bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of incubation temperature on yolk lipid parameters during embryonic development of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Authors: Noble R. C. , Deeming D. C. , Ferguson M. W. J. , McCartney R.
Published: November 2006

The effect of incubation temperature (30 and 33°C) on yolk lipid uptake and changes in the alligator has been studied. Notable changes occurred in the lipid and fatty acid compositions of the yolk. Triacylglycerols and phospholipids were the major lipid components of the yolk at the start of incubation. However, during incubation the level of cholesteryl esters increased considerably to become a major lipid component of the yolk at hatching. This increase in cholesteryl ester level occurred at a much earlier time in the eggs incubated at 33°C. The cholesteryl esters which accumulated within the yolk showed much higher levels of oleic acid. The triacylglycerols and phospholipids of the yolk both contained unusually high levels of palmitoleic acid. Their fatty acid compositions remained relatively unchanged during incubation. The lipid composition of the liver toward the end of the incubation period reflected the changes that occurred within the yolk. Thus the percentage of cholesteryl esters in the liver lipid of embryos incubated at 30 and 33°C were 7 and 40%, respectively. The accumulated cholesteryl esters also showed a significantly higher content of oleic acid. The differences in the yolk and tissue lipids during incubation at the two temperatures are discussed with reference to the respective rates of embryonic development but in particular with respect to the feature of temperature‐dependent sex determination.
Regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols using allyl magnesium bromide
Authors: Becker Claus C. , Rosenquist Annemette , Hølmer Gunhild
Published: November 2006

A method for the regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG), using the Grignard reagent allyl magnesium bromide (AMB) to partially deacylate TAG, is described. 1,3‐Distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (SOS) and 1,3‐didecanoyl‐2‐palmitoyl‐glycerol (CPC) were reacted with AMB. From the resulting mixture, the four different classes of partial acylglycerols and TAG were isolated, and the mole ratios between stearic acid and oleic acid, or decanoic acid and palmitic acid, respectively, were determined in each fraction. Different approaches of calculating the composition of the fatty acids in positionssn‐1(3) andsn‐2 of the original TAG were compared. For thesn‐2 position, the best estimate was the direct determination of the fatty acid composition of 2‐monoacylglycerol (MAG). Mole percentages of stearic acid and decanoic acid in thesn‐1(sn‐3) positions of SOS and CPC, respectively, were most accurately estimated from the fatty acid compositions of TAG and 2‐MAG according to the formula: 1.5×TAG−0.5×2‐MAG. Using AMB and the present method of calculation, the results obtained were more accurate and showed smaller standard derivations than those obtained using other common deacylating agents, such as ethyl magnesium bromide or pancreatic lipase.
Synthesis of trisubstituted C18 pyrrole fatty ester derivatives
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Wong K. P.
Published: November 2006

Reaction of methyl 10(11)‐dicarbethoxymethyl‐9,12‐dioxooctadecanoate (1a,1b) with ammonium acetate furnished a mixture of positional isomers of a pyrrole derivative, methyl 9,12‐imino‐10(11)‐dicarbethoxymethyl‐9,11‐octadecadienoate (2a,2b). Decarboxylation of the mixture of compounds 2a,2b with sodium carbonate in aqueous methanol yielded a mixture of compounds 3a,3b containing a CH2COOCH3 group at the 3‐ or 4‐position of the pyrrole ring after esterification. Heating of the hydrolyzed mixture of compounds 3a,3b at 180°C for 1 h gave the desired trisubstituted pyrrole derivatives, methyl 9,12‐imino‐10(11)‐methyl‐9,11‐octadecadienoate (4a,4b), containing a methyl group at the 3‐ or 4‐position of the pyrrole nucleus. The structures of the products and intermediates were confirmed by infrared, and by1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
The Effects of dietary n−3/n−6 ratio on brain development in the mouse: a dose response study with long‐chain n−3 fatty acids
Authors: Wainwright P. E. , Huang Y. S. , Bulman‐Fleming B. , Dalby D. , Mills D. E. , Redden P. , McCutcheon D.
Published: November 2006

This study examines the effects of the ratio of n−3/n−6 fatty acids (FA) on brain development in mice when longchain n−3 FA are supplied in the diet. From conception until 12 days after birth, B6D2F1 mice were fed liquid diets, each providing 10% of energy from olive oil, and a further 10% from different combinations of free FA concentrates derived from safflower oil (18∶2n−6), and fish oil (20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3). The range of dietary n−3/n−6 ratios was 0,025, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0, with an n−6 content of greater than 1.5% of energy in all diets, and similar levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In an additional group of ratio 0.5, 18∶2n−6 was partially replaced by its δ6 desaturation product, 18∶3n−6. Biochemical analyses were conducted on 12‐day‐old pup brains, as well as on samples of maternal milk. No obvious effects on overall pup growth and development were observed, apart from a smaller litter size at ratio 1. Co‐variance analysis indicated that increasing the n−3/n−6 ratio was associated with slightly smaller brains, relative to body weight. We found that 18∶2n−6 and 20∶5n−3 were the predominant n−6 and n−3 FA in the milk; in the brain these were 20∶4n−6 and 22∶6n−3, respectively. Increasing dietary n−3/n−6 ratios generally resulted in an increase in n−3 FA, with a corresponding decrease in n−6 FA. The n−3/n−6 ratio of the milk lipids showed a strong linear relationship with the diet, but in the brain the rate of increase tended to decrease beyond 0.5 (phosphatidylcholine, PC) and 0.25 (phosphatidylethanolamine, PE), such that there was a significant quadratic contribution to the relationship. The partial replacement of dietary 18∶2n−6 with 18∶3n−6 raised levels of 20∶4n−6 in milk, brain PC, and brain PE. These results indicate that the n−3/n−6 ratio of the phospholipids in the developing mouse brain responds maximally to maternal dietary long‐chain n−3/n−6 ratios of between 0.25 and 0.5.
Effect of maternal dietary fats with variable n−3/n−6 ratios on tissue fatty acid composition in suckling mice
Authors: Huang Y. ‐S. , Wainwright P. E. , Redden P. R. , Mills D. E. , Bulman‐Fleming B. , Horrobin D. F.
Published: November 2006

This report examines the distribution of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids in heart, kidney and liver phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of suckling mice from dams fed a fat‐supplemented diet with variable n−3/n−6 ratios. After conception and throughout the pregnancy and lactation period, dams were fed a fat‐free liquid diet supplemented with 20% by energy of oil mixtures (fish oil concentrate, rich in 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3, and safflower oil concentrate, rich in 18∶2n−6). The diets contained similar amounts of combined n−3 and n−6 fatty acids but variable ratios of n−3 to n−6 fatty acids (0,025, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4). In 12‐day‐old suckling mice, as the n−3nn−6 ratio in the maternal diet increased (up to approx. 0.5), the tissue levels of 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 increased, whereas those of 18∶2n−6 and 20∶4n−6 decreased. The responses were similar in both phospholipid subclasses, but varied between different tissues. Generally, the n−3/n−6 ratios were significantly greater in pup tissues than in milk fat, indicating preferential incorporation of n−3 over n−6 fatty acids into phospholipids during growth. However, the incorporation of n−3 fatty acids in pups was significantly suppressed whereas that of n−6 fatty acids was increased when 18∶2n−6 was replaced by its δ6‐desaturation product, 18∶3n−6 (concentrated from evening primrose oil), as the source on n−6 fatty acid. This result suggests that δ6 desaturase activity in neonate tissues is low, and consequently, the metabolism of 18∶2n−6 to longer chain n−6 fatty acids is reduced. The preformed long‐chain n−3 fatty acids, which bypass δ6‐desaturation, were thus, preferentially incorporated into tissue phospholipids.
Anorexic contribution to increased linoleate mobilization and oxidation in lymphoma‐bearing mice
Authors: Kannan Ram , Gan‐Elepano Minerva , Baker Nome
Published: November 2006

To test for a regulatory defect in adipose triacylglycerol (essential) fatty acid mobilization in lymphoma‐bearing mice, free [1‐14C]linoleic acid/mouse serum albumin was injectediv into lymphoma‐bearing and control mice, adapted to a reversed light cycle, and studied in three dietary states in the dark period. Mean daily food intake decreased in mice with small and large tumor burdens. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation rates, which approximate FFA mobilization rates, were estimated by multicompartmental analysis (CONSAM). Oxidation of linoleate to CO2 was reduced significantly (85%) inad libitum fed as compared to briefly fasted control mice but not in fedvs. fasted mice with large or small tumor burdens. However, plasma FFA oxidation rates to CO2 did not differ in briefly fasted tumor‐bearing and pairfed control mice. When re‐fed a 250‐mg test meal, briefly fasted mice with small tumors suppressed plasma free linoleic acid oxidation, as did controls. During simulated night, mildly anorexic, tumor‐bearing mice with small tumor burdens mobilized essential fatty acids much faster than controls. This could explain body fat loss. The abnormally rapid rates of FFA (free linoleic acid) mobilization at night probably result from anorexia rather than from inability of food to suppress fat mobilization.
Urinary response toin vivo lipid peroxidation induced by vitamin E deficiency
Authors: Lee Hye‐Sung , Shoeman D. W. , Csallany A. Saari
Published: November 2006

Experiments were carried out to measure the urinary excretion of free and conjugated malonaldehyde (MDA) and other thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in vitamin E deficient and vitamin E supplemented rats. From both dietary groups, six TBA positive fractions were isolated, in addition to that containing free MDA, by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a TSK‐GEL G‐1000PW column. Three of the fractions isolated were found to be significantly increased in vitamin E deficiency. After acid hydrolysis, only one of the above compounds produced free MDA which indicated the presence of derivatized MDA. Only this fraction exhibited fluorescence at excitation 370 nm and emission 450 nm. The five other fractions formed 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4‐DNPH), indicating the presence of carbonyl groups, but the derivatized MDA fraction did not. No significant differences were found in free MDA levels between the vitamin E deficient and the vitamin E supplemented groups.
The effect of a histidine‐excess diet on cholesterol synthesis and degradation in rats
Authors: Hitomi‐Ohmura Eri , Amano Nobuyuki , Aoyama Yoritaka , Yoshida Akira
Published: November 2006

Feeding a diet high in excess histidine (5% L‐histidine) resulted in hypercholesterolemia and enlargement of the liver in rats. To clarify the mechanism of the hypercho‐lesterolemia cholesterol synthesis and degradation were followed. We found that hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase activity in histidine‐excess diet rats was significantly higher than in rats fed a basal diet. Incorporation of [3H]water into cholesterol of liver slices from rats fed the histidine‐excess diet was higher than incorporation into liver slices from rats fed the basal diet (expressed per liver per 100 g body weight).In vivo incorporation of [3H]water into hepatic cholesterol was also higher, but the incorporation into cholesterol of the small intestine was lower in histidine‐fed rats than in rats fed the basal diet (expressed per liver per 100 g body weight). Hepatic cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase activity was similar in both groups. The data suggest that the hypercholester‐olemia caused by histidine‐excess diet appears to be due to the stimulation of cholesterol synthesis in the liver.
Influence of dietary fatty acids on the glycerophospholipid composition in organs of cod (gadus morhua)
Authors: Lie Øyvind , Hemre Gro‐Ingunn , Lambertsen Georg
Published: November 2006

Cod (mean start weight of 26 g) were fed three diets for 15 months, each based on a dry pellet coated at a level of 9g/100 g with soybean oil, capelin oil or sardine oil. The fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids and four glycerophospholipids of white muscle, liver, gills and heart were determined. The fatty acid composition of dietary lipids influenced the composition of neutral lipids in all organs. Linoleic acid (18∶2n−6) from soybean oil was selectively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine of the four tissues. Similar levels of 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were found in all organs from cod fed capelin oil and sardine oil in spite of highly differentiated feed fatty acid levels. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of phosphatidylinositol was least influenced by dietary lipids. The preferred monoenic fatty acid in phospholipids of cod was 18∶1n−9, independent of dietary intake, whereas the longer chain monoenoic acids seemed to be preferentially catabolized. The results suggest that 20∶4n−6 as well as 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 fatty acids are essential for cod.
New phospholipid fatty acids from the marine spongeCinachyrella alloclada uliczka
Authors: Barnathan Gilles , Mirallès Joseph , Gaydou Emile M. , Boury‐Esnault Nicole , Kornprobst Jean‐Michel
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of phospholipids from the Senegalese spongeCinachyrella alloclada was examined. Two new fatty acids not hitherto found in nature, namely 10,13‐octadecadienoic acid and 16‐tricosenoic acid, were identified. 8‐Hexadecenoic, 13‐nonadecenoic and 5,9,13‐trimethyltretradecanoic fatty acids were also found for the first time in sponges. The latter compound (1.4% of the total fatty acid mixture), an isoprenoid fatty acid, accompanies the major fatty acid 4,8,12‐trimethyltridecanoic acid (19.7%). The monomethyl branched fatty acids (22%) identified include 23‐methylpentacosanoic acid (anteiso‐26∶0), not previously observed in sponged. The major long‐chain fatty acids encountered were the known 17‐tetracosenoic 19‐heptacosadienoic and 5,9,23‐tricontatrienoic acid. Some sixty fatty acids were identified as methyl esters andN‐acyl pyrrolidides by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Humans, lipids and evolution
Authors: Eaton S. Boyd
Published: November 2006

The genetically ordered physiology of contemporary humans was selected over eons of evolutionary experience for a nutritional pattern affording much less fat, particularly less saturated fat. Current dietary recommendations do not accord exactly with those generated by an understanding of prior hominoid/hominid evolution. Similarly, widely advocated standards for serum cholesterol values fail to match those observed in recently studied hunter‐gatherers, whose experience represents the closest living approximation of “natural” human lipid metabolism. The evolutionary paradigm suggests that fats should comprise 20–25% of total energy intake, that the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat should exceed 1.0, and that total serum cholesterol levels should be below 150 mg/dL (∼4 mM/L).
Dietary fat and breast cancer risk: The feasibility of a clinical trial of breast cancer prevention
Authors: Boyd N. F. , Cousins M. , Lockwood G. , Tritchler D.
Published: November 2006

Animal experimental evidence and human ecological data suggest that dietary fat intake is related to breast cancer risk. Epidemiological studies within countries have given inconsistent results but are limited by the restricted range of dietary intake found in Western populations and by error in the measurement of fat consumption. Experimental evidence, derived from controlled clinical trials in which the range of fat intake is increased beyond that seen in most Western populations, is capable of overcoming this limitation of observational epidemiology, and would provide the strongest evidence available concerning the relationship of dietary fat intake to breast cancer risk. Further, such trials are the only means likely to answer the question of whether breast cancer risk in high‐risk subjects can be modified by changing dietary fat intake. We describe here several aspects of the feasibility of an experimental approach to this problem, including the identification of subjects at increased risk for breast cancer, and the demonstration that such subjects will enter a clinical trial of dietary fat reduction and comply with a low‐fat diet. It is shown that subjects can be recruited and retained in such trials, that satisfactory dietary compliance can be achieved over at least 24 mon and that the subjects selected are at demonstrably increased risk of breast cancer. This finding indicates that it is feasible to test the dietary fat‐breast cancer hypothesis experimentally by means of a clinical trial.
Human milk in disease: Lipid Composition
Authors: Hamosh Margit , Bitman Joel
Published: November 2006

Differences in the lipid composition of human milk have been described in maternal diseases known to affect fat metabolism. Diseases such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, hypobetalipoproteinemia and Type I hyperlipoproteinemia affect the quantity and quality of human milk fat. Increased fatty acid chain elongation and changes in desaturation (especially Δ6 desaturase), as well as changes in lipid class composition, have been shown in diabetes and cystic fibrosis, whereas compensatory increases in medium‐chain fatty acids have been described in hypobetalipoproteinemia and Type I hyperlipoproteinemia. It is important to realize that these observations were made either on single women or on very small groups of women. In infant diseases, such as breast milk jaundice and ectopic eczema, changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids in maternal milk have been described.
Effect of fish oil on the fatty acid composition of human milk and maternal and infant erythrocytes
Authors: Henderson Robin A. , Jensen Robert G. , Lammi‐Keefe Carol J. , Ferris Ann M. , Dardick Kenneth R.
Published: November 2006

To examine the effect of fish oil supplementation on the fatty acid (FA) composition of human milk and maternal and infant erythrocytes, five lactating women were supplemented with 6 g of fish oil daily for 21d. Usual maternal diets contained 1,147 mg of total n−3 FA, with 120 mg from very long‐chain (>C18) n−3 FA. Supplementation increased dietary levels to 3,092 mg of total n−3 FA and 2,006 mg of very long‐chain n−3 FA. Milk samples were collected daily, prior to fish oil ingestion, and at 4‐h intervals on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. Milk n−3 FA content increased within 8 h and reached steady state levels within one week. The n−6 fatty acid content decreased. Erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid content increased from 0.24% to 1.4% (P<0.01) in mothers and from 0.11% to 0.70% (P<0.05) in infants. Docosapentaenoic acid increased from 1.4% to 2.2% (P<0.05) in mothers and from 0.30% to 0.78% (P<0.01) in infants. There was no significant change in docosahexaenoic acid or n−6 fatty acid content. Maternal platelet aggregation responses were variable. No differences in milk or plasma tocopherol levels were noted.
Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides
Authors: Iverson Sara J. , Sampugna Joseph , Oftedal Olav T.
Published: November 2006

Long‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into milks following maternal dietary intake. However, little is known about the hydrolysis of these PUFA from milk triglycerides (TG) by lipases in suckling young. Seals, like humans, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium‐chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10–30%) of n−3 PUFA. Gastric hydrolysis of milk lipids was studiedin vivo in suckling pups of three species (the California sea lion, the harp seal and the hooded seal) in order to elucidate the actions and specificity of gastric lipases on milk TG in relation to fatty acid composition and TG structure. Regardless of milk fat content (31–61% fat) or extent of gastric hydrolysis (10–56%), the same fatty acids were preferentially released in all three species, as determined by their relative enrichment in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. In addition to 16∶1 and 18∶0, these were the PUFA of 18 carbons and longer, except for 22∶6n−3. Levels of 20∶5n−3 were most notably enriched in FFA, at up to five times that found in the TG. Although 22∶6n−3 was apparently also released from the TG (reduced in the diglyceride), it was also notably reduced in FFA. Positional analysis of milk TG based on the products of Grignard hydrolysis revealed that these PUFA, including 22∶6n−3, were preferentially esterified at the α‐position of the TG, and that the fatty acids not released during gastric hydrolysis were located at thesn‐2 position. The extreme reduction of 22∶6n−3 and enrichment of 20∶5n−3 in FFA is discussed. Results from this study are consistent with reports that gastric lipase acts stereo‐specifically to release fatty acids at the α‐positions (sn−3,sn−1). We conclude that the n−3 PUFA in milk are efficiently hydrolyzed by gastric lipase and that this has important implications for digestion of milks enriched in PUFA by neonates in general.
n−3 Fatty acid requirements of the newborn
Authors: Innis Sheila M.
Published: November 2006

Whether docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3) is an essential nutrient for term or preterm infants, or if not, the quantity of dietary linolenic acid (18∶3n−3) needed to support sufficient synthesis of 22∶6n−3 for assimilation in the central nervous system is unknown. Infants fed formulas have lower plasma and red blood cell (RBC) levels of 22∶6n−3 than breast fed infants. No relationship between the intake of 18∶3n−3 in formula (0.8 or 4.5% of fatty acids, 18∶2n−6/18∶3n−3 ratio 35∶1 or 7∶1, respectively) and the infant's RBC 22∶6n−3 was found. Premature infants (<33 wk gestation) also showed a decrease in RBC 22∶6n−3 during feeding with formula containing 18∶3n−3 as the only n−3 fatty acid. However, a marked decrease in plasma and RBC 22∶6n−3 occurred between premature birth and the start of full enteral feeding at 1–2 wk of age. This was not reversed by breast milk or formula feeding. Piglets, which are appropriate for studies of infant lipid metabolism, had decreased brain synaptic plasma membrane, retina and liver 22∶6n−3 and increased 22∶5n−6 when fed formula with 0.8% fatty acids (0.3% of kcal) as 18∶3n−3. Formula with 4.0% fatty acids (1.7% of kcal) as 18∶3n−3 resulted in similar accretion of 22∶6n−3 in the organs compared to milk fed animals. The studies suggest the dietary requirement for 18∶3n−3 in term animals in energy balance exceeds 0.3% diet kcal. Studies in the premature infants suggest 18∶3n−3 may be oxidized rather than desaturated to 22∶6n−3 if energy requirements are not met, and that due to early lipid restriction and later rapid growth, premature infants may have higher dietary n−3 requirements than term infants.
Essentiality of dietary ω3 fatty acids for premature infants: Plasma and red blood cell fatty acid composition
Authors: Hoffman Dennis R. , Uauy Ricardo
Published: November 2006

Pre‐term infants, that are not breast‐fed, are deprived of vital intrauterine fat accretion during late pregnancy and must rely on formula to obtain fatty acids essential for normal development, particularly of the visual system. Preterm infants (30 wk postconception) receiving human milk were compared to infants given one of the following formulae: Formula A was a commercial preterm formula with predominantly 18∶2ω6 (24.2%) and low (0.5%) 18∶3ω3; Formula B was based on soy oil and contained similar 18∶2ω6 levels (20%) and high 18∶3ω3 (2.7%); Formula C was also a soy oil‐based formula (20% 18∶2, 1.4% 18∶3) but was supplemented with marine oil to provide ω3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) at a level (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 0.35%) equivalent to human milk. At entry (10 days of age), the fatty acid composition of plasma and red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipids of the formula groups were identical. By 36 wk postconception, the DHA content in lipids of group A was significantly reduced compared to that in the human milk and marine oil formula groups. Omega‐3 LCP results were further amplified by 57 wk with compensatory increases in 22∶5ω6 in both plasma and RBC lipids. Provision of 2.7% α‐linolenic acid in formula group B was sufficient to maintain 22∶6ω3 levels equivalent to those in human milk‐fed infants at 36 wk but not at 57 wk. Effects on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fragility of RBC attributable to the marine oil supplementation were negligible. The results support the essentiality of ω3 fatty acids for preterm infants to obtain fatty acid profiles comparable to infants receiving human milk. Formula for preterm infants should be supplemented with ω3 fatty acids including LCP.
Addition of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to formula for very low birth weight infants
Authors: Clandinin M. T. , Garg M. L. , Parrott A. , Van Aerde J. , Hervada A. , Lien E.
Published: November 2006

Thirty‐four premature infants who were appropriate for gestational age and weighing less than 1500 g at birth were fed “preemie” SMA‐24 formula, “preemie” SMA‐24 formula manufactured to contain C20 and C22 ω6 and ω3 fatty acids (LCPE‐SMA), or expressed milk (EBM). Blood samples were drawn from a small arm vein during the first week of life and after 28 days of feeding. The fatty acid content of plasma phospholipids was determined. Infants fed SMA‐24 had a high content of 18∶2ω6 in plasma phospholipids. Feeding LCPE‐SMA normalized plasma phospholipid levels of C20 and C22 ω6 and ω3 fatty acids to be similar to levels of C20 and C22 ω6 and ω3 fatty acids found in infants fed EBM, and significantly higher than characteristic levels for infants fed SMA‐24. Feeding LCPE‐SMA or EBM results in a balanced incorporation of C20 and C22 ω6 and ω3 fatty acids into phospholipids derived from the liver or perhaps the small intestine.
First year growth of preterm infants fed standard compared to marine oil n−3 supplemented formula
Authors: Carlson Susan E. , Cooke Richard J. , Werkman Susan H. , Tolley Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2006

Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (748–1390 g, n=65) were randomly assigned to receive control or marine oil‐supplemented formula when they achieved intakes >454 kJ (110 kcal)/kg/d of a formula designed for VLBW infants. Study formulas with or without marine oil were provided until 79 wk of postconceptional age (PCA), first in a formula designed for preterm infants followed by a formula designed for term infants. Infants were studied at regular intervals through 92 wk PCA. Weight, length, and head circumference were determined by standardized prodedures and normalized to the National Center for Health Statistics figures for growth of infants born at term of the same age and gender. Mean normalized weight, weight‐to‐length, and head circumference were greatest at 48 wk and decreased thereafter. The decline in normalized weight was greater in infants fed the marine oil‐supplemented formula. Beginning at 40 wk, marine oil‐supplemented infants compared to controls had significantly poorer Z‐scores for weight, length and head circumference. In addition, birth order (negatively) and maternal height (positively) influenced weight and length achievement in infancy as shown previously in infants born at term.
Lactation curves and effect of pup removal on milk fat of C57BI/6J mice fed different diet fats
Authors: Teter Beverly B. , Sampugna Joseph , Keeney Mark
Published: November 2006

Groups of C57BI/6J mice, fed either acis (C‐Diet) ortrans diet (T‐Diet) were milked without preconditioning at 6, 8, 10 and 12 dayspostpartum. On day 10, groups of mice were also milked 4, 6 and 18 h after separation of the pups. Except for the 18‐h separation, all T‐Diet fed animals produced milk of lower fat content than did the C‐Diet animals (P<0.001) throughout the lactation period measured. In the C‐Diet mice, the 6‐h separation period resulted in a decrease (P<0.03) in fat, but the diet‐depressed milk fat of T‐Diet animals was not decreased further until the 18‐h separation period. Milk volume increased as lactation progressed and was greatly increased as a result, of preconditioning (P<‐0.001), even at 4 h of separation when fat was not reduced, and was always greater for T‐Diet animals. Within diet groups, fatty acid composition was similar throughout the lactation period studied and was not affected by preconditioning, except in the 18‐h separation period, whende novo fatty acids were significantly reduced (P≤0.05). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that preconditioning results in lowered milk fat values and that preconditioning techniques can explain discrepancies in literature values for murine milk fat.
Bile salt stimulated lipase: Comparative studies in ferret milk and lactating mammary gland
Authors: Ellis Lorie A. , Hamosh Margit
Published: November 2006

Bile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity in 10–20 times higher in ferret milk than in human milk. We have used the ferret to study BSSL activity in lactating mammary gland and in mammary cells isolated by hyaluronidase‐collagenase treatment followed by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Furthermore, we have compared the characteristics of BSSL in the tissue preparations (homogenate or cells) to BSSL of ferret milk and to BSSL purified from ferret and human milk. The characteristics of BSSL in ferret mammary gland preparations and milk were similar to those of human milk BSSL—absoltue requirement of primary bile salts, pH optimum of 7.5–9.0 stability at pH 3–9 and inhibition by eserine (physostigmine) and by serum. Purified ferret milk BSSL had a lower molecular weight (90kD) than did human milk BSSL (125 kD). There was an 86% homology of theN‐terminal amino acid sequence between BSSL of ferret and of human milk. The marked similarity in characteristics between BSSL in ferret and human milk and the high activity of BSSL in ferret milk (520 U/mL colostrum and 250 U/mL mature milk) indicate that this species is an ideal animal model for the study of the synthesis and secretion of this digestive lipase which constitutes a significant portion (1–2%) of total milk protein.
Oxidative interactions of cholesterol in the milk fat globule membrane
Authors: Kim S. K. , Nawar W. W.
Published: November 2006

The effects of oxidative interactions between cholesterol and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components,i.e., nonlipid fraction, total lipid, nonpolar lipid and polar lipid, on cholesterol oxidation were studied in the presence and absence of water. In the dry state, cholesterol natively present in MFGM appeared to be protected at 135°C. The nonpolar lipid and nonlipid fraction contributed to the protective effect of MFGM. Added cholesterol accelerated the oxidation of membrane lipid fractions. At 75°C, pure cholesterol and membrane lipid fractions did not show significant interaction. However, cholesterol and other lipids in MFGM were less stable than when these were heated separately. When cholesterol and membrane lipids were mixed in an aqueous medium at 75°C, each accelerated the oxidation of the other. The MFGM exhibited a high protective effect on cholesterol oxidation in an aqueous environment. The nonlipid fraction protected cholesterol against oxidation, whereas the lipid fraction was destructive. In the absence of water, the net balance between these two opposing factors was destructive. The presence of water reversed the balance in favor of protection.
High‐performance liquid chromatography of human milk triacylglycerols and gas chromatography of component fatty acids
Authors: Dotson Karen D. , Jerrell John P. , Picciano Mary Frances , Perkins Edward G.
Published: November 2006

Human milk triacylglycerols were separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A 5‐μ Supelcosil LC‐18 column (Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA) was used with acetone/acetonitrile (64∶36, vol/vol) as mobile phase. Triacylglycerols were tentatively identified based on theoretical carbon number and relative retention time. Despite changes resulting from dietary fat variation, the major component triacylglycerols were those composed of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Triacylglycerols with palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were present as minor components. Fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography relative to an internal standard. Ratios of n−6/n−3 fatty acids were found to be high than previously reported.
Fatty acid composition of black bear (Ursus americanus) milk during and after the period of winter dormancy
Authors: Iverson Sara J. , Oftedal Olav T.
Published: November 2006

Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3‐mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free‐ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.
The interaction of prostaglandin E1 with serum lipoproteins possible role in cholesterol homeostasis
Authors: Bergelson Lev D.
Published: November 2006

Prostaglandin (PG) E1 significantly stimulates the rate of cholesterol esterification in plasma. This effect could be attributed to an enhancement by PGE1 of the interlipoprotein transfer of phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl esters,i.e., the substrate and product of lecithin‐cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). The enhancement effect appears to be due to a rearrangement of the lipoprotein surface induced by specific interaction of PGE1 with some apolipoproteins, although the binding capacity of serum lipoproteins for PGE1 was found to be rather weak. To explain these findings, an hypothetical non‐equilibrium model was put forward. The purpose of the present article is to summarize available data on the PGE1‐lipoprotein interaction.
Properties of an acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase inhibitor from rat serum
Authors: Tanaka Mitsuo , Iio Toshihiro , Tabata Toshikazu
Published: November 2006

The inhibitory effect of a protein isolated from rat serum on lysosomal acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase (acid CEH; EC.3.1.1.13) activity was studied. An inhibitor was purified from rat serum following ultracentrifugation and heat treatment using column chromatography on Sephacryl S‐200 and ultrafiltration. The purified inhibitor appeared as a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the inhibitor was 28,000 Daltons as judged by gel filtration on Sephacryl S‐200 and SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified inhibitor was shown to be apolipoprotein A‐I (apo A‐I), the major apolipoprotein of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), using immunoprecipitation with rat anti‐apo A‐I immunoglobulin (Ig)G. Inhibition of acid CEH activity by apo A‐I was dependent on the concentration of apo A‐I. The values of Vmax obtained were similar with or without apo A‐I. Apo A‐I of various other mammalian species, including human, bovine and rabbit, also inhibited acid CEH activity. Other apolipoproteins, such as apo A‐II and apo B, also showed inhibiting activity. On the other hand, apo A‐I had no effect on the activity of other enzymes found in lysosomes, such as cathepsin D, β‐glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. The results suggest that apolipoproteins may play a role in the regulation of hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in lipoproteins, that have been transferred to the liver, and that the inhibition of acid CEH activity by apo A‐I may be a characteristic of the lipid‐binding protein or be due to changes of the lipid/water interface.
Effects of high α‐linolenate and linoleate diets on erythrocyte deformability and hematological indices in rats
Authors: Sakai Keiko , Okuyama Harumi , Kon Kazunori , Maeda Nobuji , Sekiya Misuzu , Shiga Takeshi , Reitz Ronald C.
Published: November 2006

Rats were fed either a high α‐linolenate diet or a high linoleate diet from weaning to 4 mon of age. Soybean oil was used as a control. Phospholipid compositions of erythrocytes from the three dietary groups were not significantly different. However, the difference in the α‐linolenate (18∶3n−3)/linoleate (18∶2n−6) ratio of the diets was reflected in the n−3/n−6 ratios of the 20 and 22 carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids except for docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3) in the phospholipids. Despite the significant differences in the fatty acid compositions of phospholipids, no measurable differences were detectable in erythrocyte deformability, whole blood viscosity and hematological indices of the three dietary groups. These results indicate that the beneficial effects of the high α‐linolenate diet, as compared with the high linoleate diet, are exerted without significant changes in these parameters.
Reduced adipose 18∶3ω3 with weight loss by very low calorie dieting
Authors: Phinney Stephen D. , Tang Anna B. , Johnson Susan B. , Holman Ralph T.
Published: November 2006

The human undergoing rapid and sustained weight loss by very low calorie dieting (VLCD) derives the majority of daily energy needs from adipose fatty acids. To evaluate the rates of metabolic utilization of individual fatty acids in humans, two groups of adult women outpatients were studied during major weight loss by VLCD. The diets used were either food or formula, providing the recommended dietary allowance for minerals and vitamins, with fat contents of 2–20 g/d. Group 1 consisted of 10 subjects [initial body mass index (BMI) 32.7, 157% of ideal body weight (IBW)] with a mean loss of 17.7 kg in 3–5 months. Group 2 consisted of 14 subjects (initial BMI 36.7, 167% of IBW) with a mean loss of 25.6 kg in 4–5 months. Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained by needle aspiration from Group 1 before and after weight loss and from Group 2 before, at the midpoint, and after weight loss. With weight loss in Group 1, the adipose tissue content of 18∶1ω9, 18∶2ω6, and 20∶4ω6 did not change, but 18∶3ω3 fell (0.67 to 0.56 wt%, p<0.0001) as did 20∶5ω3 (0.08 to 0.05, p<0.01). Adipose tissue 22∶6ω3 rose from 0.03 to 0.07 (p<0.01). In Group 2, only 18∶3ω3 showed a change, falling from 0.71 to 0.69 to 0.59 wt% across weight loss (p=0.03 by analysis of variance). We conclude that the major fatty acids are oxidized in proportion to their composition in adipose triglyceride. The significant reduction in the concentration of 18∶3ω3 during weight loss is unique among fatty acids. Its accelerated removal from adipose tissue indicates either a preferential step in β‐oxidation or a defined need during supplemented fasting which exceeds its rate of provision from adipose stores.
Squalene in grapefruit wax as a possible natural protectant against chilling injury
Authors: Nordby Harold E. , McDonald Roy E.
Published: November 2006

The influence of temperature conditioning on stored grapefruit against chilling injury (CI) as related to the fruit's neutral lipids in the peel was investigated. Squalene, a highly unsaturated C30 isoprene hydrocarbon, was found to be present in the epicuticular wax of grapefruit. The optimal temperature for biosynthesis of squalene in grapefruit was 15°C; this is also the temperature reported previously as the optimum temperature for conditioning grapefruit against chilling injury. Control and temperature‐conditioned grapefruit were stored monthly over three seasons from 1986 to 1989. Fruits were rated for chilling injury and the levels of squalene were determined. An inverse relationship found between CI and squalene level suggested that squalene may protect grapefruit from CI.
Influence of dietary fish oil on the relative synthesis of triacylglycerol and phospholipids in rat liverin vivo
Authors: Yeo Young K. , Holub Bruce J.
Published: November 2006

The influence of dietary fish oil containing n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol relative to total individual phospholipids was studied in rat liverin vivo. The dietary lipid (10% by weight of diet) was either sunflower oil enriched in linoleic acid (SO group) or MaxEPA fish oil/sunflower oil, 9∶1 by weight (FO group) enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20∶5n−3) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3). After a 3‐week feeding period, the triacylglycerol content (in μmmol/g liver) was 44% lower in the FO group relative to the SO animals. Thein vivo incorporation of [3H]glycerol into individual hepatic lipids resulted in triacyl‐glycerol/total phospholipid radioactivity ratios of 2.1 and 0.9 for the SO and FO groups, respectively. These results indicate an inhibitory effect of dietary EPA/DHA on triacylglycerol relative to phospholipid synthesis from intermediary 1,2‐diacylglycerol in rat liverin vivo. This metabolic alteration was accompanied by a substantially lower amount (in μmol/g liver) of arachidonic acid and higher levels of EPA plus DHA in the triacylglycerol, choline glycerophospholipid (CGP), and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EGP) of the FO group. A moderately higher labelling of the EGP from [3H]glycerol was observed in the FO as compared to the SO group (as evidenced by CGP/EGP radioactivity ratios of 1.3∶1 and 1.8∶1, respectively). The present study providesin vivo evidence for a dampening effect of dietary fish oil on the synthesis of liver triacylglycerol relative to phospholipid and a moderate alteration ofde novo synthesis of individual phospholipids.
Influence of dietary fatty acid composition on cholesterol synthesis and esterification in hamsters
Authors: Jones Peter J. H. , Ridgen Julie E. , Benson Alexander P.
Published: November 2006

To investigate the effects of dietary fat quality on synthesis and esterification of cholesterol, Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing corn, olive, coconut or menhaden oils (10% w/w) with added cholesterol (0.1% w/w). After 3 weeks, animals were sacrificed 90 min following IP injection of3H2O. Synthesis of free cholesterol and movement of free cholesterol into ester pools were measured from3H‐uptade rate in liver and duodenum. Plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were highest in coconut oil‐fed animals, whereas hepatic total cholesterol and ester levels were elevated in olive oil‐fed animals, as compared with all other groups. No diet‐related differences were seen in duodenal cholesterol or total fatty acid content. In duodenum, uptake of3H per g tissue into cholesterol was greater compared with liver; however, within each tissue,3H‐uptake into cholesterol was similar across groups. Notably,3H‐uptake into cholesterol ester in liver was highest in menhaden oil‐fed animals. These data suggest that menhaden fish oil consumption results in enhanced movement of newly synthesized cholesterol into ester as compared with other fat types.
Synthesis of ω9‐tetracosynoic and ω9‐octacosynoic acids as entries into tritiated metabolic precursors ofcis‐9‐tricosene andcis‐9‐heptacosene in the housefly
Authors: George Pomonis J. , Hakk Heldur
Published: November 2006

The syntheses of 15‐tetracosynoic acid (ω9‐tetracosynoic acid) and 19‐octacosynoic acid (ω9‐octacosynoic acid) are described. These alkynoic acids are to be tritiated to the corresponding alkenoic acids, which will be used as metabolic precursors of housefly pheromone components. The final step in each synthesis involved the coupling of 1‐decyne to the lithio‐salt of the appropriate ω‐bromoacid. Homologation of dibromoalkanes was accomplished with triphasic catalytic displacement of bromide by cyanide ion. Oxidation of a bromo‐alcohol to a bromoacid was performed in benzene with KMnO4 and 18‐crown‐6 ether.
Effects of dietary n−3 and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on macrophage phospholipid classes and subclasses
Authors: Chapkin Robert S. , Carmichael Suzan L.
Published: November 2006

This study examined the effects of n−3 and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acid alimentation on murine peritoneal macrophage phospholipids. Mice were fed complete diets supplemented with either corn oil predominantly containing 18∶2n−6, borage oil containing 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−6, fish/corn oil mixture containing 18∶2n−6, 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3, or fish/borage oil mixture containing 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−6, 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3. After two weeks, the fatty acid levels of glycerophosphoserines (GPS), glycerophosphoinositols (GPI), sphingomyelin (SPH), and of the glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) phospholipid subclasses were determined. We found that mouse peritoneal macrophage GPC contain primarily 1‐0‐alkyl‐2‐acyl (range for the dietary groups, 24.6–30.5 mol %) and 1,2‐diacyl (63.2–67.2 mol %), and that GPE contains 1‐O‐alk‐1‐enyl‐2‐acyl (40.9–47.4 mol. %) and 1,2‐diacyl (44.2–51.2 mol %) subclasses. In general, fish oil feeding increased macrophage 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 levels while simultaneously reducing 20∶4n−6 in GPS, GPI, GPE and GPC subclasses except for 1‐O‐alk‐1′‐enyl‐2‐acyl GPC. Administration of 18∶3n−6 rich diets (borage and fish/borage mixture) resulted in the accumulation of 20∶3n−6 (2‐carbon elongation product of 18∶3n−6) in most phospholipids. In general, the novel combination of dietary 18∶3n−6 and n−3 PUFA produced the highest 20∶3n−6/20∶4n−6 phospholipid fatty acid ratios. This study demonstrates that marked differences in the responses of macrophage phospholipid classes and subclasses exist following dietary manipulation. The reduction of 20∶4n−6, while simultaneously increasing 30∶3n−6 and n−3 PUFA levels, may be important in relation to the putative beneficial effects of 20∶3n−6 and fish oil on macrophage eicosanoid and platelet activating factor (PAF) biosynthesis.
Identification of naturally occurringtrans, trans Δ5,9 fatty acids from the spongePlakortis halichondroides
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Shalabi Fathi
Published: November 2006

The firsttrans fatty acids from a sponge have been isolated fromPlakortis halichondroides. The sponge was shown to contain theiso acids (5E,9E)‐19‐methyl‐5,9‐eicosadienoic, (5E,9E)‐20‐methyl‐5,9‐heneicosadienoic and (5E,9E)‐21‐methyl‐5,9‐docosadienoic acid, as well as theanteiso acids (5E,9E)‐19‐methyl‐5,9‐heneicosadienoic and (5E,9E)‐20‐methyl‐5,9‐docosadienoic acid together with the straight chain (5E,9E)‐5,9‐docosadienoic acid. The acids were shown by gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and13C nuclear magnetic resonance to contain thetrans configuration. An eicosadienoic acid, namely (6E,14E)‐6,14‐eicosadienoic acid, and 12‐methyl‐5‐octadecenoic acid were also identified in a sponge for the first time. The fatty acids were shown to be the principal constituents of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. No sterols were found in the sponge. The results presented in this work should be helpful in taxonomy of Homoscleromorpha.