bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An All Low‐Temperature Fabrication of Macroporous, Electrochemically Addressable Anatase Thin Films
Authors: Schröder Michael , Sallard Sébastien , Böhm Matthias , Einert Marcus , Suchomski Christian , Smarsly Bernd M. , Mutisya Stephen , Bertino Massimo F.
Published: March 2014

Macroporous TiO2 (anatase) thin films are fabricated by an all low‐temperature process in which substrates are dip‐coated in suspensions of mixed anatase nanoparticles and polystyrene beads, and the templating agents are removed by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at a temperature below 50 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy show that the templating polymer beads are removed by UV irradiation combined with the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. X‐Ray diffraction reveals that nanoparticle growth is negligible in UV irradiated films, while nanoparticle size increases by almost 10 times in calcined films that are prepared for comparison. The macroporous films are prepared on FTO‐(fluorine‐doped tin oxide) coated glass and ITO (indium tin oxide) coated flexible plastics and thereby used as working electrodes. In both cases, the films are electrochemically addressable, and cyclic voltammetry is consistent with the response of bulk TiO2 for calcined films and of nanoscale‐TiO2 for UV‐irradiated films.
3D Carbon/Cobalt‐Nickel Mixed‐Oxide Hybrid Nanostructured Arrays for Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhu Jianhui , Jiang Jian , Sun Zhipeng , Luo Jingshan , Fan Zhanxi , Huang Xintang , Zhang Hua , Yu Ting
Published: March 2014

The electrochemical performance of supercapacitors relies not only on the exploitation of high‐capacity active materials, but also on the rational design of superior electrode architectures. Herein, a novel supercapacitor electrode comprising 3D hierarchical mixed‐oxide nanostructured arrays (NAs) of C/CoNi3O4 is reported. The network‐like C/CoNi3O4 NAs exhibit a relatively high specific surface area; it is fabricated from ultra‐robust Co‐Ni hydroxide carbonate precursors through glucose‐coating and calcination processes. Thanks to their interconnected three‐dimensionally arrayed architecture and mesoporous nature, the C/CoNi3O4 NA electrode exhibits a large specific capacitance of 1299 F/g and a superior rate performance, demonstrating 78% capacity retention even when the discharge current jumps by 100 times. An optimized asymmetric supercapacitor with the C/CoNi3O4 NAs as the positive electrode is fabricated. This asymmetric supercapacitor can reversibly cycle at a high potential of 1.8 V, showing excellent cycling durability and also enabling a remarkable power density of ∼13 kW/kg with a high energy density of ∼19.2 W·h/kg. Two such supercapacitors linked in series can simultaneously power four distinct light‐emitting diode indicators; they can also drive the motor of remote‐controlled model planes. This work not only presents the potential of C/CoNi3O4 NAs in thin‐film supercapacitor applications, but it also demonstrates the superiority of electrodes with such a 3D hierarchical architecture.
Non‐Volatile Ferroelectric Memory with Position‐Addressable Polymer Semiconducting Nanowire
Authors: Hwang Sun Kak , Min Sung‐Yong , Bae Insung , Cho Suk Man , Kim Kang Lib , Lee Tae‐Woo , Park Cheolmin
Published: March 2014

One‐dimensional nanowires (NWs) have been extensively examined for numerous potential nano‐electronic device applications such as transistors, sensors, memories, and photodetectors. The ferroelectric‐gate field effect transistors (Fe‐FETs) with semiconducting NWs in particular in combination with ferroelectric polymers as gate insulating layers have attracted great attention because of their potential in high density memory integration. However, most of the devices still suffer from low yield of devices mainly due to the ill‐control of the location of NWs on a substrate. NWs randomly deposited on a substrate from solution‐dispersed droplet made it extremely difficult to fabricate arrays of NW Fe‐FETs. Moreover, rigid inorganic NWs were rarely applicable for flexible non‐volatile memories. Here, we present the NW Fe‐FETs with position‐addressable polymer semiconducting NWs. Polymer NWs precisely controlled in both location and number between source and drain electrode were achieved by direct electrohydrodynamic NW printing. The polymer NW Fe‐FETs with a ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) exhibited non‐volatile ON/OFF current margin at zero gate voltage of approximately 102 with time‐dependent data retention and read/write endurance of more than 104 seconds and 102 cycles, respectively. Furthermore, our device showed characteristic bistable current hysteresis curves when being deformed with various bending radii and multiple bending cycles over 1000 times.
Properties of (Low‐density polyethylene)/(natural rubber)/(water hyacinth fiber) composites: The effect of polyaniline
Authors: Supri A.G. , Tan S.J. , Ismail H. , Teh P.L.
Published: March 2014

The effects of polyaniline (PANI)‐modified water hyacinth fiber on the properties of (low‐density polyethylene)/(natural rubber)/(water hyacinth fiber) (LDPE/NR/WHF) composites were studied. The composites were prepared by using a Brabender Plasticorder at 160oC and a rotor speed of 50 rpm for 6 minutes. LDPE/NR/WHFPANI composites exhibited higher tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break, melting temperature, and electrical conductivity but lower molar sorption, capacitance, percentage crystallinity, and interparticle spacing than LDPE/NR/WHF composites. Scanning electron microscopy morphology showed a better interfacial adhesion of PANI‐modified water hyacinth fiber (WHFPANI) and the LDPE/NR phases than when unmodified WHF was used. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 20:122–130, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermal stability and aging characteristics of (natural rubber)/(waste ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer terpolymer) blends
Authors: Nabil H. , Ismail H. , Azura A.R.
Published: March 2014

Comparative studies of the thermogravimetric analysis and thermo‐oxidative aging of (natural rubber)/(waste ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer terpolymer) (NR/W‐EPDM) and (natural rubber)/(ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer terpolymer) (NR/EPDM) blends were carried out. The blends were prepared at five different blend ratios (90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50) on a two‐roll mill. As the pure EPDM or W‐EPDM content in the blends increased, their thermal stability also increased. The thermo‐oxidative aging of these blends was done at 100°C for 48 h. Afterwards, the NR/EPDM blends exhibited better retention of properties than the NR/W‐EPDM blends. Crosslink density measurements of the blends after thermal aging indicated that higher crosslink density was obtained from a higher content of EPDM or W‐EPDM, a result which might be due to the high rate of radical termination leading to crosslinks in the bulk of the polymer. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 20:99–107, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Planetary gear load sharing of wind turbine drivetrains subjected to non‐torque loads
Authors: Guo Yi , Keller Jonathan , LaCava William
Published: March 2014

An analytical formulation was developed to estimate the load‐sharing and planetary loads of a three‐point suspension wind turbine drivetrain considering the effects of non‐torque loads, gravity and bearing clearance. A three‐dimensional dynamic drivetrain model that includes mesh stiffness variation, tooth modifications and gearbox housing flexibility was also established to investigate gear tooth load distribution and non‐linear tooth and bearing contact of the planetary gears. These models were validated with experimental data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Gearbox Reliability Collaborative. Non‐torque loads and gravity induce fundamental excitations in the rotating carrier frame, which can increase gearbox loads and disturb load sharing. Clearance in the carrier bearings reduces the bearing stiffness significantly. This increases the amount of pitching moment transmitted from the rotor to the gear meshes and disturbs the planetary load share, thereby resulting in edge loading. Edge loading increases the likelihood of tooth pitting and planet‐bearing fatigue, leading to reduced gearbox life. Additionally, at low‐input torque, the planet‐bearing loads are often less than the minimum recommended load and thus susceptible to skidding. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localization of mRNAs to the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Cui Xianying A. , Palazzo Alexander F.
Published: March 2014

Almost all cells use mRNA localization to establish spatial control of protein synthesis. One of the best‐studied examples is the targeting and anchoring of mRNAs encoding secreted, organellar, and membrane‐bound proteins to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the research that elucidated the canonical protein‐mediated targeting of nascent‐chain ribosome mRNA complexes to the surface of the ER. We then discuss subsequent studies which provided concrete evidence that a subpopulation of mRNAs utilize a translation‐independent mechanism to localize to the surface of this organelle. This alternative mechanism operates alongside the signal recognition particle (SRP) mediated co‐translational targeting pathway to promote proper mRNA localization to the ER. Recent work has uncovered trans‐acting factors, such as the mRNA receptor p180, and cis‐acting elements, such as transmembrane domain coding regions, that are responsible for this alternative mRNA localization process. Furthermore, some unanticipated observations have raised the possibility that this alternative pathway may be conserved from bacteria to mammalian cells. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:481–492. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1225

This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Mechanisms

Translation > Translation Regulation

RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization
Effectiveness of peer-delivered interventions for severe mental illness and depression on clinical and psychosocial outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fuhr Daniela C. , Salisbury Tatiana Taylor , De Silva Mary J. , Atif Najia , van Ginneken Nadja , Rahman Atif , Patel Vikram
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of peer-delivered interventions in improving clinical and psychosocial outcomes among individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) or depression.

Methods

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing a peer-delivered intervention to treatment as usual or treatment delivered by a health professional. Random effect meta-analyses were performed separately for SMI and depression interventions.

Results

Fourteen studies (10 SMI studies, 4 depression studies), all from high-income countries, met the inclusion criteria. For SMI, evidence from three high-quality superiority trials showed small positive effects favouring peer-delivered interventions for quality of life (SMD 0.24, 95 % CI 0.08–0.40, p = 0.003, I
2 = 0 %, n = 639) and hope (SMD 0.24, 95 % CI 0.02–0.46, p = 0.03, I
2 = 65 %, n = 967). Results of two SMI equivalence trials indicated that peers may be equivalent to health professionals in improving clinical symptoms (SMD −0.14, 95 % CI −0.57 to 0.29, p = 0.51, I
2 = 0 %, n = 84) and quality of life (SMD −0.11, 95 % CI −0.42 to 0.20, p = 0.56, I
2 = 0 %, n = 164). No effect of peer-delivered interventions for depression was observed on any outcome.

Conclusions

The limited evidence base suggests that peers may have a small additional impact on patient’s outcomes, in comparison to standard psychiatric care in high-income settings. Future research should explore the use and applicability of peer-delivered interventions in resource poor settings where standard care is likely to be of lower quality and coverage. The positive findings of equivalence trials demand further research in this area to consolidate the relative value of peer-delivered vs. professional-delivered interventions.
Whole‐genome Sequencing of an Aggressive BRAF Wild‐type Papillary Thyroid Cancer Identified EML4–ALK Translocation as a Therapeutic Target
Authors: Demeure Michael J. , Aziz Meraj , Rosenberg Richard , Gurley Steven D. , Bussey Kimberly J. , Carpten John D.
Published: March 2014

Background

Recent advances in the treatment of cancer have focused on targeting genomic aberrations with selective therapeutic agents. In radioiodine resistant aggressive papillary thyroid cancers, there remain few effective therapeutic options. A 62‐year‐old man who underwent multiple operations for papillary thyroid cancer and whose metastases progressed despite standard treatments provided tumor tissue.

Methods

We analyzed tumor and whole blood DNA by whole genome sequencing, achieving 80× or greater coverage over 94 % of the exome and 90 % of the genome. We determined somatic mutations and structural alterations.

Results

We found a total of 57 somatic mutations in 55 genes of the cancer genome. There was notably a lack of mutations in NRAS and BRAF, and no RET/PTC rearrangement. There was a mutation in the TRAPP oncogene and a loss of heterozygosity of the p16, p18, and RB1 tumor suppressor genes. The oncogenic driver for this tumor is a translocation involving the genes for anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) and echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 (EML4). The EML4–ALK translocation has been reported in approximately 5 % of lung cancers, as well as in pediatric neuroblastoma, and is a therapeutic target for crizotinib.

Conclusions

This is the first report of the whole genomic sequencing of a papillary thyroid cancer in which we identified an EML4–ALK translocation of a TRAPP oncogene mutation. These findings suggest that this tumor has a more distinct oncogenesis than BRAF mutant papillary thyroid cancer. Whole genome sequencing can elucidate an oncogenic context and expose potential therapeutic vulnerabilities in rare cancers.
Paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures: Epidemiology, mechanisms and incidence during school holidays
Authors: Barr L. V.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of paediatric patients sustaining supracondylar humeral fractures, to identify common mechanisms of injury and to corroborate the anecdotal evidence that fractures occur more frequently during school holidays.

Methods

All paediatric patients who presented to the accident and emergency department with a supracondylar distal humerus fracture over the 3-year period from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2011 were included in the study. Data were collected from the electronic medical records and radiology picture archiving and communication system (PACS) regarding age at injury, sex, Gartland type, date of injury, mechanism and management. The dates of all school holidays during the study period were obtained from the local education authority website.

Results

A total of 159 patients were identified, with a median age of 6 years 1 month (range 1 year to 14 years 4 months); 53 % of patients were male. The 155 extension-type injuries comprised 46, 28 and 26 % Gartland I, II and III fractures, respectively. Sixty-five patients (41 %) were treated operatively. Six patients had either neurological and/or vascular complications; however, none had any long-term neurological compromise and none required vascular surgical intervention. The mechanism of injury was recorded in 118 cases, the majority (37 %) of which were sustained during falls from play equipment. Among the patients, 115 were of school age. The weekly incidence during school holidays was significantly higher than that during term-time (1.16 vs. 0.60, p = 0.0005).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the epidemiology of paediatric supracondylar fractures managed at a district general hospital over a 3-year-period. This work supports the long-standing anecdotal evidence that play equipment carries a high risk of injury and that the incidence of supracondylar fractures is significantly higher during school holidays.
Comparative measures of aggregated uncertainty representations
Authors: Elmore Paul , Petry Fred , Yager Ronald
Published: March 2014

Uncertainty must be taken into account in all aspects of ambient intelligence and human decisions and activities. We investigate how to utilize both probabilistic and possibilistic sources of information for use in humanized decision-making. In particular we examine aspects of the possibilistic conditioning of probability developed by Yager. To provide bounding of the resulting probability analysis of the cases of completely certain and uncertain probability and possibility distribution are carried out. Additionally the cases of intermediate uncertainty and a general case of possibilities are analyzed. The Zadeh consistency measure is also used to assess these cases. To consider whether the conditioned probability is more informative for decision-making, three measures, Shannon entropy, Gini index and Renyi entropy are used to compare the original probability distributions and the conditioned distribution for the cases described.
China's Rare Earth Trade: Health and the Environment
Authors: Kilby Charles
Published: March 2014

Rare earth elements (REE) captured a startled world's attention during the 2010 Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands crisis, when it appeared that China withheld access to them during its border dispute with Japan. China asserts that its sovereign right to environmental regulation and national production quotas is unassailable. However, China's trade measures appear to be inconsistent with WTO rules, as well as with environmental protection and conservation, since they incentivize illegal mining and smuggling practices. In an upcoming case (DS431), the United States, the European Union, Japan and 16 third parties will argue before the WTO that China's trade measures on rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum constitute discriminatory behaviour and are illegal. This raises the question of whether China is inappropriately using the environment as a defence against allegations that its rare earth trade policies are in violation of its WTO obligations.
Association of interleukin-10 polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in a case-control study and its effect on the response to combined pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy
Authors: KHAN A. J. , SARASWAT V. A. , CHOUDHURI G. , PARMAR D. , NEGI T. S. , MOHINDRA S.
Published: March 2014

We conducted a case-control study involving 150 genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients and 150 healthy controls to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene with chronic HCV infection and the association of these polymorphic variants with the combination of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin therapy response. Our data revealed that the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G exhibited significant association with genotype 3 chronic HCV infection compared to controls. Treatment response data also showed a significant increase in risk for the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G in response-relapse patients or non-responder patients compared to sustained virological response patients. Further, a significant increase in risk was also revealed for the CC genotype of IL-10 –592A/C in response-relapse patients or non-responder patients compared to sustained virological response patients, suggesting a role of the GG genotype of IL-10 –1082A/G and CC genotype of IL-10 –592A/C in the treatment outcome of combined Peg-IFN/ribavirin therapy.
Education and Training Initiatives for Crisis Management in the European Union: A Web-based Analysis of Available Programs
Authors: Ingrassia Pier Luigi , Foletti Marco , Djalali Ahmadreza , Scarone Piercarlo , Ragazzoni Luca , Corte Francesco Della , Kaptan Kubilay , Lupescu Olivera , Arculeo Chris , von Arnim Gotz , Friedl Tom , Ashkenazi Michael , Heselmann Deike , Hreckovski Boris , Khorrram-Manesh Amir , Komadina Radko , Lechner Kostanze , Patru Cristina , Burkle Frederick M. , Fisher Philipp
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Education and training are key elements of disaster management. Despite national and international educational programs in disaster management, there is no standardized curriculum available to guide the European Union (EU) member states. European- based Disaster Training Curriculum (DITAC), a multiple university-based project financially supported by the EU, is charged with developing a holistic and highly-structured curriculum and courses for responders and crisis managers at a strategic and tactical level. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively assess the prevailing preferences and characteristics of disaster management educational and training initiatives (ETIs) at a postgraduate level that currently exist in the EU countries.

Methods

An Internet-based qualitative search was conducted in 2012 to identify and analyze the current training programs in disaster management. The course characteristics were evaluated for curriculum, teaching methods, modality of delivery, target groups, and funding.

Results

The literature search identified 140 ETIs, the majority (78%) located in United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Master level degrees were the primary certificates granted to graduates. Face-to-face education was the most common teaching method (84%). Approximately 80% of the training initiatives offered multi- and cross-disciplinary disaster management content. A competency-based approach to curriculum content was present in 61% of the programs. Emergency responders at the tactical level were the main target group. Almost all programs were self-funded.

Conclusion

Although ETIs currently exist, they are not broadly available in all 27 EU countries. Also, the curricula do not cover all key elements of disaster management in a standardized and competency-based structure. This study has identified the need to develop a standardized competency-based educational and training program for all European countries that will ensure the practice and policies that meet both the standards of care and the broader expectations for professionalization of the disaster and crisis workforce.

IngrassiaPL, FolettiM, DjalaliA, ScaroneP, RagazzoniL, DellaCorte F, KaptanK, LupescuO, ArculeoC, von ArnimG, FriedlT, AshkenaziM, HeselmannD, HreckovskiB, Khorrram-ManeshA, KomadinaR, LechnerK, PatruC, BurkleFMJr., FisherP. Education and training initiatives for crisis management in the European Union: a web-based analysis of available programs. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(2):1-12.
Ultrastructural Analysis of Healthy Synovial Fluids in Three Mammalian Species
Authors: Matei Constantin I. , Boulocher Caroline , Boulé Christelle , Schramme Michael , Viguier Eric , Roger Thierry , Berthier Yves , Trunfio-Sfarghiu Ana-Maria , Blanchin Marie-Geneviève
Published: March 2014

A better knowledge of synovial fluid (SF) ultrastructure is required to further understand normal joint lubrication and metabolism. The aim of the present study was to elucidate SF structural features in healthy joints from three mammalian species of different size compared with features in biomimetic SF. High-resolution structural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and environmental SEM/wet scanning transmission electron microscopy mode complemented by TEM and SEM cryogenic methods. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LCM) was used to locate the main components of SF with respect to its ultrastructural organization. The present study showed that the ultrastructure of healthy SF is built from a network of vesicles with a size range from 100 to a few hundred nanometers. A multilayered organization of the vesicle membranes was observed with a thickness of about 5 nm. LCM study of biological SF compared with synthetic SF showed that the microvesicles consist of a lipid-based membrane enveloping a glycoprotein gel. Thus, healthy SF has a discontinuous ultrastructure based on a complex network of microvesicles. This finding offers novel perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of synovial joint diseases.
A CARTOPT METHOD FOR BOUND-CONSTRAINED GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION
Authors: ROBERTSON B. L. , PRICE C. J. , REALE M.
Published: March 2014

A stochastic algorithm for bound-constrained global optimization is described. The method can be applied to objective functions that are nonsmooth or even discontinuous. The algorithm forms a partition on the search region using classification and regression trees (CART), which defines a region where the objective function is relatively low. Further points are drawn directly from the low region before a new partition is formed. Alternating between partition and sampling phases provides an effective method for nonsmooth global optimization. The sequence of iterates generated by the algorithm is shown to converge to an essential global minimizer with probability one under mild conditions. Nonprobabilistic results are also given when random sampling is replaced with points taken from the Halton sequence. Numerical results are presented for both smooth and nonsmooth problems and show that the method is effective and competitive in practice.
Researching in the community: the value and contribution of nurses to community based or primary health care research
Authors: Barthow Christine , Jones Bernadette , Macdonald Lindsay , Vernall Sue , Gallagher Peter , McKinlay Eileen
Published: March 2014

Aim

To describe the role, contribution and value of research nurses in New Zealand community-based or primary health care research.

Background

Research nurses are increasingly recognised as having a key role in undertaking successful research in hospitals and clinical trial units however only limited work has been undertaken to examine their role in community-based research. Undertaking health research in the community has unique challenges particularly in relation to research design and recruitment and retention of participants.

Methods

We describe four community-based research projects involving research nurses, each with particular recruitment, retention and logistical problems. Vignettes are used to illustrate the role, contribution and value of research nurses in a diverse range of community research projects.

Findings

The knowledge and skills used by research nurses in these projects included familiarity with communities, cultural competence, health care systems and practice philosophies and in particular with vulnerable populations. Their research actions and activities include competence with a broad range of research methodologies, organisational efficiency, family-centred approach, along with advocacy and flexibility. These are underpinned by nursing knowledge and clinical expertise contributing to an ability to work autonomously. These four projects demonstrate that research nurses in community-based research possess specific attributes which facilitate successful study development, implementation and outcome.
General practitioner and physiotherapist communication: how to improve this vital interaction
Authors: Hayward Christopher , Willcock Simon
Published: March 2014

Background

Appropriate communication between general practitioners (GPs) and physiotherapists is vital for providing optimal care. Differing opinions exist as to key inclusion in this communication. This study aims to identify the key components that both GPs and physiotherapists would include in inter-professional communication.

Methods

Qualitative study design, using 14 in-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews.

Results

Physiotherapists identified relevant past medical history, psycho-social history, yellow flags, anticipated time frame for follow-up and objective measures of current function as the more useful inclusions in written communication. GPs identified the inclusion of a working diagnosis, treatment summary and likely long-term outcomes as the key components to effective communication.

Discussion

Effective interprofessional communication requires the provision of information that is both succinct and relevant. While there are individual preferences, this study suggests that certain key characteristics exist, and the inclusion of these in interprofessional communication may lead to improved communication and patient outcomes.
ASEAN and Its Problematic Treaty-Making Practice: Can International Organizations Conclude Treaties “on Behalf of” Their Member States?
Authors: CHEN Zhida
Published: March 2014

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has, on various occasions, concluded treaties on behalf of its Member States. This raises some interesting questions: is ASEAN entitled to enter into treaties on behalf of its Member States; and if so, what should be the status of ASEAN and its Member States vis-à-vis the other party to the treaty? The issue is not one of whether the ASEAN Member States have consented to such a practice—it must be assumed that they have. Instead, the real issue is whether such treaty-making practice can and should be valid under international law, even if the Member States have consented for ASEAN to conclude these treaties on their behalf. This paper will argue that, under international law, ASEAN is entitled to conclude treaties on behalf of its Member States.
Short Stress State Questionnaire
Authors: Helton William S. , Näswall Katharina
Published: March 2014

Conscious appraisals of stress, or stress states, are an important aspect of human performance. This article presents evidence supporting the validity and measurement characteristics of a short multidimensional self-report measure of stress state, the Short Stress State Questionnaire (SSSQ; Helton, 2004 ). The SSSQ measures task engagement, distress, and worry. A confirmatory factor analysis of the SSSQ using data pooled from multiple samples suggests the SSSQ does have a three factor structure and post-task changes are not due to changes in factor structure, but to mean level changes (state changes). In addition, the SSSQ demonstrates sensitivity to task stressors in line with hypotheses. Different task conditions elicited unique patterns of stress state on the three factors of the SSSQ in line with prior predictions. The 24-item SSSQ is a valid measure of stress state which may be useful to researchers interested in conscious appraisals of task-related stress.
Context and Identification in Persuasive Mass Communication
Authors: Joyce Nick , Harwood Jake
Published: March 2014

In this experiment, participants were presented with a prosocial message modeled from modern public health campaigns. Although the message was kept identical, the context of the message was experimentally manipulated to represent either a viral user-generated video or a government-sponsored public service announcement. The data provided evidence of an indirect relationship between media context and persuasive efficacy mediated through subjective evaluations of the message and social identification with the message producers. Results are discussed in terms of social identity theory and entertainment processing models.
CCR6 supports migration and differentiation of a subset of DN1 early thymocyte progenitors but is not required for thymic nTreg development
Authors: Bunting Mark D , Comerford Iain , Kara Ervin E , Korner Heinrich , McColl Shaun R
Published: March 2014

T‐cell selection and development occurs as precursor cells journey through the thymus and interact with stromal cells residing in distinct microenvironments. Although the chemokines CCL19, CCL21, CCL25 and CXCL12 are known to have major roles in intrathymic migration of thymocytes and thymocyte precursors, the significance of other chemokines such as CCL20, which is also expressed in the thymus, is unknown. This is of particular interest given that the thymus is the location of development of the natural regulatory T‐cell (nTreg) population and that the CCL20 receptor CCR6 has an important role in peripheral tolerance via control of Treg cell migration. However, whether the CCL20/CCR6 axis has a role in the formation or migration of nTregs in the thymus is unknown. In this study, we addressed this by analyzing expression of CCR6/CCL20 within the thymus and assessing their role in thymocyte development using Ccr6−/− mice. CCL20 is predominately expressed in the thymic medulla and CCR6 expression is restricted to nTregs and a subset of early thymocyte progenitor double‐negative 1 (DN1) cells (CD4−CD8−CD25−CD44+CD117+). Ex vivo chemotaxis assays indicated that these two subsets were apparently the sole subsets of thymocytes responsive to CCL20. The data indicate that nTreg frequencies and localization are unperturbed by deletion of Ccr6. However, in Ccr6−/− thymi, reduced frequencies of DN2 and DN3 cells, the thymocyte progenitor subsets that follow the DN1 stage, were apparent. Together, these data indicate that CCR6 has a supplementary role in coordination of early thymocyte precursor migration events important for normal subsequent thymocyte precursor development, but is not required for normal nTreg development.
Expansion and preferential activation of the CD14+CD16+ monocyte subset during multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chuluundorj Delgertsetseg , Harding Scott A , Abernethy David , La Flamme Anne Camille
Published: March 2014

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune‐driven, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although many types of immune cells are involved in disease progression, activated monocytes are believed to be one of the first to arrive to the brain and initiate inflammation. However, little is known about how the two main monocyte subsets, CD14++CD16− and CD14+CD16+, are involved in MS. To understand how the phenotype and responses of these monocyte subsets are altered during MS, total monocytes and the purified monocyte subsets from healthy subjects (n=29) and MS patients (n=20) were characterized ex vivo and stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The ex vivo analyses showed that total monocytes from MS patients had significantly elevated levels of CD40, CD86, HLA‐DR, CD64 and C‐C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), and this elevation was most marked on CD16+ monocytes. In vitro stimulation with LPS led to an increase in CD86, HLA‐DR, CD64 and IL‐6 production by monocytes from MS patients. Furthermore, in purified cultures, CD14+ monocytes were found to be the main producers of IL‐10 while CD16+ monocytes produced more IL‐12. In monocytes from MS patients, both subsets produced substantially more IL‐6, and the production of IL‐10 by the CD16+ subset was also significantly elevated compared with healthy monocytes. Together these findings highlight the important contribution of the CD16+ monocyte subset in driving inflammatory responses during MS.
Erratum: Using network analysis to explore co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities
Authors: Barberán Albert , Bates Scott T , Casamayor Emilio O , Fierer Noah
Published: March 2014

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 343–351; doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.119; published online 8 September 2011 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed that there is a missing supplementary file. The missing file appears in the online version of this corrigendum. The authorswould like to apologise for any inconvenience this may have caused.
Soluble Molecule Transport Within Synthetic Hydrogels in Comparison to the Native Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Parlato Matthew , Murphy William
Published: March 2014

Soluble molecule signalling and gradient formation are of known biological importance and direct many biological processes. Because there are many similarities between synthetic hydrogels and the native extracellular matrix (ECM), synthetic hydrogels can serve as model systems for the study of soluble molecule signalling and gradient formation in biological systems. Additionally, drug delivery technologies, bioactive peptides, and degradable polymer chemistries have all been incorporated into hydrogels to recapitulate many of the aspects of soluble transport that are found in the native ECM. Though transport within hydrogels and the native ECM have both been extensively reviewed, the purpose of this chapter is to compare and contrast the two. How does transport of soluble molecules within synthetic hydrogels compare to that in the native ECM, and how can synthetic hydrogels be made to more closely mimic the signalling of the native ECM? In this chapter, well-known, fundamental models of molecular transport are used to introduce and discuss parameters that influence soluble molecule signalling and gradient formation, with a particular emphasis on emerging bioinspired approaches to mimic the natural ECM.
Distribution, Diffusion and Concentration of Defects in Colloidal Diamond
Authors: Barnard Amanda S.
Published: March 2014

The family of carbon nanomaterials is a rich and exciting area of research that spans materials science, engineering, physics, and chemistry; and most recently, is having an impact in biology and medicine. However, spontaneous, inefficient (reversible and irreversible) phase transformations prevail at small sizes, and most (in the absence of stable surface passivation) diamond nanomaterials are decorated with a full or partial fullerenic outer shell. Although imperfect, these hybrid sp2/sp3 core–shell particles have been shown to exhibit some useful properties, particularly when combined with other imperfections, such as functional point defects. Among the variety of point defects found in diamond nanoparticles, the GR1, N-V, H3, and N3 defects emit strong and stable luminescence in the visible range. These optical properties can be harnessed for a variety of applications, provided that the structural integrity of the host nanodiamond can be assured. This chapter reviews a number of complementary computational studies examining the stability of point defects in colloidal diamond particles as a function of the radial distribution and types of surface chemistry. This data is used to predict the relative concentrations that may be expected at different sizes.
Detonation Nanodiamonds: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Authors: Vul’ A. Ya. , Dideikin A. T. , Aleksenskii A. E. , Baidakova M. V.
Published: March 2014

This chapter addresses present-day views on the synthesis, properties and applications of nanodiamonds fabricated by the detonation of strong explosives, the so-called detonation nanodiamonds (DND). The chapter focuses primarily on the results of DND studies, which have been reliably established and universally accepted, while stressing at the same time the points that, in our opinion, still remain controversial. The main content relates to the features of technology for DNDs, the structure of single DND particles and their suspension, as well as the various applications of DNDs.
Electrochemistry of Nanodiamond Particles
Authors: Holt Katherine B.
Published: March 2014

Detonation diamond nanoparticles (nanodiamond) show interesting and unexpected redox behaviour and have been incorporated into a variety of electrochemical technologies, e.g., sensors, biosensors, fuel cell and supercapacitor electrodes. This redox behaviour is unexpected because the particles are undoped and not conductive. The surfaces of the particles are highly unsaturated and oxidised with an array of surface functional groups and it is believed that the origin of nanodiamond redox activity can be attributed to this surface chemistry. This chapter presents the current understanding of the nature and origin of the electrochemical response of nanodiamond particles and how the particles interact with electrodes and redox species in solution. Additionally, a survey of the current literature concerning the application of nanodiamond in electrochemistry is included, along with a brief discussion of the redox response of other types of diamond nanoparticle, such as high temperature high pressure (HTHP) diamond.
Neuron Growth on Nanodiamond
Authors: Edgington Robert , Jackman Richard B.
Published: March 2014

Neurons are one of the most environmentally demanding cell types to grow on artificial substrates. As a result, neuronal biomaterials must meet a large list of specifications in order to provide a nurturing environment for neuronal cultures. Such specifications are set out as to mimic the host environment of neurons and, in this context, nanodiamond monolayers are excellent substrates for neuronal culture. Their tissue-equivalent bulk constitution of carbon, their organic surface functionality yet inert chemistry and their nanoscale topography all contribute to nanodiamond's remarkable ability to support the formation of functional neuronal networks, even without the otherwise pre-requisite process of protein coating substrates prior to neuronal seeding. In this chapter we discuss the remarkable ability of nanodiamond monolayers to support the formation of functional neuronal networks on a variety of surfaces. Thereafter, the mechanism of neuronal adhesion on nanodiamond is discussed with respect to the surface properties of different nanodiamond coating types. Finally, nanodiamond-directed patterning of neuronal networks is demonstrated. Nanodiamond coatings provide an excellent growth substrate on various materials for functional, patterned neuronal networks and bypass the necessity of protein coating substrates, which promises great potential for chronic medical implants and in vitro devices.
Diamond Nucleation and Seeding Techniques: Two Complementary Strategies for the Growth of Ultra-thin Diamond Films
Authors: Arnault J. C. , Girard H. A.
Published: March 2014

The controlled growth of ultra-thin diamond layers on a diversity of substrates is a major challenge for many technological applications (heat spreaders, electromechanical systems, etc.). This explains the huge effort produced during the last two decades to master the early stages of diamond formation. Two main pathways have been investigated in the literature. The nucleation pathway aims to produce diamond nuclei, i.e., the smallest thermodynamically stable diamond islands, at the substrate surface. This is mainly performed by in situ treatments preceding diamond chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth, such as bias enhanced nucleation (BEN). The second approach consists of skipping the nucleation stage by covering, ex situ, the substrate with diamond nanoparticles, which act as seeds for diamond CVD growth. The present chapter is a review of these pathways. Their respective benefits and drawbacks are discussed. Finally, these two approaches appear very complementary. Seeding allows the growth of ultra-thin diamond layers on large non-conductive substrates with micrometric patterns. On the other hand, the BEN in situ nucleation treatment remains the favored technique to achieve well-adherent diamond films and diamond heteroepitaxy.
The Microstructures of Polycrystalline Diamond, Ballas and Nanocrystalline Diamond
Authors: Haubner Roland
Published: March 2014

Diamond has unique properties due to its covalent sp3 bonding structure and crystal lattice. With decreasing crystal size, mechanical and physical properties become different from coarse grained types. In the case of CVD diamond there are various types of nanocrystalline materials that have been described, e.g., ballas diamond, NCD (nanocrystalline diamond) and UNCD (ultra-nanocrystalline diamond). From the present point of view the nanocrystalline materials can be described by various microstructures and surface morphologies. Ballas is a polycrystalline, spherically grown diamond having a radial structure containing twin grain boundaries and a non-faceted surface. Several morphological ballas structures have been observed by varying the diamond deposition conditions, i.e., ballas mixed with faceted areas, flat ballas, ballas with graphitic inclusions etc. The NCD and UNCD coatings are grown by decreasing the atomic-hydrogen-to-carbon ratio and, therefore, increasing the amorphous carbon content in the grain boundaries. Finally, there is a continuous changeover between the different deposition types and, because of some freedom in the interpretation of the results of various analytical characterisation methods, it is problematic to distinguish between different diamond types.
Electrochemistry of Nanocrystalline and Microcrystalline Diamond
Authors: Shpilevaya Inga V. , Foord John S.
Published: March 2014

Diamond and nanodiamond powders occupy a unique place as electrode materials due to their extreme properties, such as hardness, chemical inertness, thermal conductivity, optical and electric properties. Highly boron-doped diamond electrodes exhibit desirable conductivity, remarkable chemical resistance to fouling, a wide potential window, low background currents and exceptional mechanical stability. This chapter presents some of the recent work on the electrochemistry of diamond and, in particular, diamond nanopowders in their conductive and insulating forms.
Diamond-based Resonators for Chemical Detection
Authors: Scorsone Emmanuel , Trouvé Adeline
Published: March 2014

Diamond materials feature a wide range of outstanding chemical and physical properties, which have interested scientists over the years. The oldest applications of diamond are certainly related to its mechanical properties, in particular its hardness, which has facilitated its use for cutting and polishing, and in drilling tools. The chemical resilience of diamond associated with its interesting semiconducting properties has also been exploited for the development of radiation detectors. In this chapter we focus on chemical or biochemical sensing applications. Here, the extreme properties of diamond, being chemical, electrochemical, optical, acoustic, and so forth, have more recently prompted excitement for the development of innovative sensors. The various forms of diamond, from particles at the nanoscale to bulk single crystals, exhibit real potential to enhance both the sensing performance of the devices and their robustness, as well as their reliability in field-operating conditions. A wide range of diamond-based chemical sensors have been reported in the form of solid state semiconductor sensors, field effect transistors, electrodes, etc. both in the gas phase and in the liquid phase. Such sensors have found various applications in environmental monitoring, security and medical diagnostics. Two types of transducer technologies, namely acoustic wave devices and cantilevers, are particularly interesting because they offer the possibility of high sensitivity detection of a wide range of analytes at a potentially low cost with a high level of miniaturisation. This chapter gives an insight into how these technologies may benefit from the exceptional assets of diamond materials through a few examples, ranging from DNA detection to artificial olfaction.
Electron Field Emission from Diamond
Authors: Wade Travis C.
Published: March 2014

The properties of diamond as they relate to field emission present a promising and interesting combination of strongly bonded carbon, low or negative electron affinity, radiation tolerance, and chemical inertness. Counter to expectations, diamond's 5.45 eV bandgap is an asset rather than a handicap when it comes to electron emission. Recent work has demonstrated emission current densities approaching quantum degeneracy and multiple groups have reported high brightness and long lifetimes. This chapter covers the basics of field emission and the adaptation of Fowler–Nordheim type equations to diamond field emission devices. Relevant device parameters are discussed with reference to various efforts in the literature in context.
Photoactive assemblies of organic compounds and biomolecules: drug–protein supramolecular systems
Authors: Vayá Ignacio , Lhiaubet-Vallet Virginie , Jiménez M. Consuelo , Miranda Miguel A.
Published: March 2014

Modification of the drug excited state properties within proteins provides information on binding and may result in a different photoreactivity.
Applications of ionic liquids in the removal of contaminants from refinery feedstocks: an industrial perspective
Authors: Martínez-Palou Rafael , Luque Rafael
Published: March 2014

Ionic liquids are novel, green and efficient compounds for the removal of contaminants from refinery feedstocks.