bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Wildland Fuels Based on Topography and Forest Attributes in North-Central Appalachia
Authors: Dong Ziyu , Williams Roger A.
Published: April 2024

Forest ecosystem attributes and their spatial variation across the landscape have the potential to subsequently influence variations in fire behavior. Understanding this variation is critical to fire managers in their ability to predict fire behavior and rate of spread. However, a fine-scale description of fuel patterns and their relationship with overstory and understory attributes for north-central Appalachia is lacking due to the complicated quantification of variations in topography, forest attributes, and their interactions. To better understand the fire environment in north-central Appalachia and provide a comprehensive evaluation based on fine-scale topography, ninety-four plots were established across different aspects and slope positions within an oak–hickory forest located in southeast Ohio, USA, which historically fell within fire regime group I with a fire return interval ranging from 7 to 26 years. The data collected from these plots were analyzed by four components of the fire environment, which include the overstory, understory, shrub and herbaceous layers, surface fuels, and fuel conditions. The results reveal that fuel bed composition changed across aspects and slope position, and it is a primary factor that influences the environment where fire occurs. Specifically, the oak fuel load was highest on south-facing slopes and in upper slope positions, while maple fuel loads were similar across all aspects and slope positions. Oak and maple basal areas were the most significant factors in predicting the oak and maple fuel load, respectively. In the shrub and undergrowth layers, woody plant coverage was higher in upper slope positions compared to lower slope positions. Overstory canopy closure displayed a significant negative correlation with understory trees/ha and woody plant variables. The findings in this study can provide a better understanding of fine-scale fuel bed and vegetation characteristics, which can subsequently feed into fire behavior modeling research in north-central Appalachia based on the different characterizations of the fire environment by landscape position.
Comparison of Morphometric Parameters, Nutritional Composition, and Textural Properties of Seven Crustaceans Species
Authors: Yang Zhigang , Jiang Qingqing , Zhang Wuxiao , Xia Silei , Tian Hongyan , Liu Fei , Yang Wenping , Yu Yebing , Wu Yanmin , Zhu Yongzhi , Xu Zhiqiang , Gu Zemao , Wang Aimin , Chen Aqin
Published: April 2024

In order to study the muscle quality of different crustaceans, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of their muscle quality characteristics as a theoretical reference. In this work, seven major species of farmed and consumer crustaceans were selected, including crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), kuruma prawns (Penaeus japonicus), river prawns (Macrobranchium nipponense), and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). Their morphometric parameters, nutritional composition, textural properties, and physical and chemical indexes were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the meat content (MC, about 14.78%) of crayfish was significantly lower than that of the other six species. By contrast, pacific white shrimp had the highest MC, although the MCs of black tiger shrimp, kuruma prawns, and Chinese shrimp are greater than 40%. All seven crustacean species were high in protein and low in fat, while pacific white shrimp had the highest crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content compared to the other crustaceans. The content of threonine (Thr) was the highest in crayfish. The content of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) was the highest in freshwater prawns. The content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and non–essential amino acid (NEAA) was the highest in pacific white shrimp. C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) was the highest in freshwater prawns and pacific white shrimp; C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid, LNA), C20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were all the highest in crayfish; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest in freshwater prawns, but the content was not significantly different from crayfish, pacific white shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp. Pacific white shrimp had the highest values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The redness values of crayfish, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp were significantly higher than those of the other three species except kuruma prawns. Compared to other crustaceans, river prawns had the highest drip loss and cooking loss. Black tiger shrimp and Chinese shrimp had the lowest cooking loss rates. The research shows that the tail muscle of the seven species of crustaceans is rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and low in fat, representing a high-quality protein. Among these crustaceans, the main essential amino acids and essential fatty acids in the tail muscle of pacific white shrimp, freshwater prawns, and crayfish are higher in content and better in nutritional value.
Unsteady Subsonic/Supersonic Flow Simulations in 3D Unstructured Grids over an Acoustic Cavity
Authors: Araya Guillermo
Published: April 2024

In this study, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations are employed in conjunction with the Menter Shear Stress Transport (SST)-Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS) turbulence model in compressible flow, with an unstructured mesh and complex geometry. While other scale-resolving approaches in space and time, such as direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES), supply more comprehensive information about the turbulent energy spectrum of the fluctuating component of the flow, they imply computationally intensive situations, usually performed over structured meshes and relatively simple geometries. In contrast, the SAS approach is designed according to “physically” prescribed length scales of the flow. More precisely, it operates by locally comparing the length scale of the modeled turbulence to the von Karman length scale (which depends on the local first- and second fluid velocity derivatives). This length-scale ratio allows the flow to dynamically adjust the local eddy viscosity in order to better capture the large-scale motions (LSMs) in unsteady regions of URANS simulations. While SAS may be constrained to model only low flow frequencies or wavenumbers (i.e., LSM), its versatility and low computational cost make it attractive for obtaining a quick first insight of the flow physics, particularly in those situations dominated by strong flow unsteadiness. The selected numerical application is the well-known M219 three-dimensional rectangular acoustic cavity from the literature at two different free-stream Mach numbers, M∞ (0.85 and 1.35) and a length-to-depth ratio of 5:1. Thus, we consider the “deep configuration” in experiments by Henshaw. The SST-SAS model demonstrates a satisfactory compromise between simplicity, accuracy, and flow physics description.
Whey Cheeses Containing Probiotic and Bioprotective Cultures Produced with Ultrafiltrated Cow’s Whey
Authors: Pires Arona , Bożek Agata , Pietruszka Hubert , Szkolnicka Katarzyna , Gomes David , Díaz Olga , Cobos Angel , Pereira Carlos
Published: April 2024

Bovine whey cheese (WC) is a product from southern European countries that presents some challenges: its production process involves high energy inputs; the yield is low; and WC has a short shelf life. The application of ultrafiltration (UF) to bovine whey before manufacture of WC and the employment of protective cultures can reduce these disadvantages. The objective of this research was the production of whey cheeses using ultrafiltrated bovine cheese whey with added probiotics or probiotics plus protective cultures. Three types of WC were produced: control CW without any addition (C); CW with the addition of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA5); and CW with the addition of Lactobacillus acidophilus plus a protective culture containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LA5FQ4). The WCs were stored under refrigerated conditions for 28 days. The products with added cultures presented lower pH values and higher titratable acidities when compared to the control. Sample LA5 presented the lowest pH and the highest titratable acidity, while LA5FQ4 presented intermediate values. Slight differences were observed between products regarding color parameters, chiefly resulting from storage time. The samples with added cultures were firmer when compared to the control, with LA5 cheeses showing the highest values at the end of the storage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts were on the order of log 8–9 CFU/g for the products with added cultures. Lower levels of yeasts and molds were detected on the sample with the protective culture (LA5FQ4), so that by the end of storage they presented counts one log cycle lower than C and LA5. Hence, the beneficial impact of the protective culture on the shelf life of the product is evident. Regarding sensory evaluation, LA5FQ4 cheeses obtained the highest scores for all parameters evaluated. It can be concluded that the use of UF associated with the addition of protective cultures can be very useful to reduce the energy consumption of the manufacturing process, to prolong the shelf life of WC and to improve its sensory properties.
Alcalase-Based Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Protein Hydrolysates Efficiently Reduce Systolic Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Figueroa-Salcido Oscar Gerardo , Arámburo-Gálvez Jesús Gilberto , Mora-Melgem José Antonio , Camacho-Cervantes Diana Laura , Gracia-Valenzuela Martina Hilda , Cuevas-Rodríguez Edith Oliva , Ontiveros Noé
Published: April 2024

Studies on antihypertensive chickpea protein hydrolysates have rarely performed in vivo evaluations, limiting the entry of such hydrolysates into functional food development and clinical trials. Thus, our aim was to optimize the hydrolysis conditions to produce an alcalase-based chickpea hydrolysate with a hypotensive effect in vivo at convenient oral doses. The hydrolysis reaction time, temperature, and alcalase/substrate concentration were optimized using a response surface analysis (RSA). ACE-I inhibition was the response variable. The optimized hydrolysis conditions were time = 0.5 h, temperature = 40 °C, and E/S concentration = 0.254 (U/g). The IC50 of the optimized hydrolysate (OCPH) was 0.358 mg/mL. Five hydrolysates from the RSA worksheet (one of them obtained after 5 min of hydrolysis (CPH15)) had an ACE-I inhibitory potential similar to that of OCPH (p > 0.05). At 50 mg/kg doses, OCPH and CPH15 promoted a clinically relevant hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats, up to −47.35 mmHg and −28.95 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.05 vs. negative control). Furthermore, the hypotensive effect was sustained for at least 7 h post-supplementation. Overall, OCPH and CPH15 are promising ingredients for functional food development and as test materials for clinical trials.
Correction: Muller et al. Optimization of Water Lentil (Duckweed) Leaf Protein Purification: Identification, Structure, and Foaming Properties. Foods 2023, 12, 3424
Authors: Muller Tristan , Bernier Marie-Ève , Bazinet Laurent
Published: April 2024

In the original publication [...]
Insights into the Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Properties and In Vitro Cell Effects of Disphyma crassifolium
Authors: Silva Ana Margarida , Moreira Manuela M. , Teixeira Filipa , Ferraz Ricardo , Salazar Miguel , Delerue-Matos Cristina , Rodrigues Francisca
Published: April 2024

Disphyma crassifolium, commonly known as sea fingers, is a halophyte plant recently introduced in gourmet cuisine. The present study aims to extract the bioactive compounds of D. crassifolium using ultrasound-assisted extraction and employing green solvents (water and ethanol). The antioxidant/antiradical activities, scavenging capacity against reactive species, phenolic profile, and intestinal effects were evaluated. The highest total phenolic (53.13 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g on dry weight (dw)) and flavonoid contents (18.98 mg of catechin equivalent (CE)/g dw) as well as antioxidant (149.69 µmol of ferrous sulphate equivalent (FSE)/g dw) and antiradical capacities (9.37 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g dw) were achieved for the alcoholic extract. Moreover, the alcoholic extract exhibited an efficient uptake of HOCl (IC50 = 1.97 µg/mL) and ROO• (0.34 μmol of Trolox equivalent (TE)/mg dw). A total of 34 phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts, with flavonols (isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, and myricetin), flavanols (catechin), and phenolic acids (gallic and ellagic acids) being the principal classes. The intestinal cell viability assays attested that the alcoholic extract presented the lowest IC50 values (289.82 and 35.77 µg/mL for HT29-MTX and Caco-2), showing probable anticancer activity. These results emphasize the potential of D. crassifolium as a nutraceutical ingredient.
Lyophilized Avocado Paste Improves Corn Chips’ Nutritional Properties and Sensory Acceptability
Authors: Zuñiga-Martínez B. Shain , Domínguez-Avila J. Abraham , Robles-Sánchez R. Maribel , Ayala-Zavala J. Fernando , Viuda-Martos Manuel , López-Díaz José Alberto , Villegas-Ochoa Mónica A. , Torres-García Gerardo , González-Aguilar Gustavo A.
Published: April 2024

Avocado paste (AP) is an industrial byproduct and a potential source of bioactive compounds, so there is great interest in its valorization. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of adding AP to corn chips regarding their nutritional profile and sensory acceptability. Three AP-supplemented corn chip samples were prepared (C-2%, C-6%, and C-10%), along with a control chip (C), whose total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, proximate composition, minerals, fatty acids, and sensory acceptability were evaluated. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, significant increases were found between all samples (p < 0.05), particularly between C and C-10% (from 0.93 to 3.56 mg GAE/g dw and 1.17 to 6.61 mg QE/g dw, respectively). Their antioxidant capacity also increased significantly (p < 0.05) with all methods used (FRAP, DPPH, ORAC, and TEAC). Regarding the sensory analysis, no significant differences were found (p > 0.05) between C and C-2% in the parameters of smell, color, flavor, and overall acceptability; however, the texture of C-2% was better evaluated. The C-2% sample also had the highest acceptability; 82% of the participants mentioned that they would buy the C-2%, higher than the rest of the samples. These results suggest the feasibility of adding 2% AP as a strategy to improve the nutritional properties of corn chips without compromising their sensory acceptability; therefore, AP may be used as a food ingredient.
Research Progress on New Functions of Animal and Plant Proteins
Authors: Duan Hao , Liu Gaigai , Feng Duo , Wang Zhuoye , Yan Wenjie
Published: April 2024

Protein is composed of peptides, essential nutrients for human survival and health, and the easy absorption of peptides further promotes human health. According to the source of the protein, it can be divided into plants, animals, and micro-organisms, which have important physiological effects on the health of the body, especially in enhancing immunity. The most widely used raw materials are animal protein and plant protein, and the protein composition formed by the two in a certain proportion is called “double protein”. In recent years, China’s State Administration for Market Regulation has issued an announcement on the “Implementation Rules for the Technical Evaluation of New Functions and Products of Health Foods (Trial)”, which provides application conditions and listing protection for the research and development of new functions of health foods. At present, some researchers and enterprises have begun to pay attention to the potential of animal and plant proteins to be used in new functions. In this article, the research progress of animal and plant proteins in the new functions of Chinese health food is reviewed in detail, and suggestions for future research on animal and plant proteins are put forward.
Plant-Based Emulsions as Dairy Cream Alternatives: Comparison of Viscoelastic Properties and Colloidal Stability of Various Model Products
Authors: Lapčíková Barbora , Lapčík Lubomír , Valenta Tomáš , Chvatíková Marie
Published: April 2024

In the context of growing interest in plant-based food products for their potential health benefits and sustainability, this study investigates the effect of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids application on physico-chemical properties of various plant-based cream products, compared to lecithin application in rice cream. Rheological and textural parameters, colour profile, and colloidal stability were analysed. The application of mono- and diglycerides modified the creams’ viscoelastic behaviour, showing a decrease in viscoelasticity across the samples; although in oat–coconut cream resulted in a higher viscoelasticity, indicating the formation of a gel-like structure. Rice cream with lecithin emulsifier showed lower viscoelastic properties characterised by higher phase angle (tan δ). All samples behaved as pseudoplastic materials (with a flow behaviour index n < 1). For coconut and almond creams, the consistency coefficient increased and flow behaviour index decreased after emulsifier application. Interestingly, the emulsifier addition did not significantly affect the cream’s colour profile, characterised by yellow hue angle (h*) as a dominant spectral component. The colloidal stability, indicated by a stability index (SI), was determined as well.
Unveiling Digital Transformation: A Catalyst for Enhancing Food Security and Achieving Sustainable Development Goals at the European Union Level
Authors: Vărzaru Anca Antoaneta
Published: April 2024

The digital revolution is reshaping various aspects of society, including having a profound impact on food security and the advancement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study investigates the relationship between digital transformation, quantified through the components of the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), and SDGs related to food (SDG1, SDG2, SDG3, and SDG10), along with the overall SDG Index score. The data used for investigation are sourced from reports issued by the European Commission concerning DESI, as well as the SDG reports for the period from 2017 to 2022. The paper elucidates how different components of digitalization, such as connectivity, digital skills, internet usage, and digital public services, influence the attainment of food security objectives and broader sustainable development targets using structural equation modeling and cluster analysis. The findings underscore the pivotal role of digital technologies in enhancing poverty alleviation, health and well-being, and, in particular, mitigating inequality. This study contributes to understanding the complex relationship between digital transformation and food security, offering insights for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders aiming to leverage technology for advancing SDGs and fostering a more equitable and sustainable future.
A Critical Review on Immobilized Sucrose Isomerase and Cells for Producing Isomaltulose
Authors: Jing Wenjie , Hou Feihong , Wu Xinming , Zheng Mingqiang , Zheng Yue , Lu Fuping , Liu Fufeng
Published: April 2024

Isomaltulose is a novel sweetener and is considered healthier than the common sugars, such as sucrose or glucose. It has been internationally recognized as a safe food product and holds vast potential in pharmaceutical and food industries. Sucrose isomerase is commonly used to produce isomaltulose from the substrate sucrose in vitro and in vivo. However, free cells/enzymes were often mixed with the product, making recycling difficult and leading to a significant increase in production costs. Immobilized cells/enzymes have the following advantages including easy separation from products, high stability, and reusability, which can significantly reduce production costs. They are more suitable than free ones for industrial production. Recently, immobilized cells/enzymes have been encapsulated using composite materials to enhance their mechanical strength and reusability and reduce leakage. This review summarizes the advancements made in immobilized cells/enzymes for isomaltulose production in terms of refining traditional approaches and innovating in materials and methods. Moreover, innovations in immobilized enzyme methods include cross-linked enzyme aggregates, nanoflowers, inclusion bodies, and directed affinity immobilization. Material innovations involve nanomaterials, graphene oxide, and so on. These innovations circumvent challenges like the utilization of toxic cross-linking agents and enzyme leakage encountered in traditional methods, thus contributing to enhanced enzyme stability.
Impact of Ultrasound Pretreatment on Juice Yield and Bioactive Content in Juice Produced from Selected Berries Fruit
Authors: Piecko Jan , Mieszczakowska-Frąc Monika , Celejewska Karolina , Szwejda-Grzybowska Justyna
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of ultrasound application during juice pressing. The impact on pressing yield and extraction of bioactive compounds during production of juice from strawberry, blackcurrant and raspberry was evaluated. Juice pressing was carried out after four kinds of mash pretreatment. The tested objects were heated to 55 °C, treated by ultrasound, and/or macerated with an enzyme. The obtained juices were analyzed for the content of bioactive compounds and compared to the ‘Control’ sample, which was the juice pressed without any pretreatment. Although the results presented here do not conclusively show that enzymatic maceration can be completely replaced by the use of ultrasound, in the case of strawberry and raspberry fruit, juice yield after ultrasound treatment increased almost as much as after enzymatic maceration. Additionally, in the case of raspberry fruit, the antioxidant activity of the juice samples was definitely improved when ultrasound was used. The results from this experiment also showed that it is possible to separate the effect of temperature from the effect of mechanical and chemical actions in ultrasound treatment.
Comprehensive Review of EGCG Modification: Esterification Methods and Their Impacts on Biological Activities
Authors: Zhuang Yingjun , Quan Wei , Wang Xufeng , Cheng Yunhui , Jiao Ye
Published: April 2024

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the key constituent of tea polyphenols, presents challenges in terms of its lipid solubility, stability, and bioavailability because of its polyhydroxy structure. Consequently, structural modifications are imperative to enhance its efficacy. This paper comprehensively reviews the esterification techniques applied to EGCG over the past two decades and their impacts on bioactivities. Both chemical and enzymatic esterification methods involve catalysts, solvents, and hydrophobic groups as critical factors. Although the chemical method is cost-efficient, it poses challenges in purification; on the other hand, the enzymatic approach offers improved selectivity and simplified purification processes. The biological functions of EGCG are inevitably influenced by the structural changes incurred through esterification. The antioxidant capacity of EGCG derivatives can be compromised under certain conditions by reducing hydroxyl groups, while enhancing lipid solubility and stability can strengthen their antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Additionally, esterification broadens the utility of EGCG in food applications. This review provides critical insights into developing cost-effective and environmentally sustainable selective esterification methods, as well as emphasizes the elucidation of the bioactive mechanisms of EGCG derivatives to facilitate their widespread adoption in food processing, healthcare products, and pharmaceuticals.
Quid Pro Quo Diplomacy
Authors: Malis Matt , Smith Alastair
Published: April 2024

Political leaders value public demonstrations of support from foreign leaders and frequently make concessions in order to obtain them. We model the bargaining dynamics surrounding these exchanges and their impact on the recipient leader’s political survival, with a focus on top-level diplomatic visits as a means of signaling international support. Our model addresses two interrelated questions; first, we consider how symbolic displays of support from one leader to another can be informative even when they are “purchased” with concessions, and second, we derive the equilibrium price and political impact of a visit under different bargaining protocols. The incentive to make a concession in exchange for a visit generally undermines a visit’s signaling value. We identify a diplomatic resource curse, where the existence of opportunities for diplomatic exchange can force leaders into accepting visit-for-concession deals that leave them worse off than if they were diplomatically isolated. Visits never occur when negotiations are fully transparent. Mutually beneficial quid pro quo diplomacy requires opacity in negotiations.
Enhancing the Topical Antibacterial Activity of Fusidic Acid via Embedding into Cinnamon Oil Nano-Lipid Carrier
Authors: Elsewedy Heba S. , Shehata Tamer M. , Genedy Shaymaa M. , Siddiq Khuzama M. , Asiri Bushra Y. , Alshammari Rehab A. , Bukhari Sarah I. , Kola-Mustapha Adeola T. , Ramadan Heba A. , Soliman Wafaa E.
Published: April 2024

Presently, antimicrobial resistance is of great risk to remarkable improvements in health conditions and infection management. Resistance to various antibiotics has been considered a great obstacle in their usage, necessitating alternative strategies for enhancing the antibacterial effect. Combination therapy has been recognized as a considerable strategy that could improve the therapeutic influence of antibacterial agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to combine the antibacterial action of compounds of natural origin like fusidic acid (FA) and cinnamon essential oil (CEO) for synergistic effects. A distinctive nanoemulsion (NE) was developed using cinnamon oil loaded with FA. Applying the Box–Behnken design (BBD) approach, one optimized formula was selected and integrated into a gel base to provide an FA-NE-hydrogel for optimal topical application. The FA-NE-hydrogel was examined physically, studied for in vitro release, and investigated for stability upon storage at different conditions, at room (25 °C) and refrigerator (4 °C) temperatures, for up to 3 months. Ultimately, the NE-hydrogel preparation was inspected for its antibacterial behavior using multidrug-resistant bacteria and checked by scanning electron microscopy. The FA-NE-hydrogel formulation demonstrated a pH (6.32), viscosity (12,680 cP), and spreadability (56.7 mm) that are acceptable for topical application. The in vitro release could be extended for 6 h, providing 52.0%. The formulation was stable under both test conditions for up to 3 months of storage. Finally, the FA-NE-hydrogel was found to inhibit the bacterial growth of not only Gram-positive but also Gram-negative bacteria. The inhibition was further elucidated by a scanning electron micrograph, indicating the efficiency of CEO in enhancing the antibacterial influence of FA when combined in an NE system.
Cytotoxicity and Degradation Resistance of Cryo- and Hydrogels Based on Carboxyethylchitosan at Different pH Values
Authors: Blinova Elena , Korel Anastasia , Zemlyakova Ekaterina , Pestov Alexander , Samokhin Alexander , Zelikman Maxim , Tkachenko Vadim , Bets Viktoria , Arzhanova Elena , Litvinova Ekaterina
Published: April 2024

Background: The use of chitosan-based gels is still limited due to their restricted solubility in acid solutions, where the molecules have a positive charge. The functionalization of chitosan makes it possible to significantly expand the possibilities of using both the polymer itself and hydrogels based on its derivatives. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the conditions for the production of cryo- and hydrogels based on carboxyethylchitosan (CEC) crosslinked with glutaraldehyde on gel swelling and its resistance to degradation depending on pH and cytotoxic effects and to test the hypothesis that the amount of crosslinking agent during synthesis may affect the cytotoxicity of the gel. Methods: Gels’ swelling values and degradation resistance were determined using the gravimetric method. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated during the co-cultivation of gels in the presence of human fibroblasts using light optical microscopy and flow cytometry. Results: All CEC-based cryogels had a higher equilibrium swelling value and degradation time than the CEC hydrogel in the pH range from 4.6 to 8.0. This demonstrates the superiority of cryogels relative to CEC-based hydrogels in terms of swelling potential and degradation resistance, while an increase in the number of crosslinks with glutaraldehyde contributes to longer swelling of the cryogel. The positive control (intact fibroblasts) and all gel samples were statistically identical in the number of viable cells. On the third day, the viability of the fibroblast cells was consistently high (above 95%) and did not differ between all tested CEC-based gels. And in general, the cell morphology analysis results corresponded with the results obtained in the flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity test. We also did not find proof in our experiment to support our hypothesis that the amount of crosslinking agent during synthesis may affect the cytotoxicity of the material.
Proteomic Analysis of Lysine Acetylation and Succinylation to Investigate the Pathogenicity of Virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Avirulent Line Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 avrRpm1 on Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ding Yongqiang , Liu Yangxuan , Yang Kexin , Zhao Yiran , Wen Chun , Yang Yi , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2024

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) is able to infect many economically important crops and thus causes substantial losses in the global agricultural economy. Pst DC3000 can be divided into virulent lines and avirulent lines. For instance, the pathogen effector avrRPM1 of avirulent line Pst-avrRpm1 (Pst DC3000 avrRpm1) can be recognized and detoxified by the plant. To further compare the pathogenicity mechanisms of virulent and avirulent Pst DC3000, a comprehensive analysis of the acetylome and succinylome in Arabidopsis thaliana was conducted following infection with virulent line Pst DC3000 and avirulent line Pst-avrRpm1. In this study, a total of 1625 acetylated proteins encompassing 3423 distinct acetylation sites were successfully identified. Additionally, 229 succinylated proteins with 527 unique succinylation sites were detected. A comparison of these modification profiles between plants infected with Pst DC3000 and Pst-avrRpm1 revealed significant differences. Specifically, modification sites demonstrated inconsistencies, with a variance of up to 10% compared to the control group. Moreover, lysine acetylation (Kac) and lysine succinylation (Ksu) displayed distinct preferences in their modification patterns. Lysine acetylation is observed to exhibit a tendency towards up-regulation in Arabidopsis infected with Pst-avrRpm1. Conversely, the disparity in the number of Ksu up-regulated and down-regulated sites was not as pronounced. Motif enrichment analysis disclosed that acetylation modification sequences are relatively conserved, and regions rich in polar acidic/basic and non-polar hydrophobic amino acids are hotspots for acetylation modifications. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially modified proteins are primarily enriched in the photosynthesis pathway, particularly in relation to light-capturing proteins. In conclusion, this study provides an insightful profile of the lysine acetylome and succinylome in A. thaliana infected with virulent and avirulent lines of Pst DC3000. Our findings revealed the potential impact of these post-translational modifications (PTMs) on the physiological functions of the host plant during pathogen infection. This study offers valuable insights into the complex interactions between plant pathogens and their hosts, laying the groundwork for future research on disease resistance and pathogenesis mechanisms.
Genetic and Epigenetic Associations with Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Abdelrahman Zeinab , Maxwell Alexander Peter , McKnight Amy Jayne
Published: April 2024

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common complication of solid organ transplantation. PTDM prevalence varies due to different diabetes definitions. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis of PTDM have been published based on random blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The task of diagnosing PTDM continues to pose challenges, given the potential for diabetes to manifest at different time points after transplantation, thus demanding constant clinical vigilance and repeated testing. Interpreting HbA1c levels can be challenging after renal transplantation. Pre-transplant risk factors for PTDM include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history of diabetes, ethnicity (e.g., African-Caribbean or South Asian ancestry), and genetic risk factors. Risk factors for PTDM include immunosuppressive drugs, weight gain, hepatitis C, and cytomegalovirus infection. There is also emerging evidence that genetic and epigenetic variation in the organ transplant recipient may influence the risk of developing PTDM. This review outlines many known risk factors for PTDM and details some of the pathways, genetic variants, and epigenetic features associated with PTDM. Improved understanding of established and emerging risk factors may help identify people at risk of developing PTDM and may reduce the risk of developing PTDM or improve the management of this complication of organ transplantation.
Insights into the Geographical Origins of the Cabo Verde Green Monkey
Authors: Almeida Lara , Colmonero-Costeira Ivo , Silva Maria J. Ferreira da , Veracini Cecilia , Vasconcelos Raquel
Published: April 2024

The green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus, L. 1766, native to West Africa, was introduced to the Cabo Verde Archipelago in the 16th century. Historical sources suggest that, due to the importance of Cabo Verde as a commercial entrepôt in the Atlantic slave trade, establishing the precise place of origin of this introduced species is challenging. Non-invasive fecal samples were collected from feral and captive green monkey individuals in Cabo Verde. Two mitochondrial fragments, HVRI and cyt b, were used to confirm the taxonomic identification of the species and to tentatively determine the geographic origin of introduction to the archipelago from the African continent. By comparing the new sequences of this study to previously published ones, it was shown that Cabo Verde individuals have unique haplotypes in the HVRI, while also showing affinities to several populations from north-western coastal Africa in the cyt b, suggesting probable multiple sources of introduction and an undetermined most probable origin. The latter is consistent with historical information, but may also have resulted from solely using mtDNA as a genetic marker and the dispersal characteristics of the species. The limitations of the methodology are discussed and future directions of research are suggested.
Racial Disparities in Selected Complications and Comorbidities among People with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hackl Caitlin M. , Lee Wei-Chen , Sallam Hanaa S. , Jneid Hani , Campbell Kendall M. , Serag Hani
Published: April 2024

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing public health concern, disproportionately impacting racial and ethnic minorities. Assessing disparities is the first step towards achieving the translation goal to reduce disparities in diabetes outcomes, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s Division of Diabetes. We analyzed the data of patients (18+ years) diagnosed with T2D between 1 January 2012 and 31 March 2017, using the electronic health records of the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. We compared the crude rate and age-standardized rate (using direct method) of selected micro- and macrovascular complication rates, associated obesity, and insulin dependence among racial and ethnic groups. Our sample included 20,680 patients who made 394,106 visits (9922 non-Hispanic White patients, 4698 non-Hispanic Black patients, and 6060 Hispanic patients). Our results suggest a higher risk of acquiring macrovascular (hypertension, ischemic disease, and stroke) and microvascular (renal, ophthalmic, and neurological) complications in Black patients compared to non-Hispanic White and Hispanic patients. The rates of stage I or II obesity were higher in Black patients compared with White and Hispanic patients. The rates of insulin use rather than oral hypoglycemics were also higher in Black patients than White and Hispanic patients. The disparities in terms of the higher susceptibility to complications among Black patients are possibly linked to the socioeconomic disadvantages of this population, leading to poorer management. Prevention strategies are warranted to reduce the incidence of T2D complications in racial minorities.
Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Saudi Nurses at Medical City: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Rayani Ahmad , Hannan Jean , Alreshidi Salman , Aboshaiqah Ahmad , Alodhailah Abdulaziz , Hakamy Essa
Published: April 2024

Compassion satisfaction, the pleasure gained from assisting others in their recovery from trauma, can help reduce the effects of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. As such, nurses’ job satisfaction can be increased by increasing compassion satisfaction and decreasing compassion fatigue. This study examined the incidence of compassion fatigue and other influencing variables, such as compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress, among Saudi nurses. This was a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling. Participants comprised 177 registered nurses from various nursing departments. Data collection included the Professional Quality of Life Scale based on lifestyle, demographic details, and occupation-related questions. The averages of scores for the variables, compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress, were recorded (37.1 ± 7.4, 25.7 ± 7.5, and 26.7 ± 6.4). Participants aged 36 or older comprised a negative factor for compassion satisfaction, while years of nursing experience and higher job satisfaction were favorable predictors. Together, these three variables accounted for 30.3% of the overall variation. Low job satisfaction and poor sleep negatively affected burnout, accounting for 39.8% of the total variance. The results offer insights into identifying the risks of compassion fatigue in nurses and help design strategies to address burnout and secondary traumatic stress while enhancing their compassion satisfaction levels.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Undergo Lung Cancer Screening in the Future: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese University Students
Authors: Mori Yukihiro , Seguchi Manato , Iio Yoko , Aoyama Yuka , Tanaka Mamoru , Kozai Hana , Ito Morihiro
Published: April 2024

Lung cancer (LC) is currently the leading cause of cancer deaths in Japan. Early detection through lung cancer screening (LCS) is important for reducing mortality. Therefore, exploring the factors affecting willingness to undergo LCS, particularly among young people, is important. This study aimed to elucidate the inclination toward LCS and its determining factors among Japanese university students. This cross-sectional study, involving 10,969 Japanese university students, was conducted in April 2023. A Pearson’s chi-square test and a binomial logistic regression analysis were used to analyze factors related to the dependent variable, willingness to undergo LCS in the future. Out of the 6779 participants (61.8%) involved in this study, 6504 (95.9%) provided valid responses, and 4609 (70.9%) expressed a willingness to undergo LCS in the future. Analysis revealed current smoking as a barrier to future willingness to undergo LCS. Other barriers included postponing the age of screening, anxiety about the screening content, and concerns about the possibility of having cancer after screening. Addressing barriers, such as current smoking and anxiety about screening, that prevent young people from undergoing LCS in the future is crucial. Therefore, universities should provide opportunities to educate students about LCS and explore various educational methods.
When the Relationship Is at Stake: Parents’ Perception of the Relationship with a Child with Problematic Gaming and Their Perceived Need for Support
Authors: Werner Marie , Kapetanovic Sabina , Nielsen Maiken , Gurdal Sevtap , Andersson Mitchell J. , Panican Alexandru , Claesdotter-Knutsson Emma
Published: April 2024

Intrapersonal parental factors play a significant role in the development of problematic gaming in children. However, few studies have explored parental perspectives on their relationship with a child engaged in problematic gaming, as well as the need for support parents perceive in relation to the child’s gaming. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 parents (83.3% women) of 11 children (81.8% boys, Mage = 15 ± 2) to examine how parents of children with problematic gaming behavior perceive the parent–child relationship and their need for additional support. We analyzed qualitative accounts using thematic analysis to identify themes and subthemes while drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Aaron Antonovsky’s theory of sense of coherence (SOC) and Jürgen Habermas’ theory of logic. Participants described difficulties regarding all three components of SOC (meaningfulness, comprehensibility, and manageability) in relation to their child’s gaming, with the most significant challenge being manageability. Parents primarily sought assistance from institutions and organizations, such as mental health services, to enhance manageability. The findings emphasize parents’ need for relational and practical support tailored to their unique context, as well as their wish to be more involved in the treatment of their children.
B- and T-/NK-Cell Lymphomas in the 2022 International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms and Comparison with the WHO Fifth Edition
Authors: Jaffe Elaine S. , Carbone Antonino
Published: April 2024

The World Health Organization (WHO) “Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues”, published in 2001 and subsequently updated in 2008 and 2017, defined disease entities based on morphologic and phenotypic characteristics, clinical features, and genomic findings. Recently, the criteria for the diagnosis of many lymphoma entities have been refined in a proposal by the International Consensus Classification (ICC). Some provisional categories have now been recognized as “definite” entities, while other categories have undergone major revision. This article reports on the major revisions in the criteria and definition of B- and T-/NK-cell lymphomas by the ICC system.
Micropropagation Protocols for Three Elite Genotypes of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni
Authors: Rodriguéz-Páez Luis Alfonso , Pineda-Rodriguez Yirlis Yadeth , Pompelli Marcelo F. , Jimenez-Ramirez Ana Melisa , Genes-Avilez Osmin José , Jaraba-Navas Juan de Dios , Jarma-Orozco Alfredo , Combatt-Caballero Enrique , Oviedo Zumaqué Luis Eliécer , Suarez-Padron Isidro Elias , Oloriz-Ortega Maria Ileana , Rodríguez Novisel Veitía
Published: April 2024

The Stevia rebaudiana Germplasm Bank at the University of Cordoba, Colombia, plays a pivotal role in conserving and efficiently utilizing the genetic variability of this species. Despite safeguarding promising genotypes with valuable traits, such as late flowering or a significant diterpenoid glycoside content, there is a need for an efficient mass propagation protocol for elite genotypes. This study aims to develop efficient in vitro micropropagation protocols for three elite S. rebaudiana genotypes (L020, L102, and Morita II). The methods employed various combinations of cytokinins and auxins following organogenesis protocols. The results showed that optimal shoot multiplication (17.3 shoots per explant) for L020 was achieved when cultures were grown on a basal medium MS supplemented with 1 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). For L102, optimal shoot multiplication (18.5 shoots per explant) was achieved in MS supplemented with 1 μM BAP and 0.5 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), while for Morita II, the best treatment was an MS supplemented with 2 μM BAP and 0.5 μM NAA, producing 16.4 shoots per explant. This study successfully achieved micropropagation for promising S. rebaudiana genotypes, highlighting the significant impact of genotype on tissue culture, particularly in shoot multiplication. Developing a successful micropropagation system is crucial for the conservation and improvement of S. rebaudiana, with significant implications for its future use and performance.
Alternative Food Practices as Pathways to Cope with Climate Distress
Authors: Ammann-Lanthier Laurence , Hayes Katie , Davidson-Hunt Iain J.
Published: April 2024

Experiences of distress and challenging emotions in response to the climate crisis are increasingly common, particularly among young adults. These experiences can include challenging emotions caused by the harmful environmental impacts of conventional food systems, as their contributions to greenhouse gas emissions have become more widely known. While recent studies have examined various experiences of climate distress, the interaction between climate distress and food practice remains poorly understood. In this research, we turn to this intersection by examining the experiences of climate distress of young adults who have alternative food practices, and the interaction between their climate distress and their alternative food practices. Guided by an exploratory, single case study research approach, this research draws from 20 semi-structured interviews conducted with young adults located in urban centres in the Southeastern Prairie Region of Canada. Thematic analysis of the findings reveals that participants experience a variety of climate emotions and a personal responsibility to act in response to the climate crisis. The findings suggest that because of their ability to facilitate a meaningful and practical environmental impact, alternative food practices represent significant climate actions and may be pathways to facilitate coping or managing climate distress among young adults. Results demonstrate the psychological impacts of the climate crisis on young adults, highlighting the need for action on climate change and climate distress. Increasing the accessibility of alternative food practices may support young adults in coping with challenging climate emotions.