bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training for a professional career
Authors: Allen OBE Bill
Published: February 2008

There can be no question about the value of experience. Personal participation in activities results in the accumulation of knowledge and the development of skills and judgments which cannot readily be obtained in any other way. People learn by doing.
Accountancy tuition in the private sector
Authors: Grenier John
Published: February 2008

The tremendous growth in the number of accountancy students in the 1960s and 1970s inevitably created an automatic increase in demand for the provision of accountancy education. The public sector was not able to satisfy that demand; so the private sector came into its own. Indeed, the number of places in the public sector for accountancy tuition was already strictly limited even before the recent cutbacks in public expenditure on further education. These cutbacks have seriously affected the provision for overseas accountancy students in particular, and it is this area which has shown — and will continue to show — phenomenal growth in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
How to improve the training pay‐off
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

A lot of so‐called training has about as much relevance to the organisation's needs as does the game of Monopoly to the property business. Furthermore, after witnessing many organisations paying large sums of money for off‐the‐shelf training packages, one can only assume that some of those selling the courses are the direct descendants of the nineteenth‐century pedlars of snake oil and other all‐purpose cures. Whilst a number of trainers are to present‐day management what the alchemist was to the mediaeval rulers, they have convinced them that their magic formula can turn leaden personnel into eighteen‐carat gold managers. Hence, at the risk of mixing metaphors, to term it the great training robbery is fair comment.
Industrial Design
Authors: Austen Benedict
Published: February 2008

There is a multiplicity of facets, specialisations and skills required to design the matching spectrum of products that are produced. These products range from those where appearance or consumer appeal have high priority, for example in certain types of pottery, glass or graphic illustration, to items where functionalism is paramount, for example in engines, transformers and scientific equipment. This broad spectrum falls into two categories often referred to as industrial design and engineering design respectively.
Putting it across loud and clear
Authors: Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Communication is a much misunderstood word. It means more than just sending messages; proper communication consists of achieving a fully reciprocal understanding between two (or more) people, and this is a very complicated process. One person (the sender) has to turn his thoughts or intentions into words (written or oral) which he intends to communicate to the other. Some senders take a great deal of trouble to prepare and polish what they are going to say in an attempt to achieve a perfectly clear message. Others do not — they say or write the first thing that comes into their heads.
Achieve more in less time
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Determining effectiveness areas Effectiveness measures output, not input. Effectiveness is the result of what a manager achieves, not what he does. Perspiration should not be confused with effectiveness. But what one person regards as output may not coincide with the views of his boss. To avoid this happening, both persons should complete separately a Job Analysis Work Sheet. This requires that boss and subordinate each:
The paper and packaging industry
Authors: Fairley Mike
Published: February 2008

Paper and products made therefrom are an important and necessary part of modern society, having wide applications and uses in everyday life in commerce, industry and the home. Daily newspapers, books, magazines, catalogues and brochures are all printed on papers of differing characteristics and qualities. So too are banknotes, postage stamps, postal orders, legal documents, stationery, and many other kinds of printed matter in common daily use.
Supervisory management
Authors: Macdonald Eleanor
Published: February 2008

The Supervisor is one of the most significant employees in an organisation. He is in reality the first level of management with the closest interface with the bulk of the staff, yet regrettably he is often not given the status or support which is needed to make him truly effective. Supervisors' jobs are not easy, whether in production or in the office. They can find themselves in somewhat isolated positions. They are no longer an operative, but equally they do not regard themselves — nor are they usually regarded — as managers; yet they are doing a management job: getting results by motivating people, planning and scheduling work, so that tasks can be accomplished and targets met. To do this they have to call on the same kind of skills as managers, although on a different scale.
Higher education and industry — when are they going to get married?
Authors: Canon George Tolley Revd.
Published: February 2008

There are just over half a million students in full‐time higher education in this country. The great majority of them go straight into higher education from school and for most of them, until they graduate at 21 or 22, gainful employment will be a matter of expediency, to provide income to eke out a student grant, rather than a serious experience of the initial stages of a career. These young people comprise about 16 per cent of the age group which has within it, speaking very generally and with no desire to sound exclusive, the most able people of their generation. About £1000 million of public money is currently committed, annually, to their education. That money is an investment in — what?
Careers in technical publications
Authors: Harper David
Published: February 2008

The popular image of technical publications extends from the glossy DIY magazines on the bookstall to the technical volumes on the library shelves. But although there is a wide range of publications of a more or less technical nature available to the general public, there is a much larger volume of literature required behind the scenes to support the complexity of modern technology. The preparation of this material — scientific reports, technical manuals, servicing data, drawings, parts catalogues, user instructions, etc. — provides interesting opportunities for those seeking an outlet for their artistic or literary flair in the fields of science or technology. The importance which industry attaches to adequate supporting documentation can be judged from the sums which may be allocated to it — often 5–10 per cent of the development cost of a major project.
Great problems from little acornes grow
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

At long last we have the Oakes Report — or to give it its proper title, the Report of the Working Group on the Management of Higher Education in the Maintained Sector. Many had hoped that it would provide a resolution of the long‐standing problems of the financing and control of advanced further education; but it is a sad disappointment, for it hovers uneasily between the localist and the centralist views of where power should reside in the system.
Industrial language training for multi‐racial workplaces
Authors: Jupp Tom
Published: February 2008

It is well‐known that many immigrants from Asia and the Mediterranean area have communication problems when they are using English. It is misleading to suggest that this is true of all such immigrants; but there is a very substantial problem. We estimate there are up to 200,000 immigrant workers (Asians and others) in need of English language training in relation to their present jobs, or re‐employment if unemployed. In the past three years, 25 education authorities have established a special service — through FE or Adult Education — to assist industry with in‐company training programmes, to overcome the communication problems which exist in many multi‐racial workplaces.
Psychological approaches to skill acquisition
Authors: Evelyn Cundey Betty
Published: February 2008

In psychology, skill refers to any competent, rapid and accurate performance, including a wide range of mental activities. All skilled performance requires mental activity; but whereas overt actions are an essential part of the performance of sensori‐motor skills, their role in mental skills is incidental. Psychological approaches (behavioural and neuro‐physiological) have led to increased understanding of the processes involved in the acquisition and performance of skilled behaviour, and made possible the determination of factors likely to facilitate — or impede — the acquisition of particular skills. A survey follows of some research in this field.
Effective management of employee attendance
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

The absentee — turnover continuum Even during economic downturns, absenteeism and labour turnover are major problems in many industries and in various parts of the globe. Further, it is important to realise that the two are closely‐linked phenomena — they may be considered as points on the employee alienation continuum. It should also be recognised that the strategies an alienated employee may use depend on whether or not the labour force is unionised, and how effective the union is in gaining its members' goals. Thus the continuum of strategies used by the alienated worker ranges from individual to collective means (see Figure 1)
The agony of the long‐distance Euromanager
Authors: Allen OBE Bill
Published: February 2008

The European Foundation for Management Development has published the report of its committee on the educational and training needs of European managers. It is claimed in its foreword that it is a unique document, and that the future shape of Europe will, to a large extent, be determined by the quality of management in public and in private affairs. The chairman of the committee was C. C. Pocock of the Royal Dutch/Shell group.
The sins of the fathers ….
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

When Dr. Rhodes Boyson was appointed Parliamentary Secretary at the Department of Education & Science, terror stalked the land. But then came the glad tidings that he was not to be in charge of the schools, unlike previous Parliamentary Secretaries; and there was rejoicing, at least among schoolteachers and informed parents. The martinet of Highbury Grove (less well‐known in his earlier role at Robert Montefiore) was not to be unleashed upon innocent children. That task would go to the Lady Young, whose lack of proven knowledge was at least balanced by her lack of known prejudice. Dr. Boyson would be reserved for higher education, about which he was deemed to have neither knowledge nor prejudice, never having hitherto pronounced upon the subject. There he could do little harm.
Computing for the small user
Authors: Fairbairn David
Published: February 2008

The computer industry is renowned for its rapid rate of change and its inventiveness. People are becoming used to constantly changing technology, falling prices and diminishing sizes. But concurrently with this increasing awareness there is, I believe, still a great deal of innate apprehension about the introduction of small computers to one's own small business. The feeling is that it is all very well for somebody else to do it — big companies who can afford the specialists, for example — but for one's own business ‘let us wait and see’ is a frequently encountered response. How can we overcome this overly cautious attitude?
Training for survival
Authors: Maiden Dennis
Published: February 2008

When I accepted the invitation to speak I was under the impression that I would be talking about careers. When I received the theme of the conference, I was amazed that anyone should assume that training could in any way help us to survive. I had, of course, momentarily fallen into the trap of thinking, in the old fashioned way, that training amounted to job instruction.
Careers guidance in independent schools
Authors: Hills Joan
Published: February 2008

The first careers master to be appointed in a public school was almost certainly Stephen Foot, who took on the job at Eastbourne College in 1920. Until then careers advice had been regarded as mainly the province of headmasters. In his autobiography Three Lives, published in 1934, Mr. Foot attributed the rapid spread of such appointments to other schools partly to a series of articles he wrote in Daily Telegraph, following which he was overwhelmed with requests for help not only from schools and parents all over the British Isles but also from countless parents stationed abroad. He wrote:
Set for problem‐solving
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Throughout personal and working life, problems arise. Witness the young child whose toy rolls under a chair and cannot be reached because the child's arm is not long enough. Or the same person some 25 years later who is required to mend the apparently inaccessible roof above a large water tank.
Building personal effectiveness
Authors: Macdonald Eleanor
Published: February 2008

I would like to give you an indication of my background, because one of the points that was made very strongly this morning was that training and training managers have to be totally credible in the organisation for which they work or in which they work; and perhaps one of the things which has made it possible for me to come into the training field, running my own consultancy with some success, is that I spent almost a lifetime in management. This has meant that I base my courses not just on theory and book learning, but on practical experience.
Employers and the New Training Initiative
Authors: Mower Brian
Published: February 2008

Next year will see the start of a new scheme to give jobless school leavers a year's basic training. The Youth Training Scheme is of vital concern, not just to the youngsters themselves but to employers and the country as a whole, because it will help raise the overall standard of the workforce — right through from basic literacy and numeracy to general office and workshop skills.
Talent for the future — in Singapore
Authors: Minister Lee Kuan Yew Prime
Published: February 2008

Our performance for the first half of 1983 has been more than fair, with five and a half per cent growth. If the American recovery continues, we may achieve real growth for 1983 of six to seven per cent.
The value of non‐verbal communication
Authors: Credland Graham
Published: February 2008

The most effective way we can communicate with each other is by face‐to‐face two‐way conversation. Apart from being able to obtain immediate feedback and having the ability to question and clarify, we are also able to observe a whole wealth of non‐verbal communication signs which can add to, or detract from, the verbal message.
On course with inter‐personal relationships
Authors: Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Any member joining a new or established working group will almost invariably have a number of personal concerns to cope with before he or she can make an effective contribution to the task of the group. These concerns are at different levels, the first giving rise to the second and so on, as the person's individual needs begin to be satisfied. But they are also inter‐related in the sense that meeting any one of them will help towards meeting the others.
Can we change other people's behaviour?
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Last month in Part I, having explained in some detail the traditional theories of motivation, we noted that in a growing number of organisations, including such effectively managed corporations as IBM and 3M, the new approach is to focus on direct behavioural modification. This month we shall develop those ideas in more detail, and produce a step‐by‐step guide to the techniques involved.
Protection of iron and steel structures from corrosion
Authors: Hudson J.C.
Published: February 2008

Despite substantial reductions resulting from long‐sustained research by the industry, the corrosion of iron and steel still costs the United Kingdom many millions of pounds a year. The following article, by Dr. J. C. Hudson, outlines the recommendations of a new British Standard Code of Practice on the subject, CP 2008. Our acknowledgments are due to the British Standards Institution for permission to republish this article from the November 1966 issue of their BSI News.
Corrosion problems in the chemical industry
Authors: Banfield R.H.
Published: February 2008

This article, to be published in two parts, is based on a lecture given by the author to the North‐Eastern Branch of the Institution of Corrosion Technology on 14 Feb. 1967 and to the London branch on 28 March 1967. Mr. Banfield is Corrosion and Materials officer in the Laporte Group of Companies.
Corrosion problems in the chemical industry (Part 2)
Authors: Banfield R.H.
Published: February 2008

This article, the first part of which was published in the September issue of ANTI‐CORROSION, is based on a lecture given by the author to the North‐ Eastern Branch of the Institution of Corrosion Technology on 14 February 1967. Mr. Banfield, who is Corrosion and Materials officer in the Laporte Group of companies, concluded the first part of his article with the example of a stainless steel dished end which was suffering from inter‐granular corrosion. The function of titanium stabiliser in austenitic steel was then discussed ; this discussion now being concluded in the opening paragraphs of this second part of the article.
Some new developments in cathodic protection
Authors: Anderson E.P.
Published: February 2008

Recent advances described by the author in the field of cathodic protection include platinum‐over‐tantalum anodes and transistorised ampli‐fiers. The author's paper is an adaptation of an article he wrote for Marine Engineering Log (USA), May 1967.
Nicotinic acid as an inhibitor for corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solutions
Authors: Subrahmanyam D.V. , Rama Char T.L.
Published: February 2008

The inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid has been studied with nicotinic acid. The effect of acid and inhibitor concentrations, as well as of the immersion period, has shown that the efficiency of the inhibitor is in the range 43–93%. Polarisation studies indicate that the anode polarisation is less than that on the cathode side and both are increased significantly by the inhibitor. The Tafel plot holds good in this case. The dissolution of the metal is electro‐chemical in character, and it is possible to obtain cathodic protection by impressed current. The inhibitor efficiencies have been calculated from cathode potential data. The corrosion process with this inhibitor appears to be under mixed control.
Alloys as corrosion resistant materials
Authors: Kennedy J.G.
Published: February 2008

There are two possible ways of combating corrosion in metal structures, i.e. either by external protection or by the use of a metal which will not corrode under the given conditions. It is well‐known that iron of extremely high purity will not corrode unless it is damaged. On the other hand such very high purity iron is impractical to manufacture on an industrial scale, nor would pure iron possess the right physical properties for most industrial applications. Hence the solution is to mix the iron with other materials until an optimum is reached in corrosion‐resistance and physical characteristics. This is an extremely complex art since the slightest change in composition affects the properties of the steel. This survey therefore only outlines the general characteristics of the alloys and greater details can be obtained directly from the manufacturers. The latter are also engaged in active research, and some of their recent developments are presented at the end of the article.
Cathodic protection of pipelines: is the standard potential too low?
Authors: Hatley H.R.
Published: February 2008

One of the fundamentals of cathodic protection is that a steel structure immersed in an electrolite is protected from corrosion if its potential with reference to a copper cell is −0.85 V or less (in the negative sense). Another fundamental of cathodic protection is that, to obtain correct results, the reference cell should be as close to the cathode as possible. For pipeline corrosion surveys and maintenance this condition means that the cell will be placed over the pipeline, the distance from the cell to the pipeline then depending on the pipe depth. The question is therefore raised: is −0.85 V the correct protection value when the reference cell is on the surface over the pipeline but perhaps 3 ft away from it?
Atmospheric corrosion of metals
Authors: Wörner Th. , Laub H.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this article, published in last month's issue, dealt with the general concept and economic importance of corrosion. The authors then commenced a description of an investigation to determine the corrosion behaviour of zinc and cadmium coatings under the action of pure moisture produced by condensation. A discussion of the experimental results is now given in this concluding part. All tables referred to were published in Part 1.
Some aspects of corrosion research
Authors: Rama Char T.L.
Published: February 2008

The industrial expansion of the post‐war period has resulted in the development of new products and processes, specialised equipment and new materials of construction. Materials science, technology and engineering, has emerged as an independent discipline during the last decade. These changes have brought up the importance of corrosion problems and the urgency to apply preventive methods. It is probably true to say at the present time that the losses due to metallic corrosion give a fair index of the industrial prosperity of a nation. A developing country like India had to face the challenge posed by corrosion, and there is now an increasing awareness of the imperative need for corrosion research and the application of the findings to meet specific situations.
CORROSION AND CATHODIC PROTECTION
Authors: Beezley H.V. , Olson G.R.
Published: February 2008

This notable paper is a decade old but is still one of the best introductions to the theory and practice of cathodic protection as applied to underground systems. Appreciation of this fact has led to its use in a number of short corrosion courses organised in the Americas. Part 1, given here, deals with the types and causes of underground corrosion. Part 2, in our next issue, discusses established methods of corrosion control on pipelines.
Protection against atmospheric corrosion of industrial plant
Authors: Sherwood Peter W.
Published: February 2008

OXYGEN, HUMIDITY, air pollutants, and dust are the chief causes of atmospheric corrosion in industrial plant and equipment. Oxygen, of course, is always present in air at a constant concentration. The chief variables which affect the plant's atmospheric corrosion loss are, therefore, humidity, electrolytes in the air, and dust. These components may be corrosive by themselves or many promote the corrosive effect of oxygen.
On scale/metal entanglement in low‐alloy steels
Authors: Sachs K. , Tuck C.W. , Barlow J.
Published: February 2008

TWO nickel‐bearing commercial steels were oxidised in the range 1100°–1250°C for up to 8 hr. in air and CO2. The increase in thickness of the scale and the inner layer with embedded metal particles was followed in detail. A distinction is made between filaments which retain continuity with the base metal and discrete particles. The continuous filaments may be of practical importance in holding the scale to the metal in hot rolling, leading to surface defects on hot‐rolled products.
Corrosion resistance of lead alloy anodes in sea‐water at high temperatures
Authors: Sato E. , Kashiwabara M. , Yoshida S.
Published: February 2008

The corrosion characteristics of lead alloy anodes for cathodic protection in sea‐water, at high or normal temperatures, were not available in detailed reports. A sea‐water intake at normal temperature, and a gas condenser fitted with lead alloy anodes in high‐temperature sea‐water, were tested to examine the corrosive nature of alloys.
On scale/metal entanglement in low‐alloy steels
Authors: Sachs K. , Tuck C.W. , Barlow J.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this paper was published in the April issue. For convenience Figures 1 and 13 have been repeated here from part 1 as frequent reference is made to them
MICROBIAL CORROSION OF METALS
Authors: McDougall J.
Published: February 2008

A review of the very widespread literature on the subject of bacterial corrosion, which is of practical concern to industry. The basis of the paper won first prize in the international corrosion essay competition of the Society of Chemical Industry.
Cathodic protection, corrosion and stray current corrosion of lead
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A. , de Gromoboy T.S.
Published: February 2008

Cathodic protection by galvanic or impressed current techniques is probably the most favoured method of obviating the corrosion of buried and immersed metals. The theoretical principles and the economics involved in such protection are well established now and have been the subject of numerous papers, monographs and reviews. Cathodic protection is, however, still far from being an infallible method of corrosion prevention primarily because (a) the cathodic protection conditions necessarily change with the environment, (b) complete corrosion protection is rarely achieved in practice (see below), and (c) corrosion of an apparently protected structure may occur through the presence of stray currents
The oxidation behaviour of low alloy steels—Part1
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A. , Pickup G.A.
Published: February 2008

THE oxidation behaviour of low binary iron alloys with aluminium, chromium and silicon in air has been discussed at length. Rather less work has been performed on the ternary systems, Fe‐Cr‐Al and Fe‐Cr‐Si, and very little on Fe‐Al‐Si alloys.
Metallic coatings for the protection of mild steel from corrosion at ambient temperatures
Authors: Davies C. , Hanford N.J.
Published: February 2008

ALUMINIUM coated steel was first introduced as a commercial product in the mid‐nineteen thirties. Its growth and development was comparatively slow until 1950, but since then the use of aluminium coatings has rapidly expanded. There have been numerous attempts to develop quality aluminium coatings commercially, and considerable research and development is in progress. The more important processes are:
FOCUS ON ZINC—9
Authors: Mansford R.E.
Published: February 2008

The technique of atomizing molten particles of metal by a stream of compressed air has been established for many years. It is the principle used in all metal spraying where the atomized particles are directed at a target so as to produce a coating. Almost all metals and alloys and indeed many non‐metallic materials, can be deposited in this way but by far the most important is zinc. Minor uses of sprayed zinc include the production of moulds, or the provision of metallic conductors on non‐metallic surfaces, but the amount used for these purposes is insignificant when compared with the use of sprayed zinc coatings to prevent corrosion of steel. Several hundred tons of zinc have been deposited on very large structures such as the Forth or Severn road bridges.
The oxidation of a number of chromized and chrome‐aluminized alloys in flowing air and flue gas atmospheres
Authors: Chapman N.R.
Published: February 2008

DISCUSSION The chromium coating thicknesses used in this work were comparable to those used commercially, being between 70 and 170 micrometres approximately. Even after oxidation for the temperatures and times stated the chromium concentrations at the metal‐oxide interface were between 20% and 60%. These concentrations fell steadily to approximately 13% over the approximate depth stated above before reducing sharply to zero at what was the ferrite‐austenite transformation boundary during the coating process. This is contrary to the structure observed in aluminized stainless steels where a complex structure is produced due to the existence of intermetallic phases. Hence during all the oxidation experiments performed the chromium level of the surface offered for oxidation was never below 13% and complete oxidative breakdown therefore did not occur, excluding spalling effects. Many workers have shown that the oxidation rate of iron‐chromium alloys initially drops sharply with increasing chromium but eventually reaches a minimum of about 20% chromium and then rises for more chromium rich alloys. From the graph of oxidation rate in pure oxygen against chromium content given by Mortimer et al., from 13% chromium to 100% chromium the oxidation rate increases by approximately 6 × 10−9 g.cm−2 sec.−1 It is reasonable to assume that for a diffusion coating the oxidation behaviour will be markedly affected by the composition at its outer surface layer and much less by the composition gradient. If oxidation was continued for sufficiently long periods the latter could affect the general availability of chromium ions for the oxidation process. Over the first 5?m the average chromium levels were between 63% and 20% for the chromised and chrome‐aluminized respectively. From the figures given by Mortimer et al the oxidation rate of the 63% chromium coating would be expected to be 0.5 × 10−9 g.cm−2 sec−1 greater than the 20% chromium coating on the chrome‐aluminized specimens at 600°C, on the basis of the chromium content alone. The results obtained here vary in this manner, hence it is reasonable to conclude that the general oxidation behaviour of the coatings will be very similar to that of pure iron‐chromium alloys containing the same chromium content as in the outer few micrometres of the respective coatings. Even though the true surface area is greater with diffusion treated specimens their oxidation rates are lower that for the corresponding pure alloys.
Preparation and Protective Painting of Structural Steel
Authors: Bullet T.R.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The post‐war period has seen great changes in the protective treatments applied to structural steel. Whilst corrosion scientists had urged for many years that removal of all rust, scale and surface contaminants before painting was essential to obtain full value from paint treatments, it was generally agreed until recently that to do so was impractical or ruinously expensive. Because the performance of the best available paints was not always adequate on poorly prepared steel, metallization treatments, designed to isolate steel by a complete cover of non‐ferrous metal, were sought, Galvanizing on pickled steel has been practised for many years on light gauge metal. For heavier sections metal‐spraying was developed, but to make this a viable process, mediods for cleaning the steel surface were essential. The grit‐blasting technique perfected for preparation for metal spraying began to be adopted as preparation for painting. However, progress was limited by gross variations in efficiency, and thus in costs, doubts about the type of surface desirable for paint and lack of definition of the bonus in performance to be expected from good preparation.
CORROSION OF SILVER SINGLE CRYSTALS
Authors: Lorant Michael
Published: February 2008

Recent research by scientists at the United States National Bureau of Standards into metal corrosion by molten salts is discussed in this article. The experiments described are for the exposing of silver single crystals to fused sodium chloride.
ECONOMICS
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

Any survey of papers written on corrosion and anti‐corrosion will show that the concentration is on the causes of corrosion and the development of methods and materials for corrosion prevention. Very few papers even mention costs, and certainly there seem to have been only a handful in the last thirty years that consider costs to the exception of the other factors. This means that there is a gap in corrosion investigation work, as anti‐corrosion systems can only be suitable if they produce savings over the basic method of replacement of the item when it has corroded.
FLAME‐SPRAYED PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR IRON AND STEEL
Authors: Walters L.J.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion in metals can be likened to cancer in man. It is insidious. In its early stages remedial action can be taken, but if it progresses too far there is no cure — only destruction. Corrosion results from the tendency for a metal to return to its natural state, similar to that of the metallic ore from which it was obtained.
CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR ALUMINIUM IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Authors: Desai M.N. , Shah G.J. , Shah D.K. , Gandhi M.H.
Published: February 2008

Diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine and tetraethylene pentamine have been studied as cathodic corrosion inhibitors for aluminium‐57S in hydrochloric acid. Compared to diethylene triamine and triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine is less satisfactory. Diethylene triamine and triethylene tetramine protect aluminium 57S in 1·ON HCl in the temperature range 35°C–55°C. The effect of external cathodic and anodic currents is studied.
THE MECHANISM OF CORROSION PHENOMENA IN GAS DEGASOLINATION INSTALLATIONS
Authors: Radovici O. , Constantinescu Al. , Pleseanu I.
Published: February 2008

Intense corrosion occurs frequently in degasolination units, leading to repeated stoppings of the degasolination process and to expensive overhauls or even to the replacement of the severely damaged equipment. In order to establish the possibilities of reducing corrosion in such plants, studies were carried out on the mechanism and the role of the various factors accounting for the occurrence and intensification of this phenomenon, enabling the development of corrosion control methods.
THE USE OF FRP IN SULPHURIC AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Loader T.R.
Published: February 2008

In British industry alone, the cost of corrosion is estimated at over £1,000 million annually. A high proportion of this cost is caused by two of the most widely used—and corrosive—industrial chemicals: sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. Yet the corrosive damage caused by these two chemicals can be controlled and often eliminated by correct selection of construction materials. In the chemical and allied process industries many companies have been using glass reinforced plastic equipment to handle these two acids for a number of years with excellent results. Yearly, the number of reported applications increases as experience widens and fabrication techniques become more advanced.
THE THEORY OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN ALLOYS
Authors: Scully J.C.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Stress corrosion cracking is a phenomenon that is of interest to a wide range of metal users. When it occurs under service conditions, often without any prior indication of impeding failure, its effect may be catastrophic.
AROMATIC AMINES AS CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR ALUMINIUM 3S IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Authors: Desai M.N. , Patel R.P.
Published: February 2008

The present paper deals with chloroanilines and anisidines as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium‐3S in hydrochloric acid solutions. Some of these compounds have previously been investigated as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium‐2S1 57S2 and 65S3 in hydraulic acid. However, it is well known that the behaviour of inhibitors changes with the metal or even with a change in the composition of the alloy.
CORROSION AND PROTECTION AT THE N.P.L.
Authors: Lloyd G.O.
Published: February 2008

Work on oxidation of metals at N.P.L. has been devoted largely to an investigation of the mechanism of breakaway oxidation of iron‐chromium alloys. Much research on oxidation has been based on the view that alloying additions can improve protection either by modifying the defect structure of the oxide so as to slow down the diffusion processes involved in oxide growth, or by forming a different and more protective oxide by selective oxidation so that a small alloying addition serves to ensure protection. Unfortunately, however, the protective films are liable to fail after a certain period, leading to a large and possibly catastrophic increase in rates of oxidation. The causes of this change are complex, but may include build‐up of stress in the growing oxide, changes in diffusion mechanism, and nucleation of new phases. It was decided to concentrate attention at N.P.L. on this loss of protective action for the following reasons:
INHIBITION OF THE CORROSION OF THE COPPER IN NITRIC ACID
Authors: Desai M.N. , Rana S.S.
Published: February 2008

The present article reports the use of hexamine, α‐naphthyl‐amine and benzidine as cathodic corrosion inhibitors for copper in nitric acid.
CORROSION AND PROTECTION AT THE N.P.L.
Authors: Butler G.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Corrosion is a problem we always have to consider when dealing with metals in contact with natural waters and aqueous solutions. Surprisingly enough, most of the available information on aqueous corrosion is concerned with temperatures close to ambient in spite of the fact that most water used in domestic or industrial equipment is at elevated temperatures. Plant such as condensers, hot‐water systems, and steam raising equipment, where the temperature may vary from slightly above ambient up to and beyond the critical point of water at 373°C is included in this category. The methods of water treatment, operational procedures, and the choice of materials for higher temperatures have, in most cases, been arrived at either empirically from observations on actual installations, or by extrapolation of data obtained at lower temperatures. The latter can only be a rough guide, and may even be misleading. This has meant that corrosion has imposed limitations on the temperature and efficiency of operation of hot water systems and steam plant generally.
RESISTANCE TO INTERCRYSTALLINE CORROSION IN STAINLESS STEEL WELD METAL
Authors: Polgáry Sándor
Published: February 2008

The problem The resistance to intercrystalline corrosion has been the subject of very thorough investigations. On reading through published research results it is, however, surprising that all the large scale investigations were done on rolled material, whilst information on weld metal is very sparse.
INHIBITION OF THE CORROSION OF COPPER IN NITRIC ACID
Authors: Desai M.N. , Rana S.S.
Published: February 2008

Thiourea, allyl thiourea and phenyl thiourea have been investigated as corrosion inhibitors for copper in nitric acid. All the substances are predominantly cathodic inhibitors. The present article reports the use of thiourea, allyl thiourea and phenyl thiourea as inhibitors of the corrosion of copper in nitric acid.
INHIBITION OF THE CORROSION OF COPPER IN NITRIC ACID
Authors: Desai M.N. , Rana S.S.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The corrosive attack of nitric acid on copper is mainly due to the nitrous acid formed by the reaction between copper and nitric acid. The reaction is conditioned by: the concentration of the acid; temperature; the presence of nitrous acid; and the solubility of the reaction products in the acid. It has been suggested that as soon as a trace of NO2 has been formed by the reaction, NO3− + 2H+ + e → NO2 + H2O, it is quickly reduced to NO2− by the reaction NO2 + e → NO2−. Then NO2− combines with hydrogen ions to give nitrous acid. Nitrous acid can readily react with nitric acid to regenerate twice the original quantity of NO2 by the reaction, HNO2 + HNO3 → 2NO2 + H2O. In each cycle the quantity of NO2 and HNO2 is doubled.
MERCAPTANS AS CORROSION INHIBITORS IN ACIDIC MEDIA
Authors: Patel N.K. , Makwana S.C.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Many workers have studied the corrosion of aluminium and its alloys in hydrochloric acid, but corrosion of aluminium in trichloroacetic acid has not been studied extensively.
ELECTRON FRACTOGRAPHY OF STRESS CORROSION FRACTURE SURFACES
Authors: Van Der Vet W.J.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Visual inspection or observation at low magnification with an optical microscope has been of great help in analysing fracture surfaces. Optical microscopy, however, has distinct limitations, such as low resolution and small depth of field. The transmission electron microscope does not have these limitations.
TFE LININGS FOR PUMPS AND VALVES
Authors: Luce W.A.
Published: February 2008

The chemical industry is often considered the toughest possible field of application for process pumps and valves—due primarily to corrosion. Present in many forms, corrosion results in increased maintenance and replacement costs, hazardous working conditions, loss of productivity and lower profits.
LABORATORY TESTING FOR STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
Authors: Brettle J. , Orman S.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The ever increasing demands made on materials by advanced technology has led, in recent years, to a greater awareness of the importance of mechano‐chemical behaviour. These may be defined as the synergistic effect of mechanical forces and chemical reactions on the material. Although possibly interrelated, three classes of mechano‐chemical reactions have been identified as; stress‐corrosion (SCC), corrosion fatigue (CF) and hydrogen embrittlement. SCC has become one of the ‘in’ subjects of corrosion science during the last decade, while the importance of CF has emerged comparatively recently. In a review of the national corrosion and protection scene in 1970, it was revealed that 62 postgraduate research workers, representing 21% of the total effort in the corrosion and protection field, were involved in mechano‐chemical corrosion studies1. The bulk of these were working on SCC. This large research effort has not resulted in a standardisation of test methods nor, despite several attempts, in a unifying theory for SCC2. The newcomer to the field is faced with a bewildering variety of tests of varying complexity and validity. The supporters of each type of test tend to make exaggerated claims particularly when the test they are advocating is the only one which has caused a particular alloy‐environment system to exhibit SCC.
CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR ZINC
Authors: Desai M.N. , Rana S.S. , Gandhi M.H.
Published: February 2008

Zinc is one of the most important nonferrous metals and finds extensive use in metallic coatings. It is resistant to atmospheric attack and corrodes rapidly only in highly polluted air. It is resistant to most fresh waters but its resistance to sea water and to very soft water is lower. In many aerated hot waters, reversal of polarity between zinc and iron occurs at temperatures of 60°C or above. The corrosion products of zinc are readily soluble both in alkalis and acids and protect the metal surface only in neutral media. In neutral solutions, zinc is corroded mainly by oxygen depolarisation. The dissolution rate of zinc in acids is greatly affected by the over‐potential of hydrogen evolution at cathodic inclusions.
AROMATIC TRIAZOLES AS CORROSION INHIBITORS OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
Authors: KORPICS C.J.
Published: February 2008

The need for protective films which aid in retention of newly fabricated surfaces of copper and copper alloys is generally recognized. Two commercially available aromatic triazoles function as unique corrosion inhibitors particularly of copper and copper alloys. Benzotriazole and tolyltriazole, which are manufactured by Sherwin Williams Chemicals, a Division of The Sherwin‐Williams Company, are known by the trademarked names of CobratecR 99 and CobratecR TT‐100, respectively. The chemical structures of these compounds, which are shown in Figure 1, have essentially the same functioral characteristics. Use of tolyltriazole is favoured for many applications because of economic considerations.
THE OXIDATION OF COBALT‐CHROMIUM‐CARBON ALLOYS
Authors: El Dahshan M.E. , Stringer J. , Whittle D.P.
Published: February 2008

1. Introduction The oxidation of cobalt‐chromium alloys has recently been reviewed in some detail by Wright. In the temperature range 950–1350°C (1740–2460°F), alloys containing up to 15% Cr oxidize faster than pure cobalt, forming double‐layered scales: the outer layer is virtually pure CoO and the inner one is composed of Co‐Cr spinel particles in a chromium‐doped CoO matrix. For oxidation in air or in oxygen, if the specimens are heated in the gas, a sharp minimum in the rate is observed at about 25 %Cr, with the development of a continuous protective CT2O3 scale. However, if the alloys are rapidly exposed to oxygen at pressures above 100 Torr, then only a shallow minimum in rate is observed at about 25 to 30 %Cr, and the higher‐chromium alloys form a two‐layer scale similar to that found on the dilute alloys. Above 35 %Cr, the scale is always a thin single layer of Cr2O3.
Trends in Anti‐Corrosive Coating Technology
Authors: Barker A.W.
Published: February 2008

To give a brief review discussing all areas of technology is an impossible task — however, many engineers, consultants etc., have to decide from a mass of literature what system to use for a particular project. The author's company give a free world wide service in technical advice in the following areas — marine, tank lining, pipe coating, offshore rigs and structures, jetties, dock gates, bridges, chemical plants and all other structures exposed to severe conditions. The following general comments should provide a basis for consideration.
Chlorinated Rubber:
Authors: Reid G.C.
Published: February 2008

The properties of any paint system are largely determined by the resin on which the paint is based. Correct selection of the resin is therefore of fundamental importance if long‐lasting protection is to be provided against corrosive elements. Among the paint resins that are well established, chlorinated rubber is now being used to an increasing extent because it meets the essential requirements for anti‐corrosion protection.
Corrosion‐resistant reinforced polyester for process plant
Authors: Burbridge J.F.
Published: February 2008

Industries which, historically, have had to contend with severe corrosion problems have always been the first to investigate new materials. They had to, and 20 years ago industries such as the textile, pulp and paper, metal refining and chemical manufacturing turned their attention to reinforced plastics.
The inception and growth of corrosion‐resistant plastic engineering materials
Authors: Stanton R.J.
Published: February 2008

History: Plastics have been known to man since 1835, but it is only in recent years that derivatives have been used increasingly throughout industry where there has been a need for a lightweight, corrosion‐resistant, engineering material at a competitive price.
Marine Corrosion of Mild Steel in a Thermically Altered Natural Environment
Authors: Ferretti L. , Traverso E. , Ventura G.
Published: February 2008

Summary The corrosion behaviour of a naval mild steel has been studied in the natural environment in a part of the Port of Genoa, where the water temperature is evelated by a hot effluent from a generating station.
Internal corrosion of tinplate food containers
Authors: Patrick G.W.
Published: February 2008

In the tinplate food container it is to be desired that tin is the sacrificial member of the couple, conferring protection to the steel base while corroding at a slow rate itself. This is the case in many food products, including a large group of acid food products typified by the acid fruits. This is an important pack in this country, large quantities being packed and exported each year. Special attention will be given to corrosion in the acid fruit packs under various headings.
The use of Phosphate Coatings in the Fight Against Corrosion
Authors: James D.
Published: February 2008

The first commercial use of phosphate coatings was to protect iron and steel against their old enemy—rust. It was discovered by Ross as early as 1869 (B.P. 3119, October 27th 1869) that treatment of iron and steel with phosphoric acid would delay the onset of corrosion. The first truly commercial application was by Coslett in 1906 (B.P. 8667 of 1906) who developed the iron and later zinc Coslett processes.