bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two More Motifs: A Detailed Survey
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: November 2023

“Realism,” the fifth motif, designates the way Barth interprets theological language. Theological language, as represented by scripture (or based on it), is understood to refer to its subject matter by way of analogy, to address its subject matter to the whole person, to convey its subject matter with certainty, and to narrate its subject matter in the form of legendary witness. The realism of this interpretation can be indicated in each case by contrasting it with two alternative views, which for the sake of convenience will be called “literalism” and “expressivism.” Barth’s realism, which transcends these views while incorporating elements of each, differs from them primarily in its construal of the subject matter.
Timebound Exegesis
Authors: Halivni David Weiss
Published: November 2023

The realization that the rabbis of the Talmud in their interpretation of the Bible occasionally deviated from the “simple” literal meaning of the text provoked condemnation from those outside the rabbinic tradition and puzzled insiders. Spinoza criticized Maimonides for sanctioning deviation from the literal meaning and called such a practice “rash and excessive.” Two hundred years later, A. Geiger chastised the rabbis of the Talmud for having abandoned “the natural meaning” of the text; he attributed this lapse to their “deficient sense of exegesis.” Insiders since the time of Saadya (882-942), one of the most important Jewish scholars of the early Middle Ages, have agonized over the conflict between what the text seems to say and the way it was understood by the rabbis of the Talmud.
Brief Review of the Basic Laws of Aerodynamics
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J
Published: November 2023

Since transonic flow covers a small portion of the realm of compressible flow, superficially it would not seem to require a special treatment. As the name implies, however, transonic flow occurs at speeds close to that of sound (i.e., of pressure disturbances). This greatly complicates the physical laws of transonic flow, and, consequently, its mathematics.

Before going into these problems, let us review the basic laws of aerodynamics as briefly as possible.
Nonsteady Transonic Flow
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J
Published: November 2023

Although the theory of a steady transonic flow, as given in Chapter 2, is well suited for computations of transonic flow fields, the reason for the much quoted “sound-barrier”—that is, the strong increase in drag of a flying object at its approach to the velocity of sound—is not obvious from those theoretical studies. However, this important characteristic of transonic flight can be readily understood from nonsteady theory.

Since small disturbances of the atmosphere travel with the speed of sound, the disturbances caused by a flying object are not immediately felt in the space around it.
Viscous Transonic Flow
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J
Published: November 2023

The effect of viscosity on the relative motion of a fluid and a solid body or of two fluids finds its manifestation in the fluid stress whose two components, the shear stress and the longitudinal stress can usually be treated separately. Actually, the shear stress is of much greater importance for the establishment of accurate aerodynamic relationships than the longitudinal stress.

The shear stress is caused by the transfer between adjacent streamlines of the momentum of the fluid molecules or the turbulence elements. This momentum transfer produces a gradual transition of the velocity of one streamline to that of another one, for example, from the stagnant air on the surface of a solid body to the velocity of the undisturbed fluid at a certain distance from the wall, or, in the case of a free jet, from the velocity of the undisturbed jet core to the velocity of the undisturbed ambient fluid.
Harlem Renaissance
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: November 2023

A finalist for the 1972 National Book Award, hailed by The New York Times Book Review as “brilliant” and “provocative,” Nathan Huggins’ Harlem Renaissance was a milestone in the study of African-American life and culture. Now this classic history is being reissued, with a new foreword by acclaimed biographer Arnold Rampersad. As Rampersad notes, “Harlem Renaissance remains an indispensable guide to the facts and features, the puzzles and mysteries, of one of the most provocative episodes in African-American and American history.” Indeed, Huggins offers a brilliant account of the creative explosion in Harlem during these pivotal years. Blending the fields of history, literature, music, psychology, and folklore, he illuminates the thought and writing of such key figures as Alain Locke, James Weldon Johnson, and W.E.B. DuBois and provides sharp-eyed analyses of the poetry of Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, and Langston Hughes. But the main objective for Huggins, throughout the book, is always to achieve a better understanding of America as a whole. As Huggins himself noted, he didn’t want Harlem in the 1920s to be the focus of the book so much as a lens through which readers might see how this one moment in time sheds light on the American character and culture, not just in Harlem but across the nation. He strives throughout to link the work of poets and novelists not only to artists working in other genres and media but also to economic, historical, and cultural forces in the culture at large. This superb reissue of Harlem Renaissance brings to a new generation of readers one of the great works in African-American history and indeed a landmark work in the field of American Studies.
The Mythicization of History: N ā tha and Pitiye in Kandyan Folklore
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

As ethnic identity has become an increasingly crucial factor within the political dynamics of postcolonial Sri Lanka, the study of myth and ritual within Sinhala Buddhist religiocultural tradition has become a veritably relevant, contemporary, and existentially significant concern to the academic communi-ty.
‘They Carry Their Lives on Their Finger Nails”
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

In 1889, a year before the first battle of Wounded Knee, Sitting Bull, the great Hunkpapa Sioux medicine man, was furious at his tribespeople for agreeing to a treaty and land cession he had long opposed. “Indians!” he announced with disgust. “There are no Indians left now but me.” He was very nearly right. Although his anger was not with numbers but with capitulation and betrayal, his words were an unwitting paraphrase of a complementary tale.
Lieutenant Anthony’s Legacy
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

When the committee from Plymouth had purchased the territory of Eastham of the Indians, “it was demanded, who laid claim to Billingsgate?” which was understood to be all that part of the Cape north of what they had purchased. “The answer was, there was not any who owned it. ‘Then,’ said the committee, ‘that land is ours.’ The Indians answered, that it was.” This was a remarkable assertion and admission. The Pilgrims appear to have regarded themselves as Not Any’s representatives. Perhaps this was the first instance of that quiet way of “speaking for” a place not yet occupied, or at least not improved as much as it may be, which their descendants have practised, and are still practising so extensively.
Indian-White Relations Revised
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

When subordinate groups challenge a structure of intergroup relations, authorities generally have three choices. They can ignore the challenge; they can forcibly suppress it; they can undertake reform. What they do obviously will be affected by a number of factors, including the gravity of the challenge and the extent of their own political capacities. If the challenge is serious and cannot be ignored, they must find a way of containing it. If they are unable or unwilling simply to suppress it, then they must find a way to implement reforms that do not at the same time undermine their own power.
The Problem of Patriarchy
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2023

Those who are concerned with the relationship between men and women in the biblical world tend to assume that a hierarchical situation existed. The apparent domination of females by males is seen as reflecting the patriarchal orientation of Hebrew scripture. The inferiority of woman is inferred from a multitude of texts, both by those who accept the androcentric tendencies in the Bible as authoritative and normative and also by those who are made uncomfortable or are outraged by them.
Eve’s World: The Family Household
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2023

Everywoman Eve, in the formative centuries of Israelite existence, lived in small villages in the highlands of central Palestine. Archaeological surveys and excavations in the highlands have revealed a virtual explosion of small, un walled settlements coinciding with the origins of ancient Israel. Cataloguing of the number and density of hill country sites has been accompanied by studies of the economic basis for the survival of the new settlements in previously unsettled places.
Defending Roe v. Wade
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Although the pro-choice movement remained mobilized, its tactical position changed after Roe v. Wade. Following such a decisive victory, collective actors might be expected to push for further advantages, but pro-choice forces soon found themselves on the defensive. Movement organizations like NARAL initially did make proactive demands regarding women’s access to quality abortion services, but they soon became preoccupied with reactive tactics aimed at fending off countermovement attacks on Roe v. Wade. Women’s movement organizations, particularly local women’s liberation groups, which had never viewed legalization of abortion as an end in itself, were anxious to push forward with their multi-issue agenda, but they too had to concern themselves with keeping abortion legal.
Conclusion
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The pro-choice movement is a remarkable reform movement that succeeded first in legalizing abortion and later in remaining mobilized to become a significant force in American politics. I have argued that the staying power of the movement is due in large part to its development of formalized organizational structures and professional leadership. At the same time, and in part as a result of these structural changes, the movement managed to maintain a grass-roots presence. An equally important countermovement aroused by the pro-choice movement also aided the mobilization of pro-choice forces even while limiting their ability to bring about changes beyond the legalization of abortion. This chapter examines the implications of this account of the pro-choice movement for more general theories of social movements.
Outlook
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

In this final chapter we turn to issues relating to the role of quaternionic quantum mechanics in physics and to its future development. In the first section, we speculate on the possibility that a new level of physical structure, in which quaternionic quantum field theory plays an essential role, lies near the Planck scale, with the observed physics of the standard model a CC( 1,1) asymptotic dynamics. In the second section, we discuss both experimental tests for residual quaternionic effects and the implications of quaternionic quantum mechanics for conceptual questions in quantum measurement theory. In the third section, we summarize a number of open questions, many already noted earlier in the text, that point to future directions for development of the theory.
Petty Bourgeois Tricks
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Although novelists from Balzac to Bernard Malamud have given us vivid fictional portraits of petty bourgeois life, undoubtedly it is C. Wright Mills who, in our generation, has written the most sensitive sociological account of the struggle of the lower-middle-class businessman to survive. In White Collar, Mills captures the dreariness of the “lumpen-bour geoisie,” the midget entrepreneur who employs few workers but sweats himself and his family year after year, struggling to establish a secure economic foothold.
The Dramatic Function of Obscenity in the Plays of Aristophanes
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In the course of his career Aristophanes wrote comedies dealing with many different subjects in a variety of dramatic styles: comedies about peace, politics, social phenomena, and the sexes; lyrical fantasies; tragic parodies; satires on leading statesmen and the Athenian way of life.
Women’s Devotion to Ancient Greek Goddesses
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

Although women in ancient Greece unquestionably worshipped both male and female deities, goddesses played a much more central role in their religious lives. With the exception of offerings to Asklepios, the god of healing, most recorded offerings of Athenian women were made to female deities.1 Much of women’s devotion to ancient Greek goddesses coalesces around marriage and fertility, reflecting women’s primary roles in Greek society as promoters of life, whether agrarian or human.
The Arete Standard as a Source of Mythmaking
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S
Published: November 2023

More than other ancient peoples of the Mediterranean, the Greeks told stories about heroes, the mortal sons of gods and women. Some they placed in the earliest times when monstrous beasts plagued the earth and the cultivated fields of men. Others, later and lesser men, fought around Troy for the return of Helen of Sparta. Uniting the myths of both generations of heroes is the moment of combat against beast or warrior in a life-and-death struggle to win glory.
The Cities of the Champagne Fairs
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

In societies in which the population is relatively sparse, the level of development not high, and the system of transport poor, one finds the phenomenon of the periodic market. In essence, in periodic markets merchants bring goods to customers at regular intervals (local markets are usually held once a week for consumer goods), following a circuit that in some cases even gives rise to the nomenclature of the marketing centers.
The Merchant Mariners of Genoa and Venice
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

William McNcill (1974) gave his book on Venice the subtitle, “The Hinge of Europe”; the awkwardness of the term is compensated for by its precision. He may, however, be accused of pro-Venetian bias (a prejudice not uncommon in the literature on Italian cities) since Genoa could lay equal claim to that key position as link between Europe and the Orient.1
The State and the Olama in Late Qajar Iran: A Reappraisal
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

Unlike the Sunnis, whose legal practices were based on the concept of ejma (consensus of the community, which was soon defined as the consensus of the olama) and who resorted to analogical reasoning in matters not covered by the Koran or the recorded deeds and sayings of the Prophet, the Imami Shias claimed the Imam’s opinion alone is infallible, and thus it constitutes the sole source of the law. In the Imam’s absence the Shia jurists sought various legal devices to discover his opinion with certainty before making legal pronouncements. Although this practice of ejtehad (the effort exerted by the mojtahed to determine with certainty the Imam’s opinion) was limited in the tenth and eleventh centuries, by the seventeenth century it gained recognition.
Circus at Varna
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

What could be more attractive than a conference-the eighth postwar World Congress in Sociology-in Varna, a sea resort set in olive groves on the Black Sea coast. To the attraction of nature was added the prospect of the first large, public encounter between “bourgeois” sociology and its orthodox Marxist counterpart, against the backdrop of a “developing” state socialist society. The whole thing, however, was a barely mitigated disaster. But it all can best be understood in the context of the course of sociology since 1945.
Sociology: Discontent Present and Perennial
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

I dislike repeating myself; I dislike, even more, repeating others. When the editor did me the honor of requesting a contribution to this symposium, my first inclination was to decline. I had just sent to the press a collection of my recent work, a large expression and specification of my own discontents with our discipline.1 Moreover, Robert Friedrichs and Alvin Gouldner had just published critiques of American sociology at once remarkably dissimilar and remarkably convergent.2 Finally, I had-on my bookshelves-a number of recent contributions to the debate,3 partially read, partially unread. Under the circumstances, was it
Beyond Marx in the Sociology of Religion? (1973)
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

I have attached a question mark to the title-and for a number of reasons. In what sense may we, intellectual descendants of Marxism whether or not we claim to be attached to the Marxist tradition, go beyond Marxism with respect to the sociological analysis of religion? In the original Marxist corpus, a view of historical progress implied that religion and irreligion would both disappear with the self-creation of a new humanity. Clearly, as disabused descendants not alone of Marx- I am grateful to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for a Fellowship which has given me the leisure to complete this paper and to the Fonda zione Giovanni Agnelli, Torino, for its hospitality during the writing of it. An earlier version of the paper was delivered at the 1969 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, and a summary of this version was presented to the Eleventh Conference of the Conference Internationale de Sociologie Religieuse at Opatija, Yugoslavia, in September 1971.
Critical Theory and Psychohistory
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

Freud held that domination and compliance were reflections of that repressiveness without which civilization would dissolve and which was, indeed, the price of such progress as we could claim. He hoped for an ultimate alliance of Eros and reason, an extension of the psychoanalytic project to society at large. In the indeterminate historical interim, however, he resigned himself to a rational acceptance of Eros, defeat.
Are We Entering a Post-Marxist Age? Marx After Marxism
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

Is it accurate to term our epoch post-Marxist? Two decades ago, the critical Left everywhere would have answered “no.” It was recognized that while class conflict in capitalist societies had not culminated in revolution, and while the global system of capitalist exploitation seemed more pervasive, the development of the welfare state in the West owed much to Marxism. Social, political, and even religious movements claiming direct descent from Marxism were widely distributed. And today, while state socialist societies hardly represent utopia (socialist appropriation of the means of production by party and state has entailed new forms of exploitation), the multiple forms of alienation and an intensified consciousness of homelessness in capitalist societies suggest that the deformation of the human spirit may be as acute now as it was at the beginning of the capitalist epoch. Marxism, of course, needs to be modernized, adapted to any number of phenomena not envisioned by its founders. But two decades ago, this task was felt to be well under way. It would have been impossible then to declare that Marxism could neither apprehend nor reshape our world.
Introduction
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: November 2023

This book holds that religion may best be understood as systematic anthropomorphism: the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman things or events. Anthropomorphism is familiar, pervasive, and powerful in human thought and action. It often is noted in religion. Nonetheless, it has remained unexplained and hence inadequate as an account of religion. My book provides the missing explanation.
Religion as Anthropomorphism
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: November 2023

People who say religion anthropomorphizes usually mean one of two different things: either that it attributes human characteristics to gods or that, in claiming gods exist, it attributes human characteristics to nature. In the former meaning, religion makes gods humanlike at least in crediting them with the capacity for symbolic action. In the latter, which is what I mean, religion makes nature humanlike by seeing gods there.
The Birth of Utopia
Authors: Dawson Doyne
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will examine several Greek traditions about ideal societies that may have contributed something to philosophical utopianism. The oldest and most general of these, the “golden age” myth, has already been mentioned, and little more need be said about it. All Greeks knew that in the time of the old god Cronus food had been abundant and toil and trouble unknown. The Homeric and Hesiodic poems had popularized a systematic version of the myth. The reign of Cronus was fitted into a scheme of world ages of Middle Eastern origin: In the beginning, the immortals who have their homes on Olympus created the golden generation of mortal people. They lived in Kronos’ time, when he was the king in heaven.
The End of Utopia
Authors: Dawson Doyne
Published: November 2023

By the first century B.C. utopianism had dropped out of the mainstream of Stoic teaching. The Stoic doxographical summaries of Roman times do not mention an ideal city of the wise in any way that would lead us to think this a living doctrine, and the Stoic moralists of Roman times seem virtually ignorant of it. It is only from non-Stoic sources that we know the earlier Stoics had taught such things. Furthermore, we hear of a sharp controversy within the Stoa early in the first century B.C. over the canonical status of certain of Zeno’s writings, particularly the Republic. This controversy must have been the final stage in a major break with the old Stoic tradition.
Strepsiades’ Failures: Lines 627-888
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The scene between the parabasis and the agon picks up the story where we left it before the parabasis. Strepsiades finally begins the standard sophistic curriculum: instruction in language (627-92), practice in thinking and the definition of problems (693-734), and, finally, application of these skills to situations from real life (735-90). These are to be his last moments in the Thinkery, for he will, of course, fail. Further, his failure will take its characteristic form and one predicted by events in the parabasis.
The Origin and Authorship of the Politeiai
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

When we consider the questions of the origin and authorship of the politeiai, it is useful to begin by reminding ourselves of the genre with which we are dealing. One set of general terms of a genre have been defined by Jacoby.

The limitations of such knowledge may best be clarified by posing two questions: what made up the contents of the genre, and how typical of the genre was the ‘Aθ π ολ?
Aristotle and Theopompus
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

Modem interest in the relationship between Aristotle and Theopompus’ excursus on the Athenian demagogues in book 10 of his Philippica may be said to have had at least a chronological beginning with an article by Wade-Gery in 1938. Wade-Gery thought that, although Aristotle was writing later than the date of the excursus (350s), it was not used by him,2 and he posited a common source, the oligarchic revolutionary, Critias. Connor opted for the same conclusion but thought it pointless to attempt to identify this source. Raubitschek and Ruschenbusch, on the other hand, believed that Theopompus was a source for Aristotle.
The Other π ο λ ι τ ε ȋ α ι
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

In an earlier chapter, I remarked that, irrespective of opinions on the authorship of the AP itself, few now would hold that Aristotle was responsible for all of the remaining one hundred and fifty-seven politeiai. The controlling assumption here is that the sheer size of the collection precludes single authorship. Since we know nothing of the absolute size of any of the other politeiai, and nothing of the way or ways in which they were produced, this assumption should share the same fate as others discarded in our first chapter.
The Structure of the Gang
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the organizational character of the gang and the social contexts in which different types of gang organization seem to develop. Major dimensions of gang structure have been identified as “age, size, subgrouping, level of involvement, leadership and role differentiation, and sex” (Klein 1971, pp. 64-65). But it is important also to add the sociocultural and community structural dimensions, especially as they affect race/ethnicity and gender. Political interests, location, and particular time period also condition and provide meaning to gang organization. More specifically, this chapter deals with how gang structures develop, the characteristics of different gang organizations, their component parts, and the functions these organizations or their subunits play in particular social, political, and cultural as well as economic contexts.
Proving Ground: Japanese Automobile Assembly in the United States
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

Ever since 1980, Japan’s major automobile companies have set up a dozen major automobile assembly plants in North America-nine of these are in the United States; another three are in Canada. The transplants produce an estimated 2.4 million cars annually in the United States, roughly 20 percent of total U.S. production. Total investment in U.S. production already exceeds $8.9 billion and continues to increase. The U.S. transplants employ more than 30,000 American workers, and Honda, the largest employer, currently employs an excess of9,000 workers in the United States and this number was expected to increase to 11,000. The vast bulk of these workers are at Honda’s central Ohio assembly complex. Employment is also increasing at Toyota and Nissan as they complete major expansions.
Building a Just-in-Time Complex: Automotive Parts Suppliers
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

Three types of transplant automotive suppliers have come to America. The first group, representing the majority, are original-equipment manufacturers who supply inputs directly to another stage in the assembly process, such as windshields, stamped metal parts, brake systems, seats, etc. The second group are “after-market” or replacement part suppliers who make parts that are supplied to assemblers and also the replacement market, such as batteries, brake pads, mufflers, etc. For example, the transplant supplier NGK not only supplies spark plugs to auto manufacturers, but also sells them through automotive parts stores. The final group consist of “capital goods” manufacturers who provide manufacturing and assembly-line equipment to the transplant assemblers (these are treated in more depth in Chapter 7).
Into Prison: The Iliad (1)
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas
Published: November 2023

This is a fitting envoi, capturing in brief the qualities in Achilles that will soon cost him his companion: cosmic grandiosity, intense love, and above all, a stunning solipsism. Patroclus is going to fight in his friend’s place, and will die in his place, sacrificed to Achilles’ sense of honor.
Piezoelectric Scanner
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

The heart of STM is a piezoelectric scanner, sometimes called piezadrive or simply pieza. In this chapter, we provide a brief summary of the basic physics of piezoelectricity and piezoelectric ceramics relevant to the applications in STM. Three major types of piezodrives, the tripod, the bimorph, and the tube, are analyzed in detail. The piezoelectric effect was discovered by Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie (1880), about 100 years before the invention of the STM.4 A sketch of their pioneering experiment is shown in Fig. 9.1. A long, thin quartz plate, cut from a single crystal, was sandwiched between two tin foils. While one tin foil is grounded, another tin foil was connected to an electrometer. By applying a weight to generate vertical tension, an electrical charge was detected by the electrometer.
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

By interrupting the feedback loop and keeping the tunneling gap constant and applying a voltage ramp on the tunneling junction, the tunneling current as a function of bias provides information that is the convolution of the tip DOS and the sample DOS. It is an extension of the tunneling junction experiment (Giaever, 1960, 1960a; Bardeen, 1960), but with a richer information content: While the tip is scanning over the sample surface, a map of tunneling spectra is generated.
Moral Character and Moral Reasoning
Authors: Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

At a symposium on financial ethics, the chairman of a large New York bank asked why it is that the moral character of managers has declined in recent years. The chairman complained that younger managers exhibit none of the virtues that characterized good management in earlier decades; they care little about the bank, they have no notion of social welfare or the public interests, and they are concerned primarily with themselves, their future, and their own contributions. Robert C. Solomon’s complex and fascinating essay “Business and the Humanities: An Aristotelian Approach to Business Ethics” addresses such concerns directly. Solomon argues that we have lost what William Ophuls in another context calls a sense of “civic virtue.”1 This loss is due in great measure to a neglect of the personal dimension in ethics caused by an “obsession in ethics … with rational principles,” a neglect Solomon would remedy with an Aristotelian approach to business ethics.
OZCO: Gathering the Data
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

OZCO has been the focus of several major organizational culture studies and has been mentioned frequently in a wide range of other texts. These are, generally, glowing reports that any company would be proud of. The firm is described as being unusually harmonious-a haven of shared values and mutual commitment in an industry (“high” technology) that has been wracked by economic difficulties and a turbulent market. In Chapters 3, 5, and 7, I will present three very different views of this company (an Integration, a Differentiation, and a Fragmentation perspective). The glowing portrait of OZCO, presented in the organizational culture literature cited in footnote one above, is consistent with only one of these views. Given this divergence of opinion, it is essential that I be explicit about my purpose, the sources of these data, their limitations, and the textual strategies I have used to present them.
Cultural Change: Moving Beyond a Single Perspective
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

The three perspectives view cultural change differently at the organizational, subcultural, and individual levels of analysis. Since they offer distinctive conceptualizations of the roles of leaders and environments, implications for practice differ accordingly. These contrasting elements of the three single-perspective views of cultural change, originally delineated by Meyerson and I, are explained in more detail in Chapters 4, 6, and 8 and are summarized here in Table 9-1.1 Each of these single perspective views makes an objectivist assumption: that each view offers a correct interpretation of how change occured in a particular context, accurately reflecting what researchers have observed and what cultural members reported. An objectivist, single-perspective approach assumes that re-searchers can judge, by some objective standard, which one of the perspectives offers a more accurate description of a particular context at a given point in time. The first half of this chapter discusses examples of this objectivist, single-perspective approach to understanding cultural change. Some of this research suggests that particular kinds of organizational cultures responding to particular kinds of environments should be more congruent with one perspective rather than another. Other studies offer a stage theory of change, whereby an organizational culture moves, for example, from an Integrated to a Differentiated to a Fragmented stage of development. Still other studies challenge the unidirectional, linear assumptions of stage theories, postulating tracks or oscillations as alternatives to a stage model. All these approaches to understanding cultural change make the objectivist, single-perspective assumption that an organization at a single point in time is more accurately described by one perspective rather than another.
The Enemy King Is A Monster
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

In her 1973 study,1 M. K. Wakeman looked at the well-known motif of “the God’s battle with the monster” as it appears in the Bible, aiming to show through such a specific research “that the antimythological attitude of the Bible is not only the self-conscious polemic of the priestly authors of the first chapter of Genesis, but can better be described as the outcome of a more gen eralized change of attitude that required new forms of expression.”2 In fact, she has duly shown that a “new language” was gradually created out of the traditional mythical material in order to express the new cosmological (and, I should add, political) realities of the yahwistic faith.
Fundamental Concepts For Strain Gages
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

The constant demand for improvement in the design of machine and structural parts has led to the development of various experimental techni ques for determining stress distributions. These experimental methods are employed for both the checking of theoretical predictions, and the evaluation of stresses in situations where mathematical approaches are unavailable or unsuited.
Strain Gage Selection And Application
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

On first observation, the strain gage appears to be a rather simple instrument that can be applied with minimum effort. This may be so, perhaps, if the gage is to be bonded to a fairly large plane area with ample working room and using a quick-setting cement. The novice soon learns, however, that even the supposedly simple task of satisfactorily soldering lead wires to the gage’s solder tabs is not easy. When he moves on to bonding gages in a confined space and then attaching lead wires, his appreciation of the talent of a skilled technician rises rapidly.
Islamic Da‘wah in the West
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

Larry Poston explores the reality of da'wah - Islamic evangelism, or the `call' to Islam - as it has been interpreted and practised by Muslims in the West. Beginning with a brief examination of the expansion of Islam during its early centuries, Poston looks at the concept of da'wah as understood by the earliest followers of Muhammad. He shows how this early paradigm has been adapted to the demands of the Western context, and goes on to discuss the institutionalization of the new missionary strategy in North America.
Da‘wah in the East: The Expansion of Islam from the First to the Twelfth Century,
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

The territory brought under Islamic suzerainty during the first century following the inception of the religion stretched from the shores of the Atlantic in the West to the Indian subcontinent in the East-a remarkable achievement given the relatively small forces that accomplished it. Among the many questions that could be asked with regard to this phenomenon is one having to do with the initi ative that produced it: Was this expansion the intended result of tac tical and strategic planning on the part of the founder of Islam or was it rather an accident resulting from a chance combination of historical circumstances? Was it in Muhammad’s mind to produce a world religion or did his interests lie mainly within the confines of his homeland? Was he solely an Arabian nationalist-a political genius intent upon uniting the proliferation of tribal clans under the banner of a new religion-or was his vision a truly international one, encompassing a desire to produce a reformed humanity in the midst of a new world order? These questions are not without significance, for a number of the proponents of contemporary da’wah activity in the West trace their inspiration to the Prophet himself, claiming that he initiated a worldwide missionary program in which they are the most recent participants. Ahmad Sakr, the former director of the Muslim World League Office to the United Nations and North America and founder of the American Islamic College in Chicago, believes that “Allah commanded the Prophet Muhammad to start making Da’wa from the first day he was entrusted with the mission of Islam.
Khurram Murad: Contextualization of the Islamic Movement for the Western Audience
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

Khurram Jah Murad was born in 1932 in Rai Sen, India. His basic education was completed at the Alexandaria Jahangirya School and he began his college career at Hamidiya College in Bhopal. In 1948 he emigrated to the newly formed state of Pakistan to join the Islamic Movement established by MawdiidI, to whose works he had been introduced by his mother and sisters.
Religious Conversion: The Traditional Western Paradigm
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

Religious conversion is by no means a neglected topic among the various fields of the social sciences. The thirteen-page bibliography by Lewis R. Rambo which appeared in the April 1982 edition of The Religious Studies Review attests to the popularity of this subject among psychologists, sociologists, and historians as well as theologians. The titles listed reveal the existence of a tremendous variety of approaches to and theories concerning the phenomenon in general.
The Origins
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

Medical sociology is an old conception but relatively young as a field of endeavor.’ From early in the nineteenth century, one can trace research activities that are remarkably close, at least in style, to their modern counterparts in medical sociology. Until about seventy-five years ago, however, such studies were episodic, linked to major events like the struggle for political and social rights of the European middle class in the 1840s, the similar struggle of the English working class later in the nineteenth century, and the radical technological and social changes caused by the Civil War in the United States. These events typically heightened public feelings of social responsibility and, in the process, stimulated early variants of social science. Edwin Chadwick’s Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Population of Great Britain in 1842 is a good example. Just as typically, however, at least with inquiry about health, the motive force of such movements was not sustained. It was not until almost 1930 that an unbroken development began in the sociology of medicine, and only after World War II were individuals identified as “medical sociologists.”
The University of Chicago
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

In 1920, American sociology was still dominated by the University of Chicago. Not only was it the first university department of sociology in the world, it quickly became the single main source of both the intellectual and institutional development of the field, including research on the sociology of medicine.

Albion Small (1854-1926), the founding chairman, was from the same mold as the other leading American sociologists of that time: he was a Protestant clergyman, deeply concerned about the human consequences of the rapid industrialization and urbanization of post-Civil War America, with a “passion for reform” combined with pragmatic optimism that a systematic science of society would solve these problems. However, Small’s leadership included no “party line.” He is remembered to have urged his students “to proceed as quickly as possible to make everything he taught them out of date.” Of even greater importance “was the intelligent perception by Small, accepted enthusiastically by his colleagues and successors, of the inhibiting consequences of doctrines, schools of thought, and authoritative leaders.”
D Yard Nation-Attica (1971)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

In 1929, the nation’s first major wave of prison riots hit the prisons of New York State. At Clinton prison, 1,600 inmates rioted, 3 of whom died in the recapture of the institution. At Auburn prison, inmates threw acid in a guard’s face and took the keys to the prison arsenal. Before the riot was quelled, six shops were burned, four inmates had escaped, and an assistant warden was killed. In response to these incidents, the state resolved to build the “ultimate prison,” escape-proof and riot-proof. The world’s most expensive prison to date opened in 1931 in the town of Attica, 275 miles northwest of New York City-as far away as Portland, Maine, or Fredericksburg, Virginia. It was billed as a “paradise for convicts. “
The Nature and Course of Prison Riots
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of this book, we pointed out that most people commonly believe “riots” to be chaotic and somewhat irrational events, while prisoners expect prison riots to be purposeful and organized. Actually, this difference is reflected throughout the scholarly study of collective action. Some treat riots as merely “expressive” acts, purposeless emotional outpourings. Those who are more prepared to view the masses as rational look for evidence of plan and strategy, interpreting riots as “instrumental,” not merely expressive, and designed to relieve their suffering.
The Decomposition of Sociology
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this opening chapter is to describe and explain an anomaly: in a period when the fields of social science—from the policy sciences to social planning, from public administration to demography—are expanding, one area, sociology, with a distinguished lineage and tradition, is suffering hard times. Indeed, sociology threatens to join phrenology as a pseudoscience and to share the fate of occult studies in being viewed more as a privileged lan­guage of dedicated elites than as a field of investigation broadly reflective of public needs.
Social Contexts and Cultural Canons
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

Every era redefines what of the past remains relevant and what needs to be discarded. This is hardly news, but it is not exactly an immutable process. Individuals who are discarded in one period are sometimes rediscovered in the next; the finite amount of information that one can carry about dictates as much. Civilizations, like individuals, travel with only as much intellectual baggage as they can manage, and perhaps a trifle more than can be comfortably handled during such transitional periods as the fin de siècle of the twentieth century. The current reconsideration of what from the past has meaning today, then, is hardly anything new. It forms the core of what Mannheim referred to as the sociology of the culture.1
Policy Research in a Post-Sociological Environment
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the present bifurcation of policy-making into domestic and foreign components and to urge a research effort aimed at unifying national policy by integrating its various components. Beyond this urging, my aim is to show that the act of making policy invariably involves decisions about events that take place both within and outside of a nation. This is not a claim for the superiority of any one segment of policy-making. What is important or trivial is determined within a means–ends continuum. In breaking down artificial barriers inherited from nationalist models, a policy process can be institutionalized that takes into account “shrinkage” of the world that is a direct consequence of new information technologies and, at the same time, incorporates the wisdom of classical social theories on the nature of power.
The Development of Philosophy and the Origin of the Doctrine of Transmigration
Authors: Basham A L
Published: November 2023

The German philosopher Karl Jaspers posited in The Origin and Goal of History1 that, between the eighth and the fourth centuries B.C.E., great changes took place in the religious life of people in all the civilized parts of the world. Some of the wisest individuals of the times began thinking independently and individually. Dissatisfied with the traditional mythologies as explanations of the cosmos and humanity’s place in it, they put forward new doctrines, more rational and simpler than those that went before, with a much deeper ethical content.
Preaching in the Last Days
Authors: Petersen Rodney L
Published: November 2023

Among the enigmatic prophecies of the Book of Revelation is a passage (11.3-13) concerning ‘two witnesses’ who will appear in the dark days of the church to preach or prophesy with powers like those of the prophets of ancient Israel. In this book Rodney Petersen presents an exhaustive examination of the treatment of this passage by interpreters from medieval times to the Protestant Reformation. Petersen demonstrates that speculation on the identity and theological meaning of the two witnesss has abounded since the days of the early church. They have been linked to a time of culminating evil, the final proclamation of hope, and the end of history associated with divine judgement. Such speculation found ample expression in medieval literature, art and drama. In the writings of the reformers, however, the witnesses acquired increased social implications. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw a proliferation of commentaries on the Apocalypse, in which reformist exegetes appropriated the image of the witnesses to their own movement, often identifying them with specific contemporary figures or using them to predict a future in tune with their hopes for the Protestant movement. Finally, Petersen shows, the theme of the two witnesses inspired and sustained those who carried the Puritan message into the New World, and features in the writings of such leading New England divines as Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards.