bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Individual Strikes Back
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

In this essay I address some of the points Saul Kripke makes in his treatment of the ‘rule-following considerations’ in the later Wittgenstein (‘LW’). There are two different quarries to track down. There is the question of whether Kripke’s exegesis of Wittgenstein (‘KW’) is correct—whether KW is LW. And there is the distinct question of the real significance of the considerations, as they are put forward by KW. Kripke himself is carefully agnostic about this second issue. KW is not Kripke in propria persona. And Kripke is also careful to distinguish the exegetical issue from the question of significance. The two issues only connect like this: If KW’s arguments have some property that we are convinced cannot belong to any argument that LW would have used, we shall suppose that KW is not the real LW. And admirers of Wittgenstein will suppose that significance is such a property: if KW’s considerations are faulty, then for that reason alone KW cannot be LW; LW would not have used faulty considerations. But without commenting on this optimism, I want to discuss two other properties that might distinguish KW from LW: KW’s use of scepticism and his attitude to facts. Each of these aspects may legitimately raise worries about his identity with LW. And I shall also offer some thoughts about the significance of KW’s arguments for our conceptions of meaning.
Mental Universals: Toward a Twenty first Century Science of Mind
Authors: Shepard Roger N
Published: November 2023

In the 300 years since Newton propounded the universal law of gravitation, physicists have established this and many other laws and proclaimed them to hold universally. Thus, the inverse-square decrease of gravitational or electromagnetic force with the distance between material bodies is taken to hold not only in the local terrestrial environment (Aristotle’s “sublunar realm”) but to hold and to have held, unchanging in pristine splendor, throughout all space and time.
The Miller’s Tale: A Speculative Glimpse into the Cognitive Psychology of the Future
Authors: Sternberg Robert J
Published: November 2023

Gordon H. Miller wiped the sweat from his forehead, but to no avail; it reappeared instantly. He cursed himself for having proposed this trip. He hadn’t anticipated three-hour waits in sweltering airports. If only the air conditioning worked! If only the world could get the ozone layer back! There were a lot of “if onlys” these days in the 2040s. But Miller knew what an honor it was, or supposedly was, to be the first scientist in the Disunited States granted money and approval to cross regional borders in decades.
Unintended Consequences and the Future of Psychology1
Authors: Jenkins James J
Published: November 2023

Historians are always interested in the notion of unintended consequences. Some person, organization, or government performs an action aimed at a specific goal, a goal for which the action may in fact be successful, but in some other domain the action has surprising consequences that no one intended when they set out to achieve the first goal.
Pulls and Pushes on Cognitive Psychology: The View Toward 2001
Authors: Hunt Earl
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to predict the future of a science. Of course, the most likely thing to happen in any science in the next twenty years is something unexpected. Nevertheless, l will
The Fortieth Anniversary of the National Institute of Cognitive Ecology (NICE)
Authors: Sommer Robert
Published: November 2023

An increasing number of cognitive researchers have been looking to the environ mental sciences for useful principles and findings to explain thought processes. Traditional cognitive scientists viewed thoughts and environments as independent and separate, since they could be explained by different principles. It was sufficient for these researchers to establish a new way of conceptualizing the mind and, besides, artificial intelligence models appeared adequate. Moreover, architects, interior designers, and urban planners seemed to be involved in physical features, whereas environmental psychologists studied environment-behavior relationships rather than fundamental cognitive processes such as attention and memory. Much of our knowledge of environmental influences on thinking resulted from the teleportation experiments sponsored by the Korean government in 2021. Individuals instantly transported from one location to another brought with them patterns of dysfunctional “old thinking.” If suddenly one were moved from a recreation lassiter to the holistic rezo, without going through the typical preparatory sequence of movement acts, one typically thought in lassiter terms and was vulnerable to inertia influences.
Providing and Caring
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

One of the most popular slang terms to emerge in the 1980s was “macho,” used to describe men prone to combative posturing, relentless sexual conquest, and other compulsive displays of masculinity. Macho men continually guard against imputations of being soft or feminine and thus tend to avoid housework and family activities that are considered “women’s work.” Macho comes from the Spanish “machismo,” and although the behaviors associated with it are not limited to one ethnic group, Latino men are often stereotyped as especially prone toward macho displays.
Why Do Couples Share?
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

In the last two chapters, I explored how couples divide family and paid work by focusing on how they talk about jobs, gender, and the practical realities of everyday life. In this chapter, I examine personal motivations and social forces that influence the division of child care and housework. Why do some men want to become more involved in family life and why do their wives encourage them? Does it matter how old they are when they become parents? And what happens when other people see new fathers doing “women’s work”? Do family, friends, and co-workers react with praise or criticism, and how do new parents respond? Even partial answers to these questions can help us determine why some couples attempt sharing and which ones might be the most successful. By placing these parents’ personal stories in a social context, the larger economic and demographic factors shaping divisions of household labor come into better focus. In subsequent chapters, I estimate how widespread these social forces are, and predict whether they will grow stronger in the future.
Gender, Culture, and Fatherhood
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

Earlier chapters recounted stories from American parents struggling to balance job and family obligations, traced the historical ebb and flow of separate spheres for men and women, and offered some theoretical explanations for why modern parents might share family work. Momentarily stepping back from our own culture, however, we can evaluate whether it makes any difference how mothers and fathers divide family work and predict how the sharing of parenting might affect gender relations in the 1990s and beyond. In this chapter I delve into these questions by drawing on the research of anthropologists and sociologists who look at civilizations and societies seemingly far removed from our own. Using examples from Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the South Pacific, and summarizing the results of two worldwide statistical studies, I ask how fathering, masculinity, and women’s status are mutually intertwined in pre-modern societies. I then consider some contemporary views of manhood that glorify masculine ritual and essentialize gender differences. Rejecting mythopoetic separatism, I focus on how cooperation in parenting and productive labor leads to the cultural patterning of gender equality.
The Future
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

The sociological analysis in the previous chapters suggests that when men and women share family work, the entire society benefits. My review of recent research also shows that American mothers and fathers are slowly moving in that direction. Underlying social forces are pushing us toward a blending of gender and family roles and away from older patterns of authoritarian fathers and subservient wives.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

BY 1860 MOST Americans had come to look upon their society and culture as divided between a North and a South, a democratic, commercial civilization and an aristocratic, agrarian one. Each section of the country, so it was believed, possessed its own ethic, its own historical traditions and even, by common agreement, a distinctive racial heritage. Each was governed by different values and animated by a different spirit. According to a theory then in vogue the North had been settled by one party to the English Civil War, the Roundheads, and the South by the other, the royal party or the Cavaliers. The Yankee was a direct descendant of the Puri­tan Roundhead and the Southern gentleman of the English Cavalier, and the difference between the two was at least partly a matter of blood.
Crisis in the Old Order
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

When the Southern Gentleman has fully completed his labors-has honorably gone through the University Curriculum-if his means be ample he seldom studies a profession, but gives education a finishing polish by making a tour of Europe.
Point Counterpoint: The Growth of the Southern Legend in the North
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

It is a commonplace to state that whatever one may come to consider a truly American trait can be shown to have its equally characteristic opposite. This, one suspects, is true of all ‘national characters’ so true, in fact, that one may begin rather than end with the proposition that a nation’s identity is derived from the ways in which history has, as it were, counterpointed certain opposite potentialities; the ways in which it lifts this counterpoint to a unique style of civilization, or lets it disintegrate into mere contradiction.
Fortitude
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

The virtue of fortitude is often considered to be coextensive with courage. The words can be interchanged depending on the context. But in this chapter, we will use the term “courage” to describe the more physical aspects of the virtue, for example, the courage of a fireman entering a burning building, or of Evil Knievel hurtling out over a canyon in his motorcycle. Fortitude, on the other hand, will represent moral courage, for example, the willingness of an individual to suffer personal harm for the sake of a moral good, the spy who does not reveal potentially destructive secrets to an enemy, or the hostage who faces the daily terror of loneliness and isolation. Our interest in this chapter is in how a society that focuses so much on physical courage-indeed, it is the warp and woof of most of our television programs and movie dramas-tends to neglect moral courage or fortitude. This neglect is espe cially problematic for the physician.
Contradictory Worlds: Masters and Slaves
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da
Published: November 2023

The new trends that so preoccupied the colonists had contradictory effects on the slaves: they led simultaneously to increasing oppression and growing hopes for emancipation. This contradiction aggravated the tensions that had always existed between masters and slaves and created an explosive situation.
Modern China’s Stalinist Roots
Authors: Kaple Deborah A
Published: November 2023

In the late 1980s, the world watched as the two leading communist regimes grappled with serious challenges to their authority and power. In China, the Chinese Communist Party (the CCP) remained firmly in charge by ordering tanks to crush its vocal opposition. In the USSR, the Soviet Communist Party tried to use tanks and failed. The col­ lapse of the hard-liner coup in August 1991 signaled the end of over seventy years of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (the CPSU) and its domination over Soviet society.
The Triu1nph of High Stalinis1n
Authors: Kaple Deborah A
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of this book, a question was raised about the endur­ ing strength, power, and authority of Chinese communism. To answer this, it was necessary to take a close look at the origins of Chinese communist institutions. It was found that the structure and form of Chinese communist power was rooted in the CCP’s impressions of how the Soviet model functioned during Stalin’s most excessive last years, the years of High Stalinism. The CCP relied on a vast array of Soviet books from this period, most of which the Chinese themselves translated from Russian. I argue that the CCP did this to answer its urgent, domestic requirements in the face of insubstantial Soviet help during the early years.
Introduction
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden
Published: November 2023

Although thousands of people daily seek the benefits of talking with a psychotherapist throughout Austria, Germany, Canada, Great Britain, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, relatively few people know what types of discourse actually occur in a therapy setting or how language is used by clients and therapists to create a therapeutic climate for change. Despite a general awareness on the part of the public about the availability of mental health resources, the practice of psychotherapy is still opaque because almost no reports are available to the general public that contain samples of the actual words used. Most people know that therapists listen to people discuss their problems, that they are trained to do so, and are paid for their services. Yet few people know what really goes on in therapy sessions or have any idea about how talking to a stranger can be beneficial to mental health. What is it about therapeutic discourse that is so therapeutic? Why is the therapy hour so powerful in the lives of troubled people if all they do is talk? What do clients receive for their money besides a few “Mmhmms”? Who gets to talk, and what do they talk about? These and other questions intrigue many people.
Reflections: The Role of Repetition
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden
Published: November 2023

The focus of this chapter is on a type of repetition that lies at the heart of therapeutic discourse and resoundingly confirms the essence of the social interaction as a search for insight or self understanding. The type of language resource I concentrate on here is the dyadic use of immediately contiguous full and partial repetition employed as rejoinders to statements. I differentiate two types of rejoinders to statements, termed here echoing and mirroring (to be defined), and contrast them with a third type of repetition found in psychotherapy, called (urged) repeating, in order to highlight the fact that speakers can and often do use repetition as a discourse strategy. This repetition of the words of others in turn shows that people often construct their discourse out of bits and pieces of others’ talk, that is, they speak interactively, jointly building discourse. The focus on contiguous full and partial repetition is particularly useful in highlighting differences between therapist and client speech and in comparing therapeutic discourse to other types of professional discourse, such as classroom uses of repetition. The analysis also makes apparent the role of the speech event in deter mining the interpretation of discourse.
Double Vision: Aligned Speech in faint Productions
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden
Published: November 2023

How do therapists and clients exhibit a high degree of attention to the talk of the other in the focused setting of psychotherapy? In this chapter strategic use of cohesion in discourse, the Joint Production, is examined. Joint Productions are interlocked utterances that are the result of one speaker’s initiating a proposition and a second speaker’s completing or extending it in a syntactically and semantically consistent manner, as in the following example: In this discourse strategy, it is the proximity aspect of cohesion that is the resource exploited for social purposes. In a seemingly seamless way, speakers manipulate contiguity by contributing to the utterance of another close on the heels of the prior person’s talk. Speakers appear to splice sentences. The linguistic evidence offered by such jointly achieved constructions points to a fine tuning of thoughts and words between discourse participants.
Afterword
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden
Published: November 2023

In the course of writing this book I have frequently been asked, “Do you believe that discourse can be therapeutic?” “I certainly do,” I reply. This book is an attempt to show not only that discourse can be therapeutic but also how discourse can be therapeutic. It is undoubtedly beneficial to have an empathic listener, and deep listening is one activity in psychotherapy. It is likewise probable that having the counsel of a therapist, someone experienced in human behavior, whom you can ask for advice is valuable. But this book focuses instead on the far more therapeutic aspect of the talk between client and therapist. An outstanding feature of therapeutic discourse and one from which the greatest benefit is to be derived is that such discourse is jointly constructed. Both client and therapist contribute to the construction of talk in the therapy hour. Each takes up a portion of the other’s speech to interweave with his or her own, creating a dynamic and vibrant reality through words. When therapist and client jointly create an extended metaphor, splice together clauses to form a single sentence, or engage in play ing out associations in dream tellings, they exhibit a concerted purpose with therapeutic effect.
Vestige: Traces of the Past
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

The most obvious closing gestures in Euripi dean drama are the choral exit and the deus ex machine. They are also the most controversial: choral exits are frequently considered spurious, while the spectacular deus invites sharply conflicting interpretations. These visible and problematic gestures, as I have argued, are specifically formal answers to the basic questions of dramatic closure: how to end the performance and how to conclude the action. I turn now, in this chapter and the next, to further closing gestures that are less visible but every bit as important: the aition and the concluding prophecy regularly spoken by the deus ex machina (or by another figure playing a similar role). In so doing, we not only get a closer and more detailed look at Euripidean endings, but approach the problem of closure from a different angle. Choral exit and deus ex machina, after all, address what we might call the minimum formal requirements of closure: in one way or another, the stage must be emptied and the action must end. Aetiology and prophecy, however, explore continuities that might resist such closure: the historical and the narrative continuum enacted by the drama. It would perhaps be convenient to bring in again the contrast between form and content, arguing that these continuous threads are the content or matter that dramatic form attempts to shape or confine. This neo-Aristotelian model certainly has its uses (as we shall see in the following chapter). But its emphasis upon the continuum as stuff to be shaped or moulded does not give sufficient weight to the nature or logic of this continuum.
Repetition: Hippolytus
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

If Henry James suggests that every novel should try to fashion a finite whole from the seamless web of human relations, Gerhart Hauptmann argues instead that every performance, despite its finite scope, should try to repeat the endless struggle of life. Because this is impossible, because drama’s subject knows no beginning or end, every play has something conventional or pedantic about its conclusion. Obviously, this is not quite true. First, not every ending is conventional or pedantic, and certain authors, genres, and periods are more fond than others of such endings, and in particular of an overt display of conventionality. It is this that distinguishes Euripides from Aeschylus and Sophocles, and to a lesser extent the later from the earlier plays of Euripides. And second, these pedantic gestures need not reflect only a striving for realism that is doomed by the limitations of dramatic art. In Euripides, at least, such gestures betray a broader and more complex interest in problems of performance, authority, historical truth, and temporal succession. To pursue these problems more fully will take us from ways in which tragedy ends to the reinvention of drama-and the end of tragedy.
1939-1945
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

In The Closing months of 1939, James P. John¬ son, only forty-eight years old but now referred to as “the old master” and “the gargoyle of the keyboard,” was still appearing in New York and “still rules at the keyboard.”1 He had a week’s solo spot at Cafe Society, where he was followed by Stuff Smith and the Slam Stewart Trio. Marlowe Morris was playing piano at Kelly’s. Clarence Profit was working with his own trio and in September was rumored to be Goodman’s choice to replace Teddy Wilson with the Goodman Trio. Wilson had recently left Goodman to organize his own big band. A week later it was Mary Lou Williams who was “slated to join the Goodman Quartet,” but only a week after that she was criticized for the fact that she “like Teddy Wilson-perhaps following him-has given up that simple, powerful style, in favor of a characteristically delicate, decorative way of playing.” (“Delicate” and “decorative” were negative terms for some jazz critics, as Bill Evans was to discover later.)
Tatum’s “Other” Children
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

At least three people, including Orlando, have been characterized as children of Art Tatum. Any children of Art’s deserve mention, and might even throw some light on his life, so it was necessary to follow these leads. And indeed the stories turned out to be interesting.
Economic Transformation And The Rise Of The Planters’ World
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

If the Revolution did not directly alter ways of life along the Loosa Chitto, geopolitical changes following American Independence most certainly did. In particular, a combination of circumstances shifted an economy that tended to be more community- and subsistence-oriented to one that tended to be more individualistic and commercial in bearing. This slow but discernible shift in economic emphasis transformed social relations and altered the very nature of the Loosa Chitto and surrounding communities.
Relations Within Households: White Families
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

In 1820 Isaac Rapalje was over fifty years old. We can imagine the old farmer sitting on his horse, surveying his fields and reflecting on the past quarter-century since his arrival just before the Spaniards’ departure. Changes in the land around him must have been striking. Cotton fields had replaced much of the forest and pasture. The fields themselves were much larger than the corn plots cultivated in earlier days. Between the rows once worked mostly by white families moved gangs of black slaves. Not that there were fewer whites than there used to be. There were plenty of newcomers, and plenty mon..- arriving every year. Some brought slaves in great numbers, cut down trees, and destroyed the forest where in earlier days the old farmer had let his hogs and cattle wander. But it was not only the newcomers who had changed the land, Rapalje would have mused. He and other pioneers now owned lots of slaves and planted cotton, too. The old days were gone. Life was different now.
Introduction: The Poetics of Colonization
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

Early in the year 1621 the subject of emigration to America received considerable public attention in England. Robert Cushman, a devoted friend and agent of the Pilgrim cause, anxious to persuade others to “go and do likewise,” published an essay on the subject of settling America. He first poses the natural question, “What right have I to go live in the heathens’ country?” and responds: And first, seeing we daily pray for the conversion of the heathens, we must consider whether there be not some ordinary means and course for us to take to convert them, or whether prayer for them be only referred to God’s extraordinary work from heaven. Now it see meth unto me that we ought also to endeavor and use the means to convert them; and the means cannot be used unless we go to them, or they come to us. To us they cannot come, our land is full; to them we may go, their land is empty.
Pythian 5: Colonial Founders and Athletic Victors
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

Epinician poetry is a publicly performed celebration of athletic victory. Whether sung at the games themselves or upon the athlete’s return home, the victory ode plays an important role in the celebrations that unite both athlete and city in praise. Athletes who compete successfully in the Panhellenic games return home covered with glory and ready to share their fame with their city. In victory, the athlete, like other heroic figures, temporarily steps outside the bounds of conventional experience and thus must be reincorporated into his civic community. In this context, the victory song both celebrates the victor as he is welcomed home and orchestrates his reintegration. Pindar’s immediate task, working within the epinician tradition, is to praise a victorious athlete together with his city, and colonial tales-their story patterns and metaphors-adapt easily and fruitfully to the epinican program. Pindar uses colonial discourse to weave the victor’s recent athletic exploits into the larger fabric of his city’s civic identity and cultural memory. In Pythian 1, as we have seen, Hieron plays the double role of city founder and athletic victor, and this coincidence highlights the structural similarities between colonization and victory that Pindar explores further in odes which incorporate colonial legends in greater detail. Both founder and victor must take risks and expend effort to be successful in their endeavors; as a result, Pindar describes the colony or victory that each gains in the end as a reward, or compensation, for his efforts. Each must leave home and travel to be successful; each gains fame from excelling or being first. And finally, both the oikist and the victor receive immortal honors from their respective cities. The oikist is celebrated with the cult of the founder, and the victor enjoys the immortal fame of Pindar’s song. This analogy of city founder and athletic victor lies at the heart of several other epinician odes as well, and a close reading of Pythian 5 will begin to demonstrate how the conventions of colonial discourse operate in larger poetic contexts.
Pythian 9: Native Appropriations
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

In Pythian 5, Pindar weaves aspects of Cyrene’s colonial tradition into his victory ode for Arcesilaus of Cyrene. The poet’s characterization of his victory song as a funeral offering to the city founder and other ancestral heroes of Cyrene establishes a bond between victor and founder, and this particular analogy takes advantage of the common epinician trope of describing the victory song as a cult offering. Our reading of Olympian 7, on the other hand, recognizes Tlepolemus of Rhodes, a murderer, as a model for epinician praise in light of the colonial convention that presents a purified murderer as the heroized founder of a new city. The use of this rhetorical strategy within an epinician context suggests that the victorious athlete receives comparable heroic treatment at the hands of Pindar. Thus, themes and conventions that belong to colonial discourse shape and are shaped by the metaphorical systems native to the epinician genre. Now, in this chapter, we tum to another poem composed in honor of a Cyrenean victor, one that draws upon a rather different version of the city’s colonial origins. Pythian 9 celebrates the victory of Telesi crates in the hoplite race at Delphi in 474 B.C.E., and for this occasion, Pindar recounts the city’s origins as the love story of Delphic Apollo and Cyrene. Instead of invoking Battus as the founder of Cyrene, as he does in Pythians 4 and 5, in this poem, Pindar conjures up an eponymous nymph famous for her beauty in the Hes iodic Catalogue of Women, and in so doing, he uses bilingual wordplay to combine the themes of colonization and marriage in an epinician context.
Understanding Mild Pain Relievers
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

For mild to moderate pain, the first step in a typical treatment is to use non-narcotic pain relievers. This approach is advocated by the World Health Organization’s analgesic ladder and leading cancer pain specialists. These are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSA/Ds) drugs, of which aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (such as Tylenol and Anacin-3) are the best known examples. (Some of these products actually have a weak anti inflammatory effect but are usually categorized in this group because they are non-narcotic analgesics.) Non-narcotic analgesics are also often called non-opioid analgesics. They are the pain relievers that are not derived from opium and opium-like substances and do not cause many of the side effects commonly associated with the opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine), such as drowsiness.
‘‘High-Tech’‘Options
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

In recent years, a number of exciting and important advances in cancer pain management have made great strides in making the cancer patient more comfortable. Although some of these advances are still being tested, others are being used rather routinely by specialists medical centers around the world. But since the field of medicine changes so rapidly, today’s ‘‘hightech’‘treatment is often tomorrow’s routine procedure. This chapter will sort out the various ‘‘high-tech’‘options available to today’s cancer patients, help the reader balance the potential benefits and risks of each treatment, and understand which kinds of patients should consider the various options.
Dealing With Other Side Effects And Discomforts
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

Patients with cancer, even the same cancer, can have very different experiences, some of them more distressing than others. Many families will find over time that the status of their ill loved one will unexpectedly change. Families frequently feel unprepared and caught off guard about how to help when what feels like an emergency occurs (sudden nausea, difficulty breathing, coughing spells, etc.). Caregivers should not be alarmed that there are so many different symptoms described here; it is unlikely that a given patient will experience many of them. And even when they are experienced, their intensity, frequency, and duration vary greatly among patients.*
Mind-Body Approaches To Easing Pain
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

So far, we’ve been discussing how doctors ease the pain and discomfort of cancer by drawing from an arsenal of drug therapies and medical treatments. But just focusing on the treatment of the body is neglecting the very powerful influence the mind has on the body. In recent years, more and more Western physicians in almost all fields of medicine are recognizing that the mind and body are not two separate entities, but integral parts of the whole body system. Physical illness, the immune system, and the mind are all, in fact, intimately connected, and, as we’ll see, many studies are showing how feelings, thoughts, attitudes, and behavior can all have powerful and pivotal influences on well-being, health, illness, and pain.
A Landscape Ecology Perspective For Research, Conservation, And Management
Authors: Freemark Kathryn E , Dunning John B , Hejl Sallie J , Probst John R
Published: November 2023

It is becoming increasingly clear that the distribution and population dynamics of Neotropical migratory birds cannot be under stood solely from processes occurring within individual habitat patches. Effects from the surrounding landscape also have to be considered. The need for a landscape perspective in conservation and management has been explicitly recognized in the eco system management approach being developed by the USDA Forest Service (Kessler et al. 1992 and related papers in the same issue) and is currently being evaluated in the Pacific Northwest (Franklin 1989, Hansen et al. 1991, Bormann et al. 1994).Landscape ecology represents a renewed interest in the development and dynamics of landscape mosaics, the effects of landscape patterns on species, biotic interactions and ecological processes, and how landscape heterogeneity can be managed to benefit society (Risser et al. 1984, Naveh and Lieberman 1984, Allen and Hoekstra 1992). An emphasis on spatial heterogeneity, human influences, and spatio-temporal dynamics distinguishes landscape ecology from other types of ecological investigation.
Counting the Costs
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

“Dickerson called on me to Know what Kind of a negro she was, “ explained William Butler, the son of a man who wanted to sell a female slave to Henry Dickerson of Barren County, Kentucky. They were sitting at the son’s kitchen table in January 1819, waiting for the father to return with the slave. She was twenty-eight years old, strong and healthy, Butler said, and could be used as a field hand or house servant. “[H]e asked me how often she had runaway, “ the son recalled; two or three times he replied. When the father arrived with the woman, Dickerson scrutinized her closely. Discovering she had lost several toes on one foot from frostbite, he instructed her to take off her stocking and to walk across the floor. When she did so without a limp, he said he would take her home and try her out for a few days and if he liked her he would buy her. The next morning, Dickerson returned, said he would take her and promised to pay $600 in two installments for the slave woman Rody.
Becoming Bisexual
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Becoming bisexual involves the rejection of not one but two recognized categories of sexual identity: heterosexual and homosexual. Most people settle into the status of heterosexual without any struggle over the identity. There is not much concern with explaining how this occurs; that people are heterosexual is simply taken for granted. For those who find heterosexuality unfulfilling, however, developing a sexual identity is more difficult.
Bisexual Types
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, in examining the development of sexual preference, we found that there is a considerable period of time between a person’s initial sexual attraction to and behavior with members of both sexes and his or her self-labeling as bisexual. Yet the label bisexual can mean very different things to different people. For example, as noted above, many men and women have sexual feelings for both sexes without ever identifying themselves as bisexual. Similarly, someone who identifies himself or herself as bisexual and who has sexual experiences with both sexes may feel that a long-term, committed relationship is possible only with one sex. Many combinations of behavior, feelings, and self-identification are possible.
Significant Others
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

The way bisexual desires are realized raises interesting questions, especially because our society places great value on heterosexuality and monogamy, and the homosexual subculture embraces gender exclusiveness. Can bisexuals be truly committed to more than one partner or to partners of different sexes? How does the knowledge of same-sex relationships affect opposite-sex partners and vice versa? How are multiple relationships organized in terms of time, living arrangements, and emotional investments? The widespread belief that bisexuals are untrustworthy, promiscuous, and uncommitted suggests some of the potential problems. We now look at the social arrangements of bisexual relationships in general. Their complexity is illustrated from our field notes taken at a “rap group” on relationships at the Bisexual Center.
Jealousy
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Although most of the bisexuals we interviewed were in a significant relationship or looking for one, nonmonogamy was a common aspect of these relationships. It took various forms: swinging, sexual triads, group sex parties, multiple involved partners, casual sex with friends, and anonymous sex at such places as gay bath houses or through pick-ups at gay or lesbian bars. These multiple relations were not just for sexual gratification but were often critical for sustaining a sense of one’s self as bisexual. Indeed, bisexuals often actively sought partners of both sexes for this reason.
Grant, Lincoln, and Unconditional Surrender
Authors: Simon John Y
Published: November 2023

Uysses s. Grant first visited washington to pursue a claim for $ 1000 he lost during the mexican war. As quartermaster, grant was held liable for money stolen from the trunk of a brother officer in 1848. Cleared by a board of inquiry at the time, Grant remained responsible for repayment until relieved by act of Congress. In 1852, Lieutenant Grant, with a three-day leave, arrived in Washington to find the congressman from whom he expected help out of town for ten days and all offices closed for the funeral of Henry Clay. Frustrated in his business, Grant turned disappointed tourist, finding the city “small and scattering and the character of the buildings poor.” 1 The debt hung over his head for another decade, until Congress rewarded the general who had captured Fort Donel son by relieving him of this unjust obligation.
Society and Health
Authors: Amick III Benjamin C , Levine Sol , Tarlov Alvin R , Walsh Diana Chapman
Published: November 2023

Why do societies experience higher rates of mortality after economic recession? What accounts for the persistent social class differences in mortality rates? How do we explain the health status differences between men and women, blacks and whites, and different communities or cultures? How do some families create more healthful environments for their children? How is stress generated in the workplace? Such fundamental questions about the social determinants of health are discussed in depth in this wide-ranging and authoritative book. Well-known contributors from North America and Europe gather and assess the evidence for the diverse pathways by which society influences health and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding these relationships. The book opens with a broad review of research on the social environment's contribution to health status and then addresses particular social factors: the family, the community, culture, class, race and gender, the economy, and the workplace. The concluding two chapters examine the contribution of medicine to the improved health of Americans and recast the health policy debate in a broad social policy context.
Community and Health
Authors: Patrick Donald L , Wickizer Thomas M
Published: November 2023

Social determinants of health and quality of life—such as social class, gender inequalities, and racism—influence how long people live, how well people live, and the tradeoffs made between quantity and quality of life (Patrick and Erickson, 1993). These determinants operate simultaneously at the level of individual and group behavior and at the level of “community.” Investigators routinely observe differences in mortality, disease prevalence, and other measures of health status between and within nations, and smaller subdivisions such as states, regions, counties, metropolitan or rural areas, cities, and neighborhoods.’ The importance of community as a determinant of health is confirmed by observations that geographic variations in health behaviors and outcomes do not disappear when controlling for individual sociodemographic characteristics, availability of health services, and other individual-level variables (Dayal et al., 1984).
Conclusion
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

Mutual solicitude binds people together into genuine communities in which they flourish as human beings. Solicitude, however, may deteriorate into domination that either reduces others to dependency ‘for their own good’ or uses them as means to ulterior ends. Critical reflection is necessary to prevent solicitude from becoming a mask for these degenerate forms.
Rhythm
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

Rhythm is a central property of the natural world around us and of our perception of it. Any measurement in physics involving a frequency is a manifestation of rhythm. Rhythm is everpresent both in our daily ex perience oflife, whether it be the succession of night to day and of winter to summer or the lapping of waves on the beach, and in our daily behaviour. Animals as well as humans exhibit rhythmic behaviour, which is basic to forms of locomotion such as flying and swimming, in addi tion to characterizing vegetative functions such as the heartbeat and respi ration. At least some animals can also perceive auditory rhythm: frogs and crickets are apparently able to produce rhythmic calling songs in synchrony with artificial calling song models (Vos 1977), and starlings have been taught to discriminate between rhythmic and arrhythmic strings of 2000 Hz tones (Hulse et al. 1984). The earliest rhythmic behaviour of the newborn baby is sucking; infant babbling is syllabic and rhythmic, and one study found that as early as seven months of age a child can distinguish iambic rhythm from isochronous rhythm (Allen et al. 1977). Rhythmic behaviour learned by the child later on includes walking and, as will be seen, speech.
Word Prosody
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

The analysis of Greek rhythm outlined in Chapter 3 still has to be integrated with the analysis of pitch properties developed in Chapter 4 into an overall theory of Greek word prosody. It needs to be deter mined what were the phonetic properties of rhythmically prominent syl lables, in particular whether they were stressed; whether the system of rhythm correlates or interacts with that of the word accent, and if not, how the two systems could coexist without tending to neutralize each other; and what were the consequences for the Greek word prosodic system of the emergence of a stress accent in later Greek. The problem of how to reconcile accentually patterned pitch with increasingly strong metrical evidence for an accentually patterned system of rhythm has become a serious obstacle to an overall understanding of Greek word prosody, even to the extent of undermining confidence in the value of metrical data that are established beyond any reasonable doubt. The problem cannot be confronted solely on the basis of the linguistic intui tions we all derive from a knowledge of the more familiar modern Euro pean languages; it needs to be studied in the perspective of a typological survey of pitch and stress in word prosodic systems.
The Major Phrase and Utterance
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

Given that certain aspects of the prosody of a sentence reflect its gram matical structure, it might be thought that they could be accounted for in the simplest and most straightforward manner by computing meas ured intonational, durational and intensity relations directly from the surface syntactic structure. However, as has already been pointed out, there are good grounds for assuming that between syntax and the phonetics of prosody there lies a level of properly phonological prosodic organization. One of the arguments used to support such a level was the independence of the units of prosody from the syntactic constituents onto which they are mapped. For instance, in the artificially slow dicta tion of polysyllabic words, feet and even syllables within a foot can be pronounced with a continuation pitch rise and an intervening pause; that is, feet and syllables can be pronounced with the intonational and durational features normally associated with major phrases. Conversely, in breathless colloquial speech, the syntactic sentences “I’m sorry. I’m late. I got held up” can be pronounced as a single prosodic sentence, that is with the intonational and durational characteristics of one sentence (Crystal 1969). Within the spectrum of normal speech rates, too, the same sentence can often be pronounced equally naturally with and with out internal pauses and intonational phrase boundaries. The melodies and rhythms of phrases and sentences evidently have their own autono mous existence and structure. They are autonomous not only from the syntax, as just noted, but also from the segmental phonology: when words are exchanged in speech errors, the phrase stress stays put, as in “I kept it pinned on the room to my door” or the stranding exchange “You have to square it facely” (Garrett et al. 1980). The autonomy of intonational melodies is a logical prerequisite for exploiting the Greek musical records as evidence for the intonation of Greek speech.
Heroes for Sale
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne
Published: November 2023

In a changing world Victorians sought individuals to admire and examples to venerate. The very principles that animated their society elevated the Great Man, variously defined. Democracy allowed individuals to distinguish themselves through talent, intellect, or virtue. Self-help shaped inspiring portraits of excellence. The gospel of work fashioned individuals of exceptional accomplishment. Progress held the promise of human perfectibility. At the same time, Darwinism, technology, urbanization, irreligion all challenged ideas and realities that a hundred years before had seemed certain or sacred. Even the "solid-looking material world," the very focus of the advertiser's efforts, could prove to be "at bottom ... Nothing," little more than a shadow.
From Professional to Political Ideology, 1900-1919
Authors: Kovacs Maria M
Published: November 2023

It was only at the tum of the century that the liberal foundations of professional occupations came under devastating criticism by the power­ ful neoconservative movement that had burst on the Hungarian political scene in the 1890s, culminating in the founding of the Catholic People’s Party in 1895. Opening a new era in Hungarian political thought, neoconservatives of the tum of the century no longer confined themselves to the old, British-style, “tory” conservatism of their predecessors. Unlike “old” conservatives, whose opposition to the 1867 liberals was founded not on a general rejection of a liberal transformation but rather on a concern with moderating the speed and style of political change, neoconservatives repudiated the entire process of liberal transformation and indicted Hungarian capitalism as an illegitimate product of a disastrous political reform.
The Professions during the Depression
Authors: Kovacs Maria M
Published: November 2023

The Depression put an end to Bethlen’s conservative regime. The finan­ cial crisis triggered by the collapse of the Viennese Kreditanstalt led to the fall of the Bethlen government in August 1931. Bethlen’s suc­ cessor, the conservative prime minister Gyula Karolyi, attempted, un­ successfully, to overcome the crisis with harsh austerity measures. As these measures led to mounting unrest, Regent Horthy dismissed Karolyi in the fall of 1932 and called on Gyula Gombos to form a government. The coming to power of the Gombos government in September 1932 marke the return to power of the “numerus clausus generation” of 1920. Gombos, the closest Hungarian approximation of Mussolini both in the eclecticism of his political views and in his nationalist boosterism, was an advocate of Italian-style corporatism.