bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial-Derived Toll-like Receptor Agonism in Cancer Treatment and Progression
Authors: Giurini Eileena F. , Madonna Mary Beth , Zloza Andrew , Gupta Kajal H.
Published: June 2022

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are typical transmembrane proteins, which are essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that play an important role in inflammation. Since the first discovery of the Toll receptor by the team of J. Hoffmann in 1996, in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. TLR stimulation leads to NF-κB activation and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins. The expression of TLRs has also been observed in many tumors, and their stimulation results in tumor progression or regression, depending on the TLR and tumor type. The anti-tumoral effects can result from the activation of anti-tumoral immune responses and/or the direct induction of tumor cell death. The pro-tumoral effects may be due to inducing tumor cell survival and proliferation or by acting on suppressive or inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer, the activation of various TLRs by microbes in different types of tumors, and, finally, the role of TLRs in anti-cancer immunity and tumor rejection.
Volatilome Analysis in Prostate Cancer by Electronic Nose: A Pilot Monocentric Study
Authors: Filianoti Alessio , Costantini Manuela , Bove Alfredo Maria , Anceschi Umberto , Brassetti Aldo , Ferriero Mariaconsiglia , Mastroianni Riccardo , Misuraca Leonardo , Tuderti Gabriele , Ciliberto Gennaro , Simone Giuseppe
Published: June 2022

Urine analysis via an electronic nose provides volatile organic compounds easily usable in the diagnosis of urological diseases. Although challenging and highly expensive for health systems worldwide, no useful markers are available in clinical practice that aim to anticipate prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis in the early stages in the context of wide population screening. Some previous works suggested that dogs trained to smell urine could recognize several types of cancers with various success rates. We hypothesized that urinary volatilome profiling may distinguish PCa patients from healthy controls. In this study, 272 individuals, 133 patients, and 139 healthy controls participated. Urine samples were collected, stabilized at 37 °C, and analyzed using a commercially available electronic nose (Cyranose C320). Statistical analysis of the sensor responses was performed off-line using principal component (PCA) analyses, discriminant analysis (CDA), and ROC curves. Principal components best discriminating groups were identified with univariable ANOVA analysis. groups were identified with univariable ANOVA analysis. Here, 110/133 and 123/139 cases were correctly identified in the PCa and healthy control cohorts, respectively (sensitivity 82.7%, specificity 88.5%; positive predictive value 87.3%, negative predictive value 84.2%). The Cross Validated Accuracy (CVA 85.3%, p < 0.001) was calculated. Using ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.9. Urine volatilome profiling via an electronic nose seems a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool.
Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: From Mechanism to Clinic
Authors: Wang Qianyu , Shen Xiaofei , Chen Gang , Du Junfeng
Published: June 2022

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The 5-year survival rate is 90% for patients with early CRC, 70% for patients with locally advanced CRC, and 15% for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). In fact, most CRC patients are at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Although chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy have significantly improved patient survival, some patients are initially insensitive to these drugs or initially sensitive but quickly become insensitive, and the emergence of such primary and secondary drug resistance is a significant clinical challenge. The most direct cause of resistance is the aberrant anti-tumor drug metabolism, transportation or target. With more in-depth research, it is found that cell death pathways, carcinogenic signals, compensation feedback loop signal pathways and tumor immune microenvironment also play essential roles in the drug resistance mechanism. Here, we assess the current major mechanisms of CRC resistance and describe potential therapeutic interventions.
Correction: Lebbink et al. Opposite Incidence Trends for Differentiated and Medullary Thyroid Cancer in Young Dutch Patients over a 30-Year Time Span. Cancers 2021, 13, 5104
Authors: Lebbink Chantal A. , van den Broek Medard F. M. , Kwast Annemiek B. G. , Derikx Joep P. M. , Dierselhuis Miranda P. , Kruijff Schelto , Links Thera P. , van Trotsenburg A. S. Paul , Valk Gerlof D. , Vriens Menno R. , Verrijn Stuart Annemarie A. , van Santen Hanneke M. , Karim-Kos Henrike E.
Published: June 2022

Error in Figure/Table [...]
A Cohort Study of Free Light Chain Ratio in Combination with Serum Protein Electrophoresis as a First-Line Test in General Practice
Authors: Sandfeld-Paulsen Birgitte , Aggerholm-Pedersen Ninna , Samson Mie Hessellund , Møller Holger Jon
Published: June 2022

Multiple Myeloma (MM) often present with unspecific symptoms, which can lead to diagnostic delay. Serum-free light chain (sFLC) ratio is suggested to replace urine protein electrophoresis (UPE) in the diagnostic work-up of myeloma. We aimed to investigate the performance of the sFLC-ratio in general practice (GP) compared to UPE, just as we explored different sFLC-ratio cut-offs’ influence on diagnostic values. In a cohort of 13,210 patients from GP measures of sFLC-ratio, serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), or UPE were compared to diagnoses of incident M-component related diseases acquired from Danish health registers. UPE and sFLC-ratio equally improved diagnostic values when combined with SPE (sensitivity: SPE and UPE: 95.6 (90.6–98.4); SPE and sFLC-ratio: 95.1 (90.2–98.0)). The addition of the sFLC-ratio to SPE resulted in the identification of 13 patients with MGUS, light chain disease and amyloidosis, which was in line with the addition of UPE to SPE. The number of false-positive tests was UPE and SPE: 364 (11%) and sFLC-ratio and SPE: 677(19%). Expanding sFLC-ratio reference range to 0.26–4.32 resulted in a significant reduction in false positives n = 226 (6%) without loss of patients with clinical plasma cell dyscrasias. sFLC-ratio improves the diagnostic value of SPE in GP. However, due to low specificity and a large number of false positives, expanded cut-off values should be considered.
Updates in the Role of Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy in Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Nakhoda Shazia , Rizwan Farsha , Vistarop Aldana , Nejati Reza
Published: June 2022

Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a highly curable disease, but 10–25% of patients with higher-risk disease relapse. The introduction of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) targeting PD-1 have changed the landscape of treatment for patients with relapsed/refractory disease to multiple lines of therapy. The depth of response to CPI as a monotherapy is highest in the first relapse as salvage therapy based on outcomes reported in several phase II studies. With earlier use of CPI and brentuximab vedotin, the optimal sequencing of therapy is evolving. In this review, we will summarize clinical investigation of anti-PD-1 mAb in earlier line settings to provide insights on utilizing these agents as chemotherapy- and radiation-sparing approaches, increasing depth of response, and as part of combination regimens.
Sarcoid-like Granulomatosis Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma
Authors: Melin Audrey , Routier Émilie , Roy Séverine , Pradere Pauline , Le Pavec Jerome , Pierre Thibaut , Chanson Noémie , Scoazec Jean-Yves , Lambotte Olivier , Robert Caroline
Published: June 2022

We aimed to review the clinical and biological presentation of granulomatosis associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with melanoma and to explore its association with classical sarcoidosis as well as with cancer response to ICI. To this end, a retrospective study on 18 melanoma patients with histologically proven ICI-induced granulomatosis over a 12-year period in a single center, as well as on 67 similar cases reported in the literature, was conducted. Results indicate ICI-induced granulomatosis is an early side effect (median time to onset: 2 months). Its clinical presentation, with predominant (90%) thoracic involvement, histopathological appearance and supposed underlying biology (involving the mTOR pathway in immune cells, Th17 polarization and TReg dysfunction) are indistinguishable from those of sarcoidosis. Moreover, it appears to be associated with ICI benefit (>65% objective response rate). Evolution is generally favorable, and symptomatic steroid treatment and/or ICI discontinuation are rarely necessary. ICI-associated granulomatosis is critical to explore for several reasons. Practically, it is essential to differentiate it from cancer progression. Secondly, this “experimental” sarcoidosis brings new elements that may help to address sarcoidosis origin and pathophysiology. Its association with ICI efficacy must be confirmed on a larger scale but could have significant impacts on patient management and biomarker definition.
Comprehensive Landscape of RRM2 with Immune Infiltration in Pan-Cancer
Authors: Zhou Zijian , Song Qiang , Yang Yuanyuan , Wang Lujia , Wu Zhong
Published: June 2022

As a crucial subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, RRM2 plays a significant part in DNA synthesis. This study aimed to elucidate the comprehensive landscape of RRM2 in human cancers. With different bioinformatics platforms, we investigated the expression pattern, prognostic significance, mutational landscapes, gene interaction network, signaling pathways and immune infiltration of RRM2 in tumors. We found that RRM2 expression was predominantly up-expressed in tumor tissues in most tumors. Concurrently, RRM2 expression was significantly associated with worse prognosis and tumor stage across TCGA cancers. Moreover, RRM2 high levels were critically associated with the infiltration of natural killer T cells and immune scores. RRM2 was positively related to immune checkpoints, tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, neoantigen, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte in several cancers, predicting effective response to immunotherapy. Meanwhile, a strong co-expression of RRM2 with immune-related genes was observed. Additionally, multiple Cox regression analysis showed that RRM2 was an independent prognostic factor in bladder cancer (BLCA). Eventually, we verified that RRM2 was overexpressed in BLCA clinical samples and cell lines. Blocking RRM2 could suppress BLCA cells’ growth and proliferation while enhancing sensitivity to cisplatin. This study provided a new perspective for understanding RRM2 in cancers and new strategies for tumor immunotherapy.
ALK+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)-Derived Exosomes Carry ALK Signaling Proteins and Interact with Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Chioureas Dimitrios , Beck Janina , Baltatzis George , Vardaki Ioulia , Fonseca Pedro , Tsesmetzis Nikolaos , Vega Francisco , Leventaki Vasiliki , Eliopoulos Aristides G. , Drakos Elias , Rassidakis George Z. , Panaretakis Theocharis
Published: June 2022

The oncogenic pathways activated by the NPM-ALK chimeric kinase of ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) are well characterized; however, the potential interactions of ALK signaling with the microenvironment are not yet known. Here we report that ALK+ ALCL-derived exosomes contain critical components of ALK signaling as well as CD30, and that exosome uptake by lymphoid cells led to increased proliferation and expression of critical antiapoptotic proteins by the recipient cells. The bone marrow fibroblasts highly uptake ALK+ ALCL-derived exosomes and acquire a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. Moreover, exosome-mediated activation of stromal cells altered the cytokine profile of the microenvironment. These interactions may contribute to tumor aggressiveness and possibly resistance to treatment.
Molecular Characterization of Cancer Associated Fibroblasts in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Vitale Giovanni , Caraglia Michele , Jung Volker , Kamradt Jörn , Gentilini Davide , Di Martino Maria Teresa , Dicitore Alessandra , Abate Marianna , Tagliaferri Pierosandro , Itro Annalisa , Ferro Matteo , Balsamo Raffaele , De Sio Marco , Facchini Gaetano , Persani Luca , Schmitt Kai , Saar Matthias , Stöckle Michael , Unteregger Gerhard , Zappavigna Silvia
Published: June 2022

Background: Stromal components surrounding epithelial cancer cells seem to play a pivotal role during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor invasion, and metastases. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor–stroma interactions may yield novel therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. Methods: Gene expression profile of prostate-cancer associated fibroblast (PCAF) and prostate non-cancer associated fibroblast (PNAF) cells isolated from radical prostatectomy was performed by Illumina, analyzed, and further processed by Ingenuity®: IPA® software. qRT-PCR was performed on an independent set of 17 PCAF, 12 PNAF, and 12 fibroblast cell lines derived from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPHF). Results: Using microarray analysis, we found six upregulated genes and two downregulated genes in PCAFs compared to PNAFs. To validate microarray results, we performed qRT-PCR for the most significantly regulated genes involved in the modulation of proliferation and androgen resistance on an independent set of PNAF, PCAF, and BHPF samples. We confirmed the increased expression of SCARB1, MAPK3K1, and TGF-β as well as the decreased expression of S100A10 in PCAFs compared to PNAFs and BPHFs. Conclusions: These results provide strong evidence that the observed changes in the gene expression profile of PCAFs can contribute to functional alteration of adjacent prostate cancer cells.
Fission Impossible (?)—New Insights into Disorders of Peroxisome Dynamics
Authors: Carmichael Ruth E. , Islinger Markus , Schrader Michael
Published: June 2022

Peroxisomes are highly dynamic and responsive organelles, which can adjust their morphology, number, intracellular position, and metabolic functions according to cellular needs. Peroxisome multiplication in mammalian cells involves the concerted action of the membrane-shaping protein PEX11β and division proteins, such as the membrane adaptors FIS1 and MFF, which recruit the fission GTPase DRP1 to the peroxisomal membrane. The latter proteins are also involved in mitochondrial division. Patients with loss of DRP1, MFF or PEX11β function have been identified, showing abnormalities in peroxisomal (and, for the shared proteins, mitochondrial) dynamics as well as developmental and neurological defects, whereas the metabolic functions of the organelles are often unaffected. Here, we provide a timely update on peroxisomal membrane dynamics with a particular focus on peroxisome formation by membrane growth and division. We address the function of PEX11β in these processes, as well as the role of peroxisome–ER contacts in lipid transfer for peroxisomal membrane expansion. Furthermore, we summarize the clinical phenotypes and pathophysiology of patients with defects in the key division proteins DRP1, MFF, and PEX11β as well as in the peroxisome–ER tether ACBD5. Potential therapeutic strategies for these rare disorders with limited treatment options are discussed.
Stem Cell-Based Trophoblast Models to Unravel the Genetic Causes of Human Miscarriages
Authors: Nikitina Tatiana V. , Lebedev Igor N.
Published: June 2022

Miscarriage affects approximately 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies, and 1–3% of couples experience pregnancy loss recurrently. Approximately 50–60% of miscarriages result from chromosomal abnormalities, whereas up to 60% of euploid recurrent abortions harbor variants in candidate genes. The growing number of detected genetic variants requires an investigation into their role in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since placental defects are the main cause of first-trimester miscarriages, the purpose of this review is to provide a survey of state-of-the-art human in vitro trophoblast models that can be used for the functional assessment of specific abnormalities/variants implicated in pregnancy loss. Since 2018, when primary human trophoblast stem cells were first derived, there has been rapid growth in models of trophoblast lineage. It has been found that a proper balance between self-renewal and differentiation in trophoblast progenitors is crucial for the maintenance of pregnancy. Different responses to aneuploidy have been shown in human embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages. Stem cell-based models provide a powerful tool to explore the effect of a specific aneuploidy/variant on the fetus through placental development, which is important, from a clinical point of view, for deciding on the suitability of embryos for transfer after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.
Radiation Effect in Ti-Cr Multilayer-Coated Silicon Carbide under Silicon Ion Irradiation up to 3 dpa
Authors: Ishibashi Ryo , Hayashi Yasunori , Bo Huang , Kondo Takao , Hinoki Tatsuya
Published: June 2022

Replacement of conventional Zircaloy fuel cladding with silicon carbide (SiC) fuel cladding is expected to significantly decrease the amount of hydrogen generated from fuel claddings by the reaction with steam during severe accidents. One of their critical issues addressed regarding practical application has been hydrothermal corrosion. Thus, the corrosion resistant coating technology using a Ti-Cr multilayer was developed to suppress silica dissolution from SiC fuel cladding into reactor coolant under normal operation. The effect of radiation on adhesion of the coating to SiC substrate and its microstructure characteristics were investigated following Si ion irradiation at 573 K up to 3 dpa for SiC. Measurement of swelling in pure Ti, pure Cr and SiC revealed that the maximum inner stress attributed to the swelling difference was generated between the coating and SiC substrate by irradiation of 1 dpa. No delamination and cracking were observed in cross-sectional specimens of the coated SiC irradiated up to 3 dpa. According to analyses using transmission electron microscopy, large void formation and cascade mixing due to irradiation were not observed in the coating. The swelling in the coating at 573 K was presumed to be caused by another mechanism during radiation such as point defects rather than void formation.
Effect of High Temperature Treatment on the Photoluminescence of InGaN Multiple Quantum Wells
Authors: Wang Yachen , Liang Feng , Zhao Degang , Ben Yuhao , Yang Jing , Liu Zongshun , Chen Ping
Published: June 2022

In this work, the photoluminescence (PL) properties of three as-grown InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures which are heat-treated under different temperatures with nitrogen (N2) atmosphere are investigated. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) analysis was used to characterize the depth of localized states and defect density formed in MQWs. By fitting the positions of luminescence peaks with an LSE model, we find that deeper localized states are formed in the MQWs after high-temperature treatment. The experimental results show that the luminescence intensity of the sample heat-treated at 880 °C is significantly improved, which may be due to the shielding effect of In clusters on defects. While the luminescence efficiency decreases because of the higher defect density caused by the decomposition of the InGaN QW layer when the sample is heat-treated at 1020 °C. Moreover, the atomic force microscope results show that the increase in heat-treatment temperature leads to an increase in the width of surface steps due to the rearrangement of surface atoms in a high-temperature environment.
Temperature Effect on Short—Term Strength of Lithium Hydride with Tensile and Three—Point Bend Specimens
Authors: Peng Lei , Zhou Dexiang , Zhang Wangzi , Shi Yifan , Xie Yao
Published: June 2022

Strength is one important mechanical property of lithium hydride (LiH) for application as a neutron moderator and absorbent at elevated temperatures. Using the digital image correlation (DIC) method for deformation measurement, the short—term strength of LiH was investigated with both tensile and three—point bend (3PB) specimens in the range of room temperature (RT) to 600 °C. The results show that the temperature dependence of the strength from tensile and 3PB tests shows similarity. As the temperature increases, the strength changes slightly, then rises to the maximum and finally decreases due to the softening effect. The fracture surfaces of specimens show the main characteristics of trans—granular fracture at different temperatures, except for 600 °C. With increasing temperature, the fracture surfaces become rough and numerous tortuous micro—cracks are found. Especially for 3PB specimens, there are dimple—like structures with distorted grains and obvious intergranular cleavage fracture.
Incorporation of Rhodamine into a Host Polymer via In-Situ Generated Isocyanato Group and Application for the Detection of Cu2+ Ion
Authors: Zhang Sai , Yao Zhe , Qiao Wenqiang , Wang Zhi Yuan
Published: June 2022

A rhodamine-based fluorescent polymer P(MMA-co-RB) has been synthesized via an intermediate NCO-containing polymer generated by the Lossen rearrangement reaction. The fluorescent property of P(MMA-co-RB) with regard to metal ions, such as Cu2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Zn2+, Co2+, Sn2+ and Ag+, was studied by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the fluorescence intensity of P(MMA-co-RB) decreased gradually with an increase of the concentration of Cu2+ ion. Furthermore, a test strip made of P(MMA-co-RB) can be used for fast and quantitative determination of Cu2+ ion. In the presence of Cu2+ ion, the sensory tester undergoes distinct changes in fluorescence intensity and visible color.
Extra-Pleural Pneumonectomy (EPP) in Children and Adults with Locally Advanced Sarcoma: A CanSaRCC Study
Authors: Rodrigues Caroline , Peretz Soroka Hagit , Pierro Agostino , Baertschiger Reto M. , Cypel Marcelo , Donahoe Laura , Tsang Derek S. , Cho John , De Perrot Marc , Waddell Thomas K. , Gupta Abha A.
Published: June 2022

Sarcoma can present as locally advanced disease involving pleura for which extra-pleural pneumonectomy (EPP) may be the only surgical option to ensure adequate local control. Data were collected on patients who underwent EPP between January 2009 and August 2021 at Princess Margret Hospital and SickKids (Toronto) using the CanSaRCC (Canadian Sarcoma Research and Clinical Collaboration). Ten patients with locally advanced sarcoma involving the pleura, aged 4 to 59 years (median 19.5 years) underwent EPP. Nine (90%) received pre-operative chemotherapy and eight (80%) achieved an R0 resection. Hemithoracic radiation was administered preoperatively (n = 6, 60%) or postoperatively (n = 4, 40%). Five (50%) patients were alive without disease at last follow-up (median 34.2 months) and time from EPP to last FU was median 29.2 months (range 2.2–87.5). Two patients (20%) had local recurrence, 4.3 and 5.8 months from EPP, and both died from progressive disease, 13.1 and 8.2 months from EPP, respectively. One patient died from brain metastasis (17 months), one died from radiation associated osteosarcoma (66 months), and one died from surgical complications (heart failure from constrictive pericarditis). EPP offers a feasible and life-prolonging surgical consideration for patients with locally advanced sarcoma involving the pleura in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. Consequently, EPP should be considered during multi-disciplinary tumor board discussions at high-volume centers.
Is Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Connected with Cognition? The Complex Interplay between Liver and Brain
Authors: Kouvari Matina , Sergi Domenico , D’Cunha Nathan , Bulman Amanda , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Naumovski Nenad
Published: June 2022

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is increasing in parallel with the rising rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Approximately one in four adults are diagnosed with liver steatosis globally. NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity, visceral adiposity, and dyslipidaemia. These risk factors are often accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress, which also play a role in extrahepatic diseases, including conditions related to the central nervous system, such as mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. The number of people living with dementia is approximately 55 million and is estimated to increase to approximately 2 billion people by 2050. Recent studies have found that NAFLD is associated with poorer cognition. The aim of this review was to summarise the findings of hitherto studies that have linked NAFLD with cognition and dementia, as well as to discuss the potential liver–brain pathways.
Robust Finite-Time Stability for Uncertain Discrete-Time Stochastic Nonlinear Systems with Time-Varying Delay
Authors: Liu Xikui , Li Wencong , Wang Jiqiu , Li Yan
Published: June 2022

The main concern of this paper is finite-time stability (FTS) for uncertain discrete-time stochastic nonlinear systems (DSNSs) with time-varying delay (TVD) and multiplicative noise. First, a Lyapunov–Krasovskii function (LKF) is constructed, using the forward difference, and less conservative stability criteria are obtained. By solving a series of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), some sufficient conditions for FTS of the stochastic system are found. Moreover, FTS is presented for a stochastic nominal system. Lastly, the validity and improvement of the proposed methods are shown with two simulation examples.
Supernovae and the Arrow of Time
Authors: Abarzhi Snezhana I. , Hill Desmon L. , Naveh Annie , Williams Kurt C. , Wright Cameron E.
Published: June 2022

Supernovae are explosions of stars and are a central problem in astrophysics. Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) and Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instabilities develop during the star’s explosion and lead to intense interfacial RT/RM mixing of the star materials. We handle the mathematical challenges of the RT/RM problem based on the group theory approach. We directly link the conservation laws governing RT/RM dynamics to the symmetry-based momentum model, derive the model parameters, and find the analytical solutions and characteristics of RT/RM dynamics with variable accelerations in the linear, nonlinear and mixing regimes. The theory outcomes explain the astrophysical observations and yield the design of laboratory experiments. They suggest that supernova evolution is a non-equilibrium process directed by the arrow of time.
Chilean Electric Transmission Regulation: From a Merchant Approach to Central Planning
Authors: Fuentes Fernando , Serra Pablo
Published: June 2022

From the 1980s onwards, many jurisdictions reformed their electricity sectors to create energy markets. To this end, they unbundled transmission from generation, raising the issue of whether and how to regulate transmission. This paper contributes to this literature by analyzing the 40-year Chilean experience. To do so, it describes the initial transmission regulation, the changes introduced, the causes that triggered them, and their results regarding grid access and expansion and their impact on the energy market. The Chilean Electricity Act, issued in 1982, established open access to transmission facilities but left access and expansion conditions unregulated. This situation caused generators’ grid access problems, harming energy market competition. In 2004, lawmakers amended the Act to require the regulator to develop annual expansion plans and regulate transmission remuneration and financing. Following these changes, transmission expanded adequately for about a decade. However, since 2016, renewable energy curtailments have been significant due to congestion on some transmission lines due to construction delays. The increasing empowerment of civil society in the decision-making processes of new investments is relevant in explaining the delays. The main lesson is that citizen consensus-building is crucial for grid expansion.
Continuous Bioethanol Production by Fungi and Yeast Working in Tandem
Authors: Rahamim Valeria , Nakonechny Faina , Azagury Aharon , Nisnevitch Marina
Published: June 2022

Biofuel is considered one of the most viable alternatives to fossil fuels derived from the dwindling petroleum resources that damage the environment. Bioethanol could be manufactured from agricultural wastes, thus providing inexpensive natural resources. Several strategies have been utilized to convert lignocellulosic hydrolysate to bioethanol with various suspended microorganisms. In this study, we alternatively propose to encapsulate these microorganisms in bioreactor setups. An immobilized cell system can provide resistance to the inhibitors present in hydrolysates, enhance productivity, facilitate the separation process, and improve microorganism recycling. Herein, we developed a continuous bioethanol production process by encapsulating three types of micro-organisms: T. reesei, S. cerevisiae, and P. stipitis. These microorganisms were encapsulated in SBP (“Small Bioreactor Platform”) capsules and tested for their viability post encapsulation, biological activity, and bioethanol production. Encapsulating microorganisms in SBP capsules provided a confined protective environment for the microorganisms, facilitated their acclimation, and ensured their long-term prosperity and activity. An additional significant benefit of utilizing SBP capsules was the simultaneous availability of saccharification and fermentation over a very long time—about 2.5–3 months—with no need to renew the cells or encapsulating matrices. Two different configurations were tested. The first one consisted of columns packed with fungal cells and specific yeast cells together. In the second configuration, the fungal cells were separated from the yeast cells into two columns in series. The presented systems achieved an efficiency of 60–70%, suggesting the long-term prosperity and uninterrupted metabolic activity of the microorganisms.
Bioconversion of the Brown Tunisian Seaweed Halopteris scoparia: Application to Energy
Authors: Hadjkacem Farah , Pierre Guillaume , Christophe Gwendoline , Elleuch Jihen , Fendri Imen , Boual Zakaria , Ould El Hadj Mohamed Didi , El Alaoui-Talibi Zainab , El Modafar Cherkaoui , Dubessay Pascal , Delattre Cédric , Michaud Philippe , Abdelkafi Slim
Published: June 2022

The brown Tunisian seaweed Halopteris scoparia was used as a feedstock for producing renewable bioethanol, biogas, and biodiesel to demonstrate the proof of concept for the North African energy sector. A quantitative and qualitative quantification of H. scoparia composition using different colorimetric methods was completed to highlight its bioconversion potential. These substrate inputs were subjected to anaerobic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce bioethanol. The materials were also used to generate bio-hydrogen and volatile fatty acids during dark fermentation by a bacterial consortium and using the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The lipids were extracted and trans-esterified to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs), and their profiles were then analyzed with gas chromatography (GC). A significant ratio of the bioethanol, e.g., 0.35 g ethanol/g DW substrate, was produced without pretreatment, consistent with the theoretical Gay-Lussac yield. The production of the biohydrogen and lipids were up to 1.3 mL H2/g DW substrate and 0.04 g/g DW substrate, respectively, from the raw biomass. These results were higher than those reported for other well-studied seaweeds such as L. japonica. Overall, this work contributes to the current investigations in Tunisia for producing alternative energies from algae and finding new solutions to the current energy situation and environmental challenges in Maghreb.
AI Energy Optimal Strategy on Variable Speed Drives for Multi-Parallel Aqua Pumping System
Authors: Baranidharan Manickavel , Singh Rassiah Raja
Published: June 2022

In the industrial world, parallel pump systems are frequently employed. Due to various reasons, the pumps are frequently operated outside their intended parameters, which reduces their efficiency and performance. To operate the pump system with optimum efficiency, the pumps and their speed selection are mandatory. This research presents an optimum switching technique for variable speed pumping stations with multi-parallel pump combinations to enhance energy savings. The proposed optimal control system is designed in such a way as to decrease overall losses in the pump system. The effectiveness of the proposed method is investigated on a real scale of a multi-parallel pump drive system in a Matlab Simulink environment, and experimental validation is performed in a laboratory prototype. The suggested approach enhances power savings and shall be adapted for various pumping applications.
Cooperative Control Mechanism of Efficient Driving and Support in Deep-Buried Thick Top-Coal Roadway: A Case Study
Authors: Hu Chengjun , Han Changliang , Wang Lixin , Zhao Baofu , Yang Houqiang
Published: June 2022

For deep-buried thick top-coal roadways under high stress, there exists great difficulty in controlling the stability of the surrounding rock as well as in the necessity for low driving speeds. Taking the return air roadway 20201 (RAR 20201) of the Dahaize Coal Mine as the background, this paper presents a typical engineering case of a deep-buried thick top-coal roadway in a western mine. Through methods such as in situ investigation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and engineering practice, we studied the deformation and failure mechanisms of the surrounding rock in a deep-buried high-stress thick top-coal roadway, and revealed the driving speed effect. Results show that compared with shallow buried roadways, the deep-buried thick-roof coal roadway suffers a greater range of damage and failure. The roof damage is so deep that it exceeds the action range of bolts, resulting in the stress transferring to both sides, which affects the stability of the roadway surroundings. The curve of unloading disturbance stress produced by roadway head-on driving is in accordance with the “power exponential” composite function; that is, the faster the driving speed, the less unloading disturbance intensity that is exerted on the roof strata. This paper puts forward targeted cooperative control countermeasures of efficient driving and support in a deep-buried thick top-coal roadway. On one hand, the support efficiency of a single bolt is improved so as to reduce the overall support density; on the other hand, under low support density, the driving-supporting circulation efficiency is also accelerated so as to weaken the unloading disturbance and improve roadway formation speed. Engineering practice shows great control effect of the roadway surrounding rock, and the roadway formation speed is also greatly improved. This research can provide reference for efficient driving and support design in similar deep-buried thick top-coal roadways.
A Caprock Evaluation Methodology for Underground Gas Storage in a Deep Depleted Gas Reservoir: A Case Study for the X9 Lithologic Trap of Langgu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: Jia Shanpo , Wen Caoxuan , Fu Xiaofei , Liu Tuanhui , Xi Zengqiang
Published: June 2022

The evaluation of caprocks’ sealing capacity is exceedingly important for depleted gas reservoirs to be reconstructed into gas storage. In this paper, based on the physical sealing mechanism of caprock, four aspects of ten indexes of caprock quality evaluation were firstly selected, and the related classification standards were established. Secondly, based on the rock mechanical sealing mechanism, elastic and plastic indexes were selected to characterize the mechanical brittleness of caprock, and a brittleness evaluation method of caprock based on complete stress-strain curves was established. Then, a systematic comprehensive evaluation model (including 5 aspects and 12 evaluation indexes) for the sealing capacity of gas storage caprock was proposed, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the weight of the 12 indexes in the evaluation model, and the formula for calculating the suitability of the caprock sealing capacity was established. Finally, the geological data, laboratory, and field test data, including X-ray diffraction, poro-permeability test, displacement pressure, and tri-axial compression test, were used for the caprock sealing capacity evaluation of the X9 depleted gas reservoir, and the result from this model showed that the caprock quality is suitable for underground gas storage.
Excess Energy from PV-Battery System Installations: A Case of Rural Health Center in Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Kahsay Mulu Bayray , Lauwaert Johan
Published: June 2022

PV-Battery systems are commonly sized based on the lowest solar radiation of the site of implementation. This implies that during days of high solar radiation excess energy is available. This study investigated the potential of excess energy for thermal storage from PV systems for a case of a rural health center. The system components of a typical PV installation in a rural health center in Tigray, Ethiopia, were considered. The electricity load profile of the health center and solar radiation data available from Mekelle city were used as inputs to a TRNSYS model. Analysis of excess energy in the system at hourly and ten-minute time intervals was conducted. The analysis results indicate that during the months from September to May excess energy was available that could be thermally stored and utilized. During these months, the excess peak power ranged from 737 to 841 W and daily average excess energy ranged from 2070 to 2959 Wh. In contrast, in the months from June to August, no excess energy was available due to low solar radiation.
Gastrointestinal Ischemia—Stumbling Stone in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Peshevska-Sekulovska Monika , Boeva Irina , Sekulovski Metodija , Zashev Miroslav , Peruhova Milena
Published: June 2022

The emergence of the novel SARS-CoV2 virus, proclaimed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a culpable agent for the pandemic situation, caught the scientific and medical communities off guard. One of the most common complications following pulmonary disease is represented by gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, especially ischemic damage. Inflammation, vasculopathy, immobility, endothelial dysfunction, and a hypercoagulable condition have all been proposed as pathophysiological factors for GI ischemia in these patients. Owing to the COVID-19 effect on a variety of GI conditions, especially ischemic changes, and the high mortality rate, physicians should always keep in mind this complication. They should take a deeper look at clinical and imaging modalities in this cohort of patients so that a proper and time-saving treatment strategy can be applied. Our study aimed to elucidate the thrombogenic mechanism in different GI disorders. Moreover, we analyzed the factors related to necrotic GI changes, by summarizing the already reported data of GI ischemia in COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to incorporate all GI ischemia cases reported in the literature so far.
Excavation of Genes Responsive to Brassinosteroids by Transcriptome Sequencing in Adiantum flabellulatum Gametophytes
Authors: Cai Zeping , Xie Zhenyu , Wang Xiaochen , Zhang Shuixian , Wu Qian , Yu Xudong , Guo Yi , Gao Shuyi , Zhang Yunge , Xu Shitao , Wang Honggang , Luo Jiajia
Published: June 2022

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of polyhydroxysteroid plant hormones; they play important roles in the development and stress resistance of plants. The research on BRs has mainly been carried out in angiosperms, but in ferns—research is still limited to the physiological level and is not in-depth. In this study, Adiantum flabellulatum gametophytes were used as materials and treated with 10−6 M brassinolide (BL). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responsive to BRs were identified by transcriptome sequencing, GO, KEGG analysis, as well as a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. From this, a total of 8394 DEGs were screened. We found that the expressions of photosynthetic genes were widely inhibited by high concentrations of BL in A. flabellulatum gametophytes. Moreover, we detected many BR synthase genes, except BR6ox2, which may be why castasterone (CS) rather than BL was detected in ferns. Additionally, we identified (for the first time) that the expressions of BR synthase genes (CYP90B1, CYP90C1, CYP90D1, CPD, and BR6ox1) were negatively regulated by BL in fern gametophytes, which indicated that ferns, including gametophytes, also needed the regulatory mechanism for maintaining BR homeostasis. Based on transcriptome sequencing, this study can provide a large number of gene expression data for BRs regulating the development of fern gametophytes.
Ergonomic Rationalization Sequence of Digital Lighting Design in the Working Environment
Authors: Duplakova Darina , Duplak Jan , Kascak Rastislav
Published: June 2022

This paper describes the creation of a rationalization sequence for working with simulation models, and its subsequent verification in the redesigning of lighting in cooperation with digital enterprise tools. The rationalization sequence consists of 11 sequences, whose accuracy is subsequently verified on a practical example of the redesign of an assembly room of a production hall in the simulation tool Dialux Evo. In conjunction with the proposed procedure, a redesign of the assembly workplace located in the production hall for daylighting, artificial, and mixed lighting was created. The conclusion of the paper provides an overview of the benefits gained from the application of the work environment rationalization procedure.
Listening to White Noise Improved Verbal Working Memory in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Pilot Study
Authors: Chen I-Chen , Chan Hsun-Yu , Lin Keh-Chung , Huang Yu-Ting , Tsai Pei-Luen , Huang Yen-Ming
Published: June 2022

Existing research demonstrates that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) underperform in cognitive tasks involving working memory (WM) due to hypo-arousal, which has led to the development of arousal regulation models to determine proper levels of arousal and optimal cognitive outcomes. The present study focuses on investigating the effects of external auditory stimuli on verbal WM in children with ADHD. Thirteen children with ADHD (aged 6–10 years old) and thirteen age- and gender-matched children with typical development (TD) completed the verbal WM task when listening to no sound, white noise, or pleasant music. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the verbal WM performance between groups in the three auditory conditions. Children with ADHD showed the best verbal WM performance when listening to white noise and the worst performance when listening to no sound. Yet, children with TD performed the best in the no-sound condition and the worst in the white noise condition. Our findings suggest auditory white noise is beneficial for ideal arousal regulation and cognitive performance involving verbal WM for children with ADHD and support the moderate brain arousal model. Providing external white noise is a non-invasive and cost-effective approach to improving verbal WM in children with ADHD in real-world contexts.
Preschool Environment: Teacher Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ghana
Authors: Obeng Cecilia , Amissah-Essel Salome , Jackson Frederica , Obeng-Gyasi Emmanuel
Published: June 2022

Background: In Ghana, the COVID-19 pandemic led to the government’s decision to shut down schools for nearly nine months. This study explores the experiences of preschool teachers in Ghana during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study was carried out using the Qualitative Description approach and aspects of Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. Twenty-five teachers agreed to carry out face-to-face interviews with the researchers. An audio recorder device was used to record the interviews, with each interview lasting between 35–55 min. The analysis was carried out by two researchers who served as coders, and MAXQDA 2022 (VERBI Software GmbH) was used to do the analysis. Results: All twenty-five participants indicated their awareness of COVID-19. Participants said they were so “Scared” when they heard about COVID-19 that it could spell the doom for all humanity. Participants also talked about the extra workload that came upon them as a result of the pandemic and the “financial challenges” that they went through during the pandemic because they had no income since they were not teaching. Study participants indicated that one benefit of the pandemic was the heightened awareness of the need to practice hygienic behavior in their classroom. Conclusion: Participants’ beliefs about the virus being lethal led to mask wearing and the practice of hygienic behavior. Thus, although the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the emotional and financial status of the studied participants, a positive outcome was the participants’ awareness of the need to practice positive health behavior, which will contribute to the overall health and safety of everyone in the preschool environment.
Expression of the Endothelin-1 Gene and Its Type a Receptor including Physical Activity among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dąbek Józefa , Piotrkowicz Joanna , Głogowska-Ligus Joanna , Domagalska-Szopa Małgorzata , Szopa Andrzej , Schreiber Lutz
Published: June 2022

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of death, in both Poland and the world. Their development and progression are largely influenced by the lifestyle with the presence/occurrence of classic, modifiable risk factors. Among them, low physical activity plays a significant role. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of the endothelin-1 gene and its type A receptor, taking into account physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire—IPAQ) among patients with acute myocardial infarction. A total of 234 patients with acute myocardial infarction were examined, including 167 patients undergoing early post-hospital cardiac rehabilitation and 67 not participating in it. All of them were assessed with the IPAQ questionnaire and the quantitative real-time polymerase reaction method (QRT-PCR). Physical activity in the group of patients after early post-hospital cardiac rehabilitation increased after rehabilitation. Transcriptional activity of the endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene in both studied group of patients increased significantly, but in a group of patients not participating in early post-hospital cardiac rehabilitation more than in a group of patients participating in it. In our study, the expression of ET-1 was also significantly higher in the group of patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation, without diabetes, with lipid disorders, smoking, with normal body weight. Expression of the ENDRA (Endothelin receptor A) gene increased with age. These results prove the beneficial effect of rehabilitation and may indicate another pathomechanism of pro-atherogenic activity of above-mentioned factors.