bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypersensitivity and Allergy
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapter makes it painfully clear what the absence or failure of certain components of the immune system can mean in terms of human well-being. The immune system truly is a wall that stands between us and the world of microscopic agents of disease. The slightest crack, or missing stone, can spell disaster. So the possibility that this beautiful, elegant defense system could also cause harm was at first very difficult to accept. Some of the very earliest findings pointed in that direction, but were largely ignored.
The Licensing of NPs
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

Now that we have an account of why overt NPs in polysynthetic languages do not appear in argument position, we can address the converse question: Why do they appear in adjoined positions? On an intuitive level, the answer is obvious: NPs appear in adjoined positions because those are the only positions left, given the tacit assumption that all languages must be able to somehow make use of overt NPs. Although this answer is not tautological, it is extremely plausible. The question is an important one in the current context, however, because our purpose is to discover the basic parameters that characterize polysynthetic languages. We have seen that a parameter is required to force NPs out of argument positions. The question, then, is whether another parameter is necessary to welcome them into non argument positions. Such a parameter might be functionally related to the Polysynthetic Parameter, but it would not necessarily be formally related to it. Previous work on non configurationality within P& frameworks has devoted comparatively little attention to this question.1 Jelinek (1984), in particular, is somewhat vague on this point. She states that overt NPs in Warlpiri are “in apposition” to the clinic pronouns on the verbal auxiliary, drawing a comparison with English sentences such as (I).
Conclusion: On the Nature of Parameterization
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

This book has explored the idea that there is a class of languages in which the syntax differs from that of languages like English in one essential feature. The grammar of these languages includes the following statement, introduced in chapter 1.1Thus, if one thinks of the syntax of a language as a list of principles that determine the well-formedness of structures (“I-language” in the terms of Chomsky 1986b), then the syntax of polysynthetic languages is extremely similar to that of non polysynthetic languages. If, however, one thinks of the syntax of a language as the set of well-formed structures (Chomsky’s “E-language”), then the syntax of a polysynthetic language is very different. The reason is that (I) interacts with other principles of grammar to profoundly affect the range of structures permitted. Such a principle, which varies from language to language and has a fundamental impact on the character of the forms generated, I have called a “macroparameter.” That such macro parameters exist is my deepest theoretical claim in the present volume.
Chapter I
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

Mr. Elton was formerly a flourishing trader, or, in country phrase, a merchant, in the village of ——. In the early part of his life he had been successful in business; and having a due portion of that mean pride which is gratified by pecuniary superiority, he was careful to appear quite as rich as he was. When he was at the top of fortune’s wheel, some of his prying neighbours shrewdly suspected, that the show of his wealth was quite out of proportion to the reality; and their side glances and prophetic whispers betrayed their contempt of the offensive airs of the purse-proud man.
Chapter IV
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

“Robert Lloyd, having purchased the place of the late Mr. Elton, would be glad to engage Mary Hull to take charge of his family. Wages, and all other matters, shall be arranged to her satisfaction. He takes the liberty to send by the messenger, for Jane Elton, a work-box, dressing-glass, and a few other small articles, for which he has no use, and which, he hopes, she will do him the favour to retain, on account of the value they must have in her eyes.”
Chapter VII
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

Jane hoped for some favourable change in her condition, or some slight alleviation of it, from the visit of David Wilson, who had just arrived from college, to pass a six-weeks vacation with his family. At first, he seemed to admire his cousin; and partly to gratify a passing fancy, and partly from opposition to his mother and sisters, he treated her with particular attention. Jane was grateful, and returned his kindness with frankness and affection. But she was soon obliged, by the freedom of his manners to treat him with reserve. His pride was wounded, and he joined the family league against her. He was a headstrong youth of seventeen; his passions had been curbed by the authority of his mother, but never tamed; and now that he was beyond her reach, he was continually falling into some excess; almost always in disgrace at college, and never in favour.
Chapter XIII
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

As Jane entered Mrs. Harvey’s door she met her kind hostess just returning from a walk, her face flushed with recent pleasure. “Where upon earth have you been?” she exclaimed. “Ah! if you had gone with me, you would not have come home with such a wo-begone face. Not a word! Well—nothing for nothing is my rule, my dear; and so you need not expect to hear where I have been, and what superb papers have come from New-York, for the front rooms; and beautiful china, and chairs, and carpets, and a fine work-table, for an industrious little lady, that shall be nameless; all quite too grand for a sullen, silent, deaf and dumb school-mistress.”
Chapter XV
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

David Wilson, not long after the affair of the robbery of his mother’s desk, went to New-York, in order to see his comrades, who were imprisoned there, and, if possible, to abate their demands on his purse. He succeeded in doing this; but having fallen in (attracted doubtless by natural affinities) with other companions as wicked, and more desperate, he soon spent in that city, which affords remarkable facilities for ridding men of their money, all that remained of the five hundred dollars.
Texture
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert
Published: November 2023

The term TEXTURE refers to the relative density or thickness (as opposed to sparseness or thinness) of a piece. Horizontal or linear density involves how frequently notes or rhythms occur, whether sounds are separated or adjacent, and how far apart pitches are from one another; vertical density involves how many notes are sounding at the same time, including how many different pitches occur simultaneously. We begin by examining textural “norms” in Lieder, both within the vocal line and in the more complex accompaniment. We then explore textural variations, those given or hinted at by the composer and those which result from a performer’s personal decision. Certain textures are used to illuminate the drama of the text, and attention to textural concerns helps the performer to convey the nuances of the poetry. For example, a singer might approach two songs by Brahms very differently. “Vergebliches Standchen” might be sung with a slender, flexible sound, or vocal color, to convey more precisely the dialogue between the conflicted lovers, while “Sapphische Ode” might be sung with great richness and thickness of tone as a means of conveying that poem’s emotional intensity. A pianist, meanwhile, might decide to play Schubert’s “Standchen” with little or no pedal, but pedal heavily in Schubert’s “Die Krahe,” the variation in pedal effect conveying, once again, different aspects of the poetry. Each decision about tone or sound density adds an interpretive nuance to the vocal line or the accompaniment, which in tum contributes to the com poser’s expression of the poetic text.
Temporality
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert
Published: November 2023

Our examination of TEMPORALITY explores how long things last, both the lengths of notes and their relative durations as suggested by notation, and the speed at which something is performed, as determined by consideration of TEMPO. In both cases, the composer’s indications may be either straight forward and precise or vague and open to interpretation. We will also consider those Lieder that involve significant changes in temporality, where the composer alters a musical pace in response to shifts in poetic progression. This chapter begins a discussion of temporality that continues in Chapters Five and Eight; together the three chapters provide performers with all the tools necessary to understand how music is organized and shaped in order to flow a particular way through time.’Composers indicate their concept of a song’s pacing and timing through notation and tempo indications. This topic is difficult at best; while performers can guide their tempo choices by notational conventions, such as the time signature, the notation of an underlying pulse, adherence to rhythmic and metric norms, and use of phrase slurs, these factors do not ensure understanding of the composer’s full temporal intent. In addition, two other factors of performance practice influence musical pace: first, per formers choose a slower or faster tempo according to their own interpretation of a composer’s general tempo indication, and second, performers use a certain amount of RUBATO, where some notes are held a fraction longer than others, as an essential interpretive agent in most nineteenth-century music.
Elements of Interpretation
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses upon those musical elements that help shape the musical expressivity of Lieder: the composer’s use of dynamics, timbre, register, and techniques of stress and emphasis that the performer must interpret during performance preparation and convey with conviction during actual performance. In addition to the elements of musical sound mentioned already, this unit also explores the performer’s need to consider the concept of persona, the understanding of whose “voice” is being expressed within a given musical line or section. In all these areas, the interpretations and decisions are based first and foremost upon understanding the poetic text and how the composer is conveying that text in musical sound.While composers often give specific instructions to performers as to how loud or soft their music should be, there are almost limitless shadings of “forte” and “piano,” depending on range, texture, and individual abilities. As a consequence, the broad range of variables in choosing dynamics remains in the hands and voices of the performers themselves. We examine some of these variables in several Lieder, beginning with Schubert’s famous “Gretchen am Spinnrade.”
Harmony and Tonality
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes what Lied performers need to know about harmony and tonality to perform well some of their most important tasks: sight reading new repertory, learning new pieces thoroughly, and participating in actual performances. You have probably learned some of the material in harmony classes, but you may find new ideas and ways of thinking in familiar territory. In addition, some of the later sections on “Directional Tonality” and “Implicit Tonality” will probably cover musical structures you have never encountered or considered in the way we suggest. Harmony is the substance of musical flow in common-practice music, and tonal structure is the basis of form and coherence. Thus this chapter explains the musical foundation of the German Lied, its building blocks and its architecture.
Melody and Motive
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers some general guidelines and analytical procedures for understanding how melody works within Lieder. The melodic component of a Lied is extremely complex, and we suggest three analytical approaches that demonstrate different aspects of melodic design: First, the Melodic Overview helps identify· the poetic and harmonic context for the melody and determines general characteristics of melodic construction and design; second, Linear Analysis demonstrates important elements of the underlying melodic structure; and third, Motivic Analysis identifies the repetition of small melodic ideas that creates melodic coherence. While each approach will be shown separately, performers will want to combine them all when preparing a Lied for performance. The song we chose to demonstrate these analytical procedures is one well known for its beautiful melody: Schubert’s strophic setting of “Litanei.”
Introduction: Breaking Bounds
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

One of the most controversial dimensions of this volume is certain to be the picture on the cover, a nude photograph of an old man taken by Thomas Eakins that bears a striking resemblance to Walt Whitman. Discovered by Ed Folsom in an exhibition catalog of previously unpublished photographs by Eakins (Photographer Thomas Eakins 33), the picture is part of a sequence of seven nude photographs, taken sometime in the 1880s, showing frontal, side, and posterior shots (Fig. I.I). Although we are unaccustomed to seeing our major American writers in the flesh, given Whitman’s words at the outset of the long opening poem of the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass-”! will go to the bank by the wood and become undisguised and naked” (LG 1855: 25)-and the interest that Whitman and Eakins shared over many years in the glories of the undraped body, the existence of a nude photograph of Whitman taken by Eakins should come as no surprise. Indeed, rumors of the existence of such a photograph or painting have circulated for many years. Taken sometime after Herbert Gilchrist made sketches of Whitman sunbathing in the nude at Timber Creek in 1878 (Fig. 1.2) and sometime before Eakins began painting his well-known “Rabelaisian” portrait of Whitman in 1887 (Fig. 10.8), the “old man” appears to be part of “the naked series,” a series of photographic studies of male and female nude bodies that Eakins made at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts between 1882 and 1886.
Whitman and Problems of the Vernacular
Authors: Arac Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Let me start well within bounds, with a commonplace. Someone eager to learn about the author of Leaves of Grass could turn to recent works of good repute and find that Whitman is notable for his use of “the American vernacular” (Loving 453), that he was “the first genuine master of the American vernacular” (Zweig 182). But what is meant by this laudatory description? How did this term vernacular come to occupy a key place in discussions of Whitman? What is the value of maintaining it? The term was not part of nineteenth-century discussions of what Cmiel (1991) calls “popular language” in the United States, nor does it figure in the pathbreaking discussion of Whitman’s language in F. 0. Matthiessen’s American Renaissance (1941). So far as I can tell, the term begins to play its current role in the early postwar period, functioning among the founding premises for the institutionalization of literary American Studies. The specific premise is that Whitman, together with Mark Twain, inaugurated what Henry Nash Smith in the 1948 Literary History of the United States called, in praise, “the intrusion of the vernacular into consciously literary usage” (650). A decade later, Leo Marx developed this claim in “The Vernacular Tradition in American Literature,” which as late as 1988 Marx placed first in the warmly-reviewed volume of his collected essays.
“For America-For All the Earth”: Walt Whitman as an International(ist) Poet
Authors: Grünzweig Walter
Published: November 2023

Walt Whitman’s international reputation was carefully mapped out by the author himself. He saw his work as standing in an international context and himself as an international poet and cultural figure. Thereby he broke, from an American as well as a European point of view, yet another bound: that of the national--and at times nationalistic-bias frequently informing literature and the construction of the literary canon. Although Whitman is frequently said to be the first American poet, his work simultaneously reaches beyond the very national literary boundaries he himself is credited with having established. In a programmatic statement on “Poetry To-day in America,” he explained his wish to bind nations closer together through poetry: “I would inaugurate from America, for this purpose, new formulas-international poems. . . . I have thought that both in patriotism and song . . . we have adhered too long to petty limits, and that the time has come to enfold the world” (PW 2: 484). Thus, at a time when the definition of a nationally independent American literature was still new and far from being universally accepted, Whitman, through his poetry, wanted to push beyond the “petty limits” of a national literature.
Admitting the Holocaust
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

In the face of the Holocaust, writes Lawrence L. Langer, our age clings to the stable relics of faded eras, as if ideas like natural innocence, innate dignity, the inviolable spirit, and the triumph of art over reality were immured in some kind of immortal shrine, immune to the ravages of history and time. But these ideas have been ravaged, and in Admitting the Holocaust. Langer presents a series of essays that represent his effort, over nearly a decade, to wrestle with this rupture in human values—and to see the Holocaust as it really was. His vision is necessarily dark, but he does not see the Holocaust as a warrant for futility, or as a witness to the death of hope. It is a summons to reconsider our values and rethink what it means to be a human being. These penetrating and often gripping essays cover a wide range of issues, from the Holocaust's relation to time and memory, to its portrayal in literature, to its use and abuse by culture, to its role in reshaping our sense of history’s legacy. In many, Langer examines the ways in which accounts of the Holocaust—in history, literature, film, and theology—have extended, and sometimes limited, our insight into an event that is often said to defy understanding itself. He singles out Cynthia Ozick as one of the few American writers who can meet the challenge of imagining mass murder without flinching and who can distinguish between myth and truth. On the other hand, he finds Bernard Malamud’s literary treatment of the Holocaust never entirely successful (it seems to have been a threat to Malamud’s vision of man’s basic dignity) and he argues that William Styron’s portrayal of the commandant of Auschwitz in Sophie’s Choice pushed Nazi violence to the periphery of the novel, where it disturbed neither the author nor his readers. He is especially acute in his discussion of the language used to describe the Holocaust, arguing that much of it is used to console rather than to confront. He notes that when we speak of the survivor instead of the victim, of martyrdom instead of murder, regard being gassed as dying with dignity, or evoke the redemptive rather than grevious power of memory, we draw on an arsenal of words that tends to build verbal fences between what we are mentally willing—or able—to face and the harrowing reality of the camps and ghettos. A respected Holocaust scholar and author of Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory, winner of the 1991 National Book Critics Circle Award for criticism, Langer offers a view of this catastrophe that is candid and disturbing, and yet hopeful in its belief that the testimony of witnesses—in diaries, journals, memoirs, and on videotape—and the unflinching imagination of literary artists can still offer us access to one of the darkest episodes in the twentieth century.
Memory’s Time: Chronology and Duration in Holocaust Testimonies
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

If we are to trust the titles, memory itself is not neutral. Between Memory and Hope implies one agenda; The Ruins of Memory, another. One tries to edify; the other, to plunge us without life preservers into the maelstrom of the disaster. In the end, unlike Dante, the pilgrim of the Holocaust must learn to mistrust all guides, whether they lead us toward closure or not. Unlike history, memory can be a very private adventure, and when the Holocaust is its object, it can be a threatening one. Virgil could lead Dante through an Inferno ruled by external order: the consolations of Paradise lighten for the reader the harrowing experience of Hell.
Beyond Theodicy: Jewish Victims and the Holocaust
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

The situations of Job and of Jesus have created a pattern for thinking about suffering that continues to inspire the human imagination up to the present time. Two of the most famous lines from the Gospels, spoken at Jesus’s moment of ultimate agony-”My God, my God, why hast thou for saken me?” and “Forgive them, Father, they know not what they do”-are addressed to a divinity in whose existence the speaker has total faith. The momentary despair of the first query and the compassion of the second comment leave faith in divine power and love intact, even while admitting the human limited ability to understand their operation.
A Tainted Legacy: Remembering the Warsaw Ghetto
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

Does Holocaust “remembrance” have redemptive power? Although this assumption has nurtured an extensive commentary on the Holocaust, it is at odds, linguistically and ultimately factually, with the reality of the survivors’ memory. In framing the Holocaust through the lens of heroic rhetoric, Holocaust chroniclers exhibit their own discomfort with the facts left to us by Holocaust victims, dead and alive, and reveal the inadequacy of our language in the face of what there is to tell.
Cultural Resistance to Genocide
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

The expression “cultural resistance to genocide” consoles us even before we attempt to understand its implications. “Genocide,” a term coined in 1944 to describe the physical destruction of European Jewry by the Nazis in World War II, threatens to engulf us with the finality of its achievement: nearly 6 million Jewish victims, with more in the offing, had not Hitler’s defeat ended the carnage. “Resistance to genocide,” as both concept and fact, restores a measure of dignity to the victim (and bestows crucial psychological satisfaction on us as retrospective spectators of the event).
Fictional Facts and Factual Fictions: History in Holocaust Literature
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

I call this essay fictional facts and factual fictions in order to suggest a symbiotic kinship between actual and imaginative truth in the literature of the Holocaust. One of the ‘ . many tasks of Holocaust criticism is to clarify the complex bond, in the minds of both author and audience, linking the oppressions of history to the impressers of art. Normally, the artist is free, and indeed expected, to manipulate reality in any way his vision sees fit. The imagination seizes experience, drops it into its crucible, allows it to ferment, and offers the results to a tolerant and often eager public.
Myth and Truth in Cynthia Ozick’s “The Shawl” and “Rosa”
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

The tension between the Holocaust as a chaotic event and our need to find a form that makes it manageable to our imagination continues to hound us, as language veers between truth and myth in its efforts to extract from history a meaning that may not in fact be there.
Malamud’s Jews and the Holocaust Experience
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

How much of world literature, from Job and Oedipus through Tolstoy and Dostoevsky to Saul Bellow and Bernard Malamud, embraces the principle that suffering kindles a moral advantage, an inner discipline, a spiritual strength? The capacity to suffer, with its accompanying cleansing and sanctifying of consciousness, distinguishes us from the beasts. It makes us more human. It helps us-theoretically, as lighted by the prism of literature-to bear with dignity the burdens of living and dying. Despite the formulaic tone of these sentiments, they have served the literary imagination as irreducible havens of the human in the midst of the unfolding and expanding oppressions and atrocities of history, especially in our own time. Even a resolute secularist like Camus embraced the disciplinary value of suffering.
What More Can Be Said About the Holocaust?
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

I can hardly remember a Holocaust conference I’ve attended during the past decade where someone hasn’t echoed George Santayana’s solemn platitude that those who ig‘nore the past are doomed to repeat it. The so-called ethnic “ cleansing in Yugoslavia is only one of a dozen episodes in recent years to prove that Santayana’s maxim is nothing more than a piece of rhetorical excess-yet we continue to use it as if it played a vital role in defining the meaning of atrocity in our time. Indeed, it could be argued about the violence in Bosnia that the contending forces not only have not ignored the past of the Holocaust, but have paid careful attention to it in order to learn more about how to dehumanize their enemy in the name of some purifying ideology.
With Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

What role, does sexual pleasure play in our lives? Is the pursuit of sexual enjoyment in our blood? Our brains? Our very nature? Challenging everything from the mandates of the Catholic Church to the current debates about pornography, and from the controversy surrounding gay rights to issues of gender and feminism, With Pleasure explores a new theory of human sexuality that ignites many of the most explosive topics in the public domain. Supported by rigorous research, With Pleasure argues that human sexuality cannot be understood if its significance is limited to reproduction alone. Its central thesis is that in humans reproduction itself occurs as a byproduct of pleasure - not the other way around - and that it is the strong drive for pleasure that makes people overcome many obstacles and even life-threatening dangers (such as AIDS) to have sex. The authors present sexual pleasure as a unifying phenomenon to account for the enormous variety of meanings, practices, and functions of sexuality.
“Reminders of the Dignified Life of Our Forefathers”
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

“Authenticity” and “continuity” were words frequently mentioned by preservationists not simply to define the desired qualities of historic sites but implicitly to show their dissatisfaction with modernity. As a result, Appleton and his colleagues wanted to develop museums that would il lustrate the early lives of Yankees and show their relevance to modern New England. While SPNEA principally focused on preserving threatened buildings, it also worked to recreate the earlier environment by establishing an arts-and-crafts museum, developing period rooms, and building a folk park such as Skansen. Ironically, these efforts were both helped and hampered by a newer interest in antiques. More Americans were indeed finding solace in an imagined past through its material vestiges, but as art museums, speculators, and homeowners increasingly absorbed the nostalgia of the Colonial Revival, they began to ransack old buildings. By the 1920s preservation was readjusting to the contours of consumerism. What pushed SPNEA into the museum movement was the realization that there were glaring holes in the historical picture. For too long scholars had almost solely relied on the written records of once-famous Yankee men, thus slighting the more numerous settlers who left little or no written record. That omission was aggravated by the fact that many antiquaries, nurtured by a heady brew of Victorian domesticity, were interested in early home life.
The Nature of a Popular Front
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

Hendrik de Man was crucially aware of the necessity to win allies to the working class-based socialist ideal. Yet, contrary to received revisionist wisdom, the Flemish social democrat refused to link this search for a broader social base to a softening of the social agenda of the multiclass movement he hoped to construct. Essentially, de Man pursued a pragmatic approach, with strategies and tactics changing in accord with the overall political conjuncture. In times of relative social peace, “in order to envisage an alliance with the middle classes, or propaganda among the midddle classes, one needed to pour water into our wine,” meaning that socialists would have done well to tone down their social message; “today, when we are dealing with revolutionized [revolutionnees] middle classes, even if they are not yet revolutionaries, we need to add wine to our water, if we want to win them over!” In the concrete circumstances of the 1930s, the Flemish social democrat banked on the inbuilt dynamic of a forward-looking, radical approach when attempting to win “the middle classes” to the side of the socialist movement. In fact, de Man refused to see a differ ence between social democratic alliance politics regarding nonproletarian strata and the question of the proletarian united front: “This opposition which some would like to establish between, on the one hand, unity of the working class and, on the other hand, the alliance with the middle class is a false opposition. The truth is that the conditions for a rallying of proletarian forces are exactly the same as those for the rallying of proletarian and nonproletarian anticapitalist forces.” The way out of the seeming impasse of the Left appeared to lie, then, in the simultaneous attempt to unify the splintered working-class constituency and to draw the disaffected elements of the “old” and “new” middle classes into the forward motion of a rejuvenated, radicalized social democracy. The way to gain petit-bourgeois support, for de Man, seemed to lie in the installment of hope and the resurrection of an optimistic perspective. And this, so he argued, could only be achieved by the promotion of a fundamental break with the prevailing social order. United front politics was held to be the answer to the threat of social and political dislocation.
Last Thoughts First
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Some years after I had moved away from New York City and left my performing activities behind, I learned that a fable lived on there about a self-serving choir director who used to give dreadfully un-authentic performances of Renaissance music and who, when this was pointed out to him, resolved not to reform but instead to wreck the whole idea of authenticity. “And that,” the fable concludes, “is why we can no longer use the word.” That is flattering, but not what I remember. What I remember is that in 1981 I was asked by Professor D. Kern Holoman on behalf of the American Musicological Society to participate in a panel at that year’s national meeting to be called ‘‘The Musicologist Today and in the Future,” in which a group of “younger” spokesmen for the profession would assess prospects for music scholarship from various “applied” perspectives.
The Limits of Authenticity: A Contribution
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

I was struck, recently, to read what Sylvia Townsend Warner told Vaughan Williams when he asked her, “a little sternly,” why she had given up composing for a literary career. ‘‘I didn’t do it authentically enough,” she explained, “whereas when I turned to writing I never had adoubt as to what I meant to say.” Here, though very casually put, was an exigent conception of authenticity indeed- one with a long, illustrious history, but very much with us still in many areas of life. Woody Allen, for example, in one of his covertly moralizing comedies, observes (in character) that when one is confronting death, one’s life all at once assumes an authenticity it might have lacked before. His obvious meaning-that one’s values and priorities take on a previously unacknowledged and compelling clarity-strikes a responsive chord in each of us, whether or not we know that we have been given a satirical crash course in existentialism.
The Pastness of the Present and the Presence of the Past
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Do we really want to talk about “authenticity”any more? I had hoped a consensus was forming that to use the word in connection with the performance of music-and especially to define a particular style, manner, or philosophy of performance-is neither description nor critique, but commercial propaganda, the stock-in-trade of press agents and promoters. I note with some satisfaction that John Spitzer’s entry under “authenticity” in the New Harvard Dictionary of Music does not even mention performance.1 It deals, rather, with “the nature of the link between a composer and a work that bears his or her name,” that is, with texts and transmission, the traditional and proper domain of scholarly authentication.
The New Antiquity
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

For raising questions like these over the last several years, I seem to have acquired the reputation of a renegade among those in the movement for whom answers must be simple. Since I was among the first to question the No. 1 assumption on which the movement has based its claims—viz., that it is one of historical reconstruction and that therein lies its value—I am forever being chided for holding the simple-minded view that only complete and certain knowledge is knowledge at all, and that therefore research into performance practice is futile. It is true that I have been eager to call attention to the inevitability of “gaps between the facts,“ and hence to the necessity for creative guesswork in any attempt at reconstruction, to the point where the word reconstruction is put into question.
Report from Lincoln Center: The International Josquin FestivalConference, 21-25 June 1971
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Now that the International Josquin Festival-Conference has joined its protagonist in history, one is almost at a loss to fix on paper an adequate sense of the experience-engrossing, enlightening, exhausting, and ultimately ecstatic-which the participants and spectators underwent in the course of five days’ total immersion in Josquiniana. The quality of the research papers and musical performances maintained a standard high enough to make the effort of sustained concentration a burden gladly borne. Moreover, the conference was provocative and challenging to the point of controversy, with constant discussion and argument filling the hours between sessions and concerts-making plain the ultimate wisdom of the decision to limit stringently participation from the floor. In his keynote address, Friedrich Blume summarized the state of Josquin research and called particular attention to lacunae in the composer’s biography and to the need for a more certain establishment of authenticity and chronology in his works. Gratifyingly, many of the best papers addressed themselves to these problems. Among those dealing with biography, Edward Lowinsky, the festival’s indefatigable director, gave a spectacular demonstration of the inspired speculation for which he is famous, in “Ascanio Sforza’s Life: A Key to Josquin’s Biography and an Aid to the Chronology of His Works.”
The Price of Literacy, or, Why We Need Musicology
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

The performances on this record are beautifully sung, with impeccable intonation and ravishing (if a bit too consistently mezza voce) production; and they are beautifully recorded. It’s not enough. Monteverdi’s second book of madrigals (1590), “restless and heterogeneous,” as Alfred Einstein aptly called it, contains some of his best works in the genre: Ecco mormorar l’onde, one of the great nature descriptions in music; the hotly erotic Non si levav’ancor at the beginning of the book; the grandly motetlike Cantai un tempo at the end. Unlike most of the other books, it seems for some reason never to have been recorded in its entirety. It would have been here except that three of the pieces (Tutte le bocche belle in questo nero volta, Dolcemente).
High, Sweet, and Loud
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Can it really be ten years since Christopher Page first proposed what seemed the unbelievable notion that ‘1ate medieval” (i.e., fourteenthand fifteenth-century) part songs (chansons, in the strictly construed musicological sense) were (hence are to be) performed by voices unassisted by instruments? It seems only yesterday, but there it is in the October 1977 Early Music, that innocuous little translation with commentary of a passage in a treatise of 1392 by the rhetoriqueur Eustache Deschamps, who, it was claimed, was the nephew and pupil of Guillaume de Machaut. Page’s explication of the obscure phrase”la triplicite des voix pour Jes teneurs et contreteneurs” suggested that the untexted tenors and contratenors of courtly chansons were to be vocalized, and that this—though perhaps not the only way such songs might or could have been performed—was at the time considered the best way of doing so, since Deschamps speaks in the same sentence of “ la perfection dudit chant. ”
Conclusion
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

I have argued that in this bicultural situation ethnicity is largely achieved rather than ascribed. That is, while individuals have concepts of “being Yup'ik” and “being non-Native”, the locally important aspects of these identities consist in how and in what manner one fits within that identity. Ethnicity per se is less important than how one’s actions and discourse situate one within that bicultural continuum. This view results from two related sources.
Design and Analysis of Studies in Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Deddens James A
Published: November 2023

Basic study designs and analytic methods are covered in all textbooks of epidemiology, and we will not trod through this familiar terrain again. Rather this chapter focuses on three areas of study design and analysis that are uniquely important in environmental epidemiology: ecologic studies, cluster analysis, and errors in measuring (or classifying) exposure.
Water: Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Infectious Agents
Authors: Savitz David A , Moe Christine L
Published: November 2023

Epidemiologic studies of drinking water have traditionally been divided into two main classes, those of infectious agents and those of chemical contaminants, such as chlorination by-products and pesticides. The concern in the first instance has usually been with epidemics of infectious disease; in the latter it has most often been cancer. Although these two key areas of investigation appear quite distinct, this chapter will demonstrate that the methods to address them are more closely linked than might have been expected.
EnvironmentalTobacco Smoke Ill: Heart Disease
Authors: Steenland Kyle
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the evidence linking heart disease to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Heart disease is not soften regarded as being associated with ETS, compared with lung cancer and childhood respiratory disease. Yet there is an increasing body of epidemiologic evidence for a causal .association between ETS and heart disease.
Mental Health Consequences of Disasters
Authors: Gerrity Ellen T , Flynn Brian W
Published: November 2023

The mental health consequences of exposure to a natural or technological disaster have not been fully addressed by those in the field of disaster preparedness or service delivery. Although the effects of exposure to trauma and disaster are viewed with various degrees of horror, sympathy, and fear by the general population and the media, a pervasive societal belief continues to exist that money can heal any psychological wounds resulting from the trauma and loss that disaster victims experience. When the wounds do not heal quickly, the phenomenon of blaming the victim can emerge. In this phenomenon, the victim’s situation is viewed as unique or rare or is tied to personal characteristics or responsibility, and thus, is not deserving of large-scale or long-term support from society. This phenomenon, based in large part on fear of their own potential victimization, allows people who did not experience the disaster to view both the disaster and the victim’s reactions as aberrations that are somehow individually caused, and thus separated from and unrelated to normal life.
Is Rape Sex or Violence? Conceptual Issues and Implications
Authors: Muehlenhard Charlene L , Danoff-Burg Sharon , Powch Irene G
Published: November 2023

The above debate regarding the Violence Against Women Act of 1993 focused on how rape is to be conceptualized: Is rape sex, motivated by lust, or is rape violence? This question has emerged in numerous contexts, including political, scientific, clinical, and interpersonal context.

A simplistic answer to the question–Is rape sex or violence?–would be that nonfeminists view rape as sex, whereas feminists view rape as violence.
Sexual Conflict: Evolutionary Insights into Feminism and the “Battle of the Sexes”
Authors: Buss David M
Published: November 2023

Sex, power, conflict, coercion, control, manipulation–these are all strong words that evoke powerful emotions. Why is sex so often linked with these other words? This chapter starts with two fundamental assertions. First, much conflict between the sexes is about sex (Symons, 1979). Second, conflicts about power often center on sexuality and control over sexual access. In this chapter, I argue that evolutionary psychology affords critical insights into the nature and operation of conflicts between the sexes generally, and particular aspects of feminist positions more specifically.
Social Work and Criminal Justice Responses to Elder Abuse in New York City
Authors: Brownell Patricia
Published: November 2023

Although it is not always as horrifying or dramatic as this example from a police report, elder abuse is an social problem of increasing concern to gerontologists and others in the helping professions. The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Aging issued a report in 1990, Elder Abuse: A Decade of Shame and Inaction, which included the finding that one of every twenty older Americans, or more than 1.5 million people, may be victims of elder abuse. The report also stated that elder abuse is far less likely to be reported than child abuse: Whereas one of every three child abuse cases is reported, only one of eight cases of elder abuse cases is reported.

There is cause for concern for a number of reasons. First is the pain, risk, and danger to which abused elders are exposed. In addition, demographic studies point to the increasing number of aged people in our society, a phenomenon known as the graying of America (Gilford, 1988). Even if the proportion of abused elders in the population (currently estimated at between 3 and 12 percent of the elderly) remained constant, the sheer numbers can be expected to increase.
Children of Battered Women: Research, Programs, and Services
Authors: Carlson Bonnie E
Published: November 2023

As awareness of the prevalence and impact of domestic violence has grown, professional attention has shifted from the affected adults to the children who are exposed to abuse between their parents. During the 1980s, research on such children proliferated so that we now have enough information to begin to understand the impact on children of observing interparental violence.

Since the early 1980s, research on the impact on children of witnessing violence or abuse between their parents has grown in both quantity and quality. More controlled studies have compared children who have witnessed abuse with matched control or contrast group children who have not witnessed abuse. In addition, controls have been introduced for several factors, including age, gender, the effects of maternal stress, and the effects of also being the victim of physical abuse by a parent. Increasingly, these factors have been conceptualized as mediating variables that can amplify or buffer the impact of abuse. The findings of these research studies are summarized in this chapter.
Time Travel
Authors: Earman John
Published: November 2023

Over the last few years leading physics journals, such as Physical Review, Physical Review Letters, Journal of Mathematical Physics, and Classical and Quantum Gravity, have been publishing articles dealing with time travel and time machines. Why? Have physicists decided to set up in competition with science fiction writers and Hollywood producers? More seriously, does this research cast any light on the sorts of problems and puzzles that have featured in the philosophical literature on time travel?
Mostly Metafont
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

Metafont is the sibling of TJX responsible for all the letterforms in the Computer Modern family of fonts. Metafont is a true programming language, one specifically created for designing digital type. As with TJX, Metafont generates enthusiasm in a dedicated band of users.
Tex In The Workplace
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

There are several ways TEX can be used together with conventional software products. Some suggestions for doing so form the basis of this Chapter. Astonishingly, the query “how can I convert TEX output to WordPerfect form?” is common on computer text forums. Such a task is doomed for a simple reason-TEX can format text in ways that are impossible for an office word processor, so what would the conversion process do when confronted with a commutative diagram or fancy table? SinceTEX can do everything a word processor can do, the reverse-transformations from word processor format to TEX-has a better chance of succeeding.
Virtual Fonts, Virtuous Fonts
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

When talking about computers, we use the adjective “virtual” to describe a thing that behaves like something else. Virtual disks are really memory blocks that simulate hard disks, while virtual memory uses a disk to mimic a computer’s memory. A virtual font looks to M-1F)( or 1fX like any other font, but it really is pieced together from other fonts or collections of typographic elements. It may be a composite of several different fonts somehow mixed together (in a special way, according to precise rules); a single font whose characters are (for very good reasons) scrambled in some new order; a collection of constructed characters, each built from several components (like accented letters are), which behaves like a font; individual horizontal or vertical rules each treated as a character in a font; a collection of text, graphics, or PostScript files, each treated as a single character within the virtual font; a conglomerate of all (or some) of the above.
Mfpic Pictures
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

I have a fondness for both METAFONT and MetaPost, and I hope therefore the reader has been duly impressed with the material in Chapter 13. But no matter how impressive the results of that Chapter , not everyone is in a position to spend the time necessary to master the META FONT or MetaPost languages. Furthermore, not everyone will have a need for all the power these tools provide. For that reason, the appearance of the mfpic package is welcome. The mfpic macros provide a TEX interface for METAFONT. An author includes drawing commands with a TEX-like syntax into the document. Processing the document file in the usual manner generates an additional auxiliary file, which is a METAFONT input .mf file. Thereafter, a mechanical set of procedures translates the META FONT file into a font, each character of which is one of the graphics. A final run of the document file through LATEX or TEX embeds the figures into the manuscript.