bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF A SERIES OF PHOSPHONIUM AND AMMONIUM SALTS. STUDIES CONCERNING THE CONJUGATIVE INTERACTION OF A TETRAVALENT PHOSPHORUS ATOM
Authors: WHITE C. K. , RIEKE R. D.
Published: April 2016

Die elektrochemische Reduktion verschiedener Phosphonium‐ und Ammoniumsalze (I)‐(V) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF α‐AMINO‐β‐(CARBOXYMETHYLAMINO)BUTYRIC ACID FROM BIS(GLYCINATO)COPPER(II)
Authors: MISHIMA S. , SAKAI K.
Published: April 2016

Die Addition von Acetaldehyd (II) an den Kupferkomplex (I) liefert den Komplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: LITHIUM BRONZE AS A STOICHIOMETRIC REAGENT FOR THE CONJUGATE REDUCTION OF α,β‐UNSATURATED KETONES
Authors: MUELLER R. H. , GILLICK J. G.
Published: April 2016

Lithium reagiert mit Ammoniak zum Komplex (II), der sogenannten Li‐Bronze, die in der Reduktion zahlreicher Cyclohexenone zu den gesättigten Vertretern eingesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: DIPHOSPHORUS TETRAIODIDE AS A REAGENT FOR CONVERTING EPOXIDES INTO OLEFINS, AND ALDOXIMES INTO NITRILES UNDER MILD CONDITIONS
Authors: SUZUKI H. , FUCHITA T. , IWASA A. , MISHINA T.
Published: April 2016

Diphosphortetraiodid, das durch Disproportionierung von Phosphortriiodid in Ether erhalten wird, reagiert mit Epoxiden (I) bei Raumtemperatur in Gegenwart von Pyridin zu Olefinen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF 2‐ACYLCYCLOHEXANE‐1,3‐DIONES
Authors: AKHREM A. A. , LAKHVICH F. A. , BUDAI S. I. , KHLEBNICOVA T. S. , PETRUSEVICH I. I.
Published: April 2016

1,3‐Cyclohexandione (I) bilden mit Acylchloriden (II) in Gegenwart von Pyridin die Enolester (III), die sich bei Behandlung mit 2 Äquivalenten Aluminiumchlorid bei 0 bis ‐10°C zu 2‐Acylcyclohexan‐1,3‐dionen (IV) umlagern.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF TRANS DOUBLY BRIDGED ETHYLENES. (.+‐.)‐C2‐BICYCLO(10.8.0)EICOS‐1(12)‐ENE AND (.+‐.)‐D2‐BICYCLO(8.8.0)OCTADEC‐1(10)‐ENE
Authors: NAKAZAKI M. , YAMAMOTO K. , YANAGI J.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Cycloalkine (I) mit Butadien (II) und Hydrierung der gebildeten Produkte (III) werden die Bicyclen (IV) erhalten, die sich photochemisch mit den trans‐Isomeren (V) äquilibrieren.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL PROXIMATE CARCINOGENS OF 7,12‐DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE: CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO METABOLICALLY FORMED TRANS‐3,4‐DIHYDRODIOLS
Authors: YANG S. K. , CHOU M. W. , ROLLER P. P.
Published: April 2016

Inkubation des stark carcinogenen Stoffes 7,12‐Dimethyl‐benzo[a]anthracen (Ia) mit Rattenlebermicrosomen und einem NADPH‐erzeugenden System (1 h, 37°C) liefert die Metabolite (Ib), (‐)‐ (IIa) und (‐)‐(IIb); unter den Inkubationsbedingungen wird das angesetzte Substrat zu N 60proz. metabolisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE ANTHRACYCLINONES
Authors: TERASHIMA S. , JEW S. , KOGA K.
Published: April 2016

Hydrochinondimethylether (Ia) liefert mit Bernsteinsäureanhydrid die Ketocarbonsäure (Ib), die zu (Ic) reduziert und zu (Id) verestert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 1‐(4,6‐DIMETHOXYBENZOFURANYL)‐ AND 1‐(4,6,7‐TRIMETHOXYBENZOFURANYL)BUTANE‐1,2,3‐TRIONE‐2‐ARYLHYDRAZONES WITH GRIGNARD REAGENTS
Authors: HISHMAT O. H. , YOUNES ZOHAIR M. M. Y.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Umsetzen der Triketomonohydrazone (I) mit Phenyl‐ bzw. Benzylmagnesiumhalogenid über die entsprechenden ungesättigten Alkohole (II) addieren Hydrazin unter Bildung von Pyrazolidinen (die Verbindungen (III) wurden dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2,3‐DIHYDROCYCLOPENTA(B)BENZOFURAN‐1(H),3‐DIONE AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: ZIMAITY T. , AFSAH E. M. , AFEEFY H.
Published: April 2016

Dieckmann‐Kondensation von (I) mit Essigester ergibt den Ester (II), der zur Säure (III) hydrolysiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME 1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDROPYRIMIDINE‐5‐CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Authors: KHANINA E. L. , SILINIETSE G. O. , OZOL YA. YA. , DUBUR G. YA. , KIMENIS A. A.
Published: April 2016

Harnstoff (I) und der Acetessigsäureester (II) reagieren mit Aldehyden (III) zu den Pyrimidinen (IV), die mit Aminen zu den Aminoethyloxycarbonyl‐pyrimidinen (V) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF (NP(P‐OC6H4LI)2)3 BY METAL‐HALOGEN EXCHANGE, AND ITS REACTIONS WITH ELECTROPHILES
Authors: EVANS T. L. , FULLER T. J. , ALLCOCK H. R.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (IIa) wird durch die Reaktion des p‐ Brom‐Analogen (I) mit n‐Butyl‐Li gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF COORDINATED CARBON MONOXIDE TO “ZIRCONOXY” CARBENES WITH PERMETHYLZIRCONOCENE DIHYDRIDE
Authors: WOLCZANSKI P. T. , THRELKEL R. S. , BERCAW J. E.
Published: April 2016

Das Zirkonocendihydrid (II) reagiert mit dem Carbonylderivat (I) unter direkter Hydridübertragung an CO und Bildung des Carbenkomplexes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF THE NIDO CLUSTER PENTAMETHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYLTIN(1+)
Authors: JUTZI P. , KOHL F. , KRUEGER C.
Published: April 2016

Läßt man auf die Zinnverbindung (I) Tetrafluoroborsäure einwirken, so bildet sich neben Pentamethylcyclopentadien das luft‐ und feuchtigkeitsempfindliche Salz (II), dessen Kation in Form eines axialsymmetrisch pentagonal‐pyramidalen nido‐Clusters vorliegt.
ChemInform Abstract: THREE CLASSES OF SEVEN‐COORDINATE TUNGSTEN(II) CHELATES WITH BOTH HARD AND SOFT DONORS
Authors: BATSCHELET W. H. , ARCHER R. D. , WHITCOMB D. R.
Published: April 2016

Der nach einer modifizierten Literaturmethode dargestellte Komplex (I) reagiert mit dem Hydroxychinolin in Gegenwart einer starken Base zu dem Bis‐chelat‐ Komplex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A METALLOPORPHYRIN WITH CARBYNE‐LIKE CARBIDE CARBON: 5,10,15,20‐TETRAPHENYLPORPHYRINATO(BIS(μ‐CARBIDO‐TRICARBONYLRHENIUM))TIN(IV)
Authors: NODA I. , KATO S. , MIZUTA M. , YASUOKA N. , KASEI N.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion des Dichlorokomplexes (II) mit Decacarbonyldirhenium bei 180°C erhält man das dreikernige dunkelgrüne Derivat (III).
ChemInform Abstract: THE TRUE COURSE OF THE SOLVOLYSIS OF 3β‐TOSYLOXY‐5β‐HYDROXYCHOLESTAN‐6‐ONE, OR THE SN2 INVERSION RULE UPHELD
Authors: DAVE V. , WARNHOFF E. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Solvolyse des Cholestanons (I) führt zum Homo‐Derivat (II), dessen Struktur u.a. durch Umwandlung in das aus (IV) zugängliche Keton (III) bewiesen werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF α,β‐UNSATURATED N‐METHYL, N‐TOSYLHYDRAZONES WITH LITHIUM DIMETHYLCUPRATE
Authors: CACCHI S. , LA TORRE F. , MISITI D.
Published: April 2016

Die N‐Methyl‐N‐tosylhydrazone von Cholest‐4‐en‐3‐on (Ia) und von Androst‐4‐en‐l 7β‐ol‐3‐on (Ib) reagieren mit Lithiumdimethylcuprat zu den 2a‐Methylketonen (IIa) und (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIBIOTICS FROM POLYANGIUM CELLULOSUM VAR. FULVUM. 2. 5‐EPI‐5,6‐DIHYDROXYPOLYANGIOIC ACID
Authors: CONNOR D. T. , VON STRANDTMANN M.
Published: April 2016

Das Antibioticum (I) wird isoliert und identifiziert.
Insulinpumpentherapie bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen
Authors: Stadler Marietta , Zlamal-Fortunat Sandra , Schütz-Fuhrmann Ingrid , Rami-Merhar Birgit , Fröhlich-Reiterer Elke , Hofer Sabine , Mader Julia , Resl Michael , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Weitgasser Raimund , Prager Rudolf , Bischof Martin
Published: April 2016

Dieses Positionspapier zur Anwendung der subkutanen Insulinpumpentherapie (CSII) bei Diabetes mellitus basiert auf aktueller Evidenz zu Sicherheit und Vor-und Nachteile der CSII, insbesondere im Hinblick auf glykämische Kontrolle, Hypoglykämie, ketoazidotische Entgleisung, Lebensqualität und Anwendung in der Schwangerschaft. Dieser Artikel beinhaltet die Empfehlungen der Österreichischen Diabetesgesellschaft für die klinische Anwendung der Insulinpumpentherapie bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen.
Increasing Levels of Dietary Hempseed Products Leads to Differential Responses in the Fatty Acid Profiles of Egg Yolk, Liver and Plasma of Laying Hens
Authors: Neijat M. , Suh M. , Neufeld J. , House J. D.
Published: April 2016

The limited efficiency with which dietary alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) is converted by hens into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for egg deposition is not clearly understood. In this study, dietary ALA levels were increased via the inclusion of hempseed (HS) and hempseed oil (HO) in hen diets, with the goal of assessing the effects on the fatty acid (FA) profiles of total lipids and lipid classes in yolk, liver and plasma. Forty‐eight hens were individually caged and fed one of six diets containing either HS:10, 20 or 30, HO:4.5 or 9.0 (%, diet) or a control (containing corn oil), providing a range (0.1–1.28 %, diet) of ALA. Fatty acid methyl esters of total lipids and lipid classes, including phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho) and ethanolamine (PtdEtn) in yolk, plasma and liver were then determined. Levels of n‐3 FAs in both total lipids and lipid classes increased in all tissues. ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increased linearly, while docosapentaenoic acid and DHA increased quadratically. The FA profiles of yolk closely reflected levels in both plasma and liver. While ALA was highly concentrated in the triacylglycerol, it was low but equally distributed between PtdCho and PtdEtn in all tissues; however, the net accumulation was lower (P < 0.0001) in liver compared to yolk and plasma. Levels of EPA and ALA in yolk‐PtdEtn were linearly (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.93) associated, and reflected those in liver‐PtdEtn (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.90). In the liver, a strong inverse correlation (P < 0.0001; r = −0.94) between PL‐DHA and ALA‐to‐EPA ratio in PtdEtn supports theories of low substrate availability, possibly limiting the conversion of ALA into DHA for egg enrichment.
Pulley Ruptures in Rock Climbers: Outcome of Conservative Treatment With the Pulley-Protection Splint—A Series of 47 Cases
Authors: Schneeberger Micha , Schweizer Andreas
Published: April 2016

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of conservative treatment of finger flexor tendon pulley rupture with a pulley-protection splint (PPS) with regard to reduction in tendon-phalanx distance (TPD) and functional and sport-specific outcomes in a retrospective case series.

Methods

Tendon-phalanx distance in active forced flexion was measured before and after treatment in ultrasound records. Functional and sport-specific outcomes were evaluated by means of a questionnaire, which also contained instructions for self-measurement of finger range of motion and finger strength.

Results

Forty-seven complete pulley ruptures in 45 rock climbers (mean age, 33.4 years; range, 21.8–56.2 years) were included in the study. In the 39 patients who had follow-up ultrasound examination, PPS treatment decreased mean ± SD TPD from 4.4 ± 1.0 mm to 2.3 ± 0.6 mm after A2 pulley rupture and from 2.9 ± 0.7 mm to 2.1 ± 0.5 mm after A4 pulley rupture. Tendon-phalanx distance was reduced in all patients. Finger range of motion (n = 42) and finger strength (n = 22) did not differ significantly between treated and contralateral sides. Of the 43 climbers who completed questionnaires, 38 had regained their previous climbing level a mean 8.8 months after pulley rupture; 1 reported reduced finger dexterity; 39 assessed their treatment results to be good, and 4 to be very good.

Conclusions

The PPS is an effective conservative treatment modality for pulley ruptures, which reduces TPD and enables the patient to regain previous finger function.
The future arrives earlier in Palo Alto (but when it's high noon there, it's already tomorrow in Asia): a conversation about writing science fiction and reimagining histories of science and technology
Authors: GREENSPAN ANNA , MENON ANIL , PHILIP KAVITA , WASSERSTROM JEFFREY
Published: April 2016

A conversation between philosopher of digital cultures Anna Greenspan and historian of China Jeffrey Wasserstrom, speculative-fiction writer Anil Menon, and historian of science Kavita Philip, exploring the emerging work from scholars who have grown up with the global influence of science fiction in popular culture while being trained in the disciplinary spaces between science, engineering, social science, law and the humanities. The following questions are addressed: what are the prehistories of science fiction and the futures of such interdisciplinary work? How do India and China, as places where important new science fiction is being written, and as nations exploding now into emerging markets characterized by technological dynamism, fit into older historiographic frames that saw the European Enlightenment as the source of modern science, and the ‘developing world’ as destined only to ever play catch-up? How should the politics of digital futures and non-European pasts figure in historical research and in fiction writing, keeping in mind the historian's fear of presentism and anachronism, and the fiction writer's dislike of political moralism?
The Incidence and Evolution of Parkinsonian Rigidity in Rett Syndrome: A Pilot Study
Authors: Humphreys Peter , Barrowman Nick
Published: April 2016

Background: Patients with Rett syndrome (RTT) may demonstrate parkinsonian features. Here, we report a preliminary cross-sectional and prospective evaluation of the evolution, regional distribution, and eventual incidence of rigid tone in a cohort of MECP2 mutation-positive patients. Methods: In 51 participants, muscle tone rigidity in extremity regions and neck plus hypomimia were quantified using an RTT rigidity distribution (RTTRD) score with a range of 0 to 15. RTTRD scores were correlated with age, ability to walk and speak, mutation type, and, in a small subgroup (n=9), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid levels. Results: Participant ages ranged from 2 years and 5 months, to 54 years. Rigidity was found in 43/51 (84.3%); it appeared as early as age 3, increased in extent with age, and was present in all participants aged ≥13. Ankle region rigidity appeared first, followed by proximal legs, arms, neck, and face. Ambulatory participants (n=21) had lower RTTRD scores than nonambulatory (n=30; p=0.003). We found a trend to lower scores in participants with retained speech (n=13) versus those with none (n=38; p=0.074), and no difference in scores for those with truncating (n=25) versus missense mutations (n=22; p=0.387). RTTRD scores correlated negatively with CSF HVA levels (R=−0.83; p=0.005), but not with 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid levels (R=−0.45; p=0.22). Conclusions: Although assessment of muscle tone is somewhat subjective and the RTTRD has not been validated, this study nevertheless suggests that parkinsonian rigidity in RTT is common and frequently increases in extent with age; its severity correlates directly with impaired ambulation and inversely with CSF HVA levels.
DNR AND INCOMPARABLE TURING DEGREES
Authors: CAI MINZHONG , GREENBERG NOAM , MCINERNEY MICHAEL
Published: April 2016

We construct an increasing ${\it\omega}$-sequence $\langle \boldsymbol{a}_{n}\rangle$ of Turing degrees which forms an initial segment of the Turing degrees, and such that each $\boldsymbol{a}_{n+1}$ is diagonally nonrecursive relative to $\boldsymbol{a}_{n}$. It follows that the DNR principle of reverse mathematics does not imply the existence of Turing incomparable degrees.
Direct numerical simulation of Taylor–Couette flow with grooved walls: torque scaling and flow structure
Authors: Zhu Xiaojue , Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , Verzicco Roberto , Lohse Detlef
Published: April 2016

We present direct numerical simulations of Taylor–Couette flow with grooved walls at a fixed radius ratio ${\it\eta}=r_{i}/r_{o}=0.714$ with inner cylinder Reynolds number up to $Re_{i}=3.76\times 10^{4}$, corresponding to Taylor number up to $Ta=2.15\times 10^{9}$. The grooves are axisymmetric V-shaped obstacles attached to the wall with a tip angle of 90°. Results are compared to the smooth wall case in order to investigate the effects of grooves on Taylor–Couette flow. We focus on the effective scaling laws for the torque, flow structures, and boundary layers. It is found that, when the groove height is smaller than the boundary layer thickness, the torque is the same as that of the smooth wall cases. With increasing $Ta$, the boundary layer thickness becomes smaller than the groove height. Plumes are ejected from the tips of the grooves and secondary circulations between the latter are formed. This is associated with a sharp increase of the torque, and thus the effective scaling law for the torque versus $Ta$ becomes much steeper. Further increasing $Ta$ does not result in an additional slope increase. Instead, the effective scaling law saturates to the ‘ultimate’ regime effective exponents seen for smooth walls. It is found that even though after saturation the slope is the same as for the smooth wall case, the absolute value of torque is increased, and more so with the larger size of the grooves.
Effects of geometric confinement in quasi-2-D turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Huang Shi-Di , Xia Ke-Qing
Published: April 2016

We report an experimental study of confinement effects in quasi-2-D turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection. The experiments were conducted in five rectangular cells with their height $H$ and length $L$ being the same and fixed, while the width $W$ was different for each cell to produce lateral aspect ratios (${\it\Gamma}=W/H$) of 0.6, 0.3, 0.2, 0.15 and 0.1. Direct flow field measurements reveal that the large-scale flow slows down as ${\it\Gamma}$ decreases and there are more plumes travelling through the bulk region. Moreover, the reversal frequency of the large-scale flow is found to increase drastically in smaller ${\it\Gamma}$ cells, by more than 1000-fold for the highest value of Rayleigh number reached in the experiment. The reversal frequency can be well described by a stochastic model developed by Ni et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 778, 2015, R5) and the probability density functions (PDF) of the time interval between successive reversals are found to follow Poisson statistics as in the 3-D system. It is further observed that the bulk temperature fluctuation increases significantly and its PDF changes from exponential to Gaussian as ${\it\Gamma}$ decreases. The influences of geometric confinement on the global heat transport are also investigated. The measured Nu–Ra relationship suggests that, as the lateral aspect ratio decreases, the relative weight of the boundary layer contribution in the global heat transport increases compared to that from the bulk. These results demonstrate that in the quasi-2-D geometry, geometric confinement has strong effects on both the global and local properties in turbulent convective flows, which are very different from the previous findings in 3-D and true 2-D systems.
Drop deformation by laser-pulse impact
Authors: Gelderblom Hanneke , Lhuissier Henri , Klein Alexander L. , Bouwhuis Wilco , Lohse Detlef , Villermaux Emmanuel , Snoeijer Jacco H.
Published: April 2016

A free falling, absorbing liquid drop hit by a nanosecond laser pulse experiences a strong recoil pressure kick. As a consequence, the drop propels forward and deforms into a thin sheet which eventually fragments. We study how the drop deformation depends on the pulse shape and drop properties. We first derive the velocity field inside the drop on the time scale of the pressure pulse, when the drop is still spherical. This yields the kinetic energy partition inside the drop, which precisely measures the deformation rate with respect to the propulsion rate, before surface tension comes into play. On the time scale where surface tension is important, the drop has evolved into a thin sheet. Its expansion dynamics is described with a slender-slope model, which uses the impulsive energy partition as an initial condition. Completed with boundary integral simulations, this two-stage model explains the entire drop dynamics and its dependence on the pulse shape: for a given propulsion, a tightly focused pulse results in a thin curved sheet which maximizes the lateral expansion, while a uniform illumination yields a smaller expansion but a flat symmetric sheet, in good agreement with experimental observations.
Simultaneous temperature and velocity Lagrangian measurements in turbulent thermal convection
Authors: Liot O. , Seychelles F. , Zonta F. , Chibbaro S. , Coudarchet T. , Gasteuil Y. , Pinton J.-F. , Salort J. , Chillà F.
Published: April 2016

We report joint Lagrangian velocity and temperature measurements in turbulent thermal convection. Measurements are performed using an improved version (extended autonomy) of the neutrally buoyant instrumented particle (Shewet al.,Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 78, 2007, 065105) that was used by Gasteuilet al.(Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 99, 2007, 234302) to performed experiments in a parallelepipedic Rayleigh–Bénard cell. The temperature signal is obtained from a radiofrequency transmitter. Simultaneously, we determine a particle’s position and velocity with one camera, which grants access to the Lagrangian heat flux. Due to the extended autonomy of the present particle, we obtain well-converged temperature and velocity statistics, as well as pseudo-Eulerian maps of velocity and heat flux. Present experimental results have also been compared with the results obtained by a corresponding campaign of direct numerical simulations and Lagrangian tracking of massless tracers. The comparison between experimental and numerical results shows the accuracy and reliability of our experimental measurements and points also out the finite-size effects of the particle. Finally, the analysis of Lagrangian velocity and temperature frequency spectra is shown and discussed. In particular, we observe that temperature spectra exhibit an anomalous$f^{-2.5}$frequency scaling, likely representing the ubiquitous passive and active scalar behaviour of temperature.
Linear waves in two-layer fluids over periodic bottoms
Authors: Yu Jie , Maas Leo R. M.
Published: April 2016

A new, exact Floquet theory is presented for linear waves in two-layer fluids over a periodic bottom of arbitrary shape and amplitude. A method of conformal transformation is adapted. The solutions are given, in essentially analytical form, for the dispersion relation between wave frequency and generalized wavenumber (Floquet exponent), and for the waveforms of free wave modes. These are the analogues of the classical Lamb’s solutions for two-layer fluids over a flat bottom. For internal modes the interfacial wave shows rapid modulation at the scale of its own wavelength that is comparable to the bottom wavelength, whereas for surface modes it becomes a long wave carrier for modulating short waves of the bottom wavelength. The approximation using a rigid lid is given. Sample calculations are shown, including the solutions that are inside the forbidden bands (i.e. Bragg resonated).
Resolved Observations of Transition Disks
Authors: Casassus Simon
Published: April 2016

Resolved observations are bringing new constraints on the origin of radial gaps in protoplanetary disks. The kinematics, sampled in detail in one case-study, are indicative of non-Keplerian flows, corresponding to warped structures and accretion which may both play a role in the development of cavities. Disk asymmetries seen in the radio continuum are being interpreted in the context of dust segregation via aerodynamic trapping. We summarise recent observational progress, and describe prospects for improvements in the near term.
Bayesian Modeling of an Early Bronze Age Cemetery at Armadale, Isle of Skye, Scotland
Authors: Krus Anthony M , Peteranna Mary
Published: April 2016

Excavations from 2009–2010 in Armadale, Isle of Skye, Scotland, encountered a burial site with seven cists, pits containing cremation burials, a kerbed cairn, and a small stone and post circle. Twenty-one radiocarbon measurements were taken from single entities of wood charcoal, carbonized residue on pottery, and cremated human bone. A site chronology has been constructed using a Bayesian approach that considers the stratigraphic contexts and feature formation processes. The site was host to thousands of years of discontinuous human activity beginning with little understood Mesolithic and Neolithic components. Modeling estimates that mortuary activity at the site began in the Early Bronze Age in2220–1985 cal BC(95% probability) and to have ended in1880–1660 cal BC(95% probability). The span of activity during this burial component is estimated to be140–520 yr(95% probability) in the primary Bayesian model and50–470 yr(95% probability) in an alternative model. These modeling results demonstrate that human burial at Armadale was an infrequent event and further suggest that the memory of the location and social role of Armadale as a burial ground persisted throughout much of the Early Bronze Age.
Americans' Belief in Linked Fate: Does the Measure Capture the Concept?
Authors: Gay Claudine , Hochschild Jennifer , White Ariel
Published: April 2016

For decades, scholars have attributed Black Americans' unified political and policy views, despite growing internal class and status differences, to a strong perception of linked fate. In recent years, the concept has been measured in other racial and ethnic groups and with regard to gender, but not applied to social statuses such as class or religion. Without broad comparisons across groups and different statuses, however, one cannot determine the appropriate empirical test or most distinctive correlates of this canonical construct. Using a new national survey, we examine Americans' views of linked fate by race or ethnicity, and also by gender, class, or religion. We find expressions of linked fate to be similar across racial or ethnic groups, robust to experimental manipulation, and as strong for class as for racial or ethnic identity. Intra-individual correlations on linked fate items are very high, while a sense of linked fate is rarely associated with political views or political participation. Expressions of linked fate are not always closely related to feelings of closeness to one's group or perceptions of discrimination against that group. We speculate on the broader meaning of responses to this standard item, and conclude that the enormously fruitful theory of racial linked fate is due for further conceptual development and empirical experimentation.
‘MBOKA MUNDELE’: AFRICANITY, RELIGIOUS PLURALISM AND THE MILITARIZATION OF PROPHETS IN BRAZZAVILLE AND KINSHASA
Authors: Demart Sarah , Tonda Joseph
Published: April 2016

In recent decades, Kinshasa and Brazzaville have given rise to movements of prophecy, messianic fervour and revival (Pentecostalist in nature) in the field of religion. The patterns of liberation and deliverance that can be discerned here reflect forms of identity politics in which Africanity, in the ethnic and national sense, is not only a major issue, but a component that is increasingly associated with armed conflict. These processes express a radical paradigm shift that we place within the context of the relationship between Africanity and religious pluralism that has become evident in these two religious areas in recent years. The term ‘Mboka Mundele’ (the village or country of the Whites) points to an experience of ‘colonial modernity’, and allows us to describe in objective terms the current urban context in which these ‘businessmen of God’ emerge. Fernando Kutino, Ntoumi, Yaucat Guendi and Ne Muanda Nsemi are four major politico-religious figures who embody an ideology of Africanity related to complex types of ‘magic’ and processes of pluralization.
AFRICAN SCHOLARS, AFRICAN STUDIES AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION ON AFRICA
Authors: Arowosegbe Jeremiah O.
Published: April 2016

The editors invited this article, and the subsequent four response pieces, as a contribution to the debate on knowledge production in Africa and African studies, which was a critical issue in the late colonial and post-independence African universities, and which has continued to be a concern of leading African scholars in the decades since.
AFRICAN STUDIES: THE AMBIGUITY OF OWNERSHIP AND ORIGINALITY
Authors: Melber Henning
Published: April 2016

Arowosegbe's article is a welcome invitation to reconsider African studies by reflecting on the dubious ambiguities of their ownership. While he dismisses Western hegemony, he also demands acknowledgement of the relevance of Western thought to the discipline. The latent tension and challenge to reconcile these demands are underlined by his parallel references to knowledge production in as well as on Africa without a further clarifying distinction.
Estimating population food and nutrient exposure: a comparison of store survey data with household panel food purchases
Authors: Eyles Helen , Neal Bruce , Jiang Yannan , Ni Mhurchu Cliona
Published: April 2016

Population exposure to food and nutrients can be estimated from household food purchases, but store surveys of foods and their composition are more available, less costly and might provide similar information. Our aim was to compare estimates of nutrient exposure from a store survey of packaged food with those from household panel food purchases. A cross-sectional store survey of all packaged foods for sale in two major supermarkets was undertaken in Auckland, New Zealand, between February and May 2012. Longitudinal household food purchase data (November 2011 to October 2012) were obtained from the nationally representative, population-weighted New Zealand Nielsen HomeScan® panel. Data on 8440 packaged food and non-alcoholic beverage products were collected in the store survey. Food purchase data were available for 1229 households and 16 812 products. Store survey data alone produced higher estimates of exposure to Na and sugar compared with estimates from household panel food purchases. The estimated mean difference in exposure to Na was 94 (95 % CI 72, 115) mg/100 g (20 % relative difference; P<0·01), to sugar 1·6 (95 % CI 0·8, 2·5) g/100 g (11 %; P<0·01), to SFA −0·3 (95 % CI −0·8, 0·3) g/100 g (6 %; P=0·3) and to energy −18 (−71, 35) kJ/100 g (2 %; P=0·51). Compared with household panel food purchases, store survey data provided a reasonable estimate of average population exposure to key nutrients from packaged foods. However, caution should be exercised in using such data to estimate population exposure to Na and sugar and in generalising these findings to other countries, as well as over time.
A nutrition intervention is effective in improving dietary components linked to cardiometabolic risk in youth with first-episode psychosis
Authors: Teasdale Scott B. , Ward Philip B. , Rosenbaum Simon , Watkins Andrew , Curtis Jackie , Kalucy Megan , Samaras Katherine
Published: April 2016

Severe mental illness is characterised by a 20-year mortality gap due to cardiometabolic disease. Poor diet in those with severe mental illness is an important and modifiable risk factor. The present study aimed to (i) examine baseline nutritional intake in youth with first-episode psychosis (FEP), (ii) evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of nutritional intervention early in FEP and (iii) to evaluate the effectiveness of early dietary intervention on key nutritional end points. Participants were recruited over a 12-month period from a community-based programme specifically targeting young people aged 15–25 years with newly diagnosed FEP. Individual dietetic consultations and practical group sessions were offered as part of a broader lifestyle programme. Dietary assessments were conducted before and at the end of the 12-week intervention. Participants exceeded recommended energy and Na intakes at baseline. Retention within the nutrition intervention was 67 %, consistent with other interventions offered to FEP clients. There was a 47 % reduction in discretionary food intake (−94 g/d,P<0·001) and reductions in daily energy (−24 %,P<0·001) and Na (−26 %,P<0·001) intakes. Diet quality significantly improved, and the mean change was 3·6 (95 % CI 0·2, 6·9,P<0·05), although this finding was not significant after Bonferroni’s correction. Increased vegetable intake was the main factor contributing to improved diet quality. Nutrition intervention delivered shortly after initiation of antipsychotic medication is feasible, acceptable and effective in youth with FEP. Strategies to prevent weight gain and metabolic decline will contribute to prevent premature cardiometabolic disease in this vulnerable population.
Varieties of Financialization? Evidence from German Industry in the 1990s
Authors: Berghoff Hartmut
Published: April 2016

Following some general remarks on the impact of financialization on nonfinancial sectors of the economy, this article identifies common misconceptions about the German and American varieties of capitalism. It then outlines the post-1960 U.S. experience with financialization, including the reasons for the rise of financialization and its main consequences. The article will then look at Germany, a country with a very different entry point into the world of financialization, and ask when and to what degree the concept was adopted. Finally, a detailed case study of Siemens—one of Germany's largest industrial concerns—will explore how this icon of Germany Inc. adapted to the demands of financialization and coped with the external changes caused by globalization, deregulation, and digitalization.
For Comparative Theology's Christian Skeptics:An Invitation to Kenotic Generosity in the Religiously Pluralistic Situation
Authors: White Lauren Smelser
Published: April 2016

In present–day North America, with mosques and temples springing up a few streets from synagogues, cathedrals, and steepled church houses, a state of religious plurality is becoming undeniably more pronounced. In the wake of 9/11, the tensions ushered in by this shifting landscape are also increasing—not least for Christian believers who have shadowy notions of the religious “other” and are concerned about the realities of a pluralistic, post–Christian American society. Meanwhile, Christian scholars and practitioners engaged in the burgeoning field of comparative theology view this pluralistic situation not as a daunting challenge; rather, they view it in terms of its constructive potential. For them, religious pluralism is not an obstacle to be overcome but an opportunity for rich theological inquiry and practice. Thus, these comparative theologians urge their fellow Christians to take up a distinct form of conversation with the religious newcomer, guided by peaceful interreligious dialogue and the understanding that interreligious learning is a worthy aim.
The Effectiveness of Initiatives to Promote Good Governance, Accountability and Transparency in the Extractives Sector in Zimbabwe
Authors: Murombo Tumai
Published: April 2016

The regulation of the extractives sector in Zimbabwe has recently come under scrutiny due to the uncertain social, economic and political environment. Zimbabwe's mining sector was under colonial legislation for a long time and that legislation has recently been reviewed. Existing extractives sector laws do not adequately promote transparency and accountability, an issue recognized by stakeholders throughout the mining sector. The advent of the new constitution and law reform processes indicates Zimbabwe's intention to incorporate good governance, transparency and accountability provisions in the mining sector. State driven reforms have been inspired by global and local civil society initiatives. Analysis shows that, for various reasons, the government does not readily embrace such initiatives, which are important drivers of official policy and legal reforms. Zimbabwean environmental civil society groups have been exceptional in this regard.
Milk production in dairy goats supplemented with different levels of ruminally protected methionine
Authors: Alonso-Mélendez Erick , Mendoza Germán D. , Castrejón-Pineda Francisco A. , Ducoing-Watty Andrés E.
Published: April 2016

The objective of the study reported in this Research Communication was to evaluate graded levels of ruminally protected methionine (RPM) in dairy goat rations on milk production and live weight changes during 155 d of lactation. Twenty-five primiparous dairy goats (crosses of Toggenburg, French Alpine and Saanen; 45·4 ± 1·0 kg BW) were fed a basal diet (10·10% CP, 6·13 DP and 2·34 Mcal/kg ME) of corn silage, oat hay, alfalfa hay and concentrate (80% forage, 20% concentrate). After kidding, the treatments, which consisted of four oral doses of ruminally protected methionine (RPM) at 0, 1, 2 and 3 g/d, were randomly assigned to the goats. The experiment was conducted for 110 d with measurements of milk production and composition, body weight and dry matter intake. No treatment effects were detected in milk production and composition. However, goats with RPM showed a positive live weight changes during lactation which were improved as dose was increased (linear P < 0·01) whereas goats without RPM showed weight loss during the experiment.
The health of nine Royal Naval Arctic crews, 1848 to 1854: implications for the lost Franklin Expedition
Authors: Millar Keith , Bowman Adrian W. , Battersby William , Welbury Richard R.
Published: April 2016

Medical factors including tuberculosis, scurvy, lead poisoning and botulism have been proposed to explain the high death rate prior to desertion of the ships on Sir John Franklin's expedition of 1845–1848 but their role remains unclear because the surgeons’Sick bookswhich recorded illness on board have eluded discovery. In their absence, this study examines theSick booksof Royal Naval search squadrons sent in search of Franklin, and which encountered similar conditions to his ships, to consider whether their morbidity and mortality might reflect that of the missing expedition. TheSick booksof HMSAssistance, Enterprise, Intrepid, Investigator, PioneerandResoluteyielded 1,480 cases that were coded for statistical analysis. On the basis of the squadrons’ patterns of illness it was concluded that Franklin's crews would have suffered common respiratory and gastro-intestinal disorders, injuries and exposure and that deaths might have occurred from respiratory, cardiovascular and tubercular conditions. Scurvy occurred commonly and it was shown that the method of preparing ‘antiscorbutic’ lemon juice for the search squadrons and Franklin's ships would have reduced its capacity to prevent the disease but there were no grounds to conclude that scurvy was significant at the time of deserting the ships. There was no clear evidence of lead poisoning despite the relatively high level of lead exposure that was inevitable on ships at that time. There was no significant difference between the deaths of non-officer ranks on Franklin's ships and several of the search ships. The greater number of deaths of Franklin's officers was proposed to be more probably a result of non-medical factors such as accidents and injuries sustained while hunting and during exploration.
Increased MRI-based cortical grey/white-matter contrast in sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Jørgensen K. N. , Nerland S. , Norbom L. B. , Doan N. T. , Nesvåg R. , Mørch-Johnsen L. , Haukvik U. K. , Melle I. , Andreassen O. A. , Westlye L. T. , Agartz I.
Published: April 2016

Background

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic risk factors and one possible illness mechanism is abnormal myelination. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tissue intensities are sensitive to myelin content. Therefore, the contrast between grey- and white-matter intensities may reflect myelination along the cortical surface.

Method

MRI images were obtained from patients with schizophrenia (n = 214), bipolar disorder (n = 185), and healthy controls (n = 278) and processed in FreeSurfer. The grey/white-matter contrast was computed at each vertex as the difference between average grey-matter intensity (sampled 0–60% into the cortical ribbon) and average white-matter intensity (sampled 0–1.5 mm into subcortical white matter), normalized by their average. Group differences were tested using linear models covarying for age and sex.

Results

Patients with schizophrenia had increased contrast compared to controls bilaterally in the post- and precentral gyri, the transverse temporal gyri and posterior insulae, and in parieto-occipital regions. In bipolar disorder, increased contrast was primarily localized in the left precentral gyrus. There were no significant differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Findings of increased contrast remained after adjusting for cortical area, thickness, and gyrification. We found no association with antipsychotic medication dose.

Conclusions

Increased contrast was found in highly myelinated low-level sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia, and to a lesser extent in bipolar disorder. We propose that these findings indicate reduced intracortical myelin. In accordance with the corollary discharge hypothesis, this could cause disinhibition of sensory input, resulting in distorted perceptual processing leading to the characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Beyond Writing: The Development of Literacy in the Ancient Near East
Authors: Overmann Karenleigh A.
Published: April 2016

Previous discussions of the origins of writing in the Ancient Near East have not incorporated the neuroscience of literacy, which suggests that when southern Mesopotamians wrote marks on clay in the late fourth millennium, they inadvertently reorganized their neural activity, a factor in manipulating the writing system to reflect language, yielding literacy through a combination of neurofunctional change and increased script fidelity to language. Such a development appears to take place only with a sufficient demand for writing and reading, such as that posed by a state-level bureaucracy; the use of a material with suitable characteristics; and the production of marks that are conventionalized, handwritten, simple and non-numerical. From the perspective of Material Engagement Theory (MET), writing and reading represent the interactivity of bodies, materiality and brains: movements of hands, arms and eyes; clay and the implements used to mark it and form characters; and vision, motor planning, object recognition and language. Literacy is a cognitive change that emerges from and depends upon the nexus of interactivity of the components.
Associations between the Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET), Activities of Daily Living, and Quality of Life in Patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Hollocks Matthew J. , Brookes Rebecca , Morris Robin G. , Markus Hugh S.
Published: April 2016

Objectives: In addition to neuropsychological difficulties, patients with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) can have reduced activities of daily living and a poorer quality of life compared to healthy adults. The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET), is a cognitive screening tool designed to be sensitive to the neuropsychological profile of patients with SVD. While the BMET is sensitive to the cognitive consequences of SVD, it is unclear how well scores on this measure relate to functional outcomes. The aims of this study are to investigate the relationship between scores on the BMET and functional outcomes (activities of daily living and quality of life) in SVD, and to compare this with other commonly used cognitive screening tools. Methods: This study included 184 participants with SVD (mean age=63.2; SD=9.9) and 299 healthy controls (mean age=62.4; SD=13.8) who were tested using the BMET, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Stroke Specific - Quality of Life Scale (SS-QoL), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and measures of both instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and basic activities of daily living (BADL). Results: After controlling for covariates the scores on the BMET, but not the MoCA or MMSE, were significantly related to poorer IADL and quality of life in the SVD group. In addition to the BMET scores, symptoms of depression were found to be significant associated with functional outcome. Conclusion: These results support the clinical utility of using of the BMET, in combination with a standardized depression questionnaire, during the early assessment of patients with SVD. (JINS, 2016, 22, 1–9)
Validity of WebCAAFE questionnaire for assessment of schoolchildren’s dietary compliance with Brazilian Food Guidelines
Authors: Kupek Emil , de Assis Maria Alice Altenburg , Bellisle France , Lobo Adriana Soares
Published: April 2016

Objective

To estimate reporting bias of WebCAAFE, a web-based questionnaire for the assessment of food intake (recall of frequency of intake of thirty-two food items the day before) and physical activity in schoolchildren.

Design

Cross-sectional study. Self-reported food intake on WebCAAFE was compared with direct observation of school meals in five public schools. Additional data included school grade, sex, BMI, socio-economic status and access to Internet at home. Poisson regression was used to calculate the reporting bias (WebCAAFE v. direct observation) and the sample size necessary to detect a statistically significant difference between WebCAAFE reports and at least 75 % compliance with the recommendations for a healthy diet.

Setting

Intentional sample of five elementary public schools in Florianopolis, Brazil.

Subjects

Schoolchildren (n 629) from 2nd to 5th grades.

Results

Moderate bias magnitude was found for most food groups of interest. Frequency of consumption was not related to the bias. Sample sizes necessary to detect the compliance with dietary recommendations varied between four and seventy-four individuals for the different groups investigated.

Conclusions

After adjusting for moderate bias, WebCAAFE may be used as a food questionnaire for evaluation of schoolchildren’s food compliance on a group level, even with a relatively small sample size.
Growing Network of Radar Systems Monitors Ocean Surface Currents
Authors: Roarty Hugh , Hazard Lisa , Fanjul Enrique
Published: April 2016

Fourth Meeting of the Global High Frequency Radar Network; Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 22–23 September 2015
A Warm Day Can Trigger Rockfalls
Authors: Joel Lucas
Published: April 2016

Research on a cliff face in Yosemite National Park finds that when rockfalls happen without an obvious cause, ordinary warming in the Sun could be the culprit.
Superconductivity below 20 K in heavily electron-doped surface layer of FeSe bulk crystal
Authors: Seo J. J. , Kim B. Y. , Kim B. S. , Jeong J. K. , Ok J. M. , Kim Jun Sung , Denlinger J. D. , Mo S. -K. , Kim C. , Kim Y. K.
Published: April 2016

A superconducting transition temperature (Tc) as high as 100 K was recently discovered in one monolayer FeSe grown on SrTiO3. The discovery ignited efforts to identify the mechanism for the markedly enhanced Tc from its bulk value of 8 K. There are two main views about the origin of the Tc enhancement: interfacial effects and/or excess electrons with strong electron correlation. Here, we report the observation of superconductivity below 20 K in surface electron-doped bulk FeSe. The doped surface layer possesses all the key spectroscopic aspects of the monolayer FeSe on SrTiO3. Without interfacial effects, the surface layer state has a moderate Tc of 20 K with a smaller gap opening of 4.2 meV. Our results show that excess electrons with strong correlation cannot induce the maximum Tc, which in turn reveals the need for interfacial effects to achieve the highest Tc in one monolayer FeSe on SrTiO3.