bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fat Transplantation and Autologous Collagen: A Decade of Experience
Authors: Pinski Kevin S.
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

Soft tissue has been augmented with adipose fat for many years. The more traditional approach has involved the placement of adipose tissue into the subcutis to correct cosmetic defects and to rejuvenate the face by increasing the tissue volume in atrophied areas. More recently, constituents of this tissue have been used as a dermal filler substance termed autologous collagen. The purpose of this study is to describe the author's experience, over the past decade, with adipose tissue as a filler substance.

Materials and Methods:

The technique described involves extracting fat from a donor site and discarding the tumescent fluid leaving “pure fat,” which is transferred into 3-mL syringes. If a dermal filler is needed, sterile distilled water is added to the harvested adipose tissue and this is then processed into autologous collagen. This material is then injected with a 25-gauge needle into the dermis for superficial augmentation.

Results:

Utilizing this approach, superficial and deep defects can be successfully corrected with adipose tissue.
Fat Transfer for the Correction of Divots from Liposuction
Authors: Fulton James E. , Rahimi A. David , Helton Peter
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

As liposuction becomes more popular, divots and irregularities will be more common. These can happen to patients of new inexperienced operators or to those of the best technicians. The key to divot management is rapid correction. The objective of this study was to ascertain if the divot could be rapidly corrected with local liposhifting or free fat transfer from other liposuction sites.

Method and Materials:

Ten patients were examined for this study (either our patients or referrals). Results for three patients that received corrective fat transfer are presented in detail. As soon as a divot was discovered, whether intraoperatively or postoperatively, it was corrected by fat transfer. If necessary, in older cases the fibrotic trabeculae in the area of the divot were subcised. The fat was either shifted into the site locally or collected from another site following tumescent liposuction. This free fat was transferred to Lipoject injection guns or to 20-cm3 syringes. After allowing the fat to concentrate by gravity, the fat was infiltrated into the area of the divot in a retrograde fashion. A donut of Reston foam was applied around the infiltrate and allowed to stay in place during the first 5 days after the operation. Remaining fat was frozen for future use. If necessary, a second injection session was done in 2 to 3 months.

Results:

In each case, the divot was elevated and partially resolved during the first injection session and, usually, completely corrected with a second or third session.

Conclusion:

It is important to correct the divot early in the postoperative period, whether intraoperatively or as it is recognized postoperatively before the tissue develops fibrosis and contracts down. If the correction is done early in the course of recovery, the tissue is elevated easily with one or two transfer sessions. Older cases may require subcision before fat is placed in the pocket.
Mapping Brain Region Activity during Chewing: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Onozuka M. , Fujita M. , Watanabe K. , Hirano Y. , Niwa M. , Nishiyama K. , Saito S.
Published: January 2017

Mastication has been suggested to increase neuronal activities in various regions of the human brain. However, because of technical difficulties, the fine anatomical and physiological regions linked to mastication have not been fully elucidated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during cycles of rhythmic gum-chewing and no chewing, we therefore examined the interaction between chewing and brain regional activity in 17 subjects (aged 20-31 years). In all subjects, chewing resulted in a bilateral increase in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, insula, thalamus, and cerebellum. In addition, in the first three regions, chewing of moderately hard gum produced stronger BOLD signals than the chewing of hard gum. However, the signal was higher in the cerebellum and not significant in the thalamus, respectively. These results suggest that chewing causes regional increases in brain neuronal activities which are related to biting force.
Expression Profiling of Periodontal Ligament Cells Stimulated with Enamel Matrix Proteins in vitro: A Model for Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Brett P.M. , Parkar M. , Olsen I. , Tonetti M.
Published: January 2017

Several studies have examined the role of enamel matrix proteins in root formation and periodontal regeneration, although most of these have focused on a few specific genes which had previously been implicated. However, recent advances in expressional profiling have made it possible to examine the range of genetic responses involved in these processes. In the present experiments, we have therefore utilized this technique to determine the effects of enamel matrix proteins on the gene activities of periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Such cells were found to have an elevated level of RNA synthesis compared with control cells. Moreover, hybridization of the cDNA prepared from this RNA to gene array filters showed that there was differential expression of 121 genes, most of which had not previously been associated with periodontal regeneration. Some of these selective changes in gene activity might thus reflect the fundamental events that underlie periodontal development.
Semantic Examination of a Japanese Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression
Authors: Saint Arnault Denise , Hatashita Hiroyo , Suzuki Hitomi
Published: January 2017

Background

Cross-cultural research relies on the linguistic, conceptual, and semantic equivalence of instruments. Widely used translations of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) for cross-cultural samples should be analyzed to reaffirm conceptual and semantic equivalence.

Purpose

This methodological study aimed to discover and resolve problematic translations of a Japanese version of the CESD.

Design

Sequential explanatory mixed method design using spiraling integration.

Methods

Sample includes 34 first-generation Japanese women living in the US and 72 community-based women in Japan. Ethnographic analysis of the semantic meanings of items was followed by t tests to compare original and retranslated item means, as well as Cronbach’s reliability and corrected item-total correlations analyses.

Results

Six problematic items were retranslated: bothered, failure, hope, restless sleep, happiness, and “getting going.” Reliabilities for the CESD that included the new CESD item translations were the same; however, most item-scale correlations were higher for the revised translations across the two groups.

Conclusions

We conclude that both failure and “getting going” may be culturally bound items. Implications for cross-cultural and ethnographic nursing research include planning mini-ethnographic analysis when using translations to discover and reconcile cultural differences in connotations, motivations, and goals.
The Impact of Information on an Individual's Support of the Death Penalty: A Partial Test of the Marshall Hypothesis among College Students
Authors: Lambert Eric , Clarke Alan
Published: January 2017

In Furman v. Georgia, Justice Marshall hypothesized that informed individuals would not support the death penalty. To test this hypothesis, survey results from 730 students at a Michigan university were used. Students read one of three essays; one focusing on death penalty deterrence research, another on the chances of sentencing an innocent person to death, and the third on the general reasons for punishing offenders (i.e., the control essay). The innocence essay resulted in a small but statistically significant reduction of support. There was no statistically significant reduction in support for the death penalty among the deterrence and control essay groups. The findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.
Questioning the Concept of Excessiveness with Respect to Alternative and New Age Methods and Uses of Force
Authors: Jilka Michael , Scott Robert , Gould Lawrence , Crawford Chris , Copeland Michael
Published: January 2017

The rise in the use by law enforcement officials of alternative instruments and methods of force poses a daunting conundrum. On one hand, the obvious salutary effects of decreased fatalities and serious injuries to human life cannot be denied. On the other hand, the necessary consequence of increased litigation to delineate the legal contours governing the use of alternative means of force could and undoubtedly will exert a profound societal cost.
Boundary Issues
Authors: Johnson Daphne
Published: January 2017

How schools handle their most troublesome pupils has always been a boundary issue. Daphne Johnson discusses where responsibility lies for school discipline in the light of the Elton Report
Focus on Higher Education
Authors: Locke Michael
Published: January 2017

The managerial problems facing Higher Education Colleges when they trade
The Dorchester Area Rural School Education Team
Authors: Innes Charles , Hutson Joan , Howell Jerry
Published: January 2017

How a partnership of rural first schools succeeded in developing children and staff
The Specific Pathogen-Free Human: a New Frontier in Oral Infectious Disease Research
Authors: Taubman M.A. , Genco R.J. , Hillman J.D.
Published: January 2017

The indigenous flora acts as a deterrent to the establishment of some pathogenic species. We propose that advances in oral health research will lead to control of oral infections by altering the indigenous microflora to create a specific pathogen-free human. Investigations of important endogenous and exogenous factors which affect the oral flora and the interactions among these parameters, in health and disease, will have to be undertaken for this goal to be achieved. Several approaches to produce a specific pathogen-free human include: (1) introduction of individual or collective moieties which inhibit detrimental interactions on a genetic and molecular level; (2) genetic modification of salivary flow and protein composition by use of transgenic techniques; (3) therapeutic replacement with altered bacterial strains; (4) alteration of host immune responses to produce specific isotype immunity at the most appropriate time in the ontogeny of the oral environment; (5) production of isotype and/or antigen-specific regulatory molecules at the most appropriate time in development ; (6) use of synthetic vaccines; (7) genetic alteration or replacement of cells with defective protective capabilities; and (8) use of anti-idiotype vaccines.
Healing, Regeneration, and Repair: Prospectus for New Dental Treatment
Authors: Terranova V.P. , Jendresen M. , Young F.
Published: January 2017

Recent advances in our understanding of growth and development have led us to the realization that previously unattainable tissue regeneration and repair are now within the scope of patient care. Concurrent and complementary use of nonbiological substitutes, with complete biological integration and host acceptance, is becoming a leading recognized alternative to the loss of function of biological tissues. This manuscript will examine the implications of the new biotechnology in medical sciences for dental healing, regeneration, and repair. These concepts, when coupled with genetic engineering, could produce enormous changes in the quality of life.
Advances in Diagnosis and Detection of Oral Diseases
Authors: Baum B.J. , Burstone C.J. , Dubner R. , Goldhaber P. , Levine M.J. , Loesche W.J. , Terranova V.
Published: January 2017

Medicine, particularly with respect to diagnostic decision-making, has seen remarkable advances in the last ten years. The art of diagnosis has become much more of a science. Basic science advances have moved from the laboratory into the hospital and radically changed the way a medical diagnosis is arrived at or confirmed. Dentistry, especially oral diagnosis, as yet has not been a significant part of this general medical advance. However, several examples demonstrate that this situation is starting to change. Oral conditions are beginning to be evaluated with greater precision and sophistication. This report reviews some recent advances in oral diagnostic research and suggests where they will carry dentistry over the next 25 years.
Caries Diagnosis Within Restored Teeth
Authors: Kidd E.A.M.
Published: January 2017

Secondary caries is the most common reason given by dentists for the replacement of restorations, and yet this is a diagnosis that is difficult to make with confidence. This paper attempts to define some of the problems in the diagnosis of caries in restored teeth. The histology of the secondary carious lesion shows that it may be considered in two parts: an outer lesion adjacent to the filling, and a wall lesion which will occur only if there is leakage between the filling and the tooth. The specific diagnostic difficulties addressed are the difficulty of seeing this wall lesion, whether a defective margin indicates secondary caries, and the difficulties of differentiating secondary from residual caries and active from arrested disease. Since further research is needed to solve many of these problems, the paper ends by discussing the consequences of these difficulties for clinicians, epidemiologists, teachers, and research workers.
Trends in Caries Experience in US Employed Adults from 1971-74 To 1985: Cross-Sectional Comparisons
Authors: Brown L.J. , Swango P.A.
Published: January 2017

The evidence for trends in caries experience among adults is examined by use of data from the NCHS NHANES I survey of dental disease, conducted from 1971 to 1974, and the NIDR Survey of Employed Adults and Seniors, conducted in 1985 and 1986. The main findings of the study are: (1) Mean DMF teeth and surfaces have declined among US employed adults who were 18-44 years old in 1985 compared with similar-aged persons in 1971-74; (2) differences in mean DMF teeth and surfaces could not be detected when persons aged 45 or older were compared; (3) missing and decayed components of DMF decreased in all age groups; (4) mean DF teeth decreased in persons under 30 years of age and mean DF surfaces in persons under 35; (5) improvements in DMF were demonstrated by both genders and all regions of the US; (6) all tooth types (anteriors, premolars, and 1st and 2nd molars) showed improvement in DMF; and (7) while employed whites clearly demonstrated an improvement in DMF, a commensurate improvement among employed blacks was not apparent. As measured by the DMF index, caries experience declined in US employed adults under 45 years old between 1971-74 and 1985.
Reliability and Validity of Diagnostic Modalities for Temporomandibular Disorders
Authors: Mohl N.D.
Published: January 2017

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) encompass a group of musculoskeletal conditions that involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or joints, the masticatory musculature, or both. These conditions are typically characterized by pain in the pre-auricular area that is usually aggravated by chewing or other jaw function and is often accompanied, either singly or in combination, by limitation of jaw movement, joint sounds, palpable muscle tenderness, or joint soreness. As with most other musculoskeletal conditions, the diagnostic "gold standard" for TMD is based upon an evaluation of the patient's history and clinical examination, supplemented, when appropriate, by TM joint imaging. It is against this "gold standard" that the reliability and validity of diagnostic modalities must be compared. With regard to electronic devices, several reviews of the scientific literature have concluded that the diagnostic reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity of such devices in the diagnosis of TMD have not been established. In addition, although clinical examination of the dentition may provide useful diagnostic information for some conditions, specific occlusal relationships have poor sensitivity and specificity when related to the presence or absence of TMD. TMJ imaging, when indicated, is useful in the detection of pathology within the joint, provided that validated criteria are applied to an analysis of the image. However, the assessment of condylar position as a diagnostic criterion for TMD has very poor reliability and validity.
Role of Suspected Periodontopathogens in Microbiological Monitoring of Periodontitis
Authors: Dahlén G.
Published: January 2017

Periodontal disease is the clinical result of a complex interaction between the host and plaque bacteria. Although a specificity to some degree is found for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP), it has been difficult to obtain evidence for a specific etiological role of the bacteria associated with periodontal disease in adults. What we see is the net result of host-parasite interactions which in an unpredictable moment accumulate and exceed the threshold of tissue integrity. This hypothesis is concomitant with the view of periodontal disease as a polymicrobial infection, predominantly anaerobic, which occurs commonly in the oral cavity or elsewhere in the body. Some micro-organisms (risk markers) occur more frequently than others and may significantly determine the outcome of this host-parasite interaction. Microbiological sampling and analysis seem to be of limited value in risk assessment; however, they can be used as tools in diagnosis in LJP patients and acute infections, and in treatment decision and therapy control in "refractory" patients. Suspected pathogens (risk markers) are Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and some species of spirochetes, while the roles of Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, and Peptostreptococcus micros are more uncertain. The presence of periodontopathogens as well as enterics, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida especially, should be considered in patients with systemic individual disorders-e.g., diabetes mellitus, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and AIDS-or with implants.
Current Status of Tests for Periodontal Disease
Authors: Lamster I.B. , Celenti R.S. , Jans H.H. , Fine J.B. , Grbic J.T.
Published: January 2017

The methods applied to the diagnosis of periodontal disease are changing. Historically, static clinical and radiographic parameters have formed the basis of the periodontal evaluation. As the limitations of these traditional procedures became clear, several new techniques have been proposed as diagnostic tests for periodontal disease. These tests are based on improved understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, and can be considered in three categories: assessment of physical changes in the periodontium, the bacterial infection, and the host response to the infection.

Several technical questions must be addressed before these tests can be widely utilized. These specific concerns include such matters as the information available from the tests (e.g., Does the test provide a measure of disease severity or identify the site, region, or patient experiencing active disease?), the most appropriate test configurations, the statistical analysis of data from trials examining the accuracy of the tests, and selection of patients who would benefit from these procedures.

Last, several important practical issues must be examined before these tests can be expected to gain widespread acceptance. These include familiarization of dental practitioners with the use of diagnostic tests and the medical laboratory, the role of regulatory agencies in determining the claims made by these tests, and the medical/dental insurance benefits provided for these services.
Microbiology of the Dental Implant
Authors: Mombelli A.
Published: January 2017

Longitudinal studies have shown that successful implants are colonized by a predominantly Gram-positive, facultative flora, which is established shortly after implantation. Repeated microbiological sampling in patients with clinically stable implants showed no significant shifts in the composition of this flora over five years. In patients with bone loss and pocket formation around implants, however, a significantly different flora was found: Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, particularly fusobacteria, spirochetes, and black-pigmenting organisms such as Prevotella intermedia were often present in high proportions. Antimicrobial treatment with agents specifically active against anaerobes could halt progression of peri-implant infections in such cases. Although there may be non-microbial primary causes for implant failure, these studies show that Gram-negative anaerobes may play a role in peri-implant infections, and that their elimination leads to improvement of the clinical condition.
Evaluating Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Douglass C.W.
Published: January 2017

The presentations at this conference will discuss new technologies and rapid scientific developments that have resulted in new diagnostic tests for periodontal disease, musculoskeletal imaging, temporomandibular joint dysfunctions, and incipient coronal and root dental caries. However, for many of these claims, there has been insufficient scientific support regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the tests, or their ability to predict the percent of cases in which the disease or condition progresses to the next state of development.

Research is needed that will yield the basic diagnostic parameters of new diagnostic tests, i.e., their accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The purpose and methods for calculating each of these measures are described in this paper. Five questions are then presented that will need to be addressed in future research regarding new diagnostic tests: (1) Does the scientific theory of the test fit with our current body of knowledge? (2) Have the efficacy parameters of the test been reliably determined? (3) How does the test affect clinical decision-making? (4) Does using the test improve the patient's health? and (5) Is the added expense of the test justified by increased effectiveness or by avoiding other health expenditures?
In Vivo Caries Models-Mechanisms for Caries Initiation and Arrestment
Authors: Thylstrup A. , Bruun C. , Holmen L.
Published: January 2017

The effects of intra-oral mechanical forces on caries initiation, progression, and arrestment are evaluated by examination of different in vivo caries models. The models are grouped in four categories: (1) a population study, (2) short-term clinical trials, (3) clinical experiments, and (4) controlled clinical observations. Taken together, these in vivo studies convincingly demonstrate that partial or total elimination of the intra-oral mechanical forces operating during mastication or toothbrushing leads to evolution of cariogenic plaque, resulting in localized carious enamel dissolution. In addition, they show that re-exposure to the partly or totally eliminated mechanical forces not only arrests further lesion progression, but also results in partial lesion regression. The data from in vivo caries studies also show that the clinical and structural changes associated with lesion arrestment or partial regression are not related to any salivary repair mechanism, but are solely the result of mechanical removal of the cariogenic biomass which is physically interrelated with the eroded surface of the active, dull-whitish enamel lesion. No indications of superficial mineral deposition or "blocking" of the external intercrystalline spaces are seen in the surface layer of lesions arrested in vivo. For this reason, the conventional usage of the terminology 'remineralization' is considered absolutely misleading when used to describe the mechanisms responsible for the arrest of lesion progression in vivo.
Mode of Action of Fluoride: Application of New Techniques and Test Methods to the Examination of the Mechanism of Action of Topical Fluoride
Authors: White D.J. , Nelson D.G.A. , Faller R.V.
Published: January 2017

Modern techniques in dental research continue to assist in the study of the mode of (anticaries) action of topical fluorides. The Plaque Glycolysis and Regrowth Model (PGRM) facilitates the standardized assessments of antimicrobial effects on plaque following use of test formulations in vivo without complications arising from coincident mineral reactivity. In vivo plaque glycolysis testing demonstrates that topically applied fluoride, at conventional levels found in dentifrices, has only modest effects on the metabolic (acid-producing) activity of dental plaque. Any 'plaque' contribution to fluoride efficacy must come from more subtle effects on plaque acidogenicity than those measured in PGRM. The 19-F MAS NMR (Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) technique provides unambiguous measures of the reaction products of F-enamel interactions. Studies have revealed a new 'reaction product' of fluoride-enamel interactions-designated as Non-Specifically-Adsorbed Fluoride, NSAF. This species, along with FAP (fluoroapatite), FHAP (fluorohydroxyapatite), and CaF2 (calcium fluoride), contributes to the remineralization/ demineralization benefits of fluoride. pH cycling and in situ denture chip studies permit quantitative assessments to be made of the relative benefits of fluoride in promoting remineralization and in inhibiting demineralization. Results from pH cycling/ in situ experiments are strongly supportive of Koulourides' 'Acquired Acid Resistance' concept, describing fluoride's decay-preventive effects. The continued application of new analytical/physical techniques and testing regimens to the study of fluoride anticaries mechanisms may lead to the development of improved fluoride agents/treatment modalities for the prevention of dental caries.
Diet Patterns and Caries
Authors: Geddes D.A.M.
Published: January 2017

Few dietary studies have been designed to investigate the effects of intake patterns of food items upon the environment of the teeth. This brief review considers evidence about the effects of choice, combination, and sequence of ingested food and drink upon the pH of human dental plaque in vivo. A series of three studies, which were designed to investigate some of the intra-oral biological events associated with cariogenicity during various eating patterns, are discussed. The principal findings show that if a "meal" includes an item which contains carbohydrate such as sucrose, glucose, or fructose which is rapidly fermented by the acidogenic microorganisms in dental plaque, there will be rapid acid production and the plaque pH will fall. However, other items eaten immediately before, during, or after the consumption of the sugary item can influence the plaque pH. If the non-sugary item stimulates saliva, it will have a pH-raising effect. The remineralizing potential may be enhanced if, for instance, calcium or fluoride is released from the food. However, if one sugary item is followed by another, the demineralizing potential may be enhanced. The results of these experiments are discussed in the context of our current understanding of the dynamics of the carious process. Recent preliminary experiments suggest that other factors, such as the individual subject's speed of consumption, may also affect the cariogenic potential of the oral environment.
Mechanisms of Dental Plaque Formation
Authors: Scheie A. Aa.
Published: January 2017

Much effort has been placed on elucidating the diverse mechanisms of microbial adhesion to tooth surfaces. Both specific and non-specific types of adhesion have been envisaged. Pioneer colonizers represent a selected part of the oral microflora, and it has been assumed that specific adhesinreceptor interactions between the microbial surface and the pellicle account for this specificity. Whereas microbial adhesion to tooth surfaces is a general prerequisite for initiation of plaque formation, microbial multiplication is probably the dominant feature in the build-up of dental plaque. Local environmental factors which influence the establishment and composition of the ultimate plaque community are therefore of greater importance than initial adhesion per se. The highly individual and site-related characteristics of the plaque flora illustrate the selective power of the environment. Environmental conditions are not uniform. Thus, each site represents its own distinct ecosystem, and the microbial composition at the site depends on the outcome of a variety of host-microbial and microbial-microbial interactions. The relative in vivo significance of these interactions is difficult to assess.
Pathogenic Mechanisms in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Smalley J.W.
Published: January 2017

Periodontal diseases have been considered as "infections" in which micro-organisms initiate and maintain the destructive inflammatory response. Host-mediated tissue destruction occurs via complement activation and the release of lysosomal enzymes, and connective tissue matrix metalloproteinases. Microbial enzymes may damage connective tissues directly, and, together with toxic metabolites and structural materials, are thought to disrupt the reparative activities of fibroblasts and cells of the immune defenses. The significance and relative contributions of host and microbial factors to the disease process remain unresolved. Environmental changes in the gingival sulcus and periodontal pocket and tissues, the degree of the host response and nutrient availability, concomitant with disease progression, compromise tissue metabolism and repair, and allow for enhanced or de novo expression of microbial virulence factors, such as proteases, which alter microbial pathogenicity. Proteolytic destruction of specific antibodies and complement by both viable and non-viable bacterial cells may retard phagocytic killing and removal of pathogens, thus prolonging the inflammatory response. Bacterial products may indirectly mediate tissue destruction by stimulating release of matrix metalloproteinases or by proteolytically inactivating the specific inhibitors of these enzymes.
Management of Mesioverted Maxillary Canine Teeth and Linguoverted Mandibular Canine Teeth
Authors: Volker Mary Krakowski , Luskin Ira R.
Published: January 2017

Mesioverted maxillary canine teeth in combination with linguoverted mandibular canine teeth are a common ramification of persistent deciduous maxillary and mandibular canine teeth. Without the physical presence of the mandibular canine teeth, the maxillary third incisor and canine teeth diastemata are frequently narrowed. The creation of normal occlusion requires treatment of all 4 canine teeth; the mandibular canine teeth must be tipped labially and the maxillary canine teeth must be tipped and/or partially translated distally. This case report discusses the novel integration of 2 well-described orthodontic techniques to simultaneously treat both mesioverted maxillary canine teeth and linguoverted mandibular canine teeth, achieving a comfortable, functional occlusion.
From Grant Making to Change Making: How the W. K. Kellogg Foundation’s Impact Services Model Evolved to Enhance the Management and Social Effects of Large Initiatives
Authors: Lake Karen E. , Reis Thomas K. , Spann Jeri
Published: January 2017

During the past decade, the W. K. Kellogg Foundation’s impact services model has evolved to allow program directors managing large, social change initiatives to draw on the expertise of new team members offering crucial support services. These impact services include social marketing and communications, evaluation, public policy, technology, and organizational learning. Expert consultation in other areas may also be sought as needed by the management team. This article traces the evolution of the impact services model, explores the effects of impact services supported program management on both the foundation and its grantees, and offers an account of how the model was applied in the case of Families For Kids, a $42 million initiative aimed at stimulating reform in adoption and foster care systems across the nation.
Undressing the Virgin Mary: Nudity and Gendered Art
Authors: del Mar Pérez-Gil María
Published: January 2017

Stripping the Virgin Mary of the myths, stories, and dogmas surrounding her is a task that has particularly appealed to a branch of feminist theology which seeks to reclaim her as a figure of female empowerment. This article aims to explore the transformation of Mary’s body into an element of resistance in the work of some contemporary artists. By depicting her nude or semi-nude, artists disrupt the gender values commonly associated with the Virgin and open up alternative possibilities of affirmative selfhood through her body. I contend that, in these works, the Virgin’s body functions as a ‘relational’ body that enters into dialogue with hitherto marginalized categories, such as the carnal, the sensual, the notion of fleshly materiality, or even the excluded sexualities of transgender people.
Productivity Premia of Offshoring Firms in East Asia: Evidence from Japanese Firms
Authors: Wakasugi Ryuhei , Ito Banri , Tomiura Eiichi
Published: January 2017

During the period 2000-2009, offshore sourcing by Japanese firms to East Asian countries rapidly increased. Our survey on Japanese offshoring shows that 20 per cent of the Japanese companies are performing offshore sourcing and more than 50 per cent of the companies with 300 or more employees are conducting offshore sourcing in China and other East Asian countries mainly for the tasks of manufacturing parts and intermediate goods or assembling final goods. It is predictable that such an increase of offshoring stimulates the exit of firms with low efficiency from the market and raises the productivity of existing firms through a change of resource allocation within or between firms. Our empirical estimation based on the Japanese firm-level data shows that the productivity differs by 3 per cent between offshoring and non-offshoring firms and offshoring raises the productivity by 5 per cent ceteris paribus.
Book Review: The Face You Were Afraid To See: Essays on the Indian Economy
Authors: Singh Umrao
Published: January 2017

Amit Bhaduri, The Face You Were Afraid To See: Essays on the Indian Economy, Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2009. 194 pp. ISBN 9780143068273 (pbk)
Communication and the Construction of Local Knowledge in Thai Rice Farming Villages
Authors: Genilo Jude William R.
Published: January 2017

The study asserts that rural villages which have developed relatively complex communication systems have extensive local knowledge and practice systems. Using the knowledge and community-based perspective, the study departs from past works of development communication scholars, who have focused their attention mainly on the transfer of information. The study is concerned with how meaning is created and shared in rural communities through the use of communication. It looks at how small homogenous farming communities in Thailand – world’s number one rice exporter – utilize communication to improve rice crop production. It asks: what roles does communication play in the formation of collective definitions (perspectives) and the construction/management of local knowledge and practices on rice farming? To explore the plausibility of this paper’s assertion, ethnographies of two rice farming villages were conducted – Baan Sap Som Boon (irrigated) in Chainat province (Central Region) and Baan Hua Hae (rainfed) in Ubon Ratchathani province (Northeast Region). Data generation period was from October 2004 to July 2005. Research results indicate that Baan Sap Som Boon has both an extensive knowledge of rice farming methods and procedures and an elaborate community-based communication system. Baan Hua Hae, on the other hand, practices more traditional means of rice production and divides time with other livelihood activities. In both villages, communication plays a central role in improving crop production via facilitating the formation of collective definitions on rice farming, labor, economics and agriculture-related institutions.
Micro Finance for Agriculture in Asia: Can it Deliver?
Authors: Singh Surjit
Published: January 2017

This paper is an attempt to review limited Asian experience on role of micro finance in agriculture. It details peculiar features of agriculture vs micro finance. Experience in the field indicates that micro- finance can play a crucial role where all round and infrastructure development has taken place in rural areas due to private and government investments or by market forces; where productivity increases in dry land agriculture, in agricultural diversification and in the portfolio of rural livelihood options have occurred; where the risk of investment in agriculture by the poor has been lowered through insurance, irrigation and dry land agriculture technology; where people have market linkages for agricultural products; and where the poor have overcome oppressive relations, which deprive them of access to resources, markets, equal opportunity, management skills and social status. Finally, it is not either or situation, rural sector require finance and it has to be delivered to sustain communities and food security of poor countries.
Book Review: Non-Tax Sources in India: Issues in Pricing and Delivery of Services
Authors: Naresh Gautam
Published: January 2017

Mahesh C Purohit and Vishnu Kanta Purohit, Non-Tax Sources in India: Issues in Pricing and Delivery of Services, Gayatri, New York, 2010, xii + 221pp. ISBN 81-85930-15-5
Book Review: Industrial Development for the 21st Century
Authors: Mehta Swati
Published: January 2017

David O’Connor and Monica Kjöllerström (eds.), Industrial Development for the 21st Century, Orient Longman, Hyderabad, Zed Books and United Nations, 2008, xi+430pp. ISBN-13: 9781848130265; ISBN: 1848130260
Book Review: Agricultural Machinery Industry in India: Growth, Structure, Marketing and Buyer Behaviour
Authors: Shergill Baldev Singh
Published: January 2017

Sukhpal Singh, Agricultural Machinery Industry in India: Growth, Structure, Marketing and Buyer Behaviour, 2010, Allied Publishers, New Delhi
Regional Route to Multilateralism: Proliferation of PTAs among Developing Countries and WTO Negotiations
Authors: Harilal K.N.
Published: January 2017

Multilateralism and regionalism are seen as forces that pull the world apart in opposing directions. But, the incentive structure of the new generation PTAs, as they are mostly FTAs, is loaded in favour of freer trade. In FTAs members are free to enter into PTAs with third countries. They also have the freedom to reduce MFN tariffs. In the absence of strong rules of origin, FTA members might also end up competing among themselves to reduce tariffs to the level of the lowest tariff member lest all imports will get admitted through the lowest tariff country. Thus, what the FTA contagion does is to make the markets more contested. As developing nations enter into different networks of PTAs they would be exposed to international competition in a wide range of products. This for instance is what ASEAN-India FTA does in the case of trade in tropical commodities. The proliferation of FTAs, therefore, would render the developing world’s opposition to possible MFN cuts in bound tariffs with respect to many of the products redundant. The paper argues that the PTAs, especially the recently formed ones are likely to weaken the resistance against non-discriminatory, i.e., MFN liberalization of trade barriers.
Issues in Transport Biofuels Production: A Review of the Global Experience
Authors: Bhullar A.S. , Deo Balbinder
Published: January 2017

In the last few years ethanol and biodiesel as energy source have been seen as a panacea because of their carbon neutrality and transport oil substitution abilities. The biofuels production got the world wide response and the governments in a large number of countries took policy initiatives to promote biofuels, fixed blending mandates and designed and implemented the economic incentives for production and commercialization of biofuels. The evaluation of global biofuels production in the last few years brings out that the biofuels production will sustain only if the production of biofuels feedstock fits well in the whole food and agro-ecological system, avoids the other numerous limiting conditions and becomes a long term cost effective proven source. There is no standard package of practices for the choice of feedstock but it will depend on the assessment of each micro agro-ecological situation. The production of selected feedstock on commercial scale may require substantial investment of time and money in research and development for plant varieties improvement and evolving the suitable production technology. In the absence of such approach, the biofuels production programs are likely to be engulfed in one issue or the other and may bring unforeseen externalities.
Book Review: Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy
Authors: Ghuman Ranjit Singh
Published: January 2017

Pritam Singh, Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy, Routledge, New York, 2008
Community-Based Enabling Models of Microfinance: Praxis and Lessons from India
Authors: Shylendra H.S.
Published: January 2017

Microfinance, having emerged as a widespread phenomenon, is commonly dominated by the approach advocating undue financial and commercial orientation. Microfinance interventions following such an approach have come under severe scrutiny due to a series of crises encountered by them. This paper is an attempt in the direction of guiding the debate over microfinance in a more meaningful way by capturing the experience of interventions based on alternative approaches, especially focusing on community based enabling models. The enabling models emphasise on creating collectives whereby members can exercise control and ownership providing apparently several advantages. By bringing community issues to the fore they help resolve many of the contradictions that go with the delivery of microfinance. The experience, however, shows that enabling models are faced with several challenges in realising their full potential be it in terms of their form, outreach or depth of services or ability to tap developmental links for creating holistic impact. The paper identifies policy implications for strengthening the enabling models like creating suitable legal framework for community based structures, ensuring resource support for the process of social intermediation and capacity building, providing adequate and cheaper public funds for meeting their loan fund needs, and boosting the linkages between microfinance and other developmental programmes.
New Approaches And Concepts in The Study of Differentiation of Oral Epithelia
Authors: Dale Beverly A. , Salonen Jukka , Jones Alma H.
Published: January 2017

Epithelial structural proteins, the keratins and keratin-associated proteins, are useful as markers of differentiation because their expression is both region-specific and differentiation-specific. In general, basal cells in all stratified oral epithelia express similar keratins, while the suprabasal cells express a specific set of markers indicating commitment to a distinct program of differentiation. Critical factors in the regulation of epithelial protein expression are now under investigation. The promoter regions of keratin genes are being characterized to determine what sequences within the genes are responsible for differential expression. One important extracellular factor that influences epithelial protein expression is retinol (vitamin A), which exerts its effects via a group of nuclear receptor proteins that may also be expressed in a region-specific manner. These molecular biological approaches enhance our understanding of the mechanisms regulating differentiation of oral epithelia and its regional complexity.
Cystatins — Inhibitors of Cysteine Proteinases
Authors: Bobek Libuse A. , Levine Michael J.
Published: January 2017

The cystatin superfamily of proteins, derived from a common ancestor, is comprised of a diverse group of potent cysteine proteinase inhibitors and antibacterial/viral agents grouped into several families. This review concentrates on family 2 cystatins, namely, the human salivary cystatins and cystatin C. Emphasis is given to their physicochemical and functional properties at both the protein and the molecular level. The role of cystatins in disease processes, including those in the oral cavity, is also discussed. Finally, future directions for cystatin research in oral biology are presented.
Autogenous and Allogeneic Bone Grafts in Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Mellonig James T.
Published: January 2017

This article is limited to a review of bone autografts and allografts, as used in periodontal therapy. The various graft materials are discussed with respect to case reports, controlled clinical trials, and human histology. Other reviewed areas are wound healing with periodontal bone grafts, tissue banking and freeze-dried bone allografts, and the use of bone grafts in guided tissue regeneration.
The Cultured Diploid Fibroblast as a Model for the Study of Cellular Aging
Authors: Norwood Thomas H. , Pendergrass William R.
Published: January 2017

The limited proliferative potential of the cultured human diploid fibroblast is now well established. A number of biological correlates suggest that this culture system is a model for the study of aging at the cellular level. The mechanism(s) that causes the loss of proliferative activity is unknown; the results of some recent studies indicate that specific genes may play a pivotal role in cellular aging in vitro. The extent to which changes in proliferative functions are causally related to aging in vivo is currently under investigation.
Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Syndrome
Authors: Walenga Jeanine M. , Lewis Bruce E. , Hoppensteadt Debra A. , Fareed Jawed , Bakbos Mamdouh
Published: January 2017

Summary: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune mediated response to heparin in which antibody driven thrombosis can have a dramatic life-threatening expression. There is much interest on this subject including studies on the pathophysiologic mechanism, the clinical managements of the initial stages of HIT versus the HIT-positive patient requiring continued anticoagulation versus the HIT patient with thrombosis, the pros and cons of available alterr~aci~~ anticoagulants, and the laboratory assays to aid in the diagnosis of HIT with particular reference to the sensitivity/specificity of the new heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody titer assay. A comprehensive account of these timely issues is given in this article.
Public versus Private Water Delivery: A Critical Analysis of a Hedonic Cost Approach
Authors: Mcguire Robert A. , Ohsfeldt Robert
Published: January 2017

In a recent article, Susan Feigenbaum and Ronald Teeples (1983) highlight an important omission in the public-versus-private, production-efficiency literature. They note the possibility that differences in product quality might explain apparent differences in efficiency. They, however, fail at the more fundamental task of accurately measuring differences in economic costs in their study of public and private water utilities. More generally, Feigenbaum and Teeples's methodology is not well suited for an analysis of the relative efficiency issue.
The Incidence and Effects of Public Debt in the Absence of Fiscal Illusion
Authors: Buchanan James M. , Roback Jennifer
Published: January 2017

This article clarifies several points concerning the effects of public debt. First, the article clarifies the distinction between the Ricardian equivalence and Barro neutrality theorems. Second, the article develops a voting model with two types of families, neither of whom have fiscal illusion. We show that debt may have redistributive consequences and that some voters will rationally prefer debt to taxes. In this way, we develop a rudimentary positive theory of debt issue. We also verify the proposition that debt issues that redistribute income are not neutral with respect to savings and consumption.