bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing a health and human rights training program for french speaking Africa: lessons learned, from needs assessment to a pilot program
Authors: Chastonay Philippe , Klohn Axel Max , Zesiger Véronique , Freigburghaus Franziska , Mpinga Emmanuel Kabengele
Published: September 2009

Background

The importance of human rights education has widely been recognized as one of the strategies for their protection and promotion of health. Yet training programs have not always taken into account neither local needs, nor public health relevance, nor pedagogical efficacy.

The objectives of our study were to assess, in a participative way, educational needs in the field of health and human rights among potential trainees in six French-speaking African countries and to test the feasibility of a training program through a pilot test. Ultimately the project aims to implement a health and human rights training program most appropriate to the African context.

Methods

Needs assessment was done according to four approaches: Revue of available data on health and human rights in the targeted countries; Country visits by one of the authors meeting key institutions; Focus group discussions with key-informants in each country; A questionnaire-based study targeting health professionals and human rights activists.

Pilot training program: an interactive e-learning pilot program was developed integrating training needs expressed by partner institutions and potential trainees.

Results

Needs assessment showed high public health and human rights challenges that the target countries have to face. It also showed precise demands of partner institutions in regard to a health and human rights training program. It further allowed defining training objectives and core competencies useful to potential employers and future students as well as specific training contents.

A pilot program allowed testing the motivation of students, the feasibility of an interactive educational approach and identifying potential difficulties.

Conclusion

In combining various approaches our study was able to show that training needs concentrate around tools allowing the identification of basic human rights violations in the health system, the analysis of their causes and coordinated responses through specific intervention projects.
E box motifs as mediators of proviral latency of human retroviruses
Authors: Terme Jean-Michel , Calvignac Sébastien , Duc Dodon Madeleine , Gazzolo Louis , Jordan Albert
Published: September 2009

The palindromic sequence motifs (CANNTG) known as E boxes are considered as binding sites for the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) class of DNA-binding proteins. Their presence has been reported in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of the HIV-1 and HTLV-1 proviruses. Their close proximity with the TATA region of both LTRs indicates that the bHLH proteins may act as important regulators of the function of proviral transcription. Indeed, observations on HIV-1 and recent results on HTLV-1 underline that these E boxes may be critically involved in the regulation of the proviral transcription of these human retroviruses. Indeed, of the two E boxes flanking the TATA sequences of the HIV-1 provirus, the 3' E box has been implicated in the transcriptional inhibition of viral gene expression. Such a role might also be played by the unique 5' E box present in the HTLV-1 LTR. In both cases, the expression of tissue-specfic bHLH proteins, like TAL1 might counteract the inhibitory effect exerted by E box proteins, thereby increasing proviral transcription. Finally, a phylogenetic study encompassing several subtypes of these two human retroviruses underlines that these E box motifs have recently appeared in the proviral LTRs and may be considered as potential mediators in the establishment of proviral latency.
Life After Oil: Economic Alternatives for the Arab Gulf States
Authors: Peterson J. E.
Published: September 2009

There have been three economic transformations of the Arab Gulf. Yet the obstacles today remain eerily similar to those of forty years ago. Oil reserves are finite and nonoil resources in the gulf states—minerals, arable land, skilled population, and even capital for some countries—are scarce. Thus the path to economic diversification is especially difficult. While half of the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries enjoy sizable surplus income at present, the other three face immediate requirements for replacing oil income. The various strategies chosen to prepare for a viable economic future differ according to the group, and the task is further complicated by authoritarian regimes and inefficient state planning.
Standardization in France
Authors:   the AFNOR Staff
Published: September 2009

The organization responsible for the standardization of plastic materials in France is the “Association Française de Normalisation” (AFNOR) working together with the “Bureau de Normalisation pour Matières Plastiques.” The work of AFNOR is done under the authority and the control of the “Commissaire à la Normalisation.”
The Convergence of Information about Rewarding and Aversive Stimuli in Single Neurons
Authors: Morrison Sara E. , Salzman C. Daniel
Published: September 2009

Neuroscientists, psychologists, clinicians, and economists have long been interested in how individuals weigh information about potential rewarding and aversive stimuli to make decisions and to regulate their emotions. However, we know relatively little about how appetitive and aversive systems interact in the brain, as most prior studies have investigated only one valence of reinforcement. Previous work has suggested that primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents information about the reward value of stimuli. We therefore investigated whether OFC also represents information about aversive stimuli, and, if so, whether individual neurons process information about both rewarding and aversive stimuli. Monkeys performed a trace conditioning task in which different novel abstract visual stimuli (conditioned stimuli, CSs) predicted the occurrence of one of three unconditioned stimuli (USs): a large liquid reward, a small liquid reward, or an aversive air-puff. Three lines of evidence suggest that information about rewarding and aversive stimuli converges in individual neurons in OFC. First, OFC neurons often responded to both rewarding and aversive USs, despite their different sensory features. Second, OFC neural responses to CSs often encoded information about both potential rewarding and aversive stimuli, even though these stimuli differed in both valence and sensory modality. Finally, OFC neural responses were correlated with monkeys' behavioral use of information about both rewarding and aversive CS-US associations. These data indicate that processing of appetitive and aversive stimuli converges at the single cell level in OFC, providing a possible substrate for executive and emotional processes that require using information from both appetitive and aversive systems.
Basal Forebrain Lactate Release and Promotion of Cortical Arousal during Prolonged Waking Is Attenuated in Aging
Authors: Wigren Henna-Kaisa , Rytkönen Kirsi-Marja , Porkka-Heiskanen Tarja
Published: September 2009

The wake-promoting basal forebrain (BF) is critically involved in sustaining cortical arousal. In the present study, we investigated how aging affects the capacity of the BF to cope with continuous activation during prolonged waking. Increased neuronal activity induces lactate release in the activated brain area, and BF stimulation increases cortical arousal. We usedin vivomicrodialysis to measure lactate levels in the BF, and electroencephalography (EEG) to measure cortical arousal, during 3 h sleep deprivation (SD) in three age groups of rats. Lactate increased during SD in young but not in aged (middle-aged and old) rats. The increase in high-frequency (HF) EEG theta power (7–9 Hz), a marker of cortical arousal and active waking, was attenuated in the aged. Furthermore, a positive correlation between BF lactate release and HF EEG theta increase was found in young but not in aged rats. We hypothesized that these age-related attenuations result from reduced capacity of the BF to respond to increased neuronal activation. This was tested by stimulating the BF with glutamate receptor agonist NMDA. Whereas BF stimulation increased waking in young and old rats, lactate increase and the HF EEG theta increase were attenuated in the old. Also, the homeostatic increase in sleep intensity after SD was attenuated in aged rats. Our results suggest that an age-related attenuation in BF function reduces cortical arousal during prolonged waking. As the quality of waking is important in regulating the subsequent sleep, reduced cortical arousal during SD may contribute to the age-related reduction in sleep intensity.
Molecular mechanisms of gene regulation during Drosophila spermatogenesis
Authors: White-Cooper Helen
Published: September 2009

The differentiation of sperm from morphologically unremarkable cells into highly specialised free-living, motile cells requires the co-ordinated action of a very large number of gene products. The expression of these products must be regulated in a developmental context to ensure normal cellular differentiation. Many genes essential for spermatogenesis are not used elsewhere in the animal, or are expressed elsewhere, but using a different transcription regulation module. Spermatogenesis is thus a good system for elucidating the principles of tissue-specific gene expression, as well as being interesting in its own right. Here, I discuss the regulation of gene expression during spermatogenesis inDrosophila, focussing on the processes underlying the expression of testis-specific genes in the male germline.
β-catenin activation is not involved in sporadic parathyroid carcinomas and adenomas
Authors: Cetani F , Pardi E , Banti C , Collecchi P , Viacava P , Borsari S , Fanelli G , Naccarato A G , Saponaro F , Berti P , Miccoli P , Pinchera A , Marcocci C
Published: September 2009

Aberrant accumulation of β-catenin has been found in various types of human tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated in parathyroid carcinomas and adenomas. We studied 154 parathyroid tumors (18 carcinomas (13 with distant metastases), six atypical adenomas, and 130 adenomas). Three normal parathyroid tissues were used as control. Direct sequencing of exon 3 of the CTNNB1 gene showed absence of stabilizing mutations in all the tumors. Immunostaining of β-catenin was performed in all carcinomas and in 66 adenomas (including three atypical). Normal parathyroid showed a homogeneous distinct outer cell membrane staining in the majority of cells and no nuclear staining. A weak cytoplasmic staining was observed in one case. All tumors showed negative nuclear staining. With the exception of one carcinoma, which had a negative membrane staining, all other samples showed a membrane staining which was similar to that of the normal parathyroid. β-Catenin expression was heterogeneous with a range of positive cells between 5 and 80%, independently of tumor type. Our results suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is not involved in the development of parathyroid carcinomas and adenomas.
Les Hadramis et le Monde malais
Authors: A. Talib Yusof
Published: September 2009

2. Yusof A. Talib (University of Singapore) gives a critical survey of European writings concerning Hadramit emigration in the 19th and 20th centuries. The settlement of Hadramis in East-Africa, India and Dutch Indies was made easier by the part they played on the colonial power's service but the latter on the other hand made their integration impossible.
Pages d'exotisme (VII) : La Java des polars
Authors: Labrousse Pierre
Published: September 2009

4. Dalam ruangan "eksotisme" yang ketujuh ini, Pierre Labrousse (INLCO, Paris) membicarakan beberapa macam roman detektip yang mungkin membawa akibat yang berbahaya dalam hubungan antar-etnik, dan terutama pada orang-orang Perancis golongan menengah untuk mendapat gambaran tentang Indonesia.
Nouvelles données sur les royaumes de Lamuri et Barat
Authors: Montana Suwedi
Published: September 2009

Suwedi Montana

In September 1995, while doing archaeological research in the province of Aceh, the author and his team discovered funerary inscriptions permitting them to advance new hypotheses concerning the sites of the kingdoms of Lamuri and Barat. The first, often cited by travellers, might be found near the present village of Lamreh (50 km to the east of Banda Aceh), where at least one of the stele found, dated 608 AH (1211 AD) would be several decades earlier than the previously known oldest inscription. Another tomb dated 790 AH (1388 AD) would allow one to think that the kingdom of Barat (cited by the Nagarakertagama in 1365) would be found in the vicinity of Lamno (93 km to the east of Banda Aceh). The author thinks that these discoveries attest to the presence of kingdoms converted to Islam 8 decades before the date up till now considered valid.
François Péron et Charles Lesueur à Timor. Une chasse au crocodile en 1803
Authors: Lombard-Jourdan Anne
Published: September 2009

Anne Lombard Jourdan

The Europeans did not truly know Timor until the publication of the results of the Baudin expedition. Before the First Consulate sent a scientific mission to explore the coasts of New Holland (Australia), it was rare that the French travelled to Timor. Of the twenty-three learned persons who embarked on the Géographe and the Naturaliste only 5 returned to France. Nonetheless, this deadly expedition gave us the publication of Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes [The Discoveries of a Voyage in the Southern Lands] (2 volumes, Paris, 1807 and 1816 and Atlas) and rich documentation on ail aspects of the island of Timor, visited by the travelers on two occassions in 1801 and 1803. Working in difficult conditions, François Péron, the only naturalist on the expedition, and his friend and collaborator, the drawer Charles Lesueur, realised considerable results, with an attention and zealousness to which Cuvier paid hommage.

The author sets out to reconstitute faithfully the events and the conditions of the hunt which the two young erudites made in order to obtain a sample of a species of crocodile then unknown in Europe. They succeeded in bringing a skeleton of one such crocodile to Paris, which they left to the Natural History Museum and where it is still conserved today. Cuvier used « Péron's crocodile», which he named crocodilus biporcatus (two-boned crocodile), to write his monograph on this type of crocodile (1807).

Péron and Lesueur can also be credited with having collected a quantity of useful information for the schools of «anthropology» and «ethnology», scientific domains and words still unknown in 1800. Thanks to their hunting trip, they provide specific information about the attitude of the Timor people towards the crocodiles which they venerated as a sacred animal and which they were careful not to kill.
Le gambuh : grandeur, décadence et renaissance (?) du théâtre à Bali
Authors: Picard Michel
Published: September 2009

Michel Picard

Gambuh is said to be classical Balinese theatre par excellence, the source of all the dramatic genres that are now seen on the island. Evoking gambuh conjures up the image of a bygone era of exquisite magnificence, of an art that has declined together with the princely courts due to the colonial conquest of Bali, but which, thanks to the interest of a few dedicated artists and scholars associated with the Idonesian government, has recently experienced a revival of sorts. Such is the commonly held opinion that I question in this article, which is not to be read as a study in ethno-musicology, but rather as a reflection on the evolution of theatre in Bali.
Les lois et la politique de l'avortement en Indonésie : un dilemme pour les femmes ?
Authors: Udasmoro Wening
Published: September 2009

Wening Udasmoro

Two laws regulate abortion in Indonesia today. Firstly, an existing article of the penal code that prohibits abortion in any case. Secondly, the recent Law on Health of 1992 that authorizes abortion for medical reasons. However, in practice, abortion is also accorded to married women whose contraception failed and this abortion can only be carried out in the clinics belonging to the Indonesian Family Planning Association (the PKBI). In this article, the author underlines particularly the negative effects of the legislation and the government policy on abortion which in fact deprive women of their rights to have their body at their own disposal.
Report on the 1973 Archaeological Survey of Central Ethiopian Rift Valley
Authors: Jeschofnig Peter , Humphreys Gerald K.
Published: September 2009

All of the artifact bearing clastic sediments encountered during the entire survey can tentatively be correlated with the Gademotta Formation defined in the Lake Zuai area. Thus no archaeological remains older than the Middle Stone Age were discovered. Two areas, the Sagan River delta and the Dima River valley, appeared promising archaeologically, but could not be reached by vehicle for closer inspection. The most promising area lies along the Billate River north of Lake Abaya. This river, although approached from the east and west, was only reached from Awasa on the eastern side of the Rift. In this area, deep ravines and arroyos show extensive and thick mantles of clastic, supposedly colluvial sediments and palaeosols containing Middle Stone Age materials throughout, but mostly associated with fossil soils. The Late Stone Age remains occur in the upper parts and on the surfaces. Judging from the observations made west of the Billate River, it is very likely that a similar sequence of sediments and cultural materials exists along the western side of the river. This area should yield a cultural sequence similar to the Lake Zuai area for both the Middle and Late Stone Age. It is unfortunate that no faunal remains were recovered, but this is most likely due to the chemical characteristics of the paleosols as suggested by the lack of organic remains in the occupation horizons within the Gademotta Formation of the Lake Zuai area.
Étude anthropologique du site à stèles de Tuto Fela en pays Gedeo (Éthiopie)
Authors: Bouville Claude , Cros Jean-Paul , Joussaume Roger
Published: September 2009

Résumé : Deux cimetières superposés ont été fouillés récemment à Tuto Fela. L'étude anthropologique a montré un fonctionnement funéraire bien différent dans les deux cas.
Art rupestre et Néolithique de l'Éthiopie. Découvertes récentes
Authors: Bouakaze-Khan Didier , Poisblaud Benoît
Published: September 2009

Résumé : Quatre sites d'art rupestre éthiopien, dont trois nouvellement découverts, sont décrits dans cet article. Ils sont situés dans les régions du Harar, du Wolayta et du Kambata. L'un d'eux a livré de l'industrie lithique.
Gäbrä ʽEndreyas de Däbrä Qozät et les généalogies monastiques du XVe au XIXe siècle : réécritures et réemplois
Authors: Derat Marie-Laure
Published: September 2009

Abstract : Saint Gäbrä 'Endrsyas of Däbrä Qozàt, mentioned in Iyâsus Mo'a acts (written in the XVth century), is badly known. A visite to the monastery of Däbrä Qozât (Tchaqata, Wâllo), combined with a study of his hagiographical legend, allows us to throw ligh on this monastic figure. Through spiritual genealogies and the analysis of literary borrowings, this paper is an attempt to tell the history not so much of the saint himself but of his representations from the XVth to the XIXth century.
Un nouvel ensemble de peintures murales du premier style gondarien : le monastère de Qoma Fasilädäs
Authors: Wion Anaïs
Published: September 2009

Abstract : The style of the complete set of murals of the monastery of Qoma Fasilädäs, Bégâmder, can be compared to that of Dâbrâ Sina Gorgora and of Abba Antonios. At first systematic presentation of the four walls of the màqdàs shows the particularities of the iconography programs, and give a restitution fo some parts of the guez texts.
Le support de l'écrit, la part de l'oralité dans la psalmodie de l'Église chrétienne orthodoxe d'Éthiopie : l'exemple du psaume 62
Authors: Tourny Olivier
Published: September 2009

Summary : Using as a reference the most important Psalm of the liturgical tradition of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia (ps. 62/63), this article highligths its written sources and reveals the importance of oral tradition in the production of religious chants.
Preliminary report on the Hamburg Archaeological Mission to Axum 2000
Authors: Ziegert Helmut
Published: September 2009

Résumé : Confronter les trouvailles et les problématiques, pratiquer une "archéologie holistique", travailler sur le terrain à partir de questions sur l'histoire des changements environnementaux, de l'installation humaine et du dépeuplement d'une zone, ou encore des comportements culturels; telles sont les lignes directrices de ces récentes recherches archéologiques. Après une prospection intensive, les sites de Mai Malahso et de Berit Audi ont été retenus. Sur le premier site, un ensemble bâti a été fouillé; sur le second, la séquence suivante a été mise en évidence: un premier palais/tombe royale, un second palais/annexe de la tombe, un remplissage rituel des bâtiments préchrétiens avec des pierres et de la terre. À la tombe royale succède un monastère avec baptistère, puis un cimetière chrétien. Par ailleurs, certains procédés techniques ont été étudiés, à la fouille ou expérimentalement. La séquence chronologique de cette étude va de la fin de la période préchrétienne au début de la période chrétienne.
Allahs Netze: ʽArabfaqīhs Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša als Quelle für Netzwerkanalysen
Authors: Muth Franz-Christoph
Published: September 2009

Abstract : This article presents a prosopographie analysis of the Futûh al- Habasa by 'Arabfaqïh, which relates the war led by Ahmad Gran against Christian Ethiopia between the beginning of the XVIth century and 1547. It allows to capture several categories among hundreds of people and groups cited in the text, and to understand the relationships between them in terms of networks.
À propos du Ğihâd dans le Futuh al-Habasha. De la lecture d'Alfred Morabia à la relecture d'Arab-Faqih
Authors: Vô Vân David
Published: September 2009

Abstract : The figure of Ahmad Gran, the religious chief who led the war against Christian Ethiopia which is narrated in the Futuh al-Habasha, is not well known and is an object of many historiographical legends. The book by Alfred Morabia on the medieval gihâd highlights his religious motives, discourse and ways of running war.
Some Notes on Harar and the local Trade Routes: A Report on the view of ex-merchants of Shäwa (1839-1935)
Authors: Omer Ahmed Hassen
Published: September 2009

Résumé : À partir de manuscrits familiaux et de récits oraux, cette étude éclaire certains aspects du commerce entre Harar et le Shâwa à la fin du XIXe siècle, en particulier les biens échangés (esclaves, sel...) et les routes empruntées.
Haral Mahis et les Afar, importance d'un mythe dans les positionnements sociaux et les stratégies de pouvoir
Authors: Rahem Karim
Published: September 2009

Abstract : Among the Afar of Ethiopia, one can see that the myth of Haral Mahis is structuring the imaginations and serves to explain individual and lineage positioning of the diverse groups forming the Afar society. We collected a great variety of myth not only from the Afars of Ethiopia but also from those of Djibouti who took refuge in the Asa'ita region. Throughout the Haral Mahis myth, it is the whole Afar society which could be described. This article exposes the history of this legendary character, studies its variant, and try to understand how it prints the structure of the society with his mark and to see what makes him meaningful in thé stakes of symbolic legitimation of the politics.
Une figurine de boviné dans le site d'Akirsa (Wolayta, Ethiopie)
Authors: Poisblaud Benoît
Published: September 2009

Résumé : Une figurine de bovine a été retrouvée dans les fouilles de l'abri gravé d'Akirsa. C'est la première découverte au sud de la région d'Aksoum. Les comparaisons actuelles pourraient la placer dans le 2ème ou au début du 1er millénaire av. J.-C. Aucun rattachement culturel n'est encore envisageable. Elle démontre néanmoins la fréquentation du site par un groupe Néolithique.
Figures of speech : the picture of Aidos
Authors: Ferrari Gloria
Published: September 2009

Figures of Speech: thepicture ofAidos (pp. 185-203)

Cet essai pose qu'il existe une relation précise entre le système visuel de l'imagerie et le système du langage, et que le lien se situe au niveau des métaphores, où la liaison du mot et de l'image rend «apparentes» et compréhensibles des notions abstraites. L'étude est centrée sur une figure particulière, le manteau qui enveloppe complètement un personnage, ne laissant apparaître que la tête et les pieds. On interprète cette figure comme expression de l'aidos, comme une image-métaphore représentant l'aidos sous forme de couverture et d'abri. Un examen des images littéraires où figure le mot révèle que dans les textes écrits le manteau apparaît également comme véhicule d'une métaphore, où il est le signe, non point d'une personne ayant de l'aidos mais de l'aidos même.
L'Esthétique de Galien
Authors: Pigeaud Jackie
Published: September 2009

L'Esthétique de Galîen (pp. 9-42)

Interroger un médecin sur son esthétique peut sembler étrange. Galien n'est pas seulement médecin, philosophe, rhéteur. Il est aussi un grand rêveur, un poète; sa quête du Beau est inséparable de sa recherche anatomique. C'est ce que Daremberg appelle sa pensée sublime. C'est en même temps une entreprise théologique, qui coïncide parfaitement avec le projet esthétique. On peut penser que sans cette idée grandiose l'énergie eût pu manquer à Galien. Il y a de la rationalité, de l'ordre et de la beauté jusqu'au tréfonds du corps; de l'organisation dans le bourbier. Il fallait croire, comme Galien, que dans ce bourbier il y a distinctio, utilitas, pulchritudo, et ordo, (selon des termes cicéroniens décrivant le monde), pour que la connaissance des profondeurs du corps humain fût possible. Il fallait cette foi que Galien transmit à Vésale.
Aristote et la question du langage animal
Authors: Labarrière Jean-Louis
Published: September 2009

Aristote et la question du langage animal (pp. 247-260)

La question du "langage animal" est encore aujourd'hui l'une des plus controversées: quel peut être l'enseignement d'Aristote sur ce point ? Malgré une différence fortement affirmée entre le logos et hphônê, qui pourrait laisser entendre que seul le logos est un langage, Aristote n'aurait-il pas jeté les bases d'une telle notion? L'auteur appuie son argumentation en faisant non seulement appel à la "psycho-linguistique" du Stagirite, mais encore à un argument d'odre physiologique reposant sur la double fonction de la langue.
L'apologie d'Apollon dans Hérodote, 1,91
Authors: Pucci Pietro
Published: September 2009

L'apologie d'Apollon dans Hérodote, 1, 91 (pp. 7-20)

L'analyse formelle des oracles d'Apollon à Crésus montre l'élaboration subtile de ces prophéties et la fonction qu'Apollon assume en tant que Moiragètes. L'ironie de la réponse de la Pythie, soulignée par l'épithète "le retors" qui qualifie Apollon, pourrait soit suggérer le caractère romanesque de l'épisode, soit révéler l'inévitable aveuglement des humains devant les signes divins. Cette seconde interprétation paraît la plus forte.
Le chant-miroir des Sirènes
Authors: Iriarte Ana
Published: September 2009

Le chant-miroir des Sirènes (pp. 147-159)

"Le chant-miroir des Sirènes" propose une relecture du passage, toujours suggestif, de l'Odyssée dans lequel Ulysse dépasse victorieusement l'île des Sirènes tout en succombant au charme de la voix prometteuse de celles-ci. Le chant des vierges-oiseaux s'y prétend comparable à celui de la Muse iliadique, ce qui a inspiré de nombreux commentaires sur ces figures en tant que Muses de l'Hadès et que représentations de l'oubli. En relativisant la désignation de ce chant comme amnésique, on a voulu souligner combien sa nature se conforme aux caractéristiques du personnage auquel il s'adresse: un Ulysse pris entre le souvenir des valeurs guerrières, source de κλέος, et le compromis du retour au foyer.
Larsa. Rapport préliminaire sur la septième campagne à Larsa et la première campagne à Tell el-'Oueli (1976)
Authors: Huot Jean-Louis , Forest Jean-Daniel , Seigne Jacques
Published: September 2009

Résumé : Durant l'automne 1976, la Mission Française a poursuivi ses travaux sur le site de Tell es-Sinkara-LARSA (Iraq). La septième campagne a permis de continuer l'étude du Temple du Soleil (E. Babbar). On a dégagé la quasi-totalité de la façade nord-est de la cour I et reconnu une cour III. Entre ces deux cours, deux nouvelles pièces ont été étudiées. Enfoui sous le sol de l'une d'elles, un petit vase scellé contenait l'outillage et la production d'un orfèvre vivant au milieu du XVIIIe siècle avant notre ère. Sur le site voisin de Tell el 'Oueili, une première campagne a permis d'amorcer le dégagement de niveaux architecturaux de la phase finale de l'époque d'Obeid.
Bornes du territoire ou marques de propritété. Appendice
Authors: Sartre Maurice
Published: September 2009

The watercolours reproduced below, which have not pre- viously been published, were done by W.J. Bankes in 1816, and are his copies of paintings on the walls of a tomb near Sidon which has since been destroyed. Bankes' plan of the tomb is also reproduced below and his description of it is quoted. The first part of this article outlines the circumstances in which the tomb was discovered and su~mmarises events which followed. Part II deals with the

iconography and nomenclature of the paintings which show six servants carrying the dishes of a funeral feast towards the master of the house, who is flanked by two female figures. The six servants are named in Greek. Part III

presents a more detailed description and analysis of the

decor of the tomb, comoares its characteristics with those

decor of the tomb, compares its characteristics with those

of other painted tombs in the near east and discusses the

probable dating of its paintings and decoration.

Some of the drawings done by W.J. Bankes in Southern
Remarques sur les temples de Hebrân et de Sleim (Syrie du Sud) dessinés par W.J. Bankes (1786-1855)
Authors: Dentzer-Feydy Jacqueline
Published: September 2009

Syria provide information about antique buildings ruined

partially or completely during the last decade of the XlXth

century. Among them, the view of the facade of the tem-

pie at Hebran stands out because it differs from the graph-

ic restoration proposed one century later by H.C. Butler.

At Sleim, Bankes observed a well-preserved state of the

pronaos of the temple.

This research is about with the funerary areas of the vil-
Le grand monument de Tamna' (Yémen). Architecture et identification
Authors: Breton Jean-François , Darles Ch.
Published: September 2009

The so-called " Tamna' Temple 1 "(T T 1) stands in the middle of Halar Kuhlan, the former Tamna1, capital of the kingdom of Qataban (Yemen). It has been excavated by W.F. Albright, J.L. Swauger and J.R. Simpson from the South Arabian Expedition of the American Foundation for the Study of Man in February-March 1951, but never published. In 1978, the French Archaeological Mission carried out some works in order to draw plans of the building. Some years later, J.L. Swauger kindly provided all the field-notes and photographs. In the light of the excavation of the Royal Palace Shaqfr of Shabwa, this paper aims to determine the significance of this major building of Tamna'. Although all epigraphical and archaeological datas have been carefully reviewed, the function of this building remains still unclear.
Les mosaïques d'époque omeyyade des églises de la Jordanie
Authors: Piccirillo Michele
Published: September 2009

Seven mosaics, in six churches of Jordan, can be dated to the Omeyyad period whether they have been created or restored. Several of them (at Umm-al Rasas, Ma'in) have been transformed so as to hide all animated figures, as it already happened to more ancient ones (Massuh, Madaba). In any case, plants or geometrical patterns, already found in the church have been used and this work has undoubtedly been done by Christian mosaic artists. The destruction of the images in these churches may be explained by the fact that the Muslims came sometimes to pray. All that is left therefore, are the animated figures situated in the part of the sanctuary which is reserved for priests.
L'association de la niche et de l'archère dans les fortifications élevées en Syrie entre le VIe et le XIIe siècle
Authors: Fourdrin J.-P.
Published: September 2009

Like the Theodosian walls of Constantinople, several 6th cent. Syrian fortifications (Halabiyyé, Zalabiyyé, Rusàfa and Antakya) are provided, in the upper floors of their towers, with arched recesses serving arrow-slits in the thickness of the walls. This architectural combination will be found afterwards in the late lOh or early 11th cent. Byzantine fortress of Sahyun, in the bourid fortification of Palmyra, in the Islamic towers built around Bosrâ theatre, in the Frankish keep of El Bâra, and in the majority of the following buildings.
Les temples de Ma'in et du Jawf (Yémen): état de la question
Authors: Breton J.-F.
Published: September 2009

The site of Ma'ih, the antique Qarnawu and former capital

of the Minean State, is situated in the Jawf depression,

some 100 kilometres northeast of Sanaa. Some of its

temples are known since the mid- 19th cent, but remain

still unearthed. During the works carried out by the French

Archaeological Mission between 1980 and 1985, new

buildings near Kamna, al-Baydà' and Khirbat Hamdân

were surveyed. Between 1988 and 1992, the two

excavated temples of 'Athtar dhû-Risaf in as-Sawdâ' and

Nakrah in Barâqish provided impressive architectural and

chronological information, allowing new interpretations of

the religious architecture in this area.
Sous les portiques d'Antioche
Authors: Cabouret Bernadette
Published: September 2009

During the Empire, in Antioch, the large colonnade street was one of the most important or even emblematic features of the urban scenery; similarly in the main great cities of the oriental world. But the pattern most likely came from Antioch where the eastern architects, in accordance with an order of King Herod, have conformed to a Roman model, that of the traditional via porticata. In Antioch, the monumental street follows and systemizes the North South way, which runs parallel to the Oronte's river : between them Seleucos I founded his city. Restructured and enlarged many times, this street conditioned the urban layout and the disposition of public buildings and spaces. From the second century (Trajan's rebuilt) onwards, the stoas which doubled the surface of roadway, played a special part in valorizing civic spaces. Places of meeting, of exchange, of trade and of sociability, they were the meeting point of an animated social life, as glorified in Libanios Praise of Antioch.
La céramique argileuse à glaçure du site de Ras Shamra-Ougarit
Authors: Matoian Valérie , Bouquillon Anne
Published: September 2009

The most important corpus of glazed pottery in the Levant has been discovered in late Bronze age levels from Ugarit and Minet el-Beida (Syria). The typological study of the vases was completed with an archaeological study. The most frequent shape is a pedestal bottle with a short narrow neck. The clay bodies are made up with a marl clay ; they are covered with a blu«— g*«en calcoalkaline glaze coloured by copper and iron oxides. All the samples analysed showed the same technological characteristics. The results of this study lead us to consider the possibility that the ceramics were produced locally.
Le triptolème de la mosaïque dite d'AIÖN et l'affirmation identitaire Héllène à Shahba-Philippopolis
Authors: Quet Marie-Henriette
Published: September 2009

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Concours de boisson entre Dionysos et Héraclès
Authors: Foucher Louis
Published: September 2009

Though they have been linked in some myths, Dionysus and Heracles may also have been dissociated : Sophists, Rhetors and poets would have them compete in a syncrisis. Greek vases depict them set against each other in drinking competitions, which used to be popular in Athens. They are also illustrated in some mosaics dating back to 2nd and 3rd centuries, that have been discovered in the Middle East (two of them in Antioch and one in Sepphoris). Dionysus stands as the winner and the figures in his thiasus are celebrating his victory. Another mosaic in Apamea, though from a later period, is very likely to deal with the same theme.
Une paire de portraits sur mosaïque avec leurs inscriptions édesséniennes
Authors: Desreumaux Alain
Published: September 2009

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Qasr El-Azraq et la reconquête de l'Orient par Aurélien
Authors: Christol Michel , Lenoir Maurice
Published: September 2009

An incomplete inscription from Azraq often commented on (lastly in AE 1996, 1623), refers to operations carried out at the limit of the Arabian desert by soldiers who came from five legions stationed in the Danubian areas. The traditional dating at the Tetrarchic period is unacceptable : the composition of a vexillatio can only take place at a particular opportunity, close to the creation of the legion la Illyricorum, that is to say at the Aurelian period, and most probably during the recovery of Palmyra by this Emperor. Troops were assigned to restore the imperial authority over the wide territory controlled by Palmyra and to assert Roman's renewed seizure on it, hence the indication of the itinerary mentioned on the inscription. The word praetensio should be interpreted as 'the fact of being in the first fighting line'. We propose to date the fort of Azraq of the Constantinian period.
Le panneau de lit en ivoire de la Cour III du Palais Royal d'Ougarit
Authors: Gachet-Bizollon Jacqueline
Published: September 2009

Le panneau de lit en ivoire d'Ougarit a fait l'objet de nombreux commentaires, mais il n'avait jamais été publié dans son intégralité ni étudié dans tous ses détails. D'autre part, de nouvelles observations ont amené à proposer une version plus exacte du dessin publié jusqu'alors. Une reprise de l'étude des thèmes et de l'iconographie s'imposait donc. Les thèmes montrent à l'évidence la volonté d'illustrer un programme politique et religieux : la stabilité et la prospérité du royaume d'Ougarit passe par la puissance du roi contre l'ennemi et les forces naturelles, et dans la continuité de sa lignée, sous les auspices de la protection divine. L'accent est mis sur l'importance de la fonction primordiale de fécondité, celle du couple royal, et sur la force que tire le roi de l'allaitement divin par la déesse 'Anat. Tout ce qui touche à l'aspect religieux et mythologique renvoie à des thèmes orientaux; en revanche, l'artisan a fait appel aux thèmes et à l'iconographie égyptiens fortement interprétés, comme moyen de magnifier le roi. L'analyse et les références comparatives permettent d'attribuer à cette œuvre une nouvelle fourchette chronologique, vers le milieu du XIIIe siècle av. J.-C.
Les représentations de temples et sanctuaires sur les monnaies romaines de Décapole et d'Arabie
Authors: Chretien-Happe Isabelle
Published: September 2009

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Chahba-Philippopolis (Hauran) : essai de synthèse archéologique et historique
Authors: Darrous Nouha , Rohmer Jérôme
Published: September 2009

The numerous publications which have been devoted to Philippopolis generally focus on studying single works of art and monuments, rather than on clearing up the urbanistic and historical problems which still undermine our comprehension of the city. The present paper precisely aims at tackling these general problems. It gathers the conclusions of two recent studies : a survey, mapmaking and restitution work, carried out in 1993-1994 by N. Darrous ; an archaeological and historical synthesis combined with field researches, made by J. Rohmer in 2001-2002. The results allow a better understanding of the general design of the Roman city and provide new answers to some historical problems related to the site, such as the transition from the village to the city, Philippus Arab's origins and the degree of development reached by Philippopolis after its foundation.
Irrigation et formation de la société dans les basses-terres du Yémen: un essai de modèle
Authors: Mouton Michel
Published: September 2009

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ilbert Transform, Envelope, Instantaneous Phase, and Frequency
Authors: Feldman Michael
Published: September 2009

The application of the Hilbert transform to the signal analysis provides some additional information about amplitude, instantaneous phase, and frequency of vibrations. The Hilbert transform decomposition methods are intended for extracting simple components using the varying instantaneous frequency and amplitude from multicomponent nonstationary signals. The corresponding identification methods directly extract the backbone and damping curve of nonlinear vibration systems. This enables us to solve an inverse identification problem, namely, the problem of estimation of the initial nonlinear static elastic and damping force characteristics.
Principles of Structural Degradation Monitoring
Authors: Farrar Charles R. , Worden Keith , Dulieu‐Barton Janice
Published: September 2009

This article describes a coherent strategy for the intelligent monitoring of structures and systems. All the relevant features of the strategy are discussed in detail. These encompass (i) a taxonomy for the relevant concepts, i.e., a precise definition of what, for example, constitutes a fault. (ii) a specification for operational evaluation that makes use of a hierarchical damage identification scheme, (iii) an approach to sensor prescription and optimization, and (iv) a data‐processing methodology based on a data fusion model. A number of recently proposed “axioms” are summarized in the hope that they will shed light on the design of monitoring systems; a number of possible barriers to progress are also identified and discussed.
Large Rotating Machines
Authors: Gałka Tomasz
Published: September 2009

Large rotating machines are usually critical objects, so assessment of their condition is important for safety, economy, and reliability reasons. This is accomplished by use of both on‐line (permanently installed) and off‐line (periodical measurements with portable equipment) systems. Extensive on‐line monitoring systems that employ leading‐edge techniques (advanced data processing, artificial intelligence) are installed only on the largest and most important machines (e.g., base load steam turbines). Methods and procedures are aimed at both determining types and locations of failures (if any) and monitoring life consumption progress; the latter is particularly important with machines designed for long service life.

Typical monitoring techniques involve various types of condition symptoms, but vibration‐based ones are most useful. Among them, absolute vibration spectra and relative vibration trajectories and vectors are most commonly employed. Due to complexity and many elementary vibration sources, a machine is typically represented by a set (or vector) of symptoms. Qualitative condition assessment is based on models developed for specific machine types. This involves finite element methods, numerical simulation of dynamic behavior, experimental modal analysis, and other state‐of‐the‐art techniques. Quantitative assessment can be accomplished by comparing actual symptom values with reference ones, which often have to be determined individually for each machine. Such determination can be based on the energy processor model and symptom reliability concept.

Vibration‐based symptoms are usually augmented by process and condition parameters (temperature, pressure, relative displacement, etc.), especially during transients. Important information is also obtained from correlation analysis and long‐term symptom evolution assessment.
Reliable Use of Fiber‐Optic Sensors
Authors: Habel Wolfgang R.
Published: September 2009

Sensor systems should be designed and engineered according to generally binding standards and guidelines. The use of the new fiber‐optic sensor (FOS) technology requires recommendations on how to design and apply a sensor system to solve a specific measurement task. At present, corresponding national or international standards and guidelines are being developed. When customers are interested in the use of FOS technology, a multitude of reliability‐related aspects have to be considered. Guidelines help give the users confidence in this new technology if they are strictly observed during manufacturing of sensor system components, when the measurement systems are designed and sensor components are selected to solve a specific measurement task, during application and later on during operation of the sensor system. The article provides a survey on important aspects that have to be considered for the use of reliable and long‐term stable SHM systems, reflects upon state of the art of standards and guidelines activities, besides summarizing validation aspects that have to be described in FOS guidelines. Important technical aspects that influence sensor characteristics and the accuracy, efficiency, and long‐term integrity of a sensor system are exemplified for fiber‐optic strain sensors. One test method to characterize strain transfer for applied sensor fibers is discussed.
Video Landing Parameter Surveys
Authors: DeFiore Thomas , Micklos Richard P.
Published: September 2009

In an effort to better understand and document the actual operational environment of jet aircraft landing impact conditions, the US Navy, and, later, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) initiated a series of aircraft video landing parameter
surveys
at high‐activity airfields, both civil and military, and on aircraft carriers. By collecting and analyzing large quantities of video data for a wide variety of aircraft, the original design criteria and fatigue‐life estimates for aircraft landing gear and support structures can be assessed and verified.

Video
landing parameter surveys are a joint research effort of the US Navy and FAA to acquire and evaluate aircraft
landing
impact conditions. Field research teams temporarily install video camera(s) on the apron of the runway or catwalk of an aircraft carrier. These cameras record high‐resolution video images of an aircraft's touchdown event. The images are subsequently digitized and analyzed along with individual model airplane geometry to calculate at touchdown:
sink speed
, ground/air speed, pitch, roll, yaw, distance from threshold (or carrier ramp), and other
parameters
describing the touchdown event. Reports containing processed results are published and most of them are available in the public domain. Video surveys have been conducted on 8 commercial airfields, 6 military airfields, and over 11 aircraft carriers. These surveys are the only research of its kind in the international aviation industry. The objective of US Navy surveys is to validate the MIL‐A‐8863 sink‐speed
fatigue spectrum
. FAA landing parameter surveys assess the continued suitability requirements in 14 CFR Part 25.473 for a limit descent velocity of 10 ft s
−1
at touchdown and the sink‐speed fatigue spectrum previously used by airframe manufacturers, NASA TN D 4529.
Health Monitoring, Diagnostics, and Prognostics of Avionic Systems
Authors: Pecht Michael , Chan Yan‐Cheong
Published: September 2009

Avionics are fundamental to the flight management and engine control of today's airplanes. With increasing functional complexity of onboard autonomous avionic systems, there is an increasing demand for system‐level health assessment, fault diagnostics, and prognostics, especially to meet critical safety and mission requirements. This article presents the motivation for increased health management, diagnostics, and prognostics for avionics, and then provides a diagnostics and prognostics approach to assess avionics.