bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor
observations
Authors: Hansen Akio , Ament Felix , Grützun Verena , Lammert Andrea
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The detailed understanding of clouds and their macrophysical properties is crucial to reduce uncertainties of cloud feedbacks and related processes in current climate and weather prediction models. Comprehensive evaluation of cloud characteristics using observations is the first step towards any improvement. An advanced observational product was developed by the Cloudnet project. A multi-sensor synergy of active and passive remote-sensing instruments is used to generate a Target Classification providing detailed information about cloud phase and structure. Nevertheless, this valuable product is only available for observations and there is yet no comparable surrogate for models. Therefore, a new cloud classification algorithm is presented to calculate a comparable classification for models by using the temperature, dew point and all hydrometeor profiles. The study explains the algorithm and shows possible evaluation methods making use of the new synthetic cloud classification. For example, the statistics of the vertical cloud distribution as well as e.g. the accuracy of cloud forecasts can be investigated regarding different cloud types. The algorithm and methods are exemplarily tested on two months of operational weather forecast data of the COSMO-DE model and compared to a Cloudnet supersite in Germany. Additionally, the cloud classification is applied to Large Eddy Simulations with a similar resolution as of the observations showing detailed cloud structures.
Arcaísmo, cibercultura e reencantamento do mundo: as dobras do cotidiano tecnológico
Authors: Maffesoli Michel
Published: November 2018

Resumo : O projeto moderno do “tudo-tecnológico” mudou. Paradoxalmente, a tecnologia invade nossas vidas, mas, agora, introduzindo, devido a sua própria forma, características plurais inerentes tanto à magia quanto ao arcaísmo do ser humano. Este artigo, pois, seguindo o que poderíamos denominar “dobras do cotidiano tecnológico”, navega, portanto, por questões que nos remetem aos paradigmas em Thomas Kuhn, à figura mítica do Golem na Cabala Judaica ou à cibercultura de variadas sincronias. Sincronicidade essa que, para Nietzsche, se dá no justo encontro entre nossas origens e o futuro. [1] Tradução: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Portanova Barros. Professor Visitante do PPG em Comunicação da Faculdade de Informação e Comunicação da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG).
Quels temps pour le climat ?
Authors: Bréda Charlotte
Published: November 2018

Cet article questionne les processus d’anticipation et les registres temporels auxquels ils sont associés dans le problème de l’érosion du littoral. À partir d’une ethnographie de l’érosion côtière dans la région québécoise de la Côte-Nord, il analyse les rapports aux multiples logiques temporelles au sein des collectifs d’acteurs concernés, leurs conséquences en termes de production de connaissance sur l’érosion mais aussi leur implication dans le processus de « défamiliarisation » des riverains vis-à-vis du phénomène et de leur mode « d’habiter » le littoral.
La divination et ses sources primordiales en milieu yakaphone
Authors: Devisch René
Published: November 2018

Dans la perspective de la culture des Yakaphones au sud-ouest de la République démocratique du Congo, c’est à travers son rêve chamanique et son flair perspicace de la conduite des consultants que le devin ou la devineresse parvient à discerner les signifiants du malheur impensable, voire innommable du client. Consultée, la devineresse en transe sonde l’oracle à venir à travers une phonation inchoative de propos mythologiques concernant l’aube de toute vie. Le battement rythmique du tambour à fente invite les esprits de la famille et du culte ainsi que les consultants à se joindre à l’interrogation à travers une série de questions fixes à réponse affirmative ou négative. L’essai phénoménologique met en avant le fait que l’oracle est une émission vocale du règne de la nuit et de la lune comme manifestation des sources régénératrices primordiales de toute vie. L’oracle scrute la malédiction et l’ensorcellement en jeu, et interroge l’affliction et sa blessure du tissu social et cosmologique. S’élaborant sans sujet ou auteur du dire, l’oracle néanmoins entame une communication entre « l’ailleurs » invisible ou insaisissable et la réalité de « l’ici », de texture visible.
Assessment of a mouse xenograft model of primary colorectal cancer with special reference to perfluorooctane sulfonate
Authors: Wimsatt Jeffrey H. , Montgomery Caitlin , Thomas Laurel S. , Savard Charity , Tallman Rachel , Innes Kim , Jrebi Nezar
Published: November 2018

Colorectal cancer ranks third among the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the United States. Current therapies have a range of side effects, and the development of a reliable animal model to speed the discovery of safe effective preventative therapies would be of great value. A cross-sectional study in a large Appalachian population recently showed an association between low circulating levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and a reduced prevalence of colorectal cancer. A study using APCmin (C57BL/6J-ApcMin/J) mice prone to familial adenomatous polyposis found PFOS was protective when exposure occurred during tumor development. To test the possible benefit of PFOS on spontaneous colorectal cancer, we developed a mouse model utilizing primary patient colorectal cancer implants into NSG (NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/Sz) mice. Study goals included: (1) to assess potential factors supporting the successful use of colorectal cancer from heterogeneous tumors for PDX studies; and, (2) evaluate PFOS as a therapy in tumor matched pairs of mice randomized to receive PFOS or vehicle. The time in days for mice to grow primary tumors to 5 mm took almost 2 months (mean = 53.3, se = 5.7, range = 17–136). Age of mice at implantation, patient age, gender and race appeared to have no discernable effect on engraftment rates. Engraftment rates for low and high-grade patient tumors were similar. PFOS appeared to reduce tumor size dramatically in one group of tumors, those from the right ascending colon. That is, by 5 weeks of treatment in two mice, PFOS had eliminated their 52.4 mm3 and 124.6 mm3 masses completely, an effect that was sustained for 10 weeks of treatment; in contrast, their corresponding matched vehicle control mice had tumors that grew to 472.7 mm3 and 340.1 mm3 in size respectively during the same period. In a third xenograft mouse, the tumor growth was dramatically blunted although not eliminated, and compared favorably to their matched vehicle controls over the same period. These preliminary findings suggested that this mouse model may be advantageous for testing compounds of potential value in the treatment of colorectal cancer, and PFOS may have utility in selected cases.
Home sick: impacts of migratory beekeeping on honey bee (Apis mellifera) pests, pathogens, and colony size
Authors: Alger Samantha A. , Burnham P. Alexander , Lamas Zachary S. , Brody Alison K. , Richardson Leif L.
Published: November 2018

Honey bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops and the dramatic losses of honey bee colonies have risen to a level of international concern. Potential contributors to such losses include pesticide exposure, lack of floral resources and parasites and pathogens. The damaging effects of all of these may be exacerbated by apicultural practices. To meet the pollination demand of US crops, bees are transported to areas of high pollination demand throughout the year. Compared to stationary colonies, risk of parasitism and infectious disease may be greater for migratory bees than those that remain in a single location, although this has not been experimentally established. Here, we conducted a manipulative experiment to test whether viral pathogen and parasite loads increase as a result of colonies being transported for pollination of a major US crop, California almonds. We also tested if they subsequently transmit those diseases to stationary colonies upon return to their home apiaries. Colonies started with equivalent numbers of bees, however migratory colonies returned with fewer bees compared to stationary colonies and this difference remained one month later. Migratory colonies returned with higher black queen cell virus loads than stationary colonies, but loads were similar between groups one month later. Colonies exposed to migratory bees experienced a greater increase of deformed wing virus prevalence and load compared to the isolated group. The three groups had similar infestations of Varroa mites upon return of the migratory colonies. However, one month later, mite loads in migratory colonies were significantly lower compared to the other groups, possibly because of lower number of host bees. Our study demonstrates that migratory pollination practices has varying health effects for honey bee colonies. Further research is necessary to clarify how migratory pollination practices influence the disease dynamics of honey bee diseases we describe here.
Ontogenetic changes in swimming speed of silver carp, bighead carp, and grass carp larvae: implications for larval dispersal
Authors: George Amy E. , Garcia Tatiana , Stahlschmidt Benjamin H. , Chapman Duane C.
Published: November 2018

Bighead, silver, and grass carps are invasive in the waterways of central North America, and grass carp reproduction in tributaries of the Great Lakes has now been documented. Questions about recruitment potential motivate a need for accurate models of egg and larval dispersal. Quantitative data on swimming behaviors and capabilities during early ontogeny are needed to improve these dispersal models. We measured ontogenetic changes in routine and maximum swimming speeds of bighead, grass, and silver carp larvae. Daily measurements of routine swimming speed were taken for two weeks post-hatch using a still camera and the LARVEL program, a custom image-analysis software. Larval swimming speed was calculated using larval locations in subsequent image frames and time between images. Using an endurance chamber, we determined the maximum swimming speed of larvae (post-gas bladder inflation) for four to eight weeks post-hatch. For all species, larval swimming speeds showed similar trends with respect to ontogeny: increases in maximum speed, and decreases in routine speed. Maximum speeds of bighead and grass carp larvae were similar and generally faster than silver carp larvae. Routine swimming speeds of all larvae were highest before gas bladder inflation, most likely because gas bladder inflation allowed the fish to maintain position without swimming. Downward vertical velocities of pre-gas bladder inflation fish were faster than upward velocities. Among the three species, grass carp larvae had the highest swimming speeds in the pre-gas bladder inflation period, and the lowest speeds in the post-gas bladder inflation period. Knowledge of swimming capability of these species, along with hydraulic characteristics of a river, enables further refinement of models of embryonic and larval drift.
Effects of Alloyed Aluminum and Tantalum on the Topological Inversion Behavior of Ni‐Based Single Crystal Superalloys at High Temperature
Authors: Luo Liang , Ru Yi , Qin Lu , Pei Yanling , Ma Yue , Li Shusuo , Zhao Xinbao , Gong Shengkai
Published: November 2018

The application of Ni‐based superalloys with a high γ′ volume fraction at high temperatures can induce topological phase inversion, where the γ′ phase topologically becomes the matrix phase (Acta mater. 49 (2001) 4017), resulting in subpar material properties. Topological inversion behaviors during ageing at 1200 °C of five experimental single‐crystal alloys (as‐cast and heat‐treated) that contain various γ′‐forming elements, namely, Al and Ta, are investigated. Under the same temperature condition, the topological inversion tendencies in the high‐Al and high‐Ta alloys are stronger than those in the low‐Al and low‐Ta alloys, respectively. The high‐Al alloy shows a stronger tendency toward topological inversion than the high‐Ta alloy do under the same γ′ volume fraction condition, that is, element Ta can decelerate the topological inversion. Meanwhile, the topological inversion of the γ/γ′ microstructure takes place when the total contents of Al and Ta elements in the alloys are higher than (10.5–11.0) wt%, and it can be suppressed effectively by slightly regulating the γ′‐forming elements Al and Ta. Moreover, the narrow γ channel can promote the topological inversion of the γ/γ′ microstructure after the loss of coherency in the γ/γ′ interfaces.
Molecule–Graphene Hybrid Materials with Tunable Mechanoresponse: Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors for Health Monitoring
Authors: Huang Chang‐Bo , Witomska Samanta , Aliprandi Alessandro , Stoeckel Marc‐Antoine , Bonini Massimo , Ciesielski Artur , Samorì Paolo
Published: November 2018

The development of pressure sensors is crucial for the implementation of electronic skins and for health monitoring integrated into novel wearable devices. Tremendous effort is devoted toward improving their sensitivity, e.g., by employing microstructured electrodes or active materials through cumbersome processes. Here, a radically new type of piezoresistive pressure sensor based on a millefeuille‐like architecture of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) intercalated by covalently tethered molecular pillars holding on‐demand mechanical properties are fabricated. By applying a tiny pressure to the multilayer structure, the electron tunnelling ruling the charge transport between successive rGO sheets yields a colossal decrease in the material's electrical resistance. Significantly, the intrinsic rigidity of the molecular pillars employed enables the fine‐tuning of the sensor's sensitivity, reaching sensitivities as high as 0.82 kPa−1 in the low pressure region (0–0.6 kPa), with short response times (≈24 ms) and detection limit (7 Pa). The pressure sensors enable efficient heartbeat monitoring and can be easily transformed into a matrix capable of providing a 3D map of the pressure exerted by different objects.
A Fully 3D Interconnected Graphene–Carbon Nanotube Web Allows the Study of Glioma Infiltration in Bioengineered 3D Cortex‐Like Networks
Authors: Xiao Miao , Li Xiaoyun , Song Qin , Zhang Qi , Lazzarino Marco , Cheng Guosheng , Ulloa Severino Francesco Paolo , Torre Vincent
Published: November 2018

Currently available 3D assemblies based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) lag far behind their 2D CNT‐based bricks and require major improvements for biological applications. By using Fe nanoparticles confined to the interlamination of graphite as catalyst, a fully 3D interconnected CNT web is obtained through the pores of graphene foam (GCNT web) by in situ chemical vapor deposition. This 3D GCNT web has a thickness up to 1.5 mm and a completely geometric, mechanical and electrical interconnectivity. Dissociated cortical cells cultured inside the GCNT web form a functional 3D cortex‐like network exhibiting a spontaneous electrical activity that is closer to what is observed in vivo. By coculturing and fluorescently labeling glioma and healthy cortical cells with different colors, a new in vitro model is obtained to investigate malignant glioma infiltration. This model allows the 3D trajectories and velocity distribution of individual infiltrating glioma to be reconstructed with an unprecedented precision. The model is cost effective and allows a quantitative and rigorous screening of anticancer drugs. The fully 3D interconnected GCNT web is biocompatible and is an ideal tool to study 3D biological processes in vitro representing a pivotal step toward precise and personalized medicine.
Visible‐Light Photoredox‐Catalyzed Thioacetalization of Aldehydes Under Metal‐Free and Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Du Kai , Wang Shao‐Chien , Basha R. Sidick , Lee Chin‐Fa
Published: November 2018

A first visible‐light photoredox‐catalyzed thioacetalization of aldehydes under metal‐free and solvent‐free conditions is described. Under blue LED irradiation, a reactive thiyl radical was initially generated through single‐electron oxidation of thiol, which subsequently reacted with aldehydes to afford dithioacetals following a radical mechanism. The reaction proceeded under ambient conditions, and a wide range of acyclic and cyclic dithioacetal derivatives were afforded in good to excellent yields.

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Capacitive Organic Anode Based on Fluorinated‐Contorted Hexabenzocoronene: Applicable to Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Storage Cells
Authors: Park Jaehyun , Lee Cheol Woo , Park Ju Hyun , Joo Se Hun , Kwak Sang Kyu , Ahn Seokhoon , Kang Seok Ju
Published: November 2018

Conducting polymer‐based organic electrochemical capacitor materials have attracted attention because of their highly conductive nature and highly reversible redox reactions on the surface of electrodes. However, owing to their poor stabilities in aprotic electrolytes, alternative organic electrochemical capacitive electrodes are being actively sought. Here, fluorine atoms are introduced into contorted hexabenzocoronene (cHBC) to achieve the first small‐molecule‐based organic capacitive energy‐storage cells that operate at high current rates with satisfactory specific capacities of ≈160 mA h g−1 and superior cycle capabilities (>400) without changing significantly. This high capacitive behavior in the P21/c crystal phase of fluorinated cHBC (FcHBC) is caused mainly by the fluorine atoms at the end of each peripheral aromatic ring. Combined Monte Carlo simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the most electronegative fluorine atoms accelerate ion diffusion on the surface to promote fast Li+ ion uptake and release by an applied current. Moreover, FcHBC has potential applications as the capacitive anode in Na‐ion storage cells. The fast dynamics of its capacitive behavior allow it to deliver a specific capacity of 65 mA h g−1 at a high current of 4000 mA g−1.
A Highly Stable Sodium–Oxygen Battery Using a Mechanically Reinforced Membrane
Authors: Ansari Younes , Virwani Kumar , Yahyazadeh Sogol , Thompson Leslie E. , Lofano Elizabeth , Fong Anthony , Miller Robert D. , La Young‐Hye
Published: November 2018

Sodium–oxygen batteries have drawn considerable attention due to their high specific energy and the high abundance of sodium. However, stable sodium–oxygen batteries currently require complex cathode formulations. Here, the first demonstration of a highly stable sodium–oxygen system comprising a simple carbon cathode, an ultradry electrolyte, and a newly designed separator that is both capable of blocking dendrites and is impenetrable to oxygen is reported. The battery shows remarkable rechargeability of more than 400 cycles at the current density of 0.28 mA m−2 to the capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2. An oxygen diffusion study using a dye‐assisted visual chemical reaction proves that the separator efficiently restricts oxygen crossover toward the anode. An in situ atomic force microscope study shows that the discharge product (NaO2) is stable against the electrolyte under anhydrous conditions for over 48 h in either argon or oxygen atmospheres. The sodium–oxygen battery also demonstrates small overpotential (<40 mV) upon charging and remarkable oxygen efficiency (>96%).
A Conceptual Model for Navigating a Career Path in Medical School Leadership
Authors: Cole Michael A. , Barth Bradley E. , Haley Leon L. , Siegelman Jeffrey , Zink Brian , Daniel Michelle
Published: November 2018

There is a paucity of literature providing guidance to physicians hoping to attain a position as a medical school dean. Realizing this gap, the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Faculty Development Committee organized an educational session focused on offering faculty guidance for obtaining a position in medical school leadership. The session involved panelists who are nationally known leaders in medical school administration and was successfully presented at the SAEM 2018 annual meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana. Knowledge and perspective gained both during this session and through literature review was analyzed using a conceptual thinking skills framework. This process offered insights that promoted the development of a conceptual model informed by current evidence and expert insight and rooted in educational, economic, and cognitive theory. This model provides a step‐by‐step guide detailing a process that physicians can use to create a plan for professional development that is informed, thoughtful, and individualized to their own needs to optimize their future chances of advancing to a career in medical school leadership.
Concise Synthesis of Polysubstituted Carbohelicenes by a C−H Activation/Radical Reaction/C−H Activation Sequence
Authors: Yin Jiangliang , You Jingsong
Published: November 2018

Disclosed herein is the merging of C−H activation and radical chemistry, enabling rapid access to a structurally diverse family of fused carbohelicenes through the fusion of α‐acetylnaphthalenes with alkynes under oxidative conditions. This cascade process exhibits exquisite chemoselectivity and regioselectivity. The reaction pathway was analyzed by intermediate separations, control experiments, radical trapping, EPR, MALDI‐TOF‐MS, and ESI‐HRMS experiments, and shown to involve a C2−H activation/radical reaction/C8−H activation relay.
Degradation of sex pheromone and plant volatile components by an antennal glutathione S‐transferase in the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Li Guang‐Wei , Chen Xiu‐Lin , Xu Xiang‐Li , Wu Jun‐Xiang
Published: November 2018

Insect antennae have a primary function of perceiving and discerning odorant molecules including sex pheromones and host plant volatiles. The assumption that genes highly expressed in the antennae may have an olfactory‐related role associated with signal transduction. Here, one delta subfamily glutathione S‐transferase (GST) gene (GmolGSTD1) was obtained from an antennal transcriptome of Grapholita molesta. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that GmolGSTD1 was mainly expressed in antennae and the expression levels were significantly higher in female antennae than in male antennae. The recombinant GmolGSTD1 (rGmolGSTD1) showed glutathione‐conjugating activity toward 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrates. The pH range for optimal rGmolGSTD1 enzyme activity was 6.0–6.5, and rGmolGSTD1 enzyme activity had maximal peaks at 35–40°C. Spectrophotometric analysis indicated that insecticides had weak inhibitory effects on the activity of rGmolGSTD1 with the inhibitory rates of 28.82% for chlorpyrifos, 22.27% for lambda‐cyhalothrin, 18.07% for bifenthrin, 20.42% for acetamiprid, 17.57% for thiamethoxam, 25.67% for metaflumizone, 27.43% for abamectin, and 7.24% for chlorbenzuron. rGmolGSTD1 exhibited high degradation activity to the sex pheromone component (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl alcohol and the host plant volatile butyl hexanoate with the degradation efficiency of 75.01% and 48.54%, respectively. We speculate that GmolGSTD1 works in inactivating odorant molecules and maintaining sensitivity to olfactory communication of G. molesta.
Versuchsgestützte Ermittlung der Unterbausteifigkeit einer großen Eisenbahnbrücke
Authors: Wenner Marc , Meier Thomas , Wedel Frederik , Marx Steffen
Published: November 2018

Wegen der großen Brems‐ und Anfahrkräfte sowie der Verbindung der durchgängig verschweißten Schienen mit dem Überbau spielt die Gleis‐Tragwerks‐Interaktion eine maßgebende Rolle beim Entwurf von längeren Eisenbahnbrücken. Ein wesentlicher Parameter beim Nachweis der Längskraftabtragung im Tragwerk ist die Längssteifigkeit der als Festpunkt ausgebildeten Unterbauten. Die horizontale Ersatzfedersteifigkeit, hier Unterbausteifigkeit genannt, wird i. d. R. rechnerisch über ein Pfahlrostmodell ermittelt. Im Fall der Itztalbrücke wurde die quasistatische Unterbausteifigkeit über eine Probebelastung und die „dynamische“ Unterbausteifigkeit über einen Bremsversuch experimentell ermittelt, um die Eingangsparameter für den Nachweis der Schienenspannungen und der Lager zu definieren. Zusätzlich zu den Versuchen wurden 3‐D‐Finite‐Elemente‐Analysen der Tiefgründungssysteme bestehend aus Bohrpfählen, Pfahlkopfplatten und Baugrund durchgeführt. Im Artikel wird die Versuchskonzeption, ‐durchführung und ‐auswertung für beide Versuche vorgestellt. Im Anschluss werden die Ergebnisse der Versuche mit den rechnerischen Prognosen verglichen. Diese Versuche im Realmaßstab ermöglichen wichtige Rückschlüsse auf die Qualität der rechnerischen Prognosen der Gründungsverformung zur Entwicklung eines besseren Verständnisses für das tatsächliche Verhalten des Tragwerks bei dem Längskraftabtrag.
Berechnung von Risikokosten in der Bauprojektabwicklung
Authors: Brokbals Stefanie , Wapelhorst Vincent , Čadež Ivan
Published: November 2018

Bereits im Jahr 1971 leistete Schubert einen ersten Beitrag zur Berücksichtigung von Risiken in der Bauprojektabwicklung und führte zudem erste Elemente des heutigen Risikomanagementprozesses in der deutschsprachigen baubetriebswirtschaftlichen Literatur ein. Mittels empirischer Untersuchung zur Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit und Kostenhöhe bei Risikoeintritt von Einzelrisiken traf Schubert dabei u. a. Aussagen zur Bedeutung der Einzelrisiken in Abhängigkeit von der Höhe der Risikokosten. Nach über 40 Jahren sind inzwischen andere Ergebnisse bei der Risikobewertung zu erwarten. In der aktualisierten Studie für Projekte des Hoch‐ und Ingenieurhochbaus mit einer Projektbauleistung ≤ 2,5 Mio. Euro bei Einheitspreisverträgen unter Vereinbarung der VOB/B werden zuerst die veränderten Risikobewertungen der Einzelrisiken aufgezeigt; hervorzuheben ist, dass die Summe der ermittelten Risikokosten der Einzelrisiken mit der von Schubert übereinstimmt. Des Weiteren wird durch eine Veränderung von Merkmalsausprägungen (Antwortmöglichkeiten) der Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeiten und Kostenhöhen bei Risikoeintritt festgestellt, dass die Risikokosten der Bauprojektabwicklung sogar deutlich höher liegen. Die aktualisierten Ergebnisse können Auftragnehmern als erste Orientierungshilfe für die Ermittlung von Risikokosten in der Angebotskalkulation dienen.
Undergraduate laboratory experiment on determination of total protein content in milk powder by moving reaction boundary titration
Authors: Luo Anling , Zheng Youli , Chen Xinxin , Cong Fengsong
Published: November 2018

Laboratory exercises focused on protein quantification are frequently conducted in traditional undergraduate biochemistry laboratory curriculum. The laboratory course described here is designed to provide students with experience in measurement of protein content in milk powder by moving reaction boundary titration (MRBT), a new rapid technique for total protein content determination in milk. In addition, this approach is weakly influenced by nonprotein nitrogen reagents such as melamine and urea. The course was done as three weekly laboratory exercises. First, students established a standard curve for milk protein concentration by MRBT method. Then, students investigated the influence of nonprotein nitrogen reagents on MRBT method. Finally, students made a comparison among three different protein quantification methods (MRBT, Biuret, and Kjeldahl method). From the experiments, students grasped the concept and advantages of MRBT and deepened the understanding of protein quantification. This course offer students the opportunity to be exposed to an advanced technique, which may have practical significance to their future study and work in the life science field. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(6):644–651, 2018.
Are biologists getting the mathematical training they need in college?
Authors: Marshall Jill A. , Durán Pablo
Published: November 2018

Several major organizations have recommended revisions to mathematics requirements for biology majors. To determine whether these changes would benefit future biologists, we investigated mathematics use in research biology. We surveyed prominent journals in high and low math‐use areas for articles referencing the use of quantitative methods. In addition, we conducted a large‐scale survey of research biologists within these fields about their use of, and training in, mathematics and statistics. We then performed follow‐up interviews with a purposeful sample of respondents. Our results indicate that biologists need a base in descriptive and inferential statistics and mathematical modeling, including some concepts from calculus, focused on conceptual understanding rather than computational accuracy, followed by differentiated programs of study in mathematics and statistics, depending on intended discipline within biology. Comparison of our findings with the recommended requirements from major stakeholder groups indicates some alignment but also some discrepancies. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(6):612–618, 2018.
Risk of incident claims for chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy among women with breast cancer in a Medicare population
Authors: Greenwald Mark K. , Ruterbusch Julie J. , Beebe‐Dimmer Jennifer L. , Simon Michael S. , Albrecht Terrance L. , Schwartz Ann G.
Published: November 2018

Background

Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and disabling consequence of neurotoxic therapies, yet factors that modulate the development and clinical impact of CIPN are poorly understood. This epidemiological analysis identifies risk factors for the incidence of CIPN.

Methods

This retrospective analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data examined predictors of incident CIPN claims among 11,149 women aged 66 years or older with American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) stage II to IV breast cancer (and no secondary cancer diagnosis or preexisting neuropathy) who received chemotherapy.

Results

Overall, new CIPN claims occurred for 8.3% of patients within 1 year of starting chemotherapy. Risk emerged approximately 3 months after the start of chemotherapy and increased throughout 1 year. Paclitaxel as part of first‐line therapy increased CIPN risk 2.7‐fold in comparison with nonneurotoxic agents (15.9% vs 5.0%), with lower incidence rates for carboplatin and paclitaxel (11.9%), carboplatin and docetaxel (9.3%), carboplatin alone (7.7%), and docetaxel alone (6.6%). The CIPN incidence rate was higher for women who at the time of their breast cancer diagnosis were relatively young (within this Medicare sample), were at AJCC stage II or III, were married or had an equivalent status, and had fewer comorbidities, but it did not differ by race/ethnicity or poverty level.

Conclusions

These Medicare claims database findings indicate that women aged 66 years or older with breast cancer are susceptible to CIPN from taxane and/or platinum compounds, with risk emerging approximately 3 months into treatment. Prospective studies of symptom emergence and clinical response (eg, stopping chemotherapy and adjunctive treatments) are indicated to determine how best to inform patients of this risk and to manage CIPN in this population.
Enhancement of the Nuclear Spin Noise Signal Using Wavelet Transform
Authors: Adilakshmi D. , Chandra Kousik , Ramanathan K. V.
Published: November 2018

Spin noise spectroscopy has attracted considerable attention recently owing partly to intrinsic interest in the phenomenon and partly to its significant application potential. Here, we address the inherent problem of low sensitivity of nuclear spin noise and examine the utility of wavelet transform to mitigate this problem by distinguishing real peaks from the noise contaminated data. Suppression of the random circuit noise and the consequent enhancement of the correlated nuclear spin noise signal have been demonstrated with discrete wavelet transform. Spectra of both1H and13C nuclear spins have been considered and significant signal enhancements in both the cases have been observed. A detailed analysis of several possible wavelet, thresholding and decomposition solutions have been made to obtain the optimum condition for signal enhancement. It is observed that the application of wavelet transform leaves the spin noise signal line shape essentially unchanged, which is an advantage for several applications involving spin noise spectra.
Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of the Greek PDO and PGI Virgin Olive Oils (VOOs)
Authors: Nenadis Nikolaos , Mastralexi Aspasia , Tsimidou Maria Z.
Published: November 2018

The present review covers advancements in registered PDO/PGI VOOs in Greece per year and administrative region since 1992, when the first regulation for protection of geographical origin products was issued in the European Union. Evidence for quality, purity, and nutritional characteristics is presented and discussed. Most PDOs are coming from Crete and Peloponnese, the two major olive oil producing areas in Greece. PGI products have also been registered in Greece since 1992, whereas such products are registered in Italy and Spain rather recently. From the point of view of food science, the documents submitted originally for the registration, which are available electronically in the relevant EU portal (DOOR), look outdated and may confuse potential buyers and consumers. Data available for the major Greek cultivar, Koroneiki, cannot always support integrity of products traded in the international market. There are published data for molecular characteristics of almost all cultivars used in the PDO/PGIs that can be used in the certification process. The potential of Koroneiki and other cultivars in antioxidants is not reported in the official documents, though such a piece of information may increase further the added value of these products (e.g., health claim labeling). Similar are the observations from practices in Spain and Italy.

Practical Application: PDO/PGI VOOs are popular products among consumers. A positive perspective in the market is expected, granted that the consumer will be properly informed on their intrinsic characteristics and practices that guarantee their authenticity. The review points out that the data for quality, purity, and nutritional characteristics of Greek registered VOOs are limited, and are mainly available for PDOs. It is also pointed out that molecular markers available nowadays and addition of information on natural antioxidants can assist the efforts to protect the integrity of these products in the market and add value because some of them can also bear health claims for their tocopherol and “polyphenol” content.

Greece has registered a great number of PDO and PGI virgin olive oils since 1996, most of which are produced in the regions of Crete and Peloponnese, the major olive oil producing regions.
Effects of Spinach Leaf Extracts on Quality Characteristics and Phenolic Profile of Sunflower Oil
Authors: Zeb Alam , Ullah Fareed
Published: November 2018

Spinach extract is added to sunflower oil in different ratios to assess its suitability during thermal stress. The fortified sunflower oils are thermally oxidized along with their control. Fortified sunflower oils are characterized for peroxide (PV), p‐anisidine (AV), thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), total phenolic contents, and radical scavenging activity (RSA). Polyphenols in the oil samples are extracted and identified using reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detection system (HPLC‐DAD). Results reveal separation and identification of 14 and 22 polyphenolic compounds in control and fortified oil samples, respectively. The major phenolic compounds are p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (1.99–11.3 μg g−1), p‐coumaric acid (0.22–10.2 μg g−1), isorhamnetin‐3‐(hydroxyferuloyl‐glucoside)‐7‐glucoside (0.14–13.8 μg g−1), apigenin (0.15–13.2 μg g−1), kaempferol‐3‐(p‐coumaroyl‐diglucoside)‐7‐glucoside (3.88–19.8 μg g−1), apigenin‐2‐O‐pentoxide‐8‐hexoside (0.42–39.7 μg g−1), quercetin‐3‐(sinapoyl‐diglucoside)‐7‐glucoside (1.99–11.3 μg g−1), and kaempferol‐3‐(sinapoyl‐diglucoside)‐7‐glucoside (1.73–34.6 μg g−1). Significant variations are observed in the composition of these phenolic compounds during heating. Remarkable beneficial changes are also observed in the characteristics of the oils such as peroxide, anisidine, and TOTOX values during thermal treatment. In conclusion, spinach leaf extracts are protective and beneficial for thermal stability of sunflower oil.

Practical Applications: Thermal stability of frying oil is an important topic in food science and technology. The low stability of frying oils can be enhanced with the addition of natural antioxidants. Food industries may use antioxidants from plant leaves extract, especially spinach leaf, extracts to be very beneficial. The phenolic profile, lipid oxidation, and antioxidant activity of sunflower oil fortified with spinach leave extracts are enhanced. These results suggest that spinach leaves extract is beneficial in terms of lipid oxidation parameters and serve as a good source of important phenolic compounds.

Spinach extract added to sunflower oil is beneficial during thermal stress. Significant variations are observed in the composition of different phenolic compounds during heating. Spinach extract contributes beneficial changes to the quality characteristics of the oils such as peroxide, anisidine, and TOTOX values.
Influence of Sulfur‐Modified Vanadium Pentoxide by Solid Phase Sintering Method on Electrochemical Performance of Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lang Xiaoshi , Li YanYan , Cai Kedi , Li Lan , Chen Dongming , Zhang Qingguo
Published: November 2018

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a common cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries, and its chemical composition and structure can seriously affect the electrochemical performance of the batteries. V2O5 is modified by sulfur with solid phase sintering method, and its physical property and electrochemical performance are studied. Physical characterization shows that after sulfur modification, V2O5 changes to low‐valence vanadium oxide (V6O13 or VO2), and some free sulfur is observed inside the vanadium oxide molecule in high proportion. Electrochemical test results show that when the proportion of sulfur is 10%, vanadium oxide cathode has the lowest charge resistance and the most excellent reversibility. Specific capacity of 188.87, 146.60, 130.42, and 110.86 mAh g−1 is achieved at 100, 200, 300, and 500 mA g−1 current density. After 300 cycles, its electrochemical performance remains stable and has the highest specific capacity.
Pricing and issuance dependencies in structured financial product portfolios
Authors: Pelster Matthias , Schertler Andrea
Published: November 2018

We exploit a unique sample of structured financial products (SFPs) to analyze pricing and issuance dependencies among different types of such market‐linked investment vehicles. Our study provides evidence of cross‐pricing between products with complementary payoff profiles. Such dependencies may be explained by issuers’ efforts to generate order flow for products that supplement their current SFP risk exposure. Additionally, we observe issuance patterns in line with the argument that issuers exploit the complementarity payout profiles when bringing SFPs to market. Our study emphasizes cross‐pricing from a perspective not previously considered in the literature.
A journey with common fragile sites: From S phase to telophase
Authors: Debatisse Michelle , Rosselli Filippo
Published: November 2018

Some regions of the genome, notably common fragile sites (CFSs), are hypersensitive to replication stress and often involved in the generation of gross chromosome rearrangements in cancer cells. CFSs nest within very large genes and display cell‐type‐dependent instability. Fragile or not, large genes tend to replicate late in S‐phase. A number of data now show that transcription perturbs replication completion across the body of large genes, particularly upon replication stress. However, the molecular mechanisms by which transcription elicits such under‐replication and subsequent instability remain unclear. We present here our view of the mechanisms responsible for CFS under‐replication and those allowing the cells to cope with this problem in G2 and mitosis. We notably focus on the major role played by the FANC proteins in the protection of CFSs from S phase up to late mitosis. We finally discuss a possible rationale for the conservation of large genes across vertebrate evolution.
Efficacy and safety of lower extremity nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia at free fibular flap donor sites
Authors: Zhang Xia , Sun Changfu , Bai Xiaofeng , Zhang Qian
Published: November 2018

Background

We evaluated the utility of combined femoral and common peroneal nerve blocks in patients undergoing free fibular flap‐based oromandibular reconstruction.

Methods

Forty patients undergoing reconstructive surgeries with free fibular flaps were randomly divided into nerve block and control groups (NB and C). In group NB, both femoral and common peroneal nerve blocks with 0.33% ropivacaine were used. In group C, sham blocks were performed with saline. The primary outcomes were sufentanyl consumption during the 0‐ to 24‐hour and 24‐to 48‐hour intervals and cumulative consumption during the 48‐hour postoperative period.

Results

Sufentanyl consumption for the 0‐to 24‐hour interval and cumulative sufentanyl consumption were significantly lower in group NB than in group C. Moreover, more patients in group NB than in group C were satisfied with the pain management.

Conclusion

Lower extremity nerve blocks reduce sufentanyl use and improve patient satisfaction when used for postoperative analgesia at the free fibular flap donor site.
Rho family GTPases, Rac and Cdc42, control the localization of neonatal dentate granule cells during brain development
Authors: Ito Hidenori , Morishita Rika , Mizuno Makoto , Tabata Hidenori , Nagata Koh‐ichi
Published: November 2018

The hippocampus is generally considered as a brain center for learning and memory. We have recently established an electroporation‐mediated gene transfer method to investigate the development of neonatal dentate granule cells in vivo. Using this new technique, we introduced knockdown vectors against Rac1 small GTPase into precursors for dentate granule cells at postnatal day 0. After 21 days, Rac1‐deficient cells were frequently mispositioned between the granule cell layer (GCL) and hilus. About 60% of these mislocalized cells expressed a dentate granule cell marker, Prox1. Both the dendritic spine density and the ratio of mature spine were reduced when Rac1 was silenced. Notably, the deficient cells have immature thin processes during migrating in the early neonatal period. Knockdown of another Rac isoform, Rac3, also resulted in mislocalization of neonatally born dentate granule cells. In addition, knockdown of Cdc42, another Rho family protein, also caused mislocalization of the cell, although the effects were moderate compared to Rac1 and 3. Despite the ectopic localization, Rac3‐ or Cdc42‐disrupted mispositioned cells expressed Prox1. These results indicate that Rho signaling pathways differentially regulate the proper localization and differentiation of dentate granule cells.
“It made me feel Brazilian!”: Addressing prejudice through Capoeira classes in a school in Western Australia
Authors: Radicchi Marcelo Rocha , Papertalk Lennelle , Thompson Sandra
Published: November 2018

Issue addressed

Social inclusion is important for mental health, and schools are important settings for creating positive attitudes against prejudice. Capoeira is a Brazilian traditional culture that is a mixture of dance, martial arts and games, and has many educational possibilities. Since it arose from and helped people rise above black oppression, the purpose of the project was introducing the content of capoeira to primary school students with the aim of promoting of mental health and preventing prejudice behaviours using an intercultural perspective in a school where nearly half the students are Aboriginal.

Methods

Five capoeira classes were conducted in a primary school located in a regional city in Western Australia, with two Year 5‐6 classes and boys and girls aged 11‐12 years old. Activities were meant to create an environment of dialogue, joy and empathy towards a different culture. Feedback from 31 of 34 students were collected and analysed, dealing with their impressions, positive and negative aspects.

Results

The results were positive, with aspects of movement, joy, dance and music identified as important experiences. Empathy towards the new culture was written and drawn by many of the students. Joint work with teachers improved engagement and feedback from students.

Conclusion

Capoeira can be an inspiring vehicle in intercultural education, promoting mental health and empathy for different cultures.

So what?

Broad intercultural education which embraces positive cultural experiences and stories from elsewhere, delivered in schools can contribute to children's intercultural competence. Longer interventions with follow‐up to measure changes in students’ attitudes are required.
Distinct geographic clustering of oncogenic human papillomaviruses multiple infections in cervical cancers: Results from a worldwide cross‐sectional study
Authors: Pimenoff Ville N. , Tous Sara , Benavente Yolanda , Alemany Laia , Quint Wim , Bosch Francesc Xavier , Bravo Ignacio G. , de Sanjosé Silvia
Published: November 2018

Coinfections by multiple Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are observed in approximately 6–8% of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) cases worldwide. But neither the presence of persistent HPVs coinfections nor their etiological role in the development of ICC is well understood. Cervical HPVs coinfections have been observed randomly, mostly in women with preneoplastic lesions, and only few studies have globally analyzed ICC cases. Here we explored the HPVs multiple infection patterns in a large worldwide sample of cross‐sectional ICC cases. Paraffin‐embedded ICC biopsy samples were tested using stringent HPV genotyping. Logistic regression models were used to identify the most likely pairwise HPV types in multiple infections. Multivariate analysis was applied to detect significant HPV coinfection patterns beyond pairwise HPVs comparison. Among 8780 HPV DNA‐positive ICC cases worldwide, 6.7% (N = 587) contained multiple HPVs. Pairwise analysis revealed that HPV16|74, HPV31|33, HPV31|44, HPV33|44 and HPV45|70 pairs were significantly more frequently found together in multiple infections compared to any other HPV type combination, which supports the occasional role of Alpha‐10 LR‐HPVs in cervical cancers. In contrast, HPV16|31, HPV16|45, HPV16|51 and HPV18|HPV45 pairs were significantly less frequently found together than with any other HPV pair combination. Multivariate analysis sustained the results and revealed for the first time a distinct coinfection pattern in African ICCs stemming from the clustering of oncogenic HPV51/35/18/52 coinfections in African women. We suggest that the differential geographic HPVs coinfections clustering observed might be compatible with a specific modulation of the natural history/oncogenic potential of particular HPVs multiple infections and warrant monitoring for post‐vaccinated.
Dynamic Functional Molecular Systems: From Supramolecular Structures to Multi‐Component Machinery and to Molecular Cybernetics
Authors: Schmittel Michael
Published: November 2018

This essay highlights the role of single and multiple reversible self‐sorting events for the development of responsive multi‐component structures as well as multi‐state transformations, devices and machinery. Recent examples illustrate how distinct molecular devices are spatiotemporarily interconnected by chemical signaling to act as integrated machinery and highlight the enormous potential of molecular cybernetics.