bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigration and Democracy
Authors: Song Sarah
Published: October 2018

Immigration and Democracy develops an intermediate ethical position on immigration between closed borders and open borders. It argues that states have the right to control borders, but this right is qualified by an obligation to assist those outside their borders. In democratic societies, the right of immigration control must also be exercised in ways that are consistent with democratic values. Part I explores the normative grounds of the modern state’s power over immigration found in US immigration law and in political theory. It argues for a qualified, not absolute, right of states to control immigration based on a particular interpretation of the value of collective self-determination. Part II considers the case for open borders. One argument for open borders rests on the demands of global distributive justice; another argument emphasizes the value of freedom of movement as a fundamental human right. The book argues that both arguments fall short of justifying open borders. Part III turns to consider the substance of immigration policy for democratic societies. What kind of immigration policies should democratic societies adopt? What is required is not closed borders or open borders but controlled borders and open doors. Open to whom? The interests of prospective migrants must be weighed against the interests of the political community. Specific chapters are devoted to refugees and other necessitous migrants, family-based immigration, temporary worker programs, discretionary admissions, and what is owed to noncitizen residents, including unauthorized migrants living in the territory of democratic states.
Introduction
Authors: Song Sarah
Published: October 2018

Chapter 1 begins with the role that political theory can play in public debate about immigration. Political theory can identify values and principles that can serve as guides to public judgment, clarify the sources of our disagreement, and perhaps even reduce the extent of disagreement about specific issues. The chapter then discusses four key dynamics in the politics of immigration: majoritarian politics, nationalism, capitalism, and liberal constitutionalism. It presents the idea of associative obligations and advances an intermediate position on immigration between closed borders and open borders rooted in an ethic of membership. It concludes with a roadmap of the book.
Collective Self-Determination and Immigration Control
Authors: Song Sarah
Published: October 2018

Chapter 4 advances an alternative justification for the state’s right to control immigration based on the idea of collective self-determination. Collective self-determination is the idea that a group of people should govern themselves. The chapter begins by discussing the meaning, role, and value of collective self-determination and then elaborates a conception of collective self-determination. It argues that the agent of collective self-determination is not a nation, joint owners of state institutions, or members of a voluntary association but “a people.” It then explores the connections between collective self-determination, territorial rights, and immigration control. It concludes by considering the distinctive requirements of democratic self-determination and its implications for immigration control in democratic societies.
Conclusion
Authors: Song Sarah
Published: October 2018

Chapter 11 reiterates the intermediate ethical position between closed borders and open borders. Against restrictive nationalists who favor closing borders, it argues that states should not regulate immigration solely in the interests of their own members. Members of a political community have special obligations to one another, but they also have obligations to the rest of humanity, including prospective migrants. Against proponents of open borders, it maintains that political membership is morally significant, even if its distribution is morally arbitrary. Political membership grounds special rights and obligations, and a government may show some partiality toward the interests of its members. This means a government may deny admission to prospective migrants if their basic interests are protected in their home countries and doing so protects important interests of its constituents. What is required is not closed borders or open borders but controlled borders and open doors.
The Musical Gift
Authors: Sykes Jim
Published: October 2018

For a concise overview of the aims of the book and the author’s research process, please read the Foreword that can be accessed via the Front Matter link. In the Introduction to The Musical Gift, Sykes expands upon various problems (for music studies and the world at large) that emerge from assuming there is an inherent connection between music, the self, expression, and identity. The section argues that while many scholars have noted the historical emergence of these links in European modernity, there is a tendency in scholarly research and public culture to subordinate “ontologies of the otherwise” to European-derived notions of the link between music and identity. The author also argues that while music scholars have spent much time questioning what music is, the same energy has not been devoted in music studies to what a self is, how sound relates to the self differently in different contexts, and what this should mean for music history. The section raises questions about Buddhist notions of “not-self” and karma, setting the stage for a consideration of the politics of Sri Lankan music history that is explored in Chapter 1.
Sri Lankan Tamil Musical Giving
Authors: Sykes Jim
Published: October 2018

This chapter is a musical cartography of Sri Lankan Tamil traditional musics: through interviews in the Tamil-dominated north and east and the capital Colombo, archival research, and consultation of Tamil and English secondary sources, the chapter provides the first consideration in English of which musical genres and styles are prevalent in which regions of the Tamil heartland of northern and eastern Sri Lanka. The chapter focuses particularly on the musical drama form called kooththu and its revival in the twentieth-century through the efforts of Suppiramaniam Vithiananthan and his student Sinniah Maunaguru. The chapter discusses their play Ravanesan (staged in 1961–1962) and Maunaguru’s later revival of it as a commentary on Sri Lanka’s civil war and the tragic role of women in the conflict.
Beyond the Musicology of Disaster
Authors: Sykes Jim
Published: October 2018

In this crucial ethnographic chapter of The Musical Gift, the author explores the plight of Tamil musicians during the war in Sri Lanka’s north and east, the role of music after the 2004 tsunami, and the use of music by NGOs and local musicians to forge peace (with not always successful results). The chapter explores what “reconciliation” might mean, and what role music and scholarship might play in achieving it. The chapter argues that attempts to use music to forge peace tend to succeed when activists define music as a form of exchange and gift-giving between populations, rather than defining music as naturally definitive of ethnic and religious identity. The chapter discusses a hip-hop artist, the national anthem, post-tsunami mixtapes for charity, well-publicized “concerts for peace,” and a Sinhala-led charity bringing European classical music to a Tamil school, among other examples.
The Island Space
Authors: Sykes Jim
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, the author discusses the historical development of Sinhala music in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Sri Lanka (called Ceylon until 1972) in relation to colonial surveillance and conceptions of Sri Lanka as an island space. The chapter theorizes “islands” for music studies and compares Sri Lankan discussions on indigeneity and “movements to” the island with those on the Caribbean. The chapter considers mid-twentieth century anxieties that the Sinhalese “have no music” because their music is “too hybrid.” It then argues that in recent decades, music has been a crucial way for Sinhala nationalists to indigenize the Sinhalese, eschewing the longstanding narrative that their ancestors came from North India, through the figure of Ravana (the “evil king” in the Hindu Ramayana epic) that allows them to draw a link between Sinhala culture and the indigenous Väddas.
Conclusion
Authors: Sykes Jim
Published: October 2018

In the conclusion to The Musical Gift, Jim Sykes discusses Sri Lankan versions of viral music videos over the past decade, particularly Pharrell Williams’ video “Happy.” Sykes notes that several people filming themselves dancing to Williams’ song were stopped by the police, who could not comprehend why people were singing and dancing in public outside of the bounds of an official concert. The Sri Lankan “Happy” videos have also been criticized as depicting upper- and middle-class Sri Lankans and thus obscuring the fact that happiness has not been achieved for many Sri Lankans, including those who suffered greatly from the war. Returning to the concept of “the musical gift,” Sykes argues the promotion of public song and dance from and between various communities has a role to play in forging post-war reconciliation and building a “happiness” that emerges from Sri Lankan aesthetics.
Introduction: Trumping International Law?
Authors: Koh Harold Hongju
Published: October 2018

How to resist President Donald Trump’s assault on international law? This introduction sketches the tripartite plan of this book. First, it discusses a counterstrategy of resistance based on transnational legal process. Second, it illustrates that counterstrategy with respect to immigration and refugees, and human rights; the Paris Climate Change Agreement, the Iran Nuclear Deal, and trade diplomacy; with countries of concern such as North Korea, Russia, and Ukraine; and with respect to America’s wars: Al Qaeda, Islamic State, Afghanistan, and Syria. Third, it reviews what broader issues are at stake in the looming battle between maintaining the post-World War II framework of Kantian global governance versus shifting to an Orwellian system of authoritarian spheres of influence.
Countries of Concern
Authors: Koh Harold Hongju
Published: October 2018

This chapter explains how the counterstrategy of transnational legal process has driven Trump back to preexisting policies vis-à-vis three countries of concern. In the continuing struggle to secure peace and denuclearization with North Korea, Trump has been forced back from bellicose rhetoric to a diplomatic strategy that closely resembles both the Iran Nuclear Deal and the policy of strategic patience that he had loudly mocked. Despite Trump’s evident desire to avoid punishing Russian hacking, he has been driven over time to a series of stronger sanctions. Meanwhile, despite Trump’s passivity toward Russian adventurism, a third country of concern, Ukraine, has invoked transnational legal process directly to confront Russia in various international tribunals.
The Propaganda Feedback Loop
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents a model of the interaction of media outlets, politicians, and the public with an emphasis on the tension between truth-seeking and narratives that confirm partisan identities. This model is used to describe the emergence and mechanics of an insular media ecosystem and how two fundamentally different media ecosystems can coexist. In one, false narratives that reinforce partisan identity not only flourish, but crowd-out true narratives even when these are presented by leading insiders. In the other, false narratives are tested, confronted, and contained by diverse outlets and actors operating in a truth-oriented norms dynamic. Two case studies are analyzed: the first focuses on false reporting on a selection of television networks; the second looks at parallel but politically divergent false rumors—an allegation that Donald Trump raped a 13-yearold and allegations tying Hillary Clinton to pedophilia—and tracks the amplification and resistance these stories faced.
Polarization in American Politics
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal
Published: October 2018

This chapter reviews the political science literature on polarization, showing that polarization in American politics long precedes the internet and results primarily from asymmetric political-elite-driven dynamics. This chapter first considers the polarization of political elites and the public before discussing how social identity begets party affiliation that helps explain why polarization can take on such deeply affective negative responses to partisans of the other party. The chapter shows that party elites, in particular elected representatives, have experienced significant party polarization in the sense that liberals and conservatives have mostly sorted themselves into Democrats and Republicans, respectively, and that the most visible component of this move was the realignment of Southern Democrats to the Republican Party. The broader population, if it has polarized at all, has polarized affectively—in the way it feels about the other party—rather than ideologically, or the practical policy preferences it holds.
Conclusion
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal
Published: October 2018

This book has examined how the American political media ecosystem figures in discourses on national politics in general and on presidential politics in particular. It has shown that the internet has no single effect on democracy, news media, or people’s ability to distinguish truth from fiction. Instead, “the internet” is really an integral part of two very different media ecosystems, one of which conforms to the very worst fears of those critical of the effects of the internet on democracy and the other combines attention paid to professional media still pursuing norm-constrained journalism with diverse outlets for mobilization, challenging agenda setting and questioning the mainstream media narrative. These findings suggest that the very introduction of the internet and social media does not itself put pressure on democracy as such, but they also imply that there is no easy fix for epistemic crisis in countries where a hyperpartisan, propaganda-rich environment exists.
Introduction
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: October 2018

BENEDICT DE SPINOZA was one of the most important philosophers of the early modern period and one of the most systematic. Before his death in 1677, at the age of forty-four, he developed a comprehensive conception of the universe and of the place of humanity within it, one that offers distinctive and powerful answers to many of the most fundamental questions that human beings face about how to think, feel, and act....
Spinoza’s Necessitarianism
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: October 2018

Spinoza is unquestionably a determinist, but it has often been disputed whether he is also a full-fledged necessitarian—that is, whether he consistently holds that everything is logically or metaphysically necessary, so that the world could not possibly have been different in any way from what it actually is. This chapter argues for three theses. First, nothing Spinoza says commits him to the denial of necessitarianism. Second, several things he says do commit him to necessitarianism. Third, a commitment to necessitarianism explains (a) how he can maintain that modes of different attributes are parallel to one another without any causal interaction between them and (b) how he can maintain that every intrinsically adequate idea corresponds to its object. Together, these theses constitute a very strong case that Spinoza is a necessitarian.
Spinoza on the Essence of the Human Body and the Part of the Mind That Is Eternal
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: October 2018

Spinoza’s central doctrines in Part 5 of the Ethics include the following: (1) there is in God an idea of the formal essence of each human body; (2) because this idea remains after the death of the body, a part of the human mind is eternal; and (3) the wiser and more knowing one is, the greater is this part of one’s mind that is eternal. Each doctrine seems to be inconsistent—indeed, each in two different ways—with the rest of Spinoza’s philosophy. Resolving these apparent inconsistencies requires an understanding of Spinoza’s theory of formal essences and its connection to his theories of intellect and consciousness. This chapter explains, for each doctrine, (i) why it must be attributed to Spinoza; (ii) why it seems difficult to reconcile with the rest of his philosophy; and (iii) how an understanding of his theory of formal essences can resolve the apparent inconsistencies.
Teleology in Spinoza and Early Modern Rationalism
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that (1) Spinoza accepts the legitimacy of many teleological explanations; (2) in two important respects, Leibniz’s view of teleology is not more Aristotelian than Descartes’s; and (3) among Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, Spinoza holds the view of teleology closest to Aristotle’s. The arguments for (1) draw on Spinoza’s treatment of conatus; a critical analysis of Jonathan Bennett’s arguments that Spinoza denies all teleology; and the application Spinoza’s distinction of three kinds of cognition to the distinction between mechanistic and teleological explanation. The arguments for (2) and (3) are based on an examination of the answers given by Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza to four basic questions about the nature and range of teleology and teleological explanation. These questions concern the dependence of teleology on thought, the relation of teleology to divine will or purpose, the existence of “subhuman” teleology, and the role of teleological explanation in natural philosophy.
Spinoza’s Conatus Argument
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: October 2018

This essay contends that Spinoza’s argument for the conatus doctrine does not commit any of the five fallacies of equivocation. The key to a better understanding of his argument lies in a Spinoza’s “theory of inherence”—that is, his theory of what it is to be “in” something. Spinoza’s conatus argument is a valid demonstration from Spinozistic premises about inherence, conception, causation, and related matters. These premises reflect his deep commitment to a rigorous Principle of Sufficient Reason, to a conception of things as causing their own properties through their essences, and to a closely related conception of causation as identical with or parallel to logical consequence.
Postscript Consciousness Revisited
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: October 2018

Chapter 14 (“Representation and Consciousness in Spinoza’s Naturalistic Theory of the Mind and Imagination”) argues that Spinoza identifies consciousness (conscientia) with power of thinking (cogitandi potentia). In his important article “Spinoza and Consciousness” (2008), Steven Nadler rejects this interpretation, proposing instead that consciousness for Spinoza is “a certain complexity in thinking that is the correlate of the complexity of a body.” In another important article, “Theories about Consciousness in Spinoza’s Ethics” (2010), Michael LeBuffe proposes that the interpretation of consciousness as power of thinking is “promising” but should be restricted to the consciousness of ideas within a mind and not applied to a mind’s overall consciousness. This postscript raises objections to Nadler’s complexity-based interpretation, rebuts Nadler’s objections to Chapter 14’s “Power of Thinking” interpretation, and argues against LeBuffe’s proposal to restrict the scope of that interpretation.
“Promising” Ideas: Hobbes and contract in Spinoza’s political philosophy
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: October 2018

Like Hobbes, Spinoza prominently invokes promising and contracts (covenants) in his discussion of the foundations of the state—primarily, but not exclusively, in his Theological-Political Treatise. His understanding of their nature and significance, however, differs in important ways from that of Hobbes. This chapter poses four related puzzles concerning Spinoza’s claims about promises and contracts as they invoke or relate specifically to Hobbes: “whether the right of nature is preserved intact”; whether “reason urges peace in all circumstances”; whether breaking a promise is ever “in accordance with reason”; and whether one is obligated to keep a pledge extorted by a robber. Next, it analyzes and compares the doctrines of Hobbes and Spinoza on several key topics: rights and powers, good and evil, reason and passion, and faith and deception (both “evil deception” [“dolus malus”] and “good deception” [“dolus bonus”]). Finally, it employs these doctrines to resolve the four puzzles.
Perpetua
Authors: Gold Barbara K.
Published: October 2018

This book is an overview of the Christian martyr Perpetua’s life and the cultural, religious, political, literary, social, and physical contexts in which she lived. It does not attempt to be a full biography of Perpetua because we do not have enough information about her. It discusses the narrative work in Latin, the Passio Sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitatis, composed by her and by her editor while she was awaiting execution, and its authenticity. It also discusses the descriptions of martyrs as athletes and the gendering of martyrs in early Christian writers; the social milieu in which Perpetua lived in ancient Carthage; the conditions in Roman Africa in the third century CE; the conditions for Christians and pagans in the third century CE; Perpetua’s family, education, and social status; the social and physical conditions of martyrdom in the third century CE; and the legacy of Perpetua and her text among later writers. The book aims to discuss in depth such contested issues as whether Perpetua herself wrote the part of the text attributed to her, how fictionalized the accounts of martyrdom accounts were, and what the status of these martyrs and their stories were during the pre-Constantinian period.
A Matter of Genre and Influence
Authors: Gold Barbara K.
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the generic properties of Perpetua’s narrative and the relationship of the martyr narratives to the contemporary Greek novel, the ancient secular novel, the Gospels, and the apocryphal acts of the apostles. It discusses the (false?) distinction between history and fiction. It also discusses dating of these works and whether the pagan or polytheistic works influenced the apocryphal acts or vice versa; it concludes that most of these works were written in the same 100–150-year timespan. It analyzes in depth some of the apocryphal acts and Greek novels, drawing parallels between those and the early martyr narratives and isolating common themes, and focuses on Apuleius’ Metamorphoses.
Carthage
Authors: Gold Barbara K.
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the rise, development, and Romanization of ancient Carthage in the early Christian period after the formation of the province of Africa Proconsularis in the Augustan period; the physical topography of the city of Carthage, including the Byrsa, the Antonine Baths, and the amphitheater; and it describes the tophet or outdoor sacrificial area and whether human sacrifice was practiced among the Carthaginians. It also covers the life, influence, and African roots of Septimius Severus, the Roman emperor during Perpetua’s life and death. Also discussed are the social, religious, and intellectual conditions for pagans in Roman Carthage, who their local gods were (Tanit, Saturn, Juno Caelestis, Baal Hammon), and the connections between civic and religious life.
Carthage
Authors: Gold Barbara K.
Published: October 2018

This chapter first lays out how we understand Christianity, contemporary ways of exploring ancient religion, and how contemporary studies of religious movements can help us to understand ancient religion; it also explores the social, economic, historical, archaeological, or other cultural forces that intersect with and explain the many facets of religious experience. It further discusses the provenance of Christianity in Roman Carthage; how Christianity started as a very small sect and became a dominant religion in a short period of time; Stark’s thesis about methods of and reasons for conversion; how a Christian or Christian group would have been identified and where they would have met; and who policed religious groups in the Roman empire. Finally the chapter discusses what difference Christianity and Christianness would have made in everyday life in Carthage.
Perpetua’s Life
Authors: Gold Barbara K.
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines what facts we know about Perpetua’s life, context, and background: her companions in martyrdom (Felicitas; Revocatus; Saturus; Saturninus; Secundulus); her age, social status, and family (especially her father). It explores the mystery of her missing husband, who is never mentioned in the narrative, and examines her fraught relationship with her father. It also explores her relationship with her baby son and his future without her; the other female martyr in the group, Felicitas, who gave birth just before the martyrdom; Perpetua’s education; the Latinity of the text of the Passio; and the style of her portion of the narrative.
The adnominal linker -an in Andalusi Arabic, with special reference to the poetry of Ibn Quzmān (twelfth century)
Authors: Ferrando Ignacio
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes a syntactical structure typical of Andalusi Arabic, as well as many other Arabic varieties: the use of a nominal suffix -an/-in after an indefinite noun followed by a modifier. Some scholars have linked this morpheme to the so-called tanwīn (‘nunation’), the morpheme of indefiniteness of Classical Arabic. However, both the synchronic analysis of the linguistic facts as they appear in the Andalusi corpus explored in this chapter (the poetry of Ibn Quzmān, twelfth century) and the use of this suffix in other Arabic dialects suggest a different function. The adnominal linker represents not an indefiniteness morpheme or the remains of the tanwīn of Classical Arabic, but a syntactic connection between the indefinite noun and its modifier. It was not a sporadic, stylistic, or optional trait, but a specific and almost compulsory feature widespread in Andalusi Arabic sources, at least until the thirteenth century.
The Arabic dialects of the Gulf
Authors: Holes Clive
Published: October 2018

The vocabulary of the modern Gulf Arabic dialects contains many items of ancient Mesopotamian origin; there is also evidence of early south Arabian influences. Historically, three dialect types existed in the region: Najdi, coastal (these two are ‘A dialects’), and Baḥārna (‘B’ dialects). There must long have been contact between these three, but the main interface was between the Najdi and the coastal type. The (Shīˁī) Baḥārna lived in separate settlements, pursued livelihoods specific to them, and did not marry with the other two groups. All of this preserved their dialect. This sociolinguistic division was most evident in the state of Bahrain. In recent decades, changes in employment and increased urbanization have brought about increased interdialectal contact, resulting in the loss of B dialect features and a homogenization of the A dialects to the point that one can now speak of the emergence of a Gulf koine.
Judaeo-Arabic
Authors: Khan Geoffrey
Published: October 2018

The term ‘Judaeo-Arabic’ refers to a type of Arabic that was used by Jews and was distinct in some way from other types of Arabic. It is by no means a uniform linguistic entity and the term is used to refer to both written forms of Arabic and also spoken dialects. The first section of the chapter examines the various forms of written Judaeo-Arabic and their importance for the history of Middle Arabic and Arabic dialects. A classification of written texts into three broad periods may be made: these periods being Early Judaeo-Arabic, Classical Judaeo-Arabic, and Late Judaeo-Arabic. The second section of the chapter gives an overview of the Arabic dialects spoken by Jewish communities in the Middle East. Most of these dialects differ in some way from the dialects spoken by their Muslim and Christian neighbours. They are far more diverse in their structure than the various literary forms of Judaeo-Arabic.
Truth
Authors: Dwan David
Published: October 2018

Orwell is remembered as a passionate defender of truth. As Lionel Trilling declared: ‘He told the truth, and told it in an exemplary way’. Orwell, in fact, was not averse to lying and repeatedly stressed the utility of shared illusions in political life, but he also worried that the very concept of objective truth was fast disappearing from the world. This chapter examines the reasons for these concerns, considering contemporary debates about the nature and role of truth within socialism, fascism, and liberalism. Focusing on Nineteen Eighty-Four, it examines Orwell’s fraught defence of truth and sets out to determine why he regarded it as a foundation stone of freedom.
The evolved developmental niche and children’s developing morality
Authors: Kurth Angela M. , Narvaez Darcia
Published: October 2018

Like every animal, human offspring evolved to fit into their communities, but social fittedness for mammals requires a supportive early nest that fosters socio-emotional intelligence, self-regulation, and sympathy. Within a supportive environment, children naturally develop orientations that facilitate prosocial behaviours within the community. We use the evolved developmental niche (EDN), apparent in 95% of human history as small-band hunter-gatherers, for a baseline representative of human evolution. In these societies, children grow into cooperative, agile moral actors. We compare the EDN with five modern approaches to young child group care and make suggestions to early caregivers on how to provide, in the modern world, what children evolved to need.
The child’s curriculum as a gift: Opening up the early-level curriculum in Scotland
Authors: Dunlop Aline-Wendy
Published: October 2018

Many countries worldwide benefit from a long tradition of early childhood education, some serving the years from birth to seven or eight years old. Determined to provide out-of-home experiences for children before school start, this costly exercise has led to review of location, staffing, pedagogical approaches, and curriculum, while advocating ‘the best interests of the child’. Curriculum reform has often been used as an educational policy tool. There have been shifts in the roles and responsibilities of early educators and consequently in early childhood practices nationally and internationally. The long Scottish early childhood tradition provides a context in which to consider how an understanding of the child’s curriculum may be a gift to ensure an enlightened early childhood educational policy and curriculum interpretation at the beginning of the twenty-first century. By looking back, we can begin to look forward.
Children’s ‘working theories’ as curriculum outcomes
Authors: Peters Sally , Davis Keryn , McKenzie Ruta
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores how children make sense of their world through the development and refinement of ‘working theories’. Working theories are a key item for young learners, and are emphasized in the New Zealand early childhood curriculum Te Whāriki. Children’s working theories develop in environments where they have opportunities to engage in complex thinking with others, observe, listen, participate, and discuss, within the context of topics and activities. It is through interactions and activities that children begin to own the ideas and beliefs of their culture and begin to make sense of their worlds. However, fostering this learning in early childhood settings is not always easy, and requires skilled adults who can respond appropriately. We explore and discuss the nature of children’s working theories and ways in which adult–child interactions can enhance or inhibit a sense of wonder and curiosity.
Introduction
Authors: Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: October 2018

The introduction of the book presents the central argument of the study, and outlines its theoretical framework. It also provides an overview into current issues in English prisons, particularly looking at the demographic profile of women prisoners.
Materializing and Feeling Punishment
Authors: Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: October 2018

This chapter begins the book’s illustration of the empirical research findings of the study. The chapter argues that women’s experience of imprisonment is embodied largely because, in being the object of punishment within prison, bodies become acutely aware of the particulars of prison space and time to the extent that they materially and physically sense and feel punishment. The chapter focuses particularly on how the prisoner becomes aware of her punishment and confinement through odours and sounds, through movement in different prison spaces, and through the subjective passage of time in custody. Using these examples, the chapter explores how prisoner bodies subjectively adjust to prison, making their prisoner experiences situationally specific and influences by the participants’ pre-prison biographies.
Coping with Imprisonment
Authors: Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers how the prisoner copes with the ‘pains of imprisonment’. It suggests that coping in prison relies on practices that engage the prisoner’s body in a paradoxical manner. Coping, it is argued, entails acting for and against one’s own body. To demonstrate this, the chapter considers various coping strategies that, at the same time as they are self-distracting, are arguably also self-destructing or further generate emotional turmoil. Such self-harming strategies include prisoners’ attitudes towards eating, drug use, and often also their healthcare routines. Less harmful yet arguably equally isolating strategies are also considered in relation to practices of bodily care in prison.
An Obituary for "Wisdom Literature"
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: October 2018

In the rise of Wisdom Literature in less than a century from obscurity to ubiquity, a number of crucial questions have been left unanswered. Most fundamentally, when, how, and why did the category, comprised essentially of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Job, develop? The definitional issues long plaguing Wisdom scholarship can be traced to that unquestioned “universal consensus.” This book unearths its origin, describes its distorting effect, and proposes an alternative approach. Absent from early Jewish and Christian interpretation, the Wisdom category first emerged in modern scholarship, with the traits associated with it, such as universalism, humanism, rationalism, and secularism, suspiciously mirroring the ideals of its nineteenth-century German birthplace. Since it was originally assembled to reflect modern values, biblical scholars have struggled to define the corpus on any other basis or integrate it into the theology of the Hebrew Bible. The problem, however, is not only why the texts were perceived in this way, but that they are perceived in only one way at all. This book builds on recent literary and cognitive theory to create an alternative approach to genre that integrates hermeneutical insight from various genre groupings. This theory is then applied to Job, Ecclesiastes, and Proverbs, mapping out the complex intertextual network contributing to each book’s meaning. Seen from multiple perspectives, these texts emerge in three dimensions, as facets previously obscured by the category are illuminated once again. The death of the Wisdom Literature category offers new life to both the so-called Wisdom texts and the concept of wisdom.
The Ancestry of Wisdom Literature
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: October 2018

In order to identify the origins of the modern scholarly Wisdom tradition, this chapter evaluates the purported early “vestiges” of the category. These are (1) early views on the structure and order of the canonical books; (2) the association of a group of books with Solomon; (3) the ancient recognition of shared traits between books; and (4) the title Wisdom applied to several texts. This evidence does not, however, justify the common assertion that the Wisdom category has an ancient pedigree. To the degree that a category approaching the modern one existed at all, its contents and definition differed significantly, making it both quantitatively and qualitatively different from the current category. This indicates that Wisdom as we know it is instead a modern invention, and the accuracy of its depiction of ancient phenomena therefore merits more careful scrutiny than it has yet received.
The Universe of Texts
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter proposes a new approach for addressing the question of genre, setting aside the long-reigning realist, taxonomic understanding in biblical scholarship. To understand the complex process through which they develop, this chapter builds on recent insights from the study of intertextuality, networks, emergence, and conceptual blending. It then re-envisions them as constellations in three-dimensional space, which gain their significance from the cultural perspectives from which they are viewed. As readers view texts from different perspectives, they notice different similarities between them that have a particular cultural resonance. Any given text may contribute to multiple genres, and only through recognizing those multiple genres, viewing the text’s interactions with others from multiple perspectives, is its full meaning, its true location in the vast textual network, evident. This also addresses several tensions at the heart of genre theory.
Conclusion
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: October 2018

This book concludes with a summary of Wisdom’s “obituary” and a proposal for the future study of wisdom as a concept. Relativizing Wisdom may revitalize the interpretation of its contents and the concept that unites them. Currently, scholars operate with a narrow (yet unclear) definition of Wisdom Literature based on the shared traits of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Job, to which has been added a broad understanding of Wisdom’s influence, in which this narrow understanding is discovered in texts across the Hebrew Bible. I propose understanding the definition of wisdom as a concept broadly, based on the role of the concept and the diverse traits associated with it in the variety of texts in which they appear across the canon. After the death of the Wisdom Literature category, it is through this intertextual reintegration that both the concept of wisdom and the texts associated with it will be reborn.
Returning the Gift
Authors: Colesworthy Rebecca
Published: October 2018

The decades following World War I saw a widespread turn across disciplines to questions about the nature and role of gifts: What is a gift? What do gifts mean and do? Which individuals and institutions have the authority to give? Returning the Gift argues that these questions centrally shaped literary modernism. The book begins by revisiting the locus classicus of twentieth-century gift theory, Marcel Mauss’s The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, to show that, his title notwithstanding, the gift Mauss envisions is a distinctively modern phenomenon. Subsequent chapters offer nuanced readings of novels and nonfiction by Virginia Woolf, Jean Rhys, Gertrude Stein, and H.D. from the 1920s to 1940s, drawing on developments in the social sciences, economics, and politics to illuminate their writing, while also making a case for their unique contributions to broader interdisciplinary debates. Not only do these writers insist that literature is a special kind of gift, but they also challenge the primitivist treatment of women as gifts in the work of their Victorian forebears and contemporary male theorists. Each of these writers uses tropes and narratives of giving to imagine more egalitarian social possibilities under the conditions of the capitalist present. The language of the gift is not, as we might expect, a mark of hostility to the market, but rather a means of giving form to the “society” in market society—of representing everyday experiences of exchange that the myth of the free market works, even now, to render unthinkable.
Gertrude Stein and the Politics of Literary Genius
Authors: Colesworthy Rebecca
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines a range of Gertrude Stein’s texts from the 1930s and her 1940 Ida A Novel to argue that her late-career work presupposes an opposition between art and politics and that the latter corresponds to an opposition between gifts and exchanges. For Stein, the world of art is a gift economy, while politics is rooted in the money economy. Thus, unlike the other authors here, she reinforces the separations at which Mauss took aim. And yet, like them, she suggests that these separations do not hold, particularly in the wake of the apparent generosity of the New Deal. Drawing on analyses of the aesthetic properties of money, the chapter sheds further light on Stein’s conservative politics, while also making the case for her status as a thinker of not just the gift but also money, and for the inseparability of these two lines of thought in her work.
Coda
Authors: Colesworthy Rebecca
Published: October 2018

The book concludes by turning to Lévi-Strauss’s short essay, “New York in 1941,” in which he recounts his surprise at finding a Native American taking notes with a pen at the New York Public Library while he was conducting research for The Elementary Structures of Kinship, published in 1949. Recalling that H.D.’s The Gift was written during this same period and similarly features a cross-cultural encounter between Native Americans and Europeans, the Coda suggests that Lévi-Strauss’s encounter constitutes an instance of failed exchange—a moment when he might have imagined that writing and not woman is the “supreme gift,” the fundamental medium of exchange. The work of Woolf, Rhys, Stein, and H.D. offers a critical counterpoint to Lévi-Strauss’s both in privileging writing’s mediating power and in self-consciously wrestling with the risk of failure that haunts every gift of writing and which, historically, has shadowed women’s writing in particular.
Introduction
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter frames the arguments of the book, defines terms, and outlines the story that will follow. In the eighteenth century, the Ottoman state and its Russian rival, through conflict and diplomacy, worked out a new system of regional international law. Ransom was abolished; soldiers became prisoners of war; some slaves gained new paths to release, while others were left entirely unprotected. These rules delineated sovereignty, redefined individuals’ relationships to states, and prioritized political identity over economic value. In the process, the Ottomans marked out a parallel, non-Western path toward elements of modern international law. This story has important implications, the Introduction argues, for our understanding of Ottoman history and the histories of both international law and slavery and abolition.
Humanitarian Law
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores European influence on Ottoman captivity in the 1850s–1870s, through the humanitarian movement, including the Red Cross, and the codified law it spawned: the Geneva Convention and the Brussels Convention. Humanitarianism, during the Crimean War, led the Porte to end the wartime enslavement of civilians. But otherwise, it came to the Ottoman Empire during and after the Crimean War, as it did elsewhere, and helped Ottoman captives on the same terms as others. The Porte signed multilateral treaties at the same time as other states, and Ottoman captivity practices structurally resembled, though did not fulfil, the new rules. More importantly, during the 1877–78 Russo–Ottoman War, the Ottoman Empire came to use the language of European customary law—the Law of Nations—to defend its practices and assert its place. This was the first time the Porte did so with respect to captivity.
Self-gravitating fluids
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter briefly describes ‘perfect fluids’. These are characterized by their mass density ρ(t, xⁱ), pressure p(t, ⁱ), and velocity field v(t, ⁱ). The motion and equilibrium configurations of these fluids are determined by the equation of state, for example, p = p(ρ) for a barotropic fluid, and by the gravitational potential U(t, ⁱ) created at a point ⁱ by other fluid elements. The chapter shows that, given an equation of state, the equations of the problem to be solved are the continuity equation, the Euler equation, and the Poisson equation. It then considers static models with spherical symmetry, as well as polytropes and the Lane–Emden equation. Finally, the chapter studies the isothermal sphere and Maclaurin spheroids.
The kinematics of light
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter embarks on the study of light in the vacuum in special relativity. Here, the chapter represents light by world lines of zero length, that is, by particles that propagate at speed c. Such a description does not include the electromagnetic or quantum wave nature of light, but it does allow the interpretation of experiments which measure light travel times (such as the Sagnac experiment) or aberration effects due to motion of the receiver. The chapter first defines the light lines, or the light-like lines, which are lines of zero length, and one of these lines can represent the world line of a signal or photon. It then turns to a discussion of the Sagnac effect, before finally considering the aberration formulas.
The free field
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter studies the structure of Maxwell’s equations in a vacuum and the action from which they are derived, while emphasizing the consequences of their gauge invariance. Gauge invariance, on the one hand, allows one of the components of the magnetic potential to be chosen freely. Here, the chapter shows how the gauge-invariant version of the Maxwell equations in the vacuum can also be derived directly by extremizing. On the other hand, the chapter argues that gauge invariance imposes a constraint on the initial conditions such that in the end the general solution has only two ‘degrees of freedom’. Finally, the chapter develops the Hamiltonian formalisms in the Maxwell theory and compares them to the formalisms using non-gauge-invariant or massive vector fields.
Electromagnetic waves
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines solutions to the Maxwell equations in a vacuum: monochromatic plane waves and their polarizations, plane waves, and the motion of a charge in the field of a wave (which is the principle upon which particle detection is based). A plane wave is a solution of the vacuum Maxwell equations which depends on only one of the Cartesian spatial coordinates. The monochromatic plane waves form a basis (in the sense of distributions, because they are not square-integrable) in which any solution of the vacuum Maxwell equations can be expanded. The chapter concludes by giving the conditions for the geometrical optics limit. It also establishes the connection between electromagnetic waves and the kinematic description of light discussed in Book 1.
Radiation by a charge
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter takes a look at the energy radiated by a single charge. After deriving the Larmor formulas, it studies the paradigmatic cases of the radiation of a linearly accelerated charge. Next, it turns to the synchrotron radiation of a charge in circular motion. Finally, the chapter considers the radiation of a charge accelerated by an electromagnetic wave—Thomson scattering, which is when the energy is radiated to infinity. In addition, the chapter also reveals that the hydrogen atom as described by the Rutherford model of an electron orbiting a proton is highly unstable in Maxwell theory.