bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RANK-ORDERING THE BINDING AFFINITY FOR FKBP12 AND H1N1 NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS IN THE COMBINATION OF A PROTEIN MODEL WITH DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY
Authors: HE GANG , SHI JUYING , CHEN YANTAO , CHEN YI , ZHANG QIANLING , WANG MINGLIANG , LIU JIANHONG
Published: August 2011

The quantum mechanical interaction energies between FKBP12 as well as H1N1 neuraminidase and their inhibitors were directly calculated with an efficient density functional theory by mimicking the whole protein with a protein model composed of the amino acids surrounding the ligands. It was found that the calculated quantum mechanical interaction energies correlate well with the experimental binding free energies with the correlation coefficients of 0.88, 0.86, and the standard deviation of 0.93 and 1.00 kcal/mol, respectively. To compare with force field approach, the binding free energies with the correlation coefficient R = 0.80 and 0.47 were estimated by AutoDock 4.0 programs. It was indicated that the quantum interaction energy shows a better performance in rank-ordering the binding affinity between FKBP12 and H1N1 neuraminidase inhibitors than those of AutoDock 4.0 program. In combination protein model with density functional theory, the estimated quantum interaction energy could be a good predictor or scoring function in structure-based computer-aided drug design. Finally, five new FKBP12 inhibitors were designed based on calculated quantum mechanical interaction energy. In particular, the theoretical K i value of one compound is as low as 0.05 nM, nearly 8-fold more active than FK506.
Optimal Selling Rule in a Regime Switching Lévy Market
Authors: Pemy Moustapha
Published: August 2011

This paper is concerned with a finite‐horizon optimal selling rule problem when the underlying stock price
movements are modeled by a Markov switching Lévy process. Assuming that the transaction fee of the selling
operation is a function of the underlying stock price, the optimal selling rule can be obtained by solving an
optimal stopping problem. The corresponding value function is shown to be the unique viscosity solution to
the associated HJB variational inequalities. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the results.
Environmental Factors Influencing Foraging Activity in the Social WaspPolybia paulista(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)
Authors: Canevazzi Naila Cristina de Souza , Noll Fernando Barbosa
Published: August 2011

Foraging behavior in social wasps is important in the development of the colony and reflects an important ecological interaction between the colony and the environment. Although the social traits of the colony play a role in the foraging activities, the conditions that establish the space and time limits are mainly physical. Here, we evaluate colonies ofPolybia paulistathroughout one year in order to verify the foraging activities and the items collected, as well as the importance of temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation on motivating foraging. Collection of liquids was always higher than that of solids; preys were collected all year long, and nests showed two annual episodic expansions. The linear mixed effects (LME) model used to analyze which weather factors influence the foraging showed temperature as the most influencing factor on the collection of materials.
Effect of Induced Charge on the Passivity and Passivity Breakdown of 304LN Stainless Steels
Authors: Roy Chowdhury Gargi , Mitra P. K.
Published: August 2011

Passivity breakdown of stainless steel by pitting in chloride environment is believed to occur at point at zero charge (pzc). So, the nature and quantity of charge on the surface plays a very important role on the breakdown of passivity, as chloride ion adsorption depends on that. In this work a DC potential was maintained between aluminium and graphite electrodes, and the aluminium electrode, in turn, was kept in the vicinity of the working electrode in the potentiostatic circuit. Both positive and negative polarity was applied on aluminium to attract or repel chloride ions in the vicinity of the working electrode. Chloride adsorption pattern on the stainless steel electrode got drastically altered due to application of DC potential on the aluminium-graphite circuit.
First‐Order Boundary Value Problem with Nonlinear Boundary Condition on Time Scales
Authors: Zhao Ya-Hong
Published: August 2011

This work is concerned with the following first‐order dynamic equation on time scale 𝕋, 
xΔ(t) + p(t)x(σ(t)) = f(t, x(t)), t ∈ [0, T] 𝕋
with the nonlinear boundary condition
x(0) = g(x(σ(T))).
By applying monotone iteration method, we not only obtain the existence of positive solutions, but also establish iterative schemes for approximating the solutions.
On the Composition and Neutrix Composition of the Delta Function with the Hyperbolic Tangent and Its Inverse Functions
Authors: Fisher Brian , Kılıçman Adem
Published: August 2011

Let F be a distribution in 𝒟′ and let f be a locally summable function. The composition F(f(x)) of F and f is said to exist and be equal to the distribution h(x) if the limit of the sequence {Fn(f(x))} is equal to h(x), where Fn(x) = F(x)*δn(x) for n = 1,2, … and {δn(x)} is a certain regular sequence converging to the Dirac delta function. It is proved that the neutrix composition δ(rs−1)((tanhx+) 1/r) exists and for r, s = 1,2, …, where Kk is the integer part of (s − k − 1)/2 and the constants cj,k are defined by the expansion , for k = 0,1, 2, …. Further results are also proved.
Protego-proterreo. Making an Amulet by Mutilating a Manuscript
Authors: Boer Dick E.H. de
Published: August 2011

This contribution describes the way in which amulets functioned in the medieval Latin West at the intersection of magic, medicine and religion and the way in which they were made. A Pantaleon amulet from the late fifteenth or early sixteenth century serves as an example. This amulet has been cut out of a Bible leaf and still shows the essential text of the Last Supper, from Luke 22.
The Jerusalem Miniatures in Maerlant’s Rijmbijbel 10 B 21 and in the Hornby Book of Hours. Questions of Context and Meaning
Authors: Chavannes-Mazel Claudine A.
Published: August 2011

From the late thirteenth century onwards, the depictions of the Siege of Jerusalem and the eventual annihilation of the city and its inhabitants are generally full of horrifying details, which visualise the final vengeance of the Lord against His own people. The Hornby Hours exaggerate the negative side of the Jews’ fate, whereas the opening miniature in Maerlant’s Wrake, Museum Meermanno 10 B 21, is a factual account, based entirely upon the most positive interpretation of Jacob van Maerlant’s poem Wrake van Jerusalem.
“Sons of Northern Darkness”: Heathen Influences in Black Metal and Neofolk Music1
Authors: Granholm Kennet
Published: August 2011

The focus of this article is on the influence of heathenism on popular music, specifically on Black Metal and Neofolk. These two genres, or more correctly scenes, are converging — something which is interesting in itself as purely musical similarities are nonexistent. Both scenes are permeated by heathen notions, and have the ability to function as “cultural systems” providing sets of ideology, meanings, and practices for their adherents. Thus, they comprise more than simply “musical styles.” The appeal of heathenism in these scenes can be explained by its status as non-mainstream exotic rejected knowledge, which makes it attractive in the quest for authenticity and rebellion inherent in rock music. At the same time it is precisely the inclusion of heathen elements which provides the possibility to construct meaning systems that can sustain a coherent cultural complex.
“Jacques” et “Paul” en débat L’épître de Jacques et la tradition paulinienne (Jc 2 : 14-26//Ep 2 : 8-10, 2 Tm 1 : 9 et Tt 3 : 5.8b)
Authors: Cuvillier Elian
Published: August 2011

From a comparison of Jas 2 : 14-26 with Rom 4-5, Gal 2-3 and Phil 3, it can be concluded that James had knowledge of the Pauline epistles. Nevertheless, we can note some significant differences, which lead us to believe that Jas 2 : 14-26 is a dialogue with Pauline Christians of the second generation. A comparison with Eph 2 : 8-10, 2 Tim 1 : 9 and Titus 3 : 5b-8 confirms this hypothesis. The epistle of James is probably the work of the leader of a Judeo-Christian community who, at a time when Judeo-Christianism was trying to join the main Church, was negotiating membership. He was doing this without compromising his beliefs, particularly when he noted certain deviations within the communities which were influenced by Pauline theology. As a conclusion to this analysis, some thoughts are put forward concerning the christology of James, which is more sophisticated than is usually thought.
Unser Vater im Himmel Eine These zur Metaphorik der Rede von Gott in der Logienquelle
Authors: Rau Eckhard
Published: August 2011

Gegenstand des Aufsatzes ist Jesu Rede von Gott als Vater in der Logienquelle. Sie hat ihr Zentrum in der Komposition von Q 10:21-11:13, die sich um das johanneisch klingende Wort von Q 10:22 gruppiert. Der Autor stellt die These zur Diskussion, dass dieses Wort trotz seiner formalen und inhaltlichen Singularität den Schlüssel zum Verständnis aller anderen Stellen darstellt, die in Q vom Vater sprechen. Sie verfolgen durchweg das Anliegen, die jüdisch geläufigen Konnotationen der Vater-Metaphorik für die Plausibilisierung der Sendung Jesu in Anspruch zu nehmen. Der Jesus, der darin zu Wort kommt, ist der Jesus in der Sicht der Logienquelle, aber es könnte sein, dass dessen Bild der historischen Gestalt Jesu recht nahekommt.
Changes in Human Development in Developing Countries: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Dao Minh Quang
Published: August 2011

Based on data from the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme, a sample of 29 developing economies was used. The finding is that cross-country changes in human development may be explained by per capita GDP growth, the length of land boundaries, the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months, the under-5 mortality rate, the ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education, the prevalence of HIV, the national average distance to the capital city, and the income share held by the lowest 10% of population. As observed, the coefficient estimates of three independent variables do not have the anticipated sign due to the severe degree of multicollinearity among statistically significant explanatory variables. Data for all variables are from the 2010 World Development Indicators and the 2009 Human Development Report. The least-squares estimation technique in a multivariate linear regression was applied. As noted, the severe degree of multicollinearity among explanatory variables may have caused their coefficient estimates to have the wrong sign.
To Sketch an Essence: Schematic Thoughts on Paul Klee and the Image of the Daemonic
Authors: Watson Stephen H.
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the ambiguity that attends Paul Klee’s characterization of the daemonic element in his work. It does so by analyzing the history of this concept in classical German thought from Wincklemann to Goethe. I note transformations of the concept in writings contemporaneous to Klee in literary theory and theology. These include Lukács, for whom the modern novel articulates the daemonic as an ironic world devoid of transcendental immanence, homeland, or essence; and Otto, for whom the world remained in some sense still not devoid of the numinous. I further consider these issues in brief discussion of Klee’s account of the polyphonic construction of the artwork. Finally, attention is given to proximate philosophical treatments of the topic in writers influenced by Klee’s work.
Les formes verbales augmentées de l’arabe moderne de presse: une étude statistique et syntaxico-sémantique à travers un corpus de presse
Authors: Baize-Robache Marie
Published: August 2011

This article deals with contemporary Arabic through a corpus extracted from the website www.aljazeera.net. Before comparing the extended verbal forms of this corpus with the same verbal forms found in the newspaper al-ayāt, it first defines the object as well as the analysis method of the corpora. In a third part, it moves on to the study of the extended verbal forms, like this: (1) the analysis of few significant instances, (2) the statistical report of this few values for the forms of each corpus. The whole of these instances reveals that, if there are some evolutions in the functioning of the forms in relation to the Arabist standard, the Internet corpus does not present any single one in comparison to the paper corpus.
Al-awādi al-ğāmia: A Contemporary Account of the Mongol Conquest of Baghdad, 656/1258
Authors: Gilli-Elewy Hend
Published: August 2011

This article contains a translation (Arabic-English) with introduction and commentary of the events of years 655/1257 and 656/1258 of al-Ḥawādiṯ al-ğāmiʿa including two qaīdas, written by an Iraqi anonymous author. It deals with the conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols and the death of the last Abbasid caliph al-Mustaʿṣim. Al-Ḥawādiṯ al-ğāmiʿa is a very interesting local Iraqi chronicle of the VIIth/XIIIth century and provides an abundance of detail that is not to be found elsewhere. Historiography of the period can often be divided along Arabic-Mamluk and Persian-Mongol lines; however, this chronicle cannot really be situated on either side. Translations of other primary sources of this event, both Arabic and Persian, have been made available; this translation not only complements them, but also adds a local perspective to the evaluation of the events.
Die Überlieferung der Briefschaften von Geert Grote
Authors: Hofman R.H.F. , Dijk Rudolf Th.M. van
Published: August 2011

At an early date already, shortly after they had been written by Geert Grote (1340-84), his letters were collected by adherents of the Devotio Moderna movement. Individual or collected letters were transmitted through four different channels: (1) in the form of independent corpora epistolarum; (2) as part of a miscellany or convolute; (3) incorporated in the Chronicon Windeshemense, the historiography of the movement finished in 1463 by Johannes Busch (c. 1399-1480); (4) as appendix to the Vita Gerardi Magni, compiled 1436-50 by Thomas a Kempis (1380-1471). Three collections of collected letters have come down to us, but information available through other sources suggests that Latin (and vernacular) corpora must have been much more widespread. It seems possible to suggest that Grote’s friend and contemporary Johan Cele (1343-1417) may have been instrumental in the constitution of a ‘canon of Grote’s letters’. Since the order of the letters is not consistent in the three extant corpora, the criteria for their arrangement must have been fluctuating.
An Eighteenth-Century Dutch Patron of Bookbinding
Authors: Foot Mirjam M.
Published: August 2011

A group of 110 gold-tooled bindings, covering mainly incunabula, as well as a few sixteenth-, seventeenth-, and eighteenth-century works, was produced in a bindery in The Hague during the eighteenth century, presumably for one collector. This article describes the detective work which has led to the identification of the owner of these finely bound books as Samuel van Huls, a Hague magistrate and avid collector of books and pictures.
Continuation of Membership in the United Nations Revisited: Lessons from Fifteen Years of Inconsistency in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ
Authors: Bordin Fernando Lusa
Published: August 2011

The judgment on preliminary objections in Croatia v. Serbia provided closure to fifteen years of controversy as to whether Serbia had access to the ICJ from 1992 to 2000, a period in which Serbia was involved in three sets of cases before the Court. At the heart of the controversy lay the question of the status of Serbia vis-à-vis the United Nations following the disaggregation of the former Yugoslavia. Taking as a starting point the series of cases relating to the application of the Genocide Convention and the legality of use of force by NATO states, this article revisits the issue of continuation of membership in the United Nations. It begins by discussing the problems posed by the “horizontal inconsistency” among the Court’s jurisdictional findings, which implied that Serbia had and did not have access to the Court in the relevant period. It then offers a critique of the ICJ’s decision in Legality of Use of Force, and proposes an approach to continuation of membership in the UN that would have allowed the Court not only to avoid inconsistency, but also to clarify an important question of UN law. The argument to be advanced is that, according to the soundest interpretation of the UN Charter, a de facto exercise of membership may produce valid legal effects.
The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and its Disturbing Propensity to Legislate
Authors: Serdy Andrew
Published: August 2011

Created by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to apply the rules in Article 76 on the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from States’ territorial sea baselines, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf has on several occasions introduced new requirements for States not supported by Article 76, or impermissibly qualifying the rights Article 76 accords them. This article focuses on several such instances, one to the coastal State’s advantage (though temporally rather than spatially), another neutral (though requiring unnecessary work of States), but the remainder all tending to reduce the area of continental shelves. The net effect has been to deprive States of areas of legal continental shelf to which a reasonable interpretation of Article 76 entitles them, and in one case even of their right to have their submissions examined on their merits, even though, paradoxically, the well-meaning intention behind at least some of the Commission’s pronouncements was to avoid other controversies.
The Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers: The Process at the UN ILC
Authors: Stephan Raya Marina
Published: August 2011

In 2002, the UN International Law Commission added to its program of work the topic of Shared Natural Resources: transboundary groundwater, oil and gas. Six years later, the UN ILC completed its work on the first sub-topic by adopting at second reading nineteen draft articles on the law of transboundary aquifers. The draft articles were then deferred to the UN General Assembly, which adopted Resolution A/RES/63/124 including the draft articles in annex. In the Resolution, the UN GA “encourages the States concerned to make appropriate bilateral or regional arrangements for the proper management of their transboundary aquifers, taking into account the provisions of these draft articles”.The paper will go through the main principles codified in the draft articles. The UN ILC had benefited from a unique cooperation on the science of hydrogeology from UNESCO’s International Hydrological Program; hence it considered and covered issues of main importance for hydrogeologists.
The Law of Transboundary Aquifers in Practice ‐ the Mureş Alluvial Fan Aquifer System (Romania/Hungary)
Authors: Zaharia Felix
Published: August 2011

At the beginning of April 2011, local water companies from the counties of Arad in Romania and Békés in Hungary initiated the demarches for the first project of transboundary supply of groundwater from the Romanian part of the Mureş Alluvial Fan Aquifer System to consumers in Hungary. An idea which came about at the same time that the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers were being adopted, will be probably put into practice shortly after the United Nations General Assembly would have analyzed whether to transform the Draft Articles into a multilateral treaty. Until then, many legal questions regarding this project must be answered, some of them national, others international. This article tries to answer some of these problems, with the help of the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers and the bilateral agreements concluded between Romania and Hungary.
The last will and testament of Simone Luzzatto (1583?‐1663) and the only known manuscript of the Discorso (1638) Newly discovered manuscripts from the state archive of Venice and the Marciana library, Venice
Authors: Veltri Giuseppe , Bartolucci Guido
Published: August 2011

The State Archive of Venice and the Marciana Library (Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana) are a veritable treasure house for documenting Jewish life in Venice in past centuries. As result of a recent research visit by Gianfranco Miletto to the former state of the Serenissima, the last will and testament of the famous Rabbi and philosopher Simone Luzzatto came to light.1 In addition to this, Guido Bartolucci discovered the perhaps only extant manuscript of the Discorso in the Biblioteca Marciana. It sheds new light on the question of the composition and use of this apologetic piece of writing by the Rabbi of Venice.This research note publishes only the documents, enumerating at first the exceptional data contained in both of them, contributing to a better understanding of the biography of Simone Luzzatto. A later publication,2 English translation and future studies of all the extant documents on Luzzatto’s family will evaluate these texts in a broader biographical context.
Controlled Damage: The Mechanics and Micro-History of the Damnatio Memoriae Carried Out in KV-23, the Tomb of Ay
Authors: Wilkinson Richard H.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary study of the damaged royal names and images in KV-23—the tomb of Tutankhamun’s successor Ay—conducted a number of years ago and more recent consideration of the data from that research have enabled an understanding of the mechanics of the damnatio leveled against the monument. This research has also enabled the formation of conclusions regarding some of the symbolic aspects of the destruction. Although the details of the recovered evidence are those of a singular event in a particular tomb, the principles of the mechanics and symbolism underlying the destruction have broader application to our understanding of the process of damnatio in ancient Egypt, though many unanswered questions remain.
"The Gender Agenda": New Strategies in Catholic Fundamentalist Framing of Non-Heterosexuality in Europe
Authors: Notermans Catrien , Samson Judith , Jansen Willy
Published: August 2011

Catholic fundamentalists attempt to mobilize a social movement against the EU's antidiscrimination policies by engaging with feminist and other scientific theories. The framing strategies they employ will be studied through narrative analysis of different Catholic fundamentalist texts. A particular focus will be placed on the public statements of Pope Benedict XVI on homosexuality and on the anti-EU narrative "The Gender Revolution" by the German writer Gabriele Kuby. It is argued that in their discourses they use a specific framing strategy, namely to present themselves and (fundamentalist) Christianity as gender experts and preservers of European democracy.
Creating Synthetic Wind Speed Time Series for 15 New Zealand Wind Farms
Authors: Turner Richard , Zheng Xiaogu , Gordon Neil , Uddstrom Michael , Pearson Greg , de Vos Rilke , Moore Stuart
Published: August 2011

Wind data at time scales from 10 min to 1 h are an important input for modeling the performance of wind farms and their impact on many countries’ national electricity systems. Planners need long-term realistic (i.e., meteorologically spatially and temporally consistent) wind-farm data for projects studying how best to integrate wind power into the national electricity grid. In New Zealand, wind data recorded at wind farms are confidential for commercial reasons, however, and publicly available wind data records are for sites that are often not representative of or are distant from wind farms. In general, too, the public sites are at much lower terrain elevations than hilltop wind farms and have anemometers located at 10 m above the ground, which is much lower than turbine hub height. In addition, when available, the mast records from wind-farm sites are only for a short period. In this paper, the authors describe a novel and practical method to create a multiyear 10-min synthetic wind speed time series for 15 wind-farm sites throughout the country for the New Zealand Electricity Commission. The Electricity Commission (known as the Electricity Authority since 1 October 2010) is the agency that has regulatory oversight of the electricity industry and that provides advice to central government. The dataset was constructed in such a way as to preserve meteorological realism both spatially and temporally and also to respect the commercial secrecy of the wind data provided by power-generation companies.
Aerial Rivers and Lakes: Looking at Large-Scale Moisture Transport and Its Relation to Amazonia and to Subtropical Rainfall in South America
Authors: Arraut Josefina Moraes , Nobre Carlos , Barbosa Henrique M. J. , Obregon Guillermo , Marengo José
Published: August 2011

This is an observational study of the large-scale moisture transport over South America, with some analyses on its relation to subtropical rainfall. The concept of aerial rivers is proposed as a framework: it is an analogy between the main pathways of moisture flow in the atmosphere and surface rivers. Opposite to surface rivers, aerial rivers gain (lose) water through evaporation (precipitation). The magnitude of the vertically integrated moisture transport is discharge, and precipitable water is like the mass of the liquid column—multiplied by an equivalent speed it gives discharge. Trade wind flow into Amazonia, and the north/northwesterly flow to the subtropics, east of the Andes, are aerial rivers. Aerial lakes are the sections of a moisture pathway where the flow slows down and broadens, because of diffluence, and becomes deeper, with higher precipitable water. This is the case over Amazonia, downstream of the trade wind confluence. In the dry season, moisture from the aerial lake is transported northeastward, but weaker flow over southern Amazonia heads southward toward the subtropics. Southern Amazonia appears as a source of moisture to this flow. Aerial river discharge to the subtropics is comparable to that of the Amazon River. The variations of the amount of moisture coming from Amazonia have an important effect over the variability of discharge. Correlations between the flow from Amazonia and subtropical rainfall are not strong. However, some months within the set of dry seasons observed showed a strong increase (decrease) occurring together with an important increase (decrease) in subtropical rainfall.
Factors Regulating the Air–Sea Heat Fluxes Regime over the Aegean Sea
Authors: Papadopoulos Vassilis P. , Bartzokas Aristides , Chronis Themistoklis , Georgopoulos Dimitris , Ferentinos George
Published: August 2011

The authors examine the impact of low-frequency atmospheric forcings on the air–sea heat fluxes over the Aegean Sea. The correlation between the air–sea heat flux components and three established [North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), east Atlantic–western Russian pattern (EAWR), and North Sea–Caspian pattern (NCP)] and two testing climatic indices of potential effect over the eastern Mediterranean Sea region underlines significant discrepancies between the radiative (shortwave and longwave radiation) and the turbulent (sensible and latent heat) components. The NAO index affects the air–sea heat fluxes over the Aegean Sea region much less than the two innovative indices, the “Mediterranean index” and the “Eastern Europe index,” which play more effective roles. Moreover, the influence of the sea level atmospheric pressure (SLP) variability over an extended area (Europe and North Africa) on surface fluxes regime is investigated. The SLP anomalies are corroborated as a prominent regulating factor of the air–sea heat fluxes over the Aegean Sea region, especially during the cold season of the year. The analysis of the extreme values in the heat exchange anomalies for the period 1958–2001 highlights the role of SLP field on determining the air–sea heat fluxes regime, mainly during winter, when, occasionally, large amounts of heat loss from the sea surface trigger the mechanism of intermediate- and deep-water formation. It is suggested that wind regime and turbulent components are the modulators of the net air–sea heat flux anomalies throughout the year.
An Open Boundary Condition for Numerical Coastal Circulation Models
Authors: Ma Peifeng , Madsen Ole Secher
Published: August 2011

Open boundaries (OBs) are usually unavoidable in numerical coastal circulation simulations. At OBs, an appropriate open boundary condition (OBC) is required so that outgoing waves freely pass to the exterior without creating reflections back into the interior of the computational domain. In this paper, the authors derive, based on the shallow-water equations including bottom friction and neglecting Coriolis effect and by means of nonlinear characteristic analysis, an OBC formulation with two predictive parameters, phase speed cr, and decay time Tf. Simple idealized tests are performed to demonstrate the proposed OBC’s excellent skills in elimination of unwanted reflections at OBs when the motion is periodic, as assumed in its theoretical derivation. It turns out that the formulas for the two OBC parameters become independent of period in the limit of small friction and/or short period. This feature is used to derive an OBC applicable when information about the typical period of the motion to be simulated is unavailable. Simple, idealized tests of this period independent OBC demonstrate its ability to afford excellent results, even when the limitations inherent in its derivation are exceeded. Finally, the OBC is applied in more realistic simulations, including Coriolis effects of 2D tidal flows, and is shown to yield excellent results, especially for residual flows.
Mesoscale Impacts of Explicit Numerical Diffusion in a Convection-Permitting Model
Authors: Langhans Wolfgang , Schmidli Juerg , Schär Christoph
Published: August 2011

In convection-permitting simulations, the spectrum of resolved motions is truncated near scales where convection is active. An “energy gap” between resolved and unresolved motions does not exist, such that the upscale and downscale fluxes of energy across the spectrum are affected by the representation of turbulence as well as (implicit and explicit) numerical diffusion. In the current study, a systematic analysis is undertaken of the role of explicit numerical diffusion in simulations of diurnal convection over a large Alpine region, using the Consortium for Small Scale Modeling (COSMO) mesoscale model. Results are explored by using energy spectra and by diagnosing the physical and dynamical contributions to the bulk mesoscale heat budget. In addition, a linear analytical model is employed to assess different formulations of numerical diffusion.

Consistent with previous studies the authors find that diffusion may strongly affect the energy spectrum and the formation of precipitation. Besides the direct impact on convective intensity and cloud distribution, they demonstrate that diffusion has an upscale influence and ultimately affects the mesoscale dynamics. Diffusion reduces the bulk Alpine net heating on a scale of O(100 km). It is hypothesized that this upscale influence is primarily due to the following factor: multiple triggering of orographic convection over a complex mountain range leads to mountain-scale diurnal signals in vertical velocity that are sensitive even to scale-selective diffusion.

The simulations show that, in agreement with linear stability theory of convective growth, convective amplification is most sensitive to numerical diffusion of buoyancy and horizontal momentum components on near-surface model levels. If horizontal diffusion is not accomplished by a physically based parameterization and if the application of noise-reducing (e.g., monotonic) advection schemes proves to be insufficient to obviate the amplification of numerical noise, a necessary minimum of explicit diffusion is found to improve (i.e., decrease) the upscaling of energy to the mesoscale.
Two Configurations of the Western Arctic Shelfbreak Current in Summer
Authors: von Appen Wilken-Jon , Pickart Robert S.
Published: August 2011

Data from a closely spaced array of moorings situated across the Beaufort Sea shelfbreak at 152°W are used to study the Western Arctic Shelfbreak Current, with emphasis on its configuration during the summer season. Two dynamically distinct states of the current are revealed in the absence of wind, with each lasting approximately one month. The first is a surface-intensified shelfbreak jet transporting warm and buoyant Alaskan Coastal Water in late summer. This is the eastward continuation of the Alaskan Coastal Current. It is both baroclinically and barotropically unstable and hence capable of forming the surface-intensified warm-core eddies observed in the southern Beaufort Sea. The second configuration, present during early summer, is a bottom-intensified shelfbreak current advecting weakly stratified Chukchi Summer Water. It is baroclinically unstable and likely forms the middepth warm-core eddies present in the interior basin. The mesoscale instabilities extract energy from the mean flow such that the surface-intensified jet should spin down over an e-folding distance of 300 km beyond the array site, whereas the bottom-intensified configuration should decay within 150 km. This implies that Pacific Summer Water does not extend far into the Canadian Beaufort Sea as a well-defined shelfbreak current. In contrast, the Pacific Winter Water configuration of the shelfbreak jet is estimated to decay over a much greater distance of approximately 1400 km, implying that it should reach the first entrance to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Pollution Externalities and Government Policy
Authors: Ashra Sunil
Published: August 2011

Biomass (in modern context, biofuels) have been the oldest source of energy and still accounts for about 10 per cent of total world energy consumption. With the steeply rising prices of fossil fuels in the last few years and the increasing concerns about environmental pollution and global warming, the search for alternative fuels is gathering speed. In this context the present paper tries to examine the issue in the context of India and its government’s policies to promote biofuels. It has been a matter of concern that the overall production and consumption of biofuels in India is still very meagre. In this context we also examine the role of the central- and state-level government in promoting biodiesel and also look into the ‘trade-off’ aspects between food crops and these fuel crops as India can ill afford to compromise its food security.
Ammonium exchange capacity of the Xerovouni zeolitic tuffs, Avdella area, Evros Prefecture, Greece
Authors: Tzamos E. , Kantiranis N. , Papastergios G. , Vogiatzis D. , Filippidis A. , Sikalidis C.
Published: August 2011

Zeolitic tuffs from the Xerovouni location of the Avdella area (Evros Prefecture, Greece) contain on average 54 wt.% HEU-type zeolite, 6 wt.% smectite, 4 wt.% mica (64 wt.% microporous minerals), 8 wt.% alkali feldspar, 9 wt.% plagioclase, 11 wt.% cristobalite and 8 wt.% quartz (36 wt.% non-microporous minerals). The chemical formula of the HEU-type zeolite is Ca2.4K0.6Na0.4Mg0.3Al6.7Si29.3O72·17H2O and the tuffs contain on average 72.3 wt.% SiO2, 11.9 wt.% Al2O3, 1.2 wt.% Fe2O3, 1.0 wt.% MgO, 2.8 wt.% CaO, 1.3 wt.% Na2O and 1.9 wt.% K2O. The zeolitic tuffs show an average ammonium exchange capacity of 144 meq/100 g. HEU-type zeolite accounts for the most of the ammonium exchange capacity, while smectite and mica contribute to a relatively small extent. The ammonium exchange capacity of the Xerovouni zeolitic tuffs showed positive correlations with (a) the HEU-type zeolite content, (b) the total microporous minerals content, (c) the loss on ignition content and (d) the CaOcontent. Such materials could be used in a large variety of agricultural, aquacultural, industrial and environmental applications.
A critical reconsideration of biomedical and veterinary applications of natural zeolites
Authors: Colella C.
Published: August 2011

Natural zeolites have traditionally been used as supplements in animal nutrition with positive effects in terms of either faster growth or reduced incidence of diseases and death. The discovery that natural zeolites may act as drugs or coadjutants in pharmaceutical preparations has greatly enlarged the field of their applications in many sectors of biology and medicine, opening unexpected horizons for either basic or applied research. This review updates the state of the art of research in this sector, focusing on clinoptilolite-rich materials, with two main purposes: (1) trying to rationalize this subject, which is extremely variable and heterogeneous, and (2) raising doubts about unsuitable uses of natural zeolites in the light of their known properties and expected behaviour.
Perceived support and psychological outcome following the 2004 tsunami: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Bisson Jonathan I. , Lewis Catrin , Howlett Michael , Corallo Daniela , Davies Ellen , Norris Vivien
Published: August 2011

Aims and method

The effectiveness of official support provided following a disaster has not been fully evaluated. This study aimed to ascertain whether there was an association between perceived support shortly after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and later mental health symptoms in those affected, and to explore the factors associated with this. A survey, semi-structured interviews and focus group were used to explore the experiences and perceptions of 116 individuals severely affected by the tsunami.

Results

Agency or official support was perceived as poor overall. Perceived ineffectiveness of support available within a few days after the tsunami was associated with increased symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder 15–19 months later. The strongest themes that emerged from our study were that support provided in a humane manner was perceived as effective and that uncoordinated support, poor communication and limited accessibility to support and information were perceived as ineffective.

Clinical implications

Improved planning of coordinated, flexible, multi-agency responses to traumatic events before they occur is required.
Medical psychotherapy: a specialty for now
Authors: Mace Chris , Healy Kevin
Published: August 2011

If many patients having multiple difficulties are to receive the integral and efficient psychotherapies they require, they need attention from psychiatrists who have specialised training in psychotherapy. This paper sets out the roles to which existing holders of the Certificate of Completion of Training have already moved to, as they work with patients, families, teams and organisations. The General Medical Council has recognised that the understanding of medical psychotherapists is also vital to the future clinical teaching of all psychiatric trainees. This paper summarises key components of the knowledge and roles of future specialists in medical psychotherapy. It recommends that the term ‘medical psychotherapy’ be used widely to clearly differentiate psychiatrists with this training and these responsibilities from non-medical psychotherapists.
Psychodynamic approaches to teaching medical students about the doctor–patient relationship: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Yakeley Jessica , Shoenberg Peter , Morris Richard , Sturgeon David , Majid Sarah
Published: August 2011

Aims and method

To evaluate the effectiveness of two psychodynamic psychotherapy teaching methods, a student psychotherapy scheme (SPS) and participation in a Balint group, in teaching first-year clinical medical students about doctor–patient communication and the doctor–patient relationship. The 28 students, who were randomly allocated to three groups (SPS group, Balint group starting at baseline and Balint group starting at 3 months and acting as partial controls), were rated on a questionnaire testing their knowledge of emotional and psychodynamic aspects of the doctor–patient relationship administered at baseline, at 3 months and at 1 year.

Results

At 3 months, students in the SPS and Balint groups scored higher than the partial control group, the difference approaching significance at the 5% level. At 1 year, participation in either teaching method led to significantly higher scores compared with baseline.

Clinical implications

Psychodynamic psychotherapy teaching methods are effective in increasing students' knowledge of the doctor-patient relationship and potentially also improving their communication skills.
MicroRNA miR-199a-3p regulates cell proliferation and survival by targeting caveolin-2
Authors: Shatseva Tatiana , Lee Daniel Y. , Deng Zhaoqun , Yang Burton B.
Published: August 2011

Recent advances in the study of microRNAs indicate that they have an important role in regulating cellular activities such as proliferation, morphogenesis, apoptosis and differentiation by regulating the expression of various genes. MiR-199a-3p is highly expressed in hair follicles and in some tumor cells, suggesting its participation in tumor progression, but it is significantly underexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and in bladder cancer. The mechanism underlying these effects is not yet known. Here, we dissect the effects of miR-199a-3p on YPEN-1 endothelial cells, and MDA-MB-231 and MT-1 breast cancer cell lines. We found that expression of miR-199a-3p promotes proliferation and survival of endothelial cells as well as breast cancer cells. Remarkably, miR-199a-3p inhibited both endogenous caveolin-2 activity and exogenous caveolin-2 activity, which was confirmed by a reporter construct bearing the 3′-untranslated region of caveolin-2. However, overexpression of caveolin-2 completely counteracted the enhancement of miR-199a-3p-mediated activities on cell proliferation, survival and sensitivity of tumor cells to anticancer drugs. Our findings suggest that MiR-199a-3p targeting of caveolin-2 might have an important role in breast cancer tumor progression, making it a potential candidate for intervention in cancer.
Ets family members induce lymphangiogenesis through physical and functional interaction with Prox1
Authors: Yoshimatsu Yasuhiro , Yamazaki Tomoko , Mihira Hajime , Itoh Taichi , Suehiro Junichi , Yuki Keiko , Harada Kaori , Morikawa Masato , Iwata Caname , Minami Takashi , Morishita Yasuyuki , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Miyazono Kohei , Watabe Tetsuro
Published: August 2011

Prox1 plays pivotal roles during embryonic lymphatic development and maintenance of adult lymphatic systems by modulating the expression of various lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3). However, the molecular mechanisms by which Prox1 transactivates its target genes remain largely unknown. Here, we identified Ets-2 as a candidate molecule that regulates the functions of Prox1. Whereas Ets-2 has been implicated in angiogenesis, its roles during lymphangiogenesis have not yet been elucidated. We found that endogenous Ets-2 interacts with Prox1 in LECs. Using an in vivo model of chronic aseptic peritonitis, we found that Ets-2 enhanced inflammatory lymphangiogenesis, whereas a dominant-negative mutant of Ets-1 suppressed it. Ets-2 also enhanced endothelial migration towards VEGF-C through induction of expression of VEGFR3 in collaboration with Prox1. Furthermore, we found that both Prox1 and Ets-2 bind to the VEGFR3 promoter in intact chromatin. These findings suggest that Ets family members function as transcriptional cofactors that enhance Prox1-induced lymphangiogenesis.
Pacsin 2 is recruited to caveolae and functions in caveolar biogenesis
Authors: Hansen Carsten Gram , Howard Gillian , Nichols Benjamin J.
Published: August 2011

The pacsin (also termed syndapin) protein family is well characterised structurally. They contain F-BAR domains associated with the generation or maintenance of membrane curvature. The cell biology of these proteins remains less understood. Here, we initially confirm that EHD2, a protein previously shown biochemically to be present in caveolar fractions and to bind to pacsins, is a caveolar protein. We go on to report that GFP–pacsin 2 can be recruited to caveolae, and that endogenous pacsin 2 partially colocalises with caveolin 1 at the plasma membrane. Analysis of the role of pacsin 2 in caveolar biogenesis using small interfering RNA (siRNA) reveals that loss of pacsin 2 function results in loss of morphologically defined caveolae and accumulation of caveolin proteins within the plasma membrane. Overexpression of the F-BAR domain of pacsin 2 (but not the related F-BAR domains of CIP4 and FBP17) disrupts caveolar morphogenesis or trafficking, implying that pacsin 2 interacts with components required for these processes. We propose that pacsin 2 has an important role in the formation of plasma membrane caveolae.
PHLDA1 is a crucial negative regulator and effector of Aurora A kinase in breast cancer
Authors: Johnson Emmanuel O. , Chang Kuei-Hua , de Pablo Yolanda , Ghosh Soumitra , Mehta Rutika , Badve Sunil , Shah Kavita
Published: August 2011

Aurora A kinase is overexpressed in the majority of breast carcinomas. A chemical genetic approach was used to identify the malignant targets of Aurora A, which revealed pleckstrin-homology-like domain protein PHLDA1 as an Aurora A substrate. PHLDA1 downregulation is a powerful prognostic predictor for breast carcinoma, which was confirmed in our study. We further show that downregulation of PHLDA1 is associated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast carcinoma. Aurora A directly phosphorylates PHLDA1 leading to its degradation. PHLDA1 also negatively regulates Aurora A, thereby triggering a feedback loop. We demonstrate the underlying mechanisms by which PHLDA1 upregulation strongly antagonizes Aurora-A-mediated oncogenic pathways, thereby revealing PHLDA1 degradation as a key mechanism by which Aurora A promotes breast malignancy. Thus, not surprisingly, PHLDA1 upregulation acts synergistically with Aurora A inhibition in promoting cell death. PHLDA1 overexpression might therefore be an alternative method to modulate Aurora A deregulation in breast carcinoma. Finally, this study led to the discovery of a mutation in the Aurora A active site that renders it amenable to the chemical genetic approach. Similar mutations are required for Aurora B, suggesting that this modified approach can be extended to other kinases that have hitherto not been amenable to this methodology.
Photoluminescence of Eu3+ and Tb3+ Ions Adsorbed on Oxide Nanosheets
Authors: Funatsu Asami , Ida Shintaro , Ogata Chikako , Matsumoto Yasumichi
Published: August 2011

Photoluminescence properties of TiO (Ti1.825O4) and NbO (Nb6O17) nanosheets adsorbed with Ln3+ ions were studied comparing with those of photoluminescent Gd–Eu–Ti–O and La–Tb–Ta–O perovskite nanosheets. Intense emissions of Ln3+ (Eu3+ and Tb3+) ions adsorbed on TiO and NbO (Ln3+/MO) nanosheets were observed during UV light illumination. The photoluminescence results from the energy transfer from the band gap excitation of the nanosheets to the adsorbed Ln3+. Coadsorbed H2O increased the emission intensities of the adsorbed Ln3+ for the Ln3+/MO samples. On the other hand, no effect of adsorbed H2O on the emission intensities of the photoluminescent perovskite nanosheets was observed because of the presence of Ln3+ on the inside of the nanosheets. Hydrogen-bonding networks between O2− ions of the nanosheet surface and the adsorbed H2O surrounding Ln3+ will promote the energy transfer for the Ln3+/MO samples. Recombination and photoreaction of the produced electron and hole of the nanosheet, and a phonon due to the adsorbed H2O suppress the emission, according to the analyses of effects of pH, adsorbed ions and D2O on the emission.