bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skills, knowledge, and attitudes expected of a newly‐graduated mental health nurse in an inpatient setting
Authors: Patterson Christopher , Curtis Janette , Reid Amanda
Published: September 2010

Mental health nurses (MHN) are at the forefront of care and treatment within acute inpatient settings. Research suggests that newly‐graduated MHN are unsure about the skills and knowledge that they are expected to possess, and are expected to practice at a level that they are not prepared for in their undergraduate courses; however, research focusing on competencies for newly‐graduated MHN is scarce. This study aimed to identify competencies expected of newly‐graduated MHN working in a regional mental health facility in New South Wales, Australia. Eight registered nurses (with varying levels of experience) participated in individual semistructured interviews. Four themes were identified, and termed: communication, safety, self‐awareness, and treatment. Within these four themes, 14 competencies were described that detail clear aims for new graduates, provide a better understanding of mental health nursing, and promote specialized and competent practice in mental health.
Response to John Beebe
Authors: Kirsch Thomas B.
Published: September 2010

This paper briefly describes the history of the professional interaction between psychoanalysts and analytical psychologists in the United States. There has been little public contact between the two groups since the personal feud between Freud and Jung has beer carried forth to the present generation of analysts. The relationship between Otto Rank and Freud and his circle demonstrated many of the same dynamics that were activated between Freud and Jung, who had broken off their relationship ten years earlier; this paper highlights the similarities between Jung's, then Rank's, exile from the psychoanalytic group, Jung's interest in spiritual matters, including his interest in the nature of religious experience, and his questionable dealing with the Nazis during the 1930s have been the stated reason for the taboo set against Jung's writings. Presently there seems to be a growing realization that there are large areas of mutual interest, and both the similarities and differences between the schools need further exploration.
Internal objects' or ‘chimerical monsters’?: the demonic ‘third forms’ of the internal world
Authors: Grotstein James S.
Published: September 2010

The concept of ‘object’ whether internal or external, is a hold‐over from the Enlightenment and from the positivistic certainty of nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century science, Its use in current psychoanalytic theory and practice is now obsolete because of the contributions of post‐modernism and their emphasis on subjectivity and relativity. In plate of the word ‘object’, the author favors a return to pre‐Enlightenment psychology in order to address the presence and clinical manifestation of what the term ‘object’ screened, i.e., demons, monsters, chimerae, ghosts, spirits, etc. In terms of external ‘objects’, he favors such terms as ‘persons’ or ‘subjects’, which also reflects an adjustment to the post‐modem emphasis on the ineffability of the Other.
Fictions of the internal object
Authors: Charlton Randolph S.
Published: September 2010

This paper examines internal objects in their role as theoretical constructs which analysts use to make sense of human experience. Object relations theory is based upon a vision that the personality is divided or split into parts. Clinical experience reveals that such splits are commonly expressed in the language of our analysing. However, a lexical reality is not a thing‐in‐itself, but a way of organizing and understanding experience. Jung's vision of the dynamics of the split self encompass a unique ‘object relations theory’ that is both similar and yet quite different from the object relations theories of Klein, Fairbairn, Winnicott and Thomas Ogden A clinical example is used to examine the way in which these different theoretical views explain the same clinical phenomenon. The last section of the paper is devoted to a narrational analysis of the place of internal objects in analytic theory. The split self, dynamic is seen as a narrative device ‐ one that makes sense and provides coherence, but is neither the only view of psychic reality nor necessarily an accurate reflection of the nature of the internal world.
Don't get stuck in the mother: regression in analysis
Authors: Culbert‐Koehn JoAnn
Published: September 2010

This paper was part of an afternoon workshop on regression. It re views the author's recollections of her own analysis and clinical work with the purpose of discovering the sources of her own ideas on regression. Two specific forms of regression are then delineated – negative therapeutic reaction as described by Rosenfeld and ‘umbilical transference’ as a possible future development.
The self in analysis
Authors: Young‐Eisendrath Polly
Published: September 2010

This paper develops a theoretical and clinical approach to the self which is non‐essentialist and post‐modem. Briefly, it offers a framework for theorizing Self based on hermeneutics and psychological constructivism. It then develops a critique of the essentialist Jungian theory of Self in which the Self is frequently described as a human subject with views, intentions and desires of its own. With this is background, a post‐modern Jungian framework for Self is advanced, with a brief clinical account of the self in analysis.
Mixed method nursing studies: a critical realist critique
Authors: Lipscomb Martin
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Mixed method study designs are becoming increasingly popular among nurse researchers. Mixed studies can have advantages over single method or methodological investigative designs. However, these advantages may be squandered where researchers fail to think through and justify their theoretic decisions. This paper argues that nurse researchers do not always pay sufficient heed to the philosophic and theoretic elements of research design and, in consequence, some mixed study reports lack argumentative coherence and validity. It is here suggested that Hempel's concept of equivalence can be stretched to usefully illustrate one of the main threats to argumentative coherence in mixed study design. The critical realist theory of Roy Bhaskar is then introduced and this, it is proposed, offers one means by which Hempel's equivalence dilemma can be overcome. Critical realists recognize the existence of logical connections between the ontological, epistemological, and methodological premises that underpin their work. They are therefore more likely to produce coherent studies than uncritical pragmatists who ignore such linkages and, paradoxically, critical realists can be epistemological pluralists because, in re‐conceptualizing the ontological basis of inquiry, problems associated with the mixing of alternative metaphysics are circumvented.
Tax Rate and Government Expenditure
Authors: RENAUD PAUL S. A. , WINDEN FRANS A. A. M. VAN
Published: September 2010

This article is concerned with the development and empirical application of a behavioural model of government policies. A short discussion of the existing models in this field, such as reaction‐function models, voting models, and interest group models, is given. A simple model of government behaviour is presented, using the so called interest function approach. In the model a central role is allocated to the own interests of government sector workers (politicians and bureaucrats). The interests of social groups outside the government organization are taken into account by the government through factors such as mobility (probability of becoming a member of another group) and pressure through political parties or otherwise. This leads to the formulation of what is called a complex interest function for the government which is maximized to determine its behaviour. The model is applied to The Netherlands (1921‐1985). A striking outcome is that the numerical strengths of the three social groups that are actively involved in the production process, to wit government and private sector workers, and self‐employed, appear to be determinant for the overall tax rate and the relative level of government expenditure.
The Pope and the Price of Meat: A Public Choice Perspective
Authors: AULT RICHARD W. , EKELUND ROBERT B. , TOLLISON ROBERT D.
Published: September 2010

Modern economics has expanded beyond treating economic institutions as exogenous. This paper applies public choice and modern regulatory theory to the twentiethcentury Roman Catholic Church and attempts to discover why the decision was made in 1966 to absolve Catholics from the requirement that meat not be eaten on most Fridays of the year. We provide a cartel analysis of the institutional backdrop and power structure of the College of Cardinals within the Church. In this framework, self‐interest, the geographic production of beef and fish, and the expanded number of voters in the College of Cardinals are the keys to understanding why Pope PAUL VI decided to change the relative price of meat and to alter penance rules in 1966.
Effects of Governance on Health: a Cross‐National Analysis of 101 Countries
Authors: Klomp Jeroen , De Haan Jakob
Published: September 2010

The importance of good governance for the health of populations has hardly been researched even though major donors and international financial institutions make their aid and loans increasingly conditional upon reforms that ensure ‘good governance’. We analyse the role of governance in improving the health of individuals using a cross‐sectional analysis for 101 countries over the period 2000–2005. Instead of focusing on one particular indicator of population health like most previous studies, we employ 18 indicators. Explorative Factor Analysis shows that these variables are individually all good but imperfect indicators of the latent construct population health. Similarly, we employ 6 indicators of government governance. Also these indicators are all good but imperfect indicators of the latent construct governance. Our hypothesis is that good governance has a positive impact on the health of individuals, be it directly and/or indirectly through its impact on the health care sector or income. The selection of the control variables in our model is based on the general‐to‐specific approach. As both the dependent and some of the explanatory variables are latent variables, we use Structural Equation Modelling. Our results show that government governance is not directly related to the health of individuals once economic and demographic control variables are included. Indirectly, however, governance has influence on health via its positive impact on income and the quality of the health care sector. However, the significance of these indirect effects differs across country groups. In countries with a relatively healthy population, governance has a positive indirect effect through the quality of the health care sector, but not via income. In countries with poor health, governance has a positive indirect effect through income, but not via the quality of the health care sector.
The Principal Components of Growth in the Less Developed Countries
Authors: Headey Derek
Published: September 2010

SUMMMARY

This paper re‐examines the international evidence on the sources of growth in less developed countries (LDCs) using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Although EFA was first used in the development context by Adelman and Morris (1967) it has rarely been used since, despite being ideally suited to a context in which a large number of latent factors have been hypothesized to determine growth, and in which an even greater number of imperfectly measured and multicollinear proxies have been used to measure these latent factors. This paper uses EFA to minimize these problems of omitted variables biases, multicollinearity and measurement error, by reducing a large array of hypothesized growth determinants into a parsimonious and non‐collinear set of composite indices. The paper then provides theoretical interpretations of the derived indices, tests their statistical significance and quantitative importance in otherwise conventional growth regressions, and uses these results to reappraise the usefulness of cross‐country empirics in deriving robust, policy‐relevant knowledge of the principal components of growth in LDCs, including the so called ‘economic miracles’.
Market Orientation and Gender Wage Gaps: an International Study
Authors: Zweimüller Martina , Winter‐Ebmer Rudolf , Weichselbaumer Doris
Published: September 2010

More market orientation may reduce gender wage gaps via its effects on competition in product and labor markets and a generally lower level of regulation in the economy. On the other hand, less regulation and state intervention – which goes along with higher market orientation – may diminish the role of legislature and institutions that influence wage setting and may therefore increase gender wage differentials. In this paper, two very different approaches are used to test the relation between market orientation and gender wage differentials in international data. The first approach employs meta‐analysis data and takes advantage of the fact that many studies already exist which use national data sources to the best possible extent. The second approach uses comparable micro data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), which allows calculating internationally consistent gender wage residuals in the first place. By comparing these two very different methods of data collection we get the robust result that higher levels of market orientation as proxied by the Economic Freedom Index lead to lower gender wage gaps across countries and time periods.
More Than Weighting Cognitive Importance: A Dual‐Process Model of Issue Framing Effects
Authors: Slothuus Rune
Published: September 2010

Issue frames in policy discourse and news reporting regularly influence citizens' political opinions. Yet, we only have a limited understanding of how and among whom these framing effects occur. I propose a dual‐process model of issue framing effects arguing that we must understand mediators of framing (the how question) in connection with individual‐level moderators of framing (the whom question). Experimental results show that issue framing affects opinion through different psychological processes depending on who the receiver of the frame is. Among the moderately politically aware or those having weak political values, framing effects were mediated through processes of changing importance of considerations as well as changing content of considerations. Among the highly aware, only the importance change process mediated framing effects, while there were no framing effects among those least aware or those having strong values.
On Being a Mindful Authoritarian: Is Need for Cognition Always Associated with Less Punitiveness?
Authors: Tam Kim‐Pong , Leung Angela Ka‐Yee , Chiu Chi‐Yue
Published: September 2010

Previous research shows that the motivation to be mindful is associated with less intolerance toward deviant and stigmatized groups. The present research examines authoritarianism as a possible moderator of this seemingly robust finding. We obtained consistent evidence from two studies that authoritarianism (right‐wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation) moderates the relationship between need for cognition and punitiveness. Among low authoritarians, need for cognition was negatively associated with punitiveness and dispositional attribution of crimes and positively associated with support for rehabilitation of criminals. However, among high authoritarians, the pattern reversed. These results are discussed in the context of some recent advances in the understanding of motivated social cognition.
The Impact of Social and Political Changes on Survivors of Political Persecutions in Rural Russia and Ukraine
Authors: Yakushko Oksana
Published: September 2010

Differences in depressive symptoms and attitudes about political and social changes were examined for individuals with and without family histories of Stalinist persecution in several small villages in Russia and Ukraine. In a sample of 422 villagers, there were 37 family members of survivors of Stalinist purges. In comparison to villagers with no family history of persecution, those who had such history perceived their social life with other villagers and their life in general to be much improved in the late 1990s. They also reported much lower levels of depression than those without a history of persecution. Differences that were discovered could not be accounted for by demographic characteristics of the respondents. The results suggest that individuals with a history of family trauma related to political persecution may perceive their environment as more positive as a result of political changes and may cope with political transitions differently than persons who have no history of family persecution.
The Secret Lives of Liberals and Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind
Authors: Carney Dana R. , Jost John T. , Gosling Samuel D. , Potter Jeff
Published: September 2010

Although skeptics continue to doubt that most people are “ideological,” evidence suggests that meaningful left‐right differences do exist and that they may be rooted in basic personality dispositions, that is, relatively stable individual differences in psychological needs, motives, and orientations toward the world. Seventy‐five years of theory and research on personality and political orientation has produced a long list of dispositions, traits, and behaviors. Applying a theory of ideology as motivated social cognition and a “Big Five” framework, we find that two traits, Openness to New Experiences and Conscientiousness, parsimoniously capture many of the ways in which individual differences underlying political orientation have been conceptualized. In three studies we investigate the relationship between personality and political orientation using multiple domains and measurement techniques, including: self‐reported personality assessment; nonverbal behavior in the context of social interaction; and personal possessions and the characteristics of living and working spaces. We obtained consistent and converging evidence that personality differences between liberals and conservatives are robust, replicable, and behaviorally significant, especially with respect to social (vs. economic) dimensions of ideology. In general, liberals are more open‐minded, creative, curious, and novelty seeking, whereas conservatives are more orderly, conventional, and better organized.
When and How Do High Status Group Members Offer Help: Effects of Social Dominance Orientation and Status Threat
Authors: Halabi Samer , Dovidio John F. , Nadler Arie
Published: September 2010

The present study explored the implications of an intergroup perspective on individual difference and situational influences on helping, specifically, outgroup members. In particular, we examined the effects of social dominance orientation (SDO) and group status threat on the amount and kind of help offered by Jewish participants (n = 99) to Arab and Jewish students. Dependent measures were the likelihood of helping outgroup and ingroup members across various situations of need and, when help is given, the likelihood that it would be dependency‐oriented rather than autonomy‐oriented assistance. As expected, higher SDO individuals offered less help to outgroup (Arab) students, particularly when they experienced threat to group status, but not to ingroup members. In addition, higher SDO participants, when they did report that they would help, were more likely to offer dependency‐oriented help to outgroup than to ingroup members. The theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
The Impact of Group Norms and Generalization of Risks across Groups on Judgments of War Behavior
Authors: Spini Dario , Elcheroth Guy , Fasel Rachel
Published: September 2010

This paper investigates the effects of war experiences across three different levels (individuals, groups, and contexts) on moral judgments related to violations of humanitarian norms. Competing hypotheses derived from different theoretical perspectives are empirically evaluated. Social psychological studies of war traditionally highlight a reversal of morality and group norms justifying violence against outgroups. Rationalistic models insist on the importance of realistic costs on the choice of individuals. As a complement to these traditions, we suggest that situations in which risks are generalized across group boundaries tend to provoke a strengthening of principles, such as humanitarian norms, that enable the protection of the material and symbolic integrity of a community. Multilevel analyses of the international People on War survey dataset (N = 8,121) show that support for the ingroup's struggle, at both individual and group levels, predicts stronger justification of violence. Simultaneously, at the context level, generalization of war‐related risks predicts stronger condemnation of violations of humanitarian principles. These findings are consistent with a collective vulnerability model and, only in part, with the intractable conflict model.
Fully Committed: Suicide Bombers' Motivation and the Quest for Personal Significance
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Chen Xiaoyan , Dechesne Mark , Fishman Shira , Orehek Edward
Published: September 2010

A motivational analysis of suicidal terrorism is outlined, anchored in the notion of significance quest. It is suggested that heterogeneous factors identified as personal causes of suicidal terrorism (e.g. trauma, humiliation, social exclusion), the various ideological reasons assumed to justify it (e.g. liberation from foreign occupation, defense of one's nation or religion), and the social pressures brought upon candidates for suicidal terrorism may be profitably subsumed within an integrative framework that explains diverse instances of suicidal terrorism as attempts at significance restoration, significance gain, and prevention of significance loss. Research and policy implications of the present analysis are considered.
The Ethical Perspective: An Identity Theory of the Psychological Influences on Moral Choice
Authors: Monroe Kristen Renwick
Published: September 2010

The 2008 Presidential Address presents the theory of ethical perspective, an identity theory of moral psychology designed to detect the psychological influences on moral choice. Part 1 treats findings on altruism and genocide as an analytical lens through which we can gain insight into political and moral behavior. Part 2 describes moral psychology as a field, presenting a new and broader conceptualization for the discipline. Part 3 outlines an identity theory of moral choice that focuses on the critical role of the ethical perspective, to suggest how an empirically based theory of moral choice looks in practice. Part 4 concentrates on the basic assumptions underlying the theory of ethical perspective. It presents empirical evidence that supports this theoretical framework, from fields as diverse as neuroscience and primatology to child development and linguistics, thus demonstrating political psychology's important links to other disciplines. In addition to presenting a new theory of moral psychology, designed to fill an important gap in the literature on ethics and moral choice, the Address treats studies of altruism and genocide as an illustration of research that reveals broader insight into the nature of political psychology as a discipline.
Explaining Rigidity and Pragmatism in Political Leaders: A General Theory and a Plausibility Test from the Reagan Presidency
Authors: Keller Jonathan W.
Published: September 2010

Classic studies of a few extreme, almost pathological cases of rigidity in political leaders (e.g., Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations debacle) have tended to obscure the fact that virtually all leaders alternate between periods of pragmatic flexibility and rigid intransigence in the face of political opposition or unpleasant facts. This study develops a general theoretical framework for explaining rigidity and flexibility in political leaders by extending insights from classic studies of extreme cases to everyday policymaking and by integrating these findings with more recent theoretical and empirical work in political psychology. The plausibility of hypotheses derived from this framework is investigated by examining the conditions associated with pragmatism and rigidity in 15 cases from the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The results are generally consistent with the proposed model, which stresses person‐situation interaction and traces rigidity to the arousal of leaders' sources of self‐validation in a particular policy context. I conclude by evaluating the implications of this new framework for other areas of theory and research.
Another Side of the Story: A Qualitative Case Study of Voting Behaviour in the European Parliament
Authors: Rasmussen Maja Kluger
Published: September 2010

This study re-examines the conclusions drawn from existing research on legislative behaviour in the European Parliament (EP). Using written questionnaires and qualitative interviews with all 14 current Danish Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and three former MEPs, existing academic findings on voting behaviour in the EP are compared and contrasted with ground-level experience from the MEPs' point of view. This study lends support to many of the conclusions drawn from previous quantitative research. However, it also shows that some of these findings cannot be fully understood without individual-level information.
‘A Liberal Defence of Compulsory Voting’: Some Reasons for Scepticism
Authors: Lever Annabelle
Published: September 2010

Liberal egalitarians such as Rawls and Dworkin, insist that a just society must try to make sure that socio-economic inequalities do not undercut the value of the vote, and of other political liberties. They insist on this not just for instrumental reasons, but because they assume that democratic forms of political participation can be desirable ends in themselves. However, compulsory voting laws seem to conflict with respect for reasonable differences of belief and value, essential to liberal egalitarians. Nor is it clear that such laws would actually achieve their intended purpose. Consequently, it is doubtful that there is a ‘liberal defence of compulsory voting’, as Lacroix, among others, maintains.
The Structure of Social Practices and the Connection between Law and Morality*
Authors: BONGIOVANNI GIORGIO , ROTOLO ANTONINO , ROVERSI CORRADO , VALENTINI CHIARA
Published: September 2010

In his work, Jules Coleman has held that the rule of recognition, if conceived of as a shared cooperative activity, should be the gateway through which to incorporate moral constraints on the content of law. This analysis, however, leaves unanswered two important questions. For one thing, we do not know when or even why morality becomes a criterion of legality. And, for another thing, we still do not know what conception of morality it is that we are dealing with. In this article, we will attempt to clarify in greater depth what relations there are between the social practice of law and morality. We will thus see how the cooperative nature of social practices imbues law with a moral force, and how this makes it possible to establish a “weak” connection between law and morality: To see this, we will need to single out some basic features of cooperative social practices, thus setting out a suitable framework for the view just mentioned.
Positivism and Interpreting Legal Content: Does Law Call for a Moral Semantics?
Authors: HIMMA KENNETH EINAR
Published: September 2010

In two fascinating papers, Jules Coleman has been considering an idea, first articulated and defended by Scott Shapiro in his forthcoming book Legality, that law calls for a moral semantics. In a recent paper, Coleman argues it is a conceptual truth that legal content stating behavioral requirements, whether construed as propositions or imperatives, can “truthfully be redescribed as expressing a moral directive or authorization” (Coleman 2007, 592). For example, the directive “mail fraud is illegal”expresses, if not that mail fraud is morally wrong, then the idea that we have a content‐independent moral reason for not committing mail fraud. In this essay, I will attempt to explicate and evaluate Coleman's arguments, as well as to determine what the “Redescription Thesis,” as I call it, amounts to.
Practice, Reasons, and the Agent's Point of View*
Authors: PAVLAKOS GEORGE
Published: September 2010

Positivism, in its standard outlook, is normative contextualism: If legal reasons are content‐independent, then their content may vary with the context or point of view. Despite several advantages vis‐à‐vis strong metaphysical conceptions of reasons, contextualism implies relativism, which may lead further to the fragmentation of the point of view of agency. In his Oxford Hart Lecture, Coleman put forward a fresh account of the moral semantics of legal content, one that lays claim to preserving the unity of agency while retaining the social facts thesis, which has been a key intuition of positivism. The present essay identifies potential weaknesses with this account and proposes a reconstruction along rationalist lines: First, it advances a descriptive account of reflective agency that is delivered in terms of a modest conceptual analysis; secondly, this is combined with a context‐sensitive or “buck‐passing” account of value, which illustrates that substantive reasons for action must be anchored, ontologically speaking, to particular social practices (Social Dependency Thesis). In the end the unity of agency comes at an affordable price, for it is no longer necessary to resort to metaphysical necessity and the most demanding conditions this imposes, in order to defend it.
Legal Truths and Falsities*
Authors: SMITH MATTHEW NOAH
Published: September 2010

This paper has a two‐pronged thesis. First, laws should be understood as making factual claims about the moral order. Second, the truth or falsity of these claims depends as much on the content of the law as on whether the lawmaker has political authority. In particular, laws produced by legitimate authorities are successful as laws when they guide subjects' behavior by giving subjects authoritative reasons for action. This paper argues that laws produced by legitimate authorities accomplish this task (i) by being on their own sufficient to change the moral state of affairs, which (ii) thereby generates for people new moral reasons to act that they can read right off of the legislation.
Inclusive Legal Positivism, Legal Interpretation, and Value‐Judgments
Authors: VILLA VITTORIO
Published: September 2010

In this paper I put forward some arguments in defence of inclusive legal positivism. The general thesis that I defend is that inclusive positivism represents a more fruitful and interesting research program than that proposed by exclusive positivism. I introduce two arguments connected with legal interpretation in favour of my thesis. However, my opinion is that inclusive positivism does not sufficiently succeed in estranging itself from the more traditional legal positivist conceptions. This is the case, for instance, with regard to the value‐freedom principle, which is commonly accepted by inclusive positivist scholars. In contrast with this approach, I try to show, in the concluding section, how a constructivistic version of inclusive positivism could legitimately acknowledge the presence of value‐judgments in the cognitive activities of jurists and legal theorists.
Tourism Taxes: Implications for Tourism Demand in the UK
Authors: Durbarry Ramesh
Published: September 2010

Before one can understand tax implications for the tourism industry, one must understand the sensitivity of tourism demand. Using a recently developed theoretical framework, we model inbound tourism demand in the UK. The results suggest that tourism demand in the UK is very price sensitive and that measures which result in increasing tourism prices will have a significant negative impact on tourist arrivals. It is believed that a reduction in the VAT rate could boost UK's tourism sector, depending on the extent to which a decrease in taxation is passed on in the form of price reductions. The results also suggest that arrivals from neighboring countries are 98% higher than from distant origins; however, expenditure per capita of the former is 52% lower than the latter. We also found that common language between the origin and the destination increases arrivals 7% more than non‐native English‐speaking origins.
Multinational Firms, International Knowledge Flows, and Dual Labor Markets in Developing Economies
Authors: Cieślik Andrzej
Published: September 2010

This paper seeks to explain how the expansion of multinational firms in a developing economy affects its labor market variables, such as wages in indigenous firms, the average wage level and total employment. Three potential effects: the transfer of foreign knowledge and the associated technological change, diffusion of this knowledge among indigenous firms, and the inflow of the physical capital from abroad, are examined under two possible scenarios: fixed and unlimited labor supply. The results obtained depend on the organization of the labor market in the host country, differences in capital intensity between multinational and local sectors, the amount of physical capital transferred to the host country from abroad, as well as the magnitude of knowledge spillovers stemming from multinational activity to indigenous firms. The predictions of the model are more consistent with empirical observations reported in empirical studies than those of other theoretical studies existing in the literature.
Inter‐Regional Migration in Transition Economies: The Case of Poland
Authors: Ghatak Subrata , Mulhern Alan , Watson John
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we modify the Harris–Todaro model of migration to incorporate the impact of human capital, housing stock, and the availability of publicly provided goods such as healthcare and road provision in order to analyze the determinants of migration in different regions of Poland. We apply the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equation (SURE) model to investigate the data. Our results show that GDP per capita, unemployment, and distance have a strong effect on regional migration in Poland. Human capital is also an important explanatory factor as is the provision of key publicly provided facilities such as roads. The lack of housing in Poland is important in explaining the low levels of internal migration.
Foreign Capital in a Growth Model
Authors: Mallick Sushanta , Moore Tomoe
Published: September 2010

Within the mechanism of endogenous growth, this paper empirically investigates the impact of financial capital on economic growth for a panel of 60 developing countries, through the channel of domestic capital formation. By estimating the model for different income groups, it is found that while private FDI flows exert beneficial complementarity effects on the domestic capital formation across all income‐group countries, the official financial flows contribute to increasing investment in the middle income economies, but not in the low income countries. The latter appears to demonstrate that the aid‐growth nexus is supported in the middle income countries, whereas the misallocation of official inflows is more likely to exist in the low income countries, suggesting that aid effectiveness remains conditional on the domestic policy environment.
Effects of Multilateral Trade Liberalization on Prices*
Authors: Ishikawa Jota , Mukunoki Hiroshi
Published: September 2010

To analyze the effects of simultaneous tariff reductions by multiple importing countries on prices, we construct a simple three‐country model where a good is produced by a monopolist with nonconstant marginal cost and imported by two countries. We compare two representative tariff‐reduction formulas: the “fixed‐amount” and the “uniform percentage” reductions. The uniform percentage reductions may increase the consumer price in the importing country, whose initial tariff is lower. Thus, importing countries with relatively low tariffs may prefer a bilateral trade agreement to a multilateral one to ensure consumer gains.
Port Efficiency and Trade Flows*
Authors: Blonigen Bruce A. , Wilson Wesley W.
Published: September 2010

Growing international trade and increasing congestion focus attention on trade facilitation. Ocean ports are a central and necessary component in facilitating trade. Yet, there is only limited comprehensive information available on the efficiency of ports or evidence of the effect of port efficiency on trade. We develop and apply a straightforward approach to estimate port efficiency. The approach uses detailed data on US imports and associated import costs, yielding estimates across ports, products, and time. These measures are incorporated into a gravity trade model where we estimate that improved port efficiency significantly increases trade volumes.
Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, and the Human Capital Threshold: Evidence from US States*
Authors: Ford Timothy C. , Rork Jonathan C. , Elmslie Bruce T.
Published: September 2010

The United States has experienced a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years. While foreign firms bring immediate benefits of high‐paying jobs, data limitations have prevented detailed study on FDI's long‐term effects on the states receiving it. By creating a new stock measure of FDI based on employment, we are able to capture these long‐term effects. Results demonstrate that FDI has a greater impact on per capita output growth than domestic investment for US states that meet a minimum human capital threshold. Ironically, the most active states in the recruitment of FDI tend to fall below this threshold.
Financial Openness and Growth: Short‐run Gain, Long‐run Pain?*
Authors: Bussière Matthieu , Fratzscher Marcel
Published: September 2010

No empirical evidence has yet emerged for the existence of a robust positive relationship between financial openness and economic growth. This paper argues that a key reason for the elusive evidence is the presence of a time‐varying relationship between openness and growth: countries tend to gain in the short term, immediately following capital account liberalization, but may not grow faster or even experience temporary growth reversals in the medium to long term. The paper finds substantial empirical evidence for the existence of such an intertemporal tradeoff for 45 industrialized and emerging market economies. The acceleration of growth immediately after liberalization is found to be often driven by an investment boom and a surge in portfolio and debt inflows. By contrast, the quality of domestic institutions, the size of FDI inflows and the sequencing of the liberalization process are found to be important driving forces for growth in the medium to longer term.
Trade Policy in the Presence of Technology Licensing*
Authors: Ghosh Arghya , Saha Souresh
Published: September 2010

We consider strategic trade policy when a high‐cost and a low‐cost firm belonging to two different countries compete in quantities in a third country, and technology is transferable via licensing. We characterize the effects of subsidies on (i) licensing payments—a new source of rents, (ii) the decision to license, and (iii) the subsidy bill difference (compared to when licensing is infeasible). We find that, in the presence of licensing, optimal strategic trade policy has several interesting features. For example, even under Cournot competition, optimal policy can be an export tax instead of an export subsidy. Also, unlike results in strategic trade policy with asymmetric costs, we find that optimal export subsidies are not necessarily positively related to the cost‐competitiveness of firms. In other words, governments need not necessarily favor “winners” when licensing is possible. Furthermore, there exist parameterizations such that a government, if it can, might ban licensing.
The Balassa–Samuelson Hypothesis in the Asia‐Pacific Region Revisited*
Authors: Thomas Alastair , King Alan
Published: September 2010

In a study of nine Asia‐Pacific countries' real exchange rates,Chinn (2000)finds some evidence in support of theBalassa (1964)andSamuelson (1964)hypothesis. His findings, however, are based on the application of a model containing several potentially restrictive simplifying assumptions to a dataset of limited span. Consequently, we look to assess the effect on Chinn's findings of considerably increasing the sample size and relaxing these assumptions. We find a comparable level of evidence for the Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis when applying Chinn's model to the larger sample, but obtain significantly greater support when a less restrictive approach is adopted.
Taylor Rules for the ECB using Expectations Data*
Authors: Gorter Janko , Jacobs Jan , De Haan Jakob
Published: September 2010

We estimate Taylor rules for the euro area using Consensus Economics data for expected inflation and output growth, and compare these estimates with more conventional specifications in which actual outcomes are used. We find that the ECB takes expected inflation and expected output growth into account in setting interest rates, while in the more conventional model specification, the coefficient of realized inflation is not significantly different from zero.
Adolescents’ social strategies: Patterns and correlates
Authors: SONDAITE JOLANTA , ZUKAUSKIENE RITA
Published: September 2010

An unselected sample of adolescents (n= 504) was given a test measuring their social strategies in affiliative context, and emotional and behavioral problems. Four groups of adolescents were identified according to the certain patterns of the social strategies they deployed: Active optimistic group (n= 107), Defensive functional group (n= 159), Avoiders group (n= 89), and Learned helplessness group (n= 140). The degree of stability of a cluster solution was studied when the method for cluster analysis was changed, showing that the four‐cluster solution captures the essential relationships between the variables. The membership of the strategy groups was associated in theoretically meaningful ways to the anxiety/depression, withdrawal, and social problems.
The occurrences and correlates of bullying and harassment in the restaurant sector
Authors: MATHISEN GRO ELLEN , EINARSEN STÅLE , MYKLETUN REIDAR
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence of bullying in the restaurant sector and its potential consequences. The sample consisted of 207 superiors and employees in 70 restaurants. The findings indicated that bullying prevails in the restaurant industry, with apprentices as a risk group. Bullying was negatively related to job satisfaction, commitment, employees’ perceptions of creative behavior, and external evaluations of restaurant creativity level, and positively related to burnout and intention to leave the job. Some support was found for a mediation hypothesis, where bullying was the predictor, job satisfaction, commitment and burnout were mediators, and intention to leave was dependent variable. One implication of this study is that there is a need to challenge the attitude, common in this sector, that aggression and bullying is a natural and even necessary part of the work environment.
Emotional Stroop via Internet among individuals with eating disorders
Authors: JOHANSSON LINDA , CARLBRING PER , GHADERI ATA , ANDERSSON GERHARD
Published: September 2010

The present study investigated whether Stroop interference in eating disordered individuals for food – and body‐related words, as repeatedly found previously using standard emotional Stroop tasks, would also be demonstrated when using an Internet based emotional Stroop task. Participants were anorexic women (n= 13), bulimic women (n= 20), non‐clinically eating disordered women nevertheless over‐concerned about eating and body appearance (n= 27) and normal control women (n= 31). Bulimic individuals showed Stroop interference for body‐related words whereas anorexic individuals showed Stroop interference for food‐related words. The present results thus suggest that administration of the emotional Stroop task is possible via the Internet. Furthermore, it is possible that the time consuming response delivery, relative to previous studies, could lead to Stroop interference only for the most emotionally significant information, in turn, differentiating between the core concerns of anorexic and bulimic individuals.
Video‐based assessment of interpersonal problem solving skills in patients with schizophrenia, their siblings and non‐psychiatric controls
Authors: STÅLBERG GABRIELLA , LICHTENSTEIN PAUL , SANDIN SVEN , HULTMAN CHRISTINA M.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to analyze social functioning in patients with schizophrenia and their biological relatives with a Swedish version of the video‐based vignette test Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills (AIPSS). In a new video production with simulated “real life” situations we tested the ability to receive, process and send social information in 25 individuals with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, 20 siblings to patients with schizophrenia and 25 randomly selected non‐psychiatric controls. The test proved to have good validity and interrater reliability. After controlling for positive or negative symptoms, patients had poor performance especially in acting out solutions leading to effective problem solving. Siblings generally did not differ from controls, but showed some deficiencies in non‐verbal language. To conclude, AIPSS is appropriate for use in a Swedish‐speaking context and might be useful in research on vulnerability indicators and in assessment of treatment interventions.
Political Representation in Sweden
Authors: Holmberg Sören
Published: September 2010

Using interview data from studies with voters and members of parliament, both in 1968/69 and in 1985, Swedish representational democracy is assessed. The analysis focuses on four linkage processes ‐ social representation. role representation, policy representation and anticipatory representation. The results are compared with Converse and Pierce's from their study of political representation in France. In their analysis they find the French system falling ‘short of its potential for much of the electorate much of the time’. Heinz Eulau, in a review article of Converse and Pierce's book. goes one step further, branding the French democracy as elitist and run by unresponsive parties. Looking at the results from the Swedish studies, an Eulaucan conclusion seems a bit drastic, while a verdict of the kind Converse and Pierce delivered for France may be too lenient. Clearly, the Swedish system is far from any model of popular representation run from below. A more elitist model. with an emphasis on policy leadership on the part of the political parties, fits most of our results much better.
The Local Political Business Cycle
Authors: Mouriuen Poul Erik
Published: September 2010

Although local political leaders have fewer policy instruments available than national politicians, they nevertheless engage heavily in the creation of political business cycles, i.e. they try to locate and time the costs and benefits of government policies in such as way as to optimize voter support. The study, which is based on data from the four Nordic countries and Italy and France, shows that expenditures tend to grow faster the closer the local election, while political action to increase local taxes is generally taken only in mid‐term years. If one wants to predict how local tax rates and expenditures change, it is as important to know the number of years' to the next election as it is to know the change in the fiscal capabilities of local governments.