bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Member Perceptions as a Parsimonious Representation of Collaboration Viability
Authors: Heslop Benjamin , Bailey Kylie , Paul Jonathan , Stojanovski Liz
Published: March 2018

The PILAR model provides a dynamical systems perspective on collaboration. Two studies are performed using peer assessment data, both testing empirical support for the five Pillars (prospects, involved, liked, agency, respect) that constitute member’s perceptions of collaboration viability.
The first study analyses peer-assessment data collected online from 458 first-year engineering students (404 males; 54 females). A nine-item instrument was inherited from past year’s usage in the course, expanded with four additional items to elaborate upon the agency and liked Pillars. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on student responses to test whether they thematically aligned to constructs consistent with the five Pillars. As anticipated, twelve of the thirteen items grouped into five components, each aligned with a Pillar, providing empirical evidence that the five Pillars represent perceptions of collaboration.
The second study replicated the first study using a retrospective analysis of 87 items included in the Comprehensive Assessment of Team Member Effectiveness (CATME) peer-assessment tool. The associated factor analyses resulted in five components and conceptual alignment of these components with Pillars was evident for three of five CATME components. We recommend a peer-assessment instrument based upon PILAR as potentially more parsimonious and reliable than an extensive list of behaviours, such as employed by CATME. We also recommend including items that target inter-rater bias, which is aligned with the liked Pillar, that instruments such as CATME exclude.
Body Mass, Total Body Fat and Visceral Fat Percentage Predict Insulin Resistance Better Than Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index in Healthy Young Male Adult in Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan Liong Boy , Bahrun Uleng , Hatta Mochammad , Arif Mansyur
Published: March 2018

The incidence of obesity which leads to insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic disorder increases in developing countries including Indonesia. Male adult has higher risk to have abdominal obesity than female which is associated with cardiometabolic disorders. Several anthropometric measurements have been proposed to predict IR. The aim of this study was to investigate whether body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BF) or visceral fat percentage (VF) could become a better predictor of IR in healthy young male adult. Total of 140 healthy young male adults ranging from 18-25 years were recruited in the study. Insulin resistance was measured by calculating Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Subjects with HOMA-IR value >75th percentile with cut off 3.75 were defined as IR. Anthropometric measurements included body weight, BMI, WC were performed whereas BF and VC were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). IR had significant strong correlation with body weight, BMI, WC, BF and VF. The area under curve of body mass, BF, VF were greater than WC and BMI. Anthropometric measurements correlated strongly with IR but body weight, BF, VF have stronger correlation than WC and BMI in healthy young male adult.
Peristaltic slip flow of a Bingham fluid in an inclined porous conduit with Joule heating
Authors: Lakshminarayana P. , Vajravelu K. , Sucharitha G. , Sreenadh S.
Published: March 2018

The present study deals with simultaneous effects of Joule heating and slip on peristaltic flow of a Bingham fluid in an inclined tapered porous channel with elastic walls. The closed form solutions for the stream function, the velocity and the temperature fields are obtained. The effects of the physical parameters on the flow characteristics are presented through graphs for both slip and no-slip cases. In addition, the performance of the temperature is studied with and without Joule heating effects. Moreover, the trapping phenomenon is analysed. The size of the trapped bolus increases with increasing values of the slip parameter and decreasing values of the magnetic, the permeability and the yield stress parameters. The present results are compared with the available results in the literature and our results agree well with the available results for some special cases.
El estudio de una opinion estadounidense desde la dimensión del género y su utilidad para la traducción jurídica
Authors: VEGARA FABREGAT LAURA
Published: March 2018

El estudio del género se revela a menudo como un paso necesario para la práctica de la traducción en general (Swales, 1990; Bhatia, 1993; Borja, 2000; Munday, 2004; Alcaraz, Campos y Miguélez, 2001). En consecuencia, no es de extrañar que para las traducciones especializadas, como la jurídica, el análisis del género sea una herramienta previa básica. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos analizar de manera sucinta y desde la dimensión del género textual un género jurídico: una opinion o sentencia del Tribunal Supremo estadounidense. Este análisis nos mostrará algunas asimetrías de diverso tipo existentes entre ambas sentencias y pondrá de relieve algunos datos relevantes pertenecientes a la cultura jurídica de fondo en cada caso. Los aspectos derivados de dicho análisis pueden ser de interés para el traductor jurídico (trabaje o no con sentencias específicamente), el cual debe indagar en el texto que debe traducir para poder transmitir todos los matices tanto explícitos como implícitos (Orts, 2014).
The Precambrian-Cambrian Transition in the Southern Great Basin, USA
Authors: Corsetti Frank A. , Hagadorn James W.
Published: March 2018

The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary presents an interesting stratigraphic conundrum: the trace fossil used to mark and correlate the base of the Cambrian, Treptichnus pedum, is restricted to siliciclastic facies, whereas biomineralized fossils and chemostratigraphic signals are most commonly obtained from carbonate-dominated sections. Thus, it is difficult to correlate directly between many of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary sections, and to assess details of the timing of evolutionary events that transpired during this interval of time. Thick sections in the White-Inyo region of eastern California and western Nevada, USA, contain mixed siliciclastic-carbonate lithofacies, and therefore promote correlation between these classic, well-studied lithologic end-members. An integrated stratigraphic approach was applied to the White-Inyo succession, combining lithologic, paleontologic, and chemostratigraphic data, in order to address the temporal framework within the basin, and to facilitate worldwide correlation of the boundary. Results from the southern Great Basin demonstrate that the negative δ13C excursion that is ubiquitous in carbonate-dominated successions containing small shelly fossils occurs within stratigraphic uncertainty of the first occurrence of T. pedum. This global geochemical marker thus provides a link with the primary biostratigraphic indicator for the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary.
REVITALISASI PANCASILA DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM YANG BERKEADILAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Pahlevi Farida Sekti
Published: March 2018

Pancasila telah menjadi kesepakatan bangsa Indonesia sebagai dasar negara Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, namun dalam upaya implementasinya mengalami berbagai hambatan baik internal ataupun eksternal. Pancasila sebagai pandangan hidup bangsa perlu diimplementasikan dalam kehidupan nyata, hal ini telah dicontohkan oleh para pendiri bangsa melalui kerja keras dan perjuangan sehingga menghasilkan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Keperihatinan kepada kondisi hukum yang berpihak sehingga jauh dari unsur keadilan membuat pemikiran tertarik untuk membahas apakah nilai-nilai yang diajarkan oleh Pancasila masih diindahkan ataukah diacuhkan. Pancasila yang merupakan ideologi bangsa sebagai pandangan hidup serta landasan dalam aktivitas bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara terkesan hanya dijadikan hafalan tanpa penerapan termasuk dalam bidang hukum. Kualitas negara yang menjadi tolak ukur penjagaan terhadap ideologi bangsa sangat dinantikan untuk mengontrol pelaksanaan hukum yang berkeadilan berdasarkan nilai- nilai luhur Pancasila. Dengan demikian akan terwujud situasi dan kondisi yang didambakan dan diharapkan oleh semua rakyat Indonesia dalam semua aspek terutama aspek hukum. Pancasila  sebagai dasar Negara maka berkedudukan sebagai sumber hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia. Segala peraturan perundang-undangan harus merupakan penjabaran dari prinsip yang terkandung dalam Pancasila. Segala peraturan perundang-undangan yang tidak sesuai  dengan Pancasila,  batal demi hukum. Oleh karena itu untuk dapat memahami ketepatan suatu peraturan perundang-undangan maka perlu difahami dengan mendalami konsep, prinsip dan nilai yang terkandung dalam Pancasila. Pancasila sebagai dasar negara diimplementasikan menjadi norma hukum yang bersifat memaksa, mengikat dan mengandung sanksi. Barang siapa yang tidak melaksanakan atau tidak mematuhinya akan ditindak sesuai dengan hukum yang berlaku. Oleh karena itu perlu diselenggarakan law enforcement terhadap segala hukum yang merupakan penjabaran dari dasar Negara Pancasila.
La ética política en Max Weber: contexto, análisis e interpretación
Authors: Jiménez-Díaz José Francisco
Published: March 2018

En este artículo se elabora una reflexión sobre la ética política propuesta por MaxWeber en sus escritos políticos. Esta reflexión se llevará a cabo en tres etapasrelacionadas. Primero se presenta una breve contextualización del pensamientopolítico del citado pensador. Luego, se analiza en profundidad la ética políticapropuesta por Weber, analizando los rasgos y diferencias de las dos éticas quepueden afectar al campo de la política: ética de las convicciones y ética de laresponsabilidad. En tercer lugar, se hace una interpretación crítica de la éticade la responsabilidad, que Weber concibe como la ética propia de la política,aludiendo a los diversos problemas que puede presentar la aplicación prácticade dicha ética. Por último, se cierra el artículo con unas consideraciones finales.
Henri Bergson y la mística judía. Un acercamiento a la discusión
Authors: Peña Arroyave Alejandro
Published: March 2018

El escrito plantea la relación entre la mística según Bergson y su relación con lamística judía. Si bien el propio Bergson afirma que el misticismo más acabado sepresenta en el cristianismo, una revisión al fundamento de optimismo sobre lacreación en el que se funda la religión dinámica, como expresión del misticismoacabado, nos lleva a ver de qué modo la mística acabada que Bergson planteaes más cercana a las fuentes judías que a su consumación cristiana. Para esto,el escrito se desarrolla en tres momentos: el primero hace una exposición delos elementos principales de la mística en Bergson. El segundo retoma lasconsideraciones de Martin Buber y Hermann Cohen acerca de la tensión entreley y amor en la mística judía. Y, en el tercer momento, a la luz de la noción decreación dinámica, como fundamento de la mística acabada según Bergson ycomo concepto fundamental del judaísmo, se proponen algunos encuentrosentre Bergson y el judaísmo en tres aspectos centrales: la relación de laexperiencia mística con el lenguaje, la tradición y la fundación de una moral.
Aportes de la hermenéutica filosófica a la hermenéutica bíblica desde la noción de texto
Authors: Correa Vanegas José Domingo
Published: March 2018

Hoy como ayer en los comienzos del cristianismo, son muchos los que leen sincomprender: “¿Cómo voy a entender si nadie me explica?” (Hch 8, 31). En estetrabajo se realiza un proceso de acercamiento a la reflexión hermenéutica,principalmente desde el siglo XVIII con Schleiermacher hasta nuestros días conGadamer y Ricoeur, a fin de estudiar los aportes que en el seno de esta disciplinahan surgido con respecto a una mayor comprensión del significado del texto ysu relación con el autor y el lector de hoy. Esto puede resultar de gran provechopara quienes buscan en el texto -especialmente el texto sagrado- espacios desentido y significado. El texto puede llegar a ser de gran provecho intelectual,espiritual y humano en la medida que nos aventuremos en el estudio de la teoríainterpretativa, distanciándonos un poco del ejercicio exegético.
Inhibitory effects of Pontederia cordata on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: Qian Yanping , Xu Ning , Liu Juan , Tian Runan
Published: March 2018

This study investigated the effect of Pontederia cordata on Microcystis aeruginosa growth in three different experimental settings: (i) co-cultivation, (ii) exposure of cyanobacteria to culture water of P. cordata, and (iii) exposure of M. aeruginosa to organic extracts of P. cordata. Results showed that the growth of M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited by co-cultivation, with the highest inhibition rate of 61.9% within 5 days. Moreover, 95% culture water with P. cordata could markedly inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa, with inhibition rate of 98.3% on day 6, indicating that most of the algal cells died. The organic extracts of fibrous root showed stronger inhibition effect than the leaf and stalk extracts. Acetone extract of fibrous root showed the strongest inhibitory effect on M. aeruginosa. Different components of 80% acetone extracts from fibrous root exhibited varied effects on the growth of M. aeruginosa. Ethyl acetate and water components had strong inhibition effects on M. aeruginosa. By contrast, n-butyl alcohol components had weak inhibition effects, and hexane components even promoted the growth of M. aeruginosa. Allelochemicals of P. cordata were primarily released into the water through the fibrous root. Results indicated that P. cordata can be applied in environmentally friendly algal inhibition.
Prevalence of Chronic Diabetic Complications in Newly Diagnosed versus Known Type 2 Diabetic Subjects in a Sample of Alexandria Population, Egypt
Authors: Khalil Samir Assaad , Megallaa Magdy Helmy , Rohoma Kamel Hemida , Guindy Myriam AbouSeif , Zaki Adel , Hassanein Mohamed , Malaty Amin Helmy , Ismael Hanaa Mohamed , Kharboush Ibrahim Fahmy , El Kafash Dalal Nasr-Eldein , Sallam Hassan Nooman , Desouky Iman Abdelkareem
Published: March 2018

Background:

In Egypt, data on the prevalence of chronic diabetic complications, which are
essential for the adjustment of policies and practices related to diabetes care, are scarce. Therefore, the
aim of this study was to determine the frequency of chronic complications of diabetes; namely neuropathy,
Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD), retinopathy and Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) in
newly-diagnosed versus known type 2 diabetic patients.

Subjects & Methods:

This is a cross-sectional study that is based on a previous household survey conducted
on a representative sample of the population of Alexandria, Egypt. This study included 506
consecutive subjects with type 2 diabetes; 323 patients with previously known T2DM and 183 patients
with newly diagnosed T2DM (discovered during the survey). For each participant, a focused history
was taken. Comprehensive clinical examination was done including fundus examination, foot examination
and assessment of ankle brachial index. Laboratory tests included HbAlc, lipids profile, serum
creatinine and Urinary Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR).

Results:

Peripheral neuropathy was detected in 20% of the studied patients; 29.4% of known patients
and 3.3% of newly diagnosed patients (p<0.001). Diabetic kidney disease was detected in 33.2% of the
studied patients; 46.1% of known patients and 10.4% of newly diagnosed patients (p<0.001). Diabetic
retinopathy was detected in 34.6% of the studied patients; 48.3% of known patients and 10.4% of newly
diagnosed patients (p<0.001). Peripheral arterial disease was detected in 32.6% of the studied patients;
45.5% of known patients and 9.8% of newly diagnosed patients (p<0.001). In patients with known diabetes,
the presence of any of the studied complications (neuropathy, diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy or
PAD) was significantly associated with the presence of all other complications (p< 0.001). In patients
with newly-diagnosed diabetes, the presence of diabetic kidney disease was significantly associated
with the presence of retinopathy (p<0.001), with no significant association with PAD (p=0.357).

Conclusion:

The present study confirms that a considerable proportion of people with T2DM have microvascular
complications and/or PAD at the time of, and possibly years before, diagnosis. Having
shown that, it is strongly recommended to apply appropriate screening strategies for subjects with diabetes
at the time of diagnosis. Finally, these results should be considered as a call for action for the
health care planners and providers in our region to plan for early screening for diabetes and its complications
to reduce the disease burden in our community.
Antagonistic Activity and Agrotransformation of Xylaria cubensis, Isolated from the Medicinal Plant Maytenus ilicifolia, Against Phyllosticta citricarpa
Authors: Figueiredo Josiane A.G. , Savi Daiani C. , Goulin Eduardo H. , Tonial Fabiana , Stringari Danyelle , Kava Vanessa , Terasawa Lygia V.G. , Glienke Chirlei
Published: March 2018

Background:

Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have been recognized as promising
sources of highly variable bioactive metabolites. Maytenus ilicifolia, a highly exploited medicinal plant
commonly used in popular medicine, is included in the current list of endangered species. Our research
group is particularly interested in bioprospecting endophytes from medicinal plants found in Brazil, to
control citrus diseases. In this context, Phyllosticta citricarpa is an agronomically important fungus associated
with Citrus Black Spot (CBS), a disease associated with large economic losses, mainly due the
phytosanitary restrictions for CBS disease in Europe.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to identify and explore the activity of two endophytic isolates
from the medicinal plant M. ilicifolia against P. citricarpa, and to develop a reliable and efficient transformation
system for the endophytic strains.

Methods:

During a screening program on the biodiversity of M. ilicifolia, endophytic strains
LGMF1252 and LGMF1253 were isolated and selected for bioprospecting study. The secondary metabolites
from LGMF1252 and LGMF1253 were obtained by fermentation in Malt Extract Agar (MEA),
and extracted with EtOAC. The antagonistic property was evaluated against mycelial growth and pycnidia
formation of the phytopathogen P. citricarpa. A multi-locus sequence analysis using ITS, β-
tubulin, and α-actin genes was performed to identify the endophytes LGMF1252 and LGMF1253.
Based on these results, the isolate LGMF1252 was transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, with
GFP and BAR expression cassettes, using a binary plasmid vector based on pPZP201BK.

Results:

The secondary metabolites from LGMF1252 and LGMF1253 showed antagonistic properties
against mycelial growth and pycnidia formation of P. citricarpa. Multi-locus sequence analysis revealed
that the endophytic strains belong to the Xylaria cubensis aggregate. The isolate LGMF1252 was successfully
transformed via A. tumefaciens.

Conclusion:

The inhibition of pycnidia formation can be an alternative for CBS control, considering
that there is no effective treatment for the disease and asexual spores play an important role in the development
of fruits lesions. Due to the high activity observed, strain LGMF1252 was transformed via A.
tumefaciens. The results of this study will facilitate future studies on plant interaction and biological
control.
Health Literacy in Web-Based Health Information Environments: Systematic Review of Concepts, Definitions, and Operationalization for Measurement (Preprint)
Authors: Huhta Anna-Maija , Hirvonen Noora , Huotari Maija-Leena
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

Health literacy research seems to lack a consensus on what aspects to include into literacy in the context of health and on how to operationalize these concepts for measurement purposes. In addition to health literacy, several other concepts, such as electronic health (eHealth) literacy and mental health literacy, have been developed across disciplines. This study examines how these different concepts are used when studying health-related competencies in Web contexts.

OBJECTIVE

This study systematically reviews health literacy concepts and definitions and their operationalization in studies focused on Web-based health information environments.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted in April 2016 in 6 electronic databases with a limitation to articles in English published between January 2011 and April 2016. Altogether, 1289 unique records were identified and screened according to the predefined inclusion criteria: (1) original, peer-reviewed research articles written in English; (2) the topic of the article concerned literacy in the context of health; (3) informants of the study were lay people, not health professionals or students of the field; and (4) the focus of the study was placed on an Web-based information environment. In total, 180 full texts were screened, of which 68 were included in the review. The studies were analyzed with an emphasis on the used health literacy concepts and measures.

RESULTS

On the basis of the included studies, several concepts are in use when studying health-related literacy in Web environments, eHealth literacy and health literacy being the most common ones. The reviewed studies represent a variety of disciplines, but mostly medical sciences. Typically, quantitative research methods are used. On the basis of the definitions for health literacy, 3 thematic categories were identified: general and skill-based, multidimensional, and domain-specific health literacy. Most studies adopted a domain-specific concept, followed by the ones that used a general and skill-based concept. Multidimensional concepts occurred least frequently. The general health literacy concepts were usually operationalized with reading comprehension measures, the domain-specific concepts with self-efficacy measures, and multidimensional concepts with several types of measures. However, inconsistencies in operationalization were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that in studies conducted in Web-based information environments, several different health literacy concepts are in use, and there is no clear consensus on the definitions for these concepts. Future studies should place emphasis on the conceptual development of health literacy in Web contexts to gain better results on operationalization for measurement. Researchers are encouraged to provide clear operational definitions for the concepts they use to ensure transparency in reporting.
“Righting” the Constitution without a Bill of Rights
Authors: Bailey Peter
Published: March 2018

Between 1990 and 1993, the Australian High Court handed down an amazing series of judgments. Twelve cases were involved. Six of them were primarily concerned with curbing the power of tile executive or modifying the rule of law doctrine. The remaining six focused on the protection of the rights of individuals. It is suggested that these decisions, four of which were unanimous and only two of which had as many as three Justices in dissent, reveal a major, and possibly a long-term, shift in the orientation of the Court. Using its own and British jurisprudence as a springboard, the Court is rejuvenating the traditional doctrine of the rule of law by applying it not only to rights against the state — the traditional view of civil and political rights — but also to claims upon the state, which some theorists consider are non-rights and only programmatic in their nature. It has begun to extend the concept of the rule of law into the area of substantive, as distinct from formal, equality. Finally, it has elevated certain rights to the status of a new and potent “common law of the Constitution”.
Statutory Interpretation, Law Reform and Sampford's Theory of the Disorder of Law — Part Two
Authors: Barnes Jeffrey W
Published: March 2018

If the rules are … to “constrain the interpreter” — they themselves must be available or “readable” independently of interpretation … Unfortunately, rules are texts. They are in need of interpretation and cannot themselves serve as constraints on interpretation.

In 1981 and in following years Australian parliaments embarked upon a novel experiment: statutory reform of the general approaches to statutory interpretation. The best known of these provisions (called here “purpose rules”) is s 15AA of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth).
“With Eyes Open”: Andrew Inglis Clark and Our Republican Tradition
Authors: Williams John M
Published: March 2018

The Attorney-General: [Clark, told the Legislative Assembly that] … Sir Samuel Griffith, Mr Kingston and himself knew what they were doing. They went to work with their eyes open and he claimed part of the responsibility, or glory, or whatever they might call it.

Mr Dobson: A march towards republicanism.

The Attorney-General: said they could call it what they liked. If it was republicanism, then Sir Samuel Griffith was a good republican, and he was as good a one as he [Clark].

A report of the debate on the Draft Constitution in the Tasmanian Legislative Assembly. Hobart Mercury 18 August, 1897.
The Implied Freedom of Political Discussion — Its Impact on State Constitutions
Authors: Carney Gerard
Published: March 2018

In October 1994, the High Court decided two cases, Theophanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd and Stephens v West Australian Newspapers Ltd both of which are of considerable constitutional importance to the States in terms of the reach of Commonwealth implied rights and the recognition of State implied rights. Theophanous establishes a constitutional defence to a defamation action based upon the implied freedom of political discussion previously derived from the Commonwealth Constitution in Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills and Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth. In Stephens, this defence was applied in the context of an entirely State matter.
Revisiting Open Government: Recent Developments in Shifting the Boundaries of Government Secrecy under Public Interest Immunity and Freedom of Information Law
Authors: Cossins Anne
Published: March 2018

Australian law regulating the use and disclosure of official information is in a far from satisfactory state. It suffers from both obscurity and untoward complexity … [and i]t is ill-suited both to contemporary conditions of government and to prevailing constitutional and democratic norms … Notwithstanding the progressive introduction of Freedom of Information regimes in Australia, we have by no means reached — or sought to reach the position where … the free use and disclosure of information is the norm and secrecy the exception … While the balance is now changing, and desirably so, secrecy endures as the primary obligation and openness the exception …
In Defence of Republicanism: A Reply to George Williams
Authors: Fraser Andrew
Published: March 2018

George Williams poses a very topical question: is a republican tradition for Australia either possible or desirable? Simply by recognising republicanism as a tradition deeply rooted in the history of Western political thought, Williams helps to take us beyond the current officially sponsored nativist campaign to rid us of our “foreign” Queen. Republicanism is a complex phenomenon that first became manifest in the world of classical antiquity. The strength of Williams's article lies in the impulse to break free from the banal parochialism of the republic promoted by the Australian Republican Movement and a compliant media eager to service the perceived legitimation needs of the national government.

In the American constitutional tradition Williams finds a rich store of ideas about the role of an active citizenry in the creation and preservation of a free republican society. The idea of the republic in America did not begin or end with the removal of a “foreign” monarch. Republicanism inspired the transformation of American society after the overthrow of the British monarchy.
“Charge or Burden on the People”: The Origins and Meaning of the Third Paragraph of Section 53 of the Commonwealth Constitution
Authors: Schoff Paul
Published: March 2018

“The Senate may not amend any proposed law so as to increase the proposed charge or burden on the people.”

“I confess it came as a surprise to me to find that this House could make a law to shoot dogs, or poison them, or to do anything with them except increase the tax on them half-a-crown.”

This article examines the third paragraph of s 53 from the high ground of history. Section 53 must not be seen as an isolated and unique problem. Rather, it is merely another manifestation of the intractable problem of defining the power to tax. The Bill of Rights, arising out of the Revolution of 1688, defined the constitutional prerogatives of the King, when it provided “[t]hat levying money for or to the use of the Crown, by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal”. Art 1 s 7 of the United States Constitution requires that “[a]ll bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills”. Story elegantly under-stated the position when he remarked, “What bills are properly ‘bills for raising revenue’, in the sense of the constitution, has been matter of some discussion”.
Recurring Themes in the Interpretation of the Commonwealth Freedom of Information Act
Authors: Bayne Peter
Published: March 2018

In every freedom on information (FOI) law there is a tension in the opposition between, on the one hand, the expression of a “right” to information accompanied by objects provisions which promote a generous interpretation of this right, and, on the other, the depth and breadth of the grounds for exemption which government is permitted to claim as reasons to resist disclosure of a document.

Dispute between applicants and agencies at the external review stage most often concerns a question (or a number of questions) about whether a document is exempt. The external review body must adjudicate in a manner typical of any application of the law. The body will take a view of the facts, isolate the relevant legal principle or rule (being the relevant exemption provisions), apply that principle or rule to the facts and then decide whether or not the document is exempt. Of course, the process is not so straight-forward as this suggests.
Originalism in Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Goldsworthy Jeffrey
Published: March 2018

Our duty is to declare the law as enacted in the Constitution and not to add to its provisions new doctrines which may happen to conform to our own prepossessions.

In this article I will discuss two questions concerning “originalism” in Australian constitutional law. The questions are, first, the extent to which the contemporary meanings of constitutional provisions, express or implied, are the same as their original meanings in 1900, when the Constitution was created; and secondly, the extent to which those original meanings are determined by the intentions of the people responsible for creating it (whom I will call “the founders”). These two questions are distinct. Almost all literary critics would agree that the language in Shakespeare's plays should be understood in its original sixteenth century sense, but many would deny that any other evidence of Shakespeare's intentions is relevant in interpreting it. Similarly, a literalist, who believes that the meaning of the Constitution is exhausted by the meanings of its words, could hold that their original literal meanings are critical, but reject the relevance of any other evidence of the founders' intentions.
Section 122 of the Constitution: “A Disparate and Non-Federal” Power?
Authors: Horan Christopher
Published: March 2018

In recent years, the High Court has given increased attention to the nature and extent of constitutional limitations on Commonwealth legislative powers, both those limitations contained in express provisions and those implied from the text or structure of the Constitution. The issue inevitably arises as to the extent to which these limitations restrict the Commonwealth Parliament in the exercise of its power to make laws for the government of its territories under s 122 of the Constitution. Section 122 of the Constitution provides as follows:

The Parliament may make laws for the government of any territory surrendered by any State to and accepted by the Commonwealth, or of any territory placed by the Queen under the authority of and accepted by the Commonwealth, or otherwise acquired by the Commonwealth, and may allow the representation of such territory in either House of the Parliament to the extent and on the terms which it thinks fit.
The Dead Hand of the Founders? Original Intent and the Constitutional Protection of Rights and Freedoms in Australia
Authors: Patapan Haig
Published: March 2018

The Australian High Court has in general rejected the use of extrinsic historical material in the interpretation of the Constitution. Though it has consistently claimed that in interpreting a Constitutional provision it is giving effect to the intentions of the founders, it has not been prepared to turn to the convention debates, draft constitutional bills or other primary records in order to ascertain the founders' intentions. The intention is to be ascertained from the ordinary and natural meaning of the words themselves, relying on the proper legal methods of construction and interpretation. However, even when this rule was considered to be settled doctrine there were exceptions. In those cases where the words were ambiguous the Court could turn to the drafts of the Constitution “as a matter of history of legislation”. As well, convention debates could be referred to “for the purpose of seeing what was the subject matter of discussion, what was the evil to be remedied, and so forth”.
Parallel Importing of Copyright Material in a Digital Age: Why it Should be Lawful and Why it May Never Be
Authors: Davison Mark J
Published: March 2018

The legislative prohibitions on the parallel importation of copyright material should not survive the new technological developments in the transmission of that material. Australian copyright law should come to grips with that reality and remove the existing prohibitions. Yet the adoption of current proposals for the amendment of copyright law may lead to a situation in which copyright owners could effectively prevent parallel importing. This could be done by copyright owners even if the existing statutory provisions specifically aimed at preventing parallel importing were repealed.

This article looks at the justifications for prohibiting parallel importing and the strength of those justifications in the light of new or developing means of distributing copyright material. Those justifications have been seriouslr questioned in recent years by a series of reports of the Prices Surveillance Authority (PSA) which has criticised the continuing prohibition of parallel importing. The criticisms in these reports have not made any detailed reference to the effects that changes in technology will have on the means of distributing copyright material. Those criticisms, combined with the impact of new technology, tip the balance of the debate concerning parallel importing in favour of permitting parallel importing.
The Concept of “One Australia” in Constitutional Law and the Place of Territories
Authors: Nicholson Graham
Published: March 2018

This paper argues that there is a fundamental concept implicit in the interpretation of the Australian Constitution which postulates that that document should be approached from the perspective of what I have called for convenience “One Australia”. It is a concept which suggests that the Australian courts should, where appropriate, take into account that Australia is one nation and one people operating under a “unitary” system of Australian domestic laws. It arises from the evolution of Australian nationhood and from the increasingly interdependent nature of Australian society. It is suggested that this concept is already exerting an influence on judicial decision-making in this country, to be balanced with other constitutional fundamentals, including that of the federal system. However it is also asserted that the full implications of “One Australia” have not as yet been determined. This is particularly so in relation to Commonwealth territories and their residents. The latter have in the past been generally regarded as being of little importance, both constitutionally and otherwise.
Cambios y permanencias en la población beneficiaria del Programa de Apoyo Directo al Adulto Mayor en Nuevo León, 2004-2014
Authors: Román Macedo Alejandro , Garay Villegas Sagrario , Montes de Oca Zavala Verónica
Published: March 2018

El panorama que enfrenta la población adulta mayor de México en la actualidad es desfavorable, la mayoría no cuenta con ingresos derivados de una pensión y tampoco con seguridad social. Hay esfuerzos que han tratado de contribuir a aliviar esta situación, como el Programa de Apoyo Directo al Adulto Mayor, puesto en marcha en Nuevo León, en 2004, que busca mejorar el bienestar de los adultos mayores en condición de pobreza. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las características de los beneficiarios del programa de 2004 a 2014; para hacerlo se aplicó una encuesta representativa a dichas personas, y se encontraron cambios en sus condiciones de vida, sobre todo en aspectos relacionados con la salud. El estudio representa uno de los esfuerzos más recientes en Nuevo León por conocer el funcionamiento del programa, aunque una de sus limitaciones es no saber si el cambio en las condiciones de esta población se deriva del apoyo económico recibido, lo cual en parte se debe a la forma en cómo se diseñó e implementó. Se concluye que no hay congruencia entre los objetivos y el cumplimiento del programa.
El bienestar social de la niñez mexicana según vínculos migratorios internacionales: una aproximación
Authors: Chávez Elorza Mónica Guadalupe , Gaspar Olvera Selene , Rodríguez Ramírez Héctor
Published: March 2018

Desde inicios del siglo XXI ha permanecido una visión positiva de los efectos de la migración internacional en la promoción del desarrollo de los países de origen, especialmente de las remesas. Con datos del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010, se examinan indicadores de bienestar de los niños que viven en hogares con vínculos migratorios internacionales. Usando estadística descriptiva, se examinan las condiciones sociales que prevalecen en los menores vinculados al fenómeno migratorio internacional de mexicanos según presencia de uno o ambos padres en el hogar. Los resultados muestran que la niñez mexicana enfrenta limitaciones sociales con respecto al trabajo infantil, el rezago educativo, la inasistencia escolar y la insuficiencia alimentaria. Y que aquellos que viven en hogares con vínculos migratorios muestran una mayor vulnerabilidad. Lo que implica que el Estado debe diseñar políticas públicas que consideren las características de esta población para mejorar su condición social y de desarrollo.
Board diversity and social responsibility: The case of Jordanian commercial banks
Authors: Al-Amarneh Asma’a , Yaseen Hadeel , Iskandrani Majd
Published: March 2018

This paper examines the impact of the board diversity on firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. Using a sample of 13 Jordanian commercial banks listed at Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) during the period 2005-2014, the study finds that board diversity measures, namely: board size, gender, age, education; nationality and independence are positively associated with CSR performance. At the same time, the existence of institutions’ representatives was found to be negatively affecting the social participation of banks. This paper provides a substantial contribution to the existing research studies that tackle CSR not only in Jordan but also in the region by introducing female directors, as it suggests that the quotas for women participation should be increased. The results are considered important to policymakers, government regulators, potential investors and CSR agencies.
Ownership structure and stock market performance of acquiring firms: The case of French mergers
Authors: Boubaker Ferihane Zaraa
Published: March 2018

This study examines the short- and long-term relationship between the shareholder structure (family, institutional, managerial ownership) and stock market performance of acquiring firms. To explore this issue, we use a sample of 84 acquisitions undertaken by French firms operating in the real estate and financial sectors over the period 2008-2012. To compute short-term stock performance we used the standard event study methodology while we estimated the CAR and BHAR to study long horizon up to 36 months. The results show a curvilinear relationship between the manager’s ownership and stock market performance. We provide evidence that increasing managerial ownership up to 16% has a negative impact on a firm performance after which it becomes positive. Moreover, the separation between ownership and control does not seem to affect the performance of initiators firms due to a lack of significance of the coefficients suggesting the absence of expropriation of minority shareholders. Finally, examining the links between the shareholding nature and performance shows that family and institutional shareholders have a positive influence on performance. Our research tried to fill the gap in the existing literature by studying concurrently the impact of ownership structure variables on the short as on the long post-merger performance
IFRS and conditional accounting conservatism: An empirical study of banks in Egypt and the UAE
Authors: El-Bannany Magdi
Published: March 2018

The aim of the study is to explore the determinants of conditional accounting conservatism for banks in Egypt and the UAE over the period 2008-2013. Multiple regression techniques are used to investigate the relationship between conditional accounting conservatism as a dependent variable and the independent variables represented by international financial reporting standards (IFRS), Global financial crisis, level of market competition, bank size and bank age. The results revealed that IFRS, Global financial crisis, level of market competition, have significant influence but bank size and bank age have no significant influence on conditional accounting conservatism for banks in Egypt and the UAE. These results are expected to be beneficial for the banking and accounting regulators to recognize the factors which are important in explaining the reasons for the practice of conditional accounting conservatism. This study contributes to the literature on the causes of conditional accounting conservatism in banks at the emerging economies context through investigating whether accounting environment has an impact on conditional accounting conservatism in the banking industry in Egypt with local accounting standards environment compared to the UAE with IFRS environment and this should lead to a better understanding for the role of accounting environment in explaining conditional accounting conservatism.
Fatores associados ao uso de anti-inflamatórios não-esteróides em pacientes de uma drogaria
Authors: Andrade Amaral Bruno , Silva Nascimento Pinheiro Maksônia , Lemos Macedo Jéssica Caline
Published: March 2018

Introdução: Os Anti-inflamatórios Não Esteroides (AINEs) apresentam muitas vantagens terapêuticas, no entanto, ganham notoriedade quanto às reações adversas que podem causar. A relevância do impacto dos AINEs sobre a saúde humana revela a importância de estudos sobre esse alto consumo. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo identificar quais os fatores associados ao consumo de AINEs em uma drogaria, assim como o perfil sócio-demográfico dos pacientes a fim de fornecer informações sobre o problema, no intuito de contribuir para a elaboração de medidas que busquem amenizá-lo. Material e Método: O estudo foi realizado em uma drogaria do município de Poções, região sudoeste do estado da Bahia, por meio da aplicação de um formulário aos pacientes que compraram AINEs. Foram entrevistados 104 indivíduos durante o mês de agosto de 2015. Esse estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade Independente do Nordeste, sob autorização n° CAAE: 45482615.0.0000.5578.Resultados: Dos participantes entrevistados, 57,69% eram do sexo feminino; 38,46% possuíam faixa etária superior a 60 anos; e 37,5% tinham nível de escolaridade até o ensino fundamental. Das mulheres entrevistadas, 83,33% consumiram AINEs sem terem prescrição e, dos homens, foram 79,55%. Como justificativas para a automedicação, 44,44% relataram falta de tempo de ir ao médico e 35,8% não julgaram ser necessária a orientação médica. 82,14% declararam não ter apresentado nenhum efeito adverso. 70,1% eram sedentários; aproximadamente 43,26% consumiam bebida alcoólica e 19,2% eram tabagistas. Como motivo para a utilização do AINE, “tratamento de tensões musculares/ dores nas costas” consistiu em 47,1%. O consumo de diclofenaco de sódio foi de 23,1%, ibuprofeno 20,2%, nimesulida 18,2% e piroxican 9,6%. Discussão: O estudo apontou que as mulheres e a população idosa são os grupos de maior consumo de AINEs, corroborando com outros dados encontrados na literatura. Observou-se também que é alto o consumo de AINEs sem prescrição médica, o que configura uma elevada prática de automedicação pela população estudada, sendo a falta de tempo de ir ao médico como a principal justificativa apontada pelos participantes. Identificou-se ainda que, fatores como o consumo de bebida alcoólica e tabagismo, são prevalentes em indivíduos consumidores de AINEs. Destaca-se como fator mais prevalente nesses indivíduos, a baixa e/ou ausência de atividade física, o que pode ser relacionado com o motivo mais citado para o consumo, que foi “tratamento de tensões musculares e dores nas costas”, pois já foi comprovado que o exercício físico tem resultados benéficos na prevenção e reabilitação da dor lombar. O diclofenaco foi o anti-inflamatório mais consumido. Conclusões: É perceptível que o consumo inadequado de AINEs se configura em um grande risco à saúde da população, sendo necessária a elaboração de medidas que busquem reduzir esse problema.