bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Nostalgia and Material Culture in Northern Ireland
Authors: Cashman Ray
Published: January 2007

Although many scholars have characterized nostalgia as a counterproductive modern malaise, members of one Northern Irish community demonstrate that nostalgia can be essential for evaluating the present through contrast with the past and for reasserting the ideal of community in the midst of sectarian division. By preserving and displaying local material culture of the past, Catholics and Protestants alike grant seemingly obsolete objects new life as symbols necessary for inspiring critical thought that may lead to positive social change.
Ohuokhai : Sakhas' Unique Integration of Social Meaning and Movement
Authors: Crate Susan Alexandra
Published: January 2007

This article explores the forms and functions of Sakhas' ohuokhai circle dance. Historically, Sakha are Turkic-speaking agropastoralists inhabiting the subarctic Sakha Republic of Russia. Originating as the opening communal prayer during Sakhas' yhyakh festival, ohuokhai has both maintained an original sacred function and, over time, assumed others. This article defines ohuokhai origins and its evolving functions through the pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet times and reveals that, despite continuing post-Soviet threats, ohuokhai continues because of the commitment and initiative of Viliui Sakha inhabitants.
Return of the White Raven: Postdiluvial Reconnaissance Motif A2234.1.1 Reconsidered
Authors: Korotaev A. V , Berezkin Yuri , Kozmin Artem , Arkhipova Alexandra
Published: January 2007

This note is dedicated to the study of the motif of raven as a scavenging post-Flood scout and its "White Raven" version. In her monograph The Raven and the Carcass, Anna Birgitta Rooth proposed that this motif was brought to all parts of the New World from Western Europe by Catholic missionaries. The article suggests that both "The Raven and the Carcass" motif and its "White Raven" version existed in the New World prior to the European colonization of Americas.
Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory
Authors: Franco Abel B
Published: January 2007

This paper provides a historical reevaluation of the originality and implications of Avempace's critique of Aristotle's causal explanation of the motion of projectiles. It also offers a serious revision of the place which has usually been assigned to Avempace in the history of science. The views regarding projectiles defended in Avempace's Arabic commentary are in sharp opposition to the anti-Aristotelian Avempace that was known in the Medieval West through Averroes. Avempace's commentary reveals only a moderate critic of Aristotle, a critic who did not, in any case, break with the master, and who, therefore, did not even go as far as Philoponus in creating a new and more profound theory of projectile motion.
Per canales Troporum : On Tropes and Performativity in Leibniz's Preface to Nizolius
Authors: Feldman Karen S
Published: January 2007

In this article I claim that Leibniz's 1670 preface to a sixteenth-century text on rhetoric by Marius Nizolius offers a historical perspective on the relationship between figurative language and performativity in philosophical discourse. To begin with, although Leibniz argues in the Preface to Nizolius against the use of rhetoric, eloquence, and specifically tropes in philosophical discourse, nevertheless his prescriptions for philosophical clarity implicate a "channel of tropes" in what could be described as a retroactive, performative assignation of proper usage. Moreover, the example that Leibniz supplies to illustrate the channel of tropes, namely a tropological account by which the Latin past participle fatum is said to have come to designate that which must necessarily come to pass, i.e., fate, directly connects Leibniz's claims about the channel of tropes to the performative fiat by which God decides for this world. Leibniz's fatum example indeed touches on the very question of how the articulation of fate takes on force, changes actuality, and thus is not simply of constantively "about" what it decrees. In the channel-of-tropes account of fatum, however, a metonymy of cause-for-effect fills in for the performative moment, in such a way that obscures a clear view of the performative causality of fate. I argue that this obscurity and the indirectness of metonymy are not accidental, but are in fact required, i.e., there is no better or more direct way to represent the bindingness of God's fiat on the necessity of future events.
Constitution-Making After Conflict: Lessons for Iraq
Authors: Benomar Jamal
Published: January 2007

This essay, which focuses on the process of creating a permanent constitution, draws lessons from the experiences of 17 transitional countries, most of which have emerged from armed conflict over the past three decades. In relation to these cases, the author lays out a practical framework for constitution-making in Iraq, as of early March 2004. Forming a national consensus around a constitution and framework for accountable and participatory governance in Iraq is crucial. The outcome of the current debate about constitution-making could decide whether the country falls deeper toward chaos, reprises some form of authoritarianism, or takes its first shaky but real steps toward peace and free self-government.
Georgia's Rose Revolution
Authors: Fairbanks Charles H
Published: January 2007

The reign of strongman presidents and the routine use of electoral fraud and manipulation have produced widespread apathy, resignation, and cynicism about the prospects for democracy in the Caucasus. In the fall of 2003, these trends dominated the presidential elections in Armenia and Azerbaijan, as well as the parliamentary elections in Georgia. But shortly after the elections, a brief and nonviolent series of mass protests in Tbilisi—the so-called Revolution of the Roses—forced Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze and his Citizens' Union of Georgia (CUG) to resign, and paved the way for democratic reform under Mikhail Saakashvili of the New National Movement. The inspiring events in Georgia hold a number of lessons for students of democratization and prodemocracy activists alike, and should make us reconsider the methods by which fragile openings to democracy may be sustained and widened.
Change in Uganda: A New Opening?
Authors: Kannyo Edward
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Over the last 18 years, the National Resistance Movement (NRM) under the leadership of President Yoweri Museveni has ruled Uganda on the basis of a ânon-partyâ semi-authoritarian regime. Since the beginning of 2003, they have been compelled to open the system up to uncontrolled multiparty competition. A number of factors explain this shift. including the persistence of opposition insurgency; the continuing opposition of the countryâs two traditional parties; movement towards political pluralism in the two neighboring states with which Uganda has intimate economic, cultural and political relations; and the larger global political environment that continues to delegitimize authoritarian or even semi-authoritarian regimes. However, the ongoing processes of change are fraught with a great deal of uncertainties.
The Anti-American Century?
Authors: Krastev Ivan
Published: January 2007

The article claims that anti-Americanism is a "master framework" with broad and flexible appeal, and that any serious attempt to analyze the phenomenon must encompass an understanding not only of its various sources but also of the variety of purposes for which anti-Americanism is used as a political resource. Anti-Americanism and the local responses to it are driven to a significant extent not by concerns about America and its policies but by the intrinsic contradictions of post-ideological politics. In the view of the article the rise of anti-Americanism could become a major obstacle to promoting democracy in the world.
Christianity and Democracy: The Ambivalent Orthodox
Authors: Prodromou Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Eastern Orthodoxy and the Oriental Orthodox churches as well remain religiously prominent in the Orthodox heartland of Greece, Russia, and so onâareas that until fairly recently have not known much if any democracy. Nonetheless, the Trinitarian theology of Orthodoxy leads it to value freedom and equality, and to take a largely positive view of democracy. Along with democracy, however, come phenomena such as pluralism, difference, and competition, about which many Orthodox believers and churches feel considerably more ambivalent. The identity-cards controversy in Greece, arguments over religious liberty in Russia, and a lawsuit involving U.S. Orthodox laity and the Orthodox Archdiocese of America illustrate various aspects of this ambivalence.
Russian Democracy in Eclipse: What the Polls Tell Us
Authors: Levada Yuri A.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Some think that the failure of the democratic parties during parliamentary elections in December 2003 and undisputed dominance of President Putinâs supporters on political arena mean the demise of the hopes of establishment in Russia of a democratic system, in the very least â for the foreseeable future, for 50 or 100 years. Until recently out of all the post-Soviet transformations political pluralism and multi-party system received the lowest grades in public opinion. Democracy attributes that emerged in Russia with the advent of changes did not include citizensâ active participation and responsibility. The curtailment of political pluralism which started with President Putinâs coming to power and which became obvious after 2003-2004 elections did not meet with serious resistance. During Putinâs first presidential term the depolitization of the political arena in the country took place. To the extent the political constituent is returning into public life the democracy mechanisms will also develop.
Curbing Central America's Militaries
Authors: Ruhl J. Mark
Published: January 2007

The military traditionally has been a politically powerful obstacle to democratization in Central America. In a little more than a decade, however, democratically elected leaders in El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala have curbed the military's influence and largely subordinated it to civilian control. Nevertheless, the process of democratizing civil-military relations in the region remains incomplete. Although the armed forces no longer interfere in civilian policy-making, they retain much more institutional autonomy in the management of their internal affairs than would be considered acceptable in advanced democracies. Military officers also have not yet been held fully accountable to the rule of law.
Russian Democracy in Eclipse: The Limits of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism
Authors: Shevtsova Lilia
Published: January 2007

Abstract: After a decade of revolutionary changes Russia is returning back toward traditionalism. Vladimir Putin is trying to modernize Russia through forming bureaucratic authoritarian regime. But his authoritarianism is weak being constrained first of all by apparatus, the major gravedigger of all Russian reforms. Russian stability is fragile being based on the presidential ratings and lack of alternative. Russiaâs economic growth is hardly sustainable when the economy is not diversified. Russian modernization canât be achieved without changing the way Russia is being ruled. So far Putin has proved that he is not ready for this task which means that Russia is doomed to face stagnation or crisis. And the goal of Russian liberals to prepare ground for new reformist agenda.
Debate: The Persistence of Arab Authoritarianism
Authors: Ghalioun Burhan
Published: January 2007

Abstract: To compensate for an accumulated delay, Arabic societies, like the rest of the non-Western societies: China, Russia, most of the African states, Asians and Latin Americans; have attempted since the end of the 19th century to join the Industrial Revolution by official strategies. The failure of these strategies has driven many of these societies to change their choices and to revolt against their totalitarian systems during the 1970’s. It’s also the case of Arabic societies who started their fight for democratization in the 1980’s, well before American intervention. But this transition has been delayed due to the particular place the Middle East occupies in international geopolitics and geoeconomy. While the states of Central Europe and the former Soviet Union have well received the democratic system, the states of the Middle East have been considered unfit to integrate themselves into what must be called the club of global democracy, whose center is found in the Occident. The positions seem for the moment changed and nothing now prevents the Arabic states from joining the other democratic nations in the democratic club.
Debate: The Reality of Muslim Exceptionalism
Authors: Lakoff Sanford
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Alfred Stepan’s contention that the “democracy gap” in the Arab world is due not to religion but to other influences is provocative but not persuasive. Almost all Muslim-majority states score low on surveys of freedom. Several of the more populous states listed as Muslim-majority states of a democratic tendency are dubious candidates for that rubric. Both mainstream and radical Islamic clerics contend that the faith is incompatible with democracy. Various pressures may lead to change, as happened in Christian Europe, but one way or another Islamic beliefs will need to be reconciled with democracy, in Arab and non-Arab Muslim countries.
The Quality of Democracy: The Chain of Responsiveness
Authors: Powell G. Bingham
Published: January 2007

Abstract: “Democratic responsiveness” occurs when the democratic process induces the government to form and implement policies that the citizens want. The linkages that connect citizens’ preferences, electoral choices, selecting policymakers and policymaking can be subverted at each stage. There are also serious conceptual difficulties created by the complexity of citizen preferences and by uncontrollable factors that shape policy outcomes. The subversions include control over information, incoherence of party policy discourse, unrepresentative election outcomes, officials switching parties after elections, use of executive decrees, bait and switch campaign tactics, and corruption in policymaking. I offer some suggestions about the measurement of democratic responsiveness.
The Quality of Democracy: Why the Rule of Law Matters
Authors: O’Donnell Guillermo
Published: January 2007

Abstract: High-quality democracy requires a truly democratic rule of law that ensures political rights, civil liberties, and mechanisms of accountability which in turn affirm the political equality of all citizens and constrain potential abuses of state power. How may the democratic rule of law ( état de droit, estado democrático de derecho, Rechsstaat ) be conceptualized and, insofar as possible, empirically gauged? By exploring a set of variables within the rule of law we can understand what makes it effective and how it relates to other aspects of the performance of democratic countries. This essay focuses on contemporary Latin America (especially Argentina and Brazil) where national-level democratic regimes often effectively coexist with undemocratic sub-national regimes—so-called “brown areas.”
Hong Kong’s Democrats Divide
Authors: Ma Ngok
Published: January 2007

The 2010 political reform in Hong Kong was a historic compromise between Beijing authorities and Hong Kong democrats. For the first time in 20 years, Beijing delegates negotiated directly with Hong Kong democrats, with both sides making concessions to strike a political deal. With the Hong Kong movement split into two factions, the “negotiating faction” managed to begin pact-making with Beijing. Beijing is still intent on controlling Hong Kong as a hybrid regime. For Hong Kong’s democrats to break out of the hybrid regime, it will take a protracted struggle—with right balance of mobilization and negotiation.
Building Democracy After Conflict: The Case For Shared Sovereignty
Authors: Krasner Stephen D.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Three leading areas of democratic studies today are 1) the quality of democracy, 2) the “gray zone,” (regimes that combine features of authoritarianism and democracy in previously unfamiliar ways), and 3) post-conflict democracy-building. The latter deals with failed or war-torn states that would seem to be the least promising candidates for democratization. Why, then, has state-building or political reconstruction in these cases come to be identified with democracy-building? The most important reason is the unrivaled legitimacy that democracy today enjoys as a form of governance. Those international organizations and countries that have taken the lead in responding to postconflict situations cannot easily evade their public commitment to democracy.
Worrisome Signs, Modest Shifts
Authors: Puddington Arch , Piano Aili
Published: January 2007

This essay presents the findings of the 2004 Freedom House survey of Freedom in the World. The essay examines broad trends in political rights and civil liberties and finds 19 Free countries, 54 states are rated as Partly Free and 49 are rated as Not Free, with the widespread absence of liberties. Also, 199 countries now qualify as electoral democracies, which is two more than in 2003. This essay correlates levels of freedom with economic development and examines the tenure of freedom in every state as reflected by the 31-year times-series record of the survey. Freedom in the World is an annual comparative global survey of political rights and civil liberties as reflected in assessments conducted by 22 analysts and reviewed by 17 senior academic scholars.
Ukraineâs Orange Revolution: The Oppositionâs Road to Success
Authors: Kuzio Taras
Published: January 2007

Abstract: The Orange Revolution was the culmination of a political crisis that began exactly four years earlier in November 2000. The Kuchmagate crisis emerged after President Leonid Kuchma was implicated in the murder of a journalist and other abuses of office. The crisis split the national-democratic reformist and centrist-oligarch alliance that had ruled Ukraine throughout the 1990s when state and nation building was prioritized. From 2000 onwards both sides in the alliance sought to unilaterally dominate Ukrainian politics, thereby making the 2004 elections a choice between consolidating democracy or consolidating autocracy. Civil society and the democratic opposition grouped around candidate Viktor Yushchenko unleashed the Orange Revolution in protest at blatant election fraud, defeating a Russian-backed attempt at installing Viktor Yanukovych as Kuchma's successor.
Challenge and Change in East Asia: Is Democracy the Only Game in Town?
Authors: Shin Doh Chull , Wells Jason
Published: January 2007

Abstract: How much progress have democracies in East Asia made toward consolidation? Approaching this question from a cultural perspective, our paper attempts to determine whether democracy has become âthe only game in townâ for a majority of the mass publics in six East Asian democratic countries: Japan, Korea, Mongolia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand. Using data culled from the first wave of the East Asia Barometer surveys conducted in these countries during the 2002-2003 period, we find that majorities of the Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese people prefer democracy to its alternatives at the levels of both political regime and process. On the basis of this finding, we conclude that only these three East Asian democracies are well on their ways to becoming consolidated democracies.
New Threats to Freedom: Democracyâs âDoublesâ
Authors: Krastev Ivan
Published: January 2007

Abstract: A potent threat to freedom is posed by the rise of democracyâs âdoublesââregimes that claim to be democratic and may look like democracies, but which rule like autocracies. Liberal democracy today is challenged on one side by Hugo ChÃ¡vezâs revolutionary Venezuela and on the other by Vladimir Putinâs antirevolutionary Russia. The rise of ChÃ¡vezâs âdirect democracyâ and Russiaâs âdirected democracyâ poses a clear challenge to the political pluralism that is central to liberal democracy. The populist leader and the political technologist are the twin embodiments of the major threat to liberal democracy today.
Electoral Systems Today: The Politics of Reform in Japan and Taiwan
Authors: Lin Jih-wen
Published: January 2007

Abstract: For decades, Japan and Taiwan had combined developmentalism with electoral competitions held under the single nontransferable vote (SNTV), a peculiar system responsible for their perennial one-party dominance. When the cost of maintaining this system became too high to bear, some politicians of the ruling party began to promote a mixed formula that assigns a high percentage of seats to be elected by first-past-the-post (FPTP), hoping to cultivate a new system that prolongs their political powers while the old regime is collapsing. This has happened in Japan in the past decade, and will most likely appear in Taiwan in the future.
Electoral Systems Today: The Curious Case of Afghanistan
Authors: Reynolds Andrew
Published: January 2007

Abstract: On 18 September 2005, nearly six and a half million Afghans voted in the freest and most competitive legislative elections they had ever experienced. The election vividly demonstrated that vibrant and meaningful elections can be conducted even under the most unpromising circumstances. But the Afghan elections also showed that designing appropriate institutions tailored to the needs of an emerging democratic society remains the greatest challenge. The single nontransferable vote (SNTV) electoral system came about by a path of muddled missteps, and it was a disservice to the millions of Afghans who deserved a clear and transparent tool to craft their first democratic parliament.
Beyond the Paradigm: Tea-Picking Women in Imperial China
Authors: Lu Weijing
Published: January 2007

This article explores the tension between women's labor and tea-picking
through the Confucian norm of "womanly work." Using local gazetteer and
poetry as major sources, it examines the economic roles and the lives
of women tea-pickers over the course of China's imperial history. It
argues that women's work in imperial China took on different meanings as
ecological settings, economic resources, and social class shifted. The
very commodity—tea—that these women produced also shaped
portrayals of their labor, turning them into romantic objects and targets
of gossip. But women tea-pickers also appeared as good women with moral
dignity, suggesting the fundamental importance of industry and diligence
as female virtues in imperial China.
"In Labor Alone is Happiness": Women's Work, Social Work, and Feminist Reform Endeavors in Wilhelmine Germany--A Transatlantic Perspective
Authors: Schroder Iris , Schuler Anja
Published: January 2007

When social reformers in Wilhelmine Germany discussed "the social
question" or "the woman's question," they often did so in a gendered way,
pointing at the plight of overburdened female factory workers and the
presumingly parasitical lives of middle- and upper-class women. In fact,
work as opposed to leisure precluded happiness for one group of women
in Wilhelmine Germany; lack of work made life difficult for another
group. This article argues that women social reformers searched for ways
to address both "the social question" and "the woman's question." They
developed a vision of work which provided a new perspective on their own
lives and the lives of working-class women. From the reformers' point of
view, work was a remedy for a host of social problems and a means for
the improvement of society as a whole. This transatlantic perspective
highlights how much women social reformers on both sides of the Atlantic
had in common. They shared a belief in high moral standards which was
inseparably linked to a genuine appreciation of labor and work. This
important place of women's work on the transatlantic reform agenda calls
for further explanation.
"Married Among Their Companions": Female Homoerotic Relations in Nineteenth-Century Urdu Rekhti Poetry in India
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the little-known representation of female-female
romantic and sexual relations in early nineteenth-century Urdu Rekhti
poetry in north India. Rekhti is poetry written mostly by men,
in "women's language," and with female personae. Women's language was not
spoken by women alone—it was the language of non-elites and was
adopted by poets to represent an indigenous urbanity. Focusing on the
terms used to represent and debate female-female sexual relationships,
I contest the view that Rekhti is obscene verse written for
male titillation alone. I argue that its virtual disappearance from
the canon is due not only to its homoerotic content but also to its
nonjudgmental adoption of literary conventions and social customs drawn
from non-Persianate and Hindu sources. After the politics of nationalist
social reform led to the identification of Hindi with Hindus and Urdu
with Muslims, these sources were denigrated as anti-Islamic.
Fostering Sisterhood: Muslim Women and the All-India Ladies' Association
Authors: Lambert-Hurley Siobhan
Published: January 2007

This article focuses on the activities of the All-India Ladies' Association. Founded in 1918 at the instigation of an elite group of primarily Muslim women in the princely state of Bhopal in central India, it represents one of the earliest efforts to introduce ideas of women's autonomy across geographic or sectarian boundaries to the movement for women's rights in India. It also signifies the consolidation of colonial and indigenous models of reform with regard to education, child marriage, health, and other social issues. A controversial debate on purdah (seclusion) also provides insight into the role of intermediaries in bridging ideological gaps between generations. Overall, this study suggests that Muslim identity was central to these women's conceptions of themselves, but it was not monolithic, nor was it exclusive. Rather, it informed and was informed by a range of other identities, including gender, in a dynamic process of interaction.
Historicizing and Gendering Celebrity Culture: Famous Women in Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Berlanstein Lenard R
Published: January 2007

Celebrity status couples recognition of individual achievement, the preeminent cultural ideal of Western societies since the democratic revolutions of the eighteenth century, with the power of the media to disseminate visibility and publicity. This article demonstrates the relevance of celebrity culture well before film and the electronic media by historicizing and gendering it. The nineteenth-century French press offered its bourgeois readers a lively celebrity culture, notably featuring famous women more than men. The historicized and gendered concept of celebrity provides an important tool of cultural analysis since societies inevitably project upon celebrities—and expect them to perform—reigning myths about self-fulfillment and personal uniqueness. In the case of nineteenth-century France, there was a telling evolution in the representation of women celebrities from femmes fatales to proper women whose achievements outside the home were accepted as legitimate.
Family and Gender in Famine: Cultural Responses to Disaster in North China, 1876-1879
Authors: Edgerton-Tarpley Kathryn
Published: January 2007

Imagery used by male local literati to describe the North China Famine of 1876-1879 demonstrates how Confucian ideals and the Chinese family system in the late imperial era should have shaped the moral dilemmas that famine imposed upon women. Local-level Chinese texts about famine place young wives and daughters in physically, morally, and sexually precarious positions during the disaster, but depict elderly mothers as persons with strong claims to a family's dwindling food supply. Demographic studies of famine and gender and observations made by foreign observers, however, call into question the assumption that Chinese families discriminated against young women when dividing a famished household's food supply. They further suggest that the burgeoning trade in women in some cases enabled young women to survive the disaster more successfully than their male counterparts. This article adds a local-level Chinese perspective to the ongoing dialogue on the "feminization of famine."
"They Didn't Treat Me Good": African American Rape Victims and Chicago Courtroom Strategies During the 1950s
Authors: Flood Dawn Rae
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes the experiences of African American women who brought legal charges of rape against black men in Chicago during the 1950s. Their presence in court belies the idea that black women uniformly did not trust the legal system, and further challenges the idea that the State did not consider theirs to be "winnable" rape cases, in part because of myths regarding the promiscuous sexual nature of African American women. Despite the women's efforts, defense attorneys clung to racist and sexist stereotypes, causing a significant evolution of the rape trial into the more recognizably hostile territory that contemporary rape victims in the United States face and modern American feminists have increasingly sought to reform. A consideration of intra-racial rape trials that ended with convictions complicates the historical understanding of prosecuting sexual violence while demonstrating new ways of thinking about civil rights and modern women's activism.
Polishing Brown Diamonds: African American Women, Popular Magazines, and the Advent of Modeling in Early Postwar America
Authors: Haidarali Laila
Published: January 2007

This article examines the advent of modeling as a profession for African American women. This new career resulted from two developments in early postwar America: the needs of advertisers and the rise of African American photographic magazines. While modeling expanded the economic opportunities open to African American women, the profession proscribed those careers within a middle-class value system of marriage, motherhood, and domesticity. Despite the conservative definitions of feminized beauty and heterosexual appeal, the image of the "Brownskin" model—an exemplar of social, sexual, and racial parity—challenged white representations of African America. At once liberating in its redress of racist stereotyping, and confining in its narrow dictates of racialized gender expectations, this postwar visual discourse allows an understanding of an era when African America began to visualize a different public racial reality.
Spectacular Striptease: Performing the Sexual and Racial Other in Vancouver, B.C., 1945-1975
Authors: Ross Becki , Greenwell Kim
Published: January 2007

This article explores the postwar performance of striptease in Vancouver, British Columbia, and sheds new light on received understandings of exotic dancing's "golden age," which flourished until the mid-1970s. Specifically, the racialization of the industry is charted using the hierarchically structured geography of the city's nightlife—West End vs. East End—as a frame through which to analyze archival documents and interviews. Inequalities structuring the business of bump and grind unsettle notions of stripteasers as a homogeneous category, while simultaneously revealing the diversity within dancers' experiences of stigmatization and their strategies of resistance. The article discusses the ways in which white women and women of color were differentially located within local and transnational circuits of erotic entertainment. That striptease staged the performance of not only sexual but also racial Otherness prompts a comparison of the prestige and profitability of white headliners with the resilient stereotypes and limited marketability that constrained dancers of color. An approach that probes the intersections of gender and sexuality with race and class captures the complexities of this industry and the rich histories of the business insiders, especially the erotic dancers, who gave it life.
On the Ethical Evaluation of Stem Cell Research: Remarks on a Paper by N. Knoepffler
Authors: Gómez-Lobo Alfonso
Published: January 2007

This response to Nikolaus Knoepffler's paper in the same issue of the
Journal agrees that if the arguments supporting the first two of
the eight human embryonic stem cell research policy options discussed
are unsound, as Knoepffler argues, then it seems natural to move to the
increasingly permissive options. If the arguments are sound, however,
then the more permissive options should be rejected. It is argued
that three of the rejected arguments, taken together, constitute very
good reasons to hold that a human embryo is endowed with dignity from
fertilization onward. Thus, countries that want their public policies to
match the moral imperative of respect for human beings should refrain
from allowing destructive human embryo research and should devote
considerable energy and public funds to research and clinical trials
using non-embryonic ("adult") stem cells.
Stem Cell Research: An Ethical Evaluation of Policy Options
Authors: Knoepffler Nikolaus
Published: January 2007

In February 2004, South Korean researchers became the first in the world
to successfully harvest stem cells and establish a stem cell line from a
cloned human embryo. This is just one of eight possible policy options
concerning human embryonic stem cell research. In practice, every kind
of stem cell research can be done in one country or another. This paper
evaluates the eight policy options concerning human embryonic stem cell
research in light of the arguments and decisions behind them.
Andre Hellegers and Carroll House: Architect and Blueprint for the Kennedy Institute of Ethics
Authors: Harvey John Collins
Published: January 2007

The Newman programs established at secular colleges and universities provided an opportunity for intellectual, spiritual, and social growth among the Catholic student population. As a young physician and junior medical faculty member, André Hellegers took part in the early organization and ongoing work of Carroll House, the Newman Center at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Hellegers's experience at Carroll House enabled him to develop a clear blueprint of an academic center of excellence for the scientific, theological, and philosophical exploration of the many problems that he had seen and foresaw in medicine. That center would become Georgetown's Kennedy Institute of Ethics.
Risk Standards for Pediatric Research: Rethinking the Grimes Ruling
Authors: Wendler David
Published: January 2007

In Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute (KKI), the Maryland Court of Appeals, while noting that U.S. federal regulations include risk standards for pediatric research, endorses its own risk standards. The Grimes case has implications for the debate over whether the minimal risk standard should be interpreted based on the risks in the daily lives of most children (the objective interpretation) or the risks in the daily lives of the children who will be enrolled in a given study (the subjective interpretation). The court's use of the objective interpretation to block studies like the KKI study protects individual children who are worse off than the average child. Unfortunately, this approach also may block research intended to improve the lives of these same individuals. A similar dilemma arises in the context of multinational research, suggesting that a "modified objective standard," proposed to address this dilemma in the multinational setting, may offer a framework for addressing the dilemma in the context of pediatric research as well.
Genetic Enhancement: Plan Now to Act Later
Authors: Mehlman Maxwell J
Published: January 2007

All three main articles in the issues of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal endorse the view that genetic enhancement should be permitted, including human germ-line genetic enhancement. However, unregulated, wealth-based access to genetic enhancement in general, and germ-line enhancement in particular, would create intolerable risks for society. Although there are a number of practical problems raised by proposals to regulate or restrict access to genetic enhancement, which will make it difficult if not impossible to muster support for any effective restrictions until we begin to experience the societal problems that genetic enhancement will create, it is important to consider now what restrictions would be appropriate, how they would be imposed, and what changes would be needed in existing laws and institutions to facilitate them. Without this type of groundwork, there is no way society will be in a position to act in time.
Enhancements and Justice: Problems in Determining the Requirements of Justice in a Genetically Transformed Society
Authors: Lindsay Ronald A. (Ronald Alan)
Published: January 2007

There is a concern that genetic engineering will exacerbate existing social divisions and inequalities, especially if only the wealthy can afford genetic enhancements. Accordingly, many argue that justice requires the imposition of constraints on genetic engineering. However, it would be unwise to decide at this time what limits should be imposed in the future. Decision makers currently lack both the theoretical tools and the factual foundation for making sound judgments about the requirements of justice in a genetically transformed society. Moreover, focusing on the uncertain inequities of the future may result in failure to give priority to more pressing inequities of the present. Especially in a country that recently has enacted tax legislation that will widen existing wealth disparities, concern about the distant threat of a genetic aristocracy appears misplaced.
In Union There Is Strength: The Farmers' Institute and the Western Literary Union Library
Authors: Hovde David M , Fritch John W
Published: January 2007

Housed in what is now a Quaker meetinghouse in southern Tippecanoe County, Indiana, is the remnant collection of a mid-nineteenth-century library from an early academy. Unlike many of its type, it was never disbursed or absorbed into another library collection. The collection itself is an example of educational and literary society libraries that existed before the development of public libraries or libraries in public schools. The library also supported a literary and debating society that was the center of the intellectual life of the surrounding community. This article places the library in the context of Quaker educational philosophy, popular ideas of education of the day, and its relationship with educational reformist movements both within Indiana and at a national level.
Reading Hilda's Home: Gender, Print Culture, and the Dissemination of Utopian Thought in Late-Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Passet Joanne Ellen
Published: January 2007

American women published dozens of utopian novels between 1836 and 1900, yet little is known about the readers who consumed them. Hilda's Home first appeared as a serialized story in Lucifer, the Light-Bearer, a weekly filled with letters from rural and working-class readers troubled by the social ills caused by late-nineteenth-century industrialization and urbanization. Adopting a reader-centered perspective, this essay explores the novel's publication history and readers' responses to its author's vision of cooperative households, sexual equality, and scientific breeding. The testimony of Hilda's Home readers confirms that novels did play an important role in transmitting nineteenth-century utopian visions to rural and working-class readers and that those readers recognized print culture's power as a tool for achieving social change.
Changing the Geography of Reading in a Southern Border State: The Rosenwald Fund and the WPA in Oklahoma
Authors: Robbins Louise S
Published: January 2007

This study explores the impact of funding for library-related projects from the Julius Rosenwald Fund and the Works Progress Administration on the availability of library services and reading materials for African Americans in the South and border states, specifically Oklahoma, in the 1930s and 1940s. Using a variety of archival sources, including the Julius Rosenwald papers, the WPA records at the National Archives, Oklahoma Library Commission annual reports, and records of the Rosenwald projects at the Oklahoma HistoricalSociety, the article attempts to evaluate whether these outside interventions actually changed the geography of reading for African Americans during that time period.

Recent research identifies the mere geographic proximity of reading materials as influential in the development of literacy and the reading habit. The dearth of reading materials available to African Americans in the South at least until the 1960s because of school and library segregation has been well documented. Thus efforts to ameliorate differential access to reading materials and thereby enhance literacy and the reading habit should be of interest and concern to librarians, educators, and policy makers as well as social historians. It may be especially pertinent as support for public and school libraries, the targets of these two programs, is threatened.

Unfortunately, impact is difficult to determine at a historical remove. This study provides tantalizing clues in letters of thanks, libraries that persisted after funding disappeared, and books that were published in hopes of finding a market in the Rosenwald library projects but no definitive answers to how the reading map of Oklahoma may have been permanently reshaped by the interventions of the Rosenwald Fund and the WPA Library Programs.
Quantifying the "Goodness" of Library History Research: A Bibliometric Study of the Journal of Library History/Libraries & Culture
Authors: Wertheimer Andrew B
Published: January 2007

Library historians use primarily qualitative research methods, unlike most in LIS, who adopt social science research methods. This contrast becomes problematic when evaluating the goodness of historical research. This article briefly explores this conflict and crosses the methodological divide by adapting both bibliometrics and qualitative approaches to examine four volumes from the Journal of Library History (1967, 1977) and its successor, Libraries & Culture (1987, 1997), in order to observe transitions. The sample, 497 citations from 53 articles, was tabulated by age, self-citation, and other factors to examine the goodness of historical research.
The New York Society Library: Books, Authority, and Publics in Colonial and Early Republican New York
Authors: Glynn Tom
Published: January 2007

The New York Society Library was founded in 1754. At its founding it became embroiled in the politics of the city's Whig faction, and through the latter half of the eighteenth century it embodied the republican ideals of its founders. The collection was developed as a means of educating and refining the entire community. During the early nineteenth century the library entered a period of relative inactivity. Although the collection continued to grow, the Society itself became increasingly removed from the cultural and intellectual life of the city. After a bitterly contested election in 1838 the trustees made some effort to reinvigorate the Society Library, but they failed to create a truly popular institution.
Demographic Changes in the Purepecha Region of Michoacan, Mexico: 1970-2000
Authors: Marr Paul , Sutton Christopher
Published: January 2007

Abstract This study provides an overview of demographic changes that occurred in the Pur�pecha (Tarascan) region of Michoac�n, Mexico between 1970 and 2000. The region, defined primarily by the distribution of Pur�pecha speakers, is examined with respect to overall population changes, migration, language, urbanization and employment as measured at the municipal level. Results showed that the pattern of cultural contraction of the region has stabilized and may actually be reversing. Additionally, this study defines three types of municipios: core area, urbanizing, and transitional, each of which has a different role in the functioning of the region as a whole.

Esta investigaci�n provee una visi�n global en cuanto a los cambios demogr�ficos que han ocurrido en la regi�n pur�pecha (tarasca) de Michoac�n, M�xico, entre los a�os 1970 y 2000. La regi�n, fundamentalmente definida por la distribuci�n de la poblaci�n pur�pecha-hablante, es investigada con respecto a los cambios globales de poblaci�n, migraci�n, lengua, urbanizaci�n y empleo a nivel municipal. Los resultados muestran que el patr�n cultural, que antes mostr� una tendencia a la reducci�n, se ha estabilizado y actualmente pudiera estar movi�ndose al rev�s. Este estudio define, adem�s, tres tipos de municipio: municipios del area focal, municipios urbaniz�ndose y municipios de transici�n, donde cada uno ocupa un papel distinto en la din�mica de la regi�n en su conjunto.
Two Types of Syntactic Noun Incorporation: Noun Incorporation in Mapudungun and its Typological Implications
Authors: Baker Mark C , Aranovich Roberto , Golluscio Lucia
Published: January 2007

NOUN INCORPORATION (NI) in Mapudungun is different from NI in better-studied languages like
Mohawk in three ways: the incorporated noun is invisible to verbal agreement, incorporation into
unaccusative verbs is impossible unless a possessor is stranded, and possessors are the only
modifiers that can be stranded. These differences can be explained by saying that the trace of NI
retains its person, number, and gender features in Mohawk but not in Mapudungun. Those aspects
of grammar that do not involve these features treat NI in the two languages the same; thus, NI
has the same gross distribution and anaphoric possibilities in both languages. We extend these
results to Nahuatl, Chukchee, Ainu, Southern Tiwa, Mayali, and Wichita, showing that our theory
accounts for MithunÕs (1984) distinction between Type III and Type IV noun incorporation in a
general way.
The Geometry of Interpretable Features: Infl in English and Spanish
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth A
Published: January 2007

This article proposes a feature-geometric analysis of the interpretable features of Infl, using
MINIMALIST syntax and DISTRIBUTED MORPHOLOGY . A small universal set of monovalent interpretable
features and a set of entailment relations among them provide the basis for a principled
account of the tense systems of English and Spanish. While each feature, each lexical item, and
each vocabulary item has a unified representation, surface polysemy is shown to arise from the
mappings between them. Crosslinguistic variation is shown to arise from the different features
chosen by each language and from the ways in which each language assembles its features into
lexical items and vocabulary items. In addition, the presence or absence of a dependent feature
F in a given language is shown to have important consequences for the semantic interpretation
of the feature dominating F. These three possible differences interact to produce the significant
superficial differences between the tense systems of the two languages.
Iterative footing and prominence-driven stress in Nanti (Kampa)
Authors: Crowhurst Megan J. , Michael Lev D.
Published: January 2007

Abstract:
In this article we describe and develop an optimality-theoretic (OT) analysis of foot-level (secondary) and word-level (primary) stress in Nanti, a Kampa language of Peru. The distribution of stress in Nanti is sensitive to rhythmic factors, syllable quantity, vowel quality, and to whether a syllable is open or closed. The interaction of these independent variables produces a complex, multigrade stress scale married to an iterative stress system whose default preference is alternating, iambic rhythm. While each of the interacting factors in this system is familiar to phonologists, Nanti is special because the particular combination of influences and factors in Nanti contributes to a complexity of interactions that has not been documented in any other language to date.