bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in the chemical, physical, and organoleptic properties of soybean oil hydrogenated under widely varying conditions
Authors: Sims Rex J.
Published: May 2007

No correlation was found between the flavor stability of partially hydrogenated soybean oil and its oxidative stability or its content of polyunsaturated glycerides. Fats having unusually high melting and softening points with considerable spread between melting and softening points were obtained by high pressure hydrogenation. At moderate pressures chemical selectivity was found to vary directly with catalyst concentration and inversely with agitator speed, as reported by previous workers. However at high pressures the effect of these variables was reversed. That is, selectivity then varied directly with the amount of agitation and inversely with the catalyst concentration.
Advances in bar soap technology
Authors: Jungermann E.
Published: May 2007

This paper reviews recent trends in bar soap technology. Toilet soap markets are highly competitive and the supporting technology is changing rapidly. New equipment and processing techniques have been developed, such as high caustic‐high solids saponification, high speed finishing equipment, and more efficient dryers with better pollution controls. Multicolored, marbleized soaps have become important in the marketplace and new plodder designs have been developed for their manufacture. A large number of new ingredients for use in soap‐synthetic combination bars have been reported. Also, the antimicrobial/deodorant soap segment, representing over 50% of U.S. market, has undergone considerable shifts due to governmental actions which has resulted in restrictions on hexachlorophene. Future regulatory actions on other antimicrobial agents are probable.
Density‐composition‐temperature data for rice bran oil‐commercial hexane miscellas
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Durr Rene L. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

Complete density‐composition‐temperature data have been obtained for binary systems of a refined rice bran oil with a commercial hexane. They have been presented in the form of a table which gives the specific gravities at 5% intervals of concentration and at 10 Fahrenheit‐degree intervals of temperature and can readily be converted to other density units. These data can be used to determine the specific gravity, knowing the composition and the temperature, or, conversely, the composition, knowing the specific gravity and temperature, and should be useful in commercial processing and control. For high accuracy a small correction must be applied for random refined and crude rice bran oils and for different commercial hexanes.
Studies of waxes. VI. The n‐acids of carnauba wax
Authors: Murray K. E. , Schoenfeld R.
Published: May 2007

The proportion of normal acids among the acids of carnauba wax has been found, by a chromatographic separation method, to be 38%. The normal acid mixture has been separated into its components by amplified distillation of the methyl esters, which revealed the presence of the acids of even carbon number from C18 to C30. The acids were identified by their melting points, long crystal spacings, and crystal habit. An estimate of their relative amounts is as follows: C18, 3%; C20, 11.5%; C22, 9%; C24, 30%; C26, 12%; C28, 16.5%; C30, 7%.
The detoxication of tung meal
Authors: Lee Jordan G. , Watson James A.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Commercial press‐cakes and petroleum ether‐extracted tung meals are toxic.

The toxicity of press‐cake decreases markedly in common storage. The toxicity of oil‐free meals does not decrease under such storage.

Many lipid solvents remove toxic material from tung products but cannot be used alone to produce a non‐toxic meal.

Heat alone cannot detoxify tung meal or cake.

Moistening increases the effectiveness of the heat treatment.

Tung cake and meal may be detoxified by combining the moist heat treatment with solvent extraction.

Two toxic materials are present in tung nuts.

The biological value of tung protein is low insofar as the chick is concerned.

It seems improbable that the value of the detoxified meal as a feedstuff would justify the expense of detoxication.
Determination of composition of vinyl copolymers by infrared
Authors: Glass Curtis A. , Melvin Eugene H.
Published: May 2007

Copolymers of soybean vinyl ether with each of six low alkyl vinyl ethers have been investigated in the infrared. The ether band in the 1100 cm−1 region has been found useful in determining the composition of copolymers. The composition of copolymers has been determined at a fixed frequency of 1100 cm.−1 and at the absorption maximum in the region of 1100 cm.−1. Determination may be accomplished with equal success at the absorption maximum in this region if the material being incorporated absorbs at a frequency not too far removed from 1100 cm.−1. This would be the preferred method if using a recording instrument.
n‐deca‐2,4‐dienal, its origin from linoleate and flavor significance in fats
Authors: Patton Stuart , Barnes Isabel J. , Evans Laura E.
Published: May 2007

n‐Deca‐2,4‐dienal was identified as a major component of the carbonyl compounds in deodorization distillates from cottonseed oil, soybean oil, beef tallow, and lard. This compound also was demonstrated as a principal carbonyl component in the heat decomposition of methyl linoleate in the presence of moisture. n‐Hept‐2‐enal and C10 and C9 2‐enals also were detected in the latter system. The flavor threshold of decadienal in water was found to be approximately 0.5 parts per billion. Flavor and odor qualities of the dienal perhaps are described best by the term “deepfried.” The compound's significance in fried and baked foods and its performance in the Kreis and 2‐thiobarbituric acid tests for fat oxidation are discussed.
The occurrence of higher fatty acids in corn pollen
Authors: Barr C. R. , Ball C. D. , Sell H. M.
Published: May 2007

The methyl esters of the fatty acids of corn pollen were prepared and fractionated through a Stedman column. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were identified by the melting points of thep‐bromophenacyl esters of the saturated acids and the hydroxy and bromine addition compounds of the unsaturated acids.
Search for new industrial oils. I. Selected oils from 24 plant families
Authors: Earle F. R. , Melvin E. H. , Mason L. H. , van Etten C. H. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Q.
Published: May 2007

The group of analyses used in this preliminary screening of oils has proved capable of indicating many seed species that contain oils of unusual or unknown composition. Some of the oils are characterized sufficiently to suggest probable commercial uses; others give no evidence of properties that would lead to their use while present commercial oils are in adequate supply. Still other oils are shown to have unknown composition, which must be determined before their potential value can be judged. The study as yet contains too few species to generalize about the relationship between botanical classification and oil composition. It does however provide numerous leads in the search for oils of industrial value.
Factors in the decolorizing of tallow. II. Oxidation
Authors: Rich A. D. , Greentree Alexander
Published: May 2007

Data have been presented to illustrate the effect of oxidation in the decolorizing of tallow. In most cases the effect was detrimental to the color of the decolorized fat. However, in the case of a Prime Tallow, oxidation proved beneficial from the standpoint of obtaining a lower color.
Influence of feeding fractionated esters of autoxidized lard and cottonseed oil on growth, thirst, organ weights, and liver lipids of rats
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz C. A. , Johnson R. E. , Knight H. B. , Koos R. E. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

Lard and cottonseed oil which had been autoxidized at about 100°C. for 210 hrs. were fractionated by a technique involving molecular distillation, conversion to ethyl esters, urea‐complex formation, and redistillation. The ethyl esters were then fed to rats for three weeks at a level of 8% in a purified diet. Growth, water intake, organ weights, total liver lipids, and serum and liver cholesterol levels were determined. Groups fed 8% lard served as controls.

Growth was severely depressed by the residue fractions of the urea‐complex‐ and noncomplex‐forming portions of the original molecular distillates. Of the three fractions from the original molecular distillation residues, the dimeric and polymeric fractions were the most active. The relative liver and kidney weights were usually increased by feeding the growth‐depressing fractions. However there were a number of exceptions indicating more specific effects from some of the fractions. Water intakes were lower with the fractions derived from the original molecular distillates than with those from the original molecular distillation residues. Testicular fat body weights suggested that feeding of autoxidized CSO fractions led to less neutral fat deposition than feeding of corresponding autoxidized lard fractions. Dry weight of the enlarged livers was higher, and the total lipid lower than of the control livers. Total liver cholesterol was higher in animals with smaller livers, but there was no difference in the cholesterol content of the total liver lipids. Serum cholesterol levels were lower in animals with large livers.

Further study of those fractions having pharmacological properties is suggested.
Acid‐catalyzed addition of phenols and phenyl ethers to oleic acid
Authors: Roe Edward T. , Parker Winfred E. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

Phenols and phenyl ethers have been added to oleic acid, using both sulfuric acid and a strong acid cation exchange resin as condensing agents. By‐product formation during the condensations resulted in low yields and products which were difficult to purify. Infrared spectra were used to identify the various products and to show that ring isomers form. Infrared spectra also assisted in identifying by‐products and permitted differentiation between the two strong acid condensing agents.
New fat products: Glyceride esters of adipic acid
Authors: Ward Truman L. , Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

Six new glyceride esters of adipic acid were prepared, and their properties were determined. By the
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: A Heterogeneous Disease with Variable Clinical Presentation
Authors: Baslaim Muna M. , Khayat Hind A. , Al‐Amoudi Shefaa A.
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare benign inflammatory breast disease that presents with variable local manifestations. We describe here the different management protocols based on the clinical presentation of these patients.

Methods

A retrospective review of 20 histopathologic confirmed cases of IGM seen over a period of 10 years was performed.

Results

The median age was 34 years (age range: 21–45 years). All were married, parous with history of breast feeding. Ill‐defined mass mimicking carcinoma was the commonest presentation (70%); however, with the presence of signs of inflammation like pain (55%), redness (40%), and peau d’orange (40%), an inflammatory process appeared more likely. Axillary lymph node enlargement was infrequently seen (40%). Radiologic findings (mammography and ultrasound) were nonspecific. Histopathology showed the characteristic lobular distribution of granulomatous inflammation in all cases. Surgically, 7 patients had abscess drainage with open biopsy, and 7 patients had lumpectomy. Six patients with diffuse breast involvement were diagnosed by core needle biopsy only. Microbial cultures showed no growth. Antibiotics were given empirically when signs of inflammation where present. Two patients needed further abscess drainage followed by persistent sinus excision 3–6 weeks later. The median follow‐up was 24 months (range: 15–42 months). Seventeen patients (85%) were recurrence‐free, and 3 patients (15%) were lost to follow‐up.

Conclusions

Management of IGM cases needs to be tailored according to the clinical presentation. Precise radiologic and pathologic data interpretation by a multidisciplinary breast team will facilitate diagnosis and minimize unnecessary intervention.
PAI‐1 deficiency reduces liver fibrosis after bile duct ligation in mice through activation of tPA
Authors: Wang Hongtao , Zhang Yan , Heuckeroth Robert O.
Published: May 2007

Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) increases injury in several liver, lung and kidney disease models. The objective of this investigation was to assess the effect of PAI‐1 deficiency on cholestatic liver fibrosis and determine PAI‐1 influenced fibrogenic mechanisms. We found that PAI‐1
−/− mice had less fibrosis than wild type (WT) mice after bile duct ligation. This change correlated with increased tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity, and increased matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), but not MMP‐2 activity. Furthermore, there was increased activation of the tPA substrate hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a known anti‐fibrogenic protein. In contrast, there was no difference in hepatic urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) or plasmin activities between PAI‐1
−/− and WT mice. There was also no difference in the level of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1), stellate cell activation or collagen production between WT and PAI‐1
−/− animals. In conclusion, PAI‐1 deficiency reduces hepatic fibrosis after bile duct obstruction mainly through the activation of tPA and HGF.
Tight junction modulation and biochemical characterisation of the zonula occludens toxin C‐and N‐termini
Authors: Schmidt E. , Kelly S.M. , van der Walle C.F.
Published: May 2007

The ZOT N‐terminal domain was expressed and refolded, yielding a soluble protein with defined secondary structure. Although distantly related to protein I of filamentous phages, no evidence of ATPase activity was found. It is therefore unlikely that the ZOT N‐terminal domain is involved in cholera toxin phage packaging in Vibrio cholerae. The ZOT C‐terminal domain caused delocalisation of occludin and ZO‐1 from Caco‐2 cell–cell contacts, irrespective of disulfide bridge formation in its putative binding domain. However, the C‐terminal domain did not cause actin reorganisation and this may explain the absence of a concomitant reduction in the transepithelial electrical resistance across cell monolayers.
Reoxygenation following hypoxia activates DNA‐damage checkpoint signaling pathways that suppress cell‐cycle progression in cultured human lymphocytes
Authors: Kim Byeong-Mo , Choi Jun Yeol , Kim Yang-Jee , Woo Hae-Dong , Chung Hai Won
Published: May 2007

Cellular responses to DNA damage after hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) were examined in human lymphocytes. Cultured lymphocytes exposed to H/R showed a lower cytokinesis block proliferation index and a higher frequency of micronuclei in comparison to control cells. Western blots showed that H/R exposure induced p53 expression; however, p21 and Bax expression did not increase, indicating that H/R did not affect p53 transactivational activity. Phosphorylation of p53 (Ser15), Chk1 (Ser345), and Chk2 (Thr68) was also observed, suggesting that H/R activates p53 through checkpoint signals. In addition, H/R exposure caused the phosphorylation and negative regulation of Cdc2 and Cdc25C, proteins that are involved in cell‐cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint. The S‐phase checkpoint, regulated by the ATM‐p95/NBS1–SMC1 pathway, was also triggered in H/R‐exposed lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that H/R exposure triggers checkpoint signaling and induces cell‐cycle arrest in cultured human lymphocytes.
Contributions of Zn(II)‐binding to the structural stability of endostatin
Authors: Han Qing , Fu Yan , Zhou Hao , He Yingbo , Luo Yongzhang
Published: May 2007

Endostatin has a compact structure with a Zn(II)‐binding site (His1, His3, His11, and Asp76) at the N‐terminus. In this study, the effects of Zn(II)‐binding on the folding and stability of recombinant human endostatin were studied. The results show that Zn(II)‐binding largely stabilizes the structure of endostatin at physiological pH. Under some proteolytic conditions, Zn(II)‐binding also contributes to the integrity of the N‐terminus of endostatin, which is critical for endostatin to maintain a stable structure. Moreover, engineering an extra Zn(II)‐binding peptide to the N‐terminus of human endostatin makes this molecule more stable and cooperative in the presence of Zn(II).
Dugin, Eurasianism, and Central Asia
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry
Published: May 2007

Eurasianism as a concept emerged among Russian émigrés in the 1920s, with the premise that Russia is a unique ethnic blend, primarily of Slavic and Turkic peoples. Its geopolitical implications for Russia include gravitation toward mostly Turkic Central Asia. Alexander Dugin, one of its best-known proponents, believes that the demise of the Soviet Union was simply a tragic incident. The people of the former USSR should again be united in a grand Eurasian empire, with Russia a benign and generous patron, providing its “younger brothers” clients economic largesse and defense, mostly against the predatory USA. The “orange revolutions” and the rise of Russian nationalism, for whose proponents a restored imperial presence is rather marginal, indicate that Eurasianism—along with the dream of the resurrection of the USSR—is becoming less viable.
CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES OF INTENSIVE CARE FOR NURSE SPECIALISTS
Authors: REESER FRANCES E.
Published: May 2007

Meltzer Lawrence MD, Faye G. Abdellah RN, EdD, LLD, J Kitchell, CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES OF INTENSIVE CARE FOR NURSE SPECIALISTS, 1969, The Charles Press Publisher, Inc., Roderick, MD, Philadelphia, 469, $9.50.
THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN NURSING
Authors: MILLER JOAN
Published: May 2007

Bullough, Bullough, THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN NURSING, ed 2, 1969, Macmillan, Toronto, Ontario
MICROLARYNGOSCOPY AND ENDOLARYNGEAL MICROSURGERY
Authors: EDWARDS BARBA J.
Published: May 2007

O. Kleinsasser MD, F.K. Schattauer‐Verlag, MICROLARYNGOSCOPY AND ENDOLARYNGEAL MICROSURGERY, 1968, GmbH, Germany, Stuttgart, 130, $12.50.
Weathering of a Basalt by Pertusaria Corallina
Authors: Jones D. , Wilson M. J. , Tait J. M.
Published: May 2007

The weathering phenomena resulting from the encrustation of basalt by Pertusaria corallina have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and a variety of other techniques. The rock consists largely of plagioclase felspar (labradorite) and ferromagnesian minerals, the latter often being replaced by hydrothermally formed ferruginous clay minerals. Lichen weathering results in the extensive etching of the primary rock-forming minerals, particularly labradorite, and in the degradation of the clay minerals to yield a thin ochreous crust of poorly-ordered ferruginous (ferrihydrite) and alumino-silicate materials. These changes are brought about principally by the oxalic acid secreted by the mycobiont, a conclusion supported by observations following experimental mineral alteration.
Studies on the Genus Speerschneidera
Authors: Hafellner J. , Egan R. S.
Published: May 2007

Both light and scanning electron microscopy have been used to investigate the morphology and development of Speerschneidera euploca (Tuck.) Trevisan. This monotypic genus produces lecanoralean apothecia and Lecanora-type asci; the latter negates the assumed relationship to Teloschistes and the Teloschistaceae. The information on morphology, ecology, development and chemistry indicate that the genus is appropriately placed in the Lecanoraceae close to Lecania. S. euploca is found on calcareous outcrops from Missouri southwest to Texas and Mexico. It produces only a brown pigment concentrated in the tips of the paraphyses.
Lichenothelia, A New Genus for the Microthelia Aterrima Group
Authors: Hawksworth D. L.
Published: May 2007

The new generic name Lichenothelia nom. nov. is introduced for the Microthelia aterrima group which proves to be unrelated to the corticolous mainly nonlichenized fungi generally referred to Microthelia. Two species are accepted, Lichenothelia metzleri (Lahm) comb. nov. and L. scopularia (Nyl.) comb. nov. [syn. M. aterrima (Krempelh. ex Anzi) Zahlbr.], distinguished by the ascospore size and septation, iodine reaction of the hymenial gelatin and ascus walls, and further the shape of the asci and extent of the development of the interascal filaments. The systematic position of the genus is unclear as the ascus structure shows affinities with both the Lecanorales and Dothideales. It is also uncertain whether it really should be regarded as lichenized.
Notes on Caliciales III. Some Species from Africa
Authors: Tibell L.
Published: May 2007

Fifteen species of the Caliciales are reported from Africa and Macaronesia. Calicium subquercinum, Chaenotheca chrysocephala, Ch. trichialis, Coniocybe furfuracea, C. gracillima, Sphinctrinella calicioides and Tylophoron protrudem are new to Africa; Calicium trabinellum and Strongyleuma exsertum are new to Macaronesia.

The species belong to two groups with respect to their distribution: (1) the borealtemperate species with a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Chaenotheca chrysocephala and Ch. trichialis, occur only at high elevations, usually about or above 3000 m; (2) one including, for example, Tylophoron moderatum, T. protrudens and Schistophoron—species occurring at low or moderately high elevations with a subtropical/tropical distribution.
Changes to the British Checklist Arising from the Abolition of Later Fungal Starting Points
Authors: Hawksworth D. L.
Published: May 2007

The nomenclatural status of the 21 specific names in the British checklist affected by the abolition of later starting point dates for all fungi is discussed. Two are completely unchanged and the author citations of 15 are simplified by the deletion of previously ‘revalidating’ authors. Six alterations in name prove to be necessary: Microcalicium disseminatum (Ach.) Vainio for M. subpedicellatum (Schaerer) Tibell, Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szat. for M. parietinum (Ach. ex Schaerer) D. Hawksw., Mycomicrothelia melanospora (Hepp) comb. nov. for M. atomaria (DC. ex Merat) Keissler, Opegrapha parasilica (Massal.) Vězda for O. persoonii (Ach. ex Gray) Chev., Orphniospora moriopsis (Massal.) comb. nov. for O. atrata (Sm.) Poelt, and Stenocybe pullatula (Ach.) B. Stein for S. byssacea (Fr.) Körber.
Nematodes associated with galls on Cladonia Glauca, including two new Species
Authors: Siddiqi M. R. , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: May 2007

Nematodes were found to be abundant in a collection of Cladonia glauca from Ireland. Irregular tuberculate galls on the podetia were probably due to a species tentatively referred to Nothanguina. Aphelenchoides lichenicola sp. nov. and Ottolenchus cabi sp. nov. are described; the former may feed on the fungal component, while the latter probably parasitizes the algal partner. The separation of Ottolenchus from Tylenchus is discussed and six new combinations into Ottolenchus are proposed. Further nematodes found in the sample included species of the genera Belondira, Chilwoodius and Discotnyctus (all Dorylaimida), and a juvenile Rotylenchulus (Hoplolaimidae); this last probably a contaminant. These observations on a single collection suggest that lichens may have a rich and specialized nematode fauna.
Studies on Some Leptogium Species of Western Europe
Authors: Jørgensen P. M. , James P. W.
Published: May 2007

The Leptogium azureum group in Europe is revised. Leptogium britannicum sp. nov., a species growing among grass on coastal rocks, is described. Leptogium azureum (Sw.) Mont. is shown to be absent from Europe, most of the material so named is Leptogium cochleatum (Dickson) comb. nov. Leptogium rivulare (Ach.) Mont. and Leptogium corticola (Tayl.) Tuck. are shown to have very limited distributional areas in central Sweden and the north-west U.S.S.R., and northern Italy and northern Yugoslavia respectively; both are in danger of extinction. The nomenclature of all species, including also Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körber, is discussed.

Leptogium juressianum C. Tav., a species of the Leptogium lichenoides-group with hairs on the upper surface, is reported from south-west Ireland; the first record since it was described from Portugal.
Cortical Structure in Physcia and Phaeophyscia
Authors: Hale M. E.
Published: May 2007

Species of Physcia reported to have a paraplectenchymatous lower cortex appear to have a dual cortex consisting of a lower paraplectenchymatous layer and an upper periclinally arranged prosoplectenchymatous layer. These species may have a black or pale lower surface but always contain atranorin. They should be retained in the genus Physcia.
Measurement of Lichen Photosynthesis in the Field with a Portable Steady-State Co2-Porometer
Authors: Lange O. L. , Kilian Ellen , Meyer Angelika , Tenhunen J. D.
Published: May 2007

A portable system for CO2 gas exchange measurements is described which allows determination of photosynthesis and respiration rates of lichens (and mosses) in the field under light, humidity and temperature conditions which are close to ambient. Time periods for enclosure of the thalli in a cuvette of this CO2-porometer for gas exchange measurement are shortened to between 1 and 2 min, so that an experimental influence on their water relations is small. Between the periods of gas exchange measurement, the lichens experience their natural microclimate conditions. Thus, measurements approximate closely the true gas exchange rates of the lichens under natural conditions. Diurnal courses of CO2 exchange of lichens found growing in a Mediterranean habitat in the spring are demonstrated, as determined by this method.
Cytological Aspects of the Mycobiont–Phycobiont Relationship in Lichens
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie
Published: May 2007

Cytological aspects of the mycobiont-phycobiont contact were investigated in the lichen species Peltigera aphthosa, Cladonia macrophylla, Cladonia caespiticia and Parmelia tiliacea by means of freeze-etch and thin sectioning techniques, and by replication of isolated fragments of myco- and phycobiont cell walls.

In the symbiotic state of the mycobionts investigated a thin outermost wall layer with a distinct pattern was observed mainly in the hyphae contacting phycobiont cells and in the upper medullary layer. No comparable structures were noted on the hyphal surface of the cultured mycobionts of the Cladonia and Parmelia species investigated. A distinct rodlet layer was found on the hyphal surface of the mycobiont of Peltigera aphthosa, while mycobionts of Cladonia macrophylla, C. caespiticia and Parmelia tiliacea had a mosaic of small, irregular ridges, each corresponding in its size to a bundle of rodlets on the outermost wall layer. Comparable surface layers have been described in aerial hyphae of a great number of non-lichenized fungi.

The rodlet layer of the mycobiont wall surface of Peltigera aphthosa adheres tightly to the outermost layer of the sporopollenin-containing cell wall of the Coccomyxa phycobiont. Mature trebouxioid phycobiont cells of the Cladonia and Parmelia species investigated in the symbiotic state had an outermost wall layer which was structurally indistinguishable from the tessellated surface layer of the mycobiont cells. A rodlet pattern was detected in the outermost wall layer of Trebouxia autospores still surrounded by the cellulosic mother cell wall. In mature Trebouxia cells the bundles of rodlets became increasingly covered by a homogeneous material, and thus attained the same tessellated pattern which was observed on the mycobiont wall surface. No comparable structures were found on the wall surface after culturing the Trebouxia phycobionts axenically in liquid media. Confluence of the tessellated surface layers of fungal and algal origin was noted at the contact sites of growing hyphal tips and young Trebouxia cells.

The possible correlations between these cytological features and published immunological data on the cell surface of cultured and symbiotic lichen myco- and phycobionts are discussed.
The Typification of Withering's Neglected Lichens
Authors: Laundon J. R.
Published: May 2007

The major works on British lichens published between 1724 and 1780 are briefly reviewed. The new lichens published in Withering's Botanical Arrangement of 1776 have been mostly overlooked; they were based on species described by Dillenius. These lichens are typified here, along with Withering's new lichens published in later editions of the Arrangement. Altogether 41 species are reviewed. The following 16 new combinations based on Withering's species are presented, with synonyms in parenthesis: Anaptychia runcinata (A.fusca), Caloplaca crenularia (C. festiva), Qadonia humilis (C. conista, C. conistea, C. conoidea), Qadoniapeziziformis (C. capitata), Cladonia ramulosa (C. anomaea, C. pityrea), Collema auriforme (C. auriculatum), Collema dichotomum (C. fluviatile), Collema fuscovirens (C. tuniforme), Dermatocarpon luridum (D. aqualicum, D. weberi), Leptogium gelatinosum (L. sinuatum), Lobaria virens (L. laetevirens), Peltigera didactyla (P. spuria), Peltigera lactucifolia (P. hymenina), Physconia distorta (P. pulverulacea), Ramalina lacera (if. duriaei), and Tornabea scutellifera (T. atlantica).

Later names affected by Withering's taxa are also investigated, and 12 are shown to be nomenclaturally superfluous. Other names are later homonyms, with the result that seven species require change of author citation as follows: Dactylina madreporiformis (Ach.) Tuck., Lecanora crenulata Hook., Psora lurida (Ach.) DC, Ramalina polymorpha (Liljeblad) Ach., Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi, Stereocaulon ramulosum Rauschel, and Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach.

The nomenclatures and systematic position of Cladonia conista C. Robb. ex Allen nom. illeg., Cliostomum griffuhii (Sm.) Coppins, Leptogium palmatum Mont., Lichen squamatus Dickson, Pachyphiale cornea (Ach.) Poetsch, and Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour is discussed, the correct name for Leptogium palmatum being L. corniculatum (Hoffm.) Minks and for Pachyphiale cornea being P. carneola (Ach.) Arnold. A history and account of Withering's herbarium is included.
The Lichen Genus Psoromidium Stirton
Authors: Galloway D. J. , James P. W.
Published: May 2007

The Southern Hemisphere genus Psoromidium Stirton (Lecanorales, Pannariaceae) is closely related to certain elements within the heterogeneous genus Psoroma Michx, but is distinguished by the absence of a photobiontin the apothecial margin. In Psoromidium, as in Psoroma, the main photobiont is green and is present in a layer below the upper cortex of the squamules; Nostoc occurs in scattered, well-defined cephalodia. Two species are known: P. aleuroides, with an Australasian distribution, and P. versicolor, anaustral species from Tasmania, Fuegia and the subantarctic Auckland Islands group of New Zealand. Anatomy, morphology, distribution, habitat ecology and taxonomy of the two species are discussed. Psoromaria Nyl. is a synonym of Psoromidium.
The Ultrastructure of the Phycobiont of Desiccated and Hydrated Lichens
Authors: Ascaso C. , Brown D. H. , Rapsch S.
Published: May 2007

Observations have been made on the effects of different storage treatments, either 100°0 or 0°0 r.h., 12 h light:12h dark or 24 h dark for 2 days, on the ultrastructure of the phycobionts of Lobaria amplissima and Lasallia pustulata. After storage, Myrmecia, in the more desiccation-sensitive lichen L. amplissima, showed an increased number of cytoplasmic storage bodies which had more frequently dark contents and a half-moon-like appearance.Trebouxia, from the desiccation-resistant L. pustulata, showed major cellular disorganization when stored at 100°0 r.h. in the light:dark regime, whereas, in the dark, reorganization of thylakoids into a parallel arrangement occurred. Treatment at 0°0 r.h. in the light:dark regime induced an accumulation of starch around the pyrenoid of Trebouxia and, in the light:dark and dark regimes, a peripheral location of pyrenoglobuli without a decrease in the total volume of lipid material. The results are discussed in terms of the utilization and mobilization of reserve substances and the habitat preferences of the two lichens.
Solorina Simensis and S. Saccata
Authors: Krog Hildur , Swinscow T. D. V.
Published: May 2007

Solorina simensis Hochst. ex Flotow differs from S. saccata (L.) Ach. in spore ornamentation and chemical properties as well as in its mainly plane apothecia and blue-green photobiont. It is here considered a distinct species. Solorina crocoides (Nyl.) Hue is briefly commented upon.
Effects of Water Transported Sediment on Corticolous Lichen Communities
Authors: Beckelhimer S. L. , Weaks T. E.
Published: May 2007

The spatial distribution of corticolous lichens was studied along Big Seven Mile Creek (Cabell County, West Virginia, U.S.A.), a small stream that was periodically inundated by floodwaters carrying heavy loads of sediment. Lichen communities located at 0, 1.0 and 1.5 km from the confluence with the Ohio River were compared using step-wise discriminant analysis, a multivariate technique. Of the physical factors tested, the results indicated that the sediment on the tree boles was the most important factor separating the three stations and bole heights. Species richness was established to be an important mensurational variable separating stations, bole heights, and parallel and perpendicular transects. Changes observed in lichen community structure are assumed to have resulted from microclimatic variation brought about primarily by sedimentation associated with flooding. Failure of the physical factors and biotic variables to separate tree bole aspects (faces of boles in respect to the stream) indicate that abrasion and current-induced exfoliation are not important factors affecting lichen communities in the study area. Corticolous lichens occurring along streams subject to periodic inundation may represent a useful indicator in studies of flooding, water quality, and/or sedimentation in watersheds.
Thallus Development and Phycobionts of the Parasitic Lichen Diploschistes Muscorum
Authors: Friedl T.
Published: May 2007

The lichen Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.)R.Sant. starts its thallus development as a parasite of the squamules of different Cladonia species, but fully developed Diploschistes thalli live independently. D. muscorum develops apothecia in the Cladonia squamules and is associated at that stage with the phycobiont of Cladonia, Trebouxia irregularis. Augmentation of the Cladonia phycobiont and growth of the D. muscorum hyphae result in a development of young Diploschistes thalli from the Cladonia squamules. As the Cladonia increasingly disintegrates, D. muscorum becomes independent. In fully developed thalli the Cladonia phycobiont can be exchanged for T. showmanii, an alga different in morphology and reproduction from T. irregularis. In one case, a fully developed D. muscorum thallus with both phycobionts was demonstrated. A fully established thallus can also be formed by the growth of small thallus swellings, which cover Cladonia squamules.
Geochemical Control of Saxicolous Lichen Communities on the Creggaun Gabbro, Letterfrack, Co. Gal Way, Western Ireland
Authors: Boyle A. P. , McCarthy P. M. , Stewart D.
Published: May 2007

The lichen vegetation on exposures of gabbro near Letterfrack, Co. Galway, western Ireland is described. Species abundance and vigour relate primarily to the geochemical composition of the gabbro substratum rather than to microclimatic factors. Lichens may be useful as geochemical indicators when mapping rocks with similar textures and mineralogies.
The Effect of Desiccation on Pyrenoid Structure in the Oceanic Lichen Parmelia Laevigata
Authors: Ascaso C. , Brown D. H. , Rapsch S.
Published: May 2007

Phycobiont cells of Parmelia laevigata contain chloroplasts with pyrenoids penetrated by a reticulum of tubules. The occurrence and significance of such tubules in algae is discussed. Although these tubules collapsed in desiccated cells, their lumen reappeared on rehydration. However, in such desiccated cells, pyrenoglobuli did not become peripherally located within the pyrenoid, except when damage occurred to the pyrenoid matrix. Rehydration of desiccated cells reduced the number of pyrenoglobuli per pyrenoid.
Nitrogen Fixation on a Tropical Volcano, La Soufrière (Guadeloupe): The Interaction of Temperature, Moisture, and Light with Net Photosynthesis and Nitrogenase Activity in Stereocaulon Virgatum and Response to Periods of Insolation Shock
Authors: Fritz-Sheridan R. P. , Coxson D. S.
Published: May 2007

The response of net photosynthesis, dark respiration and acetylene reduction to temperature, moisture and light intensity were examined for Stereocaulon virgatum growing in the cloud/shroud zone on the tropical volcano La Soufrière, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Rates for both acetylene reduction and net photosynthesis were maximal at saturating water contents, a pattern attributed to the finely branched nature of the phyllocladoid branchlets and the exposed position of spherical cephalodia, both of which minimize the formation of surface and interhyphal water films. Under conditions typical of those during cloud/shroud periods (13–16°C), thalli of S. virgatum exhibit many characteristics seen in other shade-tolerant lichen species. Net photosynthesis was light saturated at 300 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR, while the photocompensation point was less than 25 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR. Net photosynthetic uptake of carbon dioxide was optimal at 27–34°C, at which point light saturation was near 700 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR and the photocompensation point between 50 and 100 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR. Thalli of S. virgatin exhibited temperature-dependent sensitivity to high insolation. Only at 20°C were thalli able to tolerate high light exposure without reduction of apparent quantum yield. Exposure to high light intensity at 40°C inhibited the apparent quantum yield by almost 40% and acetylene reduction by 95%. This suggests brief periods of insolation shock may exert an influence disproportionately higher than either their frequency or duration. Thalli are normally exposed to cloud/shroud conditions but net photosynthetic uptake was maximal only during periods of elevated thallus temperature experienced at the onset of an insolation shock. However, with prolonged high insolation exposure and further elevation of thallus temperatures and thallus desiccation, severe impairment of subsequent photosynthetic activity ensues. S. virgatum may be characterized as a shade-tolerant species but its physiology is more adapted in some respects to conditions experienced during rare periods of full insolation.
New and Interesting Species of Verrucaria II
Authors: McCarthy P. M.
Published: May 2007

Verrucaria simplex McCarthy is described as new from northern England. Verrucaria granulosaria Clauz. & Zehetl. and V. papillosa Ach. are recorded for the first time in the British Isles.
Variation in Morphology and Functional Traits of Dictyonema Glabratum From Contrasting Habitats in the Venezuelan Andes
Authors: Larcher W. , Vareschi V.
Published: May 2007

Specimens of Dictyonema glabratum from various elevations in the Venezuelan Andes show clear differences in morphology. Optimal development of thalli is attained in the lower Paramo at 3500–3600 m; at the upper altitudinal limit of distribution at about 4300 m only poorly developed thalli are found; in the montane forest zone at about 1700 m the thalli attain about half the average surface area and two thirds of the thickness of those in the optimal habitat. The histological structure of the thalli also shows significant differences. The relative volumes of photobiont to mycobiont, as an indicator of the relationship autotrophism/heterotrophism, is 1.6:1 in specimens from the upper Paramo; 0.9:1 in open habitats on the lower Paramo; 0.5:1 in shaded habitats; and 1.4:1 in the montane forest. The three altitudinal morphotypes are not only distinguished by structure but also by carbon dioxide gaseous exchange patterns. Specimens from the optimal habitat exhibit the highest photosynthetic capacity. The respiration activity reflects a homeostatic adjustment to the prevailing temperature regime: the respiration of specimens from 4300 m at 1°C approximates to same intensity as that of D. glabratum from the lower Paramo zone at 6°C. Nevertheless, metabolic homeostasis is only possible over a narrow temperature amplitude. On account of the large heterotrophic component in lichens, at altitudes below 1500 m where the temperature average is 20°C or more and the nocturnal temperatures are constantly high, the dry matter consumption due to respiration would become extremely high. This suggests that D. glabratum may be limited in its downward distribution by an increasingly unfavourable carbon budget.
Culture of the Cyanobacterial Lichen Peltigera Didactyla From Soredia Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Stocker-Wörgötter E. , Türk R.
Published: May 2007

Soredia of Peltigera didactyla were cultivated under laboratory conditions in a culture chamber. The developmental stages were observed by light microscopy and macrophotography until thallus formation was achieved; this occurred after a period of five months.
Lasallia Hispanica and Related Species
Authors: Sancho L. G. , Crespo A.
Published: May 2007

Lasallia hispanica (Frey) Sancho & Crespo comb. nov. is proposed as a result of anatomical and morphological comparisons between it and the related species, L. brigantium Zsch. and L. rossica Dombr. For all three species ecological notes, data on world distributions, and a key are provided.
β-1,4-Glucanase (Cellulase) Location in the Symbionts of Evernia Prunastri
Authors: Yagüe E. , Estévez M. P.
Published: May 2007

Evernia prunastri thalli were homogenized and separated into algaland fungal-rich fractions. The former was shown to contain most β-l,4-glucanase (cellulase) activity. The significance of this localization in field material is discussed.
Occurrence and Ecology of the Lichen Lobaria Scrobiculata in Southern Sweden
Authors: Hallingbäck T.
Published: May 2007

The present occurrence and vitality of Lobaria scrobiculata (Scop.) DC. were investigated at 67 localities (50 old and 17 new) in southern Sweden. Before 1950 L. scrobiculata was found at more than 300 localities in southern Sweden. However, it was only confirmed at two out of 50 thoroughly investigated old localities. An investigation of recently found localities (new) and confirmed ‘old’ sites showed that there have been decreases in population size, thallus size, fertility, number of phorophytes, and cliff colonization. In southern Sweden today L. scrobiculata is confined to old deciduous trees in regions with comparatively low air pollution and a high relative humidity. Apothecia have not been found in southern Sweden since 1947, although in the past, fertile material was collected from 35 localities in this region. The author suggests that this species, like many other lichens with the cyanobacterium Nostoc as photobiont, is currently more endangered by air pollution than by any other human activity and that it is seriously endangered in the southern part of Sweden.
Lichens as Biomonitors of Sulphur Dioxide Pollution in La Spezia (Northern Italy)
Authors: Nimis P. L. , Castello M. , Perotti M.
Published: May 2007

Lichens epiphytic on olive trees were used as biomonitors of sulphur dioxide pollution in La Spezia (Northern Italy). The method adopted was designed to avoid subjectivity at all stages, from the sampling strategy to data analysis. Thus, lichen data are expressed by an index that does not depend on any sensitivity scale; data analysis relies on multivariate methods of classification and ordination, and the pollution maps have been produced by automatic mapping programmes. The index, based on the frequency of species within a sampling grid, showed a very high statistical correlation with pollution data measured by recording gauges. The results of classification and ordination indicate that Parmelia caperata is the species with a distribution best related to the lichen index. The quality of air pollution data obtained from biomonitors is discussed.
Lecanora Strobilinoides, a New Lichen Species From North-Eastern Spain
Authors: Giralt M. , Gomez-Bolea A.
Published: May 2007

A new species of Lecanora with a yellowish green thallus, Lecanora strobilinoides Giralt & Gomez-Bolea sp.nov. is described. It was found only in SE Catalonia (NE Spain) at low and middle altitudes, growing on bark and lignum of trees and shrubs, mainly on Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex. Closely related to Lecanora strobilina (Sprengel) Kieffer, it is easily separated by its asci, with (12–)16(–32) ascospores, that are smaller and frequently 1-septate.
National Trace-Element Air Pollution Monitoring Survey Using Epiphytic Lichens
Authors: Sloof J. E. , Wolterbeek H. Th.
Published: May 2007

Two national monitoring surveys were carried out within 5 years, using Parmelia sulcata as a biomonitor of trace-element air pollution. The method of sampling was standardized. The lichen samples were analysed by neutron activation analysis. Local variations in element concentrations in lichens from various deciduous tree species from several sampling sites were established. The geographical concentration patterns obtained from the lichen data sets agreed with the element concentration gradients obtained from one dispersion model and measured data of atmospheric concentrations and deposition. Comparison of the two lichen data sets showed the relationship of the geographical concentration patterns with time. Combination of the available data gave insight into the possibility of localization of pollution sources.
Mannitol-1-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Pseudevernia Furfuracea
Authors: Jensen Manfred , Feige Guido B. , Waterkotte Anna
Published: May 2007

Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.17] activity was demonstrated in extracts of Pseudevernia furfuracea and Hypogymnia physodes. The reaction was found to be highly substrate specific for fructose-6-phosphate/NADH or mannitol-1-phosphate/NAD+. The pH optimum for fructose-6-phosphate reduction was 7.1, and apparent Km values were 1.2 mM for fructose-6-phosphate and 20 μM for NADH. The reaction did not require Mg++ or Ca++. For conversion of mannitol-1-phosphate into mannitol, the occurrence of mannitol-1-phosphatase in Pseudevernia furfuracea is postulated.
Nitrogen Analyses of New Zealand and Antarctic Lichens
Authors: Greenfield L. G.
Published: May 2007

The results of nitrogen (N) analyses of 14 New Zealand and 23 Antarctic lichens are reported. Eight percent of the total lichen N occurs in the form of amino sugars, 5° as nucleic acids and 80° as proteins and amino acids. It is concluded that when lichens decompose they may represent a good N resource that may be important in ecosystems.
The Influence of pH and Lichen Metabolites (Vulpinic Acid and (+) Usnic Acid) on the Growth of the Lichen Photobiont Trebouxia 1rregularis.
Authors: Bačkor M. , Hudá J. , Repčák M. , Ziegler§ W. , Bačkorová M.
Published: May 2007

The quantitative response to two lichen metabolites, vulpinic acid and (+) usnic acid, on biomass production by the photobiontTrebouxia irregularis, isolated from the lichenCladina mitis, was determined experimentally. The presence of usnic acid resulted in inhibition of photobiont growth, and the effect depended on the pH of the culture medium. The concentration effect of usnic acid was observed. The application of vulpinic acid almost completely inhibited the growth ofT.irregularisand no significant differences were found among samples at different medium pH values.