bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two new species of Hybotidae from Bolivia with keys to the world species of Megagrapha (Diptera)
Authors: Raffone Gianni
Published: July 2013

Abstract - A new species of Megagrapha Melander, 1927 and a new species of Tachyempis Melander, 1927 are described. The genus Megagrapha is reported from the Neotropical region for the first time. Megagrapha boliviana n. sp. is related to M. pubescens (Loew,1862), from which it differs in having a yellow occipital region, a linear posterior margin along eye, in the shape of the flagellomere, 1 developed humeral seta, 2 notopleural setae, the different costal index of the wing, yellow first and second abdominal segments and other segments brown. Tachyempis bettellai n. sp. is related to T. gagatina Melander, 1927, from which it differs in having the wing entirely infuscate, yellow coxae, yellow fore and midlegs, hindleg with brown femur and apically brown tibia and the different costal index of the wing.Riassunto - Due nuove specie di ditteri Hybotidae della Bolivia con chiave delle specie mondiali di Megagrapha (Diptera). Vengono descritte una nuova specie di Megagrapha Melander, 1927 e una nuova specie di Tachyempis Melander, 1927 della Bolivia. Il genere Megagrapha è nuovo per la Regione Neotropicale. Megagrapha boliviana n. sp. differisce dall’affine M. pubescens (Loew, 1862) per l’area occipitale gialla, il margine posteriore dell’occhio lineare, la struttura del flagellomero, la presenza di una setola omerale, 2 setole notopleurali, il primo e secondo segmento addominale gialli e gli altri bruni e per il differente indice costale dell’ala; Tachyempis bettellai n. sp. differisce dall’affine T. gagatina Melander, 1927 per le ali uniformemente imbrunite, le anche gialle, le zampe anteriori e mediane interamente gialle, il femore posteriore bruno e la tibia posteriore con l’apice bruno, nonché per il differente indice costale dell’ala.
I Macroeteroceri della Riserva Naturale Orientata “Laghetti di Marinello” (Sicilia nord-orientale) (Lepidoptera Heterocera)
Authors: Infusino Marco , Calabrò Concetta , Saitta Salvatore , Scalercio Stefano
Published: July 2013

Riassunto - Gli scopi di questa ricerca sono quelli di contribuire alla conoscenza della macrolepidotterofauna della Sicilia nord-orientale e di caratterizzare la comunità presente nella Riserva Naturale Orientata “Laghetti di Marinello”. Sono stati effettuati 23 campionamenti tra dicembre 2007 e dicembre 2008 col metodo della caccia al lume. Sono stati catturati 2.537 individui appartenenti a 160 specie, tra cui Chloroclystis v-ata e Laelia coenosa, segnalate per la prima volta in Sicilia; importanti anche le segnalazioni di Calamodes subscudularia, Mythimna languida e M. joannisi, specie piuttosto rare e localizzate. Le specie più abbondanti sono state: Eilema caniola, Eublemma viridula, Idaea filicata, Dysauxes famula e Idaea seriata, che da sole rappresentano il 42% di tutta la comunità, favorite dalla presenza delle rispettive piante nutrici e dall’elevato adattamento alle condizioni climatiche del sito. Il numero di specie e i valori degli indici di diversità indicano un basso livello di biodiversità ospitata, ma la fenologia, le analisi corologica e autoecologica delle specie, insieme ai confronti effettuati con altre faune, indicano una comunità ben caratterizzata e peculiare, diretta espressione delle condizioni abiotiche e biotiche della Riserva.Abstract - Macroheterocera of the Oriented Natural Reserve “Laghetti di Marinello” (north-eastern Sicily) (Lepidoptera: Heterocera). The aim of this research is to contribute to the knowledge of the fauna of macrolepidoptera of north-eastern Sicily and to describe the community present in the Oriented Natural Reserve “Laghetti di Marinello”. 23 samples were carried out from December 2007 to December 2008 using a white vertical sheet reflecting a light source. 2.537 specimens belonging to 160 species were captured. Chloroclystis v-ata and Laelia coenosa were reported for the first time in Sicily, Calamodes subscudularia, Mythimna languida and M. joannisi, very rare and localized species, were also reported. The most abundant species were: Eilema caniola, Eublemma viridula, Idaea filicata, Dysauxes famula and Idaea seriata, which represent the 42% of the whole community and are favoured by the presence of their feeding plants and by their high adaptability to the climatic conditions of the place. The number of species and the values of the diversity indices show a low level of biodiversity, but phenology, chorological and autoecological analysis of the species, with comparisons made with other faunae, show a well characterized and peculiar community, direct expression of the abiotic and biotic conditions of the Reserve.
Tre nuove specie di Coleotteri sotterranei di Grecia (Coleoptera: Carabidae e Cholevidae)
Authors: Casale Achille , Giachino Pier Mauro , Vailati Dante
Published: July 2013

Nel presente contributo è presentata una sintesi delle attuali conoscenze sugli Artropodi fino ad oggi noti della grotta Megálo Spilió (= grande grotta), che si apre nell’oros Sérekas (Grecia occidentale, etolía-Akarnanía). Tre specie inedite di Coleotteri sotterranei sono descritte e illustrate della grotta suddetta. Duvalius (Duvalius) ionicus Casale, Giachino & Vailati, nuova specie (Carabidae, Trechini), simpatrico e sintopico con la specie congenere Duvalius (euduvalius) ruffoanus Casale, Giachino, Vailati e Vigna Taglianti, 1996, è particolarmente caratterizzato dalla peculiare combinazione di caratteri nella chetotassi elitrale, nella forma dei tarsomeri basali anteriori nel maschio, e nella straordinaria struttura dell’edeago e dell’endofallo. Tali caratteri lo isolano al momento da tutte le altre specie di Duvalius note di Grecia. Speluncarius vailatii Casale & Giachino, nuova specie (Carabidae, Pterostichini), pare essere affine a S. henroti Cerruti, 1973, della grotta drogaráti sull’isola di Cefalonia, nota dal solo olotipo femmina, dalla quale differisce per le minori dimensioni (14.5 mm in S. henroti), per la totale assenza di occhi, per il pronoto allungato, non trasverso, con angoli anteriori molto salienti, per le interstrie elitrali convesse e per la terza interstria con due soli pori setigeri discali (assente l’anteriore, presente in S. henroti). Epiroella acharnanis Giachino, Vailati & Casale, nuova specie (Cholevidae, Leptodirinae), è attribuibile al genere epiroella Casale, Giachino, Vailati e rampini, 1991 (status novus, genere valido), e differisce da E. muelleriana (Paoletti, 1975) e da E. epirota (Giachino, 1989) per le minori dimensioni, per la superficie delle elitre con striole trasversali appena evidenti, per la carena mesosternale anteriormente prominente, per le dimensioni dell’edeago ridotte in rapporto alle dimensioni del corpo, per la diversa conformazione delle fanere del sacco interno, e per la forma differente della spermateca. Sono inoltre forniti alcuni commenti sull’origine del popolamento dell’area considerata. I taxa attualmente presenti indicano una composizione della fauna complessa, risultato di linee di popolamento “nord-egeiche” attraverso la catena del Pindo, di connessioni con l’isola di Cefalonia durante la crisi di salinità del Mediterraneo, e di colonizzazioni ed eventi cladogenetici più recenti durante le modificazioni climatiche del Pleistocene.
Where Roy Campbell stands
Authors: Voss Tony
Published: July 2013

Although critical interest in Roy Campbell’s work remains lively and his place in South African literary history seems secure, he is not a vital presence in the new South Africa; his work has become peripheral to metropolitan English literature, a small manifestation of a more general shift in global culture. Where then does Roy Campbell stand? Is there a new context for his work? In a review of a range of criticism from the first decade of the 21st century, this article finds that Roy Campbell’s work can be rewardingly read in the context of the Graeco-Roman classical inheritance that he embraced and the Romance culture in which he settled. This recognition has both enriched the resonance of Campbell’s poetry and aligned him with other artists who have been re-absorbed into Europe as the colonial appropriation of Africa recedes.
Widening the genetic base of cultivated lentil through hybridization ofLens culinaris‘Eston’ andL. ervoidesaccession IG 72815
Authors: Tullu A. , Bett K. , Banniza S. , Vail S. , Vandenberg A.
Published: July 2013

Tullu, A., Bett, K., Banniza, S., Vail, S. and Vandenberg, A. 2013. Widening the genetic base of cultivated lentil through hybridization of Lens culinaris ‘Eston’ and L . ervoides accession IG 72815. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1037–1047. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is affected by many stresses and the genetic variation for resistance to some of these stresses is limited in the cultivated germplasm. Introgression of genes from diverse sources for the improvement of disease resistance and agronomic performance is urgently needed. An interspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population designated LR-26 was developed from a cross of L. culinaris ‘Eston’ and L. ervoides (Brign.) Grande accession IG 72815. RILs were phenotyped (1) to examine the inheritance of resistance to the more aggressive race 0 of Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andus & W.D. Moore, causal agent of anthracnose, for which resistance is lacking in the cultivated species and (2) to study the genetic variation in agronomic traits and their relationships to each other. Greenhouse studies were conducted to screen for resistance to race 0 of C. truncatum and evaluate RILs for variations of agronomic characters. Two recessive genes conferred resistance in L. ervoides accession IG 72815. Traits varied significantly and showed transgressive segregations. Seed yield had a significant and positive relationship with biomass, straw yield, seed weight and harvest index. About 20 lines that performed better than Eston in terms of podding ability, lodging, and stand at maturity can be used in a breeding program. LR-26-180 had an 8% greater seed weight than Eston, suggesting that IG 72815 has alleles contributing positively to seed size. Overall, results show that IG 72815 can be used in breeding programs to improve disease resistance and quantitative traits of lentil.
Enfermero Especialista en Cuidados Médico-Quirúrgicos: El final de la especialidad que nunca existió
Authors: Crespo Montero Rodolfo
Published: July 2013

Era lógico que la Especialidad en Cuidados Médico-Quirúrgicos, tal como recogía el catálogo del Real Decreto 450/2005 de Especialidades de Enfermería no se desarrollara. Cuando se negociaron algunos contenidos de este RD, la Organización Colegial de Enfermería (OCE) y la Federación Española de Sociedades Científicas de Enfermería (FESCE), propusimos como nombre genérico para esta especialidad, Enfermero Especialista en Enfermería Clínica Avanzada, que no satisfacía las aspiraciones de ninguna de las sociedades representadas en la FESCE, pero dejaba las puertas abiertas a un posterior desarrollo, mediante las Áreas de Capacitación Específica, que la Ley de Ordenación de la Profesiones Sanitarias contemplaba. Se trataba de abrir la "puerta", y que luego la realidad asistencial, las necesidades de salud de la población o los avances científico-tecnológicos marcaran las áreas a desarrollar como especialidad dentro de la troncalidad. Sin embargo, desde el Ministerio de Educación, no se permitió esa denominación y se impuso la conocida por todos: Enfermero Especialista en Cuidados Médico-Quirúrgicos. En aquel momento nos pareció que bueno...; por lo menos había salido el RD de Especialidades y ya se intentaría el desarrollo de las Áreas de Capacitación Específica (perfusión, nefrología, quirúrgicos, urgencias y críticos...). Lo más curioso de la elección de esta denominación es que era la repetición de una materia de los estudios de la Diplomatura de Enfermería, lo cual no era lógico, pues si algo justifica una especialización es conseguir competencias diferentes a las alcanzadas con el título generalista. No era necesaria una superespecialización para trabajar en las áreas médico-quirúrgica de la atención especializada, ni esa especialidad la justificaba ninguna necesidad de salud concreta.
Incidencia y tipo de efectos adversos durante el procedimiento de hemodiálisis
Authors: Matarán Robles Estela María , Aguilar García Rafael , Muñoz Becerra Mercedes
Published: July 2013

Introducción La seguridad del paciente constituye hoy día una prioridad para las principales organizaciones de salud como la Organización Mundial de la Salud, organismos internacionales como la Unión Europea, el Consejo de Europa, autoridades sanitarias, sociedades profesionales y organizaciones de pacientes. Objetivo Describir las incidencias y tipos de efectos adversos derivados de la hemodiálisis en una unidad de nefrología. Metodología Diseño: Estudio transversal en una unidad de hemodiálisis de 28 camas. Variables: como variable dependiente se consideró la presencia de efectos adversos y tipología, para ello se utilizó la Clasificación Internacional para la Seguridad del Paciente. Análisis estadísticos: se realizó una descripción de la muestra, para ello se utilizaron tanto los gráficos (histogramas, diagramas de barras y dispersión) como los porcentajes, medias, desviaciones típicas, medianas, etc. Resultados Durante el periodo a estudio se practicaron un total de 4.797 procedimientos de hemodiálisis, en un total de 681 sesiones produjeron efectos adversos, lo que supone una tasa de incidencia de 141,96 cada 1.000 diálisis. En cuanto a la gravedad el 97,5% de los efectos adversos fueron clasificados como leves, frente al 1,8% y 0,7% que fueron considerados como moderados y graves respectivamente. Conclusiones Nuestra tasa de incidencia y gravedad de los efectos adversos es similar a la de otros centros. Este estudio nos permite identificar los problemas de seguridad en nuestra Unidad y en una segunda fase realizar un protocolo conjunto, que nos permita disminuir la tasa de incidencia actualmente existente. La hipotensión fue el efecto adverso más frecuente.
Combination Syndrome
Authors: Rajendran Sridharan , Baburajan FNU
Published: July 2013

Combination syndrome (CS) is a dental condition that is commonly seen in patients with a completely edentulous maxilla and partially edentulous mandible with preserved anterior teeth. This syndrome consists of severe anterior maxillary resorption combined with hypertrophic and atrophic changes in different quadrants of maxilla and mandible. This makes it a challenging condition in dentistry that requires significant experience along with advanced restorative and surgical skills. The causes of maxillary bone resorption and ways to correct it are discussed in this article. Conventional treatment with full upper and partial lower dentures for the CS patients is not always adequate or satisfying for patients and it often requires multiple remakes due to continuing bone resorption. Dental implant rehabilitation challenges conventional treatment with bone-anchoring techniques to provide improved retention and stability for implant-retained and supported prostheses. This article presents a successful implant treatment of the partially edentulous maxilla in CS patient. The necessity of a multidisciplinary approach for early prevention and treatment of this complex condition is emphasized. This article illustrates a review of the changes and difficulties faced when treated with conventional approach which can be overcome with the aid of implant-supported prosthesis.

How to cite this article

Rajendran S, Baburajan. Combination Syndrome. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(4):156-160.
Potential Trade Distortion Effects of State Trading Enterprises under the Tariff-Rate Quota Scheme
Authors: Yoon Jung-Hyun , Lim Song Soo
Published: July 2013

The paper analyzes the potential trade distortion effects of state trading enterprises (STEs) on soybean imports to Korea. Traditionally, STEs have exercised exclusive rights to import the so-called strategic products, to ensure food security, domestic price stabilization, and import mark-ups. However, STE imports have been criticized on the grounds that industries using soybeans as a raw material are unable to obtain a diverse mix of quality material and cannot exercise the “right to choose” their own ingredients. Under a theoretical framework, a tariff equivalent of the STE is postulated to equate imports by private firms with imports by the STE. An empirical model is constructed and estimated using annual data spanning 1980–2009. The estimated results show that providing exclusive rights to imports has a negative effect on market access. When the STE pursues consumer welfare, the import-reducing effect turns out to be smaller than that in the producer welfare maximization case.
Contribution of ammonium nitrate to aerosol optical depth and direct radiative forcing by aerosols over East Asia
Authors: Park R. S. , Lee S. J. , Shin S.-K. , Song C. H.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This study focused on the contribution of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) to aerosol optical depth (AOD) and direct radiative forcing (DRF) by aerosols over an East Asian domain. In order to evaluate the contribution, CTM-estimated AOD was combined with satellite-retrieved AOD, utilizing a data assimilation technique, over East Asia for the entire year of 2006. Using the assimilated AOD and CTM-estimated aerosol optical properties, the DRF by aerosols was estimated over East Asia via a radiative transfer model (RTM). Both assimilated AOD and estimated DRF values showed relatively good agreements with AOD and DRF by aerosols from AERONET. Based on these results, the contributions of NH4NO3 to AOD and DRF by aerosols (ΦAOD and ΦDRF) were estimated for four seasons of 2006 over East Asia. Both ΦAOD and ΦDRF showed seasonal variations over East Asia within the ranges between 4.7% (summer) and 31.3% (winter) and between 4.7% (summer) and 30.7% (winter), respectively, under clear-sky conditions, showing annual average contributions of 15.6% and 15.3%. Under all-sky conditions, ΦDRF varied between 3.6% (summer) and 24.5% (winter), showing annual average contribution of 12.1% over East Asia. These annual average contributions of NH4NO3 to AOD and DRF are almost comparable to the annual average mass fractions of NH4NO3 to PM2.5 and PM10 (17.0% and 14.0%, respectively). ΦAOD and ΦDRF were even larger in the locations where NH3 and NOx emission rates are strong like the Central East China (CEC) region and Sichuan basin. For example, under clear-sky conditions, both ΦAOD and ΦDRF over the CEC region range between 6.9% (summer) and 47.9% (winter) and between 6.7% (summer) and 47.5% (winter), respectively. Based on this analysis, it was concluded that both ΦDRF and ΦDRF cannot be ignored in East Asian air quality and radiative forcing studies, particularly during winter.
Reductive Ullmann Coupling of Aryl Halides by Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Cellulose, a Recoverable Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Rasouli Mohammad Ali , Ranjbar Parviz Rashidi
Published: July 2013

Palladium nanoparticles supported on cellulose were prepared without using any reducing agent and used as a highly efficient catalyst for the Ullmann reductive coupling of aryl halides in the presence of zinc, in a water-alcohol mixture as solvent in air. The obtained palladium nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and ICP-AES analysis. The synthesis of biaryls from chloroarenes was performed by this catalyst with good yield. The catalyst remains stable up to 75 °C and can be recovered and reused several times without loss of activity.
Photooxidation of Methane to Methanol by Perrhenate in Water under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Kunkely Horst , Vogler Arnd
Published: July 2013

The oxidation of methane to methanol takes place selectively by the photolysis of perrhenate in aqueous solution in the presence of methane. This photoreaction is formally an oxygen atom transfer. Because the reoxidation of the reduced perrhenate is accomplished with hydrogen peroxide the overall process can be viewed as photocatalytic oxidation of methane to methanol: CH4 + H2O2 → CH3OH+ H2O.
Reflexos e refrações do poder e da violência em O ovo, de Caio Fernando Abreu
Authors: Garlet Deivis Jhones , Silva Mara Lúcia Barbosa da
Published: July 2013

O discurso literário representa a realidade concreta das relações humanas de modo peculiar, apreendendo elementos constantes no meio ideológico (extraestéticos) e transformando-os esteticamente. Nesse trabalho, objetivamos uma leitura do discurso do conto O ovo, de Caio Fernando Abreu, pela perspectiva do reflexo e da refração do meio ideológico, no contexto da Ditadura Militar – de violência, de autoritarismo, de excessos do poder político estatal –, para analisarmos que função (ões) os elementos extraestéticos, transformados esteticamente, podem cumprir, na narrativa e na realidade concreta. Para tanto, efetuamos uma caracterização sumária da Ditadura e de conceitos imprescindíveis, tais como Estado e poder.
Cord Blood Transplantation for Cure of HIV Infections
Authors: Petz Lawrence
Published: July 2013

HIV infection has not been cured by antiretroviral drugs or gene therapy, but it has been cured by a hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) that was performed for a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and HIV infection using peripheral blood stem cells from an adult donor homozygous for CCR5-Δ32 (CCR5-Δ32/Δ32). HIV has remained undetectable more than 6 years after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. However, this approach cannot be readily generalized because of the low prevalence of the CCR5-Δ32 allele and the need for a very close human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match between adult donors and recipients, as when bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplants are performed. In contrast, cord blood (CB) transplants require less stringent HLA matching. CB units are being screened to develop an inventory of cryopreserved homozygous CCR5-Δ32 units available for HCT. One hundred eighty homozygous CCR5-Δ32 units have been identified, and 300 units are projected to provide for white pediatric patients a 73.6% probability of finding an adequately HLA-matched unit with a minimal cell dose of ≥2.5 × 107 total nucleated cells (TNC) per kilogram and for white adults a 27.9% probability. With a minimal cell dose requirement of ≥1 × 107 TNC per kilogram, the corresponding projected probabilities are 85.6% and 82.1%. CB transplantation does not require as stringent an HLA match between donor and recipient as bone marrow or peripheral blood HCTs, and HCT using cord bloods from donors homozygous for CCR5-Δ32 is, at the present time, the only feasible means of treatment of reasonable numbers of patients who are infected with HIV.
The Common Duct Dilates After Cholecystectomy and With Advancing Age
Authors: McArthur Tatum A. , Planz Virginia , Fineberg Naomi S. , Tessler Franklin N. , Robbin Michelle L. , Lockhart Mark E.
Published: July 2013

Objectives

To evaluate changes in the common duct diameter on sonography over time in patients with and without cholecystectomy.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the common duct diameter, central biliary dilatation, and interval change in 1079 patients who underwent sonography at least 2 years apart over a 6‐year period. A board‐certified radiologist, blinded to clinical and laboratory data, measured the duct diameter. A total of 893 patients (568 female and 325 male) were divided into 3 groups: group 1, remote cholecystectomy before sonography (mean, 9.7 years before sonography; n = 117); group 2, interval cholecystectomy between the first and second sonographic examinations (n = 56); and group 3, no cholecystectomy (n = 720). All groups were stratified by age, and group 3 was also stratified by the absence (n = 528) or presence (n=192) of gallstones.

Results

Duct diameters at baseline and follow‐up averaged 4.5 and 5.2, 3.6 and 4.9, and 3.5 and 3.9 mm in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Group 1 ducts were larger at baseline than in the other groups (P < .001). At follow‐up, group 2 ducts showed a greater interval diameter increase than the other groups (P < .001). In a subanalysis of each group based on age, there was a mild increase in duct size with increasing age, although not clinically significant and within normal limits. In group 3 patients who never had gallstones, there was a significant small increase in duct size over decades (P < .001). The baseline duct sizes for patients with gallstones were not significantly different from those who never had gallstones (P = .15).

Conclusions

Patients with remote cholecystectomy have larger common duct diameters than those with no or interval cholecystectomy. Most asymptomatic patients with or without cholecystectomy have a normal common duct diameter.
Transabdominal High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy of the Prostate and Determination of the Protective Effect of Rectal Cooling
Authors: Yoo Dong Hyun , Cho Jeong Yeon , Kwak Cheol , Lee Jae Young , Moon Kyung Chul , Kim Seung Hyup
Published: July 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to report our initial experience with transabdominal high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy of the canine prostate and to determine the protective effect of rectal cooling during HIFU therapy.

Methods

Fifteen male dogs underwent transabdominal HIFU therapy of the prostate. Transabdominal HIFU was performed on 9 dogs without using a rectal cooling device, and the remaining 6 dogs underwent transabdominal HIFU with introduction of the rectal cooling device. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed before, immediately after, and 1 week after the HIFU procedure. Rectal changes on MRI were classified into 4 grades (grades 0–3), and a comparison of the rectal change grades on MRI between the two groups was performed with the Mann‐Whitney U test.

Results

The procedure failed for the first dog because of inadequate skin preparation. Of the remaining 14 dogs (8 without rectal cooling and 6 with rectal cooling), 4 showed focal signal changes in the prostate. The average rectal change grades on immediate postprocedural MRI were 2.63 for the non–rectal cooling group and 1.17 for the rectal cooling group (P = .0216). On 1‐week follow‐up MRI, the average grades were 1.20 for the non–rectal cooling group and 0.33 for the rectal cooling group (P = .1956).

Conclusions

Transabdominal HIFU of the canine prostate was technically feasible, but the effect was limited because of anatomic and physiologic factors of the canine prostate. The rectal cooling device seems to have a protective effect on the rectum during the transabdominal HIFU procedure.
Mechanical, Solvent Imbibing, and Dielectric Behavior of Short Nylon Fiber/Poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) Composites
Authors: Priya Dasan K. , Unnikrishnan G. , Purushothaman E.
Published: July 2013

Short nylon fiber reinforced poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) composites were prepared at different fiber loading. The cure, mechanical, solvent‐transport, dielectric, and thermal behaviors of the composites were analyzed. Special emphasis was placed on evaluating the effects of loading, length, and orientation of fibers on these properties. The maximum torque increases and the optimum cure time decreases with fiber loading. The hardness and abrasion resistance of the composite show improvements with fiber loading, while fiber incorporation lowers the tensile strength of EVA. The dielectric constant of the composite increases with fiber loading. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21374; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21374
Synthesis of ethylene/1‐octene copolymers with controlled block structures by semibatch living copolymerization
Authors: Liu Weifeng , Guo Song , Fan Hong , Wang Wenjun , Li Bo‐Geng , Zhu Shiping
Published: July 2013

A kinetic model was developed for the living copolymerization of ethylene/1‐octene using the fluorinated FI‐Ti catalyst system, bis[N‐(3‐methylsalicylidene)‐2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluoroanilinato] TiCl2/dried methylaluminoxane is presented. The model was first validated by batch polymerization experiments. Kinetic parameters were estimated from the model correlations with online ethylene consumption rates and end‐of‐batch copolymer molecular weight. The model was then used to calculate the microstructural properties of ethylene/1‐octene copolymers with controlled composition profiles (uniform, diblock, and step triblock), which were synthesized using sequential comonomer feeding policies in semibatch copolymerization. The synthesized block copolymers had the exact composition distributions and molecular weights as the model simulated. It was demonstrated that the polymer chain microstructure in the living copolymerization of olefins could be precisely regulated by using semibatch comonomer feeding policies. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4686–4695, 2013
Role of interleukin‐13 in fibrosis, particularly systemic sclerosis
Authors: O'Reilly Steven
Published: July 2013

Chronic inflammation can lead to altered extracellular matrix deposition and ultimately fibrosis. Interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) is a cytokine that was found to promote IgE class switching and inhibit proinflammatory cytokines. However, it is now recognized as an important mediator in allergy and most importantly fibrosis. Indeed, animal studies with genetically deleted mice have demonstrated its critical role in fibrosis and although it shares over lapping functions with IL‐4 it is the dominant cytokine in fibrosis. Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which there is chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The disease is associated with a Th2 polarization and IL‐13 levels are elevated both in the blood and in the skin of patients. This review will examine the role of IL‐13 in driving fibrosis with a particular emphasis on systemic sclerosis as a prototypical fibrotic disease. It will highlight recent research into the role of IL‐13 and how this cytokine may be targeted in systemic sclerosis. © 2013 BioFactors, 39(6):593–596, 2013
Preparation and characterization of a novel dual‐retention mechanism mixed‐mode stationary phase with PEG 400 and succinic anhydride as ligand for protein separation in WCX and HIC modes
Authors: Song Chao , Wang Jianshan , Zhao Kailou , Bai Quan
Published: July 2013

A novel dual‐retention mechanism mixed‐mode stationary phase based on silica gel functionalized with PEG 400 and succinic anhydride as the ligand was prepared and characterized by infrared spectra and elemental analysis. Because of the ligand containing PEG 400 and carboxyl function groups, it displayed hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) characteristic in a high‐salt‐concentration mobile phase, and weak cation exchange chromatography (WCX) characteristic in a low‐salt‐concentration mobile phase. As a result, it can be employed to separate proteins with both WCX and HIC modes. The resolution and selectivity of the stationary phase was evaluated under both HIC and WCX modes with protein standards, and its performance was comparable to that of conventional ion‐exchange chromatography and HIC columns. The results indicated that the novel dual‐retention mechanism column, in many cases, could replace two individual WCX and HIC columns as a ‘2D column’. In addition, the mixed retention mechanism of proteins on this ‘2D column’ was investigated with stoichiometric displacement theory for retention of solute in liquid chromatography in detail in order to understand why the dual‐retention mechanism column has high resolution and selectivity for protein separation under WCX and HIC modes, respectively. Based on this ‘2D column’, a new 2DLC technology with a single column was developed. It is very important in proteome research and recombinant protein drug production to save column expense and simplify the processes in biotechnology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiomeric separation of meptazinol and its three intermediate enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis: quantitative analysis of meptazinol in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Yu Jia , Jiang Zhen , Sun Tiemin , Ji Fenfen , Xu Shuying , Wei Lan , Guo Xingjie
Published: July 2013

A new capillary electrophoresis (CE) method using carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (CM‐β‐CD) as chiral selector has been developed for the enantiomeric separation of meptazinol and its three intermediate enantiomers (intermediates II–IV), and validated for the application of quantitative determination of meptazinol in tablets. The primary factors affecting the separation efficiency, which include the chiral selector and its concentration, the buffer pH and composition, the organic modifiers used, and the applied voltage, were optimized. Baseline and satisfactory separations were obtained for meptazinol and its three intermediate enantiomers. For quantitative analysis of meptazinol, the method was performed at the condition using 2.0 mmol/L CM‐β‐CD in 20 mmol/L H3PO4 buffer adjusted to a pH of 6.00 with an applied voltage of 15 kV and containing 5% acetonitrile. After validation of the method in terms of its linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, accuracy, precision and selectivity, the method was successfully applied to the quantitation of meptazinol in pharmaceutical formulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC‐MS/MS method for quantitation of bivalirudin in human plasma: application to a human pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Chai Dong , Wang Rui , Bai Nan , Cai Yun , Liang Beibei
Published: July 2013

A sensitive, specific and simple LC‐MS/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of bivalirudin in human plasma using diazepam as an internal standard (IS). The API‐4000 LC‐MS/MS was operated under multiple‐reaction monitoring mode using electrospray ionization. The sample preparation consisted of an easy protein precipitation sample pretreatment with methanol. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 100 × 2.1 mm column with a mobile phase of water–methanol–0.1% formic acid. The analytes were detected with a triple quadrupole Quantum Access with positive ionization. Ions monitored in the multiple‐reaction monitoring mode were m/z 1091 → 650 for bivalirudin (at 2.70 min) and m/z 285 → 193 for diazepam (at 3.85 min). The developed method was validated in human plasma with a lower limit of quantitation of 20 µg/L for bivalirudin. A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 20–10,000 µg/L (r > 0.998) for bivalirudin. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision values for bivalirudin met the acceptance criteria as per US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Bivalirudin was stable in the battery of stability studies, viz. bench‐top, freeze–thaw cycles and long‐term stability. The developed assay method was applied to an intravenous administration study in humans. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐related changes of the larynx and trachea assessed by three‐dimensional computed tomography in children: Application to endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopy
Authors: Seo Jae‐Hyun , Hwang Se‐Hwan , Kang Jun‐Myung , Kim Chung‐Soo , Joo Young‐Hoon
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to establish normative data of laryngotracheal dimensions and shape and to evaluate differences associated with age and sex using three‐dimensional (3D) imaging. A total of 120 patients (64 boys and 56 girls) were included. Subjects were divided into four groups: Group 1 (0–2 years), Group 2 (3–7 years), Group 3 (8–13 years), and Group 4 (14–20 years). Using 3D image processing software, the laryngeal volume (LV), tracheal volume (TV), anteroposterior diameter at the glottis, cross‐sectional area (CSA) at the subglottis, and laryngeal angle (LA) of the thyroid laminae were measured. Parameters of laryngotracheal volume and size were positively correlated with age, whereas the LA was inversely correlated with age. The LV, TV, CSA‐3 mm, and CSA‐5 mm exhibited a growth spurt in Groups 2 and 3. The LA decreased at a faster rate in Group 1 (P = 0.012). In Groups 1 and 2, there were no differences between genders for each laryngotracheal segmentation or plane. However, gender differences in the TV of Group 3 were statistically significant (P = 0.030). In Group 4, gender differences of all airway parameters were evident. Volume and other dimensions of the laryngotracheal airway increase with age. There was a significant increase in the LV, TV, CSA‐3 mm, and CSA‐5 mm in Groups 2 and 3. The LA correlated negatively with age in the Group 1. Significant sex dimorphisms are evident in Group 4. Clin. Anat. 27:360–364, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay of peripheral lymphocytes revealing the genotoxic effect of formaldehyde exposure
Authors: Souza Anne D , Devi Rema
Published: July 2013

Formaldehyde (FA), which is said to be a carcinogenic agent, is commonly used in anatomy laboratories. This study used the cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) to assess DNA damage due to FA exposure by measuring the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in lymphocytes. The extent of DNA damage was assessed with respect to the duration of exposure. Thirty male anatomy laboratory workers from various medical colleges involved with storing specimens and embalming were included in the study. Thirty males who were not exposed to FA were included as a comparison group. Blood samples were collected after informed consent was given. Information regarding age, duration of FA exposure and smoking habits was obtained by a questionnaire. The CBMN assay was conducted on cultured isolated lymphocytes stained with Giemsa. MN were counted in a total of 1000 binucleated lymphocytes. The effect of smoking was assessed using appropriate statistical tests. The frequency of MN in lymphocytes was significantly higher in the exposed group (P < 0.001). The duration of exposure correlated positively with the frequency of MN (r = 0.5, P = 0.02). Neither aging nor smoking correlated significantly with the formation of MN. The present study highlights significant DNA damage in people exposed to FA. The extent of damage was directly proportional to the duration of exposure. Clin. Anat. 27:308–312, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanistic Study on Ligand‐Controlled Cobalt‐Catalyzed Regioselectivity‐Switchable Hydroarylation of Styrenes
Authors: Yang Zhiwei , Yu Haizhu , Fu Yao
Published: July 2013

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to study the mechanism of the recently reported Co‐catalyzed ligand‐controlled hydroarylation of styrenes as a means of preparing 1,1‐ or 1,2‐diarylalkanes. The present study corroborates the previously proposed three‐step mechanism, comprising CH activation (CH oxidative addition), styrene insertion, and reductive elimination. In the CH activation and reductive elimination steps, our calculations suggest that styrene does not coordinate to the Co center. In the insertion step, styrene is inserted into the CoH bond rather than the CoC bond. Furthermore, the rate‐ and regiodetermining step is found to be CC reductive elimination. It is significant that the regioselectivity observed experimentally has been successfully reproduced by our calculations. More importantly, in analyzing the origin of the ligand‐controlled regioselectivity, we have found that the steric effects of different ligands mainly determine the observed regioselectivity. Both the shape (i.e., “umbrella‐up” or “umbrella‐down”) and bulkiness of the ligand contribute to the steric effect.
Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted Oxindoles by Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular α‐Arylation of Amides: Reaction Development and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Katayev Dmitry , Jia Yi‐Xia , Sharma Akhilesh K. , Banerjee Dipshikha , Besnard Céline , Sunoj Raghavan B. , Kündig E. Peter
Published: July 2013

Palladium complexes incorporating chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands catalyze the asymmetric intramolecular α‐arylation of amides producing 3,3‐disubstituted oxindoles. Comprehensive DFT studies have been performed to gain insight into the mechanism of this transformation. Oxidative addition is shown to be rate‐determining and reductive elimination to be enantioselectivity‐determining. The synthesis of seven new NHC ligands is detailed and their performance is compared. One of them, L8, containing a tBu and a 1‐naphthyl group at the stereogenic centre, proved superior and was very efficient in the asymmetric synthesis of fifteen new spiro‐oxindoles and three azaspiro‐oxindoles often in high yields (up to 99 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee; ee=enantiomeric excess). Three palladacycle intermediates resulting from the oxidative addition of [Pd(NHC)] into the aryl halide bond were isolated and structurally characterized (X‐ray). Using these intermediates as catalysts showed alkene additives to play an important role in increasing turnover number and frequency.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Hard Phase of ReB4 Predicted from First Principles.
Authors: Wang Bing , Wang De Yu , Wang Yuan Xu
Published: July 2013

A trigonal R3m structure is predicted for ReB4 via a swarm optimization algorithm.
ChemInform Abstract: Disorder—Order Structural Transformation in Electron‐Poor Sr3Au8Sn3 Driven by Chemical Bonding Optimization.
Authors: Lin Qisheng , Vetter Jordan , Corbett John D.
Published: July 2013

Sr3Au8Sn3 is prepared by melting stoichiometric amounts of the metals (sealed Ta tube in evacuated silica jackets, 800 °C, 6 h; annealing at 400 °C, 1 week).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the New Selenogermanate, Cs2CdGe3Se8.
Authors: Hahn Song‐I , Kim Pilsoo , Yun Hoseop
Published: July 2013

The title compound is prepared from the elements in a CsCl flux (silica tube, 923 K, 5 d) and characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Containing Rare‐Earth Metal Germanide, Er3.93Li1.07Ge4: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Chemical Bonding.
Authors: Nam Gnu , Jeon Beom Yong , Kim Youngjo Kim Youngjo , Kang Sung Kwon , You Tae‐Soo
Published: July 2013

The title compound is prepared from a stoichiometric mixture of the elements (sealed Nb ampule, 1080 °C, 5 h and 750 °C, 2 d) and characterized by single crystal XRD and TB‐LMTO computations.
ChemInform Abstract: CsCdInQ3 (Q: Se, Te): New Photoconductive Compounds as Potential Materials for Hard Radiation Detection.
Authors: Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2013

CsCdInSe3 (I) and CsCdInTe3 (II) are prepared by reaction of In, Cs2Se3 or Cs2Te3, Cd, and Se or Te in a molar ratio of 2:1:2:3 ((I): 1.
ChemInform Abstract: La3Ni2SbO9: A Relaxor Ferromagnet.
Authors: Battle Peter D. , Evers Sophie I. , Hunter Emily C. , Westwood Mark
Published: July 2013

A polycrystalline sample of La3Ni2SbO9 is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Sb2O5, NiO, and Sb2O3 (alumina crucible, 1250 °C, 6 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Cluster Harvesting by Successive Reduction of a Metal Halide with a Nonconventional Reduction Agent: A Benefit for the Exploration of Metal‐Rich Halide Systems.
Authors: Stroebele Markus , Mos Agnieszka , Meyer Hans‐Juergen
Published: July 2013

WCl6 and WBr6 are reduced with elemental iron and antimony, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Supported Au—Cu Bimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles: An Aerobic Oxidation Catalyst with Regenerable Activity by Visible‐Light Irradiation.
Authors: Sugano Yoshitsune , Shiraishi Yasuhiro , Tsukamoto Daijiro , Ichikawa Satoshi , Tanaka Shunsuke , Hirai Takayuki
Published: July 2013

Visible‐light irradiation (<450 nm) of Au—Cu alloy nanoparticles supported on Degussa P25 TiO2 successfully promotes aerobic oxidation of 2‐propanol without significant catalyst deactivation.
ChemInform Abstract: Cs10H[Ga3H8]3: A Hydrogenous Zintl Phase Containing Propane‐Like Polyanions [Ga3H8]3‐ and Interstitial Hydrogen.
Authors: Fahlquist Henrik , Noreus Dag
Published: July 2013

The title compound is prepared by hydrogenation of a 1:1 Cs/Ga metal mixture (corundum crucible, autoclave, 50 bar H2, 588 K, 12 h) and characterized by powder X‐ray and neutron diffraction.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Assembly of an Unusual Lead Borate with Different Cluster Building Units via a Hydrothermal Process.
Authors: Tian Han‐Rui , Wang Wen‐Hua , Gao Yan‐E , Deng Ting‐Ting , Wang Jia‐Ying , Feng Yun‐Long , Cheng Jian‐Wen
Published: July 2013

The first binodal 5,9‐connected lead borate Pb6B4O11(OH)2 is obtained by hydrothermal conversion of Pb(BO2)2·H2O (autoclave, 170 °C, 6 d, 33% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: The Ti‐BINOLate‐Catalyzed, Enantioselective Ring‐Opening of meso‐Aziridines with Amines
Authors: Peruncheralathan Saravan , Aurich Sandra , Teller Henrik , Schneider Christoph
Published: July 2013

leading to a variety of trans‐1,2‐diamines
ChemInform Abstract: Greening the Wacker Process.
Authors: Kulkarni Mukund G. , Shaikh Yunnus B. , Borhade Ajit S. , Chavhan Sanjay W. , Dhondge Attrimuni P. , Gaikwad Dnyaneshwar D. , Desai Mayur P. , Birhade Deekshaputra R. , Dhatrak Nagorao R.
Published: July 2013

The novel protocol uses KBrO3 as the oxidant and Pd‐C as the catalyst and provides an environmentally benign alternative to the traditional Wacker system.
ChemInform Abstract: Various Oxidative Reactions with Novel Ion‐Supported (Diacetoxyiodo)benzenes.
Authors: Iinuma Masataka , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: July 2013

Two novel ion‐supported (diacetoxyiodo)benzenes are synthesized and successfully applied to the TEMPO‐mediated oxidation of alcohols [→ (II)], the oxidation of diisopropylbenzyl amines [→ (V)], the Hofmann rearrangement of primary amides [→ (VII)], the oxidative 1,2‐aryl migration of propiophenones [→ (X)] and the preparation of 5‐aryl‐2‐methyloxazoles from acetophenones [→ (XIII)].
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aromatic C—H Bond Halogenation with Lithium Halides under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Mo Song , Zhu Yamin , Shen Zengming
Published: July 2013

A concise and practical copper‐catalyzed oxidative halogenation of heterobiaryls with lithium halides is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Monoiodination of Terminal Alkenes
Authors: Yemets Sergiy V. , Shubina Tatyana E. , Krasutsky Pavel A.
Published: July 2013

using iodine in N,N‐dimethylacetamide
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Hydride‐Promoted Dienyl Isomerization: Access to Highly Substituted 1,3‐Dienes.
Authors: Clark Joseph R. , Griffiths Justin R. , Diver Steven T.
Published: July 2013

Ruthenium hydrides are found to promote the positional isomerization of 1,3‐dienes into more highly substituted 1,3‐dienes in a stereoconvergent manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Heck Cyclization and Its Application Toward a Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐β‐Cuparenone Derivatives Supported by Computational Studies.
Authors: Ray Devalina , Nasima Yasmin , Sajal Mal K. , Ray Priyanka , Urinda Sharmistha , Anoop Anakuthil , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: July 2013

The novel methodology, applied to various homoallylic alcohols, leads to formation of cyclopentenone structures and is thus suitable in the synthesis of sesquiterterpene molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed N‐ and O‐Alkylation of Amines and Phenols Using Alkylborane Reagents.
Authors: Sueki Shunsuke , Kuninobu Yoichiro
Published: July 2013

The copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction between aliphatic pinacol boronic acid esters and amines furnishes the corresponding secondary and tertiary amines in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed C—N Cross‐Coupling Reactions for the Preparation of Aryl Diamines Applying Mild Conditions.
Authors: Costa Marcio V. , Viana Gil M. , de Souza Thais M. , Malta Luiz Fernando B. , Aguiar Lucia C. S.
Published: July 2013

The process is investigated in the presence of Cu2O and CuO nanoparticles and CuO microparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation of Carbonyl Compounds: Trifluoroacetaldehyde Hydrate as a Trifluoromethyl Source.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Zhang Zhe , Wang Fang , Munoz Socrates , Olah George A.
Published: July 2013

Substrate (I) is applied as CF3CH (OH)2·1/2H2O.