bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brazilian Women’s Filmmaking and the State during the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Marsh Leslie L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of the Brazilian state in women's filmmaking. In 1969, the Empresa Brasileiro de Filmes (Embrafilme) came into being during the most repressive years of the military regime. Originally created to promote and distribute Brazilian films abroad, Embrafilme was charged to oversee commercial and noncommercial film activities such as film festivals, the publication of film journals, and training of technicians. By the early 1980s, Embrafilme had become a vital source for independent, auteur cinema in Brazil and helped secure—but not sustain—women's place in the Brazilian film industry. Once the government took on a more supportive role in the film industry, contemporary women filmmakers began participating in filmmaking; however, women filmmakers in Brazil have conflicting opinions about the state-led agency and its role in supporting their careers as directors.
Contesting the Boundaries of Belonging in the Films of Ana Carolina Teixeira Soares
Authors: Marsh Leslie L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ana Carolina's Mar de Rosas (Sea of Roses, 1977), Das Tripas Coração (Heart and Guts, 1982), and Sonho de Valsa (Dream Waltz, 1987). At a time when it was untenable to express her feminist views by way of a realist register, all three films develop a surrealist mode of expression. Indeed, Carolina's films adapt a surrealist mode of representation to critique repressive ideological constructions of femininity and seek the emancipation of the female psyche. Ultimately, her trilogy critiques those institutions and established beliefs through which presumably good, moral citizens are manufactured—the family, education, religion, romantic love, honoring the father, and the like—and reflects a desire for a new sociability and a new political system in which women are full, equal members. The gesture toward freedom in these films resonates with the second-wave women's movements and the larger struggle to escape a repressive authoritarian regime in the 1970s and 1980s.
Rescreening the Past
Authors: Marsh Leslie L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Tizuka Yamasaki, another “offspring” of Cinema Novo directors and one of the first women filmmakers to establish a continuous career trajectory in filmmaking. Yamasaki, who claims she inaugurated a “cinema of emotion” in the 1980s, strategically turned to melodrama to comment on Brazil's past in an effort not only to address lacunae in official versions of Brazil's history but also to contribute discursively to a process of redefining citizenship during the years of political opening before the official end of the military dictatorship. The chapter then studies Yamasaki's first, highly acclaimed films from the 1980s, including Gaijin: Os Caminhos da Liberdade (Gaijin: Paths to Freedom, 1980), Parahyba, Mulher Macho (Parahyba, Manly Woman, 1983), and Patriamada (Sing, the Beloved Country, 1984).
Developments under Democracy
Authors: Marsh Leslie L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the current shape of filmmaking and how women directors have positioned themselves in the new context of film production in which it is increasingly difficult to realize aesthetically and ideologically challenging works. The period starting in the mid-1990s have been termed the Retomada or “rebirth” of filmmaking. However, not everyone has boldly celebrated the increased film output, and some have commented that filmmakers are now more tied to the state than ever before. Indeed, the vast majority of feature length films released from 1995 to the mid-2000s relied on monies collected from fiscal incentive laws, creating what has been referred to as a system of “incentivized patronage.”
Gender, Politics, and the Emerging Cold War
Authors: Castledine Jacqueline
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how Americans debated regarding women's right to vote, even before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. By the presidential election of 1936, most agreed that women had failed to organize in numbers large enough to provide them with an effective voice in the political system. However, World War II would create opportunities for women's political activism. As men joined the service, women replaced them not only in the industrial workplace but also in political organizing. Americans concerned with dramatic shifts in gender roles then engaged in a concerted effort to remasculinize U.S. culture after the war. In need of strategies to lessen their apparent threat to American masculinity, Progressive women, led by Women for Wallace chair Elinor Gimbel, introduced various tactics to calm fears about the supposed dangers of leftist women.
Cold War Legacies
Authors: Castledine Jacqueline
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how African American women remained active at both the highest levels of the Progressive Party (PP) and its base, where interracial grassroots networks attempted to bring the ideals of national figures like Eslanda Goode Robeson, Shirley Graham Du Bois, and Charlotta Bass to life. The American Labor Party (ALP)—which served as the PP organization of New York in 1948—was an important vehicle for women fighting racism and U.S. militarism in their local communities. Historians who have documented the ALP's important contributions to New York's early civil rights campaigns often overlook the significance of the party's linkage between peace, racial justice, and women's rights. An examination of the ALP, therefore, offers the opportunity to consider the challenges progressive women's networks encountered in the struggle to keep the hope of positive peace alive.
New Deal Detroit, Communism, and Anti-Communism
Authors: Doody Colleen
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides some context on the city of Detroit, New Deal labor, and the Communist Party. In the 1940s, Detroit was a boomtown confronted with enormous social and political change. Most Detroit residents had lived there for no more than a generation. The city's political and economic elites struggled to control these newcomers while the migrants themselves fought to assert their rights, which often conflicted with the rights of others. As a result of the growth of both its population and its labor movement, Detroit, a formerly largely white, open-shop town, became the most heavily unionized city in the nation with one of the largest African American populations outside of the South. Many of the same factors that led to Detroit's population changes also led to the expansion of the city's Communist Party.
Student-Athletes and Campus Bookies
Authors: Figone Albert J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews further basketball scandals from the 1980s and 1990s. As the professionalization and commercialization of college sports continued, gambling became increasingly accepted among college students. Since wagering on college sports was illegal in all states except Nevada, shady bookmakers reaped immense sums from the public's interest in betting on college football and basketball. By the early 1980s, the NCAA relied on the federal, state, and local governments to enforce and prosecute gambling-related crimes because the association, along with the conferences and colleges' athletic establishments, found it impossible to prevent game fixing. Most coaches had convinced the public that it was impossible to detect the rigging of basketball games, a viewpoint that only encouraged anyone wanting to fix games. A new generation of college student gamblers on sports would contribute to the decades-old scourge of game rigging, leading once again to federal and state investigations and prosecutions.
A Continuing Nightmare
Authors: Figone Albert J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the recent trends in gambling and fixing in college football. Despite the passing of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (also known as the Bradley Act) in 1992, betting on sports has become a more serious problem than drug or alcohol abuse in educational institutions from elementary schools to college campuses. Included in this alarming trend are bookmaking operations run by between one and fifty students on college campuses. And because gambling has become so widespread in the country, most people do not take seriously the legal ban on sports betting. However, the chapter shows that, despite the decline in major gambling scandals in recent years, game rigging and other illegal gambling ventures still occur, echoing the patterns of previous decades.
Traditional Religion in West Africa and in the New World
Authors: Hazzard-Donald Katrina
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the major manifestations of African traditional religion in the New World. It outlines significant general principles and practices carried to the Western Hemisphere by captive Africans from two regions, which inform West and Central West African religious practices as well as the major New World African religious manifestations establishing where Hoodoo fits in vis-à-vis the other New World syncretic religious forms. It considers the practice of spirit possession by a deity, spirit, or ancestor as part of West and Central West African religious tradition, and how it came to be observed in sacred contexts among African Americans in the United States in the twenty-first century. The chapter also examines the place of spiritual forces in herbal and naturopathic healing within the context of African traditional religion. Finally, it looks at the role of divination in the diagnosis of physical or mental illness in both traditional African society and in old plantation Hoodoo.
Healin’ da Sick, Raisin’ da Daid
Authors: Hazzard-Donald Katrina
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Hoodoo as health care and the role of the African American midwife in the old tradition black belt Hoodoo complex. Scholarship has totally overlooked a discussion of traditional Hoodoo healers: treaters, midwives, and root doctors. Even African Americans who know anything of contemporary Hoodoo will usually not immediately associate it with medicinal herbalism. Hoodoo marketeers were neither interested in nor had access to this aspect of Hoodoo. This chapter considers how Hoodoo midwives, treaters, and root doctors mastered treatments and developed their regional pharmacopoeia. It discusses one technique used by all three types of Hoodoo health care providers: the method of using string to tie sacred healing knots. It also describes nine types of healing amulets used in Hoodoo: single-knot string amulet; multiknot amulet; root necklace; prayer bead necklace; prayer cloth; biblical scroll; walking cane; religious lithography; and silver coin.
Black Belt Hoodoo in the Post–World War II Cultural Environment
Authors: Hazzard-Donald Katrina
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the place of the black belt Hoodoo complex in the cultural environment after World War II, with particular focus on several contemporary root practitioners working in the old tradition. In the aftermath of World War II, the black community enjoyed both incentives and opportunities for continuing migration northward. Increased income intensified the movement away from old black belt traditions. Especially in the northern urban environment, marketeered Hoodoo would dominate in many black communities. This chapter considers how some African Americans came to view participation in old black belt Hoodoo traditions as incompatible with notions of “racial uplift.” It also discusses how marketeering outsiders interested in the commercial exploitation of Hoodoo reduced the visibility of workers of old tradition Hoodoo during the period. Finally, it assesses the influence of New World Pan-Africanism and popular black nationalism on old tradition Hoodoo.
Explaining Organized Crime
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews the theoretical underpinnings of the alien conspiracy and ethnic succession theories as explanations for the emergence and continuation of organized crime in American society. It first considers the arguments of the alien conspiracy theory, as well as the cultural deviance theory upon which it is based, before discussing the claims of the social disorganization theory as the basis of the ethnic succession theory. The chapter also examines the theories of human ecology, cultural transmission, and differential social organization, along with delinquency theories and their relation to organized crime, with particular emphasis on recruitment issues. Finally, the chapter looks at the relationship between Gerald Suttles's conceptualization of the defended neighborhood and racket subcultures.
The Gem of the Prairie
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the history of vice and crime in Chicago from the Civil War until the beginning of Prohibition, paying special attention to the rise of machine politics under Michael Cassius McDonald, organizer of Chicago's first crime syndicate. It argues that organized crime in Chicago was not imported from the south of Italy but began because Chicago machine politicians provided political protection to vice syndicates and criminal gangs in exchange for votes and campaign contributions. The chapter reviews the history of one vice district that played a significant role in the development of organized crime in Chicago, the Levee, beginning with the original Custom House Levee and its eventual movement to the “New” Levee in the city's Near South Side. It also discusses the roles played by municipal aldermen John Coughlin and Michael Kenna as protectors of vice and crime in Chicago's First Ward. Finally, it analyzes the history of the public outcry against segregated vice and the eventual closure of the Levee vice district.
The Forty-Two Gang
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the history of the Forty-two Gang and its role in the continued development of organized crime in Chicago. The Forty-two Gang was a group of teenage boys and young men responsible for an endless series of crimes in Chicago's Near West Side between 1925 and 1934. Although they concentrated on auto theft, the group committed almost every other form of crime, from coin-box looting and smash-and-grab burglary to armed robbery and murder. During Prohibition the gang also furnished cars for their elders in the alcohol and bootleg rackets, and even robbed Mrs. William H. Thompson, the wife of the Chicago mayor. Some members of the Forty-two Gang went on to establish various adult gangs in Chicago, including Bugs Moran, Joseph “Red” Bolton, and Al Capone. The chapter examines how the Forty-two Gang contributed to the emergence of the Chicago Outfit as well as the social conditions that fostered the syndicate's recruitment of slum youth. Finally, it considers the factors that led to the end of the Forty-two Gang.
Street Crew Neighborhoods
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the organized crime neighborhoods of Chicago, with particular emphasis on five communities in the metropolitan area with a history of being associated with organized crime: Taylor Street, Grand Avenue, Twenty-sixth Street, the North Side, and the suburb of Chicago Heights. These communities are the locations of the five original “street crews,” or branches, of the Chicago Outfit. In addition to these areas, a number of other Chicago communities have a reputation of being associated with organized crime. These communities differ, however, in that they are all descendant from the five original street crew neighborhoods. The chapter reviews the history of organized crime in each of these street crew neighborhoods and offers a sociological explanation for their emergence in conformance with social organizational theories of crime. It argues that Mafia traditions had no bearing on the existence of racket subcultures in these neighborhoods; instead, organized crime was the direct result of machine politics and the differential organization of these communities.
Expansion
Authors: Mirchandani Sharon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Marga Richter's compositions during the 1980s. Hoping to build on her 1970s success, Richter wrote primarily symphonic and chamber music but also returned to writing vocal and choral music. In 1980 she completed her Spectral Chimes/Enshrouded Hills for three orchestral quintets and orchestra. The initial working title was “Music for Three Quintets and Orchestra,” but was expanded to Music for Three Orchestral Quintets and Orchestra. This chapter begins with a discussion of English and Irish influences on Richter's works before turning to some of her compositions of the period, including Exequy and Lament for Art O'Leary. It also examines Richter's Arizona-inspired pieces and her all-Richter concert in New York City; her visit to Germany and her works while in Düsselfdorf; her visit to China and Tibet that led her to write Qhanri (snow mountain): Tibetan Variations for cello and piano; and her 1985 piece Out of Shadows and Solitude for full orchestra. The chapter concludes with an overview of Richter's activities after the death of her husband Alan Skelly.
Renegade Union
Authors: Phillips Lisa
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the story of a group of people who kept a controversial labor union, while going through some of the more tumultuous events of the twentieth century. From the Great Depression through World War II, the beginnings of the Cold War, the civil rights era, the Vietnam War, and into the 1990s, the men and women of Local 65 focused on improving the lives of the largely “invisible” people who worked in small warehouses and wholesale shops. Throughout the union's history, its members sustained a critique of the ways in which the American dream consistently fell short. A great deal can be learned from Local 65's history as labor unions and worker centers continue to launch campaigns for better pay and working conditions for low-wage workers, migrant farm workers, office workers, and workers in other non-factory-based settings throughout the United States.
At the Wrong End of Time, 1976–95
Authors: Smith Jad
Published: May 2017

This chapter details events in the life of John Brunner from 1976 to 1995. At the height of his career, Brunner retreated from the science fiction (SF) world partly because of his health. Not long after finishing The Shockwave Rider, he began to have excruciating headaches due to acute hypertension. He started taking a drug known in the UK as Aldomet, from which he suffered serious side effects, including the loss of his creativity. Brunner also experienced a mid-career crisis. On the one hand, he felt ambivalent about the direction of the field, especially as the market swung back toward space opera, and Hollywood followed suit. On the other hand, with many of his original ambitions as a SF author now realized, he felt uncertain about his own goals. It was not until 1981 that Brunner began working on his next major SF project, The Crucible of Time (1983). On August 25, 1995, a month shy of his sixty-first birthday, Brunner died of a massive stroke at the Intersection WorldCon in Glasgow.
Interview with John Brunner
Authors: Smith Jad
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the transcript of an interview with John Brunner conducted by Steven L. Goldstein. The interview covered topics such as where Brunner gets his ideas; how he goes about putting his ideas on paper; whether he believes that the future will be as bleak as he made it appear in The Sheep Look Up; whether he follows a set, daily pattern in his work; if he knew that his experimental novels such as Stand on Zanzibar and The Jagged Orbit would turn out the way they did; advice that he can give to aspiring writers; his views on the influence of mainstream writers on science fiction; and how he felt when he won the Hugo Award for Stand on Zanzibar.
Postwar News
Authors: Wallace Aurora
Published: May 2017

This chapter chronicles the post-World War II conditions of newsmaking in New York once Midtown had been established as the new nexus of the media capital. The industry suffered from consolidation, labor strife, and competition from the emerging broadcast media, all of which sent the print media into architectural retreat. Following the war newer modes of communication and suburbanization made the site of news production less important in the minds of readers, and surviving businesses remained in older, ill-suited buildings, overlooked by the public as sites of news consumption except during the many printing and delivery strikes of the era.
The Courier League
Authors: Regalado Samuel O.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the proliferation of baseball in Seattle—another point of entry for the Japanese coming to the Americas in the late nineteenth century. The Seattle Japanese community was very active in its athletic endeavors and incorporated baseball as a means to display the virtues of the second generation to those in Japan. Thus, boxer-turned-journalist James Sakamoto sought to unify this community into an athletic union—the Courier Athletic League—which drew its membership from a variety of institutions; such as Buddhist and Christian churches, YMCAs, and Japanese-language schools. Following the lead of the ambitious and patriotic Sakamoto, the new league officials constructed athletics around the notion that Courier League sports would be those distinctively “American.”
War on Broad Street
Authors: Welsh Mary Sue
Published: May 2017

This chapter details events following Edna Phillips' marriage to Sam Rosenbaum, member of the orchestra board of directors, on May 17, 1933. Phillips was finding her marriage quite complicated. At times, she felt almost as challenged on the home front as she had been on the professional front when she first joined the orchestra. Once again, she was a novice expected to perform in an arena she wasn't prepared for. As disarmingly witty as Sam was, he was also a highly accomplished man with many responsibilities and aspirations. By the time he married Phillips, he was an active participant in the city's intellectual life, and he expected his new wife to step into that role with him, especially as hostess for the dinner parties he often gave in historic Roxboro House, his beautiful frame and clapboard home, for the accomplished and urbane people he knew. It took her some time to adapt to the role of stepmother to Rosenbaum's two daughters.
Afterword
Authors: Welsh Mary Sue
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the achievements of Edna Phillips and Sam Rosembaum after the war. Sam did indeed pick up the strands of his career after he returned from the war, and his achievements in later life were impressive. At the end of 1948, the U.S. Secretary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin named him to the position of independent trustee of the Music Performance Trust Funds for the Recording Industries. Edna Phillips never stepped out of the world of music despite leaving the orchestra. She continued to commission works for the harp and work with composers to polish them, an ongoing responsibility and commitment, and she performed the premieres of the compositions with orchestras and other ensembles. She was also devoted to two community projects involving children and music: Young Audiences and the Settlement Music School.
The Shot
Authors: Rondinone Troy
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on George Parnassus who, by the late 1950s, had become one of the most powerful figures in boxing. He came to be known as a specialist in developing Latino talent. In 1957 the Olympic Auditorium's matchmaker, Babe McCoy, lost his license (for fixing fights), and Parnassus, whose reputation by then had garnered him great local respect, was recruited as his replacement. Parnassus was looking for the next Latino sensation. He had managed Los Angeles native Art “The Golden Boy” Aragon in the 1950s, had set him up for a losing title fight against Carmen Basilio in 1958, and then watched him get handed down in the ranks. In Gaspar, Parnassus saw a big, popular score. He saw the first Mexican welterweight champion of the world. Working deals was Parnassus' forte, and he would need to work one with Kid Paret to make this happen.
Thought I Had Your Heart Forever
Authors: Comentale Edward P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how country music provided emotional bearing for an entire region gripped by processes of change. It presents country song as a dynamic phenomenon of space and time, one that provides an affective link between home and away as well as past and present. In the commercial ballads of the late 1920s and early 1930s, the chapter shows how the ground slips away and time moves forward, and the listener is propelled backward and forward on a current of uneasy but thrilling affect that comes to stand in for regional experience itself. The chapter develops this argument through four different moments in the early history of country music: the popularity of Fiddlin' John Carson; the underexplored influence of the Vagabonds and the Delmores; the Carter Family, the “First Family of Country Music;” and country radio.
Epilogue
Authors: Davé Shilpa S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This book presents how racial performance of and by South Asians in American television and film acts as both an expression of privilege and difference with regards to racial identity. The progression of Indian accents, such as brownface and brown-voice performance, is not linear but, in fact, teleological as seen by the reappearance of racial stereotypes and the repetition of Indian vocal accents in different manifestations in film and television. Contemporary stories have transformed former stereotypes of the native guide and the street-wise orphan into more-modern avatars, such as Apu, the wily immigrant, and Kumar, the patriotic model-minority stoner, who are well-known American cultural icons. In a post-9/11 world where South Asians and South Asian Americans are viewed as possible national security threats, these racial performances continue to ease American anxieties about difference and promote the American Dream as one of the most valued tenets of American culture.
Competition and Indecision
Authors: Doering James M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how Judson associated the Barbirolli years with a period of change in his managerial interests. Barbirolli remained at the Philharmonic until 1943, completing his two-year contract in 1942 as one of several guest conductors. For Barbirolli, the New York years represented an apprenticeship of sorts. The decision to hire Barbirolli came one year after Judson had resigned his management post in Philadelphia. He remained the most powerful manager in America, with connections on symphony boards across the country and a near monopoly on conductors. But his reactions to Barbirolli's programs in the summer of 1940 suggest that, possibly for the first time in his career, Judson faced a problem for which he had no solution. His letters to Zirato and Barbirolli in 1940 display a rarely documented moment of frustration.
Epilogue
Authors: Doering James M.
Published: May 2017

Judson’s power waned after his resignation from the New York Philharmonic, but he was not ready to retire in 1956. He continued to work in music management for another twelve years, postponing retirement until 1968, at age eighty-seven. Even then Judson had a hard time removing himself from the concert scene. Until his death in 1975, he maintained relationships with musicians, managers, and board members who were active in the field....
“Who Dares to Style This Female a Woman?”
Authors: McLure Helen
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the collective killing of women and children, demonstrating that the lynching of female and juvenile victims occurred more often than scholars have appreciated and that the practice reflected, in its own particular way, lynchers' elastic, masculinist ideology. The lynching of women has long been shrouded by a kind of historical amnesia. In part, this is due to the limited sources; many of the cases received only cursory newspaper coverage and very few generated court records. Modern scholarship has also relied heavily on the annual lists of lynchings published by the Chicago Tribune, the Tuskegee Institute, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). As historians have pointed out, the traditional periodization of modern lynching scholarship also excludes much of the long history of mob violence against people of Mexican origin or descent.
The Popular Sources of Political Authority in 1856 San Francisco
Authors: Waldrep Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the ideological formation surrounding a central moment in the history of American lynching, the San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856. The San Francisco vigilantes helped to craft highly influential arguments about the relationship between the people and the law that would be adopted by subsequent generations of lynchers in the West, Midwest, and South. The chapter follows the historical context in which the San Francisco vigilantes and their opponents articulated their respective understandings of constitutionalism. It argues that the numbers supporting the San Francisco vigilantes were a transient political majority, acting in defiance of constitutional principle, and thus it cannot be said that their lynchings were socially positive or antidemocratic.
Anti-Suffragists at the 1894 New York State Constitutional Convention
Authors: Goodier Susan
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the earliest attempts by conservative women to organize anti-suffrage activity. It was not until Susan B. Anthony and other suffragists conducted state tours in preparation for the New York State Constitutional Convention that anti-suffragists surprised suffragists by establishing temporary organizations to prevent the removal of the word “male” from the state constitution, and presented their views in opposition to enfranchisement and the protection of their existing rights. Their rhetoric developed out of the tradition of male anti-suffrage rhetoric, but the women articulated their own views of opposition to enfranchisement. Women who established these short-lived organizations laid the foundation for the women who established organizations in the next period of anti-suffrage.
All the World’s a Stage!
Authors: Holmes Sean P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the actors' strike of 1919. It explains how a group of workers who had affiliated with the American Federation of Labor only as a last resort, and who were not well versed in the tactics of militant trade unionism, were able to force their employers to bargain with them collectively. Pointing out that labor–management relations in the theater industry, as in many other service industries, were complicated by the proximity of the paying customer, it demonstrates that the strikers were able to use their commodity status to negate the power differential that underpinned their relationship with the managerial moguls. It describes how they took their struggle out onto the streets of New York City, reinventing it as an entertainment spectacle and using their skills as professional performers to highlight their grievances. By locating the strike in the sphere of consumption, the strikers attracted the favorable attention and material support of American theatergoers and denied the managers an audience for their reconstituted shows. Once they had obtained additional backing from their fellow trade unionists, their victory was assured.
Introduction
Authors: Paul David C.
Published: May 2017

This book explores the changing images of American composer and music icon Charles E. Ives across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, paying particular attention to issues of agency (how an idea transfers from one person to another) and constituency (the nature and size of the audience to which a person speaks). Ives has been, at various times, considered a hero, victim, villain—sometimes singly, sometimes simultaneously. He had been portrayed, for example, as a pioneer of American musical modernism and a symbol of American freedom, but at the same time the perpetrator of one of the greatest musical hoaxes of all times. This book examines the way Ives has been imagined by the critics, composers, performers, and scholars who have had the most impact in shaping the various conversations about him, from Leonard Bernstein and Henry Cowell to Aaron Copland and Elliott Carter. It argues that the history of Ives's reception is not only a series of portraits of an unusual composer, but also a series of mirrors that reflect the way Americans have viewed themselves.
Winning Hearts and Minds
Authors: Paul David C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Charles E. Ives emerged as a Cold War icon, and more specifically as a champion of the liberating powers of individualism, during the period 1947–1965. It begins with a discussion of Lou Harrison's role in pushing Ives from the modernist peripheries of the American musical world toward its center, and in helping the composer win the Pulitzer Prize in 1947. It then considers how Ives and his music were drawn into a discussion about the nature of freedom against the backdrop of the Cold War. In particular, it explores how Ives's music was programmed on concerts designed to promote the artistic products of “cultural freedom,” citing the presentation of his work at an arts festival in Paris that was held under the auspices of the Congress for Cultural Freedom. It also looks at Henry Cowell's book Charles Ives and His Music, written in collaboration with his wife Sidney, and concludes with an assessment of Ives's musical legacy as a function of his commitment to transcendentalism.
Style
Authors: Jockers Matthew L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how stylistic signals can be derived from high-frequency features and how the usage, or nonusage, of those features was susceptible to influences that are external to the so-called “authorial style,” external influences such as genre, time, and gender. These aspects of style were explored using a controlled corpus of 106 British novels where genre was a key point of analysis. The chapter first provides an overview of statistical or quantitative authorship attribution before discussing the author's project, in which he analyzed the degree to which novelistic genres express a distinguishable stylistic signal by focusing on the distribution of novels in a corpus based on their genres and decades of publication. Through a series of experiments, he demonstrates the use of the classification methodology as a way of measuring the extent to which factors beyond an individual author's personal style may play a role in determining the linguistic usage and style of the resulting text.
Iron and Light: The “Great Architectural Problem” and the Skeleton Frame, 1879–1892
Authors: Leslie Thomas
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes major structures built from 1879 to 1892, many of which used skeletal frames that offered greater plan efficiency and improved daylighting through narrower, iron-reinforced brick piers. The five-story building erected by William Le Baron Jenney for dry-goods merchant Levi Z. Leiter at Wells and Madison has traditionally been considered Chicago's earliest skeletal exterior, though it was only a tentative step. The building served as a shop and storehouse, and light was of paramount concern, especially given the shallow corner lot. Jenney worked to reduce the exterior of the building as much as possible by supplementing traditional brick piers with iron columns.
Palomino
Authors: Lorence James J. , Lorence Donna
Published: May 2017

This book presents the first comprehensive biography of progressive labor organizer, peace worker, and economist Clinton Jencks (1918–2005). A key figure in the radical International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (IUMMSW) Local 890 in Grant County, New Mexico, Jencks was involved in organizing not only the mine workers but also their wives in the 1951 strike against the Empire Zinc Company. He was active in the production of the 1954 landmark labor film dramatizing the Empire Zinc strike, Salt of the Earth, which was heavily suppressed during the McCarthy era and led to Jencks' persecution by the federal government. The book examines the interaction between Jencks' personal experience and the broader forces that marked the world and society in which he worked and lived. Following the work of Jencks and his equally progressive wife, Virginia Derr Jencks, the book illuminates the roots and character of Southwestern unionism, the role of radicalism in the Mexican American civil rights movement, the rise of working-class feminism within Local 890 and the Grant County Mexican American community, and the development of Mexican American identity in the Southwest. Chronicling Jencks' five-year-long legal battle against charges of perjury, this biography also illustrates how civil liberties and American labor were constrained by the specter of anticommunism during the Cold War. The book highlights Clinton Jencks' dramatic influence on the history of labor culture in the Southwest through a lifetime devoted to progress and change for the social good.
Elvira Arellano and the Struggles of Low-Wage Undocumented Latina Immigrant Women
Authors: Toro-Morn Maura
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the labor disruptions faced by low-wage undocumented Latina immigrant women under the current neoliberal regime by telling the story of Elvira Arellano, a Mexican immigrant who followed the migrant trail of low-wage work in the United States. On August 15, 2007, Arellano traveled to Los Angeles to attend an immigration rally; four days later, she was apprehended by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and deported to Tijuana, Mexico. Arellano's case highlights the criminalization of undocumented immigrants in the the aftermath of 9/11 that has led to a dramatic increase in the number of Latinos sentenced to prison terms in U.S. federal courts. This chapter explores how neoliberal globalization processes in both Mexico and the United States have shaped Arellano's life choices, her agency, and politicization as an undocumented immigrant woman.
Living the Third Shift
Authors: Estrada Emir , Hondagneu-Sotelo Pierrette
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines gendered expectations resulting not only from the intersecting relations of race and class but also from the age as well as the inequality of nations that gives rise to particular patterns of international labor migration. Drawing on nine months of ethnographic observations and twenty in-depth interviews with Latina/o adolescent street vendors (sixteen girls and four boys) in Los Angeles, the chapter investigates how Latina girls negotiate a triple shift: street vending, household work, and schoolwork. It also explores the continuities between gendered household divisions of labor and street vending, whether the girls see “third-shift” work obligations as a burden or as a source of empowerment, and how the work that girls do as street vendors both perpetuates and challenges gendered expectations.
Extending Kinship
Authors: de la Luz Ibarra María
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines private elder care in a broader context of constructed kinship relations by focusing on Mexicana elder care workers in Santa Barbara, California. More specifically, it considers the case study of Cecilia Ramos, a worker who forms part of a family care group and who literally and figuratively “extends” kinship to her ward. Before discussing Cecilia's case, the chapter provides an overview of the evolving range of elder care in Santa Barbara. It also reviews the literature on domestic work and the role that personalism continues to play within the occupation, especially as it pertains to workers' expressed desires for closer “family” relations with their employers. It concludes by showing that, in the case of Cecilia, “extending” kinship assumes two meanings. First, she literally extends her own close kin relations into the workplace and facilitates friendships among her biological female kin and her ward. Second, Cecilia commits herself and her family to provide care until her ward dies.
Afterword
Authors: Cordero-Guzmán Héctor R.
Published: May 2017

This afterword summarizes the issues addressed by the book regarding the current condition and position of immigrant women in the U.S. economy. It highlights several of the book's significant contributions that set it apart from other works in the fields of gender, migration, and low-wage work. Drawing on a number of case studies, the book has explored the lived experiences of low-wage immigrant women and the ways in which they have been impacted by neoliberal globalization, flexibilization, and informality. It has investigated the emerging sectors of the informal economy and their increasingly intricate connection to the formal economy and the personal services sector, as well as the changing nature, character, and role of evolving ethnic enclaves in both providing opportunities for low-wage women and allowing exploitation, marginalization, and abuse to become rampant and intolerable for the workers. This afterword discusses some concrete implications of the book's findings for research on and policies regarding low-wage women and work.
Rough Landings
Authors: Fuentecilla Jose V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the early years in exile of personalities who managed to escape the Philippines after the imposition of martial law. The anxious months spent hatching schemes to escape, compounded by the perils of the trip, were bad enough. Getting settled as an exile proved to be the real struggle. Raul Manglapus, like other prominent Marcos opponents, had a wide circle of friends who provided temporary support. But for those without such a safety net, economic survival was of paramount concern. For instance, Charito Planas, a lawyer and former candidate for mayor of Manila, was a well-connected leader of various civic organizations and political groups in the Philippines, living a comfortable cosmopolitan life. She arrived in Virginia on June 5, 1978. At one time, home was a basement furnished with wares salvaged from flea markets and the streets. Unable to obtain gainful employment, she worked as a telemarketer; ran a pizza parlor, and delivered parcels. Bonifacio Gillego, former deputy secretary-general of the Christian Social Movementand a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1971–72, worked as a security guard and as a hotel accountant in Washington, D.C.
Into the Land of the Fearful
Authors: Fuentecilla Jose V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the reactions of overseas Filipino communities to anti-martial law activists in exile. Much of the print coverage of the U.S.-based anti-Marcos groups tended to spotlight prominent exile figures. Having found the freedom to speak out, to write for publication, to demonstrate, to organize openly—activities that could get their colleagues back home in trouble with the authorities—they plunged into furious rounds of organizing the resident Filipino population. They had assumed that their compatriots in the United States would empathize with their experience and respond readily to appeals for money, membership, and participation. However, anti-martial law activists who reached out to Filipino communities were met with two reactions—apathy and fear. Apathy was most pronounced among the newer immigrants. They had come to the United States to improve their prospects for a livelihood they found unachievable back in the Philippines. The first order of business was to get settled—employment, housing, education for their children—all the basics of survival in their new home. There was no room to indulge in politics, local or Philippine. There was also the fear of getting involved. News of roundups, interrogations, and military detentions was constant. They would not want to jeopardize relatives back home once their U.S. activities were made known.
Early Organizing
Authors: Fuentecilla Jose V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the early organization efforts of political exiles. When the exiles first began to mount an opposition front, they had no idea that Marcos' staying power would test their endurance and commitment. Within a year after the September 1972 imposition of martial law, enough members and a core of leaders got together to formally create identifiable groups—the Movement for a Free Philippines (MFP) was established at a convention in Washington, D.C., on September 22, 1973, and the Friends of the Filipino People (FFP) on October 20, 1973, in Philadelphia. The Katipunan Ng Mga Demokratikong Pilipino (KDP; Union of Democratic Filipinos) is said to have had its beginnings in California in August 1973. In the following years, splits and mergers among and between these groups created a succession of other subgroups, all offshoots of these pioneers.
The War of Words
Authors: Fuentecilla Jose V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the continuous lobbying and organizing efforts of political exiles as well as their efforts to draw attention to their anti-Marcos and anti-martial law rhetoric. Reflecting their bias for a free press and scorn for the controlled press in the Philippines, the major U.S. media consistently gave the exiles favorable coverage. By and large, the exiles had won the media war in the United States against the regime. The generally critical attitude of the U.S. media acutely troubled Mrs. Marcos. She summoned the American ambassador, Michael Armacost, to express her husband's “anxieties about his upcoming [1982] visit to the USA.” The regime countered as best as it could. During the first year of martial law, it ran colorful multipage spreads in influential U.S. business magazines such as Fortune and Business Week. The message: there was a new, much better investment climate in the country, and it was a safe tourist destination.
Breakthroughs
Authors: Lambert Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Wilder's first professional successes in the 1930s and 1940s. Wilder's first big impact on the music of his time, a series of short pieces with unusual instrumentation that he wrote between 1938 and 1940, came about through the support and persistence of his Eastman friend Mitchell Miller—one of the premiere oboists in New York. Wilder and Miller eventually formed the Alec Wilder Octet, along with harpsichordist Yella Pessl and the CBS Orchestra, releasing records in 1939 and 1940 on Brunswick and Columbia. As the 1940s progressed, Wilder solidified his standing in popular music with new arranging projects and original songs. He then continued to explore stylistic boundaries in a new series of octet recordings and he revived his theatrical ambitions in scores for three musicals with new collaborators.
Girls’ Six-Player Basketball
Authors: Schultz Jaime , Lucas Shelley
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on a defunct version of high school girls' basketball known as “six-on-six” and how it expressed community identity in Iowa. Throughout the twentieth century, more than a million Iowa high school girls played the half-court, two-dribble version of basketball known as “six-on-six.” Originally conceived to accommodate girls and women's perceived physical limitations, six-on-six basketball often lent itself to fast-paced, high-scoring, crowd-rallying competitions. This chapter first provides a historical background on six-player basketball in Iowa before discussing how girls' six-on-six basketball has been relegated to the past, yet lives on in many places and memories, thanks in part to new technologies and understandings of community. It argues that the history of Iowa's six-player basketball is alive and thriving in alternative forms, citing the emergence of new, transitory communities to sustain its remembrance. The chapter considers two sites: a 2003 reunion game that gathered former players and supporters, and a Facebook page which fosters a virtual kinship of more than 7,000 members.