bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical craniofacial surgery simulator based on GPU accelerated lattice shape matching
Authors: Liao Sheng‐Hui , Liang Yixiong , Li Ling‐Zhi , Zou Bei‐Ji , Zhu Xing‐Hao , Ai Wei
Published: April 2011

This paper presents an intuitive and practical craniofacial surgery simulation system, which is suitable for daily clinical practice. The key component of the system is a GPU accelerated lattice shape matching method, to estimate individual patient post‐operative appearance interactively. The lattice model can be set up from individual CT data in an easy and robust way, incorporating CT mapping physical inhomogeneous material as well as orthotropic behavior of soft tissue. Instead of simulating dynamic behavior, an iterative optimization is used for direct computation of soft tissue deformation. In addition, a GPU acceleration framework for the lattice shape matching method is further exploited based on the lattice regularity, thus the simulation operations can be performed at interactive or real time. Finally, a craniofacial surgery simulation system is developed for daily clinical practice, which is capable of simulating a variety of surgeries including osteotomies, bone fragment repositioning, and insertion of implants. The treatment of more than 50 patients was found to provide a good correlation between simulation and post‐operative outcome. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient camera path planning algorithm for human motion overview
Authors: Yeh I‐Cheng , Lin Chao‐Hung , Chien Hung‐Jen , Lee Tong‐Yee
Published: April 2011

Camera path planning for character motions is a fundamental and important research topic, benefiting many animation applications. Existing optimal‐based approaches are generally computationally expensive and infeasible for interactive applications. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach that can take many constraints of finding the camera path into account and can potentially enable interactive camera control. Instead of solving a highly complicated camera optimization problem in a spatiotemporal four‐dimensional space, we heuristically determine the camera path based on an efficient greedy‐based tree traversal approach. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can efficiently generate a smooth, informative, and aesthetic camera path that can reveal the significant features of character motions. Moreover, the conducted user study also shows that the generated camera paths are comparable to those of a state‐of‐the‐art approach and those made by professional animators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐layer structural wound synthesis on 3D face
Authors: Lee Chung‐Yeon , Lee Sangyong , Chin Seongah
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we propose multi‐layer structural wound synthesis on a 3D face. The fundamental knowledge of the facial skin is derived from the structure of tissue, being composed of epidermis, dermis and subcutis. The approach first defines the facial tissue depth map to measure details at various locations on the face. Each layer of skin in a wound image has been determined by hue‐based segmentation. In addition, we have employed disparity parameters to realise 3D depth in order to make a wound model volumetric. Finally, we validate our methods using 3D wound simulation experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Footstep navigation for dynamic crowds
Authors: Singh Shawn , Kapadia Mubbasir , Reinman Glenn , Faloutsos Petros
Published: April 2011

The majority of steering algorithms output only a force or velocity vector to an animation system, without modeling the constraints and capabilities of human‐like movement. This simplistic approach lacks control over how a character should navigate. This paper proposes a steering method that uses footsteps to navigate characters in dynamic crowds. Instead of an oriented particle with a single collision radius, we model a character's center of mass and footsteps using a 2D approximation of an inverted spherical pendulum model of bipedal locomotion. We use this model to generate a timed sequence of footsteps that existing animation techniques can follow exactly. Our approach not only constrains characters to navigate with realistic steps but also enables characters to intelligently control subtle navigation behaviors that are possible with exact footsteps, such as side‐stepping. Our approach can navigate crowds of hundreds of individual characters with collision‐free, natural steering decisions in real‐time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for locally retargeting and rendering facial performance
Authors: Liu Ko‐Yun , Ma Wan‐Chun , Chang Chun‐Fa , Wang Chuan‐Chang , Debevec Paul
Published: April 2011

We present a facial motion retargeting method that enables the control of a blendshape rig according to marker‐based motion capture data. The main purpose of the proposed technique is to allow a blendshape rig to create facial expressions, which conforms best to the current motion capture input, regardless the underlying blendshape poses. In other words, even though all of the blendshape poses may comprise symmetrical facial expressions only, our method is still able to create asymmetrical expressions without physically splitting any of them into more local blendshape poses. An automatic segmentation technique based on the analysis of facial motion is introduced to create facial regions for local retargeting. We also show that it is possible to blend normal maps for rendering in the same framework. Rendering with the blended normal map significantly improves surface appearance and details. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic reconstruction of personalized avatars from 3D face scans
Authors: Zollhöfer Michael , Martinek Michael , Greiner Günther , Stamminger Marc , Süßmuth Jochen
Published: April 2011

We present a simple algorithm for computing a high‐quality personalized avatar from a single color image and the corresponding depth map which have been captured by Microsoft's Kinect sensor. Due to the low market price of our hardware setup, 3D face scanning becomes feasible for home use. The proposed algorithm combines the advantages of robust non‐rigid registration and fitting of a morphable face model. We obtain a high‐quality reconstruction of the facial geometry and texture along with one‐to‐one correspondences with our generic face model. This representation allows for a wide range of further applications such as facial animation or manipulation. Our algorithm has proven to be very robust. Since it does not require any user interaction, even non‐expert users can easily create their own personalized avatars. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoscopic image generation of background terrain scenes
Authors: Hwang Huicheol , Kim Kyehyun , Ribera Roger Blanco i , Noh Junyong
Published: April 2011

The reconstruction of 3D terrain geometry from images is essential for compositing CG objects into a live‐action background or for 2D to 3D conversion of terrain scenes. We present a novel mesh refinement algorithm for the creation of stereoscopic images of terrain scenes. Previous approaches emphasise the smoothness of the resulting terrain mesh over accuracy 1. Point cloud‐based methods cannot effectively recover the entire surface, leading to visual discrepancies after monocular sequences are converted into 3D stereo. As misalignment or inaccurate 3D terrain data over corresponding 2D background images can result in visual fatigue when stereo sequences are generated, ensuring accuracy of the reconstructed geometry is very important. To achieve the necessary accuracy, our method evaluates mesh errors utilising a texture projection onto the geometry and refines the mesh using Laplacian‐based editing. Our algorithm automatically generates stereoscopic images of terrain scenes. In addition, our method simplifies identification and compositing of foreground objects on the terrain geometry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A virtual endoscopy system for virtual medicine
Authors: Peng Yanjun , Jia Ruisheng , Wang Yuanhong , Zhang Mingmin
Published: April 2011

Virtual endoscopy is a technique to explore hollow organs and anatomical cavities using 3D medical imaging and computer graphics. In this paper, boundary model and local feature structure are used to realize tissue segmentation, and a new efficient algorithm is presented to solve path planning. As to real‐time processing, a frame in virtual endoscopy is divided into near viewpoint part and far viewpoint part based on volume data characteristics in our method. In the aspect of scene rendering, a ray casting algorithm based on the boundary voxel is proposed. Thus the voyage images can be rendered in real time with high quality in virtual endoscopy system by using these techniques. The experiments show that application results of our algorithm in tissue segmentation, path planning, scene rendering are better than other algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Variability of Copaifera reticulataDucke Oleoresin
Authors: Herrero‐Jáuregui Cristina , Casado Miguel A. , das Graças Bichara Zoghbi Maria , Célia Martins‐da‐Silva Regina
Published: April 2011

The copaiba tree (Copaifera spp.) produces an oleoresin which is highly valued due to its medicinal properties. The chemical composition of C. reticulata oleoresin was characterized, and its variability related to seasonal variation (dry and rainy seasons), to successive extractions, and to several factors associated with tree morphometry, disease, and surrounding vegetation structure was investigated. Oleoresin was collected from 24 C. reticulata individuals between October 2006 and March 2008. For seven individuals, oleoresin was extracted for a second time between three and nine months after the first extraction. For each tree, several morphometric variables, viz., the presence of termites, vines, and holes as well as the soil type and surrounding vegetation structure, were recorded. The chemical composition and concentration of the main volatile compounds were identified by GC/MS. Almost 100% of the constituents were sesquiterpenes, the three main ones being β‐caryophyllene, trans‐α‐bergamotene, and β‐bisabolene. A classification analysis separated the C. reticulata individuals in two main groups and further divided one of the main groups in two subgroups, which were defined by different concentrations of the three main compounds. The results showed high intra‐population variability in the composition and concentration of sesquiterpenes, this being comparable to the interspecific variability. It was not possible to determine a clear influence of environmental, morphometrical, and structural factors on the oleoresin composition, although some compounds varied according to the soil type, the volume of oleoresin extracted, and the crown surface.
Variations between Diploids and Tetraploids of Allium przewalskianum, an Important Vegetable and/or Condiment in the Himalayas
Authors: Yao Buqing , Deng Jianming , Liu Jianquan
Published: April 2011

Allium przewalskianum, a wild onion species growing at altitudes ranging from 1800 to 4500 m, has long been commonly used as an important vegetable and/or condiment by Tibetans, Indians, and Nepalese in the highlands of the Himalayas and adjacent regions. This species comprises both diploids and tetraploids. In this study, we examined the nutritional content and biomass accumulation profiles of two cytotypes, collected from 29 sites, with different altitudinal origins but cultivated in a common garden. On an average, this species has superior qualities in the minerals and amino acids compared to other edible congeners. When compared with the diploids, the tetraploids grew faster and accumulated more biomass; in addition, the tetraploids had higher values of moisture and energy, higher contents of cystine and phosphorus, but lower fiber levels. Moreover, the tetraploids from the higher altitudes had greater biomasses than the other tetraploids, in addition to having increased levels of proteins, fats, and the minerals Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu. These results illustrate the large variations in nutritional efficacy and growth within this single morphological species, and provide critical information for its effective consumption in the future.
Can Pollen Headspace Volatiles and Pollenkitt Lipids Serve as Reliable Chemical Cues for Bee Pollinators?
Authors: Piskorski Rafal , Kroder Stefan , Dorn Silvia
Published: April 2011

Chemical analysis of putative contact chemical cues for pollinators from pollen of two plant species, Ranunculus bulbosus (Ranunculaceae) and Campanula rapunculoides (Campanulaceae), showed high consistency in the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollenkitt surface lipids in all samples analyzed per species. The pollenkitt lipids of R. bulbosus included an aldehyde, fatty acid amides, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and secondary alcohols; the lipids of C. rapunculoides consisted of an aldehyde, monoketones, and β‐diketones. In marked contrast, the pollen headspace volatiles showed a wide qualitative and quantitative variability among all samples per species, whereby the variability was more pronounced in R. bulbosus. Hence, the highly species‐specific pollenkitt lipids may provide pollinators with more reliable information on pollen identity.
Anti‐ageing effects of protocatechuic acid from Alpinia on spleen and liver antioxidative system of senescent mice
Authors: Zhang Xiuli , Shi Gui‐Fang , Liu Xiu‐zhen , An Li‐jia , Guan Shui
Published: April 2011

The effects of Alpinia protocatechuic acid (PCA) on spleen and liver antioxidant system in aged rats have been studied. Alpinia PCA, a phenolic compound, was first isolated from the dried fruits of Alpinia Oxyphylla Miq. in our laboratory. Young and aged rats were injected intraperitoneally with Alpinia PCA at single doses of 5 mg kg−1 (low dose) or 10 mg kg−1 (high dose) per day for 7 days. The activities of endogenous antioxidants and the content of lipid peroxide in spleen and liver were assayed. Compared with young group, aged rats had significantly lower splenic weights, lower activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) and catalase (CAT), higher level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in spleen and liver. The results proved that Alpinia PCA significantly elevated the splenic weights, increased the activities of GSH‐PX and CAT and decreased the MDA level of aged rats. All these suggested that Alpinia PCA was a potential anti‐ageing agent, and its effects on spleen and liver were achieved at least partly by promoting endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities and normalizing age‐associated alterations. It may be therapeutically useful to minimize age‐associated disorders where oxidative damage is the major cause. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorenyl Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene‐Dendritic Oligothiophene Hybrid Materials: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, Self‐Association Behaviour and Device Performance
Authors: Wong Wallace W. H. , Ma Chang‐Qi , Pisula Wojciech , Mavrinskiy Alexey , Feng Xinliang , Seyler Helga , Jones David J. , Müllen Klaus , Bäuerle Peter , Holmes Andrew B.
Published: April 2011

Apart from molecular properties, intermolecular forces play a vital role in defining the performance of organic electronic devices. This is particularly relevant in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells in which the arrangement of electron‐donor and ‐acceptor materials into distinct crystalline phases of ideal size and distribution can lead to better power conversion efficiencies. In this study, a series of fluorenyl hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes (FHBC) decorated with thiophene dendrons (DOT) of variable size was obtained by using a convergent synthetic approach. With such variety of molecular sizes and shapes in hand, the objective of this study is to highlight the relationships between molecular properties, bulk properties and device performance. Correlations between π–π stacking ability and dendrimer generation were established from self‐organisation studies in solution and solid state. The synergistic combination of molecular organisation at the nanoscale and photophysical characteristics derived from the FHBC and DOT moieties leads to a notable improvement of the photovoltaic performance.
Probing Peptide–Inorganic Surface Interaction at the Single Molecule Level Using Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Landoulsi Jessem , Dupres Vincent
Published: April 2011

We investigate the interaction between D‐Ala‐D‐Ala peptide and a stainless steel (SS) surface by AFM force spectroscopy with view to understand the role and nature of interfacial processes at the single molecule level. For this purpose, force–distance curves were recorded between the D‐Ala‐D‐Ala modified tip and the SS surface in NaHCO3‐enriched medium. The SS surface was prepared in a way that allows iron oxide species, presumably FeOOH, to be formed and remains stable during AFM measurements. Dynamic force measurements show that the unbinding force linearly increases with the logarithm of the loading rate, as generally observed for receptor–ligand complexes. Our results reveal also the existence of two regimes, suggesting the presence of multiple energy barriers in the energy landscape. From these dynamic force spectroscopy measurements, the kinetic off‐rate constant is determined. An average unbinding force in the range of 50–300 pN is obtained, depending on the loading rate. Accordingly, in a medium in which the electrostatic interactions are not dominating, the binding mechanism of the peptide and SS surface cannot be attributed to covalent bonds and may be due to a combination of van der Waals and hydrogen bonds. Our findings open up new way to probe peptide–inorganic surface interactions and to understand the mechanism of peptide specific binding which is of particular interest in the design of hybrid materials.
“Conflict defines origins”: Identity transformations of Sudanese refugees in Cairo
Authors: Mahmoud Hala W.
Published: April 2011

This study explores the effects of conflict on the identities of Sudanese refugees back in Sudan and then in Cairo, namely the experience of ambiguous, ambivalent, and conflicting identities. The conflict in Sudan caused multiple ruptures to the refugees' previously established identities. In Egypt, they come into contact and conflict with the host community, organizations, and fellow Sudanese from different regions or ethnic backgrounds, which creates tensions in religious, tribal, or ethnic identities. Such identity issues were manifested in extreme form during the tragic 2005 Sudanese refugee sit‐in. The conclusion sheds light on implications for conflict resolution.
Judging the acceptability of amnesties: A Togolese perspective
Authors: Kpanake Lonzozou , Mullet Etienne
Published: April 2011

The relationships between the circumstances in which amnesties are granted and Togolese laypeople's judgments of their acceptability were examined. The 351 participants were instructed to read stories created by the authors in which a former police officer testified in front of a commission to receive amnesty. The stories were based on a five‐factor design: quality of the information revealed, presence‐absence of apologies, opportunity given to the victims for telling their story, compensation, and punishment of the applicant. Several interactions involving the truth and the apology factors were observed: Acceptability required the simultaneous presence of several positive aspects.
Achieving reconciliation through prosecution in the courts: Lessons from Rwanda
Authors: Mukherjee Geetanjali
Published: April 2011

In the aftermath of innumerable genocides and civil wars, the Nuremburg promise of “never again” seems a fast‐fading dream. Despite considerable resources being allocated toward prosecuting individuals for international crimes, there is a sense that there has been no justice for the victims and that they have provided no sense of deterrence. Are trials an effective method to bring about reconciliation postconflict, or are they simply a waste of precious resources better used to rehabilitate the victims? Studying the Rwandan postconflict prosecutions, this paper offers recommendations for maximizing available resources to provide an atmosphere in which reconciliation can become a reality.
Metabolic tests to determine risk for type 1 diabetes in clinical trials
Authors: Greenbaum Carla J. , Buckingham B. , Chase H. P. , Krischer J. ,   for the Diabetes Prevention Trial, Type 1 Diabetes (DPT‐1) Study Group
Published: April 2011

Aims

Evaluate the reproducibility and relationship of various metabolic tests conducted as part of the Diabetes Prevention Trial—type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Coefficients of variation, intraclass correlation coefficients, and Pearson correlations between the same metabolic tests performed at different times as well as the different tests were determined.

Results

Fasting samples on the same day had a coefficient of variation of < 10 for C‐peptide, 11 for insulin, and 2 for glucose. Testing on separate days approximately doubled the variance. Stimulated insulin values had less variance than fasting values and there was only a moderate correlation between fasting and stimulated values on each test. While highly correlated, C‐peptide values from mixed meal tolerance tests are significantly lower than that obtained during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Neither peak nor area under the curve C‐peptide on the oral glucose tolerance test was different between those with abnormal and normal glucose tolerance. Those with abnormal as compared with normal glucose tolerance had lower 30‐min C‐peptide and a longer time to peak C‐peptide.

Conclusions

A large, multi‐centre trial, with tests performed over a decade‐long period, can provide robust data. C‐peptide data from oral glucose tolerance tests and mixed meal tolerance tests differ; therefore, the same stimulation test should be used to evaluate changes in beta cell function over time. Worsening glucose tolerance is associated with lower C‐peptide at 30 min and a delay in peak secretion on the oral glucose tolerance test. This Diabetes Prevention Trial—type 1 diabetes data can be used in planning parameters for future studies, including evaluation of new algorithms to determine risk of disease. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient phenomena of disk MHD generator due to change of load resistance
Authors: Koka Hidetoshi , Okuno Yoshihiro , Yamasaki Hiroyuki
Published: April 2011

The results of an experimental study on transient phenomena in a closed cycle disk MHD generator are described in this paper. The transient phenomena were caused by a steplike change of load resistance during testing of the shock‐tube driven disk MHD generator. The load resistance was varied by using an IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) installed in the load circuit. When the load resistance was changed from 0.096 Ω to 2.5 Ω, overshoot of the Hall output voltage and of the Hall electric field was observed, and a large fluctuation of static pressure was also observed. At the same time, a spikelike increase of the cesium recombination continuum and line spectrum appeared just after the load change. The results of quasi‐one‐ dimensional numerical simulation indicate that the observed overshoot was caused by the following phenomena: (1) a steep reduction of the Hall current and a steep increase in both the Faraday current and the electrical conductivity and (2) a slow reduction of the gas velocity due to the enhanced retarding force. Furthermore, the measured spikelike increase of the radiation intensity was ascribed to an increase of electron temperature and electron number density due to a steep increase of Joule heating. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(4): 34–42, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21004
Introducing a phase‐advanced rectifier circuit for reduction of distribution system reactive power
Authors: Aizawa Tadao
Published: April 2011

The excessive input of phase‐advanced capacitors by customers has been posing a problem to date. To deal with this problem, the installation of phase‐advanced capacitors on the low‐voltage side was recommended, but it does not presently seem to have produced the expected effect. As a solution, a phase‐advanced rectifier circuit, integrated from rectifier circuit built‐in equipment and a phase‐advanced capacitor, is proposed and the effect of its introduction is discussed. This method is confirmed to be effective for the reduction of reactive power, because the receiving‐end voltage and current waveform distortion are improved. In particular, the number of capacitors introduced into the system under light load is reduced. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(4): 1–9, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21109
Partially Hydrogenated 7‐Oxa[5]helicenes and [5]Helicenes: Synthesis, Structures, and Dynamics
Authors: Goel Atul , Verma Deepti , Pratap Ramendra , Taneja Gaurav , Hemberger Yasmin , Knauer Michael , Raghunandan Resmi , Maulik Prakas Ranjan , Ram Vishnu Ji , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: April 2011

An efficient and convenient synthesis of partially hydrogenated functionalized [5]helicenes and oxa[5]helicenes, such as (1,2,5,6‐tetrahydro‐3‐oxadibenzo[c,g]phenanthren‐4‐ylidene)acetonitriles 6 and (5,6‐dihydro‐3‐oxadibenzo[c,g]phenanthren‐4‐ylidene)acetonitriles 8, has been developed through base‐catalyzed ring transformation of 5,6‐dihydro‐4‐amin‐1‐yl‐2‐oxo‐2H‐benzo[h]chromene‐3‐carbonitriles 4 with 2‐tetralones 5. The molecular structures of the partially hydrogenated oxahelicenes were examined by spectroscopic methods and by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. To calculate the inversion barrier of the helimeric enantiomers P‐6e and M‐6e and of P‐8a and M‐8a, the molecular geometries of both the ground and the transition states were optimized by density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP/6‐311G*. Based on these structures, RI‐SCS‐MP2/TZVP single‐point energies (ORCA) were calculated to permit a prediction of the rotational barrier. The accuracy of the calculated value for 6e was confirmed by Dynamic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (DNMR) experiments with line‐shape analysis. Our ring‐transformation protocol provides easy access to functionalized helicenes and heterohelicenes with the flexibility of substituent variations and opens new perspectives for further exploration.
Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Metal Nanoparticles for Cardiac Myoglobin Detection in Human Blood Plasma
Authors: Suprun Elena V. , Shilovskaya Alla L. , Lisitsa Alexander V. , Bulko Tatiana V. , Shumyantseva Victoria V. , Archakov Alexander I.
Published: April 2011

Cardiac myoglobin detection was based on direct electron transfer between the Fe(III)‐heme and the electrode surface that was modified with metal nanoparticles stabilized by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and antibodies. Gold, silver and copper nanoparticles were tested as catalysts of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) electrode process. All experiments were carried out with human blood plasma samples of healthy donors and patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method proposed does not require labeled secondary antibodies. Immunosensor has a detection limit of 5 ng/mL and a broad range of working concentrations. The whole procedure takes 20 minutes and can be used to establish the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
Ordered Macroporous Ruthenium Oxide Electrodes for Potentiometric and Amperometric Sensing Applications
Authors: Lenz J. , Trieu V. , Hempelmann R. , Kuhn A.
Published: April 2011

We report two methods to prepare ordered macroporous ruthenium oxide electrodes based on a template approach and their possible applications as potentiometric and amperometric sensors. The very stable porous electrodes have been prepared using two techniques to assemble the colloidal template: the controlled evaporation (CE) technique and the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique, followed by electrochemical deposition of ruthenium oxide. The increased surface area of the macroporous structure makes them attractive for electroanalytical applications such as potentiometric and amperometric sensors as is illustrated for pH sensing and direct oxidation of NADH, which is an important ingredient in dehydrogenase based biosensors.
Molecular diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: A comparison between reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization methodologies
Authors: Salgado Rocío , Llombart Beatriz , M. Pujol Ramon , Fernández‐Serra Antonio , Sanmartín Onofre , Toll Agustí , Rubio Luis , Segura Sonia , Barranco Carlos , Serra‐Guillén Carlos , Yébenes Mireia , Salido Marta , Traves Víctor , Monteagudo Carlos , Sáez Empar , Hernández Teresa , de Álava Enrique , Llombart‐Bosch Antonio , Solé Francesc , Guillén Carlos , Espinet Blanca , López‐Guerrero Jose A.
Published: April 2011

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is characterized by the presence of the t(17;22)(q22;q13) that leads to the fusion of the COL1A1 and PDGFB genes. This translocation can be detected by multiplex reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. We have evaluated the usefulness of a dual color dual fusion FISH probe strategy for COL1A1/PDGFB detection in a series of 103 archival DFSPs and compared the obtained results with RT‐PCR analyses. FISH and RT‐PCR were carried out on paraffin embedded tissue samples. Regarding the RT‐PCR approach, all COL1A1 exons and exon 2 of PDGFB were evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were assessed considering the histological diagnosis as the gold standard. We also analyzed the relationship between the genetic findings and the clinicopathological variables of the tumors. The COL1A1/PDGFB translocation was detected in 93% of DFSP. Both techniques showed a similar specificity (100%), but FISH was more sensitive than RT‐PCR (90% vs. 72%). Regarding, clinicopathological features, a higher percentage of positive cells detected by FISH was significantly associated with the fibrosarcomatous DFSP variant (P < 0.001). Interestingly, all CD34 negative DFSP (n = 5) were positive for COL1A1/PDGFB translocation by both techniques. In conclusion, the majority of DFSP harbor the COL1A1/PDGFB translocation and FISH technique should be recommended as a routine diagnostic tool, especially in cases showing unusual histopathological subtypes and/or immunohistochemical features. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Changes in resting‐state brain networks in writer's cramp
Authors: Mohammadi Bahram , Kollewe Katja , Samii Amir , Beckmann Christian F. , Dengler Reinhard , Münte Thomas F.
Published: April 2011

Objectives:

Writer's cramp (WC) is characterized by excessive cocontractions of agonist and antagonist hand and forearm muscles during writing. Changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation patterns in such conditions can be ambiguous as they might either reflect some aspect of the primary pathophysiological mechanism or, alternatively, may be the result of adaptive actions during task execution. To circumvent this problem, we examined WC patients during rest, i.e., without a task, using independent component analysis (ICA) applied to the blood oxygen level‐dependent time series.

Methods:

Functionally connected brain networks during rest were defined by ICA to assess differences between WC patients (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 16). Analysis was carried out using FMRIB's Software Library.

Results:

Two functional networks showed between‐group differences, the sensorimotor network and the default‐mode network. In WC patients, the connectivity was reduced in the left postcentral area and increased in basal ganglia in contrast to healthy controls. These changes were not reversed after treatment with botulinum toxin.

Conclusions:

In line with other studies, the results show a dysfunction in cortico‐subcortical circuits in WC involving somatosensory cortex, areas interfacing the sensory and motor systems, and putamen contralateral to symptomatic hand. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐risk human papillomavirus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Singhi Aatur D. , Califano Joseph , Westra William H.
Published: April 2011

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV), a cause of oropharyngeal carcinoma, has also been implicated as an etiologic agent in nasopharyngeal carcinomas.

Methods

We performed p16 immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and HPV on 45 carcinomas of the nasopharynx.

Results

Thirty‐four (76%) carcinomas were EBV‐positive/HPV‐negative, 7 (16%) were EBV‐negative/HPV‐negative, and 4 (9%) were EBV‐negative/HPV‐positive. HPV was more likely to be detected in carcinomas from white patients than non‐white patients (16% vs 0%; p = .03). Of the 3 patients with HPV‐positive carcinomas and available staging information, all were found to have extension into the oropharynx. All HPV‐positive carcinomas were p16 positive, but none of the HPV‐negative carcinomas were p16 positive (p < .001).

Conclusion

HPV can be detected in a subset of carcinomas involving the nasopharynx, but many of these may represent extension from an oropharyngeal primary. P16 immunohistochemistry is a reliable marker for separating EBV‐related and HPV‐related carcinomas of Waldheyer's ring. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012.
Diagnosis and treatment of recurrent laryngeal cancer following initial nonsurgical therapy
Authors: Agra Ivan Marcelo Gonçalves , Ferlito Alfio , Takes Robert P. , Silver Carl E. , Olsen Kerry D. , Stoeckli Sandro J. , Strojan Primož , Rodrigo Juan P. , Gonçalves Filho João , Genden Eric M. , Haigentz Missak , Khafif Avi , Weber Randal S. , Zbären Peter , Suárez Carlos , Hartl Dana M. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Kim Kwang Hyun , Kowalski Luiz P.
Published: April 2011

Surgery is the preferred modality for curative treatment of recurrent laryngeal cancer after failure of nonsurgical treatments. Patients with initial early‐stage cancer experiencing recurrence following radiotherapy often have more advanced‐stage tumors by the time the recurrence is recognized. About one third of such recurrent cancers are suitable for conservation surgery. Endoscopic resection with the CO2 laser or open partial laryngectomy (partial vertical, supracricoid, or supraglottic laryngectomies) have been used. The outcomes of conservation surgery appear better than those after total laryngectomy, because of selection bias. Transoral laser surgery is currently used more frequently than open partial laryngectomy for treatment of early‐stage recurrence, with outcomes equivalent to open surgery but with less associated morbidity. Laser surgery has also been employed for selective cases of advanced recurrent disease, but patient selection and expertise are required for application of this modality to rT3 tumors. In general, conservation laryngeal surgery is a safe and effective treatment for localized recurrences after radiotherapy for early‐stage glottic cancer. Recurrent advanced‐stage cancers should generally be treated by total laryngectomy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012.
Efficient Synthesis of a Styryl Analogue of (2S,3R,4E)‐N2‐Octadecanoyl‐4‐tetradecasphingenine via Cross‐Metathesis Reaction
Authors: Kumar Gulshan , Kaur Sukhbir , Singh Vasundhara
Published: April 2011

The first total synthesis of sphingolipid (2S,3R,4E)‐N2‐octadecanoyl‐4‐tetradecasphingenine (1a), a natural sphingolipid isolated from Bombycis Corpus 101A, and of its styryl analogue 1b was achieved in good overall yield (Schemes 1 and 2). The key step involved the installation with (E) stereoselectivity of a long lipophilic chain or phenyl group on allyl alcohol derivative 3 via a cross‐metathesis reaction (→5a or 5b). The N‐Boc protected 3 was easily accessible from (S)‐Garner aldehyde.
Two Unusual Phenolic Substances and One New Xanthone from Hypericum sampsonii
Authors: Xin Wen‐Bo , Jin Gui‐Lin , Mao Zhu‐Jun , Qin Lu‐Ping
Published: April 2011

Sampsone A (1), a novel prenylated aromatic lactone, and sampsone B (2), an unusual dihydrodibenzodioxinone, together with sampsone C (3), a new xanthone, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods which were mainly 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques, and the structure of sampsone B (2) was also confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. All of these compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Only sampsone A showed moderate antibacterial activities at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μg/ml.
Ophiobolin Sesterterpenoids and Pyrrolidine Alkaloids from the Sponge‐Derived Fungus Aspergillus ustus
Authors: Liu Hong‐Bing , Edrada‐Ebel RuAngelie , Ebel Rainer , Wang Yao , Schulz Barbara , Draeger Siegfried , Müller Werner E. G. , Wray Victor , Lin Wen‐Han , Proksch Peter
Published: April 2011

Chemical examination of the fungus Aspergillus ustus isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Suberites domuncula yielded the five new ophiobolin‐type sesterterpenoids 1–5 and the two new pyrrolidine alkaloids 6 and 7, together with the known compound aurantiamine and cerebroside D. The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic‐data analysis (1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, MS, and UV) and comparison with literature data. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y.
An Efficient Stereoselective Approach for the Synthesis of (+)‐(4S,5S)‐Muricatacin
Authors: Srinivas Chiguru , Naga Sesha Sai Pavan Kumar Chebolu , China Raju Bhimapaka , Jayathirtha Rao Vaidya
Published: April 2011

An efficient stereoselective total synthesis of (+)‐(4S,5S)‐muricatacin was accomplished in good yields from inexpensive, commercially available chemicals ((+)‐diethyl tartrate (DET) and undecan‐1‐ol) by utilizing Mitsunobu and JuliaKocienski reactions, Wittig homologation, Swern oxidation, and lactonization.
Syntheses of Prekinamycin and a Tetracyclic Quinone from Common Synthetic Intermediates
Authors: Kimura Shingo , Kobayashi Satoshi , Kumamoto Takuya , Akagi Aki , Sato Naomi , Ishikawa Tsutomu
Published: April 2011

Towards total synthesis of a series of kinamycin and related antibiotics via common synthetic intermediates, total synthesis of prekinamycin was achieved via Suzuki coupling of naphthaleneboronic acid and bromobenzene derivative, intramolecular FriedelCrafts reaction of 2‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)benzoic acid, and diazotization in ten steps from 3,5‐dimethylphenol. Synthetic studies towards kinamycin antibiotics was also examined, and the tetracyclic quinone core for kinamycins was synthesized. Palladium‐catalyzed site‐selective hydroxylation of a benzoic acid derivative with the AB‐D ring part was successfully applied to the selective D‐ring functionalizations.
Oligonucleotide Analogues with Integrated Bases and Backbone. Part 27
Authors: Herdeis Lorenz , Bernet Bruno , Augustine Anu , Kälin Roland E. , Brändli André W. , Vasella Andrea
Published: April 2011

The (chloromethyl)cytidine 7 was obtained from alcohol 4 that was synthesized from the protected cytidine 3 by C(6)‐formylation and reduction. Thioacetate 10 was obtained from the cytidine 2, and thioacetate 8 from a Mitsunobu reaction of alcohol 6. The thiomethylene‐linked dinucleoside 11 was synthesized by thioether formation between the 6‐(chloromethyl)cytidine 7 and the thiolate generated by S‐deacetylating and N‐debenzoylating the cytidine‐5′‐thioacetate 10. Dinucleoside 11 was desilylated to 12, and fully deprotected to 13. Similarly to 11, the C(6)‐substituted analogue 14 was obtained from 7 and the C(6)‐substituted 8. Stepwise deprotection of 14 provided 15–17, and complete deprotection gave 18. The thioacetylated and N‐benzoylated dinucleoside 21 was obtained from the methanesulfonate 9 and the thiolate that was generated from thioacetate 8. Similarly, 7 and 8 yielded 19 that was transformed into the methanesulfonate 20. The tetranucleoside 23 was synthesized from the methanesulfonate 20 and the thiol derived from 21. It was debenzoylated to 23 and completely deprotected to 24.

The partially protected dinucleosides 11, 14, and 15, and the tetranucleoside 23 pair strongly in CDCl3. The crystal structure of 11⋅MeOH shows the formation of an antiparallel cyclic duplex possessing nearly orthogonal base pairs due to MeOH acting as H‐acceptor from one base pair and H‐donor to the other base pair. A large distance of ca. 6 Å between the base pairs of the cyclic duplexes was predicted by Maruzen modeling. It is corroborated by the absence of base stacking in CHCl3 solution of the duplexes formed by the (self‐complementary) dinucleosides 11, 14, and 15, as evidenced by a weak temperature dependence of the CD spectra. The association constants for 11, 14, 15, and 23 were calculated from the concentration dependence of the chemical shift of H2NC(4). No concentration dependence of the H2NC(4) signals was observed for solutions of 23 in CDCl3, (D6)acetone, CD3CN, (D8)THF, (D5)pyridine, and CDCl3/(D6)DMSO 4 : 1. As a consequence of the strong association, the association constant for 23 had to be determined in CD3CN/(D6)DMSO 4 : 1. The temperature dependence of the CD spectra of the fully deprotected 18 und 24, but not of 13, in H2O is rationalized by base stacking of the hydroxymethylated cytosine moieties that associate by intermolecular H‐bonds of HOCH2C(6/I) to an acceptor of unit I. The 1H‐NMR spectrum of 18 and 24, but not of 13, shows a 9 : 1 mixture of the monoplex and the base‐stacked duplex.
Tracking hydrological responses of a thermokarst lake in the Old Crow Flats (Yukon Territory, Canada) to recent climate variability using aerial photographs and paleolimnological methods
Authors: MacDonald Lauren A. , Turner Kevin W. , Balasubramaniam Ann M. , Wolfe Brent B. , Hall Roland I. , Sweetman Jon N.
Published: April 2011

Recent studies using remote sensing analysis of lake‐rich thermokarst landscapes have documented evidence of declining lake surface area in response to recent warming. However, images alone cannot identify whether these declines are due to increasing frequency of lake drainage events associated with accelerated thermokarst activity or to increasing evaporation in response to longer ice‐free season duration. Here, we explore the potential of combining aerial photograph time series with paleolimnological analyses to track changes in hydrological conditions of a thermokarst lake in the Old Crow Flats (OCF), Canada, and to identify their causes. Images show that the water level in lake OCF 48 declined markedly sometime between 1972 and 2001. In a sediment core from OCF 48, complacent stratigraphic profiles of several physical, geochemical, and biological parameters from ∼1874–1967 indicate hydro‐limnological conditions were relatively stable. From ∼1967–1989, declines in organic matter content, organic carbon isotope values, and pigment concentrations are interpreted to reflect an increase in supply of minerogenic sediment, and subsequent decline in aquatic productivity, caused by increased thermo‐erosion of shoreline soils. Lake expansion was likely caused by increased summer rainfall, as recorded by increased cellulose‐inferred lake‐water oxygen isotope compositions. Stratigraphic trends defining the lake expansion phase terminated at ∼1989, which likely marks the year when the lake drained. Above‐average precipitation during the previous year probably raised the lake level and promoted further thermo‐erosion of the shoreline soils that caused the lake to drain. These are meteorological conditions that have led to other recent lake‐drainage events in the OCF. Thus, the decline in lake level, evident in the aerial photograph from 2001, is unlikely to have been caused by evaporation, but rather is a remnant of a drainage event that took place more than a decade earlier. After drainage, the lake began to refill, and most paleolimnological parameters approach levels that are similar to those during the stable phase. These findings indicate that combined use of aerial images and paleolimnological methods offers much promise for identifying the hydrological consequences of recent climatic variations on thermokarst lakes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas Phase Cucurbit[n]uril Chemistry
Authors: Yang Fan , Dearden David V.
Published: April 2011

The chemistry of cucurbit[n]urils is commanding increasing interest because of potential applications of these molecules in supramolecular structures; in drug encapsulation, protection, and delivery; and in sensitive new analytical assays. It is widely recognized that the binding properties of cucurbit[n]urils are sensitively dependent on solvents and counterions. Hence, gas phase studies, where neither solvent nor counterion species are present, are vital to gain fundamental understanding of cucuribituril complexes and to facilitate future applications. We use Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS) and ion mobility techniques to investigate the gas phase chemistry of cucurbit[n]urils and related species, addressing problems such as how trapping molecules inside the cucurbit[n]uril cavity affects the binding of cations on the rims, the mechanism of exchange of bound/trapped species, and the origin of the large pKa shifts that occur for trapped guests. This paper is a review of our work.
The Potential of Cucurbit[n]urils in Drug Delivery
Authors: Walker Shonagh , Oun Rabbab , McInnes Fiona J. , Wheate Nial J.
Published: April 2011

In this paper we review cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n]), a relatively new family of macrocycles that has shown potential in improving drug delivery. Encapsulation of drugs within the homologues CB[6], CB[7], or CB[8] can impart enhanced chemical and physical stability, improve drug solubility, and control drug release. The formulation of CB[n] into a dosage form suitable for clinical use is a non‐trivial task, because the free macrocycle and its host‐drug complex generally exhibit pseudo‐polymorphism in the solid state. Despite this, cucurbiturils have been included in tablets for oral delivery and inserts for nasal delivery. Here we examine the potential use of cucurbiturils in drug delivery in the context of getting a new drug into clinical trials and discuss what further research is needed in this area.
Quality of attachment, perinatal risk, and mother–infant interaction in a high‐risk premature sample
Authors: Udry‐Jørgensen Laura , Pierrehumbert Blaise , Borghini Ayala , Habersaat Stephanie , Forcada‐Guex Margarita , Ansermet François , Muller‐Nix Carole
Published: April 2011

Thirty‐three families, each with a premature infant born less than 33 gestational weeks, were observed in a longitudinal exploratory study. Infants were recruited in a neonatal intensive care unit, and follow‐up visits took place at 4 months and 12 months of corrected age. The severity of the perinatal problems was evaluated using the Perinatal Risk Inventory (PERI; A.P. Scheiner & M.E. Sexton, 1991). At 4 months, mother–infant play interaction was observed and coded according to the CARE‐index (P.M. Crittenden, 2003); at 12 months, the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP; M.D.S. Ainsworth, M.C. Blehar, E. Waters, & S. Wall, 1978) was administered. Results indicate a strong correlation between the severity of perinatal problems and the quality of attachment at 12 months. Based on the PERI, infants with high medical risks more frequently tended to be insecurely attached. There also was a significant correlation between insecure attachment and dyadic play interaction at 4 months (i.e., maternal controlling behavior and infant compulsive compliance). Moreover, specific dyadic interactive patterns could be identified as protective or as risk factors regarding the quality of attachment. Considering that attachment may have long‐term influence on child development, these results underline the need for particular attention to risk factors regarding attachment among premature infants.