bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Improves Rhizobium–Glycyrrhiza Seedling Symbiosis under Drought Stress
Authors: Hao Zhipeng , Xie Wei , Jiang Xuelian , Wu Zhaoxiang , Zhang Xin , Chen Baodong
Published: September 2019

Rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can potentially alleviate the abiotic stress on the legume Glycyrrhiza (licorice), while the potential benefits these symbiotic microbes offer to their host plant are strongly influenced by environmental factors. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of single and combined inoculation with a rhizobium Mesorhizobium tianshanense Chen and an AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis Walker & Schuessler on Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. seedling performance under different water regimes. Drought stress inhibited rhizobium nodulation but increased mycorrhizal colonization. Furthermore, co-inoculation of rhizobium and AM fungus favored nodulation under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Glycyrrhiza seedling growth showed a high mycorrhizal dependency. The seedlings showed a negative growth dependency to rhizobium under well-watered conditions but showed a positive response under drought stress. R. irregularis-inoculated plants showed a much higher stress tolerance index (STI) value than M. tianshanense-inoculated plants. STI value was more pronounced when plants were co-inoculated with R. irregularis and M. tianshanense compared with single-inoculated plants. Plant nitrogen concentration and contents were significantly influenced by inoculation treatments and water regimes. R. irregularis inoculation significantly increased plant shoot and root phosphorus contents. AM fungus inoculation could improve Glycyrrhiza plant–rhizobium symbiosis under drought stress, thereby suggesting that tripartite symbiotic relationships were more effective for promoting plant growth and enhancing drought tolerance.
Long-Term N Fertilization Decreased Diversity and Altered the Composition of Soil Bacterial and Archaeal Communities
Authors: Sun Renpeng , Zhang Pan , Riggins Chance W. , Zabaloy María C. , Rodríguez-Zas Sandra , Villamil María B.
Published: September 2019

Soil microbial communities are essential in the cycling of nutrients that affect crop production. Our goal was to characterize the microbial community structure following 34 years of nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments in continuous maize production in highly fertile soils. Using 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of the V4 region via Illumina HiSeq2500 technology with downstream bioinformatics processing and analysis with QIIME 2.0, we aimed to characterize the prokaryotic communities under three increasing N fertilization rates. Factor analyses indicated that a high N level decreased the diversity of soil bacterial and archaeal communities and altered the relative abundance (RA) of the dominant (>1% RA) and minor (<1% RA) phyla. Among the 12 major phyla, we determined increases in Gemmatimonadetes, Proteobacteria, and Euryarchaeota, accompanied by reductions in Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes with increasing N. Within the 29 minor phyla, N fertilization led to increases in Aquificae, WPS2, Parvarchaeota, AD3, FCPU426, Armatimonadetes, TM7, Chlamydiae, and OD1, along with reductions of Nitrospirae, WS3, Tenericutes, Lentisphaerae, OP3, Synergistetes, Thermotogae, and prokaryotes that could not be reliably assigned to a phylum (classified as Other).
Dietary Inclusion of Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Stem Waste on Growth Performance, Antibody Response, Immune Status, and Serum Cholesterol in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Mahfuz Shad , He Tengfei , Liu Sujie , Wu Di , Long Shenfei , Piao Xiangshu
Published: September 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (MW) on growth performance, antibody response, immune status, and serum cholesterol in broiler chickens. A total of 252 1 day old Arbor Acres (AA) male broiler chicks were randomly assigned into four treatments with seven replications of nine chicks each. The duration of experimental period was total 42 days. Dietary treatments includes a standard basal diet as negative control (NC) group; control diet with antibiotics (Chlortetracycline) considered as positive control (PC) group; 1% mushroom stem waste (MW) fed group; and 2% MW fed group. No significant differences (p > 0.05) was observed on average daily feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio among experimental groups. Antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) were higher (p < 0.05) in 2% MW fed group than NC and PC fed groups. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) was higher (p < 0.05) in both levels of MW fed groups than in the NC and PC. Serum interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), were higher (p < 0.05) in 2% MW fed groups than in the NC and PC fed groups. Total cholesterol concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in both levels MW fed groups than in the NC. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) was lower (p < 0.05) in both levels of MW fed groups than that of NC and PC fed groups. MW at 2% level can be used as potential phytogenic feed supplement in broilers.
Spinal Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage Mediate Chronic Pain in Lame Dairy Cows
Authors: Herzberg Daniel , Strobel Pablo , Chihuailaf Ricardo , Ramirez-Reveco Alfredo , Müller Heine , Werner Marianne , Bustamante Hedie
Published: September 2019

Lameness in dairy cows is a worldwide prevalent disease with a negative impact on animal welfare and herd economy. Oxidative damage and antioxidant system dysfunction are common features of many CNS diseases, including chronic pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage markers in the spinal cord of dairy cows with chronic inflammatory lameness. Locomotion score was performed in order to select cows with chronic lameness. Dorsal horn spinal cord samples were obtained post mortem from lumbar segments (L2–L5), and ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbonyl groups were measured along with the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant response (TAR). Lame cows had increased levels of ROS, MDA, and carbonyl groups, while no differences were observed between lame and non-lame cows in SOD, GPx, CAT, and TAR activity. We conclude that painful chronic inflammatory lameness in dairy cows is associated with an increase in ROS, MDA, and carbonyl groups. Nonetheless, an association between ROS generation and dysfunction of the antioxidant system, as previously proposed, could not be established.
Socioeconomic Influences on Reports of Canine Welfare Concerns to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Shih Hao Yu , Paterson Mandy B. A. , Phillips Clive J. C.
Published: September 2019

Human–dog relationships are an important contributor to the welfare of dogs, but little is known about the importance of socioeconomic status of the dogs’ owners. We conducted a retrospective study of canine welfare complaints, using Australian government statistics on the socioeconomic status of the inhabitants at the location of the alleged welfare issue. The socioeconomic score of inhabitants at the relevant postcode was assumed to be that of the plaintiff. Our dataset included 107,597 complaints that had been received by RSPCA Queensland between July 2008 and June 2018, each with the following information: the number of dogs involved, dog(s) age, breed(s), suburb, postcode, date received, and complaint code(s) (describing the type of complaint). The median index score for relative social advantage of the locations where the alleged welfare concern occurred was less than the median score for the population of Queensland, suggesting that welfare concerns in dogs were more commonly reported in areas with inhabitants of low socioeconomic status. It was also less if the dog being reported was not of a recognised breed, compared to dogs of recognised breeds. Dogs reported to be in the gundog breed group were in the most socioeconomically advantaged postcodes, followed by toy, hound, non-sporting, working dog, terrier, and utility breed groups. Reports of alleged cruelty, insufficient food and/or water, a dog being not exercised or being confined/tethered, failure to provide shelter or treatment, overcrowding, a dog being in poor condition or living in poor conditions were most likely to be made in relation to dogs in low socioeconomic postcodes. Reports of dogs being left in a hot vehicle unattended were more likely to be made in relation to dogs in high socioeconomic postcodes. It is concluded that both canine welfare complaints and dogs in specific breed groups appear to be related to the owner’s socioeconomic status. This study may be used to improve public awareness and to tailor educational campaigns toward different populations.
Distinguishing Between Monomeric scFv and Diabody in Solution Using Light and Small Angle X-ray Scattering
Authors: Lüdel Frank , Bufe Sandra , Bleymüller Willem M. , de Jonge Hugo , Iamele Luisa , Niemann Hartmut H. , Hellweg Thomas
Published: September 2019

Depending on the linker length between the V H and the V L domain, single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments form monomers, dimers (diabodies) or higher oligomers. We aimed at generating a diabody of the anti-MET antibody 3H3 to use it as crystallization chaperone to promote crystallization of the MET ectodomain through the introduction of a pre-formed twofold axis of symmetry. Size exclusion chromatography, however, suggested the protein to be monomeric. Hence, we used scattering techniques applied to solutions to further investigate its oligomerization state. The small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curve measured for our protein nicely fits to the scattering curve calculated from the known crystal structure of a diabody. In addition, concentration-dependent photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements revealed a hydrodynamic radius of 3.4 nm at infinite dilution and a negative interaction parameter k D , indicating attractive interactions that are beneficial for crystallization. Both SAXS and PCS measurements clearly suggest our antibody fragment to be a diabody in solution. Chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and cell motility assays confirmed this conclusion.
Protective Effect of Selected Antioxidants on Naproxen Photodegradation in Aqueous Media
Authors: Kawabata Kohei , Takato Ayaka , Oshima Sayaka , Akimoto Shiori , Inagaki Masanori , Nishi Hiroyuki
Published: September 2019

A photostabilization strategy is an important aspect of quality assurance for photosensitive compounds. This study focused on the photoprotective effects of selected antioxidants including the effect of L-ascorbic acid (AA) on naproxen (NX) photodegradation in aqueous media. NX degradation during ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation and the protective effects of selected antioxidants were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The addition of AA induced the suppression of NX photodegradation, although the protective effect disappeared after AA was degraded completely. The results of the evaluations on the photoprotective effects on NX photodegradation and antioxidative activities of AA and other antioxidants showed that the protective effects of antioxidants are dependent on reducing power and photostability under UV irradiation. In this experiment, quercetin (QU) is the most effective antioxidant on account of the residual rate of QU after UV irradiation and the antioxidative activity in the potential antioxidant (PAO) test was significantly higher compared to other antioxidants following the higher protective effect on NX photodegradation.
A Vision-Based Method Utilizing Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Fruit Variety Classification in Uncertainty Conditions of Retail Sales
Authors: Katarzyna Rudnik , Paweł Michalski
Published: September 2019

This study proposes a double-track method for the classification of fruit varieties for application in retail sales. The method uses two nine-layer Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with the same architecture, but different weight matrices. The first network classifies fruits according to images of fruits with a background, and the second network classifies based on images with the ROI (Region Of Interest, a single fruit). The results are aggregated with the proposed values of weights (importance). Consequently, the method returns the predicted class membership with the Certainty Factor (CF). The use of the certainty factor associated with prediction results from the original images and cropped ROIs is the main contribution of this paper. It has been shown that CFs indicate the correctness of the classification result and represent a more reliable measure compared to the probabilities on the CNN outputs. The method is tested with a dataset containing images of six apple varieties. The overall image classification accuracy for this testing dataset is excellent (99.78%). In conclusion, the proposed method is highly successful at recognizing unambiguous, ambiguous, and uncertain classifications, and it can be used in a vision-based sales systems in uncertain conditions and unplanned situations.
Prediction Method of Blast Wave Impact on Crew Module for Liquid Rocket Explosion on Launch Pad
Authors: Wang Yan , Wang Hua , Cui Cunyan , Zhao Beilei
Published: September 2019

The role of manned space flight in the field of space exploration and utilization is growing. However, the security system of the manned spaceflight is still imperfect. In the case that the rocket explodes, crew modules maybe damaged by the blast wave, which will threaten the safety of the crews. This research aims to obtain the necessary data and information to enable the designers of the launch vehicles and crew modules to develop safer launch systems. To this end, this paper proposes a numerical method using LS-DYNA to study the propagation law of blast waves caused by rocket explosion on the launch pad and to quantify the impact of the blast wave on crew module. The numerical results indicate that the final blast waveform of the model with rocket is conical in the upper and lower parts, and spherical in the middle. At the same time, the third-stage explosion is the most harmful to the crew module, while the first-stage explosion is the least. Furthermore, the model with rocket has a marked effect on explosion strength: the pressure enhancement factor is about 4–17 times. Most importantly, overpressure prediction formula acting on the crew modulesof explosion on the launch pad is established for quick peak overpressure predicting and damage evaluating.
A Novel Activity Recognition System for Alternative Control Strategies of a Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot
Authors: Yang Tao , Gao Xueshan , Gao Rui , Dai Fuquan , Peng Jinmin
Published: September 2019

Robot-aided training strategies that allow functional, assist-as-needed, or challenging training have been widely explored. Accurate activity recognition is the basis for implementing alternative training strategies. However, some obstacles to accurate recognition exist. First, scientists do not yet fully understand some rehabilitation activities, such as abnormal gaits and falls; thus, there is no standardized feature for identifying such activities. Second, during the activity identification process, it is difficult to reasonably balance sensitivity and specificity when setting the threshold. Therefore, we proposed a multisensor fusion system and a two-stage activity recognition classifier. This multisensor system integrates explicit information such as kinematics and spatial distribution information along with implicit information such as kinetics and pulse information. Both the explicit and implicit information are analyzed in one discriminant function to obtain a detailed and accurate recognition result. Then, alternative training strategies can be implemented on this basis. Finally, we conducted experiments to verify the feasibility and efficiency of the multisensor fusion system. The experimental results show that the proposed fusion system achieves an accuracy of 99.37%, and the time required to prejudge a fall is approximately 205 milliseconds faster than the response time of single-sensor systems. Moreover, the proposed system also identifies fall directions and abnormal gait types.
Use of Dithiothreitol Assay to Evaluate the Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric Aerosols
Authors: Jiang Huanhuan , Ahmed C. M. Sabbir , Canchola Alexa , Chen Jin Y. , Lin Ying-Hsuan
Published: September 2019

Oxidative potential (OP) has been proposed as a useful descriptor for the ability of particulate matter (PM) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently induce oxidative stress in biological systems, which has been recognized as one of the most important mechanisms responsible for PM toxicity. The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay is one of the most frequently used techniques to quantify OP because it is low-cost, easy-to-operate, and has high repeatability. With two thiol groups, DTT has been used as a surrogate of biological sulfurs that can be oxidized when exposed to ROS. Within the DTT measurement matrix, OP is defined as the DTT consumption rate. Often, the DTT consumption can be attributed to the presence of transition metals and quinones in PM as they can catalyze the oxidation of DTT through catalytic redox reactions. However, the DTT consumption by non-catalytic PM components has not been fully investigated. In addition, weak correlations between DTT consumption, ROS generation, and cellular responses have been observed in several studies, which also reveal the knowledge gaps between DTT-based OP measurements and their implication on health effects. In this review, we critically assessed the current challenges and limitations of DTT measurement, highlighted the understudied DTT consumption mechanisms, elaborated the necessity to understand both PM-bound and PM-induced ROS, and concluded with research needs to bridge the existing knowledge gaps.
The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiac Cell Death
Authors: Bell Courtnee’ R. , Jones Leandra B. , Crenshaw Brennetta J. , Kumar Sanjay , Rowe Glenn C. , Sims Brian , Javan Gulnaz T. , Matthews Qiana L.
Published: September 2019

Exosomes play a crucial role in the progression of infectious diseases, as exosome release and biogenesis are affected by external factors, such as pathogenic infections. Pyrogens may aide in the progression of diseases by triggering inflammation, endothelial cell injury, and arterial plaque rupture, all of which can lead to acute coronary disease, resulting in cardiac tissue death and the onset of a cardiac event (CE). To better understand the effects of Gram-negative bacterial infections on exosome composition and biogenesis, we examined exosome characteristics after treatment of AC16 human cardiomyocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which served as a model system for Gram-negative bacterial infection. Using increasing doses (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 µg) of LPS, we showed that treatment with LPS substantially altered the composition of AC16-derived exosomes. Both the relative size and the quantity (particles/mL) of exosomes were decreased significantly at all tested concentrations of LPS treatment compared to the untreated group. In addition, LPS administration reduced the expression of exosomal proteins that are related to exosomal biogenesis. Conversely, we observed an increase in immunomodulators present after LPS administration. This evaluation of the impact of LPS on cardiac cell death and exosome composition will yield new insight into the importance of exosomes in a variety of physiological and pathological processes as it relates to disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment.
Variation in Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Flos Chrysanthemi indici Essential Oil under Different Extraction Methods
Authors: Jing Chang-Liang , Huang Rui-Huan , Su Yan , Li Yi-Qiang , Zhang Cheng-Sheng
Published: September 2019

Flos Chrysanthemi indici, an important medicinal and aromatic plant in China, is considered to have many different preservative and pharmacological properties. Considering the capability of essential oils (EOs), the present study is conducted to compare different extraction methods in order to improve yield and biological activities. Hydro-distillation (HD), steam-distillation (SD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are employed to prepare EOs from Flos Chrysanthemi indici. A total of 71 compounds are assigned by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in comparison with retention indices. These include 32 (HD), 16 (SD), 31 (SFME) and 38 (SFE) compounds. Major constituents of EOs differ according to the extraction methods were heptenol, tricosane, camphor, borneol, and eucalyptol. EOs extracted by SFME exhibit higher antioxidant activity. All EOs show varying degrees of antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.0625 to 0.125 mg/mL and SFME and SFE prove to be efficient extraction methods. EOs alter the hyphal morphology of Alternaria alternata, with visible bumps forming on the mycelium. Overall, these results indicate that the extraction method can significantly influence the composition and biological activity of EOs and SFME and SFE are outstanding methods to extract EOs with high yield and antimicrobial activity.
The Differential DNA Hypermethylation Patterns of microRNA-137 and microRNA-342 Locus in Early Colorectal Lesions and Tumours
Authors: Kashani Elham , Hadizadeh Mahrooyeh , Chaleshi Vahid , Mirfakhraie Reza , Young Chris , Savabkar Sanaz , Irani Shiva , Asadzadeh Aghdaei Hamid , Ashrafian Bonab Maziar
Published: September 2019

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, representing 13% of all cancers. The role of epigenetics in cancer diagnosis and prognosis is well established. MicroRNAs in particular influence numerous cancer associated processes including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, cell-cycle controls, migration/invasion and metabolism. MiRNAs-137 and 342 are exon- and intron-embedded, respectively, acting as tumour-suppressive microRNA via hypermethylation events. Levels of miRNAs 137 and 342 have been investigated here as potential prognostic markers for colorectal cancer patients. The methylation status of miRNA-137 and miRNA-342 was evaluated using methylation-specific (MSP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on freshly frozen tissue derived from 51 polyps, 8 tumours and 14 normal colon mucosa specimens. Methylation status of miRNA-137 and miRNA-342 was significantly higher in tumour lesions compared to normal adjacent mucosa. Surprisingly, the methylation frequency of miR-342 (76.3%) among colorectal cancer patients was significantly higher compared to miR-137 (18.6%). Furthermore, normal tissues, adjacent to the lesions (N-Cs), displayed no observable methylation for miRNA-137, whereas 27.2% of these N-Cs showed miRNA-342 hypermethylation. MiRNA-137 hypermethylation was significantly higher in male patients and miR-342 hypermethylation correlated with patient age. Methylation status of miRNA-137 and miRNA-342 has both diagnostic and prognostic value in CRC prediction and prevention.
New Insights into Structural and Functional Roles of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA): Changes in DNA Topology and Gene Expression in Bacteria
Authors: Defez Roberto , Valenti Anna , Andreozzi Anna , Romano Silvia , Ciaramella Maria , Pesaresi Paolo , Forlani Sara , Bianco Carmen
Published: September 2019

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a major plant hormone that affects many cellular processes in plants, bacteria, yeast, and human cells through still unknown mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrated that the IAA-treatment of two unrelated bacteria, the Ensifer meliloti 1021 and Escherichia coli, harboring two different host range plasmids, influences the supercoiled state of the two plasmid DNAs in vivo. Results obtained from in vitro assays show that IAA interacts with DNA, leading to DNA conformational changes commonly induced by intercalating agents. We provide evidence that IAA inhibits the activity of the type IA topoisomerase, which regulates the DNA topological state in bacteria, through the relaxation of the negative supercoiled DNA. In addition, we demonstrate that the treatment of E. meliloti cells with IAA induces the expression of some genes, including the ones related to nitrogen fixation. In contrast, these genes were significantly repressed by the treatment with novobiocin, which reduces the DNA supercoiling in bacterial cells. Taking into account the overall results reported, we hypothesize that the IAA action and the DNA structure/function might be correlated and involved in the regulation of gene expression. This work points out that checking whether IAA influences the DNA topology under physiological conditions could be a useful strategy to clarify the mechanism of action of this hormone, not only in plants but also in other unrelated organisms.
Value of Multimodal Imaging Approach to Diagnosis of Neurosarcoidosis
Authors: Sammarra Ilaria , Barbagallo Gaetano , Labate Angelo , Mondello Baldassare , Albonico Giuseppe , Maisano Maurizio , Cascini Giuseppe Lucio , Quattrone Aldo , Gambardella Antonio
Published: September 2019

Background: Neurosarcoidosis is a highly variable condition with many clinical and radiological manifestations, that can lead to difficult identification of isolated central nervous system (CNS) forms, because it could mimic inflammatory, infective or neoplastic disorders. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is gold standard to evaluate CNS involvement in neurosarcoidosis, despite the reported high sensitivity but low specificity in the diagnosis. Case presentation: Here, we describe a 52-year-old man that presented to our hospital with a 10-year history of focal seizures, progressive cognitive decline and motor impairment. Neurological examination revealed ataxic gait, bilateral telekinetic and postural tremor, brisk reflexes, left extensor plantar response and hypoesthesia to the right side of body. Brain 3T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a leukoencephalopathy with multifocal nodular lesions hyperintense on T2/ fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) weighted images involving basal ganglia, periventricular and deep white matter. The interpretation of this pattern on conventional MRI was unclear, opening a challenge on the differential diagnosis between inflammatory, infective or neoplastic disorders. Thus, to better understand the nature of these nodules, single-voxel 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET)/3T-MRI were performed. The parenchymal multifocal lesions exhibited slight N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine reduction without abnormal peaks on 1H-MRS, enhancement after the administration of contrast agent on CT and hypermetabolism on 18F-FDG-PET/3T-MRI. All these findings excluded primary neoplasms, metastasis, neurotuberculosis, neurocysticercosis and brain abscess, strongly suggesting a diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. Therefore, a whole-body 18F-FDG-PET/CT was performed in order to identify subclinical extraneural sarcoidosis localizations, and a hypermetabolic nodule of the left lung upper lobe was found. Subsequently, a biopsy documented the presence of systemic sarcoidosis, supporting a diagnosis of probable neurosarcoidosis. Conclusions: This case demonstrated that a multimodal neuroimaging approach can provide different but complementary evidences to suspect sarcoidosis, especially in apparently CNS isolated forms.
Parkinsonism with a Hint of Huntington’s from 29 CAG Repeats in HTT
Authors: Sipilä Jussi
Published: September 2019

Huntington’s disease is caused by at least 36 cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in an HTT gene allele, but repeat tracts in the intermediate range (27–35 repeats) also display a subtle phenotype. This patient had a slightly elongated CAG repeat tract (29 repeats), a prominent family history of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and a clinical phenotype mostly consistent with PD, but early dystonia and poor levodopa response. Neurophysiological test results were more consistent with Huntington’s disease (HD) than PD. It is suggested that the intermediate allele modulated the clinical phenotype of PD in this patient.
Depressive Symptoms among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults in South Los Angeles
Authors: Evans Meghan C. , Cobb Sharon , Smith James , Bazargan Mohsen , Assari Shervin
Published: September 2019

Background: Although social, behavioral, and health factors correlate with depressive symptoms, less is known about these links among economically disadvantaged African American (AA) older adults. Objective: To study social, behavioral, and health correlates of depressive symptoms among economically disadvantaged AA older adults. Methods: This survey was conducted in South Los Angeles between 2015 and 2018. A total number of 740 AA older adults (age ≥55 years) were entered to this study. Independent variables were gender, age, educational attainment, financial difficulties, living alone, marital status, smoking, drinking, chronic medical conditions (CMCs), and pain intensity. The dependent variable was depressive symptoms. Linear regression model was used to analyze the data. Results: Age, financial difficulties, smoking, CMCs, and pain intensity were associated with depressive symptoms. Gender, educational attainment, living arrangement, marital status, and drinking were not associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Factors such as age, financial difficulties, smoking, CMCs, and pain may inform programs that wish to screen high risk economically disadvantaged AA older adults for depressive symptoms.
Well-Being Workshops in Eating Disorder Wards and Their Perceived Benefits to Patients and the Multi-Disciplinary Team: A Pilot Study
Authors: Smith Katherine , Dandil Yasemin , Baillie Claire , Tchanturia Kate
Published: September 2019

A more holistic definition of patients’ recovery from eating disorders (EDs) highlights that well-being interventions linked to self-compassion are under-researched and under-utilised. Staff burnout is also common in ED units (EDUs), linked to difficult relationships with patients and poor self-care, and is not well addressed. Therefore we piloted a series of joint well-being workshops to target these issues. Joint workshops were offered to patients (n = 55) and the multi-disciplinary team MDT (n = 34) in adult ED wards over two years. Experiences were evaluated quantitively and qualitatively. Mood post-workshops increased significantly for both groups (patients: p < 0.001, r = 0.49; MDT: z = 3.043, p = 0.002, r = 0.41), with the feeling that they deserved to take time for self-care (patients: z = 2.419, p = 0.016, r = 0.31); MDT: z = 2.814, p = 0.005, r = 0.38). Workshops were found to be enjoyable and highly relevant to well-being, but less useful by patients. Thematic analysis identified six themes: Enjoyment, recovery and well-being, relationships, content, structure and future ideas. Both groups experienced improved mood and increased enjoyment and awareness of well-being. Patient isolation was addressed, and the staff experienced stress reduction and increased productivity. Both groups experienced improved relationships.
Encapsulated Carbenoxolone Reduces Lung Metastases
Authors: Karsch-Bluman Adi , Avraham Shimrit , Assayag Miri , Schwob Ouri , Benny Ofra
Published: September 2019

Carbenoxolone is an anti-inflammatory compound and a derivate of a natural substance from the licorice plant. We previously showed that carbenoxolone reduces the metastatic burden in the lungs of mice through its antagonistic effect on high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). To further enhance carbenoxolone’s activity and localization in the lungs, thereby reducing the potential adverse side effects resulting from systemic exposure, we developed a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) slow-release system for pulmonary delivery which maintains drug activity in-vitro, as demonstrated in the anoikis assay. Both systemic and intranasal administrations of carbenoxolone effectively minimize metastatic formation in a lung colonization model in mice. Our results show a decrease in the metastatic burden in the lung tissue. Notably, the therapeutic effect of a single intranasal administration of 25 mg/kg carbenoxolone, in the form of drug-loaded particles, had a similar effect in reducing metastatic lesions in the lungs to that of a 10-fold dose of the free drug via intraperitoneal injections, three times per week over the course of four weeks. These data offer new means to potentiate the anti-cancer activity of carbenoxolone and simultaneously reduce the requirement for high dosage administration; the upshot substantially improves therapeutic effect and avoidance of side effects.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Yatein-Induced Cell-Cycle Arrest and Microtubule Destabilization in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Ho Shang-Tse , Lin Chi-Chen , Tung Yu-Tang , Wu Jyh-Horng
Published: September 2019

Yatein is an antitumor agent isolated from Calocedrus formosana Florin leaves extract. In our previous study, we found that yatein inhibited the growth of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and CL1-5 cells by inducing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. To further uncover the effects and mechanisms of yatein-induced inhibition on A549 and CL1-5 cell growth, we evaluated yatein-mediated antitumor activity in vivo and the regulatory effects of yatein on cell-cycle progression and microtubule dynamics. Flow cytometry and western blotting revealed that yatein induces G2/M arrest in A549 and CL1-5 cells. Yatein also destabilized microtubules and interfered with microtubule dynamics in the two cell lines. Furthermore, we evaluated the antitumor activity of yatein in vivo using a xenograft mouse model and found that yatein treatment altered cyclin B/Cdc2 complex expression and significantly inhibited tumor growth. Taken together, our results suggested that yatein effectively inhibited the growth of A549 and CL1-5 cells possibly by disrupting cell-cycle progression and microtubule dynamics.
XIST-Promoter Demethylation as Tissue Biomarker for Testicular Germ Cell Tumors and Spermatogenesis Quality
Authors: Lobo João , Nunes Sandra P. , Gillis Ad J. M. , Barros-Silva Daniela , Miranda-Gonçalves Vera , Berg Annette van den , Cantante Mariana , Guimarães Rita , Henrique Rui , Jerónimo Carmen , Looijenga Leendert H. J.
Published: September 2019

Background: The event of X chromosome inactivation induced by XIST, which is physiologically observed in females, is retained in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), as a result of a supernumerary X chromosome constitution. X chromosome inactivation also occurs in male germline, specifically during spermatogenesis. We aimed to analyze the promoter methylation status of XIST in a series of TGCT tissues, representative cell lines, and testicular parenchyma. Methods: Two independent cohorts were included, comprising a total of 413 TGCT samples, four (T)GCT cell lines, and 86 testicular parenchyma samples. The relative amount of methylated and demethylated XIST promoter fragments was assessed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) and more sensitive high-resolution melting (HRM) methylation analyses. Results: Seminomas showed a lower amount of methylated XIST fragments as compared to non-seminomas or normal testis (p < 0.0001), allowing for a good discrimination among these groups (area under the curve 0.83 and 0.81, respectively). Seminomas showed a significantly higher content of demethylated XIST as compared to non-seminomas. The percentage of demethylated XIST fragment in cell lines reflected their chromosomal constitution (number of extra X chromosomes). A novel and strong positive correlation between the Johnsen’s score and XIST demethylation was identified (r = 0.75, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The X chromosome inactivation event and demethylated XIST promoter are promising biomarkers for TGCTs and for assessing spermatogenesis quality.
Theragnostic Use of Radiolabelled Dota-Peptides in Meningioma: From Clinical Demand to Future Applications
Authors: Laudicella Riccardo , Albano Domenico , Annunziata Salvatore , Calabrò Diletta , Argiroffi Giovanni , Abenavoli Elisabetta , Linguanti Flavia , Albano Domenico , Vento Antonio , Bruno Antonio , Alongi Pierpaolo , Bauckneht Matteo
Published: September 2019

Meningiomas account for approximately 30% of all new diagnoses of intracranial masses. The 2016 World Health Organization’s (WHO) classification currently represents the clinical standard for meningioma’s grading and prognostic stratification. However, watchful waiting is frequently the chosen treatment option, although this means the absence of a certain histological diagnosis. Consequently, MRI (or less frequently CT) brain imaging currently represents the unique available tool to define diagnosis, grading, and treatment planning in many cases. Nonetheless, these neuroimaging modalities show some limitations, particularly in the evaluation of skull base lesions. The emerging evidence supporting the use of radiolabelled somatostatin receptor analogues (such as dota-peptides) to provide molecular imaging of meningiomas might at least partially overcome these limitations. Moreover, their potential therapeutic usage might enrich the current clinical offering for these patients. Starting from the strengths and weaknesses of structural and functional neuroimaging in meningiomas, in the present article we systematically reviewed the published studies regarding the use of radiolabelled dota-peptides in surgery and radiotherapy planning, in the restaging of treated patients, as well as in peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy of meningioma.
Effects of Lidocaine and Src Inhibition on Metastasis in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Wall Thomas P. , Crowley Peter D. , Sherwin Aislinn , Foley Andrew G. , Buggy Donal J.
Published: September 2019

Breast cancer recurs in 20% of patients following intended curative resection. In vitro data indicates that amide local anaesthetics, including lidocaine, inhibit cancer cell metastasis by inhibiting the tyrosine kinase enzyme Src. In a murine breast cancer surgery model, systemic lidocaine reduces postoperative pulmonary metastases. We investigated whether the additional administration of bosutinib (a known Src inhibitor) influences lidocaine’s observed beneficial effect in this in vivo model. Female BALB/c mice (n = 95) were inoculated with 25,000 4T1 cells into the mammary fad pad and after 7 days the resulting tumours were excised under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Experimental animals were randomized to one of four treatments administered intravenously prior to excision: lidocaine, bosutinib, both lidocaine and bosutinib in combination, or saline. Animals were euthanized 14 days post-surgery and lung and liver metastatic colonies were evaluated. Post-mortem serum was analysed for MMP-2 and MMP-9, pro-metastatic enzymes whose expression is influenced by the Src pathway. Lidocaine reduced lung, but not liver metastatic colonies versus sevoflurane alone (p = 0.041), but bosutinib alone had no metastasis-inhibiting effect. When combined with lidocaine, bosutinib reversed the anti-metastatic effect observed with lidocaine on sevoflurane anaesthesia. Only lidocaine alone reduced MMP-2 versus sevoflurane (p = 0.044). Both bosutinib (p = 0.001) and bosutinib/lidocaine combined (p = 0.001) reduced MMP-9 versus sevoflurane, whereas lidocaine alone did not. In a murine surgical breast cancer model, the anti-metastatic effects of lidocaine under sevoflurane anaesthesia are abolished by the Src inhibitor bosutinib, and lidocaine reduces serum MMP-2. These results suggest that lidocaine may act, at least partly, via an inhibitory effect on MMP-2 expression to reduce pulmonary metastasis, but whether this is due to an effect on Src or via another pathway remains unclear.
Sestrins as a Therapeutic Bridge between ROS and Autophagy in Cancer
Authors: Sánchez-Álvarez Miguel , Strippoli Raffaele , Donadelli Massimo , Bazhin Alexandr V. , Cordani Marco
Published: September 2019

The regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels and the contribution therein from networks regulating cell metabolism, such as autophagy and the mTOR-dependent nutrient-sensing pathway, constitute major targets for selective therapeutic intervention against several types of tumors, due to their extensive rewiring in cancer cells as compared to healthy cells. Here, we discuss the sestrin family of proteins—homeostatic transducers of oxidative stress, and drivers of antioxidant and metabolic adaptation—as emerging targets for pharmacological intervention. These adaptive regulators lie at the intersection of those two priority nodes of interest in antitumor intervention—ROS control and the regulation of cell metabolism and autophagy—therefore, they hold the potential not only for the development of completely novel compounds, but also for leveraging on synergistic strategies with current options for tumor therapy and classification/stadiation to achieve personalized medicine.
Synthesis of a Novel Magnetically Retrievable Nanocomposite with Au Nanocatalysts for Hydration Reaction
Authors: Yu Xiaoxi , Dai Yingjie , Wu Youran , Cheng Yunfeng , Zhao Qingshan
Published: September 2019

Developing efficient catalysts with good recyclability is of great importance for its practical applications. In this study, a novel magnetically retrievable nanocomposite (Au-SiO2@Fe3O4-RGO) was synthesized for catalyzing hydration reaction. Active Au nanoparticles are deposited on core-shell SiO2@Fe3O4, which are further supported by a two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (RGO) platform. The prepared Au-SiO2@Fe3O4-RGO was proven to be efficient as well as recyclable. An excellent catalytic performance, with 97% yield towards the hydration of phenylacetylene, was achieved for the catalyst in dioxane. Remarkably, the catalyst can be readily recycled through magnetic separation and achieved superior catalyst recovery and stability after seven cycles without any metal leaching. This work provides a strategy to fabricate recyclable and durable catalysts for industrial applications.
The Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides or Sulfones with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by a Dendritic Phosphomolybdate Hybrid
Authors: Tong Qiao-Lin , Fan Zhan-Fang , Yang Jian-Wen , Li Qi , Chen Yi-Xuan , Cheng Mao-Sheng , Liu Yang
Published: September 2019

The oxidation of sulfides to their corresponding sulfoxides or sulfones has been achieved using a low-cost poly(amidoamine) with a first-generation coupled phosphomolybdate hybrid as the catalyst and aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The reusability of the catalyst was revealed in extensive experiments. The practice of this method in the preparation of a smart drug Modafinil has proved its good applicability.
Biocatalysis and Pharmaceuticals: A Smart Tool for Sustainable Development
Authors: Alcántara Andrés R.
Published: September 2019

Biocatalysis is the term used to describe the application of any type of biocatalyst (enzymes, as isolated preparations of wild-type or genetically modified variants, or whole cells, either as native cells or as recombinant expressed proteins inside host cells) in a given synthetic schedule [...]
Protective Effect of Probiotic Bacteria and Estrogen in Preventing HIV-1-Mediated Impairment of Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Female Genital Tract
Authors: Dizzell Sara , Nazli Aisha , Reid Gregor , Kaushic Charu
Published: September 2019

Approximately 40% of global HIV-1 transmission occurs in the female genital tract (FGT) through heterosexual transmission. Epithelial cells lining the FGT provide the first barrier to HIV-1 entry. Previous studies have suggested that certain hormonal contraceptives or a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota can enhance HIV-1 acquisition in the FGT. We examined the effects of lactobacilli and female sex hormones on the barrier functions and innate immune responses of primary endometrial genital epithelial cells (GECs). Two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 and L. rhamnosus GR-1, were tested, as were sex hormones estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), and the hormonal contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Our results demonstrate that probiotic lactobacilli enhance barrier function without affecting cytokines. Treatment of GECs with MPA resulted in reduced barrier function. In contrast, E2 treatment enhanced barrier function and reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines. Comparison of hormones plus lactobacilli as a pre-treatment prior to HIV exposure revealed a dominant effect of lactobacilli in preventing loss of barrier function by GECs. In summary, the combination of E2 and lactobacilli had the best protective effect against HIV-1 seen by enhancement of barrier function and reduction in proinflammatory cytokines. These studies provide insights into how probiotic lactobacilli in the female genital microenvironment can alter HIV-1-mediated barrier disruption and how the combination of E2 and lactobacilli may decrease susceptibility to primary HIV infection.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Adult Human Liver: Hype or Hope?
Authors: Kholodenko Irina V. , Kurbatov Leonid K. , Kholodenko Roman V. , Manukyan Garik V. , Yarygin Konstantin N.
Published: September 2019

Chronic liver diseases constitute a significant economic, social, and biomedical burden. Among commonly adopted approaches, only organ transplantation can radically help patients with end-stage liver pathologies. Cell therapy with hepatocytes as a treatment for chronic liver disease has demonstrated promising results. However, quality human hepatocytes are in short supply. Stem/progenitor cells capable of differentiating into functionally active hepatocytes provide an attractive alternative approach to cell therapy for liver diseases, as well as to liver-tissue engineering, drug screening, and basic research. The application of methods generally used to isolate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and maintain them in culture to human liver tissue provides cells, designated here as liver MSCs. They have much in common with MSCs from other tissues, but differ in two aspects—expression of a range of hepatocyte-specific genes and, possibly, inherent commitment to hepatogenic differentiation. The aim of this review is to analyze data regarding liver MSCs, probably another type of liver stem/progenitor cells different from hepatic stellate cells or so-called hepatic progenitor cells. The review presents an analysis of the phenotypic characteristics of liver MSCs, their differentiation and therapeutic potential, methods for isolating these cells from human liver, and discusses issues of their origin and heterogeneity. Human liver MSCs are a fascinating object of fundamental research with a potential for important practical applications.