bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Modeling and Optimization Heat Pipe Systems
Authors:   Information satellite systems them. acad. M. F. Reshetnev, Sokolov Nikita Yu.
Published: February 2022

The results of optimization of the supporting structure of a block of onboard electronic equipment with a built-in single flat heat pipe in the supporting structure with an integrated heat pipe system are presented, using the example of solving a model problem with a single heat source. The comparison was carried out at an equal temperature, occupied volume and for a certain maximum temperature of electrical radio products. The results of computational modeling are presented, demonstrating a comparison of the characteristics of a single flat heat pipe with a system of sequentially located flat heat pipes. Ultimately, the studies carried out have determined the limiting values of the removed thermal power of a single heat pipe, two-level and three-level heat pipe systems with different heat carriers. The versatility of the mathematical model, supplemented by the optimization method, has been confirmed
Modeling of the Optimal Flight Route of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based on Infrared Video Navigation Data Based on the Upgraded Dijkstra Algorithm
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Ischuk Igor N.
Published: February 2022

The article presents a model for constructing the optimal flight route of unmanned aerial vehicles based on infrared video navigation data based on the upgraded Dijkstra algorithm. The method and algorithm for implementing the model for constructing the optimal flight route are considered. Numerical estimates of the frequency distribution of correlation values between reference (reference) and current images in the infrared wavelength range at different times of the day are obtained. The actual time period of the day is determined for the creation and further use of reference (reference) images with the longest possible use time during the next day. Optimal routes are constructed with the coordinates of the reference (reference) route, relative to the time of the formation of the reference route, taking into account the recognition of the zones of blocking flights of unmanned aerial vehicles according to the Dijkstra algorithm
Methodology for Estimating the Probability of Obtaining Data About an Object Using Optoelectronic Systems of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors:   Military Training and Research Center of the Air Force «Air Force Academy ft. Professor N. E. Zhukovsky and Y. A. Gagarin», Svishcho Vitaliy S.
Published: February 2022

The article presents a method for estimating the probability of obtaining data about an object using optoelectronic means of unmanned aerial vehicles. The optimal heights of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles depending on weather conditions are considered. Numerical estimates of the dependence of the characteristics of optoelectronic devices on the factors affecting their use are obtained. The actual period of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to increase the probability of obtaining data about the object is determined. Graphs of the use of optoelectronic devices of different wavelength ranges, taking into account the time interval, are constructed
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN CATALONIA IN CONDITIONS OF POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY (2017–2020)
Authors:   National University of Ostroh Academy, Kulakovskyi Petro
Published: February 2022

The purpose: Analysis of the primary tendency and dynamics of international tourism in Catalonia in conditions of political uncertainty after the referendum on October 1, 2017, on the independence of the community. Methods: In the process of writing the article were used methods such as analytical, chorological, correlation, statistical. The author relied upon the method of tourist zoning, based on the fact that Catalonia is a territory with certain signs of autocracy. This area in terms of development cycles has entered its third stage, characterized by the achievement of tourist capacity and a change in the attitude of the population to foreign tourists. Results: Examining the development of international tourism, the author concluded that the 2017 referendum had a moderate impact on Catalonia's tourism sector. The catastrophic decline in tourist flows didn't happen, as was the case in Tunisia or Egypt. Insignificant to some extent the number of foreign tourists to the community even increased, but their pace of growth began to lag behind the Spanish and several communities in the country, in particular the Canary Islands, Valencia, Madrid. Scientific novelty: Catalonia's authorities' intention to leave the kingdom was traced to influence one of the most developed areas of the regional economy – tourism, in particular its most profitable sector, focused on a foreign visitor. It is proved, that there is no significant decrease in the arrival of tourists from abroad, given the excellent infrastructure and political uncertainty of the future relations between Barcelona and Madrid. At the same time, the atmosphere of hospitality and financial indicators of tourist service establishments. Practical significance: The example of Catalonia demonstrates that any political turbulence affects international tourism. Positive tourist image of the region/country, good-adjusted to the needs of tourists the sphere of services, and the absence of significant political shocks can mitigate this effect as much as possible, although they cannot neutralize it.
TRAINING OF TOURISM SPECIALISTS: CHALLENGES OF TODAY
Authors:   Ferenc Rakoki II Transcarpathian Hungarian College Of Higher Education, Shchuka Halyna , Bezruchenkov Yuriy ,   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv
Published: February 2022

Goal of research: determination of key guidelines in the educational, methodological, scientific and organizational work of a university teacher. Research methods. Taking into consideration that the training of tourism specialists is a complex dynamic deterministic regulated system, the research was performed on the basis of a system principle within a structural-functional approach using methods of analysis and synthesis, forecasting, analogy, deduction, systematization and generalization. The results of the research: it is determined that the requirements for the training of specialists in the field of tourism are determined by the situation on the world tourist market, the state of the domestic system of vocational education and the principles of functioning of the professional space. The current situation in tourism, education and in the tourism professional space requires a radical restructuring of the education system. In accordance with the basic principles of didactics, the main questions that need to be answered in the formation of updated educational programs: "Why teach?" (learning purpose, expected result), "Why teach?" (learning content), "How to teach?" (methods, tools, rules and organizational forms of learning), "Where to teach?" (venue), "When to teach?" (determination of time regime and duration), "Who to teach?" and "Who teaches" (system of requirements for students and teachers). It is proved that upon completion of the automation of tourism activities will change the requirements for professional competence of the future specialist in the direction of strengthening emotional intelligence, it involves changing the content of education, the transition from information-rich learning to reflective and transformative. As a result of informatization, the role of the teacher in the educational process changes, which requires the use of other techniques and methods. A pandemic dictates new requirements for the location of classes, etc. A detailed analysis of the situation allowed to establish a list of key elements of the tourism education system that are subject to reform, to determine the essence of these transformations.. Scientific novelty: for the first time the current situation with the training of tourism specialists has been studied on the basis of a systematic approach, and recommendations for its reorganization are developed in accordance with today's challenges. Practical significance: key elements of the tourism education system to be reformed have been identified; the list of questions which need to be answered at the organization of future specialist preparation is offered; guidelines have been set according to which tourism education will develop further. The submitted proposals can be taken into account in the development of educational programs for the training of specialists in other sectors of the economy.
INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A MODERN TOURIST RESOURCE ON THE EXAMPLE OF SPAIN
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Beznosiuk Olena
Published: February 2022

The aim. To explore the prospects of creative and imaginative tourism based on intangible cultural heritage on the example of Spain. Methodology. General scientific research methods are used, namely general scientific: comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization and analogy. The comparison method was used to establish the similarity of the use of ICH elements as a tourist magnet. Methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization were used in the study of the causal relationship between the growth of tourist activity in Spain due to the introduction of legislative documents that contributed to this process and the preservation of cultural traditions of local communities. By analogy, we can expect a probable positive result of the development of creative and imaginative tourism in Ukraine. Results. Positive and effective examples of relevant types of cultural tourism in Spain are considered. The article illustrates the examples of places in Spain where creative models of tourism development have been adopted in recent decades. Successful results of relevant types of cultural tourism in the country are considered in the research. It has been exemplified how important tourist "magnets" from the UNESCO Representative List became the elements of intangible culture of Spain.The article illustrates the examples of places in Spain where creative models of tourism development have been adopted in recent decades. Successful results of relevant types of cultural tourism in the country are considered in the research. It has been examplified how important tourist "magnets" from the UNESCO Representative List became the elements of intangible culture of Spain. Scientific novelty. The author explores how creative tourism, changing the traditional model of cultural tourism heritage, departs from material culture. The considered experience demonstrates that creativity is a mobile component. Creativity promotes interaction between the owners of intangible culture, which are mostly locals from rural areas, and visitors. The role of owners is not the traditional one for tourism as services are not provided in a traditional way, but in the form of demonstration, training or transfer of experience. The role of tourists in this case is the search for new skills, knowledge or experience. Practical meaningfulness. The study provides examples of how the key acquisition becomes a new symbolic capital, i. e. the acquisition of experience, worldview and skills. Practical cases of cooperation and distribution of roles between local communities and the state in tourism development based on the use of ICH elements between have been described.
GEOGRAPHY OF DARK TOURISM IN UKRAINE
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lushchyk Mariya , Pronko Halyna ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: February 2022

The purpose of the article is to study the resource base for the development of «dark» tourism in Ukraine. Since the issue of «dark» tourism is insufficiently studied in scientific sources, but is already of interest in science and society, scientific attempts to study «dark» tourism in Ukraine are considered relevant and timely. Methods. The author's analysis of materials of modern scientific researches and researches concerning theoretical and practical aspects of development of «dark» tourism in Ukraine and the world is carried out. A thorough analysis of publications of the current Ukrainian press, popular publications, news media resources, materials of information portals, websites of travel companies has been performed. Results. The preconditions for the development of «dark» tourism in Ukraine are described. The resource base of this type of tourism is investigated. A list of 120 potentially popular for tourists «dark» places and objects (medieval castles, dungeons, thematic museums, prisons, cathedrals, ancient settlements, cemeteries, anomalous areas, places of power, battlefields and battles, etc.) that can used in the development of new tourism products. According to the monitoring data, a map of «dark» tourism facilities in Ukraine has been completed. The geographical (by macro-regions and regions of Ukraine) and thematic (according to the objects belonging to specific types of «dark» tourism: mystical tourism, necropolis tourism, thanatourism and catastrophe tourism) structuring of these objects, and regularities in their geospatial organization are revealed. The most interesting objects of «dark» tourism of the regions of Ukraine are singled out and a brief description of more than 60 destinations is given. The practical significance. The results of monitoring of «dark» tourism in Ukraine can be used as a database for the development of an interactive map, and their characteristics, presented in the article, become a meaningful content of such a map, as well as used as content to fill thematic websites, information portal , YouTube and Telegram channels, mobile applications. The materials of the article can also be used in the process of forming tourism development programs of the country, in arranging the infrastructure of the relevant profile (quest rooms, amusement parks, thematic entertainment centers), in organizing cultural events, competitions, quests, festivals, educational tours in mystical places to promote them. among tourists and attracting additional investment in the activities of tourism enterprises that plan to expand the existing range of tourism programs by developing «dark» tours and excursions.
Influence of phosphate layer on adhesion properties between a steel surface and an organic coating
Authors: Samardžija Marina , Alar Vesna , Aljinović Fedor , Kapor Frankica
Published: February 2022

In this paper, tests of some physico-chemical properties of protective epoxy coating on non-alloy structural steel grade type S235JRG2 have been carried out. This is a significant construction material whose use is remarkably important for many steel products such as H beam, I beam, transmission towers, steel pipe etc. Coatings represent one of the ways to protect metal from corrosion. The properties of coating thickness, hardness, gloss, and adhesion were investigated. The same properties were tested by exposing the sample non-alloy steel plates to corrosive conditions of the salt and humid chamber and seawater. Part of the samples prior to application of the coating were immersed to phosphate solution to further investigate the effects of phosphatization on the properties of the coating. After exposure of the plates to the humidity chamber conditions, no traces of corrosion products, cracking or peeling of the coating were found on the surfaces. The plates tested in the sea water and salt chamber showed a minor damage on protective coating. The traitability properties were tested by the Pull off Adhesion test. Force pull adhesion off test shows less value for unphosphated samples than for phosphated ones.
Enhanced levels of hazardous trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn) in bird tissues in the context of environmental pollution by Raša coal
Authors: Prevendar Crnić Andreja , Damijanić Danijela , Bilandžić Nina , Sedak Marija , Medunić Gordana
Published: February 2022

The mining and burning of Croatian Raša coal had resulted in release of various contaminants into the local environment. They have remained in the local soil, water, and plants, and became available to animals through their consumption. In this study, tissue samples from a total of 12 birds from the Raša area and 8 birds from a control area were subjected to multi-element analysis (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Pb) by ICP-MS. The obtained results showed increased Se and Cd concentrations in some bird tissue samples compared to the control area. The highest concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Se were found in the liver, while the highest concentrations of Cd and Pb were found in the kidneys. Although some hazardous trace elements were elevated in the tissues of game species, the risk of consuming meat and offal of such species has been found to be very low.
Groundwater Characterization and Salinity Intrusion Studies using Electrical Resistivity Survey (ERS)-Winder, Balochistan, Pakistan
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Hamza Salma , Waqar Azeem Muhammad , Mahmud Shaista , Nawaz-ul-Huda Syed , Qadir Anwar
Published: February 2022

The groundwater resources have always been explored for its utilization in domestic and agriculture purposes. In this study, Winder area in Balochistan which is along the coast of Offshore Indus Basin has been explored using electrical resistivity method for deeper understanding of hydrogeological and hydrogeophysical conditions. Schlumberger electrode arrays have been used to acquire vertical electrical sounding data for 23 different sites in this area. The field data were calibrated with theoretical curves during processing using software with graphical interface. The true resistivities, depths, thicknesses, aquifer attributes, soil type and groundwater quality has been extracted from the processed data. Pseudo-sections and geo-electrical lithology sections have been generated for lateral distribution of hydrogeological settings. Furthermore, Dar-zarrouk parameters calculations have been made and 3D surfaces generated at 30m and 60 m depth for transverse resistance (T), longitudinal conductance (S) and anisotropy (λ) plotted for resistivity distribution and coastal salinity intrusion analysis. The soundings results depict five layers mainly composed of silty sand, sandy clay, sand, and sandy gravel and the depth ranges from 0-110m. The interpretation illustrates that freshwater unconfined aquifer are present in the quaternary sand and sandy gravel deposits. The water table is at shallow depth along the river and deeper in northeast and away from Winder river. The resistivity ranges 29-1091 Ωm in layer-3 interpreted as saturated zone. The approximate range of water table is 19-30 m. The higher value of T greater than 10000 shows fresh water and low value 8200 for salinity intrusion in southwest toward sea.
VR Toolkit for Identifying Group Characteristics
Authors: Mayo Hugo , Shipman Alastair , Giunchi Daniele , Bovo Riccardo , Steed Anthony , Heinis Thomas
Published: February 2022

Visualising crowds is a key pedestrian dynamics topic, with significant research efforts aiming to improve the current state-of-the-art. Sophisticated visualisation methods are a standard for modern commercial models, and can improve crowd management techniques and sociological theory development. These models often define standard metrics, including density and speed. However, modern visualisation techniques typically use desktop screens. This can limit the capability of a user to investigate and identify key features, especially in real time scenarios such as control centres. Virtual reality (VR) provides the opportunity to represent scenarios in a fully immersive environment, granting the user the ability to quickly assess situations. Furthermore, these visualisations are often limited to the simulation model that has generated the dataset, rather than being source-agnostic. In this paper we implement an immersive, interactive toolkit for crowd behaviour analysis. This toolkit was built specifically for use within VR environments and was developed in conjunction with commercial users and researchers. It allows the user to identify locations of interest, as well as individual agents, showing characteristics such as group density, individual (Voronoi) density and speed. Furthermore, it was used as a data-extraction tool, building individual fundamental diagrams for all scenario agents, and predicting group status as a function of local agent geometry. Finally, this paper presents an evaluation of the toolkit made by crowd behaviour experts.
Effect of a Moving Obstacle on Pedestrian Flow Through an Exit
Authors: Xu Han , Song Weiguo , Zhang Jun
Published: February 2022

Current studies about moving obstacles mainly focus on uncommon evacuation scenarios, while there lacks researches on common egress scenarios, such as evacuation from an exit. This study aims to prove that pedestrian flow through exit can be improved by the presence of a moving obstacle and investigate the effect of a moving obstacle on regulating pedestrian flow. Unidirectional pedestrian flow simulations based on social force model are conducted to study the influence of a moving obstacle, that is a mobile robot, on the pedestrian flow through an exit. The robot reciprocates parallel to the wall of the exit with a constant speed 0.5m/s, and the gap between the robot and the exit is set to 1.0m. The pedestrians need to obey the rule of avoiding collision with the robot. By comparing the distributions of individual evacuation time with and without a moving obstacle, it is proven that that the average evacuation time can be reduced by a moving obstacle obviously. The moving obstacle can lead to the inhomogeneous distribution of the crowd near the exit by observing the density profiles. Furthermore, the crowd near the exit is classified into four groups according to movement direction (left or right) and position (the left or right part relative to the center of the exit) of the robot. It reveals that the moving obstacle impedes the evacuation of small proportion pedestrians, but promotes the evacuation of the large proportion pedestrians by the analysis on the fundamental diagrams of the four groups.
Effect of Different Doses of Acute Gamma Radiation on the Cultivation of Volvariella volvacea
Authors: Fisol Fatin Nabilah
Published: February 2022

In mushroom cultivation, acute gamma radiation can be used and studied to improve the production of its fruiting body. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma radiation on the mycelial growth and production of the fruiting body of Volvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer. The mycelia were exposed to gamma radiation at various doses: 0 (control), 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 Gy. The irradiated mycelial growth rate was recorded on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and spawning substrate. The spawn was then produced by inoculating the treated mycelia on paddy straw and subsequently cultivated on an empty fruit bunch to compare the production. The result showed no significant difference in mycelial growth rate on wheat, the number of mushrooms, and mushroom weight between control and treatments of 300, 600 and 900 Gy. However, there was the presence of hairy structures on the fruiting bodies of V. volvacea in all spawns with irradiated mycelia and the production of clustered fruiting bodies from spawns treated with 1200 Gy observed. The effect of treatments on the texture of fruiting bodies was insignificant. Although acute gamma radiation did not significantly increase the production of V. volvacea compared to the control treatment, there were morphological changes observed on the V. volvacea fruiting body which can be studied further. © 2022 Friends Science Publishers
La sostenibilidad turística: el turismo de interior en Ourense
Authors: Jardón Ferreiro Eladio , Del Campo Villares Manuel Octavio , Miguéns Refojo Vanessa
Published: February 2022

El desarrollo del turismo en los últimos años se caracteriza por una máxima diversidad en todas sus facetas. Las alternativas turísticas aumentan en perspectiva geográfica, temporal o modalidad turística adoptada. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de un turismo alternativo, el turismo de interior visto en perspectiva de sostenibilidad, donde aspectos como la oferta cultural, la gastronomía, el medioambiente, la naturaleza o la etnografía en general tienen un papel clave. Por ello se estudió el caso de Ourense, única provincia completamente de interior de Galicia. El estudio se inicia con el detalle de su oferta turística, lo que permite su caracterización. Sus rasgos definitorios son: diversidad espacial, reducida estacionalidad, flexibilidad en términos de edad, estructura familiar o precios. A continuación, se analizó su demanda turística: número de visitantes, pernoctaciones y estancia media, para lo que se efectuó un análisis de crecimiento, correlación y regresión temporal en términos comparados Galicia vs Ourense, al que se unió un estudio de estacionalidad del turismo extranjero. Todo ello permitió la puesta en relación de las variables cuantitativas con la caracterización obtenida y dio como resultado la identificación de un efecto directo y positivo en términos de sostenibilidad del medio etnográfico y social de Ourense sobre su demanda turística y que, además, el futuro más próximo parece corroborar.
Comparison between early gall bladder cancer and advanced gall bladder cancer in terms of clinicopathologic factors: large volume tertiary center experience
Authors: Chung Hwe Hoon , Kim Ji Eun , Chung Kwang Hyun , Park Joo Kyung
Published: February 2022

Background: Early diagnosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) which enables to surgical resection is key for improve prognosis. Aim of this study was to investigate clinical features of early GBC patients compare to advanced ones.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all pathologically confirmed primary GBC patients between in single tertiary referral center.Results: 250 patients (57.3%) were early GBC (stage I and II) and 186 (42.7%) were advanced GBC (stage III and IV). Less patients with early GBC had symptom at initial diagnosis (69.2% versus 90.8%, p<0.001). Large number of patients with early GBC were diagnosed GBC incidentally after surgical resection which initially suspected benign gallbladder polyp or symptomatic gallbladder stones (71/250, 28.4% versus 7/186, 3.8%) (p<0.001). Patients who initially diagnosed gallbladder stone or cholecystitis tended to more advanced than gallbladder polyp.Conclusions: There were no definitive symptoms which can detect early GBCs. Large number of early GBCs were diagnosed incidentally and many of these initially diagnosed with or accompany with benign cholecystic disease. Careful examination should be performed before diagnosis and after treatment, even in patient with vague symptom or benign cholecystic disease without elevated tumor markers.
Episcleritis and sub-conjunctival haemorrhage in Post- acute COVID-19 patients - A case series
Authors: Chaudhary Geeta , Singh Harpreet
Published: February 2022

The research on COVID-19 is mainly focused on the respiratory system for survival rate improvement. In recent days, the affect of the disease on other organs including eye has been reported.However, a lot of research and data is needed to understand the pathophysiology and develop effective treatment strategies.

In the present study, we report a series of 8 patients who presented themselves in the hospital with complaints of redness in the eye. All these patients had a history of COVID-19 illness during preceding one month.

Patients were diagnosed with epislecritis and/or sub-conjunctival haemorrhage using clinical evaluation. They were put on topical steriods and ganciclovir. All the patients improved/recovered within 10 days of presentation.

Our study reports the ocular manifestations- episcleritis and sub-conjunctival haemorrhage as Post-acute COVID-19 symptom in cases of lab positive and symptomatic mild COVID-19 disease. These ocular manifestations have been otherwise reported during acute phase or as one of the early signs of infections.

Mild cases of COVID-19 presented themselves with episcelritis and/or sub-conjunctival haemorrhage after acute phase (3- 4 weeks after commencement of infections). This highlights that SARS-COV-2 leads to hemorrhagic and inflammatory response in the eyes as a sequelae, well beyond the period when replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 have not been isolated.
Debt Management Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Prats Cabrera Joan Oriol , Chiara Jimena
Published: February 2022

Public debt management is one of the most crucial functions of any government, but we know little about how debt management offices operate. Based on a survey of 24 Latin American and Caribbean countries, this document presents the first systematic effort to analyze how these offices are organized and how they perform crucial debt management functions: developing and executing the strategy for managing the States' portfolio of liabilities and new borrowing. The evidence indicates that, although institutional capacity to manage public debt has improved in the region, the experience is uneven among countries. We conclude by highlighting potential areas for improvement.
Strategies to strengthen Ecuador's high-value cacao value chain
Authors: Villacis Alexis , Barrera Victor , Alwang Jeffrey , Caicedo Carlos , Quiroz James ,   IDB Invest
Published: February 2022

Since the early nineteenth century, cacao has been an important export earner for Ecuador. Today the importance of this sector remains, as Ecuador is the main producer and exporter of Fine and Flavor cacao worldwide. Motivated by the main transformations of the global food systems and the increasing demand for multidimensional credence attributes, this study examines the present state of Ecuador's cacao industry, identifies areas of opportunity, and discusses how the private and public sectors can work together to meet existing and emerging challenges. Findings are supported by interviews conducted with the principal actors in the Ecuadorian cacao industry and two case studies. The first case study focuses on how associativity can help cacao farmers producing high-quality beans to differentiate themselves and succeed in modern agri-food markets. The second case study explores the success of a local chocolate firm and its links with local cacao farmers. Findings suggest that market trends have created new business opportunities for cacao producers and chocolate processors. These opportunities are most open to firms who can personalize and differentiate their products, for example, through the use of quality certifications such as organic, fair trade, reduced carbon load, etc. More importantly, market developments are driving exporters to enhance the performance of cacao value chains in the country, but the sector requires coordination to capture reputation and credence-based demands for the local cacao.
On the definition of the concept of «a circumstance excluding the criminality of an act»
Authors: Mikhailov V. I.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 8 of the Criminal Code of Russia is called circumstances that exclude the criminality of an act. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to define the concept of circumstances that exclude the criminality of an act on the basis of clarifying those objective reasons (grounds) by virtue of which causing harm with the necessary defense and other manifestations of legitimate harm is not considered a crime. The designated goal was achieved as a result of the analysis of the norms of Russian, Russian and foreign criminal laws on the circumstances excluding the criminality of the act, and the provisions of the theory on the issue under study. The paper proves that the property of legality or illegality, usefulness or malice of an act that causes the death of a person or other harm is entirely formed by a set of factors external to the act and the actor. At the same time, it is emphasized that an act is not a specific concept in relation to the concept of circumstances excluding the criminality of an act. The optimal concept by which to designate circumstances that exclude the criminality of an act is the concept of situation. In this regard, under the circumstances excluding the criminality of the act, it is proposed to understand the situations, in the presence of which harm to the interests protected by criminal law, within and in compliance with the conditions specified in the norms of Chapter 8 of the Criminal Code of Russia, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts, is lawful. It is proved that the absence of the corpus delicti used in practice (pr. 2 Part 1 of Article 24 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Russia) as a procedural basis excluding criminal proceedings in relation to the circumstances that eliminate the criminality of the act does not reflect the essence of the latter and does not stimulate the investigative bodies to establish them. In this regard, relevant proposals are being made.
System of legal liability in the context of political science of law (a first approximation)
Authors: Kuzmin I. A.
Published: February 2022

Theoretical and empirical data indicate the need to recognize the value and applicability of the political science tools of law in legal research. Determination of the scientific status of political science of law as an element of the general theoretical science of law or an independent science at the initial stage of approbation of its methodological prospects is not an end in itself. The article attempts to initially understand the political content of legal liability and its system at the normative and individual levels of legal regulation using the methods of political science of law. Based on the analysis of social and political practice, domestic and foreign conceptual ideas, as well as the provisions of the current legislation of Russia and the specifics of its application, the author comes to the conclusion that political and legal reality deeply penetrates into the structure of the phenomenon of the system of legal liability. By defining the boundaries of the political element, areas of contact of the legal liability system with the socio-political sphere in the general context of the legal formation process, assessment of the regulatory impact and the degree of effectiveness of law enforcement are identified. The problem areas of the system of legal liability are revealed, requiring the application of the methods of political science of law and the imposition of the model of the legal process, mediating the consolidation and realization of liability, on the model of the political process. The prospects are established and the expected results of the use of political and legal analysis, political and legal modeling, political and legal experiment and a comparative political and legal method in relation to the subject of research are formulated.
THE INFLUENCE OF AGE AND AESTHETIC PARAMETERS OF A SMILE ON THE LIFE ASPECTS OF A PERSON
Authors: Goryacheva Inna , Saakyan Mikhail , Plishkina Anna , Goryacheva Tat'yana , Belova Tat'yana , Zhegalov Aleksandr
Published: February 2022

Subject. A person's individuality depends on the peculiarities of his behavior in the conditions of modern life realities of society, his way of thinking and his communication skills. All the features of human behavior are interconnected, but some of them, in our opinion, play the most decisive role in life, in particular the appearance of a person. The dental status, namely, the ideal smile, is taken into account not only as a dentofacial composition, but also determines the special role of the aesthetic aspect of orthopedic rehabilitation, which is an integral part of the form of individual and collective life activity of a modern person. Thus, the study of aesthetic problems remains especially relevant dental care being provided to the dental patients.

The aim is to study the relationship between the influence of age and aesthetic parameters of a smile on the sociability of patients.

Methodology. Our study involved 30 male and female patients aged 30 to 40 years. We conducted the main (collecting anamnesis, study of diagnostic models) and additional (analysis of the results of the assessment of the dental aesthetic index (DAI)) research methods and questionnaires according to the V.F. Ryakhovsky test "Assessment of the level of sociability".

The results of the study. Analysis of the results of the study allows us to conclude that 50% of patients from the examination group of the age category of 30-40 years have severe and very severe malocclusion, which directly affects the harmony of the smile. People smile less, they are embarrassed to speak, communication efficiency is not high, thus one of the conditions for building a successful career is not achieved.

Conclusions. Having completed our research, we came to the conclusion that the age of the studied patients and the state of the dental system affect people's communication efficacy. Thus, dental health has a significant impact to the components of human well-being.
Pyrolized polyacrylonitrile as a feasible electrode material for electrochemical power sources
Authors:   Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of A. N. Frumkina of RAS, Davydova Elena Stanislavovna , Rychagov Aleksei Yur'evich ,   Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of A. N. Frumkina of RAS, Razorenov Dmitrii Yur'evich ,   Institute the Elementoorganicheskikh of Connections of A. N. Nesmeyanov of RAS, Tarasevich Mikhail Romanovich ,   Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of A. N. Frumkina of RAS, Ponomarev Ivan Igorevich ,   Institute the Elementoorganicheskikh of Connections of A. N. Nesmeyanov of RAS, Ponomarev Igor' Igorevich ,   Institute the Elementoorganicheskikh of Connections of A. N. Nesmeyanov of RAS
Published: February 2022

In the current paper electrospun nanofiber mats were derived from polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The temperature influence on the volumetric and surface composition of the resulting pyropolymers was studied by means of elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Rotating disc electrode (RDE) and rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) methods were used to determine the catalytic properties of PAN pyropolymers, derived at carbonization temperature interval of 600–1200 °C, as well as composite PAN/support catalysts, carbonized at 900 °C, in the oxygen reduction reaction in H2SO4 и KOH solutions. The methods of cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic polarization were utilized to characterize the charge capacitive properties. An equivalent scheme modeling the electrochemical response of PAN pyropolymer in H2SO4solution was proposed. An assumption was made of interrelation between the PAN-T catalytic activity and the occurrence of condensed parquet aromatic structure comprising of nitrogen-carbon bonds. Evidence was given that Fe atoms play the key role in the synthesis of active non-precious catalysts with high selectivity towards the 4-electron O2 reduction. The possibility of the catalysts synthesis for 2-electron ORR without the use of metal precursors was evidently shown. Prominent correlation of capacitive and catalytic properties for these materials was observed in H2SO4solution. The optimal PAN pyropolymers synthesis temperature was determined to be in the range of 750–950 °C. The mats of PAN-T were shown to be feasible as the negative electrodes of supercapacitors.
Study of thin-film electrodes of the system Si–Al–O for lithium-ion battery
Authors:   Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of A. N. Frumkina of RAS, Kulova Tat'yana L'vovna , Skundin Aleksandr Mordukhaevich ,   Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of A. N. Frumkina of RAS, Andreev Vladimir Nikolaevich ,   Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of A. N. Frumkina of RAS, Gryzlov Dmitrii Yur'evich ,   Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of A. N. Frumkina of RAS, Mironenko Aleksandr Aleksandrovich ,   Yaroslavl Branch of Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of RAS Physicotechnological Institute, Rudyi Aleksandr Stepanovich ,   Yaroslavl Branch of Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of RAS Physicotechnological Institute, Gusev Valerii Nikolaevich ,   Yaroslavl Branch of Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of RAS Physicotechnological Institute, Naumov Viktor Vasil'evich ,   Yaroslavl Branch of Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of RAS Physicotechnological Institute
Published: February 2022

Structure of thin-film electrodes manufactured by layer-by-layer magnetron sputtering of Si and Al in the environment with small oxygen additives has been studied. Charge-discharge behavior of these electrodes was studied as well. It is shown that such electrodes are able to stable cycling with marginal irreversible capacity.
The effect of lithium polysulphides on the cycling performance of a lithium electrode in 1M LiClO4 in sulfolane
Authors:   Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Ufa RAS Scientific Center, Kolosnitsyn Vladimir Sergeevich , Ivanov Aleksei Leonidovich ,   Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Ufa RAS Scientific Center, Karaseva Elena Vladimirovna ,   Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Ufa RAS Scientific Center, Kuz'mina Elena Vladimirovna ,   Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Ufa RAS Scientific Center, Mochalov Sergei Ernstovich ,   Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Ufa RAS Scientific Center
Published: February 2022

The effect of lithium polysulphides on the cyclic deposition/and dissolution of lithium metal on an inert stainless steel electrode and on a lithium metal electrode in sulfolane solutions has been studied. It has been shown that the addition of lithium polysulphides to sulfolane solutions leads to a significant increase in the cycle life (2 or more times) and cycling efficiency of a lithium metal electrode and a lithium metal on inert stainless steel electrode. It also results in the reduction of the corrosion rate of the lithium cathodic deposits. The positive influence of lithium polysulphideson the electrochemical behaviour of the lithium electrode is explained by the formation, in the presence of lithium polysulphides, of a «sulphide» surface film, which has a higher lithium-ion conductivity and better protection properties in comparison to the surface film formed on the lithium in the presence of LiClO4.
Influence of a suspension of particles of the positive active material on negative lugs corrosion
Authors:   Scientific and Technological Center of JSC Elektrotyaga, Kamenev Yurii Borisovich , Shtompel' Georgii Alekseevich ,   Scientific and Technological Center of JSC Elektrotyaga
Published: February 2022

Influence of a suspension of particles of the positive active material (PAM) in electrolyte on operation of the negative plate of the lead-acid battery is studied. The significant increase in speed of corrosion of a lead plate in case of contact of particles of PAM with its surface that can lead to appearance macro-defects on lugs of the negative plates is demonstrated.
A study on LiMnyFe1-yPO4 as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors:   Saratov State University, Gridina N. A. , Romanova V. O. ,   Saratov State University, Churikov M. A. ,   Saratov State University, Churikov A. V. ,   Saratov State University, Ivanishcheva I. A. ,   Saratov State University, Zapsis K. V. ,   Saratov State University, Volynsky V. V. ,   JSC «Zavod AIT», Klyuev V. V. ,   JSC «Zavod AIT»
Published: February 2022

A series of solid phases (mixed lithium-iron-manganese phosphates) of the common formula LiMnyFe1−yPO4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1) with a carbon coating on the particle surface was synthesized by mechanochemical activation with carbothermal reduction. The synthesized mixed phosphates were examined as promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The positive effect of replacement of a rather small fraction of iron by manganese is shown, which improves the electrochemical performance at the rates C/10–10C. The highest discharging capacity (above 160 mAh/g at the C/10 rate, about 100 mAh/g at the 10C rate) and cycling stability (the capacity decrease rate less than 0.05 mAh/g per cycle at the 10 C rate) were established for the weakly doped cathode material LiMn0.05Fe0.95PO4.
A stability study of platinized carbon black and carbon nanotubes nanocomposite as a fuel cell electrocatalyst
Authors:   Ioffe Institute, Nechitailov A. A. , Glebova N. V. ,   Ioffe Institute
Published: February 2022

By cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode investigated the stability of the composite catalyst Pt/C–CNT from electrochemical action through multiple changes of the electrode potential from –150 to 1000 mV vs. silver chloride reference electrode. Investigated: the dynamics of the electrochemically active surface area of platinum and electrode in whole, change of amount of quinone groups, change in density of the kinetic current reduction of air oxygen on the surface of the catalyst. With the use of the method of differential thermal analysis studied the oxidation processes and the mechanisms of change of the physicochemical properties of the material under electrochemical action.
The effect of discharge current upon battery capacity
Authors:   JSC «Chechenneftechimprom», Alviev Kh. Kh.
Published: February 2022

Cycling tests of lithium-ion batteries in wide temperature and load ranges have been carried out. The existence of certain threshold discharge load corresponding abrupt decrease of discharge capacity was found.
Community Behavior Related to COVID-19 in Samarinda City Households
Authors: Keron Ola Fransiska
Published: February 2022

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been felt by the Government and all elements of society in Indonesia. It has been hoped that the community would play an active role in preventing the spread of COVID-19 by using masks, washing hands properly under running water, and practicing social distancing by staying away from crowds and keeping a distance from others. The objective of this research was to describe the behavior of the people in the city of Samarinda, especially in terms of household arrangements related to COVID-19. Quantitative descriptive research methods were used. This research was carried out with a particular focus on the families of Stikes Dirgahayu Samarinda students. The random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data were collected using a modified survey, distributed online via WhatsApp. 68% of the respondents had a low level of prevention behaviors. The conclusion of the study was that people in the city of Samarinda were not adhering to the preventative measures, so health education is needed about COVID-19 and how to prevent it.
Keywords: community behavior, household order, COVID-19
The Effect of Self-Efficacy, Caring and Organizational Commitment on Disaster Preparedness of Nurses
Authors: Sanjaya Waqid
Published: February 2022

Preparedness is a series of activities carried out to anticipate disasters through appropriate and efficient organizational steps. Nurses are one of the main actors in disaster mitigation in the health sector. Nurse preparedness is needed to minimize the impact of disasters. Self-efficacy, caring and organizational commitment are important factors in nurse preparedness. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of self-efficacy, caring, and organizational commitment on preparedness of nurses in dealing with patients during natural disasters. This research was correlational with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 24 nurses in the emergency room at Jampangkulon General Hospital. Data were collected using questionnaires, and statistical analysis was through simple linear regression. The results showed that most of the nurses had high self-efficacy, were caring and experienced moderate organizational commitment, and most were very ready for disaster preparedness. There was a significant effect of self-efficacy on preparedness (p = 0.023), of caring on preparedness (p = 0.003) and of organizational commitment on preparedness (p = 0.008). Based on the results of the study, self-efficacy, caring and organizational commitment significantly impact nurse preparedness.
Keywords: self-efficacy, caring, organizational commitment, nurses, preparedness