bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propionispira
Authors: Schink Bernhard
Published: August 2015

Pro.pi.o.ni.spi'ra. N.L. n.
acidum propionicum
propionic acid; L. fem. n.
spira
a coil; N.L. fem. n.
Propionispira
a propionic acid forming coil.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Propionispira

Curved to helical rods
,
1 µm
×
5–9 µm
. Spore formation not observed. Stains Gram‐negative.
Motile by means of one terminally inserted flagellum
.
Strictly anaerobic
,
fermentative metabolism
. Optimum temperature 30–35°C. Chemo‐organotrophic, using a wide variety of compounds as energy sources including lactate, glucose, lactose, sorbitol, xylose, and amygdalin. Fermentation end products are propionic acid, acetic acid, and carbon dioxide. Ethanol and succinate are formed under special conditions. Fumarate is reduced to succinate or propionate; sulfate and nitrate not reduced. Cytochrome
b
and nitrogenase are present; catalase is absent. Occurs in anoxic wetwoods in softwood trees such as cottonwood, poplar, or willows. The type strain was isolated from wetwood of a mature cottonwood tree located in Columbus, WI, USA.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36.7 ± 1 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Propionispira arboris
Schink, Thompson and Zeikus 1983, 673
VP
(Effective publication: Schink, Thompson and Zeikus 1982, 2778.).
Selenomonas
Authors: Shouche Yogesh S. , Dighe Abhijit S. , Dhotre Dhiraj P. , Patole Milind S. , Ranade Dilip R.
Published: August 2015

Se.le.no.mo'nas. Gr. n.
selene
the moon; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Selenomonas
moon (‐shaped) monad.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Selenomonas

Curved to helical rods
, usually 0.9–1.1 × 3.0–6.0 µm. The ends are usually tapered and rounded to give short kidney‐ to crescent‐shaped or
vibrioid cells
. Long cells and chains of cells are often helical. Capsules are not formed. Resting stages are not known. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Motile with active tumbling
;
flagella
(
up to 16
)
are arranged linearly as a tuft near the center of the concave side in the area of cell fission
.
Strictly anaerobic
. Optimum temperature 35–40°C; maximum 45°C; minimum 20–30°C. Chemoorganotrophic,
having a fermentative type of metabolism
.
Carbohydrates and lactate can serve as fermentable substrates
.
Fermentation of glucose chiefly yields acetate
,
propionate
,

CO
2

,
and
/
or lactate
. Small amounts of H
2
and succinate may be produced. Catalase negative.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–61.

Type species
:
Selenomonas sputigena
(Flügge 1886) Boskamp 1922, 70
AL
(
Spirillum sputigenum
Flügge 1886, 387).
Sporomusa
Authors: Drake Harold L. , Gössner Anita S.
Published: August 2015

Spo.ro.mu'sa. Gr. fem. n.sporaa spore; N.L. fem. n.musaa banana; N.L. fem. n.Sporomusaspore‐bearing banana.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Sporomusa

Mesophilic,acetogenic,anaerobic. Cells arebanana shaped, flagellated on the concave side of the cell, and formendosporesthat tend to be subterminal (Figure 1). Gram‐stain‐negative or weakly Gram‐stain‐positive. Growth can occur under bothchemo‐organotrophicandchemolithoautotrophicconditions.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 42.0–48.6.

Type species:Sporomusa sphaeroidesMöller, Ossmer, Howard, Gottschalk and Hippe 1985, 224VP(Effective publication: Möller, Ossmer, Howard, Gottschalk and Hippe 1984, 395.).
Succiniclasticum
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Suc.cin.i.clas'ti.cum. N.L. n.
acidum succinicum
succinic acid; Gr. adj.
klastos
broken; N.L. adj.
clasticum
breaking; N.L. neut. n.
Succiniclasticum
breaking or splitting succinic acid.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Succiniclasticum

Gram‐stain‐negative
.
Anaerobic
. Nonmotile.
Non‐spore‐forming
, rod‐shaped, branching cells. Mesophilic. Ferments succinate to propionate. Other carbohydrates, amino acids, or mono‐, di‐, and other tricarboxylic acids are not fermented. Non‐proteolytic, catalase‐ and urease‐negative. Nitrate not reduced.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 52.0 (UV).

Type species
:
Succiniclasticum ruminis
van Gylswyk 1995, 299
VP
.
Thermosinus
Authors: Sokolova Tatyana G.
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.sin'us. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; L. masc. n.
sinus
bend; N.L. masc. n.
Thermosinus
thermophilic curved rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Thermosinus

Cells are
motile
,
curved rods
that do not form spores. Cell wall is
Gram‐negative type
. Divides by binary transverse fission.
Obligate anaerobe
.
Thermophilic
neutrophile that ferments carbohydrates.

Grows chemolithotrophically on CO with the formation of equimolar amounts of H
2
and CO
2

. Found in terrestrial hot springs.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 51.7.

Type species
:
Thermosinus carboxydivorans
Sokolova, González, Kostrikina, Chernyh, Slepova, Bonch‐Osmolovskaya and Robb 2004, 2358
VP
.
Finegoldia
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki
Published: August 2015

Fine.gol'dia. N.L. fem. n.
Finegoldia
named after Sydney M. Finegold, an American microbiologist.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Finegoldia

Non‐spore‐forming, obligately anaerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive cocci. Cells may occur in pairs, tetrads, and irregular masses and are 0.7–1.5 µm in diameter. Carbohydrates are not fermented. Indole is negative. The optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic acid. Alkaline phosphatase test is variable among strains. Found in vagina, oral cavity, and various abscess‐forming human specimens. Differential characteristics from closely related genera are given in Table 1 and Table 2.

Type species
:
Finegoldia magna
(Prévot 1933) Murdoch and Shah 2000, 1415
VP
(Effective publication: Murdoch and Shah 1999, 557.) (
Diplococcus magnus
Prévot 1933, 140;
Peptococcus magnus
Holdeman and Moore 1972;
Peptostreptococcus magnus
Ezaki, Yamamoto, Ninomiya, Suzuki and Yobucchi 1983, 696).
Parvimonas
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Par.vi.mo'nas. L. adj.parvuslittle, small; Gr. fem n.monasa unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.Parvimonasa small monad.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Parvimonas

Nonsporeforming, obligatelyanaerobicGram‐stain‐positivecocci. Cells may occur in pairs, chains, and masses and are 0.3–0.7 µm in diameter.Carbohydrates are not fermented. Indole is negative. Alkaline phosphatase is positive. The optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic acid. Found in oral cavity and various human abscesses.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 27–28.

Type species:Parvimonas micra(Prévot 1933) Tindall and Euzéby 2006, 2712VP(Streptococcus microsPrévot 1933, 195;Peptostreptococcus microsSmith 1957, 537;Micromonas microsMurdoch and Shah 2000, 1415).
Sporanaerobacter
Authors: Hernandez‐Eugenio Guadalupe , Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Garcia Jean‐Louis , Ollivier Bernard
Published: August 2015

Spor.an.a.e.ro.bac'ter. Gr. fem. n.
spora
spore; Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air;
anaero
not (living) in air; N.L. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.
bakterion
rod, staff; N.L. masc. n.
Sporanaerobacter
a sporeforming anaerobic rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Sporanaerobacter

Cells are strictly anaerobic
rods
, occurring singly or in pairs and motile by a few laterally inserted flagella. Spherical, terminal, oval
spores
which swell the sporangium appear in the cells.
Gram‐positive type
cell wall. Mesophilic and moderately thermophilic, growing at up to 50°C. Neutrophilic.
Heterotrophic
. Yeast extract is required for growth on sugars.
Ferments peptides and amino acids
in the presence of yeast extract. Glucose is fermented to acetate, H
2
, and CO
2
as the major end products of metabolism. Performs the Stickland reaction using isoleucine as electron donor and glycine or serine as electron acceptors.
Uses elemental sulfur
but not sulfate, thiosufate, sulfite, nitrate, or nitrite as an electron acceptor.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Sporanaerobacter acetigenes
Hernandez‐Eugenio, Fardeau, Cayol, Patel, Thomas, Macarie, Garcia and Ollivier 2002, 1221
VP
.
Acidaminobacter
Authors: Hansen Theo A.
Published: August 2015

A.cid.a.min.o.bac'ter. L. n.
acidum
acid; N.L. neut. n.
aminum
amine; N.L. n.
bacter
the masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a staff or rod; N.L. masc. n.
Acidaminobacter
the amino acid rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / Acidaminobacter

Rod‐shaped bacteria with pointed ends
; Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores not formed.
Chemo‐organotrophic fermentative metabolism
.
Strictly anaerobic
. Amino acids are major energy sources. Acetate is the major fermentation product. Lactate, succinate, butyrate, and ethanol not formed. Growth on many substrates stimulated by or dependent on the presence of hydrogen‐utilizing bacteria or archaea. Mesophilic.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 48.1 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Acidaminobacter hydrogenoformans
Stams and Hansen 1985, 223
VP
(Effective publication: Stams and Hansen 1984, 336.).
Anaerovorax
Authors: Schink Bernhard
Published: August 2015

An.a.e.ro.vo'rax. Gr. suff.
an
non; Gr. n.
aer
air; L. adj.
vorax
voracious; N.L. masc. n.
Anaerovorax
an anaerobic voracious bacterium.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Anaerovorax

Strictly anaerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria of fermentative metabolism, nonphotosynthetic; inorganic electron acceptors not used. Typical cell‐wall structure of Gram‐positive bacteria without an outer membrane but Gram‐negative staining. Nonsporeforming.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 29.6 ± 1.0.

Type species
:
Anaerovorax odorimutans
Matthies, Evers, Ludwig and Schink 2000, 1593
VP
.
Mogibacterium
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Mogi.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n.
mogos
effort; Gr. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Mogibacterium
a difficult‐to‐culture, rod‐shaped bacterium.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Mogibacterium

Gram‐positive rods
, cells are 0.2–0.8 × 1.0–3.1 µm, occurring as single cells, in short chains or in clumps. No spores are formed. Non‐motile.
Strictly anaerobic and asaccharolytic
. Very poor growth in broth medium. Colonies on brain heart infusion agar (BHI)‐blood agar plates are minute (<1 mm in diameter), circular, convex and translucent even after prolonged incubation in an anaerobic glove box (7–10 d). No haemolysis occurs around colonies on BHI‐blood agar plates. Catalase‐negative.
Metabolic end product in peptone
/
yeast extract
/
glucose medium is phenylacetate
. Members of the genus
Mogibacterium
can be distinguished from each other by 16S rRNA sequences and DNA–DNA homology values.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 41–50.

Type species
:
Mogibacterium pumilum
Nakazawa, Sato, Poco, Hashimura, Ideka, Kalfas, Sundqvist and Hoshino 2000, 686
VP
.
Carboxydocella
Authors: Sokolova Tatyana G.
Published: August 2015

Car.bo.xy.do.cel'la. N.L. neut. n.
carboxydum
carbon monoxide; L. fem. n.
cella
cell; N.L. fem. n.
Carboxydocella
carbon monoxide‐utilizing bacterium.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family V / Carboxydocella

Cells are short
straight rods
. Cell wall of Gram‐positive type. Cells divide by binary transverse fission. Obligate anaerobe. Colonies under 100% CO gas phase on solidified agar medium are round, white, 0.5–1 mm in diameter.
Hydrogenogenic CO‐oxidizing bacteria that grow chemolithotrophically on CO
.

Utilize CO as the sole energy source with equimolar formation of H
2
and CO
2
according to the equation

:
CO
+

H
2
O

·

CO
2

+

H
2

. Neutrophilic, pH range for growth is 6.2–8.0, with an optimum of 6.8–7.0. Thermophilic, temperature range for growth 40–70°C.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 46–49.

Type species
:
Carboxydocella thermautotrophica
Sokolova, Kostrikina, Chernyh, Tourova, Kolganova and Bonch‐Osmolovskaya 2002, 1965
VP
.
Sulfobacillus
Authors: da Costa Milton S. , Rainey Fred A. , Albuquerque Luciana
Published: August 2015

Sul.fo.ba.cil'lus. L. neut. n.sulfursulfur; L. n.bacillussmall rod; N.L. masc. n.Sulfobacillussmall sulfur‐oxidizing rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family VI / Sulfobacillus

Straight rods, 0.5–0.8 µm in diameter by 3.0–5.0 µm in length. Terminal or subterminal ovoid or sphericalendospores. In some strains, the sporangium is swollen. Gram‐stain‐positive. Strains are generallynonmotile;a few strains may be motile.Colonies are not pigmented.Mesophilic or slightly thermophilicwith optimum growth temperatures between about 40 and 55 °C; the temperature range for growth is between 20 and 60 °C.Acidophilic, the pH range for growth is from about 1.5 to 5.5; the optimum is pH 1.9–2.4.Menaquinone‐7is the predominant respiratory quinone. Fatty acids are primarilyiso‐ andanteiso‐branched; straight‐chain fatty acids are also present. ω‐Cyclohexane or ω‐cycloheptane fatty acids are the major components of some strains.Aerobicwith a strictly respiratory type of metabolism; some strains grow underanaerobicconditions with ferric iron as electron acceptor. Species aremixotrophic, with limitedautotrophic and chemoorganotrophic growth. Mixotrophic growth occurs on Fe2+, S0, S2O32−, S4O62−, and sulfide minerals in the presence of yeast extract or single organic compounds. Yeast extract and a few sugars and organic acids are used as sole carbon and energy sources. Strains require yeast extract for growth. Found in acidicsoils and water of geothermal areas,mineral deposits,and ores.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 47–57 (Tm).

Type species:Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidansGolovacheva and Karavaiko 1991, 179VP.
Thermaerobacter
Authors: Spanevello Mark D. , Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: August 2015

Therm.ae.ro.bac'ter. Gr. adj.thermoshot; Gr. n.aerair; L.bactermasc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.bakterionrod or staff; N.L. masc. n.Thermaerobacterrod, which grows at high temperatures in the presence of air.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family VI / Thermaerobacter

Rods, 2–10 × 0.2–0.6 µm usuallyarranged singly or in pairs.Stain Gram‐negative or Gram‐variable.Motilewithmonopolar or bipolar flagella. Nonmotile species do not possess flagella.May or may not form spores.Oxidase‐positive.Strict aerobes, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.Thermophilic, with growth occurring between 50 and 80 °C with optimum between 70 and 75 °C.Neutrophiles or alkalophileswith growth occurring between pH 5 and 10 with an optimum pH between 7 and 8.5.Chemoheterotrophic. May utilize organic substrates such as yeast extract, peptone, cellulose, starch, chitin, casein, Casamino acids, and a variety of sugars, carboxylic acids, and amino acids. Isolated from nonthermal sediments of the Mariana Trench, bore runoff channels of the thermal bore wells of Great Artesian Basin, and shallow marine hydrothermal vents.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 69–72.

Type species:Thermaerobacter marianesisTakai, Inoue and Horikoshi 1999, 625VP.
Acetoanaerobium
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

A.ce.to.an.ae.ro'bi.um. L. n.
acetum
vinegar; Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; Gr. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
Acetoanaerobium
vinegar anaerobe.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family VIII / Acetoanaerobium

Cells are nonsporeforming rods. Cells stain Gram‐negative but have an atypical Gram‐negative wall structure. Obligate anaerobe. Chemo‐organotrophic. Ferment carbohydrates, producing acetate and sometimes other volatile acids. Ferment yeast extract, producing acetate and several volatile acids. At slower growth rates produce acetate from H
2
and CO
2
. May require yeast extract for growth.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36.8 (Bd).

Type species
:
Acetoanaerobium noterae
Sleat, Mah and Robinson 1985, 13
VP
.
Halocella
Authors: Zavarzin George A.
Published: August 2015

Ha.lo.cel'la. Gr. n.
hals
salt; L. n. fem.
cella
cell; N.L. fem. n.
Halocella
salt cell.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Halanaerobiales / Halanaerobiaceae / Halocella

Cells are straight or slightly curved rods
, non‐sporulating,
motile
by means of peritrichous flagella.
Cell wall
of
Gram‐negative
structure.
Obligately anaerobic
. Moderately
halophilic
.
Ferment carbohydrates
,
including cellulose
, producing acetate, ethanol, lactate, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Peptides and amino acids are not utilized.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 29 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Halocella cellulosilytica
corrig. Simankova, Chernych, Osipov and Zavarzin 1994, 182
VP
(Effective publication: Simankova, Chernych, Osipov and Zavarzin 1993, 389.).
Halothermothrix
Authors: Cayol Jean‐Luc , Ollivier Bernard , Garcia Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2015

Ha.lo.ther'mo'thrix. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. n.
thrix
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Halothermothrix
a thermophilic fermentative halophile.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Halanaerobiales / Halanaerobiaceae / Halothermothrix

Long rod‐shaped
bacteria with cells that are 0.4–0.6 × 10–20 µm, occurring mainly singly (Figure 1).
Motile by peritrichous flagella
. Non‐sporulating. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Strictly anaerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic; oxidize carbohydrates to acetate, ethanol, H
2
, and CO
2
. NaCl and yeast extract are required for growth.
Grow in thermophilic conditions
(optimum temperature for growth is 60 °C).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39.6 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Halothermothrix orenii
Cayol, Ollivier, Patel, Prensier, Guezennec and Garcia 1994a, 538
VP
.
Acetohalobium
Authors: Zavarzin George A. , Zhilina Tatjana N.
Published: August 2015

A.ce.to.ha.lo'bi.um. N.L. neut. n.
acetum
vinegar; Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; Gr. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
Acetohalobium
acetate‐producing organism living in salt.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Halanaerobiales / Halobacteroidaceae / Acetohalobium

Rod‐shaped cells
.
Motile
with 1–2 subterminal flagella. Multiplication by binary fission is by constriction rather than septation.
Gram‐stain‐negative
cell wall structure. Thermoresistant endospores formed by some strains.
Strictly anaerobic
. Possess a respiratory type of
homoacetogenic metabolism
.
Extremely halophilic
, growing at 1.7–4 M NaCl. Obligately dependent on sodium chloride. Neutrophilic. Mesophilic.
Metabolism variable
;
lithoheterotrophic
, utilizing hydrogen, formate, and carbon monoxide,
methylotrophic
, utilizing methylamines and betaine,
or chemo‐organotrophic
, fermenting some amino acids and organic acids.
Acetate is the end product
with all substrates utilized.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33–35 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Acetohalobium arabaticum
Zhilina and Zavarzin 1990b, 470
VP
(Effective publication: Zhilina and Zavarzin 1990c, 747.).
Selenihalanaerobacter
Authors: Oren Aharon , Oremland Ronald S. , Stolz John F.
Published: August 2015

Se.le.ni.hal.an.ae.ro.bac'ter. Gr. n.
selene
moon; N.L. n.
selenium
element 34; Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
the masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a staff or rod; N.L. masc. n.
Selenihalanaerobacter
the salty anaerobic selenium rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Halanaerobiales / Halobacteroidaceae / Selenihalanaerobacter

Gram‐stain‐negative
,
rod‐shaped cells
,
non‐motile
.
Halophilic
, growing optimally at 3.6 M NaCl and requiring a minimum of 1.7 M NaCl for growth. Temperature optimum about 38 °C.
Strictly anaerobic
. Grow by anaerobic respiration on organic electron donors, using selenate and other electron acceptors. Fermentative growth not observed.
Endospores not produced
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii
Switzer Blum, Stolz, Oren and Oremland 2001b, 1229
VP
(Effective publication: Switzer Blum, Stolz, Oren and Oremland 2001a, 217.).
Carboxydothermus
Authors: Wiegel Juergen
Published: August 2015

Car.bo.xy.do.ther'mus. N.L. n.
carboxydum
carbon monoxide; Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; N.L. masc. n.
Carboxydothermus
utilizing carbon monoxide while living in hot places.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / Carboxydothermus

Cells are straight to slightly curved rods, 0.3–0.5 × 1.3–2.7 µm.
Gram‐stain‐positive with a Gram‐positive cell‐wall structure
. Metabolism is
obligately anaerobic
,
chemolithotrophic or chemo‐ or organoheterotrophic
. Characteristic feature of the genus is the
utilization of CO
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–41.

Type species
:
Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans
Svetlichny, Sokolova, Gerhardt, Ringpfeil, Kostrikina and Zavarzin 1991b, 580
VP
(Effective publication: Svetlichny, Sokolova, Gerhardt, Ringpfeil, Kostrikina and Zavarzin 1991a, 258.).
Moorella
Authors: Wiegel Juergen
Published: August 2015

Moo.rel'la. N.L. fem. n.Moorellain honor of W.E.C. (Ed) Moore, an American bacteriologist, who worked with anaerobes.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / Moorella

In early exponential growth phase, cells stain Gram‐positive. However, some species stain negative during the late exponential and stationary growth phases.Straight rods with a tendency to polymorphismunder stress conditions such as high glucose or high acetate concentrations.Physiology is obligately anaerobic,thermophilic,and chemolithoautotrophic and/or heterotrophic; produces acetate as sole or main fermentation product from sugars, C1carbon sources, and other substrates. Produces nearly 3 moles of acetate per mole of glucose consumed, which is sometimes called “homoacetogenic” fermentation. While growing on substrates other than hexoses, CO, or CO2/H2,Moorellaspecies can produce various products. May use nitrate, nitrite or fumarate as electron acceptors. Forms various aromatic compounds via decarboxylation of arylic acids, which are used as CO2donors under CO2‐limited conditions. The cell wall containsLL‐diaminopimelate (DAP).

DNA G+C content(mol%): 53–55.

Type species:Moorella thermoacetica(Fontaine, Peterson, McCoy, Johnson and Ritter 1942) Collins, Lawson, Willems, Cordoba, Fernández‐Garayzábal, Garcia, Cai, Hippe and Farrow 1994, 824VP(Clostridium thermoaceticumFontaine, Peterson, McCoy, Johnson and Ritter 1942, 705).
Thermanaeromonas
Authors: Mori Koji , Hanada Satoshi
Published: August 2015

Ther.man.aer.o.mo'nas. Gr. n.
thermos
hot; Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Thermanaeromonas
a thermophilic, anaerobic monad.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / Thermanaeromonas

Straight
,
rod‐shaped cells
, 0.6 µm in diameter and 2–6 µm in length. Gram stain reaction is negative. Nonmotile.
Terminal endospore formation
.
Strictly anaerobic
.
Thermophilic
. Growth occurs between 55 and 73 °C, with an optimum at 70 °C. The pH range for growth is 5.5–8.5, with an optimum at pH 6.5. Growth does not occur above 1% NaCl concentration.
Chemoorganoheterotrophic
. Various organic compounds used for growth. Growth by fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
Thiosulfate
,
nitrate
,
and nitrite used as electron acceptor
.
Menaquinone 7
is the major quinone. Major cellular fatty acids are
C

15
:
0 iso

and C

17:
0 iso

. Isolated from a geothermal aquifer at a depth of 550 m in Toyoha Mines (Hokkaido, Japan).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 49.6.

Type species
:
Thermanaeromonas toyohensis
Mori, Hanada, Maruyama and Marumo 2002, 1679
VP
.
Thermodesulfobium
Authors: Mori Koji , Hanada Satoshi
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.de.sul.fo'bi.um. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot, L. pref.
de
from, L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur, Gr. masc. n.
bios
life, N.L. neut. n.
Thermodesulfobium
a thermophilic organism that reduces a sulfur compound.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermodesulfobiaceae / Thermodesulfobium

Strictly anaerobic
,
nonmotile rods
about 0.5 µm × 2–4 µm.
Stains Gram‐negative
. Nonsporeforming.
Moderately thermophilic
. Growth temperature range is 37–65 °C, with an optimum of 50–55 °C.
The pH range for growth is 4
.
0–6
.
5
. Growth does not occur above a NaCl concentration of 1% (w/v).
Chemoautotrophic
. Growth occurs on H
2
/CO
2
or formate by
anaerobic respiration with sulfate
,
thiosulfate
,
nitrate
,
or nitrite
as electron acceptors. The major cellular fatty acid is C
16:0
. MK‐7(H
2
) and MK‐7 are the major quinones.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.1.

Type species
:
Thermodesulfobium narugense
Mori, Kim, Kakegawa and Hanada 2004, 1
VP
(Effective publication: Mori, Kim, Kakegawa and Hanada 2003, 288.).
Caldicellulosiruptor
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Cal.di.cel.lu.lo.si.rup'tor. L. adj.caldushot; N.L. n.cellulosumcellulose; L. masc. n.ruptorbreaker; N.L. masc. n.Caldicellulosiruptorcellulose‐breaker living under hot conditions.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Caldicellulosiruptor

Cells are straightrods.Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores not observed. Growth not obtained after heat treatment at 115 °C for 20 min. Growthstrictly anaerobic, occurring over the temperature range of 45–82 °C with optima in the range of 65–75 °C. No growth detected below 45 °C or above 82 °C. Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides serve as fermentable substrates.Cellulose is hydrolyzed by most strains.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 35–37.5 (Tm, HPLC).

Type species:Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticusRainey, Donnison, Janssen, Saul, Rodrigo, Bergquisy, Daniel, Stackebrandt and Morgan 1995, 197VP(Effective publication: Rainey, Donnison, Janssen, Saul, Rodrigo, Bergquist, Daniel, Stackebrandt and Morgan 1994, 265.).
Allobaculum
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Al.lo.bac.u.lum. Gr. pref.
allo
the other; L. neut. n.
baculum
small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Allobaculum
the other small rod.

Firmicutes / Erysipelotrichia / Erysipelotrichales / Erysipelotrichaceae / Allobaculum

Nonsporeforming rods
in pairs or chains.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Strictly anaerobic
and catalase‐negative. Produce lactic and butyric acids and small amounts of ethanol from glucose.
Hydrolyze esculin
but not gelatin, starch, or urea. Lecithinase‐ and lipase‐negative.
Cannot produce indole or reduce nitrate to nitrate
. Have a
type A wall
containing
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37.9.

Type species
:
Allobaculum stercoricanis
Greetham, Gibson, Giffard, Hippe, Merkhoffer, Steiner, Falsen and Collins 2006, 1459
VP
(Effective publication: Greetham, Gibson, Giffard, Hippe, Merkhoffer, Steiner, Falsen and Collins 2004, 306.).
Bulleidia
Authors: Wade William G. , Downes Julia
Published: August 2015

Bull'eid'ia. L.n., named to honor Arthur Bulleid, a distinguished British oral microbiologist.

Firmicutes / Erysipelotrichia / Erysipelotrichales / Erysipelotrichaceae / Bulleidia

Straight or slightly curved, short rods
which occur singly or in pairs. Rods 0.5 µm in diameter and 0.8–2.5 µm in length.
Gram‐stain‐positive
but intensity of staining variable.
Nonsporeforming and nonmotile. Obligately anaerobic
. Optimal growth temperature 30–37 °C. Colonies are 0.7–0.9 mm in diameter, circular, entire, low convex, gray‐white and opaque with a glossy appearance after 7 d incubation on blood agar.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Bulleidia extructa
Downes, Olsvik, Hiom, Spratt, Cheeseman, Olsen, Weightman and Wade 2000, 982
VP
.
Erysipelothrix
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

E.ry.si.pe'lo.thrix. Gr. neut. n.
erysipelas
erysipelas; Gr. fem. n.
thrix
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Erysipelothrix
erysipelas thread.

Firmicutes / Erysipelotrichia / Erysipelotrichales / Erysipelotrichaceae / Erysipelothrix

Straight, or slightly curved, slender rods with a tendency to form long filaments
. Rods usually 0.2–0.4 µm to 0.8–2.5 µm or 0.5 µm in diameter and 1.5–3.0 µm in length with rounded ends; occur singly in short chains, in pairs at an angle to give V‐forms, or in groups with no particular arrangement. Filaments may be 60 µm or more in length.
Nonmotile
. Capsules not formed.
Do not form spores
. Gram‐positive. Not acid‐fast.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Colonies small, usually transparent and nonpigmented. Narrow zones of α‐hemolysis may occur on blood agar. No β‐hemolysis. Optimum temperature 30–37 °C; growth occurs between 5 and 42 °C. Do not survive heating at 60 °C for 15 min. Catalase‐negative. Oxidase‐negative. Fermentative activity weak.
Acid but no gas produced from glucose and certain other carbohydrates
. Organic growth factors are required.

Cell wall contains a group B peptidoglycan based on lysine. Mycolic acids not present. The fatty acids are primarily of the straight chain mono‐unsaturated (C

18:1
cis
‐9

) and straight chain saturated series (C
16:0
, C
18:0
)

. Widely distributed in nature. May be parasitic on mammals, birds and fish; some strains pathogenic for mammals and birds.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36–40 (
T
m
, Bd).

Type species
:
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
(Migula 1900) Buchanan 1918, 55
AL
.
Turicibacter
Authors: Bosshard Philipp P.
Published: August 2015

Tu.ri.ci.bac'ter. L. neut. n.
Turicum
the L. name of Zürich; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of a Gr. neut. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Turicibacter
a rod‐shaped organism from Zürich, Switzerland, where the bacterium was first isolated.

Firmicutes / Erysipelotrichia / Erysipelotrichales / Erysipelotrichaceae / Turicibacter

Cells are irregularly shaped, nonbranching
rods
, 0.5–2.0 × 0.7–7.0 µm in size, chain‐forming (up to 30 µm) Figure 266. Cells stain
Gram‐stain‐positive. Anaerobic, nonsporeforming
. Chemoorganotrophic, fermentative metabolism. Catalase‐negative and oxidase‐negative.
Lactate
is the main fermentation product.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36.9.

Type species
:
Turicibacter sanguinis
Bosshard, Zbinden and Altwegg 2002, 1266
VP
.
Leptotrichia
Authors: Edwards Kirstin J. , Gharbia Saheer E.
Published: August 2015

Lep.to.tri.chi'a. Gr. adj.
leptos
fine, small; Gr. fem. n.
thrix, thricos
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Leptotrichia
fine hair.

Fusobacteria / Fusobacteriia / Fusobacteriales / Leptotrichiaceae / Leptotrichia

Straight or slightly curved rods
, 0.5–3.0 × 5–15 µm,
with one or both ends pointed or rounded
. Frequently arranged in pairs, separate filaments, or chains, often with flattened ends. No club formation or branching. Nonmotile. Gram‐stain‐negative.

Anaerobic on first isolation; many strains subsequently grow aerobically in the presence of CO
2

. Optimum temperature 35–37°C. Good growth occurs at pH 7.0–7.4. Chemoorganotrophic.
Metabolize carbohydrates with formation of acid without gas. The major product of glucose fermentation is lactic acid
. Acetic and succinic acids may be produced in trace amounts. Hydrogen sulfide and indole are not produced. Nitrate is not reduced. The primary habitat is the oral cavity of humans, though also found in the female periurethral region and present in the oral cavity of some animals.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 25–29.7.

Type species
:
Leptotrichia buccalis
(Robin 1853) Trevisan 1879, 147
AL
(
Leptothrix buccalis
Robin 1853, 345).
Sneathia
Authors: Logan Julie M.J. , Edwards Kirstin J. , Gharbia Saheer E.
Published: August 2015

Sneath'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Sneathia
named after the British microbiologist Peter H.A. Sneath, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to microbial systematics.

Fusobacteria / Fusobacteriia / Fusobacteriales / Leptotrichiaceae / Sneathia

Gram‐stain‐negative
, asporogenous,
rod‐shaped bacteria
; nonmotile. Cells may display pleomorphism and filaments may be observed.
Anaerobic
, although some strains may show poor growth in CO
2
.
Fermentative metabolism. Acid but no gas is produced from glucose
. Acid is not produced from ribose or maltose. Lactic acid, formic acid, and minor amounts of acetic acid are the end products of glucose metabolism; succinic acid may be produced.
Fastidious
; require serum or blood for growth. Optimum temperature for growth 35–37°C. Catalase and oxidase negative. Esculin and hippurate are hydrolyzed but starch is not. β‐Glucuronidase is produced. Indole is not produced. Voges‐Proskauer negative. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 22–25.

Type species
:
Sneathia sanguinegens
Collins, Hoyles, Törnqvist, von Essen and Falsen 2002, 687 (Effective publication: Collins, Hoyles, Törnqvist, von Essen and Falsen 2001, 360.).
Gemmatimonas
Authors: Kamagata Yoichi
Published: August 2015

Gem.ma'ti.mo'nas. L. adj.
gemmatus
provided with buds; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit; N.L. fem. n.
Gemmatimonas
a budding unit.

Gemmatimonadetes / Gemmatimonadetes / Gemmatimonadales / Gemmatimonadaceae / Gemmatimonas

Gram‐stain‐negative. Cells are
motile, rod‐shaped. Spores are not formed
. Cells divide by binary fission but often show budding forms. Mesophilic. Heterotrophic. Cells grow under aerobic conditions.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐9
. The main fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
16:1
and C
14:0
. The cell wall contains no diaminopimelic acid (DAP) isomers.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66.0 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Gemmatimonas aurantiaca
Zhang, Sekiguchi, Hanada, Hugenholtz, Kamagata and Nakamura 2003, 1161
VP
.
Victivallis
Authors: Derrien Muriel , Plugge Caroline M. , de Vos Willem M. , Zoetendal Erwin G.
Published: August 2015

Vic.ti.val'lis. L. masc. n.
victus
food; L. fem. n.
vallis
valley; N.L. fem. n.
victivallis
food valley which refers to the Wageningen “Food Valley”. This is an area in The Netherlands in which food science is a major research topic.

Lentisphaerae / Lentisphaeria / Victivallales / Victivallaceae / Victivallis

Coccoid
cells, occurring singly and in pairs. The diameters of the cells vary between 0.5 and 1.3 µm.
Gram‐negative cell structure. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic
.
Victivallis
does not grow on standard agar plates, but beige, shiny, lens‐shaped colonies are formed on agar plates with 0.75% (w/v) agar after 10 d of incubation. Cells grow optimally at 37°C and pH 6.5. Growth of
Victivallis
is
chemoorganotrophic
and restricted to a variety of

sugars. Acetate, ethanol, H
2

and
bicarbonate
are the main fermentation products from glucose.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 59.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Victivallis vadensis
Zoetendal, Plugge, Akkermans and de Vos 2003, 214
VP
.
Thermodesulfovibrio
Authors: Maki James S.
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.de.sul.fo.vib.ri.o
. Gr. adj.
thermos
warm, hot; L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. v.
vibrare
to vibrate; M.L. masc. n.
Vibrio
that which vibrates; M.L. masc. n.
Thermodesulfovibrio
a thermophilic curved bacterium that reduces sulfur.

Nitrospirae / “Nitrospira” / “Nitrospirales” / “Nitrospiraceae” / Thermodesulfovibrio

Curved or vibrioid rod‐shaped single cells or in chains
,
0
.
3
×
1
.
7
μ
m
, spore formation not observed. Gram negative.
Motile by means of single polar flagellum
.
Strict anaerobe
. Growth between 40 and 70°C, with
optimal growth at 65
°
C
. pH optimum 6.8–7.0. Chemoorganotroph, fermentative and
dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing metabolism
. Contains desulfofuscidin, does not contain desulfoviridin. Sulfate and thiosulfate used as electron acceptors for growth. Sulfite and nitrate may also be electron acceptors. Organic substrates oxidized to acetate. The genus is among the deeply brancing
Bacteria
based upon 16S rRNA sequence analysis.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 29.5–38.

Type species
:
Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii
Henry, Devereux, Maki, Gilmour, Woese, Mandelco, Schauder, Remsen and Mitchell 1994b, 595 (Effective publication: Henry, Devereux, Maki, Gilmour, Woese, Mandelco, Schauder, Remsen and Mitchell 1994a, 68).
Isosphaera
Authors: Castenholz Richard W.
Published: August 2015

[
Isocystis
Borzi 1878 (cyanobacteria)]

I.so.spha.e'ra. Gr. adj.
isos
equal; L. fem. n.
sphaera
ball or sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Isosphaera
sphere of equal size.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Planctomycetales / Planctomycetaceae / Isosphaera

Spherical cells
2.0–2.5 µm in diameter
forming chains
of indefinite length, often over 100 cells. Cell division by
budding
, intercalary or terminal. No branching occurs. Capsules are not present. Gas vesicles are usually present in all cells, mostly in one cluster (gas vacuole or “pseudovacuole”). Resting cells are not known. Gram variable.
Motility by gliding
; pili present, no flagella.
Phototactic
on solid substrate.
Strictly aerobic
. Temperature range ~40–55°C in culture. Optimal pH range 7.8–8.8.

Type species
:
Isosphaera pallida
(Woronichin 1927) Giovannoni, Schabtach and Castenholz 1995, 619 corrig. Euzéby and Kudo 2001, 1938 (Effective publication: Giovannoni, Schabtach and Castenholz 1987b, 283.) (
Isocystis pallida
Woronichin 1927 – as a cyanobacterium;
Torulopsidosira pallida
(Woronochin) Geitler 1963 – as a yeast).
Pirellula
Authors: Fuerst John A. , Butler Margaret K.
Published: August 2015

Pi.rel'lu.la. L. n.
pirum
pear; L. fem. dim. ending ‐
ella
; L. fem. dim. ending ‐
ula
; N.L. fem. n.
Pirellula
very small pear, referring to the shape of the bacterium.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Planctomycetales / Planctomycetaceae / Pirellula

Pear or teardrop‐shaped cells
with one pointed attachment pole, 0.5–3.0 × 1.0–5.0 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Cells do not possess a stalk
, but may form a fibrillar holdfast.
Frequently form rosettes
by attachment with the pointed cell pole. The holdfast occurs on one pole of the cell (the narrow pole of ovoid cells) and facilitates attachment to other cells to form rosettes.
Crateriform structures are distributed at one pole only
.
Reproduction is solely by bud formation
. Buds are formed at or near the opposite, wider pole which thus constitutes the reproductive pole. Newly formed buds are motile by
polar to subpolar monotrichous flagella
. When thin sectioned cells prepared via cryosubstitution are examined via electron microscopy, they display a
characteristic organization including a major cell compartment
,
the pirellulosome
,
in which ribosomes and a condensed nucleoid are enclosed by an intracytoplasmic membrane
,
and a ribosome‐free paryphoplasm region between this intracytoplasmic membrane and the closely apposed cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall
. Chemoorganotrophic; obligately aerobic. The original description was emended following the description of
Rhodopirellula
and
Blastopirellula
to include more recent data (Schlesner et al., 2004).
The major polyamine is
sym
homospermidine. The major respiratory lipoquinone present is MK‐6. The major phospholipid present is phosphatidylglycerol. A number of other lipids are present that have characteristic
R
f
values, but whose structures are not currently known.
The lipid pattern is characteristic
.
The major fatty acids present are C

14
:
0

,
C

16
:
1

ω
7
,
C

16
:
0

,
C

18
:
1

ω
9
,
C

18
:
1

ω
7
,
C

18
:
0

,
and C

20
:
1

ω
11
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 56.4 ± 0.4 to 59.0 (
T
m,
Bd).

Type species
:
Pirellula staleyi
Schlesner and Hirsch 1987, 441
VP
emend. Schlesner, Rensmann, Tindall, Gade, Rabus, Pfeiffer and Hirsch 2004, 1577.
Planctomyces
Authors: Ward Naomi L. , Staley James T. , Schmidt Jean M.
Published: August 2015

Planc.to.my'ces. Gr. adj.
planktos
wandering, floating; Gr. masc. n.
mukês
fungus; N.L. masc. n.
Planctomyces
floating fungus.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Planctomycetales / Planctomycetaceae / Planctomyces

Cells are spherical
,
ovoid
,
ellipsoidal
,
teardrop‐shaped
,
or bulbiform
. Often relatively
large
(ignoring appendages and aggregations, individual vegetative cells range up to 3.5 µm in greatest dimension; immature buds smaller). Have at least one
major multifibrillar
(
nonprosthecate
)
appendage
(called a
spike
,
spire
,
fascicle
,
bristle
,
or stalk
) which does not always have the true stalk function of connecting the cell to a substratum.
Divide by budding
. A
holdfast
‐which is not always an easily visualized, discrete structure‐is often present at the distal end of an appendage or at one end of the cell. Often form
homologous aggregations
,
rosettes or bouquets
, by attachment at the holdfasts in natural habitats. Produce
crateriform surface structures
(surface pits 12 nm in diameter, circumscribed by a grommet with a 30–36 nm outside diameter) and
pili
in characteristic patterns.
Gram‐stain‐negative
bacteria.
Lack peptidoglycan
.
Resistant to
β‐
lactam antibiotics
.
Divide by budding
. Some species have a
dimorphic life cycle
:
a sessile mother cell
buds; the bud develops into a
swarmer
that is
motile
by means of a
flagellum
(often
ensheathed
); after maturation, the swarmer loses its flagellum and becomes a sessile, budding mother cell. All cultivated species are aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Occur worldwide in both eutrophic and oligotrophic freshwaters, as well as in estuarine and marine habitats. Sometimes become
encrusted with iron and manganese oxides
. Often
associated
in nature with
algae
and
cyanobacteria
. Although several species have now been
isolated in pure culture
, the type species and various other rosette‐forming species
have not been cultivated axenically
.
Carbohydrates
are reported to be the main carbon source for cultivated members of the genus, which are relatively
slow‐growing
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50.5–57.7.

Type species
:
Planctomyces bekefii
Gimesi 1924, 4
AL
(
Blastocaulis sphaerica
Henrici and Johnson 1935, 84 (Hirsch 1972); morphotype la of the
Blastocaulis–Planctomyces
group (Schmidt and Starr 1980b, 1981).
Rhodopirellula
Authors: Schlesner Heinz
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.pi.rel'lu.la. Gr. neut. n.
rhodon
a rose; N.L. fem. n.
Pirellula
name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Rhodopirellula
a red
Pirellula
.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Planctomycetales / Planctomycetaceae / Rhodopirellula

Cells are ovoid
,
ellipsoidal
,
or pear‐shaped
,
occurring singly or in rosettes by attachment at the smaller cell pole
.
Cells divide by budding
. Buds are produced directly from the broader cell pole of the mother cell.
Crateriform structures and fimbriae are found in the upper cell region
.
Cells have intracytoplasmic membranous structures
. Gram‐stain‐variable. Buds may have a single flagellum inserted subpolarly at the proximal pole. Adult cells are immobile. Strictly aerobic.
Colonies are pink to red in color
. Mesophilic. Requires seawater for growth. Nonsporeforming. PHB is not stored. Chemoheterotrophic. Carbon and energy sources are mainly carbohydrates. C1‐compounds are not used.
N
‐acetylglucosamine serves as carbon and nitrogen source. Catalase‐ and cytochrome oxidase‐positive.
The proteinaceous cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
. The major polyamines are putrescine, cadaverine, and
sym
‐homospermidine.
The major menaquinone is MK‐6
. The major fatty acids are C
16:1
ω7, C
16:0
, C
17:1
ω8, C
17:0
, C
18:1
ω7, C
18:1
ω9, and C
18:0
. The major phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 53–57 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Rhodopirellula baltica
Schlesner, Rensmann, Tindall, Gade, Rabus, Pfeiffer and Hirsch 2004, 1577
VP
.
Schlesneria
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N. , Kulichevskaya Irina S. , Zavarzin George A.
Published: August 2015

Schles.ne'ri.a. N.L. fem. n.
Schlesneria
named after the German microbiologist Heinz Schlesner in recognition of his work on planctomycete diversity and ecology.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Planctomycetales / Planctomycetaceae / Schlesneria

Ellipsoid‐shaped cells
, occurring singly, in pairs, or
in rosettes
.
Free cell poles are covered with crateriform surface structures
and possess
an unusual spur‐like projection
. Encapsulated.
Reproduce by budding
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Adult cells are immobile. Daughter cells are motile by means of two subpolar flagella. No resting stages known.
Stalk‐like structures are short and rarely observed
. Chemoorganotrophic aerobes. Capable of growth in microaerobic conditions. Colonies are small and nonpigmented. Various carbohydrates or
N
‐acetylglucosamine are the preferred substrates. No growth factors are required. Organic nitrogen compounds, ammonium, nitrate, and some amino acids serve as nitrogen sources.
Possess hydrolytic capabilities
.
Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive
. Urease‐negative. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction is positive. Mesophilic and
moderately acidophilic bacteria
growing in the pH range of 4.2–7.5, with an optimum at pH 5.0–6.2.
Sensitive to NaCl
. This genus is a member of the phylum
Planctomycetes
, order
Planctomycetales
, family
Planctomycetaceae
. Acidic wetlands are the main habitat.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 54.4–56.5.

Type species
:
Schlesneria paludicola
Kulichevskaya, Ivanova, Belova, Baulina, Bodelier, Rijpstra, Sinninghe Damsté, Zavarzin and Dedysh 2007, 2686
VP
.
Asticcacaulis
Authors: Poindexter Jeanne S.
Published: August 2015

A' stic.ca.cau' lis
. Gr.
alpha
privative without; Anglo‐Saxon n.
sticca
stick; L. n.
caulis
stalk; L. masc. n.
Asticcacaulis
stalk that does not stick.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Caulobacterales / Caulobacteraceae / Asticcacaulis

Cells single, unbranched,
rod‐shaped
, poles blunt or gently rounded; 0.5–0.7 × 1–3 µm during growth in most media. Some cells in any growing population have one subpolar or one or two lateral
prosthecae
. Each prostheca includes outer membrane, peptidoglycan, cell membrane, and a core sometimes observed to be occupied in part by membranes, but other cytoplasmic components cannot be discerned through most of its length. Beyond the cell–prostheca juncture, prostheca diameter is constant, 0.10–0.15 µm; each prostheca possesses at least one
stalk band
as a substructure after the cell has matured and completed at least one cell cycle. Other cells in the same population bear a
single
,
subpolar flagellum
. Each type of cell bears a small mass of adhesive material, the
holdfast
, at one pole; the holdfast site is not coincident with the site of the flagellum or of the prostheca(e). Binary fission occurs by
septation
, typically resulting in the production of a longer, prosthecate cell and a shorter, flagellated cell. Fission may occur in cells lacking prosthecae. In both instances,
cell division
is
unequal
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 55–61.

Type species
:
Asticcacaulis excentricus
Poindexter 1964, 292.
Methylocella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Me.thyl.o.cel' la
. M.L. n.
methyl
the methyl group; L. n.
cella
a cell; M.L. n.
Methylocella
methyl‐using cell.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Beijerinckiaceae / Methylocella

Encapsulated
,
nonmotile straight or curved Gram‐negative rods
(0.6–1.0 × 1.0–2.5 µm). One large
poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate granule
at each pole.
Form exospores
. Contain
intracytoplasmic membranes
.

Grow only on C
1
compounds using serine pathway

. Complete TCA cycle.

Fixes N
2

. Major fatty acids are C
18:1
forms.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61.2.

Type species
:
Methylocella palustris
Dedysh, Liesack, Khmelenina, Suzina, Trotsenko, Semrau, Bares, Panikov and Tiedje 2000, 967.
Agromonas
Authors: Kennedy Christina
Published: August 2015

Ag.ro.mon' as
. Gr. n.
agros
a field; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Agromonas
field monad.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Bradyrhizobiaceae / Agromonas

Bent
,
branched
,
and
/
or budding rods
,
usually 0
.
6–1
.
0
×
2–7
μ
m
,
when grown in diluted nutrient broth
(
NB
/
100
).
Motile by a polar flagellum
. Gram negative. Colonies are colorless to white. No spores or microcysts formed. Aerobic.
Oligotrophic
; grows under conditions of low organic carbon supply (<1 mg/ml).

Fixes N
2
under microaerobic conditions

.
Catalase and oxidase positive
. Cellulose and starch are not hydrolyzed. Casein and gelatin are not hydrolyzed. Cellular fatty acids consist mainly of a straight‐chain unsaturated acid C
18:1
, with smaller amounts of C
16:0
and C
19:1
. Ubiquinone Q‐10 is present. Isolated from rice paddy soils.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.1–66.0.

Type species
:
Agromonas oligotrophica
Ohta and Hattori 1985, 223 (Effective publication: Ohta and Hattori 1983, 43.)