bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
13C CP/MAS NMR studies on the curing characteristics of phenol formaldehyde resin in the presence of nano cupric oxide and surfactants. II. Effect of CuO loading levels
Authors: Gao Wei , Du Guanben , Kamdem Donatien Pascal
Published: September 2014

The effect of various loadings of nano cupric oxide (CuO) and surfactants in the formulation of phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive was investigated using solid 13C CP/MAS NMR. Bonding strength and water resistance of plywood made with the modified adhesive were conducted. Solid NMR analysis showed that the addition of nano CuO alone or in combination with surfactant together was effective in improving the curing property of PF resin, which was confirmed by the NMR reveal that the amount of aliphatic carbons from methylene linkages increase with the addition of nano CuO in the PF resin. The addition of the mixture of alkane surfactant and nano CuO in the resin improved the water resistance property of the resulted plywood as well. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:949–954, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and properties of hierarchical composites based on carbon nanotubes‐coated glass babric preform
Authors: Wang Baichen , Zhou Gaofei , Wang Li , Gao Yu
Published: September 2014

A strategy based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‐containing sizing dispersion has been implemented to fabricate nanocomposite preforms and their hybrid multiscale composites. The state of pristine CNTs and carboxylic acid functionalized CNTs (CNTs–COOH) in sizing dispersion was effectively monitored by on‐line measuring electrical conductivity. The effects of different CNTs coating applied onto glass fabric on wettability of nanocomposite fibrous reinforcement with epoxy matrix were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and capillary experiment. A CNTs‐COOH loading of 0.5 wt% gave rise to 97% and 30°C increases in the storage modulus (G′) and glass transition temperature of the resulting hybrid composites, respectively. The enhanced thermomechanical properties of the CNTs hybrid composites are closely related to the stable CNTs sizing dispersion and uniform coating onto fiber reinforcement. The mechanism for reinforcing composites through toughening resin region with CNTs desorbing from primary fiber surface during impregnation has been identified. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:979–986, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Robust hydrogen‐bonded capsules with stability in competitive media
Authors: Tiefenbacher Konrad , Zhang Kang‐da , Ajami Dariush , Rebek Julius
Published: September 2014

The binding behavior of a cavitand introduced by de Mendoza is explored with new guest species. Dimerization to hydrogen‐bonded capsules occurs in the presence of appropriate guests, including alkanes, alkylated arenes, stilbenes, benzanilides, and carbodiimides. Peripheral tetraethylene glycol groups are attached to the cavitand to improve solubility. Encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds can be observed in aqueous media. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The crystal structure of archaeal serine hydroxymethyltransferase reveals idiosyncratic features likely required to withstand high temperatures
Authors: Angelucci Francesco , Morea Veronica , Angelaccio Sebastiana , Saccoccia Fulvio , Contestabile Roberto , Ilari Andrea
Published: September 2014

Serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMTs) play an essential role in one‐carbon unit metabolism and are used in biomimetic reactions. We determined the crystal structure of free (apo) and pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate‐bound (holo) SHMT from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, the first from a hyperthermophile, from the archaea domain of life and that uses H4MPT as a cofactor, at 2.83 and 3.0 Å resolution, respectively. Idiosyncratic features were observed that are likely to contribute to structure stabilization. At the dimer interface, the C‐terminal region folds in a unique fashion with respect to SHMTs from eubacteria and eukarya. At the active site, the conserved tyrosine does not make a cation‐π interaction with an arginine like that observed in all other SHMT structures, but establishes an amide‐aromatic interaction with Asn257, at a different sequence position. This asparagine residue is conserved and occurs almost exclusively in (hyper)thermophile SHMTs. This led us to formulate the hypothesis that removal of frustrated interactions (such as the Arg‐Tyr cation‐π interaction occurring in mesophile SHMTs) is an additional strategy of adaptation to high temperature. Both peculiar features may be tested by designing enzyme variants potentially endowed with improved stability for applications in biomimetic processes. Proteins 2014; 82:3437–3449. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extratropical fronts in the lower troposphere–global perspectives obtained from two automated methods
Authors: Schemm Sebastian , Rudeva Irina , Simmonds Ian
Published: September 2014

In this study two commonly used automated methods to detect atmospheric fronts in the lower troposphere are compared in various synoptic situations. The first method is a thermal approach, relying on the gradient of equivalent potential temperature (TH), while the second method is based on temporal changes in the 10 m wind (WND). For a comprehensive objective comparison of the outputs of these methods of frontal identification, both schemes are firstly applied to an idealised strong baroclinic wave simulation in the absence of topography. Then, two case‐studies (one in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and one in the Southern Hemisphere (SH)) were conducted to contrast fronts detected by the methods. Finally, we obtain global winter and summer frontal occurrence climatologies (derived from ERA‐Interim for 1979–2012) and compare the structure of these. TH is able to identify cold and warm fronts in strong baroclinic cases that are in good agreement with manual analyses. WND is particularly suited for the detection of strongly elongated, meridionally oriented moving fronts, but has very limited ability to identify zonally oriented warm fronts. We note that the areas of the main TH frontal activity are shifted equatorwards compared to the WND patterns and are located upstream of regions of main WND front activity. The number of WND fronts in the NH shows more interseasonal variations than TH fronts, decreasing by more than 50% from winter to summer. In the SH there is a weaker seasonal variation of the number of observed WND fronts, however TH front activity reduces from summer (DJF) to winter (JJA). The main motivation is to give an overview of the performance of these methods, such that researchers can choose the appropriate one for their particular interest.
Guaranteed cost consensus for multi‐agent systems with switching topologies
Authors: Wang Zhong , Xi Jianxiang , Yao Zhicheng , Liu Guangbin
Published: September 2014

Firstly, guaranteed cost consensus for multi‐agent systems is introduced based on state errors among neighboring agents and control inputs of all agents, where a tradeoff between the consensus regulation performance and the control effort is considered. Then, a sufficient condition for guaranteed cost consensus is given by the state‐space decomposition approach and the Lyapunov method, where an upper bound of the cost function is determined and an approach is proposed to determine the control gain. It is worth mentioning that the criterions for guaranteed cost consensus are only dependent on the maximum eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrices of switching topologies. Finally, numerical simulations are given to demonstrate theoretical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective Comparison of the Six-Item Carpal Tunnel Symptoms Scale and Portable Nerve Conduction Testing in Measuring the Outcomes of Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome with Steroid Injection
Authors: Craw John R. , Church Dane J. , Hutchison Richard L.
Published: September 2014

Background

We prospectively studied patients clinically diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and treated with the injection of corticosteroid into their carpal tunnel in order to compare changes in the six-item CTS symptoms scale and portable nerve conduction study (NCS) parameters as outcome tools. Our pilot study was the first to assess the utility of the six-item CTS symptom scale (CTS-6) with steroid injections as a patient-directed outcome measure for the treatment of CTS.

Methods

We enrolled patients who presented to our county hospital orthopedic surgery clinic from August 2012 through August 2013. The patients were clinically diagnosed with CTS. After completing the six-item CTS symptoms scale questionnaire, portable NCS was obtained. Each patient then received an injection of 1 ml of triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg/ml mixed with 1 ml of 1 % lidocaine into the carpal tunnel. Six weeks postinjection, each patient repeated a CTS-6 questionnaire and underwent a repeat portable NCS. The CTS-6 and NCS results were analyzed using the paired samples t test. A Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between the changes in the CTS-6 and the NCS measurements. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results Thirty-two wrists in 20 patients were evaluated. There was a statistically significant difference between the CTS-6 scores before and after injection. There were also statistically significant changes in the five of the NCS parameters. None of the correlations between the CTS-6 and the NCS parameters were statistically significant.

Conclusions

The six-item CTS symptoms scale and portable NCS are both useful measures for evaluating the results of steroid injections. The CTS-6 is an effective tool because of its ease of use, low cost, correspondence with changes in NCS, and ability to monitor the outcome of steroid treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome.
Ulnar Digits Contribution to Grip Strength in Patients with Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis is Less than in Normal Controls
Authors: Villafañe Jorge H. , Valdes Kristin , Angulo-Diaz-Parreño Santiago , Pillastrini Paolo , Negrini Stefano
Published: September 2014

Background

Grip testing is commonly used as an objective measure of strength in the hand and upper extremity and is frequently used clinically as a proxy measure of function. Increasing knowledge of hand biomechanics, muscle strength, and prehension patterns can provide us with a better understanding of the functional capabilities of the hand. The objectives of this study were to determine the contribution of ulnar digits to overall grip strength in individuals with thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Thirty-seven subjects participated in the study. This group consisted of 19 patients with CMC OA (aged 60–88 years) and 18 healthy subjects (60–88 years). Three hand configurations were used by the subjects during grip testing: use of the entire hand (index, middle, ring, and little fingers) (IMRL); use of the index, middle, and ring fingers (IMR); and use of only the index and middle fingers (IM).

Results

Grip strength findings for the two groups found that compared to their healthy counterparts, CMC OA patients had, on average, a strength deficiency of 45.6, 35.5, and 28.8% in IMRL, IMR, and IM, respectively. The small finger contribution to grip is 14.3% and the ring and small finger contribute 34% in subjects with CMC OA.

Discussion

Grip strength decreases as the number of digits contributing decreased in both groups. The ulnar digits contribution to grip strength is greater than one third of total grip strength in subjects with CMC OA. Individuals with CMC OA demonstrate significantly decreased grip strength when compared to their healthy counterparts.
Imaging Anatomy and Pathology of Extraocular Muscles in Adults
Authors: van der Pol Christian B. , Chakraborty Santanu , Gao Jennifer , Nguyen Thanh , Torres Carlos , Glikstein Rafael
Published: September 2014

The extraocular muscles (EOM) are involved in a variety of disease processes with characteristic findings on imaging. EOM anatomy is described, followed by a review of adult EOM pathology. The imaging characteristics are explained with examples. The pattern of EOM disease on imaging, in corroboration with clinical findings, can often lead the radiologist towards a specific diagnosis.
Faecal microbiota of domestic cats fed raw whole chicksv.an extruded chicken-based diet
Authors: Kerr K. R. , Dowd S. E. , Swanson K. S.
Published: September 2014

Extruded cat foods differ greatly in macronutrient distribution compared with wild-type diets (i.e. small mammals, reptiles, birds and insects). Based on the literature, this variability likely impacts faecal microbial populations. A completely randomised design was utilised to test the impacts of two dietary treatments on faecal microbial populations: (1) chicken-based extruded diet (EXT;n3 cats) and (2) raw 1–3-d-old chicks (CHI;n5 cats). Cats were adapted to diets for 10 d. Bacterial DNA was isolated from faecal samples and amplicons of the 16S rRNA V4–V6 region were generated and analysed by 454 pyrosequencing. Faeces of cats fed CHI had greater (P < 0·05) proportions of the following bacterial genera: unidentified Lachnospiraceae (15v.5 %),Peptococcus(9v.3 %) andPseudobutyrivibrio(4v.1 %). Faeces of cats fed EXT had greater (P < 0·05) proportions ofFaecalibacterium(1·0v.0·2 %) andSuccinivibrio(1·2v. < 0·1 %). Five genera, includingLactobacillusandBifidobacterium, were present in a majority of samples (two to three out of three) from cats fed EXT, but were not detected in the samples (zero of five) for cats fed CHI. These shifts in faecal bacterial populations compared with feeding a whole-prey diet may impact the functional capacities of the microbiota and its interaction with the host. Further research is warranted to determine the impacts of these shifts on long-term health of domestic cats.
Afrikanerdom, Archives, and Change: The Archive for Contemporary Affairs at the University of the Free State, South Africa
Authors: Law Kate , Lombard Huibré
Published: September 2014

This article examines some of the core holdings within the Archive for Contemporary Affairs at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Prominent amongst this material are the papers of the National Party (NP), the political party that formalised the structures of apartheid. Paying particular attention to the papers of what Hermann Giliomee has termed ‘The Last Afrikaner Leaders’ alongside recently acquired material concerning post-colonial politics, we argue for the importance of this archive for scholars studying Afrikaner nationalism, at both national and regional level, the rationales and discourses of apartheid and the history of the country more broadly.
Haidar ‘Ali and Tipu Sultan: Mysore's Eighteenth-century Rulers in Transition
Authors: Yazdani Kaveh
Published: September 2014

During the second half of the eighteenth century, the first Muslim rulers of Mysore—Haidar ‘Ali (c. 1720-82) and his son Tipu Sultan (c. 1750-99)—were amongst the first South and West Asian rulers to unleash a process of administrative, socio-economic and military protomodernisation. Haidar, a rather cautious and pragmatic autocrat who could neither read nor write, ruled within the framework of the traditional Mughal system of governance. Highly skilled in administrative, military and diplomatic realms, he initiated the proto-modernisation of the army and took some important measures towards the establishment of a central state. In turn, Tipu was an educated autocrat, fond of administrative, socio-economic, military, and technological inventions and innovations which he intended to use in the struggle against the British occupying forces in South India. In the extant literature, Tipu is either being idealised as an “enlightened” ruler or described as a pre-modern despot. Few scholars have given a balanced account of his rule by depicting both his autocratic style of leadership, as well as the pragmatic features and proto-modernising aspects of his rule. This article is concerned with the biographic and historical background of Haidar ‘Ali and Tipu Sultan and aims to furnish a concerted account of their rule by consulting fresh printed and unprinted primary sources in English, French and German.
A LiDAR-Aided Indoor Navigation System for UGVs
Authors: Liu Shifei , Atia Mohamed Maher , Karamat Tashfeen B. , Noureldin Aboelmagd
Published: September 2014

Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) require a reliable navigation system that works in all environments. However, indoor navigation remains a challenge because the existing satellite-based navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) are mostly unavailable indoors. In this paper, a tightly-coupled integrated navigation system that integrates two dimensional (2D) Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), Inertial Navigation System (INS), and odometry is introduced. An efficient LiDAR-based line features detection/tracking algorithm is proposed to estimate the relative changes in orientation and displacement of the vehicle. Furthermore, an error model of INS/odometry system is derived. LiDAR-estimated orientation/position changes are fused by an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) with those predicted by INS/odometry using the developed error model. Errors estimated by EKF are used to correct the position and orientation of the vehicle and to compensate for sensor errors. The proposed system is verified through simulation and real experiment on an UGV equipped with LiDAR, MEMS-based IMU, and encoder. Both simulation and experimental results showed that sensor errors are accurately estimated and the drifts of INS are significantly reduced leading to navigation performance of sub-metre accuracy.
miniKIM 2012 – Kleinkinder und Medien
Authors: Karg Ulrike
Published: September 2014

Die Studie miniKIM liefert Basisdaten zur Mediennutzung von Kindern im Alter zwischen zwei und fünf Jahren in Deutschland. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass Medien bereits im Leben von Vorschulkindern eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Wenn auch Handy und Internet (noch) kaum eine Relevanz haben, so machen die Zwei- bis Fünfjährigen aber schon erste Erfahrungen mit Büchern, Hörmedien und dem Fernsehen. Dieses hat, mit einer durchschnittlichen Nutzungsdauer von 42 Minuten am Tag, eine feste Verankerung im Alltag der Kleinkinder. Auch das Medium Buch ist mit einer Nutzungsdauer von 26 Minuten von Relevanz.
Das Potenzial digitaler Medien in der frühkindlichen Lesesozialisation
Authors: Ehmig Simone C. , Seelmann Carolin
Published: September 2014

Vorlesen und das gemeinsame Betrachten von Bilderbüchern können die frühe Sprachentwicklung von Kindern signifikant befördern. Doch jedes dritte Kind in Deutschland bekommt nur selten oder nie vorgelesen. Die Digitalisierung des Lesens, z. B. durch Kinder- und Bilderbuch-Apps, bietet eine Chance, dies zu ändern. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse der Vorlesestudie der Stiftung Lesen von 2012 hin. Vorlese-Apps bieten nicht nur ein Potenzial, Väter und bildungsferne Familien zum Vorlesen zu motivieren, sie eröffnen auch zusätzliche Möglichkeiten und bieten neue Anlässe zum Vorlesen.
Construction of DNA microarrays on cyclic olefin copolymer surfaces using confined photocatalytic oxidation
Authors: Chen Ruichao , Ma Yuhong , Zhao Changwen , Lin Zhifeng , Zhu Xing , Zhang Lihua , Yang Wantai
Published: September 2014

A novel strategy for DNA immobilization on cyclic olefin copolymer surfaces.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun nanofibrous membrane modified with spirolactam–rhodamine derivatives for visible detection and removal of metal ions
Authors: Wei Zhen , Zhao Hui , Zhang Jianhua , Deng Liandong , Wu Siyu , He Junyu , Dong Anjie
Published: September 2014

Reversible poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun nanofibrous membrane modified with spirolactam–rhodamine derivatives for visible detection and removal of metal ions.
Mercury thioarsenate glasses: a hybrid chain/pyramidal network
Authors: Kassem Mohammad , Khaoulani Sohayb , Cuisset Arnaud , Le Coq David , Masselin Pascal , Bychkov Eugene
Published: September 2014

Mercury thioarsenate glasses (HgS)x(As2S3)1−x, 0.0 ≤x≤ 0.5, form a hybrid (HgS2/2)nchain/AsS3/2pyramidal network, highly unusual for metal chalcogenide glasses. This network is evidenced by Raman spectroscopy and DFT modelling and consistent with thermal properties. Nevertheless we cannot exclude completely the presence of a small fraction of HgS4/4tetrahedral units.
Direct growth of mesoporous anatase TiO2 on nickel foam by soft template method as binder-free anode for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Jiang Yufeng , Chen Gen , Xu Xun , Chen Xiaohong , Deng Shuguang , Smirnov Sergei , Luo Hongmei , Zou Guifu
Published: September 2014

Mesoporous TiO2 directly grown on nickel foam (TiO2/Ni) prepared by a one-step soft template method was used directly as a lithium-ion battery anode. The binder-free TiO2/Ni shows superior electrochemical properties.
Freestanding 3D mesoporous graphene oxide for high performance energy storage applications
Authors: Li Zijiong , Yang Baocheng , Li Kun , Wang Haiyan , Lv Xiaowei , Guo Yanzhen , Zhang Zhifeng , Su Yuling
Published: September 2014

Freestanding 3D mesoporous graphene with enhanced capacitance for supercapacitors has been synthesized by carbon monoxide reduction, healing and activation.
Cobalt complexes of BODIPY as precatalyst for the photooxidation of water and DHN
Authors: Chen Qiu-Yun , Kong Meng-Yun , Wang Pei-Dong , Meng Su-Ci , Xu Xiao-Lei
Published: September 2014

A cobalt complexes with intramolecular d–π interactions can be a light driven precatalysts to the oxidation of water.
Programming and use of Parylene C fluorescence as a quantitative on-chip reference
Authors: Dupouy Diego G. , Ciftlik Ata Tuna , Teixidor Joan , Gijs Martin A. M.
Published: September 2014

A large number of lab-on-a-chip applications use fluorescence for quantifying biological entities.
Rh(iii)-catalyzed tandem oxidative olefination-cyclization of aryl sulfonamides
Authors: Ding Qiuping , Liu Tong , Zheng Qiang , Zhang Yadong , Long Ling , Peng Yiyuan
Published: September 2014

An efficient Rh(iii)-catalyzed ortho-selective C–H activation and tandem oxidative olefination-cyclization of aryl sulfonamides is described. The protocol has been applied to various substrates with good functional group tolerance.
Capillarity-driven (self-powered) one-dimensional photonic crystals for refractometry and (bio)sensing applications
Authors: Surdo S. , Carpignano F. , Strambini L. M. , Merlo S. , Barillaro G.
Published: September 2014

The synergistic use of capillarity and photonic crystals for both refractometry and biosensing applications is demonstrated, from both theoretical and experimental points of view.
Excited-states of BODIPY–cyanines: ultimate TD-DFT challenges?
Authors: Charaf-Eddin Azzam , Le Guennic Boris , Jacquemin Denis
Published: September 2014

Several computational approaches are used to mimic the excited-state properties of twelve large BODIPY–cyanine dyes.
Aluminum porphyrin complexes via delicate ligand design: emerging efficient catalysts for high molecular weight poly(propylene carbonate)
Authors: Sheng Xingfeng , Wang Yong , Qin Yusheng , Wang Xianhong , Wang Fosong
Published: September 2014

Due to the deep concern over residual, toxic cobalt or chromium, bifunctional aluminum porphyrin complexes were prepared to catalyze the copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide.
Correlation between the geometrical shape and growth behaviour of surfactant micelles investigated with small-angle neutron scattering
Authors: Bergström L. M. , Grillo I.
Published: September 2014

Growth behaviour and how it is related to the geometrical shape of mixed CTAB/SOS micelles has been investigated with SANS.
Li2S encapsulated by nitrogen-doped carbon for lithium sulfur batteries
Authors: Chen Lin , Liu Yuzi , Ashuri Maziar , Liu Caihong , Shaw Leon L.
Published: September 2014

The procedure for the synthesis of Li2S/C composite particles encapsulated by a nitrogen-doped carbon shell, which exhibit the highest initial discharge specific capacity ever reported in the literature.
Zn-doped Ni-MOF material with a high supercapacitive performance
Authors: Yang Jie , Zheng Cheng , Xiong Peixun , Li Yafeng , Wei Mingdeng
Published: September 2014

Layered structure Zn-doped Ni-MOF was first used as the electrode material for a supercapacitor and exhibited a large specific capacitance of 1620 F g−1at 0.25 A g−1.
Floating tablets from mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Authors: Abbaraju Prasanna Lakshmi , Meka Anand kumar , Jambhrunkar Siddharth , Zhang Jun , Xu Chun , Popat Amirali , Yu Chengzhong
Published: September 2014

Floating tablets were prepared using hydrophobic (curcumin) and hydrophilic (captopril) drug loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles respectively, leading to an improved dissolution rate of curcumin and controlled release for captopril.
Comment on “Velocity boundary conditions at a tokamak resistive wall” [Phys. Plasmas 21, 032506 (2014)]
Authors: Zakharov Leonid E. , Li Xujing
Published: September 2014

The paper gives the derivation of the MHD boundary condition for the plasma flow to the wall during disruptions.
Quantitative measurement of phase variation amplitude of ultrasonic diffraction grating based on diffraction spectral analysis
Authors: Pan Meiyan , Zeng Yingzhi , Huang Zuohua
Published: September 2014

A new method based on diffraction spectral analysis is proposed for the quantitative measurement of the phase variation amplitude of an ultrasonic diffraction grating. For a traveling wave, the phase variation amplitude of the grating depends on the intensity of the zeroth- and first-order diffraction waves. By contrast, for a standing wave, this amplitude depends on the intensity of the zeroth-, first-, and second-order diffraction waves. The proposed method is verified experimentally. The measured phase variation amplitude ranges from 0 to 2π, with a relative error of approximately 5%. A nearly linear relation exists between the phase variation amplitude and driving voltage. Our proposed method can also be applied to ordinary sinusoidal phase grating.
Nanocrystalline Si pathway induced unipolar resistive switching behavior from annealed Si-rich SiNx/SiNy multilayers
Authors: Jiang Xiaofan , Ma Zhongyuan , Yang Huafeng , Yu Jie , Wang Wen , Zhang Wenping , Li Wei , Xu Jun , Xu Ling , Chen Kunji , Huang Xinfan , Feng Duan
Published: September 2014

Adding a resistive switching functionality to a silicon microelectronic chip is a new challenge in materials research. Here, we demonstrate that unipolar and electrode-independent resistive switching effects can be realized in the annealed Si-rich SiNx/SiNy multilayers with high on/off ratio of 109. High resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that for the high resistance state broken pathways composed of discrete nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) exist in the Si nitride multilayers. While for the low resistance state the discrete nc-Si regions is connected, forming continuous nc-Si pathways. Based on the analysis of the temperature dependent I-V characteristics and HRTEM photos, we found that the break-and-bridge evolution of nc-Si pathway is the origin of resistive switching memory behavior. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism of the resistive switching behavior in nc-Si films, opening a way for it to be utilized as a material in Si-based memories.
Generation of steep phase anisotropy with zero-backscattering by arrays of coupled dielectric nano-resonators
Authors: Wang Feng , Wei Qi-Huo , Htoon Han
Published: September 2014

The interaction of light with high-permittivity dielectric nano-resonators can lead to zero-backscattering (i.e., full transmission), attributed to the simultaneous excitation of electric and magnetic dipolar modes in these resonators. In this paper, we numerically demonstrate that 2-dimensional Si nanocuboid arrays with anisotropic periodicity and finely tuned cuboid height can generate up to 2π optical phase anisotropy with zero-backscattering. Especially, by introducing strong Fano-type coupling into unit cells of the array, the induced phase anisotropy becomes ultra-steep with excitation wavelength. These special optical properties promise applications in various transmissive photonic devices, and we discuss their potential applications in transmissive polarization conversion and sensing.
Composició culta / Neoclassical compounding
Authors: Ginebra Jordi , Llagostera Roser , Rull Xavier
Published: September 2014

The data from the NEOXOC Project corresponding to the years 2008–2010 provide 2,039 neologic lexical units formed by neoclassical compounding (1,506 after eliminating the words detected in more than one node). Neoclassical compounding is therefore one of the most productive processes, after suffixation, prefixation, and English loanwords. Upon analyzing the representativeness of neoclassical compounding in comparison to other neologic processes in each node, we find that it carries about the same weight as it does over the global data set. Differences are hardly perceptible, and this fact can be easily explained if we consider that neoclassical compounding belongs to language varieties that are not particularly sensitive to regional variation.
More than 200 roots generated the 1,506 neologisms. The most frequent is auto-, especially involved in the creation of verbs. It is followed at a great distance by mini-, macro- and micro-, three elements with aspective value. We then find eco-, euro-, ciber- and bio-, being the lexical content morphemes most frequently used for word formation in contemporary Catalan media. As a general trend, prototypical neoclassical compounding – the union of two classical roots – is not very productive today, whereas hybrid formations, or neologisms with a classical root (in fact, an affix created from a learned root) and a vernacular word, are very common, a point that coincides with the fact that prefixation is a more productive process in word formation than compounding. The current strength of Catalan prefixation is to a large extent due to prefixes originated in classical roots. It should also be noted that other different kinds of compounding have been found: compounds à la savante, compounds created with pesudoclassical forms, and neologisms created with suffixes originated in classical roots.
Regarding the productivity of the different elements in the material collected, it should be noted that data also shows that compounding is a word formation process hardly affected by territorial variation. The first 14 out of the 25 most productive elements are found in all nodes. Finally, it should be noted that some nodes have collected new compounds that are not found in any other node, and this could be a sign of regional trends, although most of them do not show any specific cultural link with the geographic areas. In any case, it is an issue that should be considered in the future.
Language exposure, ethnolinguistic identity and attitudes in the acquisition of Hebrew as a second language among bilingual preschool children from Russian- and English-speaking backgrounds
Authors: Armon-Lotem Sharon , Joffe Susan , Abutbul-Oz Hadar , Altman Carmit , Walters Joel
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines the influence of sociolinguistic and exposure factors on second language (L2) proficiency in Russian-Hebrew and English-Hebrew (second generation) preschool children. The children come from two distinct ethnolinguistic populations with different motivations for immigration and different opportunities for linguistic exposure. Sociolinguistic factors include measures of ethnolinguistic identity and attitudes to speakers and languages. Quantitative L2 exposure is investigated in terms of chronological age, age of onset of language acquisition, and length of language exposure to the target language. Quality of L2 exposure is investigated in terms of parents’ education, family size, and birth order. Thirty-one Russian-Hebrew children and 18 English-Hebrew children (4;4–6;1) participated. L2 acquisition was measured by a standardized screening test for Hebrew (Goralnik 1995). Findings showed that Russian-Hebrew bilinguals exhibited higher L2 abilities than English-Hebrew bilinguals. Sociolinguistically, English-Hebrew children preferred to define themselves as Israelis regardless of their language ability or the amount of exposure to Hebrew. In contrast, for the Russian-Hebrew bilinguals, positive correlations emerged between exposure to Hebrew, L2 language ability and sociolinguistic identity. These findings show distinct L2 acquisition factors that reflect the ethnolinguistic identity and attitudes of two distinct populations and are discussed in light of differences in motivation for immigration.
Organizational Predictors and use of Evidence-Based Practices in Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: Paino Maria , Aletraris Lydia , Roman Paul M.
Published: September 2014

Background

Adolescent substance abuse remains a significant problem in the United States, yet treatment centers do not always admit adolescent clients. In this paper, we first determine the extent to which treatment is available for adolescents in general and whether or not adolescent-specific (segregated) tracks are offered. Second, we examine the organizational characteristics associated with adolescent treatment. Third, we illuminate how the adolescent caseload in a treatment center is related to offering evidence-based practices (EBPs).

Methods

Drawing upon a nationally representative sample of US treatment programs, we use logistic regression to assess how organizational characteristics are associated with the provision of adolescent treatment. Using ordinal logistic regression, we analyze how the treatment center's adolescent caseload and organizational characteristics affect the extent to which a treatment center offers medication-assisted treatment (MAT) and psychosocial treatment.

Results

Half (49.5%) of treatment programs admitted adolescents, and 41.8% offered an adolescent-specific track. Findings from the logistic regression suggested several organizational characteristics that were significantly associated with treating adolescents and/or having an adolescent-only track. Our findings from the ordinal models indicated a negative relationship between the percent of adolescents in a treatment center and the extent of MAT, and a positive relationship between the percent of adolescent clients and the extent of psychosocial treatment offered.

Conclusions

This paper highlights organizational barriers to treatment entry for adolescents, who remain a small proportion of clients in treatment centers. When treatment centers serve adolescents, however, those adolescents are likely to receive care in adolescent-only tracks and/or services and in programs that offer several psychosocial EBPs. Finally, adolescents are less likely to receive treatment in centers that offer a variety of MAT.
Medicine Resident Preparedness to Diagnose and Treat Substance use Disorders: Impact of an Enhanced Curriculum
Authors: Wakeman Sarah E. , Pham-Kanter Genevieve , Baggett Meridale V. , Campbell Eric G.
Published: September 2014

Background

The authors’ previous study found that despite caring for many patients with addiction, most Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) internal medicine residents feel unprepared to treat substance use disorders (SUDs) and rate SUD instruction during training as fair or poor. This follow-up study evaluates the impact of an enhanced curriculum on resident perceptions of the quality of instruction, knowledge base, and self-perceived preparedness to diagnose and treat SUDs.

Methods

Based on the findings of the earlier study, an enhanced SUD curriculum was designed and delivered to MGH medicine residents. Impact of the curriculum was evaluated using the same Web-based survey that was administered in the earlier study to compare pre- and posttest results.

Results

The authors’ earlier study found that 75% of residents felt prepared to diagnose and 37% to treat SUDs and 45% of residents rated the overall quality of SUD instruction as good or excellent. Following the curriculum intervention, 87% of residents reported feeling prepared to diagnose ( P = .028) and 60% to treat ( P = .002) SUDs. Three quarters of residents rated the overall quality of instruction as good or excellent ( P < .001), and 98% reported residency curriculum had a positive impact on their preparedness to care for patients with a SUDs. Residents who reported receiving an adequate amount of SUD instruction were more likely to feel prepared to diagnose and treat addiction ( P < .001). Thirty-one percent of residents still rated the overall amount of SUD instruction as too little. The intervention did not significantly improve answers to knowledge questions.

Conclusions

An enhanced SUDs curriculum for medicine residents increased self-perceived preparedness to diagnose and treat SUDs and educational quality ratings. However, there was no significant change in knowledge. Implementation of a more comprehensive curriculum and evaluation at other sites are necessary to determine the ideal SUD training model.
Trajectories of Marijuana use Beginning in Adolescence Predict Tobacco Dependence in Adulthood
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Lee Jung Yeon , Brook David W.
Published: September 2014

Background

Although the “stage theory” suggests that marijuana use occurs after the initiation of tobacco smoking, substantial evidence exists that they often occur concurrently, and that the use of marijuana may influence the use of tobacco.

Methods

This study uses trajectory analysis to examine the relationship between marijuana use beginning in adolescence and adult tobacco dependence in a 5-wave longitudinal study (mean ages in each wave: 14, 19, 24, 29, and 32). The sample consisted of 816 participants (52% African Americans, 48% Puerto Ricans), of whom 60% were females. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict later tobacco dependence from earlier trajectories of marijuana use.

Results

A higher Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) for the chronic marijuana use trajectory group (odds ratio [OR] = 10.93, P < .001; adjusted OR [AOR] = 10.40, P < .001), for the increasing marijuana use trajectory group (OR = 6.94, P < .001; AOR = 6.73, P < .001), and for the moderate marijuana use trajectory group (OR = 3.13, P < .001; AOR = 3.18, P < .001) was associated with an increased likelihood of being dependent on tobacco compared with the BPP of the no or low marijuana use trajectory group.

Conclusions

The results underscore the value of considering multiple patterns of marijuana use within a person-centered approach. Thus, it would be appropriate for marijuana cessation programs to incorporate the prevention, assessment, and cessation of tobacco use in their health promotion strategies.
Investigating Social Support and Network Relationships in Substance use Disorder Recovery
Authors: Stevens Ed , Jason Leonard A. , Ram Daphna , Light John
Published: September 2014

Background

Social support and characteristics of one's social network have been shown to be beneficial for abstinence and substance use disorder recovery. The current study explores how specific sources of social support relate to general feelings of social support and abstinence-specific self-efficacy.

Methods

Data were collected from 31 of 33 individuals residing in 5 recovery houses. Participants were asked to complete social support and social network measures, along with measures assessing abstinence from substance use, abstinence self-efficacy, and involvement in 12-step groups.

Results

A significant positive relationship was found between general social support and abstinence-specific self-efficacy. General social support was also significantly associated with the specific social support measures of sense of community and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) affiliation. Social network size predicted abstinence-related factors such as AA affiliation and perceived stress.

Conclusions

These results provide insight regarding individual feelings of social support and abstinence-specific self-efficacy by showing that one's social network-level characteristics are related to one's perceptions of social support. We also found preliminary evidence that individual Oxford Houses influence one's feelings of social support.
Can social resilience inform SA/SIA for adaptive planning for climate change in vulnerable regions?
Authors: Dale Allan , Vella Karen J. , Cottrell Alison
Published: September 2014

Social resilience concepts are gaining momentum in environmental planning through an emerging understanding of the socio-ecological nature of biophysical systems. There is a disconnect, however, between these concepts and the sociological and psychological literature related to social resilience. Further still, both schools of thought are not well connected to the concepts of social assessment (SA) and social impact assessment (SIA) that are the more standard tools supporting planning and decision-making. This raises questions as to how emerging social resilience concepts can translate into improved SA/SIA practices to inform regional-scale adaptation. Through a review of the literature, this paper suggests that more cross-disciplinary integration is needed if social resilience concepts are to have a genuine impact in helping vulnerable regions tackle climate change.
Book reviews
Authors: Woodhead Martin
Published: September 2014

Clark's Publishing Agreements: A Book of Precedents, 9th edn General Editor Lynette Owen London, Bloomsbury Professional Limited, 2013, 782pp. + 25pp. prelims ISBN 978‐1‐78043‐220‐5, hbk + CD‐ROM, £130 + 10% VAT
Book reviews
Authors: Watkinson Anthony
Published: September 2014

EASE Science Editors' Handbook, 2nd edn Pippa Smart, Herve Maisonneuve, Arjan Polderman Redruth, European Association of Science Editors, 2013, viii + 231pp. 978‐0‐905988‐11‐5 (pbk) £24.99 plus postage http://www.ease.org.uk/publications/science‐editors‐handbook (EASE members can download chapter by chapter free of charge but there is no e‐edition officially available).
Ten best resources for conducting financing and benefit incidence analysis in resource-poor settings
Authors: Wiseman Virginia , Asante Augustine , Price Jennifer , Hayen Andrew , Irava Wayne , Martins Joao , Guinness Lorna , Jan Stephen
Published: September 2014

Many low- and middle-income countries are seeking to reform their health financing systems to move towards universal coverage. This typically means that financing is based on people’s ability to pay while, for service use, benefits are based on the need for health care. Financing incidence analysis (FIA) and benefit incidence analysis (BIA) are two popular tools used to assess equity in health systems financing and service use. FIA studies examine who pays for the health sector and how these contributions are distributed according to socioeconomic status (SES). BIA determines who benefits from health care spending, with recipients ranked by their relative SES. In this article, we identify 10 resources to assist researchers and policy makers seeking to undertake or interpret findings from financing and benefit incidence analyses in the health sector. The article pays particular attention to the data requirements, computations, methodological challenges and country level experiences with these types of analyses.
Epilithonimonas xixisoli sp. nov., isolated from wetland bank-side soil
Authors: Feng Hao , Zeng Yanhua , Huang Yili
Published: September 2014

A novel Gram-staining-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain containing flexirubin-type pigments, designated S31T, was isolated from bank-side soil of the Xixi wetland in Zhejiang province, China. Growth occurred at 10–37 °C (optimum, 32 °C), pH 6–8 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0–2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %). Strain S31T shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with

Epilithonimonas lactis

H1T (96.2 %) and

Chryseobacterium molle

DW3T (96.4 %). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that strain S31T was a member of the genus

Epilithonimonas

. The dominant respiratory quinone was MK-6 and the DNA G+C content was 33.3 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and anteiso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids of strain S31T were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified polar lipids. Based on its phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic data, strain S31T represents a novel species of the genus

Epilithonimonas

, for which the name Epilithonimonas xixisoli sp. nov. (type strain S31T = CGMCC 1.12802T = NBRC 110387T) is proposed.
Deinococcus citri sp. nov., isolated from citrus leaf canker lesions
Authors: Ahmed Iftikhar , Abbas Saira , Kudo Takuji , Iqbal Muhammad , Fujiwara Toru , Ohkuma Moriya
Published: September 2014

A Gram-stain-positive, strictly aerobic, non-motile, coccoid bacterium, designated NCCP-154T, was isolated from citrus leaf canker lesions and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain NCCP-154T grew at 10–37 °C (optimum 30 °C) and at pH 7.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The novel strain exhibited tolerance of UV irradiation (>1000 J m−2). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NCCP-154T showed the highest similarity to

Deinococcus gobiensis

CGMCC 1.7299T (98.8 %), and less than 94 % similarity to other closely related taxa. The chemotaxonomic data [major menaquinone, MK-8; cell-wall peptidoglycan type, A3β (Orn–Gly2); major fatty acids, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH; 35.3 %) followed by C16 : 0 (12.7 %), iso-C17 : 1ω9c (9.2 %), C17 : 1ω8c (7.4 %) and iso-C17 : 0 (6.9 %); major polar lipids made up of several unidentified phosphoglycolipids and glycolipids and an aminophospholipid, and mannose as the predominant whole-cell sugar] also supported the affiliation of strain NCCP-154T to the genus

Deinococcus

. The level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain NCCP-154T and

D. gobiensis

JCM 16679T was 63.3±3.7 %. The DNA G+C content of strain NCCP-154T was 70.0 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, DNA–DNA hybridization and physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain NCCP-154T can be differentiated from species with validly published names. Therefore, it represents a novel species of the genus

Deinococcus

. The name Deinococcus citri sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain NCCP-154T ( = JCM 19024T = DSM 24791T = KCTC 13793T).
Celeribacter indicus sp. nov., a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium from deep-sea sediment and reclassification of Huaishuia halophila as Celeribacter halophilus comb. nov.
Authors: Lai Qiliang , Cao Junwei , Yuan Jun , Li Fuying , Shao Zongze
Published: September 2014

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain P73T, which was isolated from deep-sea sediment of the Indian Ocean by enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The strain was able to degrade biphenyl, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, fluorene, 4-methyldibenzothiophene and fluoranthene, but not pyrene or chrysene. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain P73T formed a clade with the genera

Celeribacter

and

Huaishuia

within the family

Rhodobacteraceae

, with highest sequence similarity of 96.98 % to

Celeribacter neptunius

H 14T, followed by

Huaishuia halophila

ZXM137T (96.42 %). The bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, rod-shaped and non-motile. Growth was observed at salinities from 0.5 to 12 % and at temperatures from 10 to 41 °C. The principal fatty acids (>10 %) of strain P73T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c) and C19 : 0ω8c cyclo. The sole respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, one unknown aminolipid, one unknown phospholipid and one unknown lipid; a second unknown phospholipid and one unknown glycolipid were present as minor components. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 66.0 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain P73T represents a novel species of the genus

Celeribacter

, for which the name Celeribacter indicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P73T ( = MCCC 1A01112T = LMG 27600T = DSM 27257T). Phylogenetic study and existing phenotypic information also show that

Huaishuia halophila

should be transferred to the genus

Celeribacter

as Celeribacter halophilus comb. nov. (type strain ZXM137T = MCCC 1A06432T = CGMCC 1.8891T = LMG 24854T).