bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural Health Care Networks
Authors: Wellever Anthony
Published: November 2023

Many rural health providers voluntarily collaborate with other health care providers to cope with the challenges of operating in a turbulent, rapidly changing health care delivery and financing environment. By coalescing into cooperatives, alliances, consortia, or networks, rural providers expect to reduce their costs, manage their scarce resources, and increase their bargaining position with other institutional actors, such as insurers and regulators (Zuckerman, Kaluzny, and Ricketts, 1995). The popularity of voluntary collaboration among rural providers may have accelerated in recent years in response to the Medicare prospective payment system and the anticipated expansion of managed care in rural areas, both of which caused rural hospitals and other providers to seek improvements in the management of their cost and utilization (Shortell, Gillies, and Devers, 1995; Shortell, Gillies, and Anderson, 1994).
Summary
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G
Published: November 2023

When alkenes are released into the atmosphere of a city during the day, they react quickly (within hours), largely with hydroxyl radical (OH), and somewhat more slowly with nitrate radical (N03) and ozone (03). When released at night, alkenes react largely with N03 or 03, with lifetimes of the order of days. Alkenes (as well as alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons) react with OH radicals to form peroxy radicals that initiate chain reactions in which NO is oxidized to N02, N02 is photodissociated [N02 + hv (>-. < 430 nm) —s+ 0(3 P) + NO], and03 is formed from the 0-atoms produced [02 + 0(3 P) + (N2/02)---+03 + (N2/02)]. Although the alkenes constitute only about 7% of the non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in the early morning urban atmosphere of Los Angeles, they account for about 27% of the species reacting with OH, and about 19% of the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR). In the Boston atmosphere in the morning, alkenes account for 10% of NMHCs, 24% of the species reacting with OH, and 18% of the MIR. Alkenes are one of the most important classes of hydrocarbons in promoting 03 and smog formation in urban environments.
The Politics Of Harmony In Eighteenth-Century Prussia
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

“Kings are … but human, and all humans are equal.”1 This remark, from a treatise by the youthful Frederick the Great, illustrates a deep tension that existed within the theory of Prussian enlightened absolutism—a tension between egalitarian principles and authoritarian practice. From the mid–seventeenth century onward, the Hohenzollern kings had sought to consolidate their control over the realm and to diminish the political power of the Prussian nobility. Frederick’s predecessors had established a centralized bureaucracy and a large standing army under their direct command. They had levied taxes without consulting the Landstände, the traditional representative assemblies of the Prussian provinces. Only in the local and county diets, many of which still convened on a regular basis, did the Prussian nobility continue to play an active governing role.2
Invoking the Nation
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

On 14 October 1806, Prussia’s famed army collapsed in a single day, routed by the French at the battles of Auerstädt and Jena. Two weeks later, Napoleon entered Berlin, as the Prussian court fled eastward toward Memel, a small Lithuanian seaport near the Russian border. Throughout the following winter and spring, the Prussian military forces were besieged in the towns of Prussia’s eastern marches.
Exploratory Data Analysis and Graphic Display
Authors: Ellison Aaron M
Published: November 2023

Graphics serve two general functions in the context of data analysis. First, graphics are a tool used to explore patterns in data before the formal statistical analysis (Exploratory Data Analysis, or EDA, Tukey 1977). Second, graphics communicate large amounts of information clearly, concisely, and rapidly, and illuminate complex relationships within data sets.
ANOVA: Experimental Layout and Analysis
Authors: Potvin Catherine
Published: November 2023

When the understanding of ecological questions necessitates partitioning the effects of environmental factors, ecologists rely on experiments. Manipulative experiments, either in the field or in controlled environments, enable ecologists to vary single factors to isolate their effects. For example, growth cabinets make it possible to raise organisms at identical temperatures but different photoperiods, or at identical light intensities but different temperatures. In manipulative experiments, it is often desirable that environmental “background,” that is, all the factors that are not altered voluntarily, be controlled precisely.
Failure-time Analysis: Studying Times to Events and Rates at Which Events Occur
Authors: Fox Gordon A
Published: November 2023

Do differences among treatments lead to differences in the time until seeds germinate, foragers leave patches, individuals die, or pollinators leave flowers? Do treatment differences lead to differences in the number of events that have occurred by some time or to differences in the rates at which these events occur? Questions of this kind are at the heart of many studies of life history evolution, demography, behavioral ecology; and pollination biology, as well as other ecological sub disciplines. In all of these cases, researchers are concerned either with the time until some event occurs in individual experimental units or with the related problem of the rate at which these events occur.
Diversity, Toleration, and Deliberative Democracy: Religious Minorities and Public Schooling
Authors: Galston William A
Published: November 2023

It is said that during medieval times, Bulan, king of the Khazers, summoned four wise men to his kingdom-a secular philosopher, a Christian scholar, a Muslim scholar, and a rabbi. After interrogating them seriatim on the content and basis of their beliefs, Bulan called his people together in an assembly, declared that he accepted Judaism, and decreed that all Khazers would thenceforth be instructed in and practice Judaism as their communal faith.
Deliberation Method, Not Theory
Authors: Hardin Russell
Published: November 2023

In Democracy and Disagreement, Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson address the centrally most difficult problem of democratic theory and government: how to handle deep disagreements. Their resolution is to plump for deliberative democracy. This has been perhaps the single most popular move of democratic theorists in our time, especially theorists under the sway of Ji.irgen Habermas. But Gutmann and Thompson are not as abstract and vague as Habermas in his prescriptions, which seem to presuppose that disagreements can commonly be bridged if only we talk enough and hold to the “normative prerequisites of discourse,” which sound like rules for parlor or academic discussion rather than rules for the political fray of democratic policymaking. Gutmann and Thompson know that some of our disagreements are real and deep and that, in the face of these, deliberative democracy can be defended primarily not for its effectiveness in bridging all conflicts but for its qualities as a procedure in reaching political decisions.
Justice, Inclusion, and Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Young Iris Marion
Published: November 2023

In Democracy and Disagreement Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson offer the most complete theory of deliberative democracy yet developed. They specify six principles that define the norms of deliberative democracy, and they elaborate the meaning and implications of each. Moreover, they use these principles to analyze recent political discussion in the United States, more extensively and in greater detail than any other recent writing on deliberative democracy.
Pathophysiology and Assessment of Dyspnea in the Patient with Cancer
Authors: Dudgeon Deborah J , Rosenthal Susan
Published: November 2023

Dyspnea, an uncomfortable awareness of breathing, can seriously affect the quality of life of cancer patients. Management of this symptom in these patients requires an understanding of the multidimensional nature of dyspnea, the neural pathways and receptors that may be involved, the pathophysiological mechanisms that may underline the problem, the methods of evaluation and assessment of dyspnea, and the clinical syndromes that are common in cancer. Relief of breathlessness should be the goal of treatment at all stages of cancer. Good control of this symptom will improve function and quality of life.
Models for the Delivery of Palliative Care: The Canadian Model
Authors: Brenneis Carleen , Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

The notion of palliative care, providing comfort to the dying, is not new to Canada or other countries. However, the context of the delivery of care has changed considerably since the mid-1970s. In the second half of the twentieth century in North America, care of the terminally ill moved from the home into the hospitals. The success of medical technology shifted the focus in hospitals to prolonging life and avoiding death.
Models for the Delivery of Palliative Care: The Spanish Model
Authors: Centeno Carlos , Gómez-Sancho Marcos
Published: November 2023

Before describing the model of palliative care in Spain, it is necessary to give a brief description of the country’s current health care model. Our country has approximately 40 million inhabitants. The public health system offers universal access and is publicly financed. In accordance with the constitutional principle of territorial decentralization in the healthcare field, public health services and functions have been transferred from central government to 7 of the 17 Autonomous Regions, affecting some 62% of the country’s population.
Models for the Delivery of Palliative Care in Developing Countries: The Argentine Model
Authors: Wenk Roberto , Bertolino Mariela
Published: November 2023

Half of Argentina’s 35 million inhabitants live in the urban areas scattered throughout the country’s 23 provinces, while the other half live in rural districts. Health care development varies considerably, with areas of excellent medical facilities and others with insufficient basic primary care. This chapter describes the development and current status of palliative care in Argentina, noting that the information could be incomplete because of lack of up-to-date national data.
Exploring the Need for a Special Model of Geriatric Care
Authors: Morrison R Sean , Meier Diane E
Published: November 2023

Popular images of death and dying are a jumble of gun violence; young and middle-aged adults on television fighting for life with the help of tubes, intensive care units (ICULF), and other modern machinery; and nineteenth century images of feverish mothers or children attended at home by their grieving families and helpless physicians. In reality, these media visions bear little relationship to the actual human experience of dying in the United States. In our society, the overwhelming majority of people who die are elderly.
Advance Directives in Different Cultures
Authors: Akabayashi Akira , Voltz Raymond
Published: November 2023

One method used to resolve such dilemmas is the provision of an advance directive (AD), particularly in the United States. Such directives are made while the patient is still competent, and specify the forms of medical treatment to be provided by caregivers and/or designate someone to act as a proxy should the subject in question lose his or her capacity to make decisions.
Problems with Opioid Dose Escalation in Cancer Pain: Differential Diagnosis and Management Strategies
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano
Published: November 2023

Chronic opioid therapy has been recognized as standard management for cancer pain. Analgesia can be achieved with different opioid dosages in individuals, as there is effectively no ceiling to their analgesic effect and the proportion of adverse effects that the patient can tolerate is usually the limiting factor of the dose used. Thus, analgesic dosage should be titrated to effect. However, opioid escalation may have different causes in the course of the illness, and several factors can interfere with an appropriate analgesic opioid response.
Diagnosis and Management of Delirium in the Terminally Ill
Authors: Breitbart William
Published: November 2023

Delirium is one of the most common mental disorders encountered in general hospital practice. Knight and Folstein estimated that 33% of hospitalized medically ill patients have serious cognitive impairments. Massie and coworkers found delirium in 25% of 334 hospitalized cancer patients seen in psychiatric consultation and in 85% (11 of 13) of terminal cancer patients. Pereira and co-workers found the prevalence of cognitive impairment in cancer inpatients to be 44%, and just prior to death, the prevalence rose to 62.1%.
Daodejing (Tao Te Ching)
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we enter the world of Daoism (Taoism), the great rival of Confucianism in ancient China. Of the two, Daoism is the more col01ful. It has captured Western imaginations: witness books ranging from the Tao of Pooh to the Tao of Physics. Its original advocates clearly were eccentric people, and there is a mysticism that makes readers think that they are being given access to deep truths. But it is not so easy to say what these deep truths are supposed to be. According to legend the eighty one poems that compose the Daodejing (also known in the older romanization as Tao Te Ching) are the work of Lao Tzu, a contemporary of Confucius in the sixth century BCE. He has been thought of as the great founder of Daoism. Was there a real Lao Tzu? It may be that the original inspiration of the Daodejing was at the time of Confucius, or even before. But scholars now agree that the work we actually have dates from about two hundred years or n1ore after then.
Trees
Authors: Dale Mark R T , Francis Shawn , Krebs Charles J , Nams Vilis O
Published: November 2023

The tree flora of the Kluane Valley is remarkably depauperate, even for the boreal forest, which is not known for high diversity of tree species. Three species of trees are pre­ sent. The only species of conifer is the white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. The absence of its congener, the black spruce, Pieea mariana (Mill.) BSP, which is widespread and common in other parts of the boreal forest, is surprising, particularly since black spruce occur to the north and to the east of Kluane. The other two tree species in the valley are angiosperms of the genus Populus: trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., and balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L. In spite of their ability to spead clonally, the two species of Populus are comparatively rare in the valley, making spruce the dominant tree in area, cover, and biomass. This chapter is therefore primarily about white spruce. Although some herbivores feed on parts of the spruce trees (e.g., red squirrels eat the seeds), these trees are more important to the other organisms in the ecosystem because of the physical structure they create. The second way in which spruce are important is as pri­ mary producers because they are responsible for a large portion of the net primary productivity in the valley. Although this production does not benefit all the herbivores directly, it affects them indirectly through the accumulation of litter, which provides cover and in tum affects their food plants through its physical and chemical properties.
Vertebrate Community Structure in the Boreal Forest: Modeling the Effects of Trophic Interaction
Authors: Choquenot David , Krebs Charles J , Sinclair A R E , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan
Published: November 2023

Models of biological communities have employed two general approaches: structural analysis of communities based on food webs (e.g., Paine 1980, Pimm 1982, 1991, Cohen 1989) and mechanistic models based on analysis of trophic interactions (e.g., Caughley 1976, 1977, Fretwell 1977, Tilman 1982, see chapter 17). Although both approaches have been used to understand community organization, mechanistic models generally provide more insight into the forces that influence community stability (Tilman 1982, Lawton and McGarvin 1986). Analyses of changes in biomass and productivity associated with experimental perturbation of the boreal forest (described elsewhere in this book) were used to test the nature of trophic-level interactions in this ecosystem described in chapter 17. The effect of trophic-level interactions on community organization were interpreted in terms of the role top-down (predator control) and bottom-up (nutrient limitation) processes played in changing the biomass or productivity of given trophic levels. The emphasis this approach places on biomass and productivity changes subsumes the more specific influence that trophic mechanisms can have on the maintenance of the species complexes within different trophic levels. For example, the observation that predation significantly reduces the biomass of herbivores clearly indicates that top-down processes are an important influence on community dynamics in this ecosystem. What is less clear is the role predation may play in facilitating coexistence among herbivores.
Naturalness Revisited: Why Western Philosophers Should Study Confucius
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

To begin on a personal note: my interest in Chinese philosophy began when (in 1954–55) I wandered into H. G. Creel’s seminar on Chinese philosophy at the University of Chicago. Creel was as fine a teacher as I have ever seen: clear, highly insightful, memorable, and responsive to his students. His book on Confucius (Confucius:The Man and the Myth [1949]), although out of print, remains useful and interesting. In a striking demonstration of the academic marketplace at work, two other students were registered for the seminar.
Confucius and the Analects in the Hàn
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mark
Published: November 2023

Attempting a reading of the Analects informed by a single “historical Confucius” is complicated by the diversity of images of Confucius accepted at different times. Those who think they know Confucius from the biographical details supplied in one or more of the works connected with him, from hagiographical accounts of his exemplary behavior learned at school in Taiwan or Singapore, or from the slightly nonsensical aphorisms attributed to him by patronizing Hollywood screenwriters, are at best only right in a partial sense.
Unweaving the “One Thread” of Analects 4:l5
Authors: Van Norden Bryan W
Published: November 2023

The differences between confucius and most Western philosophers from at least Socrates onward are numerous and striking. By way of comparision, consider Plato, who recognizes four “cardinal virtues”: courage, justice, wisdom, and moderation. He systematically identifies three of these with the proper functioning of the three parts of his “tripartite soul,” and identifies the fourth with the proper relationship among these parts. Aristotle’s collection of virtues seems less organized, but he does have a challenging division of virtues into those of the intellect (such as the ability to make logical deductions) and those of character (such as the disposition to feel fear neither excessively nor deficiently). In contrast, Confucius never bothers to organize systematically or justify his list of virtues.
A Woman Who Understood the Rites
Authors: Raphals Lisa A
Published: November 2023

There is little discussion of women in the Analects. In other texts that purport to transmit remarks of Confucius, he is said to comment on the behavior, ethics, and knowledge of several women.
“The Federals Got a Very Complete Smashing “:August−September 1862
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

Little good news for the Union came out of the Western theaters to offset bad news in Virginia during July and August. Quite the contrary, in fact. The dizzying pace of Union conquests in the Mississippi Valley ended abruptly in June. Late that month the Union gunboat flotilla from upriver and part of Farragut’s fleet from downriver met at Vicksburg. For the next month these two previously unbeatable task forces, supported by 3,000 army soldiers, tried in vain to batter into submission this “Gibraltar of the West, “ as Confederates labeled it.
Married Life m Leipzig
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

He Marriage Of Robert And Clara Schumann Has traditionally been portrayed as a perfect union: five years of trial and hardship, the brunt of insult and castigation, rewarded by a truly remarkable partnership founded in love, sympathy, and understanding for one another. The nineteenth century was fond of happy endings, and seemed to believe that, after all the tribulations they had endured, the Schumanns deserved nothing less. “Truly, our life will be one of poetry and flowers,” Schumann had written to Clara during their engagement, “Like angels, we will play and create poems together and bring joy to mankind” (13 April 1838). But their diaries reveal that married life brought unexpected discord and conflict.
Conditioning and Learning, Attention and Arousal
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

Interoception can involve innate and/or learned visceral—somatic sensory processes. The ability of visceral afferent information to affect behavior and/or cognitive processes and to reach conscious awareness (not logically the same thing) might be hard-wired into the organism by genes and development or it might be learned. In fact, it is undoubtedly true that both types of mechanisms are essential. Further, as the quote above acknowledges, and as will be discussed later, sensory feedback from behavior affects learning. Later in the book the hard wiring will be addressed. As background to this the issue of learning will be discussed here. It is presented first because it arose first historically. The relationship of conditioning (a basic type of learning) to the study of interoceptive processes goes back to Pavlov and his colleagues in the early part of the twentieth century, while detailed study of the brain and body mechanisms that provide the hard wiring is more recent.
State-Dependent Learning and Drug Discrimination
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

State-dependent learning is both a theory and a method. Stated simply, the theory is that a memory or a behavioral response produced in one state will show a decrement in likelihood of occurrence in a different state. The most common procedure (method) used to test if state-dependent learning has occurred is to train some subjects in a drug state and others in a non-drug state (or in a state produced by a different drug), and then to test half the subjects in each group in the same state as was present during training and the other half in the opposite state. If state-dependent learning has occurred, the subjects trained and tested in different states will demonstrate a decrement in comparison to those trained and tested in the same state, with possible confounding factors such as direct drug-induced decrements due to sedation controlled for.
Ben Jonson and the Erotics of a Literary Career
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick
Published: November 2023

The manuscript transmission of Nashe’s “Choice of Valentines” gives some indication of the ways in which some male writers (and readers) worked to modify early modern discourses of the erotic, silencing the voices of women and dissociating erotic poetry from effeminacy. In this final chapter I examine the ambivalent place of Aretine eroticism in the works of Ben Jonson. While neither overtly concerned with national identity (like The Faerie Queene) or explicitly erotic (like “Choice of Valentines”), Jonson’s plays for the public stage offer a fascinating example of the effort required to dissociate eroticism from effeminacy and to appropriate the Italianate while remaining securely English. In his early works Jonson stages various attractive figures of erotic disorder and social subversion, figures in which he himself appears to be invested to a significant degree. As his career progressed, however, Jonson became increasingly concerned to separate his own poetry (figured as classical and male) from an effeminate bawdy language he increasingly associates with women and fools.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Smith Ernest E , Carr James A , Norris David O
Published: November 2023

The purpose of part II (chapters 7-9) is to provide a brief introduction to the science of toxicology and to emphasize the need for stronger interactions between endocrinologists and toxicologists. A recurrent theme through out these chapters is the importance of integrating toxicology and endocrinology to minimize logical interpretation from a false premise. The collection and interpretation of endocrine disruption data and their ecological importance require integration of the fields of endocrinology and toxicology, as well as integration of several major interdependent academic fields of study.
Introduction to Part III
Authors: Carr James A , Norris David O
Published: November 2023

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) come from many different types of chemical classes, including pesticides, synthetic hormones, natural plant compounds, chemicals used in the plastics industry, and waste products of the aerospace industry such as perchlorate. In part III of this volume, several experts in the fields of toxicology and endocrinology discuss the ability of these various classes of contaminants to disrupt the endocrine system and affect the health of humans and wildlife.
Heavy Metals
Authors: Hontela Alice , Lacroix Alexandra
Published: November 2023

Metals are a large family of elements with a complex chemistry, as they span several groups within the periodic table, each with its particular chemical and physical characteristics, from metalloids such as arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) to heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg). Some metals (Zn, Cu, Se, molybdenum [Mo], calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], manganese [Mn], iron [Fe], cobalt [Co]) are essential for normal physiological function.
The New Simonides Toward a Commentary
Authors: Rutherford Ian
Published: November 2023

The main sources are two papyri from Oxyrhynchus in the Fayyum, both probably to be dated to the second century c.E. These are POxy 2327 and POxy 3965, which overlap with each other in two places. Simonidean authorship is established by two coin cidences with passages of poetry otherwise attributed to Simonides by Plutarch and Stobaeus. The scribe of POxy 2327 is the same as that of POxy 2430, a collection of fragments of the Simonidean paeans and epinicia and perhaps other genres in lyric meters.’ The papyri contained elegiac poems, some apparently military or historical in theme, others sympotic. It looks as if POxy 3965 represents a roll entirely devoted to elegiacs; the roll from which POxy 2327 comes may also have been all elegiacs, but if POxy 2327 is not wholly distinct from POxy 2430, it contained lyric poems as well. In the Hellenistic edition of Simonides, the principle of classification must have been in part by perceived genre, with sections for. threnoi, dithyrambs, encomia, epinicia, and paeans, perhaps kateukhai (537 PMG), and a miscellaneous category of summikta (540 PMG).2 The arrangement might have been one genre per book-roll, though that would depend on the number of poems assigned to each genre.3 Suda also says that there were epigrams, perhaps the so-called Sylloge Simonidea.4 How the elegiac poems were arranged is unclear.Suda refers only to titles—the Xerxou Naumachia and the Ep’ Artemisioi Naumachia. These and other poems might have been long enough to fill a whole book-roll on their own, but it seems more likely that they were at most a couple of hundred lines long, and that they were grouped in a book, or books, of elegies. Perhaps there were separate book-rolls for, say, historical and sym- potic elegies. The epigrams, if they were included, perhaps formed a short appendix of a few hundred lines at the end of one of the books of elegies.5 The arrangement in the edition(s) represented in the papyri does not necessarily correspond to the arrangement in the Hellenistic edition, since a large papyrus, with tall columns of forty lines, might have absorbed several Hellenistic books. One such large roll perhaps contained longer elegiac fragments, one contained lyrics.
The New Simonides and Homer’s Hemitheoi
Authors: Clay Jenny Strauss
Published: November 2023

The proem to Simonides’ recently discovered “Battle of Platea“ elegy is addressed to the hero Achilles. 1 How long it was and whether it dealt with the hero’s birth and other exploits remains unclear. Fragment 10 surely deals with Achilles, but its precise contents are obscure. The beginning lines of the far more extensive fr. n apparently describe the hero’s death in an epic simile adapted from Homer.2 The damaged lines that follow (9-14) provide a brief summary of the end of the Trojan War, the destruction of Troy, and the return of the Greeks:
“New Simonides“ or Old Semonides? Second Thoughts on POxy 3965 fr. 26
Authors: Hubbard Thomas k.
Published: November 2023

In an earlier publication I had argued on a number of grounds for a late sixth-century date for the iambic poet Semonides of Amorgos, and observed that this dating would make it possible for the disputed elegy on the “leaves and lives of men“ (previously identified as either Semonides, fr. 29 D, or Simonides, fr. 8 W1 ) to be a reply to Mimnermus, fr. 2 W, as it seems to be, and still be written by Semonides, as suggested by its close parallels in theme, tone, and wording to the iambic fr. 1 W of Semonides.1 The new Simonides papyrus (POxy 3965), which appeared very soon after the writing (and somewhat before the publication) of the earlier article, clearly necessitates a reconsideration of the authorship question, since POxy 3965 fr. 26 of the papyrus contains the remains of what had been vv. 6-13 of that elegy and demonstrates that they were in fact part of a longer elegy than what is quoted in Stobaeus 4.34.28. Although some controversy has arisen concerning the unity of the poem (which West now divides into frr. 19 and 20 W2 ),2 it seems quickly to have become a matter of established consensus that the authorship controversy has been resolved, since the same papyrus contains other fragments which are unquestionably from works of Simonides.3
Heroes, Descendants of-Hemitheoi The Proemium of Theocritus 17 and Simonides 11 W2
Authors: Fantuzzi Marco
Published: November 2023

As Zeus is the greatest among gods, Ptolemy is the greatest among men; the ancient heroes had already found skilled singers for their deeds in their past. Theocritus, therefore, who knows how to celebrate the glory of his characters as skillfully as the ancient bards, wants to dedicate his hymn to his contemporary hero, who deserves to be sung of more than he has been before. At the end of the poem we again find these same three themes of song, where the real emphasis is again put on Ptolemy, who is even more clearly equated to the demigods:
Descriptive Epidemiology: Analyzing and Interpreting Surveillance Data
Authors: Janes Gail R , Hutwagner Lori C , Cates Jr. Willard , Stroup Donna F , Williamson G David
Published: November 2023

The analysis and interpretation of surveillance data establish the foundation for many observational studies (2), placing surveillance at the forefront of the spectrum of descriptive epidemiology. Surveillance has a myriad of uses (3,4), each of which requires careful analysis and interpretation. Whether surveillance is used to detect epidemics, suggest hypotheses, characterize trends in disease or injury, evaluate prevention programs, or project future public health needs, data from a surveillance system must be analyzed carefully and interpreted prudently.
Public Health Surveillance and the Law
Authors: Matthews Gene W , Neslund Verla S , Churchill R Elliott
Published: November 2023

Gene W. Matthews Verla S. Neslund, R. Elliott Churchill Public health surveillance and the law are joined by so many interconnecting links that virtually every aspect of a surveillance program is associated with one or more legal issues (for a more detailed discussion of law-related surveillance issues, see Chapter 4). In the United States, and throughout the world, many surveillance efforts have been effected through mandates enforced by statutes or regulations. By the same token, reports derived from the interpretation and application of data from surveillance programs have been used to drive legislation relating to public health.
State and Local Public Health Surveillance
Authors: Birkhead Guthrie S , Maylahn Christopher M
Published: November 2023

Public health surveillance as discussed in this book was first defined by Alexander Langmuir in the 1960s (]). He expanded the traditional concept of “surveillance” as the reporting of individuals who had or had been exposed to disease so they could be monitored or quarantined to the monitoring of health and disease in whole populations in order to guide population-based public health measures. Langmuir redefined surveillance as the ongoing, systematic collection of public health data with analysis and dissemination of results and interpretation of these data to those who contributed them and to all others who “need to know.” He added, “The concept, however, does not encompass direct responsibility for control activities. These traditionally have been and still remain with the state and local health authorities”(]).
Surveillance of Quality in Health Care
Authors: Murray James F
Published: November 2023

In recent years managed-care organizations (MCOs) in the United States have created surveillance systems with the capacity to acquire information about health-care processes and outcomes that were previously unavailable or prohibitively expensive and to take action based on that information. This chapter focuses on managed care’ s use of surveillance for assessing the quality of health care and will address the following issues.
Violence Among Patients In The Community
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J , Appelbaum Eric Silver Paul S , Robbins Pamela Clark , Mulvey Edward P , Roth Loren H , Grisso Thomas , Banks Steven
Published: November 2023

A clinician assessing the likelihood of future violence must inevitably start with the simple, but far from straightforward, question of exactly what constitutes “patient violence.” As pointed out repeatedly about a variety of clinical prediction tasks (Meehl, 1954; Garb, 1998), it is difficult to reach a high level of predictive accuracy without a clear picture of what is being predicted, whether that prediction is done using actuarial or clinical methods. This initial task of defining the violence of concern, however, rests substantially on whether the clinician has an accurate perspective about patient violence in general.
Recent Trends and Issues in Policy Making
Authors: Smith Ralph A
Published: November 2023

Discussions of policy making in the first Handbook addressed various aspects of policy for arts education (Smith, 1992). Essays ranged over such topics as the definition of policy, descriptions of particular policy decisions, the role of professional associations, the involvement of federal and private agencies, and questionable instances of policy formulation and implementation. My own contribution discussed a few of the latter. One of the flaws of policy making stemmed from inadequate considerations of the nature and value of art, without which policies can have little direction. Another consisted of limited visions of arts education that were inadequate for an effective understanding and appreciating of works of art. Yet another was attributing to both art and arts education inordinate measures of instrumental efficacy. A surfeit of benefits, for example, was believed to derive from simply having “art experiences,” a phrase characteristically left undefined. Also noted were examples of bad faith, which is to say the undertaking of purportedly unbiased and objective studies and research that were in fact intended to advance particular agendas. Termed “advocacy research,” this tendency came under strong scrutiny by critics. Advocacy, of course, is necessary and can be pursued responsibly, but in too many instances the motives and statements of advocates begged credibility. Moreover, there was a tendency to glamorize advocacy by showcasing figures from the worlds of entertainment and business whose contributions usually consisted of little more than sound bites.
Developmental Characteristics of Music Learners
Authors: Runfola Maria , Swanwick Keith
Published: November 2023

Although the title of this chapter differs from that by Hargreaves and Zimmerman (1992) in the first edition of this Handbook, we further develop their themes. As Hargreaves and Zimmerman warned us then, the scope of the topic remains enormous to date. We acknowledge this difficulty and our debt to the previous authors, who made an important contribution in clarifying some issues of musical development. They also have raised many more questions, which we address throughout this chapter. Although we shall take a somewhat different approach, there is a necessary continuity between their work and ours, and we shall refer to their work fairly frequently. In this endeavor, the authors have been asked to focus on the quality of the research under review, adopting a critically selective stance. They also have been asked to deal substantially with work with which they have been closely associated, namely that of Gordon and Swanwick and Tillman. This inevitably affects the balance of the text and the reader should not therefore expect equal weight placed on each and every researcher. As a preliminary, we note the gradual shift from the concept of inherited talents, for example, Seashore and Kwalwasser (Kwalwasser & Dykema, 1930; Seashore, 1938) and the related notion of musical intelligence (Wing, 1961), to the ideas of music abilities (Bentley, 1966) and aptitude (Gordon, 1997a). The research on specific musical abilities, such as aural discrimination, singing, or instrumental playing, has been summarized and discussed in a number of publications (Boyle, 1992; Deutsch, 1982; Shuter-Dyson & Gabriel, 1968).
Creativity Research in Music, Visual Art, Theater, and Dance
Authors: Hickey Maud
Published: November 2023

Because engagement in the arts generally is assumed to offer opportunities for inherently creative acts, it is easy to presume that research in the arts and research in creativity are naturally intertwined. This is not true and, in fact, although a very large body of literature on “General” creative thinking exists, a much smaller proportion of research focuses exclusively on creativity in the arts. The purpose of this chapter is to review the empirical research of creativity in music, visual art, dance, and theater in order to better understand what is known about creative development, learning, and thinking in these disciplines. One goal is to extend the literature review of creative thinking in music begun by Webster (1992) and to supplement it with examples of empirical studies of creativity in the other arts that have been published in the past 20 years. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the most compelling issues in creativity research and how these might influence a research agenda for the future.
Cognitive Constraints on Music Listening
Authors: Thompson William Forde , Schellenberg E Glenn
Published: November 2023

Studies of music perception and cognition adopt a variety of theoretical viewpoints and use a diverse range of methods and analytic approaches. A survey of recent articles reveals a richly interdisciplinary field, comprising studies that range from psychophysical investigations of isolated tones to examinations of long musical segments in tonal, atonal, and non-Western styles. Although cognition is often distinguished from perception, we will not delimit our discussion in this manner. Some perceptual phenomena, such as visual illusions, are relatively impervious to learning (e.g., knowledge of the illusion does not make it disappear), but most perceptual tasks elicit knowledge structures to some extent. The terms perception and cognition represent different points on a continuum of research on mental processing, which ranges from studies of automatic processes that depend little on experience to studies of processes that depend critically on learning and knowledge. Research measures also vary widely. They include results of neuroimaging techniques, responses to music by special populations (e.g., brain-damaged patients, individuals with Williams’s syndrome), aesthetic judgments, measurements taken from music performances, infants’ responses to musical stimuli, and subjective ratings of musical stimuli obtained from musically trained or untrained adults and children. Consequently, a vast and confusing body of data has been accumulated that has yet to be embedded within a widely accepted framework for understanding music cognition. The development of such a framework has been hampered by differences in opinion on at least three issues of substance: the relative contributions of innate structures and exposure to music, the most appropriate level at which to investigate and explain music cognition, and the kinds of stimuli and methods that are most appropriate for studying relevant cognitive processes and mechanisms.
Music, Culture, Curriculum, and Instruction
Authors: Lundquist Barbara Reeder
Published: November 2023

A musicologist described an experience at the New York World’s Fair where a Hopi man seemed to be dancing spontaneously. Two other Hopi men appeared and the three of them did the same dance in absolute synchrony of rhythm and gesture. The limitations of her initial perception became apparent to her. Such cultural revelations permeate academic literature, reflecting increasingly “open ‘conversations’ between different understandings, different vocabularies, different cultural paradigms” (Tamas, 1991, p. 402), affecting thinking and educational practice (Jordan, 1992; Volk, 1998). Global forces also influence music education. People, ideas, goods, and cultural practices are on the move to quite dissimilar cultural areas (Rosenau, 1997). As people move, so do their musics. Music, and other performing arts, have become sites for reestablishing and maintaining cultural identities threatened by contact and conflicts in new communities. Awareness of connections between school and community cultures has escalated, as has acknowledgment of student cultures. In this complex context, music educators consider questions of culture, curriculum, and instruction. Sensitivity to the relation of culture and schooling supports attempts to forge culturally diverse educational practices. Research in music education examines issues surrounding these practices.
Music Transmission and Learning A Conspectus of Ethnographic Research in Ethnomusicology and Music Education
Authors: Szego C K
Published: November 2023

Music transmission and learning are fundamentally social achievements; even music makers who claim to be self taught engage in cognitive, kinetic, and affective operations that are informed by their participation in broader spheres of human culture. This chapter turns its attention to those spheres by surveying musical ethnographies representing social groups in many different parts of the world. Ethnography’s contribution to understanding learning and transmission lies not only in its sensitivity to the culturally specific and socially constituted nature of these processes and the phenomena that attend them but also the ways in which they are individually realized.
The Great Basin
Authors: Pritzker Barry M
Published: November 2023

The Great Basin encompasses roughly 400,000 square miles of land between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. Geologically, it includes extreme eastern California, southeast Oregon, all of Nevada but the extreme south, extreme southeast Idaho, extreme southwest Wyoming, and western Utah. This is an area of interior drainage, featuring high deserts and valleys (around 5,000 feet), both freshwater and saltwater lakes, and mountains more than 12,000 feet high. Except for the high mountains, and especially in the south, there is relatively little precipitation.
The Plateau
Authors: Pritzker Barry M
Published: November 2023

The Plateau region is physically defined by two major river systems, the Columbia and the Fraser. Some 240,000 square miles of land east of the Coast Range (British Columbia) and the Cascade Range (Washington and Oregon) are drained by these rivers. Plateau Indian territory encompassed presentday eastern Washington; eastern Oregon; extreme northeastern California; northern Idaho; extreme western Montana; and interior portions of British Columbia. Aboriginal population estimates for the Columbia Plateau range between 50,000 and 60,000 people.
The Northeast Woodlands
Authors: Pritzker Barry M
Published: November 2023

The area known as the Northeast Woodlands encompasses close to one million square miles. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, its northern frontier is the start of the boreal forest. To the west, the trees themselves separate the woodlands from prairie and plains, although fringe tribes hunted buffalo and shared other characteristics of Plains Indians. The region shades almost imperceptibly into the Southeast cultural area, which tends to be characterized by increased social stratification, denser populations, and a greater reliance on agriculture.
The Morley Era: Competition In London Music Printing And Publishing (1593-1602)
Authors: Smith Jeremy L
Published: November 2023

R. A. Harman suggests that “LW” is John Wootton, a poet featured in the English Helicon anthology; the musician John Wilbye might be another possibility. In any event, this poem appeared as the last of three commendatory verses to introduce Morley’s A Plaine and Easie Introduction of 1597. Unlike the two other poems on the same page, which simply praised the composer in standard laudatory terms, this verse offered a theatrical image: the dramatic triumph of the personified force of good over evil. The poet’s device was an allegory at daybreak, and its point is clear. Morley is cast as the hero, and we witness his moment of victory over darkness.
Introduction
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

In February and March 1892, Brooklyn’s one million citizens were riveted by the spectacle of an extraordinary libel trial pitting their largest newspaper, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, against Dr. Mary Amanda Dixon Jones, a female gynecological surgeon of considerable national and international reputation. The newspaper had printed a series of lurid articles in the spring of 1889 that not only hinted at financial improprieties but portrayed the doctor as an ambitious and unscrupulous social climber, a knife-happy, over-eager, and irresponsible practitioner who forced unnecessary operations on unsuspecting women and used the specimens gleaned from their bodies to advance her reputation in diagnosis and treatment. These startling feature stories set off an avalanche of public criticism, eventually giving rise to two manslaughter indictments and eight malpractice suits. It took almost two years for Dixon Jones to clear her name of all criminal and civil charges. She then retaliated by suing the Eagle, seeking $150,000 in damages.
A City Comes of Age
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

On Thursday, May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Eagle published a special issue to herald the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. As was frequently the case in turn-of-the-century Brooklyn, a spirit of self-promotion and civic-mindedness spurred the city’s elite to celebrate its connection to but independence from the urban Goliath to their north. Since the idea for a bridge to New York had been a dream of prominent Brooklyn citizens for decades, they were justly proud. Most agreed with the editor of Harper’s, who praised its “simple graceful span” and proclaimed the structure both a “triumph of human skill” and “one of the wonders of the world.”