bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New formats, new roles, new agents: Artists’ publications in Spain since 2000
Authors: Freire Mela Dávila
Published: July 2016

Half a century after the 1960s, commonly considered to have been the period when artists’ publications expanded and consolidated, this genre seems to be experiencing a new ‘golden age’. In recent years, the number of books and printed matter produced by artists has grown exponentially, and so has the interest in them demonstrated by exhibition curators, public and private collectors, and even the media. The contemporary art scene in Spain is not immune to this phenomenon. On the contrary, over the last decade, artists’ publishing has undergone an explosion in quantity, quality and impact with no precedents in Spanish art history. The causes for such an explosion and its main traits are explored here, focusing on a number of significant examples and protagonists. Relevant sources of information documenting its course are offered, both online and in print.
Images on the move: some notes on the Bibliothek Warburg Bildersammlung (Hamburg) and the Warburg Institute Photographic Collection (London)
Authors: Mazzucco Katia
Published: July 2016

Created by Aby Warburg as a tool for his research and as a counterpart to his collection of books, theBildersammlung(image collection) acquired its first subject-based system in the late 1920s. This system was structured according to four binomial theme-motif pairings of key concepts. In January 1933, following the Warburg’s move to London, the books and the image collection were organised according to an iconographic classification system that still makes it unique. While the importance of photographs in the research process was part of the cultural inheritance transferred to the UK, the question of the Warburg Institute Photographic Collection, as acorpus, has received little attention. The original, subsequently disregarded plan for theBildersammlung, together with other documents, may shed some light on this question.
Elisabeth Jastrow (1890-1981)
Authors: Nagy Helen
Published: July 2016

In 1961 Elisabeth Jastrow retired from her position as Professor of Art at the Women’s College of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG). That same year her friends and colleagues established a scholarship for advanced art history students in her name. Jastrow devoted 20 years of her life to teaching at Greensboro. These were both difficult and rewarding years, fraught with financial worries, lack of library facilities, personal losses and a constant struggle to obtain teaching materials for her classes. At the same time she immersed herself in providing a high quality education despite the limited resources at her disposal. Her career began far from North Carolina under very different circumstances and with plans for a considerably more active academic life.
Informkultura: an information system for culture and art in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Lapteva T. I. , Tikhonova L. N.
Published: July 2016

“Informkultura” is an information system, for art and culture, based on the Lenin State Library, but involving other major libraries in the U.S.S.R. as well as national libraries and information centres in Eastern Europe, Cuba, and Vietnam. “Informkultura” disseminates information through regular publications, including bibliographic indexes and information bulletins, and a variety of information services. Currently, “Informkultura” is responding to the impact of “perestroika” and the ensuing demand, for, and democratisation of, information.
Book arts at the Centre for Fine Print Research in Bristol
Authors: Bodman Sarah
Published: July 2016

This article describes some of the research projects investigating contemporary artists’ books at the Centre for Fine Print Research at the University of the West of England in Bristol. As part of its remit, the Centre explores and promotes many aspects of the book arts including contemporary creative processes and outputs. Some recent projects include the Arcadia id est touring exhibition of 118 artists’ books on the themes ornature and the landscape; Bookmarks: infiltrating the library system; and the Regenerator altered books project. The Centre also works with artists, academics, curators, institutions, galleries and bookshops to promote the book arts to a wider community. In addition it publishes reference information, guides and critical essays on artists’ books through its Impact Press imprint; these include the Artists book yearbook and The blue notebook, a journal for artists’ books.
The Centre des livres d’artistes, Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche
Authors: Mathieu Didier , Varley Gillian
Published: July 2016

The Centre des livres d’artistes (cdla), which has been based in S aint-Yrieix-la-Perche since 1994, is the culmination of a project initiated at the end of the 1980s by the association Pays-paysage. After many years during which it lacked anywhere to develop its activities fully, the cdla has at last been installed in a refurbished building and opened early in 2005 with a new exhibition of books and publications by herman de vries. The two principal activities of the cdla are the creation and management of a collection of artists’ books (currently nearly 3000 items), and the organisation of exhibitions in France and also abroad.
Acquisition and exploitation in the Bibliotheque Kandinsky’s artists’ books collection
Authors: Rimmaudo Annalisa
Published: July 2016

The collection of artists’ books at the Musée National d’Art Moderne in the Centre Georges Pompidou grew spontaneously at first, once the museum had been created, but since the end of the 1980s its growth has been much more deliberate. A formal acquisition policy has been introduced that ensures that gaps resulting from the early collecting history are filled; this also encourages the exploration of new directions in consultation with the Museum curators. Many activities are now undertaken to make the most of the holdings, such as exhibitions and seminars encouraging exploitation of the collection and ensuring continued analysis and debate.
La médiathèque, et après?
Authors: Bertrand Anne-Marie
Published: July 2016

Les bibliothèques publiques, en France, connaissent un essor sans précédent: en 25 ans (1972-96), on a construit 1.400.000m2 de locaux pour les bibliothèques municipales (de 355.000 à 1.719.000 m2); le personnel est passé de 3.000 emplois à 17.000; le nombre des usagers inscrits a augmenté de 1.182.000 à 6.449.000. Pour autant, la situation n’engendre pas un optimisme sans nuance. Deux éléments font que les bibliothécaires, et leurs tutelles, ont des questions, des interrogations, des inquiétudes: d’une part, l’identité de la bibliothèque, qui, du fait de son histoire, est complexe et, aujourd’hui, de plus en plus incertaine; d’autre part, les évolutions économiques, techniques et politiques qui créent des tensions grandissantes entre la demande de bibliothèque et l’offre de bibliothèque.
COLLAGE “the Corporation of London Library & Art Gallery Electronic”
Authors: Vicars-Harris Oliver
Published: July 2016

The Corporation of London (the local authority for the City) recently launched COLLAGE, a powerful custom-designed visual information system, whose aim is to transform public accessibility to the extensive visual collections held in its libraries and galleries. Over a period of eighteen months a dedicated team of staff photographed, digitised and indexed over 30,000 works of art as the result of an intensive data imaging project. So far the works are drawn from the Guildhall Library and Guildhall Art Gallery - collections particularly renowned for their strength in material relating to London, which is now widely and easily accessible on dedicated workstations in the City, as well as via the Internet.
Setting the agenda for the nation’s resources: the role of the British Library and its partners
Authors: Lang Brian
Published: July 2016

Originally founded as the library of the British Museum, the British Library has since 1973 been the United Kingdom’s national library, and has increasingly played a leadership role in co-operation and the co-ordination of library services in this country. Responses to its 1998 Strategic Review emphasised the importance of the Library’s collections in underpinning its services to support scholarship and research. But the Library is no longer able to collect as extensively as in its early years. As part of the new partnership programme intended to optimise national provision the Library is keen to work closely with ARLIS/UK & Ireland, and with the institutions with collections of national importance in the visual arts, to identify research needs and patterns of use and to establish ways of collecting, preserving and providing access to material to meet those needs.
Choosing a classification scheme for the Inha library in Paris
Authors: Cours Isabelle de
Published: July 2016

The library of the Institut national d’histoire de l’art in Paris has recently conducted detailed research into the classification which will be used for the large amount of stock which will be on open access to its users. A working group was established which, after rejecting the idea of a specially created scheme, looked at what other systems were available, comparing those currently in use in the largest art and archaeology libraries in France and abroad. They also studied the two encyclopaedic classifications – Dewey and UDC. The final recommendation was adoption of the Library of Congress Classification and work to implement this decision is now under way.
Towards total provision of visual arts literature?
Authors: Fawcett Trevor
Published: July 2016

Total provision of art literature almost certainly requires international co-operation. It depends too on effective and systematic coverage at the national level, not only of traditional printed books and periodicals but also audiovisual media, microforms, manuscripts and ‘grey literature’. National provision must allow for geographical, political and economic factors and patterns of usage. Various recommendations are made to stimulate discussion of a possible British system.
Hill Sheep
Authors: Dinsdale D. H.
Published: July 2016

The reports which appeared last January from the English and Scottish Hill Sheep Farming Committees have shown that the economic utilization of our extensive areas* of high lying land has thrown up a number of closely inter-related problems, some technical, some administrative, others legal, social, or political. I have to select from this complexity those aspects of the hill sheep industry which most properly fall within the scope of the Society’s interests and which can be presented within the space of half an hour. It is not easy.
The Breeding of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Edwards Joseph
Published: July 2016

I must first apologize for the speed with which this paper has had to be written. I returned from the United States seven days ago and in that time have had to collect my thoughts, scattered to no small degree by a passage which I am sure the censor will have no objection to me describing as rough in the extreme.

Some of the views that I shall express are influenced, naturally, by what I have seen in America. In that country there are initiative, scope and financial resources for breeding experiments with farm animals which, outside of Russia, are not rivalled anywhere in the world. Constant attention to the progress of these long-term breeding experiments will be necessary and the need of the stimulating and thought-provoking effect of similar work in this country, preferably in conjunction with the Dominions, is obvious.
Control and Preservation of Semen
Authors: Walton Arthur
Published: July 2016

By control of semen I mean those tests which are applied to a semen sample to determine whether the sample is likely or not to be fertile when used for insemination, and to determine the extent to which it can be successfully diluted. For those who are not familiar with the methods of artificial insemination, I will try to give a very general account of the principles of semen control and preservation, hoping that more technical matters may be brought up in the discussion.
Hill Grazing Improvement in Montgomeryshire
Authors: Ellison, W.
Published: July 2016

I feel that I have rather a difficult task this afternoon, because there are not many things that I can disagree with in Mr. Moses Griffith’s paper, since we in Montgomeryshire learnt the fundamental things of land reclamation from Cahn Hill, although we think of course that we improved on them in some detail! However, our general methods were what Mr. Griffith finally put into practice at Cahn Hill.

In Montgomeryshire we tackled about 6,000 acres. It was not all directly reseeded, but all was hill land classified as rough grazing. The land fell into three types: Molinia, Nardus and Bracken. Each of these types of vegetation clearly relate to three different soil types. Molinia is wet, heavy clay; Bracken is dry, loam overlying shale; while Nardus comes somewhere between the two.
The Architecture of Male Sex Behaviour
Authors: Walton Arthur
Published: July 2016

Architecture may seem an ambitious description to apply to the mass of observational data and conjecture which at present constitutes our knowledge of male sex behaviour, but it is well to keep in mind the existence of a complex integrated structure, genetic in origin but modified by environment, which determines the way an animal behaves in response to a given situation. The object of this paper is to suggest some of the ground plan of this structure. I have given a few references in the text, but wish to express my indebtedness in particular to the work of Beach (1948), Milovanov & Smirnov-Ugrumov (1940), and Gunn (1936), whose writings on the subject have been of such fundamental importance.
Artificial Insemination in Humans
Authors: Jackson Margaret
Published: July 2016

The paper by Mr. Smith, in which I have been greatly interested, is nevertheless outside my own particular field of study, which is gynaecology. Only in so far as I have carried out artificial insemination, using donated human semen, have I come in contact with a certain number of males in a somewhat comparable manner. I have also dealt with the seminal analyses of the husbands, because it is my practice to insist that the husbands of all subfertile patients should also be examined.
Oestrous Behaviour and Ovulation in the Cow
Authors: J. A. Laing
Published: July 2016

All female animals of spontaneously ovulating species show a pattern of behaviour at oestrus wrich differs from that of other times of the oestrous cycle, from the time before puberty and from that when the animal is senescent. This pattern is basically the same in all species but differs in detail from one to another. The matter which is of real interest concerning oestrous behaviour is its association with ovulation. This association is important with regard to the determination of the factors which control both oestrus and ovulation. It is also of immediate interest and importance in the domestic animals because fertility depends on the observation of oestrus, and the the relation thereto of ovulation and insemination.
Sheep Farming In Southern Scotland
Authors: Murray Jacob
Published: July 2016

Scotland is a mountainous country, the area of mountain and heath land being very much larger than that of arable land. It is this immense area of poor quality, exposed, rugged land that provides the breeding ground for our great sheep industry.

The total number of sheep in Scotland in 1949, according to the June returns, was 7,102,873. In 1939 there were eight million. About two-thirds of the breeding ewes belong to the Scottish Blackface breed ; the others are Cheviots, Border Leicesters and crossbreds.
Pig Production in the Lowlands of Scotland
Authors: Lawson T.
Published: July 2016

Scotland in the past has never been recognised as having an important pig industry. The reason for this, I think,is that in the years before the last war the pig was definitely looked down on by the larger arable farmers, and was considered a dirty and smelly animal to have about the farm. These farmers, therefore, stuck to their fattening cattle and flocks of sheep, although one often heard it said by them that fattening bullocks did not pay, but it was necessary to obtain muck for the arable land.
The Viewpoint of the Practising Veterinarian
Authors: Gould G. N.
Published: July 2016

I agree profoundly with what Dr. Stableforth and Mr. Macpherson have said. There are, however, some points on which I would like to elaborate. The most important is the question of management. The sooner farmers fully realise the great importance of management, the sooner the control of mastitis will be effected. The question of management is inevitably one of personnel and the training of that personnel.

To-day there are fewer people than ever who can milk a cow efficiently by hand. The time has arrived when the veterinary surgeon will tell you that he would rather control mastitis in a machine-milked herd than in a hand-milked herd. That is not entirely due to the fact that you can thus eliminate the handling of the udder. It is simpler to train a man to use a machine efficiently than to hand-milk efficiently. There is no question whatsoever but that the handling of the cow's teats is a most important factor; and in machine milking the elimination of hand stripping is not only practical but is a most important contribution to avoiding transmission of infection. But more can be done.
Progeny Testing in the Breeding of Farm Animals
Authors: Johansson Ivar , Robertson Alan
Published: July 2016

The progress in animal improvement depends on the accuracy with which the breeding value of each individual in the breed, or herd, is estimated, and how the animals chosen on the basis of our estimates are combined in matings. We are concerned here only with the first part of the problem, i.e. the estimation of breeding values. The estimates are made in regard to certain characters, or traits, which are of particular interest from an economic point of view, and they may be based on the phenotypic merit of the individual, or on the merits of its ancestors or collateral relatives, or on the merits of its progeny, in regard to the character in question. Often a combination of two, or three, or all four methods may be used. Their relative importance depends on the heritability of the character, as will be discussed later.
Technique of Weighing the Grazing Animal
Authors: Tayler J. C.
Published: July 2016

In pasture research and feeding trials using the growing or fattening animal to provide a measure of output, a first essential is the accurate determination of liveweight. Recent reports of trials using bullocks, sheep and dairy stock (Grassl. Res. Sta. Rep., 1953; Waite et al., 1952; Dodsworth and Campbell, 1953) have emphasised that liveweight gains can be misleading when a large and unknown proportion of the gain is due to contents of the stomachs and intestines. This ‘ fill ’ in the capacious alimentary tract of the ruminant provides a large source of experimental error in the measurement of liveweight; it can also obscure the trend of useful liveweight gain, i.e. carcass increase.
Flock Size and Flock Duration of Lowland Breeds of Sheep
Authors: Wiener G.
Published: July 2016

The number of breeding sheep in a flock and the number of generations under selection will directly affect the genetic improvement possible. Both in cattle (Donald and El Itriby, 1945, 1946) and in pigs (Donald and Auerbach, 1942) a small average herd size and short life were found to have set severe limits to the breeding policies possible. The present report discusses this problem in lowland registered sheep flocks.
Inbreeding and Performance in British Friesian Cattle
Authors: Robertson Alan
Published: July 2016

Existing information about the effect of inbreeding on production characteristics in dairy cattle leaves much to be desired. Sources are two-fold ; from experiments specially designed to get information on this and other aspects of inbreeding and also from the analysis of records made in closed herds. However, the experiments are few and in many of the second type of analysis the degree of inbreeding is not high. Furthermore, an examination of the detailed results in one breed, Holstein-Friesians in the U.S.A., shows little agreement in the results obtained. While agreeing in finding a decline in production as inbreeding progressed, the different investigators disagreed as to the magnitude of the effect. Even under ideal conditons, one should perhaps not expect too close an agreement because the genetic situation may well be quite different in the initial stock in the different experiments and genetic drift during inbreeding may further obscure the picture. In addition, if the inbreeding each generation is small, any selection that is practised may complicate the situation. Most of the programmes of deliberate inbreeding were not started simply to investigate the effects of the breeding system but rather to try to produce superior inbred stock.
The Quantities of Herbage Eaten by Grazing Dairy Cows
Authors: MacLusky D. S.
Published: July 2016

The herbage dry matter intake of grazing animals may be estimated by chemical marker and faecal analysis methods (Raymond, 1954) or by pasture sampling methods.

Pasture sampling methods generally involve two main difficulties. The first is the low precision resulting from the variability of pasture yields. When intake is estimated from the difference between the yields of herbage on a given area sampled before and after the grazing period, the estimate bears the error variances of both the sample means. The second difficulty lies in ensuring that the estimated difference in yields is the true difference due to consumption. The samples must be cut below the level to which the animal can graze, and the amount of herbage growth during the grazing period must be estimated and allowed for. Growth can be estimated from the difference between the yield of herbage before grazing and the yield of protected herbage at the end of the grazing period.
The First Lactation Yield as a Basis for Selection as Compared with the Second and Third Lactations
Authors: Johansson Ivar
Published: July 2016

In an earlier publication (Johansson and Hansson, 1940) it was shown that under the management conditions of the Red-and-White Cattle in Sweden the dam-daughter correlation was considerably higher for the first lactation yield than for the second, and it was also somewhat higher than that for the third lactation. The second lactation yield was found to be much more sensitive to variations in length of the preceding calving interval, or dry period, than was the yield in the later lactations, and probably it is also more sensitive to environmental influences. The yield during the first lactation is influenced by the age and the nutritional state of the cow at calving, but here no preceding dry period enters in as a variable. It was concluded that a preliminary evaluation of the production capacity of the cow can safely be based on her first lactation yield. Furthermore it was suggested that even when records are available for two or more lactations of a cow, the record for the second lactation should not be considered.
Application of Magnesium Sulphate to Grass for Silage as a means of Preventing Hypomagnesaemic Tetany
Authors: McDonald P. , Jackson T. H.
Published: July 2016

The incidence of hypomagnesaemic tetany in cattle and sheep can be reduced considerably by increasing the dietary intake of magnesium (Allcroft, R., 1954; Allcroft, W. M., 1947; Bartlett et al., 1954; Stewart, 1954) and the commonest method of supplementing the ration is to provide a mineral mixture containing magnesium oxide. While the feeding of these mineral supplements to animals wintered indoors is relatively straightforward, ensuring that animals grazing on hill and marginal land will obtain a regular supply of the mineral raises a problem. Where animals are receiving silage in addition to natural grazings during the winter, the inclusion of a magnesium compound in the grass at the time of ensiling is one method of increasing the magnesium content of the diet. The oxide and carbonate of magnesium are probably the safest compounds for feeding to stock, but unfortunately these are likely to have an adverse effect on the preservation, resulting in inferior silage. Experiments carried out in small silo units at Boghall Farm proved this to be the case (E.E.S.C.A. Ann. Rep. 1955). Magnesium sulphate is likely to have little effect upon the preservation of silage, and although this compound is not ideally suitable as a magnesium supplement owing to its laxative properties, it was decided to investigate the value of using it in restricted quantity and intimately mixed with the silage, as a suitable means of preventing hypo-magnesaemia when fed during the winter to a herd of 18 outwintered Galloway cows.
Utilisation of the end products of ruminant digestion
Authors: Armstrong D. G. , Blaxter K. L. , Graham N. McC.
Published: July 2016

The work of the late Sir Joseph Barcroft and his collaborators (see Elsden & Phillipson, 1948) left little doubt that, in ruminants, the end products of the bacterial dissimilation of dietary carbohydrate included large amounts of the steam-volatile fatty acids—acetic, propionic and butyric acids. More recently, el Shazly (1952a, b) has shown that the steam-volatile fatty acids also arise together with ammonia during the bacterial breakdown of amino-acids in the rumen. Studies by Pfander & Phillipson (1953) and Schambye (1955) further indicate that the acids are absorbed from the digestive tract in amounts that suggest they make a major contribution to the energy requirement of the animal. Quantitative data relative to the amounts absorbed, however, are difficult to obtain. Carroll & Hungate (1954) have calculated that in cattle some 6,000-12,000 Cal. of energy are available from the acids produced by fermentation in the rumen. With sheep, Phillipson & Cuthbertson (1956) have calculated from the results of Schambye (1951a, b; 1955) that at least 600-1,200 Cal. of energy in the form of steam-volatile fatty acids could be absorbed every 24 hrs. Since the fasting heat production of the steer is about 6,500 Cal./24 hrs. and that of the sheep about 1,100 Cal./24 hrs. it is clear that if the fatty acids can be utilised efficiently by the body tissues, they could make a major contribution to the energy requirements, at least those for maintenance.
Effects of low-protein supplements on the yield and composition of milk from grazing dairy cows
Authors: Corbett J. L.
Published: July 2016

Calculations based on conventional feeding standards suggest that cows grazing well-managed pasture are frequently consuming excessive quantities of protein in relation to their requirements and to the starch equivalent consumed. They also suggest that milk production from potentially high-yielding cows is limited primarily by the supply of dietary energy. This paper describes two experiments on the effects of low-protein supplements on the performance of grazing dairy cows and reports the main results on yield and composition of milk and herbage consumption. Full details and results, and some other aspects of the experiments, are being reported elsewhere.
An analysis of the variation between dairy-sire progeny-groups for milk yield and fat
content
Authors: Robertson Alan , Khishin S. S.
Published: July 2016

The past few years have seen the development in Great Britain of the ‘contemporary comparison’ method for evaluating progeny tests of dairy sires (Macarthur, 1954; Robertson, Stewart and Ashton 1956). The final overall figure attached to a sire is the mean difference between the yield of his daughters and that of other heifers milking in the same herd in the same year, with due regard for the numbers of animals in the two groups. Although it has some imperfections in special cases, this is probably the most informative simple method of evaluating a sire for yield and, fortunately, one which could be easily integrated with the existing recording system. The method has been turned into a simple routine in the Bureau of Records of the Milk Marketing Board and several thousand bulls have now been evaluated. In this paper, we shall be mostly concerned to use this material to investigate the heritabilities of milk yield and fat content and the relationship between the two in the different breeds. The information that we shall use consists, for each bull, of the mean contemporary comparison, with its effective ‘weight’, and the average fat percentage of the daughters. Before we deal with the observed results, we should go into rather more detail into the nature of these two figures and into the factors affecting them.
Education for Sustainability for the K-6 Curriculum: A Unit of Work for Pre-Service Primary Teachers in NSW
Authors: Kennelly Julie , Taylor Neil
Published: July 2016

Although the need for education for sustainability in pre-service teacher education is well recognised, little has been published to indicate how this might be incorporated into university courses in Australia. This paper describes one attempt to encourage pre-service primary teachers to include education for sustainability in their future work. It includes a discussion about some of the choices made regarding teaching methods and content. The overall purpose of the article is to encourage others to contribute their ideas to the discussion over how best to incorporate education for sustainability in pre-service teacher education in Australia.
Ignorance, Environmental Education Research and Design Education
Authors: Barron Deirdre , Jackson Simon , Anderson Lyndon
Published: July 2016

In the relatively new discipline of design education we have the opportunity to frame the way that design education is formulated. The relative lack of theorists in the field of design education studies leaves unquestioned the relevance of conventional practices of design education that are premised on only tangentially relevant Art, Science and Information Technology models. There is a gap in design education development regarding how to mediate ecological concerns with techno-scientific imperatives. Environmental education researchers can influence this new field by challenging existing approaches to design education with particular attention to the ways design either contributes to or hinders the development of a sustainable society. In order to enter this discussion with environmental education researchers we identify three ecological issues faced by designers and design educators, here we pay particular attention to Industrial Design. The question for this paper is, can environmental education researchers offer advice to the design education area that may help us develop ecologically sustainable design-based programs. The newness of ecological concerns in the design research and design education areas means that we have a great deal to learn. If environmental education researchers are able to assist us with our reflections on designing curricula that in turn encourages a more ecologically aware design profession then this would be a worthwhile contribution to design practice in Australia, and indeed the world.
A Personal Approach to Teaching about Climate Change
Authors: Lenzen Manfred , Dey Christopher , Murray Joy
Published: July 2016

The problem of climate change is complex, global, and long-term, and therefore difficult to grapple with for politicians, scientists, teachers, and students alike. Teachers in particular face the problem of presenting climate change in a way that is not abstract and distant. To engage the intellect as well as emotions, students need to feel personally involved. One way to achieve this personal involvement is to link climate change to students' individual lives. Such a relationship can be created using a personal greenhouse gas budget, comprising ail emissions caused by a student over one year. A personal greenhouse gas calculator was developed at the School of Physics, University of Sydney, in the form of a computer spreadsheet, and applied in university teaching. This calculator does not only address emissions from energy use, but also those emissions embodied in goods and services. Embodied emissions are often ignored when climate change is related to lifestyles, As its normative part, the calculator states a benchmark of 3.5 t CO2 per person per year, based on the principle of global equity and sustainability. First experiences show that most students agree with that benchmark, and accept responsibility for embodied emissions. However, their own emissions results exceed by far the equitable and sustainable budget. This experience triggers various feelings, ranging from surprise and motivation, to guilt, denial, self-defence, cynicism, anger, and frustration. In contrast to a model where teaching is seen as transmission of information, this personal and provocative approach creates an emotional response, which affects memory, which in turn holds out the promise of long-term change.
Landshaping: A Concept for Exploring the Construction of Environmental Meanings within Tropical Australia
Authors: Whitehouse Hilary
Published: July 2016

The creation of meaning is both intrinsic and extrinsic to environmental learning. In this paper I call attention to the process of how language practices and Imagination are important in constituting environmental meanings, as stories of the places in which we live. A concept of landshaping is introduced as a conceptual tool for thinking about the agentic construction of environmental meanings. Research data collected In north Queensland show that individual subjectivities do not necessarily align with the binary thought lines of human identity (‘us’) and nature (‘not us’) commonly reproduced within environmental education. Ideas of the natural can be problematic in environmental learning, particularly in cross-cultural education experiences. Landshaping can be used as a research strategy and as a pedagogical technique for revealing diversities and illuminating complexities in how we as individuals, and together, create environmental understandings for ourselves.
The Powers that be: Political Education Through an Environmental Study
Authors: Maher Mary
Published: July 2016

In its broadest sense the “environment” component of environmental education spans such diverse areas as dietary habits, in vitro fertilisation, religious beliefs, occupational health, desertification, the changing nature of work, arms control and over-population. At its best contemporary environmental scholarship highlights the degree to which all these issues are intimately related.

At its worst and narrowest, the process of environmental educational consists of firstly identifying the basic features of an ecosetting for example, a rainforest, a reef or an urban waterway; and studying environmental change in that setting through identifying the goodies and baddies in relation to impacts upon that environment.

An experience I had recently teaching about North Stradbroke Island highlighted the dominance that the narrow view of environmental education has attained. In discussion prior to the study, students indicated that for them, the term “environment” was basically an alternative label for flora and fauna or the “green”/natural elements of the island. They could not comment very easily then about the place of humans in this picture of environment nor could they outline in any detail the range of social, economic or political factors affecting that island's environment. Such factors were incidental to that environment.Also students' ideas about “environmental conflict” and the island seemed to be centred on examples of actions taken by one or other of the conflicting groups, through protest meetings or demonstrations, classifying the main contenders Into two camps - those for and those against the bridge.
Interpretation During a School Visit to a Nature Reserve
Authors: Beckmann Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2016

Many teachers take students on visit to Nature Reserves or National Parks. The park management agency generally provides written information/worksheets and an accompanying ranger to provide interpretation. Rarely are these visits subjected to formal evaluation in terms of achievement of environmental education objectives related to park conservation and management values. A pilot study of a school visit of Year 9 students to Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve (ACT) found that most students had a good background in terms of previous exposure to National Parks and environmental media, and the excursion provided both an enjoyable and an educational experience. However, there seemed to be a need for basic conservation and management values and ideas to be continually emphasised to ensure their full appreciation and understanding by students.
Applying a Feminist Critique to Environmental Education
Authors: Di Chiro Giovanna
Published: July 2016

One thing about which there is widespread consensus is that the earth and its inhabitants are in social and environmental peril. This is where the consensus ends, however, for there is equally widespread disagreement as to the nature and causes of the problems (more social or more environmental), the severity of the problems (for whom are they recognised and felt as problems), and the most appropriate and effective solutions necessary to deal with them. This paper argues for the adoption of a critical, feminist perspective in examining the area of Environmental Education (EE) as an ‘appropriate response’ to this globally perceived socio-environmental crisis.

Historically, environmental education emerged out of the early 1970's during the time when the environmental movement was gaining momentum and vitality on a worldwide scale (Disinger, 1983; Robottom, 1985a; Stapp, 1970). It was envisioned by the international participants at the three major UNESCO-UNEP Environment Conferences held that decade, that EE was the most appropriate and hopeful educational response to the crisis situation of the deterioration of quality of life and the environment (Fensham, 1978).

The aims of EE that emerged from the UN conference in Tbilisi, USSR in 1977 were particularly ambitious in that they transcended a concern with the roles, objectives and guiding principles of EE and spelled out the need for an understanding of:

… the epistemological and institutional structures that affect consideration of environmental demands” … and …. “the obstacles (epistemological, cultural or social) restricting access to educational messages and their utilization” (Robottom, 1985b).
Researching a Whole-Year EE Program: Some Methodological Issues
Authors: Campbell Coral , Herbert Georgina , Robottom Ian
Published: July 2016

A P-12 school in regional Victoria has an environmental theme throughout its Year Four program with classes located in a purpose-built Environmental Centre in a separate location within the school's grounds. We report here on a one-year case study of the grade four thematic integrated curriculum at the school. We reflect on and describe some of the methodological issues that arose during the interviews, direct observations, photography and video-recording. Some of the practical considerations associated with case-study methodology will be discussed. The paper concludes with a summary of emerging substantive issues and a prospective view to further research.
Categorising Tertiary Environmental Education In Australia
Authors: Cosgrove Laurie , Thomas Ian
Published: July 2016

The diversity of environmental courses at tertiary level continues to increase. Following from a survey of these courses in the early 1990s the current study revisited the courses to investigate their characteristics. In 1993 tertiary courses with ‘environment’ in their title were surveyed through a postal questionnaire to gain an understanding of their philosophy and approach to teaching in the environmental field, of the capabilities the courses sought to assist the graduates to develop and of the extent to which graduates were being employed. The paper presents and discusses the results of this survey and offers suggestions about enhancing the role of environmental education in tertiary institutions.
Environmental Education is History: The Extent to Which Modern History Education Adopts Characteristics of Socially Critical Environmental Education
Authors: Barry Clayton
Published: July 2016

This paper reports on a research study that investigated the extent to which the Queensland secondary school subject Modern History adopts characteristics of socially critical environmental education. The study found that while the Modern History syllabus gives ample opportunities for students to focus their inquiries on environment, Modern History teachers had overlooked this aspect of the syllabus. More positive findings of this research are that both the syllabus and teachers adopt many characteristics of socially critical environmental education. In particular, the values, political and emancipatory characteristics feature strongly in both policy and practice. To a lesser extent, both the holistic and issues-based characteristics are represented. Finally, this research study shows that the action characteristic, as defined in socially critical environmental education, is clearly neglected. Despite this, there is a case to be made for Modern History to be used as a vehicle for socially critical environmental education in Queensland schools.
Education for Sustainable Development in Secondary Education of the Flemish Community: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Sleurs Willy
Published: July 2016

Environmental Education is one of the cross-curricular themes, introduced in the mid 1990s in the curriculum of Flemish secondary education (12-18 yr). Both the Brundtland report and the ENSI philosophy inspired the development of the objectives for EE. A strong partnership exists between the departments of education and the environment of the Flemish Ministry and the provincial authorities, which resulted in the project ‘MOS’, an environmental management system for primary and secondary schools. Besides environmental objectives, the pedagogical objectives of the project are strongly emphasised. The UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development provides a strong stimulus to link Environmental Education to the other cross-curricular themes, Citizenship and Health Education and to include the ‘MOS’-project into the broader framework of Education for Sustainable Development.
Education for Sustainability: Assessing Pathways to the Future
Authors: Huckle John
Published: July 2016

It is easy to describe the mess the world is in, and to preach large changes of heart. Short, saleable books which do that may be useful if they persuade people in good directions, but only if people know how to move in those directions. (Hugh Stretton, 1976, p. 2)

In June 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development will be held in Brazil. A follow up to the World Commission on Environment and Development, it will mark the twentieth anniversary of the first UN conference on the environment, held in Stockholm in 1972. Promoting environmental education is one of 23 objectives for the conference.

Conference delegates in Brazil are likely to hear that the global ecological crisis has worsened, that sustainable development is not being realised, and that there is a continuing need for education. Yet more initiatives in environmental education are likely to be advocated and some delegates will go away feeling happier.

What they and others may fail to realise is that much environmental education is part of the problem rather than the solution. Current practice fails to reveal the true causes of environmental problems and to educate pupils in ways which enable them to realise sustainable development. It is based on inadequate theory and practice yet receives increasing support from powerful elites who must manage the global ecological crisis in their own interests.
Environmental Education in Canada: Contemporary Issues & Future Possibilities
Authors: Hart Paul
Published: July 2016

Environmental education has become a major concern for many politicians, educators, and parents in Canada. The politics of resource scarcity, environmental deterioration, and failed economic theories have combined to force nations such as Canada to reassess their priorities. Environmentalism has matured to the degree that large numbers of environmentally related contradictions in Canadian society can be traced to patterns of western intellectual thought and debated in terms of differing ideologies relating to population, economic development, government policy making, the legal system, and to education. As we face the 21st century with growing uncertainty and threats to our understandings, our ideas, and our institutions, an environmental perspective may well come to dominate our consciousness and our education.

This paper develops an argument for reform in current environmental education practices within Canada at a time when educational systems in this country are becoming serious about incorporating an environmental perspective. After setting the context within systems of Canadian education, the paper attempts to capture the essence of environmental education activities by means of some broadly based Canadian contributions to the field and by two specific examples. The purpose of these sections is to throw into relief a number of tensions and contradictions in the contemporary theory and practice of environmental education in Canada and to identify a number of issues for debate in light of this experience. Finally, a proposal consistent with authentic principles of socially critical environmental education is suggested as a means of reconceptualising future environmental education activities within Canadian contexts.
Educational Dimensions of Environmental School Initiatives
Authors: Posch Peter
Published: July 2016

In the first part of the paper some features of the international 0ECD/CERI Project “Environment and School Initiatives” are described. The central idea of the project is to support teachers in educational activities that connect the promotion of dynamic qualities (such as initiative and self-confidence) with the promotion of environmental awareness. In the second part the project's philosophy and its educational implications are discussed: The main idea is that the increase in human-produced complexity has created a qualitatively new situation, in which local initiatives, long-term value-orientations and the wide-spread ability to reflect on one's own actions become a matter of survival. For the educational system this means a redefinition of its tasks to include reflective action on their environment by students and teachers and an appreciation of the value complexity of environmental problems.
Greening Universities in Australia: Progress and Possibilities
Authors: Noonan Donna , Thomas Ian
Published: July 2016

The greening of universities has been on the international agenda for at least a decade. While there has been considerable activity at some universities overseas, progress in Australian universities has been less easily identifiable. Also, the term ‘greening’ has often been taken to apply to the operations of a university, whereas the universities' curricular should also be examined. After providing a background to the greening of curricula and operations, this article presents an overview of the current status of Australian universities. The relatively poor progress is discussed in the context of the issues associated with bringing about change in universities, and some proposals are made for facilitating change.