bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Unexpected Influence of Precursor Conversion Rate in the Synthesis of III–V Quantum Dots
Authors: Franke Daniel , Harris Daniel K. , Xie Lisi , Jensen Klavs F. , Bawendi Moungi G.
Published: October 2015

Control of quantum dot (QD) precursor chemistry has been expected to help improve the size control and uniformity of III–V QDs such as indium phosphide and indium arsenide. Indeed, experimental results for other QD systems are consistent with the theoretical prediction that the rate of precursor conversion is an important factor controlling QD size and size distribution. We synthesized and characterized the reactivity of a variety of group‐V precursors in order to determine if precursor chemistry could be used to improve the quality of III–V QDs. Despite slowing down precursor conversion rate by multiple orders of magnitude, the less reactive precursors do not yield the expected increase in size and improvement in size distribution. This result disproves the widely accepted explanation for the shortcoming of current III–V QD syntheses and points to the need for a new generalizable theoretical picture for the mechanism of QD formation and growth.
Remote histology learning from static versus dynamic microscopic images
Authors: Mione Sylvia , Valcke Martin , Cornelissen Maria
Published: October 2015

Histology is the study of microscopic structures in normal tissue sections. Curriculum redesign in medicine has led to a decrease in the use of optical microscopes during practical classes. Other imaging solutions have been implemented to facilitate remote learning. With advancements in imaging technologies, learning material can now be digitized. Digitized microscopy images can be presented in either a static or dynamic format. This study of remote histology education identifies whether dynamic pictures are superior to static images for the acquisition of histological knowledge. Test results of two cohorts of second‐year Bachelor in Medicine students at Ghent University were analyzed in two consecutive academic years: Cohort 1 (n = 190) and Cohort 2 (n = 174). Students in Cohort 1 worked with static images whereas students in Cohort 2 were presented with dynamic images. ANCOVA was applied to study differences in microscopy performance scores between the two cohorts, taking into account any possible initial differences in prior knowledge. The results show that practical histology scores are significantly higher with dynamic images as compared to static images (F (1,361) = 15.14, P < 0.01), regardless of student's gender and performance level. Several reasons for this finding can be explained in accordance with cognitivist learning theory. Since the findings suggest that knowledge construction with dynamic pictures is stronger as compared to static images, dynamic images should be introduced in a remote setting for microscopy education. Further implementation within a larger electronic learning management system needs to be explored in future research. Anat Sci Educ 9: 222–230. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Monitoring the use of anatomical teaching material using a low‐cost radio frequency identification system: A comprehensive assessment
Authors: Noël Geoffroy P.J.C. , Connolly Ciaran C.
Published: October 2015

The correct tracking and monitoring of anatomical specimens is not only imperative in any modern body donation programs but also in any universities for which teaching the next generation of health care professionals is the primary mission. This has long been an arduous process for anatomy institutions across the world, and the recent focus of new curricula on self‐directed learning adds new stress on specimens which are used by students. The radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been proposed as a very effective tracking system in healthcare considering that it enables automatic identification and data capture of multiple items at once. In this study, the feasibility of a low‐cost RFID inventory system is assessed, from its design to the performance of commercially available RFID tags in a gross anatomy laboratory. The results show that ultrahigh frequency‐based RFID tags successfully performed when attached to a collection of 112 plastinated and 280 wet dissected specimens. Comparison analysis of different tags reveals, however, that careful selection of RFID tags needs to be considered when wet specimens need to be tracked as preservation fluids can absorb radio waves energy. This study demonstrates that it is economically feasible to incorporate RFID technology to closely monitor the use of anatomical teaching specimens. The described RFID inventory system was not only able to preserve the integrity of the specimens being used by limiting handling and therefore human error but was also able to identify missing or misplaced specimens and to update their status. Anat Sci Educ 9: 197–202. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
ER contact sites direct late endosome transport
Authors: Wijdeven Ruud H. , Jongsma Marlieke L. M. , Neefjes Jacques , Berlin Ilana
Published: October 2015

Endosomes shuttle select cargoes between cellular compartments and, in doing so, maintain intracellular homeostasis and enable interactions with the extracellular space. Directionality of endosomal transport critically impinges on cargo fate, as retrograde (microtubule minus‐end directed) traffic delivers vesicle contents to the lysosome for proteolysis, while the opposing anterograde (plus‐end directed) movement promotes recycling and secretion. Intriguingly, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is emerging as a key player in spatiotemporal control of late endosome and lysosome transport, through the establishment of physical contacts with these organelles. Earlier studies have described how minus‐end‐directed motor proteins become discharged from vesicles engaged at such contact sites. Now, Raiborg et al. implicate ER‐mediated interactions, induced by protrudin, in loading plus‐end‐directed motor kinesin‐1 onto endosomes, thereby stimulating their transport toward the cell's periphery. In this review, we recast the prevailing concepts on bidirectional late endosome transport and discuss the emerging paradigm of inter‐compartmental regulation from the ER‐endosome interface viewpoint.
Streptocollin, a Type IV Lanthipeptide Produced by Streptomyces collinus Tü 365
Authors: Iftime Dumitrita , Jasyk Martin , Kulik Andreas , Imhoff Johannes F. , Stegmann Evi , Wohlleben Wolfgang , Süssmuth Roderich D. , Weber Tilmann
Published: October 2015

Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified microbial secondary metabolites. Here, we report the identification and isolation of streptocollin from Streptomyces collinus Tü 365, a new member of class IV lanthipeptides. Insertion of the constitutive ermE* promoter upstream of the lanthipeptide synthetase gene stcL resulted in peptide production. The streptocollin gene cluster was heterologously expressed in S. coelicolor M1146 and M1152 with 3.5‐ and 5.5‐fold increased yields, respectively. The structure and ring topology of streptocollin were determined by high resolution MS/MS analysis. Streptocollin contains four macrocyclic rings, with one lanthionine and three methyllanthionine residues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of a class IV lanthipeptide in preparative amounts, and on the successful heterologous expression of a class IV lanthipeptide gene cluster.
Regiocomplementary O‐Methylation of Catechols by Using Three‐Enzyme Cascades
Authors: Siegrist Jutta , Aschwanden Simon , Mordhorst Silja , Thöny‐Meyer Linda , Richter Michael , Andexer Jennifer N.
Published: October 2015

S‐Adenosylmethionine (SAM)‐dependent enzymes have great potential for selective alkylation processes. In this study we investigated the regiocomplementary O‐methylation of catechols. Enzymatic methylation is often hampered by the need for a stoichiometric supply of SAM and the inhibitory effect of the SAM‐derived byproduct on most methyltransferases. To counteract these issues we set up an enzyme cascade. Firstly, SAM was generated from l‐methionine and ATP by use of an archaeal methionine adenosyltransferase. Secondly, 4‐O‐methylation of the substrates dopamine and dihydrocaffeic acid was achieved by use of SafC from the saframycin biosynthesis pathway in 40–70 % yield and high selectivity. The regiocomplementary 3‐O‐methylation was catalysed by catechol O‐methyltransferase from rat. Thirdly, the beneficial influence of a nucleosidase on the overall conversion was demonstrated. The results of this study are important milestones on the pathway to catalytic SAM‐dependent alkylation processes.
Mathematical Modeling of Coke Formation and Deposition due to Thermal Cracking of Petroleum Fluids
Authors: Solaimany Nazar Ali R. , Banisharifdehkordi Farhad , Ahmadzadeh Sareh
Published: October 2015

A two‐dimensional mathematical dynamics model is presented to predict coke formation due to thermal cracking inside the tubes of fired heaters on two types of petroleum fluid. The laminar and turbulent flows are analyzed for both petroleum fluids. The second‐order k‐ϵ standard model is adopted to make this mathematical model more accurate than previous models of coke formation. The radial and axial variations for temperature, velocity, and concentration due to the high temperature gradients inside the tubes are considered in the model equations. The finite volume method is the numerical model used to discretize the conservation equations. The proposed model is suitable to predict coke formation inside heater tubes since it indicates operational conditions where coke formation is minimized.
Process Design in World 3.0 – Challenges and Strategies to Master the Raw Material Change
Authors: Burger Jakob , Ströfer Eckhard , Hasse Hans
Published: October 2015

The evolution of global energy supply chains leads to a raw material change in the chemical industry. Despite this change, the value‐added chains of the chemical industry have to keep up their output of diverse high‐quality products desired by the customers. C1 chemistry in combination with suitable conversion technologies yielding olefins and aromatics will play a key role in mastering this challenge. New chemical value‐added chains have to be developed and assessed, resulting in an increasing importance of conceptual process design. All this will take place in what Ghemawat has called the World 3.0, a globally linked but regionally diverse world. This diversity creates further challenges for process design in the chemical industries. A systematic concept to address these challenges is given here, including strategies for optimization and decision support.
Polyaniline‐Induced CH Arylation of Arenes with Arenediazonium Salts
Authors: Amaya Toru , Hata Dai , Moriuchi Toshiyuki , Hirao Toshikazu
Published: October 2015

A reduced form of polyaniline has been shown to induce direct arylation of an arenediazonium salt with an arene (Gomberg–Bachmann reaction) to give the cross‐coupling product in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. Various arenediazonium salts and arenes, including heteroarenes such as furans, thiophenes, and pyrroles, are employed for the reaction. The most favorable combination of substrates is an electron‐poor arenediazonium salt with an electron‐rich heteroarene. Investigation of the mechanism by reactions with radical scavengers and experiments on kinetic isotope effects indicated the occurrence of a radical chain reaction initiated by one‐electron reduction of an arenediazonium salt by the polyaniline. Only 1 mol % (based on aniline tetramer) of the polyaniline is required for the cross‐coupling reaction to occur. This reaction proceeds under metal‐free conditions and with no need for photonic activation.
Synthesis and Analysis of the Structure, Diffusion and Cytotoxicity of Heterocyclic Platinum(IV) Complexes
Authors: Macias Freddy J. , Deo Krishant M. , Pages Benjamin J. , Wormell Paul , Clegg Jack K. , Zhang Yingjie , Li Feng , Zheng Gang , Sakoff Jennette , Gilbert Jayne , Aldrich‐Wright Janice R.
Published: October 2015

We have developed six dihydroxidoplatinum(IV) compounds with cytotoxic potential. Each derived from active platinum(II) species, these complexes consist of a heterocyclic ligand (HL) and ancillary ligand (AL) in the form [Pt(HL)(AL)(OH)2]2+, where HL is a methyl‐functionalised variant of 1,10‐phenanthroline and AL is the S,S or R,R isomer of 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane. NMR characterisation and X‐ray diffraction studies clearly confirmed the coordination geometry of the octahedral platinum(IV) complexes. The self‐stacking of these complexes was determined using pulsed gradient stimulated echo nuclear magnetic resonance. The self‐association behaviour of square planar platinum(II) complexes is largely dependent on concentration, whereas platinum(IV) complexes do not aggregate under the same conditions, possibly due to the presence of axial ligands. The cytotoxicity of the most active complex, exhibited in several cell lines, has been retained in the platinum(IV) form.
Stereoselective [3+2] Carbocyclization of Indole‐Derived Imines and Electron‐Rich Alkenes: A Divergent Synthesis of Cyclopenta[b]indole or Tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Galván Alicia , Calleja Jonás , González‐Pérez Adán B. , Álvarez Rosana , de Lera Angel R. , Fañanás Francisco J. , Rodríguez Félix
Published: October 2015

An unprecedented stereoselective [3+2] carbocyclization reaction of indole‐2‐carboxaldehydes, anilines, and electron‐rich alkenes to obtain cyclopenta[b]indoles is disclosed. This pathway is different from the well‐established Povarov reaction: the formal [4+2] cycloaddition involving the same components, which affords tetrahydroquinolines. Moreover, by simply changing the Brønsted acid catalyst, this multicomponent coupling process could be divergently directed towards the conventional Povarov pathway to produce tetrahydroquinolines or to the new pathway (anti‐Povarov) to generate cyclopenta[b]indoles. Supported by computational studies, a stepwise Mannich/Friedel–Crafts cascade is proposed for the new anti‐Povarov reaction, whereas a concerted [4+2] cycloaddition mechanism is proposed for the Povarov reaction.
Synthesis of Well‐Defined Oligo(2,5‐dialkoxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene)s with Chiral End Groups: Unique Helical Aggregations Induced by the Chiral Chain Ends
Authors: Yorsaeng Sakkawet , Kato Yuka , Tsutsumi Ken , Inagaki Akiko , Kitiyanan Boonyarach , Fujiki Michiya , Nomura Kotohiro
Published: October 2015

Oligo(2,5‐dialkoxy‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene)s containing three different chiral alkoxy substituents on the phenyl end groups with structurally regular (all trans) controlled repeat units have been prepared; these compounds showed highly enhanced aggregation‐induced circular dichroism (AICD; formation of supramolecular polymers), and an inversion of the CD signal was observed even with the same end groups under certain conditions.
The Effect of Temperature on the Overpressure Distribution and Formation in the Central Paleo‐Uplift of the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Yi‐Feng LIU , Lun‐Ju ZHENG , Nan‐Sheng QIU , Jing‐Kun JIA , Qing CHANG
Published: October 2015

Temperature and pore pressure are two important physical fields in sedimentary basins. Temperature controls the distribution characteristics and formation of overpressures. Firstly, the relationship between the measured temperature and pore pressure was analyzed. Secondly, temperature‐pressure relationship for sealed formation water was modeled in laboratory. The maximum paleo‐temperatures for different regions in the Paleo‐Uplift were reconstructed by using vitrinite reflectance, and then the effect of temperature on the overpressure distribution characteristics was analyzed. Finally, the impacts of temperature on the overpressure generation through oil cracking and disequilibrium compaction were discussed. Based on the study results, a positive correlation between the temperature and pressure in the Central Paleo‐Uplift was discovered. When the pressure is greater than 15 MPa, it would change 1.076 MPa as temperature change 1 °C in an absolutely sealed condition. The difference in temperature reduction is the primary cause for various intensity of pressure within the Central Paleo‐Uplift. Besides that, lateral transfer and leakage of pressure must occur. Overpressure in the Lower Paleozoic, generated by oil cracking, formed during from 180 to 110 Ma and redistributed in 90 Ma. Temperature effect on disequilibrium compaction overpressure is negligible.
Differences of Structure in Mid‐Lower Crust between the Eastern and Western Blocks of the Sichuan basin
Authors: Xiao‐Song XIONG , Rui GAO , Ji‐Sheng ZHANG , Hai‐Yang WANG , Liang‐Hui GUO
Published: October 2015

The Sichuan basin is the main part of the Middle‐upper Yangtze craton, which has experienced a long tectonic evolution since Archean. It was regarded as a stable block until the collision with the Cathaysia block in late Neoproterozoic. As one of the largest and most complex Archean cratons in China, the Yangtze craton consists of Archean‐Paleoproterozoic crystalline basement (mostly covered) outcropped in the western and southwestern margins and the Three Gorge area surrounded by late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic fold belts, which are locally unconformably overlain by middle Neoproterozoic weakly metamorphosed strata and late Neoproterozoic unmetamorphosed Sinian and Phanerozoic cover. These strata limit the understanding of the nature and distribution characteristics of the middle‐lower crust beneath the sedimentary rocks. Gravity anomalies can reveal the overall regional structure. In this paper we obtain the middle‐lower crustal gravity anomalies by removing the gravity anomalies induced by the sedimentary rocks and the mantle beneath the Moho, which shows that the mid‐lower crustal structure of the Sichuan Basin can be divided into eastern and western parts. Combined with the deep seismic reflection data and other geochemical and geophysical data, we propose that the boundary of mid‐lower crust between the eastern and western parts is along the Chongqing‐Huaying line, which may indicate that there are two continental nucleuses beneath the Yangtze block.
The joy of proofs in statistical research
Authors: Chen Jiahua
Published: October 2015

Without exception, great statisticians have penetrating statistical insight. Technical strength is likely secondary in their research, although it never hurts. In contrast, mathematical skill has been pivotal in my work, particularly in combination with my proximity to many great statistical minds. In the occasion of receiving the Gold Medal of the Statistical Society of Canada, I wish to attribute part of my success to the joy of proofs. Proofs are an indispensable ingredient in my research achievements. I hasten to add that proofs are delightful only if they help to develop innovative statistical methods: proving theorems solely for the sake of publication can be boring and a waste of time. With this preamble, I selectively present some research achievements and encourage other researchers to proudly maximize the benefits of their technical strength. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 43: 481–497; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
Trends, predictors, and impact of systemic chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer patients between 1985 and 2005
Authors: Behera Madhusmita , Ragin Camille , Kim Sungjin , Pillai Rathi N. , Chen Zhengjia , Steuer Conor E. , Saba Nabil F. , Belani Chandra P. , Khuri Fadlo R. , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Owonikoko Taofeek K.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

The last 3 decades have witnessed limited therapeutic advances in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) management. This study evaluated real‐world trends in the use of systemic therapies and the impact on patient outcomes in the United States.

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database was used to find patients diagnosed with SCLC between 1985 and 2005. The 1985‐1990 period served as the baseline for a temporal analysis conducted at 5‐year intervals (1985‐1990, 1991‐1995, 1996‐2000, and 2001‐2005). Cox proportional models were used to estimate the effect of chemotherapy on survival. Results were validated with a propensity‐matched analysis.

RESULTS

There were 47,351 eligible patients: 52% were male; the median age was 71 years; and 87% were white, 7% were black, and 1.4% were Asian. The proportion of patients treated with chemotherapy was low but increased over time (38%, 55%, 50%, and 53%;P< .001). Race, diagnosis period, age, stage, and location of residence significantly predicted chemotherapy use. Females (51%), Asians (53%), and rural residents (60%) were more likely to receive chemotherapy. The median overall survival with and without chemotherapy was 9.6 and 3.6 months, respectively. Linear trend analyses showed a modest reduction in the impact of chemotherapy on survival for patients treated with chemotherapy versus untreated patients (hazard ratios [HRs], 0.59, 0.61, 0.64, and 0.62;P< .001) but an overall trend of improved survival for treated (HRs, 1.0, 1.03, 1.00, and 0.96;P= .005) and untreated patients (HRs, 1.0, 0.99, 0.94, and 0.92;P< .001). There was no survival difference between patients treated with carboplatin and patients treated with cisplatin (HR, 0.99; confidence interval [CI], 0.81‐1.19;P= .875). Additional therapy beyond platinum‐based chemotherapy was associated with a survival benefit (HR, 0.78; CI, 0.75‐0.81;P< .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Chemotherapy use was associated with a survival benefit in Medicare patients with SCLC treated in a real‐world setting.Cancer2016;122:50–60.©2015 American Cancer Society.
Advancing Pharmacogenomics as a Component of Precision Medicine: How, Where, and Who?
Authors: Johnson JA , Weitzel KW
Published: October 2015

Pharmacogenomics is an important element of precision medicine. Advances in pharmacogenomics implementation have been made but significant barriers remain, including evidence, reimbursement, and clinician knowledge, among others. Widespread adoption of pharmacogenomics requires overcoming these barriers, a clinician champion group, which we propose will be pharmacists, and an easily accessible setting, which may be the community pharmacy. Whatever the path, it must be evidence‐driven and pharmacogenomics must improve drug‐related outcomes to become a standard of care.
Drug‐Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence for Statins and Other Drugs Affecting Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Anyanwagu U , Idris I , Donnelly R
Published: October 2015

Abnormalities of glucose metabolism and glucose tolerance, either because of a reduction in tissue sensitivity to insulin (e.g., in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues) and/or a reduction in pancreatic insulin secretion, are associated with a number of unwanted health outcomes. Even small increases in circulating glucose levels (often described as dysglycemia or prediabetes) may confer an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and progression to overt type 2 diabetes. A number of drug therapies, many of them used long term in chronic disease management, have adverse effects on glucose metabolism, diabetes risk, and glycemic control among patients with preexisting diabetes. In this study, we review the evidence, underlying mechanisms, and the clinical significance of drug‐related adverse effects on glucose metabolism.
Photopolymer Electrolytes for Sustainable, Upscalable, Safe, and Ambient‐Temperature Sodium‐Ion Secondary Batteries
Authors: Bella Federico , Colò Francesca , Nair Jijeesh R. , Gerbaldi Claudio
Published: October 2015

The first example of a photopolymerized electrolyte for a sodium‐ion battery is proposed herein. By means of a preparation process free of solvents, catalysts, purification steps, and separation steps, it is possible to obtain a three‐dimensional polymeric network capable of efficient sodium‐ion transport. The thermal properties of the resulting solid electrolyte separator, characterized by means of thermogravimetric and calorimetric techniques, are excellent for use in sustainable energy systems conceived for safe large‐scale grid storage. The photopolymerized electrolyte shows a wide electrochemical stability window up to 4.8 V versus Na/Na+ along with the highest ionic conductivity (5.1 mS cm−1 at 20 °C) obtained in the field of Na‐ion polymer batteries so far and stable long‐term constant‐current charge/discharge cycling. Moreover, the polymeric networks are also demonstrated for the in situ fabrication of electrode/electrolyte composites with excellent interfacial properties, which are ideal for all‐solid‐state, safe, and easily upscalable device assembly.
Mechanistic Insight into a Sugar‐Accelerated Tin‐Catalyzed Cascade Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy‐γ‐butyrolactone from Formaldehyde
Authors: Yamaguchi Sho , Matsuo Takeaki , Motokura Ken , Sakamoto Yasuharu , Miyaji Akimitsu , Baba Toshihide
Published: October 2015

Applications of the formose reaction, which involves the formation of sugars from formaldehyde, have previously been confined to the selective synthesis of unprotected sugars. Herein, it is demonstrated that α‐hydroxy‐γ‐butyrolactone (HBL), which is one of the most important intermediates in pharmaceutical syntheses, can be produced from paraformaldehyde. In the developed reaction system, homogeneous tin chloride exhibits high catalytic activity and the addition of mono‐ and disaccharides accelerates the formation of HBL. These observations suggest that the formose reaction may serve as a feasible pathway for the synthesis of important chemicals.
Computational Investigation of the 1,4‐Rh Shift in the [(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)Rh]‐Catalyzed Alkyne Arylation Reaction
Authors: Kantchev Eric Assen B. , Zhou Feng , Pangestu Surya R. , Sullivan Michael B. , Su Haibin
Published: October 2015

Computations (density functional theory) of the post‐transmetallation stages (carborhodation, 1,4‐shift consisting of C–H oxidative addition/C–H reductive elimination, and hydrolysis) in the catalytic cycle for the arylation of 2‐butyne with phenylboronic acid mediated by [(dppe)RhI] catalyst [dppe = 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane] shows that (1) carborhodation is facile (ΔG‡ ≈ 10 kcal mol–1); (2) the barriers of the 1,4‐shift and hydrolysis are approximately equal (ΔG‡ ≈ 19–24 kcal mol–1); (3) the 1,4‐Rh shift product is ca. 5 kcal mol–1 more stable than the non‐rearranged product, in good agreement with the experimental results. Analogous computations for (Z)‐2‐butene as a model substrate show that (1) carborhodation is much slower (ΔG‡ ≈ 19 kcal mol–1); (2) the sp3 → sp2 1,4‐shift is faster than the sp2 → sp2 1,4‐shift; (3) the hydrolysis of Rh–C σ bonds depends more on the steric environment than the hybridization of the C atom; and (4) β‐hydride elimination is the most likely reaction after carborhodation.
Highly Ordered Mesoporous Fe3O4@Carbon Embedded Composite: High Catalytic Activity, Wide pH Range and Stability for Heterogeneous Electro‐Fenton
Authors: Wang Yanbin , Zhao Hongying , Zhao Guohua
Published: October 2015

Highly ordered mesoporous Fe3O4@carbon embedded composite was prepared and grafted onto monolithic carbon aerogel to form a composite cathode (Fe3O4@OMC/CA). The Fe3O4@OMC/CA was used as heterogeneous electro‐Fenton cathode for the degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP). 95 % removal and 65 % mineralization of DMP was achieved within 120 min. Highly dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles increased the number of catalytic active sites, and the OMC layer provided accessible pathway to the catalytic active sites and reduced the resistance of mass transport. The main oxidants were ⋅OH and the surface‐controlled heterogeneous catalysis was the critical step. The composite cathode remained electrocatalytic activity after five consecutive runs.
Drug‐induced liver injury associated with stevens‐Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: Patient characteristics, causes, and outcome in 36 cases
Authors: Devarbhavi Harshad , Raj Sujata , Aradya Venu H. , Rangegowda Vijaykumar T. , Veeranna Girish P. , Singh Rajvir , Reddy Vishnuvardan , Patil Mallikarjun
Published: October 2015

The liver and skin are the organs most commonly involved in serious adverse drug reactions. Rarely a drug reaction can affect both organs concurrently. The association of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) and Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN) is even rarer and not well studied. We describe our experience of DILI occurring in association with SJS/TEN including the etiologic agents, clinical and biochemical characteristics, and outcome. We identified patients who developed DILI in association with SJS/TEN from a registry of DILI patients from a single center. Causality assessment for DILI and SJS/TEN was carried out with the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method and the Algorithm for Drug Causality for Epidermal Necrolysis, respectively. Among 748 consecutive patients with DILI from 1997 to March 2015, 36 (4.8%) had associated features of SJS/TEN. The mean age was 32 years (females 19). Children and patients with human immunodeficiency virus constituted 25% (n = 9) and 22% (n = 8), respectively. Only a small number of “high‐risk” drugs such as antiepileptic agents, sulfonamides, and antiretroviral drugs accounted for the majority of cases. Overall mortality was 36% (n = 13), which rose to 45.5% in the presence of jaundice. Mortality was less in children 11% (n = 1) and human immunodeficiency virus patients 12.5% (n = 1). Conclusions: DILI associated with SJS/TEN is rare and associated with a high death rate, particularly in those with jaundice; however, children and human immunodeficiency virus–infected individuals have a favorable outcome; a small group of drugs contributed to a disproportionate number of cases, and causality with Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method and the Algorithm for Drug Causality for Epidermal Necrolysis was highly probable or probable in all cases. (Hepatology 2016;63:993–999)
Developing hospital accreditation standards in Uganda
Authors: Galukande Moses , Katamba Achilles , Nakasujja Noeline , Baingana Rhona , Bateganya Moses , Hagopian Amy , Tavrow Paula , Barnhart Scott , Luboga Sam
Published: October 2015

Background

Whereas accreditation is widely used as a tool to improve quality of healthcare in the developed world, it is a concept not well adapted in most developing countries for a host of reasons, including insufficient incentives, insufficient training and a shortage of human and material resources. The purpose of this paper is to describe refining use and outcomes of a self‐assessment hospital accreditation tool developed for a resource‐limited context.

Methods

We invited 60 stakeholders to review a set of standards (from which a self‐assessment tool was developed), and subsequently refined them to include 485 standards in 7 domains. We then invited 60 hospitals to test them. A study team traveled to each of the 40 hospitals that agreed to participate providing training and debrief the self‐assessment. The study was completed in 8 weeks.

Results

Hospital self‐assessments revealed hospitals were remarkably open to frank rating of their performance and willing to rank all 485 measures. Good performance was measured in outreach programs, availability of some types of equipment and running water, 24‐h staff calls systems, clinical guidelines and waste segregation. Poor performance was measured in care for the vulnerable, staff living quarters, physician performance reviews, patient satisfaction surveys and sterilizing equipment.

Conclusion

We have demonstrated the feasibility of a self‐assessment approach to hospital standards in low‐income country setting. This low‐cost approach may be used as a good precursor to establishing a national accreditation body, as indicated by the Ministry's efforts to take the next steps. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of groundwater–lake interaction by distributed temperature sensing in Badain Jaran Desert, Northwest China
Authors: Liu Chuankun , Liu Jie , Wang Xu‐Sheng , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: October 2015

The Badain Jaran Desert is the second largest desert of China with a total area of 49 200 km2. At least 72 perennial lakes are scattered throughout the desert, sustaining a unique desert–lake ecosystem. Groundwater of various origins was believed to play an essential role in maintaining those desert lakes, but hydrological measurements are lacking due to difficult field conditions. This study applied the distributed temperature sensing technique to continuously measure temperature variations in one of the desert lakes – the Badain Lake – to identify groundwater discharge to the lake based on the temperature differences between groundwater and lake water. Because temperature may be influenced by various unforeseen and temporary factors, it is critical to discern those factors that may affect the temperature such as solar radiation and vertical temperature stratification and to ensure that the temperature variations of the lake water as detected by the distributed temperature sensing are mainly caused by groundwater discharge. A time window was identified during which the groundwater discharge is the dominant factor that determines the temperature pattern of the lake water. The results show that the temperature near the eastern and southeastern lakeshore of the eastern Badain Lake is colder than the average, indicating that this area is the main groundwater discharge zone. Near the northwestern lakeshore adjacent to a sand dune, a weak cold abnormal area was identified, indicating that the sand dune is another recharge source to the lake through channelling the local precipitation toward the lake. The contribution from the sand dune, however, appeared to be less than that from the regional groundwater flow. This study provides the first identification of the temperature abnormal areas, which imply groundwater discharges into desert lakes and contributes to a better understanding of the unique desert–lake ecosystem. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing ecological scenarios for the prospective aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
Authors: Rico Andreu , Van den Brink Paul J , Gylstra Ronald , Focks Andreas , Brock Theo CM
Published: October 2015

The prospective aquatic environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pesticides is generally based on the comparison of predicted environmental concentrations in edge-of-field surface waters with regulatory acceptable concentrations derived from laboratory and/or model ecosystem experiments with aquatic organisms. New improvements in mechanistic effect modeling have allowed a better characterization of the ecological risks of pesticides through the incorporation of biological trait information and landscape parameters to assess individual, population and/or community-level effects and recovery. Similarly to exposure models, ecological models require scenarios that describe the environmental context in which they are applied. In this article, we propose a conceptual framework for the development of ecological scenarios that, when merged with exposure scenarios, will constitute environmental scenarios for prospective aquatic ERA. These “unified” environmental scenarios are defined as the combination of the biotic and abiotic parameters that are required to characterize exposure, (direct and indirect) effects, and recovery of aquatic nontarget species under realistic worst-case conditions. Ideally, environmental scenarios aim to avoid a potential mismatch between the parameter values and the spatial–temporal scales currently used in aquatic exposure and effect modeling. This requires a deeper understanding of the ecological entities we intend to protect, which can be preliminarily addressed by the formulation of ecological scenarios. In this article we present a methodological approach for the development of ecological scenarios and illustrate this approach by a case-study for Dutch agricultural ditches and the example focal species Sialis lutaria. Finally, we discuss the applicability of ecological scenarios in ERA and propose research needs and recommendations for their development and integration with exposure scenarios. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:510–521. © 2015 SETAC

Key Points

A conceptual framework for the development of ecological scenarios is proposed. Their implementation in ERA may require up-scaling exposure assessments. Ecological scenarios need to be merged with exposure scenarios to constitute environmental scenarios. Methods to select focal taxa and focal landscape characteristics will be demanded.
A biomechanical evaluation of CNT‐grown bone
Authors: PourAkbar Saffar Kaveh , Sudak Leszek J. , Federico Salvatore
Published: October 2015

Beside their biochemical properties, the exceptional mechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) suggested growing a reinforced composite material very similar to natural bone in structure and chemical composition, but significantly stronger and stiffer. This is where biomechanical considerations portray themselves to justify the need for further investigations, in order to verify the applicability of CNTs as scaffolds that may ease bone regeneration and simultaneously raise its mechanical strength and durability. This research, using several modeling approaches, attempts to look at some of the mechanical changes likely to take place in the promised artificial tissue, while considering the relationships between mechanical and living functions of bone, particularly the remodeling process. Results suggest that notwithstanding the significant improvements induced to the mechanical behavior of the artificial tissue, applications of such stiff inclusions as CNTs in reinforcing the material of bone may detrimentally change the thresholds of mechanical stimuli that are essential for the initiation and resumption of the bone remodeling process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 465–475, 2016.
Clinical relevance of corrosion patterns attributed to inflammatory cell‐induced corrosion: A retrieval study
Authors: Di Laura Anna , Hothi Harry S. , Meswania Jay M. , Whittaker Robert K. , de Villiers Danielle , Zustin Jozef , Blunn Gordon W. , Skinner John A. , Hart Alister J.
Published: October 2015

In vitro studies have shown that human osteoclasts can corrode stainless steel and titanium leading to the production of metal ions responsible for inflammatory reactions. Moreover, traces of cellular activities on metal orthopaedic explants have recently been reported as inflammatory cell‐induced (ICI) corrosion being the result of the cells sealing on the metal surfaces and releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Fenton‐like reactions. The extent and clinical relevance of this phenomenon has yet to be understood. We analysed a cohort of 100 CoCr alloy hips collected at our retrieval centre; we performed macroscopic and microscopic screening and used statistical analysis to correlate our findings with implant and clinical variables. We found that 59% of our implants had evidence of surface damage consistent with what has previously been described as cell‐induced corrosion. There was a significant association between the patterns and aseptic loosening for the ASR modular (r = −0.488,p = 0.016) and the Durom modular (r = 0.454,p = 0.026). This is the largest implant retrieval study to examine the phenomena of so‐called ICI corrosion and is the first to investigate its clinical relevance. We recommend further work to determine the role of cells in the damage patterns observed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 155–164, 2017.
Microscopic identification of novel cell types in the integument of larval lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens
Authors: Shute Lauren , Huebner Erwin , Anderson W. Gary
Published: October 2015

Osmoregulation, respiration, nutrient/mineral transport, and defense mechanisms are all evident in the integument of fish. The role of the integument in these physiological processes is particularly important during early life history in larval fishes, as functional systems such as the gills and gastrointestinal tract are not fully developed. Using a variety of microscopy techniques, we describe the morphology of keratinocytes, mitochondria rich cells, ciliated cells and mucous cells of the skin, yolk sac, and gills. The cytology we observed was similar to previous studies describing the integument of larval fish, however, we have also identified two novel cell types on the integument of larval Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, between 9 and 34 days post fertilization. Our detailed analysis included a multifaceted microscopy approach using scanning electron, transmission electron, and light microscopy to elucidate the histology of the tissue and cellular morphology in addition to quantification and distribution of these novel cell types. The first cell type had a characteristic ampullary shape with a central cavity and a pore opening at the surface. The second, located on the free surface of the epidermis, had an uneven plasma membrane surface. Based on the abundance of secretory vesicles, organelles necessary for protein synthesis, and the lack of neural connection in both cell types, we propose these cells to be involved in the release of semiochemicals that may act as a pheromone, alarm substance, or chemical defense mechanism. J. Morphol. 277:86–95, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Full dynamics and control of a quadrotor using quantitative feedback theory
Authors: Gharib Mohammad Reza , Moavenian Majid
Published: October 2015

Mathematical modeling and simulation of unmanned aerial vehicles, especially, quadrotor modeling are not a simple work because of their complex structure, nonlinear dynamics and under‐actuated features. This paper presents the development of a general parametric model of a quadrotor with complete dynamic. First, a new robust PID control strategy based on QFT as a robust controller design method is introduced and designed for a multivariable nonlinear quadrotor. Then, the robustness of the control strategy is verified by simulations of the linear and nonlinear cases in the presence of uncertainties. The results demonstrate that the proposed PID robust controller can guarantee system stabilization, as well as roll, pitch and yaw tracking, while the disturbance rejection of quadrotor is achieved properly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new brushless synchro with look‐up table error compensation
Authors: Ghafarzadeh Mahdi , Kamali E. Ali , Aliabad Aliakbar Damaki , Abedini Rezvan , Tajeddini Mohammad Amin
Published: October 2015

In synchros and resolvers, brushes, and slip‐rings produce a lot of noise in the output signal. Compared to encoders, the application of such position sensors in precision control systems is restricted because of their low accuracy. In this paper, a novel scheme of a brushless synchro is introduced. In this scheme, the primary and secondary windings are mounted on the stator, and the stator magnetic flux passes a certain path in the rotor with inducing voltage in the secondary winding. In this paper, a software method based on simple look‐up table is used to enhance accuracy and reliability of the output signal of the proposed synchro. The operation principle of the brushless synchro is clearly described in the paper using a finite element method (FEM). The number of turns for the stator coils is calculated by a method based on desired harmonic elimination to have a sinusoidal magneto motive force. Some prototypes have been fabricated, and two experiments have been implemented in order to verify the theoretical concepts and to evaluate the accuracy of the fabricated synchros. Results show the proposed brushless synchro has high accuracy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive factors for perioperative blood transfusions in partial nephrectomy for renal masses
Authors: Abu‐Ghanem Yasmin , Dotan Zohar , Kaver Issac , Ramon Jacob
Published: October 2015

Background

Allogeneic perioperative blood transfusions (PBT) have been associated with higher rates of postoperative complications and tumour recurrence in a number of malignancies. This study evaluates the risk factors for PBT in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN), in order to identify patients who could benefit from alternatives to allogenic blood.

Methods

Data on 822 patients who underwent elective PN between 1988 and 2013 were analysed. Patient demographics and clinicopathologic variables were collected retrospectively. PBT was defined as transfusion of allogeneic red blood cells during PN (in the operating‐room) or postoperative hospitalization.

Results

Of the 822 patients, 122 (14.8%) received PBT. Of these, 45.9% were transfused intraoperatively and 47.5% in the postoperative period. Only 14.3% of the patients who were transfused intraoperatively required additional postoperative transfusions. On multivariable analysis, age ≥65 (P < 0.01), lower preoperative haemoglobin levels (P < 0.001), larger renal masses (P < 0.001), central lesions (P < 0.01) and cumulative surgical experience (P < 0.001) were found to be associated with higher rate of PBT.

Conclusions

Age, low preoperative haemoglobin level, lesion size, surgeons’ experience and central renal lesions are independent pre‐operative risk factors for PBT in patients undergoing PN. Evaluation of these risk factors prior to surgery may be helpful in constituting guidelines for a more responsible use of allogeneic blood and its alternatives. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:496–502. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
360° versus localized demarcation laser photocoagulation for macular‐sparing retinal detachment in silicone oil‐filled eyes with undetected breaks: A retrospective, comparative, interventional study
Authors: Zhou Chuandi , Qiu Qinghua
Published: October 2015

Background and Objective

Recurrent retinal detachment (RD) in silicone oil‐filled eyes is a serious condition. At the initial stage, it usually spares the macular and is localized in the inferior retina. The inability to locate the retinal breaks has been reported to be associated with a poor prognosis and has limited the use of conventional vitreoretinal surgeries. Demarcation laser photocoagulation (DLP) is widely accepted for treating macular‐sparing RDs. For laser treatments to be effective, an adequate extent and the correct placement of the laser is of great importance. The purpose of this research was to compare the efficacy of 360° and localized DLP in the management of macular‐sparing RD in silicone oil‐filled eyes with no detected retinal breaks.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective, comparative, interventional study. The medical records of 48 consecutive eyes with macular‐sparing RD in silicone oil‐filled eyes with no detected retinal breaks were reviewed. Twenty‐six patients (group I) received 360° DLP, and the remaining 22 patients (group II) underwent localized DLP. The anatomical and visual outcomes of the two groups were compared.

Results

The mean follow‐up period was 12.54 ± 1.17 months. No significant difference was identified in the baseline characteristics. The single‐operation success rate of 92.31% was achieved in group I, which was significantly higher than that of group II (59.09%, P = 0.01), and this trend was not weakened after adjusting for confounding factors (odds ratio: 0.002, P = 0.02). After salvage management of vitreoretinal surgeries, both groups had equivalent visual outcomes with silicone oil removal. Multivariate logistic regression also indicated that the radial extent of RD (odds ratio: 11.10, P = 0.04) was an independent predictor for laser treatment failure. Significant complications sufficient to require further operations included proliferative vitreoretinopathy in two (4.17%) eyes and epiretinal membrane in four (8.33%) eyes.

Conclusions

The 360° DLP achieved a better primary success rate and equivalent visual outcomes with localized DLP for macular‐sparing RD in silicone oil‐filled eyes with no detected retinal breaks. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:792–797, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.