bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GLOBAL BRANDING AND SEGMENTATION: ARE THEY INTERDEPENDENT?
Authors: Hudak Elana
Published: February 2008

To get some insight into the issue of global branding and segmentation, we will look at an example of a multinational company that has several global brands. Colgate‐Palmolive is truly global in scope, with subsidiaries in 55 countries and an official presence in 120. The company's product mix includes several global brands and equities (Figure 1) including the two parent brands, Colgate Toothpaste and Palmolive Soap. The former is sold in 53 countries and the latter in 43. C‐P's early experience in global branding was similar to that of many other packaged goods companies that expanded their sales base in the early twentieth century. Basically, they took the key products that were successful in the United States and Europe and began to move them out across the developing countries. In many cases, the success of these brands appears to be due to the order‐of‐entry phenomenon. They often were the first entries into a country. They literally created the category and their names became synonymous with it. But were these truly “global” brands?
HOW SALES PROMOTION CAN WORK FOR AND AGAINST YOU
Authors: Hartley Steven W. , Cross James
Published: February 2008

Expenditures for sales promotion activities have increased dramatically during the past decade. Along with this added emphasis, however, have come some undesirable effects. This article considers some of the key issues that influence sales promotion decisions. It describes current sales promotion activities, identifies some of the negative consequences of these activities, introduces a cost‐benefit philosophy for sales promotion decisions, and proposes a specific method for making those decisions.
MARKET SHARE IS NOT DESTINY
Authors: Shanklin William L.
Published: February 2008

Inquiries into the relationship between market share and profitability have provided valuable generalizations and insights about business strategy. A case has been made for both high and low market share strategies in the pursuit of superior profitability. However, what these studies mean for business strategists in medium share companies looking to improve sub‐par profitability is not so clear. What strategy should they implement? Should they, for instance, chase additional share or selectively concede share and focus their efforts on profitable segments and niches? The answers formulated to this question will have long‐term strategic consequences. A number of studies have considered the statistical relationship between market share and profitability. The issue has also been looked at from the perspective of high share and low share firms. This article deals with market share/profitability in terms of strategic options for top management in medium share companies.
The Consumer Insight Workbook: How Consumer Insights Can Inspire Better Marketing and Advertising
Authors: Fortini‐Campbell Lisa
Published: February 2008

This book has two target markets. When aimed at the college textbook market, it is entitled The Consumer Insight Workbook. However, based on the central theme of the book—obtain consumer insights so as to make informed marketing decisions—the trade version is named Hitting The Sweet Spot. The content in both is the same, so why dual titles? The thinking is that marketing professionals understand and relate to the latter title, but it would be inappropriate for the college market.
NLL SERIAL COLLECTION
Authors: Barr KP
Published: February 2008

At the end of 1972 a circular letter was sent to all NLL borrowers. This was partly to give information about the new procedures to be used in the loan/photocopy service but information was also requested about the NLL's serial collection. Paragraph 2 of this letter included the following section:
ZOOLOGICAL RECORD
Authors: Dadd MN
Published: February 2008

The preface to the first volume of Zoological Record, published in 1864, states that: The object of the Record is to give, in an annual volume, reports on, abstracts of, and an index to, the various zoological publications which have appeared in the preceding year; to acquaint zoologists with the progress of every branch of their science in all parts of the globe; and to form a repertory which will retain its value for the student of future years.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN INDONESIA — PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Myatt AG
Published: February 2008

The situation in Indonesia, as far as information services are concerned, presents many of the problems which one might encounter in as many as twenty other countries at a similar stage in their development. Few of the latter however possess such massive and overriding influences as those which are caused by Indonesian geography and culture. To propose a pattern for the development of scientific and technical information services means at the outset that one must come to terms with a country of immense size and almost incomprehensible ethnic complexity.
THE FINAL YEAR OF THE NCL
Authors: Line MB
Published: February 2008

The NCL ceased to have an independent existence on 30 June, 1973. With its entry into the British Library and the move of its stock, staff and operations to Boston Spa, an era has come to an end. This note summarises some of the facts and figures in the NCL's last Annual Report.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING STATISTICS: THEIR COLLECTION AND USE
Authors: Line MB , Ede SJ
Published: February 2008

Interlending has become increasingly concentrated on the national centres (now the BLL) since the war, particularly since the establishment of the NLL. The main factor in this has been the acquisition programme of the centre, which now aims to acquire all significant serials, reports, and English language monographs — categories which together account for about 95% of all interlending in the UK. (If the BLL had been established in 1900, it would now be able to supply 95% of all demands, instead of the 83% it supplies at present.)
HOW IT ALL BEGAN
Authors: Bunn RM
Published: February 2008

The history of the lending operations at Boston Spa may perhaps be best summed up by such statements as ‘from nothing to a million requests in fifteen years’. With the retirement in June this year of Donald Urquhart, the Library's chief planner, Director and the driving force behind its unique success story, it is perhaps opportune to look back at some of the milestones in its development.
PROGRESS REPORT 1973/74
Authors: Urquhart DJ
Published: February 2008

During 1973 the British Library came into being when the National Central Library (NCL) and the National Lending Library (NLL) merged to form the Lending Division of the British Library, the BLL. This is a report on developments at Boston Spa during the period January 1973 to March 1974.
STATISTICS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE PERIODICALS
Authors: Wood DN , Ferguson J
Published: February 2008

Many papers have appeared during the last 40 years which show how usage of, and citations to, scientific and technical literature is concentrated on a few journals (the so‐called core literature). However, very little information has been published on the proportions of articles which are contained in what number of journals. In conjunction with citation and use data, information on this should be of great value to librarians concerned with periodical collections.
REGIONAL ROUND‐UP
Authors: Davey Jim
Published: February 2008

The regional library systems of England and the interlending organisations in Wales and Scotland have been subjected to some drastic domestic changes and much modification of procedures during the last two years. Local government reorganisation in England and Wales has dominated the deliberations of the regional executive committees, and within the Bureaux the staffs have had to face up to the fact that their union catalogues will provide locations of authorities that no longer exist. The new authorities reached varying decisions regarding interlending within their boundaries — some moving rapidly towards total centralisation, others deciding to conduct loans through former independent towns until a central union catalogue could be created. LASER had of course seen all this before under the London Boroughs' reorganisation, but suffered the upheaval again in the outer areas of the region. With consequent decreases in membership, changes in representation on their governing bodies became necessary, rates of subscriptions had to be adjusted, and constitutions redrafted. Some regions took the opportunity to abandon the “usage” charge as a means of income, reverting to the standard method of subscriptions based on population — although interestingly the Northern region now bases its subscriptions on rateable value.
THE LOCATIONS SERVICE OF THE BLLD: A STUDY OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Yap SF
Published: February 2008

Since the BLLD was formed by the amalgamation of the NCL and the NLL, it has been able to satisfy a high proportion of requests for English language and current foreign language monographs from stock. However, a union catalogue is necessary in order to supplement the central lending stock because demand for older items is still high.
THE CONCLUSION OF THE INTER‐REGIONAL SUBJECT COVERAGE SCHEME
Authors: Ede Stuart J
Published: February 2008

The IRSC Scheme ended on 31 December 1973 after the British Library had undertaken to provide loan access to current British non‐fiction monographs. The scheme is described briefly. The results of a survey to determine the nature of the problem posed by requests from the regions for items out of the scope of the British Library Lending Division's acquisitions policy are presented. It is concluded that the BLLD can provide a similar level of service while saving the regions much administrative and financial effort.
BLLD PUBLICATIONS
Authors: Myatt AG
Published: February 2008

The publications of the BLLD, including several new ones, are listed and briefly described.
INTERNATIONAL POSTAL SERVICES : A STUDY OF THEIR EFFICIENCY IN RELATION TO INTER‐LIBRARY LOAN AND PHOTOCOPY SERVICES
Authors: Thompson BP , Wood DN
Published: February 2008

Interlibrary loan/photocopy systems can be compared on several grounds including speed, cost and satisfaction rate. This paper looks at the first and examines the viability of one or more international centres providing back‐up services to national library resources. The study was carried out at the British Library Lending Division and is based on the time taken for requests to be received from all over the world and for items to be despatched to the same places. Figures are presented which enable total turn‐round times to be calculated for each country. They show for instance that requests from Western Europe can be dealt with in less than two weeks and that requesters in Australia can hope to receive photocopies 15 days after despatching their requests.
INTERLIBRARY BOOK BORROWING: A LITTLE ANALYSIS OF SERVICES PROVIDED THROUGH THE NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY SYSTEM AND THROUGH THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Harris KGE , Marsterson WAJ
Published: February 2008

Introduction Recent changes in subscriptions to the Northern Regional Library System, together with certain alterations in the constitution, have led academic libraries to consider alternatives. We investigated two main factors: the cost of borrowing through the region as opposed to directly from the British Library, and the quality of service of each. No attempt has been made to estimate possible rises in postal or BLLD form charges. No administrative costs have been guessed for such things as notifying the NRLB of acquisitions and withdrawals. We have not forecast how Boston Spa would cope with extra business. Our efforts have been directed to a relatively unsophisticated comparison.
TOWARD A NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: McElderry Stanley
Published: February 2008

This paper reviews a series of studies sponsored by the Association of Research Libraries to determine more rational and economical methods for serving the information needs of the public. Libraries in the United States are characterised as independent agencies supported from governmental and private sources and serving a local clientele. Steadily rising costs of operation associated with population growth, increased publishing rates, higher wages and other factors have led to reduced quality of services. Efforts to share costs through interlibrary loan and other co‐operative arrangements have only partially alleviated the financial problems and have done little to improve the quality of services. The ultimate solution is seen as a more systematic national approach designed to optimise available resources in order to achieve more rationally defined goals. There remain a number of unresolved questions concerning the configuration of national resource collections, bibliographic organisation and access, communication and delivery methods, and co‐ordinating mechanisms. A strong leadership role by the federal government seems mandatory for establishing and maintaining a comprehensive, higher quality information service.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING AROUND THE WORLD — A REVIEW OF RECENT PAPERS
Authors: Davey Jim
Published: February 2008

Let me state at the outset that this is not a global statement on the present art of interlibrary lending — it is a review of articles that happen to have fallen on my desk and that indicate developments in this activity, or present some national attitudes. The overriding impression is that inter‐lending is flourishing, and with greater dependence on co‐operation in times of economic restraint, this activity will continue to be studied, analysed, costed, criticised and written about for decades to come. I have no intention of being around for many of these future decades, but from time to time will review in the pages of this journal further developments as I become aware of them.
PROVISION FOR THE HUMANITIES BY THE BLLD
Authors: Allardyce Alex , Cornish Graham , Davey Jim , Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

The BLLD is able to satisfy a growing percentage of requests for material in the humanities. Its retrospective collections and current purchasing policy, which are described in some detail, enable it to supply half of the humanities monographs requested and two thirds of the serials from stock, with increasingly high success rates for more recent material. A further 30% of monograph requests and 15% of serial requests are satisfied from back‐up libraries (including the legal deposit libraries) and other sources.
REGIONAL ROUND‐UP
Authors: Davey Jim
Published: February 2008

Developments within and between the British regional library systems in the year April 1974 — March 1975 are reviewed. Through the National Committee on Regional Library Co‐operation, regions considered alternative forms of union catalogues, and produced a revised Directory of Allocations under the Provincial Joint Fiction Reserve. Progress on a regional transport system and the total adoption of ISBN listing are reported. Other topics discussed are regional subject specialisation schemes, automation, and local co‐operation. The statistical table indicates that loans within regions have dropped by 15% when compared with the previous year.
INTERLENDING IN SCANDINAVIA
Authors: Dahlø Rolf
Published: February 2008

A survey of developments in interlibrary co‐operation in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Various possibilities for closer co‐operation between countries or between libraries are discussed, as is the possibility of a Scandinavian international lending library or a Swedish national library. Mention is made of the Scandia‐plan and of LIBRIS
NATIONAL LENDING/REFERENCE LIBRARIES OR LIBRARIES OF FIRST RESORT
Authors: Urquhart DJ
Published: February 2008

The development of the BLLD is briefly described and the desire to set up similar institutions in the USA is discussed. The concept of a single national collection providing both reference and lending services is examined and apparent conflict of interests between visitors and remote borrowers is outlined in the light of the author's visits to Iran and Australia. The questions considered include simplified document retrieval, photocopy facilities and a fast service to remote borrowers on the one hand and the need for some duplication and a browsing capability on the other. It is generally concluded that remote borrowers must be properly serviced since they will form the majority of users.
SHELF ARRANGEMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE BOOKS AT THE BLLD
Authors: BARR KP
Published: February 2008

The arrangement of the existing monograph stock at the BLLD is outlined, and the investigation to determine the optimum system for the BLLD's requirements described. From this, several models emerged from which one, involving alphabetical arrangement of recently acquired books and numerical arrangement of the rest, was chosen. The effects of implementing this decision are then discussed, with special attention to the large, uncatalogued collection from the NLLST.
THE GROWTH OF THE LITERATURE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARY STORAGE 2. SERIALS
Authors: Wootton CB
Published: February 2008

The number, size and cost of current serials, and changes in these since 1960, are examined from the point of view of a UK library. Both the number of current serials and the average UK subscription cost have increased exponentially, while the average thickness appears now to be roughly constant. An estimate of the cost of ‘information’, measured by the cost per metre of shelf space of serials relative to the Retail Price Index shows a substantial but irregular increase.
BLLD PROGRESS REPORT 1975/76
Authors: Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

During the year under review, a further large increase in demand was experienced, including a record increase from overseas. Design work on the Phase III building, to begin early in 1977, was almost completed, and a feasibility study for a further extension was prepared.
SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES AT THE BLLD
Authors: Barr Keith
Published: February 2008

This paper describes the systems and procedures at present employed by the BLLD to carry out its function of providing a rapid and comprehensive loan/photocopy request service. Acquisition, storing, the loan/photocopy service and recording are all covered in detail. An appendix gives details of the various records at the BLLD.
PHILOSOPHERS, LIBRARIES AND THE BLLD
Authors: Vickery JE
Published: February 2008

The methods of study and literature use of academic philosophers are examined, and the major current abstracting and indexing tools are briefly described. Philosophers' library needs, including inter‐library loan requests, are related to the collections and services of the BLLD. Analysis of a recent survey reveals the nature and extent of demand for philosophy journals on inter‐library loan.
DATA PROCESSING AT THE BLLD
Authors: Harley AJ
Published: February 2008

Data processing at the BLLD falls into four broad divisions; batch operations on large files, such as the serials ordering procedures; information retrieval, such as MEDLARS; specialised systems, such as the processing of incoming telex requests by minicomputer; and the use of on‐line interactive bureau services, for example to do survey analysis. The current state in each area is described, and some general principles governing the use of computers at the BLLD are outlined.
REGIONAL ROUND‐UP
Authors: Davey Jim
Published: February 2008

Developments within the British regional library system in the year April 1975 to March 1976 are reviewed. A scheme for the collection of statistics has been tested under the auspices of the National Committee on Regional Library Co‐operation. Several regions have been converting parts of their union catalogues retrospectively into machine‐readable form. Local transport schemes for interlibrary loans are much in evidence, one of the most significant being a pilot project which links libraries in the North West with the BLLD. Subject specialisation schemes continue in the South West, Wales and the South East. Investigation into the West Midlands Service and into the use made of the General Pool Stock (GPS) at Wakefield (formerly the Central Reserve Stock of the West Riding County Library) are discussed, and several projects being carried out by LASER with a view to increasing availability of material in the South East are mentioned. The statistical table shows that compared with 1974/75 internal use of the regions dropped slightly but that use from outside (much of it by the BLLD) increased substantially.
INTERLENDING IN THE WEST MIDLANDS
Authors: Smith Malcolm D
Published: February 2008

Requests received by the West Midland Regional Library Bureau (WMRLB) during a four week period early in 1976 were monitored within the Region and copies of all the requests were submitted to the British Library Lending Division. An analysis of the type of material requested is given. The response of the West Midland Regional Library System (WMRLS) to the requests was tested by a questionnaire to member libraries. The response of the BLLD to the ‘hypothetical’ requests was monitored by the BLLD Research section. The two systems are compared in terms of levels of satisfaction, speed of supply, cost and price to participating libraries. It appears that the overall satisfaction rate from the two systems is similar, that the BLLD provides a quicker alternative for items it has available in stock, and that the costs of the present system might be reduced if all requests were sent direct to the BLLD. Possible mixed systems are also mentioned.
WAITING FOR INTER‐LIBRARY LOANS
Authors: Barr Diana , Farmer Jean
Published: February 2008

The paper reports the results of a study to determine the effect of the delays involved in obtaining interlibrary loans and photocopies on the work of users of a medical library. Few users are inconvenienced and the length of delay or value of the paper appears to have little bearing on what inconvenience is caused. The results are compared with a similar study carried out in industrial libraries and suggest that there is a greater chance of any delays causing inconvenience among medical workers.
THE SYSTEM OF INTERLIBRARY LOAN IN THE USSR
Authors: Samokhina NG
Published: February 2008

The ‘hierarchical centralization’ of the library system based on territorial divisions is described and the wide‐ranging role of the interlibrary loan centres is critically examined. The rapidly increasing volume of interlending is noted as are methods of automation, improvements in procedures and areas for further improvement.
THE BLLD'S MACHINE‐READABLE ISBN ORDER FILE FOR CURRENT UK MONOGRAPHS
Authors: Seal A , Allardyce A
Published: February 2008

This article contains a brief account of why the BLLD has been using experimentally a machine‐readable order file, a description of the book selection and order systems employing it, and a comparison of costs with (a) the same selection procedures but using a manual file, and (b) a hypothetical bookseller‐operated approval system. The conclusions are that the system employing the ISBN file is cheaper than both and uses less staff than (a).
THE BLLD SUCCESS RATE STUDY 1976
Authors: Wootton CB , Ede SJ
Published: February 2008

The results of a sample survey of requests processed by the BLLD were compared with those from a similar survey carried out in 1974. The general pattern was similar; however a fall in the success rates from stock for foreign language and older humanities serials was observed. In contrast the BLLD is markedly more able to satisfy requests for English language monographs from stock, though a greater proportion was on loan when requested.
PERIODICAL CANCELLATIONS: WHAT HAPPENED AT HULL
Authors: Brennan MM
Published: February 2008

The author describes the situation in the Library of the University of Hull which led to a programme of periodical cancellations. The methods for determining which titles should be cancelled and in what order are outlined and the effects of these cancellations on the academic and teaching life of the University discussed. Periodicals were ranked by importance by departments and action taken accordingly with various checks and balances to ensure that certain fringe subjects and local interests were not denuded of coverage altogether. Despite the relatively ‘unscientific’ methods used the author shows that much useful data was collected on reading habits and use of stock which had not previously been available.
SLAVONIC MATERIAL AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Cornish GP
Published: February 2008

After giving a brief account of the historical background to the Division's Slavonic holdings, the author describes present acquisitions policy and procedures for both serials and monographs. The records maintained are described together with the special treatment necessary for ‘difficult’ types of material. The use made of the stock is shown to be small relative to the rest of the Division's activities, being only some 4% of total requests received. The various success rates from both stock and borrowing from abroad are analysed and some reasons for the small number of requests for humanities material as compared with scientific are suggested. The problems of transliteration are mentioned, including those encountered amongst the non‐Slavonic languages of the USSR.
THE ABILITY OF THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION TO SUPPLY BRITISH PUBLICATIONS ON LOAN TO OTHER COUNTRIES:
Authors: Line Maurice B , Seal Alan
Published: February 2008

Of the 377,000 requests per annum which the British Library Lending Division receives from overseas, some 21,000 are loan requests and the remainder are for photocopies. This paper reports the results of a study of the loan demand during six weeks in March/April 1977. Of the requests received during that period 77% arrived through the post and 23% by telex. Although most requests were for English language material only half were for British items. Of these 56% were for monographs and about a third were for humanities material (compared with a figure of only 11% of total demand on the Division). Most requests (73%) came from Europe, especially Scandinavia, and in this respect the distribution is quite different from the overseas photocopy demand, of which less than 50% comes from Europe. 51% of all requests are satisfied from stock, with a further 20% being passed to other libraries in the UK. The figures are 50% and 33% for British publications, where the Division is under more of an obligation to search throughout the country.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING IN THE UK, 1976–77
Authors: Davey Jim
Published: February 2008

A general view of all aspects of interlending in the United Kingdom in the year concerned. The activities of the National Committee on Regional Library Co‐operation are outlined with special reference to the Working Party on the Future Patterns of Interlending. Regions are examined individually with the themes of interlibrary transport schemes and automated systems for cataloguing and/or interlending predominating. Attention is given to local co‐operative schemes and examples from various parts of the country quoted to illustrate their variety and flexibility. The conclusion drawn from the review is that by operating at several different levels the UK library system manages to provide the great majority of material requested by its users.
INTERLIBRARY CO‐OPERATION IN SCOTLAND
Authors: Brown WH
Published: February 2008

The history and development of library co‐operation in Scotland is described in some detail from 1921 when the Scottish Central Library for Students was established to the amalgamation of the Scottish Central Library with the National Library of Scotland in 1974. The present situation has been much complicated by the re‐organisation of local government in Scotland. Catalogues have been or are being rationalised. The National Library has also now agreed to lend items from its stock which greatly improves the back‐up service it can provide to the British Library Lending Division. As in other countries considerable advances are being made in the field of automation and the Scottish Libraries Co‐operative Automation Project (SCOLCAP) uses both UK and LC MARK tapes. Developments are also taking place in local co‐operation and non‐postal transport schemes similar to those in England and Wales.
PROBLEMS IN THE AVAILABILITY OF SOME SOCIAL SCIENCE PUBLICATIONS
Authors: Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

The literature of the social sciences is characterized by a very wide variety of types, from conventional books and journals through official publications and report literature to ephemera, and of formats, from conventional volumes through individual sheets to films and sound recordings. Its total quantity is vast, and much of it raises major problems of availability. Legal deposit of many categories is very inadequate, and for this and other reasons bibliographic control is very poor. Most social science documents are not produced and supplied through normal publication and distribution channels, so that they are very difficult to identify and acquire; much of it can only be acquired locally. Many kinds of materials are also hard for libraries to record and store, and traditional methods are not appropriate or practicable. Improvement of availability must rest partly with local libraries and partly with the national library, which can encourage local collection, set standards, co‐ordinate activity, and aid bibliographic control. A complete solution is unattainable, and any steps towards increased availability are to be welcomed.
CONSERVATION IN HIGH‐USE COLLECTIONS
Authors: Seaton DG
Published: February 2008

Many publications in libraries today are deteriorating rapidly through a combination of their chemical and physical characteristics, environmental factors and increasing use. The extent and importance of the problem in high‐use, particularly interlending, collections and the need for remedial action are stressed and some of the difficulties involved are considered. Steps which can be taken to preserve publications are briefly described; these include paper treatment, binding and other protective processes, the improvement of environmental conditions and of storage and handling techniques and substitution of the original stock. Finally, the need to educate and involve both staff and users in stock preservation is emphasized
THE COSTS OF INTERLENDING ACTIVITIES
Authors: Smith Malcolm D
Published: February 2008

This article summarizes the findings of a study aimed at focusing attention on the whole range of costs associated with interlibrary lending. Comparative costs of the ways in which interlibrary loans may be obtained are presented. The results distinguish between the costs incurred by a particular library in a transaction, and the net effect of the transaction on the finances of all libraries involved. Three universities, one polytechnic, two public and one industrial library, a regional library bureau and the British Library Lending Division took part in the study. The simplest successful interlibrary loan transaction, involving the supply of an average length photocopy, costs around £2.00 and the minimum cost of a loan is in the region of £4.00, both at 1981 prices. The investigation illustrates that generally the over‐all cost to the library community of a transaction which results in the supply of an item from Lending Division stock, is likely to be less than that of an application involving a regional library bureau or one sent direct to another library. The use of the Lending Division loan/photocopy form for interlending is shown to provide an equitable means of sharing the costs of interlibrary loans.
INTERLENDING NETWORK PLANNING IN CANADA
Authors: EA Clement Hope
Published: February 2008

Interlending in Canada is affected by geographic, political and cultural factors. The population distribution complicates the provision of material services and new methods of document delivery are constantly under review. The political complexities are such as to make effective networking voluntary, informal or non‐governmental. A complex cultural background affects library collections and services. Interlending in Canada is vital as individual library collections are not yet fully developed. There are no central lending collections as such and interlibrary lending is largely decentralized. Location tools and services have changed radically over the last decade with the advent of automation. The introduction of air and truck delivery systems has solved many document delivery problems and they are developing rapidly. Interlibrary loan policies are based on a code which, amongst other things, promotes access to information as being in the general interest. Charges for interlibrary loans were reluctantly introduced in 1975 and caused temporary chaos. The issue has raised the question of the need for a national lending centre and this in turn raises the problem of copyright. A nationwide study of interlending in Canada was undertaken and the report submitted at the end of 1982. Other studies are being carried out at the provincial level. Interlending in Canada is in a very dynamic period: technology is moving towards the interlinking of a wide variety of systems better suited to the Canadian situation. In future, library collections may become smaller, and users will borrow from a central clearing‐house, or full‐text database. New technology will affect the traditional role of the library which will then concentrate on more sophisticated help to the user.
THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION: THE FIRST TEN YEARS
Authors: Barr KP
Published: February 2008

The British Library Lending Division came into being in 1973 when the National Central Library was integrated with the stock and services of the National Lending Library for Science and Technology at Boston Spa. The original buildings have been added to by specially designed accommodation. The loan/photocopy service, based on the use of a pre‐paid three‐part request form, has been supplemented by computer requesting, links through database operators such as DIALOG, and the telephone for urgent requests. Road/rail transport links with many parts of the country have been introduced and now account for over half of all items dispatched. A rapid growth in demand in the first seven years was followed by a decline and then a levelling off in 1982/83. The proportion of demand accounted for by International Services increased from 9% in 1973/74 to 21% in 1982/83. The Division has developed close connections with IFLA and the European Communities. As a result of a British Library Ad hoc Working Party on Union Catalogues, which reported in 1982, the Division's stock records and union catalogues are being automated. The British Union Catalogue of Periodicals ceased to be issued and its bibliographic function was replaced by Serials in the British Library, issued by the Bibliographic Services Division from 1981. Certain libraries with large or important stocks were designated to serve as backup collections; from 1979 more requests went to backups than were provided with locations. The British Library Reference Division has not only supplied photocopies as a backup but begun to lend items held in the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books and the Science Reference Library. Close relations have been maintained with users and with relevant organizations. The acquisitions policy established in 1973 has changed little, though music scores were added in 1974, and rationalization of resources with Reference Division has resulted in a small drop in the number of serials acquired. The British National Book Centre activities of the NCL were merged with the donations activities of the NLLST to form the Gift and Exchange Section. Until 1982 the service was free but economies on staff and resources led to a restricted and priced service. Courses in the use of the scientific literature were extended to other subjects but had to be terminated as an economy measure in 1980. For similar reasons the ad hoc translating service was discontinued at the end of 1981. The cover‐to‐cover translations of (mainly Russian) scientific and technical journals sponsored by the NLLST have continued as part of the Division's extensive publication programme, which now recovers all its costs. Cost recovery increased from a quarter to a half of all expenditure over the period. The Division has kept up with relevant developments in automation and electronic publishing.
THE DOCLINE LINK BETWEEN CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Fjällbrant Nancy
Published: February 2008

In 1979 a computerized interlending link between Chalmers University of Technology and the British Library Lending Division was developed, based on a system already in operation between the British Library Lending Division and a number of US libraries. A successful pilot evaluation at Chalmers University of Technology led to the decision to test DOCLINE in different Swedish libraries. A comparative study between requests sent via DOCLINE and those sent via the Swedish interlending network showed a satisfaction rate of 83% for the former and 64% for the latter. The main reason for the difference was the greater coverage of material held by the Lending Division. The speed of delivery via DOCLINE was six days and eight days via the Swedish network, however for the latter, requests from smaller institutions are frequently sent via the main library thus involving a delay. The costs for the DOCLINE interlending requests total £3.42 compared with between £5.42 and £6.42 for the Swedish interlending manual procedures. The DOCLINE system is being developed to provide users with statistical and administrative information and as the number of libraries using the system grows, a DOCLINE newsletter is planned. Experiments with telefacsimile transmission between Chalmers University of Technology and the Lending Division have also been operating since November 1982. There is considerable interest from Swedish libraries of many types in the use of the DOCLINE link.
SOURCES OF ACCESS TO THESES
Authors: Vickers Stephen
Published: February 2008

The growth in the output of theses has led to calls both for improved control and availability and for reform of a system that is out of control. The growth in output does not seem to be matched by growth in use. While national bibliographic control of theses has long been practiced in some countries in many it has yet to be achieved. Availability is a more serious problem. Theses are no longer produced in multiple copies in many countries and exchange activity is declining. There is a trend towards centralized microfilming of theses for bibliographic control, loan and sale. Only a limited number of theses are subsequently published by conventional methods. The centralization of provision has much to commend it, but improvements achieved may be undermined by sponsored research and reserved publication rights.
INTERLIBRARY LOAN CHARGES: THE ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST
Authors: Stuart‐Stubbs Basil , Denis Richardson W
Published: February 2008

Information transfer involves several agents and costs are incurred at various stages of the process. Although interlibrary loan practices were established on the basis of reciprocity among institutions, the imbalance between net lenders and net borrowers has been causing concern about the costs of such a service and who should bear them. Interlibrary loan charges are one means of distributing among libraries the actual costs of the information transfer process. On the other hand, it is in the public interest to allow access to appropriate information banks and interlibrary loan facilitates resource sharing schemes and therefore better use of those resources. Charging can be seen as a rationing mechanism: negative in effect and against the public good.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT SUPPLY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: V
Authors: Kefford Brian
Published: February 2008

This review is concerned mainly with papers on new technological developments in document supply. It begins with a paper that looks at the likely effects of new technology on libraries and publishing. The Hermes and Apollo projects, and a broad systems view on new technology and the supply of ‘separates’ are discussed. Three discussion papers from the Library of Congress Network Advisory Committee on present position and long‐term future of document delivery in the USA are considered. Finally, two specific developments — the Chemical Abstracts Service Document Delivery Service and the OCLC/IAC electronic document delivery system — are reported.
THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON INTERLIBRARY LENDING
Authors: Martin Susan K
Published: February 2008

Information technology is gradually making an impact on the organization of interlending. Bibliographic access is improving but document delivery has not kept pace. Rapid developments in electronic publishing and optical disc technology are likely to change this, although cost will be a barrier for the immediate future. Telefacsimile transmission has become a quicker and more reliable means of document delivery. Optical discs can not only store information but can be indexed and searched, and would achieve rapid document delivery, with the production of hard copy for users. It is doubtful, however, whether most users want fast supply, and whether it is worth the extra cost. The concept of copyright may need reviewing in the light of electronic media. Payment will be required for every use, and libraries could be bypassed. Optical discs and associated equipment may themselves be shared among libraries. ILL departments as such may no longer be needed, because the operations will be absorbed in line functions such as reference, acquisitions and circulation, but ILL knowledge and skills will be needed more than ever.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES 1900–45
Authors: Roberts Norman
Published: February 2008

Interlibrary lending during the period 1900 to 1945 lacked co‐ordination, adequate funding, and motivation by the majority of librarians. Public library services had reached only 38% of the population of England and 50% of that of Wales by 1915. With the growing volume of relevant publications becoming available it was recognized that individual libraries could not cope alone with the demands of the population. Co‐operation was advocated in the form of union catalogues and co‐operative book purchasing. Those responsible for adult education pressed for a solution to their book provision problems and a proposal to the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust (CUKT) in 1915 for a Central Library for Students, was agreed. Emphasis on educational purposes soon gave way to interlending for library purposes — a process reinforced and continued with the establishment of the National Central Library and the Regional Library System. The NCL took up its role of book provider and interlending co‐ordinator in 1930 but interlending services were dogged by lack of finances. The support of CUKT and other philanthropic bodies was crucial at this time. Criticisms of interlending services could have been diminished by a greater collective responsibility from librarians. The desire to increase their own collections weakened the drive towards an interlending service. The concept that finally prevailed was too limited to be adapted to post‐war circumstances.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT SUPPLY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: VI
Authors: Bennett Richard J
Published: February 2008

This review covers three broad areas. Firstly, interlending statistics from West Germany and France are summarized. Secondly papers on interlending of specialist materials (microform, audiovisual materials and music) are discussed. Thirdly, the review looks at some recent applications of new technology: the use of electronic mail for request transmission in Canada, three experiments with telefacsimile transmission of documents in the USA together with a proposal for high‐speed telefacsimile transmission via satellite in Australia, and the use of microcomputers in interlibrary loan departments. A new article delivery service in the USA and the demise of the Pacific Northwest Bibliographic Center are reported. Finally, the publication of a draft version of guidelines on union catalogues of serials is mentioned.
THE PLACE OF THE RESEARCH LIBRARY IN THE UNIVERSAL AVAILABILITY OF PUBLICATIONS PROGRAMME
Authors: Wilson Alexander
Published: February 2008

The role of great research libraries in collecting, organizing for on‐site use, and conserving for future generations the significant literature of the world has so far received little attention in the Universal Availability of Publications programme. The twin concerns of research librarians and scholars are firstly, the conservation and recognition of the surviving importance of the book, and secondly, that excessive borrowing from research libraries may adversely affect service to scholars and other researchers, particularly in the humanities. However, research libraries are part of the totality of library and information systems and several developments are required to ensure that they can both contribute and benefit from resource sharing.
ANDREW CARNEGIE AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO LIBRARY CO‐OPERATION
Authors: Filon SPL
Published: February 2008

Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919), who emigrated to Pittsburgh USA with his parents in 1848 and worked his way up from messenger boy to ‘dictator’ in the steel world, made the greatest single contribution to the development of public libraries and the establishment of a system of library co‐operation within the United Kingdom. He created 2,811 free public libraries (660 in Great Britain and Ireland), at a cost of over $50 million. In 1913, the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, was founded ‘for the improvement of the well‐being of the masses’, which led to the development of the Central Library for Students, the Rural Libraries and the Regional Library systems, out of which grew the county libraries that complete the public libraiy coverage of the United Kingdom today.
PROBLEMS OF INTERLENDING ACROSS NATIONAL BOUNDARIES
Authors: Cunningham Linden , Kefford Brian
Published: February 2008

The picture of international lending is one of diversity: different systems, methods of application, restrictions, methods of payment etc. Problems caused by this diversity are compounded by language difficulties, length of supply times and lack of information regarding the progress of requests. Developments in electronic technology will probably aid the smoother running of international lending, particularly the growth of electronic databases with accompanying electronic mail systems.
A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: VIII
Authors: Bennett Richard J
Published: February 2008

This review is based for the most part on conference proceedings. It begins with a look at recent developments in interlending in Australasia, with a comparison of interlending statistics, and papers from a resource‐sharing conference in New Zealand reporting Australian and New Zealand interlending practice. Unresolved attempts to define an interlending plan for Australia are discussed together with the present situation. Two delegates' papers at a conference in Western Australia report contrasting developments there. Turning to the UK, four papers from an interlending conference consider the current UK situation, financial aspects, the end user's view and future development of interlending. Finally, a world‐wide collection of ‘proceedings’ is reviewed, dealing with different interlending systems in the UK, FRG, GDR, USA, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, China and the European Communities' DOCDEL project, with particular reference to Patent information in Germany and the TRANSDOC project in France.