bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early implant placement versus ridge preservation and delayed implant placement: Analysis of profilometric, clinician‐ and patient‐reported outcomes from a two‐centre RCT
Authors: Thoma Daniel , Gil Alfonso , de Bruyckere Thomas , Jung Ronald E. , Fukuba Shunsuke , Ickroth Axelle , Strauss Franz J. , Cosyn Jan
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To compare early implant placement (EP) to alveolar ridge preservation and delayed implant placement (ARP/DP) in terms of contour changes, along with clinician‐ and patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) until the delivery of the implant‐supported restoration.

Materials and Methods

Patients with a failing single tooth in the maxilla or mandible were recruited in two centres. After tooth extraction, patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either EP or ARP/DP. At abutment connection and crown delivery, the buccal contour changes at 3 mm below the mucosal margin (primary outcome) along with clinician‐ (ease of treatment) and patient‐reported outcomes were assessed using numeric rating scales and OHIP‐14.

Results

A total of 46 patients were analysed. The mean buccal contour at abutment connection decreased by −1.2 ± 0.6 mm in group EP and −1.6 ± 0.8 mm in group ARP/DP (estimated mean difference; 0.45 [95%CI, −0.02; 0.94]; p = .061) with no significant differences between the groups. ARP/DP was consistently easier than EP across all stages of the surgery (estimated mean difference; 2.0 [95%CI, 1.3; 2.7] p < .001): during flap elevation (EP: 4.8 vs. ARP/DP: 1.6), implant placement (EP: 5.7 vs. ARP/DP: 2.2) and wound closure (EP: 3.4 vs. ARP/DP: 1.6). Both interventions improved quality of life but patients who underwent ARP/DP were significantly more satisfied at the time of crown delivery (ARP/DP: 9.6 vs. EP: 9.1, p = .02).

Conclusions

EP and ARP/DP show no significant differences in buccal contour changes, aesthetics and patient‐reported outcomes. However, ARP/DP is an easier procedure at all stages of the surgery compared to EP and could therefore be the preferred therapy for less experienced clinicians.
Establishment of human corneal epithelial organoids for ex vivo modelling dry eye disease
Authors: Wan Xichen , Gu Jiayu , Zhou Xujiao , Le Qihua , Wang Jingyuan , Xin ChangChang , Chen Zhi , He Yao , Hong Jiaxu
Published: July 2024

Dry eye disease (DED) is a growing public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and causing ocular discomfort and visual disturbance. Developing its therapeutic drugs based on animal models suffer from interspecies differences and poor prediction of human trials. Here, we established long‐term 3D human corneal epithelial organoids, which recapitulated the cell lineages and gene expression signature of the human corneal epithelium. Organoids can be regulated to differentiate ex vivo, but the addition of FGF10 inhibits this process. In the hyperosmolar‐induced DED organoid model, the release of inflammatory factors increased, resulting in damage to the stemness of stem cells and a decrease in functional mucin 1 protein. Furthermore, we found that the organoids could mimic clinical drug treatment responses, suggesting that corneal epithelial organoids are promising candidates for establishing a drug testing platform ex vivo. In summary, we established a functional, long‐term 3D human epithelial organoid that may serve as an ex vivo model for studying the functional regulation and disease modelling.
Plerixafor for pathogen‐agnostic treatment in murine thigh infection and zebrafish sepsis
Authors: Evans Martin O. , Smith Darren M. , Kress Adrian T. , Nadeau Robert J. , Selig Daniel J. , Caridha Diana , Racharaks Ratanachat , Langowski Thomas , Madejczyk Michael S. , Carbaugh Chance , Saunders David , Widder Mark , De Meese Jason , Lee Patricia J. , DeLuca Jesse P.
Published: July 2024

Plerixafor is a CXCR4 antagonist approved in 2008 by the FDA for hematopoietic stem cell collection. Subsequently, plerixafor has shown promise as a potential pathogen‐agnostic immunomodulator in a variety of preclinical animal models. Additionally, investigator‐led studies demonstrated plerixafor prevents viral and bacterial infections in patients with WHIM syndrome, a rare immunodeficiency with aberrant CXCR4 signaling. Here, we investigated whether plerixafor could be repurposed to treat sepsis or severe wound infections, either alone or as an adjunct therapy. In a Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced zebrafish sepsis model, plerixafor reduced sepsis mortality and morbidity assessed by tail edema. There was a U‐shaped response curve with the greatest effect seen at 0.1 μM concentration. We used Acinetobacter baumannii infection in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model. Plerixafor did not show reduced bacterial growth at 24 h in the mouse thigh model, nor did it amplify the effects of a rifampin antibiotic therapy, in varying regimens. While plerixafor did not mitigate or treat bacterial wound infections in mice, it did reduce sepsis mortality in zebra fish. The observed mortality reduction in our LPS model of zebrafish was consistent with prior research demonstrating a mortality benefit in a murine model of sepsis. However, based on our results, plerixafor is unlikely to be successful as an adjunct therapy for wound infections. Further research is needed to better define the scope of plerixafor as a pathogen‐agnostic therapy. Future directions may include the use of longer acting CXCR4 antagonists, biased CXCR4 signaling, and optimization of animal models.
How well can real‐time indicators track the economic impacts of a crisis like COVID‐19?
Authors: Ten Gi Khan , Tafere Hirfrfot Kibrom , Newhouse David , Pape Utz
Published: July 2024

Motivation

Academicians and policy‐makers grapple with monitoring the economic impact of crises such as COVID‐19 when survey data are scarce.

Purpose

We show how a set of publicly available real‐time indicators—nitrogen dioxide emissions, night‐time lights, mobile phone mobility tracking, internet searches, and food prices—tracked changes in GDP across multiple countries in 2020.

Approach and methods

We first describe the extent to which real‐time indicators captured the COVID‐19 crisis. We employ linear models, selected using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), to examine the capacity of these indicators to track GDP growth during the crisis.

Findings

Google Mobility and staple food prices both sharply declined in March and April 2020, followed by a rapid recovery returning to baseline levels by July and August 2020. Mobility and staple food prices experienced a milder decrease in low‐income countries.

Nitrogen dioxide and night‐time lights showed a similar pattern, with the steepest fall followed by a swift recovery in lower middle‐income countries.

In April and May, Google search terms reflecting economic distress and religiosity spiked in some regions but not in others.

Linear models explain about half of the variation in annual GDP growth in 68 countries. In a smaller subset of higher‐income countries, real‐time indicators explain about 65% of the variation in quarterly GDP growth.

Policy implications

Real‐time indicators offer several advantages in crisis monitoring, being readily available, cost‐effective, and not requiring face‐to‐face interactions, which are particularly valuable during a pandemic.
The outbreak of teak leaf blight disease caused by Alternaria alternata in the semi‐arid Bundelkhand region of India
Authors: Mushineni Ashajyothi , Yagavachintapalli Narayanaswamy Venkatesh , Yadav Akash , Alexander Balamurugan , Kumar Naresh , Venkidusamy Kavi Sidharthan , Handa Arunkumar , Ayyanadar Arunachalam , Aundy Kumar
Published: July 2024

Tectona grandis is a vital hardwood tree species with substantial industrial and economic importance. From 2020 to 2021, an unusual leaf blight disease was observed in T. grandis saplings planted in the Nursery of the Central Agroforestry Research Institute (CAFRI), Jhansi, India. Disease incidence was recorded as 50%–70% with 40%–82% severity over two consecutive years on over 1000 saplings. The leaf blight disease was extensive, leading to defoliation of young leaves and mortality of teak saplings in the nursery. The pathogen was identified as Alternaria alternata following standard laboratory procedures and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The pathogenicity of two isolates, A. alternata TgAa1 and TgAa2, was proven under greenhouse conditions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the close association of TgAa1 and TgAa2 with other pathogenic A. alternata strains in the NCBI database. A. alternata is considered a severe foliar pathogen, known to cause leaf spot and leaf blight diseases in many annual and perennial plant species. Correct diagnosis and prevention are emphasized to contain the spread of teak leaf blight to other regions in India. This is the first report of A. alternata causing Tectona grandis leaf blight in the Bundelkhand region of India.
Microbial utilisation of maize rhizodeposits applied to agricultural soil at a range of concentrations
Authors: Niedeggen Daniela , Rüger Lioba , Oburger Eva , Santangeli Michael , Ahmed Mutez , Vetterlein Doris , Blagodatsky Sergey , Bonkowski Michael
Published: July 2024

Rhizodeposition fuels carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in soil. However, changes in the dynamics of microbial growth on rhizodeposits with increasing distance from the root is not well studied. This study investigates microbial growth on individual organic components of rhizodeposits and maize root‐derived exudates and mucilage from agricultural soil. By creating a gradient of substrate concentrations, we simulated reduced microbial access to rhizosphere C with increasing distance to the root surface. We identified distinct C‐thresholds for the activation of microbial growth, and these were significantly higher for rhizodeposits than singular, simple sugars. In addition, testing for stoichiometric constraints of microbial growth by supplementing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) showed accelerated and increased microbial growth by activating a larger proportion of the microbial biomass. Early and late season exudates triggered significantly different microbial growth responses. The mineralization of early‐season exudates was induced at a high C‐threshold. In contrast, the mineralization of late‐season exudates showed ‘sugar‐like’ properties, with a low C‐threshold, high substrate affinity, and a reduced maximum respiration rate of microorganisms growing on the added substrate. Mucilage exhibited the highest C‐threshold for the activation of microbial growth, although with a short lag‐period and with an efficient mucilage degradation comparable to that of sugars. By determining kinetic parameters and turnover times for different root‐derived substrates, our data enable the upscaling of micro‐scale processes to the whole root system, allowing more accurate predictions of how rhizodeposition drives microbial C and nutrient dynamics in the soil.
Local government enterprises climate action: An exploration of New Zealand container seaports’ climate‐related disclosure practices
Authors: Ehalaiye Dimu , Moses Olayinka , Laswad Fawzi , Botica Redmayne Nives
Published: July 2024

This study examines voluntary climate‐related disclosure practices among New Zealand (NZ) container seaports, in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG13) on climate action. Using a uniquely constructed Climate Change Disclosure Index (CCDI) and interviews, it assesses disclosure practices aligned with the Task Force on Climate‐related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) framework. The CCDI results indicate a 20% average level of climate‐related disclosures. Governance (36%) is the leading thematic area, whereas others track behind with limited disclosures among the sampled hybrid seaport entities. Evidence from the interviews reveals financial and legitimacy considerations, stakeholders, and community expectations, including forthcoming regulations, to be motivations for climate‐related disclosures. However, technological limitations, Scope 3 measurement, and regulatory inconsistencies constrain progressive climate actions of these entities. The study emphasizes the need for adaptable approaches to climate change beyond policy mandates and contributes to our understanding of sustainability practices in public sector hybrid entities. The findings hold implications for SDG13 attainment and the development of climate‐related accounting standards.
Resilience and adaptation of third sector organizations (TSOs) during crisis situations: Insights from a West African economy
Authors: Fagbemi Temitope , Dosumu Oluwatoyin , Adigun Rasheed , Nakpodia Franklin , Sakariyahu Rilwan
Published: July 2024

Across the globe, third sector organizations (TSOs) have long been recognized for their significant contributions to community support and sustainable development. However, their vulnerability to socioeconomic challenges, exemplified by the Covid‐19 pandemic, prompts a deeper examination. This study employs semi‐structured interviews to explore the resilience and adaptation strategies of TSOs operating in Nigeria, a West African country facing unique challenges. Findings reveal an intricate blend of traditional and innovative approaches, including strategic capabilities, digital citizenship, cultural dynamics, and community participation, employed by TSOs to navigate the uncertainties triggered by the Covid‐19 pandemic. By uncovering these less‐explored resilience dimensions, the study offers valuable insights for TSOs, policymakers, and scholars seeking to understand and enhance organizational resilience in challenging economic and social contexts.
Challenging deficit ideologies in Spanish heritage language policies and programs
Authors: Johnson David Cassels , Carbine Melanie , Shea Christine
Published: July 2024

This study analyzes the programs and policies for Spanish heritage language (SHL) students in Iowa high schools. Previous research suggests that SHL students do not enjoy equitable educational experiences in Spanish language classrooms, which are often taught by and designed for traditional second language learners. In US states like Iowa, there is no language policy that provides a facilitative structure for Heritage language education, so issues of educational opportunity for SHL students are addressed locally. Teachers are, therefore, particularly influential language policy and education arbiters. In this paper, we analyze (1) how Iowa language policy is interpreted and appropriated by high school Spanish teachers and (2) the perspectives of high school Spanish teachers about Heritage language education. Findings reveal that many teachers reject the monoglossic ideologies popular in Spanish language classrooms and instead celebrate the unique verbal repertoires of their SHL students. Implications for language policy and practice are discussed.
Semi‐Analytical Modeling of Transient Stream Drawdown and Depletion in Response to Aquifer Pumping
Authors: Malama Bwalya , Lin Ying‐Fan , Kuhlman Kristopher L.
Published: July 2024

Analytical and semi‐analytical models for stream depletion with transient stream stage drawdown induced by groundwater pumping are developed to address a deficiency in existing models, namely, the use of a fixed stream stage condition at the stream–aquifer interface. Field data are presented to demonstrate that stream stage drawdown does indeed occur in response to groundwater pumping near aquifer‐connected streams. A model that predicts stream depletion with transient stream drawdown is developed based on stream channel mass conservation and finite stream channel storage. The resulting models are shown to reduce to existing fixed‐stage models in the limit as stream channel storage becomes infinitely large, and to the confined aquifer flow with a no‐flow boundary at the streambed in the limit as stream storage becomes vanishingly small. The model is applied to field measurements of aquifer and stream drawdown, giving estimates of aquifer hydraulic parameters, streambed conductance, and a measure of stream channel storage. The results of the modeling and data analysis presented herein have implications for sustainable groundwater management.
PENSIONS, INCOME TAXES, AND HOMEOWNERSHIP: A CROSS‐COUNTRY ANALYSIS
Authors: Fehr Hans , Hofmann Maurice , Kudrna George
Published: July 2024

The article studies the role of pensions and income taxes in determining homeownership. We develop a stochastic, overlapping generations model with tenure choice and heterogenous skill types calibrated to Germany. Then, we simulate alternative income tax and pension policy structures from the United States and Australia, since these developed nations have similar incomes per capita, but highly different homeownership rates. Our results highlight that the pension system and its financing have decisive long‐term effects on homeownership. The latter is even more significant than income tax, where labor and capital income taxation affect homeownership in opposite directions.
Drivers of genomic diversity and phenotypic development in early phases of domestication in Hermetia illucens
Authors: Hull Kelvin L. , Greenwood Matthew P. , Lloyd Melissa , Brink‐Hull Marissa , Bester‐van der Merwe Aletta E. , Rhode Clint
Published: July 2024

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has the ability to efficiently bioremediate organic waste into usable bio‐compounds. Understanding the impact of domestication and mass rearing on fitness and production traits is therefore important for sustainable production. This study aimed to assess patterns of genomic diversity and its association to phenotypic development across early generations of mass rearing under two selection strategies: selection for greater larval mass (SEL lines) and no direct artificial selection (NS lines). Genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were generated using 2bRAD sequencing, while phenotypic traits relating to production and population fitness were measured. Declining patterns of genomic diversity were observed across three generations of captive breeding, with the lowest diversity recorded for the F3 generation of both selection lines, most likely due to founder effects. The SEL cohort displayed statistically significantly greater larval weight com the NS lines with pronounced genetic and phenotypic directional changes across generations. Furthermore, lower genetic and phenotypic diversity, particularly for fitness traits, were evident for SEL lines, illustrating the trade‐off between selecting for mass and the resulting decline in population fitness. SNP‐based heritability was significant for growth, but was low or non‐significant for fitness traits. Genotype–phenotype correlations were observed for traits, but individual locus effect sizes where small and very few of these loci demonstrated a signature for selection. Pronounced genetic drift, due to small effective population sizes, is likely overshadowing the impacts of selection on genomic diversity and consequently phenotypic development. The results hold particular relevance for genetic management and selective breeding for BSF in future.
Do non‐controlling blockholders with common ownership monitor controlling shareholders effectively? Evidence from China
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Lihong
Published: July 2024

Using a sample of Chinese listed firms during 2007–2020, we find that non‐controlling blockholders (NCBs) with common ownership can exert effective monitoring on dominant owners' self‐dealing behaviors captured by financial misconducts related to controlling shareholders. This effect is concentrated among state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), especially for the common NCBs holding only SOEs. Finally, the monitoring effect is particularly evident when firms have more peer firms, when common NCBs hold more firms within the same industry, when common NCBs exert stronger exit threats, or when common NCBs hold long investment horizons, indicating that common ownership enhances NCBs' incentives and abilities to identify and curb controlling shareholders' misbehaviors.
The incidence of surgical site infection following major lower limb amputation: A systematic review
Authors: Al‐Saadi Nina , Al‐Hashimi Khalid , Popplewell Matthew , Fabre Ismay , Gwilym Brenig Llwyd , Hitchman Louise , Chetter Ian , Bosanquet David C. , Wall Michael L.
Published: July 2024

Surgical site infections (SSIs) following major lower limb amputation (MLLA) in vascular patients are a major source of morbidity. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the incidence of SSI following MLLA in vascular patients. This review was prospectively registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42023460645). Databases were searched without date restriction using a pre‐defined search strategy. The search identified 1427 articles. Four RCTs and 21 observational studies, reporting on 50 370 MLLAs, were included. Overall SSI incidence per MLLA incision was 7.2% (3628/50370). The incidence of SSI in patients undergoing through‐knee amputation (12.9%) and below‐knee amputation (7.5%) was higher than the incidence of SSI in patients undergoing above‐knee amputation, (3.9%), p < 0.001. The incidence of SSI in studies focusing on patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), diabetes or including patients with both was 8.9%, 6.8% and 7.2%, respectively. SSI is a common complication following MLLA in vascular patients. There is a higher incidence of SSI associated with more distal amputation levels. The reported SSI incidence is similar between patients with underlying PAD and diabetes. Further studies are needed to understand the exact incidence of SSI in vascular patients and the factors which influence this.
Evidence of environmental niche separation between threatened mobulid rays in Aotearoa New Zealand: Insights from species distribution modelling
Authors: Ozaki Rikako , Stephenson Fabrice , Pinkerton Matthew , Finucci Brittany , Green Lydia , Penna Alice Della , Sila‐Nowicka Katarzyna
Published: July 2024

Aim

Mobulid rays are a group of threatened batoid fishes susceptible to population decline from targeted fisheries and accidental capture. Spatial distributions of mobulid rays remain poorly known. Prior studies found commonalities between favourable environments and prey among various mobulid species, yet most were conducted in tropical waters. To explore the habitat use and distribution of mobulid rays in a temperate environment we model the habitat suitability of two mobulid rays (Mobula mobular and Mobula birostris) in Aotearoa New Zealand using fisheries and citizen science occurrence data spanning almost two decades.

Location

Northeastern coast of Aotearoa, New Zealand.

Methods

Boosted Regression Tree models were used to predict the annual habitat suitability and favourable environmental conditions of the two species based on available sightings records in conjunction with high resolution (1 km2) environmental data.

Results

The sympatric study species had contrasting habitat requirements. We found a separation in their spatial distribution defined by the 200 m isobath – the onshore extent for M. birostris and the offshore extent for M. mobular. While there were only subtle variations in relative habitat suitability for M. mobular over the study period, M. birostris exhibited greater interannual variability. Despite differing interannual patterns, spatial separation, as a function of environmental properties, persisted regardless of the year.

Main Conclusions

Our results suggest that associations between mobulid species may differ from tropical regions due to regional adaptations to prey availability or local environmental conditions unique to colder and more productive temperate waters. Our findings highlight the importance of multi‐species surveys and the inclusion of temporal variability in support of separate species‐specific management plans to account for differing stressors impacting each species.
Do They Matter? The Perceived Impact of European Administrative Networks
Authors: Soares Ana Carolina , Martinsen Dorte Sindbjerg , Schrama Reini
Published: July 2024

European administrative networks (EANs) are presented as key parts of the European Union's (EU) institutional architecture to monitor the national implementation and enforcement of EU legislation. However, their national impact remains little explored. In this article, we examine network members' perceptions of EANs's ability to improve the national enforcement of EU legislation and which factors may explain variation between member states. Our analysis focuses on the application of EU legislation on health and safety at work monitored by the Senior Labour Inspectors Committee. Based on unique survey data and interviews with key respondents, we find that the network is generally perceived as very important for different functions, including for improving the application of EU legislation back home – albeit to different degrees. We show that the position of individual members in the network as well as domestic resources matters for the perception of network impact.
The effect of practice environments and psychological empowerment perceptions of nurses on their care behaviours: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yilmaz Aysegul , Yilmaz Kocak Mine
Published: July 2024

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of professional and individual characteristics, practice environments and psychological empowerment perceptions of nurses on their care behaviours.

Design

The study used a cross‐sectional research design following the STROBE guidelines.

Methods

The sample of this descriptive and correlational study consisted of 584 nurses working in a university hospital in Turkey. The data were collected between January and June 2023 using the Nursing Information Form, the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES‐NWI), the Psychological Empowerment Scale (PES), and the Caring Behaviours Scale‐30, and analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation and multiple linear regression.

Results

It was determined that PES‐NWI, PES and Caring Behaviours Scale (CBI‐30) scores of nurses were higher than the average. The study revealed that certain professional and individual characteristics of nurses, practice environments and psychological empowerment perceptions had an effect on their care behaviours.

Conclusion

The results of the study showed that nurses' PES‐NWI, PES and CBI‐30 scores were higher than the average, and that certain professional and individual characteristics of nurses, practice environments and psychological empowerment perceptions had an effect on care behaviours. Nursing service managers, in particular, are required to understand the importance of this relationship and create appropriate working conditions which are integrated with psychological empowerment to improve caring behaviours of nurses.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Eimeria magna infecting local rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Alkarg City, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Murshed Mutee , Mares Mohammed , Aljawdah Hossam M. A. , Mohammed Osama B. , Al‐Quraishy Saleh
Published: July 2024

Coccidiosis is one of the most prevalent diseases found in local rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), which is caused by the Eimeria. The study aimed to more reliably identify Eimeria species (Eimeria magna) infecting Local Rabbits in Alkarg City, Saudi Arabia, based the method on the molecular properties and morphological and molecular biological techniques. Sub‐spheroidal oocysts measuring 21–27 × 12–16 (24 × 14.4) μm (20 n) and with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 0.9–1.1 (1.0) were identified by microscopic analysis of a fecal sample. Oocysts feature a bi‐layered wall that is 1.0–1.2 (1.1) μm thick. About two‐thirds of the wall's thickness is made up of a smooth outer layer. A polar granule is present, but neither a micropyle nor an oocyst residuum is present. The ovoidal sporozoites measure 15–18 × 8–11 (16.5 × 9.5) μm, have an L/W ratio of 1.6–1.8 (1.7), and take up around 21% of the oocyst's total surface. The mean size of the sub‐Stieda body is 1.4 × 2.3 μm, while the average size of the Stieda body is 0.9 × 1.8 μm. The para‐Stieda body is lacking. Sporocyst residuum appears membrane‐bound and has an uneven form made up of several granules. With two refractile bodies below the striations and pronounced striations at the more pointed end, sporozoites are vermiform, measuring an average of 11.6 × 4.0 μm. The results of the sequencing for the 18S rDNA gene confirmed the species of Eimeria parasites found in the host (rabbits). The current parasite species is closely related to the previously described and deposited E. magna and deeply embedded in the genus Eimeria (family Eimeriidae). According to the findings, single oocyst molecular identification of Eimeria may be accomplished through consistent use of the morphological and molecular results. It is possible to draw the conclusion that the current research supplies relevant facts that help assess the potential infection and future control measures against rabbit coccidiosis to reduce the financial losses that can be incurred by the rabbit industry in Saudi Arabia.
Sex differences in intestinal morphology and increase in diencephalic neuropeptide Y gene expression in female but not male Pekin ducks exposed to chronic heat stress
Authors: Oluwagbenga E. M. , Bergman M. , Ajuwon K. M. , Fraley G. S.
Published: July 2024

The impact of heat stress (HS) on production is intricately linked with feed intake. We investigated the effects of HS on intestines and diencephalic genes in Pekin ducks. One hundred and sixty adult ducks were allocated to two treatment rooms. The control room was maintained at 22°C and the HS room at 35°C for the first 10 h of the day then reduced to 29.5°C. After 3 weeks, 10 hens and 5 drakes were euthanized from each room and jejunum and ileum collected for histology. Brains were collected for gene expression analysis using qRT‐PCR. Intestinal morphology data were analyzed with two‐way ANOVA and diencephalic gene data were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis test. There was an increase in villi width in the ileum (p = .0136) and jejunum (p = .0019) of HS hens compared to controls. HS drakes showed a higher crypt depth (CD) in the jejunum (p = .0198) compared to controls. There was an increase in crypt goblet cells (GC) count in the ileum (p = .0169) of HS drakes compared to HS hens. There was higher villi GC count (p = .07) in the jejunum of HS drakes compared to controls. There was an increase in the crypt GC density (p = .0054) in the ileum, not jejunum, of HS drakes compared to HS hens. Further, there were no differences in the proopiomelanocortin gene expression in either sex but there was an increase in the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene in HS hens (p = .031) only and a decrease in the corticotropin releasing hormone gene in the HS drakes (p = .037) compared to controls. These data show that there are sex differences in the effect of HS on gut morphology while the upregulation in NPY gene may suggest a role in mediating response to chronic HS.
Geographic distance to Commission on Cancer‐accredited and nonaccredited hospitals in the United States
Authors: Schroeder Mary C. , Semprini Jason , Kahl Amanda R. , Lizarraga Ingrid M. , Birken Sarah A. , Wahlen Madison M. , Johnson Erin C. , Gorzelitz Jessica , Seaman Aaron T. , Charlton Mary E.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The Commission on Cancer (CoC) establishes standards to support multidisciplinary, comprehensive cancer care. CoC‐accredited cancer programs diagnose and/or treat 73% of patients in the United States. However, rural patients may experience diminished access to CoC‐accredited cancer programs. Our study evaluated distance to hospitals by CoC accreditation status, rurality, and Census Division.

Methods

All US hospitals were identified from public‐use Homeland Infrastructure Foundation‐Level Data, then merged with CoC‐accreditation data. Rural‐Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) were used to categorize counties as metro (RUCC 1‐3), large rural (RUCC 4‐6), or small rural (RUCC 7‐9). Distance from each county centroid to the nearest CoC and non‐CoC hospital was calculated using the Great Circle Distance method in ArcGIS.

Findings

Of 1,382 CoC‐accredited hospitals, 89% were in metro counties. Small rural counties contained a total of 30 CoC and 794 non‐CoC hospitals. CoC hospitals were located 4.0, 10.1, and 11.5 times farther away than non‐CoC hospitals for residents of metro, large rural, and small rural counties, respectively, while the average distance to non‐CoC hospitals was similar across groups (9.4‐13.6 miles). Distance to CoC‐accredited facilities was greatest west of the Mississippi River, in particular the Mountain Division (99.2 miles).

Conclusions

Despite similar proximity to non‐CoC hospitals across groups, CoC hospitals are located farther from large and small rural counties than metro counties, suggesting rural patients have diminished access to multidisciplinary, comprehensive cancer care afforded by CoC‐accredited hospitals. Addressing distance‐based access barriers to high‐quality, comprehensive cancer treatment in rural US communities will require a multisectoral approach.
A review of assessment methods for measuring individual differences in oral somatosensory perception
Authors: Riantiningtyas Reisya Rizki , Dougkas Anestis , Kwiecien Camille , Carrouel Florence , Giboreau Agnès , Bredie Wender L. P.
Published: July 2024

While taste and smell perception have been thoroughly investigated, our understanding of oral somatosensory perception remains limited. Further, assessing and measuring individual differences in oral somatosensory perception pose notable challenges. This review aimed to evaluate the existing methods to assess oral somatosensory perception by examining and comparing the strengths and limitations of each method. The review highlighted the lack of standardized assessment methods and the various procedures within each method. Tactile sensitivity can be assessed using several methods, but each method measures different tactile dimensions. Further investigations are needed to confirm its correlation with texture sensitivity. In addition, measuring a single textural attribute may not provide an overall representation of texture sensitivity. Thermal sensitivity can be evaluated using thermal‐change detection or temperature discrimination tests. The chemesthetic sensitivity tests involve either localized or whole‐mouth stimulation tests. The choice of an appropriate method for assessing oral somatosensory sensitivity depends on several factors, including the specific research objectives and the target population. Each method has its unique intended purpose, strengths, and limitations, so no universally superior approach exists. To overcome some of the limitations associated with certain methods, the review offers alternative or complementary approaches that could be considered. Researchers can enhance the comprehensive assessment of oral somatosensory sensitivity by carefully selecting and potentially combining methods. In addition, a standardized protocol remains necessary for each method.
Effectiveness of decision aids on critically ill patients' outcomes and family members' knowledge, anxiety, depression and decisional conflict: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xing Yana , Cai Weixin , Wang Anxin , Yuan Yuan , Zhang Ran
Published: July 2024

Background

Decision aids (DAs) have been proposed to support patients and families with disease information processing and decision‐making, but their effectiveness for critically ill patients and their families is incompletely understood.

Aim

To systematically synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of the DAs on the prognosis of critically ill patients and knowledge, anxiety, depression and decisional conflict of their family members.

Study Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis. We conducted a systematic search of literature using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database, Scopus, PsycNet, CNKI and Wanfang Database from the inception of the databases until May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) describing DAs interventions targeted at adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients or their families. We also searched grey literature in four databases: Chinese Clinical Trials Registry, Chinese Cochrane Center, Open Grey and GreyNet International.

Results

Seven RCTs were included in the review. Meta‐analysis identified longer hospital length of stay (LOS) among all patients compared with usual care (mean difference [MD] = 5.64 days, 95% confidence interval, CI [0.29, 10.98], p = .04), but not in surviving patients (MD = 2.09 days, 95% CI [−3.70, 7.89], p = .48). However, there was no evidence of an effect of DAs on hospital mortality (RR = 1.25, 95% CI [0.92, 1.70], p = .15), ICU LOS (MD = 3.77 days, 95% CI [−0.17, 7.70], p = .06) and length of mechanical ventilation (MD = 0.88 days, 95% CI [−2.22, 3.97], p = .58). DAs led to a statistically significant improvement in family members' knowledge (standard mean difference = 0.84, 95% CI [0.12, 1.56], p = .02). We found no significant effect of DAs on anxiety, depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder, decisional conflict and quality of communication of family members.

Conclusions

This review provides effective evidence that DAs can potentially improve the knowledge level of family members while prolonging the hospital LOS among critically ill patients.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Well‐designed large‐scale studies with DAs tailored to the individuals' preferences and existing cultural values are warranted.
Trapped fat: Obesity pathogenesis as an intrinsic disorder in metabolic fuel partitioning
Authors: Friedman Mark I. , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Taubes Gary , Lund Jens , Ludwig David S.
Published: July 2024

Our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity remains at best incomplete despite a century of research. During this time, two alternative perspectives have helped shape thinking about the etiology of the disorder. The currently prevailing view holds that excessive fat accumulation results because energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, with excessive food consumption being the primary cause of the imbalance. The other perspective attributes the initiating cause of obesity to intrinsic metabolic defects that shift fuel partitioning from pathways for mobilization and oxidation to those for synthesis and storage. The resulting reduction in fuel oxidation and trapping of energy in adipose tissue drives a compensatory increase in energy intake and, under some conditions, a decrease in expenditure. This theory of obesity pathogenesis has historically garnered relatively less attention despite its pedigree. Here, we present an updated comprehensive formulation of the fuel partitioning theory, focused on evidence gathered over the last 80 years from major animal models of obesity showing a redirection of fuel fluxes from oxidation to storage and accumulation of excess body fat with energy intake equal to or even less than that of lean animals. The aim is to inform current discussions about the etiology of obesity and by so doing, help lay new foundations for the design of more efficacious approaches to obesity research, treatment and prevention.
Surgical Strategy for Lumbar Disc Herniation based on the MSU Classification: Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy versus Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A 5‐year Retrospective Study
Authors: Li Hongtao , Xiao Changming , Pan Hongyu , Yang Haomiao , Lei Yang , Wang Haozhong , Li Sen
Published: July 2024

Objective

Currently, there is no established guideline on whether to opt for percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) or traditional transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery based on specific types of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Based on the Michigan State University (MSU) classification system, this study conducted a medium‐ to long‐term follow‐up analysis of two surgical methods over 5 years for the first time, aiming to provide empirical evidence to assist in making more informed decisions before surgery for LDH treatment.

Methods

This was a retrospective study that included 273 patients with single‐level LDH who underwent PELD or TLIF treatment at our hospital between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018. Detailed metrics included preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and Oswestry disability index (ODI) at 1‐day, 1‐week, 1‐year, and 5‐year follow‐ups. Complications, recurrences, and 5‐year postoperative modified MacNab criteria scores were also recorded. Statistical methods included independent sample t‐tests, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and χ2 tests.

Results

Classified into seven groups according to the MSU classification, it was found that there was an improvement in the VAS and ODI scores at four postoperative follow‐ups (p < 0.001). PELD showed better results than TLIF in reducing pain and improving the ODI scores in the classifications of 3B, 2B, and 2C (p < 0.05). TLIF demonstrated consistent superiority over PELD in 2A, 2AB, 3A, and 3AB classifications (p < 0.05). The total recurrence rate in the PELD group (11.05%) within 5 years after surgery was higher (p < 0.05) than that in the TLIF group (3.96%). These were mainly concentrated in the 2A, 2AB, 3A, and 3AB types. Moreover, the rate of excellent and good outcomes in the PELD was higher than in the TLIF but no significant difference (χ2 = 1.0568, p = 0.5895).

Conclusion

This study suggests that PELD and TLIF may relieve LDH, but have advantages under different MSU classifications. The MSU classification has specific guiding significance and could aid in the surgical selection of PELD or TLIF to achieve optimal treatment outcomes for patients with lumbar disc herniation.
Outcome of tailored therapy in rheumatic heart disease with persistent atrial fibrillation (RHD‐AF)
Authors: Saggu Daljeet Kaur , Subramaniam Muthiah , Korabathina Radhika , Raju B. Soma , Atreya Auras R. , Reddy Prasad , Kumar D. N. , Menon Rajeev , Yalagudri Sachin , Kapadiya Anuj , Chennapragada Sridevi , Narasimhan Calambur
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease with persistent atrial fibrillation (RHD‐AF) is associated with increased morbidity. However, there is no standardized approach for the maintenance of sinus rhythm (SR) in them. We aimed to determine the utility of a stepwise approach to achieve SR in RHD‐AF.

Methods

Consecutive patients with RHD‐AF from July 2021 to August 2023 formed the study cohort. The stepwise approach included pharmacological rhythm control and/or electrical cardioversion (Central illustration). In patients with recurrence, additional options included AF ablation or pace and ablate strategy with conduction system pacing or biventricular pacing. Clinical improvement, NT‐proBNP, 6‐Minute Walk Test (6MWT), heart failure (HF) hospitalizations, and thromboembolic complications were documented during follow‐up.

Results

Eighty‐three patients with RHD‐AF (mean age 56.13 ± 9.51 years, women 72.28%) were included. Utilizing this approach, 43 (51.81%) achieved and maintained SR during the study period of 11.04 ± 7.14 months. These patients had improved functional class, lower NT‐proBNP, better distance covered for 6MWT, and reduced HF hospitalizations. The duration of AF was shorter in patients who achieved SR, compared to those who remained in AF (3.15 ± 1.29 vs 6.93 ± 5.23, p = 0.041). Thirty‐five percent (29) maintained SR after a single cardioversion over the study period. Only one underwent AF ablation. Of the 24 who underwent pace and ablate strategy, atrial lead was implanted in 22 (hybrid approach), and 50% of these achieved and maintained SR. Among these 24, none had HF hospitalizations, but patients who maintained SR had further improvement in clinical and functional parameters.

Conclusions

RHD‐AF patients who could achieve SR with a stepwise approach, had better clinical outcomes and lower HF hospitalizations.
Temperature and ST‐segment morphology remote monitoring: new perspectives for implantable cardiac monitors in Brugada syndrome
Authors: Iacopino Saverio , Sorrenti Paolo , Fabiano Emmanuel , Colella Jacopo , Vilio Alessandro Di , Statuto Giovanni , Filannino Pasquale , Artale Paolo , Giacopelli Daniele , Peluso Gianluca , Fabiano Gennaro , Campagna Giuseppe , Cecchini Edoardo , Petretta Andrea
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) face an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Implantable cardiac monitors (ICMs) have emerged as effective tools for detecting arrhythmias in BrS. Technological advancements, including temperature sensors and improved subcutaneous electrocardiogram (subECG) signal quality, hold promise for further enhancing their utility in this population.

Methods and results

We present a case of a 40‐year‐old man exhibiting a BrS type 2 pattern on 12‐lead ECG, who underwent ICM insertion (BIOMONITOR IIIm, BIOTRONIK) due to drug‐induced BrS type 1 pattern and a history of syncope, with a negative response to programmed ventricular stimulation. The device contains an integrated temperature sensor and can transmit daily vital data, such as mean heart rate and physical activity. Several months later, remote alerts indicated a temperature increase, along with transmitted subECGs suggesting a fever‐induced BrS type 1 pattern. The patient was promptly advised to commence antipyretic therapy. Over the following days, remotely monitored parameters showed decreases in mean temperature, physical activity, and mean heart rate, without further recurrence of abnormal subECGs.

Conclusion

ICMs offer valuable insights beyond arrhythmia detection in BrS. Early detection of fever using embedded temperature sensors may improve patient management, while continuous subECG morphological analysis has the potential to enhance risk stratification in BrS patients.
Eggplant NAC domain transcription factor SmNST1 as an activator promotes secondary cell wall thickening
Authors: Wang Jiali , Zhang Xinxin , Yang Huiqin , Li Sirui , Hu Yao , Wei Dayong , Tang Qinglin , Yang Yang , Tian Shibing , Wang Zhimin
Published: July 2024

NAC‐domain transcription factors (TFs) are plant‐specific transcriptional regulators playing crucial roles in plant secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis. SCW is important for plant growth and development, maintaining plant morphology, providing rigid support, ensuring material transportation and participating in plant stress responses as a protective barrier. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying SCW in eggplant have not been thoroughly explored. In this study, the NAC domain TFs SmNST1 and SmNST2 were cloned from the eggplant line ‘Sanyue qie′. SmNST1 and SmNST2 expression levels were the highest in the roots and stems. Subcellular localization analysis showed that they were localized in the cell membrane and nucleus. Their overexpression in transgenic tobacco showed that SmNST1 promotes SCW thickening. The expression of a set of SCW biosynthetic genes for cellulose, xylan and lignin, which regulate SCW formation, was increased in transgenic tobacco. Bimolecular fluorescence and luciferase complementation assays showed that SmNST1 interacted with SmNST2 in vivo. Yeast one‐hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Dual‐luciferase reporter assays showed that SmMYB26 directly bound to the SmNST1 promoter and acted as an activator. SmNST1 and SmNST2 interact with the SmMYB108 promoter and repress SmMYB108 expression. Altogether, we showed that SmNST1 positively regulates SCW formation, improving our understanding of SCW biosynthesis transcriptional regulation.