bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Original Research: Extract ofBambusae Caulis in Taeniaminhibits cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary and intestinal inflammation
Authors: Lim Dahae , Cho Youngwoo , Kim Woogyeong , Jeong Sehee , Jang Young Pyo , Kim Jinju
Published: September 2016

The pulmonary and intestinal systems have several characteristics in common. It is believed that these similarities somehow function to cause pulmonary–intestinal crosstalk during inflammation. Many studies have shown that pulmonary disease occurs in association with inflammatory bowel disease more often than is commonly recognized. Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam, a medicinal herb originated from the inner bark of Phyllostachys nigra var. henosis (Milford) Rendle (Poaceae), has been used to cure fever, diarrhea, and chest inflammation in Korea as well as in China. Cigarette smoke is a well-known risk factor for several inflammatory disorders. In this study, we induced pulmonary and bowel inflammation in mice using cigarette smoke and investigated whether Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam extract modulates the inflammatory response in both the lung and the bowel. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 90 min per day for three weeks, and Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam extract was administered via oral injection 2 h before cigarette smoke exposure. The bronchoalveolar lavage cells were counted and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed. Levels of inflammatory mediators in lung and large intestine were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. Our results showed that Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam attenuated cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory response in both the lung and the bowel of mice by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and protease as well as NF-κB signaling factor. Therefore, we suggest that Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam extract might be a candidate therapeutic agent for inhibiting pulmonary and intestinal inflammation.
Fear of Reinjury in Athletes
Authors: Hsu Chao-Jung , Meierbachtol Adam , George Steven Z. , Chmielewski Terese L.
Published: September 2016

Context:

A sports injury has both physical and psychological consequences for the athlete. A common postinjury psychological response is elevated fear of reinjury.

Objective:

To provide an overview of the implications of fear of reinjury on the rehabilitation of athletes, including clinical methods to measure fear of reinjury; the impact of fear of reinjury on rehabilitation outcomes, including physical impairments, function, and return to sports rate; and potential interventions to address fear of reinjury during rehabilitation.

Evidence Acquisition:

PubMed was searched for articles published in the past 16 years (1990-2016) relating to fear of reinjury in athletes. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were searched for additionally relevant articles.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Results:

Fear of reinjury after a sports injury can negatively affect the recovery of physical impairments, reduce self-report function, and prevent a successful return to sport. Athletes with high fear of reinjury might benefit from a psychologically informed practice approach to improve rehabilitation outcomes. The application of psychologically informed practice would be to measure fear of reinjury in the injured athletes and provide interventions to reduce fear of reinjury to optimize rehabilitation outcomes.

Conclusion:

Fear of reinjury after a sports injury can lead to poor rehabilitation outcomes. Incorporating principles of psychologically informed practice into sports injury rehabilitation could improve rehabilitation outcomes for athletes with high fear of reinjury.
Clinical management and research priorities for high-risk prostate cancer in the UK: Meeting report of a multidisciplinary panel in conjunction with the NCRI Prostate Cancer Clinical Studies Localised Subgroup
Authors: Gnanapragasam VJ , Hori S , Johnston T , Smith D , Muir K ,   UK high-risk prostate cancer consensus group panel and NCRI Prostate Cancer Clinical Studies Localised Subgroup, Alonzi R , Winkler M , Warren A , Staffurth J , Khoo V , Tree A , Macneill A , McMenemin R , Mason M , Cathcart P , de Souza N , Sooriakumaran P , Weston R , Wylie J , Hall E , Lane A , Cross W , Syndikus I , Koupparis A
Published: September 2016

The management of high-risk prostate cancer has become increasingly sophisticated, with refinements in radical therapy and the inclusion of adjuvant local and systemic therapies. Despite this, high-risk prostate cancer continues to have significant treatment failure rates, with progression to metastasis, castrate resistance and ultimately disease-specific death. In an effort to discuss the challenges in this field, the UK National Clinical Research Institute’s Prostate Cancer Clinical Studies localised subgroup convened a multidisciplinary national meeting in the autumn of 2014. The remit of the meeting was to debate and reach a consensus on the key clinical and research challenges in high-risk prostate cancer and to identify themes that the UK would be best placed to pursue to help improve outcomes. This report presents the outcome of those discussions and the key recommendations for future research in this highly heterogeneous disease entity.
Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Latin America and its relationship with European migration
Authors: Correa Edgar , Paredes Víctor , Martínez Braulio
Published: September 2016

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, degenerative autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The prevalence is different in every continent, changing according to geographical and environmental characteristics. The areas with the highest prevalence in the world are Europe and North America. In Latin America, the prevalence is higher in areas where there was greater European migration, as in the case of Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay and Mexico, and there have been no identified cases amongst native Indian populations. It should be considered that environmental factors may influence the prevalence of MS in Latin America, and it seems as if there are protective factors such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the presence of parasitosis.
A Mutation in the Tubulin-Encoding TUBB3 Gene Causes Complex Cortical Malformations and Unilateral Hypohidrosis
Authors: Fukumura Shinobu , Kato Mitsuhiro , Kawamura Kentaro , Tsuzuki Akiko , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki
Published: September 2016

Recent studies have emphasized the association between tubulin gene mutations and developmental abnormalities of the cortex. In this study, the authors identified a mutation in the tubulin-encoding class III β-tubulin ( TUBB3) gene in a 4-year-old boy presenting with brain abnormalities and unilateral hypohidrosis. The patient showed a left internal strabismus, moderate developmental delay, and congenital hypohidrosis of the right side of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed gyral disorganization mainly in the left perisylvian region, dysmorphic and hypertrophic basal ganglia with fusion between the putamen and caudate nucleus without affecting the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and moderate hypoplasia of the right brain stem and cerebellum. Diffusion tensor imaging studies revealed disorganization of the pyramidal fibers. The amplitude of the sympathetic skin response was low in the right arm, which led to a diagnosis of focal autonomic neuropathy. Sequencing the TUBB3 gene revealed a de novo missense mutation, c.862G>A (p.E288K).
Exploring Issues of Implementation, Equity, and Student Achievement With Educational Software in the DC Public Schools
Authors: Ahn June , Beck Austin , Rice John , Foster Michelle
Published: September 2016

In this article, we present analyses from a researcher-practitioner partnership in the District of Columbia Public Schools, where we are exploring the impact of educational software on students’ academic achievement. We analyze a unique data set that combines student-level information from the district with data of student usage of a mathematics game platform: First in Math (FIM). These data offer a window into long-standing issues in the educational technology literature around implementation, equity, and student achievement. We show that time spent in FIM was correlated with improved future performance on standardized math assessments for students in Grades 4–8. However, student time spent using FIM was highly related to factors such as race, gender, and prior achievement. Such observations from data are helpful for school districts and researchers to inform equitable implementation of new technologies and maximize benefits to learners.
Advances in Basal Insulin Therapy
Authors: Goldman Jennifer , White John R.
Published: September 2016

Objective: To review 2 new basal insulin analogs that have been approved in the United States for use in type 1 and type 2 diabetes—insulin glargine 300 units/mL and insulin degludec 100 units/mL and 200 units/mL. Data Sources: PubMed was searched using the terms “insulin glargine 300 units/mL,” “Gla-300,” “insulin degludec,” “IDeg,” “insulin degludec 200 units/mL,” and “insulin degludec 100 units/mL” for articles published between 1995 and May 2016. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Clinical trials, meta-analyses and subanalyses were identified; review articles were excluded. Relevant citations from identified articles were also reviewed. Data Synthesis: The new basal insulins, insulin glargine 300 units/mL and insulin degludec 100 units/mL and 200 units/mL, have improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles compared to insulin glargine 100 units/mL. All demonstrate longer durations of action, beyond 24 hours, and less variability. These improved profiles translate into comparable A1C reductions and comparable, or improved, levels of hypoglycemia compared to insulin glargine 100 units/mL. Conclusions: These benefits may lead to improved glycemic control in a range of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes with true once-daily dosing.
Morphological diversity of blastula formation and gastrulation in temnopleurid sea urchins
Authors: Kitazawa Chisato , Fujii Tsubasa , Egusa Yuji , Komatsu Miéko , Yamanaka Akira
Published: September 2016

Embryos of temnopleurid sea urchins exhibit species-specific morphologies. While Temnopleurus toreumaticus has a wrinkled blastula and then invaginates continuously at gastrulation, others have a smooth blastula and their invagination is stepwise. We studied blastula and gastrula formation in four temnopleurids using light and scanning electron microscopy to clarify the mechanisms producing these differences. Unlike T. toreumaticus, blastomeres of mid-blastulae in T. reevesii, T. hardwickii and Mespilia globulus formed pseudopods. Before primary mesenchyme cells ingressed, embryos developed an area of orbicular cells in the vegetal plate. The cells surrounding the orbicular cells extended pseudopods toward the orbicular cell area in three Temnopleurus species. In T. toreumaticus, the extracellular matrix was well-developed and developed a hole-like structure that was not formed in others. Gastrulation of T. reevesii, T. hardwickii and M. globulus was stepwise, suggesting that differences of gastrulation are caused by all or some of the following factors: change of cell shape, rearrangement, pushing up and towing of cells. We conclude that (1) many aspects of early morphogenesis differ even among very closely related sea urchins with indirect development and (2) many of these differences may be caused by the cell shape and structure of blastomeres or by differences in extracellular matrix composition.
Polo-like kinase phosphorylation determines Caenorhabditis
elegans centrosome size and density by biasing SPD-5 toward an assembly-competent conformation
Authors: Wueseke Oliver , Zwicker David , Schwager Anne , Wong Yao Liang , Oegema Karen , Jülicher Frank , Hyman Anthony A. , Woodruff Jeffrey B.
Published: September 2016

Centrosomes are major microtubule-organizing centers composed of centrioles surrounded by an extensive proteinacious layer called the pericentriolar material (PCM). In Caenorhabditiselegans embryos, the mitotic PCM expands by Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) phosphorylation-accelerated assembly of SPD-5 molecules into supramolecular scaffolds. However, how PLK-1 phosphorylation regulates SPD-5 assembly is not known. We found that a mutant version of SPD-5 that is insensitive to PLK-1 phosphorylation (SPD-54A) could localize to PCM but was unable to rescue the reduction in PCM size and density when wild-type SPD-5 levels were decreased. In vitro, purified SPD-54A self-assembled into functional supramolecular scaffolds over long time scales, suggesting that phosphorylation only controls the rate of SPD-5 scaffold assembly. Furthermore, the SPD-5 scaffold, once assembled, remained intact and supported microtubule nucleation in the absence of PLK-1 activity in vivo. We conclude that PLK-1 is required for rapid assembly of the PCM scaffold but not for scaffold maintenance or function. Based on this idea, we developed a theoretical model that adequately predicted PCM growth rates in different mutant conditions in vivo. We propose that PLK-1 phosphorylation-dependent conversion of SPD-5 into an assembly-competent form underlies PCM formation in vivo and that the rate of this conversion determines final PCM size and density.
LINCing the eukaryotic tree of life – towards a broad evolutionary comparison of nucleocytoplasmic bridging complexes
Authors: Meier Iris
Published: September 2016

The nuclear envelope is much more than a simple barrier between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Nuclear envelope bridging complexes are protein complexes spanning both the inner and outer nuclear envelope membranes, thus directly connecting the cytoplasm with the nucleoplasm. In metazoans, they are involved in connecting the cytoskeleton with the nucleoskeleton, and act as anchoring platforms at the nuclear envelope for the positioning and moving of both nuclei and chromosomes. Recently, nucleocytoplasmic bridging complexes have also been identified in more evolutionarily diverse organisms, including land plants. Here, I discuss similarities and differences among and between eukaryotic supergroups, specifically of the proteins forming the cytoplasmic surface of these complexes. I am proposing a structure and function for a hypothetical ancestral nucleocytoplasmic bridging complex in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, with the goal to stimulate research in more diverse emerging model organisms.
Neuropilin-1 modulates interferon-γ-stimulated signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Wang Ying , Cao Ying , Mangalam Ashutosh K. , Guo Yong , LaFrance-Corey Reghann G. , Gamez Jeffrey D. , Atanga Pascal Aliihnui , Clarkson Benjamin D. , Zhang Yuebo , Wang Enfeng , Angom Ramcharan Singh , Dutta Kirthica , Ji Baoan , Pirko Istvan , Lucchinetti Claudia F. , Howe Charles L. , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata
Published: September 2016

Inflammatory response of blood–brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells plays an important role in pathogenesis of many central nervous system inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis; however, the molecular mechanism mediating BBB endothelial cell inflammatory response remains unclear. In this study, we first observed that knockdown of neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a co-receptor of several structurally diverse ligands, suppressed interferon-γ (IFNγ)-induced C-X-C motif chemokine 10 expression and activation of STAT1 in brain microvascular endothelial cells in a Rac1-dependent manner. Moreover, endothelial-specific NRP1-knockout mice, VECadherin-Cre-ERT2/NRP1flox/flox mice, showed attenuated disease progression during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse neuroinflammatory disease model. Detailed analysis utilizing histological staining, quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that deletion of endothelial NRP1 suppressed neuron demyelination, altered lymphocyte infiltration, preserved BBB function and decreased activation of the STAT1–CXCL10 pathway. Furthermore, increased expression of NRP1 was observed in endothelial cells of acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Our data identify a new molecular mechanism of brain microvascular endothelial inflammatory response through NRP1–IFNγ crosstalk that could be a potential target for intervention of endothelial cell dysfunction in neuroinflammatory diseases.
Assessing hydrodynamic space use of brown trout, Salmo trutta, in a complex flow environment: a return to first principles.
Authors: Kerr James R. , Manes Costantino , Kemp Paul S.
Published: September 2016

It is commonly assumed that stream-dwelling fish should select positions where they can reduce energetic costs relative to benefits gained and enhance fitness. However, the selection of appropriate hydrodynamic metrics that predict space use is the subject of recent debate and a cause of controversy. This is for three reasons: 1) flow characteristics are often oversimplified, 2) confounding variables are not always controlled, and 3) there is limited understanding of the explanatory mechanisms that underpin the biophysical interactions between fish and their hydrodynamic environment. This study investigated the space use of brown trout, Salmo trutta, in a complex hydrodynamic flow field created using an array of different sized vertically oriented cylinders in a large open-channel flume in which confounding variables were controlled. A hydrodynamic drag function based on single-point time-averaged velocity statistics that incorporates the influence of turbulent fluctuations (D) was used to infer the energetic cost of steady swimming. Novel hydrodynamic preference curves were developed and used to assess the appropriateness of D as a descriptor of space use compared to other commonly used metrics. Zones in which performance enhancing swimming behaviours (e.g. Kármán gaiting, entraining, and bow riding) that enable fish to hold position while reducing energetic costs (termed ‘specialised behaviours’) were identified and occupancy recorded. We demonstrate that energy conservation strategies play a key role in space use in an energetically taxing environment with the majority of trout groups choosing to frequently occupy areas where specialised behaviours may be adopted or by selecting low drag regions.
Comparative physiological, biochemical, and molecular thermal stress response profiles for two Unionid freshwater mussel species
Authors: Payton Samantha L. , Johnson Paul D. , Jenny Matthew J.
Published: September 2016

Freshwater mussels, aquatic keystone species, are in global decline. Long life spans, sedentary lifestyles, and unique reproductive strategies involving obligate parasitic stages make unionid freshwater mussels particularly sensitive to environmental perturbations resulting from global climate change. A greater understanding of the mechanisms by which closely related species differ in their response to thermal challenge is critical for successful conservation and management practices. As such, both an acute heat shock and a chronic warming simulation were conducted in order to evaluate responses between hypothesized thermally tolerant, Villosa lienosa, and thermally sensitive, Villosa nebulosa, freshwater mussels in response to predicted thermal warming. Multiple biological responses were quantified, including mortality, condition index, growth rates, glycogen and triglyceride content, and candidate gene expression. During acute heat shock, both species upregulated HSP90 and HSP70, though V. lienosa showed consistently greater transcript levels during upregulation. This pattern was consistent during the chronic warming simulation, with V. nebulosa showing greater induction of HSP60. Chronic warming stimulated increases in condition index for V. nebulosa, however declines in growth rates during a recovery period were observed with no concurrent tissue glycogen levels changes. This contrasts with V. lienosa, where tissue glycogen significantly increased during chronic warming, though no response was observed for condition index or growth rates. These differences might indicate disparate thermal stress response mechanisms correlated with metabolic demands and resource utilization. These biological differences could thus be a factor influencing current ranges and these two species‘ future ability to cope with persistent warming in their native habitats.
Vision on the high seas: spatial resolution and optical sensitivity in two procellariiform seabirds with different foraging strategies
Authors: Mitkus Mindaugas , Nevitt Gabrielle A. , Danielsen Johannis , Kelber Almut
Published: September 2016

Procellariiform or ‘tubenosed’ seabirds are challenged to find prey and orient over the seemingly featureless oceans. Previous studies have found that life history strategy (burrow vs. surface nesting) was correlated to foraging strategy. Burrow nesters tended to track prey using dimethyl sulphide (DMS), a compound associated with phytoplankton, whereas surface-nesting species did not. Burrow nesters also tended to be smaller and more cryptic, whereas surface nesters were larger with contrasting plumage coloration. Together these results suggested that differences in life history strategy might also be linked to differences in visual adaptations. Here, we used Leach's storm-petrel, a DMS-responder, and Northern fulmar, a non-responder, as model species to test this hypothesis on their sensory ecology. From the retinal ganglion cell density and photoreceptor dimensions, we determined that Leach's storm-petrels have six times lower spatial resolution than the Northern fulmars. However, the optical sensitivity of rod photoreceptors is similar between species. These results suggest that under similar atmospheric conditions Northern fulmars have six times the detection range for similarly sized objects. Both species have extended visual streaks with a central area of highest spatial resolution, but only the Northern fulmar has a central fovea. The prediction that burrow-nesting DMS responding procellariiforms should differ from non-responding species nesting in the open holds true for spatial resolution, but not for optical sensitivity. This result may reflect the fact that both species rely on olfaction for their nocturnal foraging activity, but that Northern fulmars might use vision more during daytime.
Amphibious fish jump better on land after acclimation to a terrestrial environment
Authors: Brunt E. , Turko A. J. , Scott G. R. , Wright P. A.
Published: September 2016

Air and water differ dramatically in density and viscosity, posing different biomechanical challenges for animal locomotion. We asked how terrestrial acclimation influences locomotion in amphibious fish, specifically testing the hypothesis that terrestrial tail flip performance is improved by plastic changes in the skeletal muscle. Mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus, which remain largely inactive out of water, were exposed to water or air for 14 days and a subgroup of air-exposed fish was also recovered in water. Tail flip jumping performance on land improved dramatically in air-acclimated fish, they had lower lactate levels compared to control fish, and these effects were mostly reversible. Muscle plasticity significantly increased oxidative muscle cross-sectional area and fibre size, as well as the number of capillaries per fibre. Our results show that reversible changes to the oxidative skeletal muscle of K. marmoratus out of water enhance terrestrial locomotory performance, even in the absence of exercise training.
Effects of saturation deficit on desiccation resistance and water balance in seasonal populations of a tropical drosophilid-Zaprionus indianus
Authors: Kalra Bhawna , Parkash Ravi
Published: September 2016

Seasonally varying populations of ectothermic insect taxa from a given locality are expected to cope with simultaneous changes in thermal and humidity conditions through phenotypic plasticity. Accordingly, we investigated effect of saturation deficit on desiccation resistance in wild caught flies from four seasons (spring, summer, rainy and autumn) and corresponding laboratory flies reared under season specific simulated thermal and humidity growth conditions. Summer flies showed about three times higher desiccation resistance and cuticular lipids compared with rainy season flies grown under simulated season specific thermal and humidity conditions. In contrast intermediate trends were observed for water balance related traits in flies reared under spring or autumn specific conditions but trait values overlapped across these two seasons. Further, a three fold difference in saturation deficit (an index of evaporative water loss due to combined thermal and humidity effect) between summer (27.5 mB) and rainy (8.5mB) season associated with two fold differences in the rate of water loss. Higher dehydration stress due to highest saturation deficit in summers is compensated by storage of higher amount of energy metabolite (trehalose) and cuticular lipids and these traits correlated positively with desiccation resistance. In Z. indianus, observed changes in desiccation related traits due to plastic effects of simulated growth conditions correspond to similar changes exhibited by seasonal wild-caught flies. Our result show that developmental plastic effects under ecologically relevant thermal and humidity conditions can explain seasonal adaptations for water balance related traits in Z. indianus and are likely to be associated with its invasive potential.
Annual life-stage regulation of lipid metabolism and storage and association with PPARs in the migrant species Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)
Authors: Corder Keely R. , DeMoranville Kristen J. , Russell David E. , Huss Janice M. , Schaeffer Paul J.
Published: September 2016

The annual cycle of a migrating bird involves metabolically distinct stages of substantial fatty acid storage and periods of increased fatty acid mobilization and utilization, and thus requires a great deal of phenotypic flexibility. Specific mechanisms directing stage transitions of lipid metabolism in migrants are largely unknown. This study characterized the role of the nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), in migratory adiposity of the Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis). Catbirds increased adipose storage during spring and fall migration and showed increased rates of basal lipolysis during migration and tropical overwintering. Expression of the PPAR target genes involved in fat uptake and storage, FABPpm and PLIN3, increased during pre-migratory fattening. We found significant correlation between PPARγ and target gene expression in adipose but little evidence that PPARα expression levels drive metabolic regulation in liver during the migratory cycle.
The answer is blowing in the wind: free flying honeybees can integrate visual and mechano-sensory inputs for making complex foraging decisions
Authors: Ravi Sridhar , Garcia Jair E. , Wang Chun , Dyer Adrian
Published: September 2016

Bees navigate in complex environments using visual, olfactory and mechano-sensorial cues. In the lowest region of the atmosphere the wind environment can be highly unsteady and bees employ fine motor-skills to enhance flight control. Recent work reveals sophisticated multi-modal processing of visual and olfactory channels by the bee brain to enhance foraging efficiency, but it currently remains unclear if wind-induced mechano-sensory inputs are also integrated with visual information to facilitate decision making. Individual honeybees were trained in a linear flight arena with appetitive-aversive differential conditioning to use a context setting cue of 3 m s−1 cross-wind direction to enable decisions about either a ‘blue’ or ‘yellow’ star stimulus being the correct alternative. Colour stimuli properties were mapped in bee-specific opponent-colour spaces to validate saliency, and to thus enable rapid reverse learning. Bees were able to integrate mechano-sensory and visual information to facilitate decisions that were significantly different to chance expectation after 35 learning trials. An independent group of bees were trained to find a single rewarding colour that was unrelated to the wind direction. In these trials wind was not used as a context-setting cue and served only as a potential distracter in identifying the relevant rewarding visual stimuli. Comparing between respective groups shows that bees can learn to integrate visual and mechano-sensory information in a non-elemental fashion, revealing an unsuspected level of sensory processing in honeybees, and adding to the growing body of knowledge on the capacity of insect brains to use multi-modal sensory inputs in mediating foraging behaviour.
Functional relevance of acoustic tracheal design on directional hearing in crickets
Authors: Schmidt Arne KD , Römer Heiner
Published: September 2016

Internally coupled ears (ICEs) allow small animals, relatively to the wavelengths of sounds to be localized, to reliably determine the direction of a sound source. ICEs are found in a variety of taxa, but crickets have evolved the most complex arrangement of coupled ears; an acoustic tracheal system comprised of a large cross body trachea that connects two entry points for sound in the thorax with the leg trachea of both ears. The key structure that allows for the tuned directionality of the ear is a tracheal inflation (acoustic vesicle) in the midline of the cross body trachea holding a thin membrane (septum). Crickets are known to display a wide variety of acoustic tracheal morphologies, most importantly with respect to the presence of a single or double acoustic vesicle. However, the functional relevance of this variation is still not known. In this study, we investigated the peripheral directionality of three co-occurring, closely related cricket species of the subfamily Gryllinae. No support could be found for the hypothesis that a double vesicle should be regarded as an evolutionary innovation to increase (1) interaural directional cues, (2) the selectivity of the directional filter, or (3) provide a better match between the directional and sensitivity tuning. Nonetheless, by manipulating the double acoustic vesicle in the rainforest cricket P. podagrosus, selectively eliminating the sound transmitting pathways, we revealed that these pathways contribute almost equally to the total amount of IIDs, emphasizing their functional relevance in the system.
Normalizing sleep quality disturbed by psychiatric polypharmacy: a single patient open trial (SPOT)
Authors: Magnuson Victoria , Wang Yanpin , Schork Nicholas
Published: September 2016

There is a growing interest in personalized and preventive medicine initiatives that leverage serious patient engagement, such as those initiated and pursued among participants in the quantified-self movement. However, many of the self-assessments that result are not rooted in good scientific practices, such as exploiting controls, dose escalation strategies, multiple endpoint monitoring, etc. Areas where individual monitoring and health assessments have great potential involve sleep and behavior, as there are a number of very problematic sleep and behavior-related conditions that are hard to treat without personalization. For example, winter depression or seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a serious, recurrent, atypical depressive disorder impacting millions each year. In order to prevent yearly recurrence antidepressant drugs are used to prophylactically treat SAD. In turn, these antidepressant drugs can affect sleep patterns, further exacerbating the condition. Because of this, possibly unique combinatorial or ‘polypharmaceutical’ interventions involving sleep aids may be prescribed. However, little research into the effects of such polypharmacy on the long-term sleep quality of treated individuals has been pursued. Employing wireless monitoring in a patient-centered study we sought to gain insight into the influence of polypharmacy on sleep patterns and the optimal course of therapy for an individual being treated for SAD with duloxetine (Cymbalta) and temazepam. We analyzed continuous-time sleep data while dosages and combinations of these agents were varied. We found that the administration of Cymbalta led to an exacerbation of the subject’s symptoms in a statistically significant way. We argue that such analyses may be necessary to effectively treat individuals with similar overall clinical manifestations and diagnosis, despite their having a unique set of symptoms, genetic profiles and exposure histories. We also consider the limitations of our study and areas for further research.
Research of the Heston Stochastic Volatility Model Within the Framework of the Options Pricing
Authors: Насонов  , Nasonov A. , Баранов  , Baranov V.
Published: September 2016

In this study the issues of the Heston Stochastic Volatility Model application to options pricing were researched. The Heston Model calibration problem in a particular market and time was considered. The comparison of two methods to solve it was carried out. As a result of the calibration the calculation of the price function for put options with different strikes, contract terms and interest rate was made. European options quotes to purchase Anglo American shares, traded on the London Stock Exchange, were used as initial data. The comparison of the Heston Model with the Black–Scholes Model was carried out. The dependencies of the option price on the underlying asset price were built, the estimates of discrepancy between model prices and market prices were found within the framework of these models. The results were analyzed.
Place of Acquiring and Bankcards in the Sixth Technological Way
Authors: Мартынов  , Martynov V.
Published: September 2016

The article considers the place and acquiring of Bank plastic cards in the sixth

technological way, this notion of technological way, and periods of cyclical

development of the world economy, their causes and consequences. The

problems of Russia at the entrance to the sixth technological order, including

equiangular segment of the market, the proposal for the modernization of the

banking sector acquiring on the basis of a new technological mode as a key

directions of anti-crisis policy of NFC technology are consecrated. The author

shows the principle of operation of NFC technology.
CRIMINALIST COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AS THE METHOD TO USED TO REVEAL AND INVESTIGATE CRIMINAL ACTS AGAINST THE RULES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Бертовский Лев , Byertovskiy Lyev
Published: September 2016

The article defines illegal economic activities, the proposed method of forensic comparative analysis as one of the main methods of detection, disclosure, investigation and prevention of criminal violations of the rules of economic activities. The study outlines four types of forensic comparative model analysis of single models, some standard information models, the actual models and several models of type character, the analysis of actual models with one model object of the same order. On the basis of the specified method of the proposed scheme on the detection, disclosure and investigation of crimes related to illegal economic activities.
AN ISLAMIC VIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW (COMPARATIVE STUDY)
Authors: Мирмохаммади Мустафа , Mirmokhammadi Mustafa
Published: September 2016

This article addresses comparative study of some ethical and legal rule in Islamic Jurisprudence (Figh). The first aim of this study is a review of Islamic teaching in the realm of commercial law and the second — is seeking and introducing similar concepts in the other legal systems. Therefore, the article divided in two sections. In the first section the author discusses about those principles and rules govern on international trades and next section will intrude some commercial ethical codes in Islamic teaching.
Polish Adult Reading Test (PART) – construction of Polish test for estimating the level of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia
Authors: Karakuła-Juchnowicz Hanna , Stecka Mariola
Published: September 2016

Cel pracy

Ze względu na niedostępność na rynku polskim standaryzowanych metod do pomiaru PII, celem pracy była konstrukcja polskiego testu do oceny poziomu inteligencji przedchorobowej - PART (Polish Adult Reading Test) oraz ocena jego wartości psychometrycznych, takich jak trafność, rzetelność i standaryzacja w grupie osób chorych na schizofrenię.

Metoda

Zasady tworzenia PART zostały oparte na kanwie popularnego na świecie testu National Adult Reading Test autorstwa N. Hazel. Badania objęły grupę 122 osób w wieku od 18 do 60 r.ż., w skład, której weszła grupa 65 osób chorych na schizofrenię i 57 osób zdrowych psychicznie dobranych pod względem wieku i płci.

Wyniki

PART okazał się testem o wysokiej spójności wewnętrznej oraz rzetelności mierzonej procedurami: test-retest i zgodności ocen dwóch niezależnych badających (inter-rater reliability), a także o akceptowalnej trafności diagnostycznej i prognostycznej. Opracowano także procedury standaryzacyjne PART.

Wnioski

Biorąc pod uwagę własności psychometryczne PART oraz krótki czas jego wykonania, test ten może stanowić użyteczne narzędzie diagnostyczne w ocenie przedchorobowego poziomu inteligencji w grupie pacjentów ze schizofrenią.
The inter-rater reliability of the Risk Instrument for Screening in the Community
Authors: Weathers Elizabeth , O'Caoimh Rónán , O'Sullivan Ronan , Paúl Constança , Orfilia Frances , Clarnette Roger , Fitzgerald Carol , Svendrovski Anton , Cornally Nicola , Leahy-Warren Patricia , Molloy D William
Published: September 2016

Predicting risk of adverse healthcare outcomes is important to enable targeted delivery of interventions. The Risk Instrument for Screening in the Community (RISC), designed for use by public health nurses (PHNs), measures the 1-year risk of hospitalisation, institutionalisation and death in community-dwelling older adults according to a five-point global risk score: from low (score 1,2) to medium (3) to high (4,5). We examined the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of the RISC between student PHNs (n=32) and expert raters using six cases (two low, medium and high-risk), scored before and after RISC training. Correlations increased for each adverse outcome, statistically significantly for institutionalisation (r=0.72 to 0.80, p=0.04) and hospitalisation (r=0.51 to 0.71, p<0.01) but not death. Training improved accuracy for low-risk but not all high-risk cases. Overall, the RISC showed good IRR, which increased after RISC training. That reliability fell for some high-risk cases suggests that the training programme requires adjustment to improve IRR further.
Progressive compression versus graduated compression for the management of venous insufficiency
Authors: Shepherd Jan
Published: September 2016

Venous leg ulceration (VLU) is a chronic condition associated with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), where the most frequent complication is recurrence of ulceration after healing. Traditionally, graduated compression therapy has been shown to increase healing rates and also to reduce recurrence of VLU. Graduated compression occurs because the circumference of the limb is narrower at the ankle, thereby producing a higher pressure than at the calf, which is wider, creating a lower pressure. This phenomenon is explained by the principle known as Laplace's Law. Recently, the view that compression therapy must provide a graduated pressure gradient has been challenged. However, few studies so far have focused on the potential benefits of progressive compression where the pressure profile is inverted. This article will examine the contemporary concept that progressive compression may be as effective as traditional graduated compression therapy for the management of CVI.
The difficulty and the solution of compression therapy in a healed venous leg ulcer
Authors: Hampton Sylvie
Published: September 2016

Continuing preventative treatment once a venous ulcer is healed is fraught with dangers, with the most common problem being the inability of the wearer or their carer to apply compression therapy. A new novel compression modality has been introduced to solve the dilemma of applying compression once an injury has healed. This compression is also time-saving for practitioners who wish to heal leg ulcers. This will have an impact on the time restrictions of practice and district nurses—who have a 10–15 minute slot to dress and bandage their patients' venous ulcers.
Falling short? The psychosocial impact of living with Russell-Silver syndrome
Authors: Ballard Lisa Marie , Fenwick Angela , Jenkinson Elizabeth , Temple Isabel Karen
Published: September 2016

Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS) is a rare genetic condition that restricts growth and in many cases, causes asymmetry. There is little research exploring how this appearance-altering, genetic condition affects people's psychosocial functioning. Lisa Marie Ballard et al review the existing literature on short stature and RSS to provide insights for health professionals, and inform ongoing and future research
Exploring the concept of empathy in aesthetic nursing
Authors: Brackenbury Julie
Published: September 2016

Empathy is a complex, multidimensional concept that has moral, cognitive, emotive and behavioural components. Effective communication is central to the provision of compassionate, high-quality nursing care in all disciplines, including aesthetic medicine. Empathy skills play a considerable part in developing beneficial nurse-patient relationships and can be used for many situations in the clinical setting. However, there is a lack of literature surrounding empathy and non-surgical aesthetic procedures.
Finding a micro niche for your clinic to stand out in a saturated sector
Authors: Ratcliffe Jason
Published: September 2016

In a crowded market, it can be hard for aesthetic clinics to be seen before their competitors in the results of an online search. Picking a slice of an industry sector, known as a micro niche, can help you become a thought leader in a specific area and lead to more referrals. In this month's column, Jason Ratcliffe introduces a five-step programme for clinics to become micro niche leaders
A model of the temporal dynamics of knowledge brokerage in sustainable development
Authors: Hukkinen Janne I
Published: September 2016

I develop a conceptual model of the temporal dynamics of knowledge brokerage for sustainable development. Brokerage refers to efforts to make research and policymaking more accessible to each other. The model enables unbiased and systematic consideration of knowledge brokerage as part of policy evolution. The model is theoretically grounded in earlier work on policy evolution, knowledge brokerage and the temporal characteristics of late-modern society. It outlines a dynamic process of cyclic destruction and emergence of brokerage. The case of brokerage for sustainable development in the European Commission illustrates the potential empirical application of the model.
Enacting effective climate policy advice: institutional strategies to foster saliency, credibility and legitimacy
Authors: Bauer Anja , Pregernig Michael , Reinecke Sabine
Published: September 2016

This article asks how scientific advisory institutions (SAIs) in climate policy strive towards effectiveness. Our analysis is grounded on the assumption that effectiveness is not passively experienced but is deliberately enacted by SAIs. We draw on a widely used set of criteria, namely saliency, credibility and legitimacy (SCL). Based on an analysis of 30 SAIs, we map and illustrate the repertoire of strategies and mechanisms that SAIs employ to enhance and demonstrate their saliency, credibility and legitimacy in advice giving. We conclude that SAIs enact SCL on three levels, that is, by means of organisational provisions, procedural setups and rhetorical depictions.
Social movements in mental health: the case of the Critical Voices Network Ireland
Authors: Sapouna Lydia , Gijbels Harry
Published: September 2016

Over recent years new social movements have emerged to address concerns about a dominant bio-psychiatric approach to mental health care. Key ‘actors’ in such movements are diverse, representing people who describe themselves as service users, survivors, patients, members of the mad community, carers, family members, practitioners, professionals, academics, and members of the public. Drawing from the Irish experience, this paper provides an overview of the emergence and subsequent work of the Critical Voices Network Ireland (CVNI). We give examples of initiatives aiming to critique and transform mental health systems in Ireland, followed by a discussion on the development of the CVNI as a critical platform and some observations about the politics of transforming the Irish mental health system.
Investigation of PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Methods for PD-1 Axis Inhibition in Non-squamous Non–small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sheffield Brandon S. , Fulton Regan , Kalloger Steve E. , Milne Katy , Geller Georgia , Jones Martin , Jacquemont Celine , Zachara Susanna , Zhao Eric , Pleasance Erin , Laskin Janessa , Jones Steven J.M. , Marra Marco A. , Yip Stephen , Nelson Brad H. , Gown Allen M. , Ho Cheryl , Ionescu Diana N.
Published: September 2016

Inhibitors of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) signaling axis have recently demonstrated efficacy and are rapidly being incorporated into the treatment of non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Despite clear benefits to certain patients, the association of these responses with a predictive biomarker remains uncertain. Several different biomarkers have been proposed, with differing results and conclusions. This study compares multiple methods of biomarker testing for treatment of NSCLCs with PD1-axis inhibitors. Tissue microarrays of matched primary and metastatic NSCLCs were used to compare four different PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) IHC techniques, as well as RNA ISH. Additional cases with whole genome and transcriptome data were assessed for molecular correlates of PD-L1 overexpression. Eighty cases were included in the IHC study. Multiple IHC methodologies showed a high rate of agreement (Kappa = 0.67). When calibrated to RNA expression, agreement improved significantly (Kappa = 0.90, p=0.0049). PD-L1 status of primary and metastatic tumors was discordant in 17 (22%) cases. This study suggests that different IHC methodologies for PD-L1 assessment provide slightly different results. There is significant discordance between the PD-L1 status of primary tumors and lymph node metastases. RNA ISH may be a useful adjunct to complement PD-L1 IHC testing.
Sandwich ELISA Using a Mouse/Human Chimeric CSLEX-1 Antibody
Authors: Yamashita J , Kobayashi I , Tatematsu K , Sezutsu H , Noda K , Ishihara H
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

An assay using a mouse antisialyl Lewis X (sLeX) antibody (CSLEX-1) is used clinically for screening and monitoring patients with breast cancer in Japan. However, the IgM isoform of CSLEX-1 is not preferred for the assay because the bulkiness of IgM generally causes poor accessibility to the antigen. To solve this problem, we developed an antisLeX mouse/human chimeric IgG antibody, CH-CSLEX-1, using transgenic silkworms. The performance of a homologous sandwich ELISA of CH-CSLEX1 was then evaluated.

METHODS

To generate CH-CSLEX-1, we used a GAL4/UAS binary gene expression system in transgenic silkworms. The reactivities of CSLEX-1 and CH-CSLEX-1 were determined in a Biacore analysis. To confirm antigen specificity, 3 antigens [sLeX, sLeA, and Lewis Y (LeY)] were used.

RESULTS

CH-CSLEX-1 formed correctly as an IgG class of immunoglobulin molecule with an isoelectric point close to the predicted value. The best combination for capturing and probing in a sandwich ELISA was determined as a homologous combination of CH-CSLEX-1. The CH-CSLEX-1 assay specifically detected sLeX, but not sLeA and LeY. A correlation analysis with 107 human samples showed good concordance between the conventional CSLEX-1 assay (homologous sandwich ELISA using CSLEX-1) and the CH-CSLEX-1 assay (r = 0.98). Moreover, the CH-CSLEX-1 assay was not affected by either human antimouse IgG antibodies (HAMA IgG) or HAMA IgM.

CONCLUSIONS

The mouse/human chimeric antibody CH-CSLEX-1 allowed the establishment of a highly specific sandwich ELISA for sLeX that was not affected by HAMA.