bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticle Enhancing Photosynthesis in Solanum Lycopersicum
Authors: Mony Chanchal , Callahan Damien L. , Rookes James E. , Eswaran S. V. , Wang Mengchi , Yang Wenrong , Kumar Manna Palash
Published: August 2024

Photosynthesis is a dynamic, complex, photo‐catalytic process that plays a key role in the growth and development of plants. It converts solar energy to chemical energy by precise organisation of light harvesting molecules in the photosynthetic system. Artificially imitating such systems is difficult due to the complexity of different cascades associated with photosynthesis. Nanoparticle mediated photocatalytic complexes have been shown to improve photosynthesis efficiency. Nanomaterials, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) efficiently capture sunlight and assist in photosynthesis enhancement and nanosheets offer an additional advantage of increased surface area for sunlight harnessing. Foliar nutrition supplementation provides high yield potential to crops and their application in small doses improves the photosynthesis and elevates the plant performance. This study aims at mapping the efficiency of facile one‐pot hydrothermally synthesized MoS2 nanosheets in enhancing the photosynthetic ability of tomato plants. The treatments included the supplementation and absence of molybdenum source to plants. Physiological features (root length, shoot length, biomass), biochemical parameters (antioxidant activity), photosynthesis parameters (carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, chlorophyll and carotenoid content), uptake and translocation of MoS2 nanosheets were evaluated. Increases of 22.07 %, 49.95 % and 18.56 % in net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and chlorophyll content respectively, were observed in MoS2_Nano treated plants compared with untreated plants. These nanosheets improved plant photosynthesis parameters and enhanced photosystem efficiency without inducing phytotoxicity. This study demonstrates the promise of such approaches towards enhanced plant photosystem efficiency, leading to improved agricultural productivity, particularly in the regions with less sunlight.
Wells‐Dawson Polyoxometalate Modified Lignin Derived High Surface Area Activated Carbon Electrode Materials for Energy Storage Application
Authors: Madhusree J. E , Athulya K. , Chandewar Pranay R. , Shee Debaprasad , Mal Sib Sankar
Published: August 2024

Supercapacitors have emerged as a potential technology in the search for energy storage solutions, delivering astounding performance, environmental sustainability, safety, and economic feasibility. Biomass‐derived activated carbon electrodes have received much interest in this area because of their inherent mechanical stability and eco‐friendliness. While Wells‐Dawson POMs exhibit excellent redox properties for electrochemical performance, however, their solubility nature leads to poor conductivity. Biomass‐derived activated carbon was employed as a solid support material to address this issue, which offers high surface area and cost‐effectiveness. This work explores the synthesis of new nanofabricated electrodes by adding vanadium‐substituted Wells‐Dawson polyoxometalates (P2VW17) to activated carbon derived from lignin (LDAC). In depth, we investigated these novel nanohybrid material's structural properties and electrochemical performance. Furthermore, electrochemical testing was performed for 20 wt % LDAC‐P2VW17 in a 0.25 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The 20 wt % LDAC‐P2VW17 supercapacitor cell has an excellent specific capacitance of 216.48 F g−1, with great energy and power densities of 30.06 Wh kg−1 and 1999.98 W kg−1. Additionally, it has an excellent capacitance retention of 94.4 % over 4000 cycles with 82.6 % columbic efficiency. A test for practical application has been conducted on 20 wt % LDAC‐P2VW17. The first series of LEDs were connected to the workstation and took hold of 30 seconds to discharge. A piezoelectric buzzer was subjected to a trial as part of our testing procedure. Upon integration with our system, the buzzer produced an audible tone that persisted for 140 seconds.
Enhanced Removal of Pb(II), Paracetamol and Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solutions Using Engineered Low‐Cost Tea Waste‐Based Magnetic Nanocomposite
Authors: Chekalil Nadia , Saidi‐Besbes Salima , Elaissari Abdelhamid
Published: August 2024

The development of engineered biomass‐based adsorbents capable of efficiently removing pollutants from aqueous solutions has received tremendous attention due to their cost‐effectiveness and renewal potential. Herein, we report a one‐pot synthesis of a low‐cost magnetic composite (Fe3O4‐tea) derived from waste tea and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and its application as nanosorbent for the removal of Pb2+, rhodamine B and paracetamol as model pollutants from aqueous solutions. The FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, TEM and zeta potential studies confirmed the successful synthesis of Fe3O4‐tea with an organic content of 54.55 wt.% and a surface area of 25.32 m2 g−1. The high saturation magnetization (Ms) of the composite estimated to 45.47 emu g−1 allows for its effortless separation and recovery from wastewater solutions using a simple bar magnet. Various theoretical models were considered to study and discuss adsorption isotherms and kinetics. The equilibrium kinetics were found to follow a second‐order model, regardless of the system investigated. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 113.63, 92.59 and 60.24 mg g−1 were obtained for Rhodamine B, Pb2+ and paracetamol, respectively. These values are greater than the adsorption capabilities of several conventional and magnetic sorbents reported in the literature, including activated carbon. The adsorption process mechanism was also discussed based on pH studies. The results suggest that the Fe3O4‐tea adsorbent shows a great potential for effectively removing heavy metal ions and organic pollutants with a rapid uptake rate and easy magnetic separation.
Desalination Performance Evaluation of hBN@UiO‐66 MOF Incorporated Hollow Fiber Membrane using Membrane Distillation
Authors: Gajipara Disha H. , Kalla Sarita , Murthy Z. V. P.
Published: August 2024

In the present study, the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) modified hollow fiber (HF) membranes have been synthesized by dry‐jet wet phase inversion technique for desalination via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). UiO‐66 metal‐Organic framework (MOF) and surface‐modified UiO‐66 with h‐BN nanomaterial have been incorporated with PVDF‐HF membrane. The various analytical methods like FE‐SEM, FTIR, PXRD, TGA, tensile strength, were used to characterize prepared MOF and HF membranes. It was observed from DCMD results that the h‐BN@UiO‐66/PVDF (M3) HF membrane gives higher flux than UiO‐66/PVDF (M2) and pure PVDF (M1) membrane. In the present investigation, response surface methodology (RSM) by box‐behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the DCMD system and evaluate the behavior of operating parameters such as feed temperature, feed concentration, and feed flow rate. The optimum operating values of feed temperature, feed flow rate, and feed concentration were found as 65 °C, 1 LPM, and 1.5 wt.%, respectively. Under optimum conditions, the M3 HF membrane gives the highest flux of 26.78 L/m2 ⋅ h compared to M2 and M1 membranes. During DCMD, salt rejection is almost greater than 99.8 % for all prepared membranes. Other salts like potassium chloride (KCl), Magnisium Sulphate (MgSO4), and calcium sulphate (CaSO4) are also used to check salt rejection of all membranes at optimum operating conditions. Moreover, the M3 membrane exhibits stable permeate flux and high salt rejection (>99.9 %) at optimized process parameters over 80 h running. Overall, the present study provides the positive effects of h‐BN nanoparticles and UiO‐66 MOF on HF membrane to improve performance in DCMD.
Novel Technique for Ultra‐Trace Determination of Lead in Seawater Samples Using Gold Coated Tungsten Coil Atom Trap Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Atasoy Muhammet
Published: August 2024

A novel and simple trap technique combining a gold‐coated tungsten coil with hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) were developed for ultra‐trace lead determination. The technique was based on first transporting the plumbane produced by the HG system, together with H2, to a trap externally heated to 92 °C, where it was collected for in‐situ preconcentration and then volatilized by raising the trap temperature to 510 °C. For a 120 s trapping time, the limit of detection (LOD) was 2.9 ng L−1, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 9.7 ng L−1 and the relative standard deviation was 3.1 % (at 0.02 μg L−1). The analytical performance of the technique was contrasted against the classical HGAAS method and a 39.2‐fold increase in sensitivity was obtained when comparing the characteristic concentrations of both methodologies. The morphology of the trap surface was also studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The accuracy of the proposed method was verified by analyzing the Pb concentration in the certified reference materials and the results agreed well with the certified values. Finally, the developed procedure was successfully applied to seawater samples and the recoveries of standard addition were between 102.4 % and 105.2 %.
Self‐Regulated Assembly and Disassembly of Gold Nanoparticles for Low‐Temperature Time Indication
Authors: He Yi , Liu Mingqin , Wang Yuan , Liu Yiding
Published: August 2024

The color‐changing self‐assembly and autonomous disassembly of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is reported by simply mixing negatively charged phosphine ligand‐capped AuNPs with partially oxidized polyethylene glycol (PEG). The assembly of AuNPs is initiated by PEG adsorption, which disrupts the hydration layer of AuNPs, leading to depletion attraction and reduction of hydration repulsion among the AuNPs. The oxidative species in PEG subsequently oxidize and remove the charged ligands from the AuNP surface, resulting in a decrease and reversal of the negative surface charge. This causes the PEG to adsorb on AuNPs in a tighter and more direct manner, providing strong steric shielding to the AuNPs, thereby triggering the disassembly of the AuNP assemblies. The self‐regulated assembly–disassembly process can be tuned widely by controlling chemical conditions of PEG, nanoparticle concentration, and the environmental conditions, suggesting potential applications as colorimetric time‐temperature indicators for food and medicine storage conditions. As a proof of concept, it is demonstrated that the lifetime of the color‐changing assembly–disassembly process can be extended from tens of minutes to weeks when subjected to a refrigerated environment, with tunability achievable through varying polymer conditions and storage atmospheres.
Quantitative Analysis of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Using Capillary Electrophoresis With Gaussian Distribution‐Based Peak Fitting for Improved Peak Resolution
Authors: Zhou Guanglian , Xu Qianru , Liu Xiumei , Wang Kang
Published: August 2024

In this work, capillary electrophoresis with Gaussian distribution‐based peak fitting for improved peak resolution for simultaneous quantitative analysis of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) was developed for the first time. The effects of different pH, voltage, and peak shapes on the peak fitting were investigated. The results indicate that separation conditions that affect peak shape have a significant impact on peak fitting. Under optimized separation conditions, the peak fitting achieves high accuracy and precision, the relative standard deviation (n = 5) of peak area and migration time of CS and DS were 1.1%, 1.8% and 0.94%, 0.84%, respectively. Furthermore, the results obtained by peak fitting were close to real values. The developed method was used to analyze the purity of CS. The results had a high consistency with the labeled value; furthermore, the peak fitting could point out the number of possible impurities. The developed method has good potential for the analysis of other glycosaminoglycans with peak overlap.
Calsyntenin‐1 expression and function in brain tissue of lithium–pilocarpine rat seizure models
Authors: Zhou Fu , Hu Rong , Wang Yuzhu , Wu Xiaohui , Chen Xuan , Xi Zhiqin , Zeng Kebin
Published: August 2024

To present the expression of calsyntenin‐1 (Clstn1) in the brain and investigate the potential mechanism of Clstn1 in lithium–pilocarpine rat seizure models. Thirty‐five male SD adult rats were induced to have seizures by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride pilocarpine. Rats exhibiting spontaneous seizures were divided into the epilepsy (EP) group (n = 15), whereas those without seizures were divided into the control group (n = 14). Evaluate the expression of Clstn1 in the temporal lobe of two groups using Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Additionally, 55 male SD rats were subjected to status epilepticus (SE) using the same induction method. Rats experiencing seizures exceeding Racine's level 4 (n = 48) were randomly divided into three groups: SE, SE + control lentivirus (lentiviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein [LV‐GFP]), and SE + Clstn1‐targeted RNA interference lentivirus (LV‐Clstn1‐RNAi). The LV‐GFP group served as a control for the lentiviral vector, whereas the LV‐Clstn1‐RNAi group received a lentivirus designed to silence Clstn1 expression. These lentiviral treatments were administered via hippocampal stereotactic injection 2 days after SE induction. Seven days after SE, Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of Clstn1 in the hippocampus and temporal lobe. Meanwhile, we observed the latency of spontaneous seizures and the frequency of spontaneous seizures within 8 weeks among the three groups. The expression of Clstn1 in the cortex and hippocampus of the EP group was significantly increased compared to the control group (p < .05). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that Clstn1 was widely distributed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats, and colocalization analysis revealed that it was mainly co expressed with neurons in the cytoplasm. Compared with the SE group (11.80 ± 2.17 days) and the SE + GFP group (12.40 ± 1.67 days), there was a statistically significant difference (p < .05) in the latency period of spontaneous seizures (15.14 ± 2.41 days) in the SE + Clstn1 + RNAi group rats. Compared with the SE group (4.60 ± 1.67 times) and the SE + GFP group (4.80 ± 2.05 times), the SE + Clstn1 + RNAi group (2.0 ± .89 times) showed a significant reduction in the frequency of spontaneous seizures within 2 weeks of chronic phase in rats (p < .05). Elevated Clstn1 expression in EP group suggests its role in EP onset. Targeting Clstn1 may be a potential therapeutic approach for EP management.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Glycosides via Tsuji–Trost Type Glycosylation Using 3,4‐Carbonate Galactals
Authors: Kim Ye Lim , Kim Ju Hyun
Published: August 2024

Pd‐catalyzed stereoselective glycosylations using unsaturated sugar derivatives, glycals, have been successfully achieved in recent years. This review focuses on approaches to control the stereoselectivities of glycosides via π‐allyl intermediates that mimic the Tsuji–Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions, enabling stereoselectivity control through rational design. In the reaction process, zwitterionic Pd‐π‐allyl complexes, formed after the oxidative addition and decarboxylation, play a crucial role in increasing reactivities and enhancing the stereoselectivities of α‐ and β‐glycosides. We summarized recently developed Tsuji–Trost type glycosylations using 3,4‐carbonate galactals, featuring high efficiency, exclusive stereoselectivities, and a broad reaction scope including O‐, N‐, S‐, and C‐glycosylations.
Using Literacy Instruction to Develop Student Activists
Authors: Hass Christopher
Published: August 2024

By implementing carefully selected children's literature into the current reading curriculum, teachers can help students develop into civic‐minded citizens who are willing and able to take meaningful action.
Universal First-Order Massey Product of a Prefactorization Algebra
Authors: Bruinsma Simen , Schenkel Alexander , Vicedo Benoît
Published: August 2024

This paper studies the universal first-order Massey product of a prefactorization algebra, which encodes higher algebraic operations on the cohomology. Explicit computations of these structures are carried out in the locally constant case, with applications to factorization envelopes on $$\mathbb {R}^m$$

R

m

and a compactification of linear Chern–Simons theory on $$\mathbb {R}^2\times \mathbb {S}^1$$

R

2

×

S

1

.
Cardiac Biomarkers are Associated with Incident Fracture Risk in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Aaltonen Louise , Hellman Tapio , Lankinen Roosa , Hakamäki Markus , Metsärinne Kaj , Järvisalo Mikko
Published: August 2024

Cardiovascular disease is associated with increased fracture risk in the general population. Few data exist on the association between cardiovascular health and incident fracture risk in patients with advanced CKD, a high-risk population for fractures. We aimed to assess the link between fracture risk and cardiovascular health in a prospective cohort of 210 patients with CKD stage G4–5. Incident fractures were recorded during a prospective follow-up of 5 years. Laboratory parameters, abdominal aortic calcification score, echocardiography, ultrasound assessment of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation and carotid intima-media thickness, and maximal stress ergometry were obtained at baseline. A total of 51 fractures were observed in 40 (19%) patients during follow-up. In separate multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, gender, and baseline eGFR, TnT (HR 1.007, CI 95% 1.003–1.010, p < 0.001) and ProBNP (HR 1.000, CI 95% 1.000–1.000, p = 0.017) were associated with incident fractures and the association persisted after adjusting for coronary artery disease (CAD). The patients unable to perform the ergometry test had a higher risk of incident fractures compared to others (36.1% vs 15.5%, p = 0.009). A cardiovascular composite risk score summarizing TnT, ProBNP, and ergometry data was independently associated with incident fractures in a multivariable Cox model (HR 1.373, CI 95% 1.180–1.599, p < 0.001). Patients with the lowest score were observed with no fractures, while patients with the highest score were observed with a fracture risk of 40.5% during follow-up. Risk of incident fractures is associated with biomarkers of cardiovascular health and a composite cardiovascular risk score in patients with advanced CKD.
Time for dam rebuilding by the Eurasian beaver
Authors: Wróbel Michał , Krysztofiak-Kaniewska Anna
Published: August 2024

The European beaver, the largest rodent in Europe, has enormous skills in transforming and adapting its habitat. It chooses a place for its habitat that provides it with food and a high degree of security. He builds dams to regulate water levels. It is assumed that beaver dams can survive for several dozen years, depending on the continuity of use. When a damaged dam is reused, beavers are able to quickly restore the structure to a suitable condition. By monitoring one of the dams for several years, we managed to record this interesting process. In this case, it was determined that the time needed to rebuild the dam and restore the water level was approximately 8 h. This, of course, depends on local conditions, but the data obtained allows for a better understanding of this process.
Enhanced solid solubility in hcp Co(Mo) nanoparticles formed via inert gas condensation
Authors: Dhapola S. , Shield J. E.
Published: August 2024

Co–Mo alloy clusters with extended solubility of Mo in hcp Co were produced by inert gas condensation (IGC). While the equilibrium solubility of Mo in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Co is on the order of 1 atomic percent, the non-equilibrium aspects of IGC resulted in ~ 18 atomic percent Mo dissolved in hcp Co. The extended solid solutions and hcp structure were observed across all of the processing conditions, which included variation of sputtering power and aperture size. There was, however, variation of nanoparticle size and magnetic behavior with processing parameters. The Co(Mo) nanoparticles were ferromagnetic at room temperature. Coercivities of the nanoparticles produced with a 2.5-mm aperture were independent of sputtering power and significantly higher than those of the nanoparticles produced with a 7-mm aperture. The coercivities of the nanoparticles produced with a 7-mm aperture were slightly power-dependent. Overall, there appeared to be a relationship between coercivity and nanoparticle size.
SGformer: Boosting transformers for indoor lighting estimation from a single image
Authors: Zhao Junhong , Xue Bing , Zhang Mengjie
Published: August 2024

Estimating lighting from standard images can effectively circumvent the need for resource-intensive high-dynamic-range (HDR) lighting acquisition. However, this task is often ill-posed and challenging, particularly for indoor scenes, due to the intricacy and ambiguity inherent in various indoor illumination sources. We propose an innovative transformer-based method called SGformer for lighting estimation through modeling spherical Gaussian (SG) distributions—a compact yet expressive lighting representation. Diverging from previous approaches, we explore underlying local and global dependencies in lighting features, which are crucial for reliable lighting estimation. Additionally, we investigate the structural relationships spanning various resolutions of SG distributions, ranging from sparse to dense, aiming to enhance structural consistency and curtail potential stochastic noise stemming from independent SG component regressions. By harnessing the synergy of local-global lighting representation learning and incorporating consistency constraints from various SG resolutions, the proposed method yields more accurate lighting estimates, allowing for more realistic lighting effects in object relighting and composition. Our code and model implementing our work can be found at https://github.com/junhong-jennifer-zhao/SGformer.
Aspects of EMHD boundary layer flows for alumina-water nanofluidic mixtures in a porous medium
Authors: Wakif Abderrahim , Zaydan Mostafa , Sehaqui Rachid
Published: August 2024

The physical scenario of the present nanofluid flow problem is based theoretically on Wakif’s-Buongiorno and Darcy’s-Forchheimer models to examine the prominent aspects of a convectively heated nanofluid during its two-dimensional EMHD boundary layer flow in the laminar and steady states over a horizontal electromagnetic plate. The biphasic structure of the employed monotype nanofluid is constituted by alumina nanoparticles and pure water. The governing equations are converted into a numerically solvable ODEs system. The generated outputs are plotted graphically in terms of the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles' concentration profiles. For higher nanoparticles’ volume fractions, the nanofluid velocity profile shows an increasing dynamical behavior. Dynamically, Forchheimer's number results in the velocity decline due to the porosity of the nanofluidic medium. However, the other influencing parameters reveal an enhancing thermal impact. Besides, the skin friction factor shows a significant alteration for the nanoparticles’ volume fraction and the porosity effect. From a practical point of view, the present nanofluid findings are crucial in many engineering applications.
On the low-frequency dynamics of turbulent separation bubbles
Authors: Cura C. , Hanifi A. , Cavalieri A.V.G. , Weiss J.
Published: August 2024

The low-frequency modal and non-modal linear dynamics of an incompressible, pressure-gradient-induced turbulent separation bubble (TSB) are investigated, with the objective of studying the mechanism responsible for the low-frequency contraction and expansion (breathing) commonly observed in experimental studies. The configuration of interest is a TSB generated on a flat test surface by a succession of adverse and favourable pressure gradients. The base flow selected for the analysis is the average TSB from the direct numerical simulation of Coleman et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 847, 2018, pp. 28–70). Global mode analysis reveals that the eigenmodes of the linear operator are damped for all frequencies and wavenumbers. Furthermore, the least damped eigenmode appears to occur at zero frequency and low, non-zero spanwise wavenumber when scaled with the separation length. Resolvent analysis is then employed to examine the forced dynamics of the flow. At low frequency, a region of low, non-zero spanwise wavenumber is also discernible, where the receptivity appears to be driven by the identified weakly damped global mode. The corresponding optimal energy gain is shown to have the shape of a first-order, low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency consistent with the low-frequency unsteadiness in TSBs. The results from resolvent analysis are compared to the unsteady experimental database of Le Floc'h et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 902, 2020, A13) in a similar TSB flow. The alignment between the optimal response and the first spectral proper orthogonal decomposition mode computed from the experiments is shown to be close to

$95\,\%$

, while the spanwise wavenumber of the optimal response is consistent with that of the low-frequency breathing motion captured experimentally. This indicates that the fluctuations observed experimentally at low frequency closely match the response computed from resolvent analysis. Based on these results, we propose that the forced dynamics of the flow, driven by the weakly damped global mode, serve as a plausible mechanism for the origin of the low-frequency breathing motion commonly observed in experimental studies of TSBs.
Structure and Variability of Iceland Scotland Overflow Water Transport in the Western Iceland Basin
Authors: Devana M. , Johns W.
Published: August 2024

The Iceland Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) plume supplies approximately a third of the production of North Atlantic Deep Water and is a key component of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). The Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) mooring array in the Iceland Basin has provided high‐resolution observations of ISOW from 2014 to 2020. The ISOW plume forms a deep western boundary current along the eastern flank of Reykjanes Ridge, and its total transport varies by greater than a factor of two on intra‐seasonal timescales. EOF analysis of moored current meter records reveal two dominant modes of velocity variance. The first mode explains roughly 20% of the variance and shows a bottom intensified structure concentrated in the rift valley that runs parallel to the ridge axis. The transport anomaly reconstructed from the first mode explains nearly 80% of the total ISOW plume transport variance. The second mode accounts for 15% of velocity variance, but only 5% of the transport variance. The geostrophically estimated transport (2.9 Sv) recovers only 70% of the total ISOW transport along the ridge flank estimated from the direct current meter observations (4.2 Sv), implying a significant ageostrophic component of ISOW mean transport and variability. Ageostrophic flow is strongly linked to the leading mode of velocity variability within the rift valley. The ISOW transport variability along the upper and middle part of the ridge is further shown to correlate with changes in the strength of deep MOC limb across the basin‐wide OSNAP array.
Pan‐Antarctic Assessment of Ice Shelf Flexural Responses to Ocean Waves
Authors: Liang Jie , Pitt Jordan P. A. , Bennetts Luke G.
Published: August 2024

Understanding the drivers of iceberg calving from Antarctic ice shelves is important for future sea level rise projections. Ocean waves promote calving by imposing stresses and strains on the shelves. Previous modeling studies of ice shelf responses to ocean waves have focused on highly idealized geometries with uniform ice thickness and a flat seabed. This study leverages on a recently developed mathematical model that incorporates spatially varying geometries, combined with measured ice shelf thickness and seabed profiles, to conduct a statistical assessment of how 15 Antarctic ice shelves respond to ocean waves over a broad range of relevant wave periods, from swell to infragravity waves to very long period waves. The results show the most extreme responses at a given wave period are generated by features in the ice shelves and/or seabed geometries, depending on the wave regime. Relationships are determined between the median ice shelf response and the median shelf front thickness or the median water cavity depth. The findings provide further evidence of the role of ocean waves in large‐scale calving events for certain ice shelves (particularly the Wilkins) and indicate a possible role of ocean waves in calving events for other shelves (Larsen C and Conger). Further, the relationships determined provide a method to assess the potential for increased calving as ice shelves evolve with climate change, and, hence, contribute to assessments of future sea level rise.
Separate the Role of Southern and Northern Extra‐Tropical Pacific in Tropical Pacific Climate Variability
Authors: Zhao Yingying , Sun Daoxun , Di Lorenzo Emanuele , Liu Guangpeng , Wu Sheng
Published: August 2024

Observational and modeling studies have elucidated the influential role played by the southern and northern extratropical Pacific (SEP and NEP) forcing in shaping dynamics of tropical Pacific climate variability. However, the relative importance of the NEP and SEP and the timescale on which they impact the tropics remain unclear. Using a linear inverse model (LIM) that selectively incorporates or excludes tropical‐extratropical coupling, we find a reduction in tropical interannual variability (∼40%) and low‐frequency (sub‐decadal to decadal) variability in the southeastern tropical Pacific region (∼70%) in the absence of SEP. Conversely, the absence of NEP yields no significant impact on tropical interannual variability but markedly diminishes low‐frequency variability in the central tropical Pacific region (∼70%). LIM and statistic diagnostics on CMIP6 models show the low‐frequency to total variability ratio in the tropical Pacific depending on their NEP and SEP representation. Models with more (less) low‐frequency power tend to show stronger NEP (SEP) dynamics.
Thermodynamics Drive Post‐2016 Changes in the Antarctic Sea Ice Seasonal Cycle
Authors: Himmich Kenza , Vancoppenolle Martin , Stammerjohn Sharon , Bocquet Marion , Madec Gurvan , Sallée Jean‐Baptiste , Fleury Sara
Published: August 2024

Antarctic sea ice extent has been persistently low since late 2016, possibly owing to changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. However, the relative contributions of the ocean, the atmosphere and the underlying mechanisms by which they have affected sea ice remain uncertain. To investigate possible causes for this sea‐ice decrease, we establish a seasonal timeline of sea ice changes following 2016, using remote sensing observations. Anomalies in the timing of sea ice retreat and advance are examined along with their spatial and interannual relations with various indicators of seasonal sea ice and oceanic changes. They include anomalies in winter ice thickness, spring ice removal rate due to ice melt and transport, and summer sea surface temperature. We find that the ice season has shortened at an unprecedented rate and magnitude, due to earlier retreat and later advance. We attribute this shortening to a winter ice thinning, in line with ice‐albedo feedback processes, with ice transport playing a smaller role. Reduced ice thickness has accelerated spring ice area removal as thinner sea ice requires less time to melt. The consequent earlier sea ice retreat has in turn increased ocean solar heat uptake in summer, ultimately delaying sea ice advance. We speculate that the observed winter sea ice thinning is consistent with previous evidence of subsurface warming of the Southern Ocean.
Linking Future Precipitation Changes to Weather Features in CESM2‐LE
Authors: Konstali Kjersti , Spengler Thomas , Spensberger Clemens , Sorteberg Asgeir
Published: August 2024

Weather features, such as extratropical cyclones, atmospheric rivers (ARs), and fronts, contribute to substantial amounts of precipitation globally and are associated with different precipitation characteristics. However, future changes in these characteristics, as well as their representation in climate models, remain uncertain. We attribute 6‐hourly accumulated precipitation to cyclones, moisture transport axes (AR‐like features), fronts, and cold air outbreaks, and the combinations thereof in 10 ensemble members of the CESM2‐LE between 1960 and 2100 under the SSP3‐7.0 scenario. We find that, despite some biases in both precipitation and weather features, CESM2‐LE adeptly represents the precipitation characteristics associated with the different combinations of weather features. The combinations of weather features that contribute most to precipitation in the present climate also contribute the most to future changes, both due to changes in intensity as well as frequency. While the increase in precipitation intensity dominates the overall response for total precipitation in the storm track regions, the precipitation intensity for the individual weather features does not necessarily change significantly. Instead, approximately half of the increase in precipitation intensity in the storm track regions can be attributed to a higher occurrence of the more intensely precipitating combinations of weather features, such as the co‐occurrence of extratropical cyclones, fronts, and moisture transport axes.
Physicochemical Characterization of Religious Burning Aerosols in Lhasa on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Xia Kaihui , Liu Cheng‐Cheng , Mei Sheng‐Shi , Bai Zhixuan , Bian Jianchun , Yu Pengfei , Zhao Chun , Liu Shang
Published: August 2024

Religious burning (RB) has been identified as a major source of atmospheric aerosols on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. However, there is limited understanding of the detailed chemical composition, size distribution, and optical properties of RB aerosols in this region. To characterize these important aerosol properties, ambient PM2.5 and size resolved aerosols from RB emissions in Lhasa were collected during summer 2019. Organic functional group (OFG) and inorganic ion composition was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ion chromatography, respectively. The ambient PM2.5 was dominated by organic components, with the OFG concentrations significantly higher during religious events, reflecting the substantial impact of RB emissions on local air quality. The RB aerosols were characterized by high fractions of alkane (34%), hydroxyl (29%), and carboxylic acid (13%) groups, with peak mass in the accumulation mode (0.56–1.00 μm). The high abundance of hydroxyl group and the size distribution pattern suggested that the RB aerosols were formed from volatilization of fuel materials followed by unaltered condensation, a process that may be unique to the low‐temperature, low‐oxygen burning in the scattered burners at the temples. The absorption coefficient of RB aerosols showed similar size distribution to the mass size distribution, but the absorption Ångström exponent displayed the lowest value in the 0.56–1.00 μm size mode. This specific size distribution aligned with the mass fraction of carboxylic acids and mirrored the mass proportion of alkanes, suggesting that smaller and larger particles were enriched with substances that have higher light‐absorbing capabilities.
Predicting Geostationary (GOES) 4.1–30 keV Electron Flux Over All MLT Using LEEMYR Regression Models
Authors: Simms L. E. , Ganushkina N. Y. , van de Kamp M. , Liemohn M. W.
Published: August 2024

Regression models (LEEMYR: Low Energy Electron MLT geosYnchronous orbit Regression) predict hourly 4.1–30 keV electron flux at geostationary orbit (GOES‐16) using solar wind, IMF, and geomagnetic index parameters. Multiplicative interaction and polynomial terms describe synergistic and nonlinear effects. We reduce predictors to an optimal set using stepwise regression, resulting in models with validation comparable to a neural network. Models predict 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr into the future. Validation correlations are as high as 0.78 (4.1 and 11 keV, 1 hr prediction) and Heidke Skill scores (HSS) up to 0.66. A 3 hr ahead prediction is more practical, with slightly lower validation correlation (0.75) and HSS (0.61). The addition of location (MLT: magnetic local time) as a covariate, including multiplicative interaction terms, accounts for location‐dependent flux differences and variation of parameter influence, and allows prediction over the full orbit. Adding a substorm index (SME) provides minimal increase in validation correlation (0.81) showing that other parameters are good proxies for an unavailable real time substorm index. Prediction intervals on individual values provide more accurate assessments of model quality than confidence intervals on the mean values. An inverse N‐weighted least squares approach is impractical as it increases false positive warnings. Physical interpretations are not possible as spurious correlations due to common cycles are not removed. However, SME, Bz, Kp, and Dst are the highest correlates of electron flux, with solar wind velocity, density, and pressure, and IMF magnitude being less well correlated.
The effect of different functional appliances on the sagittal pharyngeal airway dimension in skeletal class II: a retrospective study
Authors: Elfouly Dina , Dumu Emmanuel , Madian Ahmed M. , Eid Farah Y.
Published: August 2024

The aim of this study was to compare the changes in the sagittal pharyngeal airway dimension (SPAD) in adolescents with Class II mandibular retrusion treated with Invisalign Mandibular Advancement (IMA), prefabricated Myobrace (MB), and Twin block (TB). For this retrospective study, the pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 60 patients who underwent myofunctional treatment, using either one of the tested appliances were gathered from the files of treated patients. Changes in the SPAD were measured in each group, and comparisons were carried out between the three study groups. Additionally, sagittal skeletal measurements were carried out. Comparisons of the study variables at T0 and T1 between the three groups were performed using one-way ANOVA, while comparisons of the difference (T1–T0) were performed using Kruskal Wallis test. A significant SPAD increase has been reported using the three tested appliances (p < 0.05), with the least change documented with MB use (p < 0.05). Significant antero-posterior improvements have been found with IMA, MB, and TB with an increase in the SNB°, and a decrease in ANB° and Wits appraisal (p < 0.05). Non-significant FMA° changes have been observed post-treatment in the three test groups (p > 0.05). The IMA, MB, and TB generated significant SPAD and sagittal changes, with both IMA and TB surpassing MB in the airway area improvement post-treatment. Moreover, the three tested Class II functional appliances did not affect the vertical dimension.
A novel partnership between lncTCF7 and SND1 regulates the expression of the TCF7 gene via recruitment of the SWI/SNF complex
Authors: Yankey Allison , Oh Mihyun , Lee Bo Lim , Desai Tisha Kalpesh , Somarowthu Srinivas
Published: August 2024

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in cellular pathways and disease progression, yet their molecular mechanisms remain largely understudied. The lncRNA lncTCF7 has been shown to promote tumor progression by recruiting the SWI/SNF complex to the TCF7 promoter, activating its expression and the WNT signaling pathway. However, how lncTCF7 recruits SWI/SNF remains to be determined, and lncTCF7-specific binding partners are unknown. Using RNA-pulldown and quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified a novel interacting protein partner for lncTCF7, SND1, a multifunctional RNA binding protein that can also function as a transcription co-activator. Knockdown analysis of lncTCF7 and SND1 reveals that they are both required for the expression of TCF7. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggest that both SND1 and lncTCF7 are required for recruiting the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, and these functions, in tandem, activate the expression of TCF7. Finally, using structural probing and RNA-pulldown of lncTCF7 and its subdomains, we highlight the potential binding region for SND1 in the 3’-end of lncTCF7. Overall, this study highlights the critical roles lncRNAs play in regulating gene expression and provides new insights into the complex network of interactions that underlie this process.
BNPLA: borated plastic for 3D-printing of thermal and cold neutron shielding
Authors: Sebold Simon R. , Neuwirth Tobias , Tengattini Alessandro , Cubitt Robert , Gilch Ines , Mühlbauer Sebastian , Schulz Michael
Published: August 2024

3D printing technologies such as fused filament fabrication (FFF) offer great opportunities to enable the fabrication of complex geometries without access to a workshop or knowledge of machining. By adding filler materials to the raw filaments used for FFF, the material properties of the plastic can be adapted. With the addition of neutron absorbing particles, filaments can be created that enable 3D printing of neutron shielding with arbitrary geometry. Two materials for FFF are presented with different mixing ratios of hexagonal Boron nitride (h-BN) and Polylactic acid (PLA). BNPLA25 with 25 %wt h-BN and BNPLA35 with 35 %wt h-BN are compared to the commercially available Addbor N25 material. To qualify the applicability of BNPLA25 and BNPLA35 as shielding material for neutron instrumentation, such as neutron imaging, we investigated the overall neutron attenuation, the influence of non-optimized print settings, as well as characterized the incoherent neutron scattering and the microstructure using neutron imaging, and time-of-flight small-angle-neutron-scattering. Finally, the tensile strength of the material was determined in standardized tensile tests. The measured neutron attenuation shows excellent agreement with analytical calculations, thus validating both the material composition and the calculation method. Approximately 6 mm (8 mm) BNPLA35 are needed for $$1\times 10^{-3}$$

1
×

10

-
3

transmission of a cold (thermal) neutron beam. Lack of extrusion due to suboptimal print settings can be compensated by increased thickness, clearly visible defects can be mitigated by 11–18% increase in thickness. Incoherent scattering is shown to be strongly reduced compared to pure PLA. The tensile strength of the material is shown not to be impacted by the h-BN filler. The good agreement between the measured attenuation and calculation, combined with the adoption of safety factor enables the quick and easy development as well as the performance estimation of shielding components. BNPLA is uniquely suited for 3D printing neutron shielding because of the combination of non-abrasive h-BN particles in standard PLA, which results in a filament that can be printed with almost any off-the-shelf printer and virtually no prior experience in 3D printing. This mitigates the slightly lower attenuation observed as compared to filaments containing $${\hbox {B}_{4}}\hbox {C}$$

B
4

C

, which is highly abrasive and requires extensive additive manufacturing experience.
Insights into Hip pain using Hip X-ray: Epidemiological study of 8,898,044 Koreans
Authors: Kim Taewook , Kim Yoonhee , Cho Woosup
Published: August 2024

Hip pain is a prevalent degenerative joint symptoms, imposing a significant global health burden. Hip pain is experiencing an increase in incidences in Korea due to its aging society, and the social burden of hip pain continues to rise as the hip joint is crucial for gait and balance. This study assessed the epidemiology of hip pain in Korea using data from the fifth version of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-5). The research analyzed data from 8,898,044 Koreans to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of hip pain and abnormal hip X-ray. Variables encompassed medical, demographic, mental, social, and musculoskeletal factors. Descriptive analysis and propensity score matching analyses unveiled characteristics of Koreans experiencing hip pain or showing abnormal hip x-ray. The study provides insights into the epidemiology of hip pain in the entire Korean population, and further suggesting the effective management of hip pain.
Comparing expedient and proactive approaches to the planning of protected area networks on Borneo
Authors: Macdonald Ewan A. , Cushman Samuel A. , Malhi Yadvinder , Macdonald David W.
Published: August 2024

Protected areas are an important tool for wildlife conservation; however, research is increasingly revealing both biases and inadequacies in the global protected area network. One common criticism is that protected areas are frequently located in remote, high-elevation regions, which may face fewer threats compared to more accessible locations. To explore the conservation implications of this issue, we consider a thought experiment with seven different counterfactual scenarios for the Sunda clouded leopard’s conservation on Borneo. This allows us to examine two contrasting paradigms for conservation: “proactive conservation” which prioritises areas with high biodiversity and high risk of development, and “expedient conservation” which focusses on areas with the lowest development risk. We select clouded leopards as our focal species not only because of their emerging conservation importance, but also because, as top predators, they represent both keystone species and ambassadors for wider forest biodiversity. Furthermore, a published analysis of the likely impacts of forest loss in their habitat provides a benchmark for evaluating the modelled outcomes of alternative hypothetical conservation scenarios. We find that, across all metrics, expedient reserve design offered few benefits over the business-as-usual scenario, in contrast to the much greater conservation effectiveness of proactive protected area design. This paper sheds light on the challenging trade-offs between conservation goals and the competing land uses essential for the economic development and well-being of local communities.
Preparation of viromimetic rod-like nanoparticle vaccines (RLNVax) and study of their humoral immune activation efficacy
Authors: Huang Zichao , Zhu Zhenyi , Liu Liping , Song Wantong , Chen Xuesi
Published: August 2024

Antigen proteins were modified onto the surfaces of nanoparticles with various shapes. This study investigates the effect of structural anisotropy on the efficacy of humoral immune activation by nanoparticle vaccines.
Characterization of organic species and functional groups in pollen, fungi, algae, and bacteria bioaerosols
Authors: Bahdanovich Palina , Axelrod Kevin , Khlystov Andrey Y. , Samburova Vera
Published: August 2024

Little is known about the chemical composition of bioaerosols (pollen, fungi, algae, bacteria). In this study, several bioaerosols were characterized for their functional groups with 1H-NMR and were quantitatively analyzed for individual organics.
Chemistry, bioactivities, structure–activity relationship, biosynthesis and metabolism of prenylated flavonoids in Moraceae plants
Authors: Li Ning , Lu Wenjing , Ren Hui , Chen Zhiyong
Published: August 2024

Prenylated flavonoids have garnered interests due to the industrial applications and bioactivities. It is imperative to explore their metabolism and synthesis, thereby furnishing foundation for pharmacokinetic and clinical research endeavors.
A polarization tunable incident angle tolerant dielectric metasurface-based color filter
Authors: Sarkar Soikot , Sarker Dip , Zubair Ahmed
Published: August 2024

An ingenious Si–SiO2–Si grating dielectric metasurface structure was engineered to obtain structural colorization.