bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE GENDER REGIMES AS REFLECTION OF POWER RELATIONS
Authors: Skyba Eleonora K.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationship and interaction between gender identity and power relations in society; to study specific features of gender identity’s representation in the contemporary socio – cultural discourse; to examine the role of gender regimes in the process of reproduction of gender inequality. Methodology. For analysing the relationship and mutual influence of gender identity and power relations in society, and studying the mechanism of reproduction of gender inequality is methodologically important to use comparative and concrete – historical methods. Since many researchers noted that the content of gender identity in different historical and cultural contexts is changed, it sounds methodologically reasonable to study this problem on the dialectical position that allowed us to see that the basis of all social institutions is the «problem of ifference» justifying «the problem of domination». Paying attention with the nature of the process, it is extremely important to provide the principle of methodological pluralism. Variability both the substantial contest of elements of identity and their definitions warrants the use of comparative historical method that allows us to analyze the real social and cultural changes. Scientific novelty. The analysis given in the article demonstrates that social institutions have an impact on the formation of gender identity through gender regimes. It is revealed that the transformation of gender inequality is not an inevitable result of biological differences in gender identities. It is proved that biological difference is used to justify the authorities and legitimate the gender inequality. It is established that the biological difference is used to justify social and political inequality of gender identities. The mechanism of continuous reproduction of gender inequality through the work of gender regimes which legitimate the hierarchy of gender identities is described. Conclusions. Understanding how gender inequalities can serve as a starting point for understanding the causes of all kinds of inequalities. Social institutions such as work, education, family, are, in essence, is not neutral, but genderized and serve the reproduction of gender order a certain socio-cultural context as a standard.
O laço social na contemporaneida
Authors: Herzog Regina
Published: August 2016

Nos dias atuais verifica-se uma mudança no modo como se estabelece o laço social. A falência da autoridade simbólica vem sendo considerada uma das mais importantes causas dessa mudança. À luz da concepção psicanalítica sobre a origem da sociedade, tal como apresentada em “Totem e tabu”, o presente artigo problematiza a questão do laço social e sugere, a partir do texto “Moisés e o monoteísmo”, um caminho para se pensar os motivos da falência da autoridade simbólica na contemporaneidade
Description of the reproductive behavior of Symphysodon aequifasciatus (Cichlidae) in captivity
Authors: MATTOS Douglas da Cruz , SCRENCI-RIBEIRO Rafaela , CARDOSO Leonardo Demier , JUNIOR Manuel Vazquez Vidal
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT The blue discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) is often sold for ornamental purposes. It is a neotropical cichlid from South America, which is native to the rivers of the Amazon basin of Brazil, Peru and Colombia. The purpose of this study was to characterize the reproductive behavior of S. aequifasciatus and identify features that can later be used by breeders to facilitate the handling and reproduction of this species in captivity. The experiment was divided into two stages: the first dealt with partner selection and couple formation to observe the behaviors of territoriality, pursuing, fleeing, biting, stay, protecting and cleaning of the substrate. The second stage documented mating behavior, nesting and parental care, to observe vibration, spawning, permanence with the offspring, aeration of eggs, cleaning of spawning, color change and shift-taking in parental care. The results of the study allowed identifying disputes for and establishment of territory, as well as the selection and cleaning of the substrate for spawning performed by both sexes. The parental care was observed from spawning in the substrate until the care for the larvae. It was found that the reproductive success of this species is closely linked to biparental care observed during the entire reproductive process and early stages of the hatchings.
Patterns of mollusc distribution in mangroves from the São Marcos Bay, coast of Maranhão State, Brazil
Authors: RODRIGUES Carlos A. L. , RIBEIRO Rannyele P. , SANTOS Nayara B. , ALMEIDA Zafira S.
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT The diversity and distribution of molluscs from the Amazon Coast of Maranhão State, Brazil, are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate how molluscs in two mangrove creeks (Buenos Aires and Tronco) at the São Marcos Bay, coast of the Maranhão State, respond to spatial and temporal variations in the environment. Sampling was performed in the intertidal area along three zones established using a straight line transect of 100 m. Abiotic variables of water and sediment were measured at each creek. We found 5,912 specimens belonging to 23 species and 15 families of epifaunal and infaunal molluscs. The patterns of their distribution in the two creeks were different. Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and rainfall were the main variables that affected the temporal distribution of molluscs. We found low species richness in the overall mollusc composition. Diversity in the Buenos Aires Creek was lower than that observed in the Tronco Creek, possibly because of activities of a port located in proximity to the former. The spatial distribution of molluscs along the zones followed an abundance and diversity gradient, mainly influenced by exposure time during low tide. Port activities may influence the patterns of mollusc distribution in the surrounding mangroves, and we thus highlight the importance of management and monitoring of these areas.
Violência física pelo parceiro íntimo e uso inadequado do pré-natal entre mulheres do Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Carneiro Jackelyne Faierstein , Valongueiro Sandra , Ludermir Ana Bernarda , Araújo Thália Velho Barreto de
Published: August 2016

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre violência física pelo parceiro íntimo e uso inadequado da atenção pré-natal. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 1.026 mulheres participantes de estudo de coorte prospectivo delineado para investigar violência na gravidez entre mulheres cadastradas no Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) do Recife. O uso do pré-natal foi avaliado utilizando a norma do Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento (PHPN), do Ministério da Saúde (MS), considerando a época de início do pré-natal e o total de consultas durante a gravidez. Os dados foram coletados por meio de duas entrevistas presenciais (uma no último trimestre da gravidez, outra no pós-parto) para aplicação de questionário estruturado e a partir dos registros do cartão da gestante. Regressão logística não condicional foi realizada para estimar odds ratio (OR) e valores de intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%), a fim de medir a associação entre violência física pelo parceiro íntimo e uso inadequado de cuidados pré-natais, utilizando-se o método stepwise. Resultados: A prevalência de uso inadequado do pré-natal foi de 44,1%, e da violência física pelo parceiro íntimo, de 25,6%. Na análise de regressão logística, a violência física pelo parceiro íntimo apresentou-se associada à realização de pré-natal inadequado (OR = 1,37; IC95% 1,01 - 1,85; p = 0,04), após ajuste pelas variáveis confirmadas como confundidoras (paridade, uso de álcool na gravidez e nível de escolaridade). Conclusão: Mulheres vítimas de violência física pelo parceiro íntimo têm maior chance de realizar um pré-natal inadequado, seja pelo início tardio, pela realização de menor número de consultas ou mesmo pelas duas condições juntas.
Crescimento linear das crianças assistidas em creches públicas do município de Campina Grande, Paraíba
Authors: Pedraza Dixis Figueroa
Published: August 2016

RESUMO: Objetivos: Identificar variáveis preditoras do crescimento linear em crianças pré-escolares assistidas nas creches públicas do município de Campina Grande, Paraíba. Métodos: Estudo transversal em amostra probabilística de 335 crianças assistidas em creches. Foram contempladas informações socioeconômicas, maternas e das crianças. A estatura/idade (escore-Z) foi analisada como variável contínua dependente. Os dados antropométricos foram obtidos obedecendo às recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Utilizou-se como população de referência a do Multicentre Growth Reference Study . Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão linear múltipla utilizando-se o modelo hierarquizado. Resultados: Crianças que dormiam em cômodos com no mínimo mais duas pessoas, domicílios sem coleta de lixo, domicílios sem geladeira, zona rural, mães não alfabetizadas, mães de baixa estatura, baixo peso ao nascer e permanência na creche em tempo parcial foram as condições que se associaram a pior condição de estatura/idade das crianças. Conclusão: Existe um claro diferencial de crescimento linear com configuração multicausal no qual o baixo peso ao nascer, como expressão de antecedentes adversos, e as condições socioeconômicas, como expressão de iniquidades em saúde, diagramam o potencial genético de crescimento.
Juristas fora da curva: três perfis
Authors: Faria José Eduardo
Published: August 2016

Resumo O trabalho apresenta três juristas heterodoxos, que fizeram a carreira acadêmica fora das categorias, métodos e esquemas convencionais do modelo de direito positivo prevalecente nas quatro primeiras décadas da industrialização brasileira (1940-1980). Forjado na tradição de uma teoria geral do direito de inspiração privatista e de caráter normativista, o pensamento jurídico então prevalecente não foi capaz de identificar e avaliar os problemas novos e os conflitos inéditos acarretados por um padrão de industrialização marcado pela intervenção do Estado na economia. O mérito dos três juristas heterodoxos foi, justamente, compreender criticamente a realidade social emergente e a litigiosidade advinda de um processo de urbanização, expansão demográfica e mudanças geo-ocupacionais.
Floculação: considerações a partir da análise clássica e da avaliação direta da distribuição de tamanho de partículas
Authors: Moruzzi Rodrigo Braga , Oliveira André Luiz de , De Julio Marcelo , Dutra Ricardo Henrique de Andrade , Silva Pedro Augusto Grava da
Published: August 2016

RESUMO: Este artigo apresenta algumas considerações sobre a floculação a partir da análise clássica e da avaliação direta da distribuição de tamanho de partículas. Para tal, foram realizados experimentos em escala de bancada. Os resultados foram avaliados à luz da abordagem clássica, dada pelo adimensional número de Camp (GT) e pela cinética de agregação e ruptura, e da distribuição de tamanhos de partículas. Verificou-se que o emprego isolado do produto GT não é adequado para representar as variações de desempenho na floculação e que o modelo clássico de agregação e ruptura pode ser influenciado pela medida indireta de turbidez, bem como pelo uso da sedimentação como etapa intermediária. Por outro lado, a avaliação direta de desempenho por meio da distribuição de tamanhos de partículas, representada pela função contínua linearizada, pode constituir ferramenta promissora na avaliação dedicada da floculação.
El personaje humano como creación autoral autónoma
Authors: Viascán Castillo Claudia
Published: August 2016

Los personajes, siempre que reúnan las características de originalidad y expresión, deben ser considerados como obras. Las características específicas de este personaje serán las que lo diferencien de cualquier otra obra. Existen varios tipos de personajes: ficticios, simbólicos, de caracterización humana, entre otros. Estos últimos, para acceder al público, necesitan de un intérprete. Sin embargo, puede suceder que quien interpreta al personaje agregue originalidad con su actuación, convirtiéndose en algunos casos en coautor del personaje, o incluso, dando vida a un nuevo personaje, es decir, creando una nueva obra. En este artículo se analiza al personaje de caracterización humana en cuanto obra, sus características, el proceso de autoría, los derechos del autor y los eventuales derechos que podría tener un intérprete.
Derechos de los agricultores y convenio UPOV/91
Authors: Uribe Arbeláez Martín
Published: August 2016

El Convenio UPOV de 1991 extiende el contenido de los derechos del obtentor hasta el “producto de la cosecha” o el “fabricado” a partir de ella, restringiendo al mínimo la ancestral costumbre campesina de seleccionar, limpiar, conservar, resembrar, intercambiar y vender semillas en el mercado local. Esto tiene innegables consecuencias sociales que ponen en peligro la economía campesina, al igual que la seguridad y la soberanía alimentarias. El artículo 27.3 literal b) adpic ignora las disposiciones del CDB y el TIRFAA, y otros instrumentos internacionales de igual o superior jerarquía. El artículo 26 de la Decisión 345 de 1993, que sólo prohíbe el derecho de paisanaje y las inmemoriales costumbres de las comunidades campesinas en especies de plantas o variedades de reproducción asexuada, no es aplicado por las autoridades colombianas. La “excepción facultativa” que prevé la versión UPOV de 1991, es apenas un simple saludo a la bandera. La Ley de INDIA de 2001 es una alternativa que concilia los derechos del obtentor con los de los agricultores y reconoce el fitomejoramiento realizado por las comunidades indígenas o nativas y campesinas.
El nuevo reto de la contratación pública para afianzar la integridad y el control: reforzar el profesionalismo y la transparencia
Authors: Malaret Elisenda
Published: August 2016

Desde febrero de 2013 la corrupción ha pasado a constituir el segundo problema para los españoles. En la medida en que la corrupción tiene una de sus principales fuentes en la mala administración relacionada con la gestión de los recursos públicos y en especial con la contratación pública, establecer medidas destinadas a prevenir o evitar las malas prácticas es una tarea esencial para el derecho administrativo. El artículo presenta algunos aspectos del proceso decisional que deberían ser rediseñados a efectos de reducir la posibilidad de evitar abusos de poder por razones relacionadas con la obtención de ventajas personales; se trata de minimizar la posibilidad de adoptar decisiones incorrectas y que persiguen ganancias personales indebidas.
Efectividad de la consejería en enfermería en la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con tuberculosis de la micro red de salud Jaime Zubieta Calderón en San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima, Perú
Authors: Castañeda-Navarrete Andrea , Sánchez- León Dunia , Manchego- Quispe Milagros , Musayón-Oblitas Flor Yesenia
Published: August 2016

Objetivos: determinar la efectividad de la consejería en enfermería en la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes nuevos con tuberculosis sensible al tratamiento, en la Micro red de salud Jaime Zubieta Calderónperteneciente a la DISA IV de Lima Este en San Juan de Lurigancho durante los meses de octubre 2013 hasta agosto 2014. Material y Métodos: estudio cuasi experimental con grupo control histórico. La muestra estuvo conformadapor 30 pacientes nuevos con diagnóstico tuberculosis sensible, los controles se tomaron teniendo los mismos criterios de inclusión y el periodo de tiempo durante los meses de octubre 2012-setiembre 2013 obteniendo 72 controles.La recolección de datos se realizó a través de la tarjeta de control de asistencia y administración de medicamentos de cada uno. Los resultados se tabularon en el programa Excel 2010, posteriormente analizados en el programa SPSS versión 22. Resultados: se realizó un cuadro de homogeneidad donde se evidenció un nivel de significancia estadística 4.62, siendo el valor de p=0.032. El grupo intervenido obtuvo 100% de adherencia; a diferencia del grupo control histórico que tuvo una adherencia 86 %, se evidenció un incremento del 14% a lo esperado. Conclusiones: La consejería de enfermería es efectiva en la mejora de la adherencia al tratamiento antituberculoso en pacientes con TB sensible. Además, favorece a la asistencia diaria a la toma del tratamiento, citas médicas, nutrición y enfermería.
Indigenous Autonomy, Community-Based Research, and Development aid: Sumaq kawsay in three epistemic scenarios
Authors: Gonzales Tirso , Husain Matt
Published: August 2016

In this paper, the future of Indigenous autonomy and Indigenous community-based research is illustrated by analyzing re-Westernization, de-Westernization, and decoloniality in relation to the regeneration of the Indigenous glocal (global/local) concept of sumaq kawsay (“living well” in Quechua). The regeneration of sumaq kawsay as a new geopolitical and cultural polycentric and multipolar world is examined from an Indigenous studies decolonial perspective and an Indigenous Andean campesino (peasant) community-based perspective. Sumaq kawsay has encouraged an unexpected pan-Latin American perspective that supports decoloniality and its epistemic pluri-versity as an alternative scenario to “progress” and the business approach of development aid embedded within re-/de-Westernization.
Thermal Analysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) –Coke Composites Prepared by Mechanical Alloying Technique
Authors: Mishra Debesh Devadutta
Published: August 2016

The thermal degradation behaviour of 10:90 and 90:10 blends of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and petroleum coke has been investigated using mechanical alloying (milling) at 300 rpm and for periods up to 1-10 hours. Milled specimens were characterised using SEM and x-ray diffraction; their thermal degradation behaviour was investigated using thermo-gravimetric analyser (TGA) for temperatures up to 1200°C. Whereas PET specimens showed a tendency towards flattening out and increased surface area during collisions in ball mills, petroleum coke particles tended to break down into smaller particles. 10:90 and 90:10 blends of PET and coke showed significant microstructural evolution with increasing speeds and time including fracture, strain hardening and re-welding. X-ray diffraction results showed clear evidence for increasing amorphous component in petroleum coke without much influence on PET crystallinity. Thermo-gravimetric results showed a significant increase in the overall degradation and much higher weight losses associated with mechanical alloying. This study has shown that mechanical alloying could be used to modify the degradation behaviour of coke/plastic blends and corresponding yield during pyrolysis with implications for plastic waste management.
Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism as a Molecular Marker for Detection of Variation between the Small Length ss DNA of Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria and Pseudomonas from the inoculated Bhendi field (COBH 1)
Authors: Bharathi M. Jeya , Balachandar D. , Kumar K.
Published: August 2016

Single strand conformational polymorphism is used to identify specific microorganism from the microbial ecosystem at field level. Here the double strand DNA of each organism is converted to single strand and allowed to run in polyacrylamide gel. SSCP can differentiate small variation within same length DNA of different organism due to the difference in retention time, temperature, ionic strength and electrophorotic mobility of ss DNA. This concept is used in this experiment to identify the inoculated microbial consortium from the field by comparison with microbial consortium and pure culture. Azospirillum (Azospirillum brasilense sp 7) and phosphobacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf 1) cultures were used for development of liquid microbial consortium for precision farming system. Inoculated microbes from the field were identified through SSCP –PCR analysis. Appearance of unique domain of V1 to V9 region of 16srRNA is universal for all bacteria and archae microbial community. Universal primers were used to amplify the V1 to V2 region of 16srRNA gene of pure culture, microbial consortium and soil sample from inoculated field for SSCP gel electrophoresis. This study revealed that similar banding pattern was observed between soil sample from inoculated field, microbial consortiums and pure cultures. This experiment proved that SSCP gel electrophoresis is a powerful technique to find specific microorganism in the field in comparison with its pure culture strains without characterization of microorganism. 
Quantitative Prediction of Radon Concentration at Wellhead in Shale Gas Development
Authors: Tian Wei , Wu Xingru , Shen Tong , Zhang Zhenyu , Kalra Sumeer
Published: August 2016

Hydraulic fracturing has been applied as an effective method to increase gas production from shale formations; however, this method has also raised concerns about its adverse impacts on environment. For example, in the Marcellus shale formation, some measured radon-gas concentrations exceeded the safe standard. Therefore, it is important to quantitatively evaluate radon concentration from fractured wells. However, existing researches have not successfully conducted a systematic and predictive study on the relationship between shale gas production and radon concentration at the wellhead of a hydraulically fractured well. To address this issue and quantitatively determine the radon concentration, we present the mechanisms of radon-gas generation and releasing, and conducted numerical simulations on its transport process in the subsurface formation system. The concentration of radon in produced gas is related with the original sources where the natural gas is extracted. Radon, generated from the radium alpha decay process, is trapped in pore spaces before the reservoir development. With the fluid flowing through the subsurface network, released radon will move to surface with the produced streams such as natural gas and flowback water. Our study shows that the radon concentration at wellhead could be significant. Influential factors such as natural-fracture-network properties, formation petrophysical parameters, and fracture dimension are investigated with sensitivity studies through numerical simulations. Analysis results suggest that radon wellhead concentration is strongly related with production rate. Thus, careful production design and protection are necessary to reduce radon hazard regarding the public and environmental impact.
Development and Field Application of a Novel Cellulose Fracturing Fluid
Authors: Ming Hua , Lu Yongjun , Qiu Xiaohui , Shu Yuhua , Wang Sukai
Published: August 2016

Guar and its derivatives, hydroxyl propyl Guar (HPG), carboxy methyl propyl Guar (CMPG), are currently the major gelling agents used for fracturing. However, there is the problem of insoluble residues in Guar after gel breaks. Such residues cause formation damage and low conductivity. Conventional cellulose fluid has problems such as difficult preparation, low temperature limit and high formation damage. This paper presents a novel cellulose derivative of low molecular weight, instant dissolution and free from residue. The new cellulose has better hydrophilic and thickening properties through chemical modification of its structure. The strong hydrogen bonding in cellulose is reduced by alkalization and etherification of substituent group. The viscosity of the new cellulose at 1% (w/v) is 505 mPa·s while the viscosity of HPG or CMPG is 280~320 mPa·s. Its molecular weight is 6×105, which is 1/4 Guar. An organometallic crosslinker was also developed for the new cellulose. Fluid was crosslinked at pH 5-7. Its upper temperature limit was 158 °C. The viscosity of fluid remained 75 mPa·s for 120 minutes at 170 S-1 while that of broken fluid decreased to 1.76mPa·s. No residue was found after the gel was broken, and its conductivity improved. Formation damage is less than 13% in the core test. The new fluid was tested in 18 wells in the tight gas and oil reservoir in western China. Results showed that the new fluid was easy to prepare and rapidly dissolved with no "fish eye". The crosslink of the fluid can be delayed. It has excellent properties of proppant suspension. Oil production after stimulation using the new fluid increased 2-5 times compared with wells in similar locations. Gas production in multiple wells of the tight gas reservoir increased to 1.78×105m3/d after stimulation with the new fluid, 3.38 times higher than similar groups of wells using Guar as stimulation.
First Application of Nonradioactive Tracer Technology in CSG Unconventional Basin in Central India: Optimization and Evaluation of Fracturing Treatment
Authors: Bhatia Kutbuddin , Pande Karan
Published: August 2016

Hydraulic fracturing is the primary completion method in the unconventional Sohagpur Block coal seam gas (CSG) project targeted at low to high-volatile bituminous Barakar coal seams. Each well contains up to four to six seams with an aggregate thickness of 6 to 32 m and depths ranging from 400 to 800 m.

The coal seams are mostly comprised of naturally fractured material (butt and face cleats) with very unique geomechanical properties, which poses many challenges in terms of coal stimulation. The coal is inherently prone to creating multiple fractures during hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatments, including T-shaped, parallel, or branched fractures. Commonly, during multiple seam stimulation, the probability of complex fracturing increases dramatically. The higher value of pressure-dependent leakoff tendency and high process zone stress (PZS) leads to higher treating pressures (relative to depth) during fracturing treatment, which, in turn, normally causes breakout into and possibly through the lower stress boundary zones. Poor proppant placement and inconsistent areal proppant distribution leads to minimized proppant pack conductivity and ultimately productivity loss. As a result, the hydraulic fracturing treatment options dwindle significantly, thus reservoir stimulation results are not optimum in each seam.

During the CSG unconventional stimulation case discussed in this paper, the determination of fracture height and proppant pack quality was of the utmost importance. To evaluate fracture height and proppant pack quality and minimize complex fracturing growth and breakouts, a unique and environmentally acceptable high thermal neutron capture compound (HTNCC)-coated proppant technology was adopted for the first time in this CSG basin in India. The new proppant system was pumped during multiple seam stimulations to verify the post-fracture analysis of the coal seam observed using a three dimensional (3D) planar numerical model. The results were then used to sensitize fluid systems and volumes and tune proppant volumes with optimum treatment pumping rates against the standard "cookie cutter" method of 4,000 lbf/ft of coal. The normally observed extensive height growth and proppant distribution was then re-evaluated during the next interval treatment.

The application of this nonradioactive (RA) tracer technology has resulted in achieving increased effective fracture length of each individual seam, increased proppant conductivity, and significant fracturing pressure drop during the treatment execution. Overall, this technology has greatly helped the development of effective coal seam fracturing design and validation. Selection of the correct diagnostics has helped improve the understanding of some of the significant questions remaining in regard to unconventional CSG basins. This paper discusses the lessons learned to achieve optimized seam completion design and verified results, which can be applied in other CSG basins.
A New Completion Hardware: Intelligent Casing Sleeve Based on Electromagnetic Wireless Communication
Authors: He Mingge , Yang Yunshan , Deng Qianli , Fu Yukun , Zhu Dajiang , Jiang Yuan
Published: August 2016

This article elaborates an intelligent hydraulic fracturing casing sleeve based on electromagnetic wireless communication. The sleeve can maintain the full bore of well in the same size and have unlimited construction series. Meanwhile, it can repeatly open and close until finally achieving unlimited intelligent staged fracturing. The sleeve owns features as below: The bidirectional wireless signal reliable transmission distance between the wellhead ground and downhole sleeve can reach 3000m.The outer diameter of the fracturing sleeve is 190mm and the inside diameter is 106mm.It can resist the pressure of 140MPa and the temperature of 150 °C.The wireless control sleeve can achieve repeatedly open and close.The control of several sleeves will not influence each other and can be intelligently selected and control.

This article elaborates the key technologies about intelligent casing sleeve based on electromagnetic wireless communication: ▪The structural design for key parts as electric and hydraulic controllable fracturing sleeve mechanism, transmission mechanism, and so on.▪Research on long-distance wireless communication technique and detailed design on signal transmission and reception.▪A Hydraulic fracturing intelligent completion system based on electromagnetic wave casing sleeve technology, bidirectional communication processes of this sytem, and multilevel intelligent fracturing process.

Based on the intelligent casing sleeve designed, we can build an intelligent completion system. During the fracturing process, wireless communication system transmits signal to the electric and hydraulic control system to control each sleeve to implement hydraulic fracturing faster and more effectively. We don't need any other pack-tools to separate the reservoir. It is a total innovation compared with the current technology for it can achieve unlimited large-scale intelligent staged fracturing and promote the hydraulic fracturing technique.
Overcoming Challenges in Fracture Stimulation through Advanced Fracture Diagnostics
Authors: Bhatnagar Ankit
Published: August 2016

Historically, different fracture diagnostic methods have been used for hydraulic fracturing treatments to obtain estimates of reservoir characteristics, fracture design parameters, and treatment progress. However, the advent of horizontal drilling techniques and expanded interest in unconventional reservoirs has increased the challenges to overcome to achieve a successful hydraulic fracturing treatment. This paper details advancement made to conventional methods of fracture diagnostics to meet these emerging challenges.

A comprehensive study was conducted on the latest advancements in different diagnostic techniques. Several published case histories were studied where these techniques were adapted and modified from their conventional form. The effectiveness of the advanced techniques in terms of providing additional information was analyzed. A comparative review of the diagnostic methods was performed to determine individual limitations and to identify fit-for-application scenarios. An attempt was made to classify and categorize them according to the ease of application and usefulness for treatment design and analysis.

This study suggests that proper planning, deployment, execution, and analysis of the techniques are essential to helping prevent erroneous conclusions about the treatment and job design. When conducted in unconventional reservoirs, conventional pressure diagnostic methods, as a result of the underlying assumptions of rock properties and fracture geometry, can be interpreted inaccurately. Use of high-fidelity forward models for the inversion of data acquired through these methods can lead to better understanding and help mitigate incorrect interpretation of the results. Similarly, fracture injection-falloff analysis combined with microseismic monitoring and distributed temperature and acoustic (DTS/DAS) data can provide deeper insight into the treatment, particularly for horizontal wells with simultaneously propagating multiple transverse fractures. Thus, a synergistic combination of different diagnostic techniques leads to more effective treatment designs and should be preferred if economically justified.

The current work provides information on advanced fracture diagnostic methods and is useful for determining suitable diagnostic techniques for designing hydraulic fracture treatments.
Acid Fracturing Carbonate-Rich Shale: A Feasibility Investigation of Eagle Ford Formation
Authors: Cash Rachael , Zhu Ding , Hill A. D.
Published: August 2016

Due to the high calcite content of the Eagle Ford Shale (>70%), the formation is a possible candidate for acid fracturing. Similar to hydraulic fracturing, acid fracturing injects pad fluids at a pressure greater than the fracture pressure to initialize fracture, and then inject acids to further propagate fractures and to etch the created fracture face with chemical reactions. In this study, twelve Eagle Ford Shale outcrop samples, four from each zone B, C and D, are used to determine the effect of surface etching pattern, acid concentration, calcite content, and Brinell Hardness on created acid fracture conductivity. The resultant surface etching volume is determined by a pre- and post-surface profilometer scan to calculate the changes in surface profile. Calcite content is determined by X-Ray Diffraction analyses. Conductivity tests are performed on the samples up to a closure stress of 4000 psi, as integrity permits. Based on the results obtained from this study, acid fracturing the Eagle Ford Shale could provide optimistic impact on production. Acid fracturing treatments in high calcite containing zones of the Eagle Ford Shale are expected to result in an increase in productivity. For the Eagle Ford Shale, the surface etching patterns that may provide sustained conductivity are channeling and roughness. A direct correlation is shown between calcite content of the shale and resultant surface etching volume. Furthermore, the higher the calcite content of the samples, the more likely the etching pattern is channeling or surface roughness. Brinell Hardness tests are completed on Eagle Ford samples, showing that, on average, the higher the Brinell Hardness number, the better the resulting surface etching pattern and sustained acid fracture conductivity.
Assessment of Potential Fault Activation in Tarim Basin During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations by Using Rigorous Simulation of Coupled Flow and Geomechanics
Authors: Park Jaeyoung , Kim Jihoon , Zhu Ding
Published: August 2016

We numerically investigate a potential fault activation in Tarim Basin, west China, during hydraulic fracturing operations, by considering rigorous coupled flow and geomechanics. In this study, we find that the fault can be activated by water injection, when it is nearly critically stressed, being sensitive to small changes in stress. Lower cohesion, lower frictional angle, and higher injection rate can activate the fault more easily. Interestingly, the fault becomes activated away from the hydraulic fracture, before the injected water reaches the fault plane. Then, when the hydraulic fracture meets the fault plane, the injected water changes the effective stress of the fault significantly, causing large shear failure. We also calculate the magnitudes of the seismic moment, which are low, because only limited areas of the fault plane are failed. Thus, from this preliminary numerical study of Tarim Basin, we can possibly consider the fault activation as a reservoir stimulation technique for the Tarim Basin field.
A New Approach to the Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Li Sanbai , Zhang Dongxiao , Li Xiang
Published: August 2016

We developed a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model for hydraulic fracturing treatments, which was verified via comparison to published literature. This model was then utilized to investigate complex fracture network propagation in naturally fractured reservoirs. Mixed finite volume and finite element methods were used to solve this coupled system, in which the MPFA L-method was employed to evaluate the fluid-heat, inter-element flux because of the existence of full tensor permeability caused by imbedded fractures. To elucidate the crossing behaviors as hydraulic fractures meet inclined natural fractures, we extended Gu et al.'s (2011) crossing criterion to a 3D scenario. Moreover, we integrated the modified Barton et al.'s model (Barton et al., 1985) proposed by Asadollahi (2009) to address the shear dilation process, which is helpful for accurately estimating the dynamical fracture aperture responding to changes of stresses, fluid pressure, and temperature. Numerical experiments showed that principal factors controlling the complexity of the induced fracture network included stress anisotropy, injection rate, natural fracture distribution (fracture dip angle, strike angle, spacing, density, and length), fracture filling properties (the degree of cementation and permeability), fracture surface properties (cohesion and friction angle), and tensile strength of intact rock. We found that: (1) the lower the injection rate and the smaller the stress anisotropy, the more complex fracture network the could be developed; (2) high tensile strength could increase the possibility of the occurrence of shear fractures; and (3) under the conditions of large permeability of fracture-filling combined with small cohesive strength and friction coefficient, shear slip could become the dominant mechanism for generating a complex fracture network. The model developed and the results presented can be used to understand the propagation of complex fracture networks and aid in the design and optimization of hydraulic fracturing treatments.
3D Multi-Fracture Propagation Modeling and Perforating Cluster Space Optimisation for the Fuling Shale Gas Reservoir
Authors: Xiao Jialin , Rong Mang , Li Kuidong , Liu Xiang , Zhang Hui , Zhu Haiyan
Published: August 2016

The staged fracturing and microseismic monitoring techniques are used for horizontal well stimulation in the Fuling shale gas field. From the analysis of the microseismic data, most of the wells are well stimulated. However, there are still some zones which are not broken thoroughly between adjacent two clusters. When decreasing the cluster space in the adjacent well, this bad phenomenon can be avoided. The cluster space is the key factor for the multi-stage hydraulic fracturing. How to choose it? Two things must be concerned, one is the fracture geometry, and the other is the induced stress field between each two adjacent fractures.

A three-dimensional (3D) multi-fracture propagation model was developed. The mixed boundary element method was used to describe the propagation of the 3D fractures. The fluid flow in a fracture was modeled by the lubrication equation and the Navier-Stokes equations. The fluid flow in the wellbore was considered as the one-dimensional flow. Newton-Raphson and Picard iterative methods were used to discrete the 3D multi-fracture propagation model. Based on the geomechanics parameters of the Fuling shale reservoir, the fracture geometry and stress interference between each two adjacent fractures are studied.

Numerical simulations are carried out to study the influences of the cluster arrangements, fluid displacement and viscosity, bedding plane, shale anisotropic, etc. on the fractures geometry, net pressure inside the fractures and induced stress fields, which reveals the fracture propagation interference mechanism of multi-stage hydraulic fracturing. An optimized cluster space exits for a specific well. 20-25 meter cluster space is recommended for the shale gas formation with well-developed bedding planes, and 25-35 meter recommended for the shale gas formation with non-developed bedding planes. The results are used for the on-site perforation cluster spacing optimization in about ten shale gas wells in Fuling shale gas field, the microseismic signals are full in the shale formation between two adjacent fractures.

The 3D multi-fracture propagation model are established, and the fractures geometry and induced stress fields are studied, which can help to optimize the perforating cluster space and hydraulic fracturing parameters.
Far-Field Diversion in Hydraulic Fracturing and Acid Fracturing: Using Solid Particulates to Improve Stimulation Efficiency
Authors: Williams Vanessa , McCartney Elizabeth , Nino-Penaloza Andrea
Published: August 2016

The industry has long recognized the need to divert stimulation fluids away from a path of least resistance into one that stimulates new/more reservoir volume. However, relatively little research has been published specifically on the application of solid particulate diverters to increase fracture complexity in the far-field and to control fluid loss in acid fracturing. As the industry focuses more on well economics and increasing stage efficiency, proper engineering and application of far-field dissolvable solid particulate diversion technologies can increase overall well productivity in propped hydraulic fracturing and acid fracturing applications.

To support the concept of far-field diversion in propped hydraulic fracturing and acid fracturing, laboratory studies including bridging tests, diversion efficiency through permeability reduction, and dissolution rates have been performed. To enhance these studies, operational guidelines and engineering the field application will help determine when different types of diversion can improve efficiency.

Combining the information learned from laboratory testing and the new operational efficiency guidelines, a recommendation will be presented on the optimal way to run dissolvable solid particulate diverters in order to increase reservoir contact in the far-field. Multiple techniques exist to increase fracture complexity in the industry today. However, chemical diversion using solid particulates with an optimized particle size distribution enables the ability to reach more hydrocarbons in the reservoir. In addition, an advanced solid particulate diverter will be discussed for propped fracturing which includes the combination of particulate diverter material and a specially designed proppant to keep the fracture network open in the far-field.
Far-Field Diversion Agent Using a Combintion of a Soluble Particle Diverter with Specially Engineered Proppant
Authors: Spurr Naima , Gomaa Ahmed M. , Pirogov Alexander , McCartney Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

The objective of this study is to introduce a technique of far-field diversion using a mixture of soluble solid particles and an engineered proppant to ensure the temporarily bridged fractures re-open and remain propped for hydrocarbon flow after the soluble material has fully dissolved. Far-field diversion is required inside the fracture network to increase complexity by creating additional branch fractures through overcoming stresses holding the natural fractures closed. Usually, diverter particles temporarily bridge inside the fracture to create a low-permeability zone that increases the net pressure within the fracture and enables redirection of the next fluid stage to previously unstimulated intervals. However, if the diversion does not include proppant, the created fracture may close after particle dissolution.

The tests performed in this study were: bridging tests to determine the optimal particle size and loadings for a fracture width of 0.04 in.; pack permeability tests to optimize the particle size distribution, temporarily reduce fracture conductivity and increase pressure; and full characterization testing of the proppant as it will remain in the fractures after the soluble particles disappear. Conductivity of the proppant pack was also determined. Two types of particle diverters (Diverter A and B) were tested. Diverter A is typically used for low- to medium-temperature application (less than 225°F) and Diverter B for high-temperature applications (greater than 225°F). The two diverters have nearly the same particle size and distribution, the only difference being a variance in particle shape.

Results obtained highlighted reducing the proppant size to a larger mesh number to better place the proppant inside the far-field area with good vertical coverage. Therefore, the diverter particles were selected to be in the medium size range (10 to 50 mesh) while the proppant particles were selected to be in the fine size range (70 to 140 mesh). The crush stress at which the proppant generated less than 10 wt-% fines was 14,000 psi, while at 15,000 psi the proppant generated exactly 10 wt-% fines. The average acid solubility of this proppant in the mixture of HCl:HF was 3.4%, well below the 7% API requirements. A loading of 0.5 ppg of Diverter A was needed to bridge and plug the 0.04-in. slot width, while it needed only 0.25 ppga of Diverter B to plug the same width. Both diverters significantly reduced the conductivity of the test slot discs. After the soluble particles dissolved, conductivity was provided through the 100 mesh ceramic proppant pack that was not previously attainable because there was no proppant.
Comprehensive Analysis of Shale Elastic Properties, Microseismic Monitoring Results and Hydraulic Fracturing Parameters
Authors: Sijin He , Zhiliang Liu , Gang Xu , Jianghua Chang , Xiaoping Wan , Fei Cheng , Kaiyuan Du
Published: August 2016

At the present, shale gas wells in South China WY area have good gas production, but there are still many producing wells with poor performance. This is because we do not fully understand the shale gas reservoir storage and production mechanism and characteristics, which leads to the difficulty of shale gas "sweet spot" prediction. This is not conducive to future development of this field. In this paper, through comprehensive analysis of main shale elastic properties, microseismic monitoring data and the hydraulic fracturing stimulation, we need to provide beneficial theoretical basis for the WY block's future hydraulic fracturing stimulation. This paper is mainly based on the interpretation of log data to select optimized key elastic parameters of the shale gas reservoir. We analysis the shale formation elastic properties (such as P- and S-wave impedance, P- and S-wave velocity ratio, brittleness, TOC, etc.), and then find out the relationship between different elastic parameters. Based on the magnitude and number of microseismic event, the overall length, height and direction of the event distribution, we can provide guidance for the hydraulic fracturing stimulation through the integration of different elastic parameters. We analyzed fracturing operation parameters including fluid volume, total amount of sand, stop fracturing pressure and other important stimulation parameters in WY block shale reservoir, combined with elastic properties of shale, microseismic events, and seismic attributes, utilized the means such as logging cross-plot, line chart and other means to provide a clear idea of analysis, according to the reservoir characteristics of seismic information in the area at the same time. Comprehensive analysis through a variety of methods can predict good fracturing stimulation zone within the shale reservoir, avoid fracturing difficulties, improve the quality of hydraulic fracturing operation, and provide beneficial guidance for the work area's next step field development.