bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Happy Entrepreneurs? Everywhere? A Meta-Analysis of Entrepreneurship and Wellbeing
Authors: Stephan Ute , Rauch Andreas , Hatak Isabella
Published: January 2022

Entrepreneurship can be fulfilling and enhance wellbeing, but also highly stressful and diminish wellbeing. This meta-analytical review synthesizes 319 effect sizes from 94 studies and 82 countries to establish whether individuals derive greater wellbeing from working for themselves or for someone else. The answer is partly positive in favor of entrepreneurship but depends on the components of wellbeing under investigation (positive wellbeing or negative wellbeing/mental illbeing) and the institutional context (especially the rule of law). We contribute by developing the component view of wellbeing as an organizing framework and by advancing an institutional perspective to guide research on entrepreneurs’ wellbeing.
Impact of Ketamine on Analgosedative Consumption in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chan Katalina , Burry Lisa D. , Tse Christopher , Wunsch Hannah , De Castro Charmaine , Williamson David R.
Published: January 2022

Objective:

The aim of this study was to synthesize evidence available on continuous infusion ketamine versus nonketamine regimens for analgosedation in critically ill patients.

Data sources

A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CDSR, and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed from database establishment to November 2021 using the following search terms: critical care, ICU, ketamine, sedation, and anesthesia. All studies included the primary outcome of interest: daily opioid and/or sedative consumption.

Study selection and data extraction

Relevant human studies were considered. Randomized controlled trials (RCT), quasi-experimental studies, and observational cohort studies were eligible. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data, and appraised studies using the Cochrane RoB and ROBINS-I tools.

Data synthesis

A total of 13 RCTs, 5 retrospective, and 1 prospective cohort study were included (2255 participants). The primary analysis of six RCTs demonstrated reduced opioid consumption with ketamine regimens (n = 494 participants, −13.19 µg kg−1 h−1 morphine equivalents, 95% CI −22.10 to −4.28, P = 0.004). No significant difference was observed in sedative consumption, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), ICU or hospital length of stay (LOS), intracranial pressure, and mortality. Small sample size of studies may have limited ability to detect true differences between groups.

Relevance to patient care and clinical practice

This meta-analysis examining ketamine use in critically ill patients is the first restricting analysis to RCTs and includes up-to-date publication of trials. Findings may guide clinicians in consideration and dosing of ketamine for multimodal analgosedation.

Conclusion

Results suggest ketamine as an adjunct analgosedative has the potential to reduce opioid exposure in postoperative and MV patients in the ICU. More RCTs are required before recommending routine use of ketamine in select populations.
Rethinking Male Peer Support Theory: Social Network Responses to Young Men’s Violence Against Women
Authors: Berggren Kalle , Gottzén Lucas
Published: January 2022

Male Peer Support Theory (MPST) is one of the few principal theories about masculinity and men’s violence against women. The theory foregrounds the role of social networks in encouraging violence. This article offers a critical discussion of MPST, particularly the assumption that social networks primarily support violence. Drawing on a qualitative study of young men perpetrators in Sweden, we suggest that the concept of response is better suited than support in capturing the diversity of social network responses to violence. In our data, there were few stories about unmitigated pro-abuse support. Instead, we found responses that unequivocally condemned violence, as well as ambiguous and transformative responses. We suggest that such responses be understood in relation to changing attitudes concerning violence.
Shall We Dance? Recreational Dance, Well-Being and Productivity Performance During COVID-19: A Three-Country Study
Authors: Vecchi Michela , Elf Patrick , Ueno Akiko , Dilmperi Athina , Dennis Charles , Devereux Luke
Published: January 2022

Mental health issues are increasingly prevalent worldwide, emphasizing the need to research antecedents and consequences of well-being. Prior research shows that within organizations, higher levels of subjective well-being (SWB) promote productivity performance. Building on this research, the authors hypothesize that recreational dance positively influences productivity through higher SWB. Survey data from Brazil, Italy, and the United Kingdom reveal that recreational dancers are more productive than nondancers due to their higher intrinsic motivation and SWB. Dancing has an additional direct effect on productivity, beyond the mediating role of SWB. The results indicate well-being and productivity improvements in all three countries, although they show a moderating effect such that the relationship between recreational dance and SWB is stronger when social norms are perceived to be looser. This study indicates potentially far-reaching benefits that could be achieved by including recreational dance in corporate well-being programs. International dance organizations could market dance classes as a pathway to increase productivity at work and explore synergies with public health marketing to promote the benefits of recreational dance in joint international campaigns.
Impingement in Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy Occurs Across a Larger Range of Ankle Angles and Is Associated With Increased Tendon Thickness
Authors: Aggouras Anthony N. , Chimenti Ruth L. , Samuel Flemister A. , Ketz John , Slane Laura C. , Buckley Mark R. , Richards Michael S.
Published: January 2022

Background:

Insertional Achilles tendinopathy (IAT) is characterized by tendon degeneration and thickening near the tendon-bone insertion.11 Calcaneal impingement is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of IAT.5 However, it is unclear how increased tendon thickness in individuals with IAT influences impingement. This study aimed to compare Achilles tendon impingement in individuals with and without IAT.

Methods:

Eight healthy adults and 12 adults with clinically diagnosed symptomatic IAT performed a passive flexion exercise during which ankle flexion angle, anterior-posterior (A-P) thickness, and an ultrasonographic image sequence of the Achilles tendon insertion were acquired. The angle of ankle plantarflexion at which the calcaneus first impinges the Achilles tendon, defined as the impingement onset angle, was identified by (1) a anonymized observer (visual inspection method) and (2) a computational image deformation-based approach (curvature method).

Results:

Although the 2 methods provided different impingement onset angles, the measurements were strongly correlated ( R2 = 0.751, P < .05). The impingement onset angle and the thickness of the Achilles tendon insertion were greater in subjects with clinically diagnosed IAT ( P = .0048, P = .0047). Furthermore, impingement onset angle proved to have a moderate correlation with anterior-posterior thickness ( R2 = 0.454, P < .05).

Conclusion:

Our findings demonstrated that increased tendon thickness in IAT patients is associated with larger impingement onset angles, raising the range of ankle angles over which the tendon is exposed to impingement.

Clinical Relevance:

Increased susceptibility to impingement may exacerbate or perpetuate the pathology, highlighting the need for clinical strategies to reduce impingement in IAT patients.
Do Endocannabinoids Cause the Runner’s High? Evidence and Open Questions
Authors: Siebers Michael , Biedermann Sarah V. , Fuss Johannes
Published: January 2022

The runner’s high is an ephemeral feeling some humans experience during and after endurance exercise. Recent evidence in mice suggests that a runner’s high depends on the release of endocannabinoids (eCBs) during exercise. However, little is known under what circumstances eCBs are released during exercise in humans. This systematic review sampled all data from clinical trials in humans on eCB levels following exercise from the discovery of eCBs until April 20, 2021. PubMed/NCBI, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane library were searched systematically and reviewed following the PRISMA guidelines. From 278 records, 21 met the inclusion criteria. After acute exercise, 14 of 17 studies detected an increase in eCBs. In contrast, after a period of long-term endurance exercise, four articles described a decrease in eCBs. Even though several studies demonstrated an association between eCB levels and features of the runner’s high, reliable proof of the involvement of eCBs in the runner’s high in humans has not yet been achieved due to methodological hurdles. In this review, we suggest how to advance the study of the influence of eCBs on the beneficial effects of exercise and provide recommendations on how endocannabinoid release is most likely to occur under laboratory conditions.
The Enigma of Working Memory: Changing Views
Authors: Douglas Fields R.
Published: January 2022

Working memory is of great interest because of its importance in cognitive function, its relation to consciousness, and impairments in disease, but the cellular mechanisms remain elusive and controversial. A recent article by Barbosa and colleagues overturns the conclusions of an influential study by Wolff and colleagues, which concluded that working memory can be maintained in a hidden state by transient plasticity of synaptic connections that form dynamic ensembles of neurons encoding information temporarily. A reanalysis of the data reveals that there is a persistent electrically active signature in the EEG recordings that is sustained for the duration of the working memory. This reanalysis adds to a large body of evidence indicating that working memory is encoded by sustained action potential firing. However, several studies show that unconscious (unattended) working memories can be recalled even in the absence of measurable neural activity, suggesting that electrically silent mechanisms may be involved. Testing that hypothesis is problematic, given that it posits no neuronal firing that could be easily measured.
Oral oncolytic treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Harris Vincent , Borlagdan Jared , Muluneh Benyam
Published: January 2022

Objective

The objective of this article is to review the current supporting literature for the use of oral oncolytics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, consideration for their use and management of adverse drug events that may limit use.

Data Sources

NCCN guidelines were utilized to determine available oral options for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A literature review was carried out through PubMed to find relevant clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy and safety of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors and PI3K-δ inhibitors. Medication package inserts and primary literature regarding toxicity were used to determine appropriate adverse drug event management.

Data Summary

A total of 7 clinical trials were found for the evaluation the efficacy and safety of burton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, 1 clinical trial for the BCL-1 inhibitor venetoclax and 4 trials were for PI3K-δ inhibitors. The data from these studies suggest that ibrutinib can be used first line in previously untreated patients and relapsed/refractory patients as well as acalabrutinib. The data also support the use of venetoclax, idelalisib, and duvelisib in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.

Conclusions

The use of oral-only oncolytics could be a viable option for reducing the risk of infection due to limiting exposure to healthcare settings. Current literature suggests oral oncolytics may be an option, but there are several considerations to evaluate including medication adherence, drug-drug interactions, adverse events, and financial toxicity.
Complete response following treatment of plasma cell leukemia with venetoclax and dexamethasone: A case report
Authors: Vo Kim , Guan Tiffany , Banerjee Rahul , Lo Mimi , Young Rebecca , Shah Nina
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare but aggressive variant of multiple myeloma (MM) with a poor prognosis. Due to the limited number of prospective clinical trials studying PCL, treatment options are often extrapolated from data available for the treatment of MM. Venetoclax has recently demonstrated antimyeloma activity in patients with relapsed/refractory MM carrying the t(11;14) translocation. However, few cases have reported the analogous efficacy of venetoclax in PCL.

Case Report

A 64-year-old Caucasian male developed relapsed PCL despite treatment with hyperCD (hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone) and Dara-KRd (daratumumab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone). Due to the refractory nature of his disease and the presence of a t(11:14) translocation, the patient was subsequently initiated on venetoclax 400 mg daily and dexamethasone 4 mg once weekly.

Management and outcome

The patient achieved a complete response by International Myeloma Working Group criteria three months after initiating venetoclax-dexamethasone, including a repeat bone marrow biopsy that showed no abnormal plasma cells. He successfully underwent consolidation with melphalan-based autologous stem cell transplantation. He remains disease-free 9 months after venetoclax initiation.

Discussion

Combination all-oral therapy with venetoclax and dexamethasone can induce deep hematologic responses in patients with relapsed/refractory PCL carrying the t(11;14) translocation.
Structuring Public–Private Partnerships for Public Value: Analysis of Two Transportation Infrastructure Case Studies
Authors: Mayer Martin , Yusuf Juita-Elena (Wie)
Published: January 2022

This study examines public–private partnerships (PPPs) in terms of providing public value and analyzes the structuring of PPP contractual agreements to achieve public values of accountability, transparency, responsibility, responsiveness, and quality. We focus on transportation PPP projects utilizing case studies of the I-495 and I-95 PPP projects in northern Virginia. Review of contractual documents governing the PPPs and analysis of supplemental data related to PPP outcomes is conducted. We examine the creation and maintenance of public value through the process and performance elements of the contractual agreement. Study findings provide insight into how the roles, relationships, and interactions of the public and private partners, reflected in process and performance elements, are incorporated into agreements to ensure public value.
“Omelora”: Orthodox and Disciplinary Masculinities in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus
Authors: Umezurike Uchechukwu P.
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the connections between masculinity and orthodoxy in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus to underscore the intersections of gender, class, religion, and ethnicity. Adichie depicts two contradictory figures of Catholic orthodoxy, namely, Eugene and Father Amadi and the consequences of their performances of masculinity. Where Eugene enacts violence on his family in the name of piety, Father Amadi demonstrates receptivity to human suffering as crucial to piety. I draw on the ideas of Michel Foucault and Raewyn Connell to demonstrate how discipline, control, and male power operate in the domestic sphere and their effects on subjectivities and bodies. Adichie’s portrayal of Eugene articulates a model of disciplinary power undergirded by orthodoxy. Eugene, therefore, dramatizes orthodox masculinity. I argue that Adichie envisions a redefinition of masculinity by presenting Father Amadi as an alternative to Eugene’s enactments of orthodoxy. I conclude that Adichie provides us with an understanding of how people can deploy violence in the name of piety and religion. Indeed, Adichie emphasizes the need to redefine masculinity cognizant of the dignity of all humanity.
The Student-Run Agency Experience: The Role of Agency Culture in Student Engagement
Authors: Rademacher Mark A.
Published: January 2022

Research on student-run communication agencies (SRAs) documents significant learning outcomes, benefits for job placement, and career success. Research, however, rarely investigates cultural aspects of the agency experience. This study employed in-depth interviews with agency student leaders and advisors to explore the influence of agency culture on positive student experiences and agency success. Informants described the importance of collaborative and supportive cultures in achieving agency goals and the role of agency-based friendships in creating positive student experiences and increased student retention. Yet they also noted agencies attracted a relatively homogenous group of students and, consequently, acknowledged the need for increased diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives.
Embedding a Proof-of-Concept Test in an At-Scale National Policy Experiment: Greater Policy Learning But at What Cost to Statistical Power? The Social Security Administration’s Benefit Offset National Demonstration (BOND)
Authors: Bell Stephen H. , Stapleton David C. , Wood Michelle , Gubits Daniel
Published: January 2022

A randomized experiment that measures the impact of a social policy in a sample of the population reveals whether the policy will work on average with universal application. An experiment that includes only the subset of the population that volunteers for the intervention generates narrower “proof-of-concept” evidence of whether the policy can work for motivated individuals. Both forms of learning carry value, yet evaluations rarely combine the two designs. The U.S. Social Security Administration conducted an exception, the Benefit Offset National Demonstration (BOND). This article uses BOND to examine the statistical power implications and potential gains in policy learning—relative to costs—from combining volunteer and population-representative experiments. It finds that minimum detectable effects of volunteer experiments rise little when one adds a population-representative experiment, but those of a population-representative experiment double or quadruple with the addition of a volunteer experiment.
Does the Immediacy of Feedback Matter in Game-Based Classroom Management? Analysis of the Caught Being Good Game With Adolescent Students
Authors: Bohan Clare , McDowell Claire , Smyth Sinéad
Published: January 2022

This study evaluated use of the Caught Being Good Game (CBGG) across two adolescent student populations, maintaining a focus on the provision of feedback during the game. The CBGG, a variation of the group contingency intervention the Good Behavior Game (GBG), is a classroom management intervention that involves the provision of points to teams of students who follow class rules. Feedback was manipulated during the game to ascertain whether immediate visual feedback was always necessary. The CBGG was presented with and without immediate visual feedback across phases, using a multiple treatment reversal design. Intervention conditions were counterbalanced across two classrooms of mainstream adolescent students. Data were collected on academically engaged and disruptive behaviors. The CBGG was generally effective in targeting these behaviors in both classrooms, with some differential effects apparent for CBGG versions across classrooms. This provides further support for the use of the CBGG as a positive classroom management technique and as an alternative to the classic GBG. The findings also suggest that teachers may choose whether to use feedback or not during the CBGG, which may save them time and increase buy-in by incorporating an opportunity for some autonomy in game implementation.
Impact of Challenging Behavior Online Modules on Korean Parents of Children With Developmental Disabilities: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lee James D. , Meadan Hedda , Xia Yan
Published: January 2022

Challenging behavior exhibited by young children with neurodevelopmental disabilities is known to negatively affect their optimal development and families’ quality of life. Although some support exists for English-speaking parents of children with autism who live in high-resource countries, it is scarce for others. Such disparity may also be heightened during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with its various societal restrictions. To mitigate the treatment gap, we developed and adapted a series of online training modules on behavioral principles and examined its effectiveness with 88 South Korean parents using a randomized controlled trial. We found significant interaction effects on increasing parents’ knowledge of behavioral principles, increasing positive parenting practices, and decreasing parental stress. Qualitative social validity data also indicated that parents were highly satisfied with the goals, procedures, and outcomes and that the program positively affected their parenting styles.
Design and characterization of an orthotropic accordion cellular honeycomb as one-dimensional morphing structures with enhanced properties
Authors: Farrokhabadi Amin , Ashrafian Mohammad Mahdi , Fotouhi Mohammad
Published: January 2022

This study develops the governing equations and characterizes the mechanical properties of a new orthotropic accordion morphing honeycomb structure containing periodic arrays of U-type beams reinforced with glass fibers. Castigliano’s second theorem is modified to develop the analytical equations to predict the deformation behavior of a single orthotropic ply under a combined axial, bending, and shear loadings. Accordingly, the elastic properties of the orthotropic structure including elastic stiffness, shear stiffness, and in-plane Poisson’s ratios are calculated by the developed equations. The honeycomb structure is manufactured by 3D printing, and the samples are subjected to tensile tests to experimentally validate the analytical solutions. Multiple finite element simulations are also used to validate the results. A good agreement is observed between the analytical solution, the experiments, and simulations, confirming the robustness of the analytical solution to predict the full elastic properties of the composite cellular. The results show that the periodic arrays of U-type and vertical beams can generate low in-plane stiffness in the morphing direction and high in-plane stiffness in the transverse direction, respectively. A zero Poisson’s ratio feature is achieved by employing straight beams which result in a high stiffness in the perpendicular direction. The proposed accordion cellular honeycomb structure exhibits the flexible response along the accordion shape direction, with a significant stiffness in its transverse direction. Moreover, the new orthotropic structure has considerably greater strain to failure in the morphing direction compared with a conventional isotropic configuration. These features prove that this type of structure can be applied for the aerospace morphing structures such as wings.
New insights in pathogenic mechanism of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity through optical coherence tomography angiography analysis
Authors: Remolí Sargues Lidia , Monferrer Adsuara Clara , Castro Navarro Verónica , Hernández Garfella María Luisa , Hernández Bel Laura , Navarro Palop Catalina , Montero Hernández Javier , Cervera Taulet Enrique
Published: January 2022

Introduction

There is only a unique report with a small sample size studying hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinal toxicity with swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The aim of this study was to quantify OCTA quantitative parameters in patients who underwent HCQ therapy.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study. The study included 43 eyes of 22 patients taking HCQ for more than 5 years (high-risk group), 57 eyes of 29 patients taking HCQ for 5 years or less (low-risk group) and 25 eyes of 50 age-matched healthy controls. OCTA quantitative parameters (vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in superficial capillary plexus (SCP), middle capillary plexus (MCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), total capillary plexus (TCP), and choriocapillaris (CC)) were recorded.

Results

In the low-risk group, VD in the SCP and MCP was increased compared to control group ( p value <.05). In the high-risk group, VD in the SCP, MCP and TCP was increased ( p value <.05). The subgroup analysis revealed an increased VD at SCP in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) high-risk patients, an increased VD at TCP and CC in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) high-risk subjects, and a decreased VD at CC level in the high-risk group patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and connective tissue disease (CTD) ( p value <.05). Furthermore, we demonstrated a significant enlargement of FAZ area at MCP level in the high-risk group patients with SS and CTD ( p value <.05).

Conclusion

We demonstrated an increase of VD in patients who underwent HCQ treatment, so we suggest that HCQ retinal toxicity is not vascular mediated.
Point-of-care ultrasound-guided cannulation versus standard cannulation in hemodialysis vascular access: A controlled random order crossover pilot feasibility study
Authors: Schoch Monica , Bennett Paul N , Currey Judy , Smith Vicki , Orellana Liliana , Hutchinson Alison M
Published: January 2022

Background:

Standard cannulation practice for hemodialysis consists of inserting needles “blindly” through skin into an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), which is more likely to cause damage. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) guided cannulation has potential for less damage; however, efficacy of this technique has not been explored. Our purpose was to test the feasibility and effectiveness of POCUS guidance for cannulation of AVFs in hemodialysis patients.

Methods:

A random-order crossover research design was used; patients and nurses acted as their own control. Sample included 13 patients with functioning AVFs and 9 nurses, recruited from a single hemodialysis center. All nurses cannulated all patients using standard and POCUS-guided cannulation. Data were collected at each cannulation (time taken, nurse position, probe direction, pressures, patient satisfaction, pain scores). Ultrasound images of needle position were collected from which needle tip locations inside vessels were measured. Nurses were surveyed at three timepoints and were interviewed at conclusion of data collection. Analysis involved linear mixed-models for clinical data, descriptive statistics for binary and feasibility data, and content analysis for interview data.

Results:

Eleven patients and seven nurses completed. Protocol adherence was 94.4%. Two miscannulations occurred, both during standard cannulation. Cannulation time using POCUS guidance was significantly higher than standard cannulation ( p = 0.008, 95% CI 39–166). All other variables showed no statistically significant difference. Content analysis of interview data showed cultural shift toward use of POCUS; nurses gained confidence and become more proficient in their POCUS technique.

Conclusions:

Random-order crossover is a feasible design to measure differences in POCUS-guided and standard cannulation. It is also feasible to implement POCUS into hemodialysis centers and whilst POCUS guidance takes longer, nurses become more proficient, and confident with persistent use.
Treatment Response to Immunotherapy After Crizotinib Resistance in a Patient With Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Harboring MET Exon 14 Skipping Mutation: A Case Report
Authors: Gu Ling , Wei Xiaoying , Zhang Zixiang , Heng Wei
Published: January 2022

Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with poor prognosis. The skipping mutation in exon 14 of MET, an oncogenic driver of NSCLC, occurs more frequently in PSC than other subtypes. Treatment options for patients with PSC include targeted therapies and immunotherapies, while the best treatment regimen has not been established due to limited number of patients. In this report, we presented a case with metastatic PSC harboring MET 14 exon skipping mutation. The patient received crizotinib but soon acquired drug resistance. Then, the patient turned to immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy and has achieved a progression-free survival for 15 months as of the data cutoff date. The comprehensive genomic sequencing after crizotinib resistance revealed additional genetic alterations such as CD274 (also known as programmed cell death ligand 1) amplification which might be associated with treatment response of the patient.
Spanish youth at the crossroads of gender and sexuality during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: López-Sáez Miguel Ángel , Platero R. Lucas
Published: January 2022

This study examines some of the perceptions amongst Spanish LGBTQ+ youth during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent confinement and lockdown measures, between March and May 2020. During this time, many of these young people were forced to return to their family homes and restrict their social relations. This new situation often exposed them to forms of violence from which there was no escape, with negative consequences for their psychosocial health. The study evaluates the correlations between perceived social support, burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness and the people with whom LGBTQ+ youth lived during confinement. A descriptive and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and bivariate correlations is used to examine the responses of 394 LGBTQ+ youth, between 17 and 21 years of age, residing in Spain. Overall, the study finds that gender is key when explaining the differences between the experiences of LGBTQ+ youth, with women and non-binary individuals experiencing a greater perception of stigma in the places where they lived during the lockdown. Moreover, trans men and women and non-binary individuals reported receiving less support and a greater feeling of burdensomeness then the other participants. These results suggest that LGBTQ+ youth must be given special consideration during times of crisis, like the COVID-19 pandemic, and may benefit from intervention with an intersectional and transfeminist perspective.
Modeling the effects of solid thermal expansion and thermal stress on elastohydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: Ma Mingfei , Wang Wen , Jiang Wenxun
Published: January 2022

Temperature has a significant effect on the performance of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), and this topic has been extensively covered in many studies. These studies are focused on how temperature affects lubrication performance, without considering the effect of temperature on the deformation and the subsurface stress of the contact bodies. However, there will be a significant rise in temperature in the contact area under such conditions as high speeds, heavy loads, and high slide-roll ratios. This will generate significant thermal stress inside the solid, thus inhibiting the elastic deformation of the contact surface and impairing the lubrication performance in the contact area. In such cases, it is essential to consider the effects of solid thermal stress and thermal expansion on thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL). In this paper, a TEHL model that consider solid thermal expansion and thermal stress to solve point contact problems is developed. The effects of solid thermal expansion and thermal stress on pressure, film thickness, temperature, and subsurface stress are investigated. The results show that solid thermal expansion partially inhibits the elastic deformation of the contact surface, resulting in a decrease in film thickness and an increase in pressure. It is also found that solid thermal stress causes the subsurface von Mises stress of the upper contact body to increase and that of the lower contact body to decrease.
Aikido and world politics: a practice theory for transcending the security dilemma
Authors: Hagström Linus , Bremberg Niklas
Published: January 2022

In the final analysis, is the security dilemma inescapable? Or can the protagonists in world politics learn to live with never-ending insecurities and the risk of attack without producing precisely the outcomes that they wish to avoid? This article explores this fundamental problem for International Relations theory by performing a thought experiment, in which it applies lessons from aikido to world politics. A form of Japanese budo, or martial art, aikido provides practitioners with a method for harbouring insecurities, and for dealing with attacks that may or may not occur, by empathically caring for actual and potential attackers. The article builds on practice theory in assuming that any social order is constructed and internalised through practices, but also capable of change through the introduction and dissemination of new practices. Although an unlikely scenario, aikido practice could serve as such a method of fundamental transformation if widely applied in world politics. Empirical examples ranging from international apologies and security cooperation to foreign aid and peacekeeping operations are discussed, suggesting that contemporary world politics is at times already performed in accordance with aikido principles, albeit only imperfectly and partially.
‘They Wouldn’t Mind Pushing People Off the Bus’: Exploring Power in Practice Theory through the Work of Simultaneous Interpreters
Authors: Giustini Deborah
Published: January 2022

Based on a qualitative interview dataset, this article highlights the power relations in the work experiences of UK-based professional simultaneous interpreters, who provide valuable communication services to users but are constrained by the ‘invisible labour’ arrangements of their job. Adopting a practice theory approach, this study extends available theorisations of power as an effect manifested in performance, by articulating a view of power suffusing from the wider organisation of practices – meanings, competencies, and materialities – which governs social order. By making professional rewards conditional on collaborative engagement with other interpreters, the hiding of failure, and unobtrusive behaviours, the practice of interpreting translates power as the struggle to assert individual visibility. The study contributes to the sociological debate by offering an understanding of power shaped by the situated, practical order of everyday action.
Cognate facilitation effect during auditory comprehension of a second language: A visual world eye-tracking study
Authors: Andras Filip , Rivera Marta , Bajo Teresa , Dussias Paola E , Paolieri Daniela
Published: January 2022

Aims and Objectives:

The cognate facilitation effect (CFE) is a robust effect in language production and visual word comprehension, but evidence for CFE during auditory comprehension is still scarce. This study aimed to explore the CFE during auditory comprehension of a second language (L2) while manipulating proficiency in the L2 and cognate type. These two variables are known to influence the CFE.

Methodology:

Low and highly proficient Spanish–English bilinguals listened to individual words in their L2, English, that shared high, low, and no phonological overlap (PO) with their native language Spanish. We designed a visual world paradigm task that consisted of selecting an image shown as a spoken word unfolded in time while eye movements were recorded.

Data and Analysis:

Response times revealed a clear CFE in low proficiency bilinguals, while this effect was absent in highly proficient bilinguals. The eye-tracking (ET) data showed late coactivation of low-PO words and, surprisingly, no coactivation of high-PO words in low proficiency bilinguals. Highly proficient bilinguals showed no clear pattern of language coactivation in the ET data. The English monolingual control group showed no effects during the critical time window.

Conclusions:

These results are interpreted within the framework of L2 processing models. At low levels of proficiency, the PO between translations facilitates access to meaning. On the other hand, highly proficient bilinguals no longer benefit from the PO between translations, at least for concrete and simple nouns.

Originality:

The findings demonstrate a clear CFE in auditory comprehension. Proficiency in L2 and PO modulated the effect, as shown in both the response time and in the ET data, respectively.

Implications:

These findings suggest that at low levels of L2 proficiency, learners more easily access the conceptual information if the auditory input is similar to their native language. Nevertheless, as proficiency increases, this facilitation disappears.
Adverbs in Spanish–English code-switching: Comparing verb raising and non-raising
Authors: Koronkiewicz Bryan
Published: January 2022

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:

Using generative syntactic theory regarding verb raising, predictions are made about adverb position in intra-sentential Spanish–English code-switching. Since both languages allow for non-raising, pre-verbal adverbs should be acceptably switched. However, since verb raising is only available in Spanish, post-verbal adverbs should only be allowed with a Spanish finite verb.

Design/methodology/approach:

Spanish–English early bilinguals ( n = 24) completed a written acceptability judgment task with a 7-point Likert-type scale. The Spanish–English code-switched sentences contained a finite verb switched with a post-verbal or pre-verbal adverb. In addition, comparison sets of monolingual equivalents were tested, targeting adverb order in Spanish and English.

Data and analysis:

A total of 192 judgments were included in the analysis, and z-scores of the mean ratings provided by the participants were calculated. After a descriptive analysis of the results compared language and adverb order, statistical analyses were conducted via analyses of variance (ANOVAs).

Findings/conclusions:

Participants showed a preference for non-raising in English, while they accepted both orders in Spanish, but only with adverbs of completion and manner. For code-switching, non-raising was always acceptable, but verb raising varied. The availability of switched non-raising directly follows from the literature. However, the language of the finite verb did not predict availability of verb raising in code-switching. The results suggest that the language of the adverb is crucial to the availability of switching, not solely the verb.

Originality:

The status of adverbs in code-switching has been left relatively unexplored. This study provides important details regarding adverb position both in mixed Spanish–English utterances and in monolingual contexts for this particular bilingual population.

Significance/implications:

These findings have a broader impact by providing data about adverb-position preferences in Spanish for a different community of speakers. In particular, it shows even more variability in the idiosyncratic behavior of different adverbs in Spanish.
Pediatric tracheostomy speaking valves: A multidisciplinary protocol leads to earlier initial trials
Authors: Kam Karen , Patzelt Rebecca , Soenen Renee
Published: January 2022

Early speaking valve application in children with tracheostomies is encouraged for language development. Whether an institutional multidisciplinary protocol impacts the patient population and timelines for which a speaking valve is trialed has not been studied. This retrospective study compared speaking valve trials performed at a pediatric quaternary hospital over a 12-year period. Timelines (time between tracheostomy insertion, speech-language pathologist (SLP) consultation, speaking valve order, and trial) and patient characteristics (demographics, tracheostomy classification, and feeding status) were collected. Medians (IQRs) compared timelines before and after a protocol was instituted and compared the timelines between tracheostomy classifications. Median time between tracheostomy insertion and SLP consultation did not change: before protocol-1.8 (7.7) months and after protocol-1.8 (2.4) months. Time between tracheostomy insertion and speaking valve trial decreased: before protocol-34.1 (40.5) months and after protocol-12.9 (8.4) months. Time between tracheostomy insertion and trial was not different between tracheostomy classifications: upper airway obstruction-16.0 (27.1) months, complex medical condition-36.3 (45.8) months, and invasive ventilation-17.5 (22.3) months. An institutional multidisciplinary protocol decreases the time between tracheostomy insertion and speaking valve trial, regardless of the reason the tracheostomy is needed in the pediatric population.
The rejection and acceptance of Muslim minority practices: A person-centered approach
Authors: Dangubić Marija , Yogeeswaran Kumar , Verkuyten Maykel , Sibley Chris G.
Published: January 2022

In Western societies, generalized prejudice and anti-Muslim sentiments can be major drivers of the rejection of Muslim religious practices. However, people can also reject such practices for other reasons, such as concerns about civil liberties or the secular nature of the state. With national samples of German and Dutch majority members ( N = 3,703), we used a multiple-acts-multiple-actors design to simultaneously examine attitudes toward four religious practices of three religious groups. Latent profile analysis revealed a subgroup of people that used a double standard and more strongly rejected Muslims than Christians and Jews engaging in the same practices (discriminatory rejection, 16.3%). However, four other subgroups responded to the practices independently of religious group (equal acceptance, 18.3%; equally moderate, 35%; equal rejection, 17.3%; and partial equal rejection, 13.1%). The five subgroups differ on key psychological correlates and self-reported reasons for rejection. We conclude that a multiple-acts-multiple-actors design provides a more nuanced understanding of how majority members evaluate Muslim minority practices in Western nations.
‘You feel a need to inspire and be active on these sites otherwise . . . people won’t remember your name’: Elite female athletes and the need to maintain ‘appropriate distance’ in navigating online gendered space
Authors: Pocock Molly , Skey Michael
Published: January 2022

Although some scholars have argued that social media provide opportunities for sportswomen to bypass mainstream media reporting, there is little existing research on how female athletes use, and experience, digital platforms. This article uses insights from studies of ‘gendered visibility’ alongside work on ‘closeness and distance’ in journalism studies to put forward the concept of ‘appropriate distance’ when trying to understand how these athletes manage their time and engagements online. Drawing on interviews with UK-based elite sportswomen, the findings not only show how distance is carefully managed to protect themselves from negative comments and over-exposure online, but also the significance of building connections with young female followers. Indeed, the athletes prize their status as ‘role models’ and seek to provide ongoing support and a sense of community in what is often an antagonistic online space.
Who gets lost? How digital academic reading impacts equal opportunity in higher education
Authors: Kuhn Axel , Schwabe Annika , Boomgarden Hajo , Brandl Lukas , Stocker Günther , Lauer Gerhard , Brendel-Kepser Ina , Krause-Wolters Marion
Published: January 2022

Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, providing digital texts as learning material had become a common practice in academia. But little is known about who profits from and who loses out when moving from print to digital reading in higher education. In this study, we connect digital reading to digital divides, and draw on a unique data set of university students digital reading practices obtained by a quantitative survey during the lockdown semester in three European countries. Based on the statistical results for digital reading access, attitudes, motivation, skills, behavior, and support, we argue that varying digital reading experiences of students are linked to inequalities in higher education opportunities. In conclusion, our results contrast current digital policies of merely improving access to digital texts in academia to democratize higher education.
Strategy framing in the international arena: A cross-national comparative content analysis on the China-US trade conflict coverage
Authors: Liu Shujun , Boukes Mark , De Swert Knut
Published: January 2022

Strategy framing is usually studied in the context of news coverage about domestic Western politics. This study expands its application to news reports on the China-US trade war—an inter-state conflict including a democratic and one-party dominant system—thereby adding an international dimension to the study of strategy framing. Through a manual content analysis of news coverage from China, the US, Singapore, and Ireland (from January 2013 to January 2020; n = 1872), we investigate whether media independence, conflict involvement, and crisis phases influence the employment of the issue framing and strategy framing. For democratic countries, the more involved they are in the conflict, the more prominent strategy framing was in their coverage of the trade conflict; the inverse was observed for one-party dominant systems. Strategy framing that considers countries as contenders is more prevalent than the sub-frame that focuses on individual politicians. The presence of national-versus-personal level strategy framing was more balanced for directly involved countries than indirectly involved countries since news from directly involved countries accords relatively more space to politicians’ personal strategy.
The civil norm building role of news journalism in post-civil war settings
Authors: Harrison Jackie , Pukallus Stefanie
Published: January 2022

This paper seeks to provide an answer to the question of the role that news journalism can play in the building of civil peace as peaceful cooperation in post-civil war settings. Alternatively expressed, how it can utilise its communicative capacity to facilitate and contribute to contextually and culturally appropriate versions of sustainable peace within civil society. Peacebuilding tool kits are wide and varied and often narrowly focus on news journalism as a political actor and its role in political life. We would like to shift the focus away from the ‘political’ to the role that news journalism can play in the (re-)building of an associative and cooperative civil society. Specifically, we believe that news journalism should and can develop for itself an ethos of civil norm building that aims to stimulate a civil consciousness in its audiences which is indispensable for the practical application of the categories of civil norms of peaceful cooperation in everyday life. To understand how such an ethos can be developed we need to recognise three features that are necessary for news journalism to achieve its potential as a civil norm builder: (1) its transformative communicative capacity, (2) its institutional and organisational commitment toward news reporting that exemplifies peaceful cooperation in everyday life and (3) the way it can concretely undertake the application of editorial guidelines in post-civil war settings which exemplify the three basic categories of civil norms of peaceful cooperation: (a) assent to civil peace, (b) substantive civility and (c) building civil capacity and civil competencies.