bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haematology and blood biochemistry in the horse: a guide to interpretation
Authors: Barrelet Annalisa , Ricketts Sidney
Published: October 2010

THE use of laboratory tests as an aid to the diagnosis of clinical problems has become commonplace in equine practice, and should be considered an integral part of the total management of a case. The indications for blood sampling are many and varied, but it is important to realise the limitations of laboratory results ‐ there is no substitute for a thorough clinical examination. Clinicians should therefore guard against relying too heavily on test results for a diagnosis and, rather, clinical pathology should be used as an ancillary aid. This article reviews the interpretation of basic haematological and blood biochemical tests which are available to the equine practitioner.
Management of bacterial osteomyelitis in dogs and cats
Authors: May Chris
Published: October 2010

THE term osteomyelitis, which literally means inflammation of bone, including the marrow and cortex, is most commonly applied to bacterial or fungal infections of bone. With rare exceptions, bacterial infections of the skeletal system do not constitute life‐threatening events. However, they are of importance because they are a source of significant morbidity and, particularly in skeletally immature animals, debilitating secondary changes may occur if treatment is not prompt and appropriate. Viral and protozoan infections can also affect the skeleton but these, like fungal infections, are rare or undocumented in the UK. This article discusses the management of bacterial osteomyelitis and describes the pathogenesis of the condition, an understanding of which is essential for rational therapy.
Into the real world: taxation issues for new graduates
Authors: Gray Neil
Published: October 2010

ONE of the many challenges that new graduates face as they start their first job is understanding their tax position and ensuring that they have been allocated the correct tax code. In this article, Neil Gray explains how a tax code is calculated and how allowances and perks influence an individual's tax position.
Challenges and rewards of working for a charity
Authors: Greenberg Danielle
Published: October 2010

FOR recent graduates, working for one of the UK's animal charities offers an opportunity to gain experience, develop and improve knowledge and skills, and to be part of a large team, albeit policies and practices vary between charities. In this article, Danielle Greenberg describes some of the challenges an rewards of her job with one of the major charities, discussing her work as a vet at the RSPCA's Greater Manchester Animal Hospital.
Rational use of corticosteroids in small animals
Authors: Sturgess Kit
Published: October 2010

SYNTHETIC corticosteroid drugs have both mineralo‐ and glucocorticoid activity to varying degrees although, in most situations, they are primarily prescribed for their glucocorticoid effects. While corticosteroids undoubtedly have a central role in the treatment of a number of diseases, their misuse is also responsible for causing problems, either directly by, for example, immunosuppression in the presence of sepsis, or indirectly by masking a diagnosis and thereby preventing appropriate treatment. In addition, corticosteroids suppress the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (HPA) which can lead to the development of iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism. In all cases, monitoring of therapy is vital as side effects are common and can be potentially life‐threatening. This article describes the basic pharmacology and physiological effects of corticosteroids and discusses the rationale behind the decision to use this group of drugs. It outlines how to choose the appropriate dose rate and duration of treatment and highlights some strategies for reducing systemic side effects.
Update on fasciolosis in cattle and sheep
Authors: Mitchell George
Published: October 2010

THE number of outbreaks of disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in cattle and sheep in Great Britain has increased dramatically in recent years, particularly in 1999 and 2000. The disease is closely linked to summer rainfall which favours fluke development and provides an optimum habitat for the intermediate host, the mud snail Lymnaea truncatula. The disease poses a threat to animal welfare and may also cause major economic losses through mortality, illthrift, treatment and veterinary costs. Fasciolosis has long been associated with high mortality in sheep flocks, and anaemia and poor production in beef and dairy cattle. In the past few years, fluke‐related deaths have also been reported in adult beef cattle and the parasite has been linked with outbreaks of salmonellosis and metabolic disease in dairy cattle. This article discusses the pathogenesis and epidemiology of fasciolosis and outlines an approach to diagnosis, treatment and control. While much of the data provided in the article relate to Scotland, it is generally considered that these are mirrored in other parts of the UK.
LLPs: possible benefits, potential limitations
Authors: Openshaw Nick
Published: October 2010

ON April 6, 2001, a new type of legal entity came into being in England, Wales and Scotland, the 'limited liability partnership' (LLP). In the six months after April 6, more than 700 LLPs were registered at Companies House. Many of these were small to medium‐sized businesses which were presumably persuaded that going down this route made more sense than entering into a conventional partnership or setting up as a company limited by shares. This article takes stock of the position a little over a year on, and explores some of the reasons why, in Nick Openshaw's experience, this new vehicle has made little or no real headway in the veterinary profession.
Milking procedures recommended for the control of bovine mastitis
Authors: Jones Trevor , Ohnstad Ian
Published: October 2010

THE two basic principles of mastitis control are, first, elimination of existing infections and, secondly, prevention of new infections. Up until the end of the 1960s, about 90 per cent of mastitis cases in the national herd were caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections, which were spread from cow to cow at milking time. Many of the rules applying to the milking procedure in play today were made in the disease context of that time and could be universally recommended to ameliorate the national herd problem without the need for mastitis bacteriology. Largely due to the application nationally of the 'five‐point plan' for mastitis control, S agalactiae, in particular, and S aureus are now relatively much less important than bacteria originating from the environment (predominantly Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli). No longer can a universal mastitis control policy be applied ‐ individual herd situations must first be understood before a control strategy can be formulated. Correct milking procedure should prevent new infections being contracted at milking time, but will not eliminate established infections. This article discusses the most important aspects of the milking procedure with regard to mastitis control. A wider discussion of dairy cow husbandry is beyond the scope of the article but, in summary, every effort should be made to ensure that cows enter the milking parlour with clean, undamaged teats.
Significance of plasma protein abnormalities in dogs and cats
Authors: McGrotty Yvonne , Knottenbelt Clare
Published: October 2010

PLASMA protein abnormalities are a significant biochemical finding in both dogs and cats. Changes in serum protein concentrations result in a variety of clinical signs and systemic effects and are associated with a number of disease processes. Due to the wide range of potential differential diagnoses for protein abnormalities, it is important that a methodical and logical approach is implemented in order to identify the primary disease. This article discusses the significance of changes in albumin, globulin and fibrinogen fractions within plasma and describes the diagnostic work‐up for animals with abnormal protein levels.
A rational approach to dry cow therapy
Authors: Bradley Andrew , Huxley Jon , Green Martin
Published: October 2010

THE use of antibiotics in food‐producing animals is an increasing area of public concern. In particular, the prophylactic use of antibiotics is coming under scrutiny ‐ and antibiotic dry cow therapy is one such use. The aim of this two‐part article is to provide an insight into the most important pathogens during the dry period and the best approaches to minimising their impact, through a rational approach to the prescription of dry cow therapy. Part 1, published in the last issue (November/December 2002, pp 582‐ 587), discussed udder health priorities during the dry period. This article discusses aspects of the design, prescription, use and monitoring of antibiotic dry cow treatments.
Diagnosis and treatmnent of canine hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Ramsey Ian
Published: October 2010

CANINE hypoadrenocorticism should be suspected quite commonly in practice, but only occasionally diagnosed. This reflects the non‐specific presenting signs, their tendency to wax and wane and the relatively low incidence of the condition. Moreover, as the clinical signs often respond to non‐specific therapy, the disease has a tendency to be missed. The chances of identifying a case of hypoadrenocorticism are related to the ability to maintain a high index of suspicion for the condition. This article outlines the pathophysiology associated with hypoadrenocorticism in dogs and describes an approach to diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Biology and radiological assessment of fracture healing
Authors: Langley‐Hobbs Sorrel
Published: October 2010

RADIOGRAPHIC imaging of the skeletal system is an integral part of the science of small animal orthopaedics. Radiographs should not be viewed in isolation, but assessed in the context of the whole patient by considering its signalment, the history behind its presentation and the results of a complete physical and thorough orthopaedic examination. A careful systematic approach helps to avoid errors (eg, missing a pathological fracture, or radiographing an obvious open distal limb fracture and missing a closed proximal fracture elsewhere in the limb) and allows the early detection of complications, enabling rapid intervention to prevent an undesirable outcome. This article describes the biological factors which influence fracture healing and discusses how radiographs may be used and evaluated to monitor the healing process in small animals.
Nurturing nurses for the benefit of all
Authors: Martin Carole
Published: October 2010

IN order to gain the VN qualification, veterinary nurses must demonstrate a high standard of nursing and patient care supported by the necessary underpinning knowledge. However, is this expertise fully appreciated by employers, practice teams or even the VNs themselves? In this article, Carole Martin makes the case for allowing VNs to reach their full potential, to the mutual benefit of everyone involved.
Management of fractures of the mandible in small animals
Authors: Glyde Mark , Lidbetter David
Published: October 2010

MANDIBULAR fractures are commonly seen in practice, comprising up to 6 per cent of all fractures in dogs and between 11 and 23 per cent of all fractures in cats. A better understanding of fracture biology and the relatively recent development of simple acrylic fixation methods have improved the management of mandibular fractures in dogs and cats. These techniques are effective and inexpensive and have reduced the complication rate previously associated with mandibular fracture repair. This article describes the anatomy of the mandible and discusses the biological, biomechanical and clinical factors which need to be taken into account for the successful management of mandibular fractures. It goes on to consider the options for mandibular fracture/luxation repair and reviews the techniques involved.
Taking the certificate in veterinary practice management
Authors: Statham Lynda
Published: October 2010

WITH almost 30 years' office experience under her belt, Lynda Statham moved from the building industry into veterinary practice management. A condition attached to her new post in practice was that she should undertake the certificate in veterinary practice management; indeed, it was considered part of her training. Lynda gained the certificate earlier this year, and here she describes how it has proved an invaluable stepping stone in her new role. She also has some tips for those who may be considering studying for the certificate.
On becoming a vet…
Authors: Redrobe Sharon
Published: October 2010

OVER the past nine years, Genusxpress (formerly Vet Drug) has offered an annual prize for the veterinary student who, in the opinion of his or her peers, has made the greatest contribution to student life. This new series of articles, to be continued in the next few issues, catches up with a number of past 'students of the year' to see how that energy and drive has been channelled into their early careers. The first author, Sharon Redrobe, the winner in 1994, describes how she set about pursuing her ambition to become a zoo vet. On page 624, Adam Durkin, the 1995 prizewinner, whose career path has taken a more conventional route, reflects on the steep learning curve that he has had to negotiate, as well as some of the changes he has witnessed in general practice.
Problem‐based learning: a new approach in medical education
Authors: Blayney Nick
Published: October 2010

TEACHING in universities has traditionally relied heavily upon lectures and tutorials, with the students' learning being directed by their teachers. Here, Nick Blayney describes the system of problem‐based learning followed by medical students at Liverpool university. With veterinary education currently under review, he asks whether there may be a place for a similar approach in the veterinary curriculum.
Treatment of skin disease in the horse 1. Systemic therapy
Authors: Paterson Sue
Published: October 2010

DERMATOLOGICAL therapy in the horse should be approached in the same way as it is in other species. Wherever possible, symptomatic therapy should be avoided and an accurate diagnosis made in order to facilitate the selection of an appropriate drug. Having selected the right drug, it is important that it is administered at the correct dosage and for an appropriate length of time. Many immune‐mediated conditions require months of therapy, while others need lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Similarly, deep infections need weeks or months of antimicrobial therapy, usually selected on the basis of culture and sensitivity testing. Such long‐term treatment can only be justified when the disease process has been identified and a definitive diagnosis has been made. This article describes the use of systemic therapy for a range of infectious, allergic, immune‐mediated and endocrine dermatological conditions. Topical therapy for these conditions will be discussed in Part 2 which is to be published in the next issue.
Dietary considerations in cardiac disease
Authors: Moneva‐Jordan Antonio
Published: October 2010

CARDIOVASCULAR disease and congestive heart failure are common medical conditions in the dog and cat. Recent advances in veterinary cardiology have underlined the importance of nutrition in patients with heart disease. In the past, associations between nutrition and cardiology began and ended with concerns about dietary sodium content. The discovery of taurine deficiency as a reversible cause of feline dilated cardiomyopathy in the late 1980s increased awareness of the importance of dietary management in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Both specific nutritional deficiencies and excessive levels of certain nutrients can cause or contribute to cardiac dysfunction. This article reviews the pathological changes commonly seen in body condition in cardiac patients and discusses their dietary management. It also highlights specific nutrient considerations for companion animals with cardiovascular disease drawing on experiences gained in the medical field.
Treatment of skin disease in the horse
Authors: Paterson Sue
Published: October 2010

TOPICAL therapy in small animals is an area that has received much attention over the past decade. There is a large range of topical dermatological products available to treat both the cat and dog, and plenty of published guidance on their usage. The horse, in comparison, has remained neglected. This is particularly disappointing as many owners routinely groom and shampoo their horses, purchasing products from their local animal feed wholesaler or saddler rather than their veterinary surgeon. The author uses many small animal products for horses and has found them to be safe and highly effective. However, even when recommended by a veterinary surgeon, clients may be reluctant to use products which do not carry specific indications for the horse. Topical therapy should not, where possible, be used as symptomatic therapy in place of a proper investigation and a specific diagnosis. In all cases, the attending veterinary surgeon should obtain a minimum database of skin scrapings, fungal culture and cytology. Topical therapy may be used to offer relief while the results of diagnostic tests are awaited and can then be used to augment other forms of treatment. In some circumstances, it can be used as the sole form of therapy. This article describes the use of topical therapy in the management of infectious, allergic, immunemediated and seborrhoeic disorders. Systemic therapy of equine skin disease was discussed in Part 1, published in the last issue (February 2003, pp 86‐91).
Farm practice in areas of low stock density: a blueprint for survival
Authors: Orpin Peter
Published: October 2010

FARM practice is facing one of its most challenging times at the moment, and the problems are all the more acute in areas of low stock density. According to Peter Orpin, opportunities do exist, but certain critical factors relating to practice structure and outlook will make the difference between practice survival and demise in years to come. Now is the time for practices in this sector to take a long hard look at how they are structured and where they are going. In this article, he outlines key factors to consider and suggests possible solutions to some of the main challenges.
The rise of women in the profession
Authors: Cameron Margaret
Published: October 2010

WOMEN trying to get into veterinary school in the wake of the Second World War faced considerable difficulties as many places were being taken by young men returning from the armed forces. Perseverance paid off for Margaret Cameron, who succeeded in gaining a place at Glasgow Veterinary College in 1947. Here, in the second article in our series on women in the veterinary profession, she describes her experiences as a student in the late 1940s
Radiography of the horse
Authors: Kold Svend , Butler Jan
Published: October 2010

THE foot and pastern of the horse must be the most frequently implicated region in terms of lameness. Recent years have seen an increase in the use of, and some confusion in the interpretation of, diagnostic (intra‐articular and perineural) analgesia in this region. With this in mind, and the fact that improved ultrasonographic facilities and sporadic availability of magnetic resonance imaging have not reduced the demand for high quality diagnostic radiographs of the foot and phalanges, it is important that veterinary surgeons in equine practice keep abreast of developments in radiographic techniques. This article discusses ways of enhancing radiography of this region and provides examples of radiological conditions frequently seen in practice.
Practice placements for undergraduate veterinary nurses
Authors: Bowden Sally
Published: October 2010

APPROXIMATELY 15 per cent of veterinary nursing students currently enrolled with the RCVS are training through the higher education system, rather than following the traditional practice‐based route, and there are now six universities offering degree courses in veterinary nursing. Degree students are required to complete blocks of work experience in veterinary practices and, as such, practices may find themselves being approached either by the universities, or directly by the students, to provide work placements. In this article, Sally Bowden explains what is involved and outlines some considerations for the practice.
Common cranial nerve disorders in dogs and cats
Authors: Penderis Jacques
Published: October 2010

LESIONS affecting the trigeminal (CN V) and facial (CN VII) nerves often appear similar on initial presentation but proper evaluation will allow differentiation between the two. Disorders of the trigeminal nerve are usually associated with central lesions (apart from mandibular paralysis or ‘dropped jaw’). Disorders of the facial nerve are common in clinical practice and it is important to identify whether these are due to idiopathic facial nerve paralysis, are occurring secondarily to an inner or middle ear lesion or are due to a more central lesion. This article discusses the assessment of the trigeminal and facial nerves and details their common disorders. In the light of the complex components of CN V and CN VII, only the clinically relevant innervations of the two are considered.
Use of indwelling intravenous catheters in the horse
Authors: Barakzai Safia , Chandler Keith
Published: October 2010

THE use of intravenous catheters facilitates the administration of fluids, blood and drugs to the equine patient. A variety of catheters are available for use in the horse, all of which have advantages and disadvantages. Sterility when placing an indwelling intravenous catheter, and proper maintenance of the catheter are of paramount importance in order to minimise the risk of thrombophlebitis. This article provides a step‐by‐step guide to the placement of three types of commonly used intravenous catheters, and discusses how to manage thrombophlebitis and other potential complications of intravenous catheterisation.
Avoidance of medicines residues in milk
Authors: Edmondson Peter
Published: October 2010

MEDICINES residues in milk constitute a major food safety issue and, consequently, there has been a great drive to reduce the number of bulk tank failures on dairy farms by dairy companies and the Food Standards Agency. In 1997, the Milk Development Council reported that 0‐2 per cent of bulk milk supplies failed to meet the minimum standard. The level of bulk tank failures has increased slightly over the past few years, despite the reduction in the number of dairy farms. The financial implications can be very severe for farmers who supply milk with residues; if it contaminates a milk tanker or bulk silo, they can be liable for the loss of the entire contents, which may be worth as much as £30,000. Virtually all antibiotic failures are due to human error or lack of communication; product‐related problems are the exception. The veterinary surgeon dispensing prescription‐only medicines (POMs) has a responsibility to ensure that the farmer understands how the medicines should be administered and to advise on milk withdrawal periods. This article discusses how problems usually arise and suggests practical steps for avoiding them.
Making it all add up ‐ choosing and using an accountant
Authors: Moore Andy
Published: October 2010

HISTORICALLY, veterinary practices have been provided with only fairly basic accountancy services, which could broadly be described as ‘Here are your accounts, this is your tax liability, and here is my bill; see you next year.’ However, the modern approach is to develop the accountant's role into that of a more general business adviser. In this article, Andy Moore discusses how to go about finding an accountant, with a view to maximising added value for the practice.
Defining the role of practice manager
Authors: Shilcock Maggie
Published: October 2010

UNTIL recent years, the management of a veterinary practice was usually carried out by the senior or managing partner. As the responsibilities of running a business have increased, so too has the number of managers employed specifically to run practices. In the first of two articles, Maggie Shilcock describes the multitude of tasks which comprise a practice manager's role and explains that the key to effective practice management is to delegate and oversee these tasks appropriately, while working with the practice's owners to ensure that the business continues to succeed.
Diagnosis and management of chronic renal failure in the cat
Authors: Barber Penney
Published: October 2010

RENAL disease is a common and important condition in the cat, particularly in the geriatric animal. The prevalence of spontaneous chronic renal failure (CRF) in the aged cat is estimated to be three times higher than in the aged dog. There is a relatively small number of specific diseases recognised to affect the feline kidney, although a large and increasing number of cats are diagnosed with CRF. The duration of renal failure necessary to warrant the description 'chronic' is debatable but, generally, CRF may be defined as the presence of azotaemia or uraemia of renal origin of more than two weeks' duration. This article describes a clinical approach to the diagnosis of CRF and discusses how such cases might be managed. In addition, it outlines some potential complications of renal dysfunction.
Clinical management of the geriatric horse and pony
Authors: Jarvis Nicola
Published: October 2010

GERIATRIC retired horses are frequently kept by their owners as a companion for their current riding horse or simply as a much loved 'lawnmower'. With age, horses experience specific clinical problems, including osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), weight loss, pituitary hyperplasia and related conditions. These common causes of debility in the older horse are often insidious in onset and usually progressive but, when managed appropriately, animals can maintain a reasonable quality of life. This article discusses the diagnosis and clinical management of these conditions in the older horse and pony.
How a good practice manager can really make a difference
Authors: Shilcock Maggie
Published: October 2010

IN the last issue, Maggie Shilcock outlirned the many areas encompassed by the role of veterinary practice manager, and emphasised the need for the manager to delegate appropriate tasks to other members of staff and to liaise with the practice owners. Here, she looks more specifically at how the right practice manager can improve the skills and motivation of practice staff and, by doing so, make a real difference to the running ‐ and profitability ‐ of the practice.
Porcine respiratory disease and complexes: the story to date
Authors: Done Stan , White Mark
Published: October 2010

RESPIRATORY diseases of pigs have undergone a variety of name changes over the years, partly as a reflection of the evolution of these diseases and partly as a result of changing fashions. From the point of view of the clinician who sees a pig with a cough or dyspnoea which fails to thrive, there is little difference clinically between a grower/finishing pig of the 21st century with porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and a fattening (finishing) pig in the 1960s with enzootic pneumonia. The clinical signs are similar but the aetiology may be different due to changes in production methods, the development of efficacious vaccines and the appearance over the past decade or so of serious viral diseases affecting the respiratory tract. This article traces the evolution of porcine respiratory disease over recent decades, discusses the current disease priorities and briefly outlines strategies for control.
The rise of women in the profession 4. The 1970s graduate
Authors: Nute Jill
Published: October 2010

THE 'swinging sixties' had brought about some liberalisation in attitudes, but in the early 1970s there was still an element of hostility towards women taking up places at veterinary school and in practice ‐ and veterinary politics remained very much dominated by men. Despite these barriers, Jill Nute managed to juggle working in practice, raising a family and a prominent career in veterinary politics. Here, she describes her experiences and the changes she has witnessed since she qualified in 1970.
Infectious reproductive disease in pigs
Authors: Gresham Andrew
Published: October 2010

REPRODUCTIVE disease is a major cause of economic loss in pig industries throughout the world. In the UK, most reproductive disease in pigs has a non‐infectious aetiology and generally relates to managemental, nutritional or environmental factors. However, protracted outbreaks of enzootic and epizootic infectious reproductive disease can cause significant loss. Infectious reproductive disease of pigs in this country is usually due to infection by opportunistic bacteria, viruses and sometimes fungi and protozoa which are often endemic in herds. Occasionally, epizootics of reproductive disease occur due to infection with pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus and leptospires (especially Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava). This article describes the patterns of infectious reproductive disease in pigs and discusses the influence of a number of important pathogens.
Feather plucking in psittacine birds 1. Presentation and medical investigation
Authors: Chitty John
Published: October 2010

FEATHER plucking is one of the most common presentations in avian practice and also one of the most frustrating. 'Feather plucking' should correctly be described as a syndrome, not a diagnosis. The veterinary surgeon should aim to diagnose the cause of the plucking so as to allow appropriate therapeutic management. For the purposes of this article, feather chewing is included within the definition of 'plucking' even though there may be some differences in aetiology, presentation and approach. However, self‐mutilation, where there is actual physical damage to the skin, is not discussed except when considering dermatopathies, as plucking and mutilation are rarely seen together and it is unusual to see a 'plucker' progress to self‐mutilation. This article describes an approach to the medical investigation of feather plucking in psittacine birds. An article in the next issue will consider the investigation of social/environmental and behavioural problems which might also cause feather plucking/chewing.
Pitfalls to avoid in providing accommodation for staff
Authors: Coveney Nigel , Maynard Andrew , Openshaw Nick
Published: October 2010

MANY veterinary practices choose to offer some form of accommodation to certain members of their staff, as there are advantages to both the employee and the practice in this arrangement. However, as this article explains, it is in the interests of the employer to ensure that a suitable contract or agreement is made with the employee, to avoid some of the legal pitfalls which could arise.
The rise of women in the profession 5. The 1980s
Authors: Dyson Sue
Published: October 2010

A LOVE of horses led Sue Dyson to apply for a place at Cambridge veterinary school, where she found herself in a male‐dominated world ‐ even more so when she looked at the prospects for getting into her chosen field of equine practice. However, inspired by her experiences of seeing practice, she embarked on a career that began with some time in the USA and has since led to RCVS specialist status in equine orthopaedic surgery.
Tendon injury in the horse: current theories and therapies
Authors: Smith Roger , Schramme Michael
Published: October 2010

TENDON injuries can arise by either intrinsic (strain or displacement) or extrinsic (bruise, penetration or laceration) mechanisms, and appear to be widespread in the horse. The most frequently observed injury is the strain injury which predominantly affects the palmar soft tissue structures which support the metacarpophalangeal joint. This article discusses the rational treatment of tendonitis based on current knowledge of pathophysiological events in the injured tendon. Given that injured tendons heal by repair rather than regeneration, prevention must be the ultimate goal and, to this end, four strategies for the prevention of tendonitis are proposed.
Critical care and monitoring of small animal patients
Authors: Bilbrough Graham
Published: October 2010

ONCE patient triage and emergency procedures are complete, attention must turn to the longer‐term care of critically ill animals. Such cases are typically unstable and profound changes in organ function can occur rapidly. Any efforts to maintain life will be wasted without appropriate continuing care. Repeated evaluations are required to allow prompt recognition of problems and enable early intervention. This article provides a checklist of parameters which should be monitored when caring for critically ill patients. This list is by no means exhaustive as some patients will require attention to other aspects; it nevertheless forms the basis of a routine assessment to ensure that each patient is being monitored appropriately. Monitoring equipment is often used to detect changes in physiological parameters, but not all of the devices discussed are essential for good critical care. Their use should be limited to situations where they provide pertinent information and are well tolerated by the patient.
Differential diagnosis of diarrhoea in lambs
Authors: Sargison Neil
Published: October 2010

WHILE the consistency of healthy sheep faeces varies from firm pellets to soft paste, depending on the dry matter and fibre content of the diet, the observation of fluid faeces and faecal staining of the wool in the perineal region is not normal and indicates the presence of diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is seen commonly in lambs of all ages and is significant because it is usually associated with suboptimal production. The important aetiological factors differ according to the lambs' age and management system. Furthermore, the presence of diarrhoea is often accompanied by other clinical signs within the flock and is not necessarily the primary problem. It often occurs with bacteraemia, parasitaemia, endotoxaemia and toxicosis, or is associated with dietary changes or nutritional imbalances. Small improvements in the productivity of individual animals can have a substantial effect on the economic performance of the flock as a whole. An accurate diagnosis is therefore vital to ensure the best management of the problem, and is based on relevant husbandry factors and disease history, age of the lambs affected, examination of the flock, clinical examination of selected individual animals, collection of appropriate samples for laboratory investigation and, in some cases, postmortem examination. This article describes the differential diagnosis of diarrhoea in lambs of different ages, and highlights the problem of anthelmintic resistance associated with parasitic gastroenteritis which is commonly encountered in weaned lambs.
Evidence‐based veterinary medicine 1. Why is it important and what skills are needed?
Authors: Holmes Mark , Cockcroft Peter
Published: October 2010

THIS is the first part of a series of three articles on evidence‐based veterinary medicine (EBVM) ‐ a discipline which increasingly is being recognised as having a fundamental role to play in day‐to‐day veterinary practice, as well as being vital to the future development of the profession. The article defines what EBVM is, explains its importance and describes the range of skills required to practise EBVM. Parts 2 and 3, which will be published in the February and March issues, respectively, will look in greater detail at first identifying information needs and searching for evidence, and then appraising the evidence.
Does it pay to provide benefits in kind?
Authors: Moore Andy
Published: October 2010

TRADITIONALLY, veterinary assistants have typically been provided with a range of benefits in kind ‐ for example, a company car, living accommodation, professional subscriptions, and funding for CPD costs and time. These have always been perceived by practices as being a tax‐efficient way of remunerating staff. But given recent developments, is this still the case? In this article, Andy Moore outlines the current tax situation with regard to a range of benefits and goes on to consider whether the provision of a benefits package remains effective ‐ from the point of view of both the practice and its staff.
Coping when the computers go down
Authors: Clarke Carole
Published: October 2010

MOST practices now rely on a computer system for managing their day‐to‐day business. For some, the reliance is so great that they suffer acute problems when confronted with an unexpected power or system failure. In this article, prompted by 'horror stories' related by computer engineers called to sort out such problems, Carole Clarke discusses the importance of having adequate reserve manual systems in place. She also provides some pointers for helping to ensure that things run smoothly, with or without the computer system.
Therapies for ectoparasiticism in sheep
Authors: Bates Peter
Published: October 2010

A NUMBER of ectoparasites can affect sheep in the UK, with potentially serious consequences. Production can be severely affected, in terms of reduced milk and meat yields, downgrading of wool and leather, and the need for expensive control programmes. Ectoparasitic infestations also significantly compromise the welfare of flocks and individual sheep, and may result in prosecutions for animal cruelty. Effective control depends on whether the ectoparasite is permanent (ie, spends its entire life cycle on sheep) or semipermanent (ie, has at least one free‐living stage). This article describes the various classes of ectoparasiticides and how they may be applied to animals for best effect. In view of concerns over resistance and pesticide safety, which may have implications for future product availability, it also outlines some alternative methods of control which might be implemented instead of, or in combination with, traditional ectoparasiticides.
Assessing the needs of cattle for trace elements
Authors: Suttle Neville
Published: October 2010

THERE is a widespread belief among veterinary surgeons and farmers that cattle have become more susceptible to trace element deficiencies over the years as productivity has increased, with some even thinking that dietary recommendations should be routinely exceeded. Specialists in trace element nutrition have tended to take the opposite view, revising many standards downwards. Which group is right? In truth, probably neither, as the answers lie in the complex relationship between production and trace element function. What is clear is that current estimates of the need for trace elements, based on straightforward 'input must equal output' models, are oversimplistic. A safer approach, as discussed in this article, is to look to the animal for evidence that its needs are not being met and, where necessary, apply appropriate intervention to redress any identified imbalances.
Do client contracts make good business sense?
Authors: Openshaw Nick
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY surgeons are comparatively lightly regulated and may still feel able to conduct business with their clients in a relatively relaxed and informal way. For a number of other professionals this is no longer an option, and it may not be too long before veterinary practices consider making contracts between themselves and their clients more explicit. Here, Nick Openshaw explains the benefits of setting out in writing the terms and conditions under which a practice will offer services to its clients.
New horizons: gaining the MRCVS by examination
Authors: Novak Denis , Novak Nikoleta
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY graduates from overseas who wish to practise in the UK, and who are not eligible for registration by the RCVS by virtue of a recognised EU or 'Commonwealth and foreign' qualification, or a qualification from an accredited college in the USA or Canada, are normally required to sit and pass the RCVS 'statutory membership examination'. Recent years have seen a steady increase in the number of overseas vets who hope to demonstrate that, by passing the exam, they have the 'requisite knowledge and skill to be fit to practise veterinary surgery' in the UK. Denis and Nikoleta Novak, from Serbia, had a different motive. Here they tell their story.
Artificial insemination in mares
Authors: Shepherd Chris
Published: October 2010

THE role of artificial insemination in equine breeding programmes has grown dramatically over the past 10 years, particularly for sports horses. Many of the early problems of artificial insemination have now been resolved and the reputation of the technique among breeders has improved. The procedure is now widely accepted by most studbooks. This article describes the insemination process and discusses how it may be used to optimise conception rates. It also outlines the health precautions which must be taken in any artificial insemination programme to limit the spread of venereal diseases in horses.
Making change a manageable process
Authors: Stobbs Christine
Published: October 2010

CHANGE is a strange phenomenon. It is an inevitable part of life, and is often a very positive experience. However, if someone does not have the skills in place to help them manage change, the process can be very stressful and they may have great difficulty adapting. In this article, Christine Stobbs discusses the ways in which individuals and organisations can manage change constructively in order to reduce its negative impact and enhance its positive effects.
On becoming a vet. . . part 4
Authors: Gaskell Ben
Published: October 2010

IN the final part of this series, Ben Gaskell, recipient of the Vet Drug/Genusxpress 'student of the year' award in 2000, discusses how the reality of cutting his teeth in equine practice was not quite as he had anticipated.
Infectious respiratory disease in rodents
Authors: Goodman Gidona
Published: October 2010

MOST of the current knowledge regarding respiratory disease in rodents is based on the management of laboratory rodents. The emphasis is on diagnosis, elimination and prevention of subclinical respiratory disease rather than treatment. In the author's experience, rats are the most frequently presented small mammals with respiratory problems, followed by guinea pigs and then chinchillas. Animal husbandry, environmental conditions and immune status all play a part in the pathogenesis. While some of the causal bacteria are opportunistic pathogens, other infections are acquired and animals remain infected for life. Therapy usually does not eliminate disease, but only alleviates the symptoms, and it is important that clients are made aware of this. This article provides an overview of common respiratory diseases in pet rodents, with particular emphasis on Mycoplasma and Bordetella species infections.
Estimated breeding values for beef cattle
Authors: Lowman Basil
Published: October 2010

THE estimated breeding value (EBV) of an animal is a calculation of its genetic worth based on performance records compiled by pedigree breeders, both for the animal itself and its relatives in other herds. For a beef farmer seeking to purchase a new sire, EBVs provide a means of assessing how the bull compares with the current breed average. This article discusses how this process works and also addresses some common questions and a few misconceptions.
Difficult choices: helping clients to arrive at an informed decision
Authors: Jackson Cathy , Gray Carol
Published: October 2010

IN the wake of bad news, there is often the need for difficult decisions to be taken regarding the treatment of an animal. Following on from the recent article on breaking bad news (February 2004, pp 103‐105), Cathy Jackson, a GP and lecturer in consultation skills, draws on her experience from the human field to give some pointers as to how vets can ease the decision‐making process for their clients. In the box on page 224, Carol Gray, a veterinary surgeon and lecturer in communication skills, discusses how the principles of evidence‐based medicine should be incorporated into decision‐making in order to achieve the best, informed decision for clients and their animals.
Keeping staff members on board
Authors: Shilcock Maggie
Published: October 2010

HAVING made a considerable investment ‐ in time, effort and money ‐ in recruiting and training a new member of the practice team, the last thing you want is for them to 'jump ship' and move on prematurely. As Maggie Shilcock explains, the key to keeping a new member of staff on board is to ensure that the practice meets their expectations by delivering what it has promised ‐ and this involves a great deal more than simply making sure that they know how to do their job.
Epidural and spinal anaesthesia in the dog
Authors: Campoy Luis
Published: October 2010

EPIDURAL and spinal anaesthesia was first reported in veterinary patients in the 1920s. It is usually carried out in animals as a preoperative measure to limit intraoperative nociception, abolish skeletal muscle tone and reduce anaesthetic requirements; this, in turn, facilitates a smoother recovery and a more rapid return to normal behaviour. The effects of epidural and spinal anaesthetics are more localised and more intense than systemically administered drugs. This article discusses how epidural and spinal anaesthesia is achieved in terms of its physiological effects and reviews the agents commonly used. It goes on to describe the techniques for epidural injection and catheter placement.
Breeding for improved cow fertility
Authors: McGuirk Brian
Published: October 2010

ANECDOTAL evidence and results from milk recording organisations such as National Milk Records (NMR) suggest that there has been a decline in dairy cow fertility in the UK national herd. Many people believe that the British Friesian had better fertility than the modern‐day Holstein. The switch from Friesian to Holstein occurred in the mid‐1980s, but there is evidence that cow fertility continues to decline, a trend that is blamed on the pursuit of higher yields by breeding companies. Dairy farmers also want to see genetic gains in yield, as it accords with their own demand for more efficient dairy cows, but many see any decline in cow fertility as undesirable and even unacceptable. With low milk prices, there has been a move back to the use of less concentrate, and the perceived need to produce 'milk from grass'. A regular annual calving pattern is more difficult to achieve if herd fertility is declining. Farmers are also concerned about the direct costs of poorer fertility (eg, veterinary costs, semen and insemination fees, higher herd replacement rates). This article examines the evidence for and against some of these beliefs, and explores the possibility that there may be a resolution between the interests of breeding companies and those of commercial milk producers. It is an axiom of sound business practice that the interests of supplier and producer cannot remain at cross purposes.
Developing a health and safety culture in the practice
Authors: Clarke Carole
Published: October 2010

THIS article looks at health and safety from a different angle from the usual lists of regulations, and does not attempt to give a comprehensive review of the health and safety rules and policies that all practices should have in place. Rather, as Carole Clarke explains, the intention is to help practices develop their own approach to health and safety, and to develop a culture of awareness which will, with the appropriate support, result in a safe workplace; that is, a workplace in which health and safety issues are part of normal life, risks are spotted and avoided by all members of the practice team, and faulty equipment and other problems are dealt with efficiently.
Budget 2004 ‐ implications for veterinary practice
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

Dixon Gunn discusses three aspects of the 2004 Budget which are of relevance to veterinary practices ‐ and one or two others that have caught his eye.