bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield stress of oxide dispersions—intermolecular forces of adsorbed small ionic additives and particle surface roughness
Authors: Ong B. C. , Leong Y. K.
Published: September 2011

The yield stress‐pH and zeta potential‐pH behaviour of α‐alumina and zirconia dispersions with adsorbed small ionic molecular additives such as phosphate and pyrophosphate were determined. The result for adsorbed citrate was included for comparison. Adsorbed phosphate at high surface coverage increased the maximum yield stress of low surface area α‐Al2O3 (AKP30 and AA07) dispersions slightly. This increase is attributed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between phosphates adsorbed on interacting particles. With high surface area ZrO2 (Tosoh) dispersions, however, the adsorbed phosphate decreased the maximum yield stress. This is due to its very rough surface morphology limiting the extent of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between adsorbed phosphate layers. Unlike phosphate, pyrophosphate reduces the maximum yield stress of AKP30 α‐Al2O3. This is due to the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, thereby impeding effective bridging. A similar result is observed with citrate. The adsorbed pyrophosphate acts as an effective steric barrier keeping interacting particles further apart, thereby weakening the van de Waals attraction. These dispersions with the presence of non‐DLVO forces, that is bridging and steric, did not affect the linear relationship between yield stress and the square of the zeta potential as predicted by the yield stress–DLVO force model. However the relative importance of these non‐DLVO forces affect the value of the critical zeta potential at the point of transition from flocculated to dispersed state. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Combined effects of internal heat generation and higher order chemical reaction on the non‐darcian forced convective flow of a viscous incompressible fluid with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity over a stretching surface embedded in a porous medium
Authors: Rahman M. M.
Published: September 2011

In this paper, we study the combined effects of internal heat generation and higher order chemical reaction on a steady two‐dimensional non‐Darcian forced convective flow of a viscous incompressible fluid with variable dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity in a fluid saturated porous medium passing over a linear stretching sheet. Using similarity transformations, the governing nonlinear‐coupled partial differential equations are made dimensionless and solved numerically for similarity solutions using very robust computer algebra software Maple 8. The non‐dimensional velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are presented graphically for various pertinent parameters such as relative temperature difference parameter, Darcy number, porosity parameter, reaction rate parameter and the order of the chemical reaction. The variations of Prandtl number and Schmidt number within the boundary layer are also displayed graphically when the fluid dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity are temperature dependent. From the present numerical computations it is found that Prandtl number as well as Schmidt number must be taken as variables within the flow domain when the fluid's dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity are variable. In the presence of internal heat generation, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the fluid are found to be higher than when it is absent. Increasing Darcy number reduces dynamic viscosity as well as thermal conductivity whereas increasing pore size reduces the Schmidt number and increases the Prandtl number within the boundary layer. For higher order reaction the rate of increase in mass transfer function is less compared to the rate of increase for the lower order reaction. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Incidence of subsequent pancreatic adenocarcinoma in patients with a history of nonpancreatic primary cancers
Authors: Amin Sunil , McBride Russell B. , Kline Jennie K. , Mitchel Elana B. , Lucas Aimee L. , Neugut Alfred I. , Frucht Harold
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

Several environmental risk factors are known to predispose individuals to pancreatic cancer, and up to 15% of pancreatic cancers have an inherited component. Understanding metachronous cancer associations can modify pancreas cancer risk. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of nonpancreatic cancers with subsequent pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

METHODS:

The authors used data from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries to identify 1,618,834 individuals who had a primary malignancy and subsequent pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 4013). Standardized incidence ratios were calculated as an approximation of relative risk (RR) for the occurrence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma after another primary malignancy.

RESULTS:

Among patients who were diagnosed with a first primary malignancy at ages 20 to 49 years, the risk of subsequent pancreatic adenocarcinoma was increased among patients who had cancers of the ascending colon (relative risk [RR], 4.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.86‐9.52), hepatic flexure (RR, 5.42; 95% CI, 1.12‐15.84), biliary system (RR, 13.14; 95% CI, 4.27‐30.66), breast (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09‐1.59), uterine cervix (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.02‐2.41), testes (RR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.83‐4.05), and hematopoietic system (RR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.28‐2.53). Among patients who had a first malignancy at ages 50 to 64 years, the risk was increased after cancers of the stomach (RR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.13‐2.93), hepatic flexure (RR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.08‐4.13), lung and bronchus (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16‐1.82), pharynx (RR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.13‐4.04), and bladder (RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.48). Among patients who had a primary cancer after age 65 years, the risk was increased after cancers of the stomach (RR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.23‐2.53), hepatic flexure (RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06‐2.75), biliary system (RR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.17‐4.20), and uterus (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.47).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results from the current population‐based data set suggested that pancreatic adenocarcinoma is associated with certain primary cancers. Genetic predisposition and common environmental and behavioral risk factors all may contribute to this observation. Specific tumor associations will guide future risk‐stratification efforts. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Early versus delayed autologous transplantation after immunomodulatory agents‐based induction therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Kumar Shaji K. , Lacy Martha Q. , Dispenzieri Angela , Buadi Francis K. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Dingli David , Gay Francesca , Sinha Shirshendu , Leung Nelson , Hogan William , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Gertz Morie A.
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

Early versus delayed autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) results in comparable overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who receive alkylator‐based therapies. It is not clear whether this paradigm holds true in the context of new therapies, such as immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs).

METHODS:

The authors studied 290 patients with untreated MM who received IMiD‐based initial therapy, including 123 patients who received thalidomide‐dexamethasone (TD) and 167 patients who received lenalidomide‐dexamethasone (LD) induction before SCT. Patients who underwent a stem cell harvest attempt were considered transplantation‐eligible and were included. SCT within 12 months of diagnosis and within 2 months of harvest were considered early SCT (n = 173; 60%). SCT >12 months after diagnosis was considered delayed SCT (n = 112; 40%).

RESULTS:

In the delayed SCT group, 42 patients had undergone SCT at the time of the current report, and the median estimated time to SCT was 5.3 months and 44.5 months in the early SCT and delayed SCT groups, respectively. The 4‐year overall survival rate from diagnosis was 73% in both groups (P = .3) and was comparable in those who received TD (68% vs 64%, respectively) and those who received LD (82% vs 86%, respectively) as initial therapy. The time to progression after SCT was similar between the early and delayed SCT groups (20 months vs 16 months; P value nonsignificant).

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that, in transplantation‐eligible patients who receive IMiDs as initial therapy followed by early stem cell mobilization, delayed SCT results in similar overall survival compared with early SCT. It is noteworthy that an excellent 4‐year survival rate of >80% was observed among transplantation‐eligible patients who received initial therapy with LD regardless of the timing of transplantation. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A combined molecular‐pathologic score improves risk stratification of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma
Authors: Niemeier Leo A. , Kuffner Akatsu Haruko , Song Chi , Carty Sally E. , Hodak Steven P. , Yip Linwah , Ferris Robert L. , Tseng George C. , Seethala Raja R. , LeBeau Shane O. , Stang Michael T. , Coyne Christopher , Johnson Jonas T. , Stewart Andrew F. , Nikiforov Yuri E.
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma (TPMC) is an incidentally discovered papillary carcinoma that measures ≤1.0 cm in size. Most TPMCs are indolent, whereas some behave aggressively. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether the combination of v‐raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) mutation and specific histopathologic features allows risk stratification of TPMC.

METHODS:

A group aggressive TPMCs was selected based on the presence of lymph node metastasis or tumor recurrence. Another group of nonaggressive tumors included TPMCs matched with the first group for age, sex, and tumor size, but with no extrathyroid spread. A molecular analysis was performed, and histologic slides were scored for multiple histopathologic criteria. A separate validation cohort of 40 TPMCs was evaluated.

RESULTS:

BRAF mutations were detected in 77% of aggressive TPMCs and in 32% of nonaggressive tumors (P = .001). Several histopathologic features differed significantly between the groups. By using multivariate regression analysis, a molecular‐pathologic (MP) score was developed that included BRAF status and 3 histopathologic features: superficial tumor location, intraglandular tumor spread/multifocality, and tumor fibrosis. By adding the histologic criteria to BRAF status, sensitivity was increased from 77% to 96%, and specificity was increased from 68% to 80%. In the independent validation cohort, the MP score stratified tumors into low‐risk, moderate‐risk, and high‐risk groups with the probability of lymph node metastases or tumor recurrence in 0%, 20%, and 60% of patients, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

BRAF status together with several histopathologic features allowed clinical risk stratification of TPMCs. The combined MP risk stratification model was a better predictor of extrathyroid tumor spread than either mutation or histopathologic findings alone. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Predictive factors for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations in women with ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Bayraktar Soley , Elsayegh Nisreen , Gutierrez Barrera Angelica M. , Lin Heather , Kuerer Henry , Tasbas Tunc , Muse Kimberly I. , Ready Kaylene , Litton Jennifer , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Albarracin Constance T. , Arun Banu
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

It is unclear whether women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), like their counterparts with invasive breast cancer, warrant genetic risk assessment and testing on the basis of high‐risk variables. The authors of this report identified predictive factors for mutations in the breast cancer‐susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in women who were diagnosed with DCIS.

METHODS:

One hundred eighteen women with DCIS who were referred for genetic counseling and underwent genetic testing for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations between 2003 and 2010 were included in the study. Logistic regression models were fit to determine the associations between potential predictive factors and BRCA status.

RESULTS:

Of 118 high‐risk women with DCIS, 27% (n = 32) tested positive for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. Of those, 10% (n = 12) and 17% (n = 20) had BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, respectively. Age, race, and tumor characteristics did not differ between BRCA noncarriers and carriers. In a multivariate logistic model, ≥2 relatives with ovarian cancer (OC) (odds ratio [OR], 8.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38‐56.29; P = .034), and a score ≥10% according to the BRCAPRO mathematical model for calculating the probability that a particular family member carries a germline BRCA mutation (OR, 6.37; 95% CI, 2.23‐18.22; P = .0005) remained as independent significant predictors for a BRCA mutation. Fifty‐seven percent of mutation carriers but only 25% of noncarriers underwent prophylactic mastectomy(P = .0037). This difference remained significant for patients aged ≤40 years (P = .025).

CONCLUSIONS:

Women who had DCIS and a family history of OC or who had BRCAPRO scores ≥10% had a high rate of BRCA positivity regardless of age at diagnosis. These findings suggest that high‐risk patients with DCIS are appropriate candidates for genetic testing for BRCA mutations in the presence of predictive factors even if they do not have invasive breast cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Changes in PSA kinetics predict metastasis‐free survival in men with PSA‐recurrent prostate cancer treated with nonhormonal agents
Authors: Antonarakis Emmanuel S. , Zahurak Marianna L. , Lin Jianqing , Keizman Daniel , Carducci Michael A. , Eisenberger Mario A.
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

Several phase II trials in men with noncastrate PSA‐recurrent prostate cancer have assessed the impact of novel nonhormonal agents on PSA kinetics. However, it is unknown whether changes in PSA kinetics influence metastasis‐free survival (MFS).

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective post hoc analysis of 146 men treated in 4 phase II trials examining the investigational agents marimastat (a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; n = 39), imatinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor; n = 25), ATN‐224 (a copper/zinc‐superoxide dismutase inhibitor; n = 22), and lenalidomide (an antiangiogenic/immunomodulatory drug; n = 60). We investigated factors influencing MFS, including within‐subject changes in PSA kinetics (PSA slope, doubling time, and velocity) before and after treatment initiation.

RESULTS:

After a median follow‐up of 16.8 months, 70 patients (47.9%) developed metastases. In multivariable Cox regression models, factors that were independently predictive of MFS after adjusting for age and other clinical prognostic variables were baseline PSA doubling time (PSADT) (P = .05), baseline PSA slope (P = .01), on‐study change in PSADT (P = .02), and on‐study change in PSA slope (P = .03). In a landmark Kaplan‐Meier analysis, median MFS was 63.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.6‐not reached) and 28.9 months (95% CI, 13.5‐68.0) for men with or without any decrease in PSA slope by 6 months after treatment, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

This hypothesis‐generating analysis suggests that within‐subject changes in PSADT and PSA slope after initiation of experimental therapy may correlate with MFS in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. If validated in prospective trials, changes in PSA kinetics may represent a reasonable intermediate end point for screening new agents in these patients. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
CAPER‐α alternative splicing regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor165 in Ewing sarcoma cells
Authors: Huang Gangxiong , Zhou Zhichao , Wang Hua , Kleinerman Eugenie S.
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:

TC‐71 Ewing sarcoma cells overexpress vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with a shift from the 189 to the 165 isoform.

METHODS:

The effect of CAPER‐α on the expression of the VEGF isoforms, tumor growth, and vessel density was analyzed after transfection of TC‐71 cells with CAPER‐α cDNA or siRNA.

RESULTS:

CAPER‐α correlated inversely with the VEGF165/VEGF189 mRNA ratio. Up‐regulation of CAPER‐α resulted in decreased tumor growth, tumor vessel density, and chemotactic activity of the cell's supernatant. CAPER‐α expression was regulated by EWS/FLI‐1 through a protein‐protein interaction.

CONCLUSIONS:

Increased VEGF165 expression is secondary to the down‐regulation of CAPER‐α by EWS/FLI‐1. CAPER‐α mediates alternative splicing and controls the shift from VEGF189 to VEGF165. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Design of optimally smoothing multistage schemes for the euler equations
Authors: van Leer Bram , Lee Wen‐Tzong , Roe Philip L. , Powell Kenneth G. , Tai Chang‐Hsien
Published: September 2011

A recently derived local preconditioning of the Euler equations is shown to be useful in developing multistage schemes suited for multigrid use. The effect of the preconditioning matrix on the spatial Euler operator is to equalize the characteristic speeds. When applied to the discretized Euler equations, the preconditioning has the effect of strongly clustering the operator's eigenvalues in the complex plane. This makes possible the development of explicit marching schemes that effectively damp most high‐frequency Fourier modes, as desired in multigrid applications. The technique is the same as developed earlier for scalar convection schemes: placement of the zeros of the amplification factor of the multistage scheme in locations where eigenvalues corresponding to high‐frequency modes abound.
Ab Initio Multireference Investigation of Disjoint Diradicals: Singlet versus Triplet Ground States
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sudip , Chaudhuri Rajat K. , Sinha Mahapatra Uttam
Published: September 2011

We present improved virtual orbital (IVO) complete active space (CAS) configuration interaction (IVO‐CASCI) and IVO‐CASCI‐based multireference Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MRMPPT) calculations with an aim to elucidate the electronic structure of tetramethyleneethane (TME) in its lowest singlet and triplet state and to quantify their order and extent of splitting. The potential surfaces of singlet and triplet states for the twisting of TME are also studied. We found that the triplet state is higher in energy than the singlet one in the whole range of twisting angles with the energy gap minimum at a twisting angle of about 45°. Harmonic vibrational frequencies of TME have also been calculated for both the states. We also report the ground to first excited triplet state transition energies. Our results are analyzed with respect to the results available in the literature to illustrate the efficacy of our methods employed. We also demonstrate that the spin character of the ground state of disjoint, TME‐like diradicals can be manipulated by using appropriate selection of annulenic spacer to separate the allyl groups of TME.
Influence of Electron Doping on the Hydrogenation of Fullerene C60: A Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Dral Pavlo O. , Shubina Tatyana E. , Hirsch Andreas , Clark Timothy
Published: September 2011

The influence of electron attachment on the stability of the mono‐ and dihydrogenated buckminsterfullerene C60 was studied using density functional theory and semiempirical molecular orbital techniques. We have also assessed the reliability of computationally accessible methods that are important for investigating the reactivity of graphenic species and surfaces in general. The B3LYP and M06L functionals with the 6‐311+G(d,p) basis set and MNDO/c are found to be the best methods for describing the electron affinities of C60 and C60H2. It is shown that simple frontier molecular orbital analyses at both the AM1 and B3LYP/6‐31G(d) levels are useful for predicting the most favourable position of protonation of C60H−, that is, formation of the kinetically controlled product 1,9‐dihydro[60]fullerene, which is also the thermodynamically controlled product, in agreement with experimental and previous theoretical studies. We have shown that reduction of exo‐ and endo‐C60H makes them more stable in contrast to the reduction of the exo,exo‐1,9‐C60H2, reduced forms of which decompose more readily, in agreement with experimental electrochemical studies. However, most other dihydro[60]fullerenes are stabilized by reduction and the regioselectivity of addition is predicted to decrease as the less stable isomers are stabilized more by the addition of electrons than the two most stable ones (1,9 and 1,7).
A Comparison of Mood‐Dependent Memory in Bipolar Disorder and Normal Controls
Authors: Nutt Rachel M. , Lam Dominic
Published: September 2011

Mood‐dependent memory was investigated in a sample of 28 individuals, with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder I but not during acute episodes, and 30 non‐clinical controls by using the word lists from Wechsler Memory Scale—Third Edition and abstract inkblot recognition. Positive or negative mood induction procedures were used prior to and after the stimuli were presented. After either the same or contrasting high or low mood inductions, participants attempted to recall the word list and performed an inkblot recognition task. Bipolar patients were significantly better at the inkblot recognition in the same mood state, showing mood‐dependent memory. No differences were found in the verbal recall task. This study paves the way for further investigation into memory differences of this sort in mood disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Since there is evidence that bipolar patients are better at visual mood‐dependent memory, clinicians should explore imagery more frequently in state‐dependent memory.
Hydrothermal synthesis of anatase flower‐like nanostructures for photocatalytic degradation of dye
Authors: Zhang Li , Ding Qianqian , Zhou Ying
Published: September 2011

Flower‐like hierarchical nanostructures of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been synthesized in large scale by a facile and controlled hydrothermal and after annealing process. The morphologies of flower‐like hierarchical nanostructures are formed by self‐organization of several tens of radially distributed thin flakes with a thickness of several nanometers holding a larger surface area. The materials are characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The ultraviolet photocatalytic degradation of R6G dyes has been studied over this flower‐like hierarchical nanostructures and the activity is compared with that of commercial P25 TiO2 under same conditions. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrothermal synthesis of MoO3 nanobelt‐graphene composites
Authors: Yang Xiaofei , Ding Heyi , Zhang Du , Yan Xuehua , Lu Chunyu , Qin Jieling , Zhang Rongxian , Tang Hua , Song Haojie
Published: September 2011

A composite of graphene sheets decorated with molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanobelts has been fabricated via a facile and efficient hydrothermal route in the presence of NaCl. The structure, morphology of these promising composites were investigated by means of field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. FESEM and TEM studies suggest the presence of uniform crystalline MoO3 nanobelts and graphene sheets in as‐prepared hybrid materials. XRD and Raman results confirm the reduction of graphite oxide (GO) sheets to graphene sheets accompanying by the formation of MoO3 nanobelts. Moreover, thermal properties of GO and MoO3 nanobelt‐graphene composites reveal that thermal stability of the obtained MoO3 nanobelt‐graphene composites is obviously higher than that of GO due to the transformation of GO sheets to highly stable graphene sheets in the hybrids. This work could provide new insights into the fabrication of high quality MoO3‐graphene hybrid nanomaterials and facilitate their potential applications in different fields. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic properties and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy of nanocrystalline Ho3Al5O12
Authors: Petrov D. , Angelov B. , Lovchinov V.
Published: September 2011

Nanocrystalline holmium aluminium garnet (Ho3Al5O12) has been prepared for the first time by modified Pechini's reaction after sintering the precursor gel at 1223 K. The nanomaterial has been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The XRD pattern confirms the formation of single‐phase Ho3Al5O12; the average size of the nanoparticles has also been determined. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to study the chemical composition and bonding in the as‐prepared samples. The binding energies of core‐level electrons in Ho, Al and O in the title material have been found slightly shifted compared to the values of the respective elements. DC magnetic susceptibility has been measured in the temperature range 2 – 260 K. Low effective magnetic moment of Ho3+, μeff = 1.35 µB and Weiss constant have been derived from the inverse magnetic susceptibility–temperature linear plot. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of micro/nanostructured ZnSn(OH)6/ZnO composite architectures
Authors: Yu Xiujun , Lu Hongxia , Li Qi , Zhao Yunlong , Zhang Liwei , Fan Bingbing , Chen Deliang , Wang Hailong , Xu Hongliang , Zhang Rui
Published: September 2011

Micro/nanostructured ZnSn(OH)6/ZnO composite architectures were synthesized through a simple one‐step hydrothermal method. Phase structure and morphology of the products were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). ZnSn(OH)6 microcubes and ZnO nanorods with uniform size were interconnected to form the micro/nanostructured architectures. ZnO nanorods preferentially grow at edges and corners of the microcubes. Morphology of the products was susceptible to concentration of the reactants. With increasing reactant concentration, the ZnO nanorods grown on the surfaces of ZnSn(OH)6 microcubes disappeared. Meanwhile, the smooth surfaces of the ZnSn(OH)6 microcubes become coarsened and were etched to spherical outlines. Growth mechanism of the micro/nanostructured ZnSn(OH)6/ZnO composite architectures was discussed and thermal decomposition properties of the micro/nanostructured ZnSn(OH)6/ZnO composite architectures at high temperature were examined. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hyperspectral cytometry at the single‐cell level using a 32‐channel photodetector
Authors: Grégori Gérald , Patsekin Valery , Rajwa Bartek , Jones James , Ragheb Kathy , Holdman Cheryl , Robinson J. Paul
Published: September 2011

Despite recent progress in cell‐analysis technology, rapid classification of cells remains a very difficult task. Among the techniques available, flow cytometry (FCM) is considered especially powerful, because it is able to perform multiparametric analyses of single biological particles at a high flow rate–up to several thousand particles per second. Moreover, FCM is nondestructive, and flow cytometric analysis can be performed on live cells. The current limit for simultaneously detectable fluorescence signals in FCM is around 8–15 depending upon the instrument. Obtaining multiparametric measurements is a very complex task, and the necessity for fluorescence spectral overlap compensation creates a number of additional difficulties to solve. Further, to obtain well‐separated single spectral bands a very complex set of optical filters is required. This study describes the key components and principles involved in building a next‐generation flow cytometer based on a 32‐channel PMT array detector, a phase‐volume holographic grating, and a fast electronic board. The system is capable of full‐spectral data collection and spectral analysis at the single‐cell level. As demonstrated using fluorescent microspheres and lymphocytes labeled with a cocktail of antibodies (CD45/FITC, CD4/PE, CD8/ECD, and CD3/Cy5), the presented technology is able to simultaneously collect 32 narrow bands of fluorescence from single particles flowing across the laser beam in <5 μs. These 32 discrete values provide a proxy of the full fluorescence emission spectrum for each single particle (cell). Advanced statistical analysis has then been performed to separate the various clusters of lymphocytes. The average spectrum computed for each cluster has been used to characterize the corresponding combination of antibodies, and thus identify the various lymphocytes subsets. The powerful data‐collection capabilities of this flow cytometer open up significant opportunities for advanced analytical approaches, including spectral unmixing and unsupervised or supervised classification. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Combined normal donor and CLL: Single tube ZAP‐70 analysis
Authors: Degheidy Heba A. , Venzon David J. , Farooqui Mohammed Z. H. , Abbasi Fatima , Arthur Diane C. , Wilson Wyndham H. , Wiestner Adrian , Stetler‐Stevenson M. A. , Marti Gerald E.
Published: September 2011

Introduction:

Zeta‐chain‐associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP‐70) has been identified as an independent prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Based on our previous studies, we have developed a combined one‐tube technology with multiple internal controls to optimize ZAP‐70 assessment.

Methods:

Forty‐eight untreated CLL cases were examined for ZAP‐70 expression using a modified 7‐color one‐tube assay. Normal donor (ND) whole blood is stained with CD3 APC‐Cy7 and CD19 APC. In a second tube, patient whole blood is stained with CD5 PE‐Cy7, CD19 PerCP‐Cy5.5, and CD20 eFluor450. After surface staining and fixation, these two tubes are combined. After saponin permeabilization, the cells were stained with two anti‐ZAP‐70 clones (1E7.2/AF488 and SBZAP/PE). The results obtained from this modified tube were compared with those obtained concurrently using the non‐mixed single sample tubes. Five different methods of ZAP‐70 expression analysis were evaluated: percentage positive cells using ND T‐cells as a reference; the internal patient T‐cell/clone ratio; ND T‐cell/clone ratio; clone/ND B‐cell ratio; and modified Z‐index.

Result:

Overall, the combined patient and ND mix tube performed better than the non‐mixed single sample tube. The strongest correlations between ZAP‐70 expression and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) mutational status were seen with percentage positive ND T‐cell, ND T‐cell/clone ratio, and clone/ND B‐cell ratio for both 1E7.2 and SBZAP clone (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

The modified one tube method combining the ND and patient sample provides highly reliable results that correlate with the IGHV mutational status. This method should be considered as part of the next step in standardization of the ZAP‐70 assay in CLL. Published 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient probe selection for fault localization using the property of submodularity
Authors: Qiao Yan , Qiu Xuesong , Meng Luoming
Published: September 2011

As the computer network increasingly grows larger and more complex, fault diagnosis has become a challenging task. Active probing is an efficient tool for fault localization. By implementing some test programs and analyzing the results, active‐probing‐based techniques can perform diagnosis efficiently and adaptively. Because probes may generate additional traffic overhead, it is important to appropriately select small number of probes to reach the desired diagnostic capability. However, the computation of probe selection problem in such environment is extremely expensive. Most of the past works purchase the speed at the cost of diagnostic accuracy. In this paper, we first verify that probe selection problem satisfies the property of submodularity. Then we take the use of the property and develop a submodularity‐based selection algorithm with following novel features: (i) it is cost effective, failure resistant and more accurate; (ii) it could deal with the uncertainties about the network structures and the observations; and (iii) it can select the required probes in near‐linear time. Finally, we implement submodularity‐based selection algorithm and other two representative probe selection algorithms (bounded path enumeration approximation algorithm and greedy search algorithm) on different settings of networks. The results have shown how the new algorithm outperforms the former two algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastatic mixed acinar‐neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas to the liver: A cytopathology case report with review of the literature
Authors: Lee Lili , Bajor‐Dattilo Ewa B. , Das Kasturi
Published: September 2011

A case of metastatic mixed acinar‐neuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) of the pancreas to the liver is reported. A diagnostic percutaneous US‐guided FNA and core biopsy of a liver nodule was performed. The FNA smears were cellular and showed neoplastic cells in clusters with acinar formation, isolated single cells, and scattered naked nuclei. The cytoplasm was finely granular. The nuclei were relatively uniform, some with speckled chromatin and prominent nucleoli. The immunohistochemistry performed on the cell block showed strong positivity for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, chromogranin, and synaptophysin. Furthermore, the tumor cells were weakly positive for α1‐antichymotrypsin. The Ki‐67 mitotic index was up to 50%. Based on the morphology and supporting immunohistochemical stains, the final cytopathologic diagnosis rendered was “Positive for malignant cells. Carcinoma with mixed acinar and endocrine features.” To our knowledge, this is the first report of a metastatic MANEC to the liver diagnosed based on cytology with confirmatory histology. The difficulties in the cytopathologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of MANEC are discussed in this article. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracellular matrix and the neural stem cell niche
Authors: Kazanis Ilias , ffrench‐Constant Charles
Published: September 2011

Basal lamina is present in many stem cell niches, but we still have a poor understanding of the role of this and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Here, we review current knowledge regarding ECM expression and function in the neural stem cell niche, focusing on the subependymal zone of the adult CNS. An increasing complexity of ECM molecules has been described, and a number of receptors expressed on the stem cells identified. Experiments perturbing the niche using genetics or cytotoxic ablation of the rapidly dividing precursors, or using explant culture models to examine specific growth factors, have been influential in showing how changes in these ECM receptors might regulate neural stem cell behavior. However the role of changes in the matrix itself remains to be determined. The answers will be important, as they will point to the molecules required to engineer niches ex‐vivo so as to provide tools for regenerative neuroscience. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 1006‐1017, 2011
Genome‐wide analysis of the POU genes in medaka, focusing on expression in the optic tectum
Authors: Brombin Alessandro , Grossier Jean‐Philippe , Heuzé Aurélie , Radev Zlatko , Bourrat Franck , Joly Jean‐Stéphane , Jamen Françoise
Published: September 2011

The highly conserved POU genes encode homeodomain transcription factors involved in various developmental events, with some, the Brn genes, playing key roles in neurogenesis. We investigated the evolutionary relationships between these genes, by studying the POU gene complement of a model teleost, the medaka (Oryzias latipes). We identified 17 POU genes and carried out a comprehensive in situ hybridization analysis focusing on the optic tectum, a cortical structure of the mesencephalon, in which cell positions and their differentiation states are spatially and temporally correlated. Six POU genes displayed patterned expression in the optic tectum: two genes were expressed in the center of the organ (a zone with differentiated neurons), two in an intermediate zone in which cells exit the cell cycle and two in the peripheral proliferation zone. These results suggest that POU genes may play key roles in both late neurogenesis and in multipotent neural progenitors. Developmental Dynamics 240:2354–2363, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The development of bulimic symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood in females and males: A population‐based longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Abebe Dawit Shawel , Lien Lars , von Soest Tilmann
Published: September 2011

Objective:

To investigate age‐related trends in bulimic symptoms and associated putative risk factors among Norwegian youth.

Method:

A sample of 3,150 participants, 1,421 (45.1%) males and 1,759 (54.9%) females, was prospectively followed for 11 years at three time points from adolescence to adulthood. Linear random coefficient models were applied.

Results:

For females, bulimic symptoms increased from age 14 to 16 and declined slowly thereafter. For males, the symptoms decreased between ages 14 and 16 and returned in the early 20s. Females had higher levels of symptoms than males at every age. Age‐associated trends in body mass index, appearance satisfaction, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were associated with some of the trends for both genders. For females, changes in alcohol consumption and cohabitation status functioned as predictors as well.

Discussion:

Males and females show distinct developmental trajectories of bulimic symptoms during adolescence and in the transition to adulthood. Prevention interventions should focus on putative risk factors in mid‐adolescence for females and in the early 20s for males. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:737–745)
A framework for hydrologic classification with a review of methodologies and applications in ecohydrology
Authors: Olden Julian D. , Kennard Mark J. , Pusey Bradley J.
Published: September 2011

Hydrologic classification is one of the most widely applied tasks in ecohydrology. During the last two decades, a considerable effort has gone into analysis and development of methodological approaches to hydrologic classification. We reviewed the process of hydrologic classification, differentiating between an approach based on deductive reasoning using environmental regionalization, hydrologic regionalization and environmental classification whereby environmental variables assumed to be key determinants of hydrology are analysed and one based on inductive reasoning using streamflow classification whereby hydrologic data are analysed directly. We explored past applications in ecohydrology, highlighting the utility of classifications in the extrapolation of hydrologic information across sparsely gauged landscapes, the description of spatial patterns in hydrologic variability, aiding water resource management, and in the identification and prioritization of conservation areas. We introduce an overarching methodological framework that depicts critical components of the classification process and summarize important advantages and disadvantages of commonly used statistical approaches to characterize and predict hydrologic classes. Our hope is that researchers and managers will be better informed when having to make decisions regarding the selection and proper implementation of methods for hydrologic classification in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit CD40L/IL‐21‐induced Ig production in human Bcells: Differential effects of BMP‐6 and BMP‐7
Authors: Huse Kanutte , Bakkebø Maren , Oksvold Morten P. , Forfang Lise , Hilden Vera I. , Stokke Trond , Smeland Erlend B. , Myklebust June H.
Published: September 2011

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF‐β superfamily. TGF‐β can affect class switch recombination in human B cells, but whether BMPs also play a role have not been tested. We investigated the functional effects of exogenously added BMPs on CD27− naive and CD27+ memory B cells from healthy donors. BMP‐2, ‐4, ‐6 and ‐7 inhibited CD40L/IL‐21‐induced production of IgM, IgG and IgA. BMP‐6 reduced Ig production by 70% in memory B cells and more than 55% in naive B cells, whereas the other BMPs were slightly less potent. We observed a striking difference in functional effects between the structurally similar BMP‐6 and BMP‐7, as BMP‐6 mainly inhibited plasmablast differentiation, and BMP‐7 mainly induced apoptosis. In memory B cells, BMP‐6 upregulated expression of DNA‐binding protein inhibitor genes, but potently inhibited CD40L/IL‐21‐induced upregulation of the transcription factor XBP1, necessary for the late stages of plasmacytic differentiation. Expression of transcription factors regulating earlier stages (IRF4, PRDM1) was not affected by BMP‐6. Taken together, these results show that BMPs are potent suppressors of naive and memory B cells.
Seasonal fat and fatty acids variations of seven marine fish species from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Ozogul Yesim , Polat Abdurrahman , Uçak İlknur , Ozogul Fatih
Published: September 2011

Seasonal variations of proximate compositions, muscle lipids and fatty acids (FA) of seven seawater species (Silllago sihoma, Upeneus pori, Sparus aurata, Saurida undosquamis, Epinephelus auneus, Mullus barbatus, Solea solea) from the Mediterranean Sea, were determined in all seasons. The results showed that the fatty acid compositions of each species ranged from 26.41 to 38.70% saturated (SFA), 13.78 to 26.52% monounsaturated (MUFAs) and 25.02 to 50.83% PUFAs. The highest proportions of EPA were obtained from M. barbatus (8.34%) in spring, S. sihoma (7.54%), U. pori (6.75%), S. aurata (6.31%), S. undosquamis (5.12%), E. auneus (5.10%) in summer, and also S. solea (6.19%) in spring. The highest proportions of DHA were found in spring, ranging from 25.14% for M. barbatus to 34.87% for S. aurata, except for S. solea (30.44%) in winter and S. sihoma (15.83%) in summer. The results showed that from a quality point of view, all species were suitable for human nutrition, since muscle lipids are rich in EPA + DHA in all seasons.

Practical application: The American and Canadian Dietetic Associations recommend two servings of fatty fish per week and a daily combined intake of EPA and DHA of 500 mg. This follows a trend of numerous publications and other guidelines recognizing the health benefits of long‐chain n‐3 PUFA from fish or marine microbial sources with respect to cardiovascular health, neurological diseases, infant health and development, inflammation and cancer and other health effects. The seven species analyzed here provide muscle lipids that are rich in EPA and DHA. Only minor season‐to‐season changes in the total content of n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA were observed for the same species. The results provide valuable information for preparing diet tables.
Effects of dietary n−3/n−6 ratio on lipid metabolism of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)
Authors: Bandarra Narcisa M. , Rema Paulo , Batista Irineu , Pousão‐Ferreira Pedro , Valente Luisa M. P. , Batista Sónia M. G. , Ozório Rodrigo O. A.
Published: September 2011

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various dietary n−3/n−6 ratio on growth and lipid metabolism in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. The fish were fed ad libitum on three isoproteic (52%), isolipidic (14%), and isoenergetic diets (21 MJ/kg), formulated to contain three different n−3/n−6 ratios: a high (3.8), medium (2.5), or low (0.9) ratio. Fish grew from 9.5 ± 0.1 g to 54.2 ± 0.7 g in 12 weeks. Growth rate (2.2% BW/day), voluntary feed intake (2.4 ± 0.1% BM/day), feed conversion ratio (1.38 ± 0.05), and net protein utilization (27.5 ± 1.0%) did not vary among treatments. In contrast, body lipid content and lipid deposition efficiency were significantly reduced in fish fed low n−3/n−6 ratio. Fish fed the highest n−3/n−6 ratio showed the lowest hepatic glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity (p = 0.02). The n−3/n−6 ratio decreased, while DHA/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio increased significantly with decreasing dietary n−3/n−6 content. Among n−3 PUFA, the DHA and, particularly, the docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) showed the highest deposition rate both in muscle and liver. The lower deposition rate (<1) of linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) suggests that a reduction in dietary n−3/n−6 ratio may stimulate their transport to the intermediary metabolism for energy production.
Effectiveness of antioxidants on lipid oxidation and lipid hydrolysis of cod liver oil
Authors: de Abreu David A. Pereira , Rodríguez Karen Villalba , Cruz Freire José Manuel
Published: September 2011

The capacity of the natural antioxidant from barley husks to retard oxidation of PUFA in cod liver oil (Gadus morhua) was investigated and compared to synthetic antioxidants. The results confirm the efficacy of a natural antioxidant derived from barley husks to slow down the progress of lipid hydrolysis and increase oxidative stability in cod liver oil. The rates of lipid hydrolysis and lipid oxidation were slowed down with increasing concentration of natural antioxidant used. Using 100 mg of the natural antioxidant was more effective than some synthetic antioxidants (BHA 200 mg and BHT 200 mg) against primary and secondary oxidation. The use of propyl gallate (PG) as an antioxidant (200 mg/kg in cod liver oil) was the most effective antioxidant employed in reducing the production of primary and delaying secondary oxidation products. The formation of free fatty acids (FFA) was significantly lower in samples with natural antioxidant (BE200 and BE100) than in the control samples. BHA and BHT were the most effective antioxidants employed to delay the lipid hydrolysis.

Practical applications: The use of barley husks, which are residues of the brewing process, was optimized to obtain a crude antioxidant extract. Natural extracts of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity were obtained after prehydrolysis and delignification of barley husks. The raw extracts show more than two‐fold antioxidant capacity compared to BHT in terms of EC50. The results demonstrate the efficacy of a natural antioxidant derived from barley husks. The extract could be used in fatty foods (such as butter, oil, etc.) to prevent rancidity.
Antioxidant activity of pine bark procyanidins in bulk corn oil and corn oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Jerez María , Deive Francisco J. , Sineiro Jorge , Núñez María J.
Published: September 2011

In this work, the ability of pine bark procyanidins to hinder oxidation in bulk corn oil and corn oil‐in‐water‐emulsion has been investigated. A preliminary characterisation of the obtained aqueous (AF) and organic (OW) fractions and subfractions suggested a very polar character and showed that both fractions possess remarkable antioxidant activity when minimum concentrations of 2 mg/mL are used. OW fractions and subfractions derived from both pine varieties were able to inhibit oxidation in oils. More specifically, two organic subfractions were the most efficient for retarding the degradation process, with levels of 62% and 50% after 8 days of treatment, respectively. Organic subfractions obtained from both varieties of pine also rendered possible inhibition levels in oil‐in‐water‐emulsions up to 80% after 4 days of oxidation, more than 3 times higher than the levels provided by tocopherol, a well‐known model commercial antioxidant, which confirms the excellent antioxidant potential of procyanidins from pine bark.

Practical application: Lipid deterioration leads to losses in quality and nutritional value and to the development of off‐flavours in many foodstuffs. One way to overcome this drawback is by using antioxidants of natural origin, which is a subject of a great scientific and industrial interest, reflected by the growing number of papers and patents published during the last years. Since aqueous and organic fractions obtained from Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata bark turned out to be an adequate source of procyanidins in previous investigations of our group, their possible antioxidant role in model lipid systems was investigated. This approach entails also another benefit in terms of waste valorisation, since pine bark is a typical residue of agroforestal industries.