bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on absorption and metabolism of palatinose (isomaltulose) in rats
Authors: Tonouchi Hidekazu , Yamaji Taketo , Uchida Masayuki , Koganei Megumi , Sasayama Akina , Kaneko Tetsuo , Urita Yoshihisa , Okuno Masahiro , Suzuki Kouji , Kashimura Jun , Sasaki Hajime
Published: September 2010

We evaluated the absorption and metabolism of palatinose in rats by the carbohydrate load test and the 13C- and H2-breath tests. We compared the results of these tests with those of sucrose, since sucrose is an isomer of palatinose and generally known to be degraded and absorbed from the small intestine. In the carbohydrate load test, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels after oral administration of palatinose rose more gradually and reached a maximum that was lower than that after sucrose administration. In the 13C-breath test, rats were orally administrated [1-13C]sucrose or [1-13C]palatinose and housed in a chamber. The expired air in the chamber was collected, and the level of 13CO2 in the expired air was measured at appropriate intervals for 360 min. The value of time taken to reach the maximum concentration for expired 13CO2 from [1-13Cglucose] ([1-13Cglc]) and [1-13Cfructose] ([1-13Cfru]) palatinose was significantly longer than that from [1-13Cglc] and [1-13Cfru]sucrose, respectively. The value of area under the curve (AUC) for [1-13Cglc]palatinose was larger than that for [1-13Cglc]sucrose, but AUC for [1-13Cfru] showed no difference between palatinose and sucrose. In the H2-breath test, the concentration of H2 in the expired air was measured for 420 min. H2 was hardly detected with both palatinose and sucrose and no significant difference was observed between the two groups. These results suggest that palatinose is utilised in vivo at a rate equal to that of sucrose.
Genoprotective effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in human subjects: results of a controlled supplementation trial
Authors: Han K. C. , Wong W. C. , Benzie Iris F. F.
Published: September 2010

Green tea is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants and has widely reported but largely unsubstantiated health benefits. In the present study, genoprotective effects of two types of green tea were studied both in an in vitro and in a human supplementation trial. For the in vitro study, human lymphocytes were pre-incubated in tea (0·005–0·1 %, w/v), washed and subjected to oxidant challenge induced by H2O2. In a placebo-controlled, cross-over supplementation study, eighteen healthy volunteers took 2 × 150 ml/d of 1 % (w/v) green tea (‘Longjing’ green tea or ‘screw-shaped’ green tea) or water (control) for 4 weeks (n 6). Subjects took all the three treatments in a random order, with 6 weeks' washout between each treatment. Fasting blood and urine were collected before and after each treatment. The comet assay was used to measure the resistance of lymphocytic DNA to H2O2-induced challenge. Basal oxidation-induced DNA damage was measured using the formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) enzyme-assisted comet assay. Urine 7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG, mol/mmol creatinine), a biomarker of whole-body oxidative stress, was measured by liquid chromatography with tandem MS. In vitro testing results of tea-treated cells showed increased (P < 0·05) resistance of DNA to the challenge. In the supplementation trial, a significant (P < 0·05) increase in resistance was also observed. Furthermore, the FPg comet data showed >20 % decrease in DNA damage with tea supplementation: mean and standard deviation changes in %DNA in comet tail in the Fpg-assisted comet assay were: − 5·96 (sd 3·83) % after Longjing tea; − 6·22 (sd 3·34) % after screw-shaped tea; +0·91 (sd 5·79) % after water (P < 0·05). No significant changes in urine 8-oxodG were seen. The results indicate that green tea has significant genoprotective effects and provide evidence for green tea as a ‘functional food’.
Influences on the quality of young children's diets: the importance of maternal food choices
Authors: Fisk Catherine M. , Crozier Sarah R. , Inskip Hazel M. , Godfrey Keith M. , Cooper Cyrus , Robinson Siân M. ,   The Southampton Women's Survey Study Group
Published: September 2010

It is recognised that eating habits established in early childhood may track into adult life. Developing effective interventions to promote healthier patterns of eating throughout the life course requires a greater understanding of the diets of young children and the factors that influence early dietary patterns. In a longitudinal UK cohort study, we assessed the diets of 1640 children at age 3 years using an interviewer-administered FFQ and examined the influence of maternal and family factors on the quality of the children's diets. To describe dietary quality, we used a principal components analysis-defined pattern of foods that is consistent with healthy eating recommendations. This was termed a ‘prudent’ diet pattern and was characterised by high intakes of fruit, vegetables and wholemeal bread, but by low intakes of white bread, confectionery, chips and roast potatoes. The key influence on the quality of the children's diets was the quality of their mother's diets; alone it accounted for almost a third of the variance in child's dietary quality. Mothers who had better-quality diets, which complied with dietary recommendations, were more likely to have children with comparable diets. This relationship remained strong even after adjustment for all other factors considered, including maternal educational attainment, BMI and smoking, and the child's birth order and the time spent watching television. Our data provide strong evidence of shared family patterns of diet and suggest that interventions to improve the quality of young women's diets could be effective in improving the quality of their children's diets.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND OBESITY IN EGYPTIAN WOMEN
Authors: YOUNT KATHRYN M. , LI LI
Published: September 2010

Domestic violence and obesity are global public health problems. This study explores associations of domestic violence and obesity in 5015 ever-married, non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years who took part in the 2005 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Women's mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.4 kg/m2, and 48% were obese. Thirty-seven per cent reported any prior psychological, physical or sexual domestic violence. Compared with their counterparts, the adjusted odds of being obese were marginally higher among women who reported any prior sexual (aOR=1.31), physical or sexual (aOR=1.18), or psychological, physical or sexual (aOR=1.17) domestic violence. Women who experienced severe or repeated domestic violence – as measured by reported exposure to three or more acts of physical (aOR=1.25), psychological or physical (aOR=1.18), physical or sexual (aOR=1.36), and psychological, physical or sexual (aOR=1.26) domestic violence – had higher adjusted odds of being obese. Marginally significant adjusted dose–response relationships remained between obesity and the number of specific acts of: (1) physical or sexual violence and (2) psychological, physical or sexual domestic violence. Obesity among women in poorer settings like Egypt may partly have its roots in gender subordination, as manifested in women's exposure to multiple acts of domestic violence.
Turbulence measurements using a nanoscale thermal anemometry probe
Authors: BAILEY SEAN C. C. , KUNKEL GARY J. , HULTMARK MARCUS , VALLIKIVI MARGIT , HILL JEFFREY P. , MEYER KARL A. , TSAY CANDICE , ARNOLD CRAIG B. , SMITS ALEXANDER J.
Published: September 2010

A nanoscale thermal anemometry probe (NSTAP) has been developed to measure velocity fluctuations at ultra-small scales. The sensing element is a free-standing platinum nanoscale wire, 100 nm × 2 μm × 60 μm, suspended between two current-carrying contacts and the sensor is an order of magnitude smaller than presently available commercial hot wires. The probe is constructed using standard semiconductor and MEMS manufacturing methods, which enables many probes to be manufactured simultaneously. Measurements were performed in grid-generated turbulence and compared to conventional hot-wire probes with a range of sensor lengths. The results demonstrate that the NSTAP behaves similarly to conventional hot-wire probes but with better spatial resolution and faster temporal response. The results are used to investigate spatial filtering effects, including the impact of spatial filtering on the probability density of velocity and velocity increment statistics.
Illegal harvesting affects the success of fishing closure areas
Authors: Martins Gustavo M. , Jenkins Stuart R. , Hawkins Stephen J. , Neto Ana I. , Medeiros André R. , Thompson Richard C.
Published: September 2010

There is clear evidence that marine reserves can be used as effective tools to foster the recovery of disturbed ecosystems. In the Azores, intense exploitation of the patellid limpets Patella candei and P. aspera has led to a rapid decline in their populations and subsequent collapse of the fishery in 1985. In 1993, legislation was passed to protect limpets, including the establishment of limpet protected zones (LPZs) where harvesting was completely prohibited. Outside LPZs, a seasonal fishing closure prohibited the harvesting of limpets from October to May. Here we examine the effect of such measures 16 years after they were put into practice. In each of the 3 years examined, limpet density, biomass and size were generally similar both inside and outside the LPZs. In addition, there were clear signs of exploitation as most individual limpets inside the LPZ were smaller than the legal catch size suggesting that illegal harvesting was taking place. Observations confirmed that illegal harvesting of limpets was common both inside and outside LPZs. Lack of enforcement of regulations is therefore a likely reason for the failure of legislation to protect limpet populations and facilitate stock recovery.
Batea aldebaranaesp. nov. (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Bateidae) from the coast of Belize with redescriptions of two related species
Authors: Coleman Charles Oliver
Published: September 2010

The new speciesBatea aldebaranaefrom the coast of Belize is described and distinguished from the similar speciesBatea cuspidata(Shoemaker, 1926) andBatea carinata(Shoemaker, 1926). Characteristic for the new species are: additional set of dorsolateral teeth on pleonites 1–2; pereopod 1 second article small, scale-like; propodus of pereopod 7 elongate, dactylus shortened and telson shallowly cleft.
Spatial patterns and seasonal fluctuations of intertidal macroalgal assemblages from Tarifa Island, southern Spain: relationship with associated Crustacea
Authors: Guerra-García José M. , Cabezas M. Pilar , Baeza-Rojano Elena , García-Gómez J. Carlos
Published: September 2010

The dominant intertidal algal species from Tarifa Island, Strait of Gibraltar, together with the associated peracarid crustacean community, were studied over a two-year period (December 2005–December 2007). Gelidium corneum and Gymnogongrus patens were dominant at the lower levels, close to the subtidal. Valonia utricularis, Osmundea pinnatifida, a turf of Caulacanthus ustulatus and Gelidium spp., Corallina elongata and Jania rubens were distributed in intermediate levels, while Ulva rigida, Chaetomorpha aerea and Fucus spiralis were collected from upper levels. The main intertidal seaweeds of Tarifa Island showed a perennial behaviour, but maximum values of biomass were registered during late spring and beginning of summer for most of species while the highest seawater temperatures were measured in late summer and beginning of autumn. Corallina elongata and Jania rubens, the dominant species which shared a niche at platforms of intermediate levels, showed an opposite behaviour, probably to avoid competence: C. elongata showed higher biomass in April–June and lower values in August–October–December, while biomass of J. rubens was higher in December–February and lower in April–August. Associated crustaceans, including mainly amphipods (gammarids and caprellids) were also present throughout the whole year with similar seasonality to seaweeds. However, crustacean density in the intertidal was not only influenced by distribution of algae as substrate, but also by external factors, such as hydrodynamism, oxygen, weather conditions, competition or predation. The present study constitutes the first baseline study dealing with seasonal fluctuations of algae and associated crustaceans in a protected area of the Strait of Gibraltar, an important biogeographical zone between Europe and Africa and the Mediterranean and Atlantic.
The eggs and hatchlings of the octopusRobsonella fontaniana(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)
Authors: Ortiz Nicolás , Ré María Edith
Published: September 2010

Very little is known about the life history ofRobsonella fontaniana. In particular, there are no descriptions of the early life stages that enable correct identification of samples taken from the wild. In this work, eggs and hatchlings are described from egg clutches obtained in the field with brooding females and incubated until hatching. Individual eggs exhibited marked differences in stages of embryonic development within egg clutches or even within a single egg string. For one clutch collected at early stages of embryonic development, embryogenesis took 91 days at 11.5 °C and for a second clutch at intermediate developmental stages it took 68 days at 11 °C and 39 days at 14 °C. For the later clutch the hatching period lasts 25 days at 14 °C. The eggs and paralarvae were small, with an egg length of 3.9–5.2 mm, a dorsal mantle length of 2–3 mm and a total paralarvae length of 3.4–6.0 mm. Chromatophore shape and distribution presented a very distinctive pattern. Characteristics of the eggs, egg strings and paralarvae make it possible to distinguish the early stagesof R. fontanianafrom those of other octopodid species found off the Atlantic coast of Patagonia.
Kraepelin's concept of psychiatric illness
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Jablensky A.
Published: September 2010

Emil Kraepelin fundamentally shaped our current psychiatric nosology. Although much has been written about his diagnostic formulations, less is known about his views on the fundamental nature of psychiatric illness and the goals of psychiatric nosology. We focus on his writings from 1896 to 1903 but also review his inaugural lecture in Dorpat in 1887 and his last two papers, published in 1919–1920. Kraepelin hoped for a ‘natural’ classification of psychiatric illness but realized that the level of etiologic knowledge required to undergird this effort was not feasible in his own lifetime. This did not stop him, however, from developing a pragmatic approach based on his clinical method of careful description with detailed follow-up, coupled with the available fallible tools of pathological anatomy and, by 1919, genetics and biochemistry. Kraepelin saw psychiatric disorders as multifactorial, arising from the difficult to untangle action and interaction of internal and external causes. He was aware of the problem of defining the boundaries of illness and health but knew this was not unique to psychiatry. Contrary to his stereotype, he was sensitive to the importance of personality factors in psychiatric illness and advocated for their investigation. He also recognized the limitations of his ‘clinical method’ and was especially critical of classifications based on single prominent symptoms. Ultimately, Kraepelin was a skeptical realist when it came to psychiatric nosology. His goal of developing a consistent ‘natural’ classification of the major mental disorders has yet to be attained, but his ‘research agenda’ remains central to psychiatry to the present day.
Positive symptoms and white matter microstructure in never-medicated first episode schizophrenia
Authors: Cheung V. , Chiu C. P. Y. , Law C. W. , Cheung C. , Hui C. L. M. , Chan K. K. S. , Sham P. C. , Deng M. Y. , Tai K. S. , Khong P.-L. , McAlonan G. M. , Chua S.-E. , Chen E.
Published: September 2010

Background

We investigated cerebral structural connectivity and its relationship to symptoms in never-medicated individuals with first-onset schizophrenia using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Method

We recruited subjects with first episode DSM-IV schizophrenia who had never been exposed to antipsychotic medication (n=34) and age-matched healthy volunteers (n=32). All subjects received DTI and structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. Patients' symptoms were assessed on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Voxel-based analysis was performed to investigate brain regions where fractional anisotropy (FA) values significantly correlated with symptom scores.

Results

In patients with first-episode schizophrenia, positive symptoms correlated positively with FA scores in white matter associated with the right frontal lobe, left anterior cingulate gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, right middle cingulate gyrus, and left cuneus. Importantly, FA in each of these regions was lower in patients than controls, but patients with more positive symptoms had FA values closer to controls. We found no significant correlations between FA and negative symptoms.

Conclusions

The newly-diagnosed, neuroleptic-naive patients had lower FA scores in the brain compared with controls. There was positive correlation between FA scores and positive symptoms scores in frontotemporal tracts, including left fronto-occipital fasciculus and left inferior longitudinal fasciculus. This implies that white matter dysintegrity is already present in the pre-treatment phase and that FA is likely to decrease after clinical treatment or symptom remission.
The use of well controls: an unhealthy practice in psychiatric research
Authors: Schwartz S. , Susser E.
Published: September 2010

Background

Studies comparing cases with controls to uncover the causes of psychiatric disorders are common in biological research. The validity of these studies depends upon adherence to the methodological principles underlying the case-control design. However, these principles are often violated. One common practice that violates these principles is the use of well controls. In this paper we describe the bias that it can cause and discuss why the use of well controls leads to invalidity in case-control studies.

Method

Using hypothetical numerical examples we illustrate the consequences of using well controls.

Results

The results illustrate that the use of well controls can cause substantial bias. In no instance does the use of well controls improve validity.

Conclusions

We conclude that the use of well controls is an unhealthy practice in psychiatric research.
Relationship between cognitive functioning and 6-month clinical and functional outcome in patients with first manic episode bipolar I disorder
Authors: Torres I. J. , DeFreitas C. M. , DeFreitas V. G. , Bond D. J. , Kunz M. , Honer W. G. , Lam R. W. , Yatham L. N.
Published: September 2010

Background

Although cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder have been associated with diminished functional outcome, this relationship has been studied primarily through cross-sectional designs, and has not been studied in patients early in the course of illness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of cognitive functioning on longitudinal 6-month functional and clinical outcome in recently diagnosed clinically stable patients with bipolar disorder.

Method

A total of 53 recently diagnosed patients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder type I were assessed within 3 months of their first manic episode using a neuropsychological battery measuring verbal/pre-morbid intellectual functioning, learning/memory, spatial/non-verbal reasoning, attention/processing speed and executive function. Functional outcome was assessed at baseline and 6 months using the Multidimensional Scale of Independent Functioning (MSIF) and DSM-IV Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). Clinical outcome was assessed with symptom ratings and by monitoring onset of new mood episodes.

Results

Memory, particularly verbal learning/memory, was robustly associated with 6-month functional outcome on the MSIF, even after partialling out the influence of mood symptoms and substance abuse co-morbidity. Depression ratings at 6 months, but not cognitive variables, were associated with 6-month GAF scores. Cognitive functioning was not associated with 6-month clinical outcome.

Conclusions

Memory was associated with 6-month longitudinal functional but not clinical outcome in recently diagnosed patients with bipolar disorder. These data further support the distinction between clinical and functional outcome, and emphasize the need for identification of, and development of treatments for, cognitive impairments early in the course of bipolar disorder.
Theoreticians' obligation of transparency: when parsimony, reflexivity, transparency and reciprocity meet
Authors: ISH-SHALOM PIKI
Published: September 2010

One way to describe the role of the social sciences (international relations included) is by relating to its function of rendering the social world transparent. This is a major conception of moral significance. The social world is a world of moral subjects. To render this world of moral subjects transparent involves exposing the inner states of the human mind. Moreover, according to the moral principle of reciprocity, those who make others transparent should be also transparent themselves. Furthermore, as facts do not order themselves objectively into parsimonious theory, the social scientist requires an extra-theoretical mechanism to classify and filter out data on the way to constructing theory. This extra-mechanism comprises the scientist'sa prioriassumptions of normative, ontological, and epistemological types:a prioriassumptions that constitute the inner states of the theoretician's mind and necessarily precede theory. It is argued here that according to the moral and social principle of reciprocity, theoreticians have an individual and communal moral obligation to ensure that theory and theorising are transparent; an obligation attainable and preceded by strong individual and communal reflexivity. The extra-theoretical mechanism, and especially the ideological inclinations and normative convictions of theoreticians that allows parsimonious theory to be constructed from unbounded social complexity, should be made visible to the public.
Transfer effects in the interpretation of definite articles by Spanish heritage speakers
Authors: MONTRUL SILVINA , IONIN TANIA
Published: September 2010

This study investigates the role of transfer from the stronger language by focusing on the interpretation of definite articles in Spanish and English by Spanish heritage speakers (i.e., minority language-speaking bilinguals) residing in the U.S., where English is the majority language. Spanish plural NPs with definite articles can express generic reference (Los elefantes tienen colmillos de marfil), or specific reference (Los elefantes de este zoológico son marrones). English plurals with definite articles can only have specific reference (The elephants in this zoo are brown), while generic reference is expressed with bare plural NPs (Elephants have ivory tusks). Furthermore, the Spanish definite article is preferred in inalienable possession constructions (Pedro levantó la mano“Peter raised the hand”), whereas in English the use of a definite article typically means that the body part belongs to somebody else (alienable possession). Twenty-three adult Spanish heritage speakers completed three tasks in Spanish (acceptability judgment, truth-value judgment, and picture–sentence matching tasks) and the same three tasks in English. Results show that the Spanish heritage speakers exhibited transfer from English into Spanish with the interpretation of definite articles in generic but not in inalienable possession contexts. Implications of this finding for the field of heritage language research and for theories of article semantics are discussed.
Violence and humanitarian action in urban areas: new challenges, new approaches
Authors: Harroff-Tavel Marion
Published: September 2010

A number of states are faced with the challenge of ensuring the harmonious development of rapidly expanding cities and of offering a growing population public services worthy of the name in the fields of security, health, and education. That challenge is even more difficult and more pressing because violence may erupt (hunger riots, clashes between territorial gangs or ethnic communities, acts of xenophobic violence directed against migrants, and so on) – violence that does not generally escalate to the point of becoming an armed conflict but that is murderous nevertheless.

On the basis of the experience of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of its partners, as well as reports by academic specialists, this article describes the vulnerability of the poorest and of migrants in urban areas. It presents the difficulties with which humanitarian organizations, which are often accustomed to working in rural areas, have to contend. Lastly, it describes innovative responses, from which much can be learned: income-generating micro-projects, aid in the form of cash or vouchers, urban agriculture, and the establishment of violence-prevention or health-promotion programmes to protect those affected by armed violence in disadvantaged areas.
Konzepte in der LRS-Therapie
Authors: von Suchodoletz Waldemar
Published: September 2010

Zur Therapie von Kindern mit einer Lese-Rechtschreibstörung stehen zahlreiche Behandlungsverfahren zur Verfügung, die auf ganz unterschiedlichen Konzepten beruhen. Grundsätzlich lassen sich symptomatische von kausalen Therapieansätzen abgrenzen. Zu den symptomatischen Behandlungsmethoden zählen Förderprogramme, mit denen nach lerntheoretisch fundierten Prinzipien Lesen und Schreiben bzw. deren Vorläuferfertigkeiten trainiert werden. Vertreter kausaler Therapiemethoden versprechen tiefgreifende und anhaltende Behandlungserfolge, da die Ursache des Versagens beim Schriftspracherwerb beseitigt werde. Zu den kausalen Methoden zählen Behandlungsangebote, bei denen psychische Grundfunktionen gefördert werden. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass auditive, visuelle, kinästhetische oder motorische Defizite bzw. Schwächen bei der Koordination von Hirnregionen der LRS zugrunde liegen. Andere kausale Behandlungsverfahren gehen von Lernblockaden oder körperlichen bzw. psychischen Grundstörungen aus. Im Beitrag wird ein Überblick über im deutschsprachigen Raum angebotene Therapiekonzepte und darauf beruhende Behandlungsmethoden gegeben. Interventionsstudien zur Effektivität der einzelnen Therapieangebote werden referiert und Charakteristika von Therapieverfahren, die sich als effektiv erwiesen haben, herausgearbeitet. Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass nur für symptomatische, nicht aber für kausale Behandlungsansätze Belege für eine spezifische Wirksamkeit vorliegen.
Topographic steering, flow recirculation, velocity redistribution, and bed topography in sharp meander bends
Authors: Blanckaert K.
Published: September 2010

The bed topography and associated flow field are investigated in a laboratory configuration with parameters that are representative for sharp natural meander bends. Zones of inward mass transport are characterized by a quasi‐linear transverse bed profile, whereas zones of outward mass transport, induced by pronounced curvature variations, are characterized by a quasi‐horizontal shallow point bar at the inside of the bend, a deep pool at the outside, and an increase in overall cross‐sectional area. These quasi‐bilinear bed profiles can be attributed to the curvature‐induced secondary flow that is confined to the pool. Topographic steering, mainly due to mass conservation, concentrates the major part of the discharge over the deepest zones of the bend. But the pattern of depth‐averaged velocities, which is relevant with respect to the development of the bed topography, does not show maximum values over the deepest zones. A term‐by‐term analysis of the depth‐averaged streamwise momentum equation reveals that the water surface gradient is the principal mechanism with respect to flow velocity redistribution, although inertia and secondary flow are also processes of dominant order of magnitude. A required condition for the occurrence of adverse pressure gradients and flow recirculation due to planform curvature variations is established. A different type of flow recirculation, due to a subtle feedback between the flow and the bed topography, occurs over the point bar. The neglect of the influence of vertical velocities impinging on the bed in models for sediment transport is identified as a major shortcoming in the modeling of the morphodynamics of meandering river channels.
Simulating field‐scale moisture flow using a combined power‐averaging and tensorial connectivity‐tortuosity approach
Authors: Zhang Z. Fred , Khaleel Raziuddin
Published: September 2010

Various methods have been developed over the past 3 decades to estimate effective unsaturated hydraulic properties. We developed an alternative practical approach to estimate three‐dimensional effective unsaturated hydraulic conductivity via a combined power‐averaging and tensorial connectivity‐tortuosity (PA‐TCT) model. An application of the PA‐TCT model to data collected at a field injection site suggests that the model provides a reasonable framework for upscaling core‐scale measurements as well as an accurate simulation of moisture flow in a heterogeneous vadose zone. The heterogeneous media at the injection site are composed of multiple geologic units, each of which is represented by an anisotropic equivalent homogeneous medium (EHM). The directional effective hydraulic conductivity for each anisotropic EHM was determined by upscaling the laboratory‐measured hydraulic properties with the combined PA‐TCT approach. A larger difference between the power values in the horizontal and vertical directions indicates a larger macroscopic anisotropy in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. A moment analysis was used to quantify the center of mass and the spread of the injected water. Numerical simulations showed that, if the flow domain was treated as being isotropic, the vertical migration was significantly overestimated while the lateral movement was underestimated. To the contrary, if the media were treated as layered, the lateral moisture movement was considerably overestimated while the vertical movement was underestimated. However, when the flow domain was modeled as being mildly anisotropic with the PA‐TCT‐based parameters, the model could successfully predict the moisture flow and the simulated plume matched best the center of mass and the spread of the injected water of the observed moisture plume.
Continental‐scale erosion and transport laws: A new approach to quantitatively investigate macroscale landscapes and associated sediment fluxes over the geological past
Authors: Simoes Martine , Braun Jean , Bonnet Stéphane
Published: September 2010

Although critical to a variety of issues in Earth Sciences, paleotopography remains poorly constrained over the geological past. Indeed, sediments preserve a record of the history of the Earth surface, but deconvolving these archives remains a challenge in the absence of a proper quantification of surface processes at the large spatial and temporal resolution imposed by these data. To solve for this, we propose a set of simple bedrock erosion and sediment transport laws that apply over large spatial (∼100 km) and temporal (∼1–10 Ma) scales. These laws are tested in light of physical experiments of landscape evolution under different tectonic and climatic forcings and are calibrated using present‐day large‐scale Earth topography and sediment fluxes in rivers. We subsequently implement these processes into a numerical code, TopoSed, that is able to predict the evolution of macroscale topography, sediment fluxes, paleogeographies, and bedrock exhumation given a tectonic and climatic input scenario. The results of such simulations can be directly compared to sedimentary or thermochronological data to test the plausibility of the input tectonics and predicted topography. A series of tests on the sensitivity of such predictions to the uncertainties on input parameters shows that it should be possible from sedimentary data to invert for paleouplift rates and also for paleotopographies during periods covering major tectonic or climatic events. Although this code is meant to be refined in the future as we improve our understanding of surface processes at these macroscales, TopoSed provides a powerful tool to put constraints on past geodynamic processes, such as dynamic topography, by extracting quantitative information on the evolution of the Earth surface from sedimentary data.
Introduction to the special section on Chorus: Chorus and its role in space weather
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T. , Horne Richard B. , Pickett Jolene S. , Santolik Ondrej , Schriver David , Verkhoglyadova Olga P.
Published: September 2010

Chorus, a naturally occurring magnetospheric electromagnetic wave, is believed to be the result of a long chain of physical processes starting with supergranular circulation at the sun. The interaction of chorus with energetic electrons produces ∼ MeV “killer” electrons that can disable Earth orbiting spacecraft.
Effect of plant uptake strategy on the water−optimal root depth
Authors: Guswa A. J.
Published: September 2010

The depth of plant roots depends on a variety of conditions, including soil properties, vegetation type, nutrient availability, and climate. A water‐optimal root depth is determined by equating the marginal carbon cost of deeper roots with the benefit of those roots to continued transpiration. This work compares the effect of two bounding strategies of plant uptake, conservative and intensive, on the water‐optimal root depth and the response of that depth to changes in precipitation. While there are some differences between the models, both indicate similar responses of root depth to climate. The deepest roots are found in climates for which precipitation and potential transpiration are approximately equal, and root depths are more sensitive to changes in precipitation depth than frequency under dry conditions and more sensitive to rainfall frequency when the climate is wet. For all climate conditions, the water‐optimal root depth is deeper and mean transpiration is lower when plant uptake is represented by the conservative model. These results highlight the explanatory power of water with respect to root depth and identify potential effects of a changing climate.
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II
Authors:   IUPAC
Published: September 2010

Chemical nomenclature has attracted attention since the beginning of chemistry, when the need to exchange knowledge was first recognised. The responsibility for providing nomenclature to the chemical community was assigned to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, whose Rules for Inorganic Nomenclature were published and revised in 1958 and 1970. Since then many new compounds have appeared, particularly with regard to coordination chemistry and boron chemistry, which were difficult to name using the 1970 Rules. Consequently, the IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry decided to thoroughly revise the last edition of the 'Red Book'. As many of the new fields of chemistry are very highly specialised and require complex nomenclature, the revised edition is in two parts. Whilst Part I is mainly concerned with general inorganic chemistry, this volume, Part II, addresses such diverse chemistry as polyanions, isotopic modification, tetrapyrroles, nitrogen hydrides, inorganic ring, chain, polymer, and graphite intercalation compounds. The recommendations bring order to the nomenclature of these specialised systems, based on the fundamental nomenclature described in Part I and the organic nomenclature publications. Each chapter has been subject to extensive review by members of IUPAC and practising chemists in various areas.
Streamer-induced transport in the presence of trapped ion modes in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Ghizzo A. , Del Sarto D. , Garbet X. , Sarazin Y.
Published: September 2010

Global gyrokinetic Vlasov simulations for trapped ion modes are performed by solving a Vlasov equation averaged over the cyclotron and bounce motions of trapped ions. The distribution function, for trapped ions, is then calculated in a two-dimensional phase space, parametrized by the longitudinal action (energy) and the magnetic moment in presence of magnetic shear. The physical mechanism of the saturation processes between streamerlike structures and zonal flows in relation to the suppression of turbulent transport is discussed. The magnetic shear is identified to play a key role in the dominant streamer-induced transport regime, which exhibits a Bohm-like scaling. The interaction of streamerlike structures with plasma turbulence is shown to produce the inverse cascade that condenses onto long-wavelength trapped ion structures, on the basis on wave triad interactions.
The Bianchi VIII model is neither global analytic nor Darboux integrable
Authors: Llibre Jaume , Valls Clàudia
Published: September 2010

We consider the Bianchi VIII model. This model has been studied during these past years but very few are known up to now on its integrability. We show that the Bianchi VIII system has neither a global analytic first integral nor a Darboux first integral, which is not a function of its Hamiltonian.
Coercivity anomaly in the superferromagnetic state of an ensemble of nanoparticles with oriented anisotropy
Authors: Timopheev A. A. , Kalita V. M. , Ryabchenko S. M. , Lozenko A. F. , Trotsenko P. A. , Los A. V. , Munakata M.
Published: September 2010

An anomalous angular dependence of the coercive field of physically nonpercolated granular CoFeB–SiO2 films with oriented anisotropy of the granules, where the presence of the superferromagnetic phase has been established earlier, is observed experimentally at temperatures above the blocking temperature. The angular dependence of the coercive field is similar to that typically observed in the case of magnetization reversal through an inhomogeneous magnetic state of single granules in the ensemble. As the temperature becomes lower than the blocking temperature, the angular dependence changes to that typical of the magnetization reversal through a coherent rotation of granules’ magnetic moments. It is shown theoretically that the anomaly is determined by a singularity of the angular dependence of the critical field causing the absolute loss of the superferromagnetic phase stability in the ensemble of weakly interacting ferromagnetic nanoparticles.
Size saturation in low energy ion beam synthesized nanoparticles in silica glass: 50 keV Ag− ions implantation, a case study
Authors: Kuiri P. K.
Published: September 2010

Fluence-dependent formation of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in silica glass by 50 keV Ag− ions implantation has been studied. Samples implanted with fluences of 2×1016 ions cm−2 and above are found to show an absorption band at around 410 nm, corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the Ag NPs in silica glass. An increase in SPR peak intensity with increase in fluence has been observed up to a fluence of 7×1016 ions cm−2 (F7), after which the absorption intensity shows a saturation. Simulations of the optical absorption spectra also indicated an increase in the absorption intensity and hence the size of the NPs with increase in fluence up to F7, beyond which NP size is seen to saturate. The saturation of fluence and the SPR intensity (or NP size) have been explained as coming due to a break up of larger Ag NPs formed near the surface by displacement spikes induced by subsequently incident Ag ions against their regrowth from the movement of Ag atoms toward the surface and their sputtering loss. Further, we have compared our observations with the earlier data on saturation of fluence and size of NPs in cases of Au and Zn, and concluded that the saturation of both fluence and NP size are general phenomena for low energy high fluence metal ion implantation.
Field-induced hot-electron emission model for wide-band-gap semiconductor nanostructures
Authors: Zeng J. Z. , Deng S. Z. , She J. C. , He H. , Xu N. S.
Published: September 2010

For field emission from wide-band-gap semiconductor nanostructures, nonlinear plots on Fowler–Nordheim (FN) coordinates and unacceptably large field enhancement factors (βFN) are often obtained by fitting based on FN equation. In the present work, the field-induced hot-electron emission model is developed and is found to give theoretical findings consistent with the experimental observation. The hot electrons are produced by heating effect of penetration field into the emitting tip of the nanostructure. This energy is expressed by effective electron temperature Te, which is much higher than the temperature of bulk structure. By combining the effective electron temperature with thermal emission function and Murphy and Good integration function, the relation between emission current density and external field is derived and the field enhancement factor (βTe) can be calculated quantitatively. For evaluation of the theoretical model, ZnO nanostructure is selected as a concrete example. The results are found to agree with experiment findings. Extremely large field enhancement factor is not needed in our model and nonlinear property of saturation region emerges in nature in our calculation.
Simulations of dynamics of plunge and pitch of a three-dimensional flexible wing in a low Reynolds number flow
Authors: Qi Dewei , Liu Yingming , Shyy Wei , Aono Hikaru
Published: September 2010

The lattice Boltzmann flexible particle method (LBFPM) is used to simulate fluid-structure interaction and motion of a flexible wing in a three-dimensional space. In the method, a beam with rectangular cross section has been discretized into a chain of rigid segments. The segments are connected through ball and socket joints at their ends and may be bent and twisted. Deformation of flexible structure is treated with a linear elasticity model through bending and twisting. It is demonstrated that the flexible particle method (FPM) can approximate the nonlinear Euler–Bernoulli beam equation without resorting to a nonlinear elasticity model. Simulations of plunge and pitch of flexible wing at Reynolds number Re=136 are conducted in hovering condition by using the LBFPM. It is found that both lift and drag forces increase first, then decrease dramatically as the bending rigidity in spanwise direction decreases and that the lift and drag forces are sensitive to rigidity in a certain range. It is shown that the downwash flows induced by wing tip and trailing vortices in wake area are larger for a flexible wing than for a rigid wing, lead to a smaller effective angle of attack, and result in a larger lift force.
All-optical intensity modulation of near infrared light in a liquid crystal channel waveguide
Authors: d’Alessandro Antonio , Asquini Rita , Trotta Marco , Gilardi Giovanni , Beccherelli Romeo , Khoo Iam Choon
Published: September 2010

We demonstrate a nonlinear optical channel waveguide made of E7 nematic liquid crystal infiltrated in a silica on silicon groove. Near infrared light at the wavelength of 1560 nm fiber coupled to the core of the liquid crystal waveguide was optically modulated by an optical beam with power below 25 mW by exploiting the optical Freedericks transition. By modeling the optical molecular reorientation in the nematic liquid crystal confined in a waveguiding geometry we are able to reproduce the experimental results.
The effect of mode spacing on the speed of quantum-well microcavity lasers
Authors: Wu C. H. , Tan F. , Feng M. , Holonyak N.
Published: September 2010

Oxide-confined quantum-well microcavity vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) of three-diameters (aperture size dA∼2, 2.5, and 3.5 μm) have been fabricated that operate as nearly single-mode lasers at ultralow thresholds ITH=0.15, 0.16, and 0.20 mA. Relative spectral intensities are measured at a set higher bias current I=0.8 mA for the three VCSEL sizes to determine the dependence on mode spacing between the fundamental and second order modes, which at increasing diameter are Δλ∼2.2, 1.6, and 1.0 nm. By studying the side-mode suppression ratio and the optical microwave frequency response of the microcavity VCSELs throughout a spread-out group of modes, we are able to resolve the dependence of signal amplitude and time response on the difference in mode spacing, Δλ, higher speed response occurring at larger Δλ.
Memristive adaptive filters
Authors: Driscoll T. , Quinn J. , Klein S. , Kim H. T. , Kim B. J. , Pershin Yu. V. , Di Ventra M. , Basov D. N.
Published: September 2010

Using the memristive properties of vanadium dioxide, we experimentally demonstrate an adaptive filter by placing a memristor into an LC contour. This circuit reacts to the application of select frequency signals by sharpening the quality factor of its resonant response, and thus “learns” according to the input waveform. The proposed circuit employs only analog passive elements, and may find applications in biologically inspired processing and information storage. We also extend the learning-circuit framework mathematically to include memory-reactive elements, such as memcapacitors and meminductors, and show how this expands the functionality of adaptive memory filters.
Electron trapping in substoichiometric germanium oxide
Authors: Binder Jan Felix , Broqvist Peter , Pasquarello Alfredo
Published: September 2010

Model structures of substoichiometric germanium oxide generated by ab initio molecular dynamics reveal a rich variety of bonding configurations, including threefold coordinated Ge and O atoms which correspond to valence alternation pairs. A sizable fraction of twofold Ge atoms carrying unoccupied dangling bonds is also found. The present structures are prone to electron capture. The electrons are trapped in additionally formed Ge–Ge bonds. The associated defect levels fall within the Ge band gap and could explain the poor performance of n-type Ge devices.
The freedom of confinement in complex fluid
Authors: Shen Amy Q. , Cheung Perry
Published: September 2010

When it comes to self-assembly of photonic, drug-delivery, and biomimetic materials, big opportunities can be found in small spaces.
The discovery of superconductivity
Authors: van Delft Dirk , Kes Peter
Published: September 2010

A century ago Heike Kamerlinah Onnes set a new standard for physics research laboratories. But careless notebook entries have confused the story of his greatest discovery.
Imaging with ambient noise
Authors: Snieder Roel , Wapenaar Kees
Published: September 2010

Whether noise is a nuisance or a signal depends on how it’s processed. By cross-correlating noise recorded at two sensors, researchers can retrieve the waves that propagate between them and extract details about the intervening medium.