bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased Activity of the Ghrhr and Gh Promoters Causes Dominantly Inherited GH Deficiency in Humanized GH1 Mouse Models
Authors: Ariyasu Daisuke , Kubo Emika , Higa Daisuke , Shibata Shinsuke , Takaoka Yutaka , Sugimoto Michihiko , Imaizumi Kazunori , Hasegawa Tomonobu , Araki Kimi
Published: August 2019

Isolated growth hormone deficiency type II (IGHD2) is mainly caused by heterozygous splice-site mutations in intron 3 of the GH1 gene. A dominant-negative effect of the mutant GH lacking exon 3 on wild-type GH secretion has been proposed; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are elusive. To uncover the molecular systems underlying GH deficiency in IGHD2, we established IGHD2 model mice, which carry both wild-type and mutant copies of the human GH1 gene, replacing each of the endogenous mouse Gh loci. Our IGHD2 model mice exhibited growth retardation along with intact cellular architecture and mildly activated endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pituitary gland, caused by decreased GH-releasing hormone receptor (Ghrhr) and Gh gene promoter activities. Decreased Ghrhr and Gh promoter activities were likely caused by reduced levels of nuclear CREB3L2, which was demonstrated to stimulate Ghrhr and Gh promoter activity. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study to reveal a novel molecular mechanism of GH deficiency in IGHD2, representing a new paradigm that differs from widely accepted models.
Exploratory and agile behaviors with central dopaminergic activities in open field tests in Formosan wood mice (Apodemus semotus)
Authors: Shieh Kun-Ruey , Yang Shu-Chuan
Published: August 2019

Taiwan is a mountainous island, and nearly 75% of its lands are 1000 m above sea level. Formosan wood mice, Apodemus semotus, are endemic rodents and are broadly distributed at altitudes between 1400 m and 3700 m in Taiwan. Interestingly, Formosan wood mice show similar locomotor activity in the laboratory as they do in the wild. Hence, we are interested in studying whether exploratory behaviors and central dopaminergic activity are changed in the open field test. We used male C57BL/6J mice as the control, comparing their behavioral responses in the open field, step-down inhibitory avoidance discrimination and novel object recognition tests with those of male Formosan wood mice. We also examined dopamine and its major metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens. In open field tests, Formosan wood mice revealed higher levels of locomotion and exploration than C57BL/6J mice. Learning and memory performance in the novel object recognition test was similar in both Formosan wood mice and C57BL/6J mice, but more agile responses in the inhibitory avoidance discrimination task were found in Formosan wood mice. There was no difference in behavioral responses in the open field test between new second-generation Formosan wood mice and Formosan wood mice that were inbred for more than ten generations. After repeated exposure to the open field test, high levels of locomotion and exploration as well as central dopaminergic activities were markedly persistent in Formosan wood mice, but these activities were significantly reduced in C57BL/6J mice. Diazepam (anxiolytic) treatment reduced the higher exploratory activity and central dopaminergic activities in Formosan wood mice, but this treatment had no effect in C57BL/6J mice. This study provides comparative findings, as two phylogenetically related species showed differences in behavioral responses.
Social dominance, but not parasite load, affects sperm quality and sperm redox status in house sparrows
Authors: Losdat Sylvain , Rojas Mora Alfonso , Bellut Caroline , Chargé Rémi , Falchi Valentina , Glauser Gaétan , Vallat Armelle , Helfenstein Fabrice
Published: August 2019

Sperm performance is an important component of male reproductive success. However, sperm production is costly and males need to optimize their investment in sperm quality vs. the somatic traits involved in mating success, e.g. their social status. Since oxidative stress affects both sperm performance and somatic functions, it has been hypothesized to mediate such trade-off. According to the oxidation-based soma/germline trade-off hypothesis dominant males should favour the antioxidant protection of their somatic tissues, and subordinate males should favour the antioxidant protection of their sperm. We tested this hypothesis by experimentally infecting wild-caught house sparrows Passer domesticus with Coccidia Isopora sp., an internal parasite known to deplete antioxidant resources. We predicted that (i) increased parasite load affects sperm oxidative status and sperm performance and that (ii) males with experimentally high parasite loads adjust the antioxidant protection of their soma vs. their sperm according to their social status. Despite a 5400% increase in parasite load, sperm performance and somatic and spermatic oxidative status remained unaffected, irrespective of male social status. Nevertheless, males increased their sperm performance over time, a pattern mirrored by an increase in the antioxidant protection of their sperm. Moreover, males at the lower end of the hierarchy always produced sperm with lower velocity, suggesting that they were constrained and privileged their soma over their germline. To conclude, high parasite loads do not necessarily affect sperm performance and oxidative status. In contrast, the social hierarchy and the relative investment in soma vs. sperm antioxidant protection are determinants of sperm performance.
Deciphering the effect of food availability, growth and host condition on disease susceptibility in a marine invertebrate
Authors: Pernet Fabrice , Tamayo David , Fuhrmann Marine , Petton Bruno
Published: August 2019

Food provisioning influences disease risk and outcome in animal populations in two ways. On one hand, unrestricted food supply improves the physiological condition of the host and lowers its susceptibility to infectious disease, reflecting a tradeoff between immunity and other fitness related functions. On the other hand, food scarcity limits the resources available to the pathogen and slows the growth and metabolism of the host on which the pathogen depends to proliferate. Here we investigated how food availability, growth rate and energetic reserves drive the outcome of a viral disease affecting an ecologically relevant model host, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. We selected fast and slow growing animals, and we exposed them to high and low food rations. We evaluated their energetic reserves, challenged them with a pathogenic virus, monitored daily survival and developed a mortality risk model. Although food levels and oyster growth were associated with a higher risk of mortality, energy reserves were associated with a lower risk. Food availability acts both as an enabling factor for mortality by increasing oyster growth, but also as a limiting factor by increasing their energy reserves. This study clarifies how food resources have an impact on susceptibility to disease and indicates how the host's physiological condition could mitigate epidemics. Practically, we suggest that growth should be optimized rather than maximized, considering that trade-offs occur with disease resistance or tolerance.
Guidance on the use of PET for treatment planning in radiotherapy clinical trials
Authors: Pike Lucy C , Thomas Christopher M , Guerrero-Urbano Teresa , Michaelidou Andriana , Greener Tony , Miles Elizabeth , Eaton David , Barrington Sally F
Published: August 2019

The aim of this article is to propose meaningful guidance covering the practical and technical issues involved when planning or conducting clinical trials involving positron emission tomography (PET)-guided radiotherapy. The complexity of imaging requirements will depend on the study aims, design and PET methods used. Where PET is used to adapt radiotherapy, a high level of accuracy and reproducibility is required to ensure effective and safe treatment delivery. The guidance in this document is intended to assist researchers designing clinical trials involving PET-guided radiotherapy to provide sufficient information about the appropriate methods to complete PET-CT imaging to a consistent standard at participating centres. The guidance is divided into six categories: application of PET in radiotherapy, resource requirements, quality assurance, imaging protocol design, data management and image processing. Each section provides an overview of the recent literature to support the specific recommendations. This guidance builds on previous recommendations from ﻿the National Cancer Research Institute PET Research Network and has been produced in collaboration with the National Radiotherapy Trials Quality Assurance Group.
Tissue-restricted genome editing in vivo specified by microRNA-repressible anti-CRISPR proteins
Authors: Lee Jooyoung , Mou Haiwei , Ibraheim Raed , Liang Shun-Qing , Liu Pengpeng , Xue Wen , Sontheimer Erik J.
Published: August 2019

CRISPR-Cas systems are bacterial adaptive immune pathways that have revolutionized biotechnology and biomedical applications. Despite the potential for human therapeutic development, there are many hurdles that must be overcome before its use in clinical settings. Some clinical safety concerns arise from editing activity in unintended cell types or tissues upon in vivo delivery (e.g., by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors). Although tissue-specific promoters and serotypes with tissue tropisms can be used, suitably compact promoters are not always available for desired cell types, and AAV tissue tropism specificities are not absolute. To reinforce tissue-specific editing, we exploited anti-CRISPR proteins (Acrs) that have evolved as natural countermeasures against CRISPR immunity. To inhibit Cas9 in all ancillary tissues without compromising editing in the target tissue, we established a flexible platform in which an Acr transgene is repressed by endogenous, tissue-specific microRNAs (miRNAs). We demonstrate that miRNAs regulate the expression of an Acr transgene bearing miRNA-binding sites in its 3′-UTR and control subsequent genome editing outcomes in a cell-type specific manner. We also show that the strategy is applicable to multiple Cas9 orthologs and their respective anti-CRISPRs. Furthermore, we validate this approach in vivo by demonstrating that AAV9 delivery of Nme2Cas9, along with an AcrIIC3Nme construct that is targeted for repression by liver-specific miR-122, allows editing in the liver while repressing editing in an unintended tissue (heart muscle) in adult mice. This strategy provides safeguards against off-tissue genome editing by confining Cas9 activity to selected cell types.
The L1 stalk is required for efficient export of nascent large ribosomal subunits in yeast
Authors: Musalgaonkar Sharmishtha , Black Joshua J. , Johnson Arlen W.
Published: August 2019

The ribosomal protein Rpl1 (uL1 in universal nomenclature) is essential in yeast and constitutes part of the L1 stalk which interacts with E site ligands on the ribosome. Structural studies of nascent pre-60S complexes in yeast have shown that a domain of the Crm1-dependent nuclear export adapter Nmd3, binds in the E site and interacts with Rpl1, inducing closure of the L1 stalk. Based on this observation, we decided to reinvestigate the role of the L1 stalk in nuclear export of pre-60S subunits despite previous work showing that Rpl1-deficient ribosomes are exported from the nucleus and engage in translation. Large cargoes, such as ribosomal subunits, require multiple export factors to facilitate their transport through the nuclear pore complex. Here, we show that pre-60S subunits lacking Rpl1 or truncated for the RNA of the L1 stalk are exported inefficiently. Surprisingly, this is not due to a measurable defect in the recruitment of Nmd3 but appears to result from inefficient recruitment of the Mex67–Mtr2 heterodimer.
ÉTICA DA TOLERÂNCIA E SEUS INIMIGOS: IMPRECISÃO CONCEITUAL DE PLURALISMO, PERMISSIVISMO E RELATIVISMO COMO OBSTÁCULO A SEUS PRÓPRIOS IDEAIS
Authors: Pereira Caleb Salomão , Adeodato João Maurício
Published: August 2019

Os direitos humanos constituem um marco para uma ética da tolerância. Partindo dessa premissa, o artigo reconhece na democracia e no constitucionalismo contemporâneo, simultaneamente, um depositário e uma fonte dessa ética, e afi rma que esta pode ser enfraquecida pelo efeito prático da interpretação de determinadas propostas epistemológicas jurídico-políticas. Notando o risco de subversão dessas propostas por meio de sua implementação irrefl etida, o texto articula refl exões sobre como o ideal da tolerância, essencial aos direitos humanos, pode perder suas potencialidades emancipatórias a partir de uma estratégia retórica que se serve de imprecisões conceituais ao tratar de temas como multiculturalismo e pluralismo, que hoje atraem simpatias ao discurso humanístico, para promover determinados tipos de relativismos e permissivismos capazes de inviabilizar o cumprimento das promessas do constitucionalismo e de seu conteúdo ético, gerando os paradoxos da tolerância. Estes, quando admitidos acriticamente em nome de excessiva maleabilidade moral, relativizam excessivamente os valores que ordenam a sociedade e ameaçam o próprio ideal que lhes deu origem, colocando sob risco a sobrevivência da própria ética da tolerância e subvertendo o substrato moral da ideologia da tolerância.
Exploring the career maze: An investigation of career intentions of medical graduates in Pakistan: A qualitative study
Authors: Siddiqui Zarrin SEEMA
Published: August 2019

Background & Objectives: Pakistan faces a number of challenges in medical education. While there is an increase in the number of medical schools across the country, there is a dearth of practicing doctors in rural areas as well as a shortage of specialists in various fields specially in surgical specialties. Similarly, the number of doctors migrating overseas is also increasing due to security concerns. This requires investigation of the factors that influence career intentions of medical graduates in Pakistan. As there is no validated instrument available within Pakistani context, this qualitative study was designed to examine medical graduates’ reasons for their career intentions in light of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).

Methods: Five focus group discussions were conducted in two cities of Pakistan i.e. Karachi and Hyderabad during November – December 2012. These were then transcribed and were coded into the three primary attributes of TPB i.e. behavioral, normative and control beliefs by comparing similarities and differences.

Results: The results suggest that there is a variation in the factors that influence the career intentions of the medical students. In addition a number of new themes were identified which have not been reported earlier in studies elsewhere and are specific to this region. This needs further examination by stakeholders for intervention.

Conclusion: The analysis of data from the focus groups confirms the theoretical framework and identifies a range of influencing factors, at different stages of education and practice. As the study was limited to a smaller number of graduates and all except one graduate wanted to continue practice, a larger sample may be required for the purpose of generalization of the findings reported in this study.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.465

How to cite this:Siddiqui ZS. Exploring the career maze: An investigation of career intentions of medical graduates in Pakistan: A qualitative study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):1456-1460. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.465

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Orientalism and Re-Orientalism in Yann Martel’s Life of Pi
Authors: Yuqin Jiang
Published: August 2019

Yann Martel expresses his Orientalism and describes Pi’s Re-Orientalism in Life of Pi. Martel’s Orientalism presents the typical postcolonial writing model, which constructs a postcolonial exotic. Pi’s Re-Orientalism reflects a diasporic Eastern boy’s desire and identity in the West. The survival story for Pi and the Bengal tiger is a metaphor for Pi to grow up to be a true western man. Martel uses paratexts such as the author’s note, author’s interview with the protagonist Pi, records for a Japanese investigation on the truth, and inserts into the protagonist Pi’s narration, which expose the hidden intention for latent cultural hegemony. The departure of Richard Parker represents Pi’s final conforming to Western culture.
Omission and its Impact on Character Reshaping in Literary Translation: A Case Study of Wolf Totem
Authors: Wang Xiaoli
Published: August 2019

This article sets out to explore, from a socio-cultural perspective, the heavy use of omission in the English translation of a popular Chinese novel Wolf Totem by Jiang Rong and its side effect: the shifts that take place on the characterization of the main character in the translated text. The descriptive perspective on the use of omission, the highly motivated, deliberate operation, shows that this method is well justified when taking into consideration the socio-cultural constraints. Nevertheless, its side effects that come along cannot be overlooked.
Integração ensino-serviço na formação de residentes multiprofissionais de saúde: concepção de docentes
Authors: Mello Amanda De Lemos , Terra Marlene Gomes , Nietsche Elisabeta Albertina
Published: August 2019

Objetivo: analisar a concepção dos docentes de um Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde acerca da integração ensino-serviço na formação dos residentes. Método: pesquisa qualitativa realizado com 13 docentes envolvidos em ações de ensino do referido Programa, no período de março a junho de 2015. Os dados foram coletados, respeitando os princípios éticos, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações sistemáticas e, após, submetidos a análise temática. Resultados: a integração ensino-serviço foi compreendida a partir da práxis para a construção do conhecimento, apresentando-se como uma estratégia para aprendizagem significativa. Conclusão: os docentes, ao conceberem a integração ensino-serviço como uma estratégia que possibilita a práxis para a construção do (re)conhecimento, vislumbraram como um movimento dialético, de alternância entre a prática e a teoria.
Manipulación política y competencia política de enfermeras
Authors: David Helena Maria Scherlowski Leal , Martínez-Riera José Ramón
Published: August 2019

Objetivo: desarrollar una reflexión acerca del debate político en la actualidad, el cual se encuentra empobrecido y dicotomizado, y la relación con la profesión y la práctica enfermera. Contenido: el debate presentado sobrepasa la política y trasciende a la vida social cotidiana, a la que permanentemente alimenta. Aspectos como el simplismo, el individualismo, la corrosión de la ciudadanía y el pensamiento único son comentados como parte de procesos de manipulación política. La enfermería, como profesión y práctica social que se ancla en principios ético-políticos y humanísticos, ha quedado al margen del debate político y tiende a tener su actuación abducida por el discurso político engañoso. Conclusión: Es un imperativo ético que enfermeras desarrollen su competencia política a fin de participar de modo activo e imprescindible en sociedades marcadas por el pluralismo de ideas y el multiculturalismo, para la prestación de cuidados dignos. Al asumir la competencia política, se puede contribuir a los cambios sociales, a partir de los cuidados, y a través de los cuidados enfermeros.
ARQUEOLOGIA COMO INSTRUMENTO DE APROXIMAÇÃO ALUNO-MUNDO ANTIGO: PARA ALÉM DE UMA VISÃO EUROCÊNTRICA.
Authors: Cristina Nicolau Kormikiari Maria , Carvalheiro Porto Vagner
Published: August 2019

O presente artigo aborda o ensino da Antiguidade Clássica em sala de aula a partir de uma nova perspectiva, a do documento material, campo da Arqueologia. Esta perspectiva permite o alargamento do conhecimento ao nos afastarmos das restrições impostas pela documentação textual, notadamente grega e latina. Apresenta, ainda, as ações dos dois laboratórios de pesquisa mediterrânica do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia - USP, o Labeca (Laboratório de estudos sobre a cidade antiga) e o Larp (Laboratório de Arqueologia Romana Provincial) e como os mesmos vêm trabalhando para nos afastarmos de posturas eurocêntricas na Academia brasileira.
PRECONCEITO EM FOCO NA SALA DE AULA: ENTRE O DEBATE O TRABALHO DE CAMPO
Authors: Aquino Silva Priscila
Published: August 2019

Eurocentrismo e ensino de História são duas instâncias que têm caminhado lado a lado ao longo da construção da disciplina nos livros didáticos e nas salas de aulas no Brasil. Ao valorizar a arte, a cultura e a história europeias enquanto fundadoras de nossa identidade, o currículo de História se tornou além de eurocêntrico, etnocêntrico. O conceito de etnocentrismo e seu resultado prático em uma sociedade que reproduz o racismo foi o foco de uma atividade didática que envolveu os alunos do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede privada de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo foi colocar em debate o preconceito racial através da discussão sobre racismo institucional e estrutural, envolvendo os alunos em um trabalho de campo em quatro lugares diferentes da cidade. O presente artigo pretende apresentar essa proposta didática, atuando como divulgador de uma atividade que pode ser reproduzida em outros ambientes escolares.
Renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury in intensive care
Authors: Davies Thomas W , Ostermann Marlies , Gilbert-Kawai Edward
Published: August 2019

Acute kidney injury is a common occurrence on the intensive care unit and is associated with incremental risk of death and chronic kidney disease. Renal replacement therapy has become an essential tool in the intensive care management of patients with severe acute kidney injury and its use is rising. A basic understanding of renal replacement therapy is essential for all doctors treating acutely unwell patients. This article provides a brief overview of the principles and important considerations for the provision of renal replacement therapy for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury.
Is the bereavement grief intensity of survivors linked with their perception of death quality?
Authors: Wilson Donna M , Cohen Joachim , Eliason Cecilia , Deliens Luc , Macleod Rod , Hewitt Jessica A , Houttekier Dirk
Published: August 2019

Background:

Some people experience exceptionally severe bereavement grief, and this level of post-death grief could potentially be the result of a low quality dying process.

Aims:

A pilot study was conducted to determine if a relationship exists between perceived death quality and bereavement grief intensity.

Methods:

A questionnaire was developed and posted online for data on bereavement grief intensity, perceived death quality, and decedent and bereaved person characteristics. Data from 151 Canadian volunteers were analysed using bi-variate and multiple linear regression tests.

Findings:

Half had high levels of grief, and over half rated the death as more bad than good. Perceived death quality and post-death grief intensity were close to being negatively correlated.

Conclusion:

These findings indicate research is needed to explore possible connections between bereavement grief and the survivor's perceptions of whether a good or bad death took place. In the meantime, it is important for palliative care nurses to think of the quality of the dying process as being potentially very impactful on the people who will be left to grieve that death.
Natalizumab for the treatment of highly active MS: risks and benefits
Authors: Daykin Nicola
Published: August 2019

This article discusses the history of natalizumab (Tysabri), the first monoclonal antibody used to treat multiple sclerosis. It reviews how the drug's difficult beginnings and controversial past has changed the treatment is monitored treatment. The article looks at the role of clinicians in maintaining patient safety, the benefits and risk profile of this treatment, and ways of optimising practice to provide gold standard nationalised natalizumab services throughout the UK.
Physiological selectivity of insecticides from different chemical groups and cuticle thickness of Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure) and Brachygastra lecheguana (Latreille)
Authors: Soares Walyson Silva , Junior Salmo De Melo Davi , Silva Ítalo Willian da , Rueda Angélica Plata , Souza Edmilson Amaral de , Fernandes Flávio Lemes
Published: August 2019

O uso de inseticidas mais tóxicos para uma praga do que a saúde natural pode favorecer o salvamento desses organismos benéficos. Este estudo teve como objetivos fisiológicos distanciadores de inseticidas de separações científicas para Vespidae Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure, 1854) e Brachygastra lecheguana. (Latterille, 1824) e espessura de cutícula para avaliação da tolerância entre os 2 anos estes mesmos inseticidas. Como imersas foram folhas de milho (10 x 10 cm) em solução inseticida em dose (100%), subdose (50%) e água destilada (controle) por 5 segundos. Nós podemos ler as folhas e depois embalamos em placas de Petri.Como 20 vespas, por placa, receberam 10% de mel e as placas foram fechadas com tecido de organza fino e elastificadas. Após 24 horas, avaliamos uma porcentagem de vespas mortas. O inseticida alfa-cipermetrina foi altamente tóxico para P. sylveirae e B. lecheguana em dose (100%) e subdose (50%). Os inseticidas Novaluron, chlorantraniliprole, spinosad e indoxacarb foram pouco tóxicos para P. sylveirae e B. lecheguana. dose (100%) e subdose (50%). A alta toxicidade dos inseticidas metomil + novalurom, clorantraniliprole + lambda-cialotrina e deltametrina a P. sylveirae corresponde à menor espessura da cutícula.Portanto, os inseticidas novalurom, clorantraniliprole, spinosad e indoxacarb da selectividade fisiológica para P. sylveirae e B. lecheguana .
Occupation and Emergence of Solitary Bees in Different Types of Trap Nests
Authors: Guimarães Brasil Michelle De Oliveira , Brasil Daniel De Freitas , Pacheco Filho Alípio José de Souza , Silva Cláudia Inês da , Freitas Breno Magalhães
Published: August 2019

The study investigated the occupation and emergence of bees that nest in trap-nests and assessed aspects of the structure of such nests, sex ratio, parasitism and mortality of bees in four areas of Baturité Massif, State of Ceará. Samples were taken using three types of trap-nests: dried bamboo internodes, cardboard tubes and rational boxes. In the four studied sites, a total of 185 artificial nests were offered monthly and 34 of them were occupied by bees. Six species of bees, distributed in five genera (Centris, Mesocheira, Euglossa, Megachile and Coelioxys) occupied the 34 trap-nests, but of this total nests, 24 presented emergence of individuals. In the rest of the nests there was mortality of the occupants. Considering the total of nests with emergence, it was obtained 139 individuals: 131 bees (28 kleptoparasite bees) and 8 coleopterans. In 34 bee nests obtained, there were constructed 162 brood cells, the number of cells per trap-nest varied from 1 to 13 brood cells and the length of these nests varied from 2.4 to 14cm. Thirteen nests were parasitized by hymenopterans (Apidae and Megachilidae) and coleopterans (Meloidae), resulting in a parasitism rate of 38.2% of the total of nests founded. In addition, mortality occurred from unknown causes in 29.4% (n=10) of individuals before reaching adult stage. This work identified the bee species that use pre-existing cavities in the Baturite Massif, determined their nesting requirements and constrains for their reproduction. This information may contribute to conservation efforts of these bee species as well as their potential use for pollination services.
O cinema de resistência de Jean-Pierre Melville
Authors: Dalenogare Neto Waldemar
Published: August 2019

Este artigo discute como o diretor francês Jean-Pierre Melville trabalhou com o conceito de resistência em sua carreira no cinema a partir de três diferentes perspectivas, rompendo com o modelo de celebração heroica adotado pela indústria. Através da análise dos filmes Le silence de la mer (1949), Léon Morin, prêtre (1961) e L’armée des ombres (1969), o objetivo é tratar sobre os conceitos de resistência passiva, nãoresistência e a resistência ativa durante a Segunda guerra Mundial na frança a partir da revisão narrativa e estética destes longas-metragens.

Palavras-chave: cinema francês; resistência; Segunda guerra Mundial.
Development in the use of Chinese mitigation in interaction
Authors: Xiao Feng
Published: August 2019

This study investigated changes in the use of mitigation and face negotiation in interaction in two advanced-level Chinese learners over eight weeks in China. Data included video-recordings of semi-structured interviews between the learners and a Chinese native speaker as well as their stimulated recalls with the recorded interviews. Sequential analysis of their use of mitigation showed that, at the beginning of their study abroad (SA), the learners used thedànshì /kěshì(‘but’) clause but did not use the four mitigation forms identified as common sentential mitigation devices in Chinese corpora (reduplication of verbs, verb+yīxià, the sentence final particleba, anda/ya). Eight weeks later, they started using the sentence final particleba, but not the other three common sentential mitigation forms. At the discourse level, they used single pre- and post-expansions at the beginning of SA; eight weeks later, they started using multiple pre- and post-expansions. The stimulated recall data revealed that the learners’ use of mitigation in both the pre- and post-interviews was based on their face (i.e., pubic self-image) consideration in interaction.
Epistemic stance in Chinese heritage language writing – A developmental view
Authors: Xiao-Desai Yang , Wong Ka F.
Published: August 2019

Drawing on data from a learner corpus of blogs, this study explores epistemic expressions used in Chinese heritage language (CHL) writing from a developmental perspective, and aims to provide a better understanding of pragmatic development in heritage language learning context. A total of 6,511 blog entries written by 266 heritage learners from four different proficiency levels were analyzed cross-sectionally. The findings revealed three notable developmental patterns in CHL learners’ use of epistemic markers (EMs): 1) a rapid increase in the frequency and diversity of EMs at the beginning of CHL curriculum, 2) a period of stability from the second quarter onward, and 3) a divergence of frequency and diversity at the advanced level, whereby the diversity of EMs increased again, but the overall frequency of EMs remained unchanged. Significant developmental variability was also found between grammatical sub-groups of epistemic markers. Overall, the study shed light on the development of CHL learners’ pragmatic competence, and demonstrated the effectiveness of learner corpora as a research tool for studies of pragmatics learning.
An exploratory study on the role of foreign language aptitudes in instructed pragmatics learning in L2 Chinese
Authors: Li Shuai
Published: August 2019

This study investigated whether and how foreign language (FL) aptitudes interacted with different instructional conditions to affect pragmatic gains in L2 Chinese. Fifty American learners of Chinese were randomly assigned to an (explicit) input-based treatment group, an (explicit) output-based treatment group, and a control group. Following a metapragmatic session, the two treatment groups practiced target request-making forms through their respective computer programs, while the control group did not practice. Gains in pragmatic performance were measured by a listening judgment test and an oral production test at immediate and delayed posttests. The participants also completed three foreign language (FL) aptitude tests assessing rote memory, grammatical sensitivity, and working memory. The results revealed different patterns of correlation between FL aptitudes and pragmatic gains. The input group showed positive correlations between working memory and reductions in judgment response times at both immediate and delayed posttests. The output group showed a positive correlation between grammatical sensitivity and gains in production speech rates at immediate posttest; a negative correlation was also found between rote memory and reductions in production planning times made at immediate posttest.
英语母语学生的汉语情态动词习得
Authors: 彭 家法 , 朱 冬雪
Published: August 2019

提要

本文采用语料调查和问卷调查相结合的方法研究英语母语留学生对汉语情态动词习得顺序和情态动词四种句法特征（即对主语的选择、否定词运用的差异、被动化以及情态动词的连用）的习得情况。三种语义类型情态动词的习得顺序是：认识情态动词>道义情态动词>动力情态动词；本文所研究的十个情态动词的习得顺序是：会 > 能 > 要 > 可以 > 应该 > 可能 > 愿意 > 必须 > 肯 /敢；多个义项的情态动词的习得顺序是：应该1 > 应该2，会2 > 会1，可以2 > 可以4 > 可以3 > 可以1，能3 > 能1，要2 > 要3。“能2、能4、要1” 在我们所收集的语料中没有出现。留学生对汉语情态动词主语选择习得较好，对 “不+情态动词” 的习得好于 “没+情态动词”，不接受 “控制情态动词+被” 而接受 “提升情态动词+被” 结构，对情态动词连用的使用偏误较多。本研究的相关发现对留学生汉语情态动词教学有重要参考价值。
留学生汉语写作策略训练模式实验研究
Authors: 丹 莫
Published: August 2019

提要

学习策略在二语学习的过程中起着重要作用，写作策略对二语学习者的写作过程与成效有着不可忽视的影响。本研究试图通过对留学生的写作策略训练实验探索培养 CSL 学习者写作策略，提高写作能力的教学模式。作者以 20 名准中级水平留学生为对象，进行了为期八周的培训。策略培训内容包括元认知策略、认知策略、补偿策略与情感策略四类。实验结果表明：写作策略训练可以有效提高学生的写作策略使用频率，增强策略意识，对写作能力的提高有一定促进作用。
Documenting metrological traceability as intended by ISO 15189:2012: A consensus statement about the practice of the implementation and auditing of this norm element
Authors: Thelen Marc , Vanstapel Florent , Brguljan Pika Meško , Gouget Bernard , Boursier Guilaine , Barrett Edward , Kroupis Christos , Lohmander Maria , Šprongl Luděk , Vodnik Tatjana , Bernabeu-Andreu Francisco , Vukasović Ines , Sönmez Çiğdem , Linko Solveig , Brugnoni Duilio , Vaubourdolle Michel , Huisman Willem , Panteghini Mauro
Published: August 2019

ISO15189:2012 requires medical laboratories to document metrological traceability of their results. While the ISO17511:2003 standard on metrological traceability in laboratory medicine requires the use of the highest available level in the traceability chain, it recognizes that for many measurands there is no reference above the manufacturer’s selected measurement procedure and the manufacturer’s working calibrator. Some immunoassays, although they intend to measure the same quantity and may even refer to the same reference material, unfortunately produce different results because of differences in analytical selectivity as manufacturers select different epitopes and antibodies for the same analyte. In other cases, the cause is the use of reference materials, which are not commutable. The uncertainty associated with the result is another important aspect in metrological traceability implementation. As the measurement uncertainty on the clinical samples is influenced by the uncertainty of all steps higher in the traceability chain, laboratories should be provided with adequate and appropriate information on the uncertainty of the value assignment to the commercial calibrators that they use. Although the between-lot variation in value assignment will manifest itself as part of the long-term imprecision as estimated by the end-user, information on worst-case to be expected lot-lot variation has to be communicated to the end-user by the IVD provider. When laboratories use ancillary equipment that potentially could have a critical contribution to the reported results, such equipment needs verification of its proper calibration and criticality to the result uncertainty could be assessed by an approach based on risk analysis, which is a key element of ISO15189:2012 anyway. This paper discusses how the requirement for metrological traceability as stated in ISO15189 should be met by the medical laboratory and how this should be assessed by accreditation bodies.
Rhetorical Theory of Narrative and Contemporary Narrative Poetics: A Conversation with James Phelan
Authors: Biwu Shang , Phelan James
Published: August 2019

In the summer of 2018, James Phelan co-organized the Summer Seminar on Narratology on behalf of Project Narrative at Ohio State University, in collaboration with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and the journal Frontiers of Narrative Studies. During this period, Shang Biwu, the editor of Frontiers of Narrative Studies, had a conversation with Phelan, who talked about important issues such as rhetorical poetics, fictionality, and narrative communication.
Sameness, difference, or continuity?
Authors: Hyvärinen Matti
Published: August 2019

Three claims are advocated in this article. Firstly, the article suggests that there is no relevant “sameness approach,” which would advise reading fiction and non-fiction similarly. Secondly, it argues that both fiction and non-fiction exhibit multiple functions and cannot be reduced to the binary setting of informing or entertaining. Thirdly, it suggests that the continuity thesis does not imply sameness. By applying the fundamental logical distinction between necessary and sufficient conditions, one can accept major similarities between the resources of reading fiction and non-fiction without ever presuming their sameness. These claims are considered by first revisiting the histories of narratology and the narrative social research and then discussing M. A. K. Halliday’s systemic-functional language theory.
Conflicts between founder and CEO narratives: Counter-narrative, character and identification in organisational changes
Authors: Hansen Per Krogh , Lundholt Marianne Wolff
Published: August 2019

Corporate communication has long been viewed through the lens of narrative and storytelling. Over time, a wide variety of conceptions have been developed in this field with respect to the special circumstances regarding the organisational communicative situation, which differs from other materialisations of narrative. In this article, however, we will explore the value of a more general approach, which pays attention to some of the recurring features of narrative across media and communicative situations. We will approach organisational narrative through common analytical and narratological concepts such as master narrative and counter-narrative, character, identification and actantial roles. Specifically, we investigate the organisational change in the Danish-owned multinational company Danfoss and examine how the materialisation of a founder narrative and a CEO master narrative each evoke different expectations, reactions and counter-narratives among the employees. Our empirical material consists of public communication in, from and around the organisation, and focus group interviews conducted at Danfoss China.
Sameness and difference in narrative modes and narrative sense making: The case of Ramsey Campbell’s “The Scar”
Authors: Hatavara Mari , Toikkanen Jarkko
Published: August 2019

The article discusses basic questions of narrative studies and definitions of narrative from a historical and conceptual perspective in order to map the terrain between different narratologies. The focus is placed on the question of how fiction interacts with other realms of our lives or, more specifically, how reading fiction both involves and affects our everyday meaning making operations. British horror writer Ramsey Campbell’s (b. 1946) short story “The Scar” (1967) will be used as a test case to show how both narrative modes of representation and the reader’s narrative sense making operations may travel between art and the everyday, from fiction to life and back. We argue that the cognitively inspired narrative studies need to pair up with linguistically oriented narratology to gain the necessary semiotic sensitivity to the forms and modes of narrative sense making. Narratology, in turn, needs to explore in detail what it is in the narrative form that enables it to function as a tool for reaching out and making sense of the unfamiliar. In our view, reading fictional narratives such as “The Scar” can help in learning and adopting linguistic resources and story patterns from fiction to our everyday sense making efforts.
Crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of a des-A-B-aromatic steroidal compound, and two of its derivatives, having a trans-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3a-methyl-7-methoxybenz[e]indane skeleton – structural comparisons with reported tetrahydrobenz[e]indene derivatives
Authors: Gomes Ligia R. , Low John N. , Turner Alan B. , Nowicki Alexander W. , Baddeley Thomas C. , Wardell James L.
Published: August 2019

The crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of the des-A-B-aromatic steroid derivative, (3a,9b)-1,2,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-7-methoxy-3a-methyl-3H-benz[e]-inden-3-one (or 5-methoxy-des-A-estra-5,7,9-triene-17-one) 1, its acetohydrazide derivative, 2, and its hydrazone derivative, 3, are reported. All three compounds crystallize in chiral space groups: compounds 1 and 2 in the orthorhombic space group P212121 each with one molecule in the asymmetric unit, and compound 3 in the monoclinic space group P21 with two similar but independent molecules, Mol A and Mol B, in the asymmetric unit. Both the five-membered and six-membered non-aromatic rings in all three compounds have envelope or near envelope shapes. In compounds 2 and 3 the N=N units have (E)-arrangements. The intermolecular interactions in crystals of compound 1 are C–H · · · O hydrogen bonds and C–H · · · π interactions, in compound 2 N–H · · · O and C–H · · · O hydrogen bonds and C–H · · · π interactions are present, while in compound 3 there are just C–H · · · π interactions. An important substructure in 1 is a sheet of molecules, composed of

R
6
6

(
44
)

${\rm{R}}_6^6(44)$

rings, formed from C–H · · · O(methoxy) and C–H · · · O(carbonyl) hydrogen bonds, the molecules of which form columns linked via the B and D rings, i.e. in a head-to-tail fashion. Compound 2 is an acylhydrazonyl compound, in which the two independent molecules are linked into asymmetric dimers via strong classical N–H · · · O hydrogen bonds, with the formation of

R
2
2

(
8
)

${\rm{R}}_2^2(8)$

rings. In both 1 and 2, further intermolecular interactions result in 3-dimensional structures, while compound 3 has a 1-dimensional structure arising from C–H · · · O interactions generating spiral chains. The results have been compared with existing data.
Social Exclusion and the Growing Involvement of Tunisian Youth in the Salafi Movement
Authors: Karoui Majed
Published: August 2019

The Salafi movement in Tunisia in general and in the area of Sidi Ali Ben Aoun in particular, emerged as an antisocial movement that adopted the defense of a cultural identity based mainly on the rejection of democracy and the foundations of the modern state, seeking change in every way through a set of well-studied strategies that made young people deeply involved. In general, the Salafi movement is not separated from the social context in which it was born. It is also a reflection of the social actors who, by engaging in the Salafi movement, desire to achieve their objectives in negotiations. The Salafi movement is a social movement born out of the womb of society and its crises. It then adopted the same society, which has been muddling in the ignorance of religion and worldly dichotomies, as a target for change. This study attributes the growth in the number of Salafist youth to social exclusion. The social conditions of the youth in the Tunisian town of Sidi Ali Ben Aoun and of Tunisian youth in general make them look for alternatives that will provides them with what the state and its institutions failed to provide: an income and a small capital that will elevate their status in the social pyramid as belonging to the surviving group. The research will focus on the relationship between the social exclusion of Tunisian youth and the growing involvement of the Salafi movement. The following questions reflect the core issues behind this investigation:

What are the representations of the youth of Sidi Ali Ben Aoun to the Salafi movement in their actions and interactions? How does social exclusion contribute to the growing involvement of Tunisian and Ben Aouni youth in the Salafi movement?
Security Sector Reform and the Competition for Power in Lebanon
Authors: Farrés-Fernández Guillem
Published: August 2019

The interest of the Lebanese elites who launched the security sector reform (SSR) process was in to regain control and influence over the security sector more than to create independent institutions respectful of human rights. At a time of deep social and political crisis, not only had these actors lost their previous influence on the security sector but also this sector had become a source of power, largely in the hands of their political opponents, and was being used against them. This case illustrates how power competition between elites can disrupt the process of SSR, or even be the very origin of the conception of SSR programs.
Intended and Unintended Consequences of Security Assistance in Post-2011 Tunisia
Authors: Santini Ruth Hanau , Cimini Guilia
Published: August 2019

In Tunisia, the notion and understanding of security, while no longer focused on regime security, remains a top-down, state-security understanding, rather than a societal one. Further, while the 2014 democratic Constitution devised significant checks and balances between the branches of government, even in the security field, external security assistance facilitated the centralization of security decision-making in the hands of the President of the Republic.
An Assessment of Turkish and Saudi Policy towards the Gulf Crisis
Authors: Cengiz Sinem
Published: August 2019

This paper investigates the policies of both Ankara and Riyadh toward the ongoing crisis between Qatar and the Saudi-led quartet since mid-2017. The crisis has shaken the balance in the region and laid the foundation for new understandings regarding Gulf unity and regional order. On these grounds, it is worth examining the stances of regional actors through different approaches of foreign policy. By using the “three-dimensional” methodology of Kenneth Waltz, this paper analyzes the rationale behind Turkish and Saudi policy toward the Gulf crisis on individual-, state-, and international-based levels since these two countries are among the most influential actors in the region. It argues that Turkish and Saudi approaches can confront each other if the regional developments carry an ideological nature, as in the case of the Gulf crisis.
The Case for Measuring and Reporting Bilingualism in Developmental Research
Authors: Byers-Heinlein Krista , Esposito Alena G. , Winsler Adam , Marian Viorica , Castro Dina C. , Luk Gigi
Published: August 2019

Many children around the world grow up bilingual, learning and using two or more languages in everyday life. Currently, however, children’s language backgrounds are not always reported in developmental studies. There is mounting evidence that bilingualism interacts with a wide array of processes including language, cognitive, perceptual, brain, and social development, as well as educational outcomes. As such, bilingualism may be a hidden moderator that obscures developmental patterns, and limits the replicability of developmental research and the efficacy of psychological and educational interventions. Here, we argue that bilingualism and language experience in general should be routinely documented in all studies of infant and child development regardless of the research questions pursued, and provide suggestions for measuring and reporting children’s language exposure, proficiency, and use.
Sull'autore del commentario In Rhetorica Ciceronis ad Herennium (Venezia 1490): Girolamo Capiduro pseudonimo di Giorgio Valla?
Authors: Laneri Maria Teresa
Published: August 2019

Nel 1490 fu pubblicato a Venezia, sotto il nome di un ignoto Girolamo Capiduro, un In Rhetorica ad Herennium commentarium che godette di un notevole successo e di numerose ristampe. Attraverso l'analisi del testo, si intende dimostrare come esso sia in realtà il recupero di un commentario di Giorgio Valla, composto al tempo in cui questi insegnava Retorica a Pavia. Girolamo Capiduro è dunque uno pseudonimo che l'umanista Giorgio Valla, allora insegnante di Retorica presso la Scuola veneziana di San Marco, usò per la stampa della sua opera giovanile; opera con la quale egli tentò di rispondere a quella corrente di pensiero che proprio in quegli anni aveva iniziato a mettere in dubbio la paternità ciceroniana del trattato.