bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective extraction of peptides in acidic human plasma by porous silica nanoparticles for peptidome analysis with 2‐D LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Tian Ruijun , Ye Mingliang , Hu Lianghai , Li Xin , Zou Hanfa
Published: August 2007

In this study, an improved method for human plasma peptidome analysis including selective porous silica nanoparticles (MCM‐41) extraction and subsequent online 2‐D nano‐LC‐MS/MS analysis was established. Enhanced enrichment efficiency for the MCM‐41 extraction was obtained by adjusting the pH of the plasma sample to 2.5. A total of 1680 unique peptides were identified in the plasma sample obtained from one healthy donor, which is nearly twice the amount identified from the native state of the plasma sample. The hydrophobic property, molecular weight (MW), and pI distribution of the identified peptides at pH 2.5 and native state of the plasma sample were systematically investigated and compared. Furthermore, many unusual cleaved peptides from plasma proteins (e. g., HSA) were observed at pH 2.5, which clearly show a ladder pattern. The cleavage patterns for all of the identified peptides at pH 2.5 were summarized, and chymosin and cathepsin D were confirmed as the possible peptidases responsible for the change of cleavage pattern in peptide profiling.
Polymorphisms in drug metabolism genes, smoking, and p53 mutations in breast cancer
Authors: Van Emburgh Beth O. , Hu Jennifer J. , Levine Edward A. , Mosley Libyadda J. , Case L. Douglas , Lin Hui‐Yi , Knight Sommer N. , Perrier Nancy D. , Rubin Peter , Sherrill Gary B. , Shaw Cindy S. , Carey Lisa A. , Sawyer Lynda R. , Allen Glenn O. , Milikowski Clara , Willingham Mark C. , Miller Mark Steven
Published: August 2007

Polymorphisms in phase I and phase II enzymes may enhance the occurrence of mutations at critical tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, and increase breast cancer risk by either increasing the activation or detoxification of carcinogens and/or endogenous estrogens. We analyzed polymorphisms in CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 and p53 mutations in 323 breast tumor samples. Approximately 11% of patients exhibited mutations in p53. Women with mutations had a significantly younger age of diagnosis (P = 0.01) and a greater incidence of tumors classified as stage II or higher (P = 0.002). More women with mutations had a history of smoking (55%) compared to women without mutations (39%). Although none of the genotypes alone were associated with p53 mutations, positive smoking history was associated with p53 mutations in women with the GSTM1 null allele [OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 0.97–12.90 P = 0.06] compared to women with the wild‐type genotype and smoking history [OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.19–2.07], although this association did not reach statistical significance. To test for gene–gene interactions, our exploratory analysis in the Caucasian cases suggested that individuals with the combined GSTP1 105 VV, CYP1B1 432 LV/VV, and GSTM1 positive genotype were more likely to harbor mutations in p53 [OR = 4.94; 95% CI = 1.11–22.06]. Our results suggest that gene–smoking and gene–gene interactions may impact the prevalence of p53 mutations in breast tumors. Elucidating the etiology of breast cancer as a consequence of common genetic polymorphisms and the genotoxic effects of smoking will enable us to improve the design of prevention strategies, such as lifestyle modifications, in genetically susceptible subpopulations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel method to measure both the reductive and the radical scavenging activity in a linoleic acid model system
Authors: Lindenmeier Michael , Burkon Alexander , Somoza Veronika
Published: August 2007

The aim of this study was to develop a combined method for measuring the total antioxidant activity, the reductive and the radical scavenging activity. Linoleic acid was used as the substrate for an iron‐initiated lipid peroxidation to measure the total antioxidant activity. In addition, methyl esters of linoleic acid hydroperoxides were used as substrates to measure the reductive antioxidant activity. The radical scavenging antioxidant activity was calculated by subtracting the reductive antioxidative activity from the total antioxidative activity. As representative examples, the antioxidants α‐tocopherol, ascorbic acid, trans‐resveratrol and L‐gluthatione as well as commonly used food additives such as 2(3)‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole (BHA) and 2,6‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐4‐methylphenol (BHT) were analyzed. The results for the novel antioxidation test showed that α‐tocopherol, BHA and BHT are primarily acting as radical scavengers, whereas ascorbic acid and L‐gluthatione show a strong reductive capacity. As linoleic acid as well as its hydroperoxides both are present in foods and in the organism, the test presented here can be considered representative of radical reactions occurring in food matrixes and in vivo. Further experiments are required to document the comprehensive applicability in foods and in vivo.
Neurophysiological study in a Spanish family with recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay
Authors: García Antonio , Criscuolo Chiara , de Michele Giuseppe , Berciano José
Published: August 2007

In order to characterize the electrodiagnostic features of autosomal‐recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay (ARSACS) more fully, we report the clinical and neurophysiological findings in two patients from a Spanish pedigree with a homozygous missense point mutation in the SACS gene. Nerve conduction studies showed signs of both axonal and demyelinating neuropathy. In the upper‐limb nerves, motor conduction velocity was intermediately slowed. Sensory nerve action potentials were attenuated or absent. In addition, slowed conduction in the central motor, somatosensory, and auditory brainstem pathways was observed, and masseter and blink reflexes were abnormal. As a whole, this constellation of electrophysiological findings helps in the diagnosis of ARSACS. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Estimating gluconeogenesis by NMR isotopomer distribution analysis of [13C]bicarbonate and [1‐13C]lactate
Authors: Alves Tiago Cardoso , Nunes Patrícia Maria , Palmeira Carlos Marques , Jones John Griffith , Carvalho Rui Albuquerque
Published: August 2007

The gluconeogenic contribution to glucose production in livers isolated from rats fasted for 24 h was determined by 13C‐NMR isotopomer distribution analysis of secreted glucose enriched from 99% [13C]bicarbonate (n = 4) and 99% [1‐13C]lactate (n = 4). Experiments with 3% 2H2O were also performed, allowing the gluconeogenic contribution to be measured by the relative 2H enrichments at positions 5 and 2 of glucose. From 13C‐NMR analyses, the contribution of gluconeogenesis to glucose output was estimated to be 93 ± 3% for [13C]bicarbonate perfusion and 91 ± 3% for [1‐13C]lactate perfusion, in good agreement with the 2H‐NMR analysis of the gluconeogenic contribution to glucose production (100 ± 1% and 99 ± 1%, respectively) and consistent with the expected negligible contribution from glycogenolysis. These results indicate that 13C‐NMR analysis of glucose 13C‐isotopomer distribution from either [13C]bicarbonate or [1‐13C]lactate precursor provides realistic estimates of the gluconeogenic contribution to hepatic glucose output. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing multimedia streaming over existing wireless LAN technology using the Unified Link Layer API
Authors: Farnham Tim , Sooriyabandara Mahesh , Efthymiou Costas
Published: August 2007

This paper examines how multimedia streaming scenarios can be enhanced by cross‐layer interaction, and in particular link performance information and configuration options provided by the recently developed Unified Link Layer API (ULLA). It provides results of an experimental implementation developed for this purpose in a wireless LAN (WLAN) environment. Multimedia streaming is an application that is gaining in popularity for mobile devices and in particular mobile Internet‐based content broadcasting is rapidly emerging as a key feature on mobile devices. In these scenarios, the wireless link (last hop) is normally the performance bottleneck due to the dynamic and limited capacity of the wireless medium. The use of ULLA in this context can provide the ability to tailor the video transmission to the wireless link performance and also to configure the links in response to performance problems or environmental changes. For this purpose the focus of multimedia streaming has been on WLAN link technology and dynamic adaptation (i.e., dynamic channel selection and video transcoding) using a dynamic resource reservation overlay protocol. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast algorithms for designing variable FIR notch filters
Authors: Routray Aurobinda , Swain Smarak
Published: August 2007

The paper presents fast algorithms for designing finite impulse response (FIR) notch filters. The aim is to design a digital FIR notch filter so that the magnitude of the filter has a deep notch at a specified frequency, and as the notch frequency changes, the filter coefficients should be able to track the notch fast in real time. The filter design problem is first converted into a convex optimization problem in the autocorrelation domain. The frequency response of the autocorrelation of the filter impulse response is compared with the desired filter response and the integral square error is minimized with respect to the unknown autocorrelation coefficients. Spectral factorization is used to calculate the coefficients of the filter. In the optimization process, the computational advantage is obtained by exploiting the structure of the Hessian matrix which consists of a Toeplitz plus a Hankel matrix. Two methods have been used for solving the Toeplitz‐plus‐Hankel system of equations. In the first method, the computational time is reduced by using Block–Levinson's recursion for solving the Toeplitz‐plus‐Hankel system of matrices. In the second method, the conjugate gradient method with different preconditioners is used to solve the system. Comparative studies demonstrate the computational advantages of the latter. Both these algorithms have been used to obtain the autocorrelation coefficients of notch filters with different orders. The original filter coefficients are found by spectral factorization and each of these filters have been tested for filtering synthetic as well as real‐life signals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layered microcapsules for daunorubicin loading and release as well as in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Han Baosan , Shen Baiyong , Wang Zhaohai , Shi Minmin , Li Hongwei , Peng Chenghong , Zhao Qinghe , Gao Changyou
Published: August 2007

Anti‐cancer drug daunorubicin (DNR) was encapsulated in preformed multilayer microcapsules and was applied in tumor treatment by in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal experiments. The microcapsules were fabricated by an alternate deposition of oppositely charged polysaccharides, i.e. chitosan and alginate onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped CaCO3 colloidal particles in a sequential assembly procedure, followed by crosslinking of the capsule shells with glutaraldehyde (GA) and removal of the templates by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The as‐prepared microcapsules showed strong ability to induce the positively charged DNR to deposit into the microcapsule interiors. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observed homogeneous distribution of the drug within microcapsules. The loaded DNR could be released again, following a diffusion‐controlled model at the initial stage. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the encapsulated DNR can effectively induce the apoptosis of BEL‐7402 tumor cells, as evidenced by various microscopy techniques after acridine orange (AO), Hoechst 33342, and osmium tetraoxide staining. By seeding the BEL‐7402 hepatoma cells into BALB/c/nu mice, tumors were created for the animal experiments. The results showed that the encapsulated DNR had better efficacy than that of the free drug in terms of tumor inhibition in a 4 week in vivo culture period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel amphiphilic fluorescent graft copolymers: synthesis, characterization, and potential as gene carriers
Authors: Wu Zhaoqiang , Meng Lingzhi
Published: August 2007

Amphiphilic fluorescent graft copolymer (PVP‐PyATAm) was successfully synthesized by the free radical copolymerizations of hydrophobic monomer N‐acryloyl‐thioureylene‐4‐(1‐pyrene)‐butyryl amide (PyATAm) with hydrophilic precursor polymers of vinyl‐functionalized poly (N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (Acryloyl‐PVP) in DMF. FT‐IR, 1H NMR, TEM, gel permeation chromatography‐multi‐angle laser light scattering, UV‐vis spectroscopy, viscometric measurement, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize this copolymer. The TEM observation showed that the copolymer PVP‐ PyATAm formed spherical micelles in an aqueous solution and the size of micelles was between 50 and 70 nm in diameter. The interaction of PVP‐PyATAm copolymer and plasmid DNA was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis and TEM. Results indicated that the copolymer–DNA complexes were self‐assembled and the size of complexes was between 90 and 120 nm in diameter. Cytotoxity studies using MTT colorimetric assays suggested good biocompatibility of PVP‐PyATAm in vitro. These results suggested the potential of this graft copolymer as gene delivery carrier. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of protein changes during grape berry ripening by 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF
Authors: Giribaldi Marzia , Perugini Iolanda , Sauvage François‐Xavier , Schubert Andrea
Published: August 2007

Grape berry, a nonclimacteric fruit, during ripening turns from green, hard and acidic to coloured, soft and sweet. Many studies have focused on dynamic changes of mRNA levels, metabolites, sugars or individual proteins, but this is the first report of a proteomic approach applied to the screening of the most prominent variations that take place during berry ripening.Vitis viniferacv. ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ berries were collected at 10‐day intervals, starting 1 month after flowering to complete ripe stage; total protein extracts from deseeded berries were separated by 2‐DE. A total of 730 spots were detected in the 2‐DE gels. 118 protein spots, differentially expressed during berry development, were subjected to MALDI‐TOF analysis. Ninety‐three of them were identified, corresponding to 101 proteins. The majority of proteins were linked to metabolism, energy and protein synthesis and fate. In comparison to published surveys of major berry proteins, fewer proteins related to stress response and more proteins related to cell structure were differentially expressed. Our data confirm a general decrease of glycolysis during ripening, and an increase of PR proteins in the range of 20–35 kDa. They furthermore suggest that oxidative stress decreases during ripening while extensive cytoskeleton rearrangement takes place in this period.
Human spermatozoa contain multiple targets for protein S‐nitrosylation: An alternative mechanism of the modulation of sperm function by nitric oxide?
Authors: Lefièvre Linda , Chen Yongjian , Conner Sarah J. , Scott Joanna L. , Publicover Steve J. , Ford W. Christopher L. , Barratt Christopher L. R.
Published: August 2007

Nitric oxide (NO) enhances human sperm motility and capacitation associated with increased protein phosphorylation. NO activates soluble guanylyl cyclase, but can also modify protein function covalently via S‐nitrosylation of cysteine. Remarkably, this mechanism remains unexplored in sperm although they depend on post‐translational protein modification to achieve changes in function required for fertilisation. Our objective was to identify targets for S‐nitrosylation in human sperm. Spermatozoa were incubated with NO donors and S‐nitrosylated proteins were identified using the biotin switch assay and a proteomic approach using MS/MS. 240 S‐nitrosylated proteins were detected in sperm incubated with S‐nitroso‐glutathione. Minimal levels were observed in glutathione or untreated samples. Proteins identified consistently based on multiple peptides included established targets for S‐nitrosylation in other cells e.g. tubulin, GST and HSPs but also novel targets including A‐kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) types 3 and 4, voltage‐dependent anion‐selective channel protein 3 and semenogelin 1 and 2. In situ localisation revealed S‐nitrosylated targets on the postacrosomal region of the head and throughout the flagellum. Potential targets for S‐nitrosylation in human sperm include physiologically significant proteins not previously reported in other cells. Their identification will provide novel insight into the mechanism of action of NO in spermatozoa.
Carbanion reactivity; studies of σ‐adduct formation from benzyltriflone anions and 4‐nitrobenzofurazan derivatives
Authors: Asghar Basim H. M. , Crampton Michael R.
Published: August 2007

1H NMR studies in DMSO‐d6 of the reaction of benzyltriflones, 2, with 4,6‐dinitrobenzofuroxan, 4, indicate the formation, with or without the presence of added base, of anionic σ‐adducts. Spectra obtained from solutions of 2 and 4‐nitrobenzofurazan, 6a, in the presence of triethylamine are consistent with products formed by the elimination of trifluoromethylsulfinic acid from σ‐adducts initially formed by carbanion attack at the 5‐position of 6a. Kinetic studies of the latter reaction in methanol allow the determination of rate constants for nucleophilic attack by the carbanions at the 5‐position. The low value of β for these reactions together with the failure to observe reaction with 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene suggest that the benzyltriflone anions have unusually large steric requirements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid free radical/cationic frontal photopolymerizations
Authors: Crivello James V.
Published: August 2007

The irradiation of hybrid photopolymer systems consisting of a free radically polymerizable multifunctional acrylate monomer and a cationically polymerizable epoxide or oxetane monomer was conducted under conditions where only the free radical polymerization takes place. This results in the formation of a free‐standing polyacrylate network film containing quiescent oxonium ions along with the unreacted cyclic ether monomer. The subsequent application of a point source of heat to the film ignites a cationic ring‐opening frontal polymerization that emanates from that site and propagates to all portions of the irradiated sample. This article examines the impact of various molecular structural and experimental parameters on these novel hybrid frontal polymerizations that produce interpenetrating network polymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4331–4340, 2007
Proteomic strategies to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of spirochetes
Authors: Nally Jarlath E. , Whitelegge Julian P. , Carroll James A.
Published: August 2007

Spirochetes are a unique group of bacteria that include several motile and highly invasive pathogens that cause a multitude of acute and chronic disease processes. Nine genomes of spirochetes have been completed, which provide significant insights into pathogenic mechanisms of disease and reflect an often complex lifestyle associated with a wide range of environmental and host factors encountered during disease transmission and infection. Characterization of the outer membrane of spirochetes is of particular interest since it interacts directly with the host and environs during disease and likely contains candidate vaccinogens and diagnostics. In concert with appropriate fractionation techniques, the tools of proteomics have rapidly evolved to characterize the proteome of spirochetes. Of greater significance, studies have confirmed the differential expression of many proteins, including those of the outer membrane, in response to environmental signals encountered during disease transmission and infection. Characterization of the proteome in response to such signals provides novel insights to understand pathogenic mechanisms of spirochetes.
HIF‐1α promotes survival of prostate cells at a high zinc environment
Authors: Park Sook‐Eun , Park Jong‐Wan , Cho Young‐Suk , Ryu Ji‐Hye , Paick Jae‐Seung , Chun Yang‐Sook
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND

The prostate contains extremely high concentrations of zinc, which may be required for male reproduction. Although zinc is essential for many cellular functions, excessive zinc induces cellular toxicity in general. However, despite exposure to high zinc environment, prostate cells survive and proliferate. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the intrinsic molecular species that endow prostate cells with the ability to overcome zinc toxicity.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry, histofluorescent zinc staining, Western blot, in vitro binding assay, immunoprecipitation, caspase activity assay, and proteasome activity assay.

RESULTS

In rat and human prostates, HIF‐1α was found to be robustly expressed in epithelial layers containing high zinc levels. Moreover, in cultured prostate cells, HIF‐1α expression was zinc‐dependently induced even under normoxic conditions. Mechanistically, zinc ions inhibited HIF‐1‐prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) activity, and therefore blocked von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) binding to HIF‐1α in vivo and in vitro. The HIF‐1α stabilization was mediated by oxidative stress induced by zinc ion. Even when prostate cells were treated with high concentrations of zinc ion for extended times, only 10% of cells showed apoptotic death. However, this population of apoptotic cells was increased threefold after HIF‐1α was knocked‐down by siRNA.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that HIF‐1α functions as an intrinsic defense molecule that enables prostate cells to survive in a zinc‐rich environment. Prostate 67: 1514–1523, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RAGAGEP beyond regulation: Good engineering practices for the design and operation of plants
Authors: Blair Angela S.
Published: August 2007

In many of the facilities at which the CSB investigates, incidents are not covered by the OSHA PSM rule or the EPA RMP rule. In some cases, the CSB finds that existing consensus codes and standards, if properly applied, might have prevented or mitigated the incident. The difficulty lies in communicating the responsibility of engineers in these facilities to consult and apply such standards when there is no clear‐cut regulatory requirement to do so.

The PSM and RMP rules both require facility owners to document that their equipment complies with Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices, known by the acronym RAGAGEP. However, no other OSHA or EPA rule specifically assigns responsibility for RAGAGEP compliance. OSHA's General Duty Clause can be used to enforce the RAGAGEP standards, only when OSHA can establish that the employer could reasonably be expected to be aware of the hazard.

This article examines the available literature, state licensing laws, and published codes of ethics for engineers, to establish a citable link between the engineer at a “non‐covered” facility and the responsibility to adhere to RAGAGEPs. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 26, 2007
Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance
Authors: Teece David J.
Published: August 2007

This paper draws on the social and behavioral sciences in an endeavor to specify the nature and microfoundations of the capabilities necessary to sustain superior enterprise performance in an open economy with rapid innovation and globally dispersed sources of invention, innovation, and manufacturing capability. Dynamic capabilities enable business enterprises to create, deploy, and protect the intangible assets that support superior long‐ run business performance. The microfoundations of dynamic capabilities—the distinct skills, processes, procedures, organizational structures, decision rules, and disciplines—which undergird enterprise‐level sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capacities are difficult to develop and deploy. Enterprises with strong dynamic capabilities are intensely entrepreneurial. They not only adapt to business ecosystems, but also shape them through innovation and through collaboration with other enterprises, entities, and institutions. The framework advanced can help scholars understand the foundations of long‐run enterprise success while helping managers delineate relevant strategic considerations and the priorities they must adopt to enhance enterprise performance and escape the zero profit tendency associated with operating in markets open to global competition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixed channel assignment algorithm for multi‐radio multi‐channel MESH networks
Authors: Alazemi Hamed M. K. , Das A. , Vijaykumar R. , Roy S.
Published: August 2007

Recently, multi‐radio mesh technology in wireless networks has been under extensive research. This is because of its potential of overcoming the inherent wireless multi‐hop throughput, scalability and latency problems caused by the half‐duplex nature of the IEEE 802.11. The concept of deploying multiple radios in wireless network access points (APs) has shown a promising way to enhance the channel selection and the route formation while the MESH topology allows more fine‐grained interference management and topology control. Within this realm, given a set of end‐to‐end objectives, there are multiple issues that need to be identified when we consider the optimization problem for fixed multi‐channel multi‐hop wireless networks with multiple radios. This paper addresses the static channel assignment problem for multichannel multi‐radio static wireless mesh networks. We first discuss its similarities and differences with the channel assignment problem in cellular networks (WMN). Next, we present four metrics based on which mesh channel assignments can be obtained. Three of these metrics attempt to maximize simultaneous transmissions in a mesh network, either directly or indirectly. The fourth metric quantifies the ‘diversity’ of a particular assignment and can be used as a secondary criterion to the other three metrics. Related optimization models have also been developed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software‐only TDOA/RTT positioning for 3G WCDMA wireless network
Authors: Kabadayi Sanem , Tekin Ibrahim
Published: August 2007

A hybrid location finding technique based on time difference of arrival (TDOA) with round‐trip time (RTT) measurements is proposed for a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) network. In this technique, a mobile station measures timing from at least three base stations using user equipment receive—transmit (UE Rx—Tx) time difference and at least three base stations measure timing from the mobile station using RTT. The timing measurements of mobile and base stations are then combined to solve for both the location of the mobile and the synchronization offset between base stations. A software‐only geolocation system based on the above mobile/base stations timing measurements is implemented in Matlab platform and the performance of the system is investigated using large‐scale propagation models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the flavor stability and autoxidation of beef fats
Authors: Chang S. S. , Kummerow A.
Published: August 2007

The odoriferous compounds isolated from a fresh edible tallow were found to be very complex in nature and could not be diminished by treatment with carbonyl reagents. When these compounds were removed by deodorization, the bland tallow which was obtained developed on autoxidation another type of odoriferous compounds. The latter contained various carbonyl compounds of the type which have been associated with flavor reversion in edible oils.

The characteristic odor of oleo oil and edible tallow could be removed by slight hydrogenation of high selectivity under atmospheric pressure. This hydrogenation process raised the melting point by less than 2°C. but substantially decreased the linolenic and arachiidonic acid content. The hydrogenated products, after deodorization, were not only bland in odor and flavor but also had flavor stabilities better than those of some of the best commercial shortenings.
Ethanolamines and other amino‐ and hydroxyl‐containing compounds in the refining of rice oil
Authors: Cousins E. R. , Prachankadee R. , Bhodhiprasart S.
Published: August 2007

In the alkali‐refining of rice oil by the usual procedure employed for cottonseed and similar oils excessive losses occur. A rice oil containing about 5% of free fatty acids may refine with a loss of over 40% by the cup method.

A series of experiments has been performed which shows that the adding of certain organic compounds to the crude oil just before carrying out the regular refining procedure greatly reduces the refining losses. The technique was effective in both batch and continuous processes. Depending on the refining process used, reductions in the refining loss of 32 to 55% have been obtained.

The organic compounds used as additives contained NH2 and OH groups. Sucrose or blackstrap molasses appears to be the most practical material to use. However ethanolamines and various glycols and alcohols may also be employed.
Sampling
Authors: Brown L. R.
Published: August 2007

Conclusion

It is hoped that the foregoing general remarks on sampling procedures will point up the necessity for more care in this very important operation. In too many instances sampling has been delegated to persons not too well aware of the purpose and importance of the samples which they are taking, and possibly not too well qualified to handle the job. This situation could be improved markedly by better training and instruction of persons delegated to take samples, or preferably by selecting persons better qualified and more interested in this essential but rather non‐glamorous operation. There is also the need for better equipment specifically designed to handle the more difficult and troublesome sampling situations, some of which have been mentioned previously. Much unnecessary work on the part of the analyst could be eliminated, and at the same time his prestige could be raised materially, if the samples he received for analysis were always true and representative parts or segments of the entire lot of material on which his evaluation is based.
Phase relations pertaining to the solvent winterization of peanut oil in acetone‐hexane mixtures
Authors: Boucher Richard E. , Skau Evald L.
Published: August 2007

Systematic phase relation data have been obtained pertaining to the solvent‐winterization behavior of a refined peanut oil in a mixed solvent consisting of 85% by weight of acetone and 15% of hexane. Graphs have been constructed to show the effect of oil‐solvent ratio, chilling temperature, holding‐time, and agitation on the percentage of solid removed, on the degree of winterization, and on the settling qualities of the solid separating.

The results show that it is possible on a laboratory scale to solvent‐winterize refined peanut oil in this solvent mixture. The data afford a preliminary basis for pilot plant design, selection of optimum conditions, and recognition of limitations for pilot plant research on the solvent winterization of peanut oil.
Isolation of eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids from natural sources as their methyl esters by adsorption and distillation techniques
Authors: Herb S. F. , Witnauer Lee P. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: August 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Methyl eicosapentaenoate and docosapentaenoate were isolated by adsorption and distillation techniques from the highly unsaturated esters of beef adrenal lipids. Specific extinction coefficients were determined under two different conditions of alkali isomerization.
Butylated hydroxyanisole as an antioxidant for animal fats
Authors: Kraybill H. R. , Dugan L. R. , Beadle B. W. , Vibrans F. C. , Swartz VeNona , Rezabek Helen
Published: August 2007

Butylated hydroxyanisole has been developed as a new and very effective antioxidant for animal fats. It is readily soluble in fats, and practically insoluble in water. It exhibits synergism with acids, hydroquinone, methionine, lecithin, and thiodipropionic acid. It is very effective in protecting foods made with lard against rancidity.

In combination with small quantities of hydroquinone or propyl gallate and an acid synergist, it imparts to animal fats high AOM stability and shelf life and is very effective in protecting foods made with lard (crackers, pastry, etc.) against rancidity.

Extensive pilot plant and commercial tests have demonstrated the practical usefulness of the antioxidant.

Extensive toxicological tests with rats have failed to demonstrate any physiological effects when the antioxidant is used daily in food, even in amounts several hundred times the maximum amount permitted by the regulations of the Meat Inspection Division.
Component fatty acids of some cruciferae oils
Authors: Kapur S. L. , Daubert B. F.
Published: August 2007

The oils from yellow mustard seed (Brassica alba), black mustard seed (Brassica nigra) of Indian origin, and rapeseed (Brassica Compestris) of unknown origin have been analyzed for their fatty acid composition without preliminary resolution of fatty acids by lead‐salt‐alcohol or fractional crystallization methods. The results compare very favorably with those determined by other recently developed methods. It may be concluded therefore that this method can be favorably employed for the determination of fatty acid composition of fats containing higher unsaturated acids.

Confirmatory evidence has been obtained for the presence of eicosenoic acid in rapeseed oil.

The nature and amount of fatty acids of yellow mustard seed oil of Indian origin do not differ in any significant manner from those of other cruciferous seed oils.

The present analysis of black mustard seed oil reveals a higher amount of linolenic acid, and the presence of a C20 monoethenoid acid, not heretofore reported.
Evaluation of antioxidants by a rapid polarographic method
Authors: Hamilton J. W. , Tappel A. L.
Published: August 2007

A simple, rapid, precise, and reproducible method and an adaptable apparatus for polarographic measurement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity is described. This method measures antioxidant activity within a few min time as compared to the hours or days needed for several widely used methods. Peroxidation rates were measured for different lipids as a function of amount of lipid, and amount of biocatalyst. The method is applicable to the detection and measurement of the antioxidant effects exhibited by weak antioxidants and has been satisfactorily used for the measurement of the antioxidant activity of different concentrations of powerful antioxidants.
The analysis of alkyl aryl sulfonates by micro desulfonation and gas chromatography
Authors: Setzkorn E. A. , Carel A. B.
Published: August 2007

The structural analysis of micro quantities of alkyl aryl sulfonates by presently known chemical and spectroscopic techniques has been an exceedingly difficult task. The formidable nature of such analyses is due largely to the essential nonvolatility of the sulfonates, a fact which precludes the application of gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric techniques.

The present paper describes an approach wherein gas chromatography is made applicable to analysis of micro quantities of sulfonates. The key to the approach is a microchemical desulfonation procedure. This process yields the parent hydrocarbon, which is volatile and hence amenable to analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
A method for the structural analysis of triglycerides and lecithins
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L.
Published: August 2007

The structural analysis of lecithins and triglycerides is described. The procedure is carried out on 2舑5 mg of sample by a combination of reductive ozonolysis and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). The ozonides as well as the aldehyde 舠cores舡 derived from reduction of the ozonides are separated by TLC and analyzed quantitatively by densitometry. The constituent saturated fatty acids of the separated aldehyde 舠cores舡 are methylated and analyzed by gasliquid chromatography (GLC). The scope of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of several synthetic and natural triglycerides and several lecithins isolated from natural sources.
A study of the biodegradation of anionic synthetic detergents a new laboratory test
Authors: Borstlap C. , Kooijman P. L.
Published: August 2007

The biodegradation of anionic synthetic detergents is studied by means of a new laboratory test. The bacterial source used in this test is activated sludge from the Sewage Works at Amsterdam. Important differences in biological 舠softness舡 were found between various detergents with this test, which gives results similar to those found in pilot plant experiments.
Procedure and apparatus for plasticizing fats in the laboratory
Authors: Steffen A. H. , Vander Wal R. J.
Published: August 2007

A procedure for plasticizing fats in the laboratory, using a Hobart Kitchen Aid Mixer (Model K‐4‐B), has been described. The data indicate that this procedure is applicable to the common types of baking shortening for determining their pound‐cake volume value and gives results in agreement with those obtained on plant‐plasticized samples. The apparatus is relatively inexpensive and easy to assemble and operate. The procedure is fast and simple and has proven to be a helpful research tool in evaluating experimental shortenings.
Recent advances in in‐situ epoxidation reactions with resin catalysts
Authors: Gall Ralph J. , Greenspan Frank P.
Published: August 2007

Two new resin catalyst systems forin‐situ epoxidation have been described. One technique features the continuous circulation of the reaction mixture through a fixed resin catalyst bed. The other, a simple, practical and economical process, employs expendable amounts of resin catalyst.

Yields of 75–85% epoxy ester with very little residual unsaturation were readily obtained.
Analytical test methods for organic detergents
Authors: Spangler W. G.
Published: August 2007

Conclusion

To date the conditions regarding the analysis of organic detergents and mixtures containing them can be summarized as follows:

Methods for complete analysis and identification of the many surface‐active agents available are very limited.

Absorption spectrophotometry (ultraviolet and infrared) shows great promise as a means of identifying and characterizing these surface‐active agents after some preliminary separation.

Chromatographic procedures will probably become an ideal way to bring about separations and might well compete against present titration methods for quantitative results.

Reference compounds for standardization are badly needed.
Betula platyphylla var.japonica Seed Oil: A rich source of linoleic acid
Authors: Ihara Shogo , Tanaka Tatsuo
Published: August 2007

Component fatty acids of the oil extracted fromBetula platypbylla Sukatchev var.japonica Hara (Betulaceae) seeds were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The predominant fatty acid was linoleic acid (87%), and together with oleic and linolenic acids the 18‐carbon unsaturated acids amounted to 97% of the total acids.
A simulation study of industrial vegetable oil hydrogenation reactors
Authors: Chakravarty T. , Bhatia S. , Saraf D. N.
Published: August 2007

A mathematical model has been developed to predict the course of industrial vegetable oil hydrogenation reactors. The model assumes that the reaction is mass‐transfer‐controlled. Suitable empirical equations have been used to describe rate of hydrogenation in preference over a mechanistic approach. The agreement between theoretical predictions from the model and plant data is generally satisfactory. Temperature, pressure and agitation intensity have strong effect on the kinetics of the reaction and on selectivity ratio under conditions of industrial reactors. The product quality is determined by overall selectivity which is governed by operating conditions, as well as the catalyst selectivity.
New esterification method for resin acids
Authors: Arimoto K. , Zinkel D. F.
Published: August 2007

The reaction of tetraalkylammonium salts of resin acids using dehydroabietic acid as the model with various alkyl polychlorides was studied as a method for preparing new ester derivatives of rosins. Of the alkyl halides investigated, methylene chloride, 1,1‐dichloroethane, 1,2‐dichloroethane, trichloroethylene and 1,2,3‐trichloropropane reacted with tetrabutylammonium dehydroabietate at moderate temperatures in short reaction times. A number of new esters were identified by NMR, IR and CI‐MS. Although many of the primary products were the anticipated monoesters and diesters, some dehydrochlorinated esters were also obtained. The reaction with trichloroethylene resulted in appreciable amounts of dehydroabietic acid anhydride.
Evidence of two β’ phases in tristearin
Authors: Simpson T. D. , Hagemann J. W.
Published: August 2007

Data from Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and features of the preparative method are all consistent with the existence of 2 intermediate β’ phases for tristearin; the first, a lower melting phase, β’2, transforms at 61 C into the second, β’1 , which in turn changes at 64 C into β‐tristearin. Raman spectral evidence indicates that the 2 mesophases occur in an orthorhombic packing environment and that the β’2 to β’1 transition results from a change in lateral packing of the hydrocarbon chains.
Preparation of surfactants by condensation of fatty acid esters with hydrolyzed proteins
Authors: Muscio O. J. , Cole B. , McCarty T. , Sandu V.
Published: August 2007

Products with good surface‐active properties can be easily prepared by condensation of fatty‐acid methyl esters with polypeptides derived from collagen proteins by hydrolysis. The condensation is done at moderate reaction temperatures (ca. 155 C) in dimethylsulfoxide solvent, and is promoted by sodium hydroxide or other alkaline reagents. The method works best with unsaturated esters, such as methyl oleate, which are more soluble in the reaction mixture, and which yield more soluble products, but also works well with the mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid esters in methyl tallowate. The reaction appears to be a transamidation reaction in which incorporation of the fatty acid moiety results in partial cleavage of the polypeptide chain and in formation of methyl alcohol. Other solvents which can dissolve both fatty acid esters and collagen‐derived proteins, such as ethylene glycol, can be used to advantage in this reaction.
Improving the Management and Delivery of Bedside Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation
Authors: John Tracey , Colvin Roslyn , Ferrall Brit
Published: August 2007

SOME SURGICAL PROCEDURES can be performed more safely outside the OR. One procedure commonly performed within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation.

STAFF MEMBERS at one tertiary care facility assessed current management and delivery of bedside PDA ligation surgery and identified several problem areas, including communication issues regarding patient and unit readiness, design of instrument sets, and organization and transportation of surgical supplies.

IMPLEMENTING SOLUTIONS to these problems resulted in a decrease in the amount of time the surgical team spent in the NICU and more efficient surgical procedures. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 231‐238. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
Rationales for Developing a Perioperative Web‐Based Resource: Informatics in Action
Authors: Smithers Jim
Published: August 2007

AS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES rapidly develop, perioperative nurses have the opportunity to take advantage of these advancements.

USING EXISTING infrastructure, web‐based resources can bring valuable information directly to the OR that otherwise might be unavailable.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES the advantages of using nursing informatics to shape existing infrastructure into a teaching and orientation tool for perioperative nurses, with the goal of developing web‐based applications that can positively influence perioperative nursing and patient safety. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 239‐248. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
The Not‐So‐Hidden Costs of Surgical Site Infections
Authors: Barnett Todd E.
Published: August 2007

SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS (SSIs) adversely affect approximately 500,000 patients annually, causing immense human suffering and taking a huge financial toll on patients, hospitals, insurance companies, and the government.

NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS have made recommendations for reducing SSIs, and many advances have been made in evidence‐based practice recommendations that result in fewer SSIs.

REUSABLE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) lead wires can be a significant source of infection. One medical center near Richmond, VA, began using a disposable ECG lead wire set and wireless transceiver system and subsequently experienced a 40% decrease in SSIs. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 249‐258. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
Wrist Arthroscopy
Authors: Ricks Elizabeth
Published: August 2007

ARTHROSCOPIC SURGERY, a minimally invasive, outpatient procedure, is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of most disorders of the wrist. It offers direct visualization of the structures of the joint anatomy and existing disease processes while causing minimal damage to surrounding soft tissue.

OTHER BENEFITS of arthroscopic treatment compared to traditional open procedures include less postoperative pain, shorter recovery times, and fewer surgical complications. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 181‐188. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
On the role of the Knudsen layer in rapid granular flows
Authors: GALVIN J. E. , HRENYA C. M. , WILDMAN R. D.
Published: August 2007

A combination of molecular dynamics simulations, theoretical predictions and previous experiments are used in a two-part study to determine the role of the Knudsen layer in rapid granular flows. First, a robust criterion for the identification of the thickness of the Knudsen layer is established: a rapid deterioration in Navier–Stokes order prediction of the heat flux is found to occur in the Knudsen layer. For (experimental) systems in which heat flux measurements are not easily obtained, a rule-of-thumb for estimating the Knudsen layer thickness follows, namely that such effects are evident within 2.5 (local) mean free paths of a given boundary. Secondly, comparisons of simulation and experimental data with Navier–Stokes order theory are used to provide a measure as to when Knudsen-layer effects become non-negligible. Specifically, predictions that do not account for the presence of a Knudsen layer appear reliable for Knudsen layers collectively composing up to 20% of the domain, whereas deterioration of such predictions becomes apparent when the domain is fully comprised of the Knudsen layer.