bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of nipple adenoma
Authors: Wang Chenggang , Wang Xiao , Ma Rong
Published: June 2014

Background

Nipple adenoma is a rare and benign type of breast tumour. Because of the lack of proper understanding, it is easily overlooked and misdiagnosed by doctors. The aim of the study is to improve clinicians' awareness of the disease.

Methods

Evaluation of the complaints such as blood discharge or nodules on the nipple was done with physical examination, ultrasonography and cytologic evaluation (discharge cytology and curettage cytology). Resection of part of the nipple containing the tumour was performed in 11 of the 12 patients included in this study.

Results

Physical examination revealed nodules palpable inside the nipples in all 12 cases. However, a hypoechoic nodule was detected unilaterally inside the nipple only in three of 11 patients examined by ultrasonography. It was worth noting that six patients had cytology performed (one case on nipple discharge and five cases on curettage) and that all six had abnormal results. Cytology is often atypical or suspicious but the ultimate pathology is benign. No post‐operative recurrence was observed in any of the patients.

Conclusions

Physical examination and diagnostic studies are important part of the diagnostic workup, but since cytological assessment often yields atypical cells, surgical treatment and pathologic evaluation are the only approach for definitive diagnosis to rule out a potential malignancy.
Implementation of combined ultrasound and biochemistry for risk evaluation of chromosomal abnormalities during the first trimester in Sweden
Authors: Ingvoldstad Charlotta , Georgsson Öhman Susanne , Lindgren Peter
Published: June 2014

Objective

To investigate how the first trimester risk evaluation for Down syndrome is offered and performed.

Setting

Sweden.

Sample

All 52 known units working with obstetric ultrasound.

Methods

Study‐specific questionnaire and descriptive statistical analyses.

Main outcome measures

Routines for offering combined ultrasound and biochemistry (CUB), questions about information, questions about tests and analysis used for diagnosis.

Results

CUB was performed in 28 600 (26%) of the expected 110 000 pregnancies in Sweden during 2011. Of all pregnant women, 15% were living in a county not offering CUB (only invasive prenatal diagnosis); 44% regardless of age; 15% to women ≥33 years; 24% to women ≥35 years; and 2% to women ≥38 years old. Amniocentesis was the most common method offered when the risk was estimated as high. Of the 47 units that replied, 29 (61.7%) offered only amniocentesis. On the questions about information, 40 (95.2%) stated that they gave verbal information. In addition to verbal information, 17 (40.5%) gave written information. Forty‐one of the units (71.9%) stated that the CUB is offered to non‐Swedish‐speaking women.

Conclusion

Without consistent national guidelines, the prenatal diagnostic CUB method is offered in an inequitable manner to pregnant women in Sweden. More than half of all pregnant women live in a county where CUB is not offered or is only offered based on age. The results demonstrate the importance of national consistency before the introduction of new prenatal tests, to enhance equal care for all pregnant women.
Prognostic scores after surgical treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a proposed model and possible implications for post‐operative follow‐up
Authors: Andrade Carlos E.M.C. , Scapulatempo‐Neto Cristovam , Longatto‐Filho Adhemar , Vieira Marcelo A. , Tsunoda Audrey T. , Da Silva Ismael D.C.G. , Fregnani José Humberto T.G.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To develop a prognostic model for women who underwent surgical treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Design

Cohort study. Patient inclusion and follow‐up occurred retrospectively and prospectively.

Setting

Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.

Population

Women (n = 242) diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia who were submitted to conization.

Methods

Immediately prior to surgical treatment, a cervical cytology sample was collected from each individual included in the study by endocervical brushing and stored in a preservative solution with methanol. A human papilloma virus‐DNA test was conducted using an aliquot of the endocervical brushings. The surgical specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of p16 (immunohistochemical analysis 4a) protein expression.

Main outcome measures

Two‐year disease‐free survival rates calculated for each study variable. Identified variables in the multivariate Cox model were used for elaboration of prognostic scores.

Results

Variables associated with outcome included age (p = 0.033), tobacco use (p < 0.001), final histopathological diagnosis (p = 0.007), surgical margins (p < 0.001), high‐risk human papilloma virus status (p = 0.008), human papilloma virus‐16 status (p < 0.001) and immunoexpression of p16 in the cytoplasm (p = 0.049). By the Cox model, independent risk factors for disease recurrence/persistence were: tobacco use (hazard risk = 3.0; 95% confidence interval 1.6–5.6), positive surgical margins (hazard risk = 3.2; 95% confidence interval 1.6–6.1), human papilloma virus‐16 (hazard risk = 3.3; 95% confidence interval 1.6–6.9) and age over 45 years (hazard risk = 2.7; 95% confidence interval 1.1–6.6).

Conclusions

Establishment of a prognostic score can represent a valuable tool for determining the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia recurrence after conization. The use of clinical (age and tobacco use), pathological (surgical margins) and molecular (human papilloma virus‐16 genotyping) factors can facilitate more appropriate patient follow up according to risk stratification.
A randomized controlled trial on early induction compared to expectant management of nulliparous women with prolonged latent phases
Authors: Bräne Elena , Olsson Ann , Andolf Ellika
Published: June 2014

Objective

To compare early induction and expectant management regarding delivery outcomes and the experience of delivery in nulliparous women with prolonged latent phases.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

One delivery unit in a Swedish hospital.

Population

Nulliparous women at term experiencing continuous contractions impeding rest (women's report) and exceeding 18 h, a cervical dilation of less than 4 cm, intact membranes and with a singleton fetus in cephalic presentation.

Methods

The women were randomly allocated to either early induction (n = 65) or expectant management (n = 64). All participants received medication for therapeutic rest. The early induction group was induced five hours after medication, and the expectant group awaited spontaneous onset of labor. The Wijma Delivery Experience Questionnaire (W‐DEQ version B) was filled in after delivery.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was mode of delivery. Secondary outcomes included birth experience, duration of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal outcomes.

Results

The cesarean section rate was 15 of 65 (23.1%) in the early induction group and 24 of 64 (37.5%) in the expectant group (p = 0.076, OR 2.00, 95% CI 0.93–4.31). No significant differences were shown regarding delivery, neonatal outcomes or birth experience.

Conclusions

No significant differences were shown between the two groups in the rate of cesarean sections or the experience of delivery. According to the actual results, the power to detect a difference was only 45%. The cesarean section rate was high in both groups, regardless of intervention.
Reflections on ethics, sport and the consequences of professionalisation
Authors: Whysall Paul
Published: June 2014

This review of ethical implications of the professionalisation of sport argues that conventional sports ethics, which in the spirit of amateurism emphasise concepts of fair play, are increasingly inappropriate in professional sport. The formalist position, that fair play requires playing within the rules, is explored as are notions of playing to the rules, gamesmanship and cheating. It is argued that ethical problems in elite sport increase as a result of external factors including the celebrity of sportspeople, a tarnished image of some administrators, influences of external stakeholders (e.g. the mass media, commercial sponsors and betting interests), and the expectations of fans. Hence a worryingly negative picture of declining ethical standards in the face of internal and external pressures emerges, with little prospect of sports reforming from within, despite that appearing to be in a sport's best interests.
Timing of Late Cretaceous shortening and basin development, Little Hatchet Mountains, southwestern New Mexico, USA – implications for regional Laramide tectonics
Authors: Clinkscales Christopher A. , Lawton Timothy F.
Published: June 2014

Laser ablation‐multi collector‐inductively coupled mass spectrometry U‐Pb geochronology, detailed field mapping and stratigraphic data offer improved insights into the timing and style of Laramide deformation and basin development in the Little Hatchet Mountains, southwestern New Mexico, USA, a key locality in the ‘southern Laramide province.’ The Laramide synorogenic section in the northern Little Hatchet Mountains comprises upper Campanian to Maastrichtian strata consisting of the Ringbone and Skunk Ranch formations, with a preserved maximum thickness of >2400 m, and the correlative Hidalgo Formation with a total thickness >1700 m. The Ringbone Formation and superjacent Skunk Ranch Formation are each generally composed of (1) a basal conglomerate member; (2) a middle member consisting of lacustrine shale, limestone, sandstone, and interbedded ash‐fall tuffs; and (3) an upper sandstone and conglomerate member. Basaltic andesite flows are intercalated with the upper member of the Ringbone Formation and the middle member of the Skunk Ranch Formation. The Hidalgo Formation, which crops out in the northern part of the range, is dominantly composed of basaltic andesite breccias and flows equivalent to those of the Ringbone and Skunk Ranch formations. The Laramide section was deposited in an intermontane basin partitioned across intrabasinal thrust structures, which controlled growth‐stratal development. U‐Pb zircon ages from five tuffs indicate that the age range of the Laramide sedimentary succession is ca. 75–70 Ma. U‐Pb detrital‐zircon age data (n = 356 analyses) from the Ringbone Formation and a Lower Cretaceous unit indicate sediment contribution from uplifted Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks adjacent to the basin and the contemporary Tarahumara magmatic arc in nearby northern Sonora, Mexico. The new ages, combined with published data, indicate that uplift, basin development, and magmatism in the region proceeded diachronously northeastwards as the subducting Farallon slab flattened under northern Mexico and southern New Mexico from Campanian to Palaeogene time.
Computational Methods to Identify New Antibacterial Targets
Authors: McPhillie Martin J. , Cain Ricky M. , Narramore Sarah , Fishwick Colin W. G. , Simmons Katie J.
Published: June 2014

The development of resistance to all current antibiotics in the clinic means there is an urgent unmet need for novel antibacterial agents with new modes of action. One of the best ways of finding these is to identify new essential bacterial enzymes to target. The advent of a number of in silico tools has aided classical methods of discovering new antibacterial targets, and these programs are the subject of this review. Many of these tools apply a cheminformatic approach, utilizing the structural information of either ligand or protein, chemogenomic databases, and docking algorithms to identify putative antibacterial targets. Considering the wealth of potential drug targets identified from genomic research, these approaches are perfectly placed to mine this rich resource and complement drug discovery programs.
Human interleukin-27: wide individual variation in plasma levels and complex inter-relationships with interleukin-17A
Authors: Forrester M A , Robertson L , Bayoumi N , Keavney B D , Barker R N , Vickers M A
Published: June 2014

Although it is widely believed that interleukin (IL)-27 is anti-inflammatory, its role in controlling human immune responses is not fully established. In particular, its interactions with T helper type 17 (Th)17 cytokines are unclear. Our aims were to establish the relationships between IL-27 and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-17A, in human sera and cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Plasma IL-27 levels in 879 healthy humans from 163 families varied widely, but with relatively low heritability (19%). Despite IL-27 including a subunit encoded by Epstein–Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3), there was no correlation of levels with serological evidence of infection with the virus. Although IL-27 has been reported to inhibit IL-17A production, we demonstrated a strong positive correlation in sera, but lower correlations of IL-27 with other proinflammatory cytokines. We verified that IL-27 inhibited IL-17A production by human peripheral blood T cells in vitro, but not that it stimulated IL-10 secretion. Importantly, addition of IL-17A decreased IL-27 production by stimulated T cells but had the opposite effect on resting T cells. Together, these data suggest a model whereby IL-27 and IL-17A exerts complex reciprocal effects to boost inflammatory responses, but restrain resting cells to prevent inappropriate activation.
Novel type of regulatory B cell in central nervous system autoimmunity
Authors: Miyake Sachiko
Published: June 2014

A recent article published in Nature introduced interleukin‐35‐producing B cells as novel regulatory B cells. Mice with a specific interleukin‐35 deficiency in B cells lost their ability to recover from autoimmune experimental encephalomyelitis. Plasma cells were the major B cell type producing interleukin‐35. The present study provides new opportunities for the immune intervention of autoimmune diseases.
Cell‐to‐cell transmission in the pathogenesis of human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
Authors: Ohara Yoshiro
Published: June 2014

Virus transmission is an important key factor for understanding the pathomechanism(s) of virus‐related neurological diseases. In the past, cell‐free transmission was believed to be a major route of virus spread for almost all viruses. However, attention was paid to “cell‐to‐cell transmission” in the 1960s. Cell‐to‐cell transmission appears to be more effective, as progeny viruses do not have to encounter antibodies. Although this mode of virus transmission was first highlighted in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis caused by a variant of measles virus, human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐I) also utilizes cell‐to‐cell transmission. The transmission is undergone through so‐called “virological synapses”, a structure first described in HTLV‐I. Cell contact induces polarization of the cytoskeleton of the infected cells to the cell–cell junction. HTLV‐I core (Gag protein) complexes and the HTLV‐I genome accumulate at the cell–cell junction and are transferred to the uninfected cell. The intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulates the efficiency of intercellular HTLV‐I transmission under the control of expression phosphorylated vasodilator‐ stimulated phosphoprotein.
How do Th17 cells mediate autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system?
Authors: Korn Thomas
Published: June 2014

Th17 cells were first discovered in the context of autoimmunity, but it is likely that this subset of T helper cells has its primary function in host defense of pathogens, such as particular fungi against which Th1 or Th2 responses are not protective. In the early days of Th17 research, a great deal of effort was made to prove the identity of Th17 cells as a distinct lineage of T helper cells independent of Th1 and Th2 cells. However, Th17 cells are increasingly considered as a plastic subset of T helper cells that can co‐produce interleukin‐17 with interferon‐γ or interleukin‐17 with interleukin‐10 and then usurp T‐bet or c‐Maf as transcription factors that have been regarded as private to Th1 or Th2 cells, respectively. A coherent concept to explain the importance of Th17 cells in a series of autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis is still missing. However, the prominent role of Th17 cell responses at epithelial surfaces (like the gut) where the discrimination between self and foreign is particularly challenging might contribute to the predominant Th17 skewing of autoreactive T cells when immune tolerance is broken. In the present review, some novel aspects on the generation and biological properties of Th17 cells including trafficking and effector functions with particular emphasis on autoimmunity in the central nervous system are highlighted.
Towards understanding the role of orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 in Th17 cell‐mediated central nervous system autoimmunity: An experimental approach using an animal model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Oki Shinji
Published: June 2014

Although details of its pathogenesis remain elusive, multiple sclerosis (MS) is now widely accepted as an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which autoreactive helper T cells play a pivotal role in triggering pathogenic cascades. Recently developed drugs and ongoing clinical trials clearly reflect the significance of targeting pathogenic immune cells, such as T helper 17 (Th17) cells, for MS treatment. Through comprehensive gene expression profiling analysis, we previously showed that the orphan nuclear receptor, NR4A2, is selectively upregulated in peripheral blood T cells from relapsing–remitting MS patients. Furthermore, using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS, we have shown that NR4A2 is selectively upregulated in peripheral blood T cells and T cells from inflamed CNS tissues. T cells expressing NR4A2 in vivo were induced only when immunized with self‐peptide, not with irrelevant exogenous peptides. Accordingly, interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)‐producing helper T cells exclusively express NR4A2, whether or not they secrete interferon (IFN)‐γ, suggesting that NR4A2‐expressing T cells represent a pathogenic Th17 subset during autoimmunity. Therefore, NR4A2 could be a useful biomarker to estimate pathogenic Th17 cell behavior in MS patients. In addition, a blockade of NR4A2 expression in differentiating Th17 cells with small interfering RNA not only abolished IL‐17 secretion, but also Th17‐related genes, such as IL‐21, c‐Maf and IL‐23 receptor. Finally, in vivo administration of NR4A2‐specific small interfering RNA significantly ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, implying that NR4A2 is essential for triggering MS/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and could serve as a novel therapeutic target of the diseases.
Chemokine receptors on T cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sato Wakiro
Published: June 2014

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is usually characterized by alternating periods of relapse and remission. The involvement of CD4+ helper T cells, especially the Th1 and Th17 subsets, during MS relapse is well established. However, recent reports suggest that there is plasticity and functional diversity of Th17 cells in CNS autoimmunity. Therefore, the overall picture of “encephalitogenic” T cells is difficult to draw. The chemokine system is fundamental for T cell trafficking, and plays essential roles in normal physiology and autoimmunity. Each Th subset expresses characteristic chemokine receptors that are critical for homing to inflammation sites. Chemokine receptor expression profiles on T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients reflect certain aspects of the pathology of MS relapse. Mounting evidence suggests that Th1‐ and Th17‐related chemokines, and chemokine receptors mediate MS pathology. The scope of the present review was to discuss recent findings related to chemokine receptor expression and pathogenic Th cells in MS. This review focuses in particular on CCR2+CCR5+CCR6− Th1 cells, a newly identified Th cell subset that we recently showed is enriched in the CSF of relapsing MS patients. Measuring multiple chemokine receptor expression levels could show unique T cell subsets involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases.
Differentially expressed microRNA in multiple sclerosis: A window into pathogenesis?
Authors: Martin Nellie A. , Illes Zsolt
Published: June 2014

MicroRNA are small non‐coding RNA that mediate mRNA translation repression or mRNA degradation, and thereby refine protein expression levels. More than 30–60% of all genes are regulated by microRNA. Exploring disease‐related microRNA signatures is an emerging tool in biomarker discovery, and silencing has already been used in a clinical phase 2a trial. As microRNA regulate translation of more than 100 genes, they could also provide a focused insight into important pathways, and offer a better understanding of diseases with heterogeneous pathogenesis. The number of studies investigating microRNA related to multiple sclerosis has increased significantly in recent years. Differentially expressed microRNA have been identified in the whole blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, blood‐derived cell subsets and brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis. Most studies applied a non‐candidate approach of screening by microarray and validation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction or next generation sequencing; others used a candidate‐driven approach. Despite a relatively high number of multiple sclerosis‐associated microRNA, just a few could be repeatedly found, even if similar biological materials were examined. Only part of the identified microRNA has been extensively studied, and the biological function has not been explored in the majority. Some of the microRNA related to multiple sclerosis are also differentially expressed in other autoimmune diseases or autoimmune models. In the present review, we discuss microRNA related to disease compartments, activity and phenotype. We also focus on several microRNA with well‐defined functions, or because of particular interest due to either validation by several independent studies or in‐depth exploration of function.
Foundations of Resilience Thinking
Authors: CURTIN CHARLES G. , PARKER JESSICA P.
Published: June 2014

Through 3 broad and interconnected streams of thought, resilience thinking has influenced the science of ecology and natural resource management by generating new multidisciplinary approaches to environmental problem solving. Resilience science, adaptive management (AM), and ecological policy design (EPD) contributed to an internationally unified paradigm built around the realization that change is inevitable and that science and management must approach the world with this assumption, rather than one of stability. Resilience thinking treats actions as experiments to be learned from, rather than intellectual propositions to be defended or mistakes to be ignored. It asks what is novel and innovative and strives to capture the overall behavior of a system, rather than seeking static, precise outcomes from discrete action steps. Understanding the foundations of resilience thinking is an important building block for developing more holistic and adaptive approaches to conservation. We conducted a comprehensive review of the history of resilience thinking because resilience thinking provides a working context upon which more effective, synergistic, and systems‐based conservation action can be taken in light of rapid and unpredictable change. Together, resilience science, AM, and EPD bridge the gaps between systems analysis, ecology, and resource management to provide an interdisciplinary approach to solving wicked problems.

Fundamentos del Pensamiento sobre Resiliencia
Interventions for Reducing Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis‐Threatened Amphibians
Authors: SCHEELE BEN C. , HUNTER DAVID A. , GROGAN LAURA F. , BERGER LEE , KOLBY JON E. , MCFADDEN MICHAEL S. , MARANTELLI GERRY , SKERRATT LEE F. , DRISCOLL DON A.
Published: June 2014

Wildlife diseases pose an increasing threat to biodiversity and are a major management challenge. A striking example of this threat is the emergence of chytridiomycosis. Despite diagnosis of chytridiomycosis as an important driver of global amphibian declines 15 years ago, researchers have yet to devise effective large‐scale management responses other than biosecurity measures to mitigate disease spread and the establishment of disease‐free captive assurance colonies prior to or during disease outbreaks. We examined the development of management actions that can be implemented after an epidemic in surviving populations. We developed a conceptual framework with clear interventions to guide experimental management and applied research so that further extinctions of amphibian species threatened by chytridiomycosis might be prevented. Within our framework, there are 2 management approaches: reducing Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in the environment or on amphibians and increasing the capacity of populations to persist despite increased mortality from disease. The latter approach emphasizes that mitigation does not necessarily need to focus on reducing disease‐associated mortality. We propose promising management actions that can be implemented and tested based on current knowledge and that include habitat manipulation, antifungal treatments, animal translocation, bioaugmentation, head starting, and selection for resistance. Case studies where these strategies are being implemented will demonstrate their potential to save critically endangered species.

Intervenciones para Reducir el Riesgo de Extinción en Anfibios Amenazados por la Quitridiomicosis
Are Thoughtful People More Utilitarian? CRT as a Unique Predictor of Moral Minimalism in the Dilemmatic Context
Authors: Royzman Edward B. , Landy Justin F. , Leeman Robert F.
Published: June 2014

Recent theorizing about the cognitive underpinnings of dilemmatic moral judgment has equated slow, deliberative thinking with the utilitarian disposition and fast, automatic thinking with the deontological disposition. However, evidence for the reflective utilitarian hypothesis—the hypothesized link between utilitarian judgment and individual differences in the capacity for rational reflection (gauged here by the Cognitive Reflection Test [CRT; Frederick, 2005]) has been inconsistent and difficult to interpret in light of several design flaws. In two studies aimed at addressing some of the flaws, we found robust evidence for a reflective minimalist hypothesis—high CRT performers’ tendency to regard utility‐optimizing acts as largely a matter of personal prerogative, permissible both to perform and to leave undone. This relationship between CRT and the “minimalist” orientation remained intact after controlling for age, sex, trait affect, social desirability, and educational attainment. No significant association was found between CRT and the strict utilitarian response pattern or CRT and the strict deontological response pattern, nor did we find any significant association between CRT and willingness to act in the utility‐optimizing manner. However, we found an inverse association between empathic concern and a willingness to act in the utility‐optimizing manner, but there was no comparable association between empathic concern and the deontological judgment pattern. Theoretical, methodological, and normative implications of the findings are discussed.
Europe's freshwater biodiversity under climate change: distribution shifts and conservation needs
Authors: Markovic Danijela , Carrizo Savrina , Freyhof Jörg , Cid Nuria , Lengyel Szabolcs , Scholz Mathias , Kasperdius Hans , Darwall William
Published: June 2014

Aim

To assess the future climatic suitability of European catchments for freshwater species and the future utility of the current network of protected areas.

Location

Europe.

Methods

Using recently updated catchment‐scale species data and climate projections from multiple climate models, we assessed the climate change threat by the 2050s for 1648 European freshwater plants, fishes, molluscs, odonates, amphibians, crayfish and turtles for two dispersal scenarios and identified hotspots of change at three spatial scales: major river basins, countries and freshwater ecoregions. We considered both common species and the often overlooked rare species. To set our findings within the context of current and future conservation networks, we evaluated the coverage of freshwater biodiversity by Europe's protected area network.

Results

Six per cent of common and 77% of rare species are predicted to lose more than 90% of their current range. Eight fish species and nine mollusc species are predicted to experience 100% range loss under climate change. As the most species‐rich group, molluscs are particularly vulnerable due to the high proportion of rare species and their relatively limited ability to disperse. Furthermore, around 50% of molluscs and fish species will have no protected area coverage given their projected distributions.

Main conclusions

We identified the species most at threat due to projected changes in both catchment suitability and representation within the European protected area network. Our findings suggest an urgent need for freshwater management plans to facilitate adaptation to climate change.
Cross‐cultural investigation into cognitive underpinnings of individual differences in early arithmetic
Authors: Rodic Maja , Zhou Xinlin , Tikhomirova Tatiana , Wei Wei , Malykh Sergei , Ismatulina Victoria , Sabirova Elena , Davidova Yulia , Tosto Maria Grazia , Lemelin Jean‐Pascal , Kovas Yulia
Published: June 2014

The present study evaluated 626 5–7‐year‐old children in the UK, China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan on a cognitive test battery measuring: (1) general skills; (2) non‐symbolic number sense; (3) symbolic number understanding; (4) simple arithmetic – operating with numbers; and (5) familiarity with numbers. Although most inter‐population differences were small, 13% of the variance in arithmetic skills could be explained by the sample, replicating the pattern, previously found with older children in PISA. Furthermore, the same cognitive skills were related to early arithmetic in these diverse populations. Only understanding of symbolic number explained variation in mathematical performance in all samples. We discuss the results in terms of potential influences of socio‐demographic, linguistic and genetic factors on individual differences in mathematics.
Relative contributions of neutral and non‐neutral genetic differentiation to inform conservation of steelhead trout across highly variable landscapes
Authors: Matala Andrew P. , Ackerman Michael W. , Campbell Matthew R. , Narum Shawn R.
Published: June 2014

Mounting evidence of climatic effects on riverine environments and adaptive responses of fishes have elicited growing conservation concerns. Measures to rectify population declines include assessment of local extinction risk, population ecology, viability, and genetic differentiation. While conservation planning has been largely informed by neutral genetic structure, there has been a dearth of critical information regarding the role of non‐neutral or functional genetic variation. We evaluated genetic variation among steelhead trout of the Columbia River Basin, which supports diverse populations distributed among dynamic landscapes. We categorized 188 SNP loci as either putatively neutral or candidates for divergent selection (non‐neutral) using a multitest association approach. Neutral variation distinguished lineages and defined broad‐scale population structure consistent with previous studies, but fine‐scale resolution was also detected at levels not previously observed. Within distinct coastal and inland lineages, we identified nine and 22 candidate loci commonly associated with precipitation or temperature variables and putatively under divergent selection. Observed patterns of non‐neutral variation suggest overall climate is likely to shape local adaptation (e.g., potential rapid evolution) of steelhead trout in the Columbia River region. Broad geographic patterns of neutral and non‐neutral variation demonstrated here can be used to accommodate priorities for regional management and inform long‐term conservation of this species.
Bilateral traumatic optic nerve avulsion in a Thoroughbred gelding
Authors: Kullmann A. , Marteniuk J. V. , Williams M. R. , Holcombe S. J. , Mowat F. M. , Mullaney T. P.
Published: June 2014

This report describes an unusual case of acute blindness following traumatic head injury in a mature horse. The horse fell over backwards and subsequently presented with bilateral blindness and epistaxis. Vision did not return following medical supportive therapy and euthanasia was elected.Post mortemfindings revealed a basisphenoid fracture and bilateral optic nerve avulsion rostral to the optic chiasm, an uncommon presentation of traumatic blindness not previously reported in the horse.
The influence of higher order terms of Williams series on a more accurate description of stress fields around the crack tip
Authors: Malíková L. , Veselý V.
Published: June 2014

In this work, the crack tip stress field is investigated in two different configurations loaded in mode I as well as in mode I + II. The detailed two‐dimensional solution includes a conventional finite elements analysis that is compared to results obtained analytically from what is referred to as Williams expansion. The influence of consideration of various numbers of terms of the series expansion on the stress distribution is discussed, and the significance of the multi‐parameter fracture mechanics approach is emphasized for some engineering applications, for example, failure of quasi‐brittle materials and estimation of plastic zone extent.
A survey of pyrethroid‐resistant populations of Meligethes aeneus F. in Poland indicates the incidence of numerous substitutions in the pyrethroid target site of voltage‐sensitive sodium channels in individual beetles
Authors: Wrzesińska B. , Czerwoniec A. , Wieczorek P. , Węgorek P. , Zamojska J. , Obrępalska‐Stęplowska A.
Published: June 2014

The pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) is the most devastating pest of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and is controlled by pyrethroid insecticides. However, resistance to pyrethroids in Europe is becoming widespread and predominant. Pyrethroids target the voltage‐sensitive sodium channel (VSSC), and mutations in VSSC may be responsible for pyrethroid insensitivity. Here, we analysed individual beetles that were resistant to esfenvalerate, a pyrethroid, from 14 populations that were collected from oilseed rape fields in Poland. We screened the VSSC domains that were presumed to directly interact with pyrethroids. We identified 18 heterozygous nucleic acid substitutions, amongst which six caused an amino acid change: N912S, G926S, I936V, R957G, F1538L and E1553G. Our analysis of the three‐dimensional structure of these domains in VSSC revealed that some of these changes may slightly influence the protein structure and hence the docking efficiency of esfenvalerate. Therefore, these mutations may impact the susceptibility of the sodium channel to the action of this insecticide.
Nursing education development in China (1887–1949): influences on contemporary nursing
Authors: Yan Z. , An Li J. , McDonald T.
Published: June 2014

Background

On 8 May 2013, the Chinese Nursing Association joined the International Council of Nurses. It is hoped that by sharing the history of nursing in China, scholars globally can incorporate into current thinking the challenges that Chinese nurses have faced in pursuing educational development and professional acknowledgement.

Aim

To review the history of nurse education in China between 1887 and 1949 and summarize events marking its development; and to provide historical references for considering contemporary nurse education and discipline development in China.

Methods

Content analysis using bibliometric and historical research methods on available documentation sources. Milestone events were listed and their historical significance analysed.

Results

Nurse education development during this period was affected by three major influences: (1) international nursing collaboration and involvement with Chinese nursing in China and abroad, (2) the determination of leaders to develop nursing as a unique and ethical profession, and (3) the pressure of war and civilian need on the focus of nursing development in China.

Conclusion

The development of nurse education in China occurred within an environment of social change, war and international collaboration. Throughout the Modern China period (1887–1949), nursing leadership has guided the growth of nurse education to be responsive to individual and community needs as well as ensuring nurse accountability for conduct and nursing practice. Contemporary Chinese nursing and education owes much to those throughout the Modern China period, who laid the foundations that support the current position and status of nursing.

Implications for nursing and health policy

The study displays the benefits and challenges of participation in policy and forums that help nurse scholars and practitioners understand the development of nurse education in China.
Diagnosing osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot: a pilot study to examine the sensitivity and specificity of Tc99mwhite blood cell‐labelled single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography
Authors: Przybylski Mallory M , Holloway Samantha , Vyce Steven D , Obando Antonio
Published: June 2014

Diabetic foot ulceration poses a significant threat of osteomyelitis (OM) and subsequent amputation. The diagnosis of OM via imaging studies is difficult as radiographic findings do not present immediately and advanced imaging studies may be contraindicated or unavailable. A novel diagnostic tool has been developed which synthesises technetium‐99 white blood cell‐labelled single‐photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography (Tc99mWBC labelled‐SPECT/CT) imaging, effectively enhancing anatomic detail. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the validity and reliability of this novel imaging technique in patients with diabetic foot ulcers in a Veterans Affairs healthcare facility. A retrospective review was performed on consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria (n = 14) and underwent Tc99mWBC‐labelledSPECT/CTfor suspected OM. Histopathologic analysis of bone specimen (when available) and International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot consensus criteria were used as a reference standard. The sensitivity and specificity of Tc99mWBC‐labelledSPECT/CTwere 87·50% [confidence interval (CI): 64·58–110·42%] and 71·43% (CI: 37·96–104·90%), respectively. Negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) were 83·33% (CI: 53·51–113·15%) and 77·78% (CI: 50·62–104·94%), respectively, with a likelihood ratio (LR) of 3·063 and an accuracy of 80%. These findings suggest Tc99mWBC‐labelledSPECT/CTcan be useful in imaging OM in patients with diabetic foot ulcers.
Incontinence‐associated dermatitis: a cross‐sectional prevalence study in the Australian acute care hospital setting
Authors: Campbell Jill L , Coyer Fiona M , Osborne Sonya R
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to identify the prevalence of incontinence and incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD) in Australian acute care patients and to describe the products worn to manage incontinence, and those provided at the bedside for perineal skin care. Data on 376 inpatients were collected over 2 days at a major Australian teaching hospital. The mean age of the sample group was 62 years and 52% of the patients were male. The prevalence rate of incontinence was 24% (91/376). Urinary incontinence was significantly more prevalent in females (10%) than males (6%) (χ2 = 4·458, df = 1, P = 0·035). IAD occurred in 10% (38/376) of the sample group, with 42% (38/91) of incontinent patients having IAD. Semi‐formed and liquid stool were associated with IAD (χ2 = 5·520, df = 1, P = 0·027). Clinical indication of fungal infection was present in 32% (12/38) of patients with IAD. Absorbent disposable briefs were the most common incontinence aids used (80%, 70/91), with soap/water and disposable washcloths being the clean‐up products most commonly available (60%, 55/91) at the bedside. Further data are needed to validate this high prevalence. Studies that address prevention of IAD and the effectiveness of management strategies are also needed.
The role of territory settlement, individual quality, and nesting initiation on productivity of Bell's vireosVireo bellii bellii
Authors: Joos Cara J. , Thompson Frank R. , Faaborg John
Published: June 2014

Variation in habitat quality among territories within a heterogeneous patch should influence reproductive success of territory owners. Further, territory settlement order following an ideal despotic distribution (IDD) should predict the fitness of occupants if territory selection is adaptive. We recorded settlement order and monitored nests in territories occupied by individually marked Bell's vireosVireo bellii belliiacross a range of shrubland habitats in central Missouri, USA. We used an information theoretic approach to evaluate multiple hypotheses regarding the relationship between territory settlement order and seasonal territory productivity (productivity), which we define as the number of young fledged from all nest attempts in a territory. Territory settlement order and arrival date were not analogous and later arriving males displaced early settlers in 13 of 49 territories. Settlement order and lay date together were the best predictors of a territory's productivity; productivity decreased 2.08 young from earliest to latest settlement rank and lay date. Males that defended the same territory in successive years occupied territories with earlier settlement dates, but we found little evidence that age or prior ownership influenced productivity. Territory selection by male Bell's vireos was adaptive because males preferred to settle in territories that had high seasonal offspring production, but even though settlement rank was linked to territory quality, high productivity was only realized on high quality territory when also linked to early nest initiation date. While settlement rank was related to territory quality, obtaining a high quality territory had to be combined with early nest initiation to maximize productivity. We found support for the IDD hypothesis because the highest quality territories, (i.e. most productive), were settled earlier. Research that identifies high quality habitat by linking individual fitness with habitat characteristics may elucidate the importance of habitat quality, individual experience and temporal factors to productivity of Bell's vireos.
Variation in adrenocortical stress physiology and condition metrics within a heterogeneous urban environment in the song sparrow Melospiza melodia
Authors: Grunst Melissa L. , Rotenberry John T. , Grunst Andrea S.
Published: June 2014

In urban habitats, organisms face unique fitness challenges including disturbance from human activity and noise. One physiological mechanism that may be plastically or evolutionarily modified to ameliorate deleterious effects of anthropogenic disturbance is the adrenocortical stress response. Individuals in urban environments may display smaller stress responses, which may prevent pathologies associated with consistent elevation of stress hormones, and may also show differences in baseline corticosterone (CORT, the primary avian stress hormone), due to altered energetic demands or chronic stress. We examined whether stress physiology and condition metrics in male song sparrows Melospiza melodia vary as a function of discrete differences in anthropogenic disturbance level (activity centers and refuges) or with continuous variation in an urbanization score and noise environment. Males breeding in activity centers displayed lower maximal (acute) CORT levels than activity refuge males, and acute CORT also tended to negatively correlate with urbanization score. Baseline CORT did not differ between habitat types, and activity center males also showed no evidence of changes in body mass, hematocrit, or antioxidant capacity. Further, activity center males had higher quality feathers (indicative of higher condition at molt) than activity refuge males. We found no indication that the noise environment altered stress physiology or condition in song sparrows. Overall, results suggest that song sparrows are an urban adapter species, which are not detrimentally affected by unique selective pressures encountered in the urban environment.
Quick divergence but slow convergence during ecotype formation in lake and stream stickleback pairs of variable age
Authors: Lucek K. , Sivasundar A. , Kristjánsson B. K. , Skúlason S. , Seehausen O.
Published: June 2014

When genetic constraints restrict phenotypic evolution, diversification can be predicted to evolve along so‐called lines of least resistance. To address the importance of such constraints and their resolution, studies of parallel phenotypic divergence that differ in their age are valuable. Here, we investigate the parapatric evolution of six lake and stream threespine stickleback systems from Iceland and Switzerland, ranging in age from a few decades to several millennia. Using phenotypic data, we test for parallelism in ecotypic divergence between parapatric lake and stream populations and compare the observed patterns to an ancestral‐like marine population. We find strong and consistent phenotypic divergence, both among lake and stream populations and between our freshwater populations and the marine population. Interestingly, ecotypic divergence in low‐dimensional phenotype space (i.e. single traits) is rapid and seems to be often completed within 100 years. Yet, the dimensionality of ecotypic divergence was highest in our oldest systems and only there parallel evolution of unrelated ecotypes was strong enough to overwrite phylogenetic contingency. Moreover, the dimensionality of divergence in different systems varies between trait complexes, suggesting different constraints and evolutionary pathways to their resolution among freshwater systems.
The significance of gender in patients administered coronary angiography with respect to smoking, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and the procedure used
Authors: Atik Derya , Atik Cem , Paker Salih , Işlek Mesut
Published: June 2014

Rationale, aims and objectives

This descriptive study was planned and conducted to determine whether or not gender is significant in patients administered coronary angiography with respect to smoking, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and the procedure used.

Methods

Based on the hospital records that were scanned retrospectively, the study included patients aged 18 and over who were diagnosed with coronary arterial disease and were administered for the first time a coronary angiography procedure in the Cardiology Clinic of Osmaniye Private New Life Hospital between 1 September 2012 and 31 December 2013. The data was evaluated on the SPSS 21.0 software. Percentages, averages, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis, chi‐square independence test were used as our analysis method.

Results

40.2% of the patients who took part in the study were female and 59.8% male; the mean age was 58.18 ± 11.73. It was observed that approximately 41% of the patients smoked, 5% of them had peripheral arterial disease, 23.9% were administered percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty + stent and a surgical treatment was planned for 16.1% of them. Gender was considered statistically significant in terms of smoking, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and the procedure used (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

We see that gender is important in the patient group consisting of patients with coronary arterial disease. We think that the information herein will provide a guideline for evaluating treatment strategies and prognoses as well as for the training and consultancy to be provided to patient groups.