bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eye Fixation and Attention as Modifiers of Perceived Distance
Authors: Gogel Walter C. , Tietz Jerome D.
Published: September 2011

An error in the perceived distance of a physically stationary object results in an apparent horizontal motion of the object if the head is moved horizontally. Procedures have been developed to use this apparent motion to measure the apparent distance of the object. Research also has indicated that the apparent distance of an object will tend to be displaced toward the distance at which the eyes are fixated. In the present study head-motion procedures were used to measure the effect of eye fixation and attention upon the apparent distance of a point of light in two experiments. Substantial errors in perceived distance occurred in the predicted direction as a function of fixation distance. Attending to an object at a distance other than the distance of the fixated point of light had a much less effect upon the apparent distance of the point. It is concluded that the apparent concomitant motion which occurs in a variety of situations as a function of the distance of fixation indicates that substantial errors in perceived distance are common in most environments.
Gender Bias in Observers' Perceptions of Infants' Sex: It's a Boy Most of the Time!
Authors: Hildebrandt Katherine A. , Fitzgerald Hiram E.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the extent to which observers are biased to assign a male gender to infants whose actual gender is unknown. Male and female college students were instructed to assign a gender label to each of 60 photographs of infants ranging in age from 3 to 13 mo. Results indicated greater accuracy in identifying male infants as well as a bias toward assigning the male gender at all infant ages except 3 mo. A second group of students were asked to rate the cuteness of each photograph. Results suggested that specific facial features and degree of perceived cuteness influenced students' assignments of gender labels. Methodological implications for observational research are noted.
Abnormality of Catecholamine Balance Relating to Social Deviance
Authors: Woodman D. D. , Hinton J. W. , O'Neill M. T.
Published: September 2011

Approximately a quarter of maximum security hospital patients convicted of highly deviant crimes exhibited low ‘anxiety-type’ psychophysiological responsivity to stressors together with an abnormal catecholamine balance during stressor anticipation which resulted in noradrenalin to adrenalin ratios in excess of 5.5, an abnormally high value not exceeded by any control subjects and a result which is statistically significant ( p < 0.005).
Personality and Preference for Painting Style
Authors: Juhasz Joseph B. , Paxson Lynn
Published: September 2011

40 university students were asked to choose between the cubist or surrealist from among 15 pairs of slides of paintings according to their aesthetic preference. Their choices were correlated with scores on Rotter's internal vs external locus of control scale. The data support the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between preference for cubism over surrealism and internal locus control and vice versa.
Self-Concept Correlates in Academic Placement of Secondary School Students
Authors: White William F. , Yeatts Pearline , Holland John
Published: September 2011

In a large school system in the Southeastern United States 26% of eighth grade students in the lower distribution of scores on a standardized test in reading and mathematics were assigned to vocational education courses and a career education program. One of the school counselors administered a self-concept inventory, the Me Scale (Yeatts & Morrison, 1974), to a randomized group of 43 students who were in the lower 26% of scores. The same inventory was administered to 91 randomly selected students in the upper distribution of scores. Significant differences were noted for one of five factors in the Me Scale. Lower achieving students perceived themselves as more capable in manual dexterity than higher achieving students.
Mental Toughness and Performance Success and Failure
Authors: Dennis Paul W.
Published: September 2011

The Motivation Rating Scale was administered to 238 subjects. Respondents scoring at the extremes ( N = 40 in each) for the subscale of mental roughness were then tested in a choice RT task under conditions of success or failure. The experimental design consisted of a 2 (high, low mental roughness) × 2 (success, failure) factorial. There were no differences between groups, between success levels, or in the interaction of groups × levels.
Sensitivity to Laterality as a Function of Handedness
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Brausam Matt
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that left-handed individuals are more aware than right-handed individuals of others' handedness. 18 left-handed and 18 right-handed college students were shown a drawing of 8 children at a party. Seven children held objects in the left hand, while one held an object in the right hand. After 2 ½ min. the drawing was removed and subjects answered 15 questions about its contents. Included were 2 questions asking how many children were holding something in the right or left hand. Compared with right-handed subjects, left-handed subjects reported significantly more children holding something in the left hand and significantly fewer holding something in the right hand. The two groups did not differ on any other questions.
Field Independence and Performance on Ball-Handling Tasks
Authors: Lee Amelia , Fant Helen , Life Mary Louise , Lipe Leora , Carter Jo Alice
Published: September 2011

Subjects were administered the Children's Embedded Figures Test and four ball-handling tests. Pearson product-moment correlations were low between the measures. Girls scored significantly higher than boys on the embedded figures test while boys scored significantly higher than girls on the striking and throwing tests.
Future Orientation, Perception of Population Problems and Birth Planning Behavior
Authors: Jorgenson Dale O.
Published: September 2011

A measure of the strength of future orientation in a sample of 350 college students correlated positively with the perceived seriousness of the U.S. and world population problems as well as the likelihood of using a variety of birth control techniques. Correlations were low (.20 to .30).
Study of Structural Analysis: Comparing Differential Diagnoses Based on Psychiatric Evaluation, the MMPI, and Structural Analysis of the Hand Test and Rorschach
Authors: Greene Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Experimental investigation of Structural Analysis compared diagnoses of 30 psychiatric inpatients derived independently from psychiatric evaluations, MMPI analyses, and Structural Analysis interpretation of Hand Test and Rorschach data. Results yielded positive preliminary implications for the use of Structural Analysis in psychodiagnostics.
Delayed Auditory Feedback and the Speech of Stuttering and Non-Stuttering Children
Authors: Timmons Beverly A. , Boudreau James P.
Published: September 2011

25 male stutterers and 25 male non-stutterers matched by age and speaking task, read or recited under normal and 113-, 226-, 306-, 413-, 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback conditions. Changes in speaking rate and disfluency count from normal to each delayed auditory feedback condition were calculated as indicators of reaction to delayed auditory feedback. Using an analysis of variance of difference scores for speaking rate, no significant differences were found between stutterers and non-stutterers or among the delays. An analysis of variance of disfluency difference scores showed no differences between stutterers and non-stutterers. Significant differences in disfluency reaction among delay times were found.
Reaction Time to Accelerating Lines and Dots on a Cathode-Ray Tube
Authors: Halloran Thomas O. , Clark Brant , Stewart John D.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments recorded the simple RT of 13 and 10 airline pilots, respectively, to accelerating lines and dots on a cathode-ray tube. In Exp. 1, dotted lines of six lengths moved in-line or frontally, and downward or to the right. Exp. 2 compared seven different in-line-moving solid lines with dot pairs of corresponding separations, and with single dots. RT increased with the length of in-line-moving solid lines but not when dotted lines were used. RT decreased with frontal movement of dotted lines. RT to dot pairs was shorter than to solid lines or single dots. Results indicate the importance of three factors: amount of movement information, visual angle, and inhibition of the retinal area stimulated.
Impression Formation: Use of Descriptors of Personal Traits
Authors: Kaigler-Evans Karen , Damhorst Mary Lynn
Published: September 2011

1400 subjects rated photographs of 28 college women on 150 descriptive adjectives. The ratings were factor analyzed to determine categories of personal trait descriptors. Seven factors were extracted from the male subjects' ratings and five from the female subjects' ratings. Similarities between the two groups of factors indicate that the male and female subjects were congruent in their conceptualizations of the photographed women.
Cacography in the Mothers of Hyperactive Children with Learning Disorders
Authors: Hersher Leonard , Presser Stephen E.
Published: September 2011

Mothers of 20 children with learning disorders completed questionnaires concerning the histories and current problems of their children. All the children had average or above average IQs, but below average academic achievement. Compared with a control group of 20 mothers matched for years of education, the mothers of children with learning disorders made significantly more spelling errors per 100 words. The differences in number of spelling errors between learning disorder and control groups was greater for mothers with 12 or fewer years of education than for mothers with more than 12 yr. of education.
Locus of Control and Achievement Motivation in the Active Aged (65 Years and Over)
Authors: Rotella Robert J. , Bunker Linda K.
Published: September 2011

The motivational components of continued participation in expressive social situations are thought to be related to each individual's locus of control and achievement motivation. The present study involved an investigation of active participants in a National Championship Tennis Tournament for Seniors (65 yr. and over) and members of the local Retired Seniors Volunteer Program. Scores indicated that these seniors were generally internal, a finding which contradicts Phares' earlier work. Similarly, this sample was not extremely achievement oriented but rather represented a general tendency toward conflict between a desire to succeed and fear of failure. Results are discussed in terms of the Conflict Enculturation Theory of Roberts and Sutton-Smith.
A Musical Profile for a Sample of Learning-Disabled Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Study
Authors: Decuir Anthony A. , Braswell Charles E.
Published: September 2011

31 learning-disabled children and adolescents completed the Pitch, Loudness, Rhythm, Time, and Tonal Memory subtests of the Seashore Measures of Musical Talents. Results indicated that the Seashore test did not discriminate between subgroups of these learning-disabled children. However, differences were found in percentile equivalents between these learning-disabled and normal individuals. These data should be interpreted with caution due to the small size of this sample and the spread of percentiles presented by Seashore.
Influence of Reflection-Impulsivity and Cognitive Style on Time Estimation under Different Ambient Conditions
Authors: Davidson William B. , House William J.
Published: September 2011

120 college students estimated seven different durations of a light by the method of reproduction. Each duration reproduction was performed while either counting fast auditory clicks, slow clicks, or with no clicks. The subjects had previously been assessed for cognitive style with the Group Embedded Figures test and for reflection-impulsivity with the impulsivity scale from the Personality Research Form. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the rapid-tempo ambient condition had a greater effect on estimation of duration than did either the slow tempo or control condition. There were significant differences in time estimation between reflectives and impulsives for estimations of 10, 30, and 50 sec. No interactions were observed for reflection-impulsivity by ambient conditions. Although cognitive style did not interact with ambient conditions as was predicted, it did interact with sex for three durations, 10, 20, and 30 sec. It was concluded that impulsive students tend to underestimate the brief times more than do reflective students but are not affected differently by the ambient circumstances in which the estimation is made. Cognitive style, apparently, does not have a profound influence on estimation of brief durations. However, sex and cognitive style in interaction do affect these estimations', this requires further research.
Compatibility and Successful Performance
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Garvie Gordon T.
Published: September 2011

The study examined the relationship of compatibility among elite wrestlers and their coaches to relative success in performance. Compatibility was assessed using both Schutz's (1966) FIRO-B and the coaches' and athletes' perceptions of the athletes' communicativeness, receptivity to instructor, and withdrawnness. The athletes assessed their performance relative to (a) other wrestlers in their competitive class and (b) their precompetition expectations. None of the compatibility measures significantly accounted for variance in the first measure. Relative to precompetition expectations, the athletes' assessment of their communication and withdrawnness accounted for 64% of the variance.
Effects of Induced Arousal on Preference for Visual Complexity
Authors: Twiford J. Rainer , Haude Richard H. , Sterns Harvey L.
Published: September 2011

Preferences for visual stimuli varying in level of complexity were obtained from 58 male undergraduate students. Subjects in an induced-arousal group showed preferences that were monotonically related to complexity level, while subjects in a non-aroused control group expressed highest preferences for intermediate levels of complexity. The data conform most closely with the psychological complexity notion of Walker (1964, 1973).
Simultaneous and Successive Syntheses: A Factor Analysis of Speed of Information Processing
Authors: Jarman Ronald F. , Krywaniuk Larry W.
Published: September 2011

A set of tasks was devised to measure different types of speed of information processing. These tasks were administered to a sample of 87 children in Grade 3, and the data were factor analyzed. The results indicated three factors, which were interpreted as simultaneous and successive cognitive processing speed and motor speed. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of current research on human abilities and serial and parallel processes.
Correlation between Two Methods of Assessing Causal Attribution
Authors: Spink Kevin S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between two scales (linear versus percentage) for assessing causal attribution. A questionnaire assessing attribution to the factors of ability, effort, difficulty of task, luck, and officiating was administered to 322 high school basketball players (average age = 17.2 yr.). There was high agreement; the correlations were .762 for task difficulty, .729 for officiating, .714 for effort, .696 for luck, and .688 for ability.
Language of Publication in Perception
Authors: Ginsburg Norman
Published: September 2011

Trends in language of publication are traced from 1827 through 1967 for papers on CFF and form. One quarter of the world's literature on CFF and one tenth of the literature on perception of form continue to be published in languages other than English.
Effect of External Standards on Children's Evaluations of Their Reproduction of Visual Forms
Authors: Cicirelli Victor G.
Published: September 2011

96 second grade children and 144 4-yr.-old nursery school children were asked to copy geometric designs. One group was given high standards for evaluating their work, one group was given low standards, and a control group was given no external standards. Differences between treatment groups were significant ( p = .01); there were no sex or socioeconomic differences. Children in the low standards group rated their drawings higher, and children in the high standards group rated their drawings lower, than children in the control group. Results suggest perceptual judgments might be used to shape visual-motor reproduction, rather than vice versa.
Group Dichotic Listening
Authors: Gordon Harold W. , Lamm Oren
Published: September 2011

Subjects tested in groups on a dichotic listening task had the same measure of laterality as groups of subjects tested individually. The same dichotic words tape (in Hebrew) was used for the group-tested subjects and the individually tested subjects. Since each technique produced the same laterality, researchers should be encouraged to use the group-technique because greater numbers of subjects can be tested in a smaller amount of time.
Differences in Young Children's Expectations of Women's and Men's Intervention in Aggression
Authors: Harden Richard R. , Jacob Saied H.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports two experiments which examined children's expectations of women's and men's intervention in aggression. In Exp. 1, 91 preschool children were randomly divided into 2 groups and shown separate video tapes: (1) subjects viewed a man passively watching young children's simulated fighting and (2) subjects viewed a woman passively watching identical simulated fighting. Upon questioning, 17% of subjects in the male-adult condition reported adult intervention while 4% of subjects in the female-adult condition reported intervention. In Exp. 2, 30 preschool boys were randomly divided into 3 groups and subjects viewed a tape of either (1) an adult male passively watching simulated fighting, (2) an adult female interrupting simullated fighting, or (3) irrelevant material (control). Tapes were discussed and rerun with subjects to ensure comprehension, then subjects were observed in free play during which the adult they had viewed was present but behaved passively. Aggressive acts were recorded for the four quarters of each play period. Aggression was uniformly low throughout the adult-male condition, high throughout the control condition, and progressed from low to high over the course of the adult-female condition. These studies appear to support the existence of differential expectations and suggest that such expectations influence behavior but may be overridden or altered under certain conditions.
Study of Foveal Tritanopia
Authors: Cobb S. R. , McCrossan Maureen A.
Published: September 2011

This paper discusses the possibility there is a difference between men and women in foveal tritanopia. The discussion is based on a study carried out by Cobb and McCrossan in 1973 in which they measured the luminosity curves of the fovea in five women and five men. The instrument used was a Wright colorimeter which measured the luminosity curves with a 2° 12′ field and a 0° 12.5′ field. Comparison shows a loss of sensitivity to blue for the curve obtained with die 0° 12.5′ field relative to the curve obtained with the 2° 12′ field. Male subjects obtained two maxima with die 0° 12.5′ field, usually at 555 nm and 595 nm, whereas for females on maximum, usually at 555 nm and from 555 nm to the long wavelength end of the spectrum, curves followed loosely the curve obtained with the 2° 12′ field. Thus, a significant difference was found between the males and the females in their response to the longer wavelengths when the 0° 12.5′ (0° 12.5′) field was used. In addition to this there were also large individual differences in the matching points obtained by the males while the individual differences among the females were much smaller.
Latent Learning in White Rats with and without Reinforcement by Presentation of Videotaped Stimuli
Authors: Kahane Jonathan , Robinson Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The effect of videotaped presentation of a maze, with and without reinforcement during correct “trials,” was investigated to determine whether learning could occur without the correlated response being manifested. Three groups of 10, female albino rats of the Wistar strain, 120 days old, were employed. The stimuli were presented on a monitor during acquisition. Group 1 received the film and reinforcement during correct “trials” and performed significantly better than Group 2, which received the film but no reinforcement and Group 3 which received neither film nor reinforcement on test trials in the actual maze. Empirical and theoretical support were obtained for the notion that learning would occur without responding.
Assessment of Swimming Performance of Preschool Children
Authors: Erbaugh Sarah J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to establish the validity and reliability of a swimming scale designed for children, ages 2 to 6 yr. Subjects ( N = 57) were tested on nine categories of tasks. These tasks were selected from the skills traditionally included within the motor domain of swimming; therefore, the scale is assumed to be valid. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate the interjudge objectivity, and within-day, and between-days reliabilities. The range of values for each were: .99 to .98, .99 to .96, and .97 to .84, respectively. As these values are acceptable, the swimming scale seems to be an appropriate instrument for assessing the performance of preschool children.
Closure Difficulty, Figure-Size Expansion, and Figure-Size Constriction on 240 Graham-Kendall Memory-for-Designs Records
Authors: Persinger Bill D. , Holmes Cooper B.
Published: September 2011

To determine the frequency of occurrence of closure difficulty, figure-size expansion, and figure-size constriction, 240 university students were administered the Graham-Kendall Memory-For-Designs test. Subjects were volunteers enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses and were between 18 and 23 yr. of age, male or female, and U.S. citizens. The purpose was to define a sampling of drawing styles exhibited in a normal group on this test. Each drawing style, or factor, was treated as an independent variable, and the frequency of occurrence of each level (dependent variable) was compared via chi square. It was noted that a significant number of subjects exhibited some degree of closure difficulty with the designs (χ2 => 101.72, p < .01). Figure-size expansion was noted as extremely rare for this sample (χ2 = 444.78, p < .01). Finally, extreme figure-size constriction occurred significantly more often than either moderate or no constriction of the designs (χ2 = 62.58, p < .01).
Sex Differences in Color Naming
Authors: Swaringen Sandra , Layman Stephanie , Wilson Alan
Published: September 2011

In an unrestrained-choice color-naming task 26 males and 29 females responded to 21 colored chips from the Farnsworth-Munsell series. The females provided a significantly greater number of different color names for the chips than did the males. The data also showed that the leisure activities of the females were more color-dependent than those of the males. It is suggested that the observed sex differences in color-naming performance are learned differences in the expression of color appreciation.
Effects of Diagnostic Labels and Subject Dogmatism upon the Perception of Persons
Authors: Leimkuhler Beth , Ziegler Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

Slides of unfamiliar individuals were rated on six semantic differential scales by high-dogmatic and low-dogmatic subjects. Subjects were informed that the individuals depicted were either normal, neurotic, or psychotic. Results indicated that diagnostic labels significantly affected the ratings and that one factor (a general Emotional Stability factor) accounted for 77.9% of the rating variance. Level of dogmatism appeared to affect subjects' ratings, although not in the manner predicted.
Influence of Active Encoding on Tactile Recognition Memory for Common Objects
Authors: Lawrence David M. , Cobb Nancy J. , Beard James I.
Published: September 2011

Active tactile recognition memory for common objects is compared with passive touch. The recognition memory test occurs after a delay between inspection and test of seven days. Three groups of five each have the following conditions and results: Group I manipulated objects at both inspection and test to obtain a recognition rate of 87.9%; Group II manipulated objects at inspection but not at test, i.e., passive touch, to produce a recognition rate of 80.7%; Group III manipulated objects at test but not at inspection to perform at a 72.5% accuracy rate. Object manipulation had a significant effect and the group means were all significantly different ( p ≤ .05), with the largest performance decrement due to passive touch at encoding. Generally, the findings implicated the importance of object identity in tactile recognition memory which, in turn, is supportive of the depth-of-processing approach to memory.
Graphing Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A procedure for accurately depicting the relationship between two variables by means of overlapping circles is described, and a formula and table are provided to facilitate its use.
Culture and Tendencies to Draw Objects in Internal Visual Perspective
Authors: Ball Orlow E. , Torrance E. Paul
Published: September 2011

Samples from nine countries ( ns = 100) representing three cultures: Eastern (Japan, China, and India), European (France, Norway, and Germany), and Western (United States, Canada, and the Virgin Islands) were compared on their ability to visualize objects from an unusual (internal) visual perspective on Activity 3 (circles) of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (1974, 1975, 1977), Form B. Inter-cultural as well as intra-cultural differences were found, and Eastern cultures demonstrated a significantly greater frequency of internal visualizations than did European and Western cultures, when a streamlined scoring procedure was used.
Immediate Auditory Feedback to Improve Putting Quickly
Authors: Simek Thomas C. , O'Brien Richard M.
Published: September 2011

After being baserated for three putts from each of three distances, six veteran golfers were given immediate feedback for head and body movement in a brief treatment session. Providing immediate feedback of the inappropriate movement resulted in a statistically significant increase in the number of putts holed.
Dissonance and Information in Equilibration to Formal Operations
Authors: Haensly Patricia A. , Chissom Brad , Nash William R.
Published: September 2011

The effect of a dissonance procedure on equilibration to formal operations was examined by assessing 30 third-grade subjects on response level to a lever-balancing task after training on simple balance and proportional tasks. Typical Piagetian responses were used as indicators of stage level. Subjects who indicated conservation of volume and lack of formal operations for the lever-balance task were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (a) a dissonance procedure, (b) information only, and (c) no information. An immediate posttest for generalization of learning and a delayed posttest for stabilization were administered. Subjects from all groups indicated advanced levels of response which remained through delayed posttests. It was concluded that interaction of the subjects with the measuring instrument was sufficient to facilitate equilibration which masked effect of the dissonance procedure. A more interactive dissonance procedure, elimination of the pretest on balance, and more information on the progression toward the proportionality schema at this age level are suggested.
The Median Controversy
Authors: Stavig Gordon R.
Published: September 2011

Disagreement exists in the literature concerning whether the median should be computed using the ungrouped or grouped equation. For the original unaltered data the median equation for ungrouped data satisfies the criterion that Σ| x — Mdn|min. The median equation for grouped data satisfies this criterion for the linearly interpolated underlying continuous distribution. An equation is given to estimate the underlying distribution. The so-called ungrouped equation can be applied to grouped data. The grouped equation is applied to discrete data for comparative purposes. If the data ate not rectangularly distributed in the class interval of interest, a logarithmic adjustment can be made.
Ego Identity and Perception of Parents among Female College Students
Authors: Kendis Randall Jay , Tan Allen L.
Published: September 2011

Based on Erikson's theory of ego development, this study investigated the relationship between ego identity achievement among female college students and their feelings toward and perceptions of their parents. The analysis showed that identity achievers viewed their mothers rather negatively and their fathers somewhat more positively, suggesting that contemporary female college students may find it necessary to break “same-sex identification” bonds in order to learn the appropriate female sex role.
Attributions of Female College Students to Male Photographs as a Function of Attractiveness and Pupil Size
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pellegrini Robert J. , Tomlinson Nancy
Published: September 2011

To check on the possibility that relative attractiveness rather than sex of model may have been the determinant of inverse and inverted-U curves observed between ratings of variations of pupil size shown in a male and female model, 170 female students were asked to rate photographs of an attractive and an average looking male model, each of which had been altered to create a continuum of pupil sizes. The results indicated that pattern of mean ratings changed as predicted, as a function of relative attractiveness. This finding identifies a variable which may have partially confounded the results of earlier studies.
Locus of Control in Short and Long Sleepers
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: September 2011

As a test of the hypothesis that consistent short sleepers tend to be less reflective and more conformist in their thinking than long sleepers, the I-E scale scores of 15 short and 15 long sleepers were compared. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that to a significant degree, short sleepers view themselves as more externally regulated than long sleepers.
Reliability of the Finger Tapping Test and a Note on Sex Differences
Authors: Morrison Michael W. , Gregory Robert J. , Paul J. Joseph
Published: September 2011

The reliability of the Finger Tapping Test was investigated in two studies. In the test-retest condition 30 male and 30 female college students were tested twice by the same examiner. In the inter-examiner condition 30 male and 30 female college students were tested once by each of two examiners. Reliability coefficients for the dominant and nondominant hands were high in both studies (about .8), as contrasted with that of the ratio score (about .5), casting doubt on the use of the ratio score to lateralize impairment. Significant sex differences (males about 3 taps faster) were found, calling into question the use of single test interpretation schemes. Slight inter-examiner differences in mean scores were also detected.
Feedback Control of Hemispheric EEG Alpha
Authors: Fox Corey D.
Published: September 2011

Feedback control of alpha activity has made minimal use of controls for disinhibition, oculomotor activity, and non-contingent feedback in the evaluation of alpha-feedback contingencies. The present experiment employed extended alpha training with eyes closed in assessing the contributions of disinhibition and operant contingencies to feedback control of integrated alpha activity. A yoked-cortex control design, in which the cerebral hemisphere generating feedback signals was compared to the contralateral hemisphere, was employed. 7 subjects were given auditory feedback contingent on alpha activity in the left or right hemisphere during five daily training sessions. Changes from respective baseline levels were a function of both disinhibition and contingent feedback stimulation. A significant functional relationship between feedback and alpha activity upon which it was contingent was established for right hemisphere alpha. Results were discussed in terms of feedback-induced activation of the EEG in the contralateral hemisphere during contingent stimulation. It may be easier for subjects to learn control of alpha in the nondominant hemisphere.
Role of Familiar Size in Spatial Judgments under Natural Viewing Conditions
Authors: Predebon John
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the role of familiar size in judgments of size and egocentric distance under natural (non-reduced) viewing conditions. Independent groups ( ns = 14) judged normal and large off-size chairs and control objects presented at a distance of 25.6 m. Subjects also judged the size of unfamiliar objects (adjacent stimuli) attached to the chairs and stakes. The results indicate that the effects of familiar size are specific to spatial judgments of the familiar object itself since judgments of the adjacent stimuli were unaffected by familiar size.
Factorial Pattern Description and Comparison of Functional Abilities in Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Swiercinsky Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

A principal factor analysis of 36 neuropsychological test variables yielded eight readily definable factors. These factors represent the kinds of general functions evaluated in the assessment of organic brain damage. The functional categorical scheme produced by the factor analysis was compared with other empirical and theoretical schemes. Shortcomings of the traditional neuropsychological battery were discussed in terms of the factors.
Facial Imagery and Personality Development
Authors: Solhkhah Nariman , Heller Robert M. , Aderman Morris
Published: September 2011

The empirical relationship between judgments obtained with a motorized facial-distortion mirror and relevant personality and rating measures was examined. Subjects were 88 school children. The findings indicated general trend differences between males and females in perceiving facial distortion shown in a mirror. Although not statistically significant, a relationship between teachers' ratings on hygiene, self-concept, sociability, and two scales of the High School Personality Questionnaire were noted.
Development of Children's Intermodal and Intramodal Auditory-Visual Mode Functioning
Authors: Gould Jonathan
Published: September 2011

Intermodal and intramodal development in the auditory and visual sensory modes within a temporal dimension were investigated by testing 90 male and 90 female children who ranged in age from 5 to 13 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance was conducted for two main effects, age and modality. Post hoc analysis was conducted on efficiency of sensory input mode. Modality functioning increased as a function of age until age 13 yr. Intramodal functioning was significantly more efficient than intermodal functioning. Efficiency of input mode varied as a function of age, though both auditory and visual mode efficiency followed similar developmental trends. Intermodal and intramodal development appeared to follow similar trends, with a child's inter- and intramodal functioning becoming more similar after 10 yr. Results are interpreted in light of Birch and L. Belmont's (1965a) sensory integration hypothesis and Goodnow's (1971) hypothesis of the development of rules for efficient modal functioning.
An Exploration of Perception of Body Boundary, Personal Space, and Body Size in Elderly Persons
Authors: Phillips John R.
Published: September 2011

A study of 108 elderly persons using the Body Distortion Questionnaire and the personal space simulation technique test did not support hypotheses that elderly persons with a large personal space will have a larger distortion of body boundary, a larger perception of large body size, a smaller perception of small body size, a larger distortion of body size, and a larger body distortion than elderly persons with a small personal space. The analyses with one-tail t tests showed elderly persons with a small personal space have a larger perception of large body size and a larger distortion of body size than elderly persons with a large personal space. When the extremes of personal space were used the results were the same. Males have a larger personal space and greater distortion of skin perceptions than females.
Delay of Outcome and Preference for Different Courses of Action
Authors: Örtendahl Monica , Sjöberg Lennart
Published: September 2011

In this study the effects of expected delay of reward on preferences for gambling offers were studied. Time, probability and value entered approximately in a multiplicative manner into the final judgment of preference. However, the effects of time were weaker than the effects of probability and value. The effect of time was most often negatively accelerated as a function of physical time. In a developmental study various age groups were compared. There was no difference indicating a preference for smaller and more immediate rewards among the younger children. This was suggested to depend on the use of different judgment strategies in the different age groups. Multidimensional scaling analyses of similarity data for gambling offers resulted in the same dimensions as those functional in the preference data but with different weights.
Extent of Psychological Differentiation and Creativity
Authors: Gundlach Ralph H. , Gesell Gloria P.
Published: September 2011

Among the extensive array of studies relating Witkin's construct of psychological differentiation to many psychological functions and variables, none seem to have adequately tested its relationship to creativity, although these two variables have personality traits and developmental characteristics in common and require similar skills for effective performance. Eighty-five male high school students were separated according to Embedded Figures Test, and the extreme groups tested for creativity by eight factorially pure tests developed by Guilford, and by Schaefer and Anastasi's Biographical Inventory. Statistical procedures included analysis of covariance, analysis of variance, and a matrix of intercorrelations. With intelligence controlled, field-independent persons performed significantly better than field-dependent persons on measures of visualization, spontaneous flexibility, adaptive flexibility, and creativity in mathematics and science but not significantly better on the other six creativity tests.
Comparison of Culturally Deprived School Achievers and Underachievers on Memory Function and Perception
Authors: Carroll Julia A. , Fuller Gerald B. , Carroll James L.
Published: September 2011

To compare the memory function and perception of culturally deprived achievers with underachievers, 36 culturally deprived children were assigned to one of two groups according to their achievement level, in relation to their age and IQ. Underachievers were children achieving 6 mo. or more below expected level. Achievers were children achieving within at least 5 mo. of expected level. All subjects were between the ages of 8 and 12 yr. and were in Grades 4, 5, or 6. Four tests were administered, the Block Design and Digit Span subtests of the WISC, Memory-for-Designs, and the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test. The two groups did not differ on the first three tests, but the achievers performed significantly better on the last test than the underachievers. It was speculated that the differences were related to level of motor execution.
Influence of Functional Electrical Stimulation Training on Premotor and Motor Reaction Time
Authors: Fleury Michelle , Lagassé Pierre
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the influence of functional electrical stimulation on the improvement of reaction time and its fractionated components during learning an horizontal arm-sweep task. 62 subjects participated and were divided into control, stimulation, and trial/stimulation groups. Functional electrical stimulation was an effective method of improving total reaction time and its central component, premotor time.
Effects of Total Sleep Loss on Sleep Tendency
Authors: Carskadon Mary A. , Dement William C.
Published: September 2011

Effects of two nights of sleep loss were assessed in six young adult (18—21 yr.) volunteers (2 women, 4 men). Performance on the Wilkinson Addition Test fell significantly below baseline values during the sleep-loss procedure and recovered after one or two full nights of sleep. Performance on a Serial Alternation Task also declined during sleep loss. Mood and sleepiness, assessed by subjective self-rating scales, showed a significantly less positive mood and a greater degree of sleepiness during sleep loss, with a recovery to baseline levels after one full night of sleep. Sleep tendency, measured at 2-hr. intervals during all waking periods, was assessed using an objective measure of latency to sleep onset, the Sleep Latency Test. The scores fell to about 1 min. at 0600 on the first night of sleep loss and remained at similarly low values Throughout the sleep loss period. After one night of recovery sleep the scores remained significantly below baseline levels, which were not achieved until after the second recovery night. The multiple sleep latency test appears to be a valuable operationally defined tool for measuring daytime sleepiness.
Generality of Complexity of Differentiation and Effects of Construct Type, Figure Attractiveness, and Familiarity
Authors: Burgoyne Peter H. , Pietrushka Janet
Published: September 2011

Repertory grid techniques are used in a multivariate study of degree of differentiation of social judgments, and the effects of type of figure judged (liked versus disliked persons, and well known versus slightly known persons) and the type of construct used in making judgments (appearance versus personality). Subjects were 60 female and 28 male college students who were taking a second year course in psychology. A high level of generality of relative differentiation was found in person perception. Scores showing higher differentiation were obtained for constructs regarding appearance than for constructs about personality and for disliked figures than for liked figures. There was a predicted interaction in which the effects of figures' attractiveness were greater for personality than for constructs of appearance. The findings are interpreted as indicating that caution should be exercised in interpreting repertory grid measures of complexity of differentiation, since scores are influenced by many factors, some of which may be viewed as methodological artifacts.
Free Recall as a Function of Instructional Set, Imagery Level, and Sex
Authors: Suter W. Newton
Published: September 2011

32 male and 32 female subjects' free recall for 21 nouns was examined under four conditions: instructions to form linking images, link only, image only, and learn without any specific instructions. High- and low-imagery words, equated for frequency, were used as stimuli. Females recalled significantly more words than males, and high-imagery words were significantly better recalled than low-imagery words. No interaction approached significance.
Individual Differences in Anticipatory Physiological Responses to Signaled Stress: Role of Locus of Control and Autonomic Balance
Authors: Harrell Jules P.
Published: September 2011

Anticipatory cardiac activity to a signaled stressful event was hypothesized to be related to individual differences in locus of control and to autonomic balance. Subjects experienced 5 trials of a 105-db burst of white noise that was signaled by a milder tone. Significant increases in electro-dermal as well as heart-rate responses occurred after the stress tone. While anticipating stress, the 10 subjects designated as having high levels of coherence between heart-rate and respiratory activity (high parasympathetic balance) showed reduced heart-rate variability over the 10 subjects with low coherence. Locus of control was not related to anticipatory activity. Anticipatory cardiac activity is discussed in light of two current psychophysiological models of attention.
Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Abilities and Academic Achievement
Authors: Bruininks Virginia L. , Mayer Jewel H.
Published: September 2011

Assessment was made of the effectiveness of a battery of cognitive tests administered in kindergarten in the prediction of sixth grade achievement in reading comprehension, spelling, language usage, and arithmetic. Cognitive abilities included several factors of intelligence, visual perception and visual sequential memory, visual-motor integration, and auditory perception and auditory sequential memory. Measures of prior learning were also included. Subjects were 58 children in a suburban public school district. A criterion for predictive utility for correlation coefficients was established, and simple correlation coefficients for various kindergarten measures and sixth grade achievement ranged from the criterion of .35 to .69. In partial correlations with the effects of ability to understand ideas expressed in words removed, correlation coefficients for various cognitive measures and achievement tests ranged from the criterion of .35 to .63. Combinations of kindergarten measures having optimal multiple correlations with later school achievement generally approached or exceeded .70. These findings are discussed and suggestions are made for further research.
Relationship between Subjects, Scales, and Stimuli in Research on Social Perception
Authors: Imada Andrew S. , London Manuel
Published: September 2011

This study examined the extent to which ratings of a stereotype are a function of the stimuli being rated, the rating scales, and the rater. A heterogeneous sample of 260 college students (whites, blacks, and Orientals from three geographic regions) rated six stimulus categories, e.g., whites, blacks, and Orientals, on 24 bipolar scales. Factor analyses were conducted separately on scales, stimuli, and subjects. Then the interaction between scales, stimuli, and subjects was examined using a three mode factor analysis. The results emphasized that the interaction among the modes accounted for meaningful variance in the ratings of the stereotype.
ITPA Interchannel Differences
Authors: Wentland Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

The extent to which auditory and visual channel part-score means differ typically was studied by reference to the performance of 962 average children in the normative sample of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities. A standard error of measurement difference of 1.87 scaled score points was obtained, such indicating comparatively little difference in the mean performance of average children on the two communication channels of this test. Differences between means of auditory and visual channels greater than 3.09 or 4.36 scaled score points are presented as statistically significant at the 5 or 1 percent level of confidence, respectively. Significant part-score differences suggest atypical performance in the channel with the lesser mean scaled score and may indicate the presence of a disability among behaviors assessed by subtests within that channel.