bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of wild pigs on acorn availability as a food source for native wildlife
Authors: Fay Arielle S. , Zenas Stephen J. , Smith Mark D. , Ditchkoff Stephen S.
Published: June 2023

Context Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a non-native invasive species that causes millions of dollars in damage each year to agriculture in the United States of America, destroys native plant communities, and competes with native wildlife for seasonally available pulse resources such as acorns. Despite many anecdotal observations and diet studies suggesting wild pigs reduce acorn availability for other wildlife species, no studies have comparatively examined acorn consumption among species in a natural environment (i.e. competition). Aims Our objective was to estimate the consumption of acorns by wild pigs relative to that of other native wildlife species. Methods We established 40 monitoring stations beneath acorn-producing trees in a 3406-ha study area in eastern Alabama with an approximate density of 9 pigs/km2. At each monitoring station, we placed five acorns on a 1-m × 1-m sand pad and positioned a game camera to record acorn fate during 2-week intervals once a month from September to February 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Cameras were set to capture images once every minute continuously during the survey period. Additionally, we constructed acorn traps from 18.9-L plastic buckets to estimate the timing and relative amounts of acorns that were potentially available for consumption at each monitoring station. Key results From approximately 7.3 million camera images, we observed 15 wildlife species consuming 707 acorns over the 2 years. Aside from animal consumption, acorn fate was categorised as lost due to flooding (n = 153), remaining on the sand pad at time of camera failure (n = 720), or not consumed during the sampling period (n = 536). Key conclusions Top acorn consumers were squirrel (Sciurus spp.), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and wild pig. In the 2018–2019 sampling period, wild pigs consumption accounted for 23.4% (n = 87) of the total consumed acorns. After wild pig removal efforts were initiated in the summer and autumn of 2019, wild pigs consumed only 7.2% (n = 24) of consumed acorns. Implications Wild pigs consume a significant number of acorns and likely reduce the availability of this pulse resource for other native wildlife species and may potentially influence oak regeneration.
The PML hub: An emerging actor of leukemia therapies
Authors: Rérolle Domitille , de Thé Hugues
Published: June 2023

PML assembles into nuclear domains that have attracted considerable attention from cell and cancer biologists. Upon stress, PML nuclear bodies modulate sumoylation and other post-translational modifications, providing an integrated molecular framework for the multiple roles of PML in apoptosis, senescence, or metabolism. PML is both a sensor and an effector of oxidative stress. Emerging data has demonstrated its key role in promoting therapy response in several hematological malignancies. While these membrane-less nuclear hubs can enforce efficient cancer cell clearance, their downstream pathways deserve better characterization. PML NBs are druggable and their known modulators may have broader clinical utilities than initially thought.
Crystal plasticity based homogenized model for lamellar colonies of near-α and
α+β
titanium alloys
Authors: Kazim Syed Mustafa , Prasad Kartik , Chakraborty Pritam
Published: June 2023

The microstructure of near α and

α
+
β

Ti-alloys consists of globular α grains, and transformed β colonies, which have a lamellar structure with alternating α hexagonal close packed and β body centered cubic laths. Due to the disparate length scales between the laths of the colonies and the globular α grains, a homogenized representation of the lath microstructure is necessary for computationally feasible and efficient crystal plasticity (CP) based full-field simulations of polycrystalline aggregates of these alloys. Thus, equivalent models of the lath microstructure based on iso-strain and virtual crystal (consisting of both α and β slip systems) assumptions were developed. However, these models fail to capture the response of the lath aggregate (colony), the individual phases (α and β laths), and slip systems, accurately. The deficiencies in the earlier models have been overcome in the equivalent model developed in this work in which the individual laths are allowed independent iso-stress and iso-strain conditions, while strain compatibility and stress equilibrium of the lath aggregate is ensured by enforcing periodic motion of the laths and traction balance at the interface. Additionally, an anisotropic size dependent CP constitutive model, due to the semi-coherent nature of the lath interfaces, is also developed for the α and β laths in the colony. The improvements of the present model are elucidated by comparing its response with the existing equivalent models and periodic CP finite element method simulations of a

α
+
β

lath representative volume element for two different sets of Euler angles and four different deformation histories. The comparisons clearly show that the present model is significantly more accurate than the existing models in predicting the stress–strain response of the lath aggregate and the individual phases, as well as the slip activities on the various systems. The formulation of the developed model is generic and can also be applied to other materials with lamellar microstructure.
A deep-learning assisted bioluminescence tomography method to enable radiation targeting in rat glioblastoma
Authors: Rezaeifar Behzad , Wolfs Cecile J A , Lieuwes Natasja G , Biemans Rianne , Reniers Brigitte , Dubois Ludwig J , Verhaegen Frank
Published: June 2023

Objective. A novel solution is required for accurate 3D bioluminescence tomography (BLT) based glioblastoma (GBM) targeting. The provided solution should be computationally efficient to support real-time treatment planning, thus reducing the x-ray imaging dose imposed by high-resolution micro cone-beam CT. Approach. A novel deep-learning approach is developed to enable BLT-based tumor targeting and treatment planning for orthotopic rat GBM models. The proposed framework is trained and validated on a set of realistic Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, the trained deep learning model is tested on a limited set of BLI measurements of real rat GBM models. Significance. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a 2D non-invasive optical imaging modality geared toward preclinical cancer research. It can be used to monitor tumor growth in small animal tumor models effectively and without radiation burden. However, the current state-of-the-art does not allow accurate radiation treatment planning using BLI, hence limiting BLI’s value in preclinical radiobiology research. Results. The proposed solution can achieve sub-millimeter targeting accuracy on the simulated dataset, with a median dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 61%. The provided BLT-based planning volume achieves a median encapsulation of more than 97% of the tumor while keeping the median geometrical brain coverage below 4.2%. For the real BLI measurements, the proposed solution provided median geometrical tumor coverage of 95% and a median DSC of 42%. Dose planning using a dedicated small animal treatment planning system indicated good BLT-based treatment planning accuracy compared to ground-truth CT-based planning, where dose-volume metrics for the tumor fall within the limit of agreement for more than 95% of cases. Conclusion. The combination of flexibility, accuracy, and speed of the deep learning solutions make them a viable option for the BLT reconstruction problem and can provide BLT-based tumor targeting for the rat GBM models.
Optimisation of stacked, bulk high temperature superconductors for trapped-field magnet applications
Authors: Shi Yunhua , Ainslie Mark D , Dennis Anthony R , Durrell John H , Cardwell David A
Published: June 2023

It is necessary to fabricate (RE)BCO bulk high temperature superconductors in the form of individual single grains in order to maximise the length scale over which current flows, and hence the trapped magnetic field. However, inherent difficulties in the grain growth process place limitations on the diameter and height of the single grain that may be achieved by existing melt processes. A practical approach to increase the height of the sample and the trapped field at its surface is by assembling individual single grains in a stack formation with their ab planes aligned parallel, primarily to avoid the expensive process of fabricating large, individual monoliths. The trapped fields observed at the top and bottom surfaces of a single grain sample are frequently different since both the superconducting and physical properties of single grain (RE)BCO samples are generally non-uniform. This leads to challenges in determining how to spatially arrange stacks of single grain samples to generate the largest and most uniform trapped field overall. In this study, we report the optimisation of two-stack configurations involving a total of 8 individual GdBCO/Ag single grains. The samples were arranged in four pairs and configured with different surfaces in contact in the assembly of the stack. The primary superconducting properties for trapped field and total flux distributions were measured at 77 K and compared for each stack arrangement. The initial results indicate that surfaces with inferior flux trapping properties (measured in terms of the overall trapped field value) of a two-sample stack should be positioned at the middle of the assembly to achieve the best overall trapped field and higher total flux at the external, and therefore, usable surface of the stack sample. A numerical modelling method that incorporates different Jc-B characteristics for the top and bottom layers of a single grain to take account of the variability in physical properties and spatial non-uniformity confirmed the optimised experimental arrangement of the stacked bulk samples. Furthermore, the optimisation of single grains of ring geometry to achieve a longer and wider uniform magnetic field zone inside the bore was also performed.
Strong Purcell effect of magnetic quasi-BICs in the dielectric metasurface
Authors: Wu Lijuan , Huang Jing , Chen Deliang , Fan Menghui , Hu Mingzhe , Zhou Chaobiao
Published: June 2023

The ultra-strong light field trapped in micro- and nanostructures, and derived from optical bound states in the continuums (BICs), provides a new platform for the facilitation of light–matter interactions. In this work, the spontaneous emission enhancement of quantum emitters using magnetic quasi-BICs metasurfaces is numerically studied. It is found that ultrahigh Purcell factor (PF) (

>

10
5

) can be easily achieved when the asymmetry parameter decreases. In theory, infinite PF may emerge due to the infinite Q-factor at the BICs. In addition, the PF exhibits a strong dependence on the polarization direction of dipole emitter and the local field distribution in the metasurface. Finally, the photoluminescence enhancement for different perturbation parameters is calculated to confirm strong Purcell effect in the quasi-BICs metasurface. These results show that the magnetic dipole BICs mode holds an enormous potential in manipulating spontaneous emission.
Structural stability and ion migration of Li2MnO3 cathode material under high pressures
Authors: Xie 谢 Ze-Ren 泽仁 , Zhou 周 Si-Si 思思 , He 贺 Bei-Bei 贝贝 , Wang 王 Huan-Wen 欢文 , Gong 公 Yan-Sheng 衍生 , Jin 金 Jun 俊 , Zhang 张 Xiang-Gong 祥功 , Wang 汪 Rui 锐
Published: June 2023

Some special fields, such as deep-sea exploration, require batteries and their electrode materials to withstand extremely high pressure. As the cathode material has the highest energy density, Li-excess Mn-based materials are also likely to be utilized in such an environment. However, the effect of pressure on the crystal structure and migration barrier of this kind of material is still not clear at present. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the properties of the matrix material of Li-excess Mn-based material, Li2MnO3, under high pressure. The equation of state, bulk modulus, and steady-state volume of Li2MnO3 are predicted by the method of first principles calculation. The calculations of unit cells at different pressures reveal that the cell parameters suffer anisotropic compression under high pressure. During compression, Li–O bond is more easily compressed than Mn–O bond. The results from the climbing image nudged elastic band (CINEB) method show that the energy barrier of Li+ migration in the lithium layer increases with pressure increasing. Our study can provide useful information for utilizing Li-excess Mn-based materials under high pressure.
Divertor detachment and reattachment with mixed impurity seeding on ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Henderson S.S. , Bernert M. , Brida D. , Cavedon M. , David P. , Dux R. , Février O. , Järvinen A. , Kallenbach A. , Komm M. , McDermott R. , O’Mullane M.
Published: June 2023

Using newly developed spectroscopic models to measure the divertor concentration of Ne and Ar, it is shown that the experimental detachment threshold on ASDEX Upgrade with Ar-only and mixtures of Ar+N or Ne+N scales as expected in comparison with an analytical equation derived by Kallenbach et al (2016 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
58 045013). However, it is found that Ar radiates more efficiently and Ne less efficiently in the scrape-off layer than the model predicts. By separately increasing the neutral beam injection power and cutting the impurity gas flow, it is shown that the partially detached and strongly detached X-point radiator scenarios reattach in ≈100 ms and ≈250 ms, respectively. The former timescale is set by the core energy confinement time, whereas the latter has an additional delay caused by the time required for the ionisation front to move from the X-point to the target. A simple equation with scalable geometric terms to predict the ionisation front movement time in future machines is proposed.
Neutrino characterisation using convolutional neural networks in CHIPS water Cherenkov detectors
Authors: Tingey Josh , Bash Simeon , Cesar John , Dodwell Thomas , Germani Stefano , Kooijman Paul , Mánek Petr , Ozkaynak Mustafa , Perch Andy , Thomas Jennifer , Whitehead Leigh
Published: June 2023

This work presents a novel approach to water Cherenkov neutrino detector event reconstruction and classification. Three forms of a Convolutional Neural Network have been trained to reject cosmic muon events, classify beam events, and estimate neutrino energies, using only a slightly modified version of the raw detector event as input. When evaluated on a realistic selection of simulated CHIPS-5kton prototype detector events, this new approach significantly increases performance over the standard likelihood-based reconstruction and simple neural network classification.
An analytical method and practical verification for evaluating the undulator performance
Authors: Chang Cheng-Hsing , Chung Ting-Yi , Hwang Ching-Shiang
Published: June 2023

The mechanical performance of an undulator has a significant
effect on the on-axis magnetic field and thus a directly affect the
performance of photon flux and stable operation in a storage
ring. During the phase of mechanical design and construction, it
becomes important to develop a method to evaluate the effects of
magnetic fields caused by mechanical properties. This paper reveals
a method to predict the distribution of a magnetic field utilizing
the practice that mechanical performance combined with an ideal
magnet assembly enables identification whether the magnet array
structure is satisfactory. Moreover, the systematic errors expected
from the mechanical inspection can be confirmed in the magnetic
field measurement data. This scheme could be used to predict the
systematic effects and then to apply effective remedies before the
entire machine is completed.
Internal and external harmonics in bi-cyclide coordinates
Authors: Alexander B , Cohl H S , Volkmer H
Published: June 2023

The Laplace equation in three-dimensional Euclidean space is

-separable in bi-cyclide coordinates leading to harmonic functions expressed in terms of Lamé–Wangerin functions called internal and external bi-cyclide harmonics. An expansion for a fundamental solution of Laplace’s equation in products of internal and external bi-cyclide harmonics is derived. In limiting cases this expansion reduces to known expansions in bi-spherical and prolate spheroidal coordinates.
The performance of sorghum mutant lines resulting from gamma-ray mutation on main diseases
Authors: Suriani  , Djaenuddin N , Lestari E G , Nur A , Nadir F A
Published: June 2023

The study aimed to obtain sorghum mutant lines from the Numbu variety resistant to 3 major diseases (leaf rust, leaf spot, and anthracnose). The research was conducted at the ICERI Experimental Garden. The treatments were arranged using a Randomized Block Design with 3 replications with materials tested were five mutant lines derived from a Numbu variety (lines MM-5, MB-3. MB-5. MM-3, MM-4) and resistant comparison varieties (Kawali and Numbu) and check susceptibility lines (Super 2 and line SRN48-1) as a comparison for each disease. The results showed that the five test genotypes had high resistance to 3 main sorghum diseases. The MB-3 and MB-5 mutant lines were resistant to leaf rust and leaf spot Cercospora, and moderately resistant to anthracnose. The lowest infection rate of leaf rust disease was in the MB-5 line, which was 0.0019. This illustrates the low development of rust disease in this line. While the other 3 strains (MM-3, MM-4, and MM-5) consistently reacted moderately resistant to the 2 main diseases of sorghum (rust and anthracnose).
Early growth and genetic performance of Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp cumingiana) conservation plot: an endemic peatland species in South Sumatera
Authors: Wibisono Y , Hadiyan Y , Haryjanto L , Bastoni  , Muslimin I
Published: June 2023

Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp cumingiana), is one of the endemic species that is under threat. A conservation plot was developed in the Banyuasin regency. It was designed as Gelam’s genetic conservation area and seed producing area in the near future. The plot was developed in Randomised Completely Block Design and consisted of 60 families, collected from Banyuasin and Bangka regency. It was stretched for 5 tree plots, 6 blocks, and 3x3 m of spacing. A preliminary study has been taken to record and evaluate Gelam’s growth over its genetic variation. It was shown that the survival of the species might vary (23% to 90%) with the population collected from Banyuasin performing a slightly better average. Further, the growth variation did not significantly differ between the two origins while the families affect performed significantly. The family heritability of the growth was moderate for height (h2f = 0.60) and low for diameter (h2f = 0.25) while its genetic correlation was strong (0.76). Through adequate technical support and suitable development strategy, this plot can be designed to provide the improved seed to boost degraded peatland rehabilitation in the region.
Population structures of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara in South Sulawesi
Authors: Kuswinanti T , Patandjengi B , Amin N , Tuwo M
Published: June 2023

Blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is one of the major rice diseases affecting rice output in Indonesia causing a 90% reduction in yield. This study aimed to determine the distribution of Pyricularia oryzae virulence pathotypes (races) in several South Sulawesi regencies. The P. oryzae races were determined in the Green House using 7 rice differential varieties: Asahan, Cisokan, IR 64, Krueng Aceh, Cisadane, Cisanggarung, and Kencana Bali. A total of 72 P. oryzae isolates from Maros, Gowa, Bone, and Pinrang Regencies were tested. The IRRI evaluation standard assessed the disease intensity seven days after inoculation. There were a total of 24 race compositions of P. oryzae were discovered based on the reactions of different rice varieties. However, only two races were dominant. Race 001 was dominant among Pinrang and Maros isolates, whereas race 020 was dominant in Bone and Gowa. Based on this result, monitoring of disease severity and the dynamics of P. oryzae population race structures is important for the breeding and rational distribution of resistant rice varieties.
Estimation of greenhouse gases in rice fields and plantations in Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua
Authors: Dudung D , Abbas B , Martanto E A , Tjolly I , Widayati T W , Iyai D A , Supriyantono A , Bawole R
Published: June 2023

The study purpose was to estimate greenhouse gases produced in agricultural sector in Teluk Bintuni Regency. Data were taken from 15 farmer groups from 15 districts, and 6 families of rice farmers assisted by Tangguh LNG’ CSR. The calculation method uses IPCC 2006 Tier 2. The correction factor used in calculating Bintuni’s GHG is adjusted based on land area, soil type, type of fertilizer, and type of irrigation used. The results show that paddy farming activities by rice farmers assisted by Tangguh LNG CSR produce CH4 of 964.45 kg/year, or CO2 of 20.253,54 kg/year. Fertilization activities on paddy fields produced direct emissions of 1344.51 kg CO2, indirect emissions of 436.97kg CO2, fertilizing activities of paddy fields using NPK produced direct NO2 emissions equivalent to 456.70 kg CO2, and indirect emissions of 148.43 kg CO2. Fertilization activities on plantation land using ZA fertilizer produced direct NO2 emissions of 2969.74 kg CO2 and indirect emissions of 965.165 kg CO2, NO2 emissions from NPK fertilizer produced direct emissions of 6074.467 and indirect emissions of 1974.20 kg CO2. It is necessary to further implement low-emission agricultural activities through fertilization of the right size and selection of rice varieties and low-emission irrigation systems.
Social forestry-based conservation through eco-tourism in the village forest of Talaga Paca, North Halmahera Regency
Authors: Simanjuntak R
Published: June 2023

Talaga Paca used to be a community resettlement village of an isolated indigenous community o hongana ma nyawa or Tugutil in North Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province. In 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry gave approval for the management of a forest area of 865 ha for 35 years in the scheme of village forest to the Talaga Paca Village as part of the social forestry program. Through a wide and strong collaboration between parties, the community is committed to develop ecotourism to improve the community welfare and the conservation of nature. The exploration of biodiversity and ecotourism potential was carried out. There are 36 species of birds identified, some of which are endemic and protected birds. Lake tour, jungle tracking, bird watching, and caving are some ecotourism attractions in the Talaga Paca ecotourism. A total of 30 people of Talaga Paca responded very positive to the social forestry and ecotourism programs in relation with the community empowerment and conservation using the Likert scale. Currently, the people of Talaga Paca have begun to receive the economic benefits of the presence of tourists, and they have a willingness to conserve the nature voluntarily.
The lowland area for sustainable conservation of horticultural plants in Bintuni Bay Regency
Authors: Mawikere N L , Irawati O P , Taberima S , Fenetiruma O A , Prabawardani S
Published: June 2023

This study was aimed to determine the land suitability class of fruit and vegetable crops which are potential to be developed in the lowland of Bintuni Bay. It showed that Manimeri is potential for the development of fruit crops (particularly orange and rambutan), and vegetables (greens mustard, long beans, chili). Based on actual land suitability, this area was categorized as marginal land (S3) with water availability, nutrient retention, and nutrient availability as limiting factors. Bintuni is potential for fruit crops (banana, durian, mango), and vegetables development (mustard, cabbage, long beans, spinach, eggplant, tomatoes, chili), which is categorized being quite a suitable land (S2), and marginal land (S3) with water and nutrient availability as limiting factors. Tembuni is potential to be developed with fruit crops (red fruit), and vegetables (mustard greens, long beans, pumpkin, and chili), and this area was categorized as a very suitable land (S1). Beimes is potential to be developed with pineapple and papaya with the land suitability class is quite suitable (S2). Mango, durian, green beans, chicory, tomatoes, and red chilies are less suitable because it includes marginal land (S3) with the limiting factors of root media, water availability, and low nutrients.
Community-based mangrove management in Berau Regency
Authors: Wibisono G , Sardjono M A , Rujehan  , Suhardiman A
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the picture of community-based mangrove management (attitudes, participation, mangrove conditions, and management institutions) in Teluk Semanting, Biduk-biduk and Sulaiman, Berau Regency. This type of research is descriptive with questionnaire and observation data collection methods. Attitude measurement uses cognitive, affective, and conative aspects. Meanwhile, the measurement of participation uses four stages, namely: in decision making, in implementation, utilization of results and supervision. For mangrove conditions and management from interviews and using secondary data from development partner (NGO) reports. The results of the study obtained that the attitudes of the people in the three villages were positive with a value of 3.88, namely knowing, liking and supporting, where the cognitive aspect value was 3.84, affective 4.15 and conative 3.65. In detail, the attitude values in Teluk Semanting 4.05, Biduk-biduk 3.62 and Teluk Sulaiman 4.15. Community participation in the three villages was generally low at 1.51. In the decision-making stage is 1.46, the program implementation stage is 1.52, the result utilization stage is 1.63 and the supervision stage is 1.45.
Identification of temperature change related to frost phenomenon over Jayapura, Indonesia
Authors: Izza M Y N , Astuty S , Ramadhan R A , Perdani N N , Firdaus M D , Anwar M K , Rosdeawati N , Yulihastin E
Published: June 2023

The frost phenomenon that occurred over Jayapura, Indonesia, in July 2022 was the worst frost in the last two decades (1998 – 2022). The frost impact destroyed agricultural fields, crippling most of the crops, and caused famishing to hundreds of people. Because Jayapura has the largest agriculture field in Papua, an assessment of possible mechanisms that caused this extreme event is needed for disaster mitigation. On the other hand, numerous previous studies investigated the relationship between frost and climate change. However, it is still poorly understood, particularly in the Papua study case. This study explores the linkage between the frost phenomenon and climate change in Jayapura, Papua. Hence, we conducted an analysis using station observation and reanalysis datasets. In addition, we also assess spatial analysis to determine the distribution of weather pattern anomalies derived from The European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) – ERA5 datasets during extreme episodes. We found that maximum and average temperatures have increased, while the minimum temperature has decreased over the last decade (2002-2022). It is also noted that the frost event may be related to temperature change in Jayapura, Papua.
Smoldering behavior of peat fire
Authors: Palamba P , Werdhani A S , Numberi J J
Published: June 2023

This research is conducted to study the effect of airflow rate on the smoldering combustion dynamics and transition to flaming. The test is done using three types of peat extracted from South Sumatera, Central Kalimantan, and Papua Provinces, Indonesia. The combustion is carried out on natural, 1.33 cm/s, 3.98 cm/s, and 6.63 cm/s of airflow, respectively, representing the oxidation with lack and excess of air as calculated by stoichiometric equilibrium. For Central Kalimantan and Papuan Peat, the smoldering spread rate tends to increase with increasing the air supply. While in South Sumatran Peat, it begins to decrease at the air velocity of 6.63 cm/s. Differences in physical properties yield the difference in the smoldering dynamic behavior. In general, a higher airflow velocity leads to higher smoldering temperature, spread rate, and mass loss rate. Combustion with natural air and lack of oxygen will result in smoldering whereas excess air led to a transition to flaming.
Enso and climate variability in Papua
Authors: Sarvina Yeli
Published: June 2023

The interaction of sea-atmosphere in the middle and east equators of the Pacific Ocean identified as El-Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the interannual climate variability in Indonesia. Extremes phase ENSO, EL-Niño, and La-Niña have significant impacts on all sectors including agriculture, maritime, fishery, healthy, forest fire, transportation, etc. To anticipate ENSO impacts, it is required to identify the impacts of ENSO on climate variability in specific regions. In this study, we analyze the impact of ENSO on rainfall characteristics in several areas in Papua Islands namely Merauke, Jayapura, Manokwari, and Wamena. The result of the analysis reveals that the rainfall characteristics in Merauke, Jayapura, Manokwari, and Wamena are influenced by ENSO with different influences among areas. In general, onset of the rainy season is earlier in La Nina years in comparison to the normal year and the onset of the dry season is come in advance in El-Niño years. The annual rainfall in La-Nina year is higher than in normal years and El-Niño year is lower than in normal years. The anomaly of rainfall as impact ENSO varies differently among areas in Papua.
Land use and land cover change in Manokwari, West Papua Province
Authors: Kesaulija F F , Aipasa M I , Sumaryono  , Suhardiman A
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of forest land change due to deforestation and forest degradation in Manokwari Regency as a development activity through land cover dynamics using satellite imagery data and make a land change prediction based on land change data analysis. This study used a descriptive method with an analysis of land cover changes using an overlay technique to determine land cover change. The results showed the change in land cover that occurred during the period 2009-2017 is dominated by changing of forested land to become settlement and plantation areas. The land cover has experienced a significant change in primary dryland forest, where nearly four thousand hectares of forest land have experienced degradation and deforestation. The land use prediction in 2025 was a reduction of the dry land forested area by about 9.1% while plantation and settlement were increased by about 4.5% and 2.0% respectively. Based on the comparison results, it was found that the predicted land use of Manokwari Regency in 2025 has land use suitability with the Regional Spatial Planning of 85.87%, not suitable at 6.8 %, and land use that allows for change at 7.33%.
Planting pattern and space utilization of home gardens of various ethnicities: Case Study in Waraitama Village, Manimeri District, Teluk Bintuni Regency
Authors: Rahmadaniarti A , Beljai M , Mutakim  , Lestari N F
Published: June 2023

The ethnic diversity in Teluk Bintuni Regency, especially in the Waraitama village, will cause the characteristics of the home garden that be managed for different purposes. This study aims to determine the pattern arrangement of vegetation and space utilization in the home garden. This research was conducted in the home gardens of Waraitama Village, Manimeri District, Teluk Bintuni Regency. The data collection method was carried out by purposive sampling on 38 home gardens overgrown with woody plants. Data was taken by the census, i.e., all woody plants with a diameter of more than 10 cm that grows in the home garden. The data were taken in the form of cropping patterns and the composition of plants that make up the home garden. Data analysis includes the Important Value Index (IVI), Diversity Index (H′), and SEXiFS visualization. The results showed, ethnic Papuans have a higher IVI than the other three ethnic groups, with values of 25%. Ethnic Javanese have a higher Diversity Index (H′) with a value of 2.92, respectively. The diversity index value (H′) 2.92 indicates that the variety of species in the ethnic Javanese home garden is middle.
Estimation of tree biomass and carbon stock in the Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi
Authors: Langi M A
Published: June 2023

The objective of this study is to tree biomass and forest carbon stocks contained in the Tangkoko Nature Reserve (TNR) of North Sulawesi. Phylogenetic diversity was analysed based on tree species composition weighted by aboveground biomass. A stratified systematic sampling was used in the study across transect lines. Field measurements follow the method described in the SNI 7724:2019 on ground-based forest carbon accounting. Based on allometric approach, this study produces a quantity of 255.45 Mg.ha−1 of total biomass estimation consisting of 201.14 Mg.ha−1 AGB and 54.31 Mg.ha−1 BGB. A standard approach of C-stock calculation (i.e. 47% of tree biomass and 50% of soil organic biomass) results in quantities of 94.53 and 27.15 Mg.ha−1 respectively). The importance of species traits for biomass estimation should be considered by initiatives in reforestation for carbon offsetting.
Potential carbon stock and environmental services in IUPHHK-HA PT Cenderawasih hijau letari, Kaimana Regency, West Papua Province
Authors: Hendri  , Moeljono S
Published: June 2023

Efforts to utilize natural resources are still constrained by activities that do not pay attention to the principles of sustainable environmental development. Various environmental disasters occur due to forest deforestation and degradation including floods, landslides, global warming, and further impacts on health. Thus, the role of tropical forests as a controller of environmental change is very important, including as one of the mainstay sectors in efforts to reduce the rate of emission (emitter) or the rate of carbon sequestration (removal) in an effort to meet the target of Nationally Determinant Contribution (NDC) in West Papua with a decrease of 29%. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from own efforts and 41% from international assistance. The supply of ecosystem services from the variety of unique and distinctive species and the computation of carbon potential in the absorption of GHG emissions are two environmental service activities that are currently the main emphasis. The allometric equation was used for carbon stock analysis from purposive sampling conducted at PT Cendrawasih Hijau. The results showed that the carbon potential from the aboveground biomass (AGB) and the belowground biomass (BGB) was 430 tons C/ha and 150 tons C/ha, respectively, respectively.
Above-ground carbon stock estimation based on vegetation index classes of succession burnt peatland forest area in Jambi Province
Authors: Achmad Eva , Muryunika Rince
Published: June 2023

KPHP Unit XIII Muaro Jambi as the forest management unit at site level has the potential as a large enough carbon sink. Given the area that reaches 107,839 hectares and has a type of peat soil, it is necessary to analyze carbon stocks in this forest area. Estimation of carbon stocks above ground level with non-destructive methods can be carried out using remote sensing technology by connecting the results of measurements in the field. Calculation of carbon stocks was calculated from biomass measurement in the field using allometric equations. The variables measured in this study were biomass stocks in sapling, pole, and tree stages. The data taken include data on diameter at breast height (DBH). The results showed that number of carbon stocks in 2022 in the sample plot based on the vegetation index (NDVI) class in KPHP Unit XIII Muaro Jambi from field measurements as follows: for sparse/low-density class, the average biomass is 23.27 tons/ha, the medium density class is 25.70 tons/ha. The last NDVI class, for the high-density class, the biomass stock is 74.62 tons/ha. Average biomass for all classes is 123.59 tons/ha and average of carbon content is 61.80 tons/ha.
Spatial distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations across three mangrove zones in Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park, Bali
Authors: Sugiana I P , Faiqoh E , Dharmawan I W E , Indrawan G S , Andiani A A E , Dewi I G A I P
Published: June 2023

Beside their role as carbon sinker, mangrove soil can also emit greenhouse gases (GHG) through microbial metabolism. However, their emission was scarce in every mangrove zone. We measured the CO2and N2O concentrations in Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park, Bali, which experienced anthropogenic pressure.Rhizophora mucronataandSonneratia albadominated the mangrove vegetation in this area and have a characteristic zonation across the intertidal (landwards, middle, and seaward zone). Gas samples were taken above a height of 25 cm from mangrove soil during the wet season of 2020 at the three mangrove zones within three sites. Gas concentrations ranged from 303.09 – 330.57 ppm for CO2and 0.51 – 0.53 ppm for N2O. CO2and N2O concentrations were similar across mangrove zones, with a decreasing trend from the land toward the sea. A high density of mangrove trees was negatively associated with N2O; meanwhile, no soil and porewater parameters were significantly correlated with the gas concentrations. The result revealed that N2O concentration had exceeded the average value of the earth’s atmospheric N2O concentration. This information is essential for complementing previous research variations on GHG emissions and helps support the inventory of GHG emissions from the forestry sector.
Nutritional strategy underlying plant specialization to gypsum soils
Authors: Cera Andreu , Montserrat-Martí Gabriel , Palacio Sara
Published: June 2023

Gypsum soils are amongst the most widespread extreme substrates of the world, occurring in 112 countries. This type of hypercalcic substrate has a suite of extreme physical and chemical properties that make it stressful for plant establishment and growth. Extreme chemical properties include low plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus and high plant-available sulphur and calcium, which impose strong nutritional imbalances on plants. In spite of these edaphic barriers, gypsum soils harbour rich endemic floras that have evolved independently on five continents, with highly specialized species. Plants that only grow on gypsum are considered soil specialists, and they have a foliar elemental composition similar to the elemental availability of gypsum soils, with high calcium, sulphur and magnesium accumulation. However, the physiological and ecological role of the unique foliar elemental composition of gypsum specialists remains poorly understood, and it is unknown whether it provides an ecological advantage over other generalist species on gypsum soils. This article reviews available literature on the impact of gypsum soil features on plant life and the mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to gypsum environments. We conclude with a hypothesis on the potential role of the nutritional strategy underlying plant specialization to gypsum soils: Gypsum specialists primarily use SO42– as a counter anion to tolerate high Ca2+ concentrations in cells and avoid phosphorus depletion, which is one of the most limiting nutrients in gypsum soils.
Connectivity gradients in spontaneous brain activity at multiple frequency bands
Authors: Gong Zhu-Qing , Zuo Xi-Nian
Published: June 2023

The intrinsic organizational structure of the brain is reflected in spontaneous brain oscillations. Its functional integration and segregation hierarchy have been discovered in space by leveraging gradient approaches to low-frequency functional connectivity. This hierarchy of brain oscillations has not yet been fully understood, since previous studies have mainly concentrated on the brain oscillations from a single limited frequency range (~ 0.01–0.1 Hz). In this work, we extended the frequency range and performed gradient analysis across multiple frequency bands of fast resting-state fMRI signals from the Human Connectome Project and condensed a frequency-rank cortical map of the highest gradient. We found that the coarse skeletons of the functional organization hierarchy are generalizable across the multiple frequency bands. Beyond that, the highest integration levels of connectivity vary in the frequency domain across different large-scale brain networks. These findings are replicated in another independent dataset and demonstrated that different brain networks can integrate information at varying rates, indicating the significance of examining the intrinsic architecture of spontaneous brain activity from the perspective of multiple frequency bands.
Evolutive (Dynamic) Interpretation and Informal Modification of Constituent Instruments of International Organizations
Authors: Etinski Rodoljub
Published: June 2023

Induced by the work of the Institute of International Law on the limits to evolutive (dynamic) interpretation of constituent instruments of international organizations, the author discusses the issues of evolutive and dynamic interpretation, limits to the interpretation, legitimacy of informal modification of constituent instruments and borderline between interpretation and informal modification. He will propose conditions under which an informal modification may be legitimate. In spite of the fact that the borderline between interpretation and informal modification cannot be precisely located, the author will refer to certain judicial indications that its location may depend on the way by which a constituent instrument responds to the disputed issue. The author will turn attention, also, to the meeting points of judicial interpretation and informal modification.
Omicron Variant-Specific Serological Imprinting Following BA.1 or BA.4/5 Bivalent Vaccination and Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Cohort Study
Authors: Baerends Eva A M , Reekie Joanne , Andreasen Signe R , Stærke Nina B , Raben Dorthe , Nielsen Henrik , Petersen Kristine T , Johansen Isik S , Lindvig Susan O , Madsen Lone W , Wiese Lothar , Iversen Mette B , Benfield Thomas , Iversen Kasper K , Larsen Fredrikke D , Andersen Sidsel D , Juhl Anna K , Dietz Lisa L , Hvidt Astrid K , Ostrowski Sisse R , Krause Tyra G , Østergaard Lars , Søgaard Ole S , Lundgren Jens , Tolstrup Martin
Published: June 2023

Background

Continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outpaces monovalent vaccine cross-protection to new viral variants. Consequently, bivalent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines including Omicron antigens were developed. The contrasting immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccines and the impact of prior antigenic exposure on new immune imprinting remains to be clarified.

Methods

In the large prospective ENFORCE cohort, we quantified spike-specific antibodies to 5 Omicron variants (BA.1 to BA.5) before and after BA.1 or BA.4/5 bivalent booster vaccination to compare Omicron variant-specific antibody inductions. We evaluated the impact of previous infection and characterized the dominant antibody responses.

Results

Prior to the bivalent fourth vaccine, all participants (N = 1697) had high levels of Omicron-specific antibodies. Antibody levels were significantly higher in individuals with a previous polymerase chain reaction positive (PCR+) infection, particularly for BA.2-specific antibodies (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 6.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.05–7.62). Antibody levels were further significantly boosted in all individuals by receiving either of the bivalent vaccines, but greater fold inductions to all Omicron variants were observed in individuals with no prior infection. The BA.1 bivalent vaccine generated a dominant response toward BA.1 (adjusted GMR 1.31, 95% CI 1.09–1.57) and BA.3 (1.32, 1.09–1.59) antigens in individuals with no prior infection, whereas the BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine generated a dominant response toward BA.2 (0.87, 0.76–0.98), BA.4 (0.85, 0.75–0.97), and BA.5 (0.87, 0.76–0.99) antigens in individuals with a prior infection.

Conclusions

Vaccination and previous infection leave a clear serological imprint that is focused on the variant-specific antigen. Importantly, both bivalent vaccines induce high levels of Omicron variant-specific antibodies, suggesting broad cross-protection of Omicron variants.
When debates break apart: discursive polarization as a multi-dimensional divergence emerging in and through communication
Authors: Brüggemann Michael , Meyer Hendrik
Published: June 2023

“Polarization” is a common diagnosis of the state of contemporary societies. Yet, few studies theorize or systematically analyze how polarization evolves in media content. To guide future empirical studies, we introduce a public sphere perspective on polarization. Discursive Polarization, defined as divergence emerging in public communication, may disrupt the public sphere if left untamed. Its analysis should combine the study of ideological polarization (increasing disagreement about issues) and affective polarization (growing disaffection between groups) as evolving in communication. Both processes may be measured in media content. We propose a framework combining the study of journalism and digital communication networks, investigating (1) content and (2) networked interactions regarding both political issues and social identity formation. The exploration of how the public sphere is disrupted in the process of Discursive Polarization may help us to understand the wider social phenomenon of polarization: before societies break apart, debates break apart.
Experiences of Hearing Children of Deaf Parents in Ireland
Authors: Heffernan Georgina , Nixon Elizabeth
Published: June 2023

Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) are uniquely positioned at the intersection between Deaf and hearing communities and often act as interpreters for their parents and hearing individuals. Informed by previous research which has highlighted language brokering as a core element of CODAs’ experiences, along with the research which identifies the risk for parentification among CODAs, the aim of this study is to explore CODAs’ experiences of their roles within deaf-parented households and beyond the household, at the intersection between the Deaf and hearing worlds. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 CODAs (Mean age 36.33 years, Range 22–54 years) in Ireland. Three themes were generated from the analysis of the interviews: “It was really normal”, Facing the Stigma associated with Deafness, and Being a Language Broker. The findings suggest that healthcare and education providers need a better understanding of the unique situations faced by CODAs in their roles as mediators between their parents and the hearing community, so that children and Deaf parents can be appropriately supported in their interactions with professionals.
The Impact of the WWI Agricultural Boom and Bust on Female Opportunity Cost and Fertility
Authors: Kitchens Carl T , Rodgers Luke P
Published: June 2023

Using variation in crop prices induced by large swings in demand surrounding World War I, we examine the fertility response to crop revenue increases from 1910 to 1930. Our estimates indicate that agricultural price increases reduced fertility, explaining about 9% of the overall decline in fertility over the period. The effect persists years after the collapse of the war boom. Importantly, we show that fertility declines were concentrated in farm women and fertility declined along intensive and extensive margins. Combined, the pattern of estimates is consistent with agricultural women experiencing an increase in the opportunity cost of their time.