bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modele pamięci o Holokauście na Ukrainie w kontekście marginalności i marginalizacji dyskursów pamięci
Authors: Jędraszczyk Katarzyna
Published: July 2021

Models of Memory about the Holokaust in Ukraine in the Context of Marginality and Marginalization of Memory Discourse There are two main models of memory in Ukraine: nationalist and post-Soviet. After 1991, Ukrainian historiography concerning the Holokaust was influenced by Soviet and emigration historiography. It was reactive to the allegations that the Ukrainians are anti-Semitic. In the nationalist model of memory, there is no space for the memory of the Holokaust in Ukraine, it is rather a strategy of displacing trauma and guilt or emphasizing the contribution of Ukrainians to saving Jews. The post-Soviet model also goes without a narrative about the Holokaust, but rather because of the lack of tradition in the USSR of describing war as a multi-ethnic experience. In this sense, both models are similar – both are mono-ethnic narratives. The minority discourse (ethnic model) about the Holokaust in Ukraine has not yet advanced to the rank of a nationwide narrative.
W obliczu (post)prawdy, czyli inna historia frankistowskiego Patronato de Protección a la Mujer w esejach Consuelo Garcíi del Cid Guerry
Authors: Kobiela-Kwaśniewska Marta
Published: July 2021

Facing the (Post)Truth or Alternative History of Francoist Board for the Protection of Women in Essays by Consuelo García del Cid Guerra

The paper is an attempt at shedding light on the unknown actions of Spanish Board for the Protection of Women. In Francoist Spain, this organization was originally founded to control and to dignify morality of “fallen women” in order to reeducate them in accordance with the National Catholicism ideology propagated by the Francoists. Although the aim of this powerful institution was to reeducate young women, many of them were hidden away in interments and suffered from different kinds of abuse. The violence applied against them was covered up and their voices silenced by authorities. The history of young women, completely unknown among Spanish society, was revealed and denounced by García del Cid Guerra. A former victim, she is the author of three political essays: Ruega por nosotras (2015), Las desterradas hijas de Eva (2012), and La niña del rincón (2018), books on which this article is based to present a different history of the Board for the Protection of Women, remembered by its young victims.
„Linie ucieczki ciągnie się za sobą przez całe życie”
Authors: Śliwińska Katarzyna
Published: July 2021

“Lines of flight are dragged behind you all your life.” Post-Memory, Old Age, and Forgetting in Ulrike Draesner’s Novel Sieben Sprünge vom Rand der Welt (2014)

In contemporary German literature, particularly in the family novels that are key to the post-memory discourse of the past, there is a marked interest in the dysfunctions and deformations of memory associated with ageing processes. Demographic changes lead researchers to consider the determinants and the existing dominant themes and categories of interdisciplinary memory studies. Ulrike Draesner’s 2014 novel, Sieben Sprünge vom Rand der Welt, the subject of this paper, probes the meanders of memory and forgetting, examining their configurations in intergenerational relations. I am interested here in the threads that have been marginalized in the popular discourse on the flight and resettlement of millions of Germans from the eastern provinces of the Reich, which emerge along with the progressive dementia of one of the novel’s main characters.
Przekład jako praktyka postpamięci i forma oporu wobec marginalizacji
Authors: Pecela Kamil
Published: July 2021

Translation as a Postmemorial Practice and a Form of Resistance against Marginalization. The Case of „Lithuanians by the Laptev Sea” by Dalia Grinkevičiūtė In my text I focus on the problem of translation as one of the postmemorial practices and as a form of resistance. My argument is that the translation (as a process and as a text) may be seen not only as an act of resistance against totalitarian regime and occupation but also as an act of multi-faceted “ratification” of the original text. „Lithuanians by the Laptev Sea” by Dalia Grinkevičiūtė was an act of resistance. Translations reinforced this aspect of the book, becoming acts of resistance itself. Translated text impacts not only the receiving culture (in Poland it provides new context for similar Polish documents), but also the culture that the translated text originates from. Translation “ratifies” the subject of translated book, it’s credibility, prestige and influence in original culture. Sometimes it may also lead to editorial and scientific reaproach in original culture.
Dynamic Ride-Hailing with Electric Vehicles
Authors: Kullman Nicholas D. , Cousineau Martin , Goodson Justin C. , Mendoza Jorge E.
Published: July 2021

We consider the problem of an operator controlling a fleet of electric vehicles for use in a ride-hailing service. The operator, seeking to maximize profit, must assign vehicles to requests as they arise as well as recharge and reposition vehicles in anticipation of future requests. To solve this problem, we employ deep reinforcement learning, developing policies whose decision making uses [Formula: see text]-value approximations learned by deep neural networks. We compare these policies against a reoptimization-based policy and against dual bounds on the value of an optimal policy, including the value of an optimal policy with perfect information, which we establish using a Benders-based decomposition. We assess performance on instances derived from real data for the island of Manhattan in New York City. We find that, across instances of varying size, our best policy trained with deep reinforcement learning outperforms the reoptimization approach. We also provide evidence that this policy may be effectively scaled and deployed on larger instances without retraining.
ESPECIALIZAÇÃO E RUPTURA: DUAS FACES DO PROGRESSO CIENTÍFICO EM THOMAS KUHN
Authors: Ribeiro de Matos Vitor Gustavo , Tolfo Rogério
Published: July 2021

Em sua obra capital, A Estrutura das Revoluções Cientificas, Thomas Kuhn inaugura uma noção muito própria do progresso científico. No presente artigo, é exposta tal concepção de progresso a partir tanto de uma primeira contextualização histórica inicial, quanto de um sobrevoo pelos principais conceitos da obra mencionada. Para tanto, faz-se uso não apenas de seu escrito mais famoso, mas também de trabalhos posteriores do autor, bem como textos de comentadores e estudiosos do tema. Em um primeiro momento serão apresentados os aspectos gerais da chamada ciência normal, com ênfase na noção de progresso cumulativo, adicionando, por parte dos autores, um exemplo contemporâneo de tal forma de progresso.  Em seguida, discorre-se a respeito do processo de ruptura entre a tradição normal e um novo modelo de ciência, processo chamado de revolução científica. A pesquisa resulta na defesa da ideia que o progresso quantitativo — presente nos períodos de desenvolvimento da ciência normal —  e o salto qualitativo presente nas mudanças de paradigma ocorridas nas revoluções científicas são processos complementares da mesma estrutura, através da qual o desenvolvimento histórico da ciência tem lugar.
Roda de conversa: Resistências em busca da primavera
Authors: Da Silva João Pedro Santos , Santos Abrahão , Mendonça André Luis De Oliveira , Monteiro Artemisa Odila Cande , De Oliveira Roberta Gondim , Rocha Roseli
Published: July 2021

N/A
Considerações Pós-Estruturalistas sobre o Sujeito, o Tempo e a(s) Língua(s) no Filme Babel
Authors: Alves Lucas De Oliveira , Guedes Marina Fernandes , Barros Vinicius Da Rocha , Souza Mériti De
Published: July 2021

No cenário contemporâneo, localizamos uma concepção hegemônica e idealizada sobre a linguagem, definida como capaz de representar a realidade e o sujeito, bem como realizar a plena tradução do sujeito e do outro. Entendemos que os pressupostos modernos de identidade, sujeito cognoscente, tempo linear, binarismo, dentre outros, sustentam a concepção hegemônica de linguagem. Esse artigo visa realizar um exercício de desconstrução da concepção idealizada da linguagem e das suas relações com o modo de subjetivar, que opera a partir dos pressupostos modernos. Produziu-se nesse artigo a leitura e a análise desconstrutiva de algumas cenas do filme Babel (2006), recorrendo ao aporte teórico de autores pós-estruturalistas como Foucault e Derrida. Utilizaram-se conceitos como descontínuo e acontecimento para trabalhar com as aporias da língua e da comunicação, relacionando-as aos pressupostos da identidade, do sujeito cognoscente e do tempo linear. Entende-se que a(s) língua(s) se associam à diferença, aos deslizamentos dos sentidos e à alteridade.
Aproximações do Campo-tema Juventude e Violência na Periferia de Fortaleza
Authors: Colaço Veriana De Fátima Rodrigues , Quixadá Luciana Martins , Menezes Jaileila De Araújo , Cavalcante Ana Jéssica de Lima , Sousa Raquel Nascimento
Published: July 2021

Este artigo tem o propósito de trazer reflexões sobre violência urbana e violação de diretos fundamentais como acontecimentos que têm marcado o cotidiano de adolescentes e jovens residentes na periferia de Fortaleza. Também traz uma discussão sobre os desafios metodológicos das pesquisas participativas com esse público. O Estado do Ceará e, principalmente, sua capital têm apresentado os maiores índices de homicídios de adolescentes nos últimos anos, e os índices estão crescendo entre as meninas. Embora tenham ocorrido intervenções dos órgãos nacionais e latino-americanos de Direitos Humanos, com ações judiciais interpostas por entidades que atuam na defesa de direitos de crianças, adolescentes e jovens, os poderes executivo, judiciário e legislativo se mobilizam, quase sempre, oferecendo respostas paliativas à população, e propõem ações de controle e repressão para o fortalecimento do projeto político neoliberal. Nesse cenário, importa refletir sobre os efeitos da dinâmica territorial da violência na vida de jovens da periferia, os dispositivos que compõem a rede de controle/enfrentamento à violência e seus impactos na construção de lentes teórico-metodológicas que instrumentalizem os/as pesquisadores/as ao manejo da produção de conhecimento no campo-tema juventude-violência.
Prevalência e fatores associados ao sobrepeso e obesidade em adolescentes a partir de inquéritos populacionais de base escolar
Authors: Prado Carolina Cunha , Enes Carla Cristina , Nucci Luciana Bertoldi
Published: July 2021

Introdução: De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), 18% das crianças e adolescentes de 5-19 anos apresentavam condições de sobrepeso e obesidade em todo o mundo em 2016. Uma importante ferramenta de acompanhamento das condições de saúde de uma população são os inquéritos nacionais de base escolar, que já são realizados para o acompanhamento da prevalência do excesso de peso em adolescentes em vários países. A identificação desses inquéritos torna-se uma valiosa fonte de informação de monitoramento global e de identificação de fatores que podem estar relacionados ao excesso de peso em adolescentes. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes a partir de inquéritos nacionais de base escolar. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de estudos transversais com amostra de escolares com representatividade nacional. A busca foi realizada a partir das bases eletrônicas PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO e incluiu artigos publicados de Jan/2014 a Mai/2019 com dados de prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade. Resultados: Foram identificadas 204 referências e incluídos na revisão 29 artigos que analisaram dados de 11 inquéritos realizados em países de quatro continentes (América, Ásia, Europa e África). A prevalência de excesso de peso (sobrepeso+obesidade) em crianças e adolescentes variou de 2% a 37% nos estudos avaliados. Conclusões: A realização de inquéritos populacionais de base escolar com abrangência nacional é uma valiosa fonte de informação para o monitoramento das condições de saúde de crianças e adolescentes, especialmente se mantidas a temporalidade de realização e a comparabilidade desses inquéritos com dados de outros países.
Acidentes com perfurocortantes envolvendo profissionais e estudantes da área de saúde: diagnóstico em um hospital universitário de referência
Authors: Sousa Maria Clara Domingos de Araújo , Santos Júnior Claudio José dos , Sousa Tarcísia Domingos de Araújo , Neves Guilherme Calixto dos Santos , Barros Yáskara Veruska Ribeiro
Published: July 2021

O Brasil registra uma média de 700 mil acidentes ocupacionais por ano, ocupando o 4º lugar no mundo em ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho. Dentre estes eventos, o mais frequente no meio hospitalar envolve os materiais perfurocortantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os acidentes com perfurocortantes envolvendo profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde atendidos em um Hospital de Referência no estado de Alagoas. Os dados foram obtidos da ficha de registro de acidentes de trabalho disponibilizada pelo Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiologia da Unidade, sendo tabulados e analisados em termos de frequência absoluta e relativa e através de teste qui-quadrado de Yates para variáveis qualitativas nominais. O presente estudo constatou que dos 2.413 acidentados, 1859 (77,0%) eram do sexo feminino, 1678 (69,6%) possuíam idades entre 20-40 anos, sendo a maioria, auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem (44,2%). Com relação aos acidentes ocorridos, 302 (15,6%) foram durante procedimentos cirúrgicos e 61 (39,9%) envolvendo acadêmicos de odontologia. Foi observado que durante os acidentes, 438 (65,1) dos indivíduos não utilizavam luvas, 453 indivíduos (18,8%) não foram vacinados contra a Hepatite B, 1462 sujeitos (67,0%) tinham o paciente-fonte identificado. Foi possível verificar, também, que 819 acidentados (71,2%) abandonaram o tratamento. Houve predomínio de grupos específicos, tanto na categoria profissionais de saúde quanto na categoria discentes, revelando maior susceptibilidade de técnicos/auxiliares de enfermagem e discentes de odontologia aos acidentes com material perfurocortante. Torna-se necessário, desse modo, o incentivo à adesão às precauções-padrão e ao uso de Equipamento de Proteção Individual (EPI) por meio da educação permanente e continuada no meio hospitalar, bem como a adequação das instituições às exigências de Normas Regulamentadoras de prevenção de acidentes laborais, objetivando a minimização dos riscos e de modo a oferecer um ambiente mais seguro.
Percepção da acessibilidade dos metroviários com deficiência
Authors: Amaral Ana Paula Veras de Oliveira , Santos Ana Maria Pujol Vieira dos , Schröder Nádia Teresinha
Published: July 2021

A inclusão social das pessoas com deficiência no mercado de trabalho tem sido amplamente discutida e incentivada, contudo para muitos trabalhadores, encontrar e manter um emprego, ainda é um desafio. Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar a percepção dos trabalhadores com deficiência do Metrô-DF quanto à acessibilidade no seu ambiente de trabalho. O método utilizado foi uma pesquisa de campo com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando um questionário com seis dimensões da acessibilidade e escala de concordância Likert. Os dados receberam tratamento estatístico, sendo que os resultados das variáveis nominais foram expressos através de análises de frequência e os resultados das variáveis contínuas e ordinais através de média ± desvio padrão. No total, 40 trabalhadores aceitaram participar da pesquisa, 24 com deficiência física, nove auditiva e sete visual. As médias das percepções mais elevadas foram encontradas nas dimensões comunicacional, atitudinal, instrumental e arquitetônica, com valores estabelecidos como concordância parcial, seguida pela metodológica e programática, apresentando valores de neutralidade. Obtiveram-se indicadores relativos às dimensões da acessibilidade onde cada tipo de deficiência especificou as possibilidades de melhoria para uma inclusão adequada por parte da empresa. Os resultados identificaram as características dos trabalhadores com deficiência e evidenciaram os principais aspectos a serem aprimorados pela empresa relacionados com as seis dimensões da acessibilidade. Destacou-se a necessidade dos trabalhadores tornarem-se colaboradores ativos para a construção da igualdade de condições no ambiente de trabalho.
Editorial
Authors: Camello Thereza Cristina Ferreira
Published: July 2021

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
Nas Prateleiras
Authors: SUSTINERE Revista
Published: July 2021

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
Healthy body, healthy mind
Authors: Shathur Vian
Published: July 2021

Vian Shathur explains the benefits of exercise and how to get started
Living for the moment
Authors: Woodward Dawn
Published: July 2021

Dawn Woodward discusses how to motivate patients who are in good health
Wear it with pride
Authors: Forsythe Gemma
Published: July 2021

Gemma Forsythe examines the significance of uniforms within dentistry
Raising awareness of youth mental health
Authors: Rochford Diane
Published: July 2021

Diane Rochford explains how dental teams can get involved
Continuous variable quantum secret sharing using directly modulated lasers
Authors: Zhu Yingbin , Zhang Ling , Huang Duan
Published: July 2021

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) allows multiple players to achieve unconditional secure communication through an unsecure quantum channel; however, the actual implementation requires a modulator with a high extinction ratio, which means high system expense and miniaturization and commercialization difficulties. In this paper, we propose a continuous variable QSS scheme that can replace the traditional lasers and modulators with directly modulated lasers (DML). Each player prepares quantum states through a DML and sends the signal light to the dealer through a beam splitter into a quantum channel. The method provides a new way for realizing secret key sharing. Moreover, we introduce the chirp estimation algorithm to realize the phase modulation, which can achieve a two-dimensional modulation scheme under a single laser.
Long-slit polarization-insensitive imaging spectrometer for wide-swath hyperspectral remote sensing from a geostationary orbit
Authors: Zhu Jiacheng , Chen Xinhua , Zhao Zhicheng , Shen Weimin
Published: July 2021

To improve the swath width and quantitative accuracy of hyperspectral payloads on a geostationary orbit, a long-slit polarization-insensitive imaging spectrometer is designed and demonstrated in this paper. For the wide swath, several long-slit spectrometers with the same specification have been designed and compared. The result shows that the Wynne-Offner spectrometer has advantages in increasing slit length and reducing volume, and it is suitable for being spliced for ultra-wide swath. To solve the problem of inaccurate radiation measuring caused by the polarization of imaging spectrometers, the requirement for linear polarization sensitivity (LPS) is theoretically analyzed and assessed. As diffraction grating is the main polarization-sensitive element in an imaging spectrometer, we propose to increase the apical angle of the grating groove to reduce its LPS and compensate its residual polarization by specially polarized optical films coated on lens surfaces, thus the polarization-insensitive system is achieved. At last, a VNIR spectrometer with superior spatial and spectral performance is developed, and its slit is 61.44 mm long. The maximum LPS of this system is reduced from 10.0% to 2.3% (test 2.5%) after the depolarization design, which greatly reduces the uncertainty of the measuring radiation caused by polarization. The developed imaging spectrometer can play a role in quantitative hyperspectral remote sensing, especially in wide-swath applications on geostationary orbit.
Super electro-optic modulation in bulk KTN:Cu based on electric-field-enhanced permittivity
Authors: Zhang JianWei , Du XiaoPing , Wang XuPing , Zhao JiGuang , Liu Bing , Lv XiaoLei , Chen Pan , Song YiShuo , Wang Yang
Published: July 2021

The electric-field-enhanced effect of permittivity can improve the performance of electro-optic modulators and deflectors. A theoretical model of super electro-optic modulation based on the field-enhanced effect of the permittivity was proposed. Results showed that a strong field-enhanced effect can greatly reduce the half-wave voltage and increase the modulation depth as a result of increased relative dielectric permittivity and permittivity gradient to the electric field. For bulk paraelectric KTN:Cu near the Curie temperature, we found a novel phenomenon that the response of relative dielectric permittivity to the bias electric field was closely related to the frequency, including attenuation, invariance, and enhancement. We effectively selected the frequencies corresponding to the strong field-enhanced effect by measuring the dielectric-frequency spectrum under the bias voltage. At these frequencies, a phase retardation of

π

was achieved through

2

V

p
p

AC modulation voltage, indicating that the half-wave voltage was reduced by one order of magnitude.
Multiple-quantum-well-induced unipolar carrier transport multiplication in AlGaN solar-blind ultraviolet photodiode
Authors: Guo Long , Jiang Ke , Sun Xiaojuan , Zhang Zihui , Ben Jianwei , Jia Yuping , Wang Yong , Li Dabing
Published: July 2021

AlGaN solar-blind ultraviolet (SBUV) detectors have potential application in fire monitoring, corona discharge monitoring, or biological imaging. With the promotion of application requirements, there is an urgent demand for developing a high-performance vertical detector that can work at low bias or even zero bias. In this work, we have introduced a photoconductive gain mechanism into a vertical AlGaN SBUV detector and successfully realized it in a

p
-
i
-
n

photodiode via inserting a multiple-quantum-well (MQW) into the depletion region. The MQW plays the role of trapping holes and increasing carrier lifetime due to its strong hole confinement effect and quantum confinement Stark effect. Hence, the electrons can go through the detector multiple times, inducing unipolar carrier transport multiplication. Experimentally, an AlGaN SBUV detector with a zero-bias peak responsivity of about 0.425 A/W at 233 nm is achieved, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 226%, indicating the existence of internal current gain. When compared with the device without MQW structure, the gain is estimated to be about

10

3

in magnitude. The investigation provides an alternative and effective approach to obtain high current gain in vertical AlGaN SBUV detectors at zero bias.
Hybrides Coaching in der digitalen Arbeitswelt – Analyse und Ableitung für Forschung und Praxis
Authors: Hasenbein Melanie , Kraiss Jens
Published: July 2021

Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert die Veränderung von Coaching in der neuen und digitalen Arbeitswelt. Er skizziert dabei hybrides Coaching als vielversprechenden Weg zur Anbindung von Coaching an die hybride Arbeitswelt. Ausgehend von einer Bestandsaufnahme von digitalem Coaching und blended Ansätzen in der Psychotherapie sowie neuen Arbeitsansätzen zeigt er auf, wie hybrides Coaching die Vorteile von direktem face-to-face Coaching und digitalem Coaching vereinen kann. Dabei wird hybrides Coaching als Co-Creation Prozess zwischen Coach und Klient*in beschrieben. Zudem werden die klassischen Qualitätskriterien im Coaching auf hybrides Coaching übertragen und modifiziert. Denn die Sicherstellung von Qualität ist wesentlich, wenn Coaching als professionelles Beratungsinstrument eingesetzt wird. Zudem wird beispielhaft aufgezeigt, wie hybrides Coaching in der Praxis aussehen kann. Schließlich wird herausgearbeitet, welche Forschungsfragen sich daraus ergeben und welche Fragen in der Coachingpraxis zu beantworten sind. Der Beitrag möchte eine theoretische und praktische Diskussion anstoßen, wie hybrides Coaching in der neuen Arbeitswelt gestaltet und durchgeführt wird und wie die Qualität im Coaching sichergestellt werden sollte.
N6-methyladenosine promotes induction of ADAR1-mediated A-to-I RNA editing to suppress aberrant antiviral innate immune responses
Authors: Terajima Hideki , Lu Mijia , Zhang Linda , Cui Qi , Shi Yanhong , Li Jianrong , He Chuan
Published: July 2021

Among over 150 distinct RNA modifications,N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing represent 2 of the most studied modifications on mammalian mRNAs. Although both modifications occur on adenosine residues, knowledge on potential functional crosstalk between these 2 modifications is still limited. Here, we show that the m6A modification promotes expression levels of the ADAR1, which encodes an A-to-I RNA editing enzyme, in response to interferon (IFN) stimulation. We reveal that YTHN6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1) mediates up-regulation of ADAR1; YTHDF1 is a reader protein that can preferentially bind m6A-modified transcripts and promote translation. Knockdown of YTHDF1 reduces the overall levels of IFN-induced A-to-I RNA editing, which consequently activates dsRNA-sensing pathway and increases expression of various IFN-stimulated genes. Physiologically, YTHDF1 deficiency inhibits virus replication in cells through regulating IFN responses. The A-to-I RNA editing activity of ADAR1 plays important roles in the YTHDF1-dependent IFN responses. Therefore, we uncover that m6A and YTHDF1 affect innate immune responses through modulating the ADAR1-mediated A-to-I RNA editing.
Massive colonization of protein-coding exons by selfish genetic elements in Paramecium germline genomes
Authors: Sellis Diamantis , Guérin Frédéric , Arnaiz Olivier , Pett Walker , Lerat Emmanuelle , Boggetto Nicole , Krenek Sascha , Berendonk Thomas , Couloux Arnaud , Aury Jean-Marc , Labadie Karine , Malinsky Sophie , Bhullar Simran , Meyer Eric , Sperling Linda , Duret Laurent , Duharcourt Sandra
Published: July 2021

Ciliates are unicellular eukaryotes with both a germline genome and a somatic genome in the same cytoplasm. The somatic macronucleus (MAC), responsible for gene expression, is not sexually transmitted but develops from a copy of the germline micronucleus (MIC) at each sexual generation. In the MIC genome of Paramecium tetraurelia, genes are interrupted by tens of thousands of unique intervening sequences called internal eliminated sequences (IESs), which have to be precisely excised during the development of the new MAC to restore functional genes. To understand the evolutionary origin of this peculiar genomic architecture, we sequenced the MIC genomes of 9 Paramecium species (from approximately 100 Mb in Paramecium aurelia species to >1.5 Gb in Paramecium caudatum). We detected several waves of IES gains, both in ancestral and in more recent lineages. While the vast majority of IESs are single copy in present-day genomes, we identified several families of mobile IESs, including nonautonomous elements acquired via horizontal transfer, which generated tens to thousands of new copies. These observations provide the first direct evidence that transposable elements can account for the massive proliferation of IESs in Paramecium. The comparison of IESs of different evolutionary ages indicates that, over time, IESs shorten and diverge rapidly in sequence while they acquire features that allow them to be more efficiently excised. We nevertheless identified rare cases of IESs that are under strong purifying selection across the aurelia clade. The cases examined contain or overlap cellular genes that are inactivated by excision during development, suggesting conserved regulatory mechanisms. Similar to the evolution of introns in eukaryotes, the evolution of Paramecium IESs highlights the major role played by selfish genetic elements in shaping the complexity of genome architecture and gene expression.
Rational design of complex phenotype via network models
Authors: Gameiro Marcio , Gedeon Tomáš , Kepley Shane , Mischaikow Konstantin
Published: July 2021

We demonstrate a modeling and computational framework that allows for rapid screening of thousands of potential network designs for particular dynamic behavior. To illustrate this capability we consider the problem of hysteresis, a prerequisite for construction of robust bistable switches and hence a cornerstone for construction of more complex synthetic circuits. We evaluate and rank most three node networks according to their ability to robustly exhibit hysteresis where robustness is measured with respect to parameters over multiple dynamic phenotypes. Focusing on the highest ranked networks, we demonstrate how additional robustness and design constraints can be applied. We compare our results to more traditional methods based on specific parameterization of ordinary differential equation models and demonstrate a strong qualitative match at a small fraction of the computational cost.
A Keller-Segel model for C elegans L1 aggregation
Authors: Avery Leon , Ingalls Brian , Dumur Catherine , Artyukhin Alexander
Published: July 2021

We describe a mathematical model for the aggregation of starved first-stage C elegans larvae (L1s). We propose that starved L1s produce and respond chemotactically to two labile diffusible chemical signals, a short-range attractant and a longer range repellent. This model takes the mathematical form of three coupled partial differential equations, one that describes the movement of the worms and one for each of the chemical signals. Numerical solution of these equations produced a pattern of aggregates that resembled that of worm aggregates observed in experiments. We also describe the identification of a sensory receptor gene, srh–2, whose expression is induced under conditions that promote L1 aggregation. Worms whose srh–2 gene has been knocked out form irregularly shaped aggregates. Our model suggests this phenotype may be explained by the mutant worms slowing their movement more quickly than the wild type.
Reducing mosquito-borne disease transmission to humans: A systematic review of cluster randomised controlled studies that assess interventions other than non-targeted insecticide
Authors: Oliver Jane , Larsen Stuart , Stinear Tim P. , Hoffmann Ary , Crouch Simon , Gibney Katherine B.
Published: July 2021

Background

Mosquito control interventions are widely used to reduce mosquito-borne diseases. It is unclear what combination of interventions are most effective in reducing human disease. A novel intervention study for Buruli ulcer targeting mosquito vectors was proposed for a Buruli ulcer-endemic area of Victoria, Australia. The local community expressed a preference for avoiding widespread residual spraying of pyrethroids. To inform the design of a future cluster randomised control study (cRCT) for Buruli ulcer prevention in Victoria, we conducted a systematic literature review.

Aims

The aim was to describe cRCT designs which investigated interventions other than non-targeted insecticide for reducing mosquito-borne disease transmission, and comment on the strengths and weaknesses of these study designs.

Methods

Five medical research databases were searched for eligible literature from the earliest available sources up to 5 July 2019 (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, EBM Reviews, CAB Direct). Reference lists of identified studies were hand searched. Eligible studies were cRCTs using targeted chemical or biological mosquito control interventions, or mosquito breeding source reduction, with the occurrence of mosquito-borne disease as an outcome.

Results

Eight eligible cRCTs, conducted between 1994–2013 were identified in a variety of settings in the Americas and Asia. Interventions to reduce dengue transmission were mass adult trapping and source reduction. Interventions to reduce malaria transmission were largescale larvicide administration and (topical and spatial) repellent use. Three studies showed the intervention was associated with statistically significant reductions in the disease of interest and entomological indicators. High community engagement with the intervention were common to all three. In two studies, large buffer zones reduced contamination between study arms. Heterogeneity was reduced through increasing study cluster numbers, cluster matching and randomisation.

Conclusion

High community engagement is vital for a cRCT reducing mosquito-borne disease with a mosquito control intervention. These findings support a mosquito breeding source reduction intervention for Aedes control in a future study of Buruli ulcer prevention if local communities are supportive and very engaged. Regular administration of larvicide to sites unsuited to source reduction may supplement the intervention.
Unravelling the genetic causes of multiple malformation syndromes: A whole exome sequencing study of the Cypriot population
Authors: Kritioti Evie , Theodosiou Athina , Parpaite Thibaud , Alexandrou Angelos , Nicolaou Nayia , Papaevripidou Ioannis , Séjourné Nina , Coste Bertrand , Christophidou-Anastasiadou Violetta , Tanteles George A. , Sismani Carolina
Published: July 2021

Multiple malformation syndromes (MMS) belong to a group of genetic disorders characterised by neurodevelopmental anomalies and congenital malformations. Here we explore for the first time the genetic aetiology of MMS using whole-exome sequencing (WES) in undiagnosed patients from the Greek-Cypriot population after prior extensive diagnostics workup including karyotype and array-CGH. A total of 100 individuals (37 affected), from 32 families were recruited and family-based WES was applied to detect causative single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels. A genetic diagnosis was reported for 16 MMS patients (43.2%), with 10/17 (58.8%) of the findings being novel. All autosomal dominant findings occurred de novo. Functional studies were also performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism relevant to the abnormal phenotypes, in cases where the clinical significance of the findings was unclear. The 17 variants identified in our cohort were located in 14 genes (PCNT, UBE3A, KAT6A, SPR, POMGNT1, PIEZO2, PXDN, KDM6A, PHIP, HECW2, TFAP2A, CNOT3, AGTPBP1 and GAMT). This study has highlighted the efficacy of WES through the high detection rate (43.2%) achieved for a challenging category of undiagnosed patients with MMS compared to other conventional diagnostic testing methods (10–20% for array-CGH and ~3% for G-banding karyotype analysis). As a result, family-based WES could potentially be considered as a first-tier cost effective diagnostic test for patients with MMS that facilitates better patient management, prognosis and offer accurate recurrence risks to the families.
The role of procalcitonin and presepsin in the septic febrile neutropenia in acute leukemia patients
Authors: Moustafa Rania , Albouni Taissir , Aziz Ghassan
Published: July 2021

Background

The source of bacterial infection in neutropenic acute leukemia patients is detected in about 20–30% of cases. Bacterial cultures may require a long incubation period and risk false-positive and false- negative results. Therefore, biomarkers distinguishing septic febrile neutropenia from other etiologies in acute leukemia patients play the important role in patient assessment and treatment planning. This study aims to determine the role of procalcitonin (PCT) and presepsin (PSPN) in infectious complication in comparison to C-reactive protein (CRP) on the first and third day at the onset of febrile neutropenia in patients with acute leukemia.

Methods

Between June 2018 and February 2019, 60 acute leukemia patients with febrile neutropenia receiving chemotherapy. The 41 acute myeloid leukemia patients and 19 acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients were recruited in this study. Their ages ranged from 14 to 65 years. PCT and PSPN were measured and were compared to CRP at the onset of febrile neutropenia and after 48 hours. 20 patients had a fever of unknown origin (FUO) and 40 patients had a bacterial infection.

Findings

Our results showed that the values of these markers were higher in patients with infection than patients without. The area under the curve (AUC) of PCT were 0.931 and 0.813 on day one and three respectively, which was the best in determination of infection. The cut-off values of PCT were 1.27 and 1.23 ng/mL and the cut off values of PSPN were 1.75 and 2.9 μg/L in the successive days, their clinical sensitivities were high. PCT and PSPN were capable of distinguishing the cause of febrile neutropenia from the onset of infection and predicting its complications (p<0.05). The PSPN level couldn’t differentiate gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial infection. Significant differences were found between the mean values of the PSPN during the successive days in all patients and patients with bacteremia. This study illustrated a weak positive correlation between PCT and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, the negligible correlation between CRP and SOFA score and no significant correlation between PSPN and SOFA score.

Interpretation

PCT is an accurate biomarker in identifying infection in acute leukemia patients, its concentration is associated with the severity of bacterial sepsis. PSPN is superior to PCT for follow-up of patients.
A scoping review of recommendations in the English language on conducting research with trauma-exposed populations since publication of the Belmont report; thematic review of existing recommendations on research with trauma-exposed populations
Authors: Jefferson Kevin , Stanhope Kaitlyn K. , Jones-Harrell Carla , Vester Aimée , Tyano Emma , Hall Casey D. Xavier
Published: July 2021

Objective

To identify recommendations for conducting public health research with trauma-exposed populations.

Methods

Researchers searched Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Open Grey, and Google Scholar for recommendations. Trauma that causes psychological impact was our exposure of interest and we excluded clinical articles on treating physical trauma. We reviewed titles and abstracts of 8,070 articles and full text of 300 articles. We analyzed recommendations with thematic analysis, generated questions from the existing pool of recommendations, and then summarized select gaps.

Results

We abstracted recommendations from 145 articles in five categories: community benefit, participant benefit, safety, researcher well-being, and recommendations for conduct of trauma research.

Conclusions

Gold standards to guide the conduct of trauma-informed public health research do not yet exist. The literature suggests participation in trauma research is not inherently harmful, and current recommendations concern using research to benefit communities and participants, protecting participants and researchers from harm, and improving professional practice. As public health researchers increasingly analyze trauma as a determinant of health, gold standards for the conduct of trauma-informed public health research would be appropriate and timely.
Introduced and native vertebrates in pink-footed shearwater (Ardenna creatopus) breeding colonies in Chile
Authors: Carle Ryan David , Fleishman Abram B. , Varela Tiare , Manríquez Angulo Pablo , De Rodt Guillermo , Hodum Peter , Colodro Valentina , López Verónica , Gutiérrez-Guzmán Héctor
Published: July 2021

Biodiversity conservation planning requires accurate, current information about species status and threats. Although introduced mammals are the greatest threat to seabirds globally, data on introduced species is lacking for many seabird breeding islands. To inform conservation planning, we used trail cameras to document the presence, relative abundance, and seasonal and diel attendance of introduced and native vertebrates within pink-footed shearwater (Ardenna creatopus) breeding colonies on Isla Mocha (five colonies, 2015–2020) and Isla Robinson Crusoe (Juan Fernández Archipelago), Chile (one colony, 2019–2020). The most commonly detected species were pink-footed shearwaters and introduced rats (Rattusspp.) on Isla Mocha, and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and pink-footed shearwaters on Isla Robinson Crusoe. Introduced mammals observed, in order of greatest catch-per-unit-effort, were rats, cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and European hares (Lepus europaeus) on Isla Mocha and European rabbits, cats, cattle (Bos taurus), rats, dogs, mice (Mus musculus), and southern coati (Nasua nasua) on Isla Robinson Crusoe. Especially noteworthy results for pink-footed shearwater conservation were the presence of cats during all monitoring months in shearwater colonies on both islands, that catch-per-unit-effort of rabbits was greater than shearwaters on Isla Robinson Crusoe, and that rats were the most observed vertebrates after shearwaters on Isla Mocha. Pink-footed shearwaters were regularly present on the islands from October through May. Presence and relative catch-per-unit-effort of pink-footed shearwaters qualitatively matched the species’ known breeding phenology. The regular presence and temporal overlap with shearwaters of cats, rats, rabbits, and cattle within shearwater colonies, coupled with the irregular presence of dogs, coati, hares, and mice, indicated a serious conservation threat for pink-footed shearwaters and other native insular fauna and flora. Finally, our study provides a widely applicable model for analysis of multi-year trail camera data collected with unstandardized settings.
Causal linkage between adult height and kidney function: An integrated population-scale observational analysis and Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Park Sehoon , Lee Soojin , Kim Yaerim , Lee Yeonhee , Kang Min Woo , Kim Kwangsoo , Kim Yong Chul , Han Seung Seok , Lee Hajeong , Lee Jung Pyo , Joo Kwon Wook , Lim Chun Soo , Kim Yon Su , Kim Dong Ki
Published: July 2021

As adult height is linked to various health outcomes, further investigation of its causal effects on kidney function later in life is warranted. This study involved a cross-sectional observational analysis and summary-level Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. First, the observational association between height and estimated GFR determined by creatinine (eGFRcreatinine) or cystatin C (eGFRcystatinC) was investigated in 467,182 individuals aged 40–69 using UK Biobank. Second, the genetic instrument for adult height, as reported by the GIANT consortium, was implemented, and summary-level MR of eGFRcreatinine and CKDcreatinine in a CKDGen genome-wide association study was performed (N = 567,460), with multivariable MR being adjusted for the effects of genetic predisposition on body mass index. To replicate the findings, additional two-sample MR using the summary statistics of eGFRcystatinC and CKDcystatinC in UK Biobank was performed (N = 321,405). In observational analysis, adult height was inversely associated with both eGFRcreatinine (per 1 SD, adjusted beta -1.039, standard error 0.129, P < 0.001) and eGFRcystatinC (adjusted beta -1.769, standard error 0.161, P < 0.001) in a multivariable model adjusted for clinicodemographic, anthropometric, metabolic, and social factors. Moreover, multivariable summary-level MR showed that a taller genetically predicted adult height was causally linked to a lower log-eGFRcreatinine (adjusted beta -0.007, standard error 0.001, P < 0.001) and a higher risk of CKDcreatinine (adjusted beta 0.083, standard error 0.019, P < 0.001). Other pleiotropy-robust sensitivity MR analysis results supported the findings. In addition, similar results were obtained by two-sample MR of eGFRcystatinC (adjusted beta -1.303, standard error 0.140, P < 0.001) and CKDcystatinC (adjusted beta 0.153, standard error 0.025, P < 0.001) in UK Biobank. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that a taller adult height is causally linked to worse kidney function in middle-aged to elderly individuals, independent of the effect of body mass index.
Assessing the difficulty of annotating medical data in crowdworking with help of experiments
Authors: Rother Anne , Niemann Uli , Hielscher Tommy , Völzke Henry , Ittermann Till , Spiliopoulou Myra
Published: July 2021

Background

As healthcare-related data proliferate, there is need to annotate them expertly for the purposes of personalized medicine. Crowdworking is an alternative to expensive expert labour. Annotation corresponds to diagnosis, so comparing unlabeled records to labeled ones seems more appropriate for crowdworkers without medical expertise. We modeled the comparison of a record to two other records as a triplet annotation task, and we conducted an experiment to investigate to what extend sensor-measured stress, task duration, uncertainty of the annotators and agreement among the annotators could predict annotation correctness.

Materials and methods

We conducted an annotation experiment on health data from a population-based study. The triplet annotation task was to decide whether an individual was more similar to a healthy one or to one with a given disorder. We usedhepatic steatosisas example disorder, and described the individuals with 10 pre-selected characteristics related to this disorder. We recorded task duration, electro-dermal activity as stress indicator, and uncertainty as stated by the experiment participants (n= 29 non-experts and three experts) for 30 triplets. We built an Artificial Similarity-Based Annotator (ASBA) and compared its correctness and uncertainty to that of the experiment participants.

Results

We found no correlation between correctness and either of stated uncertainty, stress and task duration. Annotator agreement has not been predictive either. Notably, for some tasks, annotators agreed unanimously on an incorrect annotation. When controlling for Triplet ID, we identified significant correlations, indicating that correctness, stress levels and annotation duration depend on the task itself. Average correctness among the experiment participants was slightly lower than achieved by ASBA. Triplet annotation turned to be similarly difficult for experts as for non-experts.

Conclusion

Our lab experiment indicates that the task of triplet annotation must be prepared cautiously if delegated to crowdworkers. Neither certainty nor agreement among annotators should be assumed to imply correct annotation, because annotators may misjudge difficult tasks as easy and agree on incorrect annotations. Further research is needed to improve visualizations for complex tasks, to judiciously decide how much information to provide, Out-of-the-lab experiments in crowdworker setting are needed to identify appropriate designs of a human-annotation task, and to assess under what circumstances non-human annotation should be preferred.
Responses to the Islamic headscarf in everyday interactions depend on sex and locale: A field experiment in the metros of Brussels, Paris, and Vienna on helping and involvement behaviors
Authors: Aranguren Martin , Madrisotti Francesco , Durmaz-Martins Eser , Gerger Gernot , Wittmann Lena , Méhu Marc
Published: July 2021

The Islamic headscarf has been in the middle of heated debates in European society, yet little is known about its influence on day-to-day interactions. The aim of this randomized field experiment (n = 840) is to explore how the generally negative views that surround the hijab in Europe manifest in the behavior that people direct to hijab-wearing women in everyday situations. Using a helping scenario and videotapes of the resulting interactions, we measured whether passengers offered assistance and also various details of behavior that indicate interpersonal involvement. We predicted that in interaction with the covered confederate less help would be offered, that women’s level of nonverbal involvement would increase but men’s decrease, and that responses would be stronger in Paris, intermediate in Brussels, and weaker in Vienna. We analyzed the data using Generalized Linear Models estimated with Bayesian inference. While the headscarf does not produce concluding differences in “overt” helping, it does affect “subtle” cues of interpersonal involvement. In response to the hijab, women across sites increase, but men in Paris decrease, the level of involvement that they show with their nonverbal behavior.