bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probability Distribution of Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate in Ocean: Observations and Approximations
Authors: Lozovatsky I. , Fernando H. J. S. , Planella‐Morato J. , Liu Zhiyu , Lee J.‐H. , Jinadasa S. U. P.
Published: September 2017

The probability distribution of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in stratified ocean usually deviates from the classic lognormal distribution that has been formulated for and often observed in unstratified homogeneous layers of atmospheric and oceanic turbulence. Our measurements of vertical profiles of micro‐scale shear, collected in the East China Sea, northern Bay of Bengal, to the south and east of Sri Lanka, and in the Gulf Stream region, show that the probability distributions of the dissipation rate
in the pycnoclines (r ∼ 1.4 m is the averaging scale) can be successfully modeled by the Burr (type XII) probability distribution. In weakly stratified boundary layers, lognormal distribution of
is preferable, although the Burr is an acceptable alternative. The skewness
and the kurtosis
of the dissipation rate appear to be well correlated in a wide range of
and
variability.
Impacts of Recent Warming and the 2015/2016 El Niño on Tropical Peruvian Ice Fields
Authors: Thompson L. G. , Davis M. E. , Mosley‐Thompson E. , Beaudon E. , Porter S. E. , Kutuzov S. , Lin P.‐N. , Mikhalenko V. N. , Mountain K. R.
Published: September 2017

Data collected between 1974 and 2016 from snow pits and core samples from two Peruvian ice fields demonstrate the effect of the recent warming over the tropical Andes, augmented by El Niño, on the preservation of the climate record. As the 0°C isotherm is approaching the summit of the Quelccaya ice cap in the Andes of southern Peru (5,670 meters above sea level (masl)), the distinctive seasonal δ18O oscillations in the fresh snow deposited within each thermal year are attenuated at depth due to melting and percolation through the firn. This has become increasingly pronounced over 43 years. In the Andes of northern Peru, the ice field on the col of Nevado Huascarán (6050 masl) has retained its seasonal δ18O variations at depth due to its higher elevation. During the 2015/2016 El Niño, snow on Quelccaya and Huascarán was isotopically (δ18O) enriched and the net sum of accumulation over the previous year (NSA) was below the mean for non–El Niño years, particularly on Quelccaya (up to 64% below the mean) which was more pronounced than the NSA decrease during the comparable 1982/1983 El Niño. Interannual large‐scale oceanic and middle to upper‐level atmospheric temperatures influence δ18O in precipitation on both ice fields, although the influences are variably affected by strong El Niño–Southern Oscillation events, especially on Quelccaya. The rate of ice wastage along Quelccaya's margin was dramatically higher during 2015/2016 compared with that of the previous 15 years, suggesting that warming from future El Niños may accelerate mass loss on Peruvian glaciers.
Systematical Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Estimates Over Central Asia Using an Improved Error‐Component Procedure
Authors: Guo Hao , Bao Anming , Ndayisaba Felix , Liu Tie , Kurban Alishir , De Maeyer Philippe
Published: September 2017

Satellite precipitation estimates (SPEs) provide important alternative precipitation sources for various applications especially for regions where in situ observations are limited or unavailable, like central Asia. In this study, eight SPEs based on four different algorithms, namely, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42, Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery Using Artificial Neural Networks are evaluated by using an improved evaluation system over central Asia with respect to their performance in capturing precipitation occurrence and magnitude. Both satellite‐only and gauge‐corrected versions are assessed against gauge‐gridded reference from June 2001 to May 2006. Main results show that all SPEs have difficulties in accurately estimating mountainous precipitation with great overestimation/underestimation in both winter and summer. In winter, CMORPH products fail to capture events over ice‐/snow‐covered region. In summer, large overestimations dominated by positive hit bias and missed precipitation are found for all products in northern central Asia. Interestingly, 3B42 and CMORPH products show great false alarm percentages (up to 90%) over lake region, which is more significant in summer than in winter. Significant elevation‐dependent errors exist in all products, especially for the high‐altitude regions (>3,000 m) with missed error and hit error being the two leading errors. Satellite‐only products have large systematic and random errors, while the gauge‐corrected products demonstrate significant improvements in reducing random errors. Generally, the gauge‐corrected GSMaP performs better than others with good skills in reducing various errors.
A Universal Ts‐VI Triangle Method for the Continuous Retrieval of Evaporative Fraction From MODIS Products
Authors: Zhu Wenbin , Jia Shaofeng , Lv Aifeng
Published: September 2017

The triangle method based on the spatial relationship between remotely sensed land surface temperature (Ts) and vegetation index (VI) has been widely used for the estimates of evaporative fraction (EF). In the present study, a universal triangle method was proposed by transforming the Ts‐VI feature space from a regional scale to a pixel scale. The retrieval of EF is only related to the boundary conditions at pixel scale, regardless of the Ts‐VI configuration over the spatial domain. The boundary conditions of each pixel are composed of the theoretical dry edge determined by the surface energy balance principle and the wet edge determined by the average air temperature of open water. The universal triangle method was validated using the EF observations collected by the Energy Balance Bowen Ratio systems in the Southern Great Plains of the United States of America (USA). Two parameterization schemes of EF were used to demonstrate their applicability with Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products over the whole year 2004. The results of this study show that the accuracy produced by both of these two parameterization schemes is comparable to that produced by the traditional triangle method, although the universal triangle method seems specifically suited to the parameterization scheme proposed in our previous research. The independence of the universal triangle method from the Ts‐VI feature space makes it possible to conduct a continuous monitoring of evapotranspiration and soil moisture. That is just the ability the traditional triangle method does not possess.
Investigation of Lunar Spinels at Sinus Aestuum
Authors: Weitz Catherine M. , Staid Matthew I. , Gaddis Lisa R. , Besse Sebastian , Sunshine Jessica M.
Published: September 2017

Sinus Aestuum is the only known location on the Moon where orbital data have detected Fe‐and/or Cr‐spinel. We analyzed Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) visible to near‐infrared data of the largest and strongest spinel signatures and determined that these locations always correspond to impact craters. M3 spectra show that at least three types of spinels may be present, all of which exhibit a strong and broad absorption at ~2100 nm, and also one of the following: (1) a narrow 700–750 nm absorption, (2) a broad 600–900 nm absorption, or (3) both a weaker 700 nm and stronger 1000 nm absorption. All the spinel detections occur on either larger highland massifs that make up Sinus Aestuum east and west or smaller highland kīpukas and buried highlands within the mare. Almost all of the spinel signatures occur within the mapped pyroclastic dark mantle deposit (DMD). The strong correlation between spinel and DMD distribution on the highlands at Sinus Aestuum is best explained if the spinels were emplaced during the same explosive eruption(s) that deposited the pyroclastics in the Sinus Aestuum DMD. Our observations are most consistent with models of melt‐rock reactions in the anorthositic lunar crust that produce contaminated (high‐Al) regions within a volcanic dike or magmatic reservoir that was capable of erupting pyroclastic glass beads containing pleonaste spinel [Mg,Fe]Al2O4. Over billions of years, this surface layer of spinels and pyroclastics became heterogeneously mixed into and partially buried within the highland regolith where younger impact craters may sometimes expose it.
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Bagnold Dunes Campaign, Phase I: Overview and introduction to the special issue
Authors: Bridges Nathan T. , Ehlmann Bethany L.
Published: September 2017

The Bagnold dunes in Gale Crater, Mars, are the first active aeolian dune field explored in situ on another planet. The Curiosity rover visited the Bagnold dune field to understand modern winds, aeolian processes, rates, and structures; to determine dune material composition, provenance, and the extent and type of compositional sorting; and to collect knowledge that informs the interpretation of past aeolian processes that are preserved in the Martian sedimentary rock record. The Curiosity rover conducted a coordinated campaign of activities lasting 4 months, interspersed with other rover activities, and employing all of the rover's science instruments and several engineering capabilities. Described in 13 manuscripts and summarized here, the major findings of the Bagnold Dunes Campaign, Phase I, include the following: the characterization of and explanation for a distinctive, meter‐scale size of sinuous aeolian bedform formed in the high kinetic viscosity regime of Mars' thin atmosphere; articulation and evaluation of a grain splash model that successfully explains the occurrence of saltation even at wind speeds below the fluid threshold; determination of the dune sands' basaltic mineralogy and crystal chemistry in comparison with other soils and sedimentary rocks; and characterization of chemically distinctive volatile reservoirs in sand‐sized versus dust‐sized fractions of Mars soil, including two volatile‐bearing types of amorphous phases.
Inclined Zenith Aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770: Graphical Evidence of Extreme Magnetic Storm
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Iwahashi Kiyomi
Published: September 2017

Red auroras were observed in Japan during an extreme magnetic storm that occurred on 17 September 1770. We show new evidence that the red aurora extended toward the zenith of Kyoto around midnight. The basic appearance of the historical painting of the red aurora is geometrically reproduced based on the inclination of the local magnetic field and a detailed description in a newly discovered diary. The presence of the inclined zenith aurora over Kyoto suggests that the intensity of the September 1770 magnetic storm is comparable to, or slightly larger than that of the September 1859 Carrington storm.
Marginalized approximate filtering of state‐space models
Authors: Dedecius K.
Published: September 2017

The marginalized particle filtering (MPF) is a powerful technique reducing the number of particles necessary to effectively estimate hidden states of state‐space models. This paper alleviates the assumption of a fully known and computationally tractable observation model. Exploiting the recent developments in the theory of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) filtration, an ABC counterpart of MPF is proposed, applicable when the observation model is too complex to be evaluated analytically or even numerically, but it is still possible to sample from it by plugging in the state. The novelty is 2‐fold. First, ABC methods have not been used in marginalized filtering yet. Second, a new multivariate robust method for evaluation of particle weights is proposed. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the idea on the background of the MPF with a particular accent on exposition.
MWCNTs as Conductive Network for Monodispersed Fe3O4 Nanoparticles to Enhance the Wave Absorption Performances
Authors: Yu Kaili , Zeng Min , Yin Yichao , Zeng Xiaojun , Liu Jue , Li Ya , Tang Wukui , Wang Yu , An Jing , He Jun , Yu Ronghai
Published: September 2017

Magnetic oxides are widely used as electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers. To promote the absorption efficiency, tremendous efforts have been contributed to adjusting the composite, structure, and size of magnetic loss materials. Employing carbon materials (CNTs, CF, graphene, PANI) is an efficient way to improve the dielectric loss of the matrix. Anchoring the tiny‐monodispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) onto the lightweight multi − walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) leads to improve dielectric loss and impedance matching characteristic. Magnetic Fe3O4 NPs along the one‐dimensional nanotubes direction play a good synergetic role with MWCNTs due to the interfacial strong chemical and structure bonding. The as‐synthesized Fe3O4/MWCNTs nanocomposites exhibit efficient EM wave absorption characteristics (RL av−10 dB) with a maximum reflection loss of −63.64 dB at 12.08 GHz and a diminutive thickness of only 1.6 mm. The magnetic Fe3O4 NPs show strong chemical and structure bonding with the one‐dimensional MWCNTs. This work may show a way to broaden the application of such kinds of lightweight high‐performance absorbing materials frameworks.
Bottom‐Up Single‐Electron Transistors
Authors: Makarenko Ksenia S. , Liu Zhihua , de Jong Michel P. , Zwanenburg Floris A. , Huskens Jurriaan , van der Wiel Wilfred G.
Published: September 2017

As the downscaling of conventional semiconductor electronics becomes more and more challenging, the interest in alternative material systems and fabrication methods is growing. A novel bottom‐up approach for the fabrication of high‐quality single‐electron transistors (SETs) that can easily be contacted electrically in a controllable manner is developed. This approach employs the self‐assembly of Au nanoparticles forming the SETs, and Au nanorods forming the leads to macroscopic electrodes, thus bridging the gap between the nano‐ and microscale. Low‐temperature electron‐transport measurements reveal exemplary single‐electron tunneling characteristics. SET behavior can be significantly changed, post‐fabrication, using molecular exchange of the tunnel barriers, demonstrating the tunability of the assemblies. These results form a promising proof of principle for the versatility of bottom‐up nanoelectronics, and toward controlled fabrication of nanoelectronic devices.
Flexible Bimodal Sensor for Simultaneous and Independent Perceiving of Pressure and Temperature Stimuli
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Zhu Rong
Published: September 2017

Simultaneous bimodal perceiving of pressure and temperature stimuli is widely desired for artificial intelligence electronics, such as electronic skin and health monitoring. In multiparametric sensing, it is a challenge to detect different stimuli independently and expediently without cross coupling. Here, this study reports a pressure–temperature bimodal tactile sensor composed of two sinuous thermosensitive platinum (Pt) ribbons fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate, which is covered by a porous elastomer membrane to provide a handy solution for multimodal detection. By operating two Pt ribbons in a constant temperature difference feedback circuit, the sensor implements simultaneous and independent detections of pressure and temperature stimuli automatically and efficiently. High sensitivity, lower detection limit, high resolution, good stability, and low hysteresis are achieved for dual parametric sensing. The sensor shows competence in health monitoring for bimodal perceiving of wrist pulse and artery temperature simultaneously and independently. The smart sensing design and self‐sustained circuit simplify the bimodal sensor, and thus provide a fast and expedient approach for multimodal sensation applications.
Manipulation of Nonlinear Optical Properties of Graphene Bonded Fiber Devices by Thermally Engineering Fermi–Dirac Distribution
Authors: Li Cheng , Chen Jin‐hui , Wang Wan‐sheng , Wang Tian‐xing , Yan Shao‐cheng , Li Dan‐ran , Xu Fei , Mou Cheng‐bo , Lu Yan‐qing
Published: September 2017

Graphene's atomic thickness, gapless Dirac–Fermionic band structure, and large thermal conductivity make it a promising element for applications in photonic integrated devices. Importantly, actively tunable graphene‐waveguide‐integrated optoelectronic devices can potentially be utilized for the realization of reconfigurable photonic systems. Since electrical device control is always preferred, researchers have previously demonstrated gate‐variable graphene devices; however, electrical control remains challenging, particularly in all‐fiber systems because of the required complicated configuration and fabrication techniques along with additional signal loss. Here, a graphene‐fiber‐integrated platform is proposed and the manipulation of its nonlinear optical properties is demonstrated by engineering the Fermi–Dirac distribution of graphene based on a convenient electric heating method. For the first time, it is experimentally shown that the nonlinear optical absorption of graphene is correlated to temperature via the thermal relaxation process. In the experiments, the modulation depth variation exceeds 60%. The configuration is simple, cost‐effective, and can be readily extended to other 2D materials. It is believed that this work can contribute to building miniature and compact graphene‐fiber‐integrated devices for actively tunable multifunctional applications.
Orthogonal Multiplexed Luminescence Encoding with Near‐Infrared Rechargeable Upconverting Persistent Luminescence Composites
Authors: Hu Lidan , Fan Yong , Liu Lu , Li Xiaomin , Zhao Baozhou , Wang Rui , Wang Peiyuan , El‐Toni Ahmed Mohamed , Zhang Fan
Published: September 2017

The orthogonal luminescence encoding technique is developed for the first time based on a novel near‐infrared (NIR) rechargeable upconverting persistent luminescence (UCPL) composites. The orthogonal encoding signals with multicolor upconversion emission and long persistent phosphorescence can be activated and work independently in the presence and absence of 980 nm excitation. The orthogonal encoding technique allows for a marked increase in the coding capacity compared with conventional luminescence encoding strategies. This strategy can offer a greatly increased coding capacity with less naked‐eye certifiable colors to decrease the decoding error rate induced by the chromatic aberration of the similar colors, which can be effectively decoded by the portable charge‐coupled device. In addition, the obtained NIR rechargeable UCPL materials show great potential applications for anticounterfeiting, rewriteable data encryption and decryption, zero‐background bioimaging, and noninvasive photo‐biostimulation, etc.
A Deoxygenative [4+1] Annulation Involving N‐Acyldiazenes for an Efficient Synthesis of 2,2,5‐Trisubstituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Zhou Rong , Han Ling , Zhang Honghui , Liu Rongfang , Li Ruifeng
Published: September 2017

An unprecedented and highly efficient tris(dimethylamino)phosphine [P(NMe2)3]‐mediated deoxygenative [4 + 1] annulation of N‐acyldiazenes with α‐dicarbonyl compounds such as isatins, α‐keto esters, and α‐diketones is reported. The annulation reactions proceed smoothly under mild conditions to deliver a broad range of 2,2,5‐trisubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives in moderate to excellent yields from readily available starting materials. It represents the first realization of the [4+1] annulation mode involving N‐acyldiazenes to construct five‐membered heterocycles.

magnified image
Copper‐Mediated Thiolation of Unactivated Heteroaryl C−H Bonds with Disulfides under Ligand‐ and Metal‐Oxidant‐Free Conditions
Authors: Li Ya , Liu Yue‐Jin , Shi Bing‐Feng
Published: September 2017

Various sulfenylated heteroarenes were synthesized by a copper‐mediated C−H thiolation, which was assisted by a 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)isopropylamine (PIP‐amine) directing group. The reaction features a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, ligand‐ and metal‐oxidant‐free conditions, exceptional compatibility with aliphatic disulfides, and excellent yields, providing a highly efficient approach to the biologically important sulfenylated heteroarenes.

magnified image
Progress in High‐Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: You Ya , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: September 2017

Room‐temperature rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries are considered as a promising alternative technology for grid and other storage applications due to their competitive cost benefit and sustainable resource supply, triumphing other battery systems on the market. To facilitate the practical realization of the sodium‐ion technology, the energy density of sodium‐ion batteries needs to be boosted to the level of current commercial Li‐ion batteries. An effective approach would be to elevate the operating voltage of the battery, which requires the use of electrochemically stable cathode materials with high voltage versus Na+/Na. This review summarizes the recent progress with the emerging high‐voltage cathode materials for room‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries, which include layered transitional‐metal oxides, Na‐rich materials, and polyanion compounds. The key challenges and corresponding strategies for these materials are also discussed, with an emphasis placed on the intrinsic structural properties, Na storage electrochemistry, and the voltage variation tendency with respect to the redox reactions. The insights presented in this article can serve as a guide for improving the energy densities of room‐temperature Na‐ion batteries.
A multicontinuum approach for the problem of filtration of oily‐water systems across thin flat membranes: II. Validation and examples
Authors: Salama Amgad , Zoubeik Mohamed , Henni Amr
Published: September 2017

In this second part, a validation exercise is conducted to investigate the accuracy of the multicontinuum approach in estimating the permeation capacity of membranes used for the filtration of oily‐water systems. Comparisons with the experimental works found in the literature reveals that the multicontinuum approach is quite accurate and show excellent match. Although the comparisons with the experimental data have been with respect to macroscopic integral variables, like the rejection capacity of membranes, the multicontinuum approach provides myriad information about the permeation process that have neither been presented nor even measured. Such detailed information has been highlighted in two examples. Details about which of the oil continua is going to be rejected or permeated through which porous membrane continuum are obtained. Furthermore, the flux of each oil continuum through every porous membrane continua is likewise obtained. These informations are then lumped to calculate the rejection capacity of membranes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1095–1105, 2018
A pinch‐like targeting framework for systematic thermal process intensification
Authors: Baldea Michael
Published: September 2017

The design of intensified systems remains an “Edisonian” effort, whereby new intensification schemes are the product of creativity rather than the result of applying systematic procedures. Under this motivation, this article presents a novel and systematic approach for identifying targets for thermal process intensification, defined as combining two or more heat sources and sinks present in a process flowsheet, possibly along with a thermal utility stream, in a single intensified device where heat exchange takes place. The targeting problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer linear program. An extensive case study illustrating its application is presented. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 877–885, 2018
Rape Myth Acceptance in Sexually Assaulted Adolescents' School Contexts: Associations with Depressed Mood and Alcohol Use
Authors: Dworkin Emily R. , Sessarego Stephanie N. , Pittenger Samantha L. , Edwards Katie M. , Banyard Victoria L.
Published: September 2017

High school students exposed to sexual assault (SA) are at risk for negative outcomes like depressed mood and high‐risk drinking. Although evidence suggests that both social contexts and internalized stigma can affect recovery from SA, no research to date has directly examined the presence of stigma in social contexts such as high schools as a correlate of adjustment after SA. In this study, the self‐reported rape myth acceptance (RMA) of 3080 students from 97 grade cohorts in 25 high schools was used to calculate grade‐mean and school‐mean RMA, which was entered into multilevel models predicting depressed mood and alcohol use among N = 263 SA survivors within those schools. Two forms of RMA were assessed (i.e., rape denial and traditional gender expectations). Results indicate that higher grade‐mean rape denial was associated with higher risk for depressed mood among high school boys and girls exposed to SA, and higher grade‐mean traditional gender expectations were associated with higher risk for alcohol use among girls exposed to SA. Survivors' own RMA and school‐level RMA were not significantly associated with their depressed mood or alcohol use. Although causality cannot be concluded, these findings suggest that interventions that reduce stigma in social contexts should be explored further as a strategy to improve well‐being among high‐school‐aged survivors of SA.
“But We Want to Work”: The Movement of Child Workers in Peru and the Actions for Reducing Child Labor
Authors: Maya Jariego Isidro
Published: September 2017

The program Edúcame Primero (Educate Me First) is an evidence‐based practice for eradicating child labor that has been applied with positive results in Colombia, Peru, and several Central American countries. In this article, we describe the difficulties of implementing the program in two poor areas of Lima (Peru) between 2014 and 2016. Specifically, we discuss three ethical challenges faced during the implementation of the program: (a) the existence of a movement of working children that defends the right of children to work; (b) the polarization of some community‐based associations and government institutions on how to deal with the problems of working children; and (c) the use of network indicators in the evaluation of the community's level of cohesion. Taking the Code of Ethics of the General Council of Associations of Psychologists in Spain as a guide, we adopted a consensus approach in planning and research design, combining different criteria of value with the participation of different stakeholders. The implementation of the program in Peru gave preference to developing skills in children over changing attitudes in relation to child protection, although the intervention openly declared its aims when engaging institutions and families. Finally, we address how social network research places special ethical demands on conventional ethical standards. Our experience with this project shows the importance of acting as a bridge between different stakeholders and assessing how all of them benefit from the intervention.
Dating and Sexual Violence Research in the Schools: Balancing Protection of Confidentiality with Supporting the Welfare of Survivors
Authors: Sharkey Jill D. , Reed Lauren A. , Felix Erika D.
Published: September 2017

Highlights

Youth may not report dating or sexual abuse if they have concerns about confidentiality.

No procedures exist to support research participants who are adolescent survivors of abuse.

We conducted a structured ethical decision‐making process to solve our ethical dilemma.

Our novel protocol helps balance participant confidentiality with survivor welfare.
The role of cadherin genes in five major psychiatric disorders: A literature update
Authors: Hawi Ziarih , Tong Janette , Dark Callum , Yates Hannah , Johnson Beth , Bellgrove Mark A.
Published: September 2017

Converging evidence from candidate gene, genome‐wide linkage, and association studies support a role of cadherins in the pathophysiology of five major psychiatric disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). These molecules are transmembrane proteins which act as cell adhesives by forming adherens junctions (AJs) to bind cells within tissues. Members of the cadherin superfamily are also involved in biological processes such as signal transduction and plasticity that have been implicated in the etiology of major psychiatric conditions. Although there are over 110 genes mapped to the cadherin superfamily, our literature survey showed that evidence of association with psychiatric disorders is strongest for CDH7, CHD11, and CDH13. Gene enrichment analysis showed that those cadherin genes implicated in psychiatric disorders were overrepresented in biological processes such as in cell‐cell adhesion (GO:0007156 & GO:0098742) and adherens junction organization (GO:0034332). Further, cadherin genes were also mapped to processes that have been linked to the development of psychiatric disorders such as nervous system development (GO:0007399). To further understand the role of cadherin SNPs implicated in psychiatric disorders, we utilized an in silico computational pipeline to functionally annotate associated variants. This analysis yielded eight variants mapped to PCDH1‐13, CDH7, CDH11, and CDH13 that are predicted to be biologically functional. Functional genomic evaluation is now required to understand the molecular mechanism by which these variants might confer susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.
Dendritic spines provide cognitive resilience against Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Boros Benjamin D. , Greathouse Kelsey M. , Gentry Erik G. , Curtis Kendall A. , Birchall Elizabeth L. , Gearing Marla , Herskowitz Jeremy H.
Published: September 2017

Objective

Neuroimaging and other biomarker assays suggest that the pathological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) begin years prior to clinical dementia onset. However, some 30 to 50% of older individuals who harbor AD pathology do not become symptomatic in their lifetime. It is hypothesized that such individuals exhibit cognitive resilience that protects against AD dementia. We hypothesized that in cases with AD pathology, structural changes in dendritic spines would distinguish individuals who had or did not have clinical dementia.

Methods

We compared dendritic spines within layer II and III pyramidal neuron dendrites in Brodmann area 46 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using the Golgi–Cox technique in 12 age‐matched pathology‐free controls, 8 controls with AD pathology (CAD), and 21 AD cases. We used highly optimized methods to trace impregnated dendrites from bright‐field microscopy images that enabled accurate 3‐dimensional digital reconstruction of dendritic structure for morphologic analyses.

Results

Spine density was similar among control and CAD cases but was reduced significantly in AD. Thin and mushroom spines were reduced significantly in AD compared to CAD brains, whereas stubby spine density was decreased significantly in CAD and AD compared to controls. Increased spine extent distinguished CAD cases from controls and AD. Linear regression analysis of all cases indicated that spine density was not associated with neuritic plaque score but did display negative correlation with Braak staging.

Interpretation

These observations provide cellular evidence to support the hypothesis that dendritic spine plasticity is a mechanism of cognitive resilience that protects older individuals with AD pathology from developing dementia. Ann Neurol 2017;82:602–614
Catalytic Enantioselective Double Carbopalladation/C−H Functionalization with Statistical Amplification of Product Enantiopurity: A Convertible Linker Approach
Authors: Tong Shuo , Limouni Aurore , Wang Qian , Wang Mei‐Xiang , Zhu Jieping
Published: September 2017

Combining a catalytic enantioselective reaction with dimerization in a single operation is an efficient way to upgrade the enantiomeric excesses (ee) of the product. Palladium‐catalyzed reaction of N‐(2‐iodophenyl)‐N‐methyl methacrylamide derivatives with oxadiazole afforded, by a double enantioselective carbopalladation/intermolecular heteroarene C−H alkylation sequence, homodimers in good yields with excellent ee values. The dimer was subsequently elaborated to the monomer in which the linker (oxadiazole) was incorporated into the target product.
Structural Characterization of a Covalent Monolayer Sheet Obtained by Two‐Dimensional Polymerization at an Air/Water Interface
Authors: Müller Vivian , Shao Feng , Baljozovic Milos , Moradi Mina , Zhang Yao , Jung Thomas , Thompson William B. , King Benjamin T. , Zenobi Renato , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: September 2017

This work describes a two‐dimensional polymerization at an air/water interface and provides, for the first time, direct spectroscopic evidence for the kind of crosslinks formed and for the conversion reached in a covalently bonded monolayer sheet. This evidence was obtained through a combination of a variety of monolayer characterization techniques before and after transfer onto solid substrates, in particular by tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and TERS mapping after transfer of both the monomer and polymer monolayer onto Au(111). This work is a major advance for the field of 2D polymers synthesized at the air/water interface as it, in principle, allows estimation of the crystallinity by percolation theory and the location of regions with defects.
A Redox Modulatory Mn3O4 Nanozyme with Multi‐Enzyme Activity Provides Efficient Cytoprotection to Human Cells in a Parkinson's Disease Model
Authors: Singh Namrata , Savanur Mohammed Azharuddin , Srivastava Shubhi , D'Silva Patrick , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: September 2017

Nanomaterials with enzyme‐like activities (nanozymes) attracts significant interest due to their therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases. Herein, we report that a Mn3O4 nanozyme functionally mimics three major antioxidant enzymes, that is, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the multienzyme activity is size as well as morphology‐dependent. The redox modulatory effect of Mn3O4 plays a crucial role in protecting the cells from MPP+ induced cytotoxicity in a Parkinson disease (PD)‐like cellular model, indicating that manganese‐based nanomaterials having multi‐enzyme activity can robustly rescue the cells from oxidative damage and thereby possess therapeutic potential to prevent ROS‐mediated neurological disorders.
Drug delivery system based on poly(ether‐block‐amide) and acrylic acid for controlled release of vancomycin
Authors: Ortega Alejandra , Meléndez‐Ortiz H. Iván , García‐Uriostegui Lorena , Ávila‐Soria Griselda
Published: September 2017

Poly(ether‐block‐amide) (PEBA) films were grafted with acrylic acid (AAc) by gamma radiation, using the oxidative pre‐irradiation technique. The effect of dose, monomer concentration, temperature, and reaction time on the graft percentage of AAc onto PEBA was studied. The modified material PEBA‐g‐AAc was characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and water contact angle. It was found that PEBA films did not suffer degradation at low doses (<30 kGy) during the grafting process. Additionally, PEBA‐g‐AAc was proved as drug delivery system using vancomycin as drug model. The PEBA‐g‐AAc with 39 and 98% of AAc loaded 63 and 98 mg g−1, respectively. The release profiles showed a sustained delivery by 48 h with a partial retention of drug, which depends of grafting percentage. The microbiological tests showed that PEBA‐g‐AAc was able to inhibit the growing of Staphylococcus aureus in three consecutive challenges. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45745.
Fabrication of highly efficient ultraviolet absorbing PVDF membranes via surface polydopamine deposition
Authors: Dong Li , Liu Xiangdong , Xiong Zhengrong , Sheng Dekun , Lin Changhong , Zhou Yan , Yang Yuming
Published: September 2017

Polydopamine (PDA) layers and particles self‐polymerized by dopamine have ultraviolet (UV) absorbing property besides versatility and adhesive ability. Herein, a facile strategy for preparing poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane coated with a thick PDA layer was developed to decrease UV transmittance through the surface modification of PVDF membrane. The PVDF membrane was modified by PDA deposition after pretreated with KOH/alcohol and KMnO4/KOH solution. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of coating conditions such as concentration of dopamine and Tris–HCl buffer solution, coating time, and temperature on the performance of membranes. The characterization results indicated that it is more conductive for PDA deposition on the surface PVDF‐OH films than original PVDF films. Most importantly, UV transmittance of PVDF‐OH film modified in dopamine solution under optimum condition for one time can decrease to as low as 0.122% at 320 nm, which showed excellent UV‐shielding property. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45746.
Antioxidants: Wonder drugs or quackery?
Authors: Azzi Angelo
Published: September 2017

An answer to the question posed by the title must be simple not to disturb in his tomb Albert Einstein, who wrote “Man muß die Dinge so einfach wie möglich machen. Aber nicht einfacher”. A simple answer (not simpler) can be: Antioxidants are not antioxidants, they are not wonder drugs and they are not all quackery; but they are not nothing. The arguments in support of this conundrumic statement will be developed below. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(6):785–788, 2017
Work to resolve discrimination complaints early to avoid expensive litigation, damages
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: September 2017

The case of Daniel‐Rivera v. Keiser University has come to a close after a U.S. magistrate recommended that Keiser pay $156,000 in attorneys' fees and $34,000 in costs. Earlier, a federal jury decided that Keiser intentionally discriminated against a deaf student by denying her admission to the Keiser radiology technician program, and the jury awarded the student $75,000. Neither side has appealed (Daniel‐Rivera v. Everglades College, d/b/a Keiser University, Case No. 0:16.‐cv‐60044‐WPD). Details of the case highlight how you can save time and money for your institution by being proactive about resolving complaints alleging disability discrimination.
Consider Title IX issues before starting new construction projects
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: September 2017

The new construction of athletics‐related facilities has been an attention‐getter throughout the country during the last several years.
Did student's disability‐discrimination lawsuit succeed?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: September 2017

Shortly after Kristina Mire enrolled as a medical resident at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in July 2006, she sought treatment from a psychiatrist for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She also developed insomnia, which impaired her effectiveness as a resident.
Vinyldiazo Reagents and Metal Catalysts: A Versatile Toolkit for Heterocycle and Carbocycle Construction
Authors: Cheng Qing‐Qing , Yu Yang , Yedoyan Julietta , Doyle Michael P.
Published: September 2017

Over the past decade, vinyldiazo compounds have provided mild, efficient, and highly selective methods for the construction of heterocycles and carbocycles. Dinitrogen extrusion with suitable catalysts provides the carbon framework for [3+n] cycloaddition with a large variety of dipolarophiles. This minireview, covering the latest achievements in the field of metal‐catalyzed cyclization reactions with vinyldiazo reagents, focuses on reagent‐ or catalyst‐dependent chemodivergence: different vinyldiazo reagents or metal catalysts direct reactions to different cyclization pathways that give different reaction outcomes. Accordingly, metal‐catalyzed cyclization reactions of vinyldiazo compounds with nitrosoarenes, nitrones, indoles, and other diazo compounds are chosen to showcase the controllable versatility of the combination of vinyldiazo reagents and metal catalysts.
Single Oxidative Collision Events of Silver Nanoparticles: Understanding the Rate‐Determining Chemistry
Authors: Ngamchuea Kamonwad , Clark Richard O. D. , Sokolov Stanislav V. , Young Neil P. , Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Compton Richard G.
Published: September 2017

The oxidative dissolution of citrate‐capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, ∼50 nm diameter) is investigated herein by two electrochemical techniques: nano‐impacts and anodic stripping voltammetry. Nano‐impacts or single nanoparticle‐electrode collisions allow the detection of individual nanoparticles. The technique offers an advantage over surface‐immobilized methods such as anodic stripping voltammetry as it eliminates the effects of particle agglomeration/aggregation. The electrochemical studies are performed in different electrolytes (KNO3, KCl, KBr and KI) at varied concentrations (≤20 mm). In nano‐impact measurements, the AgNP undergoes complete oxidation upon impact at a suitably potentiostated electrode. The frequency of the nanoparticle‐electrode collisions observed as current‐transient spikes depends on the electrolyte identity, its concentration and the potential applied at the working electrode. The frequencies of the spikes are significantly higher in the presence of halide ions and increase with increasing potentials. From the frequency, the rate of AgNP oxidation as compared with the timescale the AgNP is in electrical contact with the electrode can be inferred, and hence is indicative of the relative kinetics of the oxidation process. Primarily based on these results, we propose the initial formation of the silver (I) nucleus (Ag+, AgCl, AgBr or AgI) as the rate‐determining process of silver oxidation on the nanoparticle.
Thermogravimetric investigation of spent shiitake substrate to solid biofuel
Authors: Viotto Renata Silva , Maia Amanda Alves Domingos , Yamaji Fábio Minoru , de Morais Leandro Cardoso
Published: September 2017

In order to minimize environmental problems related to the generation and disposal of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) from mushroom cultivation activities, this study aimed to evaluate the thermal behaviour of the spent shiitake substrate (SSS) and its resulting biochar. Analyzing biochars produced at a temperature of 350 °C (BC350) was found to be that with the highest energy potential due to a reduced amount of resulting ash and nitrogen, and larger amounts of carbon, hydrogen, fixed carbon, as well as a higher calorific value, gravimetric yield, and gravimetric yield factor. SSS and BC350 were used in thermogravimetric and kinetic analyses. Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out at three heating rates, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Conversion steps relating to water loss and degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin have been identified. The kinetic study was carried out by non‐isothermal and non‐isoconversional Kissinger method. The activation energies obtained were 110 and 136 kJ · mol−1 for the SSS and BC350, respectively, and are well within the range found for other lignocellulosic materials, such as bagasse and wheat straw. The pre‐exponential factor, in the order of 108, indicated the presence of complex elements.
Evaluation of endometrial carcinoma prognostic immunohistochemistry markers in the context of molecular classification
Authors: Karnezis Anthony N , Leung Samuel , Magrill Jamie , McConechy Melissa K , Yang Winnie , Chow Christine , Kobel Martin , Lee Cheng-Han , Huntsman David G , Talhouk Aline , Kommoss Friederich , Gilks C Blake , McAlpine Jessica N
Published: September 2017

Molecular subclassification of endometrial carcinoma (EC) with Proactive Molecular Risk Classifier for Endometrial Cancer (ProMisE) identifies four subtypes [DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE) mutant, mismatch repair‐deficient, p53 wild‐type (wt), and p53 abnormal]. The aim of this study was to evaluate additional EC biomarkers in the context of these subtypes. Tissue microarrays encompassing 460 previously characterized ECs were assessed for L1‐cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, stathmin, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Associations with clinicopathological parameters, molecular subtype, and outcomes were determined. About 413 ECs (75% endometrioid, >15% serous) had complete data. L1CAM overexpression was found in 16%, associated with older age, lower body mass index (BMI), advanced stage, grade 3 (97%), non‐endometrioid histology (84%), deep myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), and ER‐negative, PR‐negative status. Tumours overexpressing L1CAM were associated with poor outcomes {hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] 3.35 [2.10–5.23] for disease‐specific survival [DSS], p < 0.0001}. PR positivity was associated with younger women, higher BMI, early stage (77% stage I), low grade (61%), endometrioid histology (90%) without LVSI or nodal disease, ER positivity (90%), p53wt tumours (55%), and favourable outcomes [HR (CI) 0.39 (0.25–0.62) for DSS, p < 0.0001]. ER positive tumours were early stage (73%), low grade, endometrioid histology, with improved DSS. Stathmin and PTEN IHC were not associated with outcomes. There was minimal agreement between IHC and mutation status for PTEN. L1CAM overexpression was significantly associated with the p53 abnormal molecular subtype, which accounted for more than 70% of the tumours overexpressing L1CAM. PR expression also correlated with molecular subtype, with most PR negative tumours being p53 abnormal. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that only ProMisE subtype [overall survival (OS), DSS, and progression‐free survival] and age (OS only) maintained an association with outcomes. The prognostic significance of the single biomarkers tested could be explained based on their being covariable with the ProMisE molecular subtype.
Determination of PD‐L1 expression in effusions from mesothelioma by immuno‐cytochemical staining
Authors: Mansour Mohammed S. I. , Seidal Tomas , Mager Ulrich , Baigi Amir , Dobra Katalin , Dejmek Annika
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive, fatal tumor. Current therapeutic options only marginally improve survival. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is a dominant mediator of immunosuppression, binding to programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1). PD‐L1 is up‐regulated in cancer cells, and the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway plays a critical role in tumor immune evasion, thus providing a target for antitumor therapy. Further, a correlation between PD‐L1 expression and prognosis has been reported. Studies performed on histological material have revealed expression of PD‐L1 in MM, but no study has been performed on MM effusions thus far.

METHODS

PD‐L1 expression was determined by a commercially available antibody (clone 28‐8) in 74 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cell blocks from body effusions obtained at diagnosis from patients with MM. The presence of MM cells was confirmed with CK5/6, calretinin, and EMA and the admixture of macrophages was assessed with CD68. Only cases containing more than 100 tumor cells were assessed. Membranous staining in tumor cells was considered positive. Survival time was calculated from the appearance of the first malignant effusion until death.

RESULTS

Reactivity was observed in 23 of 61 (38%) of cases and was classified as ≥1%‐5% (n = 9 cases), >5%‐10% (n = 4 cases), >10%‐50% (n = 4 cases), and >50% (n = 6 cases) positive cells. Survival times did not differ significantly between patients with PD‐L1–positive and PD‐L1–negative tumors.

CONCLUSION

MM effusions are suitable for immune‐cytochemical assessment of PD‐L1 expression in malignant cells and the results are similar to those reported for histological specimens. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:908‐17. © 2017 American Cancer Society.