bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived Stigma, Social Support, and Depression
Authors: Mickelson Kristin D.
Published: March 2007

This short-term longitudinal study examined the effect of perceived stigma on perceived support availability, negative interactions, and depression. Two interviews were conducted over a 4-month period with 109 parents of special needs children. Cross-sectional analyses revealed that perceived stigma was consistently related to less perceived support availability from respondents’ parents (i.e., the child’s grandparents), more negative interactions with spouse and grandparents, and increased depressive symptomatology. Longitudinal analyses indicated that perceived stigma increased negative interactions with grandparents as well as the respondent’s depression over time. Structural equation modeling also suggested that perceived support availability of grandparents partially mediated the longitudinal relation between perceived stigma and depression. Findings highlight the need for future studies to examine the complex relation between stressor dimensions, social support processes, and mental health.
Implicit Self-Concept and Evaluative Implicit Gender Stereotypes: Self and Ingroup Share Desirable Traits
Authors: Rudman Laurie A. , Greenwald Anthony G. , McGhee Debbie E.
Published: March 2007

Experiment 1 unexpectedly found sex differences in evaluative gender stereotypes (only men associated male with potency and only women associated female with warmth). Experiment 2 dramatically reduced sex differences in gender-potency judgments when measures were redesigned to avoid implying that potency was positive (the concepts, strong and weak, were represented by evaluatively matched words; e.g., destroy vs. feeble, loud vs. quiet, and mighty vs. gentle). Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that these sex differences were in the service of self-esteem but found no correlation between own-gender-favorable stereotyping and implicit self-esteem. Rather, participants showed a correlation between linking self to the favorable potency trait and linking own gender to that trait. Experiment 4 confirmed the correlation between implicit self-concept and gender stereotype using the contrast between potency and warmth for the implicit stereotype measure. In concert, results suggest that people possess implicit gender stereotypes in self-favorable form because of the tendency to associate self with desirable traits.
Heritability of Attitudes Constrains Dynamic Social Impact
Authors: Bourgeois Martin J.
Published: March 2007

Three studies tested the hypothesis that there are genetic constraints on group-level self-organization. In Study 1, an analysis of archival data reported in Eaves, Eysenck, and Martin showed that large groups of monozygotic and dizygotic twins display greater group-level diversity of opinions on issues with higher heritabilities. Results of Study 2 suggested that small groups discussing opinion issues that were higher in heritability showed less tendency toward consolidation (reduction in diversity). Study 3 was a field study showing that students living in a campus housing complex showed less geographic clustering of attitudes on issues with a larger genetic component. Theoretical and practical implications of heritability constraints on dynamic social impact are discussed.
Social Dominance Orientation and Intergroup Bias: The Legitimation of Favoritism for High-Status Groups
Authors: Levin Shana , Federico Christopher M. , Sidanius Jim , Rabinowitz Joshua L.
Published: March 2007

Based on both classical and contemporary perspectives on the psychology of legitimacy, it was hypothesized that the pattern of relationships between social dominance orientation (SDO) and favoritism for high-status groups would depend on the status of one’s group and the perceived legitimacy of the group-based status distinction. Among members of high-status groups, SDO was expected to be positively related to favoritism for the high-status group at both high and low levels of legitimacy. Among members of low-status groups, SDO and high-status group favoritism were only expected to be positively related when the system was perceived to be legitimate. The results of two studies provided a clear pattern of support for these expectations. Implications for social dominance theory and other perspectives on the psychology of legitimacy are discussed.
Dispositional, Unrealistic, and Comparative Optimism: Differential Relations with the Knowledge and Processing of Risk Information and Beliefs about Personal Risk
Authors: Radcliffe Nathan M. , Klein William M. P.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship of dispositional, unrealistic, and comparative optimism to each other and to personal risk beliefs, actual risk, and the knowledge and processing of risk information. The study included 146 middle-age adults who reported heart attack-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors and read an essay about heart attack risk factors. Dispositional optimism was correlated with comparative optimism (perception of low risk relative to peers) but not with a variable assessing accuracy of participants’ comparative risk estimates (unrealistic optimism). Individuals high in dispositional optimism and comparative optimism possessed an adaptive risk and belief profile and knew more about heart attacks, whereas unrealistically optimistic individuals exhibited the opposite pattern and also learned relatively less of the essay material. Evidently, perceptions of low comparative risk are relatively accurate, dispositional optimism is associated in an adaptive way with information processing, and unrealistic optimism may be associated with processing deficits and defensiveness, as well as higher risk.
Relation of Status Incongruence to Personal Space
Authors: Latta R. Michael
Published: March 2007

The relation of status incongruence to personal space was investigated. Status incongruence was defined by age differences between the subject and a variety of targets, and personal space was defined as the magnitude of interpersonal distance a subject maintained between himself/herself and a target of a given age. Status incongruence was found to influence the amount of personal space in two experiments (n = 30 and n = 96). This relation of status incongruence to personal space was not found to vary with subject gender.
The Effect of Attraction on Causal Attributions and Retaliation
Authors: Nesdale Andrew R. , Rule Brendan Gail , Hill Kenneth A.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-six male students evaluated the supervisory skills of a female student applying for a research position. They were either insulted or not insulted by the student for whom liking or disliking had been induced. As anticipated, subjects were least inclined to recommend the insulting disliked person for a position. Moreover, her advisory comments were attributed more to her personality when she was liked rather than disliked whereas her insulting comments were attributed more to her personality when she was disliked rather than liked. Results revealed that attraction affected attributions and retaliation.
The Experience of Crowding
Authors: Sadalla Edward K. , Burroughs W. Jeffrey , Staplin Lorin J.
Published: March 2007

A multidimensional scaling study was performed to clarify the status of the construct crowding. The study was based on the assumption that crowding experiences involve an attribution process during which individuals label and define their emotional state. Semantic interrelationships between linguistic constructs which mediate this attribution process were described by multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering procedures. Results revealed clusters of experiential terms which were consonant with prominent theoretical perspectives on crowding, as well as clusters indicating dimensions of crowding not included in current models. The data suggest that a taxonomy of crowding experiences may be required.
Observers' Reactions to an Innocent Victim: Effect of Characterological Information and Degree of Suffering
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey S. , Austin William
Published: March 2007

The present study assessed the influence of character- ological information and degree of suffering on observers' reac- tions to the suffering of an innocent victim. Subjects read a bogus newspaper account of a hit and run accident in which the consequence for the victim was either slight injury, severe injury, instant death, or death following three weeks of suffering. Within each of these levels of suffering (plus three no suffering controls), either favorable, unfavorable or neutral characterological infor- mation about the victim was supplied. As expected, results indicated that derogation of the victim is not an automatic response to undeserved suffering. When the victim was viewed favorably the response to his suffering was sympathetic. However, when viewed unfavorably, the victim was indeed derogated. Degree of suffering enhanced both responses. These results are seen as further indica- tion of the role of contextual variables in determing whether compassion or rejection will be the response to undeserved suffering.
Those Who Protest Too Much are Seen as Guilty
Authors: Yandell Ben
Published: March 2007

160 students listened to a tape recording in which a target person was or was not accused of damaging a typewriter. The target person either denied damaging the typewriter or admitted damaging it, or the tape was stopped before his response was heard. Observers rated a target person who denied having damaged the typewriter as more likely to be guilty when his denial occurred in the absence of an accusation than when his denial followed an accusation.
Winning Either Way: The Effect of Anticipating A Competitive Interaction on Person Perception
Authors: Bond Michael H.
Published: March 2007

Prior to competing with a fellow student in an intelligence contest, female undergraduates were given an ambiguous self-description purportedly written by their future competitor. Control subjects also anticipating a competition were given the same description ascribed however to a competitor not paired against them. Results showed that future opponents were seen as having higher levels of competition-related skills and were liked more than were non-opponents. Traits irrelevant to the interaction such as warmth and honesty were not differently perceived by the two groups. This "autistic" perception of an opponent's competitive skills was explained as assisting the subject in preparing for either outcome in the ensuing contest. One's selfesteem would be protected following defeat by a capable opponent, just as one's self-esteem would be enhanced by victory over the same, capable opponent.
Matching for Physical Attractiveness in Married Couples
Authors: Price Richard A. , Vandenberg Steven G.
Published: March 2007

Two samples of married couples, one from the mainland United States and one from Hawaii, show matching for physical attractiveness. The samples include young and recently married, middle-aged, and older couples. When age effects on attractiveness are partialled out, the spouse correlations are .30 and .25 for mainland and Hawaiian couples, respectively. These data suggest that the matching phenomenon is stable within and across generations.
What do Gambling and Advice-Giving have in Common?
Authors: Sanders Glenn S.
Published: March 2007

Previous research found that group participation results in predictable shifts in individuals' decisions in a variety of settings. The present study found that the shift in a gambling situation requires knowledge of others' positions. Since such knowledge is central to shifts in an advice-giving setting, the present results provided support for the assumption that the same process underlies various instances of choice shifts.
Expressions of Aggression
Authors: Rogers Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

Social learning theory suggests that factors that increase the risk of social reprisal and reprobation should inhibit unprovoked physical attacks. A factorial experiment employing 56 males and 56 females investigated the effects of anonymity to authority figures and potential retaliation from a victim upon aggression displayed by small groups (n = 4) of coacting aggressors. The results disclosed that anticipated negative consequences in the form of counteraggression from the victim combined with surveillance by an authority inhibited the expression of aggression among both males and females. These findings were interpreted in terms of social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of expected negative consequences of behavior violating norms of social propriety.
Better Liked than Right
Authors: McGinnies Elliott , Ward Charles D.
Published: March 2007

A persuasive message on the subject of international maritime boundaries was presented in pamphlet form to 1055 students in four countries. Trustworthiness and expertise of the source were manipulated in a 2 x 2 x 4factorial design of the after-only type to assess the relative impact of each component on the communicator's persuasiveness. Main effects were found for both country and trustworthiness. Overall, the expert and trustworthy source generated the most opinion change. However, the trustworthy communicator was more persuasive, whether expert or not.
On "Social Knowing"
Authors: Neisser Ulric
Published: March 2007

Although the symposiasts present plausible theoretical positions and occasional ingenious arguments, their contributions can be criticized on several grounds. The) define the field of "social knowing" very narrowly, so that many significant contributions are overlooked. The focus of their papers is on theoretical disputes rather than on real phenomena. Finally, they seem to rely on an essentially passive conception of human nature, in which observation and judgment are taken as fundamental while social activity is rarely mentioned at all.
Signal Detection Theory
Authors: Martin W. Wade , Rovira Marta
Published: March 2007

Signal detection theory enhances social psychological explanations of judgment processes, yet the field has not incorporated the gains available from application of the theory. The theory's basic separation of stimulus judgment into discrimination and decision processes is reviewed. Several examples are then offered which suggest how the theory can benefit social psychology.
Perceived Honesty in the Parole Interview
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: March 2007

The perceived honesty of parole clients in actual parole interviews was found to be related to both the content of clients' statements and clients' nonverbal behaviors during the interviews. Contrary to evidence from parole hearings in California, clients' perceived honesty appeared to have an effect on interviewers' parole decision.
Comradeship
Authors: Sharabany Ruth
Published: March 2007

The present study focuses on the relations of preadolescents to their peers as a group. It was hypothesized that kibbutz children would display greater "comradeship" relations to their peer group. Over 900 fifth and sixth graders from 20 kibbutzim and 8 schools in the greater Tel-Aviv area responded to a questionnaire designed to assess dimensions of relations to peer group. In comparison to city children, kibbutz children reported more extensive social interactions with their peers but a weaker identification with their peer group. Kibbutz boys showed least concern about group sanctions. The failure to support the hypothesis of greater degree of comrade relations among kibbutz children is discussed in terms of kibbutz children's chance for conflict when living with peers, guarding against identification and conformity, and less recognition of the significance of peers while living with them.
Sex Differences on a Conjunctive Task
Authors: Anderson Lynn R.
Published: March 2007

Mixed-doubles tennis teams were examined in seven tournaments to determine the relative contributions of the ability of the male partner and that of the female partner. Regression analysis indicated that for these conjunctive task groups the ability of the female player accounted for significantly more variance in team success than did the ability of the male partner. Separate analyses of the seven tournaments showed a similar pattern in all but one tournament.
Social Alienation and Social Support
Authors: Schmidt Donald E. , Conn Michael K. , Greene Lawrence D. , Mesirow Kay E.
Published: March 2007

Popular conceptions about the cognitive-affective state of alienation have proliferated. The present study was based on an alteration of the common notion that alienation is consistently related to interpersonal withdrawal Based on previous research suggesting that women are more likely to have an affiliative response when under stress while men tend to withdraw, it was hypothesized that the reaction to alienation for men would be to reduce social contacts, negatively affecting social support. Social support for women would be unaffected by alienation. We surveyed 40 males and 63 females and the multidimensional concepts of alienation and social support were measured. Simple correlational and multiple regression analyses provided support for this sex differences hypothesis.
When Nonvictims Derogate
Authors: Fine Michelle
Published: March 2007

A survey of child-care workers was conducted to assess the relationship between their perceived power and derogation of the youths they serve. As predicted, results indicate that child-care workers who experience themselves as powerful, that is, able to help the youths, offer positive perceptions of these youths and tend not to attribute their problems to enduring causes. In contrast, child-care workers who feel powerless to help the youths tend to perceive them negatively and attribute their problems to enduring causes. Implications are offered for a theoretical understanding of victim derogation within formal helping relationships.
Attribution Theory
Authors: Weiten Wayne , Upshaw Harry S.
Published: March 2007

The interrelationship of the internal-external and endogenous-exogenous partitions in attribution theory was examined. Intentional actions were rated by undergraduates on four attributional scales (internal-external, enjoyment, endogenous-exogenous, freedom) and one methodological scale. A factor analysis revealed great consanguinity among the internal-external, enjoyment, and freedom scales only.
Effects of Script Availability on Social Behavior
Authors: Wilson Timothy D. , Capitman John A.
Published: March 2007

The effect of increasing the availability of cognitive scripts on social behavior was investigated in three studies. In Study I male subjects read either a story describing a "boy-meets-girl" encounter or a control story. Those who read the boy-meets-girl story subsequently behaved in a much friendlier manner toward a female confederate than those who had read the control story, i.e., they smiled more, talked more, leaned forward more, and gazed at the confederate more. Study 2 replicated Study 1, except that subjects rated their mood after reading the stories. As predicted there were no differences between the conditions in mood, indicating that mood changes were not responsible for the behavioral effects. However, the behavioral effects in Study 2 were very weak. Study 3 attempted to explain why the behavioral effects in Study 2 were so much weaker than in Study 1. When there was a short delay (M = 4 minutes) between the time subjects read the story and met the confederate, subjects were significantly less friendly than subjects who had interacted with the confederate immediately after reading the story. It was concluded that making scripts available in memory can have powerful effects on behavior, although these effects appear to be quite temporally limited.
Social Psychology Research during the 1970s
Authors: Higbee Kenneth L. , Millard Richard J. , Folkman Joseph R.
Published: March 2007

Articles published in four mainline social psychology journals in 1978 and 1979 were categorized by research design and subjects, and compared with similar analyses from 1949, 1959, and 1969. The results indicated that research trends previously observed for the 1940s through the 1960s were perpetuated during the 1970s: At the end of the 1970s, experimental research still predominated over correlational research, and college students still predominated over noncollege samples.
Assumed Consensus of Attitudes
Authors: Crano William D.
Published: March 2007

People tend to overestimate the extent of existing support for their attitudes. This study sought to determine whether this assumption of consensus would be influenced by the hedonic relevance of the attitude in question. Accordingly, 144 undergraduates equally divided with respect to class status (freshmen and sophomores versus juniors and seniors) were told that their university administrators were studying a tuition surcharge plan that would affect either underclassmen, upperclassmen, or all students. Respondents were asked to evaluate the plan and to estimate the proportion of other students who shared their attitude. Subjects who thought they would be affected by the plan estimated that considerably more students (of all classes) would share their attitude than did respondents who would not be affected. This vested interest-assumed consensus relationship was independent of attitudinal extremity. Implications of these results for the further study of attitude-behavior consistency and judgmental bias were discussed.
Recent Developments in Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Perlman Daniel
Published: March 2007

This article uses citation analysis to identify important scholars and influential recent contributions in personality and social psychology. The number of pages on which scholars were cited in seven current social psychology texts was used as a measure of individual eminence. A list was compiled of all the articles (N=841) and chapters (N=38) published between 1977 and 1981 in JPSP and Berkowitz's Advances in Experimental Social Pyschology. The impact of these items was assessed by counting (via the Social Science Citation Index) the number of times each item was cited in 1982. The 50 most eminent scholars are listed and compared with those who were most eminent approximately six years earlier. The 31 most frequently cited articles and chapters are also presented. This list suggests that the field's attention is focused on cognitive processes, androgyny, self-monitoring and learned helplessness.
Evaluations of Others' Decisions by Intellectually Gifted and Average Children
Authors: Stokes James M. , Leary Mark R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of decentering prompts on the tendency for intellectually gifted and average children to base their evaluations of an individual upon the negative consequences of the individual's behavior. Eighty gifted and average children, ages 7-10, were read scenarios in which a child makes a seemingly reasonable decision that produced mild, severe, or no consequences. Half of the subjects were prompted to think about what the child in the story knew at the time the decision was made, whereas the others were not. When they were not prompted to decenter, both gifted and average children evaluated the child more negatively when they thought negative consequences had resulted from his or her behavior, replicating previous research. When they were prompted, gifted subjects disregarded consequence information when making their judgments, whereas average children continued to base their evaluations on behavioral consequences.
The Effect of Dyad Machiavellianism and Visual Access on Integrative Bargaining Outcomes
Authors: Fry William Rick
Published: March 2007

Visual access was manipulated to assess its effect on the ability of high, low, and mixed Machiavellian bargaining pairs to discover mutually advantageous solutions on a bargaining task. Thirty-six dyads, twelve of each type, bargained either face to face or with a visual barrier between them. Visual contact interfered with the discovery of jointly profitable solutions in the high-low Mach pairs, but had no effect on other dyad combinations. It was argued that the personality dynamics of high-low Mach dyads made them particularly vulnerable to low joint bargaining outcomes in face to face negotiation.
Stress-Moderating Effects
Authors: Caldwell Robert A. , Pearson Jane L. , Chin Raymond J.
Published: March 2007

Using multiple regression, the main and interactive effects of stress, social support, locus of control, and gender on psychological adjustment were investigated. In order to understand the complex interactions found, the adjustment effects of stress and social support were examined within four subgroups: internal and external men and women college students. Both social support and adjustment were assessed with multiple measures. Stress was more strongly related to levels of adjustment for women than for men. The relationships between social support and adjustment varied depending on which social support measure was used, which adjustment measure was used, as well as the locus of control orientation and gender of the subject. External men were the least able to use social support to aid adjustment. In contrast to previous investigations, there were no two-way stress X locus of control interactions. The importance of investigating the interactions of stress-moderating variables in specific subgroups is discussed.
Effect of Leading Questions on the Self-Monitoring-Memory Correlation
Authors: Lassiter G. Daniel , Stone Julie I. , Weigold Michael F.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has found a strong and positive relationship between an individual's degree of self-monitoring and his or her memory for information about an observed other. In the present study this self-monitoring-memory correlation was undermined by subsequently exposing subjects to leading questions. This reduced self-monitoring-memory correlation resulted from the greater susceptibility of high- (relative to low-) self-monitoring individuals to the leading questions. Additional data indicated that the memorial advantage of high self-monitoring may be limited to specific kinds of information. It is concluded that high-self-monitoring individuals may make better eyewitnesses than low-self-monitoring individuals only under certain conditions.
GRIT as a Foundation for Integrative Bargaining
Authors: Lindskold Svenn , Han Gyuseog
Published: March 2007

Sixty male subjects first engaged in a Prisoner's Dilemma interaction with a simulated other who either followed a conciliatory strategy (GRIT), a competitive strategy, or a no-message control strategy. They then participated in an integrative bargaining task in which the optimal agreement required logrolling over three commodities. As hypothesized, the subjects in the GRIT condition differed from the others in terms of number arriving at the optimal agreement, their level of aspiration as bargaining opened, and in the content of their communications. The GRIT subjects differed from the competitive subjects on post experimental ratings of the other person and of their objectives on the bargaining task. The results are discussed in terms of conciliation on one task laying the foundation for high aspirations and effective interaction in later integrative bargaining.
Relationships between Dimensions of Depressive Experience and Evaluative Beliefs about People in General
Authors: Shapiro Jeremy P.
Published: March 2007

The present research examined relationships between depression and evaluative beliefs about people in general. Subjects were 111 college students. Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976), which differentiates three dimensions of depression. Subjects rated people in general on 36 evaluative adjectives, and they judged the degree of success people generally achieve in seven basic life domains. Among the females, high Dependency scores were associated with negative evaluations of people. Highly self-critical males evaluated people negatively and perceived them as achieving a low degree of success in life. The results for overall depression seem to obscure the results obtained for specific factors of depression. Implications for depressive inter-personal behavior andfor the notion of a depressive negative bias toward the self are discussed.
Human Physical Aggression as a Function of Diazepam
Authors: Gantner Anita B. , Taylor Stuart P.
Published: March 2007

The effects of diazepam on the aggressive behavior of male and female subjects were investigated using the Taylor competitive reaction time paradigm. The results indicated that subjects given diazepam responded more aggressively than subjects given a placebo. The aggression-enhancing effect of diazepam occurred for both male and female competitors. Male subjects were observed to be more aggressive than females. The possibility that depressants as a class of drug increase an individual's aggressive behavior is discussed.
The Act-Frequency Approach
Authors: Moser Klaus
Published: March 2007

The core assumptions of Buss and Craik's act-frequency approach are analyzed, with special emphasis on their conception of personal dispositions. Points of critique are (1) a positivistic interpretation of personal dispositions, (2) lack of empirical content of the integration of prototypicality and fuzzy sets notions, (3) the unrealistic conception of traits, and (4)problems with the metric underlying the act-frequency approach. The author argues that a philosophical critical realist's interpretation of dispositions is more appropriate given the central research topics in personality psychology, that the integration of the cognitive concepts still needs a demonstration of its worth, and that some of the new metric possibilities do not make much sense. The final thesis is that the act-frequency approach's proposal to aggregate individual data, an idea born of the consistency debate of the seventies, bypasses the original main issue: the explanation and prediction of single behavioral acts.
Agreement Pressure and Opponent Strategies in Oligopoly Bargaining
Authors: Esser James K.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has shown the softest strategy to be superior to tougher strategies in oligopoly bargaining. However, initial offer and subsequent strategy were confounded in previous research. Female students from introductory psychology classes played the role of buyers and bargained with programmed seller strategies under high or low agreement pressure. Subjects were afforded the opportunity to bargain with the strategy (seller) of their choice and to change sellers as they wished. As hypothesized, (a) high agreement pressure reduced the total amount of bargaining but produced more profit for the seller; (b) the soft initial strategy was more effective than the tough initial strategy; and (c) the advantage of the soft initial strategy was more pronounced under high agreement pressure. These results suggest that in oligopoly bargaining first impressions created by initial bargaining strategies have important consequences, especially under pressures to reach agreement quickly.
Practical Implications of Psychological Research on Juror and Jury Decision Making
Authors: Pennington Nancy , Hastie Reid
Published: March 2007

The results of basic social science research have been applied to legal practice at a number of levels within the criminal and civil justice systems, although its application is controversial at all levels of practice. A selective review of behavioral science research on juror and jury decision making reveals that there has been cumulative and substantial progress in our understanding of these processes over the past three decades. Many of these findings are relevant to the efforts to improve the institution of the petit jury trial.
Police Lineups as Experiments
Authors: Wells Gary L. , Elizabeth Luus C. A.
Published: March 2007

Research findings over the last decade have given rise to guidelines about how to minimize the likelihood of false identifications in police lineups and photo spreads. It is argued here that experimental social psychology's common understanding of factors that contaminate research experiments, such as demand characteristics, experimenter bias, and lack of control groups, has been the principal framework leading to hypotheses about how to improve police-conducted lineups. The analogy between a methodologically sound social psychology experiment and a properly conducted lineup has guided eyewitness identification research implicitly; in this article the analogy is expanded and made explicit. Lineup research examples deriving from the lineup-as-experiment analogy, such as the mock-witness control group and the blank-lineup control, are described. Finally, it is argued that research findings that are modeled on the lineup-as-experiment analogy are natural system variables that might be especially immune to some of the criticisms that have been launched against expert testimony on eyewitness matters.
The Effects of Crossing the Midpoint on Belief Change
Authors: Fishbein Martin , Lange Rense
Published: March 2007

Previous research has shown that persuasive communications lead to less change if the positions of the source and receiver of a persuasive communication fall on different sides of the midpoint of a response dimension than if these positions fall on the same side of the midpoint. Using an interactive computer system, a task was designed to replicate and extend these findings while overcoming some of the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. Specifically, the task allows independent manipulation of both the initial position of the receiver and the position advocated by the source. Consistent with earlier findings, crossing the midpoint resulted in less acceptance and change when the midpoint was made salient and the qualitative differences between the positions of the source and receiver were made explicit. Perhaps more important, change was not inhibited when the midpoint was not made salient and the qualitative differences were left implicit.
Levels of Thinking
Authors: Pennebaker James W. , Czajka Jeanne A. , Cropanzano Russell , Richards Bradford C. , Brumbelow Sondra , Ferrara Kathleen , Thompson Ronald , Thyssen Toosje
Published: March 2007

William James observed that, within the stream of thought, the ways we think fluctuate as a function of our emotional and physical conditions. Extrapolating from James, we propose that individuals vary along a dimension called levels of thinking. High-level thinking involves thoughts that are self-reflective, demonstrate awareness of emotion, and incorporate a broad perspective. Low-level thinking lacks these properties. Using a stream-of-consciousness methodology, two experiments examined the parameters of level of thinking. Level of thinking is reliably rated, stable over a 2-month interval, and consistent across modality (across writing vs. talking into a microphone). Whereas levels of thinking are positively correlated with measures of negative affectivity, extremes in thinking are linked to indicants of health problems. The second experiment demonstrated that when individuals face uncontrollable noise bursts, they move to lower levels of thinking that preclude awareness of negative emotions. The adaptiveness of thinking on different levels is discussed in terms of James's contributions to our current understanding of health and coping.
Attractive Faces Are not all Created Equal: Joint Effects of Facial Babyishness and Attractiveness on Social Perception
Authors: Berry Diane S.
Published: March 2007

Subjects provided their impressions of stimulus faces that systematically varied in attractiveness and babyishness. The results indicate that variations in facial babyishness can qualify the effects of attractiveness on social perception. For example facially attractive people are thought to be more honest, warm, and sincere than average when facial babyishness is high but not when it is low. The data are consistent with the proposal that there are different types of facial attractiveness that yield different impressions. The data also revealed that the effects of facial babyishness on impressions can be modulated by variations in attractiveness. The implications of these data for our under-standing of the effects of facial appearance on social perceptions are discussed.
Natural Observations of the Links between Attractiveness and Initial Legal Judgments
Authors: Downs A. Chris , Lyons Phillip M.
Published: March 2007

Employing natural observations, female and male courtroom judges set the fines or bail amounts in misdemeanor and felony cases for 915 female and 1,320 male defendants. These persons varied widely in attractiveness and were unable to alter their appearance before presentation to their judges. Police officers, acting as confederates, rated the defendants' attractiveness levels. These levels were compared with bails and fines set by the judges. Defendant attractiveness levels were important only in bail and fine amounts for misdemeanor charges, not for felonies. Implications of the results for additional inquiry in ecologically justifiable litigation settings are presented.
Evaluating the Interpersonalness of Personality Scales
Authors: Gurtman Michael B.
Published: March 2007

The two-dimensional circumplex of interpersonal behavior can provide a useful framework for evaluating the interpersonalness of personality constructs. In the present study, subjects completed a measure of interpersonal behavior (the Interpersonal Circle), along with a number of common personality scales. Analyses showed that personality scales differ in characteristic inter personalness, defined in terms of vector length and angular displacement in a two-dimensional space. The apparent content of a scale is not necessarily a good indicator of the interpersonalness of that scale.
Social Projection and Social Conformity in Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Marks Gary , Graham John W. , Hansen William B.
Published: March 2007

This longitudinal investigation disentangles social projection from social conformity as mechanisms underlying the false consensus effect. Adolescent alcohol use was the context for the study. Self-reports of own alcohol consumption and estimates of the prevalence of peer use of alcohol were collected at two time points separated by approximately 1 year. Results indicated that conformity as well as social projection occurred in the sample of 378 seventh- and eighth-grade boys and girls. With respect to conformity, regression analysis revealed that prevalence estimates at Time 1 predicted level of own use of alcohol at Time 2, after controlling for own use at Time 1. Similar results were obtained when onset of d7inking was the critical measure. Social projection was demonstrated by the finding that level of own alcohol use at Time 1 predicted prevalence estimates at Time 2, after controlling for estimates at Time 1. Implications for research on the false consensus effect are discussed.
Proneness to Shame and the Narcissistic Personality
Authors: Gramzow Richard , Tangney June Price
Published: March 2007

A sample of 215 undergraduates completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the original and revised Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory, the Splitting Scale, and the Selfism Scale. Contrary to clinical theory, proneness to shame was generally negatively correlated with narcissism as assessed by the NPI. When statistical procedures were used to isolate presumably maladaptive components of the NPI, the predicted positive association between shame (independent of guilt) and narcissism emerged. Shame-proneness was also positively correlated with splitting, a pathological narcissistic defense. These findings suggest that it is critical to differentiate between pathological and more benign aspects of narcissism.
Evaluatively Integrative Thinking about Characteristics of the Self
Authors: Showers Carolin
Published: March 2007

A process of evaluatively integrative thinking may limit the impact of negative self-knowledge by strengthening associative links between negative and positive items of knowledge about the self. Subjects generated lists of items to describe themselves in social situations and in academic situations. Subjects whose lists were evaluatively integrated (i.e., positive and negative items were intermixed) reported higher self-esteem or less negative affect than subjects who clustered items of similar valence. In paragraph descriptions of their most negative characteristic, subjects who used evaluatively integrative statements had higher self-esteem even when the importance and negativity of the characteristics were held constant. These findings may hold only for evaluative integration with respect to negative characteristics. They suggest that there are important individual differences in the organization of the self-concept, not just in content.
The Negativity Effect in Trait Ratings and in Open-Ended Descriptions of Persons
Authors: Vonk Roos
Published: March 2007

Two studies addressed the differential impact of unexpected positive versus negative behaviors on trait ratings and free response impression descriptions, using a 2 (Expected Likability) x 2 (Consistency of Subsequent Behavior) design. Unexpected negative behaviors had more impact than unexpected positive behaviors. In Experiment 1, this negativity effect was produced by an increase in ratings on negative traits, rather than a decrease on positive traits. In Experiment 2, unexpected negative behaviors produced an increase in the number of negative traits mentioned in impression descriptions, as well as a decrease in the number of positive traits, suggesting that negative behaviors reduced the accessibility of positive traits. Unexpected positive behaviors increased the number of conditional qualifiers attached to positive attributes, indicating more elaboration in the impressions. Results illustrate that there is more to negativity effects than is revealed by global evaluative ratings.
Why Do I Love Thee?: Effects of Repeated Introspections about a Dating Relationship on Attitudes toward the Relationship
Authors: Wilson Timothy D. , Kraft Dolores
Published: March 2007

Students involved in dating relationships attended four weekly sessions, at which they either introspected about why they felt the way they did about their relationship or introspected about an unrelated topic. As predicted, at Week I people who introspected about reasons brought to mind thoughts that were inconsistent with their initial feelings about their relationships and changed their attitudes in the direction of those reasons. This attitude change persisted throughout the study but did not increase. People in the control condition showed an increasing amount of attitude change at each session, such that by the end of the study they had changed as much as people in the reasons condition. It is suggested that either thinking about reasons or answering detailed questions about a relationship can change the way people construe that relationship, leading to attitude change.
Expectancy Disconfirmation and Dispositional Inference: Latent Strength of Target-Based and Category-Based Expectancies
Authors: Weisz Carolyn , Jones Edward E.
Published: March 2007

To explore differences between target-based expectancies, those based on previous behavior, and category-based expectancies, those based on membership in a social category, two studies tested the hypothesis that target and category-based expectancies of equal predictive strength affect dispositional inference differently when disconfirming information is available. Subjects used either category or target-based information to form expectancies of a nonaggressive child and then listened to a tape of the child behaving aggressively. In Experiment 1, target-based expectancies influenced impressions more than category-based expectancies, and in both studies target-based subjects were less confident of their impressions than category-based subjects. Experiment 2 also found that perceivers with target-based expectancies were more like to attribute unexpected behavior to an unusual mood state than perceivers with category-based expectancies. Results suggest differences in the underlying structures of the two types of expectancies.
Maintaining Self-Serving Social Comparisons: Biased Reconstruction of One's Past Behaviors
Authors: Klein Wilim M. , Kunda Ziva
Published: March 2007

People believe that they perform fewer health-threatening behaviors than their average peer Men such beliefs were challenged by information about the actual average behavior frequencies reported by their peers, subjects shifted their own self-views and reported engaging in these behaviors less frequently than controls did. Evidently, this biased reconstruction of their own past behavioral patterns was designed to permit subjects to maintain the belief that they were superior to their peers. This interpretation was strengthened by the finding that no shifts in self-reported behavioral frequencies occurred for subjects given inflated peer averages to which most subjects were able to view themselves as superior without biasing their self-ports.
An Exploration of the Relational Schemata Underlying Attachment Styles: Self-Report and Lexical Decision Approaches
Authors: Baldwin Mark W. , Fehr Beverley , Keedian Erin , Seidel Mariena , Thomson David W.
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that the cognitive mechanisms underlying attachment styles are expectations about interaction with significant others. Two studies are described that assessed these relational schemata. The first study revealed that individuals of different attachment styles do have different expectations about likely patterns of interaction with a romantic partner in various interpersonal domains. The second study demonstrated the utility of the lexical decision task for examining interpersonal expectancies. When given a related context, secure subjects were quicker to identify words representing positive interpersonal outcomes, whereas insecure subjects were quicker to identify negative outcome words. Methodological and conceptual implications of a relational schema approach to attachment styles are discussed.
Affective and Personality Characteristics Inferred from Length of First Names
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Piercy Marlena
Published: March 2007

The Name Connotation Profile was used to investigate judgments made about another based on that person's given name only. Nicknames were excluded to avoid confounding of name length with given name versus nickname effects. Longer names, because of their greater substance or "mass, n were expected to convey characteristics associated with a high social position (successful moral). Shorter names, with their ease of use and greater informality, were expected to convey approachable qualities (popular; cheerful, warm). Except for the length/warmth hypothesis, all hypotheses were supported for men. Also as hypothesized, subjects inferred greater masculinity (less femininity) for men with shorter names-a result corroborated by an additional finding showing that male names were shorter than female names. Only one of the preceding hypotheses was sup ported for women's names: shorter names connoted greater warmth.
The Influence of Impression Formation Goals on the Accuracy of Social Memory
Authors: Seta Catherine E. , Hayes Nancy
Published: March 2007

The influence of different impression formation goals on memory for the sources of social actions was investigated. Subjects read stereotype-constant and stereotype-inconsistent actions of target individuals described by both proper names and group affiliations and formed impressions of the individuals based on either the similarities or the differences between the targets' actions and typical behavior of group member. Overall memory for the actions and accuracy in pairing the actions with the correct action source (group or proper name) were assessed. Similarity goals produced more accurate source identification than difference goals. Difference goals produced higher rates of inaccurate source identification, especially for inconsistent actions. These results suggest that impression formation goals may differ in the extent to which they induce subjects to integrate behaviors with group prototypes or represent actions as segregated units in memory.