bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stocker Calf Receiving, Vaccination and Treatment
Authors: James Harry
Published: March 2023

Stocker calf receiving, vaccination, and treatment is a very important part of my practice. The successful treatment of the bovine respiratory complex in stocker calves remains one of the really big challenges in bovine practice. For blackleg we vaccinate with clostridium chauvei and septicum routinely. I feel that this 2-way vaccine is enough in our practice area. I certainly have no arguement with those who are using 7-way or other multiple strain clostridial vaccines. Several of these strains really need revaccination to be really effective and in my practice most cattle would never receive the second vaccination. We use most of the antibiotic preparations that are available to us for this use.
Neonatal Calf Management
Authors: Rice Lawrence E.
Published: March 2023

Perinatal and neonatal calf mortality account for the second greatest loss to the beef cattle industry; the first being open or late calving cows. Large surveys have shown perinatal deaths to range from 4 to 7 percent and neonatal deaths to range from 2 to 6 percent. 18 27 Certain herds and areas have mortality rates much higher in epizootic situations. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss some of the causes of such losses and management practices to reduce the losses. The following procedures should increase perinatal and neonatal survival:I. Have heifers big at calving2. Breed heifers to sires selected for 'easy calving'.3. Provide proper prepartum nutrition.4. Hyperimmunize dams when indicated.5. Provide adequate and clean calving facilities.6. Provide proper surveillance and early assistance at calving.7. Insure adequate and timely colostrum consumption.
A Realistic Herd Health Program
Authors: Clark, Jr. Hubert C.
Published: March 2023

Since the goal of the cattlemen is to maintain and improve a profit margin, a workable herd health program is a must for beef producers in the l 980's. Our herd health program was developed with major emphasis on preventive medicine.

Your goals as a veterinarian might be:l. All cattle vaccinated against common disease each year.2. All cattle wormed twice a year.3. A brucellosis free and certified herd.4. All adult cows and bulls have Ectrin ear tags for fly control and ear tags for identification.5. All animals treated with delice and grub kill in the fall.6. All bull calves castrated and implanted each year.7. All cows pregnancy tested and open ones culled each fall.8. All cattle dehorned in the herd.9. All bulls soundness examined each winter.

I feel if the veterinarian has communication with the cattlemen in the area, then a profitable and meaningful herd health program can be established.
Bovine Leptospirosis and Infertility
Authors: Hanson Lyle E.
Published: March 2023

Bovine leptospirosis was first identified as a disease of cattle in 1935 in Russia (Mikhin and Azhinov, 1935). Although bovine leptospirosis has been in the U.S. for many years, it was primarily associated with the pomona serovar (Baker and Little, 1948). Prevalence studies based on serolgic surveys indicate hardjo is the most widespread serovar with reactor rates varying from a low of 6% for the midwest to a high of 62% for Florida cattle (Stoenner, 1975; Rubin, 1977). Clinical signs of leptospirosis in cattle vary with the serovars involved, the herd susceptibility, and between acute and chronic infections.
Effects of Incidence and Degree of Endometrial Scarring on Fertility in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Manspeaker J.E. , Haaland M.A. , Robl M. G. , Edwards G. H.
Published: March 2023

As bovine practitioners we use our fine-tuned palpating expertise almost entirely, and rightfully so, to evaluate an infertile problem along with visual examination of the vagina and its discharges. Then treatment is done accordingly by what is felt and seen. Some practitioners will occasionally run bacterial cultures especially if the discharges indicate infection. These above procedures are necessary to properly evaluate routine infertile problems in a herd, but for the clinically "normal" repeat breeder, that is considered valuable by the client from a milk production and a genetic point of view, practitioners have to do more diagnostically. Bovine endometrial pathology should definitely be included diagnostically and prognostically, before days open become too extensive and culling too evident. Endometrial scarring may contribute to infertility, but certain other factors such as cellular infiltrations, hormonal variations, embryonic abnormalities, vascular damage in the caruncles and, maybe, collagen in the connective tissues as in the mare may play a more decisive role.
Isoniazid Therapy in Bovine Practice
Authors: Schwarm Mark A.
Published: March 2023

The basis of my talk is that here is a drug that is antibacterial with penetrating ability into fibrous tissue. To me, Isoniazid is indicated in chronic respiratory, soft tissue and bone infections in cattle and is definitely an economical addition to my treatment regimen.
Effect of Unilateral Orchiectomy on Semen Quality in Bulls
Authors: Wolfe Dwight F. , Hudson Robert S. , Carson Robert L. , Purohit Ram C.
Published: March 2023

Inflammatory processes within the scrotum of the bull are common clinical occurrences. This project was designed to determine: ( I) if there was a decline in semen quality following unilateral orchiectomy; (2) the length of time required for semen quality to return to normal following surgery; (3) the magnitude and duration of alterations of normal scrotal thermographic patterns following surgery; and ( 4) comparison of the degree of surgical insult between bulls operated in winter and summer. Bulls subjected to this procedure for correction of pathological conditions can be expected to sustain minimal additional inflammation to the remaining testicle. It is proposed that the use of proper surgical technique, asepsis, brevity of surgical time and convalescence in clean quarters are important factors to minimize the insult to the remaining testicle.
Comparisons of Colostral and Serum Antibody Titres in Cows Vaccinated with E. coli K99 Antigens
Authors: Donovan G. A. , Braun R. K. , Littell R. C.
Published: March 2023

A field trial was conducted on a large dairy farm to evaluate the serum and colostral antibody responses to four commercially available enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) diarrhea vaccines. Multiparous cows (n= 192) and 114 first calf heifers were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (Table 1). Groups A-D were vaccinated twice subcutaneously; the first dose 50-90 days prior to the expected calving date (at drying off); the second dose three weeks prior to calving. Group E was vaccinated only once at three weeks prior to calving and Group F served as the non-vaccinated controls. It was found that all of the commercially available vaccines tested in this field trial increased colostral and serum antibodies against ETEC. Calf performance or challenge studies were not done because of the sheer numbers of animals and that was beyond the scope of this trial. It also appears that a single vaccination using Coli-bovis at 2-3 weeks pre-partum will produce protective antibody levels in colostrum.
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Gwin Robert M. , Steffen Renate M. , Cunningham Dale E. , Jensen Harold G. , Nordquist Robert E.
Published: March 2023

Moraxella bovis is considered to be the main causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly known as pinkeye1 2. IBK has been reproduced with M. bovis organisms alone3 or in combination with other enhancing factors4 8. Numerous attempts have been made to produce a M. bovis vaccine utilizing viable and nonviable organisms in both experimental and natural environmental conditions9 13. Preliminary studies have indicated several cross antigens between our Neisseria vaccine and M. bovis. This apparentcross antigenicity appears to be the basis for the induced protective immunity to M. bovis. A vaccine utilizing the concept of cross-antigenicity is currently used in inducing resistance against canine distemper with a modified live measles virus. a.Why M. bovis does not produce a similar immunity to itself is unclear. This may be the key to both the pathogenicity of M. bovis in bovine cornea and the difficultyof previous investigators in using M. bovis as an effective vaccine against itself.
Economics and Animal Welfare Considerations of Early Castration and Utilization of Ralgro® Implants
Authors: Bonner John M. , Cain Michael F.
Published: March 2023

Increasing calf weaning weight is the goal of every cowcalf producer because of its direct relationship to herd profitability. Currently, many production technologies and management strategies exist that can be used to increase weaning weights. One of the best and most economical methods is implanting suckling calves with RALGRO.
Ostertagia Ostertagi
Authors: Williams J. C. , Marbury K. S. , Scheide S. W. , Luther D. G. , Knox J. W. , Kimball M. D. , Snider, III T. G.
Published: March 2023

Ostertagia ostertagi is the most important parasites of cattle and occurs in all major cattle raising sections of the United States. Recognition, diagnosis, management and treatment for ostertagiasis are often misunderstood because of the complex epidemiology of the parasite in northern and southern regions of the country. It has become evident that the different disease phases of 0. ostertagi, i.e., type I, pre-type II, and type 11, as described from other parts of the world, do occur in this country. Innorthern temperate regions inhibition-prone larvae are acquired in autumn, persist through winter, with type II disease being a threat from late winter into spring. Larval inhibition occurs during spring in southern temperate regions such as Louisiana, the larvae remain in the inhibited state through summer and type II disease outbreaks may occur from late summer through autumn. Based on research in other parts of the world in which integrated forms of parasite control have been developed and implemented, there is an increasing interest in such control programs in this country. Appropriatelytimed anthelmintic treatment, tied in with some alteration of pasture management which provides safe pasture or pasture of reduced infection potential for younger, susceptible cattle is based on parasite epidemiological data. Such data is available for some sections of the country. Some aspects of research into parasite epidemiology and integrated control conducted in Louisiana are discussed.
Dairy Herd Parasitology
Authors: Bradley Richard E.
Published: March 2023

The most important time to control internal parasites in a modern, high-producing dairy herd is from the time the replacement heifer calf is dropped until she is introduced into the milking herd. The use of proper sanitary procedures including pasture maintenance to destroy parasites at infective stages or to prevent contact with the infective stages is essential. In addition, proper use of effective anthelmintic drugs is required. When the heifers become adults and join the milking herd the same type of management procedures for controlling exposure to parasites at infective stages is equally important due to severe FDA restrictions on the use of anthelmintic drugs in lactating dairy cows.
Paratuberculosis
Authors: Merkal Richard S.
Published: March 2023

Paratuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycohacterium paratuherculosis. Clinical paratuberculosis is known as Johne's disease. Most animals acquire the infection shortly after birth, but signs of illness usually are not apparent for several years.Paratuberculosis usually is spread from herd to herd by the purchase of infected animals that are not showing signs of the disease. We have found that cattle may shed the organisms in their feces for up to three years before exhibiting signs of the illness.
Bovine Leukemia Virus Infections
Authors: Van Der Maaten M. J. , Miller J.M.
Published: March 2023

With the obvious reservation that new findings may, at any time, alter our concepts regarding Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infections, the current status of our knowledge leads to the conclusion that, except for the frank neoplastic disease and the restrictions on international trade, BLV does not play an important role in cattle disease and has no recognized zoonotic potential.
Effects of Premilking Udder Hygiene on Environmental Bacterial Contamination, Sediment, and Iodine Residue in Milk
Authors: Galton David M.
Published: March 2023

Premilking hygiene is an essential component of effective milking programs. The objective of our work was to determine the effects ofvarious udder preparation and disinfectants (udder wash sanitizer and postmilking teat dips used as premilking disinfectants dip) on reducing bacterial populations, sediment, and iodine residue in milk.
Heifer Spaying
Authors: Bohlender Bob
Published: March 2023

But spaying has been a common procedure in the western states for years. It started in Wyoming and it was a management program. When controlled weight studies were conducted, spayed nonimplanted heifers failed to gain up with the intact nonimplanted. Rupp and Kimberly, in reviewing a lot of the trials, reporting 22 of 27 in the early trials intact heifers average daily gain didn't keep up. Intacts had higher AGs than the spayed mates. Including grazing growing and finishing trials, the intact averaged 7.9% higher and this just follows the experience I was having at that time. Then in 15 trials comparing implanted spays and implanted intacts 13 of 15 showed better gain, average of 1.8 improvement, meant that they picked up the 7.9 plus the 1.8 gain. So implanted reporting to have quite a profound effect on the spayed.
Spaying Flank Method
Authors: McElroy William
Published: March 2023

There are many factors to be considered when determining the economics of spaying heifers. Some of these that might be considered are:I. Cost of spaying2. Market value of spayed and non spayed heifers3. Gaining ability of each4. Maintaining open heifers5. Cost of heat suppressing drugs6. Pregnancy problemsa. Cost of examinationb. Cost of abortingc. Weight loss at abortingd. Pregnancy at slaughter
Fescue Toxicity Syndrome
Authors: Miksch Duane , Lacefield Garry
Published: March 2023

Tall fescue is the predominant cool-season grass in a large section of the United States bounded approximately by a line south from Topeka, KS to Tyler, TX, east to Macon, GA, northeast to Philadelphia and west to Topeka. Most of the estimated 35 million acres of tall fescue in that area is the Kentucky 31 (KY 31) cultivar. It is a persistent grass, adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Tall fescue is a near perfect plant for soil conservation. It yields a lot of forage and responds well to nitrogen application. The chemical composition compares favorably to orchardgrass, timothy and bromegrass.
BVD Wreck
Authors: Stout Robert G.
Published: March 2023

In December of 1982 a client of ours purchased 254 head of 530 pound steer calves at a local auction market, "processed" the cattle according to our recommendations and placed the cattle in their own feedlot. Within 6 days the cattle started getting sick. Despite individual and herd treatment, calves started dying-12 head within the next 4 days. A diagnosis of Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BYD) with secondary bronchopneumonia was made. This paper describes "the wreck," the experiences and prejudices of the veterinarians prior to this event, their effort to establish the pathogenesis and epidemiology involved, and finally-what effect this wreck had on their recommendations for disease prevention in a feedlot practice.
Dipping Vat Problems in the Feedlot
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: March 2023

Dipping on arrival at most feedyards is a common practice, used not only to safeguard cattle from the external parasites (lice, ticks, mites) but is economically mandated by the packers to control grubs and by the USDA-APHIS for scab control. The only two dips I think you should consider are Coumaphos (CoRal) or Prolate (GX-118).
Our Practical Experience with the Computer
Authors: Meller J.D.
Published: March 2023

Approximately three years ago visiting my family doctor's office and noticing a computer there, it occurred to me that if my doctor, practicing by himself in a little rural town, had a computer, I could certainly have one in a five man veterinary practice. Moreover, the machine intrigued me. Thinking about it, I came to the conclusion that it would enable me to get a "handle" on my practice. Actually our practice was out of control and "running itself." For good or for bad, that is what was happening. I thought a computer might be one good way to get control of the costs. This also might save me from getting a management consultant, whom I still may have to hire in any event. I concluded the computer would help me get the command for which I was searching.
Treatment of Sole Abscesses of Cattle in Missouri
Authors: McPhail Ross K.
Published: March 2023

A few years ago when sea sponges were more plentiful, they were recommended for bandaging legs on horses. I adapted a variation for the use of a sponge on a cow's sole abscess and puncture wound. Later, when Technovit acrylic became available, I started blocking the foot also.
Some Observations on Field Use of BVD Vaccines
Authors: Wohlgemuth Kurt
Published: March 2023

Among the vaccinations which are mandated in our program we have BYD, we have IBR, PI3 and clostridia, at least your 5-6 way is also mandated.
On the Farm Diagnostic Procedures for Specific Toxicants
Authors: Meerdink Gavin
Published: March 2023

If you had a chance to talk to a practitioner and explain the problems in diagnostic toxicology, what would be the subject? And it was pretty unanimous. Everyone said sampling. So at any rate I would like to twist my title just a little bit and talk about more sampling problems or some ideas and bring up a few points. I hate to be so melodramatic about this. It's a slide I had for a talk before .. . a study that we made on sampling
Subclinical Coccidiosis Infection In Calves
Authors: Fox James E.
Published: March 2023

Coccidiosis causes large economic losses from death, labor and treatment cost, morbidity, along with loss of feed conversion, and weight gain in calves and cattle following classical outbreaks. Low level or subclinical infections are proving to be more prevalent and costly than previously thought. Their control can increase performance of cattle not necessarily exhibiting obvious clinical symptoms.
Potassium & Sodium for Dairy Cattle
Authors: Ritchie David A.
Published: March 2023

Supplementation of dietary potassium and sodium at levels above the present N. R.C. recommendations of 0.8% potassium and 0. 18% sodium will result in significantly higher milk yields. Beneficial responses to supplementation of these minerals was observed in both early lactation cows during the winter and heat-stressed cows at all stages of lactation.
Art of Physical Diagnosis
Authors: Fox Francis H.
Published: March 2023

While newer laboratory and mechanical methods for establishing or confirming certain diagnoses are important and often essential, there is no substitute for the careful use of physical diagnostic procedures. Superfluous or unnecessary use of the laboratory not only lessens the acuity of the clinician's powers of clinical observation-it also leads to delays in diagnosis and, consequently, costly delays in the institution of effective therapy and control measures. Moreover, too great a reliance on the laboratory or on mechanical aids often leads to inexcusable failure to establish a correct diagnosis. The purpose of this article is to review some of the methods of physical diagnosis and to emphasize their importance and utilization with examples and applications in the field.
Reproductive Management
Authors: Smith R. D.
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians as herd health and reproduction consultants have important roles to play in providing valuable services to dairy farmers as they seek to improve herd management practices and increase the profitability of their herds. This paper briefly summarizes new information and new reproductive management tools that are useful to veterinarians as they work with their clients to improve reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. Optimizing reproductive efficiency will continue to be critical to dairy herd management programs that seek to maximize profits. Although new management information and techniques will continue to become available, reproduction is likely to challenge even the best of herd managers. There will be a continuing and possibly growing demand for veterinarians to work with conscientious herd managers and their reproductive management teams to identify the weak links in the reproductive management program and to select management practices that will improve herd performance. Health and reproductive disorders, nutrition, and estrus detection must continue to receive primary emphasis.
Dairy Herd Management Update: Pest Management
Authors: Surgeoner G. A.
Published: March 2023

Integrated pest management simply defined is the use of all potential control strategies to reduce pest populations below economic levels while minimizing undesirable effects to animals and the environment.  In order to do so we must identify the pest, know its economic thresholds, integrate control strategies and understand the impact of these strategies especially when using insecticides. In my presentation I have dealt with five pests common to the dairy producer; 1) house fly, 2) horn fly, 3) face fly, 4) lice, and 5) cattle grubs. These constitute summertime pasture and stable problems and wintertime parasites. For each pest I will cover their biology (briefly and only as it relates to control), the economic threshold and finally the best control options available to us.
Residue Avoidance in the Veal Industry
Authors: Grover Wayne M.
Published: March 2023

The right to use drugs in an extra label fashion, concurrent with a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship, has given veterinarians an awesome responsibility. Veterinarian must not take that responsibility lightly. Each individual practitioner must establish his or her own guidelines to determine what circumstances necessitate the Extra Label Use (ELU) of drugs. The primary challenge of ELU is determining the withdrawal times necessary to avoid residue problems.
Rear Leg Lameness in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Perino Louis
Published: March 2023

Feedyard lameness has an economic impact on both the producer and the packer. Rear leg disorders can be particularly troublesome. In cases not amenable to treatment, or those that fail to respond, salvage is a viable economic alternative. However, drug and vaccine withdrawals can preclude this option for a period of time during which the animal continues to lose weight and value. If the discomfort associated with the lameness can be reduced the animal will continue to eat and weight loss will be minimized or a weight gain can be realized. With this in mind we have attempted to develop some different strategies to reduce the discomfort and stay within certain economic limits.
Trace Minerals
Authors: Johnson J. L. , Schneider N. R. , Anderson G. A. , Carlson M. P.
Published: March 2023

Gastrointestinal irritation is a common entity in trace mineral toxicosis. To determine the extent of trace mineral involvement in west-central Nebraska beef calves, trace elements analyses were performed on 144 livers from perinatal calves submitted to the Veterinary Science Laboratory, North Platte, Nebraska during 1983 and 1984. All calves originated from herds in west-central Nebraska and ranged in age from eight months of gestation up to six-week-old neonates. Perinates were subjected to complete gross and microscopic, bacteriologic, virologic and toxicologic examinations. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine if trace mineral problems existed in west-central Nebraska, and if any relationship existed with potential disease syndromes. No single element appears responsible for neonatal calf diarrhea, but the variety of fluctuations indicate that trace elements play a role in many enteric syndromes.  Supplementation of necessary elements in a proper protein and energy diet has improved production and lessened disease effects by reduced morbidity and mortality. Liver concentrations indicated above normal iron content as the most common trace mineral finding in calves with diarrhea. Hematology values were within normal ranges except for hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct), which were above normal in both groups of CU cows and non CU cows. Other problems attributed to trace minerals include sudden death in calves, white muscle disease, poor nursing and unthriftiness in calves, retained placentas, infertility, achromotrichia and downer cows.
New Concepts in Bovine Anesthesia
Authors: Tranquil William J.
Published: March 2023

The importance of inducing anesthesia and analgesia to ensure the humane treatment of cattle destined to undergo surgical procedure has been overlooked by some members of the veterinary profession. The reasons for this appear to be diverse. The ability to effectively mechanically restrain cattle has also had a significant influence upon the direction of investigation into newanesthetic / analgesic techniques for the bovine species by veterinary anesthesiologists and other investigators. Two new concepts, "electroanesthesia" and "electroacupuncture anesthesia," have been advanced or reintroduced in recent years to implement restraint, anesthesia, and analgesia of the bovine. Assessment of electroanesthesia for dehorning of cattle has been recently reported.  Results from this trial indicated that the application of an electroimmobilizing stimulus may be painful and should not be considered as capable of inducing analgesia. In contrast to the questionable results observed with electroimmobilization techniques, data showing the effectiveness of acupuncture techniques in achieving analgesia and even anesthesia in the bovine are more positive.
Botulism in Cattle
Authors: Whitlock R. H. , Messick J. , Divers T. , Ott J. , Oliver A. , Bartholomew R.
Published: March 2023

Botulism in cattle has been associated with the ingestion of contaminated carrion or forages.  This report describes the clinical signs and diagnostic approaches in three outbreaks of botulism in cattle where Clostridium botulinum Type B organisms were identified in each herd and specific toxin detected in the forage of one herd. In each of these outbreaks Type B organisms wereisolated from the silage which may have been improperly fermented. The key factor may be the lack of adequate fermentation to reach a low pH, thus inhibiting sporulation and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum organisms were also isolated from the rumen contents and feces of affected cattle which help confirm the diagnosis because normal cattle do not have botulinum organisms in the gastrointestinal contents. Mouse toxicity and neutralization testing was performed on a supernatant for the testing of serum. All the mice injected intraperitoneally with botulism toxin containing supernatant died within the 96 hour test period. Those mice receiving a mixture of the trypsinized tissue extract containing the monovalent antitoxin corresponding to the type of toxin present in the tissue survived the 96 hour test period.
Comparison of Oral and Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves with Experimental Colibacillosis
Authors: Guard C. L. , Tennant B. C.
Published: March 2023

Oral fluid therapy and intravenous fluid therapy have been appled to treat severe diarrhea in calves. In terms of severity of cases, calves that are dehydrated and depressed but not yet shocky represent a grey area. Will oral fluids be utilized adequately or must therapy be more aggressive? These questions prompted our study comparing oral and intravenous therapy in experimentally produced diarrhea.

Our experimental results indicate that severe, acute diarrhea was produced in 22 of 25 calves by oral inoculation of a broth culture of E. coli. Those calves receiving IV fluid therapy at the onset of diarrhea had the least deviations from normal blood chemistry values and all survived. Those receiving delayed IV therapy had minor abnormalities in blood chemistry values and also all survived. Those calves receiving oral therapy beginning at the onset of diarrhea developed moderate acidosis, hyperkalemia and hyponatremia; they had a cumulative 57% mortality by the end of the maintenance period. Calves orally rehydrated when 8% of body weight had been lost as diarrheic stool developed severe acidosis, hemoconcentration and hyperkalemia; all calves in this group died within 18 hr of the onset of diarrhea.
Chloride Requirements of Lactating Dairy Cattle
Authors: Chase L. E. , Fettman M. J.
Published: March 2023

Chloride is the third most abundant mineral element in milk and the most common anion in the extracellular body fluids of mammals (Coppock and Fettman, 1977). An early study at Cornell found that cows fed a low chloride diet, containing .18% chloride, had lower chloride excretion in urine and feces (Coppock et al., 1979). Significant reductions in chloride concentrations of blood plasma, urine, saliva and synovial fluids were reported in young calves fed a diet containing .038% chloride (Burkhalter et al., 1979; Burkhalter et al., 1980; and Neathery et al., 1981).  A trial was designed to examine the potential affects of a chloride deficiency in dairy cows (Fettman et al., 1984b, I 984c). Diets were formulated containing either . 1 (low), .27 (medium) or .45 (high) % chloride on a dry matter basis. No differences in dry matter intake, milk production or body weight changes were detected between the medium and high diets (Fettman et al., 1984b, 1984c). However, significant decreases in these three measures were noted for cows on the low chloride diet. Cows on the medium and high chloride diets did not differ in the metabolic parameters monitored. The results of this study indicate that a dietary chloride content of . l % is too low for early lactation dairy cows. It would appear that a dietary chloride level of .25 to .3% on a dry matter basis should be used in practical ration formulation.
Use of an Elisa Milk Progesterone Test as an Aid to Oestrus Prediction in Dairy Cows
Authors: Eddy R. G.
Published: March 2023

Oestrus detection in dairy cows has been the subject of many studies and various methods of improving oestrus detection have been investigated and reviewed by Boyd ( 1984). Poor oestrus detection will extend the calving to conception interval by prolonging both the calving to first service and first service to conception intervals (Eddy 1980). The availability of a commercially produced enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test kit (Ovucheck; Cambridge Veterinary Sciences) stimulated the setting up of trials to study oestrus detection rates and detection efficiency after first service. This paper reports the results of these trials. Trial 1 demonstrated that the E.I.A. for progesterone could be readily performed in the practice laboratory and Trial 2 demonstrated that similar improvements in accuracy and detection rates could be achieved by alternate day sampling. Oestrus detection remains a problem in many large dairy herds using artificial insemination and these trials demonstrate a place for oestrus prediction using E.I.A.
Dairy Industry Economics
Authors: Hamm Larry G.
Published: March 2023

In 1985 the U.S. dairy industry generated cash receipts of $18.1 billion. When the receipts associated with the dairy cattle marketed through the beef system are included, the dairy industry generated almost $26 billion, or about 17 percent of the 1985 total cash receipts of U.S. agriculture. Thus, the dairy industry is a major component of the U.S. farm economy which generates demands for many products and services. The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with some indication about the current condition of the U.S. dairy and milk markets and to relate those changes to veterinarians practicing in large animal and dairy businesses.

This paper briefly explores four propositions about the nature of the U.S. dairy sector. These include:• Fundamental market and technological change will continue.• Government involvement in the dairy industry is assured.• The direction of government policy will be known shortly.• The role of the bovine practitioner will change.
What the Producer Expects from His Veterinarian
Authors: McGinnis Charles
Published: March 2023

Now from that a concise description of what we expect from a veterinarian might be as follows: First, we would expect service when we need it within reason. We know our own limitations as far as treatment and herd health, and we try not to call out veterinarians for frivolous reasons. We try not to call him to correct our mistakes, and we don't call him to perform miracles! We expect our veterinarian to keep us well informed on new medicines, vaccines, techniques, and herd health practices that can make our business more profitable. We think he owes it to us to have for himself an on-going self-education, continuing education program. We expect our veterinarian to be open, frank, and honest with us, and we expect to deal with him in the same manner. We expect our veterinarian to understand our particular goals and priorities, and assistance with his involvement in every way that is possible. We expect him to charge us fair rates and make a good living and have his practice profitable, but not too profitable!
Getting Paid for Consultation
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: March 2023

Making a living, getting paid for what we do, getting value from our education ... has become more complex. Veterinarians before us were paid for surgeries, medical treatment, and the drugs they compounded and dispensed. We, too, were brought up in this mold. But several changes in our world are forcing us out of our niche. Farmers are doing more and more of their own veterinary work as veterinary supplies and equipment are becoming more available through OTC distributors. The "miracles" we've mixed and the advice on "extra label" drug use is coming under more attack daily by consumer groups such as "Americans for Safe Food", and government agencies such as the USDA-FSIS and the FDA's CVM.
Marketing Veterinary Services in an Established Midwestern Dairy Practice
Authors: Cochran Dwight E.
Published: March 2023

So - if it is any comfort many of us have been marketing our services to one degree or another and now we have a string of buzz words and sophisticated terminology to identify our clumsy efforts. It seems obvious we must improve our grasp of the concepts of marketing as the economic realities drive animal agriculture to more efficient production. We must define and refine our former clumsy attempts in order to move quickly and accurately to act on the 4 axioms of modern food animal practice:1. Determine the market driven need.2. Assess the practice resources required.3. Determine profitability.4. Create client awareness.
High Bulk Tank Bacteria Counts Without Udder Disease in Two Dairy Herds
Authors: Gardner Charles E.
Published: March 2023

I have been interested in mastitis control in dairy herds for many years. Until recently, however, I did not concern myself with high bulk tank bacteria counts, unless leukocytes were also elevated. I was convinced that if leukocyte counts were normal, then high bacteria counts were due to either improper sanitation of milk handling equipment, or improper cooling of the milk. I reasoned that if the cows themselves were not involved, then high bacteria counts were not the concern of the herd veterinarian.
Evaluating Herd Reproductive Status
Authors: Williamson Norman B.
Published: March 2023

The realization that herd reproductive performance limits herd production and profits has made reproductive herd health programs increasingly popular with dairy clients for the last 25 years. We must ensure that reproductive health programs continue to contribute to farm profits. To do this we must continually measure and monitor herd reproductive performance. Many indices of reproductive performance have been described, so it may be difficult and confusing to decide which indices to use and how to use them.

This paper describes relationships between reproductive performance, production and farm incomes. It considers some indices of reproduction and how they are used to monitor herd reproductive performance to keep it profitable. To provide a benchmark for normal values of these indices, average 1984 / 5 indices for 21 typical Minnesota and Wisconsin herds are presented. These herds had used the DairyCHAMP Computerized Health and Management Program for a sufficient time to allow a correct analysis in 1986.
Managing and Replacing Toxic Fescue
Authors: Lacefield Garry
Published: March 2023

Research from many states has demonstrated conclusively that the endophyte is associated with quality problems in tall fescue. Interdisciplinary teams of researchers at different locations are presently engaged in studies attempting to provide answers to many of the remaining questions concerning the endophyte. A cause-effect relationship between the endophyte and a toxin has not been shown conclusively.
Animal Response to Toxic and Non-Toxic Tall Fescue
Authors: Boling James A.
Published: March 2023

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.J is currently grown on about 35 million acres in the United States. It has been utilized extensively for grazing cattle, especially in the south central and southeastern regions. Performance of cattle grazing tall fescue has been quite variable, especially during the warm summer season. Reduced performance during this time is often referred to as the summer syndrome, summer slump or summer fescue toxicosis. This syndrome is characterized by reduced gains, elevated body temperature, increased respiration rate, excess salivation, long rough hair coat, decreased milk production and standing in the shade and wet places.
Kentucky Practitioner's Experience with Fescue Toxicity
Authors: Cole J. L.
Published: March 2023

Kentucky 31 Tall Fescue even though it has been incriminated and now found guilty in various problems in animal health and production is still a very valuable forage crop for our beef and dairy farmers in South Central Kentucky. My practice is located in three counties in South Central Ky. (Monroe, Metcalfe, and Barren) in which we have a primary clinic at Tompkinsville in Monroe County and a branch clinic at Edmonton in Metcalfe County. Practice from both clinics extends into a large portion of Barren County which is the largest livestock county in Ky. (#1 in Dairy Cattle and #2 in Beef cattle). Monroe county is sixteenth and Metcalfe county is thirty-ninth in cattle numbers in Kentucky. Our practice is approximately 80% cattle practice with this being about 60% dairy cattle and 40% beef cattle. Our dairy clients average 60 cows in production with the majority of them on the increase in numbers. Most of our dairy clients are semi-drylot operations so we don't see the fescue problem in many dairy herds. Almost 100% of our beef cattle practice involves cow-calf herds which are mostly small herds of less than 40 mature cows. Most of the cow-calf herds are side-line operations that have no organized calving season or any planned marketing programs.
Integrated Resource Management
Authors: Rethorst David N.
Published: March 2023

The herd that I work with on the Integrated Resource Management (IRM) program is one that I had the privilege of working with very closely for several years before the IRM concept was developed. Because of this, the data I will be citing will be a combination of data from my pre-IRM work and the IRM team work.
Is Preconditioning Doomed to Fail?
Authors: Hentschl Arnold F.
Published: March 2023

On October 16 and 20, 1986 my partner in the cattle business and I acquired from a reputable order buyer in West Virginia 177 calves which had been purchased in sales barns. The individual average pay weigh was 553 pounds. The cattle arrived at a backgrounding lot in Michigan weighing 526 pounds. Stated in terms used in the trade, the calves experienced a hauling-in shrink of 4.9%. On arrival, they were placed on long hay and converted to a ration of chopped hay, corn silage, corn grain, and soybean meal. The calves when unloaded appeared to be "right". Bawling was minimal and by-and-large all went up to the bunk and started to eat. On day two, after arrival of load one, 18 animals were pulled for treatment. To bring this non-fictional narrative to a close, to date we have experienced a morbidity (that is treatment rate) of some 54%, a mortality rate of about 4%, and a mortality/morbidity percentage of about 7.5%.
Tibial Neurectomy for the Correction of Spastic Paresis in Calves
Authors: Weaver A. David
Published: March 2023

The conventional treatment of spastic paresis by gastrocnemius and partial superficial flexor tenotomy or tenectomy is often disappointing due to recurrence of the clinical signs of an overextended hock joint some weeks later as a result of a fibrous union.
Large Volume Blood Collection
Authors: Lynch Donald R.
Published: March 2023

Large volumes of blood can be collected easily using themilking vacuum source.
Using Chem-Cast to Dehorn Baby Calves
Authors: Hilton W. Mark
Published: March 2023

I began using Chem-Cast (Bio-Ceutic, 88% Lactic Acid USP) to dehorn baby calves about 18 month ago. I began my experiment with a few Brown Swiss calves owned by a client on a monthly dairy herd health program. The owner had used dehorning paste in years previously with only limited success and it was my hope that I could teach him and others how to dehorn with Chem-Cast.
Chain Tie Downs
Authors: Jeans Roland S.
Published: March 2023

This is a four-foot piece of welded link chain. It has a grab hook on each end and it is used for a number of different purposes. The main purpose that I use it for is treating cows in tie stalls with milk fever, ketosis, mastitis, or any intravenous injection that I want to give.
Colorado Modification for Complete Bovine Fetotomy
Authors: Mortimer R. G. , Ball L. , Olson J. D.
Published: March 2023

At the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands, an effective technique has been developed for complete bovine fetotomy.1 With many cows in dystocia, not all of the cuts involved in the Utrecht fetotomy are necessary. In addition, the placement of the wire over previously cut surfaces is difficult. Thus, modifications of the Utrecht method of fetotomy were made in an effort to reduce fetal size with fewer cuts and to improve the ease of wire placement. In addition, delivery is usually easier if a means is created for gas to escape from the cavities of the emphysematous fetus.
Portable Surgery Tray and Sternal Recumbency
Authors: Hoover Toby R.
Published: March 2023

Over the past fifteen years I.have learned two things which have greatly reduced my efforts in replacing a uterine prolapse in the bovine species. The first is in positioning the animal in sternal recumbency, with the rear limbs pulled posteriorly, hocks dorsal. This alters the natural angle of the pelvis and in itself will facilitate replacement.
Motivation and Communication
Authors: Smith JoAnn
Published: March 2023

You have challenged me to talk about motivation as a producer's perspective and as I look at it - Motivation and Communications. I have to say to you that number one, we're all living in a different society and a different world and things are changing. I don't have to tell you that. David asked me if I would share with you some of the things that I experienced as the first woman president of a national cattlemen's association. I think Phoenix is my lucky city. I was installed into office here in Phoenix. Ten years ago it would have been difficult for a female to have tried to be president of a national cattlemen's association but the more interesting thing was, I didn't choose to run. I was asked to run for the office and there is a big difference.
How I Motivate and Communicate with Clients in My Practice
Authors: Jarrett James A.
Published: March 2023

When I look at communication in the food animal industry, I am reminded that sometime ago, in 1976, two sociologists named Bryant and Snoozick wrote, "the food animal practitioner faces, at best, a frustrated owner who is concerned about profit margin and, at worst, a hostile individual who may even perceive economic exploitation. The owner often believes himself wise in the ways of animal illness and infirmity and may monitor the veterinarian's treatment with critical scrutiny and, on occasion, may even find fault with what is, perhaps, the most appropriate treatment." You know we've all got some clients like that, right? Some of these guys that could mess up anything. They could mess up a one car funeral, among other things. That kind of client. Thus, the food animal practitioner sometimes must play a kind of defensive professional role in which a considerable amount of interactional strain exists. Did you know that 70 to 80 percent of the people in agriculture are introverts? That's one of the reasons we have such a challenge in communicating from time to time. These two fellows also wrote that a profession requires three things to function: cruciality, mystique, and the power of intimidation. Well as a food animal practitioner, let's take a look at these.
How I Motivate and Communicate with Clients in My Practice
Authors: Nordlund Kenneth
Published: March 2023

We're talking about communication, motivation, in essence we're talking about change. We're talking about giving life to ideas, making them so clear and compelling that they can not be ignored. As it's been said this morning, it requires-I think it's launched with-enthusiasm and optimism. I think all of us are familiar with optimists and pessimists defined in terms of that half glass of water. The optimists sees the glass as half full and the pessimist says it's half empty. I think it may be more telling in terms of optimism and pessimism: An optimist is a person who believes that right now is a great opportunity-this moment is the best of times. The pessimist fears that this is true.
Bovine Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Miller Janice M.
Published: March 2023

Lymphosarcoma is the pathologic term that describes a fatal cancer of lymph glands or lymphoid tissue. Other terms that have been used to describe this condition in cattle are leukemia and leukosis. The designation of leukosis was given by European veterinarians who first recognized the disease in an area near the Baltic Sea in the latter part of the 19th century. During the next few decades it became clear that the disease was spreading westward across Europe and this epidemiologic observation suggested the tumor was due to an infectious agent. Although death losses from lymphosarcoma were not severe, many European countries already had eradicated the more lethal infectious diseases, or at least reduced them to a very low incidence, so they were interested in doing whatever they could to maintain their high standards of animal health.
Promoting The Nutritional Value of Beef
Authors: Francis John
Published: March 2023

Good morning! I'm pleased to have the opportunity to share with you a quick overview of programs developed as a result of the $1.00 checkoff.

But first, it is important to recognize the primary focus of the marketing programs: consumer demand, an increase that is, in producers' opportunities to make a profit.

To increase demand, the $1.00 checkoff is invested in ways designed to influence consumer's attitudes, or the willingness to buy, enjoy, eat more or better yet, eat beef more often.

In order to reach consumers, we need to first be all eyes and ears - we take our lead from current and potential consumers. Successful marketing however, dictates that we think with a consumer-driven orientation.