bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2018/31 Working as a ‘relief parent’ for a child protection association falls within the scope of the Working Time Directive and the Finnish Working Hours Act (FI)
Authors: Nurminen Janne
Published: November 2018

2018/31 Working as a ‘relief parent’ for a child protection association falls within the scope of the Working Time Directive and the Finnish Working Hours Act (FI)

In its follow-up judgment to the ECJ’s preliminary ruling in the Hälvä case (C-175/16), the Finnish Supreme Court has held that ‘relief parents’ relieving foster parents in a child protection association on the latter’s holidays fall within the scope of the Finnish Working Hours Act even though the work was performed in the homes provided by the association for the children to live in. Therefore, the relief parents were entitled to the rights guaranteed by the Act (subject to the fact that some of their claims had expired).
Social Collectives: A Partial Form of Organizing that Sustains Social Innovation1
Authors: Crespin-Mazet Florence , Goglio-Primard Karine , Grenier Corinne
Published: November 2018

We mobilize the organizational and practice-based literature to determine the mechanisms enabling a social collective to introduce innovation in public rescue. The case highlights how this collective acquired characteristics of a partial organization by: (1) emergent characteristics reacting to critical incidents, (2) an overarching agenda supporting actors participation, (3) complementarity of exclusion and inclusion membership practices to enforce collective identity and reach a critical mass, (4) recognition of collective actorhood through reification practices, (5) the role of a secretariat through theorizing and developing close but discrete relationships with an external actor with critical expertise and resources.
L’instrumentation des tensions de gouvernance publique (TGP) : l’exemple des simplifications des indicateurs dans le système universitaire français1
Authors: Mériade Laurent
Published: November 2018

Après 7 à 8 ans de mise en oeuvre de gestion par les résultats dans les universités françaises, il est possible d’identifier certains écarts entre les finalités officielles des mesures de la performance et les pratiques réelles.

Le cadre d’analyse de la « théorie de l’appropriation » identifie trois valeurs d’appropriation des outils de gestion. En étudiant les articulations entre ces valeurs, notre objectif de recherche vise à décrire les formes dynamiques d’appropriation des outils de gestion publique.

Nos premiers résultats démontrent l’existence, dans les universités françaises, autour de ces valeurs d’appropriation, de simplifications des indicateurs de performance répondant à des tensions de gouvernance publique et décrivant au moins trois niveaux dynamiques d’appropriation de ces outils.
Quel est le rôle du substrat technique dans l’appropriation d’une innovation managériale ? Une analyse longitudinale d’une méthode innovante
Authors: CANET Emilie , TRAN Sébastien
Published: November 2018

Cette recherche propose une réflexion sur l’appropriation d’une innovation managériale par les acteurs de l’organisation qui la conçoivent. Parce que le substrat technique est l’élément concret qui matérialise l’innovation, nous analysons son rôle dans ce processus. Notre recherche est basée sur l’étude longitudinale du cas d’une innovation managériale au sein d’un grand groupe industriel. Cette recherche permet de montrer que la construction de l’innovation managériale repose sur une interaction forte entre substrat technique et philosophie gestionnaire. L’appropriation est également assurée par la légitimité émergente de nouveaux acteurs promue par les nouvelles relations favorisées par l’innovation.
Do mothers also “manipulate” grandparental care?
Authors: Busch Mari V. , Olaisen Sandra , Bruksås Ina Jeanette , Folstad Ivar
Published: November 2018

Paternity uncertainty has proven to be a robust ultimate hypothesis for predicting the higher investment in grandchildren observed among maternal grandparents compared to that of the paternal grandparents. Yet the proximate mechanisms for generating such preferred biases in grandparental investment remain unclear. Here we address two different questions for better understanding the proximate mechanisms leading to the observed bias in grandparental investments: (i) is there a larger emphasis on resemblance descriptions (between grandchildren and grandparent) among daughters than among sons, and (ii) do mothers really believe that their offspring more resemble their parents, that is, the children’s grandparents, than fathers do? From questioning grandparents, we find that daughters more often and more intensely than sons express opinions about grandchild–grandparent resemblance. Moreover, daughters also seem to believe that their children more resemble their grandmother than sons do. The latter is, however, not the case for beliefs about children’s resemblance to grandfathers. In sum, our results suggest that even in a population of Norwegians, strongly influenced by ideas concerning gender equality, there exist a sexual bias among parents in opinions and descriptions about grandchild–grandparent resemblance. This resemblance bias, which echoes that of mothers biasing resemblance descriptions of newborns to putative fathers, does not seem to represent a conscious manipulation. Yet it could be instrumental for influencing grandparental investments. We believe that a “manipulative mother hypothesis” might parsimoniously account for many of the results relating to biased alloparenting hitherto not entirely explained by “the paternity uncertainty hypothesis.”
Studies on the Middle Kingdom: In Memory of Detlef Franke. Edited by Hans-Werner Fischer- Elfert and Richard B. Parkinson
Authors: Theis Christoffer
Published: November 2018

Studies on the Middle Kingdom: In Memory of Detlef Franke. Edited by Hans-Werner Fischer- Elfert and Richard B. Parkinson. Philippika, vol. 41. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2013. Pp. 268, 8 pls. €58 (paper).
Awakening of Osiris and the Transit of the Solar Barques: Royal Apotheosis in a Most Concise Book of the Underworld and Sky. By Joshua Aaron Roberson
Authors: Bojowald Stefan
Published: November 2018

The Awakening of Osiris and the Transit of the Solar Barques: Royal Apotheosis in a Most Concise Book of the Underworld and Sky. By Joshua Aaron Roberson. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, vol. 262. Fribourg: Academic Press, 2013. Pp. xi + 175, illus. FS 57.
Ludovico Marracci at Work: The Evolution of His Latin Translation of the Qurʾān in the Light of His Newly Discovered Manuscripts. With an Edition and a Comparative Linguistic Analysis of Sura 18. By Reinhold F. Glei and Roberto Tottoli
Authors: Burman Thomas E.
Published: November 2018

Ludovico Marracci at Work: The Evolution of His Latin Translation of the Qurʾān in the Light of His Newly Discovered Manuscripts. With an Edition and a Comparative Linguistic Analysis of Sura 18. By Reinhold F. Glei and Roberto Tottoli. Corpus Islamo-Christianum, Arabica-Latina, vol. 1. Wiesbaden: harraSSoWitz, 2016. Pp. 188. €48.
Christians and Others in the Umayyad State. Edited by Antoine Borrut and Fred M. Donner
Authors: Simonsohn Uriel
Published: November 2018

Christians and Others in the Umayyad State. Edited by Antoine Borrut and Fred M. Donner. Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East, vol. 1. Chicago: riental Institute, University of Chicago, 2016. Pp. ix + 213. $24.95 (paper).
Pāṇinīyavyākaraṇodāharaṇakośaḥ; La grammaire paninéenne par ses exemples; Paninian Grammar through Its Examples, vol. IV.1–2: Taddhitaprakaraṇam; Le livre des formes dérivés secondaires; The Book of Secondary Derivatives. By F. Grimal, V. Ven
Authors: Scharf Peter M.
Published: November 2018

Pāṇinīyavyākaraṇodāharaṇakośaḥ; La grammaire paninéenne par ses exemples; Paninian Grammar through Its Examples, vol. IV.1–2: Taddhitaprakaraṇam; Le livre des formes dérivés secondaires; The Book of Secondary Derivatives. By F. Grimal, V. VenkataraJa Sarma, and S. Lakshminara- Simham. Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha Series, vols. 302, 303; Collection indologie vol. 93.4.1, 2. Tirupati: Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha; Pondichéry: École Française d’extrême-Orient; Institute Française de Pondichéry, 2015. Pp. xvi + 1397. Rs. 570 per vol.
Near Eastern Tribal Societies during the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics between Tent and Town. By Eveline van der Steen
Authors: Potts D. T.
Published: November 2018

Near Eastern Tribal Societies during the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics between Tent and Town. By Eveline van der Steen. London: Equinox, 2013. Pp. xvii + 302. $110. [Distributed by ISD, Bristol, Conn.]
Superconducting Electrical Rotating Machines
Authors: Qu Ronghai , Lin Feng , Cheng Yi
Published: November 2018

This article introduces superconducting (SC) machines and their main advantages over conventional machines. Major topology options and their influence on machine performance are analyzed. The hybrid superconducting synchronous machines are introduced in terms of their main components, design consideration, and comparison with conventional machines. Then, distinct assembly units and the characteristics of superconducting machines are illustrated. Special topics inSCelectrical machines, including the current leads for low‐temperatureSCmagnets, short circuit faults,SCcoil insulation, and quench protection are considered. Potential applications and development trends of superconducting machines are also discussed.
Non‐Foster Matched Antennas
Authors: Jacob Minu Mariam , Long Jiang , Sievenpiper Daniel
Published: November 2018

Non‐Foster networks are those whose reactance has a negative slope with frequency, and can thus overcome bandwidth limitations of many passive systems using their unique impedance and phase properties. These active circuits can be used to provide broadband matching bandwidths for antennas, exceeding passive matching limitations. The design, simulation, and measurement of non‐Foster matched antennas has been presented to show broadband matching bandwidths. A further analysis of the true performance merit of non‐Foster matched antennas in receive applications and transmit applications has also been presented.
Physical Aging of Polymers
Authors: Cangialosi Daniele
Published: November 2018

This article provides an overview of the most important aspects of physical aging of polymers. First, we briefly introduce basic concepts of the glass transition, that is, the way a nonequilibrium glass is formed. Subsequently, after presenting the way physical aging can be monitored, we describe the main well‐established signatures of physical aging, that is, its nonexponential and nonlinear nature. The next part of the article is dedicated to recent advancements in the physical aging of bulk polymers. In this context, recent experimental activity is discussed, where the existence of multiple mechanisms for equilibrium recovery is presented. In addition, important aspects of physical aging in polymers altered by geometrical confinement are scrutinized in light of the past 20 years efforts aiming to understand glass dynamics in such conditions. It is shown how confined polymers weakly interacting with the confining medium exhibit accelerated physical aging. Importantly, such acceleration was found to be decoupled from the molecular mobility of the glass. Finally, we briefly discuss how recent advancements in physical aging of polymers in bulk and under geometrical confinement should foster experimental efforts to unveil important basic aspects of the glass transition, such as the existence of the so‐called “ideal glass.”
Cellulose
Authors: French Alfred D. , Pérez Serge , Bulone Vincent , Rosenau Thomas , Gray Derek
Published: November 2018

This article covers nomenclature, sources, biosynthesis, preparation, uses, microcrystalline cellulose, structural chemistry, reactions, solvents, and liquid crystals. Cellulose for commercial purposes comes mostly from wood and cotton, whereas cellulose for research comes from bacteria, algae, and ramie (also a textile fiber). Preparation includes pulping and purification, with an alternative method of steam explosion. The pore structure of cellulose is mentioned. Emphasis is given to cellulose crystal structures. Cellulose solutions are important to the rayon and cellophane industries, and new solvents are of interest because they may lessen pollution and might permit commercial production of stronger cellulosic materials through the formation of liquid crystals. Common physical methods for assessment of cellulose structure are discussed. Figures include the chemical and physical structures of the molecule, sources of cellulose, biosynthesis charts, molecular weight distributions, crystallite sizes, X‐ray diffraction patterns, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, conformational energy plots, and the unit cell structures of cellulose I–IV.
Polymer Characterization: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Authors: Krinichnyi Victor I.
Published: November 2018

Advantages of multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with various methods—such as spin labels and probes, microwave saturation, and saturation transfer—for investigating various polymeric systems are presented. Paramagnetic centers that are stabilized and/or initiated as a nanoscope probe can provide detailed information about structure and dynamics of the microenvironment. Correlations of structural, morphological, and dynamic characteristics of polymer systems with magnetic, relaxation, and mobile properties of paramagnetic centers embedded into their bulk are also discussed.
High‐Throughput Synthesis of Polymers
Authors: Guerrero‐Sanchez Carlos , Zhang Junliang , Vitz Jürgen , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: November 2018

High‐throughput synthesis offers reliable experimental techniques for the rapid investigation of polymerization parameters as well as for the preparation of comprehensive polymer libraries with systematic variations for screening against different applications. This contribution summarizes the use of different high‐throughput methods available for the synthesis, characterization, and screening of polymeric materials. A critical viewpoint regarding the advantages, impact, current limitations, and future developments of these experimental techniques is also provided.
Involvement of the long noncoding RNA NEAT1 in carcinogenesis
Authors: Klec Christiane , Prinz Felix , Pichler Martin
Published: November 2018

Altered expression levels of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear‐enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) have been reported in different types of cancer. More than half of the NEAT1 studies in cancer have been published within the last 2 years. In this review, we discuss very recent developments and insights into NEAT1 contribution to carcinogenesis. Summarizing the literature, it becomes obvious that NEAT1 is a lncRNA highly de‐/upregulated in a variety of cancer entities, in which it primarily acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) which sponges tumor‐suppressive microRNA (miRNA). The sponged miRNA lose their ability to degrade, silence, or hamper translation of their downstream—mostly oncogenic—target transcripts, ultimately promoting carcinogenesis. This role of NEAT1 function in tumorigenesis suggests it may be a prognostic biomarker as well as potential therapeutic target, pending the completion of further studies into the underlying mechanisms.
Remote ischemic conditioning for stroke: clinical data, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Zhao Wenbo , Li Sijie , Ren Changhong , Meng Ran , Jin Kunlin , Ji Xunming
Published: November 2018

Despite great improvement during the past several decades, the management of stroke is still far from satisfactory, which warrants alternative or adjunctive strategies. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), an easy‐to‐use and noninvasive therapy, can be performed in various clinical scenarios (e.g., prehospital transportation, intrahospital, and at home), and it has been widely investigated for stroke management. RIC has been demonstrated to be well tolerated in patients with acute ischemic stroke and aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage, and it may benefit these patients by improving clinical outcomes; in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis, long‐term repeated RIC could be safely performed and benefit patients by reducing recurrent ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack, as well as improving cerebral perfusion status; long‐term repeated RIC may also benefit patients with cerebral small vessel disease by slowing cognitive decline and reducing volume of white matter hyperintensities on brain MRI; in patients with severe carotid atherosclerotic stenosis undergoing stenting, preprocedural RIC could reduce the odds of new brain lesions on postprocedural MRI. Previous clinical studies suggest broad future prospects of RIC in the field of cerebrovascular diseases. However, the optimal RIC protocol and the mechanisms that RIC protects the brain is not fully clear, and there is lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers of RIC, all these dilemmas prevent RIC from entering clinical practice. This review focuses on recent advances in clinical studies of RIC in stroke management, its challenges, and the potential directions of future studies.
Self‐Assembly Behavior of an Oligothiophene‐Based Conjugated Liquid Crystal and Its Implication for Ionic Conductivity Characteristics
Authors: Liu Ziwei , Dong Ban Xuan , Misra Mayank , Sun Yangyang , Strzalka Joseph , Patel Shrayesh N. , Escobedo Fernando A. , Nealey Paul F. , Ober Christopher K.
Published: November 2018

In this work, a joint experimental and computational study on the synthesis, self‐assembly, and ionic conduction characteristics of a new conjugated liquid crystal quaterthiophene/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO4) consisting of terminal tetraethyleneglycol monomethyl ether groups on both ends of a quaterthiophene core is performed. In agreement with molecular dynamic simulations, temperature‐dependent grazing‐incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering and X‐ray diffraction indicate that the molecule spontaneously forms a smectic phase at ambient temperature as characterized both in bulk and thin film configurations. Significantly, this smectic phase is maintained upon blending with bis(trifluoro‐methanesulfonyl)imide as ion source at a concentration ratio up to r = [Li+]/[EO] = 0.05. Nanosegregation between oligothiophene and PEO moieties and π–π stacking of thiophene rings lead to the formation of efficient 2D pathways for ion transport, resulting in thin‐film in‐plane ionic conductivity as high as 5.2 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 70 °C and r = 0.05 as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Upon heating the samples above a transition temperature around 95 °C, an isotropic phase forms associated with a pronounced drop in ionic conductivity. Upon cooling, partial and local reordering of the conducting smectic domains leads to an ionic conductivity decrease compared to the as‐cast state.
Bioinspired Controllable Electro‐Chemomechanical Coloration Films
Authors: Bao Yinhua , Han Yu , Yang Le , Li Na , Luo Jingdong , Qu Wenjie , Chen Renjie , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Li Teng , Chen Haosen , Song Wei‐Li , Fang Daining
Published: November 2018

Coloration materials and devices with broad manipulatable color spectra and precisely controllable capability are highly pursued in various applications, such as camouflage engineering, optical sensors, anticounterfeiting technology, real‐time monitoring, and so on. For achieving the goals, in the present work, a conceptually novel bioinspired coloration film is demonstrated using nanoscale amorphous silicon (a‐Si) layer deposited on a reflective metal substrate. With precisely manipulating the reversible lithiation/delithiation behaviors, such coloration films enable to present consecutively tunable chromogenic property in a broad visible band, since the simultaneous changes in both chemical components and film thickness upon electrochemical processes substantially vary the conditions of destructive interference. Accordingly, the corresponding model based on electro‐chemomechanical coupling effects confirms the coloration mechanism induced by thickness and intrinsic properties (refraction index and optical absorptivity). Additionally, such coloration films also suggest universal design ability, namely tailoring the coloration spectra via simply changing film thicknesses and metal substrates. Thus, the results promise a versatile strategy for fabricating advanced coloration materials and devices that are pursued in specular reflection, sensing, anticounterfeiting, labels, displaying, and sensors.
Hollow‐Structured Metal Oxides as Oxygen‐Related Catalysts
Authors: Huang Keke , Sun Yu , Zhang Yuan , Wang Xiyang , Zhang Wei , Feng Shouhua
Published: November 2018

Metal oxide hollow structures with large surface area, low density, and high loading capacity have received great attention for energy‐related applications. Acting as oxygen‐related catalysts, hollow‐structured transition metal oxides offer low overpotential, fast reaction rate, and excellent stability. Herein, recent progress in the oxygen‐related catalysis (e.g., oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and metal–air batteries) of hollow‐structured transition metal oxides is discussed. Through a comprehensive outline of hollow‐structured spinels, perovskites, rutiles, etc., a rational design strategy is provided for an enhanced oxygen‐related catalysis performance from the viewpoint of crystal structures. Urgent challenges and further research directions are presented for hollow‐structured transition metal oxides toward excellent oxygen‐related catalysis.
Asymmetric Resistive Switching Dynamics in BaTiO3 Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Qian Mengdi , Fina Ignasi , Sánchez Florencio , Fontcuberta Josep
Published: November 2018

The resistive switching associated with polarization reversal is studied in detail in ferroelectric BaTiO3 tunnel junctions, with focus on the dynamics of the ferroelectric domain switching. It is observed that the transition between the high‐resistance state (HRS) and the low‐resistance state (LRS) is largely asymmetric being smooth from LRS to HRS, but proceeds via avalanches in the HRS‐to‐LRS transitions. It is shown that this distinct behavior is related to the presence of an imprint field in the junction and has important consequences on the junction's performance.
High‐Pressure Synthesis of A2NiO2Ag2Se2 (A=Sr, Ba) with a High‐Spin Ni2+ in Square‐Planar Coordination
Authors: Matsumoto Yuki , Yamamoto Takafumi , Nakano Kousuke , Takatsu Hiroshi , Murakami Taito , Hongo Kenta , Maezono Ryo , Ogino Hiraku , Song Dongjoon , Brown Craig M. , Tassel Cédric , Kageyama Hiroshi
Published: November 2018

Square‐planar coordinate Ni2+ ions in oxides are exclusively limited to a low‐spin state (S=0) owing to extensive crystal field splitting. Layered oxychalcogenides A2NiIIO2Ag2Se2 (A=Sr, Ba) with the S=1 NiO2 square lattice are now reported. The structural analysis revealed that the Ni2+ ion is under‐bonded by a significant tensile strain from neighboring Ag2Se2 layers, leading to the reduction in crystal field splitting. Ba2NiO2Ag2Se2 exhibits a G‐type spin order at 130 K, indicating fairly strong in‐plane interactions. The high‐pressure synthesis employed here possibly assists the expansion of NiO2 square lattice by taking the advantage of the difference in compressibility in oxide and selenide layers.
Metathesis at an Implausible Site: A Formal Total Synthesis of Rhizoxin D
Authors: Karier Pol , Ungeheuer Felix , Ahlers Andreas , Anderl Felix , Wille Christian , Fürstner Alois
Published: November 2018

The new approach to the anticancer agent rhizoxin D described herein does not cohere with the conventional logic of metathesis, according to which macrocycles are best closed at a disubstituted olefinic site; rather, the trisubstituted C11−C12 alkene flanked by an allylic ‐OH group served as the pivot point for synthesis. This motif was attained in good yield and excellent selectivity by a sequence of alkyne metathesis, trans‐hydrostannation and cross coupling. Because the exact same substructure is prominently featured in numerous other natural products, the underpinning strategy, though unusual, might bear more general relevance.
Effects of multicopper oxidase orientation in multiwalled carbon nanotube biocathodes on direct electron transfer
Authors: Takamura Eiichiro , Nakamura Takuto , Sakamoto Hiroaki , Satomura Takenori , Sakuraba Haruhiko , Ohshima Toshihisa , Suye Shin‐ichiro
Published: November 2018

In this study, multicopper oxidase (MCO) was immobilized on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at two different orientations, and the electrochemical properties of the resulting cathodes were investigated. Using N‐ or C‐terminal His‐tagged MCO and MWCNTs, we constructed two types of cathodes. We assumed that the distance between the type 1 (T1)Cu of the C‐terminal His‐tagged MCO and the MWCNT surface was lesser than that between the T1Cu of the N‐terminal His‐tagged MCO and the MWCNT surface. In addition, in the C‐terminal His‐tagged MCO, T1Cu was expected to be closer to the MWCNT surface than the type 2/type 3 Cu site. The current density of the modified electrode with a C‐terminal His‐tagged MCO immobilized on an MWCNT surface was 1.3‐fold higher than that of the electrode with an N‐terminal His‐tagged MCO immobilized on an MWCNT surface. In addition, the amount of H2O2 produced by the N‐terminal His‐tagged MCO immobilized MWCNT modified electrodes was 2.3‐fold higher than that produced by the C‐terminal His‐tagged MCO immobilized MWCNT electrodes. In direct electron transfer (DET)‐type biocathodes, both the MCO orientation and the distance between the T1Cu of MCO and the electrode surface are important. The authors succeeded in constructing highly efficient DET‐type electrodes.
Langzeitverhalten einer 170 m langen integralen Eisenbahnbrücke
Authors: Wenner Marc , Seidl Günter , Garn Robert , Marx Steffen
Published: November 2018

Die Rednitztalbrücke ist eine 170 m lange Eisenbahnbrücke. Die Pfeiler und die Widerlager sind monolithisch mit dem Überbau verbunden. Die im Jahr 1999 gebaute Brücke stellt für das Netz der DB AG wegen der Konstruktionsart und ihrer integralen Länge eine Besonderheit dar. Die Bauweise hat sich jedoch in den letzten 18 Jahren durch den sehr geringen Instandhaltungsaufwand bewährt. Um die Ansätze für die Berechnung langer integraler Brücken im Vergleich zu den heute üblichen Regeln zu verbessern, wurden am Bauwerk ein Langzeitmonitoring sowie rechnerische Untersuchungen vorgenommen. Das tatsächliche Verformungsverhalten des integralen Tragwerks und die Beanspruchung des darauf liegenden, durchgängigen Schotteroberbaus mit lückenlos verschweißter Schiene wurden mittels einer einjährigen Langzeitmessung erfasst. Im Anschluss erfolgte ein Vergleich zu einem numerischen Modell. Es konnten aus den Betrachtungen Rückschlüsse zur Aktivierung des Erdkörpers hinter dem Widerlager und zur Funktionsweise der Schleppplatte gezogen werden. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Schienenbeanspruchung durch die Interaktion des Bauwerks mit dem Damm und durch das Verhalten des Schotterbetts günstig beeinflusst wird, sodass die zusätzlichen Schienenspannungen am Bauwerksende trotz der Bauwerkslänge von 170 m weit unterhalb der Grenzwerte bleiben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen in vieler Hinsicht ein vielversprechendes Potenzial für den Einsatz langer integraler Bauwerke für die Eisenbahn.
DSCAM‐AS1 regulates the G1/S cell cycle transition and is an independent prognostic factor of poor survival in luminal breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy
Authors: Sun Wei , Li An‐Qi , Zhou Ping , Jiang Yi‐Zhou , Jin Xi , Liu Yi‐Rong , Guo Ya‐Jie , Yang Wen‐Tao , Shao Zhi‐Ming , Xu Xiao‐En
Published: November 2018

DSCAM‐AS1 is one of the few intensively studied lncRNAs with high specific expression in luminal breast cancer. It is directly regulated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and plays vital roles in tumor proliferation, invasion, and tamoxifen resistance. However, the detailed function of DSCAM‐AS1 in tumor progression and its clinical significance remain unclear. We reveal that DSCAM‐AS1 regulates cell proliferation and colony formation by inducing the G1/S transition. RNA‐seq analysis demonstrated that DSCAM‐AS1 participates in crucial biological processes, including DNA replication, the G1/S phase transition, sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome segregation, protein localization to the chromosome and DNA recombination. Most importantly, in the retrospectively registered clinical analysis, high expression of DSCAM‐AS1 is a poor prognostic factor in patients with luminal breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy. In conclusion, DSCAM‐AS1 is a promising clinical therapeutic target that may prolong survival of luminal breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy.
Cleft mitral leaflets and severe mitral regurgitation: Testing the limits of percutaneous mitral valve repair
Authors: Cheng Richard , Kar Saibal , Siegel Robert J. , Nakamura Mamoo
Published: November 2018

Repair of mitral regurgitation (MR) with the MitraClip device (Abbot Vascular, Menlo Park, CA) to treat degenerative MR is associated with improved acute and long‐term outcomes. There is an increasing adoption of the device and operators are now testing the limits of the therapy even for unfavorable anatomies. Isolated cleft mitral leaflets are rare but represent a challenge to percutaneous repair. We present two cases of successful repair of severe MR and cleft mitral leaflets. In the first case, a 52‐year‐old male with a dilated cardiomyopathy and an ejection fraction (EF) of 15% presented in decompensated heart failure. Workup revealed a pseudo‐cleft anterior mitral leaflet and a cleft posterior leaflet. A strategy to treat the restricted posterior leaflet lateral of the posterior cleft with a provisional second clip resulted in trace residual MR with only one clip, and an EF improvement to 50% at 2‐month follow‐up. In the second case, an 80‐year‐old male with a history of obstructive CAD with a normal EF but severe MR and a restricted anterior leaflet presented with severe shortness of breath. An initial strategy to grasp the middle of the valve was unsuccessful due to the cleft. Instead, two clips were placed side‐by‐side on either side of the cleft resulting in trivial residual MR. Despite challenging anatomy percutaneous repair can allow for dramatic reduction in MR, resulting in significant left ventricular remodeling and improvement of EF and cardiac output.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of Dihydrosilanes and Vinyl Iodides in the Presence of Alcohols: Rapid Assembly of Silyl Ethers of Tertiary Silanes
Authors: Yuan Weiming , Orecchia Patrizio , Oestreich Martin
Published: November 2018

A one‐pot reaction that directly converts dihydrosilanes into silyl ethers of tertiary silanes is reported. Under palladium catalysis, one Si−H bond of the dihydrosilane formally engages in C(sp3)−Si bond formation with a vinyl iodide while the other Si−H bond is transformed into a silyl iodide that undergoes facile alcoholysis with an alcohol. The C−C double bond is reduced in that process. This three‐component reaction provides in a single synthetic operation an access to silyl ethers of functionalized and hindered alcohols. Several of those would otherwise be difficult to make but the intermediacy of a highly reactive silyl iodide even allows for tert‐butanol to react at room temperature.
In‐situ upgrading of heavy oil using nano‐catalysts: A computational fluid dynamics study of hydrogen and vacuum residue injection
Authors: Elahi Seyed Moein , Ahmadi Khoshooei Milad , Scott Carlos E. , Chen Zhangxin , Pereira‐Almao Pedro
Published: November 2018

A novel nano‐catalytic in‐situ upgrading technology (ISUT) using hot fluid injection for heavy oil and bitumen production and recovery has been proposed recently (Pereira‐Almao et al., in‐situ upgrading via hot fluid injection, US Patent US20150114636A1). In this method, a vacuum distillation unit is used to separate the vacuum residue of the produced oil. The nano‐catalysts are then dispersed into the vacuum residue (VR) and are re‐injected in the reservoir, along with hydrogen. However, because of the difference in the interface forces in the residue/gas mixture, segregation of gas is possible. A practical hydrogen to VR ratio of 120 Scc/cc is employed to study the physical separation possibility within actual reservoir/well geometry. VR and hydrogen are injected at 357 and 100 °C, respectively. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed to model the VR + H2injection using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. Sensitivity analysis on reservoir pressure, mixing layout, and hydrogen solubility is also conducted.
The promotion effects of TiO2 on the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over ceo2‐WO3/ZrO2: The catalytic performance and reaction route
Authors: Liu Shuang , Sun Mengmeng , Lin Qingjin , Xu Haidi , Wang Jianli , Chen Yaoqiang
Published: November 2018

ZrO2‐TiO2 mixed oxides with different contents of TiO2 were prepared by a co‐precipitation method, which were used as the carrier material of CeO2‐WO3/ZrO2‐TiO2 catalysts. The influence of doping TiO2 on NH3‐SCR activity and reaction path of CeO2‐WO3/ZrO2 was systematically investigated by several techniques, including N2‐physisorption, XRD, H2‐TPR, XPS, NOx‐TPD, NH3‐TPD, and in situ DRIFTS. The activity result suggested that the CeO2‐WO3/ZrO2‐TiO2 with 0.20 g/g TiO2 exhibited the optimal NH3‐SCR performance, its operational temperature window was broadened about 55 °C from 254–445 °C of CeO2‐WO3/ZrO2 to 221–467 °C of CeO2‐WO3/ZrO2‐TiO2. The characterization results indicated that the reducibility of CeO2‐WO3/ZrO2 was obviously improved by adding TiO2 into ZrO2, which could improve the low‐temperature NH3‐SCR activity. Besides, TiO2‐doping enhanced the adsorption and activation of NH3, which played a positive role in NH3‐SCR reaction. Finally, the results of in situ DRIFTS demonstrated that the NH3‐SCR reaction route could be transferred from the Eley‐Rideal mechanism over CeO2‐WO3/ZrO2 to the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood mechanism over CeO2‐WO3/ZrO2‐TiO2 at 250 °C.
18F‐Labeled Derivatives of Irbesartan for Angiotensin II Receptor PET Imaging
Authors: Hoffmann Matthias , Chen Xinyu , Hirano Mitsuru , Arimitsu Kenji , Kimura Hiroyuki , Higuchi Takahiro , Decker Michael
Published: November 2018

The renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormonal cascade involved in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance, and represents a common target for the treatment of various diseases including hypertension, heart failure, and diabetes. Herein we present a novel 18F‐labeled derivative of the drug irbesartan, one of the most prescribed angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists, for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET). This allows the in vivo measurement of AT1R expression, and thus the evaluation of functional changes in its expression under pathophysiological conditions. We followed various synthetic approaches optimized for the introduction of fluorine into different positions of the aliphatic side chain of irbesartan. Radioligand binding studies revealed that fluorine atoms at specified positions (α‐position (IC50=6.6 nm) and δ‐position (IC50=8.5 nm) of the aliphatic side chain) do not alter the binding properties of irbesartan (IC50=1.6 nm). After successful radiolabeling with fluorine‐18 in a radiochemical yield of 11 %, we observed high renal uptake in healthy rats and pigs, which could be decreased by pretreatment with the parent compound irbesartan.
Analysis of Organelle Positioning Using Patterned Microdevices
Authors: Capmany Anahi , Latgé Bruno , Schauer Kristine
Published: November 2018

The consequences of alterations in the distribution of intracellular organelles, observed in many diseases, are often not clear. Intracellular organelles alter their morphology and positioning to regulate cell homeostasis and function. We outline how organelle positioning can be studied employing a density‐based analysis of 3D images applied to cells that show similar cellular geometries. Quantification is facilitated by the use of single cells seeded on micropatterned substrates that provide cues for controlled cell spreading. This minimal system mimics the reproducible distribution of organelles typically observed in tissues, simplifying image analysis and minimizing the number of cells required for the observation of robust phenotypes. Here we provide guidelines for how the majority of organelles can be efficiently analyzed in cells seeded on adhesive micropatterns. We exemplify how alterations in the positioning of different organelles as a result of the perturbation of the cytoskeleton or associated motor proteins can be efficiently quantified. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Provide alternative media, accessible documents in a timely manner
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2018

When students need media provided in an alternative and accessible format, disability services providers should have a process in place to meet that need in a timely way. But even with the best process, challenges can arise if faculty members don't share their course materials sufficiently in advance or if students add courses after the term begins.
Studies show experiencing awe in nature benefits PTSD
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: November 2018

Experiencing awe in nature can be very effective in reducing symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder, according to research from the University of California, Berkeley and published in the journal Emotion. The findings from two complementary studies suggest that awe, compared to joy, pride, amusement, contentment, and other positive emotions, does the most to boost an individual's sense of well‐being and mental health.
Neuroprotective Effects on the Morphology of Somatic Motoneurons Following the Death of Neighboring Motoneurons: A Role for Microglia?
Authors: Chew Cory , Kiley Brandon J. , Sengelaub Dale R.
Published: November 2018

Partial depletion of spinal motoneuron populations induces dendritic atrophy in neighboring motoneurons, and treatment with testosterone protects motoneurons from induced dendritic atrophy. We explored a potential mechanism for this induced atrophy and protection by testosterone, examining the microglial response to partial depletion of motoneurons. Motoneurons innervating the vastus medialis muscles of adult male rats were killed by intramuscular injection of cholera toxin‐conjugated saporin; some saporin‐injected rats were treated with testosterone. Microglia were later visualized via immunohistochemical staining, classified as monitoring or activated, and counted stereologically. Partial motoneuron depletion increased the number of activated microglia in the quadriceps motor pool, and this increase was attenuated with testosterone treatment. The attenuation in microglial response could reflect an effect of testosterone on suppressing microglia activation, potentially sparing motoneuron dendrites. Alternatively, testosterone could be neuroprotective, sparing motoneuron dendrites, secondarily resulting in reduced microglial activation. To discriminate between these hypotheses, following partial motoneuron depletion, rats were treated with minocycline to inhibit microglial activation. Motoneurons innervating the ipsilateral vastus lateralis muscle were later labeled with cholera toxin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase, and dendritic arbors were reconstructed. Reduction of microglial activation by minocycline did not prevent induced dendritic atrophy following partial motoneuron depletion. Further, reduction of microglial activation by minocycline treatment resulted in dendritic atrophy in intact animals. Together, these findings indicate that the neuroprotective effect of testosterone on dendrites following motoneuron death is not due to inhibiting microglial activation, and that microglial activity contributes to the normal maintenance of dendritic arbors.
The Role of Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) in Neurodevelopment and in the Pathophysiology of Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy‐9 (EIEE9)
Authors: Gerosa Laura , Francolini Maura , Bassani Silvia , Passafaro Maria
Published: November 2018

PCDH19is considered one of the most clinically relevant genes in epilepsy, second only toSCN1A. To date about 150 mutations have been identified as causative forPCDH19‐female epilepsy (also known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy‐9, EIEE9), which is characterized by early onset epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral disturbances. Although little is known about the physiological role of PCDH19 and the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to EIEE9, in this review, we will present latest researches focused on these aspects, underlining protein expression, its known functions and the mechanisms by which the protein acts, with particular interest in PCDH19 extracellular and intracellular roles in neurons.
Folivory has long‐term effects on sexual but not on asexual reproduction in woodland strawberry
Authors: Muola Anne , Stenberg Johan A.
Published: November 2018

Plant fitness is often a result of both sexual and asexual reproductive success and, in perennial plants, over several years. Folivory can affect both modes of reproduction. However, little is known about the effects of folivory on resource allocation to the two modes of reproduction simultaneously and across years. In a 2‐year common garden experiment, we examined the effects of different levels of folivory by the strawberry leaf beetle, Galerucella tenella, on current growth, as well as current and future sexual and asexual reproduction (runners) of perennial woodland strawberry, Fragaria vesca. In addition, we measured the chlorophyll content in leaves in the year of experimental damage to determine whether there was increased photosynthetic activity, and, thus, a compensatory response to herbivory. Finally, we tested whether the previous year's folivory, as a result of its effect on plant fitness, affected the level of natural herbivory the plant experienced during the subsequent year. In the year of experimental damage, plants that were exposed to moderate and high levels of folivory (25% and 50% leaf area consumed, respectively) increased their photosynthetic activity compared to control plants. However, only plants exposed to high folivory exhibited negative effects, with a lower probability of flowering compared to control plants, indicating that plants exposed to low or moderate folivory were able to compensate for the damage. Negative effects of folivory were carried over to the subsequent year. Plants that were exposed to moderate folivory (25% leaf area consumed) during first year produced fewer flowers and fruits in the subsequent year. Runner production was consistently unaffected by folivory. The effects of experimental folivory on the level of natural herbivory were mediated via its effects on plant fitness. Our results show that the negative effects of folivory only influence sexual reproduction in woodland strawberry. Furthermore, even though woodland strawberry can tolerate moderate amounts of folivory in the short term, the negative effects on fitness appear later; this highlights the importance of studying the effects of herbivory over consecutive years in perennial plants.
Comparative Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Opuntia ficus‐indica Sanguigna and Surfarina Seed Oils Obtained by Traditional and Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction Procedures
Authors: Loizzo Monica R. , Bruno Maurizio , Balzano Michele , Giardinieri Alessandra , Pacetti Deborah , Frega Natale G. , Sicari Vincenzo , Leporini Mariarosaria , Tundis Rosa
Published: November 2018

This study investigates the seed oils obtained from two different varieties of Opuntia ficus‐indica (Sanguigna and Surfarina) growing in Sicily, Italy. Soxhlet and ultrasound‐assisted extraction procedures are used to obtain the seed oils. The fatty acid profile, γ‐tocopherols, carotenoid content, and the bioactivity in terms of the antioxidant effects (using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and β‐carotene bleaching tests), and carbohydrate‐hydrolysing enzyme inhibitory activity (α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase) are determined. The extraction procedure does not significantly affect the fatty acid composition of the oil, but it does affect the tocopherol and carotenoid contents, as well as the antioxidant and inhibitory activities. All the oil samples are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic, and oleic acids. Soxhlet extraction proves to be the best extraction procedure to enrich the oils in γ‐tocopherol. Relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) and global antioxidant score (GAS) analyses are applied to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the Sanguigna variety oil extracted with the Soxhlet apparatus that is shown to be the most active. The same oil also shows the highest α‐amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 value of 40.9 μg mL−1), which is better than that reported for acarbose used as a positive control.

Practical Applications: This study is the first to evaluate the effect of oil extraction technologies on the bioactive compound levels and antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities of cactus pear seed oil, which is a by‐product of fruit processing. The findings will contribute to the valorization of food by‐products. The results provide useful information to select the most valuable technological conditions for oil extraction to preserve the bioactive compounds and the biological activity of the vegetable by‐product extracts, such as seed oil. Cactus pear seed oil obtained by the traditional extraction procedure (Soxhlet) represents a promising source of healthy compounds, particularly of carotenoids and γ‐tocopherol, used not only as antioxidants to preserve lipid components in food preparation but also as functional ingredients due to their hypoglycaemic effect.

Effect of extraction procedure on chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and hypoglycaemic activity of cactus pear seed oils.
Improving nutritional status of children with Cerebral palsy: a qualitative study of caregiver experiences and community‐based training in Ghana
Authors: Donkor Claudia Mary , Lee Jackie , Lelijveld Natasha , Adams Melanie , Baltussen Marjolein Meande , Nyante Gifty Gyamah , Kerac Marko , Polack Sarah , Zuurmond Maria
Published: November 2018

Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common childhood disability worldwide, and evidence shows that children with CP are at an increased risk of malnutrition due to feeding difficulties. This qualitative study explores caregiver experiences of feeding before and after a community‐based training program in Ghana.

Methods

Thirteen caregivers of children with CP, who were severely undernourished, were interviewed at the start of the training program. Eleven of these were interviewed again after a year of monthly group trainings and home visits, which included guidance on feeding. Four additional caregivers were interviewed at end line. Interviews explored caregivers’ mealtime experiences, as well as a 24‐hr dietary recall and a structured feeding observation checklist. Children's nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry.

Results

Caregivers found mealtimes stressful due to time demands, messiness, and the pressure of providing enough quality food. They felt that the training program had helped reduced this stress and dietary recall data suggested some improved dietary quality. However, there was neither improvement nor deterioration in anthropometric status of the children.

Conclusion

Group trainings were welcomed by caregivers and notably reduced stress around feeding times. However, future work is needed in order to improve anthropometric outcomes, including, but not limited to, greater focus on nutritional requirements during caregiver training interventions. Therapeutic feeding programs must also be better utilized and need to be better equipped to care for this group of children, including deviating from standard admission and treatment protocols.