bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Derogatory terms in free indirect discourse
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora
Published: November 2021

Free indirect discourse (FID) is a style of reporting speech and thought that combines third-personal narration with direct, first-personal discourse. Expressive terms, such as “idiot” or “asshole”, are known to occur in FID. When so used, the pejorative content reflects the protagonist’s rather than the narrator’s point of view. This chapter broadens the discussion of derogatory terms in FID by investigating occurrences of slurring terms, such as the N-word. The two main approaches to FID, namely the two-context approach and the mixed-quotation approach, are discussed in light of these novel findings. The chapter shows that both are able to account for the data; however, the choice between them imposes constraints on the underlying theory of derogatory terms.
Austria
Authors: Jenny Marcelo , Müller Wolfgang C.
Published: November 2021

In the Austrian parliament a strict time regime keeps the length of debates at bay. While the government sets most of the agenda, opposition parties can get some proposals debated, and new instruments provide room for debate of topics independent of government legislation and reports. Debates are under tight party control with regard to the speakers’ nomination and the speakers sticking to the party line. Individual MPs do have electoral incentives to seek speaking assignments, but for most this results in low-level satisficing rather than maximizing speaking assignments. Party-size is a crucial factor determining the floor presence: MPs belonging to a small party have better chances to speak. Within parties, individual talent of MPs as speakers and their occupation of key party functions such as parliamentary party leader, or party spokesperson in a specific policy area are crucial for nominations.
Chile
Authors: Alemán Eduardo , Micozzi Juan Pablo , Sagarzazu Iñaki
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines speech participation in the Chilean Chamber of Deputies. It discusses the rules structuring speech participation, the impact of electoral incentives, and the country’s party system. The empirical analysis examines all speeches delivered on the floor of the Chamber of Deputies between 2006 and 2018. We find that being in the opposition increases the likelihood of delivering a speech and that legislators from more remote districts deliver more speeches than members whose districts are closer to the main metropolitan area of the country. Relevant differences between those on the right and those on the left are also present. There is no evidence—when looking at all speeches delivered without distinguishing between the type of speech or stage of the chamber’s session—that party leaders or committee chairs speak more often than other legislators or that men speak more often than women.
Denmark
Authors: Willumsen David M.
Published: November 2021

The Danish Parliament, the Folketing, is elected through a highly proportional electoral system, which places a substantial value on personal votes. Despite this, access to the floor is not controlled by the party leadership, but rather party spokespersons are privileged. The average size of parliamentary party groups is relatively small, which limits the need for hierarchy to coordinate and restricts the ability of party leaders to prevent some MPs from taking the floor. Analyzing speeches given from the start of the 2011–2015 parliamentary term to the end of March 2020, it is found that female MPs are consistently under-represented in terms of parliamentary speeches in the Danish Folketing, and MPs from smaller parliamentary party groups speak significantly more often. No significant effects on the number of words spoken are found. Despite the highly personalized electoral system, access to the floor is neither influenced by electoral vulnerability nor by electoral success.
Ecuador
Authors: Vidal Analía Gómez , Vera Sebastián Vallejo
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, we describe the institutional settings of legislative debates in the Ecuador Congress and evaluate the speechmaking patterns using original data from 1988 to 2018. We show that the main determinants of participation in debates in Ecuador are whether legislators hold positions of power within the legislature and whether the legislator is from the same party as the President of Congress. In addition, we highlight the significance of gender as a determinant for access to the floor and floor time. Specifically, we find that women speak less and for a shorter time than men. We also show that increasing descriptive participation of women in the legislature is not enough to increase participation on the floor and find that women in positions of power are able to eliminate the participation gap with men.
Greece
Authors: Kartalis Yanis , Lobo Marina Costa
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the politics of legislative debate in Greece. The Greek parliament, a relatively under-researched institution, is an interesting case in this volume’s context for at least two reasons. First, because of how the country’s institutional and party system intricacies do not allow for a straightforward classification along the Proksch and Slapin scheme, placing it somewhere between the two extremes. Second, because of the severe restructuring of the party system during the previous decade as a result of the Eurozone crisis and how it could have potentially strengthened the parliament. We make use of an original dataset on parliamentary speechmaking in the Greek parliament spanning twenty years of plenary debates to try to identify the determinants of floor access. Our analysis shows that women speak less than men. Cabinet members dominate the debate while we find some evidence that party leaders guard floor access and refrain from delegating speech time to backbenchers.
Italy
Authors: Giannetti Daniela , Pedrazzani Andrea
Published: November 2021

This essay examines speechmaking activity in the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 1996 to 2018. Such a period covers almost entirely the phase called the “Second Republic” following a radical change in the electoral rules and the party system that Italy experienced in the early 1990s. Our analysis of the determinants of speechmaking activity shows that the small percentage of MPs holding leading positions within and for their party in the legislative and executive arena (e.g., committee chairs, parliamentary party groups’ leaders, ministers) do speak more in parliament. Our results largely confirm the hypothesis that, in systems where party government is predominant, floor access is strictly controlled by political parties. This hypothesis receives further support from the analysis carried out in the section of this chapter examining the impact of different electoral incentives on speechmaking activity.
Switzerland
Authors: Frech Elena , Goet Niels , Hug Simon
Published: November 2021

What determines the speechmaking behavior of legislators in the lower house (Nationalrat) and the upper house (Ständerat) of the Swiss federal parliament? In this chapter, we employ newly collected data on debates, covering the 46th–50th legislative periods (1999–2019), to investigate the determinants of participation in debates, and the verbosity of members’ speeches. The Swiss electoral system creates incentives for personal vote seeking in both chambers, but the institutional settings are markedly different in the lower and upper house. The smaller upper house has relatively free debates, while debates in the Nationalrat are tightly regulated. We find that faction leaders are more likely to participate in the lower house. At the same time, committee chairpersonship and seniority are the most important predictors of speechmaking behavior, increasing both the participation and verbosity of speeches. Gender, in turn, fails to play a role in speeches once we consider the effect of other covariates.
From the cloud to the ground: converting satellite data into conservation decisions
Authors: Pintea Lilian
Published: November 2021

An estimated 65% of the world’s land and more than 80% of Earth’s biodiversity are under indigenous or local community customary ownership, care, and use. Recent developments in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), mobile, and cloud computing provide the opportunity to systematically and cost-effectively monitor land-cover and land-use changes and threats at multiple scales. It is now possible, via satellite observations, to obtain a synoptic view of ecosystems at spatial and temporal resolutions that are more detailed, locally relevant, and consistent from village to global scales. However, to make geospatial data and technologies work for conservation, we still need to understand how data turn into actionable information and conservation decisions. This chapter uses Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation as a framework to discuss insights from 18 years of using geospatial technologies with the local communities, village and district governments, and other partners to monitor chimpanzee habitats and threats and inform chimpanzee conservation strategies and actions in Tanzania. It focuses on how Earth Observation data and associated technologies enabled and benefitted from the creation of research-implementation spaces in which stakeholders were able to collaborate and interact with geospatial data and results in a diversity of ways. This enabled development of geospatial applications and solutions ‘with’ and not ‘for’ local stakeholders, resulting in expansion of new protected areas managed by village and districts governments and restoration of habitats in some degraded village forest reserves.
Application of SMART software for conservation area management
Authors: Cronin Drew T. , Dancer Anthony , Long Barney , Lynam Antony J. , Muntifering Jeff , Palmer Jonathan , Bergl Richard A.
Published: November 2021

Wildlife species worldwide are under threat from a range of anthropogenic threats, with declines primarily caused by overexploitation and habitat loss associated with an increasing human population and per capita resource use. Exploitation is driven by numerous factors, but is often the result of illegal activities, such as hunting, logging, and wildlife trade. Protected areas, designed to safeguard threatened species and their habitats, are the foundation of biodiversity conservation, and several analyses have demonstrated that effective protected areas are critical to the maintenance of biodiversity. However, other analyses show that most protected areas suffer from a lack of resources and poor management. Numerous technologies have been developed to address these challenges by facilitating adaptive management via ranger-based data collection, data analysis and visualization, and strategic planning. This chapter reviews the Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) platform, with a particular emphasis on conservation law enforcement monitoring, and demonstrates both how SMART has been used to improve management of conservation areas, and how complementary systems and emerging technologies can be integrated into a single unified platform for conservation area management. In a relatively short period of time, SMART has grown to become the global standard for conservation area management. More than 800 national parks and other conservation areas are currently using SMART in more than 65 countries worldwide. SMART sites have seen improvements in patrol effectiveness, increases in populations of critically endangered species like tigers, and reductions in threats from poaching and habitat loss.
Me, Myself, and iPhone
Authors: Badger Adam
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores methodological approaches to the study of gig economy work through the deployment of the researcher’s smartphone. Set within the context of a covert ethnography of a delivery platform in London, the phone became a site to both experience work and record empirical findings in the workplace. Specifically, this chapter considers the sociomaterial construction and performance of the smartphone at work to highlight how its capacities and affordances shaped the empirical output. Critical reflections on the limits of the smartphone work alongside reflexive considerations of the researching self to position the researcher and phone as active agents in the research process; in which methodological decisions bear impacts on the nature of the empirical material produced. Of particular significance is the deployment of various apps, tailored to the needs of the field site and research to create diverse, multi-modal datasets, in addition to their synthesis into a coherent and curated ethnographic field diary for subsequent analysis.
Using Netnography to Investigate Travel Blogging as Digital Work
Authors: Willment Nina
Published: November 2021

This chapter describes the method of netnography and illustrates the application of this online method to investigating the distributed, multi-modal, and mobile work of travel bloggers. It opens with a discussion of the emergence of travel blogging as a form of digital work which possesses nomadic qualities before moving on to a short discussion of the emergence of the method of netnography and its current developments. Following this, the author’s own use of the netnography method to investigate travel blogging is outlined with critical reflection on the advantages and challenges of the netnography method, both more widely and in relation to this research project in particular. The netnography method is critically appraised alongside a discussion of the ethical issues which must be taken into consideration when using the method. The conclusion outlines possible directions for the method’s future use.
Autoethnography and the Digital Volunteer
Authors: Hine Christine
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the contribution that autoethnography can make to the understanding of digital work. The example used is a digital volunteering role involving moderating a locally based online group that supports members to give away their unwanted items. An autoethnographic approach can: focus in detail on the experiences of ambiguity and uncertainty that lie at the heart of the work of moderating the group; examine the socially embedded and materially contingent qualities of the work; and take a longitudinal view on the development of digital work over time. The autoethnographic approach is inherently limited in its focus on a singular, subjective set of experiences, but acts an indicator of some otherwise undocumented aspects of the work of a digital volunteer. Autoethnography can be combined with other approaches: here interviews were used to explore a more diverse array of digital volunteering contexts, with the interview guide designed to explore some of the concerns that the autoethnography had brought to light.
Research Methods to Study and Empower Crowd Workers
Authors: Savage Saiph , Toxtli Carlos , Betanzos-Torres Eber
Published: November 2021

The artificial intelligence (AI) industry has created new jobs that are essential to the real world deployment of intelligent systems. Part of the job focuses on labelling data for machine learning models or having workers complete tasks that AI alone cannot do. These workers are usually known as ‘crowd workers’—they are part of a large distributed crowd that is jointly (but separately) working on the tasks although they are often invisible to end-users, leading to workers often being paid below minimum wage and having limited career growth. In this chapter, we draw upon the field of human–computer interaction to provide research methods for studying and empowering crowd workers. We present our Computational Worker Leagues which enable workers to work towards their desired professional goals and also supply quantitative information about crowdsourcing markets. This chapter demonstrates the benefits of this approach and highlights important factors to consider when researching the experiences of crowd workers.
Investigating Online Unmanaged Organization
Authors: Wilner Adriana , Christopoulos Tania Pereira , Alves Mario Aquino
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate how to collect and analyse narratives about organizations provided by employees on the internet. Blogs, social media, and employee review platforms give a rich dataset for investigating how employees make sense of different aspects of organizational culture, work, and human resource politics and practices. We present challenges and paths to do this kind of research using antenarrative analysis (Boje, 2001)—a proper qualitative methodology to deal with fragmented narratives that are typical on the internet. We studied narratives from employees about non-hierarchical organizations archived on Glassdooor, the main global employee review platform.
Organizational Culture in Tracked Changes
Authors: Whelan Andrew
Published: November 2021

Tracked changes, usually thought of as preliminaries to the work documents do in organizations, are themselves an important digital residue of work, a site at which workplace culture and politics can be articulated and identified. In this chapter, I address tracked marginalia on a consequential workplace document, a draft academic workload model, as naturally occurring qualitative data. Institutional ethnography and ethnomethodology are brought to bear, respectively: to conceptualize and describe the workplace and the central role documents play in its administration; and to build up a close analysis of the strategies and positions taken by collaborators on the document, as evidenced in tracked comments. I argue that combining these analytical perspectives permits critical insights, into the local organization of work through documents and documentary processes, and the affordances of tracked changes as a communicative backchannel.
The ministry of sound
Authors: King Kathryn
Published: November 2021

Every week, more than a million people attend a religious service in one of England’s 16,000 Anglican parish churches. In doing so, almost all will participate in communal singing as a member of the dynamic ensemble that is a parish church congregation. What are the functions of these ensembles? What are their social dynamics? How do their members regard them? And how do these ensembles mediate, become mediated by, and manifest in the music itself? Building on the growing body of Christian congregational music literature, this chapter discusses the findings of an empirical study of one church, and explores how music-making can impact on the individuals and ensembles who participate in it, and on the music they, collectively, produce.
Playful production
Authors: Haddon Elizabeth , Laws Catherine
Published: November 2021

This case study of The Assembled, an ensemble based at the University of York, UK, explores the approach, rationale, and processes used to develop performances operating at the intersection of experimental music and devised theatre practices. Detailing the rationale for the formation of the ensemble and the relationship to its institutional educational context, the chapter also discusses the historical background to the work of experimental music ensembles and illuminates the working practices of the group, examining components of collaborative facilitation emerging from participant interviews. These relate to the ethos of the group, methods of operation, considerations of space and audience, and verbal interaction.
Come together
Authors: Moy Wendy K.
Published: November 2021

This ethnography of the Seattle Men’s Chorus (SMC) examined the culture of a highly successful chorus with particular attention to the members’ musical and social interactions in both rehearsals and gatherings outside of rehearsals. The shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices of the SMC, the largest community chorus in North America and the largest gay men’s chorus in the world, were explored. Overarching themes that emerged were the chorus as a “chosen family” and the artistic director as a servant leader who takes care of his “family.” More importantly, the presence of all three types of social capital (bonding, linking, and bridging) in the SMC is the crux of this study’s examination into why it is so successful. The SMC’s indicators of social capital are discussed, as well as how they manifest in relationships among the chorus members, artistic director, and the community, which has implications for community ensemble practices at large.
Working practices of professional piano accompanists outlined through a conceptual framework
Authors: Roussou Evgenia
Published: November 2021

Working practices of professional accompanists in the solo–accompaniment medium were analyzed as reported by professional musicians, both piano accompanist practitioners and instrumental and vocal soloists. The data collected from two empirical studies, in conjunction with material drawn from pre-existing literature, resulted in the formulation of a conceptual framework of professional piano accompaniment practice. The framework provides a foundation for understanding the working practices of professional accompanists, in terms of the specific and general skills exemplified in their practice. The working practices outlined in this chapter are concerned with four themes central to the framework: interaction, communication, support, and expectations and assumptions. Each theme is illustrated using sample scenarios, providing scope for understanding their application by accompanists, in practice.
Developing familiarity
Authors: Ginsborg Jane , Bennett Dawn
Published: November 2021

How does a newly formed duo of expert musicians negotiate a shared understanding of an unfamiliar work? Two musicians learned two songs over the course of seven days, each musician memorizing one of the songs. A multistrategy approach was used to analyze and triangulate data from their individual practice sessions and joint rehearsals. In this case study, the musicians’ rehearsal talk was analyzed to examine the nature of their socio-emotional interactions, preferred rehearsal strategies, and the features of the music to which they referred. Their interactions were positive: they made suggestions and agreed with each other, provided orientation, relieved tension with humor, and demonstrated solidarity. They tended to repeat short sections, referring most often to tempo, and then ensemble, entries, and dynamics. The study highlights the value of taking an observational approach to the study of collaborative rehearsal and performance, not least for the musicians themselves.
Gestures in ensemble performance
Authors: Jensenius Alexander Refsum , Erdem Çağrı
Published: November 2021

Gestures, defined as meaning-bearing bodily actions, play important and varied roles in ensemble performance. This chapter discusses how the term “gesture” differs from physical “motion” and perceived “action.” The functional differences between sound-producing, sound-facilitating, sound-accompanying, and communicative actions are presented, alongside how these can be performed and/or perceived as meaning-bearing gestures. The role of gestures in ensemble performance is examined from four perspectives: (1) ensemble size and setup; (2) the musical degrees of freedom of the ensemble; (3) the musical leadership; and (4) the role of machines in the musicianship. It is argued that the use of gestures varies between different types of ensembles and musical genres. The common denominator is the need for meaning-bearing bodily communication between performers, with such gestures also playing an important part in the musical communication with the audience.
Technologies for investigating large ensemble performance
Authors: Ponchione-Bailey Cayenna , Clarke Eric F.
Published: November 2021

Empirical research into large ensemble performance has crossed many disciplinary boundaries from music education to management studies, and has included the investigation of musicians’ interpersonal coordination and communication, group creativity and decision-making, conductors’ gestures, group musical expression, the social organization of large groups and their leadership, audience perceptions of performances, the individual and social benefits of participation, and rehearsal practices. However, there are still relatively few empirical studies of large ensemble performance, due to the social and practical factors that make it challenging to collect research data from large numbers of people engaged in a complex musical activity. Technological developments have increasingly expanded the research methods available to include sophisticated audio capture and analysis, web-based video-stimulated recall, and motion capture. This chapter discusses the challenges faced by researchers investigating large ensembles and describes some of the technological solutions that are opening up new avenues for data collection and analysis.
Ensemble timing and synchronization
Authors: D’Amario Sara , Bailes Freya
Published: November 2021

Timing and synchronization represent fundamental elements of ensemble playing. Empirical research has demonstrated remarkably tight synchronization in ensembles, including instrumental and classical singing formations. Nevertheless, asynchronies between co-performers during ensemble playing are inevitable and, to some extent, desirable: musicians deliberately co-vary their timing and synchronization to attain mastery in expressive ensemble performance. By reviewing published studies on ensemble synchrony, the contextual factors that may impact synchronization are presented. Considerations of ensemble timing are then broadened to better recognize variations by musical tradition. Ultimately, the chapter reflects on the relationships between intrapersonal and interpersonal synchrony in ensemble, from the lowest levels of the temporal hierarchy, including neural activity, to the higher levels comprising breathing and cardiac activities, and musicians’ body gestures. This overview provides a conceptual framework to explore aspects of context as well as the physiology and the psychology of collective music-making, suggesting a fruitful avenue for further investigations.
Using performance sociograms to investigate inter-performer relationships in music ensembles
Authors: Seibert Christoph
Published: November 2021

Performance sociograms provide a means with which to visualize and investigate relationships between musicians during ensemble performance as they are subjectively experienced. This chapter presents a case study with a contemporary music ensemble, exemplifying a methodological approach that provides insights on a phenomenological level by minimally affecting the performance itself. Relationships between co-performers as experienced by individuals in three performances were assessed via questionnaires, interviews, and self-created sociograms. Performance sociograms were also generated based on a qualitative content analysis of these data. Each performance sociogram provides a view on the respective performance situation from an individual musician’s perspective. Comparing sociograms reveals insights into individual differences and developments from concert to concert. Enabling integration of qualitative and quantitative data, which can be combined with a variety of approaches from ethnography to computational approaches, sociograms are a promising tool for future research into understanding relationships between players in music ensembles.
Empowering ensembles
Authors: English Helen J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores how membership of a music ensemble can empower participants across a range of dimensions: purpose, connections, achievement, and identity formation. In a Western context, empowerment is often linked to agency, purpose, and self-esteem. Agency and purpose are raised through the goals and educational aspects of music ensembles. Self-esteem is linked to achievement, frequently flowing during music ensemble experiences. Connection, another key aspect of empowerment, includes connections to others, the past, and lost selves. For migrants and refugees, the connection is often to a past self and a relinquished land and culture. The research studies reviewed in this chapter encompass the homeless, prisoners, migrants, refugees, and older adults. Expanding from the reviewed work, the chapter looks at historical examples to discuss how music ensembles helped Australian settler communities create their worlds and shows how findings from these historical music ensembles can inform research into music communities today.
Enhanced learning through joint instrumental education
Authors: Schiavio Andrea
Published: November 2021

The perspectives of music teachers and students on the main benefits of collaborative musical learning are explored in this chapter. Qualitative data from two recently conducted studies are discussed through the main conceptual resources of the “embodied approach” to mind. In these studies, an open-ended questionnaire was administered to expert music teachers and students from the European Union and North America who took part in individual and collective instrumental music classes. The overall results indicate that the joint element of the tuition allowed students to become more responsible for their own learning, helping teachers foster more inclusive settings where interactions among peers are prioritized. Having considered the relevance of the results in light of classic views on peer-learning by Piaget and Vygotsky, it is argued that an embodied approach can help researchers and educators better capture the relational dynamics of collective pedagogies.
Collaborative composition and performance in arts and health workshops
Authors: Williams James
Published: November 2021

The “Collective Music-Making as Social Interaction” (CMSI) study was conducted at Vic University, Catalonia. The project was a music-based arts and health workshop, featuring as part of the University’s Art as a Tool for Social Transformation program, aimed to explore how music and the design of bespoke notation can be used in groups to support social interaction among participants. Findings identified within the experiences of participants included discovery, expression, perception, recognition, imagination, communication, cohesiveness, confidence, and self-esteem. The project reveals how a creative, collaborative process can demonstrate a group’s capacity to learn new ways of socially interacting and communicating. The study also shows how the collective product (both composition and ensemble performance) is representative of such social interaction. It is suggested that designing musical notation in collective workshops can facilitate healthy engagement between individuals, proposing extensions of the model for use with arts on prescription and social prescribing service users.
Ensemble singing for wellbeing and social inclusion of street children
Authors: Manrique Juliana Moonette , Gutiérrez Angelina
Published: November 2021

With international agencies tapping music as a channel to address the social needs of marginalized populations, this study explored the outcomes of ensemble singing on the health and social integration of street children in the Philippines. Using mixed methods, perceived effects of ensemble singing on the wellbeing and social inclusion of street children were investigated, as well as the challenges of ensemble singing as a type of intervention for the health and social integration of marginalized groups and the implications of such music-based social action research for ensemble performance studies. Although challenges to ensemble singing were revealed by the children, both choristers and facilitators perceived a range of social, physical, psychological, and spiritual benefits. Facilitators reflected on the transformative potential of ensemble singing for the wellbeing of marginalized populations. This investigation anticipates further exploration on the transnational spectrum of ensemble music in relation to health, social inclusion, and music-based social action research.
How to read this book
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

Digital healthcare is much riskier than we think, but it can be made far more effective and much safer. This book splits up the action into stories of problems, the solutions, and then the better future we can reach.
Cars are safer
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

The car industry has made cars much safer since the 1960s. What can we learn from car safety and from why car safety improved to help improve the safety of digital healthcare?
Who profits?
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

Who is profiting from our data? Is Artificial Intelligence (AI) the solution to better healthcare?
Computer Factors
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

Understanding how computers can avoid bugs and mistakes is the first step towards programming safer and more dependable systems. This chapter introduces some important modern software engineering ideas that help make safer digital systems.
Iterative Design
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

User Centred Design means finding out how systems are used with their real users doing real tasks. The insights from working with users leads to design insights and ways to improve the systems.
Wedge Thinking
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

Developers and programmers need no qualifications to develop digital healthcare systems. We need to develop a qualification structure for digital healthcare, and do much more research on digital safety. Both will have a huge impact on frontline safety.
Attention to detail
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

Why is poor quality software so widespread? Simple bugs might seem trivial, but they are very common and don’t help patient safety — they make everyone inefficient and error-prone if nothing else. Health would improve if we paid attention to digital details.
Choose safety
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

Let’s have a reliable way of seeing how good systems are, so that we can make choices based on evidence and improve safety.
Commencement of Proceedings
Authors: Law European
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on the provisions on commencement of proceedings under the European Rules of Civil Procedure. The first section of this part of the Rules concerns the pre-commencement procedural duties. Rule 51 provides that ‘before proceedings are issued, parties shall co-operate with each other in order to avoid unnecessary disputes and costs, to facilitate the early consensual resolution of their dispute and, where such a resolution is not possible, the proportionate management of future proceedings according to Rules 2–11 and 47–50’. The second section concerns the commencement and pleadings. To commence proceedings, the claimant must submit a statement of claim to the court, as provided in Rule 53. Rule 52 sentence 1 implements the principle of party disposition from the outset of proceedings. A claimant may exercise their right of disposition at the earliest stage of proceedings by withdrawal of the claim, while a defendant may do so by admission of the claim upon notice being given. The chapter then looks at the requirements for the statement of defence and counterclaims, as well as the contents of the joint application and the termination of party-agreed-proceedings.
Bracelets and Torcs
Authors: Swift Ellen , Stoner Jo , Pudsey April
Published: November 2021

The chapter illuminates how bracelets and torcs were used to construct social identities, and their importance as protective artefacts, using new evidence, particularly relating to diameter sizes, to question some previous interpretations of these artefacts. It starts with a preliminary discussion regarding identification and how these objects were worn. The data set of bracelets is then presented and evidence for dating of particular bracelet types is considered. Evidence for the use and social function of bracelets is then set out, particularly diameter sizes, which are shown to be important in identifying use by people at particular life course stages, for instance infants and children. Bracelets are shown to be especially common as a children’s item in Egypt, in contrast to other provinces. One particular type of bracelet, the amuletic disc bracelet, is shown to be associated with protection during pregnancy. The chapter then examines torcs, and following a literature review and discussion of dating evidence for particular types, it is established that most are of sixth- to seventh-century CE date. It is also shown that, contrary to established opinion, torcs do not have military associations in the late antique period, at least in Egypt. The diameter sizes of types of non-openable torcs instead show a strong bias to wear by infants and young children. The social functions of torcs are then discussed, which could include protection, status assertion, and signifier of dedication to a particular role. Other topics discussed include inheritance of these objects within families.
Production and Experience
Authors: Swift Ellen , Stoner Jo , Pudsey April
Published: November 2021

The chapter assesses the tools used for spinning fibre that survive in the Petrie Museum collection and how these artefacts shaped the daily experiences of their users. It first discusses spinning whorls, with data on the materials, diameters, and weights of these artefacts. The chapter identifies a correlation between different decorative designs and different weights, which would have helped spinners to select the most appropriate tool. There is also discussion of the apotropaic functions of whorl decoration. The chapter goes on to discuss pendants in the shape of weaving combs, which appear to be a distinct artefact type from Roman and late antique Egypt. This leads onto discussion of the cultural and religious function of spinning, through its association with the Virgin Mary and her cult in Egypt. A newly identified finger distaff in the Petrie Museum is presented in terms of its social and functional value, with reference to examples found elsewhere in the empire. Analysis of wear on the object suggests that it was a functional tool, rather than symbolic possession. The chapter also assesses the daily reality of spinning compared to that represented by cultural traditions, the role of women in spinning, and the complicated relationship between professional and domestic labour.
Chemical Bonding 1: Basic Concepts
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O.
Published: November 2021

Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts examines general ideas of chemical bonding between atoms and ions and how this bonding affects the chemical properties of the elements. An overview of Lewis symbols, Lewis structures and the octet rule is presented including the role of valence electrons in ionic and covalent bonding. The energy changes that accompany ionic bond formation are also discussed with emphasis on lattice energy. The chapter covers guidelines and general procedures for writing Lewis structures or electron dot formulas for molecular compounds and polyatomic ions. The concepts and applications of resonance, formal charge and exceptions to the octet rules are presented, along with coverage of the relationship between bond polarity and electronegativity.
Solution Chemistry
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O.
Published: November 2021

Solution Chemistry discusses the solution process, properties of solutions, saturated solutions and solubility, and factors affecting the solubility of solutes. Several quantitative measures of concentration are explained: percent by mass, parts per million, molarity, molality, normality and mole fraction. A systematic method of solving solubility problems is reviewed and several illustrative examples provided. Solubility is described as an equilibrium process with emphasis on the effect of temperature and pressure on the solubility of solute. The relationship between solubility and temperature for ionic compounds is illustrated by solubility curves. Henry’s law, which expresses the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its solubility, is discussed.
Ideal Solutions and Colligative Properties
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O.
Published: November 2021

Ideal Solutions and Colligative Properties deals with the properties of solutions that depend on the concentration, but not the identity, of solute particles. The discussion examines the solution properties of vapour pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and osmotic pressure for an ideal solution, and how they differ from the properties of the pure solvent. Raoult’s law is used to quantify the magnitude of vapour pressure lowering. This is followed by illustrations of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression as well as the determination of boiling and freezing points of a solution. Calculation of osmotic pressure and its use to determine the molar mass of a solute is discussed.
Chemical Thermodynamics
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O.
Published: November 2021

Chemical Thermodynamics discusses the fundamental laws of thermodynamics along with their relationships to heat, work, enthalpy, entropy, and temperature. Predicting the direction of a spontaneous change and calculating the change in entropy of a reaction are core concepts. The relationship between entropy, free energy and work is covered. The Gibbs free energy is used quantitatively to predict if reactions or processes are going to be exothermic and spontaneous or endothermic under the stated conditions. Also explored are the enthalpy and entropy changes during a phase change. Finally the Gibbs free energy of a chemical reaction is related to its equilibrium constant and the temperature.
Introduction
Authors: Cartwright Kent
Published: November 2021

The Introduction claims the centrality of comedy as a Renaissance genre. It outlines the study’s thesis, that Shakespearean comedy contains an aura of enchantment that plays against its rationalist dimension and that enchantment effects can provoke thought, communalism, and ethical awareness. The Introduction locates the argument in various contexts: that of recent theories of comedy, including those emphasizing rationalism; that of modern disenchantment and countervailing defenses of wonder and enchantment; that of ideas of the comic surplus as demarcating a mysterious, even Utopian, aspect of comedy; that of recent critical interest in magic and medievalism; and, finally, that of present-day criticism of Shakespearean comedy. Studies of Shakespeare’s comedy sometimes avoid confronting its fantasy dimension, which can use experiences of enchantment to put the dominant narrative (along with its own claims) in doubt. In the comedies, enchantment can be revelatory—while remaining a little ridiculous and demanding continued thought.
Word-hoard
Authors: Mugglestone Lynda
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses Clark’s ‘Words in War-Time’ as a distinctive project in its own right. Beginning in 1914, it has an intellectual hinterland that reaches into Victorian Oxford, the philological revolution, and the making of the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED1). Other models of historiography were, however, important, too. The chapter also explores the inspiration Clark drew from his own earlier work on the English Civil War writer Anthony Wood’s Life and Times and John Aubrey’s contemporaneous Brief Lives –especially in relation to their emphasis on the need to register living history with ‘minuteness’ in a process that directs particular attention to its incidental details. Clark’s work on language in World War One proves, in this light, intriguingly experimental, presenting both emulation and resistance in relation to earlier works on language and the narratives of time and change that might be made.
Memories and Uses of the Past
Authors: Cassis Youssef , Schenk Catherine R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter establishes the conceptual frameworks for assessing memories of financial crises and the ways that the past is used in periods of financial crisis. We use this framework to address three fundamental questions: first, are financial crises remembered, and if so how? Second, have lessons been drawn from past financial crises? And third, have past experiences been used in order to make practical decisions when confronted with a new crisis? These questions are of course related, yet they have been approached from different historical perspectives, using methodologies borrowed from different academic disciplines. One of the objectives of this book is to explore how these approaches can complement each other in order to better understand the relationships between remembering and learning from financial crises and how the past is used by financial institutions. It thus recognizes financial crisis as a recurring phenomenon and addresses the impact that this has in a range of public and policy contexts.
Making Capitalism Respectable
Authors: Fear Jeffrey , Kobrak Christopher
Published: November 2021

While the effect of financial crises on forming financial policy is well studied, less attention has been paid to how they produce ‘game changing’ turns that reinvent the context for regulatory reform, institutional design, and legitimate future conduct. The aftermath of crisis becomes an exercise in damage-limitation, but based on interpretation, debate, and narrative-building that creates a lasting memory of the crisis. We examine the contemporary perception and memory of the ‘Panic’ or ‘Founders Crisis’ of 1873 in the US and Germany, which had many common transatlantic origins. Yet the solutions could not have been more different because contemporaries created different narratives about this crisis. We highlight how the different language of legitimacy following the 1873 crisis reshaped long-term regulatory norms that discredited insiders in the US, yet encouraged committed, responsible insiders in Germany.
Party organizational resources
Authors: Webb Paul , Bale Tim
Published: November 2021

What kinds of resources do parties have at their disposal? How are these resources distributed across the organization, and how are they deployed? Are modern British parties better or less well resourced than they used to be? This chapter attempts to answer these questions by focusing, in turn, on the three main resource assets that British parties have at their disposal: members, money, and staff. Those who argue that parties are generally in decline are inclined to suggest that this is demonstrated by, among other things, the weakening of party organizations. The evidence of this chapter, however, does not support their contention. Rather, it shows that, though frequently under pressure, parties are able to adapt to changing circumstances and exploit both the old and new resources available to them.
The Evolution of Geopolitics and Imperialism in Interpolity Systems
Authors: Chase-Dunn Christopher , Khutkyy Dmytro
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the sociocultural evolution of relations among human polities, especially focusing on warfare and imperialism, but also taking account of the emergence of cultural agreements and institutions that facilitate intergroup cooperation. The comparative evolutionary world-systems perspective analyzes the spatial bounding of whole human interaction networks. The comparative and evolutionary world-systems perspective applies an anthropological framework of comparison for studying world-systems, including those of hunter-gatherers. The evolution of geopolitics is due to changes in the character of the interacting polities as well as changes in the nature of their interaction. World history and global history are the most important evidential bases, along with prehistoric archaeology, for the comparative study of world-systems. All world-systems, small and large, exhibit some similar patterns of interaction regarding conflict and cooperation among autonomous polities. But there have also been qualitative transformations as these networks, and the polities within them, grew more complex and larger.