bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ X‐ray diffraction of GaAs/MnSb/Ga(In)As heterostructures
Authors: Mousley P. J. , Burrows C. W. , Ashwin M. J. , Takahasi M. , Sasaki T. , Bell G. R.
Published: October 2016

We have investigated the growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of GaAs on MnSb. MnSb epilayers on GaAs(111), GaAs(001) and of thickness 50 nm were used as substrates for GaAs films. The MBE growth of GaAs was monitored in situ using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and reflection high energy electron diffraction. We show data on strain relaxation and growth mode, and discuss the epitaxial relationship between GaAs(001) and MnSb(101).

Schematic of the molecular beam epitaxy/X‐ray diffraction in situ experiment and typical 2D detector data, with GaAs(111) and MnSb(0001) diffraction features.
Depth sensitive X‐ray diffraction as a probe of buried half‐metallic inclusions
Authors: Burrows C. W. , A. Hase T. P. , Ashwin M. J. , Mousley P. J. , Bell G. R.
Published: October 2016

The ferromagnetic material MnSb can exist in two polymorphs in epitaxial thin‐film form, namely niccolite n‐MnSb and cubic c‐MnSb. We investigate the behavior of these polymorphs using grazing incidence depth‐dependent in‐plane X‐ray diffraction. The in‐plane lattice parameter evolution of a nominal 3000 Å thin film reveals a small near‐surface compression of 0.1% in the majority n‐MnSb component. A similar effect is also observed for the cubic polymorph, suggesting that the local strain environment of these crystallites is dominated by the n‐MnSb matrix.

Collated in‐plane X‐ray diffraction data from a GaAs/ heterostructure in the near‐surface region with probing depths ranging between 20 and 450 Å. Present are two of the polymorphs of MnSb: the niccolite (n‐) and cubic zincblende (c‐) phases.
Feedback sensitivity functions analysis of finite‐time stabilizing control system
Authors: Zimenko K. , Polyakov A. , Efimov D. , Kremlev A.
Published: October 2016

This paper presents feedback sensitivity functions analysis of implicit Lyapunov function‐based control system in case of finite‐time stabilization problem. The Gang of Four is chosen as a feedback sensitivity tool. The results can be used for parametric tuning of control algorithms in order to guarantee desired closed‐loop sensitivity specifications. The obtained results are supported by numerical examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of IT early warning systems: architectures, challenges, and solutions
Authors: Ramaki Ali Ahmadian , Atani Reza Ebrahimi
Published: October 2016

With the advent of new technologies and various services provided in the context of computer networks, a large volume of data is being generated. The main challenge in this area is providing network protection services against various threats and vulnerabilities. So far, many techniques have been proposed to deal with these threats. All of these techniques pursue the same goal, preventing attackers from reaching their objectives. A solution based on early warning system(s) (EWSs) is what exactly security teams need to manage the threats properly. EWS, as a complement to Intrusion Detection System, is a proactive approach against security threats. This is carried out through the early detection of potential behavior of a system, evaluating the scope of malicious behavior, and finally, using suitable response against any kind of detectable security event. This paper presents a comprehensive review on EWSs including definitions, applications, architectures, alert correlation aspects, and other technical requirements. Furthermore, previous studies and existing EWSs have been described and analyzed here. A classification of EWSs has been presented: commercial systems and systems under research and development. Finally, from the studies about EWSs, we conclude some challenges and research issues are still remain open. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A statistical model for DPA when algorithmic noise is dependent on target
Authors: Qiu Shuang , Zhang Rui , Cao Yuchen , Yang Wei , Zhou Yongbin , Ding Tian
Published: October 2016

In side‐channel attacks, information about any intermediate data except the target data will be considered as noise, namely, the “algorithmic noise.” Algorithmic noise is always assumed to be independent of the target data. As a result, it is thought to be an equivalence of physical noise. Numerous investigations are built on this intuitive assumption. In this paper, we claim that this assumption is not always true and find the algorithm (e.g., SIMON) for which the algorithmic noise is dependent on the target data. On this condition, we reconsider the issue of success rate estimation and build a modified statistical model to accurately estimate the success rate when the algorithmic noise is dependent on the target data. Finally, experimental results for SIMON algorithm validate the soundness of our methodology. It is also worth mentioning that SIMON is a candidate proposed by the National Security Agency as the standard light‐weight block cipher. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threshold attribute‐based signcryption and its application to authenticated key agreement
Authors: Zheng Haibin , Qin Jing , Hu Jiankun , Wu Qianhong
Published: October 2016

Signcryption is a public key cryptosystem that achieves the functions of digital signature and public key encryption simultaneously. It significantly reduces the cost of traditional signature‐then‐encryption approach. Although a large body of signcryption schemes have been proposed, few works have been done on attribute‐based signcryption (ABSC), which simultaneously achieves the functionalities of attribute‐based encryption and attribute‐based signature, two important cryptographic primitives proposed to enforce fine‐grained access control and user authentication in cloud computing applications. In this paper, we present a threshold ABSC scheme. The scheme is proven secure under the well‐established Decisional Bilinear Diffie–Hellman and the standard Computational Diffie–Hellman assumptions in the standard model. Compared with the state of the ABSC art, our scheme has comparable efficiency without relying on any random oracle. Furthermore, we construct an authenticated key agreement protocol based on this threshold attribute‐based signcryption from the point of improving the security of cloud computing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portrait of a Research Pioneer: Andrew Van de Ven
Authors: Zahra Shaker A.
Published: October 2016

Research Summary

This article reviews the contributions of Andrew Van de Ven, a pioneer in the study of innovation, entrepreneurship, and corporate venturing. It articulates key themes in and findings from his research as well as the methodological and theoretical advances that he has introduced, shaping the development of the field. Embracing a broad view of entrepreneurship, his research has also fundamentally altered our understanding of the nature and processes of innovation and its implications for organizational learning, new business creation, and improved competitiveness. Van de Ven's fieldwork and engaged scholarship have made his findings powerful, rigorous, and relevant. The article also highlights the implications of Van de Ven's body of work for future research.

Managerial Summary

Professor Andrew Van de Ven is a true pioneer in the processes involved in the conception, introduction, evaluation, adoption, and institutionalization of innovations in established companies. His seminal work highlights key challenges managers encounter in each of these stages, offering rich insights into the causes and consequences of these issues while suggesting important solutions to them. Van de Ven's work has also advanced novel ways of studying and tracking innovations over time. It has also explored the close link between innovation and corporate venturing activities, which are vital to organizational renewal and growth. Van de Ven's findings about the dynamics of organizational change and learning have altered our notions of organizational evolution and transformation. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
A Surface Nanocavity Structure of Bisphenol P on TiO2 Showing Interfacial Charge‐Transfer Absorption
Authors: Fujisawa Jun‐ichi , Matsumura Shingo , Hanaya Minoru
Published: October 2016

Nanocavity structures provide important functions of ion or molecular inclusions for chemical sensing, molecular recognition, and selective chemical extraction. Architecture of surface nanocavity structures of organic compounds on inorganic semiconductor surfaces is an interesting subject for exploring novel functional nanostructures. In this communication, we demonstrate the formation of a surface nanocavity structure of bisphenol P on a wide‐band‐gap semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2). The coordination of the two phenol moieties in bisphenol P with surfaces Ti atoms on TiO2 leads to the formation of the organic‐semiconductor nanocavity structure. In addition, the nanocavity structure shows interfacial charge‐transfer (ICT) transitions in the visible region. The ICT transitions change the electric‐field distribution inside the nanocavity, suggesting the possibility of optically responsive inclusion functions. Our work reveals a way toward a novel type of functional nanocavity structures.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) Inhibitor, (R)‐Sitagliptin
Authors: Anjibabu Ramisetti , Boggu Jagan Mohan Reddy , Shekhar Putta , Reddy Basi V. Subba
Published: October 2016

An operationally simple and efficient strategy for a highly potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor, sitagliptin has been developed employing readily available precursors. The chiral β‐amino acid core of sitagliptin has been constructed through a Barbier type allylation of chiral sulfinyl imine or a Mannich type addition of diethyl malonate. This approach is more convenient, exquisitely selective and practical.
New Dicarboxylic Acid Anhydride for Ambient‐Temperature Castagnoli‐Cushman Reactions
Authors: Chizhova Maria , Bakulina Olga , Dar'in Dmitry , Krasavin Mikhail
Published: October 2016

A novel 3‐phenyl‐4‐thiaglutaric anhydride was employed as a highly reactive partner for the Castagnoli‐Cushman reaction. This, in combination with the use of DMF as a reaction medium, resulted in a drastic lowering of the reaction temperature to ambient (compared to the 110–150 °C range typical for similar processes involving glutaric anhydride) and an extended reaction scope (with respect to substitution pattern in the imine component). Diastereomeric products were separated, in the form of respective methyl esters, and their comparative NMR characterization led to preliminary generalizations regarding the syn‐ and anti‐series.
Dynamic Fluctuation in Heat Treatment Time Dependence of Activity and Reaction Kinetics of Active Centers in Fe/N/C Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst
Authors: Tei Go , Kamai Ryo , Sakai Akihiro , Yotsuhashi Satoshi , Hayashi Takao , Aizawa Masato
Published: October 2016

We elucidate dynamic fluctuation of activity characterized by the existence of multiple local maxima or a significant inflection point in the growth rate of an Fe/N/C oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, with this fluctuation depending on the heat treatment (HT) time used in the catalyst's preparation. Since its HT time increased from 45 seconds to 10 hours at 750 °C HT, its activity exhibited a dynamic fluctuation and multiple local maxima, which are separated into two different timescales: several minutes and several hours. At 600 °C HT, a significant inflection point appears around several tens of minutes instead of the multiple local maxima. These results contrast with the conventional idea of how activity depends on heat treatment time, i. e. an initial monotonic increase and then a plateau or monotonic decrease. It suggests that the best HT condition cannot be found by only investigating a narrow range of HT time or a course plot of HT time dependence of activity in general. Based on a simple reaction model, the origin of the dynamic fluctuation of activity depending on HT time is explained by the existence of multiple types of Fe−N active centers with individual formation and decomposition rate constants during HT. These results will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of how a Metal/N/C catalyst achieves its ORR activity through HT, which is essential for designing yet higher‐performance catalysts from the viewpoint of the number of constitutive active centers.
Multilayer Germanenes Formed in Zintl‐Phase CaGe2 by Fluoride Diffusion
Authors: Yaokawa Ritsuko , Ohsuna Tetsu , Hayasaka Yuichiro , Nakano Hideyuki
Published: October 2016

When reacted with ionic liquid [BMIM][BF4], Ge monolayer networks (germanene) in Zintl‐phase CaGe2 crystals transform into multilayer (bi‐ or tri‐layer) germanenes in CaGe2FX (0 ≤ X ≤ 1.8) compounds. The structures of these germanenes are discussed with the aid of high‐angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM) images. One of the bilayer germanenes is a new allotrope comprising four‐, five‐, and six‐membered Ge rings, which is of the same structure as previously reported bilayer silicene. The newly obtained structures of trilayer germanene are not of the cubic diamond type; however, they are described with combinations of hexagonal stacking, similar to the high‐pressure bulk phases. Their differences, as compared with multilayer silicene, suggest that the structures of multilayer germanene and silicene depend on the misfit between the layers of CaF2 and Ge (Si). We anticipate that these results will contribute to the design of materials with attractive properties using tetrahedral coordination and/or by controlling the segregation and reconstruction of group‐IV elements.
Transcriptome analysis of zebrafish embryos exposed to deltamethrin
Authors: Chueh Tsung‐Cheng , Hsu Li‐Sung , Kao Chin‐Ming , Hsu Tung‐Wei , Liao Hung‐Yu , Wang Kuan‐Yi , Chen Ssu Ching
Published: October 2016

Deltamethrin (DTM), a type II pyrethroid, is one of the most commonly used insecticides. The increased use of pyrethroid leads to potential adverse effects, particularly in sensitive populations such as children and pregnant women. None of the related studies was focused on the transcriptome responses in zebrafish embryos after treatment with DTM; therefore, RNA‐seq, a high‐throughput method, was performed to analyze the global expression of differential expressed genes (DEGs) in zebrafish embryos treated with DTM (40 and 80 μg/L) from fertilization to 48 h postfertilization (hpf) as compared with that in the control group (without DTM treatment). Two cDNA libraries were generated from treated embryos and one cDNA library from nontreated embryos, respectively. Over 92% of reads mapped to the reference in these three libraries. It was observed that many differential genes were expressed in comparison with embryos before and after DTM. The 20 most differentially expressed upregulated or downregulated genes were majorly involved in the signaling transduction. Validation of selected nine genes expression using qRT‐PCR confirmed RNA‐seq results. The transcriptome sequences were further subjected to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, showing G‐protein‐coupled receptor signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, respectively, were most enriched. The data from this study contributed to a better understanding of the potential consequences of fish exposed to DTM, to an evaluation of the potential threat of DTM to fish populations in aquatic environments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1548–1557, 2017.
Emergency Abdominal Surgery in the Elderly: Can We Predict Mortality?
Authors: Sharrock Anna E. , McLachlan Jenny , Chambers Robert , Bailey Ian S. , Kirkby‐Bott James
Published: October 2016

Background

The United Kingdom population is ageing. Half of patients requiring an emergency laparotomy are aged over 70, 20 % die within 30 days, and less than half receive good care. Frailty and delay in management are associated with poor surgical outcomes. P‐POSSUM risk scoring is widely accepted, but its validity in patients aged over 70 undergoing emergency laparotomy is unclear. Aims: To assess if P‐POSSUM risk stratification reliably predicts inpatient mortality in this group and establish whether those who died within 30 days received delayed care.

Methods

Observational study of consecutive patients aged 70 and over fulfilling the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit criteria from a tertiary hospital. The predictive value of pre‐operative P‐POSSUM, ASA, lactate and other routine variables was assessed. Surgical review, decision to operate, consultant surgical review, antibiotic prescription, laparotomy and discharge or death time points were assessed by 30‐day survival.

Results

One hundred and ninety‐three patients were included. This represented 46.28 % of those undergoing an emergency laparotomy in our centre. Pre‐operative P‐POSSUM scoring, ASA grade and lactate were moderate predictors of mortality (AUC 0.784 and 0.771, respectively, lactate AUC 0.705, all p ≤ 0.001). No correlation existed between pre‐operative P‐POSSUM and days to death (p = 0.209), nor were there delays in key management timings in those who died in 30 days.

Conclusions

P‐POSSUM scoring may predict inpatient mortality with moderate discrimination. Addition of frailty scoring in this high‐risk group might better identify those with a high risk of mortality after emergency laparotomy and would be a fertile area for further research.
Relationship Transitions and the Risk for Child Maltreatment
Authors: Schneider William
Published: October 2016

Family structure as a risk for child maltreatment has long been viewed as a static state in the child maltreatment literature. Drawing on data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, the author uses a series of individual fixed-effects models to investigate whether particular types of relationship transitions over children’s first decade of life are associated with increased risk for maternal and paternal child abuse and maternal neglect. Findings question and confirm a number of long-standing theoretical and empirical findings from the child maltreatment literature. Results indicate that transitions to being single are associated with increased risk for maternal child abuse and neglect. In addition, the frequency and severity of paternal harsh parenting may be closely linked with the nature of fathers’ relationship transitions. Last, results largely do not provide support for the theory that the presence of social (nonbiological) fathers increases mothers’ risk for engaging in child abuse or neglect.
Fifty Shades of Stigma: Exploring the Health Care Experiences of Kink-Oriented Patients
Authors: Waldura Jessica F. , Arora Ishika , Randall Anna M. , Farala John Paul , Sprott Richard A.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

The term kink describes sexual behaviors and identities encompassing bondage, discipline, domination and submission, and sadism and masochism (collectively known as BDSM) and sexual fetishism. Individuals who engage in kink could be at risk for health complications because of their sexual behaviors, and they could be vulnerable to stigma in the health care setting. However, although previous research has addressed experiences in mental health care, very little research has detailed the medical care experiences of kink-oriented patients.

Aim

To broadly explore the health care experiences of kink-oriented patients using a community-engaged research approach.

Methods

As part of the Kink Health Project, we gathered qualitative data from 115 kink-oriented San Francisco area residents using focus groups and interviews. Interview questions were generated in collaboration with a community advisory board. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.

Main Outcome Measures

Themes relating to kink-oriented patients' experience with health and healthcare.

Results

Major themes included (i) kink and physical health, (ii) sociocultural aspects of kink orientation, (iii) the role of stigma in shaping health care interactions, (iv) coming out to health care providers, and (v) working toward a vision of kink-aware medical care. The study found that kink-oriented patients have genuine health care needs relating to their kink behaviors and social context. Most patients would prefer to be out to their health care providers so they can receive individualized care. However, fewer than half were out to their current provider, with anticipated stigma being the most common reason for avoiding disclosure. Patients are often concerned that clinicians will confuse their behaviors with intimate partner violence and they emphasized the consensual nature of their kink interactions.

Conclusion

Like other sexual minorities, kink-oriented patients have a desire to engage with their health care providers in meaningful discussions about their health risks, their identities, and their communities without fear of being judged. Additional research is needed to explore the experiences of kink-oriented patients in other areas of the country and internationally.
Poor performance of fine motor activity among biological parents of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Hung Ni Chun , Lin Shih‐Hsien , Chi Mei Hung , Lin Chien‐Ho , Chen Po See , Lee I Hui , Chen Kao Chin , Yang Yen Kuang
Published: October 2016

It has been proposed that the dopaminergic system and heritability may play roles in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We assessed the performance of healthy parents of children with ADHD in the finger tapping test (FTT) in this study, which is a reliable test and sensitive to central dopamine activity. A total of 16 parents of children with ADHD and 32 controls were enrolled. The FTT was conducted. The 16 healthy parents of children with ADHD exhibited a significantly poorer performance in the FTT, using the nondominant hand, than the 32 healthy controls. This finding indicated that poor motor function could be a potential characteristic in parents of offspring with ADHD.
No es aceptación, es sembrar la semilla para entender mejor una tensión educativa. Réplica
Authors: Varela Ruiz Margarita
Published: October 2016

En respuesta a la carta de los académicos John Vergel, Martha Ortiz, Diana Laverde y Gustavo Quintero del artículo «Autenticidad y calidad en la investigación educativa cualitativa: multivocalidad», recientemente publicado, en primer lugar  queremos agradecer los comentarios, y el interés por intercambiar experiencias y puntualizar conceptos de investigación cualitativa en educación en ciencias de la salud.
The Vulva
Authors: Fischer Gayle , Bradford Jennifer , Margesson Lynette
Published: October 2016

This practical handbook reviews the important, but complex, area of vulval disease and will help busy clinicians help their patients. The authors have a fresh and evidence-based approach to dealing with everything from common to rare vulval conditions. Their take on vulvodynia and dyspareunia represents an important breakthrough in the understanding of vulval pain. The first edition of this book appeared in 2010, at a time when there was very little published evidence on vulval disease. The entire text has been updated in line with modern practice. A reading list and references are included at the end of each chapter. There is further information on management, particularly in the field of long-term treatment of lichen sclerosus and on newly described conditions. The text is designed for gynaecologists and dermatologists but will also be readily understandable to primary care and family practice physicians, nurse practitioners and others working in women's health.
Financial Analytics with R
Authors: Bennett Mark J. , Hugen Dirk L.
Published: October 2016

Are you innately curious about dynamically inter-operating financial markets? Since the crisis of 2008, there is a need for professionals with more understanding about statistics and data analysis, who can discuss the various risk metrics, particularly those involving extreme events. By providing a resource for training students and professionals in basic and sophisticated analytics, this book meets that need. It offers both the intuition and basic vocabulary as a step towards the financial, statistical, and algorithmic knowledge required to resolve the industry problems, and it depicts a systematic way of developing analytical programs for finance in the statistical language R. Build a hands-on laboratory and run many simulations. Explore the analytical fringes of investments and risk management. Bennett and Hugen help profit-seeking investors and data science students sharpen their skills in many areas, including time-series, forecasting, portfolio selection, covariance clustering, prediction, and derivative securities.
Politics, Kingship, and Poetry in Medieval South India
Authors: Cox Whitney
Published: October 2016

In this compelling new study, Whitney Cox presents a fundamental re-imagining of the politics of pre-modern India through the reinterpretation of the contested accession of Kulottunga I (r.1070–1120) as the ruler of the imperial Chola dynasty. By focusing on this complex event and its ramifications over time, Cox traces far-reaching transformations throughout the kingdom and beyond. Through a methodologically innovative combination of history, theory and the close reading of a rich series of Sanskrit and Tamil textual sources, Cox reconstructs the nature of political society in medieval India. A major intervention in the fields of South Asian social, political and cultural history, religion and comparative political thought, this book poses fresh comparative and conceptual questions about politics, history, agency and representation in the pre-modern world.
Deleterious processes of a diode-pumped cesium vapor hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber laser
Authors: An Guofei , Wang You , Han Juhong , Cai He , Jiang Zhigang , Gao Ming , Wang Shunyan , Zhang Wei , Wang Hongyuan , Xue Liangping , Zhou Jie
Published: October 2016

A diode-pumped alkali laser (DPAL) provides the significant promise for high-powered performances. In this paper, a mathematical model is introduced for examination of the kinetic processes of a diode-pumped cesium vapor hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber (HC-PCF) laser, in which the cesium vapor is filled in the center hole of a photonic-bandgap fiber instead of a glass cell. The influence of deleterious processes including energy pooling, photo-ionization, and Penning ionization on the physical features of a fiber DPAL is studied in this report. It has been theoretically demonstrated that the deleterious processes cannot be ignored in a high-powered fiber-DPAL system.
Observational Signatures of High-Redshift Quasars and Local Relics of Black Hole Seeds
Authors: Reines Amy E. , Comastri Andrea
Published: October 2016

Observational constraints on the birth and early evolution of massive black holes come from two extreme regimes. At high redshift, quasars signal the rapid growth of billion-solar-mass black holes and indicate that these objects began remarkably heavy and/or accreted mass at rates above the Eddington limit. At low redshift, the smallest nuclear black holes known are found in dwarf galaxies and provide the most concrete limits on the mass of black hole seeds. Here, we review current observational work in these fields that together are critical for our understanding of the origin of massive black holes in the Universe.
Multiplicity of Multi-Bump Type Nodal Solutions for A Class of Elliptic Problems with Exponential Critical Growth in ℝ2
Authors: Alves Claudianor O. , Pereira Denilson S.
Published: October 2016

In this paper we establish the existence and multiplicity of multi-bump nodal solutions for the class of problems

whereλ ∈(0, ∞),fis a continuous function with exponential critical growth andV: ℝ2→ℝ is a continuous function verifying some hypotheses.
BRITAIN, THE TWO WORLD WARS, AND THE PROBLEM OF NARRATIVE
Authors: REYNOLDS DAVID
Published: October 2016

The concept of coming to terms with the past originated in post-1945 West Germany but such historical therapy is evident in all the belligerent countries. In that process, the two world wars are intricately connected, each seen refractively through the prism of the other. This article focuses on Britain whose national obsession with the two world wars is particularly acute. The first and second sections suggest that British public discourse has been able to construct a satisfying narrative of 1939–45 but not of 1914–18, meaning a narrative that has both a clear beginning, middle, and end and also a stark moral meaning. Viable narratives draw on the events themselves, the words used to conceptualize them, and the interpretations of 'instant' histories and memoirs. The third section argues that the elevation of 1939–45 in national discourse as our ‘finest hour’ (Churchill) has aggravated the problematic nature of 1914–18 for the British. In the wake of Brexit, the last section argues that Britain – unlike France and Germany – has found it difficult to move on from the era of the two world wars by locating these conflicts in a more positive narrative of the twentieth century as the eventual triumph of European integration.
Cardiopulmonary functions and adenotonsillectomy: surgical indications need revision
Authors: Mahajan M , Thakur J S , Azad R K , Mohindroo N K , Negi P C
Published: October 2016

Objective:

To assess cardiac functions in adenotonsillar or tonsillar hypertrophy.

Methods:

A prospective, interventional, academic centre based study was conducted on 25 children with adenotonsillar or tonsillar hypertrophy. All patients underwent pulsed 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography, pulse oximetry and 12-lead electrocardiography. These assessments were repeated three months later to determine the impact of adenotonsillectomy.

Results:

There were significant differences in mean arterial oxygen saturation, pulmonary flow acceleration time and mean pulmonary artery pressure post-operatively. Adenotonsillectomy led to significant improvements in pulmonary flow acceleration time and pulmonary flow velocity time index, while tonsillectomy resulted in right ventricular early and late diastolic velocity index improvement.

Conclusion:

Upper airway obstruction in children affects cardiac functioning and this can subsequently lead to morbidity and delayed growth. Hence, revision of surgical indications is advocated in adenotonsillar hypertrophy to avoid irreversible damage to cardiopulmonary functions.
Life history and reproductive dynamics of the cryptogenic calcareous sponge Sycettusa hastifera (Porifera, Calcarea) living in tropical rocky shores
Authors: Lanna Emilio , Klautau Michelle
Published: October 2016

Life history accounts for the chance of survival and reproductive success of a species, considering, for example, when, how often and how much a species reproduces. Consequently, it is directly related to the success or failure of bioinvasions. Here, we investigated some aspects of the life history of the cryptogenic calcareous sponge Sycettusa hastifera. A population from Arraial do Cabo, Brazil (south-western Atlantic) was investigated from September 2008 to December 2009 by monthly collections and histological analyses. We observed that S. hastifera reproduced continuously throughout the year without seasonality and presented high fecundity. The fecundity was not different depending on the sponge body part (top or base), but it was related to the wet weight of the sponge (although a minimum size was not required for reproduction). Reproduction could not be predicted by the seawater temperature. The reproductive characteristics of S. hastifera were similar to those of other previously studied calcareous sponges. Sycettusa hastifera shows traits of an invasive species, such as high fecundity, short life cycle, early sexual maturity and the ability to use pioneer habitats. Consequently, it possesses several characteristics that would allow it to invade new areas.
Mismatch negativity and P3a amplitude in young adolescents with first-episode psychosis: a comparison with ADHD
Authors: Rydkjær J. , Møllegaard Jepsen J. R. , Pagsberg A. K. , Fagerlund B. , Glenthøj B. Y. , Oranje B.
Published: October 2016

Background

Deficient mismatch negativity (MMN) has been proposed as a candidate biomarker in schizophrenia and may therefore be potentially useful in early identification and intervention in early onset psychosis. In this study we explored whether deficits in the automatic orienting and reorienting responses, measured as MMN and P3a amplitude, are present in young adolescents with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and whether findings are specific to psychosis compared to young adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Method

MMN and P3a amplitude were assessed in young adolescents (age 12–17 years) with either FEP (N = 27) or ADHD (N = 28) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (N = 43). The MMN paradigm consisted of a four-tone auditory oddball task with deviant stimuli based on frequency, duration and their combination.

Results

Significantly less MMN was found in patients with psychosis compared to healthy controls in response to frequency and duration deviants. MMN amplitudes in the group of patients with ADHD were not significantly different from patients with psychosis or healthy controls. No significant group differences were found on P3a amplitude.

Conclusion

Young adolescents with FEP showed impaired MMN compared to healthy controls while intermediate and overlapping levels of MMN were observed in adolescents with ADHD. The findings suggest that young FEP patients already exhibit pre-attentive deficits that are characteristic of schizophrenia albeit expressed on a continuum shared with other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Naming the dead and the politics of the ‘human’
Authors: Lloyd Moya
Published: October 2016

The summer of 2014 saw several campaigns to name the dead of Gaza. This article aims to explore these initiatives through the idea of the ‘human’; understood both in terms of grievability, as a life that matters, and as a ‘litigious name’ employed by subaltern groups to make political demands. My argument in this article is that politically not all attempts at nomination are equivalent and that a distinction needs to be drawn between those carried out on behalf of the ‘ungrievable’ and those engaged in by them. Only the latter enables a critical politics of the human potentially capable of transforming the prevailing order of grievability in order to make their lives count. After exploring the interventions that occurred in Gaza in 2014, I turn to how the Western (and Israeli) media represent international deaths to consider what that reveals about the differential valuation of human life. To help make my case I elaborate the idea of an order of grievability. I then explore various attempts by others to name Gaza’s dead, and the limitations of their ensuing politics, before finally examining the activities of Humanize Palestine as an example of a more radical, critical politics of the human.
Exponentially accurate Hamiltonian embeddings of symplectic A-stable Runge–Kutta methods for Hamiltonian semilinear evolution equations
Authors: Wulff Claudia , Oliver Marcel
Published: October 2016

We prove that a class of A-stable symplectic Runge–Kutta time semi-discretizations (including the Gauss–Legendre methods) applied to a class of semilinear Hamiltonian partial differential equations (PDEs) that are well posed on spaces of analytic functions with analytic initial data can be embedded into a modified Hamiltonian flow up to an exponentially small error. Consequently, such time semi-discretizations conserve the modified Hamiltonian up to an exponentially small error. The modified Hamiltonian is O(hp)-close to the original energy, where p is the order of the method and h is the time-step size. Examples of such systems are the semilinear wave equation, and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with analytic nonlinearity and periodic boundary conditions. Standard Hamiltonian interpolation results do not apply here because of the occurrence of unbounded operators in the construction of the modified vector field. This loss of regularity in the construction can be taken care of by projecting the PDE to a subspace in which the operators occurring in the evolution equation are bounded, and by coupling the number of excited modes and the number of terms in the expansion of the modified vector field with the step size. This way we obtain exponential estimates of the form O(exp(–c/h1/(1+q))) with c > 0 and q ⩾ 0; for the semilinear wave equation, q = 1, and for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, q = 2. We give an example which shows that analyticity of the initial data is necessary to obtain exponential estimates.
Asymptotic behaviour and symmetry of positive solutions to nonlinear elliptic equations in a half-space
Authors: Wei Lei
Published: October 2016

We consider the following equation:

where d(x) = d(x, ∂Ω), θ > –2 and Ω is a half-space. The existence and non-existence of several kinds of positive solutions to this equation when , f(u) = up(p > 1) and Ω is a bounded smooth domain were studied by Bandle, Moroz and Reichel in 2008. Here, we study exact the behaviour of positive solutions to this equation as d(x) → 0+ and d(x) → ∞, respectively, and the symmetry of positive solutions when , Ω is a half-space and f(u) is a more general nonlinearity term than up. Under suitable conditions for f, we show that the equation has a unique positive solution W, which is a function of x1 only, and W satisfies
Wide exposure toCoxiella burnetiiin ruminant and feline species living in a natural environment: zoonoses in a human–livestock–wildlife interface
Authors: CANDELA M. G. , CABALLOL A. , ATANCE P. M.
Published: October 2016

Assessment of the role of wild and domestic hosts as potential reservoirs of misdiagnosed zoonoses, such as Q fever byCoxiella burnetii, is an important public health issue today both for wildlife conservation and management of disease in human–livestock–wildlife interface. This study used ELISA, an indirect antibody, to research (2003–2013)C. burnetiiinfection in seven free-living wild and domestic ruminant species and in European wildcats (Felis silvestris). The animals studied were 0 European wildcats, 21 Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica), 314 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 556 fallow deer (Dama dama), 211 European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), eight roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 407 bovines (Bos taurus) and 3739 sheep (Ovis aries). All the animals shared the same habitat in the Serranía de Cuenca Natural Park (Castile-La Mancha, Spain). The study area is an example of human–domestic–wildlife interface where people and domestic animals live in close proximity to wildlife. ObservedC. burnetiiseropositive frequencies were: 33·3% European wildcats, 23·8% Spanish ibex, 22·5% domestic sheep 1·5% red deer, 1·4% European mouflon, 0·24% cattle, 0·18% fallow deer and 0% roe deer. The study found a wideC. burnetiiprevalence of previous and present exposure in wild and domestic ruminant hosts in the Serranía de Cuenca Natural Park and reports the first evidence ofC. burnetiiexposure in free-living European wildcats.
REVIEWERS FOR VOLUME 73
Authors: Editor Journal
Published: October 2016

Many papers submitted to the Edinburgh Journal of Botany are reviewed by members of the Editorial Board and Editorial Advisory Board. The members of both Boards wish to express their thanks to the following, who have also kindly reviewed papers during the preparation of this volume.
Support for end-weight as a determinant of linguistic variation and change
Authors: EITELMANN MATTHIAS
Published: October 2016

The term end-weight refers to the tendency for bulkier constituents to occur at the end of sentences. While end-weight has occasionally been analysed as a more general short-before-long principle in the sense of Behaghel's (1909–10) Law of Growing Constituents, the operation of end-weight in absolute sentence-final position has until recently lacked empirical verification. This article shows that end-weight effects can be observed in grammatical variation contexts in which language users have a choice between variants that differ in terms of length and degree of explicitness. Using two variation phenomena as a testing ground, we empirically investigate the hypothesis that the more explicit and hence bulkier variant occurs preferably in final position. The first variation context concerns semi-reflexive verbs that can take either an explicitself-pronoun or a zero variant. It turns out that the rapid decline of theself-pronoun is delayed in end position. The second case study focuses on Early Modern English affirmative declarative clauses, which may alternate between finite verb forms ordo-supported ones. This study reveals thatdo-support is favoured in end position. These findings ultimately contribute to an empirical validation of end-weight, the implications of which are discussed against the backdrop of processing-related support strategies.
Determinants of the synthetic–analytic variation across English comparatives and superlatives
Authors: CHEUNG LAWRENCE , ZHANG LONGTU
Published: October 2016

Some English adjectives accept both synthetic and analytic comparative and superlative forms (e.g.thickervsmore thick,happiestvsmost happy). As many as 20+ variables have been claimed to affect this choice (see Leech & Culpeper 1997; Lindquist 2000; Mondorf 2003, 2009). However, many studies consider one variable at a time without systematically controlling for other variables (i.e. they take a monofactorial approach). Further, very little research has been done on superlatives. Following Hilpert's (2008) multifactorial study, we investigate the simultaneous contribution of 17 variables towards comparative and superlative alternation and further measure the strength(s) of the predictors. On the whole, phonological predictors are much more important than syntactic and frequency-related predictors. The predictors of the number of syllables and final segments in <-y> consistently outrank other predictors in both models. Important differences have also been identified. Many syntactic variables, such as predicative position and presence of complements, are weak or non-significant in the comparative model but have stronger effects in the superlative model. Further, higher frequency of an adjective leads to a preference for the synthetic-ervariant in comparatives but the analyticmostvariant in superlatives. The study shows that generalizations about comparatives do not straightforwardly carry over to superlatives.
Is Kant’s Metaphysics Profoundly Unsatisfactory? Critical Discussion of A. W. Moore’s Critique of Kant
Authors: Baiasu Sorin
Published: October 2016

In his recent book,The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics, Adrian W. Moore takes Kant to play a crucial role in the evolution of modern philosophy; yet, for him, Kant’s metaphysics is ultimately and profoundly unsatisfactory. In this article, I examine several of Moore’s objections and provide replies. My claim is that Moore’s reading points to fundamental issues, yet these are not issues of Kant’s transcendental idealism, but of the traditional idealism his view has often been taken to represent.
Reason’s Disunity with Itself: Comments on Adrian Moore on Kant’s Dialectic of Human Reason
Authors: Kanterian Edward
Published: October 2016

Adrian Moore develops a helpful distinction between good and bad metaphysics. Employing this distinction, I argue, first, that some contemporary metaphysical theories might be ‘bad’, insofar as they employ, unreflectively, concepts akin to Kant’s Ideas of reason. Second, I investigate the difficulty Kant himself has with explaining our craving for bad metaphysics. Third, I raise some problems for Kant’s doctrine of ‘transcendental cognition’, which rests on the difficult assumption that Ideas have objective reality. I conclude that, while Kant has given us means to combat certain bad metaphysics, his own philosophy is not entirely free of it either.
SEMISIMPLICITY OF HECKE AND (WALLED) BRAUER ALGEBRAS
Authors: ANDERSEN HENNING HAAHR , STROPPEL CATHARINA , TUBBENHAUER DANIEL
Published: October 2016

We show how to use Jantzen’s sum formula for Weyl modules to prove semisimplicity criteria for endomorphism algebras of$\mathbf{U}_{q}$-tilting modules (for any field$\mathbb{K}$and any parameter$q\in \mathbb{K}-\{0,-1\}$). As an application, we recover the semisimplicity criteria for the Hecke algebras of types$\mathbf{A}$and$\mathbf{B}$, the walled Brauer algebras and the Brauer algebras from our more general approach.
GENERALIZED MORREY SPACES OVER NONHOMOGENEOUS METRIC MEASURE SPACES
Authors: LU GUANGHUI , TAO SHUANGPING
Published: October 2016

Let $({\mathcal{X}},d,\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$ be a nonhomogeneous metric measure space satisfying the so-called upper doubling and the geometric doubling conditions. In this paper, the authors give the natural definition of the generalized Morrey spaces on $({\mathcal{X}},d,\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$, and then investigate some properties of the maximal operator, the fractional integral operator and its commutator, and the Marcinkiewicz integral operator.
Use of planning metrics software for automated feedback to radiotherapy students
Authors: Bridge Pete , Warren Mark , Pagett Marie
Published: October 2016

Background and purpose

Pre-registration teaching of radiotherapy planning in a non-clinical setting should allow students the opportunity to develop clinical decision-making skills. Students frequently struggle with their ability to prioritise and optimise multiple objectives when producing a clinically acceptable plan. Emerging software applications providing quantitative assessment of plan quality are designed for clinical use but may have value for teaching these skills. This project aimed to evaluate the potential value of automated feedback to second year BSc (Hons) Radiotherapy students.

Materials and methods

All 26 students studying a pre-registration radiotherapy planning module were provided with automated prediction of relative feasibility for left lung tumour planning targets by planning metrics software. Students were also provided with interim quantitative reports during the development of their plan. Student perceptions of the software were gathered using an anonymous questionnaire. Independent blinded marking of plans was performed after module completion and analysed for correlation with software-assigned marks.

Results

In total, 25 plans were utilised for marking comparison and 16 students submitted feedback relating to the software. Overall, student feedback was positive regarding the software. A ‘strong’ Spearman’s rank-order correlation (rs=0·7165) was evident between human and computer marks (p=0·000055).

Conclusions

Automated software is capable of providing useful feedback to students as a teaching aid, in particular with regard to relative feasibility of goals. The strong correlation between human and computer marks suggests a role in benchmarking or moderation; however, the narrow scope of assessment parameters suggests value as an adjunct and not a replacement to human marking.