bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hardening of Steel Perforated Tape by Nd:YAG Laser
Authors: Mironov Viktor , Lisicins Mihails , Onufrievs Pavels , Muktepavela Faina , Medvids Arturs
Published: December 2016

One of the directions of application of the perforated metal material is their use as cutting elements in the production of processing tools. In this case it is necessary to carry out hardening of cutting surfaces to increase their hardness. One of the methods of hardening metals could be laser treatment. Therefore, the present work is a study of the effect of Nd:YAG laser radiation on the microstructure and hardness of fragments formed from steel perforated tape. Different laser scan speeds (doses) were used in the experiments. The results have shown that the increase the microhardness of 30-40% after the laser treatment of steel perforated tape in the surface layer in a depth range up to 1 μm take place. The studies of microstructure of fragments formed from steel perforated tape have shown the reduction of the structure size and the presence of a thin oxide compounds, which is consistent with the results on nanoindentation. Hardening of the metal by laser radiation is carried out without surface melting which eliminates the change of macroroughness and the need for subsequent machining process.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of SnO2 Structures with Various Morphologies in the Presence of Different Alcoholic Co-Solvents
Authors: Rubenis Kristaps , Locs Janis
Published: December 2016

The addition of certain co-solvents to the hydrothermal synthesis starting solution can greatly alter morphology and enhance different morphology dependent properties of the synthesized material. While ethanol is the most common co-solvent used for the synthesis of various SnO2 nano/microstructures by hydro/solvothermal process, it is not clear how the use of some other alcoholic co-solvents (for example, methanol or isopropanol) affect morphology and properties of SnO2, especially if synthesis is done under similar conditions as in the case of ethanol co-solvent. In the present study, we investigated how the use of various alcoholic co-solvents (methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol) affects crystal structure, morphology and specific surface area of the hydrothermally synthesized SnO2. Additionally, sensitivity towards 100 ppm ethanol of the synthesized materials was tested. The formation of nanoparticles, rod-cluster structures and spherical SnO2 structures were observed depending on the alcoholic co-solvent used. The highest sensitivity (~22 at 250 °C) showed the material that was synthesized in the presence of ethanol co-solvent.
Synergistic Effect of High Temperature Fly Ash with Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash in Cement Composites
Authors: Ťažký Martin , Hela Rudolf
Published: December 2016

Using high temperature fly ash for his pozzolan properties to cement composite production is known a few years ago. New ways combustion of fossil fuels also creates a new type of fly ash, named fluidized bed combustion fly ash. However, this fly ash has same pozzolan properties as has high temperature fly ash, this type is not using for production of cement composites.
Fluidized bed combustion fly ash has highly variable chemical composition but usually it has a higher amount of free CaO together with sulphates. This higher amounts of free CaO after mixing of fluidized bed combustion fly ash with water to some extent becomes an activator for the beginning of the pozzolanic reaction, during which is consumed the extinguished CaO. If there is also present high temperature fly ash in cement composite, it could be accelerated his pozzolanic reaction in the same manner using a fluidized bed combustion fly ash.
In this experiment was tested a synergy effect in the use of fluidized bed combustion fly ash with high temperature fly ash as an additive. The experiment was carried out on cement pastes that have been studied in particular the progress of hydration processes, pointing to a possible acceleration of pozzolanic reactions of both types of fly ash.
Influence of Use Fluidized Fly Ash Combined with High Temperature Fly Ash on Microstructure of Cement Composite
Authors: Osuská Lucia , Hela Rudolf , Ťažký Martin
Published: December 2016

The constraint of using fluidized bed combustion fly ash as addition for concrete is mainly its chemical composition. Increased contents of sulphates and free lime in fluidized bed combustion fly ash causes development of undesirable ettringite during hydration. Expansive character of this mineral can have degrading effect on hardened concrete. Fluidized bed combustion fly ash as well as high temperature fly ash are considered pozzolanic addition, which is capable of reacting with Ca(OH)2 and form similar hydration products as cement hydration. Use of small amount of fluidized bed combustion fly ash can cause production of ettringite, however, when combined with high temperature fly ash, possible micro-failures could be healed with new hydration products - CSH gels. The paper deals with possibilities of confirming this theory mainly through examination of microstructure of cement composite with an electron microscope and clarifying observed hydration products.
The Use of FBC Fly Ash in the Preparation of Portland Cement Clinker
Authors: Kulísek Karel , Gazdič Dominik , Dvořák Karel , Fridrichová Marcela
Published: December 2016

The present work focuses on the use of fluid fly ash for Portland clinker burning. Fluid ashes are carriers of all basic oxides represented in the cement raw meal. However, while the share of hydraulic oxides is in ashes sufficient, there is a significant deficiency in calcium oxide content. Preliminary studies have shown that the combination thereof with calcite as the second essential component of the fluid fly-ashes for the raw material based on Portland clinker burning application, it is necessary to solve a problematic issues. The first one concerns the potential leakage SOx resulting from decomposition of CaSO4 ash into the atmosphere. The second circumstance is the correction tracks raw meal in order to redistribute in the samples prepared under the initial studies, the obtained clinker minerals content in favor of calcium silicate, of them further in favor of alite. The last issue is the evaluation of the impact of fluid utilization of fly ash as a partial raw material bases for reducing CO2 emissions in the Portland clinker burning.
High-Volume Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Concrete
Authors: Reiterman Pavel , Holčapek Ondřej , Krausová Aneta , Šyc Michal , Keppert Martin
Published: December 2016

About 50 % of Municipal Solid Waste is incinerated (MSWI) in Europe what represent ca. 50 Mt/a of MSWI bottom ash (BA). Bottom ash contains several marketable components (iron scrap, non-ferrous metals, glass) which can by separated from the main BA stream and placed on the market with secondary sources. The resting material is, by its composition and properties, similar to natural aggregates and can be used in this way. The influence of metals separation form BA on its behavior in concrete was tested by using BA from Praha Malešice Waste-to-Energy plant. particle size fractions 4/8 and 8/16 mm of this BA can be used as aggregates in concrete up to 50 vol. % of given fraction without any significant loss of concrete strength. The combination of valuable component separation form BA and recycling of the rest portion as aggregates feature promising way of BA management reducing the amount of BA to be landfilled to minimum.
Evaluation of Crack Formation in Concrete and Basalt Specimens under Cyclic Uniaxial Load Using Acoustic Emission and Computed X-Ray Tomography
Authors: Kravcov Alexander N. , Svoboda Pavel , Konvalinka Adam , Cherepetskaya Elena B. , Sas Ivan E. , Morozov Nikolii A. , Zatloukal Jan , Koťátková Jaroslava
Published: December 2016

The paper discusses the use of acoustic emission, stress-memory effect, and X-ray computed microtomography (μST) to detect the onset of destruction of specimens of concrete and basalt which are widely used in construction. It is shown that the most informative parameter is acoustic emission activity based on which the onset of the formation of a main crack can be identified. The geometry of the crack is determined using computed X-ray tomography.
Relationship between Compressive Strength and Young's Modulus of Cement Paste with Recycled Concrete Powder
Authors: Topič Jaroslav , Trejbal Jan , Plachý Tomáš , Prošek Zdeněk
Published: December 2016

This article deals with utilization of recycled concrete in form of high-speed milled powder into cement based materials. Recycled concrete powder in that form is used as microfiller and cement replacement. This article contains results of mechanical properties of the cement pastes with different amount of recycled concrete powder. The mechanical properties as the compressive strength, flexural strength, dynamic Young's and share moduli are observed during 409 days. According to results can be assumed that recycled concrete powder can be used as microfiller and cement replacement under 30 wt. % of total amount. Especially the results of compressive strength are comparable with reference sample. But there are some abnormalities in long term development of the strength that need to be explained.
Controlled Hardening of Silicate Binders for the Optimization of High Performance Composites
Authors: Bažantová Zdeňka , Kolář Karel , Konvalinka Petr , Litoš Jiří , Petrtýl Miroslav
Published: December 2016

This paper describes the fundamental principles for the development of high performance composites applicable in severe condition. Studied composite is based on the advanced silicate matrix consisted of cement and suitable addition modifying mineral additives. Experimental work was focused on the study of the evolution of mechanical properties and determination of frost resistance of developed composite at early age, what is crucial parameter for quick reconstruction. Obtained results confirmed that the action of frost did not interrupted the process of hydration of developed binding system, because index of frost resistance determined on the base of studied mechanical properties had increasing trend during the freeze/thaw cycling. Present paper declares high potential of silicate binders for difficult application.
Mechanical Properties of Cement Composites Reinforced by Carbon Microfibers: Compressive and Bending Strength
Authors: Tesárek Pavel , Holub Petr , Havrda Jan , Fládr Jozef , Prošek Zdeněk , Trejbal Jan , Plachý Tomáš
Published: December 2016

The paper deals with comparison of chosen mechanical properties of cement composites reinforced by carbon microfibers. There are tested three mixtures, which are different in their composition. Each sample was tested by destructive methods to determine their mechanical and physical properties. The main object of experiments was verification of an influence of individual components in concrete mixture on mixture cohesion with a surface of carbon fibers. Evaluation of results and use of the best concrete mixture for experimental testing like a change of mechanical and physical properties is the second object of this paper.
Residual Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced HPC Exposed to High Temperatures
Authors: Fořt Jan , Trník Anton , Citek David , Pavlík Zbyšek
Published: December 2016

The effect of high temperature load on mechanical properties and porosity of a newly designed Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) is studied. The hybrid reinforcement of UHPFRC is based on a mixture of polypropylene and steel fibers. In order to identify influence of high temperature exposure on UHPFRC, its residual mechanical parameters such as compressive strength, flexural strength and Young’s modulus of elasticity are accessed. Moreover, residual bulk density, matrix density and total open porosity are examined and related to the monitored structural changes. Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA) is employed in order to describe transformation processes during high temperature loading. The conducted tests provide practical information for controlled regulation of water vapor transport in a low permeable cementitious composite in order to decrease risk of spalling.
Integrating Nurse Practitioners Into Intensive Care Units
Authors: Simone Shari , McComiskey Carmel A. , Andersen Brooke
Published: December 2016

As demand for nurse practitioners in all types of intensive care units continues to increase, ensuring successful integration of these nurses into adult and pediatric general and specialty intensive care units poses several challenges. Adding nurse practitioners requires strategic planning to define critical aspects of the care delivery model before the practitioners are hired, develop a comprehensive program for integrating and training these nurses, and create a plan for implementing the program. Key strategies to ensure successful integration include defining and implementing the role of nurse practitioners, providing options for orientation, and supporting and training novice nurse practitioners. Understanding the importance of appropriate role utilization, the depth of knowledge and skill expected of nurse practitioners working in intensive care units, the need for a comprehensive training program, and a commitment to continued professional development beyond orientation are necessary to fully realize the contributions of these nurses in critical care.
Use of Neuromuscular Blockers During Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest: A Nursing Protocol
Authors: Boulila Coraline , Ben Abdallah Samia , Marincamp Aude , Coic Vincent , Lauverjat Romuald , Ericher Nicole , Bougouin Wulfran , Mira Jean-Paul , Cariou Alain , Geri Guillaume
Published: December 2016

Background

Neuromuscular blockers used to prevent shivering during therapeutic hypothermia in comatose patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are associated with adverse events.

Objective

To assess the influence of a nurse-implemented protocol on use of neuromuscular blockers in patients treated with 24-hour therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Methods

A before and after study was done in a 24-bed cardiac arrest center. During the before period, paralysis was maintained by continuous infusion of vecuronium during therapeutic hypothermia. During the after period, a nurse-implemented protocol was used to strictly control use of neuromuscular blockers. The primary outcome measure was duration of infusion of neuromuscular blockers; secondary end points included rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and intensive care unit mortality.

Results

Among the 22 patients in the before group and the 23 patients in the after group, most were men (78%) with a median age of 66 years. Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Median duration of sedation was 36 hours, shorter in the after group (34 hours) than in the before group (38 hours; P = .02). Median duration of infusion of neuromuscular blockers was significantly shorter in the after group (6 hours) than in the before group (33 hours; P < .001). Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurred more frequently in the before group (45%) than in the after group (13%; P = .02). Overall intensive care unit mortality rate was 58%, similar in both groups (P = .44).

Conclusion

Use of a nurse-implemented protocol to reduce use of neuromuscular blockers is feasible.
“Should ‘Paraviwella Beach’ in Sri Lanka be Preserved for ‘Sea Bathing’?”: A ZTCM Approach
Authors: Rathnayake Wasantha
Published: December 2016

‘Sea bathing’ is the main recreational activity at the Paraviwella Beach Park in Sri Lanka. However, there is a proposal by the Government of Sri Lanka to convert the Beach Park into an area that could be used for the expansion of the fisheries harbour. Our study examines the possibility of the proposal against maintaining the Park by using the Zonal Travel Cost Method to estimate the welfare benefits (in terms of Consumer Surplus). The study shows that the welfare benefits of Paraviwella Beach Park to be LKR 6.39 million per year for local visitors. Our results suggest that for maximum revenue from the park to be derived, the fresh water bathing fee should be raised to LKR 100.45 from the present fee of LKR 20 since those who sea-bathe requires a fresh water bath thereafter. Though it would reduce the visitor numbers to the Park by 34%, it would increase the total revenue of the Park by 231.18%. These values demonstrate that the Park can be preserved for sea-bathing while making the site more financially viable.
Effect of pre-harvest Potassium Treatment on Stem-end Rot Disease Development of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)cv. TomEJC during Fruit Ripening
Authors: Nisansala Y.M.C. , Jayakody L.K.R.R. , Sarananda H.A. , Somaratne S.
Published: December 2016

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. TomEJC has utmost potential in export market due to its unique quality. Post-harvest disease of mango such as stem-end rot can cause considerable losses of fruits and could therefore be considered as a great threat to local and export market. This disease is controlled by application of fungicides from the time of flowering in cultivations where this disease is severe. However, the use of fungicides could lead to hazardous effects such as oncogenic risks on the consumers. Therefore, search for alternative measures for the management of stem-end rot disease is essential. In this study, an attempt was made to find out the effect of pre-harvest application of KCl on controlling stem-end rot disease development of ripe fruit. KCl at concentrations of 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1 and 4 gl-1 were sprayed on fruit when fruits were immature. All fruits were bagged with paper bags and fruits were harvested at the correct maturity stage. Then all fruits were inoculated with Botryodiplodia theobromae mycelial plug and allowed for natural ripening. A significant difference was observed in fruit length, fruit width and fruit volume in KCl- treated fruits when compared to controls. Highest fruit volume was observed in 1 gl-1 KCl- treated fruits and the lowest amount of total soluble solids was observed in 2 gl-1 KCl- treated fruits. An increase in lightness and yellowness of peel color in KCl- treated fruits when compared to control II (non-inoculated, non-treated) was evident, indicated by increasing L*, b* and chroma values. However, no significant difference in hue values of peel color was observed among treatments. Flesh color showed a different response to treatments and no difference in chroma value was observed among treatments. The highest L* value and hue value was observed in 2 gl-1 KCl- treated fruits. Incidence and severity of stem-end rot was significantly decreased by 2 gl-1 KCl treatment without drastically affecting the physico-chemical properties of fruits. Vast research has shown that potassium and chloride fertility have been effective in reducing crop injury from diseases. Different mechanisms such as nutritional effects, changes of the host-pathogen environment and production of disease inhibitory compounds could be some possible ways of action of both K and Cl in modifying disease resistance or susceptibility. Since 2 gl-1 KCl was able to suppress stem-end rot disease development in inoculated fruits, this concentration can be recommended as a field application to control this disease in mango variety tested after repeating the same experiment at different locations.
P2Y6 Receptor Antagonist MRS2578 Inhibits Neutrophil Activation and Aggregated Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Induced by Gout-Associated Monosodium Urate Crystals
Authors: Sil Payel , Hayes Craig P. , Reaves Barbara J. , Breen Patrick , Quinn Shannon , Sokolove Jeremy , Rada Balázs
Published: December 2016

Human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) generate inflammatory responses within the joints of gout patients upon encountering monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are found abundantly in the synovial fluid of gout patients. The detailed mechanism of MSU crystal–induced NET formation remains unknown. Our goal was to shed light on possible roles of purinergic signaling and neutrophil migration in mediating NET formation induced by MSU crystals. Interaction of human neutrophils with MSU crystals was evaluated by high-throughput live imaging using confocal microscopy. We quantitated NET levels in gout synovial fluid supernatants and detected enzymatically active neutrophil primary granule enzymes, myeloperoxidase, and human neutrophil elastase. Suramin and PPADS, general P2Y receptor blockers, and MRS2578, an inhibitor of the purinergic P2Y6 receptor, blocked NET formation triggered by MSU crystals. AR-C25118925XX (P2Y2 antagonist) did not inhibit MSU crystal–stimulated NET release. Live imaging of PMNs showed that MRS2578 represses neutrophil migration and blocked characteristic formation of MSU crystal–NET aggregates called aggregated NETs. Interestingly, the store-operated calcium entry channel inhibitor (SK&F96365) also reduced MSU crystal–induced NET release. Our results indicate that the P2Y6/store-operated calcium entry/IL-8 axis is involved in MSU crystal–induced aggregated NET formation, but MRS2578 could have additional effects affecting PMN migration. The work presented in the present study could lead to a better understanding of gouty joint inflammation and help improve the treatment and care of gout patients.
Allergen-Induced CD4+ T Cell Cytokine Production within Airway Mucosal Dendritic Cell–T Cell Clusters Drives the Local Recruitment of Myeloid Effector Cells
Authors: Veres Tibor Z. , Kopcsányi Tamás , van Panhuys Nicholas , Gerner Michael Y. , Liu Zhiduo , Rantakari Pia , Dunkel Johannes , Miyasaka Masayuki , Salmi Marko , Jalkanen Sirpa , Germain Ronald N.
Published: December 2016

Allergic asthma develops in the mucosal tissue of small bronchi. At these sites, local cytokine production by Th2/Th17 cells is believed to be critical for the development of tissue eosinophilia/neutrophilia. Using the mouse trachea as a relevant model of human small airways, we performed advanced in vivo dynamic and in situ static imaging to visualize individual cytokine-producing T cells in the airway mucosa and to define their immediate cellular environment. Upon allergen sensitization, newly recruited CD4+ T cells formed discrete Ag-driven clusters with dendritic cells (DCs). Within T cell–DC clusters, a small fraction of CD4+ T cells produced IL-13 or IL-17 following prolonged Ag-specific interactions with DCs. As a result of local Th2 cytokine signaling, eosinophils were recruited into these clusters. Neutrophils also infiltrated these clusters in a T cell–dependent manner, but their mucosal distribution was more diffuse. Our findings reveal the focal nature of allergen-driven responses in the airways and define multiple steps with potential for interference with the progression of asthmatic pathology.
Spaces of alienation: Dispossession and justice in South Africa
Authors: Delport Petrus T. , Lephakga Tshepo
Published: December 2016

Theories and philosophies of space and place have seen a rise in prominence in recent times, specifically in the disciplines of theology, law and philosophy. This so-called spatial turn in contemporary theory is one that attempts to think through the vicissitudes and conceptual lineages related to the existence of space as both a physical and a social reality. The politics of space in South Africa, however, cannot be thought of separately from the concept of alienation. South Africa is a space whose existence is predicated upon a relationship of alienation to its located place. South Africa, like most other settler colonies, is a space that was created through occupation and alienation: the occupation of a territory and the alienation of the indigenous people from this occupied territory. This relationship of alienation is not only observable in the physical reality engendered by this occupied space but also by its social reality. In this paper we reflect on the intersections of the physical and social manifestations – in Bourdieu’s sense – of an occupied space and consider its effects of alienation on the indigenous people. To this end we will proceed to interrogate current South African geographical markers – such as the existence of townships and suburbs – from its positionality within the history of South Africa as an occupied space. To discern a theological agenda for the issue of spatial justice would also require an investigation into the theological agenda that prohibited the realisation of spatial justice in South Africa or, in other words, the religious reconciliation preached post-1994 at the expense of justice.
Challenges in establishing kindergarten education system in villages of Guizhou, China: A preliminary study
Authors: Vong Keang-ieng P. , Li Min Y.
Published: December 2016

The Miao ethnic group is among the 56 minority groups in China. Their ideas of education for young children differ from that of the mainstream education system in China. This study examines the scenario of early childhood education for Miao children living in villages of Guizhou Province. It discusses the history and traditions of the Miaos and the kinds and forms of education provided, but not necessarily desired, for their children between 3 and 5 years old. School principals and teachers responded to such issues, and visual data collected during a field trip to two different villages were used to triangulate the responses. Findings show that even though there has been a strong belief that links poverty to the opportunity of schooling, empirical evidence from this study cannot yet confirm this argument. Parents’ views of schooling were considered as influential factors. Nonetheless, challenges of early childhood education in rural areas, especially in underprivileged villages, of China are still inseparable from availability of resources and the government’s initiatives.
Conceptualising the professional identity of industrial or organisational psychologists within the South African context
Authors: Van Zyl Llewellyn E. , Nel Elzabe , Stander Marius W. , Rothmann Sebastiaan
Published: December 2016

Orientation: Lack in congruence amongst industrial and organisational psychologists (IOPs) as to the conceptualisation of its profession poses a significant risk as to the relevance, longevity and professional identity of the profession within the South African context.Research purpose: This study aimed to explore the professional identity of IOPs within the South African context. Specifically, the aim of this study was four-fold: (1) to develop a contemporary definition for IOP, (2) to investigate IOP roles, (3) to determine how the profession should be labelled and (4) to differentiate IOP from human resource management (HRM) from IOPs’ perspectives within South Africa.Motivation for the study: IOPs do not enjoy the same benefits in stature or status as other professions such as medicine, finances and engineering in the world of work. IOPs need to justify its relevance within organisational contexts as a globally shared understanding of ‘what it is’, ‘what it does’ and ‘what makes it different from other professions’, which is non-existent. In order to enhance its perceived relevance, clarity as to IOPs professional identity is needed.Research design, approach and method: A post-positivistic qualitative content analytic and descriptive research design was employed in this study. Data from practising industrial and organisational psychology (IOP) within South Africa (N = 151) were gathered through an electronic web-based survey and were analysed through thematic content analysis.Main findings: The results indicate that IOP in South Africa seeks to optimise the potential of individuals, groups, organisations and the community by implementing scientific processes to support both individual and organisational wellness and sustainability. ‘Work Psychology’ was considered a more fitting professional designation or label than industrial and/or organisational psychology. The industrial psychologist’s major roles related to the well-being and development of employees. A clear distinction between a more dynamic, pro-active approach of IOP compared to a more transactional approach of HRM was also evident. IOP within South Africa appears to have a community development function.Practical/managerial implications: The longevity, relevance and impact of IOP as a profession requires alignment amongst practitioners as to shared common professional identity.Contribution/value-add: This study provides a contemporary understanding of the roles, functions, labels and unique value proposition of industrial and organisational psychology within the South African context.
Managing HeterogeneousWSNs in Smart Cities: Challenges and Requirements
Authors: Cao Minh Trang , Bellata Boris , Oechsner Simon , Liao Ruizhi , Oliver Miquel
Published: December 2016

The dramatic advances in wireless communications and electronics have enabled the development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). WSNs consist of many aordable and portable sensor nodes for collecting data from the environment. In this tutorial article, we address management requirements of WSNs through presenting some key management scenarios in the Smart Cities context, such as intelligent transportation systems, smart grids and smart buildings. The limited resources and heterogeneous characteristics of WSNs pose new challenges in network management, which include the presence of various faults, the diÿculty in replacing and repairing a large number of sensor nodes, the existence of an uncertain topology, and the resource allocation. To cope with these challenges, we first discuss advantages and disadvantages of centralized and distributed management approaches and then discuss the benefit of a multilevel management schema. Next, we present in detail the specific features for a management system of WSN in Smart Cities context (WSN-iSC) such as lightweight, self-detection, self-configuration, sharing infrastructure, service monitoring, plug and play, context awareness and interoperability. Finally, we discuss several key enabling technologies for management systems, such as policy based and agent based approaches, as well as we introduce some middleware solutions. This tutorial article aims to be a first reference for any reader interested in WSN-iSC management solutions. It provides an insightful and comprehensible introduction to the scenarios, requirements, open challenges, problems, key technologies and desired features that will shape future developments on this field, as well as it surveys the most relevant and recent works from the literature.
BLE or IEEE 802.15.4: Which Home IoT Communication Solution is more Energy-Efficient?
Authors: Fafoutis Xenofon , Tsimbalo Evgeny , Zhao Wenrui , Chen Haowen , Mellios Evangelos , Harwin William , Piechocki Robert , Craddock Ian
Published: December 2016

IEEE 802.15.4 (used by Zigbee, 6LoWPAN and Thread) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are two widely used wireless standards for ultra low power IoT (Internet of Things) technologies and smart home applications. In this article, we present the first comparison of the physical layer of the two protocols, focusing on two performance metrics: energy eÿciency and wireless coverage. The comparison uses the first radio that seamlessly supports both protocols; therefore, the protocols are compared on identical hardware and software. By combining the two metrics, we quantify the performance, and identify in which types of links it is preferable to use one protocol or the other, thus providing practical guidelines to developers of short-range energy-constrained wireless networks and smart home applications.
COMPARISONS OF MASTITIS SCREENING TEST RESULTS FROM QUARTER, BUCKET AND BULK MILK SAMPLES1,2
Authors: Postle D. S.
Published: December 2016

Milk from four dairy farms in southern Wisconsin was examined over a period of one year in a study that was undertaken: (a) to determine the agreement between results of mastitis screening tests when applied to bulk, bucket and quarter milk samples; (b) to determine the relative efficiencies of five mastitis screening tests using direct microscopic leukocyte counts as a standard, and (c) to examine the quality, as determined by leukocyte content and screening test results, of the milk from all quarters contributing to the bulk tank on each farm. Most screening tests examined, when applied to quarter milk samples, gave a higher correlation with direct microscopic leukocyte counts than when applied to either bucket or bulk milk samples. Similarly, efficiency ratings of screening tests applied to quarter samples were higher than those for the same tests applied to bulk samples. Three of the four farms examined maintained bulk tank milk screening test scores that failed to suggest the presence of milk from a substantial number of quarters that were shedding abnormal numbers of leukocytes.
AVOIDING COMMON DEFECTS IN CHEDDAR CHEESE1,2,3
Authors: Reinbold George W. , Vedamuthu E. R.
Published: December 2016

Most of the commonly occurring defects in Cheddar cheese are directly attributable to errors of judgment, observation, measurement, and technique. A general outline of the principles of Cheddar cheesemaking has been presented, calling attention, when possible, to the possible presence of these errors. Sufficient, continuing, and effective on-the-job training is suggested as the best means of avoiding the development of defects in Cheddar cheese.
DETERMINING CLEANLINESS OF MILK CONTACT SURFACES BY ANALYZING FOR CALCIUM RESIDUAL: PRELIMINARY STUDIES1
Authors: Heinz J. V. , Marshall R. T. , Anderson M. E.
Published: December 2016

A new procedure for determining cleanliness of milk processing equipment is discussed. Calcium was removed from milk-contact surfaces by applications of 1 M HC1 and scraping with a plastic spatula. Quantities removed were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mean residual concentration of calcium on equipment after “control cleaning” was equivalent to 0.07 mg/100 cm2, and 95% confidence limits indicated insufficient cleaning if the residual was 0.08 mg/100 cm2 or higher. Suggestions for improving the method are included.
THE LOW TEMPERATURE MICROFLORA OF YOUNG CHEDDAR CHEESE1
Authors: Clark W. S. , Reinbold G. W.
Published: December 2016

A plating procedure simulating conditions in ripening Cheddar cheese was used to isolate microorganisms in young cheese that grow at ordinary ripening temperatures. Forty-one commercial cheese samples, most 7 days old, were obtained from ten Iowa manufacturing plants. Samples were plated in special Trypticase-soy agar, covered with 50 ml of 1.5% (w/v) agar, and incubated at 7.2 C for 3 months. Following incubation, 967 microorganisms were isolated, purified, and characterized. Numbers and percentages of microorganisms were: 475 enterococci, 49.5%; 148 micrococci, 15%; 126 lactic streptococci, 13%, 108 miscellancous gram-positive rods, 11%; 48 associate bacteria (resembling species of Leuconostoc), 5%; 33 miscellaneous gram-negative rods, 3.5%; 24 lactobacilli, 2.5%; and 5 other miscellaneous microorganisms, 0.5%.

Forty-five commercial lactic starter cultures were examined by the same plating procedure. Duplicate plates of each culture were incubated at 7.2 and 21 C. Although agar plate counts were slightly higher at 21 C, they were within the same range, at both incubation temperatures, for most samples. No enterococci were recovered from commercial lactic starter cultures.
COMPARISON OF PLATE LOOP AND AGAR PLATE METHODS FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF MANUFACTURING GRADE RAW MILK1,2
Authors: Tatini Sita Ramayya , Dabbah Roger , Olson J. C.
Published: December 2016

Plate loop counts and standard plate counts on each of several manufacturing grade raw milk samples (handled in cans or in farm bulk tanks) have been compared. On the average, the plate loop count (PLC) was lower than the standard plate count (SPC) regardless of the type of handling of milk on the farm, can or bulk tank. Agreement between the SPC and PLC seemed to depend upon the bacterial-count levels present in milk. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences, at 1% level of probability, between the average bacterial count by SPC and PLC methods regardless of count level (≤100,000/ml or >100,000/ml) in case of can milk samples. On the other hand, in case of farm bulk tank milk samples, no significant differences, at the 1% level of probability, between the average bacterial count by SPC and PLC methods were obtained, when the counts were equal to or less than 100,000 per ml; when the counts exceeded 100,000 per ml, significant differences were present. Since the bacterial counts of manufacturing grade raw milk samples are likely to exceed 100,000/ml, the data presented in this investigation indicate that, until the bacteriological quality of manufacturing grade milk supplies undergoes substantial improvement, the PLC method does not appear to be a suitable substitute for the SPC method for routine bacteriological examination of such milk supplies.
BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF GRADE A DRY MILK POWDER
Authors: Hall Herbert E. , Brown David F. , Robinson Helen M. , Donnelly Cecil B. , Reyes Antolin L.
Published: December 2016

A total of 223 samples of bulk Grade A dry milk powder from 39 dryers was examined for bacterial count, coliform count, and the presence of salmonellae; direct microscopic counts (DMC) also were made on 211 of these samples. No salmonellae were detected. Bacterial counts ranged from 260 to 1,300,000 per g; but only 15.2% of the samples exceeded the 30,000-per-g limit recommended by the Public Health Service. Coliform counts ranged from 0 (none detected) to 120 per g, but only 0.9% of the samples exceeded the 90-per-g limit. About 20% of the samples yielded excessively high DMC.
STORAGE STABILITY OF COMMERCIAL MILK1
Authors: Finley R. D. , Warren H. B. , Hargrove R. E.
Published: December 2016

Storage of fluid milk for extended times at low temperature appears feasible. The extended shelf life is long enough to allow a 100-fold decay of Iodine-131 under emergency conditions. This theoretical decay period may be 4 to 8 weeks depending on degree of contamination and extent of depositions on pasturage.

Commercially produced summer milk stored at 32 F, averaged 4.4 weeks or 5 times its life at 45 F. Summer milks possessed twice the shelf life of winter milks.

Shelf life was materially affected by pasteurization temperature, storage temperature, and season as determined by taste panel and bacteriological tests. Marked increases in shelf life were observed with reduced storage temperatures. Criteria for product acceptability were flavor score (35.0 or higher), total plate count, and psychrophilic plate count (less than 1 million per ml).

UHT processing at 200 to 220 F for 0.5 to 16 sec yielded as much as 20 weeks acceptable shelf life at 32 F. A combination of UHT pasteurization, 32 F storage to the end of microbial lag phase, and repasteurization followed by refrigerated holding extended storage life to as much as 23 weeks, depending on storage temperature.
WHAT THE SANITARIAN SHOULD KNOW ABOUT STAPHYLOCOCCI AND SALMONELLAE IN NON-DAIRY PRODUCTS.
Authors: Bryan Frank L.
Published: December 2016

After a review of the nature of staphylococci and staphylococcal enterotoxins including data on survival of these organisms under both natural and food processing conditions, the epidemiology of staphylococcal intoxications is discussed. The human nose is the main reservoir of Staphylococcus aureus. A number of circumstances must be fulfilled for foodborne staphylococcal intoxications to occur; these include: a reservoir for the infectious agent, a mode of dissemination of the organism, contamination of a food capable of supporting bacterial growth, enough time at a temperature which permits bacterial multiplication, and ingestion of sufficient amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxin by susceptible hosts. Control measures must be based on these circumstances. Principles of control, therefore, include limitation of contamination, inhibition of growth, and destruction of the organism. Control of staphylococcal intoxication must be emphasized at places foods are prepared (food processing plants, food-service establishments, and homes).
A RAPID TEST TO FIND “POTENTIALLY” PSYCHROPHILIC ORGANISMS IN PASTEURIZED DAIRY PRODUCTS
Authors: Hankin Lester , Dillman Walter F.
Published: December 2016

The application of the oxidase test to plates prepared for the Standard Plate Count is used as a measure of “potentially” psychrophilic organisms in dairy products. Samples were examined by both the oxidase test and the standard test for psychrophiles, and a statistical analysis shows the tests to be positively correlated. The test is based on the proposition that most problems with psychrophiles can be traced to pseudomonads. These organisms are strongly oxidase-positive and this attribute allows for their differentiation from other bacteria found in food products. The oxidase test consists of flooding the plates used for the total bacterial count with a reagent which causes the strongly oxidase-positive colonies to develop a blue color. This simple test affords a rapid measure of “potentially” psychrophilic spoilage organisms.
PREPARATION AND TITRATION OF CRUDE STAPHYLOCOCCAL BETA HEMOLYSIN FOR USE IN T.K.T. MEDIUM1,2
Authors: Ward G. E. , Postle D. S.
Published: December 2016

A simple, effective method for preparation and titration of crude staphylococcal β hemolysin is presented. Factors which affect the results are discussed. This method of production and titration is useful for laboratories which us T.K.T. medium for the identification of CAMP test-positive streptococci in bulk, bucket or quarter milk.
INSTRUMENTATION FOR IMPROVED SANITATION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY: PRESENT AND FUTURE1
Authors: Beahm R. B.
Published: December 2016

The evolution of traditional sanitary temperature and pressure measuring elements is discussed as well as how these devices will change in the future to utilize standard CIP connection techniques. The concept of mounting these measuring elements in a “short-legged” tee to minimize the “dead pocket” is described in some detail.

Other more sophisticated measurements such as liquid level, flow and density which are now being used more widely in the industry are mentioned. It is shown how instruments measuring these variables have been adapted for or designed to meet sanitary requirements of the industry.

Because of the damage which often results from frequent disassembly and hand cleaning, particular emphasis is placed on the importance of evaluating how well these instruments clean-in-place rather than evaluating them on the basis of ease of disassembly and hand cleaning.
NORTHEAST MILKING EQUIPMENT STANDARDS1
Authors: Barnard Sidney E.
Published: December 2016

Minimum standards for milking equipment have been prepared for the northeastern United States. The purpose of these standards is to act as guidelines for the manufacturer, installer, dairy farmer and industry and regulatory sanitarian.

The objectives are to eliminate duplication of farm inspections as a result of common market requirements and to have good quality and flavor by having well designed equipment, properly installed, properly operated and cleaned after each use.

A committee of 50 persons representing industry, regulatory and university interests developed “Minimum Standards for the Design, Construction and Installation of Milking and Milk Handling Equipment.” Major areas of concern were the design and construction of equipment which was cleanable in the hands of the average dairy farmer and did not contribute to flavor or quality problems.

Specific recommendations concern the installation of vacuum systems and pipeline milkers. A table of minimum vacuum pump capacities for conventional systems and a general rule of a 50% reserve for pipeline milker vacuum systems are included. Tips for installation include support, slope and diameter of vacuum lines and sanitary milk lines. Recommendations also concern filtration, cleaning and operation with the manufacturer being responsible for written as well as on the farm instruction for the dairy farmer. Service checks by an authorized milking machine dealer are suggested annually on conventional systems and semi-annually on pipeline systems.

These standards should help to assure good flavor and quality in milk as well as establish common requirements for various milk markets. Hopefully, quality standards covering flavor, bacteriological quality, sediment and leucocyte levels may be agreed upon in the near future.
CAN COWS CAUSE HIGH COUNTS?
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: December 2016

Repeated high plate counts on milk from a 377-cow herd were traced to infected cows; a foremilk sample from one cow showed over 100 million bacteria per ml. A number of other cows shed excessive numbers of leucocytes. With an improved milking procedure, counts fell to an acceptable level.
MIXED SAMPLE TESTS FOR EXTRANEOUS MATTER IN MILK
Authors: Maloney P. , Armstrong J. G.
Published: December 2016

A relationship is sometimes assumed to exist between the amounts of extraneous matter in milk as measured by the mixed sample method and by the off-the-bottom method but the reliability of such a relationship may be so low as to seriously limit its usefulness. In a study of this relationship, extraneous matter measurements were performed by both methods on 149 cans of milk, and on samples taken from cans and dump tanks for a further 74 shippers. The results showed that no close relationship existed between the two methods. From a consideration of several factors it is concluded that the mixed sample method is more suitable and that it should be used in preference to the off-the-bottom method for estimates of extraneous matter in milk.
ABNORMAL MILK CONTROL–A PROGRESS REPORT
Authors: Flake J. C.
Published: December 2016

Two phases of a national program on control of abnormal milk are in effect. The third phase is scheduled to take effect July 1, 1970. The program will be evaluated at the May, 1969 meeting of the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (IMS). A report from the IMS Committee on Abnormal Milk Control will serve as a basis for this evaluation. Many organizations are active in abnormal milk work. These include U. S. Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, National Mastitis Council, local and state regulatory agencies, and many segments of the dairy industry. The Public Health Service published “Guidelines for the Control of Abnormal Milk” in May, 1968. These guidelines cover the first two phases of the IMS Abnormal Milk Program. Committees of the National Mastitis Council are making significant contributions to the abnormal milk program. Good progress is being made on control of abnormal milk. If reason prevails, the efforts of many organizations and individuals will bring success.