bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature and UV-B insensitive performance in tadpoles of the Ornate burrowing frog: an ephemeral pond specialist
Authors: Kern Pippa , Cramp Rebecca L. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: December 2013

Animals may overcome the challenges of temperature instability through behavioural and physiological mechanisms in response to short and long term temperature changes. When ectotherms face the challenge of large diel temperature fluctuations one strategy may be to reduce the thermal sensitivity of key traits in order to maintain performance across the range of temperatures experienced. Additional stressors may limit the ability of animals to respond to these thermally challenging environments through changes to energy partitioning, or interactive effects. Ornate burrowing frog (Platyplectrum ornatum) tadpoles develop in shallow ephemeral pools that experience high diel thermal variability (>20°C) and can be exposed to high levels of UV-B radiation. Here we investigated how development in fluctuating verses stable temperature conditions in the presence of high or low UV-B radiation influences thermal tolerance and thermal sensitivity of performance traits of P. ornatum tadpoles. Tadpoles developed in either stable (24°C) or fluctuating temperatures (18-32°C) under high or low UV-B conditions. Tadpoles were tested for upper critical thermal limits and thermal dependence of resting metabolic rate and maximum burst swimming performance. We hypothesised that developmental responses to thermal fluctuations would increase thermal tolerance and reduce thermal dependence of physiological traits, and that trade-offs in the allocation of metabolic resources towards repairing UV-B induced damage may limit the ability to maintain performance over the full range of temperatures experienced. We found that P. ornatum tadpoles were thermally insensitive for both burst swimming performance, across the range of temperatures tested, and resting metabolic rate at high temperatures independent of developmental conditions. Maintenance of performance led to trade-off for growth under fluctuating temperatures and UV-B exposure. Temperature treatment and UV-B exposure had an interactive effect on upper critical thermal limits possibly due to the up-regulation of the cellular stress response. Thermal independence of key traits may allow P. ornatum tadpoles to maintaining performance in the thermal variability inherent in their environment.
Summit metabolism and metabolic expansibility in Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bats (Epomophorus wahlbergi): seasonal acclimatisation and effects of captivity
Authors: Minnaar Ingrid A. , Bennett Nigel C. , Chimimba Christian T. , McKechnie Andrew E.
Published: December 2013

Summit metabolism (Msum), the maximum rate of resting metabolic thermogenesis, has been found to be broadly correlated with climatic variables and the use of heterothermy in some endotherms. Far less is known about Msum and metabolic expansibility [ME, the ratio of Msum to basal metabolic rate (BMR)] in bats compared to many other endotherm taxa. We measured BMR and Msum during winter and summer in captive and wild populations of a pteropodid from the southern subtropics, Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) in Pretoria, South Africa The Msum of fruit bats ranged from 5.178 ± 0.611 W (captive, summer) to 6.006 ± 0.890 W (captive, winter), and did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, BMR decreased by 17-25% in winter. The combination of seasonally stable Msum but flexible BMR resulted in ME being significantly higher in winter than summer, ranging from 7.24 ± 1.49 (wild, summer) to 13.11 ± 2.14 (captive, winter). The latter value is well above the typical mammalian range. Moreover, both Msum and ME were significantly higher in captive bats compared to wild individuals; we speculate this represents a phenotypic response to a reduction in exercise-associated heat production while in captivity. Our data for E. wahlbergi, combined with those currently available for other chiropterans, reveal that Msum in bats is highly variable compared to allometrically expected values for other mammals.
Improving the Value of Analysis for Biosurveillance
Authors: Willis Henry H. , Moore Melinda
Published: December 2013

Biosurveillance provides information that improves decisions about mitigating the effects of disease outbreaks and bioterrorism. The success of biosurveillance depends on the effectiveness of at least four key processes: data collection, data analysis and interpretation, data integration from across organizations, and action (including public responses) based upon results of the analysis. Questions typically arise about whether information from biosurveillance systems represents a threat that justifies a response. To begin answering these questions, the Institute of Medicine Standing Committee on Health Threats Resilience has been undertaking discussions of strategies that the Department of Homeland Security National Biosurveillance Integration Center could use to strengthen its decision support and decision analysis functions. As part of these discussions, this paper applies two standard decision analysis tools to biosurveillance–decision trees and value-of-information analysis—to assess the implications of strategies to enhance biosurveillance and to improve decisions about whether and how to act after detection of a biosurveillance signal. This application demonstrates how decision analysis tools can be used to improve public health preparedness decision making by developing a road map for how best to enhance biosurveillance through better analytic tools and methods.
Application of Hydrothermal Treatment to High Concentrated Sewage Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion Process
Authors: Orikawa M. , Kamahara H. , Atsuta Y. , Daimon H.
Published: December 2013

Tomato and seaweed were produced by utilizing CO2 and heat discharged from power generation using biogas in Toyogawa biomass park, Japan. The biogas was obtained by anaerobic digestion with hydrothermal treatment. The hydrothermal treatment was applied to the high concentrated sewage sludge (22 % total solids (TS) dewatered sludge). The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of hydrothermal treatment on the qualities of high concentrated sewage sludge, by analyzing particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The hydrothermal treatment was investigated under 10-60 min of treatment time, 180-200 °C of temperature, 10-22 %-TS of sewage sludge concentration. The results showed that the DOC in each conditions increased through hydrothermal treatment. The highest DOC obtained was 67 % of total carbon concentration, when the temperature was 180 °C, treatment time was 60 min and sewage sludge concentration was 10 %-TS. Furthermore, the viscosity of treated sewage sludge was decreased by hydrothermal treatment. In batch anaerobic digestion test, methane gas production was confirmed. In addition, this study evaluated the energy balance of this system. Thus, the results of this study indicated that the possibility of application of hydrothermal treatment to high concentrated sewage sludge for anaerobic digestion process.
Eliciting Security Requirements from the Business Processes Using Security Risk-Oriented Patterns
Authors: Matulevičius Raimundas , Ahmed Naved
Published: December 2013

Although importance of aligning modelling of business processes
and security is growing, there is rather limited research
performed on elicitation of security requirements from the
business processes. In this paper we discuss how security
risk-oriented patterns could help solving the above problem. Using
the illustrative example, we present a two-step method for (i)
pattern occurrence discovery in, and (ii) for security
requirements definition from the business process model. We hope
that our proposal could help elicit security requirements at the
early system development stages, however, we still need to
validate it empirically.
Business Process Compliance: An Abstract Normative Framework
Authors: Governatori Guido
Published: December 2013

In this paper we propose an abstract framework to model the
deontic notions relevant for business process compliance. In
particular, we provide a comprehensive classification of the
obligation types relevant for modelling whether a process is
compliant, and we describe their semantics in terms of execution
traces.
Short-term combined treatment with liraglutide and metformin leads to significant weight loss in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and previous poor response to metformin
Authors: Jensterle Sever Mojca , Kocjan Tomaz , Pfeifer Marija , Kravos Nika Aleksandra , Janez Andrej
Published: December 2013

Objective

The effect of metformin on weight reduction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is often unsatisfactory. In this study, we investigated the potential add-on effect of treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide on weight loss in obese nondiabetic women with PCOS who had lost <5% body weight during pretreatment with metformin.

Methods

A total of 40 obese women with PCOS, who had been pretreated with metformin for at least 6 months, participated in a 12-week open-label, prospective study. They were randomized to one of three treatment arms: metformin (MET) arm 1000 mg BID, liraglutide (LIRA) arm 1.2 mg QD s.c., or combined MET 1000 mg BID and LIRA (COMBI) 1.2 mg QD s.c. Lifestyle intervention was not actively promoted. The primary outcome was change in body weight.

Results

Thirty six patients (aged 31.3±7.1 years, BMI 37.1±4.6 kg/m2) completed the study: 14 on MET, 11 on LIRA, and 11 on combined treatment. COMBI therapy was superior to LIRA and MET monotherapy in reducing weight, BMI, and waist circumference. Subjects treated with COMBI lost on average 6.5±2.8 kg compared with a 3.8±3.7 kg loss in the LIRA group and a 1.2±1.4 kg loss in the MET group (P<0.001). The extent of weight loss was stratified: a total of 38% of subjects were high responders who lost ≥5% body weight, 22% of them in the COMBI arm compared with 16 and 0% in the LIRA and MET arm respectively. BMI decreased by 2.4±1.0 in the COMBI arm compared with 1.3±1.3 in LIRA and 0.5±0.5 in the MET arm (P<0.001). Waist circumference also decreased by 5.5±3.8 cm in the COMBI arm compared with 3.2±2.9 cm in LIRA and 1.6±2.9 cm in the MET arm (P=0.029). Subjects treated with liraglutide experienced more nausea than those treated with metformin, but severity of nausea decreased over time and did not correlate with weight loss.

Conclusions

Short-term combined treatment with liraglutide and metformin was associated with significant weight loss and decrease in waist circumference in obese women with PCOS who had previously been poor responders regarding weight reduction on metformin monotherapy.
Zinc ions upregulate the hormone gastrin via an E-box motif in the proximal gastrin promoter
Authors: Xiao Lin , Kovac Suzana , Chang Mike , Shulkes Arthur , Baldwin Graham S , Patel Oneel
Published: December 2013

Gastrin and its precursors act as growth factors for the normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal mucosa. As the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride upregulates the gastrin gene, the effect of other metal ions on gastrin promoter activity was investigated. Gastrin mRNA was measured by real-time PCR, gastrin peptides by RIA, and gastrin promoter activity by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Exposure to Zn2+ions increased gastrin mRNA concentrations in the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum stimulation of 55±14-fold at 100 μM (P<0.05). Significant stimulation was also observed with Cd2+and Cu2+, but not with Ca2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, or Fe3+ions. Activation of MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways is necessary but not sufficient for gastrin induction by Zn2+. Deletional mutation of the gastrin promoter identified an 11 bp DNA sequence, which contained an E-box motif, as necessary for Zn2+-dependent gastrin induction. The fact that E-box binding transcription factors play a crucial role in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with our observation that Zn2+ions upregulate the gastrin gene in AGS cells by an E-box-dependent mechanism, suggests that Zn2+ions may induce an EMT, and that gastrin may be involved in the transition.
Sanctuaries and the Emergence of Elites in Nuragic Sardinia during the Early Iron Age (ca. 950–720 bc)
Authors: Ialongo Nicola
Published: December 2013

During the Early Iron Age (ca. 950–720 bc) Nuragic Sardinia experienced the rise of monumental public sanctuaries. This study addresses the formation of the votive record in sanctuaries in order to explore the relationship between socio-economic control and the ritual dynamics of legitimation of authority. In Nuragic sanctuaries, large amounts of wealth were collected in the form of significant accumulations of bronze objects. The accumulation of metal objects in sanctuaries probably reflects a model of elite-controlled wealth redistribution. It is argued that the rise of sanctuaries is part of a planned ‘ritual strategy’, put in action by Nuragic elites, in order to pursue ideological legitimation to their claims for hegemony. The subject is set within a proposal of a general redefinition of the Nuragic Early Iron Age, making it possible to propose a contextualization of the local phenomenon within the contemporary western Mediterranean framework.
Report from Doctoral Students Study Day UCL, London
Authors: Pink Andrew , Sandvall Harriet
Published: December 2013

This report provides details of seven promising PhD projects presented by doctoral students working in the domain of freemasonry and fraternalism, with commentaries by Professor Cécile Révauger from Université de Bordeaux III, who is perhaps the leading European scholar of eighteenth-century freemasonry, and by Miguel Hernandez, doctoral student from University of Exeter. The students’ research covered colonial freemasonry in India, Belgian reactions to fascist prohibition of freemasonry in Italy, masonic pottery, the Ku Klux Klan and freemasonry in the US, the creation of a Belgian national identity, female masonic rituals, and an introduction to the life of nineteenth-century Egyptologist and social climber Thomas Pettigrew. This impressive range demonstrates the excellent health of research into freemasonry in our universities.
Darius Wilson, Confidence Schemes, and American Fraternalism 1869-1926
Authors: Moore William D.
Published: December 2013

Many scholars, including Mark Carnes and Mary Ann Clawson, have noted that the last quarter of the nineteenth century was the ‘golden age of fraternity’ in the United States. These years, during which America transformed from a rural society with an economy based in agriculture to an urban nation funded by industrial manufacturing, were also a time of frauds, hucksters, and charlatans who exploited the country’s rapid changes as opportunities to enrich themselves at the expense of others. This paper examines the career of Darius Wilson, who founded the Royal Arcanum, assumed the title of ‘Grand Master of the Venerable Symbolic Grand Lodge Ancient Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry for the United States of America’, and claimed to have developed a cure for deafness. Between 1875 and 1915, Wilson was both hailed for providing insurance to poverty-stricken immigrants and decried as a fraud who foisted worthless fraternal, medical and financial certificates upon a credulous public. A resident of Boston, Massachusetts, Wilson was a member or Rochester, New York’s Yonnondio Lodge No. 163, F. & A.M., before he was expelled. Subsequently he was repeatedly arrested and tried for improperly selling masonic degrees. Wilson provides a case study for the exploration of issues of authority, legitimacy, and confidence within the American industrializing economy, and will provide new perspectives for understanding fraternalism at the birth of the twentieth century.
Reliability of the liner system using the response surface method
Authors: Santhosh L.G. , Babu G.L. Sivakumar
Published: December 2013

One of the most convenient ways to communicate the risk of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of a landfill is through the use of probability of failure or reliability of the containment system of the landfill. The reliability of the engineered containment system influences the risk of groundwater contamination. In this paper, an approach to understanding the effectiveness of the liner system using the response surface method, taking into consideration the variability of five parameters (initial chloride concentration, clay diffusion coefficient, soil porosity, aquifer porosity and base outflow velocity) is presented. Comparative analysis was performed with respect to the relationship of the reliability index and the coefficient of variation of each variable in order to understand their influence on the reliability of the liner system. The implications of the study are presented here. It may be noted that the developed response surface equations are only valid for the conditions considered in this analysis.
Mechanical and microstructural characterization of geopolymer synthesized from low calcium fly ash
Authors: Kramar Sabina , Ducman Vilma
Published: December 2013

This study deals with the mechanical and microstructural characterization of
geopolymers synthesized from locally available fly ash. A low calcium fly ash
was activated using a sodium silicate solution. Samples were characterized by
means of flexural and compressive tests, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). Porosity and pore size distributions were identified using
mercury intrusion porosimetry and gas sorption. The compressive strength of
the produced geopolymers, which is in the range of 1.6 to 53.3 N/mm2, is
strongly related to the water content as well as SiO2/Na2O mass ratio of an
alkali activator. The compressive strength significantly increased with
decreases in the water content and increased silicon concentration used for
the synthesis of geopolymers.
On similarity between topologies
Authors: Bartoszewicz Artur , Filipczak Małgorzata , Kowalski Andrzej , Terepeta Małgorzata
Published: December 2013

Let T
1 and T
2 be topologies defined on the same set X and let us say that (X, T
1) and (X, T
2) are similar if the families of sets which have nonempty interior with respect to T
1 and T
2 coincide. The aim of the paper is to study how similar topologies are related with each other.
Can Recovery of Peripheral Muscle Function Predict Cognitive Task Performance in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome With and Without Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Ickmans Kelly , Meeus Mira , De Kooning Margot , Lambrecht Luc , Pattyn Nathalie , Nijs Jo
Published: December 2013

Background

Both good physical and cognitive functioning have a positive influence on the execution of activities of daily living. Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) as well as patients with fibromyalgia have marked cognitive deficits. Furthermore, a good physical and functional health status may have a positive impact on a variety of cognitive skills—a link that has been observed in young and old individuals who are healthy, although evidence is limited in patients with CFS.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine whether recovery of upper limb muscle function could be a significant predictor of cognitive performance in patients with CFS and in patients with CFS and comorbid fibromyalgia. Furthermore, this study determined whether cognitive performance is different between these patient groups.

Design

A case-control design was used.

Methods

Seventy-eight participants were included in the study: 18 patients with CFS only (CFS group), 30 patients with CFS and comorbid fibromyalgia (CFS+FM group), and 30 individuals who were healthy and inactive (control group) were studied. Participants first completed 3 performance-based cognitive tests designed to assess selective and sustained attention, cognitive inhibition, and working memory capacity. Seven days later, they performed a fatiguing upper limb exercise test, with subsequent recovery measures.

Results

Recovery of upper limb muscle function was found to be a significant predictor of cognitive performance in patients with CFS. Participants in the CFS+FM group but not those in the CFS group showed significantly decreased cognitive performance compared with the control group.

Limitations

The cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow for inferences of causation.

Conclusions

The results suggest that better physical health status could predict better mental health in patients with CFS. Furthermore, they underline disease heterogeneity, suggesting that reducing this factor in future research is important to better understand and uncover mechanisms regarding the nature of diverse impairments in these patients.
Synthesis and Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Ionic Liquid Polymer as a Macroporous Material for the Removal of Phenols and As(V)
Authors: Raoov Muggundha , Mohamad Sharifah , Abas Mhd
Published: December 2013

β-Cyclodextrin-ionic liquid polymer (CD-ILP) was first synthesized by functionalized β-cyclodextrin (CD) with 1-benzylimidazole (BIM) to form monofunctionalized CD (βCD-BIMOTs) and was further polymerized using a toluene diisocyanate (TDI) linker to form insoluble CD-ILP (βCD-BIMOTs-TDI). The βCD-BIMOTs-TDI polymer was characterized using various tools and the results obtained were compared with those derived from the native β-cyclodextrin polymer (βCD-TDI). The SEM result shows that the presence of ionic liquid (IL) increases the pore size, while the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) result shows that the presence of IL increases the stability of the polymer. Meanwhile, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) results show that βCD-BIMOTs-TDI polymer has 1.254 m2/g surface areas and the Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution result reveals that the polymer exhibits macropores with a pore size of 77.66 nm. Preliminary sorption experiments were carried out and the βCD-BIMOTs-TDI polymer shows enhanced sorption capacity and high removal towards phenols and As(V).
Genome-Wide Analysis of the Cyclin Gene Family in Tomato
Authors: Zhang Tingyan , Wang Xin , Lu Yongen , Cai Xiaofeng , Ye Zhibiao , Zhang Junhong
Published: December 2013

Cyclins play important roles in cell division and cell expansion. They also interact with cyclin-dependent kinases to control cell cycle progression in plants. Our genome-wide analysis identified 52 expressed cyclin genes in tomato. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino sequences of tomato and Arabidopsis cyclin genes divided them into 10 types, A-, B-, C-, D-, H-, L-, T-, U-, SDS- and J18. Pfam analysis indicated that most tomato cyclins contain a cyclin-N domain. C-, H- and J18 types only contain a cyclin-C domain, and U-type cyclins contain another potential cyclin domain. All of the cyclin genes are distributed throughout the tomato genome except for chromosome 8, and 30 of them were found to be segmentally duplicated; they are found on the duplicate segments of chromosome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 12, suggesting that tomato cyclin genes experienced a mass of segmental duplication. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis indicates that the expression patterns of tomato cyclin genes were significantly different in vegetative and reproductive stages. Transcription of most cyclin genes can be enhanced or repressed by exogenous application of gibberellin, which implies that gibberellin maybe a direct regulator of cyclin genes. The study presented here may be useful as a guide for further functional research on tomato cyclins.
1H-2,3-Dihydroperimidine Derivatives: A New Class of Potent Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors
Authors: Wang Wen-Long , Yang Dong-Lin , Gao Li-Xin , Tang Chun-Lan , Ma Wei-Ping , Ye Hui-Hua , Zhang Si-Qi , Zhao Ya-Nan , Xu Hao-Jie , Hu Zhao , Chen Xia , Fan Wen-Hua , Chen Hai-Jun , Li Jing-Ya , Nan Fa-Jun , Li Jia , Feng Bainian
Published: December 2013

A series of 1H-2,3-dihydroperimidine derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as a new class of inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 values in the micromolar range. Compounds 46 and 49 showed submicromolar inhibitory activity against PTP1B, and good selectivity (3.48-fold and 2.10-fold respectively) over T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatases (TCPTP). These results have provided novel lead compounds for the design of inhibitors of PTP1B as well as other PTPs.
ISEV position paper: extracellular vesicle RNA analysis and bioinformatics
Authors: Hill Andrew F. , Pegtel D. Michiel , Lambertz Ulrike , Leonardi Tommaso , O'Driscoll Lorraine , Pluchino Stefano , Ter‐Ovanesyan Dmitry , Nolte‐‘t Hoen Esther N.M.
Published: December 2013

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the collective term for the various vesicles that are released by cells into the extracellular space. Such vesicles include exosomes and microvesicles, which vary by their size and/or protein and genetic cargo. With the discovery that EVs contain genetic material in the form of RNA (evRNA) has come the increased interest in these vesicles for their potential use as sources of disease biomarkers and potential therapeutic agents. Rapid developments in the availability of deep sequencing technologies have enabled the study of EV‐related RNA in detail. In October 2012, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) held a workshop on “evRNA analysis and bioinformatics.” Here, we report the conclusions of one of the roundtable discussions where we discussed evRNA analysis technologies and provide some guidelines to researchers in the field to consider when performing such analysis.
Qu’est-ce qui se cache derrière les mots ? L’enseignement de la compréhension de l’anglais écrit en LEA
Authors: Chartier Nicole
Published: December 2013

Qu’est-ce qui se cache derrière les mots ? Les mots représentent des réalités, qu’il est indispensable de (re)connaître afin de pouvoir en rendre compte dans le passage d’une langue à l’autre. Une méthodologie de l’enseignement de la connotation et des références culturelles est proposée dans cet article.
“Cultural Re-Entry”: Pedagogical application of a simple descriptive analysis of the dynamics of cross-cultural encounter for students of International Commerce
Authors: Brace-Le Bigot Suzette
Published: December 2013

Cette intervention a pour objet un programme de « dépressurisation culturelle » créé pour des étudiants de retour dans un milieu universitaire après un stage d’ordre professionnel dans un pays étranger. À la différence de la plupart des programmes de sensibilisation interculturelle qui se fixent essentiellement sur « le perçu » et sur les apports cognitifs offerts par la culture découverte (culture cible), le programme de « dépressurisation culturelle » analyse « le perceveur », ou le comportement du sujet face à la culture étrangère Les sept « phases » de découverte vont de la perspective de la culture maternelle (contact avec l’altérité extrêmement limité) au « désengagement » (capacité à faire des choix responsables face à la double sollicitation des valeurs acquises dans l’environnement maternel et des alternatives proposées par une autre culture). En conclusion, nous proposons un appareil pédagogique, ou une série d’exercices de sensibilisation du groupe.
Jouer avec l'anglais juridique
Authors: Villez Barbara S.
Published: December 2013

Théorie et pratique du droit sont très différentes en France et en Grande-Bretagne. La langue de spécialité à acquérir suppose une bonne compréhension de ces concepts culturellement différents. Des techniques pédagogiques ludiques aident fortement à cette acquisition.
Quelle connaissance de la matière principale d’étude de ses étudiants un professeur d’anglais de spécialité doit-il avoir ?
Authors: Sarra-Bournet Cécile
Published: December 2013

Pour une première expérience d’enseignement devant des étudiants d’un DESS spécialisé, le jeune professeur de langue de spécialité se doit d’avoir recours à toutes les aides disponibles, et doit pouvoir tabler sur la parité croisée des savoirs entre lui et ses étudiants.
Quel(s) domaine(s) langagier(s) pour l'évaluation d'une compétence en langue? Réflexion dans le cadre du D(N)CL
Authors: Isani Shaeda , Hérino Micheline
Published: December 2013

Cet article explique la problématique du choix de domaine langagier dans l'évaluation et répond à deux questions souvent posées, d’une part l'absence de la composante langue de spécialité dans le D(N)CL et, d’autre part, la différence entre la langue de communication usuelle et la langue de communication à usage professionnel.
Le passif peut-il éclairer les esprits ?
Authors: Vapnarsky Valentina
Published: December 2013

Cet article présente une réflexion sur les modes d’expression et d’attribution d’agentivité au sein des interactions communicationnelles concernant les esprits-maîtres chez les Mayas Yucatèques du Quintana Roo (Mexique). L’étude associe une analyse grammaticale de la façon dont des notions afférentes à l’agentivité structurent le maya yucatèque, à une analyse ethnographique et discursive des interactions impliquant les esprits. Quatre situations discursives sont comparées : récit biographique de rencontre avec les esprits, conte, commentaires du spécialiste rituel, invocation rituelle. Celles-ci révèlent de forts contrastes quant aux modes de référence actantielle et lexicale utilisés pour la référence aux esprits, permettant, grâce à la considération de genres du discours relativement typifiés et de choix discursifs locaux, d’expliciter certaines corrélations entre cadre participatif, mode de référence linguistique et régime relationnel. L’hypothèse soutenue est que les modes linguistiques de référence aux esprits et à leur action sont co-constitutifs des formes et gradations d’agentivité qui leur sont affectés, en ce qu’ils indexent, qualifient ou oblitèrent, des relations à la fois typifiées et contextuelles d’agence entre le locuteur, d’autres participants à la situation d’énonciation et les esprits.
Calibay o la tempestad
Authors: Giudicelli Christophe
Published: December 2013

Todos los que trabajamos temas de historia indígena colonial soñamos con encontrar una voz autónoma, una petición presentada libremente por una autoridad indígena ante el mayor representante del poder español a nivel local, para hacer reconocer su derecho legítimo y el de sus súbditos sobre las tierras de sus antepasados que, de paso, quedan localizadas. Aquí presentamos y transcribimos un documento que parece cumplir con esas cualidades. La respuesta positiva a la petición del cacique Calibay, por parte del Teniente de Gobernador, podría dejar pensar en una envidiable —y poco común, sobre todo en el Tucumán finisecular— situación de “negociación” entre “actores” que contrastaría con el sempiterno cuadro asimétrico de la conquista. Es tanto más llamativo el documento cuanto que es extremadamente temprano: la petición lleva la fecha del 1° de febrero de 1586, es decir que nos indicaría un estado de las relaciones entre los vecinos de la incipiente ciudad de Salta (fundada menos de cuatro años antes, el 16 de abril de 1582) y los indios pulares. El interés del documento no se limita a su condición histórica, sino que estriba también en el estatuto que se le dio en la tradición historiográfica y más particularmente en los estudios de etnohistoria y de arqueología histórica que se interesaron por las poblaciones llamadas pulares en las fuentes históricas españolas y su papel supuesto en tiempos de la provincia incaica de Chicoana.
Les services de soins hospitaliers publics dans l’agglomération de Sfax : spécificités fonctionnelles et pouvoir spatial
Authors: Jarraya Mounir , Beltrando Gérard
Published: December 2013

Installées dans l’agglomération de Sfax, les structures hospitalo-universitaires exercent une attraction sur son espace périphérique. Cela se matérialise par des flux de patients qui fréquentent l’agglomération pour divers services de soins spécialisés offerts par ces structures. A travers les niveaux de soins, de la consultation et de l’hospitalisation, nous analysons les aspects du pouvoir spatial des EPS de l’agglomération de Sfax, en mettant l’accent sur la congestion dont souffrent celles-ci ainsi que l’effet des mesures adoptées jusqu’aujourd’hui pour y remédier. Pour ce faire, nous avons recours à des données, relatives à l’activité hospitalière, illustrées par des indicateurs (DMS, TRL …). Ce travail débouchera sur l’analyse de la tendance de la congestion ainsi que sur des propositions qui pourraient permettre le décongestionnement des EPS de Sfax.
Cell Death Triggered by Yersinia enterocolitica Identifies Processing of the Proinflammatory Signal Adapter MyD88 as a General Event in the Execution of Apoptosis
Authors: Novikova Lena , Czymmeck Nicole , Deuretzbacher Anne , Buck Friedrich , Richter Kathleen , Weber Alexander N. R. , Aepfelbacher Martin , Ruckdeschel Klaus
Published: December 2013

Many pathogenic microorganisms have evolved tactics to modulate host cell death or survival pathways for establishing infection. The enteropathogenic bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica deactivates TLR-induced signaling pathways, which triggers apoptosis in macrophages. In this article, we show that Yersinia-induced apoptosis of human macrophages involves caspase-dependent cleavage of the TLR adapter protein MyD88. MyD88 was also cleaved when apoptosis was mediated by overexpression of the Toll–IL-1R domain–containing adapter inducing IFN-β in epithelial cells. The caspase-processing site was mapped to aspartate-135 in the central region of MyD88. MyD88 is consequently split by caspases in two fragments, one harboring the death domain and the other the Toll–IL-1R domain. Caspase-3 was identified as the protease that conferred the cleavage of MyD88 in in vitro caspase assays. In line with a broad role of caspase-3 in the execution of apoptosis, the processing of MyD88 was not restricted to Yersinia infection and to proapoptotic Toll–IL-1R domain–containing adapter inducing IFN-β signaling, but was also triggered by staurosporine treatment. The cleavage of MyD88 therefore seems to be a common event in the advanced stages of apoptosis, when caspase-3 is active. We propose that the processing of MyD88 disrupts its scaffolding function and uncouples the activation of TLR and IL-1Rs from the initiation of proinflammatory signaling events. The disruption of MyD88 may consequently render dying cells less sensitive to proinflammatory stimuli in the execution phase of apoptosis. The cleavage of MyD88 could therefore be a means of conferring immunogenic tolerance to apoptotic cells to ensure silent, noninflammatory cell demise.
Holocene sediment record from Briaunis palaeolake, Eastern Lithuania: history of sedimentary environment and vegetation dynamics
Authors: Gryguc Gražyna , Kisielienė Dalia , Stančikaitė Miglė , Šeirienė Vaida , Skuratovič Žana , Vaitkevičius Vykintas , Gaidamavičius Andrejus
Published: December 2013

This paper presents new data describing the Holocene environmental history of the Briaunis palaeolake, Eastern Lithuania. Shortly before 9600 cal yr BP, sedimentation began in an oligotrophic deep-water basin, whereas the Early Holocene instability of the environmental regime caused the influx of detrital sediment into the basin. A birch forest dominated in the surrounding landscapes, and at ca. 9600 cal yr BP, the spread of Ulmus, Alnus, Populus and Corylus began, suggesting a short-lived climatic amelioration. A subsequent drop of the water table and increasing influx of the terrigenous material continued from 9600 to 9300–9200 cal yr BP. The ensuing climatic stability caused the formation of a deciduous forest and the regional spread of Picea.
Some instability, i.e. a decline in the thermophilous species, as well as the appearance of boreal and northern alpine diatoms, could be associated with the so-called “8.2 ka event”. This reversal was followed by amelioration and prospering of the water plants typical of the Holocene climatic optimum from 7900 to 7200–7100 cal yr BP. At aproximatelly 6600–6500 cal yr BP, a small rise of the water table was documented and bog-forming processes dominated until ca. 3600–3400 cal yr BP, when a small-scale deepening of the basin occured.
Raíces históricas de la violencia en Chile
Authors: Salazar Gabriel
Published: December 2013

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La psicología social comunitaria: repensando la disciplina desde la comunidad
Authors: Sánchez Euclides
Published: December 2013

la crítica a la psicología social tradicional y el surgimiento de nuevos paradigmas en las ciencias sociales, han estimulado el desarrollo de una nueva psicología social y particularmente de la psicología social comunitaria (PSC). La agenda de investigación de la PSC, sin embargo, no es clara en cuanto a la participación que debe tener la sociedad civil y específicamente las comunidades en la estructuración de dicha agenda. Tal agenda requiere la realización de tareas tan diversas como establecer la concepción de los temas o problemas que deben estudiarse, los métodos a ser empleados en la investigación de los problemas comunitarios, los beneficios de los proyectos de investigación para la comunidad o el análisis de la relación psicólogo social comunitario-comunidad.En este trabajo, y con base en entrevistas realizadas a miembros de comunidades de diferente nivel socioeconómico, se realizan consideraciones de diferente orden que pueden ser de utilidad para el desarrollo de un nuevo programa de trabajo de la PSC.
Threats and state of conservation of aphyllophoroid fungi in the Mediterranean
Authors: Gorjón Sergio P. , Bernicchia Annarosa
Published: December 2013

Aphyllophoroid fungi is an artificial and diverse group of fungi, often little considered in mycological inventories, but very important in the forest dynamics. In this paper we summarize generally some of the most relevant and interesting habitats in the Mediterranean for this group of fungi, and briefly analyze the conservation problematics.
Benedito Nunes, leitor de Clarice Lispector, ou o drama de habitar uma linguagem sitiada
Authors: Luján Martínez Horacio
Published: December 2013

A indiscutível riqueza da obra de Clarice Lispector já deu lugar a inúmeras interpretações.Neste ensaio, pretendemos acompanhar a leitura que Benedito Nunes realiza, pensando a literatura da escritora brasileira atravessada por um “centro mimético”. O conceito de mimese, distinguindo-se das concepções clássicas pensadas por Platão e Aristóteles, apontará, na leitura de Nunes, para a dramaticidade vivenciada por meio da linguagem na sua tentativa de falar sobre o mundo e o “eu” que o descreve. Para fins de clareza, analisaremos, com essa categoria de “centro mimético”, três obras da autora que consideramos paradigmáticas: A cidade sitiada, A paixão segundo G.H. e A hora da estrela.
Antiretroviral treatment and quality of life in Africans living with HIV: 12‐month follow‐up in Burkina Faso
Authors: Jaquet Antoine , Garanet Franck , Balestre Eric , Ekouevi Didier K. , Azani Jean Claude , Bognounou René , Dah Elias , Kondombo Jean Charlemagne , Dabis François , Drabo Joseph ,   for the IeDEA West Africa collaboration
Published: December 2013

Introduction

The scale‐up of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a significant improvement in survival of the HIV‐positive patient but its effects on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) are less known and context‐dependent. Our aim was to assess the temporal changes and factors associated with HRQOL among HIV‐positive adults initiating HAART in Burkina Faso.

Methods

HIV‐positive people initiating HAART were prospectively included and followed over a one‐year period in three HIV clinics of Ouagadougou. HRQOL was assessed at baseline and at each follow‐up visit using physical (PHS) and mental (MHS) summary scores derived from the Medical Outcome Study 36‐Item short‐form health survey (MOS SF‐36) questionnaire. Toxicity related to HAART modification and self‐reported symptoms were recorded during follow‐up visits. Determinants associated with baseline and changes in both scores over a one‐year period were assessed using a mixed linear model.

Results

A total of 344 patients were included. Their median age at baseline was 37 years [interquartile range (IQR) 30–44] and their median CD4 count was 181 cells/mm3 (IQR 97–269). The mean [standard deviation (SD)] PHS score increased from 45.4 (11.1) at baseline to 60.0 (3.1) at 12 months (p<10−4) and the mean (SD) MHS score from 42.2 (8.7) to 43.9 (3.4) (p<10−2). After one year of treatment, patients that experienced on average two symptoms during follow‐up presented with significantly lower PHS (63.9) and MHS (43.8) scores compared to patients that presented no symptoms with PHS and MHS of 68.2 (p<10−4) and 45.3 (p<10−3), respectively.

Discussion

The use of HAART was associated with a significant increase in both physical and mental aspects of the HRQOL over a 12‐month period in this urban African population. Perceived symptoms experienced during follow‐up visits were associated with a significant impairment in HRQOL. The appropriate and timely management of reported symptoms during the follow‐up of HAART‐treated patients is a key component to restore HRQOL.
Postorogenic rigid behavior of the eastern Songpan‐Ganze terrane: Insights from low‐temperature thermochronology and implications for intracontinental deformation in central Asia
Authors: Tian Yuntao , Kohn Barry P. , Hu Shengbiao , Gleadow Andrew J. W.
Published: December 2013

The Songpan‐Ganze terrane (SGT), formed by Early Mesozoic closure of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean, occupies a large area of the central‐eastern Tibetan Plateau. Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic strike‐slip deformation has been identified in the surrounding terranes and faults (e.g., western Qinling, Altyn Tagh, and Kunlun faults); however, the coeval evolution of the SGT has not been well explored. We report apatite fission track and apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He data from a >7 km deep borehole and outcrop samples covering an area of >150 × 150 km in the eastern SGT. Thermal history modeling suggests a distinct phase of Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous (∼150–100 Ma) cooling, followed by a prolonged stage of slow cooling, for all samples despite of their differences in depositional age (Mid‐Late Triassic time) and locality within a large area. The ubiquitous Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous cooling implies little differential deformation in the eastern SGT and is best explained by regional rock uplift resulting from the transpressional strain field created by the contemporaneous Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision to the south. Projecting the contemporaneous deformation surrounding the SGT onto an Early Cretaceous paleogeographic terrane reconstruction results in a new tectonic model. The model relates the Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision to tens to hundreds of kilometers of shearing along the Altyn Tagh and Kunlun faults, which transferred strain into central Asia (e.g., Qinling‐Dabie orogen). Results of this study suggest a rigid behavior for the eastern SGT and highlight the important role of crustal strength discontinuities in accommodating and transferring crustal deformation.
3D Interconnected Porous Carbon Aerogels as Sulfur Immobilizers for Sulfur Impregnation for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with High Rate Capability and Cycling Stability
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Li Zhaoqiang , Hao Fengbin , Wang Xuekun , Li Qun , Qi Yongxin , Fan Runhua , Yin Longwei
Published: December 2013

To eliminate capacity‐fading effects due to the loss of sulfur cathode materials as a result of polysulfide dissolution in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) cells, 3D carbon aerogel (CA) materials with abundant narrow micropores can be utilized as an immobilizer host for sulfur impregnation. The effects of S incorporation on microstructure, surface area, pore size distribution, and pore volume of the S/CA hybrids are studied. The electrochemical performance of the S/CA hybrids is investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatical charge–discharge, and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The 3D porous S/CA hybrids exhibit significantly improved reversible capacity, high‐rate capability, and excellent cycling performance as a cathode electrode for Li–S batteries. The S/CA hybrid with an optimal incorporating content of 27% S shows an excellent reversible capacity of 820 mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mAg−1. Even at a current density of 3.2C (5280 mAg−1), the reversible capacity of 27%S/CA hybrid can still maintain at 521 mAhg−1 after 50 cycles. This strategy for the S/CA hybrids as cathode materials to utilize the abundant micropores for sulfur immobilizers for sulfur impregnation for Li–S battery offers a new way to solve the long‐term reversibility obstacle and provides guidelines for designing cathode electrode architectures.
Deconstructing the Effects of Matrix Elasticity and Geometry in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lineage Commitment
Authors: Harris Greg M. , Piroli Maria E. , Jabbarzadeh Ehsan
Published: December 2013

A wide variety of environmental factors including physical and biochemical signals are responsible for stem cell behavior and function. In particular, matrix elasticity and cell shape have been shown to determine stem cell function, yet little is known about the interplay between how these physical cues control cell differentiation. For the first time, by using ultraviolet (UV) lithography to pattern poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) hydrogels, it is possible to manufacture microenvironments capable of parsing the effects of matrix elasticity, cell shape, and cell size in order to explore the relationship between matrix elasticity and cell shape in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage commitment. These data show that cells cultured on 1000 μm2 circles, squares, and rectangles are primarily adipogenic lineage regardless of matrix elasticity, while cells cultured on 2500 and 5000 μm2 shapes more heavily depend on shape and elasticity for lineage specification. It is further characterized how modifying the cell cytoskeleton through pharmacological inhibitors can modify cell behavior. By showing MSC lineage commitment relationships due to physical signals, this study highlights the importance of cell shape and matrix elasticity in further understanding stem cell behavior for future tissue engineering strategies.
Recent Advances in Design and Fabrication of Electrochemical Supercapacitors with High Energy Densities
Authors: Yan Jun , Wang Qian , Wei Tong , Fan Zhuangjun
Published: December 2013

In recent years, tremendous research effort has been aimed at increasing the energy density of supercapacitors without sacrificing high power capability so that they reach the levels achieved in batteries and at lowering fabrication costs. For this purpose, two important problems have to be solved: first, it is critical to develop ways to design high performance electrode materials for supercapacitors; second, it is necessary to achieve controllably assembled supercapacitor types (such as symmetric capacitors including double‐layer and pseudo‐capacitors, asymmetric capacitors, and Li‐ion capacitors). The explosive growth of research in this field makes this review timely. Recent progress in the research and development of high performance electrode materials and high‐energy supercapacitors is summarized. Several key issues for improving the energy densities of supercapacitors and some mutual relationships among various effecting parameters are reviewed, and challenges and perspectives in this exciting field are also discussed. This provides fundamental insight into supercapacitors and offers an important guideline for future design of advanced next‐generation supercapacitors for industrial and consumer applications.