bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity in the Soviet Union
Authors: Rakowska-Harmstone Teresa
Published: March 2007

In the Soviet Union, ethnicity is the major force for change. It is a multiethnic society, where the Russians constitute the ruling majority. The country's political system recognizes the ethnic principle in a federal state structure, but the real power is exercised by a unitary and highly centralized Communist party. The ruling ideology of Marxism-Leninism postulates class-based internation alism as the basis of Soviet national integration. Ethnic antagonisms, inherited from Russia's colonial past, were submerged in the Stalinist period, but growing ethnic self- assertion by non-Russian groups became visible in the sixties and seventies, under the impact of accelerated moderniza tion and other policy decisions, such as the development of ethnic cultures. Quantitative and qualitative hegemony of the Russians has been a major catalyst. New Soviet educated elites are the spokesmen for ethnic interests, which are aggregated within national republics. Ethnic conflict man ifests itself in all spheres of political, social, economic, and cultural life, but is played by systemic "rules of the game." There is no open separatism or ethnic warfare. Ethnic forces press for an evolution toward greater autonomy, but if it is denied, there may be an explosion.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs Since 1945: An Assessment
Authors: Officer James E.
Published: March 2007

Following World War II, the Bureau of Indian Affairs entered one of the most turbulent periods of its history. First arousing Indian ire during the 1950s for its support of the so-called termination policy, it passed through a relatively tranquil decade in the 1960s as many other government agen cies began supplying services to Indians, then moved into the 1970s, which have been notable for much favorable legis lation and greatly increased appropriations. At the same time the Bureau has been significantly affected by growing Indian frustration and militancy. By late 1976, it was also beginning to feel the effects of an expanding white backlash against Indians in many areas, stemming at least in part from more aggressive Indian espousal of the concept of tribal sover eignty. This backlash has produced changes in the committee structures of Congress which could have negative conse quences for Indian legislation and appropriations. Internally, the Bureau since the mid-1970s has experienced considerable tension between Indian and non-Indian employees, the for mer having been favored by federal court decisions confirm ing their entitlement to preference in hiring, promotion, and lateral transfer within the BIA and the Indian Health Service. The administration of President Carter faces unprecedented challenges in Indian affairs because of the many changes which have taken place since 1945.
Current Demographic and Social Trends Among North American Indians
Authors: Stanley Sam , Thomas Robert K.
Published: March 2007

The American Indian population has continued to increase at a rate greater than other identifiable populations in the United States. The 1970 census returns indicate that 45 percent of the Indian population resides in urban areas. Indians have moved to urban centers and urban life has moved to Indians since many communities are surrounded by urban and surburban sprawl. The total Indian population has experienced cultural and language loss. At the same time more Indians are being educated up to and beyond the college level. Young Indians with institutional experience, whether in schools or prisons, are becoming either militant or bureau cratic. We infer that the turmoil which has characterized American Indian life since 1950 is a function of Indians' deter mination to maintain their identity and values in the face of overwhelming pressures to change. The future will feature more of the same unless Indians feel free to make their own adjustment.
The Professionalization of Organized Youth Sport: Social Psychological Impacts and Outcomes
Authors: Brower Jonathan J.
Published: March 2007

The notion of professionalism in sport is not a well-defined one. In essence, it is the degree of seriousness and importance given to it by the athletes, management, and spectators. Organized competitive youth sports ostensibly are for the young athletes, but the cross pressures and often overburdening demands from coaches and parents serve to make the sporting experience considerably less than relaxed and recreational.

In most youth leagues the model of how sport should be approached is that of the adult professional ranks—those athletes who earn a living from their sport. The concern with winning above the concern with enhancing the experience of the athlete is at the core of the professionalization of youth sports.

Little League baseball is used to illustrate some of the dynamics and processes by which the young athletes and the adults on the scene—coaches, parents, umpires, and league officials—interact and perpetuate a highly competitive, organized game for youngsters in the mold of the big leagues.
The Campaign for Athletes' Rights
Authors: Moore Kenny
Published: March 2007

Amateur athletes who pursue their sport pri marily for its own sake feel they have, or ought to have, the right to compete wherever they are physically qualified. Yet, as reported by athletes' groups and confirmed by the Presi dent's Commission on Olympic Sports (1975-1977), this free dom has been abridged by practically all major amateur sports organizations such as the NCAA (The National Collegiate Athletic Association) and AAU (Amateur Athletic Union). The President's Commission recommended statutory guarantees of the right to compete in international competition, but the campaign for such a law ran into the lobbying power of the NCAA. A compromise was effected, permitting the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 to pass, thus reorganizing much of American amateur sport. But athletes' rights do not yet enjoy the protec tion in law desired by most athletes.
Controversies in College Sports
Authors: Hanford George H.
Published: March 2007

While the Twentieth Century history of inter collegiate athletics has been marked by four periods of ex ternal scrutiny, the present scene is dominated by develop ments relating to the conduct of revenue producing sports, the equalization of athletic opportunities for women, the re cruiting and subsidizing of athletes, and the financing of collegiate sports. Overemphasis on big-time football and basketball persists in clouding the relationship of sports to education. Ethical misconduct in the attraction and main tenance of big-time athletes continues to plague the college sports scene. The tightening financial squeeze on higher education, by keeping pressure on revenue producing sports, continues to nurture an unhealthy win-at-any-cost philos ophy. And the movement to provide women with equal athletic opportunity as required by Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1972 is adding to the problems of dollars and ethics—problems that will be solved only when the relationship of intercollegiate sports to the educational process is publicly examined, professionally clarified, and understandably declared.
Mediating Structures: A Paradigm for Democratic Pluralism
Authors: Kerrine Theodore M. , Neuhaus Richard John
Published: March 2007

The advent of the modern welfare state has tended to undermine the "mediating structures" that form linkages between the individual in his private life and the vast institutions of the public order. Such institutions as churches and families are important not only because they are the value-generating and sustaining institutions in demo cratic society, but also because they are the agencies through which people most frequently interact in public life. The steady erosion of these natural communities by government expansion has resulted in public policies which lack the confidence of the people most directly affected by them. At the same time, there is an increasing desire for government services. Churches have been effectively excluded from con siderations of public policy by a view which identifies the public realm solely with the state. Where church participa tion is acknowledged, the forces of secularization and profes sionalization continue to assault the religious character of that involvement while the expansionist tendencies of the state are manifested in attempts to bring churches further within the sphere of government control. The mediating structures proposal calls for an imaginative recognition of institutions like churches in public policy in order to bridge the ever- widening division between individual belief and public purpose.
Religion and Education: A Continuing Dilemma
Authors: Wood James E.
Published: March 2007

No questions have provoked as much discussion or prompted as much litigation during the past three decades in church-state relations as the role of religion in the public schools and the use of public funds for religious schools. The issues raised by these two questions constitute a continuing dilemma in religion and education in America. This essay reviews religion and education in the context of U.S. church- state relations and several decades of judicial interpretations based on the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The most serious proposal for securing public funds for reli gious schools now being advanced is tuition tax-credit legisla tion, the outcome of which is by no means certain. Even here, however, the eligibility for such funds may require that church schools maintain an essentially secular character and thereby lose their religious identity and church-relatedness.
Genocide: Was it the Nazis' Original Plan?
Authors: Bauer Yehuda
Published: March 2007

Since the 1940s scholars have debated the ques tion, Did Hitler and his henchmen plan the Final Solution decades before 1941? Many have answered in the affirmative. However, examination of those developments that led to the Final Solution raises serious questions. Although some have declared that the Nazis with Hitler at the helm did indeed plan the mass execution even before the 1930s, nowhere is there any pronouncement of this before 1939! The plan the Nazis did have was to evict all Jews from Germany. Although sev eral hundred thousand did leave, those left behind as well as the millions conquered as the Nazis swept through Europe provided a dilemma. Hitler wanted them out. No one wanted them. The Schacht-Rublee negotiations and the Nisko/ Madagascar plans, efforts to clear Europe of Jews, had failed dismally before 1939. The last alternative was the Final Solution, which took form in 1941 with the adoption of the Einsatzgruppen plan for the mass murder of Jews in Russia, mainly by machine gun, and the Wannsee plan for the mass murder of Jews in Poland in the gas ovens and the crematoria established at six death camps.
The Christian Response to the Holocaust
Authors: Drinan Robert F.
Published: March 2007

The reaction of the Christian community to the Holocaust can generally be described as mild, vague, and belated. While there are notable exceptions to the general ineffectiveness of the Church to affect its concern over rising antisemitism, it failed in any significant way to provide political or moral leadership to combat the antisemitic designs of Hitler's Germany. The reappraisal of past teaching coupled with acknowledgement of past complicity with antisemitism has contributed to a heightened sense of ecumenical respon sibility. Since World War II, the Christian community's state ments condemning the Holocaust have increased Christian sensitivity to the horrors of the past and to the potential dangers of the future.
Proliferation and International Crisis Behavior
Authors: Asal Victor , Beardsley Kyle
Published: March 2007

The literature on international conflict is divided on the impact of nuclear proliferation on state conflict. The optimists' argument contends that nuclear weapons raise the stakes so high that states are unlikely to go to war when nuclear weapons enter the equation. The pessimists rebut this argument, contending that new proliferators are not necessarily rational and that having nuclear weapons does not discourage war but rather makes war more dangerous. Focusing on one observable implication from this debate, this article examines the relationship between the severity of violence in crises and the number of involved states with nuclear weapons. The study contends that actors will show more restraint in crises involving more participants with nuclear weapons. Using data from the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project, the results demonstrate that crises involving nuclear actors are more likely to end without violence and, as the number of nuclear actors involved increases, the likelihood of war continues to fall. The results are robust even when controlling for a number of factors including non-nuclear capability. In confirming that nuclear weapons tend to increase restraint in crises, the effect of nuclear weapons on strategic behavior is clarified. But the findings do not suggest that increasing the number of nuclear actors in a crisis can prevent war, and they cannot speak to other proliferation risks.
Bargaining, Bias and Peace Brokers: How Rebels Commit to Peace
Authors: Svensson Isak
Published: March 2007

What is the role of biased mediators in bringing belligerents to a negotiated settlement in internal armed conflicts? Previous research has suggested that biased third parties may mitigate commitment problems between parties, by serving as guarantors for the weakening side. This article contributes to the previous debate by distinguishing, theoretically and empirically, between government- and rebel-biased mediation. When belligerents in internal armed conflicts consider ending their armed conflict through a negotiated settlement, the government stands to relinquish authority, whereas the rebels stand to gain opportunities — legitimacy, time and access to official structures — that can be exploited in the post-agreement future. Hence, in the pre-settlement phase of the conflict process, it is above all the rebels that have problems committing to peace. The author argues that government-biased mediators can decrease the fears of the government and thereby mitigate the rebels' commitment problems. Using new data on the dyadic level covering all intrastate armed conflict in the period 1989—2003, this article examines states, organizations and individuals that are mediating in states' internal conflicts. The empirical analysis supports the above-mentioned argument. Mediators on the side of the government have a positive effect on negotiated settlements, while rebel-biased mediators have no significant effect.
Irish-America, the End of the IRA's Armed Struggle and the Utility of `Soft Power'
Authors: Cochrane Feargal
Published: March 2007

This article examines the changing role of Irish-America in the Northern Ireland peace process and contends that it played a pivotal role in the Provisional IRA's announcement in July 2005 that it was ending its campaign of violence. It is argued here that the IRA decision to end its campaign was influenced considerably by three separate but interrelated factors: (1) the internationalization of Northern Ireland by successive US governments beyond the limits of domestic UK politics; (2) the evolution of the Irish-American political lobby in the 1990s, from outcome-driven objectives to process-driven and attainable goals; and (3) the current leadership of the Irish republican movement has orientated itself around the changing social fabric of Irish-America, which is smaller and less cohesive than in the past. More broadly, the article demonstrates the way in which the dynamics of internal conflict can be altered by external actors via the use of `soft power' strategies, in a manner that can assist the development of a peace process.
One-Sided Violence Against Civilians in War
Authors: Eck Kristine , Hultman Lisa
Published: March 2007

This article presents new data on the direct and deliberate killings of civilians, called one-sided violence, in intrastate armed conflicts, 1989—2004. These data contribute to the present state of quantitative research on violence against civilians in three important respects: the data provide actual estimates of civilians killed, the data are collected annually and the data are provided for both governments and rebel groups. Using these data, general trends and patterns are presented, showing that the post-Cold War era is characterized by periods of fairly low-scale violence punctuated by occasional sharp increases in violence against civilians. Furthermore, rebels tend to be more violent on the whole, while governments commit relatively little violence except in those few years which see mass killings. The article then examines some factors that have been found to predict genocide and evaluates how they correlate with one-sided violence as conceptualized here. A U-shaped correlation between regime type and one-sided violence is identified: while autocratic governments undertake higher levels of one-sided violence than other regime types, rebels are more violent in democratic countries.
Applying Common Identity and Bond Theory to Design of Online Communities
Authors: Yuqing Ren  , Kraut Robert , Kiesler Sara
Published: March 2007

Online communities depend upon the commitment and voluntary participation of their members. Community design — site navigation, community structure and features, and organizational policies — is critical in this regard. Community design affects how people can interact, the information they receive about one another and the community, and how they can participate in community activities. We argue that the constraints and opportunities inherent in online community design influence how people become attached to the community and whether they are willing to expend effort on its behalf. We examine two theories of group attachment and link these theories with design decisions for online communities. Common identity theory makes predictions about the causes and consequences of people's attachment to the group as a whole. Common bond theory makes predictions about the causes and consequences of people's attachment to individual group members. We review causes of common identity and common bond, and show how they result in different kinds of attachment and group outcomes. We then show how design decisions, such as those focused on recruiting newcomers versus retaining existing members, constraining or promoting off-topic discussion, and limiting group size or allowing uncontrolled growth, can lead to common identity or interpersonal bonds among community members, and consequently to different levels and forms of community participation by those so motivated.
How Principals Can Use the Legislative Process
Authors: Hargraves Robert S.
Published: March 2007

This article relates the experience of one state principals association in influencing the passage of desirable legislation. The legislative network described here has worked for Massachusetts.
Business Employment for High School Graduates
Authors: Hammer George
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the office employ ment outlook for high school graduates in a depressed labor market. It discusses business executives' opinions on changes in the secondary school curriculum to increase employability of graduates.
Self-Actualization: The Purpose of Education
Authors: Bledsoe George M.
Published: March 2007

Many school discipline problems would never occur, says this author, if an individual curriculum were developed for each student which would successfully teach respect, excellence, receptivity, efficiency in learning, critical thinking, accurate observation, and creativity—in short self-actualiza tion.
Conflicting Expectations for Guidance
Authors: Koten Jane
Published: March 2007

Counseling effectiveness in secondary schools is greatly limited by conflicting and unclear role ex pectancies as reflected below. The administrator must provide leadership in determining the direc tion his school's counseling program should take if this situation is to improve.
Pupil Personnel Service Team Organization
Authors: Pugh Charles , Werle John
Published: March 2007

The team approach to providing non-instructional services to students has been implemented suc cessfully at Naperville (III.) High School. An over view of the program—which allows the counselor to function as a generalist in guidance and counsel ing—follows.
Promoting Critical Reading, Intelligent Behavior in the Secondary School
Authors: Cahn Lorynne D.
Published: March 2007

If students are to function effectively in our complex society they must possess the ability to evaluate what they read. An approach to developing this ability is discussed below.
School Improvement Goal Setting: A Collaborative Model
Authors: Snyder Karolyn J. , Krieger Richard , McCormick Robert
Published: March 2007

These writers describe a collaborative goal-setting model used successfully by administrators and staff members in one Alaskan high school.
A Research Review— Perceptions on Characteristics of Effective Schools
Authors: Sapone Carmelo V.
Published: March 2007

After reviewing the literature to determine which characteristics of effective schools should be the dominant feature of any local school environment, this educator has identified 18 major char acteristics that are important determinants of academic excel lence.
State Mandated Accountability Programs: Are They Educationally Sound?
Authors: Henson Kenneth T. , Saterfiel Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

Curriculum theory and practical curriculum development are interdependent, despite the all-too-common belief to the con trary, say these writers. They describe Mississippi's statewide accountability program to illustrate the need for a sound theoret ical base for instruction.
Foreign Language Enrollments: Why Are They Declining? What Can Be Done?
Authors: Crawford-Lange Linda M.
Published: March 2007

Despite renewed emphasis on the importance of foreign lan guages, enrollment in these classes continues to decline. This principal believes the reason is faulty marketing. With the help of a survey, she describes what other principals believe.
The Principal and Computerized Instruction: A Six-Step Planning Model
Authors: Weller L. David , Wolfe Delores M.
Published: March 2007

The model described here will enable principals to help teachers develop computer skills and overcome their hesitancy to use them in the classroom.
Teaching Anthropology: Understanding the Concept Of Culture
Authors: Kincheloe Joe L. , Staley George
Published: March 2007

Opportunities to incorporate the concept of culture into the cur riculum occur frequently, and the alert teacher must be ready to exploit them, according to these writers. While a special course is not necessary, it is important that the anthropological concept of culture be introduced to students, they contend.
Microcomputers: Quality Is Not a Question of Dollars
Authors: Edwards Dan
Published: March 2007

The central issue in computer education is the same as any other aspect of school management: Good management requires a working knowledge of the subject to enable implementation of the highest quality and most cost-efficient program possible to meet your objective.
Curbing Student Disruption In the Classroom—Teachers Need Intervention Skills
Authors: Shrigley Robert L.
Published: March 2007

A systematic plan to short-circuit classroom disruption can do much to help teachers improve their classroom management. The writer's model outlined here for such a plan was found to be highly successful by hundreds of teachers in Pennsylvania and Ohio.
A Five-Step Process To Help Educators Decide How To Use Computers in Schools
Authors: Parker Janet
Published: March 2007

Principals must think seriously about the role of computers in their schools and how they can be used to improve instruction. Doing the right thing, however, depends greatly on first having a procedure to follow. Such a procedure is described in this article.
Computer-Assisted Instruction: Possibilities and Problems
Authors: Suppes Patrick , Fortune Ronald F.
Published: March 2007

These writers offer a brief review of the possibilities for and problems associated with the extended use of computer-assisted instruction in the secondary school.
Setting the Tone for Your School: Advice for the First- Year Principal
Authors: McIntyre Helen
Published: March 2007

The first year as principal in a school need not be chaotic, says this writer. She details her five-step approach to making the first year a successful one.
High Performing Curriculum And Instructional Leadership in the Climate of Excellence
Authors: Iannaccone Laurence , Jamgochian Richard
Published: March 2007

Now is the time for administrators to exercise leadership in curriculum development. Those who fail to do so run the risk of having the educational agenda set by others, these educators warn.
Controversy: The Catalyst for Community Involvement in Drug Education
Authors: Miller G. Larry
Published: March 2007

The high school principal recounts the events that tested school and community support when a controversial article in the school newspaper sparked the interest of the nation and directed the community's attention toward a growing drug problem.
Policy Issues in Gifted Education: Are They Too Restrictive?
Authors: Perkins Shirley
Published: March 2007

A significant difference exists in the content and structure of elementary and secondary gifted programs. This difference re sults in the loss or inappropriate placement of too many students when the transition is made. That's the opinion of this writer, who calls for program reforms.
Educational Strategies for Gifted Students in Secondary Schools
Authors: Gallagher James J.
Published: March 2007

What are the preferred instructional methods for gifted and tal ented students? This writer presents the results of a survey of educators and parents that was designed to answer that question.
Problem Finding and the Enhancement of Creativity
Authors: Getzels J.W.
Published: March 2007

The author—who with his colleague, M. Csikszentmihalyi, re cently completed a 20-year longitudinal study of artists from 1963, when they were students at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, to 1981 when they were at mid-life—1 in this article focuses on one hitherto unavailable observation that seems to have important implications for the education of the gifted and in fact for the not-so-gifted as well.
Gifted Education Is for Rural Students, Too
Authors: Yoder Jan
Published: March 2007

Small size, rural location, and lack of resources and funds need not prohibit the establishment of gifted education programs, as evidenced by this review of such programs in Iowa school dis tricts.
Gifted Adolescents: Potential and Problems
Authors: Seeley Ken
Published: March 2007

There is much to be learned about the problems of gifted ado lescents, says this writer, who presents an alternative view of the causes of some of these problems.
From Gifted to General Education: Exploring the Spill-Over Effect
Authors: Kaplan Sandra N.
Published: March 2007

Gifted education programs can make a contribution to general education programs via the "spill-over effect," says this writer, who explains the concept on the following pages.
Corporate Classrooms and America's Schools
Authors: Eurich Nell P.
Published: March 2007

Educators have much to learn from corporate educational enter prises, according to this writer, who describes here some of their innovations.
Observing and Evaluating The Multi-Level Foreign Language Class—Some Guidelines and Explanations
Authors: Strauber Sandra K.
Published: March 2007

Multi-level classes, which have become a permanent fixture in many schools, are often difficult to effectively evaluate, says the author, a former foreign language teacher. She offers some guidelines for administrators who are evaluating multi-level for eign language classes.
Using Technology in the Curriculum—A Valuable Asset
Authors: Mohn Patricia
Published: March 2007

Planning is essential if today's technology is to be integrated effectively into the school curriculum, warns this writer, who details the coordinated approach taken by Minnesota.
New Directions for the Business Education Curriculum
Authors: Erekson Thomas L. , Barr Lowell
Published: March 2007

Today's changing technology is having a dramatic impact on the workplace; business educators must incorporate these changes in their curriculum, say these writers, who offer some suggestions on how this can be accomplished.
Instructional Uses of Computers: Stress Problem- Solving Skills To Capitalize On Potential
Authors: Pogrow Stanley
Published: March 2007

Computers clearly have enormous potential for education, but investing in the wrong set of ideas about their use could lock secondary schools into the wrong types of technology and appli cations. The author, a specialist in using computers, explains how principals can plan for their effective use. Next month, he will concentrate on administrative uses of the computer.
Mathematics Achievement in U.S. High Schools from an International Perspective
Authors: Travers Kenneth J. , Mcknight Curtis C. , Dossey John A.
Published: March 2007

Performance of U.S. students on international tests of math ematics achievement continues to lag, say these authors, who review the results of a study conducted by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
Nebraska Study Looks at Indicators of Excellence, Says Centers of Quality Exist
Authors: Henry Thomas , Creswell John , Humphrey Enid
Published: March 2007

How can schools improve the academic performance of stu dents ? That's the question a consortium of nine Nebraska school districts are answering. The authors, who describe the con sortium's activities, point out strong administrative leadership exists where quality is achieved.
The Principal and School Discipline: An Alternative
Authors: Calabrese Raymond L.
Published: March 2007

Maintaining good school discipline need not be a negative en deavor. This writer describes a model for student-principal inter action that resulted in fewer disciplinary referrals in one school where it was implemented.
Assessment Centers: What Impact Have They Had on Career Opportunities for Women?
Authors: Johnson M. Claradine , Douglas J. Rex
Published: March 2007

The assessment center is a process acclaimed for identifying managerial talent, but has it helped women wanting to enter the principalship? The authors, who pursued this question with the more than 600 women who have participated in NASSP's As sessment Center, learned that the Centers have had a major influence on these women.
Using Symbolism To Enhance the School Image
Authors: Muro James J.
Published: March 2007

Administrators who are suffering from the backlash of criticism of the educational system might consider the use of symbolism in spreading positive information about their schools, says this writer, who suggests that counselors may be the best persons to lead such an effort.
Choice Awareness Systems: Helping Students Make More Effective Major, Minor Decisions
Authors: Nelson Richard
Published: March 2007

Young people need help in recognizing that they have choices in the smaller issues if they are to see themselves as decision makers in life's larger issues. This is known as choice aware ness, and counselors have an imporant role in developing it.
Educational Excellence for All Students: Assessing the Adequacy of Your Counseling Program
Authors: Mitchell Anita M.
Published: March 2007

An effective, comprehensive counseling program emphasizes success, identifies and meets each student's needs, and focuses on student competencies rather than staff activities, contends this author. She describes methods for evaluating whether or not programs meet these criteria.
The Consequences of High School Graduation Testing Programs
Authors: Airasian Peter W.
Published: March 2007

While there are many critics of testing for graduation, this writer says, tests are being mandated and will be implemented. He takes a look at the outcomes of such testing.
Can High-Stakes Tests Be Developed at the Local Level?
Authors: Poham W.James
Published: March 2007

Tests that produce results used to make important decisions about students, schools, and curricula should not be developed locally, according to this writer, who indicates why he believes the assignment should be left to the professionals in measure ment.
Counselor Evaluation: A New Priority for the Principal's Agenda
Authors: Gorton Richard , Ohlemacher Roger
Published: March 2007

Counselors, like other staff members, need regular feedback if they are to improve their job performance. These writers sur veyed counselors in one midwestem state to determine what kind of feedback they receive, and offer several recommendations to principals based on their findings.
The Principal as Master Architect of Curricular Unity
Authors: English Fenwick W.
Published: March 2007

Principals must be more than cheerleaders to improve schools. As the master designers of excellence, they must develop a model for curricular unity, according to this writer.
Teacher Autonomy vs. Curricular Anarchy
Authors: Glatthorn Allan A.
Published: March 2007

There is no way to ensure that all teachers will teach any curriculum—even one they have developed, says this writer, who details a program designed to provide teachers a reasonable amount of autonomy in developing curriculum.
Testing the Outcomes of Schooling—What's Needed?
Authors: Prince Julian
Published: March 2007

The process of testing the outcomes of schooling must not be left to chance, warns this writer, who provides suggestions for build ing an evaluation system.
Asian-Immigrant Students—Unique Problems That Hamper Learning
Authors: Lee yao Esther
Published: March 2007

Many Americans, including educators, mistakenly believe that all Asian immigrant children are model students. Because of their cultural and educational backgrounds they sometimes react to the American public school system with bewilder ment and/or disinterest. The author recommends that educa tors try to understand and work with parents.
Eadership Strategies or Nonbureaucratic Eadership
Authors: Bailey Gerald D. , Adams William F.
Published: March 2007

ese writers highlight the frame ork for describing leadership noice for principals, and identify ategies for achieving nonbu aucratic leadership by compar ing them with strategies common- associated with bureaucratic adership.
Knee Cartilage Morphologic Characteristics and Muscle Status of Professional Weight Lifters and Sprinters
Authors: Gratzke Christian , Hudelmaier Martin , Hitzl Wolfgang , Glaser Christian , Eckstein Felix
Published: March 2007

Background

Whereas muscle and bone mass have been shown to strongly depend on mechanical stimulation (loading history), this relationship has not been established for articular cartilage.

Hypothesis

Subjects with high muscle strength display thicker knee cartilage and larger joint surface areas than nonathletic volunteers, and knee cartilage morphologic characteristics correlate more strongly with muscle force than with muscle cross-sectional areas.

Study Design

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Fourteen young, healthy adult professional athletes (7 weight lifters and 7 bobsled sprinters) were examined and compared with 14 adult nonathletic volunteers who had never performed strength training. Muscle moments were measured with a dynamometer and muscle cross-sectional areas and knee cartilage morphologic characteristics with magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Weight lifters and sprinters displayed significantly (P < .001) larger extensor muscle moments and cross-sectional areas. They showed significantly greater (P < .01) patellar cartilage thickness than nonathletic volunteers (+14% [95% confidence interval, 6% to 22%] and +17% [95% confidence interval, 9% to 26%], respectively) but no significant differences in the cartilage thickness of the other knee joint cartilage plates or joint surface areas. Muscle moments did not correlate more strongly with knee cartilage volume or thickness than muscle cross-sectional areas of the thigh.

Conclusions

Direct measurements of muscle forces do not predict cartilage thickness more accurately than muscle cross-sectional areas. These findings suggest that cartilage thickness has much less ability, if any, to adapt to mechanical loading than muscle. Large cohorts of athletes will need to be studied to detect potentially significant differences in cartilage versus nonathletic controls.
The Birth and Transfiguration of Comedy in Athens
Authors: Kerényi Carl
Published: March 2007

The Greek theater produced not only a single triumphal procession of Dionysus. The god of tragedy made his way into the Renaissance and the baroque period through the story of Orpheus, given new dramatic and musical life. This was the theme of my study in Diogenes, 1959: “The Birth and Rebirth of Tragedy.” But the god of comedy was none other than the god of tragedy, and his path led, already in ancient times, to a particular dramatic genre: a genre which in its last, mild form became at the same time the vehicle of humanity, as the actual, great herald of Greek culture, and the model for European drama, inasfar as the latter did not purport to be a continuation of Greek tragedy.
History and Language At Rome
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: March 2007

The impact of war accelerates many processes in the development of a language that otherwise might have been slow, gradual and imperfect. First and most palpable, the enrichment of the vocabulary—novelties and the new words to describe them. But change may go deeper and further.

The struggle for Sicily in the first Punic War engaged a large proportion of the Roman manpower for more than twenty years. Returning, the soldiers brought with them the words they had used in Sicily day by day. Hence the wide knowledge of Greek revealed by Roman comedy a generation later, before the end of the second war. Then, in a few years Rome became protector of Hellas and arbiter of the civilized world; the language and the literature of the Greeks at once permeated the upper classes.
The Algebraic and the Experienced
Authors: Berque Jacques
Published: March 2007

Among the Arabs, wijdân means a particularly rich and moving relationship between essence and existence (and vice versa). In recent periods of their history it has been interpreted as mass movements, emotional violence, and the impulse to change life. Is this but one aspect, one of several effects, or is it the substance of revolutions? Does the concept “to change life” have a value by itself, or is it only a symptom or corollary of more hidden movements which justify such an abstraction?

Etymologically thawra in arabic means “effervescence.” Moreover, it does not just partially include, but surpasses our understanding of revolutions. We have become accustomed to defining them as changes in class relationships. The exercise of a secret logic can be seen which would determine, in the end, the fortunes of production relationships. This is, at any rate, what Marxist doctrine maintained, until recent studies revealed more shades of meaning and completed it. This is not the place to take up in our turn the debate about genesis/structure, structure/superstructure, the predominant factor and its consequences or effects, or “superdetermination,” which is the contingency to use ruses.
Slogans and Education
Authors: Reboul Olivier
Published: March 2007

The title of this essay may look surprising, if not provocative. What connection is to be found between education and slogans? The latter, first and foremost, are part of the world of publicity and propaganda; they obey a concise, punch-packing formula which aims not to instruct, but to provoke action. The word slogan is furthermore distinctly pejorative. Well…?

Well, I shall raise two questions. First: does not education in effect make use of slogans, unintentionally? After all, the slogan is not confined to the area of publicity and propaganda; slogans existed before them, and they exist apart from them; they are a function of language. It is therefore justifiable to look for slogans where one least expects to find them, and where it is hardest to recognize them for what they are.
From Science To Metaphysics and Philosophy
Authors: Lalumia Joseph
Published: March 2007

Most historians of science and historians of philosophy have advanced the doctrine that philosophy preceded science, the so-called Pre-socratics from Thales to Democritus being the philosophers who provided the stimulus for science to begin.

There are a few historians who see the Pre-socratics as scientists. However, these historians seem without exception to be uncertain about two of the Pre-socratics: Parmenides, who appears to them to be essentially a philosopher or a logician, and Zeno, the Eleatic, who excites their attention mainly because of the influence of his paradoxes reflected in the history of mathematics.
On the Current Problem Concerning the Localization of Brain Processes: A Critical Review
Authors: Hécaen H. , Lantéri-Laura G.
Published: March 2007

For almost two hundred years the problem of localization of the brain processes has been provoking discussion in the fields of medicine, philosophy, and in general critical reflection that at times is expressed in acute polemic terms—phrenology, the disputes over aphasia between 1861 and 1865, the Bergsonian interpretation of P. Marie's works, and so on—and at times dies down and seems to disappear. In the past quarter of a century, this discussion has not lost any of its fascination, but it cannot possibly be tackled without at least a minimum of historical background. We therefore propose, first of all, to review the main elements highlighting the development of the problem, since its present state becomes meaningful only in relation to the recent past. Since we cannot permit ourselves to recapitulate all aspects of its history in the course of this article, we shall give examples in the four fields we feel to be the most pertinent: human and animal neuropsychology, neurophysiology and neurochemistry. Finally, we shall set forth our reflections on the heuristic meaning of these examples, and endeavor to draw conclusions, some of which may answer problems that have never been raised before.
Brasilia, Fifteen Years Later
Authors: de Meira Penna J.O.
Published: March 2007

The transfer of the capital to a new site on Brazil's central plateau had a particular significance in the eyes of those who conceived the idea. Its primary aim was to create a nucleus from which to promote the development of the vast and almost deserted interior regions, abandoning Rio de Janeiro which was, for various reasons, no longer judged capable of fulfilling its role as the seat of national political life. As the Brasilia project was realized, thanks to the inspiration of President Kubitschek, it was hoped that it would contribute to the solution of urgent problems stemming from the country's development. Its basic function was to stimulate this development, no longer seen only as the development of the coastal regions but also of the interior, the sertão, that is the “great desert” of the Goiás, the Mato-Grosso and of Amazonia.
Feedback, Cybernetics and Sociology
Authors: Delobelle André
Published: March 2007

Feedback appears to be a fundamental characteristic of the phenomena of life. Elsewhere it only appears in man-made machines. These machines are always presented as being a meeting ground for laws immanent both in matter and in man. A new science has been created to study the applications of feedback: cybernetics. As feedback is closely related to questions concerning the transmission of information, cybernetics has rapidly given rise to a theory of information. The latter, with its applications, has taken on an absolutely essential role in our modern world wherever problems of administration occur.
Cultural Coexistence
Authors: Moinot Pierre , Grousset René
Published: March 2007

Culture is a pillow-word; it shapes itself according to the head resting upon it. In 1968, a group of experts convened by UNESCO defined it as the means by which all goals are articulated, or as the sum of the means created by man to ensure his existence or communicate with his fellows. Another meeting in 1970 took up this definition again, and posited culture as the sum total of knowledge and modes of thought and action which allow man to order his own behavior, his relationships with other men and nature.
Freud and Degeneracy: a Turning Point
Authors: Dupeu Jean-Marc
Published: March 2007

In the second half of the 19 th century an “anthropologico-psychiatrical “ doctrine proposed a conception of mental illness which remained prevalent in Europe for a long time: the doctrine of degeneracy. Modern psychiatrical texts and works devoted to the history of ideas usually dismiss it with the slightly annoyed contempt of those who have long since given up such obsolete notions. The doctrine is most often referred back to a purely “hereditary” concept of alienation which psychoanalysis long ago proved of no use. Now the most casual reading of the literature (whether medical or anthropological) shows that this interpretation is not only superficial but radically in error. The doctrine of degeneracy is not limited to this “hereditary” concept inasmuch as it assigns utmost importance to environmental factors such as social, educational and moral. Furthermore, the idea of heredity with which it is concerned has little to do with what genetical science today is studying under this term. Dissimilar heredity, during the second half of the 19th century, was the motivating force which was used to account for a factor that, paradoxically, transmits not likeness but unlikeness. Thus, a pathology o f heredity, or pathological heredity (in the sense that it is heredity itself which is “ill”), rather than hereditary pathology.
The Value of Scientific Errors and the Irreversibility of Science
Authors: Kuznetsov Boris
Published: March 2007

Non-classical science gives a very specific answer to the question of scientific errors and their epistemological value. But for all the specificity of this answer, it casts light on a problem that remains with us century after century, the historically constant problem of truth and error—one of the most fundamental problems of knowledge. At first sight, these two poles have always stood opposite each other, like good and evil, beauty and ugliness. But moral and aesthetic theories have long since left behind this initial conception, and shown that the two polar concepts are in fact inseparable. As regards truth and error, their indivisibility has only become apparent in the context of non-classical science. Truth has ceased to be the absolute contradiction of error. Contemporary science finds it to be something relative, inseparable from its opposite pole. But the non-classical, retrospective approach, a re-evaluation of the past of science in the light of its present, and indeed even more in the light of its prognosis, its future, allows one to see that scientific truths that are adequate for the object of knowledge always reflect only one side of the objective world, a world which has an infinite number of sides. The irreversible process that leads from relative error to relative truth has an absolute character: an irreversible process of generalization, concretization and complication of a Weltanschauung that more accurately reflects the infinite complexity of life.