bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview on Updates on Digital Dental Radiography
Authors: Noorsaeed Ashwag Siddik , Almohammedsaleh Ali Hussain , Alhayek Mustafa Mohammed , Alnajar Abdullah Abdulhameed , Kariri Osama Nasser , Albakri Abdullah Ibrahim Mohammed , Mohammad Kamel A. Alhashmy Alamer, , Abdullah D. Alharbi, Thamer , Tariq Alshaheen, Eyad , Omar M. Aljanubi, Mohammed
Published: January 2022

Wilhelm Roentgen first discovered X-rays in 1895. Since its introduction in the mid-1980s, digital radiography has surpassed traditional screen-film radiography. Since 2000, more than 75 percent of medical clinics in the United States have migrated to digital radiography (DR). In fact, the US government has ordered that all medical records be converted to digital. Indirect, direct, or semi-direct digital radiography pictures are types of digital radiography currently available. Forensic radiology is a branch of medical imaging technology that helps clinicians. Radiology technology has evolved and grown tremendously in recent years. When comparing aggregated antemortem and postmortem information, radiographs are crucial. Adopting new technologies into a dental business demands a certain amount of bravery. After all, why alter things if your practise is running smoothly?  To grasp the new equipment and procedures, the dentist and his or her staff will need further training.  It's not always apparent how the new strategy will influence the practice's present logistics. These factors may cause the practitioner to be hesitant to alter present techniques. In this article we’ll reviewing digital dental radiography, and what are the advantages of going digital. And also what are the challenges that face us.
Perceived Self-Determination Growth During an International Expedition for Adolescents With and Without Disabilities
Authors: Millen Kaitlyn , Conroy Paula Wenner
Published: January 2022

Two factors that positively influence success in school and in post-school settings are self-determination and social programs such as expeditions for students with and without disabilities. This mixed methods study examined the benefits of a two-week international expedition to Nepal for adolescents (ages 14-18) with and without disabilities from the United States. The researchers measured self-determination in student participants utilizing the Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report (Shogren et al., 2020) as a pre/post-program measure and the No Barriers USA Program Evaluation (Duerden et al., 2016) as post-program measure. Twelve adolescents and four adult leaders who participated in the international expedition were interviewed to determine their perceptions of the benefits for students. The self-determination scores of student participants significantly increased (p = .007) after participation in the two-week expedition. Four major themes emerged from the data: disability and identity, self-determination growth, accessing supports, and sense of purpose. Using a mixed methods approach, we compared and integrated findings that support previous studies indicating that social programs increase self-determination skills. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Nitric oxide inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis by inhibiting cysteine‐dependent SOD1 monomerization
Authors: Peng Hanlin , Zhang Shangyue , Zhang Zaifeng , Wang Xiuli , Tian Xiaoyu , Zhang Lulu , Du Junbao , Huang Yaqian , Jin Hongfang
Published: January 2022

Endothelial cell apoptosis is an important pathophysiology in many cardiovascular diseases. The gasotransmitter nitric oxide (NO) is known to regulate cell survival and apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of NO remains unclear. In this research, by targeting cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) monomerization, we aimed to explore how NO inhibited endothelial cell apoptosis. We showed that treatment with the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor nomega‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L‐NAME) significantly decreased the endogenous NO content of endothelial cells, facilitated the formation of SOD1 monomers, inhibited dismutase activity, and promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); by contrast, supplementation with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) upregulated NO content, prevented the formation of SOD1 monomers, enhanced dismutase activity, and reduced ROS accumulation in L‐NAME‐treated HUVECs. Mechanistically, tris(2‐carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), a specific reducer of cysteine thiol, increased SOD1 monomer formation, thus preventing the NO‐induced increase in dismutase activity and the decrease in ROS. Furthermore, SNP inhibited HUVEC apoptosis caused by the decrease in endogenous NO, whereas TCEP abolished this protective effect of SNP. In summary, our data reveal that NO protects endothelial cells against apoptosis by inhibiting cysteine‐dependent SOD1 monomerization to enhance SOD1 activity and inhibit oxidative stress.
Immersion and invariance adaptive decentralized control for the speed and tension system of the reversible cold strip rolling mill
Authors: Liu Le , Shao Nuan , Deng Ranyang , Ding Suyan
Published: January 2022

An immersion and invariance (I&I) adaptive decentralized control strategy is proposed for the speed and tension system of the reversible cold strip rolling mill, which is characterized by multiple variable, nonlinearity, strong coupling effect, and uncertainty. First, a sliding mode observer (SMO) is constructed to estimate the unmatched uncertainty of the system to improve the tracking control precision. Second, the I&I theory‐based estimators are designed to estimate the perturbation parameters of the system, and the parameter estimation errors converge monotonically following an exponential law. Third, the I&I theory‐based decentralized controllers are designed for the speed and tension system of the reversible cold strip rolling mill, which achieve precise tracking controls for the given values of the system. Theoretical analysis shows that the resulting closed‐loop system is globally stable. Finally, the simulation research is carried out on the speed and tension system of a 1422 mm reversible cold strip rolling mill using actual data, and the simulation results verify the superiority of the proposed control strategy in comparison with the I&I control strategy and the backstepping dynamic surface control strategy.
Dendritic Polyglycerol‐Conjugated Gold Nanostars for Metabolism Inhibition and Targeted Photothermal Therapy in Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Pan Yuanwei , Zhou Suqiong , Liu Chuang , Ma Xuehua , Xing Jie , Parshad Badri , Li Wenzhong , Wu Aiguo , Haag Rainer
Published: January 2022

Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be responsible for tumor initiation, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence, which lead to treatment failure. Thus, developing effective CSC‐targeted therapeutic strategies is crucial for enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In this work, GNSs‐dPG‐3BP, TPP, and HA nanocomposite particles are developed by simultaneously conjugating hexokinase 2 (HK2) inhibitor 3‐bromopyruvate (3BP), mitochondrial targeting molecule triphenyl phosphonium (TPP), and CSCs targeting agent hyaluronic acid (HA) onto gold nanostars‐dendritic polyglycerol (GNSs‐dPG) nanoplatforms for efficient eradication of CSCs. The nanocomposite particles possess good biocompatibility and exhibit superior mitochondrial‐bound HK2 binding ability via 3BP to inhibit metabolism, and further induce cellular apoptosis by releasing the cytochrome c. Therefore, it enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of CSCs‐specific targeted photothermal therapy (PTT), and achieved a synergistic effect for the eradication of breast CSCs. After administration of the synergistic treatment, the self‐renewal of breast CSCs and the stemness gene expression are suppressed, CSC‐driven mammosphere formation is diminished, the in vivo tumor growth is effectively inhibited, and CSCs are eradicated. Altogether, GNSs‐dPG‐3BP, TPP, and HA nanocomposite particles have been developed, which will provide a novel strategy for precise and highly efficient targeted eradication of CSCs.
An Air‐Stable High‐Nickel Cathode with Reinforced Electrochemical Performance Enabled by Convertible Amorphous Li2CO3 Modification
Authors: Sheng Hang , Meng Xin‐Hai , Xiao Dong‐Dong , Fan Min , Chen Wan‐Ping , Wan Jing , Tang Jilin , Zou Yu‐Gang , Wang Fuyi , Wen Rui , Shi Ji‐Lei , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: January 2022

High‐nickel (Ni ≥ 90%) cathodes with high specific capacity hold great potential for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, their practical application is restricted by the high interfacial reactivity under continuous air erosion and electrolyte assault. Herein, a stable high‐nickel cathode is rationally designed via in situ induction of a dense amorphous Li2CO3 on the particle surface by a preemptive atmosphere control. Among the residual lithium compounds, Li2CO3 is the most thermodynamically stable one, so a dense Li2CO3 coating layer can serve as a physical protection layer to isolate the cathode from contact with moist air. Furthermore, amorphous Li2CO3 can be transformed into a robust F‐rich cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) during cycling, which reinforces the cathode's interfacial stability and improves the electrochemical performance. The assembled coin cell with this modified cathode delivers a high discharge capacity of 232.4 mAh g–1 with a superior initial Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 95.1%, and considerable capacity retention of 90.4% after 100 cycles. Furthermore, no slurry gelation occurs during the large‐scale electrode fabrication process. This work opens a valuable perspective on the evolution of amorphous Li2CO3 in LIBs and provides guidance on protecting unstable high‐capacity cathodes for energy‐storage devices.
Biphasic Liquid Metal Composites for Sinter‐Free Printed Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Hajalilou Abdollah , Silva André F. , Lopes Pedro Alhais , Parvini Elahe , Majidi Carmel , Tavakoli Mahmoud
Published: January 2022

This work introduces and presents a comprehensive study on a series of biphasic liquid metal (LM) composites that benefit from high conductivity, excellent stretchability, a low gauge‐factor, excellent adhesion to a wide range of substrates, for sinter‐free writing complex stretchable circuits. These trinary material systems are composed of a block‐co‐polymer binder, EGaIn liquid metal, and a microparticle (μP) filler (Ag flakes, Ag‐coated‐Ni, Ag‐coated‐Fe, Ni, Ferrite, or TiC). They combine the fluidic behavior, resilience, and self‐healing properties of LMs, and the printability, adhesion, and elastic integrity of elastomers. Unlike the previous efforts with LM‐polymer composites and printed EGaIn nanodroplets, these composites are intrinsically conductive and do not require any thermal/optical/mechanical sintering. The binary combinations (LM‐SIS, LM‐Ag, Ag‐SIS) are first synthesized and characterized, and then the trinary LM‐μP‐SIS composites are evaluated. This includes analysis of microstructure, surface roughness, conductivity, electromechanical coupling, and LM smearing/leakage during mechanical loading, as well as the examination of the influence of filler particle size and composition. It is found that a binary combination of Ag‐EGaIn or EGaIn‐SIS does not result in the desired properties, and only trinary combination with conductive μP, preferably Ag, results in a printable, stretchable and sinter‐free composite. As an application, a digitally‐printed epidermal sticker for respiration monitoring is demonstrated.
Conjugated Oligomer‐Directed Formation of Hollow Nanoparticles for Targeted Photokilling Cancer Cells under Hypoxia
Authors: Peng Rui , Luo Yufeng , Cui Qianling , Yao Chuang , Xu Wenqiang , Li Lidong
Published: January 2022

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognized as one powerful solution to treat cancers, but its efficacy is often impaired by the oxygen‐deficient hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Herein, conjugated oligomer‐based hollow nanoparticles are developed as efficient phototheranostic agent for targeted PDT under hypoxia. The sialic acid (SA)‐imprinted hollow nanoparticles are facilely prepared via a nanoprecipitation method using a conjugated oligomer as photosensitizer and an amphiphilic polymer as matrix. The strong intra‐ and inter‐molecular π–π stacking interactions of the conjugated oligomer direct the self‐assembly and formation of hollow nanostructure. Triggered by 660 nm laser, the nanoparticles exhibit prominent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation both in water and cellular medium, which are specifically determined as singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical (O2–•) under normoxia (20% O2) while mainly O2–• under hypoxia (1% O2). Moreover, the feature of SA‐imprinted surface makes these nanoparticles capable of selectively targeting and being internalized into SA over‐expressed cancer cells, and their efficient PDT behaviors in vitro are also demonstrated even under severely hypoxic environment. Thus, the work provides a promising photosensitizer candidate for targeted PDT in hypoxic tumor.
Regioselective N‐Functionalization of Tautomerizable Heterocycles through Methyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate‐Catalyzed Substitution of Alcohols and Alkyl Group Migrations
Authors: Duari Surajit , Biswas Subrata , Roy Arnab , Maity Srabani , Mishra Abhishek Kumar , de Souza Aguinaldo R. , Elsharif Asma M. , Morgon Nelson H. , Biswas Srijit
Published: January 2022

A catalytic synthetic strategy has been developed combining two protocols, such as, direct nucleophilic substitution of alcohols followed by X‐ to N‐ alkyl group migration (X=O, S) to access N‐functionalized benzoxazolones, benzothiazolethiones, indolinone, benzoimidazolethiones, and pyridinones derivatives. Methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (MeOTf) was found to catalyze the reaction, which revealed the catalytic property of MeOTf. A mechanism was established through experiments as well as DFT calculations wherein the −OH group of alcohols were converted to the corresponding −OMe groups and in situ generated TfOH. The −OMe groups produced underwent TfOH catalyzed −X alkylation (X=O, S) of the heterocycles followed by −X‐ to −N‐alkyl group migrations in a single step.

magnified image
2‐(Alkynyl)anilines and Derivatives — Versatile Reagents for Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Festa Alexey A. , Raspertov Pavel V. , Voskressensky Leonid G.
Published: January 2022

The transformations of 2‐alkynylanilines and their derivatives into heterocycles are surveyed. Depending on the substituents, catalysts, and reaction conditions, these substrates can be converted into indoles, quinolines, indolines, oxindoles, indoxiles, various polycyclic compounds, etc. This review aims to generalize and assess the patterns of reactivity, selectivity, and applicability of 2‐(alkynyl)anilines in heterocyclic chemistry. The review is divided into sections in accordance with the produced heterocycle. In summary, the title substrates are capable of cyclizing not only into five‐ and six‐membered rings, but also to produce seven‐ and even eight‐membered ring systems. The preparation of 2‐(alkynyl)anilines is not covered.

magnified image
Mechanochemical Pretreatment for Waste‐Free Conversion of Bamboo to Simple Sugars: Utilization of Available Resources for Developing Economies
Authors: Ekwe Nneka B. , Tyufekchiev Maksim V. , Salifu Ali A. , Tompsett Geoffrey A. , LeClerc Heather O. , Belden Elizabeth R. , Onche Emmanuel O. , Ates Ayten , Schmidt‐Rohr Klaus , Yuan Shichen , Zheng Zhaoxi , Soboyejo Winston O. , Timko Michael T.
Published: January 2022

In this work, mechanochemical pretreatment of Bambusa vulgaris is evaluated for waste‐free production of renewable sugars for subsequent fermentation. After a 60 min mechanochemical pretreatment followed by enzyme hydrolysis at 50 °C, 62% of the available carbohydrate can be recovered as fermentable sugars, primarily in the form of glucose and xylose. Structural and chemical analysis finds that mechanochemical pretreatment increases accessible surface area and amorphizes the crystalline cellulose present in bamboo, both of which increase reactivity. The experimental results are then used for a systems‐level analysis of ethanol production in Nigeria. The energy required for mechanochemical pretreatment is estimated to be 0.5–5.6 MJ per kg of bamboo; this energy can be provided by solar power, while still satisfying existing needs for stationary power. Ethanol production on marginal land alone is projected to be sufficient to replace nearly 80% of Nigeria's current gasoline usage while reserving sufficient land area for solar power generation to meet current electricity needs, meaning that bamboo cultivation followed by mechanochemical pretreatment can play an important role for utilizing locally available resources without generation of new chemical wastes.
A segment probability method for calculating the molecular weight distributions of linear polycondensates in a continuous reactor
Authors: Chang Cheng , Feng Lian‐Fang , Gu Xue‐Ping , Zhang Cai‐Liang , Chen Xi , Hu Guo‐Hua
Published: January 2022

The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of polymers is a target of the optimization and control of industrial polymerization processes, as it dictates the processability and properties of polymers. A method, named as segment probability method, is developed to calculate the MWD of polycondensates produced by monomers of types A2 and B2 in a continuous reactor. It considers a growing chain as being composed of A and B segments in the middle of the chain and two terminal segments at the chain ends. It calculates the propagation probabilities of these different types of segments upon taking into account both the polycondensation and side reaction kinetics as well as the residence time distribution of the continuous reactor. The method is validated by poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) obtained from an industrial polymerization process composed of a continuous esterification reactor. The MWDs of the PBT calculated by this method are in agreement with those measured by size exclusion chromatography with mean square errors less than 10%.
Multi‐omics differential gene regulatory network inference for lung adenocarcinoma tumor progression biomarker discovery
Authors: Tong Yi‐Fan , He Qi‐En , Zhu Jun‐Xuan , Ding En‐Ci , Song Kai
Published: January 2022

A systematic method was proposed to infer differential gene regulatory networks (GRNs) among lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) samples at different stages by integrating multi‐omics data to uncover significant network features and to identify tumor progression (TP) biomarker genes. The mRNA expressions, copy number variations, and DNA methylations of two independent LUAD cohorts (TCGA and SPORE) at stages I, II, and III were used, respectively. As results, the transition from normal to early onset was showed to be critical to reveal the pathogenesis of LUAD; 61 genes were identified as TP‐related biomarkers, including two types of microRNAs ofABLIM2andZFAS1. These identified biomarkers may set light on the underlying mechanism of LUAD TP and may serve as potential drug targets for new treatments. Moreover, our study provides a general framework for TP biomarker identification for other types of cancer, which may improve the mechanism research for cancer development.
Novel Force Measurement System for Soft Tissue Balance in Total Knee Arthroplasty Based on Flexible Pressure Sensor Arrays
Authors: Wang Feng-Xia , Wu Zhi-Yong , Lin Qi-Hang , Chen Tao , Kuang Shao-Long , Gan Min-Feng , Huang Li-Xin , Sun Li-Ning
Published: January 2022

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common treatment for terminal knee arthropathy. Soft tissue balance is one of the key factors affecting the success rate of TKA. However, current measurement systems still face great challenges in terms of accuracy and timeliness. Herein, a novel force measurement system based on a smart spacer is proposed to measure soft tissue balance in a timely and accurate manner. The smart spacer is designed according to the simulated results, where six flexible pressure sensors with a high sensitivity of 99.56 N−1 and a wide detection range of 50 N are attached to the spacer base to directly detect the soft tissue balance force. Moreover, a soft tissue balance measurement system is constructed, which can measure the force at different positions, such as the extension position (0°), the middle position (45°), and the flexion position (90°), and display them on the computer in a timely manner. This novel real‐time knee soft tissue balance measurement system provides a way for surgeons or knee joint replacement surgery robots to accurately evaluate soft tissue balance and paves the way for improving the success rate of TKA and the patient's postoperative rehabilitation.
Fetal presentation of chondrodysplasia with joint dislocations, GPAPP type, caused by novel biallelic IMPAD1 variants
Authors: Venkatapuram Vijaya Sree , Aggarwal Shagun , Kulkarni Aditya Deepak , Vineeth Venugopal Satidevi , Bhikaji Dalal Ashwin , Bhat Venkatraman , Kiran Lavanya , Patil Siddaramappa Jagdish
Published: January 2022

Biallelic IMPAD1 pathogenic variants leads to deficiency of GPAPP (Golgi 3‐prime phosphoadenosine 5‐prime phosphate 3‐prime phosphatase) protein and clinically causes chondrodysplasia, which is characterized by short stature with short limbs, craniofacial malformations, cleft palate, hand and foot anomalies, and various radiographic skeletal manifestations. Here we describe prenatal presentation of GPAPP deficiency caused by novel biallelic pathogenic variants, 2 base pair duplication in exon 2 of IMAPD1 gene in a patient of Asian‐Indian origin. Further we report on diagnostic clues of prenatal presentation of GPAPP deficiency through ultrasonography, fetal MRI, and postmortem findings. We also provide evidence of pathophysiology of underlying GPAPP deficiency in the form of disorganization and dysplastic chondrocytes and reduced sulfation of glycoproteins through histopathology of cartilage similar to that described in mice IMPAD1 homozygous mutant model.
Influence of Catalyst Reduction Temperature on Autogenous Glycerol Hydrogenolysis over NiAl Catalyst
Authors: Pandya Rajan , Mane Rasika , Rode Chandrashekhar
Published: January 2022

Autogenous glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2‐propanediol by aqueous phase reforming (APR) was investigated over supported nickel catalysts. Effect of reduction temperature on physico‐chemical properties of catalysts played a significant role in tuning conversion and product selectivities. The formation of nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) spinel phase during catalyst reduction led to rearrangement of Ni species to obtain small and stable Ni particles. The catalyst activation temperature alters the extent of reduction of multivalent Ni species (Ni0, Ni+2/+3) which facilitated glycerol dehydration and hydrogenation while suppressing C−C cleavage and thus avoiding undesirable side products. Additionally, presence of moderate BrØnsted/Lewis acid ratio of the catalyst promoted higher 1,2‐PDO selectivity. In‐situ glycerol hydrogenolysis involves glycerol dehydration to acetol with simultaneous reforming to H2 and CO2 and this hydrogen converts acetol to 1,2‐PDO.
Multicolour Fluorescence Based on Excitation‐Dependent Electron Transfer Processes in o‐Carborane Dyads
Authors: Yang Heyi , Liu Haichao , Shen Yunxia , Zhang Shi‐tong , Zhang Qing , Song Qingbao , Lv Chunyan , Zhang Cheng , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang , Zhang Yujian
Published: January 2022

Organic materials with excitation wavelength‐dependent (Ex‐de) emission are highly attractive for anticounterfeiting, optoelectronics and bioassay applications; however, the realization of Ex‐de fluorescence, independent of aggregation states, remains a challenge. We herein report a photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) strategy to design Ex‐de fluorescence materials by manipulating the relaxation pathways of multiple excited states. As expected, the o‐carborane dyad presents a clear Ex‐de fluorescence colour in the aggregated states, resulting from the tunable relative intensity of the dual‐fluorescence spectra. Taking TP[1]B as an example, the amorphous powders emitted bright blue‐violet, white and yellow colours under 390 nm, 365 nm and 254 nm UV illumination, respectively. Importantly, multicolour, flexible and transparent films as well as an anticounterfeiting application using this o‐carborane dyad are demonstrated.
Deeper Insight into the Role of Organic Ammonium Cations in Reducing Surface Defects of the Perovskite Film
Authors: Jiang Xiaoqing , Zhang Jiafeng , Liu Xiaotao , Wang Ziyuan , Guo Xin , Li Can
Published: January 2022

Organic ammonium salts (OASs) have been widely used to passivate perovskite defects. The passivation mechanism is usually attributed to coordination of OASs with unpaired lead or halide ions, yet ignoring their interaction with excess PbI2 on the perovskite film. Herein, we demonstrate that OASs not only passivate defects by themselves, but also redistribute excess aggregated PbI2 into a discontinuous layer, augmenting its passivation effect. Moreover, alkyl OAS is more powerful to disperse PbI2 than a F‐containing one, leading to better passivation and device efficiency because F atoms restrict the intercalation of OAS into PbI2 layers. Inspired by this mechanism, exfoliated PbI2 nanosheets are adopted to provide better dispersity of PbI2, further boosting the efficiency to 23.14 %. Our finding offers a distinctive understanding of the role of OASs in reducing perovskite defects, and a route to choosing an OAS passivator by considering substitution effects rather than by trial and error.
Photoswitchable Serotonins for Optical Control of the 5‐HT2A Receptor**
Authors: Morstein Johannes , Romano Giovanna , Hetzler Belinda E. , Plante Ambrose , Haake Caleb , Levitz Joshua , Trauner Dirk
Published: January 2022

Serotonin receptors play central roles in neuromodulation and are critical drug targets for psychiatric disorders. Optical control of serotonin receptor subtypes has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of receptor function. While other neuromodulatory receptors have been successfully rendered photoswitchable, reversible photocontrol of serotonin receptors has not been achieved, representing a major gap in GPCR photopharmacology. Herein, we develop the first tools that allow for such control. Azo5HT‐2 shows light‐dependent 5‐HT2AR agonism, with greater activity in the cis‐form. Based on docking and test compound analysis, we also develop photoswitchable orthogonal, remotely‐tethered ligands (PORTLs). These BG‐Azo5HTs provide rapid, reversible, and repeatable optical control following conjugation to SNAP‐tagged 5‐HT2AR. Overall, this study provides a foundation for the broad extension of photopharmacology to the serotonin receptor family.
Metal–Organic Frameworks with Zero and Low‐Valent Metal Nodes Connected by Tetratopic Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Sikma R. Eric , Cohen Seth M.
Published: January 2022

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed with M0 nodes are attractive targets due to the reactivity of these low‐valent metals, but examples of these MOFs remain exceedingly rare. The rational design of three‐dimensional MOFs with Pd0 and Pt0 nodes using tetratopic phosphine ligands is reported. Five new MOFs have been synthesized by systematic variation of the phosphine ligands and metal precursors employed, and these represent the first examples of MOFs constructed using phosphine–metal bonds as the sole structural component. The MOFs display solid‐state luminescence, with emission maxima that are significantly red‐shifted compared to Pd(PPh3)4. In addition, a RhI low‐valent coordination solid based on the same linker design is reported, which displays solid‐state luminescence that is not observed for the molecular analogue.
Catalytic Transformation of PET and CO2 into High‐Value Chemicals
Authors: Li Yinwen , Wang Meng , Liu Xingwu , Hu Chaoquan , Xiao Dequan , Ma Ding
Published: January 2022

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and CO2, two chemical wastes that urgently need to be transformed in the environment, are converted simultaneously in a one‐pot catalytic process through the synergistic coupling of three reactions: CO2 hydrogenation, PET methanolysis and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) hydrogenation. More interestingly, the chemical equilibria of both reactions were shifted forward due to a revealed dual‐promotion effect, leading to significantly enhanced PET depolymerization. The overall methanol yield from CO2 hydrogenation exceeded the original thermodynamic equilibrium limit since the methanol was in situ consumed in the PET methanolysis. The degradation of PET by a stoichiometric ratio of methanol was significantly enhanced because the primary product, DMT was hydrogenated to dimethyl cyclohexanedicarboxylate (DMCD) or p‐xylene (PX). This synergistic catalytic process provides an effective way to simultaneously recycle two wastes, polyesters and CO2, for producing high‐value chemicals.
Citing criteria and its effects on researcher's intention to cite: A mixed‐method study
Authors: Xie Juan , Lu Hongru , Kang Lele , Cheng Ying
Published: January 2022

This study explored users' criteria for citation decisions and investigated the effects on users' intention to cite using a mixed‐method approach. A qualitative study was conducted first, where 16 citing criteria were identified based on interviews and inductive analysis. The findings were then used to develop hypotheses and extend the information adoption model. A questionnaire was designed to collect data from users in Chinese universities to test the research model. The findings indicated that pleasure, topicality, and functionality significantly increased users' perceived information usefulness, while familiarity and accessibility significantly enhanced users' perceived ease of use. Information usefulness and information ease of use further contributed to users' intention to cite with adjusted R2 equaling 44.6%. It is also found that perceived academic quality based on 5 antecedents (i.e., reliability, comprehensiveness, novelty, author credibility, and source reputation) significantly increased users' pleasure. Implications and limitations were provided.
New delay‐dependent H∞ state estimator for static neural networks with bounded and unbounded time delays
Authors: Liu Guoquan , Luo Chaomin , Zhou Shumin , Li Yuezhong , Luo Xianxi
Published: January 2022

An H∞ estimation issue for static neural networks (SNNs) is discussed by the research, and the SNN model is improved from the following two aspects: (1) The SNNs contains both bounded and unbounded delays. (2) The nonlinear activation function is bounded and belongs to an interval. Through the construction of the novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF), the state estimator is established. It is also pointed that a gain matrix is acquired by the linear matrix inequality (LMI). Numerical experiments indicate that the method put forward in this study is valid. In addition, the obtained results are characterized by effectiveness and correctness.
Grey‐prediction‐based double model predictive control strategy for the speed and current control of permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Pan Hongguang , Huang Xinyi , Guan Penglin , Liu Shulin
Published: January 2022

To solve the problems of slow response speed of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system when the external disturbance occurs and the poor disturbance rejection performance, a double model predictive control (MPC) strategy for PMSM to control speed and current is proposed in this paper. Further, in order to improve the dynamic performance and disturbance rejection performance of PMSM control system, a grey prediction is introduced, and then a grey‐prediction‐based double MPC strategy is proposed. To be specific, firstly, the mathematical model of PMSM is established under thedqcoordinate system, and the traditional control strategy (outer speed loop PI controller and inner current loop deadbeat prediction controller) is elaborated. Secondly, we propose the double MPC strategy where MPC controller is used in the outer speed loop and deadbeat prediction controller is used in the inner current loop. Finally, the grey‐prediction‐based double MPC strategy is proposed where MPC is combined with grey prediction to improve the dynamic performance in the inner current loop. By comparing the traditional control strategy with the double MPC and the grey‐prediction‐based double MPC strategy, the simulation results show that the double MPC and the grey‐prediction‐based double MPC system have no overshoot and the grey‐prediction‐based double MPC system has better steady‐state performance, faster dynamic response and stronger disturbance rejection performance, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
The burden of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2019 at the global, regional, and national levels
Authors: Yang Jianqing , Pan Guangdong , Guan Linjing , Liu Zhipeng , Wu Yongrong , Liu Zhen , Lu Wuchang , Li Shuai , Xu Honglai , Ouyang Guoqing
Published: January 2022

Background

Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. We aimed to report the burden of liver cancer at the global, regional, and national levels in 204 countries from 1990 to 2019, stratified by etiology, sex, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI).

Methods

Data of mortality, incidence, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of liver cancer and its etiology were available from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2019. The trends in the liver cancer burden were assessed by the annual percentage change. All estimates are presented as numbers and age‐standardized rates (ASRs) per 100,000 population, with uncertainty intervals (UIs).

Results

Globally, 484,577 (95% UI 444,091–525,798) mortalities, 534,364 (486,550–588,639) incident cases, and 12,528,422 (11,400,671–13,687,675) disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) due to liver cancer occurred in 2019. The ASRs were 5.95 (5.44–6.44), 6.51 (5.95–7.16), and 151.08 (137.53–164.8) per 100,000 population for the mortalities, incidences, and DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the numbers increased, whereas the ASRs decreased. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the major causes of liver cancer mortality. The liver cancer mortality in 2019 increased with age, peaking at 65–69 and 70–74 age group in males and females, respectively, and the number was higher in males than in females. Generally, there were nonlinear associations between the ASR and SDIs values at the regional and national levels. China had the highest numbers of mortalities, incident cases, and DALYs, whereas Mongolia has the highest ASR in 2019.

Conclusion

Liver cancer remains a major public health issue worldwide, but etiological and geographical variations exist. It is necessary to increase awareness of the population regarding liver cancer, its etiologies and the importance of early detection, and diagnosis and treatment.
Sandacrabins – Structurally Unique Antiviral RNA Polymerase Inhibitors from a Rare Myxobacterium**
Authors: Bader Chantal D. , Panter Fabian , Garcia Ronald , Tchesnokov Egor P. , Haid Sibylle , Walt Christine , Spröer Cathrin , Kiefer Alexander F. , Götte Matthias , Overmann Jörg , Pietschmann Thomas , Müller Rolf
Published: January 2022

Structure elucidation and total synthesis of five unprecedented terpenoid‐alkaloids, the sandacrabins, are reported, alongside with the first description of their producing organism Sandaracinus defensii MSr10575, which expands the Sandaracineae family by only its second member. The genome sequence of S. defensii as presented in this study was utilized to identify enzymes responsible for sandacrabin formation, whereby dimethylbenzimidazol, deriving from cobalamin biosynthesis, was identified as key intermediate. Biological activity profiling revealed that all sandacrabins except congener A exhibit potent antiviral activity against the human pathogenic coronavirus HCoV229E in the three digit nanomolar range. Investigation of the underlying mode of action discloses that the sandacrabins inhibit the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase complex, highlighting them as structurally distinct non‐nucleoside RNA synthesis inhibitors. The observed segregation between cell toxicity at higher concentrations and viral inhibition opens the possibility for their medicinal chemistry optimization towards selective inhibitors.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of NPC‐21, an Anti‐Cytomegalovirus Monoclonal Antibody, in Healthy Japanese and White Adult Men: A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled, First‐in‐Human Phase 1 Study
Authors: Furihata Kenichi , Hamada Izumi , Niwa Takuro , Watanabe Tatsuya , Ezoe Sachiko
Published: January 2022

NPC‐21 (EV2038) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that targets the antigenic domain 1 of glycoprotein B on the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) envelope. NPC‐21 has been shown to have broadly neutralizing activity and to inhibit cell‐to‐cell transmission of hCMV in preclinical studies. It is currently in development for the prophylactic or preemptive treatment of hCMV in patients receiving a solid‐organ transplant or hematopoietic stem cell transplant. A first‐in‐human phase 1 study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of NPC‐21 in healthy adult men. Forty participants (Japanese, n = 32; White, n = 8) were randomly assigned to receive a single intravenous dose of NPC‐21 1, 3, 10, or 20 mg/kg or placebo. Six Japanese participants were included in each dose group and six White participants received a 10‐mg/kg dose. The placebo group included 8 Japanese participants and 2 White participants. All 40 participants completed the study. Serum concentration, maximum serum concentration, area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity increased dose dependently; dose proportionality was linear. NPC‐21 demonstrated a biphasic elimination pattern, with an estimated half‐life between 612 and 790 hours. NPC‐21 was safe and well tolerated up to 20 mg/kg. All adverse events were mild, and none led to treatment discontinuation or were considered related to the study drug. There were no differences in pharmacokinetics or safety between Japanese and White participants. These results support further investigation of NPC‐21.
Water use strategies between two co‐occurring woody species in a riparian area: Naturally occurring willow,Salix exigua, and expanding juniper,Juniperus scopulorum, in central Montana
Authors: Bailey Kinzie , Korb Nathan , Kruse Carter , Harris Sierra , Hu Jia
Published: January 2022

Juniper expansion across the western United States has the potential to alter watershed hydrology, especially within riparian areas. Given the uncertainties in the ecohydrological response to the expansion, this study focused on examining the water use strategies between two woody species co‐occurring in a riparian area in south central Montana—Salix exigua(sandbar willows) andJuniperus scopulorum(rocky mountain junipers)—in order to address three questions: (1) Are junipers and willows using the same soil moisture pool that contributes to streamflow? (2) Are junipers transpiring more water than willows on a per tree or per sapwood area basis? (3) Are the seasonal transpiration rates between junipers and willows different? To determine the differences in water use strategies between willows and junipers, we used stable isotope analyses to trace different sources of water, water potential to determine seasonal water stress patterns and transpiration rates to quantify water loss. Our isotopic analyses suggest that junipers and willows in the riparian area were not directly using stream water but relied on different pools of soil water at different times of the year: shallow soil water in spring when soils were wet and deeper soil water in late summer. We also found that junipers transpired more than willows during the spring and late fall, but that both species had similar transpiration rates during periods of low streamflow. However, higher juniper transpiration rates in spring and late fall can potentially lead to soil moisture deficits if winter snowpack is low, suggesting that the additional water loss through transpiration by junipers may be mitigated under wet winters but exacerbated under dry winters.
Trifunctional Cu‐Mesh/Cu2O@FeO Nanoarrays for Highly Efficient Degradation of Antibiotic, Inactivation of Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria, and Damage of Antibiotics Resistance Genes
Authors: Zhao Long , Zhou Wei , Wen Ming , Wu Qingsheng , Li Weiying , Fu Yongqing , Zhu Quanjing , Chen Sheng , Ran Jiaqi
Published: January 2022

Trifunctional Cu‐mesh/Cu2O@FeO nanoarrays heterostructure is designed and fabricated by integrating Cu2O@FeO nanoarrays onto Cu‐mesh (CM) via an in situ growth and phase transformation process. It is successfully applied to efficiently mitigate the antibiotic pollution, including degradation of antibiotics, inactivation of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria (ARB), and damage of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs). Under visible‐light irradiation, CM/Cu2O@FeO nanoarrays exhibit a superior degradation efficiency on antibiotics (e.g., up to 99% in 25 min for tetracycline hydrochloride, TC), due to the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially the dominant ·O2−. It can fully inactivate E. coli (HB101) with initial number of ~108 CFU mL−1 in 10 min, which is mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of 1D nanostructure, dissolved metal ions, and generated ROS. Meanwhile, it is able to damage ARGs after 180 min of photodegradation, including tetA (vs TC) of 3.3 log10, aphA (vs kanamycin sulfate, KAN) of 3.4 log10, and tnpA (vs ampicillin, AMP) of 4.4 log10, respectively. This work explores a green way for treating antibiotic pollution under visible light.
Achieving fast page load for websites across multiple domains
Authors: Huang Jiawei , Zhu Haitao , Liu Mingyue , Zhang Tao , Wang Jianxin
Published: January 2022

The dependencies between the resources on web page slow down the page load process, resulting in degradation of user experience and provider revenue. Recent solutions reprioritize requests at client side to fetch resources according to the page's dependency structure. However, since resources on modern web pages are often served by the direct‐connect and multiple third‐party domains, optimizing web performance only at the client side is not able to minimize the long waiting time for the resources across multiple domains. To address this inefficiency problem, we present fast page load (FPL), a scheme of restructuring the interaction between multiple domains to accelerate web page loads. The key of our solution is that the credible servers in third‐party domains proactively push resources to client with the aid of server in the direct‐connect domain. Therefore, FPL eliminates the waiting time of resource requesting and TCP handshaking between the client and servers in third‐party domains. Furthermore, we propose FPL+ to schedule resources based on the dependency and size of objects to improve user perception and experience in terms of time‐to‐first‐paint. Experiment results show that our approach FPL and FPL+ effectively reduces the median page load time by up to 44% across popular websites.
Information contents of intraday SSE 50 ETF options trades
Authors: Luo Xingguo , Cai Wenye , Ryu Doojin
Published: January 2022

We examine the intraday price discovery role of the Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 exchange‐traded fund options using transaction‐level data. Contemporaneous options trading volumes have significant and permanent price impacts on futures returns, implying that some options traders are informed. The permanent price impacts of large options trades are much greater than those of small trades. We also find that liquidity changes due to regulatory policies affect the options market's informational role. Transactions generally convey less information during special trading sessions, including post‐break and closing sessions, perhaps because informed investors prefer to hide behind high liquidity.
Safety and efficacy of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in north Tohoku Japanese patients with genotype 1/2 hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Miyasaka Akio , Yoshida Yuichi , Murakami Akihiko , Hoshino Takao , Sawara Kei , Numao Hiroshi , Takikawa Yasuhiro
Published: January 2022

Background and aims

To assess the efficacy and safety of treatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in Japanese patients with genotype (GT) 1/2 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a real‐world clinical setting.

Methods

A total of 230 patients from 12 centers in northern Tohoku Japan with chronic hepatitis (CH) or compensated liver cirrhosis (LC) and GT1/2 HCV infection were treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and followed up for 12 weeks after treatment completion. Those patients were evaluated by dividing them into the following three groups: CH GT1/2 HCV‐infected, direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAA)‐naive patients received 8 weeks of treatment (8‐week initial treatment group), compensated LC GT1/2 HCV‐infected, DAA‐naive patients received 12 weeks of treatment (12‐week initial treatment group), and GT1/2 HCV‐infected patients with previous failed DAA treatment were assigned to 12‐week treatment (12‐week re‐treatment group).

Results

The overall sustained virologic response (SVR) rate in the modified intention‐to‐treat population was 99% (222/225). The SVR rate in 8‐week initial treatment group, 12‐week initial treatment group, and 12‐week re‐treatment group were 99% (118/119), 98% (104/106), and 97% (56/58), respectively. SVR rates based on chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage were 99% in stage 1/2, 96% in stage 3, and 100% in stage 4/5 patients. SVR rate among the three treatment groups was not influenced by CKD stage. Furthermore, all 18 patients (six in the 8‐week initial treatment group, 12 in 12‐week initial treatment group) who underwent hemodialysis attained SVR. Serious treatment‐associated adverse events (grade ≥ 3) occurred in 12 patients (5.2%). Five patients (2.2%) discontinued treatment because of adverse events; however, three of these patients achieved SVR.

Conclusion

Primary treatment and re‐treatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir are effective and safe for patients without decompensated LC and GT1/2 HCV infection in a real‐world clinical setting. Furthermore, the SVR rate was not influenced by CKD stage.
Applying a Critical Language Lens: Analyzing Language Use in Everyday Video Texts
Authors: Metz Mike
Published: January 2022

The article describes the results of teachers using a critical language lens to analyze linguistic stereotypes in TV series, movies, cartoons, and social media posts. I share the key questions teachers asked about language use in texts as well as the results of their analysis. Based in a cultural modeling pedagogy (Lee, 2007), teachers examined the texts of their everyday lives and increased their Critical Language Awareness. They identified linguistic tropes in nostalgic movies and TV shows, and uncovered patterns of associations between kinds of language use and kinds of people. Teachers emphasized the value of the activity for deepening their linguistic awareness and increasing a desire to disrupt linguistic prejudice. They developed multiple options for bringing a critical language lens to their own classrooms and students.