bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant abandonment behavior and fitness of monarch larvae (Danaus plexippus) is not influenced by an intraspecific competitor
Authors: Fisher Kelsey E. , Bradbury Steven P.
Published: August 2022

Integrating aspects of larval lepidopteran behavior that enhance survival into conservation plans could increase the overall impact of the efforts. We previously recommended that where possible, maintaining 2–4 ramets of closely-spaced common milkweed would support the development of at least one monarch through pupation, based on a seemingly innate behavior in which monarch larvae (Danaus plexippus) abandon their natal milkweed ramet (Asclepiassp.). Here, we explored the impact of intraspecific competition on larval ramet abandonment behavior and fitness of monarch larvae in small artificial milkweed patches.

We observed larvae reared under direct and indirect intraspecific competition, and larvae reared alone.

We found no influence of intraspecific competition; however, our study provides further support that milkweed ramet abandonment is a seemingly innate behavior. This behavior occurs before all of the available leaf biomass on a ramet is consumed and prior to the pre-pupal wandering stage.

Implications for insect conservation: Results from our study suggest that in the absence of predation, parasitism, and interspecific competition, and when sufficient plant biomass is present to support larval development, the presence of an intraspecific competitor does not influence larval behavior or fitness. Based on milkweed ramet abandonment behavior, we continue to suggest maintaining small patches of 2–4 milkweed ramets when possible.
Developing A Conceptual Framework for Early Intervention Vocational Rehabilitation for People Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Dunn Jennifer A. , Martin R. A. , Hackney J. J. , Nunnerley J. L. , Snell D. L. , Bourke J. A. , Young T. , Hall A. , Derrett S.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Early intervention vocational rehabilitation (EIVR) can improve return to work (RTW) outcomes for people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, mechanisms explaining how and why EIVR works are not well understood. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework describing key mechanisms of EIVR intervention effect following SCI.

Methods

We synthesised data from a realist literature review with data from interviews of people with SCI (n = 30), a survey of people with SCI who had received EIVR (n = 37), a focus group of EIVR providers and a focus group of community vocational providers. We first synthesised the literature review and interviews to develop an initial programme theory describing the contexts in which mechanisms are activated to produce EIVR outcomes. Then we used data from the survey and focus groups to further refine the EIVR programme theory. Finally, a conceptual framework was developed to support knowledge dissemination.

Results

By ensuring consistent messaging across the multi-disciplinary team, EIVR programmes establish and maintain hope that work is possible following injury. Conversations about work allow individuals to determine the priority of work following injury. These conversations can also improve self-efficacy by providing individualized support to envisage pathways toward RTW goals and maintain worker identity. The synthesised study findings highlight the contexts and resources required to trigger activation of these mechanisms.

Conclusions

EIVR key mechanisms of effect are not specific to SCI as a health condition, therefore enabling this framework to be applied to other populations who face similar impairments and return to work barriers.
α-Enolase inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell invasion and proliferation of skin cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Zhang Kun , Tian Ruoxi , Zhang Wancong , Li Yishuai , Zeng Ning , Liang Yan , Tang Shijie
Published: August 2022

Background

The glycolytic enzyme, α-Enolase (ENO1), catalyzes the production of phosphoenolpyruvate from 2-phosphoglycerate, thereby enhancing glycolysis and contributing to tumor progression. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of ENO1 in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and the potential underlying mechanism.

Methods

The Sangerbox database was used to analyze the mRNA expression of ENO1 in SKCM. Western blotting was used to assess the levels of ENO1, c-Myc, β-catenin, MMP-9, PGAM1, and MMP-13 in SKCM-derived cell lines or tumor tissues from patients with SKCM. The pCMV-SPORT6-ENO1 and pET-28a-ENO1siRNA plasmids were used to overexpress and knockdown ENO1 in SKCM cells, respectively. To determine the function of ENO1 in the malignant behavior of SKCM cells, we performed a wound-healing assay, cell counting kit 8 assay, and transwell chamber analyses. The production of pyruvate and lactic acid in tumor cells was evaluated using their respective kits.

Results

Compared with non-tumor tissues, ENO1 was found to be overexpressed in SKCM tissues. In SKCM cells, ENO1 overexpression promoted invasion, migration, and proliferation of tumor cells; increased pyruvate and lactate production; and increased β-catenin, MMP-9, MMP-13, and c-Myc levels. The opposite effects were observed in SKCM cells silenced for ENO1.

Conclusions

These results indicate that ENO1 is involved in SKCM progression by enhancing the invasion and proliferation of tumor cells. In addition, ENO1 might have an important function in tumor cell glycolysis. Therefore, ENO1 represents a potential therapeutic target for treatment of SKCM.
The stability of 3-DOF triple-rigid-body pendulum system near resonances
Authors: Amer T. S. , El-Sabaa F. M. , Zakria S. K. , Galal A. A.
Published: August 2022

In this article, the motion of three degree-of-freedom (DOF) dynamical system consisting of a triple rigid body pendulum (TRBP) in the presence of three harmonically external moments is studied. In view of the generalized coordinates of the system, Lagrange's equations are used to obtain the governing system of equations of motion (EOM). The analytic approximate solutions are gained up to the third approximation utilizing the approach of multiple scales (AMS) as novel solutions. The solvability conditions are determined in accordance with the elimination of secular terms. Therefore, the arising various resonances cases have been categorized and the equations of modulation have been achieved. The temporal histories of the obtained approximate solutions, as well as the resonance curves, are visually displayed to reveal the positive effects of the various parameters on the dynamical motion. The numerical results of the governing system are achieved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The visually depicted comparison of asymptotic and numerical solutions demonstrates high accuracy of the employed perturbation approach. The criteria of Routh–Hurwitz are used to investigate the stability and instability zones, which are then analyzed in terms of steady-state solutions. The strength of this work stems from its uses in engineering vibrational control applications which carry the investigated system a huge amount of importance.
Transcriptional Feedback in Plant Growth and Defense by PIFs, BZR1, HY5, and MYC Transcription Factors
Authors: Koene Selena , Shapulatov Umidjon , van Dijk Aalt D. J. , van der Krol Alexander R.
Published: August 2022

Growth of Arabidopsis is controlled by the activity of a set of bHLH and bZIP transcription factors of which phytochrome interacting factor4 (PIF4), BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), and elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5) have been most extensively studied. Defense responses are controlled by a set of MYC transcription factors of which MYC2 is best characterized. Moreover, hundreds of additional proteins (here named co-factors) have been identified which (in)directly may affect the expression or activity of these TFs. Thus, regulation of expression of genes encoding these co-factors becomes an integral part of understanding the molecular control of growth and defense. Here, we review RNA-seq data related to PIF, BZR1, HY5, or MYC activity, which indicate that 125 co-factor genes affecting PIFs, HY5, BZR1, or MYCs are themselves under transcriptional control by these TFs, thus revealing potential feedback regulation in growth and defense. The transcriptional feedback on co-factor genes related to PIF4, BZR1, and MYC2 by PIFs, BZR1, or MYCs, mostly results in negative feedback on PIF4, BZR1, or MYC2 activity. In contrast, transcription feedback on co-factor genes for HY5 by HY5 mostly results in positive feedback on HY5 activity. PIF4 and BZR1 exert a balanced regulating of photoreceptor-gene expression, whose products directly or indirectly affect PIF4, HY5, and MYC2 protein stability as a function of light. Growth itself is balanced by both multiple positive and multiple negative feedback on PIF4 and BZR1 activity. The balance between growth and defense is mostly through direct cross-regulation between HY5 and MYC2 as previously described, but also through potential transcriptional feedback on co-factor genes for MYC2 by PIF4, BZR1, and HY5 and through transcriptional feedback of co-factors for PIF4 and BZR1 by MYC2. The interlocking feed-forward and feed-backward transcriptional regulation of PIF4, BZR1, HY5, and MYC2 co-factors is a signature of robust and temporal control of signaling related to growth and defense.
Coming of Age: Renovation Premiums in Housing Markets
Authors: Mamre Mari O. , Sommervoll Dag Einar
Published: August 2022

We rely on novel textual analysis of real estate listings and identify renovated dwellings in a dataset of Norwegian transactions to estimate the renovation premium in an urban housing market. The renovation premium is estimated in a hedonic framework by classical regression approaches and a random forest algorithm. The strength of the latter is that it allows for a more complex interplay between the renovation premium and explanatory variables. We estimate a significant positive renovation premium of 5–7 percent for renovated dwellings and a negative premium of 9–10 percent for unmaintained/neglected dwellings. These averages mask significant variations in these premiums over time, particularly, a counter-cyclical effect. Omitting renovation information also has implications for estimated short-term house price growth. Unmaintained dwellings tend to transact more in the fourth quarter, indicating that parts of the seasonal price variation reported in the literature are due to compositional variation with respect to renovation. This composition effect bias price movement estimates downward, if uncontrolled for, as unmaintained dwellings transact at significantly lower prices.
Broadband Damping Properties of Particle Dampers Mounted to Dynamic Structures
Authors: Schönle A. , Gnanasambandham C. , Eberhard P.
Published: August 2022

Background

The background of this work is the classification of the broadband properties of particle dampers (PDs). This broadband characteristic has experienced little systematic investigation in experiments.

Objective

So the primary objective of this paper is to find a measure to quantify the broadband damping properties of PDs. Also the demonstration of applicability to technical structures is a desired goal and the experiments provide a sound basis.

Methods

The methods for evaluating the performance of particle dampers and tuned mass dampers target the reduction of vibration amplitudes over the frequency range. The test bench consists of a mechanical frame structure with multiple eigenfreqencies up to 200 Hz harmonically excited with an electrodynamic shaker. From the differences in the dynamic behaviour the performance metric will be derived and evaluated.

Results

As a result, a dynamic structure is set up as an effective test bench for different damper configurations. Differences of the tested concepts in regard to the dynamic behaviour over a wide frequency range are observed. From the experimental data a performance metric is deduced to quantify these differences.

Conclusion

The conclusions drawn from this paper are, that PDs provide high damping over a wide frequency range. Furthermore, with a suitable performance metric this broadband damping properties can be quantified for the use in further development of PDs.
Experimental Measurement of Infinite Dilution Thermal Neutron Self-shielding Factor
Authors: Mahmoud Ateia W. , Elmaghraby Elsayed K. , Salama E. , Elghazaly A. , El-fiki S. A.
Published: August 2022

The absorption of neutrons in media together with its transport properties cause the neutron flux to decrease as it penetrates the material because the absorption of neutrons in the sample itself attenuates the neutrons flux as it goes deeper into the sample. In the present work, the thermal neutron self-shielding factors of indium, gold, zinc, and mercury were determined experimentally. The current results together with those found in the literature were used to validate a mathematical ab initio formulae based on integral cross-section parameters used to compare our results. The complete agreement among these species of data suggests the validity of correlating the neutron migration length in the convex-shaped material with the average chord length described in the mathematical model.
Asymptotics of the s-fractional Gaussian perimeter as $$s\rightarrow 0^+$$
Authors: Carbotti Alessandro , Cito Simone , La Manna Domenico Angelo , Pallara Diego
Published: August 2022

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the renormaliseds-fractional Gaussian perimeter of a setEinside a domain$$\Omega $$Ωas$$s\rightarrow 0^+$$s→0+. Contrary to the Euclidean case, as the Gaussian measure is finite, the shape of the set at infinity does not matter, but, surprisingly, the limit set function is never additive.
Enhancing Examination Success: the Cumulative Benefits of Self-Assessment Questions and Virtual Patient Cases
Authors: Seagrave Martha P. , Foster-Johnson Lynn , Waits John B. , Margo Katherine , Leong Shou Ling
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Research on the learning benefits of the feedback-rich formative assessment environment of virtual patient cases (VPCs) has largely been limited to single institutions and focused on discrete clinical skills or topical knowledge. To augment current understanding, we designed a multi-institutional study to explore the distinct and cumulative effects of VPC formative assessments and optional self-assessment questions (SAQs) on exam performance.

Method

In this correlational study, we examined the records of 1,692 students on their family medicine (FM) clerkship at 20 medical schools during the 2014–2015 academic year. Schools utilized an established online curriculum, which included family medicine VPCs, embedded formative assessments, context-rich SAQs corresponding with each VPC, and an associated comprehensive family medicine exam. We used mixed-effects modeling to relate the student VPC composite formative assessment score, SAQ completion, and SAQ performance to students’ scores on the FM final examination.

Results

Students scored higher on the final exam when they performed better on the VPC formative assessments, completed associated SAQs, and scored higher on those SAQs. Students’ SAQ completion enhanced examination performance above that explained by engagement with the VPC formative assessments alone.

Conclusions

This large-scale, multi-institutional study furthers the body of research on the effect of formative assessments associated with VPCs on exam performance and demonstrates the added benefit of optional associated SAQs. Findings highlight opportunities for future work on the broader impact of formative assessments for learning, exploring the benefits of integrating VPCs and SAQs, and documenting effects on clinical performance and summative exam scores.
Multi-granularity scenarios understanding network for trajectory prediction
Authors: Yang Biao , Yang Jicheng , Ni Rongrong , Yang Changchun , Liu Xiaofeng
Published: August 2022

Understanding agents’ motion behaviors under complex scenes is crucial for intelligent autonomous moving systems (like delivery robots and self-driving cars). It is challenging duo to the inherent uncertain of future trajectories and the large variation in the scene layout. However, most recent approaches ignored or underutilized the scenario information. In this work, a Multi-Granularity Scenarios Understanding framework, MGSU, is proposed to explore the scene layout from different granularity. MGSU can be divided into three modules: (1) A coarse-grained fusion module uses the cross-attention to fuse the observed trajectory with the semantic information of the scene. (2) The inverse reinforcement learning module generates optimal path strategy through grid-based policy sampling and outputs multiple scene paths. (3) The fine-grained fusion module integrates the observed trajectory with the scene paths to generate multiple future trajectories. To fully explore the scene information and improve the efficiency, we present a novel scene-fusion Transformer, whose encoder is used to extract scene features and the decoder is used to fuse scene and trajectory features to generate future trajectories. Compared with the current state-of-the-art methods, our method decreases the ADE errors by 4.3% and 3.3% by gradually integrating different granularity of scene information on SDD and NuScenes, respectively. The visualized trajectories demonstrate that our method can accurately predict future trajectories after fusing scene information.
Energy evolution and water immersion-induced weakening in sandstone roof of coal mines
Authors: Liu Wenjie , Yang Ke , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Zhainan , Xu Rijie
Published: August 2022

The instability of underground spaces in abandoned coal mines with water-immersed rocks is one of the main hazards hindering the geothermal energy use and ecological restoration of post-mining areas. This study conducted graded cyclic loading–unloading tests of five groups of sandstone samples with different water contents. The evolution of input, elastic, dissipated, damping, and plastic energies were explored, considering the damping effect. The normalized plastic energy serves to characterize the damage evolution of sandstone samples, whose failure characteristics were analyzed from both the macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. X-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscopy were used to reveal the softening mechanism of sandstone. The results show that under graded cyclic loading, input energy, elastic energy, and dissipated energy all increase gradually, and the fraction of elastic energy increases gradually at first and then tends to stabilize. The variation in the fraction of dissipated energy is opposite to that of elastic energy. In each cycle, the input energy is stored primarily in the form of elastic energy, whereas the dissipated energy is used primarily to overcome the damping of sandstone. When the normalized number of cycles approached unity, the plastic energy fraction sharply increases, while that of the dampening energy drops abruptly. With increasing water content, the effect of pore water on the lubrication, the water wedge, and dissolution of mineral particles becomes more obvious, reducing the elastic-storage limit of sandstone, meanwhile the sandstone damage factor increases significantly under the same cycle and the failure mode changes from brittle to ductile.
Turnip mosaic virus manipulates DRM2 expression to regulate host CHH and CHG methylation for robust infection
Authors: Wu Xiaoyun , Chai Mengzhu , Liu Jiahui , Jiang Xue , Yang Yingshuai , Guo Yushuang , Li Yong , Cheng Xiaofei
Published: August 2022

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic marker for the suppression of transposable elements (TEs) and the regulation of plant immunity. However, little is known how RNA viruses counter defense such antiviral machinery. In this study, the change of DNA methylation in turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)-infected cells was analyzed by whole genome bisulfite sequencing. Results showed that the total number of methylated sites of CHH and CHG increased in TuMV-infected cells, the majority of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the CHH and CHG contexts were associated with hypermethylation. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression of two methylases (DRM2 and CMT3) and three demethylases (ROS3, DML2, DML3) was significantly increased and decreased in TuMV-infected cells, respectively. Pathogenicity tests showed that the enhanced resistance to TuMV of the loss-of-function mutant of DRM2 is associated with unregulated expression of several defense-related genes. Finally, we found TuMV-encoded NIb, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, was able to induce the expression of DRM2. In conclusion, this study discovered that TuMV can modulate host DNA methylation by regulating the expression of DRM2 to promote virus infection.
Modelling skeletal pain harnessing tissue engineering
Authors: Iafrate Lucia , Benedetti Maria Cristina , Donsante Samantha , Rosa Alessandro , Corsi Alessandro , Oreffo Richard O. C. , Riminucci Mara , Ruocco Giancarlo , Scognamiglio Chiara , Cidonio Gianluca
Published: August 2022

Bone pain typically occurs immediately following skeletal damage with mechanical distortion or rupture of nociceptive fibres. The pain mechanism is also associated with chronic pain conditions where the healing process is impaired. Any load impacting on the area of the fractured bone will stimulate the nociceptive response, necessitating rapid clinical intervention to relieve pain associated with the bone damage and appropriate mitigation of any processes involved with the loss of bone mass, muscle, and mobility and to prevent death. The following review has examined the mechanisms of pain associated with trauma or cancer-related skeletal damage focusing on new approaches for the development of innovative therapeutic interventions. In particular, the review highlights tissue engineering approaches that offer considerable promise in the application of functional biomimetic fabrication of bone and nerve tissues. The strategic combination of bone and nerve tissue engineered models provides significant potential to develop a new class of in vitro platforms, capable of replacing in vivo models and testing the safety and efficacy of novel drug treatments aimed at the resolution of bone-associated pain. To date, the field of bone pain research has centred on animal models, with a paucity of data correlating to the human physiological response. This review explores the evident gap in pain drug development research and suggests a step change in approach to harness tissue engineering technologies to recapitulate the complex pathophysiological environment of the damaged bone tissue enabling evaluation of the associated pain-mimicking mechanism with significant therapeutic potential therein for improved patient quality of life.

Graphical abstract

Rationale underlying novel drug testing platform development. Pain detected by the central nervous system and following bone fracture cannot be treated or exclusively alleviated using standardised methods. The pain mechanism and specificity/efficacy of pain reduction drugs remain poorly understood. In vivo and ex vivo models are not yet able to recapitulate the various pain events associated with skeletal damage. In vitro models are currently limited by their inability to fully mimic the complex physiological mechanisms at play between nervous and skeletal tissue and any disruption in pathological states. Robust innovative tissue engineering models are needed to better understand pain events and to investigate therapeutic regimes
Evaluation of Quality of Life After Inflatable Penile Implantation and Analysis of Factors Influencing Postsurgery Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Luna Eusebio , Rodriguez Dayron , Barrios Dailianys , Hernandez Hunter , Bianco Fernando , Gheiler Edward
Published: August 2022

Background

Most of the published literature addressing the satisfaction postinflatable penile implant (IPP) placement includes non-validated surveys.

Aim

The study aims to report the survey outcomes of the English version of The QoLSPP and to evaluate the different factors that could influence these results.

Methods

Patients who underwent inflatable penile implant placement from January 2017 to December 2019 received a survey by phone and had a visit scheduled no sooner than 27 months after surgery. In the clinic, they were inquired about the penile size and underwent measurements of postoperative penile length and diameter. The survey responses were rated from zero to 5 following QoLSPP, and answers ≥3 were considered positive. An evaluation of the factors influencing the quality-of-life score of patients post-IPP placement was performed. Variables included age (<60, 60–70, >70), BMI classification, Charlson Comorbidity Index, diabetes diagnosis, implant type (AMS 700CX vs Titan), ED etiology, revisions, postoperative time in months (<30, 30–40, >40) and preoperative vs postoperative penile dimensions in those who attended the clinic.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was to obtain accurate patient-reported satisfaction after inflatable penile implantation.

Results

Within the timeframe, 542 patients underwent first-time IPP placements. Of that group, 322(n) completed the surveys, and 109 patients attended the clinic to compare preoperative vs postoperative dimensions. Of note, 67 (61.4%) and 54 (49.4 %) demonstrated enlargement in length and diameter, respectively. Conversely, 12 (11%) and 4 (3.7%) experienced a shortening in length and girth. We found 66 (60.5%) patients who complained about a penile size decrease after the intervention. The survey had a positive response in 93.1% of the cases. There were no statistically significant differences in positive responses concerning the variables investigated. The subpopulation analysis of the penile-sized group neither showed response variations.

Clinical implications

The investigation allowed a better understanding of patient-reported satisfaction post-IPP placement.

Strengths & Limitations

The performance of all the procedures in a high-volume center by a single surgeon limits its generalization.

Conclusion

The overall results after IPP surgery are positive in most patients who underwent the procedure and the variables investigated did not influence the overall outcomes of the QoLSPP survey in the study.
Mobilizing for Elections
Authors: Aspinall Edward , Weiss Meredith L. , Hicken Allen , Hutchcroft Paul D.
Published: August 2022

Politicians in Southeast Asia, as in many other regions, win elections by distributing cash, goods, jobs, projects, and other benefits to supporters, but the ways in which they do this vary tremendously, both across and within countries. Mobilizing for Elections presents a new framework for analyzing variation in patronage democracies, focusing on distinct forms of patronage and different networks through which it is distributed. The book draws on an extensive, multi-country, multi-year research effort involving interactions with hundreds of politicians and vote brokers, as well as surveys of voters and political campaigners across the region. Chapters explore how local machines in the Philippines, ad hoc election teams in Indonesia, and political parties in Malaysia pursue distinctive clusters of strategies of patronage distribution – what the authors term electoral mobilization regimes. In doing so, the book shows how and why patronage politics varies, and how it works on the ground.
The Cognitive Structure of Emotions
Authors: Ortony Andrew , Clore Gerald L. , Collins Allan
Published: August 2022

More than 30 years after its initial publication, this new edition of The Cognitive Structure of Emotions refines and updates Ortony, Clore, and Collins's OCC model of emotions. Starting from a three-way classification of construals of the world––events, the attribution of responsibility for events, and objects––the authors propose a systematic account of emotion differentiation. Rejecting the oft-favored features of bodily feelings, emotion-related behaviors, and facial expressions as too intensity-dependent and insufficiently diagnostic, they provide a detailed analysis of emotion differentiation in terms of the cognitive underpinnings of emotion types. Using numerous examples, they explain how different variables influence emotion intensity, and show how emotions can be formalized for computational purposes. Now with a contributed chapter describing the OCC model's influence, this book will interest a wide audience in cognitive, clinical, and social psychology, as well as in artificial intelligence and affective computing, and other cognitive science disciplines.
Collective Remembering and the Making of Political Culture
Authors: Liu James H.
Published: August 2022

Collective memory can make and break political culture around the world. Representations and reinterpretations of the past intersect with actions that shape the future. A nation's political culture emerges from complex layers of institutional and individual responses to historical events. Society changes and is changed by these layers of memory over time. Understanding them gives us insight into where we are today. Encompassing examples from colonization and decolonization, revolving around the critical junctures of the world wars, this book illustrates how collective memory is produced and organized, through commemoration, through monuments, and through individuals sharing stories. Using concrete examples from around the world, James H. Liu shows how different disciplines can come together through shared concepts like narratives and generational memories to provide mutually enriching perspectives on how political culture is made, and how it changes.
Morphosyntax
Authors: Croft William
Published: August 2022

Bringing together the results of sixty years of research in typology and universals, this textbook presents a comprehensive survey of Morphosyntax - the combined study of syntax and morphology. Languages employ extremely diverse morphosyntactic strategies for expressing functions, and Croft provides a comprehensive functional framework to account for the full range of these constructions in the world's languages. The book explains analytical concepts that serve as a basis for cross-linguistic comparison, and provides a rich source of descriptive data that can be analysed within a range of theories. The functional framework is useful to linguists documenting endangered languages, and those writing reference grammars and other descriptive materials. Each technical term is comprehensively explained, and cross-referenced to related terms, at the end of each chapter and in an online glossary. This is an essential resource on Morphosyntax for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and linguistic fieldworkers.
Contribution of tip and hub vortex to the structural response of a marine rudder in the propeller slipstream
Authors: Magionesi F. , Dubbioso G. , Muscari R.
Published: August 2022

The structural design of the rudder, traditionally based on quasisteady loads generated during worst manoeuvres, should account for load fluctuations associated with the interaction with the wake of the propeller in order to comply with the more stringent requirements on ship vibration and noise pollution. In this context, the present work analyses the dynamic response of a marine rudder located in the wake of the INSEAN E779A propeller by the one-way fluid–structure interaction approach. The time-dependent pressure distribution on the rudder, obtained through detached eddy simulation, is used to evaluate the pressure field that is the input for a structural solver to determine the resulting deformations and stresses. The computations consider the propeller at moderate loading, and rudder deflection angles at neutral and

$4^{\circ }$

. The analysis discusses the different contribution of the tip and hub vortex of the propeller on the static and vibratory response of the rudder in the two configurations.
Cultivating “Care”: Colonial Botany and the Moral Lives of Oil Palm at the Twentieth Century’s Turn
Authors: Rudge Alice
Published: August 2022

This paper draws on archival research to trace the techniques used by scientists and government officials involved with palm oil at the turn of the twentieth century. For them, mundane practices of “carefulness” were paramount as they worked on collecting, identifying, marketing, and improving the oil palm. But they also applied this so-called care to people: care of the oil palm was thought to presuppose care of the “native,” providing a correction for what were seen as “careless” local manners of cultivation. Colonial techniques of care thus sought to encompass both plants and peoples within contemporary liberal rhetorics of efficiency and moral improvement. This embodies how scientific and political care can interlink through their undersides of control, exploitation, and domination, which remain obscured by narratives of care themselves. Examining these links between commodity histories and scientific techniques is therefore essential for understanding environmental and social concerns regarding oil palm plantations today. An awareness of the afterlives of colonial discourses might encourage a more critical “care” in response to these issues today, challenging taken-for-granted notions of the benefits of corporate care.
Wiggins on Ethical Objectivity and ‘Des Cannibales’
Authors: Etinson Adam
Published: August 2022

This short essay offers a commentary on Chapter 11 of David Wiggins’,Ethics(2006). The essay asks how we should interpret Wiggins’ defense of ethical ‘objectivity’ given his subjectivist metaethics. An interpretation is drawn from Sharon Street's work on metaethical constructivism, of which Wiggins’ view is taken to be one variety.
Ageism: the importance of the linguistic concept for the construction of the experience
Authors: Okun Sarit , Ayalon Liat
Published: August 2022

This study investigated if people are acquainted with the term ‘ageism’, and to what extent acquaintance with this term corresponds with reports of discrimination, due to age. The study included an online survey, answered by 1,025 Israeli respondents. The questionnaire began by asking the respondents to define ‘What is ageism?’ (gilanut in Hebrew) and then to mark ‘If and what types of discrimination they experienced in the last year’. Subsequently, we defined and demonstrated the term ageism and asked participants to share experiences of this phenomenon; 457 (45%) participants were not familiar with the term. In the group that was unfamiliar with the term, only 46 (10%) reported that they had such experiences. In the group that was acquainted with the term, 208 (30%) reported that they had experienced ageism. In contrast, once the term, ageism, was defined and demonstrated in the survey, 638 (62%) respondents shared experiences of ageism in their lives. Of those who shared their experiences of ageism, 202 (31%) were initially unfamiliar with the term. The study's results show that there is an association between the linguistic representation of the phenomenon of ageism and reports of ageism. In the wider sense, the study shows that language and words have the power to help people understand and interpret social and human experiences.
Les phases de la conjoncture au sein de la fir me Les agencements cycliques des couts de production dans un charbonnage beige 1836-1939
Authors: Bézy Fernand
Published: August 2022

Létude des mouvements cycliques s'est limitée en grande partie, jusqu'à présent, à l'examen des éléments généraux de l'économie. Il est un peu étonnant, à première vue, qu'un phénomène ayant son origine dans les attitudes individuelles soit étudié dans les réactions d'ensemble. La complexité du sujet justifie néanmoins la méthode employée. Le mouvement cyclique n'est pas la résultante d'attitudes semblables dans le chef des individus et des cellules sociales innombrables qui constituent le monde économique. Loin d'être concordantes, ces attitudes divergent avec les intérêts des différents groupes sociaux : c'est dans cette divergence, précisément, que doit être cherchée l'origine des cycles économiques. Les auteurs qui ont essayé d'échafauder une théorie cyclique sur la considération de phénomènes limités à un secteur déterminé de l'économie ont fait fausse route, parce qu'ils ont voulu simplifier à l'excès. La complexité du phénomène fait partie de sa nature et l'explication doit en tenir compte. Les fluctuations de la demande des consommateurs, les réactions des entrepreneurs, les modifications d'attitude des autorités monétaires engendrent des mouvements de prix et de coûts, des oscillations dans la production et les ventes, des remous monétaires dont les conséquences s'entrechoquent, se compensent ou se multiplient pour donner naissance au cycle économique.
La conjoncture économique de la Belgique
Authors: Woitrin Michel
Published: August 2022

Au cours du dernier trimestre écoulé, le ehangement des orientations qui se dessinait au milieu de l'année s'est nettement confirmé : le recul des prix s'est poursuivi et a en conséquence affecté des stades traditionnellement mieux abrités de l'économie. C'est ainsi que les prix de détail se sont stabilisés, que la production et l'emploi dans certaines industries se sont déjà légèrement contractés.
Représentations du Benelux
Authors: de Bie Pierre
Published: August 2022

A l'époque actuelle, où la démocratie est pour beaucoup devenue objet de foi, on éprouve un intérêt croissant pour le rôle joué par l'opinion dans le maintien et l'évolution de nos institutions et de nos structures sociales. On a mis en lumière l'importance de facteurs psychologiques tels que les opinions, les préventions, les attitudes de sympathie ou d'antipathie dans un certain nombre de secteurs d'im-portance cruciale, par exemple ceux des relations industrielles, de l'organisation administrative, des contacts entre groupes de race, de religion, de culture différentes. Ici on se préoccupe d'« efficience », de bon fonctionnement, là encore de bonne entente et de contacts amicaux.
L'émigration irlandaise, phénomène démographique et probléme social
Authors: Fennessy Rumold
Published: August 2022

Comme le fait remarquer M. Carr-Saunders, la situation démographique de l'Irlande est exceptionnelle, un rapide examen du Statistical Abstract of Ireland confirme cette remarque. L'Irlande est le seul pays d'Europe dont la population a diminué continuellement depuis 1845. Cependant, le taux de fécondité de ce pays est le plus élevé d'Europe. En 1936, il y avait 123 enfants âgés de moins de 5 ans pour 100 femmes mariées n'ayant pas atteint l'âge de 45 ans. En outre, le taux net de reproduction était alors supérieur à l'unité : 1.217. Par ailleurs, on relève une autre particularité de la population irlandaise : son taux extrêmement faible de nuptialité. Les Irlandais ne se marient pas jeunes : en 1936, 63 % des hommes âgés de 30 à 34 ans étaient célibataires. De plus, l'âge moyen de mariage est très tardif ; à la même époque, il était de 35 ans pour les quatre millions. La population irlandaise continua à décroître jusqu'à trois millions d'habitants en 1914. Depuis lors, chaque recensement ne montre qu'un déclin très minime. Le recensement de 1946 enregistra 2.955.107 habitants. Mais en 1951, on a constaté une légère augmentation de la population.
Note sur la théorie monétaire et le problème des influences monétaires sur le taux d'intérêt
Authors: Vinelle Louis Duquesne De La
Published: August 2022

L'histoire considérera sans doute comme un des traits caractéristiques de la pensée économique contemporaine le développement d'un certain nombre de doctrines qui s'efforcent de constituer une théorie « monétaire » du taux d'intérêt, c'est-à-dire une théorie qui explique le niveau auquel le taux d'intérêt se fixe et les variations qu'il subit par l'influence de conditions telles que l'existence de la monnaie, la quantité de monnaie, les réactions du public à l'égard de la monnaie, etc… Le contenu de ces théories monétaires de l'intérêt est en général incorporé à l'explication des cycles, du niveau de l'emploi et d'autres phénomènes économiques importants.
La métallurgie en 1951
Authors: Strycker Robert De
Published: August 2022

En 1951 la sidérurgie belge a dépassé, et de très loin, tous ses records antérieurs de production. Pour la première fois sans doute au cours de ce siècle, l'activité a été intense tout au cours de l'année; même la période des congés payés n'a pas été marquée par un ralentissement sensible. Il est bien rare que les périodes où le marché a été vraiment bien disposé coïncident avec une année-calendrier. En général, lorsque l'activité est particulièrement bonne pendant douze à dix-huit mois, ce sommet chevauche sur deux exercices, ce n'a pas été le cas cette fois.
Les industries diverses en 1951
Authors: Pâquet Roger
Published: August 2022

La production d'énergie est en relation directe avec le niveau d'activité du pays. Aussi, une augmentation nette est-elle apparue depuis que les événements de Corée et les perspectives de réarmement ont donné une impulsion nouvelle à l'économie.

Dans le secteur de l'électricité, si l'on élimine la variation saisonnière, il ressort clairement que le volume total d'énergie électrique absorbée par les réseaux a pris un nouvel essor à partir de septembre 1950 et qu'un rythme d'accroissement rapide s'est maintenu jusqu'en octobre 1951, pour fléchir toutefois au cours des trois derniers mois de l'année.
Les variations du trafic routier beige de 1830 é 1940
Authors: Placq Gérard
Published: August 2022

Cette courte étude fait suite à l'article paru dans le bulletin du mois d'août 1951 et qui traitait du développement du réseau routier belge, de 1830 à 1940. Elle précise, dans la mesure du possible, les variations de l'intensité du roulage sur les routes de l'Etat, de 1830 à 1940, et sur les routes provinciales, de 1830 à 1866. La documentation est assez restreinte et ne permet pas d'établir des séries statistiques homogènes. Elle limite l'étude à l'examen des grandes tendances et à l'observation des changements de structure. Si, dans leur ensemble, ceux-ci sont connus, il n'est toutefois pas inutile de les préciser statistiquement et de les illustrer par la présentation de quelques cartes. Ce sont-là les deux points principaux de cette note.
La grève Phénomène èconomique et sociologique Étude inductive des conflits du travail en Belgique de 1920 à 1940
Authors: De Wasseige Yves
Published: August 2022

La grève est une forme de conflit social courante dans la vie économique d'un pays industriel. Les groupes sociaux patronal et ouvrier, que la grève oppose l'un à l'autre, lui accordent une grande importance; l'opinion publique et les gouvernements s'y intéressent de plus en plus.

Le patronat, c'est-à-dire le groupe qui détient la gestion des entreprises, redoute la grève car il y voit la cause d'interruptions dans le travail et, conséquetnment, de pertes dans la production et de réductions dans les profits; il ne la considère pas comme une réalité inhérente au système économique lui-même, mais l'attribue à « l'action des meneurs » et lui trouve fréquemment un caractère « politique ». Cette opinion est un réflexe d'auto-défense : le patronat ne comprend pas ou veut nier la force grandissante d'un autre groupe social sur un terrain qui jadis lui était entièrement réservé : le terrain économique.
Les religieuses du diocèse de Tournai. Étude sociologique de leur provenance
Authors: Mattez Marie-Thérèse
Published: August 2022

Les modes d'expression de la vitalité religieuse sont nombreux : participation au culte, aumônes, respect des règles morales. Un des plus typiques, parce que plus total et plus absolu, est la consécration personnelle à Dieu réalisée dans la vocation sacerdotale et religieuse.

La vocation religieuse a donné lieu à de multiples formes de vie communautaire. L,e cadre conventuel est entièrement ordonné à la constitution d'un milieu favorable à la recherche de Dieu ou de la perfection. C'est ce phénomène religieux de la vocation, réalisé dans une forme de vie canoniquement définie, qui retient notre attention.
L'intérêt pour l'art musical. Essai d'analyse sociologique
Authors: Hoebaer Robert
Published: August 2022

Comme la sociologie a pour objet l'étude des faits humains dans leurs relations avec la vie sociale, caractérisée par les phénomènes de groupe et de culture, les arts, produits d'une activité supérieure de l'homme, peuvent être examinés sous l'angle de la sociologie. Jusqu'à présent les arts ont été presque exclusivement étudiés d'un point de vue tantôt technique — problèmes de structure, de tonalité, de timbre, de composition, de dessin, de couleur — tantôt esthétique — problèmes philosophiques et psychologiques de la signification de l'œuvre d'art.
Différences culturelles entre instituteurs flamands, francophones et hollandais
Authors: Leplae Claire
Published: August 2022

Dans une étude précéedente, des similitudes et des dissemblances culturelles entre deux groupes beiges, composés : l'un d'instituteurs d'expression française et l'autre d'instituteurs d'expression flamande, furent précisées. l,e choix paraissait judicieux parce que l'instituteur représente assez bien la tradition nationale et régionale. Bien que les points considérés ne couvraient pas tous les aspects de la culture, ils étaient suffisamment variés pour permettre de conclure que les oppositions culturelles de ces deux groupes ne sont pas très considérables.
L'agriculture en 1957
Authors: Boon Constant
Published: August 2022

Une fois de plus, le recensement agricole du 15 mai 1957 montre un sérieux recul de la superficie cultivée par rapport à celle de l'année 1956 : la réduction atteint 11.020 ha, soit 0,6 %. En même temps, nous assistons à la disparition d'un nombre impressionnant d'exploitations agricoles et horticoles, leur total tombant de 234.418 en 1956 à 226.873 pendant l'année en question.
La conjoncture économique de la Belgique
Authors: Thür Otto
Published: August 2022

La toile de fond de la conjoncture beige est la conjoncture internationale. Celle-ci est en contraction depuis de nombreux mois; dans les pays industriels, elle s'accompagne d'un retour à l'équilibre des paiements extérieurs, tandis que les pays neufs connaissent sur ce plan des dimcultés croissantes. D'ailleurs, les pays sous-développés doivent supporter une grande partie de la pression baissière à cause, d'une part, de la réduction de leurs exportations de matières premières et, d'autre part, de termes d'échange défavorables.
La conjoncture économique de la Belgique
Authors: Woitrin Michel
Published: August 2022

Au sein du marché commun, la conjoncture économique belge est soumise à des pressions baissières plus fortes que celles affectant les autres pays membres; la Belgique est d'ailleurs en récession nette depuis le printemps de 1957, tandis que la France et l'Allemagne commencent seulement à dépasser leur maximum conjoncturel général.

Le maintien de la haute conjoncture allemande est apparemment dû en partie au jeu de la loi des débouchés, dans un pays recevant un afflux permanent de main-d'œuvre qualifiée; il s'avère aussi que la position compétitive de l'Allemagne est très forte à ses prix et salaires actuels, ce qui peut d'ailleurs être en rapport avec les pressions de population. L'industrie lourde allemande souffre cependant de phénomènes de crise.
Aspects de la perception sociale à travers l'œuvre de quelques auteurs actuels
Authors: Lefebvre Magdeleine
Published: August 2022

Il est actuellement très souvent question de la perception dans la littérature psychologique comme dans la littérature sociologique.

L'accent est mis de plus en plus sur l'aspect social de cette activité, soit à propos du milieu, soit à propos du monde phénoménal ou du perceveur lui-même.

Depuis quelques années, un mouvement que KRECH appelle new look se développe autour de la perception. Ce mouvement insiste pour que le phénomène perceptuel soit étudié dans la vie réelle et non plus dans le monde artificiel du laboratoire. Les tenants de cette approche critiquent les anciennes méthodes de travail dans ce domaine et principalement celles des gestaltistes qui accordaient relativement peu d'importance à l'expérience individuelle passée, insistant surtout, d'une part, sur les structures internes innées, d'autre part, sur les facteurs objectifs extérieurs. Le mouvement actuel, au contraire, voit dans l'expérience passée du sujet un facteur important qui influence fortement certaines perceptions.