bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Somatosensory tinnitus: Current evidence and future perspectives
Authors: Ralli Massimo , Greco Antonio , Turchetta Rosaria , Altissimi Giancarlo , de Vincentiis Marco , Cianfrone Giancarlo
Published: May 2017

In some individuals, tinnitus can be modulated by specific maneuvers of the temporomandibular joint, head and neck, eyes, and limbs. Neuroplasticity seems to play a central role in this capacity for modulation, suggesting that abnormal interactions between the sensory modalities, sensorimotor systems, and neurocognitive and neuroemotional networks may contribute to the development of somatosensory tinnitus. Current evidence supports a link between somatic disorders and higher modulation of tinnitus, especially in patients with a normal hearing threshold. Patients with tinnitus who have somatic disorders seems to have a higher chance of modulating their tinnitus with somatic maneuvers; consistent improvements in tinnitus symptoms have been observed in patients with temporomandibular joint disease following targeted therapy for temporomandibular disorders. Somatosensory tinnitus is often overlooked by otolaryngologists and not fully investigated during the diagnostic process. Somatic disorders, when identified and treated, can be a valid therapeutic target for tinnitus; however, somatic screening of subjects for somatosensory tinnitus is imperative for correct selection of patients who would benefit from a multidisciplinary somatic approach.
Intravenous dexmedetomidine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: A meta-analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Bao Zeqing , Zhou Chengmao , Wang Xianxue , Zhu Yu
Published: May 2017

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of spinal anaesthesia using dexmedetomidine for caesarean section.

Methods

PubMed, The Cochrane Library, and CNKI were searched for relevant literature.

Results

The incidence of nausea and vomiting in the dexmedetomidine group was significantly lower than that in the control group (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.12–0.35, P < 0.00001). No difference was found in the incidence of pruritus between the two groups (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.36–4.09, P = 0.76).The dexmedetomidine group had a higher incidence of bradycardia than did the control group (OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.02–4.77, P = 0.05). The incidence of shivering in the dexmedetomidine group was significantly lower than that in the control group (OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.13–0.32, P < 0.00001). The incidence of hypotension was not different between the two groups (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.49–1.56, P = 0.65).

Conclusion

Dexmedetomidine can decrease the incidence of nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, and shivering with spinal anaesthesia during caesarean section.
Evaluation of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in predicting acute kidney injury in critically ill patients
Authors: Hang Chen-Chen , yang Jun , Wang Shuo , Li Chun-Sheng , Tang Zi-Ren
Published: May 2017

Objective

This investigation evaluated the real-time point-of-care testing (RT-POCT) of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) for detecting acute kidney injury (AKI) and prognosis of critically ill patients.

Methods

A total of 249 critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED), who were diagnosed with acute decompensated heart failure, sepsis or diabetic ketoacidosis were enrolled in this study. All enrolled patients were followed up for 28 days or to death and the mortalities were recorded. Serum creatinine (sCr) and NGAL were measured.

Results

40.6% enrolled patients deteriorated to AKI during the observation period. The NGAL level was significantly higher in the AKI versus non-AKI group. The NGAL levels in the non-survivors group at 7-day and 28-day were significantly higher than in the survivors group. NGAL was detected as an independent risk factor of AKI, and 7-day and 28-day morality. The receiver operating characteristic curve of NGAL was calculated for diagnosing AKI; the area under the curve (AUC) was significantly higher than that of 1-day eGFR.

Conclusions

NGAL is an independent predictor of AKI, and 7-day and 28-day mortality in critically ill ED patients, and can be an early alert for AKI and useful for determining prognosis.
Political Identity and Economists’ Perceptions of Capitalist Crises
Authors: Horowitz Mark , Hughes Robert
Published: May 2017

Radical critics have long impugned conventional economists as ideologically committed to capitalism and blind to its historical dynamics and crisis tendencies. This report evaluates this longstanding criticism. Surveying academic economists in the United States, we find the field quite skeptical of the prospects of capitalist crises. Despite considerable consensus, political orientation is a highly significant predictor of respondents’ outlooks. We close by interpreting our findings from the standpoint of current research in political psychology.

Jel classification: A13, A14, B14
Experimental and modelling studies on a laboratory scale anaerobic bioreactor treating mechanically biologically treated municipal solid waste
Authors: Lakshmikanthan P , Sughosh P , White James , Sivakumar Babu GL
Published: May 2017

The performance of an anaerobic bioreactor in treating mechanically biologically treated municipal solid waste was investigated using experimental and modelling techniques. The key parameters measured during the experimental test period included the gas yield, leachate generation and settlement under applied load. Modelling of the anaerobic bioreactor was carried out using the University of Southampton landfill degradation and transport model. The model was used to simulate the actual gas production and settlement. A sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential model parameters are the monod growth rate and moisture. In this case, pH had no effect on the total gas production and waste settlement, and only a small variation in the gas production was observed when the heat transfer coefficient of waste was varied from 20 to 100 kJ/(m d K)-1. The anaerobic bioreactor contained 1.9 kg (dry) of mechanically biologically treated waste producing 10 L of landfill gas over 125 days.
Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions from waste management approaches in the islands
Authors: Chen Ying-Chu
Published: May 2017

Concerns about waste generation and climate change have attracted worldwide attention. Small islands, which account for more than one-sixth of the global land area, are facing problems caused by global climate change. This study evaluated the greenhouse gas emissions from five small islands surrounding Taiwan. These islands – Penghu County, Liuqui Island, Kinmen County, Matsu Island and Green Island – have their own waste management approaches that can serve as a guideline for waste management with greenhouse gas mitigation. The findings indicate that the total annual greenhouse gas emissions of the islands ranged from 292.1 to 29,096.2 [metric] tonne CO2-equivalent. The loading waste volumes and shipping distances were positively related to greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. The greenhouse gas emissions from waste-to-energy plants, mainly carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, can be offset by energy recovery (approximately 38.6% of greenhouse gas emissions from incineration). In addition, about 34% and 11% of waste generated on the islands was successfully recycled and composted, respectively. This study provides valuable insights into the applicability of a policy framework for waste management approaches for greenhouse gas mitigation.
Justifying children and young people’s involvement in social research: Assessing harm and benefit
Authors: Kennan Danielle , Dolan Pat
Published: May 2017

At a time when children and young people’s involvement in research is increasingly the norm, this article reflects on the importance of a well-reasoned and transparent justification for their inclusion or exclusion. It explores the dilemma of a researcher’s ethical obligation to protect children and young people from harm and at the same time respect their autonomy as social actors and independent rights holders to participate in research of relevance to their lives. A researcher’s ethical obligation to conduct a rigorous but balanced assessment of harm and benefit is reiterated. The article takes the debate beyond a call for assessing harm and benefit to providing a strategy for conducting such an assessment at the point of research design. Reflecting on two research projects the authors were involved in, three critical considerations are identified. These are: the purpose and the theoretical context of the research; the preferences of the children and young people and their parents; and the available time and resources. The article draws on the research examples to illustrate the assessment process in practice.
Prevalence and Correlates of Bullying Victimization in Four Low-Resource Countries
Authors: Nguyen Amanda J. , Bradshaw Catherine , Townsend Lisa , Bass Judith
Published: May 2017

Bullying is one of the most common forms of aggression experienced by school-aged youth, yet research is sparse in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where cultural and contextual factors may influence victimization dynamics. We aimed to examine correlates of victimization and the prevalence of specific victimizing behaviors among youth in four LMIC. Data were included from 3,536 youth collected as part of the ongoing Young Lives Study cohorts in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru, and Vietnam who reported frequency of past-year exposure to nine bullying behaviors at age 15. We calculated both total victimization scores and subtype victimization scores (physical, verbal, relational, and property) by summing the frequencies of experiencing each behavior and used hurdle modeling to examine, separately by country, associations between three demographic correlates (sex, urban/rural setting, and school enrollment) and both total and subtype victimization scores, adjusting for clustered sampling. Mean past-year victimization scores were 11.1 in Ethiopia, 13.4 in India, 14.9 in Peru, and 12.0 in Vietnam, indicating that the average youth in Ethiopia reported two victimization experiences in the past year, up to nearly six in Peru. With the exception of Peru, direct victimization was higher among boys compared with girls, whereas relational victimization was not associated with sex. Physical bullying was less common than other forms of bullying in Ethiopia, Peru, and Vietnam but had a similar frequency as other forms in India. The different patterns in victimization experiences across the samples suggest that culture and/or context may influence victimization dynamics and highlights the need to better understand patterns and variation of bullying victimization in LMIC.
Social Learning Theory, Gender, and Intimate Partner Violent Victimization: A Structural Equations Approach
Authors: Powers Ráchael A. , Cochran John K. , Maskaly Jon , Sellers Christine S.
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of Akers’s Social Learning Theory (SLT) to explain intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. In doing so, we draw on the Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Theory (IGT) to extend the scope of SLT to the explanation of victimization and for a consideration of uniquely gendered pathways in its causal structure. Using a structural equation modeling approach with self-report data from a sample of college students, the present study tests the extent to which SLT can effectively explain and predict IPV victimization and the degree, if any, to which the social learning model is gender invariant. Although our findings are largely supportive of SLT and, thus, affirm its extension to victimization as well as perpetration, the findings are also somewhat mixed. More significantly, in line with IGT literature, we find that the social learning process is not gender invariant. The implications of the latter are discussed.
Is This Stalking? Perceptions of Stalking Behavior Among Young Male and Female Adults in Hong Kong and Mainland China
Authors: Chan Heng Choon (Oliver) , Sheridan Lorraine
Published: May 2017

Most studies of stalking are conducted with samples from individualist cultures. Little is known about the phenomenon within collectivist cultures. The present study is arguably the first stalking study conducted in Hong Kong. Specifically, this study investigates a large sample of Asian college students’ ( N = 2,496) perceptions of stalking behavior, potential reasons for stalking, and coping strategies that may be employed by stalking victims. Associations between these variables and gender and culture (Hong Kong vs. Mainland China) were also explored. Gender was more strongly associated with perceptions of stalking behavior than was culture. Gender was less strongly associated with perceptions concerning motivations for stalking and the effectiveness of coping strategies that may be employed by stalking victims than was culture. Effect sizes for all associations with culture were small, perhaps due to a high degree of similarity between the two cultures examined. The findings are generally supportive of similar results produced by previous work conducted within individualistic Western cultures, suggesting that stalking and the way that it is perceived may be universal in nature. This study concludes with the argument that legislation against stalking needs to be extended to non-Western countries, such as Hong Kong and Mainland China, as antistalking laws are relatively scarce outside Western industrialized countries.
An Exploration of Collaboration Risk in Joint Ventures: Perceptions of Risk by Local Economic Development Officials
Authors: Carr Jered B. , Hawkins Christopher V. , Westberg Drew E.
Published: May 2017

This study explores the nature of “collaboration” risk in joint ventures and the factors that affect local development officials’ perceptions of these risks. Extant research on barriers to joint venture formation clearly indicates an important role for collaboration risk, but a systematic examination of the factors shaping local officials’ perceptions of this risk is lacking. The authors propose that their perceptions of the region’s norms regarding interlocal collaboration, the structure of the communication networks they have created with other local officials, and differences in the racial composition of their own cities are important factors shaping their perceptions of collaboration risk. The findings provide researchers with a basis for understanding the dimensions of collaboration risk in joint ventures and highlight the importance of the regional climate of cooperation among municipal leaders in shaping these perceptions. The two measures capturing the environment for collaboration in the region had the strongest link to the respondents’ perception of collaboration risk on joint ventures for economic development.
Observation of a Pharmacist-Conducted Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis Point-of-Care Test: A Time and Motion Study
Authors: Corn Carolyn E. , Klepser Donald G. , Dering-Anderson Allison M. , Brown Terrence G. , Klepser Michael E. , Smith Jaclyn K.
Published: May 2017

Background:

Acute pharyngitis is among the most common infectious diseases encountered in the United States, resulting in 13 million patient visits annually, with group A streptococcus (GAS) being a common causative pathogen. It is estimated that annual expenditures for the treatment of adult pharyngitis will exceed US$1.2 billion annually. This substantial projection reinforces the need to evaluate diagnosis and treatment of adult pharyngitis in nontraditional settings.

Objective:

The objective of this research is to quantify the amount of pharmacist time required to complete a point-of-care (POC) test for a patient presenting with pharyngitis symptoms.

Methods:

A standardized patient with pharyngitis symptoms visited 11 pharmacies for POC testing services for a total of 33 patient encounters. An observer was present at each encounter and recorded the total encounter time, divided into 9 categories. Pharmacists conducted POC testing in 1 of 2 ways: sequence 1—pharmacists performed all service-related tasks; sequence 2—both pharmacists and pharmacist interns performed service-related tasks.

Results:

The average time for completion of a POC test for GAS pharyngitis was 25.3 ± 4.8 minutes. The average pharmacist participation time per encounter was 12.7 ± 3.0 minutes (sequence 1), which decreased to 2.6 ± 1.1 minutes when pharmacist interns were involved in the testing (sequence 2).

Conclusion:

Although additional studies are required to further assess service feasibility, this study indicates that a GAS POC testing service could be implemented in a community pharmacy with limited disruption or change to workflow and staff.
Aging Audiences: Association of Live Performance Attendance and Cognitive Decline in a Biracial Sample
Authors: Rajan Kumar B. , Rajan Rekha S. , Manning Lydia K. , Evans Denis A.
Published: May 2017

Objectives: To examine if attendance in live performances was associated with change in cognition among African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs). Method: The study consisted of 5,567 older adults with at least follow-up interview and analyzed using a linear mixed effects regression model adjusting for demographic and health variables. Results: We found that frequent performance attendance was associated with slower decline in composite cognitive function among older AAs and EAs. Attending 10 or more performances per year was associated with 23% slower cognitive decline among AAs and 31% slower cognitive decline among EAs compared with those who never attend any performance. However, this difference was not significant ( p = .56). Attending live performances was also associated with slower decline in individual tests of perceptual speed, episodic memory, and mini-mental state exam (MMSE). Discussion: Our findings suggest that live performances form a valuable component of arts engagement and should be encouraged for potential cognitive benefits.
Adherence to Guidelines for Screening and Medication Use: Mortality and Onset of Major Macrovascular Complications in Elderly Persons With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Yashkin Arseniy P. , Sloan Frank
Published: May 2017

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate relationships between adherence to recommended screening and medication use and severe macrovascular complications and all-cause mortality among persons aged above 68 years with diabetes mellitus (DM). Method: Data came from a 5% Medicare claims sample of beneficiaries initially diagnosed with DM during 2006-2008; follow-up was up to 7 years. Results: Adherence to screening guidelines led to reduced mortality—hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.56, 0.58]; congestive heart failure [CHF], HR = 0.89, CI = [0.87, 0.91]; acute myocardial infarction [AMI], HR = 0.90, CI = [0.85, 0.95]; and stroke/transient ischemic attack [Stroke/TIA], HR = 0.92, CI = [0.87, 0.97]—during follow-up. Recommended medication use led to lower mortality: HR = 0.72, CI = [0.70, 0.73]; CHF, HR = 0.67, CI = [0.66, 0.69]; AMI, HR = 0.68, CI = [0.65, 0.71]; and Stroke/TIA, HR = 0.79, CI = [0.76, 0.83]. Discussion: Elderly persons newly diagnosed with diabetes who adhered to recommended care experienced reduced risk of mortality and severe macrovascular complications.
The Utilization of Health Services and Self-Care by Older Women With Sleeping Problems: Results From a Nationally Representative Sample of 9,110 Women
Authors: Meredith Sophie , Frawley Jane , Adams Jon , Sibbritt David
Published: May 2017

Objective: This research aims to investigate the health service use—including complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)—and self-care by women aged 62 to 67 with sleeping problems. Method: In total, 9,110 participants (99.6%) responded to questions about sleeping problems, health service utilization and self-care (e.g., herbal medicines and vitamins), demographics, and chronic illnesses. Results: In all, 48.2% ( n = 4,394) women indicated that they had a sleeping problem. Women with sleeping problems consulted a general practitioner (GP) more frequently (odds ratio [OR] = 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.36, 2.17]; p < .005) and were more likely to be using herbal medicines (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = [1.13, 1.36]; p < .005) than women without sleeping problems. Discussion: Health professionals, particularly GPs, may need to actively inquire with older patients in their care with sleeping problems about the use of herbal medicines, to ensure their sleeping problems are being directly and effectively treated, particularly in light of increased risks associated with sleeping problems for this age cohort.
Influence of cyclobutane segments in cycloaliphatic decahydronaphthalene-containing copolyesters
Authors: Dennis Joseph M , Fazekas Nicole A , Mondschein Ryan J , Ramakrishnan Ramesh , Nazarenko Sergei , Long Timothy E
Published: May 2017

Melt transesterification polycondensation enabled the incorporation of rigid, cycloaliphatic diols (2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol) into decahydronaphthalene-containing copolyesters, which resulted in amorphous, optically clear materials. Glass transition temperatures approached 155°C and followed predictable trends using the Fox equation for randomly sequenced copolymers. Dynamic mechanical analysis identified several low-temperature relaxations attributed to the complex motions of the decahydronaphthalate and cyclohexyl rings within the polymer backbone. Furthermore, incorporating cyclobutane rings suppressed the low-temperature local mobility, revealing a strong structural dependence on these relaxations. The rheological simplicity of these nonassociating chains permitted analysis over a large frequency window using time–temperature superposition. As a result, the characteristic relaxation times provided insight into chain dynamics and the propensity for chain entanglements. Finally, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy probed hole-free volume and reinforced the trends observed with oxygen permeability measurements.
Government employers in Sweden, Denmark and Norway: The use of power to control wage and employment conditions
Authors: Hansen Nana Wesley , Seip Åsmund Arup
Published: May 2017

How do government employers exercise power in highly voluntarist bargaining models? In this article, we analyse the potential power of public employers in Sweden, Denmark and Norway and examine how they use this potential. We call attention to three areas in which government employers exercise power: direct political intervention, attempts to decentralize wage bargaining and control of wage movements. We argue that government employers in the three countries have similar institutional capacities for power, but their ways of exercising power vary according to political norms and practice.
Anthropogenic pollen, foraging, and crops during Sierras of Córdoba Late Prehispanic Period (Argentina)
Authors: Medina Matías E , Grill Silvia , Fernandez Ana L , López María Laura
Published: May 2017

The palynological study carried out in seven archaeological sites from Sierras of Córdoba Late Prehispanic Period (ca. 1500–360 yr BP) is presented in this article. The fossil pollen was used to assess the late prehispanic subsistence and mobility patterns based on their impact on local vegetation. Analogues obtained from modern vegetation and human-induced cultivation settings were used as a guideline for interpreting the ancient pollinic spectra. Results showed that anthropogenic pollen dominated by chenopod-amaranth plants occurred during a period of increased moisture and significant cultural change, where on-site farming and increasing occupation redundancy were identified. Thus, human disturbance and cultivation are thought to be the probable cause for elevated Chenopodiaceae–Amaranthaceae percentage in fossil assemblages. Consequently, the late prehispanic societies were likely modifying vegetation more extensively than had been previously assumed and the composition of ‘pristine’ landscape was not only altered by climate change or after the Europeans’ arrival. The ancient clearing of the forest for farming, housing, and/or other activities played a dynamic role in land cover conformation. So, the archaeological study of mixed foraging and cultivation economies needs to encompass human–plant–landscape interaction, leaving behind the concept of small-scale societies as passive foragers exploiting the ecosystem.
Letter to the editor: Fitting truncated normal distributions
Authors: MacDonald Iain L
Published: May 2017

I comment here on a recent paper in this journal, on the fitting of truncated normal distributions by the EM algorithm. I show that the fitting of such distributions by direct numerical maximization of likelihood (rather than EM) is straightforward, contrary to an assertion made by the authors of that paper.
A Scientific Framework for Social Work Doctoral Education in the 21st Century
Authors: Guerrero Erick G. , Moore Hadass , Pitt-Catsouphes Marcie
Published: May 2017

The emerging discourse about the science of social work has urged doctoral social work programs to reexamine assumptions about conducting research and responding to new expectations for scholarship. This article examines three promising models to guide scientific research in social work (evidence-based practice, team science, and multi- and transdisciplinary models). We first conducted a systematic review of social work publications (1985–2016) and found a notable increase in publications that discussed either research-informed or evidence-based practice or multidisciplinary approaches, but not team science or transdisciplinary approaches. Next, we engaged in a comparative analysis of each model’s purpose, number of researchers, and breadth of disciplinary focus. Finally, we completed an exploratory assessment of PhD program websites to identify the presence of these models. Information provided on these websites followed a similar pattern as noted in the publications. Implications of these models for doctoral education in the 21st century are discussed.
Development of a Theoretically Grounded, Web-Based Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Driver Inattention
Authors: McDonald Catherine C. , Brawner Bridgette M. , Fargo Jamison , Swope Jennifer , Sommers Marilyn S.
Published: May 2017

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of adolescent death. Inattention to the roadway contributes to crash risk and often results from distractions, such as cell phone calls, texting, and peer passengers. We report on the development of a web-based intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior that aims to reduce adolescent driver inattention ( Let’s Choose Ourselves). In Phase I, we collected qualitative and quantitative data on adolescents’ attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms about driver inattention through focus groups with newly licensed adolescent drivers. In Phase II, we developed the content in an e-learning delivery system, performed beta- and pilot testing, and made refinements. In Phase III, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate feasibility. The development of Let’s Choose Ourselves provides information for school nurses regarding intervention development strategies as well as promotion of safe adolescent driving by reducing driver inattention.
Syringoid Eccrine Carcinoma of the Foot: Report of a Rare Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasm
Authors: Cho Woo Cheal , Wagner Brian , Gulosh Melissa , Elaba Zendee
Published: May 2017

Syringoid eccrine carcinoma is a rare malignant adnexal tumor that typically presents in the head and neck region. Involvement of the extremities is uncommon, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Here, we report our experience with a rare case of syringoid eccrine carcinoma occurring on the plantar surface of the right foot in a 47-year-old African American woman. Histologically, incisional biopsy revealed a tumor consisting of tubulocystic structures lined by basaloid cells with an infiltrative growth pattern, extending from the reticular dermis to the deep biopsy margin. Some of the nests and cords of basaloid cells displayed syringoma-like, tadpole morphology. Immunohistochemical analysis showed diffuse immunoreactivity with monoclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin 7, S100 protein, and CD117. These morphologic and immunophenotypic features were most consistent with syringoid eccrine carcinoma. Syringoid eccrine carcinoma has a broad differential diagnosis which must be carefully ruled out by morphology, immunohistochemistry, and thorough metastatic survey with imaging studies. Our case highlights the importance of recognizing this rare entity, which is locally destructive and has a propensity for recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of syringoid eccrine carcinoma presenting on the sole of the foot.
Safety Assessment of Anthemis nobilis–Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Johnson Wilbur , Heldreth Bart , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: May 2017

Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) flower extract, anthemis nobilis flower oil, anthemis nobilis flower powder, and anthemis nobilis flower water are ingredients that function as fragrance ingredients and skin-conditioning agents in cosmetic products. These ingredients are being used at concentrations up to 10% (anthemis nobilis flower water) in cosmetic products. The available data indicate that these 4 ingredients are not irritating or sensitizing. Chemical composition data and the low use concentrations suggest that systemic toxicity would not be likely if percutaneous absorption of constituents were to occur. Formulations may contain more than 1 botanical ingredient; each may contribute to the final concentration of a single component. Manufacturers were cautioned to avoid reaching levels of plant constituents that may cause sensitization or other adverse effects. Industry should continue to use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities in the ingredient before blending into cosmetic formulations. The Expert Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetics, when formulated to be nonsensitizing.
Residential Mobility, Transience, Depression, and Marijuana Use Initiation Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Glasheen Cristie , Forman-Hoffman Valerie L , Williams Jason
Published: May 2017

Marijuana use initiation is associated with numerous health and behavioral consequences, particularly among young adolescents. Finding easily identifiable risk markers for marijuana initiation is an important step for targeting primary and secondary prevention efforts. This study used data from the 2010-2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to evaluate the association between residential mobility (no mobility, low mobility, high mobility [ie, transience]), and major depressive episode(s) (MDE) on marijuana initiation among adolescents (12-17) and young adults (18-20). Age-stratified logistic regression models indicated that among 12- to 13-year-old adolescents, mobility in the past 5 years and past year MDE have a multiplicative effect on the odds of past year marijuana initiation. Among adolescents aged 14 to 15 years, both mobility and MDE were independently associated with marijuana initiation, but there was no interaction. Among older adolescents (aged 16-17 years), only transience (⩾3 moves in the past 5 years) was associated with marijuana use initiation, and although MDE was significantly associated with marijuana initiation, there was no interaction with mobility. Among young adults, mobility was not associated with marijuana initiation. Residential mobility among young adolescents is an easily identifiable risk marker that may serve as an indicator for physical and mental health professionals, school personnel, and parents to use in targeting both depression and marijuana prevention efforts.
Health Disparities in Women
Authors: Hornbuckle Lyndsey M , Amutah-Onukagha Ndidiamaka , Bryan Alicia , Skidmore Edwards Elizabeth , Madzima Takudzwa , Massey Kelly , May Linda , Robinson Leah E
Published: May 2017

Aims and scope:

Clinical Medicine Insights: Women’s Health is an international, open-access, peer-reviewed journal which considers manuscripts on all aspects of the diagnosis, management, and prevention of disorders specific to women, in addition to related genetic, pathophysiological, and epidemiological topics. Clinical Medicine Insights: Women’s Health aims to provide researchers working in this complex, quickly developing field with online, open access to highly relevant scholarly articles by leading international researchers. In a field where the literature is ever-expanding, researchers increasingly need access to up-to-date, high-quality scholarly articles on areas of specific contemporary interest. This supplement is on Health Disparities in Women. This supplement aims to address this by presenting high-quality articles that allow readers to distinguish the signal from the noise. The editor in chief hopes that through this effort, practitioners and researchers will be aided in finding answers to some of the most complex and pressing issues of our time.
Reality’s children: young people and factual entertainment television
Authors: Potter Anna , Goldsmith Ben
Published: May 2017

This article addresses a deficit in television scholarship through its focus on children’s engagements with contemporary factual entertainment television. The article seeks to indicate the contemporary diversity of children’s engagements with factual television, to examine public service broadcasters’ increasing use of children’s performative labour in non-drama productions and to point the way for further research. The article begins with a survey of existing literature on children, television and factual entertainment in order to identify the lack of attention paid to this issue and these questions. In the next section, we draw on interviews conducted with television producers to frame our discussion of the ways in which analysis of factual entertainment featuring made for children can both instantiate and shed light on broader changes in television production, and in particular, public service broadcasting. The final section of the article analyses the policy context for children’s engagements with factual entertainment television.
Do parents have a special duty to mitigate climate change?
Authors: Cripps Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

This article argues that parents have a special, shared duty to organize for collective action on climate change mitigation and adaptation, but not for the reason one might assume. The apparently obvious reason is that climate change threatens life, health and community for the next generation, and parents have a special duty to their children to protect their basic human interests. This argument fails because many parents could protect their children from these central harms without taking more general action to combat climate change, let alone to mitigate it. Instead, subtler reasons are advanced, drawing on children’s relational interests or on their interests as moral agents. It is argued that parents owe it to their children to combat climate change because of the indirect impact on current children of serious threats to their children and grandchildren, and of being required to live in a radically unjust world. It is further argued that parents may owe it directly to their more distant descendants to mitigate climate change because of the role current parents played in bringing them into the world.
Bridging the Research-Practice Divide Through the Intermediary Model
Authors: Gunasekaran Senthil , Krishnadevarajan Pradip , Barry Lawrence F.
Published: May 2017

The Problem

The gap between research and practice has been recognized and analyzed across multiple fields. Various solutions have been proposed but the gap persists. Although there are consistent calls for joint actions through collaborations between scholars and practitioners, not many in either party have taken it as their primary responsibilities. Thus, incremental or suboptimal efforts have been made to bridge the great divide.

The Solution

In this article, we propose forming a new entity—intermediary—as an effective approach to transforming research into practice. Also, we share a real-world case to illustrate how this approach and its outcome can contribute to closing the research-practice divide.

The Stakeholders

Three stakeholders will benefit from this research—scholars, practitioners, and intermediaries. Both scholars and practitioners will better understand the transformation process and various ways to close research-practice divide. Intermediaries will have a better knowledge about how their contributions, skills and motivations are different from other two stakeholders.
Segmenting and Profiling South African Households’ Electricity Conservation Behavior
Authors: Issock Issock Paul Blaise , Mpinganjira Mercy , Duh Helen
Published: May 2017

In the last decade, South Africa has frequently experienced electricity shortages. Conserving electricity is a sustainable means by which households can contribute to mitigating the problem. The main electricity supplier, Eskom, partners with the South African government to promote electricity conservation, particularly in households. For effective tailoring of promotional messages, market segmentation is needed. This study uses cluster analysis to segment and identify segment sizes and types of electricity conservation behaviors in South African households. It also profiles the segments according to sociodemographic characteristics and some economic and psychological drivers of conservation behaviors. We surveyed 629 electricity consumers in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Four segments were identified: devoted conservers (18%), unconcerned nonconservers (28.7%), curtailment-oriented conservers (29.3%), and efficiency-oriented consumers (24%). The article proposes germane strategies to be tailored by social marketers and policy makers to reach each of these segments.
Social Media and the New Commons of TV Criticism
Authors: Teurlings Jan
Published: May 2017

This article investigates the way that social media have given a renewed impetus to TV criticism. Websites like Entertainment Weekly or TVline.com not only offer TV criticism by TV critics but also offer ample opportunity for fans to debate their favorite TV shows, part of what Graeme Turner has called “the demotic turn” in contemporary media. Whereas academic scrutiny of this demotic turn has tended to focus on the issue of democratization and the valorization of subjugated knowledges, relatively little attention has been given to how this has created a “commonification” of TV criticism. An analysis of audience reactions to The Walking Dead shows a protoprofessionalization of TV criticism, with audience members offering increasingly sophisticated analyses of TV shows, informed by standards set by the culture industry. The paper ends with a discussion on what type of cultural knowledge these new televisual commons produce and circulate.
Cardiac rehabilitation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: can its failure be predicted?
Authors: Irzmański Robert , Kapusta Joanna , Obrębska-Stefaniak Agnieszka , Urzędowicz Beata , Kowalski Jan
Published: May 2017

Background:

The prognosis in patients after acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is significantly burdened by coexisting anaemia, leukocytosis and low glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Hyperglycaemia in the early stages of ACS is a strong predictor of death and heart failure in non-diabetic subjects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hyperglycaemia, anaemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopaenia and decreased GFR on the risk of the failure of cardiac rehabilitation (phase II at the hospital) in post-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.

Methods:

The study included 136 post-STEMI patients, 96 men and 40 women, aged 60.1 ± 11.8 years, admitted for cardiac rehabilitation (phase II) to the Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Poland. On admission fasting blood cell count was performed and serum glucose and creatinine level was determined (GFR assessment). The following results were considered abnormal: glucose ⩾ 100 mg/dl, GFR < 60 ml/min/1, 73 m², red blood cells (RBCs) < 4 × 106/μl, white blood cells (WBCs) > 10 × 103/μl; platelets (PLTs) < 150 × 10³/ml. In all patients an exercise test was performed twice, before and after the completion of the second stage of rehabilitation, to assess its effects.

Results:

Based on logistic regression analysis and the results of an individual odds ratio (OR) of the tested parameters, their prognostic impact was determined on the risk of failure of cardiac rehabilitation. This risk has been defined on the basis of the patient’s inability to tolerate workload increment >5 Watt in spite of the applied program of cardiac rehabilitation. As a result of building a logistic regression model, the most statistically significant risk factors were selected, on the basis of which cardiac rehabilitation failure index was determined. leukocytosis and reduced GFR determined most significantly the risk of failure of cardiac rehabilitation (respectively OR = 6.42 and OR = 3.29, p = 0.007). These parameters were subsequently utilized to construct a rehabilitation failure index.

Conclusions:

Peripheral blood cell count and GFR are important in assessing the prognosis of cardiac rehabilitation effects. leukocytosis and decreased GFR determine to the highest degree the risk of cardiac rehabilitation failure. Cardiac rehabilitation failure index may be useful in classifying patients into an appropriate model of rehabilitation. These findings support our earlier reports.
Aerodynamic comparisons of flexible membrane micro air vehicle wings with cambered and flat frames
Authors: Wrist Andrew H , Hubner James P
Published: May 2017

Flexible membrane wings at the micro air vehicle scale can experience improved lift/drag ratios, delays in stall, and decreased time-averaged flow separation when compared to rigid wings. This research examines the effect of frame camber on the aerodynamic characteristics of membrane wings. The frames for the wings were 3D printed using a polymer-based material. The membranes are silicone rubber. Tests were conducted at Re ∼50,000. Aerodynamic force and moment measurements were acquired at angles-of-attack varying from −4 to 24°. Additionally, digital image correlation data were acquired to assess time-averaged shapes of the membrane wings during wind tunnel tests. An in-house program was developed to average the deflection plots from the digital image correlation images and produce time-averaged shapes. Lifting-line theory based on the time-averaged shapes was then used to calculate theoretical lift and induced drag coefficients, showing that the time-average shape of the membrane under load contributes extensively to the aerodynamic performance. The results show that introducing camber to the frames of membrane wings increases aerodynamic efficiency.
Specific harm reduction strategies employed by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetmine/ ecstasy users in the United States and the United Kingdom
Authors: Davis Alan K , Rosenberg Harold
Published: May 2017

Both recreational and problematic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/ecstasy users could benefit from employing harm reduction interventions intended to preserve health and prevent negative consequences. To evaluate whether use of such interventions varied by country of residence and frequency of ecstasy use, we used web-based surveys to assess how often 104 lower-frequency and higher-frequency American ecstasy users and 80 lower-frequency and higher-frequency British ecstasy users employed each of 19 self-initiated harm reduction strategies when they used ecstasy during a 2-month period. Several significant differences notwithstanding, at least 75% of participants had used 11 of the 19 strategies one or more times during the 2-month assessment period, regardless of whether they lived in the United States or United Kingdom and whether they were lower-frequency or higher-frequency ecstasy users. When proportions of American and British participants using a strategy differed significantly, it was typically larger proportions of Americans using those strategies. Many of the less frequently employed strategies are not applicable on every occasion of ecstasy use. However, because ecstasy is not a diverted pharmaceutical of known quality/potency, testing for the presence of MDMA, other stimulants, and adulterants is a strategy that everyone should employ, regardless of country of residence or how frequently one consumes ecstasy.
Data associations and the protection of reputation online in Australia
Authors: Joyce Daniel
Published: May 2017

This article focuses upon defamation law in Australia and its struggles to adjust to the digital landscape, to illustrate the broader challenges involved in the governance and regulation of data associations. In many instances, online publication will be treated by the courts in a similar fashion to traditional forms of publication. What is more contentious is the question of who, if anyone, should bear the responsibility for digital forms of defamatory publication which result not from an individual author’s activity online but rather from algorithmic associations. This article seeks, in part, to analyse this question, by reference to the Australian case law and associated scholarship regarding search engine liability. Reflecting on the tensions involved here offers us a fresh perspective on defamation law through the conceptual lens of data associations. Here the focus of the article shifts to explore some wider questions posed for defamation law by big data. Defamation law may come to play a significant role in emerging frameworks for algorithmic accountability, but these developments also call into question many of its traditional concepts and assumptions. It may be time to think differently about defamation and to consider its interrelationship with privacy, speech and data protection more fully. As a result, I conclude that the courts and policymakers need to engage more deeply and explicitly with the rationale(s) for the protection of reputation and that more thought needs to be given to changing conceptions of reputation in the context of data associations.