bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irradiance governs exploitation of fungi: fine-tuning of carbon gain by two partially myco-heterotrophic orchids
Authors: Preiss Katja , Adam Iris K. U. , Gebauer Gerhard
Published: January 2010

While all members of the Orchidaceae are fully dependent on mycorrhizal fungi during their achlorophyllous juvenile stages, mature plants may remain fully myco-heterotrophic, become fully autotrophic or develop a nutritional mode where the carbon gain through photosynthesis is complemented by organic carbon from fungal partners. This so-called partial myco-heterotrophy is intriguingly complex. Current knowledge indicates a large range in the proportion of fungus-derived carbon between and within partially myco-heterotrophic plant species. However, the driving factors for this variation are so far mostly unknown. Here we show for two green species of the orchid genus
Cephalanthera
that light availability is the major determinant of the degree of myco-heterotrophy. Using leaf stable isotope natural abundance analysis together with time-integrated microscale light climate monitoring we could demonstrate that there is a sensitive reaction to varying light availability within forests. Low light levels result in strong myco-heterotrophy while higher irradiances successively drive the orchids towards autotrophy. Our results demonstrate that partial myco-heterotrophy in these species is not a static nutritional mode but a flexible mechanism driven by light availability which allows a balanced usage of carbon resources available in nature.
A mathematical model of exposure of non-target Lepidoptera toBt-maize pollen expressing Cry1Ab within Europe
Authors: Perry J. N. , Devos Y. , Arpaia S. , Bartsch D. , Gathmann A. , Hails R. S. , Kiss J. , Lheureux K. , Manachini B. , Mestdagh S. , Neemann G. , Ortego F. , Schiemann J. , Sweet J. B.
Published: January 2010

Genetically modified (GM) maize MON810 expresses a Cry1Ab insecticidal protein, derived fromBacillus thuringiensis(Bt), toxic to lepidopteran target pests such asOstrinia nubilalis. An environmental risk to non-target Lepidoptera from this GM crop is exposure to harmful amounts ofBt-containing pollen deposited on host plants in or near MON810 fields. An 11-parameter mathematical model analysed exposure of larvae of three non-target species: the butterfliesInachis io(L.),Vanessa atalanta(L.) and mothPlutella xylostella(L.), in 11 representative maize cultivation regions in four European countries. A mortality–dose relationship was integrated with a dose–distance relationship to estimate mortality both within the maize MON810 crop and within the field margin at varying distances from the crop edge. Mortality estimates were adjusted to allow for physical effects; the lack of temporal coincidence between the susceptible larval stage concerned and the period over which maize MON810 pollen is shed; and seven further parameters concerned with maize agronomy and host-plant ecology. Sublethal effects were estimated and allowance made for aggregated pollen deposition. Estimated environmental impact was low: in all regions, the calculated mortality rate for worst-case scenarios was less than one individual in every 1572 for the butterflies and one in 392 for the moth.
Elongation factors are involved in cytokinesis of sea urchin eggs
Authors: Fujimoto Hirotaka , Mabuchi Issei
Published: January 2010

Cleavage furrows (CFs) have been isolated from dividing sea urchin eggs and the protein constituents have been analyzed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (Fujimoto & Mabuchi, J. Biochem. 122, 518–524, 1997). Two proteins of 51 and 32 kDa, respectively, have been found to be enriched in the CF preparation. Here, we show that these proteins are identical to the protein elongation factor 1α (EF‐1α) and 1β (EF‐1β), respectively. Furthermore, the CF 51‐kDa protein is identical to the 51‐kDa protein which had been isolated as a component of the microtubule organizing granules of mitotic sea urchin eggs. The 51‐kDa protein bundles F‐actin in vitro. This activity is suppressed by Ca2+/calmodulin or GTPγS. The 32‐kDa protein binds EF‐1α both in vitro and in cell extract, and is shown to suppress the F‐actin‐bundling activity of the 51‐kDa protein. Microinjection of a monoclonal antibody against the 51‐kDa protein or that of His‐tagged 32‐kDa protein into dividing sea urchin eggs at the onset of cleavage leads to failure of cytokinesis. These results strongly suggest that EF‐1α is involved in maintenance of the structure of the contractile ring and EF‐1β regulates the F‐actin‐bundling activity of EF‐1α.
TEM studies of the nitrided/oxided Ni–Ti surface layer
Authors: LELATKO J. , GORYCZKA T. , PACZKOWSKI P. , WIERZCHOŃ T. , MORAWIEC H.
Published: January 2010

TiN and TiO2 coatings, which are known from their low chemical reactivity, high hardness and wear and corrosion resistance, are used for protecting the NiTi surface. In the present work, nearly equiatomic NiTi (50.6 at.%) shape memory alloy was covered with the layers obtained by nitriding under glow discharge at 1073 K. Additionally, at the end of the process some amount of oxygen was added. Characterization of the nitrided/oxided layers structure was carried out using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The investigations were focused on the structure of the multilayer nitrided/oxided NiTi surface. The surface is formed from nanocrystalline and columnar grains of the TiN phase. Between the top layer and β‐NiTi substrate the interface Ti2Ni layer was formed. Addition of oxygen at the end of the process created a thin layer of TiO2 phase nanograins at the surface of the TiN phase. In the same areas, small amount of amorphous phase was identified. The combination of nitriding and oxidation formed layers that reveal relatively high corrosion resistance.
Consequences of dietary manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a murine model of scrapie
Authors: Bolea R. , Hortells P. , Martín‐Burriel I. , Vargas A. , Ryffel B. , Monzón M. , Badiola J. J.
Published: January 2010

R. Bolea, P. Hortells, I. Martín‐Burriel, A. Vargas, B. Ryffel, M. Monzón and J. J. Badiola (2010)Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology36,300–311 Consequences of dietary manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a murine model of scrapie

Aims:Copper and manganese levels are altered in mice both lacking PrPc and prion‐infected brains. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a scrapie‐infected Tga20 mouse model.Methods:Immunoreactivities for the apoptotic proteins Bax and active caspase‐3 were evaluated in nine regions of the brain of scrapie‐infected and control Tga20 mice treated with one of several diets: depleted cooper (−Cu), loaded manganese (+Mn), depleted copper/loaded manganese (−Cu+Mn) and regular diet. Immunohistochemical determination of NeuN was used to detect possible neuronal loss.Results:Intracellular Bax detection was significantly decreased in animals fed with modified diets, particularly in those treated with copper‐depleted diets. A decrease in active caspase‐3 was primarily observed in animals fed with enhanced manganese diets. Our results show that the −Cu, −Cu+Mn and +Mn diets protected against apoptosis in scrapie‐infected mice. However, NeuN immunolabelling quantification revealed that no diet was sufficient to arrest neuronal death.Conclusions:With regard to apoptosis induction, the response of Tga20 mice to prion infection was similar to that reported for other mice models. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of –Cu, −Cu+Mn and +Mn diets in a murine model of scrapie. However, neuronal death induced by infection with prions seems to be independent of apoptosis marker signalling. Moreover, copper‐modified diets were neuroprotective against the possible toxicity of the prion transgene in Tga20 control and infected mice even though manganese supplementation could not counteract this toxicity.
Chamaebotrys prolifera sp. nov. (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea, based on morphology and small subunit rDNA sequences
Authors: Ballantine David L. , Ruiz Hector , Lozada‐Troche Chad
Published: January 2010

A new rhodymeniacean species, Chamaebotrys prolifera, is described from a shallow water habitat in Puerto Rico, representing the first occurrence of the genus in the Atlantic Ocean. Plants, to 5 cm across, are decumbent and comprised of compressed vesicles that are originally proliferously branched at the perimeter. Older vesicles become branched from their dorsal surfaces as well. Branches are septate at their origin and become irregularly shaped with age. Anastomoses between adjacent vesicles is common. Individual vesicles measure to 15 mm in broadest dimension. Vesicle walls consist of two layers of medullary cells and two layers of cortical cells. Tetrasporangia, which occur in diffuse nemathecia, are spherical, to 30 µm in diameter and are cut off terminally from an inner cortical cell. Cystocarps are hemispherical measuring to 800 µm in diameter and 350 µm in height. Spermatangia are apparently cut off randomly from outer cortical cells across the thallus surface. Molecular evidence confirms placement of Chamaebotrys within the Rhodymeniaceae.
Housing and living with a mental illness: Exploring carers' views
Authors: Browne Graeme , Hemsley Martin
Published: January 2010

Public policy and an increasing body of literature identify housing as a critical element in recovery. Without suitable housing, people have little chance of maintaining other resources in their lives, such as supportive relationships and meaningful activities. It is also public policy that carers are central to decision making. There is evidence in the literature that carers often make a significant contribution to consumers staying well. Unfortunately, carers often feel ignored and/or excluded from decision making. This study is part two of a two‐part study (see Browne et al. 2008). It used focus groups with seven carers to explore their perspectives on recovery, with a particular focus on housing needs. The participants agreed that quality housing is a critical element of recovery. They identified ‘safety and vulnerability’ and ‘stigma’ as the important issues to be considered. They recommended that supported housing be stable, that services come to the consumer, and that the safety of consumers be a priority. This study took place in Australia and the findings have relevance there, but there are also implications for mental health service delivery internationally.
Oral health‐related quality of life and dental status in an outpatient psychiatric population: A multivariate approach
Authors: Persson Karin , Axtelius Björn , Söderfeldt Björn , Östman Margareta
Published: January 2010

Research related to oral health in people with mental health problems may deepen our understanding of the quality of life of such individuals. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral status, health perceptions and life satisfaction, and their impacts on oral health‐related quality of life (OHQoL). Data were collected from 113 patients in outpatient psychiatric care using a structured interview and an oral examination. Six multivariate models (one comprising the total population, three separate diagnostic groups, and two sex groups) investigated the variance in OHQoL. In the total population, the number of teeth, subjective life satisfaction, perception of physical health, sex, and relying on chance accounted for 40% of the variance. In the group consisting of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia 41% of the variance was explained by the variables ‘number of teeth’ and ‘perception of physical health’. In the group diagnosed with mood disorders, the variable ‘number of teeth’ accounted for 58% of the variance. The variance in the remaining group of diagnoses was explained, up to 38%, by life satisfaction and reliance on chance. The sex models revealed significant differences: men considered the responsibility of caring for their oral health as a health matter, while women saw oral health as a more subjective issue. The perception of OHQoL was found to be dependent on the particular psychiatric diagnosis and sex. Such findings can be of use in the development of rehabilitation, as well as preventive strategies that could be individually tailored to maintain OHQoL and oral health.
Different forms of knowledge and new Chinese skilled immigrants' adaptation to New Zealand's knowledge society
Authors: Wang Hong , Thorns David
Published: January 2010

Although it is widely accepted that knowledge plays a key role in the economic activities and social life of knowledge societies, our understanding of what counts as knowledge is often incomplete. The explicit features of knowledge enable it to be codified and thus disseminated globally. This can lead to all knowledge simply being reduced to explicit knowledge. However, scholars draw our attention to the unarticulated, contextualised or tacit dimension of knowledge. This article seeks to explore the role of, and relationship between, the two forms of knowledge in the transnational mobility of migrant Chinese knowledge workers. It combines quantitative data on skilled Chinese immigrants who moved to New Zealand from Mainland China after 1990 along with a case study of interviews with 14 migrant Chinese knowledge workers, to provide evidence on the value of different forms of knowledge for migrants in accessing and carrying out their work and daily life. It argues that, through cultural values, social networks, institutional arrangements and interpersonal relationships in the process through which these skilled Chinese immigrants enter and adapt to New Zealand's knowledge society, tacit knowledge is not separate from, but interacts with, explicit knowledge. Therefore, the development of immigration policies should build on a complete concept of knowledge in order to effectively facilitate its cross‐cultural application.
Think globally, act locally: collective consent and the ethics of knowledge production
Authors: Hudson Maui
Published: January 2010

Ethical review is an integral part of the process of developing research and considering issues associated with the production of knowledge. It is part of a system that primarily legitimises western traditions of inquiry and reinforces western assumptions about knowledge and its benefit to society. Around the world the process of colonisation has excluded indigenous understandings. In New Zealand, Māori (indigenous) knowledge has been similarly marginalised; this pattern is also reflected within ethical review. Māori values, while acknowledged, are not yet considered to have equal weight in ethical deliberations. The notion of collective rights and the possibility of developing processes to allow collective consent to be recognised and mandated by ethics committees have been raised by communities but largely ignored by the ethical review system. While kaupapa Māori researchers espouse the benefits of closer community involvement, policy makers and ethics committees have focused on “consultation” as the mechanism which confirms proof of engagement, the establishment of community support, and the relevance of the project. This article highlights the potential of the concept of collective consent in negotiations between researchers and communities.
Consultation concerning novel biotechnologies: who speaks for Māori?
Authors: Roberts Mere
Published: January 2010

Existing tensions between western science and indigenous knowledge systems, values and beliefs are exacerbated by novel biotechnologies such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Under legislation governing GMOs in New Zealand the Crown is required to consult Māori (indigenous people) concerning the potential impact of such technologies on their culture and traditions, as outlined in Article II of the Treaty of Waitangi (signed in 1840 and considered the founding document of New Zealand). Drawing upon research conducted among Māori concerning their views on GMOs, as well as experience gained by the author as a member of the Māori advisory committee to the agency that administers the legislation, this article examines some of the issues surrounding consultation between Māori and the Crown. Challenges for Māori include issues of mandate, transparency and conflicts of interest between individuals, hapu (sub‐tribes) and tribal authorities concerning who speaks for the collective. The challenge for Crown regulators is to better understand these complexities and to ensure that adequate time and information is provided for informed consultation between the parties. The development of best practice consultation in a tribal collective, as well as externally between it and the Crown partner, is an issue of international relevance for the ethics of knowledge production and use.
Commodifying cultural knowledge: corporatised western science and Pacific indigenous knowledge
Authors: Ratuva Steven
Published: January 2010

This article examines the exploitative interplay between corporate‐driven science and Pacific community‐based wisdom and the extent to which they accommodate or negate each other. The focus will be on the commodification of traditional knowledge through bio‐technology and bio‐prospecting and its implications for people's sense of identity, security and ownership. How do globalisation and the global demand for free trade and commodification impact upon local Pacific communities caught in the dilemma of simultaneously assimilating globalisation and sustaining traditional knowledge and aspirations? The article draws on some experiences of selected communities in the Pacific and how they have responded to this dilemma. It looks at how western science has been used by corporate interests to extract and commodify Pacific knowledge using legal instruments such as patenting.
The anatomical basis for a novel classification of osteoarthritis and allied disorders
Authors: McGonagle Dennis , Tan Ai Lyn , Carey John , Benjamin Michael
Published: January 2010

Osteoarthritis (OA) has historically been classified as ‘primary’ where no discernible cause was evident and ‘secondary’ where a triggering factor was apparent. Irrespective of the triggering events, late‐stage OA is usually characterized by articular cartilage attrition and consequently the anatomical basis for disease has been viewed in terms of cartilage. However, the widespread application of magnetic resonance imaging in early OA has confirmed several different anatomical abnormalities within diseased joints. A key observation has been that several types of primary or idiopathic OA show ligament‐related pathology at the time of clinical presentation, so these categories of disease are no longer idiopathic – at least from the anatomical perspective. There is also ample evidence for OA initiation in other structures including menisci and bones in addition to articular cartilage. Therefore, a new classification for OA is proposed, which is based on the anatomical sites of earliest discernible joint structural involvement. The major proposed subgroups within this classification are ligament‐, cartilage‐, bone‐, meniscal‐ and synovial‐related, in addition to disease that is mixed pattern or multifocal in origin. We show how such a structural classification for OA provides a useful reference framework for staging the magnitude of disease. For late‐stage or end‐stage/whole organ disease, the final common pathway of these different scenarios, joint replacement strategies are likely to remain the only viable option. However, for younger subjects in particular, near the time of clinical disease onset, this scheme has implications for therapy targeted to specific anatomical locations. Thus, in the same way that tumours can be classified and staged according to their tissue of origin and extent of involvement, OA can likewise be anatomically classified and staged. This has implications for therapeutic strategies including regenerative medicine therapy development.
Estimation of the burden of active and life‐time epilepsy: A meta‐analytic approach
Authors: Ngugi Anthony K. , Bottomley Christian , Kleinschmidt Immo , Sander Josemir W. , Newton Charles R.
Published: January 2010

Purpose:  To estimate the burden of lifetime epilepsy (LTE) and active epilepsy (AE) and examine the influence of study characteristics on prevalence estimates.

Methods:  We searched online databases and identified articles using prespecified criteria. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were used to estimate the median prevalence in developed countries and in urban and rural settings in developing countries. The impact of study characteristics on prevalence estimates was determined using meta‐regression models.

Results:  The median LTE prevalence for developed countries was 5.8 per 1,000 (5th–95th percentile range 2.7–12.4) compared to 15.4 per 1,000 (4.8–49.6) for rural and 10.3 (2.8–37.7) for urban studies in developing countries. The median prevalence of AE was 4.9 per 1,000 (2.3–10.3) for developed countries and 12.7 per 1,000 (3.5–45.5) and 5.9 (3.4–10.2) in rural and urban studies in developing countries. The estimates of burden for LTE and AE in developed countries were 6.8 million (5th–95th percentile range 3.2–14.7) and 5.7 million (2.7–12.2), respectively. In developing countries these were 45 (14–145) million LTE and 17 (10–133) million AE in rural areas and 17 (5–61) million LTE and 10 (5–17) million AE in urban areas. Studies involving all ages or only adults showed higher estimates than pediatric studies. Higher prevalence estimates were also associated with rural location and small study size.

Conclusions:  This study estimates the global burden of epilepsy and the proportions with AE, which may benefit from treatment. There are systematic differences in reported prevalence estimates, which are only partially explained by study characteristics.
Visual and visuoperceptual function in children with Panayiotopoulos syndrome
Authors: De Rose Paola , Perrino Francesca , Lettori Donatella , Alfieri Paolo , Cesarini Laura , Battaglia Domenica , Ricci Daniela , Guzzetta Francesco , Mercuri Eugenio
Published: January 2010

Purpose:  The aim of this study was to assess behavioral aspects of visual function and visuoperceptual abilities in patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS), and their possible associations with clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) findings in order to establish the possible effect of interictal paroxysmal activity on visual performance.

Methods:  The cohort included 28 patients (14 male and 14 female) of ages ranging between 4 and 15 years. All patients underwent serial videopolygraphic studies and a detailed battery of tests assessing visual abilities, including assessment of acuity, stereopsis, visual fields, and visuoperceptual abilities; tests included the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, the Visuo Motor Integration tests, and evaluation of motion and form coherence threshold.

Results:  On the assessment of visual function, only 4 of the 28 (15%) had abnormal crowding acuity and one had abnormal stereopsis.

On the visuoperceptual assessment, one patient had abnormal results on the Visuo Motor Integration tests, and one on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, whereas 4 (15%) had abnormal results for form coherence threshold and one for motion threshold.

Discussion:  Our results suggest that, although most of our patients had focal or diffuse EEG abnormalities involving the occipital regions, abnormalities of visual and visuoperceptual function were relatively uncommon. Age at onset of seizure <5 years and EEG activation to eye closure and during sleep can be considered as factors that slightly increased the risk for developing visual abnormalities. Their presence, however, was not always associated with abnormal visual findings.
A speculative bubble in commodity futures prices? Cross‐sectional evidence
Authors: Sanders Dwight R. , Irwin Scott H.
Published: January 2010

Recent accusations against speculators in general and long‐only commodity index funds in particular include: increasing market volatility, distorting historical price relationships, and fueling a rapid increase and decrease in the level of commodity prices. Some researchers have argued that these market participants—through their impact on market prices—may have inadvertently prevented the efficient distribution of food aid to deserving groups. Certainly, this result—if substantiated—would counter the classical argument that speculators make prices more efficient and thus improve the economic efficiency of the food marketing system. Given the very important policy implications, it is crucial to develop a more thorough understanding of long‐only index funds and their potential market impact. Here, we review the criticisms (and rebuttals) levied against (and for) commodity index funds in recent U.S. Congressional testimonies. Then, additional empirical evidence is added regarding cross‐sectional market returns and the relative levels of long‐only index fund participation in 12 commodity futures markets. The empirical results provide scant evidence that long‐only index funds impact returns across commodity futures markets.
The impact of integrated aquaculture–agriculture on small‐scale farms in Southern Malawi
Authors: Dey Madan M. , Paraguas Ferdinand J. , Kambewa Patrick , Pemsl Diemuth E.
Published: January 2010

Sustainable agricultural intensification is an urgent challenge for Sub‐Saharan Africa. One potential solution is to rely on local farmers' knowledge for improved management of diverse on‐farm resources and integration among various farm enterprises. In this article, we analyze the farm‐level impact of one recent example, namely the integrated aquaculture–agriculture (IAA) technologies that have been developed and disseminated in a participatory manner in Malawi. Based on a 2004 survey of 315 respondents (166 adopters and 149 nonadopters), we test the hypothesis that adoption of IAA is associated with improved farm productivity and more efficient use of resources. Estimating a technical inefficiency function shows that IAA farms were significantly more efficient compared to nonadopters. IAA farms also had higher total factor productivity, higher farm income per hectare, and higher returns to family labor.
Problem‐based learning in academic health education. A systematic literature review
Authors: Polyzois I. , Claffey N. , Mattheos N.
Published: January 2010

Problem based learning (PBL) arguably represents the most significant development in education over the past five decades. It has been promoted as the curriculum of choice, and since its introduction in the 1960’s, has been widely adopted by many medical and dental schools. PBL has been the subject of much published literature but ironically, very little high quality evidence exists to advocate its efficacy and subsequently justify the widespread curriculum change. The purpose of this review is to classify and interpret the available evidence and extract relevant conclusions. In addition, it is the intent to propose recommendations regarding the relative benefits of PBL compared with conventional teaching. The literature was searched using PubMed, ERIC and PsycLIT. Further articles were retrieved from the reference lists of selected papers. Articles were chosen and included according to specific selection criteria. Studies were further classified as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or comparative studies. These studies were then analysed according to intervention type: whole curricula comparisons and single educational interventions of shorter duration. At the level of RCTs and comparative studies (whole curricula), no clear difference was observed between PBL and conventional teaching. Paradoxically, it was only comparative studies of single PBL intervention in a traditional curriculum that yielded results that were consistently in favour of PBL. Further research is needed to investigate the possibility that multiple PBL interventions in a traditional curriculum could be more effective than an exclusively PBL programme. In addition, it is important to address the potential benefits of PBL in relation to life‐long learning of health care professionals.
Reparations and Racial Inequality
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2010

A recent development in philosophical scholarship on reparations for black chattel slavery and Jim Crow segregation is reliance upon social science in normative arguments for reparations. Although there are certainly positive things to be said in favor of an empirically informed normative argument for black reparations, given the depth of empirical disagreement about the causes of persistent racial inequalities, and the ethos of ‘post‐racial’ America, the strongest normative argument for reparations may be one that goes through irrespective of how we ultimately explain the causes of racial inequalities. By illuminating the interplay between normative political philosophy and social scientific explanations of racial inequality in the prevailing corrective justice argument for black reparations, I shall explain why an alternative normative argument, which is not tethered to a particular empirical explanation of racial inequality, may be more appealing.
Russell, His Paradoxes, and Cantor's Theorem: Part I
Authors: Klement Kevin C.
Published: January 2010

In these articles, I describe Cantor's power‐class theorem, as well as a number of logical and philosophical paradoxes that stem from it, many of which were discovered or considered (implicitly or explicitly) in Bertrand Russell's work. These include Russell's paradox of the class of all classes not members of themselves, as well as others involving properties, propositions, descriptive senses, class‐intensions, and equivalence classes of coextensional properties. Part I focuses on Cantor's theorem, its proof, how it can be used to manufacture paradoxes, Frege's diagnosis of the core difficulty, and several broad categories of strategies for offering solutions to these paradoxes.
Food, Taste, and American Religions
Authors: Finch Martha L.
Published: January 2010

The scholarship that brings together food and foodways (all of the activities and meanings surrounding food in a particular cultural setting) and religion in North America is widely interdisciplinary, drawing from history, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, American studies, folklore studies, performance studies, and religious studies. This article surveys the scholarship on food and religion in American history and culture. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals controversial placement between 1998 and 2005 of billboards that used Christian imagery and language to promote vegetarianism serves as an example of the complex relationships among religion, food, and taste. The article then considers three book‐length studies of religion and food, followed by studies of religion and foodways during the colonial period, in utopian communal groups of the nineteenth century, as a means of reproducing ethnic and regional identities, and as an ethic for transforming society and the planet. The article closes with a discussion of the future of the study of American religion and food.
Between Judaism and German Enlightenment: Recent Work on Moses Mendelssohn in English
Authors: Gottlieb Michah
Published: January 2010

Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786) is generally recognized as the first German‐Jewish philosopher. The past forty years have witnessed the appearance of five major book‐length interpretations of Moses Mendelssohn in English: Michael Meyer’s The Origins of the Modern Jew: Jewish Identity and European Culture in Germany 1749–1824 (1967); Alexander Altmann’s Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study (1973); Allan Arkush’s Mendelssohn and the Enlightenment (1994); David Sorkin’s Moses Mendelssohn and the Religious Enlightenment (1996) and Edward Breuer’s The Limits of Enlightenment: Jews, Germans, and the Eighteenth‐Century Study of Scripture (1996). These works have generally been guided by a single interpretive question namely whether or not Mendelssohn was able to harmonize his commitment to Judaism with his commitment to Enlightenment. I review these five interpretations of Mendelssohn.
Non-operatively Treated Fractures of the Anteromedial Facet of the Coronoid Process: A Report of Six Cases
Authors: Van Der Werf Huub J. , Guitton Thierry G. , Ring David
Published: January 2010

The non-operative treatment of six patients with fracture of the anteromedial facet of the coronoid process is described. We identified and reviewed the medical records of six patients with a non-operatively treated O'Driscoll type II anteromedial facet fracture of the coronoid. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the Broberg and Morrey rating system. Three patients who returned for a medium long-term research specific follow-up were also evaluated with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Self-Report Form, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure and the Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI). All three patients who returned for follow-up regained full or near full elbow flexion and full or near full forearm rotation. Two patients had a MEPI score of 100 points, and one patient scored 40 points. According to the MEPI classification system, there were two excellent results (66.6%) and one poor result (33.3%). According to the Broberg and Morrey system, all patients had an excellent result. Two patients scored 100 points on the ASES score, and one patient scored 56 points. The DASH scores were 0 points, 2.5 points and 49.1 points, respectively. Anteromedial facet fractures can be very subtle injuries, and we recommend their careful evaluation and management. Non-operative treatment can be considered if subluxation is excluded and the fracture is small and minimally displaced. The nature of the injury can be most reliably documented using computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstructions.
Vibratory Power Losses and Delivery to Rock During Rotary-Vibratory Drilling: Part I: Theory
Authors: Ohanehi D. C. , Mitchell L. D.
Published: January 2010

This paper explores a possible theoretical basis for the failure of attempts to develop rotary-vibratory drilling units. With the critical needs in geothermal blast hole excavation and oil exploration, this nation cannot overlook the possibility of accelerating the drilling process by factors of 2 to 20 over the conventional rotary drilling rates. This paper develops the theory for the dynamic response of a vibrating drill string in a viscous drilling fluid with the energy lost to shear work. It develops the relations for power delivery to the rock as well as the total vibratory power to drive the system. Thus vibratory power losses can be computed by a difference. Part II of this paper applied this theory to a typical effort at developing a rotary-vibratory drilling unit. In the case studied, the power delivery was ineffective and at certain frequencies large losses resulted.
Sensitivity of the Critical Speeds of a Rotor to Changes in the Design
Authors: Lund J. W.
Published: January 2010

When designing a rotor it is frequently required to shift one or several critical speeds by making proper changes in rotor dimensions. This paper presents a scheme for computing the percentage change in critical speed as caused by a percentage change in any element of the rotor model. In this way it becomes possible to determine which elements are the most critical, and by how much they should be changed to effect the desired shift in critical speed. Such data also make it possible to adjust a given rotor model to bring it into agreement with measurements. The method can readily be incorporated into the conventional critical speed calculation and the additional computing time is insignificant.
The Effects of Strain and Temperature on the Dynamic Properties of Elastomers
Authors: Darlow M. S. , Smalley A. J.
Published: January 2010

This paper presents the results of a program of analysis and tests to determine the dynamic, properties of elastomers as a function of strain and ambient temperature. Measurements were also made to determine the temperature distribution in the elastomer samples during the tests. These measured properties were compared with analytical predictions based on a visco-elastic model designed to take into account the self-heating of the materials as a function of strain. The test method used was well-established Base Excitation Resonant Mass Technique. The specimens tested were two cylindrical button compression specimens and a shear specimen. One of the compression specimens was instrumented with thermocouples embedded in several of the elastomer samples to provide information relative to the temperature distribution in the samples. Tests were performed for strains from 0.0005 to 0.08. The ambient temperature ranged from 32°C to 80°C. Strain was shown to be an important parameter in determining the dynamic properties of the elastomers. In general, these properties were much more sensitive to strain than to frequency. The self-heating effect was found to account for a portion of the strain sensitivity of these properties.
Dynamic Acceptance Test for Machine Tools Based on a Nonlinear Stochastic Model
Authors: Samaha M. , Sankar T. S.
Published: January 2010

A nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom mathematical model of a general machine tool is considered for describing the responses in translational and rotational modes under the action of the actual randomly fluctuating metal cutting forces in a Gaussian, wide band form. The response process is determined by the Fokker-Planck technique for the simplified case and also by the statistical linearization method for the general case to establish accuracy of the results obtained. Based on the variances of the response derived and the system constants, a dynamic stiffness coefficient Kd is proposed for defining the degree of acceptance of a given machine tool under actual cutting conditions. Numerical results for specific examples are provided for purpose of illustration.
Dynamic Rocking Response and Optimization of the Nonlinear Suspension of a Railroad Freight Car
Authors: Samaha M. , Sankar T. S.
Published: January 2010

A modified mathematical model of a large capacity railroad freight vehicle is presented. The model for this investigation is constructed in such a way to describe the bounce, sway and rocking modes of the system and also to account for most of the vehicle non-linearity effects. Equations of motion of the six degree of freedom nonlinear model are derived assuming that the excitations from the track in vertical and lateral directions are purely periodic in the form of a rectified sine wave. The solution for the time and frequency responses on digital computer are compared with available measured data to investigate the model accuracy. Multivariable optimization techniques are employed to find the optimum suspension parameters that minimizes the maximum car rocking response over the frequency range of interest. The optimum parameters are presented in different forms either for the existing or for stabilized vehicle configuration.
An Analytic Model for Ball Bearing Vibrations to Predict Vibration Response to Distributed Defects
Authors: Meyer L. D. , Ahlgren F. F. , Weichbrodt B.
Published: January 2010

An analytic method for predicting the spectral character of vibrations generated by an important class of defects in ball bearings is described. This family of bearing problems comprises those operating modes in which the magnitude of the ball-race contact force varies continuously and periodically as the bearing rotates. Defects of this type include race misalignment and off-sized rolling elements. The analytic technique is based on solving Lagrangian equations for the time-varying displacement of the bearing race in response to the rotating system of ball forces.
Application of Data Dependent Systems to Diagnostic Vibration Analysis
Authors: Pandit S. M. , Suzuki H. , Kahng C. H.
Published: January 2010

Application of Data Dependent Systems (DDS) is proposed for diagnostic monitoring of vibrations. It is exemplified by monitoring tool wear via tool holder vibrations in a turning operation. Hardware Fourier analysis shows that only a relatively less prominent set of peaks in the power spectra are affected by wear making it difficult to use them for diagnostic purposes. The DDS model, however, gives a comprehensive quantitative description of the various modes and succeeds in isolating the mode sensitive to wear. It is shown that the damping ratio of this mode provides a sensitive and accurate indicator of wear, which can be used to diagnose failure much before it occurs. Finite element analysis confirms and elucidates the physical significance of DDS results. The DDS approach is thus useful not only for on-line monitoring but also for detailed research leading to theoretical development and improved performance.
Global Stress-Strain Behavior of Perforated Plate
Authors: Rimrott F. P. J. , Singh A.
Published: January 2010

The present paper establishes and interprets the global uniaxial stress-strain behavior of regularly perforated plate, throughout the elastic, partly plastic, and fully plastic regimes up to fracture, as function of hole size and number. The elastic part of the stress-strain curve is described by means of an effective modulus of elasticity which is obtained by using the strain energy stored in the plate. During the partly plastic range, perforated plate response has been found to be governed essentially by the remaining elastic portion and consequently appears as part of the elastic behavior. Beyond global yield point, the material is nearly perfectly plastic for a large range of strains and upper and lower limits of collapse load are calculated by using upper and lower-bound techniques for a perfectly plastic material. Experiments were conducted and serve as the basis for the theoretical interpretation.
Compact Self-Damped Pneumatic Isolators for Road Vehicles
Authors: Esmailzadeh E.
Published: January 2010

Better isolation of vibration and minimum resonant transmissibility of a self-damped pneumatic isolator is achieved when the incorporated surge lank possesses a large volume compared to that of the isolator. This implies that the self-damped pneumatic isolator employed in vibration isolation for road vehicles is quite bulky and not practical for isolation systems where space and mass are the main limitations. It is also assumed that the surge tank has a fixed volume which is independent of relative motions of the body and the wheel. These drawbacks have been avoided by introducing a smaller surge tank, in the form of another pneumatic isolator, which is placed between the wheel and the road surface. It is shown that these two pneumatic isolators together with the capillary restrictor provide the damping mechanism in the form of the self-damped pneumatic isolator. Moreover, this variable volume surge tank acts as a sensor for the relative motion of the wheel and, hence, improves the displacement transmissibility of the body considerably. An optimization method is developed to evaluate the optimum values of the variables to yield the minimum transmitted motion to the body.
Dynamics of Frame Foundations Interacting With Soil
Authors: Gaul L.
Published: January 2010

The dynamic response of structures such as frame foundations for vibrating machinery is calculated. The interactions between a single structure and soil as well as the interaction through the underlying soil between two adjacent structures are taken into account. Mixed boundary value problems describing the interaction between viscoelastic soil and rigid bases of arbitrary shape are solved by superposition of analytical halfspace solutions. The influence of shear stresses at the interface between soil and base is bounded by the assumptions of perfectly smooth and perfectly welded contact. The response of the entire system is evaluated by coupling soil and founded structures by means of a substructure method.
Whirling Response and Stability of Flexibly Mounted, Ring-Type Flywheel Systems
Authors: Chen T. L. C. , Bert C. W.
Published: January 2010

High-performance, composite-material flywheel systems under current development for energy-storage purposes differ significantly from turbine/compressor systems in two respects: (1) the flywheel rim attachment to its hub is very flexible, for both translation and tilting, and (2) these flexibilities depend upon rotational speed through centrifugal stiffening. Although some free vibrational analyses of similar but simpler systems have recently been published, it is believed that the eight-degree-of-freedom analysis presented here is the most comprehensive one published to date for such systems. Free whirling, stability, and response to unbalance and initial tilt are analyzed here. Numerical results are presented for some specific flywheel systems under development by Sandia Laboratories.
Transverse Vibrations of Clamped Rectangular Plates of Generalized Orthotropy Subjected To In-Plane Forces
Authors: Laura P. A. A. , Luisoni L. E.
Published: January 2010

An exact solution of the title problem is probably out of the question. It is shown in the present study that a very simple solution can be obtained using simple polynomials and a variational method. Free and forced vibrations of the structural element are analyzed in a unified manner. The algorithmic procedure can be implemented in a microcomputer. The problem is of particular interest in certain filamentary plates as well as of obliquely stiffened plates.
Computer Aided Optimal Design of Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Ahrens F. W. , Sharma A. , Ragsdell K. M.
Published: January 2010

An automated procedure for the design of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems is presented. The procedure relies upon modern nonlinear programming algorithms, decomposition theory, and numerical models of the various system components. Two modern optimization methods are employed; BIAS, a Method of Multipliers code and OPT, a Generalized Reduced Gradient code. The procedure is demonstrated by the design of a CAES facility employing the Media, Illinois Galesville aquifer as the reservoir. The methods employed produced significant reduction in capital and operating cost, and in number of aquifer wells required.
Use in Probabilistic Design of the Maximum Entrophy Distribution Based on Ranked Data
Authors: Siddall J. N. , Badawy Ali
Published: January 2010

A new algorithm using the maximum entropy principle is introduced to estimate the probability distribution of a random variable, using directly a ranked sample. It is demonstrated that almost all of the analytical probability distributions can be approximated by the new algorithm. A comparison is made between existing methods and the new algorithm; and examples are given of fitting the new distribution to an actual ranked sample.
Application of Extremal Distributions in the Design of Thermal Systems
Authors: Rao S. S. , Gupta B. D.
Published: January 2010

Three types of extreme value distributions are fitted to the maximum daily temperature and solar radiation. It is found that type III distribution for the largest value fits the data most closely. A methodology using the maximum yearly temperature data and extremal distributions is developed for the optimum design of refrigerated warehouses. The use of the concept of return period in the optimum design of thermal systems is also suggested. The interior penalty function method with Davidon-Fletcher-Powella method of unconstrained minimization is used as the optimization technique for solving the problems. A sensitivity analysis is conducted about the optimum design point to find the influence of changes in various design parameters on the cooling load and total cost.