bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems using an artificial neural network
Authors: Lachkar Z. , Gruber N.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) are highly productive ocean regions. Yet, substantial differences in net primary production (NPP) exist within and between these systems for reasons that are still not fully understood. Here, we explore the leading physical processes and environmental factors controlling NPP in EBUS through a comparative study of the California, Canary, Benguela, and Humboldt Current systems. The identification of NPP drivers is done with the aid of an artificial neural network analysis based on self-organizing-maps (SOMs). We show that in addition to the expected NPP enhancing effect of stronger alongshore wind, three factors have an inhibiting effect: (1) strong eddy activity, (2) narrow continental shelf, and (3) deep mixed layer. The co-variability of these 4 drivers defines in the context of the SOM a continuum of 100 patterns of NPP regimes in EBUS. These are grouped into 4 distinct classes using a Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) method. Our objective classification of EBUS reveals important variations of NPP regimes within each of the four EBUS, particularly in the Canary and Benguela Current systems. Our results show that the Atlantic EBUS are generally more productive and more sensitive to upwelling favorable winds because of a weaker factors inhibiting NPP. Perturbations of alongshore winds associated with climate change may therefore lead to contrasting biological responses in the Atlantic and the Pacific EBUS.
Intergroup Conflict, Theories of
Authors: FISHER RONALD J.
Published: October 2011

Destructive intergroup conflict – that is, badly managed differences between distinct identity groups – is the most serious problem facing humankind. It occurs at every social level within and between societies, and usurps resources that are sorely needed for human development and satisfaction. Within organizations, misunderstanding and animosity between different departments and levels reduces motivation and productivity, thus compromising the attainment of overall goals. Within communities, cleavages among different ethnic, racial, and religious groups are expressed in prejudice and discrimination, and at times in violent interactions, such as gang warfare and race riots. Within societies, destructive interactions between such identity groups can escalate to ethnopolitical war, ethnic cleansing, and genocide. In addition, controversial issues between competing interest groups and ideologies squander resources through conflicts over environmental protection, poverty, or the provision of public services, rather than using dialogue to find common ground on improving the quality of life. At the international level, the costs of war are well known, and while the Cold War threat of nuclear annihilation has abated, future conflicts between major powers could induce Armageddon.
Social Dominance Theory
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Stewart Andrew L.
Published: October 2011

Social dominance theory is a multi‐level theory of how societies maintain group‐based dominance. Nearly all stable societies can be considered group‐based dominance hierarchies, in which one social group – often an ethnic, religious, national, or racial one – holds disproportionate power and enjoys special privileges, and at least one other group has relatively little political power or ease in its way of life. As examples, consider the relationship between contemporary Western European nations and their immigrant groups and Roma, between the ruling elites of South America and their indigenous peoples, or between Jewish Israelis and Palestinians. In all cases, the economic, educational, and health outcomes are superior for members of the dominant groups from what they are for members of the subordinate groups. Moreover, societies recognize the legal rights of dominants and portray their ways of living as virtuous and characteristic of the whole society, whereas subordinates receive little social recognition and are even stigmatized. Group dominance societies also feature an intersecting kind of group oppression, namely sexism, men holding disproportionate power and freedoms compared with women, and heterosexism being privileged over other kinds of sexuality. Social dominance theory describes how processes at different levels of social organization, from cultural ideologies and institutional discrimination to gender roles and the psychology of prejudice, work together to produce stable group‐based inequality.
American War of Independence (1775–1783)
Authors: CONWAY STEPHEN
Published: October 2011

The American War of Independence started as a conflict between Britain and 13 of its North American colonies, but developed into much more than a struggle over the transatlantic relationship. From 1778, when the French intervened, the conflict was transformed into a global contest, with fighting in all areas of contact and competition between the British and their long‐standing rivals. From 1779 the Spanish became belligerents, adding further to the sense that this was now a worldwide war. At the end of 1780, the Dutch also joined the war as British enemies. By 1783, when the fighting finally came to a close, the British war effort had extended well beyond North America to the Caribbean and Central America, West Africa, Europe, and Asia.
Russian Civil War (1917–1920)
Authors: STONE DAVID R.
Published: October 2011

A war among Russia's competing political movements for control of the country in the aftermath of World War I, ending in the victory of Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik Party and their supporters (the Reds) over a coalition of military officers, nobles, and others opposed to Bolshevik rule (the Whites).
War Crimes
Authors: McGLYNN SEAN
Published: October 2011

It is no easy task to define a war crime with absolute clarity, authority, and unanimity. What constitutes a war crime has meant different things to different people in different cultures in different times. Thus our current interpretations of the term should not be deemed fixed and immutable; indeed, revisions in international law are continuously adopted to meet with changing circumstances. Thus, in the late twentieth century, the accusation of a war crime might attempt to be sidestepped simply by the avoidance of declaring an act of war while engaging in what is, by any definition, warring activity; international lawyers now employ terms such as “armed conflict” or “force” to vitiate such circumambulations. The loosest definition – that war crimes are crimes committed in times of war – fails to separate the military sphere from the civil one. A modern, consensual definition of a war crime may be a violation of international law regulating the legality and conduct of war, especially in relation to non‐combatants (civilians, prisoners of war, the wounded). It should be noted, however, that the issue then becomes the preserve of specialist international lawyers; many would also argue that victor's justice still prevails, and that in the twenty‐first century the defeated still cannot expect a fair trial.
Surface‐Modified Low‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Kim Young Beom , Holme Timothy P. , Gür Turgut M. , Prinz Fritz B.
Published: October 2011

This paper reports both experimental and theoretical results of the role of surface modification on the oxygen reduction reaction in low‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT‐SOFC). Epitaxial ultrathin films of yttria‐doped ceria (YDC) cathode interlayers (<10–130 nm) are grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on single‐crystalline YSZ(100). Fuel cell current–voltage measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are performed in the temperature range of 350 °C ≈ 450 °C. Quantum mechanical simulations of oxygen incorporation energetics support the experimental results and indicate a low activation energy of only 0.07 eV for YDC, while the incorporation reaction on YSZ is activated by a significantly higher energy barrier of 0.38 eV. Due to enhanced oxygen incorporation at the modified Pt/YDC interface, the cathodic interface resistance is reduced by two‐fold, while fuel cell performance shows more than a two‐fold enhancement with the addition of an ultrathin YDC interlayer at the cathode side of an SOFC element. The results of this study open up opportunities for improving cell performance, particularly of LT‐SOFCs by adopting surface modification of YSZ surface with catalytically superior, ultrathin cathodic interlayers.
The Influence of the Solvent Evaporation Rate on the Phase Separation and Electrical Performances of Soluble Acene‐Polymer Blend Semiconductors
Authors: Lee Wi Hyoung , Kwak Donghoon , Anthony John E. , Lee Hwa Sung , Choi Hyun Ho , Kim Do Hwan , Lee Seung Goo , Cho Kilwon
Published: October 2011

The phase‐separation characteristics of spin‐cast difluorinated‐triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene (F‐TESADT)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends are investigated with the aim of fabricating transistors with a high field‐effect mobility and stability. It is found that the presence of PMMA in the F‐TESADT/PMMA blends prevents dewetting of F‐TESADT from the substrate and provides a platform for F‐TESADT molecules to segregate and crystallize at the air–film interface. By controlling the solvent evaporation rate of the spin‐cast blend solution, it is possible to regulate the phase separation of the two components, which in turn determines the structural development of the F‐TESADT crystals on PMMA. At a low solvent evaporation rate, a bilayer structure consisting of highly ordered F‐TESAT crystals on the top and low‐trap PMMA dielectric on the bottom can be fabricated by a one‐step spin‐casting process. The use of F‐TESADT/PMMA blend films in bottom gate transistors produces much higher field‐effect mobilities and greater stability than homo F‐TESADT films because the phase‐separated interface provides an efficient pathway for charge transport.
Transparent Self‐Healing Polymers Based on Encapsulated Plasticizers in a Thermoplastic Matrix
Authors: Jackson Aaron C. , Bartelt Jonathan A. , Braun Paul V.
Published: October 2011

A self‐healing approach for optically transparent thermoplastic polymers, based on plasticizer‐induced solvent welding, is reported. For the specific system investigated, dibutylphthalate (DBP) filled urea‐formaldehyde capsules are dispersed in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix. Upon a damage event, DBP is released into the crack, and locally plasticizes and swells the polymer, enabling it to remend. Two challenges are addressed to maintain optical transparency: minimization of light scatter from the capsules in the polymer matrix and minimization of light scatter from the healed polymer. PMMA films containing DBP capsules have good transmissive properties as a result of the close index match between PMMA and DBP. The transmission properties are better than, for example, when DBP capsules are dispersed into a poorly index matched matrix, such as polystyrene. In the DBP PMMA system, the healed material is inherently index matched to the polymer matrix and thus the polymer's original optical properties are largely restored. Self‐healing using both small capsules, 1.5 μm in diameter, and large capsules, 75 μm in diameter is demonstrated. Smaller capsules are particularly important for thin polymer films which are not thick enough to hold the larger capsules. Polymer films with smaller capsules also have very good transmission properties due to a minimization of light scattering by the small size of the capsules. Large capsules enable healing of larger damage events, but do inherently result in some light scattering. This plasticizer‐based approach to self‐healing is shown to enable recovery of the protective properties and a portion of the mechanical properties of a polymeric film.
High‐Mobility Air‐Stable Solution‐Shear‐Processed n‐Channel Organic Transistors Based on Core‐Chlorinated Naphthalene Diimides
Authors: Lee Wen‐Ya , Oh Joon Hak , Suraru Sabin‐Lucian , Chen Wen‐Chang , Würthner Frank , Bao Zhenan
Published: October 2011

High charge carrier mobility solution‐processed n‐channel organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) based on core‐chlorinated naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDIs) with fluoroalkyl chains are demonstrated. These OTFTs were prepared through a solution shearing method. Core‐chlorination of NDIs not only increases the electron mobilities of OTFTs, but also enhances their air stability, since the chlorination in the NDI core lowers the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels. The air‐stability of dichlorinated NDI was better than that of the tetrachlorinated NDIs, presumably due to the fact that dichlorinated NDIs have a denser packing of the fluoroalkyl chains and less grain boundaries on the surface, reducing the invasion pathway of ambient oxygen and moisture. The devices of dichlorinated NDIs exhibit good OTFT performance, even after storage in air for one and a half months. Charge transport anisotropy is observed from the dichlorinated NDI. A dichlorinated NDI with −CH2C3F7 side chains reveals high mobilities of up to 0.22 and 0.57 cm2 V−1 s−1 in parallel and perpendicular direction, respectively, with regard to the shearing direction. This mobility anisotropy is related to the grain morphology. In addition, we find that the solution‐shearing deposition affects the molecular orientation in the crystalline thin films and lowers the d(001)‐spacing (the out‐of‐plane interlayer spacing), compared to the vapor‐deposited thin films. Core‐chlorinated NDI derivatives are found to be highly suitable for n‐channel active materials in low‐cost solution‐processed organic electronics.
Enhancement of Green Emission from InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Wells via Coupling to Surface Plasmons in a Two‐Dimensional Silver Array
Authors: Lu Cheng‐Hsueh , Lan Chia‐Chun , Lai Yen‐Lin , Li Yun‐Li , Liu Chuan‐Pu
Published: October 2011

A novel approach to enhancing the emission efficiency of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells via coupling to surface plasmons (SPs) in a periodic two‐dimensional silver array is demonstrated. A higher internal quantum efficiency and a higher light extraction efficiency are simultaneously achieved by engraving an array of nanoholes into the p‐GaN cladding layer, followed by partial filling with silver. By top excitation and collection from the top of the Ag‐incorporated light emitting diodes (LEDs), a 2.8‐fold enhancement in peak photoluminescence intensity is demonstrated. The proposed nanoengraving technique offers a practical approach to overcoming the limitation of the exponentially decayed SP field without sacrificing the thickness of the p‐GaN layer and to controlling the effective coupling energy. The approach is feasible for high‐power lighting applications.
Nano‐photocatalytic Materials: Possibilities and Challenges
Authors: Tong Hua , Ouyang Shuxin , Bi Yingpu , Umezawa Naoto , Oshikiri Mitsutake , Ye Jinhua
Published: October 2011

Semiconductor photocatalysis has received much attention as a potential solution to the worldwide energy shortage and for counteracting environmental degradation. This article reviews state‐of‐the‐art research activities in the field, focusing on the scientific and technological possibilities offered by photocatalytic materials. We begin with a survey of efforts to explore suitable materials and to optimize their energy band configurations for specific applications. We then examine the design and fabrication of advanced photocatalytic materials in the framework of nanotechnology. Many of the most recent advances in photocatalysis have been realized by selective control of the morphology of nanomaterials or by utilizing the collective properties of nano‐assembly systems. Finally, we discuss the current theoretical understanding of key aspects of photocatalytic materials. This review also highlights crucial issues that should be addressed in future research activities.
Charge Transport and Recombination in Low‐Bandgap Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell using Bis‐adduct Fullerene
Authors: Azimi Hamed , Senes Alessia , Scharber Markus C. , Hingerl Kurt , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: October 2011

Charge transport and recombination are studied for organic solar cells fabricated using blends of polymer poly[(4,4′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole)‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(4,7‐bis(2‐thienyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)‐5,5′‐diyl] (Si‐PCPDTBT) with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (mono‐PCBM) and the bis‐adduct analogue of mono‐PCBM (bis‐PCBM). The photocurrent of Si‐PCPDTBT:bis‐PCBM devices shows a strong square root dependence on the effective applied voltage. From the relationship between the photocurrent and the light intensity, we found that the square‐root dependence of the photocurrent is governed by the mobility‐lifetime (μτ) product of charge carriers while space‐charge field effects are insignificant. The fill factor (FF) and short circuit current density (Jsc) of bis‐PCBM solar cells show a considerable increase with temperature as compared to mono‐PCBM solar cells. SCLC analysis of single carrier devices proofs that the mobility of both electrons and holes is significantly lowered when replacing mono‐PCBM with bis‐PCBM. The increased recombination in Si‐PCPDTBT:bis‐PCBM solar cells is therefore attributed to the low carrier mobilities, as the transient photovoltage measurements show that the carrier lifetime of devices are not significantly altered by using bis‐PCBM instead of mono‐PCBM.
Atomic Layer Deposition of CdS Quantum Dots for Solid‐State Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Brennan Thomas P. , Ardalan Pendar , Lee Han‐Bo‐Ram , Bakke Jonathan R. , Ding I‐Kang , McGehee Michael D. , Bent Stacey F.
Published: October 2011

Functioning quantum dot (QD) sensitized solar cells have been fabricated using the vacuum deposition technique atomic layer deposition (ALD). Utilizing the incubation period of CdS growth by ALD on TiO2, we are able to grow QDs of adjustable size which act as sensitizers for solid‐state QD‐sensitized solar cells (ssQDSSC). The size of QDs, studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), varied with the number of ALD cycles from 1‐10 nm. Photovoltaic devices with the QDs were fabricated and characterized using a ssQDSSC device architecture with 2,2',7,7'‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p methoxyphenylamine) 9,9'‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) as the solid‐state hole conductor. The ALD approach described here can be applied to fabrication of quantum‐confined structures for a variety of applications, including solar electricity and solar fuels. Because ALD provides the ability to deposit many materials in very high aspect ratio substrates, this work introduces a strategy by which material and optical properties of QD sensitizers may be adjusted not only by the size of the particles but also in the future by the composition.
Konformative Fluoreffekte in der Organokatalyse: eine neuartige Strategie zum molekularen Design
Authors: Zimmer Lucie E. , Sparr Christof , Gilmour Ryan
Published: October 2011

Strategien zum molekularen Design, die von den intrinsischen stereoelektronischen und elektrostatischen Effekten fluorierter organischer Moleküle profitieren, sind bisher hauptsächlich auf die bioorganische Chemie beschränkt. Bei vielen konformativen Fluoreffekten handelt es sich zwar um akademische Kuriositäten ohne unmittelbare Anwendung, die Renaissance der Organokatalyse bietet allerdings die Möglichkeit zur Erforschung vieler dieser ausführlich beschriebenen Phänomene zur molekularen Präorganisation. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden Beispiele zur Verbesserung von Katalysatoren durch die Einführung einer aliphatischen C‐F‐Bindung erläutert, die als eine chemisch inerte dirigierende Gruppe zur Steuerung der Konformation dient.
A comparative study on the properties of the different amino‐functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes reinforced epoxy resin composites
Authors: Zehua Qu , Guojian Wang
Published: October 2011

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were amino‐functionalized by 1,2‐ethylenediamine (EDA)' triethylenetetramine (TETA), and dodecylamine (DDA), and investigated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dispersion of the DDA functionalized MWCNT in DMF is better than that of the MWCNT functionalized by the EDA and the TETA. Carbon nanotubes reinforced epoxy resin composites were prepared, and the effect of the amino‐functionalization on the properties of the composites was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), and TGA. The composites reinforced by the MWCNTs demonstrate improvement in various mechanical properties. The increase of Tg of the composites with the addition of amino‐functionalized MWCNT compared to the Tg of the composites with the addition of unfunctionalized MWCNT was due to the chemical combination and the physical entanglements between amino group from modified MWNTs and epoxy group from the epoxy resin. The interfacial bonding between the epoxy and the amino group of the EDA and the TETA‐modified MWCNT is more important than the well dispersion of DDA‐modified MWCNT in the composites for the improvement of the mechanical properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of shear history on flow instability at capillary extrusion for long‐chain branched polyethylene
Authors: Monchai Siriprumpoonthum , Mieda Naoya , Anh Doan Vu , Nobukawa Shogo , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: October 2011

Effect of applied processing history on flow instability at capillary extrusion is studied using a commercially available low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) having long‐chain branches. It is found that processing history in an internal mixer in a molten state depresses long‐time relaxation mechanism associated with long‐chain branches, which is known as “shear modification.” Consequently, the onset of output rate for melt fracture increases greatly. Furthermore, it should be noted that the sample having intense shear history shows shark‐skin failure without volumetric distortion, although it has been believed that LDPE exhibits gross melt fracture at capillary extrusion. The reduction of elongational viscosity by the alignment of long‐chain branches along to the main chain is responsible for the anomalous rheological response. As a result, the sample shows shark‐skin failure like a linear polyethylene at a lower output rate than the critical one for gross melt fracture. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
NLRP1 gene polymorphism influences gene transcription and is a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis in Han Chinese
Authors: Sui Jiangdong , Li Hua , Fang Yongfei , Liu Yang , Li Minhui , Zhong Bing , Yang Fei , Zou Qiang , Wu Yuzhang
Published: October 2011

Objective

The inflammasome‐related protein NLRP1/NALP1 has been implicated in the onset and progression of some autoimmune diseases. This study was undertaken to determine whether a polymorphism in the NLRP1 gene is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Han Chinese and to assess the functional implications of this association.

Methods

RA patients (n = 190) and matched healthy controls (n = 190) residing in the city of Chengdu were genotyped for the NLRP1 promoter polymorphisms rs6502867 and rs878329. Genotyping for rs878329 was performed in a second set of subjects (n = 1,514) residing in the city of Chongqing. The effect of each polymorphism on NLRP1 transcription was evaluated by dual‐luciferase assay, while the effect on DNA protein interaction was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Differential expression of NLRP1 in individuals with different genotypes was investigated by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

The polymorphism rs878329, but not rs6502867, was associated with RA (odds ratio [OR] 0.83, P = 0.02 for the C allele; OR 0.42, P = 0.01 for the CC genotype). The GG genotype of rs878329 was the risk genotype for RA (OR 2.38) and had a runt‐related transcription factor 1 binding site that up‐regulated NLRP1 transcription. Individuals with the RA risk genotype GG had significantly higher NLRP1 messenger RNA levels than those with the CC genotype among the Han Chinese population.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that NLRP1 is associated with RA in Han Chinese. The G allele of rs878329 in the NLRP1 promoter up‐regulates gene transcription and confers the risk of RA.
Supra‐acetabular external fixation for pelvic fractures: A digital anatomical study
Authors: Wang Fang , Song Haihan , Zhao Fei , Yang Qing , Tang Hao , Ji Xiaoxi , Wang Qian , Wang Zheng , Wang Qiugen
Published: October 2011

Supra‐acetabular external fixation is an important tool for pelvic fractures. Understanding the anatomical characteristics of anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) is crucial for the operation. Here, we analyzed the morphology of AIIS and adjacent structures via a digital measurement mode. One hundred and twenty normal pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans were converted into three‐dimensional digital models and their parameters were measured by Geomagics software. We obtained the values of 13 important AIIS anatomical characteristics, which were the perpendicular distance of the anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS) and AIIS (PDASIS‐AIIS), the perpendicular distance between the AIIS and superior pubic tubercle (PDAIIS‐PT), the distance between the AIIS and anterior median line (HDAIIS‐ML), the angle of the pin tract line and the horizontal plane (AHOR), the transverse diameter of AIIS (TD), and the minimum diameter of the pin tract plane (DMIN), etc. Among them, six parameters showed significant difference between male and female (PDASIS‐AIIS: P =0.040, PDAIIS‐PT: P = 0.001, HDAIIS‐ML: P = 0.019, AHOR: P = 0.021, TD: P < 0.001, and DMIN: P = 0.003, respectively). These results provided references in locating pinning site for a safer and more accurate supra‐acetabular external fixation and also suggested that gender difference should be considered during the surgery. Clin. Anat. 25:503–508, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The vertebral venous plexuses: The internal veins are muscular and external veins have valves
Authors: Stringer Mark D. , Restieaux Matthew , Fisher Amanda L. , Crosado Brynley
Published: October 2011

The internal and external vertebral venous plexuses (VVP) extend the length of the vertebral column. Authoritative sources state that these veins are devoid of valves, permitting bidirectional blood flow and facilitating the hematogenous spread of malignant tumors that have venous connections with these plexuses. The aim of this investigation was to identify morphologic features that might influence blood flow in the VVP. The VVP of 12 adult cadavers (seven female, mean age 79.5 years) were examined by macro‐ and micro‐dissection and representative veins removed for histology and immunohistochemistry (smooth muscle antibody staining). A total of 26, mostly bicuspid, valves were identified in 19 of 56 veins (34%) from the external VVP, all orientated to promote blood flow towards the internal VVP. The internal VVP was characterized by four main longitudinal channels with transverse interconnections; the maximum caliber of the longitudinal anterior internal VVP veins was significantly greater than their posterior counterparts (P < 0.001). The luminal architecture of the internal VVP veins was striking, consisting of numerous bridging trabeculae (cords, thin membranes and thick bridges) predominantly within the longitudinal venous channels. Trabeculae were composed of collagen and smooth muscle and also contained numerous small arteries and nerve fibers. A similar internal venous trabecular meshwork is known to exist within the dural venous sinuses of the skull. It may serve to prevent venous overdistension or collapse, to regulate the direction and velocity of venous blood flow, or is possibly involved in thermoregulation or other homeostatic processes. Clin. Anat. 25:609–618, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Social Representations Theory to Examine Lay Explanation of Contemporary Social Crises: The Case of Ireland's Recession
Authors: O'Connor Cliodhna
Published: October 2011

Social actors operate under a basic imperative to construct explanations for the events that surround them. Many issues that dominate the societal agenda today are not available to direct perception, derive from traditionally expert domains and are relatively remote from immediate local experience. This presents a challenge for lay explanation of these issues. Social representations theory offers a useful framework through which the construction of lay explanation for such issues can be examined. The current study recruited this theoretical framework to investigate lay explanations of the recent economic recession in Ireland. Data consisted of semi‐structured interviews with 14 members of the public and a web‐based survey (N = 138). The data suggested that explanations for the recession could be organised into three major themes: Power, Ordinary People and Fatalism. Strictly economic explanations were eschewed; instead, people drew upon a wide range of ideas about society, politics, morality, public spheres and personhood. The implications of these findings for understanding lay explanation of contemporary social crises are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic Hydrofunctionalization of Alkynes through PH Bond Addition: The Unique Role of Orientation and Properties of the Phosphorus Group in the Insertion Step
Authors: Ananikov Valentine P. , Makarov Anton V. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: October 2011

The puzzling question of alkyne insertion into PdP and PdH bonds leading to the formation of new PdC, CP, and CH bonds was explored by theoretical calculations at the CCSD(T) and B3LYP levels of theory. The key factors responsible for selectivity of catalytic hydrofunctionalization of alkynes were resolved and studied in details for the models of hydrophosphorylation, hydrophosphinylation, and hydrophospination reactions. In contrast with the generally accepted mechanistic picture, the calculations have shown that several pathways are possible depending on the nature and geometrical arrangement of the phosphorus group. It was found that the product of alkyne insertion into the metal–hydrogen bond should be easily formed under kinetic‐control conditions, while the product of alkyne insertion into the metal–phosphorus bond may be formed in certain cases under thermodynamic control. For the first time, the calculations have revealed the role of the oxygen atom in the reactivity of P=P(O)R2 groups and the role of the interactions involving the lone pair of the P=PR2 group in the reagent. The fundamental properties of the PdP, CP, and PH bonds were reported, and the larger bond strength upon increasing the number of oxygen atoms bound to phosphorus (P=PR2, P(O)R2, and P(O)(OR)2) have been shown. The relationship between bond energy, acidity, and reactivity of the studied phosphorus compounds has been determined.
A Base‐Free Thorium–Terminal‐Imido Metallocene: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity
Authors: Ren Wenshan , Zi Guofu , Fang De‐Cai , Walter Marc D.
Published: October 2011

The synthesis, structure, and reactivity of a base‐free thorium terminal‐imido metallocene have been comprehensively studied. Treatment of thorium metallocenes [{η5‐1,2,4‐(Me3C)3C5H2}2ThMe2] and [{η5‐1,3‐(Me3C)2C5H3}2ThMe2] with RNH2 gives diamides [{η5‐1,2,4‐(Me3C)3C5H2}2Th(NHR)2] (R=Me (7), p‐tolyl (8)) and [{η5‐1,3‐(Me3C)2C5H3}2Th(NH‐p‐tolyl)2] (9), respectively. Diamides 7 and 9 do not eliminate methylamine or p‐toluidine, but sublime without decomposition at 150 °C under vacuum (0.01 mmHg), whereas diamide 8 is converted at 140 °C/0.01 mmHg into the primary amine p‐tolyl‐NH2 and [{η5‐1,2,4‐(Me3C)3C5H2}2ThN(p‐tolyl)] (10), which may be isolated in pure form. Imido metallocene 10 does not react with electrophiles such as alkylsilyl halides; however, it reacts with electron‐rich or unsaturated reagents. For example, reaction of 10 with sulfur affords the metallacycle [{η5‐1,2,4‐(Me3C)3C5H2}2Th{N(p‐tolyl)S‐S}]. Imido 10 is an important intermediate in the catalytic hydroamination of internal alkynes, and an efficient catalyst for the trimerization of PhCN. Density functional theory (DFT) studies provide a detailed understanding of the experimentally observed reactivity patterns.
Natural killer cells and T cells induce different types ofskin reactions during recall responses to haptens
Authors: Rouzaire Paul , Luci Carmelo , Blasco Elisabeth , Bienvenu Jacques , Walzer Thierry , Nicolas Jean‐François , Hennino Ana
Published: October 2011

The role of T cells in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to haptens has been well described. However, recent reports demonstrated that CHS‐like reactions to experimental haptens could be induced in mice deficient in T cells and B cells, as a result of adaptive‐like features of NK cells. Here, we compared hapten‐specific inflammatory reactions induced by memory T cells or NK cells. Classical CHS protocols were applied to WT or T‐ and B‐cell deficient mice. Adoptive transfers of hapten‐specific T cells and NK cells were also performed. Liver NK cells from hapten‐primed mice induced specific recall responses to haptens upon transfer in CD3ε‐deficient mice, thus confirming the existence of “memory” NK cells in the liver. We investigated the nature of the inflammation generated in these transfer conditions and found that hapten‐induced skin inflammation mediated by CD8+ T cells or “memory” NK cells are different. Indeed, ear swelling induced by memory NK cells was transient and not associated with cellular infiltrate and inflammation markers, characteristic for T‐cell‐mediated responses. Thus, NK cells and T cells mediate distinct forms of skin inflammation. NK cell‐mediated pathogenesis does not rely on cellular infiltrate and could be involved in atypical forms of adverse drug reactions.
The gene expression profile of phosphoantigen‐specific human γδ T lymphocytes is a blend of αβ T‐cell and NK‐cell signatures
Authors: Pont Fréderic , Familiades Julien , Déjean Sébastien , Fruchon Séverine , Cendron Delphine , Poupot Mary , Poupot Rémy , L'Faqihi‐Olive Fatima , Prade Nais , Ycart Bernard , Fournié Jean‐Jacques
Published: October 2011

Global transcriptional technologies have revolutionised the study of lymphoid cell populations, but human γδ T lymphocytes specific for phosphoantigens remain far less deeply characterised by these methods despite the great therapeutic potential of these cells. Here we analyse the transcriptome of circulating TCRVγ+ γδ T cells isolated from healthy individuals, and their relation with those from other lymphoid cell subsets. We report that the gene signature of phosphoantigen‐specific TCRVγ+ γδ T cells is a hybrid of those from αβ T and NK cells, with more ‘NK‐cell’ genes than αβ T cells have and more ‘T‐cell’ genes than NK cells. The expression profile of TCRVγ+ γδ T cells stimulated with phosphoantigen recapitulates their immediate physiological functions: Th1 cytokine, chemokine and cytotoxic activities reflect their high mitotic activity at later time points and do not indicate antigen‐presenting functions. Finally, such hallmarks make the transcriptome of γδ T cells, whether resting or clonally expanding, clearly distinctive from that of NK/T or peripheral T‐cell lymphomas of the γδ subtype.
In situ quality evaluation ofCamelina sativalandrace
Authors: Hrastar Robert , Abramovič Helena , Košir Iztok Jože
Published: October 2011

Camelina sativais an alternative, low input oilseed crop with oil of high nutritional value. In Slovenia,C. sativalandrace has been grown by local farmers in the Koroška region since the middle of the 20th century. In our study, we determined oil and glucosinolate content (GLS) of camelina seed and free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), tocopherol contents (T), and fatty acid profile of camelina oil from ten locations over three consecutive growing seasons. The oil content ranged from 28.78 to 40.21%, while IV, PV, and FFA fell into a range that makes this oil useful in various nutritional applications. Camelina was remarkably rich in essentialn − 3 α‐linolenic acid (33.32–37.65%) and γ‐T (532–798 mg/kg) in oil, and GLS (16.39–41.43 µmol/g) in seed. Due to observed variability, it seems that the seed and oil characteristics ofC. sativalandrace are affected by the local environmental conditions at a specific farm location and by variable genotypes between farms as a result of a more than half a century of environmental selection.

Practical applications:Camelina sativalandrace in Koroška, Slovenia has a long history. The agricultural environment together with the traditional diet of this region ensures preservation of this landrace and limits diffusion of modern hybrids. This plant variety has not been characterized yet. The important seed and oil quality parameters presented in this work will be useful for the determination of the nutritional value of the oil, recognizing Slovenian camelina oil as a unique vegetable oil with specific geographic origin as well as focal point for plant breeders.
Two experimental tests of trust in in‐group strangers: The moderating role of common knowledge of group membership
Authors: Platow Michael J. , Foddy Margaret , Yamagishi Toshio , Lim Li , Chow Aurore
Published: October 2011

The role that shared group membership plays in decisions to trust others is now well established within social psychology. A close reading of this literature, however, shows that this process is often moderated by other variables. Currently, we examined one potential moderator of this process. In particular, we evaluated the role that common knowledge of a shared social group membership between self and a to‐be‐trusted stranger provides as a basis for trusting this stranger. This common knowledge emerges when the truster knows the group membership of the to‐be‐trusted other, and believes that this other also knows the group membership of the truster. In two experiments, using pre‐existing and minimal groups, we show that people are more likely to trust an in‐group member over an out‐group member under conditions of common group‐membership knowledge rather than private group‐membership knowledge (i.e. other does not know truster's group), even when they could choose not to trust anyone. The manner in which these data add to current understandings of group‐based trust in strangers is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of genotoxicity induced by 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or diethylnitrosamine in the Pig‐a, micronucleus and Comet assays integrated into 28‐day repeat dose studies
Authors: Shi Jing , Krsmanovic Ljubica , Bruce Shannon , Kelly Tawney , Paranjpe Madhav , Szabo Kathleen , Arevalo Mirna , Atta‐Safoh Samual , Debelie Fekado , LaForce Michelle Klug , Sly Jamie , Springer Sandra
Published: October 2011

As part of the Stage 3 of the Pig‐a international trial, we evaluated 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) for induction of Pig‐a gene mutation using a 28‐day repeat dose study design in Sprague‐Dawley rats. In the same study, chromosomal damage in peripheral blood and primary DNA damage in liver were also investigated by the micronucleus (MN) assay and the Comet assay, respectively. In agreement with previously published data (Dertinger et al., [2010]: Toxicol Sci 115:401‐411), DMBA induced dose‐dependent increases of CD59‐negative erythrocytes/reticulocytes and micronucleated reticulocytes (MN‐RETs). However, there was no significant increase in DNA damage in the liver cells when tested up to 10 mg/kg/day, which appears to be below the maximum tolerated dose. When tested up to 200 mg/kg/day in a follow‐up 3 dose study, DMBA was positive in the liver Comet assay. Additionally, we evaluated diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a known mutagen/hepatocarcinogen, for induction of Pig‐a mutation, MN and DNA damage in a 28‐day study. DEN produced negative results in both the Pig‐a mutation assay and the MN assay, but induced dose‐dependent increases of DNA damage in the liver and blood Comet assay. In summary, our results demonstrated that the Pig‐a mutation assay can be effectively integrated into repeat dose studies and the data are highly reproducible between different laboratories. Also, integration of multiple genotoxicity endpoints into the same study not only provides a comprehensive evaluation of the genotoxic potential of test chemicals, but also reduces the number of animals needed for testing, especially when more than one in vivo genotoxicity tests are required. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 52:711–720,. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Male Eating Disorder Patients With and Without Non‐suicidal Self‐injury: A Comparison of Psychopathological and Personality Features
Authors: Claes Laurence , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Agüera Zaida , Castro Rita , Sánchez Isabel , Menchón Jose Manuel , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando
Published: October 2011

In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and comorbidity of non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) in male eating disorder (ED) patients. In total, 130 male ED patients completed a list of 10 impulse‐control problems (including NSSI), the Eating Disorder Inventory‐2, the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Overall, 21% of the male ED patients (n = 27) engaged in at least one type of NSSI, and we did not find significant differences between the ED subtypes. Self‐injurious male ED patients showed significantly more severe ED symptoms and more affective, interpersonal and impulse‐control problems than ED patients without NSSI. As previously described in female ED, our data confirm the affect regulation and impulse regulation functions of NSSI in male ED patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
UNFIT FOR SERVICE: THE IMPLICATIONS OF RISING OBESITY FOR US MILITARY RECRUITMENT
Authors: Cawley John , Maclean Johanna Catherine
Published: October 2011

This paper contributes to the literature on the labor market consequences of unhealthy behaviors and poor health by examining a previously underappreciated consequence of the rise in obesity in the USA: challenges for military recruitment. Specifically, this paper estimates the percentage of the US military‐age population that exceeds the US Army's current active duty enlistment standards for weight‐for‐height and percent body fat, using data from the series of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys that spans 1959–2008. We calculate that the percentage of military‐age adults ineligible for enlistment because they are overweight and overfat more than doubled for men and tripled for women during that time. As of 2007–2008, 5.7 million men and 16.5 million women exceeded the Army's enlistment standards for weight and body fat. We document disparities across race and education in exceeding the standards and estimate that a further rise of just 1% in weight and body fat would further reduce eligibility for military service by over 850 000 men and 1.3 million women. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for military recruitment and defense policy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much physical complexity is needed to model flood inundation?
Authors: Neal Jeffrey , Villanueva Ignacio , Wright Nigel , Willis Thomas , Fewtrell Timothy , Bates Paul
Published: October 2011

Two‐dimensional flood inundation models are widely used tools for flood hazard mapping and an essential component of statutory flood risk management guidelines in many countries. Yet, we still do not know how much physical complexity a flood inundation model needs for a given problem. Here, three two‐dimensional explicit hydraulic models, which can be broadly defined as simulating diffusive, inertial or shallow water waves, have been benchmarked using test cases from a recent Environment Agency for England and Wales study, where results from industry models are also available. To ensure consistency, the three models were written in the same code and share subroutines for all but the momentum (flow) and time‐stepping calculations. The diffusive type model required much longer simulation times than the other models, whilst the inertia model was the quickest. For flows that vary gradually in time, differences in simulated velocities and depths due to physical complexity were within 10% of the simulations from a range of industry models. Therefore, for flows that vary gradually in time, it appears unnecessary to solve the full two‐dimensional shallow water equations. As expected, however, the simpler models were unable to simulate supercritical flows accurately. Finally, implications of the results for future model benchmarking studies are discussed in light of a number of subtle factors that were found to cause significant differences in simulations relative to the choice of model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral nerve repair of transplanted undifferentiated adipose tissue‐derived stem cells in a biodegradable reinforced nerve conduit
Authors: Shen Chiung‐Chyi , Yang Yi‐Chin , Liu Bai‐Shuan
Published: October 2011

This study proposes a biodegradable nerve conduit containing genipin‐cross‐linked gelatin annexed with tricalcium phosphate ceramic particles (genipin‐gelatin‐tricalcium phosphate, GGT) in peripheral nerve regeneration. Firstly, cytotoxicity tests revealed that the GGT‐extracts were not toxic, and promoted the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (ADSCs). Secondly, the GGT composite film effectively supported ADSCs attachment and growth. Additionally, the GGT substrate was biocompatible with the neonatal rat sciatic nerve and produced a beneficial effect on peripheral nerve repair throughin vitrotissue culture. Finally, the experiments in this study confirmed the effectiveness of a GGT/ADSCs nerve conduit as a guidance channel for repairing a 10‐mm gap in a rat sciatic nerve. Eight weeks after implantation, the mean recovery index of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) was significantly different between the GGT/ADSCs and autografts groups (p< 0.05), both of which were significantly superior to the GGT group (p< 0.05). Furthermore, walking track analysis also showed a significantly higher sciatic function index (SFI) score (p< 0.05) and better toe spreading development in the GGT/ADSCs group than in the autograft group. Histological observations and immunohistochemistry revealed that the morphology and distribution patterns of nerve fibers in the GGT/ADSCs nerve conduits were similar to those of the autografts. The GGT nerve conduit offers a better scaffold for the incorporation of seeding undifferentiated ADSCs, and opens a new avenue to replace autologous nerve grafts for the rapid regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve tissues and an improved approach to patient care. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
Ion transporting proteins of human bronchial epithelium
Authors: Toczyłowska‐Mamińska Renata , Dołowy Krzysztof
Published: October 2011

The electrolyte transport system across human airway epithelium followed by water movement is essential for the normal mucociliary clearance that allows the maintenance of the aseptic condition of the respiratory tract. The function of epithelial cells is to control and regulate ionic composition and volume of fluids in the airways. Various types of proteins taking part in assuring effective ions and water transport in apical and basolateral membranes of the airway epithelium have been found (e.g., CFTR, ENaC, CaCC, ORCC, potassium channels, NaKATPase, aquaporins). The paper reviews the current state of the art in the field of ion channels, transporters, and other signaling proteins identified in the human bronchial epithelium. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 426–432, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.