bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theocracy, Liberalism, and Modern Judaism
Authors: Arkush Allan
Published: November 2009

The paper examines the efforts of several Jewish thinkers to cope with the discrepancy between the inherently theocratic principles of their religion and the modern, liberal ideas with which they wished to bring Judaism into harmony. It focuses first on Moses Mendelssohn's attempt at the end of the eighteenth century to provide a rationale for the dissolution of Judaism's coercive, collectivist dimension and to render the Jewish religion fully compatible, in practice, with liberalism. The next major focus is the recent work of David Novak, who has sought in different ways to show how one can proceed from traditional Jewish premises to the endorsement of nonliberal political arrangements that nonetheless preserve the best of liberalism's achievements. The final focus is on the Israeli religious thinker Isaiah Leibowitz's widely celebrated but in principle merely provisional relinquishment of the theocratic idea.
Render Unto Caesar… What? Reflections on the Work of William Cavanaugh
Authors: Rowe Paul S.
Published: November 2009

An increasing concern for the place of religion in global politics in the past decade is reflected in the work of William Cavanaugh, a political theologian coming from the radical orthodox movement of the Roman Catholic tradition. Taking aim at key tropes in international relations, Cavanaugh introduces a strong critique of the legitimacy of the state and against its martial attitude. This review questions the historicity and generalizability of Cavanaugh's analysis. It also challenges Cavanaugh's exaltation of the church from both an internal and external perspective. Finally, it considers the expanded role of the state as compared to Cavanaugh's vision of the martial state. By way of conclusion, it questions the extent to which Cavanaugh provides an alternative to consigning religious groups to civil society or a workable role for Christian engagement with global politics, even though he provides us with a strong critique of the state.
If You Render Unto God What Is God's, What Is Left for Caesar?
Authors: Cavanaugh William T.
Published: November 2009

I must begin by expressing my deep appreciation to Paul Rowe for bringing my work on theopolitics before a different audience than the ones to which I am accustomed and for bringing his own expertise in political science and political theory to bear on my writings. The depth and incisiveness of his critique provide me an opportunity to rethink and clarify my ideas. It also gives me the opportunity to prove that I do not deserve being mentioned in the same sentence as Che Guevara and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi!
NamibianKiche Duits: The Making (and Decline) of a Neo-African Language
Authors: Deumert Ana
Published: November 2009

This paper provides the first overview of the history, sociolinguistics, and structures of NamibianKiche Duits(lit. “kitchen German”), which is today a dying contact variety. The analysis draws on archival records, colonial publications, and memoirs, as well as over 120 sociolinguistic interviews conducted in 2000. Early varieties of NamibianKiche Duitsemerged from 1900 under German colonial rule. The language was used primarily for inter-ethnic communication within the work context. However, speakers also “crossed” playfully intoKiche Duitsin a number of within-group speech genres (competition games, scolding, banter, etc.), thus appropriating the colonial language—alongside cultural borrowings (Truppenspieler, “traditional” dress)—for new in-group practices. These within-group uses contributed to the linguistic stabilization of the language as well as the formation of new (post-)colonial (neo-African) identities.*
Syncope as the Cause of Präteritumschwund: New Data from an Early New High German Corpus
Authors: Sapp Christopher D.
Published: November 2009

This paper examines the cause of the decline of the preterite tense in favor of the present perfect tense in Early New High German. This development has long been attributed to apocope, which rendered the 3sg. weak preterite suffix -te homophonous with the 3sg. present suffix -t. By analyzing a database of over 20,000 past-tense clauses, this study evaluates the apocope account and more recent hypotheses. The resulting data lead to a new explanation: syncope in the 2sg. and 2pl. of weak verbs yielded dispreferred final clusters (-tst and -tt), resulting in a preference in these contexts for the present perfect, which then spread to other contexts.*
Breeding
Authors: Kempster H. L.
Published: November 2009

The Canadian Record of Performance for Poultry. Report for Record Year 1926–1927. Ottawa, Canada.

The eighth year of Record of Performance work has proven to be the most successful to date. A substantial increase occurred in the number of breeders entering flocks and in the number of birds tested. The demand for certified R.O.P. stock and its progeny increased both at home and abroad.
Progress in integration of remote sensing–derived flood extent and stage data and hydraulic models
Authors: Schumann Guy , Bates Paul D. , Horritt Matthew S. , Matgen Patrick , Pappenberger Florian
Published: November 2009

The ability to monitor floods with sensors mounted on aircraft and satellites has been known for decades. Early launches of satellites and the availability of aerial photography allowed investigation of the potential to support flood monitoring from as far as space. There have been notable studies on integrating data from these instruments with flood modeling since the late 1990s. There is now a consensus among space agencies to strengthen the support that satellites can offer. This trend has stimulated more research in this area, and significant progress has been achieved in recent years in fostering our understanding of the ways in which remote sensing can support or even advance flood modeling. This research goes considerably further than using a wet/dry flood map for model validation as in early studies of this type. Therefore, this paper aims to review recent and current efforts to aid advancing flood inundation modeling from space.
Grand Challenges for Seismology
Authors: Forsyth Donald W. , Lay Thorne , Aster Richard C. , Romanowicz Barbara
Published: November 2009

Seismology is the study of the propagation of elastic waves, the sources that generate them, and the structures through which they propagate. It also is a fundamental, high‐resolution tool for exploring the interior of the Earth from crust to core, as well as other bodies in the solar system. A remarkable diversity of multidisciplinary societal applications of seismology has emerged, including hydrocarbon and resource exploration, earthquake detection and hazard assessment, nuclear test monitoring and treaty verification, volcano and tsunami warning systems, and aquifer characterization. New directions in seismology are evolving that are relevant to climate and environmental change, such as resolving fine‐scale seismic stratigraphy, monitoring carbon sequestration, detecting sudden movements of glaciers and ice sheets, mapping the internal fine structure of the ocean, and reconstructing the twentieth‐century history of global storm activity from ocean‐generated seismic noise.
Probing the Hawaiian Hot Spot With New Broadband Ocean Bottom Instruments
Authors: Laske Gabi , Collins John A. , Wolfe Cecily J. , Solomon Sean C. , Detrick Robert S. , Orcutt John A. , Bercovici David , Hauri Erik H.
Published: November 2009

The Hawaiian hot spot is regarded as the textbook example of the product of a deep‐rooted mantle plume [Wilson, 1963; Morgan, 1971]. Its isolated location, far from any plate boundary, should provide an opportunity to test most basic hypotheses on the nature of plume‐plate interaction and related magmatism [e.g., Ribe and Christensen, 1999]. Yet the lack of crucial geophysical data has sustained a debate about whether Hawaii's volcanism is plume‐related or is instead the consequence of more shallow processes, such as the progressive fracturing of the plate in response to extensional stresses [Turcotte and Oxburgh, 1973].
Zircon Age Episodicity and Growth of Continental Crust
Authors: Condie Kent C. , Aster Richard C.
Published: November 2009

Granites form when silica‐rich magma intrudes into the crust and slowly crystallizes. Such intrusions are discontinuous in space and episodic in time, resulting in a mosaic of ages for granites from a given region. Although the episodicity of granitoid ages is well known [Condie, 1998; Kemp et al., 2006], how representative samples are of age distributions in the preserved continental crust is unclear. This is because sampling strategies are generally dictated by mineral exploration, accessibility of outcrops, or availability of geologic maps, none of which necessarily leads to an unbiased representation of age distributions in the continental crust. For instance, large age peaks at 2.7 and 1.9 billion years ago in the Canadian and Baltic shields may reflect extensive sampling of these shields [Condie et al., 2009a].
Geodetic Observations of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: Understanding Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: A Joint DynaQlim/GGOS Workshop; Espoo, Finland, 23–26 June 2009
Authors: Gross Richard , Poutanen Markku
Published: November 2009

The phenomenon of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), with its unique temporal and spatial signatures, provides one of the great opportunities in the geosciences for obtaining information about dynamic Earth processes. GIA contains information about recent climate forcing, being dependent on the geologically recent loading and unloading of ice sheets. It presents a unique opportunity to study the dynamics and rheology of the lithosphere and mantle; is responsible for substantial sea level variations; and is of fundamental importance to geodesy because site positions, reference frames, Earth rotation, and gravity are all influenced by GIA.

The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) of the International Association of Geodesy and the International Lithosphere Program's Regional Co‐ordination Committee Upper Mantle Dynamics and Quaternary Climate in Cratonic Areas (DynaQlim) jointly organized a workshop that attracted 36 international scientists to Finland. The objectives of this workshop were to (1) review the current state of the science in modeling GIA, (2) review the use of geodetic measurements to constrain and test GIA models, (3) identify obstacles to improving GIA models, and (4) identify improvements to the global geodetic observing system that are required to better understand GIA.
Vote Now on Governance Changes!
Authors: Grove Timothy L.
Published: November 2009

As AGU president, I ask you to vote on the important governance changes proposed by your AGU Council. Cast your vote TODAY. Go to http://www.agu.org/governancevote on the AGU Web Site.

These changes are part of a plan to create a more responsive, modern, and inclusive organization that will better serve members and better adapt to the rapidly evolving global scientific environment. To finalize the changes in governance that the Council supported unanimously, we need to modify our bylaws, and this is where you—our members—come into the picture. We need you to vote.
Outstanding Student Paper Awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: November 2009

The following members received Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the 2009 Joint Assembly in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Is It Feasible to Build New Land in the Mississippi River Delta?
Authors: Kim Wonsuck , Mohrig David , Twilley Robert , Paola Chris , Parker Gary
Published: November 2009

What if the Mississippi River levees were cut below New Orleans? What if much of the water and sediment were allowed to flow out and build new deltas? Could deltaic land loss be reversed, and indeed restored?

Using a conservative sediment supply rate and a range of rates of sea level rise and subsidence, a physically based model of deltaic river sedimentation [Kim et al., 2009] predicts that approximately 700–1200 square kilometers of new land (exposed surface and in‐channel freshwater habitat) could be built over a century (Figure 1).
Seismic Imaging in Three Dimensions on the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Mutter John C. , Carbotte Suzanne , Nedimovic Mladen , Canales Juan Pablo , Carton Hélène
Published: November 2009

The U.S. R/V Marcus G. Langseth (operated by the Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University) sailed in late June 2008 from Manzanillo, Mexico, to the 9°50′N area of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), a site of vigorous hydrothermal venting (Figure 1). The cruise, MGL0812, the first research deployment of the Langseth's advanced three‐dimensional (3‐D) seismic imaging capability, had as its objective obtaining high‐resolution images of crustal structure beneath the ridge crest and adjacent regions.

The benefits of 3‐D seismic imaging had been outlined in a U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)—sponsored workshop in 2005 [Mutter and Moore, 2005]. Short courses on techniques of 3‐D survey planning were given at AGU Fall Meetings in 2007 and 2008. This brief report describes experiences during the cruise, with the objective of aiding future researchers in planning cruises using Langseth's unique imaging capability for 3‐D.
Understanding the Extent and Causes of Abrupt Climate Change
Authors: Rashid Harunur
Published: November 2009

Nearly 100 scientists working in disciplines ranging from atmospheric and marine chemistry, paleoclimatology, paleoceanography, and paleoclimate model‐data comparison to archaeology attended a weeklong Chapman Conference on abrupt climate change. The basic purpose of the conference was to understand the spatiotemporal extent of abrupt climate change and the forcings behind it.

Most of the presenters demonstrated that regardless of whether the paleorecords were from lakes, cave formations (speleothems), ice cores, or marine sediments, abrupt climate change was a recurrent phenomenon at least during the last glacial‐interglacial climate cycle (11.6–130 thousand years ago). Whether such recurrent events occurred during previous glacial cycles is not well documented due to the scarcity of very long paleorecords with the requisite spatial and temporal resolution. Participants noted that the number of paleorecords from the Southern Hemisphere irrespective of glacial cycles was very low and stressed the need to increase efforts to acquire more paleorecords from the Southern Hemisphere.
Maeve Boland Selected as AGU Congressional Science Fellow
Authors: Chell Kaitlin
Published: November 2009

Maeve Boland, research assistant professor at the Colorado School of Mines, is AGU's 2009–2010 Congressional Science Fellow. Boland, who has a Ph.D. in geology from the Colorado School of Mines, is spending a year working in the office of U.S. Sen. Byron Dorgan (D‐N. D.). She was selected in March by AGU's Committee on Public Affairs after a competitive interview process, and she is AGU's 32nd Congressional Science Fellow.

In September, Boland and 31 other Congressional Science Fellows participated in a 2‐week course in politics and the legislative process put on by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She then interviewed with a number of congressional offices and was offered a position in the office of Sen. Dorgan, who chairs the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and is a member of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Boland is working as a legislative fellow carrying out a range of duties such as organizing congressional hearings, crafting legislation, advising legislators on votes, meeting with lobbyists, and writing speeches. Fellows also are often asked to assist their senator or representative during committee hearings and on the U.S. House or Senate floors during legislative debates.
Climate Extremes and Society
Authors: Mote Philip
Published: November 2009

In October 2005, as the United States still was reeling from Hurricane Katrina in August and as the alphabet was too short to contain all of that year's named Atlantic tropical storms (Hurricane Wilma was forming near Jamaica), a timely workshop in Bermuda focused on climate extremes and society (see Eos, 87(3), 25, 17 January 2006). This edited volume, which corresponds roughly to the presentations given at that workshop, offers a fascinating look at the critically important intersection of acute climate stress and human vulnerabilities.

A changing climate affects humans and other living things not through the variable that most robustly demonstrates the role of rising greenhouse gases—globally averaged temperature—but through local changes, especially changes in extremes. The first part of this book, “Defining and modeling the nature of weather and climate extremes,” focuses on natural science. The second part, “Impacts of weather and climate extremes,” focuses on societal impacts and responses, emphasizing an insurance industry perspective because a primary sponsor of the workshop was the Risk Prediction Initiative, whose aim is to “support scientific research on topics of interest to its sponsors” (p. 320).
On the formation of high‐latitude soil carbon stocks: Effects of cryoturbation and insulation by organic matter in a land surface model
Authors: Koven C. , Friedlingstein P. , Ciais P. , Khvorostyanov D. , Krinner G. , Tarnocai C.
Published: November 2009

We modify the soil component of the ORCHIDEE terrestrial carbon cycle model to include vertically‐discretized soil carbon. With this model, we investigate the feedback of considering thermal insulation by soil carbon, which modifies the soil thermal regime by lowering the thermal conductivity and increasing the heat capacity of a carbon‐rich soil, on the total carbon stocks the model builds up. In addition, we demonstrate the effects of diffusive vertical mixing of soil organic matter by cryoturbation on the total carbon stocks that the model builds up in mineral soils in equilibrium with a steady climate. We show that including these two effects together leads to up to 30% higher soil carbon stocks in the top meter of permafrost soils, as well as large stocks of carbon below 1m in the upper permafrost soil layers. The vertical profile of partitioning of carbon between different lability pools is also affected, as the slower pools are more deeply mixed; also the time to reach equilibrium lengthens considerably. These effects are largest in the coldest regions such as Eastern Siberia. The inclusion of cryoturbative mixing and insulation by soil carbon leads to better agreement with estimates of high‐latitude soil carbon stocks, where substantial amounts of carbon are found in permafrost regions, to depths of three meters; however we do not include peat, Yedoma, or alluvial deposition processes here, so the total carbon stocks are still lower than observed.
Late 20th century warming and freshening in the central tropical Pacific
Authors: Nurhati Intan S. , Cobb Kim M. , Charles Christopher D. , Dunbar Robert B.
Published: November 2009

Global climate models and analyses of instrumental datasets provide a wide range of scenarios for future tropical Pacific climate change, limiting the accuracy of regional climate projections. Coral records provide continuous reconstructions of tropical Pacific climate trends that are difficult to quantify using the short, sparse instrumental datasets available from the tropical Pacific. Here, we present coral‐based reconstructions of late 20th century sea‐surface temperature and salinity trends from several islands in the central tropical Pacific. The coral data reveal warming trends that increase towards the equator, implying a decrease in equatorial upwelling in the last decades. Seawater freshening trends on the southern edge of the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone suggest a strengthening and/or an equatorward shift of the convergence zone. Together, the new coral records support a late 20th century trend towards “El Niño‐like” conditions in the tropical Pacific, in line with the majority of coupled global climate model projections.
Seasonal dependence of energetic electron precipitation: Evidence for a global role of lightning
Authors: Gemelos E. S. , Inan U. S. , Walt M. , Parrot M. , Sauvaud J. A.
Published: November 2009

Analysis of the DEMETER spacecraft particle data shows that energetic electron precipitation exhibits a seasonal dependence consistent with lighting‐induced electron precipitation (LEP). Over the United States, energetic electron fluxes in the slot region (between L = 2 and 3) are significantly higher in the northern summer than in the winter, consistent with the seasonal variation of lightning activity in the Northern Hemisphere. The association of precipitating fluxes with lightning is explored using lightning location data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and VLF wave data on DEMETER. The increased precipitation of particles into the drift loss cone over the Northern Hemisphere in summer is consistent with expected pitch‐angle scattering by lightning‐generated whistler waves, indicating that lightning is a significant contributor to the loss of slot region electrons.
Low‐altitude meteor trail echoes
Authors: Malhotra Akshay , Mathews John D.
Published: November 2009

We present here the first observations of a new type of meteor echo. These Low‐Altitude Trail Echoes (LATE), observed almost exclusively below 90 km altitude using the Jicamarca Research Observatory 50 MHz radar, exhibit very different features and characteristics from the other well studied and reported meteor trails ‐ the specular meteor trails and the Range Spread Trail Echoes. Some of these features include strong altitude dependence, low aspect sensitivity and no gap between the head echo and the trail. Perhaps most importantly, almost 80% of the head echoes below 85 km altitude in our data set exhibit LATE trails. The study of these echoes provides valuable insights into the role of diffusion and plasma instabilities in the formation and evolution of meteor trails.
Possible lunar lava tube skylight observed by SELENE cameras
Authors: Haruyama Junichi , Hioki Kazuyuki , Shirao Motomaro , Morota Tomokatsu , Hiesinger Harald , van der Bogert Carolyn H. , Miyamoto Hideaki , Iwasaki Akira , Yokota Yasuhiro , Ohtake Makiko , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Hara Seiichi , Nakanotani Shunsuke , Pieters Carle M.
Published: November 2009

We discovered a vertical hole on the Moon, which is a possible lava tube skylight, using data from SELENE's two high‐resolution cameras: the Terrain Camera and the Multi‐band Imager. The hole is nearly circular, 65 m in diameter, and located in a sinuous rille at the Marius Hills region, a volcanic province on the lunar nearside. We observed the hole at various solar illumination conditions and estimated its depth to be 80 to 88 m. The depth/diameter ratio is much larger than for typical impact craters. There are neither conspicuous deposits indicating volcanic eruptions from the hole, nor are there pit craters adjacent to the hole that could be related to an underlying fault or dike. The area around the hole is covered by a thin (20 to 25 m) lava sheet, which may help protect the lava tube from collapse due to meteorite bombardment.
ENSEMBLES: A new multi‐model ensemble for seasonal‐to‐annual predictions—Skill and progress beyond DEMETER in forecasting tropical Pacific SSTs
Authors: Weisheimer A. , Doblas‐Reyes F. J. , Palmer T. N. , Alessandri A. , Arribas A. , Déqué M. , Keenlyside N. , MacVean M. , Navarra A. , Rogel P.
Published: November 2009

A new 46‐year hindcast dataset for seasonal‐to‐annual ensemble predictions has been created using a multi‐model ensemble of 5 state‐of‐the‐art coupled atmosphere‐ocean circulation models. The multi‐model outperforms any of the single‐models in forecasting tropical Pacific SSTs because of reduced RMS errors and enhanced ensemble dispersion at all lead‐times. Systematic errors are considerably reduced over the previous generation (DEMETER). Probabilistic skill scores show higher skill for the new multi‐model ensemble than for DEMETER in the 4–6 month forecast range. However, substantially improved models would be required to achieve strongly statistical significant skill increases. The combination of ENSEMBLES and DEMETER into a grand multi‐model ensemble does not improve the forecast skill further. Annual‐range hindcasts show anomaly correlation skill of ∼0.5 up to 14 months ahead. A wide range of output from the multi‐model simulations is becoming publicly available and the international community is invited to explore the full scientific potential of these data.
Statistical reality of globally nonsimultaneous Forbush decrease events
Authors: Oh S. Y. , Yi Y.
Published: November 2009

The Forbush decrease (FD) event, a sudden decrease of galactic cosmic ray intensity measured by neutron monitor (NM), is known as a globally simultaneous phenomenon. However, some of them do not occur simultaneously in universal time. On the basis of the difference of main phase onset time distributions of two kinds of FD events, Oh et al. (2008) suggested that the global simultaneity of FD events depends on the solar wind physical parameters and propagation direction in three‐dimensional heliosphere around the Earth. In order to get the hypothesis approved with a higher confidence level, the FD event data set is extended to 218 events with a longer period from 1971 to 2006 using Oulu, Inuvik, and Magadan station data. In addition, the probability of the same distribution of those two different classes of FD events is calculated in each NM station's view. All three NM stations confirm the probability of different distributions of FD main phase onset times of globally simultaneous and nonsimultaneous with a confidence level of 99%, compared with 94% of previous study. The statistics in this study may support the hypothesis that the simultaneous FD events occur when stronger magnetic barriers pass by the Earth through the central part of the magnetic barriers and in contrast that the nonsimultaneous FD events occur only if the less strong magnetic barriers pass the Earth on the dusk side of the magnetosphere.
Excess open solar magnetic flux from satellite data: 1. Analysis of the third perihelion Ulysses pass
Authors: Lockwood M. , Owens M. , Rouillard A. P.
Published: November 2009

We use the third perihelion pass by the Ulysses spacecraft to illustrate and investigate the “flux excess” effect, whereby open solar flux estimates from spacecraft increase with increasing heliocentric distance. We analyze the potential effects of small‐scale structure in the heliospheric field (giving fluctuations in the radial component on timescales smaller than 1 h) and kinematic time‐of‐flight effects of longitudinal structure in the solar wind flow. We show that the flux excess is explained by neither very small‐scale structure (timescales < 1 h) nor by the kinematic “bunching effect” on spacecraft sampling. The observed flux excesses is, however, well explained by the kinematic effect of larger‐scale (>1 day) solar wind speed variations on the frozen‐in heliospheric field. We show that averaging over an interval T (that is long enough to eliminate structure originating in the heliosphere yet small enough to avoid cancelling opposite polarity radial field that originates from genuine sector structure in the coronal source field) is only an approximately valid way of allowing for these effects and does not adequately explain or account for differences between the streamer belt and the polar coronal holes.
Excess open solar magnetic flux from satellite data: 2. A survey of kinematic effects
Authors: Lockwood M. , Owens M. , Rouillard A. P.
Published: November 2009

We investigate the “flux excess” effect, whereby open solar flux estimates from spacecraft increase with increasing heliocentric distance. We analyze the kinematic effect on these open solar flux estimates of large‐scale longitudinal structure in the solar wind flow, with particular emphasis on correcting estimates made using data from near‐Earth satellites. We show that scatter, but no net bias, is introduced by the kinematic “bunching effect” on sampling and that this is true for both compression and rarefaction regions. The observed flux excesses, as a function of heliocentric distance, are shown to be consistent with open solar flux estimates from solar magnetograms made using the potential field source surface method and are well explained by the kinematic effect of solar wind speed variations on the frozen‐in heliospheric field. Applying this kinematic correction to the Omni‐2 interplanetary data set shows that the open solar flux at solar minimum fell from an annual mean of 3.82 × 1016 Wb in 1987 to close to half that value (1.98 × 1016 Wb) in 2007, making the fall in the minimum value over the last two solar cycles considerably faster than the rise inferred from geomagnetic activity observations over four solar cycles in the first half of the 20th century.
Guadalupe pluton–Mariposa Formation age relationships in the southern Sierran Foothills: Onset of Mesozoic subduction in northern California?
Authors: Ernst W. G. , Saleeby Jason B. , Snow Cameron A.
Published: November 2009

We report a new 153 ± 2 Ma SIMS U‐Pb date for zircons from the hypabyssal Guadalupe pluton which crosscuts and contact metamorphoses upper crustal Mariposa slates in the southern Sierra. A ∼950 m thick section of dark metashales lies below sandstones from which clastic zircons were analyzed at 152 ± 2 Ma. Assuming a compacted depositional rate of ∼120 m/Myr, accumulation of Mariposa volcanogenic sediments, which overlie previously stranded Middle Jurassic and older ophiolite + chert‐argillite belts in the Sierran Foothills, began no later than ∼160 Ma. Correlative Oxfordian‐Kimmeridgian strata of the Galice Formation occupy a similar position in the Klamath Mountains. We speculate that the Late Jurassic was a time of transition from (1) a mid‐Paleozoic–Middle Jurassic interval of mainly but not exclusively strike‐slip and episodic docking of oceanic terranes; (2) to transpressive plate underflow, producing calcalkaline igneous arc rocks ± outboard blueschists at ∼170–150 Ma, whose erosion promoted accumulation of the Mariposa‐Galice overlap strata; (3) continued transpressive underflow attending ∼200 km left‐lateral displacement of the Klamath salient relative to the Sierran arc at ∼150–140 Ma and development of the apparent polar wander path cusps for North and South America; and (4) then nearly orthogonal mid and Late Cretaceous convergence commencing at ∼125–120 Ma, during reversal in tangential motion of the Pacific plate. After ∼120 Ma, nearly head‐on subduction involving minor dextral transpression gave rise to voluminous continent‐building juvenile and recycled magmas of the Sierran arc, providing the erosional debris to the Great Valley fore arc and Franciscan trench.
Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: 2. Impact of the diurnal monsoon variability
Authors: Chen Guixing , Sha Weiming , Iwasaki Toshiki
Published: November 2009

The monsoon flow influence on the diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China (SEC) is examined using satellite rainfall data, reanalysis data, and data sets from field experiments. The low‐level wind averaged over southern China is strongest at late night or in early morning, which is inferred as diurnal monsoon variability (DMV). Such nocturnal acceleration occurs frequently from presummer, when monsoon flow becomes active. It usually develops in the warm region south of frontal zone; it is related closely to the ageostrophic component. In response to the DMV, rainfall over SEC increases remarkably, especially during early morning when the wind maximum of southwesterlies occurs. Prolonged organized mesoscale convection is the main cause of this rainfall enhancement. On a diurnal timescale, the DMV may regulate the warm, moist inflow that feeds the frontal zone, thereby enhancing large‐scale frontogenesis from late night to morning. On a regional scale, the DMV, when coupling with local circulation diurnally, enhances the southerlies on the east flanks of plateaus and over the western SEC, generating convective instability successively there through the early morning. Consequently, the organized mesoscale convection is reinforced to produce more morning rainfall during presummer over SEC area, especially over its western region.
Spatial patterns and recent trends in cloud fraction and cloud‐related diffuse radiation in Amazonia
Authors: Butt Nathalie , New Mark , Lizcano Gil , Malhi Yadvinder
Published: November 2009

As the climate of tropical forest regions changes, there are likely to be concurrent changes in cloud cover and in the light regime experienced by tropical forest canopies. We utilize data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project to examine spatial patterns and trends in cloud cover over Amazonia during the period 1984–2006. Cloud cover seasonality appears to be increasing in Amazonia, with a significant decline in dry season cloud fraction (0.3% yr−1) and increase in wet season cloud fraction (0.1% yr−1) over the last two decades. A novel cloud‐related diffuse radiation (CRDR) climatology for Amazonia was derived from satellite cloud data. There is a clear decreasing gradient from the northwest to the southeast: annual CRDR proportion (CRDRP) varies by about 15% across the region. Analysis of trends over time indicates a 1–2% decline in CRDRP in Amazonia over the last two decades, particularly in the east of the region. This is particularly marked in the dry season in the east where CRDRP declined at a rate of 0.3% yr−1, and the wet season decline was 0.1% yr−1. In the west of the region a 1% increase in CRDRP is indicated. Changes in forest composition and productivity may be linked to changes in CRDRP in that decreases in cloud cover in sunny regions or dry seasons may cause a decline in productivity, whereas declines in cloud cover in cloudy regions, or during cloudy seasons, may cause an increase in productivity.
Quantifying canyon incision and Andean Plateau surface uplift, southwest Peru: A thermochronometer and numerical modeling approach
Authors: Schildgen Taylor F. , Ehlers Todd A. , Whipp David M. , van Soest Matthijs C. , Whipple Kelin X. , Hodges Kip V.
Published: November 2009

Apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He ages from Ocoña canyon at the western margin of the Central Andean plateau record rock cooling histories induced by a major phase of canyon incision. We quantify the timing and magnitude of incision by integrating previously published ages from the valley bottom with 19 new sample ages from four valley wall transects. Interpretation of the incision history from cooling ages is complicated by a southwest to northeast increase in temperatures at the base of the crust due to subduction and volcanism. Furthermore, the large magnitude of incision leads to additional three‐dimensional variations in the thermal field. We address these complications with finite element thermal and thermochronometer age prediction models to quantify the range of topographic evolution scenarios consistent with observed cooling ages. Comparison of 275 model simulations to observed cooling ages and regional heat flow determinations identify a best fit history with ≤0.2 km of incision in the forearc region prior to ∼14 Ma and up to 3.0 km of incision starting between 7 and 11 Ma. Incision starting at 7 Ma requires incision to end by ∼5.5 to 6 Ma. However, a 2.2 Ma age on a volcanic flow on the current valley floor and 5 Ma gravels on the uplifted piedmont surface together suggest that incision ended during the time span between 2.2 and 5 Ma. These additional constraints for incision end time lead to a range of best fit incision onset times between 8 and 11 Ma, which must coincide with or postdate surface uplift.
Influence of extreme storm events on West Florida Shelf CDOM distributions
Authors: Conmy Robyn N. , Coble Paula G. , Cannizzaro Jennifer P. , Heil Cynthia A.
Published: November 2009

Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) distribution and signatures provide vital information about the amount and composition of organic material in aquatic environments. This information is critical for deciphering the sources and biogeochemical pathways of organic carbon, and thus vital to the understanding of carbon cycling and budgets. Waters of the West Florida Shelf are heavily influenced by many river systems on Florida's Gulf Coast that, to the first order, control CDOM distributions on the shelf. Three storm events during 2004 and 2005 (Hurricane Charley, Hurricane Wilma, and a Winter Storm) profoundly altered the typical distribution of CDOM fluorescence and absorption properties on the Southern West Florida Shelf. Seasonal surveys revealed that changes in the underwater light field as a result of major hurricanes and resuspension events are linked closely with a number of factors prior to a storm's passing such as the presence of persistent blooms, rainfall and discharge. Additionally, storm track and wind direction were found to play a significant role in CDOM signatures.
The Adverse Pial Arteriolar and Axonal Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury Complicated by Hypoxia and Their Therapeutic Modulation with Hypothermia in Rat
Authors: Gao Guoyi , Oda Yasutaka , Wei Enoch P , Povlishock John T
Published: November 2009

This study examined the effect of posttraumatic hypoxia on cerebral vascular responsivity and axonal damage, while also exploring hypothermia's potential to attenuate these responses. Rats were subjected to impact acceleration injury (IAI) and equipped with cranial windows to assess vascular reactivity to topical acetylcholine, with postmortem analyses using antibodies to amyloid precursor protein to assess axonal damage. Animals were subjected to hypoxia alone, IAI and hypoxia, IAI and hypoxia before induction of moderate hypothermia (33°C), IAI and hypoxia induced during hypothermic intervention, and IAI and hypoxia initiated after hypothermia. Hypoxia alone had no impact on vascular reactivity or axonal damage. Acceleration injury and posttraumatic hypoxia resulted in dramatic axonal damage and altered vascular reactivity. When IAI and hypoxia were followed by hypothermic intervention, no axonal or vascular protection ensued. However, when IAI was followed by hypoxia induced during hypothermia, axonal and vascular protection followed. When this same hypoxic insult followed the use of hypothermia, no benefit ensued. These studies show that early hypoxia and delayed hypoxia exert damaging axonal and vascular consequences. Although this damage is attenuated by hypothermia, this follows only when hypoxia occurs during hypothermia, with no benefit found if the hypoxic insult proceeds or follows hypothermia.
Correlating Tissue Outcome with Quantitative Multiparametric MRI of Acute Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
Authors: Jokivarsi Kimmo T , Hiltunen Yrjö , Tuunanen Pasi I , Kauppinen Risto A , Gröhn Olli HJ
Published: November 2009

Predicting tissue outcome remains a challenge for stroke magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we have acquired multiparametric MRI data sets (including absolute T1, T2, diffusion, T1ρ using continuous wave and adiabatic pulse approaches, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and amide proton transfer ratio (APTR) images) during and after 65 mins of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rats. The MRI scans were repeated 24 h after MCAo, when the animals were killed for quantitative histology. Magnetic resonance imaging parameters acquired at three acute time points were correlated with regionally matching cell count at 24 h. The results emphasize differences in the temporal profile of individual MRI contrasts during MCAo and especially during early reperfusion, and suggest that complementary information from CBF and tissue damage can be obtained with appropriate MRI contrasts. The data show that by using three to four MRI parameters, sensitive to both hemodynamic changes and different aspects of parenchymal changes, the fate of the tissue can be predicted with increased correlation compared with single-parameter techniques. Combined multiparametric MRI data and multiparametric analysis may provide an excellent tool for preclinical testing of new treatments and also has the potential to facilitate decision-making in the management of acute stroke patients.
Antioxidant CR-6 Protects against Reperfusion Injury after a Transient Episode of Focal Brain Ischemia in Rats
Authors: Pérez-Asensio Fernando J , de la Rosa Xavier , Jiménez-Altayó Francesc , Gorina Roser , Martínez Emili , Messeguer Àngel , Vila Elisabet , Chamorro Àngel , Planas Anna M
Published: November 2009

Oxidative and nitrosative stress are targets for intervention after ischemia/reperfusion. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of CR-6, a vitamin-E analogue that is antioxidant and scavenger of nitrogen-reactive species. Sprague–Dawley rats had the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded either for 90 mins or permanently. Cortical perfusion was continuously monitored by laser–Doppler flowmetry. CR-6 (100 mg/kg) was administered orally either at 2 and 8 h after MCA occlusion, or at 2 h only. Infarct volume, neurological deficit, and signs of reperfusion injury were evaluated. CR-6 was detected in plasma and brain by HPLC. CR-6 reduced glutathione consumption in the ischemic brain and superoxide generation in the isolated MCA. CR-6 decreased infarct volume and attenuated the neurological deficit at 1 and 7 days after ischemia/reperfusion, but not after permanent ischemia. Immediately after reperfusion, cortical blood flow values returned to their baseline (±20%) in several animals, whereas others showed hyper-perfusion (>20% of baseline). Reactive hyperemia was associated with adverse events such as increased cortical BBB leakage, edema, protein nitrotyrosination, COX-2 expression, and neutrophil accumulation; and with a poorer outcome, and CR-6 attenuated these effects. In conclusion, oral CR-6 administration after transient ischemia protects the brain from reperfusion injury.
Measurement of Density and Affinity for Dopamine D2 Receptors by a Single Positron Emission Tomography Scan with Multiple Injections of [11C]raclopride
Authors: Ikoma Yoko , Watabe Hiroshi , Hayashi Takuya , Miyake Yoshinori , Teramoto Noboru , Minato Kotaro , Iida Hidehiro
Published: November 2009

Positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]raclopride has been used to investigate the density ( Bmax) and affinity ( Kd) of dopamine D2 receptors related to several neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, in assessing the Bmax and Kd, multiple PET scans are necessary under variable specific activities of administered [11C]raclopride, resulting in a long study period and unexpected physiological variations. In this paper, we have developed a method of multiple-injection graphical analysis (MI-GA) that provides the Bmax and Kd values from a single PET scan with three sequential injections of [11C]raclopride, and we validated the proposed method by performing numerous simulations and PET studies on monkeys. In the simulations, the three-injection protocol was designed according to prior knowledge of the receptor kinetics, and the errors of Bmax and Kd estimated by MI-GA were analyzed. Simulations showed that our method could support the calculation of Bmax and Kd, despite a slight overestimation compared with the true magnitudes. In monkey studies, we could calculate the Bmax and Kd of diseased or normal striatum in a 150 mins scan with the three-injection protocol of [11C]raclopride. Estimated Bmax and Kd values of D2 receptors in normal or partially dopamine-depleted striatum were comparable to the previously reported values.
Role of Chemokines in CNS Health and Pathology: A Focus on the CCL2/CCR2 and CXCL8/CXCR2 Networks
Authors: Semple Bridgette D , Kossmann Thomas , Morganti-Kossmann Maria Cristina
Published: November 2009

Chemokines and their receptors have crucial roles in the trafficking of leukocytes, and are of particular interest in the context of the unique immune responses elicited in the central nervous system (CNS). The chemokine system CC ligand 2 (CCL2) with its receptor CC receptor 2 (CCR2), as well as the receptor CXCR2 and its multiple ligands CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL8, have been implicated in a wide range of neuropathologies, including trauma, ischemic injury and multiple sclerosis. This review aims to overview the current understanding of chemokines as mediators of leukocyte migration into the CNS under neuroinflammatory conditions. We will specifically focus on the involvement of two chemokine networks, namely CCL2/CCR2 and CXCL8/CXCR2, in promoting macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, respectively, into the lesioned parenchyma after focal traumatic brain injury. The constitutive brain expression of these chemokines and their receptors, including their recently identified roles in the modulation of neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and neurotransmission, will be discussed. In conclusion, the value of evidence obtained from the use of Ccl2- and Cxcr2-deficient mice will be reported, in the context of potential therapeutics inhibiting chemokine activity which are currently in clinical trial for various inflammatory diseases.
Intrathecal Corticoids in Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Part I: A New Therapeutic Approach in the Acute Phase
Authors: Goericke Sophia L , Engelhorn Tobias , Forsting Michael , Speck Ulrich , Maderwald Stefan , Ladd Mark E , Doerfler Arnd
Published: November 2009

Intrathecally, triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) was suggested to have neuroprotective efficacy on infarction volume in acute focal cerebral ischemia in rats. In the first dose-finding study, TCA in five different doses or saline was administered into the cisterna magna of 12 rats, each 30 mins after endovascular occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). In the second magnet resonance controlled confirmation study, the most neuroprotective dose was compared with controls in each of the 15 rats. Infarction volume was calculated at 24 h by 2.3.5 triphenyl-tetrazolium-chloride staining. Compared with controls (18.2%), infarction volume was significantly reduced using TCA at a dose of 0.012 mg/kg body weight (BW) (13.4%, P=0.04). TCA at doses of 0.03 (17.7%, P=0.84), 0.006 (15.9%, P=0.24), and 0.003 mg/kg BW (14.5%, P=0.11) did not significantly reduce infarction size. TCA 0.3 mg/kg BW resulted in bilateral infarction with increased infarction volume (19.8%, P=0.49). Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed successful MCAO and intrathecal administration. In experiment 2 compared with controls (20.0%), infarction volume was significantly reduced using TCA 0.012 mg/kg (13.4%, P=0.02). Intrathecally, TCA may significantly reduce infarction volume in acute focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Further studies are necessary to define the value of this therapy.