bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL EMULGEL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT
Authors: Magdum S. S , Dounde P.S , Kamble D. D. , Patil S. V. , Patil S. S. ,   Department of Pharmaceutics, Ashokrao Mane College of Pharmacy, Peth-Vadagoan, Tal: Hatkanangale, Dist. Kolhapur - 416 112, Maharashtra, India.
Published: October 2021

Topical DDS is a localized system preferred for drugs having hurdles like first pass metabolism through gastro intestinal absorption, reduced bioavailability, relatively short residence time and dose dumping. To provide continuous percutaneous absorption of drug at controlled rate which overcomes problems associated with GI absorption for oral DDS, semisolid formulations like cream, ointment and gel were preferred in topical DDS applied on skin. Amongst them gels having more aqueous portion have greater dissolution of drug. But these properties are suitable for hydrophilic drugs and not for hydrophobic drugs. This problem was solved by formulating an emulgel in which hydrophobic drugs can be incorporated in gel and used for topical application. The aim of this work was to develop emulgel of acelofenac a hydrophobic drug using Carbapol 940 as gelling agent and clove oil and mentha oil as penetration enhancers. Another aim was to investigate effect of concentration and formulation parameters on spreading coefficient drug release and viscosity of prepared emulgel.
PHARMACOGNOSTIC STANDARDIZATION OF CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (L.) DRYAND R
Authors: Kumar D , Kumar S ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, Punjab, India.
Published: October 2021

Pharmacognostic standards of Calotropis gigantea roots have been established, so that authentic plant material can be selected for further investigations to validate scientifically for its traditional claims. Transverse section of root showed presence of four layers of cork, eight layers of cortex comprising parenchyma and medullary rays and vascular bundles comprising phloem parenchyma at upper side followed by xylem made up of parenchyma and vessels. Various physico-chemical parameters of the plant, such as foreign organic matter, moisture, volatile oil, tannin, total protein and carbohydrate contents, ash values, extractive values, swelling index, foaming index, bitterness value and haemolytic value were generated. The content of toxic residues in plant complies with the limits. Phytochemical screening showed presence of fats, triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, proteins and carbohydrates in plant. Thin layer chromatography of n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts showed eleven, eight and eleven spots, respectively, using suitable mobile phases.
Perception of Teachers and Parents on Appropriate Physical Environment for Learning Through Play in Malaysian Preschools
Authors: Lim Pearly Pei Li , Bahauddin Azizi , Aziz Nor Fadzila
Published: October 2021

As physical environments play a role in supporting learning though play (LTP) in preschools, users and interest group’s perceptions of appropriate physical environment features for LTP become significant. This article examines perceptions of teachers and parents concerning an appropriate indoor physical environment for LTP in Malaysian preschools.A five-point Likert scale and preference ranking were employed to understand teachers’ and parents’ perception of six features including sizing of spaces; material availability; spaces for creation and respite; indoor-outdoor connection; and provision of challenges. The findings included; variety of materials, spaces for personalization, spaces for challenges and good indoor-outdoor connection.
Transformation of Housing in Low-income Settlement: A Study of Domestic Spaces in Ershad Nagar Resettlement Camp
Authors: Rashid Masud Ur
Published: October 2021

Housing transformation is a major livelihood strategy among low-income households in formal and informal settlements. Domestic spaces are produced for social unit. This study illustrates the analysis of domestic spaces in a low-income settlement and their impact on the way of life of the inhabitants. The factors that affect the physical organization of spaces and its quality are evaluated with respect to the survival strategy of the low-income dwellers. The space organization of the dwelling units in low-income settlements illustrates different structures and forms that may not fit the conventional understanding of modern urban housing. The space organization of such dwelling reflects the users need and space requirements and the incremental developments are experienced with mutual understanding of the neighbors. In this respect, the physical characteristics a low-income settlement in Dhaka are investigated; namely Ershad Nagar resettlement camp. Besides the housing and neighborhood characteristics, the economic, social and cultural status of people living in those areas is examined. The study shows that for some reasons the domestic spaces of the low-income housing are being transformed in course of time since their establishment. And the transformation of domestic spaces reflects the overall housing transformation of the settlement.
Evaluating the Policy Outcomes for Urban Resiliency in Informal Settlements Since Independence in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Review
Authors: Badhan Ishrat Momtaz , Siddika Asma
Published: October 2021

Today’s cities are characterized by the process of urbanization, which in most cases is integrated with the escalation of informal settlements due to excessive migration followed by a housing crisis. This is a common situation for most cities in developing countries, such as Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Dhaka has emerged as one of the fastest growing megacities in recent times, which receives a major number of rural to urban migrants annually due to its growth as the major economic hub of Bangladesh. Dhaka has one of the largest populations among all global cities, which results in a critical challenge for urban areas that are experiencing very fast growing slum and squatter settlements. Considering the global concern toward urban resiliency, several policy approaches such as eviction, resettlement, and upgrading have been adopted to deal with slum (bastee) settlements of Dhaka since independence in 1972. The objective of this study is to analyse these adopted policies chronologically by reviewing the policy outcomes of other South Asian countries. The study follows a theoretical analysis from secondary resources and finally makes a summary of different policies and their outcomes.
A Framework of Design Criteria for Elderly Facilities Using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Authors: VASQUEZ SANCHEZ SILVANA NATALY , MAHAEK EKKACHAI , LEKAGUL APICHOKE
Published: October 2021

The increase in population ageing worldwide is giving rise to the design of age-friendly cities and facilities. Recognizing elderly needs is essential to promote an active life that enables continued participation in the society. However, there is no precedent that justifies the choices in the design of spaces for the elderly, so this study proposes an evaluative model of physical design that satisfies and fulfills the needs of the elderly. The Design Pyramid is based on the Theory of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs linking the needs of the elderly with architectural attributes. The application of this model allows evaluating the spatial design and its elements and exploring improvements to promote the well-being of the elderly.
The Correlation Between Occupant Thermal Comfort and Discomfort Glare in Office Buildings in the Tropics: A Case Study in Thailand
Authors: Chaloeytoy Kittiwoot , Ichinose Masayuki
Published: October 2021

This study aims to clarify the correlation between thermal comfort and discomfort glare. The field survey was performed in office buildings located in Thailand using the comfort indices and the questionnaire survey. The agreement can be found with respect to the glazing performance and sensation level, and the comfort index evaluation must be carefully concerned, as there is a discrepancy in occupants’ responses. It is necessary to comprehensively study the effects of thermal comfort and discomfort glare separately, along with their interactions. The post-occupancy survey is required to optimally enhance the occupants’ comfort assessment.
Banker Algorithm Simulation Software
Authors: Hutagalung Cerlinto
Published: October 2021

Banker's algorithm is an algorithm that models a bank in a small town dealing with a set of customers. This banker algorithm is used to deal with queuing problems in banking. In this case, one of them is how to simulate queues in banking. In this study, the design and manufacture of simulation software is used to help simulate whether a system is in a safe state or an unsafe state, in a safe condition the process is continued but if the process is unsafe the process is delayed until the system is in a safe state. The result of this research is a banker algorithm simulation software that models a banker who is dealing with a group of customers in a bank.
PENGARUH INFORMASI AKUNTANSI TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN FOOD AND BEVERAGES YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA
Authors: Pangaribuan Jonner
Published: October 2021

Investor berusaha mendapatkan keuntungan berkesinambungan. Di pasar saham keuntungan diperoleh dari perbedaan harga beli dan harga jual, selain dividen. Berdasarkan pendekatan teoritis (pendekatan fundamental) dapat disimpulkan bahwa harga saham dipengaruhi oleh informasi akuntansi. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui apakah empat faktor fundamental dapat menjelaskan perubahan harga saham khususnya di perusahaan Food and Beverages yang terdaftar di BEI. Keempat faktor mendasar tesebut adalah return on equity, debt rasio equity, book value, dan total asset turnover. Jika dapat menjelaskan, maka selanjutnya ingin dicari faktor fundamental yang mana yang paling dapat menjelaskan. Untuk itu dibangun sebuah model. Model yang akan dibangun adalah canonical correlation. Analisis data dengan analisis diskriminan.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa empat faktor fundamental tidak dapat menjelaskan perubahan harga harga saham perusahaan Food and Beverages.
PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN, KEBIJAKAN HUTANG DAN PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA
Authors: Sihotang Derita Rosalina , Saragih Joana L.
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan dividen, kebijakan hutang dan profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan pada perusahaan manufaktur

di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 27 perusahaan. Data diperoleh dari Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2009 sampai dengan 2013. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda dan pengujian hipotesis menggunakan uji t dan uji F dengan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 5%. Hasil uji secara parsial (uji t) menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan dividen mempunyai pengaruh posititif dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan, kebijakan hutang mempunyai pengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan dan profitabilitas mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Hasil uji secara simultan (uji F) menunjukkan bahwa variabel kebijakan dividen, kebijakan hutang dan profitabilitas mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Nilai perusahaan dapat dijelaskan oleh kebijakan dividen, kebijakan hutang dan profitabilitas sebesar 35,3%
PENGARUH PERGANTIAN AUDITOR, UKURAN KANTOR AKUNTAN PUBLIK, SOLVABILITAS DAN UMUR PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP AUDIT REPORT LAG
Authors: Lumban Gaol Romasi , Sitohang Mariana
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pergantian auditor, ukuran Kantor Akuntan Publik (KAP), solvabilitas dan umur perusahaan terhadap audit report lag pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di BEI. Populasi penelitian ini adalah perusahaan manufaktur sektor industri dasar dan kimia yang terdaftar di BEI di tahun 2013-2018. Sampel pada penelitian ini didapatkan dengan cara purposive sampling, dengan jumlah sampel 26 perusahaan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik dokumentasi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah persamaan regresi linear berganda dengan menggunakan program SPSS 25. Dari hasil pengujian ditemukan bahwa, nilai koefisien determinasi (R Square) sebesar 0,092 ini berarti variabel bebas yaitu pergantian auditor, ukuran KAP, solvabilitas dan umur perusahaan secara bersama-sama mempengaruhi audit report lag sebesar 9,2%. Berdasarkan hasil uji regresi linear berganda dapat disimpulkan bahwa, Pergantian auditor dan umur perusahaan berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap audit report lag. Ukuran KAP dan solvabilitas berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap audit report.
Kajian Pemilihan Moda Transportasi Rute Bandara Kuala Namu â€“ Medan
Authors: Sipangkar Debi Irawan , Sitindaon Charles
Published: October 2021

Transportation is defined as the process of moving passengers or goods from one place to another. InÂ transportation planning, mode choice analysis is one of the important things that needs to beÂ conducted in order to obtain travelerâ€™s reasoning and factors that affect their choices. In this study, weÂ conducted mode choice analysis for Kuala Namu airport to Medan trip. Several factors that areinfluential to mode choice are safety, convenience, cost, and travel time. We use Analytical HierarchyÂ Process (AHP) to analyze the weight of importance of these factors according to the travelers.Â Questionnaires were distributed followed by interview with respondents that actually make the tripÂ between the two places. The result shows that safety (51.93%) is the main important factor, followedby convenience (36.11%), cost (24.04%), cost (9.01%), and travel time (2.95%). In terms of preferredÂ mode according to travelers, train and private car are the best alternative with the value of 45.20%Â and 41.75% respectively. The least favorable alternatives are bus (7.43%) and taxi (5.62%).
Walkability; The Relationship of Walking Distance, Walking Time and Walking Speed
Authors: Silitonga Shanty
Published: October 2021

Walking is cheap and healthy. It is the main transportation for the majority of students exploring their daily life in their campus area. Different types of people will have various types of walking behavior. To develop a better knowledge of the walkability of built environment, it is important to understand the complexity behind walking behavior. There are many possible factors in measuring walking behavior. Walking behavior can be measured by walking speed, walking directions, walking experiences, group formation, and density. In this research paper, only three factors are going to be used to testify the descriptive study of walking behavior on the campus of UNIKA St Thomas University; which are walking distance, walking time and walking speed. The method used in this study is known as walking distance test, and the data were analyzed using the comparative approach. The findings show that walking speed, walking time and walking speed are deeply related to each other. The results of the observation study of walking behavior revealed that the condition of the campus built environment related to the density, connectivity, and land-use diversity seem to influence the amount and variety of walking activities that occur in the given environment and also affect how the walking activities conducted. The researcher concluded that walking speed, walking time and walking distance the pedestrian in campus UNIKA St.Thomas are comfortable based on the related theories.
Perbandingan Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Pembesian dan Bekisting Saat Jam Kerja Normal dan Lembur Menggunakan Metode Productivity Rating
Authors: Sujana Caroline Maretha , Hakim Raka Aditya
Published: October 2021

Produktivitas tenaga kerja adalah faktor penting yang mempengaruhi waktu penyelesaian proyek. Lembur sering dilakukan oleh kontraktor untuk mengejar progress proyek. Perlu diukur apakah terdapat perbedaan signifikan produktivitas tenaga kerja saat lembur dan saat jam kerja normal. Productivity rating adalah metode yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat produktivitas tenaga kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan perbedaan produktivitas tenaga kerja selama jam kerja normal dan jam lembur pada pekerjaan pembesian dan bekisting. Pengamatan dilakukan kepada tenaga kerja terampil di dua proyek gedung di Jakarta. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan sampel independen T-Test pada program SPSS, ditemukan ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam produktivitas antara jam kerja normal dan jam lembur pada pekerjaan pembesian dan bekisting. Produktivitas tenaga kerja pembesian saat kerja lembur menurun sebesar 8,04% dari waktu kerja normal. Sementara itu, produktivitas tenaga kerja pada pekerjaan bekisting saat kerja lembur menurun sebesar 8,89% dari waktu kerja normal.
Analisis Pola Identifikasi Zero Knowledge Proof Dengan Algoritma Feige Fiat Shamir Menggunakan Blum Blum Shub
Authors: Panjaitan Cherlina Helena Purnamasari , Pangaribuan Lisda Juliana
Published: October 2021

Protocol Zero Knowledge Proof is one of the protocols in Cryptography that has a fairly good level of security, because it applies the concept of "Truly Zero Knowledge Proof" which is not leaking any information. This protocol is used in the Fiat Shamir, Guillou Quisquater and Schnorr Feige Algorithms, all of which are Cryptographic Algorithms using private keys and public keys. In the Public key, all three of these Algorithms use a random number generator at the values p and q to get the public key. In this study, the author will generate a public key generation test using CPRNG (Cryptographically-secure Pseudo-Random Number Generator) with the Blum Blum Shub algorithm. The test will be conducted on the Fiat Feige Algorithm, the formation of the key will use the Blum Blum Shub Algorithm, but the Identification Protocol still uses the Fiat Shamir Feige Algorithm. The results of this study show the Feige Fiat Algorithm with the Blum Blum Shub Algorithm as the key builder successfully identifies the pattern sent by the signer.
Encefalitis por anticuerpos anti-NMDAR
Authors: Padilla Cuadra Juan Ignacio
Published: October 2021

La encefalitis por anticuerpos contra los receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato (NMDAR) es una patología de reciente descubrimiento, la cual suele iniciar comúnmente con una fase prodrómica “pseudogripal”, posteriormente evolucionará con síntomas psiquiátricos, alteración del estado de la conciencia y convulsiones. El diagnóstico suele ser complejo dado la poca incidencia de la misma, además de confundirse con cuadros psiquiátricos y otros tipos de encefalitis. Tiene una presentación clínica grave sin el inicio de un tratamiento precoz, el cual consiste en la administración de corticoesteroides e inmunoglobulinas intravenosas.
An assessment of water footprint for irrigated rice in Punjab
Authors: B.S. SIDHU  , RAKESH SHARDA  , SANDEEP SINGH
Published: October 2021

Water scarcity has become one of the highest risks for environmental and economic security worldwide. The water footprint for rice production, i.e., the total volume of freshwater consumed to produce a unit quantity rice has been estimated for three different agroclimatic zones of Punjab for the years 2000 to 2017. The results revealed that effective rainfall (Peff) improved in later years due to a change in crop calendar,legally enforced by an Act prohibiting the transplanting of paddy before a specified date. During the period of study, minimum crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was 4645 and maximum was ETc of 9511 m3ha-1 during 2014 and 2011, respectively. The green water footprint (WFgreen) for rice varied from 646litreskg-1of rice during low rainfall years (2012) to 1149 litre kg-1 of rice during heavy rainfall (1192 mm) during 2011.Out of a total water footprint (WFtotal) of 2650 litre kg-1, the share of blue water footprint (WFblue) was higher 1804 litre kg-1 (68%), indicating a need to improve on-farm irrigation management to conserve water resources.
Evaluating gladiolus varieties for off-season planting using agro-meteorological indices
Authors: KIRANJEET KAUR DHATT  , SHALINI JHANJI
Published: October 2021

Commercial floriculture is an emerging profitable agro industry in the world with great demand of cut flowers but with a constraint to regulate the supply for longer duration in the markets. The off-season plucked flowers get better price, as glut during peak season affects the profits. This could be achieved by cultivating varieties over a wide range of planting times which demands evaluation of varietal performance under different sowing windows. The present study was conducted with five gladiolus varieties viz. Punjab glance, Punjab lemon delight, Novalux, Rose supreme and Alexander the great planted at six sowing dates starting from 5thJuly to 20th September at 15 days interval. All the varieties gave best performance in terms of days to flowering, plant height, spike length, number of florets per spike, vase life and number of corms per corm when planted on 20th September (nearest to normal planting season).The growth of all varieties was affected under early plantings as they produced taller plants with shorter spikes, reduced number of florets per spike and vase life; took more number of days to flower, accumulated more growing degree days (GDD), helio thermal units (HTU) and photothermal units (PTU). All the varieties under early plantings produced spikes of comparable quality that depicts their tolerance to unfavourable temperature and photoperiod. This characteristic could be used in breeding programmes for development of varieties that could efficiently channelize their accumulated heat units for spike production and could be grown in diverse agro climatic zones. The performance of early planted Punjab glance and Punjab lemon delight was at par to their respective normal plantings. Thus, early planting of these varieties will lead to spike production in September and at this time farmers can fetch good price.
Prawnopodatkowe skutki finansowania spółki – analiza historyczna i porównawcza
Authors: Gryziak Bartosz
Published: October 2021

Finansowanie spółki, definitywne (kapitał) i zwrotne (dług), mimo podobnej funkcji prowadzi do odmiennych skutków prawnopodatkowych. Uprzywilejowanie finansowania dłużnego prowadzi do nadużyć mających na celu osiągnięcie korzyści podatkowych, a w przypadku transgranicznych grup podmiotów także przesuwania dochodów między jurysdykcjami podatkowymi. Od półwiecza próbuje się ograniczać taką optymalizację podatkową przez ograniczanie możliwości zaliczania kosztów odsetkowych do kosztów uzyskania przychodów: bądź to pośrednio (przepisy o cienkiej kapitalizacji ściśle rozumianej), bądź też bezpośrednio (limity kosztów odsetkowych). Jednocześnie próbuje się zrównać traktowanie podatkowe obu form finansowania w szczególności przez umożliwienie zaliczania do kosztów uzyskania przychodów hipotetycznych odsetek, jakie podatnik miałby zapłacić od finansowania kapitałowego, gdyby było dłużne. Wielość koncepcji i liczne problemy z ich praktycznym stosowaniem wskazują, że w istocie nie wypracowano jeszcze dobrego rozwiązania problemu skutków prawnopodatkowych finansowania spółki.
Capacitando Professores no Programa Norte-rio-grandense de Pensamento Computacional
Authors: Bulcão Jeanne da Silva Barbosa , Madeira Charles Andryê Galvão , Guimarães Carlos Artur Santos , Sousa Crisiany Alves de
Published: October 2021

A sociedade contemporânea tem experimentado mudanças e transformações provocadas pelos avanços científicos e tecnológicos que afetam e modificam o mundo do trabalho, as relações sociais, a cultura, a ciência e a educação. Entretanto, chama atenção o fato da Educação Básica brasileira ainda não estar alinhada a esta tendência mundial e apenas ensaiar experiências de integração das tecnologias digitais na rotina das escolas públicas. Isso se deve, em parte, à formação inicial dos professores que pouco contempla o uso pedagógico das tecnologias digitais no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem. Além disso, também torna-se cada vez mais necessário incentivar práticas educativas que estimulem habilidades relacionadas à capacidade de resolver problemas, lidar com frustrações e criar soluções como condições essenciais para que as pessoas possam se desenvolver integralmente e profissionalmente, permitindo o ingresso e a manutenção em um mundo do trabalho que está em constante evolução. Neste sentido, uma direção que vem se popularizando e tem incentivado o aparecimento de um grande número de iniciativas relacionadas ao uso das tecnologias digitais na educação é a do Pensamento Computacional. É nesta direção que se insere o presente artigo, que tem como objetivo relatar a experiência de um curso de formação continuada em Pensamento Computacional do Programa Norte-rio-grandense de Pensamento Computacional (Pensa RN), realizado com professores dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. Esse curso une as metodologias da aprendizagem baseada em resolução de problemas, computação desplugada, jogos digitais e programação visual, a fim de estimular o desenvolvimento do Pensamento Computacional como um instrumento de aumento do poder cognitivo e operacional humano, integrando-o nas práticas pedagógicas dos professores. Como resultados da experiência, os professores adotaram novas estratégias no seu ambiente de trabalho, elaborando e aplicando práticas educativas integradas ao Pensamento Computacional em escolas públicas da rede de ensino.
Das reflexive Absolute
Authors: Parra Andrés F.
Published: October 2021

This book investigates the relationship between Hegel’s "Wissenschaft der Logik" and metaphysics. Its main thesis is that Hegel makes a case for a reflexive theory of the absolute. The Author thus establishes a distinction between first and second order theories of the absolute. First order theories are basic descriptions of the absolute whose consistency can be verified in merely analytical terms. The second order theory intends not only to describe the absolute without contradictions, but also to include coherently the thought regarding the absolute in the absolute as such. Hegel’s simultaneous critique and defence of metaphysics hence consists in developing a second order theory of the absolute and refusing pre-Kantian metaphysics as a first order theory of the absolute. Thus, the author manages to resolve the dilemma between a pre-Kantian and a Kantian interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy. He proves his thesis by reconstructing the “Vorbegriff” of the "Encyclopedia" and certain passages of the "Wissenschaft der Logik".
Secondary Sludge Biodegradation and Electricity Generation in Biocathode Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Mijaylova Nacheva Petia , Gamboa-Santana Danilo , B. Estrada-Arriaga Edson
Published: October 2021

The looking for sustainable sewage sludge management technology in the wastewater treatment plants, has brought to light the biocathode microbial fuel cells (bMFCs) which allow simultaneous biological stabilization and direct energy generation, avoiding the production of biogas. In the present study, the performance of bMFCs for the treatment of secondary sludge as anodic substrate was evaluated by analyzing the removal of organic matter, destruction of volatile solids and the generation of electrical energy under different operating conditions and applying two types of cathode chambers. The results indicated that VSS and tCOD removals up to 92% and 87% respectively can be achieved in the anodic chamber generating simultaneously energy. Current and power densities of 1.80 ± 0.09 A∙m−3 and 0.43 ± 0.02 W∙m−3 respectively were reached, showing that bMFCs are a reliable alternative to generate electricity during the sewage sludge stabilization process. It was revealed that the pH value and the type of cathodic zone are statistically significant factors that influenced the performance of the bMFCs. The obtained results demonstrated that the electrochemical performance of the bMFCs was better at pH value of 6 in the anodic chamber and when aerobic cathode zone was used.
Lessons from the World Sustainable Housing (Past Experiences, Current Trends, and Future Strategies)
Authors: Almusaed Amjad , Almssad Asaad
Published: October 2021

The term vernacular architecture is widely accepted by architects and derives from the Latin “VERNACULUS”, which means “domestic, native, indigenous”, local. So vernacular architecture designates the entire culture built from a particular place. In modern housing design, the inheritance and development of traditional architectural culture is reflected in the inheritance of classic architectural forms and craftsmanship and the rational application of traditional building systems. With the progress of social civilization and the improvement of technological level, various innovative building systems emerge in an endless stream and are widely used in modern housing design. In today’s rapid social and economic development, housing changes are coming quickly, sometimes even seeming a bit rough. At present, more attention is paid to the construction of new residential areas. As far as the field of urban architecture is concerned, the human settlement environment can be understood explicitly as people’s living and living environment. Today architects need to design a settlement that balances all social functions between meeting current needs and future development, designing energy and material-saving buildings, so that it is in harmony with the environment, and is conducive to the physical and mental health of the human body. In other words, the planning process requires attention to human behavior, psychology, emotions, and interpersonal relationships.
Tribology in Marine Diesel Engines
Authors: Hong Sung-Ho
Published: October 2021

This chapter deals with the tribology of marine diesel engines. Several types of diesel engines have been installed and used in the engine room of marine ships. Some of them, used for propulsion, operate at low-speed in a two-stroke combustion process in conjunction with propellers. Four-stroke engines are used for power generation and operates at medium-speed. In general, two or more four-stroke engines, including spares, are installed in the large ships. Tribological problems are important issue in the respect of reliability in the marine diesel engines, and there are many tribological engine components including bearings, pistons, fuel injection pumps and rollers. Moreover, the marine engines have lubricant problems such as lacquering. Improvements to the tribological performance of marine engine components, and lubricants can provide reduced oil and fuel consumption, improved durability, increased engines power outputs and maintenance. Therefore, this chapter shows better designs and methods in order to improve the tribological problem in the marine diesel engines.
Impact of Shodhana on Semecarpus anacardium Nuts
Authors: Kumar Sahu Pratap , Tiwari Prashant
Published: October 2021

Semecarpus anacardium is classified in Ayurveda under the category of toxic plants. However, this toxic plant is reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity, anti-arthritic effect, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, anti- carcinogenic activity, hypoglycemic activity, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and hypolipidemic activity etc. All these activities are attributed to its various constituents like phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, etc. In Ayurveda, a series of pharmaceutical procedures which converts a poisonous drug into a safe and therapeutically effective medicine is termed as Shodhana. Shodhana improves the yield, decreases the phenolic and flavonoid content; and converts toxic urushiol into nontoxic anacardol derivative thereby reducing toxicity of nuts of Semecarpus anacardium. There are reports of alteration in pharmacology and phytochemistry of nuts of Semecarpus anacardium due to Shodhana.
Safety of Herbal Medicines in Children
Authors: Polat Sevinç , Gürol Ayşe
Published: October 2021

Herbal medicine is used by individuals of all ages, including children. Herbal medicine includes herbs, herbal materials and preparations, and finished herbal products. Herbal medicine or herbal products’ use for all ages have increased in recent years. Based on the data of the World Health Organization, almost 80% of the population in developing countries trust herbal medicines to meet their health needs. Herbal medicines use unconsciously as though these products are harmless. The use of herbal products in children is a concern because little information is available concerning the benefits and risks of these products in the pediatric population. This creates a serious problem in the treatment of children, and reveals a serious and under-recognized hazard in clinical care. The safety of most herbal medicinal products is absent since lack of suitable quality controls and not available of appropriate patient information. Owing to the possibility of serious health complications arising from the use of herbal products, it is mandatory to understand their use in the general population in order for appropriate measures to be put into place.
Bacteriophages: The Good Side of the Viruses
Authors: Vinícius Pimentel Rodrigues Igor , Regina Assunção Borges Katia , do Desterro Soares Brandão Nascimento Maria , Felipa de Barros Bezerra Geusa
Published: October 2021

Bacteriophages or phages are bacterial viruses that are known to invade bacterial cells and, in the case of the lytic phages, impair bacterial metabolism, causing them to lyse. Since the discovery of these microorganisms by Felix d’Herelle, a French-Canadian microbiologist who worked at Institut Pasteur in Paris, Bacteriophages begin to be used in the treatment of human diseases, like dysentery and staphylococcal skin disease. However, due to the controversial efficacy of phage preparations, and with the advent of antibiotics, commercial production of therapeutic phage preparations ceased in most of the Western world. Nevertheless, phages continued to be used as therapeutic agents (together with or instead of antibiotics) in Eastern Europe and in the former Soviet Union. Therefore, there is a sufficient body of data that incite the accomplishment of further studies in the field of phage therapy.
The Extracellular Matrix of the Human and Whale Cornea and Sclera: Implications in Glaucoma and Other Pathologies
Authors: Vecino Elena , Ruzafa Noelia , Pereiro Xandra , Zulueta Ane , Sarmiento Alfredo , Díez Alejandro
Published: October 2021

The cornea is the transparent part of the eye that allows light to enter into the eye and reach the retina, thereby activating the neurons that will send messages to the brain. The sclera is the hard-white part of the eye, and its main function is to provide structure and form to the eye, and to support the retina. Indeed, while the cornea best performs its main functions when transparent and it is capable of adapting its curvature to allow the eye to focus, the sclera must be opaque and hard to function correctly. Both structures are mainly composed of collagen, some elastic fibres and ground substance, all components of the Extracellular Matrix. The disposition of the collagen fibres and the amount of ground substance around the fibres is responsible for the differences in the aspect of both these structures. In this chapter, for the first time we have compared the structure and ultrastructure of the cornea and sclera in humans and the whale adult (18mts) Balaenoptera physalus, the second largest animal on the planet. We will discuss how the differences in their structure may be related to the maintenance of intraocular pressure in their distinct environments, which is of particular clinical interest as increased intraocular pressure is one of the main causes underlying the development of open angle glaucoma.
Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy in Critically Ill Septic Patients
Authors: Trifi Ahlem , Abdellatif Sami , Trabelsi Sameh , Ben Lakhal Salah
Published: October 2021

Sepsis is a medical emergency and life-threatening condition due to a dysregulated host response to infection, which is time-dependent and associated with unacceptably high mortality. At the bedside of a patient with sepsis or septic shock, clinician must make immediate life-saving decisions including empirical initiation of broad-spectrum antimicrobials; the most likely to be appropriate. The empiric regimen should be initiated within the first hour of diagnosis and determined by assessing patient and epidemiological risk factors, likely source of infection based on presenting signs and symptoms, and severity of illness. Optimizing antibiotic use is crucial to ensure successful outcomes and to reduce adverse antibiotic effects, as well as preventing drug resistance. All likely pathogens involved should be considered to provide an appropriate antibiotic coverage. Herein, we tried to make suggestions of empirical therapeutic regimens in sepsis/septic shock according to most likely pathogens in cause and sepsis source based on the recent recommendations of learned societies. Some suggestions were adapted to an environment of low-resource regions where the ecology of multi drug resistant organisms is of concern.
Performance Evaluation of Waste Materials for the Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage to Remove Heavy Metals and Sulfate
Authors: Chandra Bhuyan Satish , Kumar Bhuyan Subrat , Bhushan Sahu Himanshu
Published: October 2021

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is the most severe environmental problem facing the mining sector in the current scenario because of low pH and high pollutants concentration. AMD contains a high amount of sulphate viz. pyrite, FeS2, and to a lesser extent pyrrhotite and heavy metal ions, contaminate both surface water and groundwater. To treat AMD, extensive research projects have been initiated by governments, the mining industry, universities, and research establishments. The environmental impact of AMD can be minimized at these basic levels; prevention should be taken to control the infiltration of groundwater to the pollution site and control the acid-generating process. There are some conventional active methods to treat AMD, such as compost reactor and packed bed iron-oxidation bioreactors; however, these methods have associated with costly material and high maintenance cost, which increases the cost of the entire treatment. In an alternative, the use of low-cost materials such as fly ash, metallurgical slag, zero-valent iron (ZVI), cement kiln dust (CKD), and organic waste such as peat humic agent (PHA), rice husk, and eggshell can be a valuable measure for economic viability to treat the metal-rich wastewater.
Perspective Chapter: Improvement of Elastomer Elongation and Output for Dielectric Elastomers
Authors: Chiba Seiki , Waki Mikio , Zhu Shijie , Qu Tonghuan , Ohyama Kazuhiro
Published: October 2021

The need for light, high-strength, and artificial muscles is growing rapidly. A well-known type of artificial muscle meeting these requirements is the dielectric elastic (DE) type, which uses electrostatic force between electrodes. In hopes of utilizing, it practically for a variety of purposes, research and development is rapidly progressing all over the world as a technology for practical use. Much of the market demand is dominated by more output-focused applications such as DE power suits, DE motors, DE muscles for robots, and larger DE power systems. To meet these demands, the elasticity of the elastomer is very important. In this paper, we discussed what the important factors are for SS curves, viscoelasticity tests, etc. of the dielectric elastomer materials. Recent attempts have been also made to use new carbon foam materials such as SWCNTs and MWCNTs as electrodes for DEs. These electrodes bring the elastomers to a higher level of performance.
Performance Analysis of OpenCL and CUDA Programming Models for the High Efficiency Video Coding
Authors: Khemiri Randa , Bouaafia Soulef , Bahba Asma , Nasr Maha , Ezahra Sayadi Fatma
Published: October 2021

In Motion estimation (ME), the block matching algorithms have a great potential of parallelism. This process of the best match is performed by computing the similarity for each block position inside the search area, using a similarity metric, such as Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD). It is used in the various steps of motion estimation algorithms. Moreover, it can be parallelized using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) since the computation algorithm of each block pixels is similar, thus offering better results. In this work a fixed OpenCL code was performed firstly on several architectures as CPU and GPU, secondly a parallel GPU-implementation was proposed with CUDA and OpenCL for the SAD process using block of sizes from 4x4 to 64x64. A comparative study established between execution time on GPU on the same video sequence. The experimental results indicated that GPU OpenCL execution time was better than that of CUDA times with performance ratio that reached the double.
Jojoba - The Gold of Desert
Authors: Bala Raman
Published: October 2021

Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] is evergreen, perennial and drought resistant shrub belongs to the family of Simmondsiaceae. It is a multipurpose oil seed crop mainly grown in desert regions of world. This plant has unique oil among plant kingdom which is chemically a liquid-wax. The liquid-wax is made up of an ester of long chain fatty acids and alcohols. The liquid-wax is unique in nature because have no traces of glycerine and easily modified via hydrolysis, hydrogenation, halogenation, sulfurization, phosphosulfurization and ozonization techniques. The main uses of liquid-wax in various industries like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and lubricants. It is a potential seed oil crop for desert region so it is well known as the gold of desert. The main purpose of this chapter is to review the complete information about this plant so that it can produce and utilized maximally. Moreover, the review focuses on biology, biogeography, physico-chemical properties of jojoba oil and propagation techniques of the plant of desert regions.
The Changhsingian (Late Permian) ammonoids from Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran)
Authors: Korn Dieter , Hairapetian Vachik , Ghaderi Abbas , Leda Lucyna , Schobben Martin , Akbari Amir
Published: October 2021

The Changhsingian (Late Permian) Hambast Formation of sections at Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran) has yielded diverse ammonoid assemblages composed of the genera Pseudogastrioceras, Shevyrevites, Arasella, Dzhulfites, Paratirolites, Clivotirolites gen. nov., Esfahanites gen. nov., Alibashites, Lutites gen. nov., Abichites and Stoyanowites. The succession of ammonoid species allows for a subdivision of the rock unit into biozones, which largely correlate with the occurrences in north-western Iran. Three new genera, Clivotirolites Korn & Hairapetian gen. nov., Esfahanites Korn & Hairapetian gen. nov. and Lutites Korn & Hairapetian gen. nov., as well as 19 new species are described: Shevyrevites corrugatus Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Arasella falcata Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Dzhulfites brevisellatus Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Paratirolites rubens Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Paratirolites lanceolobatus Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Paratirolites robustus Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Paratirolites baghukensis Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Paratirolites aduncus Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Clivotirolites decoratus Korn & Hairapetian gen. et sp. nov., Clivotirolites petilus Korn & Hairapetian gen. et sp. nov., Esfahanites armatus Korn & Hairapetian gen. et sp. nov., Lutites paucis Korn & Hairapetian gen. et sp. nov., Lutites lyriformis Korn & Hairapetian gen. et sp. nov., Lutites profundus Korn & Hairapetian gen. et sp. nov., Lutites alius Korn & Hairapetian gen. et sp. nov., Lutites plicatus Korn & Hairapetian gen. et sp. nov., Abichites ovalis Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov., Abichites infirmus Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov. and Stoyanowites parallelus Korn & Hairapetian sp. nov. The material described here is, together with the material from NW Iran, the most diverse assemblage known from the interval before the end-Permian mass extinction.
Revisão integrativa da produção científica nacional sobre o Plano Educacional Individualizado
Authors: Silva Gabrielle Lenz da , Camargo Síglia Pimentel Höher
Published: October 2021

Um caminho para contribuir no progresso escolar do estudante com deficiência, é a elaboração e implementação do Plano Educacional Individualizado (PEI). O PEI é uma metodologia de trabalho colaborativa focada no aluno com deficiência e elaborada a partir da série, idade, grau de desenvolvimento, habilidades e conhecimentos prévios, para elaborar objetivos de aprendizagem a curto, médio e longo prazos e avaliar o progresso do estudante. E, ainda, o PEI é pouco utilizado e estudado no Brasil. Devido a isso, o presente estudo realizou uma revisão integrativa de estudos nacionais sobre o PEI a fim de responder algumas questões norteadoras: os estudos operacionalizam o PEI? Demonstram sua contribuição para a inclusão escolar? Quais deficiências abordam? O intuito deste levantamento é verificar como o PEI é compreendido através de pesquisas nacionais, bem como se estas subsidiam um maior entendimento sobre o tema, instrumentalizando professores e demais profissionais para a sua elaboração e implementação. Foram selecionados 16 artigos que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão deste estudo, e a análise deles demonstrou que a produção acadêmica nacional sobre o PEI não o operacionaliza, ou seja, não explica de forma clara, sintética e objetiva como o PEI pode ou deve ser elaborado e executado. Somente 1 artigo apresentou as contribuições da utilização do PEI, demonstrando mudanças significativas nas áreas acadêmicas e/ou funcionais do aluno, através de dados quantitativos e qualitativos. As deficiências estudadas foram: Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo, Deficiência Intelectual e Altas Habilidades. As implicações destes dados para a educação inclusiva de estudantes com deficiências e para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras são discutidas.
MULTI-AGENT COLLABORATIVE WORK SIMULATION FOR PATIENT CARE IN HOSPITALS
Authors: Torres María Angélica , MONTANE  JIMENEZ LUIS GERARDO , CEPERO GARCÍA MARÍA TERESA
Published: October 2021

In the area of computing, we can find studies on collaborative systems, these are defined as computer applications that support teamwork. Among the various models of collaborative systems that have been raised over time, we find elements such as activities and the characterization of the user individually and in teams. These elements share characteristics of multi-agent systems used in artificial intelligence to, among other things, perform simulations. Based on the elements collaborative systems, we proposed a multi-agent implementation to simulate the collaborative activity in a hospital and to analyze the interactions of the members of a team through the tasks they carry out to fulfill objectives and goals. The results of the simulation model implemented in the Anylogic software provided information that could give greater value to the doctor’s role over the nurse’s role due to the tasks they perform in patient care.

Keywords: collaborative systems; multiagent systems; simulation