bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the effect of age at calving × breed group of dam's interaction on weaning weight of Charolais-Zebu crossbred calves
Authors: Toral Fábio Luiz Buranelo , Torres Júnior Roberto Augusto de Almeida , Lopes Paulo Sávio , Silva Luiz Otávio Campos da , Reis Filho João Cruz
Published: August 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate alternatives for modeling the interaction between age of dam at calving (AOD) and the dam genetic group (DGG) on the weaning weight (W225) of Charolais-Zebu (Ch-Z) crossbred calves. Data from 56,965 crossbred calves were analyzed by the least square method. Regression coefficients for age of dam at calving were estimated nested into each class of the dam genetic group (CLA model); for age of dam at calving × dam Charolais percentage (age of dam at calving × FCh) and age of dam at calving × dam heterozygosity (age of dam at calving × FH) (FChFH model); for age of dam at calving × dam Charolais percentage (FCh model); for age of dam at calving × FH (FH model); or only for age of dam at calving (NINT model). Segmented polynomials were used to model the general shape of the age of dam at calving effect and its interaction with dam genetic group. The knots were at 6.33 and 10.66 years of age of dam at calving and general linear and quadratic coefficient regression and specific quadratic coefficient regression after each knot were fitted. The regression coefficients were estimated nested within sex of the calf in all situations. According to the F test for sum of squared residuals differences, the inclusion of the age of dam at calving × FH interaction did not improve the fit of the model and the CLA model provided the best fit. However, the estimates of the age of dam at calving and dam genetic group interaction from the CLA model for dam genetic group × sex of the calf classes with few records were not appropriate, but the estimates of the age of dam at calving and dam genetic group interaction from the FCh model for those classes were appropriate. The differences were small in the estimates of the age of dam of calving and dam genetic group interaction from the CLA or FCh models for dam genetic group × sex of the calf classes with many records.
Pharmaceutic guidance to hypertensive patients at USP University Hospital: effect on adherence to treatment
Authors: Mori Ana Luiza Pereira Moreira , Heimann Joel Claudio , Dórea Egídio Lima , Bernik Márcia Martins Silveira , Storpirtis Sílvia
Published: August 2010

This study was carried out in the outpatient unit of the Teaching Hospital of the University of São Paulo (USP), and studied the impact of an educational program aimed at improving hypertensive patients' compliance to treatment. Seventy five (75) hypertensive patients of both sexes took part in the study which had no age or race discrimination. Participants presented no other concomitant pathology, except obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Forty one patients were allocated to an experimental group (EG). Experimental patients attended lectures on the use of medication and artery hypertension (AH) and received personal pharmaceutical guidance for nine months. The control group (CG) comprised 34 patients who did not attend lectures or receive pharmaceutical advice in this period. The results were assessed by means of serum levels of cholesterol and fractions of tryacylglicerol (TG), urine sodium and potassium, arterial pressure (AP), body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and also based on responses to a questionnaire focusing on AH and treatment. Patients who received the guidance showed a greater decrease in AP, TG and WHR, besides an increase of potassium excretion through urine. The experimental group also scored higher on the questionnaires compared to the CG. It was concluded that the educational process, applied under the conditions of the present study, improves clients' clinical response to antihypertensive treatment and should be included in therapeutic strategies of health care services dealing with hypertensive patients.
Tratamento ortodôntico em pacientes com dentes reimplantados após avulsão traumática: relato de caso
Authors: Rocha Simone Requião Thá , Moro Alexandre , Moresca Ricardo César , Sydney Gilson , Fraiz Fabian , Baratto Filho Flares
Published: August 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: a alta prevalência de indivíduos com traumatismo dentário prévio ao tratamento ortodôntico justifica os cuidados a serem observados antes e durante o tratamento, considerando todas as implicações do movimento ortodôntico sobre os dentes traumatizados. Entre as lesões traumáticas dentárias, a avulsão com posterior reimplantação do dente é a que apresenta maior risco de complicações - como necrose pulpar, reabsorção radicular e anquilose -, sendo também a que inspira maiores cuidados pelo ortodontista. OBJETIVO: este trabalho busca, através do relato de um caso clínico, analisar as implicações do reimplante dentário após avulsão traumática, em pacientes que requerem tratamento ortodôntico. CONCLUSÕES: a movimentação ortodôntica de um dente reimplantado, após sua avulsão traumática, é possível desde que não ocorra qualquer sinal de anormalidade. Porém, dentes que sofrem anquilose não são passíveis de movimentação ortodôntica, mas devem ser preservados como mantenedores de espaço, até a reabsorção total da raiz, desde que não apresentem infraposição severa. Ocorrendo infraposição severa do dente anquilosado, é indicada a amputação da coroa e o sepultamento da raiz, como meio de favorecer a manutenção do osso alveolar na região, pois ocorrerá reabsorção por substituição da raiz sepultada, como ocorreu no caso clínico apresentado.
Comparação das dimensões de tecido mole entre padrões faciais distintos
Authors: Feres Murilo Fernando Neuppmann , Hitos Silvia Fernandes , Sousa Helder Inocêncio Paulo de , Matsumoto Mirian Aiko Nakane
Published: August 2010

OBJETIVO: o presente estudo destinou-se a comparar a morfologia tegumentar de indivíduos segundo a tipologia facial. MÉTODOS: foram utilizadas 90 telerradiografias de pacientes de ambos os sexos, de 12 a 16 anos de idade, divididas em três grupos distintos, referentes a cada padrão morfológico: mesofacial, dolicofacial e braquifacial. Os grupos foram comparados no que se refere às medidas de espessura e altura do lábio superior e inferior, além da espessura do mento mole. Ainda, foi apurada a presença de correlações entre as variáveis de tecido mole avaliadas e medidas cefalométricas de natureza dentária e esquelética. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: os lábios superiores e inferiores, assim como o mento mole, não apresentaram diferenças em relação às suas espessuras em todos os grupos morfológicos. Porém, as alturas do lábio superior e inferior foram significativamente maiores para os dolicofaciais quando esses foram comparados aos demais grupos. Braquifaciais apresentaram menor altura do lábio superior quando comparados aos mesofaciais, embora ambos não tenham se diferenciado significativamente no que se refere à altura do lábio inferior. A análise das correlações estabelecidas entre as variáveis dos tecidos moles e duros indicou evidências de um desenvolvimento vertical dos lábios superior e inferior em acompanhamento ao desenvolvimento vertical do esqueleto. O posicionamento vertical do incisivo superior se correlacionou significativamente aos mesmos parâmetros labiais, o que garantiu um nível de exposição semelhante desse elemento dentário em todos os grupos.
Prevalência de oclusopatias e comparação entre a Classificação de Angle e o Índice de Estética Dentária em escolares do interior do estado de São Paulo - Brasil
Authors: Garbin Artênio José Ísper , Perin Paulo César Pereira , Garbin Cléa Adas Saliba , Lolli Luiz Fernando
Published: August 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: as oclusopatias estão entre os principais problemas de saúde bucal em todo o mundo, juntamente com a cárie dentária e a doença periodontal, e vários índices têm sido utilizados para registrá-las. OBJETIVOS: verificar a prevalência de oclusopatias utilizando a Classificação de Angle e o Índice de Estética Dentária (DAI), sua severidade e a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico registradas pelo DAI, e comparar os resultados de ambos os índices, visando correlacionar o padrão dos dados coletados e a viabilidade de utilizá-los de forma conjunta. MÉTODOS: a amostra consistiu de 734 escolares com idade de 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, da rede pública do município de Lins/SP. Foram realizados exames nos pátios das escolas com utilização de sondas IPC a olho nu. RESULTADOS: pela Classificação de Angle, encontrou-se 33,24% das crianças com oclusão normal e 66,76% com má oclusão. Pelo DAI, observou-se que 65,26% das crianças apresentavam-se sem anormalidades ou com más oclusões leves. A má oclusão definida esteve presente em 12,81%, a má oclusão severa foi observada em 10,90% e a muito severa ou incapacitante em 11,03%. A maioria das crianças (70,57%) apresentou relação molar normal, e o overjet maxilar anterior foi a alteração mais frequentemente observada. No cruzamento dos índices houve semelhanças e divergências. CONCLUSÃO: o DAI não foi sensível a alguns problemas de oclusão detectados pela Classificação de Angle, e a recíproca foi verdadeira, demonstrando que ambos os índices possuem pontos distintos na detecção das oclusopatias, podendo ser utilizados de forma reciprocamente complementar.
Avaliação de métodos indiretos de digitalização de radiografias cefalométricas em comparação ao método digital direto
Authors: Rodrigues Cleomar Donizeth , Silveira Márcia Maria Fonseca da , Tavano Orivaldo , Shibuya Ronaldo Henrique , Modesto Giovanni , Estrela Carlos
Published: August 2010

OBJETIVO: avaliar métodos de digitalização indireta de radiografias cefalométricas em comparação ao método digital direto. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta de dez radiografias cefalométricas adquiridas pelo Orthopantomograph OP100/Orthocef OC100 (GE - Instrumentarium), digital direto. As imagens foram inseridas no programa Adobe Photoshop® e cinco pontos cefalométricos foram marcados. Procedeu-se a impressão em transparência e foi feita a digitalização indireta das imagens impressas, por meio das câmeras fotográficas digitais Sony® DSC-W5 e Canon® Rebel XT/EOS 350D, fixas em estativa, nas distâncias de 25cm e 60cm e com o scanner Scan Jet 4C Hewlett Packard®. As imagens diretas e indiretas foram inseridas e calibradas no software Radiocef Studio (Radiomemory®, Brasil), marcando-se o centro dos pontos previamente assinalados. A análise cefalométrica computadorizada gerou três grandezas angulares e quatro lineares, as quais foram submetidas a tratamento estatístico. RESULTADOS: as imagens do scanner Scan Jet 4C HP® demonstraram pequenas alterações significativas, porém, sem relevância clínica. Quando da digitalização a 60cm da radiografia, as duas câmeras causaram distorções que foram significativas mas clinicamente aceitáveis; e, a 25cm, causaram as maiores distorções, com importância clínica, na Canon® Rebel XT. CONCLUSÃO: o scanner Scan Jet 4C HP® com leitor de transparências foi o melhor método e as câmeras operando a 60cm mostraram-se adequadas para digitalização de radiografias. As câmeras na distância de 25cm causaram distorções na imagem que alteraram as medidas lineares, podendo a Canon® Rebel XT comprometer o diagnóstico ortodôntico.
Synergistic Effect of Statins and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in the Prevention of Skeletal Fractures in Elderly Women
Authors: Bakhireva Ludmila N. , Shainline Michael R. , Carter Shelley , Robinson Scott , Beaton Sarah J. , Nawarskas James J. , Gunter Margaret J.
Published: August 2010

Study Objective. To examine the role of concurrent 3–hydroxy‐3–methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) use and postmenopausal hormone therapy on osteoporosis‐related fractures.

Design. Case‐control study.

Data Source. Large integrated health plan in New Mexico.

Patients. Case patients were 1001 women with incident fractures of the hip, wrist, forearm, or spine that occurred between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2005, and controls were 2607 women without fractures during the same time frame; both groups were selected from the same population of women aged 50 years or older who utilized health plan services during the study time frame.

Measurements and Main Results. Postmenopausal hormone therapy use was classified as “current” (12 mo before index date) or “never or past.” The risk of fractures was ascertained among continuous (≥80% medication possession ratio during 12 mo before the index date) and current (3 mo before index date) statin users relative to patients without hyperlipidemia who did not use lipid‐lowering drugs. The interaction between statins and hormone therapy was examined in multivariable logistic regression. The association between statin use and fractures was examined separately among current and never or past hormone therapy users after controlling for other risk factors. Nineteen percent of the study participants were current hormone therapy users; 9.5% were current and 4.8% were continuous statin users. No association between continuous statin use and fractures was observed among never or past hormone therapy users (odds ratio [OR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53–1.22). In contrast, a strong protective effect (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04–0.87) was observed among women who concurrently used statins and hormone therapy for 1 year, independent of age; corticosteroid, bisphosphonate, thiazide diuretic, calcitonin, methotrexate, or antiepileptic drug use; chronic kidney disease; and Charlson comorbidity index.

Conclusion. Concurrent statin use and hormone therapy may have a synergistic protective effect on skeletal fractures beyond the additive effect of each individual therapy.
Dronedarone: A New Antiarrhythmic Agent
Authors: Oyetayo Ola O. , Rogers Carrie E. , Hofmann Prudence O.
Published: August 2010

Dronedarone is an antiarrhythmic agent recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the reduction of cardiovascular‐related hospitalizations in patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. The drug is a derivative of amiodarone and has been modified to reduce the organ toxicities frequently encountered with amiodarone. Dronedarone exerts its antiarrhythmic effects through multichannel blockade of the sodium, potassium, and calcium channels and also possesses antiadrenergic activity, thereby exhibiting pharmacologic effects of all four Vaughan Williams classes of antiarrhythmics. The efficacy of dronedarone for the maintenance of sinus rhythm, ventricular rate control, and reduction in cardiovascular‐related hospitalizations has been demonstrated in several randomized, placebo‐controlled trials. Although a high rate of gastrointestinal events (e.g., nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) has been associated with dronedarone, more serious adverse events such as thyroid, liver, or pulmonary toxicities have not been observed. Because of a possible increase in mortality, dronedarone should be avoided in patients with New York Heart Association class IV or II‐III heart failure with a recent decompensation. Given the efficacy and safety data currently available, dronedarone represents a reasonable alternative for maintenance of sinus rhythm in appropriately selected patients.
Treatment Options for Multiple Sclerosis: Current and Emerging Therapies
Authors: Gawronski Kristen M. , Rainka Michelle M. , Patel Malti J. , Gengo Francis M.
Published: August 2010

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, more specifically, the myelin sheath covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This disease requires lifelong disease‐modifying therapy, and all of the currently available first‐line disease‐modifying agents are parenteral formulations only. To date, eight drugs have entered or completed phases II and III clinical trials, four of which are oral drugs. These include five immunomodulators—cladribine, fingolimod, laquinimod, teriflunomide, and dimethyl fumarate—and three monoclonal antibodies— alemtuzumab, daclizumab, and rituximab. Although comparing these new drugs with available therapies is difficult, they do show promise as potential first‐line agents for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This marks a new frontier in the treatment of this disease, as the advent of new oral drugs will lead to increased patient compliance and contribute to longer sustained symptom‐free periods and less marked disability.
Pharmacologic Treatment for Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ng Rosalyn C. , Hirata Cheryl K. , Yeung Winnie , Haller Ellen , Finley Patrick R.
Published: August 2010

During the past decade, the medical community has expressed a growing concern over the high prevalence of postpartum depression and the tragic repercussions of untreated illness. However, many questions persist about the pathogenesis of postpartum depression, the natural course of the illness, and the safety and effectiveness of available treatments. To summarize the data on pharmacologic treatments for postpartum depression, we performed a systematic review of four major databases to identify original research published from 1960‐September 2009 that featured pharmacologic treatments for depression detected in women during the 12 months after delivery. Pharmacologic treatments included prescription drugs (antidepressants and hormones), herbal remedies, and dietary supplements. Case reports, studies examining the prevention of postpartum depression, and those including diagnosed episodes of depression preceding the postpartum period (i.e., antepartum onset) were excluded. Treatment randomization or the presence of a control group was not required for inclusion in this review. Fourteen investigations met inclusion criteria. Nine studies examined the effects of prescription antidepressants, two investigated hormones, and three featured omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation. Significant heterogeneity was evident in study design and prevented a pooled quantitative analysis of treatment effects. The power of most investigations was limited, and numerous confounding biases were evident. Therapeutic effects were documented for prescription antidepressants and hormone supplementation (estrogen derivatives). Tolerability of the interventions in depressed mothers and breastfed infants was not well described. The effectiveness of omega‐3 fatty acids was not evident in postpartum depression trials, although significant limitations in study methodology were apparent. Postpartum depression is a common and serious medical problem, but most cases go undetected and untreated. The need to identify safe, effective, and convenient treatments for postpartum depression is urgent, but the current state of the medical literature describing pharmacologic interventions is not impressive. Preliminary evidence documenting the effectiveness of serotonergic antidepressants and hormone supplementation should serve as an impetus for rigorous controlled investigations in the future.
Adjunctive Use of Atypical Antipsychotics for Treatment‐Resistant Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Lorenz Raymond A. , Jackson Cherry W. , Saitz Marianne
Published: August 2010

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common, chronic mental illness that has a significant burden on the patient's quality of life. Treatment for GAD routinely consists of monotherapy with a proven anxiolytic such as an antidepressant or benzodiazepine, but many patients do not respond fully to these drugs, and additional treatment may be needed. Therefore, we reviewed the safety and efficacy of atypical antipsychotics as adjunct therapy to standard GAD pharmacotherapy in patients deemed treatment resistant. We performed a literature search of the MEDLINE database for English‐language articles published from January 1966‐May 2009. Identified articles were evaluated, and only open‐label trials and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the review. Relevant references from the articles were also evaluated. Only a few reports of large‐scale RCTs that assessed an atypical antipsychotic for treatment‐resistant GAD have been published. Articles were found for five of the eight currently available atypical antipsychotics, but not for asenapine, clozapine, and paliperidone. Several open‐label trials and smaller RCTs support the need for further evaluation of aripiprazole and quetiapine for treatment‐refractory GAD, although one quetiapine trial demonstrated negative results. There is disparate data for risperidone, with one open‐label trial and one small RCT showing positive results and one large RCT showing negative results. One open‐label trial of ziprasidone and one RCT of olanzapine both showed beneficial effects of the drugs. Adverse effects were specific to each agent, with weight gain being the most common, but many studies did not monitor systematically for lipid level, weight, or glucose level changes. Although data suggest efficacy regarding the use of atypical antipsychotics for augmentation of treatment‐refractory GAD, more rigorous studies (large, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials) on the safety and efficacy of these agents are needed in order to recommend their use in patients with GAD.
Differential Survivorship of Invasive Mosquito Species in South Florida Cemeteries: Do Site-Specific Microclimates Explain Patterns of Coexistence and Exclusion?
Authors: Lounibos L P , O'Meara G F , Juliano S A , Nishimura N , Escher R L , Reiskind M H , Cutwa M , Greene K
Published: August 2010

Within 2 yr of the arrival of the invasive container mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse), the previously dominant invasive mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) disappeared from many Florida cemeteries. At some cemeteries, however, Ae. aegypti populations seem stable despite Ae. albopictus invasion. We sought to understand this variation in the outcome (exclusion, coexistence) of this invasion, given that previous experiments show that Ae. albopictus is the superior larval competitor. We tested experimentally the hypothesis that climate-dependent egg survivorship differs between exclusion and coexistence cemeteries and that differences in invasion outcome are associated with microclimate. Viability of eggs oviposited in the laboratory and suspended in vases at six cemeteries was significantly greater for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus, and greater in 2001 than in 2006. Cemeteries differed significantly in egg survivorship of Ae. albopictus, but not of Ae. aegypti, which is consistent with the hypothesis that Ae. albopictus suffers site-specific, climate-driven egg mortality that mitigates the competitive superiority of larval Ae. albopictus. Principal component (PC) analysis of microclimate records from vases during the experiments yielded three PCs accounting for >96% of the variance in both years of experiments. Multivariate analysis of variance of the three PCs revealed significant microclimate differences among the six cemeteries and between exclusion versus coexistence cemeteries. Stepwise logistic regression of egg survivorship versus microclimate PCs yielded significant fits for both species, and twice as much variance explained for Ae. albopictus as for Ae. aegypti in both years, Higher mortalities in 2006 were associated with high average daily maximum temperatures in vases, with lethal thresholds for both species at ≈40°C. From 1990 to 2007, vase occupancy by Ae. albopictus increased and that by Ae. aegypti decreased, with increasing seasonal precipitation at one well-sampled cemetery. Results support the hypothesis that locally variable climate-driven mortality of Ae. albopictus eggs contributes to patterns of exclusion of, or coexistence with, Ae. aegypti.
Sticky Substance on Eggs Improves Predation Success and Substrate Adhesion in Newly Hatched Zelus renardii (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Instars
Authors: Law Yao-Hua , Sediqi A
Published: August 2010

Oviparous species have evolved eggs with traits that provide protection, nutrients, or symbionts for the offspring. In the assassin bug genus Zelus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), newly hatched first instars have been observed to collect a sticky substance from their eggs and coat it on their legs. Here, we tested the hypotheses that the sticky substance improves predation success and substrate adhesion ability of the Zelus renardii Kolenati first instar, Z. renaidii instars that had access to the sticky substance imposed higher mortality on adult flies and became dislodged at higher wind speeds than instars without access to sticky substance.
Review of Phyllocoptruta, with Descriptions of Two New Species (Acari: Eriophyoidea)
Authors: Xue Xiao-Feng , Song Zi-Wei , Hong Xiao-Yue
Published: August 2010

Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) in Phyllocoptruta are reviewed. Two new species of Phyllocoptruta from Shaanxi Province, China, are described and illustrated: Phyllocoptruta huayangiana n. sp. on Rosa sericea Lindl. subsp. omeiensisi (Rolfe) A. V. Roberts (Rosaceae) and Phyllocoptruta clematoclethra n. sp. on Clematoclethra sp. Maxim. (Actinidiaceae). The new species described herein are vagrants on the undersurface of host leaves, causing no apparent injury.
Effects of Female Age and Ovarian Development on Mating Behavior in Stenotus rubrovittatus (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Oku K , Okutani-Akamatsu Y , Watanabe T
Published: August 2010

In Stenotus rubrovittatus (Heteroptera: Miridae), mating behavior consists of male courtship and female mating receptivity. This behavior was shown previously to be correlated with female age. The ovaries of S. rubmvittatus females start to develop in the absence of mating and the development is correlated with age. Accordingly, the relationships between female age and ovarian development that affect the mating behavior of S. rubrovittatus were examined. Male courtship behavior was most active toward 3-d-old females, and almost all 3-d-old females were receptive to male courtship. The ovaries of 3-d-old females showed either signs of oogenesis or the presence of mature eggs. Fifty percent of the males courted females regardless of the stage of ovarian developmental stage, whereas almost all of females with undeveloped ovaries refused male courtship. However, the fraction of males exhibiting courtship behavior and receptive females peaked after the start of oogenesis, These results suggest that S. rubrovittatus males are able to sense, and thus to court, females whose ovaries are at least partially developed. In some heteropterans, including S. rubrovittatus, some ovarian development is needed in order for mating to occur.
Specific Mining Pattern as a Result of Selective Feeding Within a Leaf by the Dipteran Leafminer Ophiomyia maura (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Ayabe Yoshiko
Published: August 2010

Leaf mines exhibit complicated patterns with crosses and branch structures. Mining patterns are hypothesized to be a result of selective feeding on leaf areas that are nutritionally rich or that are poor in chemical and structural defenses (the selective feeding hypothesis). The hypothesis was tested using the leafminer Ophiomyia maura Meigen (Diptera: Agromyzidae) by examining leaf anatomy and nutritional content of the host plant Aster microcephalus (Miq.) Franch. et Savat. variety ovatus (Franch. et Savat.) Soejima et Mot. Ito (Asteraceae). O. maura shows a specific mining pattern by preferentially mining the marginal part of the leaf. Cross sections of mined leaves revealed that O. maura consumed a layer of palisade parenchyma cells. The mining site of O. maura was limited to a particular area by the midrib and lateral veins, but not by minor veins, because midrib and lateral veins have well developed parenchyma cells around the vascular bundles and interrupted the palisade layer. By mining at the marginal part of the leaf, O. maura avoided the midrib and lateral veins, or pinnate venation of A. microcephalus. The nitrogen content of the marginal part of the leaf was higher than that of the inner part of the leaf, which also contributed to O. maura mining the marginal part of the leaf. The specific mining pattern of O. maura demonstrated that the leafminer could have developed an adaptive life-history strategy by responding in a most efficient manner to the arrangement of veins and the nutritional variability even at a within-leaf scale, following the selective feeding hypothesis.
A phase-averaged non-linear wave transformation model
Authors: Villarroel-Lamb D.
Published: August 2010

Long-term predictive morphological models are essential for planning and management of coastlines. However, to have widespread applicability such models must be computationally efficient. To achieve this aim, an approximate method was developed to depict the non-linear wave parameters as a wave is propagated across the nearshore zone, where the wave is considered to be transformed by the processes of shoaling, refraction and breaking. Non-linear approximations for the parameters of wave height, wave length, wave orbital velocities and velocity moments are described by this method and the results compared primarily with experimental data from both planar beaches and barred profiles. The results of this validation exercise demonstrated that the new method can adequately describe the relevant non-linear wave parameters. Nonetheless, in order to achieve an undemanding approach, the proposed method involved the use of specially defined constants that are fitted empirically. The sensitivity of the approximate wave parameters to these empirical constants are also investigated and discussed.
Redistribution of Wetland Soil Phosphorus Ten Years after the Conclusion of Nutrient Loading
Authors: M. Bostic Erin , White John R. , Corstanje Ron , Reddy K.Ramesh
Published: August 2010

There is considerable concern about ecological recovery in wetlands that have been enriched with P; however, there are few long‐term studies tracking the distribution of the soil P after the termination of P loading. The Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area in Florida contains areas with elevated soil P levels from historical loading. The local spatial variation of soil P was determined in a 750‐ by 150‐m area proximal to the historic surface water inflow point and a second area of the same size located in the center of the marsh with no record of historical P impacts. The average soil total P was estimated at 847 mg kg−1 in the P‐enriched area and 643 mg kg−1 in the marsh interior (unenriched). When compared with previously determined historical data, it was estimated that soil P has decreased in the P‐enriched area by about 61%. Meanwhile, there was an increase of 82% in P within the unenriched area during this same time period. These results suggest that P has been mobilized from the impacted areas toward the unimpacted marsh along the water flow patterns in the wetland. These observations have implications for restoration of high‐P wetland systems. Remobilization from P‐impacted to unimpacted areas can expand the area of increased nutrients despite termination of P inputs into the marsh. If remobilization predominates over burial, then it is also unlikely that the overall nutrient status of the system will return to pre‐impact levels within a reasonable management time frame (<25 yr).
Kinetics of Ion‐Pair Formation on Variable‐Charge Minerals Using the Frequency Domain Method
Authors: Shuai Xiufu , Yost Russell S.
Published: August 2010

Predicting nutrient behavior is ever more critical to understanding and management of the environment, particularly in highly weathered and tropical environments. The fate of nutrients in the environment seems heavily influenced by the kinetics of ion‐pair formation on the surfaces of variable‐charge minerals coupled with transport processes. The objective of this study was to generate the coupled processes in column experiments and estimate the reaction rates using the frequency domain method. Columns were packed with ground natural minerals (gibbsite, goethite, and hematite). The input signals were designed as a sinusoidal change in NaNO3 concentration within 0.1 and 0.2 mmol L−1 and constant pH 4.0, and the highest frequency of the input signals was 0.714 min−1 The input and output signals of NO3− and H+ concentrations were monitored by ultraviolet–visible light and pH detectors, respectively. A mathematical model was derived to describe the diffusion process of a counterion from aqueous solution to β plane, the recombination–dissociation reaction between a charged surface site and the counterion, and the coupled transport process described by the convection–dispersion equation. Results showed that the output signals were dominated by the designed frequency and thus the coupled processes were linear. The aqueous H+ concentration changed linearly with that of the aqueous NO3− concentration. The mathematical model fit the measured transfer function of the processes. The estimated rates of recombination of ion pairs were 52.0, 30.5, and 8.0 L mol−1 min−1, and the estimated rates of dissociation of the ion pair were 0.189, 0.256, and 0.285 min−1 for the natural gibbsite, goethite, and hematite, respectively.
Polyacrylamide Effects on Aggregate and Structure Stability of Soils with Different Clay Mineralogy
Authors: Mamedov A. I. , Wagner L. E. , Huang C. , Norton L. D. , Levy G. J.
Published: August 2010

Adding anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to soils stabilizes existing aggregates and improves bonding between and aggregation of soil particles. However, the dependence of PAM efficacy as an aggregate stabilizing agent with soils having different clay mineralogy has not been studied. Sixteen soil samples (loam or clay) with predominantly smectitic, illitic, or kaolinitic clay mineralogy were studied. We measured aggregate sensitivity to slaking in soils that were untreated or treated with an anionic high‐molecular‐weight PAM using the high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) method and deionized water. The index for aggregate susceptibility to slaking, termed stability ratio (SR), was obtained from quantifying differences in the water retention curves at a matric potential range of 0 to −5.0 J kg−1 for the treatments studied. For the untreated soils, the SR ranged widely from 0.24 to 0.80 and generally SR of kaolinitic > illitic > smectitic soils. The SR of PAM‐treated aggregates exhibited a narrow range from 0.70 to 0.94. The efficiency of PAM in improving aggregate and structural stability relative to untreated soils ranged from 1.01 to 3.90 and the relative SR of kaolinitic < illitic < smectitic samples. These results suggest that the less stable the aggregates the greater the effectiveness of PAM in increasing aggregates stability (i.e., smectitic vs. kaolinitic samples). The effectiveness of PAM in improving structure and aggregate stability was directly related to clay activity and to soil conditions affecting PAM adsorption (e.g., electrolyte resources, pH, and exchangeable cations) to the soil particles and inversely to the inherent aggregate stability.
Insights and Approaches for Mapping Soil Organic Carbon as a Dynamic Soil Property
Authors: Stolt Mark H. , Drohan Patrick J. , Richardson Matthew J.
Published: August 2010

Soil organic C (SOC) content is one of the most dynamic of soil properties. In this study, we examined the effects of land use change on SOC pools for a single soil series and developed a mapping approach to relate SOC dynamics to land use change. Six paired sites, consisting of adjacent agricultural field and forest within a single delineation, were sampled and the SOC pools determined. The average forest SOC pool (157 Mg ha−1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the field pool (103 Mg ha−1), supporting the importance of land use on SOC pools. We propose the development of a SOC phase based on land use to map such differences. Master O and A horizon data should be used to establish SOC phases. Data can be obtained from existing soil surveys, updates, or C accounting activities. Land use classes can be identified with digital imagery and SOC phases can be assigned to all mapping units. Mapping units sampled for C accounting can be resampled to detect patterns and rates of change. This approach provides a robust data set to effectively map and model SOC pools and change across the landscape.
Soil Degradation Monitoring by Remote Sensing: Examples with Three Degradation Processes
Authors: Goldshleger Naftali , Ben-Dor E. , Lugassi R. , Eshel G.
Published: August 2010

Recent developments in the monitoring of soil degradation processes have used passive remote sensing (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy) and active remote‐sensing tools such as ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and frequency domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM). We have limited our review to three important degradation processes: structural crust, salinity, and soil mineral deformation and alterations caused by fire. These degradation processes, leading to declines in soil fertility and productivity, are commonly viewed in terms of their spatial and temporal distribution and variability, making spatial monitoring tools such as remote sensing the preferred choice. Recent work has shown that a hyperspectral (narrow‐bands) approach combined with active remote sensing (FDEM and GPR) can be used to provide detailed, three‐dimensional maps of soil salinity status in croplands. Such a map could improve our understanding of salinization mechanisms and salt sources, leading to improved drainage‐system planning and management. Another pronounced hazard is structural crust formation following rainstorm events, which decreases soil infiltration, accelerates water runoff, and increases the potential for soil erosion. The spatial distribution of soil infiltration can be assessed using spectral information. Finally, recent studies have shown the potential of hyperspectral spectroscopy to assess and monitor mineralogical, chemical, and physical changes, some irreversible, in post‐fire soils. The irreversible changes may serve as a footprint of fire intensity but may also affect the burned ecosystem's recovery. This review should serve as a precursor for future innovative studies of soil degradation processes as well as to open up a new frontier for soil preservation using hyperspectral technology.
Estimation of Plant‐Unavailable Iodine Concentrations in Agricultural Fields
Authors: Tagami Keiko , Uchida Shigeo , Takeda Akira , Yamasaki Shin-ichi
Published: August 2010

In this study, a method for the estimation of plant‐unavailable I concentrations in soils was developed. Concentrations of total I and potentially plant‐available I (i.e., water‐soluble and organically bound I) were measured in 141 agricultural soil samples. For total I measurements, pressed powder pellets were prepared from soil samples, and concentrations of I were measured by energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence. Potentially plant‐available I contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after the soil samples had been extracted with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and their soluble and organically bound I concentrations had been measured (TMAH‐extractable I). The results showed a high correlation between the total and TMAH‐extractable I concentrations. The geometric means of total and TMAH‐extractable I in the paddy field samples were 1.9 and 1.1 mg kg−1 dry weight, respectively, while those in the upland field soil samples were 5.7 and 4.2 mg kg−1 dry weight, respectively. For the agricultural soils having <5 mg kg−1 total I, it was estimated that the average concentrations of plant‐unavailable I in paddy fields and upland fields were 0.7 ± 0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.4 mg kg−1 dry weight, respectively. The different total I concentrations for the fields from the two agricultural uses could be explained by the differences in their redox conditions; I is mobile under reducing conditions so that it was removed from the paddy fields by leaching from the plowed layer or by I volatilization from the soil.
Tillage Depth and Timing Effects on Soil Water Profiles in Two Semiarid Soils
Authors: Wuest Stewart B.
Published: August 2010

A 2‐yr winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow rotation continues to be the most common cropping system in much of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The sustainability of soils in the region depends on our ability to halt or greatly reduce wind and water erosion. An incomplete understanding of how tilled summer fallow preserves seed‐zone moisture for timely fall crop establishment has slowed efforts to optimize tillage techniques for creating profitable and erosion‐resistant systems. This 2‐yr study created a series of soil mulches at two sites representing major soils in the region. It was found that timing and depth of mulch creation had consistent effects at all four site‐years. Tillage performed in mid‐June to depths of 10 and 15 cm preserved up to 0.01 kg kg−1 greater water content than no or 5‐cm tillage, an amount of water that can make substantial differences in the germination of winter wheat. The later or shallower tillage treatments produced water contents similar to zero tillage below the 15‐cm depth. Temperature profiles at 1‐cm resolution demonstrated different shapes under different mulch treatments, which may prove useful in making quick mulch performance comparisons in the field. To optimize the timing and depth of summer fallow tillage, it will be necessary to characterize spring water storage plus the potential for end‐of‐summer water storage for each soil type.
Repeated Electromagnetic Induction Surveys for Improved Soil Mapping in an Agricultural Landscape
Authors: Zhu Qing , Lin Henry , Doolittle James
Published: August 2010

Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured by electromagnetic induction (EMI) has been widely used to interpret soil spatial variability. We investigated the use of repeated EMI surveys, in combination with depth to bedrock and terrain attributes, to improve soil mapping in a 19.5‐ha agricultural landscape. The first two surveys were done in 1997 and 2006, in which different meters (EM38, EM31, and Dualem‐2), dipole orientations, and geometries were compared. The EM38 operated in vertical dipole orientation was then used in another six surveys in different seasons from 2008 to 2009. Results showed that the optimal use of EMI depends on the targeted soil properties, landscape characteristics, specific EMI meter and its setting, and the timing of the survey. The EM31 operated in vertical dipole orientation provided the deepest measurement depth (6 m) among the three meters used and showed the strongest relationship with depth to bedrock in the study area (r2 = 0.58). Because the top 2 m of soil profiles exhibited distinct textural differences across the landscape, the EM31 operated in horizontal dipole orientation and Dualem‐2 operated in horizontal co‐planar geometry (both with 3‐m measurement depth) showed the best correlation with silt content (r2 = 0.45–0.47). The best EMI mapping of major soil distribution across this landscape requires optimal timing (wet period) and an appropriate meter and setting. No single EMI survey or the relative difference in ECa of repeated EMI surveys was sufficient to obtain the best possible soil map for the study area. Instead, a combination of repeated EMI surveys, depth to bedrock, and terrain attributes provided the best mapping of soils in this agricultural landscape and doubled the accuracy of map unit purity compared with the existing second‐order soil map.
The Effects of Satay Marination on Three Beef Muscle Types
Authors: Cheok Choon Y , Chin Nyuk L , Yusof Yus Aniza , Mustapa Kamal Siti Mazlina , Sazili Awis Q
Published: August 2010

The effects of marination on the weight gain, cooking loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force of three beef muscle types, i.e. blade roast (BR), biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) were investigated by treating them in distilled water (as control), brine solution, tamarind juice, tamarind juice plus salt and satay marinade for 180 minutes. The weight gain of ST muscles were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the BR muscles in brine solution, tamarind juice plus salt and satay marinade, while ST and BF muscles did not differ significantly (P > 0.01) in all the five treatments. For cooking loss, muscle types did not show a significant difference (P > 0.01) in all marinating treatments except for BR and ST muscles in tamarind juice (P = 0.00023). The presence of salt in tamarind juice gave better results in tenderising ST muscles than using tamarind juice alone.
Cannabinoid Receptor Stimulation Impairs Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Mouse White Adipose Tissue, Muscle, and Liver
Authors: Tedesco Laura , Valerio Alessandra , Dossena Marta , Cardile Annalisa , Ragni Maurizio , Pagano Claudio , Pagotto Uberto , Carruba Michele O. , Vettor Roberto , Nisoli Enzo
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is involved in whole-body and cellular energy metabolism. We asked whether CB1 receptor stimulation was able to decrease mitochondrial biogenesis in different metabolically active tissues of obese high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The effects of selective CB1 agonist arachidonyl-2-chloroethanolamide (ACEA) and endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression were examined, as were mitochondrial DNA amount and mitochondrial biogenesis parameters in cultured mouse and human white adipocytes. These parameters were also investigated in white adipose tissue (WAT), muscle, and liver of mice chronically treated with ACEA. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation was investigated in WAT and isolated mature adipocytes from eNOS−/− and wild-type mice. eNOS, p38 MAPK, adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitochondrial biogenesis were investigated in WAT, muscle, and liver of HFD mice chronically treated with ACEA.

RESULTS

ACEA decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and eNOS expression, activated p38 MAPK, and reduced AMPK phosphorylation in white adipocytes. The ACEA effects on mitochondria were antagonized by nitric oxide donors and by p38 MAPK silencing. White adipocytes from eNOS−/− mice displayed higher p38 MAPK phosphorylation than wild-type animals under basal conditions, and ACEA was ineffective in cells lacking eNOS. Moreover, mitochondrial biogenesis was downregulated, while p38 MAPK phosphorylation was increased and AMPK phosphorylation was decreased in WAT, muscle, and liver of ACEA-treated mice on a HFD.

CONCLUSIONS

CB1 receptor stimulation decreases mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipocytes, through eNOS downregulation and p38 MAPK activation, and impairs mitochondrial function in metabolically active tissues of dietary obese mice.