bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From the shape of the vertical profile of in vivo fluorescence to Chlorophyll-a concentration
Authors: Mignot A. , Claustre H. , D'Ortenzio F. , Xing X. , Poteau A. , Ras J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. In vivo fluorescence of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is a potentially useful property to study the vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass. However the technique is presently not fully exploited as it should be, essentially because of the difficulties in converting the fluorescence signal into an accurate Chl-a concentration. These difficulties arise noticeably from natural variations in the Chl-a fluorescence relationship, which is under the control of community composition as well as of their nutrient and light status. As a consequence, although vertical profiles of fluorescence are likely the most recorded biological property in the open ocean, the corresponding large databases are underexploited. Here with the aim to convert a fluorescence profile into a Chl-a concentration profile, we test the hypothesis that the Chl-a concentration can be gathered from the sole knowledge of the shape of the fluorescence profile. We analyze a large dataset from 18 oceanographic cruises conducted in case-1 waters from the highly stratified hyperoligotrophic waters (surface Chl-a = 0.02 mg m−3) of the South Pacific Gyre to the eutrophic waters of the Benguela upwelling (surface Chl-a = 32 mg m−3) and including the very deep mixed waters in the North Atlantic (Mixed Layer Depth = 690 m). This dataset encompasses more than 700 vertical profiles of Chl-a fluorescence as well as accurate estimations of Chl-a by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Two typical fluorescence profiles are identified, the uniform profile, characterized by a homogeneous layer roughly corresponding to the mixed layer, and the non-uniform profile, characterized by the presence of a Deep Chlorophyll Maximum. Using appropriate mathematical parameterizations, a fluorescence profile is subsequently represented by 3 or 5 shape parameters for uniform or non-uniform profiles, respectively. For both situations, an empirical model is developed to predict the "true" Chl-a concentration from these shape parameters. This model is then used to calibrate a fluorescence profile in Chl-a units. The validation of the approach provides satisfactory results with a median absolute percent deviation of 33 % when comparing the HPLC Chl-a profiles to the Chl-a-calibrated fluorescence. The proposed approach thus opens the possibility to produce Chl-a climatologies from uncalibrated fluorescence profile databases that have been acquired in the past and to which numerous new profiles will be added, thanks to the recent availability of autonomous platforms (profiling floats, gliders and animals) instrumented with miniature fluorometers.
The quantitative reconstruction of the paleoclimate between 5200 and 4300 cal yr BP in the Tianshui Basin, NW China
Authors: Sun N. , Li X. Q.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The quantitative reconstruction of the paleoclimate is the ultimate goal of studying past global change. Here, the Coexistence Approach (CA) was applied to reconstruct climatic factors quantitatively based on the fossil charcoal records between 5200 and 4300 cal yr BP in the Tianshui Basin, NW China. The climate of the Tianshui Basin belonged to the northern subtropical zone from 5200–4300 cal yr BP. The climatic tolerance ranges were selected, and the lower limit value was regarded as the logical climate factor to reflect the values of climatic factors. The CA analysis showed that the mean annual temperature (MAT) was approximately 13.2°C, and the mean annual precipitation (MAP) was approximately 778 mm between 5200 and 4900 cal yr BP. The MAT was approximately 13.2°C, and the MAP was approximately 688 mm between 4800 and 4300 cal yr BP. The MAT increased approximately 2.2°C, and the MAP increased approximately 280 mm from 5200–4900 cal yr BP. The MAT also increased approximately 2.2°C from 4800–4300 cal yr BP, while the MAP increased around 196 mm. No climate event occurred from 5200–4300 cal yr BP; however, a drought tendency appeared after 4800 cal yr BP.
Operational assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness at the Met Office
Authors: Dharssi I. , Bovis K. J. , Macpherson B. , Jones C. P.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Currently, no extensive, near real time, global soil moisture observation network exists. Therefore, the Met Office global soil moisture analysis scheme has instead used observations of screen temperature and humidity. A number of new space-borne remote sensing systems, operating at microwave frequencies, have been developed that provide a more direct retrieval of surface soil moisture. These systems are attractive since they provide global data coverage and the horizontal resolution is similar to weather forecasting models. Several studies show that measurements of normalised backscatter (surface soil wetness) from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on the meteorological operational (MetOp) satellite contain good quality information about surface soil moisture. This study describes methods to convert ASCAT surface soil wetness measurements to volumetric surface soil moisture together with bias correction and quality control. A computationally efficient nudging scheme is used to assimilate the ASCAT volumetric surface soil moisture data into the Met Office global soil moisture analysis. This ASCAT nudging scheme works alongside a soil moisture nudging scheme that uses observations of screen temperature and humidity. Trials, using the Met Office global Unified Model, of the ASCAT nudging scheme show a positive impact on forecasts of screen temperature and humidity for the tropics, North America and Australia. A comparison with in-situ soil moisture measurements from the US also indicates that assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness improves the soil moisture analysis. Assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness measurements became operational during July 2010.
Analysis of parameter uncertainty in hydrological modeling using GLUE method: a case study of SWAT model applied to Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China
Authors: Shen Z. Y. , Chen L. , Chen T.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The calibration of hydrologic models is a worldwide difficulty due to the uncertainty involved in the large number of parameters. The difficulty even increases in the region with high seasonal variation of precipitation, where the results exhibit high heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. In this study, the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method was combined with Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to quantify the parameter uncertainty of the stream flow and sediment simulation in the Daning River Watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRA), China. Based on this study, only a few parameters affected the final simulation output significantly. The results showed that sediment simulation presented greater uncertainty than stream flow, and uncertainty even increased in high precipitation condition than dry season. The main uncertainty sources of stream flow mainly came from the catchment process while channel process impacts the sediment simulation greatly. It should be noted that identifiable parameters such as CANMX, ALPHA_BNK, SOL_K could be obtained optimal parameter range using calibration method. However, equifinality was also observed in hydrologic modeling in TGRA. This paper demonstrated that care must be taken when calibrating the SWAT with non-identifiable parameters as these may lead to equifinality of the parameter values. It is anticipated this study would provide useful information for hydrology modeling related to policy development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRA) and other similar areas.
Can we predict groundwater discharge from terrestrial ecosystems using eco-hydrological principals?
Authors: O'Grady A. P. , Carter J. L. , Bruce J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. There is increasing recognition of the role that groundwater plays in the maintenance of ecosystem structure and function. As a result, water resources planners need to develop an understanding of the water requirements for these ecosystems. However, their capacity to do this is constrained by a lack of empirical information on groundwater discharge from terrestrial systems. In this study we reviewed estimates of groundwater discharge from around Australia focussing particularly on terrestrial groundwater discharge. The review examined detailed water balance studies where discharge has been identified as a component of evapotranspiration and we have explored this data set for empirical relationships that could be used to aid in predicting groundwater discharge in data poor areas. In general, terrestrial groundwater systems discharging groundwater lie above the theoretical water limit line as defined by the Budyko framework. However, when climate wetness was recalculated to include groundwater discharge there was remarkable convergence of these sites along the water limit line. Similarly, the leaf area index of ecosystems with access to groundwater had higher LAI than those without access to groundwater, for a given climatic regime. However, when discharge was included in the calculation of climate wetness index there was again strong convergence between the two systems, providing support for ecological optimality frameworks that maximize LAI under given water availability regimes. The simplicity and utility of these simple ecohydrological insights potentially provide a valuable tool for predicting groundwater discharge from terrestrial ecosystems.
Application of citric acid as natural adhesive for wood
Authors: Umemura Kenji , Ueda Tomohide , Munawar Sasa Sofyan , Kawai Shuichi
Published: August 2011

The development of natural adhesives derived from nonfossil resources is very important for the future. Besides, it is desirable to be safe adhesives without using harmful chemical substances. In this study, application of citric acid as a natural adhesive was investigated. Citric acid powder and bark powder obtained from Acacia mangium were used as raw materials. Citric acid powder was mixed with the bark powder, and the resulting powder mixture was poured into a metal mold. The mold was hot‐pressed at 180°C and 4 MPa for 10 min, and a bark molding was then obtained. The specific modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity values of the molding containing 20 wt % citric acid were 18.1 MPa and 4.9 GPa, respectively. The molding did not decompose during a repeated boiling treatment. To clarify the effect of tannin on the adhesiveness of molding, bark was separated into tannin and residue. The molding was not obtained while using the tannin due to the marked fluidity, whereas it was obtained while using the residue, the same as while using the bark. It was considered that components other than tannin contributed to the adhesiveness. Based on the results of Fourier transform infrared spectra, the formation of ester linkages between carboxyl groups derived from citric acid and hydroxyl groups in the bark was confirmed. Accordingly, citric acid brought an adhesion by chemical bonding, and it could be used as a safe natural adhesive. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
ApoTome to visualize E‐cadherin and p63 expression in oral pre‐cancer
Authors: Das Raunak Kumar , Pal Mousumi , Barui Ananya , Paul Ranjan Rashmi , Chakraborty Chandan , Ray Ajoy Kumar , Chatterjee Jyotirmoy
Published: August 2011

Precise histopathological localization of E‐cadherin and p63 is of immense importance in understanding the integrity of oral mucosal stratified epithelium in normal and diseased conditions. Necessarily immunohistochemical imaging should have minimum bleaching impact on the dyes and ability to produce clear and crisp images. Here ApoTome provides an alternative with metal halide light source and structured illumination under the assistance of grids, along with integrated image processing modality to generate crisp images with digital interface. The current study demonstrates the applicability of such microscopic system in capturing fluorescence images of immunohistochemical sections of normal and precancerous biopsies in respect to the expression of p63 and E‐cadherin in the epithelial cells. The ApoTome images localize the nuclear and membranous expressions of p63 and E‐cadherin, respectively, with remarkable specificity. The findings on E‐cadherin expression have enormous diagnostic significance as these images clearly differentiate the early and advanced stages of oral submucous fibrosis based on their cytoplasmic and membranous location. Thus, this study clearly depicts a remarkable performance of ApoTome with diagnostic significance.
Model Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Propene Probed by Fast Redox Cycling
Authors: Franzke Thomas , Rosowski  Frank , Muhler Martin
Published: August 2011

Zyklische temperaturprogrammierte Reduktions‐ und Reoxidationsexperimente können dem Mars‐van‐Krevelen‐Oxidationsmechanismus entsprechen, sofern als Reduktionsmittel ein Kohlenwasserstoff eingesetzt wird. Damit ermöglichen diese Redoxzyklen die schnelle Analyse der Aktivität und Selektivität von Multikomponenten‐Mischoxid‐Katalysatoren für die selektive Oxidation von Kohlenwasserstoffen wie Propen oder Buten. Mittels dieser Technik wurde quantitativ zwischen redoxaktiven Bismutmolybdaten und inaktiven Bismutwolframaten (Bi2MxO3x+3, M = Mo, W) unterschieden, die als Komponenten von technischen Katalysatoren für die Selektivoxidation von Propen zu Acrolein fungieren. Die Trägerphase Fe3Co7Mo12O46 wies aufgrund ihrer relativ hohen Oberfläche nur eine geringe spezifische Reduzierbarkeit auf.
Soft Instruments, Few Networks: How ‘New Governance’ Materializes in Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe
Authors: Steurer Reinhard
Published: August 2011

The present paper explores how new governance materializes in public policies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) across Europe. By highlighting how both new governance and CSR facilitate the dispersion of public responsibilities to non‐state actors, I first highlight the often overlooked complementarity of the two concepts. The paper then takes stock of how governments across Europe aim to shape and promote CSR by employing five different types of policy instruments. An analysis of empirical stocktaking in the light of the new governance theory confirms that public polices on CSR strongly resemble the new governance rationale, but not so much because of tangible networks employed but due to their voluntary character. The paper adds evidence to the growing body of literature showing that new governance is also concerned with influencing actors from a distance without actually being involved in networking activities, and without making use of their legislative power (also referred to as ‘governing at arm's length'). Conclusions are drawn on the modes of governance and the role of persuasion in the context of new governance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Moving Towards Sustainability? An Analysis of CITES’ Conservation Policies
Authors: Velázquez Gomar José Octavio , Stringer Lindsay C.
Published: August 2011

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has been criticised for following a narrow preservationist agenda centred on protecting charismatic species through trade‐restrictive policies that disregard the livelihood strategies of communities living alongside wildlife. More recently, however, parties to CITES have embraced the sustainability discourse and taken steps to address the socio‐economic dimensions of wildlife trade. This paper examines the policies developed by CITES’ Parties at four recent meetings, with a view to determining whether they are founded on a holistic understanding of socio‐environmental dynamics. It concludes that CITES’ conservation approach remains rooted in a conception of sustainability that treats people and wildlife as separate entities, and where species conservation takes priority over human development. Nonetheless, CITES does appear to be moving towards a more all‐encompassing perception of sustainability where focus is on ecosystems rather than ensuring the survival of single species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Studies on adsorption of uranium (VI) from aqueous solution by wheat straw
Authors: Wang Xiao , Xia Liangshu , Tan Kaixuan , Zheng Weina
Published: August 2011

A fundamental investigation on the removal of uranium from aqueous solutions by wheat straw was conducted in batch conditions. The influence of different experimental parameters such as modified methods, pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, and temperature, on the kinetics of uranium removal was studied. The results showed that the higher adsorption rate of uranium on wheat straw was modified by NaOH. At 303 K and pH was 3.0, the saturation adsorption was up to 1.20 mg/g at approximately 120 min. The uranium uptake was quantitatively evaluated using sorption isotherms and the correlation coefficients showed that the Freundlich model gave a better fit than the Langmuir equation. The process followed a pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. Scanning electron microscope coupled with Fourier transform infrared analysis for wheat straw, demonstrated that uranium‐containing sites existed on the surface structure with hydroxyl, carbonyl, PO and SiO groups. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Mass‐transfer processes in the adsorption of cationic dye by sawdust
Authors: Sahmoune Mohamed Nasser , Ouazene Naima
Published: August 2011

Adsorption kinetic and equilibrium studies of cationic dye namely, Astrazon Yellow (AY) from aqueous solution at various initial dye concentration (15–50 mg/L), pH (2–9), particle size <1600 μm on Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust were investigated in a batch mode operation.

Batch adsorption studies revealed that the potential of Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust in dye removal was dependant on initial pH and initial dye concentration.

To select the main rate‐limiting step in the overall uptake mechanism, a single external mass transfer diffusion model, Urano and Tachikawa model, and intraparticle diffusion model were used. The external mass transfer rate constant β was found to be 8.5 × 10−5 m−1 at initial concentration 50mg/L of AY and 1.14 × 10−4 m−1 at initial concentration 15 mg/L of AY. The multilinearity obtained in the intraparticle diffusion plot showed that both film diffusion and pore diffusion are important in controlling the overall adsorption rate. The effective diffusion coefficients Di were found to be 3.88 × 10−11 cm2/s and 4.2 × 10−11 cm2/s for initial concentration of AY of 15 mg/L and 50 mg/L, respectively, indicating that intraparticle diffusion may not be the sole dominating factor controlling the mechanism of the process into Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust. AY sorption onto sawdust was mainly located on the surface. The equilibrium isotherms were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Elovich models. It was seen that the sorption data fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and the Elovich isotherms, but they were very well described by the Langmuir model. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Chemistry in Restricted Spaces: Select Photodimerizations in Cages, Cavities, and Capsules
Authors: Ramamurthy V. , Parthasarathy Anand
Published: August 2011

Carrying out chemical transformations under environmentally sustainable conditions has become one of the important current goals of chemistry. In this context, conducting reactions under solvent‐free conditions (crystals, zeolites, clay, etc.) and in water has attracted considerable attention. Since most molecules either do not crystallize and or do not dissolve in water, the two approaches are complimentary. To make molecules solubilize in water one needs to employ water‐soluble hosts such as micelles, cavitands, and capsules. To achieve selectivity, one should provide a confined environment within which the motions of reactant molecules are restricted to that in free solution. The confined space in which the reaction takes place independent of the host environment could be defined in terms of the “reaction cavity” originally presented by Cohen and Schmidt. In this mini‐review, examples of photodimerization of olefins carried out in cavitands such as cucurbiturils, cyclodextrins, calixarenes, and octa acid are presented. Results are discussed in terms of the reaction cavity concept, which is applicable to reactions in both solids and water.
Selenoprotein W depletion induces a p53‐ and p21‐dependent delay in cell cycle progression in RWPE‐1 prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Hawkes Wayne Chris , Printsev Ignat , Alkan Zeynep
Published: August 2011

The anticancer activity of selenium (Se) has been demonstrated in myriad animal and in vitro studies, yet the mechanisms remain obscure. The main form of Se in animal tissues is selenocysteine in selenoproteins, but the relative importance of selenoproteins versus smaller Se compounds in cancer protection is unresolved. Selenoprotein W (SEPW1) is a highly conserved protein ubiquitously expressed in animals, bacteria, and archaea. SEPW1 depletion causes a delay in cell cycle progression at the G1/S transition of the cell cycle in breast and prostate epithelial cells. Tumor suppressor protein p53 is a master regulator of cell cycle progression and is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. p53 was increased in SEPW1 silenced cells and was inversely correlated with SEPW1 mRNA in cell lines with altered SEPW1 expression. Silencing SEPW1 decreased ubiquitination of p53 and increased p53 half‐life. SEPW1 silencing increased p21(Cip1/WAF1/CDKN1A), while p27 (Kip1/CDKN1B) levels were unaffected. G1‐phase arrest from SEPW1 knockdown was abolished by silencing p53 or p21. Cell cycle arrest from SEPW1 silencing was not associated with activation of ATM or phosphorylation of Ser‐15 in p53, suggesting the DNA damage response pathway was not involved. Silencing GPX1 had no effect on cell cycle, suggesting that G1‐phase arrest from SEPW1 silencing was not due to loss of antioxidant protection. More research is required to identify the function of SEPW1 and how it affects stability of p53. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 61–69, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of recurrent laryngeal neuromonitoring on multi‐dimensional voice outcomes following thyroid surgery
Authors: Stevens Kristin , Stojadinovic Alexander , Helou Leah B. , Solomon Nancy P. , Howard Robin S. , Shriver Craig D. , Buckenmaier Chester C. , Henry Leonard R.
Published: August 2011

Background

Voice changes after thyroidectomy are common but not always related to recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. We evaluated if RLN neuromonitoring correlated with non‐RLN injury‐related changes in voice after thyroidectomy.

Methods

Prospective multi‐dimensional voice assessment was conducted on patients undergoing thyroidectomy before, 1–4 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. Voice outcome (VO) was determined as normal (NormVO) or negative (NegVO) based upon combinations of patient‐reported symptoms, videolaryngoscopy, a composite of acoustic measurements, and clinician‐perceived voice quality. Groups with and without neuromonitoring were compared for early and durable differences in VO.

Results

Ninety‐one patients underwent thyroidectomy; 39 with RLN neuromonitoring and 52 without. The two study groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics including voice assessment. There was no difference in NegVO between neuromonitored and non‐monitored patients at 1–4 weeks (n = 89; 32% vs. 27%; P = 0.81) and 6 months (n = 71, 14% vs. 7%; P = 0.42) after thyroidectomy. Neuromonitoring was associated with a 48‐min increase in median operative time, but this finding was not statistically significant in a multivariate model.

Conclusion

In this study, recurrent laryngeal neuromonitoring did not appear to influence non‐RLN injury related VO as measured by a comprehensive multidimensional voice assessment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:4–9. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is a level III dissection necessary for a positive sentinel lymph node in melanoma?
Authors: Namm Jukes P. , Chang Alfred E. , Cimmino Vincent M. , Rees Riley S. , Johnson Timothy M. , Sabel Michael S.
Published: August 2011

Background

For melanoma patients with a positive axillary SLN, the extent of ALND remains controversial, with debate over whether a level III dissection is needed.

Methods

We queried our IRB approved prospective database for patients with a positive axillary SLN who had a level I/II dissection only, and compared recurrence and complication rates to the existing literature.

Results

Between 1998 and 2008, 270 patients had 285 level I/II ALNDs for a positive SLN. Median number of SLN removed was 2, while the median number of involved SLN was 1 (range 1–4). An average of 18.7 nodes/ALND were removed, with 13% having positive non‐SLN. Post‐operative complications occurred in 31 patients (11%), primarily cellulitis (8%). After a mean follow‐up of 44 months, 14 patients had a regional recurrence in the axillary basin (5%).

Conclusions

The complication rate and regional recurrence rate for patients undergoing a level I/II ALND for a positive SLN are either lower than or on par with reported series of ALND for level I, II, and III dissections, suggesting that in this setting, the level III dissection may be of minimal benefit. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:225–228. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and Properties of Aqueous Castor Oil‐based Polyurethane–Silica Nanocomposite Dispersions through a Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Xia Ying , Larock Richard C.
Published: August 2011

Waterborne castor oil‐based polyurethane–silica nanocomposites with the polymer matrix and silica nanoparticles chemically bonded have been successfully prepared through a sol–gel process. The formation of silica nanoparticles in water not only reinforces the resulting coatings, but also increases the crosslink density of the nanocomposites. The 29Si solid state NMR spectrum indicates the formation of silica and the TEM indicates that the nanoparticles are embedded in the polymers, resembling a core–shell structure. The silica nanoparticles in the polymer matrix play an important role in improving both the mechanical properties and the thermal stabilities of the resulting nanocomposites. This work provides an effective and promising way to prepare biorenewable, high performance nanocomposite coatings.

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Total Internal Reflection Ellipsometry under SPR Conditions: In‐Situ Monitoring of the Growth of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) Brushes
Authors: Erber Michael , Stadermann Jan , Eichhorn Klaus ‐ Jochen
Published: August 2011

Total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions represents a powerful characterization technique combining the conveniences of spectroscopic ellipsometry with SPR. Besides the very high sensitivity to small changes in the optical constants (up to 10 times more sensitive than conventional ellipsometry), the possibility to investigate media of different optical densities or even opaque media makes this analytical method very convenient for different sensing applications. This article presents an example of application of TIRE under SPR conditions for the continuously in‐situ monitoring of the growth of covalently tethered poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) chains on a gold surface.
A Colloidal Silica Reference Material for Nanoparticle Sizing by Means of Dynamic Light Scattering and Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation
Authors: Couteau Olivier , Charoud‐Got Jean , Rauscher Hubert , Franchini Fabio , Rossi François , Kestens Vikram , Franks Katrin , Roebben Gert
Published: August 2011

IRMM‐304 is a new nanoparticle reference material (RM) consisting of silica nanoparticles suspended in an aqueous solution, of which the particle size was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS). The homogeneity and stability of IRMM‐304 were confirmed and three method‐specific mean particle sizes around a nominal particle size of 40 nm were assigned to the material. The characterization tests have revealed a systematic deviation between the measurement results obtained with DLS and CLS. The availability of IRMM‐304 makes it possible to study this difference between methods. Several possible causes for differences between the DLS and CLS results are suggested and preliminarily investigated, such as the interaction between particle and suspending medium, the particle shape and the effect of polydispersity on the size averaging procedure. These investigations are one illustration of the potential role of IRMM‐304 and other nanoparticle RMs in the development, comparison, improved understanding, and quality assurance of nanoparticle sizing methods.
An AR‐Sieve Bootstrap Control Chart for Autocorrelated Process Data
Authors: Mancenido Michelle , Barrios Erniel
Published: August 2011

There are two major approaches in dealing with autocorrelated process data in process control, that is, residual‐based approaches and methods that modify control limits to adjust for autocorrelation. We proposed a methodology for constructing control charts for autocorrelated process data using the AR‐sieve bootstrap. The simulation study illustrates the relative advantage of the AR‐sieve bootstrap control chart with respect to the in‐control and out‐of‐control run length and false alarm rate. The proposed methodology works even for small sample sizes and conditions of the near nonstationarity of the generating process. The proposed AR‐sieve bootstrap control chart presents the advantage of being distribution‐free for certain class of linear models as well as the tracking of actual process observations instead of model residuals, thus facilitating the implementation during actual plant operations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF STREAM FISHES IN RELATION TO BARRIERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING STREAM RECOVERY AFTER BARRIER REMOVAL
Authors: Gardner C. , Coghlan S. M. , Zydlewski J. , Saunders R.
Published: August 2011

Dams are ubiquitous in coastal regions and have altered stream habitats and the distribution and abundance of stream fishes in those habitats by disrupting hydrology, temperature regime and habitat connectivity. Dam removal is a common restoration tool, but often the response of the fish assemblage is not monitored rigorously. Sedgeunkedunk Stream, a small tributary to the Penobscot River (Maine, USA), has been the focus of a restoration effort that includes the removal of two low‐head dams. In this study, we quantified fish assemblage metrics along a longitudinal gradient in Sedgeunkedunk Stream and also in a nearby reference stream. By establishing pre‐removal baseline conditions and associated variability and the conditions and variability immediately following removal, we can characterize future changes in the system associated with dam removal. Over 2 years prior to dam removal, species richness and abundance in Sedgeunkedunk Stream were highest downstream of the lowest dam, lowest immediately upstream of that dam and intermediate farther upstream; patterns were similar in the reference stream. Although seasonal and annual variation in metrics within each site was substantial, the overall upstream‐to‐downstream pattern along the stream gradient was remarkably consistent prior to dam removal. Immediately after dam removal, we saw significant decreases in richness and abundance downstream of the former dam site and a corresponding increase in fish abundance upstream of the former dam site. No such changes occurred in reference sites. Our results show that by quantifying baseline conditions in a small stream before restoration, the effects of stream restoration efforts on fish assemblages can be monitored successfully. These data set the stage for the long‐term assessment of Sedgeunkedunk Stream and provide a simple methodology for assessment in other restoration projects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Gas Metal Arc Welded Hot Rolled DP600 Steel
Authors: Mukherjee K. , Ramazani A. , Yang L. , Prahl U. , Bleck W. , Reisgen U. , Schleser M. , Abdurakhmanov A.
Published: August 2011

Dual‐phase (DP) steels are suitable candidates for automotive applications due to their high strength and ductility. These advanced mechanical properties result from the special microstructure of the DP steel with 5∼20% martensite phase in a soft ferrite matrix. However, during welding, which is an important process in automotive industry, this special microstructure is destroyed. In this research the characterization of Gas Metal Arc (GMA) welded joining zones was performed by optical microscopy and hardness mapping. Tensile tests were also performed keeping the welded portion in the gauge length. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used for the fracture investigation. From the characterization and tensile tests, the soften zones were found, which are caused by the tempered martensite and larger ferrite grain size than that in base metal. Furthermore, GMA welding make a large Heat Affected Zone (HAZ).
Classification of Fragrances and Fragrance Mixtures Based on Interfacial Solubilization
Authors: Tchakalova Vera , Fieber Wolfgang
Published: August 2011

In the present study, the influence of perfumes on the interfacial curvature of microemulsions is investigated. The hydrophilic‐lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept was applied to nonionic Winsor I type systems (O/W microemulsions in equilibrium with an oil excess phase) containing a mixture of oils with isopropyl myristate as supporting oil and a variety of liquid solutes as co‐oil for which an Equivalent Alkane Carbon Number of the mixture (EACNmix) was defined. Temperature was used as a formulation variable and the phase inversion temperature change, provoked by the solubilization of different solutes, was determined. The hydrodynamic radius of the droplet and the interfacial solubilization of fragrances were measured subsequently and correlated to the EACNmix. In a first step, selected perfumery raw materials (PRMs) were used as solutes and were studied separately. It was demonstrated that the PRMs can be classified in interfacial solubility according to their chemical functionalities and they follow the order alcohols > aldehydes > terpenes > aromatics > alkanes. Solutes that lead to low EACNmix values (<6) have preferential interfacial solubility and provoke strong curvature changes, whereas those leading to higher EACN values (>6) typically do not change the curvature significantly. The HLD method was also applied to complex fragrances and it was demonstrated that they can be considered as single, non‐polar entities, and studied as such instead of investigating each raw material included in the composition separately. Determination of the dimensionless number EACNmix offers the possibility of classifying perfumes in an environment similar to surfactant formulations of typical consumer products and to predict the interaction with the surfactant base according to the rules established on the basis of the individual raw materials.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Succinic Acid End‐Capped Alkyl‐Polyxylosides
Authors: Renault Benjamin , Portella Charles , Marinkovic Sinisa , Estrine Boris
Published: August 2011

Synthesis and surfactant properties and biodegradation of succinylated alkyl polyxylosides is described for the first time. The esterification of succinic anhydride with alkyl polyxylosides was achieved without solvent and the substitution degree controlled over a certain range. The surfactant properties were studied as a function of substitution degree. Their biodegradation was studied following OECD guidelines. The results have confirmed that the new synthetic approach described in this paper is a potentially economical and efficient method for the preparation of a new range of environmental friendly surfactants.
Petrology and Geochemistry of the Grubergebirge Anorthosite and Marginal Rocks, Central Dronning Maud Land: Further Characterization of the Late Neoproterozoic Magmatic Event in East Antarctica
Authors: Ravikant Vadlamani , Dharwadkar A. , Golani P. R. , Ravindra R.
Published: August 2011

The Grubergebirge anorthosite, a Late Neoproterozoic massif-type anorthosite, was emplaced into Late Mesoproterozoic-aged metamorphosed orthogneisses and supracrustal rocks in the Wohlthat Mountains. Mineralogically and chemically, the marginal rocks to the anorthosite massif classify as ferromonzodiorite and ferromonzonite. Variations in trace and rare earth element abundances and normalized patterns between the anorthosite and associated marginal ferromonzodiorite (and minor ferromonzonite) and distinct differences between the ferromonzodiorite and ferromonzonite have been observed. Whereas the magmas from which the anorthosite crystallized have been slightly contaminated by incorporating crustal material (now occurring as enclaves), the marginal ferromonzodiorite represent rocks that originated due to mixing (hybridization) of injected primitive ferrodiorite magma(s) with preexisting crustal material, resulting in the hybrid ferromonzodiorite.

These events at the margin of the massif anorthosite represent a widespread Late Neoproterozoic magmatic event with accompanying crustal mixing; all these rocks were thereafter metamorphosed under amphibolite- to granulite-facies conditions during the Early Cambrian Period. In contrast, unmetamorphosed dykes with a ferrodiorite mineralogy, of Late Cambro-Ordovician age, have been found that probably represent a part of the late magmatic suites of the south Petermannketten (Zwiesel).
Reconstruction of Antarctic Climate Change Using Ice Core Proxy Records from the Coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Thamban Meloth , Laluraj C. M. , Naik Sushant S. , Chaturvedi Arun
Published: August 2011

Antarctic ice core records have provided unprecedented information on past climatic changes and forcing factors on decadal to millennial timescales. The glaciochemical and stable isotope records of a shallow ice core from the coastal Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) were used here to reconstruct the coastal Antarctic environmental variability during the past ~470 years. Sea salt ion data indicate a significant additional contribution of chloride ions compared to sea water values, possibly through atmospheric scavenging. The nitrate (NO3–) profile exhibit significant temporal shifts than that of the sulphate (SO42–), with a major shift around 1750 AD. The changes in NO3– record are synchronous with the proxy record of solar activity (10Be profile from a South Pole ice core), suggesting enhanced NO3– values during periods of reduced solar activity like the Dalton Minimum (~1790-1830 AD) and Maunder Minimum (~1640-1710 AD). The δ18O records reveal that the more negative δ18O values were coeval with several events of increased NO3– concentrations, suggesting enhanced preservation of NO3– during periods of reduced air temperatures. The δ18O and δD records of the core also suggest significant short-term and long-tem variability with more negative values indicating relatively lower air temperatures prior to 1715 AD. The δ18O records also revealed a significant warming of 2.7°C for the past 470 years, with a warming of ~0.6°C per century.
Holocene Climate Variability from Lake Sediment Core in Larsemann Hills, Antarctica
Authors: Govil Pawan , Mazumder Abhijit , Tiwari Anoop , Kumar Sandeep
Published: August 2011

A sediment core (L2) from Larsemann Hills, Antarctica was analyzed for Biogenic Silica (BSi), Sand (%) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The 78 cm core length represents the time span of ~8.3 cal ka BP. The values of BSi from the core show prominent high productivity from ~8.3 to ~6 cal ka BP in comparison to less productivity in mid-late Holocene (~6 cal ka BP to recent). Moreover, high sand (%) infers the glacio-fluvial deposition from ~8.3 to ~5 cal ka BP TOC shows little variation through out the core, except in the upper ~10 cm (~4 cal ka BP) part wherein it is comparatively high. The increased TOC in the upper part of the core possibly indicates presence of algal mat due to exposure of the lake to the ice free (glacier free) conditions.
Diatoms from Surface Sediments of Enderby Basin of Indian Sector of Southern Ocean
Authors: Mohan Rahul , Shukla Sunil Kumar , Patil Shramik M. , Shetye Suhas S. , Kerkar Karima K.
Published: August 2011

Diatoms from surface sediment samples collected from Enderby Basin of Indian Sector of Southern Ocean were analyzed to determine the relative abundance and distribution of seven key indicator diatom species viz. Sea ice related species Fragilariopsis rhombica, F. separanda, F. curta, F. ritscheri, Thalassiosira tumida and Actinocyclus actinochilus and Open Ocean species F. kerguelensis on the basis of modern physico-chemical parameters. The relative abundances of different species observed viz. F. rhombica – 6.25%; F. separanda – 12.5%; F. curta – 10.53-13.33%; F. ritscheri – 4.55-12.5%; F. kerguelensis – 6.25-63.64%; T. tumida – 3.13% and A. actinochilus – 9.38-13.33%. The increasing abundance of F. kerguelensis consecutively suggests the effect of Antarctic bottom water in the study area which is further substantiated by the presence and increasing abundance of F. ritscheri. The gradual decrease in abundance or absence of sea ice related species from the sampled stations indicates the summer and winter sea ice extent concentration in the study area. The nutrient concentration correlates with the distribution and abundances of diatom species.
A2HA—automatic and adaptive host allocation in utility computing for bag-of-tasks
Authors: Silva João Nuno , Veiga Luís , Ferreira Paulo
Published: August 2011

There are increasingly more computing problems requiring lengthy parallel computations. For those without access to current cluster or grid infrastructures, a recent and proven viable solution can be found with on-demand utility computing infrastructures, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). A relevant class of such problems, Bag-of-Tasks (BoT), can be easily deployed over such infrastructures (to run on pools of virtual computers), if provided with suitable software for host allocation. BoT problems are found in several and relevant scenarios such as image rendering and software testing.

In BoT jobs, tasks are mostly independent; thus, they can run in parallel with no communication among them. The number of allocated hosts is relevant as it impacts both the speedup and the cost: if too many hosts are used, the speedup is high but this may not be cost-effective; if too few are used, the cost is low but speedup falls below expectations. For each BoT job, given that there is no prior knowledge of neither the total job processing time nor the time each task takes to complete, it is hard to determine the number of hosts to allocate. Current solutions (e.g., bin-packing algorithms) are not adequate as they require knowing in advance either the time that the next task will take to execute or, for higher efficiency, the time taken by each one of the tasks in each job considered.

Thus, we present an algorithm and heuristics that adaptively predicts the number of hosts to be allocated, so that the maximum speedup can be obtained while respecting a given predefined budget. The algorithm and heuristics were simulated against real and theoretical workloads. With the proposed solution, it is possible to obtain speedups in line with the number of allocated hosts, while being charged less than the predefined budget.
Identity and civic engagement in adolescence
Authors: Crocetti Elisabetta , Jahromi Parissa , Meeus Wim
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the links between identity (statuses and processes) and adolescent civic engagement (volunteer and political participation). Participants were 392 Italian high school students (42% males) aged 14–20 years (Mage = 16.23 years; SDage = 1.53) who completed a self‐report questionnaire. First, using a person‐centered approach, we found that achieved adolescents were more involved in volunteer activities, reported higher civic efficacy, and stronger aspirations to contribute to their communities than their diffused counterparts. Second, by means of a variable‐centered approach, we demonstrated that the link between identity processes (i.e., commitment and in‐depth exploration) and past and future volunteer and political participation was mediated by social responsibility. Implications of the findings for current understanding of the link between adolescent identity formation and civic engagement are discussed and suggestions for future research are outlined.
Painfully reassuring? The effects of validation on emotions and adherence in a pain test
Authors: Linton S.J. , Boersma K. , Vangronsveld K. , Fruzzetti A.
Published: August 2011

Communicating reassurance to patients with musculoskeletal pain complaints, but no red flags, presents a dilemma of dampening worry while refraining from reinforcing undue pain behaviors. Previous research shows that reassurance does not decrease negative affect and may be perceived as not taking the symptoms seriously. Validation offers an alternative where the patient's experiences and feelings are acknowledged and has demonstrated, for other problems, a decrease in arousal which may set the stage for behavioral change. The purpose of this study was to investigate experimentally whether validation, as compared to invalidation, impacts on emotions and adherence during repeated pain tests.

To this end, 50 participants were randomized to either a validation or invalidation condition. Each participant was told they would undergo four pain trials involving holding a bucket at arm's length to tolerance. During the inter‐trial interval, the experimenter provided validating or invalidating responses according to the randomization. As a proxy measure of adherence subjects were asked to engage in an additional pain test.

Results indicated that validation relative to invalidation resulted in significantly more positive affect and significantly less worry. Both groups had reductions in negative affect over the trials, but there were no difference between the groups on negative affect or pain. However, adherence was more than twice as high in the validation group as compared to invalidation.

These results show that a relatively simple validation procedure had significant and positive effects on emotion and increased adherence. Further research should extend these findings and explore their clinical application.
Chronology of early Cambrian biomineralization
Authors: KOUCHINSKY ARTEM , BENGTSON STEFAN , RUNNEGAR BRUCE , SKOVSTED CHRISTIAN , STEINER MICHAEL , VENDRASCO MICHAEL
Published: August 2011

Data on the first appearances of major animal groups with mineralized skeletons on the Siberian Platform and worldwide are revised and summarized herein with references to an improved carbon isotope stratigraphy and radiometric dating in order to reconstruct the Cambrian radiation (popularly known as the ‘Cambrian explosion’) with a higher precision and provide a basis for the definition of Cambrian Stages 2 to 4. The Lophotrochozoa and, probably, Chaetognatha were first among protostomians to achieve biomineralization during the Terreneuvian Epoch, mainly the Fortunian Age. Fast evolutionary radiation within the Lophotrochozoa was followed by radiation of the sclerotized and biomineralized Ecdysozoa during Stage 3. The first mineralized skeletons of the Deuterostomia, represented by echinoderms, appeared in the middle of Cambrian Stage 3. The fossil record of sponges and cnidarians suggests that they acquired biomineralized skeletons in the late Neoproterozoic, but diversification of both definite sponges and cnidarians was in parallel to that of bilaterians. The distribution of calcium carbonate skeletal mineralogies from the upper Ediacaran to lower Cambrian reflects fluctuations in the global ocean chemistry and shows that the Cambrian radiation occurred mainly during a time of aragonite and high-magnesium calcite seas.