bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review on Nanocomposite Drug Delivery
Authors: Darekar Avinash , Bele Mrudula , Wagh Milind , Nawale Vanashri , Saudagar Ravindranath
Published: September 2024

Low aqueous solubility is the major problem come across the formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. Supplementary than 40% New Chemical Entities developed in pharmaceutical industry are practically insoluble in water. Hence, there is a need for boosting the solubility and dissolution of such drugs. Enhancement of the solubility and dissolution of the practically insoluble drug was achieved by forming nanocomposites. Nanocomposities are formed by using synthetic polymers such as gelatin, chitosan, polyvinyl pyrollidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. Selection of polymers was based on their surfactant and wetting properties. To check the solubility enhancement of drugs solubility studies is carried out. Nanocomposites are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. As the concentration of polymer in the composite increased the solubility and dissolution of poorly water soluble drug were enhanced. In end, new technology require substances showing novel properties and/or progressed performance in comparison to conventionally processed additives. In this context, nanocomposites are appropriate materials to meet the emerging needs bobbing up from medical and technologic advances.
Keywords: nanocomposites, polymers, synthesis.
A study on evaluation of risk factors and anti-microbial prophylaxis in the prevention of surgical site infection
Authors: Shenoy Deepthi , Nalluri Keerthana , Manasa C , Reddy Pradeep , Srinivasan R
Published: September 2024

Background: Surgical site infections are potential complications associated with a type of surgical procedure. Although surgical site infections are among the most preventable healthcare associated infections, they still represent a significant burden in terms of morbidity, mortality and addition costs to healthcare systems and service payers worldwide. Appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis has shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of surgical site infections.
Aim: The aim of the study is to carry out an evaluation of the risk factors and prophylactic antibiotics used to prevent surgical site infection in surgeries performed in an NABH accredited quaternary care hospital in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Objective: To evaluate patient related risk factors contributing to the incidence of surgical site infection. To evaluate the prophylactic anti-biotic used in the prevention of post-operative surgical site infection and to determine the incidence of surgical site infection.
Methodology: Subjects who meet the study criteria will be enrolled in the study. Collection of patient related data with subsequent identification and evaluation of risk factors and prophylactic anti-biotics, and calculation of incidence of surgical site infection using statistical analysis.
Results: In this study, on observation of 372 surgical cases, it was estimated that 1 in 10 patients acquired Surgical Site Infection within 30 days post-surgery.
Conclusion: Conclusively, it can be said that the incidence of surgical site infection varies by different patient and procedure factors as well as prophylactic anti-biotic properties. They particularly show greater association to age, gender, certain comorbidities (like diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and renal insufficiency), and duration of surgery, administration of prophylactic antibiotic, frequency, timing and dose. Therefore, greater care must be taken for every specific patient and procedure and also choice of antibiotic prophylaxis.
Evaluation of antifungal activity of Magnesium oxide (MgO) and Iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles on rot causing fungi
Authors: Koka Jahangir Abdullah , Wani Abdul Hamid , Bhat Mohd Yaqub
Published: September 2024

The antifungal activity of Magnesium oxide (MgO) and iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles prepared by bio safe method was evaluated for Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Mucor plumbeus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichothecium roseum and Rhizoctonia solani. It was observed from the study that all the concentrations of nanoparticles brought about significant inhibition in the spore germination and mycelial growth of all the rot causing fungi. However, the highest inhibition in the germination of all the test fungi was observed at higher concentrations followed by lower concentrations of nanoparticles. It was observed from the present study that MgO and FeO nanoparticles showed signiﬁcant antimycotic activity against all the tested fungal pathogens. However, highest reduction in spore germination was observed against Mucor plumbeus whereas least reduction of spore germination was observed against Aspergillus niger at different concentration of nanoparticles of MgO respectively. Likewise, the maximum inhibition in the fungal growth was observed against Alternaria alternate and least inhibition in zone of fungal growth due to MgO nanoparticle was found against Mucor plumbeus respectively. Similarly, highest inhibition in spore germination was found against Penicillium expansum and least inhibition in spore germination was found against Aspergillus niger at different concentrations of nano FeO. Likewise, the maximum inhibition in the fungal growth was found against Rhizoctonia solani and Trichothecium roseum and least inhibition in zone of fungal growth was found against Penicillium expansum and Mucor plumbeus at 0.1mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml concentrations of FeO nanoparticles respectively. Activity index was recorded highest against P. chrysogenum (0.97) in case of MgO and against T. roseum (0.97) in case of FeO nanoparticles respectively.
Keywords: Spore germination, mycelial growth, rot causing fungi, tomato, brinjal, MgO and FeO nanoparticle
Pharmacognostic Standardization and Phytochemical Evaluation of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle leaves
Authors: Bashir Andleeb , Mohi-ud-din Roohi , Farooq Saeema , Bhat Zulfiqar Ali
Published: September 2024

The present study was focussed to carry out the detailed pharmacognostic studies in terms of organoleptic characters, physicochemical parameters, macroscopical, microscopical characters and phytochemical screening for major groups of compounds and other WHO recommended parameters for standardization of the leaves of (Mill.) family Simaroubaceae. Phytochemical screening of methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Ailanthus altissima demonstrated the presence of Carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, diterpenes, fats and oils. However alkaloids and anthraquinone glycosides were found absent in all the extracts. Information obtained from phytochemical and pharmacognostical analysis can be used as markers in the identification and standardization of this plant for monograph development and as herbal remedy.
Keywords: Tree of heaven, Phytochemical, Pharmacognostic analysis, Bioactive compounds, Ailanthus altissima.
Twak Sharir According to Ayurveda and its Correlation with Skin Diseases: Ayurveda and Modern Consideration
Authors: Madgundi Anand K. , Chavan Avinash B.
Published: September 2024

Twak (skin) is one of the important sensory organs (Dnyanendria) which receive sense/stimuli through Adhisthanas. Twak generates anticipated response against the stimuli like; Sparsh (touch). Twacha (skin) not only helps to understand touch sensation but it also covers whole body, protect from shock and perform functioning of thermostat through sweat channels (swedvahi strotas). The pores present in skin help in the hair nourishment and detoxification process. It is believed that each and every components of skin having anatomical as well as physiological importance. Therefore any anatomical or physiological abnormalities in skin or related organs may leads various disorders with skin manifestation including psoriasis, acne, leprosy, hyper pigmentation, skin allergy and vitiligo. Present article described structural components of skin and their role in disease pathogenesis.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Dnyanendria, Twak, Skin, Disorders.
Formulation, development and evaluation of topical nanoemulgel of tolnaftate
Authors: Gadkari P. N. , Patil P. B. , Saudagar R. B.
Published: September 2024

Nanoemulsion has been identified as a promising delivery system for various drugs including Biopharmaceuticals. Nanoemulsion is heterogeneous system composed of one immiscible liquid dispersed as droplets within another liquid. Aim of the present study was to investigate the nanoemulgel as transdermal delivery system for poorly water soluble drug, Tolnaftate in order to overcome the troubles associated with its oral delivery. Different nanoemulsion components (Oil, Surfactant and Cosurfactant) were selected on the basis of solubility and emulsification ability. High pressure Homogenization techninique were used for the preparation of Nanoemulsion. Carbopol 934 was added as gel matrix to convert nanoemulsion into nanoemulgel. Drug loaded Nanoemulgels were characterized for particle size, SEM, Viscosity, Spreadability, Diffusion study using egg membrane, Nanoemulgel containing 3 % Almond oil, 5.25 % Tween 80, Proplene glycol as Cosurfactant, 1 % drug, Water upto Quantity sufficient was concluded as optimized formulation (F1).
Keywords: Antifungal, Nanoemulsion, Gelling agent, Tolnaftate
The Functional Nanogel: An Exalted Carrier System
Authors: Kesharwani Disha , Mishra Sandhya , Paul Swarnali Das , Paliwal Rishi , Satapathy Trilochan
Published: September 2024

Nanotechnology is widely growing field nowadays. Under these vast variety of carriers are available through which the drugs can be delivered to the affected organ. Nanogels are one of the most effective carrier systems for targeting the drugs directly to the diseased tissues with their highly adaptive properties. Nanogel can be defined as nanoparticles incorporated in hydrogel. These systems are very efficient in embodying drugs of diverse nature and also in enhancing their delivery and retention to the targeting organ. Due to their targeting properties they reduce the dose of drug required in free form and also reduces the side effects produced by accumulation of drugs to any other organ. This review highlights various types of nanogels, their advantages, most commonly used preparation techniques, biomedical applications, drug targeting through nanogels, drug loading and release through the nanogels. The review has also incorporated the recent patents related to the topic. However, there is an urgent need for relevant clinical data from nanogels so as to allow translation of the nanogel concept into a viable therapeutic application for the treatment of cancer.
Keywords: Nanogels, Polymers, Drug targeting, Hydrogel, Diagnosis.
Vishaharayogas in Sahasrayoga: A review
Authors: Hussain Gazala
Published: September 2024

Ayurveda pharmaceutics deals with preparation of medicines. The formulations are in different forms with a variety of ingredients that are herbal, mineral, marine, etc. in origin.  These formulations, based on the ingredients and the forms are mentioned in different conditions including in the management of poisons. Sahasrayoga is a book that is a compilation of different formulations that are mentioned in various diseases. A review of this book has put light on the yogas that are mentioned in the management of various poisons. In this book, for the management of poisons different dosage forms are mentioned like kashaya, churna, leha, ghrita, etc. The formulations mentioned are not just for management of visha but are also indicated in other disorders.
Keywords: Visha, Yogas, Vishaghna, Ayurveda, formulations
A study of medication adherence in general population in and around Bengaluru
Authors: Chethan CM , Indrajeet Chaudhary , Kishor Kumar TM , Apoorva Dev
Published: September 2024

Background: Medication adherence is "The degree to which the person's behaviour of taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes -corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider”. Lack of Medication adherence is one of the major drug problem and leads to unnecessary disease progression, disease complication, reduced functional abilities, a lower quality of life and even death. Adherence to medication is low in specific populations who need chronic medication. Adherence to medication is also of interest in a more general fashion, independent of specific populations or side effects of particular drugs. If clinicians and researchers expect patients to show close to full adherence, it is relevant to know how likely the achievement of this goal is. Population based rates can provide an estimate of efforts needed to achieve near complete adherence in patient population.
Objective: To evaluate the medication adherence in general population.
Methods and Findings: This is an observational prospective study conducted for a period of 6 months at different area of Bengaluru, Karnataka. We assessed 518 participants. Adherence was measured by modified Morisky Adherence Index. We also assessed current medication intake and side effects. We found that, male adherence was 56 (18.2%) and female adherence was 32 (15.2%). By observing the education background 89 medical background participants 13 (14.6%) participants show adherence, 63 (70.7%) participants show medium adherence and 13 (14.6%) participants show non-adherence. Out of 429 non-medical background participants 84 (19.6%) participants show adherence, 262 (50.6%) participants show medium adherence and 83 (19.3%) participants show non-adherence.
Conclusion: Our study concluded that males show more adherence than females. Participants belonged to medical background were more adhere to the medication than the participants from non-medical background. The most dictating reason for not taking medication is forgetfulness. Hence, medication adherence is very essential for the quick recovery of the patients and to improve the quality of life.
Keywords: Medication adherence, Morisky Scale, reasons for non-adherence, education.
BRCA mutation: A review of breast cancer
Authors: Margret Chandira R. , Prabakaran M. , Jaykar B. , Venkateswarlu B.S. , Palanisamy P.
Published: September 2024

In the present study, we focus on the causes of a major cancer type contributing to the major deaths due to cancer across the world. Breast cancer which accounts for more than approximately 29 to 34% affected to women posing a major cause of death due to cancer. In-situ carcinomas might arise in either ductal or lobular epithelium, but remain confined there, with no invasion of the underlying basement membrane that would constitute extension beyond epithelial boundaries. Approximately 29 to 34% of women with invasive breast cancer will die of their disease. This syndrome presents as skin changes resembling skin condition like redness, discoloration, or mild flaking of the nipple skin. As Paget's disease of the breast advances, symptoms may include skin tingling, itching, increased sensitivity, burning and pain. There may also be discharge from the nipple. Approximately half of women diagnosed with Paget's disease of the breast even have a lump within the breast.
Keywords: Breast cancer, BRCA mutation, BRCA1, BRCA2.
Formulation and Characterization of Alginate Microbeads of Clonidine Hydrochloride by Ionotropic Gelation Technique
Authors: Dubey Rituraj , Dubey B.K. , Pandey Girijesh Kumar , Yadav S.K.
Published: September 2024

The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate sodium alginate microbeads with calcium chloride as cross-linking agent for Clonidine hydrochloride by ionotropic gelation method. Clonidine hydrochloride a centrally acting sympatholytic and imidazoline-derivative hypotensive agent; selective α2-adrenergic agonist. It stimulates alpha2-adrenergic receptors in the brainstem to decrease sympathetic nervous system outflow. It is also administered epidurally to treat pain. Microbeads offer numerous advantages for releasing one of the drugs or part of the same drug immediately while remaining drug or parts of the same can be sustained release. Prepared microbeads were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, particle shape, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency and In vitro drug release. The prepared beads were free flowing and white in color. The drug loaded beads showed 72.9±2.4% to 94.6±2.6 % drug entrapment, which was found to increase with increase in alginate concentration. In vitro drug release study of these microbeads indicated controlled release for Clonidine hydrochloride 83.46% release after 48 hours. Hence the observations of all results of the different batches, MBD 11 showed controlled release action and improved drug availability. From this study it could be concluded that the free flowing microbeads of Clonidine hydrochloride could be successfully prepared by ionotropic gelation technique with high entrapment efficiency and prolonged release characteristics.
Keywords: Clonidine hydrochloride, Microbeads, Sodium alginate, Calcium chloride, Ionotropic gelation method.
Herbal mediated silver nanoparticles: A new horizon of antineoplastic drug delivery system
Authors: Venkateswara Rao S , Naserunnisa Sharief , Padmalatha K
Published: September 2024

Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, and is still the second most common cause of death worldwide. Several classes of drugs are available to treat different types of cancer. Currently, researchers are paying significant attention to the development of drugs at the nanoscale level to increase their target specificity and to reduce their side effects. Silver nanoparticles are the topics of researchers because of their distinctive properties (e.g., size and shape and electrical properties). Synthesis of herbal mediated silver nanoparticles targeting biological pathways has become tremendously prominent due to the higher efficacy and fewer side effects as compared to other commercial cancer drugs. A variety of preparation techniques have been reported for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles such as physical, chemical and biological methods. In this review, different medicinal plants and their active compounds, as well as synthesized silver nanoparticles from medicinal plants, are discussed in relation to their anticancer activities.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Medicinal plants and Anti-cancer activities.
Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from Tilapia pond sediment in Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines
Authors: Reyes Alvin T , Fajardo Lorenz J , Abando Aylwin Kesley Y
Published: September 2024

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Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Capsicum frutescens
Authors: Maya M R , Ramanaiah Illuri , Venkatakrishna K , Rameshkumar K , Veeramanikandan V , Eyini M , Balaji P
Published: September 2024

Capsicum frutescens has been known to contain a high level of antioxidant components. We investigated antioxidant activities in various solvent extracts from C. frutescens. The aim of this study is to evaluate invitro antioxidant activity of acetone, carbinol, hot water and hexane extracts of Capsicum frutescens.  Preliminary analysis revealed that all the four extracts responded positively for all the phytoconstituents. Acetone extract showed the strongest phenolic and tannin content; showed highest activity for FRAP, ABTS, Superoxide Radical and Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity.  The present study explored that Capsicum frutescens has efficient antioxidant activity and could act as safe and cost-effective with potential biological applications.
Keywords: Capsicum frutescens, Antioxidant, Free radical scavengers, ABTS, FRAP
New Phenoxy Benzoyl Methane Derivatives: Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential
Authors: Mohit , , Kumar Surendra , Kumar Sushil , Hashim S. Riaz
Published: September 2024

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A Survey on Over The Counter Drug usage in the Community
Authors: Mourya Aluri , Mary Chippy , James Chithu , Jose Josepheena , Srinivasan R
Published: September 2024

Background: The incidence of usage of over the counter (OTC) drugs is drastically increasing day by day. Over the counter drugs are medicines sold directly to consumer without a prescription from health care personnel. In many countries, OTC drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they are safe and effective when used without physicians care.
Objective: The study was designed to carry out a survey on over the counter (OTC) drug usage in the community.
Methodology: A prospective and community based study was carried out over 6 months of period. A validated questionnaire was used for the collection of data, given to a total of 774 persons and face to face interviews among the 774, aged 14-84yrs.
Results: A total of 750 participants were enrolled in the study. A significant proportion of the participants identified as practicing self-medication in our study were found to be 77.33%.  Majority of participants used OTC drugs for fever (31.551%), headache (30%) and Sore throat /cough/common cold (17.931%). The most commonly used drug as self-medication was Paracetamol (66.103%), Cetirizine (6.55%), and Meftal spas (4.65%). Anti-pyretics/pain relievers (37.41%) were the most commonly used class of drug. The most common reason for self-medication was easy accessibility (21.55%). The most relevant source of information was friends/relatives (27.41%). 52.93% of participants altered dose/frequency of the medication according to their health condition. Out of 580 participants, 108 (18.62%) experienced side effects from OTC drugs in which 21 reported side effects.
Conclusion: We concluded that majority of participants practiced self-medication. The most commonly used drug was Paracetamol and the most common indication for self-medication was fever.  Awareness and dangers of misuse of OTC medications among all participants was less. Therefore it is suggested that proper education should be imparted regarding illness where self-administration of OTC drugs to be employed.
A recent review on Nanoemulsion as a topical delivery system of antipsoriatic drugs
Authors: Nimase S.A. , Patil P.B. , Saudagar R.B.
Published: September 2024

Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are a chronic skin disease of autoimmune system that is identified as patches of abnormal skin, affecting 2-5% of the world’s population. Psoriasis is an incurable lifetime disease which can be controlled and relieved through medication. Various approaches have been explored to treat the disease. Treatment of psoriasis includes topical therapy, systemic therapy and phototherapy. Topical therapy is the main psoriasis treatment. However, the conventional topical treatment such as gel and cream have low efficiency to  poor cosmetic and aesthetic appeal leading to poor patient compliance or adherence. Nanoemulsions are transparent or translucent dispersions, having the droplet size less than 100 nm with ultra-low interfacial tension, large o/w interfacial areas and long term physical stability recently, much attention has been paid to the application of Nano emulsion as drug delivery system. A small droplet size would enhance the drug delivery and penetration of a drug through the psoriasis skin layer. A good selection of oils and surfactants would enhance the transdermal treatment efficacy in psoriatic patient.
Keywords: Nano emulsion topical drug delivery, psoriatic treatment
Lichens as promising resources of enzyme inhibitors: A review
Authors: Prashith Kekuda T.R , Lavanya D , Pooja Rao
Published: September 2024

Inhibition of some enzymes seems to be one of the therapeutic strategies for the management of certain diseases or conditions such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer and obesity. In this review, an updated information on the enzyme inhibitory activity of lichen extracts and lichen compounds by an intensive literature survey is presented. Crude solvent extracts and isolated compounds from lichens were shown to be effective in causing inhibition of several enzymes such as amylase, lipase, lipoxygenase, aromatase, cyclooxygenase, trypsin, β-glucoronidase, prolyl endopeptidase, monoamine oxidase, urease, tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase, Thioredoxin reductase, glucosidase, topoisomerase, pancreatic elastase, phosphodiesterase, telomerase and acetylcholinesterase. Lichen metabolites such as usnic acid and its derivatives, lobaric acid, physodic acid, ramalin, protolichestrinic acid, salazinic acid, atranorin, evernic acid, zeorin, diffractic acid, psoromic acid, methyl β-orcinolcarboxylate, methylorsellinate, and anziaic acid were shown to be inhibitors of some enzymes. In conclusion, lichens can be employed as promising therapeutic agents in terms of their potential to inhibit the activity of certain enzymes that are involved in some diseases or disorders. In vitro culturing of lichen symbionts in optimized media can be carried out to isolate enzyme inhibitors in larger scale and to develop effective therapeutic agents. 
Keywords: Lichens, lichen substances, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme inhibitory activity
Formulation, development and evaluation of Microsponge loaded Topical Gel of Nystatin
Authors: Bansode Ashwini S , Kute Vaishnavi B , Vethekar Komal S , Kote Priyanka S , Varhadi Monika K , Bansode Ajit S , Jadhav Suresh L , Devhadrao Nitin V
Published: September 2024

Nystatin containing microsponge as active constituent (API) in different formulations by changing the proportions of drug (Nystatin), polymer (ethyl cellulose), emulsifier (Poly vinyl alcohol) were obtained successfully using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. These formulations were studied for particle size and physical characterization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the microsponges porous and spherical in shape. The physical characterization showed that microsponge formulation coded by P6 showed a better loading efficiency and production yield. This microsponge formulation was prepared as gel in carbopol and studied for pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, in-vitro release. The microsponge formulation gel, F3 showed viscosity3465.84cps,spreadability of 26.22g cm/s and drug content of 89.65%. The nystatin microsponge gel formulations showed an appropriate drug release profile. F3 released 81.03% of drug at 12 hours.
Keywords: Microsponge, Solvent diffusion method, Scanning electron microscope, Nystatin microsponge gel.
Formulation and Evaluation of Torsemide Granules (Sustained Release)
Authors: Singh Satya Prakash , Verma Navneet Kumar
Published: September 2024

The aim of study was to design development and optimize a controlled release system of Torsemide. to increase its bioavailability by increasing the residence time in the stomach without contact with the mucosa, and was achieved through the preparation of floating granules by melt granulation techniques. Torsemide; a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema was chosen as the drug candidate to be formulated as gastro retentive multiparticulate system as it is a weakly basic drug with a short half life of 2-3 hrs. Gelucire 43/01 was selected as a lipid carrier in different ratio (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5) along with drug. The formulation F1 to F6 were prepared and evaluated for dependent variable (in vitro floating ability) and formulations F4 to F6 were selected as preliminary optimized formulation. The preliminary optimized formulation F4 to F6 were evaluated for micromeritic properties, drug content and percentage yield, in-vitro drug release,  percentage in-vitro floating ability and formulation F4 was selected as optimized formulation that exhibited good floating ability and zero order drug release (85.95 %) at the end of 8 hours. Aging effect on storage was evaluated using In-vitro drug release. The In-vitro drug release study of the aged sample showed increase in release behaviour, it may be due to phase transformation of Gelucire. In conclusion, hydrophobic lipid, Gelucire 43/01 can be considered as an effective carrier for design of a multi-unit floating drug delivery system of Torsemide.
Keywords: Torsemide, Floating granules, Gelucire, In-vitro release study.
Assessment of Glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile among patients with skin tags in Khartoum State-Sudan
Authors: Omer Khalda Ali , Saeed Abdelwahab Abdien , Elmukashfi Salman Taha Ahmed , Hassan Mutaz Ibrahim
Published: September 2024

Background: Skin tags (acrochordons) are the common small benign connective tissue tumor of the dermis that occurs in old subjects usually located on the neck and the major flexors .and the aim of this study to estimate the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and dyslipidemia among patients with Skin Tags in Khartoum state.
Material and Methods: This is descriptive case control study and was conducted during the period from March to July 2018. In this study 50 [28 (56%) male and 22 (54%) female] patients with skin tags and 20 [11 (55%) male and 9 (45%) female] healthy individual are randomly selected, blood samples were collected after fulfillment of questionnaire, fasting venous blood collected in fluoride oxalate container for fasting glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides and 2.5ml venous blood in EDTA for HbA1c,  and were analysis by spectrophotometer for glucose cholesterol and triglycerides and  ichroma for HbA1c,obtained results were analyzed statistically by using SPSS.
Results: The mean of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol and triglycerides of case is (111mg.dl, 5.6 %, 205mg.dl, 160mg.dl) respectively. And the mean of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol and triglycerides of healthy individual is (86mg.dl, 5.0%, 149mg.dl, 170mg.dl) respectively. 62.2% of male has (1-10 ST), 38.5% of male has (11-20 ST) and 37.8% of female has (1-10 ST) ,61.5% has 11-20 ST. case aged 20-40 years (48.6% has 1-10 ST and 15.4% has 11-20 ST ), case aged 41-80 years (51.4% has 1-10 ST and 84.6% has 11-20 ST).
Conclusion: There was significant correlation between number of skin tags and mean levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and fasting serum cholesterol levels, no significant correlation between gender and number of ST, significant correlation between age and number of ST.
Keywords: Skin Tags, Fasting Blood Glucose, Hba1c, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Sudanese
Comparitive Analysis of Simhanada and Vatari Guggulu
Authors: Anusha Rao M.R. , Hussain Gazala , Sharma Govinda K , Kadibagil Vinay R. , Amrutha O.P.
Published: September 2024

Guggulu is the resin obtained from Commiphora mukul which is widely used in case of vata-kaphaja rogas especially vata vyadhi. Several guggulu formulations have been explained in the books of Ayurveda but two formulations namely; Simhanada and Vatari Guggulu stand out amongst them. They are both mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavali of Govinda Das in the context of Amavata but Simhanada Guggulu was also first mentioned in Chakradutta. Though mentioned in the same book and in the same chapter, they contain the same ingredients. The only difference among them is the proportion of ingredients and method of preparation. Very specific indications have been explained for both the formulations apart from the main indication - Amavata. Aiming to understand what sets these formulations apart, they were prepared and analysed. However, the preparation, though done in accordance with the method explained in Bhaishajya Ratnavali, was a bit difficult. Several trials were done, to prepare both the formulations and the final product was analysed with market samples of the same. The results of analytical values were compared within and between the samples to understand how the proportions and methods of preparation may affect the values. The values obtained from the final products were compared to the values in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and tabulated.
Keywords: Guggulu, Simhanada, vata-kaphaja rogas, Amavata
Formulation and Evaluation of Mefenamic Acid Solid Dispersions Employing Starch Citrate-A New Solubility Enhancer
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Kumari Annu
Published: September 2024

Solid dispersions refer to the group of solid products consisting of at least a hydrophilic carrier and hydrophobic drug. Drug is molecularly dispersed in amorphous form. Solubility and dissolution rate is the rate determining step for bioavailability of mefenamic acid, a BCS class II drug. In this paper, preparation of starch citrate and evaluation of it, as a solubility enhancer by formulating solid dispersion using mefenamic acid will be discussed. For evaluation, as solubility enhancer, of starch citrate in vitro evaluation of solid dispersion (prepared by physical method, solvent evaporation method and kneading method) was done. Starch citrate found to be a novel carrier and solubility enhancer of poorly soluble drugs.
Keywords: Mefenamic acid, Starch citrate, Solid dispersion & In vitro studies, physical method, solvent evaporation, kneading method
A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of Patoladi Kwath (SU. CH.) with or without Rasnadi Pradeh (CH. SU.) in cases of Vatarakta (W.S.R. to Gouty Arthritis)
Authors: GUPTA DEEPIKA , Sachdev Kamal , Garg Richa
Published: September 2024

In Ayurveda, health means the state of Doshasamya, Agnisamya, Dhatusamya and Samanya Malkriya as well as wellness of Atmendriya and Mana1, which according to Acharya Charak is necessary to achieve Dharma, Artha, Kama & Moksha2, the ultimate aim of life. But it has become quite difficult due to the various health obstacles experienced by men during his routine life. The disease Vatarakta is one of them and the number of Vatarakta patient are increasing day by day. The status of Vatarakta is often compared with Gouty Arthritis in the allied sciences. As far as the treatment of Vatarakta/Gouty Arthritis is concerned various research works conducted from time to time, which had shown encouraging result, but still there are many Ayurvedic medicine whose effect has to be established in the management of Vatarakta/Gouty Arthritis based on latest scientific parameters. Acharya Charak has advocated the use of different Ghrit Yog, Tail Yog, Lepa, Pradeha, etc for external application in different types of Vatarakta for relieving pain, swelling, stiffness, burning, itching, etc. So, for this research work we selected Patoladi Kwath from Susrut Chikitsa Sthana 5 and Rasnadi Pradeh from Charak Sutra Sthana 3 to evaluate their efficacy in the management of Vatarakta (w.s.r. to Gouty Arthritis). For this research work 56 diagnosed patient of Vatarakta having age of 21 to 60 years were registered and sequentially randomized into two parallel groups. Leaving 6 dropout (3 from each group), 25 patients of group A were treated with 40 ml Patoladi kwath 2 times a day after meal for 90 days and 25 patients of group B were treated with 40 ml Patoladi kwath 2 times a day after meal with Rasnadi Praddeh for local application over affected joint in the evening for 90 days. The result of the treatment was accessed based on the improvement in terms of symptomatic relief and improvement in terms of Lab investigation i.e, decrease in Serum Uric Acid level and ESR.
Formulation and evaluation of Adhulsa lozenges for pediatric patients
Authors: Khaladkar Atharva Sanjay , Avalaskar Amruta , Bharati Pranoti , Honkalas Kiran
Published: September 2024

WHO estimates that 235 million people currently suffer from asthma. WHO has recognized herbal medicines as an essential building block for primary health care of vast countries like India. In India the number of children suffering from asthma is increasing. Asthma is the chronic diseases of the bronchi which require continuous medical care. Appropriate management of asthma can enable people to enjoy a good quality of life. Many synthetic and traditional medicines are used in the treatment. Herbal formulations have been used by mankind for the cure and treatment of various diseases and are still popular to a large extend. Justicia adhatoda has been used to treat respiratory and other allergic conditions since years. Vasicine is the main active ingredient of Justicia adhatoda. It has been used in the ayurvedic system of medicine in the treatment of various ailments of respiratory tract both in children and adults. Juice of Adulsa is generally recommended for use. Formulations containing Justicia adhatoda are available in the market, which are syrups or liquid orals. Lozenges are palatable solid unit dosage form administrated in the oral cavity. The study aims in formulation and evaluation of sweet hard candy lozenges using medicinal plant extract especially for administration to pediatric patients for better patient compliance using juice of vasaka leaves.
Keywords: Asthma, Traditional medicines, Justicia adhatoda, Vasicine
Aglaia malabarica induced apoptosis evaluation in plant meristem, erythrocytes and human cancer cell lines
Authors: Ravindran Archana Elamkulam , Thoppil John Ernest
Published: September 2024

Apoptosis forms the basis of the drugs targeting cancer cells. The present study aims to explore apoptosis inducing ability of the evergreen forest plant Aglaia malabarica in three model cell systems. Allium cepa root meristem treated with the plant extract showed considerable decrease in the mitotic index and also revealed increased cytological aberration in a dose dependent manner on treatment with the leaf extract. Evans blue staining of the meristem confirmed the apoptotic death induction by the plant extract in a dose dependent way. Erythrocytes were subjected to treatment with the plant extract and remarkable apoptotic signs like membrane blebs, membrane distortions etc. were observed. HeLa cells were also characterized by the formation of echinoid bodies, membrane blebs, nuclear disintegration, fragmented nucleus etc. after treatment with A. malabarica extract. The quantitative estimation of cell viability was done using MTT assay and morphological alterations was studied by AO/EB double staining. The plant is proved to be of high potential in inducing apoptosis, in rapidly dividing cells and thereby opens a new possibility in drug preparation against uninhibited cell proliferation.
Keywords: Aglaia, apoptosis, eryptosis, chromatin aberration, MTT, HeLa
Pre-Liposomes: A novel drug delivery system
Authors: Sheth Maitry , Jadhav Divya , Jain Hitesh , Meshram D. B.
Published: September 2024

Preliposomes are a novel drug delivery system (NDDS). Preliposomes, due to their various forms, require further exploration. These structures can deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs for cancer, bacterial infections, fungal infections, immunomodulation, diagnostics, ophthalmic, vaccines, enzymes and genetic elements. Prevesicular drug delivery system like preliposomes having distinct advantages over conventional drug delivery system. These systems overcome the problems associated with instability of liposomes. preliposomes composed of water-soluble porous powder as carrier which having ability to rapid hydration of preliposomes and formed vesicles. New concept of demonstrating preliposomes as novel carrier to enhance the oral bioavailability and permeation across the membrane. On the basis of investigation. it is clear that pre-liposomes are the alternate drug carrier for the various route of administration. These reviews give the brief knowledge about the preparation, evaluation and application of prevesicular drug delivery system in pharmaceutical field. The current deepening and widening of liposome interest in many scientific disciplines and their application in pharmaceutics, cosmetics and food industries as promising novel breakthroughs and products are also handle. The obtained information allows establishing criteria for selecting pre-liposomes as a drug carrier according to its advantages and limitations.
Keywords: Novel drug delivery, Liposomes, Lamellar, Carrier
Effects Of Essential Oil From Drypetes gossweileri S. Moore Stem Barks On Cell Release And Dna Synthesis Of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: MONI Esther Del Florence NDEDI , NYEGUE Maximilienne Ascension , ASSAM Jean Paul ASSAM , BETOTE Patrick Hervé DIBOUE , FEUDJIEU Gaizirène EGOUME , PENLAP Véronique BENG , ETOA François-Xavier
Published: September 2024

Background: In the recent years, the proliferation of multi-drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strain to tuberculosis (TB) suggest that efforts are required to find alternative treatments. The designed study aimed to show the effects of essential oils (EO) from Drypetes gossweileri stem barks on Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell membrane release and DNA synthesis. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined against two clinical isolates (IS53 and IS310) and the reference strain H37Rv ATCC 27294 using microdilution method. The effect of essential oil on cell membrane release of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was evaluated by measuring DNA, RNA and proteins release in extracellular medium using NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer to show the membrane integrity lose. The effect on DNA was performed by measuring genomic DNA and amplicons of MIRU 04 sequence produced when treated at MICs and MBCs concentrations to put in evidence the inhibitory effect of EO during DNA synthesis. Results: The results revealed that EO from Drypetes gossweileri stem barks exhibited strong activity with MIC ranging from 4.88 µg/mL against H37Rv and IS310 to 9.76 µg/mL against IS53. The significant release of DNA, RNA and proteins in extracellular medium were observed for treated cells at MIC and MBC concentrations compare to untreated cells. The most quantified biomolecules were proteins with concentration ranging from 370.9 104 ng/µL to 10630.0 104 ng/µL released at MIC concentration which increased from 1890.0 104 ng/µL to 12000.9 104 ng/µL at MBC. The inhibitory effect of DNA synthesis by EOs enhanced lower quantity of DNA for all treated cells at MIC and MBC compare to untreated cells. The results obtained in this study enabled the identification of two cellular targets (cell membrane and DNA) of EO from D. gossweileri stem barks on M. tuberculosis.
DETERMINATION OF CETIRIZINE IN HUMAN PLASMA AND ITS VALIDATION OF METHOD USING HPLC TECHNIQUE
Authors: Binti Zuhri Siti Hazar , Azad A.K. , Mia Abdur Rashid , Uddin ABM Helal , Mohd. Nawi Mohamed Sufian Bin
Published: September 2024

This reseach project is dedicated to analyze cetirizine in human plasma by using HPLC qualitatively and quantitatively, to make a reliable bioanalysis of this drug in human plasma with a goal to utilise it in pharmacokinetics studies. In this research project, cetirizine was extracted from plasma using liquid-liquid extraction by dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The results in terms of accuracy and precision are compared. For both of the methods, amlodipine was used as the internal standard. Separation was carried out by Phenomenex C18  chromatography column. The mobile phase used here is 35:65, v/v of Acetonitrile to 0.3% triethylamine (TEA) buffer fixed at pH 3 by phosphoric acid, with flow rate of 1mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ᵒC. Various wavelength detector (VWD) was used, and detection was set at 237nm. The analysis was linear from 30ng/mL to 500ng/mL. Overall the recovery is more than 90% when using dichloromethane and more than 65% when using ethyl acetate.
Keywords: Bioanalysis, Method validation, Cetirizine, Human plasma, HPLC
Formulation, in-vitro & in-vivo evaluation of Ethyl cellulose microspheres of Glipizide
Authors: Sharma Maya , Choudhury P K
Published: September 2024

Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate sustained release glipizide loaded microspheres and evaluate the effect of various variables on their properties.
Materials and Methods: The microspheres were prepared by non solvent addition coacervation method. Ethyl cellulose used as a polymer, petroleum ether (60-40º) for induced coacervation and n-hexane as non solvent for microspheres preperation.
Results: Microspheres were characterized in term of percent yield, percent entrapment and release pattern of drug. The shape, color and particle size of microspheres were also evaluated. According the result of formulation, n-hexane used as non solvent resulted in enhances rigidization of coating and petroleum ether (60-40º) for induced coacervation. The maximum percent yield of GEN6 formulation was 75.7; particle size in the range of 50-450 µ, maximum entrapment was 89.8 ± 0.11% for GEN3 formulation. GEN1 formulation with low polymer ratio showed better in-vitro release between 95-100%.  Formulation GEN4 showed 40-50% reduction in plasma glucose level than conventional dosage forms when tested in-vivo.
Conclussion: Result of the present study supported that the formulation showed sustenance release with the potential application of n-hexane for improving the physical properties as well as the release profile of this water insoluble drug.
CONCEPT AND MANAGEMENT OF WAJA‘AL-MAFᾹSIL (ARTHRITIS) IN UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Authors: Bashir Fouzia , Khan Asim Ali , Akhtar Jamal , Anjum Nighat , Alam Shah
Published: September 2024

Arthritis is described in Unani system of Medicine under a broad term Waja‘al-Mafāsil which covers entire joint disorders like inflammatory, non-inflammatory, infectious, metabolic and other musculoskeletal disorders. According to Unani concept, the pathological changes in the joints are caused mainly by derangement of humoural (Akhlat) temperament and accumulation of Fasid madda (Morbid material) in the joint spaces. The main principles of treatment in Unani system of Medicine include Ilaj Bil Ghiza (Dieto-therapy), Ilaj Bit Tadbeer (Regimenal therapy) and Ilaj Bid Dawa (Pharmacotherapy). All the said principles are recommended for the treatment of Waja‘al-Mafāsil. The aim of treatment for patient with Waja‘al-Mafāsil is to reduce morbidity and disability. In India it affects 15% (180 million) people. Ancient Unani scholars have elaborately described Waja‘al-Mafāsil and managed with multidimensional approach, where as with the present day management of disease mainly with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which have large number of adverse effects. This review article highlight the salient features describing arthritis with reference to Waja‘al-Mafāsil for empathizing disease condition as enunciated by Unani scholars to provide a better alternative in terms of cost effective managements and side effects.
Keywords: Waja‘al-Mafāsil, Arthritis, Joints pain, Unani medicine
Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidepressant potential of methanolic extract of Celosia argentea Linn
Authors: Kharat Amol , Tarkasband Yogita , Kharat Kiran Ramesh
Published: September 2024

The present study was done to determine the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Celosaia argentea (MECA) by oral administration at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day of body weight to healthy swiss albino mice. The MECA was studied for antinociceptive effect using Eddy’s hot plate method and tail flick method in albino mice and anti-inflammatory effect by using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in mice and the mean increase in paw volume and % inhibition in paw volume was measured plethysmometer at different time intervals after carrageenan injection (1% w/v). The MECA was evaluated for antidepressant effect using forced swim and tail suspension methods in albino mice. The MECA showed antinociceptive effect evidenced by the increase in the reaction time by Eddy’s hot plate method and tail flick method in albino mice and anti-inflammatory effect by significant (P<0.001) reduction in the carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. The MECA showed a significant antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effect when compared with the standard drugs viz pentazocine, indomethacin and imipramine respectively. The present observation indicated significant (P<0.001) activity of the methanolic extract of Celosia argentea in the treatment of pain, inflammation, and depression.