bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tectonic setting, petrology and geochronology of jadeite + glaucophane and chloritoid + glaucophane schists from north‐west Turkey
Authors: OKAY A. I. , KELLEY S. P.
Published: May 2007

The north‐west Turkish blueschists represent a subducted passive continental margin sequence dominated by metaclastic rocks and marble. The depositional age of the blueschist protoliths are probably Palaeozoic to Mesozoic, while the age of the high‐pressure/low‐temperature metamorphism is Late Cretaceous. Blueschists are tectonically overlain by a volcanosedimentary sequence made up of accreted oceanic crustal material that locally shows incipient blueschist metamorphism and by spinel peridotite slices.

The metaclastic rocks with regional jadeite and glaucophane, which comprise the lower part of the blueschist unit, make up an over 1000‐m‐thick coherent sequence in the Kocasu region of north‐west Turkey. Rare metabasic horizons in the upper parts of the metaclastic sequence with sodic amphibole + Iawsonite but no garnet indicate lawsonite blueschist facies metamorphism. The blueschist metaclastics in the Kocasu region are practically free of calcium and ferric iron and closely approximate the NFMASH system in bulk composition. Two low‐variance mineral assemblages (with quartz and phengite) are jadeite + glaucophane + chlorite + paragonite and chloritoid + glaucophane + paragonite. The metaclastics comprise up to several‐metres‐thick layers of jadeite schist with quartz, phengite and nearly 100 mol% jadeite. Phase relations in the metaclastics show that the chloritoid + glaucophane assemblage, even in Fe2+‐rich compositions, is stable in the jadeite stability field. In the NFASH system the above assemblage without the accompanying garnet has a narrow thermal stability field.

Mineral equilibria in the metaclastics involving chloritoid, glaucophane, jadeite, paragonite and chlorite indicate metamorphic P‐T conditions of 20 ± 2 kbar and 430 ± 30 d̀ C, yielding geothermal gradients close to 5d̀ C km‐1, one of the lowest geotherms recorded. Blueschists in the Kocasu region, which have been buried to 70 km depth, are tectonically overlain by the volcanosedimentary sequence and by peridotite buried not deeper than 30 km.

Phengites from two jadeite schists were dated by Ar/Ar laser probe; they give an age of 88.5 ± 0.5 Ma, interpreted as the age of metamorphism. Blueschists and the overlying peridotite bodies are intruded by 48‐53‐Ma‐old granodiorite bodies that were emplaced at 10 km depth. This suggests that the exhumation of blueschists by underplating of cold continental crust, and normal faulting at the blueschist‐peridotite, interface occurred during the Late Cretaceous to Palaeocene (88‐53 Ma).
Fluid‐mineral equilibria in prehnite‐pumpellyite to greenschist facies metabasites near Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada: implications for petrogenetic grids
Authors: DIGEL S. , GHENT E. D.
Published: May 2007

A sequence of regional metamorphic isograds indicating a range from prehnite‐pumpellyite to lower amphibolite facies was mapped in metabasites near Flin Flon, Manitoba. The lowest grade rocks contain prehnite + pumpellyite and are cut by younger brittle faults containing epidote + chlorite + calcite. Isobaric temperature‐XCO2 and pressure‐temperature (constant XCO2) diagrams were calculated to quantify the effects of CO2 in the metamorphic fluid on the stability of prehnite‐pumpellyite facies minerals in metabasites containing excess quartz and chlorite. Prehnite and, to a lesser extent, pumpellyite are stable only in fluids with Xco2 <0.002. For Xco2>0.002, epidote + chlorite + calcite assemblages are stable. Our calculated phase relations are consistent with regional metamorphism in the Flin Flon area in the presence of an H2O‐rich fluid and a more CO2‐rich fluid in the later fault zones. We believe that the potential effects of small amounts of CO2 in the metamorphic fluid should be assessed when considering the pressure‐temperature implications of mineral assemblages in low‐grade metabasites.
Deformation‐induced reconstitution and local resetting of mineral equilibria in polymetamorphic gneisses: tectonic and metamorphic implications
Authors: MOECHER D. P. , WINTSCH R. P.
Published: May 2007

A sequence of at least three Al2SiO5‐bearing mineral assemblages are preserved in successively overprinted ductile shear zones in the Willimantic window, Connecticut. The ductile deformation, localized at and near the boundary between the Putnam‐Nashoba terrane and underlying Avalon terrane is characterized by a network of anastomozing shear zones that outline metre‐scale tectonic blocks of migmatitic Kfs + Sil + Gt + Bi + Pg + Qtz + Ilm + Ru gneiss. These assemblages record Acadian or older metamorphic conditions of 6 kbar, 700d̀ C. Mylonitic gneisses in shear zones that define block margins were formed by reconstitution and recrystallization of the migmatitic gneiss. The reconstituted rocks exhibit relict Ky + St + Grt (+Pl + Bt + Qtz + Rt + Ilm) assemblages and require a minimum pressure for the Ky‐Str grade metamorphism of 8.5 kbar. Kyanite in block margins is widely replaced by sillimanite, and locally by andalusite, during a period of post‐Alleghanian ductile deformation. The interiors of blocks do not record this sequence of polymorphs. The pattern of reconstitution is accounted for by localization of strain along block margins within a regionally extensive terrane‐bounding fault zone. Strain provided the activation energy for recrystallization and retrograde mineral reactions. The P‐T conditions of post‐Alleghanian ductile deformation evolved from 600d̀ C and 6 kbar to 550d̀ C and 3 kbar.

The occurrence of Ky + Str‐bearing assemblages, overprinting Acadian Kfs + Sil‐bearing assemblages and subsequently overprinted by Alleghanian sillimanite‐ and andalusite‐bearing assemblages, along with reset hornblende 40Ar/39 Ar mineral ages from Mississippian to Permian, requires a prograde Alleghanian metamorphism of rocks previously metamorphosed during the Acadian. Thus, mineral assemblages from gneisses in the Willimantic fault zone retain evidence of a protracted tectonothermal evolution that included high‐grade Acadian orogenesis, tectonic loading resulting from Alleghanian collision of Avalon with North America, and tectonic exhumation in Permo‐Triassic time. The c.3‐kbar pressure decrease between prograde and retrograde Alleghanian metamorphic conditions corresponds to 10 km of crust that must have been tectonically excised from the base of the Putnam‐Nashoba terrane cover sequence following Alleghanian orogenesis in south‐eastern New England.
Reworking of deep‐seated gabbros and associated contact metamorphosed paragneisses in the southeastern part of the Seiland Igneous Province, northern Norway
Authors: ELVEVOLD S. , REGINIUSSEN H. , KROGH E. J. , BJØRKLUND F.
Published: May 2007

The Seiland Igneous Province of the North Norwegian Caledonides consists of a suite of deep‐seated rift‐related magmatic rocks emplaced into paragneisses during late Precambrian to Ordovician time. In the south‐eastern part of the province, contact metamorphism of the paragneisses and later reworking of intrusives and associated contact aureoles have resulted in the development of three successive metamorphic stages. The contact metamorphic assemblage (M1) Opx + Grt + Qtz + Pl + Kfs + Hc + Ilm ± Crd is preserved in xenolithic rafts of paragneiss within metagabbro. Geothermobarometric calculations yield 930‐960d̀ C and 5‐6.5 kbar for the contact metamorphism. M1 was followed by cooling, accompanied by strong shearing, formation of the gneiss foliation and recrystallization at intermediate‐P granulite facies conditions (M2). Stable M2 phases are Cpx + Opx + Pl +Ilm ± Hbl in metagabbro and Grt ± Sil ± Opx + Kfs + Qtz + Pl ± Bt + Ilm in host paragneiss. The M2 conditions are estimated to 700‐750d̀ C and 5‐7 kbar. A subsequent pressure increase is recorded in the M3 episode, which is associated with recrystallization in narrow ductile shear zones and secondary growth on M2 minerals. M3 is defined by the assemblages Grt + Cpx ± Opx + Pl + Ru + Qtz in metagabbro, and Grt ± Ky + Qtz + Pl ± Kfs + Bt + Ru in host paragneiss. M3 conditions are estimated to 650‐700d̀ C and 8‐10 kbar. The substantial pressure increase related to the M2 → M3 transition is interpreted to be a result of (early?) Caledonian overthrusting. Chemical zoning in cordierite and biotite suggest rapid cooling following the M3 event. The proposed P‐T‐t evolution implies that the tectonic evolution of the Seiland Igneous Province was long (at least 330 Ma) and complex and involved initial rifting and extension followed by crustal thickening and compression.
Garnet coronas in scapolite‐wollastonite calc‐silicates from East Antarctica: the application and limitations of activity‐corrected grids
Authors: FITZSIMONS I. C. W. , HARLEY S. L.
Published: May 2007

Calc‐silicate boudins within Proterozoic granulite facies gneisses of the northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica, preserve a number of reaction textures including garnet coronas between calcite and scapolite; garnet‐quartz coronas between scapolite and wollastonite and between plagioclase and wollastonite; calcite‐quartz intergrowths in wollastonite; and calcite‐plagioclase symplectites in scapolite. These textures have been modelled using petrogenetic grids for reactions in the CaO‐Al2,O3‐SiO2‐CO2 system, but with reduced mineral activities to account for additional components in real mineral compositions. Such fixed‐composition reduced‐activity grids are strictly valid only at the point in P‐T‐aCO2 space where an assemblage last equilibrated, and do not show the true positions of reactions away from this point because mineral compositions change with reaction progress. In this case, however, mineral compositions close to end‐member values and low extents of reaction progress mean that compositional change was limited and the grids are good approximations to true pseudosections over the entire P‐T‐aco2 range of interest.

The grids show that the textures are consistent with near‐isobaric cooling from about 850 to 700d̀ C at 7 kbar, a P‐T path compatible with thermobarometric studies of other lithologies from the area. Phase relationships indicate that CO2 activities were buffered by the local mineral assemblage during peak and retrograde metamorphism, either under fluid‐absent conditions or within a non‐pervasive fluid phase. Previous studies of garnet coronas in scapolite‐wollastonite calc‐silicates have used qualitative grids based on limited experimental data to invoke garnet growth during water infiltration at high temperature, but the grids used here show that garnet coronas can form on cooling, without any need for water influx.
Formation of corrensite, chlorite and chlorite‐mica stacks by replacement of detrital biotite in low‐grade pelitic rocks
Authors: JIANG WEI‐TEH , PEACOR DONALD R.
Published: May 2007

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to investigate the nature and mechanisms of alteration of abundant detrital biotite of volcanic origin and progressive modification of phyllosilicate aggregates in a prograde sequence of pelitic rocks (illite crystallinity index = 0.19–0.58d̀λ2θ) from the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec.

Detrital biotite has been diagenetically altered to form corrensite and chlorite through two mechanisms; (1) layer‐by‐layer replacement gave rise to interstratification of packets of layers and complex mixed layering via several kinds of layer transitions between biotite and chlorite, corrensite or smectite; (2) dissolution‐transport‐precipitation resulted in the formation of relatively coarse‐grained aggregates of randomly orientated, corrensite‐rich flakes and fine‐grained corrensite intergrown with chlorite and illite in the matrix.

The data show that stacks consisting of alternating packets of trioctahedral and dioctahedral phyllosilicates originated during early diagenesis when lenticular fissures in strained altering biotite were filled by dioctahedral clays. Subsequent prograde evolution of dioctahedral clays occurred through deformation, dissolution and crystallization, and overgrowth. Illite evolved to muscovite, with K in part provided through biotite alteration, and corrensite/chlorite to homogeneous chlorite. The alteration of detrital biotite is closely related to the formation of titanite and magnetite in diagenetic rocks, and pyrite, calcite and anatase or rutile in the higher grade rocks.

The observations demonstrate that detrital biotite of volcanic origin may be the principal precursor of chlorite in chlorite‐rich metapelites originating in marginal basins. The mineral parageneses suggest that the transitions from corrensite to chlorite and illite to muscovite may be a function of local chemistry and time.
The role of mylonites in the uplift of an oblique lower crustal section, East Antarctica
Authors: NICHOLS G. T.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Three generations of mylonites discovered in the northern Prince Charles Mountains (nPCM) are associated with episodes of crustal thickening and thinning. First‐generation mylonites (MY1) are shallow thrusts which pre‐date both folding and peak metamorphic conditions, and formed during early crustal thickening. Second‐generation mylonites (MY2) are significant subvertical normal faults that formed at conditions of c. 5 kbar and 700° C, and throughout the nPCM consistently display NW‐block uplift. It is argued that MY2 uplift was rapid in the north‐west, produced exhumation of approximately 6–7 km, and caused re‐equilibration of most nPCM assemblages at lower pressures. It is suggested that features of this terrane may be reconciled with a tectonic model involving simultaneous crustal thickening and lithospheric thinning; MY2 uplift may reflect isostatically induced uplift. In contrast, the adjacent east Lambert Glacier Region (eLGR) was unaffected by MY2 uplift and remained at lower crustal levels. P‐T trajectories across this oblique terrane thus reflect a gradual transition in uplift rates: nPCM paths preserve mostly cooling after partial MY2 exhumation, while those in the eLGR are dominated by slower uplift which facilitated the retrograde growth of coronas and symplectites at amphibolite facies conditions. Amphibolite facies third‐generation mylonites, MY3, post‐date the preserved P‐T segments and are low‐angle normal faults which indicate consistent easterly transport across the entire terrane. It is proposed that they are related to tectonic collapse.
40Ar/39Ar geochronology and P‐T‐t paths from the Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex, Tierra del Fuego, Chile
Authors: KOHN M. J. , SPEAR F. S. , HARRISON T. M. , DALZIEL I. W. D.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
40Ar/39Ar data collected from hornblende, muscovite, biotite and K‐feldspar constrain the P‐T‐t history of the Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. These data show two periods of rapid cooling, the first between c. 500 and c. 325° C at rates ≥25° C Ma‐1, and the second between c. 250 and c. 200°C. For high‐T cooling, 40Ar/39Ar ages are spatially disparate and depend on metamorphic grade: rocks that record deeper and hotter peak metamorphic conditions have younger 40Ar/39Ar ages. Sillimanite‐ and kyanite‐grade rocks in the south‐central part of the complex cooled latest: 40Ar/39Ar Hbl = 73–77 Ma, Ms = 67–70 Ma, Bt = 68 Ma, and oldest Kfs = 65 Ma. Thermobarometry and P‐T path studies of these rocks indicate that maximum burial of 26–30 km at 575–625° C may have been followed by as much as 10 km of exhumation with heating of 25–50° C. Staurolite‐grade rocks have intermediate 40Ar/39Ar ages: Hbl = 84–86 Ma, Ms = 71 Ma, Bt = 72–75 Ma, and oldest Kfs = 80 Ma. Thermobarometry on these rocks indicates maximum burial of 19–26 km at temperatures of 550–580° C. Garnet‐grade rocks have the oldest ages: Ms = 72 Ma and oldest Kfs = 91 Ma; peak P‐T conditions were 525–550° C and 5–7 kbar. Regional metamorphic temperatures for greenschist facies rocks south of the Beagle Channel did not exceed c. 300–325° C from 110 Ma to the present, although the rocks are only 2 km from kyanite‐bearing rocks to the north.

One‐dimensional thermal models allow limits to be placed on exhumation rates. Assuming a stable geothermal gradient of 20–25° C km‐1, the maximum exhumation rate for the St‐grade rocks is c. 2.5 mm yr‐1, whereas the minimum exhumation rate for the Ky + Sil‐grade rocks is c. 1.0 mm yr‐1. Uniform exhumation rates cannot explain the disparity in cooling histories for rocks at different grades, and so early differential exhumation is inferred to have occurred. Petrological and geochronological comparisons with other metamorphic complexes suggest that single exhumation events typically remove less than c. 20 km of overburden. This behaviour can be explained in terms of a continental deformation model in which brittle extensional faults in the upper crust are rooted to shallowly dipping ductile shear zones or regions of homogeneous thinning at mid‐ to deep‐crustal levels. The P‐T‐t data from Cordillera Darwin (1) are best explained by a ‘wedge extrusion’model, in which extensional exhumation in the southern rear of the complex was coeval with thrusting in the north along the margin of the complex and into the Magallanes sedimentary basin, (2) suggest that differential exhumation occurred initially, with St‐grade rocks exhuming faster than Ky + Sil‐grade rocks, and (3) show variations in cooling rate through time that correlate both with local deformation events and with changes in plate motions and interactions.
Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Chuncheon amphibolite, central Gyeonggi massif, South Korea
Authors: LEE SEUNG RYEOL , CHO MOONSUP
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Chuncheon amphibolite, part of the Gubongsan Group which overlies the Yongduri gneiss complex, is interlayered with calc‐silicate rock, marble, quartzite, biotite schist and quartzofeldspathic gneiss in the central Gyeonggi massif, South Korea. Metamorphic pressures and temperatures estimated from the amphibolite are 5.5–10.6 kbar and 615–714°C. These P—T conditions are close to those defined by the reaction curve between kyanite and sillimanite, and suggest medium‐pressure‐type metamorphism of the Chuncheon amphibolite. For two metapelites intercalated with the amphibolite, temperatures are estimated to be 607–699° C, consistent with those obtained from the amphibolite. On the other hand, pressures estimated from these metapelites are significantly different, 4–6 kbar and 9–13 kbar, when rim and core compositions of garnet are, respectively, used. These P—T estimates obtained from the amphibolite and metapelite suggest a nearly isothermal decompression of 3–7 kbar during denudation. Rapid decompression is likely on the basis of the results of mineral chemistry, phase equilibria and geothermobarometer. Moreover, in conjunction with the occurrence of kyanite in the adjacent Gyeonggi gneiss complex, P—T estimates of the Chuncheon amphibolite and metapelite suggest a clockwise P—T—t path. This evolutionary path may be related to the amalgamation of continents during the late Proterozoic event which corresponds to the Jinningian orogeny in the Qinling belt of China.
Formation of wollastonite‐bearing marbles during late regional metamorphic channelled fluid flow in the Upper Calcsilicate Unit of the Reynolds Range Group, central Australia*
Authors: CARTWRIGHT I. , BUICK I. S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Granulite facies marbles from the Upper Calcsilicate Unit of the Reynolds Range, central Australia, contain metre‐scale wollastonite‐bearing layers formed by infiltration of water‐rich (XCO2= 0.1–0.3) fluids close to the peak of regional metamorphism at c. 700° C. Within the wollastonite marbles, zones that contain <10% wollastonite alternate on a millimetre scale with zones containing up to 66% wollastonite. Adjacent wollastonite‐free marbles contain up to 11% quartz that is uniformly distributed. This suggests that, although some wollastonite formed by the reaction calcite + quartz = wollastonite + CO2, the wollastonite‐rich zones also underwent silica metasomatism. Time‐integrated fluid fluxes required to cause silica metasomatism are one to two orders of magnitude higher than those required to hydrate the rocks, implying that time‐integrated fluid fluxes varied markedly on a millimetre scale. Interlayered millimetre ‐to centimetre‐thick marls within the wollastonite marbles contain calcite + quartz without wollastonite. These marls were probably not infiltrated by significant volumes of water‐rich fluids, providing further evidence of local fluid channelling. Zones dominated by grandite garnet at the margins of the marl layers and marbles in the wollastonite‐bearing rocks probably formed by Fe metasomatism, and may record even higher fluid fluxes. The fluid flow also reset stable isotope ratios. The wollastonite marbles have average calcite (Cc) δ18O values of 15.4 ± 1.6% that are lower than the average δ18O(Cc) value of wollastonite‐free marbles (c. 17.2 ± 1.2%). δ13C(Cc) values for the wollastonite marbles vary from 0.4% to as low as ‐5.3%, and correlations between δ18O(Cc) and δ13C(Cc) values probably result from the combination of fluid infiltration and devolatilization. Fluids were probably derived from aluminous pegmatites, and the pattern of mineralogical and stable isotope resetting implies that fluid flow was largely parallel to strike.
Reaction relationships during retrograde metamorphism at Olary, South Australia
Authors: CLARKE G. L. , POWELL R. , VERNON R. H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In metapelitic schists of the north‐eastern Weekeroo Inliers, Olary Block, Willyama Supergroup, South Australia, syn‐S1 and syn‐S2 assemblages involving staurolite, garnet, biotite and another mineral, most probably cordierite, were overgrown by large syn‐S3 andalusite porphyroblasts, owing to isobaric heating from metamorphic conditions that existed during the development of S2. Conditions during the development of S3 probably just reached the andalusite—sillimanite transition. During the development of S4, at somewhat lower temperatures than those that accompanied the development of S3, the following reaction occurred:

staurolite + chlorite + muscovite ± biotite + andalusite + quartz + H2O.

The amount of retrogression is controlled primarily by the amount of H2O added by infiltration. As the syn‐S3 matrix assemblage was stable during the development of S4, but the andalusite porphyroblasts were no longer stable with the matrix when H2O was added, the retrogression is focused in and around the porphyroblasts. With enough H2O available, and if quartz was consumed before biotite in a porphyroblast, then the following reaction occurred:

staurolite + chlorite + muscovite + corundum ± biotite + andalusite + H2O.

This reaction allowed corundum inclusions in the andalusite to grow, regardless of the presence of quartz in the matrix assemblage.
Transport model of buoyant metamorphic fluid by hydrofracturing in leaky rock
Authors: NAKASHIMA Y.
Published: May 2007

AbstractAqueous fluid released in metamorphism is transported upwards from depth to the Earth's surface. I propose a hydrofracturing model for the fluid transport. In the model, fluid is transported by the upward propagation of a two‐dimensional vertical fluid‐filled crack from a fluid reservoir (e.g. overpressured compartment under a seal) at depth to the Earth's surface; fluid is injected consecutively from the reservoir into the crack at a given (but not necessarily constant) injection rate; some of the injected fluid is lost by infiltration from the crack walls into the surrounding permeable rock. An approximate solution of the crack propagation is obtained using fluid dynamics for turbulent film flow and linear elastic fracture mechanics. The solution shows the transition from a regime in which the excess pressure of the fluid in the reservoir drives the propagation to a regime in which the buoyancy of the fluid in the crack drives the propagation. For example, if the net injection rate of H2O is 1 m2/s, the regime transition occurs when the vertical crack length becomes 280 m; after the transition, the propagation velocity and average aperture are constant: 21 m/s and 4.8 cm. If the injection rate is lower than a critical value, hydrofracturing cannot be an effective mode for the fluid transport because of the significant fluid loss by infiltration from the crack walls into the surrounding permeable rock. Assuming a fluid‐saturated crust with hydrostatic pore fluid pressure, a lower limit can be estimated for the injection rate required to transport H2O by hydrofracturing without significant fluid loss. For example, the lower limit for transport from a depth of 15 km to the Earth's surface is estimated at 0.2 m2/s if the crustal permeability is 10‐17m2. The lower limit decreases with decreasing crustal permeability.
The Press Image of Community Health Nurses
Authors: Kalisch Philip A. , Kalisch Beatrice J.
Published: May 2007

The informational quality of press news about community health nurses is a critical factor in gaining the required public support for the scarce resources needed to advance community health nursing practice. Using content analyses, 2,561 articles on community health nursing for the period 1978–1981 were coded for key message themes and compared with articles on other nursing subjects. Results reveal that although the subject of community health nursing comprised the largest share of all clinical nursing articles, they are (1) less visible in newspapers, (2) distributed unevenly per capita among the various states, and (3) written so as to communicate low‐quality information. Analysis of annual trends shows that community health nursing articles, while expanding in absolute numbers, constitute a declining proportion of nursing articles overall, and that the quality of information in current press coverage is diminishing. It is recommended that community health nurses embark on a concerted campaign to improve the quality of information carried in newspapers about their clinical specialty.
The Relationship of Perceived Parental Instrumentality and Expressiveness to Future Time Perspective of Tenth‐Grade Adolescents
Authors: Yarcheski Adela
Published: May 2007

This study examined the relationship of perceived parental instrumentality and perceived parental expressiveness to future time perspective in tenth‐grade adolescents. Of the originally selected 270 students from an urban high school, 141 from twoparent families comprised the final sample. They responded to the modified Cornell Parent Behavior Description Questionnaire(s), the Heimberg Future Time Perspective Inventory, and the Child Personal Inventory Sheet. The data obtained on the modified Cornell Parent Behavior Description Questionnaire(s) were factor analyzed to determine the maternal and paternal scales of instrumentality and expressiveness. Using the Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient, three of the four hypotheses tested were supported (p < 0.05). Each hypothesis was further analyzed according to the sex of the adolescent and a different pattern of findings emerged. In this article, conclusions are drawn with direct reference to theory and implications for nursing are addressed.
A Comparison of Views of School Nurses, Teachers, and Middle‐School Students Regarding Health Information Interests and Concerns
Authors: Levenson Phyllis M. , Morrow James R. , Gregory Elizabeth K. , Pfefferbaum Betty J.
Published: May 2007

To foster collaborative efforts to address adolescent health information needs, this study compared the views of 600 middle‐school students, 70 school nurses, and 71 teachers. A questionnaire determined the relative importance of items in seven subscales pertaining to smoking, diet and weight control, physical fitness, and four general health concerns. Students rated the importance of their knowing about scale items. Adults rated how much importance they thought students would attach to items and how important they thought it was for students to know about the items. Omnibus F tests were significant (P < 0.001), indicating adults did not accurately judge the importance students placed on scales, and that adults and students attached different importance to scales. Post hoc Helmert contrasts indicated that, while students differed from adults (P < 0.001), nurses and teachers did not differ significantly from each other. Univariate analyses of adult‐student responses indicated differences in responses to all scales (P < 0.03). Adults consistently underestimated the importance adolescents attached to all scales except peer opinion (adults thought students would place more importance on peer opinion than was the case). Adults attributed significantly more importance to each scale (P < 0.01) than students. Items most frequently rated very important by each group are identified. Implications of results for promoting health among adolescents are discussed.
An Experience in Health Planning for Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Morgan Barbara S. , Hogan Deborah G. , Burbank Patricia M.
Published: May 2007

A model was developed, using the nursing process, that has been incorporated into a health planning project for a community health nursing course. It is used to assist students to view larger aggregates as the client and to gain knowledge and experience in health planning. Examples of completed projects are presented. Evaluation of the projects by students, faculty, and aggregates supports the use of the model as a framework for nursing intervention within a community for the improvement of client health.
Self‐Care for Patients with Breast Cancer to Prevent Side Effects of Chemotherapy: A Concern for Public Health Nursing
Authors: Dodd Marylin J.
Published: May 2007

A convenience sample of 30 patients with breast cancer who were initiating their first course of chemotherapy recorded in a log the side effects of treatment they were experiencing and the preventive self‐care activities they undertook. The patients recalled an average of 2.6 (14 percent) potential side effects they were at risk of developing. Their preventive self‐care activity was low; the average number of initiated behaviors was 0.9. Given that the average number of potential side effects from chemotherapy was 18.8 (mode = 18), the lack of self‐care activity is remarkable. Patients cited themselves as the most frequent source of information for their preventive self‐care actions, then physicians, and last nurses. This clearly emphasizes the need for public health nurses to become more active in facilitating outpatient self‐care activities, since scheduled contact with health care professionals occurs only once every three weeks.
The Health Fair: An Effective Approach to Health Promotion?
Authors: Clark Mary Jo
Published: May 2007

The health fair is an approach used to educate the public with regard to health promotion and illness prevention. The professional literature describes the organization of a health fair and the need to evaluate its effects. Relatively little has been written that deals specifically with the effects of a health fair in terms of impact on knowledge and client behavior. The health‐belief model provides a framework for investigating the effectiveness of such a fair as a vehicle for changing health behaviors by providing information and serving as a cue to action.

An evaluation of a women's health day program on a large military base indicated that health fairs are effective in terms of dissemination of information and intent to change behavior. A questionnaire examined the extent of health knowledge and behaviors practiced by participants. A significant difference between pretest and posttest scores for knowledge was noted. A majority of respondents also indicated their intent to change from health‐damaging to health‐promoting behaviors.
Clara Louise Maass: Heroine or Martyr of Public Health?
Authors: Herrmann Eleanor Krohn
Published: May 2007

Clara Louise Maass had a brief career that culminated in her participation in a fatal yellow fever experiment. For making this choice, she has been called a hero and a martyr. For her lifelong devotion to nursing the ill and her selfless assistance in determining the etiology of yellow fever, her memory has been accorded many honors.
Graduate Education in Public Health Nursing: Evaluation and Recommendations
Authors: Ray Dixie W. , Flynn Beverly C.
Published: May 2007

A survey was conducted of graduates of ten public health nursing master's degree programs that support the aggregate approach to public health nursing. Topics included activities related to the aggregate focus, demographic and employment characteristics, job satisfaction, and reasons for selecting positions. There was a high level of employment among the respondents, and they tended to be satisfied with their jobs. They worked in diverse settings and held positions ranging from staff nurse to top administrator. Although the graduates performed aggregate focus activities in any setting, there were differences in level of performance among persons in the different types of positions. Based on analysis of the data, recommendations are made in areas of graduate programs, graduates, and employers and communities.
Folk Healing Among Hispanic Americans
Authors: Gomez Gerda E. , Gomez Efrain A.
Published: May 2007

Numerous Hispanics of low socioeconomic status come from the countryside of underdeveloped countries to the industrialized cities of the United States. Because they are becoming the largestminority in this country, health professionals should be aware of their cultural differences when evaluating or treating them to eliminate the risk of misinterpreting non only their symptoms but their response to treatment.
The Hazards of Migrant Farm Work: An Overview for Rural Public Health Nurses
Authors: Smith Kathleen Guest
Published: May 2007

Rural public health nurses who provide services for migrant farm workers may lack knowledge of the scope of the health problems of these laborers. Hazards include injuries due to the use of implements and machinery, exposure to diseases of environmental and infectious origin, pesticide exposure, and social and psychologic problems. The implications for public health nursing intervention can be outlined using a population‐focused approach. Nursing interventions can be effective at local, state, and national levels.
Infant Weaning Patterns and Related Maternal‐Infant Health Outcomes
Authors: Campbell Nayna Duff , Soeken Karen L. , Rankin Elizabeth A. D.
Published: May 2007

We prospectively investigated the weaning practices and fertility and birth control patterns of 95 educated, middle‐class, urban‐suburban, married, North American women in the year after the birth of their first child. Mothers recruited from childbirth classes responded to questions about their infant feeding and contraceptive practices during that year. Eighty‐nine percent (n = 85) of the infants were initially breast fed, and the mean age of weaning for the 63 infants who had been weaned by 58 weeks was 26.9 weeks. The pattern of weaning was described, including the introduction of solid foods, food‐related infant illness, and reasons for weaning. Although 70 percent of the mothers reported using artificial contraception, their fertility rate was higher than that reported for third‐world women using only breast feeding as conception control. The data suggest that later weaning, even in this relatively affluent group, may result in direct contraceptive and physical benefits to the health of women and infants. The findings also suggest that the influence of health care practitioners on infant feeding practices may be as great as the influence of cultural values or material resources.
Comparison of the Clinical Practice of a Geriatric Nurse Practitioner and Two Internists
Authors: McDowell B. Joan , Martin David C. , Snustad Diane G. , Flynn William
Published: May 2007

The need to provide effective and cost‐efficient health care for the nation's elderly has resulted in the use of geriatric nurse practitioners (GNP) in a variety of settings. To evaluate the effectiveness of quality of the care provided by these clinicians and two internist geriatricians; a retrospective review of 800 patients followed over 6 to 24 months at a geriatric ambulatory care center was undertaken. Marked similarities were noted for both groups of patients. Both had a median age of 75 years, the majority were female and widowed. The most common diagnosis for both groups was dementia. In spite of their many problems, a large majority of all patients remained in the community at the end of 6 to 24 months of follow‐up care. This study suggests that with physician back‐up, GNPs can provide the elderly with high‐quality and cost‐efficient health care comparable to that of internist geriatricians.
A Health‐awareness Program for Elementary School Teachers
Authors: Chen Shu‐Pi C. , Rose Dephane A. , Chen Edwin H.
Published: May 2007

The health‐awareness program conducted by school nurses was an in‐service program for elementary school teachers. Effects of the program on the teachers' referrals, school nurses' management of referrals, and pupils' absence patterns were studied. Four pairs of schools participated; one pair each for schools with predominantly white and Hispanic students and two pairs for mostly black students. The schools in each pair were matched by predominant enrollment of pupils' race or ethnicity and randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. Referrals for pupil health services form and Pupil's daily class attendance record were used as instruments. Results showed that (1) the program significantly increased referral rates, (2) in seven of the eight schools at least 50 percent of reported health problems remained unsolved by the end of the 1982–1983 school year, and (3) the program had little impact on absence patterns. Collaboration between teachers and nurses played a key role in the success of the health‐awareness program.
Use of the Public Health Nursing Bag Reexamined
Authors: Posey Sharon C. , Aaltonen Pamela M. , DePalma Ruth A. , Femea Paul
Published: May 2007

A stratified random sample of 104 NLN‐accredited baccalaureate schools was surveyed regarding use of standard public health nursing bags by students in public health nursing courses. Return rate was 60 percent. Results indicated 66 percent of responding schools used public health nursing bags (Henry Street type) when students provided home care. It can be concluded that teaching of bag technique continues to be an applicable component of many nursing education programs despite rumors to the contrary.
Use of an Inner‐city Well‐baby Clinic
Authors: Dawkins Cecilia E. , Ervin Naomi E.
Published: May 2007

This prospective, longitudinal investigation examined factors that influenced the use of well‐baby services among a low‐income, minority, high‐risk group. The health belief model was used as the theoretical framework. Data were collected from 44 primiparous, black mothers attending an urban maternal child health care clinic by interviews at the first and sixth months after the birth of their infants. Analysis focused on the cues component of the model and explored the kinds of cues that influenced the mothers to bring their babies to the well‐baby clinic. One important finding was that for mothers influenced by health information from radio or television, FYI commercials on television were most often reported.
Documenting the Effect and Cost of Public Health Nursing Field Services
Authors: Oda Dorothy S. , Boyd Peggy
Published: May 2007

With the current economic trend toward limiting programs, public health nurses must define their services and examine the cost effectiveness of their actions or interventions to maintain fiscal support. Prevention‐oriented field nursing service is difficult to measure in relation to outcome and cost due to its qualitative nature and location in bureaucratic systems. The experience of a pilot study involving public health nurse activity in a federal preventive health program for children suggested steps for documentating impact and costs.
A Comparative Analysis of Neuman's Model Using the Individual and Family as the Units of Care
Authors: Ross Margaret M. , Helmer Helen
Published: May 2007

This paper identifies the similarities and differences between nursing an individual as client and nursing a family as client when one uses the Betty Neuman systems model as a guide to practice. Several factors contribute to the decision to initiate an individual‐ or a family‐centered approach. Within the context of the Neuman systems model, a clinical situation illustrates several characteristics that highlight features of the two approaches.
Toward Healthy Aging: A Theory for Community Health Nursing
Authors: Boyle Joyceen S. , Counts Mona M.
Published: May 2007

In this research project we explored beliefs about healthy aging in an Appalachian community. A major goal was to develop theory for community health nursing interventions that promote and maintain health during the aging process. A convenience sample of 105 community informants responded to an open‐ended interview schedule that elicited beliefs and values of health and aging. The data were analyzed for the purpose of producing grounded theory; a major category that emerged portrayed the aging process as a collection of attitudes about oneself. Health was described as feeling good and being able to enjoy life. The informants reported that health is maintained by good nutrition, exercise, and an environment that is safe and promotes individual growth and development. A beginning theory of independence through self‐care and client involvement emerged from the data analysis. A second component of the theory suggested that to promote healthy aging, nursing interventions should be directed toward aggregate populations. Nursing interventions that are grounded in the understanding of cultural beliefs and practices are likely to be more beneficial to clients than those that ignore or displace such beliefs and practices. This theory has the potential of being extended to a variety of settings.
Enhancing Nursing Productivity: A Social Psychologic Perspective
Authors: Hernandez S. Robert , Kaluzny Arnold D. , Parker Barnett , Chae Young Moon , Brewington Janice R.
Published: May 2007

A major determinant of organizational productivity is the design of structures and processes within a functioning organization. Research has focused on structures that contribute to productivity, but has given much less attention to the processes that occur particularly in health service organizations. We examined the relationships of organizational process and productivity in 20 nursing work groups in a sample of local health departments in North Carolina. Analysis focused on level of organizational climate (communication flow, decision‐making practices, motivational conditions, concern for human resources), leadership behaviors, and quality of group interactions. The relationships of these processes to productivity (number of services produced per unit of staff time available) across a series of major departmental services were evaluated, together with implications of findings for strategies to improve the functioning of nursing work groups.
A Paradigm for Baccalaureate Public Health Nursing Education
Authors: Blank Jacqueline J. , McElmurry Beverly J.
Published: May 2007

Abstract A national study was conducted to determine what constitutes baccalaureate public health nursing education. The primary focus of this article is the essential concepts in the education of public health nursing. The assumption was that an ideal curriculum represents a knowledge base that is acceptable to members of the profession based on an accepted paradigm. Data were collected using a mailed questionnaire distributed to all National League for Nursing‐accredited baccalaureate programs and completed by the person responsible for the public health nursing curriculum. The questionnaire obtained information related to theory and practice objectives. A response rate of 82 percent (N= 275) was obtained after follow‐up mailings and telephone calls. Content analysis of responses allowed us to identify 11 concept areas considered essential and receiving great or some emphasis by more than 90 percent of the respondents. There seems to be consensus that the concepts of family‐centered care, health maintenance/promotion, community, levels of prevention, holism, continuity of care, epidemiology, self‐care, population‐based care, and home health care constitute the theoretical base of public health nursing education. These results were compared with results offered by the Consensus Conference report. Public health nursing educators are encouraged to continue to define what constitutes baccalaureate preparation for public health nursing.
Analysis of Infant Risk Factors Documented by Public Health Nurses
Authors: Windeguth Barbara von , Urbano Mary Theresa , Hayes Janice S. , Martyn Kristy Kiel
Published: May 2007

Abstract Public health nurses' assessment of infants for established, biologic, and environmental risk was examined in a retrospective analyses of records. Findings indicated that nurses assessed infants for selected risk factors and growth and development, but did not comprehensively assess for en vironmental risk. This led to recommendations for improvec documentation and future continuing education.
Help for Mothers with Infant Care and Household Tasks: Perceptions of Support and Stress
Authors: Pridham Karen F. , Zavoral Joan H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract This study explored help with infant care and with household tasks from the infant's father and grandparents that mothers reported throughout their infant's first quarter‐year, the extent to which help was perceived as a support and its lack as a stressor, and the difference that maternal experience made in holding this view. Participating mothers were interviewed biweekly concerning sources of help with infant care and household tasks (received help), and kept a daily log for the first 90 days after their healthy infant's birth that included supportive (e.g., help with infant care) and stressor (e.g., lack of help with household tasks) events. Received help varied by type (infant care or household help) and by source (father or grandparent). Help with infant care was more frequent than help with household tasks, and help from fathers was more frequent than help from grandparents for all six 15‐day study periods. Lack of help was infrequently reported as a stressor, and only in the first 30 days. The discrepancy in number of mothers receiving help from fathers with infant care and household tasks and mothers perceiving help from them as supportive was significant in the last three study periods. Parity did not significantly affect either received or supportive help from fathers; however, with time fathers' supportive help with household tasks decreased. Study of mothers' expectations for help with infant care and household tasks from fathers and grandparents is needed to clarify these findings.
Success and Difficulty in High‐Tech Home Care
Authors: Stiller Susan Brunoli
Published: May 2007

Abstract A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted to gather information on patients receiving high‐tech home care and their families. A newly created data collection form, the health‐specific family coping index, and subjective opinions of primary nurses and nursing administration regarding outcome were used to collect the information. Two groups emerged from the data analysis. One group, labeled successful, encountered few management problems, and consisted mostly of male patients with female care givers. The other group, labeled difficult, had management problems, and were mostly female patients with male care givers. The latter patients were members of younger families in which their illness necessitated role changes within the family. They also had poorer prognoses, more acute illnesses, and longer hospital and community health nursing admissions than the successful group. Family coping scores were also lower in this group, with an average of 28.7 as compared with 40.5 for the successful group. These results appear to be independent of the high‐tech procedure required in the home, which was mastered by most individuals in an average of four nursing visits. Although future research is needed to verify these results, my findings indicate a need for more resources and nursing knowledge to assist those undergoing role changes during illness.