bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change of parameters in molecular structure of Donbas coals under the influence of external factors
Authors: Pymonenko Liudmyla , Burchak Oleksandr , Balalaiev Oleksandr , Slobodiannykova Valentyna , Sierikov Yurii
Published: July 2019

The molecular structure of coal is estimated by 13 parameters of infrared spectra, electron paramagnetic resonance, volatile yield and ash content. A new criterion of hydrophobicity is applied, which has shown its informativeness in analyzing the molecular structure of coals of various ranks. It is more sensitive to changes in coal rank than the standard index of volatile yield. The coalification process leads to a significant increase in this index due to the water release and other hydroxyl-containing compounds from the substance of coal. Two-way analysis of variance showed that the influence of the metamorphism factor is significant for 9 molecular parameters. The strongest effects are manifested in the sorption capacity, the criterion of hydrophobicity and the number of paramagnetic centers. The stratigraphic factor does not have a significant impact on one of the molecular parameters. Factor analysis by the method of principal components of the molecular structure of coal showed that the most significant independent factors are metamorphism and sedimentation conditions, the latter ones include independent processes: accumulation of mineral components, decomposition of biomass and geochemical environment during the sedimentation period.
Oscillation modes of vibrating feeders with vibro-impact adaptive drive at the output of reflacted ore from chambers of wining blocks
Authors: Shevchenko Heorhii , Sushchenko Oleksandr , Zozulia Halyna
Published: July 2019

The oscillation modes of vibrating feeders with vibro-impact adaptive drive are researched, which are intended for output and loading of reflacted ore from chambers of wining blocks at underground mining, or other bulk media from bunkers and so on, under complicated vibration conditions. The resonant polyfrequency oscillations of the impactor of the vibro-impact drive of feeders with such drive in vibro-impact modes are excited, which through one-side elastic elements are transmitted to the feeder tray, and in the pillar of the reflacted ore in the chamber above the tray. With increasing load from the ore on the tray there is an increase in the intensity of the impactor vibration of the feeder vibro-impact drive with accelerations in hundreds m/s2. Such oscillations increase the depth of dissemination of vibrational effects in a pillar of reflacted ore above the tray, which increases the efficiency and productivity of vibration output. Depending on the feeders parameters in its oscillatory system, various modes of vibro-impact oscillations are excited. The task of choosing the mode of variation of the feeder is to choose such parameters, which would ensure efficient vibration output of the rock mass and reliability of its operation.
Determination of the loads on the rollers of the tubular belt conveyor
Authors: Smirnov Andrii , Mishchenko Tamara
Published: July 2019

The article presents methods for determining loads on rollers of a six-roll support of a tubular belt conveyor, based on the equilibrium laws of elastic cylindrical plates and shells filled with a freight. In this case, the forces acting on the rollers of the tubular conveyor are the sum of the forces caused by the weight and expansion of the bulk load, the weight and bend of the belt, as well as the inertial forces associated with the curvature and the deflection of the belt under the weight of the bulk load. The dynamic forces acting on the rollers as the belt moves are determined from the equation of the oscillations of a heavy flexible string using the Ritz method. As a result of the research, analytical dependences of the forces acting on the rollers of the six-roller support of the tubular conveyor on the parameters of the conveyor, the belt, the properties of the bulk load and the radius of curvature of the conveyor are obtained, and an assessment of the component these forces is given. The results can be used to determine the parameters of the tubular conveyors rollers and increase the service life of the rollers.
Empirical determination of water saturation of porous materials in the process of long duration imbibition
Authors: Yelisieiev Volodymyr , Lutsenko Vasyl , Demchenko Tetiana , Ruban Vitalii
Published: July 2019

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the process of imbibition of porous bodies with a long stay in the impregnating medium. Experiments have confirmed, that at time of the order of 100 min there is a significant slowdown in the rise of the saturation curve, which can be taken as the end of the process. However, for the final completion of the process time is needed in the hundreds of times greater and the water saturation can increase more than twice. Experiments showed that with an increase in porosity, the length of the region of a significant deceleration of the impregnation rate tends to decrease. Regardless of the difference in the structures of the tested samples, it was possible to obtain a general analytical expression for describing the process of water saturation, which indicates similarity in the movement of fluid in the system of pore channels. The approximation of the experimental data by a logarithmic function gives a good result of an analytical representation of the process. It is also shown that the theoretical approaches used make it possible to obtain water saturation curves over long periods with good accuracy.
Torsion of an unevenly loaded tubular belt on a straight route of a belt tubular conveyor
Authors: Zhyhula Tetiana
Published: July 2019

The problem of torsion of a tubular belt on a straight route of a belt tubular conveyor (BTC) under the influence of stationary de-centering factors is considered. The effect of torques from uneven loading of the belt on the possibility of its torsion is investigated. It is shown, that the angle of rotation of the tape depends not only on the magnitude of the applied torque, but also on the design of the BTC, the geometric characteristics of the section of the tubular belt, the physical properties of its material. The effect of the coefficient of friction of the belt on the rollers on the possibility of its rotation has been investigated for various belt loading options with maximum irregularity. It is shown, that with a decrease in the load of the belt, the danger of its torsion increases. The boundaries, in which the coefficient of friction of the belt on the rollers must be found, are determined, so that the torsion of the belt does not occur.
Agénésie des incisives latérales supérieures : conséquences occlusales
Authors: Kohaut Jean-Charles
Published: July 2019

L’agénésie des incisives latérales est une malocclusion fréquemment rencontrée, qui nécessite dans certains cas la fermeture des espaces et donc le positionnement de la canine en place de latérale, ce qui amène à détailler les conséquences occlusales et fonctionnelles de ce positionnement anormal.
Effect of Subcutaneous Tissue on Changes in Thigh Circumference Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Yoshii Ryo , Konishi Yu , Ando Daisuke , Ochiai Satoshi , Hagino Tetsuo , Dobashi Shohei
Published: July 2019

Circumference measurements have been used to estimate muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in clinical settings. Measurements of thigh circumference are affected by muscle and subcutaneous fat (SF). In fact, SF could increase over a short period. Therefore, clarifying the relationship between thigh circumference and muscle and SF following ACL reconstruction is important. This study’s primary purpose was to examine pre- and post-operative changes in thigh circumference, thigh muscles and SF CSAs in both legs. Secondary, the relationship between thigh circumference and muscle and SF CSAs was examined to demonstrate that circumference measurements could be used to detect atrophy. Quadriceps, hamstrings, and SF CSAs at 15, 10, and 5 cm proximal to the patella were measured by MRI pre- and 4 weeks postoperatively to examine how reconstruction affected those tissues in the thighs. The results showed increases in SF CSA (r=0.72 at 10 cm, r=0.67 at 15 cm) greatly affected thigh circumference in females on the surgical side. In males, increases in SF CSA (r=0.83) at 15- and 5-cm and decreases in quadriceps muscle CSA (r=0.73) at 5 cm affected thigh circumference on the surgical side. Thigh circumference measurements might not reflect actual muscle CSA in ACL patients.
Effect of External Counterpulsation on Exercise Recovery in Team Sport Athletes
Authors: Collins Ruben , McGrath Denise , Horner Katy , Eusebi Silvia , Ditroilo Massimiliano
Published: July 2019

External counterpulsation (ECP), an electrocardiogram-led sequential compression of lower limbs, has been recently proposed for sports recovery, but research is scant. This study examined the effects of an ECP session upon neuromuscular function (vertical jump and torque/velocity characteristics), biochemical responses (creatine kinase, cortisol, testosterone, alpha-amylase and immunoglobulin-A), and muscle soreness (visual analogue scale) following high-intensity exercise. Twenty-one male team sport athletes (age: 21.6±3.4 yrs; height: 182.7±7.3 cm; body mass: 82.7±9.3 kg) recovered from the fatiguing exercise using either ECP or rest. Data collection was conducted at three separate time points: upon arrival (Pre), post-recovery (Post), and 24 h post-recovery (24hPost). Significant main effects for time were observed for increased torque/velocity slope and for decreased isometric extension peak torque (p<0.001). Significant main effects for time were observed for increased creatine kinase, testosterone, alpha-amylase, and muscle soreness (all p<0.001). Significant interaction effects were observed at post-testing following ECP: Cortisol release and the related decline in testosterone/cortisol ratio were attenuated, and immunoglobulin-A was increased following ECP in comparison to the control (all p<0.05). Following high-intensity exercise, ECP has potentially beneficial effects upon biomarkers of recovery, without affecting the neuromuscular function.
Recommendations in Post-exercise Hypotension: Concerns, Best Practices and Interpretation
Authors: de Brito Leandro Campos , Fecchio Rafael Yokoyama , Peçanha Tiago , Lima Aluisio , Halliwill John , Forjaz Claudia Lucia de Moraes
Published: July 2019

Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a clinically relevant phenomenon that has been widely investigated. However, the characteristics of study designs, such as familiarization to blood pressure measurements, duration of PEH assessments or strategies to analyze PEH present discrepancies across studies. Thus identifying key points to standardize across PEH studies is necessary to help researchers to build stronger study designs, to facilitate comparisons across studies, and to avoid misinterpretations of results. The goal of this narrative review of methods used in PEH studies was therefore to gather and find possible influencers in the characteristics of study design and strategies to analyze blood pressure. Data found in this review suggest that PEH studies should have at least two familiarization screening visits, and should assess blood pressure for at least 20 min, but preferably for 120 min, during recovery from exercise. Another important aspect is the strategy to analyze PEH, which may lead to different interpretations. This information should guide a priori study design decisions.
Functional Outcomes of Revision Osteosynthesis after Failure of Surgical Treatment of Patellar Fractures
Authors: Müller Elena Caroline , Frosch Karl-Heinz
Published: July 2019

Patellar fractures account for approximately 1% of all skeletal fractures. These fractures are rare; however, because of the crucial function of the patella in the extensor mechanism of the knee, they may lead to serious impairment. New data are revealing functional impairment remains common even with improved surgical techniques. The aim of this study was to assess the functional outcomes of patients after revision surgery in cases of secondary fracture dislocation or persistent articular incongruity. This study included 16 patients with a mean age of 51.8 years (range: 16–85 years) with a mean follow-up of 35.1 months. According to the AO/OTA classification, 15 patients had a C-type fracture, including 10 patients with C3 fracture. Thirteen patients were initially treated with tension band wiring via K-wires or cannulated screws. Revision surgery was performed because of persistent articular incongruity in five patients and secondary fracture dislocation or refracture in 11 patients. We analyzed pain (visual analog scale [0–10]), satisfaction, range of motion (ROM), Böstman's score, Lysholm's score, and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) after revision surgery and could extract follow-up data from 15 patients. Mean pain score at rest was 0.57 (range: 0–3.5) and on exertion 2.79 (range: 0–8). The measurement of the ROM of the affected knee compared with that of the opposite knee revealed complete extension. Mean flexion was 123 degrees, in the corresponding knee it was 136 degrees (p = 0.05). The mean postoperative Böstman's and Lysholm's scores were 25.11 (good, maximum: 30) and 78.67 (moderate, maximum: 100), respectively. KOOS was as follows: symptoms, 66.8 points; pain, 77.55 points; activity of daily living (ADL), 75.67 points; and quality of life, 56.25 points. The results of this study suggested that early revision surgery after failure of primary osteosynthesis with secondary anatomic reconstruction and good radiological results leads to satisfactory functional outcomes with persistent functional deficits.
Low optical turn-on voltage in solution processed hybrid light emitting transistor
Authors: Ablat Abduleziz , Kyndiah Adrica , Bachelet Alexandre , Takimiya Kazuo , Hirsch Lionel , Fasquel Sophie , Abbas Mamatimin
Published: July 2019

Low optical turn-on voltage is realized in a solution processed hybrid light emitting transistor (LET). To achieve that, an original approach has been applied where an emissive polymer is mixed with a hole transport small molecule. While the high mobility solution processed oxide determines the main electrical characteristics of the transistor as the electron transport layer, the hole transport molecule acts as an immediate source of positive charges to the emissive polymer within its matrix, thus resulting in more efficient light emission when the transistor is turned-on electrically. While the electrical turn-on voltage remains almost the same, the light turn-on voltage significantly decreases from 27 V in the control device to 2 V in the blend device. Furthermore, brightness and external quantum efficiency are also considerably improved within the whole range of gate bias in the blend device, evidencing that our approach enhances overall optical performance of a solution processed hybrid LET.
Micro-Raman investigations on zirconium oxide film during swift heavy ion irradiation to study crystalline-to-crystalline phase transformation kinetics by cascade overlap model
Authors: Singh Fouran , Rawat Mukesh , Gautam Subodh K. , Ojha Sunil
Published: July 2019

In situ micro-Raman studies are reported to monitor the evolution of the tetragonal phase in a monoclinic zirconium oxide thin film under swift heavy ion irradiation with increasing ion fluences. Structural changes in the irradiated film are observed as compared to the virgin sample, evident from an evolution of the tetragonal phase beyond critical ion fluence. The interpretation of experimental data allows for an in-depth understanding of irradiation induced stiffening of phonon and crystalline-to-crystalline phase transformation in ZrO2 thin films. Irradiation induced peak broadening and uniform shifting of fundamental Raman modes are observed mainly in the anion (i.e., oxygen atom) dominant frequency region and give a direct indication of the accumulation of structural disorder in the oxygen sublattice of the ZrO2 film. A qualitative approach is followed to understand the kinetics of such a crystalline-to-crystalline phase transformation. Experimental results reveal that the cascade overlap model with the requirement of about six multiple ion impacts provides an excellent fit to data, and the same is further confirmed by x-ray diffraction data. Thus, this study suggests that such in situ studies envisage a better and more authentic insight into the kinetics of phase transformations under similar nonequilibrium conditions.
Structure and properties of pseudomorphically transformed bcc Mg in Mg/Nb multilayered nanolaminates studied using synchrotron X-ray diffraction
Authors: Jain Manish , Velisavljevic Nenad , Baldwin J. Kevin , Knezevic Marko , Mara Nathan A. , Beyerlein Irene J. , Pathak Siddhartha
Published: July 2019

We utilize synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements, conducted inside a diamond anvil cell, to analyze the high-pressure stability of Mg/Nb multilayered nanocomposites of equal (1:1) and unequal (1:10) thickness ratios. At larger layer thicknesses, Mg in these nanocomposites exists in its traditional hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure, while below a critical layer thickness of 7–8 nm, the Mg structure is found to transform into an interface strain-induced metastable pseudomorphic body center cubic (bcc) crystal structure. The hcp Mg present in the larger layer thicknesses exhibits an hcp-to-bcc phase transformation at pressures greater than 44 GPa, and this pressure value is found to vary between the equal and unequal Mg/Nb nanocomposite thickness ratios. On the other hand, the pseudomorphic bcc Mg structure is stable up to pressures of 60 GPa. Additionally, the compressibility of the pseudomorphic bcc Mg structure under pressure is shown to be fundamentally different from the bulk (nonlaminated) bcc Mg structure formed under high pressures. These results indicate that interface strain engineering, and an appropriate choice of the adjacent layer material, might be a viable pathway for tuning the structure and properties of the pseudomorphic bcc Mg structure.
Bond dissociation energies of ScSi, YSi, LaSi, ScC, YC, LaC, CoC, and YCH
Authors: Sevy Andrew , Merriles Dakota M. , Wentz Rachel S. , Morse Michael D.
Published: July 2019

Predissociation thresholds of the ScSi, YSi, LaSi, ScC, YC, LaC, CoC, and YCH molecules have been measured using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. It is argued that the dense manifold of electronic states present in these molecules causes prompt dissociation when the bond dissociation energy (BDE) is exceeded, allowing their respective predissociation thresholds to provide precise values of their bond energies. The BDEs were measured as 2.015(3) eV (ScSi), 2.450(2) eV (YSi), 2.891(5) eV (LaSi), 3.042(10) eV (ScC), 3.420(3) eV (YC), 4.718(4) eV (LaC), 3.899(13) eV (CoC), and 4.102(3) eV (Y–CH). Using thermochemical cycles, the enthalpies of formation, ΔfH0K°(g), were calculated as 627.4(9.0) kJ mol−1 (ScSi), 633.1(9.0) kJ mol−1 (YSi), 598.1(9.0) kJ mol−1 (LaSi), 793.8(4.3) kJ mol−1 (ScC), 805.0(4.2) kJ mol−1 (YC), 687.3(4.2) kJ mol−1 (LaC), 760.1(2.5) kJ mol−1 (CoC), and 620.8(4.2) kJ mol−1 (YCH). Using data for the BDEs of the corresponding cations allows ionization energies to be obtained through thermochemical cycles as 6.07(11) eV (ScSi), 6.15(13) eV (YSi), 5.60(10) eV (LaSi), 6.26(6) eV (ScC), 6.73(12) or 5.72(11) eV [YC, depending on the value of D0(Y+–C) employed], and 5.88(35) eV (LaC). Additionally, a new value of D0(Co+–C) = 4.045(13) eV was obtained based on the present work and the previously determined ionization energy of CoC. An ionization onset threshold allowed the measurement of the LaSi ionization energy as 5.607(10) eV, in excellent agreement with a prediction based on a thermochemical cycle. Chemical bonding trends are also discussed.
Features of photothermal transformation in porous silicon based multilayered structures
Authors: Dubyk K. , Chepela L. , Lishchuk P. , Belarouci A. , Lacroix D. , Isaiev M.
Published: July 2019

This paper is devoted to the study of photothermal transformations in multilayered structures. As a modeled sample, porous silicon with a periodic distribution of porosity was chosen. The spatial distribution of the optical properties inside the structure was evaluated under Brugmann's approximation. The heat sources arising as a result of electromagnetic radiation absorption in the structure were estimated by solving Maxwell's equations. This allowed us to calculate the temperature profiles of a photoexcited sample. For experimental measurements, a photoacoustic setup with a gas-microphone transduction system was chosen to investigate the thermal properties of the structure. The results of the photoacoustic response simulation based on the gas-piston model demonstrated excellent agreement with experiments. This allows a reliable evaluation of the thermal conductivity by fitting the experimental amplitude-frequency photoacoustic signal with the simulated one.
Passage through a sub-diffusing geometrical bottleneck
Authors: Sebastian K. L.
Published: July 2019

The usual Kramers theory of reaction rates in condensed media predict the rate to have an inverse dependence on the viscosity of the medium, η. However, experiments on ligand binding to proteins, performed long ago, showed the rate to have η−ν dependence, with ν in the range of 0.4–0.8. Zwanzig [J. Chem. Phys. 97, 3587 (1992)] suggested a model in which the ligand has to pass through a fluctuating opening to reach the binding site. This fluctuating gate model predicted the rate to be proportional to η−1/2. More recently, experiments performed by Xie et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 180603 (2004)] showed that the distance between two groups in a protein undergoes not normal diffusion, but subdiffusion. Hence, in this paper, we suggest and solve a generalization of the Zwanzig model, viz., passage through an opening, whose size undergoes subdiffusion. Our solution shows that the rate is proportional to η−ν with ν in the range of 0.5–1, and hence, the subdiffusion model can explain the experimental observations.
Beyond chemical accuracy in the heavy p-block: The first ionization potentials and electron affinities of Ga–Kr, In–Xe, and Tl–Rn
Authors: Finney Brian A. , Peterson Kirk A.
Published: July 2019

A relativistic coupled-cluster version of the Feller-Peterson-Dixon composite method has been used to accurately calculate the first ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of the post-d, p-block elements Ga–Rn. Complete basis set extrapolations including outer-core correlation at the CCSD(T) level of theory were combined with contributions from higher order electron correlation up to CCSDTQ, quantum electrodynamic effects (Lamb shift), and spin-orbit (SO) coupling including the Gaunt contribution. Several methods for including SO were investigated, in which all involved the four-component (4c) Dirac-Coulomb (DC) Hamiltonian. The treatment of SO coupling was the contribution that limited the final accuracy of the present results. In the cases where 4c-DC-CCSD(T) could be reliably used for the SO contributions, the final composite IPs and EAs agreed with the available experimental values to within an unsigned average error of just 0.16 and 0.20 kcal/mol, respectively. In all cases, the final IPs and EAs were within 1 kcal/mol of the available experimental values, except for the EAs of the group 13 elements (Ga, In, and Tl), where the currently accepted experimental values appear to be too large by as much as 4 kcal/mol. The values predicted in this work, which have estimated uncertainties of ±0.5 kcal/mol, are 5.25 (Ga), 7.69 (In), and 7.39 (Tl) kcal/mol. For the EAs of Po and At, which do not have experimental values, the current calculations predict values of 34.2 and 55.8 kcal/mol with estimated uncertainties of ±0.6 and ±0.3 kcal/mol, respectively.
Blended layer brings hybrid light emitting transistors closer to practical applications
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: July 2019

Integrating a hole transport small molecule into an emissive layer of a hybrid light emitting transistor lowers the optical turn-on voltage, improving overall performance of the device.
The Novikov conjecture
Authors: Yu G.
Published: July 2019

This is a survey of recent developments on the Novikov conjecture and its applications to topological rigidity and non-rigidity.

Bibliography: 77 titles.
On equivariant fibrations of

-CW-complexes
Authors: Gevorgyan P. S. , Jimenez R.
Published: July 2019

It is proved that if

is a compact Lie group, then an equivariant Serre fibration of

-CW-complexes is an equivariant Hurewicz fibration in the class of compactly generated

-spaces. In the nonequivariant setting, this result is due to Steinberger, West and Cauty. The main theorem is proved using the following key result: a

-CW-complex can be embedded as an equivariant retract in a simplicial

-complex. It is also proved that an equivariant map

of

-CW-complexes is a Hurewicz

-fibration if and only if the

-fixed point map

is a Hurewicz fibration for any closed subgroup

of

. This gives a solution to the problem of James and Segal in the case of

-CW-complexes.

Bibliography: 9 titles.
Schwann cell precursors contribute to skeletal formation during embryonic development in mice and zebrafish
Authors: Xie Meng , Kamenev Dmitrii , Kaucka Marketa , Kastriti Maria Eleni , Zhou Baoyi , Artemov Artem V. , Storer Mekayla , Fried Kaj , Adameyko Igor , Dyachuk Vyacheslav , Chagin Andrei S.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Multipotent Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) generate numerous cell types. Here, in both mouse and zebrafish, SCPs contributed to the generation of mesenchymal, chondroprogenitor, and osteoprogenitor cells during embryonic development. These findings reveal a source of cartilage and bone cells and previously unanticipated interactions between the nervous system and skeleton during development.
Dynamic graphical models of molecular kinetics
Authors: Olsson Simon , Noé Frank
Published: July 2019

Significance

Biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, can adopt a number of molecular configurations, which grow exponentially with their size. Since conformation change drives biological function, characterizing structural configurations is critical. However, exhaustively sampling an exponentially large number of states and the transitions in between these rapidly becomes difficult by explicit simulation. Here, we make significant strides toward the characterization conformations of such systems. To achieve this, we break molecular configurations into subsystems and model how the subsystems mutually affect the others’ dynamics. We show that this approach may accurately capture the molecular dynamics and systematically outperforms existing methodology by predicting unobserved molecular configurations.
Telomere shortening rate predicts species life span
Authors: Whittemore Kurt , Vera Elsa , Martínez-Nevado Eva , Sanpera Carola , Blasco Maria A.
Published: July 2019

Significance

The exact causes of aging are still not understood, and it is unclear why some species live less than 1 d, while others can live more than 400 y. Research suggests that telomeres are related to the aging process, but a clear relationship between the life span of a species and initial telomere length has not been observed. Here, we measure the telomere lengths of a variety of different species. We find that, in fact, there is no strong correlation between the life span of a species and initial telomere length. However, we find a strong correlation between the telomere shortening rate and the life span of a species.
ANK2
autism mutation targeting giant ankyrin-B promotes axon branching and ectopic connectivity
Authors: Yang Rui , Walder-Christensen Kathryn K. , Kim Namsoo , Wu Danwei , Lorenzo Damaris N. , Badea Alexandra , Jiang Yong-Hui , Yin Henry H. , Wetsel William C. , Bennett Vann
Published: July 2019

Significance

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are heritable neurodevelopmental disorders affecting communication and behavior, and can include impaired intellectual ability. ASD is believed to result from altered synapse function and gene regulation. Among high-risk ASD genes,
ANK2
is of particular interest since
ANK2
mutations with an ASD diagnosis can occur with normal IQ. Here, we report that ASD
ANK2
mutation in mice results in increased axon branching and ectopic connectivity associated with penetrant impairment in selected communicative and social behaviors combined with superior executive function. Thus, gain of axon branching is a candidate cellular mechanism to explain aberrant structural connectivity and dominantly inherited behavior that are compatible with normal intelligence and potentially can contribute to ASD and other forms of neurodiversity.
Characteristic disruptions of an excitable carbon cycle
Authors: Rothman Daniel H.
Published: July 2019

Significance

The great environmental disruptions of the geologic past remain enigmatic. Each one results in a temporary change in the oceans’ store of carbon. Although the causes remain controversial, these changes are typically interpreted as a proportionate response to an external input of carbon. This paper suggests instead that the magnitude of many disruptions is determined not by the strength of external stressors but rather by the carbon cycle’s intrinsic dynamics. Theory and observations indicate that characteristic disruptions are excited by carbon fluxes into the oceans that exceed a threshold. Similar excitations follow influxes that are either intense and brief or weak and long-lived, as long as they exceed the threshold. Mass extinction events are associated with influxes well above the threshold.
Trpc5 deficiency causes hypoprolactinemia and altered function of oscillatory dopamine neurons in the arcuate nucleus
Authors: Blum Thomas , Moreno-Pérez Ana , Pyrski Martina , Bufe Bernd , Arifovic Anela , Weissgerber Petra , Freichel Marc , Zufall Frank , Leinders-Zufall Trese
Published: July 2019

Dopamine neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) tonically inhibit the release of the protein hormone prolactin from lactotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland and thus play a central role in prolactin homeostasis of the body. Prolactin, in turn, orchestrates numerous important biological functions such as maternal behavior, reproduction, and sexual arousal. Here, we identify the canonical transient receptor potential channel Trpc5 as an essential requirement for normal function of dopamine ARC neurons and prolactin homeostasis. By analyzing female mice carrying targeted mutations in theTrpc5gene including a conditional Trpc5 deletion, we show that Trpc5 is required for maintaining highly stereotyped infraslow membrane potential oscillations of dopamine ARC neurons. Trpc5 is also required for eliciting prolactin-evoked tonic plateau potentials in these neurons that are part of a regulatory feedback circuit. Trpc5 mutant females show severe prolactin deficiency or hypoprolactinemia that is associated with irregular reproductive cyclicity, gonadotropin imbalance, and impaired reproductive capabilities. These results reveal a previously unknown role for the cation channel Trpc5 in prolactin homeostasis of female mice and provide strategies to explore the genetic basis of reproductive disorders and other malfunctions associated with defective prolactin regulation in humans.
Individual optimal step frequency during outdoor running
Authors: de Ruiter Cornelis J. , van Daal Suzanne , van Dieën Jaap H.
Published: July 2019

This is the first study investigating preferred (self‐selected) step frequency (PSF) in relation to optimal step frequency (OSF) during running at different speeds outside the laboratory. OSF was defined as the SF at which heartrate (HR) showed a minimum during running at a constant speed. We aimed for a high ecological validity, which prohibits the direct measurement of oxygen consumption. HR was used as a proxy of energy cost, as has previously been validated. After a practice session, 21 experienced recreational runners (12 female) ran in an out‐and‐back manner on a straight flat tarmac lane in three main sessions: (1) 27 min at fixed comfortable speed with PSF, (2) at the same speed but with different imposed SFs (range 140–200 steps min−1) and at PSF and (3) similarly but at 15% higher speed. Runners were paced by a cyclist. Second order polynomials fitted the individual SF‐HR relations well. At comfortable speed (3.04 ± 0.28 m s−1) mean r2 was 0.81 (range: 0.40–0.99) and PSF and OSF respectively were 165 ± 8 and 171 ± 8 steps min−1 (p < .05). Both increased (p < .05) by 3 steps min−1 at the 15% higher speed. SFs were negatively (−0.66 < r < −0.49, p < .05) related to body height. From the individual SF‐HR relations we deduced that changing PSF to OSF would decrease median HR only by 0.5 beats min−1, but for two participants meaningful reductions (1–3 beats min−1) were predicted. Outdoors, experienced recreational runners ran at a PSF slightly below OSF, but for most of them, there was little to gain in terms of HR reductions by increasing their SF to OSF.
Electrically driven single-photon sources
Authors: Lin Yating , Ye Yongzheng , Fang Wei
Published: July 2019

Single-photon sources are building blocks for photonic quantum information processes. Of the many single-photon generation schemes, electrically driven single-photon sources have the advantages of realizing monolithic integration of quantum light sources and detectors without optical filtering, thus greatly simplify the integrated quantum photonic circuits. Here, we review recent advances on electrically driven single-photon sources based on solid-state quantum emitters, such as semiconductor epitaxial quantum dots, colloidal quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, molecules, and defect states in diamond, SiC and layered semiconductors. In particular, the merits and drawbacks of each system are discussed. Finally, the article is concluded by discussing the challenges that remain for electrically driven single-photon sources.
Electrically driven uniaxial stress device for tuning in situ semiconductor quantum dot symmetry and exciton emission in cryostat
Authors: Chen Hao , Dou Xiuming , Ding Kun , Sun Baoquan
Published: July 2019

Uniaxial stress is a powerful tool for tuning exciton emitting wavelength, polarization, fine-structure splitting (FSS), and the symmetry of quantum dots (QDs). Here, we present a technique for applying uniaxial stress, which enables us in situ to tune exciton optical properties at low temperature down to 15 K with high tuning precision. The design and operation of the device are described in detail. This technique provides a simple and convenient approach to tune QD structural symmetry, exciton energy and biexciton binding energy. It can be utilized for generating entangled and indistinguishable photons. Moreover, this device can be employed for tuning optical properties of thin film materials at low temperature.
Stable single photon sources in the near C-band range above 400 K
Authors: Li Qiang , Zhou Ji-Yang , Liu Zheng-Hao , Xu Jin-Shi , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can
Published: July 2019

The intrinsic characteristics of single photons became critical issues since the early development of quantum mechanics. Nowadays, acting as flying qubits, single photons are shown to play important roles in the quantum key distribution and quantum networks. Many different single photon sources (SPSs) have been developed. Point defects in silicon carbide (SiC) have been shown to be promising SPS candidates in the telecom range. In this work, we demonstrate a stable SPS in an epitaxial 3C-SiC with the wavelength in the near C-band range, which is very suitable for fiber communications. The observed SPSs show high single photon purity and stable fluorescence at even above 400 K. The lifetimes of the SPSs are found to be almost linearly decreased with the increase of temperature. Since the epitaxial 3C-SiC can be conveniently nanofabricated, these stable near C-band SPSs would find important applications in the integrated photonic devices.
Projections of declining fluvial sediment delivery to major deltas worldwide in response to climate change and anthropogenic stress
Authors: Dunn Frances E , Darby Stephen E , Nicholls Robert J , Cohen Sagy , Zarfl Christiane , Fekete Balázs M
Published: July 2019

Deltas are resource rich, low-lying areas where vulnerability to flooding is exacerbated by natural and anthropogenically induced subsidence and geocentric sea-level rise, threatening the large populations often found in these settings. Delta ‘drowning’ is potentially offset by deposition of sediment on the delta surface, making the delivery of fluvial sediment to the delta a key balancing control in offsetting relative sea-level rise, provided that sediment can be dispersed across the subaerial delta. Here we analyse projected changes in fluvial sediment flux over the 21st century to 47 of the world’s major deltas under 12 environmental change scenarios. The 12 scenarios were constructed using four climate pathways (Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5), three socioeconomic pathways (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 1, 2 and 3), and one reservoir construction timeline. A majority (33/47) of the investigated deltas are projected to experience reductions in sediment flux by the end of the century, when considering the average of the scenarios, with mean and maximum declines of 38% and 83%, respectively, between 1990–2019 and 2070–2099. These declines are driven by the effects of anthropogenic activities (changing land management practices and dam construction) overwhelming the effects of future climate change. The results frame the extent and magnitude of future sustainability of major global deltas. They highlight the consequences of direct (e.g. damming) and indirect (e.g. climate change) alteration of fluvial sediment flux dynamics and stress the need for further in-depth analysis for individual deltas to aid in developing appropriate management measures.
The contribution of carbon dioxide emissions from the aviation sector to future climate change
Authors: Terrenoire E , Hauglustaine D A , Gasser T , Penanhoat O
Published: July 2019

The compact Earth system model OSCARv2.2 is used to assess the climate impact of present and future civil aviation carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The impact of aviation CO2 on future climate is quantified over the 1940–2050 period, extending some simulations to 2100 and using different aviation CO2 emission scenarios and two background Representative Concentrations Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP6.0) for other emission sectors. Several aviation scenarios including weak to strong mitigation options are considered with emissions ranging from 386 MtCO2/year (Factor 2 scenario) to 2338 MtCO2/year (ICAO based scenario) in 2050. As a reference, in 2000, the calculated impact of aviation CO2 emissions is 9.1 ± 2 mK (0.8% of the total anthropogenic warming associated to fossil fuel emissions). In 2050, on a climate trajectory in line with the Paris Agreement limiting the global warming below 2 °C (RCP2.6), the impact of the aviation CO2 emissions ranges from 26 ± 2 mK (1.4% of the total anthropogenic warming associated to fossil fuel emissions) for an ambitious mitigation strategy scenario (Factor 2) to 39 ± 4 mK (2.0% of the total anthropogenic warming associated to fossil fuel emissions) for the least ambitious mitigation scenario of the study (ICAO based). On the longer term, if no significant emission mitigation is implemented for the aviation sector, the associated warming could further increase and reach a value of 99.5 mK ± 20 mK in 2100 (ICAO based), which corresponds to 5.2% of the total anthropogenic warming under RCP2.6. The contribution of CO2 is estimated to represent 36%–51% of the total aviation radiative forcing of climate including short-term climate forcers. However, due to its long residence time in the atmosphere, aviation CO2 will have a major contribution on decadal time scales. These additional short-terms forcers are subject to large uncertainties and will be analysed in forthcoming studies.
In search of politically feasible policy-packages for sustainable passenger transport: insights from choice experiments in China, Germany, and the USA
Authors: Wicki Michael , Fesenfeld Lukas , Bernauer Thomas
Published: July 2019

The main obstacle to making the transportation sector ecologically more sustainable is political feasibility. Effective policy-interventions usually encounter strong public opposition as they interfere in costly ways with people’s daily lives, unveiling a dilemma between political feasibility and environmental policy effectiveness. Evidencing the existence of this dilemma, the literature on attitudes towards different policy instrument types maintains that so-called push measures are less supported by citizens than pull measures, and that market-based instruments tend to be less supported than non-market instruments. While these findings may uphold when considering single policy instruments, whether they continue to do so when considering policy-packages, that is, simultaneously implemented policy-interventions consisting of several policy instruments, remains unclear. To identify politically feasible and effective policy-packages aimed at greening the transportation sector we use choice experiments with representative samples of citizens from China, Germany, and the USA (N = 4′876). Contrary to existing literature, we find that public support does not necessarily depend on the instrument type but rather on specific policy design and is highly context dependent. Moreover, despite significant differences between the three country contexts considered, various combinations of policy measures appear to be both potentially effective and supported by most citizens. Altogether, these results suggest that carefully bundled policy-packages may allow governments to employ instruments that would not be politically feasible if introduced in isolation.
Preparation of iron tailings glass-ceramics by sol-gel method
Authors: Xu Changwei , Zhao Jianxin
Published: July 2019

For the preparation of glass-ceramics by iron tailings, the sintering and melting methods have been used in the past, but the two methods are short of high energy consumption. In this test, the sol-gel method has been adopted. Because the sol-gel method requires high purity to prepare raw materials, and there are many impurities in iron tailings, which is inconsistent with the preparation requirements of sol-gel method. Therefore, in this experiment, useful elements in iron tailings were extracted. Iron tailings were obtained by thermal-alkali reaction, and Fe was obtained by acid reaction, so as to prepare Ca-Mg-Al-Si system glass-ceramics. After the preparation of sol-gel, the basic glass was obtained, and after nucleation and crystallization, the microcrystalline glass whose main phase was diopside was obtained.
The Elasticity of Calcium Phosphate MAO Coatings Containing Different Concentrations of Chitosan
Authors: Soldatova E. , Bolbasov E. , Kozelskaya A. , Ignatov V. , Smirnov V. , Kholodov K. , Tverdokhlebov S.
Published: July 2019

Calcium-phosphate coatings were formed on the commercially pure titanium by the method of microarc oxidation (MAO) from the electrolyte, which additionally contains 2.5-15wt.% solution of chitosan. The surface morphology, wettability and elasticity of the formed coatings were investigated. It is shown that the addition of chitosan to the electrolyte composition increases porosity and elasticity of the coatings.
Study on Preparation and thermal reflective properties of energy saving pigments with selective solar reflection
Authors: Li Yunlong , Yang Yuanquan
Published: July 2019

Currently, the color of common reflective insulation coating is mainly white, but the white color coating is monotonous and its resistance is poor, moreover, the reflective performance tends to drop after pollution. In addition, color coating has the advantages of anti-dirty and beautiful appearance, so study on colored paint is of great significance. Based on the principle of three-tone color, the effect of thermal reflective pigments on the near-infrared reflectance of color reflective heat-insulating coatings was studied by blending three kinds of color reflective heat-insulating coatings of orange, green and purple with composite inorganic heat-reflective pigments as raw materials. The results show that the thermal insulation effect of heat-reflective pigments is significantly improved, and the near-infrared reflectance of green pigments can be increased by about 25%. The thermal reflection thermal insulation coating of the green system is 2.78 times higher than that of the same color common thermal insulating coating.
Effect of various factors on extraction efficiency of total anthocyanins from Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L. Flowers) in Southern Vietnam
Authors: Pham Tri Nhut , Lam Tri Duc , Nguyen Minh Tien , Le Xuan Tien , Vo Dai-Viet N. , Toan Tran Quoc , Vo Thanh Sang
Published: July 2019

Nowadays, anthocyanins have become an interesting topic of much scientific research and act as potential sources of eco-friendly natural food dyes and their helpful effects on human health.. The purpose of the present article was to apply conventional extraction methods of pigments from Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.Flowers) in Southern Vietnam were tested to extract anthocyanins. The effects of various factors, including the solvent concentration, extraction time, temperature, and solvent/material ratio on the extraction total anthocyanins from Butterfly pea were investigated. In this study, the concentration of monomeric anthocyanins was completed by the spectrophotometry pH differential method.The highest recovered anthocyanin level was achieved with 50 % ethanol (143.49 mg/L), while the lowest one was obtained with water (90.9 mg/L). The extraction yield was significantly affected by temperature and the excellent condition was 60°C. The extraction yield raised with increasing of solvent/material ratio until equilibrium has arrived at the optimal ratio of 25:1 (mL/g). The extraction yield increased first and then decreased with an extension in time values.
Equivalent moisture diffusion coefficient of fiber reinforced composites
Authors: Zhu Libao , Li Yongqing
Published: July 2019

Total diffusion time and the total moisture absorption amount were proposed as the measurement standards of equivalent coefficients for composites moisture diffusion with impermeable fibers. Representative volume element (RVE) models and 2D transient finite element models of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites were established and the accuracy of the RVE model for calculating the equivalent diffusivity was verified. The influences of fiber volume fraction, fiber arrangement and interfaces on the equivalent moisture diffusivity were investigated using the RVE models. The results show that the equivalent moisture diffusivity decreases with the increase of fiber volume fraction. The equivalent moisture diffusivity of random fiber distribution is smaller than that of the periodic fibers distribution, and this difference can be neglected when the fiber volume fraction is relative small. The interfaces with higher diffusivity than matrix will apparently increase the composites diffusivity.