bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrating Disability
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: May 2018

Music tells stories, including stories about disability (culturally stigmatized, nonnormative minds and bodies). Modernist music has particular sorts of stories it tells about disability, and particular ways of telling them. Surveying the long history of disability narratives, it is possible to identify four principal sorts of stories: overcoming/restitution/cure narratives, conversion/quest narratives, chaos narratives, and acceptance narratives. The stories that modernist music tells about disability tend to avoid traditional overcoming and quest narratives in favor of chaos and acceptance narratives. Chaos narratives represent disability as permanent, incurable, and incomprehensible; acceptance narratives represent disability as a potentially desirable way of being in the world, with no impulse toward normalization or cure.
Therapeutic Music Theory and the Tyranny of the Normal
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: May 2018

This chapter weaves together two stories that are usually told separately. The first is the story of disability, especially how people have talked about bodies perceived as defective, deviant, or deformed. The second is the story of music, especially how music theorists have talked about musical features perceived as in some sense abnormal. Traditional music theory is a normalizing discourse, designed to rationalize abnormal musical elements (like formal anomalies or dissonant harmonies) with respect to normal ones, and it has thus implicitly allied itself with the medical model of disability. A countertradition within music theory is a disablist discourse that embraces elements traditionally understood as strange, odd, eccentric, and idiosyncratic, without making any effort to position them within a normative context, and is thus aligned with the sociocultural model of disability. Disablist music theory crips music.
Ideas and Ideology
Authors: Campbell John L.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 5 describes how economic decline led to an ideological shift in America. Trump was good at promising things that resonated with the public’s discontent. This chapter shows how he did this, particularly insofar as his economic plan is concerned. This is a story about the rise of neoliberalism as the cure for what ailed Americans and the American economy. Neoliberal ideology is a conservative approach to policymaking that touts the virtues of small government, low taxes, less regulation, and reduced welfare spending. It involves a taken-for-granted paradigm—a set of assumptions—about how the economy works, as well as specific policy recommendations derived from it. It also involves a variety of public sentiments or values deeply rooted in American culture about the virtues of small government. These sentiments and others provided raw materials with which Trump effectively fabricated catchy frames to garner public support for his policy ideas.
The Election and American Politics in Perspective
Authors: Campbell John L.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 8 provides evidence from exit polls that the issues described in earlier chapters and that Trump tapped did in fact resonate with voters enough to sweep him into office. However, this chapter also argues that Trump’s success helped transform American politics in ways that are reminiscent of what has happened in several European countries in the sense that politics is no longer just about traditional liberal and conservative issues like taxes, spending, and regulation, but also about issues of globalization. In other words, American politics has taken a new form, which is polarized in new ways. Similar things have happened in Europe (e.g., Brexit in Britain, the National Front in France). This and much of what was discussed in previous chapters threaten US hegemony abroad.
The Claim and the Encounter
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: May 2018

Grice pictures the speaker as in one way too passive in the communicative encounter, insofar as it centers on the speaker’s manifestation of her belief state, which is only contingently related to any act of hers; and in another way as active in the wrong way, since the speaker is pictured as having a basically unilateral, instrumental relation to producing an effect on the belief state of her audience. The chapter describes three “commonplaces” about the norms of ordinary testimony: (1) the speaker is assumed to be speaking sincerely, (2) the speaker is aware of and understands what she is saying, and (3) the speaker counts as having asserted or told her audience that P whether or not she is sincere. Showing how these commonplaces reinforce each other leads to a different conception of the meaning of sincerity, and a distinction between two forms of knowing what one is doing.
In Defense of Gun Control
Authors: Lafollette Hugh
Published: May 2018

The gun control debate is more complex than most disputants acknowledge. We are not tasked with answering a single question: Should we have gun control? There are three distinct policy questions confronting us: Who should we permit to have which guns, and how should we regulate the acquisition, storage, and carrying of guns people may legitimately own? To answer these questions we must decide whether (and which) people have a right to bear arms, what kind of right they have, and how stringent it is. We must also evaluate divergent empirical claims about (a) the role of guns in causing harm, and (b) the degree to which private ownership of guns can protect innocent civilians from attacks by criminals, either in their homes or in public. This book sorts through the conceptual, moral, and empirical claims to fairly assess arguments for and against serious gun control. I argue that the United States needs far more gun control than we currently have in most jurisdictions.
Book 80(80): Severus Alexander
Authors: Scott Andrew G.
Published: May 2018

This book provides a brief introduction to the beginning of the reign of Severus Alexander and commentary on this final small portion of Dio’s history. Although several sources, including the Historia Augusta, call Severus Alexander’s reign a return to a golden age, Dio saw it as the completion of an age of “iron and rust.” Dio’s narrative of Severus Alexander’s reign is slight, and more of Dio’s place in posterity emerges than ever before, in his dual role of historian and politician. Dio’s political life lasted from the reign of Commodus through that of Severus Alexander; unpopularity with soldiers and his illness forced his retirement. He chose, for reasons that are not entirely clear, to end his account of over a thousand years of Roman history at this point.
Partial Eclipse October 1313 to April 1316
Authors: Phillips J. R. S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the events that put Aymer de Valence in a state of partial eclipse from October 1313 to April 1316. It shows how the Earl of Pembroke became vulnerable to the major change in the balance of political power that would inevitably follow a royal reverse. This is what happened when Edward II's forces were defeated at Bannockburn in June 1314. Since then, Pembroke's importance diminished as the King's own freedom of action declined. As a result, much of Pembroke's authority had vanished by the end of 1314 as the King's chief opponents, Thomas, Earl of Lancaster and Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, gained headway in English politics. The chapter considers Pembroke's role in the Bannockburn campaign and how it affected his political standing, Edward II's relations with the magnates, and the rise to prominence of Lancaster and Warwick in public affairs.
The Breakdown of the 1318 Settlement and the Despenser War of 1321
Authors: Phillips J. R. S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the events that led to the breakdown of the settlement of 1318 and the Despenser War of 1321. The three years following the settlement of 1318 that was reached in the Treaty of Leake and at the York Parliament of 1318 has been traditionally interpreted as the time when Aymer de Valence and his ‘middle party’ were the dominant force in English politics. This period saw the rise of a new royal favourite that once again led to the deterioration in relations between Edward II and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. By the end of 1321 Lancaster and a large number of magnates were hostile to the King. The chapter considers the Earl of Pembroke's activities and situates them within the wider political developments of the period. It also discusses Pembroke's relations with Hugh Despenser the Elder, Earl of of Winchester, and Hugh Despenser the Younger.
Supermassive black holes
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: May 2018

The supermassive BH at the center of our Galaxy. Formation and evolution of SMBH binaries. Perspective for detection with LISA. Extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs). Computation of the EMRI’s waveform with the self-force approach. Stochastic backgrounds of gravitational waves produced by SMBH binaries. Perspective for detection at pulsar timing arrays
Inflation and primordial perturbations
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: May 2018

Review of inflationary cosmology. Single-field slow-roll inflation. Large-field inflation and small-field inflation. Starobinsky model. Quantum field theory in curved space. Generation of primordial perturbations during inflation. Mukhanov-Sasaki equation. Scalar and tensor perturbations.
Pure and Common Greek in Early Tudor England
Authors: Rhodes Neil
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents Greek as a new force in sixteenth-century literary culture, disturbing the old binary of elite Latin and common English. The first part explores the paradox of how Bible translation could enable Greek to be both the pure source and an agent of the common in this period, as well as the supposed affinity between Greek and English. The Protestant Greek scholar, Sir John Cheke is a key figure here. The second part of the chapter discusses the impact of Greek on the humanist renaissance represented by the work of Erasmus and More. Here the issue of how the principle of the common can work in an elite literary context is discussed with reference to Erasmus’ Adagia, Colloquies, and Encomium Moriae, and More's Utopia. Encomium Moriae in particular aims to fulfil Erasmus’ dream of reconciling classical literary values and Christian doctrine through an investment in the common.
Translating for the Commonwealth
Authors: Rhodes Neil
Published: May 2018

This chapter begins by presenting translation as an aspect of the Erasmian legacy in England, and it argues that translation helps to heal the division discussed in Chapter 3 by enabling Protestantism and humanism to work together. Translation was part of a Protestant programme of nation-building and spreading the word for the common good, but it was also the means through which the literature of antiquity and of modern Europe was communicated to the public at large. Erasmus’ Paraphrases, Grimald's Cicero, and Hoby's Courtier are discussed in these two contexts. Translation points towards the Renaissance, as an insular purism based on Protestant fears of contamination and adulteration was superseded by a hospitality towards the foreign. The chapter ends by arguing that by the 1580s it is Protestant Bible translation that it is accused by Catholics of being literary.
Vagueness and Thought
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: May 2018

According to orthodoxy the study of vagueness belongs to the domain of the philosophy of language. On that view, to solve the paradoxes of vagueness we need to investigate the nature of words like ‘heap’ and ‘bald’. This book criticizes linguistic explanations of the state of ignorance we find ourselves in when confronted with borderline cases and develops, within the framework of classical logic, a theory of propositional vagueness in its stead. The view places the study of vagueness squarely in epistemological terms, situating it within a theory of rational propositional attitudes. Once one has accepted vague propositions, a number of questions about their role in thought become conspicuous. Can one’s total evidence be vague? What sort of support does vague evidence lend to precise matters and conversely? Can rational people agree about the precise whilst disagreeing about the vague? Is it rational to care intrinsically about vague matters? Can one’s attitudes towards vague propositions be relevant in decision making? The book develops a set of positions on these matters, and exploits them in expounding a novel theory of vagueness in which vagueness is defined in terms of its role in thought. The resulting view is applied to a number of problems in the philosophy of vagueness.
An Outline of a Theory of Propositional Vagueness
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a series questions in the philosophy of vagueness that will constitute the primary subjects of this book. The stance this book takes on these questions is outlined, and some preliminary ramifications are explored. These include the idea that (i) propositional vagueness is more fundamental than linguistic vagueness; (ii) propositions are not themselves sentence-like; they are coarse grained, and form a complete atomic Boolean algebra; (iii) vague propositions are, moreover, not simply linguistic constructions either such as sets of world-precisification pairs; and (iv) propositional vagueness is to be understood by its role in thought. Specific theses relating to the last idea include the thesis that one’s total evidence can be vague, and that there are vague propositions occupying every evidential role, that disagreements about the vague ultimately boil down to disagreements in the precise, and that one should not care intrinsically about vague matters.
Laws
Authors: Woodward James
Published: May 2018

This chapter defends an invariance-based account of laws of nature. In constructing a physical theory one looks for a cut or contrast between laws and initial conditions such that (i) the laws are generalizations that are stable or invariant across variations in initial conditions and (ii) as much order or structure as possible is represented in the laws, while any remaining disorder is relegated to the initial conditions. This picture corresponds to an ideal of explanation in which laws are freely combinable with different initial conditions to answer a range of what the author has elsewhere called a range of what-if things-had-been-different questions. Laws are understood in terms of a conception of explanation which cannot be captured just in terms of simplicity and strength trade-offs imposed on a supposed Humean mosaic. The resulting account of laws is non-reductive and the associated epistemology very different from the dominant Mill-Ramsey-Lewis account.
Kant against the Animals, Part 2
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: May 2018

Opponents of Kant suppose he thinks that autonomy gives rational beings a special kind of intrinsic value. Since knowledge of intrinsic values would have to be a kind of metaphysical knowledge, this interpretation is contrary to Kant’s strictures on the limits of knowledge. Rather, Kant thinks that only rational beings can engage in reciprocal lawmaking, which is the source of moral laws. Animals cannot obligate us in the sense of participating in making laws for us. This, however, ignores a second sense in which we can have duties to animals: the laws we make for the treatment of people might also cover the treatment of animals. The chapter ends by explaining why it is hard to get this kind of conclusion using the universalization test.
The Legal Rendering of Immiseration
Authors: Linarelli John , Salomon Margot E , Sornarajah Muthucumaraswamy
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the reader to the ideas and arguments that animate this wide-ranging book. Whereas many works focus on violations of international law, this book is concerned with the law itself. It seeks to demonstrate how the truth about the role and effects of the law in the creation and perpetuation of misery fail adequately to inform it. From its early inception to the present day, international law has always been predicated on private property and commodification and so the social and political values that are constitutive of economies as much as property and contract have, in important ways, been forsaken. In laying the ground, this chapter distinguishes fact from fiction in the nature and scale of harms and alienations, to introduce the pluralist approach taken in this critique of international law. In that diverse traditions from liberal to radical shed light on the problems and their possible redress, it is explained in this chapter how the book engages these various traditions. In calling for a ‘predistributive’ international law, the chapter foregrounds the need to move from mere redistribution to making international law just in the first place, in a structural sense. In its coverage of what this book is and is not about, this first chapter seeks to unshackle the reader from deep-rooted assumptions that frame the debates around economic globalization and to begin the critical project of exploring how international law is both constituted by capitalism and constitutive of it and with what implications for justice reasonably understood.
Global Finance
Authors: Linarelli John , Salomon Margot E , Sornarajah Muthucumaraswamy
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores how financial globalization of today fails to deliver enough of the right sort of finance necessary to promote development and productive investment in societies. The contemporary global financial architecture serves primarily to enrich affluent investors and major financial institutions while putting societies and their people at grave risk of harm, including from global financial crises. The chapter explores these issues by first examining the history of the global financial architecture from the nineteenth century to the present. It moves on to critique current institutions of law mainly on grounds of justice. The chapter addresses problems associated with the regulation and supervision of banks, at the international level a form of soft law forming the core of the global financial architecture. It also explores how the power of global finance makes real reform at either the domestic or international level very difficult. Finally, the chapter exposes injustices associated with the resolution of sovereign debt crises, with a focus on the recent crisis for Greece. It considers serious shortcomings of the international legal system in this area, including how the contract approach of international law sought to resolve the crises in a manner in which the less advantaged are made much worse off.
A Square
Authors: Blacklock Mark
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 considers the first English-language higher spatial fiction, Edwin Abbott Abbott’s Flatland (1884). Flatland marks a crucial juncture in the n-dimensional turn, a deceptively complex and playful literary response that inserted the palpably difficult idea of higher-dimensional space into the cultural sphere. This chapter disinters its satirical forebears and works through the criticism of the text in an effort to construct a usable critical paradigm, focusing on pedagogy, rhetoric, imagination, and space. It analyses the play with analogy of Flatland, and how it may consider its own functioning as a model. Considering at some length A Square’s continuation of the text into post-publication correspondence, a meta-textual ploy that works to expand the text dimensionally, constituting new dimensions of reading in other locations, it argues that Flatland is an active participant in modelled higher dimensionality.
Conclusion
Authors: Blacklock Mark
Published: May 2018

The conclusion argues that higher space has always been described as analogous to the imagination itself, referencing arguments made by William Spottiswoode. It summarizes the cultural history of higher space charted over the course of the book and what is described within it: the emergence of a new form of spatial imaginary that has conditioned a new kind of subject. It suggests routes for further research into the ideas of expanded spatiality in the early twentieth century. It argues, following Gillian Beer, that the forms of mistranslation encountered when scientific concepts are treated in literature are generative: in the context of higher-dimensional space, ideas developed in geometry crossed diverse cultural terrains producing hybrid concepts that continue to generate and inform cultural work.
Introduction
Authors: Bow C. B.
Published: May 2018

This volume of essays considers the philosophical and historical significance of common sense philosophy in the Scottish Enlightenment. As one of eighteenth-century Scotland’s most original intellectual products, common sense philosophy dominated the teaching of moral philosophy and the “science of the mind” at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen universities during the last quarter of the century, and also informed many Presbyterian clergymen’s treatment of human nature from the pulpit....
Introduction
Authors: Jaszczolt Kasia M.
Published: May 2018

The introduction presents the cutting-edge linguistic and philosophical problems with self-reference. It justifies the need for an unprecedented interdisciplinary perspective that allows the method of theoretical and contrastive linguistics on the one hand, and philosophy of mind and language on the other, to enrich their respective fields of enquiry. It concludes with a summary of the contributing chapters.
Referential variability of generic ‘one’
Authors: Huang Minyao
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents novel data regarding the semantic interpretation of generic ‘one’. First, it is argued that ‘one’ does not always refer to oneself while generalizing from the self’s experience. Moreover, based on the results of a reading comprehension survey, it is shown that ‘one’ can refer to (i) the speaker without generalization, (ii) anyone like the speaker, (iii) anyone in a certain class that does not necessarily include the speaker, or (iv) a non-speaker without generalization. The four types of reference are further analysed as two dimensions of contextual variation that interact with a merely generic meaning of ‘one’. They are variations in the domain of quantification and the at-issue content of a generic statement.
The ‘Catalogue of Heroines’
Authors: Gazis George Alexander
Published: May 2018

The chapter contains the analysis of the so-called ‘Catalogue of Heroines’ in which the idea of the ‘poetics of Hades’ is fully explained through the discussion of the narratives of the heroines. The great women of the past whom Odysseus meets in Hades often retell their stories from their own personal perspective; in doing so they ignore or even alter the mainstream epic tradition by presenting a version of their story with any details they choose to disclose, highlight, or omit. The chapter further presents an argument for the importance of the catalogue as an integral part of Odyssey 11, in which Homer offers an alternative approach to the epic past, as opposed to more canonical texts such as Hesiod’s Catalogue of Women.
Logics and languages
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the concepts of signature and structure, and describes the semantics for first- and second-order logic. We outline three different but extensionally equivalent treatments of quantifiers and variables (the Tarskian approach, the Robinsonian approach, and a hybrid approach) and discuss their philosophical merits concerning compositionality, and Fine’s antinomy of the variable. We also outline two extensionally distinct semantics for second-order logic (Henkin, full). The appendix to the chapter presents the formal definitions of some theories of arithmetic and set theory that we employ frequently throughout the remainder of the book.
Ramsey sentences and Newman’s objection
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

Concerns about referential indeterminacy also feature prominently in discussions about realism within the philosophy of science. In this chapter we examine a particular version of scientific realism that arises by considering Ramsey sentences. Roughly, these are sentences where all the theoretical vocabulary has been existentially quantified away. Ramsey sentences seem promising, since they seem to incur a kind of existential commitment to theoretical entities, which is characteristic of realism, whilst making room for a certain level referential indeterminacy. We examine both the relation between Newman's objection and the Push-Through Construction, and the relation between Ramsey sentences and various model-theoretic notions of conservation. By combining the Push-Through Construction with these notions of conservation, we show that the dialectic surrounding Newman's objection mirrors the dialectic surrounding Putnam's permutation argument in the philosophy of mathematics from chapter 2.
Sameness of structure and theory
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

This chapter is motivated by the following methodological question: under what circumstances should we call two structures the same? We start by surveying several formal notions of sameness of structure: definitional equivalence, interpretability, mutual interpretability, and biinterpretability. We then discuss the notions of sameness of theory which arise by considering the class of models of a theory, and some new notions of sameness of theory (such as faithful interpretability). We close the chapter by examining three ambitious claims concerning sameness of theory: that it preserves truth-value, that it preserves arithmetical consequence, and that it delivers two proofs for the price of one. We argue that the more philosophically ambitious versions of these preservation-theses fail, in general.
Categoricity and the natural numbers
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on modelists who want to pin down the isomorphism type of the natural numbers. This aim immediately runs into two technical barriers: the Compactness Theorem and the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem (the latter is proven in the appendix to this chapter). These results show that no first-order theory with an infinite model can be categorical; all such theories have non-standard models. Other logics, such as second-order logic with its full semantics, are not so expressively limited. Indeed, Dedekind's Categoricity Theorem tells us that all full models of the Peano axioms are isomorphic. However, it is a subtle philosophical question, whether one is entitled to invoke the full semantics for second-order logic — there are at least four distinct attitudes which one can adopt to these categoricity result — but moderate modelists are unable to invoke the full semantics, or indeed any other logic with a categorical theory of arithmetic.
Categoricity and the sets
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, the focus shifts from numbers to sets. Again, no first-order set theory can hope to get anywhere near categoricity, but Zermelo famously proved the quasi-categoricity of second-order set theory. As in the previous chapter, we must ask who is entitled to invoke full second-order logic. That question is as subtle as before, and raises the same problem for moderate modelists. However, the quasi-categorical nature of Zermelo's Theorem gives rise to some specific questions concerning the aims of axiomatic set theories. Given the status of Zermelo's Theorem in the philosophy of set theory, we include a stand-alone proof of this theorem. We also prove a similar quasi-categoricity for Scott-Potter set theory, a theory which axiomatises the idea of an arbitrary stage of the iterative hierarchy.
Transcendental arguments against model-theoretical scepticism
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

The overarching moral of the two previous chapters is that moderate modelists cannot explain how they could hope to pin down any particular isomorphism type, and so cannot deliver on their goal of explicating structure-talk in terms of isomorphism types. This observation can lead to a kind of model-theoretical scepticism: that is, a moderate modelist might think that model theory has shown to us that we simply cannot pick out the the natural numbers. After distinguishing Moorean arguments from transcendental arguments, we present two transcendental arguments against model-theoretical scepticism. The Metaresources Transcendental Argument, due essentially to Bays, begins from the observation that the model theory which the sceptic uses seems to involve a lot of mathematics already. The Disquotational Transcendental Resources Argument concerns the specifically semantic nature of the sceptical hypotheses. Both aim to show that, insofar as we understand the sceptical hypothesis, we can show it does not obtain.
Internal categoricity and the sets
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

As the previous chapter discussed the internalist perspective on the categoricity of arithmetic, this chapter presents the internalist perspective on sets. In particular, we show both how to internalise Scott-Potter set theory its quasi-categoricity theorem, and how to internalise Zermelo’s Quasi-Categoricity Theorem. As in the case of arithmetic, this gives a non-semantic way to draw the boundary between algebraic and univocal theories. A particularly compelling case of the quasi-univocity of set theory revolves around the continuum hypothesis. Furthermore, by additionally postulating that the size of the pure sets is the same as the size of the universe, these famous quasi-categoricity results can actually be turned into internal categoricity results simpliciter, so that one has full univocity instead of mere quasi-univocity. In the appendices we prove these results, and we discuss how they relate to important work by McGee and Martin.
Internal categoricity and truth
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers whether internal categoricity can be used to leverage any claims about mathematical truth. We begin by noting that internal categoricity allows us to introduce a truth-operator which gives an object-language expression to the supervaluationist semantics. In this way, the univocity discussed in previous chapters might seem to secure an object-language expression of determinacy of truth-value; but this hope falls short, because such truth-operators must be carefully distinguished from truth-predicates. To introduce these truth-predicates, we outline an internalist attitude towards model theory itself. We then use this to illuminate the cryptic conclusions of Putnam's justly-famous paper ‘Models and Reality’. We close this chapter by presenting Tarski’s famous result that truth for lower-order languages can be defined in higher-order languages.
Wilfrid Hodges A short history of model theory
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

We give a historical account of mathematical model theory, from its origins to the early twenty-first century. We record how early work in model theory grew from attempts to formalise and systematise some largely informal ideas in mathematical heuristics. We also note how the growth of model theory, particularly in recent years, has been driven by the discovery of interactions with many other areas of mathematics, such as set theory, combinatorics, algebra, geometry and number theory.
Causation and actionalization
Authors: Glanville Peter John
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 investigates Arabic causative verbs, in addition to verbs that express the actionalization of otherwise inert or static concepts. It focuses initially on the causative alternation and the dative alternation in Arabic, showing that morphologically marked causatives derived from non-causative base verbs denote the presence of an agent that is external to the base concept. It argues that this agent remains constant in marked verbs not typically considered causative, but which have an agentive subject nevertheless. The analysis extends to Arabic denominal verbs, where the chapter illustrates that an agent either transfers, produces, or moves towards the entity denoted by the base noun. The chapter also examines the combination of causation and reflexivity in certain verb patterns, demonstrating that the resulting action is not only initiated by, but also affects, the causer.
Introduction
Authors: Audring Jenny , Fedden Sebastian
Published: May 2018

Grammatical gender systems vary widely across the languages of the world. Many conform to the canonical ideal in that each noun belongs to a single gender, and this gender is reflected in the agreement affixes on various words throughout the sentence. Other systems diverge from this ideal, some quite substantially. This chapter is the opening chapter of a unique collection of non-canonical gender systems from a variety of language families across the world. It outlines the theoretical perspective taken in the volume—Canonical Typology—and introduces the individual chapters, highlighting in what particular ways each language discussed in the book has a non-canonical gender system.
North Ambrym possessive classifiers from the perspective of canonical gender
Authors: Franjieh Michael
Published: May 2018

Linguists draw both typological (Dixon 1986) and morphosyntactic (Grinevald 2000) distinctions between classifiers and gender systems. However, these two systems show many functional similarities (Kilarski 2013). Canonical Gender (Corbett and Fedden 2016) is an attempt to unify the two systems. This chapter investigates the possessive classifier system in North Ambrym (Oceanic) and argues, using psycholinguistic experiments, that it is an instance of non-canonical gender as more than 50% of the nouns tested adhere to the Canonical Gender Principle (Corbett and Fedden 2016: 503). Nouns which are prototypical possessions and are closer to the core of the classifier’s semantic categories are restricted to occur with just one classifier. Nouns which are less prototypical possessions and further away from the semantic core of the classifier categories are able to be assigned different classifiers. These two underlying factors are what drives internal variation in adherence to the Canonical Gender Principle.
Beyond the classifier/gender dichotomy
Authors: Singer Ruth
Published: May 2018

The entrenched nature of the gender/classifier dichotomy stands in the way of better typologies of nominal classification. How can we move beyond it to a more integrated view of nominal classification? Looking at a range of kinds of data from the Australian language Mawng, it is clear that our understanding of many less well-known nominal classification systems reflects a lack of data on how the system is used. Mawng has what seems like a well-behaved system of five genders, including gender agreement in the verb. However, the genders, like classifiers, play a crucial role in constructing meaning in discourse, often in the absence of nouns. Nominal classification systems must be contextualized in terms of their roles in constructing meaning in discourse, in order to do them justice in typologies. Greater emphasis on the flexibility of nominal classification systems and less on the role of nouns will also move efforts forward.
The Descriptive Value of Legal Monism
Authors: Gragl Paul
Published: May 2018

The aim to defend legal monism requires more than just mere epistemology, as sceptics might argue that monism is incapable of describing the real legal world and the law as it is. Consequently, this part offers a precise analysis as to whether two or more distinct bodies of law blend into a unitary legal order or whether they evade such integration. Thus, it will assess the assumptions of the pure theory of law, and in particular those of legal monism, namely between national law and public international law; and between national law and European Union law. The objective of this assessment is to show whether monism is in fact capable of describing the legal reality as well as or even better than dualism or pluralism.
Parentheticalism about “Want”
Authors: Henning Tim
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces and motivates parentheticalism about sentences of the form “S wants to ϕ‎.” It is argued that they manifest similar forms of transparency in first-person uses as in the case of “believe,” and that here, too, they are best explained in terms of parentheticalism. Again, formal implementations of the view are suggested. Special attention is paid to the semantics of the complements of “want,” which are argued to be similar to imperative contents. Parentheticalism about “want” is shown to provide an attractive account of certain indicative conditionals (hypothetical imperatives or so-called “anankastic” conditionals) and of certain instances of practical reasoning.
Disambiguation in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Hummer Hans
Published: May 2018

During the twentieth century historians and structural anthropologists developed kinship into a method for laying bare the mechanisms of history and human sociality. French Annaliste historians such as Marc Bloch and George Duby promoted kinship as a natural and primordial social structure, its vitality fluctuating in inverse proportion to the strength of institutions and the state. At the same time, German-language scholars refined kinship into a method for investigating the medieval aristocracy. This chapter examines the prosopographical research program advocated by Karl Schmid and Gerd Tellenbach, its intersection with the French sociological tradition, and the belief by the 1970s that the study of kinship could reveal the elemental processes of history. It concludes with the rebellion against structuralism and critiques the biogenetic and genealogical presuppositions that underpin the study of medieval kinship.
“More Noble by Sanctity”
Authors: Hummer Hans
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that monasticism is central to understanding the patterns of kinship in early medieval Europe. It examines the passing of an aristocratic consciousness bound to the disintegrating late antique civic order and the formation of a new consciousness flowing from rural centers of power buttressed by estate-laden monasticism during the Merovingian period. The contention is supported with an examination of the rejection of the worldly family in late Roman monasticism and the celebration of the natal family in seventh-century monasticism, as that transformation appears in portrayals of parentage in hagiographical literature. This distinctive conception of kinship was propelled by a dynamic, Augustinian notion of kinship which bound patron families and monasteries to one another, and to the eternal family of God. The chapter ends with an examination of late seventh-century hagiographical works which explicitly embedded a saint’s natal and marital families within the familia Christi.
Flashbacks
Authors: Sainsbury Mark
Published: May 2018

‘Flashbacks’ connects themes of the book to discussions by some famous historical figures. Some of the passages quoted puzzled the author greatly when he first encountered them, but viewing them in the light of display theory he finds it easier to detect the seemingly conflicting pressures driving their authors.
Absolute Time
Authors: Thomas Emily
Published: May 2018

What is time? Traditionally, it has been answered that time is a product of the human mind, or the motion of celestial bodies. In the mid-seventeenth century, a new kind of answer emerged: time or eternal duration is ‘absolute’, in the sense it is independent of human minds and material bodies. This study explores the development of absolute time or eternal duration during one of Britain’s richest and most creative metaphysical periods, from the 1640s to the 1730s. It features an interconnected set of main characters—Henry More, Walter Charleton, Isaac Barrow, Isaac Newton, John Locke, Samuel Clarke, and John Jackson—alongside a large and varied supporting cast, whose metaphysics are all read in their historical context and given a place in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century development of thought on time. In addition to interpreting the metaphysics of these characters, this study advances two general, developmental theses. First, the complexity of positions on time (and space) defended in early modern thought is hugely under-appreciated. Second, distinct kinds of absolutism emerged in British philosophy, helping us to understand why some absolutists considered time to be barely real, whilst others identified it with the most real being of all: God.
Locke as a Steadfast Relationist about Time and Space
Authors: Thomas Emily
Published: May 2018

In the literature on John Locke’s metaphysics of space and time, there is a near-consensus that his views undergo a radical evolution. In the 1670s, Locke holds relationism, but, by the first, 1690 edition of Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke has adopted Newtonian absolutism. This chapter argues for an alternative reading, on which Locke’s Essay is explicitly neutral or non-committal with regard to the ontology of space and time, and yet there is reason to believe that the Essay implicitly preserves Locke’s earlier relationism. As well as challenging the existing scholarship, this chapter excavates another form of pre-Leibnizian relationism, and which may be of interest to twenty-first-century relationists; and provides ammunition to anti-Newtonian readings of Locke more generally.
Samuel Clarke’s Evolving Morean Absolutism
Authors: Thomas Emily
Published: May 2018

Samuel Clarke is best known for the ‘Newtonian’ views on space and time he espouses in the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence. However, his writings on this topic extend far beyond that, and can help us to understand the particulars of Clarke’s metaphysics—including whether he is actually of a mind with Newton. The major part of this chapter considers Clarke’s metaphysical and epistemological views on time and space, arguing that the views Clarke puts forward in various texts can be rendered consistent. It reads Clarke as holding a position close to that of Henry More, and not the same as that of Newton. The minor part of this chapter considers Clarke’s account of divine presence in time and space, and argues that Clarke is a holenmerist.
Alternative Measures and Taxonomies
Authors: Zimmerman Aaron Z.
Published: May 2018

Those advancing formal models of rational choice, action, and judgment tend to follow F. Ramsey (1931) in defining degrees of belief in terms of a person’s willingness to risk money, happiness, and other “good stuff” on the truth of a sentence or proposition. The dominant paradigm in cognitive psychology—introduced by D. Kahneman (2011) and colleagues—distinguishes “two systems” of cognition, and some theorists—e.g. K. Frankish (2004)—have tried to define “belief” in terms of these two systems. L.J. Cohen (1992) defines “belief” phenomenologically, in terms of feelings of conviction. The pragmatic conception of belief differs from all of these approaches, and is superior to the “two systems” analysis.
Against Intellectualism
Authors: Zimmerman Aaron Z.
Published: May 2018

The other animals fail to construct sentences, and Descartes inferred from this that they entirely lack beliefs. Contemporary intellectualists—e.g. B. Williams (1973) and D. Velleman (2000)—allow non-human animals beliefs in an “impoverished” sense of the term, while emphasizing the importance of an animal’s “aiming at the truth” when constructing representations of her environment. The pragmatists reject these forms of intellectualism. Humans use sentences to attribute beliefs to themselves and other animals; but there is no further sense in which belief is an essentially “propositional attitude.” Field ethologists report wolves, dolphins, chimpanzees, and scrub jays reflecting and planning, teaching and learning, loving and forgiving. It is a mark in favor of pragmatism that it allows us to understand these behaviors as manifestations of complex bodies of animal belief.
Reprise
Authors: Pietroski Paul M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter summarizes the main themes. Humans naturally acquire generative procedures that connect meanings with pronunciations. These meanings are neither concepts nor extensions. Meanings are composable instructions for how to access and assemble concepts of a special sort. In particular, phrasal meanings are instructions for how to build monadic (i.e., predicative) concepts that are massively conjunctive. Theories of meaning should not be confused with theories of truth. Lexicalization is a process of introducing concepts that can be combined via simple operations whose inputs must be monadic or dyadic. In theorizing about meanings, we can and should eschew much of the powerful typology and combinatorial operations that the founders of modern logic introduced for very different purposes.
European Welfare Programs in the Era of Immigration
Authors: Spies Dennis C.
Published: May 2018

As mass immigration is a relatively recent phenomenon in Europe, it encounters states in which mature welfare regimes have already been in place for several decades. Therefore, the chapter starts with an overview of the most important welfare programs in Europe, according to their degree of universalism, the generosity of their replacement rates, means testing, and their redistributive character—asking how much they resemble the welfare or social security part of the US regime. It is shown that the institutional indicators explain a lot about the size of social expenditure budgets, and that programs with high middle-class involvement spend significantly more. Using EU-household survey data, Chapter 3 also offers an overview of how immigrants fare in the different programs, including immigrants’ welfare dependency, and discusses how this is related to the share of benefits they receive compared with the native population.
The Effects of Immigration on Welfare Spending in Europe
Authors: Spies Dennis C.
Published: May 2018

In the final step of analysis, the insights from the previous chapters are conflated into one analysis of the effect(s) of immigration on welfare spending in Western Europe. The general finding is that the impact of immigration is highly conditional and is moderated by the insurance area, the program-specific level of middle-class involvement, the government coalition, or a combination of these variables. If the conditions resemble those of the US, immigration does decrease welfare spending. However, for most of Western Europe, these conflict-laden conditions are not fulfilled and, in many cases, immigration does not lead to budget cuts. The only exception to this general rule is unemployment insurance (and probably, social assistance) where immigration does indeed depress spending. With regard to political effects, the models show that Extreme Right Parties (ERPs) are especially unreliable partners in coalitions inclined to welfare state retrenchment.
The State–Market–Crime Nexus in the Early Days of Post-Communism
Authors: Gheciu Alexandra
Published: May 2018

To understand contemporary practices of security provision in the former Eastern bloc, we need to start with a genealogical analysis, exploring the reconstitution of East European polities in the early days of post-communism, and analyzing the impact of those transformations on the field of security. In particular, we need to understand the peculiar dynamics and consequences of the flawed privatization processes that occurred in Eastern Europe in the 1990s. Those dynamics are the subject of Chapter 2, which sheds light on a phenomenon that can be explained through the prism of Max Weber’s concepts of political capitalism and de-bureaucratization of the state. Those phenomena had a profound influence on processes of security commercialization in the early days of post-communism, and continue to shape the ways in which security is performed in the four countries analyzed in this book.