bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Sourcing and Retail Chains: Shifting Relationships of Production in Australian Agri‐foods1
Authors: Burch David , Goss Jasper
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the decades following the Second World War supermarkets and retail outlets in North America, Western Europe, and Australasia became the most important sites for the sale of food products. This dominance in food sales was generally confined to the retail sector as supermarkets tended to act as a nexus or distribution point between agri‐food producers and consumers. In the 1970s this relationship began to break down as supermarkets moved up the chain of production. Supermarkets began to directly source materials from producers to use in “own” brand and generic products, which soon came to compete with the branded products of agri‐food manufacturers. This paper traces the beginnings of these shifts and investigates the consequences of globally‐sourced supermarket goods in the context of the Australian agri‐food system, with pineapples and wine as case studies. The paper concludes that the increasing size and scope of supermarket buying power and the presence and growth of “own” brands suggests that capital organized through retail channels is coming to rival manufacturing capital as a significant fraction of the Australian agri‐food system.
Economic Restructuring and Changing Prevalence of Female‐headed Families in America1
Authors: McLaughlin Diane K. , Gardner Erica L. , Lichter Daniel T.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Industrial restructuring has altered economic circumstances in the U.S., but the influences of these changes on family structure are not clear. This study examines whether industrial restructuring influences female headship and whether these effects differ in nonmetro and metro counties. Results based on data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing Summary Tape Files indicate several conclusions. First, female headed households increased more rapidly in nonmetro than metro counties from 1980 to 1990, although there was a great deal of variation across counties. Second, industrial restructuring contributed to change in female headship in nonmetro and metro counties, and changes in various industries had differing effects on female headship. Third, overall gains in women's employment in a county had no influence on formation of female headed households, gains in men's employment deterred female headship, and gains for women in specific industries tended to slow formation of these households. Fourth, controlling for changes in median income and part‐time work did little to reduce the industry‐specific influences on change in female headship. The results suggest that linkages between industrial restructuring and family structure do exist, although the models are less able to explain changes in female headship in nonmetro than in metro counties.
Slipping Into and Out of Underemployment: Another Disadvantage for Nonmetropolitan Workers?1
Authors: Jensen Leif , Findeis Jill L. , Hsu Wan‐Ling , Schachter Jason P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Underemployment, which goes beyond unemployment to include the working poor, discouraged workers, and involuntary part‐time workers, is a useful measure of employment hardship. We argue that underemployment should be included with other conventional indicators of the disadvantaged circumstances of nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) labor, in terms not only of prevalence, but also of the likelihood of transitions into and out of underemployment. We take advantage of the quasi‐longitudinal nature of the U.S. Current Population Surveys to estimate models of year‐to‐year employment transitions for the quarter century 1968 to 1993. We find that (1) adequately employed nonmetro workers are more likely than their more urban counterparts to become underemployed; (2) the nonmetro underemployed are less likely to become adequately employed; (3) statistical controls only strengthen these nonmetro disadvantages; (4) the employment transitions of nonmetro workers are less affected by shifts in the direction of the national economy than are those of metro workers; and (5) nonmetro women are more disadvantaged than women residing elsewhere.
A Political Ecology of Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand1
Authors: Vandergeest Peter , Flaherty Mark , Miller Paul
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT This paper uses themes from political ecology to develop insights into the billion dollar shrimp aquaculture sector in Thailand. We find that corporations can exercise only limited control over shrimp production and that there is no clear trend toward larger operations. We explain the continued viability of small owner‐operated farms by looking at how shrimp farming is located in physical and social space, and at the ability of owner‐operators to work within the highly unstable socio‐ecological processes of shrimp production. We also find that shrimp farming has induced a spatially‐uneven increase in state territorial regulation. The spatial distribution of regulation is shaped by differences in how landscapes become politicized, and the degree of jurisdictional clarity. We conclude that industry self‐regulation has limited prospects for containing the social and environmental problems of shrimp farming in Thailand, but that expanded state regulation that mobilizes the participation of local people might be effective.
Producing More with Less? Community Forestry in Durango, Mexico in an Era of Trade Liberalization*
Authors: Taylor Peter Leigh
Published: August 2010

Abstract Through a qualitative case study of peasant‐organized forestry in Durango, Mexico, this paper examines how neoliberal policy reform is reshaping the community forestry sector. Post‐1992 agrarian and forestry laws facilitate the emergence of new forms of association in ejidos (collective property communities created by agrarian reform) and agrarian communities, and reorganize the delivery of forestry technical services. These developments indirectly undermine peasants' capacity to deal with the sector's long‐standing internal problems, putting at risk their ability to provide themselves with the services they need for sustainable community livelihoods and forest exploitation. Nevertheless, this study of a forest peasant federation shows that institutional change is a process peopled by groups of social agents who respond creatively to external structure from local organizational and community contexts. Ethnographic methods can be used fruitfully to study complex interactions between multiple levels of political‐economic structure and local action, which both constrain and provide opportunities for the organization of common‐pool resource management regimes.
“Culture Clash'' Revisited: Newcomer and Longer‐Term Residents' Attitudes Toward Land Use, Development, and Environmental Issues in Rural Communities in the Rocky Mountain West*
Authors: Smith Michael D. , Krannich Richard S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Many rural communities in the Rocky Mountain West with high amenity values have experienced substantial in‐migration in the 1990s. Popular media accounts and some social science literature suggest that newcomers have very different values than longer‐term residents regarding environment, growth, and development issues, and that these differences are resulting in widespread social conflict. We evaluate these “culture clash” and “gangplank” hypotheses using survey data from three rural communities in the Rocky Mountain West that are experiencing amenity‐related in‐migration. We examine attitudes about environmental concern, population growth, economic development, and tourism development. Results indicate that newcomers differ significantly from longer‐term residents on a number of sociodemographic dimensions, but either there are no significant attitude differences between the two groups, or, where difference exist, longer‐term residents wish more strongly than newcomers to limit population growth and development in their communities. We offer explanations for why the results differ from media accounts and from the earlier research observations and hypotheses.
Couples' Views about Planning Fertility in the Philippines*
Authors: Williams Lindy , Sobieszczyk Teresa , Perez Aurora
Published: August 2010

Abstract This research examines Filipino couples' attitudes toward the occurrence and timing of their most recent pregnancies. Differences between processes operating in rural and urban areas are highlighted. Specific topics include the role of couples' fertility preferences in predicting the intention status of pregnancies, the effect of personal agency in decision making about contraception and childbearing, and whether women who are better able to communicate with their husbands about sex and related matters are more able than other women to avoid unintended births. These topics are explored through survey data and in‐depth interviews.
The Glass Phallus: Pub(lic) Masculinity and Drinking in Rural New Zealand*
Authors: Campbell Hugh
Published: August 2010

Abstract In this article I report the findings of an ethnographic study of men's pub drinking in rural New Zealand. By using the idea of hegemonic masculinity and incorporating theoretical ideas of gender performativity, the analysis focuses on aspects of drinking performance that are central to the establishment of hegemony by a particular version of masculinity in this community. Two important characteristics of pub drinking performance are conversational cockfighting and the disciplines of drinking. These combine to ensure that a particular version of masculinity, here called pub(lic) masculinity, is able to reproduce itself. A further finding is that masculinity in this kind of performative situation develops a degree of invisibility. Using the metaphor of the “glass phallus,” I engage with the difficulties of analyzing an invisible masculinity and argue that rendering masculinity visible is an important task for any sociological analysis of both public leisure sites in rural society and the embodied performance of alcohol consumption by men in public spaces.
“White Men Are This Nation:” Right‐Wing Militias and the Restoration of Rural American Masculinity*
Authors: Kimmel Michael , Ferber Abby L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The appearance of right‐wing militias was a much‐discussed phenomenon during the past decade. Commentators rightly pointed out their rural origins, their lower‐middle‐class and middle‐class composition, and their ideology rooted in racism, sexism, anti‐Semitism, and homophobia, but few, if any, have commented on the most salient aspect of all: that these are movements of men, who use narratives about masculinity as an analytic prism through which to understand their own situation and to problematize the identities of “others,” and as a rhetorical strategy to recruit and sustain their own membership. In this paper we undertake this analysis, exploring the rural origins of the militia movement, its social composition, ideology, and organization, and its articulation with other white supremacist groups. We argue that their vision of masculinity, particularly a self‐reliant, self‐made masculinity endemic to American history, is the theme unifying both the ideology and the organization of rural militias with the militant right‐wing continuum of which they are only a part.
Warrior Heroes and Little Green Men: Soldiers, Military Training, and the Construction of Rural Masculinities*
Authors: Woodward Rachel
Published: August 2010

Abstract In this paper I examine military masculinities as a form of rural masculinity. I argue that one model of military masculinity, the warrior hero, acts as a dominant military construction of masculinity. I examine how the countryside as a location, and rurality as a social construction, impinge upon the construction of the ideal type of the warrior hero. The paper draws on recruitment literature, Ministry of Defence publicity materials, popular accounts of soldiering, and Army videos to trace out the practices and representations that construct the dominant discourse of the warrior hero. The paper is grounded conceptually in theories of gender identity and rurality as social constructions. I conclude by questioning the political consequences, both for rural life and for the armed forces, of this hegemonic model of masculinity.
Federal Spending and Economic Growth in Appalachian Counties*
Authors: Mencken F. Carson
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper I use a model informed by key theories of regional processes, and I test three related hypotheses concerning the effects of different types of federal spending (public investment, defense, salaries/wages) on economic growth in the 399 Appalachian counties during recent business cycles. The analysis incorporates a maximum likelihood estimate spatial lag regression model and shows that federal public investment spending and defense spending exerted net positive effects on per capita income, civilian employment, and private nonfarm employment growth rates between 1983 and 1988. In addition, public investment spending had a positive relationship with percentage of earnings from mining for the 1983–1988 period. Federal spending, however, had less consistent effects during the 1989–1992 recession. Implications for theory and research on regional processes are discussed.
Rural Policy and Direct Local Participation: Democracy, Inclusiveness, Collective Agency, and Locality‐Based Policy*
Authors: Swanson Louis E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract During the closing decades of the twentieth century, the federal government has experienced a period of delegitimation and fiscal crisis that has led to decentralization of some federal programs and a fledgling revival of community‐ and place‐based policies. These and other locality‐based policies are not new tools. The renewed interest in this type of policy raises questions about their effectiveness. Historic and recent records of locality‐based policies suggest that they are not panaceas for achieving programmatic goals. Three cases provide an empirical, comparative basis for assessing the liabilities of locality‐based policies: the Third New Deal efforts to institute county land‐use planning; Mexico's experiences with community forestry; and emerging grassroots ecosystem management movements in the western United States. Among other factors, the degree of local democracy and inclusiveness and the quality of local social, economic, and physical infrastructures are identified as important in mediating effective policy implementation.
From Sustainable Development to “Productive Conservation:” Forest Conservation Options and Agricultural Income and Assets in the Brazilian Amazon*
Authors: Perz Stephen G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper assesses arguments for the “productive conservation” thesis, which contends that family farming in tropical regions such as the Amazon can generate significant income and assets while maintaining forest cover. Data come from a 1996 survey of households in Uruará, a community along the Transamazon highway in Brazil. A descriptive analysis shows that households engaged in intensification, diversification, and forestry, proposed as important methods for forest conservation, and that they earned U.S.$1,600 from agricultural production and owned properties worth U.S.$16,500. A multivariate analysis shows that components of small farm systems associated with forest conservation made significant contributions to agricultural incomes and property values. I suggest that productive conservation requires community action which fosters ties with outside institutions while educating producers.
Household Economic Behavior in Post‐Socialist Rural Hungary*
Authors: Brown David L. , Kulcsar Laszlo
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper investigates the organization of household economic behavior in post‐socialist rural Hungary. Data from 751 randomly selected households in three rural regions of the country showed weak labor force attachment and heavy reliance on social welfare programs among these households. Self‐provisioning and interhousehold exchange were also prevalent. The data showed that interhousehold exchange is motivated by both economic and social logics. Interhousehold exchange appears to be more likely among better‐off households with more economic and social resources.
Resource Dependency and Rural Poverty: Rural Areas in the United States and Japan*
Authors: Fisher Dana R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Although rural residents often expect resource extraction to lead to local prosperity, much of the recent research finds that resource extraction is associated with poverty. This paper tests these results by examining whether the findings may be due to methodological factors such as the tendency to focus on extreme cases, particular extracting sectors, and certain periods of time. By comparing two localities that have followed very different developmental trajectories—the state of Wisconsin and Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan—during the period from 1970 to 1990, this paper addresses these issues. The results do not clearly support either the expectation that resource extraction will lead to poverty or that it will lead to economic prosperity. Instead, like a handful of studies on resource dependency, the results indicate that the relationship between extraction and poverty is unique to location. Despite the many differences between the United States and Japan, the strongest correlates of poverty in each country involve the proportion of land in an area that is forested. Particularly because these results mirror the findings from the one previous study that included this variable, future research must give greater attention to this explicitly environmental variable, as well as examining some of the possible reasons for the relationship.
Managing Food: Cajun Cuisine in Economic and Cultural Terms
Authors: Eyck Toby A. Ten
Published: August 2010

Abstract This study highlights some cultural and economic aspects of food. The focus is on Cajun, one of the most popular cuisines in the United States. Interviews, conversations, and observations were conducted with 19 individuals involved in some aspect of processing, distributing, or retailing food in southern Louisiana. The perspective that frames the analysis focuses on the effects of culture and the economic forces that both produce and are a product of cultural processes. I argue that Cajun food is used as a source for both economic and cultural rewards, derived through economic and cultural value‐added processes that occur simultaneously in the preparation of this food. In addition, I consider how these processes are affecting the taste of Louisiana foods.
Breaking New Ground: Diverse Routes to College in Rural America*
Authors: McGrath Daniel J. , Swisher Raymond R. , Jr Glen H. Elder , Conger Rand D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Rural communities pose a challenge to status attainment models that explain children's educational attainment primarily in terms of the parents' education and professional status. Alongside the rural professional class are farmers of similar social status but with less education and other families that lack the status and resources of both professional‐class and farm families. The prolonged agricultural crisis in the American Midwest has turned rural youths toward college and has raised questions about the educational value of resources provided by farm parents and other rural parents. We classified youths from the Iowa Youth and Families Project into three SES groups: professional‐managerial, farm, and lower‐status. We compared these groups on resource levels and on the extent to which the resources predicted enrollment in a four‐year college one year after high school. Findings indicated three distinct routes to four‐year college. Professional‐managerial youths tended to follow the traditional path from parents' educational and other resources and support to their own academic involvement and aspirations for higher education. Successful farm youths, in lieu of parental educational advantages, drew on parents' community ties. Resourceful lower‐status youths, in the absence of family background advantages, generated educational attainment through early educational ambition and varied community and school involvements. Even relatively low levels of involvement were valuable to these youths' educational attainment.
Gender, Power, and Reproduction: Rural‐Urban Differences in the Relationship Between Fertility Goals and Contraceptive Use in Kenya*
Authors: Dodoo F. Nii‐Amoo , Tempenis Maria
Published: August 2010

Abstract Rural‐urban variances in fertility‐related phenomena traditionally are explained by differences in access to contraception and by spatial variations in reproductive goals. As a corollary, changes in existing supply‐ and demand‐side inequities should enable rural women to attain their reproductive goals to the same extent as their urban counterparts. We find, however, that reproductive decisions in rural areas reflect entrenched male dominance, such that the gender inequality in decision making must be redressed if rural women are to realize their fertility goals as fully as urban women.
Why the TVA Remains Unique: Interest Groups and the Defeat of New Deal River Planning*
Authors: O'Neill Karen M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Although scholars cite the Tennessee Valley Authority as one of President Franklin Roosevelt's major reform programs, the valley authority model did not replace the limited‐purpose water programs of the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers. State‐centered theorists hold that reformers are most likely to succeed during periods such as the New Deal era, when they are supported by a democratized polity and when they dominate Congress and the administration. This paper shows that in river policy, the strength of opposing interest groups also mattered. The TVA bill was passed in 1933 because reformers skillfully coordinated action at potential choke points and weakened the already disorganized opposing lobbyists. In 1936, however, after regrouping, opposing river lobbyists and legislators took advantage of the New Dealers' spending mood by expanding the Corps' flood control program. They also helped defeat further valley authorities, the most promising of the New Deal water policy reforms.
Social Capital: An Interdisciplinary Concept*
Authors: Castle Emery N.
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper sets forth an interdisciplinary interpretation of social capital that will permit the concept to be used with precision in scholarly and scientific work. If the interpretation is accepted, the social capital concept cannot be regarded as a social theory, nor as a statement of normative goals. The interdisciplinary concept proposed here is applied to rural studies.
Factors Associated with the Development of Nonmetropolitan Growth Nodes in Producer Services Industries, 1980–1990*
Authors: Goe W. Richard
Published: August 2010

Abstract Over the 1980–1990 period, employment in producer services industries in the nonmetropolitan United States increased substantially. This growth resulted in the development of nonmetropolitan growth nodes in producer services industries. A growth node refers to a nonmetropolitan area that contains a greater than average concentration of employment in a particular industry sector relative to other nonmetropolitan areas. Moreover, this industry concentration not only increases over time, but also represents an important source of employment growth within the area. With nonmetropolitan counties as the spatial unit of analysis, 317 growth nodes in producer services industries are identified for the 1980–1990 period. Access to workers with clerical and administrative support skills, access to highly educated workers, higher earnings per employed worker, access to recreational amenities, and proximity to metropolitan areas were associated with the development of nonmetropolitan growth nodes in producer services industries during this period.
Race and Gender Inequality in Homeownership: Does Place Make a Difference?*
Authors: Allen Beverlyn Lundy
Published: August 2010

Abstract Racial differences in homeownership have long been a topic of sociological study. Previous studies, however, neglected to consider differences in levels of homeownership between nonmarried black and white women in the context of place. Accordingly this paper focuses on the interaction between place, race, and gender and its impact on homeownership for nonmarried persons. The study employs the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) and logistic regression analysis to address the following questions: Has the racial differential in homeownership for nonmarried women changed from 1970 to 1990? How do place, race, and gender interact to determine the levels of homeownership for nonmarried women? The findings reveal that, although black women were less likely than white women to own homes, the racial differential declined dramatically in rural areas over the two‐decade period. The overall trend of decline was opposite to that for urban areas.
Review Essay: Whither Rural Community Development?
Authors: Flora Jan L.
Published: August 2010

Partnerships in Communities: Reweaving the Fabric of Rural America, by Jean Richardson.

Small Town and Rural Economic Development: A Case Studies Approach, edited by Peter V. Schaeffer and Scott Loveridge.
Newspaper Construction of a Moral Farmer
Authors: Reisner Ann
Published: August 2010

Abstract This study examines how six national newspapers balanced supporting agriculture (a morally good occupation) with supporting environ‐mentalism (nature as a moral value), in an area in which agricultural and environmental interests conflict—farm use of pesticides. The study showed that, contrary to expectations, newspapers supported social change (were largely critical of pesticide use and sympathetic to organic agriculture). Farmers were portrayed positively as quiet social movement participants, and newspapers suggested that government and universities were blocking infrastructural change that should be supported. The study contradicts earlier theories of the press and social movements that suggest that newspapers contain, rather than promote, social change.
Ethnicity, Language, and Economic Well‐being in Rural Guatemala
Authors: Beckett Megan , Pebley Anne R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract We examine ethnic differences in objective and perceived economic well‐being in rural Guatemala. The evidence shows that long‐standing ethnic differentials in objective indicators of household economic well‐being actually widened between 1988 and 1995, a period characterized by rapid economic growth rates. We examine the effects of a major determinant of household economic well‐being in rural Guatemala, educational attainment, in accounting for ethnic and language differentials in household consumption. Our results show that returns to education appear to be substantially lower for indigenous households, especially indigenous households where the head of household does not speak Spanish. Ethnic differentials in perceived economic well‐being do not strictly parallel differences in objective indicators of well‐being. Indigenous women with any education are more likely to report relative economic deprivation than are non‐indigenous women, or ladinas, controlling for objective measures of household wealth.
TANF Participation Rates: Do Community Conditions Matter?*
Authors: Parisi Domenico , McLaughlin Diane K. , Grice Steven Michael , Taquino Michael , Gill Duane A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract A general criticism of the 1996 Welfare Reform Act is that it is primarily the result of an urban political agenda, and it may hurt rather than help the rural poor. Under the new welfare system, the rural poor that are most likely to be affected are those who live in socially, economically, and spatially disadvantaged communities. More residents in these communities are likely to need TANF, clients in these communities are least likely to leave TANF by finding employment, and community organizations are likely to have more limited resources to help TANF recipients. The objective of this study is to examine the extent to which variations in community conditions account for differences in TANF participation rates. Using 1997 TANF data from the Mississippi Department of Human Services, we estimated OLS regression models of local TANF participation rates across 100 communities in nonmetro counties. The results indicate that TANF participation rates tend to be higher in communities with high concentrations of African Americans, less faith‐based activeness, more employment in retail trade, spatial concentration of the poor, and located in the Delta.
Forest Sector Dependence and Community Well‐being: A Structural Equation Model for New Brunswick and British Columbia*
Authors: Parkins John R. , Stedman Richard C. , Beckley Thomas M.
Published: August 2010

AbstractRural sociologists have a lengthy history of examining the relationship between natural resource dependence and community well‐being. This paper contributes to the understanding of this relationship in several ways. First, census data were used to describe forest sector dependence in two Canadian provinces where levels of dependence were much higher than those commonly found in the United States. Second, instead of linear regression analysis, a structural equation model was used to provide estimates for three indicators of well‐being (income, poverty, and inmigration) within a single model and then the model was tested for overall suitability. Using market segmentation theory, this paper shows that forest dependence and well‐being in New Brunswick is more consistent with many places in the United States where the pulp and paper industry alone is positively associated with well‐being indicators. In contrast, pulp and paper, logging, and lumber sectors in British Columbia are positively associated with well‐being. The model also reveals less transience in forestry towns than was previously assumed. These findings are discussed along with estimated effects between indictors of community well‐being.
Strong Ties, Weak Ties, and Human Capital: Latino Immigrant Employment Outside the Enclave*
Authors: Pfeffer Max J. , Parra Pilar A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  This study focuses on the role of social ties and human capital in the integration of Latino immigrants into the local economy. This analysis extends earlier research by focusing on more rural contexts with limited labor‐market opportunities and less access to social resources provided by coethnics. We reconsider conclusions of previous studies by focusing on areas with limited labor‐market opportunities and less access to resources provided by coethnics. Using data from in‐depth interviews, focus‐group discussions, and surveys of former farmworkers in five rural communities in New York, we consider how individuals move from agricultural to other types of employment. Multinomial logit and ordinary least squares regression analyses confirm indications from our qualitative data that strong social ties, weak ties, and human capital all play distinctive parts in the economic integration of immigrants outside the ethnic enclave. These resources have the most positive impact on incomes when they contribute to the immigrants' self‐reliance in finding employment. This finding is consistent with observations from the social‐network literature that those who are less reliant on strong social ties are better able to take advantage of a broader range of labor‐market opportunities.
Food Security: The Elaboration of Contested Claims to a Consensus Frame*
Authors: Mooney Patrick H. , Hunt Scott A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  This article demonstrates Gamson's claim that behind the apparent agreement implied by “consensus frames” lies considerable dissensus. Ironically, the very potency of consensus frames may generate contested claims to the ownership of a social problem. Food security is a potent consensus frame that has generated at least three distinct collective action frames: food security as hunger; food security as a component of a community's developmental whole; and food security as minimizing risks with respect to an industrialized food system's vulnerability to both “normal accidents” as well as the “intentional accidents” associated with agriterrorism. We show that each collective action frame reflects internal normative variation identified here with Goffman's “keying” concept. These keys suggest power differentials in the endorsement or critique of dominant institutional practices. Each frame and associated keys reflect distinct sets of interests by collective actors, such as demands for substantively different applications of science and technology. The prognostic framing of the community food security movement coincidentally holds potential for reducing not only the accidental risks of productivist agriculture but also the uncertainty induced by the risk of terrorist exploitation of those vulnerabilities. The article explores power differentials and variable levels of oppositional consciousness as mechanisms by which keys generate contentious politics within frames while serving as potential bridges between frames. This contested ownership of food security has implications for the associated movements' and organizations' capacity to influence the structure of the agrifood system as well as the broader socioeconomic organization of rural regions.
Juvenile kyphosis in pigs
Authors: NIELSEN LOUISE W. D. , HØGEDAL PETER , ARNBJERG JENS , JENSEN HENRIK ELVANG
Published: August 2010

The development of kyphotic lesions in pigs with different weights from herds with a high frequency of the lesion was analysed pathologically, radiologically, and for alkaline phosphatase, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate in blood samples. The development of kyphosis was caused by the formation of ventral hemivertebrae due to the absence of ventral vertebral epiphyseal centres of ossification. Within the ventral parts of affected vertebral epiphyses, the retained chondroid tissue was dysplastic and the contents of cartilage canals with vessels often clotted with fibrin were reduced. As lesions such as fractures and inflammation that may be a secondary cause of kyphosis in pigs were absent and all blood parameters were within normal range, secondary causes of the condition, including metabolic disturbances, were excluded. It can be seen that the present type of porcine kyphosis does not develop until later in life as the ossification centres within the epiphyses of vertebrae have a retarded appearance. As the present porcine type of kyphosis pathomorphologically is comparable with Scheuermann's kyphosis in man, it constitutes a spontaneous model for this common cause of structural kyphosis of the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine.
High frequency of multiple HPV types in cervical specimens from Danish women
Authors: MEJLHEDE NINA , BONDE JESPER , FOMSGAARD ANDERS
Published: August 2010

Genital human papillomavirus infection (HPV) is common and usually harmless. However, chronic cervical infection with high‐risk HPV types can cause cell changes that may eventually lead to cancer. To determine the frequency of individual HPV types among mixed infections, we examined the type distribution among cervical specimens from more than 1000 Danish women. We also examined the HPV type distribution and the frequency of single and multiple HPV types for specimens from 113 women who underwent conization and were diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II or worse (CIN2+). Using microarray technology, we found that 49% of the HPV‐positive patients were infected with multiple HPV types. Among the CIN2+ diagnosed women, this frequency was 41%. The most frequently found high‐risk HPV type was HPV‐16, which was found in 25% of the HPV‐positive cervical specimens. Among the HPV positive CIN2+ diagnosed women, 48% were HPV‐16 positive. Women younger than 30 years of age had a higher frequency of multiple infections (61%) than women older than 30 years (39%). We conclude that cervical infection with multiple HPV types is common among women in all age groups and among women with or without the diagnosis of CIN2+.
Clinical relevance of restrictive morphological criteria for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in liver biopsies
Authors: Schlichting P. , Fauerholdt L. , Christensen E. , Poulsen H. , Juhl E. , Tygstrup N. ,   The Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Material obtained by needle biopsy of the liver from 532 patients with cirrhosis who had previously been examined has been re‐evaluated using new and more restrictive histological criteria for the diagnosis of cirrhosis. The material was divided into four main groups: (A) cirrhosis, 287 biopsies; (B) probably cirrhosis, 101 biopsies; (C) compatible with but not diagnostic for cirrhosis, 89 biopsies; and (D) probably not cirrhosis, 11 biopsies. Group E consisted of 44 cases where no or insufficient material was available. The survival curves of the groups were significantly (P<0.05) different, with group D having the best survival followed by C, B and A. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of cirrhosis (more than five spider naevi, presence of ascites, daily alcohol intake of more than 50 g) were found significantly (P<0.05) more often among patients from group A, followed by patients from groups B, C and D. It is concluded that the more restrictive histological criteria for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in liver biopsies have clinical relevance, due to the prognostic and therapeutic implications of the diagnosis. The study also underlines the importance of specifying the criteria used when studies of patients with cirrhosis are reported.
Anti‐HBc of IgM‐class, HBeAg and anti‐HBe in acute and chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Aldershvile J. , Roggendorf M. , Kryger P. , Tage‐Jensen U. , Deinhardt F. , Frösner G. G. , Hardt F. , Nielsen J. O. ,   The Copenhagen Hepatitis Acuta Programme
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— The presence and persistence of IgM antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc IgM) and the correlation with other HBV markers were studied in 42 patients, all of whom had acute HBsAg‐positive hepatitis but whose subsequent diseases differed. All patients initially had anti‐HBc IgM. In 13 out of 15 patients with uncomplicated acute hepatitis, anti‐HBc IgM disappeared within 6 months after onset of the disease. In five out of 12 patients, who in spite of transient HBsAg developed chronic liver disease, the anti‐HBc IgM persisted for more than 2 years. Among 15 patients with persistent HBsAg, anti‐HBc IgM was present from 7 months to more than 8 years. Seroconversion from HBeAg to anti‐HBe was observed in seven patients and in five of these anti‐HBc IgM disappeared during the follow‐up period. These results indicate that anti‐HBc IgM can be used as a serological marker of recent or ongoing HBV infection.
A kinetic study of hepatic uptake of canine intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the rat
Authors: Scholtens H. B. , Hardonk M. J. , Meijer D. K. F.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT—This study describes the “plasma” disappearance and biliary excretion of injected purified canine intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the isolated perfused rat liver and in the intact rat. The plasma disappearance curve of the enzyme showed, apart from an initial rapid phase, a secondary phase, which may result from “exocytosis” of interiorized canine intestinal alkaline phosphatase into the circulation or from exhaustion of receptors involved in uptake of the enzyme during the process of endocytosis. A small fraction of the injected enzyme was found to be excreted into the bile and it was shown that there is a “kinetic” relationship between the biliary excretion pattern and the “plasma” disappearance of the enzyme. In addition, the effect of various sugars, sugar polymers and glycoproteins on plasma disappearance and biliary excretion of the enzyme was studied. Intravenous administration of galactose, lactose, galactan and especially asialofetuin prior to injection of canine intestinal alkaline phosphatase, resulted in inhibition of plasma disappearance of the enzyme, while the biliary excretion pattern of the enzyme was also changed. It is concluded that the rapid removal of injected canine intestinal alkaline phosphatase is predominantly, or even exclusively, achieved by the liver and that the hepatic uptake of the enzyme is most likely mediated by the “galactose‐specific lectin” present on the plasma membrane of the hepatocytes.
The pathology of hepatitis A in man
Authors: Teixeira M. R. , Weller I. V. D. , Murray A. , Bamber M. , Thomas H. C. , Sherlock S. , Scheuer P. J.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Liver biopsies from 17 patients with serologically established hepatitis A were examined by light microscopy. Biopsies were taken from 2 to 27 weeks after onset of symptoms. All showed acute hepatitis, usually with centrilobular lesions but also commonly with a striking portal and periportal inflammatory reaction, resembling that seen in chronic active hepatitis. The infiltrate was rich in plasma cells. Centrilobular cholestasis was common and occasionally severe. Neither cholestasis nor the periportal lesion appeared to be related to patient age or to the timing of liver biopsy. All patients made a full recovery and none developed chronic liver disease. The histological changes differed from those reported in children and in chimpanzees in the presence of centrilobular lesions, but resembled them in that the latter two groups also had periportal lesions. These lesions may lead to a false impression of impending chronicity if the aetiology of the hepatitis is not known at the time of liver biopsy.
Use of polyunsaturated phosphatidyl choline in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis: results of prospective double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Jenkins Peter J. , Portmann B. P. , Eddleston A. L. W. F. , Williams Roger
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— In a prospective double‐blind trial, polyunsaturated phosphatidyl choline therapy (3 g/day) was given in addition to normal maintenance immunosuppressive therapy to 15 patients with HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis. Histological evidence of disease activity was significantly reduced in the phospholipid‐treated group. The results indicate that polyunsaturated phosphatidyl choline is of value as additional treatment in the management of patients with HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis whose disease is inadequately controlled with conventional doses of immunosuppressive therapy.
Azathioprine versus prednisone in non‐alcoholic chronic liver disease (CLD). Relation to a serological classification
Authors: Tage‐Jensen U. , Schlichting P. , Aldershvile J. , Andersen P. , Dietrichson O. , Hardt F. , Mathiesen L. R. , Nielsen J. O. ,   The Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— One hundred and forty‐eight patients with non‐alcoholic cirrhosis or chronic aggressive hepatitis entered a prospective, unblinded, randomized trial on the effect of azathioprine versus prednisone. For all 148 patients, there were no differences in survival related to the two drugs. In 99 patients the disease was classified as autoimmune, in 23 as posthepatitic, and in 26 as cryptogenic. No significant differences were seen in survival between these three groups of patients and no differences in survival related to the two drugs were registered within any of the groups. The autoimmune group included the patients with the biochemically most active disease, and a statistically significant reduction in activity was obtained with prednisone as well as azathioprine. Most remarkably, the frequencies of the autoantibodies were reduced parallel to the biochemical improvement in these patients. Immunosuppressive treatment was found to be rather ineffective in posthepatitic chronic liver disease of type B; however, no signs of activation of the hepatitis B virus were seen.
Cytoplasmic blood plasma inclusions in human hepatocytes
Authors: Nakanuma Yasuni , Ohta Goroku , Matsubara Fujitsugu , Watanabe Kishichiro , Doishita Kenji
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Hepatocellular blood plasma inclusions were demonstrated in conventional formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded liver tissue by the immunoperoxidase technique in 114 out of 197 liver specimens. They were usually round or elliptical in shape, their size varying from a few μm to about 30 μm in diameter. Albumin, fibrinogen, α1‐antitrypsin, IgG, IgM, IgA, ceruloplasmin and transferrin were demonstrated in the inclusions, in that order of frequency. A majority were negative with the periodic acid Schiff stain after amylase digestion, but a few were positive. Many of them seemed to correspond to vacuoles in the hepatocytes but some were not seen in HE‐stained sections. The inclusions were frequently seen in autopsy liver specimens, but were rare in surgical ones. Most of the inclusions might develop at an agonal stage, probably as a result of hypoxia or circulatory disturbances in the livers.
Post‐infantile giant cell hepatitis
Authors: Thaler H.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Six patients with post‐infantile giant cell hepatitis (PIGCH) are reported. The age of the patients ranged from 12 to 74 years. One patient had acute giant cell hepatitis and complete restitution was established by biopsy. In five patients, giant cell formation was seen in chronic aggressive hepatitis with cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was demonstrated 5–11 months after the onset of hepatitis. All of these cases later became inactive, but in only one was evidence of inactivity obtained by liver biopsy. Giant cell hepatitis occurred in 0.25% of patients with post‐infantile hepatitis; however, all but one of the PIGCH‐cases were seen between 1972 and 1974. Hepatitis B markers were negative in all tested cases. The possibility of a special type of infection is discussed.
Effect of an acute dose of ethanol on the hepatotoxicity due to carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Teschke Rolf , Hauptmeier Karl‐Heinz , Frenzel Hartmut
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT—To study the effect of an acute dose of alcohol on the hepatotoxicity due to CCl4, rats received alcohol (4 g/kg BW) and/or CCl4(1.5 ml/kg BW) by concomitant intragastric intubation. Compared to animals receiving CCl4alone, the simultaneous application of CCl4and alcohol resulted 12 h after administration in significantly lower serum activities of glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (1005±70 vs 739±47; p<0.01) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (746±10 vs 330±41; p<0.01), whereas 36 h after administration, an increase of serum enzyme activities was observed. No significant differences could be demonstrated 24 h after application. By histological assessment, liver damage was also much less pronounced 12 h after combined administration of CCl4and ethanol, compared to CCl4alone, whereas the reversed constellation could be demonstrated 36 h after administration. These results therefore show that in the early phase of CCl4intoxication an acute dose of alcohol may partially protect from CCl4hepatotoxicity, whereas potentiation was observed under these experimental conditions in the late phase of CCl4intoxication.