bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sonoran Desert’s Domestic Bracero Programme: Institutional Actors and the Creation of Labour Migration Streams
Authors: Chávez Sergio
Published: July 2009

This paper traces the journeys of male migrants to Empalme, Sonora, Mexico to uncover the development of the often overlooked domestic bracero programme that operated in conjunction with its well‐known international equivalent. Drawing on interviews and observations with ex‐braceros who met at a park near the Mexico‐US border, I examine their experiences and participation in Mexico’s domestic bracero program, an unintended and unexplored consequence of its international counterpart. The study shows how regulation and control were constantly reinvented at every step of the selection process by state actors and their affiliates in Mexico. The paper reveals how the oversupply of labour and modernization of agriculture in Sonora resulted in the development of a migration industry where local municipal leaders, coyotes, the state, and Mexican agribusiness capitalized from men’s displacement. The migration industry during the bracero selection process controlled who gained access to the United States labour market by capturing migrant labour en route to the United States in the process fueling a thriving cotton industry in the otherwise stagnant Sonoran Desert economy. The study concludes by taking the lessons from the historic domestic bracero programme to show one instance in which internal and international labour markets were closely interwoven. In the end, I call for more research that examines the relationship between markets on both sides of the border that uncovers how networks are not only structured by personal ties but also by state and market relations.
Halo Congenital Nevocellular Nevi Associated with Extralesional Vitiligo: A Case Series with Review of the Literature
Authors: Stierman Sarah C. , Tierney Emily P. , Shwayder Tor A.
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  Halo formation in association with congenital nevi is uncommon and is postulated to have an immunologic etiology. In this report, we present nine cases of patients with congenital nevi and vitiligo who uniquely developed both halo formation around the nevi in addition to vitiligo formation in distinctly separate locations. While the precise etiology of halo formation and vitiligo remains uncertain, several theories suggest that both phenomena result from an immunologic response to pigment cells, whether in the “normal” skin of vitiligo or in the excessively pigmented congenital nevus.
Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy: A Case Report
Authors: HALICIOGLU OYA , AKMAN SEZIN ASIK , SEN SEMRA , SUTCUOGLU SUMER , BAYOL UMIT , KARCI HAYRUNNISA
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is a rare vasculitic syndrome affecting young children. Although presentation is dramatic and striking, it is a benign disorder. A 9‐month‐old boy with fever, rinorrhea, edema, and purpuric lesions involving the face, oral mucosa, ears, and extremities was presented.
Accuracy of a newly developed integrated system for dental implant planning
Authors: Dreiseidler Timo , Neugebauer Jörg , Ritter Lutz , Lingohr Thea , Rothamel Daniel , Mischkowski Robert A. , Zöller Joachim E.
Published: July 2009

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the first integrated system for cone‐beam CT (CBCT) imaging, dental implant planning and surgical template‐aided implant placement.

Materials and methods: On the basis of CBCT scans, a total of 54 implant positions were planned for 10 partially edentulous anatomical patient‐equivalent models. Surgical guides were ordered from the manufacturer (SICAT). Two different types of guidance were assessed: for assessment of the SICAT system inherent accuracy vendor's titanium sleeves of 2 mm internal diameter and 5 mm length were utilized for pilot drills. The guide sleeves of the NobelGuide system were implemented for fully guided surgery and implant insertion. Deviations perpendicular to the implant axes at the crestal and apical end, as well as the angle deviations between the virtual planning data and the surgical results, were measured utilizing a follow‐up CBCT investigation and referential marker‐based registration.

Results: The SICAT system inherent mean deviation rates for the drilled pilot osteotomies were determined to be smaller than 500 μm even at the apical end. Mean angle deviations of 1.18° were determined. Utilizing the NobelGuide sleeve‐in‐sleeve system for fully guided implant insertion in combination with the investigated template technology enabled to insert dental implants with the same accuracy. Crestal deviations, in general, were significantly lower than the apical deviations.

Conclusion: Although hardly comparable due to different study designs and measurement strategies, the investigated SICAT system's inherent accuracy corresponds to the most favourable results for computer‐aided surgery systems published so far. In combination with the NobelGuide surgical set for fully guided insertion, the same accuracy level could be maintained for implant positioning.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for children at risk of developing urinary tract infection: a systematic review
Authors: Mori Rintaro , Fitzgerald Anita , Williams Craig , Tullus Kjell , Verrier‐Jones Kate , Lakhanpaul Monica
Published: July 2009

Background:  Antibiotic prophylaxis in children who have had urinary tract infection (UTI) to prevent further infection is a common practice. The aim of this study is to reduce the development of further renal scarring by the prevention of recurrent acute pyelonephritis.

Methods:  A systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in children who have recovered from a symptomatic UTI and children in whom vesico‐ureteric reflux has been identified independent of a history of acute UTI was carried out by systematic search in Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and CINAHL using keywords and thesaurus terms. Identified trials were independently appraised by two researchers. Data were extracted and synthesized in meta‐analyses.

Results:  A total of 677 children in eight trials were included in the analyses. There was no evidence of difference on meta‐analysis of all the included studies, or any of the four subgroups, between the intervention and control groups in recurrence of symptomatic UTI [four trials, RR 0.96 (95% CI: 0.69–1.32]) and incidence of new or progressive renal scarring [four trials, overall RR 1.15 (95% CI: 0.75–1.78)].

Conclusion:  Given the lack of evidence on positive benefit of using prophylactic antibiotics for children at risk of developing UTI, routine use of antibiotics for these children is not recommended.
Identity Theories
Authors: Polger Thomas W.
Published: July 2009

Identity theories are those that hold that ‘sensations are brain processes’. In particular, they hold that mental/psychological state kinds are identical to brain/neuroscientific state kinds. In this paper, I isolate and explain some of the key features of contemporary identity theories. They are then contrasted with the main live alternatives by means of considering the two most important lines of objection to identity theories.
High‐Conflict Couple Interaction and the Role of Relative Power
Authors: Yeager Erica Owens
Published: July 2009

All romantic couples experience some conflict. However, some couples seem to fight often enough, or severely enough, that the relationship suffers and the partners become emotionally distanced. For other couples, a breakup or divorce does not allow them to cut ties because of shared parenting responsibilities. In such cases, ongoing conflict likely deepened during the divorce process may continue indefinitely. This paper explores the designation of high‐conflict couples, and groups these couples by those that are still together and by those that have dissolved a partnership and yet must still interact. In each case, the suggested contributors to high‐conflict interaction are given. I argue that current sociological understanding of high‐conflict partnerships is limited by false dichotomies between intact and unpartnered couples, as well as between violent and nonviolent conflict. I draw from the psychoanalytic and counseling literature as well, to suggest that interpersonal power, and perceived relative lack of power in relation to the other, is a common factor that bridges these discrete groups. Finally, I discuss negative consequences of such interaction and reiterate the need for further scholarship in this area.
An Innovative Gas Turbine Cycle With Methanol-Fueled Chemical-Looping Combustion
Authors: Jin Hongguang , Zhang Xiaosong , Hong Hui , Han Wei
Published: July 2009

In this paper, a novel gas turbine cycle integrating methanol decomposition and the chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is proposed. Two types of methanol-fueled power plants, including the new gas turbine cycle with CLC combustion and a chemically intercooled gas turbine cycle, have been investigated with the aid of the T-Q diagram. In the proposed system, methanol fuel is decomposed into syngas mainly containing H2 and CO by recovering low-temperature thermal energy from an intercooler of the air compressor. After the decomposition of methanol, the resulting product of syngas is divided into two parts: the part reacting with Fe2O3 is sent into the CLC subsystem, and the other part is introduced into a supplement combustor to enhance the inlet temperatures of the gas turbine to 1100–1500°C. As a result, the new methanol-fueled gas turbine cycle with CLC had a breakthrough in thermodynamic and environmental performance. The thermal efficiency of the new system can achieve 60.6% with 70% of CO2 recovery at a gas turbine inlet temperature of 1300°C. It would be expected to be at least about 10.7 percentage points higher than that of the chemically intercooled gas turbine cycle with the same recovery of CO2 and is environmentally superior due to the recovery of CO2. The promising results obtained here indicated that this novel gas turbine cycle with methanol-fueled chemical-looping combustion could provide a promising approach of both effective use of alternative fuel and recovering low-temperature waste heat and offer a technical probability of blending a combination of the chemical-looping combustion and the advanced gas turbine for carbon capture and storage.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF SCALED III-V AND Si BALLISTIC NANOWIRE MOSFETs
Authors: WANG LINGQUAN (DENNIS) , YU BO , ASBECK PETER M. , TAUR YUAN , RODWELL MARK
Published: July 2009

This paper describes analysis and simulations of Si and III-V Gate-All-Around nanowire MOSFETS assuming ballistic or quasi-ballistic transport. It is found that either channel material can provide the higher saturation current depending on the oxide thickness. For effective oxide thickness above approximately 0.5nm, the higher electron velocity of III-V's outweighs the higher density of states available in the Si device associated with higher effective mass and valley degeneracy and result in higher current for the III-V device. However, materials with higher effective mass and valley degeneracy result in smaller on-resistance in ballistic limit. Depending on the gate oxide capacitance, valley degeneracy may influence the attainable saturation current in a positive or negative way.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE 50-NM METAMORPHIC HIGH ELECTRON-MOBILITY TRANSISTORS WITH HIGH BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES
Authors: XU DONG , KONG WENDELL M.T. , YANG XIAOPING , SEEKELL P. , MOHNKERN L. , KARIMY H. , DUH K.H.G. , SMITH P.M. , CHAO P.C.
Published: July 2009

This paper reports a successful improvement of the low breakdown voltages in short gate-length metamorphic high electron-mobility transistors. The technical approach includes both the optimization of the epitaxial layer design and the selection of the proper gate recess scheme. By employing a novel epitaxial design (including a high indium composite channel and the double-sided doping) and an asymmetric gate recess, both the off-state and on-state breakdown voltages have been improved for 50-nm high-performance metamorphic high electron-mobility transistors. The results reported herein demonstrate that these devices are excellent candidates for ultra-high-frequency power applications.
PACKAGING AND WIDE-PULSE SWITCHING OF 4 MM × 4 MM SILICON CARBIDE GTOs
Authors: O'BRIEN HEATHER , KOEBKE M. GAIL
Published: July 2009

The U. S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is investigating compact, energy-dense electronic components to realize high-power, vehicle-mounted survivability and lethality systems. These applications require switching components that are low in weight and volume, exhibit reliable performance, and are easy to integrate into the vehicles' systems. The devices reported here are 4 mm × 4 mm silicon carbide GTOs rated for 3000 V blocking. These devices were packaged at ARL for high pulse current capability, high voltage protection, and minimum package inductance. The GTOs were switched in a 1-ms half-sine, single-pulse discharge circuit to determine reliable peak current and recovery time (or Tq). The GTOs were repeatedly switched over 300 A peak (3.3 A/cm2 and an action of 60 A2s) with a recovery time of 20 µs. The switches were also evaluated for dV/dt immunity up to an instantaneous slope of 3 kV/ µs.
SINGLE-WALL CARBON NANOTUBES ADDITION EFFECTS ON THE SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES OF MgB2
Authors: SERRANO GERMÁN , SERQUIS ADRIANA , CIVALE LEONARDO , MAIOROV BORIS , HOLESINGER TERRY G. , BALAKIREV FEDOR , JAIME MARCELO
Published: July 2009

In this work we describe the effects of adding different amount of single-wall (sw) carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the superconducting properties of MgB 2. We observed that the amount of swCNT that partially dilute into the MgB 2 matrix is lower than for double-wall (dw) CNT samples for the same nominal content. This C incorporation leads to an increase of the upper critical field (Hc2), with a maximum Hc2(0) extrapolated value of 33.5 T, expected for a two-gap superconductor in the dirty limit. At the same time, the fraction of swCNT that has not been incorporated into MgB 2 lattice may retain their structural integrity acting as strong vortex pinning centers. In this case the optimum nominal swCNT content for increasing critical current density (Jc) is in the range 7.5-10%at.
CRITICAL CURRENT DENSITY PERFORMANCE OF MALIC ACID DOPED MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE WIRES AT DIFFERENT OPERATING TEMPERATURES
Authors: XU X. , KIM J. H. , ZHANG Y. , JERCINOVIC M. , BABIC E.
Published: July 2009

We investigated the effects of different operating temperatures on the performance of transport critical current density, Jc, for MgB 2 + 10 wt % C 4 H 6 O 5 MgB 2/ Fe wires. It was shown that the Jc values of the malic acid doped wires sintered at 900°C reached 104 Acm-2 at 20 K and 5 T. The Jc value extrapolated to 2 T and 20 K exceeds the practical level of 105 Acm-2. According to the Kramer plots, the pinning force, FK = Jc1/2 x B1/4, is expected to be a linear function of magnetic field B. The irreversibility field, B irr , at which extrapolated FK reaches zero, was 1.8 T at 32.8 K, 2.8 T at 30 K, 5.7 T at 25 K, 8.6 T at 20 K, and 12.5 T at 15 K, respectively.
THE GD CONCENTRATION DEPENDENCE OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ROOM TEMPERATURE FERROMAGNETIC ZNO:GD SEMICONDUCTOR
Authors: LIM S. T. , SONG W. D. , TEO K. L. , LIEW T. , CHONG T. C.
Published: July 2009

We present structural and magnetic properties of ZnO films doped with rare-earth Gd ions at various concentrations, achieved by ion implantation technique and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on ZnO (0001) single crystals and sapphire. X-ray diffraction shows Gd doping in ZnO and crystal quality degrades with increasing Gd concentration. Magnetization as a function of temperature revealed a positive magnetization at 305 K and a concave trend was observed for all samples for both implanted and PLD grown samples. The highest saturation magnetization was achieved for Gd concentration of x = 7.9 % (0.7 µ B / Gd ) and at dosage of 9.0 × 1015 cm -2 (2.6 µ B / Gd ) for the PLD grown and implanted samples, respectively. We believe that the Gd ion solubility limit in the implanted and PLD grown samples, of around 3% and 7.9%, respectively, are reached.
SYNTHESIS OF NANO-CRYSTALLINE CO3O4 PARTICLES BY HYDROTHERMAL METHOD UNDER PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: DENG XIAOLONG , LI YING , ZHU MINGYUAN , JIN HONGMING , WANG ZHUN , ZHU ZHENZHEN , LIU HUAKUN
Published: July 2009

Nanocrystalline CO 3 O 4 particles were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method under pulsed magnetic field. The effect of magnetic field and aging time on the morphology and microstructure were examined. Different morphologies were observed from SEM images for the samples fabricated with or without pulsed magnetic field. The pulsed magnetic field made CO 3 O 4 sphere compact and more smooth surface. The hollow sphere morphology and refined grain of CO 3 O 4 were formed after aging process.
ON A PARABOLIC FREE BOUNDARY EQUATION MODELING PRICE FORMATION
Authors: MARKOWICH P. A. , MATEVOSYAN N. , PIETSCHMANN J.-F. , WOLFRAM M.-T.
Published: July 2009

We discuss existence and uniqueness of solutions for a one-dimensional parabolic evolution equation with a free boundary. This problem was introduced by Lasry and Lions as description of the dynamical formation of the price of a trading good.

Short time existence and uniqueness is established by a contraction argument. Then we discuss the issue of global-in-time-extension of the local solution which is closely related to the regularity of the free boundary. We also present numerical results.
WORKSPACE OF DIGITAL HUMAN LOWER EXTREMITIES
Authors: YANG JINGZHOU (JAMES)
Published: July 2009

This paper presents an applicable formula for determining the workspace of digital human lower extremities. The digital human model has over 100 degrees of freedom (DOF): 94 in the upper body, 14 in the lower extremities, 5 in the neck, 4 in the eyes, and 25 for each hand. The Jacobian row rank deficiency criteria are implemented to determine the singular surfaces that finally form the workspace. The use of this digital human model for determining workspace offers several advantages over direct measurement: (1) the workspace can be visualized in real-time based on offline computation, (2) the workspace can be used for the ergonomic design of products in the virtual prototyping stage, and (3) the calculated workspace includes complete information about the envelope and inside characteristics.
RANDOM COMPLEXES AND ℓ2-BETTI NUMBERS
Authors: LYONS RUSSELL
Published: July 2009

Uniform spanning trees on finite graphs and their analogues on infinite graphs are a well-studied area. On a Cayley graph of a group, we show that they are related to the first ℓ2-Betti number of the group. Our main aim, however, is to present the basic elements of a higher-dimensional analogue on finite and infinite CW-complexes, which relate to the higher ℓ2-Betti numbers. One consequence is a uniform isoperimetric inequality extending work of Lyons, Pichot, and Vassout. We also present an enumeration similar to recent work of Duval, Klivans and Martin.
ON LENGTHS ON SEMISIMPLE GROUPS
Authors: DE CORNULIER YVES
Published: July 2009

We prove that every length on a simple group over a locally compact field, is either bounded or proper.
Coordination of Lipid Metabolism in Membrane Biogenesis
Authors: Nohturfft Axel , Zhang Shao Chong
Published: July 2009

Bilayer synthesis during membrane biogenesis involves the concerted assembly of multiple lipid species, requiring coordination of the level of lipid synthesis, uptake, turnover, and subcellular distribution. In this review, we discuss some of the salient conclusions regarding the coordination of lipid synthesis that have emerged from work in mammalian and yeast cells. The principal instruments of global control are a small number of transcription factors that target a wide range of genes encoding enzymes that operate in a given metabolic pathway. Critical in mammalian cells are sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) that stimulate expression of genes for the uptake and synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. From work with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, much has been learned about glycerophospholipid and ergosterol regulation through Ino2p/Ino4p and Upc2p transcription factors, respectively. Lipid supply is fine-tuned through a multitude of negative feedback circuits initiated by both end products and intermediates of lipid synthesis pathways. Moreover, there is evidence that the diversity of membrane lipids is maintained through cross-regulatory effects, whereby classes of lipids activate the activity of enzymes operating in another metabolic branch.
Malaria at Parturition in Nigeria: Current Status and Delivery Outcome
Authors: Mokuolu Olugbenga A. , Falade Catherine O. , Orogade Adeola A. , Okafor Henrietta U. , Adedoyin Olanrewaju T. , Oguonu Tagbo A. , Dada-Adegbola Hannah O. , Oguntayo O. A. , Ernest Samuel K. , Hamer Davidson H. , Callahan Michael V.
Published: July 2009

Background. To evaluate the current status of malaria at parturition and its impact on delivery outcome in Nigeria.Methods. A total of 2500 mother-neonate pairs were enrolled at 4 sites over a 12-month period. Maternal and placental blood smears for malaria parasitaemia and haematocrit were determined.Results. Of the 2500 subjects enrolled, 625 were excluded from analysis because of breach in study protocol. The mean age of the remaining 1875 mothers was 29.0±5.1 years. The prevalence of parasitaemia was 17% and 14% in the peripheral blood and placenta of the parturient women, respectively. Peripheral blood parasitaemia was negatively associated with increasing parity (P<.0001). Maternal age<20 years was significantly associated with both peripheral blood and placental parasitaemia. After adjusting for covariates only age<20 years was associated with placental parasitaemia. Peripheral blood parasitaemia in the women was associated with anaemia (PCV≤30%) lower mean hematocrit (P<.0001). lower mean birth weight (P<.001) and a higher proportion of low birth weight babies (LBW), (P=.025).Conclusion. In Nigeria, maternal age<20 years was the most important predisposing factor to malaria at parturition. The main impacts on pregnancy outcome were a twofold increase in rate of maternal anaemia and higher prevalence of LBW.
Tea Polyphenols Regulate Key Mediators on Inflammatory Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Suzuki Jun-ichi , Isobe Mitsuaki , Morishita Ryuichi , Nagai Ryozo
Published: July 2009

Tea polyphenols known as catechins are key components with many biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticarcinogenic effects. These effects are induced by the suppression of several inflammatory factors including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B). While these characteristics of catechins have been well documented, actions of catechins as mediators on inflammation-related cardiovascular diseases have not yet been well investigated. In this article, we reviewed recent papers to reveal the anti-inflammatory effects of catechins in cardiovascular diseases. In our laboratory, we performed oral administration of catechins into murine and rat models of cardiac transplantation, myocarditis, myocardial ischemia, and atherosclerosis to reveal the effects of catechins on the inflammation-induced ventricular and arterial remodeling. From our results, catechins are potent agents for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cardiovascular diseases because they are critically involved in the suppression of proinflammatory signaling pathways.
Cyclic Deformation Behavior and Fatigue Crack Propagation of Low Carbon Steel Prestrained in Tension
Authors: Wang J. G. , Jia W. P. , Ju D. Y.
Published: July 2009

The tests were performed on low carbon steel plate. In the tension fatigue tests, two angle values (ϕ = 0° and ϕ = 45°, ϕ is the angle between the loading and the rolling direction) have been chosen. The influence of strain path change on the subsequent initial work softening rate and the saturation stress has been investigated. Dislocation microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the strain amount of preloading in tension has obviously affected the cyclic softening phenomenon and the initial cyclic softening rate. It was observed that the reloading axial stress for ϕ = 45° case increased more than that of ϕ = 0° case, due to the anisotropism of Q235. In the fatigue crack propagation tests, the experimental results show that with increasing the pretension deformation degree, the fatigue crack growth rate increases, especially at the near threshold section.
MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Breast Cancer
Authors: Heneghan H. M. , Miller N. , Lowery A. J. , Sweeney K. J. , Kerin M. J.
Published: July 2009

Breast cancer is a complex phenotypically diverse genetic disease, involving a variety of changes in gene expression and structure. Recent advances in molecular profiling technology have made great progress in unravelling the molecular taxonomy of breast cancer, which has shed new light on the aetiology of the disease and also heralded great potential for the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Mi(cro)RNAs are a contemporary class of small noncoding endogenous RNA molecules, generating great excitement in the clinical and scientific communities. The recent discovery that miRNA expression is frequently dysregulated in cancer has uncovered an entirely new repertoire of molecular factors upstream of gene expression, which warrants extensive investigation to further elucidate their precise role in malignancy. We present a comprehensive and timely review of the role of miRNAs in cancer: addressing miRNA function, their putative role as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, with a particular emphasis on breast cancer throughout. We discuss the recent discovery of quantifiable circulating cancer-associated miRNAs, which heralds immense potential for their use as novel minimally invasive biomarkers for breast and other cancers. Finally, we comment on the potential role of miRNAs in breast cancer management, particularly in improving current prognostic tools and achieving the goal of individualized cancer treatment.
Le rôle du microbiote dans l’allergie
Authors: Kalliomäki Marko
Published: July 2009

L’hypothèse de l’hygiène relie l’épidémie de manifestations cliniques d’allergie, d’eczéma atopique, de rhinoconjonctivite allergique et d’asthme qui se developpe à une diminution de l’exposition à des micro-organismes à un stade précoce en conséquence de modifications environnementales dans les pays industrialisés. Il s’agit notamment d’une amélioration des conditions sanitaires et de vie, des vaccinations et des traitements antimicrobiens ainsi que d’une diminution de la taille des familles et de modifications des apports alimentaires. La découverte de trois sous-groupes de lymphocytes T régulateurs a révolutionné la base immunologique initiale de l’hypothèse de l’hygiène, limitée aux lymphocytes T auxiliaires 1 (Th1)/auxiliaires 2 (Th2). En cas de déficience de la tolérance orale, une allergie apparaît. Des données expérimentales et cliniques récentes indiquent nettement que le développement et l’entretien de la tolérance orale dépendent de ces lymphocytes T régulateurs immunosuppresseurs. De plus, des études ont démontré que le microbiote intestinal était capital pour l’expression et la fonction adéquates des lymphocytes T régulateurs, connectant ainsi étroitement le microbiote à l’allergie. De fait, un grand nombre d’études transversales a montré que la composition du microbiote intestinal différait chez des enfants atteints d’eczéma atopique de celle des témoins en bonne santé. La plupart des études prospectives de suivi publiées à ce jour ont également montré que des altérations du microbiote intestinal précédaient l’apparition d’une allergie. Des modifications de la quantité de bifidobactéries, de clostridies et d’Escherichiacoli ont été les observations les plus fréquentes au cours de ces études. Les contextes des études prospectives ont cependant différé de façon considérable, ce qui complique l’interprétation des causes probables de la variabilité des résultats. Les futures études en ce domaine devront non seulement utiliser de nouvelles techniques moléculaires pour l’évaluation du microbiote intestinal, mais encore prendre en considération plusieurs autres aspects discutés dans le présent article.
Microbiote intestinal, obésité et diabète
Authors: Bibiloni Rodrigo , Membrez Mathieu , Chou Chieh Jason
Published: July 2009

L’épidémie d’obésité qui se developpe n’est plus limitée aux pays industrialisés. En 2005, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé a lancé un cri d’alarme en annonçant qu’environ 400 millions d’adultes étaient obèses et que 20 millions d’enfants étaient en surpoids au plan mondial. L’obésité est un problème complexe de santé dont les conséquences sont graves, notamment sous la forme d’un diabète de type 2, d’affections cardiovasculaires, et d’autres encore. La contribution de facteurs comportementaux, génétiques et environnementaux à l’obésité et au surpoids a fait l’objet d’études. Des données récentes indiquent que la communauté des micro-organismes qui résident dans l’intestin, appelée microbiote intestinal, peut influencer l’absorption des nutriments et le stockage de l’énergie. Des données indiquent que la composition du microbiote diffère entre les souris obèses et les souris minces et qu’il en est de même chez l’homme, ce qui suggère que sa modulation pourrait être une nouvelle perspective pour le traitement de l’obésité et du surpoids. Nous analyserons ici les données scientifiques disponibles à l’appui de cette hypothèse. Nous résumerons également les résultats d’études récentes centrées sur les contributions du microbiote intestinal au diabète.
A Novel Phospholipid-Based Drug Formulation, VP025, Modulates Age- and LPS-Induced Microglial Activity in the Rat
Authors: Martin Darren S.D. , Walsh Michelle , Miller Anne-Marie , Skerrett Helen E. , Byrne Patricia , Mandel Arkady , Bolton Anthony E. , Lynch Marina A.
Published: July 2009

Background: A common change that occurs with age in the central nervous system is an increase in microglial-associated inflammation. This is usually coupled with an increase in the concentration of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the hippocampus and an inhibition in long-term potentiation. Objectives: To assess the effects of a novel preparation of phospholipid nanoparticles incorporating phosphatidylglycerol, VP025, on inflammatory changes in hippocampus of aged and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. Methods/Results: We report that a possible initial target cell of the putative anti-inflammatory actions of VP025 may be macrophages, as VP025 is engulfed by, and has the capacity to alter the activity of, these cells. VP025 reversed the increase in IFN-γ concentration in supernatant taken from peritoneal macrophages harvested from LPS-treated rats. In addition, markers of microglial activity, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) mRNA expression, CD40 expression and IL-1β concentration were increased, and CD200 expression was reduced, in the hippocampus of these rats. VP025 reversed changes in CD40, IL-1β and CD200 in aged rats, and also restored long-term potentiation in aged and LPS-treated rats. Conclusions: We conclude that VP025 has the ability to modulate the activity of macrophage, microglia and neurons in response to stressors such as ageing and LPS treatment.
Personality Disorders in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals: Relationship with Alcohol Dependence Severity
Authors: Preuss U.W. , Johann M. , Fehr C. , Koller G. , Wodarz N. , Hesselbrock V. , Wong W.M. , Soyka M.
Published: July 2009

The rate of axis II disorders in alcohol-dependent individuals is suggested to be high. The aim of this investigation is to assess the rate of DSM-IV axis II diagnoses in alcohol-dependent inpatients and their correlation with clinical characteristics of alcohol dependence (AD). 1,079 inpatients with DSM-IV AD from three inpatient addiction treatment centers (‘qualified detoxification’, open psychiatric university hospital wards) were included. Characteristics of AD were obtained using standardized structured interviews. Diagnoses of DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs) were generated with SCID-II-PQ and SCID-II interviews. Alcoholism severity was measured using the number of DSM-IV criteria endorsed and age at first drinking. Approximately 60% of the sample had at least one PD. However, rates of Axis II disorders differed significantly across centers. The most frequent PDs were obsessive-compulsive, borderline, narcissistic and paranoid PD. Diagnosis of any PD was related to a more severe clinical profile of AD. Regression analyses revealed that obsessive-compulsive PD was related to the number of DSM-IV criteria endorsed while antisocial PD was related to early age at first drinking. The majority of alcohol-dependent individuals had one or more comorbid axis II disorders. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that different PDs are related to age at first dinking and alcoholism severity.
Observations on Unaided Smoking Cessation after Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Kuhn J. , Bauer R. , Pohl S. , Lenartz D. , Huff W. , Kim E.H. , Klosterkoetter J. , Sturm V.
Published: July 2009

Aims: We explore whether clinical research on deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to treat addiction is justified besides theoretical speculation. Methods: Since 2004, 10 patients who were also smokers were treated at the University of Cologne for Tourette’s syndrome (TS), obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) or anxiety disorders (AD) by DBS of the NAc. We assessed their smoking behavior after DBS and (in retrospection) before by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and additional items. Results: Three male patients were able to quit smoking after DBS. They were less dependent and higher motivated compared to the rest of the sample. They are stimulated with a higher voltage. During 1-year, 2-year, and 30-month follow-ups, we found a higher rate of successful smoking cessation (20, 30 and 30%) compared to unaided smoking cessation in the general population (13, 19 and 8.7%). Conclusions: Albeit the results of the study are severely limited by the method of retrospective self-assessment of psychiatric patients, further research of DBS of the NAc to treat addiction seems justified. In addition to biological mediators, psychosocial factors should be assessed in further prospective studies.
Botulinum Toxin as Preventive Treatment for Migraine: A Randomized Double-Blind Study
Authors: Petri Susanne , Tölle Thomas , Straube Andreas , Pfaffenrath Volker , Stefenelli Ulrich , Ceballos-Baumann Andres
Published: July 2009

Aim: To determine if botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injections can reduce the frequency and severity of migraines. Methods: Patients (n = 127) were randomized to receive placebo or two doses of BoNT-A (Dysport®). The primary endpoint was reduction in number of migraine attacks up to week 8 and between weeks 8 and 12 after injection. Patient diaries were used to record secondary endpoints, including frequency, severity and duration of migraine attacks. Results: There was a mean reduction of 0.54 and 0.94 attacks/month with placebo and BoNT-A, respectively, and absolute attack count was less in the verum group (3.6 vs. 4.2 attacks/month), but this was not statistically significant. The patients’ global assessment of efficacy was significantly better than placebo in the high-dose group (p = 0.02) but no effects were seen for the other secondary efficacy parameters. Conclusion: Our study showed a trend towards a reduced attack rate with verum but did not show any statistically significant efficacy of BoNT-A in the prophylactic treatment of migraine.
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage after Acute Ischemic Stroke and Its Risk Factors in Asians
Authors: Hsu Huan-Lin , Lin Ya-Hui , Huang Yen-Chu , Weng Hsu-Huei , Lee Meng , Huang Wen-Yi , Lee Jiann-Der
Published: July 2009

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the frequency and risk factors of gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke patients in Taiwan. Method: 920 patients admitted for acute ischemic stroke from January 2001 to October 2005 were included in the study. We reviewed the available medical records for any episode of GI hemorrhage, possible precipitating factors and administration of ulcer prophylaxis. Results: Seventy-two patients (7.8%) experienced GI hemorrhage; these patients were of an older age (74.7 vs. 69.0 years, p < 0.001), had a longer acute ward stay (30.4 vs. 12.9 days, p < 0.001) and higher mortality rate (odds ratio 9.61, CI 4.53–20.42) than patients without GI hemorrhage. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the important risk factors of GI hemorrhage included sepsis, previous history of GI hemorrhage, severe stroke, renal insufficiency and abnormal liver function. Of the 779 patients who had a 0–1 risk factor, 26 (3.3%) experienced GI hemorrhage; of the 27 patients with more than 2 risk factors, 17 (63%) suffered GI hemorrhage. Conclusion: This study of Asians revealed a higher frequency of GI hemorrhage after acute ischemic stroke than that reported in previous studies, and the frequency of GI hemorrhage was positively correlated with the number of risk factors present. We suggest that identifying stroke patients with a high risk of hemorrhage may allow clinicians to set up ulcer prophylactic protocols for the patients most likely to benefit, especially in an Asian population.
Romantic Fantasies of Madness and Objections to Psychotropic Medication
Authors: Tutter Adele
Published: July 2009

Many patients object to, and often refuse, psychotropic medications. The exploration—a “defense analysis”—of their objections brings attention to ubiquitous fantasies of madness, which may be feared and concealed as a source of shame, destruction, and loss, and also cherished and revered as a source of power, inspiration, and mystery. They are commonly illuminated when the prospect of taking medication threatens to expose, confirm, and defuse the fantasized hidden or latent madness. Conscious or unconscious, fantasies of madness can be deeply, appealingly romantic in nature, providing valuable narcissistic supplies while defending against their more humiliating and terrifying aspects. Drawing on personal dynamics, experiences, and identifications, they are thus ultimately and intimately linked to representations of the self. Significant romantic texts illustrate how split-off conceptualizations of madness function as an organizing repository for unacceptable and intolerable emotions, wishes, and impulses. Psychoanalysts may also object to the introduction of medication into an analytic treatment. The analyst's own fantasies around madness and medication may in some cases motivate enactments in which the talking cure is privileged and medication excluded from analytic treatment or from analytic process.
The Training Analyst: Analyst, Teacher, Mentor
Authors: Bosworth Hillery , Aizaga Karen , Cabaniss Deborah L.
Published: July 2009

Although the literature has stressed that the training analysis should be identical to a nontraining “therapeutic analysis,” it was hypothesized that differences do exist between the two, particularly with respect to educational aims. Candidates at the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research were sent anonymous questionnaires and asked to identify aims they felt were being achieved in the training analysis and to identify certain types of interventions that their training analyst made. Most candidates reported that widely accepted goals of the training analysis, such as promoting understanding of countertransference reactions, were being met in their analysis. Many also endorsed didactic and educational goals. Almost all reported using their analyst's technique to some degree as a model for their own. Most notably, a significant minority of candidates reported that their analyst made interventions that appeared to have a primarily didactic, supervisory, or mentoring purpose. The implications of these findings for an understanding of the role of the personal analysis in psychoanalytic education are discussed.
What is A “Good Enough” Termination?
Authors: Gabbard Glen O.
Published: July 2009

In Freud's technique papers, he failed to develop a systematic approach to termination. Much of the existing literature is based on psychoanalytic mythologies about the way patients are expected to end analysis. The models described in the literature are often starkly at odds with what one sees in clinical practice. A wish for idealized versions of termination underlies much of what has been written, and we need to shift to a conceptual model involving “good enough” termination. A number of different endings to psychoanalysis may, in the long run, lead to productive outcomes; these models are examined, as are various approaches to the dilemmas presented at the time of termination.
French Perspectives on Eugenics as Seen Through Selected Writings of Georges Duhamel
Authors: Lyle Louise
Published: July 2009

This article considers changes in French attitudes towards eugenics, or the science of producing higher-quality human beings, during the 1930s, as viewed through the writings of the médecin-écrivain Georges Duhamel. Particular reference is made to Scènes de la vie future (1930), a satire inspired by the author's 1928 visit to the USA, and Les Maîtres (1937), an autobiographically inspired novel recounting the formative years of a young researcher in the scientific laboratories of 1900s Paris. Duhamel's writings reveal a strong hostility towards eugenics, seen as the extreme limit of mass-production technology in its direct application to human beings, which may be traced back to the beginning of his career and which remained constant thereafter. This article will aim to show how, in spite of this unchanging hostility, Duhamel's work reflects the growth of interest in eugenic issues in 1930s France.
The Best Kept Secret in Sports
Authors: Judge Lawrence W. , Petersen Jeffrey , Lydum Matt
Published: July 2009

The International Olympic Committee seeks to reignite interest in Olympic sports in a generation of adolescents that are becoming increasingly overweight and inactive. International Olympic Committee president, Jacques Rogge, helped develop a plan for an Olympic Games for teenagers in 2010; the IOC general assembly approved the idea. But since its declaration on 6 July 2007 this new proposal has provoked loyal advocates and equally committed critics. This study examines the level of awareness of this event in the sporting community in the United States. This newly passed initiative will be examined for academic scrutiny from its very infancy, tracing and predicting impact and outcome from the perspective of athletes, coaches, parents and local and national sport officials in the United States.
International education and the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
Authors: Hughes Conrad
Published: July 2009

This article aims to look at the concepts of internationalism and international education through the lens of postcolonial theory, arguing that the fundamental aims of international education are obstructed as it remains a concept locked in the idea of the nation state that has not evolved with the ideas of major postcolonial theorists. However, through careful curricular choices within the International Baccalaureate (IB) academic programmes, international education in practice can transcend its theoretical limitations.
Teacher—student relationships in an International Baccalaureate school in China
Authors: Yue Zhang  , McGrath Ian
Published: July 2009

This article describes a case study conducted at an International Baccalaureate World School in mainland China in which the majority of faculty and over 98 per cent of students are Chinese. The purpose of the study was to investigate and compare the teacher—student relationships of Chinese and non-Chinese teachers, with a specific focus on the teachers' role and time spent with students. The study also explored students' perspectives on any differences. The overall intention was to provide an in-depth and systematic interpretation of the nature of any differences and the reasons for these in an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of co-constructed pedagogy.
Stakeholder experiences of a dual-language international school
Authors: Fryer Timothy
Published: July 2009

Dual-language education has many different meanings and there is much variation to be found among international schools. Is it possible to combine both concepts to the satisfaction of all stakeholders? This article reports the findings of a qualitative study at a dual-language international school that examines the views of the students, parents and teachers/leaders on the success of the school in achieving its multiple aims.
Abortion and domestic violence
Authors: Aston Gillian , Bewley Susan
Published: July 2009

Domestic violence is a common problem.

Higher rates are found when abortion is repeated or not disclosed to partners.

Policy makers and abortion providers need to consider the healthcare needs of abused women.

Doctors can identify women experiencing domestic violence and provide support, including information about available resources.

Changes to abortion law could particularly affect women who have been raped or who experience domestic violence.

Learning objectives:

To understand the relationship between domestic violence and abortion.

To distinguish facts about domestic violence from cultural myths.

Ethical issues:

Training staff to deal with domestic violence requires support for those staff who are survivors or perpetrators of violence.

Whatever the moral status of the fetus, domestic violence in pregnancy is a crime against women.

Please cite this article as: Aston G, Bewley S. Abortion and domestic violence. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:163–168.
Superconductivity in covalent semiconductors
Authors: Iakoubovskii Konstantin
Published: July 2009

This review covers recent advances in superconductivity of diamond, Si, SiC, group III–V and II–IV semiconductors, metal-intercalated graphite and fullerites. The results are critically analyzed and prospects are given for future research directions. In particular, it is argued that the highest transition temperatures of ∼9 K in diamond and 11.5 K in CaC6 can further be enhanced and that no reliable evidence exists yet for superconductivity in III-V semiconductors.
Evaluating Potential Factors Affecting Puma Puma concolor Abundance in the Mexican Chihuahuan Desert
Authors: Laundré John W. , Salazar Joel Loredo , Hernández Lucina , López Daniel Nuñez
Published: July 2009

The distribution and abundance of pumas Puma concolor within mountain ranges of similar size in the Mexican Chihuahuan desert is known to vary. In 2001–2002, we tested 11 variables pertaining to habitat composition, prey abundance and anthropogenic factors to identify which ones might explain the difference in puma abundance between two mountain ranges (El Cuervo and Sierra Rica) of similar size. We found that shrub density (32.2±1.9 (SE) vs 30.0±1.7 shrubs/km2) and diversity (2.1±0.1 vs 1.9 ± 0.1) did not differ between the two ranges. However, El Cuervo had significantly lower density of mule deer Odocoileus hemionus (158.3 ± 62.6/km2 vs 703.3± 296.1/km2) and collared peccary Tayassu tajacu (5.0 ± 2.8/km2 vs 146.7± 70.1/km2) faecal groups than Sierra Rica. Conversely, anthropogenic factors such as road density (52.4 km/100 km2 vs 43.9 km/100km2), town density (25 towns/100 km2 vs 6 towns/100 km2) and human density (6 individuals/100 km2 vs 0.08 individuals/100 km2), were higher for El Cuervo than for Sierra Rica. We hypothesized that anthropogenic factors were the most important in explaining the difference in abundance of pumas between the two ranges. We propose that the higher number of people and accessibility to El Cuervo results in a high incidence of illegal hunting which suppresses prey and puma populations. We discuss the consequences of our results to the conservation of pumas in the Mexican Chihuahuan desert.