bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Émergence et registre d’action des associations pour le maintien de l’agriculture paysanne (AMAP) en périurbain : quel lien au territoire ?
Authors: Chometon Marianne
Published: October 2011

L’agriculture dans les espaces périurbains a une place paradoxale : elle est mise en difficulté par le processus d’urbanisation tout en étant garante des aménités qui suscitent l’attrait pour de nouveaux habitants pour les espaces en périphérie des villes. Au travers d’une étude de cas exploratoire, nous avons cherché à comprendre quel rôle joue le territoire dans le processus d’émergence des AMAP dans ces situations périurbaines et comment il s’en trouve transformé dans son organisation spatiale et sociale. L’étude du cas de l’AMAP des Cheires (Auvergne, France) montre que la reconnaissance du capital naturel comme ressource du territoire est un levier de l’action collective menée en vue de sa préservation. Le territoire local est d’abord l’objet des mécanismes de coordination entre les acteurs. Cependant, au fil du temps, les mobilisations collectives se pensent à une échelle plus globale. Les logiques d’action collective relèvent du “ militantisme pragmatique ” dans le sens où ces associations se font reconnaître en tant qu’acteur de l’agriculture au travers des actions concrètes qu’elles mettent en place.
Conflit et processus participatif d’un processus d’aménagement territorial : de la consultation publique au recours aux urnes
Authors: Doyon Mélanie
Published: October 2011

Cet article interroge la façon dont s’arbitre, à une échelle municipale, un conflit associé à l’usage des sols périurbains à travers un processus d’adoption de règlement d’aménagement pour le versant sud du mont Rigaud dans la municipalité de Sainte-Marthe, dans la région de Montréal. L’article cherche à mettre en lumière les différentes dimensions du conflit d’aménagement, qui se veut un chevauchement entre les dimensions substantielles, procédurales, structurelles et basées sur les incertitudes. Il permet de jeter un regard critique sur les processus participatifs et décisionnels de l’aménagement du territoire au Québec. Confronté aux limites inhérentes au contexte légal notamment au chapitre de la participation et l’accès aux processus décisionnels, un regroupement de citoyens se saisit des élections municipales afin d’obtenir la majorité du conseil municipal et finalement modifier les règlements adoptés par leurs prédécesseurs.
L’atelier « H » ou la représentation de l’adaptation dans l’élaboration du plan climat de Paris
Authors: Simonet Guillaume
Published: October 2011

L’adaptation aux changements climatiques est une dimension de plus en plus prise en compte dans le domaine aussi bien politique que scientifique, mais sa mise en pratique demeure encore parcellaire. Le cas se présente notamment en milieux urbains des pays riches qui présentent pourtant une forte vulnérabilité face aux aléas climatiques à travers leur densité de population et d’activités économiques. Le Plan Climat de Paris élaboré en 2006 par le biais d’une démarche participative comporte un chapitre sur l’adaptation réalisé à partir du compte-rendu final de l’atelier de travail responsable de traiter ce thème (atelier "H"). L’article présente les résultats de l’étude rétrospective effectuée auprès des organisateurs (municipal et privé) du Plan Climat, des observateurs et des participants présents à l’atelier "H", lesquels montrent la difficulté d’arriver à une représentation collective claire à la fois de la définition de l’adaptation et des enjeux que cela implique lors de sa mise en œuvre dans un milieu urbain comme Paris. Parmi les obstacles principaux à cette compréhension, on retrouve l’émergence de la prise de conscience face à la problématique des changements climatiques, l’ambiguïté sémantique du terme « adaptation » et le chevauchement des notions de mitigation et d’adaptation.
Autoreactive Tbet-Positive CD4 T Cells Develop Independent of Classic Th1 Cytokine Signaling during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Yeh Wen-I , McWilliams Ian L. , Harrington Laurie E.
Published: October 2011

Many autoimmune chronic inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis, are associated with the presence of Th1 and Th17 effector CD4 T cells. Paradoxically, the principal Th1 cytokine IFN-γ does not appear necessary for disease, but the key Th1-associated transcription factor Tbet has been reported to be essential for disease development. This conundrum propelled us to investigate the regulation of this transcription factor during autoimmunity. Following the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we observed a preferential upregulation of Tbet by CD4 T cells within the CNS, but not the secondary lymphoid organs. These Tbet-positive CD4 T cells were capable of producing the cytokine IFN-γ, and a proportion of these cells produced both IFN-γ and IL-17A. Interestingly, these Tbet-positive cells were present in high frequencies during disease in IFN-γ–deficient mice. Moreover, we found that CD4 T cells from IFN-γ–deficient/IFN-γ reporter mice upregulated the Thy1.1 reporter, indicating the presence of Th1 or Th1-like, Tbet-positive CD4 T cells even in the absence of the cardinal Th1 cytokine IFN-γ. These IFN-γ–deficient Th1-like cells not only maintain multiple Th1 properties but also exhibit increased expression of genes associated with the Th17 phenotype. We further examined the requirement of other Th1-associated molecules in controlling Tbet expression during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and noted that STAT1, IL-12, and IFN-γ were dispensable for the induction of Tbet in vivo. Hence, this study highlights the complex regulation of Tbet and the potential unrecognized role for Th1 cells during autoimmunity.
Epidermal CCR6+ γδ T Cells Are Major Producers of IL-22 and IL-17 in a Murine Model of Psoriasiform Dermatitis
Authors: Mabuchi Tomotaka , Takekoshi Tomonori , Hwang Sam T.
Published: October 2011

Cytokine components of Th17 pathway play vital roles in human psoriasis. Although much is known about TCR αβ T cells in psoriasis, the role of unconventional T cells, including γδ T cells, is unclear. In this study, using an IL-23 skin injection model of psoriasiform dermatitis in mice, we demonstrate that IL-22, IL-17A, and the IL-23R were highly enriched in a population of CCR6+, TCR γδ-low expressing (GDL) T cells that accumulated in the epidermis after IL-23 injections. GDL cells were distinct from resident TCR γδ-high, Vγ3+,CCR6− T cells in the epidermis that did not change appreciably in numbers following IL-23 injection. Large numbers of CCR6+ cells were detected at or above the level of the epidermal basement membrane by confocal microscopy 5 d after repeated IL-23 injections at the same time GDL cells increased in numbers in the epidermis. TCR δ-deficient mice (lacking γδ T cells) exhibited decreased ear swelling and downregulated expression of IL-22 and IL-17A in the epidermis following IL-23 injection. Our data suggest that a subset of γδ T cells play a critical role in IL-23–mediated psoriasiform dermatitis.
Towards the improvement of cloud microphysical retrievals using simultaneous Doppler and polarimetric radar measurements
Authors: Dufournet Y. , Russchenberg H. W. J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Radar-based retrievals are often employed to characterize the microphysical properties of cloud hydrometeors, i.e. their phases, habits, densities as well as their respective size and orientation distributions. These techniques are based on a synergetic use of different cloud observation sensor(s) and microphysical model(s) where the information extracted from both sensors and models is combined and converted into microphysical cloud properties. However, the amount of available information is often limited, which forces current microphysical retrieval techniques to base their algorithms on several microphysical assumptions which affect the retrieval accuracy. By simultaneously combining Doppler and polarimetric measurements obtained from fully Doppler polarimetric radars, it is possible to create spectral polarimetric parameters. Although these parameters are easily contaminated with unwanted echoes, this work shows that, from a correct radar signal processing based on filtering and averaging techniques, spectral polarimetric parameters can be correlated to microphysical cloud properties. In particular, preliminary results suggest that particle orientations and habits can be determined from the sole use of such spectral polarimetric parameters. Therefore, such additional spectral polarimetric information offers an opportunity to improve current microphysical retrievals by reducing the number of microphysical assumptions in them.
Improving evapotranspiration in land surface models by using biophysical parameters derived from MSG/SEVIRI satellite
Authors: Ghilain N. , Arboleda A. , Sepulcre-Cantò G. , Batelaan O. , Ardö J. , Gellens-Meulenberghs F.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Vegetation parameters derived from the geostationary satellite MSG/SEVIRI have been distributed at a daily frequency since 2007 over Europe, Africa and part of South America, through the LSA-SAF facility. We propose here a method to handle two new remote sensing products from LSA-SAF, leaf area index and Fractional Vegetation Cover, noted LAI and FVC respectively, for land surface models at MSG/SEVIRI scale. The developed method relies on an ordinary least-square technique and a land cover map to estimate LAI for each model plant functional types of the model spatial unit. The method is conceived to be applicable for near-real time applications at continental scale. Compared to monthly vegetation parameters from a vegetation database commonly used in numerical weather predictions (ECOCLIMAP-I), the new remote sensing products allows a better monitoring of the spatial and temporal variability of the vegetation, including inter-annual signals, and a decreased uncertainty on LAI to be input into land surface models. We assess the impact of using LSA-SAF vegetation parameters compared to ECOCLIMAP-I in the land surface model H-TESSEL at MSG/SEVIRI scale. Comparison with in-situ observations in Europe and Africa shows that the results on evapotranspiration are mostly improved, and especially in semi-arid climates. At last, the use of LSA-SAF and ECOCLIMAP-I is compared with simulations over a North-South Transect in Western Africa using LSA-SAF radiation forcing derived from remote sensing, and differences are highlighted.
Demographic concepts and research pertaining to the study of wild primate populations
Authors: Lawler Richard R.
Published: October 2011

Demography is the study of individuals as members of a population. The dynamics of a population are determined by collectively analyzing individual schedules of survival, growth, and reproduction. Together, these schedules are known as the vital rates of the population. The vital rates, along with dispersal, contribute to population structure, which refers to how the population is organized by age, sex, density, and social groups. I briefly review the history of anthropological demography as it pertains to wild primates and then I discuss basic demographic concepts and approaches for studying wild primate populations. I then turn to demographic studies of wild primate demography. Primates are generally characterized by high adult survival probabilities relative to survival at other age/stage classes and most primate populations have population growth rates near equilibrium. Changes in adult survival have the greatest impact on population growth rate (i.e., fitness) relative to other demographic traits such as juvenile/yearling survival or age at first reproduction. I discuss how these demographic patterns, and others, connect to topics and issues in behavioral ecology, life history theory, population genetics, and conservation biology. These connections help reaffirm the fact that the vital rates are both targets and agents of evolutionary change. In this regard, demographic studies of wild primates provide a critical link between the proximate socioecological processes that operate in a species and the long‐term phylogenetic patterns that characterize a species. Yrbk Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Pyridinyl‐Pyrrolidones: A Pharmacophore Hybrid Approach
Authors: Siddiqui Nadeem , Ahsan Waquar , Alam M. Shamsher , Ali Ruhi , Srivastava Kamna
Published: October 2011

Various 1‐[6‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐3‐cyano‐4‐(substituted phenyl)‐pyridin‐2‐yl]‐5‐oxopyrrolidine‐3‐carboxylic acids (3a–t) were designed and synthesized by clubbing pyrrolidinones and pyridines, the two active anticonvulsant pharmacophores. All the synthesized compounds fulfilled the requirements of suggested pharmacophoric model for anticonvulsant activity. Their in vivo anticonvulsant evaluation was performed by maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) tests. The minimal motor impairment was assessed by rotorod test and the estimation of various liver enzymes was performed to check the magnitude of liver toxicity posed by the synthesized compounds. Compounds 3d and 3k displayed comparable anticonvulsant activity to the standard drugs with ED50 values of 13.4 and 18.6 mg/kg in electroshock screen, repectively. The compounds 3d and 3k were also found to have encouraging anticonvulsant activity (ED50 = 86.1 and 271.6 mg/kg, respectively) in scPTZ screen. Interestingly, they did not show any sign of motor impairment at the maximum dose administered and were not toxic to the liver.
Metal Oxidation with N2O5: The Nitrosylium Nitrates (NO)Cu(NO3)3, (NO)2[Zn­(NO3)4] and (NO)6[Ni4(NO3)12](NO3)2·(HNO3)
Authors: Gagelmann Steffen , Rieß Katja , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: October 2011

The oxidation of copper, zinc and nickel by N2O5 led, respectively, to turquoise‐coloured single crystals of (NO)Cu(NO3)3 [monoclinic, P21/m, Z = 2, a = 465.90(5), b = 1111.7(1), c = 700.7(1) pm, β = 100.70(2)°, wR2 = 0.0566], light‐yellow single crystals of (NO)2[Zn(NO3)4] [orthorhombic, Fdd2, Z = 8, a = 1522.8(2), b = 2346.4(3), c = 596.18(7) pm, wR2 = 0.0452] and green single crystals of (NO)6[Ni4(NO3)12](NO3)2·(HNO3) [orthorhombic, P212121, Z = 4, a = 1167.68(4), b = 1791.97(6), c = 1834.11(6) pm, wR2 = 0.0762]. In (NO)Cu(NO3)3, the Cu2+ ion is coordinated by six oxygen atoms of monodentatenitrate groups in the form of a tetragonal distorted octahedron. The nitrate groups are connected to further copper ions leading to a two‐dimensional network. In contrast, in (NO)2[Zn(NO3)4], the nitrate anions are coordinated to only one Zn2+, ion and the coordination polyhedron is a distorted octahedron. The complex nitrate (NO)6[Ni4(NO3)12](NO3)2·(HNO3) exhibits anionic ribbon chains according to ∞1{[Ni(NO3)1/1(NO3)4/2]}22– with octahedrally coordinated Ni2+ ions as well as non‐coordinating nitrate ions and HNO3 molecules. The thermal decomposition of the copper and zinc nitrates are multistep processes and lead to a mixture of Cu and Cu2O in the case of the copper compound and to ZnO for the zinc complex.
Development of a Simple and Fast Electrochemical Method to Evaluate Physical Stress in Athletes
Authors: Bezerra da Silva Rodrigo Amorim , Rodrigues Cunha Rafael , Coelho da Silva Abílio Tomaz , Bessa de Oliveira Artur Luis , Salmen Espindola Foued , Abarza Munoz Rodrigo Alejandro , Richter Eduardo Mathias
Published: October 2011

This work describes a simple and fast electrochemical method to evaluate the level of physical stress in athletes by monitoring total proteins in saliva. The proposed system is based on FIA with multiple pulse amperometric detection (FIA/MPA) using gold as the working electrode and 0.1 mol L−1 NaOH as the unique reagent. The proposed method is economical, fast (110 injections per hour) and allows the analysis of a small amount of saliva (∼32 µL) with no sample treatment (just dilution). The results obtained by FIA/MPA were compared with the reference spectrophotometric method (Bradford) and a good agreement was found (r=0.967; p<0.05). In order to investigate a portable system to determinate physical stress, the electrodes were adapted to a batch injection analysis system (BIA) and the current signals of total proteins in saliva were obtained, similar to FIA.
Human factors and ergonomics in patient safety curriculum
Authors: Williams Linda , Watts Bradley V. , McKnight Scott , Bagian James P.
Published: October 2011

The importance of teaching human factors and ergonomics (HFE) and patient safety is registered in two compelling facts: 1) the numbers of physicians who train in VA hospitals and 2) in the need for hospitals to function as highly reliable organizations. In the United States, more than half of the physicians‐in‐training do at least part of their medical school and residency training at veterans' health care facilities. Health care currently does not measure up to other high‐reliability organizations. By providing a HFE‐based patient safety curriculum, we hope to improve patient safety at the frontlines. We see the lasting benefit as residency programs that produce physicians who are competent, patient safety problem solvers throughout their careers who will assist health care organizations to become highly reliable. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Four years' experience with a hospitalist‐led medical emergency team: An interrupted time series
Authors: Rothberg Michael B. , Belforti Raquel , Fitzgerald Janice , Friderici Jennifer , Keyes Marjorie
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

The effect of Medical Emergency Teams (METs) on cardiopulmonary arrests (codes) and fatal codes remains unclear and widely debated.

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the implementation of a hospitalist‐led MET and compare the number of code calls and code deaths before and after implementation.

DESIGN:

Interrupted time series.

SETTING:

Tertiary care academic medical center.

PATIENTS:

All hospitalized patients.

INTERVENTION:

Implementation of an MET, consisting of a critical care nurse, respiratory therapist, intravenous therapist, and the patient's physician.

MEASUREMENTS:

Number of MET calls, code calls, cardiac arrests and other medical crises, and code deaths per 1000 admissions, stratified by location (inside vs outside critical care).

RESULTS:

From implementation in March 2006 through December 2009, the MET logged 2717 calls, most commonly for respiratory distress (33%), cardiovascular instability (25%), and neurological abnormality (20%). Overall code calls declined significantly between pre‐implementation and post‐implementation of the MET from 7.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.81, 9.16) to 4.21 (95% CI 3.42, 5.18) code calls per 1000 admissions. Outside of critical care, code calls declined from 4.70 (95% CI 3.92, 5.63) before the MET was implemented to 3.11 (95% CI 2.44, 3.97) afterwards, primarily due to a decrease in medical crises, which averaged 3.29 events per 1000 admissions (95% CI 2.70, 4.02) before implementation and decreased to 1.72 (95% CI 1.28, 2.31) afterwards. Code calls within critical care also declined. The rate of fatal codes was not affected.

CONCLUSIONS:

A hospitalist‐led MET decreased code call rates but did not affect mortality rates. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Cross‐validation of MR elastography and ultrasound transient elastography in liver stiffness measurement: discrepancy in the results of cirrhotic liver
Authors: Motosugi Utaroh , Ichikawa Tomoaki , Amemiya Fumitake , Sou Hironobu , Sano Katsuhiro , Muhi Ali , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Araki Tsutomu
Published: October 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate individual differences in liver stiffness measurement using both MR elastography (MRE) and ultrasound transient elastography (UTE) in patients with chronic liver disease.

Materials and Methods:

This study included 80 patients with chronic liver disease who underwent both UTE and MRE. MRE and UTE were performed using a pneumatic driver (60 Hz) and an ultrasound probe with a vibrator (50 Hz), respectively. Liver stiffness data measured using the two techniques (μUTE and μMRE) were compared with respect to shear modulus. The patients were subdivided into four quartiles on the basis of average of the μUTE and μMRE values for each patient.

Results:

The analysis of the 4 quartile groups revealed that μUTE was significantly higher than μMRE in the two most stiff liver groups: μUTE versus μMRE, 7.5 (1.2) versus 6.0 (0.72) kPa for the group with [μUTE + μMRE]/2 of 5.6–8.0 kPa; 15.1(4.2) versus 6.7 (1.4) kPa for the group with >8.0 kPa. However, in the least stiff liver group (i.e., the group with [μUTE + μMRE]/2 < 3.2 kPa), μUTE was significantly lower than μMRE.

Conclusion:

The shear modulus measured by UTE and MRE are not equivalent, especially in patients with stiff livers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:607‐610. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grafting of silica with a hydrophilic triol acrylamide polymer via surface‐initiated “grafting from” method for hydrophilic‐interaction chromatography
Authors: Peng Xi‐Tian , Yuan Bi‐Feng , Feng Yu‐Qi
Published: October 2011

A novel hydrophilic polymer‐coated silica sorbent has been prepared using the radical “grafting from” polymerization method through surface‐bound azo initiators for hydrophilic‐interaction chromatography (HILIC). The azo groups were introduced to the surface of silica gel through the reaction with amino groups on the surface of silica gel with 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanopentanoic acid chloride) (ACVC). The resultant azo‐immobilized silica gel served as surface initiator to polymerize hydrophilic triol acrylamide monomer N‐acryloyltris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (NA) in methanol to get hydrophilic polymer‐coated silica sorbent. The obtained poly(NA)‐coated silica (pNA‐sil) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), elemental analysis (EA), and nitrogen sorption porosimetry (NSP). Then the pNA‐sil was packed into the stainless‐steel column and evaluated in high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Good chromatographic performance for the separation of peptides and nucleosides was obtained under HILIC mode. The results indicated that the pNA‐sil stationary phase behaved as mixed‐mode retention mechanisms of hydrophilic and ionic interactions. Furthermore, the pNA‐sil phase was used to separate tryptic digest of β‐casein and our results showed that more than 12 peptides peaks were resolved and well distributed within the elution window. Finally, the pNA‐sil stationary phase was demonstrated to possess remarkable reproducibility and stability. Taken together, the pNA‐sil stationary phase prepared in the current study offers a potential application in proteomics study.
Determination of carbohydrates in Folium Lysium Chinensis using capillary electrophoresis combined with far‐infrared light irradiation‐assisted extraction
Authors: Fu Yuejiao , Zhang Luyan , Chen Gang
Published: October 2011

In this work, a method based on capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection and far‐infrared‐assisted extraction has been developed for the determination of mannitol, sucrose, glucose and fructose in Folium Lysium Chinensis, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. The water‐soluble constituents in the herbal drug were extracted with double distilled water with the assistance of far‐infrared radiations. The effects of detection potential, irradiation time, and the voltage applied on the infrared generator were investigated to acquire the optimum analysis conditions. The detection electrode was a 300‐μm‐diameter copper disk electrode at a detection potential of +0.65 V. The four carbohydrates could be well separated within 18 min in a 50‐cm length fused‐silica capillary at a separation voltage of 9 kV in a 50‐mM NaOH aqueous solution. The relation between peak current and analyte concentration was linear over about three orders of magnitude with detection limits (S/N=3) ranging from 0.66 to 1.15 μM for all analytes. The results indicated that far infrared significantly enhanced the extraction efficiency of the carbohydrates in Folium Lysium Chinensis. The extraction time was significantly reduced to 7 min compared with several hours for conventional hot solvent extraction.
A simple explicit–implicit finite element tearing and interconnecting transient analysis algorithm
Authors: González José A. , Park K.C.
Published: October 2011

A simple explicit–implicit finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI) algorithm (AFETI‐EI algorithm) is presented for partitioned transient analysis of linear structural systems. The present algorithm employs two decompositions. First, the total system is partitioned via spatial or domain decomposition to obtain the governing equations of motions for each partitioned domain. Second, for each partitioned subsystem, the governing equations are modally decomposed into the rigid‐body and deformational equations. The resulting rigid‐body equations are integrated by an explicit integrator, for its stability is not affected by step‐size restriction on account of zero‐frequency contents (ω  =  0). The modally decomposed partitioned deformation equations of motion are integrated by an unconditionally stable implicit integration algorithm. It is shown that the present AFETI‐EI algorithm exhibits unconditional stability and that the resulting interface problem possesses the same solution matrix profile as the basic FETI static problems. The present simple dynamic algorithm, as expected, falls short of the performance of the FETI‐DP but offers a similar performance of implicit two‐level FETI‐D algorithm with a much cheaper coarse solver; hence, its simplicity may offer relatively easy means for conducting parallel analysis of both static and dynamic problems by employing the same basic scalable FETI solver, especially for research‐mode numerical experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed H2/H∞ robust output feedback sliding mode control
Authors: Juma Bader , Werner Herbert
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an output feedback sliding mode control scheme for uncertain dynamical systems. The design problem is solved in two steps, involving first a state feedback and then an output feedback problem. First, using the null space dynamics, the sliding surface for the unmatched uncertainty is designed. Then, by tuning the sliding surface, a robust controller is constructed for the whole uncertainty; this problem takes the form of static‐output feedback. Based on this, a dynamic output feedback controller for the system augmented with the sliding surface is designed. The synthesis involves the solution of an Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) and Bilinear Matrix Inequality (BMI) problem; the BMI problem is solved iteratively. The proposed approach is illustrated by applying it to a well‐known robust benchmark problem and also experimentally on a spring mass system with variable stiffness. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms previous approaches in terms of robust performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly fluorinated poly(ether‐imide)s derived from 2,2′‐bis(3,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether and aromatic dianhydrides
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Sadeghi‐abendansari Hamid
Published: October 2011

A new diamine, 2,2′‐bis(3,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (FPAPE) was synthesized through the Suzuki coupling reaction of 2,2′‐diiodo‐4,4′‐dinitrodiphenyl ether with 3,4,5‐trifluorophenylboronic acid to produce 2,2′‐bis(3,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)‐4,4′‐dinitrodiphenyl ether (FPNPE), followed by palladium‐catalyzed hydrazine reduction of FPNPE. FPAPE was then utilized to prepare a novel class of highly fluorinated all‐aromatic poly(ether‐imide)s. The chemical structure of the resulting polymers is well confirmed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods. Limiting viscosity numbers of the polymer solutions at 25 °C were measured through the extrapolation of the concentrations used to zero. Mn and Mw of these polymers were about 10 000 and 25 000 g mol−1, respectively. The polymers showed a good film‐forming ability, and some characteristics of their thin films including color and flexibility were investigated qualitatively. An excellent solubility in polar organic solvents was observed. X‐ray diffraction measurements showed that the fluoro‐containing polymers have a nearly amorphous nature. The resulting polymers had Tg values higher than 340 °C and were thermally stable, with 10% weight loss temperatures being recorded above 550 °C. Based on the results obtained, FPAPE can be considered as a promising design to prepare the related high performance polymeric materials. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure and optical properties of silicon layers with GaSb nanocrystals created by ion‐beam synthesis
Authors: Komarov F. , Vlasukova L. , Milchanin O. , Mudryi A. , Dunets B. , Wesch W. , Wendler E.
Published: October 2011

We have studied the ion‐beam synthesis of GaSb nanocrystals in Si by high‐fluence implantation of Sb and Ga ions followed by thermal annealing. RBS, TEM/TED, RS, and photoluminescence (PL) were employed to characterize the implanted layers. It was found that the nanocrystals size increases from 5 to 60 nm in the samples annealed at 900 °C up to 20–90 nm in the samples annealed at 1100 °C. An existence of significant mechanical stresses within implanted layers has been detected. The stress values have been calculated from the shift of the Si first order Raman band. For the samples annealed at 900 °C a broad band in the spectral region of about 0.75–1.05 eV is detected in the PL spectra. The nature of this PL band is discussed.
Effects of Doppler spread on adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing channel capacity employing diversity in multipath environments
Authors: Le Khoa N. , Dabke Kishor P.
Published: October 2011

This paper derives the capacity of a fading channel with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission employing diversity techniques and adaptive policies in Rayleigh fading environments. The effects of Doppler shift fd on channel capacity are analysed. The main contribution of this work is to model intercarrier interference as a function of fd and symbol duration Ts. Two diversity techniques are considered (i) maximal ratio combining (MRC) and (ii) selective combining (SC). Three adaptive policies are combined with MRC and SC to estimate the following channel capacity: (i) optimal rate adaptive; (ii) optimal power and rate adaptive; and (iii) channel inversion with fixed rate adaptive. Closed‐form expressions and bounds on channel capacity employing different diversity techniques are derived. Simulation results are given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble expression of recombinant human CD137 ligand in Escherichia coli by co-expression of chaperones
Authors: Wang Shuzhen , Tan Aimin , Lv Junfang , Wang Peng , Yin Xiaojin , Chen Yijun
Published: October 2011

CD137 ligand (CD137L) is a member of the tumor-necrosis factor superfamily that binds CD137 to provide positive co-stimulatory signals for T cells activation. Co-stimulation through CD137/CD137L has become one of the promising approaches for cancer therapy. Previous reports have shown that CD137L expressed in Escherichia coli resulted in inclusion bodies or low yield. In this study, the effects of five different chaperone teams on the soluble expression of recombinant human CD137L protein were explored and analyzed. The poor expression of CD137L in the cytoplasm of E. coli was improved significantly by co-expression of chaperone GroES-GroEL-Tf. After dual induction and affinity chromatography, purified recombinant CD137L was obtained at a yield of 3 mg protein per liter with purity greater than 98% from original undetectable level. Additionally, the purified recombinant CD137L could bind CD137-positive cells in a dose-dependent manner, markedly promote the growth of activated mice T cells, and elevate the release of IL-2. The present work provides an effective system for soluble expression of functional human co-stimulatory molecule CD137L, which will facilitate the clinical developments of recombinant protein drugs.
An XRI naming system for dynamic and federated clouds: a performance analysis
Authors: Celesti Antonio , Villari Massimo , Puliafito Antonio
Published: October 2011

Cloud platforms are dynamic, self-optimizing, continuously changing environments where resources can be composed with other ones in order to provide many types of services to their users, e.g., companies, governments, organizations, and desktop/mobile clients. In order to enable cloud platforms to manage and control their assets, they need to name, identify, and resolve their virtual resources in different operating contexts. In such a scenario, naming, resource location, and information retrieval raise several issues regarding name space management. This paper aims to propose a standard practice for the implementation of a cloud naming system based on the eXtensible Resource Identifier (XRI) technology. More specifically, by means of the development of a Cloud Name Space Management (CNSM) front-end interacting with the OpenXRI architecture, we investigate its performance simulating typical cloud name space management tasks.
Just the facts, and only the facts, about human rationality?
Authors: Foss Jeffrey
Published: October 2011

Elqayam & Evans' (E&E's) laudable program to keep the scientific investigation of human reasoning norm-free and focused on the facts alone is an essential part of a long tradition in the philosophy of science – but it faces deeper difficulties than the authors seem to realize, since reasoning is a competence, and the very concept of competence is normative.
Throwing the normative baby out with the prescriptivist bathwater
Authors: Achourioti Theodora , Fugard Andrew , Stenning Keith
Published: October 2011

It is neither desirable nor possible to eliminate normative concerns from the psychology of reasoning. Norms define the most fundamental psychological questions: What are people trying to do, and how? Even if no one system of reasoning can be the norm, pure descriptivism is as undesirable and unobtainable in the psychology of reasoning as elsewhere in science.
Competence, reflective equilibrium, and dual-system theories
Authors: Buckwalter Wesley , Stich Stephen
Published: October 2011

A critique of inferences from “is” to “ought” plays a central role in Elqayam & Evans' (E&E's) defense of descriptivism. However, the reflective equilibrium strategy described by Goodman and embraced by Rawls, Cohen, and many others poses an important challenge to that critique. Dual-system theories may help respond to that challenge.
Normativism versus mechanism
Authors: Thompson Valerie A.
Published: October 2011

Using normative correctness as a diagnostic tool reduces the outcome of complex cognitive functions to a binary classification (normative or non-normative). It also focuses attention on outcomes, rather than processes, impeding the development of good cognitive theories. Given that both normative and non-normative responses may be produced by the same process, normativity is a poor indicator of underlying processes.
Probability theory and perception of randomness: Bridging “ought” and “is”
Authors: Sun Yanlong , Wang Hongbin
Published: October 2011

We argue that approaches adhering to normative systems can be as fruitful as those by descriptive systems. In measuring people's perception of randomness, discrepancies between human behavior and normative models could have resulted from unknown properties of the models, and it does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that people are irrational or that the normative system has to be abandoned.
Ergodic optimization of super-continuous functions on shift spaces
Authors: QUAS ANTHONY , SIEFKEN JASON
Published: October 2011

Ergodic optimization is the process of finding invariant probability measures that maximize the integral of a given function. It has been conjectured that ‘most’ functions are optimized by measures supported on a periodic orbit, and it has been proved in several separable spaces that an open and dense subset of functions is optimized by measures supported on a periodic orbit. All known positive results have been for separable spaces. We give in this paper the first positive result for a non-separable space, the space of super-continuous functions on the full shift, where the set of functions optimized by periodic orbit measures contains an open dense subset.
Justice and authority in the global order
Authors: NARDIN TERRY
Published: October 2011

The global justice debate has largely ignored law. But that debate presupposes a legal order within which principles of justice could be implemented. Paying attention to law alters our understanding of global justice by requiring us to distinguish principles that are properly prescribed and enforced within a legal order from those that are not. Given that theories of global governance depreciate law and that cosmopolitan and confederal theories are utopian, the most promising context for a realistic global justice discourse is one that is focused on strengthening, not transcending, the international legal order.
International law and the limits of global justice
Authors: MECKLED-GARCIA SALADIN
Published: October 2011

There are two central theses to this article, the first is that a special kind of governance authority is needed for principles of distributive social justice (‘social justice’ from now on) to be applicable to any sphere of human action. The second is that international law does not and cannot represent that kind of governance authority. It is not ‘social justice-apt’, in my terminology. This is due to the limits inherent in the statist character of international law, a character that underlies the point and purpose of international law in the first place. Putting these together, one can conclude that international law cannot be used to govern the global order according to those principles of social justice that liberal theorists typically defend in the domestic context. This shows that if the cosmopolitan project of extending social justice to the global arena does not find an alternative form of governance for the international order (the problem of ‘cosmopolitan coordination’) it ceases to be a viable project.
Informing new string programmes: Lessons learned from an Australian experience
Authors: Murphy Fintan , Rickard Nikki , Gill Anneliese , Grimmett Helen
Published: October 2011

Although there are many examples of notable string programmes there has been relatively little comparative analysis of these programmes. This paper examines three benchmark string programmes (The University of Illinois String Project, The Tower Hamlets String Teaching Project and Colourstrings) alongside Music4All, an innovative string programme run over three years in five primary schools in regional Australia. The paper discusses difficulties encountered in the Australian experience and gives recommendations for future programmes including allowing adequate time and resources for the planning phase and the importance of ongoing professional development for staff.
Some issues in formal music education in Nigeria: A case study of Kwara State
Authors: Emielu Austin
Published: October 2011

Every educational system has its goals and objectives, curricula and modes of implementation. There is however the need for periodic assessment and evaluation. Specifically, this research paper sets out to evaluate the success or otherwise of the music education delivery system in Kwara state of Nigeria and its implications for the goals of music education in Nigeria. Data were gathered primarily from field situations using empirical and deductive methodologies and secondarily from government publications and other publications related to the subject matter. The paper observes that the noble idea of bi-musicality, a concept that stresses musical literacy in both one's own culture and that of the West is hampered by lopsidedness, crisis of perspectives and inadequate resource materials and persons. There is also a structural defect in the vertical relationship between the various levels of music education in the state. The paper further identifies public perception of music as a Christian subject as one of the obstacles to an effective music education delivery system in Nigeria. The paper concludes that until significant musical theories and conceptual approaches emerge from extensive fieldwork into Nigeria's diverse musical cultures, it will be difficult to develop and sustain an authentic and functional music education framework in Nigeria.
A Method for Scheduling Receiver Tasks Based on Maximum Allowed Execution Time Dichotomy Search
Authors: Wu Wei , Ni Shao-jie , Wang Fei-xue
Published: October 2011

In designing and developing navigation receiver embedded software, the correct scheduling of navigation tasks is critical for ensuring that a receiver works in the right way. If a receiver's timing scheduling becomes abnormal, it may lead to timing conflicts of the multi-tasking navigation receiver, which may seriously influence the system's performance of real-time features and functionalities. This paper models the timing scheduling of navigation receivers by extracting all important timing parameters including the execution time, period, deadline and priority etc., and focusing on the execution time. The maximum execution time of a navigation task relies on the design and implementation algorithms and the computing capability of the processor. The execution time parameter can be properly adjusted in receiver software design or even in the phase of the receiver requirement changes. On the other hand, the other parameters (i.e., the period, deadline and priority) mainly depend on the receiver's technical requirements, and usually these parameters are set to constant values. In this research, a novel off-line method based on the maximum allowed execution time dichotomy optimization is proposed, and the equilibrium rule is proposed to apply to the multi-task maximum allowed execution time dichotomy search and an analysis of time series of those parameters obtained from real observations of receiver tasks was also conducted. Results indicate that the relative equilibrium is more suitable to the multi-task scheduling of receiver navigation, compared to the absolute equilibrium. The proposed method provides a fast off-line scheduling approach for the top level task design of navigation receivers, and remarkably improves the development efficiency of receiver embedded software.
Why Wagner? A Response to Robert Zieger
Authors: Gordon Colin
Published: October 2011

Robert Zieger's “Historians and the U.S. Industrial Relations Regime” offers both a crisp historiographical survey of the field and a thoughtful agenda for further research. Iagree with much of what he has to say, particularly concerning our fascination with the first fifteen yearsof modern labor policy (running from the early New Deal through the Taft-Hartley Act) and our relative neglect of the postwar era. Having said this, I want to turn our attention back to 1935, in part because the Wagner Act is such an important and defining moment, and in part becauseZieger casually dismisses critical interpretations of the Wagner Act's passage and logic as “ahistorical” or “ideologically-driven speculations.” As one whose scholarship is caricatured in this way, I appreciate the opportunity to respond.
Politics, Power, and Problems: Perspectives on Writing Policy History
Authors: Achenbaum W. Andrew
Published: October 2011

Twenty-five years ago H. Stuart Hughes observed that “the study of history is entering a period of rapid change and advance such as characterized the science of physics in the first three decades of the twentieth century.” Amid such ferment, he believed, professional historians could become more “scientific” in stating their assumptions and executing their analysis without sacrificing an “aesthetic” style of discourse. Professor Hughes correctly predicted the professional excitement and intellectual controversy unleashed since the mid-1960s, but he underestimated the extent to which historians’ relative standing in the academy would be adversely affected by external and internal developments. Other social sciences attracted more students, tenure lines, and grant support; they had more success in formalizing their investigations. Many humanistic endeavors (including historical inquiries), critics charge, have concurrently become inscrutable. Historians themselves have expressed serious concern about the future of their discipline. With the Balkanization of knowledge, with a growing number of subfields and specialized journals, historical synthesis seems more and more to be an elusive goal. The current debate over how to “(re)present the past” goes far beyond disputes over approach, style, or ideology.
Comment on Charles Sellers's The Market Revolution and William Gienapp's “The Myth of Class in Jacksonian America”
Authors: Hovenkamp Herbert
Published: October 2011

While William Gienapp pushes some points further than I would, most of what he writes about Charles Sellers's The Market Revolution is well taken. For even a distinguished senior historian, present attitudes and ideologies generate the taxonomy into which the past is inserted. This is unfortunate because there is so much in Sellers's book that is incisive and instructive, particularly to someone who is not a political historian. No one to my knowledge has integrated the social and political history of the Jackson era with the story of the unmistakable “market revolution” that occurred in such a detailed, generally consistent, and enjoyable fashion.
The American Record in Industrial Policy: Results of Programs for Troubled Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Dewar Margaret E.
Published: October 2011

As many manufacturing industries have declined and as much American manufacturing has become vulnerable to foreign competition, numerous groups have suggested that programs to intervene in specific manufacturing sectors could help. Proponents focus on aid to telecommunications, aerospace, information technology, and high-definition television, where an edge in new technology may be key to the industries' success, but they also touch on aid to declining industries. Opponents of trade restrictions often argue that policies should facilitate adjustment in industries injured by trade. Other groups call for a technological “revolution” in manufacturing to restore international competitiveness through programs to facilitate adjustment and to speed the transition to new kinds of manufacturing. Others, concerned about massive job losses in depressed manufacturing communities, have called for improving the welfare of workers and communities.
World War II and the “Crisis” of Small Business: The Smaller War Plants Corporation, 1942–1946
Authors: Bean Jonathan J.
Published: October 2011

On the eve of America's entry into World War II, Senator Joseph O'Mahoney (D-Wyo.) warned that “if we let little business go down in a total effort to defend democracy we shall let the very foundation of democracy perish. The total effort will result in total government.” O'Mahoney was concerned that the growing concentration of defense contracts with large corporations would tie big business to big government and thereby leave small business out of the military buildup. This fear that big business might squeeze small manufacturers out of the war effort fueled demands for government assistance. With the antitrust laws suspended for the duration of the war, congressional small-business advocates took positive action, using crisis rhetoric and the ideological appeal of small business to secure the creation of the Smaller War Plants Corporation (SWPC), the first federal agency to represent small manufacturers.