bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selib 3: pottery from the midden
Authors: Cedro Aneta
Published: July 2018

The paper discusses some preliminary research on pottery from the refuse dump at Selib 3. The assemblage comprised a rich repertoire of tableware, cooking and transport vessels. A striking feature of this collection is the abundance of imported products, some fine ware vessels (plates, small bottles etc.) but mostly amphorae, from Egypt and from the Eastern Mediterranean. The material from Selib 3 represents a homogenous chronological assemblage that can be placed in the 6th and early 7th century AD.
Aerial survey of the necropolis and the surrounding fields at Metsamor in Armenia
Authors: Truszkowski Marek , Bagi Otto
Published: July 2018

The first aerial survey conducted within the vicinity of the ancient city of Metsamor and its cemetery detected several promising anomalies in the aerial photos and processed images within and beyond the known limits of the burial ground. The survey results are discussed in this article along with a brief outline of the burial types found in this cemetery.
Early Makuria Research Project. Royal ornaments of the Late Antique African kingdom, Early Makuria, Nubia (AD 450–550)
Authors: Then-Obłuska Joanna
Published: July 2018

After the fall of the Meroe kingdom, three entities – Nobadia, Early Makuria, and Alwa (Alodia) – emerged in northeast Africa between the 4th and the 6th centuries AD. Richly furnished elite cemeteries with tombs of the Nobadian kings are known from Qustul and Ballaña in Lower Nubia (Emery and Kirwan 1938), but until now no royal tombs of Early Makuria have been identified. A comparative analysis of some recently excavated adornments and ornaments from the tumulus cemetery of el-Zuma in Upper Nubia have now enabled the Early Makuria royal tombs (AD 450–550) to be placed there. The assemblages from three large tumuli are dominated by personal adornments (beads, pendants, earrings, chains, crosses, and a ring), royal regalia (cabochons and settings), and other decorated items (metal sheets, an intarsia and ivory gaming pieces). Apart from beads of various materials, like marine mollusk shell, ostrich eggshell, faience and stone, which were made probably in local workshops, the remaining items were imports from the Mediterranean and Sri Lanka/South India (glass beads in the latter case). Moreover, many of the decorated objects and the techniques used to make them find parallels in the elite Nobadian cemeteries of Qustul and Ballaña, hinting at the royal origin of some of the Early Makuria tomb owners at el-Zuma. These parallels induce the thought that there was a single workshop in late antique Nubia producing artifacts for the elite.
The Great Temple of Berenike: new findings of the Berenike Temple Project
Authors: Hense Martin
Published: July 2018

A reinvestigation of the so-called Serapis temple of Berenike produced proof for the existence of undisturbed archaeology around and even inside the building. Until recently it was assumed that this temple was completely excavated during the several, poorly documented, excavations of the 19th century. A small test trench against the back wall of the temple uncovered the remains of a secondary stone wall and parts of a small statue. The excavation of the northwest room resulted in the find of architectural details never published by the early excavators.
Come and dine with me... Early Roman luxury glass tableware from Berenike — new evidence from the harbor area and the trash dumps
Authors: Kucharczyk Renata
Published: July 2018

The harbor of Berenike on the Red Sea coast of Egypt was a major transit point in the long-distance trade of luxury commodities between the Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean Basin. The heyday of the commerce and the prosperity of the port lasted from the 1st to the mid-2nd century AD. A huge quantity of commodities passed through the port, imported not only for the purpose of exchange, but also for self-consumption. Glassware was among them. The high proportion of wares of high quality and exceptional esthetic value is quite extraordinary, even by modern standards. These wares highlight the position of Berenike in the trade, but they also showcase the city’s wealth and the great demand for luxury glass that existed there in the first centuries of the Roman Empire
Conservation interventions at the site of Berenike: challenges and solutions in an ancient city of the eastern Desert of Egypt
Authors: Maestro Delia Eguiluz
Published: July 2018

The desert climate of the Berenike site in the Eastern Desert of Egypt are conducive to the preservation of substantial quantities of both organic and inorganic archaeological remains. Field conservation is thus fundamental and indispensable to each archaeological campaign. All interventions have as the main objective stabilizing the material, facilitating the identification of finds and ensuring artifact conservation as much as possible. The paper focuses on the specific conditions making this site unique and an ideal place for the preservation of all materials, paying special attention to the ancient harbor area with its significant number of remains of carbonized wood belonging on the whole to several ancient Roman ships. Interventions on these materials are discussed with the goal of determining the basic problems faced by conservators working at this site, the extent to which these interventions should be carried and the scientific dialogue with archaeologists and field specialists.
Aplicação da análise isotópica de composto específico (Técnica CSIA) em perícias ambientais para distinguir diferentes fontes de contaminação
Authors: Teixeira Luiz Guilherme Poggio , Abreu Ana Elisa Silva de
Published: July 2018

A Análise Isotópica de Composto Específico (CSIA, do inglês Compound Specific Isotope Analysis) é uma técnica analítica para determinar razões de isótopos estáveis com ampla aplicação no campo das ciências forenses, incluindo, drogas ilícitas, explosivos, doping de atletas e, mais recentemente, no estudo da contaminação da água subterrânea.  O presente artigo discorre sobre o emprego da referida técnica como uma importante ferramenta para diferenciar plumas distintas de contaminantes em estudos de perícia ambiental, enfatizando-se aqui compostos organoclorados. Com base em revisão bibliográfica são apresentados os princípios básicos da técnica, os processos naturais que causam o fracionamento isotópico e casos reais onde a técnica CSIA foi empregada. Tendo como base o modelo hidrogeológico/hidroquímico, a conjugação desta técnica, especialmente quando empregada com isótopos de mais de um elemento numa mesma área, aliada aos métodos tradicionais como análise físico-química e modelagem computacional, aumenta significativamente as chances de sucesso para distinção da origem dos contaminantes e imputação de responsabilidades em contendas judiciais.
A propósito de modelos espaciais-temporais dos regimes naturais de geossistemas
Authors: Snytko Valerian A.
Published: July 2018

(Originalmente publicado como About spatial-temporal models of natural regimes of geosystems, em Reports of the Institute of Geography of Siberia and Far East, Edição Especial para o XXIII International Geographical Congress, n. 51, p. 96-103, Irkutsk, 1976. Tradução realizada pelo Prof. Dr. Carlos Augusto de Figueiredo Monteiro, Universidade de São Paulo)
RESEÑA de: Núñez Rivero, Cayetano. "La Religión Católica en la Historia Política y Constitucional española (1808-1931)". Editorial Dykinson. Madrid, 2017. 162 páginas.
Authors: García Aranda Santiago
Published: July 2018

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Aproximación a la regulación y contenido del derecho a una alimentación adecuada
Authors: Goig Martínez Juan Manuel
Published: July 2018

La alimentación adecuada constituye un derecho humano. Así lo han reconocido oficialmente la gran mayoría de los Tratados Internacionales sobre derechos humanos. Pero existe una gran diferencia entre que un Estado reconozca oficialmente la alimentación como un derecho fundamental en su constitución, o lo haga como un principio rector, puesto que ello dotará al derecho a la alimentación adecuada de una mayor protección, o lo convertirá en un principio de actuación de los poderes públicos. Se puede exigir a los gobiernos garantizar el ejercicio efectivo del derecho a la alimentación de conformidad con las disposiciones constitucionales para otros derechos humanos. Pero, la capacidad de la invocación indirecta de otros derechos humanos para lograr la protección efectiva del derecho a la alimentación en el plano nacional dependerá, en definitiva, de la interpretación jurídica que se haga de la Constitución.Adequate food is a human right. Thus the vast majority of treaties have officially recognized it human rights. But there is a big difference between that a State officially recognizes food as a fundamental right in the Constitution, or do it as a guiding principle, since this will provide the right to adequate food of greater protection, or the It will become a principle of action of the public authorities. You may require Governments to ensuring the effective exercise of the right to food in accordance with the constitutional provisions for other human rights. But the indirect invocation of other human rights capacity to achieve effective protection of the right to food at the national level will depend, ultimately, of the legal interpretation that is made of the Constitution.
La aplicación de la adopción abierta en España. Una visión en cifras y algo más
Authors: Díez Riaza Sara
Published: July 2018

Han trascurrido dos años desde la implementación de la adopción abierta en España. Por ello, es necesario una primera aproximación para saber cómo se está aplicando en las diferentes Comunidades Autónomas que integran el territorio español. Los resultados no son muy halagüeños para esta nueva institución de adopción abierta pero sí son esperanzadores, pues poco a poco se va abriendo el interés en esta nueva vía de protección de los menores en España, siguiendo la estela de otros países (Estados Unidos de América, Gran Bretaña, Austria, Canadá o Nueva Zelanda) donde sí está dando muy buenos resultados. Quizás requiramos un cambio de mentalidad hacia la adopción abierta. El interés superior del niño ha de primar en todas las instituciones de protección y, si salvaguardar algunas de las relaciones con la familia biológica es beneficioso a ese interés, se debe potenciar venciendo las resistencias iniciales tanto de las familias como de las instituciones públicas.Two years have happened from the implementation of the adoption opened in Spain. For it, the first approximation is necessary to know how it is applied in the different Autonomous Communities that integrate the Spanish territory. The results are not very pleasing for this new institution of opened adoption but if they are encouraging gradually the interest is opened in this new route of protection of the child in Spain, in the wake of the other countries (The United States of America, Great Britain, Austria, Canada or New Zealand) where if it is giving very good results. Probably we need a change of mentality towards the opened adoption. The best interest of the child has to occupy first place in all the institutions of protection and if to safeguard some of the relations with the biological family is beneficial to this interest must be promoted conquering the initial resistances both of the families and of the public institutions.
La representación política de las Cortes de Castilla durante los Austrias
Authors: Álvarez García Héctor
Published: July 2018

El trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la naturaleza representativa de las Cortes de Castilla durante los siglos xvi y xvii. Sus orígenes se encuentran en los concilios de la monarquía visigoda y en las Cortes de León de 1188, a las que concurrieron por primera vez en la historia política europea representantes del tercer estado. Asimismo, estudiaremos la relación jurídico-política que ligaba a los procuradores de Cortes con sus ciudades (mandato imperativo) y la dialéctica Cortes del Reino versus Cortes de las Ciudades (mandato representativo vs mandato imperativo), que tuvo lugar durante el reinado de la dinastía Habsburgo en España.The work aims to analyze the representative nature of the Parliament of Castile during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Its origins are in the councils of visigothic monarchy and in the Parliament of Leon of 1188, to which representatives of the third state participated for the first time in European political history. Likewise, we will study the juridical-political relationship that linked Parliament´s representatives with their cities (imperative mandate) and the dialectic Parliament of Kingdom versus Parliament of Cities (representative mandate vs. imperative mandate), which took place during the dinasty Habsburg´s reign in Spain.
Colita en contexto: fotografía y feminismo durante la transición española.
Authors: Rosón Villena María
Published: July 2018

El trabajo que desarrolló la fotógrafa catalana Colita (Barcelona, 1940) durante la década de los setenta fue aliado del movimiento feminista que se recompuso en el Estado español tras la muerte de Franco. En este artculo estudiaremos sus práctcas fotográfcas al respecto, aquellas que visibilizaron las demandas más importantes del feminismo español del momento: su trabajo para la revista Vindicación feminista (1976- 1979 y el fotolibro Antfémina (Editora Nacional, 1977), que hizo en colaboración con María Aurèlia Capmany. En segundo lugar atenderemos a la fotografa erótca que también desarrolló Colita durante estos años, una producción más problemátca a la luz de las propuestas feministas del momento. Por un lado estas politzaron el placer sexual pero por otro se manifestaron en contra de las imágenes del “destape”, por cosifcar el cuerpo desnudo de las mujeres. Sin embargo, este trabajo permite una lectura queer o al menos presenta una estructura disidente con el deseo o la mirada heterosexual.
Espacios textuales para la memoria del trauma: la corporalidad dictada en Dictée.
Authors: Pol Colmenar Ana
Published: July 2018

Theresa Hak Kyung Cha (1951-1982) publica en 1981 Dictée, un proyecto textual que explora los límites de la autobiografa. Este incatalogable experimento ronda de manera especial las problemátcas que afectan a la escritura y la imagen como herramientas para elaborar la memoria. Situado en la brecha que abren ciertas poétcas elaboradas desde el trauma, en él Cha pone en cuestón las implicaciones de género, etnicidad y de exilio y diáspora desde la posición del estar entre, habitando un in-between que consigue tensionar los enfoques dicotómicos. Aquí se trata, por tanto, de exponer aspectos de interés del proyecto textual Dictée en relación con otros proyectos autobiográfcos elaborados por mujeres que cuestonan las posibilidades de la escritura para contarse, asumiendo esa posición de ser un sujeto que está “entre”. El “entre” puede entenderse como un espacio heterotópico propio de las condiciones de diáspora y de las culturas del trauma. Para Cha el dictado funcionará como paradigma de un lenguaje, una cultura y una memoria que se imponen y que afectan a la construcción de la subjetvidad. A partr de ello se trazan las relaciones entre escritura y corporalidad; asimismo la importancia de la voz y la oralidad que concurren en muchas de estas praxis textuales, en discrepancia con los modos narratvos de los regímenes escriturarios.
CORROSION PROTECTION OF LOW-CARBON STEEL IN ACIDIC MEDIA BY INHIBITORS OF SOLING SERIES
Authors: Menshikov Ivan A. , Shein Anatoliy B.
Published: July 2018

Results of investigation of the action of the series of inhibitors SolIng on the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of low-carbon steel St3 in acidic solutions by the weight-loss and polarization methods were presented. The influence of the inhibitors on the kinetics of the partial electrochemical reactions was determined.
THERMODYNAMICS OF COMPLEXATION OF Ni2+ IONS WITH TRIGLYCINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Gorboletova Galina G. , Bychkova Svetlana A. , Metlin Andreiy A.
Published: July 2018

The composition and stability of complexes of triglycine with ions Ni(II) was determined in a wide range of concentration ratios at T = 298.15 K and I = 0.2 (KNO3) by potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods. The existence of particles NiL+, NiH-1L, NiL2  NiH-2L22-, NiL3–, NiH-3L34- was established.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED DIACETYL CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Golubev Andreiy E. , Neshitova Aleksandra N. , Kuvshinova Sofya A. , Burmistrov Vladimir A.
Published: July 2018

The method of rotational viscozymetry was used to study the rheological properties of diacetyl cellulose solutions in cyclogexanone in the presence of plasticizers – diesters of phtalic and 4-nitrophtalic acids. Given systems were shown to close to Newtonian fluids. Activation parameters of the viscous flow regime were calculated. The influence of nature and plasticizers content on the rheology of diacetyl cellulose solutions was analyzed.
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY EXPANDED GRAPHITES AND OXIDIZED GRAPHITES MODIFIED WITH TRANSITION METAL SALTS
Authors: Filimonov Dmitry A. , Yudina Tatyana F. , Bratkov Ilya V. , Leontiev Nikolai A. , Ershova Tatiana V.
Published: July 2018

The data were presented on study by electrochemical properties (the redox potential, the effective number of electrons, half-wave potential, current density) of thermally expanded graphite and oxidized graphite modified with metal salts (Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) in alkaline environment.
APPROACH TO INFORMATION ENERGY SAVING MANAGEMENT ON ENTERPRISES OF CHEMICAL COMPLEX
Authors: Vlasov Alexeiy P. , Solon Boris Ya. , Marchuk Natalia A.
Published: July 2018

A model of information support of control of energy-saving was proposed. The concept of the evaluation function (or quality criterion) of system was introduced. The evaluation of model  adequacy was carried out. Control actions of the department of Energy Saving were considered .
OZONOLYTIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF (R)-4-MENTHENE-3-ONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES IN DIRECTION TO LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT BIOREGULATORS
Authors: Latypova Elvira Razifovna , Talipov Rifkat Faatovich , Ishmuratov Gumer Yusupovich
Published: July 2018

The author’s data on ozonolytic decyclization (ring opening) of (R)-4- menthene-3-one and its alkylated analogues and application of non-peroxide ozonolysis products in the synthesis of optically active low molecular weight bioregulators including the insects pheromones and juvenoids were generalized. The results of comparative reactivity of the mentioned above mono-terpenoid in the set of α, β-unsaturated cyclic enones were represented.
Mapeando a expansão do alimento alternativo ao convencional no Espírito Santo/The expansion of alternative food to conventional food in Espírito Santo
Authors: De Gouveia Kedma de Andrade Nogueira
Published: July 2018

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar e mapear os principais atores da malha de expansão da produção dos alimentos orgânicos no Espírito Santo (ES) durante o período do fim dos anos 1960 até o fim dos anos 1990, período em que esse alimento era chamado de “alternativo” ao convencional.  Aponta-se também para o boom da comercialização através das feiras orgânicas e agroecológicas da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória- ES nos anos 2000. Utiliza-se a metodologia de seguir o alimento entendendo-o, não apenas como um objeto, mas como um ator importante na composição do ambiente da feira. ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze and map the main actors of the unconventional food production’s expansion in Espírito Santo (ES) from the end of 1960 until the end of 1990, when that food was called "alternative" to conventional. In order to develop the study, the research was conducted at historical organizations, websites, through ethnographic experience with farmers, street market and at the farm’s production. The farmers and the food’s path in the state were identified and represented trough graphs. It was also analyzed the historical institutions that highlights in the agroecological development at the state. It has been given emphasis to Associação de Programa em Tecnologias Alternativas (APTA), Associação de Produtores Santamarienses em defesa da Vida (APSAD-VIDA) and to Associação Chão Vivo.Key words: food, allternative agriculture, street market, networks;
Agricultura y Alimentación en el México Prehispánico y siglo XVI/Agriculture and Food in Pre-Hispanic Mexico and the 16th Century.
Authors: Sánchez Verín Carlos Arturo Giordano
Published: July 2018

El inicio de la agricultura en el Continente Americano inició en lo que actualmente se conoce como México. A partir de la gran diversidad geográfica fueron surgiendo diferentes productos y una especialización en su siembra y cuidados, a fin de obtener el mejor rendimiento de los mismos. Fue necesario conocer el clima, las calidades de la tierra y  el tiempo a fin de establecer los ciclos agrícolas que dieron como resiltado una gran variedad de plantas que representaron la base de la alimentación de los pueblos mesoamericanos.La llamada Conquista de México trajo consigo nuevos métodos agrícolas, herramientas, animales de tiro y carga y, por supuesto, una gran cantidad de plantas que muy pronto se adaptaron a la geografía de la Nueva España. ABSTRACTThe emergence of agriculture in Mexico was a factor of great relevance, which allowed the development of Mesoamerican cultures more than three thousand years of history. The geographical location of the different ethnic groups that inhabited this region allowed the cultivation of a wide variety of plants, such as corn, beans, pumpkin and chili, basic products in the Mesoamerican diet, as well as other products were developed according to the geographic characteristics and climatological, such as cocoa, from which chocolate is obtained, and even vanilla, being appreciated all over the world. Those original products were mixed with those brought by Europeans in the sixteenth century and this gave rise to Mexican cuisine, which in 2010 was declared an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).Key words: Mesoamerican cultures, Mexican gastronomy, Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
L’arbitrage relatif à l’aire marine protégée des Chagos (Maurice c. Royaume-Uni) du 18 mars 2015 : une décision prudente pour un litige complexe
Authors: Biad Abdelwahab , Edynak Elsa
Published: July 2018

Alors que la lutte des Chagossiens pour retourner sur leur archipel semblait compromise après l’échec du recours devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH), un nouveau rebondissement judiciaire entre Maurice et le Royaume-Uni vient raviver les espoirs de ce peuple déplacé. Ce différend est survenu à la suite de la déclaration britannique de 2010 créant une aire marine protégée autour de l’archipel des Chagos, sans concertation avec Maurice. Ce dernier, en contrepartie de son indépendance, avait accepté d’accorder la jouissance partagée et temporaire de l’archipel au Royaume-Uni (qui depuis a mis le territoire à la disposition des États-Unis à des fins de défense). Cette déclaration affecte en profondeur les droits de Maurice (notamment en matière de pêche et d’exploitation des sols et sous-sols marins). Mais en défendant ses intérêts par le biais de la création d’un tribunal arbitral constitué en vertu de l’annexe VII de la Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer, Maurice ouvre une véritable boîte de Pandore. Pour déterminer l’étendue et la nature des droits de Maurice sur l’archipel, le tribunal va devoir se replonger dans le passé colonial britannique houleux de cette région de l’océan Indien, lequel concerne directement les droits des Chagossiens. Lorsque, le 18 mars 2015, le tribunal arbitral rendit sa décision, la reconnaissance des droits souverains de Maurice à défaut de la reconnaissance de son statut d’État souverain sur l’archipel, la déception du requérant fut grande. Cet arbitrage intéresse également les Chagossiens, qui voyaient en la reconnaissance de la souveraineté de Maurice sur les Chagos, un des derniers espoirs de retour sur l’archipel. Cette décision est l’occasion de revenir sur ce conflit, par une analyse juridique portant sur les différents aspects du droit international (droit de la mer, de l’environnement, de la décolonisation), mettant en lumière les nombreux enjeux encore actuels de cette affaire.
L’entrée en vigueur de la Convention de New York sur l’utilisation des cours d’eau internationaux : quel impact sur la gouvernance des bassins internationaux ?
Authors: Lasserre Frédéric , Vega Cárdenas Yenny
Published: July 2018

Le XXIe siècle sera-t-il celui des guerres de l’eau ? Rareté croissante, surexploitation des ressources et changements climatiques constitueraient un mélange explosif, dont les effets déstabilisants commencent à se faire sentir en de nombreuses régions. La Convention de New York sur le droit relatif aux utilisations des cours d’eau internationaux est entrée en vigueur en 2014 et il paraît pertinent de s’interroger sur l’impact de celle-ci sur les différends et les approches en matière de gestion partagée des eaux. D’autres questions se posent à savoir si depuis l’ouverture à l’adhésion en 2012 de la Convention d’Helsinki sur la protection et l’utilisation des cours d’eau transfrontières et des lacs internationaux, aux pays autres que ceux de la zone de la Commission économique des Nations Unies pour l’Europe, le régime universel de gestion des ressources en eau transfrontières proposé par la Convention de New York est renforcé, ou si la présence de ces deux conventions se limitera à préciser un droit encore très dépendant de la bonne volonté des États. Pour tenter d’élucider ces questions, nous procéderons dans cet article à une analyse des principaux apports et limites de la Convention de New York, tant au plan juridique, qu’institutionnel et politique de la gestion des ressources hydriques internationales.
Le Traité germano-douala du 12 juillet 1884 : étude contemporaine sur la formation des contrats dans l’ordre juridique intemporel
Authors: Sandjè Rodrigue Ngando
Published: July 2018

Les contrats passés entre les indigènes et les Européens ont produit des effets juridiques. Une question suit cette conclusion : dans quelle catégorie de droit pourrait-on ranger de tels contrats ? Le Traité germano-douala signé le 12 juillet 1884 entre deux firmes commerciales allemandes et deux chefs indigènes de la côte camerounaise entretient cette curiosité. Le moins qu’on puisse dire est qu’il sert de pendant au droit international public et au droit constitutionnel camerounais. Pour une part, il établit la qualité de sujets de droit international des acteurs sus-désignés à partir de la corrélation entre la « capacité d’agir et la personnalité internationale ». En cela, il permet de repenser la question des peuples autochtones proclamée dans l’ordre constitutionnel camerounais en 1996. D’autre part, le Traité de 1884 met en perspective les notions de souveraineté et de territoire qui ont été mobilisées par la légalité coloniale, durant l’administration internationale du pays et ensuite par le droit constitutionnel de la décolonisation. Ce double aspect subjectif et objectif décline les rapports de force qui ont présidé la formation des contrats dans l’ordre juridique intemporel et qui, partant de notre objet de recherche, présente le droit international relationnel comme redevable à l’éthique égalitaire qu’il est pourtant censé promouvoir.
La distinction entre la participation directe aux hostilités par les civils et la légitime défense des civils
Authors: Ouédraogo Touwendé Roland
Published: July 2018

En période de conflit armé, lorsque la légitime défense est le fait des individus, elle peut se révéler difficile à circonscrire, voire à distinguer d’autres concepts voisins notamment celui de la participation directe aux hostilités. Celui-ci, bien que n’étant pas une prohibition expresse du droit international humanitaire (DIH), n’est pas non plus un droit des civils, tandis que la légitime défense peut être envisagée à certaines conditions comme un droit des civils. Dès lors, distinguer la participation directe aux hostilités de la légitime défense des civils et/ou d’autres concepts ne sera pas un exercice aisé, précisément sur le champ de bataille. Cela s’explique par le fait que la légitime défense s’exerce généralement et en principe dans un contexte de violence illégale, alors que la participation directe aux hostilités, notion de droit international humanitaire, a lieu dans un contexte de violence autorisée, sinon légale, du moins conforme au DIH, dans la plupart des cas. Alors, comment distinguer la légitime défense des civils de leur participation directe aux hostilités ? En partant de la notion de participation directe aux hostilités telle que définie par le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge dans son Guide interprétatif sur la notion de participation directe aux hostilités, et de la notion de légitime défense du Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale, nous proposons quelques critères et une nouvelle catégorisation de l’action des civils au cours d’un conflit, après avoir relevé quelques difficultés de la distinction, lesquelles sont exacerbées par les controverses nourrissant les deux notions principales de notre analyse.
Denis-Benjamin Viger en 1809 et en 1831 : de la répétition de l’histoire au crescendo de l’inacceptable1
Authors: Raymond-Dufour Maxime
Published: July 2018

Cet article a pour objectif de comprendre l’état de la conscience historique de Denis-Benjamin Viger, politicien patriote bas-canadien, à travers deux de ses principaux ouvrages datant d’avant les Rébellions. On verra que, de 1809 à 1831, Viger a considérablement évolué comme intellectuel et comme penseur de l’histoire. En 1809, il était convaincu que l’histoire se répétait, fidèle en cela à sa culture humaniste acquise au Collège de Montréal, tandis qu’en 1831, il adopte un discours historique différent, plus conscient des particularités des différentes époques et moins convaincu de la pertinence des expériences passées pour l’évaluation du présent.
Au pays de l’avenir radieux
Authors: Liu Yuxi
Published: July 2018

La Chine populaire est devenue un enjeu politique au Québec avec la mise sur pied des organisations maoïstes au cours de la première moitié des années 1970. Certains militants ont eu l’occasion d’effectuer un pèlerinage à Pékin sur l’invitation des autorités chinoises. Dans quelle mesure l’image qu’ils se faisaient de la Chine a-t-elle contribué à légitimer leur projet politique ? Leur admiration envers la Chine peut-elle s’expliquer simplement par l’aveuglement idéologique qu’on les accuse d’avoir manifesté ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous proposons une comparaison des impressions livrées par des voyageurs québécois issus de milieux variés.
Les « web-mises en scène » des candidats aux élections québécoises de 2012 : entre discrétion et confession
Authors: Lalancette1 Mireille
Published: July 2018

Cet article aborde les stratégies de personnalisation politique utilisées par les partis et leurs candidats sur le web lors de la campagne électorale législative québécoise de 2012. La personnalisation est souvent étudiée du point de vue des pratiques médiatiques et critiquée pour ses possibles effets pervers. Elle a cependant peu été étudiée du point de vue de la communication de campagne jusqu’à maintenant. Cette étude vise donc à faire ressortir les caractéristiques propres à la construction de l’éthos des politiciens en contexte électoral, à l’ère d’Internet. L’objectif poursuivi est de mieux comprendre comment les partis font la promotion de leurs candidats et de leur chef et comment ils mettent en récit leur parcours, leur personnalité et leurs compétences. L’accent sera-t-il mis sur les réalisations du candidat, sur sa vie privée ? Qu’est-ce que les partis choisiront de révéler à travers leurs discours ? Pour répondre à ces questions, une analyse de contenu quantitative et qualitative des pages biographiques disponibles sur les sites web officiels des principaux partis dans la course lors de l’élection législative québécoise de 2012 a été réalisée afin de mettre en valeur les différentes stratégies utilisées par les partis politiques. Nos analyses révèlent notamment que la manière de se mettre en scène sur le web pour se faire valoir varie selon les partis et leur idéologie. Nous illustrerons l’influence de la personnalisation sur la mise en récit du parcours politique et de la vie privée. Au final, les résultats liés à cette recherche sur les stratégies de personnalisation rejoignent les études sur le web politique et d’autres sur la personnalisation en ligne, qui illustrent le peu d’innovation ainsi que l’accent sur l’information unidirectionnelle diffusée par les partis sur leur site web, révélant plus d’information sur la carrière professionnelle que sur la vie privée.
Inégalités démocratiques et numériques dans la participation en ligne aux campagnes électorales
Authors: Bastien Frédérick , Wojcik Stéphanie
Published: July 2018

Ce texte explore les déterminants de la participation en ligne et les confronte aux théories classiques qui insistent sur les ressources sociodémographiques et culturelles. Il considère aussi l’impact des compétences numériques et d’attitudes politiques comme la confiance à l’égard des partis. L’étude repose sur deux sondages en ligne auprès de citoyens qui ont utilisé Internet à des fins électorales au cours des campagnes présidentielle en France et législative au Québec en 2012. L’âge, la confiance envers les partis et les compétences numériques constituent des prédicteurs significatifs de la participation en ligne. En revanche, cette dernière n’entretient pas de rapports positifs avec le niveau d’éducation et le type d’occupation.
Hydro Democracy: Water Power and Political Power in Ontario
Authors: Macfarlane Daniel , Watson Andrew
Published: July 2018

Drawing on Timothy Mitchell’s Carbon Democracy, and using envirotechnical analysis, we probe how the materiality of energy—public hydropower—influenced democracy and governance in Ontario during the early twentieth century. Within Canada, hydro-electricity disproportionately shaped the politics of Ontario and Canada-US relations during the first half of the century. Within the province, it provided the energy-based affluence that underpinned claims for a liberal and democratic society. But residents experienced the consequences of hydropower unevenly. Urban and industrial residents enjoyed most of the benefits, while rural residents and Indigenous peoples living close to hydro developments endured the burdens of development.
Tools for Rational Development: The Canada Land Inventory and the Canada Geographic Information System in Mid-twentieth century Canada
Authors: Stunden Bower Shannon
Published: July 2018

From the 1960s through the 1980s, Canadian scientists, resource managers, and computer experts collaborated on two linked undertakings: the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) and the Canada Geographic Information System. CLI was an extensive project that assessed the state of key resources across much of the country, while CGIS was a pioneering effort at computerizing CLI data to support decision-making about resource use. Fundamental components of the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act, CLI and CGIS reflect Canadian innovation in new information-management tools designed to facilitate state goals. This paper examines the production and affordances of CLI and CGIS, and considers the renewed optimism and collaborative relationships that emerged from them. It also examines historical concerns over the limitations of these technologies and explores how CLI and CGIS were oriented to change over space, not time. Ultimately, these technological innovations served to naturalize patterns of inequality and normalize urban-industrial modernity.
The Global Repercussions of the 1947 Symposium on Fish Populations in Toronto: Scientific Networks and the Over-fishing Question
Authors: Hubbard Jennifer
Published: July 2018

A relatively small, contentious, and long-forgotten meeting, the 1947 Symposium on Fish Populations, had enormous and decades-long repercussions for global fisheries policies. Convened in Toronto by Archibald Gowanlock Huntsman, former director of the Atlantic Biological Station, it drew together leading North American fisheries biologists and professional fishermen. By exposing the lack of agreement on, or understanding of, the nature of overfishing, this meeting made it difficult for later scientists to challenge pro-industry fisheries policies. The published proceedings, in-demand by a tight network of fisheries scientists across North America and the North Atlantic, guaranteed this meeting’s disproportionate and unfortunate impact.
Advances in Cone-Based Preference Modeling for Decision Making with Multiple Criteria
Authors: Wiecek Margaret M.
Published: July 2018

Decision making with multiple criteria requires preferences elicited from the decision maker to determine a solution set. Models of preferences, that follow upon the concept of nondominated solutions introduced by Yu (1974), are presented and compared within a unified framework of cones. Polyhedral and nonpolyhedral, convex and nonconvex, translated, and variable cones are used to model different types of preferences. Common mathematical properties of the preferences are discussed. The impact of using these preferences in decision making is emphasized.
Resource Management in Machine Scheduling Problems: A Survey
Authors: Janiak Adam , Janiak Władysław , Lichtenstein Maciej
Published: July 2018

The paper is a survey devoted to job scheduling problems with resource allocation. We present the results available in the scientific literature for commonly used models of job processing times and job release dates, i.e., the models in which the job processing time or the job release date is given as a linear or convex function dependent on the amount of the additional resource allotted to the job. The scheduling models with resource dependent processing times or resource dependent release dates extend the classical scheduling models to reflect more precisely scheduling problems that appear in real life. Thus, in this paper we present the computational complexity results and solution algorithms that have been developed for this kind of problems.
CP-driven Production Process Planning in Multiproject Environment
Authors: Banaszak Zbigniew , Bocewicz Grzegorz , Bach Irena
Published: July 2018

The way enterprise capabilities are used decides about its competitiveness among other ones. In that context modeling aimed at production tasks allocation planning plays a crucial role especially at concurrently executed production orders. The introduced reference model employing constraint programming (CP) paradigm describes both an enterprise and a set of project-like production orders. Moreover, encompassing consumer orders requirements and available production capabilities, the model provides the formal framework allowing one to develop a class of decision support systems aimed at interactive production process planning subject to multiproject environment constraints. In that context our contribution is a knowledge-based and CP-driven approach to resource allocation assuming precise character of decision variables. The conditions sufficient for deadlock avoidance are the main goal. The conditions delivered provide formal framework for developing a task oriented Decision Support Tool for Project Portfolio Prototyping (DST4P, Banaszak 2006). The tool provides a prompt and interactive service to a set of routine queries formulated either in straight or reverse way.
A Bi-Objective Portfolio Optimization with Conditional Value-at-Risk
Authors: Sawik Bartosz
Published: July 2018

This paper presents a bi-objective portfolio model with the expected return as a performance measure and the expected worst-case return as a risk measure. The problems are formulated as a bi-objective linear program. Numerical examples based on 1000, 3500 and 4020 historical daily input data from the Warsaw Stock Exchange are presented and selected computational results are provided. The computational experiments prove that the proposed linear programming approach provides the decision maker with a simple tool for evaluating the relationship between the expected and the worst-case portfolio return.
Models and Tools for Improving Efficiency in Constraint Logic Programming
Authors: Ligęza Antoni
Published: July 2018

Constraint Satisfaction Problems typically exhibit strong combinatorial explosion. In this paper we present some models and techniques aimed at improving efficiency in Constraint Logic Programming. A hypergraph model of constraints is presented and an outline of strategy planning approach focused on entropy minimization is put forward. An example cryptoaritmetic problem is explored in order to explain the proposed approach.
Patterns of triclosan resistance in Vibrionaceae
Authors: Lydon Keri A. , Robertson Megan J. , Lipp Erin K.
Published: July 2018

The antimicrobial additive triclosan has been used in personal care products widely across the globe for decades. Triclosan resistance has been noted amongVibriospp., but reports have been anecdotal and the extent of phenotypic triclosan resistance across the Vibrionaceae family has not been established.Here, triclosan resistance was determined for Vibrionaceae strains across nine distinct clades. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for 70 isolates from clinical (n = 6) and environmental sources (n = 64); only two were susceptible to triclosan. The mean MIC for all resistant Vibrionaceae was 53 µg mL−1(range 3.1–550 µg mL−1), but was significantly different between clades (p < 0.001). The highest mean triclosan MIC was observed in the Splendidus clade (200 µg mL−1;n = 3). Triclosan mean MICs were 68.8 µg mL−1in the Damselae clade and 45.3 µg mL−1in the Harveyi clade. The lowest mean MIC was observed in the Cholerae clade with 14.4 µg mL−1, which was primarily represented by clinical strains. There were no significant differences in triclosan MIC among individual species or among environmental strains isolated from different locations. Overall, phenotypic triclosan resistance appears to be widespread across multiple clades of Vibrionaceae.
Protected areas’ effectiveness under climate change: a latitudinal distribution projection of an endangered mountain ungulate along the Andes Range
Authors: Riquelme Carlos , Estay Sergio A. , López Rodrigo , Pastore Hernán , Soto-Gamboa Mauricio , Corti Paulo
Published: July 2018

Background

Climate change is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, pushing species to shift their distribution ranges and making existing protected areas inadequate. Estimating species distribution and potential modifications under climate change are then necessary for adjusting conservation and management plans; this is especially true for endangered species. An example of this issue is the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), an endemic endangered deer from the southern Andes Range, with less than 2,000 individuals. It is distributed in fragmented populations along a 2,000 km latitudinal gradient, in Chile and Argentina. Several threats have reduced its distribution to <50% of its former range.

Methods

To estimate its potential distribution and protected areas effectiveness, we constructed a species distribution model using 2,813 huemul presence points throughout its whole distribution range, together with 19 bioclimatic layers and altitude information from Worldclim. Its current distribution was projected for years 2050 and 2070 using five different Global Climate Models estimated for scenarios representing two carbon Representative Concentration Routes (RCP)—RCP4.5 and RCP6.0.

Results

Based on current huemul habitat variables, we estimated 91,617 km2of suitable habitat. In future scenarios of climate change, there was a loss of suitable habitat due to altitudinal and latitudinal variation. Future projections showed a decrease of 59.86–60.26% for the year 2050 and 58.57–64.34% for the year 2070 according to RCP4.5 and RCP6.0, respectively. Protected areas only covered only 36.18% of the present distribution, 38.57–34.94% for the year 2050 and 30.79–31.94% for 2070 under climate change scenarios.

Discussion

Modeling current and future huemul distributions should allow the establishment of priority conservation areas in which to focus efforts and funds, especially areas without official protection. In this way, we can improve management in areas heavily affected by climate change to help ensure the persistence of this deer and other species under similar circumstances worldwide.
Meeting the Changing National Preparedness and Response Needs for the Public in a Crisis
Authors: Lloyd Anthony , Ott Gary , Walker Ann Hayward
Published: July 2018

Today, 24/7 news and social media herald, “Another Disaster!” The gap widens between public expectations – what is wanted – and what government emergency responders can deliver. Further, public trust in government evaporates when individual stakeholders fan anger, fear and frustration, through social media blogs and other media. The authors analyze current U.S. policy guidance, IOSC papers, after-action reports, and practitioner experience to identify gaps where stronger guidance, connectivity, and effort could improve emergency response and preparedness. US efforts will be contrasted with international standards published and implemented in Europe. US Coast Guard incident management doctrine now requires engagement and coordination with the broad range of community and leadership stakeholders. Meeting the concerns of that broader set of stakeholders requires: 1) a significant commitment of resources by industry and government to address the needs of stakeholders, and 2) the development of skills in crisis responders, and their leaders, that can assure the confidence (trust) of their community. The authors' recommendations focus on improving shared responsibilities for successful collaboration in the following general areas: 1) the role of government, policy and regulation, to insure proper early actions during large incidents and spills of national significance; 2) the roles of leaders, their preparedness and capabilities to manage the incident in the role of the Incident Commander; 3) plans needed to meet information management demands of large complex organizations stood up during a catastrophic incident; and 4) the development of collaborative and coordination approaches to meet the needs of stakeholders both inside and outside of the response organization.