bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF AN INJECTABLE SOLUTION AS A DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Thomas Sneha , Mahendran S , Selvakumar R
Published: September 2018

The present study will outline formulation and the evaluation methods of injectable dosage form. The various initial formulations of the developed and those are examined for drug release profile, bioavailability, and clinical effectiveness and for the pilot plant studies and production scale-up. The drug that we need should be most convenient and in proper form then only it reaches to the desired site of action. This is greatly influenced by which the type of dosage form of the drug. Since, injections include much variety of therapeutic agents. Injections are sterile, pyrogen limited, that is, bacterial endotoxin units limit, preparations intended to be administered parenterally. It is well recognized that the advantages of parenteral injections are immediate systemic drug availability and rapid onset of action.

Keywords: Injectable, Parenteral, Sterilization, Tonicity
SYNTHESIS OF COUMARIN HETEROCYCLIC DERIVATIVES WITH IN-VITRO ANTITUBERCULER ACTIVITY
Authors: Godge Rahul , Kunkulol Rahul
Published: September 2018

In last few decades, though significant progress has been made in the treatment and control strategies of tubercular infections by introducing new diagnostic and monitoring tools and combination therapy, it still continues to be severe problem. The need of study was only because of there are many drugs in market to treat infection but most of the drugs are showing resistance because of the same it is difficult to treat the infection. In this study we chosen coumarin nucleus for study. Thus with the aim of developing novel molecule with improved potency for treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain infections and with decreased probability of developing drug resistance. The synthesis of coumarin derivatives, starting from salicyaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate, by conventional organic reaction and results of investigations of their anti-mycobacterial activity. MICs of the synthesized compounds are compared with existing drugs Cytotoxicity. Many compounds have shown promising activity while some were inactive. It was found that Compound A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2 have shown promising antitubercular activity against std. Streptomycin

 Keywords: Coumarin derivative, well diffusion method, antitubercular activity.
Therapeutic Evaluation of Navan Nasya in Ardit W.S.R. to Facial Paralysis
Authors: Kanungo Neeraj , Kanungo Vijayata
Published: September 2018

Ayurveda is sciences of medicine and health practicing anciently and it possessing effective methods for the treatment of various diseases. Ayurveda not only offer approaches for the management of curable diseases but also encompasses knowledge of incurable diseases. Panchakarma is one of the therapies of ayurveda which purify body and cleans all shrotas even at cellular level. Panchakarma therapy involves many sub therapies such as; Navannasya which is very useful in the management of various diseases such as; facial paralysis which involves weakness of facial muscles resulting from temporary or permanent loss of facial nerve. The study was planned to measure efficacy of navannasya in the treatment of Arditroga and it was found that navannasya gives good results in Ardit or facial paralysis. Some patient of cured effectively after the treatment with Navannasya.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Ardit, Facial Palsy, Panchakarma, Navannasya.
Efficacy of Hijamah Bila Shart (Dry Cupping) in Primary Dysmenorrhea
Authors: Iqbal Arsheed , Jan Afroza , Sheeraz Md. , Quraishi Haider Ali , Shah Arjumand , Huma Huma , Raheem A
Published: September 2018

Usre Tams (Dysmenorrhea) is the most common of gynecologic complaints. It affects half of all female adolescents today and represents the leading cause of periodic college/school absenteeism among that population.  Since ancient times, Hijamah bila Shart (Dry cupping) is a method of treatment for this disease. Therefore, objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the efficacy of Hijamah bila Shart on intensity of pain in Usre Tams by using verbal multi-dimensional scoring system. It was conducted on 40 patients. Patients suffering from primary dysmenorrhoea with regular cycles, age group 15-40years were selected. For dry cupping, two glass cup of medium size were applied below the umbilicus for 20 minutes on day land/or day 2 of the menstrual phase for one cycle and pain intensity was assessed by verbal multi-dimensional scoring system for pain before and after the treatment.

Keywords: Dysmenorrhoea, Hijamah bila Shart, Dry cupping, Usre Tams
INNOVATIVE AND NOVEL STRATEGY: MICROSPONGES FOR TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: Jyoti Jyoti , Kumar Sandeep
Published: September 2018

Microsponge type of drug delivery is the latest technology which has been introduced in topical skin care, drug products to facilitate the controlled release of the active medicament into the skin in order to reduce systemic exposure and control local cutaneous reactions to active drugs. Microsponge can be loaded into a topical route of drug delivery system for the residue of dosage form of skin and thus controlled release drug delivery system is achieved and in return improving the patient compliance by providing target drug delivery system and prolonging dosage intervals. Microsponge is polymeric delivery systems composed of porous microspheres. They are tiny sponge-like spherical particles and posses large porous surface area. Furthermore, they may enhance stability, reduce side effects, improve patient compliance and modify drug release. Microsponges are the polymer-based microspheres system that has the capacity to entrap a wide variety of substances, and can then be incorporated into a different formulation.

Keywords: Microsponge Delivery System, Quasi- emulsion solvent diffusion.
NIOSOMES: PRESENT SCENARIO AND FUTURE ASPECTS
Authors: Kaur Dhanvir , Kumar Sandeep
Published: September 2018

Drug targeting is a kind of phenomenon in which drug gets distributed in the body in such a manner that the drug interacts with the target tissue at a cellular or subcellular level to achieve a desired therapeutic response at a desire site without undesirable interactions at other sites. This can be achieved by modern methods of targeting the drug delivery system such as niosomes. Niosomes are the type of non-ionic surfactant vesicles, which are biodegradable, non-toxic, more stable and inexpensive, a new approach to liposomes. Their structure similar to liposome and hence they can represent alternative vesicular systems with respect to liposomes. The niosomes have the tendency to load different type of drugs. This review article represents the structure of niosome, advantages, disadvantages, the methods for  niosome preparation and characterization of pharmaceutical NSVs.

Keywords:  Niosome, Cholesterol, Hydrophilic and Lipophilic drugs, Surfactant, Targeted delivery Bioavailability Improvement, Factors, Applications.
SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF POOR WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS BY SOLID DISPERSION: A REVIEW
Authors: Mankar SD , Rach Punit  R.
Published: September 2018

The solubility behavior of drugs remains one of the most exigent aspects in formulation development. With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, the number of poorly water soluble compounds has dramatically increased.  Among all the newly discovered chemical entities, about 40-45% drugs fail to reach market due to their poor water solubility. Because of solubility problem, bioavailability of drugs gets affected and hence solubility enhancement becomes necessary. Solid dispersions have attracted considerable interest as an efficient means of improving the dissolution rate and hence the bioavailability of drugs. Therefore, the application of this technique proves to be an important stratagem for pharmaceutical companies. However, the in - depth knowledge of the solid dispersion is desired for the scale up of formulation, from laboratory scale to industrial scale. There are various methods available to improve the solubility of the new drug in which solid dispersion emerged promising. A Solid dispersion generally composed of two components- the drug and the polymer matrix. Hence, this approach is expected to form a basis for the commercialization of many poorly water-soluble and water-insoluble drugs in their solid-dispersion formulations in the near future. This article reviews the various preparation techniques, carriers used, advantages and limitations of solid dispersions and compiles some of the recent advances.

Keywords: Bioavailability, Solid Dispersion, Hydrophilic carriers, Polyethylene glycol.
A REVIEW ON FAST DISSOLVING TABLET
Authors: Rahane RD , Rachh Punit  R.
Published: September 2018

The convenience of administration and improved patient compliance are important in the design of oral drug delivery system which remains the preferred route of drug delivery inspite of various disadvantages. Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade, and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. The popularity and usefulness of the formulation resulted in development of several FDT technologies. These techniques render the disintegration of tablet rapidly and dissolve in mouth in five seconds without chewing and the need of water which is advantageous mainly for pediatrics, geriatrics and patients having difficulty in swallowing tablets and capsules. Formulation of a convenient dosage form for administration, by considering swallowing difficulty and poor patient compliance, leads to development of orally disintegrating tablets. Conventional preparation methods are spray drying, freeze drying, direct compression, Molding, and sublimation while new technologies have been developed for the production of orodispersible tablets.

Keywords: Fast Dissolving Tablet, drug delivery system, fast disintegrating, fast melting.
POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: PATHOGENESIS, TREATMENT AND SECONDARY ASSOCIATED DISEASES
Authors: Soni Abhishek , Singla Shivali , Goyal Sachin
Published: September 2018

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries, and chronic anovulation along with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia as frequent metabolic traits (metabolic syndrome) that culminate in serious long-term consequences such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, endometrial hyperplasia, and coronary artery disease. It is one of the most common causes of anovulatory infertility. A complete understanding of the underlying Pathophysiology of PCOS is still lacking. Because of the heterogeneity of this disorder, there are most likely multiple underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Pathogenesis of PCOS is explaining as alteration in gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion results in increased luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. An alteration in insulin secretion and insulin action results in hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. A defect in androgen synthesis that results in increased ovarian androgen production.Treatment of PCOS include maintaining a normal endometrium, antagonizing the actions of androgens on target tissues, reducing insulin resistance (when present), and correcting anovulation. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at higher risk for several other health conditions as Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Heart Disease and High Blood Pressure (Cardiovascular Disease)
COMPUTER AIDED DRUG DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Surabhi Surabhi , Singh BK
Published: September 2018

Discovery and development of a new drug is generally known as a very complex process which takes a lot of time and resources. So now a day’s computer aided drug design approaches are used very widely to increase the efficiency of the drug discovery and development course. Various approaches of CADD are evaluated as promising techniques according to their need, in between all these structure-based drug design and ligand-based drug design approaches are known as very efficient and powerful techniques in drug discovery and development. These both methods can be applied with molecular docking to virtual screening for lead identification and optimization. In the recent times computational tools are widely used in pharmaceutical industries and research areas to improve effectiveness and efficacy of drug discovery and development pipeline. In this article we give an overview of computational approaches, which is inventive process of finding novel leads and aid in the process of drug discovery and development research.

Keywords: computer aided drug discovery, structure-based drug design, ligand-based drug design, virtual screening and molecular docking
AWARENESS OF CHEMOTHERAPY SIDE EFFECTS AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS CHEMOTHERAPY USE AMONG CANCER PATIENTS ATTENDING ONCOLOGY CLINIC AT BUGANDO MEDICAL CENTRE, IN MWANZA, NORTHERN TANZANIA
Authors: Katabalo Deogratias M , Matinde Raphael , Mwita Stanley , Marwa Karoli , Masalu Nestory
Published: September 2018

Background: Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Because cancer cells generally grow and divide faster than normal cells, they are more susceptible to the action of these drugs. However, damage to healthy cells is unavoidable, and this damage accounts for the side effects linked to these drugs.

Methodology: A cross section study was conducted at oncology department in Bugando Medical Centre. A sample of 216 people was recruited into the study. The data was collected by using the pre-constructed questionnaire. After data collection, the data was transferred into SPSS version 20 and analyzed.

Results: The study found that 88 (40.7%) of the respondents were aware of the chemotherapy side effects whereby majority, 68 (77.3%) of these had been informed by the doctor. Most of the respondents, 197 (92.1%) had a positive attitude towards the use of chemotherapy.

Conclusion: There is still poor awareness of the chemotherapy side effects among the cancer patients attending and receiving chemotherapy in oncology department at Bugando Medical Centre. However, most of the respondents had positive attitude towards the use of chemotherapy

Keywords: Awareness, attitude, chemotherapy, side effects and Tanzania.
NOVEL PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Padiyar A , Maheshwari RK
Published: September 2018

Objective of the proposed idea is to introduce novel pharmaceutical dosage form prepared of biodegradable polymeric balls. These polymeric balls will encircle oral liquid dosage forms within an edible membrane which can be flavoured, coloured, and can be used as unit dosage form. It will be prepared by reaction between sodium alginate and calcium chloride resulting in spherical, flexible ball of calcium alginate. Current research will eliminate the use of plastics as syrups or other liquid dosage forms will be provided in these balls which will be more economic and eco-friendly.

Keywords: novel pharmaceutical dosage, polymeric balls, sodium alginate, eco-friendly
PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF MONOCOT GRASS KYLLINGA TRICEPS ROTTB.
Authors: Upadhyay Amit , Jain Suman , Bhalla Neetu , Arora Kannika
Published: September 2018

Kyllinga triceps rottb. A monocot perennial herb found in various parts of India is traditionally used in vitiated conditions pitta and vata, hyperdipsia, fever, liver disorders, verminosis, cough, splenopathy, diabetes and dermatitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical and pharmacognostical study of ignored ayurvedic medicinal herb kyllinga triceps rottb. The plant is monocot grass belongs to the family cyperaceae, commonly used in various ayurvedic preparation’s and called musta. In various ayurvedic texts it is also known as nirvishi. Many species of family cyperaceae resembles the original drug thus the present study will help in identification and collection of original plant. The study includes identification and characterization of chemical component and preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant extract. The generated information of the present study will provide data which are helpful in the correct identification and authentication of medicinal plant kyllinga triceps rottb. and may help in prevention of its adulteration.

Keywords: Kyllinga triceps rottb., phytochemical, cyperaceae, adulteration, ayurevedic.
NOVEL APPLICATION OF MIXED HYDROTROPIC SOLUBILIZATION TECHNIQUE IN THE FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SOLID DISPERSION OF FLUPIRTINE MALEATE
Authors: Yadav Nisha Kumari , Shukla Tripti , Upmanyu Neeraj , Pandey Sharad Prakash , Khan Mohammad Azaz
Published: September 2018

Flupirtine is an amino pyridine derivative that functions as a centrally acting non-opioid, non-steroidal analgesic. It is a selective neuronal potassium channel opener that also has NMDA receptor antagonist properties. Its muscle relaxant properties make it popular for back pain and other orthopedics uses. In the present investigation, recently developed mixed hydrotropic solid dispersion technology precludes the use of organic solvent and also decreases the individual concentration of hydrotropic agents, simultaneously decreasing their toxic potential. Mixed-hydrotropic solubilisation technique is the experience to increase the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs in the aqueous solution containing blends of hydrotropic agents, which may give synergistic enhancement effect on solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs and to reduce concentrations of each individual hydrotropic agent to minimize their toxic effects due to high concentration of hydrotropic agents. The Flupirtine loaded solid dispersion was prepared by a solvent evaporation technique using sodium benzoate and a niacinamide hydrotropic mixture. The prepared solid dispersions were valuated regarding their solubility, mean particle size, in-vitro drug release. The prepared solid dispersions were found very stable (chemically). The superior dissolution rate due to its reduced particle size may have contributed to the increased oral bioavailability. This study demonstrated that mixed-solvency may be an alternative approach for poorly soluble drugs to improve their solubility and oral bioavailability.

Keywords: Flupirtine, Solid dispersion, Mixed-hydrotropic solubilisation, Solvent evaporation technique, Sodium benzoate, Niacinamide
A PROMISING TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE THE SOLUBILITY BY LIQUISOLID COMPACTION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Naik Narender G , Sunder Shaym R , Manchikanti Sateesh kumar
Published: September 2018

About 60-70% of the drugs synthesized are poorly soluble and comes under BCS Class-II&IV. Now it is a challenging situation during the development of different dosage forms for pharmaceutical industries because solubility of the drug is the rate limiting step. Based on the solubility, the dissolution, bioavailability & therapeutic effect is dependent. To overcome this consequence a novel technique -Liquisolid compact is used by dissolving the poorly soluble drug in a non-volatile solvent that improves wettability & decreases the surface tension and ensures drug molecular dispersion in the formulation to increase the solubility of the drug. This admixture of drug loaded solution is blended with carrier adsorption & coating material (adsorption) that has free flowing and compressible powder properties.
ANTICONVULSANT AND SEDATIVE ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS OF CARISSA CARANDAS LEAVES.
Authors: Shinde Manisha , Gilhotra Ritu , Chaudhari Sanjay
Published: September 2018

The present study was carried out to find out the preliminary phytochemical properties, anticonvulsant and sedative activities of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of Carissa carandas leaves. The standard methods were used to screen the preliminary photochemicals present  in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Carissa carandas leaves. The anticonvulsant efficacy of the extracts was determined using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in experimental animal models using diazepam as standard drug and the sedative effect was evaluated using pentobarbitone that induced sleep in mice. The efficacy of the extracts was compared against the standard drug Diazepam .The preliminary phytochemical investigation shows presence of alkaloids, glycoside, tannins,terpins . The crude extracts of ethanolic, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether at a dose 400 mg/kg has been found to significantly reduce the extensor and stupor and offer protection against convulsion induced by PTZ. The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract found to be non significant at a dose of 100 mg/kg in flexion.

It is seen that the crude extracts of ethanolic, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether Of Carissa carandas leaves significantly (p < 0.05) prolonged the time of sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis. However, the animal study revealed that the anticonvulsant and sedative activities of Carissa carandas can be used in the treatment of epilepsy.

Key words- Carissa carandas, anticonvulsant, pentobarbitone, hypnosis, epilepsy.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF IBUPROFEN GASTRO-RETENTIVE FLOATING TABLETS
Authors: C Shaikh Saddam , Sanap Dnyaneshwar , Bhusari Dipak V , Jain Shirish , Kochar Pooja P , Sanchati Vikram N
Published: September 2018

The objective of the present study was to formulate the gastro-retentive floating tablets containing Ibuprofen, which would remain in stomach and/or upper part of GIT for prolonged period of time. Floating systems have low bulk density so that they can float on the gastric juice in the stomach. Ibuprofen is an anti inflammatory drug.  On trial and error basis formulation design was done. Four different batches of floating tablets of Ibuprofen were prepared using HPMC, Xanthan gum, and gas generating agent sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. The tablets were characterized for the pre and post compression parameters such as friability, hardness, thickness, drug content, weight variation, in-vitro buoyancy studies and 13 hrs in-vitro drug release studies and the results were within the limits. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the optimized formulation F4 desired drug release properties and floating behavior.
FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL OINTMENT FORMULATIONS OF MORINGA OLIFERA FOR TOPICAL DELIVERY
Authors: C Shaikh Saddam , Sanap Dnyaneshwar , Bhusari Dipak V , Jain Shirish , Kochar Pooja P , Memon Fahim S
Published: September 2018

Traditional medicine is an important source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of chemotherapeutic agents. Moringa oleifera Lam. is a multipurpose and exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of potential uses. It is distributed in many countries of the tropics and subtropics. Ointments are semisolid systems which behave as viscoelastic materials when shear stress is applied. They contain medicaments and are intended to be applied externally to the body or to the mucous membrane.  In present study the Morenga oleifera leaves extract was used to formulate four different ointment formulations with different bases like cetostearyl alcohol, hard paraffin, and liquid paraffin. Formulations were evaluated for different parameters such as general appearance, spreadability, pH, extrudability, centrifugation,   irritancy, loss on drying, stability study etc;
Distribution and seasonal abundance of Anopheline mosquitoes and their association with rainfall around irrigation and non-irrigation areas in Nigeria
Authors: Amaechi Ebube Charles , Mkpola Ukpai Onyinye , Chima Ohaeri Carmelita , Blessing Ejike Uzoamaka , Irole-Eze Ozioma Prisca , Egwu Onyekachi , Comfort Nwadike Chidiogo
Published: September 2018

The abundance of Anopheline mosquito species is the most common entomological measurement to determine the relationship between vectors and malaria incidence. We conducted an entomological survey to determine mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to rainfall in Omi reservoir irrigation area, Nigeria. We collected adult mosquitoes from 10 randomly selected residential houses using Pyrethrum spray sheet and Human Landing Catch methods. We grouped the samples into irrigated (intervention) and non-irrigated (control) communities. During the 12-month sampling period, we collected a total of 4 285 mosquitoes belonging to 10 species in one family. The three most common species during this study were Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus and Culex quinquefasciatus. Irrigated community has higher numbers of mosquitoes (69,4%) compared to those collected in non-irrigated community (32,0%). Comparing the two collection methods used, Pyrethrum spray sheet has a greater number 2 225(75,4%) of mosquitoes than those with Human Landing Catch method 724(24,6%). During dry season, we collected fewer mosquitoes. The lowest number was collected in February (114) and the highest occurring during the wet season in July (445).
Distribution and abundance of mosquito larvae in Ohafia, Abia State, Nigeria
Authors: Egwu Onyekachi , Ohaeri Carmelita C. , Amaechi Ebube C. , Ehisianya Collins N.
Published: September 2018

Quite a number of diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes. The abundance and distribution of mosquito vectors are related to the characteristics of larval habitats. A survey of the distribution and abundance of mosquito larvae was carried out at Nkporo and Abiriba Communities of Ohafia, Abia State, Nigeria. It was carried out during the dry and wet seasons from November 2014 to June 2015. The mosquito larvae were collected using dipper and pipette method from five mosquito habitats namely ground pools (58), household containers (213), domestic run-offs (49), gutters (55) and tree holes/leaf axils (43). A total of 2 641 mosquito larvae belonging to three genera and five species were collected. These were; Culex quinquesfaciatus (40%),Aedes aegypti (22%), Aedes albopictus (17%), Anopheles gambiae (14%), and Anopheles funestus (2%), Household containers had the highest number of larvae (60 %), while tree holes/leaf axils had the least (6%). From Nkporo, 53% of the larvae were collected while 47% was from Abiriba community. Anopheles funestus was recorded only in Nkporo community.  However, the abundance of mosquito larvae sampled from the different habitats in the two communities were significantly different (X2 = 166,692, df = 16, P<0,05) from each other. There were also significant differences in the seasonal distribution of mosquito larvae in both dry (X2 = 56,865, df = 12, P<0,05) and wet (X2 = 22,241, df = 12, P<0,05) seasons in Nkporo community and dry (X2=31,776, df = 12, P<0,05) season in Abiriba community. These findings are useful in knowledge expansion on the vector ecology with particular interest on the type of habitat preference, this will be helpful in larval control programs.
Accuracy in determining absorbed irradiation dose at different temperature measurements using ethanol chlorobenzene - oscillotitrator system
Authors: Vujcic Ivica , Masic Slobodan , Spasevska Hristina , Dramicanin Miroslav
Published: September 2018

Ethanol-chlorobenzene/oscillotitrator dosimetry system is widely used in controlling the irradiation process in gamma facilities. The ethanol-chlorobenzene dosimetry system provides a reliable means of measuring absorbed dose. It is based on a process of radiolytic formation of hydrochloric acid in aqueous ethanolic solutions of chlorobenzene by ionizing radiation. The irradiation temperature dependence of dosimeter response is a complex function of dose and temperature for each concentration of chlorobenzene. At different temperature the mobility of conducting species from hydrochloric acid is changed leading to different oscillotitrator deflections during high-frequency conductometric readout. In this paper, we examined the influence of temperature on the calculation of the radiation dose. We showed that the temperature significantly influenced the measurement results, and that the calibration curve has to be formed at the irradiation temperature in order to obtain precise values of the absorbed dose.
Methodology for determination of alarm and warning set-points for radioactive effluent monitors in Korean pressurized water reactors
Authors: Kong Tae , Kim Siyoung , Lee Youngju , Son Jung
Published: September 2018

All radioactive gaseous and liquid effluents discharged from Korean nuclear power plants are monitored by effluent monitors to prevent effluent releases to the environment under uncontrolled conditions. This paper provides the methodology and parameters used in the calculation of alarm (high) and warning (low) set-points for gaseous and liquid effluent monitors in Korean pressurized water reactors. Alarm set-points are determined to assure compliance with the Korean regulatory limits of concentration of radioactive effluents. Even though warning set-points are not required by the regulatory body, Korean pressurized water reactors determine the warning set-points of effluent monitors not only to take an active management of effluent discharge but also to keep radiation doses to members of the public living around nuclear power plants as low as reasonably achievable.
Stock Price Contagion Effects of Low-Quality Audits at the Individual Audit Partner Level
Authors: Gul Ferdinand A. , Lim Chee Yeow , Wang Kun , Xu Yanping
Published: September 2018

We use Chinese audit partner data to show that partners associated with financial reporting fraud induce share price declines among non-fraudulent firms audited by the same audit partners. In cross-sectional analyses, we find that share price declines are more pronounced when low-quality partners (LQPs) failed to issue modified audit opinions during the period in question and when the LQPs were from one of the Top 10 audit firms. Additional analyses show that investors impose larger penalties on contagion firms when fraudulent firms are larger and the time lapse between sanction and fraud commitment is shorter. The personal characteristics of LQPs (except gender) do not cause a difference in market reaction to contagion firms. Overall, our results speak to the importance of audit partner identity to stock market valuation.

JEL Classifications: M41; M42; M48.
If Eyes are the Window to Our Soul, What Role does Eye-Tracking Play in Accounting Research?
Authors: Lynch Edward J. , Andiola Lindsay M.
Published: September 2018

Recent advances in technology have increased the accessibility and ease in using eye-tracking as a research tool. These advances have the potential to benefit behavioral accounting researchers' understanding of the cognitive processes underlying individuals' judgments, decisions, and behaviors. However, despite its potential and wide use in other disciplines, few behavioral accounting studies use eye-tracking. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize accounting researchers with eye-tracking, including its advantages and limitations as a research tool. We start by providing an overview of eye-tracking and discussing essential terms and useful metrics, as well as the psychological constructs they proxy. We then summarize eye-tracking research across research domains, review accounting studies that use eye-tracking, and identify future research directions across accounting topics. Finally, we provide an instructional resource to guide those researchers interested in using eye-tracking, including important considerations at each stage of the study.

JEL Classifications: M41; C91.
Patients With Lean Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Are Metabolically Abnormal and Have a Higher Risk for Mortality
Authors: Golabi Pegah , Paik James , Fukui Natsu , Locklear Cameron T. , de Avilla Leyla , Younossi Zobair M.
Published: September 2018

IN BRIEF Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly recognized and common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Although most patients with NAFLD are obese, a smaller group of NAFLD patients are lean. This study explored the long-term outcomes of lean patients with NAFLD in the United States. Compared to lean individuals without NAFLD, lean people with NAFLD were significantly more likely to be older and male and had higher comorbidities (i.e., diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease). The presence of NAFLD in lean individuals was independently associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
miRNA Regulation of the Hyperproliferative Phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Diabetes
Authors: Torella Daniele , Iaconetti Claudio , Tarallo Roberta , Marino Fabiola , Giurato Giorgio , Veneziano Claudia , Aquila Iolanda , Scalise Mariangela , Mancuso Teresa , Cianflone Eleonora , Valeriano Chiara , Marotta Pina , Tammè Laura , Vicinanza Carla , Sasso Ferdinando C. , Cozzolino Domenico , Torella Michele , Weisz Alessandro , Indolfi Ciro
Published: September 2018

Harnessing the mechanisms underlying the exacerbated vascular remodeling in diabetes mellitus (DM) is pivotal to prevent the high toll of vascular diseases in patients with DM. miRNA regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switch. However, miRNA modulation of the detrimental diabetic VSMC phenotype is underexplored. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 DM (T1DM) Wistar rats and type 2 DM (T2DM) Zucker rats underwent right carotid artery experimental angioplasty, and global miRNA/mRNA expression profiling was obtained by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Two days after injury, a set of six miRNAs were found to be uniquely downregulated or upregulated in VSMCs both in T1DM and T2DM. Among these miRNAs, miR-29c and miR-204 were the most significantly misregulated in atherosclerotic plaques from patients with DM. miR-29c overexpression and miR-204 inhibition per se attenuated VSMC phenotypic switch in DM. Concomitant miR-29c overexpression and miR-204 inhibition fostered an additive reduction in VSMC proliferation. Epithelial membrane protein 2 (Emp2) and Caveolin-1 (Cav1) mRNAs were identified as direct targets of miR-29c and miR-204, respectively. Importantly, contemporary miR-29c overexpression and miR-204 inhibition in the injured artery robustly reduced arterial stenosis in DM rats. Thus, contemporaneous miR-29c activation and miR-204 inhibition in DM arterial tissues is necessary and sufficient to prevent the exaggerated VSMC growth upon injury.
Genetic Determinants of Glycemic Traits and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Powe Camille E. , Nodzenski Michael , Talbot Octavious , Allard Catherine , Briggs Catherine , Leya Marysa V. , Perron Patrice , Bouchard Luigi , Florez Jose C. , Scholtens Denise M. , Lowe William L. , Hivert Marie-France
Published: September 2018

Many common genetic polymorphisms are associated with glycemic traits and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but knowledge about genetic determinants of glycemic traits in pregnancy is limited. We tested genetic variants known to be associated with glycemic traits and T2D in the general population for associations with glycemic traits in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Participants in two cohorts (Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth [Gen3G] and Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome [HAPO]) underwent oral glucose tolerance testing at 24–32 weeks’ gestation. We built genetic risk scores (GRSs) for elevated fasting glucose and insulin, reduced insulin secretion and sensitivity, and T2D, using variants discovered in studies of nonpregnant individuals. We tested for associations between these GRSs, glycemic traits in pregnancy, and GDM. In both cohorts, the fasting glucose GRS was strongly associated with fasting glucose. The insulin secretion and sensitivity GRSs were also significantly associated with these traits in Gen3G, where insulin measurements were available. The fasting insulin GRS was weakly associated with fasting insulin (Gen3G) or C-peptide (HAPO). In HAPO (207 GDM case subjects), all five GRSs (T2D, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity) were significantly associated with GDM. In Gen3G (43 GDM case subjects), both the T2D and insulin secretion GRSs were associated with GDM; effect sizes for the other GRSs were similar to those in HAPO. Thus, despite the profound changes in glycemic physiology during pregnancy, genetic determinants of fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity discovered outside of pregnancy influence GDM risk.
FGF21 Is a Hormonal Mediator of the Human “Thrifty” Metabolic Phenotype
Authors: Vinales Karyne L. , Begaye Brittany , Bogardus Clifton , Walter Mary , Krakoff Jonathan , Piaggi Paolo
Published: September 2018

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) regulates energy expenditure (EE) and influences weight change during low-protein overfeeding in rodent models. The change in EE after a low-protein overfeeding diet is a predictor of weight change in humans and a feature of the “thrifty” metabolic phenotype. However, there are no studies showing an association between circulating FGF21 and diet-related EE in humans. We assessed the changes in plasma FGF21 concentrations after 24 h of seven dietary interventions with different macronutrient content while in a whole-room indirect calorimeter in 64 healthy subjects with normal glucose regulation. Plasma FGF21 concentration consistently increased by threefold only after the two low-protein (3%) overfeeding diets, one high in carbohydrate (75%) and the other high in fat (46%), with larger increases in FGF21 being associated with greater increases in 24-h EE. Subjects with smaller increases in FGF21 after the low-protein high-fat diet gained more weight after 6 months in free-living conditions. Therefore, the individual predisposition to weight gain over time can be assessed by 24-h overfeeding a low-protein diet and measurements of plasma FGF21 concentrations. Individuals with a blunted FGF21 response to a low-protein diet have a thrifty metabolism and are at risk for future weight gain.
RECENT TRENDS IN THE DEBATE ON INDIA’S NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT (NFSA) – 2013: TRAGEDY OR TRIUMPH?
Authors: Shakeel Adnan
Published: September 2018

Present article follow up the recent debates that is being discussed in the country with respect to the National Food Security Act – 2013. Present article is based on the secondary sources of information collected through various books, magazines, journals, newspapers, government and non-governmental reports. The purpose of the article is to trace the discussion among various economist, planners, researchers and policy makers in order to analyse whether National food Security Act is a triumph for those who are in desperate need of it (poor and destitute), or a tragedy for those officials speaking against the Act. The main emphasis of the article is to discuss the cost of implementation of NFSA because it was believed that after its implementation it will put heavy burden on the government exchequer due to subsidies provided under it.  Article also examines the challenges related to Food Corporation of India with respect to procurement, storage and distribution of foodgrains. Moreover, article also discusses the NFSA with respect to the Integrated Child Development Scheme, its affect on small and marginal farmers of the country, challenges related to public distribution system.
UNESCO WORLD KARST NATURAL HERITAGE SITES: GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL REVIEW
Authors: Trofimova Elena
Published: September 2018

The paper is devoted to the review of the World Karst Natural Heritage and the perspectives of such new properties in the Russia. Presently there are 37 World Karst Natural Heritage sites on the globe; 34 of them have the natural heritage and 3 sites have the mixed, natural-cultural significance. The World Karst Heritage distribution by the countries and by parts of the world was analyzed. A brief description of outstanding universal value of the “Lena Pillars Nature Park”, being currently the only Russian karst area nominated at the List of World Natural Heritage by a specific type of the karst – ground frozen karst, was given. The necessity of the new World Karst Heritage properties characterizing by the karst development in sulfate and salt rock sites are considered. The karst areas, located in extreme (cold or arid) climate conditions, are in the focus of separate attention.
¿Qué hacemos con Pedro Ciprés? Aproximaciones a una metodología de la vida cotidiana
Authors: Gonzalbo Aizpuru Pilar
Published: September 2018

El texto trata de un estudiante mulato, que logró graduarse en la facultad de Medicina de la Real Universidad, en el siglo XVII, pese a la oposición manifestada por algunos de los estudiantes de su misma facultad, que objetaron la inferior calidad de su compañero. Con independencia del interés del asunto, el documento relativo al dilema presentado a las autoridades sirve como un ejemplo práctico de aplicación de la metodología básica para una búsqueda de documentos, análisis de situaciones, identificación de protagonistas y aplicación de criterios y conceptos adecuados al tema.
Una nueva perspectiva sobre la fiscalidad de la primera república federal mexicana: el caso de la comisaría de Nuevo León, 1824-1835
Authors: Jáuregui Luis
Published: September 2018

Se ha escrito mucho sobre la política y las finanzas públicas de la primera república federal mexicana (1824-1835). En años recientes, la historiografía política ha reconocido la necesidad de entender la complejidad de las finanzas públicas para profundizar en el conocimiento del fracaso de aquella república. En el presente artículo se propone el análisis de los datos de las comisarías generales, oficinas del gobierno federal en los 19 estados creados por la Constitución de 1824. Para acotar el tema, se estudia la situación de estado de Nuevo León desde los ingresos y los gastos que recibía su comisaría. Se concluye sobre el nivel de cumplimiento del erario estatal frente a los compromisos con la federación. La oficina federal en el estado se financiaba fundamentalmente del contingente y algunos préstamos. Conforme pasaron los años del primer federalismo, este financiamiento provino de préstamos y el recurso de la aduana de Matamoros. Los gastos eran para el sostenimiento de las tropas en momentos difíciles para la nueva nación. La creación de las comisarías y otros departamentos del erario federal caracterizan el tránsito a un estado fiscal moderno.
Los presbiterianos revolucionarios en Yucatán. Inserción social y participación política
Authors: May May Ezer R.
Published: September 2018

El presente artículo tiene el objetivo de analizar y describir la experiencia protestante en Yucatán, durante los inicios del siglo XX. Me enfoco en la fase de inserción y establecimiento del protestantismo en la ciudad de Mérida. Posteriormente, exploro la participación y percepción política de los presbiterianos durante el gobierno de Salvador Alvarado, complementando este episodio con los hechos relacionados al presbiterianismo en las haciendas. Por medio de archivos del estado de Yucatán, del arzobispado yucateco y de la hemerografía local liberal y conservadora, y de la presbiteriana oficial, me propongo fijar cuáles fueron las diferencias y similitudes entre el presbiterianismo del centro y de Yucatán. Todo esto, con el fin de contribuir a una mejor comprensión de la relación entre religión-política y protestantismo-revolución.
Trabajo y empleo público en la ciudad de México, siglos XIX y XX. Presentación
Authors: Barbosa Cruz Mario
Published: September 2018

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Trabajo, clase y prácticas policiales en las comisarías de la ciudad de México, 1870-1920
Authors: Pulido Esteva Diego
Published: September 2018

Este artículo estudia la conformación de las burocracias policiales en la ciudad de México de 1870 a 1920. Este sector se transformó durante el periodo de construcción del Estado mexicano. Enmarcado en el proceso modernizador de los cuerpos de seguridad urbanos, se presta atención al caso de las comisarías. Dentro de ese nodo del poder policial, identifica los perfiles sociales de los empleados públicos, analiza los mecanismos de reclutamiento, así como las funciones y condiciones bajo las cuales laboraba el personal de oficina. En esencia, plantea la necesidad de conocer cómo las prácticas generaron un orden distinto al planteado en los reglamentos. Ese orden alterno permite entender algunas características de las burocracias mexicanas.
Avaliação na Educação Física Escolar
Authors: Frizzo Giovanni , Correa da Silva Patrícia
Published: September 2018

O presente artigo é resultado de um estudo que objetivou analisar a produção audiovisual como instrumento de avaliação pedagógica nas aulas de Educação Física (EF) dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. Realizamos uma pesquisa-ação em uma escola da rede pública municipal da cidade de Pelotas-RS com a disciplina de EF, durante um semestre, em uma turma dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental, utilizando como instrumento de avaliação do aprendizado a produção audiovisual. Os resultados evidenciaram que a experiência de produzir vídeos como mais uma ferramenta facilitadora na construção do conhecimento, além de ser eficiente pedagogicamente, teve o reconhecimento e aprovação dos estudantes, o que pressupõe que a inserção das TICs na educação e a aplicação deste novo formato avaliativo possa contribuir para melhoria do processo de ensino-aprendizagem.
Meninos e meninas obesas apresentam pior desempenho em tarefas motoras específicas
Authors: Carvalho da Silva Raísa , Grasel Barbosa Diego , Luis Cardoso Fernando , Otacílio Libardoni dos Santos João , Pereira Gomes Felden Érico , Silva Beltrame Thaís
Published: September 2018

Objetivou-se comparar o desempenho motor nas tarefas da bateria Körperkoordination Test für Kinder (KTK) de crianças com diferentes status de peso. Participaram do estudo, 350 crianças de oito a 10 anos. Investigaram-se: Índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência de cintura (CC), razão cintura-estatura (RCEst) e tarefas do KTK. Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para verificar associações e o teste de Kruskal Wallis para comparação das pontuações das tarefas motoras entre os status de peso. Verificaram-se que os meninos com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram piores resultados na tarefa de equilíbrio em marcha à retaguarda (p<0,001) e saltos monopedais (p<0,011), comparados aos meninos com baixo peso e eutróficos. Além disso, meninas obesas apresentaram piores resultados na tarefa de equilíbrio em marcha à retaguarda (p<0,001) comparadas às meninas com baixo peso, peso normal e sobrepeso. Conclui-se que crianças sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram piores desempenhos nas tarefas do KTK comparadas às crianças eutróficas e com baixo peso.

Palavras-chave: Obesidade; desempenho motor, status de peso, crianças