treatment technique using kinesthetic biofeedback, or a control group consisting of an occupational therapy approach aimed at increasing functional use of the envolved upper extremity. The results indicate that kinesthetic biofeedback was as beneficial as conventional occupational therapy. It was also demonstrated that an individual’s age, sex, or length of time beyond one-year post-CVA did not significantly affect treatment outcome. A majority of subjects in both treatment groups improved in ways not directly related to treatment, which suggests the need for long-term follow up of hemiplegic patients.
Imitation: A Mechanism of Play Behavior
Authors: deRenne-Stephan Christine
Published: April 2012

Imitation, as a critical mechanism of play behavior, is a primary learning process in child development that has received scant attention in therapists’ work with children.

The purpose of this study is to conceptualize a system of imitation for occupational therapy within the framework of play behavior, and to analyze this process by using system categories. A case is presented to show how the imitation process can be specifically analyzed and influenced. The imitation process, when applied in clinical practice, could broaden the perspective of existing clinical interventions with children.
Single Subject Research Strategies in Occupational Therapy: Part 2
Authors: Hacker Bonnie
Published: April 2012

This second of a 2-part paper on single subject research is devoted to practical implementation issues. Using clinical examples, the challenge of transferring single subject research strategies to occupational therapy intervention approaches is explored. The therapeutic approaches of behavioral, motoric, and processing are employed to discuss the use of single subject methodology in occupational therapy. Initial research activities for those interested in documenting treatment results are described. Finally, directions for the future use of single subject research are discussed.
Design of the Master’s Degree in Occupational Therapy, Part 2. An Empirical Approach
Authors: Rogers Joan C.
Published: April 2012

In this article an empirical approach is used to investigate the master’s degree structure in a bachelor’s level profession. The literature of nursing, business administration, social work, and physical therapy is reviewed to determine prevailing degree structures and attitudes, evaluate the adequacy of the master’s degree structure in occupational therapy, and delineate factors entering into structural decisions. The review demonstrates the feasibility and desirability of requiring basic master’s students to meet advanced master’s degree criteria. However, it fails to substantiate unreservedly the logical necessity for so doing. Recommendations for educational practice and research are detailed.
Community-Based and College-Based Needs Assessment of Physically Disabled Persons
Authors: Burnett Sandra E. , Yerxa Elizabeth J.
Published: April 2012

A descriptive survey was conducted to determine the self-perceived needs of physically disabled persons as a preliminary step toward establishing or designing a knowledge base for occupational therapy intervention at a community college. Demographic and needs data were statistically compared with those from a sample of nondisabled college students. Significant differences in the confidence to perform cognitive/ problem-solving, social/ recreational, school/ vocational, home and community mobility skills were found, with the disabled reporting lowered or less confidence. Confidence in performing basic activities of daily living was the only area in which the difference was not significant. No significant differences were obtained in general interests except that a higher frequency of disabled reported not wanting to participate in sports. The greatest amounts of interest were in crafts/ fine arts and in social/ recreational activities. Implications were drawn for occupational therapy programming to improve confidence in independent living skills by using the subjects’ predominant interests.
Gross Motor Skills and Hand Grip in the Elderly: A Pilot Study
Authors: Drake Barbara L.
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the possibility that a relationship exists between a lifetime of gross motor activity in the elderly and their current status of gross motor skills and gross hand grip strength. Ten elderly adults performed a series of six gross motor tests and answered a survey concerning their lifetime pattern of gross motor activities as determined by occupational performance components. Significant correlations were found between both the survey and the California Standing Balance Eyes Closed test and the survey and a nonstandardized cocontraction test. No significant relationships were found between the survey and the other tests used.
Juvenile Delinquency and Occupational Choice
Authors: Paulson Cindy Patrice
Published: April 2012

Juvenile delinquents and the chronically ill or disabled share a common role of “nonproductive” members in a utilitarian society. The exploratory, case method study described here uses the Occupational Behavior frame of reference in examining the relationships between the maturational and occupational choice processes, and how their progression can be supported or constrained by environmental factors. The study and its findings then served as a basis for the design and implementation of a full-time occupational therapy program at the facility in which the study was conducted.
Flexible Elastomer Molds in Burn Scar Control
Authors: Malick Maude H. , Carr Judith A.
Published: April 2012

Burn scar hypertrophies and contractures have responded well to pressure techniques with pressure gradient burn garments except over soft tissue areas and concave body areas such as the axilla, hand, clavicle, neck, and face. Although these areas represent only 20 percent of the body area, when scarred from burns they pose perplexing functional and esthetic problems. Rigid splints and face masks have been used but their rigidity makes them uncomfortable for long-term wear. SilasticR Medical Elastomer molds have proved highly successful in these areas when worn under pressure garments. They are flexible and of definite shape. The elastomer molds fill the concave gapping so that consistent definitive pressure can be maintained and scar hypertrophies prevented.
The Modern Family and Rehabilitation of the Handicapped: A Macrosociological View
Authors: Zisserman Lenore
Published: April 2012

Modernization of society has fundamentally altered the family institution and at the same time has produced a medical institution capable of decreasing the prevalence of infectious diseases, while increasing the prevalence of chronic handicaps. Structural and functional changes in the family resulting from modernization include: smaller size and increased mobility; more women employed outside the home; age segregation and increased longevity of members; higher rates of dissolution; and loss of functions to other institutions in a more specialized society. Changes making the modern family ill-equipped to care for the chronically disabled are discussed, together with implications for rehabilitation.
Duration and Quality of the Prone Extension Position in Four-, Six-, and Eight-Year-Old Normal Children
Authors: Harris Nancy P.
Published: April 2012

This study was designed to determine whether developmental changes occur in the duration and quality of maintaining a prone extension position. Three groups of 26 to 30 normal children ages 4, 6, and 8 years were tested on the prone extension position. Results indicated a significant difference in both duration of maintenance and quality between the performance of the four-year-olds and the other two age groups. No significant differences were found between the six- and eight-year-olds. Smooth assumption of the position and distance of thighs off the mat were found to be the most important factors in discriminating a good prone extension position from an inadequate one. The variability of performance by the four-year-olds indicates that the ability to assume and maintain a prone extension position is not a valid measurement tool for discriminating between normal children and those “at risk” for learning disabilities at this age level. The inability of children six years or older to maintain a “good” prone extension position for 30 seconds suggests a vestibular processing inefficiency.
Occupational Therapists as Members of Pre-Retirement Resource Teams
Authors: Cantor Susan G.
Published: April 2012

Some significant issues contributing to the emergence of pre-retirement and post-retirement services are presented in order to explore reasons why advocates of pre-retirement planning continue to gain momentum. A detailed four-step process for understanding one’s use of time, called Tactical Activity Planning (TAP), is presented for occupational therapists who choose to join pre-retirement resource teams.
Use of Resting Splints by Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Feinberg Judy , Brandt Kenneth D.
Published: April 2012

A follow-up evaluation of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were fitted with full bilateral wrist and hand resting splints revealed that 62 percent wore them most or all of the prescribed time. Patients deviated from the prescribed splint program when their symptoms remitted or diminished, and adhered more closely to the program when they experienced persistent inflammation. Patients splinted during a hospital stay were somewhat more compliant than those splinted as outpatients. Patients judged to be noncompliant discontinued splint usage because of a decrease in joint pain or stiffness, or both. Their decision did not appear detrimental, since, during the course of the study, there was no significant difference between compliant and noncompliant patients in range of motion of hand or wrist joints at followup evaluation and, when range of motion at the time of initial evaluation was compared with that at the follow-up examination, a higher proportion of noncompliant (37%) than compliant patients (16%) showed improvement.
Influence of Sensory Integration Procedures on Language Development
Authors: Ayres A. Jean , Mailloux Zoe
Published: April 2012

The relationship between language development and sensory integration was explored through single case experimental studies of one female and three male aphasic children ranging in age from 4 years, 0 months to 5 years, 3 months. Other agencies had assessed all the children in the area of language development at least 6 months before the start of occupational therapy. Three of the four children had received either speech therapy, special education specific to aphasia, or both, before starting occupational therapy. Additional baseline data on language expression and comprehension, as well as on sensory integrative functioning, were gathered before beginning a year of occupational therapy that involved sensory integration procedures. Inspection of rate of language growth before and after starting occupational therapy showed a consistent increase in rate of growth in language comprehensive concomitant with occupational therapy compared to previous growth rate. The two children with depressed postrotary nystagmus demonstrated notable gains on expressive language measures.
Relationship between Constructional Praxis and Dressing in the Head-Injured Adult
Authors: Baum Barbara , Hall Karyl M.
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential relationship between dressing ability and constructional praxis performance in a head-injured population. Thirty-seven patients with severe head injuries were rated on dressing ability and constructional praxis tasks in a rehabilitation setting. Three constructional praxis measures were taken: graphic, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional abilities. A significant relationship was found between mean dressing ability scores and all three constructional praxis scores. These findings suggest that a portion of inability to dress is perceptual, not motor, in origin in individuals with severe head-injuries, and that constructional praxis re-training has functional significance for the patient. No relationship was found between presence or absence of Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan) abnormality and dressing or constructional praxis disability.
Reliability of Dichotic Listening Using Two Stimulus Formats with Normal and Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Koomar Jane A. , Cermak Sharon A.
Published: April 2012

This study was designed to establish test-retest reliability of the consonant vowel and digit formats of the dichotic listening test with normal and learning-disabled children between the ages of 7 and 10 years. Between-group differences on ear advantage and total accuracy scores were also examined. The results indicated that both groups showed a right ear advantage and that there were no significant differences in ear advantage between the two groups on either format. However, on the digit format, the learning-disabled group performed significantly lower than the normal group on both the percentage of total accuracy and the left ear raw score. There were no significant differences between the two groups on percentage of total accuracy or raw ear scores on the consonant vowel format. The normal group tended to obtain higher reliability coefficients than the learning-disabled group. Both groups tended to obtain higher reliability on the consonant vowel format than on the digit format. Wide variability in reliability results was found when using different laterality formulas to determine ear advantage.
Studies of Play: Implications for Growth, Development, and for Clinical Practice
Authors: Florey Linda L.
Published: April 2012

The clinical yields of studies of play conducted by graduate students in occupational therapy are identified, and the boundaries of the studies are described. The theme of change in play over time is acknowledged as prominent in all the studies. Open systems and hierarchy are helpful concepts for understanding the process of change in growth and development through play. Clinical tasks to facilitate the change process are cited.
Vestibular Stimulation Effect on Language Development in Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Kantner Robert M. , Kantner Beth , Clark David L.
Published: April 2012

Effects of specific vestibular stimulation and speech therapy on language ability in mentally retarded children were examined. Thirty subjects were assigned to three treatment groups on the basis of the rank order of overall scores on the Porch Index of Communicative Ability in Children (PICAC). Group I received specific vestibular input in addition to specific speech therapy. Group II received specific speech therapy alone. Group III received general speech stimulation. Treatment was given during a 6-week period, Group I receiving semicircular canal stimulation twice a week. Results indicated that all three treatments produce some improvement in general communication skills. Group I showed higher mean percentage gains in all areas of the PICAC, especially verbal, except visual and gestural in which Group II (specific speech) showed highest gains. However, analysis of variance indicated that these differences among groups were not significant.

The hypothetical connection between the vestibular stimulation and language ability or acquisition and implications for future research are discussed.
Environmental Interactions: An Extension of the Model of Occupation
Authors: Barris Roann
Published: April 2012

Although occupational therapists historically acknowledged contributions of the environment to the maintenance of productive behavior, their literature has only recently begun to illustrate the interrelationships between persons and settings. Incorporating environmental themes into the model of occupation broadens an examination of the concept of occupational performance and helps establish the clinic as a therapeutic milieu. This paper considers three facets of person-environment interactions: environmental properties that influence the volition subsystem and the person’s decision to enter a setting; the influence of the setting’s demands for performance on the development of roles, habits, and skills; and factors affecting the individual’s engagement in an expanding range of occupational settings.
A Case Analysis Method for the Model of Human Occupation
Authors: Cubie Sally Hobbs , Kaplan Kathy
Published: April 2012

This paper introduces a method for analyzing clinical cases, which is based on ten primary questions and on criteria for selecting level of treatment. The questions and the criteria are derived from the model of human occupation. Four steps in the method are: gathering data in relevant categories; reviewing and analyzing data using the questions in sequence; selecting levels of treatment; and recording case studies. Three brief case studies taken from an acute care psychiatric setting are described to illustrate the use of this method.
Patterns of Postrotary Nystagmus in Three Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth
Published: April 2012

This study explores the effect of a program of sensory integration therapy, with emphasis on vestibular stimulation activities, on the duration of postrotary nystagmus in three learning-disabled children. The single-subject methodology employed allowed a more individualistic and longitudinal investigation of nystagmus patterns in the three subjects. The graphic and statistical analysis of the data revealed that two of the three subjects evidenced significant changes in postrotary nystagmus durations over the 25-week period of the study. Subject 1, with initially low nystagmus durations, displayed an increase in duration, whereas subject 2, with initially normal postrotary nystagmus durations, exhibited a response decline in nystagmus durations. The postrotary nystagmus durations of subject 2 remained relatively stable across both the baseline and intervention periods. The therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed, and areas in need of additional investigation are highlighted.
A Comparison of Dorsal and Volar Resting Hand Splints in the Reduction of Hypertonus
Authors: McPherson James J. , Kreimeyer Deborah , Aalderks Marylynn , Gallagher Trese
Published: April 2012

Ten adults with hypertonic wrist flexors volunteered as subjects in an experiment comparing the effectiveness of dorsal and volar resting hand splints in the reduction of abnormal muscle tone. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of five each. Individuals in one group were fitted with dorsal splints, and individuals in a second group with volar splints. Measurements by spring-weighted scales were taken to assess the efficiency of each splint design in the reduction of hypertonus. Results demonstrated no significant differences between the volar and dorsal splints in reducing hypertonus. However, the age of the subjects was found to be an intervening variable: The older subjects of both groups demonstrated a gradual but not significant decline in hypertonus, whereas the younger adults demonstrated a significant decline in hypertonus over a 6-week period.
Plaster Splinting as a Means of Reducing Elbow Flexor Spasticity: A Case Study
Authors: King Theodore I.
Published: April 2012

In this paper, the use of plaster splinting as a means of reducing elbow flexor spasticity is discussed. A single case study was used to gather detailed descriptions regarding the patient’s medical history, the splinting procedure, and the results of the treatment intervention. Data indicate that the spasticity decreased upon the use of plaster splinting.
A Heritage of Activity: Development of Theory
Authors: Kielhofner Gary
Published: April 2012

This paper examines the nature of theory development and its implications for theory and practice in occupational therapy. The heritage of activity is traced from the early thinking of occupational therapy’s progenitors, and principles are identified from that era that are viable for today’s theory and practice. It is argued that the field (occupational therapy) should build its theory around the concept of occupation. Finally, sociopolitical issues affecting the development of theory are examined.
Independence Through Activity: Mind, Body, and Environment Interaction in Therapy
Authors: DiJoseph Linda Madigan
Published: April 2012

Philosophy, theory, and practice are not separate entities but lie on a continuum. Our philosophy in occupational therapy speaks to purposeful activity and Man as an active being. In treatment, we must integrate philosophy and theory into practice, including the use of activity as our primary tool. We must also integrate activity into the totality of motor behavior and consider mind, body, and environment in all areas of practice.
Independence Through Activity: The Practice of Occupational Therapy (Pediatrics)
Authors: Dunn Winnie
Published: April 2012

This article discusses the impact of pediatric theory development upon the techniques used in the delivery of occupational therapy service and the reciprocal effects of pediatric practice upon further theory development.

Types of change are discussed and applied to occupational therapy practice approaches.
Occupational Therapy and Special Education: Some Issues and Concerns Related to Public Law 94-142
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth
Published: April 2012

Because of the evolving nature of the professions involved in providing services to the developmentally disabled as mandated by PL 94-142, the potential for theoretical and programatic conflict exists. Some of the philosophical differences and similarities between occupational therapy and special education are reviewed. Two conceptual approaches to therapy and education are identified. The first approach is based on the medical model, which emphasizes diagnostic evaluation to determine the cause of a disorder and the prescription of remedial activities to alleviate the dysfunction. The second approach is the task analysis model, which emphasizes task content and behaviorally based teaching strategies and objectives. It is proposed that, through a mutual understanding and cooperative effort on the part of all professionals, the two models may be combined to provide comprehensive services to the developmentally disabled.
Mental Health Issues in Japan
Authors: Fine Susan B.
Published: April 2012

They are (all) true. Both the sword and the chrysanthemum are a part of the picture. The Japanese are, to the highest degree, both aggressive and unaggressive, both militaristic and aesthetic, both insolent and polite, rigid and adaptable, submissive and resentful of being pushed around, loyal and treacherous, brave and timid, conservative, and hospitable to new ways. They are terribly concerned about what other people will think of their behavior and they are also overcome by guilt when other people know nothing of their misstep.(1, p 2)
Quality Assurance: A Tri-Level Model
Authors: Menzel Ferol Schricker , Teegarden Kathryn
Published: April 2012

A Tri-Level Quality Assurance Model consisting of state, local, and national levels of organization is described. Quality assurance is defined as a broad concept integrating traditional quality assurance activities with professional education and credentialing. The Iowa Occupational Therapy Association Professional Standards Review System is described as an example of the Tri-Level Model. Components of the Tri-Level Model include professional education, professional credentialing, development of standards of practice, liaison activities with the Professional Standards Review Organizations and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, continuing education, external review, and internal review. It is recommended that, with the growth in quality assurance activities, state associations consider the Tri-Level Quality Assurance Model as a valuable tool for professional development.
Effect of State on Nystagmus Duration on the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test
Authors: Montgomery Patricia C. , Rodel Donna M.
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of state on nystagmus duration following administration of the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT). Twenty-four normal children, 12 first-graders and 12 fourth-graders, were administered the SCPNT under three conditions: aroused, relaxed, and alert (standard instructions). Six boys and six girls in each grade participated. First-grade boys and fourth-grade girls demonstrated a statistically significant response decline in the aroused condition, and a further decline in the relaxed condition as compared to the alert condition. Further analyses demonstrated that the first-grade boys accounted for most of the variance. Possible reasons for the results obtained are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research.