bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Context of biethnic acceptance, biethnic affirmation, and life satisfaction among Korean biethnic adolescents
Authors: Chung Grace H. , Lee Jiyeon , Gonzales‐Backen Melinda
Published: March 2020

Introduction

This study aimed to identify latent profiles based on familial ethnic socialization, peer discrimination, and school multicultural climate among biethnic adolescents in South Korea and to examine how the emerged profiles were related to their life satisfaction.We also examined how biethnic affirmation interacted with the profiles in predicting life satisfaction.

Methods

Questionnaire data from the first wave of the Panel Survey of Korean Multicultural Youth Adjustment was used. The sample consisted of 358 biethnic adolescents in 5th and 6th grade in South Korea. The meanage was 11.41 years old. Approximately 60% of the participants were in 5th grade and 51.68% were girls.

Results

The results of LPA showed that familial ethnic socialization, peer discrimination, and school multicultural climate formed two distinct profiles in the current sample. These profiles were characterized as contexts of high and low biethnic acceptance. Biethnic adolescents in the context of high biethnic acceptance were significantly more satisfied with their lives than those in the context of low biethnic acceptance.Further, the positive association between biethnic iaffirmation and life satisfaction was more pronounced among adolescents in the context of low biethnic acceptance.

Conclusions

Findings suggest the importance of promoting biethnic acceptance across family, peer, and school settings for adolescents' biethnic affirmation and life satisfaction.
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Equality in Hong Kong: Rights, Resistance, and Possibilities for Reform
Authors: BARROW Amy
Published: March 2020

This article explores the implications of an absence of anti-discrimination legislation on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) in Hong Kong. Strategic litigation has played an important role in securing legal protections for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community in the face of resistance from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) government, as well as religious and parental concern groups. Despite a growing body of evidence which outlines the self-reported daily discrimination experienced by LGBT individuals, the HKSAR government has resisted calls to adopt anti-discrimination legislation on the grounds of SOGI, focusing instead on self-regulation and education. Grounded in qualitative research interviews examining the feasibility of adopting anti-discrimination legislation on the grounds of SOGI in Hong Kong, this article explores the current legal landscape for LGBT rights, resistance, and possibilities for reform.
Opting for Exit: Informalization, Social Policy Discontent, and Lack of Good Governance
Authors: Berens Sarah
Published: March 2020

The informal sector challenges economic growth and hinders the abatement of income disparities in developing countries. This study argues that a weak and poorly governed welfare state can cause the informal sector to increase when individuals use it as an exit option from an unsatisfying welfare system. The article explores how the welfare state’s benefit structure and citizens’ trust in institutions to deliver public goods affect the likelihood of informality. A logistic hierarchical model, based on cross-sectional survey data from Latin America and the Caribbean and descriptive panel data from Brazil, is used to test the hypothesis. Findings reveal that social policy discontent, low trust, an elitist distribution of welfare benefits, and dysfunctional institutions increase the likelihood of being informally employed. However, workers with greater agency—the better-educated—seem notably less likely to informalize when social policy benefits are targeted toward their own socioeconomic group.
Nicaragua: De-democratization and Regime Crisis
Authors: Martí i Puig Salvador , Serra Macià
Published: March 2020

The aim of this article is to analyze three key issues in current Nicaraguan politics and in the political debate surrounding hybrid regimes: de-democratization, political protest, and the fall of presidencies. First, it analyzes the process of de-democratization that has been taking place in Nicaragua since 2000. It shows that the 2008 elections were not competitive but characteristic of an electoral authoritarian regime. Second, it reflects on the kind of regime created in Nicaragua under Daniel Ortega’s mandate, focusing on the system’s inability to process any kind of protest and dissent. Third, it examines the extent to which the protests that broke out in April 2018 may predict the early end to Ortega’s presidency, or whether Nicaragua’s political crisis may lead to negotiations between the government and the opposition.
Servitude, slavery and Scots law: historical perspectives on the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Scotland) Act 2015
Authors: Brown Jonathan
Published: March 2020

Section 4(1)(a) of the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Scotland) Act 2015 states that it is an offence for any person to hold another person in servitude or slavery. In February 2018, John Miller and Robert McPhee appeared at the High Court in Glasgow, charged on indictment with this offence. In defining both ‘servitude’ and ‘slavery’, the court was obliged, per s 4(2) of the 2015 Act, to have due regard to the understanding of these terms which has evolved out of the jurisprudence of Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). ‘Slavery’, then, was said to denote ‘the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the rights of ownership are exercised’. If, however, the definition of ‘slavery’ necessarily ‘involves rights of ownership’, then it follows that any enactment of law specifically proscribing slavery is nugatory. Indeed, inMiller, the court ultimately held that ‘there was no evidence upon which they could hold that the complainer had been held in a state of slavery’. This paper consequently asks whether or not in passing s 4(1)(a) of the 2015 Act, Parliament criminalised an impossible action.
The Ultimate Challenge: Nationalism and Climate Change
Authors: Conversi Daniele
Published: March 2020

Climate change has rapidly expanded as a key topic of research across disciplines, but it has remained virtually untouched in nationalism studies. Climate change is a boundless, uncontainable phenomenon that ignores class, geographic, and ethnonational boundaries. As such, it can hardly be comprehended within the limits of a nationalist world vision. This article reassesses this intuition by focusing on the situational and adaptive plasticity of nationalism, characterized by its notorious Janus-faced adaptability. I first identify and address a methodological stumbling block that precludes scholars in some areas of the humanities and social sciences—specifically nationalism studies—from conceptualizing and grappling with this unfolding reality. Second, I advance a typology that can work as a conceptual grid for studying similar problems that emerge at the intersection of environmental politics, climate change, and nationalism studies. I suggest two ways in which the nation and national narratives have been and are being mobilized to make sense of, contrast, reject, and incorporate new life-changing trends. I identify these, respectively, under the umbrella termsresource nationalismandgreen nationalism.I conclude by emphasizing the continuing relevance of nationalism in plans for ongoing global energy transitions.
A survey of extended matter around chromospherically active binary systems
Authors: Karakuş Osman , Ekmekçi Fehmi
Published: March 2020

We present an analysis of colour excess(CE)observations for 13 chromospherically active binary systems, together with 27 inactive reference stars of similar spectral types and luminosity classes of the components of these 13 binaries. We used the observations which were made by Johnson-Cousins${BVR}_{c}\mathrm{I}_{c}$,2MASS, andWISEphotometric systems. Our new photometric${BVR}_{c}\mathrm{I}_{c}$observations were obtained by means of 1 m telescope at TÜBİTAK National Observatory and 40 cm telescope at Ankara University Kreiken Observatory. To check the existence of extended matter around an active binary component(s) of these 13 binary systems, we examined theCEvalues at around primary/secondary minima and outside eclipses. The comparison of theseCEs, obtained relative to those of reference stars of the same${(B-V)_\circ}$colours, especially during primary minima with those of secondary minima and outside eclipses, showed that these systems have greater excess radiation in primary minima than in both secondary minima and outside eclipses. We observed that the colour excesses, in general, most likely arise from the extended matter around the cooler component of a binary system. The comparison ofCEvalues also showed that the extended matter of some of these systems was most likely covered or affected both of their components. Since no observational data were obtained during primary minimum ofRW UMa, by excluding this binary system, an examination of the locations of cool and active components of the remaining 12 systems of this study on Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, together with corresponding evolutionary tracks, showed that most of the active binary systems have an extended matter not only caused from stellar activity but also more likely caused from evolutionary processes.
One Clock Fits All? Time and Imagined Communities in Nineteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: March 2020

Many Germans defended local time well beyond 1893, when Germany adopted a time standard bearing on the life of the entire nation. Yet the defining feature of Germany's temporal landscape was its multilayered nature, with North and South adopting different temporal regimes and undergoing different experiences. Focusing on the spread of (railway-induced) standard time and the responses it provoked, this article offers an investigation of German time culture in the nineteenth century. Out of curiosity and because their lives depended on it, Germans took an interest in obtaining the right time from the frequently contradictory horological landscapes they inhabited. Yet their shared curiosity did not breed conformity. The inspectors of the station clocks concerned with accuracy and synchronicity; the townsfolk in southern Germany who fast-forwarded their favorite public clock in order to get to the station in time; the Prussian scientists and villagers who opposed railway time becoming public time—they all, in their own way, contributed to putting time back in its place.
The Prague Cookbook of Ruth Bratu, or: How a Historian Came to Feel the Past
Authors: Geyer Michael
Published: March 2020

The discussion of the hand-made and hand-written cookbook of Ruth Bratu, who was evacuated from Prague in a Kindertransport in 1939, leads to a wide-ranging exploration of what we expect and what we can know about the cookbook. It discusses its recipes as well as Ruth Bratu's use of the cookbook's pages for handwritten notes about the 1941/42 political gatherings of exiles of the German Social Democratic Workers’ Party in the Czechoslovak Republic in London. Above all, it is a reflection on Alltagsgeschichte, the use of a single document as a vehicle of historical interpretation, and not least the sensory recognition that this cookbook evoked for the author.
Autocratic Consent to International Law: The Case of the International Criminal Court's Jurisdiction, 1998–2017
Authors: Hashimoto Barry
Published: March 2020

This article contributes to an understanding of why autocrats have accepted the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. Leveraging their ability to obstruct their own prosecution, autocrats have traded off the risk of unwanted prosecutions against the deterrent threat that prosecutions pose to political rivals and patrons of their enemies conspiring to oust them. The risk of unwanted prosecutions and the court's deterrent threat both arise because ICC prosecutions credibly communicate guilt for international crimes to capital-disbursing democracies, which may, insofar as possible, use leader-specific economic statecraft to prevent the administration of foreign states by those whom the court signals are guilty of international crimes. Analysis using fixed effects and matching shows that a greater reliance on capital publicly financed by democracies increased the probability that a state accepted the court's jurisdiction only when it was an autocracy (1998–2017). ICC jurisdiction also lengthened the tenure of autocrats and reduced the severity of civil conflict in autocracies.
Accelerated methods for direct computation of fusion alpha particle losses within, stellarator optimization
Authors: Albert Christopher G. , Kasilov Sergei V. , Kernbichler Winfried
Published: March 2020

Accelerated statistical computation of collisionless fusion alpha particle losses in stellarator configurations is presented based on direct guiding-centre orbit tracing. The approach relies on the combination of recently developed symplectic integrators in canonicalized magnetic flux coordinates and early classification into regular and chaotic orbit types. Only chaotic orbits have to be traced up to the end, as their behaviour is unpredictable. An implementation of this technique is provided in the code SIMPLE (symplectic integration methods for particle loss estimation, Albert et al., 2020b, doi:10.5281/zenodo.3666820). Reliable results were obtained for an ensemble of 1000 orbits in a quasi-isodynamic, a quasi-helical and a quasi-axisymmetric configuration. Overall, a computational speed up of approximately one order of magnitude is achieved compared to direct integration via adaptive Runge–Kutta methods. This reduces run times to the range of typical magnetic equilibrium computations and makes direct alpha particle loss computation adequate for use within a stellarator optimization loop.
Prerequisites for a healthy and independent life among older people: a Delphi study
Authors: Gusdal Annelie K. , Johansson-Pajala Rose-Marie , Zander Viktoria , von Heideken Wågert Petra
Published: March 2020

The number of older people (aged 65+) will more than double by 2050 in Sweden. The ageing population is an increasing concern due to rising health-care costs and a shortage of health professionals. Older people generally prefer ageing in place, as long as they feel confident and comfortable. However, preventive and supportive measures are needed to maintain older people's independence and active participation in society. The aim of this study is to explore the prerequisites for a healthy and independent life among older people in Sweden. A Delphi study was conducted in three rounds. In round 1, seven focus group interviews were performed with older persons aged 65–79, older persons aged ⩾80, next of kin of older persons, health professionals in primary and home health care, assistant nurses in home care, care managers and local politicians. The data were analysed using thematic analysis, resulting in 35 statements of the prerequisites needed for a healthy and independent life. These statements were sent to the participants from round 1, who were asked to evaluate the degree to which they agreed with each statement in round 2, and again in round 3. There was an agreement of at least 80 per cent for 31 of the 35 statements. When asked to identify the three prerequisites of most importance for a healthy and independent life, most participants stated: to have a social life, to have freedom of choice and power over one's own situation, and to have the possibility to choose independently one's type of housing. There was an overall high group agreement on the prerequisites needed for a healthy and independent life among older people. The main areas of importance were to have a social life, several dimensions of feeling safe and to retain one's personal control.
A SMOOTHING METHOD THAT LOOKS LIKE THE HODRICK–PRESCOTT FILTER
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi
Published: March 2020

In recent decades, in the research community of macroeconometric time series analysis, we have observed growing interest in the smoothing method known as the Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter. This article examines the properties of an alternative smoothing method that looks like the HP filter, but is much less well known. We show that this is actually more like the exponential smoothing filter than the HP filter although it is obtainable through a slight modification of the HP filter. In addition, we also show that it is also like the low-frequency projection of Müller and Watson (2018, Econometrica 86, 775–804). We point out that these results derive from the fact that all three similar smoothing methods can be regarded as a type of graph spectral filter whose graph Fourier transform is discrete cosine transform. We then theoretically reveal the relationship between the similar smoothing methods and provide a way of specifying the smoothing parameter that is necessary for its application. An empirical examination illustrates the results.
LATENT VARIABLE NONPARAMETRIC COINTEGRATING REGRESSION
Authors: Wang Qiying , Phillips Peter C.B. , Kasparis Ioannis
Published: March 2020

This article studies the asymptotic properties of empirical nonparametric regressions that partially misspecify the relationships between nonstationary variables. In particular, we analyze nonparametric kernel regressions in which a potential nonlinear cointegrating regression is misspecified through the use of a proxy regressor in place of the true regressor. Such models occur in linear and nonlinear regressions where the regressor suffers from measurement error or where the true regressor is a latent or filtered variable as in mixed-data-sampling. The treatment allows for endogenous regressors as the latent variable and proxy variables that cointegrate asymptotically with the true latent variable, including correctly specified as well as misspecified systems, and is therefore intermediate between nonlinear nonparametric cointegrating regression and completely spurious nonparametric nonstationary regression. The results relate to recent work on dynamic misspecification in nonparametric nonstationary systems and the limit theory accommodates regressor variables with autoregressive roots that are local to unity and whose errors are driven by long memory and short memory innovations, thereby encompassing applications with a wide range of economic and financial time series. Some implications for forecasting under misspecification are also examined.
Citation patterns in economics and beyond
Authors: Aistleitner Matthias , Kapeller Jakob , Steinerberger Stefan
Published: March 2020

Argument

In this paper we comparatively explore three claims concerning the disciplinary character of economics by means of citation analysis. The three claims under study are: (1) economics exhibits strong forms of institutional stratification and, as a byproduct, a rather pronounced internal hierarchy; (2) economists strongly conform to institutional incentives; and (3) modern mainstream economics is a largely self-referential intellectual project mostly inaccessible to disciplinary or paradigmatic outsiders. The validity of these claims is assessed by means of an interdisciplinary comparison of citation patterns aiming to identify peculiar characteristics of economic discourse. In doing so, we emphasize that citation data can always be interpreted in different ways, thereby focusing on the contrast between a “cognitive” and an “evaluative” approach towards citation data.
Risk of COVID-19 importation to the Pacific islands through global air travel
Authors: Craig A. T. , Heywood A. E. , Hall J.
Published: March 2020

On 30 January 2020, WHO declared coronavirus (COVID-19) a global public health emergency. As of 12 March 2020, 125 048 confirmed COVID-19 cases in 118 countries had been reported. On 12 March 2020, the first case in the Pacific islands was reported in French Polynesia; no other Pacific island country or territory has reported cases. The purpose of our analysis is to show how travellers may introduce COVID-19 into the Pacific islands and discuss the role robust health systems play in protecting health and reducing transmission risk. We analyse travel and Global Health Security Index data using a scoring tool to produce quantitative estimates of COVID-19 importation risk, by departing and arriving country. Our analysis indicates that, as of 12 March 2020, the highest risk air routes by which COVID-19 may be imported into the Pacific islands are from east Asian countries (specifically, China, Korea and Japan) to north Pacific airports (likely Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands or, to a less extent, Palau); or from China, Japan, Singapore, the United States of America or France to south Pacific ports (likely, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, French Polynesia or New Caledonia). Other importation routes include from other east Asian countries to Guam, and from Australia, New Zealand and other European countries to the south Pacific. The tool provides a useful method for assessing COVID-19 importation risk and may be useful in other settings.
Cumulative early childhood adversity and later antisocial behavior: The mediating role of passive avoidance
Authors: Yazgan Idil , Hanson Jamie L. , Bates John E. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Pettit Gregory S. , Dodge Kenneth A.
Published: March 2020

Twenty-six percent of children experience a traumatic event by the age of 4. Negative events during childhood have deleterious correlates later in life, including antisocial behavior. However, the mechanisms that play into this relation are unclear. We explored deficits in neurocognitive functioning, specifically problems in passive avoidance, a construct with elements of inhibitory control and learning as a potential acquired mediator for the pathway between cumulative early childhood adversity from birth to age 7 and later antisocial behavior through age 18, using prospective longitudinal data from 585 participants. Path analyses showed that cumulative early childhood adversity predicted impaired passive avoidance during adolescence and increased antisocial behavior during late adolescence. Furthermore, poor neurocognition, namely, passive avoidance, predicted later antisocial behavior and significantly mediated the relation between cumulative early childhood adversity and later antisocial behavior. This research has implications for understanding the development of later antisocial behavior and points to a potential target for neurocognitive intervention within the pathway from cumulative early childhood adversity to later antisocial behavior.
The Future of Rehabilitation Counselling: Can We Adapt to Change?
Authors: Walker Martha L. , Wiegmann Susan M.
Published: March 2020

Societal changes of the twenty-first century have implications for the future of rehabilitation counselling in the United States and in Australia. An emerging knowledge society, new populations with diverse needs, third wave messages from the disability community, and culture wars of politics influence the direction of rehabilitation counselling. The demographics of disability and the professional status of rehabilitation counsellors in the United States are reviewed. The adaptability and durability of rehabilitation counselling skills and knowledge is discussed.
Older Workers and Rehabilitation Counselling
Authors: Remenyi Andrew
Published: March 2020

In this paper the ageing labour force, changing labour force participation rates, and age discrimination in the world of work, especially as exhibited in employer practices, are discussed. Implications of these phenomena for what rehabilitation counsellors do are proposed by way of discussion points on the topics of vocational and rehabilitation counselling, job analysis and placement, professional advocacy and community programs, and training of older workers.
Giving Legs to Handprint Thinking: Foundations for Evaluating the Good We Do
Authors: Guillaume Joseph H.A. , Sojamo Suvi , Porkka Miina , Gerten Dieter , Jalava Mika , Lankoski Leena , Lehikoinen Elina , Lettenmeier Michael , Pfister Stephan , Usva Kirsi , Wada Yoshihide , Kummu Matti
Published: March 2020

In environmental management and sustainability there is an increasing interest in measurement and accounting of beneficial impact—as an incentive to action, as a communication tool, and to move toward a positive, constructive approach focused on opportunities rather than problems. One approach uses the metaphor of a “handprint,” complementing the notion of environmental footprints, which have been widely adopted for impact measurement and accounting. We analyze this idea by establishing core principles of handprint thinking: Handprint encourages actions with positive impacts and connects to analyses of footprint reductions but adds value to them and addresses the issue of what action should be taken. We also identify five key questions that need to be addressed and decisions that need to be made in performing a (potentially quantitative) handprint assessment, related to scoping of the improvement to be made, how it is achieved, and how credit is assigned, taking into account constraints on action. A case study of the potential water footprint reduction of an average Finn demonstrates how handprint thinking can be a natural extension of footprint reduction analyses. We find that there is a diversity of possible handprint assessments that have the potential to encourage doing good. Their common foundation is “handprint thinking.”
Fine‐Scale Structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence From Data Recorded at the Italian National Network
Authors: Michele M. , Chiaraluce L. , Di Stefano R. , Waldhauser F.
Published: March 2020

We explore the three‐dimensional structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy sequence using ~34,000 ML ≥ 1.5 earthquakes that occurred between August 2016 and January 2018. We applied cross‐correlation and double‐difference location methods to waveform and parametric data routinely produced at the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. The sequence activated an 80 km long system of normal faults and near‐horizontal detachment faults through the MW 6.0 Amatrice, the MW 5.9 Visso, and the MW 6.5 Norcia mainshocks and aftershocks. The system has an average strike of N155°E and dips 38°–55° southwestward and is segmented into 15–30 km long faults individually activated by the cascade of MW ≥ 5.0 shocks. The two main normal fault segments, Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove to the North and Mt. della Laga to the South, are separated by an NNE‐SSW‐trending lateral ramp of the Sibillini thrust, a regional structure inherited from the previous compressional tectonic phase putting into contact diverse lithologies with different seismicity patterns. Space‐time reconstruction of the fault system supports a composite rupture scenario previously proposed for the MW 6.5 Norcia earthquake, where the rupture possibly propagated also along an oblique portion of the Sibillini thrust. This dissected set of normal fault segments is bounded at 8–10 km depth by a continuous 2 km thick seismicity layer of extensional nature slightly dipping eastward and interpreted as a shear zone. All three mainshocks in the sequence nucleated along the high‐angle planes at significant distance from the shear zone, thus complicating the interpretation of the mechanisms driving strain partitioning between these structures.
Coral Reef Emissions of Atmospheric Dimethylsulfide and the Influence on Marine Aerosols in the Southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: Jackson R. L. , Gabric A. J. , Woodhouse M. T. , Swan H. B. , Jones G. B. , Cropp R. , Deschaseaux E. S. M.
Published: March 2020

Variability in atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMSa) and the potential influence on atmospheric aerosols was investigated at Heron Island in the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. This work compiles previously published DMSa data (reported in Swan, Jones, Deschaseaux, & Eyre, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg‐14‐229‐2017), with additional surveys of DMSa, atmospheric particle number concentration, and other oceanic and atmospheric data sets. DMSa was higher in summer (mean 3.2 nmol m−3/78 ppt) than winter (mean 1.3 nmol m−3/32 ppt), reflective of seasonal shifts in phytoplankton biomass and emissions from corals in the southern GBR. Seasonally extreme spikes in DMSa were detected during low tide and low wind speed, supporting findings that the coral reef can be an important source of DMSa above background oceanic emissions. A significant link was present between DMSa and aerosol concentration (ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 μm) during calm, daylight hours, when conditions were optimal for the local oxidation of DMSa to sulfate aerosol precursors. This link may reflect condensational growth of existing fine particles (< 0.5 μm), which is the dominant pathway by which biogenic trace gases influence aerosols in the marine boundary layer. Aerosol concentration significantly correlated with reduced surface solar irradiance and sea surface temperature, which is potential evidence of a local negative feedback mitigating coral physiological stress. These findings provide a step toward a better understanding of the processes influencing DMSa and aerosol concentrations and of the consequences for the local radiative balance over coral reefs; an increasingly important topic with ongoing ocean warming and coral bleaching.
Use of Short‐Range Forecasts to Evaluate Fast Physics Processes Relevant for Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Williams K. D. , Hewitt A. J. , Bodas‐Salcedo A.
Published: March 2020

The configuration of the Met Office Unified Model being submitted to CMIP6 has a high climate sensitivity. Previous studies have suggested that the impact of model changes on initial tendencies in numerical weather prediction (NWP) should be used to guide their suitability for inclusion in climate models. In this study we assess, using NWP experiments, the atmospheric model changes which lead to the increased climate sensitivity in the CMIP6 configuration, namely, the replacement of the aerosol scheme with GLOMAP‐mode and the introduction of a scheme for representing the turbulent production of liquid water within mixed‐phase cloud. Overall, the changes included in this latest configuration were found to improve the initial tendencies of the model state variables over the first 6 hr of the forecast, this timescale being before significant dynamical feedbacks are likely to occur. The reduced model drift through the forecast appears to be the result of increased cloud liquid water, leading to enhanced radiative cooling from cloud top and contributing to a stronger shortwave cloud radiative effect. These changes improve the 5‐day forecast in traditional metrics used for numerical weather prediction. This study was conducted after the model was frozen and the climate sensitivity of the model determined; hence, it provides an independent test of the model changes contributing to the higher climate sensitivity. The results, along with the large body process‐orientated evaluation conducted during the model development process, provide reassurance that these changes are improving the physical processes simulated by the model.
Long‐Range Longitudinal Electric Wave in Vacuum Radiated by Electric Dipole: Part I
Authors: Zhakatayev A. , Tlebaldiyeva L.
Published: March 2020

In this work, by using the assumptions that wavelength is much smaller than charge separation distance of an electric dipole, which in turn is much smaller than a distance up to the point of observation, the new results for radiation of an electric dipole were obtained. These results generalize and extend the standard classical solution, and they indicate that under the above assumptions, the electric dipole emits both long‐range longitudinal electric and transverse electromagnetic waves. For a specific values of the dipole system parameters, the longitudinal and transverse electric fields are displayed. Total power emitted by electric and electromagnetic waves are calculated and compared. It was shown that under the standard assumption of charge separation distance being much smaller than wavelength, (a) classical solution correctly describes the transverse electromagnetic waves only; (b) longitudinal electric waves are nonnegligible; (c) total radiated power is proportional to the fourth degree of frequency and to the second degree of the charge separation distance; and (d) transverse component of our solution reduces to classical solution. In case wavelength is much smaller than charge separation distance, (a) the classical solution is not valid, and it overestimates the total radiated power; (b) longitudinal electric waves are dominant and transverse electromagnetic waves are negligible; (c) total radiated power is proportional to the third degree of frequency and to the charge separation distance; and (d) most of the power is emitted in a narrow beam along the dipole axis; thus, emission of waves is focused as with lasers.
Day‐to‐Day Variability of Prereversal Enhancement in the Vertical Ion Drift in Response to Large‐Scale Forcing From the Lower Atmosphere
Authors: Liu Han‐Li
Published: March 2020

Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are plasma density irregularities found in the equatorial ionosphere after sunset and are closely related to the upward E×B drift before it reverses to the generally downward direction at nighttime, referred to as prereversal enhancement (PRE). Although the seasonal variation of PRE and EPB have been generally associated with F and E region dynamo, large variability of EPB occurrence from one day to the next is still puzzling and poses a challenge for equatorial space weather research and forecast. This study shows that the PRE variability is strongly affected by the large‐scale lower atmosphere variability on day‐to‐day weather scales through the E region dynamo at middle latitudes in the summer hemisphere. The whole atmosphere general circulation model with interactive ionosphere electrodynamics employed in the study does not resolve EPB due to insufficient model resolution, but EPB occurrence rate can be deduced from the simulated PRE using an empirical relation. The deduced EPB rate is in good agreement with the observed rates, suggesting the important role of large‐scale dynamics and electrodynamics in preconditioning EPB and the feasibility of probabilistic forecast of EPB using a whole atmosphere model.
Intraseasonal Drainage Network Dynamics in a Headwater Catchment of the Italian Alps
Authors: Durighetto N. , Vingiani F. , Bertassello L. E. , Camporese M. , Botter G.
Published: March 2020

In the majority of existing studies, streams are conceived as static objects that occupy predefined regions of the landscape. However, empirical observations suggest that stream networks are systematically and ubiquitously featured by significant expansion/retraction dynamics produced by hydrologic and climatic variability. This contribution presents novel empirical data about the active drainage network dynamics of a 5 km2 headwater catchment in the Italian Alps. The stream network has been extensively monitored with a biweekly temporal resolution during a field campaign conducted from July to November 2018. Our results reveal that, in spite of the wet climate typical of the study area, more than 70% of the observed river network is temporary, with a significant presence of disconnected reaches during wet periods. Available observations have been used to develop a set of simple statistical models that were able to properly reconstruct the dynamics of the active stream length as a function of antecedent precipitation. The models suggest that rainfall timing and intensity represent major controls on the stream network length, while evapotranspiration has a minor effect on the observed intraseasonal changes of drainage density. Our results also indicate the presence of multiple network expansion and retraction cycles that simultaneously operate at different time scales, in response to distinct hydrological processes. Furthermore, we found that observed spatial patterns of network dynamics and unchanneled lengths are related to the underlying heterogeneity of geological attributes. The study offers novel insights on the physical mechanisms driving stream network dynamics in low‐order alpine catchments.
HKDC1 C-terminal based peptides inhibit extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma by modulation of mitochondrial function and EBV suppression
Authors: Chen Qi , Feng Jia , Wu Jinhu , Yu Zhendong , Zhang Wei , Chen Yonggang , Yao Paul , Zhang Hongyu
Published: March 2020

Extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) associated lymphoma that progresses rapidly and relapses frequently. Advanced ENKTL is multidrug chemoresistant and has a poor prognosis. In this study, we aim to develop a novel hexokinase domain component 1 (HKDC1)-based antitumor target for ENKTL that is involved with the antimetabolic signaling pathway, EBV replication, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression. We showed that HKDC1 is highly upregulated in ENKTL cells and HKDC1 knockdown significantly suppresses ENKTL tumor growth. In addition, HKDC1 is highly identical with four other hexokinase isoforms, with the only difference being in the last eight amino acids (aa) at the C-terminal. Further investigation showed that peptide delivery of the last eight aa of HKDC1 at the C-terminal (HKC8) with D-configuration using transferrin (Tf) receptor internalization sequence (Tf-D-HKC8) inhibits HKDC1 association with vascular endothelial growth factor 1 (VDAC1), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration and subsequently suppressing EBV replication and P-gp expression, making it very effective in killing EBV-positive ENKTL cells. Further in vivo experiments showed that local injection of Tf-D-HKC8 peptide significantly suppresses ENKTL tumor growth and EBV replication in ENKTL xenograft mouse models. We conclude that HKDC1 C-terminal-based peptides inhibit ENKTL by modulation of mitochondrial function and EBV suppression.
The expression signatures in liver and adipose tissue from obese Göttingen Minipigs reveal a predisposition for healthy fat accumulation
Authors: Cirera Susanna , Taşöz Emirhan , Juul Jacobsen Mette , Schumacher-Petersen Camilla , Østergaard Christoffersen Berit , Kaae Kirk Rikke , Pagh Ludvigsen Trine , Hvid Henning , Duelund Pedersen Henrik , Høier Olsen Lisbeth , Fredholm Merete
Published: March 2020

Background

Model animals are valuable resources for dissecting basic aspects of the regulation of obesity and metabolism. The translatability of results relies on understanding comparative aspects of molecular pathophysiology. Several studies have shown that despite the presence of overt obesity and dyslipidemia in the pig key human pathological hepatic findings such as hepatocellular ballooning and abundant steatosis are lacking in the model.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to elucidate why these histopathological characteristics did not occur in a high fat, fructose and cholesterol (FFC) diet-induced obese Göttingen Minipig model.

Methods

High-throughput expression profiling of more than 90 metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of male minipigs diet fed: standard chow (SD, n = 7); FFC diet (n = 14); FFC diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs (FFCDIA, n = 8). Moreover, histopathological assessment of SAT and VAT was performed.

Results

12, 4 and 1 genes were highly significantly differentially expressed in liver, SAT and VAT when comparing the FFC and SD groups whereas the corresponding numbers were 15, 2, and 1 when comparing the FFCDIA and SD groups. Although the minipigs in both FFC groups developed sever obesity and dyslipidemia, the insulin-signaling pathways were not affected. Notably, four genes involved in lipid acquisition and removal, were highly deregulated in the liver: PPARG, LPL, CD36 and FABP4. These genes have been reported to play a major role in promoting hepatic steatosis in rodents and humans. Since very little macrophage-associated pro-inflammatory response was detected in the adipose tissues the expansion appears to have no adverse impact on adipose tissue metabolism.

Conclusion

The study shows that morbidly obese Göttingen Minipigs are protected against many of the metabolic and hepatic abnormalities associated with obesity due to a remarkable ability to expand the adipose compartments to accommodate excess calories.
Membrane metalloendopeptidase suppresses prostate carcinogenesis by attenuating effects of gastrin-releasing peptide on stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Cheng Chieh-Yang , Zhou Zongxiang , Stone Meredith , Lu Bao , Flesken-Nikitin Andrea , Nanus David M. , Nikitin Alexander Yu.
Published: March 2020

Aberrant neuroendocrine signaling is frequent yet poorly understood feature of prostate cancers. Membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME) is responsible for the catalytic inactivation of neuropeptide substrates, and is downregulated in nearly 50% of prostate cancers. However its role in prostate carcinogenesis, including formation of castration-resistant prostate carcinomas, remains uncertain. Here we report that MME cooperates with PTEN in suppression of carcinogenesis by controlling activities of prostate stem/progenitor cells. Lack of MME and PTEN results in development of adenocarcinomas characterized by propensity for vascular invasion and formation of proliferative neuroendocrine clusters after castration. Effects of MME on prostate stem/progenitor cells depend on its catalytic activity and can be recapitulated by addition of the MME substrate, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Knockdown or inhibition of GRP receptor (GRPR) abrogate effects of MME deficiency and delay growth of human prostate cancer xenografts by reducing the number of cancer-propagating cells. In sum, our study provides a definitive proof of tumor-suppressive role of MME, links GRP/GRPR signaling to the control of prostate stem/progenitor cells, and shows how dysregulation of such signaling may promote formation of castration-resistant prostate carcinomas. It also identifies GRPR as a valuable target for therapies aimed at eradication of cancer-propagating cells in prostate cancers with MME downregulation.
Niche-based assembly of bacterial consortia on the diatom Thalassiosira rotula is stable and reproducible
Authors: Mönnich Julian , Tebben Jan , Bergemann Jennifer , Case Rebecca , Wohlrab Sylke , Harder Tilmann
Published: March 2020

With each cell division, phytoplankton create new space for primary colonization by marine bacteria. Although this surface microenvironment is available to all planktonic bacterial colonizers, we show the assembly of bacterial consortia on a cosmopolitan marine diatom to be highly specific and reproducible. While phytoplankton–bacteria interactions play fundamental roles in marine ecosystems, namely primary production and the carbon cycle, the ecological paradigm behind epiphytic microbiome assembly remains poorly understood. In a replicated and repeated primary colonization experiment, we exposed the axenic diatom Thalassiosira rotula to several complex and compositionally different bacterial inocula derived from phytoplankton species of varying degrees of relatedness to the axenic Thalassiosira host or natural seawater. This revealed a convergent assembly of diverse and compositionally different bacterial inocula, containing up to 2071 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), towards a stable and reproducible core community. Four of these OTUs already accounted for a cumulative abundance of 60%. This core community was dominated by Rhodobacteraceae (30.5%), Alteromonadaceae (27.7%), and Oceanospirillales (18.5%) which was qualitatively and quantitatively most similar to its conspecific original. These findings reject a lottery assembly model of bacterial colonization and suggest selective microhabitat filtering. This is likely due to diatom host traits such as surface properties and different levels of specialization resulting in reciprocal stable-state associations.
Novel phosphate-solubilizing bacteria enhance soil phosphorus cycling following ecological restoration of land degraded by mining
Authors: Liang Jie-Liang , Liu Jun , Jia Pu , Yang Tao-tao , Zeng Qing-wei , Zhang Sheng-chang , Liao Bin , Shu Wen-sheng , Li Jin-tian
Published: March 2020

Little is known about the changes in soil microbial phosphorus (P) cycling potential during terrestrial ecosystem management and restoration, although much research aims to enhance soil P cycling. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to analyse 18 soil microbial communities at a P-deficient degraded mine site in southern China where ecological restoration was implemented using two soil ameliorants and eight plant species. Our results show that the relative abundances of key genes governing soil microbial P-cycling potential were higher at the restored site than at the unrestored site, indicating enhancement of soil P cycling following restoration. The gcd gene, encoding an enzyme that mediates inorganic P solubilization, was predominant across soil samples and was a major determinant of bioavailable soil P. We reconstructed 39 near-complete bacterial genomes harboring gcd, which represented diverse novel phosphate-solubilizing microbial taxa. Strong correlations were found between the relative abundance of these genomes and bioavailable soil P, suggesting their contributions to the enhancement of soil P cycling. Moreover, 84 mobile genetic elements were detected in the scaffolds containing gcd in the 39 genomes, providing evidence for the role of phage-related horizontal gene transfer in assisting soil microbes to acquire new metabolic potential related to P cycling.
OX40 and LAG3 are associated with better prognosis in advanced gastric cancer patients treated with anti-programmed death-1 antibody
Authors: Ohmura Hirofumi , Yamaguchi Kyoko , Hanamura Fumiyasu , Ito Mamoru , Makiyama Akitaka , Uchino Keita , Shimokawa Hozumi , Tamura Shingo , Esaki Taito , Mitsugi Kenji , Shibata Yoshihiro , Oda Hisanobu , Tsuchihashi Kenji , Ariyama Hiroshi , Kusaba Hitoshi , Oda Yoshinao , Akashi Koichi , Baba Eishi
Published: March 2020

Background

Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, nivolumab, has shown efficacy for advanced gastric cancer (AGC). However, the specific immune cell subsets predominantly activated during the period of anti-PD-1 therapy for AGC have not been clarified.

Methods

Peripheral blood of 30 AGC patients treated with nivolumab was prospectively obtained before the initial and second administrations and at the time of progressive disease (PD). The proportions of immune cell subsets and the serum concentrations of cytokines were systematically analysed by flow cytometry. Associations of subsets and serum cytokines with therapeutic effects were evaluated.

Results

After the initial administration, significant increases in activated central/effector memory, activated effector T cells, and activated T-helper 1 subsets were observed. At the time of PD, activated regulatory T cells, LAG3-positive CD4+/CD8+ T cells, and TIM3-positive CD4+/CD8+ T cells increased significantly. Significant positive correlations were shown between progression-free survival and proportions of LAG3-positive CD4+/CD8+ T cells and of OX40-positive CD4+/CD8+ T cells (log-rank p = 0.0008, 0.0003, 0.0035 and 0.0040).

Conclusions

Nivolumab therapy enhances activation of central/effector memory and effector subsets of CD4+/CD8+ T cells. The expression levels of LAG-3 and OX40 on T cells correlated with the efficacy of nivolumab therapy and could be reasonable biomarkers for anti-PD-1 therapy.