bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of 36%-Protein Diets with or without Animal Protein for Rearing Tank-Hatched Golden Shiner Fry in Ponds
Authors: Lochmann Rebecca , Stone Nathan , Phillips Harold , Bodary Melinda
Published: September 2006

The objective of this study was to determine whether fry of golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas reared in ponds differed with respect to growth, survival, feed conversion, total yield, condition, and response to low dissolved oxygen when fed a practical diet of 36% protein from animal and plant sources (five ponds) versus a diet of only plant sources (six ponds). Newly hatched fry (1 mg) were stocked at 2.5 × 106/ha in 12 fertilized ponds (0.04 ha each). Fish were fed twice daily at a rate of 8.0–15.9 kg/ha for 12 weeks. Chlorophyll a was not different between diets, indicating that natural food production in ponds was similar between treatments. Between-treatment differences in average individual weight (0.56–0.59 g), relative weight (114.4– 115.6), Fulton's condition index (K = 0.88), total yield (40.8–45.6 kg), feed conversion (0.85– 0.95), and survival (75.9–79.2%) were not significant. Postharvest survival of fish exposed to low dissolved oxygen at 20°C in a laboratory test was not affected by diet. These results indicate that diets with all plant protein sources are suitable for raising golden shiners in fertilized ponds from first-feeding fry to small juveniles.
Comparison of Hatchery Performance Attributes among Three Strains of Age-0 Coaster Brook Trout
Authors: Volkman Eric T , Pangle Kevin L , Rajchel Deborah A , Sutton Trent M , Bast Dale R
Published: September 2006

The hatchery performance attributes of three strains (Lake Nipigon [Nipigon], Siskiwit Bay [Siskiwit], and Tobin Harbor [Tobin]) of fingerling coaster brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis were compared during a 12-week laboratory experiment. Despite similar initial sizes, the final mean length and weight of Nipigon fish (94.1 mm and 9.9 g) were significantly greater than those of the Siskiwit (86.7 mm and 7.7 g) and Tobin (90.4 mm and 7.2 g) strains. There were no differences in mean specific growth rates in length and weight or mean daily growth rate in length among the strains. However, there was a difference in the mean daily absolute growth rate in weight, the Nipigon and Siskiwit strains (0.10%/d and 0.08%/d, respectively) displaying a greater rate of growth than Tobin Harbor (0.07%/d) fish. Mean survival rates (range = 97–98%) and relative weights (range = 100.1–101.1 g) did not differ significantly among the three strains. Based on our results, we recommend that these strains of fingerling coaster brook trout be reared similarly in hatchery environments and that strain selection for rehabilitation stocking purposes consider hatchery residence time and the natural genetic variation of the source population of broodstock fish.
Accounting for Demographic and Environmental Stochasticity, Observation Error, and Parameter Uncertainty in Fish Population Dynamics Models
Authors: Newman Ken B. , Lindley Steven T.
Published: September 2006

Bayesian hierarchical state-space models are a means of modeling fish population dynamics while accounting for both demographic and environmental stochasticity, observation noise, and parameter uncertainty. Sequential importance sampling can be used to generate posterior distributions for parameters, unobserved states, and random effects for population models with realistic dynamics and error distributions. Such a state-space model was fit to the Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha population, where a key objective was to develop a tool for predicting juvenile out-migration based on multiple sources of data. One-year-ahead 90% prediction intervals based on 1992−2003 data, while relatively wide, did include the estimated values for 2004. Parameter estimates for the juvenile production function based on the state-space model formulation differed appreciably from Bayesian estimates that ignored autocorrelation and observation noise.
Ontogenetic Trophic Interactions and Benthopelagic Coupling in Lake Washington: Evidence from Stable Isotopes and Diet Analysis
Authors: McIntyre J. K. , Beauchamp D. A. , Mazur M. M. , Overman N. C.
Published: September 2006

Stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon and stomach content analysis were used to determine the trophic position and relative importance of benthic and pelagic pathways for different life stages and species of the major fishes and invertebrate prey in Lake Washington. Significant coupling of the benthic and pelagic pathways was evident in this complex food web across seasons and fish ontogenies. Among apex predators, cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii and northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis shifted ontogenetically from benthic omnivory to pelagic piscivory, whereas yellow perch Perca flavescens shifted from pelagic zooplanktivory to benthic piscivory. Apex predators continued to rely on benthic prey seasonally, particularly in winter and spring. Benthic pathways were less important to the current diets of apex predators than they were during the recovery from eutrophication in the 1970s. Surprisingly, the δ15N values for copepods during winter and for zooplanktivorous longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys and threespine sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus were similar to those for top piscivores, whereas the significantly lower values for zooplanktivorous juvenile sockeye salmon O. nerka were more similar to expectations. Nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios of pelagic planktivores and invertebrates also varied seasonally. Mixing model results showed that stable isotopes and stomach contents were comparable for determining ontogenetic trends, but stable isotopes established these trends with many fewer samples and less variability and accurately portrayed ontogenetic trends when few stomach samples were available. However, stomach content analysis was critical in delineating seasonal trends in diets and for identifying specific prey species.
Status of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in Idaho
Authors: Meyer Kevin A. , Schill Daniel J. , Lamansky James A. , Campbell Matthew R. , Kozfkay Christine C.
Published: September 2006

In this study, we electrofished 961 study sites to estimate the abundance of trout (in streams only) throughout the upper Snake River basin in Idaho (and portions of adjacent states) to determine the current status of Yellowstone cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarkii bouvieriiand other nonnative salmonids and to assess introgressive hybridization between Yellowstone cutthroat trout and rainbow troutO. mykiss. Yellowstone cutthroat trout were the most widely distributed species of trout, followed by brook troutSalvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout and rainbow trout × Yellowstone cutthroat trout hybrids, and brown troutSalmo trutta. Of the 457 sites that contained Yellowstone cutthroat trout, less than half also contained nonnative salmonids and only 88 contained rainbow trout and hybrids. In the 11 geographic management units (GMUs) for which sample size permitted abundance estimates, the number of 100‐mm and larger trout was estimated to be about 2.2 ± 1.2 million (mean ± confidence interval); of these, about 1.0 ± 0.4 million were Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Similarly, the estimated abundance of trout smaller than 100 mm was 2.0 ± 1.4 million, of which about 1.2 ± 0.7 million) were Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Both estimates are almost certainly biased downward owing to methodological constraints. Yellowstone cutthroat trout were divided into approximately 70 subpopulations, but estimates could be made for only 55 subpopulations; of these, 44 and 28 subpopulations contained more than 1,000 and 2,500 Yellowstone cutthroat trout, respectively. We compared morphological assessments of purity with subsequent molecular DNA analysis from 51 of the study sites and found that levels of purity were positively correlated between methods (r= 0.84). Based on this agreement, we classified Yellowstone cutthroat trout (based on morphological characteristics alone) as pure at 81% of the study sites within these GMUs. Our results suggest that despite the presence of nonnative threats (genetic and competitive), Yellowstone cutthroat trout remain widely distributed and appear to have healthy populations in numerous river drainages in Idaho.
Spatial Variation in Brown Trout Production: The Role of Environmental Factors
Authors: Almodóvar Ana , Nicola Graciela G. , Elvira Benigno
Published: September 2006

Spatial variation in Spanish populations of brown troutSalmo truttawas studied in 10 streams of contrasting environmental and biological characteristics based on data compiled over 7 years (1992–1998). Three of the streams had soft water (mean alkalinity as CaCO3= 19.3 mg/L) supplied by granite catchments at elevations around 1,250 m above sea level and had a low abundance of macroinvertebrates (mean density = 598 individuals/m2; mean biomass = 0.63 g/m2). The remaining streams had hard water (mean alkalinity = 253.6 mg/L) flowing over limestone at 850–1,400‐m elevations and possessed a greater benthic faunal abundance (mean density = 2,433 individuals/m2; mean biomass = 2.76 g/m2). Mean brown trout population characters varied significantly throughout the study area (density = 1,567–5,594 fish/ha; biomass = 56.6–240.2 kg/ha; annual production = 47.0–182.0 kg/ha, and the ratio of annual production to mean biomass = 1.01–1.56). A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between brown trout production and chemical features indicative of high water productivity, which accounted for 61% of the variance explained by the model. A broader spatial analysis, based on a review of the available European work, corroborated that annual brown trout production in streams flowing over limestone bedrock was greater (mean = 121.6 kg/ha; range = 30.0–253.3 kg/ha) than that in streams flowing over siliceous bedrock (mean = 76.6 kg/ha; range = 3.5–234.0 kg/ha). Data from brown trout populations throughout Europe showed a significant positive correlation between production and alkalinity according to the model log10(production) = 1.41 + 0.31·log10(alkalinity), which explained 53% of the variance. Our findings support previous evidence on the influence of water fertility on salmonid production and expand knowledge of the factors that influence brown trout production within the native range of the species.
The Fetish in/as Text: Rétif de la Bretonne and the Development of Modern Sexual Science and French Literary Studies, 1887–1934
Authors: Wyngaard Amy S.
Published: September 2006

This essay examines the role of Rétif's writings in the development of the concept of erotic fetishism and in the formation of the French literary canon in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Rétif explored foot and shoe fetishisms more than a century before the phenomena were medically recognized, anticipating the modern psychosexual use of the termfetishismand making important contributions to the invention of the theoretical concept. Rétif's works were accorded a privileged place in early pathologies of fetishism, which provoked a series of polemics among German and French medical doctors and literary scholars centered on notions of national supremacy and literary value. Marked as bad literature, in both senses of the term, Rétif's writing was subsequently excluded from the French literary canon on moral grounds and became a kind of fetish object in the French literary corpus. (ASW)
Horror and the Maternal inBeowulf
Authors: Acker Paul
Published: September 2006

Grendel's mother projects Anglo–Saxon cultural anxieties about weaknesses in the system of feuding and revenge. Killing off one opponent (Grendel) will only trigger the appearance of another (Grendel's mother) as long as the system of revenge by kin is in place. That she is an avenging mother may have seemed particularly monstrous, in ways that resonate with Julia Kristeva's comments on abjection and the maternal. Grendel's mother attacks to avenge her son shortly after Wealhtheow has attempted to weave the ties of kinship on behalf of her sons. By contrast, women in Old Norse literature often incite men to vengeance or on rare occasions take vengeance themselves. Seen from the social world of the Anglo–Saxon hall, however, a maternal avenger can only be imagined as monstrous or subhuman, carrying the male hero to the threshold of death. The abjected mother returns, with a vengeance, to haunt the patriarchal stronghold. (PA)
Agency and Translational Literature: Ahdaf Soueif's The Map of Love
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: September 2006

In the space between translators and translated, there are texts that straddle two languages, at once foregrounding, performing, and problematizing the act of translation. They participate in the construction of cultural identies from that in-between space and stage many of the concerns of contemporary translation theory. I call such texts translational literature. While all bilingual and multilingual discourse dramatizes the interaction of languages, translational texts lay special emphasis on translation as an essential component of cross-cultural contact. As such, translational literature treats translation in several registers–formal, thematic, linguistic, and discursive–raising questions not only about technical aspects of linguistic transfer but also about cultural (un)translatability, discourses of difference, and ideologies of domination. This essay elaborates the notion of translational literature and offers the exemplary case of Ahdaf Soueif's The Map of Love (1999). (WSH)
Endogenous islet uncoupling protein-2 expression and loss of glucose homeostasis in ob/ob mice
Authors: Saleh Monique C , Wheeler Michael B , Chan Catherine B
Published: September 2006

We hypothesized that the loss of glucose homeostasis in ob/ob mice is associated with upregulation of islet uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) expression, leading to impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Changes in glucose homeostasis in lean and ob/ob mice from 5 to 16 weeks were assessed by fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, oral glucose tolerance, and tissue insulin sensitivity. In vitro GSIS and ATP content were assayed in isolated islets, while UCP2 expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting. Short-term reduction of UCP2 expression was achieved through transfection of islets with specific small interfering RNA. Insulin resistance was detected in 5-week-old ob/ob mice, but GSIS and blood glucose levels remained normal. By 8 weeks of age, ob/ob mice displayed fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance, and also had elevated non-esterified fatty acid concentration in plasma. In vitro, GSIS and ATP generation were impaired in ob/ob islets. Islet UCP2 expression was elevated at 5 and 8 weeks of age. Short-term knockdown of islet UCP2 increased GSIS in islets of lean mice, but had no effect in islets from ob/ob mice. Loss of glucose homeostasis and impairment of insulin secretion from isolated islets at 8 weeks in ob/ob mice is preceded by an increase in UCP2 expression in islets. Moreover, the glucolipotoxic conditions observed are predicted to increase UCP2 activity, contributing to lower islet ATP and GSIS.
Estrogen-dependent responses of the mammary fat pad in prepubertal dairy heifers
Authors: Meyer M J , Capuco A V , Boisclair Y R , Van Amburgh M E
Published: September 2006

Ovaries are absolutely required for development of the mammary parenchyma (PAR) in cattle, reflecting estrogen-dependent epithelial cell proliferation. However, the estrogen receptor (ER) that mediates the mammary estrogen effects, ERα, is absent in proliferating epithelial cells. In the mouse, this discrepancy is explained in part by the ability of the mammary fat pad (MFP) to synthesize epithelial cell mitogens such as IGF-I in response to estrogen. Consistent with a similar role for the bovine MFP, 30% of its fibroblasts and adipocytes were immunoreactive for ERα in prepubertal dairy heifers. To assess estrogen-dependent gene expression in the MFP, 16 prepubertal dairy heifers were randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial. The first factor was ovarian status, with heifers undergoing bilateral ovariectomy or left intact at 4.6 months of age. The second factor was applied 30 days after surgery and consisted of injection of estrogen or excipient. After 3 days of injection, heifers were administered an intrajugular bolus of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and slaughtered 2 h later. The estrogen injection, but not ovarian status, caused significant increases in the fraction of epithelial cells labeled with BrdU and produced tissue-specific effects on gene expression. In the PAR, estrogen injection increased IGF-I gene expression by twofold despite reductions of 50% or more in ERα mRNA abundance and the fraction of epithelial cells immunoreactive for ERα. The estrogen-dependent increase in IGF-I mRNA was greater in the MFP, presumably because estrogen failed to downregulate ERα expression in this mammary compartment. Finally, estrogen-responsiveness of the MFP appears unique among the bovine fat depots as estrogen injection did not induce IGF-I expression in its s.c. counterpart. Our data demonstrate that the bovine MFP is highly responsive to exogenous estrogen, consistent with a role for this tissue compartment in communicating its effects on epithelial cell proliferation.
Activation of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor initiates insulin secretion from human islets of Langerhans: involvement of protein kinases
Authors: Gray Elizabeth , Muller Dany , Squires Paul E , Asare-Anane Henry , Huang Guo-Cai , Amiel Stephanie , Persaud Shanta J , Jones Peter M
Published: September 2006

The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is usually associated with systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, but the CaR is also expressed in many other tissues, including pancreatic islets of Langerhans. In the present study, we have used human islets and an insulin-secreting cell line (MIN6) to investigate the effects of CaR activation using the calcimimetic R-568, a CaR agonist that activates the CaR at physiological concentrations of extracellular Ca2+. CaR activation initiated a marked but transient insulin secretory response from both human islets and MIN6 cells at a sub-stimulatory concentration of glucose, and further enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion. CaR-induced insulin secretion was reduced by inhibitors of phospholipase C or calcium–calmodulin-dependent kinases, but not by a protein kinase C inhibitor. CaR activation was also associated with an activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and CaR-induced insulin secretion was reduced by an inhibitor of p42/44 MAPK activation. We suggest that the β-cell CaR is activated by divalent cations co-released with insulin, and that this may be an important mechanism of intra-islet communication between β-cells.
Actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 on KATP channel-dependent and -independent effects of glucose, sulphonylureas and nateglinide
Authors: McClenaghan Neville H , Flatt Peter R , Ball Andrew J
Published: September 2006

This study examined the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on insulin secretion alone and in combination with sulphonylureas or nateglinide, with particular attention to KATP channel-independent insulin secretion. In depolarised cells, GLP-1 significantly augmented glucose-induced KATP channel-independent insulin secretion in a glucose concentration-dependent manner. GLP-1 similarly augmented the KATP channel-independent insulin-releasing effects of tolbutamide, glibenclamide or nateglinide. Downregulation of protein kinase A (PKA)- or protein kinase C (PKC)-signalling pathways in culture revealed that the KATP channel-independent effects of sulphonylureas or nateglinide were critically dependent upon intact PKA and PKC signalling. In contrast, GLP-1 exhibited a reduced but still significant insulin-releasing effect following PKA and PKC downregulation, indicating that GLP-1 can modulate KATP channel-independent insulin secretion by protein kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The synergistic insulin-releasing effects of combinatorial GLP-1 and sulphonylurea/nateglinide were lost following PKA- or PKC-desensitisation, despite GLP-1 retaining an insulin-releasing effect, demonstrating that GLP-1 can induce insulin release under conditions where sulphonylureas and nateglinide are no longer effective. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of GLP-1, and further highlight the promise of GLP-1 or similarly acting analogues alone or in combination with sulphonylureas or meglitinide drugs in type 2 diabetes therapy.
Impact of Defined Matrix Interactions on Insulin Production by Cultured Human β-Cells
Authors: Kaido Thomas , Yebra Mayra , Cirulli Vincenzo , Rhodes Christopher , Diaferia Giuseppe , Montgomery Anthony M.
Published: September 2006

The impact of extracellular matrix on insulin production needs to be understood both to optimize the derivation of functional β-cells for transplantation and to understand mechanisms controlling islet neogenesis and glucose homeostasis. In this study, we present evidence that adhesion to some common matrix constituents has a profound impact on the transcription, secretion, and storage of insulin by human β-cells. The integrin-dependent adhesion of fetal β-cells to both collagen IV and vitronectin induces significant glucose-independent insulin secretion and a substantial reciprocal decline in insulin content. Collagen IV, but not vitronectin, induces comparable responses in adult β-cells. Inhibition of extracellular signal–regulated kinase activation abrogates matrix-induced insulin secretion and effectively preserves the insulin content of adherent β-cells. Using real-time PCR, we demonstrate that adhesion of both fetal and adult β-cells to collagen IV and vitronectin also results in the marked suppression of insulin gene transcription. Based on these findings, we contend that integrin-dependent adhesion and signaling in response to certain matrices can have a significant negative impact on insulin production by primary human β-cells. Such responses were not found to be associated with cell death but may precede β-cell dedifferentiation.
Optimal control of a two-stage reactor system
Authors: Hirmajer T. , Fikar M.
Published: September 2006

Optimal operation policies were investigated for a batch reactor system with two different operation stages. At the end of the first nonisothermal stage one of the reactants was added. Since that moment the reactor was operated isothermally. In each stage behavior of the reactor was described by a set of differential equations. The maximum conversion problem was investigated subject to various operating constraints. Dynamic optimization based on the control vector parametrization was used to find the optimal control profile. Gradients of the resulting nonlinear programming problem were obtained by adjoint method based on the optimal control theory.
Children's narrative memory for accidents and their post‐traumatic distress
Authors: O'Kearney Richard , Speyer Joanne , Kenardy Justin
Published: September 2006

This study examines how the quality of children's memory for a traumatic event is related to trauma‐related distress and adjustment. Four to 7 weeks after an accident requiring hospitalisation, 80 children aged 7–16 were asked to provide a narrative memory of the event. Age and the quality of the memory report based on its lexical and cohesive structure accounted for a significant and sizable proportion of the variability in the children's intrusive symptoms about the event after considering trauma severity and the child's language ability and gender. There was no significant relationship between memory quality and event specific avoidant symptoms. Children who were troubled by intrusive symptoms at 4 to 7 weeks continue to seek personal control and mastery by cognitively making sense of their experiences. The study's implications for understanding the process of children's adaptation to such events and for the development of chronic problematic adjustment are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yield Functions for Porous Materials with Cubic Symmetry Using Different Definitions of Yield
Authors: McElwain D. L. S. , Roberts A. P. , Wilkins A. H.
Published: September 2006

Plastic yield criteria for porous ductile materials are explored numerically using the finite‐element technique. The cases of spherical voids arranged in simple cubic, body‐centred cubic and face‐centred cubic arrays are investigated with void volume fractions ranging from 2 % through to the percolation limit (over 90 %). Arbitrary triaxial macroscopic stress states and two definitions of yield are explored. The numerical data demonstrates that the yield criteria depend linearly on the determinant of the macroscopic stress tensor for the case of simple‐cubic and body‐centred cubic arrays – in contrast to the famous Gurson‐Tvergaard‐Needleman (GTN) formula – while there is no such dependence for face‐centred cubic arrays within the accuracy of the finite‐element discretisation. The data are well fit by a simple extension of the GTN formula which is valid for all void volume fractions, with yield‐function convexity constraining the form of the extension in terms of parameters in the original formula. Simple cubic structures are more resistant to shear, while body‐centred and face‐centred structures are more resistant to hydrostatic pressure. The two yield surfaces corresponding to the two definitions of yield are not related by a simple scaling.
Iron Based Cellular Structures – Status and Prospects
Authors: Stephani G. , Andersen O. , Göhler H. , Kostmann C. , Kümmel K. , Quadbeck P. , Reinfried M. , Studnitzky T. , Waag U.
Published: September 2006

Cellular metals based on iron have been intensively investigated during the last two decades. Because of the significant decrease in of the structural density of iron based cellular structures, numerous technologies have been developed for their manufacturing. Besides the tremendous weight reduction a combination with other properties like energy and noise absorption, heat insulation and mechanical damping can be achieved. This contribution will give an overview about the latest state in iron based cellular materials, including technologies in manufacturing, properties and potential applications.
Characterization and Mechanical Behavior of Nanoporous Gold
Authors: Hodge A. M. , Hayes J. R. , Caro J. A. , Biener J. , Hamza A. V.
Published: September 2006

Here we present current issues in understanding the mechanical behavior of nanoporous foams as a new class of high yield strength / low density materials. Gold nanoporous foams are used for a systematic study of mechanical properties since they can be synthesized with a wide range of ligaments sizes and densities. Preliminary tests demonstrate that a) Au foams have a fracture behavior dictated by the ligament size, and b) nanoporous Au is a high yield strength material.
Elastic Response of Titanium Foams During Compression Tests and Using Laser‐Ultrasonic Probing
Authors: Lefebvre L.‐P. , Blouin A. , Rochon S.‐M. , Bureau M. N.
Published: September 2006

This paper presents an evaluation of the elastic properties of titanium foams by two methods: the evaluation of the unloading slopes measured during destructive compression tests and the measurements of the resonance frequencies of foams using laser‐ultrasonics. The results show that the elastic moduli evolve during the compression tests. The values extrapolated at zero deformation can be used to determine the elastic properties of undeformed specimens. Besides, laser‐ultrasonic techniques can be used to bring foam specimens into resonance and to measure the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio. The values measured by the two methods are in good agreement.
Isothermal and Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Open‐Cell Metal Sponges — Experimental Analysis and Homogenization Modeling
Authors: Krupp U. , Ohrndorf A. , Guillén T. , Christ H.‐J. , Demiray S. , Becker W. , Hohe J.
Published: September 2006

The present paper summarizes interdisciplinary experimental and theoretical research on the mechanical behavior of open‐cell AlSi7Mg and α brass sponges, particularly focusing on the fatigue behavior under isothermal test conditions and under periodically fluctuating temperature (thermomechanical fatigue TMF), the latter carried out in a self‐designed temperature chamber. Monotonic tensile and compression tests were performed on these metal sponges, taking into account variation in the homogeneity and difference in the ductility of the cell strut material (AlSi7Mg and α brass). Modeling of the deformation behavior was carried out by means of a strain‐energy‐based homogenization approach on the basis of the open‐cell 3D‐Kelvin foam. This approach reveals the strong anisotropy during large deformations and was shown to describe the monotonic as well as the cyclic deformation behavior of the studied open‐cell materials in a good qualitative agreement.
Cell Structure Control of Porous Titanium Composite Synthesized by Combustion Reaction
Authors: Kobashi M. , Kuze K. , Kanetake N.
Published: September 2006

Porous titanium matrix composites were fabricated by a reaction between titanium powder and boron carbide (B4C) powder. Precursors were made by compacting the elemental powder blend, and heated in an induction furnace to induce the reaction. The reaction was strongly exothermic and, therefore, it was a combustion mode when Ti/B4C blending ratio of the precursor was appropriate. The reaction products were titanium boride (TiB or TiB2) and titanium carbide (TiC). By controlling the Ti/B4C blending ratio, it was possible to control the volume fraction of reaction products in the titanium matrix. The combustion synthesized material was porous and its cell structure was strongly affected by the processing condition of the precursor (porosity of the precursor and Ti/B4C blending ratio). The open cell structure was made from precursors with low Ti/B4C and high porosity. The cell size was varied from several tens of microns to about 500 microns by changing the combustion temperature.
Templated Self‐Assembly of Block Copolymers: Top‐Down Helps Bottom‐Up
Authors: Cheng J. Y. , Ross C. A. , Smith H. I. , Thomas E. L.
Published: September 2006

One of the key challenges in nanotechnology is to control a self‐assembling system to create a specific structure. Self‐organizing block copolymers offer a rich variety of periodic nanoscale patterns, and researchers have succeeded in finding conditions that lead to very long range order of the domains. However, the array of microdomains typically still contains some uncontrolled defects and lacks global registration and orientation. Recent efforts in templated self‐assembly of block copolymers have demonstrated a promising route to control bottom‐up self‐organization processes through top‐down lithographic templates. The orientation and placement of block‐copolymer domains can be directed by topographically or chemically patterned templates. This templated self‐assembly method provides a path towards the rational design of hierarchical device structures with periodic features that cover several length scales.
Inside Front Cover: A Combinatorial Library of Photocrosslinkable and Degradable Materials (Adv. Mater. 19/2006)
Authors: Anderson D. G. , Tweedie C. A. , Hossain N. , Navarro S. M. , Brey D. M. , Van Vliet K. J. , Langer R. , Burdick J. A.
Published: September 2006

The first combinatorial library of degradable photocrosslinked materials is reported on p. 2614 by Anderson, Burdick, and co‐workers. The inside cover shows a three‐dimensional representation of the generic macromer, superimposed onto a microarray of materials. It is believed that this library approach will allow for the rapid screening and design of degradable polymers for a variety of applications.
Mixing times in a turbulent stirred tank by means of LES
Authors: Hartmann H. , Derksen J. J. , van den Akker H. E. A.
Published: September 2006

In turbulent liquid mixing, the performance of a stirred tank is usually expressed as the time it takes to homogenize a passive scalar concentration starting from a segregated state. Numerical prediction of mixing times requires solving the flow field and the associated passive scalar. A novel numerical approach is presented to passive scalar mixing in an agitated tank. In addition to a large‐eddy simulation based on lattice‐Boltzmann discretization of the Navier‐Stokes equations, the convection‐diffusion equation governing passive scalar transport has been solved by finite volume discretization. Numerical diffusion has been effectively eliminated by applying a TVD scheme. With this hybrid approach we study mixing in a Rushton turbine stirred vessel at Re = 24,000. The simulations were designed such that their results can be critically assessed with experimental data. The simulations are in (at least) qualitative agreement with the experiments, and allow for assessment of how mixing times defined in various ways relate. Also the role of the impeller size has been investigated. The numerical method needs improvement in the sense that it is not exactly mass conservative, which likely is due to the fixed‐grid approach in combination with a non‐fixed (revolving) impeller. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Mobile phone base station‐emitted radiation does not induce phosphorylation of Hsp27
Authors: Hirose H. , Sakuma N. , Kaji N. , Nakayama K. , Inoue K. , Sekijima M. , Nojima T. , Miyakoshi J.
Published: September 2006

An in vitro study focusing on the effects of low‐level radiofrequency (RF) fields from mobile radio base stations employing the International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT‐2000) cellular system was conducted to test the hypothesis that modulated RF fields act to induce phosphorylation and overexpression of heat shock protein hsp27. First, we evaluated the responses of human cells to microwave exposure at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 80 mW/kg, which corresponds to the limit of the average whole‐body SAR for general public exposure defined as a basic restriction in the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. Second, we investigated whether continuous wave (CW) and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W‐CDMA) modulated signal RF fields at 2.1425 GHz induced activation or gene expression of hsp27 and other heat shock proteins (hsps). Human glioblastoma A172 cells were exposed to W‐CDMA radiation at SARs of 80 and 800 mW/kg for 2–48 h, and CW radiation at 80 mW/kg for 24 h. Human IMR‐90 fibroblasts from fetal lungs were exposed to W‐CDMA at 80 and 800 mW/kg for 2 or 28 h, and CW at 80 mW/kg for 28 h. Under the RF field exposure conditions described above, no significant differences in the expression levels of phosphorylated hsp27 at serine 82 (hsp27[pS82]) were observed between the test groups exposed to W‐CDMA or CW signal and the sham‐exposed negative controls, as evaluated immediately after the exposure periods by bead‐based multiplex assays. Moreover, no noticeable differences in the gene expression of hsps were observed between the test groups and the negative controls by DNA Chip analysis. Our results confirm that exposure to low‐level RF field up to 800 mW/kg does not induce phosphorylation of hsp27 or expression of hsp gene family. Bioelectromagnetics © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Affective response to 5 µT ELF magnetic field‐induced physiological changes
Authors: Stevens Paul
Published: September 2006

Research into effects of weak magnetic fields (MFs) at biologically relevant frequencies has produced ambiguous results. Although they do affect human physiology and behaviour, the direction of effects is inconsistent, with a range of complex and unrelated behaviours being susceptible. A possible explanation is that these effects, rather than being directly caused, are instead related to changes in affective state. A previous study showed that MFs altered the affective content of concurrent perceptions, but it was unclear whether the emotional response was direct or indirect. Here it is shown that exposure to a 0–5 µT MF (DC‐offset sinudsoidal wave form) within EEG α‐band frequencies (8–12 Hz), results in a reported change in emotional state. This relates to a decrease global field power but lacks the frontal α‐asymmetry that would physiologically indicate a directly induced emotional state, suggesting that participant experiences are due to an interpretation of the effects of MF exposure. Bioelectromagnetics © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Support of modeling in process‐engineering education
Authors: van der Schaaf Hylke , Tramper Johannes , Vermuë Marian , Hartog Rob
Published: September 2006

An objective of the Process Technology curriculum at Wageningen University is to teach students a stepwise modeling approach in the context of process engineering. Many process‐engineering students have difficulty with learning to design a model. Some common problems are lack of structure in the design activity, “getting lost” in the abundance of available mathematical equations that describe similar processes in different situations and problems with correctly typing the equations into the modeling software. To reduce these problems there is a need for a set of educational tools to support students when learning how to design models. This paper describes a set of tools that can easily be integrated within a web‐based learning‐management system. The tool set is based on a 5‐step modeling approach. The design and use of two tools of the set are described in detail: ModelComposer and ModelRunner. ModelComposer supports the student when composing a mathematical model. ModelRunner lets the user execute experiments with the model. The tools were used in a case study to get student and teacher feedback. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 14: 161–168, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20074
Creating access and success: Academic pathways reaching underserved students
Authors: Bragg Debra D. , Kim Eunyoung , Barnett Elisabeth A.
Published: September 2006

This chapter discusses results of a fifty‐state study conducted through the Academic Pathways to Access and Student Success initiative, and identifies curricular, instructional, and organizational approaches that increase opportunities for underserved students to attend college.
Achieving the baccalaureate through the community college
Authors: Floyd Deborah L.
Published: September 2006

This chapter examines community college baccalaureate programs and the controversy surrounding these programs. It also looks at models for the delivery of these baccalau‐reates, emphasizing their curricular focus in states and colleges across the nation. The chapter concludes with questions that should guide decision makers in enhancing student access and bachelor's degree completion.
The role of career and technical education in facilitating student transitions to postsecondary education
Authors: Dare Donna E.
Published: September 2006

This chapter examines recent attempts to promote students' transitions into postsecondary education. In particular, it focuses on the evolution of career and technical education (CTE) to promote student transition by coupling more rigorous academic preparation with CTE programs.
Ba5(Al/Ga)5(Sn/Pb): New Compounds at the Zintl Border.
Authors: Guttsche Kristin , Rosin Angela , Wendorff Marco , Roehr Caroline
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal and Magnetic Structures of Laves Phase Compound NdCo2 in the Temperature Range Between 9 and 300 K.
Authors: Xiao Y. G. , Huang Q. , Ouyang Z. W. , Lynn J. W. , Liang J. K. , Rao G. H.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Pt—Ru Solid Compounds as Precursors of Anodic Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell.
Authors: Wang Z. B. , Yin G. P. , Shi P. F.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Expedient Synthesis of Chiral 1,2‐ and 1,4‐Diamines: Protecting Group Dependent Regioselectivity in Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions.
Authors: Chowdari Naidu S. , Ahmad Moballigh , Albertshofer Klaus , Tanaka Fujie , Barbas Carlos F. III
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Utility of 1‐Chloro‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalene‐2‐carboxaldehyde in the Synthesis of Novel Heterocycles with Pharmaceutical Interest.
Authors: Bondock Samir , Khalifa Wesam , Fadda Ahmed A.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidation of Sulfides with N‐Bromosuccinimide in the Presence of Hydrated Silica Gel.
Authors: Ali Mohammed Hashmat , Hartman Melanie , Lamp Kimberly , Schmitz Chad , Wencewicz Tim
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Catalyzed aza‐Michael Addition of Aliphatic Amines to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds and Nitriles in Water.
Authors: Varala Ravi , Sreelatha Nuvula , Adapa Srinivas R.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sequential Knoevenagel Reaction/Mislow—Evans Rearrangement Catalyzed by Heterogeneous Amine Grafted on Silica in Water, Leading to γ‐Hydroxy‐α,β‐unsaturated Nitrile.
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Isobe Kohei , Numamae Ayuko , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chloride Based Ionic Liquids as Promoting Agents for Meerwein Reaction in Solventless Conditions.
Authors: Mastrorilli Piero , Nobile Cosimo F. , Taccardi Nicola
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cerium(IV)‐Promoted Ethylation of Schiff Bases by Triethylaluminum.
Authors: Tsvelikhovsky Dmitry , Schumann Herbert , Blum Jochanan
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Samarium Dienolate Mediated Stereoselective Synthesis of anti‐1,3‐Diol Monoesters via Aldol‐Tishchenko Reaction.
Authors: Reutrakul Vichai , Jaratjaroonphong Jaray , Tuchinda Patoomratana , Kuhakarn Chutima , Kongsaeree Palangpon , Prabpai Samran , Pohmakotr Manat
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Borane Reduction of Prochiral Ketones Catalyzed by C3‐Symmetric Tripodal β‐Hydroxy Amides.
Authors: Fang Tao , Xu Jiaxi , Du Da‐Ming
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Sulfones at Room Temperature Using H2O2 and a Mo(VI) Salt as Catalyst.
Authors: Jeyakumar Kandasamy , Chand Dillip Kumar
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reactivity of trans‐2‐Aryl‐3‐chloroazetidines.
Authors: Van Driessche Berten , Van Brabandt Willem , D'hooghe Matthias , Dejaegher Yves , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Study on the Method for Oligosaccharide Synthesis Covering the Structural Diversity of Sialic Acid — Aiming at the Understanding of the Polymorphous Functions at the Molecular Level
Authors: Ando Hiromune , Ishida Hideharu , Kiso Makoto
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Derivatization and Isotope Labeling of Amphotericin B Aiming at Elucidation of the Ion‐Channel Structure
Authors: Matsumori Nobuaki , Oishi Tohru , Murata Michio
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies on Cyclic Guanidine Natural Products for the Elucidation of Their Controlling Mechanism of Protein‐Protein Interaction
Authors: Nagasawa Kazuo , Shimokawa Jun
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Drug Discovery Research for Microbial Metabolites
Authors: Ichimura Michio
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Prospects for Combinatorial Chemistry in the Agrosciences
Authors: Lindell Stephen D. , Scherkenbeck Juergen
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Herstellung vakuumtauglicher Zeolith‐Formkörper zur Verwendung in Sorptionsapparaten
Authors: Maier‐Laxhuber P. , Schmidt R.
Published: September 2006

Ausgehend von handelsüblichem Zeolithpulver wurde durch Zumischen geeigneter Beimengungen von Bindemitteln und Strukturmaterialien eine im Technikumsmaßstab reproduzierbare Darstellung von Zeolithformkörpern gefunden, die auch eine Langzeit‐Vakuumtauglichkeit aufweist. Die Formkörper besitzen geeignete Oberflächenstrukturen und Dampfkanäle, so dass sie in vielfältigen kommerziellen Wärmetauschergeometrien der Zeolith/Wasser‐Adsorptionstechnologie eingesetzt werden können. Mit solchen speziell entworfenen Formkörpern wird die Energieeffizienz dieser Geräte weiter optimiert, und die Herstellkosten werden minimiert. Bislang sind 200 Kühlgeräte mit den neu entwickelten Zeolithplatten bestückt worden und in mehreren Krankenhäusern im gewerblichen Dauereinsatz.