bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of microsatellite markers for Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae) and cross‐amplification in other related species
Authors: Zhou Hai‐Fei , Li Shan‐Shan , Ge Song
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite loci for the biomass crop Miscanthus sinensis to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of M. sinensis and its closely related species.

• Methods and Results: Fourteen microsatellite loci were identified from an enriched genomic library of M. sinensis and tested in one M. sinensis population. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 15, with a mean of 7.0. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.318 to 0.864 and from 0.424 to 0.901, respectively. Of them, 12 primers could be applied to three other species in Miscanthus (M. sacchariflorus, M. floridulus, and M. lutarioriparius).

• Conclusions: These markers will be important for further analyzing population genetics and evolutionary history, as well as facilitating molecular breeding of Miscanthus sinensis and its related species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in distylous Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Covarrubias Sara , Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez Carla , González Clementina , Ornelas Juan Francisco
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: Eighteen microsatellite loci of distylous Palicourea padifolia were isolated and characterized for population genetics studies.

• Methods and Results: Following a microsatellite enrichment protocol, 18 primer pairs amplified successfully, and the polymorphism of the loci was initially evaluated in 15 individuals from three populations in Mexico. Seven loci were polymorphic, and their variability was further assessed in 60 individuals from three populations. The total number of alleles per locus, combining samples from all populations, ranged from 7 to 12. Nei's genetic diversity average across loci was 0.681, 0.714, and 0.703 for El Riscal, Montebello, and Ruiz Cortínez, respectively. Palicourea padifolia individuals had one to four alleles, confirming the polyploidy of this species.

• Conclusions: These markers will facilitate genetic diversity studies of P. padifolia across its distribution range and facilitate investigations on the evolution of its breeding system.
Microsatellite markers for Butia eriospatha (Arecaceae), a vulnerable palm species from the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil
Authors: Nazareno Alison G. , Zucchi Maria I. , Reis Mauricio S. dos
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for the vulnerable palm species Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc. to investigate genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, mating system, and population dynamics.

• Methods and Results: From a genomic library enriched for GA/CA repeats, 14 sets of primers were isolated and characterized for 50 B. eriospatha samples from two populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6 (with amplified dinucleotide repeat‐based primers); the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.120 to 0.690, respectively. At least 86% of primers were also amplified for Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi, another threatened palm species from the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil.

• Conclusions: The new marker set described here will be useful for studies of population genetics of B. eriospatha, and they have been shown to be applicable for other species from the Butia genus.
Development of microsatellite markers in Capsella rubella and Capsella bursa‐pastoris (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Caullet Coraline M. L. , Pernin Fanny , Poncet Charles , Le Corre Valérie
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite markers to investigate genetic diversity within and among populations of Capsella rubella and Capsella bursa‐pastoris and between these two species.

• Methods and Results: Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified in the two species and one more polymorphic microsatellite locus only in C. rubella. Samples from different European localities were genotyped. Up to six alleles per locus were observed in C. rubella, and up to 22 alleles per locus in C. bursa‐pastoris. Observed heterozygosities were low, indicating high selfing rates, especially in C. rubella.

• Conclusions: The results provide valuable information on genetic diversity for future studies of population genetics in C. rubella and C. bursa‐pastoris.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Bothriochloa ischaemum (Poaceae)
Authors: Matakis Sarah , Overath R. Deborah , Kutil Brandi , Pepper Alan E. , Manhart James R.
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for Bothriochloa ischaemum to investigate the structure of invasive populations within Texas and determine the origin of introduction from within the native range.

• Methods and Results: We adapted the biotinylated nucleotide method of developing an enriched genomic library to isolate and characterize 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The number of alleles per locus (A) ranged from five to 18 (mean A = 10.45), expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.620 to 0.895 (mean HE = 0.785), and expected heterozygosity corrected for sample size (HEC) ranged from 0.635 to 0.909 (mean HEC = 0.799). The primers were also tested for amplification in Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium, Andropogon gerardii, Bothriochloa saccharoides, and Dichanthium annulatum.

• Conclusions: The use of microsatellite markers may assist in understanding the pattern of spread, determining the source of invasive populations, and developing biological control agents for invasive populations of Bothriochloa ischaemum.
Course Revision: From Unidirectional Knowledge to Dynamic Application
Authors: Phillippi Julia C. , Schorn Mavis N.
Published: June 2011

There is a proliferation of educational technologies. Many nursing faculty want to incorporate new methods but lack information on best practices. The authors describe the course revision of an onsite course to move all unidirectional content transmission to an online course environment, thereby freeing up onsite course time for concept application and interactive quizzes using a classroom response system. The course revision had positive student evaluations and improved test scores. Students enjoyed being able to watch lectures when they were prepared to concentrate and felt the application of the content to patient care encouraged knowledge retention and application. This revision demonstrates effective use of a variety of teaching modalities to enhance student learning.
Watershed mapping and monitoring for northern community impact assessment - Clyde River, Nunavut
Authors: Budkewitsch P , Prévost C , Pavlic G , Pregitzer M
Published: June 2011

This report highlights the Clyde River watershed assessment activity conducted by scientists from Natural Resources Canada. This activity included the use of high resolution satellite imagery, airphotos, and on-site field surveys to map the surrounding watershed
boundaries and lake depths.
This activity was also used as a technology transfer exercise, whereby local members of the community were trained to understand and use a set of tools and solutions for conducting small lake surveys and for collecting GPS locations.
This document is copyright of Natural Resources Canada and contains copyrighted material of Digital Globe Inc, the provider of the Quickbird high resolution satellite image shown in this report.
Digital computer files resulting from this project, and described in this document, are available for free and are grouped under the same publication file. The digital files comprise of:
- Vector files of the outlines of the two watersheds (ESRI shapefile.shp).
- Raster files illustrating the water depth model of each of the three lakes surveyed (Geotiff.tif)
- Vector files illustrating the depth contours (isobaths) of each of the three lakes surveyed (ESRI shapefile.shp).
- Tabular statistics featuring the water volume for each of the three lakes.
- Lake volume statistics stored as .kml files (Keyhole Markup Language) viewable on tools such as Google Earth.
- Vector files illustrating the depth contours of each of the three lakes stored as .img files compatible with Garmintm GPS map devices.
- A geocoded anaglyph product illustrating the surroundings of Clyde River. This digital and printed product is georeferenced and should be viewed with anaglyph red-blue glasses.
Possible objections to a philosophical approach to ancient Israelite religion: A critical refutation
Authors: Gericke Jacobus W.
Published: June 2011

There exists a certain consensus amongst biblical scholars that involving philosophy in the attempt to understand ancient Israelite religion is hermeneutically fallacious. A philosophical approach to ancient Yahwism is considered out of place, given the non-philosophical nature of the Hebrew Bible, the normative concerns of philosophy and the historical agenda of biblical scholarship. In this article, however, the author attempted to show why none of the traditional objections should be considered as devastating as they were once thought to be.
Oorsake van kerkkrimping binne die tradisioneel Afrikaanssprekende gereformeerde kerke in Suid-Afrika
Authors: De Klerk Ben J. , Van Helden Phia
Published: June 2011

The focus of this article was to pursue factors regarding the declining numbers in the traditional Afrikaans speaking reformed churches in South Africa. This intertwined phenomenon was studied according to theonome reciprocity as portrayed in the covenant and embedded in the Great Commission. The unstoppable drive of the Spirit is recognised in a levelling wave approximately every 500 years. It is also recognised in the wave where mainstream Christianity moves from the northern to the southern hemisphere, as well as cyclic movements typical to the Christian religion. Man�s involvement is categorised as factors that are difficult to measure, as well as factors that can be measured. Paradigms, as factors difficult to measure and contributing to the decline of churches, form the background to the manifestation of the measureable factors.
Almost Everywhere Convergence of Convolution Measures
Authors: Reinhold Karin , Savvopoulou Anna K. , Wedrychowicz Christopher M.
Published: June 2011

Let (X, ℬ, m, τ) be a dynamical system with (X, ℬ, m) a probability space and τ an invertible, measure preserving transformation. This paper deals with the almost everywhere convergence in L1(X) of a sequence of operators of weighted averages. Almost everywhere convergence follows once we obtain an appropriate maximal estimate and once we provide a dense class where convergence holds almost everywhere. The weights are given by convolution products of members of a sequence of probability measures {vi} defined on ℤ. We then exhibit cases of such averages where convergence fails.
NDACC/SAOZ UV-visible total ozone measurements: improved retrieval and comparison with correlative ground-based and satellite observations
Authors: Hendrick F. , Pommereau J.-P. , Goutail F. , Evans R. D. , Ionov D. , Pazmino A. , Kyrö E. , Held G. , Eriksen P. , Dorokhov V. , Gil M. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Accurate long-term monitoring of total ozone is one of the most important requirements for identifying possible natural or anthropogenic changes in the composition of the stratosphere. For this purpose, the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) UV-visible Working Group has made recommendations for improving and homogenizing the retrieval of total ozone columns from twilight zenith-sky visible spectrometers. These instruments, deployed all over the world in about 35 stations, allow measuring total ozone twice daily with limited sensitivity to stratospheric temperature and cloud cover. The NDACC recommendations address both the DOAS spectral parameters and the calculation of air mass factors (AMF) needed for the conversion of O3 slant column densities into vertical column amounts. The most important improvement is the use of O3 AMF look-up tables calculated using the TOMS V8 (TV8) O3 profile climatology, that allows accounting for the dependence of the O3 AMF on the seasonal and latitudinal variations of the O3 vertical distribution. To investigate their impact on the retrieved ozone columns, the recommendations have been applied to measurements from the NDACC/SAOZ (Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénithale) network. The revised SAOZ ozone data from eight stations deployed at all latitudes have been compared to TOMS, GOME-GDP4, SCIAMACHY-TOSOMI, SCIAMACHY-OL3, OMI-TOMS, and OMI-DOAS satellite overpass observations, as well as to those of collocated Dobson and Brewer instruments at Observatoire de Haute Provence (44° N, 5.5° E) and Sodankyla (67° N, 27° E), respectively. A significantly better agreement is obtained between SAOZ and correlative reference ground-based measurements after applying the new O3 AMFs. However, systematic seasonal differences between SAOZ and satellite instruments remain. These are shown to mainly originate from (i) a possible problem in the satellite retrieval algorithms in dealing with the temperature dependence of the ozone cross-sections in the UV and the solar zenith angle (SZA) dependence, (ii) zonal modulations and seasonal variations of tropospheric ozone columns not accounted for in the TV8 profile climatology, and (iii) uncertainty on the stratospheric ozone profiles at high latitude in the winter in the TV8 climatology. For those measurements mostly sensitive to stratospheric temperature like TOMS, OMI-TOMS, Dobson and Brewer, or to SZA like SCIAMACHY-TOSOMI, the application of temperature and SZA corrections results in the almost complete removal of the seasonal difference with SAOZ, improving significantly the consistency between all ground-based and satellite total ozone observations.
A numerical study of contributions to air pollution in Beijing during CAREBeijing-2006
Authors: Wu Q. Z. , Wang Z. F. , Gbaguidi A. , Gao C. , Li L. N. , Wang W.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. An online air pollutant tagged module has been developed in the Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS) to investigate the impact of local and regional sources on the air pollutants in Beijing during the Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing 2006 (CAREBeijing-2006). The NAQPMS model shows high performance in simulating sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) with overall better agreements with the observations at urban sites than rural areas. With the tagged module, the air pollutant contributions from local and regional sources to the surface layer (about 30 m) and the upper layer (about 1.1 km) in Beijing are differentiated and estimated. The air pollutants at the surface layer in Beijing are dominated by the contributions from local sources, accounting for 65 % of SO2, 75 % of PM10 and nearly 90 % of NO2, respectively, comparatively, the 1.1 km layer has large source contributions from the surrounding regions (e.g., southern Beijing), accounting for more than 50 % of the SO2 and PM10 concentrations. County scale analysis is also performed and the results suggest that Tianjin is the dominant source of SO2 in Pinggu County, and Langfang, Hebei is the most important regional contributor to PM10 in Beijing. Moreover, the surrounding regions show larger impact on SO2, PM10 and NO2 in the eastern counties of Beijing (e.g., Pinggu, Tongzhou and Daxing) than those in western Beijing, which is likely due to the Beijing's semi-basin topography and the summer monsoon. Our results indicate that the efforts to control the air pollutants in Beijing should focus on controlling both local and regional emissions.
Isoprene suppression of new particle formation in a mixed deciduous forest
Authors: Kanawade V. P. , Jobson B. T. , Guenther A. B. , Erupe M. E. , Pressley S. N. , Tripathi S. N. , Lee S.-H.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Production of new particles over forests is an important source of cloud condensation nuclei that can affect climate. While such particle formation events have been widely observed, their formation mechanisms over forests are poorly understood. Our observations made in a mixed deciduous forest with large isoprene emissions during the summer displayed a surprisingly rare occurrence of new particle formation (NPF). Typically, NPF events occur around noon but no NPF events were observed during the 5 weeks of measurements. The exceptions were two evening ultrafine particle events. During the day, sulfuric acid concentrations were in the 106 cm−3 range with very low preexisting aerosol particles, a favorable condition for NPF to occur even during the summer. The ratio of emitted isoprene carbon to monoterpene carbon at this site was similar to that in Amazon rainforests (ratio >10), where NPF events are also very rare, compared with a ratio <0.5 in Finland boreal forests, where NPF events are frequent. Our results suggest that large isoprene emissions can suppress NPF formation in forests although the underlying mechanism for the suppression is unclear. The two evening ultrafine particle events were associated with the transported anthropogenic sulfur plumes and ultrafine particles were likely formed via ion-induced nucleation. Changes in landcover and environmental conditions could modify the isoprene suppression of NPF in some forest regions resulting in a radiative forcing that could have influence on the climate.
Inverse modeling of CO2 sources and sinks using satellite observations of CO2 from TES and surface flask measurements
Authors: Nassar R. , Jones D. B. A. , Kulawik S. S. , Worden J. R. , Bowman K. W. , Andres R. J. , Suntharalingam P. , Chen J. M. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Schuck T. J. , Conway T. J. , Worthy D. E.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We infer CO2 surface fluxes using satellite observations of mid-tropospheric CO2 from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and measurements of CO2 from surface flasks in a time-independent inversion analysis based on the GEOS-Chem model. Using TES CO2 observations over oceans, spanning 40° S–40° N, we find that the horizontal and vertical coverage of the TES and flask data are complementary. This complementarity is demonstrated by combining the datasets in a joint inversion, which provides better constraints than from either dataset alone, when a posteriori CO2 distributions are evaluated against independent ship and aircraft CO2 data. In particular, the joint inversion offers improved constraints in the tropics where surface measurements are sparse, such as the tropical forests of South America. Aggregating the annual surface-to-atmosphere fluxes from the joint inversion for the year 2006 yields −1.13±0.21 Pg C for the global ocean, −2.77±0.20 Pg C for the global land biosphere and −3.90±0.29 Pg C for the total global natural flux (defined as the sum of all biospheric, oceanic, and biomass burning contributions but excluding CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion). These global ocean and global land fluxes are shown to be near the median of the broad range of values from other inversion results for 2006. To achieve these results, a bias in TES CO2 in the Southern Hemisphere was assessed and corrected using aircraft flask data, and we demonstrate that our results have low sensitivity to variations in the bias correction approach. Overall, this analysis suggests that future carbon data assimilation systems can benefit by integrating in situ and satellite observations of CO2 and that the vertical information provided by satellite observations of mid-tropospheric CO2 combined with measurements of surface CO2, provides an important additional constraint for flux inversions.
Interpreting elevated space-borne HCHO columns over the Mediterranean Sea using the OMI and SCIAMACHY sensors
Authors: Sabolis A. , Meskhidze N. , Curci G. , Palmer P. I. , Gantt B.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an oxidation product of a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and important atmospheric constituent found in both the polluted urban atmosphere and remote background sites. In this study, remotely sensed data of HCHO vertical column densities are analyzed over the Mediterranean Sea using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Data analysis indicates a marked seasonal cycle with a summer maximum and winter minimum confined to the marine environment during a three year period (2005–2007) examined. A possible retrieval artifact associated with Saharan dust transport over the region is explored by changing intensity of Saharan dust sources in GEOS-Chem following the recommendation of Generoso et al. (2008). Recalculated air mass factors (AMF), based on the new values of aerosol loadings, lead to a reduction of the summertime "hot spot" in OMI retrieval of HCHO columns over the Mediterranean Sea; however, even after the correction, enhanced values are still present in this region. To explain these values, marine biogenic sources of VOCs are examined. Calculations indicate that emissions of phytoplankton-produced isoprene and monoterpenes are not likely to explain the enhanced HCHO columns over the Mediterranean Sea. To further understand spatial and seasonal variation of HCHO over the Mediterranean Sea, OMI HCHO columns are compared to those of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) sensor. Unlike OMI retrievals, over the Mediterranean Sea SCIAMACHY HCHO columns did not reveal clear seasonality during the three years and the two sensors did not agree within their retrieval uncertainty. Overall, comparison of OMI and SCIAMACHY HCHO columns were inconclusive. Moreover, retrievals of HCHO columns over other water bodies showed that the two sensors agree reasonably well over the Equatorial Pacific region, Gulf of Mexico, and the North Sea, but do not show similar magnitudes or seasonal variations over oligotrophic water bodies such as Mediterranean Sea, Northwestern and Southern Pacific Oceans. Model simulations in conjunction with measurements studies may be required to fully explore the complex mechanism of HCHO formation over the Mediterranean and its implications for the air quality in the region.
Potential and limitations of the MAX-DOAS method to retrieve the vertical distribution of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide
Authors: Vlemmix T. , Piters A. J. M. , Berkhout A. J. C. , Gast L. F. L. , Wang P. , Levelt P. F.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Muliple Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments can measure from the ground the absorption by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) of scattered sunlight seen in multiple viewing directions. This paper studies the potential of this technique to derive the vertical distribution of NO2 in the troposphere. Such profile information is essential in validation studies in which MAX-DOAS retrievals play a role. The retrieval algorithm used is based on a pre-calculated look-up table and assumes homogeneous mixing of aerosols and NO2 in layers extending from the surface to a variable height. Two retrieval models are compared: one including and one excluding an elevated NO2 layer at a fixed altitude in the free troposphere. An ensemble technique is applied to derive retrieved model uncertainties. Sensitivity studies demonstrate that MAX-DOAS based retrievals can make a distinction between an NO2 layer that extends from the surface to a certain height (having a constant mixing ratio, or a mixing ratio that decreases with altitude) and an elevated NO2 layer. The height of the elevated NO2 layer can only be retrieved accurately when the aerosol extinction profile is known and the measurement noise is low. The uncertainty in this elevated NO2 layer height provides the main source of uncertainty in the retrieval of the free tropospheric contribution to the tropospheric NO2 column. A comparison was performed with independent data, based on observations done at the CINDI campaign, held in the Netherlands in 2009. Comparison with lidar partial tropospheric NO2 columns showed a correlation of 0.78, and an average difference of 0.1× 1015 molec cm−2. The diurnal evolution of the NO2 volume mixing ratio measured by in-situ monitors at the surface and averaged over five days with cloud-free mornings, compares quite well to the MAX-DOAS retrieval: a correlation was found of 0.8, and an average difference of 0.2 ppb.
Soil temperature response to 21st century global warming: the role of and some implications for peat carbon in thawing permafrost soils in North America
Authors: Wisser D. , Marchenko S. , Talbot J. , Treat C. , Frolking S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Northern peatlands contain a large terrestrial carbon pool that plays an important role in the Earth's carbon cycle. A considerable fraction of this carbon pool is currently in permafrost and is biogeochemically relatively inert; this will change with increasing soil temperatures as a result of climate warming in the 21st century. We use a geospatially explicit representation of peat areas and peat depth from a recently-compiled database and a geothermal model to estimate northern North America soil temperature responses to predicted changes in air temperature. We find that, despite a widespread decline in the areas classified as permafrost, soil temperatures in peatlands respond more slowly to increases in air temperature owing to the insulating properties of peat. We estimate that an additional 670 km3 of peat soils in North America, containing ~33 Pg C, could be seasonally thawed by the end of the century, representing ~20 % of the total peat volume in Alaska and Canada. Warming conditions result in a lengthening of the soil thaw period by ~40 days, averaged over the model domain. These changes have potentially important implications for the carbon balance of peat soils.
Semi-Lagrangian methods in air pollution models
Authors: Hansen A. B. , Brandt J. , Christensen J. H. , Kaas E.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Various semi-Lagrangian methods are tested with respect to advection in air pollution modeling. The aim is to find a method fulfilling as many of the desirable properties by Rasch andWilliamson (1990) and Machenhauer et al. (2008) as possible. The focus in this study is on accuracy and local mass conservation. The methods tested are, first, classical semi-Lagrangian cubic interpolation, see e.g. Durran (1999), second, semi-Lagrangian cubic cascade interpolation, by Nair et al. (2002), third, semi-Lagrangian cubic interpolation with the modified interpolation weights, Locally Mass Conserving Semi-Lagrangian (LMCSL), by Kaas (2008), and last, semi-Lagrangian cubic interpolation with a locally mass conserving monotonic filter by Kaas and Nielsen (2010). Semi-Lagrangian (SL) interpolation is a classical method for atmospheric modeling, cascade interpolation is more efficient computationally, modified interpolation weights assure mass conservation and the locally mass conserving monotonic filter imposes monotonicity. All schemes are tested with advection alone or with advection and chemistry together under both typical rural and urban conditions using different temporal and spatial resolution. The methods are compared with a current state-of-the-art scheme, Accurate Space Derivatives (ASD), see Frohn et al. (2002), presently used at the National Environmental Research Institute (NERI) in Denmark. To enable a consistent comparison only non-divergent flow configurations are tested. The test cases are based either on the traditional slotted cylinder or the rotating cone, where the schemes' ability to model both steep gradients and slopes are challenged. The tests showed that the locally mass conserving monotonic filter improved the results significantly for some of the test cases, however, not for all. It was found that the semi-Lagrangian schemes, in almost every case, were not able to outperform the current ASD scheme used in DEHM with respect to accuracy.
Trend analysis of extreme precipitation in the Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia with a case study of Debre Markos
Authors: Shang H. , Yan J. , Gebremichael M. , Ayalew S. M.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Understanding extreme precipitation is very important for Ethiopia, which is heavily dependent on low-productivity rainfed agriculture but lacks structural and non-structural water regulating and storage mechanisms. There has been an increasing concern about whether there is an increasing trend in extreme precipitation as the climate changes. Existing analysis of this region has been descriptive, without taking advantage of the advances in extreme value modeling. After reviewing the statistical methodology on extremes, this paper presents an analysis based on the generalized extreme value modeling with daily time series of precipitation records at Debre Markos in the Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia. We found no strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis that there is no increasing trend in extreme precipitation at this location.
Sand box experiments to evaluate the influence of subsurface temperature probe design on temperature based water flux calculation
Authors: Munz M. , Oswald S. E. , Schmidt C.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Quantification of subsurface water fluxes based on the one dimensional solution to the heat transport equation depends on the accuracy of measured subsurface temperatures. The influence of temperature probe setup on the accuracy of vertical water flux calculation was systematically evaluated in this experimental study. Four temperature probe setups were installed into a sand box experiment to measure temporal highly resolved vertical temperature profiles under controlled water fluxes in the range of ±1.3 m d−1. Pass band filtered time series provided amplitude and phase of the diurnal temperature signal varying with depth depending on water flux. Amplitude ratios of setups directly installed into the saturated sediment significantly varied with sand box hydraulic gradients. Amplitude ratios provided an accurate basis for the analytical calculation of water flow velocities, which matched measured flow velocities. Calculated flow velocities were sensitive to thermal properties of saturated sediment and to probe distance, but insensitive to thermal dispersivity equal to solute dispersivity. Amplitude ratios of temperature probe setups indirectly installed into piezometer pipes were influenced by thermal exchange processes within the pipes and significantly varied with water flux direction only. Temperature time lags of small probe distances of all setups were found to be insensitive to vertical water flux.
Catheter-Based Flow Measurements in Hemodialysis Fistulas - Bench Testing and Clinical Performance
Authors: Heerwagen Søren T. , Lönn Lars , Schroeder Torben V. , Ladefoged Søren D. , Hansen Marc A.
Published: June 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to perform bench and clinical testing of a catheter-based intravascular system capable of measuring blood flow in hemodialysis vascular accesses during endovascular procedures.

Methods

We tested the Transonic ReoCath Flow Catheter System which uses the thermodilution method. A simulated vascular access model was constructed for the bench test. In total, 1960 measurements were conducted and the results were used to determine the accuracy and precision of the catheters, the effects of external factors (e.g., catheter placement, injection duration), and to test for systematic bias. In the clinical study, two interventional radiologists conducted a total of 250 measurements in 14 patients with arteriovenous fistulas to determine clinical precision and enable testing for bias between measurers.

Results

Accuracy was excellent for both catheters with a high level of agreement between results from the ReoCath Flow Catheter System and the reference flowmeter. Clinical precision, expressed as the mean coefficient of variation, was 5.9% and 4.7% for the antegrade and retrograde catheters, respectively. Flow measurements were significantly affected by the distance between a stenosis and the tip of a retrograde catheter with the effect being proportional to the degree of stenosis. There was no systematic bias between measurers.

Conclusions

The Reocath Flow Catheter System was found to be accurate and precise. Reliable results require careful attention to catheter placement. Blood flow measurements provide unique information on the hemodynamic status of a vascular access and have the potential to optimize results of interventions.
Stevens–Johnson syndrome after lenalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma: a case report and a review of treatment options
Authors: Allegra Alessandro , Alonci Andrea , Penna Giuseppa , Russo Sabina , Gerace Demetrio , Greve Bruna , D'Angelo Arianna , Catena Sara , Musolino Caterina
Published: June 2011

Stevens‐ Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a severe and life‐threatening condition. Although allopurinol, an antihyperuricemia drug, is the drug most commonly associated with SJS, more than 100 different causative drugs have been reported. Among hematologic drugs recently introduced into the market, drugs such as rituximab, imatinib, and bortezomib are reported. Here, we describe a patient with SJS while receiving lenalidomide in combination with prednisolone for treatment‐naïve multiple myeloma. Although SJS has been reported rarely as an adverse reaction to Lenalidomide, this drug should be considered in the etiology of SJS, and the increased number of prescriptions of Lenalidomide for the therapy of multiple myeloma has to stress the awareness of its potentially serious side‐effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvation and complexation of carbenes – a perspective
Authors: Moss Robert A.
Published: June 2011

Complexes of several carbenes with aryl ethers are documented by laser flash photolysis with UV‐visible spectroscopic detection. The carbenes include methylchlorocarbene, benzylchlorocarbene, phenylchlorocarbene, p‐nitrophenylchlorocarbene, and dichlorocarbene, whereas the complexing ligands are anisole, various methylanisoles, dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6, dibenzofuran, 1,3‐dimethoxybenzene, and 1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzene. The carbene complexes are characterized both by spectroscopy and computation. Complexation retards the additions of the carbenes to olefins. The complexation of phenylchlorocarbene by 1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzene is shown to be an equilibrium process, and the pertinent thermodynamic parameters are obtained by experiment and computed from theory. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the incidence of the G143A mutation and cytb intron presence in the cytochrome bc‐1 gene conferring QoI resistance in Botrytis cinerea populations from several hosts
Authors: Samuel Stylianos , Papayiannis Lambros C , Leroch Michaela , Veloukas Thomas , Hahn Matthias , Karaoglanidis George S
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that resistance of Botrytis cinerea to QoI fungicides has been attributed to the G143A mutation in the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, while, in a part of the fungal population, an intron has been detected at codon 143 of the gene, preventing QoI resistance. During 2005–2009, 304 grey mould isolates were collected from strawberry, tomato, grape, kiwifruit, cucumber and apple in Greece and screened for resistance to pyraclostrobin and for the presence of the cytb intron, using a novel real‐time TaqMan PCR assay developed in the present study.

RESULTS: QoI‐resistant phenotypes existed only within the population collected from strawberries. All resistant isolates possessed the G143A mutation. Differences were observed in the genotypic structure of cytb. Individuals possessing the intron were found at high incidence in apple fruit and greenhouse‐grown tomato and cucumber populations, whereas in the strawberry population the intron frequency was lower. Cultivation of QoI‐resistant and QoI‐sensitive isolates for ten culture cycles on artificial nutrient medium in the presence or absence of fungicide selection showed that QoI resistance was stable.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest that a high risk for selection of QoI‐resistant strains exists in crops heavily treated with QoIs, in spite of the widespread occurrence of the cytb intron in B. cinerea populations. The developed real‐time TaqMan PCR constitutes a powerful tool to streamline detection of the mutation by reducing pre‐ and post‐amplification manipulations, and can be used for rapid screening and quantification of QoI resistance. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermal stability and electrical properties of Se90Ge10‐xInx amorphous alloys
Authors: Abo Ghazala M. S. , Aboelhasn E. , Amar A. H. , Gamel W.
Published: June 2011

Bulk glasses of Se90Ge10‐xInx(where x = 2, 4 and 6 at.%) were prepared using a conventional rapid quenching technique. The amorphous nature and the crystalline phases of the samples annealed at 393 K for 25 h were investigated using X‐ray diffraction. Calorimetric analysis of the bulk glassy samples has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) under non‐isothermal condition. It was found that these glasses exhibit double glass transitions and double‐stage crystallization transitions on heating. The glass transition temperature, Tg and the crystallization transformation temperature, Tc were found to be dependent on the composition and heating rates. The activation energy for glass transition (Eg) and that for crystallization (Ec) were evaluated using different empirical approaches and their composition dependence was discussed. The results revealed that the activation energy of crystallization, Ec increases with rising the In content. The electrical resisitivity of the prepared glasses was measured as a function of temperature and annealing time. It was found that the activation energy of conduction deduced from the temperature dependence of the resistivity increases with increasing the In content. On the other hand it was found that the activation energy of crystallization deduced from the annealing time dependence of the resistivety using Avrami's equation is compositional dependent. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman and DSC studies of fragility in tellurium‐zinc oxide glass formers
Authors: Stavrou Elissaios , Kripotou Sotiria , Raptis Constantine , Turrell Sylvia , Syassen Karl
Published: June 2011

Raman scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements have been carried out in four mixed (TeO2)1‐x(ZnO)x (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) glasses at high temperatures (Raman and DSC through the glass transition) and high pressures (Raman) with the aim of determining the fragility of these glass forming oxides. Four different criteria, corresponding to four parameters, were applied to assess the fragility of the glasses. From the DSC studies, we have obtained the fragility parameter m which corresponds to the slopes of Arrhenius (lnQ vs. 1/Tg, were Q is the heating rate) plots, and the glass transition width ΔTg. Also, from the low‐frequency Raman scattering, and in particular the boson peak intensity of the glasses at Tg, we have estimated the fragility ratio rR (Tg) = Imin/Imax whose value serves as another (empirical) fragility criterion. Finally, from high pressure Raman measurements on the glasses, we have estimated the Grüneisen parameter γT for each glass, which constitutes the fourth fragility parameter adopted in this work. Considering the four parameters ΔTg, m, r (Tg) and γT and the generally accepted (empirical) fragility criteria, we conclude that the mixed tellurium‐zinc oxides constitute strong‐to‐intermediate glass formers (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of temperature and frequency of dynamic loading in the viscoelastic properties of aluminium alloy 7075‐T6
Authors: Rojas Jose I. , Aguiar Albert , Crespo Daniel
Published: June 2011

The viscoelastic response of a material offers an alternative method for analyzing its microstructure, phase transformations and fatigue behaviour. In this work, the viscoelastic properties of commercial aluminium alloy (AA) 7075‐T6 are studied with a Dynamic‐Mechanical Analyzer (DMA), and results are combined with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data. In accordance with this analysis, we propose an analytical model for the storage modulus E ' as a function of temperature, frequency of the dynamic loading and the concentration of Guinier‐Preston Zones (GPZ). The latter parameter is obtained as a function of temperature after integration and fitting of the model. It is shown that the proposed model fits the experimental data for the storage modulus reasonably well in the prescribed region, and that this fact supports the hypothesis that the change in the storage modulus slope at about 130‐160 °C is due to GPZ decomposition. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Ba2+ ions on defect concentration in bismuth silicate glasses evidenced by FTIR and UV‐visible spectroscopy
Authors: Ahlawat Neetu , Agarwal Ashish , Sanghi Sujata , Ahlawat Navneet
Published: June 2011

Bismuth silicate glasses containing Ba2+ ions were prepared by a normal melt quench technique in a wide range of composition. The present study includes structural and optical characterization of these glasses by using the techniques of IR and UV‐visible spectroscopy. The variation in density and molar volume with Ba2+ ion concentration was related to structural changes occurring in the glass. The large difference in crystalline temperature (TC) and glass transition temperature (Tg) value shows the thermal stability of these glasses. Analysis of IR spectra shows the occurrence of broad and strong band around 456‐471 cm‐1, attributed to both Bi‐O‐ stretching vibrations in distorted linked [BiO6] units and bending vibrations of the silicate network. The shifting of center of the band around 800 ‐ 1100 cm‐1 with the increase in Ba2+ ions concentration in glass matrix suggests a decrease in Si‐O‐Si bond angle and causes glass network shrinkage which is also supported by observed decrease in molar volume. The analysis of optical absorption spectra of these glasses reveals that the position of absorption edge and cutoff wavelength shift towards blue as Ba2+ ion concentration increases in the glass composition. The variation in optical band gap energy (Eg) with change in glass composition may be attributed to the indirect influence of the Ba2+ ions on the band gap and can be evaluated from the Tauc's plots for indirect allowed and indirect forbidden transitions. The increase in optical band gap (Eg) from optical absorption analysis indicates that the glass network becomes more compact and degree of disorder decreases with increase of concentration of Ba2+ ions. The origin of Urbach's energy is associated with phonon‐assisted indirect transitions and its value varies with the random internal electric field either due to lack of long range order or presence of defects. From Urbach energy values, it was concluded that the defect concentration could be controlled by the presence of Ba2+ ions in the present glass system (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Research planning for the future of psychiatric diagnosis
Authors: Regier D.A. , Kuhl E.A. , Narrow W.E. , Kupfer D.J.
Published: June 2011

More than 10 years prior to the anticipated 2013 publication of DSM-5, processes were set in motion to assess the research and clinical issues that would best inform future diagnostic classification of mental disorders. These efforts intended to identify the clinical and research needs within various populations, examine the current state of the science to determine the empirical evidence for improving criteria within and across disorders, and stimulate research in areas that could potentially provide evidence for change. In the second phase of the revision process, the American Psychiatric Institute for Research and Education (APIRE) recently completed the 5-year international series of 13 diagnostic conferences convened by APA/APIRE in collaboration with the World Health Organization and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), under a cooperative grant funded by the NIH. From these conferences, the DSM-5 Task Force and Work Groups have developed plans for potential revisions for DSM-5, including the incorporation of dimensional approaches within and across diagnostic groups to clarify heterogeneity, improve diagnostic validity, and enhance clinical case conceptualization. Use of dimensions for measurement-based care has been shown to be feasible in psychiatric and primary care settings and may inform monitoring of disorder threshold, severity, and treatment outcomes. The integration of dimensions with diagnostic categories represents an exciting and potentially transformative approach for DSM-5 to simultaneously address DSM-IV's clinical short-comings and create novel pathways for research in neurobiology, genetics, and psychiatric epidemiology.
The effects of self‐brand connections on responses to brand failure: A new look at the consumer–brand relationship
Authors: Cheng Shirley Y.Y. , White Tiffany Barnett , Chaplin Lan Nguyen
Published: June 2011

We argue that consumers with high self‐brand connections (SBC) respond to negative brand information as they do to personal failure — they experience a threat to their positive self‐view. After viewing negative brand information, high (vs. low) SBC consumers reported lower state self‐esteem. Consumers with high SBC also maintained favorable brand evaluations despite negative brand information. However, when they completed an unrelated self‐affirmation task, they lowered their brand evaluations the same as low SBC consumers. This finding suggests that high SBC consumers' reluctance to lower brand evaluation might be driven by a motivation to protect the self rather than the brand.
The Sarkhoi Group in East Sayan: Neoproterozoic (~770–800 Ma) volcanic belt of the Andean type
Authors: Kuzmichev A.B. , Larionov A.N.
Published: June 2011

The Sarkhoi Group localized in the stratotype area is composed of various volcanics and volcanoclastics more than 4 km in total thickness. The volcanics of the lower part are greenschist facies altered rocks ranging from basalt to dacite, and those of the upper part are mainly rhyolitic ignimbrites. The composition, sequence, and facial features of these volcanics show their affinity to the active continental margin. This is confirmed by geochemical data evidencing the participation of the Early Precambrian continental crust in their formation. The U-Pb zircon dating (SHRIMP) of the Sarkhoi volcanics yielded the Neoproterozoic age of the ignimbrites (782 ± 11 Ma, concordant cluster N = 8). The tonalite-trondhjemites of the Sumsunur complex in the Gargan block are plutonic analogs of these volcanic rocks. Coeval granitoids were also revealed in other parts of the Tuva–Mongolian and Dzavhan massifs. The ~1500 km long Sarkhoi–Dzavhan volcanic belt is a fragment of the Neoproterozoic active continental margin separated from the continent. In the Middle Neoproterozoic, the geodynamic system also included the Oka accretionary prism joining the Sarkhoi continental margin and the Shishkhid island arc. Coeval analogs of the above structures are also reconstructed in the Yenisei Range and Baikal–Muya belt. This suggests that the Sarkhoi belt was initially localized along the margin of the Neoproterozoic Siberian continent. But the exotic origin of the Precambrian massifs in southern Siberia is not ruled out either.