bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organocatalyzed Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitro Alkenes – Generally Accepted Mechanism Revisited and Revised
Authors: Patora‐Komisarska Krystyna , Benohoud Meryem , Ishikawa Hayato , Seebach Dieter , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: May 2011

The amine‐catalyzed enantioselective Michael addition of aldehydes to nitro alkenes (Scheme 1) is known to be acid‐catalyzed (Fig. 1). A mechanistic investigation of this reaction, catalyzed by diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether is described. Of the 13 acids tested, 4‐NO2C6H4OH turned out to be the most effective additive, with which the amount of catalyst could be reduced to 1 mol‐% (Tables 2–5). Fast formation of an amino‐nitro‐cyclobutane 12 was discovered by in situ NMR analysis of a reaction mixture. Enamines, preformed from the prolinol ether and aldehydes (benzene/molecular sieves), and nitroolefins underwent a stoichiometric reaction to give single all‐trans‐isomers of cyclobutanes (Fig. 3) in a [2+2] cycloaddition. This reaction was shown, in one case, to be acid‐catalyzed (Fig. 4) and, in another case, to be thermally reversible (Fig. 5). Treatment of benzene solutions of the isolated amino‐nitro‐cyclobutanes with H2O led to mixtures of 4‐nitro aldehydes (the products 7 of overall Michael addition) and enamines 13 derived thereof (Figs. 6–9). From the results obtained with specific examples, the following tentative, general conclusions are drawn for the mechanism of the reaction (Schemes 2 and 3): enamine and cyclobutane formation are fast, as compared to product formation; the zwitterionic primary product 5 of C,C‐bond formation is in equilibrium with the product of its collapse (the cyclobutane) and with its precursors (enamine and nitro alkene); when protonated at its nitronate anion moiety the zwitterion gives rise to an iminium ion 6, which is hydrolyzed to the desired nitro aldehyde 7 or deprotonated to an enamine 13. While the enantioselectivity of the reaction is generally very high (>97% ee), the diastereoselectivity depends upon the conditions, under which the reaction is carried out (Fig. 10 and Tables 1–5). Various acid‐catalyzed steps have been identified. The cyclobutanes 12 may be considered an off‐cycle ‘reservoir’ of catalyst, and the zwitterions 5 the ‘key players’ of the process (bottom part of Scheme 2 and Scheme 3).
Investigation of spectrally coherent resting‐state networks using non‐negative matrix factorization for functional MRI data
Authors: Lee Jong‐Hwan , Hashimoto Ryuichiro , Wible Cynthia G. , Yoo Seung‐Schik
Published: May 2011

Spontaneous fluctuations of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal during the resting state have been characterized by the dominant spectral components in the low‐frequency (<0.1 Hz) range. Although previous studies have reported the spatial patterns of activity of the resting‐state network (RSN), the frequency‐dependent characteristics (i.e., spectral coherence) of the resting state activity have not been fully investigated. This article describes the novel application of a non‐negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to the decomposition of the magnitude spectra of fMRI time‐series into distinct spectral components. From the fMRI data of healthy volunteers during the resting state, the frequency‐specific components were decomposed into five basis functions. Group analysis revealed five different spatial patterns associated with these basis functions, in which each of the spatial patterns may correspond to a distinct spectrally coherent RSN. The RSN with the lowest center frequency showed a similar spatial pattern to the “default‐mode” network, which involves the medial superior and middle frontal cortex along with the posterior cingulate cortex. On the other hand, RSNs with higher frequencies were observed mainly in several posterior regions of the brain including the precuneus and lingual gyrus. Subsequent Granger causality analysis demonstrated that these posterior regions may function as the “hubs” of the RSNs, whereas the anterior regions, including the medial superior and middle frontal cortex, may be characterized as “peripheries” of the network. Our proposed analysis scheme provides supplemental information on both spectral and temporal characteristics of the RSNs, which might be used in a range of applications, including those involving clinical populations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 2117–222, 2011
Dissimilarity‐based detection of schizophrenia
Authors: Ulaş Aydın , Duin Robert P.W. , Castellani Umberto , Loog Marco , Mirtuono Pasquale , Bicego Manuele , Murino Vittorio , Bellani Marcella , Cerruti Stefania , Tansella Michele , Brambilla Paolo
Published: May 2011

In this article, a novel approach to schizophrenia classification using magnetic resonance images (MRI) is proposed. The presented method is based on dissimilarity‐based classification techniques applied to morphological MRIs and diffusion‐weighted images (DWI). Instead of working with features directly, pairwise dissimilarities between expert delineated regions of interest (ROIs) are considered as representations based on which learning and classification can be performed. Experiments are carried out on a set of 59 patients and 55 controls and several pairwise dissimilarity measurements are analyzed. We demonstrate that significant improvements can be obtained when combining over different ROIs and different dissimilarity measures. We show that combining ROIs using the dissimilarity‐based representation, we achieve higher accuracies. The dissimilarity‐based representation outperforms the feature‐based representation in all cases. Best results are obtained by combining the two modalities. In summary, our contribution is threefold: (i) We introduce the usage of dissimilarity‐based classification to schizophrenia detection and show that dissimilarity‐based classification achieves better results than normal features, (ii) We use dissimilarity combination to achieve better accuracies when carefully selected ROIs and dissimilarity measures are considered, and (iii) We show that by combining multiple modalities we can achieve even better results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 179–192, 2011
Pattern analysis in neuroimaging: Beyond two‐class categorization
Authors: Filipovych Roman , Wang Ying , Davatzikos Christos
Published: May 2011

One of the many advantages of multivariate pattern recognition approaches over conventional mass‐univariate group analysis using voxel‐wise statistical tests is their potential to provide highly sensitive and specific markers of diseases on an individual basis. However, a vast majority of imaging problems addressed by pattern recognition are viewed from the perspective of a two‐class classification. In this article, we provide a summary of selected works that propose solutions to biomedical problems where the widely‐accepted classification paradigm is not appropriate. These pattern recognition approaches address common challenges in many imaging studies: high heterogeneity of populations and continuous progression of diseases. We focus on diseases associated with aging and propose that clustering‐based approaches may be more suitable for disentanglement of the underlying heterogeneity, while high‐dimensional pattern regression methodology is appropriate for prediction of continuous and gradual clinical progression from magnetic resonance brain images. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 173–178, 2011
A hierarchical stimulus presentation paradigm for a P300‐based Hangul speller
Authors: Lee Tae‐Hoon , Kam Tae‐Eui , Kim Sung‐Phil
Published: May 2011

We propose a hierarchical stimulus presentation paradigm for a P300‐based Hangul (Korean script) input system. A P300‐based input system (or speller) is one of the most promising noninvasive brain‐computer interface (BCI) applications based on its direct applicability in many computer programs. Although the previous row/column stimulus presentation paradigm has been well‐suited to the English input, it may not be optimal for a Hangul input because Hangul has a distinct hierarchical structure. To overcome the limitation of the previous paradigms, we developed a new P300‐based Hangul input system by taking the unique hierarchical structure of Hangul into account for creating a hierarchical stimulus presentation paradigm. By using the hierarchical structure, we can effectively reduce the window size of the interface without loss of classification accuracy. A performance comparison shows that the hierarchical paradigm exhibits higher classification accuracy than the row/column paradigm even with a smaller window size. Thus, the proposed hierarchical paradigm is more efficient to spell Hangul and will be more useful for BCI‐based Hangul input for a text messenger, e‐mail program, word processor and other similar applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 131–138, 2011
Focused ultrasound modulates the level of cortical neurotransmitters: Potential as a new functional brain mapping technique
Authors: Min Byoung‐Kyong , Yang Po Song , Bohlke Mark , Park Shinsuk , R.Vago David , Maher Timothy J. , Yoo Seung‐Schik
Published: May 2011

Regional modulation of the level of cortical neurotransmitters in the brain would serve as a new functional brain mapping technique to interrogate the neurochemical actions of the brain. We investigated the utility of the application of low‐intensity, pulsed sonication of focused ultrasound (FUS) to the brain to modulate the extracellular level of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5‐HT). FUS was delivered to the thalamic areas of rats, and extracellular DA and 5‐HT were sampled from the frontal lobe using the microdialysis technique. The concentration changes of the sampled DA and 5‐HT were measured through high‐performance liquid chromatography. We observed a significant increase of the extracellular concentrations of DA and 5‐HT in the FUS‐treated group as compared with those in the unsonicated group. Our results provide the first direct evidence that FUS sonication alters the level of extracellular concentration of these monoamine neurotransmitters and has a potential modulatory effect on their local release, uptake, or degradation. Our findings suggest that the pulsed application of FUS offers new perspectives for a possible noninvasive modulation of neurotransmitters and may have diagnostic as well as therapeutic implications for DA/5‐HT‐mediated neurological and psychiatric disorders. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 232–240, 2011
Single trial variability in brain–computer interfaces based on motor imagery: Learning in the presence of labeling noise
Authors: Gouy‐Pailler Cédric , Sebag Michèle , Larue Anthony , Souloumiac Antoine
Published: May 2011

This article addresses the issue of learning efficient linear spatial filters and a classification function to match noninvasive electroencephalographic (EEG) signals to motor imagery tasks voluntarily performed by the subjects. The new perspective used in this article consists in releasing the widely accepted hypothesis stating that motor tasks‐related brain activities should have similar time course across trials. This work proposes a learning model that takes into account two previously unconsidered sources of variability. First, the time course of the subject's brain activity, while performing a motor imagery task, will be considered as a trial‐dependent variable. This means that the optimal time, defined as an amount of time after the trial cue, chosen to determine the task performed by the subject might be different between distinct trials. The second released hypothesis deals with the spectral discriminative brain response. Although usual learning methods do not allow any dependency between the optimal discriminative time and frequency bands, our model takes into account this possible source of variability. Therefore, the brain response in distinct frequency bands, e.g., in the mu band or beta band, could be used by the decision function at distinct instants. Based on this underlying enhanced model, we propose a two‐step procedure. In the first step, the algorithm carefully analyzes, using cross‐validation techniques, the training data to identify previously mentioned sources of variability. In the second step, the enhanced frequency‐dependent linear spatial filters and the classification function are determined. As by‐products of this analysis, substantial piece of knowledge about motor imagery is provided. First, the method allows the identification and quantification of labeling noise in brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) based on motor imagery. Second, the algorithm gives a comparative estimation of the spectral time courses during motor imagery. This article makes an extensive use of the dataset I of BCI Competition IV, which took place in 2008. It consists of a training set and a test set of 59 EEG signals recording on four subjects while performing an asynchronous BCI experiment. The two‐step procedure presented in this article is shown to significantly outperform a comparative naive approach. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 148–157, 2011
A study on combining local field potential and single unit activity for better neural decoding
Authors: Zhang Shaomin , Jiang Bo , Zhu Junming , Zhang Qiaosheng , Chen Weidong , Zheng Xiaoxiang , Zhao Ting
Published: May 2011

Recent studies showed that the local field potential (LFP) in motor cortex carries information about parameters of limb movements and could be used as a candidate neural signal in brain‐machine interfaces to control external devices. However, it is yet to be clear how much information LFP can offer and how it can be effectively used in BMIs. In this article, we systematically evaluated the decoding performance of combining LFP and single‐unit activity (SUA) from the primary motor cortex of rats performing the lever‐pressing task. The results showed that the decoding power could be significantly improved by combining SUA and LFP in the time‐frequency mode, which is based on the separation of LFP into multiple frequency bands. Furthermore, we found that using all frequency bands might be the best choice because it yielded better or no significantly worse results than using low or high frequency bands only. This implies that different frequency components of LFP carry different information. Moreover, we demonstrated that the combination could stabilize the decoding performance even if SUA disappears over time. These results suggest that the different frequency components in the LFP play different roles in kinematics decoding and the combination of LFPs and SUA could be a promising strategy for improving neural decoding in brain‐machine interfaces.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 165–172, 2011
Decoding of multichannel EEG activity from the visual cortex in response to pseudorandom binary sequences of visual stimuli
Authors: Nezamfar Hooman , Orhan Umut , Purwar Shalini , Hild Kenneth , Oken Barry , Erdogmus Deniz
Published: May 2011

Electroencephalography (EEG) signals have been an attractive choice to build noninvasive brain computer interfaces (BCIs) for nearly three decades. Depending on the stimuli, there are different responses which one could get from EEG signals. One of them is the P300 response which is a visually evoked response that has been widely studied. Steady state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) is the response to an oscillating stimulus with fixed frequency, which is detectable from the visual cortex. However, there exists some work on using an m‐sequence with different lags as the control sequence of the flickering stimuli. In this study, we used several m‐sequences instead of one with the intent of increasing the number of possible command options in a BCI setting. We also tested two different classifiers to decide between the m‐sequences and study the performance of multi channel classifiers versus single channel classifiers. The study is done over two different flickering frequencies, 15 and 30 Hz to investigate the effect of flickering frequency on the accuracy of the classification methods. Our study shows that the EEG channels are correlated, and although all the channels contain some useful information, but combining them with a multi channel classifier based on the assumption of having conditional independence will not improve the classification accuracy. In addition, we were able to get reasonably good results using the 30 Hz flickering frequency comparing with 15 Hz flickering frequency that will give us the ability of having a shorter training and decision making time. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 139–147, 2011
LOGISTICS SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES FOR SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Authors: Gammelgaard Britta , Larson Paul D.
Published: May 2011

Despite the growing interest in supply chain management (SCM), there is little literature on the abilities practicing logisticians need to work in a SCM world. This paper studies these SCM abilities using two complementary methods: survey research and qualitative research interviews (case studies). The surveys yielded importance ratings of 45 SCM skill areas and a three‐factor skill model (interpersonal/managerial, quantitative/technological, and SCM core). Teamwork emerged as the skill area rated most important for SCM. Moreover, the case studies discovered additional critical skill areas for SCM such as gathering and sharing information. The interviews also enabled deeper understanding of skills within organizational contexts.
INFORMATION SYSTEM UTILIZATION STRATEGY FOR SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION
Authors: Narasimhan Ram , Kim Soo Wook
Published: May 2011

This paper investigates a set of strategies for information systems utilization in supply chain integration initiatives. We argue that there might be a recommended sequence in using information systems for supply chain integration. Support is provided through an analysis of structural relationships of ways in which information systems are utilized for supply chain integration, i.e., Infrastructural Support, Value Creation Management, Logistical Operations, and Supply Chain Management Performance.
REPLACEMENT PARTS MANAGEMENT: THE VALUE OF INFORMATION
Authors: Tibben‐Lembke Ronald S. , Amato Henry N.
Published: May 2011

Exponential smoothing (ES) and weighted moving average (WMA) are the predominant methods used to predict future demand for replacement parts. They require simple calculations and make use of information readily available. By gathering more information and doing additional calculations, more accurate forecasts can be developed. However, the cost of collecting the additional data could exceed the inventory cost savings from the better demand forecast. This paper presents a straightforward method for determining when the benefits of a more complex forecasting method outweigh the total costs required to use the method.
A HYBRID TRAVEL DISTANCE APPROXIMATION FOR A GIS‐BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
Authors: Campbell James F. , Labelle Alain , Langevin André
Published: May 2011

Logistics and transportation decision support systems rely on models of travel distance for evaluating scenarios and estimating costs. This paper presents a new method to model travel distances that combines the accuracy of shortest path travel with the simplicity of a distance approximation. The distance approximation was developed and tested in a geographic information system (GIS)‐based decision support system for snow removal and disposal in Montreal, Canada.
THE STATE OF LOGISTICS IN CUBA—NOT JUST SUGAR CANE ANYMORE
Authors: Van Bodegraven Art
Published: May 2011

Cuba does not automatically come to mind when one considers supply chain and logistics thought leadership. There is, nevertheless, a strong and growing body of knowledge resident there. Although geopolitics and the state of the internal economy make practical application problematic, the long‐term potential for Cuba is both intriguing and attractive.
CONSUMER RESPONSE TO RETAIL STOCKOUTS
Authors: Zinn Walter , Liu Peter C.
Published: May 2011

Understanding consumer reaction to stockouts is a key step in measuring the cost of a stockout, which remains one of the fundamental concepts in logistics that still lacks a usable measure. Accordingly, the goal of this research is to explore how consumers react to a retail stockout. Three types of reactions were considered: substitution of the item sought, delaying the purchase or leaving the store. Results show that consumers are apparently able to insulate a recent stockout experience from their perception of other dimensions of a store's image. In addition, a multinomial logit modeling approach is used to show that (1) no significant results were found linking demographic variables to consumer response, (2) the greatest impact on the Delay and Leave behaviors is concentrated on two variables (perception that the store offers good prices and consumer surprise with the stockout) and (3) situational variables are predominant among correlates of consumer response behavior.
RETAIL ON‐SHELF PERFORMANCE OF ADVERTISED ITEMS: AN ASSESSMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN EFFECTIVENESS AT THE POINT OF PURCHASE
Authors: Taylor Johan C. , Fawcett Stanley E.
Published: May 2011

In the retail environment, one key prerequisite to satisfying customers is to have the product available, on the shelf, when and where the customer expects to find it. The study reported here evaluated the on‐shelf stock performance of three distinct types of retailers–mass merchandisers, category killers, and grocery retailers. Overall on‐shelf performance for advertised items was just 83.5% percent. Follow‐up interviews with store managers indicate that availability problems are often the result of merchandising or store operations issues and not necessarily logistics or warehousing problems. However, in today's supply chain world, the real measure of success is satisfaction all the way to the customer's trunk.
LOGISTICS AND ASSORTMENT DEPTH IN THE RETAIL SUPPLY CHAIN: EVIDENCE FROM GROCERY CATEGORIES
Authors: Stassen Robert E. , Waller Matthew A.
Published: May 2011

Managing the logistical issues resulting from changes in assortment depth in the retail supply chain is challenging, involving various complex tradeoffs. While increasing assortment depth can increase sales, it also increases inventory‐holding costs and reduces the amount of space for other items. As space is taken from existing items to increase assortment depth, it reduces the inventory‐holding capacity of existing items on the shelf, increasing expected annual cost of lost sales. The paper presents a conceptual model of the relationships between assortment depth, category gross margins, and the logistical concerns resulting from inventory costs and out‐of‐stocks. Evidence for the significance of depth and resulting costs are provided in an examination of 100 product categories from a case study of a retail grocery chain.
LOGISTICS STRATEGY — REVISITED
Authors: McGinnis Michael A. , Kohn Jonathan W.
Published: May 2011

A study of logistics managers examined the roles of three logistics strategies (process, market, and information) in achieving logistics effectiveness. The results examined the dynamics of these three logistics strategies in managing trade‐offs among efficiency, internal and external organizational interactions, and meeting channel member needs. Insights for logistics practitioners, instructors, and researchers are discussed.
CUSTOMER‐BASED MEASURES OF INVENTORY AVAILABILITY
Authors: Zinn Walter , Mentzer John T. , Croxton Keely L.
Published: May 2011

Traditional measures of inventory availability, such as fill rates, focus on the availability of individual items, not availability to individual customers. This is inadequate because managers today need to be customer oriented and focus on the service delivered to specific customers. This is especially true of key customers. The purpose of this research is to introduce customer‐based measures of inventory availability. Four such measures are proposed. Each is designed to enable managers to select the level of inventory availability to be offered to a specific customer. These measures use a customer's purchase history to estimate shortages in future purchases. The shortage frequency may then be managed.
INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR ALLIANCES: PERFORMANCE IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Whipple Judith M. , Frankel Robert , Daugherty Patricia J.
Published: May 2011

It is generally acknowledged that information exchange plays an important role in strategic alliances. However, little is known with respect to the perceptions each alliance partner has concerning information exchange as well as how to measure these perceptions. Key managers and executives in the food and health and personal care industries in North America participated in a mail survey to investigate these phenomena. The survey approach used a dyadic research design to identify the key elements of information exchange that impact alliance satisfaction. Based on the alliance partner's channel position as a buyer (manufacturer) or supplier (product or service supplier), the similarities and differences in perspective and subsequent managerial implications are analyzed and discussed.
LOGISTICS OUTSOURCING RELATIONSHIPS: CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Knemeyer A. Michael , Corsi Thomas M. , Murphy Paul R.
Published: May 2011

This study attempts to infuse relationship marketing theory into the study of logistics outsourcing relationships. In particular, the study demonstrates that not all of the partnerships between customers and providers of third‐party logistics services are the same in terms of their level of development. The existence of distinct levels of partnership established previously in the logistics literature is partially supported and a relationship between level of partnership development and the customer perceptions of key relationship marketing elements and outcomes is established. While exploratory in nature, these findings suggest there are benefits for the increased costs of developing closer partnerships.
INTEGRATING PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION SCHEDULING DECISIONS BETWEEN TWO GEOGRAPHICALLY SEPARATED PLANTS
Authors: Miller Tan , de Matta Renato
Published: May 2011

Integrating the scheduling of transportation between an intermediate plant and a finishing plant with the simultaneous scheduling of short run production at these plants represents a challenging problem. The paper addresses this problem and illustrates the significant potential benefits of an integrated approach to this problem.
WAREHOUSE OPERATIONS EMPLOYEES: LINKING PERSON‐ORGANIZATION FIT, JOB SATISFACTION, AND COPING RESPONSES
Authors: Autry Chad W. , Daugherty Patricia J.
Published: May 2011

Employee turnover in the warehousing industry has historically been extremely high. The current research proposes that one of the keys to maximizing employee retention is focusing on good person‐organization fit. The research examines the relationships between person‐organization fit, job satisfaction, and coping behaviors (escape and control behaviors) within a sample of 667 warehouse operations employees.
PERIODICAL USEFULNESS: THE U.S. LOGISTICS EDUCATOR PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Gibson Brian J. , Hanna Joe B.
Published: May 2011

Traditional methodologies for evaluating periodicals focus on the quality of research‐oriented, peer refereed journals. This research broadens the evaluation process to include practitioner publications and an assessment of periodical usefulness across three educational activities. More than 100 U.S. logistics educators identified and evaluated periodicals germane to the logistics discipline. The Journal of Business Logistics, Harvard Business Review, and Supply Chain Management Review achieved the highest usefulness scores based on an analysis of the survey responses.
STRATEGIC SUPPLY CHAIN MAPPING APPROACHES
Authors: Gardner John T. , Cooper Martha C.
Published: May 2011

There are a number of compelling reasons to build a strategic supply chain map. However, widely accepted conventions for this kind of mapping do not yet exist. The strategic map provides a tool for linking corporate strategy to supply chain strategy and for helping to manage and modify the supply chain structure. Before the discipline addresses the process of building strategic supply chain maps, there is a need for mapping conventions and a framework for categorizing strategic supply chain maps.
PLANNING MULTIPLE LOCATION INVENTORIES
Authors: Ballou Ronald H. , Burnetas Apostolos
Published: May 2011

Supplying customer demand from comparable alternate inventory locations when an item is out of stock at its primary stocking point creates a virtual inventory for that item. The expectation is that if more inventories can be drawn upon, the inventory for an item would be lower, the fill rate would be higher, or both. While generally true that safety stocks will be lower, regular stocks, on the other hand, may rise with such cross filling of demand. In this study, a methodology is developed that balances the cross filling effects on both regular and safety stocks for determining whether an inventoried item should be cross‐filled. An example and guidelines are given to show how the methodology can be simplified and applied in practice.
PRODUCT FULFILLMENT IN SUPPLY CHAINS SUPPORTING INTERNET‐RETAILING OPERATIONS
Authors: Rabinovich Elliot , Evers Philip T.
Published: May 2011

Customer service, based on economical logistics operations across the supply chain, is key to the realization of sustainable levels of profitability in Internet retailing. Concentrating on inventory and product‐release operations, an empirical simulation model suggests that inventory centralization and market demand growth positively affect the level of cost‐effective service received by online shoppers. The results also show that under increasing demand levels, Internet retailers can provide optimal service to consumers by fulfilling orders through inventories located at their own facilities and avoid relying on inventories held elsewhere in the supply chain.
WEB‐BASED AND MAIL SURVEYS: A COMPARISON OF RESPONSE, DATA, AND COST
Authors: Griffis Stanley E. , Goldsby Thomas J. , Cooper Martha
Published: May 2011

The mail survey is the most common data collection technique used by logistics researchers today. Many researchers have noted that response rates to mail surveys have been declining. The Internet offers logistics researchers several potential advantages over traditional mail surveys. This research compares these two methods across response rates, speed of response, consistency of results, and cost. The research also provides unique insight regarding the ability of electronic methods to gain interest and subsequent participation among potential respondents thereby helping in theory testing.
DEVELOPING AND MEASURING SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
Authors: Min Soonhong , Mentzer John T.
Published: May 2011

To investigate the construct of Supply Chain Management and its antecedent construct of a Supply Chain Orientation, reliable, valid scales of each are needed. In this study, we developed measurement scales for a supply chain orientation (SCO) and supply chain management (SCM). Validity and reliability of the developed scales were established and the relationship between a SCO, SCM, and business performance was also established, providing evidence of nomological validity. The implications of these findings for managers and researchers are discussed.
THE ROLE OF PURCHASING IN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: A STRUCTURAL EQUATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Carter Craig R. , Jennings Marianne M.
Published: May 2011

Researchers in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have examined a broad array of activities including environmental management, ethical issues, the advancement of a diverse workplace, safety, human rights, philanthropic donations, and community involvement. Yet despite over 30 years of inquiry in this field, there has been no holistic, empirical investigation of the particular dimensions or sets of activities that are encompassed by CSR and the relationship between ethics and CSR. In the purchasing and supply management literature, similar sets of activities have been investigated, but generally as separate, standalone streams of research with little recognition of their potential inter‐relatedness. The current study empirically identified the dimensions of purchasing's involvement in CSR and applied the label purchasing social responsibility (PSR).
MAXIMIZING THE HUMAN CAPITAL EQUATION IN LOGISTICS: EDUCATION, EXPERIENCE, AND SKILLS
Authors: Myers Matthew B. , Griffith David A. , Daugherty Patricia J. , Lusch Robert F.
Published: May 2011

Hiring and retaining the best employees ‐ human capital ‐ is a challenge. This recent study addressed the long‐standing problem of finding sufficient numbers of quality logistics managers to fill logistics jobs. The research examined how education, experience, and job skills influence performance of these managers, and how performance in turn influences the worth of the manager to the firm. As hypothesized, job skills were found to be good predictors of both logistics manager performance and worth. However, neither experience nor education was found to significantly affect performance. Managerial implications are also provided.
USING THE CUSTOMER/PRODUCT ACTION MATRIX TO ENHANCE INTERNAL COLLABORATION
Authors: Sabath Robert , Whipple Judith M.
Published: May 2011

Despite significant attention being paid to the merits of an integrated supply chain, research continues to show integration implementation is not as easy as managers may hope. Integration efforts are often hindered by the separation between operations‐focused and customer‐facing orientations, which promote different measures, objectives, processes, and decisions. This paper provides a tool, called the Customer/Product Action Matrix, that enables managers to develop tactical and strategic plans that incorporate both operations‐focused and customer‐facing considerations to better enhance customer service while prioritizing product mix decisions.
SUPPLY CHAIN PARTNERSHIPS: MODEL VALIDATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Lambert Douglas M. , Knemeyer A. Michael , Gardner John T.
Published: May 2011

An important aspect of implementing supply chain management is the formation of appropriate linkages between members of the supply chain. While practitioners and academics have championed the value of partnerships for this purpose, the challenge is to find effective methods for developing the appropriate type of relationship. This paper describes a large‐scale validation of a previously developed model that can be used to structure business relationships. Implementation issues are documented and direction is provided for managers interested in using this tool for tailoring key relationships.
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: MEASURE SELECTION BASED UPON FIRM GOALS AND INFORMATION REPORTING NEEDS
Authors: Griffis Stanley E. , Cooper Martha , Goldsby Thomas J. , Closs David J.
Published: May 2011

Performance measurement is critically important to business success. Collecting and responding to information that does not provide management with guidance to meet established goals is counterproductive and potentially injurious to the success of the firm. This research develops a framework that allows individual firms to assess unique measurement needs in light of their stated goals, and to select performance measures most suited to addressing those measurement needs.
BUILDING CARS TO CUSTOMER ORDER — WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR INBOUND LOGISTICS OPERATIONS?
Authors: Miemczyk Joe , Holweg Matthias
Published: May 2011

The automotive industry is undergoing a strategic transition. Cost pressure from rising stock levels in the market and increasing incentives needed to sell these vehicles are forcing vehicle manufacturers to rethink their prevalent “stock‐push” approach, building vehicles against a forecast and selling from stock, in favor of a stock‐less “build‐to‐order” order fulfillment strategy. More responsive order fulfillment at the vehicle manufacturer level however will not only require flexible and responsive component supply, but will also have wide ramifications for the logistics operations. Based on three case studies of major inbound logistics operations, this exploratory study assesses their ability to support such a build‐to‐order approach, as well as the potential implications of such transition. The paper concludes with a set of general strategies for how these implications could be mitigated.
CROSS‐DOCKING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN LOCATION‐DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Gümüş Mehmet , Bookbinder James H.
Published: May 2011

Cross‐docking replaces traditional warehousing, enabling continuous flow of items without storage. Here we model location‐distribution networks, that include cross‐docking facilities, to obtain the latter's impact on the supply chain. We formulate optimization models to minimize total cost in three multi‐echelon networks, each model generalizing the preceding one. The first includes a single manufacturer, one product type, and multiple customers. Cross‐docks are to be located between origin and destinations. Besides solving optimally, a tool for quantitative analysis of direct‐shipment decisions is developed. The second model considers more than one product: We determine a cost‐effective sequence of items for indirect shipment (via cross‐docks). Finally, in a network with multiple origins, optimal solutions are obtained for 40 medium‐sized and larger examples.
REVERSE LOGISTICS: THE IMPACT OF TIMING AND RESOURCES
Authors: Richey R. Glenn , Daugherty Patricia J. , Genchev Stefan E. , Autry Chad W.
Published: May 2011

Although reverse logistics has become a competitive necessity in many industries, there is a lack of agreement as to when formal reverse logistics programs should be introduced. The current research examines the issue of program introduction timing (first, early, late) in the context of the automobile aftermarket industry. The findings indicate that firms developing formal reverse logistics programs early in their industries – but not first – may be best positioned; however, there is also evidence that the timing/performance relationship can be influenced by resource commitment.
THE APPLICATION OF EMPIRICAL STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT RESEARCH TO SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Authors: Cheng Liang‐Chieh (Victor) , Grimm Curtis M.
Published: May 2011

Researchers in supply chain management (SCM) have traditionally relied most heavily on the core disciplines of logistics, marketing, and operations; most are less familiar with empirical literature in strategic management. However, with the evolution of logistics into the more interdisciplinary SCM along with increasing attention within strategic management to supply chain issues, recent empirical research in strategy has much to offer. This study reviews and categorizes more than one hundred articles relevant to SCM drawn primarily from top strategic management journals.
MODELING LEAN, AGILE, AND LEAGILE SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIES
Authors: Goldsby Thomas J. , Griffis Stanley E. , Roath Anthony S.
Published: May 2011

The merits of lean and agile supply chain strategies have been much debated among practitioners and academics. While these strategies are often viewed as opposites, this research supports the view that they must not necessarily compete and can, in fact, be employed simultaneously through a so‐called “leagile” approach. Lean, agile, and leagile strategies are illustrated by modeling their respective applications at a tier‐1 supplier to the Heating, Ventilating, and Air‐Conditioning (HVAC) industry. Simulation analyses indicate that the lean system excels in customer service performance while the leagile system results in lower enterprise‐wide inventory levels under modeled circumstances. Subsequent analysis suggests that trade‐offs exist among the systems in the base case and under varying cost conditions.
STATE OF LOGISTICS: A VISIONARY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Davis‐Sramek Beth , Fugate Brian S.
Published: May 2011

Mentzer and Kahn (1994) advocated that the Journal of Business Logistics (JBL) needed to mature. As a follow‐up to that study, the authors analyzed the Journal from the second half of 1993 through the first issue of 2005. Though the study results suggest that more rigorous research has been conducted over the last decade in the field of logistics, did it improve the Journal? Are the standards and criteria put forth in Mentzer and Kahn (1994) the standards and criteria toward which JBL should strive? To address these questions, qualitative interviews were conducted with visionaries in the field of logistics to: (1) investigate the standards and criteria that should be used to gauge the maturity of JBL and (2) determine the future direction of JBL and the discipline.
ALIGNING LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE MEASURES TO THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF THE FIRM
Authors: Griffis Stanley E. , Goldsby Thomas J. , Cooper Martha , Closs David J.
Published: May 2011

Performance measurement is critically important to business success. Collecting and responding to information that does not advise management about success in meeting established goals is counterproductive and potentially injurious to the success of the firm. This research develops a framework that allows individual firms to assess their unique measurement needs in light of their stated goals, and to select performance measures most suited to addressing those measurement needs.
EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING IN THIRD‐PARTY LOGISTICS
Authors: Panayides Photis M.
Published: May 2011

Logistics service providers operate in an intense competitive environment that requires continuous improvement in logistics service quality and firm performance. Key organizational resources may contribute toward the improvement in performance of logistics service providers. This paper investigates the effect of organizational learning within logistics service providers on client relationship orientation, logistics service quality and firm performance. The study proposes and examines an original concept in logistics research that contributes to theory in the area, provides the opportunity for further research and addresses how organizational resources can contribute to performance in logistics.
THE BENEFITS OF USING E‐BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY: THE SUPPLIER PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Sanders Nada R.
Published: May 2011

The use of e‐business technologies between supply chain organizations has primarily been examined from the viewpoint of buying firms or retailers, with little attention given to the benefits accrued to suppliers. Further, previous studies have been limited to either financial or marketing performance measures, or a narrow range of operational measures. This study builds on research in this area by testing a model of the relationship between supplier use of e‐business technologies in communication with their primary buyer, degree of buyer‐supplier coordination, and a complete set of benefits that include strategic and operational performance measures. Using data from 241 first‐tier OEM suppliers in the computer industry, the findings show that supplier use of e‐business technologies positively impacts organizational benefits both directly and indirectly by promoting buyer‐supplier coordination.
PERSPECTIVES ON LOGISTICS VS. SCM: A SURVEY OF SCM PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Larson Paul D. , Poist Richard F. , Halldórsson Árni
Published: May 2011

Despite some movement toward consensus on the definition of supply chain management (SCM), there are multiple perspectives on the concept — and its association with logistics. This paper reports results of a survey of SCM professionals regarding their views of SCM, along with its facilitators and barriers. In general, these executives prefer broad, multi‐functional perspectives as opposed to more narrow perspectives of SCM. According to the survey, the leading facilitators of SCM implementation were relational rather than technological. In addition, internal or employee resistance appears to be more of a barrier to SCM implementation compared to external (customer and supplier) resistance.
EXPLORATION, EXPLOITATION AND SATISFACTION IN SUPPLY CHAIN PORTFOLIO STRATEGY
Authors: Tokman Mert , Richey R. Glenn , Marino Louis D. , Weaver K. Mark
Published: May 2011

This manuscript addresses a gap in the supply chain literature by shedding light on firm satisfaction from a cooperative relationship portfolio perspective by examining the impact of a partner's choice of an exploration or exploitation relationship strategy. In doing so we examine the impacts of relational exploration (equity investments, export management, joint ventures, licensing agreements, long‐term marketing agreements, new product R&D agreements) and exploitation strategies (JIT alliances, TQM alliances, CPFR, MRP/ERP alliances, process R&D agreements) on small to midsized enterprises. Results support the proposition that firm satisfaction with alliance usage is positively associated with the proportion of exploration oriented agreements in a firm's relationship portfolio, especially for firms in environments characterized by low levels of environmental hostility. However, when environmental hostility is high, the proportion of exploitation oriented relationships in a firm's portfolio is positively associated with the firm's satisfaction with alliance usage. We conclude with multiple directions for future research.
INTERORGANIZATIONAL TIME‐BASED POSTPONEMENT IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Authors: García‐Dastugue Sebastián J. , Lambert Douglas M.
Published: May 2011

This paper presents the results of empirical research on the use of time‐based postponement in a supply chain context using data collected from two manufacturers, a distributor, and a retailer. The analysis shows that implementing postponement at the firm level can result in the supply chain carrying more inventory. In order to achieve its full potential, postponement needs to be implemented across organizations in the supply chain.
THE ROLE OF LOGISTICS IN NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Zacharia Zach G. , Mentzer John T.
Published: May 2011

For many firms, a program of successful new product development (NPD) projects is critical to overall company strategy. However, the role of logistics in NPD has rarely been researched. The purpose of this paper is to empirically test the relationship between logistics involvement in new product development and improvements in NPD project performance and NPD logistics performance. Senior logistics managers in manufacturing firms in the United States were surveyed to test these relationships. The analysis demonstrated NPD project performance and NPD logistics performance improved with the involvement of logistics in NPD.
IS POOLING LEAD‐TIME RISK BY SPLITTING ORDERS SIMULTANEOUSLY WORTHWHILE?
Authors: Thomas Douglas J. , Tyworth John E.
Published: May 2011

A large body of research is based on the proposition that pooling lead‐time risk by splitting orders simultaneously can offer significant opportunities to reduce inventory system costs. This paper investigates that proposition for a broad range of industry conditions, as well as for a high‐tech company in a global setting. The investigation considers important cost elements not included in previous work to conduct a realistic assessment of the value proposition. The results indicate that, even under favorable conditions, the proposition is worthwhile only when lead‐time variability and unit values are unusually high. Managerial implications and new research directions are discussed in light of these findings.