bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failsafe Control Methods for EVs with the Failsafe Structure Driven by Front and Rear Wheels Independently
Authors: Mutoh Nobuyoshi , Tomita Yoshiki
Published: May 2018

This paper describes failsafe control methods for electric vehicles (EVs) with the failsafe structure in which front and rear wheels are driven independently. Based on failure-diagnosis results, the failsafe control is done by dividing fault states into two types, i.e. a slight failure such as a current or a speed sensor failure and a serious failure such as an inverter or a motor failure. For the latter, the EV keeps on driving with only the healthy drive system by separating the drive system including the failed inverter or motor. On the other hand, for the former, a fault tolerant control is performed that keeps on driving while compensating for the function of the failed sensors so that the drive performance before failure can be maintained as much as possible. Effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified through simulations and experiments using bench test equipment which is equivalent to the actual EV drive systems and a prototype EV.
Guidelines for Measurement of Quantity-of-Electricity in Fuel Consumption Test for HEVs
Authors: Shimizu Ken-ichi , Nihei Mitsuya , Okamoto Takanori
Published: May 2018

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are one of the most energy efficient vehicles for urban traffic use. Most of the HEVs on the current market are non-externally chargeable hybrid electric vehicles. ISO standardizing for the fuel consumption test methods for this type of vehicle has just been completed. However, as HEVs are still in the development stage, the standard only covers the basic aspects of the test method and the accuracy of quantity-of-electricity measurements needs to be considered. In this paper, we discuss the effect of the accuracy of quantity-of-electricity measurements on fuel consumption measurements. We also propose measurement guidelines for achieving the required accuracy for the resultant fuel consumption for every HEV.
Sorting Through the Many Total-Energy-Cycle Pathways Possible with Early Plug-In Hybrids
Authors: Meyers Dana , Willis Kammy
Published: May 2018

Using the “total energy cycle” methodology, we compare U.S. near term (to ~ 2015) alternative pathways for converting energy to light-duty vehicle kilometers of travel (VKT) in plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), hybrids (HEVs), and conventional vehicles (CVs). For PHEVs, we present total energy-per-unit-of-VKT information two ways (1) energy from the grid during charge depletion (CD); (2) energy from stored on-board fossil fuel when charge sustaining (CS). We examine “incremental” sources of supply of liquid fuel such as (a) oil sands from Canada, (b) Fischer-Tropsch diesel via natural gas imported by LNG tanker, and (c) ethanol from cellulosic biomass. We compare such fuel pathways to various possible power converters producing electricity, including (i) new coal boilers, (ii) new integrated, gasified coal combined cycle (IGCC), (iii) existing natural gas fueled combined cycle (NGCC), (iv) existing natural gas combustion turbines, (v) wood-to-electricity, and (vi) wind/solar. We simulate a fuel cell HEV and also consider the possibility of a plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicle (FCV). For the simulated FCV our results address the merits of converting some fuels to hydrogen to power the fuel cell vs. conversion of those same fuels to electricity to charge the PHEV battery. The investigation is confined to a U.S. compact sized car (i.e. a world passenger car). Where most other studies have focused on emissions (greenhouse gases and conventional air pollutants), this study focuses on identification of the pathway providing the most vehicle kilometers from each of five feedstocks examined. The GREET 1.7 fuel cycle model and the new GREET 2.7 vehicle cycle model were used as the foundation for this study. Total energy, energy by fuel type, total greenhouse gases (GHGs), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), fine particulate (PM2.5) and sulfur oxides (SOx) values are presented. We also isolate the PHEV emissions contribution from varying kWh storage capability of battery packs in HEVs and PHEVs from ~ 16 to 64 km of charge depleting distance. Sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to the effect of replacing the battery once during the vehicle’s life. The paper includes one appendix that examines several recent studies of interactions of PHEVs with patterns of electric generation and one that provides definitions, acronyms, and fuel consumption estimation steps.
Energy on Demand
Authors: Thomas Tricia
Published: May 2018

The increasing demand and subsequent increasing price of fossil fuels have coupled with concern over global warming to encourage interest in sustainable forms of energy and “greener” transportation. Hybrid vehicles are slowly gaining ground on traditional vehicles, bringing improved fuel efficiency and greater consumer interest in electric vehicles.[...]
Impact of Component Size on Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Energy Consumption Using Global Optimization
Authors: Karbowski Dominik , Haliburton Chris , Rousseau Aymeric
Published: May 2018

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are a promising alternative to gas-only vehicles and offer the potential to greatly reduce fuel use in transportation. Their potential energy consumption is highly linked to the size of components. This study focuses on the impact of the electric system energy and power on control and energy consumption. Based on a parallel pre-transmission architecture, several vehicles were modeled, with an all-electric range from 5 to 40 miles on the UDDS, to illustrate various levels of available electric energy. Five others vehicles were created, with various levels of power and same battery energy. The vehicles were then simulated under optimal control on multiple combinations of cycle and distance by using a global optimization algorithm. The global optimization algorithm, based on the Bellman principle, ensures a fair comparison between different vehicles by making each vehicle operate at its maximal potential. The results from each optimization are thoroughly analyzed to highlight control patterns. The potential minimal fuel consumption that can be achieved by each of them is presented. The results can also be used to find the potential minimal greenhouse gases emissions.
Introducing a 150 kW (200 hp) Permanent Magnet Propulsion System Achieving 1 hp/lb
Authors: Lutz Jon F. , Kopf Carlo
Published: May 2018

UQM Technologies, a developer and manufacturer of electric propulsion systems, has recently introduced a 150 kW (200 hp) system for use in high performance applications, achieving 1 hp/lb power density. This system is an upgrade of a 100 kW system that has been available for the last ten years. The upgrade was driven by both customer requests for higher power systems and the development of new technologies. The additional 50% output is being made available without any additional size or weight to the system. The key enabling technologies are the armature winding and commutation method, the combination of which has created the majority of the torque and power improvement. Other features have been introduced with this system, including control mode versatility (torque/speed/voltage control on-the-fly), improved safety features and failure modes, and a new graphical user interface (GUI). Extensive performance testing was completed during the spring and summer of 2007, with the results published for all electrified vehicle manufacturers to evaluate against their needs. UQM’s next steps are to complete the acquisition and installation of production equipment and tooling to bring down the price of this system (and other UQM systems) as volumes increase.
The New High Power Design of 8Ah Li-ion Battery for HEV Application
Authors: Yang Mo-Hua , Lin Bing-Ming , Yeh Sheng-Fa , Tsai Jia-Shiuan
Published: May 2018

Researchers at The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) have developed a new 8Ah prismatic lithium battery cell with high current charge and discharge capability for use in hybrid electric systems applications. When 40 cells are combined in series, the system is capable of producing 144V which can be boosted up to 288V by using a high power DC-DC converter. The design results in (1) lower manufacturing and operating costs, (2) improved safety characteristics, (3) improved heat dissipation, and (4) improved battery management.Particular emphasis have been given to enhancing both discharge and charge performance of the cell by optimizing material selection and structure to lower the internal resistance of the system, thereby improving both performance and safety characteristics for the single cell. By carefully tuning the design of both electrodes, this second generation cell can provide 300A of continuous discharge current while maintaining the ability to meet the minimum requirement for pulse power characteristics. This provides 625W of discharge power and the ability to accept 500W of regenerative power when the system is operated with the State of Charge (SoC) between 50 and 70%. The cell has also been designed to meet the abusive physical requirements associated with hybrid vehicle applications.This paper highlights system requirements, describes the research and development process, and provides experimental test results for the 8Ah cell. The battery module design is also described.
Supercapacitor Enhanced Battery Traction Systems – Concept Evaluation
Authors: Van Mulders Frederik , Timmermans Jean-Marc , McCaffrey Zach , Van Mierlo Joeri , Van den Bossche Peter
Published: May 2018

This review paper gives an overview of state-of-the-art technology regarding supercapacitors, briefly discusses the aspect of supercapacitor balancing and compares and assesses two system designs incorporating supercapacitors, batteries and in one case with an interconnected converter. Supercapacitors offer a high power density and long life cycle and could improve a battery-only setup subjected to peak loads. An electric kart test setup will be used to evaluate a simple direct parallel connection between the batteries and the supercapacitor bank. Measurements on a more advanced setup, incorporating an interconnected converter between the batteries and supercapacitors, will illustrate the effect of such an implementation compared to a plain parallel connected setup.
Thermal Management of Batteries in Advanced Vehicles Using Phase-Change Materials
Authors: Kim Gi-Heon , Gonder Jeffrey , Lustbader Jason , Pesaran Ahmad
Published: May 2018

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are promising technologies to help reduce the amount of petroleum consumed for transportation. In both HEVs and PHEVs, the battery pack is a key component to enabling their fuel savings potential. The battery is also one of the most expensive components in the vehicle. One of the most significant factors impacting both the performance and life of a battery is temperature. In particular, operating a battery at elevated temperatures reduces its life. It is therefore important to design and implement effective battery thermal management systems. This paper analyzes the suitability of phase-change material (PCM) for battery thermal management in HEV and PHEV systems. A prototype PCM/graphite matrix module (that was not fully optimized for HEV applications) was evaluated experimentally under geometric and vehicle-simulation-based drive cycles. The results were used to validate a thermal model. The model was then used to explore the benefits and limitations of PCM thermal management. This study suggests that PCM can provide a peak-temperature-limiting benefit in vehicle applications, but the overall battery thermal management solution must rely on active cooling or on limiting the battery’s power output (or both) to avoid high temperatures during continuous cycling. Ultimately, vehicle designers will need to weigh the potential increase in mass and cost associated with adding PCM to the thermal management system against the anticipated benefits: a smaller active cooling system, less need to limit battery power output in high-temperature conditions, and/or potentially reduced exposure to momentary or localized high cell temperatures.
Accelerated Testing of Advanced Battery Technologies in PHEV Applications
Authors: Gaillac Loïc
Published: May 2018

EPRI and DaimlerChrysler developed a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) using the Sprinter Van to reduce emissions, fuel consumption, and operating costs while maintaining equivalent or superior functionality and performance. The utilization of grid electricity and operating efficiency significantly reduce petroleum consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and criteria pollutants, especially benefiting urban areas.Southern California Edison (SCE) collaborated with EPRI and DaimlerChrysler to evaluate the vehicle and two different battery technologies. This paper documents one of the first published battery test results related to PHEV applications from the beginning of the project, in September 2004.The partners selected two advanced battery technologies, lithium ion (Li-Ion) chemistry from SAFT and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) chemistry from VARTA. The primary goals of the test are to evaluate the performance and cycle life of traction batteries for future PHEV Sprinter Van production using PHEV test profiles. The test profile replicates the most demanding urban driving conditions for the battery (i.e., low speed, high acceleration in charge-sustained HEV mode at low battery state of charge). It also uses a combination of HEV and EV driving modes to represent over 50% of statistical daily trips. One cycle includes three modes: (1) charge depletion mode, simulating the EV operation, (2) charge sustained mode, simulating the HEV operation, and (3) recharge mode, simulating the plug-in operation.The SAFT battery technology shows encouraging results from simulated PHEV tests; one test cycle represents an average daily operation of a PHEV Sprinter Van (i.e., a 2.6-hour, 50-mile drive).
Wind to Wheels Hydrogen Project
Authors: Garabedian Harold , Wight Gregory , Borland Nick , Dreier Ken W.
Published: May 2018

A great deal of research funding is being devoted to the use of hydrogen for transportation fuel, particularly in the development of fuel cell vehicles. When this research bears fruit in the form of consumer-ready vehicles, will the fueling infrastructure be ready? Will the required fueling systems work in cold climates as well as they do in warm areas? Will we be sure that production of hydrogen as the energy carrier of choice for our transit system is the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly option? Will consumers understand this fuel and how to handle it?Those are questions addressed by the EVermont Wind to Wheels Hydrogen Project: Sustainable Transportation. The hydrogen fueling infrastructure consists of three primary subcomponents: a hydrogen generator (electrolyzer), a compression and storage system, and a dispenser. The generated fuel is then used to provide transportation as a motor fuel.EVermont Inc., started in 1993 by then-governor Howard Dean, is a public-private partnership of entities interested in documenting and advancing the performance of advanced technology vehicles that are sustainable and less burdensome on the environment, especially in areas of cold climates, hilly terrain and with rural settlement patterns.EVermont has developed a demonstration wind powered hydrogen fuel producing filling system that uses electrolysis, compression to 5000 psi and a hydrogen burning vehicle that functions reliably in cold climates. And that fuel is then used to meet transportation needs in a hybrid electric vehicle whose internal combustion engine has been converted to operate on hydrogen Sponsored by the DOE EERE Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies (HFC&IT) Program, the purpose of the project is to test the viability of sustainably produced hydrogen for use as a transportation fuel in a cold climate with hilly terrain and rural settlement patterns. Specifically, the project addresses the challenge of building a renewable transportation energy capable system. The prime energy for this project comes from an agreement with a wind turbine operator.
Dynamic Simulator and Controls for a PEM Fuel Cell Power System
Authors: Choe Song-Yul
Published: May 2018

Controls of a PEM fuel cell stack are one of the crucial issues for securing efficient and durable operations of the stack. When the air is excessively supplied, the efficiency of the system drops. Conversely, insufficient supply of the air causes oxygen starvation at a dynamically varying load. In particular, proper cooling strategy ensures rejecting heat produced and prevents any thermal stress on thin layers of cells. Excessive cooling decreases the working temperature and consequently drops efficiency of the stack. In contrast, the thermal stress imposed by insufficient cooling may reduce the lifespan of the layers.Design of controls needs a model for the plant that sufficiently represents its dynamics. Current models available are either empirical or computationally intensive, which do not allow for analysis of a stack behavior and associated controls. The paper addresses development of a high dynamic model for a stack that is based on transport of charges, flow of fuels and byproducts taken into temperature effects. The stack is constructed with single cells composed of sandwiched multiple layers that are thermally and electrically coupled. Air is supplied by a blower, which voltage is regulated. Two representing control strategies for the air supply system are designed and compared. Heat is rejected by a thermal circuit that consists of a pump, a three-way valve, and a radiator with a fan and a reservoir. In order to control the coolant flow rate, a linear cascade and a state feedback control are designed and compared, which includes a feed-forward function that is derived from load profile. In addition, the temperature effect on air flow rate is compensated, so that a deviation of the oxygen excess ratio can be suppressed.The dynamics and performance of the designed controllers are evaluated and analyzed by simulations using dynamic fuel cell system models at a multi-step current and a current profile measured at the Federal Urban Driving Schedule. The results show that the control strategy proposed reduces not only temperature rise in the catalyst layer but also the parasitic power needed for operation of the air and coolant pumps maintaining the oxygen excess ratio set.
High Voltage, Large Current Terminals for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Wire Harnesses
Authors: Miyazaki Sho , Sawada Shigeru , Suetani Masaharu , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Konda Kazumoto
Published: May 2018

In recent years, development of environment measure cars is an important theme of the earth environment protection and energy saving. Various kinds of hybrid electric vehicles increase the production rapidly. However, the vehicle price is one of the big themes for the hybrid electric vehicle’s growth. High voltage harnesses necessary to connect between hybrid units (inverter to motor, battery) that must be fitted in a limited vehicle space. Especially, high voltage and high current wire harnesses for hybrid electrical vehicle need thicker cross section and higher connection reliability in comparison with wires for 12V.In this paper, we set our goal of the terminal which is proof against vehicle vibration and is possible to apply high and continuous current. We successfully selected the structure and the material and developed the terminal at low cost, which is proof against vehicle vibration and is able to pass over 100A current. The developed terminals are used in Lexus GS450h.
The Evolving Standardization Landscape for Electrically Propelled Vehicles
Authors: Van den Bossche Peter , Van Mulders Frederik , Van Mierlo Joeri , Timmermans Jean-Marc
Published: May 2018

The electrically propelled vehicle makes use of various technologies and is thus faced with diverse standardization and regulation cultures. The relevant standardization landscape is a complex one, particularly if new energy vectors such as hydrogen are taken into account. The growing interest for the deployment of (hybrid) electric drive technology has given rise to specific standardization issues, which are being tackled by specific technical teams. Currently enforced rating standards to evaluate the performance of ground vehicles must in fact be adapted to hybrid electric vehicles, with particular problems arising when considering plug-in hybrids which use both fuel and mains electricity. New standards are needed to evaluate the potential benefits of the hybrid systems against the future vehicle requirements within specifically applicable bounds and regulations. The paper highlights current evolutions in the field, discussing the ongoing work programme of international standardization committees (particularly ISO TC22 SC21 and IEC TC69), and more particularly the interaction between these committees. Special attention will be given to a number of pending issues such as the definition of reliable performance and energy consumption tests for plug-in hybrid vehicles with both fuel and electricity energy supply, the specific need for infrastructure standardization and the impact of the introduction of new technologies such as hydrogen on vehicle safety standardization. The paper will report on activities in this field, providing direct feedback from the international standardization shopfloor, and will recommend specific work areas for standardization, highlighting the potential interaction of ongoing international standardization activities.
Where Is the Early Market for PHEVs?
Authors: Santini Danilo J. , Passier Gerben , Badin Francois , Brouwer Arie , Conte Fiorentino Valerio , Smets Stefan , Alexander Mark , Bleijs Cyriacus , Brincourt Thierry , Vyas Anant , Rousseau Aymeric
Published: May 2018

The relative fuel consumption reduction strengths of multiple passenger car powertrains are investigated. These include [A] conventional compression ignition (CI) direct injection (DI) turbocharged (TC) diesel (D) [CI-DI-TC-D]; [B] Atkinson cycle charge sustaining (CS) “split-hybrid” electric vehicles (HEV) fueled by gasoline/petrol (G) [HEVG]; plug-in (P) hybrid gasoline/petrol [PHEVG)]; and indirect fuel injected (IDI) spark-ignited (SI) internal combustion engines (ICE) fueled by gasoline/petrol [SI-IDI-NA-G]. When we use simulation to evaluate the behavior of PHEVG powertrains, the size is a four-to-five passenger car platform that would be regarded as “compact” in the U.S. and standard in Europe. A careful distinction between probable driving patterns for PHEVGs when in charge-depletion (CD) mode vs. charge sustaining (CS) operation is made. Effects of variation in the amount of kWh storage and the CD strategy, between PHEVs with varying km of electric-equivalent range are also investigated. The effect of electric drive (battery and motor) power (kW) on ability of a vehicle to operate all-electrically, relative to its ability to reduce oil use, is examined. Four degrees of hybridization are briefly examined, including stop-start (SS), integrated starter-generator (ISG), mild parallel (MP), and full parallel (FP). Each of the parallel PHEVs examined is an FP. Powertrain model simulations and limited dynamometer test results for such PHEVGs are compared to the other vehicle types for certification and “on-road” driving cycles from Europe and the U.S. It is illustrated that the conventional wisdom that HEVG has significant superiority over CG primarily in urban stop and go driving should not automatically be extended to PHEVGs. The driving cycle information is related to systematically varying consumer patterns of dwelling choice and vehicle use in cities, suburbs, and rural areas, as well as across nations. Effects of fuel taxation choices by nation — for gasoline, diesel and electric fuel — are investigated. The effects that residential location and type, driving cycle, and fuel cost have on the relative marketability of the studied powertrains, when initially entering the market, are summarized. The sequence of events leading to early emergence of original equipment automaker production and marketing of PHEVGs is discussed.
Development of the New Light-Duty Hybrid Truck
Authors: Yamaguchi Koichi
Published: May 2018

Hino Motors, Ltd., developed the new light-duty hybrid truck whose traction motor, inverter, and traction battery were completely redesigned for maximizing output and efficiency. It also succeeds in balancing low fuel economy and low exhaust emissions by utilizing a combination of a new hybrid system control with a specially developed diesel engine.
Control of Dual Mode Power Split Transmission for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Kim Namdoo , Kim Jeongmin , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: May 2018

Motor control algorithm for a dual power split system is proposed for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The dual mode power split system consists of an electric variator, MG1 and MG2, and three planetary gear sets. In order to develop the control algorithm for the best fuel economy, the dual mode PST is analyzed by network analysis. From the network analysis results, it is found that the dual mode PST efficiency decreases in the speed ratios where the power circulation occurs, and it is required that the ICE needs to be operated on the speed ratio region where the powertrain efficiency is relatively high. Using the dynamic models of the HEV powertrain, a motor control algorithm to obtain the high system efficiency is designed by inversion-based control. In order to evaluate performance of the control algorithm, HEV simulator is developed using Cruise and MATLAB Simulink. It is found from the simulation results that the motor control algorithm proposed in this study provides improved fuel economy since the motor control is able to provide the ICE operation on the speed ratio range, which gives relatively high powertrain system efficiency.
Regenerative Braking System for Series Hybrid Electric City Bus
Authors: Zhang Junzhi , Lu Xin , Xue Junliang , Li Bos
Published: May 2018

Regenerative Braking Systems (RBS) provide an efficient method to assist hybrid electric buses achieve better fuel economy while lowering exhaust emissions. This paper describes the design and testing of three regenerative braking systems, one of which is a series regenerative braking system and two of which are parallel regenerative braking systems. The existing friction based Adjustable Braking System (ABS) on the bus is integrated with each of the new braking systems in order to ensure bus safety and stability. The design of the RBS is facilitated by Simulink [1] which is used to build an interactive, multi-domain simulator that is allows parametric variation of vehicle speed, State of Charge (SOC) for the batteries, and the maximum current to be allowed to the batteries from the RBS. The required braking forces as a function of wheel speed are modeled using dSpace[2]. A Hardwire-in-the-Loop (HIL) experimental setup is used for component testing, followed by road testing using the Chinese Urban Bus Driving Cycle. Results indicate that all three braking systems provide some energy recovery, with the serial RBS providing the best combination of energy recovery with acceptable drivability, safety and stability. Overall results confirm that regenerative braking systems can recover significant braking energy while operating in a safe and predictable manner.
The Electric Vehicle Fleet Experience at Southern California-Edison
Authors: Skaggs Darcy , Smith Jordan , Hill Robert P.
Published: May 2018

Southern California-Edison (SCE) currently operates the largest fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) in North America. SCE’s EV experiences began in 1987 with prototype and electric conversions, such as the Conceptor G-Van, the Pentastar TEVan, and U.S.E. Sedan. Between 1994 and 1997, after the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, SCE began using early OEM EVs, such as the Ford Ecostar and Chrysler TEVan, as well as early Toyota RAV4 EVs. The current fleet consists of 295 battery electric vehicles, primarily Toyota RAV4 EVs used by meter readers, with an additional 33 Ford Th!nk and GEM neighborhood electric vehicles used at company field offices for security patrols. The EV fleet has accumulated approximately 15 million zero-tailpipe-emission miles. In addition, the EV Technical Center (EVTC) in Pomona is constantly testing a variety of hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles for potential use in Southern California-Edison’s fleet.This paper chronicles EV fleet operational experiences by Southern California-Edison and insights into lessons learned from dealing with deployment obstacles. Much of the information focuses on the Toyota RAV4 EV due to the relatively large number of these vehicles in the fleet.
Rotterdam, city of electric transport
Authors: Vermie Anthony , Blokpoel Monique
Published: May 2018

Traffic and transport is an important cause of air-quality and noise pollution in Rotterdam. Solving these problems needs various measurements in our region; cycling, walking and improving public transport are part in that. But large scale use of clean, silent and energy efficient vehicle technologies is also a crucial part for a future sustainable transport system.For the long term, Rotterdam regards the electric vehicle technology as the most promising solution for a real sustainable transport system. In the mean time, Rotterdam already started impulse-projects to create a market basis for large scale introduction of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles on the principle that seeing and trying is believing.The energy company Eneco has originated from the Rotterdam municipal energy company GEB and is a very logical partner for the city of Rotterdam (still being a main shareholder in Eneco) when it comes to implementing projects where sustainable electricity is the most sound option.
HEV Cruise Control Strategy on GPS (Navigation) Information
Authors: Kim Beomsoo , Kim Yong-gi , Kim Talchol , Park Yeong-il , Cha Suk Won
Published: May 2018

The main objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the development of the hybrid vehicle control system with the GPS (navigation) system of a vehicle travelling a pre-planned driving route. To verify the improvement in vehicle fuel economy, we developed the forward-facing simulator, which can be applied to the proposed HEVs control system. The proposed HEVs control system recognizes upcoming driving patterns because it has terrain (uphill, downhill) and speed information. The controller calculates the parameters related to pattern recognition during a sampling time to choose a comparable driving cycle and to classify into three driving modes (Urban/ Extra-urban/ Highway mode). Moreover, a dynamic programming approach is proposed to obtain the optimal fuel economy and the state of charge (SOC) trajectory. For this approach, we developed a rule-based controller to manage the battery SOC according to the target SOC range. The amount of the target SOC range depends on the driving pattern recognition during a specific time period. The conventional HEV control system sustains the battery SOC within a limited range. Compared with the conventional controller, the proposed control system, by using road slope and speed information, gives results that confirm improved fuel economy.
An environmental analysis of FCEV and H2-ICE vehicles using the Ecoscore methodology
Authors: N. Sergeant , F.-S. Boureima , J. Matheys , J.-M. Timmermans , J. Van Mierlo
Published: May 2018

The environmental issues caused by fossil fuels for transportation are numerous: greenhouse gas emissions are enhancing global warming, city smog, ozone and noise are causing major health problems, acid rain impacts our ecosystems, etc. Strong research efforts have therefore been performed towards alternative fuels and drive trains and hydrogen is still one of the most promising — but at the same time controversial — possibilities. The environmental impact of hydrogen — used in a fuel cell (FCEV) or internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) - depends strongly on the production pathway for hydrogen and should therefore be evaluated on a well-to-wheel basis.In this paper, the Ecoscore methodology is used to assess the environmental impact of H2-ICE and fuel cell vehicles on a well-to-wheel basis. The Ecoscore is an environmental indicator for vehicles taking into account the impact on global warming, air quality depletion (divided into impact on human health and ecosystems) and noise. The Ecoscores of two FCEV and one H2-ICEV are calculated for different hydrogen production pathways (electrolysis and Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)), as well as for different methods of hydrogen storage (compression and liquefaction) and distribution (pipeline and truck). The highest Ecoscores — and thus best results - are obtained for vehicles using hydrogen from electrolysis produced with 100 % renewable energy, followed by SMR and then electrolysis using the Belgian electricity mix. Compression appears to be better than liquefaction to store hydrogen due to the high energy use for the liquefaction process, and this compressed hydrogen should be transported through pipelines in stead of by trucks to obtain the best environmental performance.
Implementation and Control Logic Design of Intelligent Electric Power Steering System
Authors: Chang Shin-Hung , Chen Pin-Yung , Ting Yi-Hua , Hung Shih-Wei
Published: May 2018

In this paper, an intelligent electric power steering system is proposed to replace a traditional hydraulic power steering system and implemented in a real light hybrid electric vehicle. An intelligent fuzzy control algorithm is applied to yield basic assist logic, return compensation logic, damping compensation logic, and inertia compensation logic in an assist steering system. According to steering wheel angle and vehicle speed, the proposed fuzzy inference logic can provide needed assist motor current. Under experts’ knowledge of fuzzy control, the electric power steering system can satisfy smooth driving. In addition, four driving modes are designed to complete the control strategy. Different driving modes have corresponding fuzzy inference strategies to complete the assist and compensation logic. Finally, the intelligent electric power steering system with a new 12V/500W EPS motor is applied in a real light hybrid electric vehicle. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is reasonable and feasible.
Safety in the battery design: the short circuit
Authors: Conte Fiorentino Valerio , Gollob Peter , Lacher Hannes
Published: May 2018

The energy storage system is one of the key components of any electric vehicle powertrain. When lithium based energy storages are used it is important to investigate carefully the safety aspects, because the safety and cost were the main aspects which prevented the introduction of lithium ion in automotive application. This work describes the methods adopted in arsenal research for developing energy storage system for advanced electric power-train. The focus will be on lithium ion battery technology. The correct cell selection and its performance assessment could ensure the achievement of a performing and inexpensive energy storage system. But for ensuring the harmless of the energy storage system a safety concept and a consequent design should be also present. The present work shows the different requirements to take into account for the energy storage system design during the development of HEV and EV vehicles within arsenal research laboratories. Particular attention is given to the abuse conditions and their corresponding test methods during the development phase. The paper presents the safety concerns regarding the short circuit, its measurements method and the failure pathways. Results of short circuit abuse tests are analysed and indication regarding the design is given.
Impact of innovative ILHYPOS supercapacitors on a fuel cell vehicle
Authors: Conte Mario , Pasquali Manlio
Published: May 2018

Electrochemical capacitors (SC) are receiving increasing attention as possible enabling technologies in applications where high power is required for short times, such as in hybrid vehicles (HEV) and uninterruptible power systems (UPS). Moreover, there are some applications using fuel cells (FC) as power generators, whose energy efficiency is greatly reduced whenever FC power variations are significant. In 2005 the European Commission (EC) funded the ILHYPOS project, mainly aimed at the research and development of innovative SCs with highly improved specific performances (specific energy and power), and based on environmentally acceptable materials, such as ionic liquids, a novel electrolyte class of materials, with a working voltage in excess of 5 V. The improvements of SC performances were pursued also studying new electrode materials and/or cell designs: specific energy in excess of 40 Wh/kg, based only on active material weights have been estimated, in configurations with electronic conducting polymers or activated carbons in asymmetric configurations. As part of the Project ILHYPOS, the possible impact of the studied SCs has been evaluated by means of simulations in defined applications, such as those in fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and UPS, powered by fuel cells. The simulations for vehicle applications have been performed by using conventional standardized and real duty cycles. The sizing of the ILHYPOS SCs has been carried out with developed mathematical models and applied to a FC hybrid electric van, a test prototype developed by an Italian small enterprise. This paper first highlights the most recent achievements of the ILHYPOS Project and, then, presents the impacts of the developed SCs with respect to commercial SCs and a drivetrain with and without SCs.
Data Acquisition System for Optimization of Series Hybrid Propulsion Systems
Authors: Coosemans Thierry , Barrero Ricardo , Timmermans Jean-Marc , Van Mulders Frederik , Van Mierlo J.
Published: May 2018

In this article the development and use of a data acquisition system for the optimization of hybrid propulsion systems is proposed. This versatile system can be used for different hybrid driveline architectures and for off- and on-road data logging. It retrieves the necessary parameters to develop or assess the power flow control algorithm of the vehicle under test, in order to optimize the driveline and reduce energy consumption and emissions. It is based on a cRIOTM programmable controller of National Instruments in combination with dedicated sensors and interfaces for the data acquisition of electrical and mechanical parameters. The assets and configuration of the system are discussed. Experimental data are given and discussed. In addition the HEV simulation platform developed in parallel is briefly described.
Analysis of Electric Vehicles on Utility Networks
Authors: Dyke K. , Schofield N. , Barnes M.
Published: May 2018

In order to satisfy the growing expectation for energy efficient eco-friendly transportation a number of vehicle concepts have emerged, including the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV). Vehicle dynamics necessitate careful sizing of onboard energy storage systems. As the penetration of electric vehicles, in both the public and private sector increases, the requirement to facilitate and utilize them becomes paramount. A particular class of vehicle, the plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle (PHEV) also poses a greater challenge to existing terrestrial based electrical supply systems. This paper of discusses the various future vehicle concepts and investigates the potential impact of PHEV’s and BEV’s fleets on the local electricity networks in the UK.
The Hidrocat Project – An all electric ship with photovoltaic panels and hydrogen fuel cells
Authors: Fonseca Nuno , Farias Tiago , Duarte Filipe , Gonçalves Gonçalo , Pereira André
Published: May 2018

The HIDROCAT is an all electric small ship that uses energy from three sources, namely: the hydrogen stored on board via fuel cells, the solar energy and energy stored on batteries. In this sense, it is a hybrid propulsion system composed of two electric motors, a system of lithium batteries, a hydrogen fuel cell and photovoltaic cells. A control unit does the management of the energy fluxes. The objective is to maximize the use of solar energy, therefore the system of batteries is important to store the converted solar energy when it is not immediately used by the motors. The hydrogen fuel cell guarantees that energy is available on board at the expense of a relatively small weight when the solar irradiation is insufficient due to intensive use of the motors for long periods, or when the solar irradiation is low.The concept described above is implemented in a preliminary project of a tourist catamaran and it is demonstrated that not only the operational requirements are accomplished by the project, but also that a demonstration project can be implemented with the existing technology. The preliminary design includes the hull bodylines, propulsion system, general arrangement, weight estimate, vessel speed, and autonomies. Several scenarios of operation are investigated for the Alqueva Lake in Portugal and it is concluded that the Hidrocat satisfies the design requirements in terms of autonomies. Furthermore, it is concluded that if the operational scenario is not very demanding, during summer the vessel may carry out its mission using solar energy only.
Comparison of packaging hydraulic and electric components in a HEV power line
Authors: Sainio Panu , Heiska Matti , Lehmuspelto Teemu , Suomela Jussi
Published: May 2018

Scientific papers usually do not present ‘lessons learnt’ results, what comes to engineering aspects in vehicle design. A lot of valuable information is collected during research and prototyping projects, but this is not shared in public often enough. This paper is a general discussion about the engineering matters related to the implementation of hybrid systems in mobile work machines. The target of this paper is to underline the importance of paying attention of these matters already in very beginning of the research and development.The discussed aspects are related to the energy transmission, packaging of components, vehicle assembly and service. The energy transmission section compares benefits and drawbacks of hydraulic and electric transmission implementations. Packaging of components presents some issues to pay attention to when accommodating components into vehicle. Service aspect highlights the benefits and drawbacks of different solutions in maintenance operations.The discussion is limited to explain only differences and analogies between hydraulic and electric components. The cost factors can be estimated only by the reader, because they are very case sensitive. The key factor is number of machines made in serial production. In case of passenger cars the cost structure is very different compared to small series mobile work machines.
Powertrain System of Honda FCX Clarity Fuel Cell Vehicle
Authors: MATSUNAGA Minoru , FUKUSHIMA Tatsuya , OJIMA Kuniaki
Published: May 2018

To assist in combating global warming and to respond to energy issues, Honda has developed the FCX Clarity, a new fuel cell vehicle that displays significant improvements in driving performance and fuel efficiency against previous FCX Models, and which achieves a level of appeal unrivalled by reciprocating engine vehicles. The key to the development of the new vehicle was the reduction of the size and weight of the fuel cell powertrain. Honda’s unique V Flow FC stack technology is the core of the FCX Clarity’s fuel cell powertrain. A considerable reduction in size and weight and increased power have been achieved, with the powertrain as a whole displaying a weight output density that is 2X higher and volume output density 2.2X higher than that of the previous FCX. The maximum power of the V Flow FC stack employed in the Clarity has been increased to 100 kW. The new FC stack also achieves a 50% increase in volume output density and 67% increase in weight output density against the previous stack. Low-temperature start performance has also been significantly improved, with the vehicle able to be started at -30 °C. A new design has increased the maximum power of the drive motor to 100 kW and resulted in the achievement of a smooth, powerful and continuously extendable acceleration feel. Increased efficiency in the powertrain and superior energy management have enabled the realization of an energy efficiency of 60%, resulting in a level of fuel efficiency 2.1X higher than that of a small gasoline vehicle and 1.4X higher than that of a small hybrid vehicle.
Analytical Study on the Performance Analysis of Power Train System of an Electric Vehicle
Authors: Kim Chul-Ho , Lee Kee-Man
Published: May 2018

An analytical simulation algorithm is developed to estimate driving performance of power train system of an electric vehicle that is propelled by the electric energy storied in a rechargeable battery. The principal theory is conservation of energy and several analytical and experimental data such as rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, mechanical efficiency of power transmission etc are incorporated to have the simulation algorithm for the general driving performance of an electric vehicle designed. From the analytical calculation results, running resistance of a designed vehicle is obtained with the change of operating condition of a model vehicle such as inclined angle of road and vehicle speed. Tractive performance of a model vehicle with a given power train system is also calculated at each gear ratio of transmission. Through analysis of the two calculation results: running resistance and tractive performance, the driving performance of a designed electric vehicle is obtained and it will be used to evaluate feasibility of the designed power train system on the model vehicle designed.
Integrated Design of Powertrain Controllers in Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Efficiency Enhancement and Battery Lifetime Extension
Authors: Zhang Xi , Mi Chris Chunting
Published: May 2018

In this study, a control strategy for the series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) powertrain, based on the design of fixed-boundary-layer sliding mode controllers (FBLSMCs) and a battery charge scenario, is presented to enhance engine efficiency as well as extend battery cycle life. An appropriate battery charge scenario is designed to remove surge charge current, keep the battery staying in a high state-of-charge (SOC) region and avoid persistently-high charge power, which are positive factors to the battery lifetime extension. To locate the engine operation in the optimal efficiency area, two robust FBLSMCs against uncertain disturbances are configured in the powertrain control system, responsible for engine speed control and engine torque control, respectively. Simulation results are obtained for comparison between the proposed and conventional powertrain control schemes by using the Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR). Through these simulations, the effectiveness and superiority of the FBLSMC-based SHEV power train control strategy are validated.