bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feel the Heat: Nonlinear Electrothermal Feedback in Organic LEDs
Authors: Fischer Axel , Koprucki Thomas , Gärtner Klaus , Tietze Max L. , Brückner Jacqueline , Lüssem Björn , Leo Karl , Glitzky Annegret , Scholz Reinhard
Published: February 2014

For lighting applications, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLED) need much higher brightness than for displays, leading to self‐heating. Due to the temperature‐activated transport in organic semiconductors, this can result in brightness inhomogeneities and catastrophic failure. Here, it is shown that due to the strong electrothermal feedback of OLEDs, the common spatial current and voltage distribution is completely changed, requiring advanced device modeling and operation concepts. This study clearly demonstrates the effect of S‐shaped negative differential resistance in OLEDs induced by self‐heating. As a consequence, for increasing voltage, regions with declining voltages are propagating through the device, and even more interestingly, a part of these regions show even decreasing currents, leading to strong local variation in luminance. The expected breakthrough of OLED lighting technology will require an improved price performance ratio, and the realization of modules with very high brightness but untainted appearance is considered to be an essential step into this direction. Thus, a deeper understanding of the control of electrothermal feedback will help to make OLEDs in lighting more competitive.
Pyridine‐Containing Electron‐Transport Materials for Highly Efficient Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs with Ultralow Operating Voltage and Reduced Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Ye Hua , Chen Dongcheng , Liu Ming , Su Shi‐Jian , Wang Yi‐Fan , Lo Chang‐Cheng , Lien A. , Kido Junji
Published: February 2014

A series of pyridine‐containing electron‐transport materials are developed as an electron‐transport layer for the FIrpic‐based blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. Their energy levels can be tuned by the introduction of pyridine rings in the framework and on the periphery of the molecules. Significantly reduced operating voltage is achieved without compromising external quantum efficiency by solely tuning the nitrogen atom orientations of those pyidine rings. Unprecedented low operating voltages of 2.61 and 3.03 V are realized at 1 and 100 cd m−2, giving ever highest power efficiency values of 65.8 and 59.7 lm W−1, respectively. In addition, the operating voltages at 100 cd m−2 can be further reduced to 2.70 V by using a host material with a small singlet‐triplet exchange energy, and the threshold voltage for electroluminescence can even be 0.2–0.3 V lower than the theoretical minimum value of the photon energy divided by electron charge. Aside from the reduced operating voltage, a further reduced roll‐off in efficiency is also achieved by the combination of an appropriate host material.
Hybrid of Iron Nitride and Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Aerogel as Synergistic Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yin Han , Zhang Chenzhen , Liu Fei , Hou Yanglong
Published: February 2014

It is extremely desirable but challenging to create highly active, stable, and low‐cost catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction to replace Pt‐based catalysts in order to perform the commercialization of fuel cells. Here, a novel iron nitride/nitrogen doped‐graphene aerogel hybrid, synthesized by a facile two‐step hydrothermal process, in which iron phthalocyanine is uniformly dispersed and anchored on graphene surface with the assist of π–π stacking and oxygen‐containing functional groups, is reported. As a result, there exist strong interactions between Fe
x
N nanoparticles and graphene substrates, leading to a synergistic effect towards oxygen reduction reaction. It is worth noting that the onset potential and current density of the hybrid are significantly better and the charge transfer resistance is much lower than that of pure nitrogen‐doped graphene aerogel, free Fe
x
N and their physical mixtures. The hybrid also exhibits comparable catalytic activity as commercial Pt/C at the same catalyst loading, while its stability and resistance to methanol crossover are superior. Interestingly, it is found that, apart from the active nature of the hybrid, the large surface area and porosity are responsible for its excellent onset potential and the high density of Fe–N–C sties and small size of Fe
x
N particles boost charge transfer rate.
Engineered Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Canfarotta Francesco , Piletsky Sergey A.
Published: February 2014

In the past decades, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used in wide range of diverse applications, ranging from separation to sensing. Here, synthesis and applications of functionalized MNPs in the biomedical field are discussed, in particular in drug delivery, imaging, and cancer therapy, highlighting also recent progresses in the development of multifunctional and stimuli‐responsive MNPs. The role of their size, composition, and surface functionalization is analyzed, together with their biocompatibility issues.
25th Anniversary Article: Supramolecular Materials for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Boekhoven Job , Stupp Samuel I.
Published: February 2014

In supramolecular materials, molecular building blocks are designed to interact with one another via non‐covalent interactions in order to create function. This offers the opportunity to create structures similar to those found in living systems that combine order and dynamics through the reversibility of intermolecular bonds. For regenerative medicine there is a great need to develop materials that signal cells effectively, deliver or bind bioactive agents in vivo at controlled rates, have highly tunable mechanical properties, but at the same time, can biodegrade safely and rapidly after fulfilling their function. These requirements make supramolecular materials a great platform to develop regenerative therapies. This review illustrates the emerging science of these materials and their use in a number of applications for regenerative medicine.
Comment on “A Broadband Negative Index Metamaterial at Optical Frequencies”
Authors: Fietz Chris
Published: February 2014

Atre et al. recently presented a design for a new metamaterial which they claimed had two “broadband negative index” bands (Adv. Opt. Mater. 2013, 1, 327). In this comment we show that, when characterized correctly, the metamaterial in question has no such negative index bands. We demonstrate this with two different characterization methods. We also discuss the characterization method which led to the original claim of a negative index material.
Efficiency Enhancement of Organic Solar Cells Using Hydrophobic Antireflective Inverted Moth‐Eye Nanopatterned PDMS Films
Authors: Leem Jung Woo , Kim Sehwan , Lee Soo Hyun , Rogers John A. , Kim Eunkyoung , Yu Jae Su
Published: February 2014

Poly‐dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films with 2D periodic inverted moth‐eye nanopatterns on one surface are implemented as antireflection (AR) layers on a glass substrate for efficient light capture in encapsulated organic solar cells (OSCs). The inverted moth‐eye nanopatterned PDMS (IMN PDMS) films are fabricated by a soft imprint lithographic method using conical subwavelength grating patterns formed by laser interference lithography/dry etching. Their optical characteristics, together with theoretical analysis using rigorous coupled‐wave analysis simulation, and wetting behaviors are investigated. For a period of 380 nm, IMN PDMS films laminated on glass substrates exhibit a hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle (θCA) of ≈120° and solar weighted transmittance (SWT) of ≈94.2%, both significantly higher than those (θCA≈ 36° and SWT ≈ 90.3%) of bare glass substrates. By employing IMN PDMS films with a period of 380 nm on glass substrates for OSCs, an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.19% is obtained mainly due to the increased short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 19.74 mA cm‐2 compared to the OSCs with the bare glass substrates (PCE = 5.16% and Jsc = 17.25 mA cm‐2). For the OSCs, the device stability is also studied.
Brazilian quilombos: A repository of Amerindian alleles
Authors: Gontijo Carolina Carvalho , Guerra Amorim Carlos Eduardo , Godinho Neide Maria Oliveira , Toledo Rafaela Cesare Parmezan , Nunes Adriana , Silva Wellington , Da Fonseca Moura Maria Manuela , De Oliveira José Carlos Coutinho , Pagotto Rubiani C. , De Nazaré Klautau‐Guimarães Maria , De Oliveira Silviene Fabiana
Published: February 2014

Objectives

As a consequence of colonization of the Americas and decimation of the native population, an important portion of autochthonous genetic variation has been lost. However, some alleles have been incorporated into the growing populations of admixed mestizos. In this study, we evaluated the potential of African‐derived communities in Brazil to be repositories of Amerindian alleles and, by extension, a source of information on American prehistory.

Methods

In this study, we describe the genetic variation of 15 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) of autosomal origin in two quilombos, Brazilian populations mainly of African descent, Santo Antônio do Guaporé (SAG; N = 31), and Santiago do Iguape (STI; N = 37). We compared the AIMs from these populations to those of other African–Brazilian populations, and to the Distrito Federal (N = 168), an urban population representative of Brazilian genetic diversity.

Results

By admixture analysis, we found that the SAG and STI communities have a much higher proportion (over 40%) of Amerindian contribution to their gene pools than other admixed Brazilian populations, in addition to marked African contributions.

Conclusions

These results identify two living African–Brazilian populations that carry unique and important genetic information regarding Amerindian history. These populations will be extremely valuable in future investigations into American pre‐history and Native American evolutionary dynamics. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:142–150, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multifunctional Photo‐ and Redox‐Active Tetrathiafulvalene‐based Organogelators: A Modular Approach
Authors: Canevet David , Repussard Véronique , Sallé Marc
Published: February 2014

A family of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)‐pyrene conjugates prone to gel various organic solvents was synthesized. Through a modular approach, the role of different chemical functions in the gelation process was assessed by varying systematically the alkyl chain length, the nature of the TTF‐pyrene linkage, and the number of pyrene units. Moreover, one of these systems was thoroughly studied by NMR, UV/vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as by cyclic voltammetry, which showed their high potential in the context of molecular logics.
A Cobalt‐Catalyzed Alkene Hydroboration with Pinacolborane
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zuo Ziqing , Leng Xuebing , Huang Zheng
Published: February 2014

An extremely efficient cobalt catalyst for the hydroboration of both vinylarenes and aliphatic α‐olefins with pinacolborane is described, providing the anti‐Markovnikov products with excellent regio‐ and chemoselectivity, broad functional‐group tolerance, and high turnover numbers (up to 19 800). The alkene hydroboration route is further extended to a two‐step, one‐pot hydroboration and cross‐coupling of alkylboronates with aryl chlorides.
Effect of Carbamates on mRNA Encoding Lipid Enzymes in Hamster Flank Organs
Authors: López‐Lezama Juan C. , Cabeza Marisa , Mayorga Israel , Soriano Juan , Sainz Teresita , Bratoeff Eugene
Published: February 2014

Flank organs are an androgen‐dependent pilosebaceous complex present in male and female hamsters. These organs have been used for the evaluation of antiandrogenic drugs, which could be used for the treatment of androgen‐dependent afflictions. This study demonstrated the role of four different steroidal carbamates 7–10 in the expression of mRNAs coding for different enzymes involved in the lipid metabolism in flank organs. To determine the biological effects of compounds 7–10 on the expression of mRNA coding for lipid enzymes, steroids 7–10, testosterone (T), progesterone (P), and/or 7–10 were applied on the flank organs. Later, the mRNA expression for the enzymes was determined by polymerase chain reaction. The binding of 8 and 9 to the progesterone receptor (PR) as well as their effects on the activity of 5α‐reductase were also evaluated. Treatments with T, P, and 7–10 increased the mRNA expression for glycerol 3‐phosphate acyl transferase (GPAT), β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase (HMG‐CoA‐S), β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMG‐CoA‐R), phosphatidylinositol synthase (PI‐S), and squalene‐synthase (SQ‐S). However, the combined treatments with P + 7–10 decreased the expression of GPAT, HMG‐CoA‐S, and HMG‐CoA‐R. Expression of mRNA for all enzymes was variable under treatment with T + 7–10. Data showed that these carbamates did not bind to the PR, but inhibited the activity of 5α‐reductase. Carbamates 7–10 changed the mRNA expression model induced by T and P in flank organs.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 10‐11C‐Dihydrotetrabenazine as a Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Radioligand
Authors: Li Xiaomin , Chen Zhengping , Tang Jie , Liu Chunyi , Zou Pei , Huang Hongbo , Tan Cheng , Yu Huixin
Published: February 2014

In this study, we synthesized a new carbon‐11‐labeled radiotracer, 10‐11C‐dihydrotetrabenazine (10‐11C‐DTBZ), and evaluated its potential as a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) radioligand. The radiolabeled precursor 10‐O‐desmethyl‐dihydrotetrabenazine (10‐O‐desmethyl‐DTBZ) was prepared with a six‐step reaction using 3‐methoxy‐4‐benzyloxybenzaldehyde as starting material. 10‐11C‐DTBZ was synthesized by heating 1.0 mg of 10‐hydroxy precursor and 11C‐methyl iodide in the presence of 0.3 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide and 4.0 µL of 3 N KOH at room temperature for 3 min. After purification by solid phase extraction using an alumina Sep‐Pak cartridge, the final 10‐11C‐DTBZ product was obtained with a radiochemical purity of >99% and an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 18–26% (end of bombardment (EOB), n = 6). The overall synthesis time was approximately 20 min from the EOB to release of the product for quality control. Using small‐animal positron emission tomography (microPET), the striatum of normal rats was found to exhibit symmetrical labeling (STR/STL = 0.98 ± 0.05, n = 3) and the highest uptake of radioactivity (striatum/cerebellum, ST/CB = 2.89 ± 0.31 at 30–60 min, n = 3). In contrast, rats with 6‐hydroxydopamine unilateral lesions yielded asymmetrical striatal images with a higher 10‐11C‐DTBZ concentration on the unlesioned side (STunlesioned/CB = 2.53 ± 0.18, at 30–60 min, n = 3) compared with the lesioned side (STlesioned/CB = 1.26 ± 0.10, n = 3). These results suggest that 10‐11C‐DTBZ may represent a promising PET radiotracer for imaging VMAT2.
Incorporating Multistaged Geophysical Data into Regional‐scale Models: a Case Study from an Adena Burial Mound in Central Kentucky
Authors: Henry Edward R. , Laracuente Nicolas R. , Case Jared S. , Johnson Jay K.
Published: February 2014

A multistaged geophysical methodology was recently used at site 15Ck10, a state‐protected Middle Woodland period Adena (500 bce to ce 250) conical burial mound in Central Kentucky, USA. Data from this research are used to develop anthropological interpretations on the nature of burial mound construction and regional interaction between separate mortuary traditions in Kentucky. Methods utilized in this research include magnetic gradiometry, electromagnetic induction, ground‐penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography and downhole magnetic susceptibility. Together, these methods helped identify a circular ditch‐and‐embankment earthwork enclosing the burial mound, as well as possible off‐mound activity areas commonly reported in the Adena literature. Within the mound, multiple anomalies were discovered that are consistent with hypothesized geophysical responses of mound stages and funerary features. A review of burial mounds excavated by the University of Kentucky during the depression‐era work relief programmes (i.e. the Works Progress Administration – WPA) of the 1930s and early 1940s provide a vehicle with which to interpret these features. Comparisons of our data with length and width dimensions of known mortuary facilities documented in WPA excavations suggest that two distinct burial types were used at 15Ck10. These data are used to build a comprehensive site interpretation and create a relative dating context for the site. We use the site‐level model to evaluate regional interaction on Kentucky's Middle Woodland social landscape. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
George Box, quality, and improving almost anything
Authors: Fung Conrad A.
Published: February 2014

The quality movement of the 1980s and 1990s was as if custom‐made for George Box. The notion of improvement is statistical at its heart, and the quality imperative brought new energy to a confluence of fields pioneered by him, including industrial experimental design, time series analysis, and robustness. With a focus on quality since the mid‐1980s, Box authored over 100 additional publications of unfailing inventiveness, including a Brumbaugh Award winner when he was 90. He delighted in how the simplest statistical tools of the quality movement democratized the scientific method and shared his insights in popular forums with wit and grace. In this brief reflection, we offer a snapshot of that very rich era. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
George Box and the design of experiments: statistics and discovery
Authors: Steinberg David M.
Published: February 2014

George Box was fascinated with how we make discoveries. His path‐breaking contributions to experimental design made statistics an active partner in the process of discovery. Box introduced us to response surface methods, evolutionary operation, resolution and rotatability, projective properties and design robustness. He developed popular experimental plans like the central composite and Box‐Behnken designs. He explored the consequences of imperfect models and derivedD‐optimal designs for experiments to estimate mechanistic models. Box's ideas grew from close collaborations with scientists and engineers and have been applied successfully in a wide range of disciplines. He has left an indelible stamp on the field of experimental design and on the practice of scientific investigation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
George Box and Robust Design
Authors: Jones Stephen P.
Published: February 2014

George Box's pioneering research in experimental design has impacted many scientific and engineering disciplines. The research was often motivated by the real‐world problems of scientists and engineers. His research in robust design was motivated by engineering applications identified by Genichi Taguchi, that of designing a product or process that is insensitive to environmental conditions and to variation from components.

George Box acknowledged the important contribution that Taguchi made in showing the value of the engineering concept of robust design in the design of industrial products and process, for realizing the potential of design of experiments as a methodology to identify robust product designs and for convincing engineers to run these experiments.

George Box recognized that there were opportunities to improve on the design and analysis of experiments methods that Taguchi advocated for robust design. In this paper, we focus on his research in three areas of robust design: (i) experimental design methods for designing products robust to environmental variation; (ii) designing products robust to transmitted variation from components; and (iii) analysis methods for robust design experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fused lasso algorithm for Cox′ proportional hazards and binomial logit models with application to copy number profiles
Authors: Chaturvedi Nimisha , de Menezes Renée X. , Goeman Jelle J.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents an efficient algorithm based on the combination of Newton Raphson and Gradient Ascent, for using the fused lasso regression method to construct a genome‐based classifier. The characteristic structure of copy number data suggests that feature selection should take genomic location into account for producing more interpretable results for genome‐based classifiers. The fused lasso penalty, an extension of the lasso penalty, encourages sparsity of the coefficients and their differences by penalizing the L1‐norm for both of them at the same time, thus using genomic location. The major advantage of the algorithm over other existing fused lasso optimization techniques is its ability to predict binomial as well as survival response efficiently. We apply our algorithm to two publicly available datasets in order to predict survival and binary outcomes.
Clinical effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in adhesive postoperative small bowel obstruction
Authors: Fukami Y , Kurumiya Y , Mizuno K , Sekoguchi E , Kobayashi S
Published: February 2014

Background

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is a controversial treatment for adhesive postoperative small bowel obstruction, with only a few small studies reported. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical value of HBO therapy in the treatment of adhesive postoperative small bowel obstruction.

Methods

Between April 2006 and March 2012, all patients with adhesive postoperative small bowel obstruction were treated using either decompression therapy or HBO. Patients undergoing HBO therapy were treated once a day at a pressure of 2·0 atmospheres absolute and received 100 per cent oxygen. Patients showing no clinical and radiological improvement with HBO therapy were converted to decompression therapy by means of a long tube. Medical records were reviewed and outcomes analysed.

Results

A total of 305 patients were treated, of whom 142 underwent tube decompression therapy during the first 3 years and the remaining 163 had HBO therapy during the last 3 years. The median number of HBO treatments was 3 (range 1–7). A total of 143 patients (87·7 per cent) were treated successfully with HBO without long-tube decompression. HBO therapy was associated with earlier resumption of oral intake (mean 4·7 versus 6·5 days; P = 0·001) and a shorter hospital stay (mean 10·3 versus 14·1 days; P = 0·001). The rate of operation was 7·4 per cent in the HBO group and 14·8 per cent in group treated by decompression alone (P = 0·037).

Conclusion

In this study, HBO therapy was safe for the treatment of adhesive postoperative small bowel obstruction. It reduced the need for surgery and time to recovery as well as the hospital stay.
Effect of supervised exercise on physical function and balance in patients with intermittent claudication
Authors: Mockford K A , Gohil R A , Mazari F , Khan J A , Vanicek N , Coughlin P A , Chetter I C
Published: February 2014

Background

The aim of the study was to identify whether a standard supervised exercise programme (SEP) for patients with intermittent claudication improved specific measures of functional performance including balance.

Methods

A prospective observational study was performed at a single tertiary vascular centre. Patients with symptomatic intermittent claudication (Rutherford grades 1–3) were recruited to the study. Participants were assessed at baseline (before SEP) and 3, 6 and 12 months afterwards for markers of lower-limb ischaemia (treadmill walking distance and ankle : brachial pressure index), physical function (6-min walk, Timed Up and Go test, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score), balance impairment using computerized dynamic posturography with the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), and quality of life (VascuQoL and Short Form 36).

Results

Fifty-one participants underwent SEP, which significantly improved initial treadmill walking distance (P = 0·001). Enrolment in a SEP also resulted in improvements in physical function as determined by 6-min maximum walking distance (P = 0·006), SPPB score (P < 0·001), and some domains of both generic (bodily pain, P = 0·025) and disease-specific (social domain, P = 0·039) quality of life. Significant improvements were also noted in balance, as determined by the SOT (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Supervised exercise improves both physical function and balance impairment.
Effects of temperature and glycerol and methanol‐feeding profiles on the production of recombinant galactose oxidase in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Anasontzis George E. , Salazar Penã Margarita , Spadiut Oliver , Brumer Harry , Olsson Lisbeth
Published: February 2014

Optimization of protein production from methanol‐induced Pichia pastoris cultures is necessary to ensure high productivity rates and high yields of recombinant proteins. We investigated the effects of temperature and different linear or exponential methanol‐feeding rates on the production of recombinant Fusarium graminearum galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9) in a P. pastoris Mut+ strain, under regulation of the AOX1 promoter. We found that low exponential methanol feeding led to 1.5‐fold higher volumetric productivity compared to high exponential feeding rates. The duration of glycerol feeding did not affect the subsequent product yield, but longer glycerol feeding led to higher initial biomass concentration, which would reduce the oxygen demand and generate less heat during induction. A linear and a low exponential feeding profile led to productivities in the same range, but the latter was characterized by intense fluctuations in the titers of galactose oxidase and total protein. An exponential feeding profile that has been adapted to the apparent biomass concentration results in more stable cultures, but the concentration of recombinant protein is in the same range as when constant methanol feeding is employed. © 2014 The Authors Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:728–735, 2014
Palladium on Ionic Liquid Derived Nanofibrillated Mesoporous Carbon: A Recyclable Catalyst for the Ullmann Homocoupling Reactions of Aryl Halides in Water
Authors: Karimi Babak , Behzadnia Hesam , Vali Hojatollah
Published: February 2014

Palladium nanoparticles supported on nanofibrillated mesoporous carbon (Pd@IFMC) were found to be highly active in heterogeneous catalysis for the Ullmann homocoupling of a broad range of aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides in aqueous medium without the need to any chemical co‐reducing agents. The catalysts could be recovered and reused several times without significant loss of activity.
An Artificial Imine Reductase based on the Ribonuclease S Scaffold
Authors: Genz Maika , Köhler Valentin , Krauss Michel , Singer David , Hoffmann Ralf , Ward Thomas R. , Sträter Norbert
Published: February 2014

Dative anchoring of a piano‐stool complex within ribonuclease S resulted in an artificial imine reductase. The catalytic performance was modulated upon variation of the coordinating amino acid residues in the S‐peptide. Binding of Cp*Ir (Cp*=C5Me5) to the native active site resulted in good conversions and moderate enantiomeric excess values for the synthesis of salsolidine.
A Homogeneous Metal Oxide Catalyst Enhanced Solid–Solid Reaction in the Hydrogen Desorption of a Lithium–Hydrogen–Nitrogen System
Authors: Zhang Tengfei , Isobe Shigehito , Wang Yongming , Hashimoto Naoyuki , Ohnuki Somei
Published: February 2014

In this study, LiTi2O4 was synthesized as a possible catalyst in the Li‐N‐H system. The properties of hydrogen desorption in the Li‐N‐H system with a homogeneous catalyst have been investigated. The X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that the single phase of LiTi2O4 was successfully synthesized and it was stable in the sample after high energy ball‐milling and heat treatment. LiTi2O4 exhibited a catalytic effect in the Li‐N‐H system according to the thermogravimetry differential thermal analysis results. During dehydrogenation, a storage capacity of 5.7 wt % was obtained under moderate temperature. A sharp peak of thermal gas desorption mass spectrometry curve occurred at 227 °C. Furthermore, the catalytic mechanism of LiTi2O4 in the Li‐N‐H system was discussed in accordance with the experimental results.
Catalytic Ozone Decomposition in a Gas‐Solids Circulating Fluidized‐Bed Riser
Authors: Kong Lei , Zhu Jesse , Zhang Chao
Published: February 2014

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the catalytic ozone decomposition reaction in a circulating fluidized‐bed (CFB) riser, using iron‐impregnated fluid catalytic cracking particles as catalyst, is carried out. The catalytic reaction is defined as a one‐step reaction, and the reaction equation is modified by with respect to the particle surface area, Ap, and an empirical coefficient. The Eularian‐Eularian method with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to solve the gas‐solids two‐phase flow in the CFB riser. The simulation results are compared with experimental data, and the reaction rate is modified by using an empirical coefficient, to provide better simulation results than the original reaction rate. Moreover, the particle size has great effects on the reaction rate. The generality of the CFD model is further validated under different operating conditions of the riser.
Volumetric Oxygen Mass Transfer Coefficient and Surface Tension in Simulated Salt Bioremediation Media
Authors: Souza Ellen Cristina , Moraes Dante Augusto , Vessoni‐Penna Thereza Christina , Converti Attilio , Oliveira Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza
Published: February 2014

Toluene can be removed from contaminated sites via bioremediation through the addition of biosurfactant compounds, which reduce the surface tension. However, aeration and mixing must be optimized to ensure an effective volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa). Experiments were perfomed with different salt containing solutions, which were tested either as such, or with different supplements. kLa values obtained at different agitation intensities and aeration rates were compared with those in water, and correlated with power number and superficial gas velocity. Surface tension decreased when surfactin was added to toluene‐containing media. The seawater‐simulating medium exhibited the highest surface tension reduction.
Hydrogenation of p‐Nitrophenol to p‐Aminophenol as a Test Reaction for the Catalytic Activity of Supported Pt Catalysts
Authors: Goepel Michael , Al‐Naji Majd , With Patrick , Wagner Gerald , Oeckler Oliver , Enke Dirk , Gläser Roger
Published: February 2014

Hydrogenation of p‐nitrophenol (PNP) to p‐aminophenol (PAP) using NaBH4 as a reducing agent was studied as a test reaction for determining the catalytic activity of supported Pt catalysts. The initial reaction rate, which is accessible within less than 10 min via online UV‐vis spectroscopy at room temperature, ambient pressure, and in water as solvent, was applied as measure for catalytic activity. For three Pt catalysts supported on porous SiO2, porous glass, and Al2O3, respectively, significant differences in the catalytic activity by almost one order of magnitude were observed. However, especially in the case of very active catalysts, limitations of the reaction by internal or external mass transfer have to be considered.
Fragmentation of Gas‐Borne Nanoparticle‐Agglomerates during Oblique Impaction
Authors: Gensch Manuel , Weber Alfred P.
Published: February 2014

Offene Nanopartikel‐Agglomerate aus SiO2‐ und Pt‐Primärpartikeln werden in einem einstufigen Niederdruckimpaktor fragmentiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass mit abnehmendem Auftreffwinkel eine stärkere Fragmentierung auftritt. Der Fragmentierungsgrad kann mit den ermittelten Projektionsflächen der Ausgangsagglomerate und der Fragmente beschrieben werden, während die ermittelten Verläufe des Fragmentierungsgrades mit der Weibull‐Statistik erfasst werden können. Dabei werden als Parameter die Einsatzenergie und eine Materialkonstante verwendet, die beide auch eine Funktion des Impaktionswinkels sind.
Geochemical Characteristics of Soil C, N, P, and Their Stoichiometrical Significance in the Coastal Wetlands of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea
Authors: Cao Lei , Song Jinming , Li Xuegang , Yuan Huamao , Li Ning , Duan Liqin , Wang Qidong
Published: February 2014

This study analyzed the variations of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) with depth in coastal wetlands of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea. Generally, average contents of SOC and TN were higher at tidal flooding Guangrao wetland (GRA) than those at Changyi (CY) wetland where the tidal can rarely reached. Among the five profiles, higher variations of SOC and TN were observed in CYB1 and CYB2, where the TP contents showed lower variations. SOC showed a rapid decrease with depth in CYB1 and CYB2, whereas they tended to increase with depth in GRA1 and GRA2. Vertical distributions of TN were significantly correlated with SOC in profile GRA1, CYB1, and CYB2. However, no clear trend was found on the vertical variations of TP. Additionally, C, N, and P ecological stoichiometry in these two coastal wetlands had high complexities within wetland. The C/N ratios were generally higher, while the C/P ratios and the N/P ratios were comparatively low, indicating the coastal wetland biogeochemical processes were more limited by N and P, with the former may being the primary factor. Our results also indicated that both vegetation coverage and tidal flooding were important in the biogeochemical processes of these coastal wetlands.
Adjunctive traditional Chinese medicine therapy improves survival in patients with advanced breast cancer: A population‐based study
Authors: Lee Yuan‐Wen , Chen Ta‐Liang , Shih Yu‐Ru Vernon , Tsai Chu‐Lin , Chang Chuen‐Chau , Liang Hung‐Hua , Tseng Sung‐Hui , Chien Shu‐Chen , Wang Ching‐Chiung
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the most common complementary and alternative medicines used in the treatment of patients with breast cancer. However, the clinical effect of TCM on survival, which is a major concern in these individuals, lacks evidence from large‐scale clinical studies.

METHODS

The authors used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to conduct a retrospective population‐based cohort study of patients with advanced breast cancer between 2001 and 2010. The patients were separated into TCM users and nonusers, and Cox regression models were applied to determine the association between the use of TCM and patient survival.

RESULTS

A total of 729 patients with advanced breast cancer receiving taxanes were included in the current study. Of this cohort, the mean age was 52.0 years; 115 patients were TCM users (15.8%) and 614 patients were TCM nonusers. The mean follow‐up was 2.8 years, with 277 deaths reported to occur during the 10‐year period. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that, compared with nonusers, the use of TCM was associated with a significantly decreased risk of all‐cause mortality (adjusted hazards ratio [HR], 0.55 [95% confidence interval, 0.33‐0.90] for TCM use of 30‐180 days; adjusted HR, 0.46 [95% confidence interval, 0.27‐0.78] for TCM use of > 180 days). Among the frequently used TCMs, those found to be most effective (lowest HRs) in reducing mortality were Bai Hua She She Cao, Ban Zhi Lian, and Huang Qi.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current observational study suggest that adjunctive TCM therapy may lower the risk of death in patients with advanced breast cancer. Future randomized controlled trials are required to validate these findings.Cancer2014;120:1338–1344. ©2014 American Cancer Society.
Corrigendum: On the Floer Homology of Cotangent Bundles
Authors: Abbondandolo Alberto , Schwarz Matthias
Published: February 2014

We fix an orientation issue that appears in our previous paper about the isomorphism between Floer homology of cotangent bundles and loop space homology. When the second Stiefel‐Whitney class of the underlying manifold does not vanish on 2‐tori, this isomorphism requires the use of a twisted version of the Floer complex. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wave Generation in a Warm Magnetized Multi‐Component Plasma
Authors: Brodin G. , Stenflo L.
Published: February 2014

The resonant interaction between three waves propagating perpendicularly to an external magnetic field in a plasma is considered. We present the explicit expressions for the three wave coupling coefficients of a warm multi‐component plasma. The results of previous work on the generation of THz radiation by laser plasma interaction are significantly improved. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real‐Time Pricing of Reactive Power in the Voltage Profile Control Method of a Future Distribution Network
Authors: Koide Akira , Tsuji Takao , Oyama Tsutomu , Hashiguchi Takuhei , Goda Tadahiro , Shinji Takao , Tsujita Shinsuke
Published: February 2014

It is of great importance to solve the voltage maintenance problem caused by the introduction of a large number of distributed generators. We have proposed a “voltage profile control method” using reactive power control for distributed generators, and in previous works we developed new systems that can provide economic incentives to owners of distributed generators who cooperate with voltage profile management. However, it is difficult to apply the proposed economic systems to real‐time operation because they are based on optimization technology and the specific amount of incentive is given after the control action has ended. Therefore, in this paper we develop a new method that can determine the amount of incentives in real time and encourage the customers to cooperate with the voltage profile control method. The proposed method was tested in a one‐feeder distribution network and its effectiveness was demonstrated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(1): 1–15, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22427
An Estimation Method to Determine Equivalent Circuit Parameters for Harmonic Analysis
Authors: Tada Yasuyuki
Published: February 2014

This paper proposes a new estimation method to determine arbitrary circuit parameters for the harmonic analysis of a distribution network. Harmonic analysis is important in maintaining electric power quality. An interesting phenomenon, a temporary cut‐down of the harmonic voltage level at dawn, even if demand is slightly increasing at this time, is often observed in actual power systems. This paper proposes to utilize observations of this phenomenon to estimate circuit parameters. In addition, it is claimed that a detailed equivalent circuit is preferable to a conventional simplified equivalent circuit for explaining the phenomenon. This paper also discusses the usefulness of the Harmonic Characteristics Curve, which is proposed in this paper as a new concept, at the secondary winding of the distribution transformer, and the correlation of PQ, the monitored values of the active and reactive power at the secondary winding of distribution transformer. This correlation should determine the equivalent fundamental frequency admittance of the shunt capacitors installed for distribution lines. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(1): 16–23, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22451
A RIDDle solved: Why an intact IRE1α/XBP‐1 signaling relay is key for humoral immune responses
Authors: van Anken Eelco , Orsi Andrea , Sitia Roberto
Published: February 2014

As they commit to plasma cell differentiation, B lymphocytes must swiftly gear up to produce and secrete huge amounts of antibodies. To develop their secretory capacity, B cells exploit a signaling pathway that is employed by all eukaryotic cells in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. An article by Benhamron et al. in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 867–876] sheds new light on why an intact IRE1/XBP‐1 signaling relay is central to orchestrate the full‐blown expansion of the secretory machinery needed for massive antibody production
Better safe than sorry: TOB1 employs multiple parallel regulatory pathways to keep Th17 cells quiet
Authors: Salerno Fiamma , van Lier René A. W. , Wolkers Monika C.
Published: February 2014

Th17 cells are key players in antibacterial and antifungal immunity, but have also been implicated in autoimmunity. Interestingly, Th17 cells poorly proliferate upon stimulation, a phenotype that was attributed to a decreased sensitivity to T‐cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and to low IL‐2 production by Th17 cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Santarlasci et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 654–661] shed further light on the molecular mechanism that keeps Th17 cells at bay. They identify the transcriptional regulator TOB1, which not only impairs IL‐2 production in Th17 cells, but also blocks the expression of cell cycle genes. Strikingly, TOB1 suppresses Th17‐cell proliferation through several pathways, including impaired signal transduction, transcription, and possibly also post‐transcriptional regulation.
Syntheses and Structures of Potassium Complexes Containing Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methanide Anions
Authors: Langer Jens , Geitner Robert , Görls Helmar
Published: February 2014

The reaction of [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(Et2O)0.5]n with an excess of tetrahydropyran yields polymeric [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(thp)]∞ (1). Application of neutral bidentate ligands such as dimethoxyethane or N,N,N′N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine leads to a splitting of the polymeric starting material into discrete dinuclear entities and the complexes [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(dme)]2 (3) and [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(tmeda)]2 (4) were isolated. In compounds 1, 3 and 4, the phosphorus atoms as well as the methanide carbon atom and two of the four phenyl groups of the anionic ligand participate in metal binding. Oligodentate ligands such as diglyme and 18‐crown‐6 enforce a reduction of the interaction between potassium and the diphosphanylmethanide anion and lead to the mononuclear complexes [K{(Ph2P)2CH}(diglyme)2] (5) and [{K{(Ph2P)2CH}(18C6)}{K{(Ph2P)2CH}(18C6)(thf)}] (6), respectively. In these compounds, only the phosphorus atoms of the diphosphanylmethanide ligands coordinate to the central potassium cation. The related lithium derivative [Li{(Ph2P)2CH}(thp)3] (2) was prepared for comparison. All complexes were characterized by NMR methods and X‐ray diffraction measurements.
Estimating fluvial wood discharge using time‐lapse photography with varying sampling intervals
Authors: Kramer Natalie , Wohl Ellen
Published: February 2014

Monitoring large wood (LW: width > 10 cm, length > 1 m) in transport within rivers is a necessary next step in the development and refinement of wood budgets and is essential to a better understanding of basin‐wide controls and patterns of LW flux and loads. Monitoring LW transport with coarse interval (≥ 1 min) time‐lapse photography enables the deployment of monitoring cameras at large spatial and long temporal scales. Although less precise than continuous sampling with video, it allows investigators to answer broad questions about basin connectivity, compare drainages and years,and identify transport relationships and thresholds. This paper describes methods to: (i) construct fluvial wood flux curves; (ii) analyze the effects of sample interval lengths on transport estimates; and (iii) estimate total wood loads within a specified time period using coarse‐interval time‐lapse photography. Applying these methods to the Slave River, a large‐volume (103 m3 s‐1), low‐gradient (10− 2 m km− 1) river in the subarctic (60∘ N), yielded the following results. A threshold relationship for wood mobility was located around 4500 m3 s‐1. More wood is transported on the rising limb of the hydrograph because wood flux declines rapidly on the falling limb. Five‐ and ten‐minute sampling intervals provided unbiased equal variance estimates of 1 min sampling, whereas 15 min intervals were biased towards underestimation by 5–6%, possibly due to periodicity in wood flux. Total LW loads estimated from the 1 min dataset and adjusted for a 15% misdetection rate from 13 July to 13 August are: 1600 ± 200 # pieces, 600 ± 200 m3 and of the order of 1.3 × 105 kg carbon. The total wood load for the entire summer season is probably at least double this estimate because only the second half of the summer was monitored and a large early summer peak freshet was missed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing water level prediction through model residual correction based on Chaos theory and Kriging
Authors: Wang Xuan , Babovic Vladan
Published: February 2014

Hydrodynamic models based on the physical processes are indispensable tools for predicting water levels in ocean environment. Nonetheless, their accuracies are limited by various factors such as simplifying assumptions, complex ocean bathymetry, and so on. Residual correction, as one of the data assimilation techniques, can extract information from observation and assimilate it into a numerical model to correct the model output directly. Such correction is often performed in two steps: prediction of the model residuals at measured stations followed by spatial distribution at non‐measured locations. For long‐term residual forecast, the accuracy of prediction usually deteriorates with the forecast horizon. In addition to the residual correction at measurement locations, in this paper, we address the critical question as to how to effectively update outputs for computational points without measurements. We develop a hybrid data assimilation procedure, which combines a modified local model (MLM) and an approximated ordinary kriging (AOK). This technique improves the forecasts over a long horizon over the entire computational domain. Using the proposed residual correction technique, the hybrid procedure is examined on a case study of Singapore Regional Model for correcting the water level outputs at locations with and without measurements. In order to provide a comparison, the analysis is carried out throughout prediction horizon of model residuals, tidal residuals, and sea level anomaly, respectively. The comparisons show that the proposed method can successfully assimilate and forecast all variables. Results indicate that resulting prediction accuracy can be significantly improved for all locations of interest independently of the forecast horizon. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.