bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Epistemic Argument for Idealism
Authors: Smithson Robert
Published: January 2018

Many idealists have challenged realism on epistemic grounds. The worry is that, if it is possible for truths about ordinary objects to outstrip our experiences in the ways that realists typically suppose, we could never be justified in our beliefs about objects. In response, philosophers have offered a variety of proposals to defend the epistemology of our object judgments under the assumption of realism. This chapter offers a new type of epistemic argument against realism to which these standard responses do not apply. In addition to raising a challenge for realism, the epistemology of object judgments has implications for how the idealist should develop her own positive metaphysical view. The second half of the chapter discusses how the idealist should understand the dependence between objects and our experiences if she is to secure epistemic advantages over the realist.
Categories and Modalities
Authors: Kishida Kohei
Published: January 2018

Category theory provides various guiding principles for modal logic and its semantic modeling. In particular, Stone duality, or “syntax-semantics duality”, has been a prominent theme in semantics of modal logic since the early days of modern modal logic. This chapter focuses on duality and a few other categorical principles, and brings to light how they underlie a variety of concepts, constructions, and facts in philosophical applications as well as the model theory of modal logic. In the first half of the chapter, I review the syntax-semantics duality and illustrate some of its functions in Kripke semantics and topological semantics for propositional modal logic. In the second half, taking Kripke’s semantics for quantified modal logic and David Lewis’s counterpart theory as examples, I demonstrate how we can dissect and analyze assumptions behind different semantics for first-order modal logic from a structural and unifying perspective of category theory. (As an example, I give an analysis of the import of the converse Barcan formula that goes farther than just “increasing domains”.) It will be made clear that categorical principles play essential roles behind the interaction between logic, semantics, and ontology, and that category theory provides powerful methods that help us both mathematically and philosophically in the investigation of modal logic.
Introduction
Authors: Gray Erik
Published: January 2018

This chapter sets out the book’s scope, methodology, and premises. The book’s topic is erotic love (eros)—as opposed to other forms such as friendship (philia) and family or divine love (agape)—and its relation to poetry, especially lyric poetry, across the Western tradition. Given the historicist bent of most current criticism, it is relatively rare for a book to juxtapose works from many different periods, as this one does. But such transhistorical criticism has advantages, not least in revealing often surprising similarities and continuities among works from very different contexts. Notably, love lyrics consistently foreground the tensions between privacy and publicity, as well as between singularity and convention.
A Theory of Vision
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

Visual encounters set in motion a series of cognitive activities. Orienting responds to a visual stimulus, which gives rise to a primary visual acknowledgement. Orienting precedes all cognitive uptake; it is the ‘instruction’ sent to the visual apparatus to ‘open the door’. One cognitive module then receives the primary visual acknowledgement, a second works to investigate what has been received, and a third further to determine the output of the investigating module. Investigation locates the contours, shape, and boundaries of the object seen (‘It is round and flat’), while determination categorically identifies it (‘It is a coin’). Perceiving does not always give rise to conscious awareness.
Self and Other
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

Experiences like shame presuppose that there is a distinction between self and other, for shame is an empathetic access to another’s attention on one, and a resultant diminishing of self-esteem. There is no need to introduce any more robust distinction between self and other than the one implied by a conception of persons as beings with a characteristic capacity for attention. In particular, there is no need to conceive of the distinction as having its basis in a phenomenology of interiority or in an authorial conception of self. The conception of human beings as endowed with the capacity for attention provides an alternative both to strident individualism and to impersonal holism.
Finitude and Flow
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

It is far from uncommon for thinkers to appeal to the idea of a central core of personality, and indeed to equate it with a conception of self. This chapter argues that this notion of a ‘core self’ is best explicated in terms of a notion of the centring of the space of awareness by attention. It argues further that an account of self-narratives is consistent with an apophatic conception of persons. The experience of death is that of a reliving of an event that sums up what is of greatest significance in one’s life.
Musteloid sociality: the grass-roots of society
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris
Published: January 2018

Excluded from the pursuit predator niche by better-adapted early felids and canids, the musteloids exploited other hunting strategies as grasslands proliferated in the Oligocene. Unconstrained by specialised running limbs, lineages evolved to excavate prey (badgers) and enter burrows (polecats). Others took to tree-climbing (martens, procynoids) and even swimming (otters). While some species specialised in rodent hunting (weasels) others became more generalist omnivores. In-turn the dispersion of these food types dictated socio-spatial geometries, allowing insectivorous, piscivorous and frugivorous species to congregate with varying degrees of social cohesion, often unified within subterranean burrows – a basis to group-living distinct from the pack-hunting felids and canids. Induced ovulation and delayed implantation feature in the mating systems of several species, evolved to ensure breeding success amongst low-density, solitary ancestors. Group-living musteloids exhibit degrees of reproductive suppression, allo-parental care and other cooperative behaviours, thus this contrarian superfamily provides unique insights into the basis of carnivore societies.
Stink or swim: techniques to meet the challenges for the study and conservation of small critters that hide, swim, or climb, and may otherwise make themselves unpleasant
Authors: Powell Roger A. , Ellwood Stephen , Kays Roland , Maran Tiit
Published: January 2018

The study of musteloids requires different perspectives and techniques than those needed for most mammals. Musteloids are generally small yet travel long distances and many live or forage underground or under water, limiting the use of telemetry and direct observation. Some are arboreal and nocturnal, facilitating telemetry but limiting observation, trapping, and many non-invasive techniques. Large sexual size dimorphism arguably doubles sample sizes for many research questions. Many musteloids defend themselves by expelling noxious chemicals. This obscure group does not attract funding, even when endangered, further reducing rate of knowledge gain. Nonetheless, passive and active radio frequency identification tags, magnetic-inductance tracking, accelerometers, mini-biologgers and some GPS tags are tiny enough for use with small musteloids. Environmental DNA can document presence of animals rarely seen. These technologies, coupled with creative research design that is well-grounded on the scientific method, form a multi-dimensional approach for advancing our understanding of these charismatic minifauna.
The fisher as a model organism
Authors: Powell Roger A. , Facka Aaron N. , Gabriel Mourad W. , Gilbert Jonathan H. , Higley J. Mark , LaPoint Scott D. , McCann Nicholas P. , Spencer Wayne , Thompson Craig M.
Published: January 2018

The literature on fishers - medium-sized, North American carnivores - is broad, despite being limited, and traditional ecological knowledge of Native Americans contributes to our understanding of fishers. Fishers are generalist predators but also specialized predators of North American porcupines. Over trapping, habitat loss and climate change reduced fisher populations after European colonization of North America. Protection and reintroductions led to general but not to universal population recovery, contributing to the understanding of reintroduction science, including population genetics of both rare and expanding populations. Although adapted to live in old forests with complex structure, some fishers have colonized fragmented habitats, including suburbs. Models of fisher habitat, energetics, sexual dimorphism, genetics, and use of space illustrate the diversity of approaches possible for carnivore studies. Thus, the fisher has become a model organism for ecological and conservation research on mammalian carnivores.
Social ethology of the wolverine
Authors: Copeland Jeffrey P. , Landa Arild , Heinemeyer Kimberly , Aubry Keith B. , van Dijk Jiska , May Roel , Persson Jens , Squires John , Yates Richard
Published: January 2018

Social behaviour in solitary carnivores has long been an active area of investigation but for many species remains largely founded in conjecture compared to our understanding of sociality in group-living species. The social organization of the wolverine has, until now, received little attention beyond its portrayal as a typical mustelid social system. In this chapter the authors compile observations of social interactions from multiple wolverine field studies, which are integrated into an ecological framework. An ethological model for the wolverine is proposed that reveals an intricate social organization, which is driven by variable resource availability within extremely large territories and supports social behaviour that underpins offspring development.
Advances in understanding the physiology, behaviour, and ecology of sea otters
Authors: Estes James A. , Tinker M. Tim , Williams Terrie M.
Published: January 2018

Sea otters are the only fully marine-living mustelid and the smallest extant marine mammal. They have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate of any marine mammal, which coupled with the lack of blubber for insulator and energy storage, relegates them to operating as an extreme income strategist, and appears to have led to a life history tactic in which pregnancy rate is fixed while reproductive success varies with the mother’s body condition at the time of birth, which triggers a decision immediately post-partum to care for or abandon her pup. When resources are limiting, sea otters assume highly individualized diets, which are inherited matrilineally. Sea otters exert strong limiting influences on their macroinvertebrate prey, leading to far reaching indirect effects on the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems. This chapter reviews and synthesizes the interplay between sea otter energetics and life histories, diet and foraging behaviour, and ecosystem influences.
Legitimation Crisis
Authors: Sultany Nimer
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines pre-Arab Spring political history from the perspective of legitimacy theories, and examines legitimacy theories in light of this history. It argues that legitimacy theories do not successfully capture this history. This is because legitimation discourses are based on simplifying binaries that do not correspond to historical realities. They are also incoherent and indeterminate as a result of multiple, competing, and changing forms of legitimation. Theories of legitimacy that either emphasize normative conditions or sociological conditions do not adequately account for the intertwinement of normative and sociological factors, nor the intersection of the regimes’ legitimating discourses and their political-economic goals. Consequently, these theories explain neither the regime’s stability in the face of demands for democratization nor the conditions that lead to democratization. Accordingly, the chapter argues that this scholarship is not helpful in explaining the crises that engulfed Arab political systems prior to the Arab Spring.
Constitutional Legitimation I
Authors: Sultany Nimer
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that constitutional legitimacy does not rest on a singular, coherent basis. Constitutions are neither reducible to their “strategic” benefits, nor do they serve as “contracts for legitimacy.” It illustrates this by examining Ottoman and colonial constitutions. It argues that early constitutional experiments during Ottoman rule did more than simply rationalize government, codify conditions of political weakness, or represent elite interests. Likewise, colonial constitutions were incoherent as they simultaneously symbolized and denied sovereignty, advanced colonization and provided spaces for resistance. This incoherence does not imply that colonized subjects were “citizens” and that colonial structures included genuine democratic elements or sought a gradual transfer of power to the natives. Finally, it argues that an appreciation of the normative weaknesses of pre-independence Arab constitutions should not presuppose a false dichotomy between modus vivendi and normativity nor presume that a normative endorsement of constitutions would secure their durability and political stability.
Constitutional Legitimation II
Authors: Sultany Nimer
Published: January 2018

This chapter challenges “formalist” approaches to Arab post-colonial constitutions in order to show that constitutional legitimacy does not rest on a stable or coherent basis. This formalist approach deploys several labels and distinctions (authoritarian, ideological, and temporary) that question the constitutional legitimacy of post-colonial constitutions because these are considered as merely political instruments lacking the supremacy and rigidity of higher law. It argues that this approach is deficient because it is impervious to constitutional and political practice. Moreover, the historical periodization that distinguishes between colonial and post-colonial orders is rigid and reductionist because it either emphasizes historical continuity (despite rupture) or emphasizes rupture (despite continuities). Finally, it argues that these labels and periodizations are misleading because they ignore political and economic limitations on state sovereignty.
Revolution
Authors: Sultany Nimer
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that revolution is not separate from the very discourse and arrangements it responds to. Rather, it is subsumed in a legitimation discourse, and it is engulfed by similar tensions. Although revolution may erupt because of a perceived legitimacy deficit, it does not solve the conceptual deficiency of legitimacy. This is because revolution vacillates between an event that inaugurated it and a process that seeks to complete it. This duality makes revolution a contradictory concept that includes its own negation because different protagonists deploy it in contradictory ways. The very qualities that enable the designation of the Arab Spring as a revolution enable the counter-revolution. In other words, revolution does not provide a stable, unambiguous framework within which the new political order can be established. Consequently, the revolution’s attempt to delegitimate the status quo and legitimate the new order re-enacts the incoherence and instability of other legitimation devices.
Constituent Power
Authors: Sultany Nimer
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that scholarly debates about constituent power presuppose a distinction between constituent power and constitutional form that is neither theoretically compelling nor practically illuminating. In contrast to constitutionalists, it argues that constituent power is inexhaustible, the revolution not being reducible to an event and thus constitution-making fails to terminate constituent power. In contrast to populists, it argues that constituent power does not operate in a constitutional vacuum because the judiciary imposes constitutional continuity through unwritten constitutional principles. The judiciary also polices will formation during revolutionary upheaval, as reflected in Egyptian and Tunisian judicial rulings and legal debates relating to the formation and functioning of constituent assemblies. Finally, the overlap between constitutive and legislative functions in the practice of constituent assemblies, and the deflation of the constituent power’s political agency are inconsistent with theories that present constituent power as an unbounded political agency that establishes a new political order.
Calorimetry
Authors: Wigmans Richard
Published: January 2018

Particle physics is the science that pursues the age-old quest for the innermost structure of matter and the fundamental interactions between its constituents. Modern experiments in this field rely increasingly on calorimetry, a detection technique in which the particles of interest are absorbed in the detector. Calorimeters are very intricate instruments, their performance characteristics depend in subtle, sometimes counter-intuitive ways on design details. This book, written by one of the world's foremost experts, is the only comprehensive text on this topic. It provides a fundamental and systematic introduction, in which many intriguing calorimeter features are explained. It also describes the state-of-the-art, both for what concerns the fundamental understanding of calorimetric particle detection and the actual detectors that have been or are being built and operated in experiments. In the last chapter, some landmark scientific discoveries in which calorimetry has played an important role are discussed. This book summarizes and puts in perspective work described in some 900 scientific papers, listed in the bibliography. This second edition emphasizes new developments that have taken place since the the first edition appeared (2000).
Analysis and Interpretation of Test Beam Data
Authors: Wigmans Richard
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes some of the many pitfalls that may be encountered when developing the calorimeter system for a particle physics experiment. Several of the examples chosen for this chapter are based on the author’s own experience. Typically, the performance of a new calorimeter is tested in a particle beam provided by an accelerator. The potential pitfalls encountered in correctly assessing this performance both concern the analysis and the interpretation of the data collected in such tests. The analysis should be carried out with unbiased event samples. Several consequences of violating this principle are illustrated with practical examples. For the interpretation of the results, it is very important to realize that the conditions in a testbeam are fundamentally different than in practice. This has consequences for the meaning of the term “energy resolution”. It is shown that the way in which the results of beam tests are quoted may create a misleading impression of the quality of the tested instrument.
Coral reefs
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: January 2018

Coral reefs are the ocean’s richest ecosystem in terms of biodiversity and productivity. They are restricted to tropical waters, where conditions of salinity, temperature and sedimentation are suitable. Where they grow, their main benthic organisms deposit substantial limestone skeletons, such that they effectively make their own habitat which sustains their dynamic nature and supports the wide range of species which inhabit them. Reefs grow to the low tide level, thus providing a breakwater, but the richest parts lie 5–20 metres below the surface, an area where light is still sufficient but where sediment and turbulence are not severe. Reefs may occur as narrow fringing reefs bordering a continental coast, as huge offshore barrier reefs or as series of atolls that support entire nations; the biogenic nature of corals is enormously important to mankind.
Symbiotic interactions
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: January 2018

Symbiosis, where different species live together for prolonged periods, is ubiquitous and extremely important on coral reefs. The most important symbiosis is between corals and the microalgae (zooxanthellae) that live in their cells, without which coral reefs would not exist. This chapter focuses on the diversity of zooxanthellae, the linkage with coral calcification and the nutrition of the symbiosis, particularly the supply of photosynthetically fixed carbon to coral, and the conservation and recycling of essential nutrients (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) by this symbiosis. The acquisition and breakdown of the symbiosis, particularly under thermal stress (i.e. coral bleaching), is described. Other important coral–microbe symbioses involve cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, viruses, protozoans and endolithic algae and fungi that live in the coral skeleton. Symbioses between sponges and bacteria or algae are also important, as are the iconic associations between fish and various invertebrates (e.g. the sea anemone–anemonefish symbiosis) or other fish species.
The future, human population and management
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: January 2018

Climate change and direct, local impacts are reducing the ability of reefs to support rich ecosystems, including those of people dependent upon them. Reef adaptation has been suggested as being possible, but is unlikely to be sufficient to ensure their survival after a few decades. Human population increase is remorseless and with it comes increasing demand on reef resources. Protected area management and better management of key species holds promise as one method for ensuring reef survival, as does a need to obtain proper ecosystem values of reefs and their species and of the cost incurred in their loss. Reefs are connected in terms of larval and species flows, so broadscale management of networks of marine protected areas is also needed to ensure the survival of reefs, as is a more intelligent selection of areas for protection, favouring those which show greatest resilience and ability to recover from impacts.
‘te sociam, Ratio…’
Authors: Gale Monica R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates Grattius’ close engagement with his Roman didactic predecessors, especially Lucretius and Virgil’s Georgics, to explore the poet’s use of hunting as both metaphor for intellectual enquiry and emblem of cultural development and civilization. Grattius, it is argued, takes on Lucretius’ confidence and authority and reconfigures it to suit the celebratory tone and rhetoric of religious revival prevalent in the age of Augustus: in contrast to both Lucretius and Virgil, the poet offers an optimistic vision of both cultural progress and the contemporary world, in which expertise and toil, underpinned by the benevolence of the gods, yield fine rewards.
Hunt as War and War as Hunt
Authors: Kayachev Boris
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues for a deeper intellectual engagement between Grattius and Virgil’s Aeneid than has been posited by some previous scholars, who argue that Grattius borrows words and phrases from Virgil in a somewhat sporadic and magpie-like fashion. The discussion focuses upon key hunting passages and hunter figures in the epic: the figure of Camilla, Aeneas as hunter, the Trojans’ stay on the Strophades, and Allecto’s incitement of the war in Latium. The investigation remains open-minded on the relative chronology of these two works, and entertains fruitful readings irrespective of the ‘direction of travel’ of the interaction between the texts.
Authorial Surrogates in Grattius’ Cynegetica
Authors: O’Rourke Donncha
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows how the stories of the inventors Dercylos and Hagnon are configured in such a way as to speak for the poet himself. By means of language which consistently emits a metapoetic charge, Grattius can be seen to use these obscure figures to explore his own (equally obscure) identity and role as teacher of hunting. Moreover, through conscious engagement with Lucretius and (especially) the figures of Aristaeus and Orpheus from the fourth book of Virgil’s Georgics, Grattius appears to speak through Dercylos and Hagnon to project a supremely confident praeceptor figure who executes his pedagogical mission with no misgivings.
Introduction
Authors: Roșu Felicia
Published: January 2018

The Right of electing Kings was vested in, and belong’d only to such of the People, who were eminent for their Goodness and Love of Liberty. Such only who stood possess’d of this high Character, were look’d upon as the properest Persons to call those ...
Campaigning
Authors: Roșu Felicia
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 focuses on electoral campaigning and underlines the interplay of idealism and pragmatism in the selection of a candidate. It starts by introducing the most important candidates competing in the first elections, then it discusses the most important factors influencing the voters’ decisions. The dominant factors in Poland-Lithuania were: the native–foreigner debate; the prestige of the Jagiellons; the power of the future king; geopolitical considerations such as fear of the ‘Turk’ or mistrust of the Habsburgs; religion; and manliness. In Transylvania, preferences revolved around the choice between Habsburg and Ottoman suzerainty. Similarly to Poland-Lithuania, the higher echelons of the political class favoured the Habsburg option and a limitation of electoral rights, but pressures from below made those inclinations impractical. The chapter then reviews campaigning strategies: rhetoric and propaganda; promises of military alliances and financial help; deception and white lies; and material incentives such as favours, offices, and bribes.
Contract
Authors: Roșu Felicia
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 focuses on the contracts imposed on rulers in elective monarchies, which made their position on the throne conditional. The Polish-Lithuanian conditions, known as the Henrician articles (or the pacta conventa) were significantly more complex than those used in Transylvania in the 1570s and 1580s; only in the seventeenth century did the latter become similarly elaborate. Moreover, the Transylvanian conditions were mostly negative promises (i.e. to abstain from abusing power or infringing the liberties of citizens), whereas the Polish-Lithuanian ones included positive ones as well (to bring financial, strategic, or military aid, and to resolve certain domestic issues). The chapter analyses the extent to which Stephen Báthory observed his electoral contract during his Transylvanian and Polish-Lithuanian reigns, particularly the interdiction of hereditary succession, religious peace, and the right of disobedience.
Schwinger Action Principle and Variational Calculus
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 introduces the Schwinger Action Principle, along with associated particle and potential sources. While the methods described here originally arose in the relativistic quantum field theory of elementary particle physics, they have also profoundly advanced our understanding of non-relativistic many-particle physics. The Schwinger Action Principle is a quantum-mechanical variational principle that closely parallels the Hamilton Principle of Least Action of classical mechanics, generalizing it to include the role of quantum operators as generalized coordinates and momenta. As such, it unifies all aspects of quantum theory, incorporating Hamilton equations of motion for those operators and the Heisenberg equation, as well as producing the canonical equal-time commutation/anticommutation relations. It yields dynamical coupled field equations for the creation and annihilation operators of the interacting many-body system by variational differentiation of the Hamiltonian with respect to the field operators. Also, equations for the development of matrix elements (underlying Green’s functions) are derived using variations with respect to particle and potential “sources” (and coupling strength). Variational calculus, involving impressed potentials, c-number coordinates and fields, also quantum operator coordinates and fields, is discussed in full detail. Attention is given to the introduction of fermion and boson particle sources and their use in variational calculus.
Retarded Green’s Functions
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 introduces single-particle retarded Green’s functions, which provide the probability amplitude that a particle created at (x, t) is later annihilated at (x′,t′). Partial Green’s functions, which represent the time development of one (or a few) state(s) that may be understood as localized but are in interaction with a continuum of states, are discussed and applied to chemisorption. Introductions are also made to the Dyson integral equation, T-matrix and the Dirac delta-function potential, with the latter applied to random impurity scattering. The retarded Green’s function in the presence of random impurity scattering is exhibited in the Born and self-consistent Born approximations, with application to Ando’s semi-elliptic density of states for the 2D Landau-quantized electron-impurity system. Important retarded Green’s functions and their methods of derivation are discussed. These include Green’s functions for electrons in magnetic fields in both three dimensions and two dimensions, also a Hamilton equation-of-motion method for the determination of Green’s functions with application to a 2D saddle potential in a time-dependent electric field. Moreover, separable Hamiltonians and their product Green’s functions are discussed with application to a one-dimensional superlattice in axial electric and magnetic fields. Green’s function matching/joining techniques are introduced and applied to spatially varying mass (heterostructures) and non-local electrostatics (surface plasmons).
Equations of Motion with Particle–Particle Interactions and Approximations
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Starting with the equation of motion for the field operator ψ(x,t) of an interacting many-particle system, the n-particle Green’s function (Gn) equation of motion is developed, with interparticle interactions generating an infinite chain of equations coupling it to (n+1)- and (n−1)-particle Green’s functions (Gn+1 and Gn−1, respectively). Particularly important are the one-particle Green’s function equation with its coupling to the two-particle Green’s function and the two-particle Green’s function equation with its coupling to the three-particle Green’s function. To develop solutions, it is necessary to introduce non-correlation decoupling procedures involving the Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations for G2 in the G1 equation; and a similar factorization “ansatz” for G3 in the G2 equation, resulting in the Sum of Ladder Diagrams integral equation for G2, with multiple Born iterates and finite collisional lifetimes. Similar treatment of the G11-equation for the joint propagation of one-electron and one-hole subject to mutual Coulomb attraction leads to bound electron-hole exciton states having a discrete hydrogen like spectrum of energy eigenstates. Its role in single-particle propagation is also discussed in terms of one-electron self-energy Σ and the T-matrix
Temporal Paradoxes
Authors: Wasserman Ryan
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 surveys the various theories of time and explores their consequences for the possibility of time travel. Section 1 introduces the traditional debates over tense and distinguishes between three different views of temporal ontology: eternalism, presentism, and the growing block theory. Section 2 discusses eternalism and the double-occupancy paradox. Section 3 focuses on presentism and various versions of the “no destination” objection. Section 4 looks at the growing block theory and the worry that time travel would allow for future indeterminacy to creep back into the past. Finally, sections 5 and 6 look at the special and general theories of relativity and consider their implications for our understanding of time travel.
Common People?
Authors: De Vries Catherine E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows that the four types of support and scepticism characterize very different people within member states. Loyal supporters, and policy, regime, and exit sceptics differ in terms of socio-demographical background as well as their issue positions and priorities. The chapter shows that the arch Eurosceptic, an exit sceptic, is not economically deprived as much of the existing literature would predict, but rather economically relatively well-off. What is more, different types of sceptics within the same country as well as across different country contexts characterized by varying levels of economic and political performance hold starkly different issue priorities and positions. These findings are important because they suggest that European and national elites are faced with the difficult task of developing a policy response that would appease these constituencies simultaneously, both within and across countries. This will most likely prove to be a very difficult undertaking.
Going Hard or Soft?
Authors: De Vries Catherine E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the link between the four types of support and scepticism and the likelihood of casting a ballot for a Eurosceptic party in the 2014 European Parliament elections. Importantly, the chapter demonstrates close ties between being an exit sceptic and supporting hard Eurosceptic parties that reject the EU project and mobilize secession sentiment. Moreover, the chapter demonstrates that issue priorities matter greatly. Sceptics who care mostly about immigration display the highest support for hard Eurosceptic parties, especially on the right of the political spectrum, while those who care mostly about unemployment and the economy are, overall, less likely to vote for a Eurosceptic party. If they do, they support a soft Eurosceptic party, mostly on the left of the political spectrum. Finally, the chapter shows that the choices for Eurosceptic parties are mainly fuelled by concerns over immigration and a desire for more national control.
Plurality
Authors: Gillon Carrie , Rosen Nicole
Published: January 2018

Michif has two different morphological exponents of plurality: the French-derived article lii and the Cree-derived suffix -a/-ak. This chapter investigates the syntax and the semantics of both plural markers, and shows that the two plurals cannot occupy the same position (as they can co-occur) and that lii occupies Num while -a/-ak occupies Div. The plural article lii is a ‘counting plural’ (following Mathieu 2013, 2014) and the plural suffix -a/-ak is a ‘dividing plural’ (following Borer 2005; Borer and Ouwayda 2010). The suffix -a/-ak can only occur on Algonquian-derived nouns, not French nouns, and it always creates count nouns. This analysis entails that multiple positions for ‘true’ plurality must be available to languages (contra Borer and Ouwayda 2010). This analysis also has implications for the semantics of Algonquian-derived nouns vs French-derived nouns, the development of Michif and—potentially—the semantics of plurality in Plains Cree.
History—an overview
Authors: Bohigas Oriol , Weidenmüller Hans A.
Published: January 2018

An overview of the history of random matrix theory (RMT) is provided in this chapter. Starting from its inception, the authors sketch the history of RMT until about 1990, focusing their attention on the first four decades of RMT. Later developments are partially covered. In the past 20 years RMT has experienced rapid development and has expanded into a number of areas of physics and mathematics.
Free probability
Authors: Guionnet Alice
Published: January 2018

Free probability was introduced by D. Voiculescu as a theory of noncommutative random variables (similar to integration theory) equipped with a notion of freeness very similar to independence. In fact, it is possible in this framework to define the natural ‘free’ counterpart of the central limit theorem, Gaussian distribution, Brownian motion, stochastic differential calculus, entropy, etc. It also appears as the natural setup for studying large random matrices as their size goes to infinity and hence is central in the study of random matrices as their size go to infinity. In this chapter the free probability framework is introduced, and it is shown how it naturally shows up in the random matrices asymptotics via the so-called ‘asymptotic freeness’. The connection with combinatorics and the enumeration of planar maps, including loop models, are discussed.
Random matrix theory and quantum chromodynamics
Authors: Akemann Gernot
Published: January 2018

This chapter was originally presented to a mixed audience of physicists and mathematicians with some basic working knowledge of random matrix theory. The first part is devoted to the solution of the chiral Gaussian unitary ensemble in the presence of characteristic polynomials, using orthogonal polynomial techniques. This includes all eigenvalue density correlation functions, smallest eigenvalue distributions, and their microscopic limit at the origin. These quantities are relevant for the description of the Dirac operator spectrum in quantum chromodynamics with three colors in four Euclidean space-time dimensions. In the second part these two theories are related based on symmetries, and the random matrix approximation is explained. In the last part recent developments are covered, including the effect of finite chemical potential and finite space-time lattice spacing, and their corresponding orthogonal polynomials. This chapter also provides some open random matrix problems.
Gaussian multiplicative chaos and Liouville quantum gravity
Authors: Rhodes1 Rémi , Vargas2 Vincent
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to explain the probabilistic construction of Polyakov’s Liouville quantum gravity using the theory of Gaussian multiplicative chaos. In particular, this chapter contains a detailed description of the so-called Liouville measures of the theory and their conjectured relation to the scaling limit of large planar maps properly embedded in the sphere. This chapter is rather short and requires no prior knowledge on the topic.
Psychology for Sophists
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 argues that in the Protagoras, Socrates hypothesizes, (1) ‘virtue is knowledge and vice ignorance’ because if true, it would explain how virtue can be taught (as Protagoras claims), and then argues for a ‘higher’ hypothesis, (3) ‘we always do what we believe to be the best of our options’, on the basis of a ‘highest’ hypothesis, ‘pleasure is the good’, for if true, these higher hypotheses would explain how virtue can be knowledge (as virtue’s teachability seems to require). The identification of the good with pleasure serves not only to introduce (3) in the Protagoras but also to replace a popular conception of the agent as moved to act by the strongest of competing forces with a conception of the agent as a subject representing actions as good/better and bad/worse and acting on what appears best.
Psychological Eudaemonism and Explanation
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: January 2018

Chapter 6 argues that for Plato, psychological eudaemonism’s potential to explain actions and agents is limited, and, in the case where the agent’s beliefs are false, both rife with moral hazard and in need of supplementation. Republic X’s criticism of poetry describes the ethical dangers of seeing things from another’s point of view when that point of view is populated by false beliefs about good and bad; these dangers also arise for explanations of actions based on false beliefs about value. A passage in the Phaedo usually taken to derive an account of teleological explanation from the assumption of psychological eudaemonism only says that in the case of intelligent agency the agent’s judgements of goodness explain her actions—from which it does not follow that in the case of unintelligent agency, an agent’s false judgements would also explain her actions. Intelligence explains actions not because beliefs explain, but because goodness does.
Advance care planning in Canada
Authors: Barwich Doris , You John , Simon Jessica , Hanvey Louise , Hoffman Cari
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes how advance care planning (ACP) is being implemented in Canada. It highlights the use of an organizing National Framework for Advance Care Planning and a recent conceptual framework of end-of-life communication and decision making. A feature of the Canadian landscape are networks of collaboration and partnerships including research and non-governmental organizations, and examples of regional and national initiatives are presented in the boxes. A summary is provided of barriers, facilitators, the cultural milieu, and future opportunities for ACP in Canada. Implementation of ACP in Canada has followed a multi-faceted approach, with significant national leadership, key stakeholder participation and consumer engagement strategies, with important outcomes demonstrated.
Advance care planning in Germany: on track for nationwide implementation
Authors: Marckmann Georg , Götze Kornelia , in der Schmitten Jürgen
Published: January 2018

Advance care planning (ACP) is a rather new development in Germany. From 2008 to 2011, the Federal Ministry for Research and Education funded the prospective inter-regionally controlled study of the ACP programme ‘beizeiten begleiten’ which was implemented in one town’s nursing homes. In September 2015, the fifth International Society of Advance Care Planning and End of Life Care conference in Munich further stimulated ACP development in Germany, both on regional and national levels. In December 2015, new legislation was passed which will provide funding from the sickness funds to German nursing homes and care institutions for people with disabilities if they offer ACP to their residents. While currently the details of the implementation are being negotiated between national representatives of the care home carriers and the sickness funds, several regions have started to implement the ACP programme ‘beizeiten begleiten’, and the first ACP facilitator trainings are being offered across Germany.
Advance care planning in chronic disease: finding the known in the midst of the unknown
Authors: Detering Karen , Sutton Elizabeth , Fraser Scott
Published: January 2018

People are living longer lives with a greater burden of disease. Diseases which contribute significantly to this burden are chronic kidney disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure. Technologies exist that can sustain life for patients with these disease, however patients and their families/loved ones need to know the likely outcome of their disease, its course, and all management options. Advance care planning (ACP) can assist with this process as well as ensuring that patients, families, and health care teams are aware of what treatment a patient wants—or does not want. ACP also enables the appointment of a decision maker to act on behalf of the patient should they lose capacity to make medical decisions. This chapter discusses the benefits of ACP and why it needs to be introduced early in the course of any life-limiting illness.
Planning ahead in all areas
Authors: Mathers Nigel , Sinclair Craig
Published: January 2018

Advance care planning (ACP) has traditionally been identified as a means by which patients can give anticipatory directions for future medical treatment. However the narrow focus on medical treatments has been criticized by those who argue that ACP should commence early in a life-limiting illness, be an ongoing process, and encompass goals and values in a broad range of domains (e.g. cultural, spiritual, lifestyle, and/or financial). Benefits would include reduced focus on end-of-life care, alignment with person-centred care principles, and greater capacity for incorporating ‘future planning’ discussions into routine care. This approach may be accessible to a broader range of patients, enabling meaningful discussions to commence prior to, or soon after, diagnosis of a life-limiting illness. We discuss the implications of this broad approach to ACP for practitioners, patients, and family caregivers, with reference to relevant case examples.
The King’s Wars
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces Henry VIII’s wars and those of his immediate predecessors and successors. It analyses the fiscal and military resources available to England’s rulers and the strategic constraints within which they used them as the Hundred Years War gave way first to the Habsburg–Valois wars and then to the French Wars of Religion and Dutch Revolt. It stresses the frequency of war and asks why war has not been given more prominence in general accounts of the period, where it has been overshadowed by the Reformation and court politics. It tests the development of the war-making capacity of the English state against the criteria used in debates on the military revolution and finds it unimpressive, which may explain the despair of mid-Tudor statesmen facing a Europe of threatening neighbours.
Killing and Dying
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates the experience of preparation for and participation in warfare. People often owned weapons appropriate to their social status, and kept them all over their houses. Modernization was slow, but guns, useful for hunting and home security, spread steadily. Archery practice was widespread and training with other weapons was developing by the 1560s. Exhortations to manly valour, reinforced by peer pressure and self-preservation, egged soldiers on to fight, but captains’ handbooks show the difficulties in turning raw recruits into effective troops, all the more so as the social level of those enlisted relentlessly declined. While standing forces were small, English mercenaries fought in continental wars. Mutiny and desertion, massacre and panic were recurrent phenomena, but death rates were very variable, and more died of disease than from enemy action.
This Busy World of War
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: January 2018

This chapter asks how distinctive the experience of Henry’s England was in a Europe scarred by war. Many aspects of Henry’s wars were shared with his neighbours: the role of war in news culture, the military leadership of the nobility, the withdrawal of respectable townsfolk from campaigning, the slow spread of prescribed weapons, the manliness of fighting, the prevalence of mutiny and disease, the concern for national military reputation. In other ways England was unusual. While its standing forces were small, its mobilization rates were high. Its territory did not suffer the devastation of many of its neighbours and its taxes were irregular, but they bit hard. Its disengagement from the Italian Wars left it to modernize rapidly between the 1540s and 1560s and the nature of its military-fiscal systems meant that its subjects felt the fluctuations of war and peace more sharply than many other Europeans.