bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Fables and Jewish Literature
Authors: Schrijver Emile
Published: May 2024

This chapter looks at early definitions of fable derived from Greek literature, which points to the important role fables have played in the thinking and teaching of the ancient Greeks. Theon of Alexandria, a scholar of the 1st or 2nd century CE, calls a fable a fictitious story picturing a truth. The chapter also discusses the issue of fables in the Hebrew Bible, citing the Pentateuch wherein a problematic story appears that has been identified as a fable. The chapter analyzes the fable in folk literature that takes place in the world of animals, plants, or inanimate objects and told in the past tense but applied to the present by virtue of the epimythium. During the Middle Ages, both the moral aspect and the literary potential of fables were vital to the development of the genre under the influence of the surrounding cultures.
Comparison of various approaches to tagging for the inflectional Slovak language
Authors: Benko Lubomír , Munkova Dasa , Pappová Mária , Munk Michal
Published: May 2024

Morphological tagging provides essential insights into grammar, structure, and the mutual relationships of words within the sentence. Tagging text in a highly inflectional language presents a challenging task due to word ambiguity. This research aims to compare six different automatic taggers for the inflectional Slovak language, seeking for the most accurate tagger for literary and non-literary texts. Our results indicate that it is useful to differentiate texts into literary and non-literary and subsequently, based on the text style to deploy a tagger. For literary texts, UDPipe2 outperformed others in seven out of nine examined tagset positions. Conversely, for non-literary texts, the RNNTagger exhibited the highest performance in eight out of nine examined tagset positions. The RNNTagger is recommended for both types of the text, the best captures the inflection of the Slovak language, but UDPipe2 demonstrates a higher accuracy for literary texts. Despite dataset size limitations, this study emphasizes the suitability of various taggers for the inflectional languages like Slovak.
Assessment of medical information on irritable bowel syndrome information in Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia: comparative study
Authors: Li Xi , Chen Kexin , Jia Yongbin , Yin Fang , Wen Xi , Wang Chunhui , Li Zhipeng , Zhang Hu
Published: May 2024

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) with heterogeneous clinical presentations. There are no clear testing parameters for its diagnosis, and the complex pathophysiology of IBS and the limited time that doctors have to spend with patients makes it difficult to adequately educate patients in the outpatient setting. An increased awareness of IBS means that patients are more likely to self-diagnose and self-manage IBS based on their own symptoms. These factors may make patients more likely to turn to Internet resources. Wikipedia is the most popular online encyclopedia among English-speaking users, with numerous validations. However, in Mandarin-speaking regions, the Baidu Encyclopedia is most commonly used. There have been no studies on the reliability, readability, and objectivity of IBS information on the two sites. This is an urgent issue as these platforms are accessed by approximately 1.45 billion people.

Objective

We compared the IBS content on Wikipedia (in English) and Baidu Baike (in Chinese), two online encyclopedias, in terms of reliability, readability, and objectivity.

Methods

The Baidu Encyclopedia (in Chinese) and Wikipedia (in English) were evaluated based on the Rome IV IBS definitions and diagnoses. All possible synonyms and derivatives for IBS and IBS-related FGIDs were screened and identified. Two gastroenterology experts evaluated the scores of articles for both sites using the DISCERN instrument, the Journal of the American Medical Association scoring system (JAMA), and the Global Quality Score (GQS).

Results

Wikipedia scored higher overall with DISCERN (p < .0001), JAMA (p < .0001) and GQS (p < .05) than the Baidu Encyclopedia. Specifically, Wikipedia scored higher in DISCERN Section 1 (p < .0001), DISCERN Section 2 (p < .01), DISCERN Section 3 (p < .001), and the General DISCERN score (p < .0001) than the Baidu Encyclopedia. Both sites had low DISCERN Section 2 scores (p = .18). Wikipedia also had a larger percentage of high quality scores in total DISCERN, DISCERN Section 1, and DISCERN Section 3 (p < .0001, P < .0001, P < .0004, respectively, based on the above 3 (60%) rule).

Conclusions

Wikipedia provides more reliable, higher quality, and more objective IBS-related health information than the Baidu Encyclopedia. However, there should be improvements in the information quality for both sites. Medical professionals and institutions should collaborate with these online platforms to offer better health information for IBS.
Review of Pet Food Packaging in the US Market: Future Direction Towards Innovation and Sustainability
Authors: Kumar Rishav , Sharma Ankit
Published: May 2024

The pet food packaging industry is experiencing robust growth driven by increased pet ownership and consumer demand for premium products. This surge presents opportunities and challenges, particularly concerning sustainability and environmental stewardship. This paper reviews recent innovations, challenges, and future trajectories in pet food packaging within the US market, emphasizing sustainable practices aligned with the UN's 2030 Agenda. Key findings highlight the critical role of packaging in preserving product quality, ensuring consumer appeal, and meeting regulatory standards. Furthermore, the study explores emerging trends such as eco-friendly materials, recyclable packaging, and minimalist designs aimed at reducing environmental impact. The analysis underscores the importance of adopting sustainable solutions to mitigate the environmental footprint associated with packaging materials and processes. The paper concludes by outlining future directions for research and development to foster innovation and drive positive change in the pet food packaging industry, facilitating informed decision-making towards a more sustainable future.
Rural Women's Participation in Managing Aflatoxin Contamination in the Groundnut Postharvest Value Chain in Chemba District, Tanzania
Authors: Komba Robert , Mwaseba Dismas , Martin Respikius
Published: May 2024

Aims: This study sought to determine the extent of rural women's participation in managing aflatoxin contamination in the groundnut postharvest value chain.
Study Design: The study employed a cross-sectional mixed-methods research design involving quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Chemba District in Dodoma Region, Tanzania situated at the coordinates 05°14′ 34′′ S latitude and 35°53′ 24′′ E longitude, respectively.
Methodology: The primary data for the study were obtained from a random sample of 137 female groundnut farmers residing in twelve (12) villages from eight (08) wards in Chemba District. A questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data, while an FGD guide, checklist, and participant observation were employed to obtain qualitative data.
Results: The findings show that women groundnut farmers participate partly in various aflatoxins-related project activities in decision making (50.36%), implementation (44.52%), benefits (59.85%), and evaluation (51.09%). Moreover, the findings of the study show that women participate in groundnut postharvest activities involving cleaning, drying, grading, sorting, processing, packing, storage, and marketing. However, the study shows that women’s participation in groundnut postharvest activities for managing aflatoxin is low. The findings also indicate that there is no statistically significant association between women's involvement in aflatoxin management and their age (χ2 = 7.800, P = 0.099), years of engagement in agriculture (χ2 = 3.556, P = 0.469), and farm size (χ2 = 2.004, P = 0.735). Additionally, a statistically significant association was observed between women's participation in managing aflatoxin and their level of education (χ2 = 12.650, P = 0.013*), as well as their marital status (χ2 = 27.550, P = 0.000***).
Conclusion: The study found that rural women's participation in managing aflatoxin contamination in the groundnut postharvest value chain is critical. Hence, this study recommends developing strategies and initiatives targeting and supporting women's participation in managing aflatoxin contamination in the groundnut postharvest value chain.
Impact of Climate Change on Global Health: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Otorkpa Oche Joseph , Emmanuel Stephen , Obuye Faith , Otorkpa Chinenye Oche
Published: May 2024

Climate change poses significant challenges to global health, with far-reaching implications for human health and well-being. This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence from diverse disciplines to elucidate the complex relationship between climate change and health. Key areas of focus include the direct impacts of extreme weather events, alterations in infectious disease transmission, air quality changes, food security issues, and mental health effects. Vulnerable populations, including low-income communities and indigenous peoples, are disproportionately affected, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and equitable adaptation strategies. Methodologically, a search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, covering studies published up to 2024. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included, and thematic analysis was employed to identify patterns and trends. The review highlights gaps in current policy frameworks and international cooperation efforts, calling for enhanced collaboration and knowledge sharing to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change on health. Furthermore, proactive adaptation measures, robust public health infrastructure, and inclusive strategies are essential to mitigate adverse health impacts and foster resilience. By prioritizing collective action and interdisciplinary collaboration, we can work towards a healthier and more resilient future in the face of climate change.
Methotrexate Induced Oral Mucositis and Bone Marrow Suppression in Psoriatic Patient
Authors: Aadithya . , Prabhu Raghuveer S , SN Rahmathullah
Published: May 2024

Methotrexate is an antimetabolite which binds to the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme and used in the treatment of malignant disorders and autoimmune diseases. Myelosuppression is a serious complication of methotrexate toxicity. The following case describes a case of 67 year old male patient diagnosed with psoriasis and wrongly taken methotrexate 7.5 mg daily for 3 days and twice daily for 4 days. He presented with oral mucositis and his lab reports showed myelosuppression. Our case emphasizes the significance of effective patient counselling to ensure the understanding of prescription and to prevent drug toxicity. The key learning points of our case report include the importance of adhering to prescribed medication regimens, awareness of MTX toxicity, early initiation of folinic acid as an antidote, vigilant monitoring of toxicity, and effective patient education on proper medication use. Adherence to established MTX therapy guidelines in dermatological conditions is crucial to minimize the risk of patient.
Effect of Different Level of Chitosan and Beeswax Edible Coating on Storage Life and Physio-Chemical Properties of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv Winter Dawn
Authors: Lalengmawii . , Topno Samir Ebson
Published: May 2024

The present investigation was done to understand the effect of different edible coating on increasing the shelf-life of strawberry at room temperature. Postharvest losses in fruits are a serious problem due to rapid deterioration during storage. Use of edible coatings over fruits is used to improve their quality and enhance the shelf life. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Chitosan and beeswax coating in extending the shelf-life of strawberry including physio -chemical changes at room temperature. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment consisted of coating material with Chitosan (1.5g%), Chitosan +TPP (1.5g+0.5g%), Chitosan +TPP (1.5g+1%), beeswax (5g), beeswax + TPP (5G+1.5%), Chitosan+ beeswax (0.75g+ 2.5g), Chitosan+ beeswax +TPP(0.75g+2.5g+0.5%), Chitosan+ beeswax +TPP (0.75g+2.5g+1%). Statistical analysis revealed that the treatment chitosan 1.5g+ TPP 1% had the minimum Weight loss 0.08g, while having the maximum amount of Vitamin C 38.45mg/100g, Hardness 8.07 kg/inch2, Bulk Density 1.9g/cm3 and TSS 5.13°Bx. However, Chitosan 1.5g+TPP 0.5% showed maximum Reducing sugar 3.73% and non-reducing sugar 0.92%. While chitosan 0.75g+ beeswax 2.5g+TPP 0.5g have the maximum Total sugar 5.23%.
Effect of Different Spacing Levels on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: V Jegadeeswari. , Vijayalatha K. R. , Padmadevi K. , Mohanalakshmi M. , Sidhdharth G. , Kalaivani J.
Published: May 2024

The experiment titled "Effect of different spacing levels on yield and yield contributing characters in cocoa" was conducted at the Coconut Farm of the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Utilizing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments replicated three times, the study aimed to investigate the impact of spacing levels on cocoa yield traits. The treatments involved in the experiment included a double row of cocoa planted between two rows of coconut trees, with spacing configurations as follows: T1 (3m x 1.2m), T2 (3m x 2m), T3 (3m x 2.5m), and T4 (3m x 3m). Additionally, a single row of cocoa between two coconut rows was examined, with spacings represented by T5 (1.5m), T6 (2m), T7 (2.5m), and T8 (3m). Results revealed significant variations among spacing treatments, with cocoa at 3m spacing demonstrating the highest productivity, yielding 43.47 pods per tree and 1021.48 g of dry beans per tree. Noteworthy findings included T1 (3m x 1.2m) exhibiting the longest pods (16.64 cm), T6 (2m) the widest pod girth (21.67 cm), and T8 (3m) producing the heaviest pods (204.50 g). Additionally, T6 yielded the highest total beans per pod (37.34) and dry bean weight (25.44 g), T4 had the heaviest single fresh bean (1.63 g), and T2 demonstrated the highest single dry bean weight (0.70 g). These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing cocoa cultivation practices, emphasizing the importance of spacing configurations in maximizing yield and bean characteristics.
Descolonizando o design
Authors: Tlostanova Madina
Published: May 2024

O design é considerado, no artigo, como um instrumento ontológico capaz de transformar a realidade social e cultural e modelar a experiência humana, a subjetividade e o ambiente. Concentro-me nas interseções entre a compreensão de Tony Fry a respeito do design ontológico e a interpretação decolonial da modernidade/colonialidade como um design global que determina a relação entre o mundo, as coisas e os humanos. O artigo tenta traçar uma divisão entre os designs ontológicos positivo (re-existentes) e negativo (desfuturizantes). Aborda a colonialidade do design que controla e disciplina nossa percepção e interpretação do mundo, de outros seres e das coisas, de acordo com certos princípios legitimados. A colonialidade do design tem acompanhado as utopias universalistas modernas predominantes, como o marxismo ou o liberalismo e tem sofrido resistência, internamente e externamente, através de várias manifestações do pensamento e da existência fronteiriços. Eu analiso o conceito de Fry de desfuturização em relação ao conceito decolonial de pluriversalidade. Isso permite abordar mais detalhadamente o princípio correlacional dinâmico como central para o design ontológico decolonial. Entre as ferramentas especificamente decoloniais de design ontológico positivo, eu me concentro no Sumak Kawsay, na Democracia Terrestre e em mais algumas iniciativas especificamente originadas nos movimentos sociais de povos originários das regiões fronteiriças da Eurásia. O artigo também aborda a descolonização de uma esfera afetiva como fundamento para um design ontológico positivo. Por fim, defendo a necessidade de provincializar o design ocidental/do norte e permitir que o design decolonial no Sul Global desenvolva sua fronteira “tanto quanto” posicionalidade positiva, uma postura transcultural negocial a partir da geopolítica local e corpo-política colocar em diálogo e disputa com o moderno/colonial desarmamento design premissas.
Diálogos com a colonialidade
Authors: Lacarrieu Mónica , Laborde Soledad
Published: May 2024

Diante do cenário de profundas transformações nos processos de identificação de diversos grupos sociais, em particular no que se diz respeito às possibilidades de construção de “novos” sujeitos sociais em termos subalternos, este artigo aborda como a “colonialidade” é discutida através dos processos de patrimonialização. É de nosso interesse analisar os processos complexos que se produzem entre as instituições patrimoniais - ainda fixadas à idéia de território e, particularmente, à da nação - e os sujeitos e grupos sociais que, em movimento e em tentativas de de(s)colonização, “fazem patrimônio” através de práticas locais, localizadas, transterritorializadas e deslocadas. São retomadas, na primeira parte, as narrativas e as ações patrimoniais impulsionadas no campo internacional para a região latino-americana e colocamos atenção nas tensões em torno do patrimônio material monumental e imaterial na Argentina, em um país marcado historicamente, na sua esfera patrimonial, pelo imaginário oitocentista de “progresso”. Na segunda parte, enfatizamos os processos de patrimonialização imaterial ativados pela população afrodescendente em Buenos Aires, atravessados pela materialização da colonialidade do poder e da racialização velada.
Dialogar com Quijano
Authors: Farrés-Delgado Yasser
Published: May 2024

É possível afirmar que, com a noção de colonialidade do poder, Aníbal Quijano despertou uma perspectiva de análise sobre a realidade do sistema-mundo moderno, cujas potencialidades transbordam amplamente os limites da reflexão traçados por ele. Desta forma, este ensaio argumenta sobre a pertinência da aplicação de tal perspectiva ao entendimento do ambiente construído moderno e contemporâneo. Para isto, partindo de uma revisão dos conceitos iniciais do autor e outros posteriores, apresenta-se uma teorização em andamento, proposta para tal campo do conhecimento, centrada na noção de “colonialidade territorial”. Posteriormente, é exposto um estado da arte de pesquisas com essa mesma linha.
The videofluoroscopic swallowing study shows a sustained improvement of dysphagia in children with Niemann–Pick disease type C after therapy with miglustat
Authors: Fecarotta Simona , Amitrano Michele , Romano Alfonso , Della Casa Roberto , Bruschini Diana , Astarita Luca , Parenti Giancarlo , Andria Generoso
Published: February 2011

Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by defective intracellular lipid trafficking, with secondary accumulation of free cholesterol, sphingosine, and glycosphingolipids. NPC is clinically characterized by a wide spectrum of manifestations with progressive visceral and neurological involvement, including dysphagia. Neurological manifestations represent the most debilitating findings. Swallowing impairment is a frequent cause of morbidity and disability in NPC patients and progressive dysphagia may be considered a marker of neurological progression. Recently substrate reduction therapy with miglustat has been proposed for the treatment of neurological manifestations in NPC patients. This observational study reports on the long‐term use of miglustat in four pediatric patients with NPC and shows the efficacy of the treatment to improve or prevent dysphagia, and persistence after 3 years of treatment or more. We used a videofluoroscopic analysis of liquid barium swallowing to provide additional information on patterns of impairment of the swallowing mechanism and to detect aspiration. In three patients showing dysphagia and aspiration we observed the improvement of the swallowing function and the sustained absence of barium aspiration in the airways after miglustat treatment, while the patient with normal swallowing function at baseline did not show any deterioration. We suggest that the videofluoroscopic study of swallowing should be routinely used to monitor the effects of treatment on swallowing ability in NPC patients. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) gene −287A/G polymorphism with susceptibility to obsessive–compulsive disorder in Chinese Han population
Authors: Liu Shiguo , Liu Yanhui , Wang Haiping , Zhou Ruiling , Zong Jinbao , Li Changgui , Zhang Xinhua , Ma Xu
Published: February 2011

Several studies suggested a genetic component in the etiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). COMT involves in the degradation of dopamine and norepinephrin. As another functional SNP locus, COMT −287A/G polymorphism showed an effect on enzyme activity, suggesting that it may influence brain dopamine levels. To identify association of COMT −287A/G polymorphism with susceptibility to OCD in Chinese Han population. We evaluate the genetic contribution of the COMT −287A/G polymorphism in 200 OCD patients and 403 OCD‐free control of Chinese Han population by PCR‐RFLP. In addition, we investigate whether COMT −287A/G polymorphism is associated with one or more of these symptom dimensions or other characteristics such as sex, age of onset, and tic‐relatedness and evaluate the association of the factorial structure of OCD symptoms from the Y‐BOCS checklist with the COMT −287A/G polymorphism. A statistical difference was found in the genotypic frequencies of COMT −287A/G between the OCD and control groups (χ2 = 13.99, DF = 2, P = 0.00091) and in the genotypic frequencies of GG genotype versus AA and AG genotypes of COMT −287 (χ2 = 13.49, DF = 1, P = 0.00024, OR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.78–6.62). There was a trend for an association in the genotypic distributions of COMT −287A/G polymorphism of males (χ2 = 27.81; DF = 2; P < 0.001) and females (χ2 = 7.31; DF = 2; P = 0.026) between the OCD patients and the controls. Using principal component analysis, we derived 5 factors from 12 main contents of OCD symptoms from the Y‐BOCS checklist and found no association with COMT −287A/G polymorphism. Our study supports the involvement of the COMT −287A/G polymorphism in the genetic susceptibility to OCD in Chinese Han population. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on indri (Indri indri) health in Madagascar
Authors: Junge Randall E. , Barrett Meredith A. , Yoder Anne D.
Published: February 2011

Anthropogenic habitat disturbance impairs ecosystem health by fragmenting forested areas, introducing environmental contamination, and reducing the quality of habitat resources. The effect of this disturbance on wildlife health is of particular concern in Madagascar, one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, where anthropogenic pressures on the environment remain high. Despite the conservation importance of threatened lemur populations in Madagascar, few data exist on the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on lemur health. To examine these impacts, indri (Indri indri) populations were evaluated from two forest reserves that differ in their exposure to anthropogenic disturbance. We compared the health status of 36 indri individuals from two sites: one population from a protected, undisturbed area of lowland evergreen humid forest and the other population from a reserve exposed to frequent tourism and forest degradation. Comparison of indri health parameters between sites suggests an impact of anthropogenic disturbance, including significant differences in leukocyte count and differential, 12 serum parameters, 6 trace minerals, and a higher diversity of parasites, with a significant difference in the presence of the louse, Trichophilopterus babakotophilus. These data suggest that indri living in disturbed forests may experience physiological changes and increased susceptibility to parasitism, which may ultimately impair reproductive success and survival. Am. J. Primatol. 73:632–642, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bulk solvent‐free melt ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide catalyzed by Cu(II) and Cu(II)–Nd(III) complexes of the Salen‐type Schiff‐base ligand
Authors: Chen Lei‐Lei , Ding Li‐Qin , Zeng Chu , Long Yong , Lü Xing‐Qiang , Song Ji‐Rong , Fan Dai‐Di , Jin Wen‐Juan
Published: February 2011

A monometallic (Cu2+, 1) and a bimetallic (Cu2+Nd3+, 2) Salen‐type Schiff‐base complexes with different reactive species, could efficiently catalyze the bulk solvent‐free melt ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide. Especially for the bimetallic complex 2, the involvement of rare earth ion was important and influential to the catalytic behaviors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of aluminoxane particles with weakly charged cationic polyelectrolytes
Authors: Radchenko S. S. , Novakov I. A. , Radchenko Ph. S. , Van Cong Le , Ozerin A. S. , Zel'tser P. S.
Published: February 2011

In terms of the known concepts about noncovalent bonds in polycomplexes, the unusual case of interaction between positively charged aluminoxane particles (AP) ∼ 4.6 nm in size, which comprise the main portion of the dispersed phase in the sols of poly(aluminum hydroxychloride) (PAHC), and weakly charged cationic polyelectrolytes from the Praestol, Organopol, and Zetag series (WCPE) has been examined. Using viscometry, turbidimetry, and elemental analysis, it has been found that interaction between these compounds proceeds if the content of cationic groups in the polyelectrolyte is small and ions of a low‐molecular‐weight electrolyte occur in solution. Under the given conditions, the electrostatic repulsion of likely charged reagents does not manifest itself but other kinds of noncovalent interactions are realized that lead to formation of water‐soluble polymer‐colloid complexes (PCCs). Fully charged polyelectrolytes are incapable of such interactions because of a strong electrostatic repulsion of reagents. The scheme illustrating formation of PCC has advanced. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Influence of cyanate content on the morphology and properties of epoxy resins with phenolphthalein poly(ether ketone)
Authors: Li Junyan , Chen Ping , Yu Qi , Ma Zemin , Ma Keming , Wang Baichen
Published: February 2011

Phenolphthalein poly(ether ketone) (PEK‐C) was blended with the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin and bisphenol A dicyanate ester. The effect of cyanate content on cure behaviors, thermal and mechanical properties of PEK‐C/epoxy/cyanate mixtures was investigated. As results, the increase of cyanate content slightly hindered the cure reaction of the mixtures. Fourier transform infrared results indicated that the curing reaction of the cured mixtures was complete. When the cyanate ester content increased, the flexural properties and Tg values were enhanced, and the initial thermal decomposition temperature was reduced. A significant improvement in fracture toughness was obtained when the cyanate group in the mixtures was excessive. The fracture toughness can be well explained by SEM observations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/inorganic whiskers composites
Authors: Li Nan , Luo Ping , Liu Kai , Chen Li , Wang Ke , Chen Feng , Fu Qiang
Published: February 2011

To improve the crystallization and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), in this work, PET/SiO2‐MgO‐CaO whiskers composites were prepared via in situ polymerization. The morphology, crystallization, and mechanical properties of the prepared composites were investigated. It was found that inorganic whiskers could be easily dispersed in PET matrix, as demonstrated by SEM and PLM. DSC and PLM observation indicated a strong nucleation capability of inorganic whiskers for PET. Mechanical analysis results showed that the glass transition temperature, tensile strength, and modulus of the composites were greatly improved. A possible chemical bonding between PET chains and the surface of whiskers was observed by FTIR, TGA, and sedimentation experiment. It could be the main reason for the good dispersion and improved properties of the prepared composites. This work is important for the application of PET due to the low cost but high reinforcing efficiency of this inorganic whisker. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Population assessment and potential functional roles of native mussels in the Upper Mississippi River
Authors: Newton Teresa J. , Zigler Steven J. , Rogala James T. , Gray Brian R. , Davis Mike
Published: February 2011

Despite a heightened global concern for native mussels, fundamental research on mussel ecology in large rivers is lacking. These gaps in knowledge about where mussels occur, and why, are limiting habitat restoration activities.

Large‐scale systematic surveys for native mussels in three reaches of the Upper Mississippi River documented mussel communities composed of 16–23 species and ranging from 2.9–4.5 live mussels m−2 that were actively recruiting new cohorts into their populations (87–100% of the species were found as juveniles ⩽5 years old). Estimates of mean tissue biomass and production in these reaches ranged from 2.1–3.1 g C m−2 and 0.4–0.6 g C m−2 year−1, respectively.

Mussels filtered a significant amount of water (range, 0.05–0.07 m3 m−2 d−1) over a 480 km reach of the Upper Mississippi River – amounting to a filtration rate of 53.1 million m3 day−1. The filtration rate of mussels as a percentage of river discharge ranged from 0.5–1.4% at high flows (5% exceedance), from 1.5–4.4% at moderate flows (50% exceedance) and from 4.4–12.2% during low flows (95% exceedance).

Collectively, these data suggest that native mussels play an integral role in this ecosystem by sequestering suspended materials that can be used by other benthic organisms. Published in 2011 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Fine mapping of Xq11.1‐q21.33 and mutation screening of RPS6KA6, ZNF711, ACSL4, DLG3, and IL1RAPL2 for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Authors: Kantojärvi Katri , Kotala Ilona , Rehnström Karola , Ylisaukko‐oja Tero , Vanhala Raija , von Wendt Taina Nieminen , von Wendt Lennart , Järvelä Irma
Published: February 2011

About 80% of cases with autism express intellectual disability. Both in autism and in mental retardation without autism the majority of the cases are males, suggesting a X‐chromosomal effect. In fact, some molecular evidence has been obtained for a common genetic background for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and X‐linked mental retardation (XLMR). In several genome‐wide scans (GWS), evidence for linkage at X‐chromosome has been reported including the GWS of Finnish ASD families with the highest multipoint lod score (MLS) of 2.75 obtained close to DXS7132 at Xq11.1. To further dissect the relationship between autism and genes implicated in XLMR, we have fine‐mapped Xq11.1‐q21.33 and analyzed five candidate genes in the region. We refined the region using 26 microsatellite markers and linkage analysis in 99 Finnish families with ASD. The most significant evidence for linkage was observed at DXS1225 on Xq21.1 with a nonparametric multipoint NPLall value of 3.43 (P = 0.0004). We sequenced the coding regions and splice sites of RPS6KA6 and ZNF711 residing at the peak region in 42 male patients from families contributing to the linkage. We also analyzed ACSL4 and DLG3, which have previously been known to cause XLMR and IL1RAPL2, a homologous gene for IL1RAPL1 that is mutated in autism and XLMR. A total of six novel and 11 known single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. Further studies are warranted to analyze the candidate genes at Xq11.1‐q21.33. Autism Res 2011,4:228–233. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of static magnetic fields on nicotinic cholinergic receptor function
Authors: Tolosa María Fernanda , Bouzat Cecilia , Cravero Walter Rubén
Published: February 2011

Ligand‐gated ion channel kinetics were studied in mammalian transfected cells encoding adult mouse muscle acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. We measured macroscopic and single‐channel currents using the outside‐out and cell‐attached patch‐clamp configurations. Cultured cells were exposed to moderate intensity inhomogeneous static magnetic fields up to 180 mT and measurements were performed for temperatures ranging from 5 to 50 °C. We found no significant changes in ACh‐elicited macroscopic or single‐channel currents. We observed the expected dependence in current decay constants with temperature, but negligible magnetic field influence on the channel's kinetics. Bioelectromagnetics 32:434–442, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interfacial Electron Transfer Dynamics Following Laser Flash Photolysis of [Ru(bpy)2((4,4′‐PO3H2)2bpy)]2+ in TiO2 Nanoparticle Films in Aqueous Environments
Authors: Brennaman M. Kyle , Patrocinio Antonio Otávio T. , Song Wenjing , Jurss Jonah W. , Concepcion Javier J. , Hoertz Paul G. , Traub Matthew C. , Murakami Iha Neyde Y. , Meyer Thomas J.
Published: February 2011

Nanosecond laser flash photolysis has been used to investigate injection and back electron transfer from the complex [(Ru(bpy)2(4,4′‐(PO3H2)2bpy)]2+ surface‐bound to TiO2 (TiO2‐RuII). The measurements were conducted under conditions appropriate for water oxidation catalysis by known single‐site water oxidation catalysts. Systematic variations in average lifetimes for back electron transfer, <τbet>, were observed with changes in pH, surface coverage, incident excitation intensity, and applied bias. The results were qualitatively consistent with a model involving rate‐limiting thermal activation of injected electrons from trap sites to the conduction band or shallow trap sites followed by site‐to‐site hopping and interfacial electron transfer, TiO2(e−)‐Ru3+→TiO2‐Ru2+. The appearance of pH‐dependent decreases in the efficiency of formation of TiO2‐Ru3+ and in incident‐photon‐to‐current efficiencies with the added reductive scavenger hydroquinone point to pH‐dependent back electron transfer processes on both the sub‐nanosecond and millisecond–microsecond time scales, which could be significant in limiting long‐term storage of multiple redox equivalents.
Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Activation: The Rate‐Determining Step of Pyridinium‐Catalyzed CO2 Reduction
Authors: Morris Amanda J. , McGibbon Robert T. , Bocarsly Andrew B.
Published: February 2011

The reactivity of reduced pyridinium with CO2 was investigated as a function of catalyst concentration, temperature, and pressure at platinum electrodes. Concentration experiments show that the catalytic current measured by cyclic voltammetry increases linearly with pyridinium and CO2 concentrations; this indicates that the rate‐determining step is first order in both. The formation of a carbamate intermediate is supported by the data presented. Increased electron density at the pyridyl nitrogen upon reduction, as calculated by DFT, favors a Lewis acid/base interaction between the nitrogen and the CO2. The rate of the known side reaction, pyridinium coupling to form hydrogen, does not vary over the temperature range investigated and had a rate constant of 2.5 M−1 s−1. CO2 reduction followed Arrhenius behavior and the activation energy determined by electrochemical simulation was (69±10) kJ mol−1.
Integrating multimedia streaming from heterogeneous sources to JavaME mobile devices
Authors: Calvo‐Flores M. Delgado , Quero J. Medina , Lozano M. D. Ruiz , Miranda A. Vila
Published: February 2011

Thanks to technological advancement, at present there exist many devices with multimedia support in our environment; among them, being mobile devices, which offer the ability to display video and audio resources from the palm of the hands, and even act as multimedia sources. However, the heterogeneity of such devices makes the multimedia integration difficult to get portable solutions. This problem is the focus of this document, which integrates environmental multimedia resources (IP cameras, Webcams, Aibo cameras and microphones) to be played in real time over Virtual Machines, in particular, using JavaME devices. We also present the techniques for generating multimedia streaming from the Virtual Machines accessing the cameras and microphones of mobile devices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosorption of zinc ions from aqueous solutions onto natural dye waste of Hibiscus rosa sinensis: Thermodynamic and kinetic studies
Authors: Vankar Padma S. , Sarswat Rishabh , Sahu Ramashanker
Published: February 2011

The objective of the study is to assess the uptake of zinc ions from aqueous solutions onto natural dye waste (aqueous color extracted) of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower. The study investigates the effects of process parameters such as pH, temperature, agitating rate, adsorbent mass, and particle size. The extent of adsorption increased with an increase of pH. Furthermore the adsorption of zinc increases with increasing adsorbent doses and decreased with the adsorbent particle size. The adsorption data follows both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models, however the Langmuir model is better suited than the Freundlich model and the adsorption maxima at equilibrium to be 94.339 mg/g of zinc ions on Hibiscus Dye Waste (HDW) sorbent at 20°C. The adsorption of zinc ions increased with increasing temperature, indicating endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Using the first‐order kinetic constants, the activation energy of adsorption (Ea) was determined as 86.357 kJ/mol according to the Arrhenius equation. This study indicated that the HDW can be used as an effective and environmentally safe Biosorbent for the treatment of zinc containing aqueous solutions. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
A new process developed for separation of lignin from ammonium hydroxide pretreatment solutions
Authors: Sherman Steven R. , Goodell John J. , Milliken Charles E. , Morris Jacob A. , Gorensek Maximilian B.
Published: February 2011

A method is described for separating lignin from liquid solutions resulting from the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials such as switchgrass with ammonium hydroxide. The method involves a sequence of steps including acidification, evaporation, and precipitation or centrifugation that are performed under defined conditions, and results in a relatively pure, solid lignin product. The method is tested on ammonium hydroxide solutions containing lignin extracted from switchgrass. Experimental results show that the method is capable of recovering between 66–95% of dissolved lignin as a precipitated solid. Cost estimates of pilot‐scale and industrial‐scale expressions of the process indicate that breakeven lignin prices of $2.36/kg and $0.78/kg, respectively, may be obtainable with this recovery method. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
PBDEs and methoxylated analogues in sediment cores from two Michigan, USA, inland lakes
Authors: Bradley Patrick W , Wan Yi , Jones Paul D , Wiseman Steve , Chang Hong , Lam Michael H.W , Long David T , Giesy John P
Published: February 2011

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely studied in sediments from the North American Great Lakes; however, no studies have been conducted of occurrences of methoxylated (MeO-) PBDEs in abiotic compartments in this region. In the present study, 23 tri- to hepta-PBDEs and 12 MeO-PBDEs were analyzed in dated sediment cores collected from two inland lakes (White Lake and Muskegon Lake) in Michigan, USA. Concentrations of Σ23PBDEs ranged from 3.9 × 10−1 to 2.4 × 100 and from 9.8 × 10−1 to 3.9 × 100 ng/g dry weight in White Lake and Muskegon Lake, respectively. The historical trends of tri- to hepta-PBDEs in the two lakes were different, possibly because of different input and remediation histories. The tri- to hepta-PBDE profiles were similar in the two lakes, with BDE-47 as the predominant congener, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-183. A different temporal trend for BDE-183 was found compared with other PBDEs, which is consistent with debromination of high-brominated PBDEs during sedimentation and aging. Methoxylated-PBDEs were detected only in Muskegon Lake (3.6 × 10−3 to 1.2 × 10−1 ng/g dry wt). Methoxylated PBDEs showed different temporal trends compared with tri- to hepta-PBDEs. The differences in patterns of concentrations of MeO-PBDEs in the two lakes might be due to different aquatic communities in each lake. The occurrences of MeO-PBDEs could be the major source of hydroxylated–polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) observed in organisms collected in these freshwater systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1236–1242. © 2011 SETAC
Evidence suggesting that di-n-butyl phthalate has antiandrogenic effects in fish
Authors: Aoki Katherine A.A , Harris Catherine A , Katsiadaki Ioanna , Sumpter John P
Published: February 2011

Phthalate ester plasticizers are antiandrogenic in mammals. High doses of certain phthalates consistently interfere with the normal development of male offspring exposed in utero, causing disrupted sperm production, abnormal development of the genitalia, and in some cases infertility. In the environment, phthalates are considered ubiquitous and are commonly measured in aquatic ecosystems at low nanograms to micrograms per liter concentrations. Given the similarity between mammalian and teleost endocrine systems, phthalate esters may be able to cause antiandrogenic endocrine disruption in fish in the wild. In the present study, adult male three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculetaus; n = 8) were exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 0, 15, and 35 µg DBP/L) for 22 d and analyzed for changes in nesting behavior, plasma androgen concentrations, spiggin concentrations, and steroidogenic gene expression. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in males from the 35 µg DBP/L group compared with the solvent control, whereas plasma 11-ketotestosterone concentrations were not significantly affected. Expression of steroid acute regulatory protein and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase remained unchanged. Spiggin concentrations were significantly lower in the males exposed to 35 µg DBP/L. Nest building appeared to be slower in some males exposed to DBP, but this was not statistically significant. These results suggest that DBP has antiandrogenic effects in fish. However, further research is required to firmly establish the consequences of chronic DBP exposure in fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1338–1345. © 2011 SETAC
Hydrological processes of a rainforest headwater swamp from natural chemical tracing in Nsimi watershed, Cameroon
Authors: Maréchal Jean‐Christophe , Braun Jean‐Jacques , Riotte Jean , Bedimo Jean‐Pierre Bedimo , Boeglin Jean‐Loup
Published: February 2011

The hydrological role of a headwater swamp in a tropical rainforest is studied using chloride mass balance (CMB) and end‐member mixing analysis. There are three main contributions to streamflow: (1) the hillside bedrock aquifer, (2) overland flow from the swamp during storm events and (3) groundwater flow from the swamp aquifer. Before rainfall events of the wet season, the pre‐event water comprises a mix of 80% of bedrock aquifer and 20% of swamp aquifer. During storms, the relative contribution of overland flow increases according to the rainfall intensity and the initial saturation rate of the pre‐event water reservoirs. The yearly contribution of overland flow from the swamp to the stream is about 31%. The relationship between the swamp and the stream fluctuates with space and time. Generally, the swamp is drained by the stream; however, at the end of long dry seasons, after the first rains, indirect recharge occurs from the stream to the swamp with a hydraulic gradient inversion in the swamp aquifer. The net contribution of the swamp aquifer to the stream is only 4%, which is much lower than the hillside aquifer contribution of about 65%. Recharge on the swamp being very low, these results suggest that, except for a few storms at the end of the dry season, the Nsimi swamp does not contribute to flood attenuation. Evapotranspiration is higher on the hillside than in the swamp. Nevertheless, depletion of water stored within the swamp is dominated by evaporation rather than by its contribution to streamflow. The export of solutes through swamp groundwater flow below the weir is low (<7%). Nevertheless, the swamp is the most active area of weathering in the watershed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downstream fining in contrasting reaches of the sand‐bedded Yellow River
Authors: Ta Wanquan , Wang Haibin , Jia Xiaopeng
Published: February 2011

Compared to downstream fining of a gravel‐bedded river, little field evidence exists to support the process of downstream fining in large, fine sand‐bedded rivers. In fact, the typically unimodal bed sediments of these rivers are thought to produce equal mobility of coarse and fine grains that may discourage downstream fining. To investigate this topic, we drilled 200 sediment cores in the channel beds of two fine‐grained sand‐bedded reaches of the Yellow River (a desert reach and a lower reach) and identified a fine surface layer (FSL) developed over a coarse subsurface layer (CSL) in the 3‐m‐thick bed deposits. In both reaches downstream, the thickness of the FSL increased, while that of the CSL decreased. Comparison of the depth‐averaged median grain sizes of the CSL and the FSL separately in both reaches shows a distinct downstream fining dependence to the median grain size, which indicates that at a large scale of 600‐800 km, the CSL shows a significant downstream fining, but the FSL shows no significant trends in downstream variations in grain size. This result shows that fine sediment supply (<0·08 mm median grain size) from upstream, combined with lateral fine sediment inputs from tributaries and bank erosion, can cause a rapid fining of the downstream channel bed surface and can develop the FSL layer. However, in the desert reach, lateral coarse sediment supply (>0·08 mm median grain size) from wind‐borne sediments and cross‐desert tributaries can interrupt the FSL and coarsen the channel bed surface locally. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost management in tough times
Authors: Reider Rob
Published: February 2011

Is business slow? Is your company trying to work itself out of a bad financial situation?

Many companies face those problems in these tough times. But mostly the cause of those problems is excessive costs—or an inadequate margin between costs and selling prices.

So how can you manage the costs that are most difficult to control—especially now?

The author, a well‐known management consultant, gives you some key checklists and other valuable insights to get your firm back on track. © 2011 by Rob Reider
Management paradigm: The untapped power of process laws
Authors: Brimson James A.
Published: February 2011

If we are to compete in a dynamic business world, provide our decision makers with transparent information, and create value for our customers, then we must be bold and objectively reevaluate our management practices. We must adopt a management philosophy that mirrors the way the business world behaves! © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.