bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“And we would have the field”: U.S. Steel and American trade policy, 1908–1912
Authors: Brawley Mark R.
Published: April 2017

Recent surveys revealed few producers in an export sector participate in trade. Economists explained this result by relaxing their assumption about firms’ operations, to produce a novel observation: Trade liberalization disproportionately benefits the most efficient producers in the sector, while potentially harming the least efficient. Political scientists have begun exploring the consequences of this variation, especially in lobbying. This article explores whether the impact of this finer-grained description of interests can be observed in the later stages of our demand-driven models of the politics of trade. I focus on one case with characteristics favorable to observing intra-industry differences: the American steel industry in Taft's presidency. A trade-based cleavage inside the sector determined firms’ interests. Demands shaped policy, as observed in three pieces of legislation: the Payne-Aldrich Act, reciprocity with Canada, and the 1912 tariff. The first liberalized trade in steel, intensifying competition in the industry. The second promised to do the same, with a similar impact. The third had no effect, however, because Taft vetoed the bill. This case illustrates intra-industry firm heterogeneity can provide additional accuracy, revealing a previously undiscovered cleavage. Nonetheless, preferences alone did not determine policy.
Creating effective career development programs
Authors: Rubio Doris McGartland , Robinson Georgeanna F. W. B. , Gabrilove Janice , Meagher Emma A.
Published: April 2017

This paper is the fourth in a 5-part series that focuses on educating and training the clinical and translational science workforce. The goal of this paper is to delineate components of effective career development programs that go beyond didactic training. All academic health centers with a Clinical and Translational Science Award have a KL2 career development award for junior faculty, and many also have a TL1 training program for predoctoral and postdoctoral fellows. The training across these programs varies, however junior investigators across the United States experience similar challenges. Junior investigators can get overwhelmed with the demands of building their own research program, particularly in academia. 1Often, they are sidetracked by competing demands that can derail their progress. In these situations, junior investigators experience frustration and may search for alternative career paths. By providing them with additional professional skills in the 5 domains of: (1) self-awareness; (2) selecting the right topic and securing funding; (3) getting adequate support; (4) working with others; and (5) managing yourself, your career, and your demands. We will give junior investigators additional tools to manage these demands and facilitate their own career success.
Signature of large-scale motions on turbulent/non-turbulent interface in boundary layers
Authors: Lee Jin , Sung Hyung Jin , Zaki Tamer A.
Published: April 2017

The effect of large-scale motions (LSMs) on the turbulent/non-turbulent (T/NT) interface is examined in a turbulent boundary layer. Using flow fields from direct numerical simulation, the shape of the interface and near-interface statistics are evaluated conditional on the position of the LSM. The T/NT interface is identified using the vorticity magnitude and a streak detection algorithm is adopted to identify and track the LSMs. Two-point correlation and spectral analysis of variations in the interface height show that the spatial undulation of the interface is longer in streamwise wavelength than the boundary-layer thickness, and grows with the Reynolds number in a similar manner to the LSMs. The average variation in the interface height was evaluated conditional on the position of the LSMs. The result provides statistical evidence that the interface is locally modulated by the LSMs in both the streamwise and spanwise directions. The modulation is different when the coherent structure is high- versus low-speed motion: high-speed structures lead to a wedge-shaped deformation of the T/NT interface, which causes an anti-correlation between the angles of the interface and the internal shear layer. On the other hand, low-speed structures are correlated with crests in the interface. Finally, the sudden changes in turbulence statistics across the interface are in line with the changes in the population of low-speed structures, which consist of slower mean streamwise velocity and stronger turbulence than the high-speed counterparts.
Proceedings against Greece under The European Convention of Human Rights
Authors: Buergenthal Thomas
Published: April 2017

On September 20, 1967, the Governments of Denmark, Norway and Sweden instituted an action against Greece before the European Commission of Human Rights. The Netherlands took the same step on September 27, 1967. These proceedings were brought in response to a resolution adopted on June 23, 1967, by the Standing Committee of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe which, on behalf of the Assembly, expressed “the wish that the Governments of the Contracting Parties to the European Convention on Human Rights refer the Greek case, either separately or jointly, to the European Commission of Human Rights in accordance with Article 24 of the Convention.”
De Facto and De Jure Recognition : Is There a Difference?
Authors: Cochran Charles L.
Published: April 2017

The last decade has witnessed considerable evolution in the practice of recognition of new governments that have come to power by irregular means. Many of these changes appear to have gone almost unnoticed by many scholars in the field.

Of particular significance is the denial by Miss Marjorie Whiteman, Assistant Legal Adviser to the Department of State, in Volume II of her work, of a difference in the character of recognition, i.e., de facto or de jure recognition. Miss Whiteman lends her authority to this position when she states in Volume II of her Digest:

While the terms “de facto recognition” and “de jure recognition” are frequently employed, the expressions “recognition of a de facto government,” situation, etc., are preferable. The character of the object recognized may be recognized as “de facto” in existence or control. In prevailing practice, when the United States extends recognition, it is recognition per se not “de facto” recognition.
De Jure Naturae et Gentium
Authors: Kunz Josef L.
Published: April 2017

We have read with great interest the remarks “De Jure Naturae et Gentium” by Mr. Alfred P. Rubin of the U. S. Department of Defense. But as these remarks were obviously written with reference to this writer’s editorial, “Natural-Law Thinking in the Modern Science of International Law,”
Regional and Local Meetings of the Society
Authors: Finch Eleanor H.
Published: April 2017

Eight regional and local meetings sponsored by the Society in cooperation with other organizations have been held this year in Washington, D. C, Columbus and Toledo, Ohio, Gainesville, Florida, New Haven, Connecticut, Newark, New Jersey, and Durham, North Carolina.
Polar Problems and International Law
Authors: Hayton Robert D.
Published: April 2017

The approval of the Alaskan statehood bill by the 1958 session of the United States Congress focuses new attention on the increasing penetration of the high northern latitudes. But Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union, as well as the United States, have long been active in this frontier region.
People to People
Authors: Finch Eleanor H.
Published: April 2017

Readers of the JOurnal are no doubt acquainted with the program that has been carried on for several years, under the leadership of Chief Justice Robert G. Simmons of the Supreme Court of Nebraska, of soliciting surplus law books from lawyers and sending them overseas to Bar Associations, court libraries and law schools.
The June, 1967, Meeting of the Society’s Board of Review and Development: Identification of Problems for Research
Authors: Edwards Richard W.
Published: April 2017

The Board of Review and Development of the American Society of International Law met at Princeton, New Jersey, on June 2 and 3, 1967. This was the fifth meeting of this body since its establishment was authorized by the Executive Council of the Society in November, 1964. The Board devoted its June meeting primarily to discussion of interim reports of the panels working under the Board’s auspices. This note abstracts from the two days of deliberations various questions and problems in the sphere of international law that were identified as especially deserving of further analysis and research.
Report on Regional Conference in Denver, April 21, 1967
Authors: Nanda Ved P.
Published: April 2017

On April 21, 1967, a Western Regional Conference on "Science, Law and Industry in Transnational Business Transactions" was held at the University of Denver Law Center under the co-sponsorship of the American Society of International Law, the University of Denver College of Law, the University of Colorado School of Law, the Committee on World Peace Through Law of the Colorado Bar Association, the Inter-American Bar Association, the University of Denver Graduate School of International Studies, the United States Department of Commerce, and the International Law Society of the University of Denver.
62nd Annual Meeting of the Society
Authors: E. H. F.
Published: April 2017

The American Society of International Law will hold its 62nd annual meeting at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D. C from April 25 to April 27, 1968.

The meeting will open on Thursday, April 25, 1968, at 2:15 p. m. Two simultaneous panel discussions will then consider the implementation and enforcement of international decisions, under the chairmanship of Oscar Sehachter, and the taking of property : evaluation of damages, under the chairmanship of James N. Hyde. Michael Eeisman and Blame Sloan will deliver addresses on the implementation and enforcement of international decisions. Commentators on those addresses will be Henry Darwin, Ambassador Shabtai Rosenne and John Lawrence Hargrove.
Mutually Assured Destruction as a Strategic Policy
Authors: Perle Richard
Published: April 2017

First of all, it is not the case that the Arms Control Agency is a sacrificial lamb to congressional critics. Senator Jackson says that the trouble is with the Administration’s policy, not ACDA. The Agency will continue to play a large role, but it is only sensible to separate the negotiation process from the policy planning process.
Possible Outcomes of Salt II
Authors: Warnke Paul , Williams Frederick
Published: April 2017

It is awesome to consider nightmare scenarios such as Mr. Perle has proposed. The overriding aim of our strategic nuclear policy must be to see that they never become reality. No one likes the idea that our defense rests on the threat of genocide. But no one has yet devised a more effective deterrent. Mr. Perle’s suggestions ultimately rest on technological breakthroughs which may or may not happen. However, I do agree that the lessons of SALT I should be borne in mind when making predictions about the outcome of SALT II.
The Warsaw Pact: Institutional Dynamics within the Socialist Commonwealth
Authors: Remington Robin
Published: April 2017

Established in 1955 as a result of the Soviet effort to prevent West German rearmament through the Western European Union and to some extent as a counter to NATO’S decision to develop tactical nuclear weapons, the Warsaw Treaty Organization, more commonly known as the Warsaw Pact, stands as a multilateral political-military organization and the only example of such a regional defense alliance within the Eastern bloc. It was heralded by Moscow as the “main center” for coordinating the foreign policy of Communist states in Europe.
Towards the Definition of International Terrorism
Authors: Dugard John
Published: April 2017

To the layman terrorism presents no problem of definition. To the lawyer, however, it bristles with definitional problems of the kind which has made the concept of aggression so illusive.

Basically the difficulty is to identify those acts of terror designed to bring about political change which disrupt international relations and which the international community views as contrary to desirable international norms of behavior. The problem is not a new one and recent history provides several examples of international cooperation aimed at the suppression of acts of violence which undermine the international order.
Remarks by Robert Osgood
Authors: Osgood Robert
Published: April 2017

I agree with the foregoing description of the central international system and the structure of power in it. In military terms it is almost as much conventionally as nuclearly bipolar. Indeed the whole logic of the Nixon Administration’s policy presupposes the stabilization of a bipolar balance as the basis for a more multipolar diplomatic pattern among the five major centers of economic and diplomatic power. It also presupposes that the stabilization of this balance is the condition for a retrenchment by the United States. Such retrenchment is to be manifested in a lower level of effort and a more indirect involvement rather than in a disengagement from our political commitments or previous involvements throughout the globe. Thus, as far as the United States is concerned, the very condition for detente is a more subtle and diversified global engagement by the United States. The center of American foreign policy remains, as it was supposed to be in some previous administrations, the orchestration of a global modus vivendi between the United States and Soviet Union. Now this modus vivendi is supposed to be manifest in a whole network of agreements and understandings linked together in such a way as to reduce room for maneuver and to moderate the behavior of both superpowers. On the basis of tacit agreements between them relating to mutual cutback of intense and often disruptive competition in the Third World, it may be expected that (1) the patterns of diplomatic conflict and alignment among the five major centers of power will become more complicated and diversified and that (2) military security concerns will recede into the background of international politics and a whole set of other issues will come to the front.
Remarks by Yash P. Ghai
Authors: Ghai Yash P.
Published: April 2017

I propose to discuss the topic through an examination of the practice in East Africa, especially as it relates to its Asian community. There is considerable confusion in the rules of international law on this topic. Few rules are above controversy and in many instances, the practice goes against what are alleged to be the rules. The answer in several instances depends on interrelated but separate issues, each of which might be controversial. Lack of clear answers is partly due to the great number of variables. Additionally, some of these variables are matters properly governed by international law; others by domestic law. Moreover, there is, generally speaking, a need for greater consensus among states on the scope of the variables before the set of rules can function effectively. Thus questions of nationality are central, but the jurisdiction over them is domestic; problems of statelessness are controversial; the right to leave a country may depend on the right to enter another; the possibility of expelling a person is contingent on the obligation or the willingness of another country to receive him.
Remarks by Ruth C. Lawson
Authors: Lawson Ruth C.
Published: April 2017

It pleases me that the emphasis in this discussion has shifted from what I thought was going to be both a backward and static look, to a more dynamic contemplation of the European scene. I don’t know what the title of the panel is now. The Chairman repudiated that of ending World War II and moving toward a “final” European settlement and for this I’m glad.
Economic Lirowth and Human Rights in Brazil: The First Nine Years of Military Tutelage
Authors: Tyson Brady
Published: April 2017

This is an interim, summary and provisional judgment on the Brazilian experiment of the past nine years, that is, since the military took power on April 1, 1964. To try to give an impression of the results of the interaction among the values of political democracy, equality, and economic growth, and the present levels compared with those of 1964 as well as what appear to be the trends. I have chosen six “indicators”:

(1)

the autonomy and integrity of the legal system;

(2)

torture and police brutality;

(3)

freedom of the mass media;

(4)

income distribution patterns;

(5)

education distribution patterns; and

(6)

the quality of life of the people of the city of greater São Paulo.
Remarks by Charles J. Lipton
Authors: Lipton Charles J. , Michael Michael L.
Published: April 2017

Our first question is one of terminology. We have used a great many of these terms very loosely. We still talk in terms of “concession agreements.” The meaning of that term has shifted. It now stands for a much broader concept than it did before. It is now an all-embracing term seemingly covering any agreement between a government and an operator for the exploration and production of mineral resources. I do not think it is an accurate enough term any longer. We lawyers have not been inventive; we have distinctions with differences within the broad term “concession.” We now have operating or production agreement, development agreement, profit-sharing agreement, contract of work, management agreement, and service agreement. These terms mean different things; they bring different results. They represent different relationships between the government and the operator.
The Price of Un/Freedom: Indonesia's Colonial and Contemporary Plantation Labor Regimes
Authors: Li Tania Murray
Published: April 2017

Although often associated with colonial times, tropical plantations growing industrial crops such as rubber, sugar, and oil palm are once again expanding. They employ hundreds of thousands of workers, who still use remarkably basic tools. Flagging colonial continuities, labor activists campaign against the reemergence of unfree labor and “modern forms of slavery.” Paradoxically, labor activists also highlight the opposite problem: the casualization of plantation work, as workers are hired daily and fired at will. Recognizing that both “free” and unfree labor regimes have a long history in Indonesia, and plantations have pivoted between these modes more than once, my study compares plantation labor regimes in the colonial, New Order, and “reform” periods (post-1998) to answer three questions. First, given that employers always want to access disciplined labor at the lowest possible price, what were the conditions that led employers to rely on unfree labor in some cases, and “free” labor in others? Second, to what extent was unfreedom imposed as a response to excessive freedom among workers and peasants? Third, how were the costs of social reproduction distributed between workers and employers, and what pressures from workers or regulators (state, colonial, transnational) affected this distribution? In addition to published sources, I draw on my ethnographic research in West Kalimantan (2010–2015) to explore contemporary experiences of un/freedom among workers on state and private oil palm plantations.
The Economic Transformation of the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru) in the Late Sixteenth Century
Authors: Covey R. Alan , Quave Kylie E.
Published: April 2017

This paper uses documents generated by the 1594–1595composiciones de tierrasin Cuzco, Peru, to discuss the economic transformation of the former heartland of the Inca Empire and the impact of Spanish administrative policies implemented in the early 1570s. The diverse social and environmental landscapes of rural areas lying to the west of Cuzco provide a range of local case studies that reveal how settlement and tribute policies of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo failed to produce sustainable colonial towns of Christian Indians. Detailed records of indigenous land repartition in the area show gender- and status-based patterns of individual allocations, as well as ecological differences in landholding between communities. The local records indicate the continuing importance of Inca-era community identities and local leadership for maintaining possession of community lands. By contrast, documents related to thecomposicionesamong private landowners reveal vast inequalities in land access, as well as the rapid growth in the demand for indigenous labor to produce important agrarian commodities. We argue that Spanish administrative policies accelerated the transformation of the means of production in rural Cuzco, creating peasants instead of Christian Indian subjects.
Towards a Critical History of Connection: The Port of Colombo, the Geographical “Circuit,” and the Visual Politics of New Imperialism, ca. 1880–1914
Authors: Sivasundaram Sujit
Published: April 2017

Connections, circuits, webs, and networks: these are concepts that are overused in today's world histories. Working from a commitment to reflexive historicization, this paper points to one moment in the consolidation of these terms: the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century visual politics of “new imperialism.” Utilizing photographs, engravings, postcards, letters, and colonial documents, the paper argues that connection was mesmerizing and can still mesmerize the historian. Being connected became possible because of visual and infrastructural projects that allowed the production and consumption of lines that literally cut sea and land. At a time of high empire, and in accordance with the dictates of Imperial Geography, particular locales or “nodes” were thus positioned in the “global.” To mount this critique of our language, the paper focuses on the infrastructural development of the port of Colombo, alongside the thinking of Halford Mackinder, the building of breakwaters in Colombo, the arrival of mass tourism, projections of capitalist improvement for the business of transshipment, and the use of the port by Indian laborers on their way to Ceylon's highland plantations. By attending to the place where connection is wrought, its material workings, and its traces in the visual, intellectual, and capitalist archive, it is argued that connectivity's forgettings and displacements come more forcefully into view. If connection had an evacuating character and could be so imperialist, what of its status in our writings?
COHABITATION AND UNION DISSOLUTION IN CENTRAL UGANDA: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COHABITORS AND NON-COHABITORS
Authors: Lwanga Charles , Kalule-Sabiti Ishmael , Ayiga Natal
Published: April 2017

The aim of this paper was to establish whether the differences in the risks of union dissolution between cohabitors and non-cohabitors in Uganda have converged over time using event history data. Data were collected in 2013 from 1200 women in central Uganda using retrospective methods. Of these, 839 provided information on three types of first union: women who married directly (without first cohabiting), those who married following cohabitation and those who were still cohabiting. The data were analysed using decrement lifetable analysis. Though the analysis indicated a small difference in the timing of first union dissolution for women who married directly, no evidence was found that the difference in the risk of union dissolution between cohabitors and non-cohabitors had converged over the 9-year period following first union. Women’s union/marriage status, number of living children in a union, parental union status and birth cohort were found to significantly influence the timing of union dissolution. Overall, the rate of union dissolution was fairly high, regardless of type of union.
The Scramble for Houses: Violence, a factionalized state, and informal economy in post-partition Delhi
Authors: GEVA ROTEM
Published: April 2017

The partition riots that erupted in Delhi following independence in 1947 resulted in the massacre of thousands of Muslims and the departure of roughly 300,000, leaving the remaining Muslim community seriously depleted, both numerically and politically. The article investigates the spatial aspect of Muslim minoritization in the city, namely their ghettoization, resulting from ongoing struggles over Muslim houses. It traces the gradual encroachment on the Muslim-majority neighbourhoods designated ‘Muslim zones’. An analysis of this dynamic reveals that, contrary to the prevalent assumption that Muslim zones were outside the jurisdiction of the Custodian of Evacuee Property, a great deal of the Custodian's intervention took place precisely in these areas. This investigation also reveals that, in addition to civic violence and the bureaucratic violence of the Custodian, a host of other factors played a significant role in determining the geography and intensity of encroachment—namely deep political divisions that cut across all levels of governance and policing, as well as socioeconomic class, informal economy, and corruption. This divided political, bureaucratic, and social landscape reflected the profound uncertainties underlying the process of decolonization, and sustained the violence that lingered on long after the partition riots had ended according to official narratives.
Immunopsychiatry: important facts
Authors: Khandaker G. M. , Dantzer R. , Jones P. B.
Published: April 2017

Accumulating evidence indicate a role for the immune system particularly inflammation and autoimmunity in the aetiology of major psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. In this paper, we discuss some of the key advances in immunopsychiatry in order to highlight to psychiatrists and other health professionals how an increased understanding of this field might enhance our knowledge of illness mechanism and approaches to treatment. We present a brief overview of clinical research that link inflammation and autoimmunity with depression and psychosis, including potential role of inflammation in treatment response, current evidence for the effectiveness of immune-modulating treatment for depression and psychosis, and possible role of inflammation in common physical comorbidities for these disorders such as coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Gaining a better understanding of the role of immune system could be paradigm changing for psychiatry. We need collaborations between clinicians and scientists to deliver high-quality translational research in order to fully realise the clinical potential of this exciting and rapidly expanding field.
Component-based approach for requirements reuse
Authors: Chikh Azeddine
Published: April 2017

Reusing requirements improves product quality and the productivity of the
development process. This paper investigates how the development of new
requirements can be made more productive through reuse of the experience gained
on similar requirements. This can be facilitated using a component-based reuse
approach supported by a framework. Therefore, the central challenge for this
research work is double: (1) to define a new concept for the requirement
component as the combination of two types of knowledge: reusable knowledge and
knowledge of reuse; (2) to define AFR (Analysis For Reuse) that represents the
capitalization process by opposition to Analysis By Reuse that represents the
process of reuse itself. Finally, we provide a case study related to the
requirements of a hotel system to explain how the first process works. Through
this approach, we use a framework ‘Requirements Repository Framework
(R2F)’ in order to capitalize existing requirements within a repository
for future reuse. We present the results of an experiment with three
second-level student sections that used R2F in their IS240 course project; as
well as with four student groups that used R2F in their respective senior
projects. The objective of this experiment is to measure the usability of the
proposed AFR process.
THE ROLE OF TASK REPETITION IN LEARNING WORD-STRESS PATTERNS THROUGH AUDITORY PRIMING TASKS
Authors: Jung YeonJoo , Kim YouJin , Murphy John
Published: April 2017

This study focused on an instructional component often neglected when teaching the pronunciation of English as either a second, foreign, or international language—namely, the suprasegmental feature of lexical stress. Extending previous research on collaborative priming tasks and task repetition, the study investigated the impact of task and procedural repetition on eliciting target-stress patterns during collaborative priming tasks. It employed a pretest-posttest design with 57 Korean high school students who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a control, priming with task repetition, and priming with procedural repetition. Learners participated in a pretest, two priming sessions, and two posttests over a 4-week period. Learners’ ability to produce target-stress patterns was measured through sentence read-aloud tasks. The task repetition group repeated the same primes and prompts twice, whereas the procedural repetition group performed priming tasks with different primes and prompts during two sessions. Results indicate that the amount of primed production was significantly more than unprimed production. Additionally, both experimental conditions promoted learners’ accurate production of target-stress patterns, though, in relation to long-term impacts, repeating the same task (i.e., same procedure and same content) twice was more effective than repeating the procedure for a second time with different content. The results are discussed in light of pronunciation teaching using auditory priming tasks.
Guidance, Obligations and Ability: A Close Look at the Action Guidance Argument for Ought-Implies-Can
Authors: HUGHES NICK
Published: April 2017

It is often argued that the requirement that moral obligations be ‘action guiding’ motivates the claim that one can be obligated to φ only if one can φ. I argue that even on its most plausible interpretation, this argument fails.
Measuring the Autocorrelation Function of Nanoscale Three-Dimensional Density Distribution in Individual Cells Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, and a New Deconvolution Algorithm
Authors: Li Yue , Zhang Di , Capoglu Ilker , Hujsak Karl A. , Damania Dhwanil , Cherkezyan Lusik , Roth Eric , Bleher Reiner , Wu Jinsong S. , Subramanian Hariharan , Dravid Vinayak P. , Backman Vadim
Published: April 2017

Essentially all biological processes are highly dependent on the nanoscale architecture of the cellular components where these processes take place. Statistical measures, such as the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the three-dimensional (3D) mass–density distribution, are widely used to characterize cellular nanostructure. However, conventional methods of reconstruction of the deterministic 3D mass–density distribution, from which these statistical measures can be calculated, have been inadequate for thick biological structures, such as whole cells, due to the conflict between the need for nanoscale resolution and its inverse relationship with thickness after conventional tomographic reconstruction. To tackle the problem, we have developed a robust method to calculate the ACF of the 3D mass–density distribution without tomography. Assuming the biological mass distribution is isotropic, our method allows for accurate statistical characterization of the 3D mass–density distribution by ACF with two data sets: a single projection image by scanning transmission electron microscopy and a thickness map by atomic force microscopy. Here we present validation of the ACF reconstruction algorithm, as well as its application to calculate the statistics of the 3D distribution of mass–density in a region containing the nucleus of an entire mammalian cell. This method may provide important insights into architectural changes that accompany cellular processes.
Rethinking the Political in Ancient Greece
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: April 2017

Just over thirty years ago, François Hartog pondered what it might mean to devote an entire issue of theAnnalesto ancient history. Such an editorial endeavor, he suggested, was a bold gamble based on the conviction that the study of antiquity should not be confined to the domain of pure erudition, exclusively reserved for specialists. Like other historians, specialists in ancient history could heed Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre’s invitation in the journal’s first issue, calling for historians to “demolish walls so high that they frequently block the view” as they “strive to pay attention to their neighbor’s work.”
Toward a Political and Historical Economics Reflections on Capital in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Piketty Thomas
Published: April 2017

This article attempts to clarify certain points raised in my book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century. In particular, I try to lay the foundations for a multidimensional history of capital and power relations between social classes. I study the way different forms of ownership lead to specific structures of inequality and social and institutional compromises.
The Return of the Longue Durée: An Anglo-American Perspective
Authors: Armitage David , Guldi Jo
Published: April 2017

Since the 1970s, most historians in the anglophone world have worked on time-scales of between five and fifty years. This narrow focus represented a retreat from the longer periods generally covered before the late twentieth century and served not only to cut them off from wider reading publics but also to deprive them of the influence on public policy and global governance they had once had. This article surveys the causes and the consequences of this retreat and proposes a solution for the crisis of confidence and of relevance it has created. A return to what Fernand Braudel classically termed the longue durée in the Annales in 1958 is now both imperative and feasible: imperative, in order to restore history’s place as a critical social science; feasible, due to the increased availability of large amounts of historical data and the digital tools necessary to analyze them.
A History Without the Social Sciences?
Authors: Lemercier Claire
Published: April 2017

According to David Armitage and Jo Guldi, digitized sources and quantification almost naturally lead to the sort of longue durée history that they seek to promote. This article questions that assertion on the basis of the long tradition of quantitative history, open to exchanges with the social sciences and revived, not annihilated, by microhistory. The digitization of numerous historical sources does not call for less caution in our analyses—quite the contrary, as it creates new biases. More importantly, it does not solve the crucial question of controlled anachronism, that is, the need for carefully constructed categories in any quantification based on the longue durée. The article also addresses the implications of choosing the longue durée as the exclusive basis for reflections on historical processes and causality. Is the longue durée purely a scale for description? If not, can it escape a simplistic vision, a monocausal path dependency? If we are to avoid such pitfalls, the wider debates within all the social sciences on time-scales and causality must be taken into account.
A New Data Set to Keep a Sharper Eye on Land-Air Exchanges
Authors: Pastorello G. , Papale D. , Chu H. , Trotta C. , Agarwal D. , Canfora E. , Baldocchi D. , Torn M.
Published: April 2017

FLUXNET15, the latest update of the longest global record of ecosystem carbon, water, and energy fluxes, features improved data quality, new data products, and more open data sharing policies.
NSF Director Hopes for a Fair Budget
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: April 2017

Córdova said that the geosciences "contribute immensely" to the Trump administration's expressed priorities of jobs, national security, and growing the economy.
Neutrophil stunning by metoprolol reduces infarct size
Authors: García-Prieto Jaime , Villena-Gutiérrez Rocío , Gómez Mónica , Bernardo Esther , Pun-García Andrés , García-Lunar Inés , Crainiciuc Georgiana , Fernández-Jiménez Rodrigo , Sreeramkumar Vinatha , Bourio-Martínez Rafael , García-Ruiz José M , del Valle Alfonso Serrano , Sanz-Rosa David , Pizarro Gonzalo , Fernández-Ortiz Antonio , Hidalgo Andrés , Fuster Valentín , Ibanez Borja
Published: April 2017

The β1-adrenergic-receptor (ADRB1) antagonist metoprolol reduces infarct size in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The prevailing view has been that metoprolol acts mainly on cardiomyocytes. Here, we demonstrate that metoprolol reduces reperfusion injury by targeting the haematopoietic compartment. Metoprolol inhibits neutrophil migration in an ADRB1-dependent manner. Metoprolol acts during early phases of neutrophil recruitment by impairing structural and functional rearrangements needed for productive engagement of circulating platelets, resulting in erratic intravascular dynamics and blunted inflammation. Depletion of neutrophils, ablation ofAdrb1in haematopoietic cells, or blockade of PSGL-1, the receptor involved in neutrophil–platelet interactions, fully abrogated metoprolol’s infarct-limiting effects. The association between neutrophil count and microvascular obstruction is abolished in metoprolol-treated AMI patients. Metoprolol inhibits neutrophil–platelet interactions in AMI patients by targeting neutrophils. Identification of the relevant role of ADRB1 in haematopoietic cells during acute injury and the protective role upon its modulation offers potential for developing new therapeutic strategies.
Large near-term projected snowpack loss over the western United States
Authors: Fyfe John C. , Derksen Chris , Mudryk Lawrence , Flato Gregory M. , Santer Benjamin D. , Swart Neil C. , Molotch Noah P. , Zhang Xuebin , Wan Hui , Arora Vivek K. , Scinocca John , Jiao Yanjun
Published: April 2017

Peak runoff in streams and rivers of the western United States is strongly influenced by melting of accumulated mountain snowpack. A significant decline in this resource has a direct connection to streamflow, with substantial economic and societal impacts. Observations and reanalyses indicate that between the 1980s and 2000s, there was a 10–20% loss in the annual maximum amount of water contained in the region’s snowpack. Here we show that this loss is consistent with results from a large ensemble of climate simulations forced with natural and anthropogenic changes, but is inconsistent with simulations forced by natural changes alone. A further loss of up to 60% is projected within the next 30 years. Uncertainties in loss estimates depend on the size and the rate of response to continued anthropogenic forcing and the magnitude and phasing of internal decadal variability. The projected losses have serious implications for the hydropower, municipal and agricultural sectors in the region.
A new inhibitor of the β-arrestin/AP2 endocytic complex reveals interplay between GPCR internalization and signalling
Authors: Beautrait Alexandre , Paradis Justine S. , Zimmerman Brandon , Giubilaro Jenna , Nikolajev Ljiljana , Armando Sylvain , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Yamani Lama , Namkung Yoon , Heydenreich Franziska M. , Khoury Etienne , Audet Martin , Roux Philippe P. , Veprintsev Dmitry B. , Laporte Stéphane A. , Bouvier Michel
Published: April 2017

In addition to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization and endocytosis, β-arrestin recruitment to ligand-stimulated GPCRs promotes non-canonical signalling cascades. Distinguishing the respective contributions of β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor and β-arrestin-promoted endocytosis in propagating receptor signalling has been limited by the lack of selective analytical tools. Here, using a combination of virtual screening and cell-based assays, we have identified a small molecule that selectively inhibits the interaction between β-arrestin and the β2-adaptin subunit of the clathrin adaptor protein AP2 without interfering with the formation of receptor/β-arrestin complexes. This selective β-arrestin/β2-adaptin inhibitor (Barbadin) blocks agonist-promoted endocytosis of the prototypical β2-adrenergic (β2AR), V2-vasopressin (V2R) and angiotensin-II type-1 (AT1R) receptors, but does not affect β-arrestin-independent (transferrin) or AP2-independent (endothelin-A) receptor internalization. Interestingly, Barbadin fully blocks V2R-stimulated ERK1/2 activation and blunts cAMP accumulation promoted by both V2R and β2AR, supporting the concept of β-arrestin/AP2-dependent signalling for both G protein-dependent and -independent pathways.
Facile measurement of single-crystal elastic constants from polycrystalline samples
Authors: Du Xinpeng , Zhao Ji-Cheng
Published: April 2017

Elastic constants are among the most fundamental properties of materials. Simulations of microstructural evolution and constitutive/micro-mechanistic modeling of materials properties require elastic constants that are predominately measured from single crystals that are labor intensive to grow. A facile technique is developed to measure elastic constants from polycrystalline samples. The technique is based upon measurements of the surface acoustic wave velocities with the help of a polydimethylsiloxane film grating that is placed on a polished surface of a polycrystalline sample to confine surface acoustic waves that are induced by a femtosecond laser and measured using pump-probe time-domain thermoreflectance. Electron backscatter diffraction is employed to measure the crystallographic orientation along which the surface acoustic wave propagates in each grain (perpendicular to the polydimethylsiloxane grating). Such measurements are performed on several grains. A robust mathematical solution was developed to compute the surface acoustic wave velocity along any crystallographic orientation of any crystal structure with given elastic constants and density. By inputting various starting values of elastic constants to compute the surface acoustic wave velocities to match experimental measurements in several distinct crystallographic orientations using an optimization algorithm, accurate elastic constant values have been obtained from seven polycrystalline metal samples to be within 6.8% of single-crystal measurements. This new technique can help change the current scenario that experimentally measured elastic constants are available for only about 1% of the estimated 160,000 distinct solid compounds, not to mention the significant need for elastic constants of various solid solution compositions that are the base of structural materials.
Mining the transcriptome for rare disease therapies: a comparison of the efficiencies of two data mining approaches and a targeted cell-based drug screen
Authors: Mears A. J. , Schock S. C. , Hadwen J. , Putos S. , Dyment D. , Boycott K. M. , MacKenzie Alex
Published: April 2017

Most monogenic diseases can be viewed as conditions caused by dysregulated protein activity; therefore, drugs can be used to modulate gene expression, and thus protein level, possibly conferring clinical benefit. When considering repurposing drugs for loss of function diseases, there are three classes of genetic disease amenable to an increase of function; haploinsufficient dominant diseases, those secondary to hypomorphic recessive alleles, and conditions with rescuing paralogs. This therapeutic model then brings the questions: how frequently do such clinically useful drug–gene interactions occur and what is the most rapid and efficient route by which to identify them. Here we compare three approaches: (1) mining of pre-existing system-wide transcriptomal datasets such as Connectivity Map; (2) utilization of a proprietary causal reasoning engine knowledge base; and, (3) a targeted drug screen using clinically accepted agents tested against normal human fibroblasts. We have determined the validation rate of these approaches for 76 diseases (i.e., in vitro fibroblast mRNA increase); for the Connectivity Map, approximately 5% of tested putative drug–gene interactions validated, for causal reasoning engine knowledge base the rate was 10%, and for the targeted drug screen 9%. The degree of overlap between these methodologies was low suggesting they are complementary not redundant approaches to identify putative drug-gene interactions. Although the validation rate was low, a number of drug–gene interactions were successfully identified and are now being investigated for protein induction and in vivo effect. This analysis establishes potentially valuable therapeutic leads as well as useful benchmarks for the thousands of currently untreatable rare genetic conditions.
Drying-mediated patterns in colloid-polymer suspensions
Authors: Ryu Seul-a , Kim Jin Young , Kim So Youn , Weon Byung Mook
Published: April 2017

Drying-mediated patterning of colloidal particles is a physical phenomenon that must be understood in inkjet printing technology to obtain crack-free uniform colloidal films. Here we experimentally study the drying-mediated patterns of a model colloid-polymer suspension and specifically observe how the deposit pattern appears after droplet evaporation by varying particle size and polymer concentration. We find that at a high polymer concentration, the ring-like pattern appears in suspensions with large colloids, contrary to suppression of ring formation in suspensions with small colloids thanks to colloid-polymer interactions. We attribute this unexpected reversal behavior to hydrodynamics and size dependence of colloid-polymer interactions. This finding would be very useful in developing control of drying-mediated self-assembly to produce crack-free uniform patterns from colloidal fluids.
Multidisciplinary study of the secondary immune response in grandparents re-exposed to chickenpox
Authors: Ogunjimi B. , Van den Bergh J. , Meysman P. , Heynderickx S. , Bergs K. , Jansens H. , Leuridan E. , Vorsters A. , Goossens H. , Laukens K. , Cools N. , Van Tendeloo Viggo , Hens N. , Van Damme P. , Smits Evelien , Beutels Ph.
Published: April 2017

Re-exposure to chickenpox may boost varicella-zoster virus (VZV) immunity in the elderly. This secondary immune response is hypothesized to confer protection against herpes zoster. We longitudinally sampled 36 adults over the course of one year after re-exposure to chickenpox. The resulting 183 samples and those of 14 controls were assessed for VZV-specific T-cell immunity and antibody titres. The percentages of VZV-specific CD4+ IL-2-producing T-cells were increased in re-exposed grandparents compared to control participants up to 9 months after re-exposure. Using a longitudinal mixture modelling approach, we found that 25% and 17% of re-exposed grandparents showed a boosting of VZV-specific CD4+ IL-2-producing T-cells and VZV-specific antibodies, respectively. The antibody boosting occurred exclusively in cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG-positive participants. CMV IgG-positive participants also had higher VZV IE62-specific CD4+ IFN-γ-producing T-cell percentages and VZV-specific antibody titres. The protective effect of re-exposure to chickenpox is likely limited, as boosting only occurred in 17–25% of the VZV re-exposed grandparents and for less than one year.