bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital governance with smart sensors: exploring grid administration in Zhejiang’s “Future Community”
Authors: Zhao Yuchao
Published: August 2023

This study explored sensor-based e-government practices in eight pilot “Future Communities” in Zhejiang Province, China. Adopting the approach of “e-government in everyday practice,” it examines how grid members at the grassroots level make sense of smart sensors and their mediated governance through the parameters of passive response, collaborative human and nonhuman networks, and calculability. In an emerging sensing environment, grid members are exposed to contradictory governance regimes, experimenting with and performing competing sets of discourses and actions that are either efficient or inefficient, manual or automatic, and progressive or regressive. Neither facilitated nor emptied by sensor-enabled Weberian functions, they actively improvise along with the dynamism of specific local interactions and situations. However, currently sensors and attendant technologies merely leave space for them to engage in ambiguities and negotiations concerning the extent and boundaries of technical solutionism rather than opening up possibilities for empowerment to refine the forms of governance.
Framing Climate Litigation in Individual Communications of the African Human Rights System: Claw-Backs and Substantive Divergences
Authors: Jegede Ademola Oluborode
Published: August 2023

Climate litigation is anticipated to continue expanding, especially related to the interface with the human rights of vulnerable populations and the adequacy of states’ efforts to adopt and implement climate laws. While the possibility of climate-related litigation is envisaged before the African Human Rights System (AHRS), there is no pioneering case on climate change at that level yet. Essential rights that may be relevant in climate change litigation in the AHRS are not yet tested and often have claw-back clauses that have limits imposed by national legislation. Also, climate change commitments that may link to human rights are under a regime outside the AHRS. These developments may generate conceptual divergences regarding a state’s sovereign right and climate justice in future climate litigation within the AHRS. This article explores the potential application of claw-back clauses and divergent views on states’ sovereign rights and climate justice in climate change instruments that may feature in individual communications at the AHRS.
Decolonizing higher education: the university in the new age of Empire
Authors: Enslin Penny , Hedge Nicki
Published: August 2023

Campaigns to decolonize higher education have focused mainly on decolonizing the curriculum. Although the cultural features of colonialism and its material imperatives and damage were both modes of colonial domination and exploitation, more attention has been paid to the former in recent debates about education, and it tends to dominate arguments about and characterizations of decolonization in higher education, by making knowledge and the curriculum the central focus. We argue the need to attend not only to the cultural consequences of imperialism and the damage to the self so thoroughly emphasized in postcolonial and decolonial theory, but also to the material implications of colonialism and the evolution of Empire, which has persisted in new forms since formal decolonization. Decolonizing higher education and its institutions must also address new forms of Empire which have colonized the university. We argue that unless the material aspects of colonization and decolonization are adequately addressed, the university will not be substantively decolonized. Indeed, so strong is the influence of late capitalism in the form of neoliberalism on the contemporary university that its modes of practice are likely to foster superficial strategies to ‘decolonize’ the curriculum instead of addressing how capitalist structures and practices sustain current forms of coloniality. We discuss how neoliberalism, exemplified in the use of global rankings, shapes the contemporary university in today’s new age of Empire and we defend an approach to decolonizing that widens the focus of current debates beyond decolonization of the curriculum, to which we give qualified support.
Policy Logs and Casebooks
Authors: Cook Tony
Published: August 2023

This chapter evaluates Investigation Policy Logs (IPL), which are a vital element in the decision-making process. They are a formal record that provides accountability and a defensible audit of all key decisions and supporting rationale as to what and why decisions were made, or in some cases not made, at a particular time in an investigation or operation. Senior Investigating Officers (SIOs) are principally accountable for all decisions made during an investigation and may be required to produce a record of not only specific decisions but the thought processes and rationale underpinning them. The chapter then looks at the importance of note keeping and the maintenance of investigation casebooks. It also considers the process of cross-referencing and indexing, before examining ‘sensitive’ logs.
Suspicious Missing Persons
Authors: Cook Tony
Published: August 2023

This chapter evaluates some of the key tasks and principles for consideration when mounting investigations on missing persons. Every missing person case has the potential to cause immense trauma and distress to those close to them including communities; particularly if they go missing over the long-term. If there is any belief that the disappearance is linked to acts of violence, force, coercion, or being held captive—particularly by strangers—distress levels will be far greater. As such, there are higher expectations on a thorough investigation being mounted without delay and properly resourced. This might not always be practicable nor implemented due to lack of resources or because recognising criminal, suspicious, or high-risk circumstances has not been successful. The role of the Senior Investigating Officer (SIO) is stepping in and assuming responsibility for directing the enquiry and arranging prompt actions and activities to investigate cases where there is suspected criminality. The chapter then looks at the process of conducting searches; family support; return management; ‘no-body’ murders; pseudocide; the UK Missing Persons Unit (MPU); Child Rescue Alert (CRA); and Claudia's Law.
Preventing Harm from Drugs and Alcohol
Authors: Card Richard
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (MDA 1971), which provides a number of offences intended to control the misuse of drugs. It examines drugs that are subject to the Act and are designated as ‘controlled drugs’ in accordance with MDA 1971, Sch 2, Part I, II, or III. It also outlines the classification of controlled drugs which affects the punishment of some of the offences under MDA 1971. The chapter discusses the ‘temporary class drug’, which means any substance or product that is for the time being a controlled drug by virtue of a temporary class drug order. It cites s 3 of MDA 1971 that prohibits the import or export of a Class A, B, or C controlled drug.
Regulation and Responsibilities of Drivers
Authors: Card Richard
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the licensing of drivers of motor vehicles, which is dealt with by the Road Traffic Act 1988 (RTA 1988), Part III (ss 87 to 109C) and the Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) Regulations 1999 (MV(DL)R 1999). It details the importance of checking licences to establish the identity of the driver and ascertain that they are authorised to drive a particular vehicle. It also analyzes the provision of MV(DL)R 1999 wherein licences are valid in respect of the new categories of vehicle. The chapter looks at how a person may be disqualified for driving a particular class of vehicle by reason of age. It demonstrates how person may apply for a driving licence at any time within two months of the date from which the licence will take effect.
Blackstone's Crime Investigators' Handbook
Authors: Hibbitt Steve , Shaw Gary
Published: August 2023

Now in its third edition, this book provides straightforward, practical information and advice for crime investigators. The book complements the learning outcomes from the Initial Crime Investigators Development Programme (ICIDP) Phases 2 and 3, as well as all Professionalising Investigations Programme (PIP) Level 2 investigations and provides practical operational advice for a variety of crime types that investigators and supervisors can expect to encounter. The third edition covers changes to legislative and professional practices such as the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, Achieving Best Evidence 2022, amendments to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and Codes of Practice, the Code of Practice for Victims of Crime 2021, and the Criminal Procedure Rules and Practice Directions 2020, which consolidates the Criminal Procedure Rules 2015 and subsequent amendments. This edition also covers new and emerging crime types, such as cyber crime, honour based violence and abuse, child sexual exploitation, modern slavery, and stalking and harassment.
Proactive Investigation and Preventative Measures
Authors: Hibbitt Steve , Shaw Gary
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights proactive investigations, wherein the police initiate action against some kind of continuing criminal activity. This could be targeting suspected offenders or targeting a particular type of crime where the offenders are unidentified. Proactive investigation is not confined to covert operations, such as surveillance. A range of overt proactive options to prevent, detect, and disrupt crime are available, including activities like executing search warrants, high visibility patrols, road checks, and exercising stop and search powers. Other proactive preventative options include consulting and working with specialists in covert operations, confiscation of criminal property, dealing with threats to life (TTL), managing dangerous offenders through Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA), and using options from the various prevention orders and injunctions that are available for certain types of crime.
Crime: Dishonesty
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses crimes that revolve around dishonesty. It notes how the Theft Act 1968 provides for the offence of theft and other connected offences, which ends with section 23 concerned with advertising rewards for the return of stolen or lost goods. Examples of dishonest crimes range between theft, robbery, blackmail, burglary, abstraction of electricity, handling stolen goods, fraud, and obtaining services dishonestly. The chapter explains that fraud offences include false representation, failing to disclose information, and abuse of position. It also mentions the provisions of the Theft Act 1968 concerning the offences of going equipped for any burglary or theft.
An Introduction to Emergency Planning
Authors: Dillon Brian
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an overview of emergency planning, an activity intended to prevent and reduce harm to society from hazards produced by both people and the environment. The profile of emergency planning has certainly increased and gained prominence in recent years. Emergency planning has also expanded into other areas of risk management and become more aligned with other ‘crisis’ management activities. The role of the Emergency Planning Officer has thus become a vital management tool for both the public and private sector over the last 10 years to ensure emergency management is developed and maintained. Emergency planning itself has transformed, brought about by the Civil Contingencies Act 2004. Ultimately, the ability to withstand and recover from a crisis or emergency is a primary objective for many organisations today, from a commercial, reputational, and legislative perspective.
Exercise Design
Authors: Dillon Brian
Published: August 2023

This chapter assesses the general principles of designing exercises. Exercising is a key part of the emergency planning cycle. It reveals any shortcomings in the plan which will lead to a review, which in turn will lead to amending the plan and then training staff in the revised arrangements. Indeed, exercising is a vital management tool in today's business and public service environment, whether it be emergency response or managing a business continuity issue. That initial analysis as to the form and type of exercise is crucial. Choosing the right exercise will deliver cost-effective and beneficial rewards for any organisation and lead to a planning cycle which is built on continuous improvement and development. The chapter then looks at the five categories of exercises: the seminar or workshop exercise; the table or desk top exercise; the control post exercise; the live exercise; and the modular exercise. It also considers simulation exercises, visualisation, and the concept of cost recovery.
Suspicion
Authors: Waddington P.A.J. , Williams Kate , Wright Martin , Newburn Tim
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses reasonable suspicion, which is the bedrock on which police officers execute their legal powers. It explains what suspicion means in practice and what prompts suspicion in any specific situation. It also considers reasonable suspicion as a legal threshold and a claim to propriety, noting how an officer can be judged to be acting reasonably in response to actual or potential wrongdoing. The chapter emphasizes how officers find it difficult to articulate what precisely it might have been that aroused their suspicions. It takes note of officers that are often heard to say in videos selected for research, how there was something undefinably suspicious about the situation, even if they could not identify or articulate it.
Evidence-Based Policing
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

Today's police agencies are in a period of both crisis and reform as they try to improve their ability to deliver public safety to citizens in ways that are effective, legitimate, and sustainable. Evidence-based policing offers one such solution—an approach which emphasises the value that research can bring to police officers and, by extension, the public they serve. However, evidence-based policing is not just about the process of understanding and evaluating police practices. It is also about translating and using that knowledge in daily police activities. This book examines the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of various police practices and provides tools to help turn research into practice. Part I gives a practitioner's definition of evidence-based policing, a primer on how to judge and interpret research findings, and a review of the Evidence-Based Policing Matrix, a tool for translating research on police crime control interventions. In Part II the chapters review the breadth of knowledge about policing interventions for people, places, communities, and technology, focusing on how to optimize operations based on this information. Tools and ideas that can assist in implementing evidence-based practices into patrol, investigations, supervision, management, crime analysis, and leadership are provided in Part III. Finally, in Part IV the chapters contain conversations with researchers about how they might continue to work with police agencies to advance evidence-based policing.
Which Evidence Forms The Base for Evidence-Based Policing?
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter determines which evidence should form the basis for evidence-based policing and should at least be considered when making significant policy decisions. It talks about police agencies that generate their own internal research knowledge and draw upon the wider body of research already available to inform their practices. It also considers research that is intended to be descriptive and to help law enforcement understand different kinds of problems and develop strategies and services to address those problems. The chapter describes research that provides rich detail about the nature of policing or police–citizen interactions using in-depth interviewing, systematic social observations, or ethnographies. It demonstrates how evidence-based policing promotes the use of the best available or the highest-quality evidence within different designs.
Individual-Focused Strategies
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the evidence-base of common police approaches that are focused on individuals. It explores the emphasis on individuals, as opposed to places, that has been the hallmark of the standard model of policing. It also talks about the focus on individuals as it emerges from responding to calls for service, investigating crimes, and the fact that the law and standard operating procedures heavily anchor these activities. The chapter reviews academy and in-service training that concentrates on understanding how to respond to individual calls and crime reports. It argues that police activity continues to be dominated by individual-focused strategies, particularly offender-focused approaches, even with all of the innovations in proactive, community-oriented, and place-based strategies.
The Case of Place Investigative Strategy
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the Case of Place approach, which is another translation tool from the Matrix Demonstration Project focused on institutionalizing evidence-based practices into various types of investigative operations. It analyzes the requirement for the police to collect more systematic data on crime trends, problems, actors, social and physical features, and interventions at hot spots. It also highlights the application of problem-oriented policing (POP) approaches to hot spots that can be effective for developing enforcement and prevention-oriented interventions. The chapter talks about the involvement of the Case of Place strategy to the application of a criminal investigation to a different unit of investigation. It reviews the advent of POP and its subsequent operationalization through the SARA process.
Contested Knowledge
Authors: Kilgallon Mark , Wright Martin , Lee Adrian
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the history and context of how police learning and development and engagement with training and education assist leaders in their roles of providing the best service possible to the communities they seek to serve. Developing policing leadership is a political event, and as successive governments have been elected to power, policing leadership development, directly or indirectly, has been influenced by the political hue of the moment. The chapter begins by tracing the history of police learning institutions in the United Kingdom. From the Police College of 1948 to the College of Policing in 2015, different educational approaches and ideologies with respect to content, focus, partnerships, and delivery methods have emerged, all with the genuine intention of helping policing leaders to be more effective in their roles. The chapter then considers what methods of instruction are most effective for delivering police education and training.
Making Connections between Research and Practice
Authors: Fleming Jenny , Fyfe Nick , Marshall Alex
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the connection between research and practice, addressing the paradox of policing research. On the one hand, research-based knowledge of, and for, policing has increased significantly in the past 50 years. Yet, on the other hand, police policy and practice has remained relatively uninformed by police research findings, and the demand for evidence to inform policy from within police organizations has been weak. The chapter provides an overview of the seminal work that has primarily come from the United States and the United Kingdom. The research forms the body of work that has become established as the canon of policing studies, providing the central source of an understanding of police and policing today and forming the basis of a professional body of work. The chapter then considers the challenges of connecting research and practice with reference to the growing narratives of police–researcher collaboration.
Change Leadership
Authors: Beech Nic , Gulledge Elizabeth , Stewart David
Published: August 2023

This chapter studies the theory of change leadership, focusing on three key themes in the literature and discusses insights from an analysis of leadership of the national police reform programme in Scotland. Transformational change leadership was initially identified as having three types of behaviour: idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. In a transformational approach, the change is directed through inspirational leadership towards a clear direction and vision. Meanwhile, the consultative-dialogic view of change leadership sees dialogue not only as a form of interaction, but, much more fundamentally, as the basis for knowledge and social life in general. Finally, dispersed change leadership challenges traditional ideas about leadership. The focus is not on a leader but rather on activities of leadership, which may be carried out by a variety of people in different roles. The chapter then reflects on how the theories might be adapted to fit the demands of the policing context.
Investigating sector-specific fraud
Authors: Michael J Betts
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights a number of externally funded specialist units that investigate specific types of fraud which impact particular sectors. These include the Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit (PIPCU), the Insurance Fraud Enforcement Department (IFED), and the Dedicated Card and Payment Crime Unit (DCPCU). The PIPCU prioritises serious and organised IP crime that causes significant harm or damage to the UK economy or individual victims, with a particular focus on internet-enabled counterfeiting and digital content theft. Since its inception, the IFED has worked closely with the insurance industry, regulators, police forces, and other stakeholders with regard to insurance fraud. Meanwhile, the DCPCU focuses on tackling payment crime affecting the UK card and banking industry.
Terrorist Threat to the UK
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about the terrorist threat to the UK, referencing several terrorist attacks that took place in London and Manchester in 2017. It highlights the familiar pattern of terrorist attacks conducted across Europe, alongside developments in global and domestic terrorism-related matters which represent a permanent shift in the threat facing the UK. It also recounts the emergence of ISIL, a terrorist group that took control of huge swathes of territory in Syria and Iraq. The chapter also outlines the threat from right-wing terrorism, and cites as an example National Action, which became the first right-wing extremist group to be proscribed as a terrorist organisation. The chapter emphasizes the nature of the threat facing the UK which it shows has became more challenging as terrorist organisations continually look to develop and exploit social media, technology, and science to further their own aims and ambitions.
International Issues
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about certain offences or Acts that include provisions which extend offences to acts done by UK citizens abroad, such as the offence of hijacking aircraft. It examines some provisions that extend UK jurisdiction to acts done abroad for a number of offences, namely section 17 of the Terrorism Act 2006 and sections 62–63E of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT). It also highlights the consent of either the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) or the Attorney General (AG) which is required for the prosecution of a number of terrorism-related offences where jurisdiction is extended and an offence can be prosecuted in the UK despite having been committed outside the UK. The chapter cites Section 17 of the Terrorism Act 2006, which provides extra-territorial jurisdiction in relation to a number of offences relating to terrorism regardless of the nationality of the offender. It looks at Section 62 of TACT that provides extra-territorial jurisdiction in relation to terrorism-related bombing offences.
Notification Requirements
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines Sections 40–61 of, and Schedules 4–6 to, the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 which set out a notification scheme that applies to offenders sentenced in respect of terrorism offences or offences having a terrorist connection. It reviews provisions on the notification of information about individuals' names, dates of birth, and addresses. It also cites the Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Act 2019 which significantly expanded the duties in relation to notification and added a power to enter and search the home address of a person subject to notification requirements. The chapter covers the application of notification requirements to persons convicted of terrorism-related offences who are made subject to a sentence or order which triggers the notification requirements. It highlights notification requirements that apply to persons who have been sentenced outside the UK.
Interviews: Part V, Codes C, E, and F
Authors: Ozin Paul , Norton Heather
Published: August 2023

This chapter cites Section 60 of Part V of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, which imposes a duty on the Secretary of State to issue a Code of Practice in connection with the audio recording of interviews with suspects. It notes Section 60A that provides the Secretary of State with the power to issue a Code of Practice for the visual recording of interviews. It also discusses three Codes of Practice that apply to interviews. Code C provides general provisions on the arrangements for and rights, entitlements, and safeguards attaching to interviews of suspects, while Code E governs the conduct and recording of all audio-recorded interviews. Code F sets out similar provisions to those in Code E but in respect of visual and audio-visual recordings.
Evidence: Part VIII
Authors: Ozin Paul , Norton Heather
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on Part VIII of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, which deals with proof of previous convictions and acquittals that are admissible in evidence. It also covers provisions on confessions by the accused or a co-accused and confessions by the mentally handicapped. It also looks at miscellaneous provisions that provide the courts with the power to exclude evidence, handle competence and compellability of the accused's spouse, and the necessity to give advance notice of expert evidence. The chapter discusses Section 73 of Part VIII that provides a way of proving that a person has been convicted or acquitted of an offence in the United Kingdom or a member state. It details how Section 76 targets the admissibility of confessions made by an accused person wherein the prosecution fails to prove that the confession was obtained as a result of oppression.
Homicide
Authors: Marshall David
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses investigations where murder, manslaughter, familial homicide, and infanticide are suspected, although the child death related offences may still feature in these types of case as alternative charges. The clearer it becomes that a child death is potentially a homicide, the more overt the police response. Sensitivity is still very important, but certain aspects can become more straightforward, e.g. securing scenes, arresting suspected persons, and seizing exhibits. The chapter then examines some very important aspects of child homicide enquiries that can present further significant challenges for the police and the Senior Investigating Officer (SIO). It looks at family liaison, inflicted injuries, fabricated and induced illnesses, investigative support, stranger homicides, murder suicide, and attempted murder.
Detainees—Initial Action
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the initial duties of a custody officer. The duties primarily revolve around considering whether or not to accept a person into police detention, following their arrest. The chapter highlights the significance of the custody process since the custody officer is required to make instant decisions, which are always open to scrutiny at a later date. It then details some advice on what must be recorded or omitted on the custody record, according to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and the Codes of Practice. Custody officers must recognize that there is a balance to be struck between the duty of the police to investigate crime and apprehend criminals and the rights of the private citizen as per Article 5 of the Human Rights Act 1998.
Clinical Treatment and Attention
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on what custody officers can do to deal with detainees at risk of illness or injuries. It mentions how the risk of dealing with an ill or injured person is significantly less than dealing with a person with a self-harm risk. The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 outlines the significance of the duty of care owed by the police to a person in police detention and the consequences of the force of someone dying in a cell. Code C of the PACE Codes of Practice features legislative provisions concerning when and how medical attention should be sought for a detainee. The chapter also cites some advice on recognizing the dangers to detainees in these categories, while also referencing Article 2 of the Human Rights Act 1998.
Extending Detention
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the issue of extending the detention of a person beyond the initial 24-hour period. It mentions that a warrant of further detention may be issued for such a period as the magistrates' court thinks fit, but the period should not be beyond 36 hours. Section 42 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 allows a superintendent to authorize continued detention beyond 24 hours for indictable offences. Additionally, Article 5 of the Human Rights Act 1998 is relevant when determining whether or not to authorize continued detention. The chapter also considers the responsibility of review officers to the extension of detention.
Communications—influencing skills
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains why influencing skills are essential for an effective leader. It explains that exercising influence helps to sell ideas and gain cooperation and commitment, while also encouraging participation and support for workplace and policing interventions. Attitudes and personality play a vital role in how people can try to influence others. The chapter offers some tips to help sergeant and inspector leaders and other police leaders attend public meetings, such as considering relevant criticisms. Since gaining influence involves a complex bundle of planning and interpersonal skills, practise, and experience, a leader's ability to be influential should be judged by results, critical self-analysis, and feedback from others.
Leader’s change management
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

(See Chapter 8, ‘Leaders as agents of change (change management)’)

Summary

Change is an everyday occurrence hitting the police service at both the strategic and the tactical levels. Change can be complex arising, for example, on the strategic level from political, social and legal...
Leader’s briefing skills
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

(See Chapter 16, ‘Communications—briefing skills’)

Summary

It is a leader’s job to ensure that people are properly briefed at all times whether in the workplace, on an individual or team basis or on major operations. If staff do not know what to do or...
Blackstone's Handbook of Cyber Crime Investigation
Authors: Staniforth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Blackstone's Handbook of Cyber Crime Investigation provides a clear and detailed introduction to cyber crime, offering you an effective operational guide to the complexities and challenges of investigating cyber-related crimes. Written by a team of experts, this unique book provides police officers with an operational reference and resource addressing all manner of cyber crime threats, including online anti-social behaviour and hate crimes, organised cyber crime and fraud, online child exploitation and cyber terrorism. Presented in four main parts, Parts 1 and 2 offer an overview of the different types of cyber crime and explanations of the national structures and strategies in place to combat them, as well as case studies and scenarios. Part 3 offers practical guidance on the investigation of cyber crimes, developed with the support and guidance of a multi-disciplinary team of cyber experts from policing, academia and private industry, and Part 4 covers the key legislation, police powers and points to prove relevant to each key category of offending and is written by the Police National Legal Database. All sections in Part 4 are accompanied by explanatory notes and related case law, ensuring quick and clear translation of cyber crime powers and provisions. Concise and accessible, this book is an ideal reference and resource for all operational police officers, the extended police family and partners working to keep communities safe from the online phenomenon of cyber crime.
Understanding Cyber Crime
Authors: Staniforth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Law enforcement agencies are challenged on many fronts in their efforts to protect the public, themselves and their partners from all manner of cyber-related threats. Through constant innovation, cybercriminals are developing increasingly sophisticated malware and rogue mobile apps and more resilient botnets. And with the rapidly expanding cyber crime-as-a-service marketplace, all these products are becoming much more widely available—and more exploitable by criminals with little or no technical knowledge.
Roles and Responsibilities in Crime Scene Investigations
Authors: Beaufort-Moore Deborah
Published: August 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities in crime scene investigations. The provision of forensic services to the UK criminal justice system is regulated by the Home Office sponsored by the Forensic Science Regulator (FSR), which ensures that all forensic services provided to the criminal justice system meet a regime of scientific quality standards. The chapter details the typical departmental structure found in the UK, although role titles and departmental structures may differ slightly. A departmental head will have overall responsibility for the crime scene investigation units and any in-force forensic specialist units. The chapter explains that the role of the crime scene investigator (CSI) and the specialist forensic examination units is to support the police investigator in the investigation of a crime.
Footwear, Tyre and Tool Marks
Authors: Beaufort-Moore Deborah
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the process of examining footwear, tyre, and tool marks at crime scenes. Marks and impressions can provide evidence to potentially link scenes and provide intelligence that may lead to the identification of an offender. Comparisons and potential links can be made by initially looking at the overall shapes of the marks which can indicate a make and model in the case of footwear and tyres. The chapter then provides a brief overview of the forensic potential of such marks and guidance on the preservation and recovery of potential evidence. It mentions that the best evidence is seizing or photographing the item bearing the mark.
1974
Authors: Brain Timothy
Published: August 2023

Sometimes a
single picture portrays better than any detailed description or analysis the
spirit of the times. The photograph on the front cover of the Police
Review for the week ending 4 January 1974 is one. It is in grainy
monochrome. It shows a single policeman standing in an urban street while snow
is falling. As a ‘constable’ he held an office the origins of which went back to
Norman times, and curiously, despite receiving a salary from the relevant police
committee, as a Crown office holder he was not legally ‘employed’ by them. In
1974 it would almost inevitably have been a man, as ‘Women Police Constables’,
then a specific designation, would rarely have performed such general duties
despite possessing full powers as a constable. He is also white, there being
then very few serving visible minority ethnic officers. He is on point duty, a
task which had been widespread just a few years before but which by 1974 was
slowly diminishing with the increased use of traffic lights and other traffic
management features. It entailed an officer standing at a fixed point on a road
junction for many hours directing traffic using well understood hand signals. He
was essentially a human set of traffic lights. By the standards of the day he is
well-enough accoutred for the weather, wearing a heavy greatcoat buttoned to the
chin, a ridged coxcomb helmet, made of cork, chin strap down, waterproof
leggings, and white cuffs and gloves, the latter being a contemporary attempt at
enhancing visibility. He carries no obvious protection or armament. He looks
resigned and rather uncomfortable as a light dusting of snow, like icing sugar
on top of a Christmas pudding, settles on his helmet and shoulders. There are no
cars or other vehicles in shot, a consequence possibly of the camera angle or
because in January 1974 Britain was not only in the grip of a cold, depressing
winter but also of a destabilizing fuel crisis.
‘A Bloody Good Hiding’: 1985
Authors: Brain Timothy
Published: August 2023

By 1985 the
country had travelled far on its journey of profound economic, social, and
political change under Mrs Thatcher. Old industries were dying or dead;
individual and collective entrepreneurialism was valued as never before, even if
some of it looked like old-fashioned greed and get-rich-quick. The public
services themselves, especially health, education, local government, and
housing, bastions of a service-first ethos, found themselves subject to
reorganization and cultural change which either practically eliminated the
government’s direct provision of the service, as with housing, or subjected it
to the supposed rigours of private sector techniques. After the depths of the
1970s change was necessary, but the process was unpredictable and it produced
social, economic, and political losers as well as winners. The police found
themselves at the fulcrum of the inevitable tensions generated by such
fundamental change. The years since 1974 had been tough, but in 1985 it was
about to get a lot tougher.
Reflection
Authors: Brain Timothy
Published: August 2023

It is a weekend
in early January 2009. The location is a medium-sized city in the west of
England. It is interesting to compare the scene with the photograph of the
officer in the snow in 1974 with which we started this journey. It is bright,
sunny, and cold. It is not yet snowing; that would follow the next month.
Britain had recently entered an economic recession of fearsome dimensions,
although unemployment had not yet returned to the levels of the 1980s. Like in
1974 there is police presence in the town. Two police officers are on foot
patrol, but they bear only a passing resemblance to the appearance of the 1974
officer. The 2009 officers are patrolling as a pair, dressed in lightweight
fluorescent anoraks. One, a woman, wears a reinforced bowler hat, the other, a
man, wears a flat cap. Neither holds the office of constable, for they are both
PCSOs. There are police constables aplenty on duty that morning, but they are
busy conducting searches following arrests for shoplifting under section 18 of
PACE, legislation unknown to the 1974 constable. The PCSOs are equipped with
Airwave radios, a quantum leap of technology compared to the primitive devices
available 35 years previously. In 1974 officers did not then have guaranteed
access to PNC, whereas the 2009 officers enjoy routine and speedy access to PNC
and a range of other databases. Watching over all, police officers and public
alike, are a proliferation of CCTV cameras, some of which are also linked to the
databases. The officers are in turn supported by a range of sophisticated
forensic and surveillance technology which would have seemed the stuff of
science fiction in 1974. Out of sight, detectives still investigate, but they
are supported by a range of other specialist investigators, many of whom are
‘civilian employees’. Bureaucracy governed the working life of the 1974 officer
as it does those of 2009, but with a difference: in 1974 it was principally of
the administrative variety, generated and controlled locally; by 2009 more is
generated nationally, often associated with the criminal justice system, which
has gone some way to restricting individual discretion. In 1974, law,
convention, and administrative procedures, like Judges’ Rules, would have framed
an officer’s working life; by 2009 much is dictated by statute law, secondary
legislation, ‘doctrine’, ‘guidance’, or ‘practice advice’ emanating from the
‘centre’, whether that is in the form of the Home Office, NPIA, or ACPO. Behind
the scenes national inspectorate bodies of a far greater reach than those of
1974 hunt for deviation from standard norms. The chief constables, who still
have responsibility to direct and control the vast array of resources under
their command, are themselves hedged in by rules, targets, and restrictions
which their colleagues of earlier times would find hard to imagine.
UDP-glucosyltransferase HvUGT13248 confers type II resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley
Authors: Bethke Gerit , Huang Yadong , Hensel Goetz , Heinen Shane , Liu Chaochih , Wyant Skylar R , Li Xin , Quin Maureen B , McCormick Susan , Morrell Peter L , Dong Yanhong , Kumlehn Jochen , Salvi Silvio , Berthiller Franz , Muehlbauer Gary J
Published: August 2023

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of barley (Hordeum vulgare) causes yield losses and accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol [DON]) in grains. Glucosylation of DON to the nontoxic DON-3-O-glucoside (D3G) is catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs), such as barley UGT13248. We explored the natural diversity of UGT13248 in 496 barley accessions and showed that all carried potential functional alleles of UGT13248, as no genotypes showed strongly increased seedling sensitivity to DON. From a TILLING population, we identified 2 mutant alleles (T368I and H369Y) that, based on protein modeling, likely affect the UDP-glucose binding of UGT13248. In DON feeding experiments, DON-to-D3G conversion was strongly reduced in spikes of these mutants compared to controls, and plants overexpressing UGT13248 showed increased resistance to DON and increased DON-to-D3G conversion. Moreover, field-grown plants carrying the T368I or H369Y mutations inoculated with Fusarium graminearum showed increased FHB disease severity and reduced D3G production. Barley is generally considered to have type II resistance that limits the spread of F. graminearum from the infected spikelet to adjacent spikelets. Point inoculation experiments with F. graminearum showed increased infection spread in T368I and H369Y across the spike compared to wild type, while overexpression plants showed decreased spread of FHB symptoms. Confocal microscopy revealed that F. graminearum spread to distant rachis nodes in T368I and H369Y mutants but was arrested at the rachis node of the inoculated spikelet in wild-type plants. Taken together, our data reveal that UGT13248 confers type II resistance to FHB in barley via conjugation of DON to D3G.
Investigating the heterogeneity within the somatosensory-motor network and its relationship with the attention and default systems
Authors: Han Ziteng , Liu Tiantian , Shi Zhongyan , Zhang Jian , Suo Dingjie , Wang Li , Chen Duanduan , Wu Jinglong , Yan Tianyi
Published: August 2023

The somatosensory-motor network (SMN) not only plays an important role in primary somatosensory and motor processing but is also central to many disorders. However, the SMN heterogeneity related to higher-order systems still remains unclear. Here, we investigated SMN heterogeneity from multiple perspectives. To characterize the SMN substructures in more detail, we used ultra-high-field functional MRI to delineate a finer-grained cortical parcellation containing 430 parcels that is more homogenous than the state-of-the-art parcellation. We personalized the new parcellation to account for individual differences and identified multiscale individual-specific brain structures. We found that the SMN subnetworks showed distinct resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) patterns. The Hand subnetwork was central within the SMN and exhibited stronger RSFC with the attention systems than the other subnetworks, whereas the Tongue subnetwork exhibited stronger RSFC with the default systems. This two-fold differentiation was observed in the temporal ordering patterns within the SMN. Furthermore, we characterized how the distinct attention and default streams were carried forward into the functions of the SMN using dynamic causal modeling and identified two behavioral domains associated with this SMN fractionation using meta-analytic tools. Overall, our findings provided important insights into the heterogeneous SMN organization at the system level and suggested that the Hand subnetwork may be preferentially involved in exogenous processes, whereas the Tongue subnetwork may be more important in endogenous processes.
A Comparative Study between Nebulized Ketamine, Nebulized Dexmedetomidine and Topical Lidocaine as Premedications for Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Pediatrics
Authors: Elsaid Amr Mohamed , Said Alfred Maurice , Shabana Tarek Samir , Elhawary Abdelhamid Ahmad
Published: August 2023

Background

Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy remains an invaluable tool in the evaluation and management of infant and pediatric respiratory disease. Anesthetic strategies in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy should aim at minimizing respiratory complications as oxygen desaturation, hypoxemia, cough, bronchospasm and airway trauma.

Objective

To compare between the efficacy and safety of nebulized ketamine, nebulized dexmedetomidine and topical lidocaine as premedication for flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatrics regarding the incidence of moderate to severe cough.

Patients and Methods

This prospective randomized clinical study was conducted in Ain shams University, Pediatric endoscopy unit on 186 children aged 2 to 8 years and classified according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II and scheduled for flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (either diagnostic or therapeutic). The included patients were divided into 3 equal groups. Group D (Dexmedetomidine group) received nebulized dexmedetomidine 30 minutes before procedure (2 mic/kg), Group K (Ketamine group) received nebulized ketamine 30 minutes before procedure (2 mg/kg), and Group L (lidocaine group) received topical lidocaine 2% (3 mg/kg).

Results

Mean heart rate was insignificantly different at baseline among the three groups. Heart rate before induction, 15 minutes after induction and in PACU was significantly lower in group D compared with group K and group L (P < 0.001) and significantly higher in group K compared with group L (P < 0.001). Mean arterial blood pressure at baseline, before induction, 15 minutes after induction, and in PACU were insignificantly different among the three groups. Mean propofol requirements in group L were significantly higher compared with group D, and group K (p < 0.001) but insignificantly different between group D and group K.

Conclusion

Incidence of moderate to severe cough was less with nebulized dexmedtomidine and nebulized ketamine compared with topical lidocaine. There were no significant differences between nebulized dexmedtomidine and nebulized ketamine with regards to the incidence of moderate to severe cough. There was an insignificant difference between dexmedetomidine and ketamine in the incidence of moderate to severe cough, but it was significantly different between dexmedetomidine and lidocaine, and group ketamine and group lidocaine.