bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Widiger Thomas A.
Published: March 2016

This book concerns the Five Factor Model (FFM) of general personality structure. It brings together much of the research literature on the FFM and demonstrates its potential applications across a wide range of disciplines and concerns. The book is organized into four sections: the first section explores the FFM and its domains, the second focuses on matters and issues concerning the construct validity of the FFM, the third discusses applications of the FFM to a variety of social and clinical issues, and the fourth summarizes the book’s interesting points and considers potential implications. Topics range from Neuroticism and Extraversion to Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. The book also considers the universality of the FFM, the factor analytic support, childhood temperament and personality, animal personality, behavior and molecular genetics, personality neuroscience, personality disorders, adult psychopathology, and child psychopathology.
The Civil Rights Movement
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: March 2016

This chapter offers a critical survey of extant scholarship on the civil rights movement. It highlights topics, organizations, and specific figures and campaigns that have been extensively studied, while also calling attention to other aspects of, or persons or groups in, the movement that have received much less scholarly attention. The piece ends with an extended section on what the author terms “silences, holes, and biases” in the literature on this most important of American social movements. More specifically the author calls for a temporal and geographic broadening of research on the African American freedom struggle, more attention to black activism within a host of institutions (e.g. schools, workplaces, cultural institutions), and increased research on the dynamics of white resistance to collective political action by African Americans.
Machine Translation
Authors: Specia Lucia , Wilks Yorick
Published: March 2016

Machine Translation (MT) is and always has been a core application in the field of natural-language processing. It is a very active research area and it has been attracting significant commercial interest, most of which has been driven by the deployment of corpus-based, statistical approaches, which can be built in a much shorter time and at a fraction of the cost of traditional, rule-based approaches, and yet produce translations of comparable or superior quality. This chapter aims at introducing MT and its main approaches. It provides a historical overview of the field, an introduction to different translation methods, both rationalist (rule-based) and empirical, and a more in depth description of state-of-the-art statistical methods. Finally, it covers popular metrics to evaluate the output of machine translation systems.
Web Text Mining
Authors: Baeza-Yates Ricardo , Blanco Roi , Castellanos Malú
Published: March 2016

Web search has become a ubiquitous commodity for Internet users. This fact puts a large number of documents with plenty of text content at our fingertips. To make good use of this data, we need to mine web text. This triggers the two problems covered here: sentiment analysis and entity retrieval in the context of the Web. The first problem answers the question of what people think about a given product or a topic, in particular sentiment analysis in social media. The second problem addresses the issue of solving certain enquiries precisely by returning a particular object: for instance, where the next concert of my favourite band will be or who the best cooks are in a particular region. Where to find these objects and how to retrieve, rank, and display them are tasks related to the entity retrieval problem.
British Women Wanted
Authors: Free Melissa
Published: March 2016

This essay brings together three areas that until fairly recently had received scant attention from scholars of the British Empire: female emigration, ‘white settler colonies’, and emigration literature. In particular, it examines the generic innovations of Olive Schreiner, H. Rider Haggard, and Gertrude Page, the former a self-identified ‘English South African’ and the latter two authorial informants, British authors who spent time in southern Africa and wrote about the region as insiders. These writers, I argue, bolstered female, even feminist, subjectivity through generic innovation that is an effect of the translocal. Employing new fictional forms—the New Woman novel, the female colonial romance, and the empire romance—to solve markedly gendered problems, they not only imagine new spaces for settler women beyond the matrimonial and the maternal; they also anticipate generic developments generally associated with the metropole.
Identifying Dietary Variability in Southern Australia from Scarce Remains
Authors: Littleton Judith , Scott Rachel M.
Published: March 2016

Human remains are scarce in Australian archaeology, partly due to the nature of hunter-gatherer burials, as they are rarely found in concentrated numbers. These constraints have limited studies of diet, which have relied rather on the rich ethnographic and archaeological records. The relatively few direct observations of dental remains have emphasized the abrasive nature of the diet that caused a pattern of severe dental attrition, common in many hunter-gatherer groups. The results also point to variability between groups living in close proximity. To better understand the extent of dietary variation, we analysed the dental pathology and microwear features amongst two neighbouring groups of human remains in South Australia, examining the extent of heterogeneity within and between these populations. In doing so, we identified two potential confounders to analysis of diet from human dental remains: the nature of the sample itself and the extent of non-masticatory use of teeth.
Bananas
Authors: Castillo Cristina , Fuller Dorian Q.
Published: March 2016

The banana (Musa) is one of the world’s most important crops and the most valuable fruit in the global market. In the search for varieties that are more pest- and disease-resistant plant breeders are increasingly looking to the wild progenitors,—as understanding its evolution is key to genetic improvement. The banana was also an important economic crop in prehistory although it is difficult to track its history of domestication and evolution due to preservation issues, the lack of reliable species identification criteria and limited archaeological evidence. Just two archaeobotanical studies of macro-remains and phytoliths, in New Guinea and Cameroon, have provided reliable identifications and interpretations to help our understanding of the origins and evolution of the banana. But to track the spread and growing importance of this plant in the diet, across the tropics and through time, we need to combine information drawn from botany, genetics, linguistics and archaeology.
Presupposition and Givenness
Authors: Geurts Bart
Published: March 2016

Presuppositions are items of information triggered by certain words and constructions that exhibit ‘projection behaviour’, which is to say that, except in special cases, they will escape from any level of embedding. Presupposed information is given, or at least presented as such, and there are two main theories of what it means for presuppositions to be given. On one account, a presupposition must be entailed in the local context in which it is triggered; on the other, presuppositions require that certain discourse entities be available in the context. On the latter account, but not on the former, anaphora is a special case of presupposition. It might be that both accounts are correct, though for different types of presupposition.
Marijuana Use and Abuse in Adolescence
Authors: Litt Dana M. , Kilmer Jason R. , Tapert Susan F. , Lee Christine M.
Published: March 2016

This chapter reviews the extant literature surrounding adolescent marijuana use and abuse. Other than alcohol, marijuana is the most prevalent psychoactive substance used by adolescents. While recent progress has been made in understanding and identifying risk and protective factors of adolescent marijuana use, as well as short and longer term outcomes of use, the field is still in its infancy. The present chapter aims to summarize the prevalence, etiology, trajectories of use, motivations and reasons for use, and the physical and psychological consequences of marijuana use in adolescence. Finally, this chapter highlights the need for future research given the changing landscape of marijuana decriminalization in the United States and beyond.
The Neural Circuitry and Neurocognitive Development
Authors: Wetherill Reagan R. , Tapert Susan F.
Published: March 2016

This chapter focuses on adolescent brain development and associated functional implications. We focus on changes in brain tissue composition, fiber architecture and circuitry, and neurochemistry and discuss how these maturational processes affect adolescent brain functioning, sleep, cognition, and behaviors. Given the substantial developments that occur during adolescence, the effects of puberty and sex hormones on brain structure and function are reviewed, and literature on the effects of substance use on the adolescent brain are covered. The chapter reports on recent neuroimaging studies suggesting that atypical and/or asynchronous maturation patterns may contribute to adolescents’ proclivity for risk taking, heightened emotionality, and the emergence of psychopathology. Finally, future research opportunities are discussed.
A Developmental Biological Perspective of Adolescent Substance Abuse: Animal Models
Authors: Spear Linda
Published: March 2016

Studies using animal models of adolescence have shown lasting consequences of adolescent exposure to alcohol, nicotine, and cannabinoids, including increases in later drug self-administration in some instances, along with alterations in cognitive and socioemotional functioning. In the case of alcohol, some evidence has also emerged for retention of immature, adolescent-typical alcohol sensitivities into adulthood. Neural alterations include relatively long-lasting changes in later neural functioning and gene expression in the neurocircuitry processing rewards, social and emotional stimuli, and cognition. Thus, although at this early stage, other aged exposure groups have not always been included to determine whether adolescence represents an especially vulnerable period, convincing data has nevertheless emerged that repeated exposure to drugs during adolescence often exerts relatively long-lasting alterations in later neurobehavioral function.
Assessing Adolescent Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse
Authors: Winters Ken , Fahnhorst Tamara , Botzet Andria , Stinchfield Randy , Nicholson Ali
Published: March 2016

This chapter addresses several assessment and measurement issues relevant to adolescent drug abuse. Both researchers and clinicians working with youth suspected of problems associated with drug involvement are considered as the following topics are discussed: principles of assessment, validity of self-report, clinical domains of interest, instrumentation, clinical considerations when assessing youth, and assessing treatment outcome. Despite some research gaps, the field consists of several psychometrically sound screening and comprehensive assessment tools to assist researchers and clinicians when measuring drug use, drug problems, symptoms of substance use disorders, and behavioral problems that commonly coexist with drug involvement. Future research needs are also discussed, including the need for more psychometric data on sub-populations of young people defined by age and ethnicity/race.
The Epidemiology of Substance Use Among Adolescents in the United States
Authors: Patrick Megan E. , O'Malley Patrick M.
Published: March 2016

This chapter describes the epidemiology of substance use among adolescents in the United States, with a primary focus on rates of use of illicit and licit drugs among nationally representative samples of adolescents in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in the Monitoring the Future study. Prevalence rates of alcohol use, tobacco use, marijuana use, other illegal drug use, nonmedical use of prescription drugs, and use of unregulated substances (e.g., synthetic marijuana, inhalants) are reported. Subgroup differences by grade, gender, race/ethnicity, parental education, and college plans are examined. In addition, historical trends in substance use and attitudes regarding substance use are described. Documenting the rates of substance use in the adolescent population and monitoring historical changes in public health and behavior are critical for understanding the public health burden of adolescent substance use.
Neuroimaging Promises and Caveats
Authors: Nugent Allison C. , Furey Maura L.
Published: March 2016

Neuroscience research has clearly demonstrated neurological correlates of psychological disorders. We believe that neuroscience, particularly neuroimaging, has great potential to increase our understanding of these disorders, leading to more effective treatments, prevention, and perhaps even cure. Nevertheless, the popular media is replete with misinformation and exaggerated claims. The present chapter is intended to give the reader the necessary knowledge to critically evaluate neuroimaging studies of psychological disorders. We provide an overview of all the major neuroimaging techniques, example studies relevant to psychological disorders (with a particular emphasis on depression), particular pitfalls and caveats associated with each technique, and the promise of each technique. We first cover the nuclear imaging techniques, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). We then explore several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, both structural and functional. Finally, we give an overview of the electrophysiological techniques, electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Each of these techniques has particular strengths, and particular weaknesses. At this point, none of these tools are diagnostic, but each one provides a unique window into psychological disorders. When applied in a methodologically rigorous and statistically rigorous manner, neuroimaging has great promise for achieving greater understanding of psychological disorders, and relieving the great burdens they cause.
Introduction
Authors: Sullivan Kieran T. , Lawrence Erika
Published: March 2016

Long-term committed intimate relationships such as marriage are an integral part of our lives and confer many benefits but many couples experience significant relationship distress and about half of all marriages end in divorce. The purpose of this edited volume is to showcase cutting-edge research on couple functioning and interventions, including the development of new guidelines for determining whether a given couple therapy is empirically supported, the relation between couple functioning and individual physical and psychological functioning (e.g., chronic pain, depression, anxiety), the role of genetics in interpersonal processes, best practices for the assessment, prevention, and treatment of couple dysfunction, and the relevance of couple functioning and couple therapy to the structure and utility of classification systems such as theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
Human Rights and the Environment
Authors: Vanderheiden Steve
Published: March 2016

This chapter assesses the prospects and limits of human rights as ethical constructs and political mechanisms for protecting against forms of environmental harm that threaten human well-being. Advantages of a rights-based ethical framework include the linking of ethical norms of environmental protection or stewardship with international law and commitments to promoting humanitarian objectives, which provide those norms with an institutional foundation and help narrow the gap between environmental imperatives and those with global justice imperatives and development objectives. It considers the role of recognized human rights in efforts to better guard against anthropogenic environmental harm as well as specifically environmental rights that have been proposed for inclusion alongside them, and it finds rights to confer more political advantages through the social empowerment of right holders and linkage with rights-protecting institutions than philosophical ones in clarifying or motivating the obligations of individual or collective agents.
Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Amsterdam Jay D. , Rybakowski Janusz K.
Published: March 2016

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a recurrent and often chronic condition that is characterized by episodes of mania, hypomania, depression, and mixed affective states. BD affects up to 5% of the population, ranks sixth as a cause of worldwide disability among persons 15 to 44 years old, and has an estimated lifetime suicide rate of 10–20%. Pharmacotherapy remains one of the most important interventions for initial and long-term treatment of BD. In this chapter, pharmacological interventions for acute manic episodes, for acute depressive episodes, and for the prevention of recurrent affective episodes of either type are systematically presented, with special emphasis on the use of first-generation and second-generation mood-stabilizing drugs and antidepressant drugs. Special issues related to pharmacotherapy of BD are also discussed such as rapid cycling BD, mixed affective states, psychiatric comorbidity, and pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Peculiar lapse of periodic eclipsing event at low-mass X-ray binary
GRS 1747−312 during Suzaku observation in 2009
Authors: Saji Shigetaka , Mori Hideyuki , Matsumoto Hironori , Dotani Tadayasu , Iwai Masachika , Maeda Yoshitomo , Mitsuishi Ikuyuki , Ozaki Masanobu , Tawara Yuzuru
Published: March 2016

GRS 1747−312 is a neutron star low-mass X-ray binary in the globular cluster Terzan 6, located at a distance of 9.5 kpc from the Earth. During its outbursts, periodic eclipses were known to occur. Observations for the outbursts were performed with Chandra in 2004 and Swift in 2013. XMM-Newton observed its quiescent state in 2004. In addition, when Suzaku observed it in 2009 as a part of Galactic center mapping observations, GRS 1747−312 was found to be in a low-luminosity state with Lx ∼ 1.2 × 1035 erg s−1. All of the observations except for XMM-Newton included the time of the eclipses predicted. We analyzed archival data of these observations. During the Chandra and Swift observations, we found clear flux decreases at the expected time of the eclipses. During the Suzaku observation, however, there were no clear signs for the predicted eclipses. The lapse of the predicted eclipses during the Suzaku observation can be explained by a contaminant source quite close to GRS 1747−312. When GRS 1747−312 is in the quiescent state, we observe X-rays from the contaminant source rather than from GRS 1747−312. However, we have no clear evidence for the contaminant source in our data. The lapse might also be explained by thick material (NH > 1024 cm−2) between the neutron star and the companion star, though the origin of the thick material is not clear.
Reciprocal regulation of
Yersinia pestis
biofilm formation and virulence by RovM and RovA
Authors: Liu Lei , Fang Haihong , Yang Huiying , Zhang Yiquan , Han Yanping , Zhou Dongsheng , Yang Ruifu
Published: March 2016

RovA is known to enhance
Yersinia pestis
virulence by directly upregulating the
psa
loci. This work presents a complex gene regulatory paradigm involving the reciprocal regulatory action of RovM and RovA on the expression of biofilm and virulence genes as well as on their own genes. RovM and RovA enhance and inhibit
Y. pestis
biofilm production, respectively, whereas RovM represses virulence in mice. RovM directly stimulates the transcription of
hmsT
,
hmsCDE
and
rovM
, while indirectly enhancing
hmsHFRS
transcription. It also indirectly represses
hmsP
transcription. By contrast, RovA directly represses
hmsT
transcription and indirectly inhibits
waaAE-coaD
transcription, while RovM inhibits
psaABC
and
psaEF
transcription by directly repressing
rovA
transcription.
rovM
expression is significantly upregulated at 26°C (the temperature of the flea gut) relative to 37°C (the warm-blooded host temperature). We speculate that upregulation of
rovM
together with downregulation of
rovA
in the flea gut would promote
Y. pestis
biofilm formation while inhibiting virulence gene expression, leading to a more transmissible infection of this pathogen in fleas. Once the bacterium shifts to a lifestyle in the warm-blooded hosts, inhibited RovM production accompanied by recovered RovA synthesis would encourage virulence factor production and inhibit biofilm gene expression.
Maternal body size influences offspring immune configuration in an oviparous snake
Authors: Brown Gregory P. , Shine Richard
Published: March 2016

Like most ectothermic vertebrates, keelback snakes (
Tropidonophis mairii
) do not exhibit parental care. Thus, offspring must possess an immune system capable of dealing with challenges such as pathogens, without assistance from an attendant parent. We know very little about immune system characteristics of neonatal reptiles, including the magnitude of heritability and other maternal influences. To identify sources of variation in circulating white blood cell (WBC) concentrations and differentials, we examined blood smears from 246 hatchling snakes and their field-caught mothers. WBC concentrations were lower in hatchlings than in adults, and hatchlings had more basophils and fewer azurophils than adults. A hatchling keelback's WBC differential was also influenced by its sex and body size. Although hatchling WBC measures exhibited negligible heritability, they were strongly influenced by maternal body size and parasite infection (but not by maternal body condition, relative clutch mass or time in captivity). Larger mothers produced offspring with more azurophils and fewer lymphocytes. The mechanisms and consequences of WBC variation are currently unknown, but if these maternal effects enhance offspring fitness, the impact of maternal body size on reproductive success may be greater than expected simply from allometric increases in the numbers and sizes of progeny.
Quantifying Differences and Similarities in Whole-brain White Matter Architecture Using Local Connectome Fingerprints
Authors: Yeh Fang-Cheng , Vettel Jean M. , Singh Aarti , Poczos Barnabas , Grafton Scott , Erickson Kirk I. , Tseng Wen-Yih I. , Verstynen Timothy D.
Published: March 2016

Quantifying differences or similarities in connectomes has been a challenge due to the immense complexity of global brain networks. Here we introduce a noninvasive method that uses diffusion MRI to characterize whole-brain white matter architecture as a single local connectome fingerprint that allows for a direct comparison between structural connectomes. In four independently acquired data sets with repeated scans (total N=213), we show that the local connectome fingerprint is highly specific to an individual, allowing for an accurate self-versus-others classification that achieved 100% accuracy across 17,398 identification tests. The estimated classification error was approximately one thousand times smaller than fingerprints derived from diffusivity-based measures or region-to-region connectivity patterns. The local connectome fingerprint also revealed neuroplasticity within an individual reflected as a decreasing trend in self-similarity across time, whereas this change was not observed in the diffusivity measures. Moreover, the local connectome fingerprint can be used as a phenotypic marker, revealing 12.51% similarity between monozygotic twins, 5.14% between dizygotic twins, and 4.51% between none-twin siblings. This novel approach opens a new door for probing the influence of pathological, genetic, social, or environmental factors on the unique configuration of the human connectome.

Author Summary

The local organization of white matter architecture is highly unique to individuals, making it a tangible metric of connectomic differences. The variability in local white matter architecture is found to be partially determined by genetic factors, but largely plastic across time. This approach opens a new door for probing the influence of pathological, genetic, social, or environmental factors on the unique configuration of the human connectome.
Practice makes perfect in memory recall
Authors: Romani Sandro , Katkov Mikhail , Tsodyks Misha
Published: March 2016

A large variability in performance is observed when participants recall briefly presented lists of words. The sources of such variability are not known. Our analysis of a large data set of free recall revealed a small fraction of participants that reached an extremely high performance, including many trials with the recall of complete lists. Moreover, some of them developed a number of consistent input-position-dependent recall strategies, in particular recalling words consecutively (“chaining”) or in groups of consecutively presented words (“chunking”). The time course of acquisition and particular choice of positional grouping were variable among participants. Our results show that acquiring positional strategies plays a crucial role in improvement of recall performance.
Purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of the DNA-binding domain of human heat-shock factor 2
Authors: Feng Han , Liu Wei , Wang Da-Cheng
Published: March 2016

Cells respond to various proteotoxic stimuli and maintain protein homeostasis through a conserved mechanism called the heat-shock response, which is characterized by the enhanced synthesis of heat-shock proteins. This response is mediated by heat-shock factors (HSFs). Four genes encoding HSF1–HSF4 exist in the genome of mammals. In this protein family, HSF1 is the orthologue of the single HSF in lower eukaryotic organisms and is the major regulator of the heat-shock response, while HSF2, which shows low sequence homology to HSF1, serves as a developmental regulator. Increasing evidence has revealed biochemical properties and functional roles that are unique to HSF2, such as its DNA-binding preference and sumoylation patterns, which are distinct from those of HSF1. The structural basis for such differences, however, is poorly understood owing to the lack of available mammalian HSF structures. The N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD) is the most conserved functional module and is the only crystallizable domain in HSFs. To date, only HSF1 homologue structures from yeast and fruit fly have been determined. Along with extensive studies of the HSF family, more structural information, particularly from members with a remoter phylogenic relationship to the reported structures,e.g.HSF2, is needed in order to better understand the detailed mechanisms of HSF biology. In this work, the recombinant DBD (residues 7–112) from human HSF2 was produced inEscherichia coliand crystallized. An X-ray diffraction data set was collected to 1.32 Å resolution from a crystal belonging to space groupP212121with unit cell-parametersa= 65.66,b= 67.26,c= 93.25 Å. The data-evaluation statistics revealed good quality of the collected data, thus establishing a solid basis for the determination of the first structure at atomic resolution in this protein family.
Crystal structure of a putative exo-β-1,3-galactanase fromBifidobacterium bifidumS17
Authors: Godoy Andre S. , de Lima Mariana Z. T. , Camilo Cesar M. , Polikarpov Igor
Published: March 2016

Given the current interest in second-generation biofuels, carbohydrate-active enzymes have become the most important tool to overcome the structural recalcitrance of the plant cell wall. While some glycoside hydrolase families have been exhaustively described, others remain poorly characterized, especially with regard to structural information. The family 43 glycoside hydrolases are a diverse group of inverting enzymes; the available structure information on these enzymes is mainly from xylosidases and arabinofuranosidase. Currently, only one structure of an exo-β-1,3-galactanase is available. Here, the production, crystallization and structure determination of a putative exo-β-1,3-galactanase fromBifidobacterium bifidumS17 (BbGal43A) are described.BbGal43A was successfully produced and showed activity towards synthetic galactosides.BbGal43A was subsequently crystallized and data were collected to 1.4 Å resolution. The structure shows a single-domain molecule, differing from known homologues, and crystal contact analysis predicts the formation of a dimer in solution. Further biochemical studies are necessary to elucidate the differences betweenBbGal43A and its characterized homologues.
Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization ofSchizosaccharomyces pombeSet7, a putative histone methyltransferase
Authors: Mevius Damiaan E. H. F. , Shen Yunpeng , Morishita Masayo , di Luccio Eric
Published: March 2016

Dysfunction of histone-modifying enzymes affects chromatin regulation and is involved in carcinogenesis, tumour progression and other diseases. Histone methyltransferases are a family of key histone-modifying enzymes, but their structures, functions and mechanisms are incompletely understood, thus constraining drug-design efforts. Here, preliminary steps towards structure–function studies ofSchizosaccharomyces pombeSet7, a putative histone methyltransferase and the first yeast full-length SET-domain-containing protein to be studied using X-ray crystallography, are reported. The methods from cloning to X-ray diffraction and phasing are discussed and the results will aid in prospective studies of histone-modifying enzymes.
Towards a unified customer experience in online shopping environments
Authors: Bilgihan Anil , Kandampully Jay , Zhang Tingting (Christina)
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– New developments in e-commerce and m-commerce technologies along with the wide adoption of mobile devices and social media have enabled companies to enhance customers’ shopping experiences and their interaction with brands anytime, anywhere. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model for a unified online customer experience by drawing from related literature on consumer behavior in the online contexts.

Design/methodology/approach

– By synthesizing extant consumer behavior and e-commerce literature, this paper seeks further understanding of online customer experience and offers strategies for e-commerce marketers and Web site designers.

Findings

– The findings of this paper indicate that easiness to locate the Web site/app, ease of use, perceived usefulness, hedonic and utilitarian features, perceived enjoyment, personalization, social interactions and multi-device compatibility are the antecedents of the unified online customer experience. Brand engagement, positive word of mouth (WOM) and repeat purchase are the outcomes of compelling online customer experience.

Practical implications

– A significant amount of potential revenue is lost globally due to poor online customer experiences, resulting in e-commerce not reach its potential. E-commerce companies should “hook” customers by providing compelling online experiences.

Originality/value

– Given that customer’s experience has become one of the most important and competitive outcome variable for contemporary companies, the results will benefit e-commerce marketers and Web site designers.
The impact of destination websites and cultural exposure: a comparison study of experienced and inexperienced travelers
Authors: Koo Chulmo , Chung Namho , Kim Dan J. , Hlee Sunyoung
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– As a growth of the competition between cities in Asia effective tourism marketing of the city cultural tourism product will become increasingly important. Cultural exposure to a particular foreign city through the media affects people’s preferences for that destination and may ultimately be a function of the behavior of that city cultural product. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of experienced and inexperienced travelers’ media exposure and their perception of the media exposure on their intention to visit the actual site (i.e. South Korea).

Design/methodology/approach

– To enhance the understanding of the intention to visit the destination, this study proposes a research model based on use and gratification (U & G) theory and information system (IS) success model.

Findings

– The authors found a direct, positive effect of satisfaction with the Korea Tourism Organization’s website on potential travelers’ intentions to visit Korea.

Research limitations/implications

– First, although most measurement items were adopted from previously validated empirical studies and the results of the measurement model testing showed high reliability and validity, further study is warranted to validate the measurement scales in the context of smart tourism. Second, given the relatively small sample size, the findings of this study should not be generalized to other populations.

Originality/value

– The authors built a conceptual model that synthesized the IS success model and U & G theory in the context of tourism and empirically tested the model using a set of data collected from potential travelers. Overall, the proposed research model is well supported by the results of the study.
Identifying core determinants of tourism demand in Hong Kong inbound markets
Authors: Agyeiwaah Elizabeth , Adongo Raymond
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify the core factors that determine tourism demand in four inbound markets of Hong Kong.

Design/methodology/approach

– The general-to-specific approach was adopted as a step-by-step approach to identify the major determinants of tourism demand in Hong Kong.

Findings

– The study revealed word of mouth and income of source market are core determinants of tourism demand in all four inbound markets.

Originality/value

– Knowledge of core determinants of tourism demand is useful to destination management organizations and tourism business owners for strategic planning and decision making to increase total revenues.
The mitigating effects of core self-evaluations in uncertain environments
Authors: Haynie Jeffrey J. , Harris Stanley G , Flynn Christopher Brian
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of core self-evaluations (CSE) and change uncertainty on job satisfaction and turnover intentions within the context of an organizational change. Because individuals high in CSE are expected to be able to cope better with uncertainty, the authors also tested the mitigating effect of CSE on the change uncertainty-attitude relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

– Surveys were completed and returned by 398 employees in the midst of a merger containing measures of CSE, change uncertainty, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. The survey was voluntary and administered cross-sectionally.

Findings

– Change uncertainty was found to negatively influence job satisfaction and positively influence turnover intentions. Additionally, CSE positively impacted job satisfaction and negatively impacted turnover intentions. High CSE was also found to minimize the negative impact of examined change uncertainty-job attitude relationships.

Research limitations/implications

– The research has implications for the role of CSE in attitude formation within a change context and adds to existing literature supporting the detrimental effects of change uncertainty on job attitudes. Also, the study provided evidence of how CSE interacts with change uncertainty reducing the detrimental impact on job attitudes. Future research should continue to examine the role of CSE in the way employees react to other change-related stressors.

Originality/value

– The relationships among change uncertainty, CSE, and job attitudes were explored through a theoretical lens and tested empirically using employees in the midst of an organizational change.
Multilevel transformational leadership and management innovation
Authors: Chang Yi-Ying
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to extend management innovation theory and research by going beyond analysis at a single level. Focussing on management innovation at the lower level in the organizational hierarchy, the authors develop a multilevel framework; in doing so, the authors answer earlier calls for a study of the effects of multilevel transformational leadership (TFL) on management innovation and innovation in general.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study collected multisource and multilevel data from 169 managers, 423 employees of 141 units from 21 banking service firms in an emerging economy.

Findings

– The results from hierarchial linear modeling analysis reveal that unit-level TFL was positively related to unit-level management innovation. Furthermore, firm-level TFL was positively associated with firm-level empowerment climate, which in turn enhanced unit-level management innovation. In addition, firm-level empowerment climate strengthened the relationship between unit-level TFL and unit-level management innovation. Finally, the unit-level trust mediates the relationship between firm-level empowerment climate and unit-level management innovation.

Practical implications

– Firms operate more effectively when they generate management innovation. To help ensure the effectiveness of management innovation, it is essential that firms, especially those from the banking sector, encourage their managers to engage in TFL behaviors. The managers must consider how to utilize their TFL behaviors to create trusting relationships in order to achieve the organizational goals. Firms can also take steps to develop a supportive climate of higher levels of autonomy, delegation, freedom and task accountability, in order to promote higher levels of trust at the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy.

Originality/value

– The current study develops and tests a mediation model that links firm-level TFL to unit-level management innovation, and identifies unit-level trust as the intermediate outcome. With this theorizing and the findings, the authors deepen the current knowledge regarding the organizational implications of TFL behaviors for management innovation.
Robust Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems: A Nonlinear DOBC Approach
Authors: Chen Wen-Hua , Yang Jun , Zhao Zhenhua
Published: March 2016

This paper advocates disturbance observer-based control (DOBC) for uncertain nonlinear systems. Within this framework, a nonlinear controller is designed based on the nominal model in the absence of disturbance and uncertainty where the main design specifications are to stabilize the system and achieve good tracking performance. Then, a nonlinear disturbance observer is designed to not only estimate external disturbance but also system uncertainty/unmodeled dynamics. With described uncertainty, rigorous stability analysis of the closed-loop system under the composite controller is established in this paper. Finally, the robust control problems of a missile roll stabilization and a mass spring system are addressed to illustrative the distinct features of the nonlinear DOBC approach.
Heading Estimation Based on Magnetic Markers for Intelligent Vehicles
Authors: Sub Byun Yeun , Chol Kim Young
Published: March 2016

This paper presents a new real-time heading estimation method for an all-wheel steered single-articulated autonomous vehicle guided by a magnetic marker system. To achieve good guidance control for the vehicle, precise estimation of the position and heading angle during travel is necessary. The main concept of this study is to estimate the heading angle from the relative orientations of the magnetic markers and the vehicle motion. To achieve this, a kinematic model of the all-wheel steered vehicle is derived and combined with the motion of a magnetic ruler mounted near each axle underneath the vehicle. The position coordinates and polarities of the magnetic markers, which are provided a priori, are used to determine the vehicle position at every detection instance. A gyroscope is employed to assist real-time heading estimation at sample times when there are no marker detection data. The proposed method was tested on a real vehicle and evaluated by comparing the experimental results with those of the differential global positioning system (DGPS) in real-time kinematics (RTK) mode. Experimental results show that the proposed method exhibits good performance for heading estimation.
A Field Study of a Low-Flow Internally Cooled/Heated Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioning System: Quasi-Steady and Transient Performance
Authors: Abdel-Salam Ahmed H. , McNevin Chris , Crofoot Lisa , Harrison Stephen J. , Simonson Carey J.
Published: March 2016

The field performance of a low-flow internally cooled/heated liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) system is investigated in this paper. The quasi-steady performance (sensible and latent heat transfer rates, coefficient of performance (COP), and uncertainties) of the LDAC system is quantified under different ambient air conditions. A major contribution of this work is a direct comparison of the transient and quasi-steady performance of the LDAC system. This paper is the first to quantify the importance of transients and shows that, for the environmental and operating conditions in this paper, transients can be neglected when estimating the energy consumption of the LDAC system. Another major contribution of this work is the development and verification of a new method that quantifies (with acceptable uncertainties) the quasi-steady performance of a LDAC system from transient field data using average data.
An Experimental Study on the Gas Entrainment in Horizontally and Vertically Installed Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Neumann Martin , Schäfer Thomas , Bieberle André , Hampel Uwe
Published: March 2016

In this work, we have studied how gas accumulates in an industrial centrifugal pump under various steady-state two-phase flow conditions. Thereby, we considered both horizontal and vertical pump installation positions. Phase fractions within the impeller region of the pump have been quantitatively disclosed using high-resolution gamma-ray computed tomography (HireCT) and applying time-averaged rotation-synchronized CT scanning technique. The study was made for inlet volumetric gas flow rates between 0% and 5%. To account for different inlet flow conditions, which are assumed to occur during unwanted gas entrainment by hollow vortices, we produced disperse and swirling gas–liquid inlet flows. In this way, the influence of inlet flow boundary conditions on the pump performance as well as gas fraction distributions and gas holdup within the impeller wheel region could be successfully analyzed and compared with respect to the impeller alignment. It was shown that the installation position offers only a minor effect on the pump performance in comparison to the inlet flow conditions. In addition, for the first time, thin gas films at the pressure side of the impeller wheel blades could be visualized in an industrial centrifugal pump.
A Multidisciplinary Framework to Model Complex Team-Based Product Development
Authors: Takai Shun
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates a multidisciplinary framework that simulates design decisions in a complex team-based product development in which engineers simultaneously work on a team project and individual projects. The proposed framework integrates collaborative design with (1) equilibrium analysis, (2) uncertainty modeling based on behavioral game-theory results, and (3) noncooperative decision making using decision analysis. In the proposed framework, noncooperative decision making is used to simulate engineers’ decisions about team-project commitment and to analyze potential free riding. Collaborative design is used to model design outcomes when engineers commit to the team project. Equilibrium analysis and behavioral game-theory results are used to infer uncertainty about other engineers’ decisions. Decision analysis is used to calculate expected values of decision alternatives. The proposed framework and the design decision making model are illustrated using a pressure vessel design as a team project conducted by two engineers: a design engineer and a materials engineer.
System-Level Modeling and Parametric Identification of Electric Impact Wrench
Authors: Zhang Shengli , Tang J.
Published: March 2016

Electric impact wrench is an important tool used in manufacturing and maintenance services. It has complex mechanism and its operation involves dynamic events occurring at vastly different time scales, which poses challenges for efficient and accurate modeling to facilitate design optimization and control. This investigation establishes a first principle-based, system-level model of a representative impact wrench. The model explicitly incorporates the dynamic flexibility of gear transmission, spindle shaft, and impacting components into the kinematic relations that connect them together. The nonlinear impact and contact events, coupled with the rotational and translational motions of all components, are explicitly analyzed, and systematic parametric identification is performed based on a multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach. The model prediction is correlated with experimental studies.
Generation of Noncircular Spiral Bevel Gears by Face-Milling Method
Authors: Zheng Fangyan , Hua Lin , Chen Dingfang , Han Xinghui
Published: March 2016

Noncircular bevel gears are applied in variable-speed transmissions with intersecting axes. Since dedicated machines for manufacturing noncircular bevel gears are not available, noncircular bevel gears are normally manufactured using universal computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining centers, resulting in poor productivity. This paper describes a face-milling method for generation of noncircular spiral bevel gears, which is analogous to the generation of spiral bevel and hypoid gears using CNC hypoid gear generators, such as Gleason free-form hypoid generators. As a result, the productivity is significantly improved. Based on the theory of gearing, this paper first describes the basic concept of generation of conjugate noncircular spiral bevel gears. Generation of the tooth surfaces using crown-gear generation concept is analytically discussed with association to the face-milling process of generation of the proposed noncircular spiral bevel gears. The tooth surface geometries are represented by the position vectors and normals. The kinematical model of free-form machines is developed. The machine motion parameters are determined based on the theoretically defined tooth surfaces using the crown-gear generation concept. The developed method is verified by manufacturing a real pair of noncircular spiral bevel gears with satisfactory contact patterns which agree well with those modeled using a commercial cae software program.