bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of Photovoltaics in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the Context of Regulatory Changes: A Case Study of the Czech Republic and Poland
Authors: Dzikuć Maciej , Piwowar Arkadiusz , Dzikuć Maria
Published: February 2025

The Czech Republic and Poland are struggling with problems related to the development of photovoltaics. Both analyzed countries had periods of dynamic development of this renewable energy source (RES). However, neither the Czech Republic nor Poland have developed mechanisms that would lead to the stable development of photovoltaic installations in the long term. The analyses presented in this article demonstrate the implementation of extreme solutions by these countries, which led either to stagnation in the development of photovoltaics or to an excessive increase in the installed capacity, including RES, which then had to be stopped due to, for example, the failure of the power grids to match the increasing capacity. This article conducted research based on secondary data and using the Foresight method. The aim of this manuscript is to present the conditions related to the development of photovoltaics in the Czech Republic and Poland. This article also points to the barriers limiting the development of this type of RES and the potential of solutions related to, e.g., energy storage, which will allow for maintaining stable development of photovoltaics in the future and will prevent excessive overloading of power grids. The research results indicate that in the context of further development of photovoltaics in the study area, what is important are, e.g., changes in legal regulations and financial incentives that will enable the development of micro-installations within energy communities to a greater extent, including co-financing for energy storage. Other factors were also noted, including interconnection capacity within the energy systems of these countries, as well as externally.
Reviews of Fiber-Reinforced Phenolic Resin-Based Thermal Protection Materials for Aircraft
Authors: Wang Xuenan , Xu Qianghui , Zheng Qiang , Shao Yi , Shen Jun
Published: February 2025

As advancements in aerospace technology continue, reentry conditions pose increasingly rigorous requirements for thermal protection materials. Among these, fiber-reinforced phenolic resin composites have drawn substantial interest for their robust thermal insulation capabilities and enhanced ablation resistance, mechanical strength, and long-term reliability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in fiber-reinforced phenolic resin composites, examining factors such as resin density, nanopore size within the matrix, resin cross-linking density, fiber–resin interfacial bonding, fiber length, fiber crystallization degree, and fiber weave structures that collectively influence composite performance. The typical applications of these composites in ultrahigh-speed aircraft are also discussed. Furthermore, the paper offers recommendations for future advancements focusing on optimizing mechanical, ablative, and insulation properties to meet the multifunctional demands of thermal protection materials.
Estimation of Solar Diffuse Radiation in Chongqing Based on Random Forest
Authors: Wan Peihan , He Yongjian , Zheng Chaoyu , Wen Jiaxiong , Gu Zhuting
Published: February 2025

Solar diffuse radiation (DIFRA) is an important component of solar radiation, but current research into the estimation of DIFRA is relatively limited. This study, based on remote sensing data, topographic data, meteorological reanalysis materials, and measured data from radiation observation stations in Chongqing, combined key factors such as the solar elevation angle, water vapor, aerosols, and cloud cover. A high-precision DIFRA estimation model was developed using the random forest algorithm, and a distributed simulation of DIFRA in Chongqing was achieved. The model was validated using 8179 measured data points, demonstrating good predictive capability with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.72, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 35.99 W/m2, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 50.46 W/m2. Further validation was conducted based on 14 radiation observation stations, with the model demonstrating high stability and applicability across different stations and weather conditions. In particular, the fit was optimal for the model under overcast conditions, with R2 = 0.70, MAE = 32.20 W/m2, and RMSE = 47.51 W/m2. The results indicate that the model can be effectively adapted to all weather calculations, providing a scientific basis for assessing and exploiting solar energy resources in complex terrains.
A Comprehensive Review of Load Frequency Control and Solar Energy Integration: Challenges & Opportunities in Indian Context
Authors: Singh Anjana , Shankar Ravi , Kumar Amitesh
Published: February 2025

Energy plays a crucial role in driving economic growth, and India’s energy consumption has increased notably due to its growing population and development. At present, fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas fulfill the majority of India’s energy requirements, but their swift depletion and negative environmental effects present significant challenges. India’s abundant solar energy potential—estimated at approximately 5000 trillion kWh annually—positions the nation to harness clean and sustainable power. With steady growth, solar energy has become a key component of India’s power grid. However, integrating renewable energy into the grid presents challenges, such as maintaining frequency and voltage stability. This report analyzes India’s substantial advancements in solar energy, emphasizing the enabling government policies and the problems associated with integrating renewable energy into the grid. The study underscores the crucial need for effective load frequency control (LFC) solutions to mitigate grid stability issues, intensified by the fluctuating and intermittent characteristics of solar energy. It also evaluates policy-driven approaches and technological advancements, providing practical recommendations to overcome integration challenges. This research aims to contribute to the effective deployment of solar energy in India’s energy mix, ensuring long-term grid stability and sustainability, and it underscores that India’s creative strategies can serve as a model for other nations facing analogous issues in renewable energy integration. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing optimal practices that integrate energy security, economic development, and environmental objectives, thus contributing to global dialogs on energy transitions.
Modeling and Simulation of Electric Vehicles Charging Services by a Time Colored Petri Net Framework
Authors: Mangini Agostino Marcello , Fanti Maria Pia , Silvestri Bartolomeo , Ranieri Luigi , Roccotelli Michele
Published: February 2025

The transport sector is responsible for about 60% of emissions in the atmosphere due to the exhaust-polluting gases of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. An effective solution to this issue is the electrification of the transport means, which can significantly reduce pollution, especially in urban areas. Apart from the necessary technological advancements that must improve the battery performances, the diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) must be further supported and facilitated by new dedicated services and tools for electric vehicle users and operators aiming at improving the travel and charging experience. To this goal, this paper proposes new models based on Timed Colored Petri Nets (TCPN) to simulate and manage the charge demand of the EV fleet. At first, the proposed tool must take into account the charging requests from different EV drivers with different charging need located in different geographical areas. This is possible by knowing input data such as EV current location, battery data, charge points (CPs) availability, and compatibility. In particular, EV drivers are simulated when finding and booking the preferred charge option according to the available infrastructure in the area of interest and the CPs tariff and power rate. The proposed TCPN is designed to model the multi-user charging demand in specific geographic areas, and it is evaluated in several scenarios of a case study to measure its performance in serving multiple EV users.
Formation Damage in SAGD: A Review of Experimental Modelling Techniques
Authors: Rengifo Barbosa Fernando , Miri Rahman , Nouri Alireza
Published: February 2025

Bitumen extraction using Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) in northern Alberta oilsands has been crucial for recovery; however, the thermal effects on formation damage still require significant attention. This thermal recovery method causes substantial changes in temperature and pressure, which are critical thermodynamic factors in the rock-fluid system of a reservoir. Those changes, both directly and indirectly, impact the flow of oil and water within the porous medium, changing fluid properties and physicochemical interactions that affect rock and fluid behaviour. Coreflooding experiments confirm the accumulation of in situ migratory particles within the pore spaces can lead to pore throat plugging and fines accumulation on the sand control screen. This disturbance within the near-wellbore region triggers permeability reduction and, subsequently, skin buildup. At the same time, changes in pressure drop may trigger the precipitation of organic and inorganic scaling and, finally, wettability alterations. This paper combines field observations and experimental tests to assess the formation damage mechanisms. While the literature has identified factors influencing the formation damage mechanisms, the interaction between these mechanisms, as well as the interplay between the wellbore completion and the surrounding sand from the perspective of formation damage, has not been thoroughly investigated. Current laboratory tests do not adequately account for the effects of high pressure and high temperature on formation damage mechanisms and their interaction in the near-wellbore region. Following the introduction of current experimental and theoretical methods related to formation damage mechanisms around SAGD wellbores, this paper introduces a comprehensive and integrated methodology for designing, testing, and evaluating formation damage mechanisms in SAGD producer wells, addressing the gaps identified in this review. This approach aims to bridge identified gaps from the literature review, advance formation damage assessment, and support the reduction of induced formation damage in thermal recovery operations.
Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast Isolated from Cocoa and Coffee Bean Fermentation: A Review
Authors: López-Palestino Aylin , Gómez-Vargas Regina , Suárez-Quiroz Mirna , González-Ríos Oscar , Hernández-Estrada Zorba Josué , Castellanos-Onorio Olaya Pirene , Alonso-Villegas Rodrigo , Estrada-Beltrán Aztrid Elena , Figueroa-Hernández Claudia Yuritzi
Published: February 2025

The market for probiotic foods has grown significantly in recent years. Some microorganisms isolated from food fermentations, mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts, may have probiotic potential. During the fermentation of cocoa and coffee, a plethora of microorganisms are involved, including yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), several of which may have probiotic potential. For this reason, this study aimed to overview the probiotic potential of some LAB and yeasts isolated from these fermentation processes. For this purpose, a search was conducted in several specialized databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus). As a result of this search, some strains of LAB and yeasts from cocoa were found to be potentially probiotic, with characteristics like those of commercial probiotic strains. The LAB genera that showed the most substantial probiotic potential were Lactiplantibacillus, Limosilactobacillus, and Lactococcus, while for yeasts, it was Saccharomyces and Pichia.
Security and Privacy in Physical–Digital Environments: Trends and Opportunities
Authors: Pereira Carolina , Marto Anabela , Ribeiro Roberto , Gonçalves Alexandrino , Rodrigues Nuno , Rabadão Carlos , Costa Rogério Luís de Carvalho , Santos Leonel
Published: February 2025

Over recent decades, internet-based communication has grown exponentially, accompanied by a surge in cyber threats from malicious actors targeting users and organizations, heightening the demand for robust security and privacy measures. With the emergence of physical–digital environments based on Mixed Reality (MR) and the Metaverse, new cybersecurity, privacy, and confidentiality challenges have surfaced, requiring innovative approaches. This work examines the current landscape of cybersecurity concerns in MR and Metaverse environments, focusing on their unique vulnerabilities and the risks posed to users and their data. Key challenges include authentication issues, data breaches, and risks to user anonymity. The work also explores advancements in secure design frameworks, encryption techniques, and regulatory approaches to safeguard these technologies. Additionally, it identifies opportunities for further research and innovation to strengthen data protection and ensure a safe, trustworthy experience in these environments.
Cyberbullying Detection, Prevention, and Analysis on Social Media via Trustable LSTM-Autoencoder Networks over Synthetic Data: The TLA-NET Approach
Authors: Cuzzocrea Alfredo , Akter Mst Shapna , Shahriar Hossain , García Bringas Pablo
Published: February 2025

The plague of cyberbullying on social media exerts a dangerous influence on human lives. Due to the fact that online social networks continue to daily expand, the proliferation of hate speech is also growing. Consequentially, distressing content is often implicated in the onset of depression and suicide-related behaviors. In this paper, we propose an innovative framework, named as the trustable LSTM-autoencoder network (TLA NET), which is designed for the detection of cyberbullying on social media by employing synthetic data. We introduce a state-of-the-art method for the automatic production of translated data, which are aimed at tackling data availability issues. Several languages, including Hindi and Bangla, continue to face research limitations due to the absence of adequate datasets. Experimental identification of aggressive comments is carried out via datasets in Hindi, Bangla, and English. By employing TLA NET and traditional models, such as long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), the LSTM-autoencoder, Word2vec, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), and the Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 (GPT-2), we perform the experimental identification of aggressive comments in datasets in Hindi, Bangla, and English. In addition to this, we employ evaluation metrics that include the F1-score, accuracy, precision, and recall, to assess the performance of the models. Our model demonstrates outstanding performance across all the datasets by achieving a remarkable 99% accuracy and positioning itself as a frontrunner when compared to previous works that make use of the dataset featured in this research.
Racial Disparities in Conforming Mortgage Lending: A Comparative Study of Fintech and Traditional Lenders Under Regulatory Oversight
Authors: Liu Zilong , Liang Hongyan
Published: February 2025

This study examines racial and ethnic disparities in mortgage-lending outcomes across different lender types—large banks, fintech lenders, non-bank lenders, small banks, and credit unions—using Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data from 2018 to 2023. By analyzing approval rates, rate spreads, and origination charges, we evaluate how borrower outcomes vary by race and ethnicity, controlling for loan characteristics, borrower attributes, and regional factors. Our findings reveal that Black and Hispanic borrowers consistently face less favorable terms than White borrowers, with disparities differing by lender type. Large banks, operating under stringent regulatory oversight, demonstrate relatively equitable pricing but impose higher loan denial rates on minorities. Credit unions, despite offering the lowest rate spreads overall, penalize minority borrowers more severely in pricing than other lender types. Fintech lenders, while charging higher-rate spreads and fees, show smaller credit access disparities for minority borrowers. Non-bank and small banks display mixed results, with inconsistencies in their treatment of minorities across pricing and credit access. These results highlight that neither technological innovations nor alternative lending models alone suffice to eliminate systemic inequities. Achieving equitable mortgage lending requires enhanced regulatory oversight, greater transparency in algorithmic decision-making, and stricter enforcement of fair lending practices.
Burn to Save, or Save to Burn? Management May Be Key to Conservation of an Iconic Old-Growth Stand in California, USA
Authors: Weeks JonahMaria , Nagelson Bryant , Bisbing Sarah , Safford Hugh
Published: February 2025

Seasonally dry mature and old-growth (MOG) forests in the western USA face increasing threats from catastrophic wildfire and drought due to historical fire exclusion and climate change. The Emerald Point forest at Lake Tahoe in the Sierra Nevada of California, one of the last remaining old-growth stands at lake level, is at high risk due to elevated fuels and tree densities. The stand supports huge trees and the highest tree diversity in the Lake Tahoe Basin and protects important raptor habitat. In this study, we simulate forest response to vegetation management and wildfire to assess the impacts of four fuel-reduction scenarios on fire behavior and stand resilience at Emerald Point. Results: Our results demonstrate that restorative forest management can greatly improve an MOG forest’s resistance to catastrophic fire. Thinning to the natural range of variation for density, basal area, and fuel loads, followed by a prescribed burn, was most effective at reducing large-tree mortality, maintaining basal area, and retaining live tree carbon post-wildfire, while reducing secondary impacts. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the value of proactive management in protecting old-growth forests in seasonally dry regions from severe fire events, while also enhancing their ecological integrity and biodiversity.
Prescribed Burns Reduce Early-Stage Shrub Encroachment in Semi-arid Grassland
Authors: Alfaro-Reyna Teresa , Aguirre-Gutierrez Carlos Alberto , de la Cruz Domínguez Juan Carlos , Luna Luna Miguel , Flores-Rentería Dulce , Delgado-Balbuena Josué
Published: February 2025

Wildfire is a key factor in regulating ecological processes in grassland ecosystems; however, changes in land use/cover have modified the intensity and frequency of fires as they occurred naturally. Different factors have caused a rise in woody vegetation in these ecosystems, leading to changes in species composition, diversity, and biogeochemical cycles. Prescribed burns are a tool for controlling and eradicating shrubs; however, their effectiveness depends on vegetation composition, biomass availability, and the objectives of restoration. We evaluated the effectiveness of fire as a shrub controller in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem. We measured several shrub dasometric parameters and the percentage of damage in ten 2000 m² plots three months after a prescribed burning was performed. Both crown height and width and total height were the main variables that explained the percentage of shrub damage by fire. Individuals with a height greater than 1.6 m and wide crowns did not suffer damage. Moreover, even though 97% of the total shrubs presented some fire damage, 86% recovered after the rain period. Our results show that fire could be an effective strategy to control early-growing shrubs, but on overgrazed arid lands it would be difficult to have enough biomass to implement burning programs.
Morphology and Histology of the Digestive System of Japanese Mantis Shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria)
Authors: Wang Ran , Lou Fangrui , Yang Pei , Qiu Shengyao , Wang Lei
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the characteristics of the digestive system in adult Japanese mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria), which is a species of carnivorous crustacean, with a focus on morphological and histological analysis. The digestive system of O. oratoria includes the mouthparts, the esophagus, cardiac stomach, pyloric stomach, midgut, hindgut, anus and hepatopancreas. The histological structure of each organ is composed of the mucosal epithelial layer, submucous layer, muscularis, and outer membrane. Besides, the foregut is covered with a diverse chitinous layer. The labrum is densely populated with minor salivary glands. The mandibular-gastric mill apparatus and evenly arranged bifurcated setae are observed in the cardiac stomach. The secondary filter of the pyloric stomach is subtly intricate, with fine spicules and seta plate. The midgut, being the longest segment of the digestive tract and accounting for 59.39% of body length, has villi covered with dense microvilli. The hindgut also forms villi, but the height of the villi (695.96 μm) is 3.20 times that of the midgut (217.41 μm). The hepatopancreas encircles the entire pyloric stomach, midgut, and hindgut. The hepatosomatic index is approximately 3.83%.
Bioassay-Guide Preparative Separation of Hypoglycemic Components from Gynura divaricata (L.) DC by Conventional and pH-Zone Refining Countercurrent Chromatography
Authors: Shen Zetao , Xu Jing , Wen Lijiao , Yin Lu , Cao Xueli , Pei Hairun , Zhao Xi
Published: February 2025

Gynura divaricata (L.) DC is a long-used medicinal and edible plant in China folk. Its hyperglycemic effects have garnered increasing public attention in recent years. This study revealed that the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanol (BuOH) partition fractions of G. divaricata crude extract exhibited significantly higher α-glucosidase inhibition activity and enhanced glucose uptake ability compared to other fractions. Guided by the hypoglycemic bioassay, these two fractions were subjected to isolation of active compounds using high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). A two-phase solvent system composed of hexane-methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE)-methanol-0.1% TFA water was employed for the separation of the EtOAc fraction by conventional HSCCC through a gradient elution strategy. Five major compounds were obtained and identified as chlorogenic acid (1), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (2), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4), and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) by ESI-MS, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR. The chlorogenic acid and the three dicaffeoylquinic acids were found to display higher inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase compared to the flavonoid. Considering their acidic nature, pH-zone-refining CCC (PHZCCC) was then applied for further scale-up separation using a solvent system MtBE: n-butanol: acetonitrile: water with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as a retainer and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) as an eluter. A significantly higher yield of chlorogenic acid was obtained from the BuOH fraction by PZRCCC. Molecular docking between the caffeoylquinic acids and α-glucosidase confirmed their hypoglycemic activities. This study demonstrates that CCC is a powerful tool for preparative separation of active constituents in natural products. This research presents a novel and effective method for the preparative isolation of hypoglycemic compounds from Gynura divaricata.
Health Benefits, Applications, and Analytical Methods of Freshly Produced Allyl Isothiocyanate
Authors: Alibrahem Walaa , Nguyen Duyen H. H. , Kharrat Helu Nihad , Tóth Florence , Nagy Péter Tamás , Posta János , Prokisch József , Oláh Csaba
Published: February 2025

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a low-molecular-weight natural chemical predominantly obtained from the autolysis of sinigrin, a glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables like mustard, horseradish, and wasabi. AITC has sparked widespread interest due to its various biological actions, which include strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer capabilities. This compound offers promising potential in several fields, particularly in food preservation, medicine, and enhancing food quality through natural means. AITC’s effectiveness against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including foodborne pathogens and spoilage agents, makes it an attractive natural alternative to synthetic preservatives. The potential to extend the shelf life of perishable foods makes AITC an important tool for food production, meeting rising customer demand for natural additives. In addition to its antimicrobial effects, AITC demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity, reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulating key signaling pathways, which could make it valuable in managing chronic inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, emerging research highlights its potential in cancer prevention and treatment, as AITC has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell increase in several cancer cell lines, offering a natural approach to chemoprevention. This review delves into the chemical structure, metabolism, and bioavailability of freshly produced AITC, providing a comprehensive overview of its beneficial properties. Challenges related to AITC’s volatility, dosage optimization, and regulatory considerations are also discussed, alongside future research directions to enhance the stability and efficacy of AITC-based formulations. The findings underscore AITC’s role as a versatile bioactive compound with known potential to support human health and the sustainable food industry.
Wine with Added Pomegranate Juice: A Novel Approach to Sparkling Winemaking
Authors: Liu Shuyan , Vincenzi Simone
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the incorporation of pomegranate juice into the fermentation process to produce a novel rosé sparkling wine with enhanced antioxidant properties and improved acidity while preserving desirable sensory qualities. Initial trials blended a Glera base wine with 5%, 10%, and 15% pomegranate juice, followed by bottle fermentation to select the optimal formulation. The 10% blend, identified as the best, underwent a second fermentation in an autoclave using the Martinotti method. Chemical analyses were conducted to assess polyphenol content, protein stability, antioxidant activity, and colour, while sensory evaluations determined the flavour balance and acceptability. Results demonstrated that pomegranate juice significantly increased polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. The 10% blend achieved balanced acidity, sweetness, and carbonation, with pronounced fruity and floral aromas. However, protein stability tests revealed haze formation, emphasizing the need for stabilization refinements. This study highlights the feasibility of integrating pomegranate juice into sparkling wine production. It explores alternative and innovative uses for pomegranate to maximize its potential beyond traditional applications, leverages its unique properties, such as high antioxidant content, to enhance value-added products, and demonstrates its potential to diversify the portfolio of fruit wines while appealing to modern consumer preferences.
Structural Analysis of Erbium-Doped Silica-Based Glass-Ceramics Using Anomalous and Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering
Authors: Vasconcelos Helena Cristina , Meirelles Maria , Özmenteş Reşit , Santos Luís
Published: February 2025

This study employs advanced structural characterization techniques, including anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to investigate erbium (Er3+)-doped silica-based glass-ceramic thin films synthesized via the sol–gel method. This research examines the SiO2-TiO2 and SiO2-TiO2-PO2.5 systems, focusing on the formation, dispersion, and structural integration of Er3+-containing nanocrystals within the amorphous matrix under different thermal treatments. Synchrotron radiation tuned to the LIII absorption edge of erbium enabled ASAXS measurements, providing element-specific details about the localization of Er3+ ions. The findings confirm their migration into crystalline phases, such as erbium phosphate (EPO) and erbium titanate (ETO). SAXS and Guinier analysis quantified nanocrystal sizes, revealing trends influenced by their composition and heat treatment. Complementary XPS analysis of the Er 5p core-level states provided detailed information on the chemical and electronic environment of the Er3+ ions, confirming their stabilization within the crystalline structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) highlighted the nanoscale morphology, verifying the aggregation of Er3+ ions into well-defined nanocrystals. The results offer a deeper understanding of their size, distribution, and interaction with the surrounding matrix.
Research on Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics of Fractional Order Resonant DC-DC Converter Based on Sigmoid Function
Authors: Xie Lingling , Xu Guangwei
Published: February 2025

Resonant DC-DC converters are a class of strongly nonlinear systems with rich nonlinear phenomena. In order to describe the dynamic behavior of resonant DC-DC converters more accurately, the nonlinear dynamic behavior of fractional order (FO) resonant DC-DC converters is studied deeply, based on the fractional order nature of inductance and capacitance. Firstly, a Sigmoid function state model of the fractional order resonant converter is established and integrated with phase shift control. A discrete model of the converter is established by using an estimation correction algorithm. Secondly, the mathematical and equivalent circuit models of the fractional order converter are constructed in MATLAB. The circuit simulations and the experimental results verified the correctness of the Sigmoid function model. Thirdly, the effect of circuit parameters on the converter’s nonlinear dynamics is analyzed using bifurcation diagrams, time-domain waveforms, and phase diagrams. Finally, an experimental platform is established to validate the theoretical analysis. The results demonstrate that increasing the proportional coefficient and load resistance destabilizes the system, leading to rich nonlinear phenomena such as bifurcation and chaos. Compared to integer order converters, fractional order converters offer a broader stable operating range. Fractional order models can more accurately reflect the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of resonant DC-DC converters.
Scale-Free Dynamics of Resting-State fMRI Microstates
Authors: Erbil Nurhan , Deshpande Gopikrishna
Published: February 2025

The functional significance of RSNs is examined via simultaneous EEG-fMRI studies on the basis of the relation of RSNs with different frequency bands of EEG and EEG-based microstate analysis. In this study, we try to identify RSNs from microstates of cortical surface maps of the BOLD signal. In addition, the scale-free dynamics of these map sequences were also examined. The structural and resting state functional MRI images were acquired on a 3T scanner with three different fMRI acquisition protocols from seven subjects. Microstate segmentations from EEG, fMRI, and simulated data were evaluated. Wavelet-based fractal analysis was performed on map sequence time series and the Hurst exponent (H) was calculated. By using HRF-deconvolved fMRI time series, the effect of the HRF (hemodynamic response function) on fMRI-derived microstates was tested. The fMRI map sequence has a system with a memory system smaller than 16 s. When the HRF was deconvolved, the duration of the memory of the system was reduced to 4 s. On the other hand, the results of simulation data indicated that these systems are specific to the resting state BOLD signal. Similar to EEG microstates, fMRI also has microstates and both of them have scale-free dynamics. fMRI microstate dynamics have two different components, one is related to the HRF and the other is independent of the HRF. The significance of fMRI microstates and their relation with RSNs need to be further studied.
Development and Characterization of κ-Carrageenan and Boron Nitride Nanoparticle Membranes for Improved Ionic Conductivity in Fuel Cells
Authors: Chavez-Baldovino Ermides , Malca-Reyes Carlos A. , Masso Roberto , Feng Peter , Díaz-Vázquez Liz M.
Published: February 2025

The development of alga-based biodegradable membranes represents a significant advancement in fuel cell technology, aligning with the need for sustainable material solutions. In a significant advancement for sustainable energy technologies, we have developed a novel biodegradable κ-carrageenan (KC) and boron nitride (BN) nanoparticle membrane, optimized with ammonium sulfate (NHS). This study employed a set of characterization techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), where thermal anomalies were observed in the membranes around 160 °C and 300 °C as products of chemical decomposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the phases corresponding to the different precursors, whose value in the EDS measurements reached a maximum in the KC/BN/NHS5% membrane at 2.31 keV. In terms of the mechanical properties (MPs), a maximum tensile stress value of 10.96 MPa was achieved for the KC/BN sample. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the physicochemical properties of the membranes were evaluated. Our findings reveal that the KC/BN/NHS1% membrane achieves an exceptional ionic conductivity of 7.82 × 10−5 S/cm, as determined by impedance spectroscopy (IS). The properties of the developed membrane composite suggest possible broader applications in areas such as sensor technology, water purification, and ecologically responsive packaging. This underscores the role of nanotechnology in enhancing the functional versatility and sustainability of energy materials, propelling the development of green technology solutions.
How Stiff Was Armorica During the Variscan Orogeny? A Reappraisal of the “Bretonian” Phase in Central Brittany
Authors: Faure Michel , Marcoux Eric , Poujol Marc , Masson Clément
Published: February 2025

In collision belts, the upper plate is generally less deformed than the lower one that underwent syn-metamorphic ductile shearing, and frequently late-collisional crustal melting. Concerning the Variscan orogeny, it is widely accepted that the Armorica microcontinent represented the upper plate of the collision system. In France, the Central-North-Armorican Domain belonged to this upper plate whose southern margin in the Pontivy–Coray area exposes metamorphic rocks. There, structural and metamorphic studies indicate that an early tectono-metamorphic event (M0-M1) with biotite–garnet–staurolite–kyanite assemblage, crystallized at 0.9 GPa and 500 °C, is characterized by a top-to-the NW shearing. This event was followed by an HT event (M2) at ca 800–900 °C, coeval with a domal structure. In micaschists, monazite yields an LA-ICP-MS age at 351 Ma ascribed to M2. M0-M1-M2 events developed before the Late Carboniferous pluton emplacement at ca 315 Ma (M3 event). The tectono-metamorphic succession documents that Armorica was not a rigid block but underwent a synmetamortphic ductile deformation during the Famennian–Tournaisian (360–355 Ma) collision redefined here as the late episode of the “Bretonian orogenic phase”, whereas the pre-Famennian Bretonnian episode is ascribed to oceanic subduction. These new data allow us to reassess the geodynamic evolution of this part of the Variscan orogen.
A Data Model and Method Framework for Cyberspace Map Visualization
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Zhou Chenghu , Chen Minjie , Cao Yibing , Fan Shaojing
Published: February 2025

Integrating cyberspace and geographic space through map visualization is a valuable approach for revealing distribution patterns and relational dynamics in cyberspace. The interdisciplinary integration of network science and geographic science has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, current geographic information data models are not suitable for representing cyberspace features and their relations, and there is a lack of general and systematic cyberspace map visualization methods. To address these problems, this paper introduces an integrated data model that aligns spatial and cyberspace features based on a “proxy mode”. This model is designed to support both the visualization of data maps and the analysis of complex networks and graph layouts. In addition, a framework for cyberspace map visualization is introduced, comprising three main stages: “cyberspace data processing”, “cyberspace data rendering”, and “base map processing and map layout”. Using the Routers, BrightKite, and Cables datasets, we developed a web-based CMV system and generated a statistical map, a node-link map, an edge bundling map, a flow map, and a feature distribution map. The experimental results showed that the proposed data model and method framework can be effectively applied to represent the distribution and relations of cyberspace features and help reveal the interaction patterns between cyberspace and geographic space.
An Efficient Route Planning Algorithm for Special Vehicles with Large-Scale Road Network Data
Authors: Tian Ting , Wu Huijing , Wei Haitao , Wu Fang , Xu Mingliang
Published: February 2025

During natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires, or landslides, the timely passage of special vehicles (primarily oversized vehicles) is crucial for successful emergency rescue operations. Efficient route planning algorithms capable of handling large-scale road networks are essential to facilitate this. This paper focuses on the rapid dispatch of special vehicles to their destinations within large-scale national road networks during emergency rescue operations. Using China’s national road network as a case study, a dual-layer road network data model was proposed to separate high-grade expressways from low-grade ordinary roadways to optimize data storage and access. A two-level spatial grid framework is also introduced to efficiently segment, extract, and store road network data. An improved algorithm constrained by a shortest-route planning objective function is proposed to improve route planning efficiency. This algorithm optimizes data access by loading high-grade road network data into memory once and only loading the necessary grid segments of low-grade road network data during route planning. The objective function incorporates constraints such as bridge weight and tunnel height limitations to ensure the safe passage of special vehicles. A parallelized bidirectional Dijkstra algorithm was proposed to further accelerate route planning. This approach simultaneously searches for optimal routes from both the starting and ending points, significantly improving efficiency for large-scale, cross-regional route planning. Experimental results demonstrate that our improved road network model and algorithm reduce search time by 1.69 times compared to conventional methods. The parallelized bidirectional Dijkstra algorithm further accelerates route planning by a factor of 3.75, achieving comparable performance to commercial software. The proposed road network model, route planning algorithm, and related findings offer valuable insights for optimizing emergency rescue operations and ensuring cost-effective resource allocation.
Segmentation of Transaction Prices Submarkets in Vienna, Austria Using Multidimensional Spatiotemporal Change–DBSCAN (MDSTC-DBSCAN)
Authors: Treitler Lorenz , Kounadi Ourania
Published: February 2025

This study delineates transaction price submarkets of dwellings in Vienna by performing spatiotemporal clustering and analysing the change in purchasing prices in these clusters between 2018 and 2022. The submarkets are created using a novel spatiotemporal clustering method referred to as Multidimensional Spatiotemporal Change–DBSCAN (MDSTC-DBSCAN), which incorporates the temporal change in transaction prices along with spatial proximity to identify spatial areas with similar transaction prices. It represents an advancement over MDST-DBSCAN for this use case, as it considers the change over time as valuable information rather than a constraint that further splits the clustering groups. The results of the case study in Vienna indicate variations in price growth rates among the submarkets (i.e., contiguous regions with similar prices and price growth rates) that confirm the importance of considering the temporal changes in transaction prices. With respect to the Viennese case study, a lower Moran’s I value was observed for 2022 compared to previous years (2018 to 2021), indicating a higher level of homogeneity in transaction prices. This finding was also supported by the cluster analysis, as less expensive clusters demonstrated higher rates of price increase compared to more expensive clusters. Future research can enhance the algorithm’s usability and broaden its potential use cases to other multidimensional spatiotemporal event data.
A System for Analysis and Simulating Hydraulic and Hydrogeological Risks Through WebGIS 3D Digital Platforms
Authors: Mazzei Mauro , Quaroni Davide
Published: February 2025

The present research activity carried out demonstrated how simulation tools developed through WebGIS 3D digital platforms are capable of producing approximate forecasts of the effects of potentially catastrophic meteorological phenomena that may affect riverbeds in the territories observed. This work presents an analysis and simulation platform with graphic representation of the results in the form of three-dimensional animation. This methodology may represent a useful tool for all bodies and organizations that need to create hypothetical scenarios for the management of emergencies related to flooding events in watercourses, especially in areas of maximum hydrogeological vulnerability in the Italian territory. These scenarios are particularly useful in cases where watercourses are located near inhabited centers, industrial areas or strategic infrastructures, where the risk of material damage and danger to the population is greater. The simulation is based on the morphology of the land adjacent to the bed of an affected watercourse, taking elevation into account to determine the direction of the expansion of the water mass. An important aspect of the platform is the extreme speed of simulation resolution, which allows the tool to be used even in real time. This real-time forecasting approach is crucial for making quick and informed decisions, thus reducing reaction times and improving emergency management on the ground, with a potential positive impact on the safety of the population and the protection of infrastructure.
Strategies for Glacier Retreat Communication with 3D Geovisualization and Open Data Sharing
Authors: Gaspari Federica , Barbieri Federico , Fascia Rebecca , Ioli Francesco , Pinto Livio , Migliaccio Federica
Published: February 2025

Images of melting ice have become powerful symbols of climate change, attracting both public attention and scientific interest. This research uses web technologies to document and communicate the ongoing retreat of the Belvedere Glacier in the Italian Alps. By combining historical and contemporary 2D and 3D geospatial data, the paper presents a comprehensive digital platform that allows visualization of long-term changes of the Belvedere Glacier. To increase public understanding and engagement, we develop a user-friendly web platform that provides interactive tools for exploring glacier data. By fostering a deeper understanding of the complex processes involved in glacier retreat by different audiences (students, general public, and technical experts), this work aims to inspire further research and cooperation, also thanks to the reproducibility of the open-source code.
Identification of CKAP2 as a Potential Target for Prevention of Gastric Cancer Progression: A Multi-Omics Study
Authors: Liu Xueyi , Zhang Wenyu , Wang Hui , Yang Wulin
Published: February 2025

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as one of the most prevalent malignant tumors globally. The subtle manifestation of its early-stage symptoms often results in many GC patients being diagnosed at a late or advanced stage, thereby posing significant obstacles to the effectiveness of chemotherapy treatments. Therefore, identifying early biomarkers for GC is crucial. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have highlighted the pivotal role that aging plays in the progression of cancer. Among the various proteins involved, Cytoskeleton-associated protein 2 (CKAP2) emerges as a crucial player in controlling cell proliferation, regulating mitosis and cell division, and exerting a significant influence on the aging process. We employed a bioinformatics approach to assess the causal association between aging-related genes and GC and explore the potential significance of CKAP2 in GC by analyzing data sourced from various repositories, including Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx), GWAS Catalog, The Database of Cell Senescence Genes (CellAge), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and the Comparative Toxicology Genome Database (CTD). Our research summarized the causal relationship between CKAP2 expression and the development risk of GC, differential expression in GC, the relationship with the prognosis of GC, genetic correlation, functional analysis, and immune cell infiltration, and explored the interaction of CKAP2 and chemical substances. The findings revealed that an elevation in CKAP2 expression correlated with a reduced likelihood of developing GC. There was a significant difference in the expression of CKAP2 between GC and normal patients. Specifically, there was higher expression in GC compared to normal patients. In addition, CKAP2 has been proven to have diagnostic value in GC, and elevated levels of CKAP2 expression are indicative of a more favorable prognosis. Immune infiltration analysis revealed the relationship between CKAP2 and tumor immune microenvironment, while the Comparative Toxicology Genome Database (CTD) identified a small molecule compound that may target CKAP2. In summary, through comprehensive multivariate analyses, we identified and validated the potential role that CKAP2 may play in GC. Therefore, CKAP2 shows potential as an indicator for both the diagnosis and prognosis of GC, making it worthy of further clinical investigation.
Widespread Distribution of chs-1 Mutations Associated with Resistance to Diflubenzuron Larvicide in Culex pipiens Across Italy, Reaching Virtual Fixation in the Venetian Lagoon
Authors: Micocci Martina , Pichler Verena , Serini Paola , Giammarioli Carola , Malandruccolo Chiara , Virgillito Chiara , Ballardini Marco , Lia Riccardo Paolo , Arnoldi Daniele , Vettore Stefano , Bonetto Davide , Martini Simone , Drago Andrea , della Torre Alessandra , Caputo Beniamino
Published: February 2025

Control interventions against mosquito larvae are the primary measure to reduce the adult abundance and risk of arbovirus outbreaks in Europe. One of the most commonly used larvicides in Italy is diflubenzuron (DFB), which targets chitin synthase 1 (chs-1), interrupting the normal development of larvae into adults. Recent studies identified high levels of DFB resistance in Culex pipiens populations from Emilia-Romagna (Italy) associated with I1043L/M/F mutations at position 1043 of the chs-1 gene. The aim of the present study was to assess the circulation of 1043 resistance alleles in Cx. pipiens populations across Italy, outside Emilia-Romagna, with a focus on the Veneto region. Overall, 1032 specimens were genotyped. The 1043L allele was found in all examined Italian regions (Trentino-Alto Adige 19–36%; Veneto 0–91%; Piemonte 11%; Liguria 28%; Lazio 0–8%; Puglia 5%). The highest frequencies (up to >90%) were observed in the Venetian lagoon, where 1043M was also detected (6–11%). Overall, the relatively low frequencies of 1043 mutations despite extensive and longstanding use of DFB in Italy suggest a high fitness cost worthy of further investigations, while their extremely high frequencies in coastal touristic sites point to these sites as the most relevant for resistance monitoring and larvicide rotation.