bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNDISTORTED MRI B0 FIELD MAP ESTIMATION USING AN AUGMENTED SPACE
Authors:   , Bravo Kunz Belen
Published: January 2025

This thesis presents a method to calculate the magnetic field inhomogeneity map (fieldmap) of an object within a magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. The fieldmap is essential for several MR applications, including correcting off-resonance artifacts, generating quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM), separating water and fat signals, and improving the quality of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI). Accurate fieldmap estimation is critical to ensure the effectiveness of these applications. Existing methods for fieldmap calculation assume that the entire MR signal is acquired at a single time point, the echo time, an approximation that breaks down for sequences with long readouts or non-Cartesian trajectories. To overcome this limitation, the off-resonance signal equation was reformulated without this approximation and propose a solution using a signal model in an augmented space. Applying the method to fast imaging sequences such as EPI and Spiral imaging, simulation results demonstrate a 30% improvement in normalized root mean square error for artifact correction accuracy compared to the classic fieldmap calculation method, while real scanner data demonstrate an 11% improvement. We successfully tested the method in simulations and real data, confirming its effectiveness and potential for broader MR imaging applications.
Understanding the Impact of Algorithmic Trading on Indian Financial Markets: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Kumar Ramesh
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the transformative impact of algorithmic trading on the Indian financial markets, with a focus on market volatility, liquidity, and efficiency. The aim of the paper is to examine the impact of Algorithmic trading on Indian financial market and to assess the role of high-frequency trading in market liquidity and efficiency. In study design, used a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative analysis of historical trading data from the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE) with qualitative insights from regulatory filings and industry reports. The study employed the time series analysis, event studies and regression analysis techniques for analyzed the Market volatility (standard deviation of returns), liquidity (bid-ask spread), and trading volumes. The findings highlight significant benefits, including enhanced liquidity, tighter spreads, and improved execution speed. However, challenges persist, such as short-term volatility spikes and the risk of systemic disruptions during flash crashes. Regulatory interventions, like SEBI’s circuit breakers and AI surveillance systems, have mitigated some risks, but ongoing challenges in equitable infrastructure access remain. The study concludes with recommendations to balance technological innovation with market stability, advocating a hybrid approach that integrates algorithmic precision with human oversight to ensure efficiency and resilience in an increasingly automated trading ecosystem.
Bioremediation of Soil Pollution: An Effective Approach for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Koushal Sanjay , Kanagalabavi Arun C , Kumar Ashutosh , Arya Devesh , Nehul Janardhan Namdeo , Panigrahi Chandan Kumar , Haloi Dipankar , Chauhan Neha , G Muhilan.
Published: January 2025

Soil pollution, primarily caused by the excessive use of pesticides, heavy metals, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff, is a significant global environmental challenge. Traditional methods of soil remediation, such as chemical treatments and physical excavation, are costly, disruptive, and environmentally unsustainable. In contrast, bioremediation has emerged as a promising, eco-friendly, and cost-effective solution to restore contaminated soils. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of bioremediation techniques, their mechanisms, applications in agriculture, and their role in promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, it examines the potential benefits, challenges, and future prospects of bioremediation in addressing soil pollution while ensuring long-term soil health and agricultural productivity.
Evaluation of Bivoltine Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Hybrids for Disease Resistance and Suitability in Subtropical Conditions
Authors: Attri Monika , Gupta R. K. , Bali Kamlesh
Published: January 2025

The disease outbreak in silkworm generally hampers the silkworm larvae during the late larval period causing high mortality, formation of poor-quality cocoons or even the complete loss of entire crop, posing a significant challenge to sericulture industry. The current study was undertaken to screen the native silkworm hybrids for their resistance or susceptibility to flacherie (caused by bacterial infection) and grasserie (caused by a viral infection), particularly harmful to silkworm health and their yield potential in the subtropics of Jammu division. 12 hybrids namely U-8×PO1, ND3×PO1, PO1×U-8, U-3×U-1, JD6×U-6, U-4×U-6, PO3×ND5, U-6×ND3, ND3×NSP, ND2×NSP, SH6×NB4D2 and FC1×FC2 were selected and reared with proper rearing practices. The data was recorded for various parameters pertaining performance against disease outbreak and yield potential. The hybrids namely FC1×FC2 and U-4×U-6 demonstrated superior resistant hybrids and less susceptibility. Both the hybrids showed an incidence less than 2% for flacherie and 4% for grasserie respectively. The study found that the hybrids FC1×FC2 and U-4×U-6 can be utilized commercially to reduce disease-related losses and promote sericulture sustainability in subtropical regions. Incorporating such resistant hybrids into local practice would also provide more economic stability for farmers, reducing the hazards associated with silkworm rearing. Therefore, on the basis of current results, same two hybrids can be recommended for commercial exploitation at farmer level specifically for autumn rearing in subtropics of Jammu division.  These resistant hybrids hold great promise for improving silkworm productivity thereby enhancing the sustainability of sericulture in the region.
Cardiovascular and Venous Thromboembolic Risk With JAK Inhibitors in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Authors: Ingrassia Jenne P. , Maqsood Muhammad Haisum , Gelfand Joel M. , Weber Brittany N. , Bangalore Sripal , Lo Sicco Kristen I. , Garshick Michael S.
Published: November 2023

Importance

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are an effective treatment option for patients with certain skin-related conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, and vitiligo, but there is a current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) boxed warning label for oral and topical JAK inhibitors regarding increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), venous thromboembolism (VTE), serious infections, malignant neoplasm, and death. However, this boxed warning was precipitated by results of the Oral Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial (ORAL) Surveillance study, which only included patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and the same association may not be observed in dermatologic conditions.

Objective

To determine the risk of all-cause mortality, MACE, and VTE with JAK inhibitors in patients with dermatologic conditions.

Data Sources

PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from database inception to April 1, 2023.

Study Selection

This review included phase 3 randomized clinical trials with a placebo/active comparator group of JAK inhibitors used for a dermatologic indication with FDA approval or pending approval or with European Union or Japanese approval. Studies without a comparison group, case reports, observational studies, and review articles were excluded.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Adverse events using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated using a random-effects model and the DerSimonian-Laird method. Studies were screened, data abstracted, and quality assessed by 2 independent authors. The protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes were a composite of adjudicated MACE and all-cause mortality, and VTE.

Results

The analysis included 35 randomized clinical trials with 20 651 patients (mean [SD] age, 38.5 [10.1] years; male, 54%) and a mean (SD) follow-up time of 4.9 (2.68) months. Findings did not show a significant difference between JAK inhibitors and placebo/active comparator in composite MACE and all-cause mortality (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.44-1.57) or VTE (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.26-1.04).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, use of JAK inhibitors was not associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, MACE, and VTE compared to the placebo/active comparator groups. Additional trials with long-term follow-up are needed to better understand the safety risks of JAK inhibitors used for dermatologic indications.
Family-Centered Prevention to Reduce Discrimination-Related Depressive Symptoms Among Black Adolescents
Authors: Kogan Steven M. , Kwon Elizabeth , Brody Gene H. , Azarmehr Rabeeh , Reck Ava J. , Anderson Tracy , Sperr Megan
Published: November 2023

Importance

Racial discrimination undermines the mental health of Black adolescents. Preventive interventions that can attenuate the effects of exposure to racial discrimination are needed.

Objective

To investigate whether participation in the Strong African American Families (SAAF) program moderates Black adolescents’ depressive symptoms associated with experience of racial discrimination.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This secondary analysis used data from a community-based randomized clinical trial of SAAF (SAAF vs no treatment control). Participants were followed up at 10, 22, and 34 months after the baseline assessment. Assessment staff were blind to participant condition. Participants in this trial lived in 7 rural counties in Georgia. SAAF was delivered at local community centers. Eligible families had a child aged 11 to 12 years who self-identified as African American or Black. The joint influence of random assignment to SAAF and exposure to racial discrimination was investigated. Data were analyzed from September 2022 to March 2023.

Intervention

SAAF is a 7-session (14 hours) family skills training intervention that occurs over 7 weeks. Small groups of caregivers and their adolescents participate in a structured curriculum targeting effective parenting behavior, adolescent self-regulation, and Black pride.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was adolescent-reported depressive symptoms, assessed at 34 months via the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children.

Results

Of 825 families screened randomly from public school lists, 472 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 11.6 years; 240 [50.8%] female) were enrolled and randomized to SAAF (252 participants) or a no treatment control (220 participants). Exposure to racial discrimination at age 13 years was associated with increased depressive symptoms at age 14 years (β = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.34; P < .001). Interaction analyses indicated that the experimental condition significantly moderated the association of racial discrimination with depressive symptoms: (β = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.47 to −0.08; P = .005). Probing the interaction with simple slopes at ±SD revealed that for the control group, racial discrimination was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (β = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.54; P < .001), while for the SAAF group, there was no association between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms (β = 0.12; P = .09).

Conclusions and Relevance

This randomized clinical trial found that the SAAF intervention reduced the incidence of racism-associated mental health symptoms among Black adolescents. SAAF is recommended for dissemination to health care practitioners working with rural Black adolescents.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03590132
Changes in Characteristics of Patients Initiating and Discontinuing Advanced Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis Following the Release of Safety Data
Authors: Song Stephanie , England Bryant R. , Sauer Brian , George Michael D. , Riley Thomas R. , Wallace Beth , Cannon Grant W. , Mikuls Ted R. , Baker Joshua F.
Published: November 2023

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of emerging safety data on practice patterns by describing the characteristics of patients initiating and discontinuing advanced therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before and after January 2021.

Methods

This cohort study evaluated US veterans with RA between April 2019 and September 2022. This period was divided into two 664‐day periods before and after January 2021. Eligible patients had ≥1 diagnosis code for RA and initiated a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), non‐TNFi biologic, or JAK inhibitor (JAKi). We tested for interaction within regression models to determine whether changes in patient characteristics for tofacitinib recipients were different from changes observed for other therapies. We also evaluated factors associated with therapy discontinuation in Cox models adjusted for age, sex, and duration on therapy, including assessment for effect modification.

Results

When comparing patients with RA initiating tofacitinib before (n = 2,111) with those initiating tofacitinib after (n = 1,664) January 2021, there was a decrease in mean age (64.1 vs 63.0 years) and in the proportion with cardiovascular comorbidities (all P < 0.01). These changes were significantly different from those observed for patients initiating TNFi or non‐TNFi biologics. Among active advanced therapy recipients, the likelihood of discontinuation was higher for tofacitinib than TNFi (hazard ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.10–1.26, P < 0.001). The higher rate of tofacitinib discontinuation was more pronounced in the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Recent safety data significantly affected prescribing practices for advanced therapies, with a reduction in JAKi initiation and an increase in JAKi discontinuation among older patients and those at high cardiovascular risk.

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Design of an Artificial Peptide Inspired by Transmembrane Mitochondrial Protein for Escorting Exogenous DNA into the Mitochondria to Restore their Functions by Simultaneous Multiple Gene Expression
Authors: Yoshinaga Naoto , Miyamoto Takaaki , Odahara Masaki , Takeda‐Kamiya Noriko , Toyooka Kiminori , Nara Seia , Nishimura Haruna , Ling Feng , Su'etsugu Masayuki , Yoshida Minoru , Numata Keiji
Published: November 2023

Mitochondria are vital organelles regulating essential cellular functions. Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) consists of 37 genes, 13 of which encode mitochondrial proteins, and the remaining 24 genes encode two ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNAs needed for the translation of the mtDNA‐encoded 13 proteins. However, mtDNA often impairs the expression and function of these genes due to various mutations, ultimately causing mitochondrial dysfunction. To recover from this desperate condition, developing the technology to supply all mitochondrial proteins encoded by mtDNA at once is an urgent task, but there is no established strategy for this purpose. In this study, a simple yet effective mitochondrial gene delivery system is proposed comprising an artificial peptide inspired by a transmembrane mitochondrial membrane protein. The designed mitochondria‐targeting peptides presented on the carrier surface effectively guide the encapsulated plasmid to the mitochondria, facilitating mitochondrial uptake and gene expression. The developed system successfully delivers exogenous mtDNA to mtDNA‐depleted cells and leads to simultaneous multigene expression, ultimately restoring mitochondrial functions, including the mitochondrial respiration rate. The established multiple gene expression system in each mitochondrion is a game‐changing technology that can accelerate the development of mitochondrial engineering technologies as well as clinical applications for mitochondrial diseases.
Design of Sustainable Self‐Healing Phase Change Materials by Dynamic Semi‐Interpenetrating Network Structure
Authors: Wei Zhengkai , Liao Yansheng , Liu Tianren , Yuan Anqian , Wu Xudong , Jiang Liang , Lei Jingxin , Fu Xiaowei
Published: November 2023

The design of sustainable self‐healing phase change materials (SHPCMs) remains challenging depending on sustainable fatty alcohols without compromising high enthalpy efficiency. Herein, the semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN)‐based SHPCMs are developed by introducing dynamic disulfide crosslinking polyurethane networks and sustainable fatty alcohols as phase change components in a semi‐IPN structure, enabling the combination of ultrahigh enthalpy efficiency of ≈100% and excellent self‐healing ability with 99% of mechanical stain healing efficiency. The latent heat (61.6–144.3 J g−1) and phase change temperature (29.2–64.2 °C) can be readily adjusted by the type and content of fatty alcohols in SHPCMs. The SHPCMs present high thermal reliability, thermal and shape stability, and solid‐like rheological properties benefiting from the advantage of the semi‐IPN structure. The SHPCMs are endowed with tunable mechanical stress (1.23–6.16 MPa) and strain (5.77–379.48%). More importantly, the SHPCMs can be nearly completely self‐healed after thermal stimulus, complying with the Arrhenius model, with a low activation energy of 33.831 kJ mol−1. This innovative strategy opens new avenues for preparing efficient and durable thermal energy storage materials with high enthalpy efficiency, self‐healing ability, and sustainable phase change components, broadening their potential applications.
Natural Products Derived Porous Carbons for CO2 Capture
Authors: Khosrowshahi Mobin Safarzadeh , Mashhadimoslem Hossein , Shayesteh Hadi , Singh Gurwinder , Khakpour Elnaz , Guan Xinwei , Rahimi Mohammad , Maleki Farid , Kumar Prashant , Vinu Ajayan
Published: November 2023

As it is now established that global warming and climate change are a reality, international investments are pouring in and rightfully so for climate change mitigation. Carbon capture and separation (CCS) is therefore gaining paramount importance as it is considered one of the powerful solutions for global warming. Sorption on porous materials is a promising alternative to traditional carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technologies. Owing to their sustainable availability, economic viability, and important recyclability, natural products‐derived porous carbons have emerged as favorable and competitive materials for CO2 sorption. Furthermore, the fabrication of high‐quality value‐added functional porous carbon‐based materials using renewable precursors and waste materials is an environmentally friendly approach. This review provides crucial insights and analyses to enhance the understanding of the application of porous carbons in CO2 capture. Various methods for the synthesis of porous carbon, their structural characterization, and parameters that influence their sorption properties are discussed. The review also delves into the utilization of molecular dynamics (MD), Monte Carlo (MC), density functional theory (DFT), and machine learning techniques for simulating adsorption and validating experimental results. Lastly, the review provides future outlook and research directions for progressing the use of natural products‐derived porous carbons for CO2 capture.
Light‐up the white light emission in microscale with a superior deep‐blue AIE fiber as wave‐guiding source
Authors: Rao Hao , Liu Zicheng , Chen Ming , Zheng Canze , Xu Liping , Liu Junkai , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Li Baojun , Yang Xianguang , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: November 2023

The development of high‐performance organic blue light‐emitting emitters is in urgent to act as an excitation source to contribute the white light generation. On the other hand, the investigation on optical waveguides have been received increasing attentions because they can manipulate the light propagation accurately in the microscale to boost the optoelectronic and energy conversion applications. In this work, we facilely prepared a deep‐blue aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) dye, namely TPP‐4OMe, which shows high luminescent efficiency, narrow emission band and good stability in the aggregate state. TPP‐4OMe can be fabricated as deep‐blue AIE microfibers readily with definite morphology and composition. Based on the AIE microfibers, the active waveguide to transmit deep‐blue emission signals can be achieved with a very low optical loss coefficient (α) of 6.7 × 10−3 dB μm−1. Meanwhile, the full‐visible broadband low‐loss passive waveguide can be well performed with these AIE microfibers, which has never been observed in the pure organic crystals. More interestingly, the excellent properties of AIE microfibers enable them to act as a wave‐guiding excitation source, resulting in a distinct and pure white light emission. The present work not only provides excellent blue light‐emitting materials but also bridges the waveguide to realize the efficient white light emission to accelerate the practical applications.
Recent Advances in Designing Colorimetric Probes for Nitrite Ions
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Dey Nilanjan
Published: November 2023

Nitrite (NO2−) is an anionic species that holds paramount significance in cellular signalling pathways and have crucial physiological functions. Nevertheless, an excessive accumulation of nitrite ions can induce detrimental effects, including intrauterine growth restriction, birth abnormalities, and methemoglobinemia. Thus, quantitative detection of nitrite ions for in vivo and invitro studies is very important. This review presents a comprehensive overview of colorimetric techniques employed for the detection of nitrite ions. Various methodologies have been developed, encompassing diazo reaction‐based sensing, nitrosation reaction‐based sensing, redox reaction‐based sensing, non‐covalent interaction‐based sensing, and other approaches. Each method will be systematically discussed and critically evaluated in the context of this review.
Chemical Proteomic Discovery of Isotype‐Selective Covalent Inhibitors of the RNA Methyltransferase NSUN2
Authors: Tao Yongfeng , Felber Jan G. , Zou Zhongyu , Njomen Evert , Remsberg Jarrett R. , Ogasawara Daisuke , Ye Chang , Melillo Bruno , Schreiber Stuart L. , He Chuan , Remillard David , Cravatt Benjamin F.
Published: November 2023

5‐Methylcytosine (m5C) is an RNA modification prevalent on tRNAs, where it can protect tRNAs from endonucleolytic cleavage to maintain protein synthesis. The NSUN family (NSUN1‐7 in humans) of RNA methyltransferases are capable of installing the methyl group onto the C5 position of cytosines in RNA. NSUNs are implicated in a wide range of (patho)physiological processes, but selective and cell‐active inhibitors of these enzymes are lacking. Here, we use cysteine‐directed activity‐based protein profiling (ABPP) to discover azetidine acrylamides that act as stereoselective covalent inhibitors of human NSUN2. Despite targeting a conserved catalytic cysteine in the NSUN family, the NSUN2 inhibitors show negligible cross‐reactivity with other human NSUNs and exhibit good proteome‐wide selectivity. We verify that the azetidine acrylamides inhibit the catalytic activity of recombinant NSUN2, but not NSUN6, and demonstrate that these compounds stereoselectively disrupt NSUN2‐tRNA interactions in cancer cells, leading to a global reduction in tRNA m5C content. Our findings thus highlight the potential to create isotype‐selective and cell‐active inhibitors of NSUN2 with covalent chemistry targeting a conserved catalytic cysteine.
Rapid Charge Transfer Endowed by Interfacial Ni‐O Bonding in S‐scheme Heterojunction for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 and Imine Production
Authors: He Bowen , Xiao Peng , Wan Sijie , Zhang Jianjun , Chen Tao , Zhang Liuyang , Yu Jiaguo
Published: November 2023

Cooperative coupling of H2 evolution with oxidative organic synthesis is promising in avoiding the use of sacrificial agents and producing hydrogen energy with value‐added chemicals simultaneously. Nonetheless, the photocatalytic activity is obstructed by sluggish electron‐hole separation and limited redox potentials. Herein, Ni‐doped Zn0.2Cd0.8S quantum dots are chosen after screening by DFT simulation to couple with TiO2 microspheres, forming a step‐scheme heterojunction. The Ni‐doped configuration tunes the highly active S site for augmented H2 evolution, and the interfacial Ni−O bonds provide fast channels at the atomic level to lower the energy barrier for charge transfer. Also, DFT calculations reveal an enhanced built‐in electric field in the heterojunction for superior charge migration and separation. Kinetic analysis by femtosecond transient absorption spectra demonstrates that expedited charge migration with electrons first transfer to Ni2+ and then to S sites. Therefore, the designed catalyst delivers drastically elevated H2 yield (4.55 mmol g−1 h−1) and N‐benzylidenebenzylamine production rate (3.35 mmol g−1 h−1). This work provides atomic‐scale insights into the coordinated modulation of active sites and built‐in electric fields in step‐scheme heterojunction for ameliorative photocatalytic performance.
Antibacterial, antifungal, anti‐inflammatory evaluation, molecular docking, and density functional theory exploration of 2‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)guanidine mixed‐ligand complexes: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Abd El‐Lateef Hany M. , Khalaf Mai M. , Amer Amer A. , Abdelhamid Antar A. , Abdou Aly
Published: November 2023

The aim of the present framework is to synthesize and characterize new cobalt(II) (C1), nickel(II) (C2), and copper(II) (C3) mixed‐ligand complexes incorporating bioactive 8‐hydroxyquinoline moiety, with synthesized 2‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)guanidine (BG) ligand, for investigating their antibacterial, antifungal, and anti‐inflammatory potential. The metal complexes structure had been elucidated by the use of a wide range of methods, including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), mass spectra, UV–vis spectra, magnetic susceptibility, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and the molar ratio technique of stoichiometry analysis. The resulted metal complexes were found to have octahedral structures in molar ratio of M:BG:Qu as 1:1:2. Density functional theory (DFT) had been used to determine the optimal molecular structure and quantum chemical properties of each material. After that, we looked into the metal complexes' anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial properties by testing them in vitro. The disc diffusion test showed that the metal complexes were far more potent against bacteria/fungi than the original ligands. The egg albumin denaturation technique showed that the metal complexes were more potent anti‐inflammatory candidates than the free ligands and comparable with the standard reference. Molecular docking analysis against 5JQ9, 6CLV, and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2; 5IKT) confirmed the bioactivity behavior of the metal complexes. C3 has the greatest binding affinity among the metal complexes tested. These findings proposed that the metal complexes could form the basis of future antibiotics and anti‐inflammatory candidates. Finally, the in vitro activities were reviewed in relation to the DFT and molecular docking data.
A multi‐element flame retardant for rail transit to improve the flame retardant performance of epoxy resin while reducing smoke density
Authors: Cai Haopeng , Huang Wanyu , Li Bolun , Gao Lihua , Huang Xin , Mao Yangwen
Published: November 2023

A P/N/Si structure flame retardant DTBD was successfully synthesized by 3,5‐diaminobenzoic acid, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO), triphenylsilanol, and benzaldehyde. The chemical structure of DTBD was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, which showed that DTBD was successfully synthesized. By analyzing the curing behavior, the addition of DTBD promoted the curing of epoxy resin (EP). According to the limited oxygen index (LOI) and UL‐94 vertical combustion tests, it can be shown that the introduction of DTBD makes the epoxy resin have good self‐extinguishing properties. Py‐GC/MS analysis showed that the phosphorus free radicals and ammonia generated in the gas phase of DTBD could quench and dilute by capturing reactive free radicals and refractory gases. DTBD could improve the tensile and flexural properties of epoxy resin. According to the European flame retardant standard EN45545‐2, the Ds of EP‐15 and EP‐20 obtained HL1 grade. With the increase in DTBD content, the VOF4 of modified EP also gradually decreased, and both EP‐15 and EP‐20 obtained HL2 grade.
Hamilton's Proactive Leak Detection Improves Infrastructure and Water Quality
Authors: Alberton Dave , Sbranchella Mike
Published: November 2023

Key Takeaways

Hamilton, Ont., has an older, elaborate water distribution system, with high levels of nonrevenue water (NRW).

The city was determined to reduce its NRW, so it conducted a leak detection pilot study to explore advanced technologies that could improve detection efforts.

With a 95.6% accuracy rate from the pilot test results, the city implemented a full‐scale, proactive leak detection program.
A Utility Decision Tree for Cyanotoxin Treatment With Powdered Activated Carbon
Authors: Walke Divyani , Cutright Teresa , Glowczewski Jessica M. , Lacy Charles P.
Published: November 2023

Key Takeaways

The effectiveness of powdered activated carbon (PAC) at removing cyanotoxins depends on the specific toxin(s), water pH, and PAC source.

A study showed that wood–lignite PAC adsorbed more cyanotoxin than bituminous coal–based PAC, and cyanotoxin removal was more effective at a higher pH.

In this study, removal costs decreased as toxin concentration increased, and saxitoxin removal was less expensive when it was present with microcystin‐LR.

A decision tree that balances treatment costs with toxin removal efficiency was developed to help water utilities.
Water Quality Monitoring Using Particle Analysis
Authors: Adams Hunter , Barrowman Polly , Southard Mark , Appleton Emily , Reeder Sam , Nix Daniel
Published: November 2023

Key Takeaways

Regular monitoring of particle concentration in conjunction with turbidity analysis provides supplementary data that can provide important water quality information.

Particle analysis using flow imaging microscopy (FIM) can help operators better understand various treatment processes and algae growth in source waters.

Specific size ranges can be monitored using FIM for target pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
Anxiety, depression symptoms, and psychological resilience among hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in isolation: A study from Wuhan, China
Authors: Chen Li , Wang Zhenmeng , Liu Dan , He Dandan , Du Shulin , Li Zezhi , Li Shuyun , Sheng Yuehong
Published: November 2023

Objective

To investigate the status of anxiety, depression, and psychological resilience among individuals with COVID‐19, and their interrelationships to provide a scientific basis for developing psychological intervention strategies for these patients.

Methods

A total of 126 patients with COVID‐19 who were admitted to Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital were recruited in this study. A comprehensive survey was conducted using a general information questionnaire, the Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale, the self‐rating depression scale, and the Chinese version of the psychological Connor–Davidson resilience scale; a questionnaire‐based survey was conducted.

Results

Significant differences in anxiety scores were observed among COVID‐19 patients with different education levels and the number of immediate family members. The differences in depression scores were noted among patients of different age groups, and marital statuses were also significant. The total psychological resilience score and the scores of all dimensions are negatively correlated with anxiety and depression. Furthermore, the patient's gender, the number of immediate family members, and the psychological resilience dimensions are associated with the severity anxiety of patients. Patient age and psychological resilience are associated with the depression level of patients.

Conclusion

Patients with COVID‐19 exhibit elevated levels of both anxiety and depression. Notably, psychological resilience emerges as a protective factor against the development of anxiety and depression.
A novel nonsense variant in NSD1 gene in a female child with Sotos syndrome: A case report and literature review
Authors: Liu Xinting , Chen Chen , Wan Lin , Zhu Gang , Zhao Yan , Hu Lizhu , Liang Yan , Gao Jing , Wang Jing , Yang Guang
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Sotos syndrome (SS) is an overgrowth disease characterized by distinctive facial features, advanced bone age, macrocephaly, and developmental delay is associated with alterations in the NSD1 gene. Here, we report a case of a 4‐year‐old female child with SS caused by NSD1 gene nonsense mutation.

Methods

Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) was applied for probands and her parents. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the mutation. We performed the literature review using PubMed and found 12 articles and 14 patients who presented with SS.

Results

The patient showed typical facial features of SS, hand deformities, and seizure. WES revealed de novo heterozygous variant: NSD1 (NM_022455.5), c.6095G > A, p.TRP2032*. We also reviewed the phenotype spectrum of 14 patients with SS, who exhibited a variety of clinical phenotypes, including developmental delay, seizures, scoliosis, hearing loss, cardiac and urinary system abnormalities, and so on.

Discussion

The lack of correlation between mutation sites or types and phenotypes was summarized by literature reviewing. The NSD1 protein contains 14 functional domains and this nonsense mutation was located in SET domain. Early appearance of the termination codon leads to protein truncation. Haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene causes the overgrowth disorders.
Disparities among Black and Hispanic colorectal cancer patients: Findings from the California Cancer Registry
Authors: Mendez Joel Sanchez , Wang Ruoxuan , Liu Lihua , Zhang Juanjuan , Schmit Stephanie L. , Figueiredo Jane , Lenz Heinz‐Josef , Stern Mariana C.
Published: November 2023

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in California and second among Hispanic/Latinx (H/L) males. Data from the California Cancer Registry were utilized to investigate the differential impact on CRC outcomes from demographic and clinical characteristics among non‐Hispanic white (NHW), non‐Hispanic Black (NHB), U.S. born (USB), and non‐U.S. born (NUSB) H/L patients diagnosed during 1995–2020.

Methods

We identified 248,238 NHW, 28,433 NHB, and 62,747 H/L cases (32,402 NUSB and 30,345 USB). Disparities across groups were evaluated through case frequencies, odds ratios (OR) from logistic regression, and hazard ratios (HR) from Cox regression models. All statistical tests were two‐sided.

Results

NHB patients showed a higher proportion of colon tumors (75.8%) than NHW (71.5%), whereas both NUSB (65.9%) and USB (66.9%) H/L cases had less (p < 0.001). In multivariate models, NUSB H/L cases were 15% more likely than NHW to have rectal cancer. Compared to NHW, NHB cases had the greatest proportion of Stage IV diagnoses (26.0%) and were more likely to die of CRC (multivariate HR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.10–1.15). Instead, NUSB H/L patients were less likely to die of CRC (multivariate HR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.85–0.89) whereas USB H/L did not differ from NHW.

Conclusions

NHB and H/L cases have more adverse characteristics at diagnosis compared to NHW cases, with NHB cases being more likely to die from CRC. However, NUSB H/Ls cases showed better survival than NHW and US born H/L patients. These findings highlight the importance of considering nativity among H/L populations to understand cancer disparities.
Targeting the ZNF‐148/miR‐335/SOD2 signaling cascade triggers oxidative stress‐mediated pyroptosis and suppresses breast cancer progression
Authors: Wang Yanmei , Gong Yansi , Li Xuesha , Long Weizhao , Zhang Jiayu , Wu Jiefang , Dong Yilong
Published: November 2023

Background

The implication of zinc finger protein 148 (ZNF‐148) in pathophysiology of most human cancers has been reported; however, the biological functions of ZNF‐148 in breast cancer remain unclear. This study sought to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of ZNF‐148 on breast cancer pathology.

Methods

ZNF148 expression was tested in breast cancer tissues and cells. Then, cells were transfected with ZNF‐148 overexpression or downregulation vector, and the cell proliferation, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analyzed by MTT, western blot, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Tumor‐bearing nude mouse was used to evaluate tumorigenesis of ZNF‐148. Mechanisms underpinning ZNF‐148 were examined using bioinformatics and luciferase assays.

Results

We found that ZNF‐148 was upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of ZNF‐148 suppressed malignant phenotypes, including cell proliferation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, while ZNF‐148 overexpression had the opposite effects. Further experiments showed that ZNF‐148 deficiency promoted ROS production and triggered both apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death, which were restored by cotreating cells with ROS scavengers. A luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR‐335 was the downstream target of ZNF‐148 and that overexpressed ZNF‐148 increased superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression by sponging miR‐335. In parallel, both miR‐335 downregulation and SOD2 overexpression abrogated the antitumor effects of ZNF‐148 deficiency on proliferation and pyroptosis in breast cancer cells.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that ZNF‐148 promotes breast cancer progression by triggering miR‐335/SOD2/ROS‐mediated pyroptotic cell death and aid the identification of potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
Inhibition of Aurora‐A/N‐Myc Protein–Protein Interaction Using Peptidomimetics: Understanding the Role of Peptide Cyclization**
Authors: Dawber Robert S. , Gimenez Diana , Batchelor Matthew , Miles Jennifer A. , Wright Megan H. , Bayliss Richard , Wilson Andrew J.
Published: November 2023

Using N‐Myc61‐89 as a starting template we showcase the systematic use of truncation and maleimide constraining to develop peptidomimetic inhibitors of the N‐Myc/Aurora‐A protein–protein interaction (PPI); a potential anticancer drug discovery target. The most promising of these – N‐Myc73‐94‐N85C/G89C‐mal – is shown to favour a more Aurora‐A compliant binding ensemble in comparison to the linear wild‐type sequence as observed through fluorescence anisotropy competition assays, circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Further in silico investigation of this peptide in its Aurora‐A bound state, by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, imply (i) the bound conformation is more stable as a consequence of the constraint, which likely suppresses dissociation and (ii) the constraint may make further stabilizing interactions with the Aurora‐A surface. Taken together this work unveils the first orthosteric N‐Myc/Aurora‐A inhibitor and provides useful insights on the biophysical properties and thus design of constrained peptides, an attractive therapeutic modality.
Schneller H2‐ready werden
Authors: Gandert Etwina
Published: November 2023

Mit dem Hochlaufen der Wasserstoffwirtschaft geht eine enorme Nachfrage nach Engineering‐ und Produktionskapazitäten einher, die kaum zu decken ist. Eine Lösung dafür sieht der Softwareanbieter Aucotec in der konsequenten Datenzentrierung im digitalen Zwilling, was effizientere, modulare Engineering‐Prozesse ermöglicht. Im CITplus‐Interview erläutert Reinhard Knapp, Leiter Global Strategies beim Engineering‐Software‐Entwickler Aucotec, welche Vorteile im Engineering und im Anlagenbetrieb daraus entstehen.
An improved ensemble machine learning classifier for efficient spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks
Authors: P.T. Sivagurunathan , N Sathishkumar
Published: November 2023

Cognitive radio network (CRN) is one form of wireless communication for solving the spectrum underutilization problem. It is mainly used for sensing and learning the electromagnetic environment and changes according to the environment. CRNs mainly depend on the cooperation functionality for making the network work efficiently. The main technology in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing. The cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) scheme is used for estimating the high transmit power in the cognitive radio networks, and the result is that it satisfies the interference constraints. It develops the communication overhead for the local observation dissemination between the secondary users. It is used for speed and accurate detection techniques of the user, and it also identifies the spectrum holes without any interference to others while sharing with other users. It is based on the ensemble support vector machine (SVM) with CSS for producing high performance in CRNs with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques.
Key roles of glial cells in the encephalopathy of prematurity
Authors: Van Steenwinckel Juliette , Bokobza Cindy , Laforge Mireille , Shearer Isabelle K. , Miron Veronique E. , Rua Rejane , Matta Samantha M. , Hill‐Yardin Elisa L. , Fleiss Bobbi , Gressens Pierre
Published: November 2023

Across the globe, approximately one in 10 babies are born preterm, that is, before 37 weeks of a typical 40 weeks of gestation. Up to 50% of preterm born infants develop brain injury, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP), that substantially increases their risk for developing lifelong defects in motor skills and domains of learning, memory, emotional regulation, and cognition. We are still severely limited in our abilities to prevent or predict preterm birth. No longer just the “support cells,” we now clearly understand that during development glia are key for building a healthy brain. Glial dysfunction is a hallmark of EoP, notably, microgliosis, astrogliosis, and oligodendrocyte injury. Our knowledge of glial biology during development is exponentially expanding but hasn't developed sufficiently for development of effective neuroregenerative therapies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge for the roles of glia in infants with EoP and its animal models, and a description of known glial‐cell interactions in the context of EoP, such as the roles for border‐associated macrophages. The field of perinatal medicine is relatively small but has worked passionately to improve our understanding of the etiology of EoP coupled with detailed mechanistic studies of pre‐clinical and human cohorts. A primary finding from this review is that expanding our collaborations with computational biologists, working together to understand the complexity of glial subtypes, glial maturation, and the impacts of EoP in the short and long term will be key to the design of therapies that improve outcomes.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of children with severe and nonsevere COVID‐19 in Kermanshah, west of Iran: A retrospective study
Authors: Nemati Zargaran Fatemeh , Rostamian Mosayeb , Alimoradi Saeed , Rezaeian Shahab , Javadirad Etrat , Chegene Lorestani Roya , Motamed Hajar , Hasanpourshahlaei Mahtab , Rostami Elham , Ghadiri Keyghobad
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims

The study aimed to collect and compare clinical and laboratory findings of children with severe and nonsevere COVID‐19 in Kermanshah City, located in the west of Iran.

Methods

The study was conducted on 500 children with COVID‐19 hospitalized in Mohammad‐Kermanshahi Hospital in Kermanshah City. Pediatric COVID‐19 was confirmed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) test using respiratory secretion samples. Medical records were reviewed and information related to demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and chest computed tomography (CT) scans were all extracted from electronic and paper records. Patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of the disease: mild, moderate, and severe. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared between the groups and the collected data were analyzed by statistical methods.

Results

Out of 500 patients, 286 were boys and 214 were girls. Of the patients, 321 cases were only COVID‐19, while 179 patients were diagnosed as Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS‐C) positive. The average age of COVID‐19 patients was 3.85 ± 4.48 and of MIS‐C patients was 3.1 ± 3.5. In order, fever, cough, and heart disorders were the most common symptoms in patients with COVID‐19 and MIS‐C, respectively. In terms of disease severity, 246 patients had mild disease, 19 patients had moderate disease, and 56 patients had severe disease. In severe patients, the average number of white blood cells (WBC) was higher, while the average number of lymphocytes was lower. Also, in these patients, the average age was lower, and most of them had respiratory distress. In mild patients, often cough, diarrhea, and vomiting were observed.

Conclusion

The results of our study showed that laboratory factors such as WBC count, lymphocyte count, CT findings, Respiratory distress, cough, diarrhea, and vomiting can be used to evaluate the severity of COVID‐19 in children.
Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and drinking water contamination risk levels in households of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Girmay Aderajew Mekonnen , Mengesha Sisay Derso , Dinssa Daniel A. , Alemu Zinabu Assefa , Wagari Bedasa , Weldegebriel Mesaye G. , Serte Melaku G. , Alemayehu Tsigereda A. , Kenea Moa Abate , Weldetinsae Abel , Teklu Kirubel T. , Adugna Ermias Alemayehu , Awoke Kaleab S. , Bedada Tesfaye L. , Gobena Waktole , Fikreslassie Getnet , Wube Wendayehu , Hoffmann Vivian , Tessema Masresha , Tollera Getachew
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims

Access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is a fundamental human right and essential to control infectious diseases. However, many countries, including Ethiopia, do not have adequate data to report on basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Although contaminated drinking water spreads diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, and dysentery, studies on drinking water contamination risk levels in households are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, closing this gap needs investigation.

Methods

A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted. A total of 5350 households were included. A systematic, simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants. The information was gathered through in‐person interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Furthermore, 1070 drinking water samples were collected from household water storage.

Results

This investigation revealed that 9.8%, 83.9%, and 4.9% of households used limited, basic, and safely managed drinking water services, respectively. Besides, 10.2%, 15.7% and 59.3% of households used safely managed, basic and limited sanitation services, respectively. Yet, 10.6% and 4.2% of households used unimproved sanitation facilities and open defecation practices. Also, 40.5% and 19.4% of households used limited and basic hygiene services. On the other hand, 40.1% of households lacked functional handwashing facilities. In this study, 12.1%, 26.3%, and 42% of households’ drinking water samples were positive for Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, and total coliforms, respectively. Also, 5.1% and 4.5% of households’ drinking water samples had very high and high contamination risk levels for E. coli, respectively. We found that 2.5% and 11.5% of households and water distributors had unacceptable fluoride concentrations, respectively.

Conclusion

The majority of households in Bishoftu town lack access to safely managed sanitation, drinking water, and basic hygiene services. Many households’ water samples had very high and high health risk levels. Hence, the government and partner organizations should implement water and sanitation safety plans.