bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DESAPOSENTAÇÃO: Um instrumento de retribuição efetiva ao aposentado brasileiro
Authors: Maria Da Silva1 Antônia , Felicio Bergamim José
Published: October 2020

Este artigo objetiva discutir e debater acerca da desaposentação em face do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Não se pode negar que, em uma sociedade em evolução, novas tendências surgem e buscam se incorporar ao seu direito, restando saber se tais inflexões podem ser benéficas ou maléficas à sociedade estatal. A Constituição Federal/1988 baseia-se na dignidade da pessoa humana, como um de seus princípios fundamentais e, sem dúvida, uma aposentadoria adequada integra esta dignidade pretendida por propiciar aos idosos as condições de manter seu sustento e saúde, sem recorrer a programas governamentais e/ou auxílio de parentes. Na sociedade pátria, tornou-se comum pessoas idosas, já jubiladas, voltarem à situação de ativas para auxiliar no custeio do lar, sendo que em certos casos, a renda desse idoso constitui-se na base principal do sustento do lar. Quando de seu retorno ao labor, novamente incidem os descontos em favor da Previdência Social, no entanto a atual legislação não permite explicitamente que essas contribuições sejam utilizadas para melhora de seus proventos, consistindo-se em obrigação para o trabalhador, mas não estabelece a devida contrapartida do Estado. Diante desse fato, surge na via jurídica a desaposentação, um instrumento de retribuição econômica do aposentado brasileiro, instituto agora discutido no Legislativo, para possibilitar o otiundignus ao trabalhador, sem que este necessite travar verdadeira batalha nos tribunais para sobreviver dignamente.
ORIGEM E TRANSFORMAÇÕES DO ESTADO E DA SOCIEDADE NA AMÉRICA LATINA: Apontamentos sobre o cânone maia
Authors: Federico Domínguez Avila Carlos
Published: October 2020

O artigo explora a evolução da civilização maia, bem como sua relevância sob a perspectiva do Ensino da História. Constata-se que as contribuições maias foram particularmente significativas em termos de organização política e social, e no desenvolvimento das ciências – principalmente da Matemática. O estudo e pesquisa da civilização maia poderia ser aprofundado no contexto brasileiro.
TREINAMENTO, DESENVOLVIMENTO E EDUCAÇÃO EM INSTITUIÇÕES EDUCACIONAIS
Authors: Olinda Martins Pequeno Juliana , Bezerra dos Santos Brandão Iolanda
Published: October 2020

Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar uma revisão teórica sobre as condições de evolução do treinamento e desenvolvimento profissional. Demonstrar através da pesquisa bibliográfica que a evolução da comunicação e dos processos de produção de bens e serviços obrigam as pessoas a se especializarem cada vez mais, levando a inteligência das pessoas a ser o principal capital gerido pelas instituições e que para tanto é preciso que se faça a gerencia das carreiras utilizando-se de técnicas modernas e disponíveis para todos. Demonstrar a evolução de Recursos Humanos para Gestão de Pessoas também nas Instituições de Ensino e as exigências para formação dos profissionais de Educação.
THOMAS KUHN Y LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES LATINOAMERICANAS: Apuntes para el debate
Authors: Carolina Bulnes Paola , Arnoldo Pineda Guillermo
Published: October 2020

Mencionaba el sociologo Edelberto Torres Rivas que en una ciencia sólo puede haber un paradigma. Kuhn explica que el científico (normal) no debe criticar el paradigma en el que trabaja. Sólo de esa manera es capaz de concentrar sus esfuerzos en la detallada articulación del paradigma y explorar la naturaleza en profundidad. No se admite el desacuerdo con lo fundamental. Planteado de esa manera, las ciencias sociales dificilmente se ajustarían a ese esquema, ya que en ellas coexisten diversos tipos de paradigmas, no obstante, en las ciencias naturales que estudió analíticamente Kuhn la situación es distinta. Derivado de este contexto, en el presente artículo se analizan los principales elementos en que se articula la tesis de Kuhn sobre las revoluciones científicas, tambiėn se detallan algunas reflexiones sobre cómo fueron aceptados los principios kuhnianos en las Ciencias Sociales latinoamericanas y de qué manera fueron percibidos y aceptados por los sociólogos hondureños, ademȧs se describen las dificultades epistemológicas que conlleva aplicar o extrapolar esos conceptos al terreno complejo en el que se inserta la sociología y las demás Ciencias Sociales.
ÚLCERA DO PÉ DIABÉTICO (UDP) NO DIABETES MELLITUS 2: UMA ABORDAGEM MOLECULAR
Authors: Alcântara Neres de Carvalho Luna , Lemos Brettas Carneiro Marcella
Published: October 2020

O diabetes mellitus tipo 2, é uma condição na qual a uma grande parte da população apresentam obesidade, hipertensão arterial e dislipidemia, esses desequilíbrios devem abranger essas múltiplas anormalidades metabólicas, o que, além de prevenir o surgimento de diabetes, também estariam evitando as doenças cardiovasculares e reduzindo a mortalidade. As feridas com dificuldade em cicatrizar geralmente não progridem através do processo normal de cura. As feridas entram frequentemente num estado de inflamação patológica devido a um processo de cicatrização prolongado, incompleto ou descoordenado. Grande parte das feridas crónicas são úlceras que estão associadas a isquemia, a diabetes mellitus, a doença venosa, ou a pressão. Vários estudos têm produzido um vasto conhecimento sobre a cicatrização normal e deficiente de feridas. Muito tem sido estudado sobre os mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos nos fatores críticos que influenciam a má cicatrização das feridas. Mas ainda há muito para ser esclarecido, estes estudos podem levar a terapias inovadoras que promovam a reparação tecidual adequada e melhorar a cicatrização deficiente de feridas. Muitas das alterações bioquímicas observadas no estado pré-diabético (ie, armazenamento de lipídios ectópicos, aumento de acilcarnitinas, aumento de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada) também são observados em pacientes com raros erros inatos de ácidos graxos e metabolismo de aminoácidos, uma questão interessante é sobre se os defeitos de genes metabólicos isolados podem conferir um risco aumentado para DM2. E levando em conta que a diabetes é considerada atualmente um distúrbio imunológico e que o estresse oxidativo gerado no DM2 está diretamente relacionado com a inflamação e dificuldade de cura das úlceras do pé diabético (UDP). Esta revisão discutirá os possíveis mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos na cicatrização de feridas em pacientes com DM2.
A teoria da dependência: reflexões sobre uma teoria latino-americana
Authors: Javier Castro Silva Gustavo
Published: October 2020

O artigo faz um estudo de história das idéias sobre a Teoria da Dependência, um enfoque teórico que abrangeu diferentes aspectos da reflexão e da pesquisa social na América Latina, na segunda metade do século XX. A origem da Teoria da Dependência encontra-se, na década de 50, no pensamento elaborado pelo argentino Raúl Prebisch e outros teóricos vinculados à Comissão Econômica para América Latina (CEPAL), os quais são denominados como teóricos da “velha dependência”. Na metade da década de 60, numa segunda fase, produzir-se-á um ressurgimento da crítica marxista às perspectivas convencionais do desenvolvimento, surgindo os teóricos da “nova dependência”. Na terceira fase observa-se a penetração da Teoria da Dependência em círculos acadêmicos dos centros. O trabalho centra sua análise em teóricos da dependência latino-americanos e que, de alguma ou outra forma, fizeram uso de categorias marxistas.
Entrevista com Embaixador Gonçalo Mourão, chefe da Divisão do México, América Central e Caribe, do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, sobre as relações do Brasil com os países do Caribe (22 de abril de 2008)
Authors: Hegemonia Revista
Published: October 2020

"Até muito pouco tempo, era um súbito espanto, para um brasileiro, o de se defrontar com este conceito de Bacia do Caribe. O Caribe, para nós, era uma região geográfica em que se inseriam as ilhas do mar caribe e onde, de maneira geral, se falava inglês. O resto era Cuba, a República Dominicana e a América Central. O chamado "caribe sul-americano" nunca foi pensado como Caribe : a Venezuela e a Colômbia eram países eminentemente sul-americanos e "as guianas" uma espécie de excrescência político-geográfica. O Haiti era uma profunda curiosidade desconhecida. O México era o México e os Estados Unidos os Estados Unidos." [...]
Contratos Internacionais do Comércio Brasil-Mercosul: O processo histórico e suas limitações
Authors: Paula Pereira de Brito Stephanie , Lopes Ferraz Elias Fernando
Published: October 2020

Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a relação entre o desenvolvimento das relações comerciais dos países do MERCOSUL e a construção jurídica no âmbito do bloco, diante de um projeto integracionista comercial, orientado pelos fatores históricos brasileiro de deslocamento do centro do eixo dinâmico e as regras aplicadas para o desenvolvimento do país e, consequentemente da região por base dos acordos econômicos e políticos, levando ao nosso atual modelo regional, legitimado em consenso voluntário de seus membros. A problemática deste assunto será verificada por meio dos Contratos Internacionais.
Occipito-Linear and Temporo-Fronto-Parietal Alopecia as a Form of Transient Hair Loss in Infants
Authors: Musbah Fauzia
Published: October 2020

Neonate’s temporal triangular alopecia, transient neonatal hair loss (TNHL) or neonatal occipital alopecia (NOA) is observed in the occipital of infants at the second to third months after birth in a band–like shape or oval alopecia patch. We present two infants with hypotrichosis over the occipital region and fronto-temporo-parietal region in triangular form bilaterally, based on the clinical hypotrichosis distribution pattern and trichoscopic features, with the exclusion of other alopecias. The diagnosis of occipito-linear and triangular fronto-temporo-parietal marginal alopecia was made accordingly. We also discussed the two different lesions in the presented case as a combined form of neonatal occipital alopecia.
Conodont biostratigraphy and correlation of the San Juan Formation at the Cerro La Silla section, middle Tremadocian-lower Dapingian, Central Precordillera, Argentina
Authors: Mango Matías J. , Albanesi Guillermo L.
Published: October 2020

This study deals with the conodont biostratigraphy from the uppermost part of La Silla Formation (9.6 m) and the overlying San Juan Formation (264.7 m), at the Cerro La Silla section, Central Precordillera of San Juan, Argentina. The 41 samples of carbonate rocks that were digested for microfossils yielded 11,388 conodont elements corresponding to 78 species. The Paltodus deltifer deltifer Subzone of the Paltodus deltifer Zone from the Baltic biostratigraphic scheme is represented at the top stratum of the La Silla Formation and the basal part of the San Juan Formation (28.4 m), which correlates with the Macerodus dianae Zone (middle Tremadocian) of the Precordilleran and North American schemes. Following upwards, the Paroistodus proteus, Prioniodus elegans, Oepikodus evae, Oepikodus intermedius and Baltoniodus triangularis-Tripodus laevis zones (middle Tremadocian-lower Dapingian) are recorded in the San Juan Formation. The Baltoniodus triangularis-Tripodus laevis Zone is recognized from the second reef level (177.3 m from the base of the San Juan Formation) up to the top stratum in the section, in contrast to previous interpretations that assigned the referred interval to the Baltoniodus navis, Paroistodus originalis and Microzarkodina parva zones of the Baltic biostratigraphic scheme. The division of the Oepikodus evae Zone in subzones, according to its original definition for the Precordillera, is not applicable at the Cerro La Silla section due to the particular species distribution. The conodont elements show a brown alteration color (CAI 2-2.5), which indicates a burial paleotemperature of 60-155°C for the bearer strata.
Late Holocene tephrostratigraphy from Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador
Authors: Arcusa Stephanie H. , Schneider Tobias , Mosquera Pablo V. , Vogel Hendrik , Kaufman Darrell , Szidat Sönke , Grosjean Martin
Published: October 2020

Lakes located downwind of active volcanoes serve as a natural repository for volcanic ash (tephra) produced during eruptive events. In this study, sediment cores from four lakes in Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador, situated approximately 200 km downwind of active volcanoes in the Northern Andes Volcanic Zone, were analysed to document the regional history of tephra fall extending back around 3,000 a cal BP. The ages of the lacustrine sedimentary sequences were constrained using a total of 20 AMS radiocarbon ages on plant remains. The tephra layers were correlated among the lakes based on their radiocarbon age, elemental composition, colour, and grain morphology. We found five unique tephra layers, each at least 0.2 cm thick, and further constrained their ages by combining the results from two age-depth modelling approaches (clam and rbacon). The tephra layers were deposited 3,034±621, 2,027±41, 1,557±177, 733±112, and 450±70 a cal BP. The ages of all but the youngest tephra layer overlap with those of known eruptions from Tungurahua. Some tephra layers are missing as macroscopic layers in several cores, with only two of the five tephra layers visible in the sediment of three lakes. Likewise, previous studies of lake sediment cores from the region are missing the four youngest tephra layers, further highlighting the need to sample multiple lakes to reconstruct a comprehensive history of fallout events. The newly documented stratigraphic marker layers will benefit future studies of lake sediments in Cajas National Park.
Dinámica de la vegetación andina del lago Argentino (50° S, 72° O) desde el retiro de los glaciares (ca. 12.000 años cal AP)
Authors: Sottile Gonzalo D. , Echeverría Marcos E. , Tonello Marcela S. , Marcos María A. , Bamonte Florencia P. , Rayó Cecilia , Mancini María V.
Published: October 2020

Paleoecological studies in Patagonia provide information about vegetation and climate changes occurred during the Holocene. The climatic evolution of this region offers a unique opportunity to study the environmental variability as well as the ecosystem variations. The dynamic of the forest ecosystems is modulated by the occurrence of disturbances. Fires are one of the most important disturbances in temperate forest ecosystems, and its study allows contrasting independently about the changes experienced by ecosystems. In addition, in Patagonia, environmental and postglacial vegetation changes have been determined by variations in the temperature and westerlies winds. In order to reconstruct changes experienced by the forest ecosystem and patterns of plant diversity during the Holocene, in relation to Postglacial dynamics, natural and anthropic disturbances in the Lake Argentino, pollen and charcoal were studied in a sedimentary sequence at Península Avellaneda. Pollen assemblages suggest non-cyclic changes in plant diversity during the Holocene. The highly diverse cold grass-shrub communities dominated the area up to the Early Holocene, when they were displaced upland by less diverse forest and steppes. Also, The Early and Midd-Holocene was characterized by opposite variations of hydric balance between Andean and extra-andean plant communities present between 48° and 50° S, whereas fire activity occurs synchronously between forest (Andean) and steppe communities (Extra-andean). Late Holocene is characterized by different proxy signals depending on the geographical location of the paleoecological records. To conclude, this work provides a better understanding of the fossil pollen record by its comparison with modern surface pollen samples along an altitudinal vegetation gradient.
Trends in bariatric surgery and incidentalomas at a single institution in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study and literature review
Authors: AlAli Mohammed Nabil , Bamehriz Fahad , Arishi Hassan , Aldeghaither Mohammed K. , Alabdullatif Fahad , Alnaeem Khalid A. , Alzamil Abdulrahman F. , AlHashim Ibrahim R. , Alhaizan Sarah , Aljuhani Tarek , Aldohayan Abdullah
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND:

Data are lacking on trends in bariatric surgery and the frequency of incidental findings in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE:

Report on trends in bariatric surgery as well as our experience in incidental findings along with a literature review (mainly on gastrointestinal stromal tumor).

DESIGN:

Retrospective chart and literature review.

SETTINGS:

Academic tertiary care center.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

We conducted a retrospective study at King Khalid University Hospital and analyzed the data collected from 2009 to 2019. We collected data on age, body mass index (BMI), H pylori infection, type of bariatric surgery performed, and type and location of incidental findings.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Incidental findings during or after bariatric surgery (in pathology specimen).

SAMPLE SIZE:

3052 bariatric surgeries, 46 patients with incidentalomas.

RESULTS:

The mean and standard deviation for the age of the 46 patients with incidentalomas was 42.1 (13.9) years and the mean (SD) preoperative BMI was 43.4 (6.4) kg/m
2
. Of 3052 bariatric surgeries performed, the most common type was sleeve gastrectomy (93.9%), followed by gastric bypass surgery (4.58%) and gastric banding (1.47%). The total frequency of incidentalomas was 1.5%; 10.8% of patients had gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), with the stomach being the commonest site for incidental findings. Eighty percent of the patients with GIST were positive for H pylori (
P
=.01 vs negative patients).

CONCLUSION:

The number of incidentalomas and other findings were consistent with other reports. All these findings suggest that bariatric surgeons should take special care before, during, and after a laparoscopic operation in obese patients.

LIMITATIONS:

Since this is a single-center, retrospective study, we did not collect data on important variables such as gender, socioeconomic status of the patient, and family history of obesity, and we did not perform a preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
Hygroscopicity of urban aerosols and its link to size-resolved chemical composition during spring and summer in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Kim Najin , Yum Seong Soo , Park Minsu , Park Jong Sung , Shin Hye Jung , Ahn Joon Young
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Chemical effects on the size-resolved hygroscopicity of urban
aerosols were examined based on the Korea–US Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ, 2020) field campaign data. The
information on size-resolved hygroscopicity and the chemical composition of
aerosols were obtained by a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility
analyzer (HTDMA) and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass
spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively. Good correspondence was shown
between measured and estimated κ values calculated from the
combination of bulk chemical composition data and oxidation parameters of
organic aerosols (f44 and O∕C). These results imply that chemical
composition is closely associated with aerosol hygroscopicity. However, the
correlation between measured and estimated κ values degraded as
particle size decreased, implying that size-resolved chemical composition
data are required for more detailed hygroscopicity analysis. In addition to
size-resolved chemical data, the m∕z tracer method was applied for
size-resolved organic factors. Specifically, m∕z 57 and 44 were used as AMS
spectral markers for hydrocarbon-like
organic aerosol (HOA) and oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), respectively. These size-resolved chemical
composition data were found to be critical in explaining size-dependent
hygroscopicity, as well as the diurnal variation in κ for small
particles, i.e., low κ in the morning and high κ in the
afternoon. Additionally, aerosol mixing state information was associated
with the size-resolved chemical composition data. That is to say that the relationship
between the number fraction of each hygroscopicity mode and the volume fraction
of different chemical composition was investigated. For example, the HOA
volume fraction comprised about 60 % of the variation in less hygroscopic
(LH) mode number fractions for externally mixed aerosols.
Measurement report: Leaf-scale gas exchange of atmospheric reactive trace species (NO2, NO, O3) at a northern hardwood forest in Michigan
Authors: Wang Wei , Ganzeveld Laurens , Rossabi Samuel , Hueber Jacques , Helmig Detlev
Published: October 2020

Abstract. During the Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) campaign from 21 July to 3 August 2016,
field experiments on leaf-level trace gas exchange of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were conducted for the
first time on the native American tree species Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Acer rubrum (red
maple), Populus grandidentata (bigtooth aspen), and Quercus rubra (red oak) in a temperate hardwood forest in
Michigan, USA. We measured the leaf-level trace gas exchange rates and
investigated the existence of an NO2 compensation point, hypothesized
based on a comparison of a previously observed average diurnal cycle of
NOx (NO2+NO) concentrations with that simulated using a
multi-layer canopy exchange model. Known amounts of trace gases were
introduced into a tree branch enclosure and a paired blank reference
enclosure. The trace gas concentrations before and after the enclosures were
measured, as well as the enclosed leaf area (single-sided) and gas flow rate to obtain the trace gas fluxes with respect to leaf surface. There was no
detectable NO uptake for all tree types. The foliar NO2 and O3
uptake largely followed a diurnal cycle, correlating with that of the leaf
stomatal conductance. NO2 and O3 fluxes were driven by their
concentration gradient from ambient to leaf internal space. The NO2 loss rate at the leaf surface, equivalently the foliar NO2 deposition velocity toward the leaf surface, ranged from 0 to 3.6 mm s−1 for bigtooth aspen and from 0 to 0.76 mm s−1 for red oak, both of which are
∼90 % of the expected values based on the stomatal
conductance of water. The deposition velocities for red maple and white pine
ranged from 0.3 to 1.6 and from 0.01 to 1.1 mm s−1, respectively, and were lower than predicted from the stomatal conductance, implying a
mesophyll resistance to the uptake. Additionally, for white pine, the
extrapolated velocity at zero stomatal conductance was 0.4±0.08 mm s−1, indicating a non-stomatal uptake pathway. The NO2
compensation point was ≤60 ppt for all four tree species and
indistinguishable from zero at the 95 % confidence level. This agrees with
recent reports for several European and California tree species but
contradicts some earlier experimental results where the compensation points
were found to be on the order of 1 ppb or higher. Given that the sampled
tree types represent 80 %–90 % of the total leaf area at this site, these
results negate the previously hypothesized important role of a leaf-scale
NO2 compensation point. Consequently, to reconcile these findings,
further detailed comparisons between the observed and simulated in- and above-canopy NOx concentrations and the leaf- and canopy-scale
NOx fluxes, using the multi-layer canopy exchange model with
consideration of the leaf-scale NOx deposition velocities as well as
stomatal conductances reported here, are recommended.
Validation of TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 columns using dual-scan multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements in Uccle, Brussels
Authors: Dimitropoulou Ermioni , Hendrick François , Pinardi Gaia , Friedrich Martina M. , Merlaud Alexis , Tack Frederik , De Longueville Helene , Fayt Caroline , Hermans Christian , Laffineur Quentin , Fierens Frans , Van Roozendael Michel
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy
(MAX-DOAS) measurements of aerosols and tropospheric nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) were carried out in Uccle (50.8∘ N, 4.35∘ E),
Brussels, during 1 year from March 2018 until March 2019. The instrument
was operated in both the UV and visible wavelength ranges in a dual-scan
configuration consisting of two sub-modes: (1) an elevation scan in a fixed
viewing azimuthal direction (the so-called main azimuthal direction)
pointing to the northeast and (2) an azimuthal scan in a fixed low elevation
angle (2∘). By applying a vertical profile inversion algorithm in the
main azimuthal direction and a parameterization technique in the other
azimuthal directions, near-surface NO2 volume mixing ratios (VMRs) and
vertical column densities (VCDs) were retrieved in 10 different azimuthal
directions. The dual-scan MAX-DOAS dataset allows for partly resolving the
horizontal distribution of NO2 around the measurement site and studying
its seasonal variations. Furthermore, we show that measuring the
tropospheric NO2 VCDs in different azimuthal directions improves the
spatial colocation with measurements from the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P),
leading to a reduction of the spread in validation results. By using
NO2 vertical profile information derived from the MAX-DOAS
measurements, we also resolve a systematic underestimation in S5P NO2
data due to the use of inadequate a priori NO2 profile shape data in the satellite retrieval.
Nine years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity global maps at the
Barcelona Expert Center
Authors: Olmedo Estrella , González-Haro Cristina , Hoareau Nina , Umbert Marta , González-Gambau Verónica , Martínez Justino , Gabarró Carolina , Turiel Antonio
Published: October 2020

Abstract. After more than 10 years in orbit, the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) European mission is still a unique, highquality instrument for providing Soil Moisture over land and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) over the oceans. At the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), a new reprocessing of 9 years (2011–2019) of global SMOS SSS maps has been generated. This work presents the algorithms used in the generation of BEC global SMOS SSS product v2.0, as well as an extensive quality assessment. Three SMOS SSS fields are distributed: a high-resolution level 3 product (with https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/12601 (Olmedo et al., 2020a)) consisting of a binned SSS in 9-day maps at 0.25 × 0.25°; a low-resolution level 3 SSS computed from the binned salinity by applying a smoothening spatial window of 50-km radius; and a level 4 SSS (with https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/12600 (Olmedo et al., 2020b)) consisting of daily, 0.05 × 0.05° maps that are computed by multifractal fusion with Sea Surface Temperature maps. For the validation of BEC SSS products, we have applied a battery of tests aiming at the assessment of quality of the products both in value and in structure. First, we have compared BEC SSS products with near-to-surface salinity measurements provided by Argo floats. Secondly, we have assessed the geophysical consistency of the products characterized by singularity analysis, and also the effective spatial resolutions are estimated by means of Power Density Spectra and Singularity Density Spectra. Finally, we have calculated full maps of SSS errors by using Correlated Triple Collocation. We have compared the performance of BEC SMOS product with other satellite SSS and reanalysis products. The main outcomes of this quality assessment are: i) the bias between BEC SMOS and Argo salinity is lower than 0.02 psu at global scale, while the standard deviation of their difference is lower than 0.34 and 0.27 psu for the high and low resolution level 3 fields (respectively) and 0.24 psu for the level 4 salinity; ii) the effective spatial resolution is around 40 km for all SSS products and regions; and iii) BEC SMOS level 4 product is globally the one with the lowest salinity error, while BEC SMOS low-resolution level 3 more accurate in regions strongly affected by rainfall and continental freshwater discharges.
MIROC-INTEG-LAND version 1: a global biogeochemical land surface model with human water management, crop growth, and land-use change
Authors: Yokohata Tokuta , Kinoshita Tsuguki , Sakurai Gen , Pokhrel Yadu , Ito Akihiko , Okada Masashi , Satoh Yusuke , Kato Etsushi , Nitta Tomoko , Fujimori Shinichiro , Felfelani Farshid , Masaki Yoshimitsu , Iizumi Toshichika , Nishimori Motoki , Hanasaki Naota , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Yamagata Yoshiki , Emori Seita
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Future changes in the climate system could have significant impacts on the
natural environment and human activities, which in turn affect changes in
the climate system. In the interaction between natural and human systems
under climate change conditions, land use is one of the elements that play
an essential role. On the one hand, future climate change will affect the
availability of water and food, which may impact land-use change. On the
other hand, human-induced land-use change can affect the climate system
through biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects. To investigate these
interrelationships, we developed MIROC-INTEG-LAND (MIROC INTEGrated LAND
surface model version 1), an integrated model that combines the land surface
component of global climate model MIROC (Model for Interdisciplinary
Research on Climate) with water resources, crop production, land ecosystem,
and land-use models. The most significant feature of MIROC-INTEG-LAND is
that the land surface model that describes the processes of the energy and
water balance, human water management, and crop growth incorporates a land
use decision-making model based on economic activities. In MIROC-INTEG-LAND,
spatially detailed information regarding water resources and crop yields is
reflected in the prediction of future land-use change, which cannot be
considered in the conventional integrated assessment models. In this paper,
we introduce the details and interconnections of the submodels of
MIROC-INTEG-LAND, compare historical simulations with observations, and
identify various interactions between the submodels. By evaluating the
historical simulation, we have confirmed that the model reproduces the
observed states well. The future simulations indicate that changes in
climate have significant impacts on crop yields, land use, and irrigation
water demand. The newly developed MIROC-INTEG-LAND could be combined with
atmospheric and ocean models to develop an integrated earth system model to
simulate the interactions among coupled natural–human earth system
components.
Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity Field Solutions (COST-G) – GRACE-FO operational combination
Authors: Meyer Ulrich , Lasser Martin , Jäggi Adrian , Flechtner Frank , Dahle Christoph , Mayer-Gürr Torsten , Kvas Andreas , Behzadpour Saniya , Lemoine Jean-Michel , Bourgogne Stephane , Koch Igor , Groh Andreas , Förste Christoph , Eicker Annette , Meyssignac Benoit
Published: October 2020

We present the operational GRACE-FO combined time-series of monthly gravity fields of the Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity fields (COST-G) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). COST-G_GRACE-FO_RL01_operational is combined at AIUB and relies on operational monthly solutions of the COST-G Analysis Centers GFZ, GRGS, IfG, LUH and AIUB and the associated Analysis Centers CSR and JPL. All COST-G Analysis Centers have passed a benchmark test to ensure consistency between the different processing approaches and all of the contributing time-series undergo a strict quality control focusing on the signal content in river basins and polar regions with pronounced changes in ice mass to uncover any regularization that may bias the combination.

The combination is performed by variance component estimation on the solution level, the relative monthly weights thus providing valuable and independent insight into the consistency and noise levels of the individual monthly contributions. The combined products then are validated internally in terms of noise, approximated by the non-secular, non-seasonal variability over the oceans. Once they have passed this quality control the combined gravity fields are assessed by an external board of experts who evaluate them in terms of orbit predictions, lake altimetry, river hydrology or oceanography.
The NASA Mass Change Designated Observable Study Team
Authors: Wiese David ,   NASA Mass Change Designated Observable Study Team
Published: October 2020

The 2017-2027 US National Academy of Sciences Decadal Survey for Earth Science and Applications from Space classified mass change as one of five designated observables having the highest priority in terms of Earth observations required to better understand the Earth system over the next decade.  In response to this designation, NASA initiated multi-center studies with an overarching goal of defining observing system architectures for each designated observable.  Here, we discuss the progress made and future plans for the Mass Change Designated Observable study. Progress includes the development of a Science and Applications Traceability Matrix (SATM), the definition of three different architectural classes that have potential to be responsive to the designated science objectives, and a framework to quantitatively link the performance of specific architectures to the SATM.  We will describe a Value Framework that has been developed to assess the value of each architecture in terms of science return, cost, schedule, and technical maturity.  Results assessing the value of 50+ architecture variants will be shown and discussed. Finally, the current status of the study process, and future plans will be discussed.
Arctic Ocean bottom pressure variations from 2002 to 2020: merging GRACE with GRACE-FO
Authors: Peralta-Ferriz Cecilia , Morison James , Bonin Jennifer
Published: October 2020

Ocean bottom pressure (OBP) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) revealed Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and variability that were previously unknown (Morison et al., 2007; Morison et al., 2012; Peralta-Ferriz et al., 2014). OBP measurements from the GRACE Follow-On mission (GRACE-FO) are therefore increasingly important for monitoring Arctic Ocean variability, and critical for understanding and predicting the fate of the rapidly changing Arctic environment.

In this work we use GRACE data from 2002 to 2017 jointly with a 10-year record of in situ OBP at the North Pole (2005-2015) complemented with in situ OBP in the Canada Basin (2015-2018), and wind reanalysis products, to create a proxy representation of the OBP anomalies that explains the largest possible fraction of the observed OBP variability in the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas. We do this by performing a linear regression analysis, combined with maximum covariance analysis (MCA) – a technique that was tested prior to the decommission of GRACE and the launch of GRACE-FO (Peralta-Ferriz et al., 2016). Here, the first predictor time series is the in situ OBP record at the North Pole and Canada Basin; the second predictor time series is the expansion coefficients time series of the leading mode of MCA between the GRACE OBP coupled with the winds. We use this proxy OBP to merge GRACE with the first 2 years of available GRACE-FO OBP. We compare our merged OBP field with OBP output from the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS). Preliminary results suggest a good agreement between the proxy and predicted OBP fields and both GRACE and GRACE-FO data, especially in the central Arctic, but also in the Nordic Seas. The OBP variations from the merged GRACE and GRACE-FO and from PIOMAS will be also explored.

References:

Morison, J. H., J. Wahr, R. Kwok and C. Peralta-Ferriz (2007), Recent trends in Arctic Ocean mass distribution revealed by GRACE, Res. Lett.,34, L07602, doi:10.1029/2006GL029016.

Morison, J., R. Kwok, C. Peralta-Ferriz, M. Alkire, I. Rigor, R. Andersen and M. Steele (2012), Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways. Nature, 481, 66-7

Peralta-Ferriz, C., J. H. Morison, J. M. Wallace, J. Bonin and J. Zhang (2014), Arctic Ocean circulation patterns revealed by GRACE, of Climate, 27:1445–1468 doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00013.1.

Peralta-Ferriz, C., J. H. Morison and J. M. Wallace(2016), Proxy representation of Arctic ocean bottom pressure variability: Bridging gaps in GRACE observations,  Res. Lett., 43, 9183–9191, doi:10.1002/2016GL070137
Coupling of Pointing Angles and Angular Rates in the GRACE Follow-On Laser Ranging Interferometer
Authors: Wegener Henry , Müller Vitali , Misfeldt Malte , Müller Laura , Heinzel Gerhard
Published: October 2020

The Laser Ranging Interferometer (LRI) of the GRACE Follow-On (GFO) mission has successfully shown its capability of continuously measuring the inter-satellite biased range with higher precision than the established microwave ranging system. The instrument behaviour is already well understood. For Fourier frequencies below 30 mHz, the largest error source of the LRI is the so-called tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling, which means that satellite pointing jitter couples into the measured range. We have modelled the TTL error and estimated the model parameters using satellite rotation maneuvers, the so-called center-of-mass calibration (CMCal) maneuvers.

We report here that not only the pointing angles (roll, pitch, yaw) couple into the LRI range, but also the rate of change of one of the angles, namely the yaw angle of the main S/C. We give a theoretical model, which predicts this effect qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on a combined model for TTL and yaw rate coupling, we have re-analyzed the CMCal maneuvers, the results of which we present here.

From the TTL coupling parameters, one can derive nadir and cross-track components of the center-of-mass (CM) positions with respect to the LRI reference point. These will also be shown here, and we can conclude that the LRI is capable of providing accurate tracking of CM movement over time.
Data-driven multi-step AO de-aliasing (DMD) for GRACE/GRACE-FO
Authors: Abrykosov Petro , Pail Roland , Gruber Thomas
Published: October 2020

The GRACE-FO’s mission primary goal is the precise mapping of variations within the Earth’s hydrology by observing changes in gravitational attraction. This particular signal, however, is widely superimposed by other signals of higher amplitudes and shorter time scales like mass redistributions within atmosphere and ocean (AO). The hereby induced temporal aliasing is treated by reducing tidal background models during the data processing. The residual signal which is caused by imperfections of the background models has so far been left untreated.

We present the DMD approach for further treatment of the residual AO-signal which is somewhat similar to the so-called Wiese parametrization proposed for multi-pair missions (Wiese et al., 2011). However, contrary to Wiese, the DMD directly affects the right-hand side of the least squares adjustment. The method consists of (a) estimating short-term low-degree fields based on the full observation vector in a first step, (b) reducing it by the observations computed from the short-term solutions (thus effectively having applied an entirely data-based de-aliasing model), and finally, (c) estimating a high-degree field over the entire observation period (e.g. a month). Resubstituting the mean of (a) to (c) then yields a gravity solution for the observation interval. The functionality of the DMD is verified by simulations and allows for an improved retrieval of the residual signal above the maximum degree of the short-term fields over the observation interval. In order to counteract potential over-estimation within the low-degree part of the solution additional conditions are introduced and discussed.
GRACE/GRACE-FO to constrain regional to global Evapotranspiration
Authors: Reager John , Pascolini-Campbell Madeleine
Published: October 2020

A frontier in hydrology lies in understanding the potential impacts of a warming planet on water cycle variability from regional to global scales.  The fluxes that constitute the terrestrial water cycle present various complexity in observability, with Evapotranspiration (ET) being generally the most challenging variable to quantify directly.  Because of the ability to apply mass conservation and to "close" a water flux budget across scales, mass change measurements present the best opportunity to quantify evapotranspiration and changes in evapotranspiration at larger scales, ranging from basins to global. Here we present work on: (1) using GRACE/GFO observations to estimate basin-scale ET in the continental United States as a target for validation and error analysis of up-scaled ET products from other sources, and (2) using GRACE/GFO observations to estimate ET globally over the full joint record (2003-2020) in order to quantify observed changes in the global water cycle.  We find that because of the way that errors in mass change measurements inherently change in scale (i.e. decreasing with larger study domains), GRACE/GFO measurements offer a very clear and robust uncertainty quantification approach for large scale ET monitoring.  We also find that there is a clear and statistically significant signal in global land ET over the record length that indicates changes in the global water cycle consistent with our understanding of climate change.  These methods and results will be presented and discussed.
Model for leisure boat activities and emissions – implementation for the Baltic Sea
Authors: Johansson Lasse , Ytreberg Erik , Jalkanen Jukka-Pekka , Fridell Erik , Eriksson K. Martin , Lagerström Maria , Maljutenko Ilja , Raudsepp Urmas , Fischer Vivian , Roth Eva
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The activities and emissions from leisure boats in the Baltic Sea
have been modeled in a comprehensive approach for the first time, using a
new simulation model leisure Boat Emissions and Activities siMulator (BEAM). The model utilizes
survey data to characterize the national leisure boat fleets. Leisure boats
have been categorized based on their size, use and engine specifications, and for these subcategories emission factors for NOx, PM2.5, CO,
non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and releases of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from antifouling paints
have been estimated according to literature values. The modeling approach
also considers the temporal and spatial distribution of leisure boat
activities, which are applied to each simulated leisure boat separately.
According to our results the CO and NMVOC emissions from leisure boats, as
well as Cu and Zn released from antifouling paints, are significant when
compared against the emissions originating from registered commercial
shipping in the Baltic Sea. CO emissions equal 70 % of the registered
shipping emissions and NMVOC emissions equal 160 % when compared against
the modeled results in the Baltic Sea in 2014. Modeled NOx and
PM2.5 from the leisure boats are less significant compared to the
registered shipping emissions. The emissions from leisure boats are
concentrated in the summer months of June, July and August and are released
in the vicinity of inhabited coastal areas. Given the large emission
estimates for leisure boats, this commonly overlooked source of emissions
should be further investigated in greater detail.
Monitoring the seasonal changes of an englacial conduit network using repeated ground-penetrating radar measurements
Authors: Church Gregory , Grab Melchior , Schmelzbach Cédric , Bauder Andreas , Maurer Hansruedi
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Englacial conduits act as water pathways to feed surface meltwater into the subglacial drainage system. A change of meltwater into the subglacial drainage system can alter the glacier's dynamics. Between 2012 and 2019, repeated 25 MHz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were carried out over an active englacial conduit network within the ablation area of the temperate Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. In 2012, 2016, and 2017 GPR measurements were carried out only once a year, and an englacial conduit was detected in 2017. In 2018 and 2019 the repetition survey rate was increased to monitor seasonal variations in the detected englacial conduit. The resulting GPR data were processed using an impedance inversion workflow to compute GPR reflection coefficients and layer impedances, which are indicative of the conduit's infill material. The spatial and temporal evolution of the reflection coefficients also provided insights into the morphology of the Rhonegletscher's englacial conduit network. During the summer melt seasons, we observed an active, water-filled, sediment-transporting englacial conduit network that yielded large negative GPR reflection coefficients (<-0.2). The GPR surveys conducted during the summer provided evidence that the englacial conduit was 15–20 m±6 m wide, ∼0.4m±0.35m thick, ∼250m±6m long with a shallow inclination (2∘), and having a sinusoidal shape from the GPR data. We speculate that extensional hydraulic fracturing is responsible for the formation of the conduit as a result of the conduit network geometry observed and from borehole observations. Synthetic GPR waveform modelling using a thin water-filled conduit showed that a conduit thickness larger than 0.4 m (0.3× minimum wavelength) thick can be correctly identified using 25 MHz GPR data. During the winter periods, the englacial conduit no longer transports water and either physically closed or became very thin (<0.1 m), thereby producing small negative reflection coefficients that are caused by either sediments lying within the closed conduit or water within the very thin conduit. Furthermore, the englacial conduit reactivated during the following melt season at an identical position as in the previous year.
Authentic Leadership and Employee Voice: Roles of Obligation Perception and Power Distance Orientation
Authors: Liao Hung-Yi , Shaw Kang-Hwa
Published: October 2020

Based on social learning theory, this paper investigated the relationship between authentic leadership and employee voice as well as the mediating role of felt obligations for change, and the moderating role of power distance orientation. Using a questionnaire survey, we collected employee data in China, and obtained 183 usable responses to test our hypotheses. The results show that authentic leadership is positively related to employee voice, authentic leadership positively influences felt obligations for change, and felt obligations for change mediates the relationship between authentic leadership and employee voice. Further, power distance orientation moderates the influence of authentic leadership on felt obligations for change. Theoretical implications, managerial implications, and future directions are discussed.
Drie modellen voor eigen schuld bij strafuitsluitingsgronden
Authors: Jansen R.H. (Robert)
Published: October 2020

Drie modellen voor eigen schuld bij strafuitsluitingsgronden

In de Nederlandse rechtspraktijk kan de rechter een beroep op een strafuitsluitingsgrond verwerpen als blijkt dat de verdachte een zekere mate van eigen schuld heeft, ondanks dat de (overige) voorwaarden zijn vervuld. In de literatuur worden bezwaren aangevoerd tegen deze pragmatische benadering en zijn alternatieve aansprakelijkheidsmodellen tot stand gekomen: eigen schuld als zelfstandig strafbaar feit en de actio libera in causa. In deze bijdrage worden beide modellen beschreven en vergeleken met de Nederlandse benadering.
Het bewijs van excepties
Authors: Dreissen W.H.B. (Wilma)
Published: October 2020

Het bewijs van excepties

In deze bijdrage wordt betoogd dat de stelling dat het bewijs van excepties een lagere bewijsdrempel niet juist is. De strafrechter geeft een oordeel over het bewijs van het tenlastegelegde én over de strafbaarheid van feit en dader. Voor elk van die oordelen geldt de eis dat de feiten buiten redelijke twijfel moeten vaststaan. Er is in die zin geen onderscheid tussen de eerste vraag zoals genoemd in artikel 350 Sv en de tweede en derde vraag die in die bepaling genoemd worden. Wel wijkt de wijze waarop de rechter tot zijn oordeel over de strafbaarheid komt af van de wijze waarop hij meestal tot het bewijsoordeel komt.