bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of novel chiral monomers by ­means of Umani‐Ronchi–Savoia ­allylation and their polymerization
Authors: Itsuno Shinichi , El‐Shehawy Ashraf A.
Published: August 2002

Umani‐Ronchi–Savoia allylation is one of the most successful and useful methods for the preparation of optically pure secondary amines bearing two stereogenic centers at both α‐positions. We have prepared novel chiral amine monomers by means of this methodology as a key step of the synthesis. Diastereoselective allylation of chiral imines (3–5) derived from (S)‐valine gave optically pure secondary amines 6. Hydrogenation of the allylic group followed by introduction of a polymerizable 4‐vinylphenyl group led to enantiopure monomer 9. Prenylzinc reagents were also found to react with the imines to yield the corresponding optically pure amines 7. Since prenyl addition product does not inhibit the radical polymerization, chiral monomers 7b, 7d could be prepared directly by prenylzinc addition to imine having a polymerizable group. These chiral monomers were easily polymerized with styrene under radical polymerization conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ductal epithelial proliferations of the breast: a biological continuum? Comparative genomic hybridization and high‐molecular‐weight cytokeratin expression patterns
Authors: Boecker Werner , Buerger Horst , Schmitz Klaus , Ellis Ian A. , van Diest Paul J. , Sinn Hans‐Peter , Geradts Joseph , Diallo Raihanatou , Poremba Christopher , Herbst Hermann
Published: August 2002

According to current concepts, benign proliferative breast disease (BPBD) is a direct precursor of breast cancer, in a spectrum ranging from ductal hyperplasia to overtly invasive carcinoma. In this study, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to screen ductal hyperplasia and other BPBD lesions and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) for common genomic abnormalities, to test the relationship between these hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions. Immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 5/6 was used as a diagnostic adjunct to distinguish ductal hyperplasia from DCIS. A total of 42 cases of BPBD comprising ductal hyperplasia of the usual type (n=14), papilloma (n=22), tubular adenoma (n=3), and adenosis (n=3), as well as 52 cases of DCIS, were studied. All cases of BPBD consistently displayed the presence of a subpopulation of cytokeratin 5/6‐expressing basal‐type cells within the proliferative lesion, whereas all of the non‐high‐grade and most of the high‐grade DCIS lesions lacked cytokeratin 5/6‐positive cells. Whereas gross genomic alterations, as determined by CGH, were undetectable in BPBD, distinct genetic changes characterized all cases of DCIS, with one exception. These results confirm the usefulness of cytokeratin 5/6 immunohistology in the diagnosis of BPBD and neoplastic breast lesions and support the view that BPBD and DCIS are not closely related entities and that BPBD is not an obligate direct precursor of DCIS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low molecular weight organic acids and fatty acids in root exudates of two Lupinus cultivars at flowering and fruiting stages
Authors: Lucas García J. A. , Barbas C. , Probanza A. , Barrientos M. L. , Gutierrez Mañero F. J.
Published: August 2002

Low molecular weight organic acids (LOAs) and fatty acids in root exudates of two lupin cultivars, Lupinus albus cv. Multolupa and L. luteus cv. Tremosilla, were determined at flowering and fruiting stages. LOAs were analysed by capillary electrophoresis. Acetic and citric acids were the most abundant, especially the latter in L. luteus at the flowering stage (5922.79 µg/g dry root). The significant decrease in acid content of both cultivars from flowering to fruiting stages was also striking. The highest levels of acetic acid were detected in L. luteus at fruiting stage (1542.03 µg/g dry root). The significant citrate production in L. luteus could be related to the low phosphorus concentration in the studied soils but not to proteoid roots, which were detected only in L. albus. The source of the LOAs detected in these exudates is also discussed, since they may be produced either by the plant or by the associated rhizobacteria. The profile of phospholipid fatty acids was determined by high‐resolution GC. A high level of 18:2ω6 (a fatty acid specific to fungi) was found in exudates of L. luteus (a mycorrhizal plant) in contrast to L. albus (a non‐mycorrhizal plant). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in fetal heart rate pattern after intrauterine paracentesis in one twin with meconium peritonitis
Authors: Leung Wing Cheong , Pandya Pranav , Seaward Gareth , Windrim Rory , Ryan Greg
Published: August 2002

We report a case of in utero paracentesis of ascites in a fetus with meconium peritonitis due to volvulus at 34 weeks which resulted in the correction of an abnormal fetal heart rate pattern and enabled vaginal delivery by preventing abdominal dystocia. The intrauterine intervention also helped to establish the diagnosis and potentially reduced the respiratory compromise after birth. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing the flow rate through a surgical defect in human fetal membranes
Authors: Devlieger R. , Gratacos E. , Ardon H. , Vanstraelen S. , Deprest J.
Published: August 2002

Objectives

In order to determine factors influencing the flow rate trough a created defect in human fetal membranes, an ex vivo set‐up was used with fetal membranes collected from patients undergoing Caesarean section at term.

Methods

The membranes were secured at the bottom of a plastic tube and traumatised with needles ranging from 14–26 Gauges (Ga), under a hydrostatic pressure of 10 to 20 cmH2O and an angle of 45° or 90°. The column was filled with amniotic fluid or Hartmann's solution. The duration of the puncture was 1 s or the time it takes to aspirate 10 ml through the needle. The flow rate through the defect in the fetal membranes and size of the defect were measured.

Results

The flow rate and defect size increased with increasing diameter of the needle. Increasing the pressure in the column resulted in a significant linear increase in the flow rate. Replacing the saline solution with amniotic fluid did not result in significant changes in the measured flow rates, except for the small needle size (24 Ga). Increasing the duration of the puncture did not result in increased flow rates, except for small needle size (24 Ga).

Conclusion

These experiments suggest that needle diameter, angle of needle insertion, duration of the procedure, amniotic fluid pressure and composition could influence the incidence of amniotic fluid leakage following amniocentesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profound hypoglycaemia and cognitive impairment
Authors: Croxson Simon C.M. , McConvey Remy , Molodynski Louise
Published: August 2002

A 75 year old diabetic man had an initial admission with drug induced hypoglycaemia following which his hypoglycaemic drugs were stopped; cognitive function on simple bedside tests was normal on this and a subsequent second admission (Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) score was 8/10 (normal 8–10). However, he was inadvertently represcribed the hypoglycaemic drugs after his second discharge from hospital causing profound hypoglycaemia; following this, his AMT was 5/10 and his behaviour became aggressive and demanding. Investigations including autopsy and CT brain, showed no other cause for this decline; given the temporal relationship between the episode of hypoglycaemia and sudden cognitive impairment, we conclude that the hypoglycaemia was the cause. One must take care when prescribing for the elderly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contraindicated medications dispensed with cisapride: temporal trends in relation to the sending of ‘dear doctor’ letters
Authors: Weatherby Lisa Bianchi , Walker Alexander M. , Fife Daniel , Vervaet Piet , Klausner Mark A.
Published: August 2002

Purpose

‘Dear Doctor’ letters alert the prescribing community of drug labeling changes that contain new contraindications, warnings, adverse reactions, and precautions. There has been little assessment of the impact of these letters. We quantified the impact of two ‘Dear Doctor’ letters concerning interactions between cisapride and a series of drugs. A letter in 1995 described a risk of prolonged QT intervals and serious ventricular arrhythmia in patients who received macrolide antibiotics and imidazole antifungals in conjunction with cisapride. A June 1998 letter that expanded the list of contraindicated comedications had wider distribution than an earlier one, was accompanied by substantial Internet and media coverage, and was complemented by an effort to inform large pharmacy dispensing information organizations of the warnings against concurrent use of the named drugs.

Methods

Health plan members with one or more outpatient pharmacy claims for cisapride during the period 1 January 1995 through 31 May 1999 were identified among members of a large New England health insurer. A retrospective review of concurrent and nearly concurrent dispensings of cisapride and contraindicated comedications was undertaken in the automated pharmacy claims data using both graphical and statistical time‐series analysis. We tabulated by month the fraction of cisapride dispensings that occurred in close temporal relation to dispensings of contraindicated comedications. Codispensings that occurred on the same day were taken as the most direct measure of prescriber responsiveness to the letters. Codispensings that occurred in windows of plus or minus 2 weeks (29 day window) and plus or minus 4 weeks (57 day window) were taken as measures of possible simultaneous consumption. Among overlapping dispensings, we counted the proportion dispensed by the same pharmacy. Time series regression analysis of secular, seasonal, and step‐effects was conducted.

Results

There was a steady decline in codispensing of cisapride and contraindicated medicines, and a pronounced seasonal effect, arising principally from the seasonal use of macrolide antibiotics. Against this background, the isolated Dear Doctor letter of October 1995 had no discernible effect on prescribing practices. The 1998 letter and surrounding activity, by contrast, were followed by a 66% decline in same‐day dispensings and a smaller, but still pronounced decline in dispensings in the wider time windows. For most codispensings of contraindicated medications with cisapride, both medications came from the same pharmacy.

Conclusions

Publicity and direct intervention with dispensing pharmacies may be an important supplement to Dear Doctor letters when the goal is to eliminate the codispensing of drugs that should not be taken together.
Evolution to similarity solutions for polymerization and depolymerization with microwave radiation
Authors: Madras Giridhar , Karmore Vishal
Published: August 2002

The kinetics of polymerization and depolymerization are critical in understanding the stability and characterization of polymers. The kinetics of simultaneous polymerization and degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) have been investigated by varying the initiator concentration and monomer concentration under the influence of microwave energy. Microwave radiation initially polymerizes the monomer, then degrades the resulting polymer and the polymer attains an equilibrium molecular weight distribution with a polydispersity of two. To understand more fully the kinetics, the molecular weight distribution (MWD) is represented as a gamma distribution; the random degradation rate coefficient is assumed to vary linearly with molecular weight and the polymerization rate coefficient is assumed to be independent of molecular weight. The change of the MWD with time is studied by continuous distribution kinetics; the solutions obtained depict the change of the average molecular weight, polydispersity and the gamma distribution parameters with time. Experimental data indicate that reaction rates are enhanced by microwave radiation and the MWD approaches a similarity solution within 10 min for all the investigated cases. The model satisfactorily predicts the change of the MWD with time.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Photovoltaic mini‐modules from layer transfer by the porous silicon process
Authors: Brendel Rolf , Auer Richard
Published: August 2002

We introduce a novel series connection technique to fabricate small photovoltaic modules by layer transfer. Using the porous Si (PSI) process and the novel technique, we fabricate a monocrystalline Si solar module that consists of five series‐connected cells with an effective film thickness of 16 μm and an independently confirmed power conversion efficiency of 10.6%. The module size is 5 × 5 cm2. The effective thickness is equal to the film volume divided by the film area. The cells have a back surface texture of random inverted pyramids. The process avoids photolithography. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of charge minority‐carrier lifetime inp(boron)‐type Czochralski silicon by rapid thermal annealing
Authors: Youn Lee Ji , Peters Stefan , Rein Stefan , Glunz Stefan W.
Published: August 2002

Inp‐type Czochralski‐grown (Cz) silicon a light‐induced degradation of the minority‐carrier lifetime is well known in the literature. Reducing the extent of this degradation would significantly improve the stable effective lifetime and thus the related performance of solar cells. In this work, the reduction of the density of the metastable defect underlying the degradation is performed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). For a proper analysis it is extremely important to avoid contamination by the RTA furnace. Both, SiNxand SiO2were examined as a barrier layer. A 60 nm SiNxlayer was proven to act as the most effective barrier layer, allowing maintenance of a very high lifetime of 700 μs on 1.25 Ω cmp‐type FZ material. A design‐of‐experiments (DOE) study was used to analyze the effect of five process parameters on the stable effective lifetime. Especially, the plateau temperature shows a strong correlation with τd, the stable effective lifetime after light‐induced degradation. The effect of plateau temperature on τdof Cz‐ and FZ‐Si wafers is examined in the temperature range of 700–1050°C for plateau time 120 s. It was found that the stable effective lifetime of all RTA‐treated Cz‐wafers is increased compared with the initial stable effective lifetime before processing. The highest increase of stable effective lifetime (by a factor of around 2) is obtained at 900°C with a process time of 120 s. This increase in lifetime is reflected in a reduced concentration of the metastable defect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeled performance of polycrystalline thin‐film tandem solar cells
Authors: Coutts Timothy J. , Emery Keith A. , Scott Ward J.
Published: August 2002

The optimum bandgaps for two‐terminal monolithic multijunction devices have typically been studied under a fixed set of environmental conditions, using ideal device models. This study examines the effects of a realistic dark‐current for typical state‐of‐the‐art thin‐film polycrystalline cells on the optimum energy gap for a series‐connected two‐junction cell. The optimum energy gaps are compared for a series‐connected tandem cell under standard reference conditions and the energy produced for five different reference days where the temperature, spectral irradiance and total irradiance varied. The optimum bandgaps were found to be 1.72 ± 0.02 eV for the top cell and 1.14 ± 0.02 eV for the bottom cell. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 19)
Authors: Green Martin A. , Emery Keith , King David L. , Igari Sanekazu , Warta Wilhelm
Published: August 2002

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since July 2001 are reviewed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using functional analysis procedures to monitor medication effects in an outpatient and school setting
Authors: Anderson Mark T. , Vu Chau , Derby K. Mark , Goris Mary , McLaughlin T. F.
Published: August 2002

Functional analysis methods were used to monitor medication used to reduce vocal and physical tics of a child with Tourettes Syndrome. An initial functional analysis suggested that the tics were maintained by automatic reinforcement. Given this result, the participant's physician prescribed Orap 1mg per day to reduce the tics. Post‐medication results demonstrated a reduced level of tics by the participant. Although preliminary, the findings suggest that functional analysis methods can be used to monitor the effects of medication in outpatient and school settings. Thus, more research using functional analyses to assess medication effects is needed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extending research on the interspersal procedure to perceptions of continuous reading assignments: Applied and theoretical implications of a failure to replicate
Authors: Martin Jill J. , Skinner Christopher H. , Neddenriep Christine E.
Published: August 2002

Researchers have shown that students' perceptions of mathematics assignments could be improved by interspersing additional briefer, easier problems (e.g., Logan and Skinner, 1998). The current study was designed to extend this research to reading tasks. Seventh‐grade students read out loud both a control passage and a similar experimental passage that contained additional interspersed brief (i.e., 16 words), easy (i.e., first‐grade reading level) paragraphs. Students then selected the passage that would require the least effort to read and the least time to read. Students also indicated the passage they liked most (preference) and the passage that they would like to read again (choice). Significantly more students selected the control passage as requiring less time to read, but no differences were found for preference, choice, or effort selections. The results failed to confirm earlier research on the interspersal procedure, thus our findings have applied and theoretical implications regarding causal variables that may account for the effectiveness of the interspersal procedure. Specifically, the current study suggests that the interspersal procedure may improve assignment perception only when the procedure increases discrete task‐completion rates. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of novel cardo aromatic poly(ether‐benzoxazole)s
Authors: Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , He Ming‐Hsiang
Published: August 2002

Three new bis(ether‐acyl chloride) monomers, 1,1‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]cyclohexane (1a), 5,5‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]‐4,7‐methanohexahydroindan (1b), and 9,9‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]fluorene (1c), were synthesized from readily available compounds. Aromatic polybenzoxazoles bearing ether and cardo groups were obtained by the low‐temperature solution polycondensation of the bis(ether‐acyl chloride)s with three bis(aminophenol)s and the subsequent thermal cyclodehydration of the resultant poly(o‐hydroxy amide)s. The intermediate poly(o‐hydroxy amide)s exhibited inherent viscosities in the range of 0.35–0.71 dL/g. All of the poly(o‐hydroxy amide)s were amorphous and soluble in many organic polar solvents, and most of them could afford flexible and tough films by solvent casting. The poly(o‐hydroxy amide)s exhibited glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) in the range of 141–169 °C and could be thermally converted into the corresponding polybenzoxazoles approximately in the region of 240–350 °C, as indicated by the DSC thermograms. Flexible and tough films of polybenzoxazoles could be obtained by thermal cyclodehydration of the poly(o‐hydroxy amide) films. All the polybenzoxazoles were amorphous and showed an enhanced Tg but a dramatically decreased solubility as compared with their poly(o‐hydroxy amide) precursors. They exhibited Tg's of 215–272 °C by DSC and showed insignificant weight loss before 500 °C in nitrogen or air. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4014–4021, 2001
Copolymerization of (2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4‐yl)methyl methacrylate with alkyl methacrylates: Reactivity ratios and copolymer characterization
Authors: Coşkun Mehmet , İlter Zülfi̇ye
Published: August 2002

The radical copolymerizations of (2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4‐yl‐)methyl methacrylate (PDMMA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), and butyl methacrylate (BMA) were studied in dioxane at 60 °C with benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The glass‐transition temperatures of poly(PDMMA‐co‐MMA), poly(PDMMA‐co‐EMA), and poly(PDMMA‐co‐BMA) varied from 130 to 138 °C, from 100 to 134 °C, and from 63 to 122 °C, respectively, depending on the copolymer composition. Along with some physicochemical properties and thermal stability investigations of the copolymers, the monomer reactivity ratios were also determined with the conventional Finemann–Ross and Kelen–Tüdös linearization methods. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1184–1191, 2002
1H NMR study of the kinetics of substituted aniline polymerization. I. Homopolymerization of 2‐methoxyaniline
Authors: Mav Ida , Žigon Majda
Published: August 2002

We studied the kinetics of the oxidative chemical homopolymerization of 2‐methoxyaniline (OMA) in aqueous acid solutions by monitoring OMA depletion with 1H NMR spectroscopy. We used the same semiempirical kinetic model used for aniline (ANI) homopolymerization to evaluate the experimental data. The reaction kinetics of OMA homopolymerization was similar to that of ANI, although we obtained longer induction and propagation times for OMA. This was attributed to steric hindrance of the bulky methoxy substituent during the coupling reaction. Furthermore, it was suggested that a lower OMA polymerization rate could also be related to a lower concentration of nonprotonated OMA molecules in the reaction solution due to a higher pKa value for OMA than for ANI. This may also explain the lower OMA end conversion (90%) compared with that of ANI (96%). The OMA end conversion was not influenced substantially by reaction conditions; it was lower than 90% only when high acid or low oxidant (oxidant‐deficient oxidant/OMA ratio) concentrations were applied. Because the oxidant took an active part in polymerization, it markedly influenced the polymerization rate, especially the initiation rate. The OMA initiation and propagation rates increased with increasing oxidant and initial monomer concentrations and with the reaction temperature, but there was no uniform trend in the correlation between the homopolymerization rate and acid concentration. The activation energies of the OMA initiation and propagation were 57 and 10 kJ/mol, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2471–2481, 2001
Formation of CdS nanoclusters in phase‐separated poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐l‐polyisobutylene amphiphilic conetworks
Authors: Scherble Jonas , Thomann Ralf , Béla  , Mülhaupt Rolf
Published: August 2002

Nanophase‐separated poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐l‐polyisobutylene (PHEMA‐l‐PIB) amphiphilic conetworks were obtained by crosslinking α,ω‐bismethacrylate‐terminated polyisobutylene (PIB) via copolymerization with silylated 2‐hydroxyethyl methacylate, followed by the hydrolysis of the silylether groups. Morphology development of a sample containing 64% PIB was monitored by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. For comparison, the morphology of a sample containing 53% PIB was investigated by AFM. The dry conetworks exhibited hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases with average 8–10‐nm domain sizes and were swellable in water as well as in heptane. Swelling amphiphilic conetworks with aqueous cadmium–chloride solution followed by exposure to H2S resulted in nanosized CdS clusters located in the amphiphilic conetworks, that is, for the first time, new inorganic–organic hybrid materials composed of CdS semiconducting nanocrystals and PHEMA‐l‐PIB amphiphilic conetworks were prepared. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1429–1436, 2001
Attributions of cause and recurrence in long‐term breast cancer survivors
Authors: Stewart D.E. , Cheung A.M. , Duff S. , Wong F. , McQuestion M. , Cheng T. , Purdy L. , Bunston T.
Published: August 2002

Women are bombarded with information about the purported causes and the prevention of breast cancer. This survey sought to determine to what women survivors of breast cancer attributed the cause and lack of recurrence of their breast cancer, and whether these views were associated with specific health behaviors.

Methods: Women who had survived breast cancer without recurrence for at least 2 years were surveyed by mail about their views on the cause and lack of recurrence of their breast cancer. They were also asked to estimate their personal risk of cancer recurrence, report on their health behaviors, describe what advice they would give to women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, and what they would change if they had to relive their breast cancer experience.

Results: 378 (75.6%) women breast cancer survivors responded who had been recurrence free for a mean of 8.6±11.8 years. Women (n=322) who responded to the question about the cause of breast cancer attributed it to stress (42.2%), genetics (26.7%), environment (25.5%), hormones (23.9%), don't know (16.5%), diet (15.5%), and breast trauma (2.8%). Women (n=330) who responded to the question about what prevented cancer recurrence attributed it to positive attitude (60.0%), diet (50.0%), healthy lifestyle (40.3%), exercise (39.4%), stress reduction (27.9%), prayer (26.4%), complementary therapies (11.2%), don't know (5.1 %), luck (3.9%), and tamoxifen (3.9%). Most women felt their recurrence risk was average (44.8%), or below average (35.8%). Some attributions of breast cancer cause or lack of recurrence were associated with specific health behaviors. The majority of women survivors would advise other women with breast cancer to be positive, and if they had to relive their cancer experience they would take more control of their treatment.

Discussion: Despite lack of evidence substantiating stress as a cause of breast cancer, many breast cancer survivors believed stress caused their cancer. An even higher percentage of survivors believed their positive attitude had prevented breast cancer recurrence and they would advise other women with breast cancer accordingly. Attribution beliefs clearly affected survivors' health behaviors.

Conclusion: Healthcare providers should consider the personal beliefs of patients about cancer cause and recurrence, which may be at variance with scientific evidence. This may assist in framing the management of patients in personally meaningful ways, which may increase health behaviors, adherence, satisfaction and quality of life. Whether it will increase survival remains unknown. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors controlling spacing distances of sorted stripes in a low‐latitude, alpine environment (Cordillera Real, 16 °S, Bolivia)
Authors: Francou Bernard , Méhauté Nicolas Le , Jomelli Vincent
Published: August 2002

A total of 1500 spacing distances of sorted stripes were measured on 30 alpine sites in the Bolivian Andes with distinct slope angles, elevations and aspects. Additionally, the geometric evolution of stripes was systematically analysed along a slope with varying inclinations and morphology. We dealt with mainly small‐sized stripes (<40 cm). The scatter observed in the distribution of spacing distances suggests that the factors controlling the geometry of sorted stripes are complex. Among them, we point out the role of slope inclination and coarse sediment supply. They imply that stripe geometry does not depend exclusively on processes operating in soils such as frost heaving and sorting, but also on the dynamics of the flux of coarse materials along the sloping surface. This analysis questions models which assume that sorted stripes are organized according to a strict periodicity whose origin depends on specific physical processes. Particularly, it appears that recent convective models cannot explain the characteristics and the evolution of patterned slopes in this environment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase I randomized, multicenter trial of CPX in adult subjects with mild cystic fibrosis*
Authors: McCarty Nael A. , Standaert Thomas A. , Teresi Mary , Tuthill Cynthia , Launspach Janice , Kelley Thomas J. , Milgram Laura J.H. , Hilliard Kathleen A. , Regelmann Warren E. , Weatherly Mark R. , Aitken Moira L. , Konstan Michael W. , Ahrens Richard C.
Published: August 2002

CPX (8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine) is a novel compound currently under development as a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF). The drug has been shown to increase chloride efflux and CFTR trafficking in vitro in CF airway cells. This phase I multicenter, single‐dose, placebo‐controlled trial was performed at four institutions. Thirty‐seven subjects homozygous for the ΔF508 allele were studied in an escalating dose protocol of seven single‐dose cohorts (1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1,000 mg) to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of CPX. Efficacy was determined using nasal transepithelial potential difference and sweat chloride measurements prior to dosing and at 1, 2, and 4 hr postdose.

The incidence of adverse events in the treatment group was similar to that with placebo, indicating safety of the single doses studied. One serious adverse event (an acute pulmonary exacerbation) occurred 13 days after dosing, and was not considered related to the study drug. The maximal plasma CPX concentration and total amount of CPX absorbed appeared to be linearly related to dose, but was highly variable throughout the dose range studied, suggesting inconsistent absorption. There was no apparent effect of single‐dose administration on either nasal transepithelial potential difference or sweat chloride measurements.

The positive safety and pharmacokinetic findings of this study support continued development of CPX as a potential therapeutic for CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:90–98. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of high‐frequency chest wall oscillation and oscillating positive expiratory pressure in the home management of cystic fibrosis: A pilot study*
Authors: Oermann Christopher M. , Sockrider Marianna M. , Giles Don , Sontag Marci K. , Accurso Frank J. , Castile Robert G.
Published: August 2002

Enhanced airway clearance is thought to result in better‐maintained pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis (CF). Postural drainage, percussion, and vibration (PDPV) have been the primary airway clearance technique (ACT) employed in CF for over 40 years. Two new airway clearance modalities are high‐frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) and oscillating positive expiratory pressure (OPEP). This pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of these techniques during home use, assess patient satisfaction with them as compared to PDPV, and assess the feasibility of performing a definitive comparative trial. The prospective, randomized, multicenter crossover trial was conducted at three urban academic CF Care Centers. Twenty‐nine CF patients, 9–39 years of age, participated. Subjects performed 4 weeks each of HFCWO and OPEP following 2‐week lead‐in/washout periods. Spirometry, lung volumes, National Institutes of Health and Petty Scores, and a satisfaction survey were performed at baseline and after each treatment period. An ACT preference survey was completed at the conclusion of the study.

Twenty‐four subjects completed both therapies. There were no statistically significant differences between therapies for spirometry, lung volumes, or clinical scores. No significant safety issues arose during the study period. Compliance between therapies was similar. Significant differences among therapies existed in patient satisfaction. Given a choice of therapy, 50% of subjects chose HFCWO, 37% OPEP, and 13% PDPV.

This study suggests that HFCWO and OPEP are safe and as effective as patients' routine therapies when used for airway clearance in a home setting. Patient satisfaction and preference differ among ACTs and should be considered when prescribing home therapy. A definitive, multi‐center, comparative study evaluating long‐term efficacy of these techniques is feasible. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:372–377. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human prostate epithelial cell‐type cDNA libraries and prostate expression patterns
Authors: Liu Alvin Y. , Nelson Peter S. , van den Engh Ger , Hood Leroy
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Transcriptome analysis is a powerful approach to uncovering genes responsible for diseases such as prostate cancer. Ideally, one would like to compare the transcriptomes of a cancer cell and its normal counterpart for differences.

METHODS

Prostate luminal and basal epithelial cell types were isolated and cell‐type‐specific cDNA libraries were constructed. Sequence analysis of cDNA clones generated 505 luminal cell genes and 560 basal cell genes. These sequences were deposited in a public database for expression analysis.

RESULTS

From these sequences, 119 unique luminal expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were extracted and assembled into a luminal‐cell transcriptome set, while 154 basal ESTs were extracted and assembled into a basal‐cell set. Interlibrary comparison was performed to determine representation of these sequences in cDNA libraries constructed from prostate tumors, PIN, cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analysis showed that a significant number of epithelial cell genes were not represented in the various transcriptomes of prostate tissues, suggesting that they might be underrepresented in libraries generated from tissue containing multiple cell types. Although both luminal and basal cell types are epithelial, their transcriptomes are more divergent from each other than expected, underscoring their functional difference (secretory vs. nonsecretory). Tumor tissues show different expression of luminal and basal genes, with perhaps a trend towards expression of basal genes in advanced diseases. Prostate 50: 92–103, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrated graphical analysis of protein sequence features predicted from sequence composition
Authors: Sonnhammer Erik L.L. , Wootton John C.
Published: August 2002

Several protein sequence analysis algorithms are based on properties of amino acid composition and repetitiveness. These include methods for prediction of secondary structure elements, coiled‐coils, transmembrane segments or signal peptides, and for assignment of low‐complexity, nonglobular, or intrinsically unstructured regions. The quality of such analyses can be greatly enhanced by graphical software tools that present predicted sequence features together in context and allow judgment to be focused simultaneously on several different types of supporting information. For these purposes, we describe the SFINX package, which allows many different sets of segmental or continuous‐curve sequence feature data, generated by individual external programs, to be viewed in combination alongside a sequence dot‐plot or a multiple alignment of database matches. The implementation is currently based on extensions to the graphical viewers Dotter and Blixem and scripts that convert data from external programs to a simple generic data definition format called SFS. We describe applications in which dot‐plots and flanking database matches provide valuable contextual information for analyses based on compositional and repetitive sequence features. The system is also useful for comparing results from algorithms run with a range of parameters to determine appropriate values for defaults or cutoffs for large‐scale genomic analyses. Proteins 2001;45:262–273. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Major venom allergen of yellow jackets, Ves v 5: Structural characterization of a pathogenesis‐related protein superfamily
Authors: Henriksen Anette , King Te P. , Mirza Osman , Monsalve Rafaél I. , Meno Kåre , Ipsen Henrik , Larsen Jørgen N. , Gajhede Michael , Spangfort Michael D.
Published: August 2002

Ves v 5 is one of three major allergens found in yellow‐jacket venom: phospholipase A1 (Ves v 1), hyaluronidase (Ves v 2), and antigen 5 (Ves v 5). Ves v 5 is related by high amino acid sequence identity to pathogenesis‐related proteins including proteins from mammals, reptiles, insects, fungi, and plants. The crystal structure of Ves v 5 has been solved and refined to a resolution of 1.9 Å. The majority of residues conserved between the pathogenesis‐related proteins can be rationalized in terms of hydrogen bonding patterns and hydrophobic interactions defining an α‐β‐α sandwich core structure. A small number of consensus residues are solvent exposed (including two adjacent histidines) and located in an elongated cavity that forms a putative active site. The site has no structural resemblance to previously characterized enzymes. Homologous antigen 5's from a large number of different yellow jackets, hornets, and paper wasps are known and patients show varying extents of cross‐reactivity to the related antigen 5's. The structure of Ves v 5 allows a detailed analysis of the epitopes that may participate in antigenic cross‐reactivity, findings that are useful for the development of a vaccine for treatment of insect allergy. Proteins 2001;45:438–448. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Windbreaks as a pesticide drift mitigation strategy: a review
Authors: Ucar Tamer , Hall Franklin R
Published: August 2002

The use of natural and artificial barriers to mitigate pesticide drift from agricultural and forest applications is discussed. This technique has been considered as an alternative to current methods at a time when environmental concerns are under great public scrutiny. There has been a variety of research experiments on this subject from New Zealand to The Netherlands which have documented reductions in spray drift of up to 80–90%. However, there are still enormous data gaps to utilize this method accurately. The aerodynamic factors of wind barriers and shelter effects on crop growth and yield have been well investigated. In contrast, some of the important aspects of drift mitigation, eg porosity and turbulence, have been difficult to obtain and no standard methodologies are currently available to evaluate and classify windbreaks and shelterbelts or to determine their efficiency in reducing drift. Thus there is a significant opportunity to incorporate windbreaks into the tool set of drift mitigation tactics. Government policies, initiatives, legislation, etc, which currently address water quality, BMP, stewardship, buffers, etc, are issues which so far have not included windbreaks as a valuable drift mitigation strategy.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of some granular insecticides currently used for the treatment of maize crops (Zea mays) on the survival of inoculated Azospirillum lipoferum
Authors: Revellin Cécile , Giraud Jean‐Jacques , Silva Noemi , Wadoux Patrick , Catroux Gérard
Published: August 2002

Four insecticides, carbofuran, chlormephos, terbufos and benfuracarb, currently used on maize (Zea mays) at sowing, were tested for their compatibility with Azospirillum lipoferum strain CRT1 used as an inoculant to improve maize growth and yield. The growth or survival of A lipoferum was studied in the presence of the insecticides: (1) in liquid and solid cultures of the bacteria, (2) when a commercial inoculant (Azogreen‐m™, Liphatech, Meyzieu, France) was inoculated directly on insecticide granules, (3) when inoculated Azogreen‐m granules were mixed with insecticide granules and (4) when inoculated Azogreen‐m granules were delivered separately to the seed bed. Of the four insecticides tested, only terbufos had a slight effect on growth of A lipoferum in solid cultures. All the insecticides decreased the survival of A lipoferum when the bacteria were inoculated directly on to the granules, or when inoculated Azogreen‐m granules were mixed with an insecticide. We hypothesize that the discrepancies between bacterial culture tests and survival studies might be explained by the conditions of desiccation encountered during inoculation of the granules. Desiccation stress could increase the toxic effect of the insecticides. We therefore suggest including desiccation stress in the biotest used to assess inoculant‐pesticide compatibility.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Antibacterial activity ofAilanthus excelsa(Roxb)
Authors: Shrimali Meenakshi , Jain D. C. , Darokar M. P. , Sharma R. P.
Published: August 2002

The antibacterial activity of different fractions of a methanol extract obtained from the dried stem bark ofAilanthus excelsa(Roxb) was studied using different bacterial strains. The ethyl acetate fraction inhibited the growth of all test bacteria. The MIC of the EA fraction was found to be 6 mg/disc. Copyright ­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatoprotective activity of indigtone—a bioactive fraction from Indigofera tinctoria Linn.
Authors: Singh B. , Saxena A. K. , Chandan B. K. , Bhardwaj V. , Gupta V. N. , Suri O. P. , Handa S. S.
Published: August 2002

A bioactive fraction, indigtone (FA), obtained by fractionation of a petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts of Indigofera tinctoria, showed significant dose related hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver injury in rats and mice. Hexobarbitone induced ‘sleeptime’, zoxazolamine induced ‘paralysis time’, levels of transaminases, bilirubin and total protein in serum were employed as indices of liver injury. Pre and post treatment with FA significantly reversed the majority of the parameters altered by the hepatotoxin. This indicated the preventive and restorative effect of FA in the process of CCl4 induced liver damage. The fraction possessed a high therapeutic ratio, as no mortality was observed up to a dose of 2 g/kg p.o. in mice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An anomaly detection technique based on a chi‐square statistic for detecting intrusions into information systems
Authors: Ye Nong , Chen Qiang
Published: August 2002

An intrusion into an information system compromises its security (e.g. availability, integrity and confidentiality) through a series of events in the information system. Intrusive events often show departures (anomalies) from normal events in an information system. This paper presents an anomaly detection technique based on a chi‐square statistic. This technique builds a profile of normal events in an information system—a norm profile computes the departure of events in the recent past from the norm profile and detects a large departure as an anomaly—a likely intrusion. This technique was tested for its performance in distinguishing normal events from intrusive events in an information system. The test results demonstrated the promising performance of this technique for intrusion detection in terms of a low false alarm rate and a high detection rate. Intrusive events were detected at a very early stage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line reliability estimation for individual components using statistical degradation signal models
Authors: Chinnam Ratna Babu
Published: August 2002

With very few exceptions, most contemporary reliability engineering methods are geared towards estimating a population characteristic(s) of a system, subsystem or component. The information so extracted is extremely valuable for manufacturers and others that deal with product in relatively large volumes. In contrast, end users are typically more interested in the behavior of a ‘particular’ component used in their system to arrive at optimal component replacement or maintenance strategies leading to improved system utilization, while reducing risk and maintenance costs. The traditional approach to addressing this need is to monitor the component through degradation signals and ‘classifying’ the state of a component into discrete classes, say ‘good’, ‘bad’ and ‘in‐between’ categories. In the event, one can develop effective degradation signal forecasting models and precisely define component failure in the degradation signal space, then, one can move beyond the classification approach to a more vigorous reliability estimation and forecasting scheme for the individual unit. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of such an approach using ‘general’ polynomial regression models for degradation signal modeling. The proposed methods allow first‐order autocorrelation in the residuals as well as weighted regression. Parametric bootstrap techniques are used for calculating confidence intervals for the estimated reliability. The proposed method is evaluated on a cutting tool monitoring problem. In particular, the method is used to monitor high‐speed steel drill‐bits used for drilling holes in stainless‐steel metal plates. A second study involves modeling and forecasting fatigue‐crack‐growth data from the literature. The task involved estimating and forecasting the reliability of plates expected to fail due to fatigue‐crack‐growth. Both studies reveal very promising results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural modeling and magnetostructural correlations for heterobinuclear Cu(II)–Ni(II) complex
Authors: Bi Siwei , Liu Chengbu , Zhang Changqiao
Published: August 2002

The magnetostructural correlation of model Cu(II)–Ni(II) heterobinuclear complexes was studied by using the broken symmetry approach within the framework of density functional theory. The antiferromagnetic coupling interaction is weakened with the decrease of the dihedral angle between the plane O1CuO2 and the plane O1NiO2 in the core moiety CuO1O2Ni of the model from 180 to 125°, in agreement with the experimental results. The ferromagnetic behavior was also predicted theoretically with dihedral angle less than 125°. The magnetic coupling interaction is reinforced with the increase of the bond angle CuONi. The relationship between the magnetic coupling interaction and the spin density localized on the magnetic centers or on the bridging O atoms was investigated. The bond angle CuONi for the model with lowest energy was determined and the theoretical value (104°) is a little more than the experimental value (99°). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Growth hormone abuse in the horse: preliminary assessment of a mass spectrometric procedure for IGF‐1 identification and quantitation
Authors: de Kock Schalk S. , Rodgers John P. , Swanepoel Beatrix C.
Published: August 2002

Previous studies have shown that insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) is a promising marker for the detection of growth hormone (GH) abuse in the horse. The significant increases observed with GH administration in comparison to natural levels imply the possibility of setting a threshold level for IGF‐1 that would be indicative of GH abuse. Although an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) has been identified as a reliable screening method, a more specific IGF‐1 quantification method needs to be developed for the prosecution of GH abuse by horseracing authorities. This study describes such an HPLC electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS) method that was developed and then assessed for the specific analysis of IGF‐1 at the low levels encountered in serum. The structural identity of IGF‐1 was confirmed by endoproteinase Asp‐N digestion followed by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS characterisation. This was followed by quantification of IGF‐1 as the intact molecule against an internal standard. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.