bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Opto-inflammasome in zebrafish as a tool to study cell and tissue responses to speck formation and cell death
Authors: Hasel de Carvalho Eva , Dharmadhikari Shivani S , Shkarina Kateryna , Xiong Jingwei Rachel , Reversade Bruno , Broz Petr , Leptin Maria
Published: July 2023

The inflammasome is a conserved structure for the intracellular detection of danger or pathogen signals. As a large intracellular multiprotein signaling platform, it activates downstream effectors that initiate a rapid necrotic programmed cell death (PCD) termed pyroptosis and activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines to warn and activate surrounding cells. However, inflammasome activation is difficult to control experimentally on a single-cell level using canonical triggers. We constructed Opto-ASC, a light-responsive form of the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (Apoptosis-Associated Speck-Like Protein Containing a CARD) which allows tight control of inflammasome formation in vivo. We introduced a cassette of this construct under the control of a heat shock element into zebrafish in which we can now induce ASC inflammasome (speck) formation in individual cells of the skin. We find that cell death resulting from ASC speck formation is morphologically distinct from apoptosis in periderm cells but not in basal cells. ASC-induced PCD can lead to apical or basal extrusion from the periderm. The apical extrusion in periderm cells depends on Caspb and triggers a strong Ca2+ signaling response in nearby cells.
Metformin regulates bone marrow stromal cells to accelerate bone healing in diabetic mice
Authors: Guo Yuqi , Wei Jianlu , Liu Chuanju , Li Xin , Yan Wenbo
Published: July 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels. Diabetic patients have a higher risk of sustaining osteoporotic fractures than non-diabetic people. The fracture healing is usually impaired in diabetics, and our understanding of the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia on fracture healing is still inadequate. Metformin is the first-line medicine for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, its effects on bone in T2D patients remain to be studied. To assess the impacts of metformin on fracture healing, we compared the healing process of closed-wound fixed fracture, non-fixed radial fracture, and femoral drill-hole injury models in the T2D mice with and without metformin treatment. Our results demonstrated that metformin rescued the delayed bone healing and remolding in the T2D mice in all injury models. In vitro analysis indicated that compromised proliferation, osteogenesis, chondrogenesis of the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) derived from the T2D mice were rescued by metformin treatment when compared to WT controls. Furthermore, metformin could effectively rescue the impaired detrimental lineage commitment of BMSCs isolated from the T2D mice in vivo as assessed by subcutaneous ossicle formation of the BMSC implants in recipient T2D mice. Moreover, the Safranin O staining of cartilage formation in the endochondral ossification under hyperglycemic condition significantly increased at day 14 post-fracture in the T2D mice receiving metformin treatment. The chondrocyte transcript factors SOX9 and PGC1α, important to maintain chondrocyte homeostasis, were both significantly upregulated in callus tissue isolated at the fracture site of metformin-treated MKR mice on day 12 post-fracture. Metformin also rescued the chondrocyte disc formation of BMSCs isolated from the T2D mice. Taken together, our study demonstrated that metformin facilitated bone healing, more specifically bone formation and chondrogenesis in T2D mouse models.
Impact of Rice Seed Production, Processing, and Distribution Training on the Stakeholders in Bangladesh
Authors: Tani Tanzina Tazmim , Afrad Md. Safiul Islam , Prodhan Foyez Ahmed , Khan Md. Arifur Rahman , Habib M. Ashraful , Nayak Swati , Islam Saidul , Manik Md. Nazmul , Rahman Md. Mahbubur , Biswas Amlan , Wadud Fatema , Mann Stephan
Published: July 2023

The study examined the impact of rice seed production, processing, and distribution training on the rice seed stakeholders. Ten one-day training events were conducted by Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) and funded by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Sample size of trainees included 199 rice seed dealers, 62 rice growers, and 29 dealers cum growers across four divisions of Bangladesh. The perceived impact of training was determined by employing a t-test. Almost all of the stakeholders showed improvement in their learning of the subjects designed and the correlation between their knowledge before and after training sessions were highly correlated.. Dealers expressed their views of moderate use of the training outcomes in determining seed demand, storage, and sale, whereas growers and dealer cum growers were highly optimistic about using their knowledge and skills obtained in seed production, processing, storing, and marketing in a better way. Significant changes in knowledge and skills and favorable perceptions were observed among all the stakeholders for better production, processing, and utilization of rice seed.
Constraints in Adoption of Solar Photovoltaic Water Pump Sets in Haryana
Authors: Rani Pooja , Bishnoi Dalip Kumar , Sonia  , Bansal Harshit
Published: July 2023

The investigation aimed to find the constraints faced by adopters and non-adopters of solar photovoltaic water pump set. The study was conducted purposely in Jhajjar district of Haryana on the basis of highest number of solar photovoltaic water pump sets installed. 50 beneficiaries and 50 non-beneficiaries were taken for the study and interviewed through a well-defined questionaire. Garret ranking methodology was used to know the ranks of constraints given by farmers in adoption of solar water pump set. More than 50 per cent adopters reported major constraints like poor after sale service by the service providers, delay in installation of solar pump set, small land holdings and availability of less number of solar photovoltaic water pump set (SPWPS). Similarly, the constraints which the non-adopters highlighted in adoption of this technology for irrigation purpose were less availability of subsidized solar water pump set, high initial cost, small landholdings and lack of knowledge about the profitability of solar pump technology. Suggestions for proper implementation of this technology were also incorporated in the study.
Assessment of Diurnal Variability and Region-Specific Connection across Intensity, Depth & Duration of Rainfall
Authors: Ram Bhavin , Gaur Murari Lal , Patel G. R. , Kunapara A. N. , Pampaniya N. K. , Damor P. A. , Balas D. B.
Published: July 2023

Rainfall remain foremost input entity for regulating any kind of dynamics of water resource systems on the earth. Its correct study and understanding of rainfall are highly crucial in hydrology or any kind of water resource system, to evolve and judge effective management and development of prevailing terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This study is focussed towards analysing the diurnal variability of rains with region-specific connectiveness across intensity, depth and duration of Rainfall for central region of Gujarat; having semi-arid climate. It investigates spatio-temporal dynamics of rains at multiple situations, for the situations where a majority of rainfall occurred during a single quarter of the day (i.e., a 6-hour period). An in-depth elaboration on quarter wise distribution of such daily rainy event ( covering 20 years time span) is offered, which revealed that the maximum number of storms occurred in second quarter Q2 (06:00 to 12:00 hours) while the least in first quarter Q1 (24:00 to 06:00 hours). Three sets of time series of maximum rain intensities (one each for 20, 10 and 5 years, recurrence interval i.e. RI) are also attempted to demonstrate an inclusive scenario in regards to intensity-duration characterizations of rain, cutting across various locations and years of observations. Location specific relationships among depth & durations and intensity & duration are generated with exhaustive comparisons, under 3 specific recurring interval period (5, 10, 20 years) for all the 6 rain stations as adopted herein.
Effect of Different Levels of NPK with Farm Yard Manure on Physico- Chemical Properties of Soil, Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
Authors: Kumar Anil , Bharose Ram , David Arun Alfred , Thomas Tarence , Toppo Neha
Published: July 2023

The field experiment was carried out at central research farm of Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during kharif season year 2022. The experiment was comprised of 9 treatments with three level of NPK and FYM in factorial randomized block design. The treatment T9 has shown the significant results when applied 100% of NPK with FYM among the different levels of treatment combinations. Soil parameters viz. % pore space (49.25%), Water holding capacity (44.99%), % Organic carbon (0.40%), Available Nitrogen (275.36 kg ha-1), Available Phosphorus (20.49 kg ha-1), Available Potassium (225.78 kg ha-1) has shown best in treatment T9 (NPK @100% + FYM @100%) of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in comparison to other treatment combination Yield was significantly important on in T9. Okra yield can be improved by combining NPK and Farm Yard Manure.
Doubled Haploids in Crop Improvement: Unraveling Strategies, Advancements and Prospects for Enhanced Genetics
Authors: A. Srividya , Sandal Sanjeet Singh , Walia Puneet
Published: July 2023

Doubled haploids (DH) have emerged as a powerful tool in crop improvement programs, enabling rapid generation of homozygous lines for accelerated genetic enhancement. This review explores the strategies, advancements, and prospects associated with doubled haploids in the context of crop improvement. The first section provides an overview of the principles behind doubled haploidy, including the induction methods and techniques used to obtain doubled haploid plants. Different approaches such as anther culture, microspore culture and in vitro fertilization techniques are discussed, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and applicability across various crop species. The second section delves into the recent advancements in doubled haploid technology. It examines novel techniques for haploid induction and chromosome doubling, including genetic and molecular approaches, biotechnological interventions, and the use of chemical agents. The role of innovative technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, and marker-assisted selection in enhancing the efficiency and precision of doubled haploid production is also explored. The third section focuses on the utilization of doubled haploids in crop improvement. It discusses the potential applications of doubled haploids in various breeding objectives, such as the development of superior varieties, acceleration of breeding cycles, trait introgression and elucidation of genetic mechanisms. The role of doubled haploids in facilitating the incorporation of desirable genes, promoting genetic diversity, and enhancing crop adaptation to changing environmental conditions is highlighted. Lastly, the review addresses the prospects and future directions of doubled haploids in crop improvement. It outlines emerging technologies, such as genome editing and gene stacking, and their potential integration with doubled haploid systems. In conclusion, doubled haploids have revolutionized crop improvement by offering an efficient means to obtain homozygous lines in a single generation.
Regulatory Compliance in the United States: A Comprehensive Analysis of USFDA Guidelines and Implementation Strategies
Authors: Sharma Akash , Gamta Vriti , Luthra Gaurav
Published: July 2023

This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of regulatory compliance in the United States, with a specific focus on the guidelines set forth by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). Regulatory compliance plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products, medical devices, and food and beverages in the US market. This paper discusses the regulatory framework, key requirements, challenges faced by companies, and effective implementation strategies to achieve and maintain compliance with USFDA regulations. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for businesses operating in regulated industries and contribute to the understanding of the importance of regulatory compliance in the US.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes Internal Transcribed Spacer Genotype VIII
Authors: Caplan Avrom S. , Zakhem George A. , Pomeranz Miriam Keltz
Published: July 2023

This case report describes large, annular, scaly, and erythematous plaques in the axillae and legs extending from the groin as well as involvement of the chest surrounding the areola.
Understanding How Post–COVID-19 Condition Affects Adults and Health Care Systems
Authors: Katz Gabrielle M. , Bach Katie , Bobos Pavlos , Cheung Angela , Décary Simon , Goulding Susie , Herridge Margaret S. , McNaughton Candace D. , Palmer Karen S. , Razak Fahad A. , Zhang Betty , Quinn Kieran L.
Published: July 2023

Importance

Post–COVID-19 condition (PCC), also known as long COVID, encompasses the range of symptoms and sequelae that affect many people with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding the functional, health, and economic effects of PCC is important in determining how health care systems may optimally deliver care to individuals with PCC.

Observations

A rapid review of the literature showed that PCC and the effects of hospitalization for severe and critical illness may limit a person’s ability to perform day-to-day activities and employment, increase their risk of incident health conditions and use of primary and short-term health care services, and have a negative association with household financial stability. Care pathways that integrate primary care, rehabilitation services, and specialized assessment clinics are being developed to support the health care needs of people with PCC. However, comparative studies to determine optimal care models based on their effectiveness and costs remain limited. The effects of PCC are likely to have large-scale associations with health systems and economies and will require substantial investment in research, clinical care, and health policy to mitigate these effects.

Conclusions and Relevance

An accurate understanding of additional health care and economic needs at the individual and health system levels is critical to informing health care resource and policy planning, including identification of optimal care pathways to support people affected by PCC.
Absolute and Relative Risks of Kidney Outcomes Associated With Lithium vs Valproate Use in Sweden
Authors: Bosi Alessandro , Clase Catherine M. , Ceriani Laura , Sjölander Arvid , Fu Edouard L. , Runesson Björn , Chang Zheng , Landén Mikael , Bellocco Rino , Elinder Carl-Gustaf , Carrero Juan Jesus
Published: July 2023

Importance

Among patients with bipolar disorder, discordant findings have been published on the nephrotoxic effects of lithium therapy.

Objective

To quantify absolute and relative risks of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and acute kidney injury (AKI) in people who initiated lithium compared with valproate therapy and to investigate the association between cumulative use and elevated lithium levels and kidney outcomes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study had a new-user active-comparator design and used inverse probability of treatment weights to minimize confounding. Included patients initiated therapy with lithium or valproate from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2018, and had a median follow-up of 4.5 years (IQR, 1.9-8.0 years). Data analysis began in September 2021, using routine health care data from the period 2006 to 2019 from the Stockholm Creatinine Measurements project, a recurrent health care use cohort of all adult residents in Stockholm, Sweden.

Exposures

New use of lithium vs new use of valproate and high (>1.0 mmol/L) vs low serum lithium levels.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Progression of CKD (composite of >30% decrease relative to baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and kidney failure), AKI (by diagnosis or transient creatinine elevations), new albuminuria, and annual eGFR decrease. Outcomes by attained lithium levels were also compared in lithium users.

Results

The study included 10 946 people (median [IQR] age, 45 [32-59] years; 6227 female [56.9%]), of whom 5308 initiated lithium therapy and 5638 valproate therapy. During follow-up, 421 CKD progression events and 770 AKI events were identified. Compared with patients who received valproate, those who received lithium did not have increased risk of CKD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11 [95% CI, 0.86-1.45]) or AKI (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.70-1.10]). Absolute 10-year CKD risks were low and similar: 8.4% in the lithium group and 8.2% in the valproate group. No difference in the risk of developing albuminuria or the annual rate of eGFR decrease was found between groups. Among more than 35 000 routine lithium tests, only 3% of results were in the toxic range (>1.0 mmol/L). Lithium values greater than 1.0 mmol/L, compared with lithium values of 1.0 mmol/L or less, were associated with increased risk of CKD progression (HR, 2.86; 95% CI, 0.97-8.45) and AKI (HR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.41-8.76).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, compared with new use of valproate, new use of lithium was meaningfully associated with adverse kidney outcomes, with low absolute risks that did not differ between therapies. However, elevated serum lithium levels were associated with future kidney risks, particularly AKI, emphasizing the need for close monitoring and lithium dose adjustment.
Evaluation of Population-Level Tobacco Control Interventions and Health Outcomes
Authors: Akter Shamima , Islam Md. Rashedul , Rahman Md. Mizanur , Rouyard Thomas , Nsashiyi Raïssa Shiyghan , Hossain Fahima , Nakamura Ryota
Published: July 2023

Importance

Smoking causes considerable noncommunicable diseases, perinatal morbidity, and mortality.

Objective

To investigate the associations of population-level tobacco-control policies with health outcomes.

Data Sources

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and EconLit were searched from inception to March 2021 (updated on 1 March 2022). References were manually searched.

Study Selection

Studies reporting on associations of population-level tobacco control policies with health-related outcomes were included. Data were analyzed from May to July 2022.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Data were extracted by 1 investigator and cross-checked by a second investigator. Analyses were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were respiratory system disease (RSD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, mortality, hospitalization, and health care utilization. The secondary outcomes were adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight and preterm birth. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.

Results

Of 4952 records identified, 144 population-level studies were included in the final analysis; 126 studies (87.5%) were of high or moderate quality. The most frequently reported policies were smoke-free legislation (126 studies), followed by tax or price increases (14 studies), multicomponent tobacco control programs (12 studies), and a minimum cigarette purchase age law (1 study). Smoke-free legislation was associated with decreased risk of all CVD events (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86-0.94), RSD events (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.96), hospitalization due to CVD or RSD (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.95), and adverse birth outcomes (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.96). These associations persisted in all sensitivity and subgroup analyses, except for the country income category, for which a significant reduction was only observed in high-income countries. In meta-analysis, there was no clear association of tax or price increases with adverse health outcomes. However, for the narrative synthesis, all 8 studies reported statistically significant associations between tax increases and decreases in adverse health events.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, smoke-free legislation was associated with significant reductions in morbidity and mortality related to CVD, RSD, and perinatal outcomes. These findings support the need to accelerate the implementation of smoke-free laws to protect populations against smoking-related harm.
SETD2 loss in renal epithelial cells drives epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in a TGF‐β‐independent manner
Authors: Wang Tianchu , Wagner Ryan T. , Hlady Ryan A. , Pan Xiaoyu , Zhao Xia , Kim Sungho , Wang Liguo , Lee Jeong‐Heon , Luo Huijun , Castle Erik P. , Lake Douglas F. , Ho Thai H. , Robertson Keith D.
Published: July 2023

Histone‐lysine N‐methyltransferase SETD2 (SETD2), the sole histone methyltransferase that catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K36me3), is often mutated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). SETD2 mutation and/or loss of H3K36me3 is linked to metastasis and poor outcome in ccRCC patients. Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a major pathway that drives invasion and metastasis in various cancer types. Here, using novel kidney epithelial cell lines isogenic for SETD2, we discovered that SETD2 inactivation drives EMT and promotes migration, invasion, and stemness in a transforming growth factor‐beta‐independent manner. This newly identified EMT program is triggered in part through secreted factors, including cytokines and growth factors, and through transcriptional reprogramming. RNA‐seq and assay for transposase‐accessible chromatin sequencing uncovered key transcription factors upregulated upon SETD2 loss, including SOX2, POU2F2 (OCT2), and PRRX1, that could individually drive EMT and stemness phenotypes in SETD2 wild‐type (WT) cells. Public expression data from SETD2 WT/mutant ccRCC support the EMT transcriptional signatures derived from cell line models. In summary, our studies reveal that SETD2 is a key regulator of EMT phenotypes through cell‐intrinsic and cell‐extrinsic mechanisms that help explain the association between SETD2 loss and ccRCC metastasis.
A study on inter‐planner plan quality variability using a manual planning‐ or Lightning dose optimizer‐approach for single brain lesions treated with the Gamma Knife® Icon™
Authors: Lee Yongsook C. , Wieczorek D Jay , Chaswal Vibha , Kotecha Rupesh , Hall Matthew D. , Tom Martin C. , Mehta Minesh P. , McDermott Michael W. , Gutierrez Alonso N. , Tolakanahalli Ranjini
Published: July 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate inter‐planner plan quality variability using a manual forward planning (MFP)‐ or fast inverse planning (FIP, Lightning)‐approach for single brain lesions treated with the Gamma Knife® (GK) Icon™.

Methods

Thirty patients who were previously treated with GK stereotactic radiosurgery or radiotherapy were selected and divided into three groups (post‐operative resection cavity, intact brain metastasis, and vestibular schwannoma [10 patients per group]). Clinical plans for the 30 patients were generated by multiple planners using FIP only (1), a combination of FIP and MFP (12), and MFP only (17). Three planners (Senior, Junior, and Novice) with varying experience levels re‐planned the 30 patients using MFP and FIP (two plans per patient) with planning time limit of 60 min. Statistical analysis was performed to compare plan quality metrics (Paddick conformity index, gradient index, number of shots, prescription isodose line, target coverage, beam‐on‐time (BOT), and organs‐at‐risk doses) of MFP or FIP plans among three planners and to compare plan quality metrics between each planner's MFP/FIP plans and clinical plans. Variability in FIP parameter settings (BOT, low dose, and target max dose) and in planning time among the planners was also evaluated.

Results

Variations in plan quality metrics of FIP plans among three planners were smaller than those of MFP plans for all three groups. Junior's MFP plans were the most comparable to the clinical plans, whereas Senior's and Novice's MFP plans were superior and inferior, respectively. All three planners’ FIP plans were comparable or superior to the clinical plans. Differences in FIP parameter settings among the planners were observed. Planning time was shorter and variations in planning time among the planners were smaller for FIP plans in all three groups.

Conclusions

The FIP approach is less planner dependent and more time‐honored than the MFP approach.
Improving face morph detection with the pairs training effect
Authors: Flack Tessa R. , Ritchie Kay L. , Cartledge Charlotte , Fuller Elizabeth A. , Kramer Robin S. S.
Published: July 2023

It is becoming increasingly common for face morphs (weighted combinations of two people's photographs) to be submitted for inclusion in an official document, such as a passport. These images may sufficiently resemble both individuals that they can be used by either person in a ‘fraudulently obtained genuine’ document. Problematically, people are poor at detecting face morphs and there is limited evidence that this can be improved. Here, we tested whether the ‘pairs training effect’ (working in pairs, which we know improves unfamiliar face matching) can improve face morph detection. We found morph detection was more accurate when working in a pair. Further, the lower performer in the pair maintained this benefit when completing the task again individually. We conclude that the pairs training effect translates to face morph detection, and these findings have important implications for improving the detection of face morphs at the initial application stage.
Primary Tumor Staging for Oral Cancer and a Proposed Modification Incorporating Perineural Invasion: An International Multicenter Study
Authors: Na'ara Shorook , Subramaniam Narayana , Deganello Alberto , Shinnawi Shadi , Billan Salem , Mattavelli Davide , Ferrari Marco , Balasubramanian Deepak , Thankappan Krishnakumar , Iyer Subramania , Gil Ziv
Published: July 2023

The objective of this study is to determine if the incorporation of perineural invasion (PNI) into the T‐classification would improve the prognostic performance of TNM‐8. An international, multicenter study of 1049 patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma that were treated from 1994 to 2018 is performed. Various classification models are developed within each T‐category and evaluated using the Harrel‐concordance index (C‐index), Akaike‐information criterion (AIC), and visual inspection. Stratification into distinct prognostic categories, with internal validation, is performed using bootstrapping analysis (SPSS and R‐software). Through multivariate analysis, PNI is significantly associated with disease‐specific survival (p < 0.001). PNI integration into the staging system results in a significantly improved model compared with the current T category alone (lower AIC, p < 0.001). The PNI‐integrated model is superior in predicting differential outcomes between T3 and T4 patients. A new model for T‐classification of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma is proposed, which is based on incorporating PNI into the staging system. These data can be used for future evaluations of the TNM staging system.
Rewritable Electrically Controllable Liquid Crystal Actuators
Authors: Liu Yawen , Wu Yahe , Liang Huan , Xu Hongtu , Wei Yen , Ji Yan
Published: July 2023

Conductive structures determine the functions and actuation modes of electrically responsive soft actuators. The rewritability of conductive structures is highly desirable but has not been realized in electro‐driven actuators. Typically, once conductive pathways are established, they can hardly be modified; thus, the function of the actuator is permanently fixed. In this study, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is developed as a rewritable conductive coating for actuators composed of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs). This enables reconfigurable, adaptive, and precisely controllable electro‐driven motions and the repeated use of the same actuator for various purposes without disposal. Moreover, different PEDOT:PSS layers can be coated onto different regions, thus enabling the assembly of different actuation behaviors in a monolithic actuator under a single input voltage. Unlike all previously reported soft actuators that respond to electricity and light, opposite shape changes in an actuator with a series circuit can be performed under these two stimuli. Furthermore, when combining LCEs with dynamic covalent bonds, the PEDOT:PSS‐coated LCE (PEDOT:PSS‐LCE) actuator can be reprogrammed based on two different mechanisms: rewriting the conductive PEDOT:PSS patterns and re‐aligning the LCEs. This versatile method can be adapted to other types of actuators.
A Delayed Cross‐Linking Strategy for Evolvable Hydrogels
Authors: Liang Zhixuan , Li Yiheng , He Liu , Gao Zhi , Tang Zhenbin , Xu Yiting , Zeng Birong , Luo Weiang , Chen Guorong , Yuan Conghui , Dai Lizong
Published: July 2023

Biological tissues grow or evolve through a series of complicated processes of matter and energy internalization, which are highly challenging to mimic in synthetic materials. Herein, a delayed cross‐linking strategy is developed to program the reactivity of cross‐linking sites and make hydrogels evolvable. The polymer networks are constructed by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a polyzwitterion comprising both cationic quaternary ammonium and anionic phenylboronic acid groups (PQBA). Shielding of phenylboronic acid groups in ion pairs and polyzwitterion microdomains delays the cross‐linking between PVA and PQBA. Mechanical stimulations unlock the phenylboronic acid groups and dramatically accelerate the cross‐linking reaction. A simple stretching treatment makes the hydrogels stronger. Training the hydrogels with five cycles of 200% stretching results in up to ≈13.0‐ and ≈22.8‐fold of enhancements in tensile strength and maximum Young's modulus, respectively. The hydrogels can also self‐evolve in a damage‐healing process, the fracture strength and maximum Young's modulus of the hydrogels increase by at most ≈7.5‐ and ≈27.2‐fold after five times of repeated tensile rupture and self‐healing. The study demonstrates the possibility of designing “living polymeric materials” by programming the cross‐linking kinetics of polymer networks.
Inkjet‐Printed Tungsten Oxide Memristor Displaying Non‐Volatile Memory and Neuromorphic Properties
Authors: Hu Hongrong , Scholz Alexander , Dolle Christian , Zintler Alexander , Quintilla Aina , Liu Yan , Tang Yushu , Breitung Ben , Marques Gabriel Cadilha , Eggeler Yolita M. , Aghassi‐Hagmann Jasmin
Published: July 2023

Printed electronics including large‐area sensing, wearables, and bioelectronic systems are often limited to simple circuits and hence it remains a major challenge to efficiently store data and perform computational tasks. Memristors can be considered as ideal candidates for both purposes. Herein, an inkjet‐printed memristor is demonstrated, which can serve as a digital information storage device, or as an artificial synapse for neuromorphic circuits. This is achieved by suitable manipulation of the ion species in the active layer of the device. For digital‐type memristor operation resistive switching is dominated by cation movement after an initial electroforming step. It allows the device to be utilized as non‐volatile digital memristor, which offers high endurance over 12 672 switching cycles and high uniformity at low operating voltages. To use the device as an electroforming‐free, interface‐based, analog‐type memristor, anion migration is exploited which leads to volatile resistive switching. An important figure of merits such as short‐term plasticity with close to biological synapse timescales is demonstrated, for facilitation (10–177 ms), augmentation (10s), and potentiation (35 s). Furthermore, the device is thoroughly studied regarding its metaplasticity for memory formation. Last but not least, the inkjet‐printed artificial synapse shows non‐linear signal integration and low‐frequency filtering capabilities, which renders it a good candidate for neuromorphic computing architectures, such as reservoir computing.
The Rising of Fiber Constructed Piezo/Triboelectric Nanogenerators: From Material Selections, Fabrication Techniques to Emerging Applications
Authors: Li Jialu , Cai Junyi , Yu Jianyong , Li Zhaoling , Ding Bin
Published: July 2023

Piezo/triboelectric nanogenerators (PTNGs) have become the research frontier in many cutting‐edge applications, which open up promising possibilities for broad prospects. Fiber materials are the ideal candidate for constructing high‐performance PTNGs owing to the compelling features of lightweight, programmable structure, favorable softness, and brilliant breathability. To this end, working mechanisms, material selections, structural designs and fabrication methods of fiber constructed PTNGs are comprehensively presented. An in‐depth analysis of emerging applications ranging from intelligent clothing, smart home, and personalized medicine to artificial intelligence is thoughtfully demonstrated. Furthermore, the current problems and potential challenges that hinder their large‐scale commercial applications are systematically discussed, laying emphasis on the future development direction of fiber constructed PTNGs. It is expected that this review will supply the audience with some universal strategies and fresh ideas to conduct deep research on fiber constructed PTNGs toward better performance.
Injectable, Micellar Chitosan Self‐Healing Hydrogel for Asynchronous Dual‐Drug Delivery to Treat Stroke Rats
Authors: Lin Shih‐Ho , Huang Abel Po‐Hao , Hsu Shan‐hui
Published: July 2023

Stroke is a common disease with high mortality worldwide. The endogenous neural regeneration during the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) stroke is restricted by the brain cavity, inflammation, cell apoptosis, and neural scar formation. Biomaterials serving as temporary supporting matrices are highly demanded as injectable implants for brain tissue regeneration. Herein, a chitosan micellar self‐healing hydrogel (CM hydrogel) with comparable modulus (≈150 Pa) to brain, shape adaptability, and proper swelling (≈105%) is developed from phenolic chitosan (PC) and a micellar crosslinker (DPF). Two model drugs are individually packaged in the hydrophilic network and hydrophobic micelle cavities of CM hydrogel, and they feature asynchronous releasing kinetics, including a first‐order rapid release for hydrophilic drug and a zero‐order sustained release for hydrophobic drug. The dual‐drug loaded CM (CMD) hydrogel delivers two clinical drugs corresponding to the anti‐inflammatory and neurogenesis phases of the stroke to ICH rats through brain injection. The rats receiving CMD hydrogel show behavioral improvement (≈84% recovery) and balanced brain midline shift (≈0.98 left/right hemibrain ratio). Immunohistochemistry reveals neurogenesis (doublecortin‐ and nestin‐ positive cells) and evidence of angiogenesis (≈18 µm diameter vessels lined with CD31‐positive cells). The injectable CMD hydrogel offers a novel asynchronous drug delivery platform for treating ICH stroke.
Collective Organization Behaviors of Multi‐Cell Systems Induced by Engineered ECM‐Cell Mechanical Coupling
Authors: Wang Xiaochen , Li Hangyu , Zheng Yu , Guan Dongshi , Wang Aidan , Fan Qihui , Jiao Yang , Ye Fangfu
Published: July 2023

Cells in vivo are surrounded by fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM), which can mediate the propagation of active cellular forces through stressed fiber bundles and regulate various biological processes. However, the mechanisms for multi‐cellular organization and collective dynamics induced by cell‐ECM mechanical couplings, which are crucial for the development of novel ECM‐based biomaterial for cell manipulation and biomechanical applications, remain poorly understood. Herein, the authors design an in vitro quasi‐3D experimental system and demonstrate a transition between spreading and aggregating in collective organizational behaviors of discrete multi‐cellular systems, induced by engineered ECM‐cell mechanical coupling, with the observed phenomena and underlying mechanisms differing fundamentally from those of cell monolayers. During the process of collective cell organization, the collagen substrate undergoes reconstruction into a dense fiber network structure, which is correlated with local cellular density and consistent with observed enhanced cells' motility; and the weakening of fiber bundle formation within the hydrogel reduces cells’ movement. Moreover, cells can respond to the curvature and shape of the original cell population and form different aggregation patterns. These results elucidate important physical factors involved in collective cell organization and provide important references for potential applications of biomaterials in new therapies and tissue engineering.
Phthalocyanine‐Based 2D Polymer for Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Application
Authors: Liu Fang , Guan Zihao , Wei Zhiyuan , Fu Lulu , Fang Yan , Shan Naying , Zhao Yang , Huang Zhipeng , Humphrey Mark G. , Zhang Chi
Published: July 2023

Strong ultrafast nonlinear optical (NLO) responses in near‐infrared (NIR) regions and favorable solution processability are two urgent requirements for practical NLO applications, especially for optical limiting (OL) applications. However, simultaneously optimizing these properties remains significant challenging. In this study, the successful synthesis of a phthalocyanine‐based 2D polymer (Pc‐2DP) is reported; its structure features extended π‐electrons delocalization space constructed by topologically integrating the phthalocyanine units into the 2D framework. The as‐prepared few‐layered Pc‐2DP not only exhibits power‐ and wavelength‐dependent NLO properties toward 35 fs ultrafast pulsed laser, but it also demonstrates excellent ultrafast reverse saturable absorption (RSA) responses in NIR regions. The nonlinear absorption coefficients of Pc‐2DP dispersion reach up to 0.12 and 0.19 cm GW−1 at 800 and 1550 nm, respectively, which are much higher than those of the typical MXene (Ti3C2TX) and molybdenum disulfide with hexagonal structure (2H‐MoS2). The obtained NLO devices exhibit remarkable OL performance at 800 nm and, particularly, in the telecommunication region (1300 to 1550 nm), which is highly desired but seldom reported. The study demonstrates that the as‐prepared Pc‐2DP featuring a highly conjugated aromatic framework is a very promising OL material and that this research provides a new strategy for developing high‐performance 2D organic NLO polymers.
Recent Advances and Development in Visible‐Light‐Mediated Glycosylation: An Expanding Research Area in Glycochemistry
Authors: Azeem. Zanjila , Kumar Mandal Pintu
Published: July 2023

In the last fifteen years, the development of visible‐light photocatalysis, metal/photoredox dual catalysis has become the forefront as a new paradigm in organic synthesis as well as in carbohydrate chemistry. It led to the discovery of unprecedented transformations and also the improvement of known reactions under mild conditions, employing simple household light sources and bench‐stable precursors, which meet the requirements of green chemistry and sustainable development in excellent yield and stereocontrol. In a general sense, the exploitation of photoredox catalysis hinges on the capability of photocatalyst or redox mediator to transform visible light into chemical energy via photo‐irradiated SET (single electron transfer), PET (photoinduced electron transfer), HAT (hydrogen atom transfer), and XAT (halogen atom transfer) to potentially unlock unique reaction pathways, thereby generating a diverse array of reactive intermediates. In view of reaction type, mechanism, and status, this review will systematically summarize the latest advances in visible‐light‐promoted photocatalytic glycosylation reactions, which are driven by single or dual photoredox catalysis and by the photoactivity of electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complexes.
Xenogeneic Serum‐Free Human Cell‐Derived Tissue Engineered Matrices for the Development of Clinical‐Grade Biomimetic Cardiovascular Devices
Authors: Zaytseva Polina , Visser Valery L. , Ehterami Arian , Hoerstrup Simon P. , Motta Sarah E. , Emmert Maximilian Y.
Published: July 2023

The development of next‐generation biomimetic cardiovascular implants using tissue engineering concepts can address the existing shortcomings of the clinically available prostheses, offering the possibility to generate life‐long, native‐analogous constructs with self‐remodeling and regenerative capacities. Scaffolds for tissue‐engineered cardiovascular prostheses can be obtained from allogenic cell sources, that can then produce human tissue‐engineered matrices (hTEMs) in vitro. Traditionally, fetal bovine serum (FBS) is used as a universal cell growth supplement. However, concerns regarding its biosafety remain a challenge for clinical translation. The aim of this study is to develop a novel xenogeneic serum‐free approach for the manufacturing of clinical grade hTEMs. To achieve this, decellularized hTEMs are generated under xenogeneic serum‐free conditions and have subsequently demonstrated hTEMs perform similarly to the FBS‐supplemented control group in terms of extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, hemocompatibility, thrombogenicity, and calcification potential. Finally, the xenogeneic serum‐free protocol is successfully adapted to the development of hTEM‐based tissue‐engineered heart valves for the systemic circulation, showing proof‐of‐concept functionality in vitro. Overall, the data suggest the effectiveness of xenogeneic serum‐free culture method as a valid alternative to FBS for the production of hTEM for cardiovascular applications.
Functional Bimetal Co‐Modification for Boosting Large‐Current‐Density Seawater Electrolysis by Inhibiting Adsorption of Chloride Ions
Authors: Huang Chuqiang , Zhou Qiancheng , Yu Luo , Duan Dingshuo , Cao Tianyu , Qiu Shunhang , Wang Zhouzhou , Guo Jin , Xie Yuxin , Li Liping , Yu Ying
Published: July 2023

Designing efficient and durable electrocatalysts for seawater splitting to avoid undesired chlorine evolution reaction and resist the corrosive seawater is crucial for seawater electrolysis technology. Herein, a functional bimetal (Co and Fe) is designed specifically to modify nickel phosphide (denoted as CoFe‐Ni2P) for boosting seawater splitting, where the Fe atom improves the conductivity of Ni2P for improving electron transfer, and the Co atom accelerates the self‐reconstruction process to favorably generate bimetal co‐incorporated NiOOH (CoFe‐NiOOH) species on the electrode surface. Additionally, these in situ‐generated CoFe‐NiOOH species remarkably inhibit the adsorption of Cl− ions but selectively adsorb OH− ions, which contributes to excellent performance of the CoFe‐Ni2P electrode for large‐current‐density seawater splitting. Therefore, the CoFe‐Ni2P electrode only requires low overpotentials of 266 and 304 mV to afford current densities of 100 and 500 mA cm−2 in a harsh 6 m KOH + seawater electrolyte, and can work stably for 600 h. Impressively, a flow‐type anion exchange membrane electrolyzer assembled by the CoFe‐Ni2P/Ni‐felt bifunctional electrode is demonstrated to run stably at an industrially large current density of 1.0 A cm−2 in 6 m KOH + seawater electrolyte for 350 h, which shows promising application prospects.
Biochar‐based nutrient management as a futuristic scalable strategy for C‐sequestration in semiarid tropics
Authors: Kuttippurath Jayanarayanan , Abbhishek Kumar , Chander Girish , Dixit Sreenath , Singh Ajay , Das Debabrata , Dey Shiladitya
Published: July 2023

Climate and agriculture experts emphasize the need to develop a carbon sink in the soil to help alleviate the effects of climate change. A 2‐year field experiment in semiarid tropical drylands tested sustainable nutrient management approaches to sequester carbon in the soil. We analyzed nine different treatments, including chemical fertilizers (as blanket and soil test‐based [STB] recommendations), sole organic (biochar and compost), and their combinations (with 75% and 50% STB recommendation) as integrated applications (integrated nutrient management [INM]) in the maize–chickpea cropping sequence. We report that biochar treatments show higher (24%–30%) organic carbon stock in the top layer of soil than the respective compost treatments. Furthermore, the biochar‐based INM showed the maximum residual effect in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crops. The system equivalent yield showed the best results (8 Mg ha−1) for 50% need‐based fertilizer and 50% biochar. Although we observed that sole‐biochar sequestered the highest amount of soil organic carbon (0.69%) in the topsoil compared to the other treatments, it was not scalable due to the lower yield for maize crops. Similarly, composts showed more labile carbon concentrations as microbial biomass but lagged behind biochar treatments for organic carbon storage. The system performance expressed as net returns and benefits–cost ratio also showed better results for biochar‐based INM. The findings show that drylands facing widespread land degradation in terms of nutrient imbalances and low C levels will benefit from an integrated approach of need‐based fertilizer with biochar application. Therefore, this might be a long‐term sustainable strategy for C‐sequestration and food security for semiarid tropical drylands.
Reduction in olfactory dysfunction prevalence among patients with diabetes taking metformin
Authors: Vohra Varun , Saraswathula Anirudh , Kamath Vidyulata , Lane Andrew P. , Rowan Nicholas R.
Published: July 2023

Key points

Metformin treatment is associated with reduced olfactory dysfunction (OD) in diabetic patients

Metformin may possess potential protective effects on olfaction beyond glycemic control
Mendelian randomization study of diabetes and dementia in the Million Veteran Program
Authors: Litkowski Elizabeth M. , Logue Mark W. , Zhang Rui , Charest Brian R. , Lange Ethan M. , Hokanson John E. , Lynch Julie A. , Vujkovic Marijana , Phillips Lawrence S. , Hauger Richard L. , Lange Leslie A. , Raghavan Sridharan ,   the VA Million Veteran Program (MVP)
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Diabetes and dementia are diseases of high health‐care burden worldwide. Individuals with diabetes have 1.4 to 2.2 times higher risk of dementia. Our objective was to evaluate evidence of causality between these two common diseases.

Methods

We conducted a one‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in the US Department of Veterans Affairs Million Veteran program. The study included 334,672 participants ≥65 years of age with type 2 diabetes and dementia case‐control status and genotype data.

Results

For each standard deviation increase in genetically predicted diabetes, we found increased odds of three dementia diagnoses in non‐Hispanic White participants (all‐cause: odds ratio [OR] = 1.07 [1.05–1.08], P = 3.40E‐18; vascular: OR = 1.11 [1.07–1.15], P = 3.63E‐09, Alzheimer's disease [AD]: OR = 1.06 [1.02–1.09], P = 6.84E‐04) and non‐Hispanic Black participants (all‐cause: OR = 1.06 [1.02–1.10], P = 3.66E‐03, vascular: OR = 1.11 [1.04–1.19], P = 2.20E‐03, AD: OR = 1.12 [1.02–1.23], P = 1.60E‐02) but not in Hispanic participants (all P > 0.05).

Discussion

We found evidence of causality between diabetes and dementia using a one‐sample MR study, with access to individual level data, overcoming limitations of prior studies using two‐sample MR techniques.