bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualification of Alternative Jet Fuels
Authors: Rumizen Mark A.
Published: November 2021

Historically, the commercial aviation industry has relied on a very limited number of well-proven, conventional fuels for certification and operation of aircraft and engines. The vast majority of today’s engines and aircraft were designed and certified to operate on one of two basic fuels; kerosene-based fuel for turbine powered aircraft and leaded AVGAS for spark ignition reciprocating engine powered aircraft. These fuels are produced and handled as bulk commodities with multiple producers sending fuel through the distribution system to airports and aircraft. They are defined and controlled by industry consensus-based fuel specifications that, along with the oversight of the ASTM International aviation fuel industry committee, accommodate the need to move the fuel as a commodity. It was therefore expedient to build upon this framework when introducing drop-in jet fuel produced from non-petroleum feed stocks into the supply chain. The process developed by the aviation fuel community utilizes the ASTM International Aviation Fuel Subcommittee (Subcommittee J) to coordinate the evaluation of data and the establishment of specification criteria for new non-petroleum (alternative) drop-in jet fuels. Subcommittee J has issued two standards to facilitate this process; ASTM D4054—“Standard Practice for Qualification and Approval of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives”, and ASTM D7566—“Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons”. This paper will describe how the aviation fuel community utilizes the ASTM International consensus-based process to evaluate new candidate non-petroleum jet fuels to determine if these new fuels are essentially identical to petroleum derived jet fuel, and, if they are, to issue specifications to control the quality and performance of these fuels.
Trypanosoma cruzi Affects Rhodnius prolixus Lipid Metabolism During Acute Infection
Authors: Sousa Géssica , de Carvalho Stephanie Serafim , Atella Georgia Correa
Published: November 2021

The interaction between Rhodnius prolixus and Trypanosoma cruzi has huge medical importance because it responds to the transmission of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects about eight million people worldwide. It is known that trypanosomatid pathogens depend on active lipid endocytosis from the insect host to meet growth and differentiation requirements. However, until now, knowledge on how the parasite affects the lipid physiology of individual insect organs was largely unknown. Herein, the biochemical and molecular dynamics of the triatomine R. prolixus lipid metabolism in response to T. cruzi acute infection were investigated. A qRT-PCR approach was used to determine the expression profile of 12 protein-coding genes involved in R. prolixus lipid physiology. In addition, microscopic and biochemical assays revealed the lipid droplet profile and the levels of the different identified lipid classes. Finally, spectrometry analyses were used to determine fatty acid and sterol composition and their modulation towards the infection. T. cruzi infection downregulated the transcript levels of protein-coding genes for lipid biosynthetic and degrading pathways in individual triatomine organs. On the other hand, upregulation of lipid receptor transcripts indicates an attempt to capture more lipids from hemolymphatic lipoproteins. Consequently, several lipid classes (such as monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, cholesteryl ester, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine) were involved in the response to the parasite challenge, although modulating only the insect fat body. T. cruzi never leaves the insect gut and yet it modulates non-infected tissues, suggesting that the association between the parasite and the vector organs is reached by cell signaling molecules. This hypothesis raises several intriguing issues to inspire future studies in the parasite-vector interaction field.
What Makes Artificial Intelligence Exceptional in Health Technology Assessment?
Authors: Bélisle-Pipon Jean-Christophe , Couture Vincent , Roy Marie-Christine , Ganache Isabelle , Goetghebeur Mireille , Cohen I. Glenn
Published: November 2021

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) may revolutionize the healthcare system, leading to enhance efficiency by automatizing routine tasks and decreasing health-related costs, broadening access to healthcare delivery, targeting more precisely patient needs, and assisting clinicians in their decision-making. For these benefits to materialize, governments and health authorities must regulate AI, and conduct appropriate health technology assessment (HTA). Many authors have highlighted that AI health technologies (AIHT) challenge traditional evaluation and regulatory processes. To inform and support HTA organizations and regulators in adapting their processes to AIHTs, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on the challenges posed by AIHTs in HTA and health regulation. Our research question was: What makes artificial intelligence exceptional in HTA? The current body of literature appears to portray AIHTs as being exceptional to HTA. This exceptionalism is expressed along 5 dimensions: 1) AIHT’s distinctive features; 2) their systemic impacts on health care and the health sector; 3) the increased expectations towards AI in health; 4) the new ethical, social and legal challenges that arise from deploying AI in the health sector; and 5) the new evaluative constraints that AI poses to HTA. Thus, AIHTs are perceived as exceptional because of their technological characteristics and potential impacts on society at large. As AI implementation by governments and health organizations carries risks of generating new, and amplifying existing, challenges, there are strong arguments for taking into consideration the exceptional aspects of AIHTs, especially as their impacts on the healthcare system will be far greater than that of drugs and medical devices. As AIHTs begin to be increasingly introduced into the health care sector, there is a window of opportunity for HTA agencies and scholars to consider AIHTs’ exceptionalism and to work towards only deploying clinically, economically, socially acceptable AIHTs in the health care system.
Systemic Review: Ozone: A Potential New Chemotherapy
Authors: Baeza-Noci Jose , Pinto-Bonilla Rosa
Published: November 2021

In the last sixty years, publications in reputed journals have shown the preclinical positive effect of ozone gas in cancer cells. However, the translation of these results into clinical practice is far away from success. A comprehensive approach is necessary for this, and oncologists and researchers need guidance from medical specialists with in-depth knowledge of ozone in medicine. In this article, we review the evidence around this question and suggest different potential research lines to those interested in this exciting field.
Advancement of PD Is Reflected by White Matter Changes in Olfactory Areas: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hummel Thomas , Haehner Antje , Thaploo Divesh , Georgiopoulos Charalampos , Falkenburger Björn , Whitcroft Katherine
Published: November 2021

Loss of sense of smell is a well-known non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we present insight into the association between PD advancement and equivalents of smell loss in olfactory-eloquent brain areas, such as the posterior cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. Twelve PD patients in different Hoehn and Yahr stages and 12 healthy normosmic individuals were examined with diffusion tensor imaging. Tract-based spatial statistics were used to analyze microstructural changes in white matter adjacent to the bilateral posterior and orbitofrontal cortex. Axial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were significantly higher in olfactory ROIs in advanced PD patients. The results of this preliminary study indicate that PD advancement is associated with progressive neurodegeneration in olfactory-related brain areas.
Update Overview of the Role of Angiopoietins in Lung Cancer
Authors: Tsakogiannis Dimitris , Nikolakopoulou Asimina , Zagouri Flora , Stratakos Grigorios , Syrigos Konstantinos , Zografos Eleni , Koulouris Nikolaos , Bletsa Garyfalia
Published: November 2021

Angiogenesis is a biological process that involves the formation of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature, and it plays a fundamental role in the development and progression of several types of cancer, including lung cancer. The angiopoietin/Tie2 ligand/receptor system orchestrates vascular integrity. In particular, Angiopoietin-1 activates the endothelial cell (EC)-specific receptor tyrosine kinase,Tie2,which is essential for preserving endothelial quiescence. On the other hand, Angiopoietin-2 acts as an inhibitor of the Angiopoietin-1/Tie2 signaling pathways, thus facilitating the destabilization of quiescent endothelium in cases of inflammation and cancer. Clinical studies have proven that high levels of Angiopoietin-2 indicate the development of non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC), while high levels of Angiopoietin-2 are strongly related to tumor angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Interestingly, the association of Angiopoietin-2 levels with the type of surgical approach makes Angiopoietin-2 a valuable factor in selecting the most suitable therapeutic strategy for lung cancer patients. The role of the Angiopoietin-1 and Angiopoietin-4 levels in NSCLC development requires further investigation. The present review focuses on the clinical impact of the Angiopoietin-1, Angiopoietin-2, and Angiopoietin-4 levels in patients diagnosed with NSCLC, emphasizing the interaction between them, and how they affect the development, progression, and metastasis of lung disease. Finally, it estimates the role of angiopoietins levels in the effective therapy of lung cancer patients.
Spirostanol Saponins from Flowers of Allium Porrum and Related Compounds Indicating Cytotoxic Activity and Affecting Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Effect in Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Harmatha Juraj , Buděšínský Miloš , Zídek Zdeněk , Kmoníčková Eva
Published: November 2021

Saponins, a diverse group of natural compounds, offer an interesting pool of derivatives with biomedical application. In this study, three structurally related spirostanol saponins were isolated and identified from the leek flowers of Allium porrum L. (garden leek). Two of them were identical with the already known leek plant constituents: aginoside (1) and 6-deoxyaginoside (2). The third one was identified as new component of A. porrum; however, it was found identical with yayoisaponin A (3) obtained earlier from a mutant of elephant garlic Allium ampeloprasun L. It is a derivative of the aginoside (1) with additional glucose in its glycosidic chain, identified by MS and NMR analysis as (2α, 3β, 6β, 25R)-2,6-dihydroxyspirostan-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucopranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1 → 4)-β-D-galactopyranoside, previously reported also under the name alliporin. The leek native saponins were tested together with other known and structurally related saponins (tomatonin and digitonin) and with their related aglycones (agigenin and diosgenin) for in vitro cytotoxicity and for effects on NO production in mouse peritoneal cells. The highest inhibitory effects were exhibited by 6-deoxyaginoside. The obtained toxicity data, however, closely correlated with the suppression of NO production. Therefore, an unambiguous linking of obtained bioactivities of saponins with their expected immunobiological properties remained uncertain.
Energetic and Geometric Characteristics of the Substituents: Part 2: The Case of NO2, Cl, and NH2 Groups in Their Mono-Substituted Derivatives of Simple Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Wieczorkiewicz Paweł A. , Szatylowicz Halina , Krygowski Tadeusz M.
Published: November 2021

Variously substituted N-heterocyclic compounds are widespread across bio- and medicinal chemistry. The work aims to computationally evaluate the influence of the type of N-heterocyclic compound and the substitution position on the properties of three model substituents: NO2, Cl, and NH2. For this reason, the energetic descriptor of global substituent effect (Erel), geometry of substituents, and electronic descriptors (cSAR, pEDA, sEDA) are considered, and interdependences between these characteristics are discussed. Furthermore, the existence of an endocyclic N atom may induce proximity effects specific for a given substituent. Therefore, various quantum chemistry methods are used to assess them: the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), analysis of non-covalent interactions using reduced density gradient (RDG) function, and electrostatic potential maps (ESP). The study shows that the energetic effect associated with the substitution is highly dependent on the number and position of N atoms in the heterocyclic ring. Moreover, this effect due to interaction with more than one endo N atom (e.g., in pyrimidines) can be assessed with reasonable accuracy by adding the effects calculated for interactions with one endo N atom in substituted pyridines. Finally, all possible cases of proximity interactions for the NO2, Cl, and NH2 groups are thoroughly discussed.
Biomass Valorization Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: What’s New in France?
Authors: Wils Laura , Hilali Soukaina , Boudesocque-Delaye Leslie
Published: November 2021

With the growing interest in more environmentally friendly solvents and processes, the introduction of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES) as low cost, non-toxic and biodegradable solvents represent a new opportunity for green and sustainable chemistry. Thanks to their remarkable advantages, NaDES are now arousing growing interest in many fields of research such as food, health, cosmetics and biofuels. Around the world, NaDES are seen as a promising alternative to commonly used petrochemical solvents. The objective of this review is to draw up a panorama of the existing skills on NaDES in French laboratories and industries for the valuation of natural products. This review therefore focuses on current applications, skills and perspectives, in order to analyze the place of French research in the use of NaDES for the valorization of biomass since 2015.
Closed-Loop Recycling Dual-Mode Counter-Current Chromatography with Specified Sample Loading Durations: Modeling of Preparative and Industrial-Scale Separations
Authors: Kostanyan Artak E. , Voshkin Andrey A.
Published: November 2021

We previously reported on a new counter-current chromatography (CCC) operating mode called closed-loop recycling dual-mode counter-current chromatography (CLR DM CCC), which incorporates the advantages of closed-loop recycling (CLR) and dual-mode (DM) counter-current chromatography and includes sequential separation of compounds in the closed-loop recycling mode with the mobile x-phase and in the inverted-phase counter-current mode with the mobile y-phase. The theoretical analysis of several implementations of this separation method was carried out under impulse sample injection conditions. This study is dedicated to the further development of CLR DM CCC theory applied to preparative and industrial separations, where high-throughput operation is required. Large sample volumes can be loaded via continuous loading within a specified time. To simulate CLR DM CCC separations with specified sample loading durations, equations are developed and presented in “Mathcad” software.
Chemical Approaches for Studying the Biology and Pharmacology of Membrane Transporters: The Histidine/Large Amino Acid Transporter SLC7A5 as a Benchmark
Authors: Scalise Mariafrancesca , Scanga Raffaella , Console Lara , Galluccio Michele , Pochini Lorena , Indiveri Cesare
Published: November 2021

The localization of membrane transporters at the forefront of natural barriers makes these proteins very interesting due to their involvement in the absorption and distribution of nutrients and xenobiotics, including drugs. Over the years, structure/function relationship studies have been performed employing several strategies, including chemical modification of exposed amino acid residues. These approaches are very meaningful when applied to membrane transporters, given that these proteins are characterized by both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains with a different degree of accessibility to employed chemicals. Besides basic features, the chemical targeting approaches can disclose information useful for pharmacological applications as well. An eminent example of this picture is the histidine/large amino acid transporter SLC7A5, known as LAT1 (Large Amino Acid Transporter 1). This protein is crucial in cell life because it is responsible for mediating the absorption and distribution of essential amino acids in peculiar body districts, such as the blood brain barrier and placenta. Furthermore, LAT1 can recognize a large variety of molecules of pharmacological interest and is also considered a hot target for drugs due to its over-expression in virtually all human cancers. Therefore, it is not surprising that the chemical targeting approach, coupled with bioinformatics, site-directed mutagenesis and transport assays, proved fundamental in describing features of LAT1 such as the substrate binding site, regulatory domains and interactions with drugs that will be discussed in this review. The results on LAT1 can be considered to have general applicability to other transporters linked with human diseases.
The Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of the Red Macroalgae Gelidium latifolium Extract against Melanoma Cells
Authors: Prasedya Eka Sunarwidhi , Ardiana Nur , Padmi Hasriaton , Ilhami Bq Tri Khairina , Martyasari Ni Wayan Riyani , Sunarwidhi Anggit Listyacahyani , Nikmatullah Aluh , Widyastuti Sri , Sunarpi Haji , Frediansyah Andri
Published: November 2021

The red macroalga Gelidium latifolium is widely distributed in the coastal areas of Indonesia. However, current knowledge on its potential biological activities is still limited. In this study, we investigated the potential bioactive compounds in Gelidium latifolium ethanol extract (GLE), and its cytotoxic effects against the murine B16-F10 melanoma cell line. GLE shows high total phenolic content (107.06 ± 17.42 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (151.77 ± 3.45 mg QE/g), which potentially contribute to its potential antioxidant activity (DPPH = 650.42 ± 2.01 µg/mL; ABTS = 557.01 ± 1.94 µg/mL). ESI-HR-TOF-MS analysis revealed large absorption in the [M-H]- of 327.2339 m/z, corresponding to the monoisotopic molecular mass of brassicolene. The presence of this compound potentially contributes to GLE’s cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 84.29 ± 1.93 µg/mL). Furthermore, GLE significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells (66.83 ± 3.06%) compared to controls (18.83 ± 3.76%). Apoptosis was also confirmed by changes in the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (i.e., p53, Bax, Bak, and Bcl2). Downregulated expression of Bcl2 indicates an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Current results suggest that components of Gelidium latifolium should be further investigated as possible sources of novel antitumor drugs.
A Novel N-Doped Nanoporous Bio-Graphene Synthesized from Pistacia lentiscus Gum and Its Nanocomposite with WO3 Nanoparticles: Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Afsharpour Maryam , Elyasi Mehdi , Javadian Hamedreza
Published: November 2021

This paper reports the synthesis of a new nitrogen-doped porous bio-graphene (NPBG) with a specific biomorphic structure, using Pistacia lentiscus as a natural carbon source containing nitrogen that also acts as a bio-template. The obtained NPBG demonstrated the unique feature of doped nitrogen with a 3D nanoporous structure. Next, a WO3/N-doped porous bio-graphene nanocomposite (WO3/NPBG-NC) was synthesized, and the products were characterized using XPS, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDX, XRD, and Raman analyses. The presence of nitrogen doped in the structure of the bio-graphene (BG) was confirmed to be pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N with N1 peaks at 398.3 eV and 400.5 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of the anionic azo dyes and drugs was investigated, and the results indicated that the obtained NPBG with a high surface area (151.98 m2/g), unique electronic properties, and modified surface improved the adsorption and photocatalytic properties in combination with WO3 nanoparticles (WO3-NPs) as an effective visible-light-driven photocatalyst. The synthesized WO3/NPBG-NC with a surface area of 226.92 m2/g displayed lower bandgap and higher electron transfer compared with blank WO3-NPs, leading to an increase in the photocatalytic performance through the enhancement of the separation of charge and a reduction in the recombination rate. At the optimum conditions of 0.015 g of the nanocomposite, a contact time of 15 min, and 100 mg/L of dyes, the removal percentages were 100%, 99.8%, and 98% for methyl red (MR), Congo red (CR), and methyl orange (MO), respectively. In the case of the drugs, 99% and 87% of tetracycline and acetaminophen, respectively, at a concentration of 10 mg/L, were removed after 20 min.
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Diterpenoids from the Genus Daphne
Authors: Nie Yi-Wen , Li Yuan , Luo Lan , Zhang Chun-Yan , Fan Wei , Gu Wei-Ying , Shi Kou-Rong , Zhai Xiao-Xiang , Zhu Jian-Yong
Published: November 2021

There are abundant natural diterpenoids in the plants of the genus Daphne from the Thymelaeaceae family, featuring a 5/7/6-tricyclic ring system and usually with an orthoester group. So far, a total of 135 diterpenoids has been isolated from the species of the genus Daphne, which could be further classified into three main types according to the substitution pattern of ring A and oxygen-containing functions at ring B. A variety of studies have demonstrated that these compounds exert a wide range of bioactivities both in vitro and in vivo including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, antifertility, neurotrophic, and cholesterol-lowering effects, which is reviewed herein. Meanwhile, the fascinating structure–activity relationship is also concluded in this review in the hope of providing an easy access to available information for the synthesis and optimization of efficient drugs.
Base-Promoted One-Pot Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives via Aromatic Alkyne Annulation Using Benzamides as Nitrogen Source
Authors: Mehmood Hina , Iqbal Muhammad Asif , Ashiq Muhammad Naeem , Hua Ruimao
Published: November 2021

In the presence of Cs2CO3, the first simple, efficient, and one-pot procedure for the synthesis of 3,5-diaryl pyridines via a variety of aromatic terminal alkynes with benzamides as the nitrogen source in sulfolane is described. The formation of pyridine derivatives accompanies the outcome of 1,3-diaryl propenes, which are also useful intermediates in organic synthesis. Thus, pyridine ring results from a formal [2+2+1+1] cyclocondensation of three alkynes with benzamides, and one of the alkynes provides one carbon, whilst benzamides provide a nitrogen source only. A new transformation of alkynes as well as new utility of benzamide are found in this work.
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Efficacy of Resveratrol in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure
Authors: Raj Pema , Thandapilly Sijo Joseph , Wigle Jeffrey , Zieroth Shelley , Netticadan Thomas
Published: November 2021

Atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF) are the main causes of mortality and morbidity around the globe. New therapies are needed to better manage ischemic heart disease and HF as existing strategies are not curative. Resveratrol is a stilbene polyphenolic compound with favorable biological effects that counter chronic diseases. Current evidence suggests that resveratrol is cardioprotective in animal models of atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and HF. Though clinical studies for resveratrol have been promising, evidence remains inadequate to introduce it to the clinical setting. In this narrative review, we have comprehensively discussed the relevant compelling evidence regarding the efficacy of resveratrol as a new therapeutic agent for the management of atherosclerosis, MI and HF.
Recent Analytical Method for Detection of Chemical Adulterants in Herbal Medicine
Authors: Pratiwi Rimadani , Dipadharma Ratu Hanifa Fayza , Prayugo Ishmat Jati , Layandro Olivia Angelina
Published: November 2021

Herbal medicine has become popular in recent years as an alternative medicine. The problem arises when herbal medicines contain an undeclared synthetic drug that is illegally added, since it is a natural product that does not contain any chemical drugs due to the potential cause of harmful effects. Supervision of herbal medicines is important to ensure that these herbal medicines are still safe to use. Thus, developing a reliable analytical technique for the determination of adulterated drugs in herbal medicine is gaining interest. This review aims to provide a recent analytical method that has been used within the past 5 years (2016–2021) for the determination of chemical adulterants in herbal medicine.
Comparison of CP-PC-SAFT and SAFT-VR-Mie in Predicting Phase Equilibria of Binary Systems Comprising Gases and 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Chiko Asaf , Polishuk Ilya , Cea-Klapp Esteban , Garrido José Matías
Published: November 2021

This study compares performances of the Critical Point-based revision of Perturbed-Chain SAFT (CP-PC-SAFT) and the SAFT of Variable Range and Mie Potential (SAFT-VR-Mie) in predicting the available data on VLE, LLVE, critical loci and saturated phase densities of systems comprising CO, O2, CH4, H2S, SO2, propane, the refrigerants R22, R23, R114, R124, R125, R125, R134a, and R1234ze(E) and ionic liquids (ILs) with 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Cnmim]+) cations and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([NTf2]−), tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]−) and hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]−) anions. Both models were implemented in the entirely predictive manner with k12 = 0. The fundamental Global Phase Diagram considerations of the IL systems are discussed. It is demonstrated that despite a number of quantitative inaccuracies, both models are capable of reproducing the regularities characteristic for the considered systems, which makes them suitable for preliminary estimation of selectivity of the ILs in separating various gases.
Purifying and Characterizing Bacterially Expressed Soluble Lactate Dehydrogenase from Plasmodium knowlesi for the Development of Anti-Malarial Drugs
Authors: Salim Nurhainis Ogu , Fuad Fazia Adyani Ahmad , Khairuddin Farahayu , Seman Wan Mohd Khairulikhsan Wan , Jonet Mohd Anuar
Published: November 2021

Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLH) is one of the enzymes in glycolysis with potential target for chemotherapy. This study aimed to clone, overexpress and characterize soluble recombinant lactate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium knowlesi in a bacterial system. Synthetic P. knowlesi lactate dehydrogenase (Pk-LDH) gene was cloned into pET21a expression vector, transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) expression system and then incubated for 18 h, 20 °C with the presence of 0.5 mM isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside in Terrific broth supplemented with Magnesium sulfate, followed by protein purifications using Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Enzymatic assay was conducted to determine the activity of the enzyme. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that protein of 34 kDa size was present in the soluble fraction. In SEC, a single peak corresponding to the size of Pk-LDH protein was observed, indicating that the protein has been successfully purified. From MALDI-TOF analysis findings, a peptide score of 282 was established, which is significant for lactate dehydrogenase from P. knowlesi revealed via MASCOT analysis. Secondary structure analysis of CD spectra indicated 79.4% α helix and 1.37% β strand structure. Specific activity of recombinant Pk-LDH was found to be 475.6 U/mg, confirming the presence of active protein. Soluble Pk-LDH that is biologically active was produced, which can be used further in other malaria studies.
Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Dihydroisocoumarin and Xanthone Derivatives from Garcinia picrorhiza
Authors: Sukandar Edwin R. , Kaennakam Sutin , Raab Pia , Nöst Xuehong , Rassamee Kitiya , Bauer Rudolf , Siripong Pongpun , Ersam Taslim , Tip-pyang Santi , Chavasiri Warinthorn
Published: November 2021

Garcinia picrorhiza, a woody plant native to Sulawesi and Maluku Islands, Indonesia, has been traditionally used as a wound healing ointment. In our continuous search for bioactive compounds from this plant, 15 phenolic compounds were isolated from its stem bark, including a previously undescribed dihydroisocoumarin, 2′-hydroxyannulatomarin, and two undescribed furanoxanthones, gerontoxanthone C hydrate and 3′-hydroxycalothorexanthone. The structures of the new metabolites were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. Gerontoxanthone C hydrate possessed cytotoxicity against four cancer cells (KB, HeLa S3, MCF-7, and Hep G2) with IC50 values ranging from 5.6 to 7.5 µM. Investigation on the anti-inflammatory activities showed that 3′-hydroxycalothorexanthone inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 and BV-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 16.4 and 13.8 µM, respectively, whereas only (−)-annulatomarin possessed inhibition activity on COX-2 enzyme over 10% at 20 µM. This work describes the presence of 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin structures with a phenyl ring substituent at C-3, which are reported the first time in genus Garcinia. These findings also suggest the potential of furanxanthone derivatives as cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory agents for further pharmacological studies.
In Vitro Liver Metabolism of Six Flavonoid C-Glycosides
Authors: Tremmel Martina , Paetz Christian , Heilmann Jörg
Published: November 2021

Several medical plants belonging to the genera Passiflora, Viola, and Crataegus accumulate flavonoid C-glycosides, which likely contribute to their efficacy. Information regarding their phase I and II metabolism in the liver are lacking. Thus, in vitro liver metabolism of orientin, isoorientin, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vitexin, and isovitexin, all of which accumulated in Passiflora incarnata L., was investigated by incubation in subcellular systems with human liver microsomes and human liver S9 fraction. All metabolite profiles were comprehensively characterized using HPLC-DAD and UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Mono-glycosylic flavones of the luteolin-type orientin and isoorientin showed a broad range of mono-glucuronidated and mono-sulfated metabolites, whereas for mono-glycosylic flavones of the apigenin-type vitexin and isovitexin, only mono-glucuronidates could be detected. For di-glycosylic flavones of the apigenin-type schaftosid and isoschaftosid, no phase I or II metabolites were identified. The main metabolite of isoorientin was isolated using solid-phase extraction and prep. HPLC-DAD and identified as isoorientin-3′-O-α-glucuronide by NMR analysis. A second isolated glucuronide was assigned as isoorientin 4′-O-α-glucuronide. These findings indicate that vitexin and isovitexin are metabolized preferentially by uridine 5′-diphospho glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in the liver. As only orientin and isoorientin showed mono-sulfated and mono-glucuronidated metabolites, the dihydroxy group in 3′,4′-position may be essential for additional sulfation by sulfotransferases (SULTs) in the liver. The diglycosylic flavones schaftoside and isoschaftoside are likely not accepted as substrates of the used liver enzymes under the chosen conditions.
Consumption and use of the main nutrients of the ration when crossbreeding cattle of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds
Authors: Nikonova E. A. , Kosilov V. I. , Ermolova E. M.
Published: November 2021

Crossbreeding in cattle contributes to the production of crossbred young animals, which due to enriched heredity have the potential for intensive growth and achieving a high level of beef productivity. The purpose of the work was to study the infl uence of crossbreeding of cattle of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds on the efficiency of consumption and use of the main nutrients of the ration by steers, heifers and castrated steers. For the experiment, 3 groups of heifers and 6 groups of steers of the following genotypes have been formed: the 1st Kazakh White-headed, the 2nd – 1/2 Hereford×1/2 Kazakh White-headed, the 3rd – 3/4 Kazakh White-headed×3/4 Hereford. At the age of 3 months half of the steers were castrated. It has been found that purebred animals were inferior to crossbreds from the crossbreeding of cattle of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds. For example, during the rearing period, purebred animals of Kazakh White-headed breed consumed 2638,8– 3272,1 feed units and 2674,8–3549,2 EFU, crossbreds of the genotype 1/2 Hereford×1/2 Kazakh White–headed – 2811,6–3389,2 feed units and 2836,4–3640,1 EFU, crossbreds of the genotype 3/4 Kazakh White-headed×3/4 Hereford – 2749,2–3332,1 feed units and 2764,3–3332,0 EFU, metabolic energy, respectively, by genotypes – 26 748,1–35 492,1 MJ, 28 364,2 – 36 401,2 MJ and 27 643,1–35 941,9 MJ, digestible protein – 246,0–344,2 kg, 296,1–356,9 kg and 289,2–350,5 kg, crude protein-350,9–451,4 kg, 365,2–466,8 kg and 362,1–460,5 kg. The crossbreeding of cattle of Kazakh White-headed and Hereford breeds had a certain influence on the studied indicators. Thus, the best indicators of the efficiency of consumption and use of the main nutrients of the ration among steers, heifers and castrated steers were distinguished by half-blood crossbreds. At the same time, the largest amount of consumption of all nutrients in the ration was distinguished by steers, the smallest – heifers, castrated steers occupied an intermediate position.
Assessment of the representation of non-resource export priorities in the conceptual documents of the NWFD region
Authors: Glukhikh Pavel Leonidovich
Published: October 2021

The problem of dependence of the Russian economy on raw materials remains. The growth of non-primary non-energy exports was approved as one of the priorities in Russia. Updating the national project increases the importance of its institutional support in legislation. The question arises of the sufficiency of institutional reflection of non-resource exports. The purpose of the article is to generalize approaches to the priorities of non-resource exports, to develop methodological tools and to assess the representation of the topic in conceptual documents on the example of the regions of the North-Western Federal District. The research methodology is based on the content analysis of documents using the Istio service. The basis of the study was the conceptual documents of the NWFD regions with export topics. The categories of non-primary exports are highlighted. The socio-economic Development Strategy is the main document approving the region’s non-resource exports. A research program and methodological support for assessing the representation of non-primary exports in documents have been developed. The differences in the institutional support of non-primary exports are revealed. Of the 11 regions, 8 contain a target indicator of non-primary non-energy exports. Kaliningrad and Murmansk oblasts are recommended to include it in the Strategy in order to form institutional support for overcoming the problem of commodity dependence. A classification of regional documents providing institutional support for the export strategy has been developed. For the first time, the assessment contains scientific novelty and can help to understand the need to form a scientific concept of non-resource exports.
Manufacture of a Home-Made Spot Welding Machine from Household Electronic Waste
Authors: Bíró Tamás , Renkó József Bálint
Published: November 2021

Nowadays, spot-welding technologies are being used on a very wide range of applications. Spot-welded joints can be found in many pieces of equipment, such as toasters, computers, telephone batteries, or even in various pre-manufactured car elements. Given the prevalence of the technology, there may be a legitimate need for a machine that can be used at home for simple spot-welding operations. Such a device could be produced more cost-effectively than those currently available on the market, while using household electronic waste. These could be produced for hobby purposes, thus creating an opportunity to recycle certain types of household electronic waste, thereby improving sustainability in an engineering approach.
Examination of Glass-Fibre Reinforced Composite Dental Fillings
Authors: Borhy Levente , Farkas Péter Zoltán , Volom András
Published: November 2021

In dentistry, the use of dental fillings is a routine procedure. The use of fillings is a cheap, simple and low-harm dental operation, however, the filling of deep cavities is a difficult task. During this research, three types of fillings were tested: composite fillings bonded directly to the cavity walls, fillings bonded to the cavity walls with a semi-direct method, and composite fillings bonded to the cavity lined with polyethylene fibres. In the course of our examinations, the gaps between the wall of the dental cavity and the dental filling were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results of these measurements can be used to determine the quality of each type of filling procedure.
Design of an Experimental Injection Moulding Tool for Testing Microstructured Cavity Surfaces
Authors: Kun Krisztián
Published: November 2021

This research is based on the impact assessment of the active element of injection moulding tools. The quality of the tool surface has a significant effect on the filling and cooling efficiency. Our goal is to create a uniform structure on the cavity’s surface that results in a high degree of orientation during the injection moulding process. A special experimental tool is needed for the research. Our design was based on the results of previous experimental research and preliminary criteria. The design was based on the size and position tolerances of the A side of the tool. As the previous study has shown, there are three main points to consider when designing an experimental moulding tool. These are the applied manufacturing technology, Design for Assembly, and the expansion of the measurement possibilities by using different sensors. The small beam size of the femtosecond laser also allows the machining of microscopic-sized details, a technology used to structure the cavity surface. The success of this was analyzed by microscopic examination.
Understanding Nutrition Education and Physical Activity Instruction in Rural Elementary Schools
Authors: Harris Allison , Linnell J. Dusti
Published: November 2021

We surveyed K-6 classroom teachers in four rural counties in Oregon to ascertain current nutrition and physical activity and/or physical education (PA/PE) instruction, barriers to teaching these subjects, and interest and need for professional development. Although most respondents reported teaching nutrition and PA/PE in their classrooms and appear to place high importance on teaching these subjects, reported delivery time was low. Extension can play an influential role in ensuring that students receive adequate nutrition and PA/PE instructional time by providing support to teachers through professional development, direct education in the classroom, and policy, systems and environmental change.
GENESIS AND HISTORICAL CHANGES IN THE FORM OF KNITWEAR
Authors: Bondarenko Maria V. , Kovaleva Olga V.
Published: November 2021

This article examines the history of the emergence and development of knitwear products from the first samples of hand knitting to the 20 th century. The history of the development of the knitwear assortment, from knitted accessories for a suit, in particular hosiery, to the formation of a knitted suit is presented. Particular attention in the study is paid to the importance of technology development in the knitwear development. The shape and appearance of knitwear largely depend on the interloopings and yarns the product is made of. With the development of production technologies, knitwear has become a full-fledged element of the wardrobe, which was fully revealed only in the 20 th century. During this period, knitwear was widespread and was able to adapt to the fashion of each era – knitwear could support the image of femininity or androgyny, sophistication or slovenliness, it was used both for everyday life and for avant-garde experiments.
The life of Nadaswara Artists showing the novel Sancharam
Authors: D Dharani , C Sumathi
Published: October 2021

Nadaswaram's Pride and Benefits and Sancharam novel as a way of showing how the lives of Nadaswara artists are situated. The novel 'Sancharam' written by Ramakrishnan has been taken as the scope of study. There are many arts in our country. This article explores how artists shape their lives through art. It describes the miracles that Nadaswara artists perform through their art and the pride, admiration and progress they achieve through it. Music is something beyond caste religions. Among those who disagree that this is the profession that this religion should do, it is said that a person of the Islamic religion became interested in Nadaswara music, learned the art, and the growth and contentment he attained through it. In the author's novel, Kalyan tells the story of one who wags his ear and listens to music, as an example of how not only human beings but also children can enjoy listening to Nadaswaara music. And artists face not only pride but also many insults due to music. Artists are segregated in the name of caste and despised in many places. Although it is gratifying to see the environment in our country where science is evolving and undergoing many changes, it is unfortunate that the tools in response to artists are changing and causing unemployment for artists. It is very sad that those who invite Nadaswara artists to the show are cheating them and beating them in the stomach without giving them the money they are talking about. This causes economic problems for the artists and affects their livelihood. Such events have been explored through the characters found in the novel 'Sancharam' such as Rathinam, Bakkiri, Thannasi, Abdul Qadir, Sarakudu Latsaya, Palani.
Endemik Cousinia decolorans Freyn & Sint. (Asteraceae) Türünün Anatomik, Palinolojik ve Mikromorfolojik Özellikleri
Authors: ULUKUŞ Deniz , ATASAGUN Bayram , TUGAY Osman
Published: October 2021

Cousinia (Asteraceae, Cardueae) cinsi çiçekli bitkiler içerisinde tür sayısı bakımından 50. büyük cins ve Asteraceae familyası içerisinde yaklaşık 700 türle temsil edilen en büyük cinslerden biridir. Bu çalışma, Cousinia seksiyonu içerisinde yer alan Cousinia decolorans türünün anatomik, palinolojik mikromorfolojik özelliklerinin belirlenerek cinsin sistematiğine katkı sağlamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. C. decolorans türünün polen mikromorfolojik özellikleri çalışılmış ve türe ait fotoğraflar verilmiştir. Bu türün anatomik çalışmasında gövde, yaprak ve orta damar özellikleri tespit edilerek fotoğrafları verilmiştir. Anatomik çalışmalar için bitki kısımları parafine gömülmüş ve dokuların boyanma işlemi için safranin fast green boyama metodu uygulanmıştır. Anatomik karakterlerden orta damar şeklinin yarıorbikular ve orta damardaki iletim demeti sayısının 3 olmasıyla bu karakterlerin türler arasında ayrımda kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Palinolojik çalışmalarda ışık mikroskobu kullanılarak polen şeklinin prolat olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Polen ekzin yüzey süslerinin belirlenmesi için SEM mikroskobu kullanılıp, polenlerin fotoğrafları çekilmiş ve polen yüzeylerinin verrukat olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca akenlerin morfolojik ve mikromorfolojik özellikleri incelenmiş ve yüzey ornamentasyonunun retipilat olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Creating and updating of topographic maps height base in the new national spatial coordinate system: case Fergana valley
Authors: Fazilova Dilbarkhon , Magdiev Khasan
Published: November 2021

The use of high-precision technology of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has put forward the task of developing the methods for the creation and the use of a new national open coordinate system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the country, up to now the CS42 coordinate system, based on the Krasovsky ellipsoid used for geodetic works. The Baltic normal system of heights (1977), tied to the mean sea level with the zero mark of the Kronstadt tide gauge, was adopted as a height datum.

Due to lack geoid information for the territory of the country determined by modern methods, the realization of a height reference datum becomes an urgent task. The results of GPS measurements usually presented in a coordinate system relative to the WGS-84 ellipsoid, and have to convert to national, local coordinate systems to solve practical problems. The horizontal GPS coordinates can directly use for computational work, but the geodetic heights have to convert to orthometric (or normal) heights for a given area using geoid information.

In this work, a study was made of methods for updating the height reference datum of topographic maps at a scale of 1:200,000 using a deformation matrix between two reference coordinate systems for the territory of the Fergana Valley. To convert between geodetic and normal heights between the CS42 and WGS84 coordinate systems, a vertical deformation matrix in the GTX format of the National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of Canada (NOAA) have created.

To create a file of elevation displacements, the results of classical leveling and satellite GPS measurements have used at 144 “common” points of the entire network of the country with known coordinates in two systems. The difference between the “real” values of geodetic heights obtained from GPS measurements and “modeled” ranges from -0.13 m to 0.67 m. It has revealed that the maximum differences in heights are in the area of the Fergana basin itself and may be a consequence of both an anomalous gravitational field in this part of the territory, and an insufficient density of stations of the GPS network in the northeastern part of the area. The normal height values for the updated topographic map in WGS84 have computed using the EGM2008 high precision geopotential model. The discrepancy between the values of heights in CS42 and WGS84 is in the range of -3.93 m and 0.31 m.
THE PRINCIPLE OF PROTECTION OF HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Authors: Tensina E.F.
Published: November 2021

The article analyzes the reasons for the introduction of the principle of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the criminal procedural system of principles, including taking into account international legislation. The relationship between the concepts of "protection" and "protection" is revealed. The characteristic of its content is given with the allocation of elements. The content of the information component in the activities of officials carrying out criminal proceedings is analyzed. The concepts of witness immunity and witness privilege are defined, their significance for the content of the principle of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms. Particular attention is paid to the issues of legal regulation of the security program for participants in criminal procedural relations and the current mechanism of compensation for harm caused to the victim of a crime. Taking into account the analysis, the problems of legal regulation were identified and proposals were made to eliminate them. The importance of a serious and thoughtful attitude of officials carrying out criminal proceedings to ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms in criminal proceedings is emphasized.