bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Survival of the Cities
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

What happened to the physical structures of the cities of the Roman Empire in the Late Roman period? Archaeology has by now provided a great amount of evidence. But the story of urban evolution is still very, very incomplete. It is also unfortunately true that a great deal of the evidence is not dated. Another difficulty is that archaeological results are published in a wide range of periodicals, many of which are not at all easily accessible.
Civic Finance in the late Late Roman Cities of the East, with Special Reference to Egypt
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

The decline and disappearance of political institutions centred on the city council was quite independent of the development of cities as centres of population and of administration. In the previous chapter I have suggested that civic politics developed in similar ways over much of what had been the Roman Empire even though the physical character of the cities might vary greatly from area to area.
Investigating Language Attitude
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

The passage can tell us a number of things about the linguistic environment of Hardy’s novel. First, and most obviously, it tells us that the verb to bide and the verbal form you be are nonstandard English; it shows us that they are stigmatized as such (and that there is, therefore, a notion of correctness in the linguistic culture); and it reveals that non-standard English is associated with low social class and/or degrading occupations. Furthermore, Henchard’s sharpness with his daughter is belied by his own English (the standard form of the pronoun you is followed by the non-standard ye), and Elizabeth’s apology shows that (for some sections of society) correct language is a minefield which requires constant vigilance.
Non-Attic Dialect 1n Aristophanes
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

In the extant comedies Aristophanes introduces characters speak ing in a dialect other than Attic for extended periods in three cases.

These passages have attracted attention in the past, not least because of the editorial complications they cause. In the present century analyses of the dialect forms in the Aristophanic plays have been restricted to commentaries on the individual plays.1 The only study which has taken Acharnians and Lysistrata together is the appendix (‘Excursus III’) to Elliott’s (1914) edition of Acharnians. This is a comparative sketch of the three dialects in question.
On Working under Pressure: The Performance of Lists and Catalogues
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The various lists and catalogues which are to be found in the Homeric epics have, over recent years, been subject to careful scrutiny. But although they have been studied individually in terms of both form and content, there has been no real discussion of the activity itself—the activity of listing and cataloguing—in traditional oral epic. Although scholars recognize that Homer’s lists and catalogues, like his narrative, are the products of an oral tradition (indeed, lists of a certain kind may be considered to be a defining feature of the oral genre), they have not yet considered them in the context of oral performance.
Tacitus on Tiberius’ Accession
Authors: Woodman A J
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of AD 14, probably on 17 September, there took place in the senate the so-called ‘accession debate’, at which the formalities of Tiberius’ succeeding Augustus were to be handled.1 The debate has generated a very great deal of interest among modern scholars, many of whom have been preoccupied with the questions of precisely when Tiberius succeeded and what the constitutional implications of his succession were. Three accounts of the debate have come down to us from antiquity, in Tacitus’ Annals (1. IO. 8-13. 5), Suetonius’ biography of Tiberius (24-5), and Dio (57. 2-3); but most scholars have tended to concentrate on Tacitus, whose account is agreed to be ‘the fullest’ and ‘certainly the best we have’.
Self-Imitation and the Substance of History (Annals 1. 61-5 and Histories 2. 70, 5. 14-15)
Authors: Woodman A J
Published: November 2023

In the year AD 1 5 Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of the emperor Tiberius, led a Roman army into the heart of Germany. Finding himself near the Teutoburg Forest, where Quintilius Varus and three legions had been massacred by the native chieftain Arminius six years before, Germanicus decided to visit the site of the disaster and pay his last respects to his dead countrymen. We owe our knowledge of this episode to two main sources: Suetonius, who mentions it in one brief sentence,1 and Tacitus, whose account is, by contrast, extremely long (Annals 1. 61-2): Igitur cupido Caesarem inuadit soluendi suprema militibus ducique, permoto ad miserationem omni qui aderat exercitu ob propinquos, amicos, denique ob casus bellorum et sortem hominum.
The Structure and Content of Annals 4. 57-67
Authors: Woodman A J
Published: November 2023

Book 4 of the Annals, covering the years AD 23-8, traces the turning-point in the story of Tiberius’ reign. Tacitus prepares us for disaster from the start. After a reference to Jortuna in suitably Sallustian language (1. 1 repente turbare Jortuna coepit, saeuire ipse, cf. Sall. C. IO. 1) and the deum ira in rem Romanam (1. 2), we are told that the year AD 23 ‘initiated the deterioration in Tiberius’ principate’ (6. 1). Modern historians are agreed that a decisive factor in this deterioration was the emperor’s determination to leave Rome in AD 26, a move which Tacitus gloomily portends in chapter 41 (AD 25) and eventually records, in due chronological sequence, at 57. 1. Suetonius is our other main source for this momentous event, and it is instructive to compare his treatment of it with that of Tacitus.
Mental Life and the Body
Authors: Clarke Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will try to understand the basis of Homeric thought, emotion, and consciousness: so we turn to the nouns θ νµó  ç and µ ;óoç, answering to the mysterious group of things which we have called ‘the OvpLos family’. The sum of the argument will be that these things are manifestations in action of an indivisible human whole, a whole where the complexities of mental life make sense best if apprehended without trying to divide man into mind and body. This will send us to the relationship between the , the corpse, and the ‘I’ of the dead man armed with an important insight: if Homer’s understanding of mental life involves no concept of a spiritual core distinguishable from the body, it will make good sense to avoid imposing the same model on his view of what happens at death.
The Recovery of Primitive Wisdom in Early Stoicism
Authors: Coys-Stones G R
Published: November 2023

In the course of his discussion of the movers of the heavens in Metaphysics A 8, Aristotle breaks off to make the following observation

Fragments of the thought of the ancient, the very ancient thinkers have been handed down to us in the form of a myth, to the effect that these [sc. the planets] are gods, and that the divine embraces the whole of nature. The rest has been added later in a mythological form to influence the beliefs of the vulgar, for the benefit of the laws, and for pragmatic reasons. And they say that these [gods] are human in shape or are like some other animals, and add other things consequent on and similar to what has been said. If we separate out and take only the first claim, that they thought the first substances to be gods, we must regard it as a divine saying, and reflect that, since every art and philosophy has probably been repeatedly developed to the utmost and has perished again, these beliefs of theirs have been preserved as relics. To this extent only, then, can we see the opinion of our ancestors and of the first men
Plato and the Socratics
Authors: Gribble David
Published: November 2023

As tyrant or democratic hero, saviour of the city or its greatest enemy, Alcibiades is depicted in most of the texts examined so far in a way which discourages moral or psychological analysis. The depiction of Alcibiades as a moral agent, shaped by choices made especially in his youth, which was to distinguish the later Alcibiades tradition from that of other fifth-century figures, derives above all from the Socratics. Nevertheless, their portrayal is still very much a reaction to the political controversy excited by Alcibiades which has been investigated in earlier chapters. In this chapter we will see how the Socratic Alcibiades acts as a bridge between this world of the city and philosophy.
Performance Criticism: Point and Methods
Authors: Revermann Martin
Published: November 2023

Greek drama of the with century was written for (usually competitive) performances and with a performance in mind. This tenet has been uncontroversial for some time now. But it is worth recalling the days when it was not. While the well-known existence of dramatic festivals in Athens made an outright denial of a link between play and performance absurd, scholars have variously shifted the emphasis. Wilamowitz, to recall the most influential voice, argued that ‘book ‘-publication of tragedies was a necessary supplement to, as he thought, one-off performances. Though flawed, the majority of his reasons for taking this line of argument remain thought-provoking: the sheer number of tragedies performed (which misgauges the nature of a predominantly oral society that provided numerous occasions for full and fragmented (re)performances); the apparent overall high textual quality of the dramatic scripts we have (which is startling, see Chapter 3.1); and the existence of stage directions in our texts (which, however, ought to be far more numerous, and which are quite certainly not authorial, see Appendix B).
The Emperor’s Geniusin State Cult
Authors: Gradel Ittai
Published: November 2023

Indirect evidence for this may be found in oath formulas. At some point a formula by Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the Divi,and the Geniusof the ruling emperor became standard to the extent that it has been termed ‘the official state oath’. Indeed, official status for the formula seems to be supported by the inclusion of the Divi,prominent in the public sphere in the capital, but far less so on the private level (see p. 339 below).
Corporate Worship
Authors: Gradel Ittai
Published: November 2023

These groupings have been almost totally overlooked in research. In most cases their object of worship was one of the ‘old’ gods; for instance, Silvanus is frequently encountered in this context, and though he played no part in the state cult, nor in the municipal cults of Italy, he appears to have been very popular indeed among persons of servile status
Allegories of Representation: Messengers and Angels
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: November 2023

Modern technology has made the need for a human individual to act as a messenger a rarity, if not a complete anachronism. The word ‘message’ is now often used as a technical term in current theories of language and communication for the content of an utterance-for what is said. That notion of ‘what is said’ is far from unproblematic. The nature of the relationship between the message (as substance) and its medium (as style) has been an issue of intense debate for centuries among grammarians, rhetoricians, philosophers, and theologians.
Wealthy Households: Theory, Sources, Methodology
Authors: Foxhall Lin
Published: November 2023

The most fundamental and difficult methodological issue facing any study of Greek agriculture is how and where to situate the political, social, and economic contexts of the source materials. Whom are we actually seeing in these sources? Whose past do they represent? There have been many answers to these intractable questions, which have resulted in widely different interpretations, most of which have contributed in their own ways to honing the terms of our investigations and improving our understanding. How individual scholars have addressed these questions has depended largely on the theoretical position (or sometimes the lack of one) from which they have started. For most, the theoretical frameworks which have formed their starting points are linked into larger, long-standing, debates about the overall character and operation of ancient economies, and the ‘nature’ of Greek society.
Ancient Poetry and Modern Readers
Authors: Gould John
Published: November 2023

My title, unchallenging though it must seem, is intended briefly to present the theme of what I mean to say tonight. It is my belief that to embark on the study of what by tradition and for the sake of brevity, though not without some danger of misunderstanding, we call ‘Classics’ is in essence to set about the acquisition of a skill of reading the literature of Greece and Rome. It is in an attempt to define that skill, and to consider both some of the inferences that we may legitimately draw from the definition, and the difficulties that lie in the way of one who today tries to acquire the skill so defined that I wish to speak to you tonight.
Introduction
Authors: Williams J H C
Published: November 2023

Why did Caesar choose to attack Gaul in 59 BC? According to his own account, there was no choice involved. The large and war-like tribe of the Helvetii were on the move westwards, likely to endanger Roman interests in the south. In the background were the even more menacing Germani intending to invade Gaul under the leadership of Ariovistus. Italy itself was in danger. Memories of the Cimbric Wars, only forty years in the past, ,vere not far away and Caesar played on them to good effect. There had been fears that the Catilinarian conspirators were in collusion with the subject Gallic people of the Allobroges in 63 BC. In the following year they broke out into open rebellion which lasted until 60. On the Ides of March of that year, Cicero wrote to Atticus that the Senate had decreed that the consuls draw lots for the two Gallic provinces either side of the Alps and that troops be recruited with none of the usual exemptions allowed. Ambassadors were dispatched to the neighbouring Gallic peoples with orders to dis courage them from making common cause with the Helvetii. Fears of a Gallic war were the dominant theme in politics.
Deviant Focalization in Vergil’s Aeneid
Authors: Fowler Don
Published: November 2023

MY subject is point of view in the Aeneid. I want to make some theoretical points about that concept, and to discuss some examples. In writing this paper, however, I have come to realize that underneath there lies an attempt to come to terms with the work on Vergil of two of my elders, betters, and friends, Oliver Lyne and Gian Biagio Conte, to whom this piece is offered with affection.
First Thoughts on Closure: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Fowler Don
Published: November 2023

Literary cnt1cs have begun very much to look to their ends. ‘Closure’ has become a central critical concern, as a glance at the items listed under that heading in the MLA International Bibliography since 1981 soon makes clear, and recent years have seen the devotion to the subject of the 1978 issue of Nineteenth Century Fiction and the 1984 issue of Yale French Studies.This interest is not entirely new.
Postcolonial Paradoxes in French Caribbean Writing
Authors: Suk Jeannie
Published: November 2023

This book is the first major study of French Caribbean literature in light of the concept of postcoloniality. Postcolonial theory debates have developed in the anglophone domain, and have not as yet referred prominently to francophone literature. Jeannie Suk investigates how the literature of Martinique and Guadeloupe provides a kaleidescopic view of the paradoxes at the heart of postcoloniality. Through subtle and provocative readings of Aimé Césaire, Edouard Glissant, Maryse Condé, Baudelaire, Freud, and others, she illuminates how the development of French Caribbean literature and debates about négritude, antillanité, and creolité contribute to theories of in-betweenness and incompleteness central to postcolonial modes. In each chapter, lively and detailed analyses of literary and critical texts reveal connections between key thematic, conceptual, rhetorical, and psychic issues that form the interface of Caribbean and postcolonial concerns. The first part paves theoretical ground, focusing on readings of two seminal texts, Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal and Glissant’s Discours antillais; the second part concentrates on Maryse Condé’s exemplary work. Lucidly articulating the overlap and interplay of the distance of oceanic crossing, the discontinuities of allegorical signification, and the gap at the heart of trauma, Suk probes the paradoxical dynamic of impossible yet inevitable returns in space, time, and the psyche. She shows how literal and metaphorical “crossings” both produce and impede history and representation. The result is a new framework for understanding the intersection of postcolonial, psychoanalytic, deconstructive, and French Caribbean problems in a language attentive to improbable recurrences across theories and registers. Postcolonial Paradoxes is a major contribution to criticism and theory, of interest to scholars and students of postcolonialism, Caribbean and African diaspora literature, French literature, and psychoanalysis.
Mozart’s Symphonies
Authors: Zaslaw Neal
Published: November 2023

First published in hardback, in 1989, Mozart’s Symphonies is the first serious attempt in any language to survey the entire panorama of Mozart’s symphonic works. Accounting for every symphony associated with Mozart involved the identification and evaluation of nearly a hundred symphonies. Professor Zaslaw placed each symphony in its musical and cultural context, and addressed such questions as how and why the symphonies were written, how they were disseminated, who paid for them, who played them, who listened to them, and what those involved thought of them. The role of the symphony in Mozart’s creative life and his contribution to the genre was also examined. The result is a classic of Mozart scholarship, which offers an outstanding contribution to Mozart literature in this generation. This paperback edition makes that contribution more widely known in this year, the bicentenary of Mozart’s death.
After-Images: Posthumous Portraits of Coleridge
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

IT is frequently the case in our culture that the most important posthumous representations are three-dimensional, and this is certainly true of those of Coleridge, beginning with his death mask or masks and culminating in the commemorative bust sculpted by Hamo Thornycroft for Westminster Abbey. ‘Two casts were taken of S. T. C.’s head after death,’ wrote Henry Nelson Coleridge to John Taylor Coleridge on 7 August 1834. This was unusual, as the normal practice was to take a single mask and then make casts from it. James Gillman supervised the making of the masks, and one of them eventually appeared in the collection of the Edinburgh Phrenological Society, which may already have owned the life-mask taken by Spurzheim. That mask is now in the Henderson Trust Collection, University of Edinburgh. Another death-mask, now in the Princeton University Library, has a curious history.
In praise of scribes
Authors: Beal Peter
Published: November 2023

In 1978, addressing some American students, the novelist Kurt Vonnegut Jr talked about what he called ‘darking’ (sic). ‘Clarking, a wholly human enterprise’, he said, ‘is sacred ... Clarking is the most profound and effective form of meditation practiced on this planet ... Why? Because darks, by reading well, can think the thoughts of the wisest and most interesting human minds throughout all history. When darks meditate, even if they themselves have only mediocre intellects, they do it with the thoughts of angels. What could be more sacred than that?’1 By ‘darks’, I take it, Vonnegut means scribes-people, both clerics and laymen, who physically write or copy things for a living, at even the most humble, mechanical level. Though he stops short of saying that it is clerks rather than poets who are the unacknowledged legislators of the world, Vonnegut sees these lowly artisans as the people who have channelled and supported literacy in society and effectively preserved the great ideas of mankind.
The Spectral Jew
Authors: Kruger Steven F
Published: November 2023

For medieval Christianity, one historical moment—the moment of Christ’s incarnation—rewrites all of history. The point at which divinity intervenes decisively in human affairs-not just to shape or redirect them but to change them essentially—opens a new future for humanity, and whether this is thought in individual or corporate terms, with attentiveness to the personal consequences of (im)moral behaviour or to the promises and dangers of apocalypse and millennium, it demands a very different relation also to present and past time. The present comes to be intimately connected to both the (past) incarnational moment and the salvific future this makes possible. Indeed, the present becomes a time of Christ’s presence, with the Church and its institutions (and particularly the Eucharist) maintaining the real bodily and spiritual presence of the divine in the world. And there come to be, in essence, two quite different sorts of past time; the first, the everyday past of living human beings, a past lived within the present time instituted by the incarnation; but the second, a past truly past, the past of life before the incarnation, standing outside the framework of a properly Christian history.
The Elsmere Ordeal: 1884-1888
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: November 2023

DESPITE tepid reviews and sluggish early sales, Mary Ward was stubbornly optimistic about Miss Bretherton’s long-term prospects. Macmillan was less sanguine. On 31 January 1885-just two months after the novel’s publication— they advertised a ‘second edition’ which was manifestly a ruse to clear the unsold bulk of the first printing. Thereafter, the publisher ceased to advertise the work, judging it for trade purposes wholly dead. The author continued to hope. On 5 February 1885, she asked Craik if they were going to reprint soon and if anything were yet known about the American sale: ‘I am very anxious the book should make some impression there.’ In the same letter, she outlined her plans for a next work of fiction—Robert Elsmere as it was to be: ‘I hope I may be able to send you a story next October which will be better worth people’s interest than this one. I have it all planned, and I shall take, all being well, five quiet months in the country to write it.
The Fiction Machine: 1890-1900
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: November 2023

THE runaway success of Robert Elsmere inaugurated thirteen years of compar¬ative stability and contentment. This was the 'broad middle plateau of life’ as Mary Ward called it.1 She was over these years an established, highly paid author and an esteemed public person—at last someone 'who counted’. Her image—for all the world like the figure-head of HMS Late Victorian—was photographed and revered by her contemporaries.
The New World: 1908
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: November 2023

BOURCHIER’S treachery was a depressing start to the new year of 1908. An alternative arrangement for the play was cobbled together at desperately short notice. William Ashe would now be performed at Terry’s Theatre in London from April to May. To reduce rehearsal time, actors already familiar with their roles were brought from America, where the play (whose rights had been bought) had been in repertory for some years.
Arnold Ward, MP: 1910-1911
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: November 2023

THE general election of January 1910 offered Arnold Ward’s best chance of securing the parliamentary seat that had so far eluded him. The Liberals were out, on the Lords’ rejection of their budget. The country seemed ready for a change.
Poetry as Literary Criticism
Authors: O’Neill Michael
Published: November 2023

In early October 1979, Stephen Spender sat in a classroom, reading to himself from an anthology as he prepared to teach poetry to some would-be poets. The next day, in Lynchburg, Virginia, he wrote in his journal: ‘The Wild Swans at Coole, Book IX of Paradise Lost, some William Carlos Williams which made me revise my opinion of him. What incredible language, how edible, how delectable, why, I wonder, do I ever read anything but poetry?’ ‘The Bishop Orders his Tomb!’, he went on to exclaim, warming to his theme It is a revealing poem on which to alight since Browning’s lapis-loving prelate, who insists for his epitaph on ‘Choice Latin, picked phrase, Tully’s every word’,2 arouses divided feelings. The Bishop is corruptly but magnificently worldly, embodying the contradictions of the Renaissance; the poem half-allegorizes the tug between ethics and aesthetics and might be said to show that poems are not merely epicurean verbal feasts. But Spender’s joyous savouring reminds us that, in Wallace Stevens’s phrase, ‘It must give pleasure’, even if that ‘pleasure’ often derives, as Harold Bloom suggests, from the way a poet masters ‘the unplea sure of a dangerous situation’.
The Final ‘Memorial of my Own Principles’: Dryden’s Alter Egos in his Later Career
Authors: Reverand Ii Cedric D
Published: November 2023

With modern scholarship over the last thirty years or so being more attentive to what Thomas H. Fujimura has aptly called ‘the personal element‘ in Dryden‘s poetry, we have become more alert to the ways in which he used alter egos in his poems to help him work through his frustrations, defend himself, and express his values. We have also become more alert to a recurrent Dryden concern, which often appeared when he addressed other artists, namely the power of art, of particular interest to him because he regarded his role as a public poet in a classical sense, as vates, meaning both bard and prophet, empowered with special authority to comment and criticize. One of the most telling examinations of this issue occurs in his ode to Anne Killigrew (1686), where Dryden, having recently converted to Catholicism, takes stock of his career to this point and rebukes himself for stooping to write obscene plays when he might have had nobler poetic ambitions.
The New Woman and the Wandering Jew
Authors: Parsons Deborah L
Published: November 2023

The trope of the male fiâneur can encompass an urban cultural field, populated with figures that vary from the literary bohemian, the tourist, the exile, and the rag-picker to the institutions of state power. The stretched boundaries of this cultural space are equally permeable to other figures, however. Adrian Rifkin notes of the years after the 1914-18 war that ‘a new stratum of single women, who learn their own circuits in the rounds of work and pleasure’ enter the city and ‘hide, so to speak, in this man-made space, while their pleasures represent a real displacement of its values’.1 For the city of spectacle and consumption patrolled by the male fiâneur also provided the necessary conditions for women’s greater access to public urban space. I would locate the timing of this phenomenon earlier than Rifkin, however, beginning in the late nineteenth century with the rise of the New Woman.
Licence Taken Borrowed Prurience and the First Whitefriars Company
Authors: Bly Mary
Published: November 2023

The first Whitefriars company, or the ‘King’s Revels’, was a short lived failure: a boys’ company that survived just over a year, leaving behind it a flotilla of lawsuits and prison terms for debt. Its eight known plays are tawdry and imitative. Two were revived from earlier performances and four were composed by playwrights/ shareholders who had written, at most, one other play. Those plays which are conclusively accepted as written for the Whitefriars repertory are Lording Barry’s Ram Alley (16w), John Day’s Humour out qf Breath (1608), Gervase Markham and Lewis Machin’s The Dumb Knight (1608),John Mason’s The Turke (1609), and Edward Sharpham’s Cupid’s Whirligig (1607).1 The quarto editions of these five plays boast of performances ‘by the Children of the Kings Reuels’.2 In addition, I follow Harold Hillebrand in maintaining thatJohn Day’s Law Tricks (1608) was part of the Whitefriars repertory.
Sodomy in the Literary Terrain: Readers and Reading Pleasures
Authors: Bly Mary
Published: November 2023

In 1992 Gregory Bred beck looked at sonnets written by Richard Barn field and by William Shakespeare, trying ‘to find a place for the sodomite within . . . the linguistic practices of the culture of early modern England’.1 He forges an elegant link between the possibility of a self-conscious sodomite and the practice of reading homoerotic verse. In this chapter, I propose, similarly, to examine the ‘linguistic practices’ of a particular literature in order to reconstruct its original readers.2 I am looking for the tracks of a literary community, a group of writers who shared an interest in depictions of homoerotic pleasure, in order to discern and reconstruct a community of readers, using early modern writers as a resource to discern early modern readers. The textual transactions I address in this chapter-reading, creation,
Physick, Verse, and Female Subjectivity
Authors: King Kathryn R
Published: November 2023

The handful of poems on medical themes discussed in this chapter exemplify with sometimes painful clarity the contradictions of Barker’s position as a learned woman who identified with, but was excluded from, men’s communities of learning. That these poems exhibit considerable intellectual confusion might almost go without saying. Female identification with a male point of view, as Adrienne Rich has observed, results in ‘synapses in thought, denials of feeling, wishful thinking, a profound sexual and intellectual confusion’ in which ‘many women engage ... and from which no woman is permanently and utterly free’-features of what Rich calls ‘doublethink’.I In the last chapter we saw Barker using sociable verse to gain admission to a kind of Cambridge of the mind. Here we shall see her using poetic fantasy to claim belonging with the medical establishment, a mode of investment in male interests that would prove even less possible to sustain.
Catholicism, ‘our holy King’, and St-Germain
Authors: King Kathryn R
Published: November 2023

Jane Barker left behind two considerable bodies of verse. The first, the coterie verse preserved in Poetical Recreations (1688), shows a young woman engaged in sociable verse exchange with a network of male friends as a way of sustaining her self-image as a woman of intellectual and literary attainment. The second, occasional and political verse written for the most part during Barker’s fifteen years of exile (1689-1704) at the Stuart court at St-Germain-en-Laye to circulate within the exile community, is the subject of the present chapter. Bitter, righteous, fiercely pro-Stuart, the St-Germain poems offer a picture of a devoted Jacobite of middle years, a Catholic convert and political exile, who sought recognition at the Stuart courtin-exile and, what is more extraordinary, felt herself obliged and authorized to compose a substantial verse-history intended to expose the ‘madness and mallice’ of the times.
A Jacobite Novelist
Authors: King Kathryn R
Published: November 2023

The next two chapters explore features of the prose fictions Barker published in the literary market-place between 1713 and 1725. The emphasis of the present chapter upon their religio-political aspects departs sharply from existing approaches, which tend to concentrate upon gender-and-genres themes in relation to feminist paradigms of female authorship or to pursue the meanings of Barker’s autobiographical self-inscriptions.
Unpopularizing Shakespeare: A Short History
Authors: Lanier Douglas
Published: November 2023

We so routinely associate Shakespeare with high culture that we easily forget this association is hardly natural. Shakespeare’s special status in the literary canon springs from a complex history of appropriation and reappropriation, through which his image and works have been repeatedly recast to speak to the purposes, fantasies, and anxieties of various historical moments. The process of reinvention that has given us our Shakespeare is complex and by no means inevitable.
A Will to Reinvent: Biography and Mythology
Authors: Lanier Douglas
Published: November 2023

When we picture Shakespeare, what first comes to mind is the image captured in Martin Droeshout’s engraving for the 1623 First Folio, which has become the most famous image of an author ever produced. It is a strange portrait. Unlike other frontispiece images of its day, Shakespeare appears without the classicizing or allegorical paraphernalia that place him in a specific intellectual tradition and announce his status as poet.
Slavery and Romantic Poetry
Authors: Wood Marcus
Published: November 2023

Blake’s engagement with Atlantic slavery is now generating a veritable subdiscourse within Romantic studies. These debates focus on two loci that are seen to constitute Blake’s most direct treatment of slavery. The first are the engravings which Blake made for Captain John Stedman’s Narrative of a Five Years Expedition Against the Revolted Negroes of Surinamand the second is The Visions of the Daughters of Albion.1 Yet, as with Austen, Percy Shelley, and Charlotte Brontë, the critique of slavery that Blake generated is one that does not fall into any easy polemical category. Blake never preached a narrow political agenda, and he does not produce straightforward propaganda on slavery.2
‘Kubla Khan’ and the Theory of the Earth
Authors: Mckusick James C
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the development of Coleridge’s lyric poetry within the historical and intellectual contexts of geological theory. Previous critics, most notably John Livingston Lowes in The Road to Xanadu (1927), have commented extensively on Coleridge’s acquaintance with Thomas Burnet’s Telluris theoria sacra (first published in 1681), a work of speculative theology that sought to reconcile the present appearance of the earth’s surface with the Biblical account of the Deluge.
Historicist Readings of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Authors: Roe Nicholas
Published: November 2023

In his influential essay ‘The Meaning of The Ancient Mariner‘, Jerome McGann exposed the pervasive ‘uniformity of approach’' in nineteenth- and twentieth-century readings of this poem, arguing that critics have consistently interpreted The Ancient Mariner according to the same Christian framework of beliefs endorsed by Coleridge himself.
Arms and the Woman
Authors: McCabe Richard A
Published: November 2023

The Faerie Queene presents itself as a sort of magic ‘mirrhor’ in which England’s ‘dread’ sovereign is invited to ‘behold thy face, | And thine owne realmes in the lond of Faery, |And in this antique Image thy great auncestry’ (2 Proem 4). This ‘mirrhor’ repeatedly assures her that its lady queen is ‘fairest of all’, and even that she herself may be regarded as a ‘mirrour of grace and Maiestie divine’ (r Proem 4). The ‘poet historical’ has, it seems, found timeless truth in the contemplation of a unique political icon, ‘like as two mirrours by opposd reflexion, | Doe both expresse the faces first impression’.
‘Salvage Nacion’
Authors: McCabe Richard A
Published: November 2023

Long before the composition of The Faerie Queene, Ireland was constructed as an ‘allegorical’ space, a precinct of monstrosity and ‘otherness’ precariously perched on the edge of the known world. AB Marina Warner reminds us, however, ‘monsters’ are made not born, and Spenser was fully aware of the mind’s capacity to create illusory terrors: ‘why make ye such Monster of your mind?’ (3. 2. 40), Glauce asks the adolescent Britomart whose subsequent experience in the House of Busirane is related to the ‘phastasies’ of ‘wavering wemens wit’ (3. 12. 26). The ‘monsters’ of colonial poetics are equally indebted to hidden demons.
Sins of Difference
Authors: McCabe Richard A
Published: November 2023

It has recently been argued that ‘The Legend of Temperaunce’ is not greatly concerned with Ireland, that its principal focus, as the proem suggests, is on the New World. But this is to insist upon a distinction that Elizabethan commentators laboured to obscure. To conquer Ireland, according to Sir William Herbert, was to facilitate ‘our vast enterprises in the Atlantic and West Indies’. Pynes Moryson expressed the matter even more succinctly when he described Ireland as ‘this famous Iland in the Virginian Sea’. When it came to the business of settling colonists there ‘no lesse Cautions were to be observed for uniting them and keeping them from mixing with the other, then if these newe Colonyes were to be ledd to inhabitt among the barbarous lndians’.
Introduction: Ireland’s Alhambra
Authors: Sewell Frank
Published: November 2023

The need to focus, at length, on these four poets has forced me to omit others who could have been included: Máire Mhac an tSaoi, Eoghan Ó Tuairisc, Michael Davitt, Liam Ó Muirthile and Biddy Jenkinson, to name bur a few.
One of Whom? Lord Jim and ‘Ability in the Abstract’
Authors: Trotter David
Published: November 2023

For historians of English literary culture, one text above all has brought into focus the issue I addressed in the final section of the previous chapter: the issue of the relation between Modernist experiment and tum-of-the-century popular romance. That text is Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim (1900). In what is probably the most influential study of the novel to have been published in the last twenty years or so, Frederic Jameson observes that the novel’s method combines an avant-garde ‘practice of style’ with the ‘diversion and distraction’ an Edwardian reader would have expected to find in a nautical yarn by R. M. Ballantyne or Frederick Marryat. In Jameson’s fornmla, Lord Jim is part Proust, part Robert Louis Stevenson: it combines an austere Modernism with the ‘commercialized cultural discourse’ characteristic, in his view, of a ‘media society’.
D. H. Lawrence: Women in Love, Men in Madness
Authors: Trotter David
Published: November 2023

Of the two major works in which Lawrence exercised his new metaphysic, The Rainbow (19I5) and Women in Love (1920), it is the latter which could be said to engage most fully with the abstractive Modernisms I have been investigating in this book. Women in LotJe is crammed with self-consciously Modernist artefacts and aspirations. Gerald Crich is strnck by the pictures ‘in the Futurist manner’ in Halliday’s London flat, Rupert Birkin by the reproductions from Picasso Will Brangwen has hanging in his house in Beldover. The Picassos are the idea of his daughter Gudrun, who has lived the bohemian life in Chelsea, and whose ultra-Modernist ambition is to live and study in Rome, Munich, Vienna, St Petersburg, or Moscow. The guests at Breadalby have in a sense already gone to Moscow, as they demonstrate when they attempt a ‘little ballet’ in the style of Pavlova and Nijinsky.
The Rule of Medieval Imagination
Authors: Simpson James
Published: November 2023

Certain historical periods champion one function of the psyche over others: the eighteenth century’s own estimation of itself as an Age of Reason, for example, gave way to the Romantic elevation of imagination as the supreme faculty of the soul. These psychological promotions are almost always described by theorists of the psyche in political metaphors, whereby one psychological power properly dominates and organizes others. Such new orders within the psyche have many effects, but in the present chapter I investigate this phenomenon: that changes in the political order of the psyche also provoke redrawings of the historical map, since past ages are praised or demonized under the terms of the new psycho logical order.
Writing and the ‘Poetics of Spectacle’: Political Epiphanies in The Arrivall of Edward IV and Some Contemporary Lancastrian and Yorkist Texts
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: November 2023

Possibilities for understanding the ‘poetics of spectacle’ in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have been considerably widened by the publication of Gordon Kipling’s study of medieval civic triumphs, Enter the King. Semi-dramatic civic receptions of medieval kings and queens have generally been considered as little more than resourceful assemblages of pageantry, symbols, and images. Kipling’s researches invite us to recognize the medieval royal entry as every bit as unified aesthetically as the court spectacles of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Far from being ad hoc assemblages of materials from other dramatic modes, royal entries were shows choreographed always according to a single organizing idea: their purpose was to inaugurate the reign of the king by enacting ritually the recognition of the monarch as the Lord’s anointed.
Ezra Pound: Anti-Semitism, Segregationism, and the ‘Arsenal of Live houghf
Authors: Houen Alex
Published: November 2023

is greasy and acid.... it entangles the clean, it entangles them be cause of their inconsequential]ity, their incapacity to see the connection between one thing and another.’1 Ezra Pound, broadcasting for the Italian Fascists on Radio Roma in 1943 to Britain and the USA, is waging war against a ‘new II ITERNATIONAL empire’, the cause of cultural disintegration in general. The culprit, he says, is Jew usury’. World War II, in truth, has its origins in 1696 with the founding of the Bank of England, ‘v. Rheon the virus of death, the invisible silent virus, more deadly than syphilis, was shot into the English people. Bank of England, making’ money from the VACUUM.’’.2 The real danger of this foe is its capacity to become an entire system of exchange: ‘The ENEMY is Das Leihkapital.’3 Production of interest accruing from borrowed capital, and the proliferation of Jewishness are posited, by Pound, as being two sides of the same coin. This alien event threatens facticity itself. ‘It’ no longer even depends on material existence; instead, it reproduces itself spectrally, transmogrifying values, constantly extending its limits, paying obeisance to no national borders.
Walter Abish: Plotting Everyday Terror
Authors: Houen Alex
Published: November 2023

In his introduction to the 1984 edition of Valtrex Amish’s collection of short stories, In  the  Future  Perfect (first published in 1975), Malcolm Bradbury dearest the author to be ‘quite the most important w1iter to have emerged in the United States over the past ten years, and the one whose serious inquiry is most surely still continuing.’! V linner of the 1981 PEN/Faulkner award for How  Guzman  1’i  It (1980), his novel on terrorism and the lingering effects of Nazism in Germany, Abash has indeed been repeatedly cast by critics as one of the foremost ex opponents of contemporary, American, postmodernist fiction. For Bradbury, however, the affinity between Amish’s prose and the post modern is ‘misleading’, although he does assert that they ‘share’ one ‘tendency’: ‘a refusal to name what we call reality as real, a sense that the language which authenticates this or that as history, geography or biography is a language of human invention’ (JT}P, x). Given that Abash wrote How  Gambian  less  It without ever having visited Germany, Bradbury’s comment seems apposite. And certainly there is an ongoing fascination in Amish’s fiction with what the writer has termed ‘de familiarization’-which is no doubt partly attributable to his having lived in a number of countries from a young age.
The Years Of Peace
Authors: Davies J D
Published: November 2023

Despite their importance, the two Anglo-Dutch wars occupied less than five of the twenty-eight years during which Charles II and James II ruled England. Eor the country and the navy, peace at home was the normal state of affairs for most of the period, and as the largest spending department of the state, the navy in peacetime was an obvious target for those who sought to retrench government expenditure.
Gladstone 1809-1898
Authors: Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

Gladstone 1875-1898 is the culmination of Colin Matthew's acclaimed study of one of Britain's greatest statesmen. William Ewart Gladstone retired from politics in 1875, but returned for a further twenty years at the forefront of British politics. Gladstone 1809-1874 told the story of Gladstone's first political career; his second is examined in this volume. The book tells the story of Gladstone’s last three premierships and his dramatic political campaigns as he pursued his often controversial aims, particularly his mission to bring Irish Home Rule to Ireland. Political reform, Egypt, Gordon in the Sudan, and the ̒Scramble for Africa̓ are other major themes. The treatment of Gladstone’s political career is balanced by Colin Matthew’s acute discussion of his full and active private life, including his enormous correspondence and prodigiously wide reading. The book ends with a moving account of Gladstone’s death and state funeral, the last great set-piece of Victorian Liberalism. Colin Matthew’s writings on Gladstone are generally acknowledged to have transformed understanding of the ̒Grand Old Man̓ of British politics and his age. Appearing first as Introductions to his definitive edition of The Gladstone Diaries, they have been revised and made available in this volume and its predecessor.
Gladstonian Conservatism: from Oxford to Westminster
Authors: Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

Gladstone left Oxford University after dramatically carrying in the Union an amendment stiffening a motion opposing the Reform Bill. In the manner of his time, he then made an extended visit to the Continent, travelling widely in France and Italy. While he was abroad, the Duke of Newcastle, father of his Christ Church acquaintance Lord Lincoln-and at the latter’s instigation, for he was much struck by Gladstone’s anti-Reform speech-approached John Gladstone with the proposal that William should sit for Newark, a town in which the Duke had influence, though not an exclusive influence. It was a good example of that ‘representation of mind, for the political training of youth upwards, of the most capable material of the country’ through the pocket borough system, a system which for that reason Gladstone always defended.
Travel, Family, and Affairs in the 1860s
Authors: Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

As a politician Gladstone was well known, even notorious, for hard work. His diary shows, however, that even a life lived at full stretch by the standards of the day left a considerable time for relaxation and activities not directly political—writing, holidaying, and weekending. By the 1860s the weekend had become an established form of relaxation, combining comfort in the great houses of England with the development of political relationships. Gladstone’s weekends were spent almost entirely at Whig houses, particularly with the Sutherland family and their relations the Argylls, at their great houses of Chiswick and Cliveden; during the holidays he also visited Trentham, Dunrobin, and Inveraray.
Retirement, Religious Nationality, and the Eastern Question
Authors: Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

On 14 January 1875 William Ewart Gladstone met most of the members of the Liberal Cabinet defeated at the general election in February 1874 and told them of his resignation of the Liberal leadership. His announcement was immediately made public in an exchange of letters with Lord Granville being Liberal leader in the House of Lords and Lord Hartington being Liberal leader in the House of Commons. The party of progress was thus led by a peer in each House. This was an awkward basis for its leadership, and one made more awkward by the fact that Gladstone did not resign his Greenwich seat, though he did sell his London house, 11 Carlton House Terrace, in March 1875.