bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Potential Use of Cassava Leaf Extract as a Natural Coloring Substance for Fabrics
Authors: Rusdi Suharno , Zakaria M. Yusuf , Aditya Rifki N.F. , Chafidz Achmad
Published: May 2020

In this modern era, most of the textile industries used synthetic dyes for coloring their fabrics. The reason why most of textile companies use synthetic dyes is that synthetic dyes are easier to obtain, the availability of colors is guaranteed, vast variety of colors, good color fastness. Nevertheless, the use of synthetic dyes in the textile industries has caused environmental problems if the waste not treated properly. Additionally, synthetic dyes commonly contain chemicals which are not good for human health. They can cause cancer, attack the nerves of the brain, etc. Therefore, most of people now focus on using natural dyes as alternative to subtitute synthetic dyes. Nowdays, in Indonesia, naturally-dyed textile products, such as Batik tulis (using natural dyes) has a high market potential as a superior commodity of Indonesian products to enter the international market. Therefore, to develop the use of natural dyes in the textile industries, it is necessary to explore the sources of natural dyes from various potential natural resources in Indonesia. Most of these natural dyes are coming from the plants. Cassava leaf is widely known and used for cooking by the people of Indonesia. Based on the literature, cassava leaf contains natural pigments such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, carotene, and anthocyanin Based on this, we took the initiative to conduct research to investigate the potential use of cassava leaves extract as natural coloring substance for coloring fabrics. In this research, Cassava leaf extract has been obtained via solid-liquid extraction process using two different solvents, ethanol (96%) and n-hexane. From this study, it was found that the most optimum extract resulted from the extraction process was about 1.67% with ratio of cassava leaves and ethanol solvent of 1:10. This extract was then used for coloring the cotton cloth. After colored, the cloth was then tested for its color fastness by two methods, namely rub method and washing with soap. From the test results, it was found that the fabric dyed with cassava leaf extract was not much able to withstand against rubbing and washing with soap. Based on this result, further research is needed, such as using other agents during the mordanting and fixation processes
Investigating the Potential Use of Papaya Leaf Extract as Natural Dyes in the Textile Industry
Authors: Rusdi Suharno , Maulana Huda F. , Samudro Nuriaji L. , Chafidz Achmad
Published: May 2020

Synthetic dyes are widely used in the majority of the large textile industry. The use of synthetic dyes can cause water pollution from sewage disposal of the textile industry. Some types of synthetic dyes contain heavy metals that are harmful to human health and can damage the environment. With increasing awareness of the current environmental problems, people begin to focus on returning back to natural dyes. These natural dyes can be extracted from various parts of plants, such as leaves, flowers, fruit, wood or stems, and roots. Papaya leaves have the potential to be used as a basic ingredient to make natural dyes due to fairly high chlorophyll content. Therefore, we took the initiative to conduct research on the production of natural dyes from papaya leaf extract. Papaya leaf extract was produced by using a solid-liquid extraction process using two different solvents, ethanol (96%) and n-hexane. From the results of the study, it was found that the most optimum extract results in the extraction process was about 2.20% of the raw material of dried papaya leaves by using ethanol solvent. The prepared cotton cloth was then colored with papaya leaf extract through three simple steps, namely: mordanting, dyeing, and fixation. Fabric staining results then tested its fastness by two methods, namely the rub method and the washing method with soap. From the test results it was found that the fabric which was dyed with papaya leaf extract was not too resistant to fade from rubbing and soap washing. Therefore, further research is needed, such as using other agents during the mordanting and fixation processes.
Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Synthesized from Calcium Hydroxide and Phosphoric Acid as Adsorbents of Lead in Wastewater
Authors: Nguyen Hoc Thang , Dang Phong Thanh
Published: May 2020

Calcium hydroxyapatite (also known as hydroxyapatite - HA), formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH) or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is a double salt of tri - calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide. And apatite exists naturally in the form of fluorine-apatite Ca10(PO4)6F2. In human and animal body, HA is the main component in bone (accounting for 65-70% weight) and teeth (99%). In this study, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were used as raw materials to produce hydroxyapatite (HA). The hydroxyapatite was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Physico-chemical and microstructural properties of the HA were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunnaeur-Emmett- Teller (BET) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and compared with standard sample of HA. For lead treatment in wastewater, adsorption of HA was tested by measuring concentration of lead of the adsorption process. In which, Pb is one of the toxicity heavy metals that caused many dangerous diseases and threatening human health and life.
Research and Application of a New Demulsifier for the Processing of Produced Liquid in Chanqing Gasfield
Authors: Chen Shi Jun , Tang Fan , Tian Wei , LIU Qiao na , Chen Gang
Published: May 2020

In view of the serious emulsification existing in Changqing condensate gas emulsion, the unclear oil-water interface and the poor application effect of demulsifier used in the field, it is urgent to study an efficient demulsifier. In this paper, PM and XP-1221 two kinds of demulsifiers are used to solve the emulsification problem. The PM demulsifier was compounded with XP-1221 chemical demulsifier to solve the emulsification problem of Changqing condensate. The effect of temperature and demulsifier concentration on demulsification performance was studied by bottle test method. The results showed that XP-1221 and PM could be effectively combined. The demulsification efficiency was high and the dehydrated water was clear. Studies have shown that XP-1221 has a good synergistic effect with PM. The suitable ratio of the composite demulsifier is 1:1, and the demulsifier effect of the demulsifier can meet the requirements of the oil field demulsifier. The composite demulsifier can meet the requirements of current oilfield demulsifiers.
Effect of Magnesium on the Strength, Stiffness and Toughness of Nodular Cast Iron
Authors: Darmawan Agung Setyo , Purboputro Pramuko Ilmu , Yulianto Agus , Anggono Agus Dwi , Wijianto Wijianto , Masyrukan Masyrukan , Setiawan Rizka Dwi , Kartika Novan Dwi
Published: May 2020

Nodular cast iron is a type of cast iron with spheroid graphite surrounded by ferrite matrix and / or pearlite. The size of the graphite and its matrix affects the mechanical properties of the cast iron. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of Magnesium composition on strength, stiffness and toughness of nodular cast iron. Magnesium addition is performed by adding FeSiMg alloys. After that, the composition of magnesium was investigated by using spectrometry. Then tensile test was conducted to obtain the yield strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Further, impact test was performed to determine the impact energy needed to break the material. The result showed an increase of yield strength, tensile strength and stiffness and a decrease of toughness.
Utilization of Modified Zeolite Materials as Chromium Cation Exchanger for Treatment of Liquid Waste from Electroplating Industries
Authors: Salimin Zainus , Susianto Muhammad , Batara Budiman , Chafidz Achmad
Published: May 2020

Chromium absorption using modified zeolites in the form of mono-cation (H-Zeolite) was carried out. Modifications are intended to increase the ability of ion exchange. Modifications made were chemical activation by adding ammonium chloride solution and physically by calcination. Zeolite used came from Kasongan, while as an activity test liquid waste from the electro plating industry PT. Mega Andalan Electro Plating. The parameter used for this study is the comparison of zeolite mass with waste samples. Comparisons used are 1: 5, 1: 7, 1:10, 1:20 and 1:50. From the results of the study it can be seen that there is an increase in the ability of ion exchange in the modified zeolite and produces an optimum ratio of 1: 7 with an absorption efficiency of 13.44%..
Corrosion Rate Analysis of API 5L Gr B Steel Pipe in Acetic Acid Contained Crude Oil Treatment System by Using Amine Base Organik Corrosion Inhibitor
Authors: Swandito Adji , Malau Viktor
Published: May 2020

Corrosion is the main problem in the processing of crude oil containing soap emulsion by using acetic acid based demulsifier. This study aims to analyze corrosion of API 5L Gr B steel pipe in the solution of 90% brine and 10% crude oil with addition of 2000 ppm of acetic acid based demulsifier at various concentration of amine based organic inhibitor. Corrosion testing was conducted using weight loss coupon. SEM and EDS analysis were performed to investigate corroded specimen. The weight loss results indicate that amine based organic inhibitor made the steel resistant to corrosion with an inhibitor effectiveness of up to 96.67% at a concentration of 40 ppm. SEM observation following with EDS analysis identifying the presence of inhibitor and corrosion product protection layer.
Microstructure and Impact Toughness of Flux-Cored Arc Welded SM570-TMC Steel at Low and High Heat Input
Authors: Oktadinata Herry , Winarto Winarto , Siradj Eddy S.
Published: May 2020

This work investigated microstructure and impact toughness of multi-pass flux-cored arc welded SM570-TMC steel. A comparison was made between weldments fabricated with average heat input of 0.9 kJ/mm and 1.4 kJ/mm, respectively. SM570 steel plate with 16 mm nominal thickness and 1.2 mm diameter of E81-Ni1 flux-cored wire were selected in this experiment. Multi-pass flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) was performed using carbon dioxide shielding gas. Then the weldments were observed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). The steel joint strength was measured via tensile test, and Charpy impact test was performed at three different test temperatures. The microstructure observation exhibited the base metal mainly consist of ferrite and pearlite features, while the weld metal contained the acicular ferrites, polygonal ferrites and M-A constituent at both different heat inputs. The impact toughness of base metal is superior than weld metals. The weld metals fabricated at average heat input of 0.9 kJ/mm have a higher low temperature impact toughness than using heat input of 1.4 kJ/mm. The acicular ferrites amount that significant reduced at the higher heat input may degrade the toughness at low temperature.
Effect of the Fine Recycled Aggregates on the Dynamic Compressive Behavior of Recycled Mortar
Authors: Ismail Sallehan , Abd Hamid Mohamad Asri , Yaacob Zaiton
Published: May 2020

This study aims to investigate the dynamic behavior of recycled mortar under impact loading using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Several mortar mixtures were produced by adding various fine recycled aggregates (FRA) to the mixture in replacement percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the natural fine aggregate (NFA). The effects of strain rate on compressive strength and specific energy absorption were obtained. Results show that the dynamic compressive strength and specific energy absorption of recycled mortar are highly strain rate dependent; specifically, they increase nearly linearly with the increase in peak strain rate. However, the compressive strength and specific energy absorption of recycled mortar are generally lower than those of NFA mortar (reference samples) under similar high strain rates. The findings of this research can help researchers and construction practitioners to ascertain the appropriate mix design procedure to optimize the impact strength properties of recycled mortar for protective structural application.
Assessment of the Stress-Strain State of a Tube Sheet of the Heat Exchanger at Rotary Friction Welding Application
Authors: Tokarev Andrey Sergeevich , Karetnikov Denis , Rizvanov Rif G. , Faнrushin Ayrat Minnulovich , Zaripov M.Z.
Published: May 2020

The aim of the study described in this paper is to assess the effect of forces acting on the tube sheet during friction welding on the stress-strain state of the tube sheet.For this, we calculated the stresses and displacements arising in the tube sheet during friction welding. The calculations were carried out in the ANSYS (finite element analysis software package). To carry out the calculations, solid-state models of tube sheets with diameters of 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400 mm and thicknesses of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 mm were created. The diameter of the holes for the heat exchange tubes was chosen equal to 25 mm, the holes are placed on the vertices of an equilateral triangle with a step equal to 32 mm. Then, based on geometric models, grids of 8-node finite elements were created. The calculation model takes into account the symmetry of the geometric model and the character of loading relative to the YZ and XZ planes. The material used was steel with a Poisson's ratio of 0.3 and an elastic modulus of 2,11·105 MPa.As a result of the calculations, it was found that as a result of the action of force factors during friction welding, significant stresses and deformations arise in the tube sheet. The greatest values of deflection and stresses occur in the central sector of the tube sheet in the area of application of force. In this case, the zone of maximum stresses is significantly localized: they are concentrated around the central hole, and movements smoothly increase from the periphery to the center of the tube sheet.The value of this study is that it allowed to determine the need to use special equipment that increases the local stiffness of the tube sheet sector subjected to friction welding.
Some New Or Little-Known Bees.—IV
Authors: Robertson Charles
Published: May 2020

Glossa lanceolate shorter than menturn; paraglossæ reaching to joint 4
of labial palpi; maxillary palpi six-jointed, longer than lamina, joints
short 5 labial palpi with joints subequal, first one robust; marginal cell
about as long as first discoidal, obliquely truncate, appendiculate; cubital
cells equal, second receiving the first recurrent nervure about one-third
from base and the second near apex; facial foveæ present in both sexes;
tibial scopa of female thin, with rather long simple hairs.
Burnout and Substance Use in Collegiate Athletic Trainers
Authors: Oglesby Leslie W. , Gallucci Andrew R. , Wynveen Christopher J. , Ylitalo Kelly R. , Benson Nicholas F.
Published: May 2020

Context

The Smith Cognitive-Affective Model of Athletic Burnout suggests that athletic trainers (ATs) suffering from burnout may engage in substance use as a coping behavior. Increases in self-reported burnout symptoms are often associated with increases in heavy episodic drinking and tobacco use among various health care providers. However, this relationship has not been examined thoroughly.

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of substance use in ATs and identify relationships between symptoms of burnout and substance use among ATs.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Web-based survey.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 783 certified ATs working full time in the collegiate or university setting were sampled for this study. Graduate assistant and other part-time ATs were excluded. The survey was distributed via the National Athletic Trainers' Association membership directory e-mail broadcast service.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

A 100-item online questionnaire consisting of items from previously used scales was used for this study. The survey included the Maslach Burnout Inventory and questions on substance use from the Monitoring the Future study. Multiple regression analyses were performed to analyze the survey data. All independent (Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales) and dependent (use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana) variables were mapped to the Smith Cognitive-Affective Model of Athletic Burnout to determine which dimensions of burnout altered the odds of self-reported substance use.

Results

Almost half (46.3%) of participants admitted to at least 1 binge-drinking episode. However, the use of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and energy drinks during the previous month was less pronounced in the sample. Emotional exhaustion (B = 0.008, P = .023) and personal accomplishment (B = −0.016, P = .02) were significantly correlated with binge drinking. Emotional exhaustion (Exp[B] = 1.017, P < .001) was also significantly positively correlated with energy-drink consumption.

Conclusions

Some ATs engaged in heavy episodic drinking. Emotional exhaustion and a decreased sense of personal accomplishment were significantly correlated with this behavior.
Club cell protein 16 as a biomarker for early detection of silicosis
Authors: Naha Nibedita , Muhamed Jaseer C.J. , Pagdhune Avinash , Sarkar Bidisa , Sarkar Kamalesh
Published: May 2020

Background & objectives:

Clinically silicosis is diagnosed by chest X-ray showing specific opacities along with history of silica dust exposure. Diagnosis is invariably made at an advanced or end stage when it is irreversible. Moreover, silicosis patients are susceptible to develop tuberculosis. Therefore, a suitable biomarker for early detection of silicosis is needed. This study evaluated the suitability of club cell protein (CC16) as a biomarker for early detection of silicosis.

Methods:

This pilot study included 121 individuals from X-ray-confirmed/advanced silicosis, moderate silica dust-exposed workers and healthy controls from western India. CC16 levels were quantified in serum samples through ELISA. Sensitivity and specificity of CC16 values at different cut-off points were calculated in both non-smokers and smokers.

Results:

Serum CC16 level was significantly (P<0.01) decreased in X-ray confirmed advanced silicosis patients (4.7±3.07 ng/ml) followed by moderately exposed workers (10.2±1.77 ng/ml) as compared to healthy non-exposed individuals (16.7±3.81 ng/ml). Tobacco smoking also caused a significant decrease of serum CC16 concentration in both healthy (10.2±1.12 ng/ml) and advanced silicosis workers (2.6±2.28 ng/ml) compared to non-smokers. Sensitivity and specificity of CC16 values were also found to be ≥83 per cent for screening all categories of individuals.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Because of high sensitivity and specificity, serum CC16 could be used as predictive biomarker for suspicion and early detection of silicosis, which would help in reducing/delaying premature deaths caused by silicosis. It would also control silicotuberculosis additionally.
Homozygous sickle cell disease in Central India & Jamaica
Authors: Jain Dipty , Tokalwar Rajini , Upadhye Dipti , Colah Roshan , Serjeant Graham Roger
Published: May 2020

Background & objectives:

Homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease in Central India runs a more severe clinical course than reports from other areas of India. The current study was undertaken to compare the disease in Central India (Nagpur) with that in Jamaica, both populations defined by newborn screening.

Methods:

The Nagpur cohort included infants born to sickling-positive mothers from May 2008 to 2012, examined by high-pressure liquid chromatography and DNA analysis. The Jamaican cohort screened 100,000 consecutive non-operative deliveries between June 1973 and December 1981, analyzed by haemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis and confirmed by family studies and compatible HbA2 levels.

Results:

In Nagpur, 103 SS patients were detected, but only 78 (76%) were followed up. In Jamaica, 311 cases were followed from birth and compliance with follow up remained 100 per cent up to 45 years. In the Nagpur cohort all had the Asian haplotype, and 82 per cent of Jamaicans had at least one Benin chromosome; none had the Asian haplotype. Compared to Jamaica, Nagpur patients had higher foetal Hb, less alpha-thalassaemia, later development of splenomegaly and less dactylitis. There were also high admission rates for febrile illness and marked anaemia. Invasive pneumococcal disease occurred in 10 per cent of Jamaicans but was not seen in Nagpur.

Interpretation & conclusions:

There were many differences between the disease in Nagpur, Central India and the African form observed in Jamaica. The causes of severe anaemia in Nagpur require further study, and reticulocyte counts may be recommended as a routine parameter in the management of SS disease. The role of pneumococcal prophylaxis needs to be determined in Nagpur patients. Future studies in India must avoid high default rates.
Serum procalcitonin as a biomarker of bloodstream infection & focal bacterial infection in febrile patients
Authors: Harikrishna Janjam , Mohan Alladi , Kalyana Chakravarthi D.P. , Chaudhury Abhijit , Kumar B. Siddhartha , Sarma K.V.S.
Published: May 2020

Background & objectives:

Bacteraemia is a serious form of infection in patients presenting with fever, thus, there is a necessity for a biomarker for rapid diagnosis of bacteraemia in such patients to make better therapeutic decisions. This study was conducted to measure the serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels at the time of initial presentation as a biomarker for identifying bacteraemia and as a predictor of mortality in patients admitted with acute fever.

Methods:

Four hundred and eighty patients, who presented with acute fever requiring admission to a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India, were prospectively studied. All patients were evaluated with a detailed history, physical examination, laboratory and imaging studies. Baseline serum PCT was measured for each patient within six hours of admission.

Results:

Among patients with single infectious cause (n=275), significantly higher median serum PCT levels were evident in bacteraemia compared to leptospirosis (P=0.002), dengue (P<0.001), scrub typhus (P<0.001) and evident focus of infection without bacteraemia (P=0.036). By receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis, at a cut-off value of >3.2 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of serum PCT levels in predicting bacteraemia were 81.1 and 63.3 per cent, respectively. As per the worst-case scenario analysis, 91 (18.9%) patients had a poor outcome and these had significantly higher median serum PCT levels compared to survivors (n=389) [9.46 (2.03-44.4) vs. 1.23 (0.34-7.645); P<0.001]. At a cut-off value of >3.74 ng/ml, serum PCT levels at initial presentation predicted in-hospital mortality with a sensitivity and specificity of 67 and 67.5 per cent, respectively.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Our observations suggest that serum PCT level may be a useful biomarker for identifying bacteraemia as well as predicting mortality in patients with acute fever requiring admission to hospital.
Epigenetic downregulation of desmin in gall bladder cancer reveals its potential role in disease progression
Authors: Bhunia Shushruta , Barbhuiya Mustafa Ahmed , Gupta Sanjiv , Shrivastava Braj Raj , Tiwari Pramod Kumar
Published: May 2020

Background & objectives:

Gall bladder cancer (GBC) is a fatal neoplasm, with a globally variable incidence rates. To improve the survival rate of patients, a newer set of biomarkers needs to be discovered for its early detection and better prognosis. Our earlier studies on GBC proteomics and whole-genome methylome data revealed expression of desmin to be significantly downregulated with correlated promoter hypermethylation during gall bladder carcinogenesis. Thus, to evaluate desmin as a potential biomarker for GBC, we carried out a detailed follow up study.

Methods:

Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) (n=17, GBC and n=23, non-tumour control), real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) [n=14, GBC and n=14, adjacent non-tumour (ANT)], immunohistochemistry (n=27, GBC and n=14, non-tumour) and immunoblotting (n=13, GBC and n=13, ANT) were performed in surgically removed gall bladder tissue samples.

Results:

MS-PCR analysis showed methylation of desmin in 88.23 per cent (15/17) gall bladder tumour samples as compared to non-tumour tissues (39.13%, 9/23). Real-time qRT-PCR analysis revealed a significant downregulation of desmin expression in GBC as compared to ANT tissue. This was further confirmed by western blot, showing reduced expression of desmin protein in GBC, as compared to non-tumour tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed a decreased level of desmin i.e., more than 95 per cent (26/27) in tumour cells compared to non-tumours (35.71%, 5/14).

Interpretation & conclusions:

The increased frequency of desmin promoter methylation which could be responsible for its significant downregulation, indicates its potential as a candidate biomarker for GBC. This requires further validation in a large group of patients to evaluate its clinical utility.
Finsler Warped Product Metrics with Relatively Isotropic Landsberg Curvature
Authors: Yang Zhao , Zhang Xiaoling
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we study Finsler warped product metrics with relatively isotropic Landsberg curvature. We obtain the differential equations that characterize such metrics. Then we give some examples.
Fixed bed utilization for the isolation of xylene vapor: Kinetics and optimization using response surface methodology and artificial neural network
Authors: Gupta Kaushal Naresh , Kumar Rahul
Published: May 2020

This paper discusses the isolation of xylene vapor through adsorption using granular activated carbon as an adsorbent. The operating parameters investigated were bed height, inlet xylene concentration and flow rate, their influence on the percentage utilization of the adsorbent bed up to the breakthrough was found out. Mathematical modeling of experimental data was then performed by employing a response surface methodology (RSM) technique to obtain a set of optimum operating conditions to achieve maximum percentage utilization of bed till breakthrough. A fairly high value of R2 (0.993) asserted the proposed polynomial equation’s validity. ANOVA results indicated the model to be highly significant with respect to operating parameters studied. A maximum of 76.1% utilization of adsorbent bed was found out at a bed height of 0.025 m, inlet xylene concentration of 6,200 ppm and a gas flow rate of 25 mL.min-1. Furthermore, the artificial neural network (ANN) was also employed to compute the percentage utilization of the adsorbent bed. A comparison between RSM and ANN divulged the performance of the latter (R2 = 0.99907) to be slightly better. Out of various kinetic models studied, the Yoon-Nelson model established its appropriateness in anticipating the breakthrough curves.
ANALYZING THE GOING CONCERN UNCERTAINTY DURING THE PERIOD OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN TERMS OF INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORTS
Authors: TUBA DERYA BASKAN
Published: May 2020

It is thought that the Covid-19 pandemic, of which effects on the world and our country are estimated to be seen more in time, will have economic and social effects on the countries, entities and people. The aim of this research is to mention the significance of the going concern and how to reflect the problems that are arisen by the Covid-19 pandemic and that may occur within the going concern, and to identify the differences caused by this situation among the auditor’s reports in general. In the study, International Standard on Auditing (ISA)-570 Going Concern was generally examined and the required method to reflect it to auditor’s report of entities during the states of emergency was analyzed. Since the time passed over the Covid-19 pandemic is not enough to make a financial analysis, the evaluation was conducted within the frame of ISA-570 and according to the reached results, it was determined that its effect on the going concern assumption should be included in the reports and detailed disclosures should be made in order to provide reasonable assurance to the information users. On the other hand, it was mentioned that how the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic may be included in the auditor's reports in our country within the scope of International Standard on Auditing (ISA)-570 Going Concern. It was inferred that observations may be performed on its effect on the auditor's reports of entities by making comparisons in the upcoming period.
A acolhida do Teorema da Incompletude de Gödel pelos matemáticos
Authors: Batistela Rosemeire de Fátima , Lazari Henrique , Bicudo Maria Aparecida Viggiani
Published: May 2020

Neste artigo apresentamos nosso entendimento sobre como alguns matemáticos acolheram os resultados estabelecidos pelo Teorema da Incompletude de Gödel. Compreendemos que a postura assumida por Bourbaki e revelada em suas obras diz desse modo de como os matemáticos recepcionaram este importante teorema bem como suas implicações. A atitude é de seguir fazendo Matemática com o mesmo ideal de formalização completa, mesmo ante a prova da existência de um conjunto não vazio de proposições verdadeiras e indecidíveis e consequentemente da incompletude de toda teoria que contenha a aritmética de Peano em sua formalização. Apresentamos também a perspectiva de Wittgenstein em relação ao TIG. Por fim, entendemos que esse teorema é compreendido pela comunidade como mensageiro da incompletude como uma característica da Matemática, não como um impedimento para o prosseguimento da atividade com sistemas formais e sim como um resultado revigorante para a Matemática.
Prevalence of Burkholderia glumae in rice crops in Ecuador
Authors: Paz-Carrasco Lenin Celiano , Intriago-Mendoza Luz Diana , Basso Marcos Fernando , Celi-Herán Roberto E.
Published: May 2020

Burkholderia glumae is the agent responsible for bacterial panicle blight disease (BPBD) of rice that causes severe damage to this crop worldwide. During 2012 and 2013, symptoms of BPBD were observed in Palestina city, located in Guayas province, Ecuador. In 2014, the presence of B. glumae was confirmed at this location. In view of the socio-economic importance of rice in Ecuador, this research aimed to investigate the prevalence of B. glumae in other rice-producing regions. Eighteen bacterial isolates obtained from blighted kernels were characterized. Physiological, biochemical, serological, and molecular assays and the amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA ITS of the bacterial isolates collected confirmed the identity of the BPBD-associated bacterium. Pathogenicity assays verified the ability of these isolates to produce discoloration, spotting, and empty grains, symptoms associated with BPBD. Antibiotic assays showed that EC-EELS-01 isolate was sensitive to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, and resistant to polymyxin. The dissemination and prevalence of B. glumae were confirmed in the rice-producing areas of El Oro, Cañar, Guayas, and Los Rios provinces. This research will serve to develop genetic studies to characterize the population in the B. glumae isolates in Ecuador.
GÜNEY-DOĞU VE GÜNEY-BATI (OĞUZ) GRUBU TÜRK LEHÇELERİNDE “ŞARTLI BİRLEŞİK CÜMLE” BAKIMINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: DAĞLI Hacı
Published: May 2020

Bu çalışmada, Güney-Doğu (Özbek
Türkçesi, Uygur Türkçesi) ile Güney-Batı (Oğuz) (Türkiye Türkçesi, Azerbaycan
Türkçesi, Türkmen Türkçesi ve Gagauz Türkçesi) Grubu Türk Lehçelerinin şartlı
birleşik cümle yapıları açısından karşılaştırılması yapılmış, ortak ve farklı
yönleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmada Güney-doğu ve Güney-batı (Oğuz) grubu Türk
lehçelerindeki “şartlı birleşik cümle” yapıları hakkında yapılan
çalışmalar taranmıştır, yapılan bu taramada, konuyla ilgili açıklamalar ve
tanımlar esas alınarak gidilmiştir.
Kingdom of the Netherlands-Curacao and Sint Maarten
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: May 2020

Board’s consideration on March 18, 2020. The staff report reflects discussions with the
Kingdom of the Netherlands—Curaçao and Sint Maarten authorities in November 2019
and is based on the information available as of March 3, 2020. It focuses on Curaçao
and Sint Maarten’s near and medium-term challenges and policy priorities and was
prepared before COVID-19 became a global pandemic and resulted in unprecedented
strains in global trade, commodity and financial markets. It, therefore, does not reflect
the implications of these developments and related policy priorities. The outbreak has
significantly worsened the outlook and greatly amplified uncertainty and downside risks
around it. Staff is closely monitoring the situation and will continue to work on
assessing its impact and the related policy response in Curaçao and Sint Maarten and
globally.
El Salvador
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: May 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing serious stress on the economy due to containment measures. In 2020 the Salvadoran economy is expected to contract by 5.4 percent—7¾ percentage points below pre-COVID projections. A recovery is projected to start in 2021 and continue over the medium term.
Guinea
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

Real growth is expected at 5.8 percent in 2020, supported by rebounding mining
production and investment-led construction activity. Legislative elections and a referendum
for a new constitution will be held in March and presidential elections by end-year. Protests
against the referendum are ongoing. Risks of political and social instability are high.
Covid-19. The baseline scenario is based on the initial global downward revisions to growth
due to the COVID-19 outbreak and assumes no outbreak in Guinea. As of March 10, 2020,
there was no declared coronavirus case in Guinea. As the situation evolves, the country
authorities and staff are keeping a close watch on macroeconomic developments, needed
policy responses, and their impact on financing needs.
Panama
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: May 2020

Selected Issues
Burkina Faso
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

Burkina Faso is facing a security crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic shocks.
The number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) has surged nine-fold since January
2019 and is likely to further increase. Access to food and basic services is increasingly
difficult for both displaced and host communities. The security crisis is starting to weigh
on economic activity and has put the budget under pressure, as security spending is
narrowing fiscal space for spending in other priority areas (social, education, health and
investment). The global COVID-19 outbreak is worsening the short-term outlook for
Burkina Faso further, given the country’s limited preparedness and weak health system.
Small-scale structure of thermodynamic phase in Arctic mixed-phase clouds observed by airborne remote sensing during a cold air outbreak and a warm air advection event
Authors: Ruiz-Donoso Elena , Ehrlich André , Schäfer Michael , Jäkel Evelyn , Schemann Vera , Crewell Susanne , Mech Mario , Kulla Birte Solveig , Kliesch Leif-Leonard , Neuber Roland , Wendisch Manfred
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The combination of downward-looking airborne lidar, radar, microwave, and imaging spectrometer measurements was exploited to characterize the vertical and small-scale (down to 10 m) horizontal distribution of the thermodynamic phase of low-level Arctic mixed-layer clouds. Two cloud cases observed in a cold air outbreak and a warm air advection event observed during the Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) campaign were investigated. Both cloud cases exhibited the typical vertical mixed-phase structure with mostly liquid water droplets at cloud top and ice crystals in lower layers. The horizontal, small-scale distribution of the thermodynamic phase as observed during the cold air outbreak is dominated by the liquid water close to the cloud top and shows no indication of ice in lower cloud layers. Contrastingly, the cloud top variability in the case observed during a warm air advection showed some ice in areas of low reflectivity or cloud holes. Radiative transfer simulations considering homogeneous mixtures of liquid water droplets and ice crystals were able to reproduce the horizontal variability in this warm air advection. Large eddy simulations (LESs) were performed to reconstruct the observed cloud properties, which were used subsequently as input for radiative transfer simulations. The LESs of the cloud case observed during the cold air outbreak, with mostly liquid water at cloud top, realistically reproduced the observations. For the warm air advection case, the simulated ice water content (IWC) was systematically lower than the measured IWC. Nevertheless, the LESs revealed the presence of ice particles close to the cloud top and confirmed the observed horizontal variability in the cloud field. It is concluded that the cloud top small-scale horizontal variability is directly linked to changes in the vertical distribution of the cloud thermodynamic phase. Passive satellite-borne imaging spectrometer observations with pixel sizes larger than 100 m miss the small-scale cloud top structures.
To what extents do urbanization and air pollution affect fog?
Authors: Yan Shuqi , Zhu Bin , Huang Yong , Zhu Jun , Kang Hanqing , Lu Chunsong , Zhu Tong
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The remarkable development of China has resulted in rapid
urbanization (urban heat island and dry island) and severe air pollution
(aerosol pollution). Previous studies demonstrate that these two factors
have either suppressing or promoting effects on fog, but what are the
extents of their individual and combined effects? In this study, a dense
radiation fog event in eastern China in January 2017 was reproduced by the
Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), and the
individual and combined effects of urbanization and aerosols on fog
(indicated by liquid water content – LWC) are quantitatively revealed.
Results show that urbanization inhibits low-level fog, delays its formation
and advances its dissipation due to higher temperatures and lower
saturations. In contrast, upper-level fog could be enhanced because of the
updraught-induced vapour convergence. Aerosols promote fog by increasing LWC,
increasing droplet concentration and decreasing droplet effective radius.
Further experiments show that the current pollution level in China could
still be below the critical aerosol concentration that suppresses fog.
Urbanization influences fog to a larger extent than aerosols do. When
urbanization and aerosol pollution are combined, the much weaker aerosol-promoting effect is counteracted by the stronger urbanization-suppressing
effect on fog. Budget analysis of LWC reveals that urban development
(urbanization and aerosols) alters the LWC profile and fog structure mainly by
modulating condensation–evaporation process. Our results infer that urban
fog will be further reduced if urbanization keeps developing and air quality
keeps deteriorating in the future.
Profiling of formaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and CO over the Amazon: Normalised excess mixing ratios and related emission factors in biomass burning plumes
Authors: Kluge Flora , Hüneke Tilman , Knecht Matthias , Lichtenstern Michael , Rotermund Meike , Schlager Hans , Schreiner Benjamin , Pfeilsticker Klaus
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We report on airborne measurements of tropospheric mixing ratios and vertical profiles of CH2O, C2H2O2, C3H4O2*, and CO over the Amazon Basin during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign from the German High Altitude and Long-range research aircraft (HALO) in fall 2014. The joint observation of in situ CO and remotely measured CH2O, C2H2O2, C3H4O2*, together with visible imagery and air mass back trajectory modelling using NOAA HYSPLIT (National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) allow us to discriminate between the probing of background tropical air, in which the concentration of the measured species results from the oxidation of biogenically emitted VOCs (mostly isoprene), and measurements of moderately to strongly polluted air masses affected by biomass burning emissions or the city plume of Manaus. For twelve near surface measurements of fresh biomass burning plumes, normalized excess mixing ratios of C2H2O2 and C3H4O2* with respect to CH2O are inferred and compared to recent studies. The mean RGF = 0.07 (range 0.02–0.11) is in good agreement with recent reports which suggest RGF to be significantly lower than previously assumed in global CTM models. The mean RMF = 0.98 (range 0.09–1.50) varies significantly during the different observational settings, but overall appears to be much larger (up to a factor of 5) than previous reports suggest when applaying a correction factor of 2.0 ± 0.5 to account for the additional dicarbonyls included in the C3H4O2* measurements. Using recently reported emission factors of CH2O for tropical forests, our observations suggest emission factors of EFG = 0.25 (range 0.11 to 0.52) g per kg for C2H2O2, and EFM = 4.7 (range 0.5 to 8.64) g per kg for C3H4O2*. While EFG agrees well with recent reports, EFM is (like RMF) slightly larger than reported in other studies, presumably due to the different plume ages or fuels studied. Our observations of these critical carbonyls and intermediate oxidation products may support future photochemical modelling of air pollution over tropical vegetation, as well as validate past and present space-borne observations of the respective species.
Is there a direct solar proton impact on lower stratospheric ozone?
Authors: Jia Jia , Kero Antti , Kalakoski Niilo , Szeląg Monika E. , Verronen Pekka T.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We investigate Arctic polar atmospheric ozone responses to Solar Proton Events (SPEs) using MLS satellite measurements (2004–now) and WACCM-D simulations (1989–2012). Special focus is on lower stratospheric ozone depletion that has been proposed earlier based on superposed epoch analysis of ozonesonde anomalies (up to 10 % ozone decrease). Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) of the satellite dataset provides no evidence of any average SPE impact on the lower stratospheric ozone, although at the mesospheric altitudes a statistically significant ozone depletion is present. In the individual case studies, we find only one potential case (January 2005) in which the lower stratospheric ozone level was significantly decreased after the SPE onset. However, similar decreases could not be identified in other SPEs of similar or larger magnitude. We find a very good overall consistency between SPE-driven ozone anomalies derived from the WACCM-D model simulations and the Aura MLS data. The simulation results before the Aura MLS era indicate no significant effect on the lower stratospheric ozone either. As a conclusion, the SPE has a zero direct impact on the lower stratospheric ozone.
Biomass burning events measured by lidars in EARLINET. Part I. Data analysis methodology
Authors: Adam Mariana , Nicolae Doina , Stachlewska Iwona S. , Papayannis Alexandros , Balis Dimitris
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The methodology of analysing the biomass burning events recorded in the database of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network in the frame of Aerosol Cloud and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure is presented. The period of 2008–2017 was chosen to analyse all of the events stored in the database under Forest Fire category for a number of 14 stations available. The data provided ranged from complete data sets (particle backscatter, extinction and linear depolarization ratio profiles) to single profiles (particle backscatter coefficient profile). Smoke layers geometry was evaluated and the mean optical properties within each layer were computed. The backtrajectories technique was used to double check the source of all pollution layers. The biomass burning layers were identified taking into account the presence of the fires along the backtrajectory. The biomass burning events are analysed by the means of the intensive parameters. The analysis was structured in three directions: I) common biomass burning source (fire) recorded by at least two stations, II) long-range transport from N. America, III) analysis over four geographical regions (SE Europe, NE Europe, Central Europe and SW Europe). Based on backtrajectories calculations and fires’ location, the lidar measurements can be labelled either as measurements of ‘single fire’ or ‘mixed fires’ (case I), measurements of N America fires or measurements of mixed N America and local fires (case II). The histogram of the fires’ location reveals the smoke sources for each region. For each region, statistics on intensive parameters is performed. The sources’ origin of the intensive parameters is categorized based on the continental origin of the air-mass (European, African, Asian, N American or a combination of them). The methodology presented here is meant to provide a perspective to explore large amount of lidar data and deliver novel approaches to analyse the intensive parameters based on the assigned biomass burning sources. A thorough consideration of all potential fires’ sources reveals that most of the time the lidar measurements characterise the smoke from a mixture of fires. A comprehensive discussion over all results (based on the intensive parameters and the sources’ location), will be given in a companion paper submitted to ACP EARLINET special issue.
Application of holography and automated image processing for laboratory experiments on mass and fall speed of small cloud ice crystals
Authors: Weitzel Maximilian , Mitra Subir K. , Szakáll Miklós , Fugal Jacob P. , Borrmann Stephan
Published: May 2020

Abstract. An ice cloud chamber was developed at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz for generating several thousand data points for mass and sedimentation velocity measurements of ice crystals with sizes less than 150 μm. Ice nucleation was initiated from a cloud of supercooled droplets by local cooling using a liquid nitrogen cold finger. Three-dimensional tracks of ice crystals falling through the slightly supersaturated environment were obtained from the reconstruction of sequential holographic images, automated detection of the crystals in the hologram reconstructions, and particle tracking. Through collection of the crystals and investigation under a microscope before and after melting, crystal mass was determined as a function of size. The experimentally obtained mass versus diameter (m(D)) power law relationship resulted in lower masses for small ice crystals than from commonly adopted parameterizations. Thus, they did not support the currently accepted extrapolation of relationships measured for larger crystal sizes. The relationship between Best (X) and Reynolds (Re) numbers for columnar crystals was found to be X = 15.3Re1.2, which is in general agreement with literature parameterizations.