bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Cvinyl—Cvinyl Bond Formation via Double Cvinyl—H Bond Activation
Authors: Shang Xiaojie , Liu Zhong‐Quan
Published: June 2013

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphorus Ligand Effects in Homogeneous Catalysis and Rational Catalyst Design
Authors: Gillespie Jason A. , Zuidema Erik , van Leeuwen Piet W. N. M. , Kamer Paul C. J.
Published: June 2013

Review: 171 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Asymmetric Catalysis in Flow
Authors: Zhao Dongbo , Ding Kuiling
Published: June 2013

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular Synthesis of Shape‐Persistent Organic Cage Compounds: Molecular Precursors for a New Class of Permanent Porous Materials
Authors: Mastalerz Michael
Published: June 2013

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Engineering of Bacterial Phytochromes for Near‐Infrared Imaging, Sensing, and Light‐Control in Mammals
Authors: Piatkevich Kiryl D. , Subach Fedor V. , Verkhusha Vladislav V.
Published: June 2013

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoresponsive Hydrogels in Catalysis
Authors: Hapiot Frederic , Menuel Stephane , Monflier Eric
Published: June 2013

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of Organic Thin Films with Resonant Soft X‐Ray Scattering and Reflectivity Near the Carbon and Fluorine Absorption Edges
Authors: Ade H.
Published: June 2013

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of X‐Ray Resonant Diffraction to Structural Studies of Liquid Crystals
Authors: Barois P. , Gleeson H. , Huang C. C. , Pindak R.
Published: June 2013

Review: 39 refs.
Modelling of curing kinetics of amine cured epoxy resins for vacuum assisted resin infusion molding
Authors: Bhunia Sudip , Niyogi Debdarsan , Marru Pramod , Neogi Swati
Published: June 2013

Epoxy resin, along with a suitable reinforcement such as glass, is used to manufacture windmill blades by vacuum assisted resin infusion molding (VARIM) process. For the simulation of VARIM process, the sub models are required to describe the rheological and thermochemical behaviour of the epoxy resin. In the present paper, the curing kinetics of amine cured epoxy resin, which is mostly used for wind blade manufacturing, are presented. The kinetic study is performed by measuring the exothermal heat generated during the curing of the amine cured epoxy resin system, using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), at different temperatures. The range of the temperature for the study is selected between the reaction onset temperature, which is about 70°C, and the peak reaction temperature, which is nearly 120°C. The reaction exotherm, as measured by DSC, is processed to obtain the reaction kinetic data such as the degree of reaction and the rate of reaction at different times and temperatures. A suitable model is proposed to describe the reaction kinetic data obtained experimentally. The unknown parameters of the models are determined by a nonlinear regression analysis on experimental data, while the kinetic rate constants are obtained based on Arrhenius Law. The proposed model is also compared with the models available in the literature. It is found that the proposed model is the simplest model, which accurately captures both the degree of cure and rate of cure qualitatively and quantitatively.
Phosphorus Sorption and Availability from Biochars and Soil/Biochar Mixtures
Authors: Chintala Rajesh , Schumacher Thomas E. , McDonald Louis M. , Clay David E. , Malo Douglas D. , Papiernik Sharon K. , Clay Sharon A. , Julson James L.
Published: June 2013

In an energy‐limited world, biomass may be converted to energy products through pyrolysis. A byproduct of this process is biochar. A better understanding is needed of the sorption characteristics of biochars, which can influence the availability of plant essential nutrients and potential water contaminants such as phosphorus (P) in soil. Knowledge of P retention and release mechanisms when applying carbon‐rich amendments such as biochar to soil is needed. The objectives of this study were to quantify the P sorption and availability from biochars produced from the fast pyrolysis of corn stover (Zea mays L.), Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson and C. Lawson) wood residue, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). We determined the impact of biochar application to soils with different chemical characteristics on P sorption and availability. Sorption of P by biochars and soil–biochar mixtures was studied by fitting the equilibrium solution and sorbed concentrations of P using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Biochar produced from Ponderosa pine wood residue had very different chemical characteristics than corn stover and switchgrass. Corn stover biochar had the highest P sorption (in average 79% of the initial solution P concentration) followed by switchgrass biochar (in average 76%) and Ponderosa pine wood residue biochar (in average 31%). Ponderosa pine wood residue biochar had higher bicarbonate extractable (available) P (in average 43%) followed by switchgrass biochar (33% of sorbed P) and corn stover biochar (25% of sorbed P). The incorporation of biochars to acidic soil at 40 g/kg (4%) increased the equilibrium solution P concentration (reduced the sorption) and increased available sorbed P. In calcareous soil, application of alkaline biochars (corn stover and switchgrass biochars) significantly increased the sorption of P and decreased the availability of sorbed P. Biochar effects on soil P was aligned with their chemical composition and surface characteristics.
PECAM‐1‐targeted micron‐sized particles of iron oxide as MRI contrast agent for detection of vascular remodeling after cerebral ischemia
Authors: Deddens Lisette H. , van Tilborg Geralda A. F. , van der Toorn Annette , de Vries Helga E. , Dijkhuizen Rick M.
Published: June 2013

An increasing amount of studies have provided evidence for vascular remodeling, for example, angiogenesis, after cerebral ischemia, which may play a significant role in post‐stroke brain plasticity and recovery. Molecular imaging can provide unique in vivo whole‐brain information on alterations in the expression of specific endothelial markers. A possible target for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of post‐stroke (neo)vascularization is platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1). Here we describe significantly increased PECAM‐1 mRNA levels in ipsilesional brain tissue at 6 h, 24 h and 3 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, and elevated PECAM‐1 staining throughout the lesion at 3, 7 and 21 days post‐stroke. The potential of micron‐sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) conjugated with PECAM‐1‐targeted antibodies, that is, αPECAM‐1‐MPIO, to expose stroke‐induced PECAM‐1 upregulation with molecular MRI was assessed. In vitro studies demonstrated that PECAM‐1‐expressing brain endothelial cells could be effectively labeled with αPECAM‐1‐MPIO, giving rise to a fourfold increase in MRI relaxation rate R2. Injection of near‐infrared fluorescent dye‐labeled αPECAM‐1 showed target specificity and dose efficiency of the antibody for detection of brain endothelial cells at 3 days post‐stroke. However, in vivo molecular MRI at 3 and 7 days after stroke revealed no αPECAM‐1‐MPIO‐based contrast enhancement, which was corroborated by the absence of αPECAM‐1‐MPIO in post mortem brain tissue. This indicates that this molecular MRI approach, which has been proven successful for in vivo detection of other types of cell adhesion molecules, is not invariably effective for MRI‐based assessment of stroke‐induced alterations in expression of cerebrovascular markers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[18F]‐FBEM, a tracer targeting cell‐surface protein thiols for cell trafficking imaging
Authors: Lacroix Simon , Egrise Dominique , Van Simaeys Gaetan , Doumont Gilles , Monclus M. , Sherer F. , Herbaux T. , Leroy D. , Goldman Serge
Published: June 2013

We used [18F]‐4‐fluorobenzamido‐N‐ethylamino‐maleimide ([18F]‐FBEM) to radiolabel cells ex vivo for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) in order to assess cell trafficking in mice. In contrast to commonly used imaging agents, [18F]‐FBEM forms a covalent bond with thiol groups present on the cells surface. The stability of the probe in aqueous medium was tested at different pH values and cross‐experiment showed that thiol‐labeling efficiency was retained (at least) up to pH 9. The labeling procedure did not affect significantly the cell viability. To illustrate the procedure, PET images of living mice injected intravenously with labeled T lymphocytes were obtained. They showed the expected cell homing in the spleen that was absent in mice injected with free label. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultraviolet index and racial differences in prostate cancer incidence and mortality
Authors: Taksler Glen B. , Cutler David M. , Giovannucci Edward , Smith Matthew R. , Keating Nancy L.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Studies suggest that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with prostate cancer, and darker skin reduces the body's ability to generate vitamin D from sunshine. The impact of sunshine on racial disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality is unknown.

METHODS

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database, the authors calculated age‐adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates among black and white men aged ≥45 years by race and county between 2000 and 2009 (N = 906,381 men). Similarly, county‐level prostate cancer mortality rates were calculated from the National Vital Statistics System (N = 288,874). These data were linked with the average monthly solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation index by county and data regarding health, wellness, and demographics. Multivariable regression analysis was used to assess whether increases in the UV index (in deciles) moderated the association between black race and the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer.

RESULTS

Compared with counties in the lowest UV index decile, prostate cancer incidence rates for white and black men were lower in counties with a higher UV index (all Ps ≤ 0.051). Incidence rates were higher for black men versus white men, but the difference by race was less for counties in the fourth to fifth UV index deciles versus those in the first decile (Ps ≤ 0.02). Mortality rates also were found to decrease with increasing UV index for white men (Ps ≤ 0.003), but increase for black men, and an unexplained increase in racial differences in mortality rates was observed with an increasing UV index.

CONCLUSIONS

Racial disparities in the incidence of prostate cancer were larger in some areas with less sunshine. Additional research should confirm the findings of the current study and assess whether optimizing vitamin D levels among black men can reduce disparities. Cancer 2013;119:3195–3203. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Cancer research in the United States: Dying by a thousand paper cuts
Authors: Kantarjian Hagop , Stewart David J. , Zwelling Leonard
Published: June 2013

The authors discuss cancer research in the United States and the implications of bureaucratic burdens on the conduct and cost of research and, consequently, the cost of drugs and health care. They propose potential remedial solutions.
Introducing a novel authentication protocol for secure services in heterogeneous environments using Casper/FDR
Authors: Aiash M. , Loo J.
Published: June 2013

Next generation network is a convergence of networks such as 2G/3G, WLAN as well as the recently implemented Long Term Evolution networks. Future mobile devices will switch between these different networks to maintain the connectivity with end servers. However, to support these heterogeneous environments, there is a need to consider a new design of the network infrastructure, where currently closed systems such as 3G will have to operate in an open environment. Security is a key issue in this open environment; after authenticating the mobile terminal to access the network, there is a requirement for service‐level mechanisms to protect the session between the mobile terminal and the remote service provider. Furthermore, because mobile terminals switch between networks of different characteristics in terms of coverage, quality of service and security, there is a need for reassessing the security of the same session over the different networks to comply with the changes at the network level due to the mobility. Therefore, this paper introduces a service‐level authentication and key agreement protocol to secure the session between the mobile terminal and the end server. The proposed protocol considers user mobilities in a heterogeneous environment and reassesses the session's security level in case of handover. The proposed protocol has been verified using formal methods approach based on the well‐established Casper/FDR compilers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
We are family—parents, siblings, and eating disorders in a prospective total‐population study of 250,000 Swedish males and females
Authors: Ahrén Jennie C. , Chiesa Flaminia , Koupil Ilona , Magnusson Cecilia , Dalman Christina , Goodman Anna
Published: June 2013

Objective

We examined how parental characteristics and other aspects of family background were associated with the development of eating disorders (ED) in males and females.

Method

We used register data and record linkage to create the prospective, total‐population study the Stockholm Youth Cohort. This cohort comprises all children and adolescents who were ever residents in Stockholm County between 2001 and 2007, plus their parents and siblings. Individuals born between 1984 and 1995 (N = 249, 884) were followed up for ED from age 12 to end of 2007. We used Cox regression modeling to investigate how ED incidence was associated with family socioeconomic position, parental age, and family composition.

Results

In total, 3,251 cases of ED (2,971 females; 280 males) were recorded. Higher parental education independently predicted a higher rate of ED in females [e.g., adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.69 (95% CI: 1.42, 2.02) for degree‐level vs. elementary‐level maternal education], but not in males [HR 0.73 (95% CI: 0.42, 1.28), p < 0.001 for gender interaction]. In females, an increasing number of full‐siblings was associated with lower rate of ED [e.g., fully adjusted HR 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.97) per sibling], whereas an increasing number of half‐siblings was associated with a higher rate [HR 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.09) per sibling].

Discussion

The effect of parental education on ED rate varies between males and females, whereas the effect of number of siblings varies according to whether they are full or half‐siblings. A deeper understanding of these associations and their underlying mechanisms may provide etiological insights and inform the design of preventive interventions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:693–700)
The evolution of costly acquired immune memory
Authors: Best Alex , Hoyle Andy
Published: June 2013

A key feature of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is acquired immune memory, whereby hosts launch a faster and heightened response when challenged by previously encountered pathogens, preventing full infection. Here, we use a mathematical model to explore the role of ecological and epidemiological processes in shaping selection for costly acquired immune memory. Applying the framework of adaptive dynamics to the classic SIR (Susceptible‐Infected‐Recovered) epidemiological model, we focus on the conditions that may lead hosts to evolve high levels of immunity. Linking our work to previous theory, we show how investment in immune memory may be greatest at long or intermediate host lifespans depending on whether immunity is long lasting. High initial costs to gain immunity are also found to be essential for a highly effective immune memory. We also find that high disease infectivity and sterility, but intermediate virulence and immune period, increase selection for immunity. Diversity in host populations through evolutionary branching is found to be possible but only for a limited range of parameter space. Our model suggests that specific ecological and epidemiological conditions have to be met for acquired immune memory to evolve.
Dioxidomolybdenum(VI) Complexes Containing Ligands with the Bipyrrolidine Backbone as Efficient Catalysts for Olefin Epoxidation
Authors: Mayilmurugan Ramasamy , Traar Pedro , Schachner Jörg A. , Volpe Manuel , Mösch‐Zanetti Nadia C.
Published: June 2013

Air‐stable chiral dioxidomolybdenum(VI) complexes of the type [MoO2(L)] (L = L12–; 1, L = L22–, 2) were prepared by the reaction of [MoO2Cl2] with the bis(phenol) ligands 1,4‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐benzyl)‐(S,S)‐2,2′‐bipyrrolidine [(S,S)‐H2L1] and 1,4‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐3,5‐di‐tert‐butylbenzyl)‐(S,S)‐2,2′‐bipyrrolidine [(S,S)‐H2L2). They were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, which revealed a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around the molybdenum(VI) center with a cis‐α configuration. The Mo–Ooxo bond lengths are almost equal and vary only between 1.701 and 1.7091 Å. Complexes 1 and 2 were found to be efficient and selective catalysts for various olefin epoxidation reactions. Catalyst loadings of 0.5 mol‐%, the use of 2 equiv. of oxidant (tert‐butyl hydroperoxide), as well as unchanged catalyst performance over three consecutive catalytic runs demonstrate the excellent stability of the catalysts. Various challenging substrates including 1‐octene or limonene were converted selectively to their corresponding epoxides. However, no asymmetric induction was observed.
Comparative study of two methods (hexane extraction and NMR) for the determination of oil content in an individual olive fruit
Authors: Deblangey Adeline , Roger Jean‐Michel , Palagos Bernard , Grenier Gilbert , Bendoula Ryad
Published: June 2013

The performance of NMR spectroscopy and hexane:isopropanol extraction (HIE) for the determination of oil content in individual olive fruit has been investigated. Both analytical methods, which are based on conventional protocols, have been adapted for samples consisting of unground pulp shreds obtained from a single olive fruit. NMR offers better precision than HIE. The latter generates more result errors during two critical steps of the protocol: weighing and lipid phase recovery. Significant differences were observed between both methods when applied on the same samples. A bias and a slope factor were highlighted and these resulted from extraction efficiency issues related to the specific structure of the sample. HIE gives results that are closer to the reference method (i.e. Soxhlet extraction) than NMR. Thus, (i) the determination of oil content in a single olive is feasible; (ii) given that NMR is faster, requires less sample handling and is less sensitive to the structure of samples, it was considered as the most suitable of the two techniques for routine measurements of oil content in individual olive fruit.

Practical applications: This work is part of a research on a subject concerning olive growing. Its aim is the development of a new non‐destructive near IR (NIR) device in order to measure olive oil content directly on the tree and on individual fruits. Therefore, the results of this work suggest a reliable method to determine the oil content in a single olive to calibrate new NIR devices. The non‐destructive and rapid determination of oil content in a single olive offers several opportunities: the identification of variability within a single tree and the classification of fruits in accordance with their individual qualities.
Mass spectrometry to evaluate the effect of the ripening process on phenols of virgin olive oils
Authors: Sánchez de Medina Verónica , Riachy Milad El , Priego‐Capote Feliciano , Luque de Castro María Dolores
Published: June 2013

A global approach has been developed to study the influence of ripening of olive fruits on the phenolic fraction present in virgin olive oil from different genotypes of olives. For this purpose, a non‐targeted method based on the analysis of phenolic extracts by MS in high resolution mode was applied. The phenolic profiles obtained by liquid chromatography ‐ quadrupole‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight (LC‐QqTOF) were compared by statistical multivariate analysis tools such as principal component analysis and heat correlation maps. In overall terms, discrimination was only observed for specific crop dates and ripening index values, which should be ascribed to a strong influence of the genotype. The ripening process of each genotype was also studied to demonstrate the variation of phenolic profile in relation to the ripening index. This study was also extended to a panel of representative phenols appreciated by their health and nutritional properties. The application of omics technologies to plant breeding programs could be considered as one of the main pillars on which improvement of products quality can be supported.

Practical applications: Olive oil phenols are of a great interest since they contribute to autoxidation stability, health properties, and organoleptic characteristics of virgin olive oil. These phenols are considered a key to assess virgin olive oil quality. This study is focused on the effect of the ripening process on the phenolic fraction from a metabolomics point of view. This advanced omics technology (foodomics) applied to plant breeding programs can be one of the pillars to improve products quality.
Foldamers
Authors: Tomasini Claudia , Huc Ivan , Aitken David J. , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: June 2013

Our Guest Editors introduce this special issue on Foldamers. “This collection of publications gives a flavour of how the foldamers research area is continuously growing and expanding and we trust that it will be informative and stimulating for the organic chemistry community.”
Failure cue priming and impaired cognitive performance—analyses of avoidance motivation as a mediator and fear of failure as a moderator
Authors: Schüler Julia , Brandstätter Veronika , Baumann Nicola
Published: June 2013

The present research investigates whether and how learned symbols for failure reduce task performance. We tested the effect of number priming in two countries with different learning histories for numbers. Priming numbers associated with failure (6 in Germany and 1 in Switzerland) were hypothesized to reduce performance. As expected, in Switzerland, priming with the failure number 1 reduced performance (Study 1), whereas in Germany, priming with the failure number 6 impaired performance in analogy tasks (Study 2). Study 2 additionally analyzed the mechanism and showed that the relationship between failure number priming and performance was mediated by evoked avoidance motivation and that dispositional fear of failure moderated this mediation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced disgust affects implicit and explicit responses toward gay men and lesbians
Authors: Cunningham Emily , Forestell Catherine A. , Dickter Cheryl L.
Published: June 2013

In the current study, disgust was induced using a carefully controlled odor manipulation to observe its effect on participants' implicit and explicit responses to homosexuals. Participants were presented with a vial containing an odor that was described as “body odor” (n = 47) that induced a high level of disgust, or “parmesan cheese” (n = 43) that induced a moderate level of disgust, or an odor‐free vial (n = 53). Subsequently, participants viewed images of homosexual and heterosexual couples, and their viewing times and ratings of the images' pleasantness were recorded. Additionally, they completed a “feelings thermometer” task, the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men scale that assessed feelings toward homosexuals, and the Three‐Domain Disgust Scale to measure sensitivity along three dimensions of disgust (pathogen, moral, and sexual). Results indicated that those in the body odor condition viewed images of gay (but not lesbian) couples for less time relative to images of heterosexual couples compared with participants in the other two conditions. With respect to explicit ratings, participants in the body odor condition reported colder feelings for gay relative to heterosexual men on the feelings thermometer compared with those in the no‐odor control condition. For pleasantness ratings, the odor manipulation served as a moderator, such that for those in the body odor condition only, higher sensitivity to sexual disgust predicted lower ratings for images of lesbian couples relative to straight couples. Thus, although induction of disgust biases implicit and explicit responses to gay couples, the degree to which this occurs for explicit ratings of lesbian couples depends on levels of sexual disgust. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unwilling, but not unaffected—Imagined contact effects for authoritarians and social dominators
Authors: Asbrock Frank , Gutenbrunner Lisa , Wagner Ulrich
Published: June 2013

According to a dual process model perspective, intergroup contact should be particularly effective for people high in right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), but not for those high in social dominance orientation (SDO), because of different underlying motivational goals. In the present studies, we tested the hypothesis that imagined contact, that is, the mental representation of a positive intergroup encounter, improves intergroup relations for high RWAs. In two experimental studies, we showed that high RWAs, compared with low RWAs, show less negative emotions toward Turks (Study 1; N = 120) and more willingness to engage in future contact with Romani people (Study 2; N = 85) after imagined contact. As expected, people high in SDO did not benefit from imagined contact. Instead, people low in SDO showed less negative emotions after imagined contact in Study 1, but this effect was not replicated in the second study. Theoretical implications and the role of imagined contact as a possible intervention for highly biased individuals will be discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balancing the fat: lipid droplets and human disease
Authors: Krahmer Natalie , Farese Robert V. , Walther Tobias C.
Published: June 2013

Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic, cytosolic lipid‐storage organelles found in nearly all cell types. Too many or too few LDs during excess or deficient fat storage lead to many different human diseases. Recent insights into LD biology and LD protein functions shed new light on mechanisms underlying those metabolic pathologies. These findings will likely provide opportunities for treatment of diseases associated with too much or too little fat.
CaMn0.875Ti0.125O3−δ as an Oxygen Carrier for Chemical‐Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU)—Solid‐Fuel Testing and Sulfur Interaction
Authors: Sundqvist Sebastian , Leion Henrik , Rydén Magnus , Lyngfelt Anders , Mattisson Tobias
Published: June 2013

Particles of the perovskite material CaMn0.875Ti0.125O3−δ have been examined as an oxygen‐carrier material for chemical‐looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU). The aim of the work has been to determine the effect of the fuel‐to‐bed mass ratio for oxidizing solid fuels, and to determine the influence of SO2 on the reactivity with fuel. Two solid fuels have been used: a Mexican petroleum coke and a Colombian coal. The oxygen‐carrier material used in this study was CaMn0.875Ti0.125O3−δ and was developed and manufactured by the Norwegian research institute SINTEF. The experiments were conducted in a discontinuous quartz glass batch fluidized‐bed reactor with an inner diameter of 10 mm. The particle bed rests on a porous plate, and thermocouples 5 mm under and 10 mm above the plate were used for measuring the temperature. In the oxidation phase a flow of 1000 mL min−1 with 5 % oxygen in nitrogen was used. During the solid fuel experiments the bed was fluidized with 600 mL min−1 nitrogen and 0.1 g of solid fuel added to the reactor from the top. In the experiments with gaseous fuels the bed was fluidized with 900 mL min−1 total flow, consisting of 450 mL min−1 CH4 and 450 mL min−1 with 0.25–0.5 % SO2 in nitrogen. It was found that the Colombian coal was oxidized considerably faster than the petroleum coke, and this is unexpected because the kinetics for O2 release from the oxygen carrier were expected to determine conversion rate rather than the reactivity of the fuels. The overall rate of conversion increased for experiments with larger bed mass as an expected result. The SO2 had a negative effect on the reactivity of the oxygen carrier, likely because of formation of CaSO4.
Establishing Interpretive Consistency When Mixing Approaches: Role of Sampling Designs in Evaluations
Authors: Collins Kathleen M. T. , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J.
Published: June 2013

The goal of this chapter is to recommend quality criteria to guide evaluators' selections of sampling designs when mixing approaches. First, we contextualize our discussion of quality criteria and sampling designs by discussing the concept of interpretive consistency and how it impacts sampling decisions. Embedded in this discussion are challenges impacting interpretive consistency. Strategies and an integrative sampling framework comprising published frameworks are presented to facilitate evaluators' decisions about selecting sampling designs in accordance to specific criteria. We conclude by presenting an illustrative application of mixed sampling design criteria to a published mixed evaluation study as a heuristic example of a way of embedding sampling criteria in a mixed evaluation. ©Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Petrological constraints on melt generation beneath the Asal Rift (Djibouti) using quaternary basalts
Authors: Pinzuti Paul , Humler Eric , Manighetti Isabelle , Gaudemer Yves
Published: June 2013

The temporal evolution of the mantle melting processes in the Asal Rift is evaluated from the chemical composition of 56 new lava flows sampled along 10 km of the rift axis and 9 km off‐axis (i.e., erupted within the last 620 kyr). Petrological and primary geochemical results show that most of the samples of the inner floor of the Asal Rift are affected by plagioclase accumulation. Trace element ratios and major element compositions corrected for mineral accumulation and crystallization show a symmetric pattern relative to the rift axis and preserved a clear signal of mantle melting depth variations. While FeO, Fe8.0, Zr/Y, and (Dy/Yb)N decrease from the rift shoulders to the rift axis, SiO2, Na/Ti, Lu/Hf increase and Na2O and Na8.0 are constant across the rift. These variations are qualitatively consistent with shallow melting beneath the rift axis and deeper melting for off‐axis lava flows. Na8.0 and Fe8.0 contents show that beneath the rift axis, melting paths are shallow, from 81 ± 4 to 43 ± 5 km. These melting paths are consistent with adiabatic melting in normal‐temperature fertile asthenosphere, beneath an extensively thinned mantle lithosphere. On the contrary, melting on the rift shoulders (from 107 ± 7 to 67 ± 8 km) occurred beneath thicker lithosphere, requiring a mantle solidus temperature 100 ± 40°C hotter. In this geodynamic environment, the calculated rate of lithospheric thinning appears to be 4.0 ± 2.0 cm yr−1, a value close to the mean spreading rate (2.9 ± 0.2 cm yr−1) over the last 620 kyr.
Quantifying and understanding the uncertainty of atmospheric CO2concentrations determined from calcic paleosols
Authors: Breecker D. O.
Published: June 2013

A computer program (PBUQ) that uses Monte Carlo simulations to propagate uncertainty through regression equations and the equation for the paleosol carbonate CO2paleobarometer is presented. PBUQ includes options for all of the common approaches to determining values for input variables and incorporates several recent advancements relevant to determining values for soil‐respired CO2concentrations, δ13C values of respired CO2, δ13C values of atmospheric CO2, and temperatures of soil carbonate formation. PBUQ is intended to improve confidence in paleoatmospheric CO2research by helping researchers draw statistically significant conclusions. PBUQ can also be used to attribute and partition error among various sources and thereby advance this technique. Sensitivity analysis indicates thatS(z)is the largest source of uncertainty for most paleosols and that uncertainty is minimized for soils in which CO2is an evenly balanced mixture between soil‐derived and atmospheric components. Evenly balanced mixtures are most likely for paleosols formed in deserts and for weakly developed paleosols. Development of proxies for soil‐respired CO2concentrations and δ13C values of soil‐respired CO2specifically for such soils is perhaps the most crucial next step for improving this technique. Currently, calcic paleosols are best used to test the significance of trends and/or differences among time slices in paleoatmospheric CO2concentration. Application to quantifying Earth System Sensitivity will require large scale averaging of determinations from individual paleosols and/or reduced uncertainty associated with input variables.
Daily reservoir‐scale subsurface monitoring using ambient seismic noise
Authors: de Ridder S. A. L. , Biondi B. L.
Published: June 2013

Seismic interferometry is applied to continuous seismic recordings spanning 5 days and over 2200 stations at the Valhall Life‐of‐Field Seismic array in the Norwegian North Sea. We retrieve both fundamental‐mode and first‐overtone Scholte waves by cross correlation. Ambient seismic noise tomography using the vertical component of this dense array produces group velocity maps of fundamental‐mode Scholte waves with high repeatability from only 24 h of recording. This repeatability makes daily reservoir‐scale near‐surface continuous monitoring of the subsurface feasible. Such monitoring may detect production‐related changes over a long time scale (months to years) and may be useful for early detection of short time scale hazards (days to weeks) such as migrating gases and fluids. We validate our velocity maps by comparing them with maps obtained independently from controlled‐source data.
Distinct manifestations of austral summer tropical intraseasonal oscillations
Authors: Hirata Fernando E. , Webster Peter J. , Toma Violeta E.
Published: June 2013

Event‐to‐event intraseasonal convection is found to be significantly different from a canonical Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO). Nearly half of all austral summer events do not show the same initiation or propagation characteristics of canonical MJOs, although they meet some MJO criteria during their life cycles. Variations of intraseasonal convection fall within three distinct forms: the canonical MJO, an eastward decaying mode, and an eastward intensifying mode. This distinction offers important insights into the overall dynamics and predictability of tropical intraseasonal variability. Sea surface temperature anomalies generated during convective breaks are fundamental for canonical propagation and result from radiative forcing whose modulation is a consequence of large‐scale wave dynamics. Eastward propagation seems to rely more on the state of the tropical atmosphere‐ocean system before convective triggering than on the trigger itself. Eastward decaying events exhibit weaker wave‐related anomalies. Alternatively, mechanisms driving intensification over Indonesia are very different from the first two categories.
High‐speed rupture in the first 20 s of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Japan
Authors: Uchide Takahiko
Published: June 2013

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake produced tens of meters of fault slip near the Japan Trench, which generated devastating tsunami. The rupture process before the huge slip is still unclear due to a lack of resolution. Here I perform a multiscale slip inversion analysis to examine the first 10 and 20 s of the rupture process and the whole rupture process at different scales. The result shows that 4 s after the initiation, this earthquake started with a relatively high‐speed rupture that had a peak slip rate faster than 1 m/s and a rupture velocity comparable to 3 km/s. Fourteen seconds after the initiation, the rupture propagation direction changed from northward to westward, near the edge of the M 7.3 foreshock coseismic slip area. The stress release by the foreshock may contribute to the complex small‐scale rupture propagation, which may appear to be slow rupture propagation when only looking at long‐period data.
UNDERSTAND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS: A TEXT SUMMARIZATION APPROACH
Authors: Liu Shuhua , Favre Benoit
Published: June 2013

Economic crises are significant threats to macroeconomic stability. They can incur large costs and bring devastating effects on economies, with the effects often spilling over into other economies. Since 2007 we have witnessed the most severe and widely spread economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the meantime, a huge amount of ongoing media coverage, reporting, analysis and debate concerning the global economic crisis has been generated. In this study we explore the possibilities of applying text summarization tools to learn from text documents the various discussions surrounding the global economic crisis. Included in our analysis are blog posts and articles of highly influential economists, as well as official speeches and publications of government organizations. The ICSI‐ILP extractive summarizer is applied in a large number of experiments, and the summary outputs are manually examined and evaluated. The results provide us with insights into the potential and limitations of state‐of‐the‐art summarization systems when used to help us quickly learn and digest large amounts of textual information. The results also suggest different ways to break the limitations of text summarization technology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral G protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels are involved in δ‐opioid receptor‐mediated anti‐hyperalgesia in rat masseter muscle
Authors: Chung M‐K. , Cho Y.S. , Bae Y.C. , Lee J. , Zhang X. , Ro J.Y.
Published: June 2013

Background

Although the efficacy of peripherally administered opioid has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies, the underlying mechanisms of its anti‐hyperalgesic effects are poorly understood. G protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are linked to opioid receptors in the brain. However, the role of peripheral GIRK channels in analgesia induced by peripherally administered opioid, especially in trigeminal system, is not clear.

Methods

Expression of GIRK subunits in rat trigeminal ganglia (TG) was examined with reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Chemical profiles of GIRK‐expressing neurons in TG were further characterized. Behavioural and Fos experiments were performed to examine the functional involvement of GIRK channels in δ‐opioid receptor (DOR)‐mediated anti‐hyperalgesia under an acute myositis condition.

Results

TG expressed mRNA and proteins for GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits. Majority of GIRK1‐ and GIRK2‐expressing neurons were non‐peptidergic afferents. Inhibition of peripheral GIRK using Tertiapin‐Q (TPQ) attenuated antinociceptive effects of peripherally administered DOR agonist, [D‐Pen2, D‐Pen6]‐enkephalin (DPDPE), on mechanical hypersensitivity in masseter muscle. Furthermore, TPQ attenuated the suppressive effects of peripheral DPDPE on neuronal activation in the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nucleus (Vc) following masseteric injection of capsaicin.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that peripheral DOR agonist‐induced suppression of mechanical hypersensitivity in the masseter muscle involves the activity of peripheral GIRK channels. These results could provide a rationale for developing a novel therapeutic approach using peripheral GIRK channel openers to mimic or supplement the effects of peripheral opioid agonist.
Radiation pressure on a biconcave human Red Blood Cell and the resulting deformation in a pair of parallel optical traps
Authors: Liao Guan‐Bo , Chen Yin‐Quan , Bareil Paul B. , Sheng Yunlong , Chiou Arthur , Chang Ming‐Shien
Published: June 2013

We calculated the three‐dimensional optical stress distribution and the resulting deformation on a biconcave human red blood cell (RBC) in a pair of parallel optical trap. We assumed a Gaussian intensity distribution with a spherical wavefront for each trapping beam and calculated the optical stress from the momentum transfer associated with the reflection and refraction of the incident photons at each interface. The RBC was modelled as a biconcave thin elastic membrane with uniform elasticity and a uniform thickness of 0.25 μm. The resulting cell deformation was determined from the optical stress distribution by finite element software, Comsol Structure Mechanics Module, with Young's modulus (E) as a fitting parameter in order to fit the theoretical results for cell elongation to our experimental data. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasmonic laser treatment for Morpholino oligomer delivery in antisense applications
Authors: Kalies Stefan , Heinemann Dag , Schomaker Markus , Escobar Hugo Murua , Heisterkamp Alexander , Ripken Tammo , Meyer Heiko
Published: June 2013

Several cell transfection techniques have been developed in the last decades for specific applications and for various types of molecules. In this context, laser based approaches are of great interest due to their minimal invasiveness and spatial selectivity. In particular, laser induced plasmon based delivery of exogenous molecules into cells can have great impact on future applications. This approach allows high‐throughput laser transfection by excitation of plasmon resonances at gold nanoparticles non‐specifically attached to the cell membrane. In this study, we demonstrate specific gene‐knockdown by transfection of Morpholino oligos using this technique with optimized particle size. Furthermore, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of plasmonic laser treatment by various assays, including LDH activity and ROS formation. In summary, this study gives important insights into this new approach and clearly demonstrates its relevance for possible biological applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of different modifications of a calcium phosphate cement on resorption and new bone formation: An in vivo study in the minipig
Authors: Tödtmann Ninette , Lode Anja , Mann Romy , Mai Ronald , Lauer Günter , Wieczorek Kathrin , Eckelt Uwe
Published: June 2013

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are established in surgery as temporary bone replacement materials. The most common and important class of CPC, transformed into nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite after setting, is characterized by good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, acceleration of remodelling is in the focus of ongoing research. In the present study, the bone healing efficacy of Biocement D (BioD) modified with mineralized collagen alone (BioD/coll) or in combination with osteocalcin (BioD/coll/OC), O‐phospho‐L‐serine (BioD/coll/PS), sodium citrate (BioD/coll/cit), and polylactide (BioD/coll/PL), respectively, was evaluated in a large animal model. Resorption of the bone substitutes and new bone formation were studied in cyst‐like jaw defects of minipigs after filling with the unmodified BioD and the modified BioD variants, respectively. Histomorphometric analysis revealed small differences between the different cement types with respect to resorption. However, new bone formation was improved in case of defects repaired with BioD/coll/OC and BioD/coll/PS and slightly improved in case of BioD/coll and BioD/coll/PL. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1410–1418, 2013.
Analyses of RANK and RANKL in the Post-GWAS Context: Functional Evidence of Vitamin D Stimulation Through a RANKL Distal Region
Authors: Yoskovitz Guy , Garcia-Giralt Natalia , Rodriguez-Sanz Maria , Urreizti Roser , Guerri Robert , Ariño-Ballester Sergi , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Mellibovsky Leonardo , Grinberg Daniel , Nogues Xavier , Balcells Susana , Diez-Perez Adolfo
Published: June 2013

Over the past decade, many genome-wide association studies (GWAs) and meta-analyses have identified genes and regions involved in osteoporotic phenotypes. Nevertheless, the large majority of these results were not tested at any functional level. GWA-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near candidate genes such as RANK and RANKL suggest that these SNPs and/or other variants nearby may be involved in bone phenotype determination. This study focuses on SNPs along these two genes, which encode proteins with a well-established role in the bone remodeling equilibrium. Thirty-three SNPs, chosen for their location in evolutionary conserved regions or replicated from previous studies, were genotyped in the BARCOS cohort of 1061 postmenopausal women and tested for association with osteoporotic phenotypes. SNP rs9594738, which lies 184 kb upstream of the RANKL gene, was the only SNP found to be associated with a bone phenotype (dominant model: beta coefficient = –0.034, p = 1.5 × 10−4, for lumbar spine bone mineral density). Functional experiments exploring a distal region (DR) of 831 bp that harbors this SNP in a centered position (nt 470) demonstrated its capacity to inhibit the RANKL promoter in reporter gene assays. Remarkably, this DR inhibition was significantly reduced in the presence of vitamin D. In conclusion, the GWA-associated SNP rs9594738 lies in a region involved in transcription regulation through which vitamin D could be regulating RANKL expression and bone mineral density. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Altered Spinal MicroRNA-146a and the MicroRNA-183 Cluster Contribute to Osteoarthritic Pain in Knee Joints
Authors: Li Xin , Kroin Jeffrey S , Kc Ranjan , Gibson Gary , Chen Di , Corbett Grant T , Pahan Kalipada , Fayyaz Sana , Kim Jae-Sung , van Wijnen Andre J , Suh Joon , Kim Su-Gwan , Im Hee-Jeong
Published: June 2013

The objective of this study was to examine whether altered expression of microRNAs in central nervous system components is pathologically linked to chronic knee joint pain in osteoarthritis. A surgical animal model for knee joint OA was generated by medial meniscus transection in rats followed by behavioral pain tests. Relationships between pathological changes in knee joint and development of chronic joint pain were examined by histology and imaging analyses. Alterations in microRNAs associated with OA-evoked pain sensation were determined in bilateral lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the spinal dorsal horn by microRNA array followed by individual microRNA analyses. Gain- and loss-of-function studies of selected microRNAs (miR-146a and miR-183 cluster) were conducted to identify target pain mediators regulated by these selective microRNAs in glial cells. The ipsilateral hind leg displayed significantly increased hyperalgesia after 4 weeks of surgery, and sensitivity was sustained for the remainder of the 8-week experimental period (F = 341, p < 0.001). The development of OA-induced chronic pain was correlated with pathological changes in the knee joints as assessed by histological and imaging analyses. MicroRNA analyses showed that miR-146a and the miR-183 cluster were markedly reduced in the sensory neurons in DRG (L4/L5) and spinal cord from animals experiencing knee joint OA pain. The downregulation of miR-146a and/or the miR-183 cluster in the central compartments (DRG and spinal cord) are closely associated with the upregulation of inflammatory pain mediators. The corroboration between decreases in these signature microRNAs and their specific target pain mediators were further confirmed by gain- and loss-of-function analyses in glia, the major cellular component of the central nervous system (CNS). MicroRNA therapy using miR-146a and the miR-183 cluster could be powerful therapeutic intervention for OA in alleviating joint pain and concomitantly regenerating peripheral knee joint cartilage. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.