bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Regulation Through Liability Allocation: Transnational Product Liability and the Role of Certification
Authors: Schebesta Hanna
Published: March 2022

This article studies the recent European developments concerning product liability in the aviation domain. Particularly the landmark judgment in Überlingen Manufacturers provided new insights on the definition of product defects (manufacturing, design and warning defects) and the availability of liability defences (state of the art defence and regulatory compliance). The article finds that the judgment both enhances manufacturers’ liability risks, by providing a wide interpretation of product defects, and limits the risk by accepting the regulatory compliance defence for technologies certified to a mandatory standard. The article compares US and EU product liability law, concluding that the outcome of the case would likely have been similar under both regimes. The article highlights that product liability must be considered beyond individual cases, as an element of systemic risk regulation. This necessitates that the link between ownership of design choices, mandatory certification and legal liability be addressed more purposefully. The article identifies that currently the regulatory compliance defence may create a legal gap in this respect: standard-setters and certifiers are responsible for product design choices, but cannot be held legally accountable through liability. The article concludes with suggestions for adapting the legal framework to improve liability allocation through product liability.
The Difficult Present and Uncertain Future of the Single European Sky Network Manager: The Challenges We Are Facing and Why They Matter
Authors: Arnold Kinga , Arnold Iván , Papp Zoltán
Published: March 2022

In order to ensure the safe and continuous flow of air traffic in European airspace, while avoiding congestion and minimizing delay and the impact on the environment, the Member States of EUROCONTROL have been jointly providing a centralized flow management function to airspace users for more than twenty years, through the Central Flow Management Unit and, more recently, the Network Manager. The future arrangement of this key function has lately become the subject of intensive discussions and some controversies. The parallel legal bases in EU law and international public law, the dual governance arrangements, and the differing views of the stakeholders on the future organization of the function, create a complex environment and pose a challenge for industry stakeholders, Member States of the EU, and EUROCONTROL. While the discussions have been going on for a considerable time, the legal aspect remains obscure and is a topic that is usually avoided. We suggest that clarification of the legal issues relevant to the central flow management/network management function is crucial for finding a lasting solution. We consider that the parallel legal bases in EU law and international public law should be reconciled. We will attempt to identify the basic questions that need to be considered going forward. We will also briefly address the relevance of the new legal concept of ‘industrial partnerships’ of the SES 2 proposal.
European Union Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: July to December 2016
Authors: Strom Martin
Published: March 2022

The second half of 2016 has seen a myriad of competition law developments relevant to the aviation sector. This article summarizes the main competition law developments over the past six months and provides the reader with greater detail of each of these developments.

The European Commission (hereinafter ‘Commission’) began a second consultation on its proposed reform of the 2014 State aid General Block Exemption Regulation. In particular, the proposed reforms would expand the current exemptions and compensation schemes in relation to, for example, small airports.

Another major development is the legal challenge brought by Deutsche Lufthansa (hereinafter ‘Lufthansa’) against the Commission’s refusal to grant a partial waiver of the conditions the Commission imposed as part of its approval of Lufthansa’s takeover of Swiss International Airlines in 2005. The unprecedented appeal would, if successful, lift various requirements currently applying to the fares charged by Lufthansa on certain routes.

In addition, the Brexit Competition Law Working Group (BCLWG) has published notes of two roundtable discussions on the antitrust and merger issues resulting from the United Kingdom’s (UK) referendum result to leave (‘Brexit’) the European Union (EU). In particular, the BCLWG discussed the implications of Brexit on the ‘one stop shop’ principle, on pan-European investigations and on the possibility of introducing public interest considerations in merger assessments. The UK’s withdrawal from the EU has the potential to effect a seismic change in the general competitive landscape of the UK and more generally across the EU aviation industry.
Satellites Are Just Things on the Internet of Things
Authors: Blount P. J.
Published: March 2022

The innovation of Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) technology, the basis for the Internet, has created dramatic changes in how technologies are linked. Cybersecurity is now an issue for everyday devices as they are connected to the Internet of Things (IoT). Satellites are no different; they are on the IoT. This article argues that cybersecurity is a high level concern in that it directly implicates state responsibility for space activities and international peace and security in general, but that it is regulated by low level governance and soft legal mechanisms. It recommends that satellite operators approach cybersecurity as a dynamic enterprise. It also recommends that the industry make proactive engagement in the cybersecurity community at large and seek to define industry specific best practices and guidelines.
Intercontinental Space Flight: Learning from the Concorde
Authors: Fitzgerald P. Paul
Published: March 2022

‘Intercontinental Space Flight – Learning from the Concorde’ understands that intercontinental earth-to-earth flights by spacecraft may operate in a legal quagmire where either or both space law or aviation law might apply. However, to the extent that the object of the flight is the intercontinental air transport of paying passengers, air law is more likely to apply to such flights. In such an event, any operator planning to offer inter-continental flights by spacecraft should learn from the difficulties the Concorde faced in launching supersonic trans-Atlantic flights to the United States in the 1970s. Despite the fact that the Concorde’s manufacturers had sought a US type certificate for the aircraft in 1965, it was not until Braniff, a US carrier, began to work with Air France and British Airways to operate Concorde between Washington and Dallas that Concorde’s fortunes improved.

The complexity of the legal arrangements, which enabled Concorde to operate between Washington and Dallas, required the re-registration of the aircraft and the issuance of a US type certificate for Concorde. The issues examined during the issuance of the US type certificate cleared the path for a quarter century of US-Europe Concorde service.

Since that incident, environmental and noise standards have become more stringent and issues such as social license require genuine commitment to deal with societal concerns. This is the context in which inter-continental space flight will operate, and the lessons of the Concorde’s entry into the US market provide useful guidance.
20162017 Summary of MC99 Court Decisions
Authors: Tompkins Jr George N.
Published: March 2022

This is the ninth in a series of articles summarizing significant judicial decisions interpreting and applying the liability rules of the 1999 Montreal Convention [MC99]. This report also includes a report on the new States Party to MC99 since 2015, as reported in Air & Space Law 41, no.2 (2016) 129–142.
The U-space Concept
Authors: Huttunen Mikko
Published: March 2022

The integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems (drones) into airspace has turned out to be a real challenge. Drones have difficulties in following many of the rules designed for manned aviation, because drones are plentiful and cheap, because they have no pilot on board, and because they are often flown at a very low altitude. This creates major issues relating to safety, traffic management, privacy, and law enforcement. To solve them, European regulatory bodies have come up with a new concept: U-space.

 

 In this article, I focus on that particular concept. First, I explore several rules designed for manned aviation; second, I present several challenges posed thereto by drones; and third, I analyse how these challenges will be solved in U-space.

 My analysis emphasizes that U-space is not merely a legal but also a technological concept, and it is as much a public as it is a private effort. I maintain that this interplay is necessary, since it is counterproductive to develop the concept without taking into account emerging technology and without close cooperation with the industry. My analysis also acknowledges that many U-space services are already available today. However, since many of such services are fragmentary and have only been demonstrated in a controlled environment, I argue that it will take much more effort to bring the concept to its full fruition.
On the Economic Use of Outer Space: A Clash of Values
Authors: Lord Brendan
Published: March 2022

As the exploration and use of outer space by private entities adds a commercial dimension to space law, corporate law and theory will act as an extrinsic regulatory force upon outer space activities. Although private actors advance humanity’s aspirations for the exploration and use of outer space, these actors have a different set of duties and obligations that prima facie conflict with the humanist treaty values. This article explores the conflict that arises when domestic laws overlap with larger public interest obligations.
The 1952 Rome Convention on Surface Damage and Its Application in the Case of Aircraft Noise Emission: The Example of Belgium
Authors: De Bournonville Dimitri , Grigorieff Cyril-Igor
Published: March 2022

Although the 1952 Rome Convention on Surface Damage does not account with as many ratifications as the 1999 Montreal Convention or its predecessors, it organizes what can be seen as an operators’ friendly liability regime. In a recent landmark ruling in a matter that was pending before the Belgian courts for nearly twenty years, the Court of Appeal of Brussels held that airlines could not be held liable for the prejudice allegedly caused by their aircraft’s noise emissions to the extent that these aircraft and their operations comply with the rules of air.
Out-of-State Solutions for Outer Space Disputes: Delocalizing the Troubles of the Province of Mankind
Authors: Rojas García Daniela María
Published: March 2022

Legal conflicts in the space sector are a foreseeable reality that arises from the exponential development of cross-border outer space projects, their privatization and the development of publicly available services like tourism and mining. The wake of the commercial component of human ventures into space, calls for the development of dispute settlement mechanisms that meet the industry’s needs of speed, heightened confidentiality, and technical and legal expertise. This article aims at analysing the significant benefits that the Permanent Court of Arbitration’s (PCA’s) Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Related to Outer Space Activities bring to the space industry. It also aims at fulfilling the role that we have as pioneers of the legal space sector, of analysing the available regimes to enhance them, foster their development and provide the best solutions for our clients.
Could Confirmation from the UK Court of Appeal Allowing Airlines to Compensate Passengers Directly Help Stamp Out Ambulance-Chasing over Passenger Rights Claims in the EU?
Authors: Williams Lisa , Thijssen Charlotte
Published: March 2022

With increasing commercial air travel, there has also been an increase in passenger claims against airlines since EU Regulation 261 that grants passengers rights in case of cancellation, denied boarding and more recently also long delays, came into force. Business opportunities have arisen for lawyers and claim agencies who seek to assert rights on behalf of passengers for a fee. The price passengers pay however is to give up a hefty chunk of their compensation in exchange for such assistance. The practices of such claim agencies have been criticized by stakeholders in the aviation industry, one such criticism is their manner of remuneration because the compensation in a successful claim does not end up with the person who was granted rights by the Regulation: i.e. the passenger. It is in this respect that the recent decision of the Court of Appeal in the U.K., confirming that airlines may compensate passengers directly and cut out the ‘middleman’, was a helpful clarification on the manner of dealing with claim agencies. This article examines the decision itself and the repercussions from that decision, and whether it really is the end of the matter, and what airlines need to anticipate in the foreseeable future.
Regulation (EC) 261/2004 and Internal Strikes Under Article 5.3: Its All About Control, Stupid
Authors: Croon Jochem , Verbeek Fina
Published: March 2022

According to the preamble of the EU passenger rights regulation (EU Regulation 261/2004) strikes that affect the operation of an operating air carrier are explicitly provided as an example of extraordinary circumstances, exempting the air carrier from having to pay compensation to the passengers. Complex in this regard is how one should see strikes by airlines staff also named ‘internal strikes’.

There are persons – often boosted by commercial claim companies – who advocate that due to the European Court of Justice (‘ECJ’) judgment of 17 April 2018, Helga Krüsemann and Others v. TUIFLY it has been clearly established that these internal strikes do not constitute an extraordinary circumstance and thus obliges the air carrier to pay compensation.

The authors have a different view. With this contribution, they want to put internal strikes and the concept of extraordinary circumstances in the proper context. For this they are ‘filleting’ EU Regulation 261/2004, the Montreal Convention, relevant ECJ case law and European social principles pursuant to which they want to show the proper nuances as regards internal strikes and the extraordinary ordinary defence for the air carrier. All of which should lead to a rewording of article 5(3) of the EU regulation 261/2004. Something for the EU legislator to take into account, as part of the still pending revision of this regulation.
Aircraft Repossession Under Leasing Arrangements Pursuant to Article 83bis Chicago Convention
Authors: Sand Peter , Reuleaux Matthias , Jakobsen Morten l. Hans
Published: March 2022

Article 83bis of the ‘Chicago Convention of International Civil Aviation’ provides a scheme that allows the transfer of air safety and operation surveillance duties in the context of aircraft lease and charter arrangements from one state to another. The flexibility offered by the ‘Article 83bis scheme’ is frequently used to arrange lease transactions and lease-finance transaction in countries where leasing companies and financiers are otherwise hesitant to deal with due to reservations against the legal environment prevailing in such countries. This article analyses the pitfalls and hidden issues of such Article 83bis schemes from the perspective of a leasing company or financier.
European Union Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: July to December 2019
Authors: Strom Martin
Published: March 2022

The second half of 2019 continues to highlight the rapidly-changing aviation sector, with a number of key developments. This article summarizes the main developments over the past six months and provides the reader with greater detail of each of these developments.

The Competition and Markets Authority (the ‘CMA’) in the United Kingdom has launched an in-depth Phase 2 investigation into the proposed acquisition of Farelogix by Sabre, after rejecting the parties’ initial remedies. As part of the Phase 2 review, the CMA inquiry group has stated that it intends to review whether the CMA has jurisdiction to investigate the transaction. This type of jurisdictional assessment is not commonly undertaken during Phase 2 investigations. The Parties are accusing the CMA of merging the substantive assessment of whether the transaction would lead to a substantial lessening of competition, with the jurisdictional issue of whether the transaction is one which qualifies for review by the CMA.

A number of the airline addressees of the European Commission’s (the ‘Commission’) air cargo cartel decision have argued their respective appeals against the re-adopted 2017 decision. This marks the latest development in the long-running saga, which started with the Commission carrying out a number of unannounced inspections in 2006 (so-called dawn raids) before reaching its first decision in 2010. Following a successful appeal of the 2010 decision, the Commission re-adopted its decision in 2017, which is the focus of the current appeals. The airlines have raised arguments based on, inter alia, lack of evidence, statute of limitation, equality of treatment, the role played by regulators outside of the European Economic Area (‘EEA’), etc.

The recent collapse of the Thomas Cook Group has spurned a number of competitionrelated developments. The German competition regulator has cleared an acquisition by Signa of 106 branches as well as the online travel business of Thomas Cook. The German regulator similarly cleared a separate transaction by Anex Tour of the Bucher Reisen & Öger Tours business. The collapse also caused financial difficulties for Condor Airlines (part of the Thomas Cook Group), as it was forced to write off a number of claims against other group companies. This led Germany to grant temporary rescue aid of EUR 380m to the airline, which has subsequently been approved by the Commission.

Aviation, airline, regulation, competition and anti-trust
The Tale of the Airfreight Cartel Case
Authors: Leandro Solange
Published: March 2022

For over a decade, airlines have been subject to an EU Commission investigation and court proceedings for their involvement in an international airfreight cartel. This article provides an overview of the key elements of the case in the EU including the follow-on civil litigation.

From December 1999 to February 2006, major international airlines coordinated their pricing behaviour on the airfreight market in relation to fuel and security surcharges and refusing payment of commission on surcharges.

The alleged cartel was brought to light by Lufthansa under an application for immunity to the European Commission on 7 December 2005. Lufthansa’s immunity application prompted the European Commission to open an investigation into major airlines across the globe in February 2006 which concluded with a Decision on 9 November 2010 imposing fines on eleven airlines. The European Commission Decision’s concluded that the airlines conduct constituted a single complex and continuous infringement prohibited by Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 53 of the European Economic Area Agreement and Article 8 of the Agreement Between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on Air Transport.

On appeal, the EU General Court annulled the 2010 Decision on 16 December 2015 due to an inconsistency between the grounds and the operative part. The European Commission nonetheless re-adopted the decision on 17 March 2017 with fines on ten airlines (one airline having paid the original fine and not appealed). **This complex litigation was extended to several EU national civil courts and currently there are ongoing private claims for damages against British Airways plc along with other Addressees of the EU Commission’s decision from Emerald Supplied Ltd. in the UK High Court and against KLM, Air France, Martinair et al. in the Amsterdam District Court.

Airfreight, Cartel, SCCI (Single and continuous complex infringement), EU Commission, Decision readoption
The EU-Qatar Air Transport Agreement: Bound to Succeed?
Authors: Kucko Magdalena
Published: March 2022

Created to provide for a new global benchmark by virtue of strong fair competition mechanisms in combination with ‘modern’ provisions on transparency, environmental protection and social aspects that have traditionally never been addressed in bilateral air services agreements (ASAs), the 2019 European Union (EU)-Qatar Air Transport Agreement has its ambitions set high. By analysing the Agreement’s content as well as the relevant legal environments it will operate in, this article signals certain flaws in the Agreement’s enactment that may trump its functioning. In particular, it identifies that it is the lack of a culture of competition enforcement in the aviation sector on the part of the State of Qatar combined with a potential overly aggressive approach when it comes to the achievement of fair competition objectives on the part of the EU that could impede the Agreement’s future success.

bilateral air transport agreement, air law, European Union, Qatar, fair competition
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: An Environmental Law Approach to Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space
Authors: Navalgund Rutwik
Published: March 2022

The article conceptualizes the existing international environmental law principles to better understand their applicability to outer space. The article proposes utilizing existing international environmental legal principles to implement the idea of waste hierarchy concept of ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle’ to address issues concerning long-term sustainability of outer space. The primary focus is on issues pertaining to transfer of ownership, on-obit servicing, and active debris removal and how they can be used to achieve the sustainable development goals of outer space through the waste hierarchy concept. The article ultimately suggests that existing international environmental law and space law together can ensure an efficient framework to help cope with issues threatening the sustainable use of outer space. The article works towards understanding the importance of bridging the gaps in the existing international space law regime with respect to long-term sustainability of outer space.

Space Sustainability, Environmental Law, Transfer of Ownership, On-Orbit Servicing, Active Debris Removal
Certification Issues Revealed by the 737 Max Crisis: A Comparative Approach from a European Perspective
Authors: Correia Vincent
Published: March 2022

Boeing faces an unprecedented crisis in its history, after the 737 Max aircraft have been grounded following two major crashes. Beyond the technical problems revealed during the investigations conducted after these accidents, it appeared that the certification process in place in the United States (US) suffered from several flaws which could have contributed to these disasters. As the US certification process served as a model in several countries and regions, it appears necessary to address the lessons that can be learned from the 737 MAX certification issues, not only in the US but also within the European Union (EU) as both systems hold many similarities. Most notably, the delegation of powers, or ‘privileges’, is now under scrutiny, while it has been the basis of a system relying on shared trust between the regulators and the manufacturers. The EU immediately took actions to change its certification process, and such a move is also expected in the United States. This can significantly increase the administrative burden on manufacturers, at a time when international competition is fiercer than ever.

Delegation, Type Certificate, Supervision, Pilot Training, Changed Product
Combating COVID-19: The Role of Space Law and Technology
Authors: Masson-Zwaan Tanja
Published: March 2022

This article looks at the relevance of space law and technology, especially the use of satellites for Earth observation, navigation and communication, in the fight against Coronavirus Disease- 2019 (COVID-19). After an indication of what various international space law instruments say about the use of outer space in this context, it provides an overview of developments and initiatives in the context of the United Nations and other relevant international, regional and national organizations and institutions, as well as the private space sector. It will demonstrate that space law and technology can greatly contribute to the fight against a pandemic such as COVID-19, by applying the advanced technological capabilities of space applications in the spirit of the concepts prescribed by international space law, such as mutual assistance, international cooperation and the benefit of all countries.

history of outer space and pandemics, outer space and COVID-19, UNCOPUOS, UNSPIDER, Space4Health
COVID-19 and International Aircraft Financing Law
Authors: Hanley Donal
Published: March 2022

As a result of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic, and the consequent drastic limitations on, and reduction in demand for, air travel, many airlines are finding it difficult to pay rent to lessors on aircraft they lease or to repay financiers in respect of moneys to buy aircraft which they own. Airlines may be able to agree deferral or reduction in payment obligations, or even to any early return of the aircraft, but what legal recourse is there under international air law if agreement cannot be reached, and does it make sense to pursue it in the context of the pandemic?

Lease, Finance, Frustration, Force majeure, Cape Town Convention
European Union and United Kingdom Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: January to June 2020
Authors: Deasy Geoffrey
Published: March 2022

Aviation, airline, regulation, competition and anti-trust
Global Aviation Safety Oversight System: Challenges and Opportunities for ICAO and Its Member States
Authors: Batalov Alexander A.
Published: March 2022

This article describes the main elements and examines the organizational, liability, regulatory and other issues of implementation and further development of the Global Aviation Safety Oversight System (GASOS). GASOS has been recently approved by the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and supported by the 40th Session of the ICAO Assembly in 2019. It represents a mechanism for assessment, recognition and monitoring of regional safety oversight organizations and regional accident and incident investigation organizations by ICAO.

Aviation safety, regional aviation organizations, accident investigation, safety oversight, ICAO, Global Aviation Safety Oversight System, recognition, assessment, monitoring, certification
Legal Aspects Concerning Space Traffic Management
Authors: Havlikova Katerina
Published: March 2022

Recent developments in the aerospace sector combined with the increased involvement of commercial entities in space activities have shown that there is need to adopt some ‘rules of the road’ in outer space.

The aim of the paper is to elaborate on the possible paths leading towards the regulation of Space Traffic Management (STM) and elements of STM that should be addressed as part of a new regulatory regime governing space traffic.

Special attention will be given to a new possible mandate of the International Civil Aviation Organization, which appears to be well capacitated to carry out the tasks related to space safety, including STM, particularly with respect to regulation, oversight and implementation of STM.

Space Traffic Management, SSA, space debris mitigation, outer space
Empowering the UAE Space Sector Through an Attractive Regulatory Framework
Authors: Al Sharji Fatheya , Al Hosani Hamda , Al Rashedi Naser
Published: March 2022

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) leadership has realized the increasing importance of space. Hence, it has been investing in space science and technology since the 90s, and has been able to develop a diverse space sector, and compete globally. Recognizing this importance, the UAE developed its legal framework to regulate the UAE space sector. This article will highlight the establishment and mandate of the UAE Space Agency (UAESA), the local and global growth of the space economy, the UAE’s regulatory approach, and the objectives of Federal LawNo. 12 of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector (the UAE Law). It will address the UAE’s regulations regarding space activities and other activities related to the space sector, the initiatives to attract more space activities and investment, transparency and sustainability of space activities, the scope of the UAE law, and the scope of regulated activities and space-related activities. In addition, some fundamental topics covered by theUAE Law will be discussed, such as authorization, registration, third-party liability and insurance. Lastly, some new subjects covered by the law will be highlighted, like space debris mitigation, extraction and utilization of space resources, human spaceflight and tourism, and nuclear power sources.

the UAE Space Law, attractive regulations, space economy, UAESA, sustainable space activities
Back to the Moon and Beyond: Strengthening the Legal Framework for Protection of the Space Environment
Authors: Freeland Steven , Martin Anne-Sophie
Published: March 2022

Since the launch of the first artificial satellite – Sputnik 1 – by the Soviet Union in 1957, and the landing of the first human on the Moon in 1969, astronauts and other spaceflight participants have travelled to the International Space Station, probes and rovers have explored the solar system and have landed on planets, comets and asteroids, and instruments, such as the Kepler Space Telescope, have discovered exoplanets. The next decade of space exploration will again take humans to the Moon, with the objective to go further towards Mars. New space activities are being developed by States and private entities that will involve space mining and human settlements on celestial bodies. These future space programmes will have to be conducted with caution in order not to unduly damage the unique and fragile space environment and to conduct space exploration in a sustainable way for present and future generations. In this context, this article examines the main provisions of the current international space legal framework applicable to the space environment. Since States are obligated to explore and use outer space in accordance with international law, we will assess which principles of international environmental law are possibly adaptable to space activities. We will also address the relevant international guidelines and policies in the field of planetary protection, in particular the Committee on Space Researchs (COSPAR’s) Planetary Protection Policy (PPP).

space exploration, planetary protection, environmental law, space law, policy
General Court Rejects Ryanair Challenges to National Covid-19 Aid Schemes in France and Sweden
Authors: Milligan John
Published: March 2022

In judgments handed down by the General Court on 17 February 2021, the General Court has dismissed Ryanair’s challenges against Commission decisions approving Covid-19 related aid to airlines licensed in Sweden (T-238/20) and France (T-259/20) respectively.
The Impact of the GDPR on the Unmanned Aircraft Sector
Authors: Konert Anna , Sakowska Baryla Marlena
Published: March 2022

Video recording in real time or taking photographs while flying over private property pose a serious threat to privacy. Additionally, drones are capable of collecting personal data such as video and audio content, as well as location information. This article analyses the scope of application of Regulation 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data (the General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR) in light of drone operations. Moreover, the paper aims to show the impact of the GDPR on the drone sector.

GDPR, Regulation 2016/679, drones, UAS, RPAS, Drone Operator as a Data Controller or a Data Processor
Liberalization of Foreign Ownership and Control Rules of Brazilian Airlines: An Analysis
Authors: Fenelon Jr Ricardo , Vilhena Isabella
Published: March 2022

Despite the efforts of major intergovernmental organizations in the last decades, most notably the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), restrictions on foreign ownership and control rules at national and international levels still hinder airlines from increasing their liquidity by negotiating equity interests with foreign investors. The relaxation of such restrictions is an important issue for airlines worldwide. This article seeks to explain how Brazil paved the way towards liberalization of foreign ownership and control of national airlines, which has resulted in the current rule, which allows any foreign investor to own up to one hundred percent of the shares of a Brazilian airline.

Brazilian airlines, foreign investment, nationality rule, ownership and control, air services agreements
NASA’s Time to Shine: Approaching Procurement in the ‘New Space Age’
Authors: Crawford Hannah
Published: March 2022

With the increasing presence of commercial activity in outer space, the dynamics between public and private entities are shifting. Within these changing dynamics, the role of private actors pose novel opportunities and unprecedented challenges to space agencies. This article considers the role National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has undertaken in seeking to redefine and maximize the potential these new relationships. Paying attention to how these innovative mechanisms have enabled NASA to rediscover its direction and regenerate its mission; catapulting itself to the forefront of the New Space Age, the paper analyses whether NASA truly sets a precedent for other nations and agencies to follow-suit.

NASA, ESA, JAXA, Procurement, Contracts
The United Kingdom in Space: A New Era: Outlook on Latest Regulatory Developments and the UK Space Community
Authors: Smith Lesley Jane , Thompson Alan , Beach Nicholas
Published: March 2022

With the passing of the Space Industry Regulations 2021 in June 2021, immediately prior to the UK Parliament taking up its annual summer recess, the government’s ongoing preparations since the passing of the Space Industry Act 2018 (Space Industry Act 2018, c.5, received Royal Assent on 15 March 2018) for fostering and developing the UK as an industrial and scientific location for private/ non-governmental space activities, are now about to take on further, practical dimensions. The past decade has seen the United Kingdom focus on arrangements for planning and developing seven spaceports at different regional locations around the UK. The approval of the Space Industry Regulations in June this year marks the implementation of the 2018 Space Act’s requirements and rules for licensing spaceports, and with this, the implementation of a system for authorising national space activities, including sub-orbital launches, to take place from the UK.

Recent UK space launch regulations, UK licensing authority, spaceports locations, licenses, regulatory issues, including operator and liability insurance, sustainability
conservação do acervo de projetos arquitetônicos relacionados à construção do Campus da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)
Authors: Ribeiro de Araujo Ana Paula , Lima Carlos Claudio Antônio Santos
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo tem por objetivos principais expor as características, o estado de conservação e as ações de conservação preventiva e catalogação até agora realizadas e coordenadas pelos autores, no acervo de projetos arquitetônicos do Campus Seropédica da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), protegido pelo tombamento estadual desde 1998. As referidas ações se deram por meio de diversas pesquisas realizadas, desde 2009, com a participação de discentes dos cursos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo e de Belas Artes. No período 2013-2015, as iniciativas de conservação foram apoiadas financeiramente, pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), o que viabilizou a compra de equipamentos e materiais de consumo. As pesquisas realizadas revelaram, dentre outros aspectos importantes para a história do campus e da arquitetura brasileira, a participação efetiva do artista plástico, arquiteto e engenheiro Eugênio de Proença Sigaud (E. P. Sigaud) constatada em desenhos, croquis e estudos para a definição da arquitetura do Pavilhão Central do campus Seropédica.
Grapevine Leaf Roll Disease and Grapevine Leaf Roll Associated Virus-3: A Review
Authors: Sarfraz Beenish
Published: March 2022

Grapevine leaf roll disease has vast impact on productivity, growth and vigor of grapevine plant. This disease has alone caused more economic losses globally than any other known diseases of grapevines. It is responsible for damaging wine, grape juice, and table grape cultivars, as well as rootstocks. GLD is a complex disease, eleven viruses are associated with GLD (each named Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus followed by a number) which belongs to family Closteroviridae. Out of eleven GLD associated viruses Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) has major role in spreading GLD disease in grapevines. It belongs to genus Ampelovirus of Closteroviridae family. It is transmitted by grafting, vegetative propagation and insects like Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and soft scales (Coccidae). It is difficult to identify disease related viruses since most affected plants have mixed infection. It becomes further challenging when dissimilar viruses can cause similar symptoms. Low virus titer, uneven virus distribution in vineyards and symptomless rootstocks and white cultivars are common issues in mixed infections. This review summarizes origin, distribution, genomics and overall impact of (GLRaV-3) on grape plants and its importance related to GLD.
Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted From Lamiaceae Family (Basil, Mint and Thyme)
Authors: Moazzam Khadija , Yasmin Roheela , Zeeshan Uzma , Bokhari Shazia , Waheed Aisha
Published: March 2022

Extraction of essential oils from medicinal plants is as old as human history. Moreover, more than 500 plants are used to extract essential oils however; their composition and percentage yield depends on various factors mainly type of plant, type of organ (leaf, fruit, flowers, stem, roots, and seeds), geographical distribution of specie, weather conditions and methods used for their extraction. Different conventional methods such as super critical fluid extraction, hydro distillation, steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction and advance method such as solvent free microwave extraction are in practice for extraction of essential oils. To find the constituent composition varied chromatographic techniques are in practice that reports presence of phenols, flavonoids, aldehydes, terpenes, phenolics, esters, ketones, alcoholics and various other antimicrobial compounds in them. The essential oils showed wide range of antimicrobial activities against bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic strains. Furthermore, extracted oils are used as food additives, in cosmetics and for different pharmaceutical/medicinal purposes such as minor burns, skin cuts, acne, to resolve respiratory problems, skin allergies, promote relaxation and sleep. The main advantage of essential oils is the susceptibility of MRS (Multiple Resistant Strains) to these oils due to the presence of phenolic compounds in them. S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella, candida albicansand many other food borne pathogens are found to be inhibited by activity of essential oils. In this paper composition, uses and antimicrobial activities of Basil (tulsi), Peppermint (podina) Callistemons (bottle brushes) and various other plant species are reviewed.
Geographical distribution of the effifficiency of services for middle education in the district of darbanikhan bewtwen the 2020-2021
Authors: Husain Saed Evan
Published: March 2022

The importance of this research entitled Geographical Distribution of the Efficiency of Preparatory Education Services in Darbandikhan District,in 2021-2020, in terms of presenting the potentials and determinants in order to evaluate them and their efficiency compared to the number of the population of the study area and their geographical distribution on the one hand, and the application of the Iraqi educational standards and indicators set by the Ministry of Planning in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and approved by On the other hand, UNICEF accepted the number of schools, students, teaching staff and academic divisions, and school services as it turned out that the number of middle schools in the study area was 14 schools, distributed differently between the neighborhoods of the city center, The district of Bawah Khoshin, and the villages of the district, including Bani Khelan, Punkeh Lah, and Meera De. The number of teachers and students in middle schools is (343) teachers, of whom (167) are teachers (%49) and (176) schools (%51), while the number of students is (3038) students (1491) males (%49) and (1547) of females (%51), and the research concluded with conclusions and recommendations that emphasize the importance of improving preparatory education services in the study area in an easy and regular manner that coincides with a time when the need for education became a paramount necessity in It did not witness rapid leaps towards development and sustainable development.
Knowledge Levels of Agricultural Extension Workers Concerning Sustainable Agricultural Practice in Sulaimani Governorate
Authors: A.Mahmmod Bayan , O.Mohammed Sakina Mohammed , Q.Mohammed Bekhal
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to determine the Knowledge of Agricultural Extension Workers regarding the Sustainable Agricultural practice (SAP) in Some areas in Sulaimani Governorate, then to find the differences in the total mean of sustainable knowledge according to some variables. The questionnaire was prepared for this purpose consists of two parts, the first part included several questions related to the independent variables, while the second part included several items to identify the knowledge level of extension workers and participate in agricultural Sustainable. The research population involved agricultural extension workers who work in some of the Agricultural Extension Centers in the Sulaimani governorate, included (75) respondents representing (67.5%) of the population (111) workers, taken by a simple random sampling method. After the data was collected there were arranged and classified and analyzed through SPSS software. The results indicated that the level of Agricultural Extension Workers of Sustainable Agricultural Practice knowledge was medium tend to high, also the level of participation in activates concerning Sustainable Agricultural practice was medium tends to high, as well the desire of participation in agricultural training courses was medium tends to high. The results showed there is a significant difference in total knowledge according to (educational level, extension service). While, no significant differences according (age, gender, Job Place, professional address. The researchers recommend creating an opportunity for agricultural extension workers to participate in the field of sustainable development practically because they have good information about this field and have a positive desire for sustainability regardless of their age, gender or place of work.
Use of infrared thermal camera in acute scrotal pain: a prospective study
Authors: Yavuz Erdal , Kürümlüoğlu Hakan , Zengin Suat , Eren Şevki Hakan , Karaduman Esat , Yeşildağ Cuma Önder , Al Behçet , Yıldırım Cuma
Published: March 2022

Background and objectives: Infrared thermal (IR) camera is used to assess various clinical conditions such as diabetic foot, carotid artery stenosis, and superficial infection. The present study was designed to determine the usefulness of IR thermal camera in scrotal temperature measurement before color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) in patients admitted to the emergency department with acute scrotal pain.

Method: This study was prospectively conducted on 49 patients with acute scrotal pain and 30 control participants. The findings of CDUS and scrotal temperature measurements by an IR camera were separately evaluated by different physicians. In all patients, temperature measurements with IR camera were made under the same environmental conditions.

Results: Of the 49 patients included in the study, four were diagnosed with torsion, 12 with epididymitis, 4 with orchitis, 3 with epididymo-orchitis, and 2 with varicocele. A significant difference was observed between the scrotal temperature of the patients with scrotal pain and the mean testicular temperature of the control group based on the IR camera measurement (p<0.05). IR camera did not detect any difference between the two testicles of the same person in the patient group (p=0.615). Although the lowest temperature was in testicular torsion, the patients’ scrotal temperature did not significantly differ according to their diagnoses (p=0.087).

Conclusion: Testicular temperature measured by IR device was lower in patients presenting with scrotal pain compared to normal individuals. Although not statistically significant, the lowest temperature was found in cases of testicular torsion. IR camera may be useful in triage when used in conjunction with physical examination in patients presenting with acute scrotal pain.

IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 007

*Correspondence: Erdal Yavuz, Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey. Email: erdal_yavuz15@hotmail.com, Orcid: 0000-0002-3168-6469
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CHILDREN LEARNING IN SCIENCE (CLIS) LEARNING METHOD IN IMPROVING PHYSICS CONCEPT UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Sholikhan
Published: March 2022

Physics learning in the classroom has a number of challenges, including a reliance on the Direct Instruction (DI) model, a lack of innovation on the part of the teacher, and a high student paradigm of memorizing formulas. As a result, The DI model currently in use is still centered on teachers who employ the lecture technique and do not fully engage students in the learning process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a learning model that encourages students to be more active and to be more directly involved in the learning process in order to overcome these difficulties. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Children Learning in Science (CLIS) learning method in improving physics concept understanding 9th grade students of SMP N 23 Malang. This quantitative research design was using the Pre-test and Post-test Control Group Design, in the research design both the control class and the experimental class were applied and only the experimental group received X treatment. The research population was all 9th grade students of SMP N 23 Malang. The sample collection technique used by the researcher is the Cluster random sampling technique. The finding reveals that the CLIS learning model has a significant effect on comprehending the concept of Physics in magnetic materials, as evidenced by the Pretest and Posttest results ranging from 47,83 to 80,16 on the Pretest and Posttest. In addition, the results of the Effect Size test, which obtained a result of 1,05, demxnstrate the validity of the findings.