bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anglicisms as an Integral Part of Modern German Media Discourse
Authors: Bulaeva S.
Published: March 2021

The article analyzes the scope of the use of anglicisms in the German media, its language is the latest product of the communicative activities of German language community, ways of word-formation on morphological ground, the substantiation of the reasons for intensive anglicization of the German language, as well as the positive and negative consequences of their usage. The author considers the process of borrowing foreign words in the German language in the historical aspect, conducts a comparative analysis and identifies the features of this phenomenon in the historical past and at the present time.
Microwave indicator of potential geoeffectiveness and magnetic flux-rope structure of a solar active region
Authors: Kudriavtseva Anastasiia , Myshyakov Ivan , Uralov Arkadiy , Grechnev Victor
Published: March 2021

We analyze the presence of a microwave neutral-line-associated source (NLS) in a super-active region NOAA 12673, which produced a number of geo-effective events in September 2017. To estimate the NLS position, we use data from the Siberian Radioheliograph in a range 4–8 GHz and from the Nobeyama Radioheliograph at 17 GHz. Calculation of the coronal magnetic field in a non-linear force-free approximation has revealed an extended structure consisting of interconnected magnetic flux ropes, located practically along the entire length of the main polarity separation line of the photospheric magnetic field. NLS is projected into the region of the strongest horizontal magnetic field, where the main energy of this structure is concentrated. During each X-class flare, the active region lost magnetic helicity and became a CME source.
Variations of ionospheric and geomagnetic field parameters during the June 18, 2013 Bachat earthquake
Authors: Belinskaya Anastasiya , Kovalev Aleksandr , Semakov Nikolay , Belinskaya Sofiya
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the results of a study of variations in ionospheric parameters and local magnetic constant before, during, and after the Вachat earthquake, which occurred on June 18, 2013 at 23:02 UT (June 19, 2013 at 06:02 LT) with a magnitude 5.3–5.6 and epicenter coordinates 54.29° N, 86.17° E. We have used data from IPGG SB RAS and TSU ionospheric stations and INTERMAGNET geomagnetic observatories. We have established that in the period preceding the earthquake there was a rather sharp increase in the magnetic moment, and in the subsequent period there was an equally sharp decrease in the magnetic moment. It is noted that the analysis of the daily average values of the local magnetic constant is the most promising for searching for geomagnetic precursors of earthquakes. We have found a low strong sporadic layer Es for two days before the event, the like of which was not observed for 15 days before and 15 days after the event. In addition, on the days preceding the shock, the background values of the F2-layer critical frequency were larger by more than 20 % at the local pre-event hours. On the second day after the earthquake, there appeared a night-time region of low values (about 14 %), which persisted until the morning of the third day.
Branch-Price-and-Cut for the Soft-Clustered Capacitated Arc-Routing Problem
Authors: Hintsch Timo , Irnich Stefan , Kiilerich Lone
Published: March 2021

The soft-clustered capacitated arc-routing problem (SoftCluCARP) is a variant of the classical capacitated arc-routing problem. The only additional constraint is that the set of required edges, that is, the streets to be serviced, is partitioned into clusters, and feasible routes must respect the soft-cluster constraint, that is, all required edges of the same cluster must be served by the same vehicle. In this article, we design an effective branch-price-and-cut algorithm for the exact solution of the SoftCluCARP. Its new components are a metaheuristic and branch-and-cut-based solvers for the solution of the column-generation subproblem, which is a profitable rural clustered postman tour problem. Although postman problems with these characteristics have been studied before, there is one fundamental difference here: clusters are not necessarily vertex-disjoint, which prohibits many preprocessing and modeling approaches for clustered postman problems from the literature. We present an undirected and a windy formulation for the pricing subproblem and develop and computationally compare two corresponding branch-and-cut algorithms. Cutting is also performed at the master-program level using subset-row inequalities for subsets of size up to five. For the first time, these nonrobust cuts are incorporated into MIP-based routing subproblem solvers using two different modeling approaches. In several computational studies, we calibrate the individual algorithmic components. The final computational experiments prove that the branch-price-and-cut algorithm equipped with these problem-tailored components is effective: The largest SoftCluCARP instances solved to optimality have more than 150 required edges or more than 50 clusters.
Absolute interferometry for fast and precise radius measurement
Authors: Kredba Jan , Psota Pavel , Stašík Marek , Lédl Vít , Veselý Lukáš , Nečásek Jakub
Published: March 2021

A novel radius of the curvature measurement method for optical spherical surfaces using absolute interferometry is proposed. A measurement setup is designed and built around a common-path Fizeau interferometer. The cavity length (volume of air between reference and tested surfaces) can be measured by the absolute wavelength tuning interferometry. An interconnection of data from three different tunable laser diodes (central wavelengths 780, 785 and 852 nm) allows us to measure the cavity length with uncertainty from tens to hundreds of nanometres. Once the reference radius of curvature is known/measured/calibrated, the radius of surface under test can be computed applying the value of the cavity length. The radius of curvature is measured directly in confocal position of the interferometer with relative precision of about 10 ppm. Moreover, unlike standard radius measurement by interferometry, the uncertainty of the introduced method can be optimized by selecting a suitable transmission sphere. In the paper, the method is described, tested, and verified by measuring several specimens featuring different radii of curvature. The results are analysed and furthermore compared to other measurement device.
Enhanced spin Hall effect due to the redshift gaps of photonic hypercrystals
Authors: Xia Jiaoqiao , Chen Yu , Xiang Yuanjiang
Published: March 2021

We proposed a method for enhancing the spin Hall effect (SHE) of light in the photonic hypercrystal (PHC). PHC is a periodic structure that combines the properties of hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) and conventional one-dimensional-photonic crystals (1DPCs). The proposed PHC is composed of Ti3O5 and HMMs, which alternatively consist of Ag and Ti3O5. The giant ratio of reflection coefficients of TE/TM polarizations can be realized due to the redshift gaps of the PHCs, where the band edge of TE polarization shifts toward short wavelengths but the band edge of TM polarization moves toward long wavelengths. It will eventually lead to the enhancement of SHE in this PHC with the redshift gaps. The maximum transverse shift can be close to 15 µm with the optimum thickness and incident angle. The enhancing SHE provides us an opportunity to expand the corresponding applications in the field of optics.
Mask-modulated lensless imaging via translated structured illumination
Authors: Lu Changchun , Zhou You , Guo Yanxun , Jiang Shaowei , Zhang Zibang , Zheng Guoan , Zhong Jingang
Published: March 2021

Lensless microscopy technique enables high-resolution image recovery over a large field of view. By integrating the concept of phase retrieval, it can also retrieve the lost phase information from intensity-only measurements. Here we report a mask-modulated lensless imaging platform based on translated structured illumination. In the reported platform, we sandwich the object in-between a coded mask and a naked image sensor for lensless data acquisition. An LED array is used to provide angle-varied illumination for projecting a translated structured pattern without involving mechanical scanning. For different LED elements, we acquire the lensless intensity data for recovering the complex-valued object. In the reconstruction process, we employ the regularized ptychographic iterative engine and implement an up-sampling process in the reciprocal space. As demonstrated by experimental results, the reported platform is able to recover complex-valued object images with higher resolution and better quality than previous implementations. Our approach may provide a cost-effective solution for high-resolution and wide field-of-view ptychographic imaging without involving mechanical scanning.
Near-field nonlinear imaging of an anapole mode beyond diffraction limit
Authors: Cui Tong , Zhang Mingqian , Zhao Yun , Yang Yuanmu , Bai Benfeng , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: March 2021

Nonlinear nanophotonics, as an emerging field in nanophotonics, eagerly calls for experimental techniques for probing and analyzing near-field nonlinear optical signals with subwavelength resolution. Here, we report an aperture-type scanning near-field optical microscopic method for probing near-field nonlinear optical processes. As a demonstration, near-field third-harmonic generation from an anapole dark-mode state generated by a silicon nanodisk is probed and imaged. The measured results agree well with the simulations, with a spatial resolution down to

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and a sensitivity of 0.1 nW. This method provides a powerful tool for characterizing nonlinear light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, which can help, for example, to unveil crystal properties involving subwavelength defects or dislocations.
Pulse-burst spontaneous Raman thermometry of unsteady wave phenomena in a shock tube
Authors: Winters Caroline , Haller Timothy , Kearney Sean , Varghese Philip , Lynch Kyle , Daniel Kyle , Wagner Justin
Published: March 2021

A high-speed temperature diagnostic based on spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) was demonstrated using a pulse-burst laser. The technique was first benchmarked in near-adiabatic

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flames at a data-acquisition rate of 5 kHz using an integrated pulse energy of 1.0 J per realization. Both the measurement precision and accuracy in the flame were within 3% of adiabatic predictions. This technique was then evaluated in a challenging free-piston shock tube environment operated at a shock Mach number of 3.5. SRS thermometry resolved the temperature in post-incident and post-reflected shock flows at a repetition rate of 3 kHz and clearly showed cooling associated with driver expansion waves. Collectively, this Letter represents a major advancement for SRS in impulsive facilities, which had previously been limited to steady state regions or single-shot acquisition.
Simultaneous transmission, detection, and energy harvesting
Authors: Gao Xumin , Jia Bolun , Ye ZiQi , Wang Linning , Fu Kang , Liu Pengzhan , Hu Fangren , Zhu Hongbo , Wang Yongjin
Published: March 2021

Due to the electro-optic property of InGaN multiple quantum wells, a III-nitride diode can provide light transmission, photo detection, and energy harvesting under different bias conditions. Made of III-nitride diodes arrayed in a single chip, the combination allows the diodes to transmit, detect, and harvest visible light at the same time. Here, we monolithically integrate a III-nitride transmitter, receiver, and energy harvester using a compatible foundry process. By adopting a bottom

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distributed Bragg reflector, we present a III-nitride diode with a peak external quantum efficiency of 50.65% at a forward voltage of 2.6 V for light emission, a power conversion efficiency of 6.68% for energy harvesting, and a peak external quantum efficiency of 50.9% at a wavelength of 388 nm for photon detection. The energy harvester generates electricity from ambient light to directly turn the transmitter on. By integrating a circuit, the electrical signals generated by the receiver pulse the emitted light to relay information. The multifunctioning system can continuously operate without an external power supply. Our work opens up a promising approach to develop multicomponent systems with new interactive functions and multitasking devices, due to III-nitride diode arrays that can simultaneously transmit, detect, and harvest light.
Near-perfect absorber consisted of a vertical array of single-wall carbon nanotubes and engineered multi-wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Tahmid Md Ishfak , Zaman Mamun Md Asaduz , Zubair Ahmed
Published: March 2021

An extensive study on the optical characteristics of vertically aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and engineered multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation technique is presented in this work. We investigated absorption characteristics for SWCNTs, MWCNTs, dual-diameter MWCNTs, and cone MWCNTs with the changes in the occupation area and incident angle of light in the visible wavelength range. The enhancement of absorption was achieved by changing the geometrical shapes. Our study suggests that 99.569 % of the total light energy is absorbed in SWCNTs and 99.883 % in cone-shaped-top MWCNTs with an occupation area of 20 % and 50 %, respectively, at 450 nm wavelength and 5000 nm tube height. Moreover, for both SWCNTs and MWCNTs, reflectance increases with the increase of the occupation area due to the larger reflecting top surface area. We found that a drastic reduction of absorption occurs as the angle between the tube axis of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the incoming light source increases above 30 °. Our study will be valuable for further investigation of the optical properties of shape-engineered CNTs and will promote CNT-based ultra-broadband absorber devices and systems for multifunctional optoelectronic applications.
Disparate temperature-dependent virus–host dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the human respiratory epithelium
Authors: V’kovski Philip , Gultom Mitra , Kelly Jenna N. , Steiner Silvio , Russeil Julie , Mangeat Bastien , Cora Elisa , Pezoldt Joern , Holwerda Melle , Kratzel Annika , Laloli Laura , Wider Manon , Portmann Jasmine , Tran Thao , Ebert Nadine , Stalder Hanspeter , Hartmann Rune , Gardeux Vincent , Alpern Daniel , Deplancke Bart , Thiel Volker , Dijkman Ronald
Published: March 2021

Since its emergence in December 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and become a major public health burden. Despite its close phylogenetic relationship to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits increased human-to-human transmission dynamics, likely due to efficient early replication in the upper respiratory epithelium of infected individuals. Since different temperatures encountered in the human upper and lower respiratory tract (33°C and 37°C, respectively) have been shown to affect the replication kinetics of several respiratory viruses, as well as host innate immune response dynamics, we investigated the impact of temperature on SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection using the primary human airway epithelial cell culture model. SARS-CoV-2, in contrast to SARS-CoV, replicated to higher titers when infections were performed at 33°C rather than 37°C. Although both viruses were highly sensitive to type I and type III interferon pretreatment, a detailed time-resolved transcriptome analysis revealed temperature-dependent interferon and pro-inflammatory responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 that were inversely proportional to its replication efficiency at 33°C or 37°C. These data provide crucial insight on pivotal virus–host interaction dynamics and are in line with characteristic clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, as well as their respective transmission efficiencies.
Mathematical modeling of the Candida albicans yeast to hyphal transition reveals novel control strategies
Authors: Wooten David J. , Zañudo Jorge Gómez Tejeda , Murrugarra David , Perry Austin M. , Dongari-Bagtzoglou Anna , Laubenbacher Reinhard , Nobile Clarissa J. , Albert Réka
Published: March 2021

Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, is a significant cause of human infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Phenotypic plasticity between two morphological phenotypes, yeast and hyphae, is a key mechanism by which C. albicans can thrive in many microenvironments and cause disease in the host. Understanding the decision points and key driver genes controlling this important transition and how these genes respond to different environmental signals is critical to understanding how C. albicans causes infections in the host. Here we build and analyze a Boolean dynamical model of the C. albicans yeast to hyphal transition, integrating multiple environmental factors and regulatory mechanisms. We validate the model by a systematic comparison to prior experiments, which led to agreement in 17 out of 22 cases. The discrepancies motivate alternative hypotheses that are testable by follow-up experiments. Analysis of this model revealed two time-constrained windows of opportunity that must be met for the complete transition from the yeast to hyphal phenotype, as well as control strategies that can robustly prevent this transition. We experimentally validate two of these control predictions in C. albicans strains lacking the transcription factor UME6 and the histone deacetylase HDA1, respectively. This model will serve as a strong base from which to develop a systems biology understanding of C. albicans morphogenesis.
Findings from the initial Stepwise Approach to Rabies Elimination (SARE) Assessment in China, 2019
Authors: Chen Qiulan , Ma Xiaoyue , Rainey Jeanette J. , Li Yu , Mu Di , Tao Xiaoyan , Feng Ye , Yin Wenwu , Li Zhongjie , Ma Shichun , Petersen Brett
Published: March 2021

In 2015, China and other member states of the United Nations adopted the goal of eliminating dog-mediated rabies by 2030. China has made substantial progress in reducing dog-mediated human rabies since peaking with more than 3,300 reported cases in 2007. To further improve coordination and planning, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, conducted a Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE) assessment in March 2019. Assessment goals included outlining progress and identifying activities critical for eliminating dog-mediated rabies. Participants representing national, provincial and local human and animal health sectors in China used the SARE assessment tool to answer 115 questions about the current dog-mediated rabies control and prevention programs in China. The established surveillance system for human rabies cases and availability of post-exposure prophylaxis were identified as strengths. Low dog vaccination coverage and limited laboratory confirmation of rabid dogs were identified gaps, resulting in an overall score of 1.5 on a scale of 0 to 5. Participants outlined steps to increase cross-sectoral information sharing, improve surveillance for dog rabies, increase dog vaccination coverage, and increase laboratory capacity to diagnose rabies at the provincial level. All assessment participants committed to strengthening cross-sector collaboration using a One Health approach to achieve dog-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030.
Decreased incidence, virus transmission capacity, and severity of COVID-19 at altitude on the American continent
Authors: Arias-Reyes Christian , Carvajal-Rodriguez Favio , Poma-Machicao Liliana , Aliaga-Raduán Fernanda , Marques Danuzia A. , Zubieta-DeUrioste Natalia , Accinelli Roberto Alfonso , Schneider-Gasser Edith M. , Zubieta-Calleja Gustavo , Dutschmann Mathias , Soliz Jorge
Published: March 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in North, Central, and South America has become the epicenter of the current pandemic. We have suggested previously that the infection rate of this virus might be lower in people living at high altitude (over 2,500 m) compared to that in the lowlands. Based on data from official sources, we performed a new epidemiological analysis of the development of the pandemic in 23 countries on the American continent as of May 23, 2020. Our results confirm our previous finding, further showing that the incidence of COVID-19 on the American continent decreases significantly starting at 1,000 m above sea level (masl). Moreover, epidemiological modeling indicates that the virus transmission rate is lower in the highlands (>1,000 masl) than in the lowlands (<1,000 masl). Finally, evaluating the differences in the recovery percentage of patients, the death-to-case ratio, and the theoretical fraction of undiagnosed cases, we found that the severity of COVID-19 is also decreased above 1,000 m. We conclude that the impact of the COVID-19 decreases significantly with altitude.
MCPdb: The bacterial microcompartment database
Authors: Ochoa Jessica M. , Bair Kaylie , Holton Thomas , Bobik Thomas A. , Yeates Todd O.
Published: March 2021

Bacterial microcompartments are organelle-like structures composed entirely of proteins. They have evolved to carry out several distinct and specialized metabolic functions in a wide variety of bacteria. Their outer shell is constructed from thousands of tessellating protein subunits, encapsulating enzymes that carry out the internal metabolic reactions. The shell proteins are varied, with single, tandem and permuted versions of the PF00936 protein family domain comprising the primary structural component of their polyhedral architecture, which is reminiscent of a viral capsid. While considerable amounts of structural and biophysical data have been generated in the last 15 years, the existing functionalities of current resources have limited our ability to rapidly understand the functional and structural properties of microcompartments (MCPs) and their diversity. In order to make the remarkable structural features of bacterial microcompartments accessible to a broad community of scientists and non-specialists, we developed MCPdb: The Bacterial Microcompartment Database (https://mcpdb.mbi.ucla.edu/). MCPdb is a comprehensive resource that categorizes and organizes known microcompartment protein structures and their larger assemblies. To emphasize the critical roles symmetric assembly and architecture play in microcompartment function, each structure in the MCPdb is validated and annotated with respect to: (1) its predicted natural assembly state (2) tertiary structure and topology and (3) the metabolic compartment type from which it derives. The current database includes 163 structures and is available to the public with the anticipation that it will serve as a growing resource for scientists interested in understanding protein-based metabolic organelles in bacteria.
Isotope analysis combined with DNA barcoding provide new insights into the dietary niche of khulan in the Mongolian Gobi
Authors: Šturm Martina Burnik , Smith Steve , Ganbaatar Oyunsaikhan , Buuveibaatar Bayarbaatar , Balint Boglarka , Payne John C. , Voigt Christian C. , Kaczensky Petra
Published: March 2021

With increasing livestock numbers, competition and avoidance are increasingly shaping resource availability for wild ungulates. Shifts in the dietary niche of wild ungulates are likely and can be expected to negatively affect their fitness. The Mongolian Gobi constitutes the largest remaining refuge for several threatened ungulates, but unprecedentedly high livestock numbers are sparking growing concerns over rangeland health and impacts on threatened ungulates like the Asiatic wild ass (khulan). Previous stable isotope analysis of khulan tail hair from the Dzungarian Gobi suggested that they graze in summer but switch to a poorer mixed C3 grass / C4 shrub diet in winter, most likely in reaction to local herders and their livestock. Here we attempt to validate these findings with a different methodology, DNA metabarcoding. Further, we extend the scope of the original study to the South Gobi Region, where we expect higher proportions of low-quality browse in the khulan winter diet due to a higher human and livestock presence. Barcoding confirmed the assumptions behind the seasonal diet change observed in the Dzungarian Gobi isotope data, and new isotope analysis revealed a strong seasonal pattern and higher C4 plant intake in the South Gobi Region, in line with our expectations. However, DNA barcoding revealed C4 domination of winter diet was due to C4 grasses (rather than shrubs) for the South Gobi Region. Slight climatic differences result in regional shifts in the occurrence of C3 and C4 grasses and shrubs, which do not allow for an isotopic separation along the grazer-browser continuum over the entire Gobi. Our findings do not allow us to confirm human impacts upon dietary preferences in khulan as we lack seasonal samples from the South Gobi Region. However, these data provide novel insight into khulan diet, raise new questions about plant availability versus preference, and provide a cautionary tale about indirect analysis methods if used in isolation or extrapolated to the landscape level. Good concordance between relative read abundance of C4 genera from barcoding and proportion of C4 plants from isotope analysis adds to a growing body of evidence that barcoding is a promising quantitative tool to understand resource partitioning in ungulates.
Reduction of fibrosis and immune suppressive cells in ErbB2-dependent tumorigenesis by an LXR agonist
Authors: Sheng Gao , Yuan Hongyan , Jin Lu , Ranjit Suman , Panov Julia , Lu Xun , Levi Moshe , Glazer Robert I.
Published: March 2021

One of the central challenges for cancer therapy is the identification of factors in the tumor microenvironment that increase tumor progression and prevent immune surveillance. One such element associated with breast cancer is stromal fibrosis, a histopathologic criterion for invasive cancer and poor survival. Fibrosis is caused by inflammatory factors and remodeling of the extracellular matrix that elicit an immune tolerant microenvironment. To address the role of fibrosis in tumorigenesis, we developed NeuT/ATTAC transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active NeuT/erbB2 transgene, and an inducible, fat-directed caspase-8 fusion protein, which upon activation results in selective and partial ablation of mammary fat and its replacement with fibrotic tissue. Induction of fibrosis in NeuT/ATTAC mice led to more rapid tumor development and an inflammatory and fibrotic stromal environment. In an effort to explore therapeutic options that could reduce fibrosis and immune tolerance, mice were treated with the oxysterol liver X receptor (LXR) pan agonist, N,N-dimethyl-3-β-hydroxy-cholenamide (DMHCA), an agent known to reduce fibrosis in non-malignant diseases. DMHCA reduced tumor progression, tumor multiplicity and fibrosis, and improved immune surveillance by reducing infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and increasing CD4 and CD8 effector T cells. These effects were associated with downregulation of an LXR-dependent gene network related to reduced breast cancer survival that included Spp1, S100a9, Anxa1, Mfge8 and Cd14. These findings suggest that the use of DMHCA may be a potentially effective approach to reduce desmoplasia and immune tolerance and increase the efficacy of cancer therapy.
High-efficiency high-voltage class F amplifier for high-frequency wireless ultrasound systems
Authors: Kim Kyeongjin , Choi Hojong
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a novel amplifier that satisfies both low distortion and high efficiency for high-frequency wireless ultrasound systems with limited battery life and size. While increasing the amplifier efficiency helps to address the problems for wireless ultrasound systems, it can cause signal distortion owing to harmonic components. Therefore, a new type of class F amplifier is designed to achieve high efficiency and low distortion. In the amplifier, the resonant circuit at each stage controls the harmonic components to reduce distortion and improve efficiency. Transformers with a large shunt resistor are also helpful to reduce the remaining noise in the input signal. The proposed class F amplifier is tested using simulations, and the voltage and current waveforms are analyzed to achieve correct operation with adequate efficiency and distortion. The measured performance of the class F amplifier has a gain of 23.2 dB and a power added efficiency (PAE) of 88.9% at 25 MHz. The measured DC current is 121 mA with a variance of less than 1% when the PA is operating. We measured the received echo signal through the pulse-echo response using a 25-MHz transducer owing to the compatibility of the designed class F amplifier with high- frequency transducers. The measured total harmonic distortion (THD) of the echo signal was obtained as 4.5% with a slightly low ring-down. The results show that the low THD and high PAE of the new high-efficiency and high-voltage amplifier may increase battery life and reduce the cooling fan size, thus providing a suitable environment for high-frequency wireless ultrasound systems.
The credibility of social media beauty gurus in young millennials’ cosmetic product choice
Authors: Hassan Siti Hasnah , Teo Shao Zhen , Ramayah T. , Al-Kumaim Nabil Hasan
Published: March 2021

Social media influencers play a role in the beauty industry by making it more accessible and diverse, engaging in cultural acceptance and diversity, and making their lives public through social media. Known as ‘beauty gurus’, these influencers use their makeup skills to work with cosmetics brands, in which they earn substantial remuneration by raising brand awareness among social media audiences. While work was conducted on social media influencers, there was no clear focus on how influencers engage with young millennials regarding the choice of cosmetics products and its use. Hence, this study analysed the beauty ‘gurus’ credibility in influencing young female millennials’ cosmetics brands of choice. A survey method was used to collect data using a judgemental sampling from young females who have subscribed and observed makeup tutorials on social media platforms, such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook, among many others. Additionally, a total of 271 usable questionnaires were gathered and analysed using AMOS. Credibility traits, such as knowledge, attractiveness, and relatability, were the core elements of an influencer’s capability to influence young millennials. Social media influencers were seen as a new and effective marketing tool in targeting a broad demographic and increasing brand awareness.
Real-time Twitter interactions during World Breastfeeding Week: A case study and social network analysis
Authors: Moukarzel Sara , Rehm Martin , Caduff Anita , del Fresno Miguel , Perez-Escamilla Rafael , Daly Alan J.
Published: March 2021

Using Twitter to implement public health awareness campaigns is on the rise, but campaign monitoring and evaluation are largely dependent on basic Twitter Analytics. To establish the potential of social network theory-based metrics in better understanding public health campaigns, we analyzed real-time user interactions on Twitter during the 2020 World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) as an exemplar case. Social network analysis (SNA), including community and influencer identification, as well as topic modeling were used to compare the activity ofn= 29,958 campaign participants andn= 10,694 reference users from the six-months pre-campaign period. Users formed more inter-connected relationships during the campaign, retweeting and mentioning each other 46,161 times compared to 10,662 times in the prior six months. Campaign participants formed identifiable communities that were not only based on their geolocation, but also based on interests and professional background. While influencers who dominated the WBW conversations were disproportionally members of the scientific community, the campaign did mobilize influencers from the general public who seemed to play a “bridging” role between the public and the scientific community. Users communicated about the campaign beyond its original themes to also discuss breastfeeding within the context of social and racial inequities. Applying SNA allowed understanding of the breastfeeding campaign’s messaging and engagement dynamics across communities and influencers. Moving forward, WBW could benefit from improving targeting to enhance geographic coverage and user interactions. As this exemplar case indicates, social network theory and analysis can be used to inform other public health campaigns with data on user interactions that go beyond traditional metrics.
Otolith chemical fingerprints of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the Indian Ocean: First insights into stock structure delineation
Authors: Artetxe-Arrate Iraide , Fraile Igaratza , Farley Jessica , Darnaude Audrey M. , Clear Naomi , Rodríguez-Ezpeleta Naiara , Dettman David L. , Pécheyran Christophe , Krug Iñigo , Médieu Anaïs , Ahusan Mohamed , Proctor Craig , Priatna Asep , Lestari Pratiwi , Davies Campbell , Marsac Francis , Murua Hilario
Published: March 2021

The chemical composition of otoliths (earbones) can provide valuable information about stock structure and connectivity patterns among marine fish. For that, chemical signatures must be sufficiently distinct to allow accurate classification of an unknown fish to their area of origin. Here we have examined the suitability of otolith microchemistry as a tool to better understand the spatial dynamics of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), a highly valuable commercial species for which uncertainties remain regarding its stock structure in the Indian Ocean. For this aim, we have compared the early life otolith chemical composition of young-of-the-year (<6 months) skipjack tuna captured from the three main nursery areas of the equatorial Indian Ocean (West, Central and East). Elemental (Li:Ca, Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, Mg:Ca and Mn:Ca) and stable isotopic (δ13C, δ18O) signatures were used, from individuals captured in 2018 and 2019. Otolith Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, Mg:Ca and δ18O significantly differed among fish from different nurseries, but, in general, the chemical signatures of the three nursery areas largely overlapped. Multivariate analyses of otolith chemical signatures revealed low geographic separation among Central and Eastern nurseries, achieving a maximum overall random forest cross validated classification success of 51%. Cohort effect on otolith trace element signatures was also detected, indicating that variations in chemical signatures associated with seasonal changes in oceanographic conditions must be well understood, particularly for species with several reproductive peaks throughout the year. Otolith microchemistry in conjunction with other techniques (e.g., genetics, particle tracking) should be further investigated to resolve skipjack stock structure, which will ultimately contribute to the sustainable management of this stock in the Indian Ocean.
Determining Aspergillus fumigatus transcription factor expression and function during invasion of the mammalian lung
Authors: Liu Hong , Xu Wenjie , Bruno Vincent M. , Phan Quynh T. , Solis Norma V. , Woolford Carol A. , Ehrlich Rachel L. , Shetty Amol C. , McCraken Carrie , Lin Jianfeng , Bromley Michael J. , Mitchell Aaron P. , Filler Scott G.
Published: March 2021

To gain a better understanding of the transcriptional response ofAspergillus fumigatusduring invasive pulmonary infection, we used a NanoString nCounter to assess the transcript levels of 467A.fumigatusgenes during growth in the lungs of immunosuppressed mice. These genes included ones known to respond to diverse environmental conditions and those encoding most transcription factors in theA.fumigatusgenome. We found that invasive growthin vivoinduces a unique transcriptional profile as the organism responds to nutrient limitation and attack by host phagocytes. Thisin vivotranscriptional response is largely mimicked byin vitrogrowth inAspergillusminimal medium that is deficient in nitrogen, iron, and/or zinc. From the transcriptional profiling data, we selected 9 transcription factor genes that were either highly expressed or strongly up-regulated duringin vivogrowth. Deletion mutants were constructed for each of these genes and assessed for virulence in mice. Two transcription factor genes were found to be required for maximal virulence. One wasrlmA, which is required for the organism to achieve maximal fungal burden in the lung. The other wassltA, which regulates of the expression of multiple secondary metabolite gene clusters and mycotoxin genes independently oflaeA. Using deletion and overexpression mutants, we determined that the attenuated virulence of the ΔsltAmutant is due in part to decreased expressionaspf1, which specifies a ribotoxin, but is not mediated by reduced expression of the fumigaclavine gene cluster or the fumagillin-pseruotin supercluster. Thus,in vivotranscriptional profiling focused on transcription factors genes provides a facile approach to identifying novel virulence regulators.
Viral genomic, metagenomic and human transcriptomic characterization and prediction of the clinical forms of COVID-19
Authors: Rodriguez Christophe , de Prost Nicolas , Fourati Slim , Lamoureux Claudie , Gricourt Guillaume , N’debi Melissa , Canoui-Poitrine Florence , Désveaux Isaac , Picard Oriane , Demontant Vanessa , Trawinski Elisabeth , Lepeule Raphaël , Surgers Laure , Vindrios William , Lelièvre Jean-Daniel , Mongardon Nicolas , Langeron Olivier , Cohen José L. , Mekontso-Dessap Armand , Woerther Paul-Louis , Pawlotsky Jean-Michel
Published: March 2021

COVID-19 is characterized by respiratory symptoms of various severities, ranging from mild upper respiratory signs to acute respiratory failure/acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with a high mortality rate. However, the pathophysiology of the disease is largely unknown. Shotgun metagenomics from nasopharyngeal swabs were used to characterize the genomic, metagenomic and transcriptomic features of patients from the first pandemic wave with various forms of COVID-19, including outpatients, patients hospitalized not requiring intensive care, and patients in the intensive care unit, to identify viral and/or host factors associated with the most severe forms of the disease. Neither the genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, nor the detection of bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites were associated with the severity of pulmonary disease. Severe pneumonia was associated with overexpression of cytokine transcripts activating the CXCR2 pathway, whereas patients with benign disease presented with a T helper “Th1-Th17” profile. The latter profile was associated with female gender and a lower mortality rate. Our findings indicate that the most severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by the presence of overactive immune cells resulting in neutrophil pulmonary infiltration which, in turn, could enhance the inflammatory response and prolong tissue damage. These findings make CXCR2 antagonists, in particular IL-8 antagonists, promising candidates for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19.
Shifting conceptions of Alejandro González Iñárritu: Interpreting the auteur
Authors: Tierney Dolores
Published: March 2021

This introduction to a Special Issue of Studies in Spanish and Latin American Cinema charts the shift in Alejandro González Iñárritu's directorial persona from transnational auteur to mainstream figure over the course of his six feature films and virtual reality installation: Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003), Babel (2006), Biutiful (2010), Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014), The Revenant (2015) and the installation Carne y arena (Virtually Present, Physically invisible) (2017). It argues that this shift into a (predominantly Anglo) mainstream is reflected in the different ways in which his last names (apellidos) are used, abbreviated or even excised altogether, and in the differing approaches to him as auteur employed by the authors of the different articles, but that Iñárritu’s persona and creative collaborators continue to be primarily determined by his Mexican and Latin American identity.
Behind the money: Alejandro González Iñárritu as career director
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: March 2021

This article is presented in two halves. The first analyses little known interviews with Iñárritu before he made his career in feature films that document his practice in radio, advertising and television drama. These interviews focus on his early conception of the relation between art and commerce and his views on the Mexican media scene in the 1990s. The second half of the article analyses the rare primary materials themselves: radio commercials, television idents and, at much greater length, his first feature-length fiction film, an experimental drama made for Televisa in 1995 called Detrás del dinero/Behind the Money. The conclusion argues that even as Iñárritu has more recently distanced himself from broadcasting, his later career as an artistic and commercially successful feature film director embodies a precarious balance between artistic innovation and mass culture and a focus on the audience which he first learned in his early work in advertising, radio and television.
Whose film is it anyway? The battle over auteur status between Alejandro González Iñárritu and Guillermo Arriaga
Authors: Shaw Deborah
Published: March 2021

Director Alejandro González Iñárritu and screenwriter and novelist Guillermo Arriaga worked together on three, highly successful films – Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003) and Babel (2006). Yet, theirs was a troubled partnership and ended in a public feud. Arriaga stressed his creative primacy in the projects they worked on and downplayed the input of the director, while Iñárritu underplayed Arriaga’s contribution after Amores perros. Finally, during the making of Babel, these tensions came to a head and their collaboration came to an acrimonious end over irreconcilably different notions of what we might term ‘creative credit’. This well-known collaboration, feud and separation tell a story of creative partnerships, film industry working practices, power plays and media manipulations. This article examines the public statements of the two men and explores their story. It also asks a series of questions that relate to their specific relationship, but also to broader power dynamics between directors and the screenwriters with whom they work when both have auteurist ambitions: what does the Iñárritu/Arriaga dispute reveal about discourses of auteurism and its construction? What is the role of the screenwriter and his/her access to an auteurist status in the film industry?
Interrogating (neo)colonialism in the contemporary western: Alejandro González Iñárritu’s The Revenant (2015)
Authors: Tierney Dolores
Published: March 2021

This article analyses Alejandro González Iñárritu’s The Revenant (2015) as a contemporary western, exploring how it interrogates the overt coloniality and Anglocentrism associated with the western genre and the source story of nineteenth-century fur trapper Hugh Glass on which the film is based. Through narrative and textual analysis, the article suggests that the addition of active indigenous characters into Glass’ story, as well as the film’s focus on the genocidal violence inflicted on native peoples and self-conscious realist strategies, challenge the inherent colonialism of the western. It also points out, however, that the scope of these indigenous narratives is limited and made secondary to the narrative of the White fur trapper and how The Revenant falls back on some of the stereotypical representational norms of the generic western. The article argues that this duality, where the film both challenges and reifies the colonialist norms of the western, is a result of the film’s interstitial position in-between the industrial and genre norms of contemporary Hollywood filmmaking and Iñárritu’s specific auteurist, postcolonial and ideological vision.
INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN WASTE OF JUICE PRODUCTION OF BLUEBERRIES AND BLACK CURRANTS
Authors: Gromova Irina Aleksandrovna , Voronina Marianna Sergeyevna , Makarova Nadezhda Viktorovna
Published: March 2021

This article examines the chemical characteristics contained in the waste of juice production of black currants and blueberries. the influence of antioxidant substances on the human body is considered. The aim of the article is to study the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of freshly frozen blueberries and black currants, fresh juice of blueberries and black currants, raw and dried pomace of the studied berries, which underwent short-term heat treatment, water extracts and concentrated water extracts of these berries, as well as the subsequent comparison of the values of all data. We demonstrate methods for determining the total content of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, FRAP method (method for determining antiradical activity), a method for evaluating antioxidant properties using a model system of linoleic acid, as well as a method for determining the restoring force. Studies were carried out on water-alcohol extracts obtained at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 37 °C. The results of the study show that dried blueberries, compared with other objects studied as blueberries and blackcurrants, have the maximum values of all chemical characteristics, which is the best option for human health.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF STEVIA RAW MATERIALS OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN
Authors: Kurdyukov Evgeny Evgenievich , Semenova Elena Fedorovna , Vodopyanova Ol'ga Aleksandrovna , Moiseev Yakov Petrovich , Rodina Olesya Petrovna , Polyboyarinov Pavel Arkad'yevich
Published: March 2021

Dried stevia leaves (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) were used as objects of research. We studied the leaves of stevia varieties Ramon sweetener grown in the Penza region, the leaves of stevia varieties Ramon sweetener grown in the Tver region, Krasnodar region, the Republic of Crimea, as well as imported raw stevia from India and Paraguay. The purpose of this work is a comparative study of the amino acid composition of raw stevia grown in different conditions. The amino acid composition of stevia leaves (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) was revealed by capillary electrophoresis.13 amino acids were identified, of which eight are "essential" (lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine). The proportion of essential amino acids in stevia raw materials ranged from 2.99 to 4.64%. The content of interchangeable acids was: tyrosine from 0.24% to 0.36%, Proline from 0.44 to 0.68%, serine from 0.77 to 1.03%, alanine from 0.48 to 0.83%, glycine from 0.40 to 0.68%. The total amount of amino acids detected is higher in the Ramon sweetener variety grown in the Penza region (9.52%) compared to other samples, the lowest amount is found in stevia grown in Paraguay (6.46%). The results obtained indicate the prospects for further studies of the amino acid composition of Stevia rebaudiana and can characterize this species as a source of valuable medicinal substances with a wide range of pharmacological activity.