bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Policing, Trust, and Muslim Communities in Relation to “New Terrorism”
Authors: SPALEK BASIA
Published: September 2010

The following article examines the role of trust between police and communities in the context of “new terrorism,” drawing upon data that examined engagement and partnership work between communities and police within this context. A key finding is that in a low‐trust context, as characterized by “new terrorism,” it is important for police officers to focus initially upon building contingent trust by trust‐building activities that demonstrate trustworthiness. Partnerships between police and members of Muslim communities carrying out sensitive intervention work with those deemed at risk from committing acts of terrorism appear to feature implicit trust. These partnerships are less focused upon short‐term outcomes, but rather, individuals are committed to these relationships so that within the partnerships themselves trust is implicit between officers and Muslim community members. This suggests that police within specialist counter‐terrorism units underpinned specifically by principles of community policing are best placed to provide the kind of long‐term interaction and trust‐building that is required for sensitive partnership work to take place, for contingent trust to be built into implicit trust.

Basándonos en datos que examinan el compromiso y el trabajo conjunto dentro del contexto del “nuevo terrorismo” este artículo examina el rol de la confianza entre los oficiales de policía y las comunidades musulmanas. Un hallazgo clave es que en un contexto de baja confianza, característico del “nuevo terrorismo,” es importante para los oficiales de policía enfocarse inicialmente en la construcción de una confianza contingente por medio de actividades que construyan y demuestren dicha confianza. La colaboración entre la policía y los miembros de las comunidades Musulmanas que realizan un delicado trabajo deintervención con aquellos que están en riesgo de cometer actos de terrorismo parecería mostrar una confianza implícita. Estas colaboraciones están menos enfocadas en resultados de corto plazo, en lugar de ello los individuos están comprometidos en estas relaciones para que la confianza entre los oficiales y los miembros de la comunidad Musulmana llegue a estar implicada. Esto sugiere que los oficiales de policía asignados a unidades anti‐terroristas ancladas específicamente en principios de colaboración ciudadana están mejor ubicados para proveer el tipo de interacción de largo plazo y de construcción de confianza que es requerido para llevar a cabo un trabajo de colaborativo delicado, para que la confianza contingente sea incorporada en la confianza implícita.
The connections between general and reproductive senescence and the evolutionary basis of menopause
Authors: Kirkwood Thomas B. L. , Shanley Daryl P.
Published: September 2010

We consider the relationship between the factors responsible for the general biology of aging and those that specifically influence the aging of the reproductive system. To understand this relationship it is necessary to be clear about the evolutionary forces acting on both sets of factors. Only in this way can the correct causal connections be established. Of particular significance is the existence in some species of a distinct period of postreproductive life. This is most striking in the case of the human menopause, for which a particular combination of biological and sociobiological factors appear to be responsible.
Reproductive aging and its consequences for general health
Authors: Traub Michael L. , Santoro Nanette
Published: September 2010

Reproductive aging coincides with endocrine changes that are not solely reproductive in nature and culminates in hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and amenorrhea. These changes are identifiable biochemically regardless of clinical manifestations. Changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis are associated with changes in other hormonal axes, specifically the adrenal androgen and the somatotropic axis. A large body of literature indicates that reproductive aging is associated with a decline in the somatotropic axis. The interactions between reproductive aging and changes in the adrenal androgen axis are more complex and complicated by age‐related declines in the adrenal axis early in the reproductive years. These changes may play an important role in overall health maintenance. Attempts to ameliorate hormonal declines with exogenous hormonal therapy have produced mixed results. Finally, the age‐specific timing as well as the rapidity of the changes that occur with reproductive aging seems to have important consequences on metabolism, cardiovascular risk, cognition, bone density, and even mortality.
Longitudinal, epidemiologic studies of female reproductive aging
Authors: Ferrell Rebecca J. , Sowers MaryFran
Published: September 2010

Human female reproductive aging consists of multiple processes and interacts with other physiological systems in unique ways. Here we discuss eight recent longitudinal, epidemiologic studies of female reproductive aging that include endocrine data to highlight their contributions to our understanding of these various aging processes and their interactions. Specifically, we review data on ovarian and nonovarian reproductive aging processes and reproductive staging. We consider these data in the context of longitudinal research design and research goals, identify limitations of the studies but also ways in which existing longitudinal data can further our understanding of aging processes, and make recommendations for future studies of female reproductive aging.
Do women stop early? Similarities in fertility decline in humans and chimpanzees
Authors: Hawkes Kristen , Smith Ken R.
Published: September 2010

Two kinds of evidence suggest that female fertility may end at an earlier age in modern people than in ancestral populations or in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. We investigate both to see whether fertility schedules or ovarian follicle counts falsify the alternative hypothesis that the age of terminal fertility changed little in the human lineage while greater longevity evolved due to grandmother effects. We use 19th century Utah women to represent non‐contracepting humans, and compare their fertility by age with published records for wild chimpanzees. Then we revisit published counts of ovarian follicular stocks in both species. Results show wide individual variation in age at last birth and oocyte stocks in both humans and chimpanzees. This heterogeneity, combined with interspecific differences in adult mortality, has large and opposing effects on fertility schedules. Neither realized fertility nor rates of follicular atresia stand as evidence against the hypothesis that ages at last birth changed little while greater longevity evolved in our lineage.
Estrogen and the aging brain: an elixir for the weary cortical network
Authors: Dumitriu Dani , Rapp Peter R. , McEwen Bruce S. , Morrison John H.
Published: September 2010

The surprising discovery in 1990 that estrogen modulates hippocampal structural plasticity launched a whole new field of scientific inquiry. Over the past two decades, estrogen‐induced spinogenesis has been described in several brain areas involved in cognition in a number of species, in both sexes and on multiple time scales. Exploration into the interaction between estrogen and aging has illuminated some of the hormone's neuroprotective effects, most notably on age‐related cognitive decline in nonhuman primates. Although there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms by which estrogen exerts its actions, key components of the signal transduction pathways are beginning to be elucidated and nongenomic actions via membrane bound estrogen receptors are of particular interest. Future studies are focused on identifying the most clinically relevant hormone treatment, as well as the potential identification of new therapeutics that can prevent or reverse age‐related cognitive impairment by intercepting specific signal transduction pathways initiated by estrogen.
Life history context of reproductive aging in a wild primate model
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Gesquiere Laurence , Galbany Jordi , Onyango Patrick O. , Alberts Susan C.
Published: September 2010

The pace of reproductive aging has been of considerable interest, especially in regard to the long postreproductive period in modern women. Here we use data for both sexes from a 37‐year longitudinal study of a wild baboon population to place reproductive aging within a life history context for this species, a primate relative of humans that evolved in the same savannah habitat as humans did. We examine the patterns and pace of reproductive aging, including birth rates and reproductive hormones for both sexes, and compare reproductive aging to age‐related changes in several other traits. Reproductive senescence occurs later in baboon females than males. Delayed senescence in females relative to males is also found in several other traits, such as dominance status and body condition, but not in molar wear or glucocorticoid profiles. Survival, health, and well‐being are the product of risk factors in morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits that differ in rate of senescence and in dependence on social or ecological conditions; some will be very sensitive to differences in circumstances and others less so.
A pathway that links reproductive status to lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kenyon Cynthia
Published: September 2010

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila, loss of the germline stem cells activates lifespan‐extending FOXO‐family transcription factors in somatic tissues and extends lifespan, suggesting the existence of an evolutionarily conserved pathway that links reproductive state and aging. Consistent with this idea, reproductive tissues have been shown to influence the lifespans of mice and humans as well. In C. elegans, loss of the germ cells activates a pathway that triggers nuclear localization of the FOXO transcription factor DAF‐16 in endodermal tissue. DAF‐16 then acts in the endoderm to activate downstream lifespan‐extending genes. DAF‐16 is also required for inhibition of insulin/insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) signaling to extend lifespan. However, the mechanisms by which inhibition of insulin/IGF‐1 signaling and germline loss activate DAF‐16/FOXO are distinct. As loss of the germ cells further doubles the already‐long lifespan of insulin/IGF‐1 pathway mutants, a better understanding of this reproductive longevity pathway could potentially suggest powerful ways to increase healthy lifespan in humans.
Chemistry and Origin of Enigmatic Monazite and Chevkinite/Perrierite in the Egyptian Black Beach Sand
Authors: Moustafa Mohamed I.
Published: September 2010

The content of monazite in the Egyptian black beach sand and coastal sand dunes is normally equal to or below 0.01 wt.%. The obtained high grade monazite concentrate includes three minor monazite groups in addition to major canary and lemon yellow coloured monazite: (i) the colourless to pinkish white coloured monazite; (ii) the opaque light to dark resinous, reddish brown and dark brown coloured monazite; and (iii) opaque yellowish red to brownish red coloured monazite grains group. These groups represent 3%, 4% and 2%, respectively, in the high grade monazite concentrate. A negligible amount of euhedral to subhedral black to brownish black chevkinite/perrierite mineral crystals was detected in the obtained monazite concentrate. The presence of these minor mineral groups affects the chemical composition of the obtained high grade monazite concentrate.

The Ce2O3 is the main REE in the studied monazite. In the colourless‐pinkish monazite grains, the analyzed REE are the following, in order of abundance; Ce > La > Nd > Pr > Sm > Gd > Dy. UO2 ranges between 0.11 and 1.74 wt.%. The contents of Eu2O3 is under the limit of detection while ThO2 ranges between 3.99 and 8.58 wt.% with an average value of 5.57 wt.%. These grains are most probably igneous monazite from a highly differentiated granite.

The resinous, brown monazite grains have lower Ce2O3 content (24.63 wt.%) and much lower La2O3 content (6.00 wt.%) but greater content of Eu2O3 (0.41 wt.%) than those of the colourless‐pinkish monazite. These monazites have the lowest contents of Th, U and Ca among the three groups. The resinous, brown monazites are most probably formed by metamorphism or alteration leading to leaching or replacement of pre‐existing minerals.

The red monazite group has a lower average Ce2O3 content (25.28 wt.%) than the colourless‐pinkish variety (28.02 wt.%) but slightly greater than that of the resinous, brown ones. The red monazite group has the highest ThO2 and UO2 contents; 5.84 wt.% and 1.24 wt.%, respectively. It has the lowest monazite component mole fraction (0.75). The red monazite seems to have been formed by hydrothermal alteration of pre‐existing monazite and other mineral species bearing for Y, REE, Ca, Th and U.

The two coupled substitution mechanisms: (Th, U)4++ Ca2+ 2REE3+, and (Th, U)4++ Si4+ REE3++ P5+, are obvious in the studied colourless‐pink monazite.
Chemical Zone of Nephrite in Alamas, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Liu Yan , Deng Jun , Shi Guanghai , Lu Taijin , He Huaiyu , Ng Yi‐Nok , Shen Chonghui , Yang Liqiang , Wang Qingfei
Published: September 2010

The Hetian deposit, located south of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, China, is one of the world's largest dolomite‐related nephrite deposits. In the Alamas orebody of the deposit, nephrite occurs as veins or lenses along faults or fissures of the adjacent dolomitic marble. Chemical analyses using electronic microscope probe analysis and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscope were carried out on nephrite and dolomitic marble samples collected from a cross section in Alamas to investigate zonal structure of the orebody. The nephrite in Alamas is predominately composed of tremolite with minor calcite, titanite and phlogopite, and that dolomitic marble is relatively pure with a FeO content less than 0.20 wt. %. Contents of color‐inducing elements, such as Fe, Mn, and Cr, increase gradually as color changes from white through white‐green and then to green, resulting in the formation of color‐distinctive zones. Tremolite grain size increases as color changes from white through white‐green to green. The trend may be consistent with temperature changes from dolomitic marble to granodiorite, which, in turn, suggests that both change in color from white to green and variations of grain size with increasing temperature resulting in formation of the nephrite zonal structure. Both nephrite zonal structure and minor minerals, such as calcite, titanite and phlogopite found in the contact, indicate that this dolomite‐related nephrite orebody is of a metasomatic origin under assumed pressure of 100–200 MPa and temperature <550°C.
Wastewater‐fed aquaculture in the East Kolkata Wetlands, India: anachronism or archetype for resilient ecocultures?
Authors: Bunting Stuart W. , Pretty Jules , Edwards Peter
Published: September 2010

Wastewater‐fed aquaculture is generally in decline. The 12 500 ha East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) Ramsar site in peri‐urban Kolkata, India, is the only large‐scale formal system still operating and appears to demonstrate a high degree of resilience. This paper identifies aspects of wastewater‐fed aquaculture in the EKW that contribute to its sustained operation. The Driving Forces, Pressures, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework was used to structure the assessment. Resilience within the EKW can be attributed to the scale of operation, adaptive production strategies that optimise resource utilisation while minimising risks, self‐organisation among stakeholders and timely legislation and institutional interventions to preserve the natural character of the wetlands. The introduction of externalising technologies, erosion of social capital and loss of traditional ecological knowledge threaten to undermine this resilience. Outcomes from this analysis should inform future management of the EKW to ensure that resilience is retained and enhanced.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a novel regulator of human melanogenesis
Authors: Luecke Sandra , Backlund Maria , Jux Bettina , Esser Charlotte , Krutmann Jean , Rannug Agneta
Published: September 2010

Skin cancer, chloracne and hyperpigmentation have been associated with the exposure to environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These compounds are xenobiotic high‐affinity ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand‐activated transcription factor with important physiological roles in, for example, the control of cell proliferation and inflammation. We show here that exposure of normal human melanocytes to the most potent dioxin, 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), results in activation of the AHR signaling pathway and an AHR‐dependent induction of tyrosinase activity, the key enzyme of the melanogenic pathway. In accordance with the upregulation of tyrosinase enzyme activity, total melanin content was also elevated in TCDD‐exposed melanocytes. Neither the induction of tyrosinase enzyme activity or of total melanin could be attributed to enhanced cell proliferation, but was rather due to the induction of tyrosinase and tyrosinase‐related protein 2 gene expression. Thus, the AHR is able to modulate melanogenesis by controlling the expression of melanogenic genes.
PLX4032, a potent inhibitor of the B‐Raf V600E oncogene, selectively inhibits V600E‐positive melanomas
Authors: Lee John T. , Li Ling , Brafford Patricia A. , van den Eijnden Marcia , Halloran Molly B. , Sproesser Katrin , Haass Nikolas K. , Smalley Keiran S.M. , Tsai James , Bollag Gideon , Herlyn Meenhard
Published: September 2010

Targeted intervention of the B‐Raf V600E gene product that is prominent in melanoma has been met with modest success. Here, we characterize the pharmacological properties of PLX4032, a next‐generation inhibitor with exquisite specificity against the V600E oncogene and striking anti‐melanoma activity. PLX4032 induces potent cell cycle arrest, inhibits proliferation, and initiates apoptosis exclusively in V600E‐positive cells in a variety of in vitro experimental systems; follow‐up xenograft studies demonstrate extreme selectivity and efficacy against melanoma tumors bearing the V600E oncoproduct. The collective data support further exploration of PLX4032 as a candidate drug for patients with metastatic melanoma; accordingly, validation of PLX4032 as a therapeutic tool for patients with melanoma is now underway in advanced human (Phase III) clinical trials.
Two New “Notostracans”, Chenops gen. nov. and Jeholops gen. nov. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: ?Notostraca) from the Yixian Formation, Northeastern China
Authors: HEGNA Thomas A. , Dong REN
Published: September 2010

The Early Cretaceous Jehol biota of northeastern China contains a diverse group of notostracans, including two genera, Chenops and Jeholops, described here. Chenops is characterized by a combination of an ovate carapace, narrow anal plate, equant distal endites and endopod on the anterior thoracic limbs. In addition to the new species, Chenops yixianensis, the genus also provisionally includes Prolepidurus oblongus Oleynikov, 1968. Jeholops, however, is monotypic, represented by the new species Jeholops hongi. It is characterized by a combination of kazacharthran and notostracan features unique to this taxon. Both new genera are provisionally placed in the taxon Notostraca. More detailed work exploring the morphology of exceptionally‐preserved branchiopod crustaceans is needed. The difficulties in placing fossil notostracans into a phylogenetic framework are discussed.
Fossil Hydrophilid Beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the Late Oligocene Rott Formation (Germany)
Authors: FIKÁČEK Martin , SCHMIED Heiko , PROKOP Jakub
Published: September 2010

Fossil water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the latest Oligocene Rott Formation are revised, based on the examination of the type specimens, as well as numerous additional material from Statz (Los Angeles) and Kastenholz (Bonn) collections. Seven hydrophilid species are recognized, five of which are reliably attributed to the following genera: Berosus morticinus (von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866), Paracymus excitatus (von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866), Paracymus sp., Hydrobiomorpha fraterna (von Heyden, 1859), and Hydrophüus rottensis (Statz, 1939). Coccinella? protogaeae Germar 1837 is attributed to the subtribe Hydrophilina, and Cymbiodyta? austera Statz 1939 to the subfamily Hydrophilinae. Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 and Paracymus excitatus (form 3) are excluded from the Hydrophiloidea. Berosus capitatus Statz 1939 is synonymized with Berosus morticinus, and Hydrous neptunus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 with Hydrobiomorpha fraterna. Lectotypes of Philydrus morticinus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 and Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 are designated. The significance of the hydrophilid fossils for paleoecological reconstructions of the former Rott Lake is briefly discussed.
A New Subfamily of Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidomorpha) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese Amber with a Description of the Oldest Apterous Morphs
Authors: WEGIEREK Piotr , GRIMALDI David A.
Published: September 2010

Aphids are marked by their high polymorphism, but species reported from the Early Cretaceous are known only from alate morphs. The discovery of an apterous adult morph in Lebanese amber and a larva of the same species are very important for the understanding of both the morphological and biological evolution of this insect group at the very early stage of development. Gondvanoaphis estephani new subfamily, new genus and species of the recent aphids family Thelaxidae is described. The characters of the new genus in respect to other genera placed in Thelaxidae are reviewed. The palaeoecological and palaeogeographical data concerning Gondvanoaphis new genus are also discussed.
An Undercover Angiosperm from the Jurassic of China
Authors: Shaolin ZHENG , Xin WANG
Published: September 2010

Searching for early angiosperms is a riveting activity in botany because it helps to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among seed plants and among angiosperms themselves. One of the challenges for this job is what the target fossils look like. Most possibly early angiosperms may elude our scrutiny with gymnospermous appearances. This possibility becomes a reality in a Jurassic plant, Solaranthus gen. nov, which bears a peltaspermalean appearance and enclosed ovules. According to knowledge available hitherto, the latter feature makes it an angiosperm. However, such a feature is more likely to be eclipsed by its gymnospermous appearance. The early age and unexpected character assemblage of Solaranthus urge for a fresh look on the assumed‐simple relationship between angiosperms and gymnosperms. Its resemblance to the order Peltaspermales favors the Mostly Male Theory.
Current Knowledge of Mesozoic Coleoptera from Daohugou and Liaoning (Northeast China)
Authors: KIREJTSHUK Alexander G. , PONOMARENKO Alexander G. , PROKIN Alexander A. , Huali CHANG , NIKOLAJEV Georgy V. , Dong REN
Published: September 2010

The present paper is devoted to an overview on fossil Coleoptera studied from Inner Mongolia, Daohugou (Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation) and Liaoning (Upper Jurassic‐Lower Cretaceous, Yixian Formation) deposited in Chinese collections. As a result, species of the tribe Sperchopsini and Hydrophilini from Hydrophilidae, families and subfamilies Silphidae, Syndesinae from Lucanidae, Pleocomidae, Trogidae, Trogissitidae, Pyrochroidae, Diaperinae from Tenebrionidae, and Cerambycidae were first registered in the Mesozoic and some families were defined as new. It was shown that many superfamilies represented in the Recent Fauna were formed within the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The materials examined confirm the hypothesis that Cucujiformian beetles are a younger group than other infraordera of Polyphaga (Staphyliniformia and Elateriformia) and, therefore, they appeared in the fossil record only in the late Mesozoic. It was shown and confirmed that most superfamilies appeared in the fossil records before Cucujoidea. The synonymy of Notocupes Ponomarenko, 1964; Sinocupes Lin, 1976, syn. nov.; Amblomma Tan, Ren et Liu 2005, syn. nov.; Euryomma Tan, Ren et Shih, 2006, syn. nov., non Stein, 1899 and Ovatocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov.; synonymy of Tetraphalerus Waterhouse, 1901 and Odontomma Tan, Ren et Ge 2006, syn. nov.; and synonymy of Priacmopsis Ponomarenko, 1966 and Latocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov. are proposed. Sinorhombocoleus papposus Tan et Ren, 2009 is transferred from the family Rhombocoleidae to Schizophoridae. Cervicatinius complanus Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 and Forticatinius elegans Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 are transferred from the family Catiniidae (suborder Archostemata) to superfamily Cleroidea (suborder Polyphaga: first among the family Peltidae and second as a closely related group to the latter family). The family Parandrexidae is transferred from the superfamily Cucujoidea to Cleroidea. The ecological circumstances of the past ecosystems and hypotheses of historical development of the order Coleoptera are discussed. The age of faunas examined is considered. The list of the taxa described from Daohugou and Liaoning is compiled.
First Psocodean (Psocodea, Empheriidae) from the Cretaceous Amber of New Jersey
Authors: AZAR Dany , NEL André , PETRULEVIČIUS Julian F.
Published: September 2010

Representatives of the extinct psocid family Empheriidae are known from Eocene Baltic amber, Lowermost Eocene French amber (Oise), and Lower Cretaceous Spanish amber (Alava). We report herein the first discovery of an empheriid psocid from the Cretaceous amber of New Jersey as Jerseyempheria grimaldii gen. et sp. nov. The fossil is figured and described. The new species is distinguished from related taxa. A discussion and checklist of Empheriidae are provided.
Mesozoic Evaniidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in Spanish Amber: Reanalysis of the Phylogeny of the Evanioidea
Authors: PEÑALVER Enrique , ORTEGA‐BLANCO Jaime , NEL André , DELCLÒS Xavier
Published: September 2010

One new genus and five new species of the family Evaniidae are described from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) Spanish amber of Peñacerrada‐I (Province of Burgos), San Just and Arroyo de la Pascueta (both in the Province of Teruel):Cretevania alonsoisp. nov.,C. montoyaisp. nov.,C. alcalaisp. no v.,C. rubusensissp. nov., andIberoevania roblesigen. and sp. nov. Taxonomic changes includeCretevania pristina(Zhang and Zhang, 2000) comb. nov.,C. exquisita(Zhang, Rasnitsyn, Wang and Zhang, 2007) comb. nov.,C. vesca(Zhang, Rasnitsyn, Wang and Zhang, 2007) comb. nov., andC. cyrtocerca(Deans, 2004) comb. nov., as a result of the reinterpretation of the generaProcretevaniaandEovernevania. The new well preserved specimens of the genusCretevania, together with the characters shown by the type specimens of the synonymized genera, give new information about their anatomical characters of taxonomical importance, and the genusCretevaniaRasnitsyn, 1975 is re‐diagnosed. The holotypes of the Russian species in amber have been revised. A cladistic analysis of fossil and extant groups of the superfamily Evanioidea is included.Cretevaniahad a wide palaeogeographic distribution, with the highest diversity known from Spain. The 13 knownCretevaniaspecies show a high interspecific variation mainly in wing characteristics, and a wide range of body and wing size.
A New Species of Dactylolabis (Eobothrophorus) from Baltic Amber (Diptera: Limoniidae)
Authors: KRZEMINSKI Wieslaw , KAMA Iwona , KRZEMINSKA Ewa
Published: September 2010

A new species, Dactylolabis (Eobothrophorus) hoffeinsorum sp. nov. from the Baltic amber is described, based on one male. The distinctive characters are the shape of the discal cell in the wing and the shape of the process on tergite IX. The description of Dactylolabis (Eobothrophorus) lauryni Podenas, 2003 is amended, based on an additional specimen. With the new species added herein, the number of species of this subgenus totals four. The wing venation, antennae, and tergal processes of all four species of the subgenus described from the Baltic amber are compared.
Immanent Transcendence in Rilke and Stevens
Authors: Gosetti‐Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: September 2010

Rilke and Stevens evoke the question of transcendence, understanding the task of poetry within the post‐Romantic context of the eclipse of the divine. This study shows that rather than simply give up on transcendence, Rilke and Stevens both innovate on and transform its momentum, and that this transformation constitutes a central achievement of their respective poetics and a core of their configurations of modernism. It argues that in the context of modern poetry transcendence, or “crossing beyond,” must be understood in two distinct senses, as vertical and horizontal projections, and it is the usurpation of one by the other or the transfer between them that distinguishes the poetry of Rilke and Stevens and makes a comparative reading particularly illuminating. Establishing their relation to the phenomenological tradition helps to bring out a sense of transcendence distinct from a traditional or Romantic longing for a realm above and beyond earthly existence. This would be an “immanent” transcendence, a crossing of horizons between perception and imagination or imagination and reality.
On the Other Side of Monolingualism: Fatih Akın's Linguistic Turn(s)1
Authors: Gramling David
Published: September 2010

The German filmmaker Fatih Akın has garnered acclaim over his fifteen‐year career for directing intricate narratives of migration, mobile cultures, multicultural communities, and transnational subjectivities. Akın's volatile and evolving cinematic approach to language and multilingualism, however, has attracted little critical attention—mirroring a scholarly predilection for “culture” over “language” in research on transnationalism since the 1990s. This article analyzes Akın's recent feature film The Edge of Heaven (2007) as a retrospective and critical meditation on translingual dilemmas and identities in his preceding features—from Kurz und Schmerzlos (1998) to Im Juli (2000), Solino (2002) and Gegen die Wand (2004)—and on multilingualism in global‐release feature film generally. As a counter‐point to Chris Wahl's conception of polyglot film in Das Sprechen des Spielfilms (2005), Akın's features collectively offer a test palette for a new set of subgenres for multilingual cinema: the lingua franca film, the translatability fable, the undubbable film, the interlanguage film, and the semiodiverse film. The article concludes with some observations about the potential import of Akın's multilingual representations for twenty‐first century German Studies.
DIE KÜNFTIGE GENERATION: HELENE STÖCKER'S FUTURE (FROM MALTHUS TO NIETZSCHE)
Authors: Deutscher Penelope
Published: September 2010

abstract

An avid reader of Nietzsche, the German radical feminist Helene Stöcker referred in 1893 to the Verfrühung of the modern woman, her prematurity. She used references to Mill, Bebel, Darwin, Galton, and Nietzsche among others to develop a concept of women's untimely modernity. This paper considers how a number of concepts of time, transformation, biological futurity, and putative agency over nature became, for Stöcker, the basis for a feminist claim to autonomy, agency, and reproductive rights. The paper goes on to ask how some of these concepts and their context could also have provided the implicit resources to resist their conversion by Stöcker.
BIOTIC COMPETITION AND PROGRESS IN THE WORKS OF CHARLES DARWIN
Authors: Nale John
Published: September 2010

abstract

Deutscher's reading of Darwin states that future generations are conditioned by the work of natural selection over long periods of time, whereby the random variations that are most favorable to the local conditions prevail over those organisms that are less well adapted. The work of this selection of the favorable varieties is not a human responsibility; rather, it lies in the hands of “chance.” However, I believe that, by prioritizing competition between organisms in the process of natural selection, Darwin in fact ends up subscribing to a kind of evolutionary progress. Because Darwin subscribes to a kind of evolutionary progress whereby the “better” varieties push the lower forms into extinction, one cannot say that natural selection is random but, rather, that it follows a general trajectory of improvement. The fact that nature proceeds slowly in this fashion must be read alongside Darwin's comments on race as well as the numerous times he explicitly advocates Galton's eugenic program in The Descent of Man.
NEOLIBERALISM, BIODISCIPLINE, AND CULTURAL CRITIQUE
Authors: Wilkerson William
Published: September 2010

abstract

My response to Ladelle McWhorter's essay covers two main points. First, I argue that Foucault fleshed out the relation between biopower and neoliberalism more fully than McWhorter claims and that this enables us to take McWhorter's analysis further than she does. Second, even though this Foucault‐inspired analysis is revealing, a full criticism of reprogenetic technologies requires us to attend to racial and sexual dimensions of social experience and domination that may not be captured simply by following Foucault.
ENHANCING EVOLUTION:WHOSE BODY? WHOSE CHOICE?
Authors: Oliver Kelly
Published: September 2010

abstract

This essay critically engages the work of John Harris and Jürgen Habermas on the issue of genetic engineering. It does so from the standpoint of women's embodied experience of pregnancy and parenting, challenging the choice–chance binary at work in these accounts.
THE LIMITS OF LIBERAL CHOICE:RACIAL SELECTION AND REPROGENETICS
Authors: Russell Camisha
Published: September 2010

abstract

Serving as a commentary on Kelly Oliver's essay, “Enhancing Evolution: Whose Body? Whose Choice?” this essay picks up on its themes of mastery, choice, the man‐made, and the natural in order to further Oliver's critique of a particular liberal debate over the ethical permissibility of reprogenetics. The specific focus of the commentary is the hidden centrality of race to the reprogenetics debate, within which, I suggest, race serves as an implicit limit of acceptability in two important ways. First, on the societal level, an explicitly racial focus marks the point at which a eugenic project becomes immoral, such that it is the refusal to mention race that renders the new eugenics acceptable. Second, in the realm of personal reproductive “choice,” race is portrayed as that which is naturally transmitted rather than deliberately chosen and, thus, serves as a limit on what are considered morally correct or even viable personal reproductive choices. The effect of this limiting and its naturalization is to obscure both the ways in which race has always been policed in reproduction and the social consequences of that policing and, thereby, to uphold the status quo of social inequality.
EVENT AND EVOLUTION
Authors: Parisi Luciana
Published: September 2010

abstract

Why have theories of evolution become now (and again) a matter of concern for critically rethinking sex and sexual difference? Why after years of deconstructing the ontologies of sex rooted in biological discourses and metaphysics of identity has critical thought turned to biology, physics, and mathematics? One way to tackle this new turn toward scientific thought may be derived from the reaction against an overused method of textual critique, which has come short of engaging with the reality of matter. If sexuality and sex are material forms of irreducible difference, then one needs a window into the material processes that lead to such forms.
LOVE AND HISTORY
Authors: Grau Christopher
Published: September 2010

abstract

In this essay, I argue that a proper understanding of the historicity of love requires an appreciation of the irreplaceability of the beloved. I do this through a consideration of ideas that were first put forward by Robert Kraut in “LoveDe Re” (1986). I also evaluate Amelie Rorty's criticisms of Kraut's thesis in “The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes: Love is Not Love Which Alters Not When It Alteration Finds” (1986). I argue that Rorty fundamentally misunderstands Kraut's Kripkean analogy, and I go on to criticize her claim that concern over the proper object of love should be best understood as a concern over constancy. This leads me to an elaboration of the distinct senses in which love can be seen as historical. I end with a further defense of the irreplaceability of the beloved and a discussion of the relevance of recent debates over the importance of personal identity for an adequate account of the historical dimension of love.
Design and Application of a Tensile Testing Stage for the SEM
Authors: Bell A. C. , Ramalingam S.
Published: September 2010

Dynamic SEM studies of plastic flow in a uni-axial tensile test requires that the loading stage possess more than an ability to apply large loads to the test specimen. In such a test, observations of the details of the fracture processes are feasible only if the transfer of stored energy from the test system to the test specimen is minimal. This requires careful choice of test system compliance. This paper discusses system-specimen interactions and identifies the key criteria to be met for the design of satisfactory SEM tensile stages. The design and use of such a new stage is described. Preliminary results from a 0.08 percent carbon steel sheet tensile specimen are presented to demonstrate the utility of rigid tensile stages. The relevance of such tests, particularly for the characterization of the fracture resistance of test materials, is indicated.
Diameter Gage for Use at Elevated Temperatures and Intermediate Tensile Strain Rates
Authors: Jur T. A.
Published: September 2010

A diameter gage is described which has been used to obtain true stress-true strain data at elevated temperatures. The device is capable of continuously and automatically measuring diameter of a tensile specimen to a true strain as high as 0.90–0.95. Data are presented which demonstrate the ability of the gage to identify conditions of non-uniform deformation behavior.
An Analysis of Heat Transfer in Turbulent Pipe Flow With Variable Properties
Authors: Thomas L. C. , Rajagopal R. , Chung B. T. F.
Published: September 2010

A new approach to the analysis of variable property heat transfer for turbulent flow is presented. The mathematical model developed herein is based on the principle of surface renewal and involves the use of an integral technique. The proposed expressions for heat transfer account for both variable conductivity and variable viscosity and are applicable to heating and cooling. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with available experimental heat transfer data for moderate Prandtl number fluids.
Molecular Gas Band Radiation in Cylinders
Authors: Wassel A. T. , Edwards D. K.
Published: September 2010

The radiative heat flux in a molecular gas within a cylinder is formulated in terms of an axial band absorptance. The axial band absorptance function is used to reduce the two angular, one spatial, and one spectral integrals encountered to one angular and one spatial integral such as is encountered in radiative transfer problems with spherical symmetry. A closed form is obtained for the axial band absorptance for the exponential-winged band model. Illustrative results are presented for a cylindrical gas volume with trapezoidal, parabolic, or Gaussian temperature profile. Mean beam length, absorptivity, and emissivity of a cylinder of gas are obtained as a function of the optical depth at the band head.
Thermal Radiation in Laminar Boundary Layers on Continuous Moving Surfaces
Authors: Rhodes C. A. , Chen C. C.
Published: September 2010

Thermal radiation heat transfer is studied in boundary layers on continuous moving surfaces. An analytical study is performed for two-dimensional laminar flow of an absorbing and emitting fluid. Solutions were obtained for limiting conditions of optically thin and thick boundary layers. Comparisons indicate that the radiation flux in these boundary layers is less than that for flow over semi-infinite flat plates for optically thin flows. The radiation contribution becomes more nearly equal as optical thickness increases. The normal velocity induced in the free stream by the wall motion significantly affects the radiation heat transfer.
Surface Heating of Metallic Mirrors in High Power Laser Cavities
Authors: Chun K. R.
Published: September 2010

The effect of the absorptance increase with the rising mirror surface temperature on the final surface temperature is examined. For noble metals such as silver, copper, and gold, the Drude theory predicts an approximately linear dependence of the normal spectral absorptivity on the temperature in an absolute scale for the wavelengths 1 μ ∼ 15 μ and the temperatures 100 deg K ∼ 1200 deg K approximately. For such a regime, it is shown that gross underestimates of the final surface temperature rise result from the assumption of the constant absorptivity at the initial temperature when the estimated value becomes comparable to the initial temperature in an absolute scale.
Radiative Transfer in Packed Spheres
Authors: Chan C. K. , Tien C. L.
Published: September 2010

Radiative transfer through a packed bed of microspheres is analyzed on the basis of a new conceptual model, which combines the continuous and discontinuous models in predicting the scattering and absorption properties of packed microspheres. The basic elements of the formulation consist of the determination of the scattering diagram of a unit cell, the optical properties of a series of thin microsphere layers, and the solution of the two-flux equations. Results show a strong dependence of these radiative properties on the particle diameter and emissivity. Qualitative agreement is shown in the comparison of the predictions with existing experimental data.
Investigation of a New Simple Transient Method of Thermal Property Measurement
Authors: Beck J. V. , Al-Araji S.
Published: September 2010

New transient solutions are derived for the simple calculation of thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and contact conductance from the results of a single experiment. All the proposed experiments utilize a specimen which has one surface insulated and the opposite one heated by an arbitrary heat flux. The heat flux must have a finite duration and its integrated value must be known. Two types of experiments are discussed and measurements for each type are given. One type uses a flat, thin electric heater and the other uses a material of known specific heat as a calorimeter. Relative advantages are discussed.
A Model to Predict Convective Subcooled Critical Heat Flux
Authors: Thorgerson E. J. , Knoebel D. H. , Gibbons J. H.
Published: September 2010

A friction factor correlation based on pressure drop measurements at burnout in an annular channel is presented. From Reynolds analogy and this correlation, critical heat fluxes were predicted within ±10 percent of the values measured with ideal geometry (no ribs), stainless steel heaters, and H2O coolant flowing vertically downward at a velocity of 15 to 45 ft/sec and subcoolings greater than 25 deg C. Tubular critical heat fluxes are predicted within ±20 percent using the friction factor correlation and Reynolds analogy. A short theoretical discussion is presented.
Amnion Epithelial Cells: Cell Therapy Going Green!
Authors: Ahmad Shama
Published: September 2010

Recycling human amnion allows the production of stemlike cells that differentiate into airway epithelium and soothe injured lungs.
Hexadecyloxypropyl-Cidofovir (CMX001) Suppresses JC Virus Replication in Human Fetal Brain SVG Cell Cultures
Authors: Jiang Zhi-Gang , Cohen Jeffrey , Marshall Leslie J. , Major Eugene O.
Published: September 2010

JC virus (JCV) is a polyomavirus that infects human oligodendrocytes, leading to development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often fatal demyelinating disease occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Currently there are no effective therapies for the treatment of PML that result in clearance of JCV from the brain. Cidofovir (CDV) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that inhibits DNA polymerases and has been used for the treatment of PML. However, CDV demonstrated little efficacy as a treatment for PML and causes substantial side effects to patients. To improve efficacy and reduce the toxicity of CDV, a lipid-ester derivative, CMX001, was generated by Chimerix and is currently in multicenter phase II clinical trials for the prevention or control of cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and of BK virus in the urine of stem cell or renal allograft recipients. CMX001 caused minimal cytotoxic effects in human fetal brain SVG cells when used at concentrations between 0.01 μM and 0.1 μM. CMX001 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the number of JCV-infected cells during initial infection and nearly eliminated JCV-infected cells during an established infection. In addition, CMX001 treatment resulted in a 60% reduction in JCV DNA copy number during initial infection, which suggests that suppression of JCV infection by CMX001 is likely due to inhibition of virus DNA replication. This study demonstrates that CMX001 suppresses JCV infection at concentrations that have limited toxicity to human brain cells, indicating its potential use to limit JCV replication in infected patients.
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) Treatment Accelerates Neutrophil Recruitment through γδ T-Cell IL-17 Production in a Murine Model of Sepsis
Authors: Kasten Kevin R. , Prakash Priya S. , Unsinger Jacqueline , Goetzman Holly S. , England Lisa G. , Cave Cindy M. , Seitz Aaron P. , Mazuski Cristina N. , Zhou Tony T. , Morre Michel , Hotchkiss Richard S. , Hildeman David A. , Caldwell Charles C.
Published: September 2010

The sepsis syndrome represents an improper immune response to infection and is associated with unacceptably high rates of mortality and morbidity. The interactions between T cells and the innate immune system while combating sepsis are poorly understood. In this report, we observed that treatment with the potent, antiapoptotic cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) accelerated neutrophil recruitment and improved bacterial clearance. We first determined that T cells were necessary for the previously observed IL-7-mediated enhanced survival. Next, IL-7 increased Bcl-2 expression in T cells isolated from septic mice as early as 3 h following treatment. This treatment resulted in increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IP-10 production within the septic peritoneum together with local and systemic increases of IL-17 in IL-7-treated mice. We further demonstrate that the increase in IL-17 was largely due to increased recruitment and production by γδ T cells, which express CXCR3. Consistent with increased IL-17 production, IL-7 treatment increased CXCL1/KC production, neutrophil recruitment, and bacterial clearance. Significantly, end-organ tissue injury was not significantly different between vehicle- and IL-7-treated mice. Collectively, these data illustrate that IL-7 can mediate the cross talk between Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes during sepsis such that neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance is improved while early tissue injury is not increased. All together, these observations may underlay novel potential therapeutic targets to improve the host immune response to sepsis.