bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education Game As An Effort Delightful Learning In The Elementary School
Authors: Abidin Zainal , Nasrul Nasrul , Amerta Sri , Chandra Chandra , Anita Yesi , Kharisma Annisa , Erwin Vini Ariani , Erwin Rahmawati
Published: January 2020

This study aims to develop a thematic learning media in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 by using educational games for elementary students that are valid, practical and effective. Thematic learning media using educational games is closely related to innovation and the use of technology following the demands of the industrial revolution 4.0 era to increase student attractiveness in learning. Media developed using the help of the Adobe Flash CS 6. program. The material in the form of media thematic which integrates several subjects. The development model used is 4-D (define, design, develop, disseminate). The research data was obtained from the validity test (media validation sheet), practicality (student and teacher response questionnaire), and effectiveness (student learning activities and results). Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the thematic learning media was valid (media content according to curriculum, attractive design and layout, ease of operation, easy to understand students' language, and clear presentation according to student characteristics), practical (clear contents and objectives, easy to read, attractive appearance, and can increase student interest in learning), and effective (can increase student activity and learning outcomes). Learning media using educational games can create a fun learning process.
IMPLEMENTASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF DENGAN BERBANTUAN MEDIA HIDDEN CHART DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS SISWA
Authors: Zainur Zainur
Published: January 2020

This research is motivated by the still low learning outcomes of social studies students at SD Negeri 002 Muara Lembu. The purpose of this study is to improve students' social studies learning outcomes by applying cooperative learning models with the help of hidden chart media. This research is a classroom action research consisting of two cycles, each cycle consisting of planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The results of this study indicate that, in the basic score of students who complete only as many as 9 (45%) while 11 (55%) have not been completed with an average grade of 63.2. In the first cycle, students who completed as many as 13 (65%) while those who did not complete as many as 7 (35%) with an average grade of 73.1. Cycle II, students who completed as many as 18 (90%) and students who did not complete as many as 2 (10%) with an average grade of 84.3. from this result it can be concluded that by applying cooperative learning models assisted by hidden chart media can improve social learning outcomes of students of SD Negeri 002 Muara Lembu.
PENGEMBANGAN SILABUS MENULIS DESKRIPSI BERBASIS MEDIA PICTURE AND PICTURE DI KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Nurjani Nurjani
Published: January 2020

The problem of this research is motivated by the lack of students' ability in learning to write descriptions. Therefore the purpose of this research is to produce a syllabus for writing a description based on a valid, practical and effective media picture and picture. The model used in this study is the ADDIE model. The subjects in this study were students and teachers of SDN 01 Simabur. Validity data was taken from the learning syllabus validation sheet. Practicality data can be seen from the observation sheet of the implementation of the lesson plan, as well as the questionnaire of teacher and student opinions. The effectiveness data is seen from the results of students' writing learning. The results of the validity test by experts and practitioners are categorized as very valid namely 90% and 87%. The practicality of the syllabus is categorized as very practical, evidenced by observing the implementation of the RPP with a percentage of 89%, and supported by teacher and student responses of 90% and 91%. Finally, the effectiveness felt by students in writing descriptions is categorized to be very effective, which can improve students' ability to write descriptions. In short, that the development of syllabus writing description based on picture and picture media in grade IV elementary school can be declared valid, practical, and effective.
Optical phonons with a negative oscillator strength
Authors: Vinogradov E A
Published: January 2020

We discuss the nature of additional (redundant from the point of view of selection rules) optical phonons observed in most crystals with ion–covalent bonds between atoms, including in their solid solutions. These ‘redundant’ phonons are located in the frequency range of the longitudinal–transverse splitting of fundamental phonons, where the real part of the crystal permittivity is negative. They are also split by the crystal field into transverse and longitudinal phonons such that the frequencies of redundant longitudinal phonons are lower than those of redundant transverse phonons and the oscillator strength of these phonons is negative.
Effects of action at a distance in water
Authors: Menshikov L I , Menshikov P L , Fedichev P O
Published: January 2020

Dipole–dipole interaction between molecules of hydrogen-bonding polar liquids (HBPLs), which has a collective and long-range nature, determines the basic large-scale properties of such liquids. We present a two-scale phenomenological vector model of polar liquids (VMPLs), wherein the liquid is described by a polarization vector. The simplest version of this model satisfactorily reproduces the well-known properties of HBPLs and interaction between macroscopic objects in a liquid. The possible existence of a ferroelectric phase transition (FPT) in supercooled liquid water is discussed. Near the FPT, fluctuations of the polarization vector increase, which may be the cause of the so-called ‘anomalous’ properties of water. We propose a quantitative classification of body surfaces based on the properties of their wettability by polar liquids. The ordering of dipoles of molecules located in the near-surface layers of HBPLs and phase transitions in these layers are discussed. The proposed model enables a significant reduction in computer time in numerical simulations of systems that contain a large number of water molecules.
Imagined Community of Radio
Authors: Ali Rashid
Published: January 2020

The research paper problematises the very idea of community Radio’ as ‘participatory communicative tool.’ It uses Michel Certeau’s concept of ‘Strategy’ to understand the very evolution of Community Media in India since the setting of communicative strategy by state body polity to ameliorate the socio-economic conditions of the society. This theoretical perspective posits ‘participatory communication’ as linear, hierarchic and sedentary which is self-aggregating and creates a community of spectacle. The paper focuses on the tripartite division of community in the mediatised realm. The first division exists in the relationship between ordinary life and a specialist (Mainly civil society and NGOs). The second division looks at community as a hoodwinked entity in the wake of proxy ownership (often by politicians, bureaucrats and Armed Forces) of CR stations.  The third division exists in the semantics of the programme production and its receptivity by the ‘community.’ Through different case studies Community Radio Stations, the paper argues that ‘strategy’ is self-referential and poses a serious threat to everyday practice of life. However, it recommends that strategy as a statist tool should be replaced with tactics (Opposition of Strategy) which is in contradistinction with the idea of strategy.
PREVALENCE AND DIVERSITY OF CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER SPECIES IN MAIN CITRUS GROWING AREAS OF MALAKAND IN NORTHWEST PAKISTAN
Authors: Khan Rizwan , Shah Saad Hussain , Ahmad Ijaz , Rafi Abdur , Fahim Muhammad
Published: January 2020

Malakand Division in northwest Pakistan is known for delicious sweet orange, locally called Malta (Citrus sinensis). However, both quality and quantity of the citrus produce has seen a decline over the past few decades. Among production constraints, Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by phloem-limited alpha proteobacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) -an endosymbiont of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri), is of great economic significance. Therefore, we assessed HLB incidence through symptom-based surveys in major citrus growing areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Northwest Pakistan. The presence or absence of CLas in the collected citrus samples was confirmed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) using three set of primers (LSS/LAS606, OI1/OI2C “16S rDNA” and MH353/MH354 “operon “nusG-rplK”). An average disease incidence of 92% and severity of 34% were recorded from main production zones in district Swat, KP. Likewise, in district Lower Dir, HLB had disease incidence and severity of 64% and 24%, respectively. Molecular diagnostics using 16S rDNA-specific primer LSS/LAS606 and OI1/OI2C, yielded characteristic bands of 500 bp and 1160 bp, from all five pooled samples from Swat district, while only two samples of Dir tested positive for both primers. Using an alternative primer MH353/MH354 (nusG-rplK) showed positive amplification for four samples from Swat and two samples of Dir with an amplicon of 631 bp. To assess the molecular diversity of the CLas, Sanger sequencing was carried out based on16S rDNA gene. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA gene from all samples revealed maximum similarity with C. Liberibacter asiaticus. Among studied isolates, SwKjuPk-5 (MH374503) and SwMtaPk-2 (MH374500) isolates appeared to be more divergent and grouped in separate clad as compared to remaining isolates of Swat and Dir.
MATING DISRUPTION OF PINK BOLLWORM, PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA (SAUNDERS) USING PB ROPE DISPENSERS IN COTTON GROWING AREAS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Authors: Ghauri Zulfiqar Ali , Anwar Habib , Ahmad Faqir
Published: January 2020

Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) is considered as a notorious and destructive pest in the world and can reduce cotton yield up to 30% if not managed properly. Insect pest management through mating disruption technique offers practically an ideal approach to combat the pests. In the present study, the efficacy of mating disruption dispensers (PB rope L) for the management of pink bollworm was evaluated and the percent infestation in bolls and leftover bolls was determined in the cotton growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan during 2017. The PB ropes @100 per acre were used for each treated field of approximately 50 acres with a block of 10 acres as a control plot in the same union council of the treated plot. Calculation was made by comparing infestation and cotton yield in treated field with that of control field. The PB rope significantly reduced both the number of males in the sex pheromone traps and cotton bolls damage. Results revealed that PB rope during the first pin square period (45 days after sowing) effectively minimized the damage even in leftover bolls. The yield of treated field was enhanced compared with control field by 31% in 2017. Infestation in leftover bolls was estimated by comparing cotton bolls collected from control field with bolls from the treated field. The results reflected 1.56% damage in control field and 0.30% damage in treated field with a difference of 1.26 (80% reduction in damage in treated plots). Result indicated that PB rope disrupted the pest mating effectively during July to October.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF METARHABDITIS LONGICAUDATA (NEMATODA: RHABDITIDAE) WITH THREE NEW RECORDS FROM SINDH, PAKISTAN
Authors: Mehmood Tabassum Ara Khanum, Salma Javed, Nasir
Published: January 2020

Many rhabditid nematodes like Metarhabditis belonging to the bacteriophage group are considered to be necromenic associates of insects and used to be facultative entomopathogenic nematodes or as biocontrol agents. These nematodes can be safely used against insect pests of different crops and vegetables. In the present study, nematode specimens of new and known species were collected from different areas of Sindh and isolated from soil samples by baiting technique using last instar Galleria mellonella. One new nematode species Metarhabditis longicaudata n. sp. and three new records of M. adenobia, M. amasactae, and M. rainai (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) were found from Sindh. M. longicaudata n. sp. differed from the species of the genus Metarhabditis by having long un-covered tail spike. It was also characterized by a large sized male 1286 (1154-1325) µm; longer male tail 69.5 (62-76) µm; longer spicule 43 (40-46) µm; leptoderan bursa; longer gubernaculum 27 (20-34) µm. The female was also of large size of 1507 (1366-1684) µm with larger tail 102 (94-112) µm and longer pharynx 231 (206-265) µm. The genus Metarhabditis is reported for the first time from Sindh, Pakistan.
TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS AND GREEN SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDA)
Authors: Ali Farhad , Tariq Muhammad , Shaheen Farid Asif , Mashwani Zia-ur-Rehman , Zainab Tayyaba , Gulzar Asim
Published: January 2020

The diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera; Plutellidae) is one of the most notorious and cosmopolitan insect pests of brassica crops around the world. P. xylostella may causes 90% yield losses in brassica crops. Various control measures have been adopted to manage this pest; however, the most effective control method is the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. Overuse of insecticides have many adverse effects including insecticide resistance, hazardous to environment, long persistency, interfere with food chain. There is an urgent need for alternative control measures which should be effective, environmental friendly and economically safer. Bio pesticides include plant extracts and green synthesized nano-based insecticides are among these measures, which can be useful for the management of P. xylostella. Less work has been carried out on the use of green synthesized plant products against P. xylostella. Therefore, current study has been planned to evaluate the toxicity of plant extracts and green synthesized nano-based plant products against P. xylostella. Eight plants extract (neem, bakain, bitter-gourd, clove, eucalyptus, dathura, garlic and ginger) and their nano-based products (green synthesis silver nanoparticles) were applied in different concentrations against 3rd larval instars of P. xylostella. Mortality were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hours of application of treatments. Corrected mortality was calculated using Abbot’s formula and LC50 values were calculated.
ADVANTAGE OF RECOVERY THE DOUBLE-BALL GRINDING MEDIA IN THE SECOND CHAMBER OF THE MILL OPEN CYCLE IN CONTRAST TO TRADITIONAL ASSORTIMENT OF GRINDING MEDIAS
Authors: Borisov I. , Stronin A. , Klassen Viktor
Published: January 2020

At present, cement is the most common binding material widely used in construction work. Recently, high-quality cement has become increasingly used in comparison with ordinary cement. This is due to the fact that the use of high grade cement requires a smaller amount for the preparation of mortar, it is economically viable, because in today's market, cement has a relatively high cost. The high price is a consequence of the high energy costs associated with the production of cement. This implies the need to find ways to intensify the technological process of cement production. The authors of this article continue to conduct scientific research, which consists in substantiating the rationality of recovery a double-ball media in the second chamber mill. This paper compares the efficiency of the second chamber of the mill when using a double-ball grinding media in comparison with several variants of the traditional media and thoroughly proves the rationality of replacing the traditional types of grinding media with a double-ball. Based on the results of previous studies, several of the most characteristic assortments of double-ball media are selected, which made it possible to obtain a finished product with a high fineness of grinding in a relatively short grinding time. The first variant of the traditional loading is characterized by the fact that the second chamber of the mill is loaded with an assortment of grinding bodies consisting only of balls of the same diameter; the second variant differs from the first in that the grinding balls are replaced with cylpebs. Meanwhile, the assortment of grinding media for the first chamber is the same
THE METHODOLOGY AND SOFTWARE FOR CALCULATING THE ERROR OF CYLINDRICAL SURFACE
Authors: Timofeev S. , Lesunov Maxim , Hurtasenko A. , Maslova I.
Published: January 2020

Various techniques and devices are used to determine the shape errors of large-sized parts of technological units. This is important for the correct assignment of parameters for further reduction processing by special machines and machine tools. The acquired errors arise for several reasons: 1) large dimensions and weight of rotating parts, 2) the instability of the axis of the rotating part mounted on two support rollers, 3) the available initial and acquired shape error in the cross section of the part. It is important to define the types of form errors of the surfaces, error analysis, prediction and calculation of deviations from roundness in the cross section of the bandage, and the evaluation of cylindricity. Modeling of the process of operation and diagnostics of the unit, development of methods for determining errors, calculation of real values of deviations from the original contour on the basis of reconstruction of the contour of the section becomes important and necessary. These processes are performed using modern CAD systems and software. Obtaining data arrays in the process of measurements and their processing with the help of a special software module that performs an interactive calculation of shape errors with different geometric parameters of the cross-section of the bandage, provides the ability to obtain information about the state of the outer surfaces and parts of the supports on the operating unit. This article presents a method for determining the geometric parameters of the shape in the cross section of the rotation part, algorithms and software for reconstructing the contours of the cross sections of the part and calculating the shape error of the outer cylindrical surfaces
APPLICATION OF THE “FINITE ROTATION AND DISPLACEMENT” METHOD TO CONTROL THE PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Authors: Danilov A.
Published: January 2020

The article deals with the application of the "finite rotation and displacement" method (FRDM) which can find the desired values of the generalized coordinates for the control system of a parabolic antenna. The special manipulator of a sequential structure with sufficient rigidity is used to control the parabolic antenna. The rigidity of this manipulator is ensured by use of links in the form of spherical shells and bearings located along the perimeter of each shell in the rotation plane of each link. It allows to optimally place the material of the manipulator's design and to obtain sufficient rigidity with minimal weight. The manipulator consists of four links connected by fifth class kinematic pairs with an arbitrary inclination of the axes. For this task the antenna's orientation is important without taking into account the small displacement of its position during the process of its orientation. The FRDM method provides both orientation and position. It is based on determining the precise and optimal iterative steps for each degree of mobility, providing maximum approximation to the specified orientation parameters of the parabolic antenna. According to the method's algorithm, the software is developed consisting of subprograms for organizing a general solution of the inverse kinematics for an arbitrary number of links and a particular one for a manipulator in the form of source data. The initial data are the vector model of the manipulator, the values of the structural constraints of the generalized coordinates, and the characteristics of kinematic pairs by type and class
ISSUES OF ADAPTATION AND PRESERVATION OF NEIGHBORING ESTATES OF THE HIGHEST NOBILITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KUSHELEV-BEZBORODKO MANSION
Authors: Kozyreva E.
Published: January 2020

The article deals with the phenomenon of neighboring estates of the highest nobility, as part of the historical city-forming aspect in the formation of St. Petersburg and its surroundings.

The adaptation of cultural heritage sites for modern usage is relevant and necessary measure. Analytical method of studying allows to reveal specific characteristics of such type of sites as “neighboring estates of the highest nobility”. The main stages of construction and development of the territory of the Kushelev-Bezborodko mansion are considered as the example of the highest nobility estate. Talented outstanding architects created this object, and in the 19th century, works began on the development of its territory for a developing city. The object is assigned to the category of lost neighboring estates of the highest nobility, since the object has not been preserved in its original form.

The stages of development of the territory are analyzed and a historical and cultural key plan is made. The condition of preservation of the historical environment is studied and the specific characteristics of the site and the environment are analyzed. Ways to preserve the object and the environment are proposed. It is established that in order to preserve the heritage site, it is necessary to establish requirements for the building and development of the surrounding area
HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF OBJECTS OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN RAILWAY IN THE BELGOROD REGION
Authors: Kolesnikova Lyudmila , Nemceva Y.
Published: January 2020

The article considers the main historical milestones in the development of the Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway, going from Kursk through Belgorod to the Rostov station, the Kharkov-Balashov railway passing through the district towns of Valuyki and Biryuch, Voronezh province, and the Yelets-Valuysky railway passing through the cities of Stary Oskol and Novy Oskol, the junction station of Valuyki, Kursk province, private Belgorod - Sumy railway, passing through the nodes of the Gotnyu station to Basy station in the Sumy region, Lgovo - Kharkov line north- Donetsk Railway, also passes through the nodal Gotnya station and Kharkov. Subsequently, these railways, built on the territory of modern Belgorod region in the period from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, became part of the Southeast Railway. The old historical buildings that have survived to this day on railway stations are explored at the junction stations, such as: Belgorod station, Botkino station, Nezhegol station, Tomarovka station, Sumovskaya station, Gotnya station. Historical and archival materials about the main customers and builders of the Belgorod railways of the South-East direction are studied and analyzed: founder S. S. Polyakov, Prince F. Yusupov, founders M. Tereshchenko and P. Kharitonenko, railway engineers: V. S. Semicheva, M. A. Danilove, P. P. Solntsevo, Baron K. F. von Taube, F. A. Ditmar, P. M. Sveshnikov, engineer - tracker I. A. Sumovsky, prospectors: V. A. Panaev, N I. Antonov, V.F. Golubev. The architectural and stylistic features of the preserved buildings of the station, their space-planning and space-spatial solutions are analyzed.

In accordance with the Company policy of the Joint Stock Company «Russian Railways» for the preservation of historical station buildings and within the framework of historical, architectural, comparative and visual landscape analyzes, the ways of further research and development of methods for the possible conservation of historical buildings of railway station complexes of the 19th - early 20th centuries and their adaptations for modern use are defined
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CASES OF POLICE POWERS EXCEED IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Authors: Risteski Temelko , Tonovski Georgi , Sijic Vesna
Published: January 2020

Police in a democratic society is a service of the citizens. Its main tasks are the maintenance of public order and peace, the direct protection of human rights of citizens, the prevention of criminal acts and the fight against crime. As a service of the citizens, the police is obliged to respect human rights while performing the activities within its competence. The police have a dual role in securing human rights. On the one hand, it is obliged to protect human rights. On the other hand, when taking police powers, it should be extremely careful and not allow human rights to be endangered by exceed police powers.The powers of the Macedonian police in the performance of the activities under its competence are prescribed by the Law on Internal Affairs and the Law on Police. They are numerous. Among them are the use of firearms and other means of coercion. In addition, it has the right to examine citizens, the right to detention and deprivation of liberty. These and other powers of the police are always followed by a latent danger of being exceeded and thus, human rights to be harmed.The paper deal protection of human rights in cases of exceed police powers such as unlawful and unprofessional conduct, offensive and degrading behavior, harassment, excessive use of force with elements of torture, brutal behavior, bodily injuries, etc. In addition, the paper includes mechanisms for prevention of overstepping of police powers from the aspect of human rights protection.
A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE CASE LAW ON THE RIGHT “TO BE FORGOTTEN”
Authors: Tzakova Liuba
Published: January 2020

Modern society is evolving at a faster pace than before and this process is driven by the technological progress and the access to virtual space and Internet. Physical exchange of information is being replaced by its virtual double which offers faster speeds in quite different dimensions compared to traditional ones. Virtual space reduces distances between different parts of the world, there are no state borders, the individual has the ability to provide and create electronic content from anywhere in the world.In this space of “limitless” freedom, however, there is an inevitable collision between the different interests of individuals which has its reflection in the material world. It is here that the increasing necessity to create rules and regulations for resolving future and already arisen conflicts becomes visible.This report addresses issues related to the deletion/erasure of information on the Internet relating to a particular person, or the so-called right “to be forgotten”. A person may refer to this right when he considers published and publicly available information about him on the network irrelevant, as well as when the information is not correct, is no longer up to date, or the ground for its processing has been dropped. The right “to be forgotten” is a conflict issue that shows both advantages and disadvantages. It offers opportunity for a new beginning and for protection of privacy7, but it is often necessary to restrict it in order to protect the right of the public to be informed and the freedom of speech.The European Union plays an active role in order to place this issue in a legal framework. It established legal regulation in the field with Directive 95/46 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data which is interpreted in connection with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The General Data Protection Regulation entered into force in 2018 and replaced Directive 95/46 /EC. Of particular importance for understanding and enforcing of the right “to be forgotten” is the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. The role of the courts of the different countries should also not be underestimated.Despite the clarity that this regulation introduces, there are new issues that need to be addressed, such as the criteria for deleting personal information from the virtual space and in which cases the public interest is justified to take precedence over that of the individual and where it is not.
HIERARCHY AND SUBORDINATION IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - SYNONYMES, DICHOTOMOUS CATEGORIES OR PREDESTINED TWO SIDES OF THE SAME MEDAL?
Authors: Vitanski Dejan
Published: January 2020

The author of labor, through an in-depth considiration, tries to understand, capture and notify the essential elements and immanent features of the principles of hierarchy and subordination in the public administration. Administration is one of the key entities in the physiognomy of the state system. It is a complex mechanism and, in general, a hierarchically profiled structure, which forms the "spine" of the state. Hierarchy and subordination are the basic substrate of administrative architecture. In an organizational sense, the hierarchical principle is a system of eldership, whose essence is expressed in the obligation of the subordinate entity (individual or authority) to conform to the orders of the superordinate elder in a strictly formalized system of mutual relations that arise in connection with the performance of the working tasks within an organization. The hierarchical pyramid is a stratified (layered) system of functions, ranging from the more specific to the more general. Within that system, carriers of more general functions control the work of carriers of closer functions. The hierarchical structure has the form of a vertical chain, in which each higher level has authority over the lower one, and each lower level submits to the orders and the directives at the higher level. Hierarchical placement allows vertical process management, providing easier management, effective control, as well as locating the responsibility and dysfunctionality of each link in the administrative chain. According to modern understandings, which occurred with the establishment of the legal state, there is a legally established border and a demarcation line to which the elder can move when issuing specific orders to the subordinates. That limit implies that the elder can not issue orders to the subordinates. This means that in modern-established states, in which the administration is based on the pivotal principle of legality, subordination actually arises as a kind of counterbalance to the hierarchy. In accordance with the principle of subordination, when the duty of the civil servant is prescribed to perform the orders of the head of the body, as well as the orders of the immediate superior officer, it is noted that the civil servant is obliged to act upon those orders, but exclusively in accordance with the Constitution , by law or by other regulation. The fundamental dilemma that is put in front of the author of the labor and on which the focus of the scientific-research interest is placed is by determining and clarifying the essence of the principles of hierarchy and subordination, to answer the question: is the hierarchy and subordination synonyms, dichotomous categories or predestined two sides of the same medal?
THE CONTROVERSY AROUND THE CURRENT SERBIAN BORDERS: A REAL CHALLENGE IN THE COUNTRY'S WAY TO EUROPEAN UNION MEMBERSHIP
Authors: Bekiarova Natalia
Published: January 2020

The article “The controversy around the current Serbian borders: a real challenge in the country's way to European Union membership” provides an overview of border and territorial disputes between the Republic of Serbia and its neighbours in the Western Balkans. These problems have not been solved more than a quarter of a century. In the new EU strategy from February 2018 'A credible enlargement perspective for and enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans', it is said that Serbia and Montenegro can become members of the EU in 2025. This is possible in case that countries meet the conditions for membership and overcome their border disputes with their neighbours. A special place is given to the reasons for many unsettled border issues between post Yugoslav states. The focus is on the complex relations between Serbia and Kosovo, which should sit at the negotiating table and resolve the many controversial issues between them. One of the most important is the regulation of borders and the recognition of Kosovo's independence from Serbia. The idea of "correction" of the border between the two countries was commented, as well as the modern hostile relations between the countries. It is concluded that now an agreement between Serbia and the former Serbian province seems less likely than ever and explains why. The article sheds light on the complex border problems between Serbia and Croatia about the border of the Danube River, as well as the outstanding border issues between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The conclusions are that Serbia will not be able to fulfill all the conditions for EU membership and the process of European integration of the country will be delayed.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL FITNESS OF THE CANDIDATES ENROLLING IN THE MILITARY ACADEMY
Authors: Danevski Sasho , Nedelkovski Vlatko
Published: January 2020

Movement as an elementary characteristic of living matter, as well as an important feature of humans, can be observed from the aspect of biological and psycho-social factors, but also from physiological, biomechanical and motivational aspect. Every movement belongs to one or several specific motor skills, which represent a pivotal factor in solving tactical tasks and achieving the necessary security goals and requirements. In the process of enrollment in the Military Academy, all candidates’ health, intellectual and physical abilities are tested, whereas during their studies the cadets attend a mandatory four-year program of physical education conducted by the means of the Special physical training and sport course. The testing, conducted for enrollment in the Academy, is further used as a prerequisite for taking the exam for the course, thus allowing continuous monitoring of physical fitness. Aiming at acquiring concrete information on the physical fitness state and the differences in terms of physical fitness between the candidates enrolling in the Academy and cadets, this paper presents the results of a testing conducted with 70 candidates aspiring to join the Academy and 70 cadets of the Military Academy, who regularly attend a physical education course. In order to identify the differences between the two groups of participants, the research was based on the t-test for independent samples. Based on the obtained results, certain qualitative and quantitative differences can be established in all segments subject of this research, which derive from the conditions, as well as the organization and duration of the preparation for this tests.
THE SYSTEMS APPROACH TO TRAINING IN THE MILITARY EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM – AGGREGATION OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES
Authors: Berchev Daniel , Stefanov Milko
Published: January 2020

This report looks into the Systems Approach to Training, in the context of educational institutions in the armed forces, as a logical and systematic process. Documents regulating the implementation of the Systems Approach to Training in the US Army, United Kingdom and Bulgaria are analyzed. The first part of the report outlines the requirements of the military educational system based on the made analysis. It is reasonably stated that these requirements apply to all military education systems and constitute a valid framework for all models. This framework sufficiently allows those who make the training to do so in a flexible way, in accordance to the learners’ educational needs. From the standpoint of the management of each education system, the Systems Approach to Training is the most appropriate way to identify learning and development needs. It is reasonably stated that this is an adaptive, continuous training model focused on providing quality, appropriate and effective learning practices. The main features of the Systems Approach to Training applied in the military education systems of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Bulgaria are examined in the second part of the report. Different definitions are used to describe the Systems Approach to Training. From the analysis of the definitions given, the authors justify the assertion, that inherently, the Systems Approach to Training to a certain extent approaches the architectural approach. It is established that for the needs of the armed forces of all three countries the Systems Approach to Training is presented as an aggregation of interrelated and interdependent processes (or stages) aimed at designing the modern military education process in a highly dynamic and external environment. A comparative analysis of the stages (phases) of the Systems Approach to Training applied in the military education systems of the United States, United Kingdom and the Republic of Bulgaria is made. In conclusion of this report the authors justify the opinion that the Systems Approach to Training in the context of the armed forces is an aggregation of integration processes not only aimed at the end result, but also in the learning process itself.
THE RUSSIAN BLACK SEA FLEET AND ITS CONTEMPORARY SKILLS
Authors: Popova Atanaska
Published: January 2020

The Black Sea region is of crucial significance for Europe, being a major crossroads of east-west and south-north corridors.The article provides an overview of the construction and development of the Russian Black Sea Fleet during various historical periods. The focus is on the modernisation and construction of new military capabilities of the fleet, as well as the growth of Russian military power in the Black Sea and southern Russia area, following the annexation of Crimea in 2014. It is summarized an updated information on the Russian Black Sea fleet. The article shows that Russia accelerated militarization in the Black Sea area, which inevitably changes the paradigm of security in the region. This will probably lead to a response from NATO and will in general make the region even more uncertain, as the arms race will deepen. The author makes a prediction that the confrontation between NATO and Russia in the region will deepen. It is summarized that Bulgaria should continue its participation in the implementation of the measures for the adapted front presence of NATO in the Black Sea region.
FUNCTIONING OF THE MENTAL DEFENSES IN THE CONDUCT OF THE INTERROGATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS
Authors: Ivanov Popnikolov Hristo
Published: January 2020

From the subject presented in the report it is evident that the pre-trial and the court bodies may, to some extent, be influenced both by the person of the accused and by his competence to participate in the criminal process. In this regard as an expert, the psychologist can offer invaluable assistance. Each expertise would assist all actors involved in the administration of justice on their objective assessment of the offenders, the understanding of their individual protection and the inherent self-justification during procedural actions. The involvement of psychologists in the criminal process is key to establishing the truth in the investigation, because every crime as an act has a subjective side, expressed in the psychic attitude of the perpetrator to the committed act. Establishing these psychological motives is a key point in the criminal process with a view to establishing the truth.Psychological protection stabilizes the personality in the critical conditions of counteraction, related to the elimination of the experiences of tension, anxiety, stress and frustration, leading to maximum mobilization of its resources and at the same time to their overpayment. Thus, the individual who is the subject of the process action is protected against the adverse external influences, but at the cost of a lot of effort and enormous loss of nervous-mental energy, which increases his own vulnerability instead of contributing to its reduction. The appearance and functioning of psychological protection can be significantly impeded by the interaction of the investigator with the accused. Even more complicated is the situation when it breaks the communication contact that may arise in the psychological alienation and self-isolation of the accused due to the desire to protect himself.Protective psychological dominance is a real psychic activity that investigators, investigators, investigators and judges need to take into account in order to effectively deal with their task and to overcome the resistance of the investigated persons and in a time to prove in a lawful and moral way their guilt and participation in the commitment of the crimes.
THE PLACE AND ROLE OF HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN THE SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Authors: Milenkovic Maja , Milutinovic Dejan
Published: January 2020

Infrastructures such as transport networks, water, food, energy, chemical industry, nuclear industry and information and communication technologies provide basic conditions for the functioning of individuals, and society as a whole. The fact itself indicates that the health care segment in the critical critical infrastructures plays a very important role.The health care system implies establishing a relationship between its key parts: the circle of providers and beneficiaries of health care, the way and sources of funding, the management mechanisms that monitor, monitor and adjust the system to the needs of citizens.Therefore, the aim of the paper is to just look at the place and role of syringe mouthpieces in the system of protection of critical infrastructure, through the security threat to information and communication systems, see how and in what way the data is protected, all of which are followed by legal regulations in the field of personal data protection health institutions in the Republic of Serbia.
THE NECESSITY OF PROFESSIONAL MENTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL EXPATRIATE’S ADAPTATION ON THEIR RETRIEVAL TO THEIR HOME COUNTRIES
Authors: Zununi Zunun , Jovcheska Silvana , Kekenovski Ljubomir
Published: January 2020

It’s a fact that modern organizations apply practice for a professional usage of the newly acquired knowledge and experiences acquired by the expatriates during their work outside their home countries. The complete set of new knowledge and skills makes these managers more competitive at their organizations plus outside, in the job market. Raising awareness among managers, with particular emphasis on expatriates and in general all employees, the permanent need for knowledge transfer is inevitable. Analyzes show that primarily, it is necessary for all stakeholders (employees, expatriates, HR management service, organization itself) to take a concrete strategy that will facilitate the process of communication within the organization ie. communication between managers expatriates and other employees. In that part it is inevitable to do additional research on the question of why in this global era of business and multicultural co-operation, the transfer of knowledge is difficult and what are the reasons for it?For this purpose, research shows that the need for the role of a mentor to manage the process of transfer of knowledge by the expatriate and the parent company is more than a necessity. The strategy is to intensify the efforts for more efficient realization of the already existing repatriation program, which is supplemented with the role - mentor. This commitment does not require significant additional resources, and improves the level of realization of the activities of the already existing program.The paper is aimed at analyzing the current situation in the companies and finding a model that will determine the role and significance of the mentoring as an element that will contribute to the unwanted flow of information and process of professional communication and transfer of knowledge at the organization, thereby and experiences are aimed at the competitive advantage of the organization. The appointment of a person in the form of a mentor or sponsor in the home organization through the sharing and exchange of information personally or through an official website or an intranet creates suitable preparation and distribution of monthly or annual reports aimed at greater effectiveness and efficiency of the organization.Negative business-related information is often as important as the positive ones, and taking into account that the sharing of positive information is simpler, it is necessary for the home organization to be clearly positioned as an organization that is fully transparent in the internal environment and promotes open communication in relation to all questions that managers need. In this way, more work needs to be done to inform managers engaged in foreign affiliates for negative news, covering all the important aspects of the work of the home organization such as lost contracts and deals, sectoral reorganizations and staff outflow.
PROSPERITY INDEX AS A MEASURE OF QUALITY OF LIFE IN MACEDONIA
Authors: Dimoska Tatjana , Dimoska Slavica
Published: January 2020

Quality of life is an exceptionally complex concept which is the object of interest of different scientific disciplines such as: medicine, sociology, psychology, economics, philosophy, environment, sport, recreation, architecture etc. This concept is a very broad and multidimensional concept covering all spheres of society i.e. the overall well-being of people and society. Quality of life has objective and subjective dimension and can be measured at the level of individuals or society in global. This concept is a difficult concept to define, widely used, but with little consistency, enjoying a wide variety of definitions. There is no single fully agreed definition of quality of life, although a working group of the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the concept with emphasis on the personal evaluation of functioning in relation to individual and/or cultural standards, values, expectations and goals.Nowadays, many indicators are used for measuring the quality of life concept. These composite indicators are significantly different from each other according to: components that make them, sources of data, methodology of calculation, development aspects they focus on, their coverage etc. Some of those indicators are: Happy Planet Index (HPY), Human Development Index (HDI), Better Life Index, Where to be Born Index, Legatum Prosperity Index (LPI), etc.One of these indicators is Legatum Prosperity Index (LPI), a relative new and comprehensive indicator, which explains in a unique way the level and the dynamics of prosperity of the countries in the world. The Legatum Prosperity Index (LPI) captures the breadth of prosperity of the country across nine pillars of prosperity: economic quality, business environment, governance, safety and security, education, health, and natural environment. This index is based on 104 different variables analyzed across 149 nations around the world, covering more than 96% of the world’s population and 99% of the world’s GDP. The analyzed country is given a score for each pillar. This score is based on the country’s performance with respect to each of the indicators in that pillar. Each pillar contains around 12 indicators. The mean of nine pillar scores yields a country’s overall Prosperity score. The overall Prosperity Index rankings are based on this score.In This paper firstly will be explained the concept of quality of life and the index of prosperity as an index for measuring the quality of life, its construction and calculation, as well as its application in calculating the quality of life in Macedonia for the period 2007-2018.