bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral transmittance of the spectacle scale of snakes and geckos
Authors: van Doorn Kevin , Sivak Jacob G.
Published: July 2019

The spectral transmittance of the optical media of the eye plays a substantial role in tuning the spectrum of light available for capture by the retina. Certain squamate reptiles, including snakes and most geckos, shield their eyes beneath a layer of transparent, cornified skin called the ‘spectacle’. This spectacle offers an added opportunity compared with eyelidded animals for tayloring the spectrum. In particular, the hard scale that covers the surface of the spectacle provides a unique material, keratin, rarely found in vertebrate eyes, a material which may have unique spectral properties. To verify this, shed snake and gecko skins were collected and the spectral transmittance of spectacle scales was spectrophotometrically analyzed. The spectacle scale was found generally to behave as a highpass filter with a cut-off in the ultraviolet spectrum where taxonomic variation is mostly observed. The spectacle scales of colubrid and elapid snakes were found to exhibit higher cut-off wavelengths than those of pythonids, vipers, and most boids. Gecko spectacle scales in turn exhibited exceptional spectral transmittance through the visual spectrum down into the UV-B. It is suggested that this is due to the absence of beta-keratins in their spectacle scale.
Functional morphology of a highly specialised pivot joint in the cranio-cervical complex of the minute lizard Ablepharus kitaibelii in relation to feeding ecology and behaviour
Authors: Natchev Nikolay , Tzankov Nikolay , Vergilov Vladislav , Kummer Stefan , Handschuh Stephan
Published: July 2019

The snake-eyed skink Ablepharus kitaibelii is one of the smallest European lizards, but despite its minute size it is able to feed on comparatively large prey. Here we investigate the diet of A. kitaibelii and the mechanisms that allow the skink to overpower relatively large and even noxious prey. High-speed cinematography showed that A. kitaibelii uses a series of shaking and battering movements to immobilise and kill prey prior to swallowing. During this process, the skinks rises up on the hind limbs and then whacks the prey sidewise on the substrate by twisting the trunk, neck and head laterally. Our analysis showed that the shaking kinematics is very uniform among the investigated specimens. The morphological investigation of the cranio-cervical system revealed that A. kitaibelii possesses a well-developed synovial joint between the odontoid process of the axis, the atlas, and the basioccipital. The odontoid process is cylindrical and slim and together with the atlas and the basioccipital it forms a highly specialised pivot joint for lateral head rotation. We propose that the occipito-atlanto-axial complex of A. kitaibelii represents a functional adaptation for additional stabilisation of the cranio-cervical complex during prey shaking. Digital data from morphological databases showed that specialised joints of this type are very rare, but do also occur in other squamate groups. Thus we hypothesise that specialised cranio-cervical joints have evolved parallel as functional adaptations to different feeding and locomotion patterns. Future studies that link feeding kinematics and locomotion to cranio-cervical morphology might elucidate the function of various specialised occipito-atlanto-axial systems of squamates.
Long bone histology and microanatomy of Placodontia (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)
Authors: Klein Nicole , Houssaye Alexandra , Neenan James M. , Scheyer Torsten M.
Published: July 2019

Placodontia, an enigmatic group of durophagous and in part heavily armoured animals, were members of Sauropterygia, the most diverse and successful group of Mesozoic marine reptiles. Microanatomy and histology of long bones of several armoured and non-armoured Placodontia were studied, covering most of their taxonomic breadth, to elucidate the paleoecology, physiology, and lifestyle of its members. Results reveal an unexpected and not phylogenetically or stratigraphically related disparity of microanatomical and histological features for the group. The non-armoured Paraplacodus and the heavily armoured Psephoderma grew with lamellar-zonal bone tissue type, which is typical for modern sauropsids. In the former, the tissue is nearly avascular surrounding a compacted medullary region, whereas in the latter, the lamellar-zonal bone tissue is vascularized framing a large open medullary cavity and a perimedullary region. Armoured Henodus and Placodontia indet. aff. Cyamodus as well as non-armoured Placodus exhibit a reduced medullary cavity and grew with highly vascularized plexiform to radiating fibro-lamellar bone. Several long bones of Placodontia indet. show circumferential fibro-lamellar bone and can be distinguished into two groups on the basis of microanatomical features. In addition, all bones that grew with fibro-lamellar bone show locally primary spongeous-like architecture and had secondarily widened primary osteons throughout the cortex, resulting in a secondarily spongeous tissue. The highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone of these Placodontia indicates growth rates comparable to that of open marine ichthyosaurs. Differences in microanatomy and bone histology as expressed by a principal component analysis, thus clearly indicate different paleoecologies, including differences in lifestyle and swimming modes and capabilities in Placodontia. This would have reduced competition in the shallow marine environments of the Tethys and might be a key to their success and diversity. A certain developmental plasticity among the studied placodonts is interpreted as response to different environmental conditions as is obvious from inter- and intraspecific histological variation. Most striking is the difference in life history strategy in armoured Psephoderma and non-armoured Paraplacodus when compared to armoured Henodus, Placodontia indet. aff. Cyamodus, non-armoured Placodus, and Placodontia indet. Bone tissue of Psephoderma and Paraplacodus indicates low growth rates and a low basal metabolic rate, as many modern sauropsids have such as the marine iguana, whereas the others grew with extremely fast
growth rates, more typical for birds and mammals, indicating an increased basal metabolic rate.
Intraspecific morphological variation of the scorpionfly Dicerapanorpa magna (Chou) (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) based on geometric morphometric analysis of wings
Authors: Liu Mei , Ma Na , Hua Bao-Zhen
Published: July 2019

Wing shape variation was investigated between the sexes and among four populations of the scorpionfly Dicerapanorpa magna (Chou, 1981) endemic to the Qin-Ba Mountains area, China through the landmark-based geometric morphometric approach. The results show that sexual dimorphism exists both in wing size and shape in D. magna. Significant differences exist in female wing size and shape among D. magna populations. The possible reasons of the wing variation are discussed based on the divergence time of D. magna in combination with the tectonic and climatic events in the Qin-Ba Mountains during the late Miocene-Pleistocene period. Whether reproductive isolation exists between different populations needs further research.
Fossil and modern sponge fauna of southern Australia and adjacent regions compared: interpretation, evolutionary and biogeographic significance of the late Eocene ‘soft’ sponges
Authors: Łukowiak Magdalena
Published: July 2019

The late Eocene ‘soft’ sponge fauna of southern Australia is reconstructed based on disassociated spicules and is used to interpret the paleoecology and environmental context of shallow marine communities in this region. The reconstructed sponge association was compared with coeval sponge assemblages from the Oamaru Diatomite, New Zealand, and with the modern ‘soft’ sponge fauna of southern coastal of Australia. Based on the predominance of shallow- and moderately shallow-water species, the late Eocene assemblage is interpreted to have inhabited waters depths of about 100 m. This contrast with the spicule assemblage from New Zealand, which characterized deeper waters based on the presence of numerous strictly deepwater sponge taxa, and the absence of spicules of shallow-water demosponges represented in the Australian material. The southern Australian Eocene sponge assemblages have clear Tethyan affinities evidenced by the occurrence of sponges known today from diverse regions. This distribution suggests much wider geographical ranges of some sponge taxa during the Eocene. Their present distributions may be relictual. The modern sponge fauna inhabiting southern Australian waters shows only moderate differences from these of the late Eocene. Differences are more pronounced at lower taxonomic levels (family and genus).
Systematics of Ariantinae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicidae), a new approach to an old problem
Authors: Groenenberg Dick S.J. , Subai Peter , Gittenberger Edmund
Published: July 2019

A new starting-point in Ariantinae systematics is presented by combining data on traditional shell morphology and genital anatomy, with phylogeny reconstructions based on DNA sequence data. For nearly all genera and subgenera one or more shells are depicted and drawings of the proximal part of the genital organs are shown to illustrate the morphological diversification within the subfamily. For as much as our material allowed it, partial sequences are presented for Histone H3 (H3), Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), Cytochrome B (CytB) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S). Some of the allegedly speciose genera like Chilostoma and Campylaea (Zilch, 1960) do not represent monophyletic groups of species, whereas most of the remaining nominal taxa (e.g. Causa, Dinarica, Josephinella, Faustina, Liburnica, Kosicia and Thiessea) warrant a separate taxonomic status indeed. Sequence data from individual markers were informative at the species-level, but not for higherlevel phylogenetics. Insight in genus-level relationships was obtained after concatenation of the individual datasets. The Ariantinae are estimated to have originated during the late Cretaceous (Campanian), not later than ca. 80 million years ago. The enigmatic and morphologically aberrant, monotypic genus Cylindrus is shown as the sister-group of Arianta, a genus including A. arbustorum, which is also unusual in shell-shape and habitat. Ariantopsis and Wladislawia are classified as subgenera of neither Campylaea nor Chilostoma, but Cattania. Sabljaria is considered a subgenus of Dinarica. The nominal genus Superba is shown to be paraphyletic; additional data should demonstrate whether Superba has to be synonymised with Liburnica. The Ariantinae are here divided in 21 genera (2 new) and 13 subgenera (3 new).
Systematics and phylogeny of Sitana (Reptilia: Agamidae) of Peninsular India, with the description of one new genus and five new species
Authors: Deepak V. , Giri Varad B. , Asif Mohammad , Dutta Sushil Kumar , Vyas Raju , Zambre Amod M. , Bhosale Harshal , Praveen Karanth K.
Published: July 2019

We revise the taxonomy of the agamid genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829, a widely distributed terrestrial lizard from the Indian subcontinent based on detailed comparative analyses of external morphology, osteology and molecular data. We sampled 81 locations spread over 160,000 km2 in Peninsular India including type localities, which represented two known and five previously undescribed species. Based on general similarity in body shape and dewlap all species were hitherto identified as members of the genus Sitana. However, Sitana deccanensis and two other morphotypes, which are endemic to north Karnataka and Maharashtra in Peninsular India, are very distinct from the rest of the known members of the genus Sitana based on their external morphology and osteology. Moreover, members of this distinct morphological group were monophyletic in the molecular tree, and this clade (clade 1) was sister to two well-supported clades (2 and 3) constituting the rest of the Sitana . The interclade genetic divergence in mtDNA between clade 1 and clades 2 and 3 was 21-23%, whereas clade 2 and clade 3 exhibited 14- 16% genetic divergence. Thus, we designate a new genus name “Sarada ” gen. nov. for species represented in Clade 1, which also includes the recently resurrected Sitana deccanensis . We describe two new species in Sarada gen. nov. and three new species in Sitana . Similarity in the dewlap of Sitana and Sarada gen. nov. is attributed to similar function (sexual signaling) and similarity in body shape is attributed to a similar terrestrial life style and/or common ancestry.
Mitochondrial evidence supports a Nearctic origin for the spreading limicolous earthworm Sparganophilus tamesis Benham, 1892 (Clitellata, Sparganophilidae)
Authors: Rota Emilia , Martinsson Svante , Bartoli Marco , Beylich Anneke , Graefe Ulfert , Laini Alex , Wetzel Mark J. , Erséus Christer
Published: July 2019

We analysed samples of Sparganophilus taken at the corners of its distribution area in Europe (UK, Germany and Italy). No mitochondrial genetic divergence within and amongst them was found, neither in COI nor in 16S. Further, the COI haplotype was also identical to two sequences from Ontario, Canada in the Barcoding of Life Data System (BOLD) database. Our European COI and 16S sequences showed only minimal differentiation (only 1 or 2 substitutions) from specimens newly collected in Illinois and Washington states (USA), as well as from a COI haplotype from Tennessee (USA) in BOLD. An additional COI haplotype from Illinois (found in BOLD) is 2.1% different from the other haplotypes but clearly belongs to the same lineage of Sparganophilus . This geographically broad but genetically compact group fits the morphological diagnosis of S. tamesis Benham, 1892 as revised by Jamieson (1971) and is seen as evidence that all European populations 1) belong to the same species, 2) derive from a recent introduction, 3) are conspecific with the most widespread species of Sparganophilus in North America, and that 4) S. tamesis is a senior synonym of S. eiseni Smith, 1895. The single European haplotype does not refute the possibility of its spread from a single introduced source population.
Guest Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Pogorelskin Alexis
Published: July 2019

The introduction describes the origins of a scholarly collaboration that has led to the articles that follow. The purpose of this issue of Canadian-American Slavic Studies is to address critical issues in Soviet politics of the 1920s, to offer new perspectives on those issues, and to showcase work in progress. The introduction also provides an overview of the contributions.
Сионистские Организации в Воронеже
Authors: Бахтин Виктор Викторович
Published: July 2019

В статье на основе материалов архивно-следственных дел анализируется деятельность сионисткой партии и Гашомер-Гациор в Воронеже. Архивно-следственные дела – особый исторический источник советского периода, в нем содержатся материалы социобиографического характера и документы судебного процесса. Сионисты отбывали ссылку в городе после их осуждения в различных регионах страны. Большинство из них были осуждены на Украине. Их аресты в Воронеже были следствием продолжавшейся в Советском Союзе борьбы с сионизмом. Так как они уже были репрессированы ранее органами ОГПУ. Их обвинили в создание нелегальных кассы взаимопомощи и библиотеки. Лидером сионистов был Давид Браиловский. Спецификой дела дела Гашомер-Гациор 1932 года стало обвинение Наума Бройтмана в организации «итальянской забастовки». Введение в научный оборот материалов архивно-следственных дел позволило сформулировать автору ряд выводов.
A Fully Armed Historiography
Authors: Lih Lars T.
Published: July 2019

This essay disputes the traditional view of Lenin’s April Theses as radical, pitting him against his own party shortly after his arrival in Petrograd. Instead, Bolsheviks before and after Lenin’s arrival in 1917 remained true to the party’s class scenario of revolution embodied in the slogan, “All Power to the Soviets.”
“Under Seven Seals”
Authors: Pogorelskin Alexis
Published: July 2019

Biographies of Stalin in the past decade and a half have focused renewed attention on the document known as Lenin’s Testament in which the Bolshevik founder assessed six colleagues and, in an addendum, called for Stalin’s replacement as General-Secretary of the party. Russian scholar Valentine Sakharov argues in contrast that the document is the invention of Trotskyists concocted after the Twelfth Party Congress. This essay examines the new research on the Testament and offers its own interpretation of the document’s origins and motivation.
“Love Live Comrade Trotskii!”
Authors: Takala Irina
Published: July 2019

В статье анализируется дискурс внутрипартийной оппозиции в документах органов безопасности 1924–1929 гг. (обзоры ОГПУ и сводки ГПУ Карелии). Автор приходит к выводу, что тема внутрипартийной оппозиции при наблюдении за политическим состоянием общества даже в разгар борьбы за власть была для ОГПУ и верховного руководства страны периферийной, в отличие от остальных. Документы свидетельствуют о слабости, разобщённости и малой активности внутрипартийной оппозиции на местах и ещё более слабом понимании в обществе происходящих в партии событий. Вместе с тем прослеживающиеся в документах коннотативные изменения слов «оппозиция» и «троцкизм» позволили применять их к 1930-м годам уже ко всем слоям населения и использовать при подготовке общества к Большому террору.
Sergei Viktorovich Yarov, 1959–2015
Authors: Black Clayton
Published: July 2019

This article offers a brief tribute to the life and career of Sergei Viktorovich Yarov, whose works pioneered new avenues of research in the history of workers, popular mentalities, and the city of Leningrad, especially during the Siege. It provides an assessment of his key works, especially his monographs, and his role in the development of the historical discipline in Russia before and after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Whirls of Faith and Fancy
Authors: Laschinger Verena
Published: July 2019

Elif Shafak’s The Flea Palace (2004) exposes secularized Istanbul as a grotesque world. By establishing the apartment building as a synecdoche for the city and negotiating the characters’ trajectories within the historical context of modernizing Istanbul, the novel presents their alienation as the sine qua non of the modern individual which is best confronted playfully or rather in the Sufi way. The argument is supported by the novel’s complex employment of circles and lines as thematic and formal patterns which refer to Islamic ritual practice of the Mevlevi Sufis in numerous ways.
Notes on the Fishes Collected by the R.V. “Tridens” on the North West African Shelf, 19-25 January 1969
Authors: de Groot S. J. , Nijssen H.
Published: July 2019

On the North West African shelf 98 species of fishes were collected of which a classification is given. Three species have hitherto been recorded only farther South. The status of Platophrys podas africanus (Nielsen, 1961) is discussed.
A Redescription of the South American Catfish Loricariichthys Maculatus (Bloch, 1794), with Designation of the Lectotype and Restriction of its Type Locality (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)
Authors: Isbrücker I.J.H.
Published: July 2019

The type species of the genus Loricariichthys Bleeker, 1862, Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch, 1794), is redescribed from two syntypes, one of which is designated the lectotype. The same specimen is also designated the neotype for Plecostomus cataphracta Gronovius (ed. Gray), 1854 (non Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus, 1758, sensu stricto). The type locality of both nominal species is restricted after a comparison to specimens recently collected from a locality in Surinam.
Collocherides Astroboae n. gen., n. sp., A Siphonostome Cyclopoid Copepod Living in the Stomach of Basket Stars
Authors: Stock Jan H.
Published: July 2019

The new genus Collocherides, which is created for the reception of C. astroboae n. sp., is closely related to Collocheres. Whereas the species of Collocheres all are, as far as we know, ectoparasites of echinoderms, Collocherides was found endoparasitic in basket stars (Astroboa nuda, A. albatrossi) at Eilat (Israel), in the Dahlak Archipelago (Ethiopia), and in Indonesia.
Une Recherche sur le Taux de Chlorinité de L’Eau Interstitielle dans le lit de la Slack
Authors: Nooter K. , Liebregts F.
Published: July 2019

The supposition that the Slack, a river in northwestern France discharging directly into the sea, has a significantly higher chlorinity in its bottom sediments than in the overflowing river water, is confirmed.
Sur Deux Echinogammarus Limniques Nouveaux du Bassin d’Aquitaine
Authors: Pinkster S. , Stock J.H.
Published: July 2019

Description of Echinogammarus spinulicornis nov. spec., closely related to E. pungens (H. Milne Edwards), and of Echinogammarus zebrinus nov. spec., a member of the E. berilloni-group, from streams in the Basin of Aquitaine, southwestern France.
The Layered Structure of Bones of Birds as a Possible Indication of Age
Authors: van Soest R.W.M. , van Utrecht W.L.
Published: July 2019

A method of age determination, new in birds, is described. The method has been derived from similar methods commonly used to determine age of fishes, amphibians, reptilians, and mammals. It consists of demonstrating, by preparation of transverse transparent sections, the presence of annual deposits in the periosteal zone (= zone of outer circumferential lamellae) of bone. Evidence is presented that the layered structures in the periosteal zone are indeed annual and thus related with age.
Sur la Famille des Parapaguridae Smith, 1882. Description de Typhlopagurus Foresti gen. nov., sp. nov., et de Quinze Espèces ou Sous-Espèces Nouvelles de Parapagurus Smith (Crustacea, Decapoda)
Authors: de Saint Laurent Michèle
Published: July 2019

Ce travail comporte la diagnose de la famille des Parapaguridae Smith, 1882, abandonnée depuis de nombreuses années et rétablie ici sur de nouvelles bases morphologiques, et sa comparaison avec celle des Paguridae Dana. Elle comprend, en plus de Parapagurus Smith, 1879 ( = Sympagurus Smith, 1883), les genres Tylaspis Henderson, 1885, Probeebei Boone, 1926 et Typhlopagurus gen. nov., tous trois monospécifiques à ce jour. Une liste complète des espèces de la famille, avec, pour chacune d’elles, les synonymies, les principales références bibliographiques et la distribution, est donnée. Le genre Typhlopagurus est établi pour une forme nouvelle récoltée par l’“Albatross” aux îles Philippines et caractérisée par la réduction et l’armature épineuse des pédoncules oculaires et la disparition totale des cornées ; quinze espèces ou sousespèces nouvelles du genre Parapagurus, provenant des récoltes du “Siboga”, de la “Galathea” et de l’“Albatross” ou d’autres collections océanographiques, sont décrites.
The Biology of the Burrowing Crab, Corystes Cassivelaunus
Authors: Hartnoll R.G.
Published: July 2019

Corystes cassivelaunus (Brachyura, Corystidae), a crab which burrows in clean sublittoral sand, was investigated at several inshore locations around the Isle of Man. It usually buries itself so as to leave little or no external sign of its presence. Immature crabs remain buried by day throughout the year, as also do mature crabs except during the breeding season from April to June. It is probable that Corystes emerges nocturnally to forage over the surface of the sand. The morphology of the respiratory system, and the respiratory behavior patterns, are both modified on account of the burrowing habit. The food consists almost entirely of burrowing invertebrates, predominantly lamellibranchs, polychaetes and amphipods. There is a puberty-moult in each sex, which is marked by morphological changes, and following which the crab becomes sexually mature. There is no post-puberty moulting. The terminal anecdysis is maintained by production of moult inhibiting hormone from the eyestalk, and consequently eyestalk removal induces proecdysis and attempted ecdysis in mature crabs. Ovulation occurs in May to July, and the larvae hatch in March and April: thus incubation takes about ten months. Females breed for several successive years. Of the various organs studied all exhibited simple allometric growth except for the chelae of post-puberty males. It is postulated that this is due to their inability to achieve the very high size increments required at the puberty-moult in order to do this.
On the Bibliography of a Late Eighteenth-Century German Work on Natural History and an Early Record of Leuciscus Meidingeri Heckel, 1852 (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in the River System of the Upper Danube on 6th April 1786
Authors: de Groot S.J.
Published: July 2019

The bibliography of a hitherto inaccurately described anonymous eighteenth-century popular German work on natural history is given, dealing with mammals, birds, fishes, amphibians and reptiles. As an addendum to this work the publisher has given an engraving of an unknown fish from the river Lech, river system of the Upper Danube. The fish could be identified as the cyprinid Leuciscus meidingeri Heckel, 1852. The observation of the species was made 66 years before its recognition as a new species by Heckel.
On Members of the Gammarus Pulex-Group (Crustacea-Amphipoda) from Western Europe
Authors: Pinkster Sjouk
Published: July 2019

The morphological diversity within the Gammarus pulex-group and the confusion concerning the systematic position of the various forms belonging to this group, already noticed by the author in 1970, formed the reason to give detailed descriptions of the different forms in this group and to discuss the variability within these forms. Hybridization experiments have been run between various morphologically different populations, closely related to, or intermediate between G. pulex and G. wautieri from different localities in Western Europe. The results of these experiments, have an implication to the systematic position of these different populations. When available, information is given on the ecology and distribution of the various species.
La Répartition Écologique des Amphipodes de la Familie des Gammaridés dans les Départements Français de l’Hérault et des Bouches-du-Rhône
Authors: van Maren Marion J.
Published: July 2019

The distribution and the autecology of 10 species of the amphipod family Gammaridae in fresh and brackish waters in south-eastern France (départements Hérault and Bouches-du-Rhône) are briefly described.
On the Comparative Anatomy and Function of the Nasal Tract in Odontocetes (Mammalia, Cetacea)
Authors: Schenkkan E.J.
Published: July 2019

In the study of phonation in odontocete cetaceans and particularly that of echolocation by means of sonar, a great number of conflicting hypotheses have been advanced regarding the correlation of sound production with the many anatomical features that are to be found in the upper respiratory tract.
Notes on Some Euryhaline Gammarids (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from the West-Coast of Norway
Authors: Dennert Henk G.
Published: July 2019

Some data on the distribution in Norway and on the ecology of the euryhaline amphipods Gammarus duebeni duebeni, G. oceanicus, G. zaddachi, G. finmarchicus and Chaetogammarus marinus are presented in this paper.
Sur le Processus de la Pléonisation du Péréion dans l’ordre des Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Podophallocarida)
Authors: Serban Eugène
Published: July 2019

A la suite d’une nouvelle analyse du processus de la pléonisation du péréion (Serban, 1972), on arrive à la conclusion selon laquelle les remaniements présents au niveau des 3 derniers péréionites des Bathynellacés sont dus à la position différente des segments génitaux dans les deux sexes.
Strobilation in a Mollusc; The Development of Aberrant Stages in Clio Pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767 (Gastropoda, Pteropoda)
Authors: van der Spoel S.
Published: July 2019

The occurrence of aberrant stages in the protandric hermaphrodite Clio pyramidata is considered in relation to the sexual cycle of this species. The anatomy of the juveniles, males and females is shortly discussed especially with regard to their sexual organs. The anatomy of the developing (the normal-complete) and of the growing-aberrant stage is briefly reviewed. It is shown that the aberrant stage is formed by strobilation of a normal specimen, probably as a result of less favourable environmental conditions. As the most important conclusions it can be stated that:

1) the aberrant stage described by van der Spoel (1962) is a normal stage in the life cycle;

2) the aberrants are most abundant in the population in the months before the reproductive peaks;

3) the aberrants seem to occur more frequently when environmental conditions become less favourable;

4) the aberrants develop from specimens in the female phase;

5) the aberrants develop into male specimens;

6) the aberrants arise by strobilation of a normal specimen;

7) the animal, which gives rise by strobilation to an aberrant, is after strobilation an asexual shell-less specimen;

8) the strobilation points to an evolutionary relation between worms and molluscs.
Eleven Bones: More Fossil Remains of Cave Lions and Cave Hyaenas from the North Sea Area
Authors: Bosscha Erdbrink D.P.
Published: July 2019

Six fossil Cave Lion bones and five fossil Cave Hyaena bones are described. One lion bone and one hyaena bone were dredged from the Westerschelde ( = Western Scheldt, southwestern part of the Netherlands). The other specimens were recovered from the bottom of the North Sea, in the area West and Southwest of the Brown Ridge (or Brown Bank), about 80 km West of IJmuiden on the Dutch coast.
The Mailed Catfish Genus Lasiancistrus Regan, 1904, from French Guiana and Surinam, with Descriptions of Two New Species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)
Authors: Heitmans W.R.B. , Nijssen H. , Isbrücker I.J.H.
Published: July 2019

Examination of recently collected material of the mailed catfish genus Lasiancistrus Regan, 1904, from French Guiana and Surinam revealed L. niger (Norman, 1926), and two new species: L. brevispinis and L. longispinis. The three species are described and figured. Lasiancistrus is compared with 13 other genera, forming the tribe Ancistrini of the subfamily Ancistrinae.
The Tipula (Acutipula) Maxima Group (Insecta, Diptera, Tipulidae)
Authors: Vermoolen Dick
Published: July 2019

A systematic account is presented of the species of the Tipula (Acutipula) maxima group. To the eleven species and subspecies already known, six are added as new: maxima balcanica, transcaucasica latifurca, libanica, cretensis, isparta, and cypriensis. Of all taxa the genital structures of the males and females are described and figured. These structures allow a grouping of the species into five subgroups. The distribution of the species and subspecies is mapped; they are all limited to smaller areas in the Mediterranean region, but for maxima itself which occupies almost entire Europe.
Two New Hyporheic Amphipods, Bogidiella ( Bogidiella) Cyrnensis n. sp. and Bogidiella (Medigidiella?) Paolii n. sp., from Corsica
Authors: Hovenkamp F. , Hovenkamp W. , van der Heide J.J.
Published: July 2019

Two new amphipod species of the family Bogidiellidae were found in the hyporheal of two small rivers on Corsica. Both new species, Bogidiella (Bogidiella) cyrnensis n. sp. and B. paolii n. sp. (provisionally placed in the subgenus Medigidiella, but a definitive classification will have to wait till males are found), encountered at altitudes of 135 m and 750 m, respectively, show more affinities with certain freshwater species of Sardinia than with marine species of the Mediterranean.
Remarks on the Biology and Zoogeography of Solenodon (Atopogale) cubanus Peters, 1861 (Mammalia, Insectivora)
Authors: Varona Luis S.
Published: July 2019

The biology of Solenodon cubanus Peters, 1861, is poorly known. Recently, a male and two females were studied in the Havana Zoo and observations on this species were made in the field as well. The animals were docile unless startled or handled roughly. Previously unpublished information on their morphology, salivary toxicity, gland secretion, feeding habits, activity, predators, living quarters, social behavior, etc., is given. The present geographic distribution is centered in dense, humid forests on mountains of the eastern provinces with relict populations in central and western Cuba. The mongoose (Herpestes) and feral dog are potential predators that are actually not sympatric with Solenodon. Feral cats pose the greatest nonhuman threat to the continued existence of this most interesting mammal endemic to Cuba.
Mise au Point d’und Méthode d’isolement des Talitres (Crustacés Amphipodes) à Partir des Laisses de Plage
Authors: Ciavatti Gérard
Published: July 2019

Les Talitridés (Orchestia platensis Kröyer, 1845) fuient les laisses de plage qui ont été inondées. La méthode d’isolement décrite exploite ce comportement. Elle permet d’isoler 97% des Talitres contenus dans les laisses. Elle pourrait être utilisée dans des études de biomasse et de productivité des Talitridés des laisses de plage.
A New Species of Psammogammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from the Roques Archipelago, Venezuela
Authors: Stock Jan H.
Published: July 2019

Psammogammarus scopulorum n. sp. is described from Bekebe key in the Roques archipelago. The new species was found in coral debris, in a seepage behind a rubble bar.
Bogidiella (B.) Neotropica Ruffo, 1952 (Crustacea, Amphipoda) Rediscovered in Venezuela
Authors: Platvoet Dirk
Published: July 2019

Bogidiella neotropica was described by Ruffo in 1952 after a single specimen of unknown sex, from Amazonia (Brazil). Both sexes have been found recently in the Guarico district, Venezuela. From the absence of secondary sexual differences in the male appendages it is clear that the species belongs to the subgenus Bogidiella s. str. The Venezuelan specimens are redescribed and illustrated.
The Genus Heterocypris (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the West Indies.
Authors: Broodbakker Nico W.
Published: July 2019

Populations of three species of the genus Heterocypris: H. margaritae Margalef, 1961, H. antillensis Broodbakker, 1982, and H. punctata Keyser, 1975, sampled in the Caribbean region are studied. (1) An attempt is made to correlate differences in mean carapace length between samples from different islands and within intra-insular samples, with environmental factors. (2) Differences in the ecology of the three species are determined. (3) The distribution of the three species is discussed. (4) Related species are compared.
Première Découverte d’amphipodes Gammaridae du Groupement des Hadziides dans des Eaux Souterraines de L’Amérique du Sud: Description de Metaniphargus Venezolanus sp. n.
Authors: Stock Jan H. , Botosaneanu Lazare
Published: July 2019

Description d’une nouvelle espèce de Metaniphargus, M. venezolanus, d’une grotte du Vénézuéla septentrional. C’est le premier représentant découvert en Amérique du Sud du groupement des Hadziides de la famille des Gammaridae. Il est étroitement apparenté à certains taxa insulaires des Caraïbes.
Calabozoidea, A New Suborder of Stygobiont Isopoda, Discovered in Venezuela
Authors: van Lieshout Sylvia E.N.
Published: July 2019

A new type of stygobiont Isopoda has been collected from wells in the “Ilanos” of Venezuela, near Calabozo, and in the hyporheal of a river in the Aragua State. On account of its body segmentation, and structure of uropods and pleopods, it must be considered as representing a new suborder. A diagnosis of the new suborder, new family and new genus, and a description of the type-species, are provided. Finally, a morphologic comparison with some of the already known suborders is made.
Complexity, Causality, and Control in Statistical Modeling
Authors: Urlacher Brian R.
Published: July 2019

Social scientists using statistical models and more qualitative techniques frequently employ divergent approaches to thinking about causality. Statistical methodologies tend to draw on probabilistic understandings of causality. Qualitative research traditions, however, have advanced a sophisticated framework around necessary and sufficient conditions. In particular, the qualitative comparative analysis approach has embraced theory development that emphasizes equifinality and complex causal relationships. This article reviews the two traditions and explores how a causal framework grounded in necessary and sufficient conditions can be adapted to statistical models. A logistic regression analysis of major contributions to peacekeeping missions is used to illustrate both the viability of blending the two traditions as well as the potential for more sophisticated theory development and testing.
Investigation of Novel Grafts in Use for Pediatric Tympanoplasty
Authors: Barron Christine , Lukens Jordan , Niermeyer Weston , Onwuka Amanda , Chiang Tendy , Elmaraghy Charles
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

To evaluate the impact of allograft and xenograft in pediatric tympanoplasty on patient outcomes.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study of 50 pediatric patients undergoing tympanoplasty at a single tertiary pediatric hospital system that received either autograft, allograft, or xenograft. Patients were evaluated for persistent perforation, recurrent perforation, revision surgery, and postoperative infection. Hearing outcomes, operative charges, and operative time were also evaluated. Statistical analyses included chi-square and Fisher exact tests for categorical data and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests for continuous data.

Results:

Half of the cohort received autografts, whereas 38% received xenografts and 14% received allografts. Although there was not a significant difference in charges associated with these procedures, xenografts had the shortest mean operative time (mean: 39 vs 68 minutes in autografts, p = .05). Overall, the rate of persistent perforation was 10%, recurrent perforation was 20%, revision surgery was 16%, and postoperative infection was 18%. There were no differences in the rates of these outcomes by graft type. Furthermore, there was no observed difference in hearing outcomes among autograft and xenograft recipients, but allograft recipients had significantly improved hearing postoperatively.

Conclusions:

Similar rates of complications were observed among autografts, xenografts, and allografts, providing preliminary evidence that they are safe to use in pediatric tympanoplasty.
Detection of Microbiota in Post Radiation Sinusitis
Authors: Stoddard Timothy J. , Varadarajan Varun V. , Dziegielewski Peter T. , Boyce Brian J. , Justice Jeb M.
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

A shift in the microbiota of chronic rhinosinusitis has been described after radiotherapy to the sinonasal cavity and skull base. There is a paucity of literature characterizing the bacteriology of post radiation sinusitis using next-generation gene sequencing techniques. This study aims to describe and compare the microbial flora of rhinosinusitis after radiotherapy using both culture and molecular techniques for microbial DNA detection.

Methods:

The medical records of patients treated with external beam radiation for sinonasal, nasopharyngeal, or skull base malignancy were reviewed at a tertiary care facility. Patients’ sinonasal cavities were swabbed for routine culture or brushed for molecular gene sequencing. Swab specimens were processed for standard microbial culture, and brush specimens were sent for gene sequencing at Micro GenX Laboratory (Lubbock, Texas, USA).

Results:

Twenty-two patients were diagnosed with chronic sinusitis after undergoing radiotherapy. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism identified by both culture and gene sequencing, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several additional organisms were detected by gene sequencing that were not isolated by routine culture techniques. Gene sequencing identified pathogens differing from culture results in 50% of patients examined.

Conclusion:

The bacteriology of post radiation sinusitis appears to resemble the microorganisms responsible for chronic sinusitis in healthy adults. Next generation gene sequencing techniques may reveal additional organisms responsible for sinusitis and provide complementary results that may impact the medical treatment of post radiation sinusitis.
Implementation of a Mental Health Screening Program in a Pediatric Tertiary Care Setting
Authors: Herbert Linda , Hardy Steven
Published: July 2019

We evaluated the acceptability and usefulness of brief mental health screening during pediatric subspecialty clinic visits. Patients (8-17 years) and parents (of patients 5-17 years) in pediatric allergy, immunology, and hematology clinics completed the PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) Pediatric Profile. Medical providers reviewed results and interpretations to guide discussion of mental health during visits. Almost all providers (96%) reported discussing mental health during visits but fewer parents (60%) said this discussion occurred. All parents who reported that mental health discussions occurred liked that this happened. Some parents (25%) who said no mental health discussion occurred wished it had. Most parents strongly agreed that screening completion was easy and appropriate. Most providers (79%) believed the screening was useful and 87% reported using screening results to guide discussion. Brief electronic mental health screening in pediatric subspecialty clinics is feasible, useful in guiding discussion, and viewed favorably by providers and parents of children with chronic illnesses.
How Did Employment and Financial Strain Affect the Self-rated Health of Lone Mothers Around the Time of the Economic Crisis? A Cross-sectional Comparison of the United Kingdom and Sweden
Authors: Kirk Nina , Fritzell Sara , Burström Bo
Published: July 2019

Lone mothers face higher risk of poor self-rated health (SRH) than coupled mothers, partly explained by financial strain, non-employment, and welfare context. Comparing the United Kingdom and Sweden, we sought to determine how the economic crisis of 2008 affected the inequality in lone and coupled mothers SRH and what socioeconomic factors impacted this. Survey data was divided into periods corresponding to before, during, and after the economic crisis. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic factors. Financial strain explained 70%–80% of the excess risk for poor health among Swedish lone mothers and 40% of those in the United Kingdom. Controlling for background and socioeconomic factors eliminated the health inequality among Swedish mothers. In the United Kingdom this inequality remained and may reflect the impact of social mechanisms such as stigma. Converse to what was expected, we did not observe significant variation over time in factors affecting SRH, nor did we find conclusive evidence of the impact of the economic crisis on the SRH of lone mothers. Factors that may account for these counterintuitive results, including retrenchment of the Swedish welfare state, economic lag, and reduction in overall inequality in health, are discussed.
Enhancing the Quality of Online Discussion—Assessment Matters
Authors: Wang Yu-Mei
Published: July 2019

Online discussion had been proliferating on university campuses in U.S. higher education. Nevertheless, the quality of student postings had been a concern. Research showed that assessment played an important role in promoting the success of online discussion. This article reported a design-based research on designing, implementing, and investigating assessment rules in online discussion. The study was conducted in discussion-based online courses at a large urban university in the United States. Participants were graduate students who were studying for their master’s degree. The majority of the participants were currently school teachers. Student discussion postings and written reflections were collected over the time span of three semesters. Content analysis was applied in analyzing student postings. Student written reflections were analyzed to corroborate the results of the content analysis. Suggestions for the next cycle of redesign were discussed.
Capitalism and Culture in Peru’s Neoliberal Process (1990–2013): Notes from an Ayacucho Community
Authors: Cepeda-Caceres Mario R.
Published: July 2019

Peruvian society underwent a profound transformation following the crisis of the 1980s and the structural reforms implemented in the 1990s. New paradigms were created in rural areas that connected previous discourses on local identity with market dynamics through tourism. The campesino community of Lucanas went from successful management of the vicuña to an economy that pursued market performance practices by adopting a neoliberal paradigm. A distinctive way of living with the structural changes, here called “culturally appropriated capitalism,” produced a new national consciousness—a new way of seeing and relating to the world, from the economic to the cultural.

Luego de la crisis peruana de la década de 1980 y las reformas estructurales implementadas en la década de 1990, la sociedad peruana sufrió una transformación profunda. En el ámbito rural, se crearon nuevos paradigmas que enlazaban antiguos discursos sobre la identidad local con las dinámicas del mercado a través del turismo. La Comunidad Campesina de Lucanas pasó de tener éxito en el manejo de la vicuña a una economía que apuesta por las prácticas performativas del mercado adoptando el paradigma neoliberal. Una forma particular de vivir las reformas estructurales, aquí llamado “capitalismo achorado”, produjo una nueva conciencia nacional—una nueva manera de ver y relacionarse con el mundo, desde lo económico hacia lo cultural.
Geochemical characteristics and origin of hydrocarbons in the Mesoproterozoic reservoirs in the Liaoxi Depression, NE China
Authors: Tang Youjun , Li Meijun , Zhu Qiuge , He Daxiang , Jiang Xingchao , Xiao Hong , Shan Junfeng , Kang Wujiang , Leng Junying , Wang Wenqiang
Published: July 2019

Oil reservoirs have been discovered in the Mesoproterozoic strata in the Liaoxi Depression, NE China. In order to determine the source of oil shows of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation and their organic geochemical characteristics, eight source rocks and reservoir cores from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation and four source rocks from the overlying Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation were geochemically analysed. The distribution patterns of normal alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, hopanes, steranes and triaromatic steroids of the Mesoproterozoic hydrocarbons from Well N-1 are consistent with those of source rock extracts from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in the Well L-1. The molecular marker compositions of source rock extracts from the overlying Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation are distinctively different from those of the Mesoproterozoic hydrocarbons. The results suggest that the Mesoproterozoic source rocks have significant petroleum generation potential. The Mesoproterozoic paleo-reservoir may be prospecting exploration targets in the Liaoxi Depression, NE China.
Using AB Designs With Nonoverlap Effect Size Measures to Support Clinical Decision-Making: A Monte Carlo Validation
Authors: Giannakakos Antonia R. , Lanovaz Marc J.
Published: July 2019

Single-case experimental designs often require extended baselines or the withdrawal of treatment, which may not be feasible or ethical in some practical settings. The quasi-experimental AB design is a potential alternative, but more research is needed on its validity. The purpose of our study was to examine the validity of using nonoverlap measures of effect size to detect changes in AB designs using simulated data. In our analyses, we determined thresholds for three effect size measures beyond which the type I error rate would remain below 0.05 and then examined whether using these thresholds would provide sufficient power. Overall, our analyses show that some effect size measures may provide adequate control over type I error rate and sufficient power when analyzing data from AB designs. In sum, our results suggest that practitioners may use quasi-experimental AB designs in combination with effect size to rigorously assess progress in practice.