bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Evaluation of Public and Private Partnerships Relevant Contributions to Housing Delivery System
Authors: Fatai Ogunbayo Babatunde , Aigbavboa Clinton , Thwala Didi , Akinradewo Opeoluwa , Oguntona Olusegun
Published: June 2022

Housing provision through institutional contributions has helped Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) provide a sustainable strategy for promoting and accelerating housing development for national development and growth. This study aimed to evaluate the relevant contribution of institutions involved in the PPPs housing delivery system using Lagos State, Nigeria as a case study. A systematic random sampling method was used, and questionnaires were distributed to 124 professionals in government and private institutions that participate in the PPPs housing delivery system. The result indicated that the relevant contribution of the public institution is majorly land and site and services, while its fragility includes bad administration, lacking a good financial base, and capacity to absorb risk factors. On the other hand, a private institution provides a good financial base, equipment, labour, and plant with good management responsibility and ready to absorb risk. While factors such as unstable government policy and economic conditions affect private institutions in the PPPs housing delivery system. The study recommended that for public and private institutions to annex the benefit of contributing to the PPPs housing delivery system, the government needs to repeal the present act of law such as the 1978 land use act through an act of legislation, in order to provide easy access to land for investors and to improve on its site and services by making necessary provision like access road, electricity, drainage, good layout drawing early before the commencement of future PPPs housing project.
Analysis of video conferencing platforms for online teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Cóndor-Herrera Omar , Jadán-Guerrero Janio , Ramos-Galarza Carlos
Published: June 2022

The global emergency due to the COVID-19 disease has forced educational systems around the world to move from a face-to-face pedagogical model to an online model which is developed in virtual learning environments. In this sense, this research aims to perform an analysis of the main video conference platforms such as Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Google Meet and WhatsApp that are used for teaching in order to understand the characteristics and usefulness that can be given to them in the teaching-learning process as well as the review of previous studies that validate its application and effects in the educational process.
Bibliometric analysis of the existing literature on Covid-19 and its impact on higher education
Authors: Cruz-Cárdenas Jorge , Oleas Nora , Ramos Carlos , Cueva-Ortiz Sonia , Guadalupe-Lanas Jorge
Published: June 2022

Covid-19 has been among the most disruptive events in recent decades. At the time of writing, it has caused more than 5 million deaths worldwide and considerable economic losses. However, it has also sped up the process of technological development and technology adoption. One sector that has been deeply affected by the impact of the pandemic is higher education, which mainly includes universities. The higher education sector is a key sector in all types of societies. This strategic role lies in its mission to create and transmit knowledge. Given the universal importance of the higher education sector and the high impact that the Covid-19 pandemic has had on it, this study seeks to focus on this area by identifying the characteristics of the literature generated on this topic through the use of bibliometric techniques in the Scopus database. The searches were carried out in November 2021. The search terms were: Covid-19 AND ({higher education} OR (universities)). In order to delimit the scope of analysis, the areas of social science, human science, psychology, business management, and economics were selected. Only documents in English were included. As a result, 1,856 documents were obtained.
Movement and cognition from the perspective of new technologies.
Authors: Biele Cezary
Published: June 2022

This paper discusses the relationship between movement and mental and cognitive function, as well as the potential for it to be utilized by new technologies. The first section of the paper presents the cerebral mechanisms responsible for associating physical with mental activity, and discusses examples of this influence on cognitive and emotional processes, as well as learning. The second section focuses on physical activity as an element of human interaction with a computer, including, but not limited to, so-called “exergames”. The subject of physical activity and cognitive functions is presented in the final section of the paper from the perspective of immersive virtual reality technology – a tool which appears to be highly compelling. Virtual reality seems uniquely suited to research on the relationship between movement and cognitive function.
From disembodied to embodied: the embodied transformation of children's architectural education learning situation design
Authors: Xu Jing , Zhang Duoduo
Published: June 2022

The current traditional teaching mode of children's architectural education makes children's bodies detached from the situation, and there are problems such as abstract knowledge, single perception, and lack of practice. Based on the concept of embodied learning, this paper proposes a design strategy for embodied learning situations, and on this theoretical basis, designs and implements children's educational practice services based on Huayao's traditional architectural culture. Firstly, through literature research, based on situational learning and embodied cognition theory, analyze the characteristics of children's cognition, explore the internal connection between situation and children's architectural education, discuss the significance of embodied theory in the design of learning situations, and draw the conclusion of the learning process of embodied situations. Three stages, namely perception, engagement, and reflection on the situation. On this basis, it proposes the design strategy of embodied learning situation, and discusses four aspects: daily cultural situation, embodied resource situation, role task situation, and evaluation generation situation. Provide an effective reference for the design of architectural education activities for children, and design learning situations through embodied concepts to help children in architectural education activities to explore interaction, knowledge transfer, and cultural generation, and improve creativity and innovative thinking.
Co-Development Approach integrating Training into the Design Process
Authors: Paola Moreno-Alarcon Diana , Bieder Corinne
Published: June 2022

Since the introduction of advanced automation technology within highly dynamic and complex systems, traditional approaches to training no longer appear to be adequate in preparing end-users of such technologies (Carroll and Olson, 1988). Advances in design processes have resulted in the creation of user-centered designs that employ an iterative design process that follows a cyclical pattern, where the prototype is designed, created and evaluated, throughout multiple loops. Once the final design solution is validated, a training session is organized to prepare the end-user for the Human in the loop Simulation. Since the training sessions and the preparation of these training sessions are conceived after the completion and validation of the design; any issues with the design often result in extended training sessions to compensate for human factors that were overlooked in the initial design. Nonetheless, such enhanced training “cannot and should not be a fix for bad design” (Sarter, Woods & Billings, 1997.p.1936). This research intended to consider the training from the onset of the design in order to avoid transferring the burden of a poor design onto the training. This was not fully possible in the framework of the SAFEMODE project, where this research was conducted, as some design iterations had already taken place prior to the implementation of the proposed training considerations. Instead, a training approach involving future users as part of the system design, hereafter referred to as “Co-Development”, was proposed and tested during the creation of a safety net or alert for air-traffic controllers. Building on this added value to user-centered design, we investigated: To what extent does the co-development of the training with end-users improve the training, the design, and the acceptability of the designed alert?This paper presents this Co-Development approach and the outcome of its first implementation; particularly in terms of its impact on the training, the design, and the acceptability of the alert. Specifically, this system design approach allows for human factor issues to be identified and hence corrected early in the design stage, thus yielding a potential impact on the acceptability and usability of the alert, while simultaneously affecting safety through an improved user-centered design experience. This paper also proposes a future research direction that consists of a joint training and design approach that considers training right from the onset of the first iteration of the design. As a result, the training is conceived jointly and evolves simultaneously with each design loop, further improving the design, and thus reducing the burden placed onto the training due to design shortfalls and impossible design challenges that are seemingly improbable to meet.
The New Paradigm for Teaching Design: A reflection on innovation in materials teaching in the “Online Season”
Authors: Luis Alexandra
Published: June 2022

In Portugal, it´sa National Strategy, the innovation in teaching, the connection between Faculties and Research Center, being a social and academic responsibility, to the good training and qualification of students. This can be an extra motivating factor for the students performance of academic work and better preparation for working life.In March 2005, the Portuguese government launched the strategy plan for the creation of a Digital Portugal, which is based on three pillars, I: digital inclusion of people, II: Digital transformation of the business fabric and III: digitization of the state. According to this plan, Education and its digitization are part of the 1st pillar, which aims above all “The empowerment and digital inclusion of people emerge as imperatives to respond to the impact that digitization can have on the life of each individual, implying an integrated approach that ensures differentiated measures depending on the life cycle of citizens” (Portugal Digital, p.15), however, in 2020, when the pandemic began, several failures were verified in the digitalization of education, leaving students without conditions / without classes, being urgent for the development and training of students, tools to support the development of their work, however, Little has been done since then.In such a specific area as materials and technologies, the need to find support becomes even more urgent.The new materials and the technological systems, the evaluation of the programmatic contents, increasing the attention to teaching materials in design, offered by the Faculties of design, is an activity in constant update, forcing a better preparation of the contents taught in 1st cycle studies. This is proved by the actual situation promote by the pandemic of COVID19. Professors and Students are learning news ways to complete the academic year. in this study we intent to known how the students of 1st cycle of design courses, and their teachers, have been approached with materials, research and practical work, when we have been teaching and learning through virtual classes, and how they how they managed to work remotely, in this situation.The research team consider that it is extremely important to carry out a survey for students of 1st cycle of design courses, and to their teachers, on their approach with materials, research and practical work, as well as the relationship of practice with the theory given by the teachers, comparing with the initial survey, done by the author in 2018, abou the same theme.
Ethical Considerations for the Application of Virtual Reality in Education and Training
Authors: Mahbub Tusher Hasan , Nazir Salman , Mallam Steven
Published: June 2022

Virtual Reality (VR) refers to a visual experience that creates a fully immersive sensation surrounded by three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic images of a virtually artificial or pre-recorded environment. Differing new aspects of VR usage in different domains (e.g., aviation, healthcare, military, education etc.) have sprung up in the past few decades. However, ethical problems in the use of VR along with its physical and psychological harm calls for a critical evaluation of the technology before it can be utilized for everyday use. The goal of this paper is to inspect the ethical implications involving both personal as well as the societal impact of deploying VR in education and training purposes. In addition, a few recommendations for ensuring the ethical use of VR in the future is presented.
Project-based Learning Method Applied in College English Teaching: Case Study of an Instructional Design
Authors: Liu Jian
Published: June 2022

The development of information technology pushes forward the change of the teaching model. In general, the instructional design is becoming student-centered. In China, in college English class, more emphases are put on fostering students' language output ability. Therefore, PBL (Project-based Learning) is becoming increasingly popular, and BOPPPS (Bridge-in, Objective/Outcome, Pre-assessment, Participatory Learning, Post-assessment, Summary) mode is adopted by a growing number of English teachers. This paper tries to illustrate the application of PBL into college English class by studying an instructional design.
Optimization of Online Vocabulary Learning Platform Based on Kano Model
Authors: Cao Huai , He Kaixuan , Wang Xiuling , Gong Xinyue
Published: June 2022

In the case of a worldwide epidemic, a lot of vocabulary learning software and applications have shown up in the online app stores in China. The Study builds a demand system with 8 dimensions and 31 features from three aspects, including content, function and design. On such a basis, users of vocabulary learning platforms are taken as the objects of research. Then, with Kano Model theory and research methods, the statistic analysis of data is conducted to obtain the results of demand evaluation. The satisfaction and dissatisfaction coefficients are calculated as well. On this basis, users’ demands are classified into four-quadrant diagrams and obtain 8 Must-be attributes, 6 One-dimensional attributes, and 11 Attractive attributes. The research prioritizes the platform features and proposes corresponding design strategies. The purpose is to build more individualized online platforms for vocabulary learning and enhance learners’ motivations. Finally, some principles of designing online vocabulary learning platforms are summarized to offer reliable guidance and suggestions on subsequent studies and functional designs in this field.
Pedagogical Model Based On Edgar Morín's Complex Thinking In School Management
Authors: Guevara Cesar , Manuel Núñez Michuy Carlos , Mauricio Bonilla Jurado Diego , Teresa Veloz Segura Verónica
Published: June 2022

The objective of this research was to propose a pedagogical model based on the complex thinking of Édgar Morín to strengthen the School Management of the Ángel Polibio Cháves Educational Unit, Ecuador. This research was of an applied type, descriptive scope, quantitative approach and non-experimental design; the non-random sample for convenience. The research technique used was the survey and the instrument a questionnaire composed of 24 closed polytomous items on a Likert scale, Cronbach's alpha consistency 0.895; Within the framework of the study variable and for each of its dimensions, the results found showed that 37% is at a low level, 60% at a medium level and 3% at a high level, from which it is inferred that the school management of The educational unit must be strengthened through the pedagogical model, which is based on the theory of complex thought and the seven necessary knowledge for the education of the future, emphasizing the principles of pertinent knowledge, teaching human understanding and the ethics of gender. What will motivate students the value of learning and the importance of knowledge, contrast concepts in search of relevance and respect the human condition.
Application of Scaffolds in the Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environment
Authors: Ho Amic
Published: June 2022

Class debates have grown in popularity during the last decade. Educational scholars found that dialogic debates are more instructive than oppositional debates. The movements are made during a disagreement when two parties try to reason together. It compares new ideas to old ones and looks at a topic or issue from several aspects. Education needs dialogic as it allows students to reconstruct personal knowledge and advances scientific understanding. Previously referred to as knowledge building and then now referred to as knowledge creation since its similarities to the literature on innovation and knowledge generation. Knowledge building forum would encourage discourse rather than argumentation, according to the literature on this approach, encompasses a more extensive range of methods than the language-driven ones generally linked with argumentation. Students conducted a class discussion and writing through a knowledge building approach in this study. Their dialogue took place in an online learning environment called a Knowledge Building Forum. The ultimate objective of the research study is to investigate how would teacher include scaffolds into their knowledge building forum note writing and how would they incorporate them into their teaching.
The incidence of Information Anxiety in virtual education in Mexico during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Authors: Acero Gutierrez Adriana , Garcia-Hernandez Mariel , Marin Alvarez Marco , Nancy Alejandra Noriega Tovilla and
Published: June 2022

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that occurred at the beginning of 2020 caused education to migrate to digital platforms and environments, resulting in the modification of educational models which have had a direct impact on teaching work, in the modality of learning and how virtual teaching itself was administered, such a situation caused a rethinking of the use of digital tools and its impact on said practice. Mexico has been the country that has had the most stumbling blocks with respect to this new modality in what corresponds to North America, caused by the term known as Information Anxiety, which is defined by the saturation of information, causing a lack of understanding of what is presented by part of the students, learning barriers and misuse of the information itself. This study addresses an exploratory analysis of the consequences of this phenomenon in online education in Mexico and its impact on academic society.
Applying Service Design to Online Learning to Increase User Experience
Authors: Shuo-Fang and Wu Yi-Chieh Liu
Published: June 2022

Advanced Internet development and the impact of COVID-19 have made online learning the most convenient way for learners to acquire knowledge. Online courses enable learners to communicate directly with teachers one-on-one and achieve mutual learning and real-time interaction. However, some instructors and learners might encounter operational difficulties during online learning. For example, learners might suffer from a frustrating emotion after failing to complete a series of tasks by operating the online learning platform since they are worried about making mistakes during the class. Moreover, not every person is familiar with the online learning software; it is imperative to establish guidelines for teachers and students to realize the software operation pattern before the class starts and improve students' self-confidence during the online course. Therefore, this article aimed to understand learners' pain points while using the online communication software-Google Meet during the online course and applied design services approaches to ideate the problems and conclude the suggested operational guideline. Accordingly, this article applied service design tools, including user journey map, how might we (HMWs) method to improve user experience and ultimately achieve an obstacles-free online learning environment.
COVID- 19 PANDEMIC STATE: TEACHING CHILDREN COLORS WITH MOBILE APPLICATION BASED ON AUGMENTED REALITY
Authors: Tuğbagül Altan Nigar , Sarıkaya Oğuzkaan
Published: June 2022

The spread of, COVID- 19 from Wuhan, China in December 2019 enforced Draconian measures in form of social barriers to control the COVID- 19 pandemic. Many governments replaced face-to-face education in schools with remote education through the internet. Efficient and effective teaching techniques are still being sought. Especially, lessons practical training exercises need environmental platforms to enhance teaching yet physical platforms could have Pandemic related risks for humans. The risks are even higher, for children in primary education and for children with neurodevelopmental disorders who need to learn with repeated exercises. This study proposes a color learning mobile application for children that is based on augmented reality. The application is supposed to teach colors to young pupils in an enjoyable way. In this paper, three primary colors: red, yellow, blue, and three secondary colors: orange, green, and purple are taught with 3-D ball animation based on the augmented reality technique. This animation introduces how the secondary colors originate from the combination of primary colors. This is an enjoyable, teaching-learning, and self- repeatable activity for children in a COVID-19 pandemic state.
Measuring Mental Models
Authors: Elliott Lisa , Janney Morgan
Published: June 2022

The construct of mental models has been a useful tool for training and learning. Many instructors ask students to draw how something works or their understanding of the subject. While this gives the instructor useful feedback, comparing their own understanding to the students understanding. There are many variations in understanding that are distinct yet correct. The Structure, Behavior and Function framework (SBF, Hmelo-Silver and Pfeffer, 2004) successfully described how mental models change at different levels of learning. However, measuring mental models can present an analysis challenge. This study outlines another way to apply the SBF framework to quantify a person’s mental model of a common task: posting a message to a social network. Was a person's mental model of this task universal? Did participants understand what happened to their data? Participants in this study were university students from three different regions of the United States who were familiar with social media. Participants described in words, pictures, or a diagram of what happens to a comment after it is entered on a social media site. Results demonstrate the lack of a universal mental model amongst participants which suggests a poverty in how data is shared in social media. The analysis methodology proved useful when confronted with the three data types: words, pictures, or a diagram in a single data set.
Digitizing Buttons: A Comparison of Digital Input Modalities to Replace Physical Buttons in Truck Cockpits
Authors: Schölkopf Lasse , Kneuper Alicia , Hutmann Veronika , Diermeyer Frank
Published: June 2022

Commercial vehicle cockpits are, due to a high number of control elements, complex workplaces. To simplify the interaction, fewer buttons could only present currently relevant functions, which requires dynamic and therefore digital input modalities. While such modalities exist, their fitness for use in commercial vehicles has to be proven and compared. For this, a user study with N = 23 truck drivers was conducted to evaluate three potential hardware approaches with regards to operating safety and user acceptance. Results indicate minor differences in operating safety and none in acceptance ratings for buttons with display strip, buttons with integrated displays and a touchscreen with haptic feedback.
The Effects of Multi-modal Takeover Request on Distracted Drivers’ Takeover Performance and Perception
Authors: Yang Ye , Deng Mengying , Zhou Yaohua , Shi Mingjiang , Gao Ruixuan
Published: June 2022

Visual and cognitive distractions caused by non-driving related tasks (NDRT) engagement and over-trust were exposed and considered a serious driving safety hazard for the automated driving system (ADS). However, the typical HMI design of takeover request (TOR) in the market (displaying a symbol in the digital cluster with an auditory warning) can be easily unnoticed, especially in auditory conflicts scenarios, and should be optimized urgently. This study introduced four multi-modality combinations of TOR. It examined the differences in drivers’ reaction time, reaction quality, and subjective perception in situations where the drivers were experiencing visual and cognitive distractions. Eighteen drivers participated in the driving-simulator experiment. Results showed that the symbol and speech combination was difficult to notice, yet it was the easiest to understand. Vibration and speech combination could effectively alert the distracted drivers within the shortest time, but there was negative experience feedback from the drivers. Ambient light and speech combination could guide drivers but was inconvenient in time-critical situations. Vibration, light, and speech combination has shown a better performance and user experience in general. Our results provide multi-modal TOR design implications that improve takeover performances and user experiences.
Meeting User Needs in Vehicle Automation
Authors: Drewitz Uwe , Arne Ihme Klas , Oehl Michael , Hartwich Franziska , Hollander Cornelia , Vosswinkel Rick , Ritschel Robert , Maerker Juliane , Ludwig Helge , Fäßler Victor , Trende Alexander , Johannmeyer Daniela , Brück Yvonne , Niedling Mathias
Published: June 2022

This paper gives an overview of the results of the German national project AutoAkzept. The objective of the project was to develop solutions for the design of automated vehicles that promote the development of trust and thus acceptance for connected, cooperative, and automated mobility by reducing or even preventing subjective uncertainties and associated negative experiences. To this end, AutoAkzept developed technological building blocks for the assessment of activities and states of users of automated vehicles, the creation and application of individual user profiles for the optimization of system adaptation to users as well as strategies for adapting the behavior of automated vehicles in terms of information transfer, interior set-up, routing, and driving style selection. In developing these solutions, the project focused on the essential needs of users of automated systems. These needs should be considered in the conception and design of automated vehicles as well as in their operational use.
Driving simulator study for the effects of autonomous vehicles on drivers behaviour under car-following conditions
Authors: Calvi Alessandro , D'Amico Fabrizio , Ferrante Chiara , Calcaterra Gaia
Published: June 2022

Research on autonomous vehicles has shown their high potential for reducing traffic congestion and emissions, as well as improving road accessibility and driving safety. Despite several contributions in the field, few studies have examined the impact that the presence of autonomous vehicles might have on conventional vehicle drivers in the mixed traffic flows that will characterize the transition from conventional vehicles to autonomous vehicles. The overall goal of this study is to provide new insights into the impact of autonomous vehicles on the behavior of following human drivers under car-following conditions. To achieve this goal, a driving simulator study was conducted, and the behavioral changes of forty drivers were examined by comparing their driving performance under three different car-following configurations, where the lead vehicle was: i) a recognizable (Marked) Autonomous Vehicle (AVM); ii) an unrecognizable Autonomous Vehicle (AV); iii) a Conventional Vehicle (CV). Finally, for each car-following configuration, different conditions were examined: ordinary conditions (constant speeds of the leading vehicle) and braking conditions. The results indicated that, under ordinary conditions, poorer safety performance was observed in the CV configuration. Conversely, under braking conditions, the safest performances were demonstrated in the CV configuration, while shorter response times were recorded in the AVM configuration. The study's findings contribute significantly to our understanding of human driving behavior in the car-following state in a mixed traffic flow.
Overall effects of non-driving related activities’ characteristics on takeover performance in the context of SAE Level 3: A meta-analysis
Authors: Shi Elisabeth , Bengler Klaus
Published: June 2022

Since users of Level 3 driving automation systems may engage in non-driving related activities, it is of interest to investigate effects of non-driving related activities on traffic safety. The current meta-analysis aims at estimating non-driving related activities’ effects on takeover behavior based on theory and empirical findings on task switching and modality shifting. Results indicate that takeover time increases after non-driving related activities that (1) physically require the user to free his/her hands from the respective activity before takeover, (2) obstruct concurrent visual perception of the driving environment, (3) are dissimilar to the driving task in terms of required cognitive processing modules.
Development of empathic autonomous vehicles through understanding the passenger’s emotional state
Authors: Palomares Nicolás , Manuel Belda-Lois Juan , Mateo Begoña , Iranzo Sofía , Silva Javier , De Nalda-Tárrega Víctor , Laparra Jose , Solaz Jose
Published: June 2022

Emotion recognition is crucial to increase user acceptance in autonomous driving. SUaaVE project aims to formulate ALFRED, defined as the human-centered artificial intelligence to humanize the vehicle actions by estimating the emotions felt by the passengers and managing preventive or corrective actions, providing tailored support. This paper presents the development of an emotional model able to estimate the values of valence (how negative or positive a stimulus is) and arousal (the level of excitement) from the analysis of physiological signals. The model has been validated with an experimental test simulating different driving scenarios of autonomous vehicles. The results found that driving mode can influence the emotional state felt by the passengers. Further exploration of this emotional model is therefore advised to detect on board experiences and to lead to new applications in the framework of empathic vehicles.
The public requirements on interior facilities of highly automated vehicles in China
Authors: Li Qingkun , Wang Zhenyuan , Wang Wenjun , Zeng Chao , Liu Weimin , Mu Jiawei , Yuan Quan , Cheng Bo
Published: June 2022

Under highly automated driving, it is possible for drivers to work, entertain and relax in the vehicles. These non-driving related activities bring new challenges in designing interior facilities of highly automated vehicles. It is promising to improve highly automated vehicles’ acceptance and user experience by developing interior facilities based on drivers’ needs. This study adopted an online questionnaire to explore the public requirements on interior facilities of highly automated vehicles in China. Moreover, the needs of different groups were analyzed and compared for a detailed understanding of the effects of various individual characteristics. The results indicated that people expected to communicate with the automated driving systems and were unwilling to lose their right to control the vehicle completely. In addition, individual characteristics significantly affected the requirements. This study contributes to understanding the public requirements on interior facilities and improving the acceptance of highly automated vehicles.
Experimental Setup for Assessing Drivers’ Experiences of Reclined Sitting Posture in Automated Vehicles
Authors: Osvalder Anna-Lisa , Makris Melina
Published: June 2022

Highly automated vehicles are opening new opportunities for alternative sitting postures, such as the reclined posture, when drivers disengage from conventional driving tasks. This paper presents an experimental setup to assess drivers’ experiences of the reclined sitting posture and the human machine interfaces (HMI) for transitions between upright and reclined modes, and between manual and automated driving modes. The method used to develop the setup consisted of identifying the necessary equipment for developing the experimental setup, defining the preparation and execution of the experimental setup, and collecting and analysing feedback from eight human factors experts. The experimental setup consisted of four steps: practicalities, preparations, execution, and data collection methods. Also, six aspects must be considered when assessing user experiences in a dynamic test: (1) recruiting appropriate participants, (2) providing consistent tasks, (3) providing adequate time constraints, (4) avoiding social influences, (5) utilizing appropriate data collections methods, (6) and carrying out a pilot study.
Pedestrians’ Crossing Decisions While Interacting with Automated Vehicles – Insights from a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Joisten Philip , Theobald Nina , Abendroth Bettina
Published: June 2022

The decisions of pedestrians when crossing in front of automated vehicles (AVs) have been studied under the usage of external human machine interfaces (eHMIs) as explicit means of communication between AVs and other road users. Long-term effects of AV and eHMI exposure on pedestrians’ crossing decisions have not yet been intensively researched. Therefore, a longitudinal study with three sessions and two eHMI designs was conducted in a controlled field environment with 21 participants. A participant’s decision to cross in front of an AV was continuously measured using a hand-held device whose button was pressed when the participant felt safe to cross. Findings show that with increasing experience, pedestrians’ perceived safety to cross at close distances to a yielding AV increases when the AV is equipped with an eHMI displaying the vehicle’s status, perception and yielding intention. We conclude that when interacting with AVs, pedestrians' perceived safety benefits from eHMIs whose impact depends on pedestrians' experience.
Visual dictionary of human action in vehicular environment using computer vision
Authors: Sarkar Abhijit
Published: June 2022

Every human behavior and actions can be divided in small sub-actions and attributes. Some of these sub-actions and attributes contain visually semantic meanings to human. We call the ensemble of them as visual dictionary. The visual dictionaries help to create an action like how words from dictionary helps to create sentences. In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the visual dictionary by analyzing driver behavior inside the vehicle. We take the primary driving behavior which includes two hands on the wheel and 56 secondary behaviors that include talking over handheld phone, eating sandwich, drinking from bottle, smoking, reaching for objects, and dancing. Finally, we demonstrate how each of these dictionary elements can be automatically processed from videos using computer vision.
New Cars on the Block - The Impact of Public Charging Infrastructure on BEV Ownership
Authors: Philipsen Ralf , Biermann Hannah , Ziefle Martina
Published: June 2022

To slow climate change down, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is crucial. Part of the solution could be the electrification of cars, but market penetration is progressing slowly so far. It is still unclear to what extent specific user groups, e.g., without private parking/charging space, are willing to buy BEV in the long term. The present study is a first step to holistically measure the existing findings on perceived barriers in terms of their importance and to transfer them into a vehicle ownership model. In a two-stage approach, potential factors influencing the purchase decision were first ranked (MaxDiff), followed by a focus on some of the most relevant factors and a more precise measurement in decision simulations (ACBC). Even though this study is only an intermediate step towards a holistic model, the results show that building charging infrastructure is important for the purchase decision but not a panacea, as vehicle parameters such as range or acquisition costs are equally or more important. Furthermore, it becomes evident that a dependence on public charging infrastructure alone is seen more negatively for the purchase of an e-vehicle than the use of gas stations for vehicles with combustion engines, which leads to the conclusion that market penetration among users without the possibility of charging at home or at work will be slow or even non-existent given the current state of technology.
Micromobility: Challenges and prospects for Electric Mobility Devices (EMDs) in Hong Kong
Authors: Lukenge Richard , Wai Michael Siu Kin , Liu Sylvia , Yang Zi
Published: June 2022

In recent years, electric mobility devices (EMDs) have become popular in major cities across the globe. Whereas many cities have embraced and integrated this new form of urban green mobility into their public transport systems, in Hong Kong, the growing popularity of EMDs is being met with growing public and government concern about their safety. To address these concerns, the government proposed the EMD regulatory framework to manage their use in such a densely populated and mountainous city. The judicial definition of EMD in the current Hong Kong Road Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 374) considers devices such as unicycles, e-scooters, hoverboards, and electric bicycles as motor vehicles that are prohibited on the roadways, footpaths, and street flex zones. Referring to the transport review of the Hong Kong Legislative Council Panel conducted on June 19, 2020, in this study, we examine the costs and benefits of using EMDs in such a densely populated city. Furthermore, we argue that less populous outlying islands could offer more suitable trial locations to integrate these innovative “first-last mile” micro vehicles. This article contributes to the existing EMD body of knowledge by highlighting the benefits and challenges with specific emphasis on Hong Kong’s EMD proposed framework.
Paving the Way to Autonomy – Influencing Factors for the Acceptance of Autonomously Operating Transportation Services in Rural Germany
Authors: Lidynia Chantal , Luca Liehner Gian , Ziefle Martina
Published: June 2022

The use of shared autonomous vehicles for transportation of goods as well as people could provide manifold benefits, for individuals, the environment, but also economically. Including potential users in the early stages of development and roll-out could facilitate a better acceptance of this new mobility concept. We investigated which factors are of particular interest for rural German citizens to promote technology acceptance. In an online survey of N = 139 participants, we found that especially trust in this technology, the attitude towards technology in general, as well as the importance of owning a car are key factors in the intention to use autonomous busses and services in the future.
Investigating the Influence of Working Memory Processes on the Box Task combined with a Detection Response Task
Authors: Trommler Daniel , Morgenstern Tina , Hollander Cornelia , Karl Ines , Naujoks Frederik , Krems Josef , Keinath Andreas
Published: June 2022

The assessment of task demand caused by in-vehicle systems is crucial to avoid distraction while driving. The Box Task (BT) in combination with a tactile Detection Response Task (DRT) provides a method for measuring both visual-manual and cognitive secondary task demand. In the present study, the impact of cognitive, auditory-verbal tasks on the BT + DRT performance was investigated. Thirty-two participants had to perform an easy as well as a difficult version of an n-back task and a memory scanning task while simultaneously performing the BT + DRT. There was only a slight effect of cognitive task demand on the BT performance parameters, while the DRT proved to be highly sensitive to cognitive task demand. Therefore, it is assumed that the method is suitable for a differentiated measurement of task demand dimensions.
A theoretical framework for trust in automation considering its relationship to technology acceptance and its influencing factors
Authors: Sophie Charlotte Dautzenberg Pia , Mechthild Irmgard Voß Gudrun
Published: June 2022

Automated cars are about to bring substantial changes in future mobility as the advantages regarding safety, comfort, and mobility independence are manifold. However, despite the many advantages, there are some factors which could affect the breakthrough of this technology. On the one hand, for automated driving to be viable, meeting technical and legal requirements is a fundamental and equally challenging prerequisite. On the other hand, user acceptance is a mandatory premise for technology adoption. But which factors are decisive for whether a technology is accepted or not? We propose that trust in automation (TiA) is a key influencing factor in terms of acceptance as the impact of trust on the acceptance of automated systems seems to be empirically proven. Nevertheless, acceptance models often either do not consider the concept of trust or seem to disagree as to whether trust has a direct and/or indirect influence on acceptance. Furthermore, influencing factors of trust are often neglected in such models. To provide a more holistic perspective on these issues, we conducted a structured literature review and analysis. Scientific papers which consider the relationship between TiA and acceptance as well as factors influencing trust in the context of automated driving were included. Based on the identified literature, we propose a theoretically derived framework on the relationship between TiA and technology acceptance as well as on influencing factors of TiA for the application context of automated driving. The framework is intended to serve as a complement to existing sound acceptance and trust models as well as a starting point for empirical verification of the theoretical assumptions in the course of further research.
Assessing Drivers’ Trust in Automated Driving Systems: An Integrated Study
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zeng Yaling , Li Chongbin , Huang Jing , Yang Liu
Published: June 2022

At present, the automatic driving system is accelerating the evolution from L2 assistant driving system to L5 with the advanced automatic driving function in full scenarios. The drivers’ trust in automated driving systems has been proved to be one of the most important factors that affect drivers’ acceptance of automated driving technology. It is also a primary determinant of understanding how to promote productive interaction between drivers and automated driving systems. This paper presents two mixed-method studies that combine demographic and experimental methodologies to assess trust in AVs. 1131 drivers with different driving experiences were investigated on their initial trust in AVs through an online questionnaire. Twenty-six participants evaluated dynamic trust in six sessions of varying road complexity in an L3 automated driving simulator. Data collected included subjective measures of trust, behavior, and physiological measures through ECG and GSR. The results show that drivers’ initial trust related to individuals’ disposition includes age, driving years, gender, driving experience, perceived risks, acceptance of new technology, and the perception of risk. As well as drivers’ initial learned trust depends on the understanding of AVs technology, driving capacity, and the experience of AVs. The dynamic trust changes with the understanding of AVs performance and the external environment. For higher-risk events such as pedestrians and obstacles, the audible reminder can effectively enhance drivers’ situational awareness and trust as a strong reminder to supplement the visual channel in automated driving systems. These findings provide an effective basis for further research and design related to improving the trust in AVs.
Driver Intention identification based on Vehicle Driving State and Driving Behavior Interaction
Authors: Wei Zehong , Zhao Lan , Ren Yuanyuan , Yang Ran , Zheng Xuelian , Hu Zhimao
Published: June 2022

An intention identification method is proposed in this paper, which is based on vehicle running state and driving behavior interaction. The driving simulator experiment is designed to obtain vehicle driving time series data of lane keeping and lane changing. Based on the stage division of lane changing process, the lane changing intention stage can be obtained. It is found that the length of lane changing intention stage approximately obeys the normal distribution, and the length of left lane changing intention stage is greater than that of right lane changing. When exploring the influencing factors on the length of lane changing intention stage, it is found that the length of intention stage is approximately linearly correlated with the average speed of vehicles. Finally, based on the vehicle running state and intention stage, a continuous hidden Markov model based on Gaussian probability density function is established, which can effectively identify the driver's lane changing intention with high recognition accuracy and great real-time performance. The average accuracy of the model is 90%, the advanced time of left and right lane changing intention is 1.5s and 1.4s.
Development and testing a drowsiness detector based on ECG sensors in steering wheel
Authors: Solaz Jose , Laparra Jose , Silva Hugo , Rittmeyer Knulp , Palomares Nicolás
Published: June 2022

Sleeping or drowsiness while driving contributes to human error, being one of the most relevant causes of traffic collisions and accidents in the world. Although it is foreseen that completely automated vehicles can reduce significantly these numbers, there will be a sequential incorporation of automated vehicles, from existing vehicles, level 0 or 1, to level 2 and level 3 of automation (according to SAE definition) in which the risk of drowsiness can persist or even increase. For this reason, reliable detection of drowsiness is one of the leading objectives in the development of new Advanced Driver Assistance systems. The main hypothesis in the present work is that the physical response in drivers can be indirectly measured via biophysical parameters, such as changes in heart variability (HRV), and that measurement can lead to early drowsiness detection. Following this principle, the main objective of this paper is to present the development a non-invasive system integrated in the vehicle steering wheel to detect the presence of somnolence while driving and validate it via KSS. The final purpose is to integrate the system in vehicles to create warnings or alarms for the driver to avoid accidents related with fatigue or drowsiness.