bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Management of Process
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun
Published: May 2020

In this chapter we examine the symbolic management of social processes in firm leadership and governance. We explain how firm leaders engage in verbal impression management about their strategic advice network, and how such communication is decoupled from their actual advice-seeking behavior. We go on to describe how firms gain legitimacy by adopting participative strategic decision-making programs that ostensibly use cutting-edge information technology to solicit input, despite decoupling the programs from actual strategic decision making. We then consider how and when firms manage impressions about the diversity and inclusiveness of firm leadership, and how such rhetoric may also be decoupled from actual decision-making processes. We conclude that the symbolic management of social and organizational processes in firm leadership is among the most efficient and effective means of increasing the legitimacy of firm governance and strategy.
Speech Entitlements
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula
Published: May 2020

A number of copyright exceptions and limitations aim to promote the production of new copyright works and new authorship, and the protection of the public interest in gaining access to information and knowledge embodied in copyright-protected works. Most of these exceptions are premised on a fundamental human rights justification, such as freedom of speech or freedom of the press, or the right to access protected works without discrimination on grounds of disability. These include, for instance, reproduction by the press for the reporting of current events, quotations for criticism or review, and uses for the purpose of caricature, parody, or pastiche. They also include exceptions and limitations available to persons who are blind, visually impaired, or otherwise print-disabled. Although these exceptions and limitations are express manifestations of fundamental human rights, their scope remains relatively narrow and their legal nature and status against contractual overridability is not settled. Indeed, the permissibility of the relevant activities is subject to a number of internal limitations that may not work well in light of modern uses of materials in the online context. These include purpose limitations, such as the requirement that some uses ought to be non-commercial, scope limits (e.g. the doctrinal requirement that parodies have to be an expression of humour and mockery to be lawful), or restrictive principles that are inherent within copyright, like attribution to the source of the original work.
Postmodal Metaphysics and Structuralism
Authors: Sider Theodore
Published: May 2020

Metaphysics is sensitive to our chosen conceptual tools. Those tools are a lens through which we view metaphysical problems; the same problems look different when we change the lens. In the 1950s the tools of choice were those of conceptual analysis. We asked: What role in our conceptual scheme do personal identity, mentality, and so forth play? In the 1970s and 80s the tools of choice became modal, and the questions were transformed: What criteria of re-identification of persons are valid in all possible worlds? Could a person have exactly the same physical features but different mental features? And in the past 15 years or so, there has been a shift to “postmodal” tools: ground, essence, and fundamentality. Now we ask: What grounds the facts of personal identity? What facts about the mind are fundamental? This shift impacts first-order debates about structuralism in the philosophy of mathematics and science.
Equivalence
Authors: Sider Theodore
Published: May 2020

What is it for theories to be equivalent? Two extreme accounts are considered. According to the account I defend, equivalent theories are those that say the same thing at the fundamental level. This leads to certain uncomfortable choices: should a theory of time be based on a fundamental relation of earlier-than, or later-than? Should a metaphysics of logic including negation include also conjunction, or disjunction? These are normally regarded as paradigmatically equivalent theories, but my account cannot recognize this. According to the second extreme account, relations of equivalence need not be underwritten by a fundamental account of their common content. We can "quotient out" theoretical differences by simply saying, without explaining, that theories are equivalent. Objections are given to this account. But the more important moral is that the issue of quotienting often lies under the surface, but has profound implications across metaphysics and philosophy of physics, including the discussions of structuralism in earlier chapters.
Nature as the World of Action, Not of Speculation
Authors: Ostaric Lara
Published: May 2020

The essay traces closely Schelling’s criticism of Kant’s postulates, to wit, that Kant cannot consistently hold that theoretical reason’s cognition of the Unconditioned from the practical perspective (i.e., the assent of theoretical reason to the postulates) is possible while having the same conception of ‘weak’ theoretical reason to which the same cognition from the theoretical perspective remains closed. Schelling’s solution is a demand to realize the Absolute, i.e., the Unconditioned that grounds the unity of the realm of freedom and the realm of nature, solely through one’s own action. By the latter Schelling does not understand a moral action but the action of a ‘creative reason’. Critical philosophy conceived thusly, to wit, in its complete form, would be able to “deduce from the essence of reason” both systems: dogmatism (the Unconditioned as the object of theoretical knowledge) and criticism (the Unconditioned as the object of infinite realization in moral practice).
Schelling on the Compatibility of Freedom and Systematicity
Authors: Gabriel Markus
Published: May 2020

Schelling’s Freedom essay revolves around a division between two aspects of the essence or “non-ground” of human freedom: “ground” and “existence”. This distinction structures Schelling’s anti-dogmatic solution to the metaphysical placement problem, which in turn provides the basis for his resolution of various puzzles surrounding the compatibility of freedom and systematicity. The first part of this essay accordingly interprets Schelling’s ontology as committed to a neutral monism. Further, reflection on the very possibility of reflection on the domain of which nature and mind are aspects leads to a top-down epistemological architecture, which constrains any metaphysical explanation of how natural creatures can become finite knowers. The second part of the essays then explains how this ontology enables Schelling to move beyond a “formal” in favour of a “real” concept of freedom as a capacity for good or evil.
Scientific Realism without the Quantum
Authors: Hoefer Carl
Published: May 2020

Scientific realists often say that there should be belief in the approximate truth of ‘our best scientific theories.’ It is hard to hear the phrase ‘our best scientific theories’ without thinking of quantum mechanics and quantum field theories. But as numerous chapters in this collection make clear, it is unclear that some experts even know how to make sense of being a realist about quantum theories. They provide recipes for calculating incredibly precise predictions for observations, but beyond the recipes, they do not seem to offer a clear-cut or unambiguous picture of what physical reality is like at the fundamental level. After giving an overview of the problems that beset any attempt to believe in the truth or approximate truth of quantum theories, Chapter 2 turns to the question of how to protect scientific realism from the ills of the quantum. The aim is to show that it is possible to quarantine the worst of those ills, freeing us to adopt a robustly realistic attitude toward many other extremely successful areas of contemporary science, such as (parts of) geology, microbiology, and chemistry. The quarantine barrier may be imperfect and permeable in places, but is strong enough (the chapter argues) to help the cause of scientific realism.
On the Plurality of Quantum Theories: Quantum Theory as a Framework, and its Implications for the Quantum Measurement Problem
Authors: Wallace David
Published: May 2020

‘Quantum theory’ is not a single physical theory but a framework in which many different concrete theories fit. As such, a solution to the quantum measurement problem ought to provide a recipe to interpret each such concrete theory, in a mutually consistent way. But with the exception of the Everett interpretation, the main extant solutions either try to make sense of the abstract framework as if it were concrete, or else interpret one particular quantum theory under the fiction that it is fundamental and exact. In either case, these approaches are unable to help themselves to the very theory-laden, level-relative ways in which quantum theory makes contact with experiment in mainstream physics, and so are committed to major revisionary projects which have not been carried out even in outline. As such, only the Everett interpretation is currently suited to make sense of quantum physics as it is found.
Scientific Realism without the Wave Function
Authors: Allori Valia
Published: May 2020

Scientific realism assumes that our best scientific theories can be regarded as (approximately) true. Quantum mechanics has long been regarded as at odds with scientific realism. It is now known that this is not true. However, scientific realists usually assume that the wave function represents physical entities. Chapter 11 discusses a particular approach which makes quantum mechanics compatible with scientific realism without assuming this: matter is instead represented by some spatio-temporal entity dubbed the primitive ontology. It argues how within this framework one developsa distinctive theory-construction schema, which allows us to perform a more informed theory evaluation by analyzing the various ingredients of the approach and their inter-relations.
The Non-Miraculous Success of Formal Analogies in Quantum Theories
Authors: Fraser Doreen
Published: May 2020

The Higgs model was developed using purely formal analogies to models of superconductivity. This is in contrast to historical case studies such as the development of electromagnetism, which employed physical analogies. As a result, quantum case studies such as the development of the Higgs model carry new lessons for the scientific (anti-)realism debate. Chapter 13 argues that, by breaking the connection between success and approximate truth, the use of purely formal analogies is a counterexample to two prominent versions of the ‘No Miracles’ Argument (NMA) for scientific realism: Stathis Psillos’ Refined Explanationist Defense of Realism and the Argument from History of Science for structural realism. The NMA is undermined, but the success of the Higgs model is not miraculous because there is a naturalistically acceptable explanation for its success that does not invoke approximate truth. The chapter also suggests some possible strategies for adapting to the counterexample for scientific realists who wish to hold on to the NMA in some form.
Reconstructing Modernism
Authors: Maher Ashley
Published: May 2020

Reconstructing Modernism establishes for the first time the centrality of modernist buildings and architectural periodicals to British mid-century literature. Drawing upon a wealth of previously unexplored architectural criticism by British authors, this book reveals how arguments about architecture led to innovations in literature, as well as to redesigns in the concept of modernism itself. While the city has long been a focus of literary modernist studies, architectural modernism has never had its due. Scholars usually characterize architectural modernism as a parallel modernism or even an incompatible modernism to literature. Giving special attention to dystopian classics Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four, this study argues that sustained attention to modern architecture shaped mid-century authors’ political and aesthetic commitments. After many writers deemed modernist architects to be agents for communism and other collectivist movements, they squared themselves—and literary modernist detachment and aesthetic autonomy—against the seemingly tyrannical utopianism of modern architecture; literary aesthetic qualities were reclaimed as political qualities. In this way, Reconstructing Modernism redraws the boundaries of literary modernist studies: rather than simply adding to its canon, it argues that the responsibility for defining literary modernism for the mid-century public was shared by an incredible variety of authors—Edwardians, modernists, satirists, and even anti-modernists.
Waugh, Betjeman, Lewis, and the Missed Future of Modernism
Authors: Maher Ashley
Published: May 2020

World War I has long been considered literary modernism’s defining historical event, a catastrophe that changed avant-garde optimism into postwar pessimism and fragmentation; however, the utopian rhetoric of post-World War I architecture, along with writers’ enthusiastic elaboration of that rhetoric through architectural criticism, undermines any neat division. Instead, this chapter establishes a late 1920s and 1930s tendency to identify in hindsight a wartime rupture between the national future and the modernist future, as literary and architectural cooperation began to dissolve. Amid the rise of architectural modernism in Britain, Evelyn Waugh, John Betjeman, and Wyndham Lewis scrutinized the cultural integration of modernist forms. While Waugh and Betjeman increasingly emphasized modernist architecture’s inability to provide a lasting social or physical structure for the nation, Lewis rued the perceived cooption of modernism by leftist, materialist movements and instead promoted the values of “extreme modernism.”
Aldous Huxley and the “Brave New World” of Architectural Modernism
Authors: Maher Ashley
Published: May 2020

Using Aldous Huxley’s prolific body of architectural criticism, this chapter argues that Huxley evaluated political concepts—individualism, liberalism, uniformity—through analyzing the creations and rhetoric of the modern movement. While his brother Julian sponsored modernist animal housing at the Regent’s Park and Whipsnade Zoos as part of his efforts to imagine a more egalitarian Britain, Aldous reconfigured the structuring role of the household in the novel. His foundational dystopian narrative, Brave New World, merges fiction and criticism, as Huxley stages debates between literary advocates and a World Controller. What emerges is a politics of medium, whereby literature serves as a vehicle for liberalism. Against the uniformity and “over-organization” of architectural modernism, Huxley demonstrates the capaciousness and flexibility of the novel as a genre.
Future directions for marine disease research
Authors: Thurber Rebecca Vega
Published: May 2020

Marine Disease Ecology synthesizes current work on disease in marine systems. Although we have learned a great deal about marine diseases, basic surveillance is difficult, disease mechanisms are complex, and general ecological principles are illusive. Fortunately, technology is no longer what thwarts our capabilities to sample and analyze individual samples for potential parasites, pathogens, or opportunists. Increasingly sophisticated advancements in remote sensing, molecular biology, computer technology, and data analytics open new avenues to study marine diseases. With such tools in place, we now need better surveillance, a quantitatively savvy workforce, and new visions that will produce clarity in how to understand, prevent, or mitigate marine diseases. Although we are making great strides, more holistic approaches can increase our reach in disease monitoring and disentangle the contextual interactions among hosts, their disease-causing agents, and the environment. Such new approaches will also allow us to look into the past, rediscover what we missed, and use this information to predict, and ideally prevent, the next outbreak in the ocean.
Seamus Heaney and Society
Authors: Lavan Rosie
Published: May 2020

Seamus Heaney and Society presents a comprehensive and dynamic new engagement with the work of one of the most celebrated poets of the modern period. In approaching Heaney’s poetry it also recognizes the value of the other roles he took on in the course of his career, notably in education, journalism, and broadcasting, appreciating how his work as a poet was shaped by his work as a teacher, lecturer, critic, and public figure. Mindful of the various spheres of his career it assesses his achievements and status in Ireland, Britain, and the United States. Drawing on a range of archival material, it seeks to revive the network of associations in which Heaney’s work was written, published, and circulated—including newspapers and magazines in London, radio and television programmes in Northern Ireland, and manuscript drafts of key writings now held in the National Library of Ireland. Through asserting the significance of the cultural, institutional, and historical circumstances of Heaney’s writing life, it offers a re-examination of the writer in public, the social lives of the work of art, and the questions of obligation and responsibility which Heaney confronted throughout his career. Throughout, though, its primary concern is with the nature and singularity of poetry, and the ways in which these qualities are asserted, challenged, and sustained in Heaney’s work.
Introduction
Authors: Lavan Rosie
Published: May 2020

In December 1966, Seamus Heaney appeared alongside Roy McFadden on a BBC Northern Ireland radio programme called ‘Two Poets’.1 Broadcast at the end of the year which had seen the publication of Death of a Naturalist, Heaney was already looking ahead to his second collection—the poems read on the programme would all appear in ...
Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought
Authors: Coope Ursula
Published: May 2020

The Neoplatonists have a perfectionist view of freedom: an entity is free to the extent that it succeeds in making itself good. Free entities are wholly in control of themselves: they are self-determining, self-constituting, and self-knowing. Neoplatonist philosophers argue that such freedom is only possible for nonbodily things. The human soul is free insofar as it rises above bodily things and engages in intellection, but when it turns its desires to bodily things, it is drawn under the sway of fate and becomes enslaved. This book discusses this notion of freedom, and its relation to questions about responsibility. It explains the important role of notions of self-reflexivity in Neoplatonist accounts of both freedom and responsibility. Part I sets out the puzzles Neoplatonist philosophers face about freedom and responsibility and explains how these puzzles arise from earlier discussions. Part II looks at the metaphysical underpinnings of the Neoplatonist notion of freedom (concentrating especially on the views of Plotinus and Proclus). In what sense (if any) is the ultimate first principle of everything (the One) free? If everything else is under this ultimate first principle, how can anything other than the One be free? What is the connection between freedom and nonbodiliness? Part III looks at questions about responsibility, arising from this perfectionist view of freedom. Why are human beings responsible for their behaviour, in a way that other animals are not? If we are enslaved when we act viciously, how can we be to blame for our vicious actions and choices?
Introduction
Authors: Coope Ursula
Published: May 2020

In an early treatise, Plotinus tells us that ‘when the soul is without body, it is in absolute control of itself and free and outside the causation of the cosmos, but when it is brought into the body it is no longer in control in every respect, as it forms part of an order with other things’ (...
Freedom and the One
Authors: Coope Ursula
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses Plotinus’s claim that the One (or Good) is truly free. Plotinus is here responding to what he calls the ‘rash statement’: the view that, since the One is uncaused, it is merely arbitrarily the way it is, and so cannot be free. This statement raises a puzzle for the possibility of divine freedom. In response, Plotinus claims that the One is ineffable: nothing can be truly predicated of the One, so we should not attempt to speak of it at all. He then goes on to introduce a kind of improper speaking about the One (according to which it is self-causing). Finally, he corrects this improper speaking, and claims that the One is truly free. This chapter discusses the role of improper speaking in Plotinus’s account, and asks why he makes these positive claims about the One.
Under the One but in Control of Oneself
Authors: Coope Ursula
Published: May 2020

For the Neoplatonists, free entities under the One are, in a certain sense, self-causing: they derive their goodness, unity, and being both from the One and from themselves. This chapter explores how Plotinus, Iamblichus, and Proclus develop this idea, in relation to intellects and to souls. These philosophers differ in their views on the nature of the soul, and because of this, they differ in their accounts of what it is for a soul to be free. But they all hold that free entities (under the One) are self-constituting: such entities engage in a distinctive kind of self-making activity, in which the maker is precisely the same as what is made. Because of this, a free entity is able to be wholly in control of what it is.
Interlude II: Do the Esthetics of Art Fall within the Realm of the Normative?
Authors: Möllers Christoph
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines art-esthetic phenomena within the domain of normativity. It considers if art as a practice, and esthetics as its theoretical reflection, even belong in an investigation of the normative. Here, the chapter distinguishes between the internal and external esthetic norms. Internal norms refer to immanent esthetic criteria; they define the success of an esthetic product. External norms refer to a normative content within art, which extends beyond it. Even at first sight, it is not easy to say whether this normative excess, which is external to art, can be grasped in esthetic categories, or whether it needs to be expressed in other terms, such as political or moral categories. Neither kind of normativity are self-evident for esthetic theory; they have rather been viewed with suspicion, and their meaning is frequently denied. And yet, esthetic practice and its theory cannot get by without norms.
Responses, Corrections, Applications
Authors: Möllers Christoph
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter offers some commentary on various topics covered in the preceding chapters. It first discusses the need for a comparative study of social norms. The investigation of social norms still largely follows their respective provenance from law, politics, religion, or other social fields, and accordingly is disciplinarily divided up among jurists, political scientists, theologians, art historians, or psychologists. The chapter considers how this volume approached the topic in a different way. In addition, the chapter addresses critiques from practical philosophy about the distinction highlighted between norms and their justification. Afterward, the chapter lists some brief reflections on the automation and rule-bound determination of social practices, before discussing further empirical research perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Glick David
Published: May 2020

In recent years, fundamentality and emergence have come to occupy a central place in both metaphysics and the philosophy of physics. Many metaphysicians now think that, in giving a complete account of reality, saying what exists is only part of the story—we also need to say how everything “hangs together.” Meanwhile, philosophers of physics have begun to appreciate that much of physics—including current so-called “fundamental physics”—in fact concerns effective or emergent levels. A point of intersection between these two areas is the status of spacetime. Is it possible that spacetime itself is non-fundamental? What would this mean for our understanding of reality?...
Wave Function Realism in a Relativistic Setting
Authors: Ney Alyssa
Published: May 2020

The purpose of the present chapter is to respond to a thread of recent criticism against one candidate framework for interpreting quantum theories, a framework introduced and defended by David Albert and Barry Loewer: wave function realism, a framework for interpreting the ontology of quantum theories according to which what appears to be a nonseparable metaphysics ofentangled objects acting instantaneously across spatial distances is a manifestation of a more fundamental separable and local metaphysics in higher dimensions. Thechapterconsiders strategies for extending the wave function realist interpretation of quantum mechanics to the case of relativistic quantum theories, responding to arguments that this cannot be done.
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William
Published: May 2020

The introduction outlines traditional understandings of literary culture in French and of French literary history in the Middle Ages and makes the case for an alternative view that is less Francocentric, and takes into account the networks outside France instantiated by the production and circulation of texts and manuscripts. The use and forms of French outside France are discussed and some of the theoretical premises of the book are also sketched, particularly Actor-Network theory and Derrida’s account of monolingualism.
Local French outside France
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William
Published: May 2020

This chapter juxtaposes two case studies of texts in French with an exclusively local dissemination outside France: Gaimar’s Estoire des Engleis (c. 1137) and the second mise en prose of the Roman de Troie (c. 1270). In these instances, French is used as a cosmopolitan language with a multilingual readership, but the particular form and the aesthetic developed have a local flavour. These texts are not in a two-way dialogue with literary culture in France but show the existence of autonomous Francophone literary cultures in other places. In the case of Gaimar, ‘French literary culture’ had barely emerged in France. In the case of the prose Roman de Troie, the manuscripts are our focus, for the local visual style of the manuscripts is as striking as the text’s formal and linguistic makeover.
Living History
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses Peter Langtoft’s French-language epic chronicle of British history (c. 1307 and disseminated mainly in north-eastern England), and its most luxurious surviving manuscript: London, BL, Royal MS 20 A II. This early fourteenth-century manuscript contained other historical, lyric, and prophetic material in French and English; in the second half of the same century, abridged segments of the Lancelot en prose and Queste del Saint Graal were appended, along with a letter about recent events in the eastern Mediterranean. We ask: how does a historical text produce itself, how does it authorize itself, and what are the roles of language and of discourse? We show how the Arthurian prose romance extracts in French adapt the manuscript’s earlier contents to England’s changing political and cultural concerns. The use of a single language—French—enhances and directs the potential for meaningful conflict within and beyond the language community.
Egypt: Between Warfare and Welfare
Authors: Eibl Ferdinand
Published: May 2020

This chapter retraces the emergence of Egypfs social policy trajectory. A pri­ mary goal is to provide empirical evidence for a link between intra-elite conflict and social policies and spending. The author focuses specifically on the role of the ruler, Nasser, and his impact on early social policies. Highlighting Nasser’s numerous about-faces and ideological ambiguity in the early period of regime formation, he shows that ideology and the ruler’s personality played a minor role in shaping social policies. The chapter emphasizes in particular how external threats made high social spending financially impossible, albeit politically desirable. It demonstrates the specific types of ‘cheap social policies’ the regime utilized to deal with this dilemma. Finally, the chapter sets out to explain the persistence of social spending following divergence. It highlights the key mechanisms of path dependence using the examples of food and energy subsidies and the failed health care reform in the 2000s.
Introduction
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz
Published: May 2020

Researching social phenomena online could, until quite recently, be perceived as a novelty. Nowadays, practically every research project in the social sciences needs to take online research into account. An important share of interpersonal interactions and social life has migrated into the online realm. This means that to maintain the current level of interest and detail of social analysis, the introduction of online research is increasingly necessary. This chapter introduces the idea of incorporating digital social science into any social studies project. It argues that not involving an analysis of online communities and social life is no longer an option for the vast majority of social sciences projects. It introduces the three possible approaches to understanding online social sciences: studying people while using the Internet, studying online communities, studying online culture output. It argues that doing research on avatars should be supplemented by doing research on actual people.
Pakistan
Authors: Naqvi Natalya
Published: May 2020

Pakistan has the highest level of implementation among our case study countries. The impetus for converging on international standards has come from different actors over time. The adoption of Basel I adoption in the 1980s was driven by the World Bank and IMF. In the 1990s and early 2000s, the adoption of Basel II was driven first by politicians promoting the expansion of financial services, and then by banking sector regulators. Most recently, as banks have internationalized, they have championed the implementation of Basel III. Pakistan is one of the few cases where all three major actors—politicians, regulators, and major banks—are now aligned behind the implementation of the standards, leading to a high and ambitious level of implementation.
Rwanda
Authors: Behuria Pritish
Published: May 2020

Until recently, the Rwandan government had not formally adopted global financial standards beyond Basel I. However, in 2015, the government’s stance changed and politicians made a formal commitment to the rapid adoption and implementation of Basel II and III. This exuberance for adopting global standards is puzzling given that Rwanda’s financial sector remains largely underdeveloped and the government is aiming to become a developmental state. The motivations behind this policy shift are to reduce risk in the financial sector, encourage harmonization of financial sector regulation across the East African Community (EAC), and develop a service-based economy, including by making Kigali a financial hub. Yet ambitious fast-paced policy-driven adoption in Rwanda conflicts with developmental state goals of direct lending. Adoption is beset with potential problems, with uncritical adoption of global financial standards likely to create difficulties for the domestic banking sector in the short-to-medium term.
Vietnam
Authors: Tran-Thi Que-Giang , Vu-Thanh Tu-Anh
Published: May 2020

The implementation of international banking standards in Vietnam has been the subject of contestation between reformist and conservative factions within the governing political party. In any given period, the speed of implementation has been affected by which of these factions dominates regulatory decision-making. The adoption and implementation of Basel standards in Vietnam has gone through three distinctive periods: from 1999–2006, the reformist faction pursued international regulations in order to discipline state-owned banks and improve the functioning of the financial sector. From 2006–13, the central bank (SBV) formally adopted Basel II but a domestic banking crisis effectively halted implementation. More recently there has been a return to pro-Basel preferences. However, interventionist financial policies, high implementation costs, the low internationalization level of the banking sector, and the lack of competent technocrats inside both the SBV and domestic private banks have all contributed to a high level of regulatory forbearance.
The “Roman Question”
Authors: Di Ruzza Tommaso
Published: May 2020

The “Roman Question” arose with the capture of Rome by the Italian Army on 20 September 1870, marking the dissolution of the Papal State and its annexation to the Kingdom of Italy. It was subsequently settled with the signing of a Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy on 11 February 1929, creating the Vatican City State. This chapter, while considering the historical background of the “Roman Question”, will examine it exclusively from the perspective of international law. Particular attention will be devoted to the debate on the international legal personality of the Holy See within the European context from 1870 to the early 1930s. The theories proposed by contemporary scholars can be regarded as a point of departure for discussions regarding the Holy See’s international legal personality and its union with the Vatican City State from the point of view of international law.
The Main International Law Issues Arising in the Aftermath of World War II
Authors: Milano Enrico
Published: May 2020

The present chapter provides an extensive analysis of the main foreign policy issues arising for Italy out of the 1947 Peace Treaty—namely the question of South Tyrol, the Free Territory of Trieste and Italy’s Trusteeship over Somalia—and how these issues were dealt with by the Italian international law doctrine. The chapter also deals with the doctrinal debates ensuing from the proliferation of international organizations, including regional ones in the European continent. The analysis shows that Italian authors produced an impressive bulk of literature engaging directly with the major international law issues resulting from the end of World War II; the conclusion reached is that international lawyers were active participants in the national political effort to become a fully fledged, responsible member of the international community and contributed to the understanding of the novel process of European integration as an antidote against conflict and hostilities in the European continent.
Some Contributions from and Influence of the Italian Doctrine of International Law
Authors: Distefano Giovanni , Kolb Robert
Published: May 2020

This chapter deals with the contribution of Italian scholarship to public international law. Its approach is two-fold. First, adopting an “external” perspective, the contribution of Italian scholars to the highly esteemed series of Hague Courses of the famous eponymous Academy may shed some light on what the Italian conception brought to international legal scholarship but also on how Italian scholars were perceived by their foreign brethren, and in what context they were quoted. Second, selecting a specific issue, the chapter focuses on the influence of Italian legal thinking on the shaping of doctrines of State responsibility. Among all the many areas of international law, this is one where the Italian school is constantly viewed as pioneering (together with the German school). For example, the writings of Anzilotti or Cavaglieri are often quoted as astonishingly modern exposés of that branch of the law, providing thus a test-case to verify the contribution and influence of the Italian doctrine of international law.
Programmable Integrated Photonics for Quantum Systems
Authors: Capmany José , Pérez Daniel
Published: May 2020

Programmable photonics can find applications in myriad areas including the quantum information field, which encompasses communications, computing, sensing and tomography. Large-scale bulk optics setups previously prevented the development of more complex and scalable quantum optics configurations. Linear optic systems with the required fidelity require a strict control of interference through demanding phase stability mechanisms. Integrating a considerable number of photonic elements on a chip in order to implement multi-port interferometers has become the only viable technological path towards quantum information systems. This chapter introduces the applications of programmable photonics to quantum information systems. After introducing the general framework of a programmable quantum photonic system integrated on a chip and briefly describing the role of more external components such as sources and detectors, it covers the relationship between reconfigurable integrated optic circuits and linear optical quantum gates, quantum transport simulation, boson sampling and complex Hadamard and quantum Fourier transforms.
The Crisis-Induced Developments in the Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Markakis Menelaos
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the crisis-induced legal, institutional, and economic developments within the Economic and Monetary Union. It consists of two parts. First, there will be a brief sketch of the crisis-related developments. These include the setting-up of financial mechanisms, the European Central Bank’s interventions to combat the crisis, the enhanced oversight of national fiscal and economic policy, and the increased supervision over the financial sector. Second, there will be a ‘first assessment’ of their constitutional and structural implications. Two sets of issues will be examined here: issues of legal principle; and the bearing of the enacted measures on European economic integration. Three key arguments will be made in this chapter. First, it will be argued that the measures enacted have led to legislative fragmentation and have exacerbated problems of transparency and complexity which already existed in this area. Second, it will be shown that the chosen form of action has consequences for institutional balance in the EU, democratic control, and judicial review. Third, it will be argued that the enactment of measures which are only applicable to Euro area Member States has served to deepen economic integration within the Euro area and to further differentiate it from economic integration in non-Euro area Member States. Further, certain areas of the single market have integrated more deeply in the Euro area. It will be concluded that the various reforms which have been implemented have strengthened the EU economic governance framework from a legal, institutional, and economic perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: May 2020

I outline the motivation for thinking about the connections between action and interaction. I then provide a preview of the remaining chapters. The first part of this book focuses on the nature of action, starting with questions about action individuation, context, the notion of “basic action,” and the temporal structure of action. These topics lead to questions about intention and the sense of agency and ultimately to the idea that we need to consider action in the social contexts of interaction. The second part looks at the role of interaction in discussions of social cognition, building a contrast between standard theory of mind, and embodied and enactive accounts. In the third part I explore possible implications of these considerations for some critical social-political questions concerning autonomy, recognition, justice, and the effects of norms and social institutions on our actions and interactions.
Action, Intention, and the Sense of Agency
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: May 2020

Autonomous action is characterized by intention, a sense of agency, and meaning, all of which go beyond simple bodily movement. In this chapter I present evidence to support the idea that actions initially emerge out of our early interactions with others. Moreover, to the extent that we learn to act in specific ways, and that our actions aim at some goal, we learn to act in contexts of interaction, and we learn from others what counts as possible and preferred goals. We don’t act or learn to act first, and only then enter into interactions. Most studies of action, intention, and the sense of agency fail to take into consideration the social dimension. I argue that intention formation, the sense of agency, and the meaning of action are significantly affected by factors that involve social contextualization; that is, by dynamical arrangements that are intersubjective, normative, cultural, and/or political.
Recognition and Critical Interaction Theory
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores how we might move from considerations that focus on social-cognitive issues to understanding their implications for concepts that are basic to the development of a critical theory that addresses social and political issues—basic concepts of agency, autonomy, and recognition. Following a brief philosophical history of the concept of recognition from Fichte through Hegel to contemporary accounts in Honneth and Ricoeur, this chapter takes a close look at Honneth’s analysis of recognition. I argue that Honneth does not sufficiently distinguish recognition as uniquely or specifically intersubjective. Moreover, he starts at a developmental point too late to acknowledge the role of primary intersubjectivity, a concept he interprets from a psychoanalytic perspective in contrast to its original formulation in developmental psychology. I then outline a concept of responsivity as an alternative to Honneth’s notion of elementary recognition. This is nonetheless in broad agreement with his analysis of relational autonomy.
Introductory Remarks on Perturbations, Cognition, Dispersal, Sociality, and Nonlinear Population Dynamics
Authors: Oro Daniel
Published: May 2020

This chapter defines the different terms and processes that are the main themes of the book. This chapter starts by explaining how perturbations increase uncertainty, which pushes individuals to update and gather information. In social animals, this information is shared through the social network, which is used to make a decision about staying or leaving the patch. Finally, this decision is not going to be made individually but rather based on decisions made by others. Perturbations may accumulate until surpassing a tipping point; then the first individuals may start to disperse and the rest copies this behaviour, which cascade as long as more individuals disperse. This autocatalytic process is termed runaway dispersal, which may result in nonlinear population dynamics, such as hysteresis, critical transitions, and transient phenomena. These dynamics should occur at the local level (e.g. patch collapse) and metapopulation level (e.g. extinction–colonization turnover).
The Case of Audouin’s Gulls at Punta de la Banya
Authors: Oro Daniel
Published: May 2020

To illustrate the argument of the book, this chapter discusses the case study of the collapse of the world’s largest local population of the Audouin’s gull, a social bird. This bird was considered the world’s most endangered gull at the end of the 1960s. Its population was estimated at only 1,000 breeding pairs scattered in tiny colonies on remote rocky islets in the Mediterranean, where the species was confined. In 1981 the gulls established a colony at Punta de la Banya peninsula, and only 14 years after colonization, the patch held more than 10,000 breeding females and almost 75% of the total world population. Lack of competition and predation and a large number of resources determined a patch of high quality, which attracted immigrant gulls from the outside and allowed gulls to reproduce at very high rates. A perturbation regime caused by the arrival of carnivores caused the local population to crash due to runaway dispersal to other patches. The link between the social process of collective dispersal and the nonlinear collapse is demonstrated by a population model that uses optimization methods. Before the onset of dispersal by social copying, the population showed a long transient phase during which resilience mechanisms were activated.
Introduction
Authors: Trotter David
Published: May 2020

This chapter establishes a genealogy of the concept of ‘connectivity’ from the foundation of the US Army Signal Corps in 1860 (motto: ‘Getting the message through’) via cybernetics and information theory to the first stirrings of the World Wide Web in the 1990s (motto: ‘What matters is in the connections’). Three key terms are defined and briefly illustrated: signal, medium, interface. The book’s primary concern is with literature’s ability to illuminate from within the complex, vivid, unpredictable romance the principle of connectivity has woven through the enduring human desire and need for remote intimacy. It offers, in its first part, an alternative view of canonical ‘British’ writing from the Victorian era to modernism; and, in its second, case studies of European and African-American fiction, and of interwar British cinema, designed to open the topic up for further enquiry.
The Telegraphic Principle in Nineteenth-Century Fiction
Authors: Trotter David
Published: May 2020

This chapter concerns the attitudes, practices, and figures of speech that during the course of the nineteenth century prepared the way for the eventual separation of the idea of the signal from that of the sign. It has to do with the emergence of the telegraphic principle (initially by means of the Napoleonic-era optical telegraph) as a thrillingly effective implementation of remote intimacy. Its main focus is on the intimacies developed remotely, by signal rather than sign, in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda, and in novels by Thomas Hardy: in particular, A Pair of Blue Eyes, The Return of the Native, A Laodicean, Two on a Tower, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure, and The Well-Beloved. In Hardy’s fiction, sexual desire expresses itself in, or as, an adjustment of signal-to-noise ratio. The Wessex the novels map is at times less a terrain than the basis for a telecommunications system.
The Interface as Cultural Form
Authors: Trotter David
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates that the question of the interface as a cultural form arose most productively during the nineteenth century in the context of technologies relating to sea rather than land. The ‘system’ or ‘medium’ at issue was that of the crew and material apparatus of a sailing ship: the ship’s captain gained access to it by means of the quarterdeck, and the ‘digital command’ (Rachel Plotnick) the quarterdeck affords. The question of the interface arises in Joseph Conrad’s most notable sea tales: ‘The Secret Sharer’ and The Shadow-Line. The chapter provides an analysis of these tales, and of Heart of Darkness, in which a sea captain ventures upriver on a steamboat. Marlow’s demonstrable if anguished mastery of his ship-medium can be understood as an attempt to repair and extend the connectivity that sustains empire. Conrad examines the political and moral cost of assuming that the medium is the message.
When the Weatherman Says ‘It’s Raining’
Authors: Collins John
Published: May 2020

This chapter will spell out the general significance of weather reports and detail some of the so-called ‘weatherman’ thought experiments designed to trigger pragmatist intuitions against the view that meteorological predicates project or lexically encode a locative argument. I shall defend the style of these thought experiments against some objections that rightly point out that the extant experiments do not establish what they purport to do; that is, the thought experiments are perfectly consistent with reading weather reports as essentially locative. Some alternative thought experiments will be presented that evade the complaint. The chapter will also caution against putting too much weight on them.