bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The crash involvement of older drivers is associated with their hazard perception latencies
Authors: HORSWILL MARK S. , ANSTEY KAARIN J. , HATHERLY CHRISTOPHER G. , WOOD JOANNE M.
Published: May 2010

Hazard perception in driving is the one of the few driving-specific skills associated with crash involvement. However, this relationship has only been examined in studies where the majority of individuals were younger than 65. We present the first data revealing an association between hazard perception and self-reported crash involvement in drivers aged 65 and over. In a sample of 271 drivers, we found that individuals whose mean response time to traffic hazards was slower than 6.68 s [the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve derived pass mark for the test] were 2.32 times [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.46, 3.22) more likely to have been involved in a self-reported crash within the previous 5 years than those with faster response times. This likelihood ratio became 2.37 (95% CI, 1.49, 3.28) when driving exposure was controlled for. As a comparison, individuals who failed a test of useful field of view were 2.70 (95% CI, 1.44, 4.44) times more likely to crash than those who passed. The hazard perception test and the useful field of view measure accounted for separate variance in crash involvement. These findings indicate that hazard perception testing and training could be potentially useful for road safety interventions for this age group. (JINS, 2010, 16, 939–944.)
Psychosocial function in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Relationship to neurocognition and clinical symptoms
Authors: SIMONSEN CARMEN , SUNDET KJETIL , VASKINN ANJA , UELAND TORILL , ROMM KRISTIN LIE , HELLVIN TONE , MELLE INGRID , FRIIS SVEIN , ANDREASSEN OLE A.
Published: May 2010

In line with a dimensional approach to psychopathology, we examined whether psychosocial function and its relationship to neurocognition and clinical symptoms differ across schizophrenia and bipolar disorder subgroups with and without a history of affective or psychotic episodes. From the TOP study, a heterogeneous sample of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders without (n = 60) and with a history of affective episodes (n = 54); individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders with (n = 64) and without a history of psychosis (n = 56) and healthy controls (n = 268) participated. Psychosocial functioning was measured with the Social Functioning Scale (self-rated) and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (clinician-rated), neurocognition with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, and symptoms with Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Clinician-rated functioning was poorer in schizophrenia groups than in bipolar groups, but self-rated functioning was similar across all clinical groups and poorer than in controls. Neurocognition and current clinical symptoms were associated with psychosocial function in bivariate analyses, but current symptoms had a greater independent contribution to functioning than neurocognition across clinical groups in multivariate analyses. Despite differences in neurocognition and psychosocial function, groups showed the same pattern in prediction of functioning irrespective of DSM-IV or clinical definition. (JINS, 2010, 16, 771–783.)
Verbesserungen der Compliance durch die Apotheke
Authors: Arnet Isabelle , Hersberger Kurt E.
Published: May 2010

Die Verbesserung der Compliance ist für alle Medizinalpersonen und insbesondere für die Patienten eine alltägliche Herausforderung. Es gilt, die Notwendigkeit einer Therapie einzusehen, mit der Therapiewahl sich anfreunden zu können und dann einen Therapieplan in den Alltag integrieren zu können – allenfalls mit einer lebenslangen Dauer. Willentliche und unwillentliche Non Compliance sind häufig; Studien berichten von bis zu 50 %. Die Apotheker, als letztes Glied in der Versorgungskette, sind in bester Position um den Patienten nach Motivation, Kenntnissen und Hindernissen zu befragen und maßgeschneiderte technische und motivationale Hilfe zu leisten. Unverzichtbar ist die eingehende Anwendungsinstruktion bei der Abgabe, damit allfällige eingeschränkte Fertigkeiten (Geschicklichkeit, Sehvermögen, Kognition) erkannt und Hilfe angeboten werden kann. Eine Vielzahl von Hilfsmitteln sowie neue Technologien können gezielt eingesetzt werden um auch die langfristige Befolgung eines Therapieplanes zu gewährleisten.
Subregional and downscaled global scenarios of nutrient transfer in river basins: Seine‐Somme‐Scheldt case study
Authors: Thieu Vincent , Mayorga Emilio , Billen Gilles , Garnier Josette
Published: May 2010

In an attempt to downscale the global prospective scenarios established by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment to the level of three individual watersheds (the Seine, Somme, and Scheldt rivers), we examined the application of the regional RIVERSTRAHLER model, based on a mechanistic representation of in‐stream processes, in tandem with the semiempirical Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) model, by downscaling the input data of the latter into information required by the former. Overall, the model simulates the major trends of the changes that occurred in 1970–2000, although with some discrepancies revealing the weakness of certain hypothesis in the global approach. For the future, the prediction is a significant decrease in total nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes into the sea compared to those of 2000. We showed the benefits of combining a process‐based approach of nutrient transfer at the local scale with the use of global‐scale models for integrating the development of socioeconomic driving forces acting at the global level.
The influence of spontaneous and field induced spin reorientation transitions on the magnetocaloric properties in rare earth intermetallic compounds: Application to TbZn
Authors: de Sousa V. S. R. , Plaza E. J. R. , von Ranke P. J.
Published: May 2010

We report a theoretical investigation on the magnetocaloric properties of the cubic CsCl-type TbZn compound. Two successive peaks in the magnetocaloric quantities are observed and attributed to different types of phase transitions. For the magnetic field applied in the ⟨110⟩ direction, the first peak is ascribed to a spontaneous first-order spin reorientation transition (SRT) at T1=63 K, and the second one to the ferroparamagnetic phase transition. The application of an external magnetic field of 2 T along this direction leads to a tablelike behavior in the magnetocaloric quantities (ΔST and ΔTS) as a consequence of two successive second-order SRTs at TSR1=71 K and at TSR2=160 K. Applying a magnetic field of 5 T suppress the flat behavior but a high refrigeration capacity of 352 J/kg is predicted in a wide temperature range from 62 to 258 K. When the magnetic field is applied along the ⟨100⟩ direction an inverse magnetocaloric effect is observed in the temperature range below T1. The system was studied throughout a Hamiltonian that takes into account the Zeeman, exchange, and crystal field interactions.
A topos formulation of history quantum theory
Authors: Flori C.
Published: May 2010

Topos theory has been suggested by Döring and Isham as an alternative mathematical structure with which to formulate physical theories. In particular, it has been used to reformulate standard quantum mechanics in such a way that a novel type of logic is used to represent propositions. In this paper we extend this formulation to include temporally ordered collections of propositions as opposed to single-time propositions. That is to say, we have developed a quantum history formalism in the language of topos theory where truth values can be assigned to temporal propositions. We analyze the extent to which such truth values can be derived from the truth values of the constituent, single-time propositions.
The effect of Co–TiO2 soft layer and Pt interlayer on the magnetic properties of exchange-coupled composite recording media
Authors: Wang Y. , Ariake J. , Wang T. , Watanabe S. , Honda N. , Li F. S. , Ouchi K. , Ishio S.
Published: May 2010

Exchange coupled composite media Co–TiO2/Pt/CoPt–TiO2 were studied in terms of structures and magnetic properties. In these media exchange coupled grains with soft-grain/interlayer/hard-grain structure are successfully formed although the Pt interlayers were undoped. Based on that ECC structure, Co–TiO2 soft layers with higher saturation magnetization were found to be more useful to reduce the interlayer thickness for the optimal exchange coupling state and also the total thickness of the medium. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of coercivity on the interlayer thickness can also be decreased. On the other hand, the Pt interlayer induced interface anisotropy and strengthend intergranular exchange coupling; therefore, improved coercivities (Pt thickness less than 0.5 nm) and thermal stability were observed.
Effect of Rashba spin-orbit coupling on the spin-dependent transport in magnetic tunnel junctions with semiconductor interlayers
Authors: Jin Lian , Zhu Lin , Zhou Xun , Li Ling , Xie Zheng-Wei
Published: May 2010

Based on a mode match transfer matrix method and the quantum coherent transport theory of Mireles and Kirczenow, we investigate the coherent electron tunneling in FM/S1/I/S2/FM (FM represents the ferromagnetic metal layer, S1 and S2 represents the different semiconductor layer, respectively, I represents the insulator layer.) system. The effects of the thickness of the semiconductor layers and the Rashba spin-orbit coupling on the spin-dependent tunneling transmission coefficient and the properties of the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) are studied. It is found that the variations of tunneling transmission coefficients and the tunnel magnetoresistance TMR with Rashba spin-orbit coupling and the thickness of semiconductor layer, show typical resonant properties and the TMR can be enhanced and its sign can switch from positive to negative by increasing the ratio of Rashba spin-orbit coupling strength between two semiconductor layers.
Interfacial mixing and internal structure of Pt-containing nanocomposites grown by room temperature electron beam induced deposition
Authors: Li Juntao , Toth Milos , Dunn Kathleen A. , Thiel Bradley L.
Published: May 2010

Material grown by room temperature electron beam induced deposition (EBID) using (CH3)3CH3C5H4Pt precursor consists of platinum nanocrystals embedded in an amorphous matrix. The crystallites are shown to intermix with the amorphous oxide on a Si substrate. The extent of intermixing scales with the electron energy density delivered to the material during growth. Dependencies on electron flux, fluence, and exposure time indicate that the intermixing process is athermal, electron-activated, and rate limited by mass transport inside the solid. Furthermore, the degree of deposit crystallinity is shown to scale with the electron flux and fluence used for EBID. We discuss mechanisms behind the observed changes in nanostructure and implications for the growth of functional materials by EBID.
Origin of ferromagnetism in Ni-doped SnO2: First-principles calculation
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Yan Yu , Du Xiaobo , Liu Xiuqin , Li Kai , Jin Hanmin
Published: May 2010

The effects of Ni dopants and O vacancies on the electronic structure and magnetic properties of Ni-doped SnO2 are studied using the first-principles density functional calculation. Both of generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and GGA+U calculations show that substitutional Ni atoms at Sn sites cannot induce magnetic moment in Ni-doped SnO2 without O vacancy. O vacancies prefer to locate near Ni atoms and induce the magnetic moments at Ni atom and its nearest O atoms. Moreover, O vacancies in a chain connecting two Ni atoms of large distance can lead to a long-range ferromagnetic (FM) coupling between the two Ni atoms. The strength of coupling calculated by GGA+U is about triple that calculated by GGA. The spin density distribution shows that the long-range FM coupling between two Ni atoms can be explained in terms of the bound magnetic polaron model.
Cantilevered bimorph-based scanner for high speed atomic force microscopy with large scanning range
Authors: Zhou Yusheng , Shang Guangyi , Cai Wei , Yao Jun-en
Published: May 2010

A cantilevered bimorph-based resonance-mode scanner for high speed atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging is presented. The free end of the bimorph is used for mounting a sample stage and the other one of that is fixed on the top of a conventional single tube scanner. High speed scanning is realized with the bimorph-based scanner vibrating at resonant frequency driven by a sine wave voltage applied to one piezolayer of the bimorph, while slow scanning is performed by the tube scanner. The other piezolayer provides information on vibration amplitude and phase of the bimorph itself simultaneously, which is used for real-time data processing and image calibration. By adjusting the free length of the bimorph, the line scan rate can be preset ranging from several hundred hertz to several kilohertz, which would be beneficial for the observation of samples with different properties. Combined with a home-made AFM system and a commercially available data acquisition card, AFM images of various samples have been obtained, and as an example, images of the silicon grating taken at a line rate of 1.5 kHz with the scan size of 20 μm are given. By manually moving the sample of polished Al foil surface while scanning, the capability of dynamic imaging is demonstrated.
A comparative study on Bi4Ti3O12 and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 ferroelectric thin films derived by metal organic decomposition
Authors: Xue Kan-Hao , Paz de Araujo Carlos A. , Celinska Jolanta
Published: May 2010

The crystal orientations and electrical properties of Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) ferroelectric thin films were studied and compared. Stoichiometric BIT and BLT samples were deposited on Pt(111) substrates and crystallized at 750 °C to get mixed orientations. The BIT sample exhibited a/b axes orientation with (117) component, while the BLT sample was more c-axis oriented. The 2Pr values of such BIT and BLT were 34.3 μC/cm2 and 25.7 μC/cm2, respectively. Nevertheless, BLT has much better leakage current and polarization saturation properties. In order to obtain c-axis oriented BIT thin films, excess bismuth was used. BIT with 15% excess bismuth processed at 750 °C was purely c-axis oriented and only possessed a 2Pr value of 4.9 μC/cm2, while that of 15% excess bismuth BLT sample was 18.3 μC/cm2. This can be attributed to the large polarization anisotropy in BIT, and this anisotropy is reduced by lanthanum doping.
Two-dimensional bispectral analysis of drift wave turbulence in a cylindrical plasma
Authors: Yamada T. , Itoh S.-I. , Inagaki S. , Nagashima Y. , Shinohara S. , Kasuya N. , Terasaka K. , Kamataki K. , Arakawa H. , Yagi M. , Fujisawa A. , Itoh K.
Published: May 2010

Bispectral analysis and multichannel measurement are becoming attractive investigation tools in plasma fluctuation studies. In the Large Mirror Device-Upgrade, the measurement of fluctuations in the ion saturation-current with a 64-channel poloidal Langmuir probe array was performed. The two-dimensional (2D) (poloidal wave number and frequency) power spectrum showed a number of pronounced peaks and broadband fluctuations in the poloidal wave number-frequency space. We applied 2D bispectral analysis, which considers both the matching conditions of poloidal wave number and frequency, to the spatiotemporal waveform, and confirmed the nonlinear couplings between coherent-coherent, coherent-broadband, and broadband-broadband fluctuation components. More than ten peaks were revealed to have as their origins only three original parent modes generated in the plasma. Comparison between the theoretical estimate and experimental observation for the bicoherence showed good agreement.
Capillary-gravity waves generated by a sudden object motion
Authors: Closa F. , Chepelianskii A. D. , Raphaël E.
Published: May 2010

We study theoretically the capillary-gravity waves created at the water-air interface by a small object during a sudden accelerated or decelerated rectilinear motion. We analyze the wave resistance corresponding to the transient wave pattern and show that it is nonzero even if the involved velocity (the final one in the accelerated case, the initial one in the decelerated case) is smaller than the minimum phase velocity cmin=23 cm s−1. These results might be important for a better understanding of the propulsion of water-walking insects where accelerated and decelerated motions frequently occur.
Enhancement of the Kirkendall effect in Cu–Ni diffusion couples induced by high magnetic fields
Authors: Liu Tie , Li Donggang , Wang Qiang , Wang Kai , Xu Zhifeng , He Jicheng
Published: May 2010

The shift of the Kirkendall marker at the interface of Cu–Ni diffusion couples was examined under the influence of high magnetic fields up to 12 T. The shift distance of the marker increased remarkably with increasing magnetic flux density (B) in the case of the direction of diffusion parallel to B. However, if the direction of the magnetic field was perpendicular to that of diffusion, there was a negligible effect of the magnetic field on diffusion behavior. A calculation of intrinsic diffusivities of both components showed that the interdiffusion rates (∥B) are increased by high magnetic fields. These effects can be attributed to an increase in the chemical potential gradient induced by magnetic free energy in a high magnetic field.
Modulation of 1.5 μm dislocation-related luminescence emitted from a direct silicon bonded interface by external bias
Authors: Yu Xuegong , Song Lihui , Yang Deren , Kittler Martin , Rozgonyi George A.
Published: May 2010

Interfacial dislocation networks were formed in silicon by direct bonding technology. Cathodoluminescence and deep level transient spectroscopy measurements verified that the D1 luminescence at 1.5 μm is associated with carrier transitions via a dislocation-related deep level at 0.35 eV. Both the experiment and theoretical calculations demonstrate that application of an external bias voltage on the bonding interface increases the majority carrier density at this deep level, thereby enhancing the local dislocation-related luminescence. However, beyond a critical voltage, corresponding to saturation of the majority carrier occupancy, the luminescence intensity decreases, due to the reduction in minority carrier density.
Oscillator-free atomic clock using a multimode laser
Authors: Yim Sin Hyuk , Cho D.
Published: May 2010

We developed an atomic clock using two modes from a single extended-cavity diode laser in multimode operation. The two modes are phase locked with reference to a dispersion signal from a coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance of R85b at 3.036 GHz. The design is in principle free from an oscillator and a modulator and it is a significant simplification over a conventional CPT-based atomic clock. Allan deviation of the beat frequency is 1×10−10 at 200 s integration time.
An efficient method for collecting large samples of live copepods free from detritus
Authors: Svensson Carl J. , Hyndes Glenn A. , Lavery Paul S.
Published: May 2010

Meiofauna are often important in the transfer of organic material to higher trophic levels in aquatic environments. However, in food web analysis the group is frequently pooled or ignored owing to the difficulty in isolating individual components of the assemblage. In this study, we developed and tested a new method for extracting photopositive and detritus-free copepod samples from sediments, and compared this method to a previous technique (Couch 1989). In our initial trials, ∼400 copepods (all orders included) were collected in 15 min compared with 60 copepods using Couch’s method. In subsequent trials that focussed on specific orders of copepods, our method was at least 10 times more efficient than Couch’s method at collecting cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods from sediments. The new method requires very little supervision and there is no requirement for a particular intensity of light. This method can increase the collection of large numbers of photopositive copepods in aquatic systems, and thereby facilitate the inclusion of this important component into future food web studies, particularly those using biomarkers such as stable isotopes or fatty acids.
High frequency targeted mutagenesis in
Arabidopsis thaliana
using zinc finger nucleases
Authors: Zhang Feng , Maeder Morgan L. , Unger-Wallace Erica , Hoshaw Justin P. , Reyon Deepak , Christian Michelle , Li Xiaohong , Pierick Christopher J. , Dobbs Drena , Peterson Thomas , Joung J. Keith , Voytas Daniel F.
Published: May 2010

We report here an efficient method for targeted mutagenesis of
Arabidopsis
genes through regulated expression of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs)—enzymes engineered to create DNA double-strand breaks at specific target loci. ZFNs recognizing the
Arabidopsis ADH1
and
TT4
genes were made by Oligomerized Pool ENgineering (OPEN)—a publicly available, selection-based platform that yields high quality zinc finger arrays. The
ADH1
and
TT4
ZFNs were placed under control of an estrogen-inducible promoter and introduced into
Arabidopsis
plants by floral-dip transformation. Primary transgenic
Arabidopsis
seedlings induced to express the
ADH1
or
TT4
ZFNs exhibited somatic mutation frequencies of 7% or 16%, respectively. The induced mutations were typically insertions or deletions (1–142 bp) that were localized at the ZFN cleavage site and likely derived from imprecise repair of chromosome breaks by nonhomologous end-joining. Mutations were transmitted to the next generation for 69% of primary transgenics expressing the
ADH1
ZFNs and 33% of transgenics expressing the
TT4
ZFNs. Furthermore, ≈20% of the mutant-producing plants were homozygous for mutations at
ADH1
or
TT4
, indicating that both alleles were disrupted.
ADH1
and
TT4
were chosen as targets for this study because of their selectable or screenable phenotypes (
adh1
, allyl alcohol resistance;
tt4
, lack of anthocyanins in the seed coat). However, the high frequency of observed ZFN-induced mutagenesis suggests that targeted mutations can readily be recovered by simply screening progeny of primary transgenic plants by PCR and DNA sequencing. Taken together, our results suggest that it should now be possible to obtain mutations in any
Arabidopsis
target gene regardless of its mutant phenotype.
How different are the monophthongs of Malay speakers of Malaysian and Singapore English?
Authors: Tan Rachel Siew Kuang , Low Ee-Ling
Published: May 2010

Early works on Singapore and Malaysian English used to consider them as a single homogeneous entity based on their shared history as previous British colonies. However, since 1965, both Malaysia and Singapore have been independent from each other. It is interesting to investigate, some four decades post-independence, how different the English speech patterns of Malaysians and Singaporeans have become taking into account the different language planning policies undertaken by both countries. This paper compares one particular aspect of pronunciation, i.e. the vowel qualities and durations of both varieties. The formants of the vowels of the read speech of five male and five female speakers of Malaysian English (MalE) are compared to an equivalent sample of speakers of Singapore English (SgE) in order to compare the vowel qualities between the two varieties. In particular, we compare the vowel quadrilateral space of MalE in comparison with SgE. Vowel durations are also measured for vowels produced in citation forms only. It is found that SgE speakers did maintain some distinctions between the long/short vowel pairs in terms of duration while the MalE speakers tended to conflate the long/short vowel pairs durationally.
Contingency hedges in Dutch, French and English
Authors: Defrancq Bart , De Sutter Gert
Published: May 2010

This article reports on a detailed corpus-based and contrastive analysis of the syntactic, semantic and functional properties of English depend, French dépendre and Dutch afhangen, liggen and zien as markers of intersubjectivity. Based on three large-scale monolingual corpora of spoken English, French and Dutch, the results show that these intersubjectivity markers are semantically related to a conditional meaning of the verbs they are based on: viewpoints expressed or asked for in the preceding discourse are presented as valid only in particular circumstances. Furthermore, it is shown that the markers have undergone a process of decategorialisation, as they appear almost exclusively in third person present tense, and as the range of subjects that can be combined with these markers is more restricted than the non-intersubjective uses of these verbs. Finally, a detailed corpus analysis of the Dutch markers shows that their use is mainly determined by regional and functional parameters.
Language Planning for the “Other Jewish Languages” in Israel
Authors: Fishman Joshua A.
Published: May 2010

Although small budgets have recently been allocated to governmentally controlled “Authorities” for Yiddish and Ladino, both of these languages (as well as Judeo-Arabic and Judeo-Persian) suffer from a serious lack of well-prioritized efforts in accord with their specific language-planning needs. The ultra-orthodox Yiddish-speaking community is the only one among all of the “Jewish languages other than Hebrew” which has both a continually growing number of young speakers as well as demographically concentrated residential areas with neighborhood institutions (schools, synagogues) utilizing their own vernacular. The secular Yiddish sector is much richer in modern language-related institutional infrastructure and intelligentsia but is almost in total disarray insofar as demographic concentration of young speakers, schools with adequate instructional time and young institutional leadership are concerned. Ladino is even worse off, with respect to speakers and infrastructure, but has recently moved ahead noticeably due to prominent younger leaders with a rich agenda of important goals and projects. Judeo-Arabic and Judeo-Persian both suffer from a dire lack of language-focused intellectuals as well as the absence of a dominant spoken or written variety and are still regarded by their own speakers as dialects lacking in autonomy. None of the latter three languages/varieties has either a periodical press or book-production and the last two lack even courses, teachers or pedagogic materials appropriate for young students. The current insufficiency of funds and less-than-informed efforts on behalf of governmental authorities may lead to the early demise of most “other Jewish languages than Hebrew” in Israel, with the distinct exception of Yiddish in ultra-Orthodox circles.
The lady, the linguists, and the international language
Authors: Fettes Mark
Published: May 2010

Resumo

La sinjorino, la lingvistoj, kaj la internacia lingvo

De 1924 ĝis 1951, la novjorka International Auxiliary Language Association (internacia helplingva asocio) aŭspiciis ampleksan interlingvistikan esplorprogramon kun financa subteno de Alice Vanderbilt Morris. Komence la celo estis esplori la motivojn por elekto de unu internacia lingvo inter la ekzistantaj kandidatoj, inkluzive de Esperanto, Ido, kaj Latino sine flexione. Tamen, pro la influo de eminentaj usonaj kaj eŭropaj lingvistoj, precipe Edward Sapir kaj Otto Jespersen, la esplorprogramo reorientiĝis, unue al komparado de komunaj trajtoj de okcidentaj lingvoj, poste al la kreado de nova interlingvo, Interlingua. La artikolo pritraktas kelkajn el la ideologiaj tendencoj kondukintaj al tiu ŝanĝo, kaj ilian rilaton al aliaj marĝenaj tradicioj en la moderna usona lingvistiko.
Exploring the motivation jungle: Predicting performance on a novel task by investigating constructs from different motivation perspectives in tandem
Authors: Van Nuland Hanneke J. C. , Dusseldorp Elise , Martens Rob L. , Boekaerts Monique
Published: May 2010

Different theoretical viewpoints on motivation make it hard to decide which model has the best potential to provide valid predictions on classroom performance. This study was designed to explore motivation constructs derived from different motivation perspectives that predict performance on a novel task best. Motivation constructs from self‐determination theory, self‐regulation theory, and achievement goal theory were investigated in tandem. Performance was measured by systematicity (i.e. how systematically students worked on a problem‐solving task) and test score (i.e. score on a multiple‐choice test). Hierarchical regression analyses on data from 259 secondary school students showed a quadratic relation between a performance avoidance orientation and both performance outcomes, indicating that extreme high and low performance avoidance resulted in the lowest performance. Furthermore, two three‐way interaction effects were found. Intrinsic motivation seemed to play a key role in test score and systematicity performance, provided that effort regulation and metacognitive skills were both high. Results indicate that intrinsic motivation in itself is not enough to attain a good performance. Instead, a moderate score on performance avoidance, together with the ability to remain motivated and effectively regulate and control task behavior, is needed to attain a good performance. High time management skills also contributed to higher test score and systematicity performance and a low performance approach orientation contributed to higher systematicity performance. We concluded that self‐regulatory skills should be trained in order to have intrinsically motivated students perform well on novel tasks in the classroom.
A Study of Transsexuality in Iran
Authors: Javaheri Fatemeh
Published: May 2010

Although transsexuality and change of sex might be considered a matter of personal choice, they have some socio-cultural causes and consequences. This article aims to examine these through the illustration of transsexuality in Iran. To this end, firstly, sexual transition and the legal system in Iran will be explained. Secondly, the methodology will follow. This study uses the survey method with two separate samples: 1) transsexuality policy makers and 2) forty individual cases of transsexuals. The findings reveal that while the Iranian legal system does not ban transsexuality and sexual transition, transsexuals suffering from gender identity disorder do encounter some social and cultural problems both in their private lives and publicly. The paper concludes with a summary of research findings, and sets out recommendations and study limitations.
Factors Associated with Married Iranian Women's Contraceptive Use in Turku, Finland
Authors: Degni Filio , Ojanlatva Ansa , Essen Birgitta
Published: May 2010

Iranians are one of Finland's major immigrant groups. Like other asylum seekers in Finland, the Iranians brought with them their own cultural practices, attitudes and beliefs regarding marriage and family structure. The aim of this research was to study factors associated with married Iranian women's contraceptive use in Finland. A total of 120 married women with more than one child were interviewed in Turku, a costal city situated about 200km from Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The questionnaires gathered information about the respondents' socio-demographic status, knowledge and use of contraception, number of children, length of time in Finland, education level and other social characteristics. Our research shows that the social factors that are associated with the Iranian women's contraceptive use are mainly due to changes in their conditions of life and adaptation to the Finnish society.
Integrating mindfulness as self‐care into counselling and psychotherapy training
Authors: Christopher John Chambers , Maris Judy A.
Published: May 2010

Aim: Within the last 10 years, mindfulness has quickly moved into the mainstream of behavioural medicine, psychotherapy, and counselling. This article examines the potential of applying mindfulness practices to the training of counsellors and psychotherapists. Method: Several qualitative research projects conducted over the past nine years are summarised. Findings: Mindfulness training can enhance the physical and psychological wellbeing of trainees. Implications for training: Mindfulness training is a specific way that training programmes can teach students strategies of self‐care that can help prevent burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious traumatisation.
How trainees develop an initial theory of practice: A process model of tentative identifications
Authors: Fitzpatrick Marilyn R. , Kovalak Angela L. , Weaver Andrea
Published: May 2010

Aim: The increasing importance of integrative practice highlights the need to explore how trainees develop their theoretical stance. This investigation explored the experiences of trainees to elaborate a model of how they developed their personal theories of practice. Method: Seventeen Masters level trainee counsellors kept weekly journals recording how they developed a working theory of practice. Grounded theory analysis of the journals was used to develop a model of the process. Findings: The resulting Process Model of Tentative Identifications illustrates how a personal theory developed through trainees' tentative identifications with theories of practice, and how factors such as reading, personal philosophy, practice, and supervision interact to produce the identifications. A diagram of the model highlights the relationships among a variety of personal and professional factors that ranged from highly abstract to concrete and practice‐based. Discussion: The model is consistent with several factors identified in previous research and highlights how trainees develop working theories of practice.
Attitude toward the Ad: Its Influence in a Social Marketing Context
Authors: Marchand June
Published: May 2010

The testing of the MacKenzie, Lutz, and Belch models (1986) of the relationships among Aad, brand cognitions (COGb or t), attitudes (AFFb or t), and intentions (INTb or t) was extended to the nontraditional context of social advertising compared to consumer goods advertising and for low compared to highly involving topics (or products). The results indicate that Aad not only has a direct influence on AFFb or t, but also had an indirect influence via COGb or t within both a social context and a consumer goods context, either for low or highly involving topics or products. The impact of AFFb or t on AFFad is not significant in any of the 4 conditions. Implications for social marketing are given.
Genotyping of the prevalent Chlamydia trachomatis strains involved in cervical infections in women in Ahvaz, Iran
Authors: Beni Behrouz Taheri , Motamedi Hossein , Ardakani Mohammad Roayaei
Published: May 2010

To determine the prevalence of cervicalChlamydia trachomatisgenotypes in Iran for the first time and their association with three clinical symptoms/signs, i.e. abnormal vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain (LAP) and swab-induced bleeding, and patient age, 620 cervical specimens were obtained from women with symptomatic genital infection referred to gynaecological clinics and 108C. trachomatis-positive specimens were genotyped by directomp1gene PCR-RFLP analysis. Eight genotypes were identified. The most prevalent genotype was E (31.5 %), followed by F (23.1 %), D/Da (13 %), K (9.2 %), I (8.3 %), G (7.5 %), H (5.5 %) and J (1.9 %). For analysing the association ofC. trachomatisgenotypes with symptoms/signs and age,P-values were separately evaluated for genogroups and genotypes. The analysis of genogroups showed that women infected with genogroup F/G manifested the symptom of LAP significantly more often than those infected with the other genogroups (P=0.02), while the analysis of genotypes revealed that women infected with genotype F reported LAP slightly more often than women infected with the other genotypes (P=0.08). No significant correlation between genogroups and age was found; however, genotype E was somewhat less prevalent among women aged 25–34 years than among other age groups (P=0.08).
The 33 carboxyl-terminal residues of Spa40 orchestrate the multi-step assembly process of the type III secretion needle complex in Shigella flexneri
Authors: Botteaux Anne , Kayath Christian A. , Page Anne-Laure , Jouihri Nouredine , Sani Musa , Boekema Egbert , Biskri Latéfa , Parsot Claude , Allaoui Abdelmounaaïm
Published: May 2010

The type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) is a central virulence factor of many Gram-negative bacteria. Its overall morphology consists of a cytoplasmic region, inner- and outer-membrane sections and an extracellular needle. InShigella, the length of the needle is regulated by Spa32. To understand better the role of Spa32 we searched for its interacting partners using a two-hybrid screen in yeast. We found that Spa32 interacts with the 33 C-terminal residues (CC*) of Spa40, a member of the conserved FlhB/YscU family. Using a GST pull-down assay we confirmed this interaction and identified additional interactions between Spa40 and the type III secretion components Spa33, Spa47, MxiK, MxiN and MxiA. Inactivation ofspa40abolished protein secretion and led to needleless structures. Genetic and functional analyses were used to investigate the roles of residues L310 and V320, located within the CC* domain of Spa40, in the assembly of the T3SA. Spa40 cleavage, at the conserved NPTH motif, is required for assembly of the T3SA and for its interaction with Spa32, Spa33 and Spa47. In contrast, unprocessed forms of Spa40 interacted only with MxiA, MxiK and MxiN. Our data suggest that the conformation of the cytoplasmic domain of Spa40 defines the multi-step assembly process of the T3SA.
A genome-wide map of human genetic interactions inferred from radiation hybrid genotypes
Authors: Lin Andy , Wang Richard T. , Ahn Sangtae , Park Christopher C. , Smith Desmond J.
Published: May 2010

Using radiation hybrid genotyping data, 99% of all possible gene pairs across the mammalian genome were tested for interactions based on co-retention frequencies higher (attraction) or lower (repulsion) than chance. Gene interaction networks constructed from six independent data sets overlapped strongly. Combining the data sets resulted in a network of more than seven million interactions, almost all attractive. This network overlapped with protein–protein interaction networks on multiple measures and also confirmed the relationship between essentiality and centrality. In contrast to other biological networks, the radiation hybrid network did not show a scale-free distribution of connectivity but was Gaussian-like, suggesting a closer approach to saturation. The radiation hybrid (RH) network constitutes a platform for understanding the systems biology of the mammalian cell.
Misexpression of miR482, miR1512, and miR1515 Increases Soybean Nodulation
Authors: Li Hui , Deng Ying , Wu Tianlong , Subramanian Senthil , Yu Oliver
Published: May 2010

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of plant growth and development. Previously, we identified a group of conserved and novel miRNA families from soybean (Glycine max) roots. Many of these miRNAs are specifically induced during soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum interactions. Here, we examined the gene expression levels of six families of novel miRNAs and investigated their functions in nodule development. We used northern-blot analyses to study the tissue specificity and time course of miRNA expression. Transgenic expression of miR482, miR1512, and miR1515 led to significant increases of nodule numbers, while root length, lateral root density, and the number of nodule primordia were not altered in all tested miRNA lines. We also found differential expression of these miRNAs in nonnodulating and supernodulating soybean mutants. The expression levels of 22 predicted target genes regulated by six novel miRNAs were studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. These results suggested that miRNAs play important roles in soybean nodule development.
Genetic signatures in an invasive parasite of Anguilla anguilla correlate with differential stock management
Authors: Wielgoss S. , Hollandt F. , Wirth T. , Meyer A.
Published: May 2010

In this article, it is shown that available genetic tools for the omnipresent parasite Anguillicoloides crassus in European eels Anguilla anguilla are sensitive to different immigration rates into local A. anguilla stocks for two separated river systems. Relying on four highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, it was inferred that under natural recruitment, nematode samples meet Hardy–Weinberg expectations for a single panmictic population, while genetic signals show signs for a strong Wahlund effect most likely due to very recent population mixing under frequent restocking of young A. anguilla. This was indicated by a low but significant FST value among within‐host populations (infrapopulations) along with high inbreeding indices FIS consistent over all loci. The latter signal is shown to stem from high levels of admixture and the presence of first‐generation migrants, and alternative explanations such as marker‐ and sex‐specific biases in the nematode populations could be dismissed. Moreover, the slightly increased degree of relatedness within infrapopulations in the stocked river system cannot explain the excessive inbreeding values found and are most likely a direct consequence of recent influx of already infected fish harbouring parasites with different genetic signatures. Applying a simulation approach using known variables from the nematode's invasion history, only the artificial introduction of a Wahlund effect leads to a close match between simulated and real data, which is a strong argument for using the parasite as a biological tag for detecting and characterizing fish translocation.
Computer‐delivered interventions for alcohol and tobacco use: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Rooke Sally , Thorsteinsson Einar , Karpin Anne , Copeland Jan , Allsop David
Published: May 2010

Aims  To quantify the overall effectiveness of computer‐delivered interventions for alcohol and tobacco use.

Methods  Meta‐analysis of 42 effect sizes from randomized controlled trials, based on the responses of 10 632 individuals.

Results  The weighted average effect size (d) was 0.20, P < 0.001. While lower effect sizes were associated with studies addressing tobacco use (d = 0.14) this may well reflect differences in the types of outcome measure used. Effect sizes did not vary significantly as a function of treatment location, inclusion of entertaining elements, provision of normative feedback, availability of a discussion feature, number of treatment sessions, emphasis on relapse prevention, level of therapist involvement or follow‐up period.

Conclusion  Findings of the meta‐analysis suggest that minimal contact computer‐delivered treatments that can be accessed via the internet may represent a cost‐effective means of treating uncomplicated substance use and related problems.
Impact of the Rome II paediatric criteria on the appropriateness of the upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in children
Authors: Miele E. , Giannetti E. , Martinelli M. , Tramontano A. , Greco L. , Staiano A.
Published: May 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 582–590

Background  The demand for paediatric gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy has increased, resulting in a significant rise of overall costs.

Aim  To assess the clinical impact of the Rome II criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders when selecting paediatric patients who underwent GI endoscopy.

Methods  The indications and findings of GI endoscopic procedures performed before and after the publication of the Rome II criteria were evaluated retrospectively.

Results  Upper GI endoscopy was performed in 1124 children, whereas colonoscopy was performed in 500 subjects. A total of 607 (54%) oesophago‐gastro‐duodenoscopies (OGDs) were positive and 517 (46%) were negative, whereas 306 (61.1%) colonoscopies were positive and 194 (38.9%) were negative. Of the 1624 procedures, 26% were considered inappropriate according to the Rome II criteria. Inappropriate procedures decreased significantly after publication of the Rome II criteria (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.8–7.5). Of 1202 appropriate GI endoscopies, 502 OGD (62.7%) were significantly contributive, compared with only 105 (32.5%) of the 323 inappropriate procedures (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.6–4.6), whereas 265 (65.8%) colonoscopies were significantly contributive, compared with only 41 (42.3%) of the 97 inappropriate procedures (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6–4.1).

Conclusions  The use of the criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders makes a significant positive impact, they should reduce unnecessary paediatric GI endoscopy.
Tracheal intubation in daylight and in the dark: a randomised comparison of the Airway Scope®, Airtraq®, and Macintosh laryngoscope in a manikin
Authors: Ueshima H. , Asai T.
Published: May 2010

Fifteen anaesthetists attempted to intubate the trachea of a manikin lying supine on the ground using the Airway Scope®, Airtraq® or Macintosh laryngoscope in three simulated conditions: (1) in room light; (2) in the dark and (3) in daylight. The main outcome measure was the time to ventilate the lungs after successful intubation; the secondary outcome was the success rate of ventilation within 30 s. In room light and in the dark, ventilation after successful tracheal intubation could always be achieved within 30 s for all three devices. There were no clinically meaningful differences in time to ventilate between the three devices. In daylight, time to ventilate the lungs for the Airway Scope was significantly longer than for the Macintosh blade (p < 0.0001; 95% CI for difference 27.5–65.0 s) and for the Airtraq (p < 0.0001; 95% CI for difference 29.2–67.6 s). Ventilation was always successful for the Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes, but for the Airway Scope, only one of 15 participants could successfully ventilate the lungs (p < 0.0001). Therefore, the Airway Scope may have a role for tracheal intubation under room light or in darkness, but may not be so useful in daylight. In contrast, the Airtraq may have a role in both darkness and daylight.
The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus allows the induction of functional CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by rabbit anti-thymocyte globulins
Authors: Sewgobind V D K D , Van Der Laan L J W , Kho M M L , Kraaijeveld R , Korevaar S S , Mol W , Weimar W , Baan C C
Published: May 2010

Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulins (rATG) induce CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (FoxP3+) regulatory T cells that control alloreactivity. In the present study, we investigated whether rATG convert T cells into functional CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127−/low regulatory T cells in the presence of drugs that may hamper their induction and function, i.e. calcineurin inhibitors. CD25neg T cells were stimulated with rATG or control rabbit immunoglobulin G (rIgG) in the absence and presence of tacrolimus for 24 h. Flow cytometry was performed for CD4, CD25, FoxP3 and CD127 and the function of CD25+ T cells was examined in suppression assays. MRNA expression profiles were composed to study the underlying mechanisms. After stimulation, the percentage CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127−/low increased (from 2% to 30%, mean, P < 0·01) and was higher in the rATG samples than in control rIgG samples (2%, P < 0·01). Interestingly, FoxP3+T cells were also induced when tacrolimus was present in the rATG cultures. Blockade of the interleukin (IL)-2 pathway did not affect the frequency of rATG-induced FoxP3+ T cells. The rATG tacrolimus-induced CD25+ T cells inhibited proliferative responses of alloantigen-stimulated effector T cells as vigorously as rATG-induced and natural CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127−/low T cells (67% ± 18% versus 69% ± 16% versus 45% ± 20%, mean ± standard error of the mean, respectively). At the mRNA-expression level, rATG-induced CD25+ T cells abundantly expressed IL-10, IL-27, interferon (IFN)-γ, perforin and granzyme B in contrast to natural CD25+ T cells (all P = 0·03), while FoxP3 was expressed at a lower level (P = 0·03). These mRNA data were confirmed in regulatory T cells from kidney transplant patients. Our findings demonstrate that tacrolimus does not negatively affect the induction, phenotype and function of CD4+CD25+ T cells, suggesting that rATG may induce regulatory T cells in patients who receive tacrolimus maintenance therapy.