bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post Office Politics in Modern Japan: The Postmasters, Iron Triangles, and the Limits of Reform
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L
Published: May 2005

This essay seeks to explain the political power of the commissioned postmasters in the context of their participation in one of postwar Japan's most enduring iron triangles. I show how the postmasters have evolved into an electoral ally of the Liberal Democratic Party and how their relationship with national bureaucrats complements that partnership. These political and bureaucratic linkages have enabled the postmasters to prevent significant reform of the postal system. To assess the implications of post office politics for Japanese politics more broadly, I explore the postmasters' evolution, processes contributing to the institutionalization of the triangular alliance in the postal services sector, the postmasters' electoral activities, and the alliance's impact on Prime Minister Koizumi Jun'ichiro's recent efforts to privatize postal services.
Woman's Place in Japan's Great Depression: Reflections on the Moral Economy of Deflation
Authors: Metzler Mark
Published: May 2005

There is a characteristic moral economy of deflation, and it can be traced with clarity in the case of Japan's long deflation of the 1920s. Deflation emerged as an issue in 1919 and reached an extreme in 1929-31, when the Hamaguchi Osachi cabinet adopted the depression-inducing policy of restoring the yen to gold convertibility at its old prewar value. To support its deflation policy, the cabinet launched an extraordinary campaign to induce households to reduce their consumption. Consumption was a specifically gendered conception, and women's place as subjects and as objects of consumption became the symbolic center of a historic confrontation between orthodox "monetarist" and novel "Keynesian" ideas.
Happiness Foreclosed: Sentimentalism, the Suffering Heroine, and Social Critique in Higuchi Ichiyo's "Jusan'ya"
Authors: Compernolle Timothy J. van
Published: May 2005

Sentimentalism is often viewed as a conservative mode of literary imagination, whereby an author occludes social problems with tears. I demonstrate that at least in the case of Higuchi Ichiyo's "Jusan'ya" (Thirteenth night, 1895), the story of a woman who is persuaded by her family not to divorce her husband, sentimentalism can be read differently. In this essay, I make use of historicist reading strategies in order to show how a classical rhetoric pressed into the service of sentimentality is dialogically engaged with an emergent ideology of the bourgeois nuclear family and how the text can be read as a concerted critique of that ideology.
Speech to the U.S. Commission on Military History--Washington, 1 November 2003
Authors: Atkinson Rick
Published: May 2005

In a speech to the U.S. Commission on Military History, the author ruminates on the distinctions between journalism and history, and the extent to which the genres can inform and complement one another. (With Rick Atkinson's permission, the text of his speech has been lightly edited to make it more accessible to readers.—Ed.)
Winning the Vietnam War: Westmoreland's Approach in Two Documents
Authors: Carland John M.
Published: May 2005

Together these late 1965 documents detail Westmoreland's theory of victory in Vietnam. The first one provides guidance to senior commanders about how he wanted them to fight the war and the second presents his evaluation of the troops' performance and recommendations for improvement. They show that he fully understood the need to provide security for the South Vietnamese so pacification and nation-building programs might succeed. Hence, they send an obvious but sometimes neglected message to policy makers and commanders today: in a counterinsurgency environment, the successful approach will contain an aggressive warfighting plan and a well thought-out nation-building/pacification program.
A Critique of Pure Success: Inchon Revisited, Revised, and Contrasted
Authors: Stolfi R. H. S. (Russel H. S.)
Published: May 2005

The Inchon landing was a strategical masterpiece followed by a ground advance to Seoul so tentative that it largely negated the successful landing. The Inchon-Seoul episode typifies the U.S. style of war fighting in the twentieth century—successful maritime force projection followed by less effective ground campaigning. To illustrate the greater possibilities in the ground advance, the author contrasts the opening days of the Inchon-Seoul operations with those of an analogous German surprise offensive in the Baltic in 1941. The author concludes that the German battle fighting style in mobile war was superior, containing elements of boldness that could be applied to improve U.S. ground warfare today.
Technology, Society, and the Infantry Revolution of the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Stone John
Published: May 2005

Major developments in the technology and technique of warfare are commonly understood to be an important source of historical change. Not only do they alter the character of warfare, but they also prompt broader social developments. This position has been notably adopted by Clifford J. Rogers, who claims that the emergence of newly effective infantry forces was responsible for the rise of the commons during the fourteenth century. This article argues that developments in the technique of infantry warfare during the period were largely a consequence, rather than a cause, of social change. In doing so it calls for a new approach to understanding late-medieval military developments, one which is informed by the view that war is powerfully shaped by the societies which wage it.
Language at War: U.S. Marine Corps Japanese Language Officers in the Pacific War
Authors: Dingman Roger
Published: May 2005

This essay analyzes the origins, training, experiences, and recollections of Caucasian American Japanese language officers in the Pacific War of 1941-45. It focuses on the problems that they and the Marine Corps as an institution faced in trying to achieve effective cross-cultural communication in battle. It shows how their function shifted from simply translating so as to facilitate life-taking, to life-saving activities that helped bring the fighting to an earlier and less costly end. The essay challenges earlier portrayals of Marine behavior in the Pacific War as simply inhumane and emphasizes the necessity of the armed services' maintaining effective foreign language training programs in peace and war.
Myth and Memory: Sir Douglas Haig and the Imposition of Allied Unified Command in March 1918
Authors: Greenhalgh Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig's claim to have taken the initiative in getting General Ferdinand Foch appointed to the allied supreme command in 1918 needs re-evaluation. After a discussion of the reliability of Haig's diaries, the five elements of the traditional narrative of this crucial event are examined in turn, using both British and French archival records. All five are shown to be mis-representations. Finally, an examination of the postwar record permits a tentative explanation for the persistence of the traditional narrative.
Toward a Better Understanding of Attrition: The Korean and Vietnam Wars
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: May 2005

This article attempts to provide a historically accurate description of attrition as an operational strategy. The Korean and Vietnam Wars contain prominent and commonly recognized examples of attrition. These examples clash with the popular image of attrition as a futile and bloody slogging match in which a commander ruthlessly trades the lives of his men in order to weaken the enemy at a relatively favorable rate. In these conflicts, attrition was a basic process of warfare, characterized by a variety of methods. Although not necessarily optimal, it was a useful alternative to other operational strategies that were too costly or risky. Accordingly, the popular image of attrition—shared by many historians, political scientists, and military officers—may not reflect the actual history of attrition.
Ben Hebard Fuller and the Genesis of a Modern United States Marine Corps, 1891-1934
Authors: Bartlett Merrill L
Published: May 2005

Historians of the smaller of the United States naval services have tended to dismiss or denigrate the career of the fifteenth Commandant of the Marine Corps, usually describing him as an avuncular and uninspiring sinecure holder. An examination of Fuller's tenure at the helm of the Corps at the time of the retrenchment imposed during the Herbert C. Hoover administration and the stimulus for naval growth that followed under the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration reveals an officer far more adroit than usually depicted.
Martial Illusions: War and Disillusionment in Twentieth-Century and Renaissance Military Memoirs
Authors: Harari Yuval N
Published: May 2005

The twentieth century has witnessed a revolution in the image of war and of soldiers. The age-old romantic image of war has been discredited; war has increasingly been interpreted as a disillusioning experience; and the soldier has been at least partly transformed from hero to victim. This article examines the roots of this revolution, by comparing twentieth-century and Renaissance military memoirs. It argues that this revolution did not result from twentieth-century military or technological changes in the nature of war, but rather from cultural and mental changes in soldiers' self-perception and in their expectations of life, that occurred between 1600 and 1900.
Victims or Victimizers? Museums, Textbooks, and the War Debate in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Jeans Roger B
Published: May 2005

This essay addresses a widespread misperception in mainstream thinking about Japanese views of their World War II record. Popular works, such as Iris Chang's The Rape of Nanking, tend to speak of a monolithic Japanese view of the war today. This article, through an analysis of the exhibits and descriptive literature of Japanese "war" and "peace" museums as well as recent struggles over how to depict Japan's wartime record in school textbooks, disagrees. Rather than a unified "Japanese" view of the war, the reality is a struggle in which conservatives and right-wingers duel with moderates and leftists over the "correct history" of the war.
Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592-1598
Authors: Swope Kenneth
Published: May 2005

The Japanese invasion of Korea (1592-98) has recently been called Asia's first "regional world war." It marked the first time in Asian history that massive armies equipped with modern weaponry faced one another on the field of battle. The Japanese armies commanded by the warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi were arguably the most skilled in the world at the time, yet in the end the Japanese were defeated by a Sino-Korean alliance in tandem with Korean guerrillas. Looking at the primary documents of the war, it seems apparent that military technology was the single most important, but not the only, factor that shaped the direction and determined the outcome of the war. This article presents an overview of some of the major military technologies utilized by the belligerents and challenges conventional interpretations of the conflict, passed down through the centuries, that claim Japan's defeat was due to superior allied numbers and Hideyoshi's death.
New Views on the Silesian Wars
Authors: Browning Reed
Published: May 2005

In the past twenty-five years, scholarship on the Silesian Wars (1740-42, 1744-45, and 1756-63) has adjusted our views of these conflicts. This article identifies eight conclusions that may be drawn from this scholarship. In general, they lead to a heightened respect for Austria's military capacity but also to an enhancement of Frederick the Great's reputation as a commander. They even hint that as scholars chip away at received ideas, a view of the wars that is not basically Fredrician may be attainable.
British Intelligence on Japanese Army Morale During the Pacific War: Logical Analysis or Racial Stereotyping?
Authors: Ford Douglas
Published: May 2005

The British army's image of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during the Pacific War (1941-45) was shaped by a logical analysis of the intelligence obtained through combat experience. Early in the war, the Japanese soldier's exceptional level of morale played a crucial role in enabling the IJA to oust the Allies from Southeast Asia. By late 1944, the British concluded that when the Japanese were being pushed back on all fronts their fighting spirit was prone to deteriorate when faced with setbacks and prolonged hardships on the battlefield, thus significantly damaging the IJA's capabilities. British appreciations were based not on preconceived notions, but on a judicious analysis of the relevant information.
Causal Chains and Cost Shifting: How Medicare's Rescue Inadvertently Triggered the Managed-Care Revolution
Authors: Mayes Rick
Published: May 2005

The conventional wisdom on how managed care came to replace traditional fee-for-service reimbursement as the nation's dominant mode of health insurance is that enlightened businesses and their employers led the way in responding to the emergence of market forces in health care in the 1990s. A common textbook treatment of managed care's ascendancy puts it this way: “Transformation of the health care delivery system through managed care has been driven principally by market forces, and reinforced by government.” The irony is that the opposite sequence of events is a more accurate portrayal of what actually happened. As this article shows, the transformation of America's health-care system through managed care was initially triggered—albeit indirectly—by government actions and then driven by market forces. In other words, before business behavior was a cause of managed care's extraordinary growth, it was largely a response to and an unintended consequence of government policymaking: in this instance, Congress's reform of Medicare in 1983.
Scholarship as Moral Vision: David Flusser on Jesus, Paul, and the Birth of Christianity
Authors: Gager John G
Published: May 2005

David Flusser, the late Israeli scholar of the New Testament and early Judaism, wrote extensively on the figure of Jesus. He insisted that Jesus be understood entirely within the framework of first-century Palestinian Judaism. For Flusser, Jesus was not a critic of Judaism, not even a reformer, but the embodiment of what Flusser calls the moral essence of ancient Judaism. Against those who have seen in Jesus an illiterate am ha-arets, Flusser argued that Jesus was a Pharisee of sorts and that his teachings show traces of influence from the community at Qumran. By the same token, the gospels, and virtually all of later Christianity, get Jesus wrong, most notably the gospel of Matthew in the final stages of its redaction. Overall, Flusser sees in Jesus a moral exemplar for the modern world, for Jews as well as Christians. In his earlier writings, Flusser contrasted the figures of Jesus (seen in a thoroughly positive light), and Paul (more negatively). But in his later writings on Paul, Flusser moved toward a break with the traditional view of Paul as one who repudiated the Law, not just for Gentiles but also for Jews. Flusser was among the first to understand that Paul's arguments about the Law are addressed to an internal audience of Jesus-followers; his view that the Law was no longer valid applied only to Gentiles, never to Jews. This insight brought him to the brink of a total departure from traditional views of Paul as the father of Christian anti-Judaism.
Some Forlorn Writings of a Forgotten Ashkenazi Prophet: R. Nehemiah ben Shlomo ha-Navi'
Authors: Idel Moshe
Published: May 2005

Scholarship of the thirteenth century Hasidei Ashkenaz as represented by the studies of Joseph Dan, has assumed the existence of two main schools (one related to the Kalomynus family, the other named the circle of the Unique Cherub), and a variety of different treatises written by anonymous authors. More recently Yehuda Liebes proposed to identify an additional circle related to an anonymous commentary on the seventy names of Metatron. The present study proposes to identify those and additional anonymous treatises as written by a certain Rabbi Nehemiah ben Shlomo the prophet, an early thirteenth century figures. Among those short writings the most important one are the so-called Sefer ha-Navon, a commentary on the Seventy Names of Metatron, and a commentary on Ezekiel's account of the chariot. Most of these writings are extant in few manuscripts, while the commentary on the seventy names of Metatron is found in several versions and has already been printed. Rabbi Nehemiah' thought and style differ from the main schools, both because of the emphasis on the status of Metatron, and by the special interpretations given to the most anthropomorphic parts of the ancient Jewish literature. This author was less interested in Sefer Yetzirah, in philosophy or in magic than his Ashkenazi contemporaries. The impact of these writings are evident in the second part of the 13th century, in the fragments of Rabbi Moshe Azriel ben Eleazar ha-Darshan and in some texts of Abraham Abulafia's.
Jewish Autobiography: The Elusive Subject
Authors: Moseley Marcus
Published: May 2005

This article provides an overall survey of the state of the study of Jewish autobiography as a field, and, more generally, of the methodological challenges of this topic. The focus of the article is largely upon autobiographies written in Hebrew, though there is included a brief discussion of the specific dynamics of Yiddish biography. The first section of the essay provides a brief summary of the most significant and controversial points of debate in the study of autobiography per se. Building upon the work of several influential commentators, the next section of the essay advances the thesis that autobiography as we know it derives from Rousseau. There then follows a survey of the emergence of Rousseau-style Jewish autobiography in Eastern Europe, the chronology and extent of this phenomenon. The final section presents and summarizes, with extensive critical commentary, of the critical discourse, especially that written in and of Hebrew autobiography, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Hasidism, Shtadlanut, and Jewish Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland: The Case of Isaac of Warka
Authors: Wodzinski Marcin
Published: May 2005

The paper examines political activities of R. Isaac of Warka, the best known Hasidic intercessor in Poland, against the background of both Jewish tradition of shtadlanut and the political environment of the nineteenth-century Congress Poland. It focuses on the strategies, tactics and tools of this activity, which, I clam, differed from those employed by the shtadlanim in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The thesis of the paper is that these new forms of political activism were made possible only by the changed political system of nineteenth-century Poland. I claim that this political system and the policy of the Polish government both contributed to the unique form of the Polish Hasidism resulting from Hasidic responses elicited in part by Polish social policy. The sources for the paper are mainly archival documents of the governmental origin, including a series of Isaac of Warka's petitions to the government, government's responses, internal ministerial correspondence etc. These sources has never been utilised before. They shed a new light on the social and political history of the Hasidic movement in Poland.
The Alexandrian Prologue Paradigm in Gersonides' Writings
Authors: Klein-Braslavy Sara
Published: May 2005

In the fifth and sixth centuries, a long-standing tradition of prefaces to commentaries on the works of Aristotle and Plato was crystallized in the School of Alexandria. The prefaces to the works of Aristotle consisted of a scheme of six to eight points that were to be investigated prior to any further study of the text. This tradition was subsequently transmitted to Syriac literature and Arab philosophy as well as to some Jewish philosophers.
Under the influence of Arabic texts that he read in Hebrew translation, and, probably, of Ibn Tibbon's commentary on Ecclesiastes, Gersonides, too, adopts this tradition. He applies it to his own book, The Wars of the Lord, and to what he considered to be Solomon's prefaces to his books: Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, and the Song of Songs. The manner in which he applies the tradition manifests his originality and his independent way of thinking. His originality lies first of all in the application of the prologue paradigm to his own book and not just to a commentary on that of another author. Second, though Ibn Tibbon preceded him in applying the prologue-paradigm to Solomon's books, Gersonides offers novel interpretations of the points mentioned in Solomon's prefaces. His most interesting innovation in the application of the prologue-paradigm is his comments on the utility of mentioning the points in Solomon's prefaces. They express his views about the theory of interpretation and the proper method of reading philosophical books, as well as his own critical spirit.
"Hull-House" in Downtown Tokyo: The Transplantation of a Settlement House from the United States into Japan and the North American Missionary Women, 1919-1945
Authors: Ogawa Manako
Published: May 2005

The Kōbōkan settlement house was created in 1919 in downtown Tokyo by the North American missionary members of the Japanese Women's Christian Temperance Union in order to cope with the negative by-products of rapid modernization in Japan. This essay reveals how the missionary women transplanted a settlement house from the United States into Japan by transforming its ideologies and practices so they would be acceptable not only to working-class Japanese but also to authorities who functioned as the backbone of Japanese imperialism. This essay also examines how the missionary women enabled the settlement house to survive during the tumultuous years of the Pacific War.
Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the "Yellow Peril," and the Critique of Modernity
Authors: Blue Gregory
Published: May 2005

Histories of racist thought tend to give only incidental treatment to the depiction of
China in modern race theory. Meanwhile, scholarship on Western views of China frequently
alludes to anti-Chinese racism but rarely analyzes high-brow race theory. This
article aims to contribute to the understanding of both racist thought and Western views of China by examining the notions about China elaborated by Arthur de Gobineau,
one of the leading race theorists of the nineteenth century. Gobineau's depiction of
China is subjected to a close reading within the framework of his vision of world history,
followed by consideration of the reception of his racial ideas and their possible
political influence. The discussion highlights the compatibility of racist thought with
antiprogressivism and antimodernism.
A Cross-Cultural Conflict Reexamined: Annette Akroyd and Keshub Chunder Sen
Authors: Scherer M. A
Published: May 2005

A well-known conflict over girls' education between a Victorian reformer and the leader of the Brahmo Samaj, a Hindu reformist sect, has often been held up as an example of British imperial condescension, or at least a failure of a westerner to understand Indian culture. A closer reexamination of events shows that there was greater complexity to the encounter. The conflict is clarified by discussion of the circumstances of both parties: Annette Akroyd's Unitarianism and education, and Keshub Chunder Sen's shifting theological position and role in the press activities of his zealous young missionaries.
The State versus Indigenous Peoples: The Impact of Hydraulic Projects on Indigenous Peoples of Asia
Authors: Nguyen Thi Dieu
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses the historical relationship between states and indigenous peoples. It deals specifically with how nations in their drive to industrialize must choose between national identity and economic development, on the one hand, and on the other, the survival of an apparently negligible segment of their societies, the indigenous peoples. Drawing on case studies of the Batang Ai dam in Sarawak, Malaysia, the Narmada Valley Project in India, and the Three Gorges Project in China, this study examines the divergence between macro- and micro-interests, most clearly illustrated by the egregious impacts of hydraulic projects on indigenous peoples of Asia.
Comparative History as World History: Religious Conversion in Modern India
Authors: Eaton Richard Maxwell
Published: May 2005

In the period from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth century, the vast majority of the Naga peoples of northeastern India converted to Christianity. This article explores the reasons for this extraordinary phenomenon—in Asia, second only in magnitude to the conversion of the Philippine population—and examines the different rates of conversion among Naga communities. It also tests the usefulness of models of religious change generated from fieldwork on conversion in Africa—in particular, Robin Horton's "intellectualist" theory. In this sense the article is an essay in comparative history, and it argues for the usefulness of the comparative method for world history.
Culture Contact and Polynesian Identity in the European Age
Authors: Campbell I. C. (Ian Christopher)
Published: May 2005

Synoptic studies of culture contact manifest an implicit model of cultural and demographic replacement and a discontinuity in indigenous identity. This model reflects a preoccupation with settler colonies, yet many culture contact relationships have developed in the absence of colonialism. European-Polynesian culture contacts are discussed here as a basis for an adaptational model, and it is argued that colo-nialism itself was often the means whereby indigenous identity was maintained, not extirpated.
Toward "One Enlightened and Progressive Civilization": Discourses of Expansion and Nineteenth-Century Chinese Missions Abroad
Authors: Desnoyers Charles
Published: May 2005

Recently, scholars attempting "China-centered" perspectives of the Qing dynasty's nineteenth-century effort at "self-strengthening" have asserted both a greater capacity for Confucianism to support modernization than previously supposed and a considerable amount of Chinese rather than Western agency in originating such efforts. This essay traces a distinct current in the writing of the self-strengtheners, which sees the marriage of Confucianism and Western technology as powerfully transformatory, leading not just to a revivified China, but also to a China that extended its commercial and cultural influence deep into the West.
Intercontinental Trade and the Development of the Third World since the Industrial Revolution
Authors: O'Brien Patrick Karl
Published: May 2005

This paper inserts two centuries of historical perspective into the ongoing debate on the nature and significance of participation in the global economy for the long-term material progress of the Third World. The global economy impinged upon the relative rates of growth achieved by national, regional, and local economies basically through commodity trade, the migration of labor, flows of capital, and transfers of technology between the developed continents of Europe, North America, and Australasia, on the one hand, and the less developed continents of Asia, Africa, and South America (the Third World) on the other. Despite the marked inequality in the distribution of income across continents, Third World economies and populations derived significant benefits from participation in the global economy until 1914, and the breakdown of the liberal order imposed serious impediments to trade during the era of neo-mercantilism between 1914 and 1950, which severely constrained Third World opportunities for growth through trade. When a new international economic order emerged with decolonization and the rise of American hegemony, the Third World again found it entirely beneficial to participate in global commerce.
Hemispheric Integration, 500-1500 C.E.
Authors: Bentley Jerry H.
Published: May 2005

Scholars such as Marshall G. S. Hodgson and William H. McNeill have long emphasized
the importance of cross-cultural interactions throughout world history from
ancient times to the present. Yet a persistent and widespread misconception holds that
the peoples of the world began to interact intensively only after 1492. This misunderstanding
reflects both "modernocentrism," an enchantment with the modern world
that has hindered historians from recognizing the significance of cross-cultural interactions
in earlier times, and the powerful influence of national states, which has discouraged
historians from examining interactions between societies. Recent
scholarship on commercial, biological, and cultural exchanges suggests, however, that
during the millennium from 500 to 1500 C.E., cross-cultural interactions fostered the
integration of societies throughout the Eastern Hemisphere.
Vasco da Gama and Africa: An Era of Mutual Discovery, 1497-1800
Authors: Northrup David
Published: May 2005

On the quincentennial of Vasco da Gama's successful voyage around Africa to India,
this article explores the economic and cultural importance for Africans of new contacts
with Europe. The exploration of mutual interests, characteristic of da Gama's voyage,
generally continued on the once isolated Atlantic side of the continent, where
African elites sought imported goods, even as their exports consisted more and more
of slaves; acquired facility in European languages; and experimented with Christianity
and Western education. On the Indian Ocean side there were few long-term changes,
despite early Portuguese attacks on the already prosperous, Muslim-ruled city-states of
the Swahili coast.
Materialistically Yours: The Dynamic Society of Graeme Snooks
Authors: Frank Andre Gunder
Published: May 2005

Graeme Snook's new book is a veritable tour de force begining with the origin of the universe 15 billion years ago and the emergence of life on Earth 4 billion years ago. It analyzes the biosocial or sociobiological ascent of humankind and human society over 2 million years and the rise and development of civilization over the parst 10,000 years. The author offers a novel interpretation of the causes of the industrial revolution 200 years ago, and he stresses the demographic revolution of the past 50 years. The motor force of this long and still ongoing process, the author is at pains to demonstrate, is economic—or more precisely materialist—competition to use scarce resources for survival. The political payoff from all this and more is the author's recommendation to face the future global ecological crisis by developing a new technological paradigm rather than by giving in to Club-of-Rome-type ecological limits to growth, the existence of which the author denies.
Unheard Voices: The Life of the Nobi in O Hwi-mun's Swaemirok
Authors: Kim Kichung
Published: May 2005

Many things are known about the nobi and the nobi system in premodern Korea, such
as their demographic data and their social and legal status during the Chosŏn dynasty
(1392-1910). But we know little about the private and personal side of their lives, what
their day-to-day life was like as individuals or families, the personal and social relationships
among the nobi, and nothing at all of their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
The sole purpose of this study is to cast a little light on the human face of the men and
women who were nobi.
Once Again on Lenition in Middle Korean
Authors: Vovin Alexander
Published: May 2005

The present article attempts a revision of the traditional lenition theory for the Middle
Korean language by presenting internal and typological evidence in favor of interpreting
non-leniting Middle Korean consonants as originating from original *nC (sometimes
possibly *lC) clusters and providing further support for the fact that leniting consonants
were just plain voiceless obstruents.
NP-Interpretation and the Structure of Predicates
Authors: Hallman Peter
Published: May 2005

Two classes of intensional transitive verbs affect the interpretation of an indefinite object in the same way that stage- and individual-level predicates affect an indefinite subject. The contrast for objects is instantiated inside the scope of intensionality, that is, VP-internally. I claim that the differentiation of subject positions said to underlie the interpretational contrast for subjects recurs in the VP for objects, inside the domain of intensionality. The internal domain of a transitive verb is therefore somewhat syntactically articulated, containing at least two positions for indefinite objects. Quantified objects, however, are VP-external.
"I'm Not His Father": Lionel Trilling, Allen Ginsberg, and the Contours of Literary Modernism
Authors: Genter Robert
Published: May 2005

Genter explores the personal and professional relationship between the literary critic Lionel Trilling and the Beat poet Allen Ginsberg, exposing their shared contributions to the hegemony of literary modernism in postwar intellectual circles. Since their initial meeting at Columbia University when Ginsberg as a first-year undergraduate attended Trilling's introductory literature class, the two writers maintained throughout their careers a combative yet productive discourse about the nature and goals of modernist writing. Despite Ginsberg's insistence that he had escaped the stultifying aspects of Trilling's literary practices, the rebel poet sought the same form of literary transcendence within his writings as Trilling did, and the adversarial relationship between them appears in retrospect, as part of a family affair. Throughout their letters and writing, Trilling and Ginsberg helped set the framework for postwar literary criticism and modernist practices.
"I salute the spirit of my communities": Autoethnographic Innovations in Hmong American Literature
Authors: Chiu Jeannie
Published: May 2005

Autoethnography introduces the cultural informant's own voice, reclaiming authority from the genre of participant observer ethnography. A case in point is the emergence of books on Hmong Americans, refugees of the Vietnam War. Anne Fadiman's work of ethnographic journalism, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, was published in 1997 and won the National Book Critics Circle Award. In 2002, the first anthology of Hmong American literature, Bamboo Among the Oaks, appeared, marking the inclusion of another immigrant group into American literature. Earlier works of a less literary nature, such as Dia Cha's children's book, Dia's Story Cloth, and Houa Vue Moua and Barbara J. Rolland's collaborative Trails Through the Mists, also illuminate the folk arts and visual culture. These Hmong American autoethnographies highlight the value of emerging literatures in offering alternative genres and fresh analysis of recurrent cross-cultural concerns: gender inequality and the double marginalization of forced migration.
Rowe's Shakespear (1709) and the Tonson House Style
Authors: Hamm Robert B
Published: May 2005

Nicholas Rowe's The Works of Mr. William Shakespear (1709) is widely recognized as an important moment in publishing history, one that marks the beginning of the modern Shakespeare text. This essay examines the edition as part of a standardized series of English authors, what the author calls Tonson's vernacular classics, published by Jacob Tonson. Prior to the publication of these editions, Tonson collaborated with the Cambridge University Press on a series of Greek and Latin classics, which, the author argues, greatly shaped his English series. Rowe's Shakespear undoubtedly marks an important moment in Shakespearean publication history, but examining it as part of a more ambitious publishing project provides us not only a more accurate appreciation of Shakespeare's status at the start of the eighteenth century, but also a better understanding of Tonson's effort at canon-making.
Ecocriticism and the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Hitt Christopher
Published: May 2005

Stefan Ruzowitzky's recent horror film Anatomie explores the fictional premise that underneath the democratic surface of contemporary Germany, and within its technocratic elites, traces of the country's fascist past still linger. However, Anatomie mobilizes this version of the historical uncanny only insofar as the film is marketed to an audience in the global marketplace, predominantly in the U. S. While the film plays to this audience's anxieties stemming from Germany's unsurmounted Nazi past, it articulates anxieties for its German audience that are specific to contemporary processes of socioeconomic restructuring and generational change. Central to these anxieties are the backlash against 1960s oppositional politics and its perceived mainstreaming, and the destabilization of social equality and middle-class prerogatives as a result of market deregulation.
Crossover Dreams: Reflections on Shakespeareans and Popular Culture
Authors: Plasse Marie A
Published: May 2005

"Crossover Dreams" explores contemporary Shakespearean scholars' relationships to the popular culture of their own time within the framework of the author's autobiographical reflections on her own development as a scholar of both Shakespeare and popular culture. The essay argues that when Shakespearean scholars engage in the study of popular culture, they may do so in part as a way of responding to the fact that Shakespeare, the primary subject of their teaching and scholarship, is so heavily mediated, so culturally powerful, and ultimately, so elusive. As it examines the author's work on popular culture as a response to, rebellion against, and sometimes an escape from these features of Shakespeare studies, the essay suggests that Shakespeareans turn to the study of popular culture for the pleasure of practicing their scholarly craft in the freer, more playful space of a field of study that is not as densely mediated as Shakespeare studies.
Ada, the Bog and the Garden: or, Straw, Fluff, and Peat: Sources and Places in Ada
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: May 2005

Nabokov's discovery in 1964 or 1965, in a crime novel by Nicholas Freeling, DoubleBarrel,that the Dutch word veen means "marsh, bog, peat" appears to have shaped Ada from an early stage, perhaps via the slight whiff of incest and the concentrated theme of eavesdropping or tom-peeping in Freeling's novel. Linking veen and Venus, Nabokov also drew on the image of a garden of earthly love endlessly repeated in Bosch's masterpiece to create his characters' Ardis or paradise as a garden of Eden or Venus that subsides into a moral bog, as Bosch's triptych moves from Eden to repetition of seemingly Edenic delights to Hell, in part by way of a third source, Fowlie's mistranslation of the word for "marsh marigold" in Rimbaud's "MÃ©moire." A fourth source, the Barton and Guestier advertisement mimicking Toulouse-Lautrec's poster for the Paris cafÃ© Le Divan japonais, suggested a different kind of repetition, but Nabokov, unexpectedly, makes it also combine with the veen-as-"marsh, bog, peat" theme and the moral mire of Ardis.
The Ins and Outs of Invitation to a Beheading
Authors: Langen Timothy
Published: May 2005

Invitation to a Beheading derives much of its narrative and thematic energy from paradoxes attending the abstract categories "in" and "out." The main character's captivity, the novel's weird, crumbling ontology, the narrator's verbal tricks, and the story's ambiguous ending all develop aspects of the proposition that what is in is out, and what is out is in. These contortions inform the novel's plot, its aesthetics, and its treatment of human thought.
Uprooting the Lyric: Baudelaire in Wagner's Forests
Authors: Acquisto Joseph
Published: May 2005

This article examines the intertextual relationship between Richard Wagner and Charles Baudelaire, arguing that latter's reworking of Wagner has important implications for the status of lyric poetry reinscribed within an urban context. A network of intertexts, including Wagner's "Lettre sur la musique" and Baudelaire's poems "Correspondances," "Obsession," and "Le Cygne," will suggest that Baudelaire transformed his consideration of music into a prolonged meditation on memory. Baudelaire's essay "Richard Wagner et Tannh�user � Paris" rewrites the nature of esthetic experience in the 1860 s as it sketches the possibility, not of the elimination of the lyric from modern life, but rather of a new role for a lyric poetry of memory. (JA)
Jacob Wrestling with the Angel: A Theme in Symbolist Art
Authors: Singletary Suzanne M
Published: May 2005

Until Eug�ne Delacroix treated the subject in the Church of Saint-Sulpice (1861), the story of Jacob Wrestling with the Angel was rarely depicted in art. Acknowledging a profound debt to Delacroix, several Symbolist artists interpreted the theme, notably Gustave Moreau, Paul Gauguin, and Odilon Redon. Moreover the Jacob narrative is reflective of the prevailing philosophical and artistic discourses that valorized struggle as a prerequisite of redemption, prominent in Hegelian idealism, Wagner's music-dramas, Swedenborg's biblical exegeses, and Baudelaire's criticism. For the Symbolist generation Jacob's encounter summoned a multiplicity of meanings, offering an elasticity that each artist could make his own. (SS)
Marie Krysinska's Poetics of Parody: Figures of the Woman Artist
Authors: Paton Tracy L
Published: May 2005

Marie Krysinska's "Symphonie des Parfums" reveals that she was aware of her role as the only woman artist at the Chat Noir cabaret. She employed her free verse techniques in conjunction with the parodic mode of self-expression popularized at the cabaret to reject the feminine ideal and legitimate her status as an original poet. Krysinska parodies descriptions of imaginary women associated with flowers in conventional poetry by revising synaesthesic analogies and tropes of women's adornments that Baudelaire designated as symbols of alluring signifying power to represent a multiform "feminine" subjectivity in figures of women performing various, interrelated genres of art. (TLP)
POc *ma- and the Adjectives: Oceanic as Seen through Possibly Productive Morphology in Tukang Besi
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: May 2005

An article in volume 40 of this journal discusses the history of the suffix *ma- in Oceanic languages, and compares the functions found in these languages with those attested in some non-Oceanic Austronesian languages. The current article adds some refinements based on a careful consideration of data from Tukang Besi, and provides a basis for questioning the simple bipartite divisions employed in classifying morphology in the earlier article. It is shown how reference to some of the synchronically attested morphological processes in Tukang Besi can help to model the Oceanic data.
East Nusantara: Genetic, Areal, and Typological Approaches
Authors: Klamer Margaretha Anna Flora
Published: May 2005

Three approaches to language comparison are distinguished. An areal approach leads to the conclusion that East Nusantara and the Bird's Head constitute a linguistic area.
The Argument Structure of Verbs with the Suffix - kan in Indonesian
Authors: Cole Peter , Son Min-Jeong
Published: May 2005

The verbal suffix -kan in acrolectal Indonesian gives the appearance of being a homonymous form with multiple functions. In many sentences the suffix seems to be a causative morpheme; in others it appears to be an applicative affix, while in yet others it seems to be an object marker. We show that these functions are in fact predictable if -kan is a derivational morpheme affecting the argument structure of the verb to which it is affixed. We argue that the role of -kan is to indicate the syntactic licensing of an argument in the argument structure that is not licensed syntactically by the base verb. Thus, the distribution of -kan provides evidence that there exist linguistic generalizations that need to be stated with respect to a distinct level of argument structure rather than with respect to such syntactic levels as S-Structure and Logical Form.
The Confucian Politics of Appearance -- and Its Impact on Chinese Humor
Authors: Xu Weihe
Published: May 2005

It is argued here that ancient Chinese convictions-that appearances and truth, the outer and the inner, and everything else in the universe are correlated; that the outer can change the inner; and that the cosmos and human society are inherently hierarchical-gave rise to the Confucian politicization of appearance, and this culminated in the rites' stringent requirements of reverence and gravity from the traditional Chinese junzi (the morally and often socially superior man) during public appearances, thereby causing his humor to fade and vanish in public, thanks to an apparently natural antithesis between reverence/gravity and laughter/humor.
Beyond Proceduralism: A Chinese Perspective on Cheng (Sincerity) as a Political Virtue
Authors: Tao Julia Lai Po-Wah
Published: May 2005

This essay aims to provide a philosophical analysis of the Chinese concept of cheng (sincerity) as a political virtue that could be incorporated to ground a duty of civility in liberal deliberative democracy. It is argued here that the virtue of sincerity is an essential feature of the liberal political culture taken for granted by Rawls in his theory of public reason. Ideal procedures and public discourse are not sufficient to generate civic virtues. The goal of this essay is to show how, in the Chinese conception, the root of civility lies in the virtue of Cheng, which can provide the moral grounding for a duty of civility that is essential to sustaining the stability and overcoming the problem of defection from support of the common good in pluralistic states.
Controlling for Postpartum Amenorrhea and Heterogeneity in the Analysis of Fecundability Using Birth Interval Data: A Simulation Study with Application to Hutterite Reproductive Histories
Authors: Larsen Ulla , Yan Sharon , Yashin Anatoli I
Published: May 2005

Despite numerous studies, the level and age pattern of fecundability are still under discussion in the demographic, biologic, and medical literature. Previous analyses, however, have not fully taken into account two factors affecting estimated fecundability: postpartum amenorrhea and variations in fecundability among women. This paper used simulation analysis to calibrate a new fecundability model, and it showed that fecundability by age, heterogeneity in fecundability, and postpartum amenorrhea by age could be estimated simultaneously from all birth intervals. An empirical analysis of Hutterite birth histories showed the following: that fecundability declined almost linearly from age 20 to age 40; that the fecundability of a 35 year old was half the level of fecundability of a 25 year old woman; and that fecundability varied significantly across women. For an average Hutterite woman, the waiting time to next live-birth conception was 13.1 months at age 30 and 22.2 months at age 40. These intervals included 6.5 months of postpartum amenorrhea.
The Journal of Scholarly Publishing : Continuing and Enhancing the Tradition
Authors: Radko Thomas R.
Published: May 2005

The new editor of JSP summarizes the journal's traditional mission, and
outlines his goals for its future development and continuing contributions
to the field of scholarly publishing.
Scribble, Scribble, Toil and Trouble: Forced Productivity in the Modern University
Authors: Savage William W
Published: May 2005

The book has become the standard measure of research in performance-based
evaluations of faculty in the modern university. Emphasis on book
publication as the sole evidence of faculty productivity has led to
a variety of unhappy consequences for those pressured to write books
and for scholarly presses expected to issue them, principally panic
and pandemonium.
Doing Scholarship on the Web: Ten Years of Triumphs - and a Disappointment
Authors: Ayers Edward L.
Published: May 2005

Since 1991 the Valley of the Shadow Project at the University of
Virginia has experimented to see what possibilities new technologies
might present for the understanding of history. The project has
been quite successful in reaching a broad audience. But few similar
projects are emerging, and we need to reconsider many aspects of
institutional organization and priorities to foster new works of digital
scholarship.