bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Laser-Assisted Thermoplastic Tape Consolidation
Authors: Beyeler Eric , Phillips Walter , Güçeri Selçuk I.
Published: March 2007

An experimental investigation of a novel approach for manufacturing of thermoplastic matrix composites, is described. The technique is based on using laser energy as the focused heat source to melt the matrix material for subsequent consolidation, and appears to be particularly suited for thermoplastic filament winding operations. An experimental set up is defined to produce multi ply rings, and the feasibility of this technique is demon strated by discussing several samples that were produced using Ryton AC40-60 prepreg tapes. The quality of consolidation is examined through cross-sectional micrographs.
Administration of Volunteer Programs as a Career: What Role for Higher Education?
Authors: Stubblefield Harold W. , Miles Leroy
Published: March 2007

This study sought to identify how administrators of volunteer programs regarded volunteer administration as a career and the extent of their readiness for greater involvement with higher education. Four hundred sixty-three usable questionnaires from full-time, salaried administrators were returned and analyzed. Finding are reported regarding demographic characteristics, professional commitment, volun teer program status, preparation needed by administrators, and the role of univer sities. The study concludes that higher education institutions should proceed cantiously in developing degree programs or elective clusters for pre-service or in- service development of administrators of volunteer programs.
Child abuse in the postmodern context: an issue of social identity
Authors: Jenks C.
Published: March 2007

This paper begins with the problem of the well-documented increase in reported cases of child abuse in western society over the last thirty years. It then examines the idea that the dominant image of childhood and the character of the relationship between adults and children in any socio-historical period is indicative of the con dition of the wider society. From this basis it investigates the transition from a state of modernity into that of postmodernity in western society and develops two models, or 'visions', of childhood which correspond to those structural forms. These visions are of 'futurity' and 'nostalgia' respectively. Returning to the issue of child abuse, the paper concludes that the current magnification of the problem is understandable in terms of the loss of personal identity endemic in the postmodern condition.
Rebuilding nests of survival: a comparative analysis of the needs of at-risk adolescent women and adolescent mothers in the US, Latin America, Asia and Africa
Authors: Barker G. , Musick J.S.
Published: March 2007

Numerous programs in Latin America, Asia, Africa and the US have begun assisting girls in at-risk situations, including street girls, girls exploited through prostitution, and sexually abused young women. The striking similarities in the needs of these young women indicate the possibility of sharing program experiences. To better understand these needs, the authors develop an analytical framework using infor mation from site visits, direct interaction and secondary sources. The problems fa cing at-risk young women can be divided between: 1) "causal factors", including low educational attainment, lack of employment possibilities, sexual abuse, lack of bar gaining power in sexual relations, and unfulfilled affiliative needs; and 2) "learned psychological strategies to harmful situations" including interpersonal violence and competition, early childbearing, drug abuse, self-abusive behaviour and poor body image. These learned psychological responses become "survival nests": psychological and physical coping strategies which mitigate the damage of developmentally toxic environments. The concept of the "survival nest" also implies and helps explain the resistance to change that at-risk young women exhibit when programs offer them positive alternatives.
SPATIAL DISPARITY IN CHINA'S EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: An Assessment from the Perspective of Economic Growth
Authors: Zhao Simon X.B. , Tong Christopher S.P.
Published: March 2007

The school in many underdeveloped countries is a reflection and a fruit of the surrounding underdevelop ment, from which arises its deficiency. its quantitative and qualitative poverty. But little by little, and there lies the really serious risk, the school in these underdeveloped countries risks becoming in turn a factor of underdevelopment.
Lower-Level Teleology in Biological Evolution: Decision Behavior and Reproductive Success in Two Species
Authors: Boehm Christopher
Published: March 2007

A very special form of selection mechanics is explored, through which individuals belonging to species exhibiting some considerable cognitive sophistication key their behavior to outcomes that are directly germane to evolutionary micro-process (blind genetic variation-and-selective-retention), and make realistic decisions that enhance their own reproductive success. While both chimpanzees and nonliterate humans may modify their political behavior to promote individual survival, humans also meddle in evolutionary process in more sophisticated ways. They deliberately increase or suppress their own procreation, and they apply what they have learned about genetic inheritance from domesticating plants and animals to their own mate selection decisions. It is suggested that theories of co-evolution must take into account the fact that cultural selection as this acts on genetic selection sometimes is both intentional and effective, which long ago introduced an element of lower-level teleology into biological evolution.
Recovering 'Culture'
Authors: Van Den Bouwhuijsen Harry , Claes Tom , Derde Willem
Published: March 2007

This article looks into the 'epistemological hypochondria' that anthropologists appear to face, whereby epistemic critiques of theories in anthropology are seen to challenge the very existence of the discipline itself. While arguing the case that some of the fundamental notions used in anthropology are the result of the dynamic of religion, the article pleads for a re-evaluation of the concept of culture itself. This would entail a decolonization of the social sciences. At the same time some of the obstacles towards this are examined.
III. Microeconomics, Public Policy
Authors: Hoppe Hans-Hermann
Published: March 2007

The paper first briefly restates and explains the legal principles of pure socialism and the reasons for its economic failure. In its central second part it addresses the question of how to desocialize. Based on economic insights of Ludwig von Mises and ethical insights of his most important student, Murray N. Rothbard, a proposal for a strategy of 'pure de-socialization' and its ethical and economic rationale are offered.
The Accademia Del Disegno and the Art Industry
Authors: Wijnberg Nachoem M.
Published: March 2007

During the Italian renaissance the art industry underwent a major change. Although it seems, in hindsight, to rank among the technically and organizationally most progressive industries, it failed to develop further in this direction and increasingly defined itself as being intrinsically different from other industries. This paper attempts to show how this change can be described in terms of a change of selection systems dominating the domain, from an early dominance of market selection to a later dominance of a mix of expert and peer selection. Changing patterns of demand are seen to have been a precondition for this transformation. However, the cornerstone of the new system appears to have been the new institution of the academy which came to control the certification of artists and artistic education.
Some Further Thoughts on Knowledge, Practice and Morality
Authors: Masquelier Adeline
Published: March 2007

This contribution to a debate on Knowledge and Practice in Mayotte discusses the valuable theoretical perspective offered by Michael Lambek as he focuses on spirit possession as an embodied experience that lasts well beyond its manifest moments. By grounding the immediacy of possession in the embodied texture of the everyday, Lambek renders tangible what is often taken as an intangible dimension of the religious experience. His insights into the various forms and circumstances through which knowledge is understood, circulated and applied in spirit possession enable him to talk about this 'tradition' as an alternative form of knowing that always operates in the context of Islam and whose practical significance is only demonstrated in the concreteness of social action.
Compromising the Uncompromisable
Authors: Block Walter
Published: March 2007

Libertarianism is usually seen as an extremist political philosophy, and is rejected by many on that basis. While the Austrian School is correctly perceived as far removed from the mainstream of economics, it is typically interpreted on that ground as outlandish, or even outrageous. It is the the purpose of this paper to show that these two intellectual traditions are much more reasonable than commonly supposed, more so than their respective competitors. The writings of Murray Rothbard, which encompass both views, are used as a springboard.
Apocalyptic Subjects: Social Construction of the Self in the Qumran Hodayot
Authors: Newsom Carol A.
Published: March 2007

The Qumran community, it is now fairly widely agreed, did not engage in writing the genre of literature known as apocalypses. Yet the community was deeply influenced by the symbolic forms often found in apocalypses, especially those pertaining to dualism. The object of this study is to investi gate how certain of these symbolic representations of dualism are employed in the Hodayot (Thanksgiving Scroll) for the purpose of the formation of the self, or, as I find it more useful to say, the formation of subjectivity among members of the Qumran sectarian community.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Polyhydroxyamide/Polymethoxyamide Family of Polymers
Authors: Yoo Eui-Sang , Gavrin Arthur J. , Farris Richard J. , Coughlin E. Bryan
Published: March 2007

The poly(hydroxy-amide) [PHA] family of polymers possess not only high temperature stability, but also form a more thermally stable polymer (polybenzoxazole) [PBO] during thermal decomposition. The synthesis occurs in solution at low temperature, preventing premature ring cyclization to PBO. The molecular structure was confirmed from 1H-, 13C-NMR, and elemental analysis. One drawback for the highly aromatic PHA is the lack of a softening temperature before the onset of ring closure to PBO. Thus, poly(methoxy-amide) [PMeOA] and random copolymers of PHA and PMeOA have been synthesized and characterized. From microcalorimetry, the peak heat release capacity values for the copolymers is typically higher than that of the pure PHA (while still much lower than most other polymers); however, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis has shown glass transition temperatures to as low as 151°C for the copolymers. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) displays a three-step degradation associated with two ring closures to PBO from PHA and PMeOA (with the release of small low-fuel molecules) and the thermal degradation of PBO. The magnitude of the weight loss associated with each step is dependant on the percent of PHA, PMeOA, and aliphatic content in the copolymer. TGA and DSC analysis of PMeOA films under isothermal conditions show degradation and demethylation (cyclization) occurring simultaneously above 300°C and FT-IR displays benzoxazole ring forming under the same condition. Fibers have been spun from the molten state of PMeOA using a Micro-compounder. Fibers spun at 320°C, with average diameter of 180 μm, show an ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus of 60 MPa, 2.2% and 3.6 GPa, respectively. Films were also made by spin-coating or solvent casting to observe the effect of cyclization on tensile properties. These films had an ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus of 120 MPa and 3 GPa, respectively.
...As Hugh Cudlipp said
Authors: Morgan Piers
Published: March 2007

On Tuesday April 16 the Daily Mirror was reborn. The previous masthead, The Mirror, was abandoned and the famous name re-appeared after an absence of four years. Not only that but the paper's editor, Piers Morgan, re-introduced the Cassandra column, once the preserve of its outstandingfounding writer, Bill— Sir William as he became- Connor who died in 1967. Below Morgan describes why he chose to turn back the clock in search of the paper's glory days...
It's time to bury spin
Authors: Campbell Alastair
Published: March 2007

This a condensed and edited version of a speech in October by Alastair Campbell, the Government's director of communications and strategy, at the inaugural meeting of the Media Correspondents Association.
Why are we the libel capital of the world?
Authors: Rusbridger Alan
Published: March 2007

The Jonathan Aitken libel case against The Guardian once again raised crucial questions about Britain's libel law and the whole question of press freedom and individual privacy. In the article below Alan Rusbridger, editor of The Guardian challenges the press, the law and the Government to face up to the implications involved in this conflict. And Geraldine Proudler, who acted for The Guardian in the Aitken case, offers her view on the need for change in the law.
Depression's forgotten genealogy: notes towards a history of depression
Authors: Rousseau George
Published: March 2007

The history of depression remains unwritten, yet historians harbour plentiful assumptions about its pre-1800 past. These views are necessarily coloured, even shaped, by modern views of depression formed after its nineteenth-century medicalization. A history of depression from ancient to modern times is an impossible task to complete successfully and would require, as a minimum, the historian's utmost vigilance to nuance, difference, and the inclusion of non medical literature, especially poetry, drama and non-didactic prose. Nevertheless, five points about depression's pre-1800 European profile can confidently be made: (1) it developed along lines of female rather than male gender; (2) was transformed in the long eighteenth century when it blended with male madness under the sway of the cults of a pan-European sensibility movement; (3) always embedded a problematic pseudo-depressive state, or feigned version, which acted to permit female escape from dire socio-economic situation; (4) included sustained chronic duration as a requirement in its theory from the Renaissance forward; (5) is richly documented in its pre-1800 versions in imaginative literature, its often overlooked genealogy.
Psychiatric research and science policy in Germany. The history of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie (German Institute for Psychiatric Research) in Munich from 1917 to 1945
Authors: Weber Matthias M.
Published: March 2007

The name Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie (DFA, German Institute for Psychiatric Research), which even today is part of the official name of the Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie (Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), makes reference to the origins of a scientific institution whose history can serve probably better than that of any other institution to illustrate the paths taken by modern psychiatry in Germany. In what follows it is shown that, in retrospect, traditional ideas often continued to be in use with surprising continuity during the eventful decades of the first half of the twentieth century. Beyond this, the history of the DFA reflects not only developments within psychiatry as a scientific discipline but also the interactions of psychiatry with what was taking place generally and politically during the period under discussion.
The Victorian small idiot homes near Bath
Authors: Carpenter Peter K.
Published: March 2007

The records from around Bath show evidence of three established small idiot homes, all run by women as small family businesses, and in addition a possible home that predates Park House. The Commissioners in Lunacy had problems finding out about these homes, and found all to be deficient, but they did support, and adapt their practices for, the most well-established home. All homes may have started as being for children but all accommodated adults, but they mainly provided for female rather than male 'idiots'.
Two hundred years of psychiatry at Leipzig University: an overview
Authors: Steinberg H. , Angermeyer M.C.
Published: March 2007

The University of Leipzig boasts a long tradition in the field of psychiatry. In 1811 J. C. A. Heinroth was appointed as the first professor of psychiatry in Europe. In 1877 brain researcher P. Flechsig inherited his chair, but did not significantly contribute to the progress of this speciality. His first assistant was E. Kraepelin. Flechsig's successors, O. Bumke and P. Schröder, included psychological as well as sociogenetic topics in their research. The latter did pioneering work for the institutionalization of child and adolescent psychiatry. After the destruction of the hospital in 1943, R. A. Pfeifer re-organized its operation, and he also made remarkable contributions to the study of the angiostructure of the brain. With D. Müller-Hegemann, who had a major influence on German psychotherapy, the social psychiatric era began, and it was successfully continued under B. Schwarz, K. Weise and the hospital's present head, M. C. Angermeyer. Under Angermeyer the institutional basis of the clinic has been further improved to include, among its other services, a day clinic and an optionally open-closed ward.
An investigation into the precedents of modern drug treatment in psychiatry
Authors: Moncrieff Joanna
Published: March 2007

This paper examines some of the factors associated with the introduction of a range of new drug treatments into psychiatry in the 1950s and 1960s. The nature of psychiatry in the United Kingdom in preceding decades is examined and a continuous emphasis on biological explanations and treatments of mental disorder is revealed. Physical treatment procedures such as insulin coma therapy and shock treatment received most attention. Older drug treatments, although widely used, excited little interest during this time. The new drug treatments by contrast received much attention and began to be regarded as having specific effects on different mental disorders. It is suggested that a combination of long standing professional concerns and commercial factors helped to account for the rapid acceptance and employment of the new drugs. In turn, these drugs helped to strengthen the hegemony of the medical approach to mental illness.
Notice-board
Authors: Looseley David
Published: March 2007

French Cultural Studies will be pleased to announce in the Notice-board forthcoming events, and a small number of recent books, involving all aspects of modern French culture. Please contact Dr D. L. Looseley, Department of French, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire. e-mail: flldl@leeds.ac.uk
Towards Women's Independence: Pension Systems in Three Contrasting European Welfare States
Authors: Ginn Jay , Arber Sara
Published: March 2007

The treatment of women as family dependants by state social systems in industrialized societies has become increasingly problematrc due to trends over the last 50 years such as the rise in cohabitation, divorce and lone parenthood and women's increased participation in the paid labour force.
Old-Age Security for Women in the Twelve EC Countries
Authors: Döring Diether , Hauser Richard , Rolf Gabriele , Tibitanzl Frank
Published: March 2007

This comparative study deals with the question of whether elderly women in the twelve member states of the EC receive minimum pensions of their own. Since the realization of Beveridge's two principles of universality and of a guaranteed minimum should imply mini mum pensions for elderly women, we have examined if the core old-age security systems of the twelve member states actually are oriented to these principles.
The Social Dimension of the European Union: En Route To Positively Joint Sovereignty?
Authors: Leibfried Stephan
Published: March 2007

This article outlines possible scenarios of Social Europe. First, the status quo of (fragile) welfare state sovereignty and autonomy in the Member States is outlined. Then the major reason for the EU's difficult inheritance of a 'social dimension'is explored: namely, limping labour market integration — the only E U market that looks like a free trade zone - and its consequences for delicate European social integration. Without a common labour market chances for a bottom up social dimension are meager. 'Single' and multiple scenarios for a development of Europe's Social Dimension are then fleshed out. They stretch from 'one ge ometry' to 'variable geometries': European de velopment may be shared by all Member States, though there are different models of European development applying to them col lectively. These models are analysed in terms of the interaction between welfare state sover eignty and economic interdependence: 're sovereignization' and regime competition, 'joint sovereignty' of a positive and a trapping variety, and hegemony are the subscenarios discussed. The 'one Europe' about to develop since 1957 may also be shattered, though frag menting into many 'Europes': speaking about a Europe with different tracks and speeds still implies a shared European destination and common institutions, owed to the 'one ge ometry' legacy. But Europe may, and this is quite likely, also spin off into altogether differ ent policy trajectories, and lose its common destination - and also its unitary institutional structure at the European Union level.
Free Movement and Welfare Entitlement: EU Drug Users in Berlin
Authors: Grüsser Sabme , White Simone
Published: March 2007

Citizens of the European Union may move be tween and reside in E U member states other than that of their nationality and are entitled to social benefits on par with nationals. These conditions apply to users of illegal drugs, who in some cases require public financial support and/or health services, including drug treat ment and rehabilitation. This paper examines the forms in which such services are made available in Berlin and reports on the experi ence of EU drug users approaching (or avoid ing) them. In the light of public health means within the EU, it is suggested that Berlin's cur rent policy of allowing access to 'outsiders' is preferable to recent trends in some other parts of the EU, such as banning 'non-locals' from using services.
Theorizing European Gender Systems
Authors: Duncan Simon
Published: March 2007

This article describes and evaluates three different strands of theorizing European gender systems on a comparative basis. Each strand is associated with a particular concep tual, empirical and disciplinary context. The first strand, 'gendered welfare modelling' is centred around feminist critiques of compara tive social policy and seeks to add gender into the theorization of state welfare regimes. The second strand, 'differentiated patriarchy' is more sociological in origin and attempts to de velop the concept of patriarchy to take account of geographical differences. The final strand, developed in the context of feminist critiques of Scandinavian political science and social history, attempts to delineate different 'gender contracts' on what men and women are, think, expect and do. The paper criticizes all these theorizations for neglecting regional and local processes of gender differentiation, and con cludes that a combination of the 'differentiated patriarchy' and 'gender contract' strands hold the greater promise for accounting for geo graphical difference in systems of gender in equality.
European Social Care Services: Is It Possible To Identify Models ?
Authors: Anttonen Anneli , Sipilä Jorma
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to bring social care services into the domain of comparative social policy research. The reason why it is important for social care services to be incor porated into the debate is that they represent an expanding component of the welfare state; that they are important for women; and that there are major differences between different countries in social care services. We have defined social care services as a specific way of increasing the autonomy of both care pro viders and care receivers.
Hybrid or Unique?: the Japanese Welfare State Between Europe and America
Authors: Esping-Andersen Gøsta
Published: March 2007

In the contemporary welfare state literature, both Japan and Southern Europe are often held to be distinct regimes. A comparative examination of the evidence for Japan suggests that this is not true. Japan's fusion of key el ements of catholic-conservative welfare states (occupational segmentation and familialism) with a liberal, American-style dominance of private welfare plans gives the appearance of a hybrid system. On balance, there is little to in dicate a distinct 'Pacific' model. Regardless, any attempt at labeling the Japanese welfare state is premature since it has not yet sunk its roots, institutionally speaking.
International Actors and Social Policy Development in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Globalism and the 'New Feudalism'
Authors: Deacon Bob , Stubbs Paul
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the current development of aspects of social policy in Bosnia- Herzegovina, paying particular attention to the roles of diverse international actors. Bosnia-Herzegovina is seen as an example of a 'new feudalist' social formation in which the common citizenship model of 'normal' welfare regimes does not apply as a result of: (a) sepa ratist ethnicized claims and loyalties and (b) the fragmentation and multiplication of pol itical authority. The redevelopment of social welfare structures is hampered by the com peting and inconsistent visions and activities of ethnicized, local, national, international and supranational institutions. Dilemmas for supranational agencies such as the World Bank and UN agencies involved in policy advice are, therefore, of a different order to those found in other post-socialist states in the region. In addition, the large presence of International NGOs has not supported the building of a sustainable public policy for the social protection of the population. Support for local NGO development and for 'civil society' has also had unforeseen negative con sequences. Through relating the roles and activities of diverse agencies to various pro grammes of social assistance, health care, and social care, the article argues that a policy vacuum, in part a product of the competition and disarticulation between supranational, national governmental, and non-governmental organizations, actually reinforces 'new feu dalist' trends. An alternative conception of social policy as integrative social development is outlined.
Responses to Volatile Capital Flows: Controls, Asset Liability Management and Architecture
Authors: Dooley Michael P.
Published: March 2007

The economic costs of financial crises in emerging markets have been sub stantial. In this article we evaluate government policies design to mitigate these costs in the context of an insurance model of crises. Our conclusions are unconventional in that policies proposed would not be appropriate for industrial countries. First, capital controls can be welfare improving. Second, the scale of financial intermediation by emerging market govern ments should be strictly limited to minimise capital gains and losses that can generate crises. Finally, debt management by emerging market govern ments should consider the costs of alternative debt structures in the event of default.
Divided... We Stand: an Alliance Goes Sour in India
Authors: Agrawal Mohan
Published: March 2007

The case chronicles a failed retailing joint venture between Timex, the US multinational corporation manufacturing sport watches and accessories, and Titan Industries Lim ited, a respected brand name for consumer durables in India. The two allied in the early nineties expecting that the symbiotic retailing would benefit both. Soon they clashed under the shadow of market recession and evolving expectations. Both now compete against each other in the Indian wristwatch market.
Bata: Strategic Choices
Authors: Ghani Jawaid Abdul
Published: March 2007

The case describes the history of Bata (Pakistan) together with relevant information on major competitors in Pakistan's footwear industry. Bata started as a vertically inte grated manufacturer and soon dominated the industry. The development of the leather export industry and growth in consumer buying power in the eighties, selective imposition of sales tax in the mid-eighties, and lowering of trade barriers in the twenty-first cen tury, resulted in the emergence of firms specializing in different stages along the value chain. When this occurred, Bata's wide scope and vertical integration no longer re mained a source of competitive advantage, and resulted in threats from inexpensive imports and leaner and more specialized firms. The case allows students the opportunity to analyse outsourcing decisions, issues related to franchised versus company-owned stores, and introduction of global brands, in the context of a highly competitive and rapidly changing industry.
Occupational Prestige Rankings and the New Zealand Olympic Athlete
Authors: Crawford Scott A.G.M.
Published: March 2007

This study of the New Zealand team at the Montreal Olympics suggests 5 categories of occupational prestige. In the first category of egalitarian sports are hockey and shooting. Rowing draws on an intermediate category and swimming, with high student numbers, is an undetermined category.

Athletics, boxing and cyclinig are in a blue collar/manual category, while ca noeing, equestrian, weightlifting, wresting and yachting fit into a white collar/non- manual category. Only one sport, yachting, draws its major membership from one occupational prestige rank.

It is concluded that 3 sports (hockey, shooting and rowing) tend to draw from a cross-section of occupational prestige rankings, while 8 sports (athletics, boxing, cycling, canoeing equestian, weightlifting, and yachting) lie either within a blue collar/manual or a white collar/manual or a white collar/non-manual category.
Sport and the Quality of Life
Authors: Wohl Andrzej
Published: March 2007

The author analyzes the term quality of life as a manifestation of man's self-re alization within the framework of contemporary civilizational development and reaches the conclusion that sport turns into an indispensable, universal element of self-realization. He thinks that this is connected with the revaluation of the body as a universal asset, permitting the fuller, richer and more all-round experience of the world.

The author maintains that people's aspirations towards achieving self-realiza tion will make sport change its content and its functions. It will have to adjust not only to new technology but also to the cultural emancipation that is taking place, to the changing inter-human relations, to the new dimensions of our civilization. This causes changes in the quality of sport itself, marked on the one hand by a tendency towards more and more far-reaching rationalization and intellectualization and on the other hand towards an increase in ludic elements in sport, in conditions, where the growth of leisure time will exert its influence on the increase of leisure pursuits and the culture of play as an essential factor in the shaping of the quality of like.
Examination of a Stereotype: Athletes as Conservatives
Authors: Petrie Brian M.
Published: March 2007

The popular wisdom of American student groups and media representatives in the early 1970's characterized athletes as political conservatives. Such beliefs became emotion-charged and widely verbalized to the extent that it was possible to recognize the existence of a stereotypic image of the "jock" as a campus political deviant. Radical students and media publicity helped in the attachment of political con servatism to Canadian intercollegiate athletes. Research evidence, however, was una vailable to support or deny this stereotype.

Utilizing the McClosky Political Conservatism Scale, a self-report scale, and a variety of attitude items, the political ideologies of athletes and nonathletes in a Ca nadian university setting were evaluated. Both groups were found to be generally liberal in their orientations although some inconsistencies were evident with regard to specific issues.

The stereotype was clearly at variance with the reality of the particular setting and the discrepancy with the American data was discussed in terms of, (a) the in teraction style employed by the coaches at the particular institution; (b) the different approach to the role of the student-athlete in a society where athletic skill is not gen erally subject to scholarship assistance; and (c) the degree of integration of athletes into the wider university community.
Sports Activity of the Population of Czechoslovakia As Shown By the Results of Two Country-Wide Surveys Carried Out in the Years 1967 and 1973
Authors: Kreipl Jiri
Published: March 2007

Sociological research on leisure pursuits, in our case on what is called physical training, yielded pertinent information on this activity, which, if approached in the proper context, contributes towards a correct analysis, understanding, evaluation and last but not least to control of the studied social phenomenon.

In this work the author compared two country-wide representative surveys, conducted with the help of planned interviews (3, 6) and divided by a span of time amounting to six years. In view of the fact that the mentioned surveys were con ducted independently of one another and their objectives were somewhat different, even the partial comparison of selected items is complicated, laborious and not quite accurate. We do, however, believe that they fulfil the purpose of illustrating the general trend of the physical activity of the inhabitants of Czechoslovakia between 15 and 60 years.

Table 1 presents the percentage of active engagement in physical training in the years 1967 and 1973, just as is the case in Table 2 which gives the average time, de voted daily to such activity.

In conclusion an evaluation is given of the possibilities, circumstances and con ditions for engaging in physical training.
Aesthetic Aspects of Sport
Authors: Arnold Peter J.
Published: March 2007

A brief comment is made about the relation of sport and art before looking at the nature of sport and the aesthetic perception of it. Three aspects of sport- the skilful, the dramatic and the good contest — are then phenomenologically analysed as exemplifying both some central features of sport as well as their possibility for yielding different dimensions of aesthetic experience.
Organization and Policies of National Olympic Committee — Problems of methodology, access and the results of a pilot - study
Authors: Lüschen Günther
Published: March 2007

Problems of methodology and access are discussed for a pilot project dealing with the organizational structure and policies of 21 National Olympic Committees. In using the expert opinion of leading executives (presidents or general secre taries) by mailed questionnaire in each of these NOCs the study finds them mainly independent organizations as prescribed by IOC rules. But there are also some controlled by other bodies or government agencies. The major influencing body is the IOC for these committees with considerable influence also noted for their own executives and national sport organizations. The sports represented by these NOCs reflect some difference to the general interest in sport in these countries. Some descriptive data are presented for principles guiding the organiza tion of Olmpic teams. In evaluating NOC policies in terms of expectations and realization it appears that NOCs do well in controlling the amateur rule and promoting international understanding. Executives give less favorable reports for the promotion of national sport programs financing of their team and the promotion of time arts, a prescribed rule of the IOC that gets little support in attitudes and evenness in realization. A policy with high latent importance seems to be the promotion of careers and education of Olympic athletes. With regard to four relational constructs introduced for policy analysis (of. Combs and Lüschen) it is found that NOCs face the highest discrepancies for fidelity, i.e. the pursuit of NOC policies in lime with societal values and developments, while NOCs do well in terms of efficiency, i.e. pursuit of policy goals in line with evailable resourccs.
Why Man Climbs Mountains
Authors: Bratton Robert D. , Kinnear George , Koroluk Gary
Published: March 2007

This paper is a report on the results of a study of 266 members of the Alpine Club of Canada, Calgary Section. The study attempted to gain further insight into why people climb mountains. The results indicate that an everchanging mosaic of primary and secondary motives for climbing exist. Age, ability and sex would appear to be three of the stronger determining variables that influence this mosaic. A model for characterizing motives for participation in physical activity is suggested. The categories of the model include: 1) social experience, 2) health and fitness, 3) excitement, 4) expressive, 5) relaxation, 6) competitive achievement, 7) non-competitive achievement, and 8) the love of nature.
Some Aspects of Group Cohesion in Sports Teams
Authors: Nettleton B.
Published: March 2007

The article examines the functioning of sports teams in terms of the interaction which occurs between the structure of the group, the nature of the task and the position of the leader. Specifically, attention is directed towards the following topics :

The composition of successful teams in terms of personality, orientations and attitudes of individual members. Methods of reducing interpersonal tension in teams. Relationships between coaching style, orientations of team members and successful performance.

The research literature concerned with the above areas is critically sum marized, important findings which have practical implications emphasized and problems for future investigation are indicated.
Sport and Culture
Authors: Krawczyk Zbigniew
Published: March 2007

Researchers looking for the ties between sport and culture as a rule found them within the range of problems related to play. However, this perspective of explaining sport is today not the only existing possibility. There is a great vaniety of theoretical attitudes in this respect and these could be reduced to the following types of interpretations: existential-axiological, psycho-analytical, anthro pological and cultural, semiotic, structural-functional and dialectical ones. Referring to some of these types of interpretation the author analyzes sport in categories of the infrastructure, direct culture and symbolical culture.
Sport and the Sociology of the Body
Authors: Heinemann Klaus
Published: March 2007

Our body is always a "social" fact. It is an expression of existing social conditions, which determine how we perceive and control our physical selves, how we use our body as an expressive medium, how we handle our body and control it, how we make use of our bodies, and how we view our body. When we speak of our body as a social fact, we mean the following four elements:

a) the "techniques of the body", or in other words, the way motion (e.g., walking, running, jumping, swimming) is traditionally realized in a society;

b) "expressive body movement" such as posture, gesture, facial expressions and so on, which serve as symbolic forms of self-expression and of (non-verbal) communication; hence, as "body language";

c) "body ethos" or the attitude towards one's own body, which match person al and social identity;

d) controls of drive and need.

Every society recognizes, and also usually differentiates on a class and gen der-specific basis, a norm for each of these dimensions of the body which firmly establishes body techniques, expressive body movement, body ethos, and physical self-control. Such norms apply to all bodily movements and to the control of drives and needs; hence also to sports.

What is "possible" and "not possible" in sports, what is acceptable in bodily exertion, body control, posture, which presentation of the body is acceptable for men and women, for old and young, for members of the lower or the upper class, is defined by just such social norms and rules, that determine the body as a social fact.

These relationships should be examined in detail, if we wish to judge the significance of body sociology for the sociology of sports. For this, it is necessary:

1) to make clear the anthropological prerequisites of a sociology of the body,

2) to describe the already mentioned individual components of the body as a social fact to classify its socio-cultural, class and gender-specific differentiations and,

3) to treat the specific dependence-relationship of the body as a social fact upon social development.
Some of the Lines of the Development of Culture and Accepted Values and the Prognosis of Physical Culture
Authors: Wohl Andrzej
Published: March 2007

A forecast of the social future, reconnaisance regarding its probable shape — is a postulate of a theoretical as well as practical nature. It can be ascribed to various spheres of social life, also to physical culture.

Though there exist doubts as to the purposefulness of research on the future, there nevertheless are sufficiently well justified arguments, testifying not only to the possiblility but the necessity to take this type of research into account in science. After all, they establish a new additional way of looking at reality as a variable reality, which is dynamic due to which we are enabled to look at existing reality in a more comprehensive manner, make it the subject of reflections that enrich our cognitive abilities. This is important in all spheres of knowledge and social life, but is above all important in these and such activities which we define as cultural activity. This was very correctly defined by Bohdan Suchodolski, who stated that the future is not what people expect but it is the outcome of their activity, their achievements and neglect. Here one could add that it also stems from their attitude to the cultural heritage, the ability to make certain choices. And it is in this field of research on the choice of values that forecasting in research should not be omitted.

Formulating these needs the author concentrates in his work on the choice of values and developmental possibilities within the framework of forecasting in the field of physical culture.
A Model-Construction of Sport As a Culture. A Working Paper Toward a Systematic Analysis of Sport
Authors: Tatano Hideo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to investigate "sport as a culture" analytically, and to indicate related concepts necessary for building a general theory in sport sociology. In the past, sport as a culture has been reduced to psychological elements and has been argued to exist at the same level as action, material and society on the one hand, or as isolated individual factors on the other. Through the re-ex amination of past theories of culture and sport, "sport as a culture" is reconstructed as a ''sport symbol system". This system is an analytical and hypothetical construct abstracted from concrete phenomena of sport action and products, and presents, a generalized medium for analysis of sport phenomena. In other words, a reality of sport phenomena is recognized, reconstructed and transmitted through the me diation of sport symbol system as a cognitive and control symbol. Based on these conceptualizations, several related concepts, such as need, action, material and society, are re-examined in relation to the sport symbol. Finally, it is proposed that the interrelational system of these re-constructed elements is "sport system".
Research Methods and Development of the Flemish Folk Games File
Authors: Renson Roland , Smulders Herman
Published: March 2007

The Flemish Folk Games File (F.F.G.F.), consisting of both an historical and anthropological survey of the folk games in Flanders, the Dutch speaking part of Belgium, started in 1973 as a project of the Sociocultural Kinanthropology research unit of the Physical Education Institute of the University of Leuven. Since then, 806 dossiers have been compiled, covering registrations of folk games in 403 different Flemish communities. This material has mainly been collected by students in their local communities in accordance with a previously devised format, that maximizes standardization in collecting and processing the research data. Special emphasis has been put on the participant observation technique: learning about games through observation and active play participation.

A documentation retrieval system, distribution maps, and a game typology have been constructed from the available material.
Cohesiveness as a Factor in Sport Performance
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Chelladurai P.
Published: March 2007

The factors influencing the effects that cohesiveness has upon performance success in athletic situations were examined. Two principal issues were discussed: the nature of the sport task (i.e., inherent differences among various sports in terms of task demands influence the type of coordinative activity required of group mem bers and this, in turn, is related to cohesiveness); and, the construct of cohesiveness itself with specific reference to those factors which contribute to improved coor dinative activity. It was proposed that only in those sports which are comprised of tasks characterized by interactive dependence (where maximum coordination can only be obtained through mutual adjustment by individual team members) that cohesiveness is related to team success. It was also proposed that cohesiveness, as a multidimensional construct, is comprised of three general categories of forces: normative, task and social. The normative forces (which arise as a result of tra ditional, cultural and practical considerations) prevent group dissolution and/or maintain individual participation within the team. Since these normative forces are constant across teams, they are unrelated to performance effectiveness. Task forces (resulting from task and self needs) lead to the development of coalitions while the social forces (arising from affiliative needs) are manifested in clique formation. The enhanced coordination contributing to performance success is a result of coalitions formed on the basis of maximum resources.
Sport, Culture and Socialization
Authors: Allison Maria
Published: March 2007

In the article the author makes explicit the relationship between culture and socialization. Much past work in sport socialization has ignored the impact and influence of culture on the socialization process. This paper critiques past ap proaches to socialization from a cultural perspective, and demonstrates, through the use of ethnographic data, an interactionist approach to the process.
Organizational Analysis of Youth Sports
Authors: Podilchak Walter
Published: March 2007

Children's sport participation, when organizationally structured, take on two general forms: houseleagues and selective leagues. It is generally assumed that value differences account for these organizational forms; the houseleague empha sizes "non serious" enjoyment, whereas the selective leagues emphasize skill display and athletic achievement. The purpose of this paper is to establish the inter organizational environment within which children sport leagues are institutio nalized. Specifically, selective leagues are able to establish organizational ad vantages, and these derive from both ideological and organizational symmetry with the institutional sector, further legitimating these forms with required or ganizational resources. Houseleague forms are unable to establish these inter organizational linkages, decreasing survival potentials.

Legitimacy theory and resource dependency theory were compared to con textualize sport organizations within the broader social structure. Youth soccer programs were compared. A theoretical sample of organizational positions was chosen to establish the implications of each theory.