bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 1921–1923 North Sakhalin Concession Agreement
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter relates the early history of the Maritime Arbitration Commission (MAC) and the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission (FTAC), which were founded in Moscow in 1930 and 1932, respectively, and of the nullification of the thirty-six-year-old North Sakhalin Concession Agreement made between Sinclair Exploration and the Government of the USSR by Soviet courts. For a short period from 1925 (Lenin having died in 1924), the USSR was willing to learn from the very negative foreign reaction to this nullification and to agree to ad hoc arbitration clauses in concessions so as to attract desperately needed foreign investment, that being a lesson that retains contemporary relevance.
Free Spirits—the Search for “International” Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter addresses the philosophical question of seemingly high importance for the state of international commercial arbitration: which came first—the arbitral chicken or the arbitral egg? A comparison is drawn between the French and English approaches to (or concepts of) arbitration. The chapter acknowledges the enormous significance of France to the development of international commercial arbitration, with the formation of the International Criminal Court in Paris almost a century ago and its symbiotic relations with the Cour d’appel de Paris, which has benefited international commercial arbitration everywhere, and the suggestion is made that there is much to be learnt from the French school of arbitral philosophy.
The President's Dilemma in Asia
Authors: Lee Don S.
Published: July 2024

This book provides the first comprehensive and comparative theory of presidential government formation. In the authoritarian era, presidents had greater control over key institutional actors in the process, such as the legislature, the ruling party, and the bureaucracy. However, after democratic transition, they have to navigate competing pressures from these political institutions. This book highlights the major trade-off that presidents of new democracies face in their relationship with the different political institutions, the so-called “president’s dilemma,” and their strategy in dealing with the dilemma. Existing studies of presidential government formation in new democracies have largely overlooked the entirety of the structure of the political institutions surrounding the president and its impact on the president’s government formation strategy. This book offers a view that government formation is a window to understanding how presidents weigh the benefits of appointing ministers representing different political institutions under a variety of given institutional circumstances. The question of which institution presidents attempt to accommodate through government formation is a high stakes one, and addressing it is important, because particular patterns of personnel distribution can influence the kind of policies political leaders adopt and the level of accountability and responsiveness to constituents these policies represent.
Interparty Competition and Presidential Cabinet Making
Authors: Lee Don S.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines presidents’ appointment strategy in handling the party system surrounding them. The main prediction is that, facing stronger demands from opposition parties in more institutionalized party systems, presidents are more likely to appoint copartisan ministers, in order to enhance intraparty support. However, with greater dominance over less institutionalized party systems, presidents have greater leeway to choose nonpartisan ministers. The results of statistical analysis are overall in line with this prediction. While presidents are more likely to appoint ministers from the ruling party in more institutionalized party systems, they tend to choose nonpartisan ministers in less institutionalized party systems. Furthermore, an additional analysis of presidents’ portfolio allocation patterns shows that presidents are more likely to allocate cabinet posts in key policy areas to copartisans as party systems are more institutionalized.
Spring 1941
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

The Nawab leaves for Egypt; the Nawab returns; the Begum humbled; visit to Khajuraho; Holi.
Winter 1941–1942
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Charity ball for the Red Crescent and meeting with Mary; debating about the British; palace intrigues; strange manners of the Maharaja of U. while visiting Bhopal; discussing world-war politics; organizing a cabaret with the Begum; the Nawab playing Krishna; affairs of the Italian prisoners of war; the Nawab’s durbar and birthday.
Winter 1942–1943
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Visit of the Viceroy and troubles for Mark; meeting with hakims and discourse on Yunani medicine; meeting with Dr Palmer, debating Ayurveda; snakes; Gandhi’s hunger strike.
Autumn 1944
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Observing different festivals in Bhopal: Dussehra, Muharram, Ramadan, Holi, Divali, and Rakhi.
Spring[–Winter] 1945
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Brief visit to Agra, retiring to Ranikhet; different affairs of the royal party in Ranikhet; discussing Islam with the Begum and Sir Liaquat; the Berriens and their stories; Old Brownie and her stories; birthday of Faiza, the daughter of Princess Rabia; more affairs of the royal party in Ranikhet; illness of Princess Rabia; visit to Almora; meeting with Professor Boshi Sen; an account of Mahatma from Hairuja Khana; clubs and resting in Ranikhet; the story of Rex the dog; Rabia sets the house on fire; meeting with the Nawab of B.; more affairs from Ranikhet; bad news from Bhopal; Vera’s return visit to Almora; meeting with ‘European sadhus’ Alain Danielou and Raymond Burnier; another meeting with Anandamayi Ma; meeting with Swami Pranavananda; meeting with Jawaharlal Nehru; visit of Ramakrishna Mission in Almora; way back to Bhopal; troubles with Haider rekindled; account on the end of British Raj; Mark’s organization of the meeting of the Chamber of Princes; Colonel Habib wounded by a tiger; preparing to return to Europe; Vera bitten by a scorpion; the troubles of Princess Rabia; Vera scared for Mark’s life; Vera’s friend, Lady Bhore, suddenly dies; leaving for Europe.
Negative Emotions and Frustrated Desires
Authors: Boult Cameron
Published: July 2024

Two approaches to resolving the puzzle of epistemic blame are examined. The first argues that epistemic blame is a negative emotional response. Three ways of pursuing this idea are considered—a bold, moderate, and sui generis version. It is argued that all three approaches are inadequate because they rely on attitudes that are out of place in the epistemic domain. The second approach argues that epistemic blame is the manifestation of an unsatisfied desire with distinctively epistemic content. This approach improves on negative-emotion views by accounting for epistemic blame’s significance with a conative component—something that seems more at home in the epistemic domain. However, it is argued that the approach does not go far enough in accounting for epistemic blame’s significance. The shortcomings of both approaches to epistemic blame reveal a role for relationships in epistemic blame.
The Value of Epistemic Blame
Authors: Boult Cameron
Published: July 2024

Should we epistemically blame one another? This chapter examines the value of our epistemic blaming practices, and considers alternatives to epistemic blame. The chapter approaches these questions, first, by focusing on a case study: the realm of democratic participation. It is argued that epistemic blame—as understood on the relationship-based model—has value insofar as it constitutes a distinctive way of holding others, especially leaders, to account in the democratic sphere. The case study paves the way for more general observations about the value of epistemic blame. The chapter turns to a detailed examination of whether certain kinds of positively valanced epistemic relationship modification might be more fitting or productive (or both), as ways of responding to culpable epistemic failings. It is argued on the basis of considerations about autonomy, efficacy, and social justice that they are not.
Measuring Depletion in Multiple Registers
Authors: Rai Shirin M.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the question of measurability of depletion as well as the methodological issues that we face in calculating depletion from the available quantitative data sets. It reflects on the model for calculating DSR and on the strengths and limitations of measuring the time spent in care work. It also discusses various datasets and methodologies such as the UNSNA, Household Satellite Account and time-use surveys and suggests that the model presented to calculate depletion has merit, even though it needs more testing. It then presents the Feminist Everyday Observatory Tool, which has been used in the book to understand depletion and suggests that both quantitative and qualitative methods can be used together to make the argument for addressing depletion harms.
Depletion on the Move
Authors: Rai Shirin M.
Published: July 2024

Commuting intensifies depletion. Travel for paid as well as unpaid work, done over space and time in unequal contexts, stretches the margins of work-time and increases physical tiredness and the sense of insecurity, can damage reputations, family status, and is a tax on wages. The chapter maps the literature on commuting to work, and then examines the costs of commuting in different frames: time, timeliness, temporality, health costs, economic costs, and issues of sociality and solidarity during commuting. It explores these issues through a close discussion of three stories, of an Indian domestic worker, a low income homemaker and a journalist, whose different modes of travel to and from work and for care contribute to their depletion. The chapter identifies some policy gaps that can be seen because of overlooking the mobilities of care.
A Possibility of Jews
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

Peace meant work for American Jews, as they began formalizing and defining freedoms, shoring up their revolutionary credentials, and building a republican government and synagogue. The new synagogues of the United States became far more democratic and had multiple sources of authority. They also had to deal with former Jewish loyalists. Meanwhile, Jewish leaders often found themselves included as full members of new, patriotic civic groups. It was part of a general spirit of democratic inclusion in the 1790s. The chapter also highlights the importance of race in the consideration of citizenship, referencing how White Jews rarely extended their case for religious citizenship outward to include other disenfranchised groups.
Democratization
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the democratization of American Judaism after the American Revolution. The chapter explains how the American Revolution gave rise to a different Jewish world, one with less hierarchy and more choice. Jews challenged and changed synagogue rules under the language of the revolution. These changes came in Jewish theology, synagogue organization, clergy, rituals, holidays, and observances. American Jews demanded the right to appoint their own leaders and interpret Jewish law and tradition without rabbis. Jewish men also began dueling while Jewish women made their own institutions and constructed Jewish thought and liturgy in the early republic.
The Flag-Waving Patriot
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2024

Launching his career with a series of hyper-patriotic musicals—Little Johnny Jones (1904), George Washington, Jr. (1906), The Yankee Prince (1908), and The American Idea (1908)—George M. Cohan developed a reputation for so-called flag-waving and became an emblem of a Rooseveltian America. These shows broke new ground with their contemporary settings and characters, colloquial language, snappy tunes, and patriotic themes. Critics questioned whether Cohan’s flag-waving was art, entertainment, or propaganda, but his tactics received ringing endorsement from the box office. Focusing on Little Johnny Jones (1904) and The American Idea (1908), this chapter demonstrates how they contributed to discourse about immigration and nationalism, modeling—and occasionally challenging—a Rooseveltian vision of America, with its ideal of “true Americanism.” Through the characters he played and the songs and shows he wrote, Cohan captured the period’s hopes and anxieties about race and nation, and he linked the emerging musical theater genre with American identity and nationalism.
The Irish American
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2024

Early in his career, George M. Cohan cast himself as a paragon of mainstream America, but in the mid-1910s, he became more outwardly invested in Irish American politics and culture in his personal life and wrote a series of musicals brimming with Irish American pride: The Voice of McConnell (1918), Little Nellie Kelly (1922), The Rise of Rosie O’Reilly (1923), and The Merry Malones (1927). This chapter examines how these shows worked through contemporary issues facing Irish Americans in the United States and advocated for them, frequently at the expense of other groups whom he depicted more negatively. As he had already defined and—for many—embodied what it meant to be a patriotic American, Cohan was particularly well positioned to write the Irish more fully into that definition.
The Anacoustic
Authors: Moreno Jairo
Published: July 2024

Spanish-American War films introduced to US society images of its successful military campaign overseas. Films capitalized on the development of new moving image technologies (e.g., Edison’s War-Graph). Despite lacking sound, crowds felt they were experiencing “the real thing.” This chapter conceptualizes this soundless spectacle under the notion of the anacoustic, an absence of sound where sound might have been heard (and copiously read about in the press). In the anacoustic, sound sources are seen but not heard, a condition of possibility for a particular sensorial engagement with war and violence marking the entrance of the United States into the theater of imperial warfare, an imperial aurality abetted by new technologies of moving images, their representational wagers, and the institutions involved. This sensorial assemblage constitutes a form of aesthetic capture, a deracinated and anesthetized sense of violence that made US imperialism inconceivable without the entanglements of the anacoustic’s silent but deadly aurality.
Tonality
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This encyclopedic book proposes a sweeping reformulation of the basic concepts of Western music theory, revealing simple structures underlying a wide range of practices from the Renaissance to contemporary pop. Its core innovation is a collection of simple geometrical models describing the implicit knowledge governing a broad range of music-making, much as the theory of grammar describes principles that tacitly guide speaking and writing. Each of its central chapters re-examines a basic music-theoretical concept such as voice leading, repetition, nonharmonic tones, the origins of tonal harmony, the grammar of tonal harmony, modulation, and melody. These are flanked by two largely analytical chapters on rock harmony and Beethoven. Wide-ranging in scope, and with almost seven hundred musical examples from the Middle Ages to the present day, it weaves philosophy, mathematics, statistics, and computational analysis into a new and truly twenty-first-century theory of music.
Nonharmonic Tones
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This chapter reconsiders the concept of nonharmonicity. It argues that the traditional picture, in which purely consonant harmonies are decorated by inessential melodic tones, works reasonably well in general, but fails dramatically in specific cases. These include the “Renaissance seventh,” a seventh chord formed by a suspension but not reducible to a triad, and the “ascending subdominant,” a IV–I progression with dominant-tonic characteristics. I argue that the harmonic/nonharmonic distinction should be viewed as approximate and heuristic. This is particularly important in nineteenth-century styles that use nonharmonic tones to augment the vocabulary of functional tonality. But it is also important in earlier music. For centuries, composers have been rebelling against the constraints of the nonharmonic system in both subtle and nonsubtle ways.
The Origins of Functional Tonality
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This chapter considers the very gradual development of functional harmony. The process begins with an ionian-mode “protofunctionality” dating back to the early sixteenth century and emphasizing fifth-motion between root-position primary triads. This protofunctionality first appears in popular styles like the Frottola and can be grounded in the basic geometry of triadic space. From there it gradually colonizes an ever-greater swathe of musical practice, including midcentury polyphonic compositions such as Palestrina’s Pope Marcellus Mass. During this time functional routines also grow more complex, with the supertonic replacing the subdominant as the primary predominant. The chapter uses statistics, corpus study, and close reading to show that the development of functionally tonal practice antedates its explicit theoretical codification.
Conclusion
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

The collectional hierarchy, while not truly universal, is found in many different musical styles, justifying some of music theory’s Platonist ambitions. Implicitly learned schemas can often be grounded in the intrinsic geometry of musical possibility. Understanding this deep structure helps us see connections between genres, as well as extend traditional techniques to new domains. Reconceiving the past can help us imagine new futures.
On One Condition
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 8 of Within You Without You, “On One Condition,” closely examines George Harrison’s song, “If I Needed Someone,” as well as his other contributions to the Beatles album Rubber Soul. “If I Needed Someone” was both musically and lyrically complex, evincing Harrison’s growing interest in elements of Indian music (such as the drone note) and showcasing a newfound sophistication as a lyricist in his extensive use of the conditional tense. Rubber Soul also saw the full flowering of Harrison’s “orchestral” approach to guitar playing. Harrison’s song “Think for Yourself” hints at Harrison’s future role as a spiritually inclined songwriter (and a possible scold). Harrison’s use of sitar on Lennon’s song “Norwegian Wood” almost singlehandedly invented a new genre of pop-Indian fusion called “raga rock,” an early but essential development in a burgeoning interest in ethnic sounds that will soon be called “world music.”
That Ice Is Slowly Melting
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 18 of Within You Without You, “That Ice Is Slowly Melting,” examines the George Harrison song “Here Comes the Sun” from the Beatles’ Abbey Road album. The song has become one of the most popular in the Beatles catalog and the most-streamed Beatles song, twice as much so as the second-most streamed song, “Come Together.” Although simple sounding, featuring gorgeous acoustic-guitar fingerpicking and a singalong refrain, the song is complex both musically and lyrically, with time-signature changes and one of the earliest uses of the Moog synthesizer (played by Harrison) by a major rock band. Juxtaposing the emotional turmoil of darkness and a renewed sense of possibility and rebirth with spring, the song could well have been an epitaph for the failed promise of the sociocultural revolution of the 1960s, in the form of an ode to sunshine and renewal.
The Declaration of Independence
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 19 of Within You Without You, “The Declaration of Independence,” closely examines George Harrison’s first solo album, the landmark three-record set All Things Must Pass. The title of the album could not help being interpreted in context as a commentary on the breakup of the Beatles, although Harrison was writing the song by the same name several years earlier while still in the Beatles, who rehearsed the number during the Get Back/Let It Be sessions. The album, which spent eight weeks at number one, was a concept album deeply informed by Eastern beliefs, especially those about death and dying. It evinced the musical influence of The Band and Bob Dylan. And as if to say to his former bandmates, “I don’t need you anymore,” the first track, “I’d Have You Anytime,” was a song Harrison cowrote with Dylan.
The Constitution
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 23 of Within You Without You, “The Constitution,” closely examines George Harrison’s second solo album, Living in the Material World. Where All Things Must Pass was loud, eclectic, and sprawling, Living in the Material World was much more compact, controlled, and intimate. If All Things Must Pass was his Declaration of Independence, Living in the Material World was his Constitution, in which he laid down the law. The album opens with “Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth),” a cousin to “My Sweet Lord” that, like its predecessor, was a repetitive prayer that captured the ears of listeners on its way to the top of the pop charts. Instead of speaking to Harrison’s spiritual life, “Sue Me, Sue You Blues,” on the other hand, addresses the harsh reality of life in the material world—specifically the legal muck in which the post-Beatles found themselves mired.
The Ghost of Ronnie Spector
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 25 of Within You Without You, “The Ghost of Ronnie Spector,” closely examines George Harrison’s interactions with Ronnie Spector, the one-time queen of girl-group pop music and wife of producer Phil Spector. Harrison and the rest of the Beatles first met Ronnie Spector when her group, the Ronettes, toured the United Kingdom in early 1964. Ronnie Spector re-entered Harrison’s world when he had Phil Spector produce his debut album, All Things Must Pass. Harrison began a collaboration with Phil Spector to produce what was intended to be a comeback album for Ronnie Spector, who had been out of the public eye since the Ronettes broke up in 1967. Harrison provided several songs for Spector, including “Try Some, Buy Some” and “You,” both of which Harrison himself would adapt for his own use a few years hence.
In the Eyes of the Lonely One
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 29 of Within You Without You, “In the Eyes of the Lonely One,” closely examines George Harrison’s early-1980s solo albums, Somewhere in England and Gone Troppo. Particular attention is paid to the episode in which 1981’s Somewhere in England was initially rejected by Warner Brothers, which insisted that Harrison rework the album. Harrison abided by the request. Somehow, Warner was OK with the new lead-off track, “Blood from a Clone,” a vicious indictment of the music industry. Harrison also rewrote a song originally intended for Ringo Starr, and “All Those Years Ago,” a tribute to the recently slain John Lennon, featured participation by Starr and Paul McCartney—the closest the Beatles had come to a reunion since they split in 1970. Harrison delivered a half-hearted follow-up, 1982’s Gone Troppo. The album was something of a temporary farewell; Harrison wouldn’t release another album of original songs for five years.
Brothers in Arms
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 32 of Within You Without You, “Brothers in Arms,” examines George Harrison’s penchant for writing songs about the Beatles, during his years with the band and then in his subsequent solo career. While he was still in the group, songs that included “Savoy Truffle,” “I Me Mine,” and “Only a Northern Song” alluded to the internal dynamics among the band members. Harrison’s debut solo album, All Things Must Pass, included several songs that seemed to be addressed to his former bandmates, including “Run of the Mill,” “Isn’t It a Pity,” and “Apple Scruffs.” Sometimes the songs did little to hide his unhappiness with the Fab Four, especially “Sue Me, Sue You Blues”. Later on, Harrison wrote several loving and nostalgic tunes about the Beatles, including “All Those Years Ago” and “When We Was Fab.”
The Art of Dying
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 34 of Within You Without You, “The Art of Dying,” explores George Harrison’s seeming obsession with death and dying. In his life and in his songs, Harrison was constantly assessing the nature of death and the afterlife, partly as a result of his studies in Hinduism, but also because he was somewhat death-obsessed. The violence that surfaced out of the madness of Beatlemania put the fear of death in Harrison, and the premature and unnatural deaths of Brian Epstein and John Lennon only fed his obsessions that he gave expression to in songs that included “Art of Dying.” After several bouts of cancer in the 1990s, Harrison was nearly killed in December 1999 when a crazed intruder broke into his home in England and stabbed him multiple times. Harrison survived the brutal attack, but cancer soon returned to his body, only to claim his life in November 2001.
Introduction
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces Fernando Pessoa as a philosophical outsider, and provides an overview of the main themes in the book. There are two ways to imagine oneself from the inside: as differently embodied, and as having a different cognitive and affective bearing. The distinction between immersively imagining being differently embodied and immersively imagining having a new bearing crops up often in Indian stories about reincarnation. Pessoa wants to pluralize himself, and does so in both of two ways, pluralization by self-estrangement and pluralization by living a life in parallel.
A Life Lived in Serial, and in Parallel
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2024

Being plural like the universe means, for Fernando Pessoa, two very different things at the same time. One is to live one’s life as a series of heteronyms, a sequence of virtual selves or “individuated points of view,” each with its own style of being in the world, a style that is associated with those affective modes of poetic attention Pessoa identifies as astonishment and admiration. The other, even more radical idea, which seems to predate the invention of heteronymy, consists in the thought that one might lead multiple lives in parallel, meaning specifically that one occupies simultaneously a plurality of first-person positions. This chapter discusses the first idea in connection with the famous play The Makropulos Case, as well as the Indian philosophical storybook the Mokṣōpāya. I will discuss the second idea by mentioning a similar idea in the Indian epic the Mahābhārata. I will also describe Pessoa’s philosophy of death.
Small Cities
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter evaluates small cities, which can be read in several ways. In antiquity, smallness was a natural outgrowth of the limits of what the polis could do administratively, as well as how many people it was possible to interact with and how close people needed to be to the surrounding fields. In the 17th century, French Huguenots, fleeing annihilation in France, founded towns in Germany of limited size with no expansion or growth in mind. This was because they equated stasis with lasting peace. In American colonial settlement, small size was a conscious act of town planning rooted in communal ways of thinking, and these small villages are still a dominant feature of New England. Small size also makes the integration of the urban and the rural realms seem less problematic. There is a social aspect to small city size, at times involving a prescribed kind of social life. The chapter then looks at round patterns of small cities. Although small cities might have the ability to be flexible and adaptable, and therefore resilient, this falls apart if their cores are singularly owned rather than composed of multiple owners and uses.
Industrial Villages and Company Towns
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter describes industrial villages and company towns, the defining element of which is that they are human settlements that do not exclude the industry they depend on. Industry is not covered up or shunned, it is an integral part of human habitation. The difference between the two terms is subtle. “Industrial village” is a slightly more modern and less quaint term than “company town.” Both are based on the idea that the employer should provide homes and daily life services for workers, in the same locale as industry. Because of manufacturing requirements, industrial villages were often planned and built along waterways. The industrial village that emerged in the late 19th/early 20th century was often planned in the “organic” tradition. Two early examples from the 19th century are Port Sunlight and Bournville. Industrial towns in the early 20th century were also often modeled after garden cities. However, industrial villages and company towns have a major flaw: they suffer from having a singularity of purpose, rising and falling based entirely on the strength of one industry.
Planned Suburbs
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter highlights planned suburbs, which typically consist of single-family homes carefully arranged in a picturesque design that integrates collective space, shared amenities, and green space. Geographic and cultural context play a significant role in how the planned suburb is interpreted. In the United States, planned suburbs have historically been affluent or middle-class, often signaling a rejection of the urban core in favor of family-oriented suburban life. But in other places, such as France, the suburbs are less likely to be affluent enclaves. To David Harvey, any planned community is suspect because it is seeking a “fixed” spatial form that excludes “the temporality of the social process” and avoids “the dialectics of social change.” The classic counter response to this criticism is that the fixed form of the planned community offers stability as well as the ability to withstand pressure to disintegrate into sprawl. It is built to last and operates under a restraint that respects community above unfettered individualism. The physical form of the planned suburb is supposed to create social unity. However, a suburb is usually composed of single-family detached housing, a form that is the manifestation of separation from one’s neighbors.
Garden Suburbs
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses garden suburbs, which are a distinct subset of the planned suburb. Like the garden city, the garden suburb was trying to merge the best of two worlds: town and garden. They were to be places where people could have access to rural tranquility without having to give up access to the amenities needed for a high quality of life. The garden suburb is laid out with great attention to detail and a focus on holistic design, made possible by building on unfettered land. Planning, architecture, and gardening are united in a “real concern with art in shaping the human environment.” In addition to maintaining social elitism, the garden suburb reflected a desire for green, leafy realms. The desire to be close to all things “nature” implies that it is possible, by living in a garden suburb, to withdraw from the social, economic, and environmental problems of the city to which it is connected. Nevertheless, garden suburbs do attempt to cultivate a sense of the collective by way of green space. Park settings, nature, rural life, the picturesque—applied to the garden suburb, these descriptive qualities signal an infusion of nature, but not necessarily a more sustainable, “green” approach to human settlement.
The Baroque
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter addresses the baroque, which employs symmetry in its expression of order, control, and majesty, although symmetry is not necessary for expressions of grandeur. The baroque strategy of a strong central axis focuses attention on a singular idea, ranging from collective social life to a singular dominant authority. In baroque pattern and form, space is vast but controlled. In the 17th century, this coincided with new monarchical authority. Meanwhile, American civic improvements of the 1890s employed the baroque to reflect the sense of superiority and economic militarism that was taking place in American conquests around the globe at the time: American imperialism in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. In the American case, the baroque insistence on Beaux Arts classicism had a way of intensifying the opinion that the City Beautiful was more interested in facades than in underlying causes, in form without content, in satisfying business interests rather than social needs. Yet the baroque, although suited to a grand scale, is not scale-dependent, and can be implemented in small communities.
Grids
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on grids, also known as orthological street patterns. According to the urban planner Hans Blumenfeld, the original function of the grid was to divide land for plowing, but becoming a common basis for planning cities proved the compliance of grids. Where grids are laid down in such a way that there is no responsiveness to the landscape or topography, that is a clue that the grid was meant to adhere to some sort of higher truth or order. The chapter explores the religious symbolism of the grid in ancient times. It clarifies that the dominant purpose of gridded platting was order, which ensures regularized, uniform, controllable growth.
Curved and Irregular Streets
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the implications of curved and irregular streets. It highlights that curvilinear and circular patterns have been historically considered to be godlike, the forms most associated with nature and the divine. Street curvilinearity was a matter of safety following the notion that the absence of system and orientation was prized as a means of defense. Moreover, curvilinearity and complexity in the street patterns of residential areas comprised another kind of planned disorientation. The chapter explains that suburban curvilinearity plays a role in maintaining fantasies about living in nature. Meanwhile, integrating curves into an existing urban street network helped calm traffic down and limit the ability of a road as a through-street.
Boulevards and Avenues
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter tackles the differences between boulevards and avenues. Initially, the term boulevard was used in France as a military term for a city wall in the 14th century, but the definition changed to a promenade at the edge of European cities atop the old defensive 17th-century earthen ramparts. Meanwhile, avenues started differently, as they were straight roads that cut through the countryside, contrasting sharply with nature’s irregularity. However, the differences between boulevards and avenues became negligible in the 19th century. The chapter explains that boulevards and avenues are associated with destruction while also providing a new kind of space for social contact.
Centers
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter explains that a city’s center, its nucleus or core, says a lot about what is valued and who holds power. Centrality gradually usurped elevation as the primary means of expressing dominance. In accordance with the Laws of the Indies, the civic prominence of the central plaza was evident in the requirement that the most important buildings had to front the plaza, with more noxious uses relegated to the edge of the city. Moreover, the symbolic importance of a center is emphasized by forcing roads to lead to it. In sharp contrast to a neighborhood center, the nucleus of the modern city evolved into a cluster of downtown skyscrapers that overpower any centralized experience in the form of a cathedral, plaza, or square.
The “Sublimest Thing” Ever Exhibited in America
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

On March 4, 1797, John Adams took the oath of office and became the second President of the United States. While this transition is often overshadowed by the election of 1800, it was a historic moment rarely seen on the global stage. Observers noted that tears streamed down the faces of those in the audience and reflected on the sublime nature of seeing one sun set, while another rose. This transition marked the first in a long line of peaceful transfers of power in the United States and began to lay the groundwork for a series of norms and precedents that are integral to our political system.
Not a Sixpence!
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

The American envoys, John Marshall, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Elbridge Gerry, gathered in Paris on October 4, 1797. They delivered notice of their arrival to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, and were eager to get to work. Almost immediately, their mission was derailed when the French Directory refused to receive them. Instead, Talleyrand sent private agents, known as the WXYZ agents, demanding bribes, loans for the French war, and apologies for passages in the president’s speech the previous May. While all three envoys refused to pay bribes, the commission fractured over the issue of loans. Gerry allowed himself to be drawn into private communications with Talleyrand, which he refused to share with the other two envoys. On March 4, 1798, the envoys’ first dispatches arrived in Philadelphia revealing the insults inflicted on the commission and the dire status of the Franco-American relationship.
The Seat of Government
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

In the summer of 1800, the federal government moved to its new home in Washington, DC. John Adams visited briefly, before returning to Quincy for his annual visit. Over the next several months, Adams and Marshall exchanged letters, speculating on the progress of the peace commission in Paris. Initially, the envoys got off to a rocky start because they could not agree with their French counterparts whether to address grievances or the status of existing treaties first. Finally, in September, the Americans suggested starting from scratch, which broke the logjam. On the night of October 3, the envoys signed the Treaty of Mortefontaine, ending the Quasi-War and establishing peace between France and the United States, which lasts today.
Storms of a New Character
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

The US Constitution gives each state the right to determine how to select its electors for the Electoral College. In 1800, some states held direct elections for electors, while other states’ legislatures appointed them. Accordingly, the presidential election was actually a series of three elections that took place over two months: state legislature elections, direct elections, and elections within the legislatures to pick electors. New York, Virginia, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee voted Republican as expected, while Delaware, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Connecticut voted Federalist. The election came down to Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Carolinas. Maryland, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania split its votes, putting the race at a near tie. South Carolina electors proposed a compromise ticket with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Thomas Jefferson, but Pinckney refused to accept office without Adams. The South Carolina electors voted unanimously for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, securing a Republican victory.
Nothing but a Forest and Woods Along the Way
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

Shortly after the election was decided, John Adams received the text of the Treaty of Mortefontaine. The treaty validated his foreign policy instincts and might have changed the outcome of the election if it had reached the U.S. sooner. Around the same time, news reached Washington, DC, that Jefferson and Burr had tied. The election would be decided by the House of Representatives, still controlled by the Federalists. The Arch Federalists immediately developed strategies to overthrow the results of the election. Albert Gallatin, a Republican leader in the House, developed his own plans to counter Federalist schemes. Meanwhile, the Senate ratified the Treaty of Mortefontaine, Congress passed a bill reforming the judiciary, and Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the United States. On February 11, Congress convened to count the votes. Whether the Constitution would survive this crisis remained to be seen.
Awakening
Authors: Bond Jennifer
Published: July 2024

Chapter 4 reveals how missionary schoolgirls experienced the Second World War in Japanese occupied East China. Alumnae’s memories of the war blur traditional boundaries between “heroism” and “victimhood,” “resistance” and “collaboration,” which have dominated depictions of women’s wartime roles. Although girls were initially sheltered within their foreign-owned campuses, after they were forced to move campuses the realities of warfare hit home, and they were no longer in an “ivory tower.” Girls’ multifaceted experience of warfare, from excitement at new sights they were exposed to via their daily commute, to the sexual threat of passing Japanese soldiers, to helplessly watching refugees flood into Shanghai, to bullying and pitying their Japanese teacher, provide a more nuanced insight into the lived experiences of upper class female students in wartime. It was also during this period, when they were exposed to the mass-scale human suffering the war wrought, that some socially minded Christian schoolgirls started to turn toward Communism rather than Christianity as the most effective solution to the inequalities they witnessed in Chinese society.
Introduction
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

The introduction explains the book’s focus on Boston and the San Francisco Bay Area, outlining ties between groups of queer writers in their respective locations. The chapter outlines the book’s focus on publishing from the small press to the little magazine and clarifies the use of terminology around the terms ‘gay’, ‘lesbian’, and ‘queer’, suggesting that poetry examined in this book can be read as ‘queer’ before it could be named as such. Outlining the book’s structure, the chapter summarizes the content of the individual chapters to follow. The introduction ends by drawing on Adrian Stanford’s poem ‘Sacrifice’ to explore questions of poetry and the queer past.
‘The first everything’
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

Alongside Judy Grahn and Adrienne Rich, the Black lesbian feminist poet Pat Parker was part of a holy trinity of lesbian poets in the early 1970s. Forging a new space for working-class lesbian writers of colour, Parker constantly faced the pressures of earning money to survive: her work has been subject to sparse and erratic publication, and renewed critical attention is long overdue. Building on the recent publication of Parker’s Collected Poems and her correspondence with Audre Lorde, as well as her friendship with Judy Grahn, this examination of Parker’s unflinching poetry extends and deepens the conceptualizations of queer poetry, community, and identity addressed in earlier chapters, from the advent of lesbian feminism to the onset of AIDS.
A Not So Typical Journey
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

The repeated moves of art historian Rachel Wischnitzer and her husband, historian and aid worker Mark Wischnitzer, show how closely the story of Jewish migrations was interwoven with the personal journeys of the men and women who tried to make sense of this subject. Rachel, a pioneering architect and art historian, became a crucial figure in the literary art scene of Berlin during the 1920s. Mark served as executive director of the main German Jewish aid association and helped a large number of Eastern European and, after 1933, German Jews to emigrate. Both were displaced repeatedly, in the aftermath of the First World War and again in 1939–1940 when they fled France. In the 1940s Mark Wischnitzer turned to the subject of Jewish migration history, publishing an extensive survey of Jewish migrations that reflected his experience as an aid worker and refugee from Nazi persecution.
Critiques of Transatlantic Slavery in Seventeenth-Century Europe and America
Authors: Jorati Julia
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines seventeenth-century authors from Spain, England, colonial America, and France who make transatlantic slavery their central focus and who criticize it directly. Their arguments are philosophically rich and, in some cases, astonishingly radical. They are also important for understanding the ways in which slavery and race became linked in the early modern period. One theory that links these two notions is racial natural slavery, the theory that the members of some racial groups are naturally destined for slavery. The chapter examines seventeenth-century attitudes toward this theory in depth. It starts with Alonso de Sandoval, then turns to several Quaker authors from England and North America, before discussing Richard Baxter, Morgan Godwyn, Epifanio de Moirans, Thomas Tryon, Aphra Behn, and Samuel Sewall.
Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Etzel Ruth A.
Published: July 2024

Children’s environmental health is a new academic discipline that studies the influence of environmental exposures on health, development, and disease in children. Children’s environmental health focuses on exposures in early life, with particular emphasis on prenatal exposures. It defines “environment” broadly and considers chemical, nutritional, and social factors. It explores associations between environmental exposures and diseases in childhood, but it also studies the influence of early environmental exposures on disease incidence in adult life. Children’s environmental health is based on the recognition that children are not “little adults.” Infants and children have unique patterns of exposure and exquisite vulnerabilities. Their risks are qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of adults. Children’s environmental health is an optimistic discipline. A fundamental premise is that discovery of environmental threats to children’s health can galvanize evidence-based prevention. The removal of lead from gasoline worldwide following the recognition that lead was responsible for a global pandemic of developmental neurotoxicity in children is a superb example. This one action has produced a more than 90% reduction in childhood lead poisoning and saved trillions of dollars. Children’s environmental health today is a vibrant, highly collaborative, and intensely interdisciplinary field. It brings together general pediatrics and numerous pediatric subspecialties as well as epidemiology, occupational and environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science. Beyond medicine, children’s environmental health links to architecture, urban planning, social science, education, ecology, health economics, and political science.
The Work Environment and Children’s Health, Safety, and Well-Being
Authors: Rauscher Kimberly , Fuller Jennifer
Published: July 2024

In most high-income countries, work looks very different for young people than it does for their peers in low- and middle-income nations. According to the International Labour Organization, approximately 215 million children work in countries around the world, and over half of them labor in environments that constitute the worst forms of child labor, including hazardous workplaces and forced labor. Work among young people in the United States, although a common part of our culture and youth development, is also associated with important health risks. This chapter focuses on several aspects of the work environment in which young US workers are employed and examines challenges and opportunities to increasing safety.