bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytokine Elevation in Sudden Death With Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Case Report of 2 Children
Authors: Kakimoto Yu , Seto Yoshihisa , Ochiai Eriko , Satoh Fumiko , Osawa Motoki
Published: November 2016

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children worldwide. Premature birth, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, and Down syndrome are risk factors for high mortality and prolonged morbidity after RSV infection. Conversely, many previously healthy, full-term children are also admitted to the hospital because of RSV, and some of them experience severe sequelae or die due to the virus. Various complications of RSV infection have been reported, such as encephalopathy, encephalitis, and cardiomyopathy. However, the pathogenesis of serious cases in children without an underlying disease has not been elucidated. In this report, we present 2 RSV-related deaths of children who were born at full-term and developed normally up to the age of 19 months. Their cardiopulmonary arrests occurred within half a day after the onset of symptoms, such as cough and high fever. Many postmortem examinations were performed to investigate their unexpected deaths. Histopathological examinations revealed extensive bronchiolitis and mild pneumonia accompanying airway obstruction. Immunostaining revealed the presence of the virus mainly in bronchial epithelia, but not in alveoli. Complete brain edema was prominent, and encephalopathy was developing. Blood tests revealed that the IL-6 level was elevated more than >200-fold above normal, despite a normal C-reactive protein level. Because IL-6 may reflect the severity of bronchial epithelial damage and contribute to brain edema, an extreme elevation of IL-6 may predict the risk for sudden death in children with RSV infection.
Dielectric and ferroelectric study of La5Ti4O15 synthesised by semi-wet route
Authors: Yadava Shiva Sundar , Khare Ankur , Gautam Pooja , Mandal K. D.
Published: November 2016

La5Ti4O15 (LTO) ceramic was successfully synthesised using the semi-wet route. The dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the LTO ceramic were compared at different temperatures and frequencies. The diffraction pattern of 400 and 800°C indicates an increase in the crystalline nature of the material due to the increase in the sharpness of the peaks, whereas at 1000°C La2Ti2O7 phase was formed. Single-phase formation of LTO ceramic was observed at 1400°C, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Scanning electron microscopy shows the presence of homogeneous grains, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis confirms the purity of the material. The polarisation–electric field hysteresis loop of the LTO ceramic shows temperature-dependent remnant polarisation and a coercive field. The variation of electrical and dielectrical properties with temperature and frequency was thoroughly studied. The dielectric loss and dielectric constant of LTO ceramic at fixed frequency are highly dependent on temperature. LTO has high a dielectric constant (ε′ = 690) at 100 Hz and 373 K.
Changes in markers of fatigue following a competitive match in elite academy rugby union players
Authors: Roe G
Published: November 2016

Background: Post-match fatigue has yet to be investigated inacademy rugby union players.Objectives: To determine the magnitude of change in upper-(plyometric push-up (PP) flight-time) and lower-body(countermovement jump (CMJ) mean power) neuromuscularfunction (NMF), whole blood creatine kinase (CK) and perceptionof well-being following a competitive match in academy rugbyunion players.Methods: Fourteen academy rugby union players participatedin the study. Measures were taken 2 h pre-match (baseline) andimmediately post-match. Further testing was also undertaken at24-, 48- and 72 h respectively post-match. Changes in measuresfrom baseline were determined using magnitude-based inferences.Results: Decreases in CMJ mean power were likely substantialimmediately (-5.5±3.3%) post-match, very likely at 24 h (-7±3.9),likely at 48 h (-5.8±5.4), while likely trivial at 72 h (-0.8±3.8)post-match. PP flight-time was very likely reduced immediately(-15.3±7.3%) and 24 h (-11.5±5.7%) post-match, while possiblyincreased at 48 h (3.5±6.0%) and likely trivial at 72 h (-0.9±5.4%)post-match. Decreases in perception of well-being were almostcertainly substantial at 24 h (-24.0±4.3%), very likely at 48 h(-8.3±5.9%), and likely substantial at 72 h (-3.6±3.7%) post-match.Increases in CK were almost certainly substantial immediately(138.5±33%), 24 h (326±78%) and 48 h (176±62%) post-match,while very likely substantial at 72 h (57±35%) post-match.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the transient andmultidimensional nature of post-match fatigue in academyrugby union players. Furthermore, the results demonstrate theindividual nature of recovery, with many players demonstratingdifferent recovery profiles from the group average.Keywords: collision sport, monitoring, sports injuries
Reliability and concurrent validity of an alternative method of lateral lumbar range of motion in athletes
Authors: Hecimovich M
Published: November 2016

Background: Cricket bowling involves combined spinalmovements of side bending and rotation and, consequently, injuryto the low back is a common problem. Therefore the assessmentof lumbar spine kinematics has become a routine component inpreseason screening. This includes static measurement of lateralspinal flexion as asymmetrical range of motion may predispose anathlete to low back injury.Objectives: This study examined intra-rater reliability andconcurrent validity of the fingertip-to-floor distance test (FFD)when compared to a criterion range of motion measure.Methods: Thirty-four junior-level cricket players aged 13‑16years were recruited. Lumbar spine lateral flexion was measuredsimultaneously with the fingertip-to-floor distance test and digitalinclinometry methods. Relative and absolute intra-rater reliabilitywere investigated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1)of agreement, standard error of measurement (SEM) estimates,Bland and Altman bias estimates and 95% limits of agreement,respectively. The concurrent validity of the fingertip-to-floordistance test, compared to digital inclinometry measures, wasexamined with Pearson correlation coefficients.Results: Intra-rater reliability demonstrated substantial agreementfor both measures (ICC3,1 > 0.84). The fingertip-to-floor distancetest SEM values ranged from 1.71‑2.01 cm with an estimatedminimum detectable change (MDC) threshold of 4.73‑5.55 cm.The inclinometry SEM values ranged from 1.00‑1.09° withminimal detectable change estimates of 2.77‑3.01°. There werestrong correlations between the index test and criterion measureoutcomes (r > 0.84, p < 0.001).Conclusions: This study’s results support the intra-rater reliabilityand concurrent validity of the finger-to-floor distance test,suggesting it to be a suitable surrogate measure for lumbar lateralflexion testing
Promoting energy efficiency in a South African university
Authors: Maistry Nandarani , McKay Tracey Morton
Published: November 2016

Electricity supply issues have resulted in widespread blackouts and increased utility costs in South Africa. This is placing financial pressure on universities as they have limited means of increasing their income to cover the additional energy costs and, at the same time, are energy-intensive due to peculiar usage patterns and sprawling campuses with many (and often large) buildings. Thus, they must become energy-efficient. This is a case study of one such attempt. Four main findings emerged. Firstly, energy demand side management (DSM) had to be implemented in distinct phases due to unforeseen implementation hurdles. Secondly, there are both barriers and enablers to becoming an energy-efficient campus; that is, DSM requires managerial buy-in, capacitated operational personnel and money. Thirdly, personnel can either support or hinder DSM implementation. So, while hiring dedicated, skilled personnel to harness organisational commitment to DSM is essential, all personnel need training in energy-efficient behaviour and should be held accountable for DSM initiatives within their sphere of influence. An energy champion – at the highest level of the organisation – to influence policy and drive the behavioural and structural changes required, is strongly recommended. Lastly, DSM technologies may be readily available but are not necessarily bought, installed or used correctly due to behavioural and institutional cultural constraints.
The Role of Human Values and Relations in the Employment of People with Work-Relevant Disabilities
Authors: Kuiper Lieke , Bakker Minne , Van der Klink Jacques
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study is to discuss the role of human values and relations in the employment of people with work-relevant disabilities. Purpose: Finding and maintaining a paid job is known to be more difficult for people with a disability. The aim of the study is to explore the use which people with a disability make of their private and professional network in finding and maintaining a paid job and the role values play in these relations. This was placed in the context of three complementary perspectives: a perspective that stresses the importance of other than merely rationalistic values, a perspective that stresses the importance of values in work and an interpersonal perspective in which ‘the Other’ is central. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were held with 8 people with a working disability. As well, 4 interviews were held with people from their private network (family and partner) and 4 interviews with people from their professional network (colleagues and employers). All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. A framework analysis was used to identify the different values in the interviews. This was done with use of MAXqda. Results: The interviews showed that both romantic and rational values and arguments were mentioned by the employers in the context of hiring people with a work-relevant disability; they need to be willing to adjust. The importance of human relations was emphasised in the values mentioned by the respondents when talking about having a paid job. Moreover, ‘the Other’ played an important role in the employment process of people with a work-relevant disability. People with such a disability asked their private network to help them and to provide emotional support. Conclusion: Enabling values and relations had more chance if they were in line with the mission and central value of the organisation. This was one of the first studies on the role that human values and relations play in maintaining a paid job for people with a work-relevant disability. The study gives a first impression of how human values and relations play a role, but more research is needed to provide more detailed insights, for example in different groups (e.g. non-employed people with a disability).
Weighing Posthumanism: Fatness and Contested Humanity
Authors: Apostolidou Sofia , Sturm Jules
Published: November 2016

Our project on fatness begins by turning attention to the multiple cultural instances in which fatness has been intrinsically linked with notions such as self—neglect and poor self—management. In Foucauldian terms, we analyse the fat subject as a failed homo economicus, an individual who has failed to be an “entrepreneur of himself, being for himself his own capital, being for himself his own producer, being for himself the source of [his] earnings” (Foucault, 2008, p. 226). From this perspective, we analyse instances of collective hatred towards fat subjects as direct results of the biopolitical triplet of responsibility, rationality, and morality. Morality is our bridge into the field of posthumanism, in which, as we demonstrate, these biopolitical imperatives also apply, reinforced by the field’s fascination with prosthetics and enhancement. Where, by biopolitical standards, fat subjects have failed to manage themselves, posthuman subjects find themselves guilty of not responsibly, rationally, and morally manipulating themselves to optimal productivity. Using criticism that disability studies scholars like Sarah S. Jain and Vivian Sobchack have voiced about posthumanism, we demonstrate the ways in which, within posthumanism, all subjects can be found as lacking when compared to their potential, enhanced post­human version.
Transformative Pedagogy in Context: being and becoming
Authors: Farren Patrick
Published: November 2016

This paper examines an original construct, â€˜â€˜transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™, in the context of post-primary teacher education in Ireland. The construct is examined from philosophical and psychological perspectives, and key distinctions are drawn between it and other pedagogies. Links are made, where appropriate, to research findings from a recent study carried out by the author in cooperation with teacher-educators and student-teachers in the context of pre-service teacher education at the National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. In addition, the paper refers to examples that illustrate some of the benefits that can be derived from school-society links. â€˜â€˜Transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™ creates conditions that support teacher and pupils (participants) in developing their identity as whole persons who have a relationship based on interdependence. In essence, â€˜â€˜transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™ is about creating conditions that support participants in developing capacity as â€˜â€˜beings-in-relationâ€™â€™ as well as â€˜â€˜beings-in-becomingâ€™â€™. Key perspectives are used to frame the discussion: 1) identity, 2) beliefs and attitudes, 3) knowledge, 4) moral-ethical values, 5) socio-affective factors, 6) social interaction and collaboration, 7) critical reflection, 8) school and wider society. â€˜â€˜Transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™ is underpinned by moral-ethical values that support participants as â€˜â€˜beings-in-relationâ€™â€™ who are also â€˜â€˜beings-in-becomingâ€™â€™. Participants develop consciousness that is a prerequisite for constructing their own meanings as part of critiquing and shaping the world. The process implies committed action, informed by moral-ethical values, that is geared towards personal as well as social transformations. The construct suggests a need for a more integrated and trans-curricular approach to teaching and learning than has traditionally been the case in Ireland, and an approach that brings school life and wider community life into a more dynamic and fruitful alliance. Â Â Key Wordsâ€˜â€˜transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™; â€˜â€˜beings-in-relation'â€™; beings-in-becomingâ€™â€™; whole person;Â  interdependence; metacognitive capacity; consciousness; advocates; moral-ethical values.
La comunidad internacional y su participación en los procesos de paz en Colombia
Authors: Cujabante Villamil Ximena Andrea
Published: November 2016

La realidad colombiana está enmarcada por el proceso de paz entre el Gobierno y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Farc), en La Habana, Cuba. Sin embargo, esta no es la primera iniciativa de acercamiento, ya que desde comienzos de la década de los ochenta se ha intentado conseguir la tan anhelada paz para la sociedad colombiana. Son muchos los actores tanto nacionales como internacionales involucrados a lo largo de la historia. Así, este artículo se centra en analizar la participación de la comunidad internacional en los procesos de paz de los presidentes Andrés Pastrana y Juan Manuel Santos.
Comercio y evolución de la Alianza del Pacífico
Authors: Hernández Bernal José Armando , Muñoz Angulo Luis Guillermo
Published: November 2016

La Alianza del Pacífico es un proceso de integración profundo conformado por Colombia, Chile, Perú y México, que pretende construir un área de libre comercio y proyectarse hacia la región de Asia-Pacífico, con el fin de potenciar acuerdos comerciales preexistentes entre sus miembros. Entre estos cuatro países existe una relación comercial no tan profunda, a pesar de contar con acuerdos regionales desde la década de los noventa, lo que se demuestra por los bajos volúmenes de exportaciones e importaciones recíprocos, además del bajo indicador del comercio intraindustrial. En este trabajo se calcula el índice de comercio intrarregional entre los países de la Alianza del Pacífico y se muestran indicadores bajos, pero con un crecimiento, fomentados por las políticas de apertura comercial, recíprocas o unilaterales, y por un entorno de crecimiento económico favorable para toda la región.
Posibilidades en el comercio internacional de la quinua: un análisis desde la perspectiva de la competitividad
Authors: Cely Torres Lucy Andrea , Ducón Salas Julio César
Published: November 2016

El artículo expone el papel y la importancia que tiene la producción y la comercialización de quinua en el mercado internacional, debido a las inmensas posibilidades de transformación en productos terminados y beneficios que posee y brinda este cultivo. Lo anterior ha permitido que, a la luz de referentes teóricos como la competitividad y las ventajas competitivas, se pueda llevar a cabo un estudio de tipo descriptivo en el cual se evidencia la importancia de este tema en las exportaciones que han realizado principalmente países como Bolivia y Perú, y en las importaciones de la Unión Europea y Asia. De ahí que se vislumbre el papel protagónico que pueden desempeñar los países andinos al aprovechar sus tradiciones y convertirlas en oportunidades comerciales y de bienestar para la población mundial.
Discapacidad: una construcción narrativa excluyente
Authors: Baquero Torres María Inés
Published: November 2016

La identidad que la cultura atribuye a las personas con discapacidad está sustentada en narrativas de exclusión que se traducen en modelos discursivos de discriminación y abuso de poder, representados en normas y estereotipos excluyentes que niegan sus capacidades y atentan contra su reconocimiento para participar en condiciones de igualdad en la vida social y política. En este sentido, el análisis de las narrativas excluyentes permite develar dichas prácticas discriminatorias. El documento se encuentra estructurado en tres partes: 1) "La discapacidad, una construcción social traducida en normas y estereotipos excluyentes"; 2) modelos discursivos de la discapacidad, que parte de la pregunta ¿cuáles son los discursos que han intentado definir a la discapacidad?, y 3) la escuela como escenario para la transformación de narrativas excluyentes en narrativas de la diversidad y el respeto por los derechos humanos. El artículo se propone analizar la categoría discapacidad desde un marco discursivo de las narrativas de la exclusión, en la construcción de las identidades de las personas con discapacidad.
Sobre el uso de curvas de salarios en modelos empíricos de equilibrio económico. Reseña e introducción computacional
Authors: Segura Ortiz Juan Carlos
Published: November 2016

En este artículo se evalúa la sensibilidad de los diferentes resultados contrafactuales reportados por un modelo de equilibrio general a cambios en la sensibilidad del desempleo a los salarios, utilizando una curva de salarios. Se especifica, calibra y simula un modelo de economía pequeña con sustitución imperfecta en los componentes del valor agregado. El modelo incluye un gobierno que financia su gasto con impuestos y hace transferencias a un consumidor representativo. El mercado de trabajo no se vacía, al menos no en un sentido walrasiano, de modo que hay desempleo en el equilibrio base. Se estudian distintas configuraciones contrafactuales para esta economía, dados ciertos cambios en el parámetro de sensibilidad de la curva de salarios.
Diferencias intergeneracionales en satisfacción y felicidad percibidas, relacionadas con la prosperidad material
Authors: Segura Sánchez Antonio , Gil Roales-Nieto Jesús
Published: November 2016

Este estudio explora las diferencias asociadas con la edad en variables relacionadas con la infelicidad (infelicidad autoinformada) y satisfacción con la vida. Participan 2143 personas pertenecientes a cuatro grupos de edad: jóvenes, adultos, mayores y ancianos. Los resultados revelan que las personas mayores presentan un mayor nivel de satisfacción con la vida que los jóvenes, así como una mayor puntuación que estos en felicidad percibida. Los resultados contradicen las hipótesis de la relación entre desarrollo y felicidad, que vinculan prosperidad material y satisfacción vital; los datos aportados, en cambio, muestran a una población joven más infeliz que las más ancianas.
Impacto de las regalías en la inversión pública municipal: la desconcentración concentrada
Authors: Botero Ospina María Elena
Published: November 2016

Este artículo es producto de la investigación sobre regalías y disparidades territoriales, dentro de la línea en Dinámicas y Gestión Territoriales de la Facultad de Ciencia Política y Gobierno de la Universidad del Rosario. Muestra cómo se distribuyen y aplican los recursos provenientes de la contribución de regalías entre los municipios colombianos, para establecer si el reparto y el destino de tales ingresos para los territorios están contribuyendo a dinamizar el desarrollo territorial, y con este, el cierre de la brecha interregional en Colombia. Los resultados de investigación muestran que si bien el reparto de recursos se ha “democratizado”, en cuanto buena parte de ellos están llegando por primera vez a municipios de categorías quinta y sexta, los proyectos siguen concentrados en los departamentos centrales del país, con lo cual no se resuelve el desequilibrio entre entidades territoriales centrales y periféricas en Colombia.
Formación de docentes en Guinea Ecuatorial. Historias de vida de maestras en prospectiva al 2020
Authors: Soto Arango Diana Elvira , Avoro Nguema María Teresa , Ruiz Cabezas Adiela , Medina Rivilla Antonio
Published: November 2016

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de la investigación realizada en Malabo - Guinea Ecuatorial, sobre historias de vida, a un grupo de maestras, cuyo objetivo se centró en la formación y desempeño docente. El método se sustentó en el histórico-social de la educación y se utilizó en las narrativas la técnica de narrative inquiry. El análisis de contenido de las mismas, se realizó con el programa Atlas ti, en triangulación con expertos, y se profundizó en los hechos que las afectan, su relevancia y el proceso de compartirlas para comprender los múltiples cambios de las prácticas docentes y los escenarios formativos que se presentan en la actualidad y la prospectiva con el imaginario de las mismas. Los resultados muestran que el grupo de maestras, implicadas en la investigación, presentan diversas actuaciones formativas, desde la época colonial hasta nuestros días, que han tenido gran impacto en su vida profesional y personal. Se evidencia la proyección educativa hacia 2020 con la necesaria apertura del encuentro y diálogo, con los ideales y una aspiración en construcción en contextos con problemáticas socio-culturales diversas, centradas en la necesidad de la integración de las etnias y recuperación de identidades culturales. Aún queda un largo camino por recorrer, que será salvaguardado por aquellas maestras a quienes se les denomina “mamá” por su carisma y vocación de educadoras.
Theoretical Challenges for Distance Education in the 21st Century: A Shift from Structural to Transactional Issues
Authors: Garrison Randy
Published: November 2016

Randy Garrison

Abstract

The premise of this
 article is that theoretical frameworks and models are essential to the long-term credibility and viability of a field of practice. In order to assess the theoretical challenges facing the field of distance education, the significant theoretical contributions to distance education in the last century are briefly reviewed. This review of distance education as a field of study reveals an early preoccupation with organizational and structural constraints. However, the review also reveals that the theoretical development of the field is progressing from organizational to transactional issues and assumptions. The question is whether distance education has the theoretical foundation to take it into the 21st century and whether distance education theory development will keep pace with innovations in technology and practice. 
The NKI Internet College: A review of 15 years delivery of 10,000 online courses
Authors: Paulsen Morten , Rekkedal Torstein
Published: November 2016

This article presents NKI's experiences with online education from the time the idea was conceived in 1985 to the point when the total number of course enrolments exceeded 10,000 in June 2000. The 15 year period covers three generations. The first generation (1985-1994) was characterised by system development and experimentation with emerging technology. The second generation (1994-96) was a period of transition from the EKKO computer conferencing system, which NKI developed for online education, to Internet systems with text-based user interfaces. The third generation, 1996 to the present, began with the introduction of graphic user interfaces and the World Wide Web (WWW) and is characterised by a vigorous expansion and the introduction of large-scale online education.
Deakin University: Going online at a Dual Mode University
Authors: Calvert Jocelyn
Published: November 2016

Deakin is a dual mode university with more than half of its students doing at least part of their study at a distance and with an entrepreneurial arm that provides distance education services for even larger numbers. Online provision has been developing over a decade, enriching traditional distance education in programs with mixtures of on- and off-campus students. It has been supported by central services and corporate applications, leading to reasonable consistency in the thrust. A current aim is to ensure that it is sustainable at a high level of quality.
Converting Student Support Services to Online Delivery
Authors: Brigham David E.
Published: November 2016

This case study describes how Regents College (soon to be Excelsior College), an accredited, private, distance education institution with administrative offices in Albany, New York addressed the structural, management, and resource issues that came into play when converting distance education programs from print-based and telephone delivery to online delivery. The study uses a systems framework to describe and analyze the circumstances and issues surrounding the creation of six student support services: electronic advising, an electronic peer network, an online database of distance courses, an online bookstore, a virtual library, and an alumni services website.
Interactive Television in Schools: An Australian Study of the Tensions of Educational Technology and Change
Authors: Evans Terry , Stacey Elizabeth , Tregenza Karen
Published: November 2016

This paper outlines some key issues that arose from several projects that investigated the use of interactive television in schooling. In this paper we draw on these projects, to illustrate and discuss how a (then) new form of distance education -- satellite-based, narrowcast ITV -- was designated for use in primary (elementary) and secondary (high school) classroom settings, how it was implemented, and how it collapsed as an endeavour. Issues raised by students, teachers and administrators are related to each to illustrate how ITV slowly declined over several years, despite its usefulness for some and strong support from those involved.
A Study of the Relationship Between Tutor's Personality and Teaching Effectiveness: Does culture make a difference?
Authors: Chan Bobbie
Published: November 2016

Good tutoring requires appropriate interpersonal and pedagogical skills. Tutor personality is a major factor affecting how tutors communicate and deals with students, and yet it is a largely unexplored context of distance education. Using the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI)* this paper examines how the personality of tutors’ affects their teaching effectiveness at a distance learning institution in Hong Kong. The results are compared to those reported by Chan (2001) in a similar study using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The results indicate that certain scales on the Chinese Tradition factor of the CPAI are significantly related to tutors’ teaching performance, and that the MBTI could not subsume all the CPAI scales. Future research with the CPAI should explore whether this Chinese Tradition factor is unique to the Chinese culture or whether it comprises elements of a universal domain useful in understanding key interpersonal aspects of personality that have been absent from Western personality inventories.
Adults Contemplating University Study at a Distance: Issues, themes and concerns
Authors: Bird Jenny , Morgan Chris
Published: November 2016

This study identifies and explores a range of themes, issues and questions that commonly confront adults contemplating enrolment in university, and why they persist. The study focuses particularly on issues facing prospective adult distance education learners. From a range of interviews, six themes were identified including fears, motivation, support from home, academic preparedness, suitability of programs, and identity change.

It is argued that the more effective we become at information provision, guidance and preparation of adult pre-entry open and distance learners, the more likely students will experience a smooth transition to study, thus improving both student satisfaction and retention rates. Successful intervention with prospective distance education learners at this early point should aim to assist the process of informed decision making, which could result equally in an individual deciding not to pursue university study. The findings in this study should be particularly useful for those academics, course advisors, student counsellors, teachers in preparatory programs, and university information and support officers, and others who provide adult distance students, with pre-enrolment information and advice.
Hallássérült középiskolások szóértésének vizsgálata
Authors: Szabó Ágnes
Published: November 2016

A hallássérültek beszédére jellemző a kiejtési zavar, amelyhez agrammatizmus, szegényes szókincs, mondat- és szövegértési nehézségek társulhatnak. A nyelv verbális használata, akár a beszédre, akár annak megértésére gondolunk, feltételezi az úgynevezett mentális lexikon aktiválását. A tanulmány célja elsődlegesen az, hogy feltárja, milyen mértékben marad el középiskolás hallássérült tanulók szóértése a hasonló korú halló társaikétól. A kutatás hallássérült és ép halló középiskolások mentális lexikonát vizsgálja szóértési teszt segítségével. Az eredmények szerint a hallássérülés hatással van a beszédfeldolgozásra, a hallássérültek szóértése elmaradást mutat az ép halló társakhoz képest. Az életkor azonban nem minden esetben befolyásolja a szókincs aktiválását. A kutatás eredményei hozzájárulnak a hallássérült középiskolások mentális lexikonának a megismeréséhez, és segítséget nyújthatnak a fejlesztő szakembereknek.
A siket közösség és a magyar jelnyelv megjelenése az anyanyelvi órákon
Authors: Bokor Julianna
Published: November 2016

Magyarországon közel 30 éve kezdődtek meg a siket közösségre és a magyar jelnyelvre vonatkozó nyelvészeti kutatások. Ennek ellenére a laikusok körében továbbra is számos tévhit él ezzel a nyelvi kisebbséggel kapcsolatban. A tévhitek eloszlatását érdemes minél korábban elkezdeni, amelyhez kiváló terepet biztosít az iskolai színtér. Jelen tanulmány olyan oktatásba beépíthető tananyagokat, feladatokat ismertet, amelyek elsődleges célcsoportjai a többségi általános és középiskolák 5−12. évfolyamán tanuló diákok, illetve az őket tanító pedagógusok. A tanulmány alapvető célja az ismeretbővítés, valamint a közösséggel kapcsolatos pozitív attitűd kialakítása a társadalmi integráció megvalósulása érdekében.
Szövegszemlélet a helyesírás-fejlesztésben
Authors: Antalné Szabó Ágnes
Published: November 2016

A tanulmány témája a szövegszemlélet mint pedagógiai elv érvényesülésének a vizsgálata a helyesírás-fejlesztésben. Az írás a témát egyrészt az iskolai nevelés tükrében, másrészt a Simonyi Zsigmond helyesírási verseny hagyományai alapján taglalja. A kommunikatív szemléletnek megfelelően a diákoknak a helyesírási gyakorlatokban is fontos minél több különféle szöveggel dolgozniuk. A tanulmány első része a helyesírási szövegek kiválasztásának az elveit és a helyesírási szövegek típusait elemzi. A szöveges helyesírási gyakorlatok közül a másolással, az emlékezetből írással és a tollbamondással foglalkozik részletesen. A tanulmány második része a szövegszemlélet érvényesülését, kiemelten a tollbamondás módját mutatja be a Simonyi Zsigmond helyesírási versenyen. Olyan interaktív szövegértési és helyesírási gyakorlatokat is ajánl, amelyek a tollbamondásszövegekkel elvégezhetők. A tanulmány Melléklete válogatást kínál a helyesírási verseny tollbamondásszövegeiből.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention System in China: Trends From 2002–2012
Authors: Li Chengyue , Sun Mei , Wang Ying , Luo Li , Yu Mingzhu , Zhang Yu , Wang Hua , Shi Peiwu , Chen Zheng , Wang Jian , Lu Yueliang , Li Qi , Wang Xinhua , Bi Zhenqiang , Fan Ming , Fu Liping , Yu Jingjin , Hao Mo
Published: November 2016

Objectives. To assess the improvements of the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) system between 2002 and 2012, and problems the system has encountered.

Methods. We obtained data from 2 national cross-sectional surveys in 2006 and 2013, including 32 provincial, 139 municipal, and 489 county-level CDCs throughout China. We performed a pre–post comparative analysis to determine trends in resource allocation and service delivery.

Results. The overall completeness of public health services significantly increased from 47.4% to 76.6%. Furthermore, the proportion of CDC staff with bachelor’s or higher degrees increased from 14.6% to 32.6%, and governmental funding per CDC increased 5.3-fold (1.283–8.098 million yuan). The working area per CDC staff increased from 37.9 square meters to 63.3 square meters, and configuration rate of type A devices increased from 28.1% to 65.0%. Remaining problems included an 11.9% reduction in staff and the fact that financial investments covered only 71.1% of actual expenditures.

Conclusions.China’s CDC system has progressed remarkably, enabling quicker responses to emergent epidemics. Future challenges include establishing a sustainable financing mechanism and retaining a well-educated, adequately sized public health workforce.
Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Fields Treated with Two Application Methods of Dairy Manure
Authors: Mina Odette , Gall Heather E. , Saporito Louis S. , Kleinman Peter J.A.
Published: November 2016

This study compares two methods of dairy manure application—surface broadcast and shallow disk injection—on the fate and transport of natural estrogens in surface runoff from 12 field plots in central Pennsylvania. Ten natural surface runoff events were sampled over a 9‐mo period after fall manure application. Results show that the range of estrogen concentrations observed in surface runoff from the broadcast plots was several orders of magnitude higher (>5000 ng L−1) than the concentrations in runoff from the shallow disk injection plots (<10 ng L−1). Additionally, the transport dynamics differed, with the majority of the estrogen loads from the surface broadcast plots occurring during the first rainfall event after application, whereas the majority of the loads from the shallow disk injection plots occurred more than 6 mo later during a hail storm event. Total estrogen loads were, on average, two orders of magnitude lower for shallow disk injection compared with surface broadcast. Independent of the method of manure application, 17α‐estradiol and estrone were preserved in the field for as long as 9 mo after application. Overall, injection of manure shows promise in reducing the potential for off‐site losses of hormones from manure‐amended soils.

Core Ideas

Estrogens in surface runoff after dairy manure application were monitored for 9 months.

Estrogen detection from broadcast plots was higher (67%) than from injection plots (41%).

17α‐E2 and E1 were detected in runoff for up to 9 months for both applications types.

Estrogen loads were on average 400 times less for injection than surface broadcast plots.
Glufosinate Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolic Fingerprint Effects in gdhA‐Transformed Tobacco
Authors: Nolte Scott A. , Young Bryan G. , Tolley Luke T. , Gibson David J. , Young Julie M. , Lightfoot David A.
Published: November 2016

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) expressing a modified Escherichia coli gdhA gene encoding NADPH‐dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was resistant to the herbicide glufosinate. Differential plant sensitivity to glufosinate may result from changes in foliar absorption, translocation, plant metabolism, or metabolism around the blocked pathway(s). The objectives here were to determine if foliar absorption, translocation, or metabolism of glufosinate or metabolism around the blocked pathway(s) contribute to the resistance to glufosinate in gdhA‐transformed tobacco and to characterize changes in the metabolic profile in response to glufosinate as a result of transformation with gdhA. Foliar uptake and translocation of glufosinate was largely independent of the gdhA transgene or its expression. Thus, gdhA does not confer resistance to the transformed plants by altering the uptake or movement of glufosinate within tobacco plants. Using direct‐injection electrospray ionization and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, the metabolic profiles of the two tobacco genotypes were different in response to glufosinate treatment, as determined by principal component analysis. The metabolic perturbation induced by glufosinate was lower in gdhA line 9 than gusA line 1, as evidenced by the reduced number of altered peaks recorded in leaves. Thus, gdhA‐transformed tobacco plants with low and high expression of GDH activity showed more stability of metabolism following the application of glufosinate than control plants. The predicted identity of ions suggested metabolic perturbations were lessened by gdhA in nitrogen assimilation, photorespiration, amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, and cell signaling. Thus, use of the modified E. coli gdhA gene in transgenic plants can provide an additional mechanism for resistance to glufosinate.
Visible–Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Can Predict the Clay/Organic Carbon and Mineral Fines/Organic Carbon Ratios
Authors: Hermansen Cecilie , Knadel Maria , Moldrup Per , Greve Mogens H. , Gislum René , de Jonge Lis W.
Published: November 2016

Core Ideas

Visible–near‐infrared spectroscopy is a fast and indirect method for soil analysis.

The ratios of clay and (clay + fine silt) to organic C relate to soil functions.

We predicted the clay and (clay + fine silt) to organic C ratios successfully.

The ratios of mineral fines (<0.02 mm, clay + fine silt) to organic carbon (OC), consisting of the n‐ratio (i.e., the clay/OC ratio) and m‐ratio (i.e., the fines/OC ratio) have recently been used to analyze and predict soil functional properties such as tilth conditions, clay dispersibility, degree of preferential flow, water repellency, and chemical adsorption. Conventional texture and OC measurements are time consuming and expensive, and visible–near‐infrared (vis‐NIR) spectroscopy may provide a fast and inexpensive alternative for obtaining the n‐ and m‐ratios. In this study, a total of 480 soil samples from seven Danish and one Greenlandic fields, with a large textural range (clay: 0.027–0.355 kg kg−1; OC: 0.011–0.084 kg kg−1; n‐ratio: 0.49–16.80; m‐ratio: 1.46–32.14), were analyzed for texture and OC and subsequently scanned with a vis‐NIR spectrometer from 400 to 2500 nm. The spectral data were correlated to reference values of the n‐ratio, m‐ratio, clay, fine silt, fines, and OC with partial least squares regression. The vis‐NIR models were developed on a regional dataset comprising the 480 soil samples divided into calibration and validation subsets. Further, we tested vis‐NIR models developed on the individual eight fields using full cross‐validation. Validation results from the regional models showed high predictive abilities with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.64 and R2 of 0.97 for the n‐ratio and RMSEP = 1.43 and R2 of 0.97 for the m‐ratio. The regional clay, fine silt, fines, and OC models also yielded successful predictions (R2 = 0.88–0.95). The higher prediction accuracy for the n‐ and m‐ratios compared with predictions of basic soil properties was confirmed from the field‐specific models. Our results suggest vis‐NIR spectroscopy as a precise, easily applicable, and fast method for simultaneously obtaining an ensemble of key parameters for soil structure and health.
Prevalence and diversity of intestinal helminth eggs in pit latrine sludge of a tropical urban area
Authors: Letah Nzouebet Wilfried Arsène , Kengne Noumsi Ives Magloire , Rechenburg Andrea
Published: November 2016

The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of helminth eggs in pit latrine sludge in Yaounde, Cameroon. A total of 30 faecal sludge samples were collected in various latrines and analysed for physico-chemical parameters and helminth eggs' characterization was undertaken using standard protocols. Effects of physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days, nitrogen ammonia, dry matter (DM), moisture content) on the parasite eggs were addressed. The total helminth egg concentration in the samples ranged from 8.5 eggs/g DM to a maximum of 264.5 eggs/g DM with a median of 81.1 eggs/g DM. Nematodes represented 67% of the total species followed by Trematodes and Cestodes. The helminth species with high prevalence in the sludge were Ascaris lumbricoides (41.4 eggs/g DM), Ankylostoma duodenale (31.5 eggs/g DM), Fasciola hepatica (34.9 eggs/g DM) and Trichuris trichiura (32.5 eggs/g DM). The physico-chemical parameters had no effect on the parasite concentration. Due to the high helminth egg concentrations in positive samples analysed, the need for proper health and environmental protection measures has to be stressed to prevent helminthic disease transmission due to untreated sludge discharge into the environment after pit latrine emptying or via direct agricultural use.
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS WEB MATA PELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNTUK SISWA KELAS VII
Authors: Januarisman Erwin , Ghufron Anik
Published: November 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menghasilkan produk berupa media pembelajaran IPA berbasis web. (2) mengetahui tingkat kelayakan dan keefektifan media pembelajaran IPA berbasis web. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) yang menggunakan metode penelitian Borg & Gall  dan metode pengembangan Alessi & Trollip. Prosedur pengembangan meliputi tahap perencanaan, desain, dan pengembangan. Penelitian menunjukan hasil sebagai berikut. (1) Produk berupa media pembelajaran berbasis web pada mata pelajaran IPA menggunakan software CMS (Content Management System) Wordpress. (2) Produk media pembelajaran berbasis webpada mata pelajaran IPA telah dinyatakan layak sebagai media pembelajaran berdasarkan hasil validasi dari ahli materi dengan nilai rata-rata 3,98 dengan kategori “Baik”, ahli media dengan nilai rata-rata 4,07 dengan kategori “Baik”, uji coba lapangan awal diperoleh rata-rata penilaian sebesar 4,13 dengan kategori “Baik” dan uji coba lapangan utama diperoleh nilai gain untuk SMP Muhammadiyah 2 sebesar 22,2, SMP N 2 sebesar 24, SMP N 3 sebesar 21,6 dan SMP N 5 sebesar 19,6. (3) Keefektifan media pembelajaran IPA berbasis web dibuktikan dengan meningkatnya hasil belajar siswa berdasarkan data hasil evaluasi pretest dan posttest.Kata kunci: efektivitas, media pembelajaran berbasis web, IPA. DEVELOPING WEB-BASED LEARNING MEDIA ON NATURAL SCIENCES LESSON FOR THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMPAbstractThe purposes of this research were to: (1) generate product in the form of web-based science learning media. (2) reveal the feasibility and effectiveness of the product developed. The type of this research was a research and development (R&D) using method by Borg and Gall and method development by Alessi & Trollip. The development procedure included the planning, design, and development. The results of this research is as follows. (1) A product of media web-based learning in science subjects was developed using software CMS (Content Management System) Wordpress. (2) The product was considered eligible as a medium of learning based on the results of the validation of materials expert with an average score of 3.98 with the category of “good”, media experts average score is 4.07 with the category of “Good”, the initial field trial score is 4.13 with the category “good”, and the main field trials score obtained for SMP Muhammadiyah 2 is 22.2, SMP N 2 is 24, SMP N 3 is 21.6 and SMP N 5 is 19.6. (3) The effectiveness of the web-based science learning media is shown by the increase of student learning outcomes based on evaluation data of pretest and posttest.Keywords: effectiveness, media web-based learning, Natural Sciences Lesson
AMRK ACTIVITY IN LYMPHOCYTES OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS. EFFECT OF METFORMIN
Authors: Pushkaryov V. M. , Sokolova L. K. , Pushkaryov V. V. , Belchina Yu. B. , Tronko M. D.
Published: November 2016

This review was analyzed the cellular and molecular links between chronic inflammation of low intensity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Particular emphasis is placed on the participation of AMRK in the development of metabolic diseases. Detailed analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of the main drug used in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes — metformin. The results of the study of AMRK lymphocytes in patients with diabetes influenced by metformin.
IS THERE ANY POINT INCARDIOMETABOLIC THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS? (literature review)
Authors: Zhuravlyova L. V. , Lopina N. A.
Published: November 2016

The article focused on coronary artery disease, as it takes a leading place in the structure of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The article described pathogenetic mechanisms of influence the ischemia on the myocardium, particularly of energy production in the myocardium in norm and ischemia. The basic therapeutic strategies to reducing ischemia were described. Discussed reasons for the persistence of pain in the heart after «successful» revascularization. Substantiated along with the standard therapy the use of cardiometabolic medications in cytoprotection ischemia. The article described the classification cytoprotectors on the specifics of the pharmacological effect. Substantiated clinical application of Mexicor.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Hemodialysis Emergencies
Authors: Saha Manish , Allon Michael
Published: November 2016

Given the high comorbidity in patients on hemodialysis and the complexity of the dialysis treatment, it is remarkable how rarely a life-threatening complication occurs during dialysis. The low rate of dialysis emergencies can be attributed to numerous safety features in modern dialysis machines; meticulous treatment and testing of the dialysate solution to prevent exposure to trace elements, toxins, and pathogens; adherence to detailed treatment protocols; and extensive training of dialysis staff to handle medical emergencies. Most hemodialysis emergencies can be attributed to human error. A smaller number are due to rare idiosyncratic reactions. In this review, we highlight major emergencies that may occur during hemodialysis treatments, describe their pathogenesis, offer measures to minimize them, and provide specific interventions to prevent catastrophic consequences on the rare occasions when such emergencies arise. These emergencies include dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, venous air embolism, hemolysis, venous needle dislodgement, vascular access hemorrhage, major allergic reactions to the dialyzer or treatment medications, and disruption or contamination of the dialysis water system. Finally, we describe root cause analysis after a dialysis emergency has occurred to prevent a future recurrence.