bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial distributions and seasonal cycles of aerosols in India and China seen in global climate-aerosol model
Authors: Henriksson S. V. , Laaksonen A. , Kerminen V.-M. , Räisänen P. , Järvinen H. , Sundström A.-M. , de Leeuw G.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A climate-aerosol model is employed to study spatial and temporal variability of aerosol properties over India and China for recent (year 2006) and future conditions (year 2020) under different emission pathways. We present results for aerosol mass concentration in different size classes and optical properties for the five different aerosol species treated by the model. Aerosol mass concentration and optical depth have significant contributions from both anthropogenic and natural aerosols. Different species have maxima in different regions, with the highest anthropogenic aerosol concentrations found in Kolkata and elsewhere in the Ganges basin in India and on the northern part of the east coast and in the Sichuan basin in China. In India, natural aerosols have a maximum in the summer due to higher wind speeds, whereas anthropogenic aerosols have a maximum in the winter due to less efficient wet removal. Surface concentrations also tend to be higher in winter due to the additional reason of lower average boundary layer height. In China, seasonal cycles are weaker with natural aerosols having a maximum in the spring and sulfate contribution to the aerosol optical depth (AOD) being higher in the latter half of the year. MODIS AOD spatial distributions are reproduced well by the model, except for the Ganges valley with high absorption and for the Thar desert with high dust concentrations. Seasonal cycles compare qualitatively well with MODIS measurements.
A novel calibration approach of MODIS AOD data to predict PM2.5 concentrations
Authors: Lee H. J. , Liu Y. , Coull B. A. , Schwartz J. , Koutrakis P.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Epidemiological studies investigating the human health effects of PM2.5 are susceptible to exposure measurement errors, a form of bias in exposure estimates, since they rely on data from a limited number of PM2.5 monitors within their study area. Satellite data can be used to expand spatial coverage, potentially enhancing our ability to estimate location- or subject-specific exposures to PM2.5, but some have reported poor predictive power. A new methodology was developed to calibrate aerosol optical depth (AOD) data obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Subsequently, this method was used to predict ground daily PM2.5 concentrations in the New England region. 2003 MODIS AOD data corresponding to the New England region were retrieved, and PM2.5 concentrations measured at 26 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PM2.5 monitoring sites were used to calibrate the AOD data. A mixed effects model which allows day-to-day variability in daily PM2.5-AOD relationships was used to predict location-specific PM2.5 levels. PM2.5 concentrations measured at the monitoring sites were compared to those predicted for the corresponding grid cells. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons between the observed and predicted concentrations suggested that the proposed new calibration approach renders MODIS AOD data a potentially useful predictor of PM2.5 concentrations. Furthermore, the estimated PM2.5 levels within the study domain were examined in relation to air pollution sources. Our approach made it possible to investigate the spatial patterns of PM2.5 concentrations within the study domain.
Ozone data assimilation with GEOS-Chem: a comparison between 3-D-Var, 4-D-Var, and suboptimal Kalman filter approaches
Authors: Singh K. , Sandu A. , Bowman K. W. , Parrington M. , Jones D. B. A. , Lee M.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Chemistry transport models determine the evolving chemical state of the atmosphere by solving the fundamental equations that govern physical and chemical transformations subject to initial conditions of the atmospheric state and surface boundary conditions, e.g., surface emissions. The development of data assimilation techniques synthesize model predictions with measurements in a rigorous mathematical framework that provides observational constraints on these conditions. Two families of data assimilation methods are currently widely used: variational and Kalman filter (KF). The variational approach is based on control theory and formulates data assimilation as a minimization problem of a cost functional that measures the model-observations mismatch. The Kalman filter approach is rooted in statistical estimation theory and provides the analysis covariance together with the best state estimate. Suboptimal Kalman filters employ different approximations of the covariances in order to make the computations feasible with large models. Each family of methods has both merits and drawbacks. This paper compares several data assimilation methods used for global chemical data assimilation. Specifically, we evaluate data assimilation approaches for improving estimates of the summertime global tropospheric ozone distribution in August 2006 based on ozone observations from the NASA Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer and the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model. The resulting analyses are compared against independent ozonesonde measurements to assess the effectiveness of each assimilation method. All assimilation methods provide notable improvements over the free model simulations, which differ from the ozonesonde measurements by about 20 % (below 200 hPa). Four dimensional variational data assimilation with window lengths between five days and two weeks is the most accurate method, with mean differences between analysis profiles and ozonesonde measurements of 1–5 %. Two sequential assimilation approaches (three dimensional variational and suboptimal KF), although derived from different theoretical considerations, provide similar ozone estimates, with relative differences of 5–10 % between the analyses and ozonesonde measurements. Adjoint sensitivity analysis techniques are used to explore the role of of uncertainties in ozone precursors and their emissions on the distribution of tropospheric ozone. A novel technique is introduced that projects 3-D-Variational increments back to an equivalent initial condition, which facilitates comparison with 4-D variational techniques.
The correlation between solar and geomagnetic activity – Part 1: Two-term decomposition of geomagnetic activity
Authors: Du Z. L.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. By analyzing the logarithmic relationship between geomagnetic activity as represented by the annual aa index and solar magnetic field activity as represented by the annual sunspot number (Rz) during the period 1844–2010, aa is shown to lie in between two lines defined solely by Rz. Two ways can be used to decompose the aa index into two components. One is decomposing aa into the sum of the baseline (aab) and the remainder (aau) with a null correlation. Another is dividing the top-line (aat) into the sum of aa and the remainder (aad) with a null correlation. The first decomposition is similar to the traditional one. The second decomposition implies a nonlinear relationship of aa with Rz (aat) and a decay process (aad). Therefore, aat=aa+aad=aab+aau+aad: (i) aat is related to the solar energy potential of generating geomagnetic activity (associated with Rz); (ii) aab is related to transient phenomena; (iii) aau is related to recurrent phenomena; and (iv) aad is related to the energy loss in the transmission from solar surface to the magnetosphere and ionosphere that failed to generate geomagnetic activity.
The correlation between solar and geomagnetic activity – Part 2: Long-term trends
Authors: Du Z. L.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Using lag-correlation function analysis, the correlation coefficient at zero lag (r0), the maximum (rm) and the corresponding lag time (Lm) between solar (Rz) and geomagnetic (aa) activity for a 528-month (44-year) running time window are shown to vary in a declining, declining and rising secular trend, respectively, before 1958. However, these trends changed since 1958 with a rising secular trend in both r0 and rm and without a significant trend in Lm, probably related to a periodicity longer than 140 years. An odd-numbered solar cycle tends to show a higher correlation and a shorter lag time between Rz and aa than the previous even-numbered one, suggesting a 2-cycle periodicity superimposed on secular trends. An even-numbered Hale cycle tends to show a higher correlation and a shorter lag time between Rz and aa than the previous odd-numbered one, suggesting a 4-cycle periodicity superimposed on secular trends. The variations in the correlations may be related to the non-linearity between Rz and aa, and the decreasing trend in the correlation (r0) is not exclusively caused by the increasing trend in the lag time of aa to Rz. These results represent an observational constraint on solar-dynamo models and can help us gain a better understanding of the long-term evolution of solar activities. In applications, therefore, cautions must be taken when using the correlation for molding the dynamical process of the Sun and for predicting solar activities.
La consulta a los pueblos originarios a la luz del Convenio 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo
Authors: Cruz Andy Guillermo de Jesús
Published: August 2011

El artículo trata sobre a la incorporación al derecho interno del Convenio 169 de OIT, específicamente en lo que respecta a la consulta a los pueblos originarios, instituida en el artículo 6 del relacionado instrumento internacional. La inquietud sobre el mismo estriba en si su naturaleza es vinculante o no. Previo al abordaje de este tema, se hace un breve recorrido histórico y una semblanza puntual de lo que se ha de entender como sistema jurídico. Se consultaron para el efecto, fundamentalmente, trabajos sobre la historia latinoamericana, trabajos vinculados al análisis de los sistemas jurídicos, ensayos sobre el derecho de los pueblos originarios, así como artículos de revistas y periódicos, además de referencias electrónicas, disponibles en la Internet. Palabras clave: Pueblos originarios; racismo; tratados; vinculante. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i6.510 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 6, Segunda época, junio 2010: 3-39
Guanidine Alkaloids from Monanchora arbuscula: Chemistry and Antitumor Potential
Authors: Ferreira Elthon G. , Wilke Diego V. , Jimenez Paula C. , de Oliveira Julieta R. , Pessoa Otília Deusdênia L. , Silveira Edilberto R. , Viana Francisco A. , Pessoa Cláudia , de Moraes Manoel Odorico , Hajdu Eduardo , Costa‐Lotufo Letícia Veras
Published: August 2011

Five guanidine alkaloids, mirabilin B (1), 8bβ‐hydroxyptilocaulin (2), ptilocaulin (3), and a mixture of the 8β‐ and 8α‐epimers, 4 and 5, of 8‐hydroxymirabilin (1,8a;8b,3a‐didehydro‐8‐hydroxyptilocaulin), were isolated from Monanchora arbuscula colonies collected off the northeastern Brazilian coast. All structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D (1H‐, 13C‐ (BB), and 13C‐DEPT) and 2D (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) NMR experiments, and comparison with the literature data. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds were evaluated against four tumor cell lines, showing that mirabilin B (1) and the two epimers were inactive, while 8bβ‐hydroxyptilocaulin (2) and ptilocaulin (3) presented IC50 values in the range of 7.9 to 61.5 μM, and 5.8 to 40.0 μM, respectively. Further studies on the mechanism of action of ptilocaulin, using HL‐60 leukemia cells, demonstrated that this guanidine compound induced apoptosis of the treated cells.
Ductular reactions in human liver: Diversity at the interface
Authors: Gouw Annette S. H. , Clouston Andrew D. , Theise Neil D.
Published: August 2011

Interest in hepatic ductular reactions (DRs) has risen in recent years because of a greater appreciation of their potential roles in regeneration, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis. However, confusion exists because there is significant, but often unappreciated diversity at the tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels in DRs of different diseases and stages of disease. DRs are encountered in virtually all liver disorders in which there is organ-wide liver damage and cell loss, but are also present in focal lesions such as focal nodular hyperplasia and adenoma. Moreover, diverse DR phenotypes can be present within any single disease entity, and are shaped by the etiology and evolution of the disease. Although much remains to be clarified, recent studies suggest that the diversity of appearances of the DRs are likely to reflect the differing signals at the anatomic, cellular, and molecular levels driving the proliferative response. These appear to determine the relative proportions of transit-amplifying cells, the degree of hepatocytic or cholangiocytic differentiation, and their relationships with stromal, vascular, and inflammatory components. The molecular signaling pathways governing these regenerative fate decisions closely replicate those found in human and other vertebrate embryos and more generally in stem cell niches throughout the body. Like the latter, complex interactions with matrix as well as mesenchymal and inflammatory cells, vessels, and innervation are likely to be of fundamental importance. Embracing systems/tissue biological approaches to exploring DRs, in addition to more traditional cellular and molecular biological techniques, will further enhance our understanding and, thereby, we believe potentiate new therapeutic possibilities. (Hepatology 2011)
A conformal transceive array for 7 T neuroimaging
Authors: Gilbert Kyle M. , Belliveau Jean‐Guy , Curtis Andrew T. , Gati Joseph S. , Klassen L. Martyn , Menon Ravi S.
Published: August 2011

The first 16‐channel transceive surface‐coil array that conforms to the human head and operates at 298 MHz (7 T) is described. Individual coil elements were decoupled using circumferential shields around each element that extended orthogonally from the former. This decoupling method allowed elements to be constructed with arbitrary shape, size, and location to create a three‐dimensional array. Radiofrequency shimming achieved a transmit‐field uniformity of 20% over the whole brain and 14% over a single axial slice. During radiofrequency transmission, coil elements couple tightly to the head and reduce the amount of power necessary to achieve a mean 90° flip angle (660‐μs and 480‐μs pulse lengths were required for a 1‐kW hard pulse when shimming over the whole brain and a single axial slice, respectively). During reception, the close proximity of coil elements to the head increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio in the periphery of the brain, most notably at the superior aspect of the head. The sensitivity profile of each element is localized beneath the respective shield. When combined with the achieved isolation between elements, this results in the capacity for low geometry factors during both transmit and receive: 1.04/1.06 (mean) and 1.25/1.54 (maximum) for 3‐by‐3 acceleration in the axial/sagittal plane. High cortical signal‐to‐noise ratio and parallel imaging performance make the conformal coil ideal for the study of high temporal and/or spatial cortical architecture and function. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Failure of propranolol in the treatment of childhood haemangiomas of the head and neck
Authors: Goswamy J , Rothera M P , Bruce I A
Published: August 2011

Background:

Infantile haemangiomas enter a rapid proliferative phase within months of birth, before slowly involuting. Those with the potential for disfigurement or morbidity require intervention. Propranolol has emerged as an effective new treatment modality, with the potential to become the first-line treatment of choice.

Methods:

Four children with haemangiomas of the head and neck were treated with propranolol at a tertiary referral centre. The size of the haemangioma and the symptoms resulting from airway compromise were monitored.

Results:

Three of the four children showed a dramatic response to treatment with propranolol. However, one child responded initially but was readmitted with stridor secondary to new haemangioma proliferation.

Conclusions:

We report a cautionary case in which a subglottic haemangioma developed contemporaneously with propranolol treatment, requiring surgical intervention. This finding highlights the need for regular follow up of treatment response, and the need for monitoring for treatment side effects.
A new era in supraglottitis? An isolated UK case of supraglottitis secondary toNeisseria meningitidis
Authors: Sarwar U , Akhtar N , Hemming J , Dennis S
Published: August 2011

Objective:

We report the first UK case of supraglottitis secondary toNeisseria meningitidis.

Method:

Case report with review of the current literature on supraglottitis and its aetiology.

Results:

An 89-year-old woman was referred with worsening symptoms of dysphagia, hoarseness and neck discomfort. After nasopharyngoscopy and neck X-ray, supraglottitis was diagnosed. Prompt treatment comprised nebulised adrenaline, oxygen therapy and intravenous antibiotics. Microbiology samples grewN meningitidis, a notifiable disease in the UK. Public health officials were informed, and full precautions and prophylactic treatment initiated for those at risk. The patient made excellent progress and was discharged several days later.

Discussion and conclusion:

Supraglottitis occurs in <4 per 100 000 population. Following a successful UK childhood immunisation programme, most cases occur in adults. Supraglottitis secondary toN meningitidisis exceptionally rare, with only seven other reported cases worldwide. Morbidity is exceptionally high; over 60 per cent of patients require airway intervention. To our knowledge, this is the first reported UK case of supraglottitis secondary toN meningitidis. This case highlights the important clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions required to prevent complications associated with this potentially fatal condition.
Activating ALK mutations found in neuroblastoma are inhibited by Crizotinib and NVP-TAE684
Authors: Schönherr Christina , Ruuth Kristina , Yamazaki Yasuo , Eriksson Therese , Christensen James , Palmer Ruth H. , Hallberg Bengt
Published: August 2011

Mutations in the kinase domain of ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) have recently been shown to be important for the progression of the childhood tumour neuroblastoma. In the present study we investigate six of the putative reported constitutively active ALK mutations, in positions G1128A, I1171N, F1174L, R1192P, F1245C and R1275Q. Our analyses were performed in cell-culture-based systems with both mouse and human ALK mutant variants and subsequently in a Drosophila melanogaster model system. Our investigation addressed the transforming potential of the putative gain-of-function ALK mutations as well as their signalling potential and the ability of two ATP-competitive inhibitors, Crizotinib (PF-02341066) and NVP-TAE684, to abrogate the activity of ALK. The results of the present study indicate that all mutations tested are of an activating nature and thus are implicated in tumour initiation or progression of neuroblastoma. Importantly for neuroblastoma patients, all ALK mutations used in the present study can be blocked by the inhibitors, although some mutants exhibited higher levels of drug sensitivity than others.
Proper scaling of the anomalous Hall effect in the Co/Pt multilayers
Authors: Zhang F. , Wen F. S. , Lü Y. F. , Li W. , Lu Y. F. , Liu Z. Y. , Xu B. , Yu D. L. , He J. L. , Tian Y. J.
Published: August 2011

In the spin-valve Co(4 Å)/Pt(36 Å)/[Co(4Å)/Pt(6 Å)]n multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy, an oscillatory variation of the anomalous Hall resistivity and longitudinal resistivity has been observed with the increase in the repetition number n, and it is almost temperature-independent. The anomalous Hall resistivity is fitted by a new scaling which includes the residual resistivity, i.e., ρAH=a'ρxx0+bρxx2. a′changes nonmonotonically with the repetition number n, while b oscillates as a function of n. These observed oscillatory behaviors of ρxx, b, and ρAH can be mainly attributed to the Co/Pt interface scattering.
Eocene habitat shift from saline to freshwater promoted Tethyan amphipod diversification
Authors: Hou Zhonge , Sket Boris , Fišer Cene , Li Shuqiang
Published: August 2011

Current theory predicts that a shift to a new habitat would increase the rate of diversification, while as lineages evolve into multiple species, intensified competition would decrease the rate of diversification. We used Holarctic amphipods of the genusGammarusto test this hypothesis. We sequenced four genes (5,088 bp) for 289 samples representing 115Gammarusspecies. A phylogenetic analysis showed thatGammarusoriginated from the Tethyan region with a saline ancestry in the Paleocene, and later colonized the freshwater habitat in the Middle Eocene. Ancestral range reconstruction and diversification mode analysis combined with paleogeological and paleoclimatic evidence suggested that the habitat shift from saline to freshwater led to an increased diversification rate. The saline lineage ofGammarusdispersed to both sides of the Atlantic at 55 million years ago (Ma), because of the few barriers between the Tethys and the Atlantic, and diversified throughout its evolutionary history with a constant diversification rate [0.04 species per million years (sp/My)]. The freshwaterGammarus, however, underwent a rapid diversification phase (0.11 sp/My) until the Middle Miocene, and lineages successively diversified across Eurasia via vicariance process likely driven by changes of the Tethys and landmass. In particular, the freshwaterGammarus lacustrisandGammarus balcanicuslineages had a relatively high diversification shift, corresponding to the regression of the Paratethys Sea and the continentalization of Eurasian lands during the Miocene period. Subsequently (14 Ma), the diversification rate of the freshwaterGammarusdecreased to 0.05 and again to 0.01 sp/My. The genusGammarusprovides an excellent aquatic case supporting the hypothesis that ecological opportunities promote diversification.
The Arabidopsis bZIP Gene AtbZIP63 Is a Sensitive Integrator of Transient Abscisic Acid and Glucose Signals
Authors: Matiolli Cleverson Carlos , Tomaz Juarez Pires , Duarte Gustavo Turqueto , Prado Fernanda Manso , Del Bem Luiz Eduardo Vieira , Silveira Amanda Bortolini , Gauer Luciane , Corrêa Luiz Gustavo Guedes , Drumond Rodrigo Duarte , Viana Américo José Carvalho , Di Mascio Paolo , Meyer Christian , Vincentz Michel
Published: August 2011

Glucose modulates plant metabolism, growth, and development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Hexokinase1 (HXK1) is a glucose sensor that may trigger abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis and sensitivity to mediate glucose-induced inhibition of seedling development. Here, we show that the intensity of short-term responses to glucose can vary with ABA activity. We report that the transient (2 h/4 h) repression by 2% glucose of AtbZIP63, a gene encoding a basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor partially involved in the Snf1-related kinase KIN10-induced responses to energy limitation, is independent of HXK1 and is not mediated by changes in ABA levels. However, high-concentration (6%) glucose-mediated repression appears to be modulated by ABA, since full repression of AtbZIP63 requires a functional ABA biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, the combination of glucose and ABA was able to trigger a synergistic repression of AtbZIP63 and its homologue AtbZIP3, revealing a shared regulatory feature consisting of the modulation of glucose sensitivity by ABA. The synergistic regulation of AtbZIP63 was not reproduced by an AtbZIP63 promoter-5′-untranslated region::β-glucuronidase fusion, thus suggesting possible posttranscriptional control. A transcriptional inhibition assay with cordycepin provided further evidence for the regulation of mRNA decay in response to glucose plus ABA. Overall, these results indicate that AtbZIP63 is an important node of the glucose-ABA interaction network. The mechanisms by which AtbZIP63 may participate in the fine-tuning of ABA-mediated abiotic stress responses according to sugar availability (i.e., energy status) are discussed.
The virtue of uncertainty in health care
Authors: Buetow Stephen
Published: August 2011

Uncertainty is unavoidable in health care, yet frequently tacit. When uncertainty is acknowledged, it tends to be defined in terms of the unpredictable nature of the care, and limits to human knowledge. It is cast as a problem that evidence‐based health care can minimize. Challenging that simplistic perspective, this paper reconstructs uncertainty as a property whose meaning derives from how people are relationally disposed to perceive it in the social context in which they are embedded. Five conditions are suggested to define a need to protect and cultivate uncertainty as a virtue or positive disposition. These conditions are that uncertainty is natural, promotes creativity and a critical attitude, can signify wisdom, nurtures safety, sustains hope and protects against excess. In contrast, certainty is a delusion. Believing in certainty is unscientific and antiscientific because it can obscure and devalue critique in scientific practice.
Physical punishment of children: Can we continue to accept the status quo?
Authors: Oates Kim
Published: August 2011

All children require discipline, although physical punishment is just one form of discipline. Parental use of physical punishment is inter‐generational. There is now evidence that physical punishment of children is not only less effective than other forms of discipline but can also lead to aggressive behaviour in childhood and adult life. Twenty‐nine countries, including New Zealand, have laws against physical punishment in the home. Australian attitudes are slowly changing in favour of less use of physical punishment, but there is a long way to go. As advocates for children, paediatricians should not be content to accept the status quo.
Comparison of the psychosocial quality of life in hemodialysis patients between the elderly and non‐elderly using a visual analogue scale: The importance of appetite and depressive mood
Authors: Kanamori Hiroshi , Nagai Kojiro , Matsubara Takeshi , Mima Akira , Yanagita Motoko , Iehara Noriyuki , Takechi Hajime , Fujimaki Keiichi , Usami Kazumasa , Fukatsu Atsushi , Kita Toru , Matsubayashi Kozo , Arai Hidenori
Published: August 2011

Aim:  The number of hemodialysis (HD) patients is increasing along with their mean age in Japan. The assessment of their psychosocial status and quality of life (QOL) is therefore becoming more and more important along with laboratory data or comorbidities.

Methods:  We examined the psychosocial status of 211 HD patients (72 elderly and 139 non‐elderly) and compared the difference between elderly and non‐elderly patients using a visual analogue scale (VAS). We then examined how QOL affected mortality rate in 3‐year prospective follow up. We assessed 10 items of QOL: health condition, appetite, sleep, mood, memory, family relationships, friendship, economical status, life satisfaction in daily life, and happiness with qualified self‐evaluating questionnaires along with laboratory data and comorbidities. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between the scores of mood and geriatric depression scale (GDS)‐15.

Results:  There was no difference in VAS scores between elderly and non‐elderly patients. Lower VAS scores for appetite and mood correlated with higher mortality in HD patients, especially in the non‐elderly. VAS scores for mood correlated with GDS‐15 in HD patients.

Conclusions:  More attention should be paid to appetite and the diagnosis and therapy of depressive mood to improve the prognosis of HD patients, especially for the non‐elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 65–71.
Anidulafungin in Treatment of Experimental Invasive Infection by Candida parapsilosis:
In Vitro
Activity, (1→3)-β-
d
-Glucan and Mannan Serum Levels, Histopathological Findings, and
In Vivo
Efficacy
Authors: Salas Valentina , Pastor F. Javier , Calvo Enrique , Mayayo Emilio , Quindós Guillermo , Carrillo Alfonso J. , Guarro Josep
Published: August 2011

We have evaluated the
in vitro
activity of anidulafungin (AFG) against 31 strains of
Candida parapsilosis
sensu stricto by using broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) determination procedures. The two first methods showed a high level of activity of the drug, while MFCs were 1 to 5 dilutions higher than their corresponding MICs. To assess if MICs were predictive of
in vivo
outcomes, six strains representing different AFG MICs (0.12 to 2 μg/ml) were tested in a murine model of disseminated infection treated with different doses of the drug (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg of body weight). AFG was able to prolong the survival of mice infected with all the strains tested but was able to reduce the tissue burden of those mice infected only with the strains that showed the lowest MIC (0.12 μg/ml).
p-QCA
Authors: Devadoss Rajeswari , Paul Kolin , Balakrishnan M.
Published: August 2011

Quantum-dot cellular automata is an interesting computation fabric with many never-seen-before properties. However, no programmable fabric scheme has utilized all these properties effectively. We propose an architecture for a programmable device using molecular QCA which exploits all the specialities of the fabric. The architecture taps the flexibility provided by the clocking system of molecular QCA to build a simple tile-based programmable device with the 3-input Majority gate as the fundamental logic element. Observing how a QCA structure can behave as either an interconnect or a logic gate depending on clocking, the proposed architecture merges routing and logic elements, thus drastically changing how programmable fabrics have been designed.
Balancing Act: Fiddler's Bottle Dance and the Transformation of “Tradition”
Authors: Solomon Alisa
Published: August 2011

The Bottle Dance in Fiddler on the Roof was inspired by what the director/choreographer Jerome Robbins called “field research” at Orthodox Jewish weddings. Reshaped and expanded by Robbins's masterful showbiz sensibility, it became a show-stopping number—and, thus transformed, filtered back out of the musical into Jewish celebrations to confer “tradition.”
Performing Jewish Nationhood: The Romance of a People at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair
Authors: Love Lauren
Published: August 2011

In July 1933, thousands gathered during Chicago's World's Fair to witness the spectacular Zionist pageant, The Romance of a People. Boldly, The Romance figured Jewish redemption as central to humanity's upward climb. Thus, Jews were presented in the pageant as civilizing agents, bringing Western progress to empty Eastern space.
Graves and Images: Once Upon a Time in America and the Unmaking of Jewish Memory
Authors: Freedman Jonathan
Published: August 2011

The Lower East Side has long served as a “sacralized spot” of Jewish memory, in Hasia Diner's words. But in Once Upon a Time in America, Sergio Leone—neither Jewish nor American—demystifies the images and performances that went into the sacralization of this space, and in so doing radically questions the politics of memory that gathered around it.
Jew Media: Performance and Technology for the 58th Century
Authors: Bial Henry
Published: August 2011

“You know who else is Jewish?” is a question with a long history in American popular culture. How have contemporary forms of media distribution such as Web 2.0 changed the way American Jews ask and answer it? What does this mean for the performance of Jewish American identity?
What the Jews Do
Authors: Clark Laurie Beth
Published: August 2011

Jewishness is neither a set of beliefs nor the participation in a community, but rather recognition of one's self in response to a force in the world. While we are “always already Jewish,” waiting to be hailed, our sense of identity remains phantasmic. It is this sense of longing, rather than any kind of belonging, that may be most helpful in elaborating an ethical diasporic identity.
Meret Oppenheim's Fur Teacup
Authors: caws mary ann
Published: August 2011

What is this thing about? The threesome involved in the creation of the fur teacup (Dora Maar, Pablo Picasso, and Meret Oppenheim) might well have been in their cups when their conversation led to its making. So this collective of painters and photographers of both genders at their best composed this abject object, portraying an erotics gone wild. This vessel, attractive in its loathsomeness, is exactly what you don't drink from at teatime, being the ultimate Dada Thing photographed by Dora Maar. Performing many photographic, painterly, and conceptual feats, none of these three friends were anyone's idea of a polite tea companion. And this fur piece takes the absolute cookie.
The Norton Grape: American Viticulture's Native Son
Authors: opfer chris
Published: August 2011

Norton is a little known grape whose history is inextricably intertwined with that of the wine industries in two states not generally known for viticulture: Virginia and Missouri.

Virginia settlers began experimenting with wine making in 1609. Two centuries later a Richmond physician finally found a grape hearty enough to sustain the region's tough climate. The result, Dr. Daniel Norton's “Virginia Seedling”—what one grower calls “bulletproof”—is naturally resistant to the American-born plagues that still haunt European grapes.

The grape grew in popularity not only in Virginia, but also in Missouri, where German immigrants made the state the country's leading winemaker. By the early twentieth century, however, the thriving viticulture in both states fell victim to a sweeping wave of prohibition. The wine industries vanished, taking Norton with them.

Norton returned to Missouri in 1965 when a vintner found the grape growing wild in a bootlegger's back yard. It didn't reappear in significant quantity in Virginia until fifty-six years after the repeal of Prohibition, reintroduced to its native land by a Missourian. In the decades since, the grape's production has grown partially as a result of the state's blossoming wine industry, but Norton still remains a little known varietal, championed by a handful of passionate growers.
Introduction
Authors: Dearstyne Bruce W.
Published: August 2011

This special issue of the Public Historian explores issues relating to the management of public history programs in New York State. State history is something that continues to be worthy of preservation, management, study, and analysis because of the distinctive historical development and traits of each state and the role of state history as a portal to national history. New York's history is complex because of its size, ethnic diversity, cosmopolitan character, and the rapid pace of its historical development. What might be termed its “historical infrastructure”—the totality of programs to manage its history—is also complex. State government history programs include the State Archives, State Museum, and Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. There are large organizations with statewide programs and influence such as the New York State Historical Association, dozens of state historic sites, and several hundred local historical societies and historical museums. Issues include lack of funding, inadequate public support, fragmentation of effort and need for better coordination, and need for more robust use of information technology. Each of the seven essays represents its author's insights and perspectives on accomplishments, issues, and needs.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Type 2 Diabetes in African Americans: The Common Denominators
Authors: Davis Shani V.
Published: August 2011

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and type 2 diabetes is disproportionately elevated in African Americans compared to other ethnic groups in the United States. Despite recent advances in diabetes treatment and management, the most significant escalation in incidence of type 2 diabetes has been in this group. Some studies suggest a possible role for vitamin D deficiency in the development of type 2 diabetes and that insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity are reduced when vitamin D levels are deficient.

Obesity, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular disease, and minority race are common among people with type 2 diabetes and vitamin D deficiency. These phenomena are known precursors to the development of type 2 diabetes and exacerbate the risk for complications where diabetes exists. Poverty, urban living settings, and lactose intolerance are also common among African Americans. These conditions promote opportunities for vitamin D deficiency to manifest and attenuate opportunities for participation in health-promoting behaviors by those affected. The common traits between vitamin D deficiency and type 2 diabetes merit careful attention.
Protein Folding Absent Selection
Authors: LaBean Thomas H. , Butt Tauseef R. , Kauffman Stuart A. , Schultes Erik A.
Published: August 2011

Biological proteins are known to fold into specific 3D conformations. However, the fundamental question has remained: Do they fold because they are biological, and evolution has selected sequences which fold? Or is folding a common trait, widespread throughout sequence space? To address this question arbitrary, unevolved, random-sequence proteins were examined for structural features found in folded, biological proteins. Libraries of long (71 residue), random-sequence polypeptides, with ensemble amino acid composition near the mean for natural globular proteins, were expressed as cleavable fusions with ubiquitin. The structural properties of both the purified pools and individual isolates were then probed using circular dichroism, fluorescence emission, and fluorescence quenching techniques. Despite this necessarily sparse “sampling” of sequence space, structural properties that define globular biological proteins, namely collapsed conformations, secondary structure, and cooperative unfolding, were found to be prevalent among unevolved sequences. Thus, for polypeptides the size of small proteins, natural selection is not necessary to account for the compact and cooperative folded states observed in nature.
L'Approche centrée sur la personne et la communication interculturelle
Authors: Devonshire Charles M. , Stora Nicole , Suhner Nadine
Published: August 2011

Résumé L’Approche centrée sur la personne, qui a tout d’abord été élaborée dans le domaine de la psychothérapie, présente des caractéristiques qui permettent de l’appliquer à d’autres domaines des relations humaines. Elle a ainsi, entre autres, été utilisée dans le cadre complexe de la communication interculturelle, par le biais de groupes centrés sur la personne, appelés souvent « groupes de rencontre ». Dans de nombreuses régions du globe et pour des raisons variées, de tels groupes ont été expérimentés, parfois à large échelle. Ils ont toujours eu pour résultat le développement d’une communication plus authentique et d’un rapport plus respectueux entre les personnes qui y ont participé. Cet article présente cette forme de travail, situant ses bases théoriques et donnant de nombreux exemples de ses applications pratiques, sans omettre d’en relever les difficultés. Il montre que l’Approche centrée sur la personne appliquée aux communautés interculturelles est un véritable outil de résolution de conflit et de promotion de la paix.
L'actualité de l'Approche centrée sur la personne face à la crise actuelle
Authors: de Peretti André
Published: August 2011

Résumé La crise actuelle est à la fois politico-sociale, économique et financière. Cet état de fait doit-il pour autant nous inciter à adopter une position de méfiance radicale vis-à-vis d’un mouvement planétaire en complexification constante ? Loin de sombrer dans la facilité du catastrophisme, l’auteur invite à considérer qu’il y a désormais ici-bas des possibilités accrues de développement et de croissance autant que de virtualités menaçantes d’instrumentalisation et d’exploitation. Evoquant quelques principes de base de la physique quantique, cet article rappelle que la dispersion, l’incertitude, les paradoxes font fondamentalement partie de l’organisation cohérente de l’univers. Enfin, s’appuyant sur le message tranquillement révolutionnaire de Carl Rogers, l’auteur rappelle l’orientation fondamentalement positive des personnes et leur importance dans le développement du monde en devenir.
La tendance actualisante par rapport aux « motifs » et à la conscience
Authors: Rogers Carl R. , Ducroux-Biass Françoise
Published: August 2011

Résumé Stimulé par une observation faite dans la nature, Carl Rogers a été amené à considérer la tendance actualisante comme un construct motivationnel de la théorie de la personnalité. Il a été frappé par l’évidence que dans le travail thérapeutique chaque être humain possède une tendance directionnelle vers l’entièreté. Toute motivation est un substrat organismique vers l’accomplissement. Mais qu’est-ce qui met le processus en marche ? Pour Rogers, chercher des motifs pré-établis, des pourquoi ne donne pas de réponse suffisante à l’existence d’un comportement. Il préfère étudier les conditions qui participent à permettre le changement, de la part du thérapeute comme de celle du client. En lien avec la question de la motivation, il aborde aussi la problématique de l’incongruence, ou dissociation entre ce qu’une personne fait et ce qu’elle pense vouloir. Cela l’amène à considérer sous un nouvel angle la prise de conscience chez l’homme. Dans la nature, les erreurs de l’organisme sont pour la plupart autorégulées en fonction des résultats. Chez l’homme, il y a souvent fissure entre les aspects conscients et les aspects organismiques. Rogers voit cette dissociation, source de toute pathologie, comme quelque chose d’appris. Pour que l’harmonie naturelle devienne également harmonie humaine, il faut parvenir à unifier l’homme à lui-même.
Dynamic Behavior of Helical Gears with Effects of Shaft and Bearing Flexibilities
Authors: Feng Kai , Matsumura Shigeki , Houjoh Haruo
Published: August 2011

This study presents a numerical model of helical gears to consider the effects of shaft and bearing flexibility. A primary feature of this study is that the time-varying mesh stiffness is not just determined by the geometry of gear pair but also updated for each iteration according to the change of center distance. The effects of shaft and bearing flexibilities are discussed by comparing the dynamic response of gear pairs supported with a rigid and a flexible bearing-shaft system. The results show that the pressure angle and contact ratio are significantly changed due to the center-distance variation of gears and the gear pair with a flexible bearing-shaft system has much larger vibration. Finally, experimental tests are conducted to validate the proposed model. The predicted results show good agreement with the experimental data.
The Application and Investigation about Industry CT Scan Technology in the Measure and Design about Complex Box
Authors: Chen Ling
Published: August 2011

In this paper, industry CT scanner, scan principle and industry CT scan technology which apply in the measure and design in some complex box are presented. Industry CT scan technology can effectually measure complex box interior close cavity and some cavity which is too small. It can discover some hidden trouble such as complex box interior bug. It has important instructional significance to reduce measure cost and insure production security.
Research on Meshing Characteristics for Face Gear with Arcuate Tooth
Authors: Cai Xiang Wei , Fang Zong De , Su Jin Zhan
Published: August 2011

The generating of face gear with arcuate tooth has been proposed in this paper, and the meshing characteristics are investigated. Based on the concept of imaginary gear cutter, tooth surface equation has been derived, flank modification has also been considered. The transmission errors and bearing contacts of the face gear drive with arcuate tooth under different assembly conditions are investigated by applying the tooth contact analysis. The numerical results reveal that the bearing contacts are not sensitive to the errors of misalignments, and a more favorable type parabolic function of transmission errors with better symmetry and reduced amplitude may be obtained according to the modification of the face gear.
Effect of Transmission Error on the Fluctuating Tension Force for Dual-Coiler Machine
Authors: Wang Yong Qin , Wang Fei Yu , Luo Yuan Xin
Published: August 2011

Dual-coiler is one of the most advanced coiling equipment designed for collecting strips in the rolling mill production line for the purpose of storing/transportation. The quality of the steel strip is largely affected by the tension force. This paper devotes to investigate the fluctuating tension force on the steel strip during the coiling process. The dynamics model of driveline is built for simulate the transmission error which is the main cause of the fluctuating tension force. In the proposed model, the time-varying meshing stiffness and damping, and the stiffness of strip are considered. A set of data are measured from the production line for evaluating the presented model. It’s believed that the proposed model can be used for improving the mechanical design of the machine.
Advanced Developments in Computerized Design and Manufacturing of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Drives
Authors: Fan Qi
Published: August 2011

Design and manufacturing of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is highly complicated and has to be based on the employment of computerized tools. This paper comprehensively describes the latest developments in computerized modeling of tooth surface generation, flank form error correction, ease-off calculation, and tooth contact analysis for spiral bevel and hypoid gears. Accordingly, advanced software programs for computerized design and manufacturing of hypoid gears are developed.
The Optimization and Simulation of New Type Non-Circular Gears in CVT
Authors: Zheng Fang Yan , Ren Ai Hua , Sun Chuan Qiong , Sun Guo Xing
Published: August 2011

Non-circular gear CVT in literature [1] is optimized to obtain transmission ratio of 5.988 theoretically. By joint use Mathcad and PRO/E, a new way of thinking is provided for optimization and simulation of non-circular gears ,and finally kinematic simulation is carried out in ADAMS to verify that the gear designed with this method meets application and production requirements.
Solid Modeling Methods and Wire-Cutting Process Simulation of Non-Circular Gears
Authors: Zhang Min , Kong De Yong , Zhao Jia Li , Liu Yong Ping , Hu Chi Bing
Published: August 2011

Non-circular pitch curves is not a circle, the design and simulation of non-circular are complexity and difficulty. Based on the design theory and wire cutting theory of non-circular gears, main introducing to create parameter model of third-order non-circular gear based on Pro/E drawing module. Using Pro/E manufacturing module cut third-order non-circular gear by line. Include using Pro/E creates third-order gear machining tool path, set tool and process parameters, process simulation tool process of post-processing analysis and generate post-processing procedures which NC machine tool need. And analyzing the results of processing, then shows that the solid modeling methods and cutting process simulation are correct and highly precision, solve the difficult problem about non-circular gear solid modeling and machining simulation.
The Analysis of Gear Contact under Cyclical Load
Authors: Wang Li Ping , Xu Ying Qiang , Yuan Yuan
Published: August 2011

Shakedown analysis of gear contact is very important. Local coordinates are constructed on different meshing points because curvature of gear profile is not constant and then distributions of residual stresses and strains are given. Upper and lower bounds for the shakedown limits have been obtained. The steady-state residual stresses of gear under repeat meshing are calculated and relations between shakedown limits and frictional coefficient/meshing position are given. The results are useful information for the strength design of gear.