bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scalability and performance of OpenMP and MPI on a 128‐processor SGI Origin 2000
Authors: Luecke Glenn R. , Lin Wei‐Hua
Published: September 2002

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the scalability and performance of seven, simple OpenMP test programs and to compare their performance with equivalent MPI programs on an SGI Origin 2000. Data distribution directives were used to make sure that the OpenMP implementation had the same data distribution as the MPI implementation. For the matrix‐times‐vector (test 5) and the matrix‐times‐matrix (test 7) tests, the syntax allowed in OpenMP 1.1 does not allow OpenMP compilers to be able to generate efficient code since the reduction clause is not currently allowed for arrays. (This problem is corrected in OpenMP 2.0.) For the remaining five tests, the OpenMP version performed and scaled significantly better than the corresponding MPI implementation, except for the right shift test (test 2) for a small message. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VPP Fortran and the design of HPF/JA extensions
Authors: Iwashita Hidetoshi , Sueyasu Naoki , Kamiya Sachio , van Waveren Matthijs
Published: September 2002

VPP Fortran is a data parallel language that has been designed for the VPP series of supercomputers. In addition to pure data parallelism, it contains certain low‐level features that were designed to extract high performance from user programs. A comparison of VPP Fortran and High‐Performance Fortran (HPF) 2.0 shows that these low‐level features are not available in HPF 2.0. The features include asynchronous inter‐processor communication, explicit shadow, and the LOCAL directive. They were shown in VPP Fortran to be very useful in handling real‐world applications, and they have been included in the HPF/JA extensions. They are described in the paper. The HPF/JA Language Specification Version 1.0 is an extension of HPF 2.0 to achieve practical performance for real‐world applications and is a result of collaboration in the Japan Association for HPF (JAHPF). Some practical programming and tuning procedures with the HPF/JA Language Specification are described, using the NAS Parallel Benchmark BT as an example. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional global MHD simulation code for the Earth's magnetosphere using HPF/JA
Authors: Ogino Tatsuki
Published: September 2002

We have translated a three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation code of the Earth's magnetosphere from VPP Fortran to HPF/JA on the Fujitsu VPP5000/56 vector‐parallel supercomputer and the MHD code was fully vectorized and fully parallelized in VPP Fortran. The entire performance and capability of the HPF MHD code could be shown to be almost comparable to that of VPP Fortran. A three‐dimensional global MHD simulation of the Earth's magnetosphere was performed at a speed of over 400 Gflops with an efficiency of 76.5% using 56 processing elements of the Fujitsu VPP5000/56 in vector and parallel computation that permitted comparison with catalog values. We have concluded that fluid and MHD codes that are fully vectorized and fully parallelized in VPP Fortran can be translated with relative ease to HPF/JA, and a code in HPF/JA may be expected to perform comparably to the same code written in VPP Fortran. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compatibility comparison and performance evaluation for Japanese HPF compilers using scientific applications
Authors: Sakagami H. , Mizuno T.
Published: September 2002

The lack of compatibility of High‐Performance Fortran (HPF) between vender implementations has been disheartening scientific application users so as to hinder the development of portable programs. Thus parallel computing is still unpopular in the computational science community, even though parallel programming is common to the computer science community. As users would like to run the same source code on parallel machines with different architectures as fast as possible, we have investigated the compatibility of source codes for Japanese HPF compilers (NEC, Fujitsu and Hitachi) with two real‐world applications: a 3D fluid code and a 2D particle code. We have found that the source‐level compatibility between Japanese HPF compilers is almost preserved, but more effort will be needed to sustain complete compatibility. We have also evaluated parallel performance and found that HPF can achieve good performance for the 3D fluid code with almost the same source code. For the 2D particle code, good results have also been obtained with a small number of processors, but some changes in the original source code and the addition of interface blocks is required. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced optimization strategies in the Rice dHPF compiler
Authors: Mellor‐Crummey J. , Adve V. , Broom B. , Chavarría‐Miranda D. , Fowler R. , Jin G. , Kennedy K. , Yi Q.
Published: September 2002

High‐Performance Fortran (HPF) was envisioned as a vehicle for modernizing legacy Fortran codes to achieve scalable parallel performance. To a large extent, today's commercially available HPF compilers have failed to deliver scalable parallel performance for a broad spectrum of applications because of insufficiently powerful compiler analysis and optimization. Substantial restructuring and hand‐optimization can be required to achieve acceptable performance with an HPF port of an existing Fortran application, even for regular data‐parallel applications. A key goal of the Rice dHPF compiler project has been to develop optimization techniques that enable a wide range of existing scientific applications to be ported easily to efficient HPF with minimal restructuring. This paper describes the challenges to effective parallelization presented by complex (but regular) data‐parallel applications, and then describes how the novel analysis and optimization technologies in the dHPF compiler address these challenges effectively, without major rewriting of the applications. We illustrate the techniques by describing their use for parallelizing the NAS SP and BT benchmarks. The dHPF compiler generates multipartitioned parallelizations of these codes that are approaching the scalability and efficiency of sophisticated hand‐coded parallelizations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living in Enclaves
Authors: Parisi Domenico , Ugolini Massimiliano
Published: September 2002

What are the consequences of living in small isolated communities vs living in larger environments as members of bigger communities? If the resources are scarce and highly spatially and temporally variable, living in isolated communities can lead to extinction because of temporary food scarcity and less efficient genetic selection. Artifacts that increase the energy extracted from natural resources can avoid extinction of local populations, but still choosing the artifacts to be reproduced from the restricted artifact pool of the local community rather than from a larger pool leads to less good artifacts and smaller global population size. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classes of network connectivity and dynamics
Authors: Sporns Olaf , Tononi Giulio
Published: September 2002

Many kinds of complex systems exhibit characteristic patterns of temporal correlations that emerge as the result of functional interactions within a structured network. One such complex system is the brain, composed of numerous neuronal units linked by synaptic connections. The activity of these neuronal units gives rise to dynamic states that are characterized by specific patterns of neuronal activation and co‐activation. These patterns, called functional connectivity, are possible neural correlates of perceptual and cognitive processes. Which functional connectivity patterns arise depends on the anatomical structure of the underlying network, which in turn is modified by a broad range of activity‐dependent processes. Given this intricate relationship between structure and function, the question of how patterns of anatomical connectivity constrain or determine dynamical patterns is of considerable theoretical importance. The present study develops computational tools to analyze networks in terms of their structure and dynamics. We identify different classes of network, including networks that are characterized by high complexity. These highly complex networks have distinct structural characteristics such as clustered connectivity and short wiring length similar to those of large‐scale networks of the cerebral cortex. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐II: a validity examination across response format and instruction type
Authors: Gullone Eleonora , Lane Belinda
Published: September 2002

The most commonly used tool for the assessment of normal fear, is without doubt, the Fear Survey Schedule. However, despite its advantages, critics have questioned the validity of the Fear Survey Schedule. The present study extended upon recent research which has addressed this concern by administering three different versions of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐II (FSSC‐II). Each of the three conditions involved ratings of fear level intensity, and one condition also included fear frequency ratings in order to enable comparison between fear frequency versus intensity ratings. A total of 439 adolescents aged 11 to 18 years participated in the study. Following the validation of the modified FSSC‐II forms, overall and subscale fear levels were compared across the different FSSC‐II versions. Whilst no overall difference in self‐reported fear was found across the different instruction types, a difference was found between reports of fear intensity versus frequency on the death and danger factor of the FSSC‐II, with fear intensity reports being significantly higher than frequency reports. Also older female adolescents significantly discriminated between imagined and daily fear intensity scoring higher on the former. A similar difference was found in relation to animal fears for older adolescents. The present findings therefore provide additional support for the validity of the Fear Survey Schedule in the assessment of fear. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and comparative evaluation of controlled release diclofenac tablets prepared by matrix‐embedding technique, membrane barrier technique, and combination of the two
Authors: Sajeev C. , Saha R.N.
Published: September 2002

The need for controlled release formulations of diclofenac sodium (DFS) tablets is well recognized. In this study, controlled release tablets of DFS were formulated using ethyl cellulose as retardant by matrix‐embedding technique, the membrane barrier technique, and a combination of the two. Tablets of all the formulations were found to be of good physical quality with respect to appearance, drug content uniformity, hardness, weight variation, friability, and coat thickness uniformity. In vitro release rate studies showed that increasing the proportion of ethyl cellulose extended the release of DFS. In the case of polymer‐coated tablets, an increase in the thickness of the coat (by increasing the concentration of the coating solution or by increasing the number of coats applied) controlled and extended the release. The release pattern was found to follow Higuchi’s square root kinetics in matrix‐embedded tablets and zero‐order kinetics in polymer‐coated tablets. However, for an ideal controlled release formulation of water‐soluble drugs like DFS, a combination of both matrix‐embedding and the membrane barrier technique was found to be a better proposition for extended release beyond 12 h. Such formulations exhibited dual control: matrix‐embedding controlled the release rate in the initial 3–4 h of release and membrane coat‐controlled the release profile after that. At pH 6.8, the release rate was higher, probably due to increased solubility of DFS and/or increased swelling of ethyl cellulose at higher pH. However, reduction in the granule size in matrix‐embedded tablets provided a more controlled and extended release due to more tortuosity and compaction. All the formulations were found to be highly stable and possessed reproducible release kinetics across the batches. Drug Dev. Res. 53:1–8, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological evaluation and chemical stability of 2‐benzylthioether‐5′‐O‐(1‐thiotriphosphate)‐adenosine, a new insulin secretagogue acting through P2Y receptors
Authors: Hillaire‐Buys D. , Shahar L. , Fischer B. , Chulkin A. , Linck N. , Chapal J. , Loubatières‐Mariani M.M. , Petit P.
Published: September 2002

Activation of P2Y receptors on pancreatic β‐cells by extracellular ATP bring about amplification of glucose‐induced insulin secretion, which has been shown to reduce hyperglycemia in vivo. A new P2 receptor ligand, 2‐benzylthio‐ATP‐α‐S, was synthesized based on a combination of modifications of the ATP skeleton, as a potential insulin secretagogue. The two diastereoisomers of this ligand were separated and are designated A and B. The effects of these compounds on insulin secretion and vascular resistance in the rat isolated and perfused pancreas were evaluated in the presence of a slightly stimulating glucose concentration (8.3 mM) and were compared with ATP‐α‐S and ATP. Both isomers of 2‐benzylthio‐ATP‐α‐S (0.015–1.5 μM) induced a concentration‐dependent increase in glucose‐induced insulin release. The potency of isomer A was not significantly different from that of isomer B, and both were approximately 100‐fold more potent than ATP. ATP‐α‐S induced a similar pattern of insulin response; however, it was only approximately 10‐fold more potent than ATP. These compounds also induced vascular effects: ATP‐α‐S induced a vasodilatation and was transiently vasoconstrictor only at a high concentration, whereas the C2‐substituted derivative constantly induced a vasoconstriction. The chemical stability of these ligands was evaluated under physiological conditions and gastric juice pH. Hydrolysis of 2‐benzylthio‐ATP‐α‐S has been studied both in pH 7.4 and pH 1.4 at 37°C using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography. This compound exhibited high chemical stability with respect to hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond and desulfurization of the phosphorothioate moiety. Hydrolysis of the phospho ester bond, which was the only detectable degrading reaction under the investigation conditions (pH 7.4, 37°C), was slow, with a half‐life of 264 h. Moreover, even at gastric juice conditions (pH 1.4, 37°C), hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate was the only detectable reaction, with half‐life of 17.5 h. In conclusion, both isomers of 2‐benzylthio‐ATP‐α‐S are soluble in water and highly chemically stable. These compounds are highly potent and effective insulin secretagogues; however, they increase pancreatic vascular resistance. Drug Dev. Res. 53:33–43, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphogenesis of gut and distribution of the progenitors of gut endocrine cells at cranial somite levels of the chick embryo
Authors: Rawdon Benjamin B.
Published: September 2002

The primary objective of this study was to establish the distribution of the progenitors of selected gut endocrine cell types at cranial somite levels. In addition, analysis of the material has provided new information about the location of the presumptive territories of certain gut regions and of the pancreas. Narrow transverse strips of full‐thickness blastoderm two or three somites in length were excised at the levels of somites 1 to 5 of 8.5‐ to 18‐somite chick embryos and cultured as chorioallantoic grafts to an age equivalent to 20 days of incubation. The grafts were analysed by immunocytochemistry, and their morphology was evaluated. Individual grafts exhibited up to five different types of gut morphology, including those of oesophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, pyloric region, small intestine, and pancreas. The morphologic survey yielded new information about the location, extent, or both, of the territories of the pyloric region, the small intestine, and the pancreas. In general, the progenitors of gut endocrine cell types identified were those expected for the different morphologic regions: in only a few instances were ectopic endocrine cell types detected. The available evidence points to the progenitors of bombesin/gastrin‐releasing peptide cells being located cranial to somite 5 at the stages studied. Based on the morphology and the proportion of insulin cells, the development of pancreas in grafts appeared compromised compared with grafts of the intact dorsal pancreatic bud: this may relate to the likely exclusion of dorsal pancreatic bud mesoderm from the graft area. The results show that presumptive small intestinal endoderm in grafts can differentiate in the absence of homologous (i.e., small intestinal) mesoderm: this accords with the view that the primary source of positional information in the gut is in the endoderm. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central role of the α4β1 integrin in the coordination of avian truncal neural crest cell adhesion, migration, and survival
Authors: Testaz Sandrine , Duband Jean‐Loup
Published: September 2002

Based on functional and histological studies, the fibronectin receptor of the integrin family α4β1 has been ascribed a critical role during neural crest cell migration in the vertebrate embryo. In the present study, because integrins have been shown to participate in multiple basic cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, survival, proliferation, and differentiation, we have reexamined in detail the role of α4β1 during avian truncal neural crest cell migration. RT‐PCR and immunocytochemical studies revealed that migrating neural crest cells but not premigratory cells explanted in vitro expressed detectable levels of α4 messengers and proteins suggesting that α4β1 expression was induced at the time of the initiation of the migration phase. In agreement with this observation, antibody inhibition of α4β1 activity in vitro resulted in a strong, immediate and sustained reduction of neural crest cell motion on fibronectin, as judged on videomicroscopy analyses, but apparently did not prevent their delamination from the neural tube. However, α4β1 appeared to exhibit a broader role in the control of cell migration on a variety of extracellular matrix molecules, presumably by regulating cellular events downstream from integrins. Moreover, blocking α4β1 function caused a severe increase in apoptotic cell death among the neural crest population without influencing notably cell proliferation. Collectively, these results indicate that, notwithstanding its critical implication in cell motion, α4β1 integrin could play a central role in neural crest cell development by coordinating multiple cellular events, such as cell adhesion, locomotion, and survival. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐occurring eating and depressive problems: An 8‐year study of adolescent girls
Authors: Graber Julia A. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: September 2002

Objective

This paper examines prospectively the co‐occurrence of eating and depressive problems in 105 White girls who were seen at three times from young adolescence to young adulthood.

Method

Girls were from middle to upper‐middle class families. Co‐occurrence of eating and depressive problems was determined cross‐sectionally from questionnaire data using established criteria for identifying subclinical problems.

Results

The rate of depressive problems declines across middle to late adolescence while the rate of eating problems is fairly constant across all three times of assessment. Analyses suggest that girls with depressive problems (with and without co‐occurring eating problems) experience impairments in peer and family relationships; girls with high scores on both problems have poor adjustment across several domains.

Discussion

The additional psychological strains seen with co‐occurrence of eating and depressive problems heighten physical and mental health concomitants of both problems across adolescence. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 37–47, 2001.
Relationship between depression and body dissatisfaction in women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Keel Pamela K. , Mitchell James E. , Davis Traci L. , Crow Scott J.
Published: September 2002

Objective

Body dissatisfaction and depression have consistently demonstrated a positive association in women. This study sought to determine the independence of this association from bulimic symptomatology among women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.

Method

Participants were 101 women who completed a controlled treatment study of bulimia nervosa and participated in follow‐up assessments 10 years later.

Results

Findings indicated that baseline levels of depression were independent of and superior to bulimic symptoms in prospectively predicting body dissatisfaction at follow‐up assessment.

Discussion

Findings suggest that depression may be a better prognostic indicator of body dissatisfaction than bulimic symptoms in women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. A model in which depression represents a contributing factor for the maintenance of body dissatisfaction is discussed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 48–56, 2001.
Binge eating disorder onset by unusual parasitic intestinal disease: A case‐report
Authors: Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Solano Raquel , Badía Anna , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana
Published: September 2002

We report a case of binge eating disorder (BED) in a 19‐year‐old Spanish woman, whose onset followed a nowadays uncommon parasitic intestinal disease (Taenia solium by cysticercosis). The patient exhibited bizarre and frequent hyperphagia episodes and extreme loss of weight, common symptoms of this condition. The patient continued to have frequent binge episodes and inappropriate eating patterns, gaining weight consequently over a normal range, despite successful treatment of the condition. No purging behavior was detected. A classical conditioning behavioral model, was useful for the understanding and formulation of this case. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case where a parasitic infestation triggered the onset of BED. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 107–109, 2001.
Simultaneous bilateral spontaneous pneumothoraces in a young woman with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Corless John A. , Delaney John C. , Page Richard D.
Published: September 2002

An eighteen year‐old woman with anorexia nervosa was admitted to hospital with acute dyspnea. There was no history of trauma to the chest and the patient denied any vomiting.

Method

A chest radiograph was taken which showed bilateral pneumothoraces with complete collapse of both lungs.

Results

Following insertion of bilateral chest drains the patient made a complete recovery, later having bilateral pleurectomies performed to prevent recurrence.

Discussion

We discuss the evidence suggesting that the state of malnutrition that results from anorexia nervosa may in fact predispose patients to the development of pneumothoraces. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 110–112, 2001.
Fuzzy clustering based on cooccurrence matrix and its application to data retrieval
Authors: Inoue Kohei , Urahama Kiichi
Published: September 2002

A fuzzy clustering method is proposed to cluster objects and classes based on the cooccurrence matrix that represents the cooccurrence relationship of the objects and the classes. It is a type of method known as a graph spectral method that reduces the problem to an eigenvalue problem and successively extracts the clusters. A method based on the similarity matrix is applied to the cooccurrence matrix and is extended to hierarchical fuzzy clustering. This method obtains the cluster information of the class simultaneously with object clustering. As an application example of this clustering method, we present data retrieval by key words. Since clustering extracts the overall data structure to some degree, the retrieval is robust in noisy data similar to Latent Semantic Indexing. Fuzzy clustering performs object‐level retrieval because the detailed information lost in hard clustering is preserved. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 10–19, 2001
Ferroelectric SBT capacitor for 1‐V operation
Authors: Okuwada Kumi , Saito Mami
Published: September 2002

For realization of low‐voltage operation of ferroelectric nonvolatile memory, it is essential to fabricate thinner SBT film with high breakdown voltage. Repetition process for the sol‐gel derived SBT film was modified to obtain thinner film with flat surface and high density. The breakdown voltage increased above 1 MV/cm. Good ferroelectric properties were obtained even in 1000‐Å‐thick film and the switching charge saturated at 1.0 V without asymmetry in the polarization. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 49–54, 2001
Measurement of phase noise in high‐precision oscillator using PLL‐type frequency multiplier
Authors: Sakuta Yukinori , Mino Hideki , Sekine Yoshifumi
Published: September 2002

Measurement of phase noise using PLL is known as a highly precise method. But the method cannot be applied when the stability of the test oscillator is higher than that of the reference frequency.

We propose a new measurement method based on the following idea: (1) make the signals which magnify phase noise in the test oscillator have higher stability by using a PLL, (2) include them in the VCXO's output and measure it.

In this paper, we have clarified conditions to allow measurement over a wide frequency range and compare measured values with calculated values on phase noise of crystal oscillator. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 64–70, 2001
Decentralized exciter stabilizing control for multimachine power systems
Authors: Niioka Satoru , Yokoyama Ryuichi , Fujita Goro , Shirai Goro
Published: September 2002

In this paper, a systematic approach to design controllers based on H‐infinity theory for a multimachine power system is presented. Generally, a centralized control scheme is difficult for a large‐scale interconnected power system because of the necessity of obtaining information on the whole system, computation times, and so on. In order to handle these problems, two decentralized control schemes are proposed. One is based on the decomposition of information. The feedback gains for the whole system are obtained, and after decomposing the gains into subblocks for each area, the diagonal block is used to design the controller for each generator. The other is based on area decompositions. The procedure is carried out by decomposing the original system into blocks for each area and the local feedback gain is obtained by using information for each decomposed system. Furthermore, to improve the robustness of the system, an effective weighting matrix design, which involves the allocation of eigenvalues, is also proposed. Several simulation tests show the effectiveness of the proposed methods. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 35–43, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1144
Proposal of a cannibalism bug‐based search strategy using genetic algorithms (C‐BUGS) and its application to multiobjective optimization problems
Authors: Yasuda Keiichiro , Yamazaki Osamu , Watanabe Takao
Published: September 2002

For decision support under a multiobjective environment, it is effective to offer a Pareto optimal solution set with uniform distribution to the decision‐maker. In this paper, a new optimization method for obtaining a Pareto optimal solution set with such uniform distribution is proposed. In order to overcome the difficulty of realizing this goal, the concept of cannibalism is introduced in BUGS (a bug‐based search strategy using genetic algorithms). Introducing the concept of cannibalism achieves the uniform distribution of Pareto optimal solutions. A numerical experiment using typical continuous and discrete multiobjective optimization problems clarifies the usefulness of the proposed method. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 51–64, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1146
‘The less I trust, the less I contribute (or not)?’ The effects of trust, accountability and self‐monitoring in social dilemmas
Authors: De Cremer David , Snyder Mark , Dewitte Siegfried
Published: September 2002

The present research examined the influence of trust, accountability, and self‐monitoring on individual decision makers' willingness to contribute in a give‐some game and in an experimental public goods dilemma. Previous research has shown that trust and contributions are positively related such that high trusters generally contribute more than low trusters. The present research questions the pervasiveness of this relation by arguing that low trusters may increase their contributions to the same level as those of high trusters, but only under circumstances where their decisions are highly identifiable to their interaction partner(s). Both studies showed that strong perceptions of trust, high accountability and high self‐monitoring influenced contributions positively. In line with predictions, individuals low in trust contributed up to the same level as high trusters when accountability was high rather than low. Moreover, this interaction between trust and accountability was only found among those classified as high self‐monitors. Our results suggest that the well‐known positive relation between trust and contributions may take a different form when situational cues and individual predispositions are taken into account. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mode‐acceleration approach to seismic response of multiply‐supported secondary systems
Authors: Chandra Rao V. Surya , Chaudhuri Samit Ray , Gupta Vinay K.
Published: September 2002

A mode‐acceleration approach has been proposed for estimating the seismic response of a linear, classically‐damped, multiply‐supported secondary system within the framework of a power spectral density function (PSDF)‐based stochastic approach, while the primary system is linear and classically‐damped. Response transfer functions have been formulated in terms of chosen numbers of fixed‐base modes of the primary and secondary systems. The proposed approach does not involve the determination of combined system properties, and is applicable to the secondary systems with high mass ratios also. Through a few example primary–secondary systems and an example band‐limited white noise excitation, it has been shown that this approach leads to reasonably accurate results when only a few primary and secondary modes are to be considered. The proposed formulation has been used to obtain input data for a decoupled response spectrum analysis of secondary systems. This data accurately accounts for the effects of interaction between the primary and secondary systems. It is shown to lead to substantial reductions in the errors associated with the envelope spectrum method in the case of moderately heavy to heavy secondary systems and when the spatial coupling does not play a major role. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of semi‐active tuned mass dampers to base‐excited systems
Authors: Setareh Mehdi
Published: September 2002

A continuously variable semi‐active damper is used in a tuned mass damper (TMD) to reduce the level of vibration of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system subjected to harmonic base excitations. The ground hook dampers as have been used in the auto‐industry are being studied here. Using these dampers a new class of tuned mass dampers, named as ground hook tuned mass dampers (GHTMD) is being introduced. In order to generalize the design properties of the GHTMDs, they are defined in terms of non‐dimensional parameters. The optimum design parameters of GHTMDs for lightly damped systems are obtained based on the minimization of the steady‐state displacement response of the main mass. These parameters are computed for different mass ratios and main system damping ratios. Frequency responses of the resulting systems are compared to that of equivalent TMDs using passive dampers. In addition, other characteristics of this system as compared to the passive TMDs are discussed. A design guide to obtain the optimum parameters of GHTMD using the developed diagrams in this paper based on non‐dimensional values is presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compliance with a self‐care manual in guided self‐change for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Thiels Cornelia , Schmidt Ulrike , Troop Nicholas , Treasure Janet , Garthe Rolf
Published: September 2002

Objective

To investigate the effect of compliance and its predictors on outcome.

Method

62 patients with DSM‐III‐R bulimia nervosa (BN) were randomly assigned to a self‐care manual plus eight fortnightly sessions of guided self‐change or 16 sessions of weekly cognitive behavioural therapy.

Results

At the end of treatment, the group of high compliers had not achieved higher abstinence rates than low compliers regarding BN symptoms. At follow‐up on average 43 weeks (SD 26) after the end of therapy, those who had completed more exercises were more likely than low compliers to be abstinent from bingeing and vomiting. Those with a high frequency of vomiting at the beginning of therapy were less likely to use the manual while those with a longer duration of illness and higher levels of restraint were more likely to use the manual.

Discussion

Exercises seem to be particularly important. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A new instrument measuring disturbed eating patterns in community populations: development and initial validation of a five‐item scale (EDS‐5)
Authors: Rosenvinge Jan H. , Perry Judith A. , Bjørgum Lars , Bergersen Trine D. , Silvera David H. , Holte Arne
Published: September 2002

This paper reports on the development and validation of a brief scale, the Eating Disturbance Scale (EDS‐5), as a screening instrument for problematic eating disorders in normal populations. A nationwide sample of 6313 subjects completed 22 questions about eating patterns. Using principal component analysis, these questions were cut down to five items, forming a scale. From another epidemiological study (N = 835), 51 female subjects responded to these five questions in addition to a clinical interview. The scale yielded a Cronbach alpha of 0.83 and 0.86, respectively, Also, a sensitivity and specificity of 0.90 and 0.88 was found with respect to DSM‐IV eating disorders. The concurrent and construct validity show significant correlations with Eating Disorder Inventory subscales measuring disturbed eating (M = 0.55, range 0.44–0.73), and even higher correlations with similar factors from the self‐report version of the Eating Disorder Examination (M = 0.73, range 0.60–0.89). The results suggest that the EDS‐5 is sensitive to disordered eating patterns and that this instrument appears promising for screening purposes in community samples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Experimental frost weathering of sandstone by various combinations of salts
Authors: Williams R. B. G. , Robinson D. A.
Published: September 2002

Weathering experiments are reported combining frost and a range of salts that occur naturally on rock faces in western and central Europe. Potassium and ammonium alums enhanced frost weathering quite considerably, both singly and in combination, though they were less potent than halite, the destructiveness of which, at sub‐zero temperatures, was again confirmed. By contrast, alunogen and gypsum had little or no effect on rates of frost weathering either singly or in combination. Combining halite and gypsum produced breakdown that was intermediate between that of the two salts individually, as did the combination of gypsum and potassium alum. Breakdown in solutions of ammonium alum and gypsum, and in a combination of potassium and ammonium alum with gypsum, caused greater breakdown over 25 cycles of freeze–thaw than was recorded with the salts singly. The results extend the range of salts known to enhance frost weathering, and show that it is difficult to predict the aggressiveness of combinations of salts by experimenting with each salt separately. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pore properties as indicators of breakdown mechanisms in experimentally weathered limestones
Authors: Nicholson Dawn T.
Published: September 2002

The results are reported of four experimental weathering tests – freeze – thaw, wetting and drying, slake durability and salt weathering – on five different types of limestone. Effective porosity, mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate changes in pore properties, while weight loss and fracture density were used to assess deterioration severity. A primary aim was to observe modifications in porosity due to weathering and to draw inferences about the internal rock deterioration mechanisms taking place.

It is concluded that the five limestones not only show a wide range of resistance to weathering in general but considerable difference in resistance to particular weathering processes. Consequently, when assessing durability it is essential to consider rock properties in the context of the weathering process to which the rock is subject. The type of deterioration indicator used is also important in interpretation of durability.

A variety of pore modification mechanisms operate, including changes in pore connectivity, pore infilling, and the introduction of additional void space. There are indications that changes to the internal pore structure of rocks due to weathering may be a precursor to more substantial macrodeterioration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field testing of Glew and Ford's model of solution flute evolution
Authors: Mottershead Derek , Lucas Gerald
Published: September 2002

Based on a laboratory simulation, Glew and Ford (Earth Surface Processes, 1980, vol. 5, pp. 25–36) put forward a model of solution flute formation which embraces both morphological evolution and time to formation. The occurrence of dated fluted surfaces in the field presents opportunities to test this model. The morphological development of flutes is consistent with the experimental observations in that width stabilizes early whereas depth continues to increase. The time to formation of flutes is confirmed as limestone (103 years)>gypsum (102 years)>salt (101 years), and is consistent with the solubility of the main rock‐forming minerals. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of experimental quartz microdebitage from rock engravings
Authors: Dragovich Deirdre , Susino George J.
Published: September 2002

Many Aboriginal rock engravings in Australia have been pecked or abraded into sandstone outcrops. The engraving process produces some fine (<1 mm diameter) sediment or microdebitage which is derived both from the outcrop surface and the stone ‘pecking’ tool. Quartz grains constitute a relatively durable component of microdebitage. Comparisons were made between quartz grains derived from experimental microdebitage and those occurring naturally in sediments in the arid Broken Hill area, Australia, and in coastal dunes and weathered building stone in Sydney (warm temperate climate).

Visual assessment of the roundness of quartz grains was made from scanning electron micrographs. Experimental microdebitage was angular in shape, contrasting with the subrounded grains in the original sandstone, in the nearby soil, and in coastal dunes near Sydney. Quartz grains from sandstone in a Sydney building weathered in the city environment into angular to very angular grains. Surface features usually associated with mechanically crushed grains and microdebitage were recognized in experimental microdebitage but not in quartz grains derived from other sources. If quartz microdebitage could be identified in natural sediments and dated using single‐grain optically stimulated luminescence, information would be gained about periods of engraving activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gypsum formation in non‐calcareous building sandstone: a case study of Scrabo sandstone
Authors: McKinley J. M. , Curran J. M. , Turkington A. V.
Published: September 2002

This paper addresses one central issue of building stone research: an origin for calcium in gypsum formation in non‐calcareous sandstones. A comparative study of Scrabo sandstone from outcrops and a 120‐year‐old building in central Belfast shows how weathering has significantly altered the mineralogy. Preliminary results suggest that the occurrence of gypsum throughout the stone blocks is related to chemical reactions between a pore‐filling mineral constituent, actinolite (Ca Mg amphibole), and sulphur oxides from urban pollution. These findings advocate an internal source of calcium for gypsum formation, and provide new evidence to explain the enhanced decay displayed in some Scrabo sandstone. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The nature of calcareous deposits along pan margins in eastern central Namibia
Authors: Mees Florias
Published: September 2002

In a region along the western margin of the Kalahari in eastern Namibia and western Botswana, many pan basins have mainly calcareous deposits along part of their margins. These are typically lined by low vertical scarps. In Namibia, these pans are mainly located in dry river beds. The petrographical study of these deposits demonstrates that they consist of lacustrine sediments that have to a varying extent been affected by early‐diagenetic processes and by the formation of late‐diagenetic features.

The original composition of the deposits ranges from highly calcareous sediments, typically with ostracod, diatom and charophyte remains, to entirely non‐calcareous diatomites. The deposits generally show an upward increase in total carbonate content, which is mainly a synsedimentary feature. The early‐diagenetic processes that affected the deposits include the formation of orthic siliceous nodules. At a later stage, secondary calcite enrichment occurred, leaving only the silica‐impregnated sections unaffected. This enrichment partly accounts for the upward increase in total carbonate content in some profiles and often resulted in the development of a highly calcareous surface horizon. Sepiolite and amorphous silica that are part of the groundmass of the deposits may also partly have formed at this stage. Late‐diagenetic features include various forms of secondary calcite and silica.

This study of pan basins in eastern central Namibia indicates that a lacustrine rather than purely pedogenic origin should also be considered for calcareous deposits that commonly occur along pan margins in other parts of southern Africa. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Privatization on Public Services: A Historical Evaluation Approach
Authors: Light Jennifer
Published: September 2002

Archival analyses reveal how privatization increases rather than decreases public spending.
Evaluating to Resolve Controversies
Authors: Light Richard
Published: September 2002

An underappreciated opportunity for evaluators is to develop compelling, defensible, empirical findings that challenge a common wisdom. Policymakers are often highly receptive to such new insights.
A short synthesis of the monoterpenes (−)‐6α‐hydroxy‐ carvotanacetone and (−)‐6β‐hydroxycarvotanacetone from (R)‐(−)‐carvone
Authors: dos Santos R. B. , Zanotto P. R. , Brocksom T. J. , Brocksom U.
Published: September 2002

6‐Hydroxycarvotanacetone[2‐methyl‐5‐(1‐methylethyl)‐6‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one] has been isolated in small amounts from the essential oil of Laggera alata (D. Don) Sch. Bip. ex Oliv., although its absolute stereostructure has not yet been unequivocally established. A short synthesis of two diastereomers of 6‐hydroxycarvotanacetone from (R)‐(−)‐carvone via regioselective epoxidation of its dienylsilyl ether is described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of genetically diverse stocks of Murraya koenigii from India
Authors: Raina V. K. , Lal R. K. , Tripathi Savita , Khan M. , Syamasundar K. V. , Srivastava S. K.
Published: September 2002

An Erratum for this article has been published in Flavour and Fragrance Journal 17(5) 2002, 404.

The essential oil composition of four genetically diverse stocks of Murraya koenigii leaves cultivated at the CIMAP Research Farm, Lucknow, were analysed by GC and GC–MS. The oil from the stock of the northern Indian plains, Lucknow, showed β‐pinene (70.0%), β‐caryophyllene (6.5%) and α‐pinene (5.4%) as the major constituents, while the oil from the stock of the lower Himalayan range, Pant Nagar, showed α‐pinene (65.7%), β‐pinene (13.4%) and β‐phellandrene (7.4%) as the major constituents. In contrast to the above, the oil from the stock of southern India, Kozhikode, showed β‐caryophyllene (53.9%), aromadendrene (10.7%) and α‐selinene (6.3%) as the major constituents. On the other hand, the oil from the stock of eastern India, Bhubaneshwar, showed β‐phellandrene (30.2%), β‐caryophyllene (24.2%), α‐pinene (15.0%), (E)‐β‐ocimene (5.0%) and aromadendrene (4.5%) as the major constituents. The GC–MS analysis of the stock oil samples from the northern Indian plains, lower Himalayan range, southern and eastern India resulted in the identification of 65, 56, 57 and 66, constituents, representing 99.2%, 98.8%, 87.4% and 98.2% of the oils, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salt effect on the quality and recovery of essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt)
Authors: Naqvi A. A. , Mandal S. , Chattopadhyay A. , Prasad A.
Published: September 2002

Four different salts, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate, were used as additives in the distillation of Java citronella to monitor the effect of salts on the quality and recovery of oil. Only calcium chloride was found to enhance the oil yield and the citronellal content with significant reduction in elemol content of the essential oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of Hymenocrater incanus Bunge, an Iranian endemic species
Authors: Mirza M. , Ahmadi L. , Tayebi M.
Published: September 2002

The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Hymenocrater incanus Bunge growing in Iran, isolated by hydrodistillation, was analysed by GC–MS. The oil was found to contain 35 components. The oil was rich in β‐caryophyllene (17.6%) and 1,8‐cineole (16.9%). The other major constituents were α‐pinene (9.2%), β‐pinene (7%), trans‐β‐ocimene (5.4%), germacrene‐D (4.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.9%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–fungitoxicity relationships of some volatile flavour constituents of the edible mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus florida
Authors: Nidiry Eugene Sebastian J.
Published: September 2002

The fungitoxicity of the diethyl ether extracts of two basidiomycete mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus florida, and 14 flavour constituents present in these mushrooms is being reported. Median effective molar concentrations (EC50) of the compounds for the mycelial growth inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on potato–dextrose–agar (PDA) medium were computed and compared. Among the constituents tested for fungitoxicity, 1‐octanol exhibited the highest activity. Structure–activity relationship studies of the constituents revealed that high hydrophobicity of the alkyl moiety, the presence of the primary alcoholic group and the absence of branching of the alkyl group are responsible for the high activity of 1‐octanol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The volatile constituents of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. sylvatica
Authors: Kitic Dusanka , Palic Radosav , Ristic Mihajlo , Sojanovic Gordana , Jovanovic Tatjana
Published: September 2002

The volatile constituents of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subs. sylvatica in the different development stages (pre‐blossom, full blossom and post‐blossom) have been analysed using GC and GC–MS. Thirty‐three constituents were identified. The most representative compound in all stages was cis‐piperitone oxide (66.6–74.6%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.