bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of Physicochemical Parameters, Heavy Metals and in the Euphrates River, Between the cities of Hit and Ramadi in Anbar Governorate
Authors: Abdulmajeed Bashar Amer , Abdul Jabar Reidh A.
Published: July 2024

The research included a study of potential environmental pollution in the water of the Euphrates River between the cities of Hit and Ramadi as a result of various human activities. Samples of the river’s water were taken in different areas, namely Hit, Al-Muhammadi, Al-Zawiya, Tal Aswad, and then Ramadi, from November 2022 to November 2023 from In order to study the extent to which the physical and chemical characteristics of the water in the Euphrates River vary depending on place and time in the research areas. The Euphrates River, which serves as a source of water for agriculture, domestic and industrial uses, suffers from massive pollution as a result of industrial activities and other human sources of pollution. For many individuals, the persistence and toxicity of heavy metals is a serious problem. Most of these heavy metals collect in wastewater from effluents discharged by various industries. The physical and chemical properties of the samples were studied, such as air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved oxygen requirement, TDS, pH, turbidity, and electrical conductivity. The study showed that the concentrations of Ca, Cl and Mg ions do not contradict Iraqi and international standards, and that the physical properties studied were within permissible limits, in some areas, and these levels are considered a deterioration. It threatens the quality of water and the balance of the aquatic ecosystem, which poses an unknown threat to biological species, human and animal use, and even for irrigation and production purposes. The concentrations of heavy elements in the study were less than the permissible limits, including (Cd- Zn - Cu - pb- Cr). This means that the degree of pollution in the water of the studied stations is not contaminated with these elements.
Effect of Accumulated Rainfall on Aerosols’ Physical Properties Over Iraq
Authors: Hussien Moutaz Mohammed , Al-Salihi Ali Mohammed , Mohammed Ali Jassem
Published: July 2024

Aerosols and rainfall have a significant role in atmospheric physical processes since they affect both the absorption and scattering of solar radiation and the composition of precipitation. Ultimately, this impacts the balance of radiation and water in the atmosphere. This study aims to clarify or understand the relationship between aerosols and rainfall accumulation in northern, central, and southern Iraq, where the annual and monthly mean values of aerosols index, Aerosol Optical Depth, Aerosol Angstrom Exponent, and the total rainfall. For the period from 2014 to 2023. The results showed considerable variation in aerosol index, and aerosol Optical Depth across different time and spatial scales, with higher amounts observed in southern Iraq, while northern of Iraq had lower values. the monthly mean value of the aerosol index was highest from March to June and found that the average monthly aerosol index value above Iraq from 1.19 ± 0.18 to 1.73 ± 0.18. The minimum values of aerosols index for the period from July to October. the average monthly Aerosol Angstrom Exponent values in Iraq increased from January to April then in November, and December, and decreased from May to August the monthly average values of Aerosol Angstrom Exponent varied from 0.29 ± 0.28 to 1.17 ± 0.28. During the study period, the aerosol index and aerosol Optical Depth had Reverse behavior with Aerosol Angstrom Exponent and accumulative rainfall. The results obtained in this study help us to understand the nature of the climate in Iraq and assist in future weather forecasts.
Microbial and Physicochemical Assessment of Water Quality Reserving in Silver Utensils
Authors: Ali Alradiny Issam Mohammed , Al-Shatty Sabah Malik , Nafea Jumaah Abdulzahra
Published: July 2024

Raw water samples were collected without treatment from the Shatt Al – Arab River in the Al-Baradeiah area. Through the study, it is estimated the biological and physicochemical variables after retaining samples in silver utensils, which are Total bacterial count, total coliform bacteria, faecal coliform bacteria, count of fungi (yeasts and moulds), as well as Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, and pH, at limited time intervals where the detention time of water samples in the silver utensils was (0, 10, 15, 30, 60) minutes. The results showed the highest removal ratio for the Total Bacterial Count, the Total Coliform Bacteria and (E. coli) Bacteria was in the first 10 minutes, with 95.14%, 56% and 96.28%, respectively. Also, the ratio of yeast removal was 100% in the first 10 minutes, whereas the ratio of mould removal was 100% after the first 15 minutes. The results demonstrate that all the microbial pathogenic pollutants were eliminated in 60 minutes. The study results showed that the water kept in the silver utensil was safe and within the specifications of the WHO and the EPA in terms of the microbial parameters of the study after a 60-minute detention period. It was also within the specifications adopted in the study for the pH parameter but outside the specifications for the TDS and E.C. parameters. The results demonstrate that silver utensils treated water only from biological pollution without treating the physicochemical pollution for the study parameters. The study showed an inverse relationship between the detention time and the study’s microbes’ parameters, where it was between (- 0.575 and - 0.753). In contrast, the relationship between the studied microbes and themselves was a strong direct relationship ranging from (0.878 to 0.999).
Effect of Some Chemical Characteristics of Olive Leaves on the Biological Activity of Dasineura oleae Angelini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Dhannoon Alobidy Alaa Y. , Mohammed Alebady Emad Q.
Published: July 2024

The results of the statistical analysis showed that there was a clear significant difference in the amount of phenols between the Bakwal variety and the rest of the varieties, while the Syrian, Nepalese, and Khastawi varieties did not differ. Significantly, the percentage of phenols was 8.08, 4.98, 3.98, and 2.58 for the studied varieties. The results showed the effect of the amount of silica in the Nepalese, Khastawi, and Syrian varieties of Bakwal on the average olive flies. The Syrian variety contains the highest amount of silica compared to the rest of the varieties, reaching 0.100, 0.102, 0.106, and 0.188%, respectively, of dry weight. The results showed that the highest percentage of potassium in The Syrian variety amounted to 0.440%, followed by Al-Khastawi and amounted to 0.410%, then the Nepalese variety 0.330%, and finally the Bakwal variety 0.240%. It was found that the amount of chlorophyll in the Bakwal, Nepali and Khastawi variety was higher than the amount of chlorophyll in the four non-varieties, respectively, 9.65, 8.25, 8.12, and 3.44 mg. /g fresh weight, respectively. These results for some chemical characteristics showed a gradual increase in the general average of infection, reaching 8.08, 4.98, 3.98, and 2.58 swelling/10 leaves, respectively.
Efficacy of the Coragen Insecticide and Coragen Nanocapsules in Controlling the Corn Stem Borer Sesamia cretica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Zea mays
Authors: Shweet Alaa Rabhan , Al-Khazraji Hind Ibrahim
Published: July 2024

A field study was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad to assess the efficacy of the pesticide Coragen and in the form of nanocapsules, comparing it with the pesticide Radiant to control the corn stem borer Sesamia cretica on maize. The results after two weeks of treatment showed that the nanocapsules of Coragen achieved the lowest percentage of corn stem borer infestation, reaching 5.50%, while in the Coragen form treatment was 10%. The highest percentage of infestation was in the Radiant treatment 21.10%, and in the Control treatment 24.403%. At harvest, the percentage of infestation in the nanoscapsules treatment of Coragen was the lowest at 8.87%, while it was 14.40% in the Coragen in treatment, and 24.400% in the Radiant treatment, compared to the Control treatment 29.970%. The nanocapsules treatment of Coragen also caused the least percentage of heart death, which was 3.30%, while Radiant gave the highest percentage at 7.70%, and the heart death percentage in the Control treatment was 12.20%. The results showed that the nanocapsules gave the lowest percentage of loss in plant height 5%, the number of tunnels 0.47 tunnel, tunnel length 3.50 cm, the percentage of excavated area 2.02%, and the yield weight 843 g. In comparison, Radiant recorded the highest percentage (10%, 1.53 tunnel, 9.99 cm, 5.84%, 674 g) respectively, compared to the Control treatment, which recorded (25%, 4.130 tunnels, 18.40 cm, 12.54%, 508 g) respectively.
The Efficacy of Local Streptomyces Diastatochromogenes Isolate as a Biological Control Agent of Potato Tuber Soft Rot Disease Caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum in Iraq
Authors: Nawar Haider H. , Al-Juboory H. H.
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to isolate the biological control agent Streptomyces sp. and evaluate their antagonist activity against bacterial potato soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum. Four Streptomyces sp. were isolated from several potato-grown fields of Baghdad province (Al-Radwaniyah, Al-Yusufiyah, Abu Ghraib, and Al-Taji), and the antibacterial abilities of these isolates were tested against two purified P. carotovorum isolates at the Petrie dish level. Which showed different inhibiting ratios. One S. diastatochromogenes subsp. luteus isolate exhibited a high impact in reducing P. carotovorum on in vitro and store levels. The partial 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence of this biological control agent was recorded for the first time in the GenBank under accession number OQ253505. Moreover, the molecular analysis and the phylogenetic tree of the two purified rotting bacterial isolates were closely related to isolates from China and Germany, implying that they are derived from a different ancestor.
Productivity of Some Bread Wheat Cultivars Under the Influence of Irrigation Methods
Authors: Alaamer Shathar A. , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Shtewy Neam
Published: July 2024

In order to optimize the wheat productivity and quality, various aspects of production chains should be considered in an integrated way, including crucial steps to improve and conserve the wheat crop. This study is aimed to identify the effect of irrigation methods on wheat cultivars, under two irrigation methods (SI and FI) and three wheat (T. aestivuum L) cultivars, i.e., Rashid (RA), Abu Ghraib(ABG) and Baghdad 1 (B-1). The irrigation methods (SI and FI) significantly impacted the growth and productivity traits of the wheat crop. The SI was significantly better than FI while the wheat cultivar ABG was significantly superior to other cultivars of RA and B-1 in all studied parameters. For SI the Root length (RL), Root Dry and Fresh Weight (RDFW), Plant Dry and Fresh Weight (PDFW), Spike length (SL), Number of spikes (NS), Number of spikes (NS), Grains number in the spike (GNS), 1000 grains weight (1000-Gw)and Grain yield (Gy) were 12.869 cm, 1.306g, 3.340g, 12.04cm, 4.18spike.plant-1,63.66grain.spike-1,43.21 g and 4.602t.ha-1 respectively. The interaction among irrigation method of SI and wheat cultivar ABG gave the best result in all studied parameters.
Efficiency of Alkaloid and Phenolic Extracts of Seeds and Leaves Sesbania Plant on Adults Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Taha Al-Abdalli Areej F. , Alebady Emad Q. M. , Hamdoon Ahmed M.
Published: July 2024

The results of a study on the efficiency of the alkaloid and phenolic extract of the seeds and leaves of the sesban plant on the adults of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum showed a variation in the average mortality of the insect adults, as it reached 66.25% and 68.33% for the alkaloid and phenolic extracts, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the average mortality of both extracts. The results of the study indicated that the leaf extract showed a significant superiority in the average killing of adults of the red rusty flour beetle compared to the seed extract, reaching 70.00% and 64.58%, respectively. In addition, the effect of concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% showed a direct relationship in increasing the average mortality of adults with increasing concentrations, reaching 50.33%, 63.33%, 73.33%, and 81.67%, respectively.. The results were confirmed by LC50 values and relative toxicity, indicating that the alkaloid extract from sesban leaves showed the highest toxicity compared to the other extracts, with a lower LC50 value of 0.210% and a relative toxicity of 180.95.
The Lethal Effect of Some Natural Plants Extracts on Tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their Relative Toxicity
Authors: Ezzulddine Al-Anssari Batool Hani , Muhammad Al-Jalal Haitham Mohieddin
Published: July 2024

In view of the environmental and health problems caused by industrial pesticides and their negative impact on various aspects of life, the attention of researchers and specialists has turned to natural alternatives that contain effective compounds in control insects. The present study tested the effect of four natural plant extracts (Nerium
oleander, Melia azedarach, Ocimum basilicum and Mentha arvensis) in mortality the third-age larvae of the tobacco leaf-cutworm (Spodoptera litura). The results showed a variation in mortality rates depending on the type of extract, concentration, and date of taking the reading. The extracts of the M. azedarach fruits were significantly superior to the leaves of the M. azedarach and the leaves of N. oleander, where the averages reached 47.22, 37.20, and 33.83%, respectively, while the extracts of M. arvensis and O. basilicum showed relatively low mortality rates. The mortality rates also increased over time, reaching 53.31% at 96 hours after treatment, while it was 24.39% at 48 hours, which indicates the Antifeeding behavior of these natural substances, which is similar to the action of compounds such as azdrachtin. It can be said that these natural pesticides can be good tools in pest management programs.
Using Syzygium Aromaticum Extracts as a Bio-Control on Nymphs and Adults of Arboridia Hussaini Ghauri (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) (In Vitro)
Authors: Assaf Alaa Ahmed , Jaleel Naas Hadi Abdul
Published: July 2024

This study was aimed at evaluating whether Syzygium Aromaticum extract, based on plant materials immersed in cold or alcohol, was effective at any life stage of Arboridia Hussaini Ghauri. The outcome of the study collected the date that showed the effect of cold water extract with three concentrations (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) mg/ml on the life stages of the insect which differs in degree, as concentrations with of 1.00 mg / ml yielded the highest rate of mortality at 74.1% in the nymphs and The alcoholic extract severs mortality of nymphs and adults at were (81.5% and 70.4%) after 5 days with the corresponding mortality rates being the same for the particular concentration of this toxicant. The outcomes of the analysis indicated that a high concentration of the extract had a promise of a high mortality rate.
The Effect of Five Wheat Varieties on Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) During Four Storage Months
Authors: Abbas Al-Hayali Tareq Saadi , Qader Fadel Abbas
Published: July 2024

In the labs of the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University’s Plant Protection Department, we tested five different wheat types against the Khapra beetle, specifically Trogoderma granarium. This study examines the effects of four months of storage on the following variables: the rate of insect population growth, grain weight loss, and grain germination percentage. The wheat varieties included in the study are Rashid, Tammuz 2, Abu Ghraib, Iraq, and Ibaa9. The findings revealed that the five wheat varieties were distinct from one another in terms of their susceptibility to and resistance to the different stages of the Khapra beetle life cycle, as well as the total number of insects, the amount of weight lost from the grains, and the percentage of grains that germinated after four months of storage. The findings revealed that the five wheat types were diverse and distinct in terms of how susceptible or resistant they were to the Khapra beetle. Granarius trogoderma At Everts. In terms of recorded larval numbers, the Rasheed variety had the fewest at 89.00 and the Abu Ghraib variety the most at 248.83. Based on the study’s findings, the Abu-Graib variety had the maximum number of pupae at 34.08, while the Rasheed variety had the lowest number at 5.67. According to the study’s findings, the variety Abu-Graib had the highest average number of adults at 190.60, while the variety Tamooz 2 had the lowest at 106.67. Grain weight loss rates varied across varieties in the study; the greatest was 8.62 gm for the Ab-Graib variety, while the lowest was 4.02 gm for the Rasheed variety. The study also found that after four months of storage, the Tammoz 2 variety had the highest percentage of germination Seeds at 80.20 percent, while the Abu-Graib variety had the lowest percentage at 55.90 percent. The study also measured the total number of insects, grain weight loss, and grain germination percentage among the tested wheat varieties. The findings revealed that the five wheat types were diverse and distinct in terms of how susceptible or resistant they were to the Khapra beetle. Foreverts, Trogoderma granarium. With a maximum of 248.83 larvae and a minimum of 89.00 larvae, the Rasheed variety had the greatest documented number of larvae. Based on the study’s findings, the Abu-Graib variety had the maximum number of pupae at 34.08, while the Rasheed variety had the lowest number at 5.67. According to the study’s findings, the variety Abu-Graib had the highest average number of adults at 190.60, while the variety Tamooz 2 had the lowest at 106.67. Grain weight loss rates varied across varieties in the study; the greatest was 8.62 gm for the Ab-Graib variety, while the lowest was 4.02 gm for the Rasheed variety. Additionally, the study found that the Abu-Graib variety had the lowest germination percentage at 55.90% and the Tammoz 2 variety had the highest at 80.20%.
Studying of Pesticide Residual of the Insecticides Closer and Sivanto Used on Fig Trees
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Hayder K. K. , Allobawi Salwan A. Z. J.
Published: July 2024

The study aimed to determine the residues of the insecticides Closer and Sivanto to confirm the safety period of the pesticide on fig fruits. The experiment site was chosen in Najaf Governorate/Haidariya District, in an orchard of figs aged 10 years or more, with three replicates (trees). On 6/1/2023, treatments were carried out by spraying the insecticide Closer (sulfoxaflor), 50 ml/100 L of water, and the pesticide Sevanto (Flupyradifurone), 60/100 L of water, and the combination of the two pesticides was applied at half the dose. Fruit samples were carefully taken with three fruits per tree (replicate), starting from the first day after treatment until the ninth day, to estimate pesticide residues after each day using a GC-MS device in the laboratories of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The results of the GC analysis showed that Closer decreased from the highest concentration (8.5 PPM) on the first day to 2.7 ppm on the seventh day, then 1.3 ppm on the eighth day, and was below the estimated level on the ninth day. The concentration of Sivanto decreased in almost the same way and was at a concentration of (2.7 PPM). On the seventh day, it decreased on the eighth day to (PPM 0.6) and was not recorded on the ninth day. It included a biological test for pesticide residues for the seventh day on mice. The results of dosing mice with the remaining concentration of pesticides on the seventh day showed that blood indicators were affected by the pesticide concentration 30 days after dosing. The WBC count rates and the WBC/lymphocyte ratio increased while WBC/Granulocyte ratio and platelets clearly decreased in the pesticide treatments compared to the control. Similarly, all the liver immune enzymes GPT, ALP and GOT were higher in mice blood dosed with the insecticides under study compared to that recorded in the control.
Study of the Effect of Hexane Extracts and Dry Powder of Ocimum Leaves and Flowers on the Percentage of Mortality of Adult Southern Cowpea Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Madhloom Haiman W. , Rashid Yousif D. , Barry Najeha M.
Published: July 2024

A brief introduction about the aim of the study: The results showed that Ocimum flower hexane extract and Ocimum flower powder had more effect than Ocimum leaf hexane extract and Ocimum flower powder, 1% of Ocimum flower hexane extract had significant mortality at seven days (93.33%), while 1 g flower extract weight gave (73.33%) mortality. Hexane extract of Ocimum flowers had the least mortality after seven days at 0.25% concentration (30.00%), while Ocimum flower powder had the lowest mortality after seven days (26.67%) at 0.25 g. The highest mortality (70.00%) was obtained in the Ocimum leaf extract at 1% concentration after seven days, while the lowest mortality percentage of the same extract (26.67%) was after seven days at the concentration of 0.25%. The results of the study showed that the mortality rate increased with increasing concentration and time.
Effect of some Organic Acids and Plants Extract on Growth of Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Al-Sweidawi Noor M. M. , Al-Warshan Salim H. S.
Published: July 2024

The study aimed to identify fungi associated with peanut seeds in different areas of Anbar, Diyala, and Kirkuk provinces and the effect of plant extracts from pine and cupressus fruits, in addition to organic acids (salicylic and butyric) in reducing the radial growth of A. flavus fungus on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and the biomass of the fungus in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium. The results showed the presence of several fungi associated with the seeds, including 14 species belonging to 12 genus. The genus Aspergillus sp. showed the highest occurrence rate in the examined samples at 61.5%, with A. flavus being the most prevalent species at 42.6%. Chemical analysis using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) on 30 A. flavus isolates revealed that 60% of them produced aflatoxins at various concentrations. The results indicated the effectiveness of alcoholic plant extracts and organic acids in inhibiting radial growth of A. flavus on PDA medium by 100% at a concentration of 2 mg/L for plant extracts and 0.01 mg/L for organic acids. Additionally, the additions of alcoholic plant extracts and organic acids significantly reduced the biomass of the fungus in PDB medium, with salicylic acid treatment alone showing an 88.3% reduction compared to the control treatment, followed by butyric acid treatment at 87.8%. Alcoholic plant extracts recorded reductions of 77.4% and 72.4% for cupressus and pine, respectively. Moreover, the results of combinations of alcoholic plant extracts and organic acids showed a significant effect on reducing fungal biomass, although not to the same extent as individual organic acid treatments, and no significant differences were observed among all the applied addition treatments.
Molecular Identification of Dwarf Honey Bees (Apis florea Fabricius) Distributed in the Eastern Region of Iraq
Authors: Alhissnawi Muntasser Sabah , Karrem Ali A. , AL-Abedy Aqeel N.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted to identify the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among 17 isolates of the dwarf honey bee collected from the north and west of some Iraqi areas, reaching higher elevations in the districts of Kifri, Kalar, and Darbandikhan in the plains of Iraq. these isolates were molecularly identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and determining the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that all the characterized isolates in this study belong to the red dwarf honey bee species, Apis florea. The identified isolates showed a high level of similarity (100%) within each group, with isolates 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, and 17 being identical to each other. It was also found that isolates 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, and 14 had a similarity of 100% to each other. The characterized isolates in this study showed a genetic distance from other characterized isolates such as those identified in India, Thailand, Japan, and China. The genetic information within the mitochondrial 16S rDNA genes provided in this paper have crucial data for understanding the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships of A. florea. The study also provides important genetic information about A. florea in Iraq and contributes to the understanding of its genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships.
First record of Endophytic binucleate Rhizoctonia solani Isolated from Halophyte Plants Trachomitum venetum and Study of its Enzymatic Properties in Basrah, Iraq
Authors: Awad Lina K. , Fayyadh Mohammed A.
Published: July 2024

The aims of the present work were to study endophytic fungi isolated from halophyte Trachomitum venetum which were spread in the saline areas in the city of Basrah. Binucleate Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from roots of Trachomitum venetum, the fungus was identified basis on its morphological features and the number of nuclei in mycelium cells’ it turns out it’s binucleate and molecular based on amplification of the ITS gene region and the nucleotide sequence of the fungus was deposited in the Genebank under the accession number KX118360.1. The ability of the fungus to produce Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Amylase, Cellulase, Protease, Lipase and Pectinase enzymes were examined, the results showed that R. solani has the ability to produce PPO and does not have the ability to produce other enzymes. The metabolites of the fungal filtrate were identified using GC-MS technology and the results showed that this fungus produces 16 compounds as extracellular secondary metabolites, the most important of which are n-Hexadecanoic acid, 2(5H)-Furanone and Octadecanoic acid. This is the first study for isolating binucleate R. solani from halophyte plant T. venetum in Iraq.
Effect of Spraying with Salicylic Acid (SA) on the Yield of Several Cultivars of Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., under Protected Cultivation Conditions
Authors: Abd Gaith Ibrahim , Khaliph Omer Ismail , Abed Basim M. , Al-Jaf Idrees H. M. , Madhan AlFahdawy Harith Sadaa , Khalaf AlFahdawy Mohammed Ismail , Abdulmajeed Amer Hashim
Published: July 2024

This study examined the growth and yield of four cucumber varieties—Marketmore 76, Beit Alpha, Ocucmol (st), and Lahoba361034,—during the 2022 growing season in a greenhouse owned by the Horticulture Department of the College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad. The cultivars were tested under three concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0.25, 0.5) mg. L-1. The results showed the superiority of Lahoba361034 cultivar in most traits, as it gave the highest average number of fruits per plant (15 fruits. plant-1), fruit weight (90.9 g), and yield per plant (1.354 kg. plant-1), while the cultivar Ocucmol (st) was superior in fruit diameter and fruit length gave an average of 33.39 mm and 15.53 cm, respectively. As for the levels of salicylic acid, the results showed the superiority of the high concentration of salicylic acid (0.5 mg.L-1) in all the studied traits, as it gave the highest average in the characteristic of fruit diameter (33.36 mm), fruit length (14.93 cm), and number of fruits per plant (15.08 fruits. plant-1), fruit weight (94.2 gm) and yield per plant (1.431 kg. plant-1), while the comparison treatment (0 mg SA. L-1) gave the lowest mean for most traits. The interaction treatment between the cultivar Lahoba361034 and the high concentration (0.5 mg. L-1) showed superiority in the average number of fruits per plant (17 fruits. Plant-1), fruit weight (100.6 gm), and yield per plant (1.703 kg).
The Effect of Adding Nano NPK Fertilizer EM1 biofertilizer and Spraying with Algae Extract on some Growth Characteristics and Yield of Date Palm Variety Khastawi
Authors: Al-Mohammadi Murad M. I. , Al-Dolaimi Rasmi M. H.
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted in Anbar Governorate, during the growing season 2023, in the geographical location 33°25′15.9″N 43°45’18.7″E, on date palm trees, Khastawi variety, 16 years old, to determine the role of adding nano-fertilizer (20:20:20) at concentrations 0, 50, 100 g of palm trees and the EM1 bio fertilizer at a concentration of 0 and 20 ml L-1, and spraying with algae extract (SEFLEFF ORIGIN) at a concentration of 0, 1, 2 ml L-1 in some growth and yield characteristics. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, one tree for each treatment. The results showed that there were significant differences for all study factors in terms of leaf area, chlorophyll content of the leaves, percentage of dry matter in the leaves, diameter and length of the fruit, weight of the fruit, cluster weight, and the yield at a concentration of nano fertilizer of 100 g (F2), bio fertilizer of 20 ml L-1 (E1), and algae extract of 2 ml L-1 (A2) The results also indicated that significant differences were achieved for the study factors when the triple interaction (F2E1A2) was achieved for the traits leaf area, chlorophyll content of the leaves, the percentage of dry matter in the leaves, the diameter and length of the fruit, and the weight of the fruit, with the exception of the trait cluster weight, which did not achieve any significant difference with the control treatment.
Response of Gazania (Gazania splendens L.) Plants to Foliar Application with Bio Health and Salicylic Acid on some Growth and Flowering Traits
Authors: Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , Abed Basim Mohammed , Abd Gaith lbrahim , ALTaey D. K. A.
Published: July 2024

The research was done in the lath house as the growing season 2020-2021 on Gazania plants, To investigate the impact of ground addition of Biostimulator (Bio health) at concentrations (0, 2 and 4 g L-1), respectively, and spraying with growth regulator (Salicylic acid) at concentrations (0, 5 and 10 ml L-1), respectively. The findings indicated that the addition of Bio health, especially at concentration (4 g L-1) contributed to achieving the best results for all vegetative and flowering growth traits (plant height, leaves number, vegetative dry weight, off springs number, leaf content of chlorophyll, total carbohydrates content of leaves, flowers number, flower fresh weight, flower diameter, flower peduncle length), they were (11.91 cm, 36.82 leaf plant-1, 8.12 g, 7.60 off spring plant-1, 11.12 mg g-1, 7.44%, 6.65 flower plant-1, 2.33 g, 7.58 cm and 8.33 cm), respectively. Spraying with Salicylic acid achieved significant effect, especially (1 ml L-1) concentration, that gave the highest values for the traits (plant height, leaves number, vegetative dry weight, off springs number, leaf content of chlorophyll, total carbohydrates content of leaves, flowers number and flower diameter), they were (11.61 cm, 35.05 leaf plant-1, 8.26 g, 7.35 off spring plant-1, 11.39 mg g-1, 7.49%, 6.51flower plant-1and 7.72 cm), respectively.
Effect of CPPU and Cobalt on the Growth and Productivity of Two Potato Cultivars Under Field Conditions
Authors: Al-Enzi Ahmed H. A. , Almohammedi Omar H. M.
Published: July 2024

Field experiment was conducted at the research station, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, in the Al-Buaytha area located at longitude E43.3265 and latitude N33.4537 for the spring 2023 and autumn 2023 seasons. The aim was to determine the growth and productivity of two potato cultivars under the influence of foliar spray with the growth regulator CPPU and cobalt. The experiment was conducted using a split-split plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three factors. The first factor included the cultivars (Rudolf and EL Beida). The second factor foliar spray with the growth regulator CPPU at three concentrations (0, 3, and 6 mg L-1). The third factor foliar spray with cobalt at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 mg L-1). In the spring season, treatment with CPPU at 6 mg L-1 enhanced plant traits: tubers per plant (9.82), marketable yield per plant (1.03), yield per plant (1.15), and total marketable yield (54.81). This effect was not observed in the autumn season, where tuber weight average was highest for CPPU-treated Rudolf plants (137.06 g/plant). At a concentration of 10 mg L-1, cobalt spray significantly increased the number of tubers per plant, at 9.159 tubers plant-1 for the spring season, with an average tuber weight of 134.80 g plant-1 for the autumn season, and a marketable yield of 0.978 kg plant-1 for the spring season. Additionally, the yield per plant was 1.065 kg plant-1 for the spring season, and the total marketable yield was 52.20 tons ha-1 for the spring season.
Effects of Mycorrhiza inoculation and Seaweed Extracts on the Growth and Flowering of Zinnia elegans L.
Authors: Ahmed Chnoora Ali
Published: July 2024

An experiment was assayed to study the impact of mycorrhiza and liquid seaweed extracts on the growth of Zinnia elegans L. This experiment was designed according to (R.C.B.D) with three replicates and two factors. The first factor inoculated two levels of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) (30, and 0 g/plant), and the second factor was seaweed extract foliar application with three levels of (0, 1, and 2ml/L). The results indicated that soil mycorrhiza fungi inoculation treatments significantly improved root length (45.29cm), root dry matter percentage (12.13%), root surface area (29.67ds2), and percentage of roots mycorrhiza infection (85.667%). Moreover, treating the plants with mycorrhiza led to improved flower characteristics such as early flowering (32.444 days), flower diameter (8.378cm), and flower stem diameter (4.722 mm). In addition, the seaweed extracts at a concentration of 2ml/L significantly affected most traits, while the percentage of nitrogen in leaves was influenced by both (1 and 2ml/L) concentrations were 2.773% and 2.762% respectively. Additionally, mycorrhiza treatments notably increased chemical components in the leaves; Chlorophyll intensity (23.982 spad unit), Nitrogen (2.864%), Phosphorus (0.378%), and Potassium (4.659%) concentrations. Finally, the interaction between mycorrhiza inoculation and foliar application of seaweed extracts at 2ml/L per plant maintained a significant effect on the quality of flower production of Zinnia elegans in the open field.
Application of Calcium and Zinc Improves Vegetative Growth Characteristics and Plant Hormones in Strawberry
Authors: Rasheed Al-Karawi Hussein Nory , Habeeb Hussein
Published: July 2024

The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of calcium and zinc spraying, as well as their potential interaction, on several vegetative growth characteristics and the content of plant hormones in strawberry plants. The study encompassed nine treatments, wherein plants were subjected to various degrees of calcium application using calcium chloride (0, 3, 6) g/l. These treatments were administered individually or in combination with three levels of zinc application using zinc sulfate (0, 2, and 4) g/l. The results showed that treating plants with 6 g/l of calcium via spraying improved plant height, fruit weight and elevated calcium and zinc levels in the leaves. The treatment of 3 g/l calcium increased the fruit yield and the amount of auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins significantly. On the other hand, the application of 4 g/l zinc via spraying led to elevating the concentration of zinc, auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin in the leaves as well as increased plant height. Additionally, applying 2 g/l of zinc resulted in a rise in the number of fruits and fruit weight. The application of zinc at 2 or 4 g/l led to a decline in the calcium concentration of the leaves.
Effect of Bio Fertilization and Boron Spraying on Growth and Green Pod Yield of Three Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Al-Hameed Ahmad Mohanad Abd , Hassan Al-Hamadany Shamil Younis , lbraheem Fathel F. R.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul during the winter season 2019-2020 to study the effect of three factors: three cultivars of broad bean (Histal, Fava da orto, and Luz de otono) and the bacterial biofertilizer (Bacillus subtillis) at two concentrations (without spraying and 1 ml L1) and spraying with boron at three concentrations (without adding and 30 and 60 mg L1) within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that the Histal cultivar gave the highest significant values in the number of branches per plant and the leaf area of the plant, while the Fava da Orto cultivar gave the highest significant values in the total pods yield. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between the biofertilization and non-biofertilization treatments in all the studied traits. The concentration of 30 mg/L boron gave the highest significant value in the number of seeds per pod. The treatment of 1 ml/L of biofertilizer with 30 mg/L of boron in the Fava da Orto cultivar gave the highest significant values in the leaf area of the plant and the total pods yield.
The Effect of the Growth Stimulant Bio 20 and Thinning on the Activity of the Invertase and Cellulase Enzymes and some Chemical Characteristics of Date Palm Fruits Phoenix dactylifera L. Al-Shwaithi Cultivar
Authors: Kazem Zainab Fadel , Al-Asadi Ahmed Dinar
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted during the 2023 growing season in one of the private orchards in Thi-Qar Governorate, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying fruits with concentrations of the growth stimulant Bio 20 (0, 2, and 4) ml L-1 and the percentages of fruit thinning (0, 15, and 30)%, and their interactions in the activity of invertase and cellulose enzymes and some chemical characteristics of date palm fruits, Al-Shwaithi cultivar at the rutab stage. The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment according to a Completely Randomized Block Design with six replicates to calculate the studied characteristics. Concentrations of the growth stimulant Bio 20 were sprayed and the thinning process was carried out after (21) days of pollination and upon completion of fruit set, and at (6 sprays) between one and the other (14 days) until the fruits complete growth and begin their coloring stage. The results can be summarized as follows: The results of the study showed that spraying with the growth stimulant Bio 20 achieved a significant increase in the activity of the invertase and cellulase enzymes and most of the chemical characteristics, and the concentration (4 ml L-1) recorded the highest averages for these enzymes (12.51 and 23.50) units g-1 m-1, respectively, and total soluble solids (73.83%) and dry matter (59.74%). In addition, the concentration (4 ml L-1) recorded the lowest averages with a significant difference in the percentage of water content (40.26%). The results also showed that the thinning percentage (30%) achieved a significant increase in: The activity of invertase and cellulase enzymes reached averages of (13.72 and 25.50) units g-1 min-1, respectively, and total soluble solids (69.86%) and dry matter (59.50%), In addition, it recorded the lowest averages with a significant difference for the percentage of water content (40.50%). As for the effect of the interaction treatment between the concentration of the growth stimulant Bio 20 (4 ml L-1) and the thinning percentage (30%), it was significant in giving the highest averages of activity of the invertase and cellulase enzymes and chemical characteristics during the rutab stage.
The Effect of Humic Acid on some Chemical Characteristics of the Leaves of Date Palm off Shoots of Nabut Seif Cultivar Resulting from Tissue Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions
Authors: Khalef Al-Asadi Ahmed D. , Falih Al-Zubaidy Batool H.
Published: July 2024

College of Agriculture and Marshes (COAM), Thi Qar University, conducted this study for the season 2018-219 to explore the effect of sodium chloride, humic acid and their interrelationship on some chemical characteristics of leaves of date palm offshoots of the Nabut Saif cultivar obtained from tissue culture. The study involved (12 treatments), each with three replicates. Considering that they were derived from 36 offshoots of the Nabut Seif cultivar, similar in size, length, number of leaves and three years old. The experiment was designed as a factorial experiment according to the complete randomized block design (C.R.B.D) and with two factors: the first factor is the use of four concentrations of sodium chloride salt (0, 5, 10, and 15) dsm-1 while the second factor is three concentrations of humic acid 80% (0, 10 and 20) ml L-1, and both factors were added to the soil in ten separate applications in between every 15 days, besides, the study showed the following results: The sodium chloride had a considerable impact on the elevation of the concentration of total soluble carbohydrate, proline and the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in the leaves in response to its increasing level added to the soil, with the concentration of 10 dsm-1 recorded the highest average for each carbohydrates (25.24 µg g-1), proline (5.27 µg With respect to the impact of humic acid, this was substantial since it increased the levels of total soluble carbohydrates, proline, and the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme with an increase in the applied concentration, the concentration treatment (20 ml L-1) achieved the highest averages of carbohydrates (25.26 µg g-1), proline (5.60 µg g-1). The interaction treatments of the study factors significantly affected all the characteristics studied by increasing their mean values whereby the interaction of sodium chloride at a concentration of (10 dci) and humic acid at a concentration of (20 ml L-1) excelled and achieved the highest means of carbohydrates (26.32 µg g-1), proline (6.16 μg g-1).
Variance Estimation and Genotypic, Phenotypic Correlation and Broad Heritability Percentage in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Al-Jaf Idrees H. M. , Mubarak Anmar K. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , ALTaey Duraid K. A.
Published: July 2024

During the spring season of 2022, a field study was undertaken in one of the villages in the city of Ramadi, employing three genetic structures of cucumber: Marketmore 76, Ocucmmol (st), and Lahoba361034. The cultivars were introduced into a full diallel crossbreeding programme, yielding three reciprocal hybrid seeds and three reverse hybrid seeds, as well as the parent seeds (3 males + 6 hybrids). The study used a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates to investigate phenotypic, genetic, and environmental variability, broad sense heritability, and genetic and phenotypic connections among the traits investigated. The results showed that the values of discrepancies differed between the studied qualities, and the values of genetic and phenomenal variation were greater than the values of environmental variation for most attributes and most of the qualities evaluated had the greatest broad sense heritability values. The genetic correlation was a high-morale positive between the plant’s quotient, the fruit length and the fruit weight. Plant yield, on the other hand, had a substantial negative genetic association with the nodes number before the first female flower. Plant yield correlated positively but not significantly with the number of first fruit holding, plant length, and leaf area. As for the phenotypic correlation the Plant yield was positively and strongly connected with fruit weight, but highly negatively and significantly correlated with the nodes number before the first female flower. Plant yield was likewise negatively and insignificantly linked with the sex ratio characteristic.
Effect of Water Stress and Potassium on Growth, Flowering, and Proline Content of Zinnia hybrid
Authors: Fadhil Tariq Zaid , Mohsin Riyadh Mannaa , Salih Ziyad Khalf
Published: July 2024

This field study was conducted in lath house to produce Zinnia x hybrid as flowering potted plant during spring of 2023. The experiment included two factors; the first representd water irrigation at three levels (100, 75, and 50% of field capacity FC). The second factor was addition of potassium at four concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 g l-1). The experiment was laid out according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with a split-plot system. There were foure pots in each experimental unit with three replications. The results were as follow: the irrigation treatment of 100% of FC was significantly superior in plant height(117.50 cm), plant diameter (21.24 cm), and highest potassium content in the leaves (3.006%). Irrigation with 75% of FC also recorded significant plant height (118.00 cm). Treating 50% of FC displayed highest value of proline acid in the plant leaves (8.102 mg g-1) and the number of flowers per plant (7.67 Plant -1). Potassium addition at (3 g l-1) had significant superiority in all of the traits studied. Interaction between the two factors was significant. Irrigating 100% FC with potassium at (3 g l-1) significantly increased plant height (125.00 cm). Number of leaves (125.00 plant-1), plant diameter (21.30 cm), and potassium content (3.633%) were also influnced. The treatment of 50% FC with 3 gm l-1 potassium had the highest values of proline acid and number of flowers. Each of which reached 8.620 mg g-1 and 8.306 flowers plant-1, respectively.
Effect of Packaging Type and Calcium Spraying on Some Chemical Traits of Seedless Pomegranate Variety Rawa
Authors: Alani Omar M. T. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z.
Published: July 2024

A study was conducted in the district of Rawa, located 224 km away from the city of Ramadi, on pomegranate trees of the Rawa seedless variety. The study investigated the effect of fruit packaging and calcium spraying on some chemical properties of the fruits of those trees. The study included two factors: the first factor involved using different types of bags to cover the fruits, including (untreated control, double-layered muslin clothes, white paper bags, and Saran). The second factor included calcium spraying at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 g L-1. The results indicated that fruit covering treatments significantly influenced all studied chemical properties. Saran covering contributed to achieving the best results for the fruit peel content of elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, iron, and manganese at (2.78%, 0.42%, 74.59 mg kg-1, 181.98 mg kg-1, and 47.85 mg kg-1) respectively. On the other hand, the treatment of covering with white paper bags showed a significant effect on the fruit peel content of potassium (1.60%). Regarding calcium spraying, the high concentration (2 grams per liter) achieved the best values for all traits (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, iron, and manganese), at (2.80%, 0.45%, 1.66%, 75.43 mg kg-1, 183.42 mg kg-1, and 47.31 mg kg-1) respectively. The interaction between the study factors reached a significant level in influencing all studied traits. The treatment combination (M3C2) excelled in achieving the best values for most of the studied traits.