bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EXPERIENCE OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION AND CHEMICAL HEALTH RISKS DUE TO EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Authors: Novikov S. M. , Shashina Tatiana A. , Dodina N. S. , Kislitsyn V. A. , Skovronskaya S. A. , Matsuk A. V. , Panchenko S. V. , Arakelyan A. A.
Published: February 2020

Introduction. The world practice of solving environmental problems has shown the effectiveness of modern environmental quality management schemes based on the analysis and risk management. Material and Methods. The use of risk assessment and analysis methodology allows obtaining quantitative characteristics of the possible damage, to compare the potential effects of radiation and chemical factors and to determine priority sources of danger. The main directions of the practical use of results of assessment of the risk arising from the impact of chemicals polluting the environment are: ranking of residential areas according to the levels of health risks from the studied factors, planning and evaluation of the results of social and hygienic monitoring (SHM), including the correction of planning and implementation, taking into account the priority sources of environmental pollution, the priority adjustment of sources of risks posING the greatest threat to public health. Results. Approaches to the research on the comparative assessment of carcinogenic risk and damage to public health from ionizing radiation and chemical carcinogens in various environmental objects have been developed. The results of studies in the locations of nuclear facilities in the Sverdlovsk region, the Kola Peninsula, the Voronezh region, the Krasnoyarsk territory, and the Leningrad region indicate to a much greater impact of the chemical risk factor on the population health compared to the radiation one. The primary environment of health risks in multimedia risk assessment is the air, what should be considered when developing regional environmental policies. Conclusion. The conducted studies have shown Contribution of nuclear power facilities to the formation of man-made risk to public health to be negligible and by orders of magnitude smaller than Contribution of risk from facilities emitting harmful chemicals. Atmospheric air is the main environment for the formation of health risks in the multimedia exposure to chemicals. Therefore, measures aimed at improving the quality of air should be regarded as a priority for the implementation of measures to preserve public health. The obtained results allow detecting the priorities of the policy in the field of health protection and sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population and contribute to the development of a strategy for further environmentally acceptable socio-economic development of the studied regions.
POPULATION REGISTRIES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Unguryanu Tatiana N.
Published: February 2020

Population registries consolidate information about cases of disease among the geographically limited population at the national, regional or municipal levels. The main tasks of registries are to monitor the levels of prevalence, to study risk factors, and to evaluate effectiveness of therapeutic or preventive measures. Currently, in the Russian Federation there is a lot of federal registries of various such diseases, like diabetes, cancer, congenital malformations, chronic skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, bronchial asthma, orphan diseases, and others. These registries allow obtaining the necessary information about the prevalence, clinical course of disease, its complications, associated conditions, socio-demographic characteristics of patients, effect of a particular treatment on the course and outcomes of the disease.The article provides information about cancer registry, county birth registry and injury registry in the Arkhangelsk region. The advantages and limitations of population registries for epidemiological studies are given. Using registries in epidemiological studies is based on complete data collection, saving resources, taking into account confounding factors that are accessible to entire population. Register-based research has a large sample size, which makes it possible to study rare exposures and outcomes. The long collection of information in time allows studying diseases with a long latent period after exposure. The limitations of the registry data for epidemiological study include the fact that data is collected by the registrar and not by the researcher. The registries don’t contain information about specific confounding factors, which doesn’t allow correcting them. It is difficult to assess quality of registry data, as there is no “gold standard” for the comparement with the registry database The exchange of data between registries should be promising, as it will combine efforts to achieve common scientific and organizational goals.
Using Real-Time Online Preprocessed Mouse Tracking for Lower Storage and Transmission Costs
Authors: Purnama Fajar , Usagawa Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2020

Pageview is the most popular webpage analytic metric in all sectors including blogs, business, e-commerce, education, entertainment, research, social media, and technology. To perform deeper analysis, additional methods are required such as mouse tracking, which can help researchers understand online user behavior on a single webpage. However, the geometrical data generated by mouse tracking are extremely large, and qualify as big data. A single swipe on a webpage from left to right can generate a megabyte (MB) of data. Fortunately, the geometrical data of each x and y point of the mouse trail are not always needed. Sometimes, analysts only need the heat map of a certain area or perhaps just a summary of the number of activities that occurred on a webpage. Therefore, recording all geometrical data is sometimes unnecessary. This work introduces preprocessing during real-time and online mouse tracking sessions. The preprocessing that is introduced converts the geometrical data from each x and y point to a region-of-interest concentration, in other words only heat map areas that the analyzer is interested in. Ultimately, the approach used here is able to greatly reduce the storage and transmission cost of real-time online mouse tracking.
A Partial General Equilibrium Analysis Of Fiscal Policy Injection On Poverty And Inequality In South Africa 
Authors: Kavese Kambale , Phiri Andrew
Published: February 2020

This study employs a partial general equilibrium approach calibrated on the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and a contemporaneous dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the effect of expansionary fiscal policy on economic growth, income inequality, poverty, employment and inequality reduction in South Africa. The simulation results reveal that expansionary fiscal policy i) benefits rich ‘white’ households the most and poor ‘coloured’ households the least ii) improves adult employment more than youth employment iii) improves employment in urban areas as proposed to employment in rural areas iv) has a very small effect on improving economic growth and reducing the Gini coefficient v) benefits ‘well-off’ households more than it does ‘poor’ households vi) promotes ‘low-skilled’ employment more than it does for ‘high-skilled’ labourers. Associated policy implications based on our findings are also discussed.
Energy-Efficient Capture of Stochastic Events based on On-line Scheduling Scheme
Authors: Fu Xiao , Cheng Zongmao
Published: February 2020

We improve the off-line scheduling scheme of existing wireless sensor network. Firstly, we introduce Bayesian statistical method in synchronous wireless sensor network, then we let duration and interval, the reflection of characteristics of stochastic events, obey exponential distribution, and next we make Bayes posterior estimation on parameter. Based on Bayesian estimate, we obtain the analytical solution of the capture probability of stochastic events and sensor energy efficiency of capture events. Finally, we propose an on-line scheduling scheme for synchronous wireless sensor networks. This paper compares and analyzes the simulation experiments in on-line scheduling scheme and off-line scheduling scheme and the results show that compared with off-line scheduling scheme with constant distribution parameter values, on-line scheduling scheme can effectively reduce the probability of missing stochastic events and increase the probability of capturing events. Further save energy consumption of wireless sensor network and extend network lifetime.
On the dynamic commodity price pass-through effect to CPI constituents
Authors: Unger Stephan , Cebiroglu Goekhan
Published: February 2020

This paper analyzes the price pass-through effect of the most heavily traded commodities to CPI constituents. We reveal the differences between EU CPI and US CPI constituent dependency on commodity prices, and investigate the dynamics of the price pass-through effect. Our major finding is that due to globalization the US exhibits a high degree of de-industrialization indicated by a break down of the commodity price pass-through effect, while European consumer prices still exhibit a significant exposure to commodity price fluctuations.
Compared to plasma, bronchial washing fluid shows higher diagnostic yields for detecting EGFR-TKI sensitizing mutations by ddPCR in lung cancer
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Kim Eun Young , Kim Taehee , Chang Yoon Soo
Published: February 2020

Background: The diagnostic rate of advanced lung adenocarcinoma must be improved. In this study, we compared the EGFR-tyrosine kinase-sensitizing mutation (mEGFR) detection rate of bronchial washing fluid (BWF) to that of blood in lung adenocarcinoma using the tissue genotype as a standard reference.Methods: Paired blood-bronchial washing specimens were collected from 73 patients with lung cancer. The tumor EGFR mutation status was determined by tumor tissue genotyping of plasma and BWFs by digital droplet PCR.Results: Thirty-five of 73 cases had wild-type EGFR, and 19 had L858R and E19d mutations. The study cohort included 26, 10, 10, and 27 patients with stage I, II, III, and IV disease. The area under the curve (AUC) of the BWF was 0.895 (95% CI: 0.822–0.969) and that of the plasma was 0.686 (95% CI: 0.592–0.780). The AUC obtained from BWF was significantly higher than that from plasma (p < 0.001). The fractional abundance (Fa) was higher in the BWF of mEGFR-positive cases (p = 0.004), facilitating easy threshold setting and discrimination between mEGFR-positive and -negative cases. When the genotyping results of blood and BWF were compared in early lung cancer (I–IIIA), the diagnostic yields were significantly higher in BWF and showed the same tendency in the advanced stage, suggesting that it may reflect the genotype status in early-stage patients.Conclusions: The mEGFR genotype results obtained from BWF showed higher diagnostic efficacy than those from the blood. BWF may be a useful substitute for plasma-based genotyping in lung cancer.
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) expression pattern in human induced pluripotent stem cells during in vitro neural induction.
Authors: Lee Hyunah , Cocks Graham D. , Nowosiad Paulina , Polit Lucia M. Dutan , Price Jack , Srivas Deepak P. , Thuret Sandrine
Published: February 2020

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein that plays significant roles in important cellular mechanisms in peripheral tissues and is as well expressed in the central nervous system, notably by adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the hippocampus. Evidence from animal studies suggest that ApoE is critical for adult NSC maintenance. However, whether ApoE has the potential to play a similar role in human NSCs has not been directly investigated. To address this question, we conducted a focused study on APOE gene expression level using an in vitro model of neural differentiation and human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a neurotypical individual. We found that APOE expression was dramatically decreased as the cells became more differentiated, indicating that APOE expression levels reflect the degree of cellular differentiation during neural induction suggesting a potential role for ApoE in human NSC maintenance. Our findings justify further investigations being carried out to understand whether changes in APOE level can directly impact the neurogenic capacity of human stem cells.
LiDAR derived terrain wetness indices to infer soil moisture above underground pipelines
Authors: Bretreger David , Yeo In-Young , Melchers Robert
Published: February 2020

Corrosion of external cast-iron pipe surfaces, a major contributor to pipe failure, has been attributed to the free water in the soil surrounding the pipe. Because observation at pipe depth is difficult, a potential proxy is the soil surface moisture. Herein highly accurate elevation data derived from airborne light detection and ranging is used to model the distribution of soil water in urban catchments containing pipe infrastructure. The results are compared with local soil moisture Theta Probe measurements along the pipe. The results show potential to identify wetter spots above underground infrastructure, which may inform its corrosion potential, without digging up the asset.
The Challenges of Language Learning of the Study-Abroad Students of English Language Department of Islamic Higher Education in Kalimantan
Authors: Fauzan Umar , Nadia Nadia
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this study is to uncover: 1) How foreign students believe in learning English at Islamic higher education in Kalimantan, 2) The experience of foreign students in learning English at Islamic higher education in Kalimantan, 3) The challenges of foreign students in learning English at Islamic higher education in Kalimantan. This qualitative phenomenological research was to disclose the phenomenon of the entry of foreign students to Kalimantan. The main participants of the study were foreign students and English lecturers of state Islamic institute of Samarinda, state Islamic institute of Palangkaraya, and state Islamic university of Antasari. Meanwhile, the secondary participants of the study were foreign students and English lecturers from the state Islamic institute of Pontianak. The instruments were interviews, documentation, and observation. Analysis of research data used a model from Miles and Huberman consisting of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. There are three important findings of this study. Firstly, foreign students believe in learning English at Islamic higher education in Kalimantan. They declared that the curriculum is appropriate, carried out by a good process, facilitated by adequate learning facilities, and implemented by competent teachers with varied learning methods. They were also assured to get the extra benefit of not only learning English but also learning Islamic material. Secondly, regarding to the experience of foreign students, there are two main things as our conclusion, namely: language learning benefit and socio-cultural benefit. In the context of learning English, they learned English material and felt more confident in speaking English. Meanwhile, from the socio-cultural aspect, foreign students at Islamic higher education in Kalimantan enhance their life experiences by learning the social life of the Indonesian people which enrich their life experiences. Thirdly, the challenges they faced were independent living, increasing self-confidence, mastering learning material, improving English speaking skills, and adapting to the environment, such as: food, language, or culture.
What is Meant by 'Sharing' in the Sharing Economy?
Authors: John Nicholas
Published: February 2020

This article looks closely at the notion of sharing as it is used in the context of the sharing economy. It is based on the qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted in four countries with thirty-four participants who see themselves as operating within the sharing
economy. Interviewees' definitions and understandings of sharing are presented, with particular focus on the question of whether the presence of money is a counterindication for sharing. While some interviewees unequivocally reject as sharing any transaction that involves money, and while
some view the use of 'sharing' to describe such interactions as manipulative and deceptive, others see the two as potentially co-existing. One mechanism that enables this is seeing paying and sharing as referring to different aspects of the same transaction. Interestingly, it is not only representatives
of for-profit companies who argue that even where there is money, there can also be sharing, but also social justice activists lobbying for their vision of a sharing economy. Adopting a pragmatic approach to language, but not forgoing critique, the article argues for a close analysis of how
people actually talk about sharing rather than dismissing certain practices as 'not really sharing'.
Sharing, Presence and the Built Environment
Authors: Widlok Thomas
Published: February 2020

Comparative ethnographic research suggests that the creation of co-presence is one of the main strategies for enabling sharing and for demanding a share. Conversely, avoiding or disabling co-presence is a key strategy for dealing with sharing demands. This contribution investigates
how shaping the built environment is related to key features of sharing as a social practice. It is argued that sharing is characterized by a particular mutuality, temporality and sequentiality that distinguishes it from redistribution and reciprocal exchange and which, correspondingly, has
specific implications for changes in the built environment. The emphasis will be on well-documented cases from the ethnography of hunter-gatherers but reference is also made to phenomena relating to land-use in large-scale societies, including digital platforms of the so-called sharing economy.
The article compares the spatial dimension of sharing with that of storage and mobility, two other major strategies that humans have developed for dealing with the transience of resources.
Spatial Perspectives on Coworking Spaces and Related Practices in Beijing
Authors: Huang He , Liu Yangfanqi , Liang Yuebing , Vargas David , Zhang Lu
Published: February 2020

Coworking space is a recent manifestation of the emerging sharing economy. This is largely due to two core driving forces: a new working style in the creative and knowledge economies, and the sharing economy, which promotes resource usage efficiency. This paper develops an analytical
framework for the spatial perspectives on coworking spaces according to the core driving forces at both the urban and architectural levels, followed by empirical studies on practices related to coworking space in Beijing. The results indicate that at the city scale, coworking spaces tend to
aggregate in clusters of large-scale creative and knowledge enterprises in mixed-use and high-density areas, and underutilized spaces become the key pillar. In the architectural dimension, coworking spaces tend to coexist with conventional office spaces or coliving apartments. Empirical studies
in Beijing also show that coworking spaces have promoted the sustainable development of the city by renewing existing low-profit urban spaces and utilizing architectural spaces more efficiently. However, the unstable lease market of small-scale businesses, as well as marginal financial models,
which pro fit from rental differences, challenge the survival of coworking spaces. In pursuit of capital, coworking spaces have tended to overexpand.
What Makes a City Bikeable? A Study of Intercity and Intracity Patterns of Bicycle Ridership using Mobike Big Data Records
Authors: Long Ying , Zhao Jianting
Published: February 2020

This paper examines how mass ridership data can help describe cities from the bikers' perspective. We explore the possibility of using the data to reveal general bikeability patterns in 202 major Chinese cities. This process is conducted by constructing a bikeability rating system,
the Mobike Riding Index (MRI), to measure bikeability in terms of usage frequency and the built environment. We first investigated mass ridership data and relevant supporting data; we then established the MRI framework and calculated MRI scores accordingly. This study finds that people tend
to ride shared bikes at speeds close to 10 km/h for an average distance of 2 km roughly three times a day. The MRI results show that at the street level, the weekday and weekend MRI distributions are analogous, with an average score of 49.8 (range 0–100). At the township level, high-scoring
townships are those close to the city centre; at the city level, the MRI is unevenly distributed, with high-MRI cities along the southern coastline or in the middle inland area. These patterns have policy implications for urban planners and policy-makers. This is the first and largest-scale
study to incorporate mobile bike-share data into bikeability measurements, thus laying the groundwork for further research.
Learning from Our Tampines Hub: Co-Generative Hubs for Urbanism
Authors: Seah Chee Huang , Teo Shawn Eng Kiong
Published: February 2020

Within the past three years, the Singapore government has completed three integrated community hubs around the island. In tandem with the state's decentralization plan of 1991, such large-scale communal architecture plays a significant role in rejuvenating the heartlands and fostering
a sense of place as towns mature. These nodal developments leverage on its urban context and programmatic offerings in a bid to generate a sustainable hub ecology for the city. Integrating various national and community stakeholders within a single development might seem like a literal trope
for a whole-of-government approach to co-locate, co-share and collaborate. Through Our Tampines Hub, we examine the complexities of Singapore's first integrated hub. While validating the post-occupancy performance of the development, we also re flect and analyse specific design strategies
and processes that aid in the social production of this mega community space. Through the theoretical underpinnings of largescale communal architecture as social condensers, this paper seeks to investigate the role and productive potential of this emerging shared urban model of integrated
communal architecture in Singapore. It examines not only economic value in the land and space optimization harnessed, but also the new designs produced in the governance framework, closed-loop environmental outcomes and social impetus.
Sharing Seoul: Appropriating Alleys as Communal Space through Localized Sharing Practices
Authors: Cho Im Sik , Križnik Blaž
Published: February 2020

Sharing practices are an important part of urban life. This article examines the appropriation of alleys as communal space to understand how sharing practices are embedded in localities, how communal space is constituted and maintained, and how this sustains communal life. In this way,
the article aims to understand the spatial dimension of sharing practices, and the role of communal space in strengthening social relationship networks and urban sustainability. Seowon Maeul and Samdeok Maeul in Seoul are compared in terms of their urban regeneration approaches, community
engagement in planning, street improvement, and the consequences that the transformation had on the appropriation of alleys as communal space. The research findings show that community engagement in planning is as important as the provision of public space if streets are to be appropriated
as communal space. Community engagement has changed residents' perception and use of alleys as a shared resource in the neighbourhood by improving their capacity to act collectively and collaborate with other stakeholders in addressing problems and opportunities in cities.
4-(Hetarilazoil)anilinlerin Skuaramik Asit Türevlerinin Sentezi ve Karakterizasyonu
Authors: EYDURAN Fatih , AYDOĞAN YERLİKAYA Mine
Published: February 2020

Çalışmada, azo grubu taşıyan skuaramik asitlerin (bileşikler 4-6) sentezleri tek-kap içerisinde gerçekleştirildi. Bileşikler 4-6’nın sentezi için önce serbest amino grubu içeren azo boyarmaddeleri (bileşikler 1-3), diazo-kenetlenme yöntemiyle elde edildi. Bu yöntemde, çıkış bileşiği 3-hidroksi-4-metoksi-siklobut-3-en-1,2-dion, metanol ortamında, metanolün skuarik asit ile tekli yerdeğiştirmesi sonucunda elde edilmiş ve izole edilmeden bileşikler 4-6’nın sentezinde kullanılmıştır. Bileşikler 4-6, elde edilen bileşikler 1-3’ün 3-hidroksi-4-metoksi-siklobut-3-en-1,2-dion arasındaki tekli yerdeğiştirme tepkimesi sonucunda tek-kap içerisinde metanol ortamında düşük verimlerle sentezlenmiştir. Bileşikler 2, 4, 5 ve 6’nın kimyasal yapıları, spektroskopik yöntemler (FTIR, NMR) ile aydınlatılmıştır. Ayrıca, farklı çözelti ortamlarında bileşikler 4-6’nın UV-Görünür bölge absorpsiyon spektrumları alınmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Bu sentez yönteminde, bileşikler 1-3, 3-hidroksi-4-metoksi-siklobut-3-en-1,2-dion’un -OCH3 grubu ile -OH grubuna göre bişelik 3 hariç seçimli yer değiştirdiği belirlenmiştir.
Asbest İçermeyen Fren Balata İmalatında Farklı Sinterleme Sıcaklığı ve Süresinin Tribolojik ve Mekanik Özelliklere Etkisi
Authors: HAMAMCI Benek , SALİ Merve
Published: February 2020

Otomotiv fren balataları birçok farklı malzemenin birleşiminin sinterlenmesi ile üretilmektedir. Baltaların farklı üretim parametreleri ile üretildikleri akademik çalışmalardan görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı sıcaklıklarda ve farklı sürelerde sinterleme ile imal edilen asbest içermeyen balataların, tribolojik ve mekanik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Üretilen balataların sürtünme katsayısı, kesme dayanımı, özgül aşınma değerleri, sıcaklığı, sertlik değerleri, yoğunluğu ölçülmüş ve SEM/EDS analizi yapılarak farklı sinterleme sıcaklığı ve sürelerinin etkileri gözlemlenmiştir. Sinterleme sıcaklığı ve süresindeki artışın balata sürtünme katsayısı, özgül aşınma oranı, kesme gerilme değerleri ve balata sıcaklık değerleri açısından olumlu olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Kopolimerlerin Tuz Stresi Altındaki Mısır Bitkilerine Etkisinin Biyokimyasal Olarak İncelenmesi
Authors: TORĞUT Gülben , BEKER AKBULUT Gülçin
Published: February 2020

Bu araştırmada, biyobozunur özellik gösteren ve 4 farklı oranda sentezlenen poli(etilen oksit)-ko-(ε-kaprolakton) [poli(EO-ko-ε-CL)] kopolimerinin tarımda tuz stresine karşı cevabını incelemek için mısır (Zea mays L. cv. “72 May 99”) bitkilerine uygulama yapılmıştır. Mısıra, kopolimerler, 200 mM tuz (NaCl) çözeltisi ve hem kopolimerler hem de tuz çözeltisi birlikte uygulanarak kontrol gruplarıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Kopolimerlerin ve tuzluluğun bitki gelişimine etkisini değerlendirmek için lipid peroksidasyonu, pigment ve toplam karbonhidrat içeriği gibi bazı biyokimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Kopolimerlerin, klorofil içeriğinin yanı sıra lipid peroksidasyon içeriğinin bir ürünü olan malondialdehit (MDA) ve toplam karbonhidrat içeriği üzerinde de olumlu bir etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca mısır bitkisinde bu kopolimerlerden poli (EO-ko-ε-CL1:4)’ün, tuzluluğun zararlı etkilerinin önlenmesinde diğer kopolimerlerden daha etkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, incelenen tüm parametrelerin tuz stresinden olumsuz etkilendiği görülürken, kopolimer uygulamasının tuz stresine cevapta olumlu etki oluşturduğu saptanmıştır.
The use of education from neurosciences
Authors: Alcívar David Fernando Alcívar , Solórzano Gina Mercedes Cuadros , Sandoval Elsa María Figueroa , Cedeño María Yessenia Mantilla , Solórzano Marta Patricia Cuadros
Published: February 2020

The general objective of this research is the use of new technologies in education starting from neurosciences since a study of the student must be carried out to identify their abilities and apply new knowledge techniques and generate new learning. Each of the teachers nowadays should consider the use of ICT, as support in the classroom as it allows students to use this software’s in the class that contains learning and then generate the same new knowledge that each one can evoke. Whenever necessary. The result that has been obtained is to identify software that contributes significantly to the teaching-learning processes in the different areas since by teaching the chairs with innovation, the interest of the students is aroused.
Humanitarians and ‘Humanitarian Intervention’
Authors: Nagra Prabhjot
Published: February 2020

Humanitarianism as a concept is arguably as old as humanity itself. To help one's fellow man in their time of need irrespective of race, religion, caste, or creed has been preached by innumerable ideologies. Despite being such a universally understood concept, in recent decades humanitarianism, has faced increased conflation with ‘humanitarian intervention’. This paper seeks to discern the differences between humanitarianism and humanitarian intervention and will do so by examining the ideological and foundational differences between the two concepts. The two concepts despite sounding similar are fundamentally different; they involve different actors and have different objectives. This paper will distinguish between state and non- state actors and the different humanitarian roles, values, and interests they have. This paper will posit that states that engage in military interventions are not humanitarians and that the conflation of such actions with those of impartial non-state actors are highly damaging to the ideals and values of humanitarianism.
The Subtle Knife
Authors: Rautenbach Peter
Published: February 2020

This article looks to tie together the polar opposite of hybrid warfare and nuclear deterrence. The reason for this is that hybrid warfare and its effects on nuclear deterrence need to be explored as there appears to be substantial increases in hybrid warfare’s usage. This article found that hybrid warfare has an erosion like effect on nuclear deterrence because it increases the likelihood that nuclear weapons will be used. This may be due to both the fact that hybrid warfare can ignore conventional redlines, but also because the cyber aspect of hybrid warfare has unintended psychological effects on how deterrence functions. how does this relate to nuclear war? In short, cyber warfare attacks key concepts which make nuclear deterrence a viable strategy including the concepts of stability, clarity, and rationality. Therefore, hybrid warfare increases the chance of nuclear use.
The Gaza Riots
Authors: Kocsis Michael
Published: February 2020

Violence erupted in the Gaza Strip last November between Israel and its rival Hamas. Although events surrounding the eruption appear unexceptional at first, they might clarify a path to stability.
The Politics of Travel Advisories
Authors: Babey Nicholas George
Published: February 2020

Are Canadian travel advisories driven by a benign concern for the safety of Canadians, or are they driven by political motivations? To what extent are travel advisories administered by Canada linked to or guided by Canadian foreign policy? This paper comparatively assesses Canada’s willingness to impose travel advisories on states with which it has strong political relationships and those with which it has poor or weak political relationships. It surveys all Canadian advisories that deem there to be a “threat of terrorism,” representing a relatively constant risk variable in each state as measured by the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) (Institute for Economics & Peace [IEP] 2018). This study finds that Canada’s travel advisories fall into three categories: commensurate, incommensurate-erroneous, and incommensurate-politically motivated. Both types of incommensurate advisories are illustrated with the examples of Mauritania and the United States. Ultimately, Canada’s traveller information program lacks rigorous guidelines and creates opportunities for error or foreign policy influence. This results in inconsistent travel advisories that run the risk of misinforming Canadian travellers, deterring their travel or putting them at risk unwittingly.
The Alberta Clann and the Threat of a United Right-Wing Movement
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

This briefing note explores the threat posed by the potential merger of the Edmonton chapter of prominent right-wing extremist (RWE) groups — Soldiers of Odin, Wolves of Odin and Canadian Infidels — under a common banner called The Clann, and what repercussions this recent growth in numbers and activity — both online and offline — characterized by xenophobia and anti-Muslim bigotry, could have on other like-minded white supremacist groups operating on Canada’s extreme right fringe.
Canadian Supercomputer Threat Assessment and Potential Responses
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

Four key events are addressed in this briefing note. Key event one is the announcement in April and May of 2017 with the launch of two supercomputers in Canada (Graham at University of Waterloo; Cedar at Simon Fraser University) and a third (Niagara at The University of Toronto) using Compute Canada’s Resources Allocation (Compute Canada, 2018a). Key event two is the announcement that Huawei Canada is building Graham’s operating system (Feldman, 2017). Key event three entails CSIS being warned by the US Senators (Rep. Sen Marco Rubio and Dem. Sen Mark Warner) about the possibility of China and Russia spying on Canada. Key event four, the United States has reportedly banned sales of Huawei products on US military bases (Bronskill, 2018; Collins, 2018).

This briefing note is particularly relevant as Compute Canada is now preparing for 2019 resource allocation; there may be a raised/elevated security risk of economic espionage intellectual property theft and abusing education access privileges which need to be considered (SFU Innovates Staff, 2018).
Returning ISIS Fighters
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

This briefing note explores the potential threat posed by returning radicalized Canadian citizens who went abroad to Syria and Iraq to fight for ISIS.
A Brief History of Social Movements in North America
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this analysis is to differentiate social movements. In this instance, we will be using the hippie/counterculture movements during the 1960s and 1970s in Canada, and those that are occurring in the second decade of the twenty-first century. In particular, this analysis distinguishes right-wing extremist movements in 2016 from groups like the Hippie Movement and the Black Panther Party Movement. Specific reference will be made to contrast the social movements of the twenty-first century that are non-political in nature but are identity-based, versus movements during the 60s and 70s that were political by design and intent. Due to the non-political nature of twenty-first century Violent Transnational Social Movements, they might be characterized as fifth generation warfare, which we identify as identity-based social movements in violent conflict with other identity based social movements, this violence may be soft or hard. ‘Soft violence damages the fabric of relationships between communities as entrenches or highlights the superiority of one group over another without kinetic impact. Soft violence is harmful activities to others which stops short of physical violence’. (Kelshall, 2019) Hard violence is then recognized as when soft violence tactics result in physical violence. Insurgencies are groups that challenge and/or resist the authority of the state. There are different levels of insurgencies; and on the extreme end, there is the resistance of systemic authority.
The Role of the Dark Web in the Crime and Terrorism Nexus
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

On November 15, 2018 the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies (CASIS) Vancouver hosted its tenth roundtable meeting which covered “The Role of the dark web in the Crime and Terrorism Nexus.” The presentation was hosted by Dr. Richard Frank, an assistant professor in the School of Criminology at Simon Fraser University, as well as the Director of the International CyberCrime Research Centre (ICCRC). In the presentation, Dr. Frank began by explaining the operations of the dark web, and then moved on to discuss why the dark web cannot just be shut down, as well as actions law enforcement (policing) could take in order to counter the activities on the dark web. The subsequent roundtable discussion opened with an analysis of the operations of Silk Road, an online marketplace on the dark web that specializes in the sale of illegal drugs, weapons, and stolen identities. The topics of interest in the discussion were the effects of internet-based trade of illicit goods on organized crime and local drug markets, in addition to whether the dark web can be used constructively.
National Security & Emerging Threats to The West Coast
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

On February 21st, 2019, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies hosted its twelfth roundtable focusing on “National Security & Emerging Threats to the West Coast.” The presentation was hosted by Inspector Benoit Maure, a serving Peace Officer for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police with over 30 years of police experience. Inspector Maure highlighted various emerging and continuing terror threats in British Columbia, highlighting their similarities to other global issues. He discussed the history of terror threats in British Columbia (BC) and the role of symbolic targets in terrorism. The following roundtable discussion centred on a case study describing the Yellow Vest Canada movement and its proclivity toward soft violence. Audience members then brought into question whether or not the media downplays soft violence and if this arguable disposition places Canadians into instances where it may be difficult to detect escalation of groups approaching hard violence.
Canadian Intelligence Operations Overseas
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

On March 21, 2019, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies hosted a roundtable focusing on “Canadian Intelligence Operations Overseas”. This presentation was given by Captain Duane Kempton, member of the Canadian Armed Forces and member of the Sixth Intelligence Company. Captain Kempton highlighted military intelligence in warfighting, peacekeeping, and established the differences between the two by discussing OP SOPRANO. The following roundtable discussion centred on the value of intelligence gathering in peacekeeping when you lack the military capacity while warfighting. Audience members then discussed the repatriation of ISIS fighters and the status of their families.
Identitarianism and its Link To Identity Evropa
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

Identity Evropa (IE) and the Identitarian movement represent a growing white supremacist movement in North America. IE is arguably one of the most active RWE groups in North America and espouses anti-immigrant, and anti-semitic views. IE may pose a serious threat to minority communities.
Violence in Hong Kong
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

This briefing note explores the argument that the alleged July 22nd, 2019 attacks on protesters in Hong Kong were perpetrated by a group that can be classified as a Violent Transnational Social Movement (VTSM). When scrutinized, the alleged acts of violence and observed motivations of the United Bamboo triad, plus their transnational and identity-based nature of the operation, suggest that the United Bamboo triad may be a VTSM.
The Anti-Women Movement
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

Individuals identifying as “incels” can be linked to previous acts of violence, circa 1989 until the present. Moreover, the historical frequency of incel related incidents has arguably increased. Incels are men who are self described as being “involuntary celibates” who believe they have a privileged entitlement to sex from women, possibly based on tenets from the “Male Supremacy” ideology (Male supremacy as defined by the Southern Poverty Law Centre, is a hateful ideology advocating for the subjugation of women (n.d.)).
#FakeNews
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

Misinformation in the form of “fake news” can potentially be weaponized by malicious actors to undermine Canada’s national security and government infrastructure. Developing a comprehensive database to track and understand potential threat actors and their use of fake news can potentially provide actionable intel, thereby exposing and publicly challenging fake news items. Fake news has been used to negatively influence the reputation of government officials and to incite violence between ethnic groups. Fake news utilizes confirmation bias (the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories) through disseminating meticulously crafted messages to targeted audiences, who are selected based on their online activities.
Handling the Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces In The Post-Islamic State Iraq
Authors: Paktian Faisal
Published: February 2020

This article examines the future of the Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in Iraq. The PMF is militias that assisted the coalition forces in liberating Iraqi cities from ISIS control. However, in the aftermath of that operation, the PMF now poses a major threat to the future of state-building (PMF) after the fall of an umbrella organization of armed in Iraq. Their armed strength and loyalties to leaders other than the Iraqi government, combined with evidence from existing research on pro-regime militias, suggest that the PMF poses a high- threat in an unstable environment if not managed carefully. Therefore, this article addresses the following question: What can be done with the various militias of the PMF to ensure a secure and sustainable future in Iraq? The Iraqi government has already taken the first steps to mitigate the PMF’s threat by integrating them into the national army, but further integration is required. Since undergoing any disarming, demobilizing and reintegrating (DDR) program is unlikely in Iraq at present, this article recommends employing the PMF for the purpose of infrastructure reconstruction or its support.
Water Security as an Emergent Opportunity in Canada
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

On August 15th 2019, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies hosted its monthly roundtable focusing on “Water Security as an Emergent Opportunity for Canada”. The presentation was delivered by Dr. Zafar Adeel, a serving member on the editorial boards of Sustainability Science (Springer) and New Water Policy and Practice Journal (PSO). Dr. Adeel highlighted various emerging and continuing water security threats in British Columbia, emphasizing their similarities to other global issues. He directed his talk to addressing the impacts of climate change on water insecurity and its ability to create new threats to Canada’s coastal cities. The following roundtable discussion centered around a dialogue on the persistent insecurity in Canada’s indigenous communities as a security concern describing the matter as a play off between policy and security affairs. Audience members then brought into question the suitability of using the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine to intervene where a nation’s water security is at risk and addressed the complexities of the ‘react’ pillar in intervening militarily.
Why is Canada Involved in Mali?
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

On June 20th 2019, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies (CASIS) Vancouver hosted Dr. Edward Akuffo at its roundtable meeting titled “Why is Canada involved in Mali?” Dr. Akuffo is an Assistant Professor of International Relations in the Department of Political Science at the University of the Fraser Valley. He holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of Alberta, MA in International Relations from Brock University, and BA Political Science from the University of Ghana, Legon. His research is focused on Canada’s security and development policy in Africa, interregional security cooperation, human security and humanitarian law in Africa, and BRIC-Canada relations. His work has been in Global Change, Peace & Security, and African Security Review. He is also the author of the recent book, Canadian Foreign Policy in Africa: Regional Approaches to Peace, Security, and Development (Ashgate). Dr. Akuffo was a fellow of the Canadian Consortium on Human Security (CCHS).
Hate Speech In Canada
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

On May 16th 2019, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies (CASIS) Vancouver hosted Dr. Heidi Tworek at its roundtable meeting titled “Hate Speech in Canada: A New Democratic Threat Requiring Policy Incentives.” Dr. Tworek is an Assistant Professor of International History at the University of British Columbia. She is also a non-resident Fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, the Canadian Global Affairs Institute, and the Joint Centre for History and Economics at Harvard University. She works on the history of news and of international organizations. Alongside academic publications, she also writes about German and transatlantic politics and media for a wide variety of venues including Foreign Affairs and Wired magazine.
Understanding Terrorism Through the Fear of Death
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

On September 19th 2019, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies (CASIS) Vancouver hosted its roundtable meeting which covered “The Nature of Contemporary Terrorism.” The following presentation featured Dr. Robert Farkasch, a faculty lecturer in the Political Science Department at the University of British Columbia. Dr. Farkasch offers instruction in international political economy, international relations and terrorism studies. In his presentation, Dr. Farkasch appears to argue that religiously defined terrorism is the most dangerous ideological variant of terrorism and that the cause of terrorism is entrenched in our fear of death.

The subsequent roundtable discussion centred around a case study of Brenton Tarrant, a 28-year- old Australian man that opened fire upon two Mosques in Christchurch New Zealand earlier this year, killing 51 people. Many called the attacks Islamophobic due to his targets and the content within a 74-page manifesto that Tarrant authored and released beforehand. Audience members at the roundtable discussed the nature of Tarrant’s attacks and how social media platforms could address radical positions within online spaces.
Predicting Escalation
Authors: CCIBC
Published: February 2020

An argument can be made that hateful rhetoric and group versus group conflict has increased in Canada in part due to the lack of identification in the Criminal Code of identity-based soft violence, thereby inadvertently providing perpetrators with the incentive to continue with their activities unpunished (Meyers, 2019). Kelshall has defined these unrecognized acts of hate as soft violence, which includes “actions that stop short of criminally identified violence...and highlight the superiority of one group over another without kinetic impact" (as cited in Kelshall & Meyers, 2019, p. 40). The damage created by soft violence is incalculable, as its harmful effects range from instilling fear within the individual victim or targeted identity-based group, to the polarization of society that damages cohesion within the general public (Kelshall & Meyers, 2019). Furthermore, it might be useful to consider the damage of soft violence on researchers of such content. Therefore, the Predicting Escalation research project first focuses on the impact of analyzing hateful content on the researchers themselves. The following progress report outlines the supportive literature, research challenges, and research findings that have been collated thus far.
The Dark Age of Online Civil Society
Authors: CASIS
Published: February 2020

Online civil society is vulnerable to various malicious actors who conduct cyberattacks against individuals, companies, and governments. Victims of these attacks are using strike backs, hack backs, and defensive cyber actions as a means to send a message to the attacker, we are not a victim (Neal, 2019). My research presents one model of “revenge attacks” whereby the individual defends themselves online without the assistance of government.