bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Detomidine and its Antagonism With Tolazoline on Stress‐Related Hormones, Metabolites, Physiologic Responses, and Behavior in Awake Ponies
Authors: CARROLL GWENDOLYN L. , MATTHEWS NORA S. , HARTSFIELD SANDEE M. , SLATER MARGARET R. , CHAMPNEY THOMAS H. , ERICKSON SCOTT W.
Published: February 2008

Six ponies were used to investigate the effect of tolazoline antagonism of detomidine on physiological responses, behavior, epinephrine, norepinephrine, Cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids in awake ponies. Each pony had a catheter inserted into a jugular vein 1 hour before beginning the study. Awake ponies were administered detomidine (0.04 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) followed 20 minutes later by either tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg IV) or saline. Blood samples were drawn from the catheter 5 minutes before detomidine administration (baseline), 5 minutes after detomidine administration, 20 minutes after detomidine administration which was immediately before the administration of tolazoline or saline (time [T] = 0), and at 5, 30, and 60 minutes after injections of tolazoline or saline (T = 5, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively). Compared with heart rate at T = 0, tolazoline antagonism increased heart rate 45% at 5 minutes. There was no difference in heart rate between treatments at 30 minutes. Blood pressure remained stable after tolazoline, while it decreased over time after saline. Compared with concentrations at T = 0, tolazoline antagonism of detomidine in awake ponies resulted in a 55% increase in Cortisol at 30 minutes and a 52% increase in glucose at 5 minutes. The change in free fatty acids was different for tolazoline and saline over time. Free fatty acids decreased after detomidine administration. Free fatty acids did not change after saline administration. After tolazoline administration, free fatty acids increased transiently. Tolazoline tended to decrease sedation and analgesia at 15 and 60 minutes postantagonism. Antagonism of detomidine‐induced physiological and behavioral effects with tolazoline in awake ponies that were not experiencing pain appears to precipitate a stress response as measured by Cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids. If antagonism of an α‐agonist is contemplated, the potential effect on hormones and metabolites should be considered.
Surgical Treatment of Bile Peritonitis in 24 Dogs and 2 Cats: A Retrospective Study (1987–1994)
Authors: LUDWIG LORI L. , McLOUGHLIN MARY A. , GRAVES THOMAS K. , CRISP M. SUSAN
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, outcome, and factors affecting outcome of dogs and cats surgically treated for bile peritonitis.

Study Design— Retrospective study.

Animals or Sample Population— Twenty‐four dogs and two cats surgically treated for bile peritonitis.

Methods— The medical records of dogs and cats surgically treated for biliary effusions at the Ohio State University and Michigan State University between 1987 and 1994 were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed to compare factors affecting outcome.

Results— The cause of the biliary effusion was determined in 24 animals, and resulted from disruption of the biliary tract secondary to trauma (n = 13) or necrotizing cholecystitis (n = 11). Determination of the bilirubin concentration of the abdominal effusion was the only diagnostic test that was 100% effective in diagnosing bile leakage before surgical intervention. The bilirubin concentration of the effusion was consistently at least two times higher than the serum bilirubin concentration. Bacteriologic culture and sensitivity revealed that a septic, biliary effusion was usually associated with multiple types of gram‐negative bacteria. The overall survival rate was 50% (13 of 26). The peripheral white blood cell count was significantly lower in survivors (mean 20,608/uL) compared with nonsurvivors (mean 35,712/uL). The immature neutrophil count was also significantly lower in survivors (mean 686/uL) than in nonsurvivors (4,852/uL). Only 27% (3 of 11) of the animals with a septic biliary effusion survived. In contrast, 100% (6 of 6) of the animals in which no bacteria were isolated from the abdominal effusion survived. Open abdominal drainage was not a successful treatment for 7 of 9 animals with septic biliary effusions. Survival was not significantly affected by the distribution of the peritonitis, cause of biliary effusion, or duration of clinical signs before surgical intervention.

Conclusions— Patients with sterile biliary effusions have a much lower mortality rate than those with septic biliary effusions. The successful treatment of sterile biliary effusions does not require open abdominal drainage, and is not affected by the duration of the effusion.

Clinical Relevance— This retrospective study provides information that may aid the surgeon in the diagnosis and treatment of bile peritonitis.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Dynamic Compression Plated Osteotomized Adult Equine Tibiae
Authors: MCDUFFEE LAURIE A. , STOVER SUSAN M. , TAYLOR KENNETH T.
Published: February 2008

Objective— To determine the monotonic mechanical properties of osteotomized adult equine tibiae stabilized with two dynamic compression plates (DCP) and to compare the mechanical properties with those of intact tibiae and in vivo loads.

Study Design— The compressive, bending, and torsional mechanical properties of plated and intact tibiae were assessed in vitro.

Animals or Sample Population— Twelve pairs of adult equine tibiae.

Methods— Tibiae were loaded in axial compression, craniocaudal 3‐point bending, or torsion in external rotation in a single cycle to failure. Mechanical properties were determined from load‐displacement data.

Results— Compared to intact tibiae, the mean yield load, failure load and stiffness of plated tibiae were significantly lower (P <.05) (compression and torsion); and the mean yield and failure bending moments, and bending stiffness, of the plated tibiae were lower (P <.075 for yield), or significantly lower, respectively. The mean compression and bending yield loads for plated tibiae were greater than in vivo loads. The mean torsional yield load for plated tibiae approximated the torsional load determined for the adult horse at a walk.

Conclusions— Simple, anatomically reduced, DCP plated tibiae should have adequate strength to withstand immediate, postoperative in vivo compressive loads and bending moments placed on the tibia in vivo during immediate postoperative activities, however, may not have adequate torsional strength during immediate postoperative weight‐bearing at a walk.

Clinical Relevance— Additional supportive methods, to decrease torsional loads, may be beneficial in maintaining stability of plate repaired tibiae during recovery from anesthesia and postoperative healing.
Partial Resection and Omentalization: A New Technique for Management of Prostatic Retention Cysts in Dogs
Authors: BRAY JONATHAN P. , WHITE RICHARD A.S. , WILLIAMS JOHN M.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐The purpose of this study was to determine the results of a new technique for management of prostatic retention cysts in dogs.

Study Design‐A retrospective clinical study.

Animals‐Eighteen client‐owned dogs.

Methods‐Dogs with prostatic retention cysts were treated by celiotomy and drainage of the cysts. The majority of the cyst wall was resected and residual cyst cavities were packed with omentum. All dogs were castrated.

Results‐Long‐term resolution of clinical signs was achieved in all dogs, with follow‐up periods ranging from 6 to 42 months. Five dogs developed urinary incontinence postoperatively. This persisted in two dogs, but was well controlled with phenylpropanolamine. In the remaining dogs, the incontinence was transient and resolved within 2 months of surgery.

Conclusions‐Partial cyst resection combined with omentalization and castration was a simple and effective means of managing prostatic retention cysts. The incidence of serious complications, including postoperative urinary incontinence, was low.
Anesthesia in Sheep With Propofol or With Xylazine‐Ketamine Followed by Halothane
Authors: LIN HUI‐CHU , PUROHIT RAM C. , POWE TOM A.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐This study evaluates the clinical usefulness and anesthetic effect of propofol, and compares these effects with those of xylazine‐ketamine‐halothane anesthesia in sheep.

Study Design‐Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Animals or Sample Population‐ Fourteen healthy adult male sheep.

Methods‐Sheep were randomly assigned to two different drug regimens: (1) Bolus injection of propofol (3 mg/kg, intravenously [IV]) followed by continuous intravenous infusion and (2) xylazine (0.11 mg/kg, IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) for induction followed by halothane anesthesia. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressures were monitored during anesthesia. Venous blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis. Quality of induction and recovery were also recorded.

Results‐The average dose of propofol used to induce and maintain anesthesia was 6.63 ±2.06 mg/kg and 29.3 ±11.7 mg/kg/hr (0.49 ±0.20 mg/kg/min), respectively. The duration of propofol anesthesia was 45.3 ±13.2 minutes and recovery to standing occurred in 14.7 ±5.7 minutes. Sheep receiving xylazine‐ketamine‐halothane were anesthetized for 35.9 ±4.0 minutes and recovery to standing occurred within 28.5 ±7.5 minutes. Sheep anesthetized with propofol had a significantly higher heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and Pvo2, and a lower Pvco2at 30 minutes and lower BE at 15 and 30 minutes than sheep anesthetized with xylazine‐ketamine‐halothane.

Conclusions‐Propofol anesthesia was characterized by a smooth induction, effective surgical anesthesia and rapid recovery which was comparable to anesthesia with xylazine‐ketamine‐halothane.

Clinical Relevance‐Propofol may be indicated in situations when it is desirable to maintain anesthesia with an intravenous infusion followed by a rapid recovery in healthy sheep.
Evaluation of an Oscillometric Blood Pressure Monitor on Anesthetized Cats and the Effect of Cuff Placement and Fur on Accuracy
Authors: BRANSON K.R. , WAGNER‐MANN C.C. , MANN F.A.
Published: February 2008

Objectives— (1) To determine the usefulness of one specific oscillometric monitor for making indirect measurements of arterial pressure in cats. (2) To determine the difference between two specific cuff placement sites. (3) To determine if clipping the hair beneath the cuff has an affect on the accuracy of oscillometric blood pressure determination.

Study Design— Prospective study comparing the accuracy of the Datascope Passport (Data‐scope Corp, Paramus, NJ) with concurrent invasive measurements.

Animals— Six anesthetized domestic felines weighing 4.5 to 5 kg.

Methods— The direct arterial pressure was measured using a cannula placed in the right common carotid artery. Oscillometric cuffs of appropriate size were placed on both thoracic limbs distal to the elbow and both pelvic limbs distal to the stifle. The hair in the areas of cuff placement on the right limbs was clipped circumferentially. Measurements of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were taken for each site during normotension, hypotension, and hypertension. Comparisons between indirect and direct measurements were made using a parametric analysis of method comparison.

Results— No significant differences were noted when die clipped limbs were compared with the corresponding limbs which were left undipped (P>.378) or when the thoracic limb measurements were compared widi those of the pelvic limb (P>.088). There were significant differences (P<.002) between the two pressure measurement methods for the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures over all three pressure ranges.

Conclusions— The Datascope Passport did not accurately estimate the invasively measured arterial pressure.

Clinical Relevance— Use of noninvasive blood pressure monitoring equipment is increasing in use in veterinary medicine, and the accuracy of one specific monitor is reported.
The Intercarpal Ligaments of the Equine Midcarpal Joint, Part 1: The Anatomy of the Palmar and Dorsomedial Intercarpal Ligaments of the Midcarpal Joint
Authors: WHITTON R. CHRIS , MCCARTHY PAT H. , ROSE REUBEN J.
Published: March 2008

Objective—To describe in detail the structure of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL), the lateral palmar intercarpal ligament (LPICL), and a dorsomedial intercarpal ligament (DMICL) of the equine midcarpal joint.

Study Design—Dissections of equine midcarpal joints.

Animals and Sample Population—Ten carpal joints from eight thoroughbred horses.

Methods—Detailed dissections of the midcarpal joint were performed, with particular attention paid to the MPICL, the LPICL, and the DMICL. The attachments and dimensions of these structures were recorded, as well as their behavior during joint movement.

Results—The DMICL arose from the dorsomedial surface of the radial carpal bone (CR) and coursed palmarodistally to insert on the dorsomedial aspect of the second carpal bone (C2). The LPICL attached proximally predominantly on the distal part of the palmaromedial surface of the ulnar carpal bone (CU). From here the ligament coursed distomedially and slightly palmarly to the proximal palmarolateral surface of the third carpal bone (C3). The structure of the MPICL was complex. It attached proximally to the distolateral surface of the CR and distally to the proximal palmaromedial surface of C3, and the proximal palmarolateral aspect of the C2. It could be divided into four fiber bundles in all carpi. The predominant direction of fibers was dorsoproximal to palmarodistal, whereas the palmaromedial bundle coursed palmaroproximal to dorsodistal.

Conclusions—The orientation of their fibers indicate that the MPICL and DMICL primarily resist dorsomedial displacement of CR, whereas the LPICL resists dorsolateral displacement of the CU and intermediate carpal bone.

Clinical RelevanceAn understanding of the structure of the intercarpal ligaments of the midcarpal joint is important in interpreting their function and the reasons for damage to their structure.
The Intercarpal Ligaments of the Equine Midcarpal Joint, Part 2: The Role of the Palmar Intercarpal Ligaments in the Restraint of Dorsal Displacement of the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones
Authors: WHITTON R. CHRIS , ROSE REUBEN J.
Published: March 2008

Objective—To determine the relative contributions of the palmar intercarpal ligaments in the midcarpal joint to the restraint of dorsal displacement of the proximal row of carpal bones.

Study Design—A biomechanical study of cadaver equine carpi.

Animals or Sample Population—Eight equine forelimbs from six thoroughbred horses.

Methods—With joints in full extension, the radius was dorsally displaced while midcarpal joint displacement was measured. The restraining force at a joint displacement of 1.5 mm was determined from the load‐displacement curve. A ligament or pair of ligaments was then cut and the testing procedure repeated. Their contribution to restraining force was calculated as the percentage change in restraining force after the ligament was sectioned. Relative cross‐sectional areas of the ligaments tested were measured at the level of the midcarpal joint.

Results—The collateral ligaments were the major contributors to the restraint of dorsal displacement (P <.001). In all joints, the palmar intercarpal ligaments contributed a greater proportion than the palmar carpal ligament (PCL) (P <.05). The mean percentage (±SEM) contributions to the restraint of dorsal displacement were 62.8 ± 3.4 for the collateral ligaments, 14.5 ±1.4 for the PCL, and 22.7 ± 2.2 for the palmar intercarpal ligaments. Mean cross‐sectional area expressed as a percentage (±SEM) of the total ligamentous area were 9.0 ± 0.3 for the palmar intercarpal ligaments, 27.1 ± 3.0 for the PCL, and 63.8 ± 2.8 for the collateral ligaments.

Conclusions—Despite the small size of the palmar intercarpal ligaments, they play an important role in the restraint of dorsal displacement of the proximal row of carpal bones.

Clinical Relevance—Interpretation, as well as prevention and treatment of intercarpal ligament tearing requires an understanding of their function.
Correlation of Clinical, Radiographic, and Surgical Localization of Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in Small‐Breed Dogs: A Prospective Study of 50 Cases
Authors: SCHULZ KURT S. , WALKER MICHAEL , MOON MARTHA , WALDRON DON , SLATER MARGARET , McDONALD DARRYL E.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To compare prospectively clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings of intervertebral disc extrusion (IDE) localization in small‐breed dogs and to determine the best means of lesion localization for the purpose of hemilaminectomy.

Study Design—Clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings of small‐breed dogs with thoracolumbar IDE were prospectively compared for agreement on lesion localization.

Sample Population—50 small‐breed dogs with IDE treated at the three participating veterinary hospitals were included in the study if no other confounding diseases were identified and if the owner gave permission for diagnostic tests and surgery.

Methods—Clinical and surgical findings were recorded by the surgeon assigned to the case. Radiographic studies were evaluated independently by two radiologists blinded as to the clinical and surgical findings. values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for agreement on lesion localization by clinical, radiographic, and surgical means and for agreement between radiologists.

Results—K values for agreement of lesion localization were as follows: clinical versus surgical, 0.595; radiologist A versus radiologist B, 0.81; radiologist A versus surgical findings, 0.60; radiologist B versus surgical findings, 0.71. Both radiologists' interpretation of IDE localization agreed with surgical localization in 60% of cases.

Conclusions—Clinical lateralization of IDE was found to be the least reliable factor of those studied for determining on which side the hemilaminectomy should be performed. Results of this study differ from those of previous studies examining the reliability of myelography to localize the site of IDE accurately. The results of this study further suggest that surgery may not be an absolute standard for determination of the localization of IDE in small‐breed dogs.

Clinical Relevance—Intervertebral disc extrusion in small‐breed dogs frequently results in bilateral distribution of extruded material. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be necessary to delineate completely the distribution of extruded disc material in IDE.
Mechanical Comparison of Two External Fixator Clamp Designs
Authors: KRAUS KARL H. , WOTTON HARRY M. , RAND WILLIAM M.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To compare two external fixation clamp designs for their ability to resist movement of a fixation pin in relation to the connecting rod.

Study Design—Two designs of external fixator clamps were attached to connecting rods mounted on a jig for mechanical testing. Fixator pins were placed perpendicular to the connecting rod. A mechanical testing machine was used to deflect each 3.2‐mm pin at a distance that was 25 mm from the center of the clamp bolt. Both clamp designs were tightened to 4.4, 6.1, and 7.8 newton‐meters (N m) torque, and loads were applied in a position ramp through 4 mm and resisting loads were measured. Two clamp orientations were used during load application, such that the deflection of the pin tended to tighten the clamp bolt or tended to loosen the clamp bolt. The tests were videotaped to determine mode of failure. Comparisons of the load/displacement curves for the two external fixator clamp designs were made using nonlinear equational curve fitting methods. The resultant plateau and rise coefficients were compared using analysis of variance.

Results—Slippage of the pin in relation to the clamp occurred with the Kirschner‐Ehmer clamp tightened to 4.4, 6.1, and 7.8 N‐m, and slipping of the pin in relation to the clamp occurred with the experimental clamp design tightened to 4.4 and 6.1 N‐m but not to 7.8 N‐m. At 7.8 N‐m, the 3.2‐mm pin deformed plastically with the experimental clamp design. Increasing the torque of the clamp bolt resulted in superior plateau coefficients for both clamp designs. At each level of tightness and in each clamp orientation to applied pin load, the experimental clamp design provided greater plateau coefficients than did the Kirschner‐Ehmer clamp design. At 7.8 N m of tightness, the Kirschner‐Ehmer clamp and bolt bent, whereas only slight plastic deformation of the experimental clamp design occurred.

Conclusions—The experimental external fixator clamp was more secure in resisting fixator pin movement at all levels of tightening compared with the Kirschner‐Ehmer‐type external fixator clamp. At 7.8 N m of tightening, the new clamp design did not allow slippage of the pin within the clamp.

Clinical Significance—The experimental external fixator clamp should result in greater rigidity of fixator configurations, in addition to providing design features that allow addition of a clamp between two installed clamps, sleeved predrilling of pilot holes for all pins, measurement of pin depth, and placement of positive profile pins at all sites.
Surgical Management of Multiple Congenital Intrahepatic Shunts in Two Dogs
Authors: HUNT GERALDINE B. , YOUMANS K. RUTH , SOMMERLAD SUSAN , SWINNEY GRAHAM , NICHOLSON ANTHONY , MELVILLE LISA , HOFFMAN KAREN L. , ALLAN GRAEME S.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To present details of an unusual type of portosystemic shunt and its surgical management in two dogs.

Animals—Two young dogs that had a tentative diagnosis of a portosystemic shunt on the basis of clinical signs and serum biochemical abnormalities. Abdominal ultrasonography and contrast portography demonstrated multiple intrahepatic shunts. In both cases, the multiple shunts arose from a single branch of the portal vein.

Outcome—It was possible to locate and attenuate flow through the shunts via a transportal venotomy under conditions of hepatic vascular occlusion. Clinical and biochemical abnormalities resolved after surgery in both dogs. Postoperative sonography revealed complete obliteration of the shunt plexus in one of the dogs.
Neuromuscular Effects of Doxacurium Chloride in Isoflurane‐Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: MARTINEZ ELIZABETH A. , WOOLDRIDGE ANNE A. , HARTSFIELD SANDEE M. , MEALEY KATRINA L.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the neuromuscular effects of doxacurium chloride and to construct a dose‐response curve for the drug in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.

Design—Randomized, controlled trial.

Animals—Six healthy, adult, mixed‐breed dogs (five female, one male) weighing 24.8 ° 2.8 kg.

Methods—Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen and maintained with 1.9% to 2.3% end‐tidal isoflurane concentration. Paco2was maintained between 35 and 45 mm Hg with mechanical ventilation. Mechanomyography was used to quantitate the evoked twitch response of the paw after supramaximal train‐of‐four stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve. After baseline values were recorded, the dogs received one of three doses of doxacurium (2.0, 3.5, 4.5 μg/kg of body weight) or a saline placebo intravenously in random order. All dogs received all treatments with at least 7 days between studies. After drug administration, the degree of maximal first twitch depression compared with baseline (T,%) was recorded. Dose‐response relations of doxacurium were plotted in log dose‐probit format and analyzed by linear regression to determine effective dose (ED50and ED90) values for doxacurium.

Results—The median log dose‐probit response curve showed good data correlation (r= .999) with estimates of the ED50(2.1 μg/kg) and ED90(3.5 μg/kg) for doxacurium in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs. Mean ± SD values for T1% (first twitch tension compared with baseline) at maximal depression after drug administration, onset (time from drug administration to maximal depression of T1%), duration (time from maximal depression of T1% to 25% recovery of T1%), and recovery (time from 25% to 75% recovery of T1%) times were 92%± 4%, 40 ± 5 minutes, 108 ± 31 minutes, and 42 ± 11 minutes for dogs treated with 3.5 μg/kg of doxacurium and 94%± 7%, 41 ± 8 minutes, 111 ± 33 minutes, and 37 ± 10 minutes for dogs treated with 4.5 μg/kg of doxacurium.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—We conclude that doxacurium is a long‐acting neuromuscular blocking agent with a slow onset of action. Doxacurium can be used to provide muscle relaxation for long surgical procedures in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs. Interpatient variability, particularly of duration of drug action, may exist in the neuromuscular response to the administration of doxacurium in dogs.
The Effects of Equivalent Doses of Tromethamine or Sodium Bicarbonate in Healthy Horses
Authors: PEDRICK T.P. , LUDDERS J.W. , DVM H.N. ERB , GLEED R.D.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the effects of tromethamine, a putative treatment for metabolic acidosis, and to compare its biochemical effects with those of sodium bicarbonate.

Design—Randomized intervention study with repeated measures.

Animals—16 healthy horses, 3 to 17 years old, weighing 391 to 684 kg.

Methods—Ten horses received 3 mEq/kg tromethamine and six received 3 mEq/kg sodium bicarbonate. Samples of venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected at intervals before and after drug administration. Heart rate and breathing rate were also recorded at intervals. Results—Median standard base excess increased significantly (P< .05) from baseline immediately after both bicarbonate and tromethamine. These increases were not significantly different between treatments. Standard base excess returned toward baseline but remained significantly increased 3 hours after infusion of either treatment. After tromethamine, there was a significant decrease in plasma sodium concentration that lasted for at least 90 minutes. After sodium bicarbonate, no change in plasma sodium concentration was detected. Both sodium bicarbonate and tromethamine increased carbon dioxide tension in venous blood and CSF. Despite venous alkalemia, the pH of CSF decreased after both treatments.

Conclusions—Tromethamine and sodium bicarbonate have similar alkalinizing ability. Tromethamine causes hyponatremia, whereas both tromethamine and sodium bicarbonate increase carbon dioxide tension in venous blood and CSF.

Clinical Relevance—If hyponatremia, hypercarbia, and acidosis of the CSF occur after tromethamine is given to horses with existing metabolic acidosis, some of the potential advantages of tromethamine may prove theoretical rather than practical.
Hypothermic Storage of Feline Kidneys for Transplantation: SuccessfulEx VivoStorage Up to 7 Hours
Authors: McANULTY JONATHAN F.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the effect of hypothermic storage on transplanted feline kidneys.

Study Design—Kidneys were stored in University of Wisconsin (UW) sodium gluconate (n = 3) or phosphate‐buffered sucrose (n = 5) solutions before transplantation.

Animal Population—Eight cats with renal failure and seven normal cats as kidney donors.

Methods—Kidneys were perfused through the renal artery with cold (10°C) storage solution and immersed in the solution on ice until transplantation.

Results—Meanex vivostorage time was 4.8 ± 0.36 hours (range, 3.5 to 7 hours). Seven recipient cats survived surgery. Five of the cats had decreased serum creatinine concentrations from a mean of 8.2 mg/dL (range, 4.0 to 15.8 mg/dL) preoperatively to 1.7 mg/dL (range, 1.3 to 2.2 mg/dL) within 4 days of surgery. In one cat, serum creatinine concentration dropped from 15.1 to 3.7 mg/dL in 3 days, but the cat developed a ureteral stricture that required revision. One graft did not function, and the cat died on day 19. The mean postoperative survival time of cats that were discharged from the hospital (n = 6) was 254 days (range, 49 to 717 days) at the time of this report. Long‐term renal function (>60 days postoperatively; n = 5) was excellent with mean serum creatinine concentrations of 1.6 ± 0.15 mg/dL.

Conclusions—Hypothermic storage is feasible for short‐term preservation of feline kidneys.

The maximal length of feasible storage remains unknown.

Clinical Relevance—Hypothermia protects against ischemia‐induced nephron loss duringex vivomanipulation of the allograft and allows longer safe vascular anastomosis times. Short‐term hypothermic storage also provides time to accommodate modifications in scheduling or anesthetic management of the recipient operation.
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Humeral Head) Muscle Flap for Reconstruction of Distal Forelimb Injuries in Two Dogs
Authors: CHAMBERS JONATHAN N. , PURINTON P. THOMAS , ALLEN SHEILA W. , SCHNEIDER TIMOTHY A. , SMITH JULIE D.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the use of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle as a rotational flap for reconstruction of distal antebrachial, carpal, and metacarpal injuries in two dogs.

Study Design—Description of clinical cases.

Results—Local rotation of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle provided coverage of the carpal and carpometacarpal bones and joint structures exposed by soft tissue avulsion.

Conclusions—The distal portion of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle can be used as a local muscle flap.

Clinical Relevance—Early soft tissue coverage of large wounds to the carpal and metacarpal regions can be accomplished without resorting to a more technically difficult procedure, such as a free vascularized flap transfer.
Use of Buccal Mucosal Flaps for the Correction of Congenital Soft Palate Defects in Three Dogs
Authors: SAGER M. , NEFEN S.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To present an alternative surgical technique for the repair of soft palate defects in dogs.

Animal Population—Three Foxhound cross dogs.

Methods—Bilateral buccal mucosal flaps, based at the palatoglossal arches, were raised. One flap was rotated so that the mucosal side created the floor of the nasopharynx. The second flap was rotated so that the mucosal side formed the roof of the oropharynx. The mucosa of the remnant of the soft palate and the pharyngeal walls was incised and the flaps sutured to these free mucosal edges. The caudal ends of the two flaps were sutured to each other.

Results—Complete closure of the soft palate defect was obtained in all three dogs. The dogs were monitored for between 1.5 and 3 years postoperatively, and no long‐term problems were encountered.

Conclusions—This surgical technique resulted in an excellent functional separation of the oropharynx and nasopharynx and allowed reconstruction of a large bilateral soft palate defect.

Clinical Relevance—By using the buccal mucosal flaps, as described in this report, a tension‐free closure of large soft palate defects can be obtained, thereby eliminating a major cause of failure of this type of reconstructive surgery.
Epidural Injection of Ketamine for Perineal Analgesia in the Horse
Authors: SEGURA IGNACIO A. GÓMEZ DE , ROSSI RAFAEL DE , SANTOS MARTIN , SAN‐ROMAN JAVIER LÓPEZ , TENDILLO FRANCISCO J.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the analgesic, sedative, and cardiopulmonary effects of epidural ketamine in the horse.

Animal Population—Six healthy horses (three males and three females) weighing between 350 and 450 kg.

Methods—Three doses of ketamine were selected (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg). Two months before the beginning of experiments, the carotid artery was exteriorized, and 1 week before experiments began, an epidural catheter was placed percutaneously in all animals with the tip located 12 cm cranially in the midsacrum. One week later, either saline (control) or one of three doses of ketamine was injected epidurally. Each animal received each ketamine dose and saline in random order at 1‐week intervals. Ketamine was diluted in saline 0.9% before the experiment, and the volume used was adjusted to horse size and correlated to clinically used volumes. All the animals received a standard noxious stimulus consisting of needle insertion into the skin and deep muscle using a 3‐point scale for scoring the response. A second scale was used to score the degree of sedation. The response to a noxious stimulus, the degree of sedation, and arterial blood pressure were assessed at previously determined intervals: before drug and 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes and every 15 minutes to 210 minutes after ketamine or saline administration. Arterial blood samples were drawn for blood gas analysis before drug and at 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes.

Results—All the tested doses of ketamine were effective in producing analgesia of the tail, perineum, and upper hindlimb. Total tail and perineal analgesia times were similar depending on dosage (30 minutes for 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg and 75 minutes for 2.0 mg/kg). A sedative effect of ketamine was also observed in a dose‐response manner with a peak effect between 15 and 30 minutes postadministration. No cardiopulmonary effects were observed with any dose of ketamine.

Conclusions—Results indicate that epidurally administered ketamine in the horse produces local spinal and central nervous system effects with analgesia and sedation but minimal cardiopulmonary effects.

Clinical Relevance—Further studies are required to determine whether the analgesia is sufficient for surgery.
Dorsolateral Subluxation of Hip Joints in Dogs Measured in a Weight‐Bearing Position With Radiography and Computed Tomography
Authors: FARESE JAMES P. , TODHUNTER RORY J. , LUST GEORGE , WILLIAMS ALMA J. , DYKES NATHAN L.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To develop a radiographic procedure to measure dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) of the femoral head in canine coxofemoral (hip) joints in a weight‐bearing position.

Study Design—DLS measured on a radiographic projection was compared with DLS measured on computed tomography (CT) images of hip joints in a weight‐bearing position.

Animals—A total of 24 dogs of varying ages were examined including Labrador retrievers, greyhounds, and Labrador‐greyhound crossbreeds.

Methods—Anesthetized dogs were placed in sternal recumbency in a kneeling position in a foam rubber mold. The stifles were flexed and adducted with the femora perpendicular to, and in contact with, the table. To test for DLS, dogs were imaged in this weight‐bearing position (DLS test) with routine radiography and CT. For each hip, the DLS score was determined by measuring the percentage of the femoral head medial to the lateralmost point of the cranial acetabular rim on the dorsoventral radiographic projection and the lateralmost point of the central, dorsal acetabular rim on the CT image. Higher DLS scores indicated better coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. DLS scores were compared with the distraction index (DI) by grouping joints according to their probability of developing osteoarthritis (OA) as predicted by the DI.

Results—The DLS score in the new position ranged from 29% to 71% for radiography and 15% to 59% for CT. Joints classified as OA unsusceptible had a mean score of 64%± 1.5% for radiography and 55%± 0.8% for CT (n = 10); hip joints having a high probability of developing OA had a score of 39%± 2.6% for radiography and 26%± 1.9% for CT (n = 8). When the DLS test was repeated on the same dogs at a different time, the intraclass correlation coefficient for the DLS score on the radiographs was 0.85 (left hip) and 0.89 (right hip). There was a strong correlation (r = .89 for both hips) between the DLS score measured on the weight‐bearing radiograph and the CT image. A strong correlation also was observed between the DLS score and the DI (r = ‐.87). The DLS scores for OA unsusceptible joints and joints with a high probability of developing OA were significantly different (P< .05).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The DLS test can be performed with CT or routine radiography to measure variable amounts of DLS in weight‐bearing hip joints oriented similarly to those of a standing dog. After additional long‐term follow‐up studies evaluating the development of OA and breed effects are performed, the DLS method may prove useful in studies of normal and abnormal hip joint development related to canine hip dysplasia.
Antinociceptive Effects of Oxymorphone‐Butorphanol‐Acepromazine Combination in Cats
Authors: BRIGGS SHANNON L. , SNEED KRISTI , SAWYER DONALD C.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the antinociceptive effects of oxymorphone, butorphanol, and acepromazine individually and in combination to a noxious visceral stimulus in cats.

Study Design—Randomized, blinded controlled study.

Animals—Eight healthy mixed‐breed cats (four male, four female) weighing 4.4 ± 1.2 kg and aged 1 to 2 years old.

Methods—A silastic balloon catheter was inserted per rectum and inflated at various pressures. Physiological parameters (respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure) were also recorded. Subjects were administered individual and combined intravenous (IV) doses of 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg oxymorphone and 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg butorphanol. A further study of various ratios of butorphanol and oxymorphone (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), at a combined equivalent dose of 0.1 mg/kg, was performed in four cats per dose combination. In a separate study, four cats were administered combined IV doses of 0.05 mg/kg each of oxymorphone and butorphanol or 0.05 mg/kg each of oxymorphone, butorphanol, and acepromazine.

Results—Combined doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg of oxymorphone and butorphanol showed mainly additive with some synergistic antinociceptive interactions and the combined dose of 0.2 mg/kg of each agent demonstrated additional antinociceptive effects,P< .05. Additional studies showed that various ratios of the two agents at a total combined dose of 0.10 mg/kg IV did not produce levels of antinociception that were significantly different from each other,P> .05. Acepromazine (ACE) significantly increased the magnitude of antinociception at 15 minutes when administered in combination with oxymorphone and butorphanol,P< .05. Also, physiological variables were unaffected by these drug combinations.

Conclusions—Low doses of oxymorphone and butorphanol in combination can produce greater levels of antinociception than when used individually. ACE, in conjunction with oxymorphone and butorphanol, produced even greater levels of antinociception than the two‐opioid drug combination.

Clinical Relevance—Oxymorphone, butorphanol, and ACE can be used in combination to produce additive or synergistic effects without adverse effects in cats. These data suggest that ACE and butorphanol at low doses given as preanesthetic medication followed by a mu opioid (eg, oxymorphone) after surgery at low doses may provide an effective method of pain management in the cat.
Failure of Psyllium Mucilloid to Hasten Evacuation of Sand From the Equine Large Intestine
Authors: HAMMOCK PHILLIP D. , FREEMAN DAVID E. , BAKER GORDON J.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To examine the efficacy of psyllium mucilloid in evacuating sand from the equine large intestine.

Animals—12 clinically healthy pony geldings.

Procedure—Twelve ponies were assigned to 2 groups of six each. One group was treated with psyllium and the second was a control group. All ponies had an exploratory celiotomy and 10 g/kg body weight of sand was placed into the cecum. Ponies were fed a grain mixture alone at 1 g/kg (controls), a grain mixture plus psyllium pellets, each at 1 g/kg body weight (3 ponies), or fed a grain mixture and given psyllium powder by nasogastric tube at 1 g/kg body weight divided into two daily doses in 3 L of water (3 ponies). Radiographs were taken on days 1 (3 per group), 5 (all ponies), and 11 (3 per group) to monitor sand transit through the large intestine. Ponies were euthanatized 11 days after surgery. Sand was collected from the contents of the cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, and small colon. Dry weight of the recovered sand was compared between the two treatment groups as a percentage of the dry weight of sand placed in the cecum.

Results—No significant differences were detected in the mean percentage of sand recovered between the two treatment groups (P< .05), with 39.2% recovered in ponies treated with psyllium and 27.4% recovered in control ponies.

Clinical Relevance—Psyllium mucilloid had no apparent effect on sand evacuation from the equine large intestine. When intake of sand is prevented, the equine large intestine can reduce and possibly eliminate its sand burden.
Efficacy and Kinetics of Carprofen, Administered Preoperatively or Postoperatively, for the Prevention of Pain in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy
Authors: LASCELLES B. DUNCAN X. , CRIPPS PETER J. , JONES ALAN , WATERMAN‐PEARSON AVRIL E.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine what effect the timing of carprofen administration has on the severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of carprofen under these conditions.

Study Design—A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, clinical trial.

Animals—Sixty‐two adult bitches weighing between 10 and 25 kgs, undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.

Methods—Examinations were performed for 20 hours postoperatively using subjective visual assessment scoring systems (DIVAS) and objective mechanical nociceptive threshold measurements. Forty dogs were assigned to one of three groups: (1) preoperative carprofen; (2) postoperative carprofen; and (3) no analgesics (saline injections). The dose of carprofen was 4.0 mg/kg subcutaneously. In another 22 bitches, the pharmacokinetics of carprofen given preoperatively or postoperatively at the same dose were examined.

Results—The dogs given carprofen preoperatively had lower pain scores than the other groups, significantly so at 2 hours postextubation (P< .01 andP< .05, Kruskal‐Wallis and post hoc Dunn's). Mechanical pain thresholds measured at the distal tibia showed the development of hyperalgesia at 12 and 20 hours postextubation; this was prevented by both the preoperative (P< .05 at 12 and 20 hours, Kruskal‐Wallis) and postoperative (P<.05 at 20 hours, Kruskal‐Wallis) administration of carprofen. Mechanical pain threshold testing at the wound showed a significant analgesic effect of carprofen. Plasma concentrations of carprofen were not directly related to analgesia; maximum plasma concentration, the area under the curve to the last data point, and area under the first moment curve up to the last data point were all significantly higher in the dogs given carprofen postoperatively (P< .05, Mann‐Whitney).

Conclusion—Preoperative administration of carprofen has a greater analgesic effect than postoperative administration in the early postoperative period in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Plasma levels of carprofen are not related to the degree of analgesia achieved. Clinical Relevance—Carprofen provides effective analgesia after canine ovariohysterectomy. The timing of analgesic administration is important to optimize the control of postoperative pain.
The Surgical Anatomy of the Stifle Joint in Sheep
Authors: ALLEN MATTHEW J. , HOULTON JOHN E. F. , ADAMS STEPHEN B. , RUSHTON NEIL
Published: February 2008

Objective—To provide a detailed description of the surgical anatomy of the stifle joint in sheep.

Study Design—The results from analysis of cadaveric dissections (14 stifle joints) and stifle radiographs (8 sets of mediolateral and craniocaudal radiographs) are presented.

Animals—Skeletally mature ewes of mixed breeds.

Conclusions—Although the anatomy of the ovine stifle joint is similar to that of the human knee joint, a number of unique features were identified. These included the presence of the tendon of them. extensor digitorum longuson the craniolateral aspect of the stifle joint, the absence of a cranial meniscofemoral ligament (ligament of Humphrey) in the caudal joint space, and attachment of the patellar tendon to the cranial pole of the patella (rather than to the distal pole, as in humans). The implications of these differences are discussed with reference to the suitability of the ovine stifle as a surgical model for the human knee joint.
Hemodynamic Effects of Medetomidine in the Dog: A Dose Titration Study
Authors: PYPENDOP BRUNO H. , VERSTEGEN JOHN P.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To characterize the hemodynamic effects of medetomidine administered intravenously at doses ranging from 1 to 20 μg/kg, and to determine whether these effects are dose dependent.

Study Design—Prospective randomized multidose trial.

Animals—Twenty‐five clinically normal male beagles (5 groups of 5), aged 1 to 4 years and weighing 13.5 ±1.7 kg.

Methods—Medetomidine, at a dose of 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20 μg/kg, was administered intravenously at time 0. Heart rate, arterial pressure, central venous pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, body temperature, cardiac output, and packed cell volume were measured immediately before and at selected times after medetomidine administration (3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes in all groups, at 90 minutes for the 10 and 20 μg/kg groups, and at 120 minutes for the highest dose). Cardiac index, stroke index, rate‐pressure product, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, and left and right ventricular stroke work indices were calculated. The degree of sedation was subjectively scored by an observer who was blinded to the treatment used.

Results—Heart rate, rate‐pressure product, cardiac index, and left and right ventricular stroke work indices decreased below baseline values. Central venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance index increased above baseline measurements. Except in the 2 μg/kg group, after an initial and short lasting increase, a prolonged decrease in arterial pressure was observed.

Conclusions—Hemodynamic changes were observed with the intravenous (IV) administration of medetomidine, at any dose. However, the two lowest doses (1 and 2 μg/kg) produced less cardiovascular depression.

Clinical Relevance—Medetomidine is an alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonist widely used in dogs, producing sedation, analgesia and cardiovascular depression. When using IV medetomidine, a reduction of the recommended dosage (ie, ±30 to 40 μg/kg) by up to 6 times did not significantly influence the cardiovascular effects.
Anatomic Characteristics of Culprit Sites in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: KATRITSIS DEMOSTHENES G. , EFSTATHOPOULOS EFSTATHIOS P. , PANTOS JOHN , KOROVESIS SOCRATES , KOURLABA GEORGIA , KAZANTZIDIS SOCRATES , MARMARELIS VASILIOS , VORIDIS EUTYCHIOS
Published: February 2008

Background: A detailed analysis of the anatomic relationships of the site of culprit lesions that have resulted in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has not been reported.

Methods: Coronary angiograms of consecutive patients who presented with ACS were analyzed according to multiple anatomic criteria.

Results: In left anterior descending artery (LAD) (n = 85), 85% of culprit lesions were located in the first 40 mm from the ostium. The presence of angulation on the lesion increased the risk of an ACS 1.92 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–3.07), and the presence of bifurcation after the lesion increased the risk 1.65 times (95% CI 1.04–2.62). Angulated lesions located within the first 40 mm from the ostium and before a bifurcation presented an 11‐fold increased risk for an ACS. In right coronary artery (RCA) (n = 58), the risk of plaque rupture was almost 2.5 times higher in lesions located between 10 and 50 mm from the ostium compared to those located in 90–130 mm (relative risk [RR] 2.38, 95% CI 1.25–4.56). In left circumflex (LCx) (n = 40), the risk of plaque rupture was almost 4.5 and 5 times higher in the first 20 mm, and between 20 and 40 mm from the ostium, respectively, compared to 60 and 80 mm (relative risk [RR] 4.58, 95% CI 1.01–20.68 for 0–20 mm, and RR 4.95, 95% CI 1.14–21.47 for 20–40 mm) after adjustment for the presence of curve on the lesion. The presence of lesion angulation increased the risk of plaque rupture almost three times (RR 3.22, 95% CI 1.49–6.93).

Conclusion: Specific anatomic features of the coronary arteries predispose to development and/or subsequent rupture of vulnerable plaques.