bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of an alternative quantitative method for determination of antioxidant potential in Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Chilli pepper
Authors: Shalaby Emad A. , Aboul-Enein Ahmed M. , Sayed Nadia M. , Said Mohamed E. , Hussain Ahmed R. , Shehata Yousef M. , Sayed Salsabil R. , Saeed Marwa M. H. , Hanafy Eman A.
Published: September 2023

We provide proof-of-concept for the innovative method of 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCPIP) for measuring the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. Antioxidant content can be determined using the standard DCPIP test and compare the results with the DPPH results as conventional method. DCPIP operates on the premise that the deep blue color of the oxidized dye is reduced to an invisible solution. Ascorbic acid’s antioxidant activity was measured by DCPIP at different times (from 1 to 60 min) and was concentration-dependent, with the maximum activity being at 400 g/mL. In addition, when compared to other incubation durations, the ascorbic acid standard, a natural antioxidant, gave the maximum activity within the first five minutes of incubation with DCPIP. DCPIP is a marker of antioxidant activity both against vitamin C and plant extracts. The DCPIP approach is quick and unaffected by pH variation. The stability of the DCPIP reagent over time (5 and 30 min) and color reduction by ascorbic acid as a natural antioxidant standard were demonstrated using a straightforward and quick method.
Ascorbate oxidation driven by PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s extracted in an acidic simulated lung fluid in relation to their bioaccessibility
Authors: Expósito A. , Markiv B. , Santibáñez M. , Fadel M. , Ledoux F. , Courcot D. , Fernández-Olmo I.
Published: September 2023

The oxidative potential (OP) is defined as the ability of inhaled PM components to catalytically/non-catalytically generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and deplete lung antioxidants. Although several studies have measured the OP of particulate matter (PM OP) soluble components using different antioxidants under neutral pH conditions, few studies have measured PM OP with acidic lung fluids. This study provides new insights into the use of acidic rather than neutral fluids in OP assays. Thus, the first aim of this study was to clarify the effect of using an acidic lung fluid on ascorbic acid (AA) depletion. This was achieved by measuring the oxidative potential (OP-AA) of individual compounds known to catalyze the AA oxidation (CuSO4, CuCl2, and 1,4-NQ) in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF, pH 4.5), a commonly used acidic simulated lung fluid, and in a neutral fluid (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS1x), pH 7.4). Our results from these individual compounds showed a significant decrease of OP-AA in the acidic fluid (ALF) with respect to the neutral fluid (PBS). Then, the second aim of this work was to investigate whether the OP-AA assay could be applied to PM2.5 samples extracted in acidic conditions. For this purpose, OP-AA and bioaccessible concentrations of metal(loid)s (V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, and Pb) of PM2.5 samples collected in an urban-industrial area that were extracted in ALF were analyzed. The mean volume-normalized OP (OP-AAv) value was 0.10 ± 0.07 nmol min−1 m−3, clearly lower than the values found in the literature at neutral pH. OP-AAv values were highly correlated with the ALF-bioaccessible concentration of most of the studied metal(loid)s, mainly with Cu and Fe.
Oral Versus Subcutaneous Methotrexate in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disorders: an Update of the Current Literature
Authors: Vermeer Eva , Hebing Renske C. F. , van de Meeberg Maartje M. , Lin Marry , de Meij Tim G. J. , Struys Eduard A. , Jansen Gerrit , Nurmohamed Michael T. , Ćalasan Maja Bulatović , de Jonge Robert
Published: September 2023

Purpose

This review aims to critically evaluate the potential benefit of either oral or subcutaneous administration of methotrexate (MTX) in various immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs) through analysis of efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of both administration routes.

Recent Findings

Recent studies comparing the efficacy of oral versus subcutaneous MTX administration in IMIDs have revealed contradicting results. Some reported higher efficacy with subcutaneous administration, while others found no significant difference. Regarding toxicity, some studies have challenged the notion that subcutaneous administration is better tolerated than oral administration, while others have supported this. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest higher plasma bioavailability and increased accumulation of MTX-polyglutamates (MTX-PGs) in red blood cells (RBCs) with subcutaneous administration during the initial treatment phase. However, after several months, similar intracellular drug levels are observed with both administration routes.

There is no conclusive evidence supporting the superiority of either oral or subcutaneous MTX administration in terms of efficacy and adverse events in IMIDs. Subcutaneous administration leads to higher plasma bioavailability and initial accumulation of MTX-PGs in RBCs, but the difference seems to disappear over time. Given the variable findings, the choice of administration route may be based on shared decision-making, offering patients the option of either oral or subcutaneous administration of MTX based on individual preferences and tolerability. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of MTX-PGs in various blood cells and TDM on treatment response and adherence to MTX therapy.
Unveiling Potential Targeted Therapeutic Opportunities for Co-Overexpressed Targeting Protein for Xklp2 and Aurora-A Kinase in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mukherjee Arnab , Yadav Preeti Harigovind , Mukunthan K. S.
Published: September 2023

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most prevalent and leading causes of cancer deaths globally, with limited diagnostic and clinically significant therapeutic targets. Identifying the genes and processes involved in developing and progressing LUAD is crucial for developing effective targeted therapeutics and improving patient outcomes. Therefore, the study aimed to explore the RNA sequencing data of LUAD from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and gene expression profile datasets involving GSE10072, GSE31210, and GSE32863 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The differential gene expression and the downstream analysis determined clinically significant biomarkers using a network-based approach. These therapeutic targets predominantly enriched the dysregulation of mitotic cell cycle regulation and revealed the co-overexpression of Aurora-A Kinase (AURKA) and Targeting Protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) with high survival risk in LUAD patients. The hydrophobic residues of the AURKA–TPX2 interaction were considered as the target site to block the autophosphorylation of AURKA during the mitotic cell cycle. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) dacomitinib demonstrated the strong binding potential to hinder TPX2, shielding the AURKA destabilization. This in silico study lays the foundation for repurposing targeted therapeutic options to impede the Protein–Protein Interactions (PPIs) in LUAD progression and aid in future translational investigations.
Division of neuromuscular compartments and localization of the center of the intramuscular nerve-dense region in pelvic wall muscles based on Sihler's staining
Authors: Hu Xiangnan , Wang Meng , He Xiaojiao , Chen Peng , Jia Fangfang , Wang Danli , Yang Shengbo
Published: September 2023

The innervation of the pelvic wall muscles is not very clear. This study aimed to reveal the division of neuromuscular compartments and localize the surface position and depth of the center of the intramuscular nerve-dense region (CINDR) of the pelvic wall muscles based on Sihler's staining. Twenty-four adult cadavers were used. To localize the CINDR of the pelvic wall muscles, horizontal (H) and longitudinal (L) reference lines were drawn, and Sihler’s staining was used to reveal the intramuscular nerve distribution. The CINDR projection points (P and P′ points) behind and in front of the body surface, the positions of the P points projected onto the H and L lines (PH and PL points), and the depth of CINDR were determined by spiral computed tomography scanning. The piriformis and obturator internus muscles can be divided into two and three neuromuscular compartments, respectively. The PH of CINDR of the piriformis muscle was located at 22.61 ± 2.66% of the H line, the PL was at 28.53 ± 6.08% of the L line, and the puncture depth of the piriformis muscle was at 24.64 ± 2.16% of the PP′ line. The PH of CINDR of the obturator internus muscle was at 16.49 ± 1.20% of the H line, the PL was at 10.94 ± 1.09% of its L line, and the puncture depth was 6.26 ± 0.38 cm. These findings may guide the design of the compartmentalized transplantation of the pelvic wall muscles and improve the target localization efficiency and efficacy for injecting botulinum toxin A to treat pelvic wall muscle spasm.
Trends of cybercrime from 2001 to 2021: cybersecurity action plan for Papua New Guinea
Authors: Ige Olugbenga
Published: September 2023

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and by extension the Internet, have brought immense sociological transformations to humanity. Despite the development the Internet has brought to humanity, the Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG) has not lost sight of the fact that the use of ICTs and other related supporting devices are fraught with cybercrime and cyber insecurities that constitute challenges to global law enforcement agencies in PNG and other nations of the world. This paper reports the trends on victims of cybercrimes from 2001 to 2021 and presents an action plan for PNG. The data analysed in this study was explicated from the Internet crime reports published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and National White Collar Crime Center (IC3). The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and XGraph component of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences’ Population Pyramid. The results confirmed that the number of Internet users that were defrauded increased exponentially from 2016 to 2021. Results from the data explicated from the World Bank on Internet use, revealed that the population of Internet users in PNG and Australia will increase at a minimum rate of 1% to 2% for the next few years. These findings suggest that cybercrimes will be on the rise as the number of Internet users increase at 1% to 2% in PNG and Australia in the next few years. The findings present appropriate strategies to address the incidences of cybercrimes in PNG.
The Christianization of Knowledge in Late Antiquity
Authors: Letteney Mark
Published: September 2023

The Christianization of Knowledge in Late Antiquity: Intellectual and Material Transformations traces the beginning of Late Antiquity from a new angle. Shifting the focus away from the Christianization of people or the transformation of institutions, Mark Letteney interrogates the creation of novel and durable structures of knowledge across the Roman scholarly landscape, and the embedding of those changes in manuscript witnesses. Letteney explores scholarly productions ranging from juristic writings and legal compendia to theological tractates, military handbooks, historical accounts, miscellanies, grammatical treatises, and the Palestinian Talmud. He demonstrates how imperial Christianity inflected the production of truth far beyond the domain of theology — and how intellectual tools forged in the fires of doctrinal controversy shed their theological baggage and came to undergird the great intellectual productions of the Theodosian Age, and their material expressions. Letteney's volume offers new insights and a new approach to answering the perennial question: What does it mean for Rome to become Christian? This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Conservation in the Context of a Changing World
Authors: Weddell Bertie J.
Published: September 2023

Recent developments in ecological theory point the way to a stewardship approach that promotes biocultural diversity and ecosystem resilience. In addition, the escalating pace of anthropogenic environmental change makes it clear that conservation strategies which incorporate social as well as ecological dimensions are essential. This thoroughly updated version of Conservation in the Context of a Changing World covers a broader geographic, historical, and cultural scope that integrates material from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Contemporary and comprehensive, this book provides essential material for understanding trade-offs between different options for resolving complex issues, including climate policy, the contrasting interests of different groups, the changing roles of Indigenous peoples, biopiracy, human-wildlife conflict, and new governance models such as co-management. Sources of evidence about the natural world and the roles of local and traditional people are emphasized. This is a vital resource for making informed decisions about controversial issues in conservation.
Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere
Authors: Watts A. B.
Published: September 2023

Isostasy is a simple concept, yet it has long perplexed students of geology and geophysics. This fully updated edition provides the tools to better understand this concept using a simplified mathematical treatment, numerous geological examples, and an extensive bibliography. It starts by tracing the ideas behind local and regional models of isostasy before describing the theoretical background, the observational evidence. It now also includes an exploration of the role of flexure in landscape evolution and dynamic topography and discussions of lithosphere memory, inheritance, and new NASA mission topography and gravity data. The book concludes with a discussion of flexure's role in understanding the evolution of the surface features of the Earth and its neighboring planets. Intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of geology and geophysics, it will also be of interest to researchers in gravity, geodesy, sedimentary basin formation, mountain building and planetary geology.
The Property Right to Voice
Authors: Margalit Avital , Stern Shai
Published: September 2023

Should property owners have a unique right to express their opinion just because they own property? While current law recognizes owners’ rights to express their voices in certain instances, it does not provide comprehensive and coherent answers to this question. This article provides an analytical framework for recognizing the owners’ right to voice as an independent property entitlement within the owners’ property bundle of rights and delineates its boundaries. Yet even when the owners’ voice is property-dependent, there is a difference between voice that facilitates the realization of another property entitlement (such as the right to exclude, use, or trade) and voice that is constitutive to ownership in and of itself. Only the latter instances justify recognition of the owners’ right to a voice as an independent property entitlement. By examining different branches of both tangible and intellectual property law, such as inheritance law, eminent domain, homeowners’ association law, zoning law, and copyright law, this article demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed analytical framework in explaining certain parts of the current law and suggests modifications of other parts.
Effective rigidity away from the boundary for centrally symmetric billiards
Authors: BIALY MISHA
Published: September 2023

In this paper, we study centrally symmetric Birkhoff billiard tables. We introduce a closed invariant set
$\mathcal {M}_{\mathcal {B}}$
consisting of locally maximizing orbits of the billiard map lying inside the region
$\mathcal {B}$
bounded by two invariant curves of
$4$
-periodic orbits. We give an effective bound from above on the measure of this invariant set in terms of the isoperimetric defect of the curve. The equality case occurs if and only if the curve is a circle.
Multi-scale flow structure and its effect on momentum flux in the coastal marine atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Cheng Xueling , Li Qilong , Chen Hongyan , Zheng Shouyin , Chen Jiatian , Zheng Haitao , Shao Shiyong , Yun Long , Zhang Mingdi
Published: September 2023

To accurately calculate the turbulent exchange coefficient, the contribution of multi-scale turbulent transportation needs to be considered, especially in the complex terrain of the coastal area. In September 2019, a comprehensive observation experiment on the offshore atmospheric boundary layer was carried out at the Yangmeikeng Ecological Monitoring Station and Sai Chung Gulf. Through scale decomposition, it is shown that the turbulent motion in the atmospheric boundary layer in the coastal area is affected by the underlying surface, such as that of the coastal land or the sea–land boundary. This is the main reason behind the phenomenon whereby different scales make different contributions to momentum flux. Different multi-scale characteristics of turbulent structures on the underlying surface affect the drag coefficient. Through wavelet transform and finite element method, the characteristics of the multi-scale flow structures produced by the complicated offshore terrain are analysed. It is found that large-scale flow structures enhance the pulsating intensity at the small scale, but the large-scale coherence characteristics are different from those at the small scale. In summary, in comparing these three sites, the flux exchange on the roof is greatest, followed by that on the tower. In the Gulf, the flux exchange is mainly dependent on small-scale structures, which are linked with the smallest values.
On the interaction of Taylor length-scale size droplets and homogeneous shear turbulence
Authors: Trefftz-Posada Pablo , Ferrante Antonino
Published: September 2023

The main objective of the present work is to explain the physical mechanisms occurring in droplet-laden homogeneous shear turbulence (HST) with a focus on the modulation of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) caused by the droplets. To achieve such an objective, first, we performed direct numerical simulations (DNS) of HST laden with droplets of initial diameter approximately equal to twice the Taylor length scale of turbulence, droplet-to-fluid density and viscosity ratios equal to ten and a 5 % droplet volume fraction. We investigated the effects of shear number and Weber number on the modulation of TKE for

$Sh \approx 2$

and

$4$

, and

$0.02 \le {{We_{rms}}} \le 0.5$

. Then, we derived the TKE equations for the two-fluid, carrier-fluid and droplet-fluid flow in HST and the relationship between the power of surface tension and the rate of change of total droplet surface area, providing the pathways of TKE for two-fluid incompressible HST. Our DNS results show that, for

${{We_{rms}}} = 0.02$

, the rate of change of TKE is increased with respect to the single-phase cases, for

${{We_{rms}}} = 0.1$

, the rate of change of TKE oscillates near the value for the single-phase cases and, for

${{We_{rms}}} = 0.5$

, the rate of change of TKE is decreased with respect to the single-phase cases. Such modulation is explained from the analysis of production, dissipation and power of surface tension in the carrier-fluid and droplet-fluid flows. Finally, we explain the effects of droplets on the production and dissipation rate of TKE through the droplet ‘catching-up’ mechanism, and on the power of the surface tension through the droplet ‘shearing’ mechanism.
Beyond the Stokes approximation: shallow visco-elastic ice-sheet models
Authors: Bassis Jeremy N. , Kachuck Samuel B.
Published: September 2023

The hypothesis that ice-sheet evolution is only controlled by the long-term non-Newtonian viscous behavior of ice has been challenged by observations indicating that effects like brittle failure, stick-slip sliding, tides and wave action may affect ice-sheet evolution on sub-daily timescales. Over these timescales, the quasi-static-creep approximation is no longer appropriate and elastic effects become important. Simulating elastic effects in ice-sheet models over relevant timescales, however, remains challenging. Here, we show that by including a visco-elastic rheology and reintroducing the oft neglected acceleration term back into the ice-sheet stress balance, we can create a visco-elastic system where the velocity is locally determined and information propagates at the elastic wave speed. Crucially, the elastic wave speed can be treated like an adjustable parameter and set to any value to reproduce a range of phenomena, provided the wave speed is large compared to the viscous velocity. We illustrate the system using three examples. The first two examples demonstrate that the system converges to the steady-state viscous and elastic limits. The third example examines ice-shelf rifting and iceberg calving. This final example hints at the utility of the visco-elastic formulation in treating both long-term evolution and short-term environmental effects.
Conceptual metaphor in areal perspective: time, space, and contact in the Sinosphere
Authors: Fiddler Michael
Published: September 2023

This paper discusses spatio-temporal metaphors in three regions in and around China from the perspective of language contact, looking for evidence of areal convergence or transfer of the conceptual metaphors. The approach fits broadly within the framework of Cognitive Contact Linguistics. After a review of spatio-temporal metaphors in the Sinitic languages, I sketch out the relevant metaphors in languages spoken in northwest China (Xinjiang and the Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund), in and near northeast China, and in south China and Taiwan – many of which have not been discussed previously in the literature on conceptual metaphor. The study reveals evidence for metaphor transfer involving the up-down spatial dimension from Sinitic to Japanese and Korean, contact-facilitated extension of metaphor involving the front-back dimension in Tsou, and possible transfer of front-back metaphor to other languages of Taiwan. Several of the lexical items used in front-back metaphorical expressions in Santa, two Hmong varieties, Japanese, and Korean are borrowed from Sinitic, but these do not clearly represent transfer of the conceptual mapping.
Neither neural networks nor the language-of-thought alone make a complete game
Authors: Oved Iris , Krishnaswamy Nikhil , Pustejovsky James , Hartshorne Joshua K.
Published: September 2023

Cognitive science has evolved since early disputes between radical empiricism and radical nativism. The authors are reacting to the revival of radical empiricism spurred by recent successes in deep neural network (NN) models. We agree that language-like mental representations (language-of-thoughts [LoTs]) are part of the best game in town, but they cannot be understood independent of the other players.
Pathways to resilience and pathways to flourishing: Examining the added-value of multisystem research and intervention in contexts of war and forced displacement
Authors: Panter-Brick Catherine
Published: September 2023

This paper examines the added-value that multisystem approaches bring to research and intervention in contexts of war and forced displacement. I highlight what is useful and truly innovative about systems-level work, aware that providing data-related evidence is only part of the story when connecting research to policy and practice. I discuss four types of added-value: these are conceptual, instrumental, capacity-building, and connectivity impacts that, respectively, aim to change current knowledge, improve implementation, build research skills, and strengthen network connectivity. Specifically, systems-based research can help transform the key frames of humanitarian work, fostering the more integrated and distributive models of professional assistance known as resilience and network humanitarianism. I argue that systems-level approaches on resilience and flourishing in war-affected and refugee populations help to articulate new mindsets, methodologies, partnerships, and ways of working relevant for humanitarian research, policy and practice. I focus attention on interdisciplinary, interventionist, prospective, transgenerational, and network-building initiatives. My specific examples cover the family context of mental health and trauma memory in Afghanistan, as well as program evaluation with Syrian refugees in Jordan, connecting stress biology to human experience, and social networks to psychological empowerment. The paper suggests future directions to support more effective and impactful systems-level work in protracted humanitarian crises.
Self-consistent nanoflare heating in model active regions: MHD avalanches in curved coronal arcades
Authors: Reid J. , Threlfall J. , Hood A. W.
Published: September 2023

MHD avalanches involve small, narrowly localized instabilities spreading across neighbouring areas in a magnetic field. Cumulatively, many small events release vast amounts of stored energy. Straight cylindrical flux tubes are easily modelled, between two parallel planes, and can support such an avalanche: one unstable flux tube causes instability to proliferate, via magnetic reconnection, and then an ongoing chain of like events. True coronal loops, however, are visibly curved, between footpoints on the same solar surface. With 3D MHD simulations, we verify the viability of MHD avalanches in the more physically realistic, curved geometry of a coronal arcade. MHD avalanches thus amplify instability across strong solar magnetic fields and disturb wide regions of plasma. Contrasting with the behaviour of straight cylindrical models, a modified ideal MHD kink mode occurs, more readily and preferentially upwards in the new, curved geometry. Instability spreads over a region far wider than the original flux tubes and than their footpoints. Consequently, sustained heating is produced in a series of ‘nanoflares’ collectively contributing substantially to coronal heating. Overwhelmingly, viscous heating dominates, generated in shocks and jets produced by individual small events. Reconnection is not the greatest contributor to heating, but is rather the facilitator of those processes that are. Localized and impulsive, heating shows no strong spatial preference, except a modest bias away from footpoints, towards the loop’s apex. Remarkable evidence emerges of ‘campfire’ like events, with simultaneous, reconnection-induced nanoflares at separate sites along coronal strands, akin to recent results from Solar Orbiter. Effects of physically realistic plasma parameters, and the implications for thermodynamic models, with energetic transport, are discussed.
Spectroscopic Detection of Alfvénic MHD Waves in the Sunspot Chromosphere
Authors: Chae Jongchul
Published: September 2023

Alfvénic waves are regarded as an important process in understanding coronal heating, solar wind acceleration, and the fractionization of low first-ionization-potential (FIP) elements. Recently, significant progresses have been made in the detection of propagating Alfvénic waves in the solar chromosphere using two different methods: the imaging method and the spectroscopic method. The imaging method detects Alfvénic waves that oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the line of sight, and the spectroscopic method, those that oscillates in the line of sight direction. We have applied the spectroscopic method to the imaging spectral data taken by the FISS on GST at Big Bear. As a result, we detected a number of propagating Alfvénic wave packets, and found that there are two distinct groups: three-minute period waves, and ten-minute period waves.
Observational Signature of Tilt Quenching of Bipolar Magnetic Regions in the Sun
Authors: Jha Bibhuti Kumar , Karak Bidya Binay , Banerjee Dipankar
Published: September 2023

It is believed that the tilt in the bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs) is produced due to a torque induced by the Coriolis force, acting on the diverging flow from the apex of the rising flux tube of the toroidal field in the solar convection zone (SCZ).The BMRs with a strong magnetic field are expected to have reduced tilt as they rise very quickly in the SCZ. This effect can provide the required nonlinear quenching mechanism to suppress the growth of magnetic filed in the dynamo models. Here, we use the magnetograms of the Michelson Doppler Imager (1996–2011) and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (2010–2018) to automatically detect the BMRs and look for the signature of tilt quenching. Based on the Bayesian inference method, our results show that the posterior distribution of quenching parameters is Gaussian, and the mean of this distribution agrees with the earlier findings.
Solar cycles reconstructed over the last millennium: Do Waldmeier and Gnevysev-Ohl rules work?
Authors: Similä Markus , Usoskin Ilya
Published: September 2023

Using tree-ring radiocarbon 14C data, solar cycles are now reconstructed for the last millennium, more than doubling the previously known statistic of direct solar observations and giving a new opportunity to validate basic empirical rules connecting solar cycle lengths, strengths and intensities. This includes the Waldmeier rule relating the cycle’s strength to the length of its ascending phase, and the Gnevyshev-Ohl rule suggesting that cycles are paired so that the intensity of an odd solar cycle is higher than that of the preceding even cycle. Using the extended solar-cycle statistic, we found that the Waldmeier rule remains robust for the well-defined solar cycles implying that it is an intrinsic feature of the solar cycle. However, the validity of the Gnevyshev-Ohl rule is not confirmed at any reasonable statistical level, indicating that either the insufficient accuracy of the reconstructed solar cycles or that this rule is not a robust feature.
The Course of Anxiety-Specific Cognitive Bias Following Daycare/Inpatient Treatment in Youths with Social Phobia and School Absenteeism
Authors: Veit Lisa , Jungmann Stefanie Maria , Freitag Christine Margarete
Published: September 2023

Abstract: Social phobia (SP) is a common mental disorder in youth often accompanied by absence from school, which may require daycare or inpatient intervention (DC/IN). Objective: The present explorative study investigates changes in anxiety-specific implicit assumptions and interpretation bias following DC/IN. Methods: The study included 16 youths with SP ( M age = 15.8 [ SD = 1.24], females: 62.5 %) participating in DC/IN. We assessed the main outcomes using the Implicit Association Test and Affective Misattribution Procedure. Results: A large effect was shown for reducing implicit assumptions of feeling anxious ( p = .142; η 2 p = .171) and for reducing the implicit interpretation bias ( p = .137; η 2 p = .162). No change was indicated by effect size in implicit assumptions of feeling socially rejected ( p = .649; η 2 p = .016). Social phobia symptoms initially correlated with changes in implicit assumptions of feeling anxious ( r = .45). Conclusion: Effect sizes indicate that implicit anxiety-specific assumptions and interpretation bias descriptively improved following DC/IN. Thus, DC/IN may lead to meaningful improvements of anxiety-specific cognition in some individuals with high SP symptoms, emphasizing the relevance of cognitive behavioral approaches in the treatment of SP. Several limitations are discussed.
Modern Sedimentation Patterns in Lake Issyk Kul (Kyrgyzstan), Derived From Surface Sediment and Inlet Stream Samples
Authors: Lenz M. M. , Scheuer R. , Zhang X. , Jaeschke A. , Opitz S. , Leicher N. , Pöllen M. , Xu X. , Rethemeyer J. , Rahmedinov E. , Abdrakhmatov K. , Wennrich V. , Wagner B.
Published: September 2023

This study provides a descriptive characterization of the modern sedimentary processes in Lake Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan, important for the selection of a suitable coring or deep‐drilling site, interpretation of future core data and applicability of proxies. The quasi‐equidistant sampling grid of 66 sediment surface samples covers the entirety of the lake basin and is complemented by 10 samples from the major inflows. The methodological approach includes geochemical, granulometric, lipid biomarker, diatom, and statistical analyses. The quantitative and qualitative changes in sediment composition yield information on its generic origin and prevailing transport and depositional environments. The composition of the surface sediments in Issyk Kul is highly heterogenous. Nearshore deposition is mainly controlled by wave action and by fluvial sediment supply with highest quantities of detrital input coming from the high‐energetic, eastern tributaries. Sediments in the deep central basin are mainly produced in situ and dominated by authigenic calcite. Biogenic accumulation is overall low, except for the western extremity of the lake, where the nearshore, shallow‐water, and low‐energetic environment favors aquatic productivity and subsequent preservation of organic material and diatoms. Redeposition of sediments is a dominant process along the slopes across the southern and western basin floor, where run‐out distances of mass movement deposits are up to 5 km. Directional sediment transport by lake currents appears to be less important, except for the transport of very fine‐grained organic matter. Biomarker‐inferred temperature reconstructions suggest lake surface temperatures of ∼15°C in the western littoral zone and in Tyup Bay and a decrease to ∼13°C basinward.
The Influence of ENSO on the Long‐Term Water Storage Anomalies in the Middle‐Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin: Evaluation and Analysis
Authors: Li Xiaolong , Jin Taoyong , Liu Bingshi , Chao Nengfang , Li Fupeng , Cai Zuansi
Published: September 2023

Recent extreme events in the Middle‐Lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (MLYRB) are proven to be possibly linked to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events as indicated by terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA). But the relatively short observation time of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment series missions (2002–2017; 2018–present) affects the robustness of the evaluation of TWSA. Here, the applicability of four long‐term TWSA data sets (since 1979) in the MLYRB is evaluated first using an evaluation framework including two completely independent tests. After selecting the optimal one, we investigate the effects of ENSO on TWSA in the MLYRB at the basin, subbasin, and grid cell scales, respectively. Results show that ENSO, especially the Eastern Pacific type ENSO has had a significant impact on TWSA variations in the MLYRB and its two subbasins (the Dongting Lake basin and the Poyang Lake basin) since 1979 with correlation coefficients at 0.56–0.65 and time lags at 5–6 months. However, TWSAs in the other two subbasins (the Hanjiang River basin and the Mainstream River basin) have almost no correlation with ENSO. Further analysis reveals that compared with human activity that has a limited impact on TWSA, precipitation is one of the key inducements for regional water storage changes in these two subbasins, and the no correlation between ENSO and TWSA is mainly caused by the weak link between ENSO and precipitation.
Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia‐Ukraine War
Authors: Gleick Peter , Vyshnevskyi Viktor , Shevchuk Serhii
Published: September 2023

The geophysical, hydrological, and ecological consequences of the Russia‐Ukraine war for the major rivers and water infrastructure in Ukraine are addressed here, focused on the dams and reservoirs of the Dnipro (Dnieper) River and major tributaries, up to and including the destruction of the Kakhovka Dam in June 2023, using remote sensing systems, on‐the‐ground reports, and official sources. The rivers have long played a role as physical barriers during conflicts, but in the current war, water and built water systems have also been targeted for attacks and used as both offensive and defensive weapons. Among the consequences of the conflict have been both direct and indirect effects on civilian populations, agriculture, military operations, water supplies and quality, and natural ecosystems. An historical review shows that such attacks have occurred in the past, but the extent and severity of the current violence appear unprecedented, raising important questions of international law and how international legal and scientific communities should respond.
A Radial Standing Pc5‐6 Wave and Its Energy Coupling With Field Line Resonance Within the Dusk‐Sector Magnetosphere
Authors: Zhou Yi‐Jia , He Fei , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , Archer Martin O. , Lin Yu , Ma Han , Tian An‐Min , Yao Zhong‐Hua , Wei Yong , Ni Binbin , Liu Wenlong , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Pu Zu‐Yin
Published: September 2023

Global ultra‐low frequency (ULF) oscillations are believed to play a significant role in the mass, energy, and momentum transport within the Earth's magnetosphere. In this letter, we observe a ∼1.2 mHz radial standing wave in the dusk‐sector magnetosphere accompanied by the field line resonance (FLR) on 16 July 2017. The frequency estimation from the simple box model also confirms the radial standing wave. The essential characteristics of FLR are concurrently identified at the dusk‐sector magnetosphere and the conjugated ground location. Further, the radial standing wave dissipates energy into upper atmosphere to enhance the local aurora by coupling itself to the FLR. The magnetospheric dominant 1.2/1.1 mHz ULF waves plausibly correspond well with the discrete ∼1 mHz magnetosheath ion dynamic pressure/velocity oscillation, suggesting this radial standing wave and FLR in the flank magnetosphere may be triggered by the solar‐wind and/or magnetosheath dynamic pressure/velocity fluctuations.
Shifts of the Recirculation Pathways in Central Fram Strait Drive Atlantic Intermediate Water Variability on Northeast Greenland Shelf
Authors: McPherson R. A. , Wekerle C. , Kanzow T.
Published: September 2023

Increased oceanic heat transport plays a key role in the accelerated mass loss of Greenland's marine‐terminating glaciers. The melt rate of major glaciers in Northeast Greenland (NEG) is controlled by ocean variability, in particular warm Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW), on the continental shelf. A high‐resolution configuration of the ocean sea‐ice model FESOM2.1 is assessed at local and regional scales, and used to investigate the drivers of AIW temperature variability on the NEG continental shelf. The seasonal to decadal variability of AIW is characterized, featuring both pronounced interannual fluctuations and a long‐term warming trend. A major source of AIW is Atlantic Water (AW) originating from the West Spitsbergen Current that recirculates in Fram Strait. AW anomalies are advected westwards and partly control the AIW temperatures on the continental shelf. Increased AIW temperatures are also connected to pronounced northern and central branches of recirculating AW in Fram Strait, and enhanced AW temperatures more regionally. The strengthening of the pathways brings more warmer AIW onto the northern part of the NEG continental shelf. There, it circulates anti‐cyclonically and results in shelf‐wide warming. Regional atmospheric forcing is connected to the changes in the AW circulation. The strengthening of the northern AW branches is likely caused by anticyclonic wind anomalies over the Barents Sea that drive an enhanced northward AW transport in Fram Strait. Thus, controlled by a combination of both upstream and regionally forced circulation conditions, the changes in local AIW temperatures may also affect the oceanic heat transport reaching the Central Arctic Ocean.
Extensional Faulting Around Kolumbo Volcano, Aegean Sea—Relationships Between Local Stress Fields, Fault Relay Ramps, and Volcanism
Authors: Crutchley Gareth J. , Karstens Jens , Preine Jonas , Hübscher Christian , Fossen Haakon , Kühn Michel
Published: September 2023

The Christiana‐Santorini‐Kolumbo (CSK) volcanic field has hosted more than 100 explosive eruptions in the past 250,000 years, including the 1650 CE eruption of Kolumbo Volcano. Previous studies have established a link between regional tectonics and volcanism in the CSK volcanic field. While 2D seismic reflection data have given valuable insight into regional faulting, detailed fault zone characterization has been precluded by the sparsely spaced profiles. Using 3D seismic reflection data around Kolumbo Volcano, we provide the first 3D characterization of fault zones in the CSK volcanic field. Beneath the volcano's northwestern flank, and farther to the northwest, normal faults are predominantly NE‐SW trending, with mean fault trends between 044° and 049°. Normal faults beneath the southeastern flank are slightly more north‐oriented, with mean fault trends between 028° and 038°. Our detailed fault zone analysis reveals clear NW‐SE directed extension around the volcano, consistent with published focal mechanisms from microseismicity. The Kolumbo Fault Zone, ∼6 km northwest of Kolumbo Volcano, is characterized by distinct relay ramps between major overstepping normal faults. Regional 2D seismic profiles reveal a previously undocumented volcanic cone directly above the fault zone. Magma ascent to this cone has likely exploited enhanced vertical permeability associated with distributed deformation within a relay ramp. We suggest that fault relay structures may play an important role, over a range of spatial scales, in focusing magma ascent within the CSK volcanic field.
Exploring the influence of circulating endocannabinoids and nucleus accumbens functional connectivity on anorexia nervosa severity
Authors: Miranda-Olivos Romina , Baenas Isabel , Steward Trevor , Granero Roser , Pastor Antoni , Sánchez Isabel , Juaneda-Seguí Asier , del Pino-Gutiérrez Amparo , Fernández-Formoso José A. , Vilarrasa Nuria , Guerrero-Pérez Fernando , Virgili Nuria , López-Urdiales Rafael , Jiménez-Murcia Susana , de la Torre Rafael , Soriano-Mas Carles , Fernández-Aranda Fernando
Published: September 2023

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by a harmful persistence of self-imposed starvation resulting in significant weight loss. Research suggests that alterations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and circulating endocannabinoids (eCBs), such as anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), may contribute to increased severity and maladaptive behaviors in AN, warranting an examination of the interplay between central reward circuitry and eCBs. For this purpose, we assessed NAcc functional connectivity and circulating AEA and 2-AG concentrations in 18 individuals with AN and 18 healthy controls (HC) to test associations between circulating eCBs, NAcc functional connectivity, and AN severity, as defined by body mass index (BMI). Decreased connectivity was observed between the NAcc and the right insula (NAcc-insula; pFWE < 0.001) and the left supplementary motor area (NAcc-SMA; pFWE < 0.001) in the AN group compared to HC. Reduced NAcc-insula functional connectivity mediated the association between AEA concentrations and BMI in the AN group. However, in HC, NAcc-SMA functional connectivity had a mediating role between AEA concentrations and BMI. Although no significant differences in eCBs concentrations were observed between the groups, our findings provide insights into how the interaction between eCBs and NAcc functional connectivity influences AN severity. Altered NAcc-insula and NAcc-SMA connectivity in AN may impair the integration of interoceptive, somatosensory, and motor planning information related to reward stimuli. Furthermore, the distinct associations between eCBs concentrations and NAcc functional connectivity in AN and HC could have clinical implications for weight maintenance, with eCBs being a potential target for AN treatment.
The sex-specific factor SOA controls dosage compensation in Anopheles mosquitoes
Authors: Kalita Agata Izabela , Marois Eric , Kozielska Magdalena , Weissing Franz J. , Jaouen Etienne , Möckel Martin M. , Rühle Frank , Butter Falk , Basilicata M. Felicia , Keller Valsecchi Claudia Isabelle
Published: September 2023

The Anopheles mosquito is one of thousands of species in which sex differences play a central part in their biology, as only females need a blood meal to produce eggs. Sex differentiation is regulated by sex chromosomes, but their presence creates a dosage imbalance between males (XY) and females (XX). Dosage compensation (DC) can re-equilibrate the expression of sex chromosomal genes. However, because DC mechanisms have only been fully characterized in a few model organisms, key questions about its evolutionary diversity and functional necessity remain unresolved1. Here we report the discovery of a previously uncharacterized gene (sex chromosome activation (SOA)) as a master regulator of DC in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Sex-specific alternative splicing prevents functional SOA protein expression in females. The male isoform encodes a DNA-binding protein that binds the promoters of active X chromosomal genes. Expressing male SOA is sufficient to induce DC in female cells. Male mosquitoes lacking SOA or female mosquitoes ectopically expressing the male isoform exhibit X chromosome misregulation, which is compatible with viability but causes developmental delay. Thus, our molecular analyses of a DC master regulator in a non-model organism elucidates the evolutionary steps that lead to the establishment of a chromosome-specific fine-tuning mechanism.
Multitissue H3K27ac profiling of GTEx samples links epigenomic variation to disease
Authors: Hou Lei , Xiong Xushen , Park Yongjin , Boix Carles , James Benjamin , Sun Na , He Liang , Patel Aman , Zhang Zhizhuo , Molinie Benoit , Van Wittenberghe Nicholas , Steelman Scott , Nusbaum Chad , Aguet François , Ardlie Kristin G. , Kellis Manolis
Published: September 2023

Genetic variants associated with complex traits are primarily noncoding, and their effects on gene-regulatory activity remain largely uncharacterized. To address this, we profile epigenomic variation of histone mark H3K27ac across 387 brain, heart, muscle and lung samples from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). We annotate 282 k active regulatory elements (AREs) with tissue-specific activity patterns. We identify 2,436 sex-biased AREs and 5,397 genetically influenced AREs associated with 130 k genetic variants (haQTLs) across tissues. We integrate genetic and epigenomic variation to provide mechanistic insights for disease-associated loci from 55 genome-wide association studies (GWAS), by revealing candidate tissues of action, driver SNPs and impacted AREs. Lastly, we build ARE–gene linking scores based on genetics (gLink scores) and demonstrate their unique ability to prioritize SNP–ARE–gene circuits. Overall, our epigenomic datasets, computational integration and mechanistic predictions provide valuable resources and important insights for understanding the molecular basis of human diseases/traits such as schizophrenia.
Learning single-cell perturbation responses using neural optimal transport
Authors: Bunne Charlotte , Stark Stefan G. , Gut Gabriele , del Castillo Jacobo Sarabia , Levesque Mitch , Lehmann Kjong-Van , Pelkmans Lucas , Krause Andreas , Rätsch Gunnar
Published: September 2023

Understanding and predicting molecular responses in single cells upon chemical, genetic or mechanical perturbations is a core question in biology. Obtaining single-cell measurements typically requires the cells to be destroyed. This makes learning heterogeneous perturbation responses challenging as we only observe unpaired distributions of perturbed or non-perturbed cells. Here we leverage the theory of optimal transport and the recent advent of input convex neural architectures to present CellOT, a framework for learning the response of individual cells to a given perturbation by mapping these unpaired distributions. CellOT outperforms current methods at predicting single-cell drug responses, as profiled by scRNA-seq and a multiplexed protein-imaging technology. Further, we illustrate that CellOT generalizes well on unseen settings by (1) predicting the scRNA-seq responses of holdout patients with lupus exposed to interferon-β and patients with glioblastoma to panobinostat; (2) inferring lipopolysaccharide responses across different species; and (3) modeling the hematopoietic developmental trajectories of different subpopulations.