bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication: Computing the Helmholtz capacitance of charged insulator-electrolyte interfaces from the supercell polarization
Authors: Zhang Chao
Published: July 2018

Supercell modeling of an electrical double layer (EDL) at electrified solid-electrolyte interfaces is a challenge. The net polarization of EDLs arising from the fixed chemical composition setup leads to uncompensated EDLs under periodic boundary condition and convolutes the calculation of the Helmholtz capacitance [C. Zhang and M. Sprik, Phys. Rev. B 94, 245309 (2016)]. Here we provide a new formula based on the supercell polarization at zero electric field Ē = 0 (i.e., standard Ewald boundary condition) to calculate the Helmholtz capacitance of charged insulator-electrolyte interfaces and validate it using atomistic simulations. Results are shown to be independent of the supercell size. This formula gives a shortcut to compute the Helmholtz capacitance without locating the zero net charge state of EDL and applies directly to any standard molecular dynamics code where the electrostatic interactions are treated by the Ewald summation or its variants.
Transmission coefficient estimation based on antenna voltage standing wave ratio under plasma sheath
Authors: Yang Min , Li Xiaoping , Bai Bowen , Li Ze , Xue Bosheng
Published: July 2018

Radio blackout has confused the aerospace industry for decades. The highly attenuated caused by the plasma sheath is the main cause of radio blackout. The transmission coefficient depends on the relationship between plasma density, collision frequency and radio wave frequency. Meanwhile, the reflection of waves and the mismatching of antenna impedance caused by plasma sheath lead to the change of antenna voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). In this paper, we analysis the relationship between the VSWR and the Transmission Coefficient. The variation of GPS antenna’s VSWR with plasma sheath is simulated, the results demonstrate that VSWR is largely influenced with the electron density and the collision frequency. In addition, there is a strong correlation between VSWR, return loss and transmission loss. The correlation coefficient between the VSWR and wave transmission loss could be as high as -0.983. This relationship can support the idea that Transmission Coefficient can be predicted by detecting the variation of VSWR without requiring an additional feedback channel.
Fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equations with singular potential in Rn
Authors: Chen Guoyuan , Zheng Youquan
Published: July 2018

We are interested in nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equations with singular potential of form (−Δ)su=λ|x|αu+|u|p−1u,x∈Rn{0}, where s ∈ (0, 1), α > 0, p ≥ 1, and λ ∈ R. Via the Caffarelli-Silvestre extension method, we obtain existence, nonexistence, regularity, and symmetry properties of solutions to this equation for various α, p, and λ.
Recent Advances in Steroid Synthesis: A Tribute to Sir Derek Barton
Authors: Jones Kieran D. , Stewart Scott G.
Published: July 2018

The synthesis of steroids and gaining an ultimate understanding of their reactivity was one of Sir Derek Barton’s most notable research areas. This highlight will focus on the construction of the steroid ring system from 2016 to 2018, and will include pathways that eventually led to natural product synthesis. For example, efficient syntheses of ent-pregnanolone sulfate and oestradiol methyl ether will be explained along with the total synthesis of cannogenol-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside.
Corrigendum to: Use of ordinary kriging and Gaussian conditional simulation to interpolate airborne fire radiative energy density estimates
Authors: Klauberg C. , Hudak A. T. , Bright B. C. , Boschetti L. , Dickinson M. B. , Kremens R. L. , Silva C. A.
Published: July 2018

Fire radiative energy density (FRED, Jm-2) integrated from fire radiative power density (FRPD, Wm-2) observations of landscape-level fires can present an undersampling problem when collected from fixed-wing aircraft. In the present study, the aircraft made multiple passes over the fire at ~3min intervals, thus failing to observe most of the FRPD emitted as the flame front spread. We integrated the sparse FRPD time series to obtain pixel-level FRED estimates, and subsequently applied ordinary kriging (OK) and Gaussian conditional simulation (GCS) to interpolate across data voids caused by the undersampling. We compared FRED interpolated via OK and GCS with FRED estimated independently from ground measurements of biomass consumed from five prescribed burns at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, USA. In four of five burns considered where undersampling prevailed, OK and GCS effectively interpolated FRED estimates across the data voids, improving the spatial distribution of FRED across the burning event and its overall mean. In a fifth burn, the burning characteristics were such that undersampling did not present a problem needing to be fixed. We also determined where burning and FRPD sampling characteristics merited applying OK and CGS only to the highest FRED estimates to interpolate more accurate FRED maps.
On being first
Authors: Simard Candide
Published: July 2018

This paper reconsiders first position (Baker & Mushin 2008) in the Australian language Ngarinyman, concentrating on prosody. Making use of a prosodic unit of reference helps clarify its ordering patterns, according to the given-before-new (Gundel 1988) and more-newsworthy-first (Mithun 1987) typology. Based on natural data, it examines the phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases (nps) in the same position but of different Information Structure (IS) categories: topics, including Framesetting (establishing time and place), Aboutness (the referent which the proposition is about) and Contrastive (selecting among a set of alternatives), or Argument Focus. An instrumental analysis of the durational cue reveals that Framesetting topics form a unique Intonation Unit; and gradience in the phrasing of nps according to their IS category.
The influence of the state distinction on word order and information structure in Kabyle and Siwi (Berber)
Authors: Mettouchi Amina , Schiattarella Valentina
Published: July 2018

This paper, based on monologues and dialogues recorded in the field, shows how the presence (Kabyle) or the absence (Siwi) of an inflectional marking on nouns called state impacts the number and functions of grammatical relations and information structure constructions in those two closely related Berber languages. Indeed, in Kabyle, state allows to distinguish between subject and object when two nouns follow each other after the verb, whereas in Siwi, sequences of two postverbal nominal arguments are avoided; only AVO is attested. As linear ordering is also a formal means for information structure coding, this results in Siwi having fewer constructions available for that functional domain, and consequently, different information structure functions encoded through linear ordering than Kabyle.
Citations of ᶜAttār and theKanz al-Haqāyeqin ᶜAli Akbar Khatāyi’sBook of China: A Sufi Path of Bureaucracy
Authors: Hemmat Kaveh Louis
Published: July 2018

ᶜAli Akbar Khatāyi’sKhatāynāmeh(Book of China), a detailed description of state and society in Ming China written in 922/1516, includes citations from theKanz al-Haqāyeq(attributed to Mahmud Shabestari) and ᶜAttār’sElāhināmeh. By citing these two texts at key points in his description of the Chinese government, Khatāyi articulates a radical political vision in which the civil officials, rather than the emperor, are the true rulers. Furthermore, by using theKanz al-Haqāyeqas a portal text, and through frequent citations of other gnostic poetry, he crafts his own authorial presence by identifying his own text withfotovvatand gnosticism, and invokes a conceptual framework based on the thought of Ibn ᶜArabi epitomized in his intertexts.
ℤ/𝕞ℤ-graded Lie algebras and perverse sheaves, III: Graded double affine Hecke algebra
Authors: Lusztig George , Yun Zhiwei
Published: July 2018

In this paper we construct representations of certain graded double affine Hecke algebras (DAHA) with possibly unequal parameters from geometry. More precisely, starting with a simple Lie algebra

g

\mathfrak {g}

together with a

Z

/

m

Z

\mathbb {Z}/m\mathbb {Z}

-grading

⨁

i
∈

Z

/

m

Z

g

i

\bigoplus _{i\in \mathbb {Z}/m\mathbb {Z}}\mathfrak {g}_{i}

and a block of

D

G

0
_

(

g

i

)

\mathcal {D}_{G_{\underline 0}}(\mathfrak {g}_{i})

as introduced in [J. Represent. Theory 21 (2017), pp. 277-321], we attach a graded DAHA and construct its action on the direct sum of spiral inductions in that block. This generalizes results of Vasserot [Duke Math J. 126 (2005), pp. 251-323] and Oblomkov-Yun [Adv. Math 292 (2016), pp. 601-706] which correspond to the case of the principal block.
Economic Distress and Labor Market Participation
Authors: Stephens Heather M. , Deskins John
Published: July 2018

Many of the most deeply and persistently distressed regions of the United States, such as parts of West Virginia, suffer from extremely low levels of labor force participation. These are regions where economic despair seems to have taken hold for generations and which face numerous other impediments to economic prosperity, such as opioid abuse. Better understanding these linkages can lead to policy solutions to help the most disadvantaged places break the cycle of economic despair. Using county‐level data, we begin by estimating a series of models that allow us to understand the drivers of local labor force participation. We also consider how these drivers may differ between rural and urban areas. We then analyze how levels of participation in the labor force are related to other measures of economic distress. We find that there is significant variation in the drivers of rural and urban labor force participation; however, much of the variation can be explained by known factors. Yet, our results also suggest that there remains some portion of the lower levels of labor force participation in West Virginia and Appalachia that cannot be explained by other factors. Since it appears that labor force participation is important to explaining higher levels of employment growth in rural areas, for persistently distressed regions, finding ways to increase labor force participation may be a critical step toward increasing economic prosperity.
BinDash, software for fast genome distance estimation on a typical personal laptop
Authors: Zhao XiaoFei
Published: July 2018

Motivation

The number of genomes (including meta-genomes) is increasing at an accelerating pace. In the near future, we may need to estimate pairwise distances between millions of genomes. Even with the use of cloud computing, very few softwares can perform such estimation.

Results

The multi-threaded software BinDash can perform such estimation using only a typical personal laptop. BinDash implemented b-bit one-permutation rolling MinHash with optimal densification, an existing data-mining technique. BinDash empirically outperforms the state-of-the-art software in terms of precision, compression ratio, memory usage and runtime according to our evaluation. Our evaluation is performed with a Dell Inspiron 157 559 Notebook on all bacterial genomes in RefSeq.

Availability and implementation

BinDash is released under the Apache 2.0 license at https://github.com/zhaoxiaofei/BinDash.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
European eel Anguilla anguilla compromise speed for safety in the early marine spawning migration
Authors: Lennox Robert J , Økland Finn , Mitamura Hiromichi , Cooke Steven J , Thorstad Eva B
Published: July 2018

There are substantial benefits to potential fitness conferred to animals that undertake migrations. However, animals must make compromises to maximize survival and compensate for the risks associated with long-distance movement. European eel (Anguilla anguilla), a migratory catadromous fish, has undergone population declines owing to changes in marine and freshwater habitat and interactions with human infrastructure, instigating research to investigate the mechanisms controlling their migration. Yellow-phase European eels from the local River Opo and silver-phase European eels transplanted from River Imsa, Norway, were implanted with acoustic transmitters and released within a network of receiver stations in the Hardangerfjord, Norway. Silver-phase eels exhibited more movement within the array than yellow-phase eels, signifying the onset of migration. Silver-phase eels moved through the fjord nocturnally, arriving at gates predominantly at night. Eels had slower rates of migration than expected based on models predicting continuous movement, suggesting that movement ceased during daylight hours. Reduced net rates of travel supported the hypothesis that eels compromise speed for safety during the early marine migration by avoiding predators and not actively migrating during daylight. The silver eels were capable of directed movement towards the ocean and were not recorded by receivers in bays or dead ends. European eels must successfully transit this coastal zone, where their residence is prolonged because of the relatively slow speeds. These results suggest that the early marine phase of the European eel spawning migration be a focal period for European eel conservation efforts.
Cell-Enhanced Acellular Nerve Allografts for Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of the Literature
Authors: Pedrini Francesca Alice , Boriani Filippo , Bolognesi Federico , Fazio Nicola , Marchetti Claudio , Baldini Nicola
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Peripheral nerve reconstruction is a difficult problem to solve. Acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) have been widely tested and are a promising alternative to the autologous gold standard. However, current reconstructive methods still yield unpredictable and unsuccessful results. Consequently, numerous studies have been carried out studying alternatives to plain ANAs, but it is not clear if nerve regeneration potential exists between current biological, chemical, and physical enrichment modes.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review the effects of cell-enhanced ANAs on regeneration of peripheral nerve injuries.

METHODS

PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, and Scopus databases were searched for related articles published from 2007 to 2017. Inclusion criteria of selected articles consisted of (1) articles written in English; (2) the topic being cell-enhanced ANAs in peripheral nerve regeneration; (3) an in vivo study design; and (4) postgrafting neuroregenerative assessment of results. Exclusion criteria included all articles that (1) discussed central nervous system ANAs; (2) consisted of xenografts as the main topic; and (3) consisted of case series, case reports or reviews.

RESULTS

Forty papers were selected, and categorization included the animal model; the enhancing cell types; the decellularization method; and the neuroregenerative test performed. The effects of using diverse cellular enhancements combined with ANAs are discussed and also compared with the other treatments such as autologous nerve graft, and plain ANAs.

CONCLUSION

ANAs cellular enhancement demonstrated positive effects on recovery of nerve function. Future research should include clinical translation, in order to increase the level of evidence available on peripheral nerve reconstruction.
Thirdhand Smoke at Philip Morris
Authors: Whitlatch Adam , Schick Suzaynn
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Thirdhand cigarette smoke is the fraction of cigarette smoke that remains in the environment long after a cigarette is extinguished.

Methods

The Truth Tobacco Industry Documents collection at the University of California San Francisco was searched for information on thirdhand smoke.

Results

In 1991, scientists at Philip Morris Inc conducted some of the first studies on thirdhand cigarette smoke. For 110 days, 8 hours a day, they ran sidestream cigarette smoke through a 30 m3 room that contained carpet, curtain, and textured wallpaper. The room was ventilated with clean air every night. By comparing the chemicals in the air during the 8-hour smoking period and during the clean air ventilation period, they showed that some smoke chemicals persist in the air 12 hours after smoking. By extracting the nicotine and nitrosamines from samples of the carpet, curtain, and wallpaper, they found that high concentrations of nicotine and the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) persisted in the room for more than 50 days; that surface chemistry affected nitrosamine concentrations; and that the concentration of NNK in the room, 110 days after the last cigarette was extinguished, could exceed the mass of NNK that entered the room as smoke.

Conclusions

These data, from a controlled environment where the total number of cigarettes smoked is known, provide further evidence that cigarette smoke chemicals remain in the environment for months after smoking, that they reemit back into the air, and that they react to form new toxins and carcinogens. Smoke-free policies are the best method to reduce exposure to thirdhand smoke.

Implications

This unpublished, original research from Philip Morris Inc demonstrates that majority of the nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the secondhand smoke from each cigarette smoked indoors remains on indoor surfaces for months after the cigarette is extinguished. It also demonstrates that elevated concentrations of nicotine, ammonia, formaldehyde, and the gas-phase nitrosamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, can be found in the air for more than 12 hours after smoking; that surface chemistry affects nitrosamine formation and persistence; and that the amount of the carcinogenic nitrosamine NNK that persists months after smoking ends can exceed the amount that actually came out of the cigarettes.
Autobiography, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in the Music of Bea Palya
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: July 2018

Chapter 3 discusses how the singer and writer Bea Palya explored dimensions of women’s experience in Hungary that had been kept private before the 2000s. The chapter describes one of Palya’s first solo projects with composer Samu Gryllus, a setting of Sandor Weöres’s Psyché; Weöres’s postmodernist poetry collection explores sexuality, violence, and other facts of life for its female protagonist. The chapter describes how this project enabled Palya to connect autobiography and art, and details how Palya balanced a modern sexual image with other performances dramatizing Christian spirituality. Although Palya fused local folk sounds with Asian music, West Europeans wanted to emphasize the Romani part of Palya’s multiethnic background with a ragged Gypsy image. The chapter details how Palya was able to reject this pressure, since Hungarian audiences accepted her treatment of race as an everyday matter within a larger frame of modern feminine experience.
Sampling and Commercialization in Danubian Trances and Boheme
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: July 2018

Chapter 9 discusses the reuse of old recordings as an aspect of neoliberalism, examining Hungarian reactions to the ways that local and West European musicians sampled and processed recordings of folk music. The chapter contrasts two projects: the French duo Deep Forest’s album Boheme and Károly Cserepes’s album Danubian Trances: Mikroworld-ambient. Both projects remixed recordings of Hungarian and Romani (Gypsy) vernacular music. The chapter details how Hungarians treated Danubian Trances and some other local remixes as prestigious art music compositions. It outlines how Hungarians gave Boheme less prestige, viewing that album’s success as an instance of broader commercial exploitation of Central Europe by West European and multinational companies.
“What’s in a Name?”
Authors: Garthwaite Gene R.
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses on framing and contexts for the eighteenth century as a period of history. While eighteenth-century Iran has been neglected, partly due to its political fragmentation, it can be fitted into an early modern context of Eurasia, one that was part of Iran’s post-Mongol legacy—and one that continued through the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Qajar dynasty. Key changes here include new elites; the emergence of a vernacular language and populist religion; reshaping of political geographies, especially the role of pastoral nomadic tribal confederations; and the emergence of “simultaneous rulership,” in which the ruler’s persona embodied new ideas and constituencies.
The Persian Economy in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Floor Willem
Published: July 2018

The chapter describes the economic situation of Persia around 1700, focusing on assessing its human resources, the structure of the economy, and international trade, followed by a discussion of the individual economic sectors. Thereafter, the changes in the economy after 1722 are discussed, when Persia was conquered and occupied by the Afghans, the Russians, and the Ottomans, followed by an almost perpetual state of war until the 1790s.
Crop Domestication and Gender
Authors: Taiz Lincoln , Taiz Lee
Published: July 2018

“Crop Domestication and Gender” traces the rise of permanent settlements and incipient agriculture from the Pre-pottery Neolithic to the Pottery Neolithic in the Levant, together with the iconographic changes that show a shift from the predominance of zoomorphic forms to female forms concurrent with the increasing importance of agriculture. It discusses relevant geographic features, climactic periods and changes in temperature, rainfall and glaciation while exploring the important transitional cultures and the artifacts that reveal the progress of agricultural development and plant domestication. Domestication of the founder crops of the Fertile Crescent are described, together with markers in the archaeological record that distinguish wild plants from domesticated plants. The abundance of female figurines at the Neolithic village of Sha’ar Hagolan and the presence of cryptic agricultural symbols at Hacilar and Çatalhüyük, support a close association of women, cats, and agriculture, most famously exemplified by the so-called “grain bin goddess“ of Çatalhüyük.
The “Plantheon” of Greek Mythology
Authors: Taiz Lincoln , Taiz Lee
Published: July 2018

“The ‘Plantheon’ of Greek Mythology” examines how—before the emergence of competing scientific paradigms—agricultural paradigms were subsumed into myth and integrated into religious worldviews that associated plants and agricultural abundance with women and goddesses. Hesiod’s Theogony provides valuable insights into Greek ideas about gender that influenced how plants were understood. Philosophers initiated a transition from myth-based to logic-based belief systems, but their proto-scientific views must be viewed against the backdrop of Greek mythology and religion. Women played important roles in religious festivals and rituals, the most enduring of which, the Eleusinian Mysteries, lasted until the end of the Roman Empire. The Eleusinian Mysteries and the Thesmophoria took as their basic text the Homeric “Hymn to Demeter” which recounts the story of Demeter, goddess of grain and the harvest, and her daughter Kore/Persephone. Myths concerning Aphrodite, Artemis, Chloris, Cybele, Adonis, Daphne, Dionysus and others, including the goddess Hermaphrodite, are discussed.
Troubadours, Romancing the Rose, and the Rebirth of Naturalism
Authors: Taiz Lincoln , Taiz Lee
Published: July 2018

As Chapter Eleven explains, sex in plants couldn’t be considered until the anathematization of sex in scholarly discourse ended and naturalism in illustrated herbals revived, and these changes occurred following the influx of Greek learning during the “Twelfth Century Awakening.” The poetry of the troubadours and the natural theology of St. Francis laid the foundation for the revival of naturalism. Scholars like Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus reintroduced naturalism in herbals, and artists like Albrecht Dürer, and Hans Weiditz pioneered realistic plant portraits. In the first general treatise on botany since Theophratus (De Natura Stirpium [1536]), Jean Ruel adopted such terms as “conception” “parturition” “gestation” and “fetus.” To account for conception, he explained that the wind acts as husband to the plant: “after the wind Flavonius begins to blow … all vegetal things are married to it.” This “plants-as-female” paradigm was poeticized in “The Romance of the Rose.”
The Difficult Birth of the Two-Sex Model
Authors: Taiz Lincoln , Taiz Lee
Published: July 2018

“The Difficult Birth of the Two Sex Model” discusses the discovery of sex in plants, through a combination observation and experiment, which was the crowning achievement of seventeenth-century botany. It occurred in stages, corresponding to the contributions of Marcello Malpighi in Italy, Nehemiah Grew in England and Rudolf Jacob Camerarius in Germany. Microscopists Grew and Malpighi advanced plant anatomy, but Malpighi embellished the plants-as-female model with clinical terminology, promoting it from metaphor to scientific hypothesis. (Compromising, Grew added a transsexual stamen to his last paper.) According to seventeenth century preformationist theory, both the ovists and the spermists believed that all organisms existed pre-formed in either the egg (the ovists) or the sperm (the spermists). Camerarius, a proponent of epigenesis, demonstrated that epigenesis in plants was dependent on pollination. Through extensive experimentation, he produced the first straight-forward formulation of the two-sex model of plants in his De Sexu Plantarum Epistola (1694.)
Neither Black nor Box
Authors: Bucher Taina
Published: July 2018

If algorithms are multiple and variable in nature, how can they be known? The chapter draws on the concept of the black box as a heuristic device to discuss the nature of algorithms in contemporary media platforms, and how we might attend to and study algorithms, despite, or even because of, their seemingly inaccessible or secretive nature. Framing algorithms as eventful, understood as constituents that co-become, the author suggests, somewhat paradoxically, that algorithms are not always important. Rather, their agency emerges as important only in particular settings or constellations. The chapter argues that by shifting attention away from asking what and where agency is, to when it is mobilized and on whose behalf, we may begin to interrogate the black box not as an ontological or epistemological claim but, ultimately, a political one as well.
The Decoration of the Baths of Caracalla
Authors: Gensheimer Maryl B.
Published: July 2018

Chapter 2 explores various antiquarian, archaeological, and art historical evidence in order to reconstruct the decorative program of the Baths of Caracalla to the fullest extent possible, given the incomplete remains on site and the gaps in the archaeological and archival records. By tracing the materials scattered today between various museums, storage facilities, and private collections, the chapter compiles documentation for all art media (sculpture, mosaic, stucco, etc.) and assembles a comprehensive catalogue of the Baths’ decoration arranged according to provenance (secure, probable, or hypothetical) within the bath complex. Building on these provenance attributions, the chapter concludes by assessing decorative hierarchies and establishing decorative priorities within the Baths of Caracalla.
The Visual Experience and Reception of the Baths of Caracalla
Authors: Gensheimer Maryl B.
Published: July 2018

Chapter 4 combines the archaeological and art historical evidence for the Baths’ decorative program with the methodologies of urban anthropology and cognitive space theory to reconstruct the Baths of Caracalla as both a conceptual and physical space. This theoretical frame illuminates the phenomenological experience of the Baths’ spaces and their reception by the Roman public by investigating certain decorative devices and display formats that were central to the visual experience of the Baths. The chapter demonstrates how the dynamic possibilities of the decorative program could reiterate and reinforce the message of the iconographical program as a bather progressed through the complex.
The Power of Place
Authors: Gensheimer Maryl B.
Published: July 2018

Chapter 5 addresses questions of topography and urban design in order to analyze the “power of place”—that is, the Baths’ deliberate associations with preexisting monuments as part of a larger dynastic building program within the city of Rome. The construction and decoration of the Baths of Caracalla, it is argued, engaged with broader concerns about dynastic legitimacy and imperial power. Thus, the chapter focuses attention on the ways in which the building program sponsored by both Caracalla and his father and imperial predecessor, Septimius Severus (r. 192–211 C.E.), repeatedly emphasizes key themes related to familial legitimacy, imperial authority, and military success.
Conclusions
Authors: Gensheimer Maryl B.
Published: July 2018

The concluding chapter summarizes the book’s key findings, reiterating anew the scholarly framework with which one can interpret the motivations underlying Caracalla’s endowment of such colossally expensive infrastructure and the ways in which his benefaction impacted both Roman daily life and the popular perception of the emperor. The conclusion reviews how and why one can explain Caracalla’s magnificent bath complex—a benefaction freely given to the Roman populace—in terms of normalized imperial spending on buildings and infrastructure and in the context of dynastic competition for legitimacy. Simultaneously, the conclusion elucidates the ways in which the Baths’ impressive decoration provides insights into the lived experience of just such grandiose public spaces.
Leadership
Authors: Wodziński Marcin
Published: July 2018

This chapter attempts to add yet another perspective to the already extensive scholarship on the tsadikim, which has been based so far mainly on elitist, rabbinical sources of a normative, rather than a descriptive, nature. It asks what simple pilgrims expected to achieve from their visits to a Hasidic court and how they expressed it. By analyzing a mass source of popular petitions brought to one Hasidic leader by thousands of his followers, the chapter arrives at the conclusion that the simple pilgrims expected from the tsadik mainly intervention in the matters of health, income, and family matters, most typically connected to fertility and business problems. It also shows inroads of a modernizing vision of the world in the way the image of the tsadik and his powers were constructed in the petitions.
Economy
Authors: Wodziński Marcin
Published: July 2018

The self-image of Hasidism as a poor movement, typical of many religious groups in which the founding ethos of the group was in describing itself as untouched by earthly material desires, has been widely accepted in both common wisdom and the scholarship on Hasidism. Based on extensive narrative sources and some quantitative materials, this chapter provides a rich picture of Hasidic groups’ occupational and financial profile, which contradicts this prevailing view that the Hasidim were usually poor and detached from economic activity. It points to the Hasidim’s relative affluence, as well as to their tendency to cluster in the commercial professions and to avoid the crafts. More broadly, it points to the dynamic character of “class/church” interdependence and the ideological and cultural factors creating them. It also confirms the correlation between a religious group’s strictness and its socioeconomic strength and attractiveness.
Conclusion
Authors: Wodziński Marcin
Published: July 2018

This Conclusion summarizes the findings of the seven preceding chapters on definition, women, leadership, demography, geography, economy, and the First World War in the history of Hasidism. It looks at Hasidism from egalitarian, rather then elitist, perspective, showing Hasidism as a religious movement similar to religious confraternities rather than to sects, institutionally misogynic, but attractive to some women in its religious and cultural offer. It challenges the prevailing views about early expansion of Hasidism, its geographical limits, or economic inactivity, demonstrating both relatively late developments of the movement and its overrepresentation among economically over-privileged. Most importantly, it demonstrates the possibilities nestling within intuitively obvious sources, concepts, and classical research methods that are still insufficiently used in work on Hasidism.
Contemplating Site-Based Education and Place-Making
Authors: Gatta John
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers some practical applications of place-based inquiry, beginning with an assessment of site-grounded ventures in learning at collegiate institutions across the United States. Site-based learning amounts to an extension of the long-standing but beleaguered residential model of higher education. Such programs may also expose students to the spirituality of “contemplative ecology,” thereby contributing to one version of holistic education. The chief rationale for contemplative learning in place rests on enlarging students’ awareness and understanding of place, as well as their capacity for place-making. Chapter 5 finally explores these issues in relation to a localized case study, involving a course conducted at the University of the South. Through a combination of field visits, contemplative exercises, readings, and group discussion, this course aims to develop students’ sense of how sacral and other notions of place matter—to them personally, as well as to other human beings and the earth we all inhabit.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: July 2018

Of Sophocles’ many plays, only seven have come down to us; two of these plays concern the character of Oedipus. The first of these, Oedipus Tyrannus, was written soon after a plague devastated Athens, when Sophocles was in late middle age. It shows Oedipus gradually uncovering the truth about himself—that he is not a tyrannos after all, but the rightful heir to the throne, killer of his father and husband of his mother. The second, Oedipus at Colonus, was written at the end of the poet’s life, when he was in his eighties. In that play Oedipus welcomes the death for which he was destined and, along the way, utters the curse that will kill his two sons. These plays have been especially interesting to philosophers because of their themes of self-knowledge, responsibility, and the struggle for serenity in old age.
Oedipus Tyrannus and the Cognitive Value of Literature
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: July 2018

There is a long-standing skeptical position among philosophers regarding the cognitive value of literature. In this essay, using Sophocles’s Oedipus Tyrannus as viewed through Aristotle’s Poetics, I will attempt to undermine the skeptical case against the cognitive value of literature as advanced in terms of the no-evidence argument, the evidentially tainted argument, the no-argument argument, and the banality argument. By defeating these arguments, with reference to Oedipus Tyrannus, I hope to establish the possibility that literature can serve as a vehicle for the communication of general empirical knowledge and philosophical knowledge or, at least, to shift the burden of proof in this debate back to the skeptic.
Truth and Self at Colonus
Authors: Ledbetter Grace
Published: July 2018

This chapter argues that, in addition to becoming more powerful and confident as Oedipus at Colonus progresses, Oedipus undergoes an internal process of defining what he views as true about himself and the world. Throughout the play, Oedipus gradually articulates and defends his discovery of himself as a complex and differentiated subject that overcomes the psychological challenges posed by his traumatic past. These challenges include the threats of enduring guilt, shame, alienation, purposelessness, fear of annihilation, and lack of aspiration. The end of the play finds Oedipus a hero in a hard-won state of psychic health, newly absolved and the benefactor of his own rational self-insight and imagination. All in all, the figure and characteristic activity of Oedipus while he is in Colonus can be said to express a therapeutic process that centers on Oedipus’s establishing a complex but ordered picture of his various images of truth and reality.
Index and Time
Authors: Clark Catherine E.
Published: July 2018

In the first decades of the twentieth century, understandings of how photographs served the study of history again changed. These changes emerged from practices at Paris’s municipal historical institutions and within publishing houses. Attention to the pages of illustrated histories, or photohistories, reveals both the increased presence of photographs, often used as indexes of historical places, and a new mode of interpreting older photographs as a haunting slice of lost time and a way of accessing emotional links to the past. Photographs became particularly haunting in the years after World War I, when nostalgia for the much-photographed prewar fin-de-siècle, or Paris 1900, made Parisians seem stranded in the present.
Past and Present
Authors: Clark Catherine E.
Published: July 2018

The German Occupation of Paris in 1940 affected meanings and understandings of the act of photography itself, bringing about a new mode of understanding photographs: repicturing. First taught in a series of photohistories produced during the Occupation, this mode deployed the contemporary snapshot as a mental gateway to remembered, often, nonphotographic, pictures of the past. When Parisians took to the streets during the city’s Liberation in 1944, such pictures appeared in real life in the form of the barricades that symbolized revolution. After the Liberation, the Musée Carnavalet collected and exhibited photos of these recent events. They also circulated in books and pamphlets as both the most objective and most emotionally resonant evidence of the past and helped mythologize the Liberation and the French Resistance during World War II.
Style and Subjectivity
Authors: Clark Catherine E.
Published: July 2018

Parisians’ interest in photography’s potential as a historical medium gained increasing purchase after World War II, as exemplified by the celebrations of the Bimillénaire de Paris, a public festival to commemorate Paris’s two thousandth birthday, the two millennia since the arrival of Julius Caesar. Exhibitions, press coverage, and books sold photography to the world as the future of studying the past. Faced with the specter of Paris—and France’s—global decline, writers, magazine editors, and municipal officials nonetheless leaned heavily on old prints, paintings, and their historical styles in order to call forth better times from the city’s venerated past. They contributed to Paris’s visual vocabulary, a set of standard image subjects and styles that knit the past into the present both on the printed page and in the historical imagination.
“C’était Paris en 1970”
Authors: Clark Catherine E.
Published: July 2018

In 1970, a new generation of municipal officials worked with the FNAC, a camera and electronics store that was also a major player on the French cultural scene, to organize an enormous amateur photo contest to document the French capital. Called “C’était Paris en 1970,” this competition asked participants to produce a comprehensive archive of Paris during the month of May. Their submissions provide remarkable access to how their makers understood older photographs as historical documents, how they imagined photography could picture the passage of time, and how, in turn, they imagined their own photos might one day be seen. These photos help take stock of how a century of photographic production, collection, and circulation had influenced the historical imagination.
Scientific Change
Authors: Barberousse Anouk
Published: July 2018

How should we think of the dynamics of science? What are the relationships between an earlier theory and the theory that has superseded it? This chapter introduces the heated debates on the nature of scientific change, at the intersection of philosophy of science and history of science, and their bearing on the more general question of the rationality of the scientific enterprise. It focuses on the issue of the continuity or discontinuity of scientific change and the various versions of the incommensurability thesis one may uphold. Historicist views are balanced against nagging questions regarding scientific progress (Is there such a thing? If so, how should it be defined?), the causes of scientific change (Are they to be found within scientific method itself?), and its necessity (Is the history of scientific developments an argument in favor of realism, or could we have had entirely different sciences?).
Philosophy of Science and Science Studies
Authors: Barberousse Anouk
Published: July 2018

Science studies have proposed a novel and integrated outlook on scientific activity, to be described in a quasi-anthropological way and without the supposed normative prejudice of most philosophers of science. This chapter examines the stiff competition between philosophy of science and science studies in accounting for what science really is about. This competition is best framed at a methodological level, in particular in terms of the relationship between the study of science and its history. Should one strive for ahistorical generalizations or focus on the irremediably singular low-level interactions that constitute the day-to-day business of scientific life? Should one accept to practice “judged history,” and put past theories in perspective with what we learned to be right and wrong about them, or should one refrain from any such overseeing perspective? The chapter concludes with prospects for accounting from within philosophy of science for the important phenomena that science studies have contributed.
Rawls on Distributive Justice and the Difference Principle
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyzes Rawls’s complex account of distributive justice. Rawls’s difference principle requires that economic systems be organized so that the least advantaged members of society are better off than they would be in any alternative economic arrangement. The following questions are addressed here: What constraints are imposed by equal basic liberties and fair equality of opportunity on inequalities allowed by the difference principle? What are the difference principle’s broad and narrow requirements? Is maximizing the least advantaged position mandatory regardless of the inequalities created, or is it optional so that a society can choose to limit inequalities permitted by the difference principle? In what respect is the difference principle a reciprocity principle and not prioritarian? What measures are required to realize the difference principle under ideal conditions of a well-ordered society versus non-ideal conditions of an unjust society? Why should property-owning democracy rather than welfare-state capitalism satisfy Rawls’s principles of justice?
Property-Owning Democracy and the Difference Principle
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses John Rawls’s conception of property-owning democracy and how it is related to his difference principle. Rawls says that the main problem of distributive justice is the choice of a social system. Property-owning democracy is the social system that Rawls thought best realizes the requirements of his principles of justice. This chapter explains why Rawls thought that welfare-state capitalism could not fulfill his principles and discusses the connection between welfare-state capitalism and utilitarianism. It also clarifies the crucial role of democratic reciprocity and the social bases of self-respect in Rawls’s argument for both the difference principle and property-owning democracy.
Private Law and Rawls’s Principles of Justice
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses the application of Rawls’s principles of justice to private law, or the law of legal relationships between individuals, including the law of property, contracts, and torts. Some have argued that Rawls’s principles of justice apply only to public law—legislation affecting government’s relationships to individuals. This chapter contends that the first principle plays a crucial role in assessing and determining private law; moreover, fair equality of opportunity and the difference principle are to be applied to the assessment of many rules of private law. The difference principle addresses the question of how a society is to fairly design and efficiently organize the institutions that make economic cooperation possible among free and equal persons actively engaged in productive activity. Certain core legal institutions, including property and economic contract, are necessary for economic cooperation and are among the institutions covered by the second principle of justice.
The Social and Institutional Bases of Distributive Justice
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: July 2018

This chapter argues that distributive justice is institutionally based. Certain cooperative institutions are basic: they are necessary for economic production and the division of labor, trade and exchange, and distribution and consumption. These background institutions presuppose principles of justice to specify their terms, allocate productive resources, and define fair distributions. Primary among these basic institutions are property; laws and conventions enabling transfers of goods and productive resources; and the legal system of contract and agreements that make transfers possible and productive. Political institutions are necessary to specify, interpret, enforce, and make effective the terms of these institutions. Thus, basic cooperative institutions are social; they are realizable only within the context of social and political cooperation—this is a fixed empirical fact about cooperation among free and equal persons. Given the nature of fair social cooperation as a kind of reciprocity, distributive justice is primarily social rather than global in reach.
Ideal Theory and the Justice of Institutions
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: July 2018

The first part of this chapter addresses Amartya Sen’s argument against Rawls’s reliance on ideal theory and “a perfectly just society.” I argue that Rawls’s ideal theory and principles of justice are not as redundant or irrelevant as Sen contends. The principles of justice that would be agreed to for an ideal society are necessary to determine a just distribution of income and wealth in our own non-ideal society. In the second part of the chapter, I discuss Sen’s rejection of Rawls’s “institutional approach” in favor of an account of “consequence-sensitive” evaluation of “comprehensive outcomes.” I argue that Rawls’s institutional approach, without being consequentialist, is also consequence-sensitive. I discuss some potential problems with a consequentialist interpretation of Sen’s comparative method and suggest that a pluralist interpretation of his account (one that combines deontological with consequentialist principles) is not as different from Rawls’s approach as Sen intends it to be.