bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade in Cosmetic Commodities between Indonesia and Nine Trading Partners in The Asian Region in 2004-2018 Period
Authors: Ramadhan Tuhfah Ikbar , Firmansyah Firmansyah
Published: December 2021

This research aims to analyze the level of intra-industry trade and the effect of average country size, average per capita income, difference in per capita income, distance, and average tariff on intra-industry trade of cosmetic commodities between Indonesia and nine trading partners (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, India, China, Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea) from 2004-2018. This study uses a Grubel-Llyod Index to determine the level of intra-industry trade and static panel data method to see the effect of independent variables on the level of intra-industry trade. The result shows that the level of intra-industry trade of cosmetic commodities between Indonesia and its trading partners (except India) still tended to be low. The average country size, average per capita income, and average tariff have a positive and significant effect on the level of intra-industry trade. Meanwhile, the difference in per capita income and distance have a negative and significant effect.
CAN TRADITIONAL RETAILERS USE STRATEGY TO FIGHT AGAINST MODERN ATTACKS?
Authors: Triono Rachmadi Agus , Dalimunthe Zuliani , Arif Helman
Published: December 2021

Despite rapid growth in online type, the majority Indonesian retail market is offline shopping because of households disperse across thousand cities and islands. However, the threat comes from corporatized modern retailers.  Typically, attacks from modern retailers in the form of franchised minimarkets endangered the existence of traditional retailers which generally are small sized and independently owned by individual or household. This research investigates how traditional retailers can deliver a strategic response to the presence of modern retailers, and to examine whether there are differences in performance among business entities that use different strategic responses. We also investigate if there are differences, which strategic response would give the best result in performance. Questionnaires were distributed to 109 respondents using convenience sampling. An ANOVA was done at respective types of retailers' buyers. There is no significant evidence that the strategic response developed by traditional retailers differed from one another. Furthermore, we found that the performance of traditional retailers are below modern retailers, except for those that belong to a higher tier of performance. Higher tier traditional retailers are the best strategic group in traditional retailers and their performance statistically could equate to the performance of modern retail.

 

Keywords: Indonesian retail market, small-scale retailer strategy, strategic group, strategic response
Protestants d’Auvergne
Authors: Audisio Gabriel
Published: December 2021

L’Auvergne passe pour avoir été un bastion catholique, peu sensible à la Réforme. Pourtant les idées luthériennes s’y implantèrent dès les années 1530 et le protestantisme y est encore présent à la veille de la Révolution. L’auteur tente une approche à partir des personnes et non des institutions dans les quatre départements (Allier, Cantal, Haute-Loire, Puy-de-Dôme) et autour des quatre lieux de culte autorisés (Maringues, Job, Parentignat, La Gazelle). Le fichier de quelque 1 500 personnes révèle une communauté peu nombreuse, dispersée, indigente, fortement rurale. La persécution, avant l’édit de Nantes (1598) et après sa révocation (1685), a entraîné à la fois une notable érosion, une forte émigration mais aussi une tenace résistance sur place.
Promising implications of Tinospora cordifolia utilization and its functional significance: A review
Authors: Khan Khursheed Alam , Katiyar Shiv Kumar , Nema Prabhat K
Published: December 2021

Tinospora cordifolia (TC) a traditional plant used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine widely. Different parts of this plant such as stem, roots, leaves are used for treatment and control of various health issues as well as an ingredient in functional foods. It possesses many health promoting and protecting properties. The present article is a critical review providing a comprehensive discussion on therapeutic application and functional significance of TC. The aim of this review is to develop a clear understanding of these issues. Specifically coverage in this review are published information in the areas of  Diabetic retinopathy, Free radical scavenging, Anti-Diabetic, Cognition enhancing, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-allergic,  Immunomodulatory and Anti-cancer, Management of Hay Fever, Antioxidant, Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidaemic, Osteoblasts formation, Immunomodulatory, Immunostimulatory, Protection from Skeletal Muscle Atrophy, Gastroprotective, Antiosteoporotic etc. Uses of TC as plant digestive enzyme and as supplementation in formulation of various functional foods are also compiled for the information and knowledge of food scientists and technologists. The future scope of the review remains in exploiting TC so as to enable new and effective formulation in disease eradication. Further studies are necessary, however, to investigate the best practices for the promising implications of TC utilization and its functional significance.
COMPARATIVE CONCEPTOLOGY OF POWER AND RESISTANCE USING GOOGLE NGRAM BOOKS
Authors: Oleinik Anton
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the evolution of key concepts referring to governmentality in comparative perspective. The Russian discourse on government and power is compared with the Western discourse. The Google Books Ngram Viewer databank covering the period from 1800 to 2019 is used as a source of information. This databank contains more than 5% of all published books. The proposed discourse analysis suggests that the Russian and Western discourses have some elective affinity: in both cases there is little room for truth telling and whistle-blowers face significant risk.
THE CONCEPT OF KUNSTLEHRE IN THE HUSSERL’S PHENOMENOLOGY
Authors: Berdaus Svetlana
Published: December 2021

The article proposes a reconstruction of the Kunstlehre concept, which occupies an important place in the structural and disciplinary section of Husserl's phenomenology. The key point of the presented reconstruction is its separation from the traditional interpretation of Kunstlehre criticized by Husserl and the advancement of a new project that coordinates three levels – theoretical, normative and practical. The theoretical level (pure logic), being complementary to the normative level (pure norms of reason), forms the basis of the disciplines represented by the program of science of knowledge (Wissenschaftslehre). The scientific study program falls on the period of the so- called logicism of Husserl, regarding which there is an opinion in the research literature that it was interrupted by the founder of phenomenology immediately after the writing of the first volume of “Logical Investigations”. However, on the basis of textual arguments, we show that this program was extended by Husserl up to his last works. The nature of this expansion is related to the practical level of Kunstlehre (transcendental phenomenology). The main task of this level was to provide science and scientists with noetic conditions, i.e. skills of transcendental criticism of consciousness. It is suggested that the presented reconstruction of Kunstlehre shows the permanent development of the program of logicism by Husserl, and also demonstrates the connection of this program with transcendental phenomenology.
MONOTHEISM IN LATE ANTIQUITY. THEOS HYPSISTOS AND THE ORACLE OF APOLLO OF CLAROS
Authors: Afonasin Evgeny
Published: December 2021

Monotheism in Late Antiquity is a multidimensional topic. The article deals with only one aspect of the formation of monotheistic tendencies in Greco-Roman religious conceptions, both traditional pagan and Judeo-Christian, including "Judaizing" paganism and Gnosticism. Both folk cults (an epigraphically attested cult of the Theos Hypsistos) and the new monotheistic religion of the revived oracles (the inscription from Oenoanda and the Tübingen Theosophy 13) are considered. We also see how the eschatological and soteriological motifs characteristic of monotheistic religions are revealed in the context of a kind of philosophical ontology.
Atzerritarren askatasunerako eskubidea eta askatasun-gabetzea atzerritartasunari buruzko araudiaren arabera
Authors: Arrese Iriondo M.ª Nieves
Published: December 2021

Atzerritarren askatasun-gabetzea, bereziki, haien barneratzea, nazionalitatea dutenei aplikagarri ez zaizkien arrazoi zehatzen ondorio da. Lan honek, atzerritarren barneratzera eraman dezaketen kasuak azaldu ondoren, askatasunerako-eskubidearekin lotura duten prozedura-kontu garrantzitsuenak aztertzen ditu. Habeas corpus baliabideari ere egiten zaio aipu, nazionalitatea dutenek legez kontrakoak jotzen dituzten askatasun-gabetzeei aurre egiteko baliabide gisa. Edonola ere, atzerritarren egoera beste bat dela azpimarratu behar da, horien barneratzea, hala badagokio, epaileak erabaki behar baitu, modu horretan, erabakiak askatasun-gabetzearen kontrol judiziala berea eginez. Aurrera eramandako analisiaren xedea ez da aipatutako alderdiak sakontasunez jorratzea, baizik eta atzerritarren askatasunerako-eskubidearen zabaltzea azpimarratzea.
Case report: a rare cause of proptosis
Authors: Vimalachandran D , Baraka ME
Published: December 2021

Proptosis is the forward protrusion of the eye from its normal position in the orbit. There are many causes, the commonest of both unilateral and bilateral proptosis being thyrotoxicosis. Antral tumours are an uncommon cause of proptosis but one that should be considered in any patient with proptosis. A mucocele is a cystic expansile lesion that is lined with epithelium and filled with mucoid secretions. It results from disrupted or obstructed drainage of the paranasal sinuses. Maxillary sinus mucoceles are infrequent and can result in proptosis, nasal obstruction, facial swelling and involvement of the oral cavity.

Primary lymphomas of the sinonasal tract are rare, representing approximately 8% of sinonasal malignancies, the maxillary sinus being the commonest site. Malignancy is a diagnosis that must be considered in the aetiology of maxillary mucocele and we believe that this is the first documented case of bilateral maxillary mucocele caused by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
UM OLHAR ACERCA DA VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA
Authors: Barth Ariane Pimentel Feltrin
Published: December 2021

O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar a violência doméstica e familiar praticada contra a mulher, com base na Lei Maria da Penha que foi sancionada em 07 de agosto de 2006. A cada ano, mais de um milhão de mulheres são vítimas da violência praticada no País, segundo dados do IBGE. Sob o aspecto sócio cultural e positivo, desde suas possíveis raízes culturais existe a necessidade de criação de mecanismos de proteção que possam garantir os seus direitos fundamentais, trazendo novos mecanismos, com respostas efetivas do Estado, possibilitando o encorajamento das mulheres a formalizar denúncias. A Lei do Feminicídio foi sancionada pela presidente Dilma Roussef em 2015, colocando a morte de mulheres no rol dos crimes hediondos, diminuindo a tolerância de tamanha violência. Os diferentes conceitos relacionados à violência contra a mulher, bem como suas possíveis manifestações, apresentando instrumentos voltados ao combate e prevenção deste grave problema social que atinge um número enorme de mulheres vítimas da violência. Será focalizada uma análise mais detida da lei de combate e prevenção da violência contra a mulher, no âmbito doméstico e familiar, a Lei nº 11.340/06, a “Lei Maria da Penha”, promulgada com o objetivo de efetivar os direitos constitucionalmente definidos à mulher, uma vez que a violação desses direitos continua sendo desrespeitada. A Lei Maria da Penha é reconhecida pela ONU como uma das três melhores legislações no enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres no mundo, a qual contribuiu para uma diminuição de cerca de 10% na taxa de homicídios. A aplicação da lei garante o mesmo atendimento para mulheres que se relacionam com outras mulheres, garantindo a aplicação da lei para transexuais que se identificam como mulheres, em relação ao gênero.
Measuring AI Development: A Prototype Methodology to Inform Policy
Authors: Clark Jack , Miller Kyle , Gelles Rebecca
Published: December 2021

By combining a versatile and frequently updated bibliometrics tool — the CSET Map of Science — with more hands-on analyses of technical developments, this brief outlines a methodology for measuring the publication growth of AI-related topics, where that growth is occurring, what organizations and individuals are involved, and when technical improvements in performance occur.
PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS BASED ON HUMAN FESSES AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FOR REMOTE AREAS APPLICATION
Authors: Syofii Imam , Sari Dewi Puspita
Published: December 2021

The utilise of biogas for remote areas is a problem because it is challenging to supply hydrogen. Hence a study of the utilisation of human fesses as biogas raw material for biogas production is proposed. Due to high investment costs to build miniature power plants, modified gasoline engines are used as mini power plants even though it is a laboratory scale. Based on results, human fesses can be used as raw material for biogas production. Performance engine using biogas derived from human fesses is 9% different from LPG. The maximum efficiency of the biogas system is 32%, and that of the LPG is 41%.
Análisis fitoquímico de una composición etnofarmacológica a base de seis extractos de plantas para el tratamiento de la hipertensión
Authors: Rentería Jiménez Carlos Ariel , García Martínez Manuel Arcindo , Mosquera Córdoba Soelia
Published: December 2021

Se muestra los resultados del análisis fitoquímicos realizado a una composi- ción etnofarmacéutica de origen natural útil en la prevención y tratamiento de la hipertensión, que consisten de seis extractos de plantas medicinales: extracto acuoso de hojas de guanábana (Annona muricata), extracto acuoso de hojas de aguacate (Persea americana Mili), extracto acuoso de mejorana (Majorana hortensis) extracto acuoso de cogollos de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.), extracto acuoso de ajo (Allium sativum) y extracto acuoso de fruto de borojó (Borojoa patinoi). Se encuentra la presencia de metabolitos secundarios como ingredientes activos de la composición etnofarmacológica, tales como loscompuestos lactónicos (p.e,. cardiotónicos o térpenlactonas), compuestos fenólicos y leucoantocianidinas
Construcción y aplicación de una herramienta metodológica para priorizar ecosistemas estratégicos: caso humedales del municipio Medio Atrato, Chocó, Colombia
Authors: Ramírez Geovanny , Cuesta Borja Teofilo , Klinger Brahan William
Published: December 2021

La construcción y aplicación de una herramienta metodológica para priorizar ecosistemas estratégicos, fue aplicada como mecanismo de selección de una muestra para estudiar un ecosistema muy amplio. Su aplicación en el complejo de humedales del Medio Atrato, Chocó, se realizó con el objetivo de establecer el nivel de prioridad de las ciénagas en estudio. La primera fase del proyecto consistió en determinar el número, ubicación, extensión, importancia socioeconómica y el grado de vulnerabilidad de las ciénagas; la segunda consistió en priorizar los humedales, teniendo en cuenta un peso relativo para cada uno de los criterios, así: extensión de la ciénaga, 20% del peso total; ubicación, 35%; importancia socioeconómica 45%. Entre los resultados se destaca el hecho de que el ecosistema está constituido de 47 ciénagas; adicionalmente, se reportan tres actividades económicas que influyen en el uso de las mismas. Con base en la ponderación de los tres criterios para establecer el grado de vulnerabilidad y priorización de las ciénagas, se determinó que 13 de las 47 ciénagas (27,7%) se encuentran en vulnerabilidad Alta (A), 27, (57,4%) se encuentran en vulnerabilidad Media (M) y siete (7) (14,8%) reportan vulnerabilidad Baja (B).
Editorial
Authors: Klinger-Brahan William
Published: December 2021

El estudio de los ecosistemas y los recursos naturales, generalmente del Chocó Biogeográfico y en ocasiones de Colombia, ha conducido a la identificación de numerosas particularidades biofísicas y socioculturales del territorio, que abarcan desde elementos biofísicos como el agua, hasta recursos biológicos como especies de gran interés ecológico, sociocultural y económico. Alrededor de ellos y de su búsqueda se han realizado numerosas investigaciones con el afán de aportar conocimiento que sirva para el desarrollo de las comunidades.
Monitoreo de especies forestales nativas altamente presionadas en la cuenca del río Salaquí, municipio de Riosucio, Chocó, como estrategia para reducir su agotamiento progresivo
Authors: Mosquera M. Robinson Stewart
Published: December 2021

Los bosques naturales tropicales del Darién chocoano, han sido objeto de explotación y sometidos a una fuerte presión antrópica, debido al aumento progresivo de las actividades productivas en la zona, lo que ha afectado fuertemente la estabilidad ecosistémica y por ende la distribución, abundancia y diversidad de algunas especies arbóreas que revisten de tanta importancia que son necesarias para mantener el equilibrio en una masa forestal determinada; por tal razón es indispensable la realización de estudios encaminados a la protección y seguimiento de especies forestales en condiciones de vulnerabilidad y amenaza, para lo cual el Instituto de Investigaciones Ambientales del Pacifico (IIAP) se ha propuesto brindar criterios específicos para el manejo sostenible, la protección y recuperación de estos bosques a través de la realización de estudios que contribuyan a cuantificar el estado ambiental del bosque y el grado de amenaza al que están expuestas las especies forestales allí presentes. Con base en lo anterior se desarrolló una investigación que estableció 6 parcelas temporales de muestreo de 50m x 50m = 2500 m2 (0.25 ha), muestreando los árboles de las especies seleccionadas con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) >10cm, distribuidas en 4 consejos comunitarios locales de la cuenca del río Salaquí, en el municipio de Riosucio. Se encontraron 372 especies, correspondientes a 7 familias y 13 géneros, con distribución variable entre parcelas; los resultados obtenidos presentan una serie de medidas de conservación inmediatas a tener en cuenta para garantizar la perpetuación y preservación de los bosques en mención.
تکملہ فتح الملہم شرح صحیح مسلم میں مفتی محمد تقی عثمانی کی ترجیحی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Authors: Khan Abdullah , Hashimi Prof.Dr.Syed Azkia
Published: December 2021

Fathul Munhim is a great work in the area of Hadith Sciences and its Explanations which was initiated by a Renowned Scholar Allama Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. “Due to demise of the Author that was accomplished by a well-known scholar of this age. Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, who is famous for his Contributions to Fiqh, Hadith, Islamic Banking & Finance, etc. his explanatory work in Hadith literature has been appreciated and acknowledged by great scholars. This article elaborates and analysis his different methods and styles in Hadith explanations regarding lexical and literal meaning of Hadith words, juristic opinions and arguments preferred opinions and arguments preferred opinions “Clarifications of ambiguities and his explanation of many modern & contemporary issues".
a PENERAPAN KIMIA FORENSIK: PENGGUNAAN POLONIUM (210PO) SEBAGAI RACUN DILIHAT DARI SEGI TOKSIKOLOGI
Authors: Susdarwono Endro Tri
Published: December 2021

This study intends to provide a description of how the use of polonium-210 (210Po) as a poison in terms of toxicology. This research is a qualitative research, the type of research uses comprehensive analytic studies and analytical normative approaches. Polonium-210 is created in nuclear reactors. This element is very radioactive which if swallowed even a little is very fatal. After entering the blood tissue, the element mainly targets the liver and kidneys and bone marrow. After 210Po is absorbed into the body, the whole body is basically targeted. The dose given and the sensitivity of individual tissues determine the level of damage throughout the body. Unlike most heavy metals, 210 Po accumulates in soft tissue rather than bone. Polonium (210Po) is a producer of very active alpha particles, but only becomes toxic when entering the body. If entered into the human body, toxic effects are often fatal, even at very small doses. Most of the initial dose is quickly excreted in the feces and urine, but the rest is distributed to the soft tissues of the body.
Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment along the Trenggalek–Ponorogo Road, East Java Province, Indonesia
Authors:   Balai Besar Pelaksanaan Jalan Nasional Jawa Timur-Bali, Banuzaki Adniwan Shubhi , Ayu Adelia Kusuma
Published: December 2021

Landslide, the second most common hazard in Indonesia, after an earthquake, is causing enormous losses of public infrastructures with subsequent economic disruptions. Roads are the most frequent public property which is affected by landslides. Due to the geomorphological condition of Indonesia, the construction of roads often intersects the mountainous topography. The Trenggalek–Ponorogo Road is one of the roads passing through mountainous terrains that are very susceptible affected by landslides. The road has an important role as the main transportation connector of some regencies in East Java Province. Landslide mitigation strategies along the Trenggalek–Ponorogo Road are needed to prevent enormous losses. This research was aimed to conduct a remote sensing-based assessment of landslide susceptibility areas along the Trenggalek–Ponorogo Road. The landslide susceptibility areas were assessed by considering landslide triggering parameters; those were topographic slope, distance to geological structure, distance to stream, lithology, and land use/land cover. The landslide triggering parameters were presented in spatial data and processed using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied to integrate the landslide triggering parameters which have the degree of effect to determine Landslide Potential Index (LPI). The resulting LPI delineated the area into four susceptibility zones: very high, high, moderate, and low, which were presented as landslide susceptibility map. The susceptibility map was then validated by landslide occurrences inventory in the study area. The very high susceptibility zones, which are strongly predicted affecting the Trenggalek–Ponorogo Road, are located in Nglinggis and Grogol Village.
Direct observations indicate photodegradable oxygenated VOCs as larger contributors to radicals and ozone production in the atmosphere
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Yuan Bin , Peng Yuwen , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , Yang Suxia , Wu Caihong , Qi Jipeng , Bao Fengxia , Huangfu Yibo , Wang Chaomin , Ye Chenshuo , Wang Zelong , Wang Baolin , Wang Xinming , Song Wei , Hu Weiwei , Cheng Peng , Zhu Manni , Zheng Junyu , Shao Min
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) regulate atmospheric oxidation capacity, and the reactions of VOCs are key in understanding ozone formation and its mitigation strategies. When evaluating its impact, most previous studies did not fully consider the role of oxygenated VOCs due to limitations of measurement technology. By using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technology, we are able to quantify a large number of oxygenated VOCs in a representative urban environment in southern China. Based on the new dataset, we find that non – formaldehyde (HCHO) OVOCs can contribute large fractions (22–44 %) of total ROX radical production, comparable or larger than the contributions from nitrous acid and formaldehyde. We demonstrate that constraints using OVOCs observations are essential in modeling radical and ozone production, as modelled OVOCs can be substantially lower than measurements, potentially due to primary emissions and/or missing secondary sources. Our results show that models without OVOC constraints using ambient measurements will underestimate P(ROX) and ozone production rate, and may also affect the determination of sensitivity regime in ozone formation. Therefore, a thorough quantification of photodegradable OVOCs species is in urgent need to understand accurately the ozone chemistry and to develop effective control strategies.
Long-term atmospheric emissions for the Coal Oil Point natural marine hydrocarbon seep field, offshore California
Authors: Leifer Ira , Melton Christopher , Blake Donald R.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. In this study, we present a novel approach for assessing nearshore
seepage atmospheric emissions through modeling of air quality station data,
specifically a Gaussian plume inversion model. A total of 3 decades of air quality
station meteorology and total hydrocarbon concentration, THC, data were
analyzed to study emissions from the Coal Oil Point marine seep field
offshore California. THC in the seep field directions was significantly
elevated and Gaussian with respect to wind direction, θ. An
inversion model of the seep field, θ-resolved anomaly,
THC′(θ)-derived atmospheric emissions is given. The model inversion is for the
far field, which was satisfied by gridding the sonar seepage and treating
each grid cell as a separate Gaussian plume. This assumption was validated
by offshore in situ data that showed major seep area plumes were Gaussian. Plume total carbon, TC (TC = THC + carbon dioxide, CO2, + carbon monoxide), 18 % was CO2 and 82 % was THC; 85 % of THC was CH4. These compositions
were similar to the seabed composition, demonstrating efficient vertical
plume transport of dissolved seep gases. Air samples also measured
atmospheric alkane plume composition. The inversion model used observed
winds and derived the 3-decade-average (1990–2021) field-wide
atmospheric emissions of 83 400 ± 12 000 m3 THC d−1 (27 Gg THC yr−1 based on 19.6 g mol−1 for THC). Based on a 50 : 50 air-to-seawater partitioning, this implies seabed emissions of 167 000 m3 THC d−1. Based on atmospheric plume composition, C1–C6 alkane emissions were 19, 1.3, 2.5, 2.2, 1.1, and 0.15 Gg yr−1, respectively.
The spatially averaged CH4 emissions over the ∼ 6.3 km2 of 25 × 25 m2 bins with sonar values above noise were
5.7 µM m−2 s−1. The approach can be extended to derive
emissions from other dispersed sources such as landfills, industrial sites,
or terrestrial seepage if source locations are constrained spatially.
Boundary-layer height and surface stability at SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland in ERA5 and observations
Authors: Sinclair Victoria Anne , Ritvanen Jenna , Urbancic Gabin , Erner Irene , Batrak Yurii , Moisseev Dmitri , Kurppa Mona
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The planetary boundary layer (BL) height and stratification are key parameters in determining the exchange of heat, momentum, moisture and trace gases between the surface and the free troposphere. Numerous different methods have been used to quantify the BL height and these methods have been applied to a wide variety of observational data sets obtained from different instruments and to numerical model output. We investigate the BL height at the Hyytiälä SMEAR II station in southern Finland diagnosed from radiosonde observations, a microwave radiometer (MWR) and ERA5 reanalysis. Four different algorithms are used to diagnose the BL height from the radiosondes. The diagnosed BL height is sensitive to the method used and the level of agreement, and the sign of systematic bias, between the 4 different methods depends on the surface-layer stability. For example, for very unstable situations, the median BL height diagnosed from the radiosondes varies from 600 m to 1500 m depending on which method is applied. Good agreement between the BL height in ERA5 and diagnosed from the radiosondes using Richardson number-based methods is found for almost all stability classes, suggesting that ERA5 has adequate vertical resolution near the surface to resolve the BL structure. However, ERA5 overestimates the BL height in very stable conditions highlighting the on-going challenge for numerical models to correctly resolve the stable BL. Furthermore, ERA5 BL height differs most from the radiosondes at 18 UTC suggesting ERA5 does not resolve the evening transition correctly. This study has also shown that BL height estimates from the MWR are reliable in unstable situations but often are inaccurate under stable conditions when, in comparison to ERA5 BL heights, they are much deeper. The errors in the MWR BL height estimates originate from the limitations of the manufacturers algorithm for stable conditions and also the mis-identification of the type of BL. A climatology of the annual and diurnal cycle of BL height and observed surface layer stability was created. The shallowest (353 m) monthly median BL height occurs in February and the deepest (576 m) in June. In winter there is no diurnal cycle in BL height, unstable BLs are rare yet so are very stable BLs. The shallowest BLs occur at night in spring and summer and very stable conditions are most common at night in the warm season. Finally, using ERA5 gridded data we determined that the BL height observed at Hyytiälä is representative of most land areas in southern and central Finland. However, the spatial variability of the BL height is largest during daytime in summer reducing the area over which BL height observations from Hyytiälä would be representative of.
Quantification of major particulate matter species from a single filter type using infrared spectroscopy – Application to a large-scale monitoring network
Authors: Debus Bruno , Weakley Andrew T. , Takahama Satoshi , George Kathryn M. , Schichtel Bret , Copleland Scott , Wexler Anthony S. , Dillner Ann M.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. To enable chemical speciation, monitoring networks collect particulate matter (PM) on different filter media, each subjected to one or more analytical techniques to quantify PM composition present in the atmosphere. In this work, we propose an alternate approach that uses one filter type (teflon or polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, commonly used for aerosol sampling) and one analytical method, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to measure almost all of the major constituents in the aerosol. In the proposed method, measurements using the typical multi-filter, multi-analytical techniques are retained at a limited number of sites and used as calibration standards while sampling on PTFE and analysis by FT-IR is solely performed at the remaining locations. This method takes advantage of the sensitivity on the mid-IR domain to various organic and inorganic functional groups and offers a fast and inexpensive way of exploring sample composition. As a proof of concept, multiple years of samples collected within the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment network (IMPROVE) are explored with the aim of retaining high quality predictions for a broad range of atmospheric compounds including total mass, organic (OC), elemental (EC) and total (TC) carbon, sulfate, nitrate and crustal elements. Findings suggest that models based on only 21 sites, covering spatial and seasonal trends in atmospheric composition, are stable over a three year period within the IMPROVE network with prediction accuracy (R2 > 0.9, median bias less than 3 % for most constituents. Incorporating additional sites at low cost or partially replacing existing, more time and cost intensive techniques are among the potential benefits of one-filter, one-method approach.
A global inventory of historical documentary evidence related to climate since the 15th century
Authors: Burgdorf Angela-Maria
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Climatic variations have impacted societies since the very beginning of human history. In order to keep track of climatic changes over time, humans have thus often closely monitored the weather as well as natural phenomena influencing everyday life. Resulting documentary evidence from archives of societies enables invaluable insights into the past climate beyond the timescale of instrumental and early instrumental measurements. This information complements other proxies from archives of nature such as tree rings in climate reconstructions, as documentary evidence often covers seasons (e.g., winter) and regions (e.g., Africa, Western Russia, and Siberia, China) that are not well covered with natural proxies. While a mature body of research on detecting climate signals from historical documents exists, the large majority of studies is confined to a local or regional scale and thus lacks a global perspective. Moreover, many studies from before the 1980s have not made the transition into the digital age and, hence, are essentially forgotten. Here, I attempt to compile the first-ever systematic global inventory of documentary evidence related to climate extending back to the Late Medieval Period. It combines information on past climate from all around the world, retrieved from many studies on historical documentary sources. Historical evidence range from personal diaries, chronicles, administrative/ clerical documents to ship logbooks and newspaper articles. They include records of many sorts, e.g., tithes records, rogation ceremonies, extreme events like droughts and floods, as well as weather and phenological observations. The inventory, published as an electronic supplement, comprises detailed event chronologies, time series, proxy indices, and calibrated reconstructions, with the majority of the documentary records providing indications on past temperature and precipitation anomalies. The overall focus is on document-based time series with significant potential for climate reconstruction. For each included record series, extensive meta information and directions to the data (if available) are given. To highlight the potential of documentary data for climate science three case studies are presented and evaluated with different global reanalysis products. This comprehensive inventory promotes the first-ever global perspective on historical documentary climate records and, thus, lies the foundation for incorporating historical documentary evidence into climate reconstruction on a global scale, complementing early instrumental measurements as well as natural climate proxies.
Towards an improved representation of carbonaceous aerosols over the Indian monsoon region in a regional climate model RegCM4.6
Authors: Ghosh Sudipta , Dey Sagnik , Das Sushant , Riemer Nicole , Giuliani Graziano , Ganguly Dilip , Venkataraman Chandra , Giorgi Filippo , Tripathi Sachchida Nand , Ramachandran Srikanthan , Rajesh Thazhathakal Ayyappen , Gadhavi Harish , Srivastava Atul Kumar
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Mitigation of carbonaceous aerosol emissions is expected to provide climate and health co-benefits. The accurate representation of carbonaceous aerosols in climate models is critical for reducing uncertainties in their climate feedbacks. In this regard, emission fluxes and aerosol life-cycle processes are the two primary sources of uncertainties. Here we demonstrate that incorporating a dynamic ageing scheme and emission estimates that are updated for the local sources improve the representation of carbonaceous aerosols over the Indian monsoon region in a regional climate model, RegCM, compared to its default configuration. The mean BC and OC surface concentrations in 2010 are estimated to be 4.25 and 10.35 μg m−3, respectively, over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), in the augmented model. The BC column burden over the polluted IGP is found to be 2.47 mg m−2, 69.95 % higher than in the default model configuration and much closer to available observations. The anthropogenic AOD increases by more than 19 % over the IGP due to the model enhancement, also leading to a better agreement with observed AOD. The top-of-the-atmosphere, surface, and atmospheric anthropogenic aerosol shortwave radiative forcing are estimated at −0.3, −9.3, and 9.0 W m−2, respectively, over the IGP and −0.89, −5.33, and 4.44 W m−2, respectively, over Peninsular India. Our results suggest that both the accurate estimates of emission fluxes and a better representation of aerosol processes are required to improve the aerosol life cycle representation in the climate model.
Stepping beyond perfectly mixed conditions in soil hydrological modelling using a Lagrangian approach
Authors: Sternagel Alexander , Loritz Ralf , Berkowitz Brian , Zehe Erwin
Published: December 2021

Abstract. A recent experiment of Bowers et al. (2020) revealed that diffusive mixing of water isotopes (δ2H, δ18O) over a fully saturated soil sample of a few centimetres in length required several days to equilibrate completely. In this study, we present an approach to simulate such time-delayed diffusive mixing processes on the pore scale beyond instantaneously and perfectly mixed conditions. The diffusive pore mixing (DIPMI) approach is based on a Lagrangian perspective on water particles moving by diffusion over the pore space of a soil volume and carrying concentrations of solutes or isotopes. The idea of DIPMI is to account for the self-diffusion of water particles across a characteristic length scale of the pore space using pore-size-dependent diffusion coefficients. The model parameters can be derived from the soil-specific water retention curve and no further calibration is needed. We test our DIPMI approach by simulating diffusive mixing of water isotopes over the pore space of a saturated soil volume using the experimental data of Bowers et al. (2020). Simulation results show the feasibility of the DIPMI approach to reproduce measured mixing times and concentrations of isotopes at different tensions over the pore space. This result corroborates the finding that diffusive mixing in soils depends on the pore size distribution and the specific soil water retention properties. Additionally, we perform a virtual experiment with the DIPMI approach by simulating mixing and leaching processes of a solute in a vertical, saturated soil column and comparing results against simulations with the common perfect-mixing assumption. Results of this virtual experiment reveal that the frequently observed steep rise and long tailing of breakthrough curves, which are typically associated with non-uniform transport in heterogeneous soils, may also occur in homogeneous media as a result of imperfect subscale mixing in a macroscopically homogeneous soil matrix.
How do users interact with Virtual Geographic Environments? Users’ behavior evaluation in urban participatory planning
Authors: Chassin Thibaud , Ingensand Jens , Touya Guillaume , Christophe Sidonie
Published: December 2021

Abstract. For the past twenty years, the adoption of Virtual Geographic Environments is thriving. This democratization is due to numerous new opportunities offered by this medium. However, in participatory urban planning these interactive 3D geovisualizations are still labeled as very advanced means, and are only scarcely used. The involvement of citizens in urban decision-making is indeed carefully planned ahead to limit off-topic feedback. A better comprehension of Virtual Geographic Environments, and more specifically of users’ strategic behaviors while interacting with this medium could enhance participants’ contributions. The users’ strategic behavior was assessed in this article through an experimental study. A total of 107 participants completed online tasks about the identification of 3D scenes’ footprints, the comparison of buildings’ heights, and the visibility of objects through the scenes. The interactions of the participants were recorded (i.e. pressed keys, pointing device interactions), as well as the camera positions adopted to complete specific tasks. The results show that: (1) users get more efficient throughout the study; (2) interruptions in 3D manipulation appear to highlight difficulties in interacting with the virtual environments; (3) users tend to centralize their positions within the scene, notably around their starting position; (4) the type of task strongly affects the behavior of users, limiting or broadening their explorations. The results of this experimental study are a valuable resource that can be used to improve the design of future urban planning projects involving Virtual Geographic Environments, e.g. with the creation of personalized 3D tools.
Web technologies in cartographic support of geological exploration
Authors: Loginov Dmitriy S.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Web technologies are now an integral part of the implementation of research work in various branches of science. The geological and geophysical direction is no exception, where the planning and execution of geological and geophysical surveys depend on the accuracy, reliability and relevance of the transmitted information.The article deals with the possibilities of web technologies for cartographic support of geological exploration – a complex of scientific and production works, designed to determine the industrial significance of mineral deposits (ore, hydrocarbon, etc.). Examples are given of the use of geoportal solutions for the publication of data on the territory of study.Taking into account the current level of web technologies development, a proprietary web-service was created to provide operational access to geodata during geological and geophysical work. The presented solution is implemented using PostgreSQL DBMS, PostGIS geospatial data processing module, Leaflet JavaScript library. The resulting interactive map allows to perform operational monitoring of field crews during seismic exploration, provides information on the stages of data processing and interpretation. Also it allows to implement a unified geoinformation space for joint work of specialists from different industries.
Characteristics of precipitation extremes over the Nordic region: added value of convection-permitting modeling
Authors: Médus Erika , Thomassen Emma Dybro , Belušić Danijel , Lind Petter , Berg Peter , Christensen Jens Hesselbjerg , Christensen Ole Bøssing , Dobler Andreas , Kjellström Erik , Olsson Jonas , Yang Wei
Published: December 2021

Abstract. It is well established that using km scale grid resolution for simulations of weather systems in weather and climate models enhances their realism. This study explores heavy and extreme precipitation characteristics over the Nordic region generated by the regional climate model, HARMONIE-Climate (HCLIM). Two model setups of HCLIM are used: ERA-Interim driven HCLIM12 covering Europe at 12 km resolution with parameterized convection and HCLIM3 covering the Nordic region with 3 km resolution and explicit deep convection. The HCLIM simulations are evaluated against several gridded and in situ observation datasets for the warm season from April to September regarding their ability to reproduce sub-daily and daily heavy precipitation statistics across the Nordic region. Both model setups are able to capture the daily heavy precipitation characteristics in the analyzed region. At sub-daily scale, HCLIM3 clearly improves the statistics of occurrence of the most intense heavy precipitation events, as well as the timing and amplitude of the diurnal cycle of these events compared to its forcing HCLIM12. Extreme value analysis shows that HCLIM3 provides added value in capturing sub-daily return levels compared to HCLIM12, which fails to produce the most extreme events. The results indicate clear benefits of the convection-permitting model in simulating heavy and extreme precipitation in the present-day climate, therefore, offering a motivating way forward to investigate the climate change impacts in the region.
Characteristics of two tsunamis generated by successive Mw 7.4 and Mw 8.1 earthquakes in Kermadec Islands on March 4, 2021
Authors: Wang Yuchen , Heidarzadeh Mohammad , Satake Kenji , Hu Gui
Published: December 2021

Abstract. On March 4, 2021, two tsunamigenic earthquakes (Mw 7.4 and Mw 8.1) occurred successively within 2 h in Kermadec Islands. We examined sea level records at tide gauges located at ~100 km to ~2,000 km from the epicenters, conducted Fourier and Wavelet analyses as well as numerical modelling of both tsunamis. Fourier analyses indicated that the energy of the first tsunami is mainly distributed in the period range of 5–17 min, whereas it is 8–28 min for the second tsunami. Wavelet plots showed that the oscillation of the first tsunami continued even after the arrival of the second tsunami. As the epicenters of two earthquakes are close (~ 55 km), we reconstructed the source spectrum of the second tsunami by using the first tsunami as the empirical Green’s function. The main spectral peaks are 25.6 min, 16.0 min, and 9.8 min. The results are similar to those calculated using tsunami/background ratio method and also consistent with source models.
THE FEATURES OF PRECIPITATING ELECTRON SPECTRA IN THE RAYED AURORAS
Authors:   Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Russia, Dashkevich Zh.V. , Ivanov V.E. ,   Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Russia, Kozelov B.V. ,   Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Russia
Published: December 2021

The features of auroral electron fluxes, which form rayed structures in auroras, are investigated. The experimental study was the results of triangulation measurements with equipment recording radiation in a wide wavelength range (380–580 nm). It is shown that the spectra of the precipitating electron flux can be approximated by the sum of two electron fluxes having a power-law energy spectrum and a Maxwellian energy distribution.
ВЛИЯНИЕ МАГНИТНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ И ДАВЛЕНИЯ СОЛНЕЧНОГО ВЕТРА НА СРЕДНЕШИРОТНУЮ ИОНОСФЕРУ ВО ВРЕМЯ МАГНИТНОЙ БУРИ 22-23 ИЮНЯ 2015 ГОДА
Authors:   ФГБНУ «Полярный геофизический институт», г. Апатиты, Россия, Ягодкина О.И. , Панченко В.А. ,   ФБНУ Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова, г. Москва, г. Троицк, Россия, Воробьев В.Г. ,   ФГБНУ «Полярный геофизический институт», г. Апатиты, Россия, Телегин В.А. ,   ФБНУ Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова, г. Москва, г. Троицк, Россия, Жбанков Г.А. ,   Научно-исследовательский институт физики южного федерального университета, г. Ростов-на-Дону
Published: December 2021

Исследована зависимость высоты HmF2 и критической частоты foF2 слоя F2 среднеширотной ионосферы от магнитной активности и динамического давления солнечного ветра в период изолированной магнитной бури 22-23 июня 2015 г. Использованы данные, полученные в результате автоматической обработки 15-минутных ионограмм DPS-4 (Москва), данные спутника DMSP F16 и модель авроральных высыпаний. Показано, что во время главной фазы магнитной бури Москва находилась в районе высыпаний аврорального овала. Регистрируемые в это время параметры слоя F2 отличны от регистрируемых в предбуревой период и на фазе восстановления бури, когда Москва находится вне зоны авроральных высыпаний. Представлены зависимости параметров слоя F2 от индексов магнитной активности и динамического давления солнечного ветра в периоды различных фаз магнитной бури.