bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schwangerschaftsdiabetes in Ostafrika: eine Erkrankung, die zu wenig Beachtung findet?
Authors: Zeck W. , Lang U. , Panzitt T. , Oneko O. , Obure J. , McIntyre H.D.
Published: May 2010

Aktuelle epidemiologische Daten zeigen, dass es in den kommenden Jahrzehnten zu einem starken Anstieg der Inzidenz von Typ-2-Diabetes und somit des Schwangerschaftsdiabetes vor allem in den so genannten Entwicklungsländern kommen wird. Obwohl die Mehrzahl von Schwangerschaften und Entbindungen in diesen Ländern stattfinden, ist ausgesprochen wenig über die Prävalenz von Schwangerschaftsdiabetes in Ostafrika bekannt. Eine fetale, diabetische Störung, die intrauterin durch metabolische Einflüsse des mütterlichen Diabetes ausgelöst wird, führt letztlich zu einer Erhöhung der Prävalenz von Diabetes in den darauffolgenden Generationen. Unsere Datenerhebung in einem ostafrikanischen Tertiärzentrum zeigt, dass im Jahre 2007 3,1% der Neugeborenen ein Geburtsgewicht von mehr als 4000 g (Mittelwert 4300 g; Min. 4000 g, Max. 5600 g) aufwiesen, wobei das durchschnittliche Geburtsgewicht während dieses Zeitraumes bei nur 3046 g (Min. 600 g, Max. 3200 g) lag. Aufgrund persönlicher Erfahrungen in Ostafrika mutmassen die Autoren, dass dieser Erkrankung trotz ihrer enormen Tragweite vor allem in den Ländern der Dritten Welt zu wenig Beachtung geschenkt wird. Es muss damit gerechnet werden, dass der afrikanische Kontinent in naher Zukunft neben den bekannten Infektionserkrankungen wie HIV/AIDS zunehmend mit Stoffwechselerkrankungen wie Typ-2-Diabetes und Schwangerschaftsdiabetes zu kämpfen haben wird.
Betreuung von Neugeborenen nach Schwangerschaften diabetischer Mütter
Authors: Danda Manfred
Published: May 2010

Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Pathophysiologie des Glukosemetabolismus des Neugeborenen von Müttern mit diabetischer Stoffwechsellage, klinische Zeichen der diabetischen Fetopathie und der Hypoglykämie des Neugeborenen, das klinisch-praktische Vorgehen der postpartalen Blutzuckermessung und Definition der Hypoglykämie sowie die Prophylaxe und Therapie der postpartalen Hypoglykämie. Aufgrund einer möglichen deutlichen Beeinträchtigung der vor allem mentalen Entwicklung in den ersten Lebensjahren nach unmittelbar postpartalen rezidivierenden Hypoglykämien mit oder ohne Symptomen in der Risikogruppe sind regelmässige Blutzuckermessungen am ersten Lebenstag angezeigt. Ein postpartales Schema zur Blutzuckermessung und Therapie findet sich am Ende der Ausführungen.
Vorsorgeuntersuchungen in der Schwangerschaft in Österreich
Authors: Ulrich Daniela , Schneuber Susanne , Lang Uwe , Schlembach Dietmar
Published: May 2010

Die Grundlage der Schwangerschaftsvorsorge in Österreich ist der Mutter-Kind-Pass (MKP), in welchem alle Untersuchungen dokumentiert werden, die zur Überwachung des regelrechten Verlaufes der Schwangerschaft dienen. Die Entwicklung der letzten Jahre zeigte, dass regelmässige Vorsorgeuntersuchungen während der Schwangerschaft nachweislich zu einer Reduktion der maternalen sowie fetalen Morbidität und Mortalität führen. Ziel der Schwangerschaftsvorsorge ist neben der Erfassung von Risikoschwangeren, die einer intensivierten Betreuung bedürfen, das möglichst frühzeitige Erkennen schwangerschaftsinduzierter Erkrankungen mit der Möglichkeit einer adäquaten Überwachung und Therapie. Die Durchführung dieser Vorsorgeuntersuchungen in der Schwangerschaft stellt in Österreich eine Voraussetzung für die Weitergewährung des vollen Kinderbetreuungsgeldes ab dem 21. Lebensmonat dar. Zur Gewährleistung des vollen Kinderbetreuungsgeldes sind 5 pränatale Vorsorgeuntersuchungen unabdingbar notwendig. Zusätzlich werden Ultraschalluntersuchungen zwischen der 18. und 22. und der 30. und 34. Schwangerschaftswoche empfohlen. Weitere ergänzende Untersuchungen, wie Ersttrimester-Ultraschall, die Messung der Nackentransparenz, Ersttrimesterscreening, invasive Diagnostik (Amniozentese, Chorionzottenbiopsie) oder der orale Glukosetoleranztest, sind nicht Teil des derzeitigen Vorsorgekonzeptes laut MKP, können jedoch bei Indikationen oder aber auch auf Wunsch der Schwangeren vorgenommen werden.
Schwangerenvorsorge in Deutschland
Authors: Schiessl Barbara
Published: May 2010

Die Schwangerenvorsorge in Deutschland ist gesetzlich in den so genannten Mutterschaftsrichtlinien verankert mit dem Ziel, frühzeitig Risikoschwangerschaften und potenzielle Risikogeburten zu erkennen, um sie weiterer risikoadaptierter Betreuung zuzuführen. Neben 3 Ultraschalluntersuchungen sind serologische und infektiologische Parameter verpflichtend in die Vorsorge integriert, wohingegen der orale Glukosetoleranztest weiter der individuellen Indikationsstellung bedarf.
Validierung eines umfassenden Beckenboden-Fragebogens für Klinik, Praxis und Forschung
Authors: Baessler Kaven , Kempkensteffen Carsten
Published: May 2010

Fragestellung: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen deutschen Beckenboden-Fragebogen, der Blasen-, Darm-, Deszensus- und sexuelle Probleme, deren Schweregrad und Auswirkung auf die Lebensqualität erfasst, zu validieren. Methoden: Eine selbst- und eine arztadministrierte Version wurde vollständig psychometrisch getestet (n = 63). Ergebnisse: Fehlende Antworten überstiegen nie 4%. Der Fragebogen kann signifikant zwischen Patientinnen mit urogynäkologischen Erkrankungen und anderen (n = 24) diskriminieren. Die Ergebnisse von Urodynamik, Stresstest und vaginalem Prolapsstaging korrelierten mit dem Fragebogen. Cronbachs α-Werte im selbst- und arztadministrierten Fragebogen waren: Blasenfunktion 0,86 und 0,77, Darmfunktion 0,76 und 0,77, Deszensus 0,82 und 0,83, Sexualfunktion 0,80 und 0,71. Die ĸ-Werte für die Test-Retest-Reliabilität lagen zwischen 0,61 und 1,0. Schlussfolgerungen: Dies ist der erste deutsche validierte Beckenboden-Fragebogen, der Blasen-, Darm-, Deszensus- und sexuelle Symptome, Symptomhäufigkeit und die symptomspezifische Lebensqualität in einer reproduzierbaren und zuverlässigen Weise erfasst.
Abdominal Sacrocolpopexy – Standardized Surgical Technique, Perioperative Management and Outcome in Women with Posthysterectomy Vaginal Vault Prolapse
Authors: Huebner Markus , Krzonkalla Marc , Tunn Ralf
Published: May 2010

Aims: To provide a detailed description of abdominal sacrocolpopexy and to present a retrospective evaluation of the outcomes. Methods: 78 patients underwent sacrocolpopexy between January 2004 and July 2006; 72% had concomitant procedures; 53 patients participated in the follow-up. Anatomical success was defined as any leading point of the vaginal wall remaining >1 cm above the hymen. Failures were split into 3 groups: (1) asymptomatic, no further treatment; (2) symptomatic, conservative treatment; (3) symptomatic, requiring repeat surgery. The key points of the surgical technique were standardized mesh shape, reasonable choice of fixation of the mesh to the anterior and posterior vaginal walls as well as to the longitudinal ligament at S2, and short operating time. Results: Standardization kept the mean operating time short (72.7 ± 14.5 min for sacrocolpopexy only, 86.4 ± 21.0 min if combined with the Burch procedure; p = 0.03). At the follow-up, none of the 53 patients (100%) presented with a recurrent apical prolapse; 17% (n = 9) had stage II anterior wall prolapse, and 69.8% (n = 37) did not show symptoms specific to anterior wall prolapse. Regarding the posterior compartment, 38% (n = 20) had stage II and 1 stage III posterior wall prolapse; 86.8% (n = 46) did not show symptoms specific to posterior wall prolapse. Questionnaire items showed improvement of quality of life. Nine patients required reinterventions: suburethral sling (3), excision due to erosion (2), anterior (1) and posterior (1) repair, stapled transanal rectal resection (1), botulinum toxin injection (1). Every fourth woman presented with symptoms requiring further treatment. Conclusions: Sacrocolpopexy is a valid technique to treat apical and anterior vaginal wall prolapse.
Fallberichte über operatives Management bei sehr grossen, benignen Phylloidtumoren – Ist ein Sicherheitssaum notwendig?
Authors: Abdallah A. , Saklaoui O. , Stückle C. , Sommerer F. , Hatzmann W. , Audretsch W. , Wesemann A. , Zink M. , Skoljarev L. , Papadopoulos S.
Published: May 2010

Der Phylloidtumor (PT, früher Cystosarcoma phylloides) ist ein seltener Tumor der weiblichen Brust. Üblicherweise wird der PT brusterhaltend versorgt. Trotz Fortschritten in der frühen Diagnosestellung treten häufig Rezidive der PT auf – unabhängig von der Tumordignität. Vor allem beim malignen PT wird als einziger prädiktiver Marker für die Entstehung von Lokalrezidiven und Metastasen die vollständige Tumorentfernung mit Sicherheitsabstand angesehen. Bei gutartigen PT wird ebenfalls meist weiträumig reseziert. Ist der Tumor im Verhältnis zur Brust sehr gross, macht die Einhaltung eines breiten Sicherheitsabstandes die brusterhaltende Therapie zum Teil unmöglich. Eine Enukleation des Tumors kann eine Option zum Erhalt von Brustgewebe und zur kosmetisch ansprechenden Rekonstruktion sein. Bei besonders grossen, gutartigen PT führt auch eine Operation ohne Sicherheitssaum zur Rezidivfreiheit.
Hyperreaktive Luteome in der Schwangerschaft – Symptomatik und Komplikationen: Ein Fallbericht
Authors: Germeyer Ariane , Kommoss Friedrich , Strowitzki Thomas , von Wolff Michael
Published: May 2010

Eine 27-jährige 2 Gravida 1 Para stellte sich mit einer Geminigravidität erstmals in der 16. Schwangerschaftswoche bei zunehmenden Androgenisierungserscheinungen und Hyperandrogenämie vor. Aufgrund einer Adnextorsion erfolgte bei akuten Beschwerden in der 17. Schwangerschaftswoche eine Adnexektomie per Laparotomie. Histologisch wurde ein ovarielles Luteom diagnostiziert. Nach postoperativer Normalisierung der Androgenspiegel kam es im weiteren Verlauf zur erneuten Hyperandrogenämie. In der 32. Schwangerschaftswoche wurden, wegen einer beginnenden Präeklampsie, zwei gesunde Mädchen per Sectio entbunden. Biopsien aus dem verbliebenen Ovar zeigten ebenfalls Luteome. Postpartal sistierte die Hyperandrogenämie rasch mit Rückbildung der Androgenisierungssymptomatik.
Cellulose Triacetate Dialyzer Reduces Platelet Loss during Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration
Authors: Liu Shuangxin , Shi Wei , Liang Xinling , Su Yong , Liang Yongzhen , Zhang Bin , Ye Zhiming , Xu Lixia , Xia Yunfeng , He Chaoshen , Ma Jianchao , Tao Yiming , Ye Hen , Li Hui
Published: May 2010

Thrombocytopenia is a common complication in patients receiving continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) in the intensive care unit. The hemofilter itself plays an important role in the genesis of thrombocytopenia. The present study was undertaken to test whether there were differences in platelet loss and activation during CVVH with a polysulfone (PS) hemofilter or a cellulose triacetate (CTA) dialyzer. 96 patients with thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury requiring CVVH were randomly assigned to four groups receiving low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) PS (n = 24), LMWH CTA (n = 24), no anticoagulation PS (n = 24), and no anticoagulation CTA (n = 24), respectively. We found a significant decrease in platelet counts, but an increased platelet activation with the PS hemofilter in patients who received no anticoagulation. There was no significant decrease in platelet counts and activation in the CTA group. The cellulose membranes could be an effective alternative to the standard synthetic membranes in patients at high risk for thrombocytopenia during CVVH.
Effect of Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis on Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Ramunni Alfonso , Brescia Paola , Dambra Porzia , Capuzzimati Laura , Ria Roberto , De Tullio Giacoma , Resta Francesco , Russi Gianpaolo , Vacca Angelo , Coratelli Pasquale
Published: May 2010

Background: Long-term treatment with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis (LA) has been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients affected by familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Data from experimental studies suggest that circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can repair the vascular lesions caused by atherosclerosis. Since a reduction of these cells has been demonstrated to predict atherosclerosis progression, the aim of this study was to verify whether LA can increase the percentage of EPCs. Methods: In 15 patients affected by FH periodically treated with LA, the percentage of EPCs was determined before and after performing LA, and compared with the values of 15 control subjects and 15 hypercholesterolemic patients treated with statins. Results: Significant differences were found in FH patients between the pre-apheresis percentages of CD34+/KDR+, defined as EPCs by a wide consensus of opinion, and the values found 24 h after the procedures (0.00868 ± 0.003 vs. 0.01009 ± 0.002%, p < 0.005). Instead, the percentages of CD34+/KDR+/CD133+, considered as an immature subset of EPCs, remained substantially unchanged. However, a significant reduction in the percentage of EPCs was observed in both patient groups as compared to the controls, at all the assessment times. Conclusion: In the short-term LA seems to stimulate mobilization of CD34+/KDR+ cells. Hypercholesterolemic patients show a lower percentage of EPCs than controls. There were no differences in the EPCs percentages between the 2 patients groups, despite the fact that LDL cholesterol levels were higher in the group undergoing LA.
The Drosophila TNF Ortholog Eiger Is Required in the Fat Body for a Robust Immune Response
Authors: Mabery Eric M. , Schneider David S.
Published: May 2010

Eiger is the sole TNF family member found in Drosophila melanogaster. This signaling molecule is induced during infection and is required for an appropriate immune response to many microbes; however, little is known about where eiger is produced. Here, we show that eiger is made in the fly’s fat body during a Salmonella typhimurium infection. Using tissue-specific knockdown, we found that eiger expression in the fat body is required for all of the phenotypes we observed in eiger null mutant flies. This includes reduced melanization, altered antimicrobial peptide expression and reduced feeding rates. The effect of eiger on feeding rates alone may account for the entire phenotype seen in eiger mutants infected with S. typhimurium.
Boundary object use in cross-cultural software development teams
Authors: Barrett Michael , Oborn Eivor
Published: May 2010

This article examines the evolving use of boundary objects in cross-cultural software teams. Our field study of a Jamaican-Indian team examines the use of software specifications and project management tools as boundary objects in facilitating sharing across knowledge boundaries. We examine how and why the role and use of boundary objects may facilitate collaboration across knowledge boundaries at one time and contribute to conflict at other times. We unpack the interacting elements that both facilitate and constrain knowledge sharing, and trigger conflicts at different stages of the software team development. Specifically, we found that the use of boundary objects at transitions involving definitional control and the subsequent redistribution of power/authority may inhibit knowledge sharing. The subsequent reifying of cultural boundaries along with negative stereotyping led to relational conflict, through a process we call culturizing , as cross-cultural differences emerged as problematic for team dynamics.
The impact of organizational change on steelworkers in craft and production occupational groups
Authors: Bacon Nick , Blyton Paul , Dastmalchian Ali
Published: May 2010

This article examines the impact of organizational change on different occupational groups in the steel industry. In difficult financial circumstances and resulting pressure to downsize, a move to new forms of team-based working, in combination with staffing reductions, led to differential effects on craft and production occupational groups. Job satisfaction declined as a result of these changes with production workers reporting work intensification, while craft workers joining production teams reported skills under-utilization and reduced commitment to the organization. The existing occupational distribution of knowledge, skills and abilities led to the creation of multi-skilled production teams rather than developing teams of multi-skilled workers.The results clearly demonstrate the importance of understanding the limits imposed on new work arrangements such as teamworking by financial pressures and the occupational structure of the traditional labour process. In particular, the article highlights the significance of occupation in understanding how people experienced the work changes that occurred.
High performance work systems and performance: The role of adaptive capability
Authors: Wei Li-Qun , Lau Chung-Ming
Published: May 2010

High performance work systems (HPWS) represent a systematic and integrated approach of managing human resources toward the alignment of HR functions and the achievement of firm strategy. The relationship of HPWS with firm performance has been extensively examined, though the mechanism underlying HPWS—performance relationship is not well researched, especially at the organizational level. Based on the dynamic capabilities perspective, this study examines a model with adaptive capability as the mediator in the relationship between HPWS and firm performance, aiming to understand how HPWS is positively associated with organizational outcomes. Institutional environment as a contextual factor that influences the relationship between adaptive capability and performance is also examined. Empirical results from a sample of Chinese firms indicated that HPWS—firm performance linkage was partially mediated by adaptive capability. In addition, the effect of HPWS on adaptive capability was stronger for firms in an institutional environment with location advantage than firms in other environments.
Managing outsourcing to develop business: Goal interdependence for sharing effective business practices in China
Authors: Wong Alfred , Tjosvold Dean , Chen Nancy Yi-feng
Published: May 2010

Outsourcing partners have the potential to learn from each other by discussing effective practices and to use these discussions to improve their business performance. However, there are significant barriers to trusting, open, and integrative communication. Results from 95 largely domestic outsourcing partnerships in China support the hypotheses that cooperative, but not competitive or independent, goals are a foundation upon which partners share their effective practices openly and directly with each other and that this kind of discussion promotes improved business results. Specifically, the structural equation analysis supported the reasoning that cooperative goals foster open discussion of effective practices that, in turn, results in business development. Findings were interpreted as providing support that cooperative interdependence is a foundation for effective interaction and learning between outsourcing partners in China and perhaps in other countries as well.
The importance of policy in perceptions of organizational justice
Authors: Brown Graham , Bemmels Brian , Barclay Laurie J
Published: May 2010

Organizations create policies in an effort to reduce injustice, as well as address the needs and interests of organizational members. We argue that individuals can make fairness judgments related to organizational policies, which are independent from other dimensions of fairness (i.e. distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice). Results of a field study with 164 union members found that (a) individuals make judgments about the fairness of policies that are distinct from other forms of justice, (b) perceptions of policy justice predict variance in behaviors beyond other forms of justice, and (c) perceptions of policy justice interact with distributive and procedural justice to predict behaviors. More specifically, results show that policy justice interacts with distributive justice to predict turnover intentions and citizenship behaviors towards the union. Policy justice also interacts with procedural justice to predict turnover intentions. However, this interaction was in the opposite direction from what we originally predicted. We discuss the implications of these findings for justice research and practice, as well as provide avenues for future research.
Multiscale Damping Model for Polymeric Composites Containing Carbon Nanotube Ropes
Authors: Ailin Liu  , Wang K.W. , Bakis Charles E.
Published: May 2010

A novel multiscale model is developed for describing the damping characteristics of polymeric composites containing aligned or randomly oriented carbon nanotube (CNT) ropes. This is the first known model of damping behavior of CNT-based composites incorporating length scales from atomic to structural. The shear strengths at the inter-tube and tube—resin interfaces are calculated using molecular dynamics simulations of nanotube pull outs. The calculated shear strengths are then applied to a micro-mechanical damping model in which the composite is described as a three-phase system composed of a resin, a resin sheath acting as a shear transfer zone, and a CNT rope. The resin is modeled as a viscoelastic material using a three-element standard solid model. The concept of stick-slip motion is used to describe the load transfer behavior between carbon nanotubes in a rope as well as between nanotubes and the surrounding sheath. Energy dissipation from the viscoelastic polymer matrix and from the stick-slip motion contributes to the overall structural damping characteristics. This model is used to study the damping behavior of CNT/polymer composites under tension—tension and tension—compression cyclic loads. The effects of volume fraction and aspect ratio of the nanotube ropes on damping are illustrated and good insights are gained by analyzing the model.
Impact Behavior of Glass/Epoxy Laminated Composite Plates at High Temperatures
Authors: Aktas Mehmet , Karakuzu Ramazan , Icten Bulent Murat
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact behavior of laminated glass/epoxy composite plates with [0/90/0/90]S and [0/90/45/- 45] S stacking sequences at room (~20°C) and high temperatures (60°C and 100°C). The maximum contact force between the impactor and the composite plate, the maximum deflection at the maximum contact force at the center of the composite, and the contact time history were plotted as a function of impact energy. In order to determine the energy absorbing capability of the plates, energy profiling method was used. The results show that the perforation threshold increases with increasing temperature.
Analysis of Compressibility and Permeability of Selected 3D Woven Reinforcements
Authors: Endruweit A. , Long A.C.
Published: May 2010

For three 3D woven carbon fiber reinforcements with different architectures, the compressibility, geometrical structure, and permeability were studied. At low levels of compression, the thickness of an angle-interlock weave is reduced mainly by local reduction of the height of inter-bundle voids and permanent reordering of the fiber bundles. At higher compression levels, bundle compaction is dominant. For an orthogonal weave fabric, the main compression mechanism is compaction of the fiber bundles. The in-plane permeability is modeled by superimposing a disturbance, caused by the binder yarns, to the permeability of a regular layered fiber structure. It is characterized mainly by the dimensions of the inter-bundle voids in each layer, and the pattern and dimensions of the binder yarns. Because of the dependence on the inter-bundle void dimensions, the fabric compression behavior is reflected. The through-thickness permeability is determined by flow-enhancing channels in the structure of the reinforcement, formed around the binder yarns. It is modeled as a function of the number of binder yarns per unit surface area, and the dimensions and orientation of the binder yarns.
Mechanical and Three-body Abrasive Wear Behavior of Carbon-Epoxy Composite With and Without Graphite Filler
Authors: Suresha B. , Ramesh B.N. , Subbaya K.M. , Chandramohan G.
Published: May 2010

Fiber and particulate reinforced polymeric composites are known to possess high strength and attractive wear resistance in dry sliding conditions. Though the reinforcement and/filler type are known to control the properties, less is known about their tribo performance especially with graphite as filler material. How these composites perform in abrasive wear situations needs a proper understanding. Hence, the present investigation reports on the mechanical and three-body abrasive wear behavior of carbon fabric reinforced epoxy (C-E) and silane treated graphite filled C-E (Gr-C-E) composites. The mechanical properties were evaluated using Universal testing machine. In three-body wear tests, quartz particles of size 150-200 μm were used as dry and loose abrasives. Three-body abrasive wear tests were conducted using rubber wheel abrasion tester under different loads/abrading distances. The results showed that the wear volume increased with increasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with abrading distance/load and depends on filler loading. However, the presence of silane treated graphite filler in C-E showed a promising trend. Further, the abrasive wear volume of composites has been correlated with mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and percentage elongation. The worn surface features, when examined through scanning electron microscopy, showed more number of broken carbon fibers in C-E compared to graphite filled C-E composites.
Role of Microstructure and Texture on Compressive Strength Improvement of Mg/(Y2O 3 + Cu) Hybrid Nanocomposites
Authors: Tun K.S. , Gupta M.
Published: May 2010

In this study, uniaxial compressive properties of pure magnesium and Mg/(Y 2O3 + Cu) hybrid nanocomposites are investigated. Addition of hybrid reinforcements (ceramic + metal) at nano-length scale led to grain-size refinement and the amount of porosity remained below 1%. The presence of hybrid reinforcements led to a significant increase in 0.2% compressive yield strength (CYS) and ultimate compressive strength (UCS) while the failure strain was compromised. Best improvements in 0.2% CYS, UCS, and hardness were realized when the amount of copper was increased to one volume percent for fixed 0.7% Y2O3 nanoparticulates. Comparatively low ductility of magnesium hybrid nanocomposites under compressive loading was attributed to the absence of twinning unlike pure magnesium. The variation in the mechanical properties in this study is correlated with the microstructural features and texture effects.
Improving Strength Performance of Adhesively Bonded Single-lap Composite Joints
Authors: Aktaş Alaattin , Polat Zakir
Published: May 2010

The present study examines a new reinforcing method for glass fiber-reinforced composites using inter-adherend glass fibers that get through the composite adherend like a pin. Two types of inter-adherends were used. One is the fiber used like pins (type B), and the other is the fiber pin whose edges were bent and stuck on the surface of the adherend (type C). Static tensile test was performed for both types of joints and for joints without inter-adherend fibers (type A). Experiments were performed for different overlap lengths in accordance with ASTM standards. The results show that ultimate static strength of single-lap joints was found to be significantly increased by using the inter-adherend fibers. In addition, in case of type A, the failure is catastrophic. However, in types B and C, the joint does not fail catastrophically.
Effect of Glass Fiber Hybridization on the Behavior Under Impact of Woven Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Enfedaque A. , Molina-Aldareguía J.M. , Gálvez F. , González C. , LLorca J.
Published: May 2010

The low-velocity impact behavior was studied in hybrid laminates manufactured by RTM with woven carbon and glass (S2) fabrics. Specimens with different thicknesses and glass fiber content (from 0 to 21 vol.%) were tested with impact energies in the range 30-245 J and the resulting deformation and fracture micromechanisms were studied using X-ray microtomography. The results of these analyses, together with those of the impact tests (maximum load and energy absorbed), were used to elucidate the role played by glass fiber hybridization on the fracture micromechanisms and on the overall laminate performance under low-velocity impact.
Evaluation of Notched Strength of Composite Laminates for Structural Design
Authors: Shah Pranav D. , Melo Jose Daniel D. , Cimini C.A. , Ridha Muhammad
Published: May 2010

The use of notched specimens to generate design allowable is common practice among aircraft designers. This article assesses the limitations of open-hole tests and emphasizes the importance of numerical simulations to produce notched strength data for structural design allowable. Using numerical simulations, failure envelopes of open-hole specimens were obtained for two different quasi-isotropic carbon fiber-epoxy laminates, namely, [π/4]: [45/90/-45/0] 4s and [π/3]: [0/ ± 60]5s. It was demonstrated that open-hole tests produce data that is very limited to the specific loading conditions and, therefore, shall not be directly applied to structural design.
Children of Reform: The Impact of High-Stakes Education Reform on Preservice Teachers
Authors: Brown Christopher Pierce
Published: May 2010

High-stakes standards-based accountability reforms are changing teacher education. A key set of participants in this process who have been affected by these reforms are the teacher candidates. Many were educated almost entirely in high-stakes education systems. Yet, little is known about how their experiences as students affect their conceptions of teaching and learning or how their teacher education programs alter these perceptions. This article presents findings from a case study that explored these critical issues. It reveals that these candidates entered their teacher education program with a complex understanding of the impact of these reforms on teaching and learning. These findings also illuminate how these prospective teachers’ coursework and field experiences affected their conceptions of these constructs. This article ends by offering suggestions to teacher educators on how to incorporate these candidates’ skills and knowledge into their programs so that they can assist their candidates in becoming effective teachers.
Simulation-based planning and optimization in multi-echelon supply chains
Authors: Merkuryeva Galina , Merkuryev Yuri , Vanmaele Hendrik
Published: May 2010

In this paper we present a methodology and simulation environment for solving multi-echelon supply chain planning and optimization problems for industries with batch and semi-batch processes. The introduced methodology is aimed to analyze efficiency of a specific planning policy over the product life cycle within the entire supply chain for automated switching from a non-cyclic to cyclic and to optimize the cyclic planning policy for products at the maturity phase. For optimization of a multi-echelon cyclic schedule, the simulation optimization algorithm developed is based on integration of the multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) and response surface-based local search to improve GA solutions. The comparative analysis of planning policies is based on estimation of the difference between mean values of their total costs by using the Paired-t confidence interval method and evaluation of an additional cost of the cyclic schedule. The simulation environment allows one to describe input data to build the supply chain network and store it in an external file, computing effective planning policies, automatically generating and running a network simulation model, generating production rules for switching from one planning policy to another and optimizing parameters of a multi-echelon cyclic schedule. Finally, a business case is described that illustrates the practical application of the presented methodology.
Simulation-based analysis for hierarchical storage assignment policies in a container terminal
Authors: Guldogan EU
Published: May 2010

This paper describes the structure and employment of a discrete-event simulation model for the real-life detailed processes performed during the handling of import containers. In particular, the model focuses on the storage assignment problem at the operational level in a container terminal with a multiple-berth structure. A novel approach using a hierarchical structure is adapted to partition the assignment problem into two sub-problems and solve each of them using separate decision rules. Suggested storage policies are evaluated in view of the overall performance of the container terminal. Different traffic densities are simulated to reflect the real-time environment. Simulation runs emphasize the bottleneck at the quay cranes. Results confirm that quay-crane efficiency may be improved by using appropriate storage policies. Strategies that adopted the integrated assignment method at the first level, where travel distances and gantry-crane workloads are considered, performed best at coping with this bottleneck. At the second level of the hierarchy, by using a segregated strategy, in which estimated container departure dates are considered, the number of reshuffles is reduced.
Dose‐Related Reduction in Bupropion Plasma Concentrations by Ritonavir
Authors: Park Joohyun , Vousden Marika , Brittain Claire , McConn Donavon J. , Iavarone Laura , Ascher John , Sutherland Suzanne M. , Muir Keith T.
Published: May 2010

The effect of repeat oral doses of ritonavir, at high (600 mg twice daily) and low (100 mg twice daily) doses, on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of bupropion was evaluated in healthy volunteers. Subjects received a single dose of 150 mg of bupropion on day 1 and twice‐daily ritonavir from day 8 through day 30. Ritonavir was up‐titrated from 300 mg twice daily to 600 mg twice daily in the high‐dose ritonavir study, whereas subjects remained on 100 mg twice‐daily ritonavir in low‐dose ritonavir study. Subjects received a second single dose of bupropion on day 24. Serial blood samples were obtained to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its metabolites on days 1 and 24. Steady‐state ritonavir led to a decrease of area under the curve and maximum plasma concentration of bupropion by 62% to 67% in the high‐dose study and by 21 % to 22% in the low‐dose study, indicating a drug interaction of statistical and clinical significance, particularly at high doses of ritonavir. These studies demonstrate that the reduction of bupropion exposure by ritonavir is dose‐related. Dosage adjustment of bupropion may be needed when administered with ritonavir. However, the maximum recommended daily dose of bupropion should not be exceeded.
The Effects of Referral Source Supervision
Authors: Barber Sara J. , Wright Emily M.
Published: May 2010

Domestic violence offenders who are court mandated to attend a batterer treatment program are more likely to complete treatment than offenders who voluntarily attend. However, few studies have examined the amount or severity of referral source supervision and its effect on treatment completion. This study uses data from three referral sources in South Carolina (i.e., pretrial intervention, criminal domestic violence court, and summary court) to determine whether higher levels of monitoring during a 26-week hybrid cognitive-behavioral batterer treatment program increase the likelihood of completion among batterers. Results indicate that increased supervision exercised over the clients by the referral source during treatment increases the likelihood that offenders will successfully complete the program. It is recommended that courts and other referring agencies keep attendance records, mandate monthly check-ins with case managers, require defendants to appear in court for follow-up hearings, and dedicate staff to monitor domestic violence cases to increase completion rates among batterers in treatment.
Preschoolers’ Establishment of Mutual Knowledge During Scripted Interactions
Authors: Short-Meyerson Katherine J.
Published: May 2010

Previous research indicates that preschoolers’ knowledge of routine events, or scripts, benefits their communication during pretend play enactments of those events. This study examined preschoolers’ establishment of mutual knowledge, which may contribute to the success of their script-based interactions. Script-based play sessions of dyads of 4- to 5-year-olds were analyzed. When discourse partners held equal levels of script knowledge they used mutual knowledge strategies most at the beginning of the interaction, when the need was greatest. Older preschoolers were more skilled at this than were younger preschoolers. Moreover, use of mutual knowledge strategies enhanced some dimensions of children’s communication on subsequent turns.
Regional Effects of Port Infrastructure: A Spatial CGE Application to Brazil
Authors: Haddad Eduardo A. , Hewings Geoffrey J. D. , Perobelli Fernando S. , dos Santos Raul A. C.
Published: May 2010

This article attempts to elucidate one of the mechanisms that link trade barriers, in the form of port costs, and subsequent growth and regional inequality. Prior attention has focused on inland or link costs, but port costs can be considered as a further barrier to enhancing trade liberalization and growth. In contrast to a highway link, congestion at a port may have severe impacts that are spread over space and time whereas highway link congestion may be resolved within several hours. Since a port is part of the transportation network, any congestion/ disruption is likely to ripple throughout the hinterland. In this sense, it is important to model properly the role nodal components play in the context of spatial models and international trade. In this article, a spatial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that is integrated to a transport network system is presented to simulate the impacts of increases in port efficiency in Brazil. The role of ports of entry and ports of exit are explicitly considered to grasp the holistic picture in an integrated interregional system. Measures of efficiency for different port locations are incorporated in the calibration of the model and used as the benchmark in our simulations. Three scenarios are evaluated: (1) an overall increase in port efficiency in Brazil to achieve international standards; (2) efficiency gains associated with decentralization in port management in Brazil; and (3) regionally differentiated increases in port efficiency to reach the boundary of the national efficiency frontier.
CADASIL and migraine: A narrative review
Authors: Liem Michael K , Oberstein Saskia AJ Lesnik , van der Grond Jeroen , Ferrari Michel D , Haan Joost
Published: May 2010

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene and is clinically characterized by recurrent stroke, cognitive decline, psychiatric disturbances and migraine. The prevalence of migraine in CADASIL is slightly higher than in the general population, and the proportion of migraine with aura is much higher. The pathophysiological mechanism that leads to increased aura prevalence in CADASIL is unknown. Possible mechanisms of the excess of migraine with aura are an increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) or a different expression of CSD. It is also possible that the brainstem migraine area is involved in CADASIL. Last, it is possible that the NOTCH3 mutation acts as a migraine aura susceptibility gene by itself.

In this narrative review we summarize the literature about migraine in CADASIL, with a special focus on what CADASIL might teach us about the pathophysiology of migraine.
Interictal pain in cluster headache
Authors: Marmura Michael J , Pello Scott J , Young William B
Published: May 2010

Introduction: Cluster headache is characterized by severe attacks of unilateral pain, but many patients experience symptoms more commonly associated with migraine such as persistent pain.

Patients and methods: We evaluated cluster headache patients using a questionnaire and chart review to determine clinical characteristics.

Results: Twenty-four of 50 subjects reported interictal pain outside of their acute attacks. Sixteen reported persistent pain more than half the time while in cycle. Unlike acute attacks, this pain was generally mild.

Conclusions: Subjects with persistent interictal pain were more likely to have chronic cluster, allodynia, and suboptimal response to sumatriptan, suggesting that interictal pain in cluster headache may predict a more severe disease process.
Evolution and error theory
Authors: Mizzoni John
Published: May 2010

Error theorists argue that there is a fundamental mistake, an error of some kind, at the heart of commonsense morality. They have drawn on evolutionary theory to support some of their claims. This article looks at four different models of evolution and assesses what implications can be drawn from them concerning commonsense morality and the claims of the error theorists Mackie, Ruse and Joyce. The author first spells out the main points of error theory, then discusses how recent proponents of error theory have attempted to join error theory about ethics with an evolutionary perspective. Finally, to assess their claims, the author examines what the models of evolution put forward by Darwin, Dawkins, Gould and Haught imply about error theory in ethics.
Three arguments for lotteries
Authors: Stone Peter
Published: May 2010

Philosophers and social scientists have offered a variety of arguments for making certain types of decisions by lot. This paper examines three such arguments. These arguments identify indeterminacy, fairness and incentive effects as the major reasons for using lotteries to make decisions. These arguments are central to Jon Elster’s study of lottery use, Solomonic judgments (1989), and so the paper focuses upon their treatment in this work. Upon closer examination, all three arguments have the same basic structure, in that they appeal to a single effect lotteries can have — a sanitizing effect. Lotteries have this effect because they make possible decision-making that makes no use of reasons, whether good or bad. All arguments for or against decision-making by lot must ultimately appeal to this effect.
Individuation in job offers as a function of the status of the occupation
Authors: Lorenzi-Cioldi Fabio , Buschini Fabrice , Baerlocher Elodie , Gross Florence
Published: May 2010

A sample of job offers (n = 4727) from French-language daily newspapers were content analyzed for their gender stereotypicality. It was first predicted that role names, as well as descriptions of the job and the applicant, would be predominantly non-sex-typed (Hypothesis 1). Hypothesis 2 predicted that generic role names would contain more masculine than feminine stereotypes compared to gender-fair role names. It was further predicted that the sex-typing of the role names would decrease as a function of the status of the job (Hypothesis 3) and that the amount of individuating information provided about the occupation and the applicant would increase as a function of status (Hypothesis 4). The findings provided overall support for the hypotheses, showing that gender stereotypes still pervade job advertising, but mostly at the lower levels of the occupational hierarchy.
Artificial Intelligence Solutions for Urban Land Dynamics: A Review
Authors: Ning Wu  , Silva Elisabete A.
Published: May 2010

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are widely accepted as a technology offering an alternative way to tackle complex and dynamic problems in urban studies. The goal of this article is a review of current literature in the field of planning and AI. The aim of this review is to increase the understanding of how AI approaches urban and land dynamics modeling processes and how, as a result, researchers can structure that knowledge and choose the correct approaches to embed in their models. For this purpose, the authors review the applications of AI techniques in urban land dynamics domain as well as the emerging challenges they face. The authors discuss hybrid AI systems as a need resulting from the trend in planning policy to develop more holistic approaches. The authors conclude that, although challenges exist, AI-based approaches offer promising solutions for urban and land dynamics.
Maternal Hospital Experiences Associated With Breastfeeding at 6 Months in a Northern California County
Authors: Dabritz Haydee A. , Hinton Bette G. , Babb Jan
Published: May 2010

A retrospective cohort study of infant-feeding practices at 6 months of age was conducted for 382 breastfed infants in a semirural northern California county. The authors hypothesized that almost exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months would be related to maternal experiences in the hospital. Multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling for maternal age and education, found that almost exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months was positively associated with receiving a telephone number for breastfeeding help from the hospital (odds ratio, 6.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-33.9), use of a breast pump in the first 6 months (odds ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-4.76), and gestational age (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-4.71 for a 4-week age difference), whereas formula supplementation at the hospital had a negative association (odds ratio, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.56). Making postpartum breastfeeding support easily accessible and offering breast pumps at low or no cost may help to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates in this county. J Hum Lact . 26(3):274-285.
Perceived Teachers’ Acceptance, Parental Acceptance, Behavioral Control, School Conduct, and Psychological Adjustment Among School-Age Children in Kuwait
Authors: Rohner Ronald P. , Parmar Parminder , Ibrahim Masoumah
Published: May 2010

The goal of this research was to explore the relationship between Kuwaiti students’ perceptions of their teachers’ and parents’ (mothers’ and fathers’) acceptance and behavioral control and students’ conduct in school, and psychological adjustment. A sample of 205 middle school students in Kuwait was enrolled in the study. Results showed that both boys and girls perceived their parents and teachers to be fairly loving and moderately behaviorally controlling. Moreover, both boys and girls were reported by teachers to be generally well behaved in school, although boys tended to misbehave more than girls. Finally, both boys and girls were found to be psychologically well adjusted. Neither perceived teacher acceptance nor parental acceptance or behavioral control correlated significantly with girls’ school conduct. But both perceived teacher and fathers’ behavioral control tended marginally to be associated with boys’ school conduct. The psychological adjustment of both boys and girls, however, was correlated significantly with both perceived teacher and parental (maternal and paternal) acceptance. Simple regression analyses, however, showed that perceived teacher acceptance did not make an independent contribution to the psychological adjustment of either boys or girls, though both perceived maternal and paternal acceptance did.
An Examination of the “Interpersonalness” of the Outcome Questionnaire
Authors: Hess Timothy R. , Rohlfing Jessica E. , Hardy Amanda O. , Glidden-Tracey Cynthia , Tracey Terence J. G.
Published: May 2010

This study examined whether the Outcome Questionnaire—45 (OQ) and its subscales assessed unique interpersonal distress. The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) was used to assess discriminant validity for unique interpersonal distress. Participants ( N = 121) were recruited from a southwestern university counselor training center. Significant correlations emerged between OQ and IIP scores supporting the OQ as a measure of general interpersonal distress. However, the OQ subscales do not significantly assess unique types of interpersonal distress.