bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A growing care gap? The supply of unpaid care for older people by their adult children in England to 2032
Authors: PICKARD LINDA
Published: August 2013

A key feature of population ageing in Europe and other more economically developed countries is the projected unprecedented rise in need for long-term care in the next two decades. There is, however, considerable uncertainty over the future supply of unpaid care for older people by their adult children. The future of family care is particularly important in countries planning to reform their long-term care systems, as is the case in England. This article makes new projections of the supply of intense unpaid care for parents aged 65 and over in England to 2032, and compares these projections with existing projections of demand for unpaid care by older people with disabilities from their children. The results show that the supply of unpaid care to older people with disabilities by their adult children in England is unlikely to keep pace with demand in future. By 2032, there is projected to be a shortfall of 160,000 care-givers in England. Demand for unpaid care will begin to exceed supply by 2017 and the unpaid ‘care gap’ will grow rapidly from then onwards. The article concludes by examining how far this unpaid ‘care gap’ is likely to be met by other sources of unpaid care or by developments in new technology and examines the implications of the findings for long-term care policy.
First to the Party: The Group Origins of the Partisan Transformation on Civil Rights, 1940–1960
Authors: Baylor Christopher A.
Published: August 2013

One of the most momentous shifts in twentieth-century party politics was the Democratic Party's embrace of civil rights. Recent scholarship finds that this realignment began as early as the 1940s and traces it to pressure groups, especially organized labor. But such scholarship does not explain why labor, which was traditionally hostile to African Americans, began to work with them. Nor does it ascribe agency to the efforts of African American pressure groups. Focusing on the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), this article attempts to fill these gaps in the literature. It explains why civil rights and labor leaders reassessed their traditional animosities and began to work as allies in the Democratic Party. It further shows how pressure from the new black-blue alliance forced the national Democratic Party to stop straddling civil rights issues and to become instead the vehicle for promoting civil rights. NAACP and CIO leaders consciously sought to remake the Democratic Party by marginalizing conservative Southerners, and eventually succeeded.
Surveillance of human influenza A(H3N2) virus from 1999 to 2009 in southern Italy
Authors: DE DONNO A. , IDOLO A. , QUATTROCCHI M. , ZIZZA A. , GABUTTI G. , ROMANO A. , GRIMA P. , DONATELLI I. , GUIDO M.
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of influenza virus co-infections in humans and changes in the genetic variability of A(H3N2) virus strains in southern Italy from 1999 to 2009. A partial sequence of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene by human influenza H3N2 strains identified in oropharyngeal swabs from patients with influenza-like illness was analysed by DNA sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. During the seasons 1999–2000, 2002–2003, 2004–2005 and 2008–2009, the influenza viruses circulating belonged to subtype H3N2. However, A(H1N1) subtype virus and B type were respectively prevalent during the 2000–2001, 2006–2007, 2007–2008 and 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006 seasons. The HA sequences appeared to be closely related to the sequence of the influenza A vaccine strain. Only the 2002–2003 season was characterized by co-circulation of two viral lineages: A/New York/55/01(H3N2)-like virus of the previous season and A/Fujian/411/02(H3N2)-like virus, a new H3 variant. In this study, over the decade analysed, no significant change was seen in the sequences of the HA gene of H3 viruses isolated.
Vitrification of day 3 cleavage-stage embryos yields better clinical outcome in comparison with vitrification of day 2 cleavage-stage embryos
Authors: Chi Fengli , Luo Chengfeng , Yin Ping , Hong Ling , Ruan Jingling , Huang Meiyuan , Duan Tao , Tong Guoqing
Published: August 2013

The objective of this retrospective study was to determine an optimal time point for vitrification of cleavage-stage human embryos. This study included patients who were undergoing day 2 or day 3 vitrified–warmed cleavage-stage embryo transfer at the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Programme of the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, China, affiliated to the Tongji University School of Medicine, from April 2010 to March 2012. Intervention was made for the entire cohort of vitrified embryos for poor responder patients so as to avoid severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Embryo survival rate (SR) after vitrification–warming, implantation rate (IR), and clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) were the main outcome measurements. In total, 380 vitrified–warmed cleavage-stage embryo transfer (VWT) cycles were included. We found that the SR after vitrification and warming for day 2 embryos and day 3 embryos were 92.7% and 92.8%, respectively. For poor ovarian responders, the IR of day 2 and day 3 vitrified–warmed embryos was 6.4% and 13.2%, respectively (P = 0.186). The CPR for day 3 vitrified–warmed embryos was significantly higher than that of day 2 vitrified–warmed embryos (17.6 vs. 4.0 % per transfer cycle, P = 0.036). For patients who had their entire cohort of embryos vitrified to prevent severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), the IR and CPR were not significantly different for day 2 and day 3 vitrified–warmed embryo transfer. In conclusion, for vitrified–warmed embryo transfer, cryopreservation of the entire cohort of embryos on day 3 resulted in better clinical outcomes compared with cryopreservation on day 2. Therefore, it is highly recommended that cleavage-stage embryos should be vitrified on day 3, but not on day 2, particularly for poor ovarian responder patients.
Supporting health systems in Europe: added value of EU actions?
Authors: Clemens Timo , Michelsen Kai , Brand Helmut
Published: August 2013

Since the start of the economic crisis, the European Union's (EU's) predominant discourse has been austerity and fiscal consolidation. The detrimental effects on Europe's health systems and the health status of its citizens are well described. However, little is known about the emerging EU-level initiatives to support national health systems handle the challenges of efficient care provision and system reorganisation aimed to meet their future needs. This review analyses the manner, conditions and prospects of such EU support. First, health system objectives are increasingly entering the EU health policy agenda. Second, professional and patient mobility provisions may support member states (MS) in copying with crisis related health challenges but can potentially acerbate them at the same time. Third, in recent initiatives health system goals are more closely tied to the EU's economic growth narrative. And fourth, health system issues are taken up in existing EU-level structures for debate and exchange between MS. In addition, the design of some policies may have the potential to intensify socioeconomic and health inequalities rather than ameliorate them.
Editorial introduction to the Elinor Ostrom memorial issue
Authors: HODGSON GEOFFREY M.
Published: August 2013

This introduction considers the overall character and impact of the work of Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012). Her work is not only inter-disciplinary in character; it also bridges ‘original’ and ‘new’ traditions within institutional economics. Her studies of the governance of common-pool resources inspired multiple lines of enquiry in economics and other social sciences. It also carves out a policy approach that surpasses the market–state dichotomy. This broad impact is evidenced in the seven essays collected and introduced here.
Medizinische Versorgung bei Sportanlässen
Authors: Kistler Walter
Published: August 2013

Die medizinische Betreuung von Sportanlässen stellt für ÄrztInnen und andere medizinische Fachpersonen je nach Art und Grösse des Anlasses eine spezielle Herausforderung dar. Planungsgrundlagen existieren bisher nur in allgemeiner Form und sind häufig ungenügend, so dass hauptsächlich Erfahrungswerte in der Vorbereitung zu berücksichtigen sind. Neben einer guten Zusammenarbeit mit den weiteren Partnern im Rettungswesen sind spezifische Unfall- und Krankheitsbilder sowie juristische Konsequenzen zu beachten.
Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Patuto Nicola , Beglinger Christoph
Published: August 2013

Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (CED) zeigen eine Zunahme der Prävalenz in der Schweiz. Industrialisierung und Urbanisierung gehen mit einer Steigerung der Inzidenz einher. CED sind das Resultat eines Kontinuums von Interaktionen zwischen genetischen Faktoren, der intestinalen mikrobiellen Flora, dem Immunsystem sowie von Umgebungs- bzw. Umwelteinflüssen. Für die Therapie beider Erkrankungen wird zwischen Anfallsbehandlung und Remissionserhaltung unterschieden. Beim Morbus Crohn werden bevorzugt systemische Steroide, für die Remissionserhaltung Azathioprin und Methotrexat, neu auch TNFα-Antikörper eingesetzt. Für die Anfallsbehandlung bei der Colitis ulcerosa werden ebenfalls primär systemische Steroide, für die Remissionserhaltung hingegen topisch und systemisch wirksame 5-ASA-Präparate und TNF-Antikörper eingesetzt. Leichtere Fälle können auch in der aktiven Phase mit 5-ASA-Präparaten behandelt werden.
Comments on ‘optimal training design for linearly time‐varying MIMO/OFDM channels modelled by a complex exponential basis expansion’
Authors: Muralidhar Karthik , Sreedhar Dheeraj
Published: August 2013

Equations (17), (18) and (19) are incorrectly given in the above study. In this study, we give the correct versions of those equations.
Interference detection in slow frequency‐hopped quadrature phase‐shift‐keying systems over fading channels
Authors: Aung Aye , Teh Kah Chan , Li Kwok Hung
Published: August 2013

In this study, the authors present an algorithm to detect unknown interference in slow frequency‐hopped quadrature phase‐shift‐keying systems. Both partial‐band noise interference and multitone interference are considered. The algorithm is developed based on the correlator outputs over one hop. A suitable threshold level is derived for detection. The authors formulate the analytical expressions for probability of detection for both interference models. Numerical results reveal that the proposed algorithm can detect both interference types even at low interference power.
Linearly polarised planar inverted F‐antenna for Global Positioning System and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access applications
Authors: Agarwal Mayank , Singh Rajesh , Meshram Manoj K.
Published: August 2013

A compact dual‐band planar inverted‐F antenna in conjunction with an inverted L‐shaped parasitic and reduced ground‐plane structure working in the GPS (Global Positioning System) band (1565–1585 MHz) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access band (3300–3800 MHz) is presented. The antenna meets the strict space requirements of the portable devices and the final design fits a volume of 100 × 24 × 9.7 mm3 (L × W × H). It is composed of a series of branches, properly dimensioned and separated to generate the resonances at the desired frequencies. The antenna is fabricated using a 0.2 mm thick copper foil. The linearly polarised antenna exhibits good impedance matching performance, wide beam radiation pattern and high gain. Also, carrier‐to‐noise ratios for three different satellite locations, that is, 5°, 50° and 90° elevation are 47.58, 50.49 and 45.86 dB/Hz, respectively, at the centre frequency (1575 MHz) of GPS L1 band, which is well within the maximum allowable limit (50.5 dB/Hz) at room temperature.
Millimetre‐wave waveguide reflectometers for early detection of skin cancer
Authors: Taeb Aidin , Gigoyan Suren , Safavi‐Naeini Safieddin
Published: August 2013

Millimetre‐wave (mm‐wave) reflectometry is an efficient technique for diagnosis of human tissue disease such as early stage skin cancer. Two sets of non‐invasive and in‐package reflectometers operating at 42 and 70 GHz are designed, fabricated and successfully tested with different kinds of samples. The tests are performed for a number of liquids, and pure water at different temperatures. Also, the proposed WR‐22 device is tested over skin at different locations. The clinical trial tests are performed on a number of volunteer patients who suffered from Basal cell carcinoma. The proposed devices are easy‐to‐fabricate, and provide a low‐cost solution for fast and accurate skin cancer detection. Furthermore, the proposed technology has the potential to be used for fast tissue inspection during a surgery
New physical‐mathematical model for predicting slant‐path rain attenuation statistics based on inverse Gaussian distribution
Authors: Kourogiorgas Charilaos , Panagopoulos Athanasios D.
Published: August 2013

A new physical‐mathematical model for predicting first‐order rain attenuation statistics for slant‐path links is presented in this study. It is assumed that point rain rate and slant‐path rain attenuation follow the inverse Gaussian (IG) distribution. The statistical parameters of the IG distribution of the induced rain attenuation on a slant path are calculated in terms of the rain rate statistical parameters by adopting a spatial inhomogeneity model for specific rain attenuation. The method is validated using experimental data taken from Database of Study Group 3 (radiowave propagation) of International Telecommunication Union‐Radio (ITU‐R), hereafter named DBSG3 and with simulated rain attenuation data using the Synthetic Storm Technique on recent rain rate measurements in Athens, Greece. Its performance is also compared to the ITU‐R P. 618‐10 model. The proposed model shows better performance comparing to the ITU‐R model and the results are very encouraging.
Induced plant defenses, host–pathogen interactions, and forest insect outbreaks
Authors: Elderd Bret D. , Rehill Brian J. , Haynes Kyle J. , Dwyer Greg
Published: August 2013

Significance

Many forest insects undergo outbreaks, in which their densities rise from undetectable to extremely high. Outbreaks are widely assumed to be driven by specialist natural enemies such as infectious pathogens, but gypsy moth outbreaks show alternating severe and mild outbreaks in forests with a high percentage of oaks, a pattern that cannot be explained by host-pathogen models. We used an experiment to show that induced defenses in red oak reduce heterogeneity among gypsy moth larvae in the risk of virus infection, and extending standard models to allow for this effect produces alternating outbreaks, matching the data. The ability of our model to reproduce this complex pattern suggests that the role of induced defenses in insect outbreaks has been underestimated.
Tissue-specific and SRSF1-dependent splicing of fibronectin, a matrix protein that controls host cell invasion
Authors: Lopez-Mejia Isabel Cristina , De Toledo Marion , Della Seta Flavio , Fafet Patrick , Rebouissou Cosette , Deleuze Virginie , Blanchard Jean Marie , Jorgensen Christian , Tazi Jamal , Vignais Marie-Luce
Published: August 2013

Cell invasion targets specific tissues in physiological placental implantation and pathological metastasis, which raises questions about how this process is controlled. We compare dermis and endometrium capacities to support trophoblast invasion, using matching sets of human primary fibroblasts in a coculture assay with human placental explants. Substituting endometrium, the natural trophoblast target, with dermis dramatically reduces trophoblast interstitial invasion. Our data reveal that endometrium expresses a higher rate of the fibronectin (FN) extra type III domain A+ (EDA+) splicing isoform, which displays stronger matrix incorporation capacity. We demonstrate that the high FN content of the endometrium matrix, and not specifically the EDA domain, supports trophoblast invasion by showing that forced incorporation of plasma FN (EDA–) promotes efficient trophoblast invasion. We further show that the serine/arginine-rich protein serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) is more highly expressed in endometrium and, using RNA interference, that it is involved in the higher EDA exon inclusion rate in endometrium. Our data therefore show a mechanism by which tissues can be distinguished, for their capacity to support invasion, by their different rates of EDA inclusion, linked to their SRSF1 protein levels. In the broader context of cancer pathology, the results suggest that SRSF1 might play a central role not only in the tumor cells, but also in the surrounding stroma.
Cooperation between Rho-GEF Gef2 and its binding partner Nod1 in the regulation of fission yeast cytokinesis
Authors: Zhu Yi-Hua , Ye Yanfang , Wu Zhengrong , Wu Jian-Qiu
Published: August 2013

Cytokinesis is the last step of the cell-division cycle, which requires precise spatial and temporal regulation to ensure genetic stability. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rho GEFs) and Rho GTPases are among the key regulators of cytokinesis. We previously found that putative Rho-GEF Gef2 coordinates with Polo kinase Plo1 to control the medial cortical localization of anillin-like protein Mid1 in fission yeast. Here we show that an adaptor protein, Nod1, colocalizes with Gef2 in the contractile ring and its precursor cortical nodes. Like gef2∆, nod1∆ has strong genetic interactions with various cytokinesis mutants involved in division-site positioning, suggesting a role of Nod1 in early cytokinesis. We find that Nod1 and Gef2 interact through the C-termini, which is important for their localization. The contractile-ring localization of Nod1 and Gef2 also depends on the interaction between Nod1 and the F-BAR protein Cdc15, where the Nod1/Gef2 complex plays a role in contractile-ring maintenance and affects the septation initiation network. Moreover, Gef2 binds to purified GTPases Rho1, Rho4, and Rho5 in vitro. Taken together, our data indicate that Nod1 and Gef2 function cooperatively in a protein complex to regulate fission yeast cytokinesis.
On a possible origin for the lack of old star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Carpintero D. D. , Gómez F. A. , Piatti A. E.
Published: August 2013

We model the dynamical interaction between the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds and their corresponding stellar cluster populations. Our goal is to explore whether the lack of old clusters (≳7 Gyr) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) can be the result of the capture of clusters by the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) as well as their ejection due to the tidal interaction between the two galaxies. For this purpose, we perform a suite of numerical simulations probing a wide range of parameters for the orbit of the SMC about the LMC. We find that, for orbital eccentricities e ≥ 0.4, approximately 15 per cent of the SMC clusters are captured by the LMC. In addition, another 20–50 per cent of its clusters are ejected into the intergalactic medium. In general, the clusters lost by the SMC are the less tightly bound cluster population. The final LMC cluster distribution shows a spatial segregation between clusters that originally belonged to the LMC and those that were captured from the SMC. Clusters that originally belonged to the SMC are more likely to be found in the outskirts of the LMC. Within this scenario, it is possible to interpret the difference observed between the star field and cluster SMC age–metallicity relationships for ages ≳7 Gyr.
Kepler observations of the eclipsing cataclysmic variable KIS J192748.53+444724.5
Authors: Scaringi S. , Groot P. J. , Still M.
Published: August 2013

We present results from long-cadence Kepler observations covering 97.6 d of the newly discovered eclipsing cataclysmic variable KIS J192748.53+444724.5/KIC 8625249. We detect deep eclipses of the accretion disc by the donor star every 3.97 h. Additionally, the Kepler observations also cover a full outburst for this cataclysmic variable, making KIS J192748.53+444724.5 the second known eclipsing cataclysmic variable system in the Kepler field of view. We show how in quiescence a significant component associated with the hotspot is visible preceding the eclipse, and that this component is swamped by the brightness increase during the outburst, potentially associated with the accretion disc. Furthermore, we present evidence for accretion disc radius changes during the outburst by analysing the out-of-eclipse light levels and eclipse depth through each orbital cycle. We show how these parameters are linearly correlated in quiescence, and discuss how their evolution during the outburst suggests disc radius changes and/or radial temperature gradient variations in the disc.
White Rot of Garlic and Onion (Causal Agent, Sclerotium cepivorum): A Status Report from the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Lupien Shari L. , Hellier Barbara C. , Dugan Frank M. , Skoglund Linnea G. , Ward Karen F.
Published: August 2013

There is evidence from literature, state department of agriculture documents, and recent diagnoses that Sclerotium cepivorum, causal agent of white rot of garlic and onion, is spreading and/or becoming more established in the Pacific Northwest. Previously documented distributions are summarized and the fungus is reported for the first time from Latah Co., ID; Pend Oreille Co., WA; and Lake, Sanders, and Missoula counties, MT. Although known from a tightly quarantined prior occurrence in the Idaho portion of Treasure Valley (southwest Idaho), the pathogen has not been formally reported from that state nor from the state of Montana. Latah Co. has commercial production of seed garlic and borders adjacent Whitman Co., WA, where the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) maintains North America's largest non-commercial collection of garlic and wild/ornamental onion. Strict phytosanitary protocols have been implemented on the NPGS farm. Various areas within the Pacific Northwest have long been important for commercial Allium production, and a list of state departments of agriculture regulations addressing white rot is presented for Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

Accepted for publication 18 February 2013. Published 19 June 2013.
A Photographic Diagnostic Guide for Identification of the Principal Cranberry Fruit Rot Pathogens
Authors: Wells Lindsay D. , McManus Patricia S.
Published: August 2013

Many fungal species contribute to the cranberry fruit rot disease complex, the most devastating disease problem of cranberry crops, but the most significant economic losses can be attributed to a subset of five to seven species. Identifying these pathogens requires rotten cranberries to be culture on different microbiological media, where colony appearance differs. The objective of this report is to provide a photographic identification guide for each of the eight principal fruit rot pathogens when grown on different microbiological media.

Accepted for publication 17 April 2013. Published 29 July 2013.
First Report of Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus Affecting Soybeans in Alabama
Authors: Conner Kassie , Sikora Edward J. , Zhang Lee , Burmester Charles
Published: August 2013

Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus (SVNaV) is a relatively new disease of soybeans in the United States. This is the first report of SVNaV in Alabama. The disease was confirmed to be SVNaV by ELISA and sequencing virus specific PCR products. Confirmation of the disease in Alabama is an important step in developing management recommendations for growers.

Accepted for publication 10 May 2013. Published 29 July 2013.
First Report of Pantoea ananatis (Syn. Erwinia uredovora) Being Associated with Peanut Rust in Georgia
Authors: Arias R. S. , Power I. L. , Culbreath A. K. , Sobolev V. S. , Lamb M. C.
Published: August 2013

This is the first report of Pantoea ananatis on urediniospores of Puccinia arachidis. Presence of the bacterium is relevant for research and management of peanut rust.

Accepted for publication 18 May 2013. Published 29 July 2013.
An Analysis of Methodologies That Can Be Used to Validate if a Perioperative Surgical Home Improves the Patient-centeredness, Evidence-based Practice, Quality, Safety, and Value of Patient Care
Authors: Vetter Thomas R. , Ivankova Nataliya V. , Goeddel Lee A. , McGwin Gerald , Pittet Jean-Francois
Published: August 2013

Approximately 80 million inpatient and outpatient surgeries are performed annually in the United States. Widely variable and fragmented perioperative care exposes these surgical patients to lapses in expected standard of care, increases the chance for operational mistakes and accidents, results in unnecessary and potentially detrimental care, needlessly drives up costs, and adversely affects the patient healthcare experience. The American Society of Anesthesiologists and other stakeholders have proposed a more comprehensive model of perioperative care, the Perioperative Surgical Home (PSH), to improve current care of surgical patients and to meet the future demands of increased volume, quality standards, and patient-centered care. To justify implementation of this new healthcare delivery model to surgical colleagues, administrators, and patients and maintain the integrity of evidenced-based practice, the nascent PSH model must be rigorously evaluated. This special article proposes comparative effectiveness research aims or objectives and an optimal study design for the novel PSH model.
Validation of Ultrasound Methods to Monitor Gastric Volume Changes in Preterm Infants
Authors: Perrella Sharon L. , Hepworth Anna R. , Simmer Karen N. , Geddes Donna T.
Published: August 2013

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to validate 4 sonographic methods of estimating stomach volume for the purpose of monitoring changes in gastric volume over time and to describe the echogenic characteristics of milk feeds.

Methods:

Twenty‐four infants were monitored during a single intragastric tube feed, with 2 ultrasound images of the entire stomach and an image of the antral cross‐sectional area (ACSA) before, during, and after the feed. Raw measurements, 3 stomach volume calculations, and ACSA were tested for intra‐ and interrater agreement. Calculated stomach volumes and ACSA were compared with delivered feed volumes, and characteristics of stomach image echogenicity graded at each time point.

Results:

Spheroid calculation of stomach volume was the most reliable and valid measure of stomach volume. Fortified breast milk feeds were more echogenic than unfortified breast milk feeds. Residual stomach volumes (median 2.12 mL, range 0.59–9.27 mL) were identified in 18 of 24 infants.

Conclusions:

Direct ultrasound stomach measurement (spheroid) will provide a useful research tool and a potential clinical tool for assessing gastric emptying and feeding intolerance in preterm infants.
Feeding Immaturity in Preterm Neonates
Authors: Davis Natalie L. , Liu Ann , Rhein Lawrence
Published: August 2013

Objective:

Oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA) is a common cause of morbidity in premature neonates. We sought to identify significant risk factors and determine the timing of feeding maturation in preterm infants with OPA.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective medical record review of 148 former preterm neonates referred for modified barium swallow study (MBSS) during a 3‐year period. We looked at the MBSS results and potential clinical and demographic risk factors and performed bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses to evaluate predictors of failure. We evaluated the timing of resolution of OPA based on MBSS results.

Results:

Of the 148 infants comprising our study cohort, 47 (32%) passed their initial MBSS and 101 (68%) were found to aspirate thin liquids. Infants who aspirate had younger corrected gestational age (CGA) and postnatal age at the time of testing. Increasing CGA led to lower odds of failing. Infants passed a MBSS at a median CGA of 53 weeks and those who failed an initial MBSS eventually passed after a median of ∼3.4 months from the first study. Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had lower odds of failing their MBSS (odds ratio 0.16), but those taking inhaled corticosteroids and diuretics had higher odds of failing, and infants who were multiples also had higher odds of failing.

Conclusions:

We determined the median CGA for passing MBSS and identified risk factors for OPA in this population. This information can help guide providers when counseling families on timing of feeding maturity and anticipation of appropriate timing for follow‐up MBSS testing.
Humoral Immune Mechanism of Liver Injury in Giant Cell Hepatitis With Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Whitington Peter F. , Vos Miriam B. , Bass Lee M. , Melin‐Aldana Hector , Romero Rene , Roy Claude C. , Alvarez Fernando
Published: August 2013

Background and Aims:

Giant cell hepatitis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (GCH‐AHA) is presumed to be an autoimmune disease, but the mechanism of liver injury is unknown. We proposed that in CGH‐AHA, the humoral limb of autoimmunity is the dominant force driving progressive liver injury.

Methods:

We studied 6 cases of GCH‐AHA and 6 cases of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) with early childhood onset (3 type 1 and 3 type 2). Liver biopsies were graded for portal and periportal inflammation and for giant cells. Immunohistochemistry characterized cellular inflammation and complement involvement in injury by showing C5b‐9 complex in hepatocytes.

Results:

Clinical and biochemical features at presentation were generally similar; however, the absence of autoantibodies and the presence of Coombs positivity did distinguish GCH‐AHA from early‐onset AIH. Liver biopsy pathology in CGH‐AHA showed giant cells and little inflammation, whereas AIH showed the opposite. C5b‐9 staining showed high‐grade complement‐mediated pan‐lobular hepatocyte injury in all of the cases with GCH‐AHA, whereas little C5b‐9 was seen in hepatocytes in cases with AIH. Inflammation in GCH‐AHA comprised mainly lobular macrophages and neutrophils, whereas portal and periportal T‐cell and B‐cell inflammation characterized cases with AIH. Most cases with AIH responded to therapy with prednisone and azathioprine, whereas most cases with GCH‐AHA responded only to rituximab.

Conclusions:

Widespread complement‐mediated hepatocyte injury and typical C3a and C5a complement‐driven liver inflammation along with Coombs‐positive hemolytic anemia in GCH‐AHA provide convincing evidence that systemic B‐cell autoimmunity plays a central pathologic mechanism in the disease. Our findings support B‐cell–directed immunotherapy as a first‐line treatment of GCH‐AHA.
Enzymatic Formation of β-Citraurin from β-Cryptoxanthin and Zeaxanthin by Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase4 in the Flavedo of Citrus Fruit
Authors: Ma Gang , Zhang Lancui , Matsuta Asami , Matsutani Kazuki , Yamawaki Kazuki , Yahata Masaki , Wahyudi Anung , Motohashi Reiko , Kato Masaya
Published: August 2013

In this study, the pathway of β-citraurin biosynthesis, carotenoid contents and the expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism were investigated in two varieties of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), Yamashitabeni-wase, which accumulates β-citraurin predominantly, and Miyagawa-wase, which does not accumulate β-citraurin. The results suggested that CitCCD4 (for Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase4) was a key gene contributing to the biosynthesis of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 increased rapidly from September, which was consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Miyagawa-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 remained at an extremely low level during the ripening process, which was consistent with the absence of β-citraurin. Functional analysis showed that the CitCCD4 enzyme exhibited substrate specificity. It cleaved β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin at the 7,8 or 7′,8′ position. But other carotenoids tested in this study (lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, all-trans-violaxanthin, and 9-cis-violaxanthin) were not cleaved by the CitCCD4 enzyme. The cleavage of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin by CitCCD4 led to the formation of β-citraurin. Additionally, with ethylene and red light-emitting diode light treatments, the gene expression of CitCCD4 was up-regulated in the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase. These increases in the expression of CitCCD4 were consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin in the two treatments. These results might provide new strategies to improve the carotenoid contents and compositions of citrus fruits.
Are Voters More Likely to Contribute to Other Public Goods? Evidence from a Large‐Scale Randomized Policy Experiment
Authors: Bolsen Toby , Ferraro Paul J. , Miranda Juan Jose
Published: August 2013

Voting has been described as a contribution to a public good. Are people who vote frequently therefore more likely to contribute to other public goods? Does partisanship affect how likely a person is to engage in these cooperative behaviors? Although surveys suggest that the answer to these questions is “Yes,” few empirical studies examine these questions using observed behaviors. We examine them in the context of a large‐scale, randomized controlled trial to induce voluntary action in a common‐pool resource dilemma. During a drought in the southeastern United States, pro‐social messages that encouraged water conservation were randomly assigned to 35,000 out of 106,000 households. Frequent voters in primary and general elections (1990–2008) were substantially more responsive to the messages, but there was no detectable difference in the responses of Republican and Democrat households. Our results suggest that internalized pro‐social preferences promote action for the public good across behavioral contexts.
Effect of dietary vitamin E on broiler meat qualities, color, water‐holding capacity and shear force value, under heat stress conditions
Authors: Hashizawa Yoshinori , Kubota Masatoshi , Kadowaki Motoni , Fujimura Shinobu
Published: August 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary vitamin E (VE) on broiler meat quality, especially focused on PSE (pale color, soft and exudative), under chronic heat stress (HS) conditions. Twenty‐eight‐day‐old female Ross broilers were kept in independent cages with a controlled temperature of 24°C (normal temperature: NT) or 30°C (high temperature: HT). The NT chickens were fed basal feed. The HT chickens were fed basal feed (HT) or VE (200 mg/kg) added feed (HT + E). Broilers were weighed and slaughtered at 38 days old. The breast muscle was removed immediately and then the samples were used for determination of meat color, pH, water holding capacity (WHC) and shear force value (SFV). Body weight gain and feed intake were significantly decreased in the HT and HT + E groups compared to the NT group. VE supplementation did not affect the growth performance. Chronic HS at 30°C for 10 days may cause deterioration of meat quality such as PSE. The effects of chronic HS on meat quality were most significant in the toughness of broiler breast meat. Supplementation of VE in broiler feed would be effective to prevent the extent of PSE on broiler meat by chronic HS.
Prediction of tamoxifen outcome by genetic variation of CYP2D6 in post‐menopausal women with early breast cancer
Authors: Brauch Hiltrud , Schwab Matthias
Published: August 2013

The question of whether genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 can affect treatment outcome in patients with early post‐menopausal oestrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer has been a matter of debate over the past few years. In this article we revisit the hypothesis of CYP2D6 being a potential tamoxifen outcome predictor and provide detailed insight into the ongoing controversy that prevented the CYP2D6 marker from being accepted by the scientific and clinical community. We summarize the available pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic evidence and resolve the controversy based on the recognized methodological and statistical issues. The cumulative evidence suggests that genotyping for CYP2D6 is clinically relevant in post‐menopausal women. This is important, because the clarification of this issue has the potential to resolve a clinical management question that is relevant to hundreds of thousands of women diagnosed with ER‐positive breast cancer each year, who should not be denied effective endocrine therapy.
User‐Centric Service Map for Identifying New Service Opportunities from Potential Needs: A Case of App Store Applications
Authors: Kim Jieun , Lee Sungjoo , Park Yongtae
Published: August 2013

Today, service innovation is just as important as product innovation. The ideation of service innovation, vis‐à‐vis product innovation, is user‐oriented, rather than maker‐oriented. Thus, capturing and understanding user context is key to being able to offer personalized and relevant services, and further identify new service opportunities. Therefore, a user‐centric approach is needed in new service development, especially in the era of ubiquitous service. There exists a rich literature on how to incorporate customers into new service development, but most has focused only on their expressed needs, and failed to identify potential needs. In response, this paper proposes a ‘user‐centric service map’, which first visualizes the portfolio of existing services based on the dictionary of potential needs and then helps to investigate vacuums that can provide a concrete shape for new service opportunities. The suggested approach is composed of three parts: first, constructing a potential needs dictionary, second, developing a service map, and finally, identifying new service opportunities. A case study of Apple's App Store services is conducted to verify the feasibility and utility of the proposed approach and offer strategic implications.
Factors Influencing Creativity in Virtual Design Teams: An Interplay between Technology, Teams and Individuals
Authors: Chamakiotis Petros , Dekoninck Elies A. , Panteli Niki
Published: August 2013

Creativity is a topic of interest across numerous disciplines and areas of study. Creativity constitutes a challenging aspect of engineering design, and scholars in the field of management claim that the increase in virtual teamwork calls for research as to how virtual configurations alter some of the management practices based on the collocated workplace. By reviewing the different literatures, we posit a knowledge gap regarding creativity in the virtual design context, where varying degrees of virtuality are likely to exert an influence on creativity. In our quest to start bridging this gap, we pursued an exploratory case study with a student‐based virtual design team project, known as the European Global Product Realization (EGPR). Thirty‐nine interview extracts, covering most participants, along with non‐participant observation and document review, gave us insights into the nature of the project, the participants' perceptions of creativity, and their experience of designing in virtual teams. In all, our study unearths and discusses a number of factors – and the extent to which – they are found to influence creativity in virtual design teams. The study has cross‐domain relevance from those interested in the management of virtual teams through to those looking at creativity and design.
Synthesis, In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Radiosensitizing Activity of Novel 3‐[(2,4‐Dinitrophenylamino)Alkyl] Derivatives of 5‐Fluorouracil
Authors: Khalaj Ali , Abdi Khosrou , Ostad Seyed Nasser , Khoshayand Mohammad Reza , Lamei Navid , Nedaie Hasan Ali
Published: August 2013

Previously, it was reported that 3[3‐(2,4‐dinitrophenylamino)‐propyl]‐5‐fluorouracil 8c unlike its components 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) 6 and 2,4‐dinitroaniline 2 in HT‐29 cells under aerobic conditions had no cytotoxicity but showed radiosensitizing activity. In this study several analogues of 8c differing in the number of linking methylene groups were prepared and tested for in vitro cytotoxicity and radiosensitizing activity under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Tethered compound 8a was prepared in one pot by the reaction of 5‐FU 6 with paraformaldehyde and 2,4‐dinitroaniline 2 in the presence of the concentrated hydrochloric acid, and compounds 8b–f were prepared by the reaction of N‐(bromoalkyl) ‐ 2,4‐dinitrobenzeneamines 5b–f with 1‐(t‐butoxycarbonyl)‐5‐fluorouracil 7 followed by hydrolysis of the protecting group. The cytotoxicity of the tested compounds were measured by 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and propidium iodide (PI)‐digitonin assays and values of sensitization enhancement ratio (SER) as a measure of the radiosensitizing activity were measured from radiation survival curves in the absence and presence of each sensitizer for 37% survival respectively. Results showed that tethered compounds 8a–f induced time‐ and concentration‐dependent cytotoxicity under hypoxia but had no significant effect under aerobic conditions. These compounds also showed selective and concentration‐dependent radiocytotoxicity under hypoxic conditions.
Four‐Dimensional Geometry Lens: A Novel Volumetric Magnification Approach
Authors: Li Bo , Zhao Xin , Qin Hong
Published: August 2013

We present a novel methodology that utilizes four‐dimensional (4D) space deformation to simulate a magnification lens on versatile volume datasets and textured solid models. Compared with other magnification methods (e.g. geometric optics, mesh editing), 4D differential geometry theory and its practices are much more flexible and powerful for preserving shape features (i.e. minimizing angle distortion), and easier to adapt to versatile solid models. The primary advantage of 4D space lies at the following fact: we can now easily magnify the volume of regions of interest (ROIs) from the additional dimension, while keeping the rest region unchanged. To achieve this primary goal, we first embed a 3D volumetric input into 4D space and magnify ROIs in the fourth dimension. Then we flatten the 4D shape back into 3D space to accommodate other typical applications in the real 3D world. In order to enforce distortion minimization, in both steps we devise the high‐dimensional geometry techniques based on rigorous 4D geometry theory for 3D/4D mapping back and forth to amend the distortion. Our system can preserve not only focus region, but also context region and global shape. We demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness and efficacy of our framework with a variety of models ranging from tetrahedral meshes to volume datasets.
Modelling Bending Behaviour in Cloth Simulation Using Hysteresis
Authors: Wong T. H. , Leach G. , Zambetta F.
Published: August 2013

Real cloth exhibits bending effects, such as residual curvatures and permanent wrinkles. These are typically explained by bending plastic deformation due to internal friction in the fibre and yarn structure. Internal friction also gives rise to energy dissipation which significantly affects cloth dynamic behaviour. In textile research, hysteresis is used to analyse these effects, and can be modelled using complex friction terms at the fabric geometric structure level. The hysteresis loop is central to the modelling and understanding of elastic and inelastic (plastic) behaviour, and is often measured as a physical characteristic to analyse and predict fabric behaviour. However, in cloth simulation in computer graphics the use of hysteresis to capture these effects has not been reported so far. Existing approaches have typically used plasticity models for simulating plastic deformation. In this paper, we report on our investigation into experiments using a simple mathematical approximation to an ideal hysteresis loop at a high level to capture the previously mentioned effects. Fatigue weakening effects during repeated flexural deformation are also considered based on the hysteresis model. Comparisons with previous bending models and plasticity methods are provided to point out differences and advantages. The method requires only incremental extra computation time.
SCALe‐invariant Integral Surfaces
Authors: Zanni C. , Bernhardt A. , Quiblier M. , Cani M.‐P.
Published: August 2013

Extraction of skeletons from solid shapes has attracted quite a lot of attention, but less attention was paid so far to the reverse operation: generating smooth surfaces from skeletons and local radius information. Convolution surfaces, i.e. implicit surfaces generated by integrating a smoothing kernel along a skeleton, were developed to do so. However, they failed to reconstruct prescribed radii and were unable to model large shapes with fine details. This work introduces SCALe‐invariant Integral Surfaces (SCALIS), a new paradigm for implicit modelling from skeleton graphs. Similarly to convolution surfaces, our new surfaces still smoothly blend when field contributions from new skeleton parts are added. However, in contrast with convolution surfaces, blending properties are scale‐invariant. This brings three major benefits: the radius of the surface around a skeleton can be explicitly controlled, shapes generated in blending regions are self‐similar regardless of the scale of the model and thin shape components are not excessively smoothed out when blended into larger ones.
Hyperforin inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Nakamura K. , Aizawa K. , Yamauchi J. , Tanoue A.
Published: August 2013

Objectives

Hyperforin, a phloroglucinol derivative of St. John's Wort, has been identified as the major molecule responsible for this plant's products anti‐depressant effects. It can be expected that exposure to St. John's Wort during pregnancy occurs with some frequency although embryotoxic or teratogenic effects of St. John's Wort and hyperforin have not yet been experimentally examined in detail. In this study, to determine any embryotoxic effects of hyperforin, we have attempted to determine whether hyperforin affects growth and survival processes of employing mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells (representing embryonic tissue) and fibroblasts (representing adult tissues).

Materials and methods

We used a modified embryonic stem cell test, which has been validated as an in vitro developmental toxicity protocol, mES cells, to assess embryotoxic potential of chemicals under investigation.

Results

We have identified that high concentrations of hyperforin inhibited mouse ES cell population growth and induced apoptosis in fibroblasts. Under our cell culture conditions, ES cells mainly differentiated into cardiomyocytes, although various other cell types were also produced. In this condition, hyperforin affected ES cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes in a dose‐dependent manner. Analysis of tissue‐specific marker expression also revealed that hyperforin at high concentrations partially inhibited ES cell differentiation into mesodermal and endodermal lineages.

Conclusions

Hyperforin is currently used in the clinic as a safe and effective antidepressant. Our data indicate that at typical dosages it has only a low risk of embryotoxicity; ingestion of large amounts of hyperforin by pregnant women, however, may pose embryotoxic and teratogenic risks.