bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cast
Authors: Ohtsuka Toshihisa , Takao-Rikitsu Etsuko , Inoue Eiji , Inoue Marie , Takeuchi Masakazu , Matsubara Kaho , Deguchi-Tawarada Maki , Satoh Keiko , Morimoto Koji , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Takai Yoshimi
Published: September 2002

The cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) has been implicated in defining the site of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter. We have identified here a novel CAZ protein of ∼120 kD from rat brain and named it CAST (CAZ-associated structural protein). CAST had no transmembrane segment, but had four coiled-coil domains and a putative COOH-terminal consensus motif for binding to PDZ domains. CAST was localized at the CAZ of conventional synapses of mouse brain. CAST bound directly RIM1 and indirectly Munc13-1, presumably through RIM1, forming a ternary complex. RIM1 and Munc13-1 are CAZ proteins implicated in Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of neurotansmitters. Bassoon, another CAZ protein, was also associated with this ternary complex. These results suggest that a network of protein–protein interactions among the CAZ proteins exists at the CAZ. At the early stages of synapse formation, CAST was expressed and partly colocalized with bassoon in the axon shaft and the growth cone. The vesicles immunoisolated by antibassoon antibody–coupled beads contained not only bassoon but also CAST and RIM1. These results suggest that these CAZ proteins are at least partly transported on the same vesicles during synapse formation.
Endostatin is a potential inhibitor of Wnt signaling
Authors: Hanai Jun-ichi , Gloy Joachim , Karumanchi S. Ananth , Kale Sujata , Tang Jian , Hu Guang , Chan Barden , Ramchandran Ramani , Jha Vivek , Sukhatme Vikas P. , Sokol Sergei
Published: September 2002

Endostatin (ES) is a fragment of collagen XVIII that possesses antiangiogenic activity. To gain insight into ES-mediated signaling, we studied the effects of ES RNA on Xenopus embryogenesis and observed developmental abnormalities consistent with impaired Wnt signaling. ES RNA blocked the axis duplication induced by β-catenin, partially suppressed Wnt-dependent transcription, and stimulated degradation of both wild-type and “stabilized” forms of β-catenin, the latter suggesting that ES signaling does not involve glycogen synthase kinase 3. Moreover, ES uses a pathway independent of the Siah1 protein in targeting β-catenin for proteasome-mediated degradation. ES failed to suppress the effects of T cell–specific factor (TCF)-VP16 (TVP), a constitutive downstream transcriptional activator that acts independently of β-catenin. Importantly, these data were replicated in endothelial cells and also in the DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells with the mutated adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Finally, suppression of endothelial cell migration and inhibition of cell cycle by ES were reversed by TVP. Though high levels of ES were used in both the Xenopus and endothelial cell studies and the effects on β-catenin signaling were modest, these data argue that at pharmacological concentrations ES may impinge on Wnt signaling and promote β-catenin degradation.
The socio-epistemic constitution of science and technology in the Greek press: an analysis of its presentation
Authors: Dimopoulos Kostas , Koulaidis Vasilis
Published: September 2002

This paper aims to analyze the way in which the Greek press treats the socio-epistemic constitution of science and technology. By “socio-epistemic constitution” we mean the following dimensions: (a) techno-scientific methodology, (b) the social organization of the techno-scientific endeavor, and (c) the interactions of science and technology with other public spheres. Our methodology is based on a content analysis of a sample consisting of 1,867 relevant articles from four national Greek newspapers. The analysis showed that although there is a constant flow of techno-scientific articles, the internal aspects (methodology and internal organization) of science and technology become apparent in only a small minority of these articles. By contrast, external relationships, mainly with politics and economics, are emphasized by focusing on the positive social impact of the techno-scientific endeavor. In general, the Greek press makes a positive contribution to the advancement of the public understanding of science and technology, as the prominent presentation of some of their socio-epistemological components forms a realistic “post-academic” image of these two areas.
NLP in business – or more than a trip to the zoo
Authors: Lavan Ian
Published: September 2002

Neuro‐linguistic‐programming (NLP) is the art and science of personal excellence and genius. Neuro being a person’s neurology, the mind and body working as one, our minds affect our bodies and vice versa, and sometimes they do not work well together, i.e. when we get ill through overworking, executive burnout. Linguistic meaning all language, as only 8 per cent of our spoken words are conveying our message, 37 per cent is conveyed though tonality, and a massive 55 per cent of our message is through body language. Programming is the way we operate in the world, from a simple daily routine such as brushing our teeth, to the more complex programs we learn in adulthood like issues we are involved in at work and in relationships. Not all programs are useful, e.g. phobias, non‐productive/destructive behaviours, or behavioural reactions to limiting beliefs. NLP provides tools and techniques to help both discover and change non‐supportive beliefs and behaviours.
An Australian case in e‐health communication and change
Authors: More Elizabeth , McGrath Michael
Published: September 2002

Australia’s health industry is grasping the need to use IT and telecommunications with e‐commerce strategies for improved cost‐effective services to its key stakeholders. Addresses the changes occurring in Australia’s healthcare industry influenced by experiments in e‐commerce and focussed on the Project Electronic Commerce and Communication for Healthcare (PeCC). Initiated in 1997, as a joint activity of both government and industry, PeCC was developed to introduce e‐commerce practices into the health sector with almost 700 suppliers, automating pharmaceutical and other supplies to hospitals. Supply chain communication will be facilitated by an Internet‐based platform, allowing more efficient interaction between the pharmaceutical industry’s outlets (retail and hospital pharmacies), wholesalers, suppliers and manufacturers. Promoting and demonstrating e‐commerce for the pharmaceutical industry supply chain, the project connects manufacturers, wholesalers, suppliers and hospitals. Examines lessons in change management and communication that emanate from this health sector case, emphasising the issue of improving communication with key stakeholders about e‐commerce and changes to the health system, and ensuring appropriate communication practices (including media selection) through the different phases of the project over time.
The determinants of management training within smaller firms in the UK. What role does strategy play?
Authors: Patton Dean , Marlow Susan
Published: September 2002

It is agreed that within the UK there is a poor level of investment in formal training and development. This is particularly evident within the small firm sector. The literature, which considers this issue, concludes that there are a number of reasons why small firm owners are, on the whole, reluctant to invest in such training for themselves and their employees. Such reasons include, ignorance of benefits, time issues, fear that training will enhance employee mobility and, critically, that there is little evidence to indicate that investment in training and development leads to enhanced firm performance. On the basis that there has been some debate and empirical investigation regarding why training does not take place, this paper takes an alternative stance and considers what issues and processes might underpin the decision to invest in training ‐ particularly management training. Findings are drawn from empirical research on a sample of firms where investment had been made in such training in the last 24 months; the indications being that such investment was not strategic or proactive but prompted by problems which threatened business performance.
The origins of asymmetry in the folding transition states of protein L and protein G
Authors: Karanicolas John , Brooks Charles L.
Published: September 2002

Topology has been shown to be an important determinant of many features of protein folding; however, the delineation of sequence effects on folding remains obscure. Furthermore, differentiation between the two influences proves difficult due to their intimate relationship. To investigate the effect of sequence in the absence of significant topological differences, we examined the folding mechanisms of segment B1 peptostreptococcal protein L and segment B1 of streptococcal protein G. These proteins share the same highly symmetrical topology. Despite this symmetry, neither protein folds through a symmetrical transition state. We analyzed the origins of this difference using theoretical models. We found that the strength of the interactions present in the N‐terminal hairpin of protein L causes this hairpin to form ahead of the C‐terminal hairpin. The difference in chain entropy associated with the formation of the hairpins of protein G proves sufficient to beget initiation of folding at the shorter C‐terminal hairpin. Our findings suggest that the mechanism of folding may be understood by examination of the free energy associated with the formation of partially folded microstates.
Structure and dynamics of copper‐free SOD: The protein before binding copper
Authors: Banci Lucia , Bertini Ivano , Cantini Francesca , D'Onofrio Mariapina , Viezzoli Maria Silvia
Published: September 2002

The solution structure of the copper‐free state of a monomeric form of superoxide dismutase (153 amino acids) was determined through 13C and 15N labeling. The protein contained two mutations at the native subunit–subunit interface (F50E and G51E) to obtain a soluble monomeric species and a mutation in the active site channel (E133Q). About 93% of carbon atoms, 95% of nitrogen atoms, and 96% of the protons were assigned. A total of 2467 meaningful NOEs and 170 dihedral angles provided a family of 35 conformers with RMSD values of 0.76 ± 0.09 Å for the backbone and 1.22 ± 0.13 Å for all heavy atoms. The secondary structure elements, connected by loops, produce the typical superoxide dismutase Greek key fold, formed by an eight‐stranded β‐barrel. The comparison with the copper‐bound monomeric and dimeric structures shows that the metal ligands have a conformation very close to that of the copper‐bound forms. This feature indicates that the copper‐binding site is preorganized and well ordered also in the absence of the copper ion. The active‐site channel shows a sizable increase in width, achieving a suitable conformation to receive the copper ion. The histidines ring NH resonances that bind the copper ion and the region around the active‐site channel experience, as found from 15N relaxation studies, conformational exchange processes. The increased width of the channel and the higher mobility of the histidine rings of the copper site in the copper‐free form with respect to the holoprotein is discussed in terms of the process of copper insertion.
Conformational transition states of a β‐hairpin peptide between the ordered and disordered conformations in explicit water
Authors: Kamiya Narutoshi , Higo Junichi , Nakamura Haruki
Published: September 2002

The conformational transition states of a β‐hairpin peptide in explicit water were identified from the free energy landscapes obtained from the multicanonical ensemble, using an enhanced conformational sampling calculation. The β‐hairpin conformations were significant at 300 K in the landscape, and the typical nuclear Overhauser effect signals were reproduced, consistent with the previously reported experiment. In contrast, the disordered conformations were predominant at higher temperatures. Among the stable conformations at 300 K, there were several free energy barriers, which were not visible in the landscapes formed with the conventional parameters. We identified the transition states around the saddle points along the putative folding and unfolding paths between the β‐hairpin and the disordered conformations in the landscape. The characteristic features of these transition states are the predominant hydrophobic contacts and the several hydrogen bonds among the side‐chains, as well as some of the backbone hydrogen bonds. The unfolding simulations at high temperatures, 400 K and 500 K, and their principal component analyses also provided estimates for the transition state conformations, which agreed well with those at 400 K and 500 K deduced from the current free energy landscapes at 400 K and 500 K, respectively. However, the transition states at high temperatures were much more widely distributed on the landscape than those at 300 K, and their conformations were different.
Changing the net charge from negative to positive makes ribonuclease Sa cytotoxic
Authors: Ilinskaya Olga N. , Dreyer Florian , Mitkevich Vladimir A. , Shaw Kevin L. , Pace C. Nick , Makarov Alexander A.
Published: September 2002

Ribonuclease Sa (pI = 3.5) from Streptomyces aureofaciens and its 3K (D1K, D17K, E41K) (pI = 6.4) and 5K (3K + D25K, E74K) (pI = 10.2) mutants were tested for cytotoxicity. The 5K mutant was cytotoxic to normal and v‐ras‐transformed NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts, but RNase Sa and 3K were not. The structure, stability, and activity of the three proteins are comparable, but the net charge at pH 7 increases from −7 for RNase Sa to −1 for 3K and to +3 for 5K. These results suggest that a net positive charge is a key determinant of ribonuclease cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic 5K mutant preferentially attacks v‐ras‐NIH3T3 fibroblasts, suggesting that mammalian cells expressing the ras‐oncogene are potential targets for ribonuclease‐based drugs.
Replacement of the P1 Amino Acid of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Processing Sites Can Inhibit or Enhance the Rate of Cleavage by the Viral Protease
Authors: Pettit Steve C. , Henderson Gavin J. , Schiffer Celia A. , Swanstrom Ronald
Published: September 2002

Processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag precursor is highly regulated, with differential rates of cleavage at the five major processing sites to give characteristic processing intermediates. We examined the role of the P1 amino acid in determining the rate of cleavage at each of these five sites by using libraries of mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis. Between 12 and 17 substitution mutants were tested at each P1 position in Gag, using recombinant HIV-1 protease (PR) in an in vitro processing reaction of radiolabeled Gag substrate. There were three sites in Gag (MA/CA, CA/p2, NC/p1) where one or more substitutions mediated enhanced rates of cleavage, with an enhancement greater than 60-fold in the case of NC/p1. For the other two sites (p2/NC, p1/p6), the wild-type amino acid conferred optimal cleavage. The order of the relative rates of cleavage with the P1 amino acids Tyr, Met, and Leu suggests that processing sites can be placed into two groups and that the two groups are defined by the size of the P1′ amino acid. These results point to a
trans
effect between the P1 and P1′ amino acids that is likely to be a major determinant of the rate of cleavage at the individual sites and therefore also a determinant of the ordered cleavage of the Gag precursor.
Mimovirus: a Novel Form of Vaccine That Induces Hepatitis B Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses In Vivo
Authors: Wu Yu-Zhang , Zhao Jian-Ping , Wan Ying , Jia Zheng-Cai , Zhou Wei , Bian Jiang , Ni Bing , Zou Li-Yun , Tang Yan
Published: September 2002

CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are now recognized as important mediators of immunity against intracellular pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus and tumors. How to efficiently evoke antigen-specific CTL responses in vivo has become a crucial problem in the development of modern vaccines. Here, we developed a completely novel CTL vaccine—mimovirus, which is a kind of virus-size particulate antigen delivery system. It was formed by the self-assembly of a cationic peptide containing 18 lysines and a CTL-epitope peptide of HBsAg28-39, with a plasmid encoding mouse interleukin-12 (IL-12) through electrostatic interactions. We examined the formation of mimovirus by DNA retardation assay, DNase I protection assay, and transmission electron microscopy and demonstrated that mimovirus could efficiently transfer the plasmid encoding IL-12 into mammalian cells such as P815 cells in vitro. Furthermore, it was proved that mimovirus could induce an HBsAg28-39-specific CTL response in vivo. Considering its effectiveness, flexibility, and defined composition, mimovirus is potentially a novel system for vaccination against intracellular pathogens and tumors.
Evidence against a Simple Tethering Model for Enhancement of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Polymerase Processivity by Accessory Protein UL42
Authors: Chaudhuri Murari , Parris Deborah S.
Published: September 2002

The DNA polymerase holoenzyme of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a stable heterodimer consisting of a catalytic subunit (Pol) and a processivity factor (UL42). HSV-1 UL42 differs from most DNA polymerase processivity factors in possessing an inherent ability to bind to double-stranded DNA. It has been proposed that UL42 increases the processivity of Pol by directly tethering it to the primer and template (P/T). To test this hypothesis, we took advantage of the different sensitivities of Pol and Pol/UL42 activities to ionic strength. Although the activity of Pol is inhibited by salt concentrations in excess of 50 mM KCl, the activity of the holoenzyme is relatively refractory to changes in ionic strength from 50 to 125 mM KCl. We used nitrocellulose filter-binding assays and real-time biosensor technology to measure binding affinities and dissociation rate constants of the individual subunits and holoenzyme for a short model P/T as a function of the ionic strength of the buffer. We found that as observed for activity, the binding affinity and dissociation rate constant of the Pol/UL42 holoenzyme for P/T were not altered substantially in high- versus low-ionic-strength buffer. In 50 mM KCl, the apparent affinity with which UL42 bound the P/T did not differ by more than twofold compared to that observed for Pol or Pol/UL42 in the same low-ionic-strength buffer. However, increasing the ionic strength dramatically decreased the affinity of UL42 for P/T, such that it was reduced more than 3 orders of magnitude from that of Pol/UL42 in 125 mM KCl. Real-time binding kinetics revealed that much of the reduced affinity could be attributable to an extremely rapid dissociation of UL42 from the P/T in high-ionic-strength buffer. The resistance of the activity, binding affinity, and stability of the holoenzyme for the model P/T to increases in ionic strength, despite the low apparent affinity and poor stability with which UL42 binds the model P/T in high concentrations of salt, suggests that UL42 does not simply tether the Pol to DNA. Instead, it is likely that conformational alterations induced by interaction of UL42 with Pol allow for high-affinity and high-stability binding of the holoenzyme to the P/T even under high-ionic-strength conditions.
Addition of a Single gp120 Glycan Confers Increased Binding to Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin and Neutralization Escape to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Lue James , Hsu Mayla , Yang David , Marx Preston , Chen Zhiwei , Cheng-Mayer Cecilia
Published: September 2002

The potential role of dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) binding in human immunodeficiency virus transmission across the mucosal barrier was investigated by assessing the ability of simian-human immunodeficiency chimeric viruses (SHIVs) showing varying degrees of mucosal transmissibility to bind the DC-SIGN expressed on the surface of transfected cells. We found that gp120 of the highly transmissible, pathogenic CCR5-tropic SHIVSF162P3bound human and rhesus DC-SIGN with an efficiency threefold or greater than that of gp120 of the nonpathogenic, poorly transmissible parental SHIVSF162, and this increase in binding to the DC-SIGN of the SHIVSF162P3envelope gp120 translated into an enhancement of T-cell infection intrans. The presence of an additional glycan at the N-terminal base of the V2 loop of SHIVSF162P3gp120 compared to that of the parental virus was shown to be responsible for the increase in binding to DC-SIGN. Interestingly, this glycan also conferred escape from autologous neutralization, raising the possibility that the modification occurred as a result of immune selection. Our data suggest that more-efficient binding of envelope gp120 to DC-SIGN could be relevant to the enhanced mucosal transmissibility of SHIVSF162P3compared to that of parental SHIVSF162.
Bronchoalveolar Fluid Is Not a Major Hindrance to Virus-Mediated Gene Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Rooney C. P. , Denning G. M. , Davis B. P. , Flaherty D. M. , Chiorini J. A. , Zabner J.
Published: September 2002

Successfully targeting the airway epithelium is essential for gene therapy of some pulmonary diseases. However, the airway epithelium is resistant to virus-mediated gene transfer with commonly used vectors. Vectors that interact with endogenously expressed receptors on the apical surface significantly increase gene transfer efficiency. However, other endogenous components involved in host immunity may hinder virus-mediated gene transfer. We tested the effect of bronchoalveolar lavage liquid (BAL) from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), BAL from subjects without CF (non-CF BAL),Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived proteins, and an array of inflammatory proteins on gene transfer mediated by adeno-associated virus type 5 (AAV5) and adenovirus targeted to an apically expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-modified coxsackie-adenovirus receptor. We found that neither CF BAL nor its components had a significant effect on gene transfer to human airway epithelium by these vectors. Non-CF BAL significantly impaired adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Removal of immunoglobulins in non-CF BAL restored gene transfer efficiency. As virus vectors are improved and mechanisms of humoral immunity are elucidated, barriers to successful gene therapy found in the complex environment of the human lung can be circumvented.
Identification and Expression of Immunogenic Proteins of a Disease-Associated Marine Turtle Herpesvirus
Authors: Coberley Sadie S. , Condit Richard C. , Herbst Lawrence H. , Klein Paul A.
Published: September 2002

Herpesviruses are associated with several diseases of marine turtles, including lung-eye-trachea disease (LETD) and fibropapillomatosis. Two approaches were used to identify immunodominant antigens of LETV, the LETD-associated herpesvirus. The first approach targeted glycoprotein B, which is known to be immunogenic and neutralizing in other species. The second strategy identified LETV proteins recognized on Western blots by antibodies in immune green turtle plasma. A 38-kDa protein was resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, sequenced, and identified as a scaffolding protein encoded by the overlapping open reading frames of UL26 and UL26.5. Glycoprotein B and the scaffolding protein were cloned and expressed in
Escherichia coli
. The expressed proteins were recognized on Western blots by antibodies in immune green turtle plasma. Phylogenetic studies based on UL26, DNA polymerase, and glycoprotein B revealed that LETV clusters with the alphaherpesviruses.
MORITA EQUIVALENCE OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL NONCOMMUTATIVE TORI
Authors: RIEFFEL MARC A. , SCHWARZ ALBERT
Published: September 2002

One can describe an n-dimensional noncommutative torus by means of an antisymmetric n×n matrix θ. We construct an action of the group SO(n,n|Z) on the space of n×n antisymmetric matrices and show that, generically, matrices belonging to the same orbit of this group give Morita equivalent tori. Some applications to physics are sketched.
COMPUTING CONTINGENCIES FOR STABLE RELATIONS
Authors: EILERS SØREN , LORING TERRY A.
Published: September 2002

Close ties between approximation properties for relations on C*-algebra elements and lifting results for the universal C*-algebras the relations generate is a very widespread and useful phenomenon in C*-algebra theory. In this paper, we explore how to achieve results of this kind when the approximation properties and the lifting results are true only in special cases determined by K-theoretical contingencies.

To interpolate between properties of these two basic types, we must investigate C*-algebras given by softened relations, in particular with emphasis on their K-theory. A surprisingly weak correlation between the K-theory of the C*-algebras given by exact and softened relations leads to delicate problems which must be treated with care.

As an example of a set of relations which are prone to an analysis of this kind we study the pairs of unitaries commuting up to rational rotation.
RELATIONS AMONG GENERATORS OF C*-ALGEBRAS ASSOCIATED WITH SUBSHIFTS
Authors: MATSUMOTO KENGO
Published: September 2002

We study C*-algebras associated with subshifts that are generalization of Cuntz–Krieger algebras defined for topological Markov shifts. We prove that the C*-algebras associated with subshifts are the universal concrete C*-algebras generated by some partial isometries satisfying certain relations among their support projections and range projections. The relations are coming from the concatenation rules of words of the subshifts.
QUATERNIONIC KAHLER MANIFOLDS OF COHOMOGENEITY ONE
Authors: DANCER ANDREW , SWANN ANDREW
Published: September 2002

Classification results are given for (i) compact quaternionic Kähler manifolds with a cohomogeneity-one action of a semi-simple group, (ii) certain complete hyperKähler manifolds with a cohomogeneity-two action of a semi-simple group preserving each complex structure, (iii) compact 3-Sasakian manifolds which are cohomogeneity one with respect to a group of 3-Sasakian symmetries. Information is also obtained about non-compact quaternionic Kähler manifolds of cohomogeneity one and the cohomogeneity of adjoint orbits in complex semi-simple Lie algebras.
AMPLE VECTOR BUNDLES WITH SECTIONS VANISHING ON SPECIAL VARIETIES
Authors: ANDREATTA MARCO , OCCHETTA GIANLUCA
Published: September 2002

Let ε be an ample vector bundle of rank r on a complex projective manifold X such that there exists a section s ∈ Γ(ε) whose zero locus Z = (s = 0) is a smooth submanifold of the expected dimension dim X-r:= n - r. Assume that Z is not minimal; we investigate the hypothesis under which the extremal contractions of Z can be lifted to X. Finally we study in detail the cases in which Z is a scroll, a quadric bundle or a del Pezzo fibration.
MONODROMY OF SOLUTIONS OF THE ELLIPTIC QUANTUM KNIZHNIK–ZAMOLODCHIKOV–BERNARD DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
Authors: FELDER G. , TARASOV V. , VARCHENKO A.
Published: September 2002

The elliptic quantum Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov–Bernard (qKZB) difference equations associated to the elliptic quantum group Eτ,η(sl2) is a system of difference equations with values in a tensor product of representations of the quantum group and defined in terms of the elliptic R-matrices associated with pairs of representations of the quantum group. In this paper we solve the qKZB equations in terms of elliptic hypergeometric functions and describe the monodromy properties of solutions. It turns out that the monodromy transformations of solutions are described in terms of elliptic R-matrices associated with pairs of representations of the "dual" elliptic quantum group Ep,η(sl2), where p is the step of the difference equations. Our description of the monodromy is analogous to the Kohno–Drinfeld description the monodromy group of solutions of the KZ differential equations associated to a simple Lie algebra in terms of the corresponding quantum group.
FIELD DECOMPOSITION AND THE GROUND STATE STRUCTURE OF SU(2) YANG–MILLS THEORY
Authors: FREYHULT LISA
Published: September 2002

We compute the effective potential of SU(2) Yang–Mills theory using the background field method and the Faddeev–Niemi decomposition of the gauge fields. In particular, we find that the potential will depend on the values of two scalar fields in the decomposition and that its structure will give rise to a symmetry breaking.
POINCARÉ NORMAL FORMS AND SIMPLE COMPACT LIE GROUPS
Authors: GAETA GIUSEPPE
Published: September 2002

We classify the possible behavior of Poincaré–Dulac normal forms for dynamical systems in Rn with nonvanishing linear part and which are equivariant under (the fundamental representation of) all the simple compact Lie algebras and thus the corresponding simple compact Lie groups. The "renormalized forms" (in the sense of Ref. 22) of these systems is also discussed; in this way we are able to simplify the classification and moreover to analyze systems with zero linear part. We also briefly discuss the convergence of the normalizing transformations.
MAGNETIC MOMENTS NEAR THE SHARP INTERFACES OF FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
Authors: ŠLJIVANČANIN ŽELJKO V. , VUKAJLOVIĆ FILIP R.
Published: September 2002

Ab initio theoretical calculations of magnetic moments near the interfaces of 3d ferromagnetic transition metals were performed using the self-consistent interface Green's function technique based on linear-muffin-tin orbitals (LMTO) method within the tight-binding (TB) and atomic sphere approximation together with local-spin-density approximation. We have also made supercell spin-polarized (SP) band structure calculations of (1 0 0) Fe/Co interface in the framework of TB-LMTO method, in order to take into account structural deformations and estimate their influence on the magnetic moments near that interface. Our results for layer magnetic moments near Fe/Co, Fe/Ni and Ni/Co interfaces did not show any oscillating behavior, contrary to the recent findings for the magnetic moment profile near Fe/Co interface deduced from the perturbed angular correlation measurements of hyperfine fields. The reasons for this disagreement have been discussed and a comparison with earlier experimental and theoretical results was made.
IMAGE ENGINEERING AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS
Authors: ZHANG Y. J.
Published: September 2002

Image engineering is a discipline that includes image processing, image analysis, image understanding, and the applications of these techniques. To promote its development and evolvement, this paper provides a well-regulated explanation of the definition of image engineering, as well as its intention and extension. It also introduces a new classification of the theories of image engineering, and the applications of image technology. A thorough statistical survey on the publications in this discipline is carried out, and an analysis and discussion of the statistics from the classification results are presented. This work shows a general and an up-to-date picture of the status, progress, trends and application areas of image engineering.
Aberrant DNA methylation ofp57KIP2 gene in the promoter region in lymphoid malignancies of B-cell phenotype
Authors: Li Yinghua , Nagai Hirokazu , Ohno Toshihito , Yuge Masaaki , Hatano Sonoko , Ito Etsuro , Mori Naoyoshi , Saito Hidehiko , Kinoshita Tomohiro
Published: September 2002

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitorp57KIP2 is thought to be a potential tumor suppressor gene (TSG). The present study examines this possibility. We found that the expression ofp57KIP2 gene is absent in various hematological cell lines. Exposing cell lines to the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine restoredp57KIP2 gene expression. Bisulfite sequencing analysis of its promoter region showed thatp57KIP2 DNA was completely methylated in cell lines that did not express thep57KIP2 gene. Thus, DNA methylation of its promoter might lead to inactivation of thep57KIP2 gene. DNA methylation of this region is thought to be an aberrant alteration, since DNA was not methylated in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells or in reactive lymphadenitis. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis found frequent DNA methylation of thep57KIP2 gene in primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (54.9%) and in follicular lymphoma (44.0%), but methylation was infrequent in myelodysplastic syndrome and adult T-cell leukemia (3.0% and 2.0%, respectively). These findings directly indicate that the profile of the p57KIP2gene corresponds to that of a TSG.
Molecular basis of quantitative factor V deficiency associated with factor V R2 haplotype
Authors: Yamazaki Tomio , Nicolaes Gerry A. F. , Sørensen Kristoffer W. , Dahlbäck Björn
Published: September 2002

To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the quantitative factor V (FV) deficiency associated with the FV R2 haplotype, 4 missense mutations, Met385Thr, His1299Arg, Met1736Val, and Asp2194Gly, identified in the R2 haplotype allele, were analyzed by in vitro expression studies. The FV variant carrying all 4 mutations showed a markedly lower steady-state expression level than wild-type FV because of low synthesis rate and impaired secretion of the mutant protein. The Asp2194Gly mutation was found to play a key role in the impaired secretion of the mutant FV by interfering with its transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. The deleterious effect of the Asp2194Gly mutation was shown to be dominant among the 4 mutations. The Met385Thr mutation and His1299Arg mutation had no effect on steady-state expression levels, but the secretion rates of the mutant proteins were moderately decreased by these mutations. The His1299Arg mutation partially impaired glycosylation in the C-terminal part of the B-domain of the mutant FV, which was supposed to affect the secretion rate, but not the steady-state expression level. It was also suggested that the Met385Thr mutation partially impairs posttranslational modification of the mutant FV without affecting the steady-state expression level. No deleterious effect of the Met1736Val mutation was observed in terms of expression and intracellular processing. Our in vitro data strongly suggest that the naturally existing R2 haplotype mutant FV, which carries all 4 mutations, has the potential to result in quantitative FV deficiency in vivo owing to impaired expression of the mutant protein when the Asp2194Gly mutation is present.
Cladonia Azorica in the British Isles
Authors: Orange Alan
Published: September 2002

Cladonia azorica is widespread in western Great Britain, mainly as the grey colour-form lacking usnic acid. Cladonia azorica is distinguished from the related species C. portentosa and C. mediterranea by the presence of fumarprotocetraric acid, and from C. ciliata by a number of characters including the presence of perlatolic acid. The structure of the pycnidial wall may have some taxonomic significance in Cladonia subgenus Cladin
New and Interesting Species of Porina, Mainly from Tasmanian Rainforest
Authors: McCarthy P. M. , Kantvilas G.
Published: September 2002

Porina constrictospora sp. nov., P. decrescens sp. nov., P. hyperleptalea sp. nov. and P. sylvatica sp. nov. are described from western Tasmania. All appear to be especially common m cool-tempertate tamforest. A Key is provided to xhe six corticolous species of Porina known from Tasmania.
Four New Species of Caloplaca from Antarctica
Authors: Olech Maria , Søchting Ulrik
Published: September 2002

Four new species of Caloplaca are described from Antarctica: C. buelliae is parasitic on Buellia, C. iomma has a characteristic deep reddish orange colour on the apothecia, C. psoromatis is parasitic on Psoroma and Pannaria, and C. siphonospora is a parasitic species of mosses, very similar to C. nivalis, but with much shorter spores.
Two New Species of Gyalidea from Europe
Authors: Etayo J. , Vězda A.
Published: September 2002

Gyalidea cylindrical is described as new, living on pleurocarpic epiphytic mosses in shaded situations.Gyalidea phyllophila is recorded for the first time in Europe. Both of them have been collected in the French Atlantic Pyrénées.
The Lobarion, an Epiphytic Community of Ancient Forests Threatened by Acid Rain
Authors: Gauslaa Y.
Published: September 2002

Lobaria pulmonaria and other members of the Lobarion were found to inhabit drainage channels below old and large wounds on the trunks of various deciduous trees in stands of long ecological continuity in a forest reserve dominated by Picea abies in southeastern Norway. Such channels were richer in minerals and had a higher pH than normal bark, which was covered with more acidophytic epiphytic communities, mainly the Pseudevernion. Chemical microhabitat differentiation was most clear in edaphically poor sites. The restriction of a previously ubiquitous Lobarion to mineral-rich microsites on stems is probably an effect of acid rain. Since acidification seems to make the Lobarion more dependent upon old and damaged stems, modern forestry probably aggravates the damage caused by acid rain.
Labyrintha Implexa (Porpidiaceae), a New Genus and Species from New Zealand
Authors: Malcolm W. M. , Elix J. A. , Owe-Larsson B.
Published: September 2002

Labyrintha Malcolm, Elix & Owe-Larsson, a new genus in the Porpidiaceae, is described. It is based on the crustose taxon L. implexa Malcolm, Elix & Owe-Larsson, a saxicolous species from acidic rocks in alpine and subalpine areas in New Zealand. Labyrintha is distinguished from closely related genera by a combination of characters: cephalodia, immersed apothecia, large, simple ascospores (60–70 × 30–35 μm), halonate when young and dark-pigmented when mature, fusiform conidia, no cortex, no thallus chemistry, densely packed anticlinal hyphae, and a previously undescribed thallus anatomy in which the photobiont is arranged in anastomosing vertical sheets.
Thelopsis Foveolata, A New Lichen from Northern Spain
Authors: Renobales G. , Barreno E. , Atienza V.
Published: September 2002

Thelopsis foveolata Renob. & Barreno sp. nov., is described from Northern Spain. It appears to be very rare and easily overlooked, but has a well-defined ecology. It grows on limestone within sciaphilous and humidity-loving communities, such as Gyalectetum leucaspidis and Petractinetum hypoleucae. The pycnidia and conidiogenous cells are described and illustrated, this being the first detailed account of these structures in the genus Thelopsis.
Comparative Studies on Xanthoria Parietina, a Pollution Resistant Lichen, and Ramalina Duriaei, a Sensitive Species. II. Evaluation of Possible Air Pollution-Protection Mechanisms
Authors: Silberstein L. , Siegel B. Z. , Siegel S. M. , Mukhtar A. , Galun M.
Published: September 2002

Surveys of the distribution of the lichens Xanthoria panetina and Ramalina duriaei in Israel showed that environments with air pollution had no damaging effectson X. panetina, whereas R. duriaei had disappeared from polluted environments: physiological studies supported this relative sensitivity. Investigations of possible defence mechanisms protecting X. parietina from the damaging effects of air pollution showed a multitude of possible protective systems. These included constitutive avoidance such as: efficient buffering capacity; a relatively high potassium content; and antioxidation by parietin, and induced tolerance such as: SO2 oxidation to non-toxic sulphate; increased glutathione content; induced praline and arginine synthesis; and increased detoxification of active oxygen forms.
Lecania Poeltii, A New Lichen Species From Portugal And Northern Africa
Authors: van den Boom P. P. G. , Alonso F. L. , Egea J. M.
Published: September 2002

Lecania poeltii v.d. Boom, Alonso & Egea sp. nov. is described from Portugal and northern Africa. The species is characterized by its inconspicuous hairs on thallus and apothecia, in which it differs from the other known species of the genus.
The Distinction of Punctelia Perreticulata and P. Subrudecta (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales)
Authors: Adler M. T. , Ahti T.
Published: September 2002

Punctelia perreticulata (Räsäanen) G. Wilh. & Ladd is recognized as a distinct species. The only consistent differences between P. perreticulata and P. subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog are the shape and length of conidia. Both species are widespread in the world. In P. perreticulata, there are differences in conidial length among the European, American and Australasian samples studied, but they neither correlate with differences observed in other morphological traits nor with the substratum. An epitype is selected to support the holotype of P. perreticulata, because its identity is uncertain due to the absence of conidia.
A New Lichenicolous Species of Polydesmia (Leotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae)
Authors: Huhtinen Seppo , Santesson Rolf
Published: September 2002

A new lichenicolous fungus species, Polydesmia lichenis Huhtinen & R. Sant., growing on species of Peltigera is described from Sweden and Norway.
Notes on the Genus Usnea Dill. Ex Adanson
Authors: Clerc Philippe
Published: September 2002

Usnea quercina Bystrek & Gòrzynska, based on heterogeneous type material, is lectotypified and becomes a synonym of U. wirthii P. Clerc. Usnea wirthii is new for South America. A distribution map of U. madeirensis Motyka (Syn. U. silesiaca Motyka) in Europe is given. Usnea hesperina Motyka (Syn. U. elongate Motyka, U. schadenbergiana Göpp & Stein, U. subgracilis Vain., U. subplicata (Vain.) Motyka) is new for Africa, Asia and South America. Usnea hirta (L.) F. H. Wigg. (Syn. U. corrugate Motyka, U. foveata Vain., U. leprosa Motyka) is new for Africa. Usnea subscabrosa Nyl. ex Motyka (Syn. U. santae-annae Motyka) is new for South America. The holotype of U. marocana Motyka (=U. mutabilis Stirt.) was found in LBL.
Structural Studies on the Galactomannans of Lichens of the Genus Cladonia
Authors: Woranovicz S. M. , Gorin P. A. J. , Marcelli M. P. , Torri G. , Iacomini* M.
Published: September 2002

Galactomannans were isolated from Cladonia signata, C. furcata, C. imperialis, and C. clathrata via successive alkaline extraction and precipitation with Fehling solution and Cetavlon. They were investigated using ⊃13C-NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and Smith degradation, and their specific rotations and monosaccharide compositions determined. As with galactomannans of other Cladonia species, they contained (l →6)-linked main chains of α-mannopyranose, which were non-substituted (structure 4 in Fig. 2), monosubstituted at O-2 with α-mannopyranose (structure 6) or α-galactopyranose (structure 1), O-4 with β-galactopyranose (structure 2), and disubstituted at O-2 and O-4 with α-mannopyranosyl and β-galactopyranosyl units, respectively (structure 5). Disubstitution was present to a greater extent in the galactomannans of C. clathrata and C. imperialis than in those of C. signata and C. furcata. In the case of the galactomannans of C. furcata, C. clathrata, and C. imperialis, substitution also occurred at O-2 with O-β-galactofuranosyl-(l→6)-O-α-mannopyranosyl units (structure 7). As observed in previous investigations, the C-l portion of the ⊃13C-NMR of mannose-containing polysaccharides is typical of the lichen species. However, those of galactomannans of C. imperialis and C. clathrata are almost identical and, although other chemical data showed many structures in common, some differences were evident.
The ‘Mediterranean’ Ramalina Panizzei North of the alps: Morphological, Chemical and rDNA Sequence Data
Authors: Groner Urs , LaGreca Scott
Published: September 2002

Ramalina panizzei De Not. is reported from Switzerland and north of the Alps for the first time. Recent collections and thalli found amongst specimens of R. fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. are described; the species is obviously not restricted to the Mediterranean. The confusion in several herbaria around this and related corticolous species, particularly R. subgeniculata Nyl. and R. fastigiata, can be traced back to imprecise original and subsequent diagnoses, all of which lack a clear species delimitation. Similarities and differences of these species are discussed. In addition, sequences from the rDNA ITS regions were determined for two individuals of R. panizzei and two of R. fastigiata, including one of each from a site where both species grow intermixed. Kimura 2-parameter genetic-distance estimates indicate that R. panizzei and R. fastigiata are as different from each other as either is from the reference species R. siliquosa (Hudson) A. L. Sm. s.l. A broad-based taxonomic revision of involved species is not possible due to the limited number of analyses, but the results demonstrate the potential for using DNA sequence data to investigate species-level questions in lichens. Based on morphology, chemistry, and DNA sequence data, R. panizzei is retained as a distinct species.
A New Technique for Photobiont Culturing and Manipulation
Authors: Goldsmith S.J. , Thomas M.A. , Gries C.
Published: September 2002

Comparisons of whole-lichen physiology to the respective photobionts have often been unclear due to inherent differences in isolated photobiont culturing techniques. The use of 13-mm-diameter cellulose-acetate discs allows photobiont cultures access to nutrient agar medium, while improving ease of manipulation and distinct separation from the agar. Adequate culture growth for experimentation is reached in approximately three weeks, a time comparable to standard nutrient agar and liquid cultures. These discs are then available for use in a variety of manipulative techniques. Chlorophyll determination of an entire algal disc culture is obtainable because the discs readily dissolve in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), with no interference in the 400–700 nm range. Photosynthesis and respiration may be measured with standard gas exchange equipment. Photobiont discs allow for fumigation in the gas phase with no increase in external ⊂pH reported to occur during gaseous fumigations in liquid media. The disc system is also useful for fluorescence studies. Trebouxia erici cultures exhibited a CO⊂2 gas exchange on a gram dry weight basis similar to whole lichen systems. The ease with which photobionts can be cultured and manipulated using this system allows for expanded experimentation and comparisons.
The Lichenicolous Fungi on Species of the Genera Baeomyces, Dibaeis, and Icmadophila in Norway
Authors: Ihlen P. G.
Published: September 2002

Lichenicolous fungi on species of the genera Baeomyces, Dibaeis, and Icrnadophila in Norway include Acarosporium lichenicola Ihien & Tonsberg sp. nov., Cercidospora parva Hafellner & Ihlen sp. nov., Phoma macuhformans Ihien sp. nov., Micarea inquinans (reported new to Scandinavia), Arthrorhaphzs vacillans, Pyrenzdzum actinellurn s. lat., Sphaerellotheciurn coniodes (all new to Norway), Arthrorhaphzs alpina, A. citrinella, A. grisea, A. rnuddii, Dactylospora athallina, D. attendenda, Epilichen glauconigellus, E. scabrosus, Stigmidium icmadophilae, Thelocarpon epibolum, and T. lichenicola. Their anatomy and morphology are described, and a key to the taxa provided. Host preferences are discussed, and distribution maps are provided for the obligately lichenicolous fungi and those that also occur autonomously.