bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irradiation Spillover Effect in Photo‐Assisted Ion Batteries: Overcoming Size Limits for Solar Utilization
Authors: Ma Long , Ruan Qiushi , Zha Wenwen , Kong Lingqiao , Sun ZhengMing
Published: January 2024

Photo‐assisted ion batteries demonstrate remarkable potential for portable and decentralized solar energy utilization, due to their profound capacity enhancement under irradiation accompanied by promoted discharge voltages. However, ion batteries in practice are highly compact with limited surface area for irradiation. Overcoming the size limit for irradiation is a challenge. Herein, an irradiation spillover effect in photo‐assisted ion batteries is demonstrated, that is the impact of irradiation on the battery is not restrained within the irradiated area but can spillover the whole electrode. This phenomenon is a consequence of the light‐induced potential difference between irradiated and unirradiated regions, leading to selective ion insertion. Irradiated regions favored H+ insertion due to light‐induced proton‐coupled electron transfer, while unirradiated regions preferred Zn2+ insertion. Consequently, the capacity enhancement remains unaffected by halving the irradiated area. This study overcomes the irradiation size limit for photo‐assisted ion batteries and encourages highly integrated photo‐assisted ion batteries for practice application.
Interface‐Enhanced High‐Temperature Thermoelectricity in Cu1.99Se/B4C Composites with Synergistically Improved Mechanical Strength
Authors: Yu Jincheng , Hu Haihua , Jiang Yilin , Zhuang Hua‐Lu , Thong Hao‐Cheng , Su Bin , Li Jing‐Wei , Han Zhanran , Li Hezhang , Pei Jun , Li Jing‐Feng
Published: January 2024

Degenerate semiconductors usually demonstrate a metallic‐like conduction behavior, showing limited carrier mobility at high temperatures. Herein, by incorporating B4C nanoparticles into the Cu1.99Se system, an unusual switch from the “degenerate” to “non‐degenerate” semiconducting behavior is revealed as a result of the engineered interfaces. Heterogeneous interfaces and disordered Cu2Se amorphous phases are introduced in the Cu1.99Se/B4C composites, which generate a trapping effect against the mobile Cu ions, leading to a distinctive “hump” signature for electrical conductivity. Benefiting from this rare high‐temperature thermoelectric response, a high power factor is obtained due to reduced carrier concentration and enhanced mobility, and low lattice thermal conductivity is retained because of relatively stronger anharmonic lattice vibrations. Consequently, the Cu1.99Se + 0.9 vol.% B4C sample at least achieves a maximum thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of 2.6 at 1025 K with synergistically enhanced mechanical robustness. The present interface engineering strategy may be applicable to other thermoelectric materials with ionic migration characteristics.
Fruit wings accelerate germination in Anacyclus clavatus
Authors: Torices Rubén , DeSoto Lucía , Cerca José , Mota Lucie , Afonso Ana , Poyatos Cristina
Published: January 2024

Premise

The lateral membranous expansions of fruits, commonly referred to as wings, have long been theorized to serve only dispersal functions. Alternatively, because winged fruits typically have earlier seed germination than unwinged fruits, we hypothesized that wings could increase the contact surface with water, ultimately triggering earlier germination.

Methods

We investigated this alternative hypothesis by exploring the potential role of fruit wings on germination in the heterocarpic species Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. (Asteraceae), which produces both winged and unwinged fruits. First, we measured the speed and degree of water absorption in winged and unwinged fruits. Second, we investigated the effects of wings on germination performance, by either reducing wing size or by preventing water absorption by sealing wings with wax. Next, we tested the influence of water availability on the germination performance of winged and unwinged fruits by reducing the water potential.

Results

Winged fruits absorbed more water at a faster rate than unwinged fruits. The sealing of wings delayed germination, whereas germination time was not significantly altered by wing cutting. The restriction of water availability by decreasing water potential significantly delayed seed germination of unwinged fruits, whereas winged fruits remained unaffected.

Conclusions

Altogether, our results support the effect of wings on germination and cast doubt on the unique role of wings in dispersal. Whether or not wings contribute to dispersal, we propose that they also improve seed germination and seedling establishment by facilitating water absorption after the release from their mother plants.
Water‐based UV curable hybrid urethane‐acrylates formed by acid–base interaction between tertiary amine containing polyurethane and acrylic acid for photocoating and ink applications
Authors: Dsouza Roshan F. , Parthiban Anbanandam
Published: January 2024

Urethane acrylate hybrids are commonly used in polyurethane dispersions (PUD). PUDs are key ingredients in UV curing applications and UV curing is widely used in coatings and inks. The preparation of PUDs involves many volatiles in the form of solvents and reagents that are also carried over in the UV curing step. This article reports a process, which totally eliminates these volatile components and additionally introduces many flexibilities. The process involves acid–base interaction between tertiary amine containing polyurethane and acidic vinyl monomer like acrylic acid forming polyurethane‐acrylate (PU‐AA) hybrids in water. The developed process also overcomes the prepolymer and “endcapping” approaches used in the preparation of PUDs that restrict the molecular weight of polyurethanes. Simultaneously, because of the prevalence of large number of vinyl components in the polymer backbone through the acid–base interaction, it functions as a multifunctional acrylate similar to the reactive diluents used in UV curing applications. Thus, it helps to increase the cross‐linking density of the UV cured substrates. In general, high crosslinking density helps to improve characteristics like hardness, scratch, solvent and stain resistance of coated substrates. The process has been demonstrated to form transparent and opaque coated substrates and cured inks. This development potentially helps to shift the process from an industrial activity to do‐it‐yourself domain and has implications for the development of components for 3D printing sustainably.
Lay economic reasoning: An integrative review and call to action
Authors: Bhattacharjee Amit , Dana Jason
Published: January 2024

Consumer psychology refers to how people think and act within an economic role in market exchange. However, we know little about how consumers actually perceive these roles, or how they understand markets and economic activity more broadly. That is, we lack an understanding of the economic reasoning of non‐expert consumers, how it departs from formal economic reasoning, and why. The current paper is intended to address this gap. We provide an integrative review of research on lay economic reasoning that consistently reveals how differently lay consumers and economists think about markets. We propose a unifying mental model to explain these divergences. Suggest why it is reinforced by what lay consumers observe (and do not observe) through firsthand marketplace experience, and note its potential evolutionary basis. We then highlight how understanding lay economic reasoning can not only help explain a wide array of marketplace phenomena, but also provide a novel lens to help advance, generate, and better integrate theory across many active literatures within consumer psychology. Without markets, there are no consumers and there is no marketing. We therefore call for consumer psychologists to take ownership of the study of lay economic reasoning and make markets more central to marketing scholarship.
Intramyocardial delivery of injectable hydrogel with arctigenin alleviated myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Liu Chengyin , Jiang Xuejun , Liang Lanyu , Liu Han , Li Li , Shan Qing
Published: January 2024

Arctigenin belongs to a major bioactive component of Fructus arctii and has been found with cardioprotective effects on rats with ischemia‒reperfusion (I/R) injury. The application of arctigenin is limited due to poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Hydrogel drug delivery systems can improve the efficacy and safety of drugs, increase drug utilization, and reduce side effects. We hypothesized that hydrogels containing arctigenin would facilitate the effect of arctigenin and alleviate I/R injury in the rat heart. Presently, adult Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to 1 h of I/R injury, then hydrogels comprising arctigenin were implanted into the myocardium of rats. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin–eosin staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining and Western blot were performed for evaluating the infarct size, histopathological, and vital protein alterations of hearts. It was discovered that the hydrogel combined with arctigenin abated apoptosis and reduced infarct size. In addition, the results of echocardiography and Masson staining suggested that the hydrogel with arctigenin improved cardiac function, restrained myocardial fibrosis, and activated AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Collectively, the injectable hydrogel delivery system enhances the effect of arctigenin, which may play a protective role in I/R injury by activating AMPK and SIRT1.
Operando Temperature Dynamic Investigation of Electric Double‐Layer Capacitors Containing Organic Electrolytes
Authors: Kreth Fabian Alexander , Köps Lukas , Donne Scott W. , Balducci Andrea
Published: January 2024

Variations in temperature play a substantial role in influencing the electrochemical performance of electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs). Lower temperatures limit the charge carriers′ transport properties, diminishing overall cell performance, while higher temperatures enhance transport properties and performance at the expense of material decomposition. Thus, investigating the temperature‐dependent behavior of supercapacitors requires numerous time‐consuming experiments while maintaining specific and consistent testing conditions. Therefore, we present a fast screening technique, named operando temperature dynamic measurements, to investigate EDLC performance under varying temperatures and voltages. The swift nature of this technique minimizes cell aging, allowing the evaluation even at harsh conditions. Utilizing temperature dynamic measurements, EDLCs containing six different organic electrolytes have been compared. Incrementally increasing temperature and cell voltage while performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or galvanostatic charge‐discharge measurements, metrics such as capacitance, energy, power, entropy, and enthalpy were determined. Interestingly, different performance evolutions over the temperature range are observed, allowing the identification of optimal operational conditions for each device.
Histidine‐capped copper nanoclusters for in situ amplified fluorescence monitoring of doxycycline through inner filter effect
Authors: Zhang Shen , Ma Jinlong , Wu Yangfan , Lu Jingwen , Guo Yuyu
Published: January 2024

There is a significant need to accurately measure doxycycline concentrations in view of the adverse effects of an overdose on human health. A fluorescence (FL) detection method was adopted and copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) were synthesized using chemical reduction technology. Based on FL quenching with doxycycline, the prepared CuNCs were used to explore a fluorescent nanoprobe for doxycycline detection. In an optimal sensing environment, this FL nanosensor was sensitive and selective in doxycycline sensing and displayed a linear relationship in the range 0.5–200 μM with a detection limit of 0.092 μΜ. A characterization test demonstrated that CuNCs offered active functional groups for identifying doxycycline using electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds. Static quenching and the inner filter effect (IFE) resulted in weakness in the FL of His@CuNCs with doxycycline with great efficiency. This suggested nanosensor was revealed to be a functional model for simple and rapid detection of doxycycline in real samples with very pleasing accuracy.
Enhancement of intermolecular aggregation on solvent‐influenced strong hydrogen‐bonded single crystal
Authors: Rajakumar Kanthapazham , Nekorysnova Nadezhda S. , Dorovatovskii Pavel V. , Osipov Artyom A. , Nayfert Sergei A. , Efremov Andrey N. , Santhanaraj Daniel , Ramkumar Vanaraj , Tolstoguzov Dmitry S. , Zherebtsov Dmitry A.
Published: January 2024

The intermolecular aggregation between the solvent and organic molecules is covered in the current article. 4,4′‐(Buta‐1,3‐diyne‐1,4‐diyl)dibenzoic acid (DADBA) was used as an organic molecule and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent to create the target compound DADBA‐DMSO. The material's hydrogen bonding and intermolecular aggregation were determined by appropriate characterization methods, including single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. Each hydrogen of the carboxylic group is coordinated by oxygen from the DMSO molecule in the stiff planar layer packing that makes up the DADBA‐DMSO crystal structure.
Target volumes comparison between postoperative simulation magnetic resonance imaging and preoperative diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging for prone breast radiotherapy after breast‐conserving surgery
Authors: Jin Ying , Zhao Changhui , Wang Lizhen , Su Ya , Shang Dongping , Li Fengxiang , Wang Jinzhi , Liu Xijun , Li Jianbin , Wang Wei
Published: January 2024

Background

This study investigated the differences in target volumes between preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRIpre) and postoperative MRI (MRIpost) for breast radiotherapy after breast‐conserving surgery (BCS) using deformable image registration (DIR).

Methods and Materials

Seventeen eligible patients who underwent whole‐breast irradiation in the prone position after BCS were enrolled. On MRIpre, the gross tumor volume (GTV) was delineated as GTVpre, which was then expanded by 10 mm to represent the preoperative lumpectomy cavity (LC), denoted as LCpre. The LC was expanded to the clinical target volume (CTV) and planning target volume (PTV) on the MRIpre and MRIpost, denoted as CTVpre, CTVpost, PTVpre, and PTVpost, respectively. The MIM software system was used to register the MRIpre and MRIpost using DIR. Differences were evaluated regarding target volume, distance between the centers of mass (dCOM), conformity index (CI), and degree of inclusion (DI). The relationship between CILC/CIPTV and the clinical factors was also assessed.

Results

Significant differences were observed in LC and PTV volumes between MRIpre and MRIpost (p < 0.0001). LCpre was 0.85 cm3 larger than LCpost, while PTVpre was 29.38 cm3 smaller than PTVpost. The dCOM between LCpre and LCpost was 1.371 cm, while that between PTVpre and PTVpost reduced to 1.348 cm. There were statistically significant increases in CI and DI for LCpost–LCpre and PTVpost–PTVpre (CI = 0.221, 0.470; DI = 0.472, 0.635). No obvious linear correlations (p > 0.05) were found between CI and GTV, primary tumor volume‐to‐breast volume ratio, distance from the primary tumor to the nipple and chest wall, and body mass index.

Conclusions

Despite using DIR technology, the spatial correspondence of target volumes between MRIpre and MRIpost was suboptimal. Therefore, relying solely on preoperative diagnostic MRI with DIR for postoperative LC delineation is not recommended.
Analyzing the Bioactive Properties and Volatile Profiles Characteristics of Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw: Exploring its Potential for Pharmacological Applications
Authors: El Hassania Loukili , Mounime Kadi , Elbouzidi Amine , Taibi Mohamed , Mohamed Chebaibi , Abdelkhaleq Legssyer , Mohammed Ramdani , Naceiri Mrabti Hanae , Zengin Gokhan , Addi Mohamed , Fauconnier Marie Laure
Published: January 2024

In this investigation, the study focused on the chemical constitution and the antioxidative as well as anti‐inflammatory characteristics of oils and pulpy variants (Imatchan (IM), Harmocha (HA), and Aknari (AK)) sourced from O. dillenii. This inquiry encompassed both in vitro and in silico analyses. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to ascertain the phenolic constituents, while gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) methodologies. were applied to discern the volatile makeup. The appraisal of antioxidant potential was conducted via the deployment of assays such as 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ferric ion chelating (FIC) techniques. The anti‐inflammatory activity was examined using BSA and LOX. Molecular docking methods assessed the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. According to HPLC findings, the most abundant compounds detected in AKO and IMO cultivars were quercetin 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside followed by vanillic acid, ferulic acid and tyrolsol. Concerning headspace GC‐MS analysis E‐11‐hexadecenal and (E)‐2‐undecenal contribute to the major compounds detected in Opuntia HA, IM, and AK pulp and oil. The DPPH IC50 for AK, HA and IM were 38.41±1.54, 42.24±0.29 and 15.17±1.28 mg/mL, respectively. The FRAP IC50 capacity of AK, HA and IM was determined to be 30.23±0.6, 55.96±0.08 and 23.41±1.83 mg/mL, respectively. AK, HA and IM displayed significant FIC activity, with IC50 values of 42.75±0.63, 39.54±0.59 and 35.31±1.38 mg/mL, respectively. The AK, HA and IM O. dillenii oils were effective in their anti‐inflammatory activity. Molecular docking of O. dillenii oils phenolic compounds was conducted to determine the possible targeted proteins by the phenolic compounds in O. dillenii’s compounds. Overall, these fruits demonstrated the potential for new ingredients for culinary or pharmaceutical applications, providing value to these natural species that can flourish in arid conditions.
Targeting NF‐κB/COX‐2 signaling by soyasaponin I alleviates diclofenac‐induced gastric ulceration in male albino rats
Authors: Morsi Ahmed A. , Shawky Lamiaa M. , Shawky Tamer M. , Bahr Mohamed H. , Alnasr Mahmoud Tawfiq Abu , El Bana Eman
Published: January 2024

Gastric ulceration is a prevalent worldwide clinical presentation due to altered gastric defense mechanisms. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are one of the common causes of gastric ulcers mediated by the release of inflammatory mediators. The study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of soyasaponin I (soya) against diclofenac (DIC)‐induced gastric ulcer in rats and to highlight the underlying mechanisms. The experiment was conducted on 40 male Wistar albino rats, equally distributed into five groups: control, DIC‐induced ulcer (9 mg/kg/d, orally, twice daily for 3 days), ulcer/soya‐, ulcer/ranitidine‐, and ulcer/soya/selective nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor (JSH‐23)‐treated groups. The doses of soya, ranitidine, and JSH were 20, 25, and 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, given orally. Gastric specimens were prepared for gene and histological study and for biochemical analysis of gastric prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), oxidative markers, and inflammatory cytokines. The gastric samples were formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded, and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), PAS staining, and immunohistochemical assay for identification of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), and proliferation marker (Ki67) expressions. The findings revealed decreased gastric PGE2 and altered inflammatory and oxidative markers in the ulcer model group. The H&E staining showed mucosal injury characterized by mucosal surface defects and inflammatory cell infiltrations. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry demonstrated an upregulation of NF‐κB and COX‐2 expression at gene/protein levels; meanwhile, Ki67 downregulation. The soya‐treated group showed maintained biochemical, histological, and PCR findings comparable to the ranitidine‐treated group. The JSH‐23‐treated group still showed partial gastric protection with biochemical and immunohistochemical changes. Soyasaponin I ameliorated DIC‐induced gastric ulcers by targeting the COX‐2 activity through modulation of NF‐κB signaling.
New‐onset ANCA‐associated vasculitis presenting with neuropathy after COVID‐19 infection: A case report and literature review
Authors: Mohamadi Aida , Soroureddin Somayeh , Nayebirad Sepehr , Tamartash Zahra , Mohebbi Maryam , Kavosi Hoda
Published: January 2024

Key Clinical Message

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a viral infection caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, which can trigger autoimmune diseases such as antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) that affect small and medium‐sized blood vessels in multiple organs. This study discusses a case with neuropathy and positive ANCA after COVID‐19 infection and reviews the literature on AAV following COVID‐19 infection. A 59‐year‐old man is presented that was referred to Shariati Hospital for evaluation of neurologic problems after a COVID‐19 infection. Initially, he had flu‐like symptoms. A few days later, he developed right distal upper and lower limb paresthesia. His electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) results were consistent with polyneuropathy. Lumbar puncture (LP) was normal except for positive COVID‐19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patient's paresthesia worsened. Laboratory data showed leukocytosis, anemia, thrombocytosis, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C‐reactive protein (CRP). Perinuclear anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO‐ANCA) was positive. According to the results, vasculitis was the main differential diagnosis. The sural nerve biopsy was performed, and the result was consistent with small to medium‐sized vessel vasculitis. The patient was diagnosed with COVID‐induced AAV. He was prescribed methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide and was discharged with prednisolone and cotrimoxazole. In this study, a unique case of AAV induced by COVID‐19 infection confirmed by nerve biopsy is presented. A review of the literature found 48 cases of new‐onset AAV in adults and pediatrics after COVID‐19 infection. Further research is needed to completely understand the relationship between COVID‐19.
Zinc Indium Sulfide‐Based Photocatalysts for Selective Organic Transformations
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Rui , Ye Hanlin , Liang Yujun , Han Chuang , Sun Yujie
Published: January 2024

The burgeoning field of semiconductor‐mediated organic conversion is of paramount significance, with zinc indium sulfide (ZnIn2S4) emerging as a standout candidate owing to its benign nature, optimal bandgap, extensive light absorption spectrum, remarkable physicochemical properties, and straightforward synthesis. This review examines the latest breakthroughs and the trajectory of ZnIn2S4‐based photocatalysts in the realm of selective organic transformation. We start with a distinct overview of the intrinsic physical attributes of ZnIn2S4 and the underlying mechanisms driving its efficacy in photocatalytic organic transformations. Subsequently, the preparation methods of ZnIn2S4 are summarized. The main focus is the state‐of‐the‐art photocatalytic application of various ZnIn2S4‐based photocatalysts, such as redox reactions, the construction of C−C, C−S and S−S bonds, and the cleavage of C−O, C−C, and C=C bonds. In the conclusion part, we provide our perspectives on the prospective advancements and the remaining challenges that lie ahead in the optimization of ZnIn2S4‐based photocatalysts, with the ultimate goal of enhancing their efficacy for a diverse array of photosynthetic applications. It is anticipated to inspire the strategic engineering of ZnIn2S4 and other semiconductor‐based photocatalysts for various artificial photosynthesis reactions.
Enhancing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of Sputtered Ni, NiO, and NiNiO Thin Films by Incorporating Fe
Authors: Heath Megan Muriel , Potgieter Marcelle , Seland Frode , Sunde Svein , Kriek Roelof Jacobus
Published: January 2024

The effect of Fe‐containing alkaline electrolyte, on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of Ni electrocatalysts, has long been of interest as Fe increases the OER activity of Ni electrocatalysts. However, controversy exists as to whether it is surface or bulk Fe that is responsible for the increased activity. In this study, magnetron sputtering was employed to sputter Ni, NiO and NiNiO thin film electrocatalysts to study the effect that different concentrations of Fe in the electrolyte have on their OER activities. It was found that increasing concentrations of Fe increasingly enhanced the OER activity of these thin film electrocatalysts until the electrolyte was saturated with Fe. The lowest overpotential achieved is 279 mV (at 10 mA cm−2) for NiNiO cycled in KOH containing 1 mM Fe, with all three thin film electrocatalysts exhibiting overpotentials within the same range after 30 voltammetry cycles in 0.9 ppm Fe and 1 mM Fe. All Tafel slopes are between 36 and 45 mV dec−1 indicating similar kinetics for the samples cycled in different Fe concentrations. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that Fe is found in the top layers of the electrocatalysts after cycling.
Naphthalimide‐based Functional Glycopolymeric Nanoparticles as Fluorescent Probes for Selective Imaging of Tumor Cells
Authors: Li Yi , Cai Zhi , Gu Jieyu , Chen Jinghua , Zhang Yan
Published: January 2024

A series of functional glycopolymer nanoparticles with 1,8‐naphthalimide motif was designed, synthesized and applied for tumor cell imaging. With the pH‐sensitive and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) effect of the 1,8‐naphthalimide fluorescent probe, the presence of glucose‐based glycopolymers enhanced its water‐solubility and biocompatibility. Owing to the dual tumor‐targeting effects of the dense glucose part and the boronic ester modification, the obtained glycopolymers showed high affinity to tumor cells, with a much faster staining rate than normal cells, indicating a great potential for diagnosis and treatments of cancers.
Advancement in chiral heterocycles for the antidiabetic activity
Authors: Gupta Tinku , Rani Dimpy , Nainwal Lalit Mohan , Badhwar Reena
Published: January 2024

For the synthesis and development of pharmaceuticals, chirality is an important structural component. Chiral heterocyclic compounds have annoyed the interest of synthetic chemists who are working to create useful and efficient techniques for these molecules. As indicated by the expanding number of chiral drugs created in the last two decades, the link between chirality and pharmacological activity has become more important in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. Approximately 65% of currently used drugs are chiral, and many of them are promoted as racemates in many circumstances. There are a growing number of new chiral heterocyclic compounds with important biological properties and intriguing uses in medical chemistry and drug discovery. In this study, we review current breakthroughs in chiral heterocycles and their different physiological activities that have been published in the last year (from 2010 to early 2023). This study focuses on the current trends in the use of chiral heterocycles in drug design and the creation of several powerful and competent candidates for diabetic illnesses.
Effect of chirality in the supramolecular polymerization of N‐annulated perylenediimides: Cancelling pathway complexity
Authors: Greciano Elisa E. , Schwalb Alfonso J. , Sánchez Luis
Published: January 2024

Herein, the synthesis of two chiral NPBIs, (S)‐1 and (R)‐1, is reported and their self‐assembling features investigated. The reported NPBIs form chiral supramolecular polymers with a rich dichroic pattern by the π‐stacking of the aromatic backbones and the formation of an array of H‐bonds between the amide functional groups. Furthermore, the peripheral 3,4,5‐trialkoxy benzamide groups can form seven‐membered pseudocycles by the intramolecular H‐bonding interaction between the NH of the peripheral amides and one of the carbonyls of the imide units thus yielding a kinetically controlled self‐assembly process. Unlike achiral NPBI 1, that has been reported to form up to four supramolecular polymorphs, the reported chiral NPBIs form only a J‐type aggregated species. The results presented herein reveal how subtle changes exert an enormous influence on the supramolecular polymerization outcome.
Formation of N‐doped Graphene and Carbon Nanoparticles Integrated Composite for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Yu Ya , Hu Hao , Gan Zheng‐Tao , Mi Jian‐Li
Published: January 2024

N‐doped carbon‐based materials have been regarded as promising alternatives to Pt‐based electrocatalysts for the four‐electron (4e−) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is an important electrochemical reaction for the polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Here, we report a N‐doped graphene and N‐doped carbon nanoparticles integrated composite electrocatalyst by a multi‐step acid etching plus annealing method. Despite the low N‐doping level, the material exhibits efficient 4e− ORR activity with an onset potential of 0.932 V, a half‐wave potential of 0.814 V, and a limiting current density of 5.3 mA cm−2 in 0.1 M KOH solution. We demonstrate that the promoted 4e− ORR activity is attributed to the special 2D–0D integrated structure for exposing massive active sites, the favorable porous structure facilitating the H2O transfer dynamics, and the high content of oxygen‐containing C−O−C species and the increased intrinsic carbon defects for additional active sites. A “decomposition and recrystallization” mechanism is proposed for the formation of N‐doped graphene.
Exploring color concepts in physics education: Addressing common preconceptions among teachers‐in‐training
Authors: Martínez‐Borreguero Guadalupe , Naranjo‐Correa Francisco L. , Nuñez Milagros Mateos
Published: January 2024

In the field of physics education, the identification of students' preconceptions—especially regarding light and color—has been pivotal, as these foundational ideas often persist through higher education. Within teacher education, this is particularly crucial, as these early conceptions can deeply influence how future educators understand and teach these concepts, highlighting the need for an approach that weaves these initial understandings into a coherent scientific framework. Instructing students on color concepts reveals that many grapple with the fundamental optical principles. These initial understandings are integral to designing educational sequences that facilitate conceptual evolution, allowing for a deeper grasp of scientific ideas. This study aimed to examine and interpret the initial conceptions that aspiring primary and secondary educators hold about color and its optical fundamentals, while also developing and applying virtual teaching resources to promote a conceptual change about these foundational concepts. A quasi‐experimental approach was employed, comprising control and experimental groups, and utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods for a comprehensive analysis. Engaging 409 trainee teachers through non‐probabilistic sampling, the study stratified participants by degree program. These groupings facilitated a comparative evaluation of the pedagogical efficacy of the educational resources developed. The study utilized an online assessment comprising single‐answer multiple‐choice questions, grounded in prior research, which was psychometrically validated. Educational tools were then developed and implemented to foster a deeper understanding of color concepts among prospective teachers. Results analysis highlighted the existence of preconceptions about color among participants from diverse educational backgrounds. The interventions employed were effective in catalyzing a shift in conceptual understanding and in elevating the knowledge levels of the trainee teachers.
Perfectionism in patients with eating disorders: The role of metacognitive beliefs and repetitive negative thinking
Authors: Palmieri Sara , Sassaroli Sandra , Ruggiero Giovanni Maria , Caselli Gabriele , Nocita Rosaria , Nikčević Ana , Spada Marcantonio M. , Mansueto Giovanni
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Using the Self‐Regulatory Executive Function model as a basis, this study explored whether, in patients with eating disorders (EDs), metacognitions and repetitive negative thinking are associated with higher levels of perfectionisms.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐three outpatients with EDs were recruited. Perfectionism, metacognitive beliefs, worry, rumination, anger rumination, affective and eating symptoms were assessed. Correlation and hierarchal regression analyses were run.

Results

Higher endorsement of positive beliefs about worry was associated with higher levels of ‘personal standards perfectionism’. Higher endorsement of positive beliefs about worry, need to control thoughts, worry and rumination was associated with higher levels of ‘concern over mistakes perfectionism’.

Conclusions

Among patients with EDs, perfectionism appears to be associated with the endorsement of dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs, worry and rumination. Dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and repetitive negative thinking could be suitable therapeutic targets to reduce the levels of perfectionism among patients with EDs.
Upcycling of Agricultural Waste Stream to High‐Molecular‐Weight Bio‐based Poly(ethylene 2,5‐furanoate)
Authors: Niskanen Jukka , Mahlberg Riitta , van Strien Nicolaas , Rautiainen Sari , Kivilahti Essi , Koivuranta Kari , Anghelescu‐Hakala Adina
Published: January 2024

Orange peel and sugar beet pulp contain large quantities of pectin, which can be turned via galactaric acid into furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and its esters. In this work, we show the polymerisation of these FDCA esters into high‐molecular‐weight, 70–100 kg/mol, poly(ethylene 2,5‐furanoate) (PEF). PEF is an emerging bio‐based alternative for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), widely used in for example packaging applications. Closing the loop, we also demonstrated and confirmed that PEF can be hydrolysed by enzymes, which are known to hydrolyse PET, back into FDCA for convenient recycling and recovery of monomers.
Relationships of crystallinity and reaction rates for enzymatic degradation of poly (ethylene terephthalate), PET
Authors: Schubert Sune W. , Thomsen Thore B. , Clausen Kristine S. , Malmendal Anders , Hunt Cameron J. , Borch Kim , Jensen Kenneth , Brask Jesper , Meyer Anne S. , Westh Peter
Published: January 2024

Biocatalytic degradation of plastic waste is anticipated to play an important role in future recycling systems. However, enzymatic degradation of crystalline poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) remains consistently poor. Herein, we employed functional assays to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of this limitation. This included utilizing complementary activity assays to monitor the degradation of PET disks with varying crystallinity (XC), as well as determining enzymatic kinetic parameters for soluble PET fragments. The results indicate that an efficient PET‐hydrolase, LCCICCG, operates through an endolytic mode of action, and that its activity is limited by conformational constraints in the PET polymer. Such constraints become more pronounced at high XC values, and this limits the density of productive sites on the PET surface. Endolytic chain‐scissions are the dominant reaction type in the initial stage, and this means that little or no soluble organic product are released. However, endolytic cuts gradually and locally promote chain mobility and hence the density of attack sites on the surface. This leads to an upward concave progress curve; a behavior sometimes termed lag‐phase kinetics.
Quality not quantity: Deficient juvenile play experiences lead to altered medial prefrontal cortex neurons and sociocognitive skill deficits
Authors: Ham Jackson R. , Szabo Madeline , Annor‐Bediako Jessica , Stark Rachel A. , Iwaniuk Andrew N. , Pellis Sergio M.
Published: January 2024

Reduced play experience over the juvenile period leads to adults with impoverished social skills and to anatomical and physiological aberrations of the neurons found in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Even rearing rats from high‐playing strains with low‐playing strains show these developmental consequences. In the present study, we evaluated whether low‐playing rats benefit from being reared with higher playing peers. To test this, we reared male Fischer 344 rats (F344), typically thought to be a low‐playing strain, with a Long–Evans (LE) peer, a relatively high‐playing strain. As juveniles, F344 rats reared with LE rats experienced less play and lower quality play compared to those reared with another F344. As adults, the F344 rats reared with LE partners exhibited poorer social skills and the pyramidal neurons of their mPFC had larger dendritic arbors than F344 rats reared with same‐strain peers. These findings show that being reared with a more playful partner does not improve developmental outcomes of F344 rats, rather the discordance in the play styles of F344 and LE rats leads to poorer outcomes.
Construction of Phosphorus‐Functionalized Multichannel Carbon Interlayers for Dendrite‐Free Metallic Zn Anodes
Authors: He Liang , Zhang Qingyin , Li He , Liu Shiping , Cheng Ting , Zhang Ruoxuan , Wang Yujia , Zhang Peng , Shi Zhiqiang
Published: January 2024

Zn metal anodes are usually subject to grave dendrite growth during platting/stripping, which dramatically curtails the lifespan of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries and capacitors. To address above problems, in our work, a novel phosphorus‐functionalized multichannel carbon interlayer was designed and covered on Zn anodes. The results demonstrated that the multichannel structure combined with the three‐dimensional meshy skeleton can provide more sufficient space for Zn deposition, thereby effectively inhibiting the growth of zinc dendrites. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations also confirmed that the P–C and P=O functional groups from phosphorus‐functionalized multichannel carbon interlayer have the decisive influence in reducing the zinc nucleation potential and depositing uniformly zinc. Concretely, the symmetrical battery assembled with phosphorus‐functionalized multichannel carbon interlayer‐covered Zn anodes possessed a long lifetime of 3300 h at 2 mA cm−2 with 1 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, the full cell with activated carbon cathodes exhibited a high specific capacity of 80.5 mAh g−1 and outstanding cycling stability without capacity decay after 15 000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A g−1. The superior electrochemical performance exceeded that of most reported papers. Consequently, our synthesized zincophilic interlayer with the unique structure has superior prospects for application in stabilizing zinc anodes and prolonging the lifespan of batteries.
Investigation of Power Density Amplification in Stacked Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Shen Fan , Zhang Qin , Guo Hengyu , Cao Chen , Gong Ying , Wang Junlei , Peng Yan , Li Zhongjie
Published: January 2024

In engineering practice, the output performance of contact separation TENGs (CS‐TENGs) increases with the increase of tribo‐pair area, which includes increasing the size of single layer CS‐TENGs (SCS‐TENGs) or the number of units (zigzag TENGs). However, such two strategies show significant differences in output power and power density. In this study, to seek a universal CS‐TENG design solution, the output performance of a SCS‐TENG and a zigzag TENG (Z‐TENG) is systematically compared, including voltage, current, transferred charge, instantaneous power density, and charging power density. The relationship between contact area and output voltages is explored, and the output voltage equation is fitted. The experimental results reveal that SCS‐TENGs yield better performance than Z‐TENGs in terms of voltage, power, and power density under the same total contact area. Z‐TENGs show energy loss during the transfer of mechanical energy, and such loss is aggravated by the increasing number of units. The instantaneous peak power of the SCS‐TENG is up to 22 times that of the Z‐TENG (45 cm2). Furthermore, the power density of capacitor charging of SCS‐TENGs is 131% of that of Z‐TENGs, which are relatively close. Z‐TENG is a feasible alternative when the working space is limited.
Chemical Strategies for the Cleavage of the C(sp3)−F Bonds in Perfluoroalkyl Groups
Authors: Doi Ryohei , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: January 2024

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been recognized as environmental pollutants. Hence, their efficient and mild destruction is a significant research interest. While many research articles and review papers have reported the cleavage of the C(sp2)−F bonds, single C(sp3)−F bond, and CF3 groups in PFAS, in this study, limited and emerging examples of a longer perfluoroalkyl group containing at least one repeating unit of 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethylene was focused. In this Concept, we summarized recent progress on the chemical defluorination of PFAS via the cleavage of unactivated C(sp3)−F bonds in longer perfluoroalkyl groups under mild conditions (~150 °C). In addition to classical reductive defluorination, strategies featuring Lewis acid activation and the transient generation of an unsaturated bond were described.
Low‐voltage ride‐through control strategy for flywheel energy storage system
Authors: Zheng Xuechen , Wu Zhenkui , Song Gengling , Zhang Jihong , Yang Peihong , Zhang Zilei , Lu Xingsheng
Published: January 2024

Due to its high energy storage density, high instantaneous power, quick charging and discharging speeds, and high energy conversion efficiency, flywheel energy storage technology has emerged as a new player in the field of novel energy storage. With the wide application of flywheel energy storage system (FESS) in power systems, especially under changing grid conditions, the low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) problem has become an important challenge limiting their performance. In this paper, we propose a machine‐grid side coordinated control strategy based on model predictive current control (MPCC) for the insufficient LVRT capability of traditional FESS during grid faults. Excellent dynamic properties are demonstrated by the technique, which allows the grid‐side converter output current to swiftly follow the reference current instruction. The FESS's LVRT capability is increased when the grid‐side converter uses the MPCC current inner loop rather than the proportional–integral current inner loop during grid voltage dips. This greatly increases the reactive power response speed and efficiently supports the quick recovery of grid voltage. According to simulation verification carried out by Matlab/Simulink, the suggested control approach can assure the long‐term dependable operation of the FESS during voltage dips. This study can also be used as a reference for improving the FESS's LVRT capabilities in the future.
A review of the technologies, challenges and policies implications of electric vehicles and their future development in India
Authors: Mittal Gaurav , Garg Ayush , Pareek Kapil
Published: January 2024

Transportation systems worldwide heavily depend on fossil fuels, contributing to environmental issues, global emissions, and rising temperatures. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a sustainable alternative to reduce carbon emissions. Countries, including the United States, China, Norway, and Germany, incentivize EV adoption to mitigate environmental and economic concerns. However, challenges such as limited range, extended charging times, infrastructure gaps, and higher upfront costs hinder widespread adoption. This study assesses EVs' technological advancements and reliability while analyzing India's incentives to promote their rapid adoption. A comparative analysis of India's EV policies with other nations has been presented, along with policy recommendations.
Combine to compete: Improving fiscal forecast accuracy over time
Authors: Carabotta Laura , Claeys Peter
Published: January 2024

Budget forecasts have become increasingly important as a tool of fiscal management to influence expectations of bond markets and the public at large. Difficulties in projecting macroeconomic variables in volatile economic times—together with political bias—thwart the accuracy of budget forecasts. Pooling information from many different forecasters can still lead to substantial gains in predictive accuracy when taking into account time variation. We combine the forecasts of both private and public agencies for Italy over the period 1993–2022, and test absolute and relative forecasting performance over time. Although forecast combinations do not necessarily result in less biased or more efficient forecasts, tracking better performing forecasters and combining their budget predictions produces significantly better predictions.
Analysis of intestinal flora in elderly Uygur patients with sarcopenia
Authors: Shan Zimei , Cheng Na , Zhu Jia , Chen Fei , Ji Jiani , Meilibana
Published: January 2024

Objective

This study was designed to analyze the structural characteristics of the intestinal flora of elderly Uygur patients with sarcopenia, thereby providing new ideas for clinical treatment.

Methods

Firstly, fecal samples were collected from 40 elderly Uygur patients with sarcopenia (Sarcopenia group) and 40 healthy people (Control group). Next, significant differences in the intestinal flora between the two groups were analyzed based on 16S rDNA high‐throughput sequencing. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used to estimate the magnitude of the effect of each component (species) abundance on the differential effect. Additionally, an analysis was also performed on the relationship between the intestinal flora and the cytokines in the peripheral blood of patients with sarcopenia.

Results

The results of β diversity showed that there were differences in the structure of the intestinal flora between the two groups. Besides, the phylum level of intestinal flora between the two groups was not significantly different. However, the difference was significant in the intestinal flora at the order, family, and genus levels between the two groups. Among them, Lachnoclostridium, Photobacterium, Anaerobic Bacillus, Hydrogenophilus, and Eubacterium were enriched in the Sarcopenia group; Prevotella 9, Firmicutes FCS020 group, Streptobacillus, Aggregatibacter, Corynebacterium, Clostridium Difficile, and Haloanaerobium were enriched in the Control group. The LEfSe outcomes further showed that Lachnoclostridium was highly enriched in the Sarcopenia group; Prevotella 9 and Firmicutes FCS020 group were significantly enriched in the Control group. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Lachnoclostridium and Streptobacillus were significantly different in patients with high and low IL‐6 levels.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Lachnoclostridium is significantly enriched in the intestines of elderly Uygur patients with sarcopenia; the increase in Lachnoclostridium abundance and the decrease in Streptobacillus abundance are associated with high levels of IL‐6. Therefore, abnormal intestinal flora is related to inflammatory reflexes in patients with sarcopenia.