bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tears, Bezoars and Blazing Comets: Gender and Politics in Hester Pulter's Civil War Lyrics
Authors: Ross Sarah
Published: January 2006

Hester Pulter composed her verse during the 1640s and 1650s in a kind of royalist retirement at her country home of Broadfield, Hertfordshire, and her biographical isolation is mirrored in a poetic preoccupation with loss. Contributing to the sense that her verse might encapsulate a ‘female aesthetic’ of retreat (a phrase that has been used of male, royalist devotional writers) is the predominance in her verse of a discourse of sighs and tears. In this paper, however, I will argue that the sighs and tears of Pulter's lyrics in fact constitute a significant, gendered, female reaction to political events. In a self‐construction drawing on Francis Quarles’ emblematic representation of Esther, Hester Pulter constructs a notion of godly fame, in which her poetic sighs and tears provide a consolatory example for other royalist readers.
Reading Hester Pulter Reading
Authors: Robson Mark
Published: January 2006

This article offers a reading of the poetry of the seventeenth‐century royalist Hester Pulter. Focusing on the question of how best to respond to Pulter's poems, the article takes up the matter of ‘reading as’, explicitly acknowledging the role of gender in and as reading. I suggest that a concern withaisthesismakes possible an engagement that makes apparent reading processes rather than simply producing more readings. Noting the possibility of accounting for Pulter's poetry through an attention to the ways in which some poems establish a distance between her own position and that of a conventional male tradition, I propose that other poems resist this impression in their division of a ‘female’ position in terms of political subjectivity and class. Drawing on debates about the role of theory in early modern studies that are exemplified in the relation of historicism to presentism, I call for a recognition of the singularity of literature that will keep in play the multiple identifications that Pulter's poetry both enacts and demands from its readers.
The Grave Scholarship of Antiquaries
Authors: Scalia Christopher
Published: January 2006

This article explores Romantic‐era representations of antiquarian exhumations; in the process, it participates in the recent scholarly re‐evaluation of antiquarian research during the Romantic period. After a brief overview of the main characteristics of antiquarianism, I present two prose accounts of exhumations – Valentine Green's “An Account of the Discovery of the Body of King John in the Cathedral Church ofWorcester” (1797) and Francis Grose's Olio (1792) – that illustrate the antiquary's fascination with the grave and its contents. I conclude by examining Thomas Rowlandson and William Combe's The English Dance of Death (1815–16) – a collection of illustrated verse satires – which registers the ambivalent status of antiquaries during the Romantic period. Though Rowlandson and Combe are not above using stock jokes about antiquaries, the text also articulates a profound sympathy and gratitude for the mode of research, and advertises its own status as a product of antiquarian values.
Paradigms Lost, Paradigms Found: The New Milton Criticism
Authors: Herman Peter C.
Published: January 2006

This article describes the current state of Milton studies. In the first part, I outline the dominant paradigm – i.e., that Milton is a poet of certainty and orthodoxy – showing how this paradigm arose and how it continues to shape a great deal of Milton scholarship. In the second part, I outline how a New Milton Criticism is starting to take shape, one which embraces indeterminacy and incertitude.
The New Woman in the New Millennium: Recent Trends in Criticism of New Woman Fiction
Authors: Heilmann Ann
Published: January 2006

This essay offers an overview of the current state of criticism on New Woman fiction. Starting with a brief survey of the critical perspectives established in the last thirty years of the twentieth century, it moves to a more detailed discussion of three trends since the turn of the millennium. As I argue, critical literature since 2000 has explored the specifically ‘feminine’ aesthetic of New Woman writers, and scrutinized the racialist and imperialist roots of New Woman thought. The recent move away from an exclusive concentration on white Anglo‐American New Women has allowed important new insights into the international, ethnically diverse aspects of this fin‐de‐siècle and early twentieth‐century movement.
Shakespeare and Embodiment: An E‐Conversation
Authors: Floyd‐Wilson Mary , Greenfield Matthew , Paster Gail Kern , Pollard Tanya , Rowe Katherine , Yates Julian ,   Conducted March–April 2004
Published: January 2006

The participants in this online conversation here assess the current state of work on early modern bodies, offer bibliographical suggestions, and suggest topics for future inquiries. Paster, a key figure in the development of this sub‐field, describes her work to date as an “ecology of the passions” or an “ecology of the body” more generally; she calls for more study of “the ensouled body.”
Detection as Method: Reconstructing the Past in Godwin and Freud*
Authors: Rzepka Charles J.
Published: January 2006

Psychoanalysis emerged as a distinct science toward the end of a century that witnessed important developments in two fields using investigative methods closely resembling its own: the historical sciences – especially the new sciences of antiquity and prehistory such as archeology, geology, and paleontology – and detective fiction. Psychoanalysts, historians, and detectives employ similar methods of induction and inference in their attempts to reconstruct causal sequences of past events and weave them into a coherent narrative form. However, the new science of mind differed from the emerging sciences of prehistory and the new genre of fictional forensics in its swift adoption of a transparent “literary” model of interpretation largely untroubled by the challenges to theorization posed by new material data, as opposed to linguistic or symbolic evidence. Two figures in particular can help us trace these interlocking developments in psychoanalysis, the historical sciences, and literary detection: Sigmund Freud and William Godwin. The former drew on the fields of archeology and detection to illustrate the methodology of his new science of mind, while the latter not only concerned himself with the practice and theory of history, but also, according to many scholars of the genre, all but invented modern detective fiction and the psychological thriller.
Medieval Crusading in the Literary Contexts of England: Teaching Romance and Chronicle
Authors: Yeager Suzanne M.
Published: January 2006

Past scholarship has proven the generic category of romance to be no simple classification scheme.1 For the past fifteen years, a subset called “crusade romance” has added much complexity to this discussion, if only for the texts’ epic scale, violence, vengeance, and cultural fantasies of the Other. Certainly, the creation of new generic subsets within romance represents an endless exercise whose current usefulness may have tapered; however, the applicability of the generic debate in the classroom retains its vitality simply because students often carry with them traditionally based preconceptions of romance. At the same time, more recent approaches to romance, such as those which reach across the disciplines, add new contexts to the discussion of romance. This article discusses a multi‐disciplinary approach to teaching the romance and chronicle texts of medieval crusading that were produced mainly in England during the twelfth through early fifteenth centuries. While the title of the course, “The Crusade Romances: The Project of Empire” invokes only one literary genre and discipline, the course brought a sampling of romance genres, crusade chronicles, crusading art, and medieval philosophy to bear on the production of the so‐called crusade romance.
Percy Bysshe Shelley and the Sciences
Authors: Borushko Matthew C.
Published: January 2006

The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) followed advances in the sciences with enthusiasm. This essay sketches the biographical details and historical context of Shelley's interest in science, and shows how past and present literary criticism has interpreted the influence of science on Shelley's poetry.
Moving Beyond the Trickle‐Down Approach: Addressing the Unique Disparate Health Experiences of Adolescents of Color
Authors: Guthrie Barbara J. , Low Lisa Kane
Published: January 2006

PURPOSE.  Health disparities in adults have received significant attention and research, yet the healthcare experiences of adolescents of color have been ignored. The purpose of this paper is to identify the shortcomings of our state of knowledge regarding adolescent health disparities and argue for the use of an intersectional, contextually embedded understanding of healthcare experiences.

CONCLUSIONS.  To understand health disparities, deficit‐based models should be replaced with the framework proposed in this paper.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Using the proposed model in practice will aid in identifying and preventing the health disparities experienced by adolescents of color.
Untangling the Health Disparities of Teen Pregnancy
Authors: Talashek Marie L. , Alba Melinda L. , Patel Angira
Published: January 2006

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this secondary analysis is to determine whether a developmental maturity model differentially predicts pregnancy for African American, Puerto Rican, and Mexican inner‐city teens.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  This is a secondary analysis of data from a case control study that tested a model of developmental maturity and teen pregnancy with 183 pregnant and never‐pregnant pairs of inner‐city teens matched on age, ethnicity, and freshman cohort.

RESULTS.  The models differentially predict pregnancy for the separate ethnic groups, with sexual behaviors being the most important factors regardless of ethnicity.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  The health disparities of teen pregnancies may not decrease unless patterns of dating/sexual behaviors are reversed.
Being Healthy: Voices of Adolescent Women Who Are Parenting
Authors: Stevens Christine A.
Published: January 2006

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this ethnography was to explore how adolescent women who are parenting describe what “being healthy” means to them and how they define their health needs.

METHODS.  In addition to traditional ethnographic methods of interviewing and participant observation, photovoice was utilized.

RESULTS.  Women's definitions of “being healthy” were grouped into three categories: (1) “taking care of my body,” (2) “not being stressed out,” and (3) “having what you need.”

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  The findings of this research study suggest that healthcare professionals should consider adolescent mothers knowledgeable actors of their own lives and move beyond current strategies to concentrate on issues, such as socioeconomic contexts, that hinder the health and nutrition of these young women.
Parent–Child Communication Processes: Preventing Children's Health‐Risk Behavior
Authors: Riesch Susan K. , Anderson Lori S. , Krueger Heather A.
Published: January 2006

PURPOSE.  Review individual, family, and environmental factors that predict health‐risk behavior among children and to propose parent–child communication processes as a mechanism to mediate them.

CONCLUSIONS.  Improving parent–child communication processes may: reduce individual risk factors, such as poor academic achievement or self‐esteem; modify parenting practices such as providing regulation and structure and acting as models of health behavior; and facilitate discussion about factors that lead to involvement in health‐risk behaviors.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Assessment strategies to identify youth at risk for health‐risk behavior are recommended and community‐based strategies to improve communication among parents and children need development.
The relative importance of landscape and community features in the invasion of an exotic shrub in a fragmented landscape
Authors: M. Bartuszevige Anne , L. Gorchov David , Raab Lindsey
Published: January 2006

Although invasive plants are recognized as a major ecological problem, little is known of the relative importance of plant community characteristics versus landscape context in determining invasibility of communities. We determined the relative importance of community and landscape features of 30 woodlots in influencing the invasion of Lonicera maackii. We sampled woodlots using the point‐quarter method and calculated canopy openness and basal areas and densities of shrub, sapling and tree species, as well as woody species richness. We used aerial photos and ArcView GIS to calculate landscape parameters from the same woodlots using a buffer distance of 1500 m. We used logistic and linear regression analyses to determine the community and landscape factors that best explain L. maackii presence and density. We also tested whether woodlot invasion by L. maackii begins at woodlot edges.

Presence of L. maackii was significantly explained only by distance from the nearest town (logistic regression, p=0.017); woodlots nearer town were more likely to be invaded. Among invaded woodlots, density of L. maackii was positively related to the amount of edge in the landscape (partial R2=0.592) and negatively related to total tree basal area (partial R2=0.134), number of native woody species (partial R2=0.054), and sapling shade tolerance index (partial R2=0.054). Lonicera maackii in woodlot interiors were not younger than those on the perimeters, leading us to reject the edge‐first colonization model of invasion.

Our findings reveal that landscape structure is of primary importance and community features of secondary importance in the invasion of L. maackii. This shrub is invading from multiple foci (towns) rather than an advancing front. Connectivity in the landscape (i.e. the number of corridors) did not promote invasion. However, edge habitat was important for invasion, probably due to increased propagule pressure. The community features associated with L. maackii invasion may be indicators of past disturbance.
Lotic dispersal of lentic macroinvertebrates
Authors: Van de Meutter Frank , Stoks Robby , De Meester Luc
Published: January 2006

Little is known on dispersal of lentic macroinvertebrates. We quantified dispersal of lentic macroinvertebrates through pond connections in a highly connected pond system, and investigated how dispersal rates were affected by connection properties and time of the day (day, night). Furthermore, by comparing the composition of assemblages of dispersing macroinvertebrates with the macroinvertebrate assemblages of source ponds, we tested whether dispersal was neutral or a taxon‐specific process. We found that many taxa dispersed through the pond connections. Taxa richness of the dispersing macroinvertebrate assemblage was proportional to taxa richness in the source ponds. The number of individuals that dispersed, however, was not related to source pond densities, possibly because of the highly patchy distribution of lentic macroinvertebrates within ponds. Elevated dispersal rates were recorded for Baetidae, Chironomidae and Physidae, indicating a taxon‐specific use of pond connections as dispersal pathway. None of the physical properties of the connections affected dispersal. Macroinvertebrates dispersed more during the night than during daytime. Of seven tested families, Chaoboridae and Chironomidae showed higher dispersal during the night, probably resulting from diel vertical migration, since pond connections mainly transported near‐surface water. Flying and non‐flying invertebrates dispersed equally frequent through pond connections. For non‐flying invertebrates that disperse infrequently over land, dispersal through pond connections may provide an important additional means of dispersal.
Computational models of structure–function relationships in the pulmonary circulation and their validation
Authors: Tawhai Merryn H. , Burrowes Kelly S. , Hoffman Eric A.
Published: January 2006

The pulmonary airway, arterial, venous and capillary networks are vast complex branching and converging systems that are mechanically coupled to the surrounding lung tissue. Early studies that examined vascular or airway geometry relied on measurements from casts, but medical imaging now enables measurement of the lung in vivo, at controlled lung volumes. The high‐quality data that imaging provides have prompted development of increasingly sophisticated models of the geometry of the airway and pulmonary vascular trees. The accurate spatial relationships between airway, vessel and tissue in these imaging‐derived models are necessary for computational analysis that aims to elucidate regional airway–vessel–tissue interactions. Predictions of blood flow through multiscale imaging‐derived models of the pulmonary arteries and capillary bed reveal geometry‐dependent patterns of perfusion in response to gravity and lung orientation that cannot be predicted with simplified, summary representations of the pulmonary transport trees. Validation of such predictions against measures from functional imaging holds significant potential for explaining and differentiating normal and disease‐related heterogeneity in regional blood flow calculated using perfusion imaging.
Multiscale modelling of human gastric electric activity: can the electrogastrogram detect functional electrical uncoupling?
Authors: Buist M. L. , Cheng L. K. , Sanders K. M. , Pullan A. J.
Published: January 2006

During recent years there has been a growing interest in the assessment of gastric electrical health through cutaneous abdominal recordings. The analysis of such recordings is largely limited to an inspection of frequency dynamics, and this has raised doubts as to whether functional gastric electrical uncoupling can be detected using this technique. We describe here a computational approach to the problem in which the equations governing the underlying physics of the problem have been solved over an anatomically detailed human torso geometry. Cellular electrical activity was embedded within a stomach tissue model, and this was coupled to the torso using an equivalent current source approach. Simulations were performed in which normal and functionally uncoupled (through the introduction of an ectopic antral pacemaker) gastric slow wave activity was present, and corresponding cutaneous electrogastrograms were produced. These were subsequently analysed using the currently recommended techniques, and it was found that the functionally uncoupled situation was indistinguishable from normal slow wave activity using this approach.
Integrating modelling and experiments to assess dynamic musculoskeletal function in humans
Authors: Fernandez J. W. , Pandy M. G.
Published: January 2006

Magnetic resonance imaging, bi‐plane X‐ray fluoroscopy and biomechanical modelling are enabling technologies for the non‐invasive evaluation of muscle, ligament and joint function during dynamic activity. This paper reviews these various technologies in the context of their application to the study of human movement. We describe how three‐dimensional, subject‐specific computer models of the muscles, ligaments, cartilage and bones can be developed from high‐resolution magnetic resonance images; how X‐ray fluoroscopy can be used to measure the relative movements of the bones at a joint in three dimensions with submillimetre accuracy; how complex 3‐D dynamic simulations of movement can be performed using new computational methods based on non‐linear control theory; and how musculoskeletal forces derived from such simulations can be used as inputs to elaborate finite‐element models of a joint to calculate contact stress distributions on a subject‐specific basis. A hierarchical modelling approach is highlighted that links rigid‐body models of limb segments with detailed finite‐element models of the joints. A framework is proposed that integrates subject‐specific musculoskeletal computer models with highly accurate in vivo experimental data.
Variations in carotid arterial compliance during the menstrual cycle in young women
Authors: Hayashi Koichiro , Miyachi Motohiko , Seno Natsuki , Takahashi Kouki , Yamazaki Ken , Sugawara Jun , Yokoi Takashi , Onodera Sho , Mesaki Noboru
Published: January 2006

The effect of menstrual cycle phase on arterial elasticity is controversial. In 10 healthy women (20.6 ± 1.5 years old, mean ±s.d.), we investigated the variations in central and peripheral arterial elasticity, blood pressure (carotid and brachial), carotid intima–media thickness (IMT), and serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations at five points in the menstrual cycle (menstrual, M; follicular, F; ovulatory, O; early luteal, EL; and late luteal, LL). Carotid arterial compliance (simultaneous ultrasound and applanation tonometry) varied cyclically, with significant increases from the values seen in M (0.164 ± 0.036 mm2 mmHg−1) and F (0.171 ± 0.029 mm2 mmHg−1) to that seen in the O phase (0.184 ± 0.029 mm2 mmHg−1). Sharp declines were observed in the EL (0.150 ± 0.033 mm2 mmHg−1) and LL phases (0.147 ± 0.026 mm2 mmHg−1; F= 8.51, P < 0.05). Pulse wave velocity in the leg (i.e. peripheral arterial stiffness) did not exhibit any significant changes. Fluctuations in carotid arterial elasticity correlated with the balance between oestradiol and progesterone concentrations. No significant changes were found in carotid and brachial blood pressures, carotid artery lumen diameter, or IMT throughout the menstrual cycle. These data provide evidence that the elastic properties of central, but not peripheral, arteries fluctuate significantly with the phases of the menstrual cycle.
Remote myocardium gene expression after 30 and 120 min of ischaemia in the rat
Authors: Guerra Miguel S. , Roncon‐Albuquerque Roberto , Lourenço André P. , Falcão‐Pires Inês , Cibrão‐Coutinho Paulo , Leite‐Moreira Adelino F.
Published: January 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate how early the onset of ischaemia‐induced changes in gene expression is in remote myocardium, and whether these changes would be different for left and right ventricles. Wistar rats (n= 27) were randomly assigned to left coronary artery (LCA) ligation for 30 or 120 min and sham groups. Evans Blue infusion revealed antero‐apical left ventricle (LV) and left intraventricular (IV) septal ischaemia (35.5 ± 0.6% of LV mass). LCA ligation induced transient LV systolic dysfunction and sustained biventricular slowing of relaxation. Regarding mRNA levels, type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) was upregulated in the LV at 30 (+370 ± 191%) and 120 min (+221 ± 112%), whilst in the right ventricle (RV) this was only significant at 120 min (+128 ± 39%). Hipoxia‐inducible factor 1α and interleukin 6 overexpression positively correlated with BNP. Inducible NO synthase upregulation was present in both ventricles at 120 min (LV, +327 ± 195%; RV, +311 ± 122%), but only in the RV at 30 min (+256 ± 88%). Insulin‐like growth factor 1 increased in both ventricles at 30 (RV, +59 ± 18%; LV, +567 ± 192%) and 120 min (RV, +69 ± 33%; LV, +120 ± 24%). Prepro‐endothelin‐1 was upregulated in the RV at 120 min (+77 ± 25%). Ca2+‐handling proteins were selectively changed in the LV at 120 min (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, 53 ± 7%; phospholamban, +31 ± 4%; Na+–Ca2+ exchanger, 31 ± 6%), while Na+–H+ exchanger was altered only in the RV (−79 ± 5%, 30 min; +155 ± 70%, 120 min). Tumour necrosis factor‐α and angiotensin converting enzyme were not significantly altered. A very rapid modulation of remote myocardium gene expression takes place during myocardial ischaemia, involving not only the LV but also the RV. These changes are different in the two ventricles and in the same direction as those observed in heart failure.
Age and sex affect human muscle fibre adaptations to heavy‐resistance strength training
Authors: Martel Gregory F. , Roth Stephen M. , Ivey Frederick M. , Lemmer Jeffrey T. , Tracy Brian L. , Hurlbut Diane E. , Metter E. Jeffrey , Hurley Ben F. , Rogers Marc A.
Published: January 2006

This study assessed age and sex effects on muscle fibre adaptations to heavy‐resistance strength training (ST). Twenty‐two young men and women (20–30 years old) and 18 older men and women (65–75 years old) completed 9 weeks of heavy‐resistance knee extension exercises with the dominant leg 3 days week−1; the non‐dominant leg served as a within‐subject, untrained control. Bilateral vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained before and after ST for analysis of type I, IIa and IIx muscle fibre cross‐sectional area (CSA) and fibre type distribution. One‐repetition maximum (1‐RM) strength was also assessed before and after ST. ST resulted in increased CSA of type I, IIa and IIx muscle fibres in the trained leg of young men, type I and IIa fibres in young women, type IIa fibres in older men, and type IIx fibres in older women (all P < 0.05). Analysis of fibre type distribution revealed a significant increase in the percentage of type I fibres (P < 0.05) along with a decrease in type IIx fibres (P= 0.054) after ST only in young women. There were no significant changes in muscle fibre CSA or fibre type distribution in the untrained leg for any group. All groups displayed significant increases in 1‐RM (27–39%; all P < 0.01). In summary, ST led to significant increases in 1‐RM and type II fibre CSA in all groups; however, age and sex influence specific muscle fibre subtype responses to ST.
Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions
Authors: Ozbay Ekmel
Published: January 2006

Electronic circuits provide us with the ability to control the transport and storage of electrons. However, the performance of electronic circuits is now becoming rather limited when digital information needs to be sent from one point to another. Photonics offers an effective solution to this problem by implementing optical communication systems based on optical fibers and photonic circuits. Unfortunately, the micrometer-scale bulky components of photonics have limited the integration of these components into electronic chips, which are now measured in nanometers. Surface plasmon–based circuits, which merge electronics and photonics at the nanoscale, may offer a solution to this size-compatibility problem. Here we review the current status and future prospects of plasmonics in various applications including plasmonic chips, light generation, and nanolithography.
Long-Term Transmission of Defective RNA Viruses in Humans and
Aedes
Mosquitoes
Authors: Aaskov John , Buzacott Katie , Thu Hlaing Myat , Lowry Kym , Holmes Edward C.
Published: January 2006

In 2001, dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) populations in humans and mosquitoes from Myanmar acquired a stop-codon mutation in the surface envelope (E) protein gene. Within a year, this stop-codon strain had spread to all individuals sampled. The presence of truncated E protein species within individual viral populations, along with a general relaxation in selective constraint, indicated that the stop-codon strain represents a defective lineage of DENV-1. We propose that such long-term transmission of defective RNA viruses in nature was achieved through complementation by coinfection of host cells with functional viruses.
PER-TIM Interactions in Living
Drosophila
Cells: An Interval Timer for the Circadian Clock
Authors: Meyer Pablo , Saez Lino , Young Michael W.
Published: January 2006

In contrast to current models, fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements using a single-cell imaging assay with fluorescent forms of PER and TIM showed that these proteins bind rapidly and persist in the cytoplasm while gradually accumulating in discrete foci. After ∼6 hours, complexes abruptly dissociated, as PER and TIM independently moved to the nucleus in a narrow time frame. The

per
L

mutation delayed nuclear accumulation in vivo and in our cultured cell system, but without affecting rates of PER/TIM assembly or dissociation. This finding points to a previously unrecognized form of temporal regulation that underlies the periodicity of the circadian clock.
Response to Comment on "Iron Isotope Constraints on the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Ocean Redox State"
Authors: Rouxel Olivier J. , Bekker Andrey , Edwards Katrina J.
Published: January 2006

We reported a secular trend in iron isotope values of Precambrian sedimentary pyrite and related it to the changing redox state of Precambrian oceans. We restate that the iron cycle before 1.8 billion years ago was different from that now and reflected the rise of atmospheric oxygen and the subsequent moderate atmospheric oxygen level in the Paleoproterozoic.
The Latitudinal Distribution of Clouds on Titan
Authors: Rannou P. , Montmessin F. , Hourdin F. , Lebonnois S.
Published: January 2006

Clouds have been observed recently on Titan, through the thick haze, using near-infrared spectroscopy and images near the south pole and in temperate regions near 40°S. Recent telescope and Cassini orbiter observations are now providing an insight into cloud climatology. To study clouds, we have developed a general circulation model of Titan that includes cloud microphysics. We identify and explain the formation of several types of ethane and methane clouds, including south polar clouds and sporadic clouds in temperate regions and especially at 40° in the summer hemisphere. The locations, frequencies, and composition of these cloud types are essentially explained by the large-scale circulation.
Grain Boundary Strengthening in Alumina by Rare Earth Impurities
Authors: Buban J. P. , Matsunaga K. , Chen J. , Shibata N. , Ching W. Y. , Yamamoto T. , Ikuhara Y.
Published: January 2006

Impurity doping often alters or improves the properties of materials. In alumina, grain boundaries play a key role in deformation mechanisms, particularly in the phenomenon of grain boundary sliding during creep at high temperatures. We elucidated the atomic-scale structure in alumina grain boundaries and its relationship to the suppression of creep upon doping with yttrium by using atomic resolution microscopy and high-precision calculations. We find that the yttrium segregates to very localized regions along the grain boundary and alters the local bonding environment, thereby strengthening the boundary against mechanical creep.
The Nature of the 660-Kilometer Discontinuity in Earth's Mantle from Global Seismic Observations of
PP
Precursors
Authors: Deuss Arwen , Redfern Simon A. T. , Chambers Kit , Woodhouse John H.
Published: January 2006

The 660-kilometer discontinuity, which separates Earth's upper and lower mantle, has been detected routinely on a global scale in underside reflections of precursors to SS shear waves. Here, we report observations of this discontinuity in many different regions, using precursors to compressional PP waves. The apparent absence of such precursors in previous studies had posed major problems for models of mantle composition. We find a complicated structure, showing single and double reflections ranging in depth from 640 to 720 kilometers, that requires the existence of multiple phase transitions at the base of the transition zone. The results are consistent with a pyrolite mantle composition.
Interferometric Coupling of the Keck Telescopes with Single-Mode Fibers
Authors: Perrin G. , Woillez J. , Lai O. , Guérin J. , Kotani T. , Wizinowich P. L. , Mignant D. Le , Hrynevych M. , Gathright J. , Léna P. , Chaffee F. , Vergnole S. , Delage L. , Reynaud F. , Adamson A. J. , Berthod C. , Brient B. , Collin C. , Crétenet J. , Dauny F. , Deléglise C. , Fédou P. , Goeltzenlichter T. , Guyon O. , Hulin R. , Marlot C. , Marteaud M. , Melse B.-T. , Nishikawa J. , Reess J.-M. , Ridgway S. T. , Rigaut F. , Roth K. , Tokunaga A. T. , Ziegler D.
Published: January 2006

Here we report successful interferometric coupling of two large telescopes with single-mode fibers. Interference fringes were obtained in the 2- to 2.3-micrometer wavelength range on the star 107 Herculis by using the two Keck 10-meter telescopes, each feeding their common interferometric focus with 300 meters of single-mode fibers. This experiment demonstrates the potential of fibers for future kilometric arrays of telescopes and is the first step toward the 'OHANA (Optical Hawaiian Array for Nanoradian Astronomy) interferometer at the Mauna Kea observatory in Hawaii. It opens the way to sensitive optical imagers with resolutions below 1 milli‐arc second. Our experimental setup can be directly extended to large telescopes separated by many hundreds of meters.
Majority Logic Gate for Magnetic Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata
Authors: Imre A. , Csaba G. , Ji L. , Orlov A. , Bernstein G. H. , Porod W.
Published: January 2006

We describe the operation of, and demonstrate logic functionality in, networks of physically coupled, nanometer-scale magnets designed for digital computation in magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata (MQCA) systems. MQCA offer low power dissipation and high integration density of functional elements and operate at room temperature. The basic MQCA logic gate, that is, the three-input majority logic gate, is demonstrated.
Excitatory Effect of GABAergic Axo-Axonic Cells in Cortical Microcircuits
Authors: Szabadics János , Varga Csaba , Molnár Gábor , Oláh Szabolcs , Barzó Pál , Tamás Gábor
Published: January 2006

Axons in the cerebral cortex receive synaptic input at the axon initial segment almost exclusively from γ-aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) axo-axonic cells (AACs). The axon has the lowest threshold for action potential generation in neurons; thus, AACs are considered to be strategically placed inhibitory neurons controlling neuronal output. However, we found that AACs can depolarize pyramidal cells and can initiate stereotyped series of synaptic events in rat and human cortical networks because of a depolarized reversal potential for axonal relative to perisomatic GABAergic inputs. Excitation and signal propagation initiated by AACs is supported by the absence of the potassium chloride cotransporter 2 in the axon.
Structural Basis for Double-Stranded RNA Processing by Dicer
Authors: MacRae Ian J. , Zhou Kaihong , Li Fei , Repic Adrian , Brooks Angela N. , Cande W. Zacheus , Adams Paul D. , Doudna Jennifer A.
Published: January 2006

The specialized ribonuclease Dicer initiates RNA interference by cleaving double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates into small fragments about 25 nucleotides in length. In the crystal structure of an intact Dicer enzyme, the PAZ domain, a module that binds the end of dsRNA, is separated from the two catalytic ribonuclease III (RNase III) domains by a flat, positively charged surface. The 65 angstrom distance between the PAZ and RNase III domains matches the length spanned by 25 base pairs of RNA. Thus, Dicer itself is a molecular ruler that recognizes dsRNA and cleaves a specified distance from the helical end.
Bug Sprays or Class (Insecta) Warfare
Authors: Berenbaum May
Published: January 2006

Secret Weapons
. Defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Many-Legged Creatures.
By Thomas Eisner, Maria Eisner, and Melody Siegler
. Belknap (Harvard University Press), Cambridge, MA, 2005. 384 pp. $29.95, £18.95, €27.70. ISBN 0-674-01882-6.

This collection of short essays (accompanied by striking, informative photographs) offers a splendid introduction to the behavioral chemical ecology of insects and other arthropods.
The World Through Darwin's Lens
Authors: Winters R. Scott
Published: January 2006

Darwin
.
Niles Eldredge, curator
. At the American Museum of Natural History, New York, through 29 May 2006;. Museum of Science, Boston, 2 December 2006 to 22 April 2007;. Field Museum, Chicago, 15 June 2007 to 1 January 2008;. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 8 March 2008 to 4 August 2008;. Natural History Museum, London, October 2008 to March 2009.
www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin

Darwin
. Discovering the Tree of Life.
By Niles Eldredge
. Norton, New York, 2005. 272 pp. $35. ISBN: 0-393-05966-9.

An exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, "Origins" presents a comprehensive collection of artifacts and displays that illustrate the life of Charles Darwin and the intellectual formation of his theory of evolution.
UNDERSTANDING AND COMMUNICATING IT SECURITY SPECIFICATIONS WITH UML
Authors: LEIWO JUSSIPEKKA , VIRTANEN TEEMU-PEKKA
Published: January 2006

Security specifications of IT products and systems are inherently complex and may subject products to semantic threats due to misunderstanding of key aspects of security objectives by developers, customers and end users. A study is conducted on expressing the security specifications by specially interpreted UML use case diagrams to avoid misunderstanding by peer groups, i.e. to prevent semantic threats at the development phase through improved comprehension of security specifications. We base our results on engineering frameworks for comprehensive security and demonstrate the need for improved communication by concrete examples of semantic threats. The threats result from the use of complex textual artifacts as a means of communicating the security requirements. We demonstrate the use of a diagrammatic technique for expressing and communicating security specifications in a less ambiguous manner and illustrate how the technique assists in communication.
PROGRAMMING STYLE BASED PROGRAM PARTITION
Authors: LI YANG , YANG HONG-JI , CHENG XIAO-CHUN , ZHU XIAO-YAN
Published: January 2006

Program partitioning is a task of splitting a large, complex software system into functionally independent program modules. It is a key step in program understanding, software maintenance and software reuse. Traditional program partitioning methods are nonlinear. In most cases, the computational efforts needed for partitioning a source program will increase exponentially with the size of the source program. The NP-hard complexity constitutes a computational barrier for partitioning legacy software systems properly and efficiently. In this paper, we propose a new method that can partition a source program into program modules within a timescale that is linear with the size of the program. Our method uses special heuristic knowledge, based on psychological analysis on human programming styles, to partition a source program into domain-oriented program modules. A case study on a legacy C program that consists of 92 functions is reported to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of this method.
RAPID CONSTRUCTION OF SOFTWARE COMPREHENSION TOOLS
Authors: LÖWE WELF , PANAS THOMAS
Published: January 2006

A software comprehension tool defines an abstract software model, views on this model, analyses creating the model, and a mapping between model and view. For creating new comprehension tools, we configure online analyses, models, views and their mappings instead of hand-coding them. In this paper, we introduce an architecture allowing such an online configuration and, as a proof of concept, a framework implementing this architecture. In several examples, we demonstrate the generality and flexibility of our approach.
DOCUMENT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF CONTENT-INTENSIVE APPLICATIONS
Authors: SIERRA JOSÉ LUIS , FERNÁNDEZ-MANJÓN BALTASAR , FERNÁNDEZ-VALMAYOR ALFREDO , NAVARRO ANTONIO
Published: January 2006

In this paper we promote a document-oriented approach to the development of content-intensive applications (i.e., applications that critically depend on the informational contents and on the characterization of the contents' structure). This approach is the result of our experience as developers in the educational and in the hypermedia domains, as well as in the domain of knowledge-based systems. The main reason for choosing the document-oriented approach is to make it easier for domain experts to comprehend the elements that represent the main application's features. Among these elements are: the application's contents, the application's customizable properties including those of its interface, and the structure of all this information. Therefore, in our approach, these features are represented by means of a set of application documents, which are marked up using a suitable descriptive Domain-Specific Markup Language (DSML). If this goal is fully accomplished, the application itself can be automatically produced by processing those documents with a suitable processor for the DSML defined. The document-oriented development enhances the production and maintenance of content-intensive applications, because the applications' features are described in the form of human-readable and editable documents, understandable by domain experts and suitable for automatic processing. Nevertheless, the main drawbacks of the approach are the planning overload of the whole production process and the costs of the provision and maintenance of the DSMLs and their processors. These drawbacks can be palliated by adopting an incremental strategy for the production and maintenance of the applications and also for the definition and the operationalization of the DSMLs.
USING COMPETITIVE CO-EVOLUTION TO EVOLVE BETTER PATTERN RECOGNISERS
Authors: KOWALIW TARAS , KHARMA NAWWAF , JENSEN CHRISTOPHER , MOGHNIEH HUSSEIN , YAO JIE
Published: January 2006

We present a system for the automatic synthesis of classifiers. The CellNet system for generating binary pattern classifiers is used as a base for further experimentation. As in the original CellNet software, we evolve pattern recognisers (hunters). However, in this version called CellNet Co-Ev, we also evolve the patterns (prey) in a competitive co-evolution. Patterns evolve through the application of camouflage functions, which are used to obscure the data naturally found in the database. The addition of this competitive co-evolution yields a larger and more varied database, artificially increasing the difficulty of the classification task. Application to the CEDAR database of handwritten characters shows an increase in the reliability of the evolution of recognisers, as well as in the elimination of over-fitting, relative to the original CellNet software.
SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES BASED ON THE ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION KERNEL OF FATHER WAVELET
Authors: ZHANG LI , ZHOU WEIDA , JIAO LICHENG
Published: January 2006

Recently the study on the theory of wavelets shows that the wavelets have not only the multi-resolution property both in frequency and time domain, but also the good approximation ability. SVMs based on the statistical learning theory are a kind of general and effective learning machines, and have described for us the nice application blueprint in machine learning domain. There exists a bottleneck problem, or the pre-selection of kernel parameter for SVMs. In this paper, the orthogonal projection kernels of father wavelet (OPFW kernels) are introduced into SVMs. In doing so SVMs based on the OPFW kernels can have good performance in both approximation and generalisation. Simultaneously the parameter pre-selection of wavelet kernels can be implemented by discrete wavelet transform. Experiments on regression estimation illustrate the approximation and generalisation ability of our method.
FUZZY kNNMODEL APPLIED TO PREDICTIVE TOXICOLOGY DATA MINING
Authors: GUO GONGDE , NEAGU DANIEL
Published: January 2006

A robust method, fuzzy kNNModel, for toxicity prediction of chemical compounds is proposed. The method is based on a supervised clustering method, called kNNModel, which employs fuzzy partitioning instead of crisp partitioning to group clusters. The merits of fuzzy kNNModel are two-fold: (1) it overcomes the problems of choosing the parameter ε — allowed error rate in a cluster and the parameter N — minimal number of instances covered by a cluster, for each data set; (2) it better captures the characteristics of boundary data by assigning them with different degrees of membership between 0 and 1 to different clusters. The experimental results of fuzzy kNNModel conducted on thirteen public data sets from UCI machine learning repository and seven toxicity data sets from real-world applications, are compared with the results of fuzzy c-means clustering, k-means clustering, kNN, fuzzy kNN, and kNNModel in terms of classification performance. This application shows that fuzzy kNNModel is a promising method for the toxicity prediction of chemical compounds.
COMPUTING TWO LINCHPINS OF TOPOLOGICAL DEGREE BY A NOVEL DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ALGORITHM
Authors: GAO FEI , TONG HENG-QING
Published: January 2006

How to detect the topological degree (TD) of a function is of vital importance in investigating the existence and the number of zero values in the function, which is a topic of major significance in the theory of nonlinear scientific fields. Usually a sufficient refinement of the boundary of the polyhedron decided by Boult and Sikorski algorithm (BS) is needed as prerequisite when the well known method of Stenger and Kearfott is chosen for computing TD. However two linchpins are indispensable to BS, the parameter δ on the boundary of the polyhedron and an estimation of the Lipschitz constant K of the function, whose computations are analytically difficult. In this paper, through an appropriate scheme that transforms the problems of computing δ and K into searching optimums of two non-differentiable functions, a novel differential evolution algorithm (DE) combined with established techniques is proposed as an alternative method to computing δ and K. Firstly it uses uniform design method to generate the initial population in feasible field so as to have the property of large scale convergence, without better approximation of the unknown parameter as iterative initial point. Secondly, it restrains the normal DE's local convergence limitation virtually through deflection and stretching of objective function. The main advantages of the put algorithm are its simplicity and its ability to work by using function values solely. Finally, details of applying the proposed method into computing δ and K are given, and experimental results on two benchmark problems in contrast to the results reported have demonstrated the promising performance of the proposed algorithm in different scenarios.
COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR HOME ELECTRIC LOAD FORECASTING AND BALANCING
Authors: LING S. H. , LEUNG F. H. F. , WONG L. K. , LAM H. K.
Published: January 2006

The paper presents an electric load balancing system for domestic use. An electric load forecasting system, which is realized by a genetic algorithm-based modified neural network, is employed. On forecasting the home power consumption profile, the load balancing system can adjust the amount of energy stored in battery accordingly, preventing it from reaching certain practical limits. A steady consumption from the AC mains can then be obtained which will benefit both the users and the utility company. An example will be given to illustrate the merits of the forecaster, and its performance on achieving the load balancing.
CLASSIFIER COMBINATION APPLIED FOR UNDERSTANDING OF EYES IMAGES
Authors: NETTO ANTONIO VALERIO , DE CARVALHO ANDRE C. PONCE DE LEON F.
Published: January 2006

The article presents the development of a Classifiers Combination based on machine learning techniques (Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines and C4.5 algorithm) which were able to increase the performance achieved by the Refractive Errors Measurement System (REMS) that analyzes Hartmann-Shack (HS) images from human eyes. The HS images are analyzed in order to extract relevant data for identification of refractive errors (myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism). Those data are extracted using Gabor wavelets transform and afterwards, machine learning techniques are employed to carry out the image analysis.