bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor is associated with sarcopenia and frailty in Japanese hemodialysis patients
Authors: Miyazaki Satoru , Iino Noriaki , Koda Ryo , Narita Ichiei , Kaneko Yoshikatsu
Published: November 2020

Aim

We evaluated several sarcopenia‐related hormones, cytokines and uremic toxins to identify the humoral factors associated with sarcopenia and frailty in Japanese hemodialysis patients.

Methods

Twenty Japanese patients aged ≥65 years who underwent maintenance hemodialysis therapy at Uonuma Kikan Hospital for more than 6 months were included in this retrospective cross‐sectional study. Clinical data, including physical function and mental state, were obtained from the clinical records collected during the regular evaluation at the beginning of each hemodialysis therapy session, 3 days after the previous hemodialysis therapy. The diagnosis of sarcopenia and frailty was based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 and the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study, respectively. The mental state of patients was evaluated using the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (J‐PHQ‐9).

Results

In univariate analyses, plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were significantly lower in patients with severe sarcopenia and frailty. The plasma BDNF concentration was correlated with muscle strength and physical performances, such as the 6‐m walk test, Short Physical Performance Battery and 5‐time chair stand test. BDNF was also correlated with body weight, hemodialysis vintage, and serum levels of total protein and indoxyl sulfate but not with body mass index, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, serum interleukin 6 levels, or J‐PHQ‐9 scores. The odds ratio per 100 pg/mL of BDNF for the prevalence of frailty was 0.353.

Conclusions

BDNF is associated with decreased physical performance and the prevalence of severe sarcopenia and frailty in Japanese maintenance hemodialysis patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 27–33.
Healthcare delivery for HIV‐positive people with tuberculosis in Europe
Authors: Bentzon AK , Panteleev A , Mitsura V , Borodulina E , Skrahina A , Denisova E , Tetradov S , Podlasin R , Riekstina V , Kancauskiene Z , Paduto D , Mocroft A , Trofimova T , Miller R , Post F , Grezesczuk A , Lundgren JD , Inglot M , Podlekareva D , Bolokadze N , Kirk O ,   the TB:HIV Study Group
Published: November 2020

Background

In a 2013 survey, we reported distinct discrepancies in delivery of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV services in eastern Europe (EE) vs. western Europe (WE).

Objectives

To verify the differences in TB and HIV services in EE vs. WE.

Methods

Twenty‐three sites completed a survey in 2018 (EE, 14; WE, nine; 88% response rate). Results were compared across as well as within the two regions. When possible, results were compared with the 2013 survey.

Results

Delivery of healthcare was significantly less integrated in EE: provision of TB and HIV services at one site (36% in EE vs. 89% in WE; P = 0.034), and continued TB follow‐up in one location (42% vs. 100%; P = 0.007). Although access to TB diagnostics, standard TB and HIV drugs was generally good, fewer sites in EE reported unlimited access to rifabutin/multi‐drug‐resistant TB (MDR‐TB) drugs, HIV integrase inhibitors and opioid substitution therapy (OST). Compared with 2013, routine usage of GeneXpert was more common in EE in 2018 (54% vs. 92%; P = 0.073), as was access to moxifloxacin (46% vs. 91%; P = 0.033), linezolid (31% vs. 64%; P = 0.217), and bedaquiline (0% vs. 25%; P = 0.217). Integration of TB and HIV services (46% vs. 39%; P = 1.000) and provision of OST to patients with opioid dependency (54% vs. 46%; P = 0.695) remained unchanged.

Conclusion

Delivery of TB and HIV healthcare, including integration of TB and HIV care and access to MDR‐TB drugs, still differs between WE and EE, as well as between individual EE sites.
Effect of a motivational video on flossing behaviour: A pilot study
Authors: Özyemişci Nuran , Turgut Çankaya Zeynep
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Motivational interviews used for health behavioural change requires several sessions and expert consultations. A practical method is needed to promote oral hygiene habits. The aim of the study was to develop a video as a new motivational intervention method combining several health behaviour change theories to improve flossing behaviour.

Methods

A questionnaire about individual psychosocial characteristics was conducted to 30 volunteer dental patients. Plaque index (PI) scores were calculated and a video about flossing was shown the patients. The second PI measurements were performed after 2 months. The video including flossing instructions and expressions of performers acting dental patients was produced to test as a motivational method. Cues used in the video were generated according to health behaviour change theories and models under the supervision of an expert team. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (I‐CVI) of the video and reliability of the questionnaire was determined. First and second PI scores were compared to assess the effect of the video. Correlation between answers of the questionnaire and PI changes were tested.

Results

The average I‐CVIs of the video was 0.93, CVR of video items was 1, I‐CVIs of 5 items was 80% and of 10 was 100%. Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire was 0.93. PI scores significantly decreased after 2 months (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

A single session motivational intervention via a video based on health psychological models and theories was efficacious in improving oral hygiene and flossing behaviour in the short term.
Lipoteichoic acid stimulates the proliferation, migration and cytokine production of adult dental pulp stem cells without affecting osteogenic differentiation
Authors: Shayegan A. , Zucchi A. , De Swert K. , Balau B. , Truyens C. , Nicaise C.
Published: November 2020

Aim

To model in vitro the contact between adult dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component expressed at the surface of most Gram‐positive bacteria.

Methodology

Human DPSCs obtained from impacted third molars were cultured and exposed to various concentrations of S. aureus LTA (0.1, 1.0 and 10 µg mL−1). The effects of LTA on DPSCs proliferation and apoptosis were investigated by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Mineralization of DPSCs was evaluated by alizarin red staining assay. Migration was investigated by microphotographs of wound‐healing and Transwell migration assays. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the effects of LTA on p65 NF‐κB translocation and TLR1, TLR2 or TLR6 regulation. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to investigate LTA‐stimulated DPSCs cytokine production. One‐way or two‐way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc multiple comparison were used for statistical analysis.

Results

DPSCs expressed TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 involved in the recognition of various forms of LTA or lipoproteins. Exposure to LTA did not up‐ or down‐regulate the mRNAs of TLR1, TLR2 or TLR6 whilst LPS acted as a potent inducer of them [TLR1 (P ≤ 0.05), TLR2 (P ≤ 0.001) and TLR6 (P ≤ 0.001)]. Translocation of p65 NF‐κB to the nucleus was detected in LTA‐stimulated cells, but to a lesser extent than LPS‐stimulated DPSCs (P ≤ 0.001). The viability of cells exposed to LTA was greater than unstimulated cells, which was attributed to an increased proliferation and not to less cell death [LTA 1 μg mL−1 (P ≤ 0.001) and 10 μg mL−1 (P ≤ 0.01)]. For specific doses of LTA (1.0 µg mL−1), adhesion of DPSCs to collagen matrix was disturbed (P ≤ 0.05) and cells enhanced their horizontal mobility (P ≤ 0.001). LTA‐stimulated DPSCs released IL‐6 and IL‐8 in a dose‐dependent manner (P ≤ 0.0001). At all concentrations investigated, LTA did not influence osteogenic/odontoblastic differentiation.

Conclusions

Human DPSCs were able to sense the wall components of Gram‐positive bacteria likely through TLR2 signalling. Consequently, cells modestly proliferated, increased their migratory behaviour and contributed significantly to the local inflammatory response through cytokine release.
Microstructural characteristics and long‐term stability of wollastonite‐based chemically bonded phosphate ceramics
Authors: Alshaaer Mazen
Published: November 2020

The microstructure of a wollastonite chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (WCPC) and its long‐term stability can be characterized in terms of functions over time and at intermediate temperatures (RT, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C). As seen through SEM images and EDX analysis, the ceramic microstructure comprises brushite, wollastonite and an amorphous heterogeneous phase. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping shows the amorphous phase in this chemically bonded phosphate ceramic to have a uniform distribution of Ca and P elements. The transformation of brushite and the amorphous matrix in its solid state to a more stable CaP phase takes place over a long period. The mechanical performance of the ceramic is therefore improved by thermal aging. Chemical changes are accompanied by denser, more stable phases leading to increased stiffness. The primary disadvantage associated with using this new material in construction would be its relatively high shrinkage as a result of chemical and physical factors.
How can air quality affect health?
Authors: Douglass Jo A.
Published: November 2020

Over recent years, Australians have been subject to an unprecedented number of environmental events materially and visibly affecting air quality, including thunderstorm asthma and bushfire smoke. There is increasing evidence that poor air quality adversely affects health with consequences for mortality and morbidity with measured particulates (PM2.5) in January 2019 frequently exceeding World Health Organization standards. Biological factors can also impact air quality with thunderstorm asthma epidemics evidence of a prime example, the 2016 event being associated with severe impacts on health services. Given these events, consideration needs to be given to environmental health literacy which will support individuals with pre‐existing illness to recognise and mitigate as far as possible the effects of adverse air quality. Recognising the impact of poor air quality should also urge physicians to advocate for clean air as a necessity for good health.
Glycaemic trajectory and predictors of suboptimal glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Pathiraja Nipuni P. , Colman Peter G. , Wentworth John M.
Published: November 2020

We aimed to describe the glycaemic trajectory and define characteristics associated with suboptimal glycaemic control in the type 2 diabetes clinic. Higher glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at 1 year was associated with higher baseline HbA1c, concurrent anti‐depressant or antipsychotic medication, higher bodyweight and low treatment adherence. These characteristics may help identify patients unlikely to attain HbA1c treatment targets and be better served by a different model of care.
Mechanism of pulsus bisferiens in thoracoabdominal thoracic aneurysms: Insights from wave intensity analysis
Authors: Chirinos Julio A. , Lee Jonathan , Segers Patrick
Published: November 2020

Aortic pulsatile hemodynamics are important in various clinical conditions. Whereas the importance of wave reflections of the closed type in pulsatile hemodynamics has been extensively studied, less is known about the impact of reflections of the open type, in which reflected waves changes both direction and type (compression vs suction) compared to the incident wave. In this report, we present careful pulsatile hemodynamic analyses of a case in which prominent reflections of the open type occur in a patient with a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, causing a highly abnormal proximal aortic and peripheral arterial hemodynamic pattern, known as pulsus bisferiens. Wave intensity analysis of central pressure‐flow data demonstrated an early systolic forward‐traveling compression wave followed by a prominent late systolic forward‐traveling expansion wave, along with an abnormal prominent late systolic/early diastolic backward‐traveling compression wave which produced a sharp rise in diastolic pressure, and was responsible for the pulsus bisferiens pattern.
A novel autophagy‐related lncRNA prognostic risk model for breast cancer
Authors: Li Xiaoying , Jin Feng , Li Yang
Published: November 2020

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are well known as crucial regulators to breast cancer development and are implicated in controlling autophagy. LncRNAs are also emerging as valuable prognostic factors for breast cancer patients. It is critical to identify autophagy‐related lncRNAs with prognostic value in breast cancer. In this study, we identified autophagy‐related lncRNAs in breast cancer by constructing a co‐expression network of autophagy‐related mRNAs‐lncRNAs from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We evaluated the prognostic value of these autophagy‐related lncRNAs by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses and eventually obtained a prognostic risk model consisting of 11 autophagy‐related lncRNAs (U62317.4, LINC01016, LINC02166, C6orf99, LINC00992, BAIAP2‐DT, AC245297.3, AC090912.1, Z68871.1, LINC00578 and LINC01871). The risk model was further validated as a novel independent prognostic factor for breast cancer patients based on the calculated risk score by Kaplan‐Meier analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Moreover, based on the risk model, the low‐risk and high‐risk groups displayed different autophagy and oncogenic statues by principal component analysis (PCA) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) functional annotation. Taken together, these findings suggested that the risk model of the 11 autophagy‐related lncRNAs has significant prognostic value for breast cancer and might be autophagy‐related therapeutic targets in clinical practice.
Platform leadership and supply chains: Intel, Centrino, and the restructuring of Wi‐Fi supply
Authors: Fontana Roberto , Greenstein Shane
Published: November 2020

In this paper we examine Intel's launch of Centrino and interpret it as platform leader's attempt to restructure a supply chain. We provide a narrative of key actions and how they coordinated changes and offer a framework of the predictable consequences for complementary markets. We then collect data and test these predictions on outcomes in several related complementary markets. The overall findings are consistent with our framework. We show that the launch of Centrino increased the likelihood of exit from internal and external Wi‐Fi cards markets, and we find that the magnitude of the effect was largest for internal cards. We also show that the launch of Centrino's stimulated product introduction in the markets for complements overall and find that the effect varied across type of routers. Finally, we show that experience with producing Wi‐Fi cards shaped product introduction by router providers.
Burden of colorectal cancer attributable to diet low in milk in China, 1990–2017: findings from the global burden of disease study 2017
Authors: Wang Z.Q. , Zhang L. , Guo W.B. , Gao Y. , Li X.J. , Zhao Y.F. , Liu J.M. , Zhou M.G. , Li M.
Published: November 2020

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has emerged as a major public health concern. However, little is known about the burden attributable to specific risk factors. The present study aimed to estimate the temporal trends and geographical variation of CRC burden attributable to a diet low in milk in China.

Methods

Following the general analytic strategy used in the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study, we assessed the age‐, sex‐, and province‐specific mortality and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) of CRC caused by a diet low in milk in China from 1990 to 2017.

Results

In 2017, a diet low in milk contributed 32 032 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) = 11 350–53 806] deaths and 726 710 (95% UI = 256 651–1 218 153) DALYs for CRC with a population attributable fraction of 17.1%. The age‐standardised mortality and DALY rates per 100 000 were 1.7 (95% UI = 0.6–2.9) and 36.8 (95% UI = 13.0–61.7), respectively. An upward trend with age in rates of mortality and DALYs was observed. Males had higher age‐standardised rates than females. The number of deaths and DALYs increased significantly from 1990 to 2017, whereas the corresponding age‐standardised rates showed relatively stable trends. In 2017, Hunan and Liaoning were ranked as the top two provinces in terms of disease burden. Socio‐demographic index had a weak correlation with the age‐standardised mortality (r = 0.348, P = 0.047).

Conclusions

The present study shows a substantial increase in the CRC burden attributable to a diet low in milk over the past three decades. Greater priority in CRC prevention should be given to males and the elderly population throughout China, particularly in less‐developed provinces.
Toward the development of subnational hybrid input–output tables in a multiregional framework
Authors: Towa Edgar , Zeller Vanessa , Merciai Stefano , Schmidt Jannick , Achten Wouter M. J.
Published: November 2020

Environmental input–output analyses can be a useful decision support tool at the subnational level, because of its ability to capture economic and environmental impacts at other geographical levels. Yet, such analyses are hindered by the lack of subnational IO tables. Furthermore, the lack of physical product and waste flows in what is known as a “hybrid” table prevents a range of consumption‐based and circular‐economy‐type analyses. We demonstrate the development of a multiregional hybrid IOT (MRHIOT) along with environmental extensions at the subnational level and exemplify it for the case of Belgium. The development procedure discloses a novel approach of combining national hybrid tables, subnational monetary tables, and physical survey‐based data. Such a combination builds upon a partial‐survey approach that includes a range of techniques for initial estimation and reconciliation within a balancing procedure. For the validation of the approaches, we assessed the magnitude of deviations between the initial and final estimates and analyzed the uncertainties inherent to each initial estimation procedure. Subsequently, we conducted a consumption‐based analysis where we assessed the carbon footprint (CF) at the subnational level and highlighted the CF inherent to the interregional linkages. This study provides methodological and application‐based contributions to the discussion on the relevance of hybrid subnational tables and analyses compared to national ones. The proposed approach could be replicable to some extent for further developing subnational MRHIOT. The study is expected to foster more research toward the development of further subnational MRHIOT as well as its associated wide‐ranging applications.
Molar‐incisor hypomineralization in quilombola children and adolescents: A study of prevalence and associated factors
Authors: Dourado Daniele Gomes , Lima Cacilda Castelo Branco , Silva Renara Natália Cerqueira , Tajra Fábio Solon , Moura Marcoeli Silva , Lopes Teresinha Soares Pereira , De Deus Moura Lúcia De Fátima Almeida , de Lima Marina de Deus Moura
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This cross‐sectional observational study determined the prevalence and factors associated with molar‐incisive hypomineralization (MIH) in quilombola children and adolescents in north‐eastern Brazil.

Methods

The sample consisted of 251 children and adolescents (8 to 14 years old) living in the rural quilombola community Lagoas in São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí (census population). Sociodemographic and health‐related data were collected from pre‐, peri‐ and post‐natal health records and a clinical examination for MIH diagnosis was performed by four previously trained and calibrated examiners. Descriptive data analysis and Poisson regression were performed. The magnitude of the association was determined by adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

The prevalence of MIH was 46.6%. The presence of MIH was associated with gestational diabetes (PR = 2.49, 95% CI 2.08−2.99; p <0.001) and acute foetal distress (PR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.04−1.86; p = 0.025).

Conclusion

It was concluded that the prevalence of MIH in the quilombola community was high and associated with gestational diabetes and acute foetal distress.
Comparison of liver disease state progression in patients with eradication of versus persistent infection with hepatitis C virus: Markov chain analysis
Authors: Tada Toshifumi , Toyoda Hidenori , Kumada Takashi , Kurisu Akemi , Sugiyama Aya , Akita Tomoyuki , Ohisa Masayuki , Aikata Hiroshi , Miki Daiki , Chayama Kazuaki , Tanaka Junko
Published: November 2020

To investigate the long‐term prognosis of liver disease in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication after antiviral therapy versus those with persistent HCV infection. Four hundred and eighty patients (5259 person‐years [PYs]) who received interferon‐based therapy and achieved sustained virologic response and 848 patients (3853 PYs) with persistent HCV infection were included. In the analysis of 1‐year liver disease state transition probability matrices using Markov chain models, progression to cirrhosis from the chronic hepatitis state was observed (0.00%–0.63%) in patients with HCV eradication. Among patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis and HCV eradication, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development was observed in males aged ≥ 50 years (0.97%–1.96%) and females aged ≥ 60 years (0.26%–5.00%). Additionally, in patients with cirrhosis and HCV eradication, improvement to chronic hepatitis was also observed (4.94%–10.64%). Conversely, in patients with chronic hepatitis and persistent HCV infection, progression to cirrhosis was observed in males aged ≥ 30 years and female aged ≥ 40 years (0.44%–1.99%). In males aged ≥ 40 years and female aged ≥ 50 years with cirrhosis, the transition probability for HCC was relatively high (4.17%–14.02%). Under the assumption of either chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis at age 40 or 60 years as the starting condition for simulation over the next 30 or 40 years, respectively, the probability of HCC was higher in patients with persistent HCV infection than those with HCV eradication. In conclusion, HCV eradication can reduce the risk of developing cirrhosis or HCC in patients with chronic HCV infection.
Distribution and abundance of scaup using baitfish and sportfish farms in eastern Arkansas
Authors: Clements Stephen A. , Dorr Brian S. , Davis J. Brian , Roy Luke A. , Engle Carole R. , Hanson‐Dorr Katie C. , Kelly Anita M.
Published: November 2020

Arkansas' bait‐ and sportfish facilities are commonly used by various piscivorous bird species, including lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and greater scaup (A. marila) that consume substantial quantities of fish. To mediate this predation, farmers implement extensive bird harassment programs that create additional costs to fish loss, thus research investigating the distribution and abundance of scaup is needed to help farmers allocate their bird harassment efforts more efficiently. In winters 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 we conducted 1,368 pond surveys to investigate pond use by scaup on farms during birds' regular wintering period (i.e., November–March). We used intrinsic and extrinsic pond‐level and farm‐level characteristics as explanatory variables in generalized linear models to reveal characteristics associated with increased scaup use. Inter‐annual differences in scaup use were also considered in each model. Our pond‐level model showed that scaup occurred more frequently on larger golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) ponds stocked at greater densities, particularly during our second study winter. Our farm‐level model suggested that farms further from major rivers and with an average pond size of approximately eight hectares had the greatest probability of scaup use. Producers can apply findings from our models to implement bird harassment efforts in times and locations where scaup predation is more likely to occur.
Measuring dynamic connectedness networks in energy commodities: evidence from the D‐Y and frequency connectedness approaches
Authors: Polat Onur
Published: November 2020

In this study, we examine the energy commodities connectedness between the period June 2006 and April 2020 by implementing the Diebold–Yilmaz and the frequency connectedness approaches. We estimate dynamic connectedness between WTI crude oil, the Henry Hub natural gas, ULS diesel and the gasoline prices over the analysed period. Overall spillover indexes estimated by both methodologies properly respond to prominent geopolitical events over the sample period. Additionally, we plot network graphs for directional spillovers reflecting two distinct periods, 2007:3–2019:12 and 2020:1–2020:4. Network analysis verifies that the directional spillovers between energy commodities have prominently surged due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. The findings of the study underline the importance of an effective regulatory framework for monitoring commodity price developments to avoid adverse effects of commodity price shocks. Additionally, the authorities should enact policy actions to counteract the detrimental effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the commodity markets.
Perceptions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians toward cardiovascular primary prevention programs: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Lord Heidi , MacPhail Catherine , Cherry Julie , Fernandez Ritin
Published: November 2020

Objective

To synthesize the best available qualitative evidence on the perceptions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (hereafter, respectfully referred to as Indigenous Australians) toward participation in cardiovascular primary prevention programs.

Background

In 2017, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of premature mortality in Indigenous Australians, accounting for 11.5% of all deaths. Health risk behaviors such as smoking, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and obesity largely contribute to this burden of disease.

Methods

A search using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, MedNar, ProQuest and Index to Theses for published and unpublished studies was conducted in January 2020. The methodological quality of the included studies was independently assessed by two reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Data extraction and meta‐aggregation were conducted in accordance with JBI methodology.

Results

Eleven studies were included. Three synthesized findings were developed (a) social and community support affect participants’ experiences of prevention programs; (b) structural drivers and social determinants influence Indigenous Australians experiences and participation in prevention programs and health risk behavioral change; and (c) a personal desire to change behaviors and participate in prevention programs requires development of knowledge regarding healthy lifestyles and creation of new social norms.

Conclusions

Indigenous Australians participation in primary prevention for cardiovascular risk factors and adoption of a healthy lifestyle are influenced by social support, social determinants, and personal desire. Future programs need to tackle the structural drivers and facilitate a supportive environment to assist in health risk behavior change.
Optimal NH4+/NO3− ratios enhance the shade tolerance of soybean seedlings under low light conditions
Authors: Raza A. , Asghar M. A. , Hussain S. , Bin C. , Shafiq I. , Ahmad I. , Ghafoor A. , Karim H. , Iqbal T. , Yang W. , Weiguo L.
Published: November 2020

In the maize–soybean intercropping system, shade is the major chronic restraint that affects normal growth of soybean. Different spatial patterns of this system affect the microclimate of soybean through shading from maize plants. However, the negative impacts of shading stress can be mitigated by providing optimal ratios of different fertilizers.

Therefore, to test this hypothesis, soybean plants were grown under different light conditions (normal light or shade) to evaluate the response to varying NH4+/NO3− ratios. Seeds of soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Nan‐99‐6) were grown in nutrient solution with a total concentration of 5 mM N using different NH4+/NO3− ratios (T0 = 0:0, T1 = 0:100, T2 = 25:75, T3 = 50:50 and T4 = 75:25) for 40 days in a greenhouse at PPFD 320.95 μmol m−2 s−1 (low light) or 967.53 μmol m−2 s−1 (normal light).

Under low light, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings significantly decreased as compared to normal light conditions. However, the optimal ratios of NH4+/ NO3− improved growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings under both light conditions. Our results indicated that soybean seedlings supplied with optimal NH4+/NO3− ratios (25:75 and 50:50) have maximum biomass yield, chlorophyll pigments, leaf gas exchange, photochemical activity and root growth as compared to low and high NH4+/NO3− ratios (T1 and T4).

High ratios of NH4+/NO3− (T4) resulted in reduced plant growth due to nutrient accumulation in plant tissues; therefore, we suggest that optimal ratios of NH4+/NO3− (T2 and T3) can enhance the shade tolerance of soybean seedlings.
Overexpression of Os‐microRNA408 enhances drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Hang Nan , Shi Tianran , Liu Yanrong , Ye Wenxin , Taier Geli , Sun Yan , Wang Kehua , Zhang Wanjun
Published: November 2020

As a conserved microRNA (miRNA) family in plants, miR408 is known to be involved in different abiotic stress responses, including drought. Interestingly, some studies indicated a species‐ and/or cultivar‐specific drought‐responsive characteristic of miR408 in plant drought stress. Moreover, the functions of miR408 in perennial grass species are unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of miR408 in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by withholding water for 10 days for both wild type and transgenic plants with heterologous expression of rice (Oryza sativa L.) miR408 gene, Os‐miR408. The results showed that transgenic perennial ryegrass plants displayed morphological changes under normal growth conditions, such as curl leaves and sunken stomata, which could be related to decreased leaf water loss. Moreover, transgenic perennial ryegrass exhibited improved drought tolerance, as demonstrated by maintaining higher leaf relative water content (RWC), lower electrolyte leakage (EL), and less lipid peroxidation compared to WT plants under drought stress. Furthermore, the transgenic plants showed higher antioxidative capacity under drought. These results showed that the improved drought tolerance in Os‐miR408 transgenic plants could be due to leaf morphological changes favoring the maintenance of water status and to increased antioxidative capacity protecting against the reactive oxygen species damages under stress. These findings implied that miR408 could serve as a potential target for genetic manipulations to engineer perennial grass plants for improved water stress tolerance.
Neural measures of working memory in a bilateral change detection task
Authors: Feldmann‐Wüstefeld Tobias
Published: November 2020

The change detection task is a widely used paradigm to examine visual working memory processes. Participants memorize a set of items and then, try to detect changes in the set after a retention period. The negative slow wave (NSW) and contralateral delay activity (CDA) are event‐related potentials in the EEG signal that are commonly used in change detection tasks to track working memory load, as both increase with the number of items maintained in working memory (set size). While the CDA was argued to more purely reflect the memory‐specific neural activity than the NSW, it also requires a lateralized design and attention shifts prior to memoranda onset, imposing more restrictions on the task than the NSW. The present study proposes a novel change detection task in which both CDA and NSW can be measured at the same time. Memory items were presented bilaterally, but their distribution in the left and right hemifield varied, inducing a target imbalance or “net load.” NSW increased with set size, whereas CDA increased with net load. In addition, a multivariate linear classifier was able to decode the set size and net load from the EEG signal. CDA, NSW, and decoding accuracy predicted an individual's working memory capacity. In line with the notion of a bilateral advantage in working memory, accuracy, and CDA data suggest that participants tended to encode items relatively balanced. In sum, this novel change detection task offers a basis to make use of converging neural measures of working memory in a comprehensive paradigm.
Comprehensive analysis of elemental distribution in human skin using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Nakanishi Shinobu , Kamezono Rie , Nakatani Masashi , Denda Mitsuhiro
Published: November 2020

Background

Multiple chemical elements play roles in skin homeostasis. The distribution of elements in skin has been studied by X‐ray microanalysis methods and fluorescence microscopy using chemical indicators, but the former requires complicated sample preparation steps, while the latter is limited by the availability of suitable chemical indicators.

Materials and methods

We applied laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) to measure the distributions of thirty‐eight elements in human skin.

Results

Among the target elements, nine (calcium: 40Ca, 44Ca, zinc: 64Zn, 66Zn, phosphorus: 31P, potassium: 39K, sodium: 23Na, sulfur: 34S, copper: 63Cu, magnesium: 24Mg, and iron: 56Fe) showed distribution patterns that were consistent with previous reports, and four others (iodine: 127I, barium: 138Ba, strontium: 88Sr, and molybdenum: 95Mo) were detected for the first time in human skin.

Conclusion

The method described here requires only slicing into sections to prepare a sample for measurement, so the elemental distributions are minimally disturbed, and comprehensive information can be obtained rapidly. The method is expected to be useful for research in a variety of fields, including skin diseases, aging, and allergenicity.
Blood component utilization in COVID‐19 patients in New York City: Transfusions do not follow the curve
Authors: DeSimone Robert A. , Costa Victoria A. , Kane Kathleen , Sepulveda Jorge L. , Ellsworth Grant B. , Gulick Roy M. , Zucker Jason , Sobieszcyk Magdalena E , Schwartz Joseph , Cushing Melissa M.
Published: November 2020

Background

Blood suppliers and transfusion services have worked diligently to maintain an adequate blood supply during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Our experience has shown that some COVID‐19 inpatients require transfusion support; understanding this need is critical to blood product inventory management.

Study Design and Methods

Hospital‐wide and COVID‐19 specific inpatient blood product utilization data were collected retrospectively for our networkʼs two tertiary academic medical centers over a 9‐week period (March 1, 2020‐May 2, 2020), when most inpatients had COVID‐19. Utilization data were merged with a COVID‐19 patient database to investigate clinical demographic characteristics of transfused COVID‐19 inpatients relative to non‐transfused ones.

Results

Overall, 11 041 COVID‐19 patients were admitted and 364 received blood product transfusions for an overall transfusion rate of 3.3%. COVID‐19 patients received 1746 blood components in total, the majority of which were red blood cells. COVID‐19 patientsʼ weekly transfusion rate increased as the pandemic progressed, possibly reflecting their increased severity of illness. Transfusion was significantly associated with several indicators of severe disease, including mortality, intubation, thrombosis, longer hospital admission, lower hemoglobin and platelet nadirs, and longer prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. As the pandemic progressed, institutional adherence to transfusion guidelines improved for RBC transfusions compared to prior year trends but did not improve for platelets or plasma.

Conclusion

There is a need to closely monitor the blood product inventory and demand throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic as patientsʼ transfusion needs may increase over time. Daily or weekly trending of patientsʼ clinical status and laboratory values may assist blood banks in inventory management.
Therapeutic plasma exchange as adjunct therapy in 3 dogs with myasthenia gravis and myasthenia‐like syndrome
Authors: Vitalo Amber , Buckley Gareth , Londoño Leonel
Published: November 2020

Objective

To describe the use of therapeutic membrane‐based plasma exchange (TPE) for treatment of clinical signs associated with suspected acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in 3 dogs.

Case series summary

Three dogs presented with clinical signs consistent with acquired MG. All 3 dogs were medically managed prior to being treated with TPE. Two of the 3 dogs had increased acetylcholine receptor antibody titers that decreased after TPE. One dog diagnosed with primary MG became clinically normal after 2 sessions of TPE and continued to do well with medical management several months later. The second dog was diagnosed with a suspect thymoma, and TPE was performed as a bridge to surgery, with marked improvement of clinical signs after TPE. The dog was ultimately diagnosed with a thymic carcinoma. The third dog had a positive acetylcholine antibody titer and was ultimately diagnosed with hemangiosarcoma (spleen and liver) and invasive mediastinal thymoma. This dog developed severe pneumonia, was ventilator dependent, and died of multiple organ dysfunction. No immediate complications were observed secondary to TPE. All 3 dogs were concurrently treated with either immunosuppressive agents, anticholinesterase drugs, or both.

New or unique information provided

The use of TPE in dogs with MG appears to be well tolerated and safe. It may be a reasonable adjunct therapy to acetylcholinesterase drugs in cases that are not responding to medical management alone. Therapeutic plasma exchange might also be considered preoperatively to prevent postoperative complications in dogs with severe MG, although further studies should be performed.
Implementation of a Smoking Cessation e‐Learning Education Program for Oncology Clinic Healthcare Providers: Evaluation With Implications for Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Chase Weihong , Zurmehly Joyce , Amaya Megan , Browning Kristine K.
Published: November 2020

Background

Continued smoking after a cancer diagnosis increases the risk for treatment complications, primary cancer recurrence, and secondary malignancy development, while also reducing treatment efficacy, survival, and overall health. The lack of formal evidence‐based smoking cessation education programs for oncology healthcare providers is a barrier to smoking cessation practices.

Purpose

To evaluate the use of an evidence‐based, smoking cessation e‐learning education program for oncology healthcare providers.

Methods

A single group, pre‐ and post‐test, nonexperimental design was used in this evidence‐based quality improvement project. To assess the provider’s knowledge in smoking cessation, a baseline assessment, a post‐test, and an online survey were completed by the providers. A telephone survey was conducted to assess the patients’ perception of cessation services received.

Results

The healthcare providers’ (N = 58) test scores on smoking cessation knowledge increased significantly (p < .0001) after completing the e‐learning education program. A majority of the providers reported that the education program increased their confidence (86%) in successfully helping the patient to quit smoking and agreed to make smoking cessation a priority (89%) in their practice. A majority of the patients (85%) were satisfied or extremely satisfied with the smoking cessation services received. Many patients (71%) self‐reported having tried to quit smoking.

Conclusion

An evidence‐based e‐learning education program is effective in increasing oncology healthcare providers’ knowledge and confidence in tobacco dependence treatment practices. The program also has a positive impact on oncology patients’ perception of cessation services received.

Linking Evidence to Action

A self‐paced e‐learning program is a feasible and effective way to educate healthcare providers in smoking cessation treatment. Incorporating evidence‐based tobacco dependence treatment into their daily oncology practice is warranted.
Autoeficacia y logro de aprendizaje en estudiantes con diferente estilo cognitivo en un ambiente m-learning
Authors: López Vargas Omar , Ortiz-Vásquez Juliana , Ibáñez-Ibáñez Jaime
Published: November 2020

Objetivo. Explorar los efectos de un andamiaje motivacional sobre el logro académico y la autoeficacia,tanto académica como online, en estudiantes con diferente estilo cognitivo en la dimensión Dependencia-Independencia de Campo (DIC), cuando aprenden contenidos matemáticos en un ambiente m-learning.Método. Participaron 56 estudiantes de educación secundaria de un colegio femenino público de la ciudadde Villavicencio, Colombia. La investigación siguió un diseño cuasi-experimental. Los participantes fuerondistribuidos de forma aleatoria en dos grupos: (a) un grupo de estudiantes interactuó con un ambientem-learning, el cual incluyó dentro de su estructura un andamiaje motivacional; y (b) otro grupo interactuó con un ambiente m-learning sin andamiaje. El estilo cognitivo de las estudiantes se determinó a través de pruebas y se aplicaron dos pos-test de autoeficacia. Resultados. El andamiaje favoreció tanto el logro académico como la autoeficacia académica y online de las estudiantes con diferente estilo cognitivo. Conclusión. Los datos evidenciaron que las estudiantes, en la dimensión DIC, lograron aprendizajes equivalentes debido al efecto del andamiaje motivacional que fue incluido en el ambiente m-learning. También fue posible establecer que tanto la autoeficacia académica como la autoeficacia online de los aprendices dependientes de campo favorecen el logro académico.
Caracterización del trastorno por videojuegos: ¿Una problemática emergente?
Authors: Sandoval-Obando Eduardo Enrique
Published: November 2020

Objetivo. Sistematizar la literatura actual disponible en torno a la caracterización del trastorno por videojuegos (VDJ), aportando a la comprensión de este fenómeno en el contexto latinoamericano y su incidencia en la población infanto-juvenil. Método. Se utilizó una revisión sistemática de literatura, de corte analítico. Como eje de búsqueda se consideraron las categorías: (a) uso de las TIC, (b) videojuegos, (c) adicción y (d) trastorno por videojuegos, de acuerdo con estudios publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar, teniendo como referencia el DSM-V y CIE-11. Resultados. Las manifestaciones clínicas descritas para su uso adictivo son aún heterogéneas. También, se pudo observar que, cuanto más temprano se empieza, mayor será la frecuencia de su uso en edades posteriores, lo que aumenta las conductas de riesgo en el futuro y su incidencia en el tiempo de ocio y la recreación cotidiana. Conclusión. Los efectos que puede generar el uso problemático de dispositivos tecnológicos en el desarrollo de las personas, se contrapone al uso de los VDJ en el tratamiento de diversos trastornos como en el plano educativo. Adicionalmente, se reafirma el desafío de construir saberes e investigaciones multidisciplinares en torno al uso problemático de estos dispositivos.
Efectos psicológicos de la literatura en mujeres de un club de lectura en Medellín
Authors: Uribe Aramburo Nicolás Ignacio
Published: November 2020

Objetivo. Evidenciar el efecto psicológico de un club de lectura, el cual promueve el desarrollo personal(incluidos los aspectos cognitivos), los procesos de simbolización, la resignificación de la historia de vida, elreconocimiento y el empoderamiento de las mujeres y sus derechos en los contextos familiar, comunitario,político y social. Método. Se empleó la teoría fundamentada y estrategias de recolección, como la entrevistasemiestructurada y los grupos focales, para el análisis de datos cualitativo. Resultados. Los hallazgos revelaron siete efectos psicológicos derivados de la experiencia de un club de mujeres que leen, escriben y dialogan acerca de grandes obras literarias producidas por escritoras latinoamericanas, sus roles y representaciones estéticas sobre la mujer en la sociedad, así como temas con el ser mujer, la desigualdad, la marginación y la sensación de soledad. Conclusión. Se adoptó la última perspectiva de la psicología social y se retomaron los conceptos de simbolización y soborno estético para establecer una analogía entre las funciones de este club y las psicoterapias; de esta manera, fue posible dar cuenta de la importancia de estos espacios culturales en el desarrollo personal, comunitario, político y social de las mujeres que integran el club de lectura.
Variables predictoras del compromiso laboral y académico en trabajadores y estudiantes de una universidad peruana
Authors: Martínez-Uribe Patricia , Cassaretto-Bardales Mónica , Tavera-Palomino Mariela
Published: November 2020

Objetivo. Analizar las variables personales, psicológicas y laborales o académicas que predicen el compromiso en trabajadores (docentes y administrativos) y estudiantes de una universidad peruana. El estudio 1 analiza el compromiso laboral, y el estudio 2, el compromiso académico. Método. En el estudio participaron 512 trabajadores y 1078 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú. A todos se les administró el SF-36, las escalas de Afectividad y Florecimiento que evalúan bienestar, la UWES-9 laboral o académica y la Escala de Eficacia Profesional del MBI para trabajadores y la de Autoeficacia Académica para los estudiantes. Resultados. Las variables predictoras más significativas del compromiso laboral fueron satisfacción con el trabajo (β = 0.34, p < 0.001), eficacia profesional (β = 0.21, p < 0.001) y florecimiento (β = 0.21, p < 0.001), y las del compromiso académico, satisfacción con la carrera (β = 0.35, p < 0.001), florecimiento (β = 0.33, p < 0.001) y autoeficacia académica (β = 0.19, p < 0.001). Conclusión. Las variables predictoras del compromiso fueron similares en ambos estudios. Destacan la satisfacción con el trabajo o la carrera, la autoeficacia y el florecimiento, que es la dimensión del bienestar que supone una vida con sentido, caracterizada por la presencia de vínculos positivos y gratificantes.
Electrical characteristics, stability, electromigration, Joule heating, and reliability aspect of focused ion beam fabricated gold and copper nanobar interconnects on SiO2 and glass substrates
Authors: Singh Abhishek Kumar , Kumar Jitendra
Published: November 2020

The electrical characteristics and stability of rectangular nanobar interconnects are investigated owing to their importance and reliability concern in electronic devices. One dimensional gold and copper nanobars (cross section 150–180 × 80–150 nm2 and length 3.0–5.0 μm), fabricated by milling of respective thin films with a 30 keV Ga+ ion probe (size 10–20 nm) at a current of ∼1 nA, are studied for their current bearing capacity and temperature profile caused by Joule heating. The temperature attained is shown to depend on the length with a maximum lying at the bar center. The electromigration of species (drift velocity for gold being ∼0.92 nm/s) forms void and induces breakage in the bar at a current density of ∼1011 A m−2. The phenomenon is governed by the bar length, prevailing temperature gradient, crystal defects, and grain boundaries. The thermo-migration process facilitates or impedes the electromigration effects depending upon the direction of the thermal gradient and electric field. The I–V characteristics of a gold bar with a gap of ∼44 nm under a vacuum of ∼10−6 mbar follow a classical Child–Langmuir V3/2 law in the voltage range of 10–45 V, but the copper electrodes with a large gap of ∼250 nm (created by ion milling) demonstrate V0.05-dependence up to 32 V, V1/2-law at 39–58 V, and Fowler–Nordheim emission [with an effective area of 1600 nm2 and a field enhancement factor of 8.1] above 66 V.