bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Africa-EU Relations and Regional Integration in Africa: Reassessing EU’s Influence on Africas’s Integration Project(s)
Authors: Omolo Christopher Otieno
Published: July 2019

L’UE considère la promotion de l’intégration régionale comme un pilier central de ses relations avec le reste du monde et comme un élément important de son identité en tant que nouvel acteur mondial. Son objectif est de faire du système international une « communauté» fondée sur la réussite de son propre modèle. C’est dans cette optique qu’elle a fortement contribué au développement de l’intégration régionale dans plusieurs régions du monde. L’investissement de l’UE en faveur des initiatives d’intégration africaine a été particulièrement important. Elle a appuyé le « projet » d’intégration régionale de l’Afrique en dégageant des ressources financières et techniques importantes, en particulier pour les capacités administratives et de sécurité de l’Union africaine (UA) et de ses Communautés économiques régionales (CER). Toutefois, les analystes ont constaté que les rapports Afrique-UE ont souvent été caractérisés par une asymétrie de pouvoir et de ressources. Cela a favorisé et renforcé les liens déjà existants entre les anciens colonisateurs (Belgique, France, Pays-Bas et Royaume-Uni) et leurs anciennes colonies en Afrique, de sorte que les relations ne sont devenues que « un instrument hégémonique et ont renforcé le poids du vieux continent » dans le paysage africain. Par conséquent, ces relations entre l’UE et l’Afrique auraient des effets désintégrateurs sur l’Afrique, sapant les initiatives d’intégration en cours sur ce continent. Cet article montre l’héritage du colonialisme et le corollaire des forts clivages qui en résultent entre les anciennes puissances coloniales, en particulier la France, et leurs anciennes colonies ; l’incongruité des intérêts européens avec l’objectif de promouvoir l’intégration régionale et les objectifs des acteurs locaux ; la poursuite rigide d’un modèle formaliste et fonctionnel d’intégration incompatible avec l’économie politique africaine et son manque de cohérence dans la mise en œuvre des moyens politiques qu’elle a définis, tout cela s’étant traduit par des tentatives visant à compromettre les efforts de construction régionale en Afrique. Le présent document observe ainsi que si l’intégration régionale est une « condition sine qua non» du développement socio-économique de l’Afrique, sa place dans le cadre des relations UE-Afrique doit être réévaluée, d’autant que l’UE négocie un nouvel accord de partenariat avec les pays d’Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP) en prévision de l’expiration de l’accord de Cotonou en 2020.
Dérèglements géopolitiques et dérive des continents
Authors: Rousseau Jean-Marie
Published: July 2019

Entre « divagations » wegenériennes 1 et tribulations d’un Chinois hors de Chine 2 , ce tour d’horizon met en évidence une configuration géopolitique nouvelle, où la Chine interfère au centre d’une coopération Europe-Afrique traditionnelle. L’initiative de la Ceinture et la Route (BRI) participe d’un subtil programme d’intelligence stratégique qui repose sur un maillage de routes, infrastructures et voies énergétiques, capable d’innerver un empire commercial s’étendant sur tous les continents, dont l’Afrique et l’Europe doivent s’apprêter à faire les frais.
Carnet de santé de l’enfant : les illustrations des conseils aux parents sont-elles compréhensibles ?
Authors: Dumez Jessica , Trombert-Paviot Béatrice , Bois Christophe
Published: July 2019

Introduction : Les illustrations du carnet de santé véhiculent des messages de prévention ; elles peuvent ne pas être comprises ou seulement partiellement. L’objectif principal de notre étude est de décrire la compréhensibilité des illustrations de la rubrique – conseils aux parents de jeunes enfants – du carnet de santé et d’en chercher les déterminants. Méthodes : Une enquête transversale a été réalisée auprès d’un échantillon de 80 parents d’enfants de moins de six ans résidant dans deux départements français. Chaque parent était interrogé selon un questionnaire semi-dirigé sur leurs données sociodémographiques puis sur chacune des 11 illustrations du carnet de santé. Le critère de jugement principal était le nombre d’items corrects par rapport au nombre de messages attendus par illustration. L’analyse descriptive de l’échantillon a été suivie d’une analyse multivariée par régression logistique. Résultats : Les illustrations « bébé pleure », « syndrome du bébé secoué », « sécurité du nourrisson dans la voiture », « dépistage des troubles visuels » et « dépistage des troubles auditifs » ne sont pas comprises par plus de 60 % des parents. Être le père ou ne pas savoir lire le français augmentent significativement le risque de ne pas trouver six des items de prévention attendus. Conclusion : Les illustrations du carnet de santé de l’enfant français, qui véhiculent pourtant des messages de prévention essentiels, ne sont pas accessibles à tous les parents. Médecins généralistes et pédiatres ont l’opportunité d’aider au décryptage des illustrations et sont des acteurs importants de l’éducation à la santé.
Rôle des médecins dans l’éducation pour la santé à l’école. Analyse d’une expérience pluriprofessionnelle originale
Authors: Le Glatin Clément , Guerin Xavier , Berry Patrick , Bouton Céline , Lamour Patrick
Published: July 2019

Objectif : L’Espace Santé Jeune (ESJ) est un projet d’éducation pour la santé mené́ depuis 2008 dans un collège français. Les collégiens sont invités à participer à des espaces de parole sur la santé, animés par un médecin généraliste (MG) accompagné d’un animateur jeunesse de la commune ou d’un enseignant. Cette étude cherche à comprendre le rôle des médecins et à identifier les leviers du projet à partir du vécu des acteurs. Méthode : Une étude de méthode mixte a été menée de janvier à juin 2015 par entretiens collectifs, individuels et questionnaire. Les résultats de l’analyse inductive par théorisation ancrée ont été confrontés aux résultats quantitatifs. Résultats : 30 participants ont été inclus dans l’enquête qualitative (20 élèves, 5 enseignants, 4 MG, 1 animateur jeunesse) et 107 élèves ont répondu au questionnaire (taux de réponse 71 %). L’ESJ est un espace centré sur la parole des jeunes, vécu comme un moment de liberté et apprécié par 70 % des participants. Le rôle des MG pendant les séances oscille entre « animation des débats » et « expertise », et la complémentarité des compétences avec les professionnels éducatifs facilite leur intervention. Au-delà des séances, la présence des MG est perçue comme indispensable car leur statut amène une légitimité globale au projet. L’intervention repose sur l’engagement des professionnels, la pluri-professionnalité, la coordination et le partage d’une culture commune de la prévention. Conclusion : L’ESJ est une expérience originale encourageant l’investissement de MG dans des actions locales de santé publique.
Relation entre l’indice de masse corporelle et la carie dentaire
Authors: Ravelomantsoa Justin Jacques , Razanamihaja Noeline , Rajabo  , Randrianarivony Jeannot
Published: July 2019

Position du problème : Obésité et carie dentaire sont toutes deux des maladies multifactorielles. Leurs prévalences sont en hausse chez les jeunes. Les résultats des études de l’association entre obésité et carie dentaire sont contradictoires. Les facteurs pouvant expliquer ces contradictions ne sont pas encore clairement élucidés. Les objectifs de cette revue étaient d’examiner et résumer les formes d’association trouvées entre obésité et carie dentaire chez les jeunes âgés de 8 à 18 ans et d’identifier les facteurs contribuant à la clarification de la relation. Méthode : Une recherche bibliographique a été menée sur les bases de données Scholar Google, Medline, Embase, PubMed. La revue incluait les études transversales publiées entre 2010 et 2015. Résultats : Les expériences de carie dentaire sont associées aussi bien à l’obésité qu’à la maigreur mesurée par l’IMC. Outre les facteurs socio-économiques, environnementaux, comportementaux, de style de vie, la revue a identifié que le choix d’instruments utilisés pour diagnostiquer la carie dentaire et l’obésité impactait sur les résultats. Conclusion : La présente revue a permis d’identifier l’impact des indicateurs autres que les standards IMC et CAOD dans l’identification et l’explication des controverses dans la relation entre obésité et expériences de carie dentaire. Les recherches futures devraient tester si leur utilisation pourrait modifier les conclusions sur l’existence d’une relation entre obésité et carie dentaire.
Relationship Between Functional Anatomy of the Hip and Surgical Approaches in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Ries Michael D.
Published: July 2019

Multiple surgical approaches have been used successfully for total hip arthroplasty. Minimally invasive surgery, defined by the length of the incision, has been associated with less blood loss and shorter length of stay compared with conventional total hip arthroplasty. Differences in early functional outcomes, as well as the risk of early and long-term complications, have been observed between different anatomic surgical approaches. However, no single surgical approach has been established that achieves both the shortest functional recovery and the lowest rate of complications after total hip arthroplasty. [
Orthopedics
. 2019; 42(4):e356–e363.]
Functional and Surgical Outcomes After Endoprosthetic Reconstruction With Expandable Prostheses in Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Savvidou Olga D. , Kaspiris Angelos , Dimopoulos Leonidas , Georgopoulos George , Goumenos Stavros D. , Papadakis Vasilios , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J.
Published: July 2019

Treatment of bone sarcomas in children is associated with wide tumor re-section and segmental reconstruction. The optimal surgical approach is still under debate in the literature. During the past decade, the application of expandable prostheses has gained remarkable attention because it improves patients' appearance and allows limb growth preventing leg length discrepancy. A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify studies focusing on the functional and surgical outcomes of the application of expandable endoprostheses. [
Orthopedics
. 2019; 42(4):184–190.]
Duane's Retraction Syndrome in a Cohort of South African Children: A 20-Year Clinic-Based Review
Authors: Steyn Annalien , Grötte Rhian , Tinley Christopher
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

To describe the clinical features of Duane's retraction syndrome in a cohort of South African children and to analyze the differences between ethnic groups.

Methods:

A retrospective case series of 120 patients seen between 1997 and 2017 at a tertiary referral center in Cape Town, South Africa.

Results:

Type 2 Duane's retraction syndrome was most common in black children (54%), whereas type 1 was predominant in mixed race (68%) and white (94%) children. In this cohort, 63% of black children with Duane's retraction syndrome were boys, whereas 69% of white children and 59% of mixed race children were girls. Left eye involvement was the most common in all ethnic groups (44%), followed by right eye (41%) and bilateral (14%) involvement. The average age at presentation was 34.2 months (range: 1 to 144 months). Strabismus in primary position was present in 57 patients (46%), of whom 39% had esotropia and 61% had exotropia. A deviation in the primary position was more common in black (71%) children than in mixed race (39%) or white (41%) children. Ametropia was found in 94 patients (79%), amblyopia was present in 15 patients (13%), and 41 patients (34%) underwent surgery.

Conclusions:

This is the first study to provide robust data on the profile of pediatric Duane's retraction syndrome in the three main ethnic groups in South Africa, and it showed clear ethnic differences. Among black children, boys are affected more often, the proportion with type 2 Duane's retraction syndrome is more frequent, and surgery is required more often. Among white and mixed race children, girls are affected more often and type 1 Duane's retraction syndrome is predominant.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56(4):248–253.]
Performance of a Quick Screening Version of the Nintendo 3DS PDI Check Game in Patients With Ocular Suppression
Authors: Smith Kyle A. , Arnold Andrew W. , Sprano Jacob H. , Arnold Stephanie L. , Arnold Robert W.
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate the ability of the PDI Check (PDI Check LLC, Anchorage, AK) near vision screening game to assess monocular acuity, stereopsis, suppression, and color.

Methods:

Children and adults consented to perform the PDI Check Quick Screening game following conventional near testing of patched Rosenbaum acuity, Titmus Fly stereo, Worth 4-dot, and Ishihara color. Time to complete each test and preferred method were recorded.

Results:

A total of 77 patients (5 to 63 years old) attempted all tests. There was a positive correlation between the PDI Check and conventional tests for all visual tasks. Using previously determined instrument referral criteria, sensitivity/specificity was determined for right acuity (67%/91%), left acuity (55%/94%), stereopsis (87%/95%), red-green color (80%/99%), and ocular suppression (58%/98%). Screening time was 202 ± 96 versus 99 ± 42 seconds for the PDI Check and the game was preferred by 87%.

Conclusions:

The PDI Check provided a valid assessment of near vision in less than half the time of conventional testing without patches or goggles. This Quick Screening version may help eye technicians and physicians with time efficiency in the frequent task of near visual assessment.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56(4):234–237.]
Comment penser la narrativité dans l’image fixe ?
Authors: Colas-Blaise Marion
Published: July 2019

Dans cet article, qui convoque, pour l’essentiel, les cadres théoriques de la sémiotique greimassienne et post-greimassienne, il s’agit de confirmer le caractère structurant du récit comme modèle d’intelligibilité, mais aussi de voir en quoi la prise en considération de l’image fixe – ici, de tableaux de P. Klee – nous oblige à en renouveler la pensée. La temporalisation de l’image fixe est alors considérée comme une condition nécessaire, mais non suffisante de la narrativisation. Plus particulièrement, nous souhaitons montrer concrètement, en mobilisant également la distinction guillaumienne entre différentes étapes de la chronogenèse, que les tableaux de P. Klee déplacent l’attention sur la gestation de l’œuvre, sa Gestaltung, qui mène à la Gestalt. Finalement, nous distinguons trois régimes de narrativisation, selon les modes de l’advenir, du survenir et, enfin, du parvenir.
Programmed Death-1 Restrains the Germinal Center in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Martinov Tijana , Swanson Linnea A. , Breed Elise R. , Tucker Christopher G. , Dwyer Alexander J. , Johnson Jenna K. , Mitchell Jason S. , Sahli Nathanael L. , Wilson Joseph C. , Singh Lovejot M. , Hogquist Kristin A. , Spanier Justin A. , Fife Brian T.
Published: July 2019

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibits T and B cell function upon ligand binding. PD-1 blockade revolutionized cancer treatment, and although numerous patients respond, some develop autoimmune-like symptoms or overt autoimmunity characterized by autoantibody production. PD-1 inhibition accelerates autoimmunity in mice, but its role in regulating germinal centers (GC) is controversial. To address the role of PD-1 in the GC reaction in type 1 diabetes, we used tetramers to phenotype insulin-specific CD4+ T and B cells in NOD mice. PD-1 or PD-L1 deficiency, and PD-1 but not PD-L2 blockade, unleashed insulin-specific T follicular helper CD4+ T cells and enhanced their survival. This was concomitant with an increase in GC B cells and augmented insulin autoantibody production. The effect of PD-1 blockade on the GC was reduced when mice were treated with a mAb targeting the insulin peptide:MHC class II complex. This work provides an explanation for autoimmune side effects following PD-1 pathway inhibition and suggests that targeting the self-peptide:MHC class II complex might limit autoimmunity arising from checkpoint blockade.
Perceptions of midwives on shortage and retention of staff at a public hospital in Tshwane District
Authors: Matlala Mosehle S. , Lumadi Thanyani G.
Published: July 2019

Background: Midwifery is the backbone of women and child healthcare. The shortage of staff in maternity units is a crisis faced by many countries worldwide, including South Africa.Objectives: This study aims to explore the perceptions of midwives on the shortage and retention of staff at a public institution.Method: The study was conducted at one of the tertiary hospitals in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province. A total of 11 midwives were interviewed through face-to-face and focus group interviews. An explorative, descriptive generic qualitative design method was followed, and a non-probability, purposive sampling technique was used. Thematic coding analysis was followed for analysing data.Results: The impact of shortage of midwives was reported to be directly related to poor provision of quality care as a result of increased workload, leading to low morale and burnout. The compromised autonomy of midwives in the high obstetrics dependency units devalues the status of midwives.Conclusion: Midwives are passionate about their job, despite the hurdles related to their day-to-day work environment. They are demoralised by chronic shortage of staff and feel overworked. Staff involvement in decision-making processes is a motivational factor for midwives to stay in the profession. The midwives need to be in the centre of the decision-making processes related to their profession. The revision of the scope of practice and classification of midwifery profession away from general nursing complex by the South African Nursing Council (SANC) could place midwifery in its rightful status.
Extrinsic Compression of Transplant Hepatic Artery by a Hemostatic Agent: “Surgiceloma”
Authors: Tariq Umar , Landis Dimitra , Kotru Anil , Bhanushali Ashok
Published: July 2019

A 38-year-old man who underwent liver transplantation was found to have absent vascular flow in the common hepatic artery (CHA) on Doppler ultrasound and angiogram 1 day after surgery. Surgical reexploration revealed a mass of expanded Surgicel compressing the CHA. Surgicel is an absorbable hemostatic agent used to control intraoperative bleeding. Blood flow was restored once the mass was removed, and the patient recovered uneventfully. Interventional radiologists need to recognize this finding of extrinsic vascular compression on hepatic angiogram to avoid unnecessary interventions. Furthermore, increased awareness of the clinical and imaging findings associated with compression of an artery by a “Surgiceloma” may increase the consideration of this phenomenon as a differential in the setting of postoperative impaired perfusion.
Development of Dose-Response Calibration Curve for Dicentric Chromosome Induced by X-Rays
Authors: Lusiyanti Yanti , Syaifudin Mukh , Budiantari Tuti , Purnami Sofiati , Ramadhani Dwi
Published: July 2019

Chromosome aberration is a biomarker that has been used as a standard tool in biological dosimetry (biodosimetry) of individuals after exposure to ionizing radiation. It is based mainly on the induction of dicentric chromosomes – one of the radiation-induced biological effects, in order to correlate them with radiation dose. In this study, a dose calibration curve for X-rays was generated by using the dicentric assay and by fitting the data to both Chromosomal Aberration Calculation Software and Dose Estimate programs to compare the output of each method. Peripheral blood samples from four nonsmoker healthy donors were irradiated with various doses ranging from 0 to 4 Gy with 250 kV or 122 keV X-rays at a dose rate of 0.17 Gy/min. The irradiated blood was cultured, harvested, and analyzed according to the standard procedure as described by the International Atomic Energy Agency with slight modifications. The dose-response calibration data for dicentrics were fitted with the linear-quadratic model (Ydic = 0.03987D2 + 0.00651D). The dose-response calibration curve obtained in this research was comparable to other estimations with similar radiation quality and dose rates. The results in this research convinced us in sustaining a biodosimetry using a dose-response calibration curve in our laboratory.
Actitudes y competencias docentes en profesores de español de los Institutos Federais (Brasil) en relación con las variedades de la lengua
Authors: Costa Venâncio da Silva Bruno Rafael , Andión Herrero Maria Antonieta
Published: July 2019

With the intention of studying the reality of the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language in Brazil and its different varieties, 25 teachers who work at the Institutos Federais from the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Roraima have answered a thorough questionnaire. Thanks to their answers we can, both generally speaking and as teachers, define their sociolinguistic profiles in relation to their training, prejudices, beliefs and attitudes towards variation and varieties within the Spanish language. After analyzing all the collected information, we have come to observed a complex landscape of training deficits, sensitivities, attitudes, teaching approaches and needs that make necessary a profound reflection and the consequent involvement of the academic authorities at issue, as well as the cooperation of other actors involved in the realm of Spanish-FL.
The sensitivity of oceanic precipitation to sea surface temperature
Authors: Burdanowitz Jörg , Buehler Stefan A. , Bakan Stephan , Klepp Christian
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Our study forms the oceanic counterpart to numerous observational studies over land concerning the sensitivity of extreme precipitation to a change in air temperature. We explore the sensitivity of oceanic precipitation to changing sea surface temperature (SST) by exploiting two novel datasets at high resolution.
First, we use the Ocean Rainfall And Ice-phase precipitation measurement Network (OceanRAIN) as an observational along-track shipboard dataset at 1 min resolution. Second, we exploit the most recent European Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5) at hourly resolution on a 31 km grid. Matched with each other, ERA5 vertical velocity allows the constraint of the OceanRAIN precipitation.
Despite the inhomogeneous sampling along ship tracks, OceanRAIN agrees with ERA5 on the average latitudinal distribution of precipitation with fairly good seasonal sampling.
However, the 99th percentile of OceanRAIN precipitation follows a super Clausius–Clapeyron scaling with a SST that exceeds 8.5 % K−1 while ERA5 precipitation scales with 4.5 % K−1.
The sensitivity decreases towards lower precipitation percentiles, while OceanRAIN keeps an almost constant offset to ERA5 due to higher spatial resolution and temporal sampling. Unlike over land, we find no evidence for a decreasing precipitation event duration with increasing SST.
ERA5 precipitation reaches a local minimum at about 26 ∘C that vanishes when constraining vertical velocity to strongly rising motion and excluding areas of weak correlation between precipitation and vertical velocity. This indicates that instead of moisture limitations as over land, circulation dynamics rather limit precipitation formation over the ocean.
For the strongest rising motion, precipitation scaling converges to a constant value at all precipitation percentiles.
Overall, high resolutions in observations and climate models are key to understanding and predicting the sensitivity of oceanic precipitation extremes to a change in SST.
Implementing the living streets concept by transforming streets in the central business district of Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: AMAN Maryam , WAHEED Abdul , NAEEM Malik Asghar , SHAH Syed Akhtar Ali
Published: July 2019

The idea of living streets has recently evolved and is currently being considered in urban planning and development for cities. The main purpose of the living streets concept is to provide safe access for all types of traffic, thus focusing on the overall sustainability of a city. This study investigates the characteristics of urban arteries in Peshawar’s central business district (CBD) from the perspective of the living streets concept to form a basis for policy measures that can be adopted to improve the CBD. The study hypothesizes that the living street infrastructure in the CBD does not accommodate the needs of various users (shoppers, residents, employees and those visiting for recreation). A field survey, including an observational survey and questionnaire, was conducted to identify and analyse basic public infrastructure in the CBD. Issues such as noise, air pollution, litter, a lack of appropriate public transit and pedestrian infrastructure, and poor traffic management were discovered. Strong dissatisfaction was recorded when the respondents were asked about current pedestrian and on-street parking arrangements. The field survey also found that the current pedestrian arrangements were insufficient for pedestrian needs, and the absence of street furniture discouraged community engagement in the study area.
Surgical outcomes of sternal rigid plate fixation from 2005 to 2016 using the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database
Authors: Tran Bao Ngoc N. , Chen Austin D. , Granoff Melisa D. , Johnson Anna Rose , Kamali Parisa , Singhal Dhruv , Lee Bernard T. , Fukudome Eugene Y.
Published: July 2019

Background Sternal rigid plate fixation (RPF) has been adopted in recent years in high-risk cases to reduce complications associated with steel wire cerclage, the traditional approach to sternal closure. While sternal RPF has been associated with lower complication rates than wire cerclage, it has its own complication profile that requires evaluation, necessitating a critical examination from a national perspective. This study will report the outcomes and associated risk factors of sternal RPF using a national database.

Methods Patients undergoing sternal RPF from 2005 to 2016 in the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program were identified. Demographics, perioperative information, and complication rates were reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for postoperative complications.

Results There were 381 patient cases of RPF identified. The most common complications included bleeding (28.9%), mechanical ventilation >48 hours (16.5%), and reoperation/readmission (15.2%). Top risk factors for complications included dyspnea (odds ratio [OR], 2.672; P<0.001), nonelective procedure (OR, 2.164; P=0.010), congestive heart failure (OR, 2.152; P=0.048), open wound (OR, 1.977; P=0.024), and operating time (OR, 1.005; P<0.001).

Conclusions Sternal RPF is associated with increased rates of three primary complications: blood loss requiring transfusion, ventilation >48 hours, and reoperation/readmission, each of which affected over 15% of the study population. Smokers remain at an increased risk for surgical site infection and sternal dehiscence despite RPF’s purported benefit to minimize these outcomes. Complications of primary versus delayed sternal RPF are roughly equivalent, but individual patients may perform better with one versus the other based on identified risk factors.
Indocyanine green fluorescence videoangiography for reliable variations of supraclavicular artery flaps
Authors: Suzuki Yushi , Shimizu Yusuke , Kasai Shogo , Yamazaki Shun , Takemaru Masashi , Kitamura Takuya , Kawakami Saori , Tamura Takeshi
Published: July 2019

Background Pedicled flaps are useful for reconstructive surgery. Previously, we often used vascularized supraclavicular flaps, especially for head and neck reconstruction, but then shifted to using thoracic branch of the supraclavicular artery (TBSA) flaps. However, limited research exists on the anatomy of TBSA flaps and on the use of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence videoangiography for supraclavicular artery flaps. We utilized ICG fluorescence videoangiography to harvest reliable flaps in reconstructive operations, and describe the results herein.

Methods Data were retrospectively reviewed from six patients (five men and one woman: average age, 54 years; range, 48–60 years) for whom ICG videoangiography was performed to observe the skin perfusion of a supraclavicular flap after it was raised. Areas where the flap showed good enhancement were considered to be favorable for flap survival. The observation of ICG dye indicated good skin perfusion, which is predictive of flap survival; therefore, we trimmed any areas without dye filling and used the remaining viable part of the flap.

Results The flaps ranged in size from 13×5.5 cm to 17×6.5 cm. One patient received a conventional supraclavicular flap, four patients received a TBSA flap, and one patient received a flap that was considered to be intermediate between a supraclavicular flap and a TBSA flap. The flaps completely survived in all cases, and no flap necrosis was observed.

Conclusions The TBSA flap is very useful in reconstructive surgery, and reliable flaps could be obtained by using ICG fluorescence videoangiography intraoperatively.
EMTs authorized to carry buprenorphine in New Jersey
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: July 2019

Last month, the New Jersey state health commissioner issued an executive directive allowing medical directors of New Jersey's 21 Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU) programs to carry buprenorphine, which can be used to mitigate opioid‐withdrawal symptoms following an overdose reversal with naloxone. People who are revived with naloxone after an overdose go through withdrawal, which can be intense and painful. Only an opioid, like buprenorphine, can reverse these symptoms.
A Lifetime of Research in Creep, Superplasticity, and Ultrafine‐Grained Materials
Authors: Langdon Terence G.
Published: July 2019

A long‐term career at the University of Southern California, followed by an appointment at the University of Southampton, provided an opportunity to conduct extensive research into the flow behavior of polycrystalline metals. Initially, research is conducted on creep properties at elevated temperatures and it is shown that solid solution metallic alloys exhibit transitions in creep behavior with dislocation climb and viscous glide as the dominant rate‐controlling mechanisms. There are transitions between climb and glide with increasing stress and also a breakaway from the glide process at high stresses. These transitions are predicted theoretically and the results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data for a wide range of alloys. Attention is directed to the process of superplasticity and it is shown that the flow occurs by grain boundary sliding with accommodation by a limited amount of intragranular slip. Separate rate equations are developed for sliding in coarse‐grained materials and in superplastic materials where the grain sizes are generally <10 μm so that flow occurs without the development of any subgrains. Finally, attention is directed to the properties of ultrafine‐grained materials having submicrometer or nanometer grain sizes produced through the application of severe plastic deformation.
Nanomechanical Characterization of Laser Peened Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 Superalloy
Authors: Palma Tyler , Munther Michael , Sharma Montu , Hackel Lloyd , Beheshti Ali , Davami Keivan
Published: July 2019

Laser peening (LP) is a post‐processing method used to optimize the service lives of critical components for various applications by increasing the material's resistance to surface‐related failures, such as fatigue, corrosion‐fatigue, wear, and stress corrosion cracking. Herein, the effects of LP on the nanomechanical properties of additively manufactured Inconel 718 are reported. Additively manufactured cubic specimens peened without a protective overlay are evaluated under vigorous microscopy and nanomechanical studies. Depth sensing through hardness and modulus mapping is conducted to evaluate the plastic deformation and hardness enhancement introduced by the process. X‐ray diffraction is used to measure the residual stresses to correlate hardness and residual stresses. The results show that three layers of LP induces significant compressive residual stresses in the surface and subsurface (up to the depth of ≈2 mm) of the material and a moderate increase in hardness (≈20–30%) with high thermal stability of compressive stresses (retaining 60% of initial stress) after even 50 h of annealing at 593 °C. Slight changes in the elastic modulus are recorded in LP specimens.
Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Skin with High Durability and Shock Resistance via Embedded 3D Printing Technology for Human Activity Monitoring and Personal Healthcare
Authors: Wei Peiqi , Yang Xin , Cao Zimei , Guo Xiao‐Liang , Jiang Honglan , Chen Yan , Morikado Michael , Qiu Xianbo , Yu Duli
Published: July 2019

Electronic skin (e‐skin) integrating pressure sensors and strain sensors has shown great potential applications in smart robotics and healthcare monitoring for their flexibility and wearability. However, making the sensor low cost and highly durable for industrialization and commercialization is still a problem to be addressed. An embedded 3D printing technology is developed based on novel thermosetting printing ink which is prepared using the Ecoflex and carbon nanoparticles. The properties of the printing ink including printability and electrical conductivity are first studied and then optimized. By using this technology, a glove‐shaped e‐skin integrating both strain sensors and pressure sensors is fabricated, and the properties of the sensors are studied. Both types of sensors have excellent stability and reliability which are verified by multiple long‐term measurements (10 000 testing cycles). Specifically, the sensors possess a great shock resistance and high durability which are significant for application in real life. Furthermore, some applications for human activity monitoring and personal healthcare are demonstrated, including complex gesture recognition using 15 strain sensors, hardness sensing using pressure sensors coupled with strain sensors, and arterial pulse measurement using pressure sensors, which are promising for smart robotic sensing and wearable biomedical devices.
Controlled Oxygen Redox for Excellent Power Capability in Layered Sodium‐Based Compounds
Authors: Kim Hee Jae , Konarov Aishuak , Jo Jae Hyeon , Choi Ji Ung , Ihm Kyuwook , Lee Han‐Koo , Kim Jongsoon , Myung Seung‐Taek
Published: July 2019

A high‐rate of oxygen redox assisted by cobalt in layered sodium‐based compounds is achieved. The rationally designed Na0.6[Mg0.2Mn0.6Co0.2]O2 exhibits outstanding electrode performance, delivering a discharge capacity of 214 mAh g−1 (26 mA g−1) with capacity retention of 87% after 100 cycles. High rate performance is also achieved at 7C (1.82 A g−1) with a capacity of 107 mAh g−1. Surprisingly, the Na0.6[Mg0.2Mn0.6Co0.2]O2 compound is able to deliver capacity for 1000 cycles at 5C (at 1.3 A g−1), retaining 72% of its initial capacity of 108 mAh g−1. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy analysis of the O K‐edge indicates the oxygen‐redox species (O2−/1−) is active during cycling. First‐principles calculations show that the addition of Co reduces the bandgap energy from ≈2.65 to ≈0.61 eV and that overlapping of the Co 3d and O 2p orbitals facilitates facile electron transfer, enabling the long‐term reversibility of the oxygen redox, even at high rates. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on high‐rate oxygen redox in sodium‐based cathode materials, and it is believed that the findings will open a new pathway for the use of oxygen‐redox‐based materials for sodium‐ion batteries.
A novel FAM20C mutation causes a rare form of neonatal lethal Raine syndrome
Authors: Hung Christina Y. , Rodriguez Mario , Roberts Abra , Bauer Mislen , Mihalek Ivana , Bodamer Olaf
Published: July 2019

Raine syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive, osteosclerotic bone dysplasia due to pathogenic variants in FAM20C. The clinical phenotype is characterized by generalized osteosclerosis affecting all bones, cerebral calcifications, and craniofacial dysmorphism. Most cases present during the neonatal period with early lethality due to pulmonary hypoplasia and respiratory compromise while only few affected individuals have been reported to survive into adulthood. FAM20C is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that contains five functional domains including a catalytic domain, a binding pocket for FAM20A and three distinct N‐glycosylation sites. We report a newborn infant with a history of prenatal onset fractures, generalized osteosclerosis, and craniofacial dysmorphism and early lethality. The clinical presentation was highly suggestive of Raine syndrome. A homozygous, novel missense variant in exon 5 of FAM20C (c.1007T>G; p.Met336Arg) was identified by targeted Sanger sequencing. Following in silico analysis and mapping of the variant on a three‐dimensional (3D) model of FAM20C it is predicted to be deleterious and to affect N‐glycosylation, protein folding, and subsequent secretion of FAM20C. In addition, we reviewed all published FAM20C mutations and observed that most pathogenic variants affect functional regions within the protein establishing evidence for an emerging genotype–phenotype correlation.
pH‐Dependent Chloride Transport by Pseudopeptidic Cages for the Selective Killing of Cancer Cells in Acidic Microenvironments
Authors: Tapia Lucía , Pérez Yolanda , Bolte Michael , Casas Josefina , Solà Jordi , Quesada Roberto , Alfonso Ignacio
Published: July 2019

Acidic microenvironments in solid tumors are a hallmark of cancer. Inspired by that, we designed a family of pseudopeptidic cage‐like anionophores displaying pH‐dependent activity. When protonated, they efficiently bind chloride anions. They also transport chloride through lipid bilayers, with their anionophoric properties improving at acidic pH, suggesting an H+/Cl− symport mechanism. NMR studies in DPC micelles demonstrate that the cages bind chloride within the lipid phase. The chloride affinity and the chloride‐exchange rate with the aqueous bulk solution are improved when the pH is lowered. This increases cytotoxicity towards lung adenocarcinoma cells at the pH of the microenvironment of a solid tumor. These properties depend on the nature of the amino‐acid side chains of the cages, which modulate their lipophilicity and interactions with the cell membrane. This paves the way towards using pH as a parameter to control the selectivity of cytotoxic ionophores as anticancer drugs.
A Visible‐Light‐Induced Dynamic Mechanical Bond as a Linkage for Dynamic Materials
Authors: Yin Yong‐Fei , Yun Meng‐Yan , Wu Lin , Duan Hong‐Ying , Jiang Xia‐Min , Zhan Tian‐Guang , Cui Jiecheng , Liu Li‐Juan , Zhang Kang‐Da
Published: July 2019

Exploring dynamic bonds and their applications in fabricating dynamic materials has received great attention. A photoinduced [2]rotaxane‐based dynamic mechanical bond (DMB) features visible‐light‐triggered dynamic bonding behavior that is essentially distinguished from conventional dynamic chemical bonds. In this DMB, a photoisomerizableortho‐fluoroazobenzene unit is introduced as a steric‐controllable stopper, the visible‐light‐induced dynamic wagging movement of which enables the photoregulated threading of the macrocycle. This allows reversible in situ de‐/reforming of the mechanical bond without involving dynamic chemical linkage. The DMB‐cross‐linked polymeric gel shows interesting photoinduced degradation behavior upon visible light irradiation. Benefiting from the distinctive dual dynamic nature of reversible bonding behavior and mechanical interlocked structure, this DMB is expected to serve as a new type of dynamic bond that can be applied in designing dynamic soft materials.
Metallo‐Käfige für Metall‐Anionen: Hochgeladene [Co@Ge9]5−‐ und [Ru@Sn9]6−‐Cluster mit sphärisch eingelagerten Co−‐ und Ru2−‐ Anionen
Authors: Witzel Benedikt J. L. , Klein Wilhelm , Dums Jasmin V. , Boyko Marina , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: July 2019

Endohedrale Cluster gelten als molekulare Modelle für intermetallische Verbindungen – eine Verbindungsklasse mit kaum verstandenen Bindungsprinzipien. Wir berichten hier über lösliche Clusteranionen mit den bisher höchsten Ladungen pro Clustereinheit. Die Cluster zeigen die große Ähnlichkeit zwischen intermetalloiden Clustern und den entsprechenden Koordinationspolyedern in intermetallischen Verbindungen auf. Während bereits viele endohedrale Zintl‐Ionen über Reaktionen in Lösung erhalten wurden, haben wir nun die Raman‐Spektroskopie als eine zuverlässige Sonde für den erstmaligen Nachweis von diskreten endohedral gefüllten Clustern in intermetallischen Phasen etabliert. Die ternären Vorläuferlegierungen der nominellen Zusammensetzungen “K5Co1.2Ge9” und “K4Ru3Sn7” zeigen charakteristische Bindungsmoden, die von Metallatomen im Zentrum polyedrischer Cluster herrühren, was zeigt, dass in diesen Legierungen gefüllte Cluster vorliegen. Außerdem berichten wir über die strukturelle Charakterisierung von [Co@Ge9]5− (1a) und [Ru@Sn9]6− (2a), die aus Lösungen der entsprechenden Legierungen erhalten wurden.
Direct Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides by CO2 Deoxyfluorination
Authors: Onida Killian , Tlili Anis
Published: July 2019

Herein, a new concept for the direct synthesis of carbamoyl fluoride derivatives is disclosed. The developed method makes use of CO2 as an inexpensive and abundant C1 source; a variety of amines were successfully converted in the presence of a deoxyfluorinating reagent. The corresponding products were often obtained in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions (1 atm and room temperature). The reaction was easily scaled up, demonstrating the efficiency of the developed process.
Intramolecular Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Interrupted Click–Acylation Domino Reaction
Authors: Larin Egor M. , Lautens Mark
Published: July 2019

Acyl substituted triazoles are valuable scaffolds, but the direct synthesis of these moieties from terminal alkynes by copper catalysis remains unexplored. We report a robust, general, and efficient method using a simple CuI/2,2′‐bipyridine catalytic system. This transformation involves a copper catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) followed by an intramolecular acylation onto a carbamoyl chloride. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, tolerates several functional groups, and is readily scalable. This method represents a novel strategy towards the synthesis of complex heterocycles by a CuAAC/acylation domino process.
Vanadium(III) Acetylacetonate as an Efficient Soluble Catalyst for Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Zhao Qin , Katyal Naman , Seymour Ieuan D. , Henkelman Graeme , Ma Tianyi
Published: July 2019

High donor number (DN) solvents in Li—O2 batteries that dissolve superoxide intermediates in lithium peroxide (Li2O2) formation facilitate high capacities at high rates and avoid early cell death. However, their beneficial characteristics also result in an instability towards highly reactive superoxide intermediates. Furthermore, Li—O2 batteries would deliver a superior energy density, but the multiphase electrochemical reactions are difficult to achieve when operating with only solid catalysts. Herein we demonstrate that vanadium(III) acetylacetonate (V(acac)3) is an efficient soluble catalyst that can address these problems. During discharge, V(acac)3 integrates with the superoxide intermediate, accelerating O2 reduction kinetics and reducing side reactions. During charge, V(acac)3 acts as a redox mediator that permits efficient oxidation of Li2O2. The cells with V(acac)3 exhibit low overpotential, high rate performance, and considerable cycle stability.
An Enamide‐Based Domino Reaction for a Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrans
Authors: Kramer Philipp , Grimmer Jennifer , Bolte Michael , Manolikakes Georg
Published: July 2019

A novel method for the highly stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrans is reported. This domino reaction is based on a twofold addition of enamides to aldehydes followed by a subsequent cyclization and furnishes fully substituted tetrahydropyrans in high yields. Three new σ‐bonds and five continuous stereogenic centers are formed in this one‐pot process with a remarkable degree of diastereoselectivity. In most cases, the formation of only one out of 16 possible diastereomers is observed. Two different stereoisomers can be accessed in a controlled fashion starting either from an E‐ or a Z‐configured enamide.
Reshaping of Metal Nanoparticles Under Reaction Conditions
Authors: Zhu Beien , Meng Jun , Yuan Wentao , Zhang Xun , Yang Hangsheng , Wang Yong , Gao Yi
Published: July 2019

The shape of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is one of the key factors determining their catalytic reactivity. Recent in situ TEM observations show that dynamic reshaping of metal NPs occurs under the reaction conditions, which becomes a major hurdle for fully understanding catalytic mechanisms at the molecular level. This Minireview provides a summary of the latest progress in characterizing and modeling the equilibrium shape of metal NPs in various reactive environments through the joint effort of state‐of‐the‐art in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy experiments and a newly developed multiscale structure reconstruction model. The quantitative agreement between the experimental observations and theoretical modeling demonstrate that the fundamental mechanism of the reshaping phenomenon is driven by anisotropically changed surface energies under gas adsorption. The predictable reshaping of metal NPs paves the way for the rational design of truly efficient nanocatalysts in real reactions.
Metallocages for Metal Anions: Highly Charged [Co@Ge9]5− and [Ru@Sn9]6− Clusters Featuring Spherically Encapsulated Co1− and Ru2− Anions
Authors: Witzel Benedikt J. L. , Klein Wilhelm , Dums Jasmin V. , Boyko Marina , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: July 2019

Endohedral clusters count as molecular models for intermetallic compounds—a class of compounds in which bonding principles are scarcely understood. Herein we report soluble cluster anions with the highest charges on a single cluster to date. The clusters reflect the close analogy between intermetalloid clusters and corresponding coordination polyhedra in intermetallic compounds. We now establish Raman spectroscopy as a reliable probe to assign for the first time the presence of discrete, endohedrally filled clusters in intermetallic phases. The ternary precursor alloys with nominal compositions “K5Co1.2Ge9” and “K4Ru3Sn7” exhibit characteristic bonding modes originating from metal atoms in the center of polyhedral clusters, thus revealing that filled clusters are present in these alloys. We report also on the structural characterization of [Co@Ge9]5− (1a) and [Ru@Sn9]6− (2a) obtained from solutions of the respective alloys.
Construction of a sandwich‐type wound dressing with pain‐reliever and pH‐responsive antibiotic delivery system
Authors: Ozdabak‐Sert Ayse Buse , Sen Beren , Kok Fatma Nese
Published: July 2019

A multifunctional sandwich type wound dressing was designed in which two types of microspheres, one to alleviate the pain (ibuprofen) and the other to protect the wound from infections (Gentamicin or Ciprofloxacin), were embedded into bilayer chitosan sponge. pH of the wound increases from acidic (pH ~ 5) to basic (pH ~ 8) via infection, so pH‐dependent antibiotic release system was designed using gelatin B microspheres to respond to increasing pH. Ibuprofen release from chitosan microspheres, on the other hand, was pH‐independent not to intervene with pain management in changing pH conditions. Crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA) affected both release profile and size distribution of microspheres and 2.5% GA was chosen to obtain pH‐responsive gelatin microspheres with narrow size distribution (80% of microspheres in between 15 and 25 μm). The final system was found to be effective against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and changing pH seemed to affect the antimicrobial agent delivery as desired. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48252.