bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Koca Fiğ ile İtalyan Çimi Karışımlarının Silaj Kalitesinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: MUT Hanife , GÜLÜMSER Erdem , ÇOPUR DOĞRUSÖZ Medine , BAŞARAN Uğur
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada, koca fiğ “KF” (Vicia narbonensis L.) ile İtalyan çimi (Lolium multiflorum L.) “İÇ” karışımlarının (% 100:0, 80:20, 60:40 ve 20:80) silaj kalitesinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Hasat edilen bitkiler 2 cm boyutunda parçalandıktan sonra plastik bidonlara doldurulmuş ve 45 gün süre ile 25±2 oC’de fermantasyona bırakılmıştır. Silaj örneklerinde; kuru madde pH, ham protein oranı, laktik asit, asetik asit, bütürik asit, potasyum (K), fosfor (P), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), ve demir (Fe) içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Silajların Flieg puanlamalarına göre yalın İtalyan çimi (93.91), % 60KF+20İÇ (94.69), % 40KF+60İÇ (87.87) ve % 20KF+80İÇ (94.51) işlemleri en yüksek değere sahip olmuş ve silaj kalitesi bakımından çok iyi sınıfta yer almıştır. En yüksek ham protein oranı ile yalın koca fiği (% 16.17) % 80KF+20İÇ (% 14.77) ve % 60KF+40İÇ (% 14.27) işlemlerinde belirlenmiştir. Silajlarda asetik asit değeri % 0.010-0.061 arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek laktik asit içeriği % 60KF+40İÇ (% 3.090) ve % 20KF+80İÇ (% 3.975) işlemlerinden elde edilmiştir. Silajların K, P, Ca, Mg ve Fe içerikleri sırasıyla, % 1.406-1.884, % 0.277-0.311, % 0.287-0.617, % 0.257-0.334 ve 45.53-123.87 ppm arasında değişmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kalite özellikleri göz önüne alındığında, koca fiğ ile İtalyan çiminin 60+40 karışımı diğer işlemlere oranla daha iyi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Physiological Parameters in Sugar Beet under Different Watering Regimes
Authors: CAKMAKCI Ramazan , KARAGÖZ Halit
Published: December 2020

Two experiments were conducted in order to investigate the of nine ACC deaminase-containing, IAA-producing, N2-fixing and/or P-solubilizing bacteria, on the growth, yield, chlorophyll, macro- and micro-nutrient content, and selected morpho-physiological parameters of sugar beet, under five watering regimes. The experiment was set up in two sets; and the first set was harvested after 65 days and the second set was done after 130 days. Inoculation with multi-traits bacteria stimulated overall plant growth, including sugar content, root and leaf yield and the leaf chlorophyll contents, and macro- and micro-nutrient uptake, which might partly contribute to the activation of the processes involved in the alleviation of the effect of water stress. According to the results, at the level of 75, 50 and 25% of WHC under water constraint, beet yield parameters BF4, BF6, Bio-organic and mineral fetilizer was found effective. As an average of the five water regimes, bacterial formulations increased dry storage root weight by 6.5-27.7% and 9.1-27.3% and dry leaf weight by 6.1-26.7% and 3.9-25.8% at the first and second trials, whereas, mineral fertilizers (NP) and bio-organic fertilizers increased dry storage root weight by 24.5% and 9.3-15.5% and 20.2 and 9.2-15.2%, and dry leaf weight by 23.5% and 11.7-23.2% and 22.2% and 3.3-21.9%, respectively, compared with control. Moreover, water stress in sugar beet plants was alleviated partially by the inoculation with bacterial strains. Our results provide strong evidence that the role of bacteria in the performance of sugar beet plants in stressful environment of soils not only the improved plant growth, yield, and macro- and micro-nutrient content, but also the alleviation of water deficit and waterlogging stress.
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Some Synthetic Indolium Chloride Derivatives
Authors: Akther Arifa , Haque Mohammad Rashedul , Rashid Mohammad A , Khan Md Wahab
Published: December 2020

A total of eight compounds including four starting materials and four indolium chloride derivatives were tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial and fungal strains. Among them, N-acetyl-2- acetylindoliumchloride (8) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 200 μg/disc, while the Nacetyl- 2-benzoylindoliumchloride (9) showed moderate activity at 400 μg/disc. At the same time, N-acetyl-2- anisoylindoliumchloride (10) and N-acetyl-2-tolylindoliumchloride (11) demonstrated weak antimicrobial activity.

Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(2): 133-137, 2020 (December)
Tunnustuksen vaikutus rangaistuksen määräämiseen
Authors: Myllymäki Elli
Published: December 2020

Artikkeli keskittyy määrittämään rikoslain 6 luvun 6 §:n 3 kohdan, pyrkimys edistää rikoksensa selvittämistä -lieventämisperusteen tarkoittaman käyttäytymisen ajoituksen merkitystä. Artikkelissa analysoidaan, voidaanko tunnustuksen ajoittamiselle asettaa ajallista takarajaa, eli toisin sanoen milloin tunnustus on viimeistään annettava, jotta sillä olisi vaikutusta rangaistusta lieventävänä perusteena. Vastauksen löytämiseksi tutkimuksen kohteena ovat myös ne taustasyyt, jotka ovat vaikuttaneet rikoslain 6 luvun 6 §:n 3 kohdan lieventämisperusteeksi säätämiseen. Artikkeli esittelee tutkimukseen perustuen tunnustuksen ajoituksen merkitystä systematisoivan uudenlaisen kategorisoinnin pohjautuen siihen, miten lieventämisperusteen taustasyitä on korkeimman oikeuden ratkaisukäytännössä arvioitu. Kategorisointi perustuu siihen, mitä tietoja viranomaisilla on ollut hallussa tapahtuneesta rikoksesta tai rikoksen tekijästä sillä hetkellä, kun tunnustus on tehty. Kategorisoinnissa soveltamistilanteet jaetaan kahteen yläkategoriaan: A) rikos tai tekijän yhteys rikokseen ei lainkaan viranomaisten tiedossa; ja B) rikos ja tekijän yhteys rikokseen pääosin viranomaisten tiedossa, jotka jaetaan edelleen kahteen alakategoriaan. Ajoituksen merkityksen määrittäminen on myös käytännön tilanteiden kannalta merkittävä rikosoikeudellinen kysymys.
Aplicação do six sigma no estudo de caso de uma mina de fosfato - Araxá-MG
Authors: Campos Lucas Redoan Cecílio , Alves Camila Nascimento
Published: December 2020

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a aplicabilidade da metodologia Six Sigma para otimizar as atividades de gerenciamento de operações em uma mina de fosfato no município de Araxá, Minas Gerais, e assim conseguir aprimorar o modelo de blocos. Para isto, foi utilizado o modelo DMAIC - Definir, Medir, Analisar, Aprimorar e Controlar. Inicialmente foi definido a problemática e, perspectiva da pesquisa da geologia de mina. E, nas etapas posteriores foram empregadas ferramentas de melhoria contínua, como: mapa de processos, gráfico de pareto, diagrama de causa e efeito incluindo os KPI’s - Indicadores-chave de Desempenho, matriz GUT - Gravidade, Urgência e Tendência e gráfico de controle, confeccionados utilizando o programa MiniTab. Os resultados apresentam a amostragem como indicador principal e desenvolve planos de ação de forma a complementar o trabalho base. Portanto, é possível entender a importância da metodologia Six Sigma aplicada na geologia de mina e sua representatividade na otimização das operações, com o uso de técnicas de melhoria contínua.
Diagnosis, management and 4-year follow-up of squamous cell carcinoma in the retromolar region from the LeBu-UEM extension project
Authors: Simon Maria Eloise de Sá , De Araujo Nathália Januário , Costa Monique Gonçalves da , França Vinícius Tadeu Batisussi , Pieralisi Neli , Silva Mariliani Chicarelli da , Faverani Leonardo Perez , Delanora Leonardo Alan
Published: December 2020

Malignant oral neoplasms have great relevance because they represent one of the main causes of death in the world. Squamous cell carcinoma is its most frequent form, but reports in the retromolar region are rare when compared to other oral sites. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the diagnosis and conduct in the case of a patient participating in the Oral Injury extension project (LeBu) at the State University of Maringá - PR/BR. Male patient, 67 years old, a heavy smoker for about 50 years, alcoholic, attended the university with an ulcer in the right lower retromolar region of brownish-white color, with approximately 3 to 4 mm, irregular shape, and rough surface. A biopsy was performed in the lesion region, collecting a fragment of approximately 2 mm, which was referred for histopathological examination, resulting in a diagnosis of moderately differentiated, invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was referred for medical oncological, surgical, and chemotherapy treatment, remaining under dental monitoring throughout the treatment and later with scheduled returns. After 4 years of follow-up, the patient is in good general physical condition, with no signs of recurrence, orally rehabilitated, even quitting the smoking habit. Thus, it is concluded that the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck neoplasms lacks a multidisciplinary view, being the dental surgeon of great importance both for the diagnosis of these injuries, as well as in the prevention and treatment of injuries that may arise from or after the treatment.
Formação de professores para a educação profissional técnica: desafios e perspectivas
Authors: Moreira Cesar dos Santos , Coelho Luciana Torres Bessa , Vieira Junior Niltom
Published: December 2020

Discutiu-se acerca da formação pedagógica inicial e continuada de professores não licenciados para a ação pedagógica na educação técnica e profissional, assim como a importância da escola como locus da formação continuada, aspecto essencial no desenvolvimento profissional do professor e da própria escola. A importância desse trabalho está na necessidade de compreensão dos referenciais - pessoais, acadêmicas e profissionais - que norteiam as práticas pedagógicas dos docentes. A da análise dos dados coletados com a aplicação de um questionário estruturado junto aos professores de um campus do IFMG, percebeu-se que a maioria dos docentes reconhecem a importância da formação pedagógica para a ação educativa em sala de aula. Porém, evidencia-se que a formação pedagógica ainda não é uma dimensão valorizada pelos professores não licenciados, considerando-se os dados acadêmicos constantes nos currículos Lattes e a baixa adesão desses docentes à formação em Docência ofertada pela Instituição, em atenção à Resolução CNE/CEB 6/2012. Compreende-se que a formação didático-pedagógica inicial e continuada é o caminho mais assertivo para enfrentamento dos desafios presentes no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, assim como para fortalecimento da prática pedagógica e para o desenvolvimento profissional do docente e da escola.
A ergonomia na indústria da cerâmica: Uma avaliação ergonômica em trabalhadores
Authors: Oliveira Mayara Tavares , Oliveira Alexandre Passos
Published: December 2020

O estudo do trabalho relacionado com o entorno, em que se leva em consideração o ambiente de trabalho e quem o realiza (os trabalhadores) é a base que fundamenta a ergonomia, utilizada para determinar como projetar ou adaptar o ambiente de trabalho ao trabalhador a fim de evitar problemas de saúde e aumentar a produtividade. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar se as condições estruturais de uma cerâmica, localizada no município de Campo do Brito, Sergipe, estavam de acordo com as leis regulamentares e princípios de ergonomia para realização das atividades dos funcionários. As avaliações foram realizadas com o preenchimento dos questionários: Bipolar/QPB e o Diagrama de Corpo. Foram realizados visitas e entrevistados 20 funcionários durante o horário de trabalho. A coleta dos dados permitiu o levantamento de alguns erros na execução das tarefas que podem levar ao desgaste físico desnecessário dos funcionários durante a realização de trabalhos repetitivos. Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo permitem auxiliar na elaboração de um programa de melhorias da eficiência e da prevenção de lesões no ambiente de trabalho.
Aplicação tecnológica de fécula de açafrão (Curcuma Longa L.) irradiada
Authors: Moura Bruna Araújo de , Santos Annanda Carvalho dos , Barros Samara Kelly Amaral , Arthur Valter , Souza Adriana Régia Marques de , Silveira Miriam Fontes Araújo
Published: December 2020

A indústria de alimentos tem procurado cada vez mais amidos nativos modificados de fontes alternativas para diferentes finalidades, sejam elas para a modificação de textura ou agregação de valor funcional ao alimento. A irradiação aplicada em amidos pode induzir poder emulsificantes, reduzir a retrogradação e melhorar a textura, dentre outras alterações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação tecnológica da fécula irradiada de açafrão (Curcuma longa L.) submetida a diferentes doses de radiação (0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10 kGy) em bolo de cenoura. As análises realizadas nos bolos foram: umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas, carboidratos, volume específico, cor instrumental da crosta e do miolo, perfil de textura, análises microbiológicas e análise sensorial de aceitação, intenção de compra e índice de aceitabilidade. O padrão de qualidade dos bolos apresentou-se em concordância com a legislação. As doses de radiação influenciaram nos teores de proteínas e cinza e na cor da crosta e do miolo dos bolos. O índice de aceitabilidade para os bolos foi superior a 80%, indicando que a substituição parcial do trigo pela fécula do açafrão irradiado se mostrou viável.
A vocação transformadora da educação popular em saúde
Authors: Assis Valdegil Daniel de , Sabino Raquel do Nascimento , Neves Vanusa Nascimento Sabino , Santos Stefany Thyene Albuquerque dos , Andrade Carlos Alberto de Carvalho , Rodrigues Janine Marta  Coelho
Published: December 2020

Propõe-se neste artigo um estudo teórico-reflexivo acerca da maneira como foi construído um pensamento social em saúde alicerçado nos princípios da educação popular. Buscou-se compreender como a difusão do saber da educação popular tem contribuído para a instrumentalização das camadas populares na luta por seu protagonismo na atenção à saúde. Para embasar a discussão, fundamentou-se principalmente nas obras de Brandão (2001, 2002), Cruz (2020) e Vasconcelos (2001). Metodologicamente, o estudo se insere no âmbito da pesquisa qualitativa e bibliográfica. Foram analisadas as diversas produções teóricas sobre a Educação Popular em Saúde implementadas no Brasil. Da análise, evidenciou-se que a educação popular exerceu um papel de relevo na construção de um pensamento social em saúde, repercutindo na valorização do conhecimento construído coletivamente.  A Educação Popular em Saúde, ao tomar como ponto de partida a valorização dos saberes prévios na construção compartilhada do conhecimento, propicia maior aproximação entre os integrantes dos movimentos populares, usuários e profissionais do sistema de saúde no propósito de alcançar melhores índices na atenção à saúde.
Psicologia além da sala de aula: o fazer ético e político do estágio em Psicologia Escolar e Educacional
Authors: Nunes Maria Adelaide dos Reis Maia , Queiroz Rafael Ayres de
Published: December 2020

O presente estudo relata a experiência de estágio básico em Psicologia Escolar, em que foram desenvolvidas ações por estudantes do curso de Psicologia do Centro Universitário Christus – UNICHRISTUS, considerando a emergência de ações direcionadas e supervisionadas no campo escolar. O estágio revela um momento de formação, direcionamento e fortalecimento da práxis em psicologia escolar. Afirma-se, neste artigo o comprometimento ético e político da psicologia escolar em seus mais diversos campos de atuação, que, no campo descrito, foi uma ONG.
Analise da fidelidade dos associados em uma cooperativa central do Rio Grande do Sul através do modelo sueco
Authors: Maffini Miguel , Wakulicz Gilmar Jorge , Alberti Ricardo
Published: December 2020

Esse estudo verificou a fidelidade dos associados a uma cooperativa no centro do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória na cooperativa, e da análise de sua concorrente direta, que no caso será denominada empresa, sob o olhar de quatro produtores da região, dois pequenos e dois grandes produtores rurais. Assim a pesquisa assumiu um cunho qualitativo utilizando o modelo norteador proposto por Johnson et al. (2001) e de Oliver (1999). As entrevistas foram realizadas utilizando-se de roteiros de perguntas semiestruturados, e resultaram em cinco blocos de perguntas referentes a expectativa dos clientes, desempenho percebido, satisfação do cliente, reclamação do cliente e fidelidade do cliente. Dentre os principais achados da pesquisa percebeu-se que os associados sempre pesquisam onde comprar e preferem comprar em locais mais próximos de sua residência. Ainda se observou que a cooperativa demonstra ter uma fidelidade oculta e a empresa uma fidelidade falsa. Ainda, tem-se, que ambas as organizações mostraram ter uma fidelidade situacional.
Concentration and detection of salmonid alphavirus in seawater during a post-smolt salmon (Salmo salar) cohabitant challenge
Authors: Bernhardt LV , Myrmel M , Lillehaug A , Qviller L , Chioma Weli S
Published: December 2020

Currently, the prevalence of salmonid alphavirus (SAV) in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farms is largely surveyed via sacrificing fish and sampling of organ tissue on a monthly basis. However, a more cost-efficient, straightforward, rapid, reliable, reproducible and animal welfare friendly method based on the detection of SAV in water could be considered as an alternative method. In the present study, such a method was developed and optimized through a 6 wk cohabitant challenge trial, using post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L challenged with high or low doses of SAV subtype 3 (SAV3). Tank water and tissue samples from cohabitant fish were collected at 16 time points. SAV3 was concentrated from the water by filtration, using either electronegative or electropositive membrane filters, which were subsequently rinsed with one of 4 different buffer solutions. SAV3 was detected first in tank water (7 d post-challenge, DPC), and later in cohabitant fish organ tissue samples (12 DPC). The electronegative filter (MF-Millipore™) and rinsing with NucliSENS® easyMAG® Lysis Buffer presented the best SAV3 recovery. A significant positive correlation was found between SAV3 in the tank water concentrates and the mid-kidney samples. Based on these results, detection of SAV3 in filtrated seawater is believed to have the potential to serve as an alternative method for surveillance of SAV in Atlantic salmon farms.
A review of HLA and COVID-19 association studies
Authors: Zunec Renata
Published: December 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), is reported to vary across different populations in the
prevalence of infection, in the death rate of patients, in the severity of
symptoms and in the drug response of patients. Among host genetic factors that
can influence all these attributes human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic system
stands out as one of the leading candidates. Case-control studies, large-scale
population-based studies, as well as experimental bioinformatics studies are of
utmost importance to confirm HLA susceptibility spectrum of COVID-19. This
review presents the results of the first case-control and epidemiological
studies performed in several populations, early after the pandemic breakout.
The results are pointing to several susceptible and protective HLA alleles and
haplotypes associations with COVID-19, some of which might be of interest for
the future studies in Croatia, due to its common presence in the population.
However, further multiple investigations from around the world, as numerous as
possible, are needed to confirm or deteriorate these preliminary results.
Length-Weight Relationship, Sex Ratio and Condition Factor of Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758) From the Sea of Marmara, Turkey
Authors: BAL Habib
Published: December 2020

In this study, some biological properties of Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758) were examined. In this context, relationship of length-weight, distribution of length-frequency, sex ratios and condition factors were examined. A total of 303 individuals were taken by random sampling from fishing vessels (beam trawl) in the Sea of Marmara. Minimum length and weight values of all sample individuals was found 10.0 cm and 6.6 g, maximum length 41.2 cm and 535 g was found. The average length was found 17.15±0.49 cm and the average weight was 47.03±7.57 g. Length-weight relationship for all samples as W=0.0044TL3.1777 regression coefficient r2=0.98 was determined. Growth type, positive allometric was determined for all samples and both sexes (b˃3; P˂0.05). The sex ratio (F:M) was calculated as 1:1.27. The mean values of condition factor (K) were calculated as 0.729±0.089, 0.733±0.091 and 0.737±0.081 for male, female and combined sex respectively. There are no significant differences between male and female (P˃0.05).
The Effects of Dairy Heifer Age at Training on Rate of Learning and Retention of Learning in a Virtual Fencing Feed Attractant Trial
Authors: Verdon Megan , Rawnsley Richard
Published: December 2020

A better understanding of factors that influence learning of cattle with respect to new virtual fencing technology is required to inform the development of best practice training protocols and guide the introduction of the technology to naïve dairy cattle. This experiment examined the effect of age on (1) the efficiency of associative pairing of audio and electrical stimuli in dairy heifers and (2) the retention of this associative pairing over a long period of time without use. Fifty-nine Holstein dairy heifers were used in feed attractant trials where audio cues and electrical stimuli were delivered through manually controlled training collars. Heifers were allocated to four treatments that differed in the age at which naïve animals underwent training; these were 6-months (“6M”; n = 15), 9-months (“9M”; n = 15), 12-months (“12M”; n = 15), or 22-months of age (“22M”; n = 14). Animals in the 6, 9, and 12M treatments underwent a second round of training at 22-months of age (i.e., at the same time as naïve 22M heifers). Heifers received an audio stimulus (2 s; 84 dB) when they breached a virtual fence after which a short electrical stimulus (0.5 s; 3 V, 120 mW) was administered if they continued to move forward. If the animal stopped moving forward no further stimuli were applied. There were no effects of age treatment on the total number of interactions with the virtual fence (P > 0.05). During initial training, 22M heifers received a lower proportion of electrical stimuli (i.e., responded to audio without requiring the electrical stimulus; P < 0.001) and more frequently stopped walking (P = 0.01) and turned back (P = 0.008) following administration of the audio cue compared to younger heifers. Previous training at an early age did not improve the responsiveness of heifers to virtual fencing when re-trained at 22-months of age (P > 0.05). We conclude that dairy heifers should be trained to virtual fencing technology close to calving age rather than earlier in their ontogeny and that stock be re-trained following an extended period without virtual fencing technology.
miR-429-3p/LPIN1 Axis Promotes Chicken Abdominal Fat Deposition via PPARγ Pathway
Authors: Chao Xiaohuan , Guo Lijin , Wang Qi , Huang Weiling , Liu Manqing , Luan Kang , Jiang Jinqi , Lin Shudai , Nie Qinghua , Luo Wen , Zhang Xiquan , Luo Qingbin
Published: December 2020

To explore the regulatory mechanism of abdominal fat deposition in broilers, 100-day-old Sanhuang chickens (n = 12) were divided into high-fat and low-fat groups, according to the abdominal fat ratio size. Total RNA isolated from the 12 abdominal fat tissues was used for miRNA and mRNA sequencing. Results of miRNA and mRNA sequencing revealed that miR-429-3p was highly expressed in high-fat chicken whereas LPIN1 expression was downregulated. Further, we determined that miR-429-3p promoted preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, whereas LPIN1 exerted an opposite effect. Notably, we found that the miR-429-3p/LPIN1 axis facilitated PPARγ pathway activation, which is closely associated with the progression of adipogenesis. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that a novel miR-429-3p/LPIN1 axis is involved in the regulation of adipogenesis, which may have a guiding role in the improvement of breeding for abdominal fat traits in broiler chickens.
Escherichia coli as a Multifaceted Pathogenic and Versatile Bacterium
Authors: Braz Vânia Santos , Melchior Karine , Moreira Cristiano Gallina
Published: December 2020

Genetic plasticity promotes evolution and a vast diversity in Escherichia coli varying from avirulent to highly pathogenic strains, including the emergence of virulent hybrid microorganism. This ability also contributes to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. These hybrid pathogenic E. coli (HyPEC) are emergent threats, such as O104:H4 from the European outbreak in 2011, aggregative adherent bacteria with the potent Shiga-toxin. Here, we briefly revisited the details of these E. coli classic and hybrid pathogens, the increase in antimicrobial resistance in the context of a genetically empowered multifaceted and versatile bug and the growing need to advance alternative therapies to fight these infections.
The Cumulative Amount of Exuded Citrate Controls Its Efficiency to Mobilize Soil Phosphorus
Authors: Schack-Kirchner Helmer , Loew Caroline A. , Lang Friederike
Published: December 2020

Root exudation of citrate is discussed as mechanism to mobilize P from the soils' solid phase. Microbial processes can mitigate the mobilization efficiency of citrate. Due to higher microbial activity in topsoils compared to subsoils, we hypothesized a lower mobilization efficiency of exuded citrate in topsoils than in the subsoils. As a model system we used microdialysis (MD) probes and we followed diffusive fluxes of citrate from the perfusate into the soil and of phosphate from the soil into the dialysate in three soil horizons (Oa, Ah, Bw) of a Fagus sylvatica L. stand Cambisol. Three different MD perfusates with a KCl background concentration have been used: control, 1, and 3 mmol L−1 citric acid. Fluxes have been measured after 24, 48, and 144 h. The high-citrate perfusate increased the cumulative 144 h P-influx by a factor of 8, 13, and 113 in the Oa, Ah, and Bw horizon, respectively. With the high-citrate treatment, P mobilization efficiency decreased over time, whereas for the low citrate, P mobilization efficiency had a maximum at day 2. Minimum P mobilization efficiency of citrate was 1:25,000 mol phosphate per mol citrate in the Oa horizon between days 2 and 6, and maximum was 1:286 in the Bw-horizon during day 2. An increasing citrate efflux over time indicated an increasing sink term for citrate in the soil due to microbial decay or immobilization processes. Cumulative phosphate influx could be fitted to cumulative citrate efflux and soil horizon in a logarithmic model explaining 87% of the variability. For the first time, we could follow the localized P-uptake with citrate exudation over several days. Cumulative citrate efflux as the main control of P-mobilization has been barely discussed yet, however, it could explain some gaps in the role of carboxylates in the rhizosphere. Batch experiments are not capable to elucidate microscale dynamic competition for phosphate and carboxylates. MD is a promising tool for spatially explicit investigation of phosphate–citrate exchange, since such detailed insights in are not possible with batch experiments. In combination with the analysis of microbial properties, this technique has a huge potential to identify mobilization processes in soils as induced by citrate.
Causal Evaluation of Laboratory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes on Cancer and Vascular Diseases Using Various Mendelian Randomization Tools
Authors: Jin Heejin , Lee Sanghun , Won Sungho
Published: December 2020

Multiple studies have demonstrated the effects of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on various human diseases; however, most of these were observational epidemiological studies that suffered from many potential biases including reported confounding and reverse causations. In this article, we investigated whether cancer and vascular disease can be affected by T2D-related traits, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h postprandial glucose (2h-PG), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, by using Mendelian randomization (MR). The summary statistics for FPG, 2h-PG, and HbA1c level were obtained through meta-analyses of large-scale genome-wide association studies that included data from 133,010 nondiabetic individuals from collaborating Meta-analysis of Glucose and Insulin Related Traits Consortium studies. Thereafter, based on the statistical assumptions for MR analyses, the most reliable approaches including inverse-variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, MR-Egger with a simulation extrapolation (SIMEX), weighted median, and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) methods were applied to identify traits affected by FPG, 2h-PG, and HbAlc. We found that coronary artery disease is affected by FPG, as per the IVW [log odds ratio (logOR): 0.21; P = 0.012], MR-Egger (SIMEX) (logOR: 0.22; P = 0.014), MR-PRESSO (logOR: 0.18; P = 0.045), and weighted median (logOR: 0.29; P < 0.001) methods but not as per the MR-Egger (logOR: 0.13; P = 0.426) approach. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are affected by HbA1c, as per the IVW [beta (B): 0.23; P = 0.015), MR-Egger (B: 0.45; P = 0.046), MR-Egger (SIMEX) (B: 0.27; P = 0.007), MR-PRESSO (B; 0.14; P = 0.010), and the weighted median (B: 0.15; P = 0.012] methods. Further studies of the associated biological mechanisms are required to validate and understand the disease-specific differences identified in the TD2-related causal effects of each trait.
Genome-Wide Identification and Capsaicinoid Biosynthesis-Related Expression Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Gene Family in Capsicum annuum L.
Authors: Wang Jin , Liu Yi , Tang Bingqian , Dai Xiongze , Xie Lingling , Liu Feng , Zou Xuexiao
Published: December 2020

Capsaicinoids are naturally specialized metabolites in pepper and are the main reason that Capsicum fruits have a pungent smell. During the synthesis of capsaicin, MYB transcription factors play key regulatory roles. In particular, R2R3-MYB subfamily genes are the most important members of the MYB family and are critical candidate factors in capsaicinoid biosynthesis. The 108 R2R3-MYB genes in pepper were identified in this study and all are shown to have two highly conserved MYB binding domains. Phylogenetic and structural analyses clustered CaR2R3-MYB genes into seven groups. Interspecies collinearity analysis found that the R2R3-MYB family contains 16 duplicated gene pairs and the highest gene density is on chromosome 00 and 03. The expression levels of CaR2R3-MYB differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and capsaicinoid-biosynthetic genes (CBGs) in fruit development stages were obtained via RNA-seq and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Co-expression analyses reveal that highly expressed CaR2R3-MYB genes are co-expressed with CBGs during early stages of pericarp and placenta development processes. It is speculated that six candidate CaR2R3-MYB genes are involved in regulating the synthesis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. This study is the first systematic analysis of the CaR2R3-MYB gene family and provided references for studying their molecular functions. At the same time, these results also laid the foundation for further research on the capsaicin characteristics of CaR2R3-MYB genes in pepper.
Seasonal and Spatial Variability in the Biogenic Production and Consumption of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Marine Plankton in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Davie-Martin Cleo L. , Giovannoni Stephen J. , Behrenfeld Michael J. , Penta William B. , Halsey Kimberly H.
Published: December 2020

Marine-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) influence global carbon cycling, atmospheric reactions, and climate. Yet, the biogenic production (sources) and consumption (sink) rates of marine VOCs are not well-constrained and are currently excluded from global chemical transport models. We directly measured the net biogenic production rates of seven VOCs (acetaldehyde, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfide, isoprene, methanethiol, and methanol) in surface seawater during four field campaigns in the North Atlantic Ocean that targeted different stages of the phytoplankton annual cycle. All of the VOCs exhibited strong seasonal trends, with generally positive rates during May (peak spring bloom) and lower, sometimes negative rates (net consumption), during November and/or March (the winter bloom minimum transition). Strong latitudinal gradients were identified for most VOCs during May and September, with greater production observed in the northern regions compared to the southern regions. These gradients reflect the interplay between high phytoplankton and bacterial productivity. During the bloom transition stages (March and September), acetaldehyde and acetone exhibited net production rates that bracketed zero, suggesting that biogenic production was either very low or indicative of a tightly coupled system with more complex underlying microbial VOC cycling. Our data provides the first direct evidence for widespread biogenic acetonitrile production and consumption in the surface ocean and the first net biogenic production rates for methanethiol in natural seawater.
Mechanics of Crater-Enabled Soft Dry Adhesives: A Review
Authors: Wang Liu , Ha Kyoung-Ho , Rodin Gregory J. , Liechti Kenneth M. , Lu Nanshu
Published: December 2020

Dry adhesion is governed by physical rather than chemical interactions. Those may include van der Waals and electrostatic forces, friction, and suction. Soft dry adhesives, which can be repeatedly attached to and detached from surfaces, can be useful for many exciting applications including reversible tapes, robotic footpads and grippers, and bio-integrated electronics. So far, the most studied Soft dry adhesives are gecko-inspired micro-pillar arrays, but they suffer from limited reusability and weak adhesion underwater. Recently cratered surfaces emerged as an alternative to micro-pillar arrays, as they exhibit many advantageous properties, such as tunable pressure-sensitive adhesion, high underwater adhesive strength, and good reusability. This review summarizes recent work of the authors on mechanical characterization of cratered surfaces, which combines experimental, modeling, and computational components. Using fundamental relationships describing air or liquid inside the crater, we examine the effects of material properties, crater shapes, air vs. liquid ambient environments, and surface patterns. We also identify some unresolved issues and limitations of the current approach, and provide an outlook for future research directions.
Current Concepts of Biliary Atresia and Matrix Metalloproteinase-7: A Review of Literature
Authors: Nomden Mark , Beljaars Leonie , Verkade Henkjan J. , Hulscher Jan B. F. , Olinga Peter
Published: December 2020

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare cholangiopathy of infancy in which the bile ducts obliterate, leading to profound cholestasis and liver fibrosis. BA is hypothesized to be caused by a viral insult that leads to over-activation of the immune system. Patients with BA are surgically treated with a Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE), which aims to restore bile flow from the liver to the intestines. After KPE, progressive liver fibrosis is often observed in BA patients, even despite surgical success and clearance of their jaundice. The innate immune response is involved during the initial damage to the cholangiocytes and further differentiation of the adaptive immune response into a T-helper 1 cell (Th1) response. Multiple studies have shown that there is continuing elevation of involved cytokines that can lead to the progressive liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which the progressive injury occurs is not fully elucidated. Recently, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been investigated to be used as a biomarker to diagnose BA. MMPs are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, but also have non-ECM related functions. The role of MMP-7 and other MMPs in liver fibrosis is just starting to be elucidated. Multiple studies have shown that serum MMP-7 measurements are able to accurately diagnose BA in a cohort of cholestatic patients while hepatic MMP-7 expression correlated with BA-related liver fibrosis. While the mechanism by which MMP-7 can be involved in the pathophysiology of BA is unclear, MMP-7 has been investigated in other fibrotic pathologies such as renal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. MMP-7 is involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, reducing cell-to-cell contact by shedding of E-cadherin, amplifying inflammation and fibrosis via osteopontin (OPN) and TNF-α while it also appears to play a role in induction of angiogenesis This review aims to describe the current understandings of the pathophysiology of BA. Subsequently, we describe how MMP-7 is involved in other pathologies, such as renal and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we propose how MMP-7 can potentially be involved in BA. By doing this, we aim to describe the putative role of MMP-7 as a prognostic biomarker in BA and to provide possible new therapeutic and research targets that can be investigated in the future.
Revisiting Plant–Microbe Interactions and Microbial Consortia Application for Enhancing Sustainable Agriculture: A Review
Authors: Vishwakarma Kanchan , Kumar Nitin , Shandilya Chitrakshi , Mohapatra Swati , Bhayana Sahil , Varma Ajit
Published: December 2020

The present scenario of agricultural sector is dependent hugely on the use of chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides that impact the nutritional quality, health status, and productivity of the crops. Moreover, continuous release of these chemical inputs causes toxic compounds such as metals to accumulate in the soil and move to the plants with prolonged exposure, which ultimately impact the human health. Hence, it becomes necessary to bring out the alternatives to chemical pesticides/fertilizers for improvement of agricultural outputs. The rhizosphere of plant is an important niche with abundant microorganisms residing in it. They possess the properties of plant growth promotion, disease suppression, removal of toxic compounds, and assimilating nutrients to plants. Utilizing such beneficial microbes for crop productivity presents an efficient way to modulate the crop yield and productivity by maintaining healthy status and quality of the plants through bioformulations. To understand these microbial formulation compositions, it becomes essential to understand the processes going on in the rhizosphere as well as their concrete identification for better utilization of the microbial diversity such as plant growth–promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Hence, with this background, the present review article highlights the plant microbiome aboveground and belowground, importance of microbial inoculants in various plant species, and their subsequent interactive mechanisms for sustainable agriculture.
Bio-Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes by a Halophilic Bacterium Salinivibrio sp.
Authors: John Jojy , Dineshram Ramadoss , Hemalatha Kaveripakam Raman , Dhassiah Magesh Peter , Gopal Dharani , Kumar Amit
Published: December 2020

Synthetic dyes, extensively used in various industries, act as pollutants in the aquatic environment, and pose a significant threat to living beings. In the present study, we assessed the potential of a halophilic bacterium Salinivibrio kushneri HTSP isolated from a saltpan for decolorization and bioremediation of synthetic dyes. The genomic assessment of this strain revealed the presence of genes encoding the enzymes involved in decolorization mechanisms including FMN-dependent NADH azoreductase Clade III, which cleave the azo bond of the dye, and the enzymes involved in deamination and isomerization of intermediate compounds. The dye decolorization assay was performed using this bacterial strain on three water-soluble dyes in different concentrations: Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) G-250 (500–3,000 mg/L), Safranin, and Congo red (50–800 mg/L). Within 48 h, more than 80% of decolorization was observed in all tested concentrations of CBB G-250 and Congo red dyes. The rate of decolorization was the highest for Congo red followed by CBB G-250 and then Safranin. Using UV-Visible spectrometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, peaks were observed in the colored and decolorized solutions. The results indicated a breakdown of dyes upon decolorization, as some peaks were shifted and lost for different vibrations of aromatic rings, aliphatic groups (–CH2, –CH3) and functional groups (–NH, –SO3H, and –SO3−) in decolorized solutions. This study has shown the potential of S. kushneri HTSP to decolorize dyes in higher concentrations at a faster pace than previously reported bacterial strains. Thus, we propose that our isolated strain can be utilized as a potential dye decolorizer and biodegradative for wastewater treatment.
The Composition and Concordance of Lactobacillus Populations of Infant Gut and the Corresponding Breast-Milk and Maternal Gut
Authors: Zhang Xuyao , Mushajiang Saiyidan , Luo Baolong , Tian Fengwei , Ni Yongqing , Yan Wenli
Published: December 2020

The maternal gut is the principal source of commensal bacteria in the infant gut during the lactation stage, where breast milk acts as an intermediary for the transfer of potential probiotic bacteria consortia, including Lactobacillus. This study aimed to characterize the bacterial communities in human milk, maternal, and infant feces in a small yet very homogeneous cohort of 25 healthy mother–infant pairs in northwestern China (n = 25, infant age from 7 days to 2 years), with special emphasis on the cooccurrence and vertical transfer of Lactobacillus phylotypes at the species or strain level in mother-breast milk-infant triads. Accurate sequencing analysis revealed that among 73 Lactobacillus zero-radius operational classification units (ZOTUs) identified, 58 belonging to 18 recognized species or species groups were distributed in all three types of samples. Lactobacillus ruminis, L. mucosae and L. gasseri-johnsonii as true residents were the most represented in all three ecosystems, whereas the content of Lactobacillus phylotypes commonly developed as probiotics was not dominant. While the numbers of Lactobacillus species in breast milk and infant feces were greater than that in maternal feces, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on beta diversity, coupled with the frequency of isolates determined by culture methods, showed that the Lactobacillus community in the infant gut was more similar to that in the maternal gut than to that in breast milk, suggesting that the gut is niche selective for Lactobacillus populations. In addition, identical strains of L. ruminis, L. paracasei, L. mucosae and L. salivarius were isolated from multiple mother–infant pairs, supporting the hypothesis that vertical transfer of bacteria via breastfeeding contributes to the initial establishment of the microbiota in the developing infant intestine.
A Mixed Infection of Helenium Virus S With Two Distinct Isolates of Butterbur Mosaic Virus, One of Which Has a Major Deletion in an Essential Gene
Authors: Hammond John , Reinsel Michael , Grinstead Samuel , Lockhart Ben , Jordan Ramon , Mollov Dimitre
Published: December 2020

Multiple carlaviruses infect various ornamental plants, often having limited host ranges and causing minor symptoms, yet often reducing yield or quality. In this study we have identified a mixed infection of butterbur mosaic virus (ButMV) and helenium virus S (HelVS) from a plant of veronica (Veronica sp.) showing foliar mosaic and distortion. Carlavirus-like particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and RNA from partially purified virions was amplified by random RT-PCR, yielding clones of 439–1,385 bp. Two partially overlapping clones including coat protein (CP) sequence, and two of four partial replicase clones, were closely related to ButMV-J (AB517596), previously reported only from butterbur (Petasites japonicus) in Japan. Two other partial replicase clones showed lower identity to multiple carlaviruses. Generic primers which amplify the 3′-terminal region of multiple carlaviruses yielded clones of three distinct sequences: (1) with 98% nt identity to HelVS; (2) ButMV-A, showing 82% nt identity to ButMV-J; and (3) ButMV-B, with 78% nt identity to each of ButMV-J and ButMV-A. Further amplification of upstream fragments revealed that ButMV-B had an internal deletion in TGB1, confirmed using isolate-specific primers. Near-complete genomes of both ButMV-A and ButMV-B were obtained from next-generation sequencing (NGS), confirming the deletion within ButMV-B, which is presumably maintained through complementation by ButMV-A. HelVS was previously reported only from Helenium hybrids and Impatiens holstii. A near-complete HelVS genome was obtained for the first time by NGS from the same sample. Additional Veronica hybrids infected with HelVS were identified by TEM and RT-PCR, including cv. ‘Sunny Border Blue’ which was also subjected to NGS. This resulted in assembly of an 8,615 nt near-complete HelVS genome, with high identity to that from the mixed infection. The predicted CP sequence has 96% amino acid (aa) identity to HelVS from helenium (Q00556). Other ORFs show a maximum of 54% (TGB3) to 68% (NABP) aa identity to the equivalent ORFs of other carlaviruses. These results demonstrate for the first time maintenance by complementation of a carlavirus isolate with a major deletion in an essential gene, and confirm that HelVS is a distinct species in the genus Carlavirus.
Regulatory Roles of Bone in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Yu Zhengran , Ling Zemin , Lu Lin , Zhao Jin , Chen Xiang , Xu Pingyi , Zou Xuenong
Published: December 2020

Osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases are two kinds of common disorders of the elderly, which often co-occur. Previous studies have shown the skeletal and central nervous systems are closely related to pathophysiology. As the main structural scaffold of the body, the bone is also a reservoir for stem cells, a primary lymphoid organ, and an important endocrine organ. It can interact with the brain through various bone-derived cells, mostly the mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The bone marrow is also a place for generating immune cells, which could greatly influence brain functions. Finally, the proteins secreted by bones (osteokines) also play important roles in the growth and function of the brain. This article reviews the latest research studying the impact of bone-derived cells, bone-controlled immune system, and bone-secreted proteins on the brain, and evaluates how these factors are implicated in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.