bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-ray protection considerations for mammography screening centres
Authors: Walker A. , Hounsell A. R.
Published: July 2009

The inception of the National Breast Screening Programme, following publication of the report Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), 1986) of a working group under the Chairmanship of Sir Patrick Forrest, led to the construction of a significant number of new mammography rooms including mobile units, with many more being proposed for the next few years. As a result, Radiation Protection Advisers (RPAs) are now being required to give advice on room construction for these units.

The Guidance Notes For Health Authorities On Mammographic Equipment Requirements For Breast Cancer Screening published by the DHSS (1987), whilst giving clear guidelines to facilitate standardization on most technical aspects of mammography screening/ assessment centres, do not give any outline of the protection requirements, merely stating in paragraph 3.7.3. that “Radiation protection and operational features must meet the requirements of the local Radiation Protection Adviser.” Such Radiation Protection Advisers will need access to both attenuation data and scatter measurements on which to base their recommendations. This paper presents measurements at mammographic energies of both the attenuation properties of a range of materials that could be used in barrier construction, and phantom scatter measurements. In addition, the application of these results to the situation that will be found in the new screening centre and measurements performed to confirm the conclusions are presented.
Films, screens and cassettes for mammography
Authors: Law J. , Kirkpatrick A. E.
Published: July 2009

In a recent paper on films, screens and cassettes for mammography (Law & Kirkpatrick, 1989) we included results from certain products of 3M and Dupont. After that paper was prepared we learnt that the 3M film “SX315” was a preproduction sample of their FM film and we inserted a footnote to that effect. Such samples may not represent the final product. We were later told by 3M that the sample of MS film that they supplied to us previously was below normal standard. They then gave us fresh boxes of MS and of FM film.
Biological equivalence between fractionated radiotherapy treatments
Authors: Mills J. A. , Martin-Smith P.
Published: July 2009

Deehan and O'Donoghue addressed the question of generally equivalent treatments for all biological end-points in their recent short communication (Deehan & O'Donoghue, 1988). They apparently came to the conclusion that the linearquadratic model can satisfy this, and, given that two conditions are met, it is possible to calculate an alternative to a standard treatment regime having equivalent biological effects for all tissues, without any prior knowledge of α/β ratios. It is our opinion, however, that a misleading impression is created, in that although the worked examples demonstrate the method, it is difficult to envisage the clinical usefulness of the results. Is it likely that a clinician, having prescribed a course of treatment will wish either to lengthen the overall treatment time for the same biological effect or to change the biological effect itself? It is more probable that the practical consideration will be how to decrease the number of fractions and conserve the prescribed biological effect.
Book reviews
Authors: Taylor P. M.
Published: July 2009

The aim of this book is simple: to aid candidates preparing for the final fellowship examination of the Royal College of Radiologists. In particular, it is designed to simulate the format of the radiograph viewing session. To succeed in this aim any book must fulfil several requirements. A wide range of subjects should be covered, extending from the common to the rare, using different imaging techniques.
Book reviews
Authors: Wraight E. P.
Published: July 2009

A number of atlases of nuclear medicine have been published over the years. This large volume not only brings the field up to date but also provides a concise practical guide to the performance and interpretation of the wide range of studies encountered in routine nuclear medicine practice. The book is divided into eight sections, covering bone, thyroid, brain, liver and spleen, lungs, cardiac studies, and a miscellaneous group covering most of the less commonly performed radionuclide investigations.
Book reviews
Authors: Jeans W. D.
Published: July 2009

Glyn Lloyd was on the staff of the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital in Gray's Inn Road, London, from 1967 to 1988, and in this time has published numerous papers and taught innumerable registrars, both surgical and radiological. He has always been in the forefront in applying new techniques in his chosen field and the book exemplifies this attitude.
Neuroblastoma presenting with obstructive jaundice
Authors: Walsh M. T. , Shah K. J.
Published: July 2009

Neuroblastoma is the second most common malignant, solid, embryonal abdominal tumour in childhood. In 65% of cases the tumour arises in the adrenal gland, but it can originate from sympathetic tissue anywhere in the body (Kirks et al, 1981). The majority present before the age of 3 years by which time they often have distal metastases to the skull, orbit, bone or liver. We describe a patient with abdominal neuroblastoma, which resulted in obstructive jaundice at the time of presentation. Biliary obstruction occurred secondary to tumour/ lymphadenopathy at the porta hepatis causing compression of the extrahepatic biliary tree. The presence of obstructive jaundice at the time of presentation has not previously been described.
Book review
Authors: Rickards David
Published: July 2009

Unlike many books emanating from the US, this multi-author tome has only seven contributors, its editor and main contributor being Beverly Coleman. It purports to be a text (exactly what is a text?) as well as an atlas. Ultrasound is a lot easier to write about than to illustrate.
Book reviews
Authors: Joseph A. E. A.
Published: July 2009

This text is aimed at providing a concise account of the various procedures currently adopted in the application of radioisotope techniques to gastroenterology. There are 12 chapters covering a wide range of topics starting with salivary scintigraphy and including topics of interest to gastroenterologists and radiologists such as gastrointestinal transit and reflux studies, gastrointestinal bleeding, localization of ectopic gastric mucosa, liver and spleen scintigraphy, hepatobiliary scintigraphy and abscess detection.
Book reviews
Authors: Baird Roger N.
Published: July 2009

Vascular radiologists, and vascular surgeons including this reviewer, will welcome this volume on the non-invasive diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease. It is small by the standard of radiological texts, with only 250 pages, and the contributors are mainly surgeons. However, these features in no way diminish its relevance and importance for departments of radiodiagnosis.
Book reviews
Authors: Gishen Philip
Published: July 2009

This book is a work of art! The book is designed to cover the practical aspects of present day coronary angioplasty and deals particularly well with all the recent advances in angioplasty with an especially good chapter on rapidly growing fields of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in acute myocardial infarction.
Book review
Authors: King D. M.
Published: July 2009

A textbook devoted to sonographic imaging of the spleen alone might appear difficult to justify, and indeed to fill. This 89-page book from Springer-Verlag contains much more than sonography alone and in its production, Jean-Noel Bruneton and Springer-Verlag have completed probably the most thorough and up-to-date review of splenic anatomy, congenital malformation and pathology.
Book review
Authors: McCready Ralph
Published: July 2009

Thyroid cancer is a rare but particularly interesting disease since it is one of two tumours amenable to therapy using a radiolabelled element or compound that is actually metabolized by a tumour. Thus when a patient does appear with suspected or proven thyroid cancer it is valuable to have a concise book to which one can refer for the main points in diagnosis and therapy.
The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy
Authors: Fowler John F.
Published: July 2009

Clinical gains have been reported from the use of nonstandard fractionation schedules planned with a radiobiological basis. Hyperfractionation provides the leading example, as described below, with accelerated fractionation being developed more recently. Although examples of almost every kind of fractionated schedule can be found in the literature over the past 90 years, it is only within the last decade that the biological factors concerning overall time and delayed proliferation after irradiation, and the effect of dose per fraction, have been understood. Both these factors operate differently on late- and early-reacting tissues, because cell proliferation in late-reacting tissues is slow or absent, but early reacting tissues and tumours depend upon cells that proliferate rapidly. This basic knowledge is still diffusing through the radiotherapy community and I hope this review will help the diffusion process. The biological factors concerning fractionation seem to apply to the majority of tissues and tumours, so that new schedules can be planned that are effective in practice.

Attempts to deal with hypoxic cells in tumours or to use high-linear-energy-transfer (LET) radiation have been less generally successful, probably because in those strategies we need to identify subpopulations that are smaller. Tumours that are resistant to conventional radiotherapy because they contain hypoxic cells and do not reoxygenate cannot be identifed yet.
Outpatient lumbar radiculography: comparison of iopamidol and iohexol and a literature review
Authors: Davies A. M. , Evans N. , Chandy J.
Published: July 2009

A prospective study of 261 patients undergoing lumbar radiculography using 12 ml iopamidol (200 mgl/ml) was undertaken to determine whether the procedure could be performed safely on an outpatient basis. No statistically significant differences in the incidence and severity of side-effects were found between the 132 outpatients and 129 inpatient controls. Nine outpatients had to be kept in hospital at the end of a 4-h observation period and a further two outpatients were re-admitted to hospital because of severe side-effects. The current study was compared with a preceding study of identical design, already published, in which 200 patients underwent lumbar radiculography with 10 ml iohexol (240mgI/ml). No statistically significant differences in the incidence and severity of side-effects between the two contrast media were evident up to 24 h after the examination. In the period between 24 h and 7 days, the incidence and severity of headache, nausea and dizziness were all significantly greater in the iopamidol group. Although outpatient radiculography can be performed safely with both contrast media, the higher incidence of delayed side-effects in the iopamidol patients prompts the authors to express a preference for iohexol for intrathecal use. The increased incidence of adverse reactions in female patients and the literature comparing iopamidol and iohexol for myelography are discussed.
Aneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery diagnosed by real-time ultrasound and pulsed Doppler
Authors: Grech Paul , Rowlands Peter , Crofton Mary
Published: July 2009

Aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery are rare, being noted in only 1 of 12 000 autopsies (Lucke & Rae, 1921). Aneurysms of branch arteries are even less common. Presentation is most commonly at the time of rupture, which often results in catastrophic and usually fatal haemorrhage. The incidental finding of such aneurysms and their recognition thus assumes an importance out of proportion to their frequency. A case is presented in which an incidental finding of an asymptomatic aneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery was made by ultrasound and pulsed Doppler. The diagnosis and exact anatomy was confirmed by angiography.

A 50-year-old woman presented to a gynaecologist complaining of vaginal bleeding and was referred for ultrasound examination of the pelvis. The patient was a normotensive non-smoker and, on direct questioning, revealed no symptoms referable to the gastrointestinal tract or upper abdomen.
Book reviews
Authors: Shepstone B. J.
Published: July 2009

This book covers 590 pages of text and is divided into 26 chapters covering every situation in which computing is applied to nuclear medicine. The volume, competently edited by Michael Gelfand and Stephen Thomas, employs about 38 additional authors, but with Gelfand taking the brunt of the writing.
Book reviews
Authors: Jaspan T.
Published: July 2009

Worldwide sales of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) units are now probably in excess of 1000. With the entry of the major Japanese imaging conglomerates into the field, the future cost of buying and maintaining a system should fall, especially with the introduction of low-field units employing permanent magnets. The end result will be the greater accessibility of MR scanners to non-specialist centres, following the pattern of computed tomographic scanning. It is therefore appropriate that a textbook should have now been produced that will help make MRI of the central nervous system more amenable to the generalist whilst providing a useful primer for trainees within the spectrum of interest of the neurosciences.
Book reviews
Authors: Jaspan T.
Published: July 2009

The French neuroradiologists have a long and praiseworthy tradition for establishing a sound understanding of the anatomy of the central nervous system as the basis for correct and meaningful interpretation of all radiological examinations. This atlas is specifically aimed at the anatomy displayed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has now become the pre-eminent neuroradiological tool. The wealth of information, both anatomical and pathological, provided by this technique further underlines the necessity of a comprehensive yet easily accessible and comprehensible atlas.
Book reviews
Authors: Shaw D. G.
Published: July 2009

Another year, anotherYear Book: 357 articles from nearly 700 publications, predominantly North American. Three of the six Associated Editors are new.
Late radiation injury of the rectum and sigmoid colon: barium enema findings in 92 patients
Authors: den Hartog Jager F. C. A. , Cohen P. , van Haastert M.
Published: July 2009

We reviewed the findings on 169 contrast enema examinations in 92 patients with late radiation injury of the rectum and sigmoid colon, encountered over an 11-year period. The diagnosis was made by rectosigmoidoscopy in all patients. The limitations and pitfalls of both examinations were studied. The mean interval between radiotherapy and diagnosis was 1.7 years and the mean follow-up period was 3.5 years. The main radiological features varied from normal findings (15% of the initial examinations) to decreased distensibility of the bowel wall, intestinal fixation, mucosal and contour abnormalities, ulceration, stenoses and fistula formation. During follow-up, the number of all pathological findings increased. Pre-stenotic dilatation of the descending colon was always absent. The contrast enema examinations and endoscopies were found to be complementary. The barium enema showed the extent of the disease and accurately identified stenoses and fistulas, but underdiagnosed ulceration and overdiagnosed malignancy. Endoscopy allowed unequivocal detection of mucosal damage, especially ulceration, and was accurate in showing stenoses but sometimes failed to demonstrate fistulas. Moreover, in 25% of examinations it was impossible to examine the entire abnormal area.
The effects of single doses of X rays on the mechanical properties of pig skin in vivo
Authors: Baker M. R. , Bader D. , Hopewell J. W.
Published: July 2009

Changes in the mechanical properties of pig skin have been studied in vivo, using a dermal extensometer, after irradiation with a single dose of 18 Gy of X rays. There was no significant change in the stiffness of irradiated skin, when compared with unirradiated skin, until 9 weeks after irradiation when the irradiated skin was significantly stiffer This effect was also found at 12 and 15 weeks after irradiation. When the increase in skin thickness, as a consequence of oedema, was taken into account a significant increase in the unrelaxed elastic modulus of irradiated skin was only seen at 12 and 15 weeks after irradiation. There were no significant changes in force relaxation, after extension of the skin, over this time period. After the resolution of oedema, which was associated with a significant 20% reduction in the thickness of irradiated skin relative to unirradiated skin, the mechanical properties of irradiated skin were not markedly different from those of unirradiated skin. However, between 30 and 39 weeks after irradiation there was a further wave of dermal thinning, resulting in a total reduction in the thickness of irradiated skin relative to unirradiated skin of 26%. This was associated with a rapid rise in the skin stiffness and unrelaxed elastic modulus by ∼65 and ∼140%, respectively. It was only at these late times after irradiation that the force relaxation of the skin was modified significantly. At 9 and 12 weeks after irradiation the reduction in skin stiffness and the unrelaxed elastic modulus were dose related. Based on the percentage of fields showing a significant reduction in these biomechanical parameters, ED50 values of between 12 and 14.5 Gy were established. This would appear to be a sensitive method for assessing radiation-induced dermal changes since few gross changes are observed in this dose range.
Soft-tissue effects of biliary extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy in swine
Authors: Malone Dermot E. , Becker Christoph D. , Reich K. David , Quenville Noel F. , Burhenne H. Joachim
Published: July 2009

This study investigates the soft-tissue effects of biliary extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy (BESWL) using a recently developed lithotripter, which consists of an electromagnetic Shockwave generator and an integrated ultrasonic targeting system. Sixteen swine, evenly divided into four groups, underwent BESWL. One group had one BESWL session targeted on the gallbladder and another group had two BESWL sessions targeted on the gallbladder. The third group had one BESWL session targeted on implanted gallbladder stones and the fourth group had one BESWL session targeted on the region of the common bile duct (CBD). Half of each group were sacrificed on the day of lithotripsy and half 1 week later. Post-mortem examinations were performed. Each implanted gallstone had fragmented. There were no findings attributable to BESWL in 11 animals. Three animals had pulmonary haemorrhagic spots (the largest was 10 mm in diameter) and one had a submucosal CBD petechia; these findings were attributable to BESWL. In two animals, microscopic haemorrhage associated with bronchopneumonia (usually present in our pig population) was more prominent than usual. This was possibly attributable to BESWL. The swine's deep posterior costophrenic sulcus makes it difficult to avoid the lung base during BESWL in swine. We conclude that this BESWL device can fragment gallstones without causing clinically significant soft-tissue damage.
Spondylo-metaphyseal dysplasia of Sutcliffe type
Authors: Kozlowski K. , Bellemore M. C.
Published: July 2009

In 1965, Sutcliffe presented to the European Society of Paediatric Radiology two cases of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with a distinctive pattern of bone changes. The purpose of this paper is to report a third case and to describe the radiographic features of this rare entity.

The patient was the product of an uncomplicated, term pregnancy and normal vaginal delivery. The mother took benzodiazepine sedatives during the first and third trimesters of the pregnancy. At birth, the patient was noted to be a healthy female weighing 2650 g. The parents were unrelated and had two other children who were normal. There was no family history of short stature.

The patient's growth and development were thought to be normal during her first year of life. However, she did not walk until 18 months old. At 2 years of age, she was seen by a paediatrician because of frequent falls. Her gross motor development and neurological examination were found to be normal. Over the next 6 months she continued to have frequent falls and the patient was referred to the Orthopaedic Department at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children because she had an abnormal gait.
Book reviews
Authors: Dunn M. J.
Published: July 2009

This book is aimed at medical physicists wishing to make radiation dose measurements on patients undergoing diagnostic radiological examinations.

The book attempts to cover in some 60 pages of text, dose quantities, measurement strategies and suitable dosimetric techniques for use in a wide variety of clinical situations. Risk estimation and bone dosimetry each have a chapter devoted to them. The information is provided in a clear and concise manner.
Radiographic videodensitometry for quantitative monitoring of experimental bone healing
Authors: Kälebo Peter , Strid Karl-Gustav
Published: July 2009

A method for non-invasive assessment of experimental bone healing in animals is described. Optimized radiographs were analysed by digital processing using a computer-based image analysis system. Values of the total mass were expressed as the equivalent mass of a simultaneously exposed aluminium roentgen-density reference. In order to assess the potential of the method, measurements were initially performed on phantoms and bone specimens. The systematic error was negligible. An excellent correlation (r=0.999) was found between the densitometric weight (μ) and the corresponding dry weight (m) of the analysed bone samples and a calibration factor μ/m=1.38 was established. The total random error was low, the coefficient of variation (CV) amounting to <5% or, if duplicate analyses were performed, <3%. The accuracy was not impaired when radiography was carried out with addition of water to mimic overlying soft tissue in the model. The method was applied to the assessment of callus mass longitudinally in vivo in the healing of a bone defect in the rabbit radius, yielding reproducible values (CV <5%) and a quantitative analysis of the healing sequence.
Small hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with sonography, computed tomography (CT), angiography and Lipiodol-CT
Authors: Choi Byung Ihn , Park Jae Hyun , Kim Bo Hyun , Kim Seung Hyup , Han Man Chung , Kim Chu-Wan
Published: July 2009

Seventy-three small hepatocellular carcinomas under 5 cm in diameter in 47 patients were examined by sonography, computed tomography (CT), hepatic angiography and CT after intra-arterial injection of iodized poppy-seed oil (Lipiodol-CT). The imaging techniques that first led to detection of small hepatocellular carcinomas were sonography in 53 cases (72.6%), CT in 10 (13.7%), angiography in eight (11%) and Lipiodol-CT in two (2.7%). Sensitivity for detecting small hepatocellular carcinomas was 73% with sonography, 82% with CT, 86% with angiography and 96% with Lipiodol-CT. As a screening method, sonographic and CT results in detecting small hepatocellular carcinomas were not significantly different (p>0.05). Lipiodol-CT was superior to sonography (p<0.01), CT (p<0.01) and angiography (p<0.05) in detecting small hepatocellular carcinomas. We believe that the combined use of Lipiodol-CT with screening methods such as sonography or CT is indispensable for the accurate detection of small hepatocellular carcinomas.
Enhanced risk from low-energy screen—film mammography X rays
Authors: Brenner D. J. , Amols H. I.
Published: July 2009

Modern screen–film mammography with molybdenum-anode X rays results in tissue doses being delivered primarily by photons with an energy of <20 keV. Such photons interact with tissue predominantly through the photoelectric effect, producing low-energy electrons that have different patterns of energy deposition at the cellular level compared with those from higher-energy X rays. These differences result in low doses of typical molybdenum-based mammography X rays having an estimated radiobiological effectiveness of ∼1.3 compared with 80 kVp or 250 kVp X rays, and ∼2 compared with higher-energy γ rays. Thus the risk from mammography could be higher, by such factors, than previously estimated. This would result in the optimal age for beginning mammographic screening, derived from risk–benefit ratios, being increased by at least 1–2 years and possibly by as many as 10 years.
Radiation doses in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Authors: Huda W. , Bews J. , Saydak A. P.
Published: July 2009

Patients undergoing lithotripsy on the Siemens Lithostar system are exposed to radiation in three modes: film radiography, electronic radiography and fluoroscopy. Radiation exposure techniques (kVp, field size, number of exposures and projection) were recorded for the first 125 patients undergoing treatment on a recently installed Lithostar unit at a Winnipeg hospital. These data were then used in conjunction with phantom-based radiation dose measurements to calculate entrance skin dose and total energy imparted for each patient. Values of 142mGy and 53 mJ, respectively, were found. In the case of energy imparted, 20% of the total arose from film radiography, 30% from electronic radiography and the remaining 50% from fluoroscopy. The estimated effective dose-equivalent, H  E, to the average patient undergoing lithotripsy was 0.75 mSv. This corresponds to an estimated radiation risk for the induction of fatal cancers and genetic defects (in the first two generations of offspring) of between 5 and 11 per million.
Computed tomographic staging of testicular tumours: an unexpected source of error
Authors: Tran T. , Grech P. , Crofton M. E.
Published: July 2009

Computed tomography (CT) is widely used in the staging and follow-up of testicular tumours. Errors of interpretation may arise because of unopacified loops of bowel or aberrant vascular structures, but attention to technique, the use of an intravenous contrast agent and awareness of these potential pitfalls should prevent confusion with intra-abdominal tumour spread in these cases.

We describe a case in which a retroperitoneal haematoma following orchiectomy closely mimicked an iliac lymph node secondary deposit. Such an appearance may result in erroneous staging of testicular tumours and lead to inappropriate treatment.
Acute toxic myopathy: a delayed adverse effect of intravenous urography with iopamidol 370
Authors: Stinchcombe Simon J. , Davies Peter
Published: July 2009

We report the case of a patient who developed severe muscle pains due to acute toxic myopathy following intravenous urography. This is a previously unreported adverse reaction to intravenous contrast media and occurred with iopamidol 370, a low-osmolar, non-ionic agent.

A 55-year-old man was referred for intravenous urography (IVU) during investigation for poorly controlled hypertension. His only medication was atenolol (50 mg mane) and slow-release nifedipine (20 mg bi-daily); there was no other past medical history of note.
Radio-opaque hemithorax in a neonate
Authors: Creagh M. F. , MacDonald L. M. , Garvie D. C.
Published: July 2009

A 1-day-old male infant, delivered by Caesarean section at term to a 20-year-old primigravida, presented with an apnoeic episode associated with hypoxia and cyanosis. The chest radiograph at presentation showed an opaque right hemithorax (Fig. 1). Treatment with antibiotics and oxygen was commenced, and the baby gradually improved over the subsequent 10 days. A repeat chest radiograph was unchanged in appearance. An ultrasound examination of the liver (Fig. 2) and a perfusion scan of the chest (Fig. 3) were performed.
The influence of tube type and operator experience on performance of small bowel enema
Authors: Bisset Rob
Published: July 2009

I read with interest the paper of Nicholson et al (1989) regarding the influence of tube type and operator experience on the performance of small bowel enemas. However, I was surprised that the paper gave scant description of the intubation technique and made no mention of the different techniques used by different operators. Am I to assume that all the radiologists involved used the same technique? If this were so, a description of the technique would be helpful.

I perform small bowel enemas on adults and children and use the same technique for intubation (a modification of the technique for the passage of a Crosby capsule in children) regardless of the patient's age. A child will tolerate only one attempt at small bowel intubation and thus an exacting routine is necessary.
Ten-year results of a post-operative prospective trial: NSD and LQ correspondence
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: July 2009

In a recent issue of the Journal, Dr Bates (1988) reported on the 10-year results of a prospective trial involving 411 patients.

From these results, certain conclusions were drawn on the assumption that the doses used produced equal effects based on clinical observations.

Three radiotherapy techniques were used and 12 fractions in 28 days were compared with six fractions in 18 days.
Book reviews
Authors: Dixon Adrian K.
Published: July 2009

I must confess that my heart sank a little when I was asked to review this weighty volume of 700-odd pages written by 76 contributors, especially as the title indicated algorithms, which I have never been fully at ease with. In fact I am still not fully convinced about the use of rigid algorithms even, as explained in the text, allowing for the modifications required for local availability, local expertise and developing technology. But this somewhat personal view about algorithms should not detract from the many excellent features to be found in this book.
Book reviews
Authors: Kendall Brian
Published: July 2009

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important neurodiagnostic modality during the 4 years since the first edition of this textbook of cranial computed tomography (CT), and the authors have attempted to integrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into their second edition.

A very good simplified account of the physics of MRI and the normal appearances of MRI images of the brain and orbit are added to the descriptions of CT in the first two chapters.
Book reviews
Authors: Goulding P. J.
Published: July 2009

This book contains a selection of 17 papers from the 26th Annual Scientific Conference of the Biological Engineering Society, which was held at the University of Strathclyde in 1986. The first seven papers are concerned with imaging of cerebral perfusion using radiophamaceuticals, in particular the recently developed tracer 99Tcm-HMPAO.
Book reviews
Authors: Steiner R. E.
Published: July 2009

The 5th issue of Frontiers in European Radiology contains four chapters. The first (by J. Buck) is on “Angiocinedensitometry of renal blood circulation by electrocardiogram-controlled injection and computer assisted evaluation”. This is an experimental technique that very few radiologists will be familiar with. Angiocinedensitometry has so far not been applied widely to study circulation in various organs in a clinical setting and is not likely to in the future.
Book reviews
Authors: Valentine A. R.
Published: July 2009

This monograph is based on experience of 275 cases of cerebello-pontine (CP) angle mass lesion collected by its Swiss and American authorship. The majority (60%) of these are, of course, acoustic neurinomas, but a wide spectrum of pathology accounts for the remainder, and these are described and illustrated.
Sequential imaging of post-operative thrombus using the In-111-labelled platelet-specific monoclonal antibody P256
Authors: Stuttle A. W. J. , Klosok J. , Peters A. M. , Lavender J. P.
Published: July 2009

Eleven patients undergoing total hip replacement were studied by radioimmunoscintigraph for development of postoperative thrombus. Images were obtained using the 111In-labelled Fab′ fragment of a monoclonal antibody (P256) directed against human platelets. Six patients showed focal accumulation of radioactivity in the lower limbs. Three of these had coritrast venograms that were all positive for thrombus. Two of these six patients showed evidence of pulmonary localization of P256-Fab′ and this correlated with positive ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy in one of the patients. Sequential imaging with 111In-P256 not′ Fab only established a diagnosis of deep venous thrombus but also provided useful information regarding its natural history.
Modulation in the radiosensitivity of MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells by 17B-estradiol and tamoxifen
Authors: Wazer David E. , Tercilla Oscar F. , Lin Peck-Sun , Schmidt-Ullrich Rupert
Published: July 2009

Colony-forming ability after exposure to ionizing irradiation was compared for proliferating hormone response MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and cells whose growth was inhibited by tamoxifen or 17B-estradiol. As compared with controls (D  o = 1.20Gy, n = 3.1), cells in 1 μM or 5 μM tamoxifen were less radiosensitive (D  o = 1.20Gy, n = 7.0; D  o = 1.22Gy, n = 7.0, respectively) with the predominant effect being a widened shoulder on the survival curve. This protective effect could be abolished by co-incubation of 5 μM tamoxifen with 100 nM or 5 μM 17B-estradiol (D  o = 1.30Gy, n = 2.6; D  o = 1.20Gy, n = 2.6, respectively). The decrease in radiosensitivity induced by tamoxifen was similar to that seen when replating of irradiated plateau-phase cultures was delayed for 24 h (D  o = 1.30Gy, n = 6.0). In contrast, when proliferation of MCF-7 cultures was inhibited by 10 μM 17Bestradiol, radiosensitivity was increased with a markedly diminished survival curve shoulder (D  o = 1.40Gy, n = 1.0). Different hormonal manipulations of cycling human breast carcinoma cells may have profound but disparate efects on radiosensitivity such that tamoxifen and estrogens may serve as useful agents with which to study the biochemical mechanisms of repair.
Burkitt's lymphoma following treatment for Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Robinson A. C. R. , Khoury G. G. , Carney D.
Published: July 2009

Treatment advances in Hodgkin's disease have resulted in many patients achieving long-term survival, and the late complication of second malignancies is being increasingly recognized. The occurrence of Burkitt's lymphoma following chemotherapy or combined-modality treatment for Hodgkin's disease has previously been documented. Its development has not, to the best of our knowledge, been described following irradiation alone. We report a male patient with Hodgkin's disease treated by mantle irradiation who subsequently died from Burkitt's lymphoma. Theories of pathogenesis are presented.

A 21-year-old Caucasian male presented with pathological Stage IIA (Ann Arbor) lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease. He was treated with mantle irradiation, a mid-plane dose of 3500 cGy in 16 fractions in 20 days being delivered to the mediastinum. Complete remission occurred and the patient remained well until 6 years later when he developed intestinal obstruction. Laparotomy revealed extensive malignancy involving the small bowel, mesentery and retroperitoneum, histology being Burkitt's lymphoma (Fig. 1). Bone marrow aspirate showed replacement with immature cells of Burkitt type and cytological findings on examination of cerebrospinal fluid showed malignant cells. The patient was commenced on systemic chemotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate, but died 2 days later of progressive disease. Autopsy confirmed the presence of Burkitt's lymphoma. There was no evidence of Hodgkin's disease.
Book reviews
Authors: Cochrane T.
Published: July 2009

This book is based on the proceedings of a conference on blood flow in artificial organs and cardiovascular prostheses. As such, it suffers from the problem often associated with this type of publication: the subject matter of individual chapters appears disjointed, author styles are disparate and there is inevitably some repetition. Some considerable time has elapsed since the conference took place, with the result that most of the contents of the book are readily available from other sources.

The title itself is not a fair reflection of the contents of the book. Indeed only a few of the chapters specifically mention blood flow. Thirty-one chapters are crammed into 260 pages. The chapters are of two types: those which review a particular topic and those which report research work. The first chapter is intended to be a “scene-setter” and gives a review of the haemodynamic factors of importance in improving design of vascular prostheses.
Book reviews
Authors: Goddard P.
Published: July 2009

This atlas has been written as a ready reference for the identification of articular and periarticular structures seen on MR images. In this respect the book generally succeeds admirably. Indeed the photographs of the accompanying cytomicrotomes are beautiful to behold.
Book reviews
Authors: Freeman Alan
Published: July 2009

This is a summary of the Third International Workshop on Glucagon held at Barcelona during March 1987. Eleven papers were presented relating to the use of glucagon in gastroenterology and hepatology. All the papers are reproduced in detail and it is clear that they stimulated a considerable amount of debate amongst the participants.
Book reviews
Authors: Raphael M. J.
Published: July 2009

This is a small-format paperback book with just over 40 pages. It considers the requirements for diagnostic equipment at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of care in systems of limited, intermediate and advanced states of development.
Testing a policy for skull radiography (and admission) following mild head injury
Authors: de Lacey Gerald , McCabe Michael , Constant Olivia , Welch Theo , Spinks Christopher , McNally Eugene
Published: July 2009

There has been, and continues to be, conflicting advice regarding skull radiography following an apparently uncomplicated head injury. Policies on admission are often ill defined. In 1983, representatives of the Royal College of Radiologists met neurosurgeons at a seminar in Harrogate organized by the DHSS and laid down clear, but little publicized, joint recommendations: “The Harrogate Criteria”. The survey described here evaluated an existing liberal policy for skull radiography (and a loose policy for admissions) against these recommendations, and it was concluded that the number of patients having skull radiography (74% of head injury attenders) was excessive. Measured against the “Harrogate Criteria”, requests for 36% of the adult and 47% of children's skull radiographs did not fulfil these criteria. As a corollary, it was also concluded that loose admissions policies could usefully be altered to comply more closely with the Harrogate recommendations. This would not necessarily reduce the numbers admitted, but would provide casualty officers with a framework on which to base this crucial aspect of clinical decision making, where presently there is often very little structure at all. The authors suggest that all the options have not been fully explored, and that a simple but important alteration to the Harrogate guidelines would provide an even closer link between policy on skull radiography and patient admission. Specifically, most patients who are to be admitted do not need skull radiographs.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the significance of neck node involvement in relation to the pattern of distant failure
Authors: Sham Jonathan S. T. , Choy D. , Choi P. H. K.
Published: July 2009

The pattern of distant failure of 759 Stage I–IV cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was studied. The most common sites of distant metastasis were, in descending order, bone, lung and liver. The N stage, T stage and the characteristics (size and degree of fixation) of the neck nodes involved were found to be significant prognostic factors determining the development of distant metastasis. The bilaterality of neck node involvement, sex, age, haemoglobin and white blood count at diagnosis were not significant. The discriminating effect of N stage holds true in patient groups stratified for the node size and degree of fixation. The superiority of the Ho stage classification was confirmed. The high incidence of distant failure in patients with T3, N3, or bulky or fixed neck node involvement warrants further clinical trials to explore the role of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Book reviews
Authors: Hawkins T. D.
Published: July 2009

Some 15 years after the clinical introduction of computed tomography in Britain, a large number of conventional radiographs continue to be performed each year for suspected cranial and facial injuries, and there is a diminishing number of doctors competent or confident enough to interpret them. This has caused much wringing or washing of hands according to taste or temperament, but not by the authors of this book: a junior doctor in orthopaedics and an experienced senior radiologist, whose response to this problem has been more constructive. Recognizing the difficulties of young doctors working in Accident and Emergency Departments when they are faced with radiographs of the skull and facial bones, Drs Mok and and Kreel have produced a practical atlas for ready reference when dealing with head injuries.
Book reviews
Authors: Cherryman Graham R.
Published: July 2009

This welcome book is aimed at those seeking greater understanding of magnetic resonance phenomena and technology. An outline format is used throughout, making it a useful and portable reference. Subjects are concisely reviewed, well referenced and explained mathematically when required. There are numerous lucid diagrams and a number of illustrative images. The text is readable and mercifully free from imaginative analogy. Eighteen acknowledged experts and enthusiasts have combined to produce the guide to the how and why of MR.
Book reviews
Authors: Roberts G. M.
Published: July 2009

This paperback has seven contributors, six from the George Washington University Medical Centre in Washington DC. Professor W. L. Olmsted states in his foreword that the book is written for medical students, first-year residents or general medical practitioners “who desire to get a thorough and basic introduction to the specialty of radiology”.

The initial chapters discuss the physical processes involved in producing images, radiographic positioning and some aspects of the cost of imaging techniques (with a distinct North American bias). These are followed by a sequence of chapters describing the imaging of body systems. Finally, there is a chapter devoted to the future of imaging in which MRI is mentioned briefly.
Book reviews
Authors: Duck F. A.
Published: July 2009

A quarter of a century ago, a classic book with a closely similar title to this, written by the Russian scientist E. L. El'piner, was published in an English translation. Both El'piner's monograph, and this multiauthor volume, have the same objective: to present in a single volume the wide breadth of phenomena and mechanisms resulting from the interaction of ultrasonic waves and the media through which they pass. Thus we find in Suslick's volume separate chapters dealing, for instance, with industrial applications, sonochemistry, acoustic cavitation and sonoluminescence.
Book reviews
Authors: Rickards David
Published: July 2009

Prostate ultrasound is receiving considerable attention from radiologists and urologists on both sides of the Atlantic. Its technology is advancing rapidly, mainly in the field of probe design. It has been variously reported as the definitive test to diagnose and locally stage cancer, a screening modality that will do for prostate cancer what mammography has done for breast tumour, a useful tool for inflammatory disease and, de rigeur, the technique required for biopsy. It is increasingly performed by our clinical colleagues, and in fairness to them, it was the clinicians in this country who first started to evaluate the modality seriously. Prostate ultrasound has precipitated many papers but few books. Matt Rifkin's is one of the first.
Book reviews
Authors: Rezvani Mohi
Published: July 2009

This book is intended primarily for medical science readers such as medical physicists and doctors studying for their FRCR or MCRP. However, it will also prove valuable for a wider group of readers such as biologists, health administrators and, as stated in the preface, any amateur “would-be statistician”.

The book explains most of the essential points of medical statistics. Although the earlier chapters are very concise they are easy to follow and a sufficient number of references are listed for every topic explained.
Vasopressin release in response to intravenously injected contrast media
Authors: Trewhella Matthew , Dawson Peter , Forsling Mary , McCarthy Peter , O'Donnell Christopher
Published: July 2009

We have previously reported that intravenously administered contrast media produce a rise in plasma vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) concentrations. We have now shown that this occurs both when contrast medium is injected into a peripheral vein and when it is centrally injected into the right atrium. The peak vasopressin concentration recorded varies with the osmolality of the contrast medium. The vasopressin response was greater when contrast agent was centrally injected.
Final Report of the general clinical results of the British Institute of Radiology fractionation study of 3F/wk versus 5F/wk in radiotherapy of carcinoma of the laryngo-pharynx
Authors: Wiernik G. , Bates T. D. , Bleehen N. M. , Brindle J. M. , Bullimore J. , Fowler J. F. , Haybittle J. L. , Howard N. , Laing A. H. , Lindup R. , McGurk F. , Phillips D. L. , Rezvani M.
Published: July 2009

The 10 year follow-up of a clinical trial involving the comparison of 3F/wk versus 5F/wk in radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx has now been completed. The trial involved an intake of 734 patients between 1966 and 1975. The classification of all patients has been revised to conform with the latest TNM publication. A reduction in total dose was made for 3F/wk compared with 5F/wk. This varied between 13% and 11% in centres treating over 3 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively. No statistically significant differences have been found between the two arms (3F/wk versus 5F/wk) of the trial in any of the main group analyses. A number of sub-group analyses relating to survival, tumour-free and laryngectomy-free rates and to the comparison of acute or late normal-tissue radiation damage have also been performed. No differences have been found that could be considered to be statistically significant in relation to the particular sub-group. Previous interim reports suggested minor differences in sub-group analyses between the 3F/wk and 5F/wk regimes in this trial; these have diminished now that the full follow-up data are available. This trial has provided evidence on which clinicians may base their choice between either a 3F/wk fractionation regime or a conventional 5F/wk treatment protocol in the treatment of carcinoma of the laryngo-pharynx.
“Diaphragm-like” structures of the small bowel in patients treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Levi S. , de Lacey G. , Price A. B. , Gumpel M. J. , Levi A. J. , Bjarnason I.
Published: July 2009

The radiological findings are described in four patients who developed strictures of the small bowel, and who had received non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 1.5–15 years. Clinical presentation was that of subacute small bowel obstruction. Small bowel barium studies showed multiple discrete strictures. Some strictures were indistinguishable from those of regional enteritis. Others however were narrow “diaphragm-like” septae encroaching on and markedly narrowing the ileal lumen, and shown histologically to be due to submucosal fibrosis. It is suggested that these strictures are likely to be consequent on NSAIDs administration and that radiologists and surgeons need to be aware of these “diaphragms” which can be very difficult to detect on barium examination, either small bowel follow-through or enteroclysis, and at laparotomy.