bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SpiNet: A deep neural network for Schatten p‐norm regularized medical image reconstruction
Authors: Rastogi Aditya , Yalavarthy Phaneendra Kumar
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To propose a generic deep learning based medical image reconstruction model (named as SpiNet) that can enforce any Schatten p‐norm regularization with 0 < p ≤ 2, where the p can be learnt (or fixed) based on the problem at hand.

Methods

Model‐based deep learning architecture for solving inverse problems consists of two parts, a deep learning based denoiser and an iterative data consistency solver. The former has either L2 norm or L1 norm enforced on it, which are convex and can be easily minimized. This work proposes a method to enforce any p norm on the noise prior where 0 < p ≤ 2. This is achieved by using Majorization–Minimization algorithm, which upper bounds the cost function with a convex function, thus can be easily minimized. The proposed SpiNet has the capability to work for a fixed p or it can learn p based on the data. The network was tested for solving the inverse problem of reconstructing magnetic resonance (MR) images from undersampled k space data and the results were compared with a popular model‐based deep learning architecture MoDL which enforces L2 norm along with other compressive sensing‐based algorithms. This comparison between MoDL and proposed SpiNet was performed for undersampling rates (R) of 2×, 4×, 6×, 8×, 12×, 16×, and 20×. Multiple figures of merit such as PSNR, SSIM, and NRMSE were utilized in this comparison. A two‐tailed t test was performed for all undersampling rates and for all metrices for proving the superior performance of proposed SpiNet compared to MoDL. For training and testing, the same dataset that was utilized in MoDL implementation was deployed.

Results

The results indicate that for all undersampling rates, the proposed SpiNet shows higher PSNR and SSIM and lower NRMSE than MoDL. However, for low undersampling rates of 2× and 4×, there is no significant difference in performance of proposed SpiNet and MoDL in terms of PSNR and NRMSE. This can be expected as the learnt p value is close to 2 (norm enforced by MoDL). For higher undersampling rates ≥6×, SpiNet significantly outperforms MoDL in all metrices with improvement as high as 4 dB in PSNR and 0.5 points in SSIM.

Conclusion

As deep learning based medical image reconstruction methods are gaining popularity, the proposed SpiNet provides a generic framework to incorporate Schatten p‐norm regularization with 0 <p ≤ 2 with an added advantage of providing superior performance compared to its counterparts. The proposed SpiNet also has useful addition of Schatten p‐norm value in regularization term being automatically chosen based on the available training data.
Retention of Passive Integrated Transponder Tags in a Small-Bodied Catfish
Authors: D’Amico Timothy W. , Winkelman Dana L. , Swarr Tyler R. , Myrick Christopher A.
Published: February 2021

Members of the freshwater catfishes (order Siluriformes) are capable of transintestinal expulsion of foreign bodies, including internally implanted tags, which can bias movement and survival estimates. We evaluated long-term (120-week) retention rates of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in a laboratory setting to assess potential tag loss in Stonecat Noturus flavus. The PIT tags were surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity of fish (n = 157) ranging from 71 to 213 mm TL. We demonstrated that Stonecats can successfully be tagged with 12- and 23-mm PIT tags with low levels of mortality (5.0%) and tag loss (9.6%). Based on individual encounter histories and covariates, we further evaluated our data set in a multistate framework using program MARK. Based on our findings, tag age has a negative effect on tag loss; if Stonecats lose tags, it is relatively soon after tagging. Additionally, Stonecat TL has a negative effect on tag loss, with tag loss decreasing with increasing fish TL.
On the shift‐invert Lanczos method for the buckling eigenvalue problem
Authors: Lin Chao‐Ping , Xie Huiqing , Grimes Roger , Bai Zhaojun
Published: February 2021

We consider the problem of extracting a few desired eigenpairs of the buckling eigenvalue problem , where K is symmetric positive semi‐definite, KG is symmetric indefinite, and the pencil is singular, namely, K and KG share a nontrivial common nullspace. Moreover, in practical buckling analysis of structures, bases for the nullspace of K and the common nullspace of K and KG are available. There are two open issues for developing an industrial strength shift‐invert Lanczos method: (1) the shift‐invert operator does not exist or is extremely ill‐conditioned, and (2) the use of the semi‐inner product induced by K drives the Lanczos vectors rapidly toward the nullspace of K, which leads to a rapid growth of the Lanczos vectors in norms and causes permanent loss of information and the failure of the method. In this paper, we address these two issues by proposing a generalized buckling spectral transformation of the singular pencil and a regularization of the inner product via a low‐rank updating of the semi‐positive definiteness of K. The efficacy of our approach is demonstrated by numerical examples, including one from industrial buckling analysis.
Caregiver–Oncologist Prognostic Concordance, Caregiver Mastery, and Caregiver Psychological Health and Quality of Life
Authors: Loh Kah Poh , Mohamed Mostafa R. , Kadambi Sindhuja , Culakova Eva , Xu Huiwen , Magnuson Allison , Flannery Marie , Duberstein Paul R. , Epstein Ronald M. , McHugh Colin , Nipp Ryan D. , Trevino Kelly M. , Sanapala Chandrika , Hall Bianca A. , Canin Beverly , Gayle Arlene A. , Conlin Alison , Bearden James , Mohile Supriya G.
Published: February 2021

Background

Caregivers of adults with cancer often report a different understanding of the patient's prognosis than the oncologist. We examine the associations of caregiver–oncologist prognostic concordance with caregiver depressive symptoms, distress, and quality of life (QoL). We also explore whether these relationships differed by caregiver environment mastery, an individual's sense of control, and effectiveness in managing life situations.

Materials and Methods

We used data from a national geriatric assessment cluster-randomized trial (URCC 13070) that recruited patients aged 70 years and older with incurable cancer considering any line of cancer treatment at community oncology practices, their caregivers, and their oncologists. At enrollment, caregivers and oncologists estimated the patient's prognosis (0–6 months, 7–12 months, 1–2 years, 2–5 years, and >5 years; identical responses were concordant). Caregivers completed the Ryff's environmental mastery at enrollment. At 4–6 weeks, caregivers completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (depressive symptoms), distress thermometer, and 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (quality of life [QoL]). We used generalized estimating equations in models adjusted for covariates. We then assessed the moderation effect of caregiver mastery.

Results

Of 411 caregiver–oncologist dyads (mean age = 66.5 years), 369 provided responses and 28% were concordant. Prognostic concordance was associated with greater caregiver depressive symptoms (β = 0.30; p = .04) but not distress or QoL. A significant moderation effect for caregiver depressive symptoms was found between concordance and mastery (p = .01). Specifically, among caregivers with low mastery (below median), concordance was associated with greater depressive symptoms (β = 0.68; p = .003).

Conclusions

Caregiver–oncologist prognostic concordance was associated with caregiver depressive symptoms. We found a novel moderating effect of caregiver mastery on the relationship between concordance and caregiver depressive symptoms.

Implications for Practice

Caregiver–oncologist prognostic concordance is associated with greater caregiver depressive symptoms, particularly in those with low caregiver mastery. When discussing prognosis with caregivers, physicians should be aware that prognostic understanding may affect caregiver psychological health and should assess their depressive symptoms. In addition, while promoting accurate prognostic understanding, physicians should also identify strengths and build resilience among caregivers.
Cancer of Unknown Primary Presenting as Bone-Predominant or Lymph Node-Only Disease: A Clinicopathologic Portrait
Authors: Huey Ryan W. , Smaglo Brandon G. , Estrella Jeannelyn S. , Matamoros Aurelio , Overman Michael J. , Varadhachary Gauri R. , Raghav Kanwal P.S.
Published: February 2021

Background

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) presenting as bone-predominant (BCUP) or lymph node-only disease (LNCUP) represents two clinically distinct subsets of nonvisceral CUP. These present a diagnostic challenge with a large differential of putative primary cancers and defy the “one-treatment-fits-all” approach.

Materials and Methods

We identified patients with BCUP (n = 29) and LNCUP (n = 63) using a prospectively collected CUP database and tumor registry of patients seen at MD Anderson Cancer Center between 2001 to 2017. Clinicopathological characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were abstracted. A control group of non-BCUP/LNCUP cases (n = 443) from the database was used for comparison. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival and compared using log-rank test.

Results

In this cohort, 64% and 60% patients had disseminated disease at diagnosis and 39% and 23% had Culine poor-risk disease in BCUP and LNCUP, respectively. Median overall survival (OS) for BCUP was 14.5 months and for LNCUP was 32.6 months. For BCUP, gemcitabine plus platinum was the most common initial chemotherapy (54%). For LNCUP, carboplatin plus paclitaxel was the most common initial chemotherapy (38%). Radiation was given to 74% of patients with BCUP and 37% of those with LNCUP. On multivariate analysis, poor-risk Culine group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.76; p < .001) and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR, 2.38, p < .001) were associated with worse OS.

Conclusion

BCUP and LNCUP are rare subsets within CUP with varying prognosis. Poor-risk Culine group and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio are associated with poor survival. Select patients with limited metastases can have long-term survival with aggressive multimodality treatment. Careful clinicopathological review can facilitate chances of site-directed therapy.

Implications for Practice

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) rarely presents as bone-predominant (BCUP) or lymph node-only (LNCUP) disease. This article describes a cohort of each and compares with a larger CUP cohort. Patients with BCUP have unique issues with fractures and pain, often receiving radiation. Overall survival of 14.5 months was similar to a larger CUP comparison cohort. Patients with LNCUP had improved overall survival at 32.6 months, with longer survival in patients without disseminated disease. Culine poor-risk group and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were associated with worse overall survival. Tips regarding diagnosis and management of these rare malignant subsets are provided.
Stimulating economy via fiscal package: The only way out to save vulnerable Workers' lives and livelihood in Covid‐19 pandemic
Authors: Thakur Narender , Kumar Manik , Vaishali
Published: February 2021

This paper examines critically the economic package announced by the Indian central government to counter the challenges of lives and livelihood in the Covid‐19 pandemic. This paper estimates the shares of the fiscal economic packages in two phases as per the shares of the vulnerable workers and number of Covid‐19 cases in the Indian states. The recent data on labour market are used from National Sample Survey Organization and data on Covid‐19 cases from Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. This paper recommends alternatively a fiscal stimulus package of Rs. 10 lakh crores (5% of GDP) with an immediate effect to counter the present problems of health, food and unemployment in the pandemic and should be extended to Rs. 24 lakh crores (12% of Indian GDP) to the Indian states for at least 1 year to protect the lives and livelihood of the most vulnerable, informal and migrant workers. The populous and poor states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have higher share of vulnerable workers and highly industrialized states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi and Tamil Nadu have higher number of Covid‐19 cases. Due to the unplanned lockdown in India, there has been a surge in Covid‐19 cases across the country that in turn led to an increase in vulnerable workers in poor states due to reverse migration from industrialized states to populous and poor states during the pandemic. Furthermore, the paper explains the five significant factors that justify the adoption of an expansionary fiscal policy rather than monetary policy.
DNA meta‐barcoding using rbcL based mini‐barcode revealed presence of unspecified plant species in Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations
Authors: Pandit Ramesh , Travadi Tasnim , Sharma Sonal , Joshi Chaitanya , Joshi Madhvi
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Ayurveda takes advantage of the beneficial properties of medicinal plants. High demands in combination with inadequate availability of botanicals and a lack of knowledge with respect to their precise identification lead to adulterations in herbal products. Identification becomes more difficult in complex herbal formulations. Four different polyherbal formulations have been analyzed for the present paper. The targeted plants have different pharmacological properties for various ailments.

Objective

We aimed to examine the rbcL gene based plant DNA mini‐barcode to identify target and non‐target plants in polyherbal formulations by using high‐throughput next generation sequencing.

Methods

Degenerate primers of the selected mini‐barcode region have been identified from the literature. A blend of 30 authentic medicinal plant species was used to examine the species resolution capacity of the mini‐barcode. DNA was isolated from herbal formulations, an amplicon library was prepared, and sequencing was performed on an IonS5 system. Data were analyzed using various bioinformatics tools.

Results

Analysis of control pooled samples revealed the optimum resolving power of the DNA mini‐barcode. Data analysis of the commercial samples revealed that only one herbal formulation contained all plants and matched with listed contents. In two formulations, only 10 out of 21 and 11 out of 20 plants were detected, respectively. Additionally, several non‐listed plants were also detected in these formulations. Two formulations contained >20% reads assigned to non‐target plants. Overall, 21.98% of the reads were assigned to non‐target plants.

Conclusion

The present study clearly demonstrated the successful application and potential of meta‐barcoding in the quality control of complex herbal matrices. The results strongly suggest that this approach can be used in pharmacovigilance of processed herbal products.
Willpower beliefs and diabetes distress: a preliminary cross‐sectional study
Authors: Skinner Timothy C , Skinner Isabelle K
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to explore whether beliefs about willpower are associated with emotional well‐being.

A cross‐sectional study of 323 people with type 2 diabetes completed a short form of the Problem Areas In Diabetes Scale and the World Health Organisation five‐item well‐being scale, the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire for diabetes (BIPQ) and the Implicit Willpower Beliefs to Resist Temptations (IWB‐RT).

A total of 332 individuals responded. They were a mean of 61.3 (SD 11.8) years of age, 68% were from the UK, 41% were female, and 30% had completed secondary education. They had diabetes for a mean of 10.0 years (SD 8.6), with 78% taking oral antidiabetes medication, 26% taking insulin, 71% taking medication for their blood pressure and 71% taking medication for their cholesterol. After controlling for demographics, treatment characteristics and illness beliefs, holding a resource limited belief about the nature of willpower was associated with reporting higher levels of diabetes distress.

These results indicate that holding a resource limited belief about the nature of willpower may be a predisposing factor contributing to the development of diabetes distress. Longitudinal and experimental studies are required to confirm this possible causative role for willpower beliefs in the aetiology of diabetes distress. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome as a cause of recurrent vomiting in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Aung Ei Thuzar , Balafshan Tala , Wace Perseus , Weston Philip J
Published: February 2021

Abdominal pain and vomiting are common presentations to the emergency medical ward. Management of recurrent abdominal pain and vomiting can be difficult, especially in patients who have diabetes. People with diabetes can present with vomiting and abdominal pain that can cause a diagnostic dilemma. Are the symptoms due to an acute or chronic complication of their diabetes or to other causes? In patients with diabetes who also use cannabis, further diagnostic challenges can arise as recurrent vomiting and abdominal pain due to diabetic gastroparesis and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) can present in similar ways. We present a case series of four patients with type 1 diabetes who had multiple admissions with abdominal pain and vomiting mimicking diabetic gastroparesis, all of whom were eventually diagnosed with CHS. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Triple jeopardy: old age, frailty and diabetes in COVID‐19
Authors: Fox Charles , Kilvert Anne
Published: February 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has turned the lives of people throughout the world upside down and the virus has hit the older population hardest of all. The term ‘triple jeopardy’ has been coined to identify that older people with frailty and diabetes are at particular risk from the virus.

Government figures for non‐COVID deaths from March to May 2020 show a 20–50% increase in those >70 years but lack of testing capacity may have led to under‐reporting of the virus. There has undoubtedly been a catastrophe in care homes, with 40% of total COVID‐19 deaths occurring in this setting. Whether frailty poses a greater risk than age alone is uncertain, with observational studies producing conflicting results. NICE guidance to include assessment of frailty in clinical decision making may have introduced study bias.

Diabetes adds additional risk, with 33% of all hospital deaths occurring in people with diabetes: hazard ratio 3.51 for type 1 diabetes and 2.03 for type 2. The majority of those who died were >70 years (60.9% type 1 and 79.2% type 2). Poor glycaemic control is associated with increased risk.

A 19th century definition of triple jeopardy defined gender, race and poverty as the dominant factors and these remain just as relevant in the COVID‐19 era. The arrival of a second wave highlights the need to introduce measures to protect people with diabetes and those marginalised by society. This includes older people and their carers. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Screening for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the population with diabetes
Authors: Sharp Patrick , Brown Beata , Price Hermione
Published: February 2021

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an uncommon condition with an incidence of about 8–12 cases per 100,000 of the population per year. Presentation is often late, treatment outcomes poor and the mortality rate is high. There is no screening strategy for the condition at present. However, it is recognised that PDAC is associated with a rise in blood glucose in the months prior to diagnosis. Current NICE guidance recommends that imaging is considered in individuals over the age of 60 years who present with new onset diabetes. In this brief review we consider the background to this recommendation and how it might be incorporated into practice for diabetes health care professionals. The key point is to keep aware of the fact that a few of our patients with diabetes may have a background diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and to be vigilant for any possible red flag signs. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Effects of an acute care brain injury medicine continuity consultation service on health care utilization and rehabilitation outcomes
Authors: Weppner Justin L. , Linsenmeyer Mark A. , Wagner Amy K.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Although general physiatry acute‐care consultation services are commonplace and improve length of stay (LOS), the benefits of a subspecialty physiatric continuity consultation service targeting patients with severe brain injury have not been reported.

Objectives

Our primary objective was to characterize patient care recommendations from a Brain Injury Medicine (BIM) Continuity Consult Service, and to investigate the effects on acute‐care LOS relative to brain injury patients receiving General Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R) Consult Services. Our secondary objectives were to examine inpatient rehabilitation (IPR) health care utilization metrics and costs between groups and evaluate clinical improvements during IPR and discharge disposition.

Design

Retrospective cohort comparison study.

Setting

Academic medical center with level 1 trauma center.

Participants

Adults with severe brain injury admitted to a single‐site acute‐care facility and subsequently admitted to a single inpatient brain injury rehabilitation unit over the same time period.

Physiatric Care Models

BIM Continuity Consult Service versus General PM&R Consult Service.

Main Outcome Measures

Acute‐care LOS; unplanned discharges to acute‐care.

Results

Despite no major demographic or clinical group differences, the BIM Consult Service had more patient comorbidities than General PM&R Consult Service (17.5±5.3 versus 16±5.1;P = .04). BIM Consult Service patients spent fewer days in acute care (30±11.8 versus 36±22.8; P = .008), and early BIM consult (≤7 days after admission) was associated with shorter acute‐care LOS (P < .002). IPR LOS was similar between groups when considering unplanned transfers. Unplanned transfers among General PM&R Consult Service patients occurred twice as frequently as in BIM Consult Service patients; average readmission costs were $2778 per patient on the BIM Consult Service and $6702 per patient on the General PM&R Consult Service. More BIM Consult Service (85.7%) than General PM&R Consult Service (27.3%) patients emerged from disorders of consciousness during IPR (P = .02).

Conclusions

BIM Continuity Consultation Services were associated with shorter acute‐care LOS, fewer unplanned acute‐care transfers, and an increased likelihood of emerging from a minimally conscious state during IPR.
Men in rural Nigeria have a poor perception of prostate cancer risk; Hence they seldom seek screening
Authors: Adedeji Isaac A. , Lawal Saheed A. , Aluko‐Arowolo Sola , Oduwole Ebun O.
Published: February 2021

Objectives

The study aimed to investigate the behavioral and social factors that underlie the risk perception and screening behavior of prostate cancer (PCa) among rural men in Southwest Nigeria.

Methods

The study adopted a descriptive cross‐sectional design. To investigate the behavioral and social factors associated with men's screening behavior in rural communities, the study utilized an interviewer‐administered questionnaire. A sample of 384 men who lived in six rural communities across Southwest Nigeria participated in the study. Constructs of the Health Belief Model provided theoretical framing. Key variables were the demographics, screening behavior, knowledge of PCa, and perception of PCa risk. Data analysis tools were descriptive (simple percentages) and multiple regression at p < 0.05.

Results

About 49.7% were age 31–40, most of the men in the rural communities (64.1%) did not have more than secondary school education, and about 48.7% owned their businesses. Exactly 56% earned less than 18,000 per month; 65.6% were Christians, and the majority (90.6%) were married, with most (60.2%) not having more than four children (≤4 children). Knowledge of PCa has a significant but weak relationship with PCa screening behavior (p = 0.02). Age (β = 0.014), religion (β = 0.052), and income (β = 0.010)/(β = 0.011) had predicted risk perception. Only income (β = 0.038) significantly influenced screening behavior.

Conclusion

There is a need to improve PCa awareness and knowledge to address risk perception fears and encourage increased screening behavior among men in rural areas.
Tracheostomy trends in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the United States: 2008–2017
Authors: Donda Keyur , Agyemang Christfelly O. , Adjetey Naa A. , Agyekum Afua , Princewill Nimitariye , Ayensu Marian , Bray Leonita , Yagnik Priyank J. , Bhatt Parth , Dapaah‐Siakwan Fredrick
Published: February 2021

Objective

To determine the trends in tracheostomy placement and resource use in preterm infants less than or equal to 30 weeks gestational age (GA) with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in the United States from 2008 to 2017.

Study design

This was a retrospective, serial cross‐sectional study using data from the NIS. Inclusion criteria were: GA less than or equal to 30 weeks, hospitalization at less than or equal to 28 days of age, assignment of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD9‐CM) or ICD10‐CM codes for BPD and tracheostomy. Trends in tracheostomy and resource utilization were assessed using Jonckheere–Terpstra test. p‐value < .05 was considered significant.

Results

Overall, 987 out of 68,953 (1.4%) hospitalizations with BPD had tracheostomy. Characteristics of the study population: 60.8% were male, 68.4% less than or equal to 26 weeks GA, 43.8% White, 60.5% with Medicaid or self‐pay, 65.2% in the Midwest and South census regions of the United States, and 45.7% had gastrostomy tube placement. Tracheostomy placement (expressed as per 100,000 live births) decreased from 2.7 in 2008 to 1.9 in 2011. Thereafter, it increased from 1.9 in 2011 to 3.5 in 2017 (p < .001). GA less than or equal to 24 weeks was significantly associated with increased odds of tracheostomy placement. Median length of stay increased significantly from 170 to 231 days while median inflation adjusted hospital cost increased significantly from $323,091 in 2008–2009 to $687,141 between 2008–2009 and 2016–2017.

Conclusion

Although tracheostomy placement among preterm hospitalizations with BPD was rare, the frequency of its placement and its associated resource utilization significantly increased during the study period. Future studies should probe the reasons and factors behind these trends.
Role of ATP5B in colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhu Yue , Wei Wei , Zhang Yuan , Wu Jianzhong , Ma Rong , Feng Jifeng
Published: February 2021

Objective

To explore the role and possible regulatory mechanisms of ATP5B in colorectal cancer.

Methods

Online databases were used to analyze expression of ATP5B and prognosis in patients with l colorectal cancer. The data of TCGA database were analyzed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Co‐expression network analysis of ATP5B was analyzed by coexpedia. Colorectal cancer cell (SW480 and DLD1) were transfected with small interfering RNA and validated by real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Cell proliferation ability was detected by CCK8 experiment, cell migration and invasion ability were detected by scratch experiment and Transwell experiment.

Results

ATP5B is highly expressed in colorectal cancer tissue. Up‐regulation of ATP5B is associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. ATP5B may regulate the cell junction pathway and the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR signaling pathway. ATP5B expression is positively correlated with the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells.

Conclusions

ATP5B plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of colorectal cancer.
Two carboxylesterase genes in Plutella xylostella associated with sex pheromones and plant volatiles degradation
Authors: Wang Mei‐Mei , Long Gui‐Jun , Guo Huan , Liu Xuan‐Zheng , Wang Hong , Dewer Youssef , Li Zhao‐Qun , Liu Kun , Zhang Qiu‐Liang , Ma Yun‐Feng , He Peng , He Ming
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs) are thought to play a pivotal role in the degradation of sex pheromones and plant‐derived odorants in insects, but their exact biochemistry and physiological functions remain unclear.

RESULTS

In this study, two paralogous antennae‐enriched CCEs from Plutella xylostella (PxylCCE16a and 16c) were identified and functionally characterized. High‐purity protein preparations of active recombinant PxylCCE16a and 16c have been obtained from Sf9 insect cells by Ni2+ affinity purification. Our results revealed that the purified recombinant PxylCCE016c is able to degrade two sex pheromone components Z9‐14:Ac and Z11‐16:Ac at 27.64 ± 0.79% and 24.40 ± 3.07%, respectively, while PxylCCE016a presented relatively lower activity. Additionally, a similar difference in activity was measured in plant‐derived odorants. Furthermore, both CCEs displayed obvious preferences for the two sex pheromone components, especially on Z11‐16:Ac (Km values are in the range 7.82–45.06 μmol L–1) which much lower than plant odorants (Km values are in the range 1290–4030 μmol L–1). Furthermore, the activity of the two newly identified CCEs is pH‐dependent. The activity at pH 6.5 is obviously higher than that at pH 5.0. Interestingly, only PxylCCE016c can be inhibited by a common esterase inhibitor triphenyl phosphate (TPP) with LC50 of 1570 ± 520 μmol L–1.

CONCLUSION

PxylCCE16c plays a more essential role in odorant degradation than PxylCCE16a. Moreover, the current study provides novel potential pesticide targets for the notorious moth Plutella xylostella.

© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
First principles study of electronic, elastic, optical and magnetic properties of Rh2MnX (X = Ti, Hf, Sc, Zr, Zn) Heusler alloys
Authors: Güler Emre , Güler Melek , Uğur Şule , Uğur Gökay
Published: February 2021

We report the electronic, elastic, mechanical, optical, and magnetic properties of Rh2MnX (X = Ti, Hf, Sc, Zr, Zn) Heusler alloys performed within density functional theory. The generalized gradient approximation was used for calculations in the context of the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof exchange‐correlation energy treatment. The computed elastic constants and elastic moduli show that all investigated alloys are mechanically stable and ductile. It has been found that the magnitudes of the theoretical Vickers hardness values of these alloys are in the range of Ti > Sc > Zr > Hf > Zn. Also, a typical metallic behavior is obtained for all alloys after agreement of mechanical, electronic and optical data. On the other side, all alloys show strong ferromagnetic ordering following the magnetic moment (μB) rank of Ti > Zr > Hf > Sc > Zn. Our calculated μB data also agree well with the former theoretical results of Rh2MnX (X = Ti, Hf, Sc, Zr, Zn) Heusler alloys.
Digital for real: A multicase study on the digital transformation of companies in the embedded systems domain
Authors: Bosch Jan , Olsson Helena H.
Published: February 2021

With digitalization and with technologies such as software, data, and artificial intelligence, companies in the embedded systems domain are experiencing a rapid transformation of their conventional businesses. While the physical products and associated product sales provide the core revenue, these are increasingly being complemented with service offerings, new data‐driven services, and digital products that allow for continuous value creation and delivery to customers. However, although there is significant research on digitalization and digital transformation, few studies highlight the specific needs of embedded systems companies and what it takes to transform from a traditional towards a digital company within business domains characterized by high complexity, hardware dependencies, and safety‐critical system functionality. In this paper, we capture the difference between what constitutes a traditional and a digital company and we detail the typical evolution path embedded systems companies take when transitioning towards becoming digital companies.
High Levels of Genetic Divergence Detected in Sacramento Perch Suggests Two Divergent Translocation Sources
Authors: Coen Amanda E. , Fish Max , Lovell Randy , Rodzen Jeff , Schwartz Rachel , Schreier Andrea
Published: February 2021

Translocation has been used to conserve imperiled fishes and create new fisheries. One species for which translocation has played a significant role is the Sacramento Perch Archoplites interruptus. Extirpated from its native range, the Sacramento Perch has been introduced throughout California and Nevada through multiple translocation events, though historical records are incomplete. Recent assessments of eight previously uncharacterized Sacramento Perch populations have prompted reevaluation of range‐wide population structure to inform a genetic management plan for long‐term resiliency of this species. We examined Sacramento Perch genetic diversity and population structure across the current range of the species using 12 microsatellite markers. We analyzed samples from the eight uncharacterized populations and seven populations previously studied by Schwartz and May (2008). Bayesian clustering supported two distinct clusters of Sacramento Perch herein designated as A and B. Within these two clusters we detected hierarchical substructure, likely due to genetic drift after population founding. Genetic differentiation among populations within the same cluster was relatively low (FST = 0.023–0.176), while differentiation among populations from different clusters was higher (FST = 0.190–0.320). The existence of two strongly divergent genetic clusters in Sacramento Perch suggests two distinct translocation sources, and we recommend that these clusters be treated as genetic management units (GMUs). The B GMU populations had fairly low levels of genetic diversity relative to the A GMU populations. All populations showed evidence of past bottlenecks, and most had effective population sizes placing them at risk for inbreeding depression. Human‐facilitated gene flow is recommended to prevent further genetic diversity loss. Due to uncertainty surrounding Sacramento Perch translocation history and strong levels of divergence between the two GMUs, translocations should be facilitated only between populations within the same GMU.
IR finite S-matrix by gauge invariant dressed states
Authors: Hirai Hayato , Sugishita Sotaro
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Dressed states were proposed to define the infrared (IR) finite S-matrix in QED or gravity. We show that the original Kulish-Faddeev dressed states are not enough to cure the IR divergences. To illustrate this problem, we consider QED with background currents (Wilson lines). This theory is exactly solvable but shares the same IR problems as the full QED. We show that naive asymptotic states lead to IR divergences in the S-matrix and are also inconsistent with the asymptotic symmetry, even if we add the original Kulish-Faddeev dressing operators. We then propose new dressed states which are consistent with the asymptotic symmetry. We show that the S-matrix for the dressed states is IR finite. We finally conclude that appropriate dressed asymptotic states define the IR finite S-matrix in the full QED.
Irrelevant deformations of chiral bosons
Authors: Chakrabarti Subhroneel , Gupta Divyanshu , Manna Arkajyoti , Raman Madhusudhan
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We study $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$
T

T
¯

deformations of chiral bosons using the formalism due to Sen. For arbitrary numbers of left- and right-chiral bosons, we find that the $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed Lagrangian can be computed in closed form, giving rise to a novel non-local action in Sen’s formalism. We establish that at the limit of infinite $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$
T

T
¯

coupling, the equations of motion of deformed theory exhibits chiral decoupling. We then turn to a discussion of $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed chiral fermions, and point out that the stress tensor of the $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed free fermion coincides with the undeformed seed theory. We explain this behaviour of the stress tensor by noting that the deformation term in the action is purely topological in nature and closely resembles the fermionic Wess-Zumino term in the Green-Schwarz formalism. In turn, this observation also explains a puzzle in the literature, viz. why the $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$
T

T
¯

deformation of multiple free fermions truncate at linear order. We conclude by discussing the possibility of an interplay between $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$
T

T
¯

deformations and bosonisation.
Multipole expansion of gravitational waves: from harmonic to Bondi coordinates
Authors: Blanchet Luc , Compère Geoffrey , Faye Guillaume , Oliveri Roberto , Seraj Ali
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We transform the metric of an isolated matter source in the multipolar post-Minkowskian approximation from harmonic (de Donder) coordinates to radiative Newman-Unti (NU) coordinates. To linearized order, we obtain the NU metric as a functional of the mass and current multipole moments of the source, valid all-over the exterior region of the source. Imposing appropriate boundary conditions we recover the generalized Bondi-van der Burg-Metzner-Sachs residual symmetry group. To quadratic order, in the case of the mass-quadrupole interaction, we determine the contributions of gravitational-wave tails in the NU metric, and prove that the expansion of the metric in terms of the radius is regular to all orders. The mass and angular momentum aspects, as well as the Bondi shear, are read off from the metric. They are given by the radiative quadrupole moment including the tail terms.
Fast computation and practical use of amplitudes at non-Fourier frequencies
Authors: Reschenhofer Erhard , Mangat Manveer K.
Published: February 2021

In this paper, it is shown that the performance of various frequency-domain estimators of the memory parameter can be boosted by the inclusion of non-Fourier frequencies in addition to the regular Fourier frequencies. A fast two-stage algorithm for the efficient computation of the amplitudes at these additional frequencies is presented. In the first stage, the naïve sine and cosine transforms are computed with a modified version of the Fast Fourier Transform. In the second stage, these transforms are amended by taking the violation of the standard orthogonality conditions into account. A considerable number of auxiliary quantities, which are required in the second stage, do not depend on the data and therefore only need to be computed once. The superior performance (in terms of root-mean-square error) of the estimators based also on non-Fourier frequencies is demonstrated by extensive simulations. Finally, the empirical results obtained by applying these estimators to financial high-frequency data show that significant long-range dependence is present only in the absolute intraday returns but not in the signed intraday returns.
Impact of COVID-19 on management of urogynaecology patients: a rapid review of the literature
Authors: Loganathan Jemina , Doumouchtsis Stergios K. ,   CHORUS: An International Collaboration for Harmonising Outcomes, Research and Standards in Urogynaecology and Women’s Health
Published: February 2021

Introduction and hypothesis

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted health systems worldwide. There is a continuing need for clinicians to adapt practice to facilitate timely provision of medical care, whilst minimising horizontal transmission. Guidance and recommendations are increasingly available, and this rapid review aimed to provide a timely evidence synthesis on the current recommendations surrounding urogynaecological care.

Methods

We performed a literature review using PubMed/Medline, Embase and Cochrane and a manual search of national and international societies for management recommendations for urogynaecological patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

Nine guidance documents and 17 articles, including 10 reviews, were included. Virtual clinics are recommended for new and follow-up patients, to assess and initiate treatment, as well as triage patients who require face-to-face appointments. Outpatient investigations such as urodynamics and cystoscopy for benign indications can be deferred. Prolapse and continence surgery should be suspended, except in specific circumstances such as procidentia with upper tract complications and failed pessaries. There is no evidence to support a particular route of surgery, but recommendations are made to minimise COVID-19 transmission.

Conclusions

Urogynaecological patients face particular challenges owing to inherent vulnerabilities of these populations. Behavioural and medical therapies should be recommended as first line options and initiated via virtual or remote clinics, which are integral to management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Expanding the availability and accessibility of technology will be increasingly required. The majority of outpatient and inpatient procedures can be deferred, but the longer-term effects of such practices are unclear.
Design of novel coil structure for wireless power transfer system supporting multi-load and 2-D free-positioning
Authors: Li Kun , Zhao Haibo , Liu Qing , Shi Yankai , Wang Changsong , Zhang Pengyi , Wang Lei
Published: February 2021

In the classical WPT technology, when the load coil and the receiving coil are not aligned, the receiving power will be significantly reduced. In this paper, a new type of receiving coil named spiral add planar (SAP) coil is proposed, which can make the receiving power of the load coil almost independent of its position. The T-type equivalent circuit analysis method is used to analyze the transmission performance of the WPT system. By calculating the mutual inductance between non-coaxial coils, it can be proved theoretically that when the load coils are located at different positions, the mutual inductance between the SAP coil and the load coil is more stable comparing to the spiral coil or the planar coil. In addition, this SAP coil can support multiple loads and arbitrary movement of the load within the area of the SAP coil. This paper also proposed the concept of radius ratio (that is, the ratio of the radius of the load coil to the radius of the RX coil), and found that when the radius ratio is less than 1/2, the free-positioning characteristic is good. The simulation and experimental results show that when the load coil moves within the range of the SAP coil, the volatility of its S21 value is less than ± 1 dB.
Early Evaluation and the Effect of Socioeconomic Factors on Neurodevelopment in Infants with Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Favilla Emmanuelle , Faerber Jennifer A. , Hampton Lyla E. , Tam Vicky , DeCost Grace , Ravishankar Chitra , Gaynor J. William , Burnham Alisa , Licht Daniel J. , Mercer-Rosa Laura
Published: February 2021

Neurodevelopmental sequelae are prevalent among patients with congenital heart defects (CHD). In a study of infants and children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), we sought to identify those at risk for abnormal neurodevelopment and to test associations between socioeconomic and medical factors with neurodevelopment deficits. Single-center retrospective observational study of patients with repaired TOF that were evaluated at the institution’s Cardiac Kids Developmental Follow-up Program (CKDP) between 2012 and 2018. Main outcomes included neurodevelopmental test scores from the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener (BINS), Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS), and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). Mixed effects linear regression and marginal logistic regression models tested relationships between patient characteristics and outcomes. Sub-analyses were conducted to test correlations between initial and later neurodevelopment tests. In total, 49 patients were included, predominantly male (n = 33) and white (n = 28), first evaluated at a median age of 4.5 months. Forty-three percent of patients (n = 16) had deficits in the BINS, the earliest screening test. Several socioeconomic parameters and measures of disease complexity were associated with neurodevelopment, independently of genetic syndrome. Early BINS and PDMS performed in infancy were associated with Bayley-III scores performed after 1 year of age. Early screening identifies TOF patients at risk for abnormal neurodevelopment. Socioeconomic factors and disease complexity are associated with abnormal neurodevelopment and should be taken into account in the risk stratification and follow-up of these patients. Early evaluation with BINS and PDMS is suggested for detection of early deficits.
Reliability of NI-RADS criteria in the interpretation of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging considering the potential role of diffusion-weighted imaging
Authors: Elsholtz Fabian Henry Jürgen , Erxleben Christoph , Bauknecht Hans-Christian , Dinkelborg Patrick , Kreutzer Kilian , Hamm Bernd , Niehues Stefan Markus
Published: February 2021

Objectives

To assess inter- and intrareader agreement of the Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System (NI-RADS) used in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including analysis of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), which is currently not part of the NI-RADS criteria.

Methods

This retrospective study included anonymized surveillance contrast-enhanced MRI datasets of 104 patients treated for different head and neck cancers. Three radiologists experienced in head and neck imaging reported findings for the primary site and the neck using NI-RADS criteria in a first step and evaluated DWI sequences for the primary site in a second step. Thirty randomly selected imaging datasets were again presented to the readers. Kappa statistics and observed agreement (Ao) were calculated.

Results

Interreader agreement across all MRI datasets was moderate (κFleiss = 0.53) for NI-RADS categories assigned to the primary site, substantial for NI-RADS categories of the neck (κFleiss = 0.67), and almost perfect for DWI of the primary site (κFleiss = 0.83). Interreader agreement for the primary site was particularly low in cases of cancer recurrence (κFleiss = 0.35) and when categories 2a, 2b, and 3 were combined (κFleiss = 0.30). Intrareader agreement was considerably lower for NI-RADS categories of the primary site (range Ao = 53.3–70.0%) than for NI-RADS categories of the neck (range Ao = 83.3–90.0%) and DWI of the primary site (range Ao = 93.3–100.0%).

Conclusion

Interreader agreement of NI-RADS for reporting contrast-enhanced MRI findings is acceptable for the neck but limited for the primary site. Here, DWI has the potential to serve as a reliable additional criterion.

Key Points

• NI-RADS was originally designed for contrast-enhanced computed tomography with or without positron emission tomography but can also be used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging alone.

• Overall interreader agreement was acceptable for NI-RADS categories assigned to the neck but should be improved for the primary site, where it was inferior to DWI; similar tendencies were found for intrareader agreement.

• DWI is currently no criterion of NI-RADS, but has shown potential to improve its reliability, especially for categories 2a, 2b, and 3 of the primary site.
Correction to: Preoperative risk assessment for ambulatory sinonasal surgery
Authors: Briner Hans Rudolf , Leunig Andreas , Schlegel Christoph , Simmen Daniel
Published: February 2021

In the original publication