bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of North Beach Place
Authors: Vale Lawrence J.
Published: December 2018

Chapters 10, 11, and 12 describe a fourth form of HOPE VI poverty governance—one centered on the role of not-for-profit housing developers and community organizations in San Francisco. Chapter 10 charts the rise and fall of North Beach Place, demonstrating how the city’s Nonprofitus constellation burst forth from the cataclysm of urban renewal. Completed in 1952, the 229-unit development near Fisherman’s Wharf initially housed whites but gradually gained substantial African American and Chinese populations. With urban renewal, the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (SFRA)—under the heavy-handed direction of Justin Herman from 1959 to 1971—displaced thousands of San Francisco’s blacks from the razed Fillmore District. Coupled with antihighway protests and other neighborhood backlash, San Francisco developed a broad constellation of neighborhood-based organizations determined to help low-income households remain. As a dysfunctional San Francisco Housing Authority (SFHA) staggered, North Beach Place declined, becoming a dangerous eyesore in a high-visibility tourist mecca.
Life at North Beach Place
Authors: Vale Lawrence J.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 12 investigates the post–HOPE VI version of North Beach Place, while discussing how San Francisco’s leaders sought to make this a model for public housing transformation citywide. In addition to increasing the number of on-site affordable housing units, the new North Beach Place added a supermarket, substantial below-grade parking, and new street-level retail. At the same time, however, the struggle to rehouse former residents proved contentious and protracted. Ultimately, only 36 percent of the original households chose (or were able) to return to the new development. Most of the initial tenant leaders did not come back, and many current residents—while grateful for their housing—lament the strictures of life under the close surveillance of private management. The chapter concludes with discussion of San Francisco’s HOPE SF initiative, a post–HOPE VI effort to use the North Beach Place experience to implement mixed-income housing elsewhere in the city.
Mobile Bodies
Authors: Fortuna Victoria
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines how contemporary dance enabled intersecting forms of artistic, social, and political mobility in the midst of rapid change that marked 1960s Buenos Aires. It demonstrates how influential choreographers Ana Kamien and Susana Zimmermann translated the artistic and social mobilities that dance afforded in the first half of the decade into critique of de facto president Juan Carlos Onganía’s repressive military government in their concert works and innovative creation processes in the late 1960s. The chapter first focuses on how these choreographers developed their early careers through new cultural organizations and institutions that emerged in the early 1960s, including the Friends of Dance Association (Asociación Amigos de la Danza) and the Torcuato Di Tella Institute (Instituto Torcuato Di Tella). The second half of the chapter examines two works that responded to the climate of repression under Onganía: Zimmermann’s Polymorphias (1969) and Kamien’s eponymous Ana Kamien (1970).
The Revolution Was Danced
Authors: Fortuna Victoria
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines previously undocumented intersections between Argentine contemporary dance and leftist political militancy in the early 1970s. It first explores how the dance archive revealed stories of two women, Silvia Hodgers and Alicia Sanguinetti, who led separate lives as artists and political militants. These artists’ account of their incarceration at the Rawson Penitentiary in 1972 reveals how dance created community among incarcerated political prisoners. The chapter also analyzes the role of dance in the escape plot that prisoners planned and executed that year, which ended tragically with the military’s execution of sixteen prisoners, an event known as the Trelew Massacre. Finally, the chapter demonstrates how two 1973 concert works, Cuca Taburelli’s Preludio para un final (Prelude for an Ending) and Estela Maris’s Juana Azurduy, might be productively considered “militant.” I argue that these cases of militants dancing and dances about militancy reconfigure the normative choreographies of both repertoires.
Dance as the Art of Survival
Authors: Fortuna Victoria
Published: December 2018

This chapter demonstrates how contemporary dance moved otherwise as a strategy of survival during the last military dictatorship (1976–83), a period synonymous with the forced disappearance of an estimated 30,000 people (desaparecidos) accused of political “subversion.” During this period, contemporary dance offered protected spaces in studios, schools, and professional companies for negotiating bodily autonomy as dictatorial terror restricted quotidian movement. The chapter also examines expresión corporal (corporeal expression), a movement practice that expanded during the dictatorship. Outside of the studio, it considers how the Danza Abierta festival staged community, cohesion, and endurance during the waning years of the dictatorship. Lastly, the chapter examines Renate Schottelius’s Paisaje de gritos (Landscape of Screams, 1981) and Alejandro Cervera’s Dirección obligatoria (One Way, 1983), works that premiered at the San Martín Theater in the later years of the dictatorship and addressed the experience and violence of the military dictatorship.
Moving Trauma
Authors: Fortuna Victoria
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines how choreographers integrated tango themes in contemporary dance works that engage the physical and psychic trauma of the last military dictatorship (1976–83). It begins with Susana Tambutti’s La puñalada (The Stab, 1985), a solo work that cites tango culture to address histories of violence in Argentina. It then considers Silvia Hodgers’s María Mar (1998), which confronts Hodgers’s experience as a political prisoner in the early 1970s, the loss of her partner to forced disappearance, and her exile in Geneva. The discussion draws on the Swiss documentary Juntos: Un Retour en Argentine (Together: A Return to Argentina), which features clips of María Mar alongside footage of Hodgers’s trip to Buenos Aires in 2000. Finally, the chapter examines Silvia Vladimivsky’s El nombre, otros tangos (The Name, Other Tangos, 2006) as well as her appearance in the Italian documentary Alma doble (Double Soul), which follows the development of this piece.
Common Goods
Authors: Fortuna Victoria
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines how contemporary dance embraced cooperative politics following Argentina’s 2001 economic crisis. It begins with the 2007–8 labor dispute at the San Martín Theater that gave rise to the Bailarines Organizados (Organized Dancers) labor movement and the Compañía Nacional de Danza Contemporánea (National Contemporary Dance Company, CNDC 2009–), whose repertory initially focused on social justice issues generally and the last military dictatorship specifically. It analyzes Daniel Payero Zaragoza’s 2010 Retazos pequeños de nuestra historia más reciente (Small Pieces of Our Recent History). The chapter then considers Bailarines Toda la Vida (Dancers for Life 2002-), a community dance group that rehearsed for fifteen years in the cooperatively run “Grissinopoli” factory. Like the CNDC, the group’s repertory emphasizes memory of the last military dictatorship. This chapter examines the works . . . Y el mar (. . . And the Sea, 2011) and La oscuridad (The Darkness, 2006).
Democratic Professionals as Agents of Change
Authors: Dzur Albert W.
Published: December 2018

The democratic professionals in this study encourage load-bearing work by citizens in education, criminal justice, and city government. They share professionalized tasks and encourage lay participation in ways that enhance and enable collective action and deliberation about social issues. Democratic professionalism is an alternative way of understanding professionals’ potential to impact social change that differs from a “social trustee” perspective that ignores their power and a “radical critique” that shuns its use. Democratic professionals relate to society in a particular way: they regard the layperson’s knowledge and agency as critical components in resolving what have been seen as strictly professional issues of education, government, health, justice, and public safety. Contemporary democratic theory has overlooked the kinds of citizen agency and power-sharing encouraged by democratic professionals, so a more grounded theory is needed to bring into focus how individuals come together in closer proximity to handle pressing social problems.
“Starring Montgomery and Stone!”
Authors: Westover Jonas
Published: December 2018

This chapter addresses the early stage adaptations of several of Baum’s books. The first musical comedy in 1902–1903 generated huge excitement, and inspired Baum to continue with his second novel in 1904. The following two decades were full of interchange between novels, stage productions, and films, with each iteration fueling interest in the world of Oz and its fantastic characters. The chapter examines several of these productions, including basic information about their contributions, but the focus is on the relationship between the stars chosen for the roles and the talents (dancing, singing, comedy, drama) they brought to the version they starred in. For example, Montgomery and Stone, a comedy duo popular in vaudeville and on Broadway, were the stars of the first show. Thus, it was the Tin Woodman and the Scarecrow who were the focus. Other performers, such as Charles Ruggles and Charlotte Greenwood, were the main attractions to their specific productions, too. In the end, the most successful Oz productions found clever ways to allow star players to shine and showcase their talents while maintaining some element of the narrative. It is this formula that would, in part, lead directly to the powerful impact of the 1939 film musical.
Preliminary Conclusions from Interviews and Fieldwork
Authors: Westbrook Donald
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers eight conclusions about Scientology, Scientologists, and the Church of Scientology that emerged in the course of the author’s interviews and fieldwork. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Scientology is not merely a religion of belief or faith—but self-knowledge; (2) L. Ron Hubbard is not God to Scientologists—but he is the model OT (Operating Thetan); (3) the path to Clear and OT is codified in the “Bridge to Total Freedom;” (4) materials from the OT Levels are confidential and copyrighted; (5) most Scientologists are on the lower half of the Bridge to Total Freedom; (6) movement up the Bridge usually costs money and always costs time; (7) the church is theoretically all-denominational but functionally sectarian—at least most of the time; and (8) most Scientologists are ordinary people seeking extraordinary potential for themselves and others—not staff members and certainly not Hollywood celebrities.
Before the Religion
Authors: Westbrook Donald
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines some of the psychological, philosophical, theological, and legal foundations of the Scientology religion in postwar America in the early 1950s. The process by which L. Ron Hubbard’s Dianetics movement transformed into the institutionalized religion of Scientology provides scholars of American religion a documented history of the birth and construction of a new religion in Cold War America—one that freely assimilated influences from Eastern and Western religion, popular psychology, and science fiction. In the 1950s, Dianetics organizations faced a major legitimation crisis when the legal rights to use “Dianetics” were temporarily lost to an outside investor. Before reacquiring them, Hubbard had already begun to brand “Scientology” as the spiritualized (and administratively centralized) outcome of Dianetics techniques. Two of the most central innovations during this transition were an emphasis on out-of-body experiences (“exteriorizations”) and especially the recollection of past lives, both of which informed Hubbard’s mental and spiritual counseling.
“Keeping Scientology Working”
Authors: Westbrook Donald
Published: December 2018

This chapter introduces features of Scientology’s systematic theology as developed in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1959, L. Ron Hubbard established a headquarters at Saint Hill Manor in East Grinstead, England. This location became the international base of Scientology until the founding of the Sea Organization in 1967. The Saint Hill period was instrumental in the intellectual development of Scientology. During these years, Hubbard systematized Scientology’s educational methodology (Study Technology), theology of sin (overts and withholds), theology of evil (suppressive persons), and standards of orthodoxy and orthopraxy (“Keeping Scientology Working” or KSW). KSW serves to legitimate Dianetics and Scientology within the church because it self-referentially dictates that Hubbard’s “technologies” provide mental and spiritual benefits only insofar as they are uniformly understood, applied, and perpetuated by others.
The Monstropolous Beast
Authors: Keyser Catherine
Published: December 2018

In Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) and The Living Is Easy (1948), Zora Neale Hurston and Dorothy West use the backdrop of agribusiness and fruit imports respectively to dramatize the precarity of black bodies within global capitalism. Their novels feature black male characters who have come to believe in the opportunities the food industry extends them, only to be sorely disappointed and in some cases utterly destroyed. In this way, Hurston and West suggest the racist limits of the category of Man. At the same time that they debunk this ideal subject, Hurston and West use figurative language to connect black bodies with animals and fruit. As scholars of critical race studies have shown, animacy hierarchies, the ranking of bodies according to their relative liveness, frequently subtend pejorative forms of racialization. Instead, Hurston and West overturn these hierarchies, pursue ecological enmeshment, and celebrate black women, queerness, and corporeality.
Evaluating Structural Interventions
Authors: Hensen B , Dringus S , Eakle R , Remme M , Hargreaves J
Published: December 2018

Evaluating structural interventions to understand whether they are effective, for whom, and in what context is critical to determining whether, where, and how to deliver structural interventions at scale. This chapter provides a comprehensive evaluation framework comprising three main components: impact of the intervention, process evaluation, and an economic evaluation. Featured within this chapter is the point that structural-level interventions are amenable to evaluation using adaptation of the gold-standard randomized controlled trial design. Where randomization is not feasible, however, the chapter provides alternative designs to evaluate effectiveness, including those that use the stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial, interrupted time series, and nonequivalent comparison group. Four types of economic evaluation techniques are also described.
Figuring Racism in Medieval Christianity
Authors: Kaplan Lindsay
Published: December 2018

Figuring Racism in Medieval Christianity distinguishes itself from other studies of early forms of racism by placing theological discourses at the center of its analysis. It traces an intellectual history of hereditary inferiority as articulated in the Christian doctrine of servitus Judaeorum, Jewish enslavement. This concept develops in Christian Scripture, patristic theology, and medieval exegesis to produce readings of the biblical figures of Cain, Ham, and Hagar/Ishmael as representing Jews cursed with slavery for their (alleged) role in the crucifixion. The punishment of perpetual servitude constructs a racial status of inherent, hereditary inferiority that shapes the treatment of Jews in canon law, medicine, natural philosophy, and visual art. Focusing on inferiority as a category of analysis contributes to current debates on race and religion in sharpening our understanding of contemporary racism as well as its historical development. The damaging power of racism lies in ascribing inferiority to a set of traits and not in bodily or cultural difference; in the medieval context, theology provides the authorizing discourse to pronounce discriminatory hierarchies as reflecting divine will. The servitus Judaeorum creates a racial rationale that justifies Christian domination not only of Jews, but through the multivalent capacity of figures, Muslims and Africans as well. This history of hereditary inferiority makes legible the ways in which racism circulates in premodernity and continues to do so in contemporary white supremacist discourses that similarly seek to subordinate these groups to white Christians.
The Anti-American Campaign, 1945–1953
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

This chapter looks at efforts to contain and control both the presentation and the reception of American images in the Soviet Union. A striking outcome of these efforts was the anti-American campaign, a little-discussed element of the larger anti-cosmopolitanism campaign. The Soviet anti-Americanism of the early Cold War differs from contemporary anti-Americanism in the sense that it was a campaign orchestrated by the ruling party of a state. The focus here is on how the Communist Party of the Soviet Union interfered in all stages of the creative process, dictating the shape plays, films, circus skits, and literature should take. This chapter also details how, with the help of American fellow travelers and “progressive” American authors, the Soviet authorities actually crafted the image of a “second America,” which next to the decadent, capitalist America was used to prove that socialism was indeed the more superior way of life.
The Paradoxes of Peaceful Coexistence, 1956–1957
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

Chapter 5 focuses on Soviet and American interactions from 1956 to 1957. It covers the domestic life of peaceful coexistence and reactions to American official propaganda in the Soviet Union, which were still dominated by fear and repressions. The paradoxes of peaceful coexistence are mostly noted in the continued opening to the West and the United States, while dealing with the consequences of these increased contacts. This is seen, for example, in how the diminishing focus on anti-Americanism went hand in hand with attempts to celebrate socialism, culminating with the Festival of Youth and Students held in Moscow in 1957. Also, this chapter covers the rather tame efforts of the Soviet Embassy in Washington, DC, to control images of the Soviet Union in America, where celebrating socialism was always an uphill battle.
Polls, Plots, and Party Politics
Authors: Enders Adam M. , Smallpage Steven M.
Published: December 2018

Conspiracy theories have always been fixtures of American politics and culture. Indeed, conspiracy theories have been used to explain major events from national tragedies, terrorist attacks, and mass violence to national accomplishments, election outcomes, and power structures. Rather than the incoherent ramblings of a “crazy” few, a majority of Americans endorse at least one conspiracy theory. Conspiracy theories also have an important political component: Where members of both parties engage in conspiratorial thinking, the actual conspiracy theories endorsed by Democrats and Republicans, liberals and conservatives are very different, and oftentimes used to achieve political goals. Finally, conspiracy theories have consequences including declining trust in government, the exacerbation of social polarization, and the proliferation of the politics of disruption that have characterized recent electoral cycles.
Who Believes in Conspiracy Theories in Great Britain and Europe?
Authors: Drochon Hugo
Published: December 2018

From JFK to the X-Files to Trump, are conspiracy theories the preserve of the United States? Drawing on two YouGov surveys—the first of their kind—in Great Britain in February 2015 and across Europe (Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden) in March 2016, this chapter shows that the British and Europeans are as likely to believe in conspiracy theories as are their American counterparts. The surveys suggest that political and economic exclusion are the greatest predictors of conspiracy theorizing. Policies that promote political and economic integration may therefore help reduce conspiracy theorizing.
The Collective Conspiracy Mentality in Poland
Authors: Soral Wiktor , Cichocka Aleksandra , Bilewicz Michał , Marchlewska Marta
Published: December 2018

In recent decades several conspiracy theories became prominent topics of Polish public debate: the Smoleńsk catastrophe, “gender conspiracy” and “Jewish conspiracy” are some examples of such theories. These conspiracy theories can be viewed as manifestations of a collective conspiracy mentality, a collective mental state in which other groups, nations, or institutions are viewed as ill-intended and willing to conspire against the in-group. This state is instigated by salient historical representations of one’s own group (e.g., nation), viewing the in-group as a victim of others. It is boosted by a special kind of defensive in-group identity—collective narcissism. Finally, it bears negative consequences for inter-group relations.
The Hidden and the Revealed
Authors: Filer Tanya
Published: December 2018

Critics note that conspiracy theory offers populist leaders a ready narrative form for producing fear of “outsiders.” Yet conspiracy theory also helps to sustain populist authority in other, less commented, ways. This chapter explores the varied uses of conspiracy theory to populism through a case study of Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007—2015). It identifies two styles of conspiracy theory, which I term “the hidden” and “the revealed,” that Fernández actively engaged in her attempt to control the political narrative in Argentina and to maintain popular legitimacy. Together, these dual forms of conspiracy theory furnished Fernández with an efficient method for bolstering two crucial tenets of populist authority: vertical leadership, and the illusion of direct contact with “the people.”
Introduction
Authors: Tripkovic Milena
Published: December 2018

The chapter explains the key issues that the book addresses, its methodological approach, and the structure of the argument. The book proceeds from an observation that, in many contemporary democracies, criminal disenfranchisement remains the only form of exclusion of adult, mentally competent citizens from equal citizenship entitlements. The book therefore aims to determine whether such restrictions could be considered justified in contemporary democracies. The chapter examines the currently predominant empirical approach to the problem and explains the importance of developing a comprehensive normative account of criminal disenfranchisement. After exploring alternative frameworks, the chapter proposes that the answer to the normative question should be sought within the domain of citizenship theory, which allows one to ask questions about the substance of membership duties in a polity and the conditions that one needs to satisfy to enjoy the rights attached to the citizenship status.
Disenfranchisement and Citizenship
Authors: Tripkovic Milena
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the most significant historical precedent of contemporary electoral restrictions—the sanction of atimia—and aims to elucidate the purpose and social role that the practice played in ancient Athens. To understand the nature of atimia, the chapter contrasts it to ostracism, another exclusionary sanction of that time. The chapter demonstrates that in the specific kind of polity that was characterized by strong political links between citizens, atimia was not a criminal, but predominantly a citizenship sanction, which sought to exclude a disobedient member from the enjoyment of full citizenship entitlements. The chapter concludes that while this type of sanction cohered with a politically saturated kind of society such as Athenian, it is less certain whether similar sanctions could be considered justified in contemporary societies in which social and political realms are more separate and where ties between co-citizens are largely extra-political.
The Profile of the Disenfranchised Offender
Authors: Tripkovic Milena
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the profile of the criminal offender who may be legitimately disenfranchised in line with the previously expounded theoretical framework. While the preceding chapter concluded that the only possible candidates for disenfranchisement are persons who have seriously and irreversibly severed citizenship ties with their polity owing to an incorrigible lack of moral conscience, the current chapter sets out further considerations that ought to aid policymakers. The chapter argues that immoral offenders should only be disenfranchised for serious crimes against the polity or their co-citizens, that judges should play an active part in imposing the sanction, that disenfranchisement should be permanent, and that limits to active and passive suffrage should be equal. The chapter also draws a distinction between a right and a duty to disenfranchise, by explaining the reasons for which polities may abstain from imposing such restrictions.
Employment and Poverty Dynamics Before, During, and After the Crisis
Authors: Gábos András , Branyiczki Réka , Binder Barbara , Tóth István György
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates how changes in employment and poverty relate to each other across the European Union’s Member States. Large employment volatility was accompanied by sizable changes in poverty rates between 2005 and 2012. Based on panel regression results, the poverty to employment elasticity was estimated to be around 25% on average. The role of changes in the poverty rates of individuals in jobless and non-jobless households and of changes in the share of those in jobless households differs greatly across countries. The success of poverty reduction depends to a large extent on three factors: the dynamics of overall employment growth, the fair distribution of employment growth across households with different levels of work intensity, and properly designed social welfare systems to smooth out income losses for families in need.
Ethnic Cleansing Wins 1994
Authors: Scheffer David
Published: December 2018

During 1994, tactics in the Situation Room over America’s role in the Balkans were plagued by procrastination, fear of the unknown, and a futile search for alternatives to bold action. A 1994 journey by the author and Madeleine Albright to the region demonstrated the difficulties in coordinating U.S. policy with the United Nations and U.S. allies. The February 5, 1994, mortar attack on Markale marketplace in Sarajevo ignited a long process of efforts to bring the war to an end. The Federation of Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats united against the Bosnian Serbs. Goražde became the next battleground of Bosnian Serb pressure to capitulate, but NATO support for its security held firm. Debates in the Situation Room ended with endorsements of the status quo. Bosnian Serbs rejected the peace effort, and all slid back into war. The fate of UNPROFOR, the U.N. peacekeeping force, also dominated discussions in the Situation Room.
Financing Affordability
Authors: Coffin Sarah L.
Published: December 2018

Reinvestment in declining or poor areas is necessary to attract new middle-class residents, reduce concentrated poverty, and improve housing conditions for the poor. Private-sector housing and commercial real estate developers consistently argue that, without assistance from the public sector, projects are not economically feasible. However, fiscal and political constraints make local governments hesitant to provide direct subsidies to developers. Tax increment financing (TIF) is often offered as a politically attractive solution to this complicated development scenario. The expedited nature of TIF allows communities to fund projects and generate development investment through a highly decentralized process, potentially avoiding public involvement. This fiscalization of the development process raises key questions. Are the communities most in need of redevelopment benefiting from TIF, or do they compete for development? How does TIF’s “creative” financing strategy influence political fragmentation? This chapter illustrates these challenges and explores ways the tool can be used to promote inclusionary development practices and support creative affordable-housing strategies.
Beyond Education Triage
Authors: Tate William F.
Published: December 2018

Social policies seeking to ameliorate racial and economic segregation stem in part from the adverse disparities associated with the alternatives—limited income mobility, intractable concentrated poverty, negative health outcomes, constrained access to quality housing, and poor social services—which generate a cycle of economic inequalities and more segregation. Many social scientists have argued that high-quality educational opportunities for students experiencing segregation are linked to better life-course outcomes. Education could thus be viewed as a potential intervention to address segregation. This chapter argues that the predominant approach to educational reform is analogous to triage in medicine. The effects of triage policy have been anemic. Its failure is reinforcing segregation. Instead, we need to develop a different approach to education and youth development, an approach that takes an intergenerational perspective on education achievement, attainment, and youth development in our nation’s most segregated communities. Examples are provided.
Falling
Authors: Cooper Albright Ann
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the interconnected realms of the theoretical and the practical by tracing the physical experience of moving from up to down, as well as the cultural rhetoric which equates falling with failure. What can the intentional practice of falling teach us about how to survive personal and national crises in this time of social instability and political uncertainty? Instead of nervously trying to avoid falling in a world in which so many aspects of our lives are being turned upside down, we can take a lesson from the contemporary movement form of Contact Improvisation, and practice ways in which to feel more comfortable with falling, failure, the ground, and gravity. Indeed, falling can teach us a great deal about resiliency—physical as well as emotional and even financial resiliency—helping us, in turn, mitigate the effects of panic about falling behind that seems to have permeated almost everyone’s being these days.
Suspension
Authors: Cooper Albright Ann
Published: December 2018

This is a chapter about suspensions, about the moments in our lives when we can’t move, when we don’t know which way to turn. Suspensions slow us down enough to feel space enter time. Using our breath to find spaciousness attunes us to a heightened sense of three-dimensionality, including a critical recognition of the importance of thinking backwards as well as forwards. In lives filled with screen-based, two-dimensional interactions, this sense of amplitude can make a big difference in the quality of our being present in the moment. Moving from a discussion of improvisation to a meditation on breathing through the elusive quality of air and into a final discussion of dwelling, this chapter explores how suspensions can open new ways of being in the world. Attending to the breath can lead us into the under-charted territory of largely unseen but nonetheless deeply felt situations, including those of loss, memory, and grace.
The Aesthetic Mediation
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: December 2018

The passion of Christ was one of the centers of devotional piety in the nineteenth century. It was associated especially with a spirituality of suffering and sorrow. The Roman Catholic Mass was frequently interpreted as a representation of the passion of Jesus. The image of the Sacred Heart became a widespread focus of devotion.
Enactments of Transnational Citizenship
Authors: Félix Adrián
Published: December 2018

Chapter 3 deploys transnational ethnography to capture the enactments of transnational citizenship of returned migrant politicians and activists within the clientelistic orbit of the Mexican state. Under conditions of political cartelization, whereby Mexican political parties are congealing into a ruling bloc, Mexican migrants can be a critical cross-border constituency that can potentially challenge the hegemonic party system in México. However, in an autocratic system, these cross-border activists must avoid the ever-present danger of domestication. Indeed, Mexican migrants’ enactments of transnational citizenship can only come to fruition if they can resist the corruption, co-optation, coercion, and control of clientelistic party politics in México. While this chapter identifies the political pitfalls and contradictions of transnational citizenship, it also shows how the diasporic dialectics of Mexican migrants can further deepen democratic citizenship on both sides of the U.S.-México border.
Gracious Reception
Authors: Cunningham David S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers an alternative account of the Christian understanding of vocation, suggesting that vocational discernment is best understood not primarily as obedience to God’s call, but rather as a disposition of “gracious reception.” The point is initially illustrated with a poem by Rainer Maria Rilke, followed by an account of the role of giving and receiving in Christian theological and liturgical traditions (particularly the Eucharist or Lord’s Supper). In a multi-faith context, Christians are called to be receptive to the circumstances of others, including those who do not share their faith tradition. This perspective marks the ministry of Jesus, particularly with respect to his encounters with difference; three such encounters are used to illustrate the point. A more receptive disposition can help individuals to make better use of the advice and constructive criticism that comes from outside their own perspective.
The Story of Me
Authors: Sayers Matthew R.
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers a concrete alternative to the language of vocation, examining how narratives shape a person’s self-perception. Human beings chart the future direction of their lives based on their construction of stories about themselves; moreover, these stories are woven together and interconnect in complex ways. Such self-constructed and self-referential narratives are best described using the word myth: we are always engaged in a process of myth-making as we explore the contours of our lives. This language, suggests the author, may help us to reshape the concept of vocation in a way that recognizes the dynamic nature of the self, clarifies matters of agency, and attends to the retrospective nature of the construction of the self. To illustrate these points, the author offers a number of his own “myths of self,” as well as references to self-constructed narratives in the Bhagavadgita and in other literary and cultural accounts.
The Vocation of Church-Related Colleges in a Multi-Faith World
Authors: Bussie Jacqueline A.
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes the myriad challenges that must be faced by academic institutions as they broaden their focus from a single religious perspective to a multi-faith approach. It begins by observing that academic discourse about religion is too often divorced from the actual experiences of real human beings, but careful attention to such experiences is essential in the undergraduate environment. It then tells the story of one institution that underwent a significant transition, from its original focus on a single faith tradition to become a genuinely multi-faith environment—for its students and for its faculty and staff. This process required wrestling with the privilege that was (often unconsciously) enjoyed by adherents to the institution’s founding faith tradition (Christianity).
The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relationship between an institutional shift to a more interfaith perspective and classroom efforts to make sure that multiple traditions and lifestances are given voice.
Hearing in a New Key
Authors: Cunningham David S.
Published: December 2018

This epilogue commends the verbal and auditory metaphors used to describe vocation, but argues against employing these in an overly rationalistic way. In fact, the whole book might be seen as a response to Immanuel Kant’s attempt to offer an account of religion “within the limits of reason alone.” The author posits five religious and vocational themes inherited from the Enlightenment, demonstrating how these are modulated into a new key. These five shifts are described as: beyond otherness to difference; beyond univocity to multiplicity; beyond the rational to the affective; beyond results to process; and beyond activity to integration. A final section observes that vocation has been subjected to other limits—focusing only on certain stages of life, limited to particular religious perspectives, or restricted to matters of paid employment. These limitations should be removed, so that vocational reflection is available to all students in all aspects of their lives.
Telegraphies
Authors: Yandell Kay
Published: December 2018

Telegraphies: Indigeneity, Identity, and Nation in America’s Nineteenth-Century Virtual Realm explores literatures envisioning the literary, societal, even the perceived metaphysical effects of various cultures’ telecommunications technologies, to argue that nineteenth-century Americans tested in the virtual realm new theories of self, place, and nation for potential enactment in the embodied world. Telegraphies opens with the literatures of such Native telecommunications technologies as smoke signals and sign language chains, to reconceive common notions of telecommunications technologies as synonymous with capitalist industrialization, and to analyze the cultural interactions and literary productions that arose as Native telegraphs worked with and against European American telecommunications systems across nineteenth-century America. Into this conversation the book integrates visions of Morse’s electromagnetic telegraph, with its claims to speak new, coded words and send bodiless, textless prose instantly across the continent. To the many and various telegraphies this book considers, American authors often reacted with a mixture of wonder, hope, and fear. Writers as diverse as Sarah Winnemucca, Walt Whitman, Frederick Douglass, and Emily Dickinson, among others, craft poetic odes, memoirs, and novels that envision how the birth of perceived-instantaneous communication across a vast continent forever alters the way Americans speak, write, form community, and conceive of the divine. While some celebrate far-speaking technologies as conduits of a metaphysical manifest destiny to overspread America’s primitive cultures, others reveal how telecommunication empowers the previously silenced voice to range free in the disembodied virtual realm, even as the body remains confined by race, class, gender, disability, age, or geography.
Divine Providence
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: December 2018

More than one hundred sermons on Our Lady of Guadalupe were published in New Spain during the colonial era. Bartolomé Felipe de Ita y Parra was the most prolific of the published Guadalupan preachers. Four of his extant twenty-two published sermons are focused on Guadalupe, each corresponding to a significant communal event: the 1731 bicentennial of the Guadalupe apparitions, the final service for a 1737 novena to plead for Guadalupe’s aid during a severe matlazahuatl epidemic, and two sermons linked with the campaign to declare Guadalupe the patroness of New Spain. This chapter explores the growth of Guadalupan devotion during the colonial era leading to her official designation as New Spain’s patroness in 1754. It also examines critically the theological claims articulated in colonial sermons such as those dedicated to Guadalupe, especially the central claim that divine providence guided society and its inhabitants.
Transforming America
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: December 2018

Present-day devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe has expanded well beyond the bounds of Mexico and of Catholicism. Theological analyses have expanded in tandem with Guadalupe’s growing acclaim. In response to the increasing consciousness of injustice and poverty and the advance of popular social movements, Guadalupan writers have addressed an array of perspectives such as those of marginalized persons, women, and evangelization. For the first time, theological analyses have examined Juan Diego as a protagonist in the struggle of oppressed peoples for survival and dignity. Such articulations are not just new interpretations of Guadalupe but also comprise a new approach to engaging Guadalupe from the perspective of those the world counts as least. This chapter examines this crucial epistemic shift in Guadalupan theologies and the Guadalupe tradition, underscoring how contemporary understandings of Guadalupe advance visions for personal and social transformation.
Ontological History
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter lays out an original method for the study of the history of ontology. It also critiques two major problems in the study of ontology: stasis and reductionism. Ontological practice is a historical and kinetic activity, and it therefore makes an important intervention into the study of ontology more broadly. What is at stake, therefore, in the development of an ontology of motion is a solution to these two problems. In addition, the chapter develops a theory of ontology as a practice of graphism. Finally, it provides an outline of the plan of the book and the major theses that will be argued herein.
In Mediis Rebus
Authors: Verhaegh Sander
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a positive characterization of Quine’s naturalism. It argues that at the most fundamental level, to be a Quinean naturalist is to “work from within.” The chapter characterizes Quine’s naturalism in terms of two components—the principled rejection of transcendental perspectives and the adoption of a perspective immanent to our inherited scientific conceptual scheme—and investigates what arguments, theories, and commitments have led him to adopt these theses. After examining Quine’s own defense of naturalism in “Five Milestones of Empiricism,” the chapter argues that both components—no transcendence and scientific immanence—as well as his deflationary theories of truth and justification, are based on the view that, as inquirers, we all have to start in the middle—in the view that we are always working from within.
Science and Philosophy
Authors: Verhaegh Sander
Published: December 2018

Contemporary analytic philosophy is dominated by metaphilosophical naturalism, the view that philosophy ought to be in some sense continuous with science. According to contemporary naturalists, we cannot study the nature of mind, knowledge, language, meaning, and reality without taking into account the results from physics, linguistics, and the cognitive sciences. This chapter examines Quine’s evolving views on the relation between science and philosophy in 1950s and 1960s. Scrutinizing both the development of and the external responses to Word and Object, it examines how Quine became increasingly aware of the metaphilosophical implications of the views he had first developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In the final sections, this chapter offers a detailed reconstruction of Quine’s decision to label his position “naturalism.”
Conclusion
Authors: Verhaegh Sander
Published: December 2018

This concluding chapter argues that at the heart of Quine’s naturalism lies the adoption of a radically immanent perspective. To be a Quinean naturalist is to work from within. Or, as Quine himself describes it in one of his last philosophical papers, to be a Quinean naturalist is to live “within one’s means.” Quine dismisses some traditional philosophical questions because they presuppose an external perspective, not because they cannot be reduced to natural science. This chapter, in sum, argues that Quine’s naturalism is radical not because it is immanent to science, but because it is science-immanent across the board.
Principal-Agent Theory, Career Prospects, and U.S. Attorneys
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores two theories central to understanding the behavior of federal prosecutors. First, principal-agent theory is introduced to frame the relationship between national political actors, or principals, in the executive and legislative branches and their agents—U.S. Attorneys (USAs). In that exploration, the chapter focuses on problems of adverse selection and the monitoring of agents by principals. Second, the chapter considers career ambition theory as it pertains to the post-service employment opportunities of USAs. That discussion focuses on the potential of USAs to ascend to higher positions in the administration or secure nomination to the federal bench, both of which require the approval of principals in the executive branch.
The Diversity of Legal Environments for Organized Civil Society in Long-Lived Democracies
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

This chapter shows that the legal regulation of groups and parties adopted within long-lived democracies resemble each other sufficiently to be aggregated in one overall Legal Regulation Index, which allows us to rank democracies’ legal environments for voluntary organizations on a continuum from highly permissive to highly constraining legal environments. Having explored the cross-country variation in regulatory constraints applied to voluntary organizations across the nineteen democracies studied, this chapter presents an interdisciplinary, theoretical framework to account for democracies’ legal dispositions building on neo-institutionalist arguments associated with notions of ‘state traditions’ and ‘regulatory styles’. This framework integrates arguments derived from literature in political science, sociology, public administration research, and comparative law, specifying why lawmakers might be legitimated or able to adopt constraining regulation in an area in which state interference is often contested.
The Attributes of God
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

Exploring the nature and attributes of God is akin to crossing a mountain horizon. Thus, alien concepts of God should be avoided to make room for exploring the deep contours of the attributes of God. This begins with seeing God as an agent and then carefully identifying a network of descriptions that cluster in a rough way around the goodness of God and the power of God. The relevant attributes constitute a realistic depiction of God; they also rule out skeptical accounts which emphasize the apophatic at the expense of the cataphatic dimensions of our language about God. Divine simplicity can only be adopted if suitably qualified. Taken as a whole the attributes provide fitting background material for treatment of miracles, anthropocentric liabilities, and deep trust in God.
Salvation
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

Predestination speaks of God’s design to save all who believe. Grace speaks of divine action which does not rule out genuine human action in a divine–human synergy. The big picture in salvation is the restoration of a proper relation to God as captured by a network of powerful images: justification, witness of the Holy Spirit, new birth, adoption, sanctification, baptism in the Holy Spirit, divinization, and conversion. There is no tidy schema for understanding baptism in the Holy Spirit. It is crucial to work with the wealth of concepts available and to preserve a vital role for human action.