bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One Step Cosine–Taylorlike Method For Solving Stiff Equations
Authors: Ahmad Rokiah @ Rozita , Yaacob Nazeeruddin
Published: January 2013

Makalah ini membincangkan penghasilan kaedah tak tersirat bak Cosine–Taylor untuk menyelesaikan persamaan pembezaan biasa kaku. Perumusannya menghasilkan pengenalan kepada satu rumus baru bagi penyelesaian berangka bagi persamaan pembezaan biasa kaku. Kaedah baru ini memerlukan penghitungan tambahan yakni melakukan beberapa terbitan bagi fungsi yang terlibat. Walau bagaimanapun, keputusan yang diperoleh adalah lebih baik berbanding hasil yang didapati apabila menggunakan kaedah tak tersirat Runge–Kutta peringkat–4 dan kaedah tersirat Adam–Bashfiorth–Moulton (ABM). Perbandingan yang dibuat dengan kaedah bak Sine–Taylor menunjukkan kejituan bagi kedua–dua kaedah adalah hampir setara.

Kata kunci: Kaedah tak tersirat; persamaan pembezaan biasa kaku; Runge–Kutta; kaedah tersirat; Adam–Bashforth–Moulton; bak Sine–Taylor

This paper discusses the derivation of an explicit Cosine–Taylorlike method for solving stiff ordinary differential equations. The formulation has resulted in the introduction of a new formula for the numerical solution of stiff ordinary differential equations. This new method needs an extra work in order to solve a number of differentiations of the function involved. However, the result produced is better than the results from the explicit classical fourth–order Runge–Kutta (RK4) and the implicit Adam–Bashforth–Moulton (ABM) methods. When compared with the previously derived Sine–Taylorlike method, the accuracy for both methods is almost equivalent.

Key words: Explicit method; stiff ordinary differential equations; Runge–Kutta; implicit method; Adam–Bashforth–Moulton; Sine–Taylorlike
Optical Waveguides In BenzoCyclobutene (BCB 4024–40) Polymer
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Haniff , Mohd Kassim Norazan , Mohammad Abu Bakar , Chin Mee–Koy , Lee Shuh–Ying
Published: January 2013

Proses fabrikasi dan pencirian bagi pandu gelombang optik mod tunggal yang berdasarkan bahan polimer sensitif cahaya, BenzoCyclobutene (BCB 4024–40) dibincangkan. Ketebalan filem polimer bagi pelbagai kelajuan putaran enapan dan indeks biasan polimer diukur menggunakan kaedah prisma gandingan. Pandu gelombang ini difabrikasi menggunakan kaedah fotolitografi dan punaran kimia basah di atas bahan kaca BK7 dan lapisan nipis SiO2 sebagai pelindung. Kehilangan pandu gelombang diukur menggunakan kaedah konvensional ‘cut back’ yang menghasilkan purata kehilangan sebanyak 3.5 dB/cm.

Kata kunci: Polimer BenzoCyclobutene; kaedah putaran enapan; kaedah punaran kimia basah; prisma gandingan

The fabrication and characterization processes of single mode optical waveguide based on photosensitive BenzoCyclobutene (BCB 4024–40) polymer are described. The polymer film thickness for various coating speed and refractive index are measured by the method of prism coupling. The waveguide is fabricated using the photolithography and chemical etching technique on BK7 glass substrate with a thin layer of SiO2 as cover. The waveguide loss is measured using the conventional cut back method which results on an average loss of 3.5 dB/cm.

Key words: BenzoCyclobutene polymer; spin coating technique; chemical etching technique; prism coupling; cutback method
Penilaian Kitar Hayat (LCA) Dan Alat Pengurusan Alam Sekitar
Authors: Sharaai Amir Hamzah , Bakri Sitty Nur Syafa , Md Said Saidah
Published: January 2013

Penilaian Kitar Hayat (LCA) merupakan salah satu alat pengurusan alam sekitar. Terdapat beberapa alat pengurusan alam sekitar lain yang mirip dengan LCA yang menimbulkan kekeliruan di kalangan pengamalnya. Bagi merungkaikan permasalahan tersebut, satu analisis terhadap setiap alat dihuraikan berdasarkan 3 aspek, iaitu umum, kontekstual dan kaedah. Hasil analisis ini mendapati LCA diguna pakai dalam beberapa alat pengurusan bagi mencapai matlamat pendekatan tersebut. LCA dan alat pengurusan alam sekitar yang lain juga diperlukan bagi mencapai kelestarian alam sekitar. Data yang komprehensif dan mencukupi amat perlu bagi semua alat pengurusan alam sekitar agar objektif setiap alat tercapai.

Kata kunci: Pembangunan mapan; penilaian kitar hayat (LCA); pendekatan pengurusan alam sekitar; alat-alat pengurusan alam sekitar

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is part of environmental management tools. Other tools have similarity with the LCA that cause confusion to practitioners. An analysis has been carried out to overcome this matter. The analysis is described based on three aspects: general, contextual and method. The analysis show that LCA is used in several management tools to achieve the goal of the approaches. LCA and other environmental management approaches are also essential for sustainable environment. The comprehensive and sufficient data are necessary to all environment management tools in order to ensure the objective from each tools are achieved.

Key words: Sustainable development; life cycle assessment (LCA); environmental management approaches; environmental management tools
Stabilization of Power System Including Wind Farm by PWM Voltage Source Converter and Chopper Controlled SMES
Authors: Anower Md. Shamim , Sheikh Md. Rafiqul Islam
Published: January 2013

This paper presents a dynamic model of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) device developed, which can significantly decrease the voltage and power fluctuations of grid connected fixed speed wind generators. The SMES system with a voltage–source IGBT converter and two–quadrant DC–DC chopper is analyzed as a controllable energy source. The objective of the proposed SMES control strategy is to smooth the wind farm output by absorbing or providing real power. Moreover, its reactive power output can also be controlled to keep the wind farm terminal voltage constant. The control methodology of SMES system is suitable for the two objectives stated above. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated by dynamic simulations using a test power system. Real wind speed data is used in the simulation analyses, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed control strategy can smooth well the wind generator output power and also maintain the terminal voltage at rated level.

Key words: Minimization of fluctuations; superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES); wind generator stabilization; voltage source converter (VSC); DC–DC chopper
Budaya Berbahasa Menurut Perspektif Islam
Authors: Che Mat Azman , Muhammad Azhar
Published: January 2013

Artikel ini bertujuan mencari hubungan antara bahasa dengan budaya serta peranan yang dimainkan oleh Islam dalam membentuk tamadun manusia. Hal ini kerana antara penggunaan bahasa dengan amalan budaya penutur asli tidak boleh dipisahkan. Jelas, bahasa dan budaya tidak boleh diasingkan. Budaya adalah refleksi daripada bahasa yang digunakan dalam semua masyarakat. Hal ini penting kerana dengan mengetahui budaya, ketepatan makna bahasa diperolehi. Islam telah menyoroti adab al–Kalãm atau adab–adab al–Lisãn, yang sesuai untuk diterapkan dalam bahasa manusia dan boleh diterima sebagai budaya komunikasi universal untuk ummah. Islam mengakui jenis bahasa dan bahasa kebangsaan, serta media penentu Arab sebagai bahasa Islam. Bahasa Arab dianggap sebagai bahasa keagamaan, tetapi sesiapa sahaja dibenarkan untuk mempelajari dan menggunakannya. Namun, semua bahasa boleh digunakan sebagai media untuk amalan dakwah di seluruh dunia.

Kata kunci: Bahasa; budaya; Islam; bahasa Arab

This article aims to seek the relationship between human language and its culture as well as the role played by Islam in shaping man’s civilization. We cannot disintegrate between language use and culture practice of the native speaker. Evidently, language and culture are indivisible. They cannot be separated. A culture is a reflection of the language that is used in all communities. It is essential to know culture for the accuracy of the language used. Islam has highlighted the adab al–Kalãm or adab al–Lisãn, which is suitable to be implemented in human languages and acceptable as a universal communication culture for the ummah. Islam recognizes varieties of language and the national language along with the determinant medium of Arabic as Islamic language. Arabic language is regarded as a religious language but every body is allowed to learn and use it. However, all languages can be used as a medium for the practice of al–dacwah worldwide.

Key words: Language; culture; Islam; Arabic language
Keberkesanan Kaedah “Numbered Heads Together” Terhadap Pencapaian Biologi Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Authors: Ong Eng Tek , Tan Sek Chin
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keberkesanan kaedah pembelajaran koperatif jenis Numbered Heads Together (NHT) berbanding dengan kaedah kuliah dalam meningkatkan pencapaian Biologi dalam kalangan pelajar di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI). Dengan menggunakan reka bentuk pretest–posttest control group design, seramai 30 orang pelajar dipilih secara rawak untuk mengikuti kaedah koperatif manakala 30 orang pelajar lagi mengikuti kaedah kuliah. Pencapaian pelajar dalam kursus "Pengenalan Biologi II" (kod rasmi TBA1023) dengan sub topik "Human Respiratory System" diukur melalui satu ujian 20 item aneka pilihan yang dijana oleh pengkaji dan mempunyai kesahan serta kebolehpercayaan yang sesuai. Penganalisisan data dengan kaedah analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) menunjukkan bahawa min terlaras (79.90) bagi kumpulan eksperimen adalah lebih tinggi dan signifikan secara statistik (F(1,57) = 16.63, p < 0.001) berbanding dengan min terlaras (73.70) kumpulan kawalan. Perbezaan min terlaras ini, yang memihak kepada kumpulan koperatif jenis Numbered Heads Together, adalah juga signifikan secara pendidikan (educationally significant) berdasarkan pengiraan kesan saiz (effect size) bernilai 0.83 yang bersamaan dengan empat per lima sisihan piawai. Dapatan kajian ini dibincang dalam konteks pendidikan sains di peringkat pengajian tinggi dan diakhiri dengan implikasi untuk kajian–kajian masa depan.

Kata kunci: Pembelajaran koperatif; numbered heads together; pendidikan biologi

This study examines the effect of using “Numbered Heads Together,” a cooperative learning strategy, as compared to the lecture approach on the Biology achievement amongst undergraduates at UPSI. Employing the pretest–posttest control group design with random assignment, 30 students were assigned to the cooperative learning group while another 30 students to the lecture group. Student achievement in “Human Respiratory System,” a subtopic in the Introductory Biology II (officially coded as TBA1023) was measured using a researcher–generated instrument consisted of 20 multiple–choice items and that has adequate validity and reliability. Analysing the data set using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), the results indicate that the adjusted mean (79.90) of the cooperative learning group is statistically significantly higher (F(1,57) = 16.63, p < 0.001) than the adjusted mean of the lecture group. The obtained effect size (Δ = +0.83), which is equivalent to approximately four fifth of a standard deviation, denotes the educational significance, favouring the Numbered Heads Together cooperative learning group. These findings are discussed in the context of educational practice in higher education and equally, implications for future research are proffered.

Key words: Cooperative learning; numbered heads together; biology education
Breathalyzer Enabled Ignition Interlock System
Authors: Abdul Rahim Herlina , Syed Hassan Syed Daud , Mohd Yusop Zulkifli , Chia Kim Seng , Abdul Razak Noramli
Published: January 2013

Pengesan alkohol atau lebih dikenali sebagai ‘breathalyzer’ memainkan peranan penting dalam memantau kepekatan alkohol dalam aliran darah seseorang. Projek ini adalah merekebentuk dan membangunkan ‘breathalyzer’ yang disambungkan ke suis pencucuhan (ignition) Modul perkakasan adalah termasuk mikrokontroler PIC16F877A, sensor alkohol, panel LCD dan litar suis pencucuhan. Komponen perisian adalah pengaturcaraan dan kod yang di programkan ke pengawal mikro PIC. Apabila diaktifkan, sistem ini mampu mengesan kepekatan alkohol didalam sampel nafas seseorang dan memaparkan jumlah yang dikesan dalam peratusan BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) pada panel LCD. Kemudian, dalam linkungan yang telah ditetapkan, sistem akan membuat pilihan samada menghidupkan atau mematikan litar suis pencucuhan.

Kata kunci: Pengesan alcohol; kepekatan alkohol dalam darah; pencucuhan; alcohol; mabuk

A breath alcohol detector or better known as a breathalyzer plays a vital role in monitoring alcohol concentration in a person’s bloodstream. This project involves the design and development of a breathalyzer device which controls an ignition switch. The hardware modules include the PIC16F877A microcontroller, alcohol sensor, LCD panel and ignition switch circuitry. The software component includes the programming and source code which is implemented via the PIC microcontroller. Upon assembly, the system is able to detect the alcohol concentration in a person’s breath sample and displays the detected amount in terms of BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) percentage on the LCD panel. According to the amount, the system decides whether to enable or disable the ignition switch circuitry.

Key words: Breathalyzer; blood alcohol concentration; ignition; alcohol; drunk
Optical Tomography: Transmitter And Receiver Circuit Preparation
Authors: Mohd Muji Siti Zarina , Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , A.Johnson David , Rahiman Mohd Hafiz Fazalul , Mohamad Elmy Johana , Arshad Amani Hudabiyah , Abdul Sahib Mohd. Fadzli
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini memfokuskan faktor yang memberi kesan kepada pemilihan penghantar dan penerima dan bahagian–bahagian lain untuk persediaan bagi litar optikal tomografi. Perbincangan major adalah pemilihan sensor penghantar dan penerima, operational amplifier dan penyusunan komponen di dalam litar. Kertas kerja ini menyediakan panduan tentang bagaimana untuk memilih komponen yang sesuai dan menyusunnya untuk membina litar yang baik dan berfungsi.

Kata kunci: Penghantar; penerima; penguat pengoperasian; tomografi optik

This paper focuses on the factors that need to be considered while making the decision for transmitter, receiver and other parts that are needed in the preparation for the optical tomography circuit. The major discussion is on the selection of transmitter and receiver’s sensor, operational amplifier, and the arrangement of components in the circuit. This paper provides guidance on how to select the appropriate component and rearrange them to construct a good and functional circuit.

Key words: Transmitter; receiver; operational amplifier; optical tomography
Simulative Study On Liquid/Gas Two–Phase Flow Measurement For Dual–Plane Ultrasonic Transmission–Mode Tomography
Authors: Nor Ayob Nor Muzakkir , Rahiman Mohd Hafiz Fazalul , Zakaria Zulkarnay , Yaacob Sazali , Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , Manan Mohd Rizal
Published: January 2013

Kajian simulatif telah dijalankan mengenai penggunaan teknik korelasi–silang untuk ultrasonik transmisi tomografi satah berganda. Teknik ini digunakan untuk membandingkan isyarat dari setiap satah yang masing–masing dinamakan satah–bawah dan satah–atas. Pemisahan jarak antara kedua–dua satah adalah tetap. Hasil dari perbandingan isyarat satah berganda, digabungkan dengan jarak pemisahan yang telah diketahui termasuk kelajuan sistem memproses maklumat, boleh digunakan untuk menganggarkan kelajuan aliran di dalam paip pemprosesan yang hendak diteliti. Penggabungan Ultrasonik Transmisi Tomografi (UTT) dengan teknik pengukuran korelasi–silang dapat memberikan maklumat yang lebih lanjut mengenai aliran jika dibandingkan dengan sistem UTT bersatah tunggal. Diskusi dalam artikel ini lebih memfokuskan kepada nilai min setiap gambar dan pekali korelasi 2D yang akan digunakan untuk mengkorelasikan gambar tomogram antara satah–bawah dan satah–atas. Prinsip pengukuran kelajuan pergerakan gas didalam keadaan gas dan cecair yg bergelembung berdasarkan pada korelasi–silang antara kedua–dua satah juga dijelaskan. Keputusan awal eksperimen menggambarkan kesesuaian kaedah yang dibentangkan di sini.

Kata kunci: Korelasi–silang; corak beku; korelasi min; simulasi satah berganda; tomografi transmisi ultrasonik

Simulative studies are done on the use of cross–correlation technique based on a dual–plane ultrasonic transmission tomography for liquid and gas two–phase flow measurement. This technique is used to correlate the signals from each sensing area namely downstream plane and upstream plane. Separation distance between both sensing areas is fixed. The result from cross correlating the dual–plane signals, combined with the known separation distance and the system’s acquisition rate is used to estimate the velocity of the flow inside the investigated process column. Combining Ultrasonic Transmission Tomography (UTT) with the cross–correlation flow measurement technique can provide more information on the flow than a single–plane UTT system. This paper focuses on the mean value of the images and the 2D correlation coefficient that is used to cross–correlate the tomogram images between the downstream and upstream plane of the simulated dual–plane ultrasonic transmission tomography system. The principle of measurement for local gas velocity distribution in a bubbly gas/liquid pipe flow based on crosscorrelation of two plane images is also described. Initial experimental results illustrate the feasibility of the method presented here.

Key words: Cross–correlation; frozen pattern; mean correlation; dual–plane simulation; ultrasonic transmission tomography
Auto Pan Tilt Motion Surveillance System
Authors: Chee Pei Song , Leow Pei Ling , Abdul Manaf Mohomad Shukri
Published: January 2013

Projek ini bertujuan untuk membangunkan satu sistem yang dilengkapi dengan pelbagai jenis jejakkan. Sistem tersebut kecil dari segi saiz, mudah alih dan memudahkan pemasangan. Konvensyen sistem terdiri daripada fungsi operasi tunggal dan mempunyai sistem yang besar. Projek ini boleh dicapai dengan pemasangan webcam murah dengan dua motor servo yang memainkan peranan sebagai sendi gerakan. Gerakan tersebut berdasarkan proses menarik dan mendorong dengan sambungan yang terlekat pada motor. Sistem tersebut mampu melakukan tugas pengesanan objek, jejakkan warna dan jejakkan gumpalan warna cahaya laser. Selain itu, video rakaman, gambar tangkapan dan pencetusan penggera boleh dilakukan. Sistem pelbagai fungsi ini dibangunkan dengan algoritma gabungan dari pelbagai jenis penapis. Alat tersebut telah dicuba dalam keadaan bilik dan keadaan luaran. Kajian menunjukkan sistem mampu mengkompensasi dengan gangguan hingar. Sistem tersebut mampu mencapai kelajuan 0.125 ms–1 dengan 145° dan 60° periuk gerakan miring. Pemasangan system tersebut melibatkan kos yang murah dan boleh diaplikasikan dalam robot visi, persidangan video dan aplikasi UAV automatik.

Kata kunci: Pengesanan gerakan; pelacakan gumpalan warna; pelacakan laser; sistem pemantauan pintar; kamera pelacakan objek

This research develops webcam base pan and tilt camera with multiple tracking ability. This pan tilt surveillance system is small in size, portable and easy for installation. Convention surveillance system is limited to single function operation and have bulky camera system. The key component of this surveillance system is the attachment of low cost webcam onto pan and tilt servo motor. The movement of the webcam results from pulls and push coupling unit which attach to the motor. The smart surveillance system able to perform motion detection task, color blob tracking and laser light tracking. Automatic system enhanced its ability into real–time auto motion video record, photo snap shot and trigger alarm. This multi function system is developed with improve algorithm combination from different type of multi–filter. It is experimented under indoor and outdoor environment. The result shows the system able to compensate with the noise disturbance. The reported maximum speed is 0.125 ms–1 with 145° pan movement and 60° tilt movements. Such automated system is cost effective and can be used as robot vision, automated video conference and UAV application.

Key words: Motion detection; color blob tracking; laser tracking; smart surveillance system; object tracking camera
New Results On Partial Fraction Based Frequency Weighted Balanced Truncation Technique For Discrete–Time System
Authors: Sahlan Shafishuhaza , Sreeram Victor
Published: January 2013

Artikel in membentangkan keputusan baru bagi kaedah pengurangan model frekuensi tertimbang berdasarkan kaedah pengembangan fraksi separa didalam masa diskrit. Rangka pengurangan model bagi kaedah baru yang dicadangkan diperolehi melalui pemotongan langsung, menghasilkan kesalahan yang lebih rendah berbanding kaedah–kaedah lain yang sudah ada. Kaedah baru ini dijamin akan stabil bahkan untuk tertimbang bersisi ganda. Sebuah batas kesalahan a priori yang mudah dan senang dihitung juga diperoleh. Contoh berangka dengan perbandingan dengan teknik yang ada menunjukkan keberkesanan kaedah yang dicadangkan

Kata kunci: Rangka pengurangan model; batas kesalahan; kaedah pengembangan fraksi spara

In this paper, we present some new results on frequency weighted model reduction technique based on partial fraction expansion idea in discrete–time system. The reduced order models of the newly proposed method obtained by direct truncation, produces lower errors when compared to existing techniques. The new method is guaranteed to be stable even for double sided weightings. A simple and easily computable a priori error bound is also derived. Numerical examples with comparisons to the existing techniques show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Key words: Model order reductions; error bounds; partial fraction expansion
Surface Reconstruction Using Reference Model For Future Prosthetic Design
Authors: Mahmood Nasrul Humaimi , Omar Camallil , Ariffin Ismail
Published: January 2013

Kaedah sedia ada menggunakan teknik pengunjuran pinggir bagi reka bentuk prostetik menghasilkan keputusan yang baik pada bahagian tubuh dan anggota bahagian bawah badan. Walau bagaimanapun, peranti yang digunakan adalah mahal. Kajian ini mencadangkan penggunaan kaedah pasif melibatkan pembinaan semula permukaan tiga dimensi (3D) daripada imej yang diambil beberapa sudut/pandangan menggunakan kamera digital. Reka bentuk dan metodologi terdiri daripada beberapa teknik yang sesuai untuk reka bentuk prostetik. Kaedah pemadanan yang membolehkan model rujukan sesuatu objek dipadankan dengan data sebenar dibincangkan. Model rujukan dihasil menggunakan algoritma komputer manakala data sebenar dihasilkan dari imej yang dibina semula menggunakan teknik shape–from–silhouette (SfS) dan approximate circular motion. Proses pemadanan melibatkan pergerakan vertis objek rujukan ke arah vertis objek sebenar. Keputusan kajian berpotensi untuk menggunakan kaedah yang dicadangkan dalam reka bentuk peranti prostetik.

Kata kunci: Prostetik; pembinaan semula 3D; pemadanan permukaan; Shape from silhouette (SfS); circular motion

Existing methods that use a fringe projection technique for prosthetic designs produce good results for the trunk and lower limbs; however, the devices used are expensive. This study proposes the use of an inexpensive passive method involving 3D surface reconstruction from digital images taken at multiple views. The design and evaluation methodology comprise of a number of techniques suitable for prosthetic design. A method that fits a 3D reference model of an object (e.g., a limb) to the target (actual) 3D data to reconstruct the surface of the target is presented. The reference model is generated using a computer algorithm while the target is reconstructed using a shape–from–silhouette (SfS) technique in an approximate circular motion. The fitting process involves deforming the object vertices of the reference model to better match the actual object. The experimental results demonstrate the potential of using the proposed method in prosthetic devices.

Key words: Prosthetic; 3D reconstruction; surface fitting; shape–from–silhouette (SfS); circular motion
Wavelet Frequency Estimation Parameter Of Energy Distribution For Electrooculograph Signal Analysis
Authors: Wan Daud Wan Mohd. Bukhari , Sudirman Rubita
Published: January 2013

Pengajian ini mengkaji electrooculograph (EOG) isyarat pola gerakan mata. Perilaku dari isyarat gerakan mata dijelaskan menggunakan kaedah wavelet dan digabungkan dengan ciriciri pengedaran tenaga. Ciri–ciri yang berasal dari isyarat EOG daripada empat jenis pergerakan mata dan dicatat menggunakan Sistem Akuisisi Data EEG, EEG Neurofax–9200. Elektrodelektrod tersebut diletakkan di dahi dan di bawah mata. Data diperolehi daripada 15 subjek di dalam bilik yang senyap, di mana data yang tercatat terdiri daripada empat gerakan mata yang berbeza, iaitu pergerakan ke atas, ke bawah, ke kiri dan ke kanan. Algoritma Wavelet scalogram digunakan untuk menganalisa isyarat yang direkodkan kerana ia mampu untuk menunjukkan amaun tenaga isyarat EOG pergerakan mata dengan perubahan masa dan frekuensi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa amaun tenaga isyarat EOG menunjukkan pola yang berbeza dalam gerakan–gerakan berikut: tahap 6 (8–16 Hz) untuk gerakan mata ke kiri; tahap 7 (4–8 Hz) untuk gerakan ke atas; tahap 8 (2 – 4 Hz) untuk gerakan ke kanan dan peringkat 9 (1–2 Hz) untuk gerakan ke bawah.

Kata kunci: Electro–oculogram; gerakan mata; tenaga isyarat; transformasi wavelet; scalogram

The study investigates the electrooculograph (EOG) signals of eye movement patterns. The behaviours of the eye movement signal is described using wavelet method and combined with the energy distribution features. The features are derived from EOG signals of four type eye movement and recorded using the EEG Data Acquisition System Neurofax EEG–9200. The electrodes were attached to the subjects on the forehead and below the eye. The data is acquired from 15 subjects in a quiet room, in which the recorded data is composed by four different eye movements that are upward, downward, towards to left and towards to right. Wavelet scalogram algorithm is used as the tool because of its capable to distribute the EOG signals energy of eye movement with the change of time and frequency. From the results, it indicated that the energy distribution of EOG signals exhibit different patterns in their corresponding movements as follow: level 6 (8–16 Hz) for left eye movement; level 7 (4–8 Hz) for upward; level 8 (2–4 Hz) for right and level 9 (1–2 Hz) for downward.

Key words: Electro–oculogram; eye movement; signal potentials; wavelet transform; scalogram
Concentration Profiling Of Two Phase Flow In A Gravity Flow Rig Using Optical Tomography
Authors: Ibrahim Sallehuddin , Rahmat Mohd Fua’ad , Elmajri Mustafa Musbah , Mohammad Yunus Mohammad Amri
Published: January 2013

Matlamat kertas kerja ini ialah untuk membentangkan penyelidikan tentang penggunaan kaedah tomografi optik menggunakan penderia–penderia infra merah untuk pemantauan masa nyata terhadap zarah–zarah pepejal yang dialirkan oleh rig aliran graviti. Penderia terdiri daripada dua projeksi cahaya orthogonal dan dua projeksi cahaya melintang untuk membentuk deretan atas dan bawah menjadi empat projeksi selari. Penumpuan pancaran daripada satu sumber cahaya dan mengalirkannya melalui rejim aliran yang memastikan keamatan pancaran dikesan pada bahagian yang bertentangan disambungkan kepada agihan dan pekali serapan bagi fasa–fasa yang berbeza dalam laluan pancaran. Maklumat pada aliran yang diperolehi oleh penderia-penderia yang dipasang di bahagian atas dan bawah akan dijadikan dalam bentuk digital oleh sistem perolehan data sebelum ia dihantar ke sebuah computer untuk dianalisis untuk memaparkan keratan silang imej. Penyelidikan ini berjaya dikembangkan dan diuji menggunakan sebuah sistem tomografi infra merah untuk memaparkan kepekatan aliran dwi fasa dalam rig aliran gravity.

Kata kunci: Profil kepekatan; aliran dwi fasa; tomografi optic; infra-merah; aliran pepejal

The objective of this paper is to present research on the use of an optical tomography method using infra–red sensors for real–time monitoring of solid particles conveyed by a gravity flow rig. The sensor comprised two orthogonal and two diagonal light projections to form upstream and downstream arrays in a total of four parallel projections. Collimating the radiated beam from a light source and passing it through a flow regime ensures that the intensity of radiation detected on the opposite side is linked to the distribution and the absorption coefficients of the different phases in the path of the beam. The information on the flow captured using upstream and downstream infra-red sensors is digitized by the DAS system before it was passed into a computer to be analyzed in order to reconstruct the cross section image. This investigation successfully developed and tested an infra–red tomography system to profile the concentration of two phase flow in a gravity flow rig.

Key words: Concentration profiles; two phase flow; optical tomography; infra–red; solid flow
Test Cell For Polarization And Depolarization Current Test Of Transformer Insulation Oil
Authors: Muhamad Nor Asiah , Phung Toan , Blackburn Trevor
Published: January 2013

Polarisasi dan depolarisasi Arus (PDA) analisis biasanya digunakan untuk menentukan kadar air dalam di antara penebat minyak–kertas dan juga konduktiviti minyak di dalam pemboleh ubah. Pengukuran PDA ke atas pemboleh ubah di tapak dilakukan dengan menyuntikkan Voltan DC pada satu sisi pemboleh ubah dan pengukuran arus akak dilalukan pada sisi yang lain, di mana semasa pemdukuran dijalankan pemboleh ubah ini harus dipisahkan dari operasi. Ujian PDC biasanya berjalan sehingga 10000s untuk polarisasi dan harus menunggu 10000s lagi untuk pengukuran depolarisasi. Kerana tempoh ujian yang lama, aplikasi kaedah ini untuk memantau pemboleh ubah yang sedang beroperasi menjadi kurang popular. Dalam kajian ini, sel direka dan dibangunkan untuk melakukan ujian PDA pada sampel minyak penebat. Pola PDA minyak penebat diperoleh dengan ujian menggunakan sel tersebut didapati memiliki pola yang sama dengan ujian dilakukan di tapak. Ramalan kondisi pemboleh ubah dalam perkhidmatan dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan ujian PDA pada sampel minyak penebat yang diambil dari tangki pemboleh ubah dan kemudian membandingkan polanya, tahap konduktiviti dan nilai pemuat berkadar terhadap pola asal PDA minyak penebat tersebut.

Kata kunci: Polarisasi; depolarisasi; minyak penebat; pemboleh ubah dan sel

Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) analysis is normally used to determine the water content in the oil–paper insulation barrier and also oil conductivity inside the transformers. PDC measurement onsite was performed by injecting the DC Voltage at one side of the transformer and current measurement will be carried at the other side of the transformer, in which the transformers are required to be isolated from services to be tested. PDC test normally run up to 10000s for polarization and had to wait for other 10000s for depolarization measurement. Because of the long duration of the test, applications of this method to monitor transformer on service become less popular. In this research, a cell was designed and developed to perform PDC on insulation oil samples. The PDC pattern of insulation oil obtained by testing using the cell was found to have same pattern with the test done onsite. Predictions for transformers in service can be made by performing PDC tests on oil samples taken from the transformer tank and then comparing its pattern, conductivity level and measured capacitance value against a PDC fingerprint.

Key words: Polarization; depolarization; oil insulation; transformer; cell
Dual Modality Tomography: The Image Analysis Of Forward Problem
Authors: Mohd Zain Rasif , Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , Mohd Muji Siti Zarina
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini mempersembahkan satu idea yang baru di dalam proses tomografi iaitu kombinasi di antara dua modaliti; electrical capacitance dan optikal tomografi untuk mengawasi pengukuran aliran pepejal/gas. Sistem Dual Modality Tomography (DMT) mengandungi lapan sensor capacitance elektrod dan 16 pasang sensor optikal di dalam satu lapis sensor. Data yang diambil dari kedua–dua sensor dipindahkan sesiri ke PC dengan kawalan dan dipicu oleh sistem perolehan data. Data yang didapati daripada kedua–dua sensor akan distrukturkan semula kepada imej menggunakan Linear Back Projection atau Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm. Di dalam projek ini, DMT akan menghasilkan cantuman imej, yang mana dibangunkan berdasarkan penyesuaian nilai pixel dan kawasan pengesanan pada penstrukturan semula imej pixel di antara sensor capacitance dan optikal tomografi. Senarai analisis kesilapan akan menentukan kebolehlaksanaan sensor DMT untuk menentusahkan ia sebagai instrumen bagi melihat aliran pepejal.

Kata kunci: Electrical capacitance tomografi; optikal tomografi; dua mod tomografi; cantuman imej; algoritma penstrukturan semula

The paper presents the novel idea in process tomography which is the combination of dual modality; electrical capacitance and optical tomography for monitoring solid/gas flow measurement. Dual Modality Tomography (DMT) system consists of eight electrodes of capacitance sensor and 16 pairs of optical sensor in one sensor plane. The data obtained from both sensors were inseries transfer to PC with control and triggered by data acquisition system. The data obtained from both sensors will then be reconstructed into image using Linear Back Projection or Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm. In this project, the DMT produces an image fusion, which is developed based on the adjustment of pixel values and the detection region of pixel images reconstruction between capacitance and optical tomography sensor. Series of error analyses will determine the feasibility of the DMT sensors to perform as an instrument in solid flow visualization.

Key words: Electrical capacitance tomography; optical tomography; dual mode tomography; image fusion; reconstruction algorithm
The Application Of Computer Algebra In Modelling And Vibration Control Of A Flexible Manipulator
Authors: Mohamed Z. , Mohd Faudzi A. A. , Ahmad M. N. , Zain Z. M , Mohd Hashim A. W. I.
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini membentangkan aplikasi algebra computer utk pemodelan dan kawalan getaran sistem manipulator boleh ubah (flexible manipulator). Sebuah model berasaskan simbol menspesifikasikan sifat manipulator telah dibina menggunakan bahasa simbolik berasaskan finite element dan Lagrange. Menggunakan pendekatan ini, transfer function diperoleh dalam bentuk simbolik. Analisis dilaksanakan untuk mengkaji signifikan dan relasi pemboleh ubah fizikal manipulator boleh ubah tersebut dengan sistem tertentu termasuk poles, zeros, kestabilan, frekuensi getaran dan tertentu fasa non minimum sistem tersebut. Hasil akhir simbolik tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk mereka cipta input shaping getaran skema kawalan. Hasil akhir simulasi dari respons manipulator dibentangkan untuk mendemontrasi aplikasi algorithm dalam pemodelan dan kawalan sesebuah manipulator boleh ubah.

Kata kunci: Algebra computer, manipulator boleh ubah, pemodelan, kawalan getaran

This paper presents the application of computer algebra to modelling and vibration control of a flexible manipulator system. A symbolic–based model characterising the behaviour of the manipulator is developed using a symbolic language based on finite element and Lagrange methods. In this approach, the system transfer function is obtained in symbolic form. Analyses are carried out to investigate the significance and relations of the physical parameters of the flexible manipulator with the system characteristics including poles, zeros, stability, vibration frequencies and non-minimum phase characteristics of the system. The symbolic results are then used to design an effective input shaping vibration control scheme. Simulation results of the response of the manipulator are presented to demonstrate the application of the symbolic algorithm in modelling and control of a flexible manipulator. The symbolic results are then used to design an effective input shaping vibration control scheme. Simulation results of the response of the manipulator are presented to demonstrate the application of the symbolic algorithm in modelling and control of a flexible manipulator.

Key words: Computer algebra; flexible manipulator; modelling; vibration control
Review On Lean Principles For Rapid Construction
Authors: Yahya Muhamad Azani , Mohamad Mohamad Ibrahim
Published: January 2013

Penggunaan prinsip “lean” di dalam proses pembinaan adalah untuk melancarkan perjalanan proses pembinaan terutamanya di tapak binaan dengan mengurangkan aktiviti–aktiviti yang tidak penting untuk melengkapkan kitaran pembinaan secara efektif. Tujuan prinsip ini diadaptasi di dalam pembinaan yang pantas adalah untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang kompleks disebabkan oleh susunan aktiviti yang padat di dalam proses pembinaan itu sendiri. Lima prinsip utama “lean” telah disesuaikan dengan kajian kes. Di dalam aplikasi pembinaan, penggunaan konsep pembinaan pantas adalah sesuai untuk mengurangkan masa aktiviti–aktiviti pembinaan dan memenuhi kehendak tempoh pembinaan. Kelebihan daripada penggunaan prinsip “lean” di dalam pembinaan pantas adalah ianya dapat mengurangkan keseluruhan masa pembinaan, memenuhi kehendak masa pembinaan, lebih berinovasi dan mengurangkan masalah kepadatan aktiviti pembinaan. Kajian ini juga mendapati lapan faktor kejayaan dalam mengaplikasi prinsip “lean” di dalam pembinaan pantas iaitu perancangan yang tepat, memahami keseluruhan kitaran pembinaan dari aspek faktor bukan harga, penggunaan kepakaran, kerja berpasukan yang baik, memahami setiap proses, pengukuran kemajuan, latihan dan penanda aras.

Kata kunci: prinsip “lean” pembinaan pantas; kesesuaian; proses pembinaan; pengurangan

The general approach within lean construction is to make the construction process as it is normally undertaken on the construction site and leaner by reducing non–value generating activities. The reason on why the lean principles are used into rapid construction is to solve the chronicle and congested activities within the time frame of the rapid construction projects. Five principles of lean were made into comparison in the review of three case studies. In many applications of construction concept, the use of rapid construction method components significantly decreased the construction time required for the project. The most significant benefit has been seen in areas where systems have been using it repeatedly. The benefits from lean principles into rapid construction are the shorten of order fulfillment leading times, less project downtime, more innovation and true reduce the chronicle predecessor. This research has also identified eight critical factors of integrating lean with rapid construction that are proven successful which are planning it right, understanding the whole life construction cycle in non price factor view, utilize knowledge and expertise, integrate the team by working with the end to end supply chain in an integrated manner, understand the end to end process, measure performance to include reporting in your own performance, training and benchmarking.

Key words: lean principles; rapid construction; significant; process flow; eliminate waste
Optimal Controller Design For A Railway Vehicle Suspension System Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Mohd Nor Arfah Syahida , Selamat Hazlina , Alimin Ahmad Jais
Published: January 2013

This paper presents the design of an active suspension control of a two–axle railway vehicle using an optimized linear quadratic regulator. The control objective is to minimize the lateral displacement and yaw angle of the wheelsets when the vehicle travels on straight and curved tracks with lateral irregularities. In choosing the optimum weighting matrices for the LQR, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method has been applied and the results of the controller performance with weighting matrices chosen using this method is compared with the commonly used, trial and error method. The performance of the passive and active suspension has also been compared. The results show that the active suspension system performs better than the passive suspension system. For the active suspension, the LQR employing the PSO method in choosing the weighting matrices provides a better control performance and a more systematic approach compared to the trial and error method.

Key words: active suspension control, two–axle railway vehicle, linear quadratic regulator, particle swarm optimization
Kajian Tinjauan Hubungan Etnik Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Tahun Satu Di Kampus Johor Bahru, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Authors: Ab Rahman Hamidah , Abd Rahman Hamidah , Ahmad Norlin , Nordin Nor Akmar , Mahmud Norashikin , Shaari Rozianan , Abdul Wahab Shah Rollah
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini membincangkan tentang tahap hubungan sosial dan patriotisme dalam kalangan pelajar tahun satu Kampus Johor Bahru, UTM. Seramai 521 pelajar yang telah mengikuti kursus Hubungan Etnik (KHE) menjadi responden kajian ini. Kajian ini merupakan kajian tinjauan yang menggunakan borang soal selidik. Skop kajian ini tentang hubungan sosial daripada perspektif perpaduan kaum dan partriotisme yang melibatkan kecintaan, kebanggaan dan kesetiaan kepada negara. Data dianalisis menggunakan kekerapan, peratusan dan min. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap hubungan sosial pelajar tahun satu adalah berada pada tahap sederhana. Manakala patriotisme pula berada pada tahap tinggi. Beberapa cadangan juga dikemukakan untuk memperbaiki kelemahan–kelemahan kepada pengajaran dan pembelajaran kursus Hubungan Etnik di UTM.

Kata kunci: Hubungan etnik; perpaduan; hubungan sosial; patriotisme; masyarakat majmuk; polarisasi

This research discusses the level of social relation and patriotism among first year students in Johor Bahru Campus, UTM. Respondents of this study were 521 students enrolled in the Ethnic Relation course. A survey method using questionnaire was used. The scopes of the study include social relation from the perspective of ethnic unity and patriotism in the context of love, admiration and loyalty to the country. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage and mean. The findings showed that the level of social relation among the first year students was at a moderate level, whereas the level of patriotism was high. Several recommendations are given to improve the weaknesses of teaching and learning in Ethnic Relation course at UTM.

Key words: Ethnic relation; unity; social relation; patriotism; plural society; polarization
Viscometric Performance Evaluation Of Oil With Respect To Shear Rate, Temperature And Shearing Time
Authors: Goh E. G. , Kow C. S. , Wan Nik W. B.
Published: January 2013

Dalam kajian ini, kami menilai kelakuan asas minyak mineral (Mobil Extra 2T) yang dikenakan tekanan daripada keadaan pegun ke 1900 1/s keterikan pada masa keterikan yang berlainan (60, 300 dan 900 s) dan dikekalkan pada 1900 1/s keterikan di antara 30 dan 60 s, dan kemudiannya dengan pengurangan keterikan sehingga keadaan pegun pada masa keterikan 60, 300 dan 900 s. Proses ini diulangi daripada 40 ke 100°C dengan peningkatan suhu 20°C. Pengukuran kelikatan dilakukan dengan ThermoHaake (Rheometer model RS600) dan pengawal suhu (Haake – Phoenix model C1 35P). Kegagalan persamaan reologi dalam permodelan hubungan kelikatan–keterikan dikenalpasti dan persamaan alternative iaitu siri Fourier dicadang sebagai pengganti dengan nilai R2 bersamaan 0.99. Integrasi siri Fourier daripada 0 ke 1900 1/s telah dilakukan pada lengkung peningkatan dan penurunan keterikan. Keputusan menunjukkan lesapan–keterikan ( τL ) boleh diwakili dengan perbezaan nilai integrasi di antara lengkung peningkatan dan penurunan keterikan, pada satu suhu dan masa keterikan. Kaedah ini dicadangkan untuk menilai prestasi minyak pada pemerolehan semula kelikatan selepas dikenakan keterikan.

Kata kunci: Kelikatan; suhu; keterikan; persamaan reologi; siri Fourier

In this study, we evaluate the fundamental behaviour of mineral oil (Mobil Extra 2T) that was stressed from stagnant condition to a shear rate of 1900 1/s in different shearing time (60, 300 and 900 s), remained at constant shear rate of 1900 1/s between 30 to 60 s, and continued by decreasing shear rate to stagnant condition at specific shearing time of 60, 300 and 900 s. This process was repeated from 40 to 100°C with an interval of 20°C. Viscosity measurement was carried out by ThermoHaake (Rheometer model RS600) and temperature control (Haake – Phoenix model C1 35P). Failure of rheological models in modeling the relationship of viscosityshear rate was demonstrated and alternative model i.e. Fourier series was proposed as a substitution with a high R–squared value of 0.99. Integration of Fourier series from 0 to 1900 1/s was carried out on increasing and decreasing shear rate–generated curves. Results showed a consistent trend of lost–shear stress ( τL ), represented by the difference of integration value of increasing and decreasing shear rate–generated curves, at specific temperature and shearing time. This method is proposed to evaluate the performance of oil on viscosity recovery after historical treatment of shear rate.

Key words: Viscosity; temperature; shear rate; rheological models; Fourier series