bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of thermal and light exposure on the development of broiler chicken leg musculature
Authors: Stojanovic S. , Zikic D. , Kanacki Z. , Ajdzanovic V. , Milosevic Verica , Uscebrka Gordana
Published: December 2014

Modified incubation factors affect skeletal musculature development of
broiler chickens during embryonic and postnatal periods of development. These
changes appear to have great influence on the proliferation of myoblasts and
muscle growth after hatching. In this study, the histomorphological and
-morphometric parameters of broiler chicken leg musculature, after thermal
and light treatments during embryogenesis, were examined. The applied
treatments included thermal manipulation (exposure of fertilized eggs to
increased temperature), light manipulation (exposure of fertilized eggs to
monochromatic green light) and simultaneous thermal and light manipulations.
Following the specific parameters that were observed, it was determined that
in the late postnatal period of development, treated groups have a larger
diameter and smaller nucleocytoplasmic ratio of muscle cells compared to
those of the control group, in which fertilized eggs were incubated at a
constant temperature of 37.8?C, without light. Diameter was increased by
4.20%, 3.77% and 4.55% on day 42 after hatching in thermal, light and
combined thermal and light treated groups, respectively, compared to the
control. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio was increased by 37.5% on day 42 after
hatching in the control group compared to all treated groups. The volume
density of the muscle connective tissue was approximately at the same level
between the groups. It can be concluded that thermal and light treatments
stimulate the proliferation of myoblasts and enhance development and growth
of leg muscles in broiler chickens.
Keratoconus: it is time to shake off old habits!
Authors: Rademaker Dr Wilfried J
Published: December 2014

No abstractDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i2.11676
Acknowledgements Vol.6(2)
Authors: Pradhan Eli Ranjitkar
Published: December 2014

No AbstractDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i2.11778
Study of Contraceptive Use Among Comprehensive Abortion Care Clients in Family Planning Clinic of Tribhuban University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Bhandari B R , Jha R , Baral J , Wagle R R
Published: December 2014

Aims: This study was done to assess the use of family planning method among comprehensive abortion care clients in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH).   Methods: A hospital based observational study was conducted in family planning clinic at TUTH from 14th April 2009 to 14th June 2010 among one hundred clients who opted for comprehensive abortion care (CAC) at the hospital CAC centre and met the inclusion criteria of this study.   Results: Around 98% women had knowledge of different types of modern contraceptive methods. Majority of CAC clients (91%) had ever used contraceptive methods in the past. Injectables were the most common method of contraceptive used by the CAC clients (55%). Almost 22% clients had come for repeat induced abortion. About 43% clients opted CAC service for complete family and 33% for contraceptive failure. Withdrawal method failure was seen in 17% of clients. Almost 86% women intend to use contraceptive after CAC service in future.   Conclusions: This study concluded that despite knowledge of modern contraceptive methods and ever uses of different family planning methods, majority of clients had no consistency in use of various contraceptives. Effective family planning counseling along with information of emergency contraceptive is required for each CAC clients to prevent unwanted pregnancy and abortion.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11740
Profile of Obstetric Morbidity Among Maternal Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Shakya B , Chaudhary P , Tumbahangphe M
Published: December 2014

Aims: The objective of the study was to determine the outcome of the obstetric admissions to Maternal Intensive Care Unit in the setting of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study undertaken at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2013. Patient characteristics, gestational age, booking status, indication for intensive care unit admission, intervention, length of stay and outcome were analyzed. Results: During the study period, 19,247 deliveries occurred and 247 women were admitted to maternal intensive care unit. This accounts for 1.28% of all deliveries. The most common indication of admission to intensive care unit was hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (45.3%) followed by obstetric hemorrhage (39.27%). Sepsis was the cause in ten (4.04%) cases. Ten cases (4.04%) of postpartum hemorrhage were managed by balloon tamponade, seven (2.83%) by B-Lynch compression sutures and three (1.21%) necessitated cesarean hysterectomy. Among 18 cases of ruptured uterus, 13 (5.26%) were repaired while five (2.02%) required hysterectomy. Maternal mortality occurred in four (1.61%) of the cases. One was a case of severe preeclampsia who died on 4th post-operative day due to pulmonary embolism, another due to anesthetic complication and the other two died of septic shock and multiorgan failure. Conclusions: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and obstetric hemorrhage appeared as the major risk factors for admission to an intensive care unit thereby influencing maternal outcomes in obstetric patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11762
Scar Endometriosis: Case Report with Literature Review
Authors: Gupta P , Gupta S
Published: December 2014

Endometriosis is defined as presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis can sometimes occur in a previous surgical scar. Scar endometriosis is rare and difficult to diagnose. It mostly follows obstetrical and gynecological surgeries. This condition is often confused with other surgical conditions. We are reporting one case of scar endometriosis involving rectus sheath following cesarean section. The patient required wide surgical excision of the lesion. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition are being discussed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11764
Sheehan Syndrome: a Rare Complication of Post-partum Hemorrhage
Authors: Soni M
Published: December 2014

Incidence of Sheehan syndrome, also known as post-partum hypopituitarism or post-partum pituitary insufficiency or hypopituitarism syndrome has reduced markedly but it does occur in under-developed countries with a reported incidence of 1:10000 deliveries.1-3 We are reporting the case of a 22 year old female with Sheehan syndrome occurring after massive post-partum hemorrhage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11766
Marital Rape and its Social Demographic Factors Associated with Gynecological Problems in Kirtipur
Authors: Shakya T M , Dangal G , Poudyal A K
Published: December 2014

Aims: This study aimed to find association of marital rape with gynecological problems and socio-demographic factors, which helped to explore possible underlying issues and to provide appropriate services to the women. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative study was carried out. Three hundred sixty two married women who came to the health care centres of Public Health Concern Trust (phect-NEPAL) for any kind of health services were enrolled for the study. Data was collected through semi structured interview questionnaire. Bivariate analysis and multiple binary logistic regression analysis were applied to identify the factors associated gynecological problems and marital rape. Results: The study revealed that out of 362 women, 194 (53.6%) experienced marital rape either everyday or sometime.  Out of 362 women, 48.6% (194) were suffered from gynecological problems. Women who had undergone rape had 2.32 times more likely to experience gynecological problems than those who did not (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.52-3.55).  Marital rape was found statistical significantly associated (p-value < 0.05) with economic condition, interspousal communication, and difference among interspousal sexual desire, husband’s violent nature, husband's dominant attitude, husband’s alcohol intake and gynecological problem. Conclusions: Marital rape was associated with existence of gynecological problem in the wife. Therefore, women with gynecological problems should also be explored for marital rape and counseling and service should be provided. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11767
Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Clinically Significant Coagulase-negative Staphylococci
Authors: Nazir A , Shah A , Kakru D , Kadri S M
Published: December 2014

Aims: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and pathogenicity of coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical samples and to study the antibiotic-sensitivity pattern of the coagulase-negative isolates. Methods: A prospective study was conducted over a period of two years on patients admitted in the Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences. Blood, urine, pus, catheter tips, cerebrospinal fluid and peritoneal fluid samples of patients who fulfilled the criteria for being labeled as nosocomial were cultured. Results: One hundred and six strains of coagulase negative staphylococci were isolated from the samples and among them 90 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis (84.90%). Most of the coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates were resistant to penicillin, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Methicillin resistance was found in a significant number of coagulase-negative isolates. All the isolates were found to be sensitive to vancomycin. Conclusions:  The results of the study emphasized that isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci should be viewed with serious concern and accurate species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be performed in all cases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11769
Volume and frequency of ice avalanches from Taconnaz hanging glacier, French Alps
Authors: Vincent C. , Thibert E. , Harter M. , Soruco A. , Gilbert A.
Published: December 2014

Very large volumes of ice break off regularly from Taconnaz hanging glacier, French Alps. During winter, when the snow mantle is unstable, these collapses can trigger very large avalanches that represent a serious threat to inhabited areas below. Photogrammetric measurements have been performed over 1 year to assess the volume and frequency of the largest collapses. Major collapses occur when the glacier reaches a critical geometry. After a major ice collapse, the glacier is in a minimal position and subsequently recharges over 6 months to reach the maximum position again. This critical geometry is a necessary but not sufficient condition for further large collapses. Large collapses do not systematically occur in the maximum position, as ice is often removed by disintegration into small ice blocks. For two major collapses, the volume of ice breaking off has been assessed at ~275 000 m3. Photogrammetric measurements were used to determine an ice flux of 820 000 m3 a–1 through the studied ice stream, in agreement with an assessment based on ice-flow modeling. This ice flux estimation was used to determine the average ice volumes breaking off over surveyed periods.
The level of development of nursing assistants’ value system predicts their views on paternalistic care and personal autonomy
Authors: Kjellström Sofia , Sjölander Per
Published: December 2014

The quality of care is substantially influenced by the staff‘s value priorities. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize value systems among nursing assistants and nurses’ aides, and to assess relations between their value systems and views on good care. A cross-sectional, quantitative study in a Swedish municipality was performed (N=226). Three distinct value systems were identified, and they corresponded to early (n=121), middle (n=88), and late (n=17) conventional stages ofego development. Early conventional value systems emphasized strict rules, routines and working conditions of staff, while middle and, in particularly, late conventional value systems stressed individualization and autonomy of older people. Assessment of value system, socio-demographic, and occupational variables showed that the value systems had a stronger predictive impact on views on care ethics, participation, and autonomy. The results indicate that staff with late conventional value systems prioritized older persons’ exercise of autonomy, while paternalism held priority in staff with early conventional value systems.
Anti-Mycobacterial Nucleoside Antibiotics from a Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. TPU1236A
Authors: Bu Ying-Yue , Yamazaki Hiroyuki , Ukai Kazuyo , Namikoshi Michio
Published: December 2014

Five new nucleoside antibiotics, named streptcytosines A–E (1–5), and six known compounds, de-amosaminyl-cytosamine (6), plicacetin (7), bamicetin (8), amicetin (9), collismycin B (10), and SF2738 C (11), were isolated from a culture broth of Streptomyces sp. TPU1236A collected in Okinawa, Japan. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data (HRFABMS, IR, UV, and 2D NMR experiments including 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY spectra). Streptcytosine A (1) belonged to the amicetin group antibiotics, and streptcytosines B–E (2–5) were derivatives of de-amosaminyl-cytosamine (6), 2,3,6-trideoxyglucopyranosyl cytosine. Compound 1 inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC = 32 µg/mL), while compounds 2–5 were not active at 50 µg/disc. Bamicetin (8) and amicetin (9) showed the MICs of 16 and 8 µg/mL, respectively.
Chemical Constituents from Licania cruegeriana and Their Cardiovascular and Antiplatelet Effects
Authors: Estrada Omar , Contreras Whendy , Acha Giovana , Lucena Eva , Venturini Whitney , Cardozo Alfonso , Alvarado-Castillo Claudia
Published: December 2014

Three new lupane-type triterpenoids: 6β,30-dihydroxybetulinic acid glucopyranosyl ester (4), 6β,30-dihydroxybetulinic acid (5) and 6β-hydroxybetulinic acid (6), were isolated from Licania cruegeriana Urb. along with six known compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including IR, ESIMS, 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, as well as by comparison of their spectral data with those of related compounds. All compounds were evaluated in vivo for their effects on the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and also in vitro for their capacity to inhibit the human platelet aggregation. None of the isolated flavonoids 1–3 showed cardiovascular effects on SHR and among the isolated triterpenoids 4–9 only 5 and 6 produced a significant reduction in MABP (60.1% and 17.2%, respectively) and an elevation in HR (11.0% and 41.2%, respectively). Compounds 3, 4, 5 and 6 were able to inhibit human platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid with different selectivity profiles.
All-Optical Graphene Oxide Humidity Sensors
Authors: Lim Weng , Yap Yuen , Chong Wu , Ahmad Harith
Published: December 2014

The optical characteristics of graphene oxide (GO) were explored to design and fabricate a GO-based optical humidity sensor. GO film was coated onto a SU8 polymer channel waveguide using the drop-casting technique. The proposed sensor shows a high TE-mode absorption at 1550 nm. Due to the dependence of the dielectric properties of the GO film on water content, this high TE-mode absorption decreases when the ambient relative humidity increases. The proposed sensor shows a rapid response (<1 s) to periodically interrupted humid air flow. The transmission of the proposed sensor shows a linear response of 0.553 dB/% RH in the range of 60% to 100% RH.
Aflatoxin Control in Maize by Trametes versicolor
Authors: Scarpari Marzia , Bello Cristiano , Pietricola Chiara , Zaccaria Marco , Bertocchi Luigi , Angelucci Alessandra , Ricciardi Maria , Scala Valeria , Parroni Alessia , Fabbri Anna , Reverberi Massimo , Zjalic Slaven , Fanelli Corrado
Published: December 2014

Aspergillus flavus is a well-known ubiquitous fungus able to contaminate both in pre- and postharvest period different feed and food commodities. During their growth, these fungi can synthesise aflatoxins, secondary metabolites highly hazardous for animal and human health. The requirement of products with low impact on the environment and on human health, able to control aflatoxin production, has increased. In this work the effect of the basidiomycete Trametes versicolor on the aflatoxin production by A. flavus both in vitro and in maize, was investigated. The goal was to propose an environmental loyal tool for a significant control of aflatoxin production, in order to obtain feedstuffs and feed with a high standard of quality and safety to enhance the wellbeing of dairy cows. The presence of T. versicolor, grown on sugar beet pulp, inhibited the production of aflatoxin B1 in maize by A. flavus. Furthermore, treatment of contaminated maize with culture filtrates of T. versicolor containing ligninolytic enzymes, showed a significant reduction of the content of aflatoxin B1.
Correction: Niazi, A., Prasher, S.O., Adamowski, J., Gleeson, T. A System Dynamics Model to Conserve Arid Region Water Resources through Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Conjunction with a Dam. Water 2014, 6, 2300–2321
Authors: Niazi Amir , Prasher Shiv , Adamowski Jan , Gleeson Tom
Published: December 2014

We have recently been made aware by Prof. Sharon Megdal (The University of Arizona) and Dr. Peter Dillon (CSIRO) of some errors and omissions in our recent paper [1]. The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper:[...]
Using Human Simulation in the Oncology Clinical Practice Setting
Authors: Kuhrik Nancy S. , Kuhrik Marilee , Rimkus Christine F. , Tecu Nancy J. , Woodhouse Julie A.
Published: December 2014

Patients are referred to the tertiary care teaching institution with diverse and sometimes rare diagnoses requiring complex therapy. Assuring that nurses in the oncology setting are delivering quality nursing care requires educational support that integrates evidence-based teaching methods. Clinical simulation holds promise for novice and experienced nurses to see the “big picture” associated with acutely ill oncology patients. Simulation scenarios focusing on commonly experienced oncologic emergencies are described, and practical information for the development and implementation of a simulation program is provided.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(8):345–355.
Genetically modified organisms and genetic engineering in research and therapy
Authors: Redi Carlo Alberto
Published: December 2014

This is a very interesting book for both the contents and the procedure that lead to its production. In fact this is the third volume of the series BioValley Monographs edited by Philippe Poindron (University of Strasbourg) and Pascale Piguet (University of Basel) and sponsored by Conseil RÃ©gional dâ€™Alsace, Endress foundation and BioValley Alsace (the biocluster of the upper Rhine area).
Mass spectrometry in food safety - Methods and Protocols
Authors: Redi Carlo Alberto
Published: December 2014

Food safety is one of the main concern in a seven billion people world where food production is now-a-day a world enterprise. Food safety is a necessary pre-requisite for healthy citizens, a global duty that all main geographical areas (Europe, China, the USA and Japan) have addressed. However, the book is rightly opened by an overview of the European union regulations, the area where the most up-to-date regulations have been developed......
A picture is worth a thousand tables - graphics in life sciences
Authors: Redi Carlo Alberto
Published: December 2014

As few years ago BD MacArthur, A Maâ€™ayan and IR Lemischka Â (Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York) pointed out in a very interesting paper (titled Toward stem cell systems biology: from molecules to networks and landscapes published on Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 73:211-215, 2008) we have nowaday the need to use landscape representations to show the overwelming amount of data we accumulate even in a single experiment....
Human embryonic stem cells handbook
Authors: Redi Carlo Alberto
Published: December 2014

After the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine was awarded jointly to Sir John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent it became imperative to write down the review for a book entirely devoted to human embryonic stem cells (hES), those cells that are a urgent need for researchers, those cells that rekindle the ethical debates and finally, last but not least, those cells whose study paved the way to obtain induced pluripotent stem cells by the OSKCâ€™s Yamanaka method (the OSKC acronim refers, for those not familiar with the topic, to the four stemness genes used to transfect somatic fibroblasts: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc)....
Dictyostelium discoideum protocols
Authors: Redi Carlo Alberto
Published: December 2014

As well highlighted and stressed by the two editors (Ludwig Eichinger, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, KÃ¶ln, Germany and Francisco Rivero, Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic research, the Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, UK), Dictyostelium discoideum is an acclaimed member of the so-called model organisms....
Crecimiento de Cedrela odorata l. biofertilizada con Rhizophagus intraradices y Azospirillum brasilense en vivero
Authors: Aguirre-Medina Juan F. , Mina-Briones Francisco O. , Cadena-Iñiguez Jorge , Dardón-Zunun Joni D. , Hernández-Sedas Dante A.
Published: December 2014

Cedrela odorata L. es una especie que se distingue por la calidad de su madera. El cedro establecido en campo debe adaptarse a cambios en disponibilidad de recursos; la sobrevivivencia es mayor cuando el sistema radical se asocia con microorganismos que mejoran la nutrición y crecimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de Rhizophagus intraradices y Azospirillum brasilense sobre el crecimiento de C. odorata y la capacidad de absorción de nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P). Las semillas de cedro se sembraron en macetas de acuerdo con los siguientes tratamientos: testigo, fertilización 15N-15P-15K, R. intraradices, A. brasilense, R. intraradices + A. brasilense, y R. intraradices + A. brasilense + fertilización 15N-15P-15K. Las variables morfológicas y fisiológicas de rendimiento y la colonización radical se registraron cada 28 días, y los contenidos de N y P, al final del experimento (140 días). En general, R. intraradices promovió mayor crecimiento vegetal (P ≤ 0.05) de los componentes morfológicos y fisiológicos del rendimiento. La altura máxima (97 cm) se registró en las plantas con R. intraradices + A. brasilense + fertilización 15N-15P-15K, representando 40 % más altura que el testigo. El N y P incrementaron con la inoculación de los microorganismos solos y combinados
Preacondicionamiento de pinus engelmannii carr. mediante déficit de riego en vivero
Authors: Ávila-Flores Israel J. , Prieto-Ruíz José A. , Hernández-Díaz José C. , Wehenkel Christian A. , Corral-Rivas J. Javier
Published: December 2014

Con el objetivo de mejorar el preacondicionamiento de plántulas de Pinus engelmannii Carr. en vivero, se evaluaron tres frecuencias de riego: 48, 96 y 192 h. Las plántulas de ocho meses de edad se evaluaron durante 40 días. El ensayo se desarrolló en condiciones de invernadero en el vivero del Campo Experimental Valle del Guadiana del INIFAP. Los datos se analizaron mediante prueba de permutaciones. Los resultados muestran que el riego cada 48 h causó los mejores efectos en altura (7.70 cm), diámetro (4.38 mm), biomasa total (6.59 g) e índice de calidad de Dickson (0.55). Por otro lado, el estrés hídrico originado por el tratamiento con riego cada 192 h (-1.22 MPa) limitó el crecimiento de las plántulas; sin embargo, el índice de lignificación (26.63) fue significativamente mejor (P = 0.0001) con esta frecuencia de riego. A pesar de haberse encontrado diferencias importantes (P = 0.0001) en el potencial hídrico y en las variables morfológicas, no se encontró evidencia suficiente que permita definir un tratamiento absolutamente superior para mejorar el preacondicionamiento de las plántulas en vivero. Por lo tanto, es recomendable evaluar dichos tratamientos durante mayor tiempo, además de evaluarlos en campo.
Variability and trends in dynamical forcing of tropical lower stratospheric temperatures
Authors: Fueglistaler S. , Abalos M. , Flannaghan T. J. , Lin P. , Randel W. J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The contribution of dynamical forcing to variations and trends in tropical lower stratospheric 70 hPa temperature for the period 1980–2011 is estimated based on ERA-Interim and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis data. The dynamical forcing is estimated from the tropical mean residual upwelling calculated with the momentum balance equation, and with a simple proxy based on eddy heat fluxes averaged between 25° and 75° in both hemispheres. The thermodynamic energy equation with Newtonian cooling is used to relate the dynamical forcing to temperature. The deseasonalised, monthly mean time series of all four calculations are highly correlated (~ 0.85) with temperature for the period 1995–2011 when variations in radiatively active tracers are small. All four calculations provide additional support to previously noted prominent aspects of the temperature evolution 1980–2011: an anomalously strong dynamical cooling (~ −1 to −2 K) following the Pinatubo eruption that partially offsets the warming from enhanced aerosol, and a few years of enhanced dynamical cooling (~ −0.4 K) after October 2000 that contributes to the prominent drop in water entering the stratosphere at that time. The time series of dynamically forced temperature calculated with the same method are more highly correlated and have more similar trends than those from the same reanalysis but with different methods. For 1980–2011 (without volcanic periods), the eddy heat flux calculations give a dynamical cooling of ~ −0.1 to ~ −0.25 K decade−1 (magnitude sensitive to latitude belt considered and reanalysis), largely due to increasing high latitude eddy heat flux trends in September and December–January. The eddy heat flux trends also explain the seasonality of temperature trends very well, with maximum cooling in January–February. Trends derived from momentum balance calculations show near-zero annual mean dynamical cooling, with weaker seasonal trends especially in December–January. These contradictory results arising from uncertainties in data and methods are discussed and put in context to previous analyses.
Impacts of emission reductions on aerosol radiative effects
Authors: Pietikäinen J.-P. , Kupiainen K. , Klimont Z. , Makkonen R. , Korhonen H. , Karinkanta R. , Hyvärinen A.-P. , Karvosenoja N. , Laaksonen A. , Lihavainen H. , Kerminen V.-M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ is used to study the aerosol burden and forcing changes in the coming decades. Four different emissions scenarios are applied for 2030 (two of them applied also for 2020) and the results are compared against reference year 2005. Two of the scenarios are based on current legislation reductions, one shows the maximum potential of reductions that can be achieved by technical measures, and the last one is targeted to short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). We have analysed the results in terms of global means and additionally focused on 8 sub-regions. Based on our results, aerosol burdens overall show decreasing trend, but in some locations, such as India, the burdens could increase significantly. This has impact on the direct aerosol effect (DRE), which could reduce globally 0.06–0.4 W m−2 by 2030, but can increase over India (up to 0.84 W m−2). The global values depend on the scenario and are lowest with the targeted SLCF simulation. The cloud radiative effect could decline 0.25–0.82 W m−2 by 2030 and occurs mostly over oceans, whereas the DRE effect is mostly over land. Our results show that targeted emission reduction measures can be a~much better choice for the climate than overall high reductions globally. Our simulations also suggest that more than half of the near-future forcing change is due to the radiative effects associated with aerosol-cloud interactions.
Investigating uptake of N2O in agricultural soils using a high-precision dynamic chamber method
Authors: Cowan N. J. , Famulari D. , Levy P. E. , Anderson M. , Reay D. S. , Skiba U. M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Uptake (or negative flux) of nitrous oxide (N2O) in agricultural soils is a controversial issue which has proved difficult to investigate in the past due to constraints such as instrumental precision and methodological uncertainties. Using a recently developed high-precision quantum cascade laser gas analyser combined with a closed dynamic chamber, a well-defined detection limit of 4 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1 could be achieved for individual soil flux measurements. 1220 measurements of N2O flux were made from a variety of UK soils using this method, of which 115 indicated uptake by the soil (i.e. a negative flux in the micrometeorological sign convention). Only four of these apparently negative fluxes were greater than the detection limit of the method, which suggests that the vast majority of reported negative fluxes from such measurements are actually due to instrument noise. As such, we suggest that the bulk of negative N2O fluxes reported for agricultural fields are most likely due to limits in detection of a particular flux measurement methodology and not a result of microbiological activity consuming atmospheric N2O.
TID characterised using joint effort of incoherent scatter radar and GPS
Authors: van de Kamp M. , Pokhotelov D. , Kauristie K.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs), which are caused by Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs), are detected and characterised by a joint analysis of the results of two measurement techniques: incoherent scatter radar and multiple-receiver GPS measurements. Both techniques to measure TIDs are already well known, but are developed further in this study, and the strengths of the two are combined, in order to obtain semi-automatic tools for objective TID detection. The incoherent scatter radar provides a good vertical range and resolution and the GPS measurements provide a good horizontal range and resolution, while both have a good temporal resolution. Using the combination of the methods, the following parameters of the TID can be determined: the time of day when the TID occurs at one location, the period length (or frequency), the vertical phase velocity, the amplitude spectral density, the vertical wavelength, the azimuth angle of horizontal orientation, the horizontal wavelength, and the horizontal phase velocity. This technique will allow a systematic characterisation of AGW-TIDs, which can be useful, among other things, for statistical analyses. The presented technique is demonstrated on data of 20 January 2010 using data from the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar in Tromsø and from the SWEPOS GPS network in Sweden. On this day around 07:00–12:00 UT, a medium-scale TID was observed from both data sets simultaneously. The TID had a period length of around 2 h, and its wave propagated southeastward with a horizontal phase velocity of about 67 m s−1 and a wavelength of about 500 km. The TID had its maximum amplitude in Tromsø at 10:00 UT. The period length detected from the GPS results was twice the main period length detected from the radar, indicating a different harmonic of the same wave. The horizontal wavelength and phase velocity are also estimated from the radar results using Hines' theory, using the WKB approximation to account for inhomogeneity of the atmosphere. The results of this estimate are higher than those detected from the GPS data. The most likely explanation for this is that Hines' theory overestimated the values, because the atmosphere was too inhomogeneous even for the WKB approximation to be valid.
Modeling the global emission, transport and deposition of trace elements associated with mineral dust
Authors: Zhang Y. , Mahowald N. , Scanza R. , Journet E. , Desboeufs K. , Albani S. , Kok J. , Zhuang G. , Chen Y. , Cohen D. D. , Paytan A. , Patey M. D. , Achterberg E. P. , Engelbrecht J P. , Fomba K. W.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Trace element deposition from desert dust has important impacts on ocean primary productivity. In this study, emission inventories for 8 elements, which are primarily of soil origin, Mg, P, Ca, Mn, Fe, K, Al, and Si were determined based on a global mineral dataset and a soils dataset. Datasets of elemental fractions were used to drive the desert dust model in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) in order to simulate the elemental concentrations of atmospheric dust. Spatial variability of mineral dust elemental fractions was evident on a global scale, particularly for Ca. Simulations of global variations in the Ca / Al ratio, which typically ranged from around 0.1 to 5.0 in soil sources, were consistent with observations, suggesting this ratio to be a good signature for dust source regions. The simulated variable fractions of chemical elements are sufficiently different that estimates of deposition should include elemental variations, especially for Ca, Al and Fe. The model results have been evaluated with observational elemental aerosol concentration data from desert regions and dust events in non-dust regions, providing insights into uncertainties in the modeling approach. The ratios between modeled and observed elemental fractions ranged from 0.7 to 1.6 except for 3.4 and 3.5 for Mg and Mn, respectivly. Using the soil data base improved the correspondence of the spatial hetereogeneity in the modeling of several elements (Ca, Al and Fe) compared to observations. Total and soluble dust associated element fluxes into different ocean basins and ice sheets regions have been estimated, based on the model results. Annual inputs of soluble Mg, P, Ca, Mn, Fe and K associated with dust using mineral dataset were 0.28 Tg, 16.89 Gg, 1.32 Tg, 22.84 Gg, 0.068 Tg, and 0.15 Tg to global oceans and ice sheets.
Actual evapotranspiration and precipitation measured by lysimeters: a comparison with eddy covariance and tipping bucket
Authors: Gebler S. , Hendricks Franssen H.-J. , Pütz T. , Post H. , Schmidt M. , Vereecken H.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This study compares actual evapotranspiration (ETa) measurements by a set of six weighable lysimeters, ETa estimates obtained with the eddy covariance (EC) method, and potential crop evapotranspiration according to FAO (ETc-FAO) for the Rollesbroich site in the Eifel (Western Germany). The comparison of ETa measured by EC (including correction of the energy balance deficit) and by lysimeters is rarely reported in literature and allows more insight into the performance of both methods. An evaluation of ETa for the two methods for the year 2012 shows a good agreement with a total difference of 3.8% (19 mm) between the ETa estimates. The highest agreement and smallest relative differences (<8%) on monthly basis between both methods are found in summer. ETa was close to ETc-FAO, indicating that ET was energy limited and not limited by water availability. ETa differences between lysimeter, ETc-FAO, and EC were mainly related to differences in grass height caused by harvesting management and the EC footprint. The lysimeter data were also used to estimate precipitation amounts in combination with a filter algorithm for high precision lysimeters recently introduced by Peters et al. (2014). The estimated precipitation amounts from the lysimeter data show significant differences compared to the precipitation amounts recorded with a standard rain gauge at the Rollesbroich test site. For the complete year 2012 the lysimeter records show a 16% higher precipitation amount than the tipping bucket. With the help of an on-site camera the precipitation measurements of the lysimeters were analyzed in more detail. It was found that the lysimeters record more precipitation than the tipping bucket in part related to the detection of rime and dew, which contributes 17% to the yearly difference between both methods. In addition, fog and drizzle explain an additional 5.5% of the total difference. Larger differences are also recorded for snow and sleet situations. During snowfall, the tipping bucket device underestimated precipitation severely and these situations contributed also 7.9% to the total difference. However, 36% of the total yearly difference was associated to snow cover without apparent snowfall and under these conditions snow bridges and snow drift seem to explain the strong underestimation of precipitation by the lysimeter. The remaining precipitation difference (about 33%) could not be explained, and did not show a clear relation with wind speed. The variations of the individual lysimeters devices compared to the lysimeter mean of 2012 are small showing variations up to 3% for precipitation and 8% for evapotranspiration.
Inversion method for initial tsunami waveform reconstruction
Authors: Voronin V. V. , Voronina T. A. , Tcheverda V. A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This paper deals with the application of r-solution method to recover the initial tsunami waveform in a tsunami source area by remote water-level measurements. Wave propagation is considered within the scope of a linear shallow-water theory. An ill-posed inverse problem is regularized by means of least square inversion using a truncated SVD approach. The properties of obtained solution are determined to a large extent by the properties of an inverse operator, which were numerically investigated. The method presented allows one to control instability of the numerical solution and to obtain an acceptable result in spite of ill-posedness of the problem. It is shown that the accuracy of tsunami source reconstruction strongly depends on the signal-to-noise ratio, the azimuthal coverage of recording stations with respect to the source area and bathymetric features along the wave path. The numerical experiments were carried out with synthetic data and various computational domains including a real bathymetry. The method proposed allows us to make a preliminary prediction of the efficiency of the inversion with a given set of the recording stations and to find out the most informative part of the existing observation system. This essential property of the method can prove to be useful in designing a monitoring system for tsunamis.
A Multi-Agent System for Reporting Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions
Authors: Ji Yanqing , Shen Fangyang , Lau See-Yan , Tran John
Published: December 2014

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a serious worldwide public health problem. Current post-marketing ADR detection approaches largely rely on spontaneous reports filed by various healthcare professionals such as physicians, pharmacists et.al.. Underreporting is a serious deficiency of these methods - the actually reported adverse events represent less than 10% of all cases. Studies show that two important reasons that cause the underreporting are: 1) healthcare professionals are unaware of encountered ADRs, especially for those unusual ADRs; 2) they are too busy to voluntarily report ADRs since it takes a lot of time to fill out the reporting forms. This paper addresses these two issues by developing a multi-agent ADR reporting system. The system 1) helps healthcare professionals detect the potential causal relationship between a drug and an ADR by analyzing patients’ electronic records via both case-based analysis and statistical data mining approach; 2) allows healthcare professionals to add new rules to signal potential ADRs based on their medical expertise; 3) makes the reporting much easier by automatically linking the patients’ electronic data with the reporting form. A functioning prototype of the system has been developed. The proposed data analysis approaches as well as the performance of the system have been tested. The results indicate that this system has a great potential to improve the spontaneous reporting rate of suspected adverse drug reactions.
Long‐term evolution of an Oligocene/Miocene maar lake from Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Fox B. R. S. , Wartho J. , Wilson G. S. , Lee D. E. , Nelson F. E. , Kaulfuss U.
Published: December 2014

Foulden Maar is a highly resolved maar lake deposit from the South Island of New Zealand comprising laminated diatomite punctuated by numerous diatomaceous turbidites. Basaltic clasts found in debris flow deposits near the base of the cored sedimentary sequence yielded two new 40Ar/39Ar dates of 24.51 ± 0.24 and 23.38 ± 0.24 Ma (2σ). The younger date agrees within error with a previously published 40Ar/39Ar date of 23.17 ± 0.19 Ma from a basaltic dyke adjacent to the maar crater. The diatomite is inferred to have been deposited over several tens of thousands of years in the latest Oligocene/earliest Miocene, and may have been coeval with the period of rapid glaciation and subsequent deglaciation of Antarctica known as the Mi‐1 event. Sediment magnetic properties and SEM measurements indicate that the magnetic signal is dominated by pseudo‐single domain pyrrhotite. The most likely source of detrital pyrrhotite is schist country rock fragments from the inferred tephra ring created by the phreatomagmatic eruption that formed the maar. Variations in magnetic mineral concentration indicate a decrease in erosional input throughout the depositional period, suggesting long‐term (tens of thousands of years) environmental change in New Zealand in the latest Oligocene/earliest Miocene.
High‐latitude ionospheric drivers and their effects on wind patterns in the thermosphere
Authors: Liuzzo L. R. , Ridley A. J. , Perlongo N. J. , Mitchell E. J. , Conde M. , Hampton D. L. , Bristow W. A. , Nicolls M. J.
Published: December 2014

Winds in the thermosphere are highly important for transporting mass, momentum, and energy over the globe. In the high‐latitude region, observations show that ion and neutral motions are strongly coupled when the aurora is present but the coupling is less evident when there is no aurora. In this study, we investigate the ability of the Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (GITM) to simulate the mesoscale wind structure over Alaska during a substorm. Thirteen distinct numerical simulations of a substorm event that occurred between 02:00 and 17:00 Universal Time on 24 November 2012 have been performed. Distinct drivers considered include the Weimer and SuperDARN potential patterns and the OVATION Prime and OVATION‐SME auroral models. The effects of the boundary between the neutral wind dynamo calculation and the high‐latitude imposed electric potential were also considered. Neutral wind velocities and thermospheric temperatures measured by the Scanning Doppler Imager instruments located at three locations in Alaska were compared to GITM simulation results, and electron densities within GITM were compared to data from the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar. It was found that the different drivers used between multiple simulations lead to various amounts of momentum coupling within the simulation, affecting the accuracy of the modeled neutral and ion flow patterns and the strength of electron precipitation at high latitudes. This affirms that better observations of auroral precipitation and electric fields are required to accurately understand and consistently reproduce the mesoscale neutral wind flow patterns and temperature structure in the high‐latitude thermosphere.
High‐latitude ionospheric equivalent currents during strong space storms: Regional perspective
Authors: Juusola L. , Viljanen A. , van de Kamp M. , Tanskanen E. I. , Vanhamäki H. , Partamies N. , Kauristie K.
Published: December 2014

Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) are a space weather phenomenon that can interfere with power transmission and even cause blackouts. The primary drivers of GIC can be represented as ionospheric equivalent currents. We used International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) magnetometer data from 1994–2013 to analyze the extreme behavior of the time derivative of the equivalent current density (|ΔJeq|/Δt) together with the occurrence of modeled GIC in the European high‐voltage power grids (1996–2008). Typically, when intense |ΔJeq|/Δt occurred, geomagnetic activity extended to latitudes <60°, Kp ≥ 8, and modeling suggested large GIC in the European high‐voltage power grids. Intense, although short‐lived, |ΔJeq|/Δt also occurred when geomagnetic activity was confined to latitudes >60°. In such cases, typically 5≤Kp<8, and modeling suggested that there were no large GIC in the European high‐voltage power grids. Intense |ΔJeq|/Δt and GIC occurred preferentially before midnight or at dawn and were rare after noon. There was a seasonal peak in October and a minimum around midsummer. Intense |ΔJeq|/Δt and GIC occurred preferentially in the declining phase of the solar cycle and were rare around solar minima. A longer perspective (1975–2013) was obtained by comparison with the time derivative of the magnetic field from the IMAGE station Nurmijärvi (NUR, MLAT ∼57°). NUR data indicated that the quietness of summer months may have been due to a coincidental lack of intense storms during the shorter period. NUR data agreed with the increased activity in the declining phase but demonstrated that extreme events could also occur during solar minima.
Identifying unique and shared risk factors for physical intimate partner violence and clinically‐significant physical intimate partner violence
Authors: Slep Amy M. Smith , Foran Heather M. , Heyman Richard E. , Snarr Jeffery D. , USAF Family Advocacy Research Program
Published: December 2014

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern. To date, risk factor research has not differentiated physical violence that leads to injury and/or fear (i.e., clinically significant IPV; CS‐IPV) from general physical IPV. Isolating risk relations is necessary to best inform prevention and treatment efforts. The current study used an ecological framework and evaluated relations of likely risk factors within individual, family, workplace, and community levels with both CS‐IPV and general IPV to determine whether they were related to one type of IPV, both, or neither for both men and women. Probable risk and promotive factors from multiple ecological levels of influence were selected from the literature and assessed, along with CS‐IPV and general IPV, via an anonymous, web‐based survey. The sample comprised US Air Force (AF) active duty members and civilian spouses (totalN = 36,861 men; 24,331 women) from 82 sites worldwide. Relationship satisfaction, age, and alcohol problems were identified as unique risk factors (in the context of the 23 other risk factors examined) across IPV and CS‐IPV for men and women. Other unique risk factors were identified that differed in prediction of IPV and CS‐IPV. The results suggest a variety of both established and novel potential foci for indirectly targeting partner aggression and clinically‐significant IPV by improving people's risk profiles at the individual, family, workplace, and community levels. Aggr. Behav. 41:227–241, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.