bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper No 6.4: Full‐Color Field‐Sequential Color Display Based on Electrically Suppressed Helix FLC
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Ma Y. , Chigrinov V. G. , Kwok H. S. , Pozhidaev E. P.
Published: November 2013

In this report, we disclose the full color field sequential color (FSC) display based on electrically suppressed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals (ESHFLC). The ESHFLC mode is characterized shows high contrast, fast response time, and good shock stability. The strong constraints on anchoring energy for ESHFLC have been achieved by photoalignment of azo dye (SD1). The fast response time of 10 μs at the electric field of 6.5 V/μm gives us an opportunity to use them for 3D display as well. The proposed FSC display is characterized by 8 bit gray level, frame frequency more than 240‐Hz wide viewing angle and color triangle (130% of NTSC).
Paper No 6.3: Fluorescent Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display with Self‐Compensation Functions
Authors: Kim Jang‐Kyum , Joo Suk‐Hwan , Song Jang‐Kun
Published: November 2013

A photoluminescent cholesteric liquid crystal (PL‐CLC) display was demonstrated to exhibit excellent still and moving images regardless of ambient illuminance. The coupling and decoupling effects between the fluorescent and photonic band gap of PL‐CLCs compensated for the low reflectance and color shift problems, which are the remaining issues related to CLC display.
Paper No 7.3: Solution‐Processed Oxide Semiconductors for High‐Mobility Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Jang Jin , Avis Christophe , Goo Kim Youn , Hwang Hye Rim
Published: November 2013

We studied the fabrication and performance of solution‐processed oxide thin‐film transistors. Various amorphous and polycrystalline semiconductors were studied, among them are zinc tin oxide, tin oxide, and indium oxide. Mobilities over 20 cm2/Vs are achieved. The use of solution process high‐k dielectrics such as aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide allow the TFTs to be used as low power‐consuming and stable devices for display applications.
Paper No 8.4: Self‐Aligned Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors Fabricated Utilizing an Excimer Laser and the Dependence of Their Characteristics on Irradiation Conditions
Authors: Nakata Mitsuru , Tsuji Hiroshi , Fujisaki Yoshihide , Sato Hiroto , Nakajima Yoshiki , Takei Tatsuya , Yamamoto Toshihiro
Published: November 2013

Excimer lasing, which can reduce InGaZnO4 (IGZO) resistance, makes it possible to form source and drain regions in IGZO thin‐film transistors (TFTs). Self‐aligned bottom‐gate IGZO‐TFTs can be fabricated by back‐side excimer laser irradiation, using a gate electrode as a mask. We have investigated the dependence on laser energy density of the TFT characteristics and IGZO performance. These results indicate that this method offers a wide process margin and is compatible with large‐area processing.
Paper No 8.3: Nanoimprinted Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Rothländer T. , Gold H. , Haase A. , Jakopic G. , Hartmann P. , Stadlober B. , Hütter P. C.
Published: November 2013

The use of organic molecular and polymer materials in circuitry has received considerable attention during the last years. These multifunctional materials enable the low‐cost production of simple designed organic electronic devices and logic circuits that are driven at low voltages. We report on electrochemical transistors (ECTs) structured by nanoimprint lithography (NIL). With this technique it is possible to fabricate transistors with critical dimensions in the sub‐micrometer regime, which should lead to higher switching speed and improved overall transistor performance.
Paper No 9.2: Experimental and Theoretical Modeling of Liquid Crystal Orientation on Aligning Film Surfaces
Authors: Belyaev Victor V.
Published: November 2013

Recent experimental and theoretical results in area of liquid crystal (LC) aligning coatings are described. Parameters of the organosilicon compounds (OC) films for LC alignment have been realized that allow their application in the LCD. Green and cheap OC synthesis technologies have been developed. Method of simulation of the LC alignment on solid film has been developed that will allow predicting the aligning substance molecular structure for different LC molecules. In addition, optical properties of cells with sophisticated distribution of local optical axes of birefringent materials have been calculated that allow creating new optical compensators and LCD with wide viewing angles.
Paper No 11.1: Enhanced Pixel Technology for Holographic Projection Displays
Authors: Wilkinson T. D. , Chen R. , Butt H.
Published: November 2013

Holography is one of the best ways of making a truly 3D display, but there are limitations due to the hologram technology such as the traditional LCD square pixel. We explore other possibilities based around nanotechnology, which allow submicron pixel pitches and break the restrictions of pixel boundaries and geometries.
Paper No 11.4: High‐Performance Large‐Area Projected Capacitive Touch Screen Using Double Layered Metal Mesh Electrodes
Authors: Ono Takeshi , Agari Masafumi , Mori Seiichiro , Imamura Takuji , Miyayama Takashi , Nakamura Tatsuya , Nakagawa Naoki
Published: November 2013

We have developed a new high performance projected capacitive touch screen which has double layered metal mesh electrodes. By using high conductive metal electrodes and optimizing the mesh design, high sensitive 15‐inch diagonal self capacitance touch screen and 8‐inch diagonal mutual capacitance touch screen, both of which are optically bonded to LCD modules, have been developed.
Paper No 13.2: Experimenting with Backlights
Authors: Travis Adrian
Published: November 2013

The conventional LCD was designed around fluorescent backlights but bright LEDs make different compromises possible. A suitably designed light‐guide lets us collimate the light then diffuse it over a precise range of angles, eliminating waste. There is the potential to scan the direction of collimation in the horizontal so that light is always concentrated to the head of the user, but users also move in the vertical and forward and back. I will discuss more advanced backlight concepts, which would let us concentrate rays into the users' eyes whatever their position, thus eliminating unseen light and reducing the optical power budget to near zero.
Paper No 14.3: Ultra‐Large Field of View and High‐Magnification Imaging Video Colorimeter
Authors: Boher Pierre , Bignon Thierry Leroux Thibault , Collomb‐Patton Véronique
Published: November 2013

ELDIM proposes XScope, the first video colorimeter with ultra large field of view and high magnification. Thanks to a unique microscope objective with ∼1 cm2 field of view and a spatial resolution around 1.5 μm, it allows luminance and color measurements on the entire surface of micro displays and the extraction of the color and luminance of each subpixel for calibration and quality control purpose.
Paper No 15.3: Large High‐Definition Multiview Display System With Wide Observation Area
Authors: Kawakami Tohru , Ishinabe Takahiro , Sasai Mutsumi , Kano Mitsuru , Suzuki Yoshito , Nasu Senshi , Uchida Tatsuo , Ozawa Shiro , Mieda Satoshi , Yao Yasuhiro , Date Munekazu , Takada Hideaki
Published: November 2013

We have developed a large high‐definition multiview projection display using a novel double‐sided lenticular lens, Fresnel lens and multiple projectors. By forming the magnified images of iris planes of the projectors side‐by‐side in space, we realized high luminance uniformity, wide observation area, while keeping crosstalk of the image to a minimum.
Paper No 17.3: Disparity Selection in Stereoscopic Image
Authors: Kim Jaehong , Shin Hongsoep , Seo Woongjin , Lee Don Gyou , Shin Kwanghoon , Park Jongjin , Lim Moojong
Published: November 2013

Three‐dimensional (3D) display devices provide a more realistic experience of entertainment. A great deal of research has been doing to enhance 3D image quality and reduce visual fatigue of stereoscopic display. One of the important considering factors of 3D research is the disparity which is, in general, defined the positional difference between left and right images. The definition is, however, too ambiguous to fix the disparity from various 3D contents. A new definition and a classification method, therefore, are suggested in this study. Furthermore, the validity of the suggested method was verified from a visual assessment.
Paper No 19.2: Large‐Area Printed Transparent Electrodes for Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Xuhua , Levermore Peter A. , Ramon Miguel C. , Voigt Monika , Belton Colin , Lofts Edwards , Cheung Cora , Stavrinou Paul , Nelson Jenny , Bradley Donal D. C.
Published: November 2013

We report large area gravure‐printed flexible and transparent polymer electrodes for plastic electronics and in particular their application in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) for displays and lighting applications. The polymer electrodes are prepared from vapour‐phase polymerised poly(3,4‐ethylene‐dioxythiophene) (VPP‐PEDOT). Gravure printing has been selected for this work owing to its proven compatibility with low‐cost and high volume roll‐to‐roll manufacturing. The printed VPP‐PEDOT thin films were characterised for their conductivity, transparency, work function and surface roughness. After optimisation of printed VPP‐PEDOT thin film transparent electrodes, large area ITO free OLEDs were demonstrated.
Paper No 19.3: Back‐Channel‐Etch Process Flow for a‐IGZO TFTs
Authors: Nag Manoj , Steudel Soeren , Chasin Adrian , Myny Kris , Rockele Maarten , Bhoolokam Ajay , Willegems Myriam , Smout Steve , Vicca Peter , Ameys Marc , Schols Sarah , Cheyns David , Genoe Jan , van der Steen Jan‐Laurens , Tempelaars Karin , Groeseneken Guido , Heremans Paul
Published: November 2013

In this study, the authors report high‐quality amorphous Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc‐Oxide (a‐IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) fabricated using a new back‐channel‐etch (BCE) process flow on Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) foil. The BCE flow allows a better scalability of TFTs for high‐resolution backplanes and related circuits. The maximum processing temperature was limited to less than 165oC in order to ensure good overlay accuracy (< 1µm) on foil. The presented process flow differs from to previously reported by defining the Mo S/D contacts by dry etch prior to a‐IGZO patterning. The TFTs show good electrical performance, including field‐effect mobilities in the range of 15.0cm2/(V.s), sub‐threshold slopes of 0.3V/decade and off‐currents <1.0pA on foil. Finally, the applicability of this new BCE process flow was demonstrated for TFT backplane driving a 32 x 32 active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) display.
Paper No P18: A Novel Method of Decision on the Optimal Display Gamma Curve Through the Characteristics of Display and Image
Authors: Lee Min Woo , Park Hyun Hee , Kang Ha Seung A , Bae Hak Gyun , Jang Seul Ki , Kim Jong Ho , Yeom Jee Young
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose a novel method of optimal display gamma curve using display performance and image contents characteristic which is displayed on the device. For the aspect of the display performance, image quality is a complex task because it is a consequence of interaction of quality attribute. However, the gamma attribute is the most dominant aspect for the display quality. Applying the curve of optimal display gamma can improve both the quality of displayed image and visibility for the environment of mobile device usage. In this study, we suggest a method of optimal display gamma curve based on display performance, image contents characteristic, and the environment of mobile device usage.
Dominant Role of Peroxiredoxin/JNK Axis in Stemness Regulation During Neurogenesis from Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Kim Sun-Uk , Park Young-Ho , Kim Jin-Man , Sun Hu-Nan , Song In-Sung , Huang Song Mei , Lee Sang-Hee , Chae Jung-Il , Hong Su , Sik Choi Sung , Choi Seung-Cheol , Lee Tae-Hoon , Kang Sang Won , Rhee Sue Goo , Chang Kyu-Tae , Lee Sang Ho , Yu Dae-Yeul , Lee Dong-Seok
Published: November 2013

Redox balance has been suggested as an important determinant of “stemness” in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In this study, we demonstrate that peroxiredoxin (Prx) plays a pivotal role in maintenance of ESC stemness during neurogenesis through suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive signaling. During neurogenesis, Prx I and Oct4 are expressed in a mutually dependent manner and their expression is abruptly downregulated by an excess of ROS. Thus, in Prx I−/− or Prx II−/− ESCs, rapid loss of stemness can occur due to spontaneous ROS overload, leading to their active commitment into neurons; however, stemness is restored by the addition of an antioxidant or an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In addition, Prx I and Prx II appear to have a tight association with the mechanism underlying the protection of ESC stemness in developing teratomas. These results suggest that Prx functions as a protector of ESC stemness by opposing ROS/JNK cascades during neurogenesis. Therefore, our findings have important implications for understanding of maintenance of ESC stemness through involvement of antioxidant enzymes and may lead to development of an alternative stem cell-based therapeutic strategy for production of high-quality neurons in large quantity. Stem Cells  2014;32:998–1011
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cancel Azoxymethane-Induced Tumor Initiation
Authors: Nasuno Masanao , Arimura Yoshiaki , Nagaishi Kanna , Isshiki Hiroyuki , Onodera Kei , Nakagaki Suguru , Watanabe Shuhei , Idogawa Masashi , Yamashita Kentaro , Naishiro Yasuyoshi , Adachi Yasushi , Suzuki Hiromu , Fujimiya Mineko , Imai Kohzoh , Shinomura Yasuhisa
Published: November 2013

The role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tumorigenesis remains controversial. Therefore, our goal was to determine whether exogenous MSCs possess intrinsic antineoplastic or proneoplastic properties in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced carcinogenesis. Three in vivo models were studied: an AOM/dextran sulfate sodium colitis-associated carcinoma model, an aberrant crypt foci model, and a model to assess the acute apoptotic response of a genotoxic carcinogen (AARGC). We also performed in vitro coculture experiments. As a result, we found that MSCs partially canceled AOM-induced tumor initiation but not tumor promotion. Moreover, MSCs inhibited the AARGC in colonic epithelial cells because of the removal of O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) adducts through O6MeG-DNA methyltransferase activation. Furthermore, MSCs broadly affected the cell-cycle machinery, potentially leading to G1 arrest in vivo. Coculture of IEC-6 rat intestinal cells with MSCs not only arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase, but also induced apoptosis. The anti-carcinogenetic properties of MSCs in vitro required transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling because such properties were completely abrogated by absorption of TGF-β under indirect coculture conditions. MSCs inhibited AOM-induced tumor initiation by preventing the initiating cells from sustaining DNA insults and subsequently inducing G1 arrest in the initiated cells that escaped from the AARGC. Furthermore, tumor initiation perturbed by MSCs might potentially dysregulate WNT and TGF-β-Smad signaling pathways in subsequent tumorigenesis. Obtaining a better understanding of MSC functions in colon carcinogenesis is essential before commencing the broader clinical application of promising MSC-based therapies for cancer-prone patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Stem Cells  2014;32:913–925
Low brain CB1 receptor occupancy by a second generation CB1 receptor antagonist TM38837 in comparison with rimonabant in nonhuman primates: A PET study
Authors: Takano Akihiro , Gulyás Balázs , Varnäs Katarina , Little Paul Brian , Noerregaard Pia K. , Jensen Niels Ole , Elling Christian e. , Halldin Christer
Published: November 2013

Both central and peripheral cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) have been considered to be among the key targets for obesity treatment. First generation CB1R antagonists/inverse agonists such as rimonabant and taranabant exhibited severe CNS side effects such as anxiety and depression, which are considered to be related to the compounds' ability to access central CB1R. Recently, several compounds have been developed as second generation antagonists with a profile of restriction to peripheral CB1R. We evaluated the distribution of TM38837, a second generation CB1R antagonist, using brain and whole body PET in three cynomolgus monkeys, and established the relationship between CB1R occupancy and dose/plasma concentration of TM38837 in comparison with rimonabant. A brain PET study was performed using [11C]MePPEP, a PET radioligand for CB1R, to evaluate the brain CB1R occupancy of TM38837 at various plasma concentrations in comparison with rimonabant at known efficacious plasma concentrations. A whole body PET study was performed to investigate the change of peripheral distribution of [11C]MePPEP by TM38837 administration, which indirectly estimated the effects to the peripheral CB1R by TM38837. CB1R occupancy by both TM38837 and rimonabant increased in a dose/plasma concentration‐dependent manner. However, in vivo affinity by plasma level was more than 100 times lower for TM38837. Peripherally, [11C]MePPEP accumulation decreased in gall bladder and brown adipose tissue by TM38837 administration. TM38837 showed rather lower CB1R occupancy than rimonabant at the expected therapeutic plasma level, which is expected to reduce CNS side effects in clinical situations. Further clinical development of TM38837 is warranted. Synapse 68:89–97, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Black bear density in Glacier National Park, Montana
Authors: Stetz Jeff B. , Kendall Katherine C. , Macleod Amy C.
Published: November 2013

We report the first abundance and density estimates for American black bears (Ursus americanus) in Glacier National Park (NP), Montana, USA. We used data from 2 independent and concurrent noninvasive genetic sampling methods—hair traps and bear rubs—collected during 2004 to generate individual black bear encounter histories for use in closed population mark–recapture models. We improved the precision of our abundance estimate by using noninvasive genetic detection events to develop individual‐level covariates of sampling effort within the full and one‐half mean maximum distance moved (MMDM) from each bear's estimated activity center to explain capture probability heterogeneity and inform our estimate of the effective sampling area. Models including the one‐half MMDM covariate received overwhelming Akaike's Information Criterion support suggesting that buffering our study area by this distance would be more appropriate than no buffer or the full MMDM buffer for estimating the effectively sampled area and thereby density. Our model‐averaged super‐population abundance estimate was 603 (95% CI = 522–684) black bears for Glacier NP. Our black bear density estimate (11.4 bears/100 km2, 95% CI = 9.9–13.0) was consistent with published estimates for populations that are sympatric with grizzly bears (U. arctos) and without access to spawning salmonids. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Supersymmetric defect models and mirror symmetry
Authors: Hook Anson , Kachru Shamit , Torroba Gonzalo
Published: November 2013

Abstract

We study supersymmetric field theories in three space-time dimensions doped by various configurations of electric charges or magnetic fluxes. These are supersymmetric avatars of impurity models. In the presence of additional sources such configurations are shown to preserve half of the supersymmetries. Mirror symmetry relates the two sets of configurations. We discuss the implications for impurity models in 3d
$ \mathcal{N} $
= 4 QED with a single charged hypermultiplet (and its mirror, the theory of a free hypermultiplet) as well as 3d
$ \mathcal{N} $
= 2 QED with one flavor and its dual, a supersymmetric Wilson-Fisher fixed point. Mirror symmetry allows us to find backreacted solutions for arbitrary arrays of defects in the IR limit of
$ \mathcal{N} $
= 4 QED. Our analysis, complemented with appropriate string theory brane constructions, sheds light on various aspects of mirror symmetry, the map between particles and vortices and the emergence of ground state entropy in QED at finite density.
AdS vacua with scale separation from IIB supergravity
Authors: Petrini M. , Solard G. , Van Riet T.
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Only two kinds of compactification are known that lead to four-dimensional supersymmetric AdS vacua with moduli stabilisation and separation of scales at tree-level. The most studied ones are compactifications of massive IIA supergravity on SU(3) structures with smeared O6 planes, for which a general ten-dimensional expression for the solution in terms of the SU(3) structure was found. Less studied are compactifications of IIB supergravity with smeared O5/O7 planes. In this paper we derive a general ten-dimensional expression for the smeared O5/O7 solutions in terms of SU(2) structures. For a specific choice of orientifold projections, we recover the known examples and we also provide new explicit solutions.
A framework for Higgs characterisation
Authors: Artoisenet P. , de Aquino P. , Demartin F. , Frederix R. , Frixione S. , Maltoni F. , Mandal M. K. , Mathews P. , Mawatari K. , Ravindran V. , Seth S. , Torrielli P. , Zaro M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract

We introduce a framework, based on an effective field theory approach, that allows one to perform characterisation studies of the boson recently discovered at the LHC, for all the relevant channels and in a consistent, systematic and accurate way. The production and decay of such a boson with various spin and parity assignments can be simulated by means of multi-parton, tree-level matrix elements and of next-to-leading order QCD calculations, both matched with parton showers. Several sample applications are presented which show, in particular, that beyond-leading-order effects in QCD have nontrivial phenomenological implications.
Combining human error verification and timing analysis: a case study on an infusion pump
Authors: Rukšėnas Rimvydas , Curzon Paul , Blandford Ann , Back Jonathan
Published: November 2013

The design of a human–computer interactive system can be unacceptable for a range of reasons. User performance concerns, for example the likelihood of user errors and time needed for a user to complete tasks, are important areas of consideration. For safety-critical systems it is vital that tools are available to support the analysis of such properties before expensive design commitment has been made. In this work, we give a unified formal verification framework for integrating two kinds of analysis: (1) predicting bounds for task-completion times via exhaustive state-space exploration, and (2) detecting user-error related design issues. The framework is based on a generic model of cognitively plausible behaviour that captures assumptions about cognitive behaviour decided through a process of interdisciplinary negotiation. Assumptions made in an analysis, including those relating to the performance consequences of users
recovering
from likely errors, are also investigated in this framework. We further present a novel way of exploring the consequences of cognitive mismatches, on both correctness and performance grounds. We illustrate our analysis approach with a realistic medical device scenario: programming an infusion pump. We explore an initial pump design and then two variations based on features found in real designs, illustrating how the approach identifies both timing and human error issues.
Genome-guided discovery of diverse natural products from Burkholderia sp.
Authors: Liu Xiangyang , Cheng Yi-Qiang
Published: November 2013

Burkholderia species have emerged as a new source of diverse natural products. This mini-review covers all of the natural products discovered in recent years from Burkholderia sp. by genome-guided approaches—these refer to the use of bacterial genome sequence as an entry point for in silico structural prediction, wet lab experimental design, and execution. While reliable structural prediction based on cryptic biosynthetic gene cluster sequence was not always possible due to noncanonical domains and/or module organization of a deduced biosynthetic pathway, a molecular genetic method was often employed to detect or alter the expression level of the gene cluster to achieve an observable phenotype, which facilitated downstream natural product purification and identification. Those examples of natural product discovery from Burkholderia sp. provide practical guidance for future exploration of Gram-negative bacteria as a new source of natural products.
An Exploration of the Experience of Huntington's Disease in Family Dyads: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Maxted Caroline , Simpson Jane , Weatherhead Stephen
Published: November 2013

Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary, late onset, neurodegenerative disorder. Children of affected parents have a 50 % chance of inheriting HD. Research into the psychological consequences of HD for the family has focussed on individual family members, but little is known about the ways in which its impact is jointly experienced by members of these families. This is particularly important due to the hereditary nature of HD. To address this, the current study examined the experiences of dyads within affected families. Seven parent/adult child dyads were interviewed jointly about their experiences and relationships with their family and each other and interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse the resultant data. Identified themes were: “A spectre hanging over us”: HD as a presence within the family, “Us against the world”: Protection, knowledge and control, and “That could be me in 50 years”: Cyclical changes in identity and role. These findings are examined in relation to previous research and indicate the need for an increased understanding of the needs of HD families. Clinical implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
An N‐terminal pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide (NT‐proANP) ‘aggregation‐prone’ segment involved in isolated atrial amyloidosis
Authors: Louros Nikolaos N. , Iconomidou Vassiliki A. , Tsiolaki Paraskevi L. , Chrysina Evangelia D. , Baltatzis Georgios E. , Patsouris Efstratios S. , Hamodrakas Stavros J.
Published: November 2013

Isolated atrial amyloidosis (IAA) is a common localized form of amyloid deposition within the atria of the aging heart. The main constituents of amyloid fibrils are atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the N‐terminal part of its precursor form (NT‐proANP). An ‘aggregation‐prone’ heptapeptide (114KLRALLT120) was located within the NT‐proANP sequence. This peptide self‐assembles into amyloid‐like fibrils in vitro, as electron microscopy, X‐ray fiber diffraction, ATR FT‐IR spectroscopy and Congo red staining studies reveal. Consequently, remedies/drugs designed to inhibit the aggregation tendency of this ‘aggregation‐prone’ segment of NT‐proANP may assist in prevention/treatment of IAA, congestive heart failure (CHF) or atrial fibrillation (AF).
Varieties of capitalism and the Estonian economy: Institutions, growth and crisis in a liberal market economy
Authors: Feldmann Magnus
Published: November 2013

This article examines Estonia’s economic institutions, performance and vulnerability to the global economic crisis in the context of the varieties of capitalism framework. It shows that Estonia shares many characteristics of a liberal market economy, but that there are also some features which do not fit the classical model, notably its corporate governance institutions. It also suggests that the varieties of capitalism framework can account for key features of Estonia’s economic performance, including its growth trajectory and adjustment to the global financial crisis. The article also reflects on the broader significance of these findings for understanding post-communist capitalism.
Rayleigh–Bénard instability generated by a diffusion flame
Authors: Pearce P. , Daou J.
Published: November 2013

We investigate the Rayleigh–Bénard convection problem within the context of a diffusion flame formed in a horizontal channel where the fuel and oxidizer concentrations are prescribed at the porous walls. This problem seems to have received no attention in the literature. When formulated in the low-Mach-number approximation the model depends on two main non-dimensional parameters, the Rayleigh number and the Damköhler number, which govern gravitational strength and reaction speed respectively. In the steady state the system admits a planar diffusion flame solution; the aim is to find the critical Rayleigh number at which this solution becomes unstable to infinitesimal perturbations. In the Boussinesq approximation, a linear stability analysis reduces the system to a matrix equation with a solution comparable to that of the well-studied non-reactive case of Rayleigh–Bénard convection with a hot lower boundary. The planar Burke–Schumann diffusion flame, which has been previously considered unconditionally stable in studies disregarding gravity, is shown to become unstable when the Rayleigh number exceeds a critical value. A numerical treatment is performed to test the effects of compressibility and finite chemistry on the stability of the system. For weak values of the thermal expansion coefficient $\alpha $, the numerical results show strong agreement with those of the linear stability analysis. It is found that as $\alpha $ increases to a more realistic value the system becomes considerably more stable, and also exhibits hysteresis at the onset of instability. Finally, a reduction in the Damköhler number is found to decrease the stability of the system.
Exit Options and the Effectiveness of Regional Economic Organizations
Authors: Gray Julia , Slapin Jonathan B.
Published: November 2013

Regional economic organizations (REOs) proliferate in the developed and developing world. However, there is wide variation in both their institutional structure and the degree to which they achieve their goals. This article presents a theoretical framework and empirical evidence to explain the variance in the institutional design and effectiveness of these agreements. It argues that the conditions that produce effective and broad agreements are not a function of design, but rather of exogenous factors. If countries within the REO have fewer options for world trade beyond the REO, they will develop strong institutions and make substantial use of them. This study presents a new cross-regional dataset, compiled from expert surveys, to test these arguments. It shows that expert evaluations of how well a REO functions - including its ability to meet its own goals and the ambition of those goals—hinge less on that agreement's legalization and more on the trade opportunities that REO members faced when the institution was formed.
HERACLITUS' BOW COMPOSITION
Authors: Vieira Celso
Published: November 2013

This article aims to throw light on a recurrent structural feature of Heraclitus' style that, it will be argued, serves as a tool to enrich interpretation of his fragments. Named after the bow image used by the philosopher in B51, the ‘bow composition’ will be presented as a narrative technique developed by Heraclitus to reveal his conception of the world. In B51 we read: οὐ ξυνιᾶσιν ὅκως διαϕερόμενον ἑωυτῶι ὁμολογέει· παλίντροπος ἁρμονίη ὅκωσπερ τόξου καὶ λύρης (‘They don't understand how what is in variance agrees with itself, a reciprocal stretching harmony as in the bow and the lyre’). Following an assumption that will be defended later, I argue that Heraclitus attempts through his text to demonstrate how ‘what is in variance agrees with itself’. One of his strategies to this end would be the bow composition, a way to structure his statements in which its first and last terms share the same root but have subtle suffix or prefix differences in order to depict that while being related (ὁμολογέει) they still maintain some difference (διαϕερόμενον). By means of employing such structure to describe reality Heraclitus would imitate the world order in his word order by providing his audience with an analogy that once perceived in the text would teach them how to correctly interpret nature itself.
NINE PASSAGES OF AESCHYLUS,AGAMEMNON
Authors: Thomas Oliver
Published: November 2013

The Watchman's bed is not ‘supervised’ (13 ἐπισκοπουμένην) by dreams; instead, fear ‘stands in attendance’ (14 παραστατεῖ). The images are medical. He is ill; dream-filled sleep would be a good doctor, but the bad doctor fear is already on the job, preventing him from sleeping well.
ON EMENDING AND NOT EMENDING THE TEXT OF SOME PASSAGES IN ARISTOTLE'SETHICA EUDEMIA
Authors: Simpson Peter L.P.
Published: November 2013

The text of Aristotle'sEthica Eudemia(EE) is often in need of emendation, especially because of the particular fault in the manuscripts of misreading one letter for another or misdividing letters to form words. Scholars have already done fine work in correcting many of these errors (especially at the beginning of 8.1), but more needs to be done. A second problem with the text does not have to do with matters of spelling or grammar (or even of punctuation), but rather with those of philosophical sense. For, as scholars have noted, theEEis marked by considerable compression of thought, and this compression leads scholars to propose changes where, on further consideration, it can be shown that not change of words but change of comprehension is needed.
TRIUMVIRAL POLITICS, THE OATH OF 32 b.c. AND THE VETERANS
Authors: Kearsley Rosalinde
Published: November 2013

The compact formed between Antonius, Lepidus and Octavian near Bononia in November 43 b.c. (Dio Cass. 46.55.1–3), commonly named the second triumvirate, was characterized by civil conflict. The major battles at Philippi, Perusia and Naulochus led to the presence of many legions in Italy. In addition, a large number of time-served soldiers were settled throughout the peninsula. The requirement of land for the veterans meant conflicting interests arose with landowners who were dispossessed to make way for them. The impact of the army on Rome itself and on the population of the Italian countryside was great during the late first century b.c.
A NEW APPROACH TO THE DESCRIPTION OF A BABYLONIAN HYDRAULIC WORK BY HERODOTUS
Authors: Katsifarakis K.L. , Avgoloupis I.
Published: November 2013

Herodotus is a fascinating author, not only to scholars of history, but also to a wide spectrum of scientists, such as engineers, who are not usually considered to be relevant to humanistic studies. A strong indication of the persisting interest in Herodotus is the recent proliferation of books, for example those of C. Dewald and J. Marincola and A.M. Bowie, on various aspects of his work. At the same time, there is a remarkable interest in the evolution of knowledge in different scientific fields which promotes the understanding of a) the relationship between socio-economic phenomena and technological progress and b) the process of acquiring and documenting scientific knowledge. In the field of hydraulics and hydrology in particular, this interest is documented by journal papers (for example by L.W. Mays et al. and D. Koutsoyiannis et al.), books (for example by A.K. Biswas, Ö. Wikander), book chapters (for example by A.I. Wilson) and conference proceedings.
A BIRDIE THAT IS NOT A BIRDIE IN PYTHON'S AGEN (FR. 1 = ATH. 13.595F)
Authors: Janko Richard
Published: November 2013

In Python's comic satyr play Agen (perhaps actually written by Alexander of Macedon) Harpalus, Alexander's errant treasurer, is mocked for erecting costly buildings left and right to honour his dead lover, the notorious prostitute Pythionice:ἔστιν δ’ ὅπου μὲν ὁ κάλαμος πέϕυχ’ ὅδε†ϕέτωμ’ ἄορνον, οὑξ ἀριστερᾶς δ’ ὅδεπόρνης ὁ κλεινὸς ναός, ὃν δὴ Παλλίδηςτεύξας κατέγνω διὰ τὸ πρᾶγμ’ αὑτοῦ ϕυγήν.(TrGF 91 F 1. 1–4)

1–2 πέϕυκε· ὁ δ’ εϕετωμα ορνον Athenaei cod. A: ὅδε scr. Dindorf, ἄορνον Fiorillo †ϕέτωμ’ vox desperata: ϕάτνωμ’ Fiorillo, ἕλωμ’ Meineke, πέτρωμ’ Pezopulus, ϕλέωμ’ A. von Blumenthal, στόμωμ’ Erbse, ϕηγὼν Friebel
GALEN SOTTO VOCE: METH. MED. 13.6 (10.892.5–7 K)
Authors: Horsley G.H.R.
Published: November 2013

Late in the second part (books 7–14) of the Therapeutikê methodos, which Galen was completing after a twenty-year gap since beginning the work as a whole, the text in Kühn (and in B = British Library Add. MS 6898 [xii cent.], at least) includes a comment which looks like a Galenic aside made parenthetically to himself while dictating. The sentence reads: ἐκεῖθεν οὖν αὐτὰ μεταφέρειν ἐνταῦθα σκοπούμενον ὅτῳ βέλτιον ἐξ αὐτῶν (so MS B, superior to K's ἑαυτῶν) χρῆσθαι, ‘So (I ought) to consider transferring them (namely, my discussion on the treatment of kakokhymia) to here from there (i.e. in the section on prophylaxis in the De san. tuenda) to make better use of them’. The rendering in the new Loeb volume 3, p. 345 is not clear.
Practise what you preach: a faith-based approach to conservation in Indonesia
Authors: McKay Jeanne E. , Mangunjaya Fachruddin M. , Dinata Yoan , Harrop Stuart R. , Khalid Fazlun
Published: November 2013

Faith-based teachings on the environment have been identified as a potentially effective form of conservation outreach but one that remains largely untested. Indonesia contains 10% of the world's tropical rainforests and is the most populous Muslim country. A faith-based approach to conservation could therefore yield significant conservation benefits here. Within Islam several key principles in the Qur'an underpin and outline the role of humans in nature conservation. Here, we report on a Darwin Initiative project component that sought to assess the applicability of Islamic teachings to conservation action in West Sumatra. We developed water-conservation-themed sermons that were delivered by project-trained religious leaders in 10 mosques and nine Islamic boarding schools during the holy month of Ramadan. We conducted entry–exit questionnaire surveys to assess levels of concern, awareness and intent to act amongst male (n = 389) and female (n = 479) worshippers. The results revealed that greater attention should be paid to raising awareness of the linkages between Islam and conservation rather than on conservation principles alone, which were already adequately understood. This study provides the first insights into the important role that women could play within a faith-based project. Female respondents demonstrated greater knowledge and understanding of Islamic teachings about the environment and the services provided by watershed forests. They were also more likely to contribute to conservation activities, suggesting that future projects should seek to involve this often marginalized stakeholder group fully, as well as provide practical ways for men and women to transform words into action.
Social and genetic mating system of Ridgway's hawk (Buteo ridgwayi), an endemic raptor on Hispaniola
Authors: Woolaver Lance G. , Nichols Rina K. , Morton Eugene S. , Stutchbury Bridget J. M.
Published: November 2013

Patterns of social organization and mating systems have been shown to be functions of ecological factors such as resource allocation and breeding density. In some species, particularly birds, social organization and genetic mating systems differ with molecular studies providing evidence of extra-pair young frequently occurring within broods of socially monogamous species. Here we examine the social and genetic mating system of an ecologically little-known forest raptor endemic to the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. From 2005–2009, our field observations of over 60 breeding pairs verified a social mating system of monogamy for the species. During the same time period, we collected blood samples (n= 146 birds, 48 nests) and used microsatellite profiles from 10 loci to estimate genetic relatedness among nestlings in a brood and assign putative fathers. We found no evidence of extra-pair paternity in 41 broods. We had one instance where a social male was not assigned as the putative father, however, the confidence level of this assignment was not significant since the genotypes of the social and assigned males were very similar. Our results support our hypothesis that genetic monogamy would be exhibited by Ridgway's hawk, an island-endemic tropical raptor.
Expertise, Uncertainty, and International Law: A Study of the Tallinn Manual on Cyberwarfare
Authors: KESSLER OLIVER , WERNER WOUTER
Published: November 2013

How should international law deal with the uncertainty arising from the rise of irregular forms of warfare? In the past decade, this question has been the topic of several reports produced by international groups of experts in the field of conflict and security law. The most recent examples include the study on the notion of the ‘direct participation in hostilities’ under the auspices of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the Tallinn Manual on cyberwarfare prepared at the invitation of NATO. In this article, we discuss the Tallinn Manual, showing how experts faced with uncertainty as to the law's precise scope and meaning construct legal interpretations, legal definitions, and institutional facts and norms that can be used to make sense of a contingent world. At the same time, we argue, this absorption of uncertainty produces new uncertainty. Consequently, the power of experts does not reside in their knowledge, but in their control and management of uncertainty and non-knowledge.
A Keen Observer of the International Rule of Law? International Law in China's Voting Behaviour and Argumentation in the United Nations Security Council
Authors: CHAN PHIL C. W.
Published: November 2013

Given the centrality of law in the creation, decision-making, and impact of the United Nations Security Council, the deliberative discourses among Security Council Members, and the necessity for China to articulate its reasons publicly for its actions within the Security Council, the roles that China plays within the Security Council illuminate and clarify its approaches to the current international legal order. This article explains how law serves as a constitutional–normative framework within which the Security Council must function, followed by a discussion of how the Security Council in turn may serve as a locus of deliberative discourses that delineate, influence, and constrain its members’ state behaviours. It challenges the view that law plays a limited role on matters of international security by exploring China's voting behaviour in the Security Council and the arguments that it has proffered. It also discusses how China may respond to a draft Security Council resolution aimed at its conduct other than simply by vetoing it, and how it has taken a proactive role in the maintenance of international peace and security through the Security Council.
The Effect of Legal Culture on the Development of International Evidentiary Practice: From the ‘Robing Room’ to the ‘Melting Pot’
Authors: JACKSON JOHN , M’BOGE YASSIN
Published: November 2013

This paper draws on some of the preliminary findings of a small pilot study which aimed to discover what evidentiary challenges a range of practitioners with experience of different international trials faced in the cases they were involved in, and what practices were developed to deal with these challenges. The findings in this study are based on the data collected from The Hague-based institutions, the ICC, the ICTY, the ICTY and ICTR Appeals Chamber, and the Special Tribunal for the Lebanon (STL). It is argued that professionals moving from institution to institution are engaged in a process of cross-pollination which itself influences the practices that develop, although a common understanding of certain evidentiary issues in international trials remains fragmented and at times elusive.
Drawing the Missing Map: What Socio-legal Research Can Offer to International Criminal Trial Practice
Authors: BYRNE ROSEMARY
Published: November 2013

The nature of international criminal trial practice is integral to the perception of the legitimacy of international criminal justice. However, our understanding of what transpires within the trial chambers of international courts and tribunals (ICTs) comes primarily from the reports of judges, lawyers, and stakeholders within the system. This article argues that, while the vast body of international criminal justice scholarship barely draws on socio-legal research, empirical work can contribute to a more objective understanding of international criminal trial practice. It examines prevailing academic approaches to the study of international trial practice as a backdrop to the assessment of data from one of the most expansive empirical studies of international trial practice, undertaken during the second mandate (1999–2003) of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). The findings illustrate significant variations in how judges in different Trial Chambers chose to exercise discretion, revealing the co-existence of two distinct modalities of practice in ‘proactive’ and ‘reactive’ Trial Chambers. Quantitative and qualitative data allow for an assessment of the efficiency of these modalities, revealing the critical role of the performance of the judge in the trial process. It is argued that these findings highlight the potential for further socio-legal research to motivate ‘light-touch reform’ within the international criminal justice system.
Investigating from Afar: The ICC's Evidence Problem
Authors: DE VOS CHRISTIAN M.
Published: November 2013

The ICC's early history indicates that more attention must be paid to the investigative practices of the Office of the Prosecutor. The judicial record to date, and the increasing dissatisfaction amongst affected communities with the Court's work, belies the desirability of the ‘light-touch,’ low-cost approach to investigations that has hitherto been championed. Rather than positioning the ICC as a remote site of justice, the Office must locate its investigative work more thoroughly on the territories in which it is engaged. The composition of its staff has also been insufficiently reflective of the countries under investigation and its relationships with individuals and institutions on the ground poorly managed. Despite relying heavily on the knowledge that these local actors can bring, the OTP has too often employed a unilateral approach to evidence gathering, failing to integrate their concerns and priorities into the investigative process.
Origins of children's externalizing behavior problems in low-income families: Toddlers' willing stance toward their mothers as the missing link
Authors: Kochanska Grazyna , Kim Sanghag , Boldt Lea J.
Published: November 2013

Although children's active role in socialization has been long acknowledged, relevant research has typically focused on children's difficult temperament or negative behaviors that elicit coercive and adversarial processes, largely overlooking their capacity to act as positive, willing, even enthusiastic, active socialization agents. We studied the willing, receptive stance toward their mothers in a low-income sample of 186 children who were 24 to 44 months old. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a latent construct of willing stance, manifested as children's responsiveness to mothers in naturalistic interactions, responsive imitation in teaching contexts, and committed compliance with maternal prohibitions, all observed in the laboratory. Structural equation modeling analyses confirmed that ecological adversity undermined maternal responsiveness, and responsiveness, in turn, was linked to children's willing stance. A compromised willing stance predicted externalizing behavior problems, assessed 10 months later, and fully mediated the links between maternal responsiveness and those outcomes. Ecological adversity had a direct, unmediated effect on internalizing behavior problems. Considering children's active role as willing, receptive agents capable of embracing parental influence can lead to a more complete understanding of detrimental mechanisms that link ecological adversity with antisocial developmental pathways. It can also inform research on the normative socialization process, consistent with the objectives of developmental psychopathology.