bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Traditional Agroforestry Practices to Support Sustainable and Agrobiodiverse Landscapes in Southern Brazil
Authors: Lacerda André Eduardo Biscaia , Hanisch Ana Lúcia , Nimmo Evelyn Roberta
Published: June 2020

Integrated landscape approaches have been identified as key to addressing competing social, ecological, economic, and political contexts and needs in landscapes as a means to improve and preserve agrobiodiversity. Despite the consistent calls to integrate traditional and local knowledge and a range of stakeholders in the process of developing integrated landscape approaches, there continues to be a disconnect between international agreements, national policies, and local grassroots initiatives. This case study explores an approach to address such challenges through true transdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder research and outreach to develop solutions for integrated landscapes that value and include the experience and knowledge of local communities and farmers. Working collaboratively with small-scale agroforestry farmers in Southern Brazil who continue to use traditional agroecological practices to produce erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis), our transdisciplinary team is working to collect oral histories, document local ecological knowledge, and support farmer-led initiatives to address a range of issues, including profitability, productivity, and legal restrictions on forest use. By leveraging the knowledge across our network, we are developing and testing models to optimize and scale-out agroforestry and silvopastoral systems based on our partners’ traditional practices, while also supporting the implementation of approaches that expand forest cover, increase biodiversity, protect and improve ecosystem services, and diversify the agricultural landscape. In so doing, we are developing a strong evidence base that can begin to challenge current environmental policies and commonly held misconceptions that threaten the continuation of traditional agroforestry practices, while also offering locally adapted and realistic models that can be used to diversify the agricultural landscape in Southern Brazil.
A Mixed Approach for Multi-Scale Assessment of Land System Dynamics and Future Scenario Development on the Vaucluse Department (Southeastern France)
Authors: Scorsino Carla , Debolini Marta
Published: June 2020

The Mediterranean Basin is at the same time a region of stark social and ecological contrasts and a global biodiversity hotspot, where complex local evolving land use and land cover patterns compose the region’s landscapes. In this context, we aimed for a specific case study of the southeast of France, to assess land and farming systems’ dynamics, to identify their underlying drivers, and to propose possible shared future scenarios for local policies’ implementation. We based our analyses on a mixed approach and operated at downscale from territorial to local scale. First, we applied a quantitative statistical approach for the Vaucluse department. Then, we identified a subzone of the study area and pursued a local analysis through a qualitative and participative approach based on stakeholders’ knowledge. The study highlighted two main dynamics in land and farming systems that involve several changes. The first one is a process of land abandonment, strongly connected to a peri-urbanization process in some areas or to the loss of traditional farming systems in others. The second one is a process of specialization, at both territorial and farm levels, that corresponds to an intensification process and is linked to vineyards’ expansion dynamic with a landscape homogenizing effect.
Peace, Land, and Bureaucracy in Colombia: An Analysis of the Implementation of the Victims and Land Restitution Law from a Multiscale Perspective of State Bureaucracies
Authors: Buchely Lina
Published: June 2020

This article presents an analysis of the complexities implied by the implementation of the Colombian land restitution policy, as an example of the way in which the state works in its day-to-day practice. The document highlights the role played by the bureaucracy of “land” in the management of the so-called post-conflict setting. It is constructive in showing the multiscale nature of the state, whose operation cannot be understood outside the various levels and scales that compose it. This conception is very well exemplified by the typology of the bureaucracies to which it resorts in order to explain the different meanings of notions, such as “conflict,” “land” or “victim,” for the public officials according to the position they fill in the institutional architecture of restitution. By analyzing the research findings, the author reveals that it is emotional, rather than material, benefits that condense the state’s role in the Colombian post-conflict period.
Hollow Silica Cubes with Customizable Porosity
Authors: Gallagher Samuel Hugh , Trussardi Olivier , Lipp Oliver , Brühwiler Dominik
Published: June 2020

Hollow silica cubes were synthesized by a deposition of a thin silica shell onto micrometer-sized hematite cubes. Ordered mesopores with well-defined pore diameters of 2.8 nm and 3.8 nm were introduced into the silica shell by means of pseudomorphic transformation after removal of the hematite core. The particles retained their cubic morphology upon pseudomorphic transformation, allowing for the preparation of close-packed layers of the hollow mesoporous silica cubes by drop-casting and the visualization of the hollow core by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy.
Extracellular Matrix-Derived Hydrogels as Biomaterial for Different Skeletal Muscle Tissue Replacements
Authors: Boso Daniele , Maghin Edoardo , Carraro Eugenia , Giagante Mattia , Pavan Piero , Piccoli Martina
Published: June 2020

Recently, skeletal muscle represents a complex and challenging tissue to be generated in vitro for tissue engineering purposes. Several attempts have been pursued to develop hydrogels with different formulations resembling in vitro the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue in vivo. This review article describes how different types of cell-laden hydrogels recapitulate the multiple interactions occurring between extracellular matrix (ECM) and muscle cells. A special attention is focused on the biochemical cues that affect myocytes morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and phenotype maintenance, underlining the importance of topographical cues exerted on the hydrogels to guide cellular orientation and facilitate myogenic differentiation and maturation. Moreover, we highlight the crucial role of 3D printing and bioreactors as useful platforms to finely control spatial deposition of cells into ECM based hydrogels and provide the skeletal muscle native-like tissue microenvironment, respectively.
Chitosan/Lignosulfonate Nanospheres as “Green” Biocide for Controlling the Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel
Authors: Rasheed Pathath Abdul , Pandey Ravi P. , Jabbar Khadeeja A. , Samara Ayman , Abdullah Aboubakr M. , Mahmoud Khaled A.
Published: June 2020

In this work, uniform cross-linked chitosan/lignosulfonate (CS/LS) nanospheres with an average diameter of 150–200 nm have been successfully used as a novel, environmentally friendly biocide for the inhibition of mixed sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) culture, thereby controlling microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) on carbon steel. It was found that 500 µg·mL−1 of the CS/LS nanospheres can be used efficiently for the inhibition of SRB-induced corrosion up to a maximum of 85% indicated by a two fold increase of charge transfer resistance (Rct) on the carbon steel coupons. The hydrophilic surface of CS/LS can readily bind to the negatively charged bacterial surfaces and thereby leads to the inactivation or damage of bacterial cells. In addition, the film formation ability of chitosan on the coupon surface may have formed a protective layer to prevent the biofilm formation by hindering the initial bacterial attachment, thus leading to the reduction of corrosion.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Gradient Microstructure of AlSi10Mg Lattice Structure Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Liu Mulin , Takata Naoki , Suzuki Asuka , Kobashi Makoto
Published: June 2020

The present study addressed the effect of heat treatment process on microstructure of an AlSi10Mg lattice structure with a body-centered cubic unit cell manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The as-manufactured lattice specimen exhibited a unique cellular structure composing of primary α-Al phases bounded by α-Al/Si eutectic microstructure. A gradient microstructure (continuous microstructural changes) was found in the node and strut portions composed of the lattice specimen. The microstructure appears more equiaxed and coarser with approaching the bottom surface of both portions. The continuous microstructural changes contributed to a variation in hardness measured at different locations in the as-manufactured lattice specimen. Si particles finely precipitate in the primary α-Al phases, and eutectic Si particle coarsening occurs at an elevated temperature of 300 °C. The microstructural coarsening is more pronounced at a higher temperature. A number of significantly coarsened Si particles and a stable Fe-containing intermetallic phase (β-AlFeSi) were observed at all locations in 530 °C solution-treated specimen. The homogenous microstructure results in a constant hardness value independent of the location in the lattice specimen. These results provide new insights to control the compressive properties of the AlSi10Mg lattice structure manufactured via LPBF by subsequent heat treatment processes.
Polypropylene as a Retrofitting Material for Shear Walls
Authors: Mustafaraj Enea , Yardim Yavuz , Corradi Marco , Borri Antonio
Published: June 2020

In recent years, on account of their excellent mechanical properties, composite materials (made of epoxy-bonded carbon, glass, or aramid fibers) have been used to reinforce masonry walls against in-plane actions. These materials have proven to be an effective solution for the strengthening of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls. Lately, research has shifted to the study of different types of fibers to avoid the use of epoxy adhesives, whose long-term behavior and compatibility with masonry are poor. This paper describes an experimental program that investigated the behavior of URM shear walls strengthened with two types of commercially available polypropylene products: short fibers (fiber length = 12 mm) and polypropylene nets. This investigation aimed to evaluate the influence of polypropylene reinforcement, embedded into an inorganic matrix, in terms of the improvement of the lateral load-carrying capacity, failure mechanism, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of URM wall panels, where nine walls were subjected to in-plane loads using a racking test setup. The study showed that using two layers of polypropylene fibers embedded into a cementitious matrix greatly increased the in-plane load capacity of the brickwork masonry. On the other hand, the test results indicated that polypropylene nets, used as a repair method for cracked shear walls, cannot improve the structural performance of the walls.
Particulate Production and Composite Dust during Routine Dental Procedures. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses
Authors: Iliadi Anna , Koletsi Despina , Eliades Theodore , Eliades George
Published: June 2020

Composite dust generation is most likely a continuous and daily procedure in dental practice settings. The aim of this systematic review was to identify, compile and evaluate existing evidence on interventions and composite material properties related to the production of aerosolized dust during routine dental procedures. Seven electronic databases were searched, with no limits, supplemented by a manual search, on 27 April 2020 for published and unpublished research. Eligibility criteria comprised of studies of any design, describing composite dust production related to the implementation of any procedure in dental practice. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias (RoB) assessment was undertaken independently either in duplicate, or confirmed by a second reviewer. Random effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMD) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were employed where applicable. A total of 375 articles were initially identified, resulting in 13 articles being included in the qualitative synthesis, of which 5 contributed to meta-analyses overall. Risk of bias recordings ranged between low and high, pertaining to unclear/raising some concerns, in most cases. All types of composites, irrespective of the filler particles, released significant amounts of nano-sized particles after being ground, with potentially disruptive respiratory effects. Evidence supported increased % distribution of particles < 100 nm for nanocomposite Filtek Supreme XTE compared to both conventional hybrid Z100MP (SMD: 1.96, 95% CI: 0.85, 3.07; p-value; 0.001) and nano- hybrid Tetric EvoCeram (SMD: 1.62, 95% CI: 0.56, 2.68; p-value: 0.003). For cytotoxicity considerations of generated aerosolized particles, both nanocomposites Filtek Supreme XTE and nanohybrid GradiO revealed negative effects on bronchial epithelial cell viability, as represented by % formazan reduction at 330–400 μg/mL for 24 hours, with no recorded differences between them (SMD: 0.19; 95% CI: −0.17, 0.55; p-value: 0.30). Effective and more rigorous management of dental procedures potentially liable to the generation of considerable amounts of aerosolized composite dust should be prioritized in contemporary dental practice. In essence, protective measures for the clinician and the practices’ personnel should also be systematically promoted and additional interventions may be considered in view of the existing evidence.
Designing Dual-Effect Nanohybrids for Removing Heavy Metals and Different Kinds of Anions from the Natural Water
Authors: Saber Osama , Asiri Sarah Mousa , Ezzeldin Mohamed Farouk , El-Azab Waleed I. M. , Abu-Abdeen Mohammed
Published: June 2020

In the present study, well-designed nanohybrids are used to act as effective dual-function adsorbents for removing both anions and heavy metals from natural water, at the same time. In this trend, Zn-Al LDHs and graphene oxide are applied to build up building blocks to produce a series of nanohybrids. These nanohybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These techniques confirmed that the prepared nanohybrids contained nanolayered structures with three–dimensional porous systems. These porous systems were identified by the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and water purification experiments. The obtained results indicated that these nanohybrids included suitable structures to act as dual function materials. The first function was achieved by removing more than 80% of both cadmium and lead from the natural water. The second function was accomplished by eliminating of 100% of hydrogen phosphate and bromide anions alongside with 80%–91% of sulfate, chloride, and fluoride anions. To conclude, these well-designed nanohybrids convert two-dimensional nanolayered structures to three-dimensional porous networks to work as dual-function materials for removing of heavy metals and different kinds of anions naturally found in the fresh tap water sample with no parameters optimization.
A Philosophical Treatise on the Connection of Scientific Reasoning with Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Athanassopoulos Evangelos , Voskoglou Michael Gr.
Published: June 2020

The present article studies the connection of scientific reasoning with fuzzy logic. Induction and deduction are the two main types of human reasoning. Although deduction is the basis of the scientific method, almost all the scientific progress (with pure mathematics being probably the unique exception) has its roots to inductive reasoning. Fuzzy logic gives to the disdainful by the classical/bivalent logic induction its proper place and importance as a fundamental component of the scientific reasoning. The error of induction is transferred to deductive reasoning through its premises. Consequently, although deduction is always a valid process, it is not an infallible method. Thus, there is a need of quantifying the degree of truth not only of the inductive, but also of the deductive arguments. In the former case, probability and statistics and of course fuzzy logic in cases of imprecision are the tools available for this purpose. In the latter case, the Bayesian probabilities play a dominant role. As many specialists argue nowadays, the whole science could be viewed as a Bayesian process. A timely example, concerning the validity of the viruses’ tests, is presented, illustrating the importance of the Bayesian processes for scientific reasoning.
Bifurcations and Slow-Fast Analysis in a Cardiac Cell Model for Investigation of Early Afterdepolarizations
Authors: Barrio Roberto , Martínez M. Angeles , Pérez Lucía , Pueyo Esther
Published: June 2020

In this study, we teased out the dynamical mechanisms underlying the generation of arrhythmogenic early afterdepolarizations (EADs) in a three-variable model of a mammalian ventricular cell. Based on recently published studies, we consider a 1-fast, 2-slow variable decomposition of the system describing the cellular action potential. We use sweeping techniques, such as the spike-counting method, and bifurcation and continuation methods to identify parametric regions with EADs. We show the existence of isolas of periodic orbits organizing the different EAD patterns and we provide a preliminary classification of our fast–slow decomposition according to the involved dynamical phenomena. This investigation represents a basis for further studies into the organization of EAD patterns in the parameter space and the involved bifurcations.
An Investigation on a Closed-Loop Supply Chain of Product Recycling Using a Multi-Agent and Priority Based Genetic Algorithm Approach
Authors: Chen Yong-Tong , Cao Zhong-Chen
Published: June 2020

Product recycling issues have gained increasing attention in many industries in the last decade due to a variety of reasons driven by environmental, governmental and economic factors. Closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) models integrate the forward and reverse flow of products. Since the optimization of these CLSC models is known to be NP-Hard, competition on optimization quality in terms of solution quality and computational time becomes one of the main focuses in the literature in this area. A typical six-level closed-loop supply chain network is examined in this paper, which has great complexity due to the high level of echelons. The proposed solution uses a multi-agent and priority based approach which is embedded within a two-stage Genetic Algorithm (GA), decomposing the problem into (i) product flow, (ii) demand allocation and (iii) pricing bidding process. To test and demonstrate the optimization quality of the proposed algorithm, numerical experiments have been carried out based on the well-known benchmarking network. The results prove the reliability and efficiency of the proposed approach compared to LINGO and the benchmarking algorithm discussed in the literature.
Fabrication of Strong and Ductile AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Using High Strain Rate Multiple Forging in a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Wu Yuanzhi , Deng Bin , Ye Tuo , Nie Zhicheng , Liu Xiao
Published: June 2020

High strain rate multiple forging (HSRMF) was successfully carried out on AZ31 magnesium alloy at a temperature range of 250–400 °C, and the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties were examined. Full recrystallized structure developed at a relatively lower strain due to the twining induced dynamic recrystallization (TDRX) mechanism, which is also responsible for the feasibility of HSRMF deformation at relative low temperature. The average grain sizes of the alloys high strain rate multiple forged (HSRMFed) to the accumulated strain of ∑Δε = 1.32 increased from 7.07 to 9.99 μm as the temperature ranged from 250 to 400 °C, i.e., the grain sizes of the HSRMFed alloy were less sensitive to temperature. The weakened basal texture characteristic of titled or double peak achieved was ascribed to the alteration of forging direction. The HSRMFed alloys demonstrated both excellent strength (UTS > 300 MPa) and good ductility (δ > 20%), which resulted from the combined effects of grain refinement and weakened basal texture. Therefore, HSRMF was an efficient technique to produce strong and ductile wrought AZ31 alloy.
Applicability Study of Pulsed Laser Beam Welding on Ferritic–Martensitic ODS Eurofer Steel
Authors: Fu Jia , van Slingerland Jurriaan , Brouwer Hans , Bliznuk Vitaliy , Richardson Ian , Hermans Marcel
Published: June 2020

Pulsed laser beam welding was used successfully to join the oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) Eurofer steel. The joining was conducted with a laser power of 2500 W and a pulsed duration of 4 ms. With the filler material being used, a minor material loss and microvoids were observed in the joint. The microstructure of the fusion zone consists of dual phase elongated structures. The heat-affected zone has a width of around 0.06 mm with finer grains. The transmission electron microscopy observation reveals that nanoprecipitates are finely distributed in the fusion zone. The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the joint are slightly inferior to the base material. The fractography results reveal a typical ductile fracture. The experimental results indicate a reasonable joint from the perspective of both the microstructure and mechanical behaviour.
Metastable Austenite Transformation Kinetics of Medium-Carbon Silicon-Rich Steel during Partitioning in a Q & P Process
Authors: Liu Yuan , Han Yan , Yin Sheng , Zhao Fei
Published: June 2020

In the present study, quenching and partitioning (Q & P) treatment of a medium-carbon silicon-rich steel was processed by a dilatometer. The volume fraction of the retained austenite at different partitioning times was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The metastable austenite transformation process after different partitioning times was studied by a combination of dilatometry, XRD, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of the transformation kinetics of metastable austenite during partitioning by means of dilatometry and the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation was carried out. The results show that the volume fraction of retained austenite increases first and then decreases with the increase of the partitioning time. The transformation active energy Q = 141 kJ·mol−1 and the Avrami exponent n = 1. The transformation product of metastable austenite is needle-like bainite, which grows perpendicularly towards the boundary of the austenite. Finally, the blocky austenite was divided into lath-shaped forms.
Metabolomic Profiling in the Characterization of Degenerative Bone and Joint Diseases
Authors: Swank Katherine R. , Furness Jamie E. , Baker Erin A. , Gehrke Corinn K. , Biebelhausen Stephen P. , Baker Kevin C.
Published: June 2020

Osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthropathies are a cause of significant morbidity globally. New research elucidating the metabolic derangements associated with a variety of bone and joint disorders implicates various local and systemic metabolites, which further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these destructive disease processes. In osteoarthritis, atty acid metabolism has been implicated in disease development, both locally and systemically. Several series of rheumatoid arthritis patients have demonstrated overlapping trends related to histidine and glyceric acid, while other series showed similar results of increased cholesterol and glutamic acid. Studies comparing osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis reported elevated gluconic acid and glycolytic- and tricarboxylic acid-related substrates in patients with osteoarthritis, while lysosphingolipids and cardiolipins were elevated only in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Other bone and joint disorders, including osteonecrosis, intervertebral disc degeneration, and osteoporosis, also showed significant alterations in metabolic processes. The identification of the molecular mechanisms of osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthropathies via metabolomics-based workflows may allow for the development of new therapeutic targets to improve the quality of life in these patient populations.
Current Status of Metabolomic Biomarker Discovery: Impact of Study Design and Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Tolstikov Vladimir , Moser A. James , Sarangarajan Rangaprasad , Narain Niven R. , Kiebish Michael A.
Published: June 2020

Widespread application of omic technologies is evolving our understanding of population health and holds promise in providing precise guidance for selection of therapeutic interventions based on patient biology. The opportunity to use hundreds of analytes for diagnostic assessment of human health compared to the current use of 10–20 analytes will provide greater accuracy in deconstructing the complexity of human biology in disease states. Conventional biochemical measurements like cholesterol, creatinine, and urea nitrogen are currently used to assess health status; however, metabolomics captures a comprehensive set of analytes characterizing the human phenotype and its complex metabolic processes in real-time. Unlike conventional clinical analytes, metabolomic profiles are dramatically influenced by demographic and environmental factors that affect the range of normal values and increase the risk of false biomarker discovery. This review addresses the challenges and opportunities created by the evolving field of clinical metabolomics and highlights features of study design and bioinformatics necessary to maximize the utility of metabolomics data across demographic groups.
Restoration of Physiological Levels of Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid Reroutes the Metabolism of Stored Red Blood Cells
Authors: Bardyn Manon , Chen Jingkui , Dussiot Michaël , Crettaz David , Schmid Lucas , Längst Emmanuel , Amireault Pascal , Tissot Jean-Daniel , Jolicoeur Mario , Prudent Michel
Published: June 2020

After blood donation, the red blood cells (RBCs) for transfusion are generally isolated by centrifugation and then filtrated and supplemented with additive solution. The consecutive changes of the extracellular environment participate to the occurrence of storage lesions. In this study, the hypothesis is that restoring physiological levels of uric and ascorbic acids (major plasmatic antioxidants) might correct metabolism defects and protect RBCs from the very beginning of the storage period, to maintain their quality. Leukoreduced CPD-SAGM RBC concentrates were supplemented with 416 µM uric acid and 114 µM ascorbic acid and stored during six weeks at 4 °C. Different markers, i.e., haematological parameters, metabolism, sensitivity to oxidative stress, morphology and haemolysis were analyzed. Quantitative metabolomic analysis of targeted intracellular metabolites demonstrated a direct modification of several metabolite levels following antioxidant supplementation. No significant differences were observed for the other markers. In conclusion, the results obtained show that uric and ascorbic acids supplementation partially prevented the metabolic shift triggered by plasma depletion that occurs during the RBC concentrate preparation. The treatment directly and indirectly sustains the antioxidant protective system of the stored RBCs.
Fabrication of Hard–Soft Microfluidic Devices Using Hybrid 3D Printing
Authors: Ruiz Carlos , Kadimisetty Karteek , Yin Kun , Mauk Michael G. , Zhao Hui , Liu Changchun
Published: June 2020

Widely accessible, inexpensive, easy-to-use consumer 3D printers, such as desktop stereolithography (SLA) and fused-deposition modeling (FDM) systems are increasingly employed in prototyping and customizing miniaturized fluidic systems for diagnostics and research. However, these 3D printers are generally limited to printing parts made of only one material type, which limits the functionality of the microfluidic devices without additional assembly and bonding steps. Moreover, mating of different materials requires good sealing in such microfluidic devices. Here, we report methods to print hybrid structures comprising a hard, rigid component (clear polymethacrylate polymer) printed by a low-cost SLA printer, and where the first printed part is accurately mated and adhered to a second, soft, flexible component (thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer) printed by an FDM printer. The prescribed mounting and alignment of the first-printed SLA-printed hard component, and its pre-treatment and heating during the second FDM step, can produce leak-free bonds at material interfaces. To demonstrate the utility of such hybrid 3D-printing, we prototype and test three components: i) finger-actuated pump, ii) quick-connect fluid coupler, and iii) nucleic acid amplification test device with screw-type twist sealing for sample introduction.
Proanthocyanidin-Rich Grape Seed Extract Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Restores Tight Junction Barrier Function in Caco-2 Colon Cells
Authors: Nallathambi Rameshprabu , Poulev Alexander , Zuk Joshua B. , Raskin Ilya
Published: June 2020

Grape polyphenols have previously been shown to improve gut health and attenuate the symptoms of metabolic syndrome; however, the mechanism of these beneficial effects is still debated. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE) on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and barrier integrity of human Caco-2 colon cells. GSE significantly reduced the LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial superoxide production, and upregulated the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes. GSE also restored the LPS-damaged mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, GSE increased the expression of tight junction proteins in the LPS-treated Caco-2 cells, increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Our findings suggest that GSE exerts its beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome by scavenging intestinal ROS, thus reducing oxidative stress, increasing epithelial barrier integrity, and decreasing intestinal inflammation.
Association between Low Protein Intake and Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Yamaoka Takuya , Araki Atsushi , Tamura Yoshiaki , Tanaka Shiro , Fujihara Kazuya , Horikawa Chika , Aida Rei , Kamada Chiemi , Yoshimura Yukio , Moriya Tatsumi , Ohashi Yasuo , Akanuma Yasuo , Ito Hideki , Sone Hirohito
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between protein intake and mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. We analyzed a pooled data of 2494 diabetic patients from two prospective longitudinal studies. Nutritional intake was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire at baseline. Protein intake per body weight (kg) per day was categorized into quartile groups. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Cox regression analysis. During the six-year follow-up, there were 152 incidents of all-cause mortality. The HR for mortality in the lowest quartile of protein intake per body weight compared with the highest quartile was 2.26 (95% CI: 1.34–3.82, p = 0.002) after adjustment for covariates. Subgroup analyses revealed significant associations between low protein intake and mortality in patients aged over 75 years or under 65 years. After further adjustment of the total energy intake, a significant association between protein intake and mortality remained in patients aged ≥ 75 years, whereas the association was attenuated in those aged < 65 years. Our results suggest that adequate protein intake is necessary in older diabetic patients over 75 years, whereas with diabetes, whereas whole optimal total energy intake is required in younger patients with type 2 diabetes.
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Ameliorates Hyperglycemia and Hepatic Steatosis in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet
Authors: Jang Hwan-Hee , Bae Ji Hyun , Kim Mi-Ju , Park Mi Young , Kim Haeng Ran , Lee Young-Min
Published: June 2020

Estrogen deficiency is associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and increased insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. An efficient therapeutic agent prevents or improves postmenopausal conditions induced by estrogen deficiency. Here, we investigated the effects of aqueous Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. extract on glucose and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were sham-operated or ovariectomized, and 3 weeks later were assigned to the following groups: sham-operated + HFD (S); ovariectomized + HFD (OVX); and ovariectomized + HFD with 0.5% A. pilosa aqueous extract (OVX + 0.5A) groups. Ovariectomy significantly increased body weight and dietary intake relative to the S group. However, A. pilosa treatment did not significantly affect weight gain or dietary intake. Blood triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels tended to decrease in the A. pilosa-supplemented group. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the OVX + 0.5A group than those in the OVX group. Blood adiponectin and insulin concentrations increased significantly after A. pilosa treatment in the ovariectomized group. A. pilosa supplementation tended to decrease liver weights and prevented lipid accumulation. These effects correlated with reduced hepatic expression of lipogenesis-related genes (fatty acid synthase, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase). Therefore, A. pilosa may improve metabolic disorders in ovariectomized rats.
Distribution of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate and Folic Acid Levels in Maternal and Cord Blood Serum: Longitudinal Evaluation of Japanese Pregnant Women
Authors: Kubo Yoshinori , Fukuoka Hideoki , Kawabata Terue , Shoji Kumiko , Mori Chisato , Sakurai Kenichi , Nishikawa Masazumi , Ohkubo Takeshi , Oshida Kyoichi , Yanagisawa Naotake , Yamashiro Yuichiro
Published: June 2020

“Total” folate in blood has usually been measured to evaluate the folate status of pregnant women. However, folate is composed of many metabolites. The main substrate is 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), with folic acid (FA) representing a very small component as an unmetabolized species in blood. We longitudinally evaluated 5-MTHF, FA and total homocysteine in maternal and cord blood from Japanese pregnant women. Subjects were 146 pregnant women who participated in the Chiba study of Mother and Child Health (C-MACH) prospective cohort study. Sera were obtained in early and late pregnancy, at delivery, and from cord blood. Species levels were measured by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. Both 5-MTHF and FA levels were lower than reported levels from pregnant women in populations from countries with mandatory FA fortification. As gestational age progressed, serum 5-MTHF levels decreased, whereas serum FA levels were slightly reduced only at delivery compared to early pregnancy. A significant negative association between serum 5-MTHF and total homocysteine was shown at all examined times, but no associations with FA were evident. At delivery, cord 5-MTHF was significantly higher than maternal levels, while FA again showed no significant correlation. These results suggest that 5-MTHF is actively transported to the fetus through placental transporters and may reflect folate status during pregnancy as a physiologically important species.
Association between Dietary Habits and Physical Function in Brazilian and Italian Older Women
Authors: Coelho-Junior Hélio J. , Calvani Riccardo , Picca Anna , Gonçalves Ivan O. , Landi Francesco , Bernabei Roberto , Cesari Matteo , Uchida Marco C. , Marzetti Emanuele
Published: June 2020

The present study investigated and compared the patterns of dietary protein intake and physical function in Brazilian and Italian older women. Seventy-five Brazilian older women were recruited in a community senior center. Fifty-three age-matched Italian older women were selected from participants of the Longevity check-up (Lookup) 7+ study. In both samples, physical performance was evaluated by isometric handgrip strength (IHG) and five-time sit-to-stand (5 × STS) tests, while diet was assessed through 24-h recall. Results indicated that Brazilian women had a higher intake of plant-based protein (52.7% vs. 30.5% kcal), while Italian women consumed greater amounts of animal-derived protein (29.7% vs. 41.5% kcal). In Brazilian women, the binary logistic regression analysis indicated that body weight-adjusted protein consumption was associated with IHG adjusted by body mass index and with 5 × STS performance. In the Italian sample, the intake of isoleucine, leucine, and valine was significantly associated with 5 × STS performance. Our findings indicate that Brazilian and Italian community-dwelling older women show different patterns of protein intake, with higher consumption of plant-based protein in the Brazilian sample and higher ingestion of animal-derived protein in the Italian subgroup. These dietary patterns may differentially impact the relationship between physical function and protein intake observed in Brazilian and Italian older women.
Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns on Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Kanike Neelakanta , Groh-Wargo Sharon , Thomas Megan , Chien Edward K. , Mhanna Maroun , Kumar Deepak , Worley Sarah , Singh Ravinder J. , Shekhawat Prem S.
Published: June 2020

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones, which play a critical role in neurodevelopment. The iodine status of pregnant women and their newborns is not checked routinely. Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns do not receive Iodine supplementation while on parenteral nutrition (PN). We measured urine iodine levels and thyroid function tests in 50 mother–infant dyads at birth, at 1 week, 1, 2, 3 months and near discharge. We correlated maternal and neonatal urine iodine levels with thyroid functions and measured iodine levels in milk and PN. In our study, 64% of mothers were iodine deficient at the time of delivery, their free T4 levels were 0.48 (0.41–0.54) ng/dL with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Iodine levels were thirty-fold higher in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGAN) exposed to iodine comparing to full terms (p < 0.001), but this effect lasted <1 week. At 1 month of age, ELGAN on PN developed iodine deficiency (p = 0.017) and had high thyroglobulin levels of 187 (156–271) ng/mL. Iodine levels improved with enteral feeds by 2 months of age (p = 0.01). Iodine deficiency is prevalent among pregnant women and ELGAN; in particular, those on PN are at risk of hypothyroidism. Iodine supplementation during pregnancy and postnatally should be considered to avoid iodine deficiency.
Ubiquinol-10 Intake Is Effective in Relieving Mild Fatigue in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Mizuno Kei , Sasaki Akihiro T. , Watanabe Kyosuke , Watanabe Yasuyoshi
Published: June 2020

Our double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated effects of ubiquinol, the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, on mild fatigue in healthy individuals experiencing fatigue in daily life that had continued for more than 1 and less than 6 months. The participants received 100-mg/day (Ubq100; age 44.0 ± 9.8 years; 14 females and 6 males) or 150-mg/day ubiquinol (Ubq150; age 40.4 ± 11.8 years; 14 females and 8 males) or placebo (Plc; age 41.3 ± 13.4 years; 13 females and 7 males) daily for 12 weeks. Measurements of subjective and objective fatigue were conducted by using questionnaires-based fatigue scales/visual analogue scales and autonomic nerve function/biological oxidation index, respectively, prior to the first dosing and every 4 weeks thereafter. Serum ubiquinol level increased three- to four-fold after 4 weeks and remained significantly higher than that after Plc administration throughout the intake period. Although a higher blood level of ubiquinol was observed with Ubq150 than with Ubq100, the difference was not statistically significant. In both Ubq100 and Ubq150 groups, subjective levels of fatigue sensation and sleepiness after cognitive tasks, which consisted of the modified Advanced Trail Making Test, the modified Stroop Color-Word Test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, improved significantly compared with those in the placebo group, suggesting an anti-fatigue effect. The Ubq150 group demonstrated significant improvement compared with the Plc group regarding subjective level of relaxation after task, sleepiness before and after task, motivation for task, and serum level of oxidative stress. Correlation analysis between blood level of ubiquinol and each evaluated effect suggested a positive relationship with relaxation after task, motivation for cognitive task, and parasympathetic activity. The results of the study suggest that ubiquinol intake relieves mild fatigue in healthy individuals.
Effects of Porphyra tenera Supplementation on the Immune System: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Jung Su-Jin , Jang Hui-Yeon , Jung Eun-Soo , Noh Soon-Ok , Shin Sang-Wook , Ha Ki-Chan , Baek Hyang-Im , Ahn Byung-Jae , Oh Tae-Hwan , Chae Soo-Wan
Published: June 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if Porphyra tenera extract (PTE) has immune-enhancing effects and is safe in healthy adults. Methods: Subjects who met the inclusion criteria (3 × 103 ≤ peripheral blood leukocyte level ≥ 8 × 103 cells/µL) were recruited for this study. Enrolled subjects (n = 120) were randomly assigned to either the PTE group (n = 60) and were given 2.5 g/day of PTE (as PTE) in capsule form or the placebo group (n = 60) and were given crystal cellulose capsules with the identical appearance, weight, and flavor as the PTE capsules for 8 weeks. Outcomes were assessed based on measuring natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytokines level, and upper respiratory infection (URI), and safety parameters were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks. Results: Compared with baseline, NK cell activity (%) increased for all effector cell-to-target cell ratios in the PTE group after 8 weeks; however, changes were not observed in the placebo group (p < 0.10). Subgroup analysis of 101 subjects without URI showed that NK cell activity in the PTE group tended to increase for all effector cell/target cell (E:T) ratios (E:T = 12.5:1 p = 0.068; E:T = 25:1 p = 0.036; E:T = 50:1 p = 0.081) compared with the placebo group. A significant difference between the two groups was observed for the E:T = 25:1 ratio, which increased from 20.3 ± 12.0% at baseline to 23.2 ± 12.4% after 8 weeks in the PTE group (p = 0.036). A significant difference was not observed in cytokine between the two groups. Conclusion: PTE supplementation appears to enhance immune function by improving NK cell activity without adverse effects in healthy adults.
Dairy Consumption and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity during Intensive Multidisciplinary Weight Management: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Tomah Shaheen , Eldib Ahmed H. , Tasabehji Mhd Wael , Mitri Joanna , Salsberg Veronica , Al-Badri Marwa R. , Gardner Hannah , Hamdy Osama
Published: June 2020

Dairy products are integral parts of healthy diets; however, their association with cardiometabolic (CM) health among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) undergoing weight management is debated. We examined the relationship between dairy consumption and CM biomarkers in 45 subjects with T2D and obesity (mean age 56 ± 9 yrs, 40% female) enrolled in a 12-week intensive multidisciplinary weight management (IMWM) program. After the IMWM program (intervention phase), subjects were followed for 12 weeks (maintenance phase). We stratified subjects based on initial average dairy consumption into infrequent (IFR), less-frequent (LFR), and frequent (FR) consumers. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 12, and 24 weeks. There were no differences between tertiles at baseline except for higher total energy intake among FR compared with IFR. HbA1c changes showed no association with dairy consumption at 12 or 24 weeks. FR Females achieved greater weight loss at 12 weeks compared with IFR peers (−4.5 kg; 95%CI: −5.5, −3.5). There was a trend towards lower HDL-C with increasing dairy consumption during the intervention phase. In subjects with T2D and overweight or obesity, dairy consumption during weight management is not associated with HbA1c changes but with lower HDL-C and with higher magnitude of weight loss among females.
Foods to Avoid While Breastfeeding? Experiences and Opinions of Polish Mothers and Healthcare Providers
Authors: Karcz Karolina , Lehman Izabela , Królak-Olejnik Barbara
Published: June 2020

Popular beliefs regarding a mother’s diet during lactation have a significant impact on breastfeeding practices among mothers, as well on breastfeeding counseling among healthcare providers worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess mothers’ and medical professionals’ knowledge and opinions on the “lactating mother’s diet”. An electronic survey, prepared in Polish, was administered to healthcare providers, as well as mothers who have breastfed a child. The chi-square test, logistic regression, and Mann Whitney U test were used for statistical calculations. Out of a total of 1180 responses received, 1159 were analyzed, and 21 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The survey was completed by 407 (35%) medical healthcare providers and 752 (65%) lactating mothers in non-medical professions. In total, the study included 1074 mothers who have breastfed a child, and 29.14% of them reported that they eliminated certain foods from their diet when breastfeeding. There was no statistically significant difference in the responses received from mothers and medical staff providing maternal care (for each of 17 products, e.g., steak tartare, sushi, legumes, dairy products, p > 0.05 by the Mann-Whitney test). However, a logistic regression revealed some significant correlations with other variables (e.g., duration of lactation). The respondents revealed an appropriate level of knowledge on nutrition during lactation and the majority of participants neither adhered to nor recommended a prophylactic elimination diet. Among other evaluated factors, the experience of following an elimination diet affected respondents’ knowledge of nutrition during breastfeeding. Both mothers and healthcare providers require good nutritional education.
Improving the Reporting of Young Children’s Food Intake: Insights from a Cognitive Interviewing Study with Mothers of 3–7-Year Old Children
Authors: Zarnowiecki Dorota , Byrne Rebecca A. , Bodner Glen E. , Bell Lucinda K. , Golley Rebecca K.
Published: June 2020

Short food questions (SFQ) allow for rapid reporting of food intake across a variety of settings but are limited by poor validity and reliability. Understanding the recall process used by parents to report children’s food intake can improve question design and psychometric performance. This study aimed to improve understanding of how parents report children’s dietary intake using SFQ. Semi-structured, cognitive interviews were conducted with 21 mothers of 3–7-year-old children. Mothers were asked to ‘think-aloud’ while answering SFQ about their child’s food intake. Thematic analysis identified themes relating to parent’s question and answer process and barriers to recall. Information retrieval strategies focused on ‘use-of-time’ and ‘sphere of food provision’ and differed for core versus unhealthy foods. Recall of routine and home food provision were used to report core food intake, whereas recall of special occasions and food provision outside the home guided recall of discretionary foods. Mothers utilize different recall strategies for core and discretionary foods based on use of time and the sphere of food provision. The ease of reporting children’s dietary intake may be improved by utilizing a shorter recall time frame, clear and direct question wording, and use of food examples and recall prompts.