bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation Of The Structural Blade Dynamics And Aeroelastic Behavior Of The 7A Rotor
Authors:   German Aerospace Center, Surrey Stefan ,   ONERA-The French Aerospace Lab, Ortun Biel , Wienke Felix , Truong Khiem-Van
Published: October 2024

Deficits in rotor load prediction are often caused by inadequate modeling of structural blade dynamics. The elastic blade behavior needs to be validated as accurately as possible to predict rotor loads precisely. The structural blade dynamics of 1-D and 3-D finite element models in a multibody environment are investigated in terms of frequencies and aeroelastic behavior. Eigenfrequencies of the 1st torsion mode and the 4th flap mode of the reduced 3-D blade model exhibit a stronger coupling than the 1-D analysis prediction. The tightly coupled simulation with the advanced 1-D beam chain modeling approach is used to investigate the aeroelastic behavior of the 7A rotor in high-speed forward flight. The potential of advanced rotor blade modeling in the multibody software SIMPACK in terms of rotor loads prediction is evaluated. In comparison to experimental data and the loose-coupling environment of ONERA (HOST-elsA), aerodynamical and structural loads are in good agreement. The characteristic 5/rev elastic torsion behavior of the 7A rotor blade has been captured leading to an improvement of the lift force prediction. The coupled SIMPACK-TAU predictions with an advanced 1-D beam model and the HOST-elsA results show a significant improvement over previous computations.
Improvements to Tandem-Rotor H-47 Helicopter Coupled CFD-CSD Full Aircraft Model
Authors:   The Boeing Company, Meadowcroft Edward ,   US Army, Jain Rohit
Published: October 2024

The H-47 flight test loads survey data represents a unique database for validation of performance and loads analysis methodology for multiple rotor helicopter configurations. In this paper, two different state-of-the-art analyses are applied and compared with test data. The first method is Rotorcraft Comprehensive Analysis (RCAS) using computational structural dynamics (CSD) coupled with lifting line aerodynamics and vortex wake models. The second method is HPCMP CREATE™-AV Helicopter Overset Simulations (Helios) using CSD coupled with high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Comparisons are made for rotor controls, aircraft trim, aerodynamic performance, and structural loads. Both analyses are in general agreement with test data. The strength and weaknesses of the analyses are highlighted. Chord bending moment and flap bending moment at all conditions are captured accurately by both methods. Correlation for torsion at the 75% blade radius is good using RCAS with lifting line, and very good using the coupled CFD analysis. Correlation for pitch link vibratory and steady loads is good for both codes. The capability to model multiple rotor full aircraft in RCAS with lifting line and in Helios with coupled CFD-CSD is found to be suitably accurate and mature for application in an industrial rotorcraft development environment.
A Convergence Study for a Longitudinal Maneuver by Using Various Tools
Authors:   Turkish Aerospace Industries, Gül Seyhan ,   Middle East Technical University, Yaman Yavuz , Bilen Muhammed , Şahin Murat , Gürak Derya
Published: October 2024

This work aims to understand whether the magnitude and time of occurrence of the absolute maximum and maximum oscillatory main rotor blade loads that is achieved in a nonlinear response analysis can be obtained by using a trim method. The latter does not require any controller and it requires less engineering effort and computational time than the former. The comparisons have been made for a pull-up maneuver of a conventional fictitious rotorcraft. Both trim and nonlinear response analyses have been performed by using two different tools, Flightlab® and Dymore®. Flightlab modelled a utility helicopter with rigid blades while Dymore modelled the elastic properties of the main rotor to calculate the detailed loads information on the rotor components by using the maneuver response obtained from Flightlab. After comparing the Dymore results, it has been concluded that the trim analysis is able to approximate the nonlinear response analysis for a cyclic pull-up maneuver for static, low-cycle, and high-cycle fatigue analyses of the blades. However, if higher accuracy is required, then nonlinear response analysis should be performed. After comparing the Flightlab results, it has been observed that one can perform nonlinear response analysis only on the critical flight condition(s) and helicopter configuration(s) chosen based on the blade loads obtained from the trim method.
RPM Driven Extension-Torsion Coupled Self-Twisting Rotor Blades
Authors:   University of Maryland, Ward Elizabeth , Chopra Inderjit , Datta Anubhav
Published: October 2024

This paper describes the effects of a composite coupled blade spar on the performance of a slowed RPM helicopter rotor in high speed edgewise flight. A UH-60A-like rotor blade was chosen as a baseline for this study as it is the only production-level rotor optimized for hover that has been tested at high advance ratios up to 1.0. The analysis was performed using a full 3-D FEA based aeroelastic computational structural dynamics (CSD) solver, X3D. This type of analysis allows for the design of novel rotors and discrete/segmented spanwise variation of structural properties. For this paper the rotor spar was re-designed using a carbon fiber reinforced composite such that at 100% rotational speed the hover twist of the original UH-60 blade could be recovered while at slower rotational speeds the blade was automatically untwisted by up to 4-10 degrees (in vacuum) near the tip depending on the rotor speed. Thus the rotor carried different twists in hover and in high advance ratio flights. Preliminary investigations were conducted with simple aerodynamics (blade element with airfoil tables including shank drag) for different composite layup orientations, volume fractions, and radial segments. The current analysis show that significant performance (lift to drag ratio) enhancements of the rotor is possible for both full-span and half-span segmented layups of coupled composite spar at low blade loading. The detailed causes behind the observed performance benefits are part of ongoing investigation.
Evaluation of ADS-33E Yaw Bandwidth and Attitude Quickness Boundaries
Authors:   Defence Science and Technology Group, Lehmann Rhys ,   US Army RDECOM - AMRDEC, Tischler Mark , Blanken Chris
Published: October 2024

The ADS-33 handling qualities specification was developed as part of the Comanche program throughout the 1980's, providing a modern standard for handling qualities requirements for military rotorcraft. The current version (ADS-33E-PRF) was published in 2000, and an update (ADS-33F) is planned for release in 2016. As part of this update process, the yaw axis requirements are being reviewed to ensure that the specification boundaries are appropriately located. This paper presents modelling and simulation of the relationships between key yaw axis parameters, establishing theoretical boundaries based on an ideal pilot. Verification was conducted with a flight test focussed on the evaluation of bandwidth and attitude quickness boundaries for cargo/utility aircraft, featuring the heading capture and Hover Turn MTE (Mission Task Element). Based on these results, updated boundaries for ADS-33F are proposed for the 'All Other MTEs' category. Additional analysis was performed to suggest updates for the Target Acquisition and Tracking boundaries, which should be verified with further flight test.
Flight Test of Explicit and Implicit Rotor-State Feedback Fly-By-Wire Control Laws
Authors:   US Army, Ivler Christina ,   Dell Services Federal Government, Kalinowski Kevin ,   San Jose State University Research Foundation - Santa Clara University, Knapp Marit , Mansur M. , Morford Zachariah
Published: October 2024

Rotor-state feedback (RSF) technology uses tip-path-plane measurements of the rotor to improve the tracking response of the aircraft in winds and turbulence, and provide improved stability margins. Three fly-by-wire control systems were designed and flight tested on the RASCAL JUH-60A aircraft to determine the benefits of RSF. A Baseline control system that used only conventional fuselage feedback but was optimized for Level 1 performance was compared to two control systems that used both rotor-state and fuselage feedback (and were also optimized for Level 1). The Implicit RSF control system implemented fuselage feedback and estimated (implicit) rotor-state feedback. The Explicit RSF control system implemented fuselage feedback and measured (explicit) rotor-state feedback via a laser measurement system installed on the aircraft. The sensor characteristics, frequency response validation, handling qualities ratings, and MTE tracking performance for hover/low-speed are discussed in this paper.
AVMS H-47 Chinook with APAS Tactile Cueing Demonstration Results
Authors:   The Boeing Company, Irwin-III Joseph , Brown Brandon , Schwerke Mark , Kocher Erik , Rich Anthony
Published: October 2024

This paper describes selected benefits of Adaptive Vehicle Management System (AVMS) tactile-cueing technologies that were demonstrated using an MH-47G Chinook equipped with an Active Parallel Actuator Subsystem (APAS). Rather than immediately proceeding to a full-authority Fly-By-Wire (FBW) system, the APAS adds tactile cueing and backdrive capabilities while retaining the existing Chinook hydromechanical primary flight controls with partial-authority augmentation. The flight-tested AVMS technologies include Carefree Maneuvering, Regime Recognition, and Task-Tailored Control Laws. Both simulation and flight test results are presented using technical performance metrics and pilot comments. Features of the APAS and AVMS control law software are described. The flight testing not only demonstrated the value of the technology, but also reduced technical risk to facilitate technology transition into a production environment. Having been successfully demonstrated in a flight environment, the AVMS and APAS technologies are transitioning into advanced development and qualification.
Paul Kruger oor die gelofte van 1838: Was hy in die kol?
Authors: Strauss Piet J.
Published: October 2024

Paul Kruger on the covenant of 1838: Was he on target? Many Afrikaners and those associating with them, keep the promises made by the Voortrekkers in the Covenant of 16 December 1838 in connection with the battle of Blood River between them and the Zulu impis of King Dingane. As a champion of the Afrikaner in the 19th century, Paul Kruger as the elected president (1883–1900) of the Boer Republic, called the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, partook in the Day of the Covenant as being celebrated by Afrikaners every year. This is a spiritual event the people associating with the Covenant should use to thank God for his salvation and for saving them and their forebears in a military crisis. With this view, Kruger as a Reformed Christian Afrikaner, would also have been able to accept the resolution of the General Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church of 1990, about the Covenant of 1838 being celebrated in South Africa after the change in government and the public attitude in 1994. As far as Kruger was concerned, the gratitude of people observing the Covenant of 1838, should be part of a life of gratitude and obedience to God, as their answer to his salvation and saving in everyday life. This view of Kruger came to the fore in his speeches in December 1886, 1891, and 1896 at Paardekraal, Krugersdorp. Paardekraal became the venue for festivities every five years around the Day of the Covenant in the old Transvaal. This was an implementation of a resolution of the government of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek in 1883.Contribution: The well-known and debated covenant of 1838 of the trekking Boers, or Voortrekkers of that year once again is the reason for this article. The contribution is written from a historical and church-historical perspective, providing clarity on what it means to keep the covenant for those who ascribe to it at the moment. This theme is compared with the views of Paul Kruger, a representative of the Afrikaners in the 19th century.
Prediction of testicular histology in azoospermia patients through deep learning-enabled two-dimensional grayscale ultrasound
Authors: Hu Jia-Ying , Lin Zhen-Zhe , Ding Li , Zhang Zhi-Xing , Huang Wan-Ling , Huang Sha-Sha , Li Bin , Xie Xiao-Yan , Lu Ming-De , Deng Chun-Hua , Lin Hao-Tian , Gao Yong , Wang Zhu
Published: October 2024

Testicular histology based on testicular biopsy is an important factor for determining appropriate testicular sperm extraction surgery and predicting sperm retrieval outcomes in patients with azoospermia. Therefore, we developed a deep learning (DL) model to establish the associations between testicular grayscale ultrasound images and testicular histology. We retrospectively included two-dimensional testicular grayscale ultrasound from patients with azoospermia (353 men with 4357 images between July 2017 and December 2021 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China) to develop a DL model. We obtained testicular histology during conventional testicular sperm extraction. Our DL model was trained based on ultrasound images or fusion data (ultrasound images fused with the corresponding testicular volume) to distinguish spermatozoa presence in pathology (SPP) and spermatozoa absence in pathology (SAP) and to classify maturation arrest (MA) and Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) in patients with SAP. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were used to analyze model performance. DL based on images achieved an AUC of 0.922 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.908–0.935), a sensitivity of 80.9%, a specificity of 84.6%, and an accuracy of 83.5% in predicting SPP (including normal spermatogenesis and hypospermatogenesis) and SAP (including MA and SCOS). In the identification of SCOS and MA, DL on fusion data yielded better diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.979 (95% CI: 0.969–0.989), a sensitivity of 89.7%, a specificity of 97.1%, and an accuracy of 92.1%. Our study provides a noninvasive method to predict testicular histology for patients with azoospermia, which would avoid unnecessary testicular biopsy.
Cutaneous Atypical Mycobacterial Infections: A Brief Review
Authors: Mehta Nikhil , Tyagi Mehul , Ramam M. , Khaitan Binod K.
Published: October 2024

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are increasingly recognized, particularly in tropical regions and are often found in immunocompetent individuals. These infections are emerging as significant health concerns, especially pulmonary NTM, which is reported more frequently and is known to be associated with hospital environments. While pulmonary NTM infections are on the rise, partly due to drug resistance and possible patient-to-patient transmission, there is no current evidence indicating an increase in cutaneous NTM infections. The clinical manifestations of NTM infections, except for well-known entities like Buruli ulcer and fish tank granuloma, are diverse and nonspecific, often mimicking other chronic infections. History of minor trauma at the site of infection can be misleading and may complicate the diagnosis of cutaneous NTM. Surgical-site and port-site NTM infections typically present with erythema, edema, and abscesses and are commonly caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria like M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. These infections may not respond to standard antibiotics, suggesting the need for NTM-specific treatment. Diagnostically, histopathology may not be conclusive, and standard staining techniques often lack sensitivity. Molecular methods offer better speciation and drug resistance profiling for pulmonary NTM but are expensive and not widely available for cutaneous forms. The high cost and limited availability of diagnostic tools necessitate an empirical treatment approach, which is also recommended by the INDEX-Tb guidelines for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Empirical treatment regimens for NTM, such as combinations of clarithromycin, doxycycline, and cotrimoxazole or fluoroquinolones, have shown promise, but there is a lack of rigorous studies to establish standardized treatments. Monitoring for adverse effects and continued evaluation of the causative organism is essential during empirical treatment, allowing for adjustment if the initial regimen fails.
Parotid Abscess a Rare Infection in Neonates
Authors: Sachan Nimisha , Jain Nidhi , Jain Ashish , Bhardwaj Arunima
Published: October 2024

Inflammation of salivary gland is rare during neonatal period. Its prevalence is reported as 3.8-14/1000 in early infancy.[1] Neonatal abscess is most commonly seen with parotid gland than submandibular gland.[2,3] Prematurity, dehydration, hot weather, prolonged orogastric feeding, maternal breast abscess being the most common predisposing factors.[4] Most common organism involved is staphylococcus aureus followed by other gram positive and gram-negative organisms and is rarely seen by anaerobic organisms.[1]
Acute Myocarditis, the Dilemma in the General Practice Setting in the Years of the Coronavirus Pandemic Era: An Italian Experience
Authors: Magro Valerio Massimo
Published: October 2024

Myocarditis is inflammation of the muscle tissue of the heart (myocardium) and unlike most heart disease it tends to affect young people more often. Myocarditis can go almost unnoticed, frequently heals without results, but can sometimes be very serious and life threatening. However, many symptoms are non-specific and difficult to evaluate in the general practice setting. In order to diagnose myocarditis it is necessary to carry out some instrumental tests, too. Very important are the EKG and the dosage of cardiac markers in the blood. The echocardiogram allows you to highlight the valvular and muscle alterations that occur during inflammation and the same thing can be done by myocardial magnetic resonance. For those reasons, myocarditis is difficult to diagnose in the setting of General Practitioner (GP) and therefore it is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. The presence of nonspecific symptoms, fatigue and dyspnea, especially in a young person, it can lead the GP to suspect a myocarditis. We present a case of myocarditis in a young person. The patient, without a clinical history of important pathologies, presented asthenic and respiratory symptoms with progressive worsening of the clinical picture. We described the reasons of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The general medicine setting is currently unsuitable for taking care of patients of this type, as the waiting times for the necessary examinations. The evaluation and follow-up are not within the reach of local doctors in Italy or with too long waiting times, so monitoring and optimizing therapies remain difficult outside the hospital.
2021 NEDI-Singapore study: an updated inventory of emergency department characteristics
Authors: Low Ivan Jinrong , Ong En Ci Isaac , Pek Pin Pin Maeve , Quah Li Juan Joy , Chong Shu-Ling , Lim Jia Hao , Boggs Krislyn M , Camargo Carlos A Jr , Anantharaman Venkataraman , Ho Andrew Fu Wah ,   NEDI-Singapore Investigators
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

The last national emergency department (ED) inventory was performed in 2007, and major changes in population demographics, healthcare needs and infrastructure have since occurred. We sought to obtain an updated inventory of EDs in Singapore to identify and describe changes in their characteristics and capabilities across the years.

Methods:

In 2021, the National Emergency Department Inventories (NEDI) instrument was administered to the leadership of Singapore EDs. Emergency departments in Singapore are opened round the clock, have no restrictions on who can access care and are equipped to handle general medical emergencies. The questionnaire comprises 16 items across three categories: (a) general characteristics, (b) patient volume and (c) medical capabilities.

Results:

We achieved 100% response rate from all 17 EDs — nine EDs in public hospitals and eight in private hospitals. In 2021, the EDs saw a total of 1,140,388 visits, an increase of 27% from 2007, with the median number of visits almost doubling (from 39,450 to 77,989); 41% and 59% of the EDs reported over 20% of visits arriving by ambulance and over 20% of visits resulting in inpatient admission, respectively. A clear distinction between public and private EDs across these metrics remained. Medical capabilities grew: 59% had access to a dedicated computed tomography scanner (up from 46%) and 82% had negative pressure isolation facilities (up from 54%). Overall, 41% of EDs self-assessed to be operating above their capacity.

Conclusion:

Singapore EDs have progressed in capabilities and capacity. Despite this, the increasing volume, complexity and acuity of patients are imposing strains on the emergency care system, signalling potential for systems improvement.
Evaluation of structural oral viva examination as an assessment tool in the subject of periodontology
Authors: Rathod Surekha Ramrao , Koli Shivani Sanjay , Kolte Abhay
Published: October 2024

Background:

To assess students’ knowledge, the assessment of students in dentistry has always remained a controversial topic. Student evaluations are crucial for two reasons: first, they help produce dental graduates of the highest caliber to satisfy societal demands; second, they give input to those involved in dentistry education policymaking.

Aim:

Hence, this study was planned to introduce a new structured method of viva examination to evaluate its effectiveness over the traditional method.

Materials and Methods:

Sixty students from IV BDS were selected randomly. These students were subjected to traditional and oral structured viva examinations (OSVEs) in periodontics and implantology. After obtaining informed consent for the study, an MCQ examination was conducted for all participants on the basics and etiopathogenesis of periodontology, and their scores were noted. Group A – 30 participants appeared for a traditional viva examination (TVE) of basic periodontics. Group B – participants appeared for OSVE on etiopathogenesis. Later the crossover was done for two regions in such a way that Group A - 30 participants appeared for OSVE of basic and Group B - TVE on etiopathogenesis. OSVE was conducted with the help of question cards. Both forms of viva examination had a set time limit of 5 min per student.

Results:

The performance scores of TVE and OSVE were compared which showed high significance (P < 0.001). Performance scores were also compared, and their MCQ correlation was done with the TVE score.

Conclusions:

Observation from the present study showed that TVE can be improved as an effective assessment tool.
Mode analysis for the linearized Einstein equations on the Kerr metric: the large $\mathfrak{a}$ case
Authors: Andersson Lars , Häfner Dietrich , Whiting Bernard F.
Published: October 2024

We give a complete analysis of mode solutions for the linearized Einstein equations and the

1

-form wave operator on the Kerr metric in the large

\mathfrak{a}

case. By mode solutions we mean solutions of the form

e^{-it_*\sigma}\tilde{h}(r,\theta,\varphi)

where

t_{*}

is a suitable time variable. The corresponding Fourier-transformed

1

-form wave operator and linearized Einstein operator are shown to be Fredholm between suitable function spaces and

\tilde{h}

has to lie in the domain of these operators. These spaces are constructed following the general framework of Vasy (2013, 2021) along the lines of Häfner et al. (2021). No mode solutions exist for

\Im \sigma\ge 0,\, \sigma\neq 0

. For

\sigma=0

mode solutions are Coulomb solutions for the

1

-form wave operator and linearized Kerr solutions plus pure gauge terms in the case of the linearized Einstein equations. If we fix a De Turck/wave map gauge, then the zero mode solutions for the linearized Einstein equations lie in a fixed seven-dimensional space. The proof relies on the absence of modes for the Teukolsky equation shown by Whiting (1989) and Anderson et al. (2019) and a complete classification of the gauge invariants of linearized gravity on the Kerr spacetime by Aksteiner and Bäckdahl (2018) and Aksteiner et al. (2021).
Potentials of Rice Bran and Oil Palm Fibre as Substrate for Exo-Β-Glucanase Production by Penicillium chrysogenum
Authors: C. C Onuoha, , J. H Doughari, , M. A Mbahi,
Published: October 2024

Glucanases are important industrial enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glucan into oligo-saccharides. Commercial β-glucanase are produced from microorganisms such as Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus flavus, Pseudomonas fluorescens etc. The increasing application of glucanases in various industries has called for continuous search for cheaper means of gluca-nase production. This study explores β-glucanase production from Penicillium chrysogenum using rice bran and oil palm fiber as substrates. Fungal isolates of soil samples were charac-terized and screened for exo- β-glucanase activity using modified Czapek-Dox Agar (MCDA). Production of exo-β-glucanase was carried out through submerged fermentation system. Crude enzyme produced was extracted and assayed for enzyme activity and protein concen-tration using standard methods Enzyme purification was carried out using ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis methods. The purified enzyme was characterized by measuring the effect of temperature, pH, various salts and inhibitors. The optimal conditions for exo-β-glucanase production were found to be 96 hours of incubation, a pH of 4.5 for rice bran and 5.5 for oil palm fiber, and temperatures of 30°C for rice bran and 35°C for oil palm fiber, with ammonium sulphate and oil palm fiber as the best nitrogen and carbon sources respectively. The enzymes were purified with 80% ammonium sulphate and dialysis tubing, resulting in a 1.09 to 1.50-fold increase in purification. The addition of chloride salts, surfactants, and EDTA impacted the activity of the enzyme. Based on its physiochemical properties, the partially purified enzyme has potential industrial and biotechnological applications, such as in beer production and as an additive in laundry detergents and saccharification.
Impact of Human Activities on the Physiochemical Quality of Streams Around Ijeun- Titun and Kuto Community in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: O. D Umoren , S. A Akinbola , R. O Sowemimo , F. P Edem , E. B Babalola
Published: October 2024

The study aimed to determine the impact of human activities on the physicochemical qualityof the streams in the Ijeun- Titun and Kuto communities in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.Ten (10) composite water samples were collected from upstream and downstream of five (5)streams (Lafaru, Ijeun- Titun, Isale - Oja, Isabo, and Stadium). Temperature and pH weretested in situ, then samples were transported to the chemistry laboratory of Pure ScienceInstitute for further analysis. The analyzed physicochemical parameters were carried outusing standard methods. Results showed that pH (6.70-7.42), temperature (except the upstream of stream D (36.3 0C), electrical conductivity (EC) (265 - 547 μS/cm), total dissolved solid (TDS) (132 - 458 mg/L) and total alkalinity (85.5 - 134 mg/L) across the streams were within the WHO standards (6.5 - 8.5, 25 - 9.0oC, 1000 μS/cm, <600 and 200 mg/L). Total acidity ranged from 11.0-28.0 mg/L across the streams. Salinity (135 - 276 mg/L) across the streams was higher than the WHO standard (100 mg/L), chloride ion (Cl-) was higher at the upstream and downstream of stream B (284 and 266 mg/L) and C (1232 and 308.85 mg/L) respectively than the WHO standard (250 mg/L) while dissolved oxygen (DO) was low in the upstream and downstream of the streams compared to the WHO standard (13.0 - 14.0 mg/L). The study revealed an unacceptable concentration of salinity and DO across the streams, chloride ions in stream B (Ijeun –Titun) and C (Isale- Oja) and temperature upstream of stream D (Isabo) in the community.
Physicochemical Properties of Honey Samples in Some Selected Regions of Ogun State Nigeria
Authors: F. M Banjo , O. M Oremade , S.O Okunade
Published: October 2024

Honey is a tasty and sweet food that honey bees produce from plant nectar and honeydew. The physicochemical properties of honey samples were investigated in Ogun State, Nigeria. Honey samples were collected from beekeepers in the four (4) markets in different regions in Ogun State (Remo, Ijebu,Yewa and Egba). The physicochemical parameters were investigated using standard procedures. The parameters investigated were: color, pH, total acidity, free acidity, electrical conductivity, sugar content, mineral content, moisture and ash content. The results of the physicochemical analysis indicated that the pH total acidity, electrical conductivity of all the samples differs significantly (P<0.05). The sugar content of the honey samples from other regions differs significantly (P<0.05) with the Remo region exhibiting the highest mean value (85.829%) followed by honey sample of the Yewa region (84.63%) and the least was from Egba region (76.87%). From the present study, it can be concluded that honey sample from Egba region recorded the highest pH (6.36), highest electrical conductivity (0.85), honey sample from Ijebu region recorded the highest free acidity (21.99) while honey sample from Yewa region recorded highest total acidity (33.71). It was observed that the honey samples from the four regions agree with the requirements of international honey standards.
Evaluation of Some Filamentous Fungi for Heavy Metal Tolerance
Authors: I. Y Tafinta , A.S Kutama , Y Abdul Shukor , H Musa
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the tolerance of various filamentous fungi to heavy metals, aiming to identify potential candidates for bioremediation. Filamentous fungi, due to their robust growth and extensive hyphal networks, are promising organisms for the bioremediation of environments contaminated with heavy metals. About 176 fungal strains were isolated and identified from the contaminated industrial effluents, using micromorphological features all from five different genus; Aspergillus, Penicillium, Byssochlamys, Saccharomyces and Mucor, which demonstrated robust growth in the presence of high concentrations of heavy metals. The isolates were exposed to increasing concentrations (100 to 500 ppm) of Cd, As, and Cr in agar media to assess their tolerance levels. The best mycelial growth was found in Penicillium nalgiovenses on chromium and cadmium (1.060 and 0.917), amended medium respectively, followed by Mucor recemoses (1.012 and 0.868), while the least was in Saccharomyces cerevisae (0.381) on chromium. Key growth parameters, such as radial growth rate and biomass production, were measured to determine the extent of heavy metal tolerance. The best fungus in terms of tolerance index was A. flavus (0.721, 0.640, 0.570, 0.547 and 0.349) for the 100 to 500 ppm respectively. Followed by Byssochlamys nivea (0.648, 0.625, 0.511, 0.477 and 0.398). The findings suggest that filamentous fungi possess significant potential for bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated environments. Further research into optimizing conditions for their application and understanding the molecular mechanisms of their tolerance could enhance their effectiveness in environmental clean-up efforts.
Theoretical Model Predictions for ProductionofMedically Used Radionuclides on Alpha Induced with Cobalt-59 At Energies of 25-172 MeV
Authors: Y. Tiguaded  , F. K. Amanuel
Published: October 2024

This study used the theoretical nuclear model codes COMPLET and TALYS-1.95 to make theoretical predictions of the medically important production cross-sections for chromium-51, Manganese-54, Iron-59, Cobalt-59 and Cobalt-60 radionuclides produced in the interaction of alpha-projectile with Cobalt-59 target ≈25–172MeV alpha-energies. The results were compared with the measured values in the EXFOR data library.Pearson's correlation coefficient indicates a strong and positive correlation between thepredicted and the previously measured medically important production cross-sections forChromium-51, Manganese-54, Iron-59, Cobalt-59, and Cobalt-60 radionuclides. Further,the results showed that except for Chromium-51, the COMPLET code predicts moresuccessful outcomes than the TALYS-1.95.
Predictors of seroma formation and the associated impact on adjuvant chemotherapy initiation for women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer at a national referral hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A prospective, observational study
Authors: Njile Dominic , Kivuyo Nashivai , Brand Nathan , Benjamin Alex , Akoko Larry O.
Published: October 2024

Background: This study aimed to determine the incidence and predictors of seroma among post mastectomy breast cancer women and its impact on adjuvant therapy timing. 
Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study among women who received mastectomy plus axillary dissection for invasive breast cancer at Muhimbili National Hospital between April 2021 and May 2022. Patients’ clinical demography, tumor characteristics, drainage features, and the development of seroma was documented. Use of adjuvant therapy was collected at a follow visit. Prediction of seroma development and impact of adjuvant therapy initiations was determined by chi -square test with significance set at p value of <5%.
Results: We recruited 106 patients of which seroma was present in 49% with age >50 years and drainage of >150cc in first 24hours being significant predictors (p-0.03 and 0.002 respectively). Long-term follow up was done to 86 (81%) of which 74 (87%) received adjuvant chemotherapy with delay being significant among those with seroma formation, p-value 0.018
Conclusions: Seroma formation is common among women post mastectomy with no modifiable factor. Delay in adjuvant therapy is significant in the setting of a seroma formation. More studies are needed to reduce seroma occurrence as well as mitigate its impact on adjuvant therapy initiation.
Determinants of access to emergency surgery according to resident doctors: A cross-sectional study at a teaching hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Jaja Promise T. , Afolabi Adefemi O.
Published: October 2024

Background: Morbidity and mortality following emergency surgeries can be reduced with timely access to emergency surgery and five billion people globally, lack access to essential surgery. Data on the determinants of these are still lacking.
Objectives: We studied resident doctors' perspectives of the patient-, healthcare-giver-, and health-institution-related determinants of access to emergency surgery at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Methodology: This self-administered, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional survey involved eighty-five resident doctors; recruited using systematic random sampling. Ethical approval (UI/EC/20/0318) and prospective registration (NCT04487496) were gotten.
Results: Major patient-related sources of delays included financial constraints (97.7%), patient's consent (78.8%), guardian's consent (74.1%) and diagnosis denial (70.6%). Anaesthetists (65.9%) and surgeons (61.2%) caused and reduced delays respectively. The healthcare-giver factors were provision of blood (84.7%), optimization of patient (83.5%), unavailable theatre space (82.4%), anaesthesia (67.1%), surgical (43.5%) staff fatigue and time-to-diagnosis (58.8%). Diagnostic delays were mostly from investigations (97.6%) and missed diagnosis (47.1%). Unavailable bedspace (82.4%), delays in arrival (82.4%) and entry (74.1%) into the theatre were major health institution challenges. Establishing diagnosis was delayed by payment for (96.5%) and doing (88.2%) diagnostic investigations, and time-to-review by specialist team (80.0%). Arrival in theatre was affected by theatre trolley conveying patient (70.6%), pre-anaesthesia review (70.6%) and pre-operative nursing logistics (64.7%). Entry into the suite depended on payment/payment deferment (87.06%) and suites being unavailable (75.3%).
Conclusion: Hospital personnel modified access to emergency surgery, from diagnosing, pre-operative optimization, conveyance of patient, and the surgical procedure. The patient factors were poor finances, diagnosis denial and giving of consent for surgery. We encourage (recommend) physician-run point-of-care diagnostics in emergency rooms (ER), with improved health insurance coverage, ER bedspace, and personnel (surgical and anaesthesiological).
Celebrating 25 Years of Transformative Impact In Surgery Through The College of Surgeons of East, Central And Southern Africa (COSECSA)
Authors: Bekele Abebe , Itungu Stella , Kipkorir Vincent , Philipo Godfrey , Mwachiro Michael , Parker Robert K , Kazuma Seke M.E.
Published: October 2024

As we approach December 2024, we mark a significant milestone in the history of the College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) – its 25th anniversary. It is with immense pride and heartfelt congratulations that we, the East and Central African Journal of Surgery (ECAJS), celebrate this landmark achievement with our esteemed College.
Molecular Subtypes of Receptor-defined Breast Cancer from Nakuru, Kenya
Authors: Wanjara Samuel , Mithe Siwillis , Osoo Moses Odhiambo , Nasio Abner , Wachira John Makanga , Oduor Peter , Nthumba Peter
Published: October 2024

Introduction
The incidence of breast cancer in Sub-Saharan-Africa (SSA) is rising. Expression of hormone receptors and molecular-subtyping is paramount in rationalizing prognosis and therapy. There exists significant variation in molecular status of breast cancer in SSA. We aimed to describe the receptor status and molecular subtypes of breast cancer at our centre.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective study on patients with breast cancer enrolling for oncological care at our centre beginning May 2018 to December 2021.
Results
We included 345 patients with a median age of 49 years, 331 female and 14 males. The most common histological variant was invasive-ductal -carcinoma of no-special-type from both biopsy (84.3%) and mastectomy specimens (82.8%). DCIS accounted for only 2.9%. ER positive tumours accounted for 62.8% from biopsy and 66.7% from mastectomy specimens. The majority of the female patients had luminal-type disease (Luminal A or B) with 65.2% from biopsy specimens and 67.3% from mastectomy specimens. About 20% had TNBC.
Conclusion
Breast cancer patients from Nakuru, Kenya, are likely to be young and with luminal-subtype invasive ductal carcinoma. In contrast to some previous reports, less than a quarter of our patients have TNBC. We recommend prioritization, standardization and scaling of receptor testing and molecular-subtyping to optimize treatment protocols and personalized management strategies for breast cancer patients.
Emeritus Professor Francis Kwesi Nkrumah (1935 – 2024)
Authors: A. Koram Kwadwo
Published: October 2024

Emeritus Professor Francis Kwesi Nkrumah, former Director of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (1990 – 1998) and former Head of the Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School (UGMS) from 1980 to 1983, died on June 30, 2024, at the age of 89.
Antibiotic use in surgical infections at a tertiary teaching hospital in Ghana
Authors: Mensah Josephine , A. Bediako-Bowan Antoinette , Amoako-Adusei Amos , Acheampong Franklin , Mohammed Sheriff , A. Adu-Aryee Nii
Published: October 2024

Objective: The study aimed to assess antibiotic prescribing and use patterns at the Department of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital.Design: A cross-sectional study design was employed in this study.Setting: The study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital.Participants: Forty-two prescribers out of 63 (67%) at the Department of Surgery responded to questionnaires. Over the study period, prescriptions and medical records of 1715 patients from the general surgery, neurosurgery, and urology units were reviewed.Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of prescriptions with antibiotics, percentage of prescribers using guidelines for antibiotic prescriptions, and percentage using culture and sensitivity to inform antibiotic prescriptions.Results: Of the 1715 prescriptions assessed, 75% (1294/1715) were from inpatients, and 45% (772/1715) included an antibiotic. Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole constituted 54% of antibiotic prescriptions from general surgery. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone constituted 64.7% of antibiotic prescriptions from neurosurgery, and ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin made up 37.7% of antibiotic prescriptions from urology. Microbiology testing was done for only 14.5% (9/62) of inpatients who received antibiotics for treatment. The choice of antibiotics was influenced mainly by doctors’ previous experience (37/42, 88.1%).Conclusion: Antibiotics are widely used. About half of all prescriptions had antibiotics, with ciprofloxacin and metronidazole constituting more than half of antibiotic prescriptions from general surgery. Doctors mainly based their antibiotic prescriptions on previous experience and occasionally on microbiological investigations.
Equity of access to free maternal and child health services among reproductive-age women in Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: A Enuku Christie , Onwujekwe Obinna
Published: October 2024

Objective: The study aimed to assess the equity of access to free maternal and child health services among reproductive-age women in Delta State, NigeriaDesign: the study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey designParticipants: The population for the study were 368 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who had given birth between April 2015 and December 2015 in two randomly selected senatorial districts of Delta State. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire.Results: 368 women were recruited for the study, consisting of 73.3% (N =270) from the urban setting and 26.7% (N=98) from the rural setting. 54.1% (N=199) had completed secondary school, while 28.8% (N=106) had completed tertiary education. Most respondents were aged 21 to 30 years 217(59.0%). 20% of respondents belonged to the poorest, poor and least poor socioeconomic status (SES) groups and 19.8% to average poor and rich SES groups. The results showed equity between different SES (0.014) and educational (0.027) backgrounds, as indicated in concentration curves. However, the concentration index between the geographical areas (-0.0200) indicates inequity in access in favour of urban dwellers.Conclusion: Free maternal and child health services (FMCHS) were equitable across the different SES groups and educational levels. However, there was inequity in access due to distance to the hospitals among the women of childbearing age in the communities. This study is relevant to all healthcare professionals, especially those in public health, because it will encourage them to exercise their energy towards home care to reduce maternal and child mortality.
Addressing the roadblocks to hypertension management in Ghana: proceedings of a roundtable discussion
Authors: Doku Alfred , Ahadzi Dzifa , A. Adams Ebenezer , A. Folson Aba , Codato Elisa , Agyekum Francis
Published: October 2024

Hypertension is the top cause of preventable deaths in the African region. The burden of hypertension is increasing in Ghana, along with other countries in the African continent. Many people with hypertension in Ghana are unfortunately unaware of their diagnosis, and those who are aware often have poorly controlled blood pressure. The current situation is a signal of critical gaps in hypertension care in Ghana that need to be urgently addressed to curb this epidemic. The World Heart Federation (WHF), sponsored by Resolve to Save Lives, responded to this need by organising advocacy roundtables on hypertension in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa to scale up hypertension management efforts in these countries. The roundtable on hypertension in Ghana was organised in collaboration with the Ghanaian Society of Cardiology (GSC) and the Stroke Association Support Network (SASNET) Ghana. A country mapping detailing the current situation and evolution of hypertension in Ghana over the years formed the basis of the roundtable discussions. The roundtable convened diverse stakeholders in hypertension care in Ghana to discuss the roadblocks to hypertension management in Ghana, proffer solutions to address them and chart a course with timelines for action. Major roadblocks to the management of hypertension in Ghana identified included inadequate financing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) care, inadequate capacity for CVD care across all levels of the healthcare system and insufficient education to empower people with hypertension for optimal self-care.
Secular ¬Interpretation of the Best Interest of the Child: CCI’s Decision on Child Custody in the Context of Divorced Parents (Case Comment)
Authors: Mesfin Beyene
Published: October 2024

International and regional human rights instruments state that the child's right to freedom of religion must be entrusted to the adult parents or guardians and the instruments do not allow state intervention. Likewise, the Ethiopian Constitution allows parents to make sure that their children have religious education; and it gives jurisdiction to religious courts over matters of custody. However, such laws can be insensitive to human rights issues when religious courts and human rights clash. This comment evaluates the recent interpretation by the Council of Constitutional Inquiry (CCI) in light of international and regional practices.  The comment examines whether CCI’s decision constitutes an advanced, child rights-based approach in interpreting what is in the best interest of the child in the context of divorced parents whereby the parent who has custody embraces a different religion after divorce. The analysis shows that this line of interpretation can be considered as an advanced way of child rights-based approach for interpreting best interest of the child.
Multidrug Resistant Rhodococcus equi in Donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) in Ganawari North Central Nigeria
Authors: Kaikabo Adamu Ahmad , Tong Pam Danladi , Attah Cletus Umbugadu , Oluchukwu Irene LukeOkeh , Ibrahim Lubabatu , Mwankon Esther Simi , Muhammad Maryam
Published: October 2024

Rhodococcus equi is an important cause of respiratory infections in equidae. The organism causes pneumonia in foal and could be isolated  from diverse sources, including the nasal cavity which plays a critical role in the ecology of Rhodococcus equi. The demographic  characteristics of the donkeys studied showed that 90% of the donkeys slaughtered during the period of sample collection  were adult,  while 50 and 50% were both male and female donkeys respectively. Isolates were identified as Rhodococcus equi based on phenotypic  and biochemical characteristics observed. The susceptibility of Rhodococcus equi to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method  using different disc concentrations of antibiotics as follows; erythromycin (15µg), streptomycin (25µg), kanamycin (30µg), cephalotin  (30μg), methicillin (30μg), nalidixic acid (30µg), penicillin (25 units), ceftiofur (30µg). The antibiotic susceptibility test results obtained  showed that the isolates were 100% resistant to cephalotin and penicillin, while 90%, 50% and 16.6% of the isolates were resistant to  methicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin and nalidixic acid respectively. Only 16.6% of the isolates showed intermediate resistance to  nalidixic acid. Interestingly, 100% of the isolates were sensitive to kanamycin and ceftiofur while 90%, 66.6%, and 50% were sensitive to  streptomycin, nalidixic acid, and erythromycin. There is palpable public health risk that may arise from consumption of donkey meat  contaminated with multidrug resistant Rhodococcus equi. Therefore, adequate food safety procedures should be enforced to protect  human infection.