bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Christelike wetenskap moontlik? ’n Dogmatologies-filosofiese perspektief
Authors: Lategan L. O.K.
Published: January 2014

Is Christian science feasible? A dogmatic-philosophical perspective According to positivism, presuppositions cannot exist in science; therefore, a religious system like Christian science is questionable. But, in agreement with several perspectives - such as contemporary philosophy of science, the religious heart of man, the fundamentals of Dooyeweerd, the structure of knowledge, scientific communication and scientific criticism - the author argues that positivism is defunct, and that facts can never be objective. Therefore, presuppositions do exist in science. A religious system such as Christian science should not be treated with suspicion. The paper concludes with three possible presuppositions in Christian science.
‘Pous Abraham de Eerste’: De Onderzoeker oor Kuyper
Authors: Lubbe J. J.
Published: January 2014

‘Pope Abraham the First’: Kuyper as introduced by De Onderzoeker Towards the end of the previous century, theologians, ministers and interested members of the Dutch Reformed Church became familiar with the name of Neo-Calvinist Abraham Kuyper De Onderzoeker, the theological mouthpiece of the Cape liberal movement between 1860 and 1884, quite unexpectedly was one of the first to take note of this theologian, and in a peculiar sense. This article tries to determine the content and possible influence of that introduction. To be true to the historical context, it is, however, necessary first to understand something of the character of De Onderzoeker.
Die boek Job gelees vanuit ’n Ou-Testamentiese verbondsperspektief
Authors: Marnewick J. C.
Published: January 2014

The book of Job interpreted from an Old Testament covenant perspective In the last decades studies on the Book of Job have been done on the assumption that it is a book of Wisdom, in which the perspective of wisdom is reflected. The purpose of this study is not to question any previous research. This is fully accepted, but the question that arises is how this book, which was regarded by the Jews as holy scripture, was interpreted by them. Was it from an ancient Near Eastern wisdom perspective, or from another perspective? The hypothesis is that it was from a covenant perspective. This religious frame of reference in post-exilic Judah was not an ancient Near Eastern wisdom perspective, but a Torah-orientated covenant perspective.
Die teologiese debat: Die waarde of betekenis daarvan
Authors: Pont A. D.
Published: January 2014

The theological debate: Its value and significance With negotiation and debate being the buzz-words of our day, it is of some value to explore, even if only superficially, the structure and tendency of the theological debate in the history of the church. In the theological debate the cardinal issue is the Word of God which determines the word of man. In this light the theological debate can be distinguished as both an internal debate within the church arid an external debate with those outside the church. The substance of the debate is determined largely by the question of the content and significance of the Word of God Since the Word of God is an absolute norm, the theological debate tends to become a statement and, in many cases, does not develop iruo an exchange of ideas or points of view. The theological debate, with its apologetic, explanatory and didactic elements, is however a necessary element in church life. Within its limits it can be a stimulating expression of the faith of the church.
Om te teologiseer oor God en lyding: Opmerkings na aanleiding van Harold Kushner se interpretasie van Job 40:9-14
Authors: Spangenberg I. J.J.
Published: January 2014

To reflect theologically on God and suffering: Remarks relating to Harold Kushner’s interpretation of Job 40:9-14 More than a decade ago rabbi Harold Kushner wrote a bestseller on God and suffering, entitled When bad things happen to good people. Even Christian theologians took cognizance of it. Kushner based his ideas on a dubious interpretation of Job 40:9-14. According to this interpretation, God confesses his inability to control evil at all times. Although this interpretation can be questioned the reflections are stimulating. Kushner’s book is a clear indication of how theological reflection comes about. Theological statements do not flow directly from the Tanakh or from the Christian Bible. As ancient Near Eastern religious documents they only serve as catalysts for our own theological reflections.
Die ontstaan en die doel van die Voortrekkers se gelofte in 1838
Authors: Van den Berg D. V.R. , Botha S. J.
Published: January 2014

The origin and the purpose of the vow made by the Vootrekkers in 1838 The vow made by the Voortrekkers in 1838, and its continued celebration by the descendants of the Voortrekkers - and Afrikaners in general - is often the subject of severe criticism from theologians, historians and politicians alike. By investigating the circumstances (historical and theological) leading to the taking of this solemn oath, an attempt is made to demonstrate that the vow was undertaken in good faith by simple believers, stating their dependence on God, and bringing praise to Him. Since it was their intention to include their descendants in the honouring of this vow, the modem Afrikaner should also take pleasure in praising God in this way.
Shaping the Discourse on Modernity
Authors: van Eijnatten Joris , Jonker Ed , Ruberg Willemijn , Segal Joes
Published: January 2014

In this opening article, the editors of History, Culture and Modernity provide an overview of recent debates relating to “modernity”, inviting prospective authors to participate in a reflexive conversation on this contested concept, which is, at the same time, a practical reality. Modernity is on endless trial, suggesting evaluation and permanent criticism. The most disputed aspects of modernity range from its supposedly secular character and its strong connection to western science. Responses to these and other conspicuous features of modernity include Romanticism and various critiques of Enlightenment rationality, but also artistic modernism and the postcolonial attack on Eurocentrism. New approaches to the study of modernity try to accept its ambiguity, rather than reaffirm the conventional binary approach, and pay more attention to global and experiential aspects. A cultural history of modernity can help to expand such new approaches.
Campsites as Utopias?
Authors: Gosseye Janina , Heynen Hilde
Published: January 2014

This paper contrasts the objectives that underlie the development of government-funded holiday camps for family vacations in Belgium with the socio-spatial practices of their initial users. Drawing on oral history, archival material, photographs and site plans, we argue that holidaymakers did not just experience the holiday camp as an environment where they could reconnect with their family and pursue authentic experiences in close contact with nature – as their initiators had intended – but that they also embraced these sites as places where they could recreate a romanticised version of “traditional” community life and experiment with facets of a middle-class, modern suburban ideal. To substantiate our narrative, we focus on two holiday camps in the Campine Region: Zilvermeer and Hengelhoef.
Toekomst voor de Nederlandse sociologie
Authors: Haan, de Jos
Published: January 2014

Ruim tien jaar geleden stelden Arie Glebbeek en Henk de Vos (2000) de vraag of de Nederlandse sociologie nog wel een toekomst had. Zij zagen in onder meer de teruglopende studentenaantallen en de afslanking van het aantal universiteiten met een volwaardige sociologie-opleiding een bedreiging
van de discipline. Zonder nieuwe aanwas van enige omvang kon de sociologie volgens de twee Groningse sociologen toch niet meer een betekenisvolle discipline zijn. Om die betekenis te hebben moet de sociologie zich aan de ene kant onderscheiden van andere sociaalwetenschappelijke disciplines
en aan de andere kant ruimte bieden voor de pluriformiteit die de discipline nu eenmaal eigen is. Een discipline heeft Nachwuchs nodig en de opleidingen spelen hierbij een belangrijke rol. Hoe hebben die zich geweerd tegen de bedreigingen in de afgelopen tien jaar?
Werk, uitkeringen en criminaliteit - Kwetsbare jongeren gevolgd van 18 tot 32 jaar
Authors: Verbruggen Janna , Apel Robert , Geest, van der Victor , Blokland Arjan
Published: January 2014

This study examines effects of employment as well as different types of income support on crime, using longitudinal information on a sample of vulnerable men and women (N = 540) who were institutionalized in a Dutch juvenile justice institution in the 1990s. Results show that, although
the vast majority of the sample is employed at least once during the observation period, a large number of men and women receive income support at some point during the observational period as well. In addition, the majority of the sample engages in serious criminal behavior in adulthood.
Random effects and fixed effects models show that for men, both work and income support are associated with a reduction in the rate of offending. For women, however, those employed show a lower offending rate, while receiving income support, and in particular disability benefits, is associated
with an increase in offending. These findings suggest that for men, income from either work or social security can reduce the financial motivation for crime, whereas for women, desistance may primarily result from social control associated with being employed.
De afgrenzing tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke dialecten in Noord-Limburg
Authors: Bakker Frens , van Hout Roeland
Published: January 2014

Bis vor kurzem basierten Dialektologen die Grenzen von Dialektzonen auf Isoglossen. So wird die Uerdinger Linie als die Trennungslinie zwischen dem Nordniederfränkischen und dem Südniederfränkischen angesehen. Die Kluft, welche beide Gebiete trennt, scheint auf deutscher
Seite der Staatsgrenze jedoch viel tiefer zu sein als auf niederlandischer Seite. Weitmaschige dialektometrische Untersuchungen in der niederländischen Provinz Limburg scheinen tatsächlich zu bestätigen, dass die Uerdinger Linie diese beiden Gebiete in diesem Raum nicht trennt.
Diese erste engmaschige dialektometrische Untersuchung bestätigt diese Befunde.
De schoonheid van taal - Hoe wezenlijk is het oordeel mooi in taalattitudes?
Authors: Latour Britt , Grondelaers Stef , van Hout Roeland
Published: January 2014

This paper reports an experimental answer to a question which has remained controversial since it was put on the agenda in the Romantic era: is beauty individually or communally determined? Applied to our research topic, accent variation in spoken Netherlandic Standard Dutch, this question
should be rephrased as: is the perceived beauty of regional accents of Dutch in the eye of the beholder, or is it entrenched in the communal attitudes towards these varieties? Listener-judges rated the audio-taped speech of eight speakers representing four regional accents on traits pertaining
to four evaluative dimensions, viz. integrity, dynamism, competence and status, but also on a separate scale pertaining to how beautiful or ugly the speech was found. The experiment reported here confirms prior experimental work which demonstrated that the beauty scale correlated with all
the evaluative dimensions inherent in the ratings. This overarching and synthesizing function of the perceived beauty of speech suggests a communal rather than an individual origin of aesthetic perception in the field of language attitudes. We therefore concur with Van Bezooijen (2002) that
beauty perceptions afford privileged and convenient access into language attitudes.
A new experimental approach to study the hygroscopic and optical properties of aerosols: application to ammonium sulfate particles
Authors: Denjean C. , Formenti P. , Picquet-Varrault B. , Katrib Y. , Pangui E. , Zapf P. , Doussin J. F.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. A new methodology for the determination of the changes due to hygroscopic growth with relative humidity of the number size distribution and optical properties of polydispersed aerosols is described. This method uses the simulation chamber CESAM where the hygroscopic properties of polydispersed aerosol particles can be investigated in situ by exposing them to RH ranging from 0 to 100% for approximately 1 h. In situ humidification is used to provide simultaneous information on the RH-dependence of the particle size and the corresponding scattering coefficient (σscat), and that for the entire size distribution. Optical closure studies, based on integrated nephelometer and aethalometer measurements, Mie scattering calculations and measured particle size distributions, can therefore be performed to yield derived parameters such as the complex refractive index (CRI) at λ = 525 nm. The CRI can also be retrieved in the visible spectrum by combining differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and white light aerosol spectrometer (Palas Welas®) measurements. We have applied this methodology to ammonium sulfate particles, which have well known optical and hygroscopic properties. The CRI obtained from the two methods (1.54–1.57) compared favourably to each other and are also in reasonable agreement with the literature values. The particle's growth was compared to values obtained for one selected size of particles (150 nm) with a H-TDMA and the effect of the residence time for particles humidification was investigated. When the humidification was performed in the chamber for a few minutes, a continuous increase of the ammonium sulfate particle's size and σscat was observed from RH values as low as 30% RH. Comparison of the measured and modelled values based on Köhler and Mie theories shows that layers of water are adsorbed on ammonium sulfate particles below the deliquescence point. In contradiction, the particle's growth reported with H-TDMAs showed a prompt deliquescence of ammonium sulfate particles with no continuous growth in size at low RH. These findings highlight the need to allow sufficient time for particle-water vapour equilibrium in investigating the aerosols hygroscopic properties. H-TDMA instruments induce limited residence time for humidification and seem to be insufficient for water adsorption on ammonium sulfate particles.
Diagnostic calibration of a hydrological model in an alpine area
Authors: He Z. , Tian F. , Hu H. C. , Gupta H. V. , Hu H. P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Hydrological modeling depends on single- or multiple-objective strategies for parameter calibration using long time sequences of observed streamflow. Here, we demonstrate a diagnostic approach to the calibration of a hydrological model of an alpine area in which we partition the hydrograph based on the dominant runoff generation mechanism (groundwater baseflow, glacier melt, snowmelt, and direct runoff). The partitioning reflects the spatiotemporal variability in snowpack, glaciers, and temperature. Model parameters are grouped by runoff generation mechanism, and each group is calibrated separately via a stepwise approach. This strategy helps to reduce the problem of equifinality and, hence, model uncertainty. We demonstrate the method for the Tailan River basin (1324 km2) in the Tianshan Mountains of China with the help of a semi-distributed hydrological model (THREW).
Hybrid inventory, gravimetry and altimetry (HIGA) mass balance product for Greenland and the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Colgan W. , Abdalati W. , Citterio M. , Csatho B. , Fettweis X. , Luthcke S. , Moholdt G. , Stober M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We present a novel inversion algorithm that generates a mass balance field that is simultaneously consistent with independent observations of glacier inventory derived from optical imagery, cryosphere-attributed mass changes derived from satellite gravimetry, and ice surface elevation changes derived from airborne and satellite altimetry. We use this algorithm to assess mass balance across Greenland and the Canadian Arctic over the December 2003 to December 2010 period at 26 km resolution. We assess a total mass loss of 316 ± 37 Gt a−1 over Greenland and the Canadian Arctic, with 217 ± 20 Gt a−1 being attributed to the Greenland Ice Sheet proper, and 38 ± 6 Gt a−1 and 50 ± 8 Gt a−1 being attributed to peripheral glaciers in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic, respectively. These absolute values are dependent on the gravimetry-derived spherical harmonic representation we invert. Our attempt to validate local values of algorithm-inferred mass balance reveals a paucity of in situ observations. At four sites, where direct comparison between algorithm-inferred and in situ mass balance is valid, we find an RMSD of 0.18 m WE a−1. Differencing algorithm-inferred mass balance with previously modelled surface mass balance, in order to solve the ice dynamic portion of mass balance as a residual, allows the transient glacier continuity equation to be spatially partitioned across Greenland.
The Proposed Data Protection Regulation: The Illusion of Harmonisation, the Private/Public Sector Divide and the Bureaucratic Apparatus
Authors: Blume Peter , Svanberg Christian Wiese
Published: January 2014

The proposal for a new General Data Protection Regulation has been billed as a harbinger of increased harmonisation, better enforcement and modernised rules within the area of data protection law. Through an analysis of several central elements in the draft Regulation—and European data protection law in general—as well as an assessment of the practical implications the proposal is likely to have if adopted, this chapter challenges whether the proposal will be able to deliver the harmonised rules that have been promised. It focuses particularly on the proposed regulations scope of application, its legal architecture, the use of discretionary provisions and related issues.

It is argued that the proposal not only fails to address the root causes of why the current data protection directive (Directive 95/46) failed to bring about harmonisation and effective rules, but also looks set to transplant them into the new regulation.
What can population-based physician billing data tell us about the prevalence, costs and disorders associated with different types of cancers based on the 16 years prevalence of cancer diagnosis?
Authors: Lui Jazmin , Narendran Aru , Cawthorpe David
Published: January 2014

Background: Annual rates of cancer diagnosis and costs are reported for specific cancers and age groups over 16 years using health utilization data in addition to the odds ratios for broad International Classification of Disease (ICD) categories of associated disorders. Methods: Using physician assigned ICD diagnosis, annual cancer diagnosis rates of six cancers (colorectal, breast, prostate, lung, mesothelioma, and pancreatic) were measured for the period of 1994-2009 in the Calgary, Alberta catchment area. As well, the patient cohort diagnosed with any neoplasm (n = 261,896) was analyzed by year for three age groups: youth (< 25 years), adult (26 years – 69 years), and geriatric (≥ 70 years). Total direct cancer diagnosis costs and associated disorders costs were calculated by year and mean total costs compared by type of cancer. Odds ratio were calculated for each broad category of ICD diagnosis given the presence or absence of specified cancer types. Results: Annual rates of diagnosis increased for all six cancers and all three age groups. All six cancers showed their annual rates of diagnosis to be at least 2.1 times greater in 2009 compared to 1994. Colorectal cancer maintained the highest annual cancer rate of diagnosis, the geriatric group had the highest annual rates of cancer diagnosis out of the three age groups, and the youth group annual rates of cancer diagnosis increased by a factor of 2.6. Breast cancer had the highest associated per patient costs whereas prostate cancer had the lowest. In addition to other neoplasms, odds ratios indicated that most cancer types were associated with disorders of the blood and blood producing organs. Conclusion: Prevalence has been steadily increasing in the Calgary, AB catchment over the study period. Trends in annual rates of diagnosis have implications for future burden on healthcare systems and provide a basis for comparison of local rates and expenditures with other healthcare principalities.
Rethinking Rural and Agricultural Development Through Market-Oriented Technologies in Africa
Authors: Ovwigho Bishop O.
Published: January 2014

The broad objective of the paper was to design a market oriented technology for agricultural and rural development in Africa. Marketing extension has been over looked in extension services delivery. Many of the agricultural technologies including the Top-Bottom, Feed-back, Farmer-Back to Farmer and Integrated Rural Development lacked in-built marketing components. The technology versus market component model was developed in this study. The model consists of the technical, market, and sustainability components as well as control mechanism. The theory of the technology and marketing component model states that, if the technical, marketing and sustainability components of a technology are properly designed implemented and controlled farmers will derive greater incentives from their investment. The marketing component should be specified in all agricultural technology after verifying the technical and sustainability components. Advisory services on marketing functions, role of cooperatives and organized markets in improving market incentives to the rural small and medium scale farmers were discussed. The model is recommended to research scientists and extension workers to adopt in a bid to improve the welfare of the rural farmers.
Laplace Transformation Approach to the Spin Symmetry of the Mie-Type Potential with a Coulomb Tensor Interaction
Authors: Eshghi Mahdi , Ikhdair Sameer M.
Published: January 2014

The Dirac equation is solved exactly under the condition of spin symmetry for a spin 1=2 particle in the field of Mie-type potential and a Coulomb-like tensor interaction via the Laplace transform approach (LTA). The Dirac bound state energy equation and the corresponding normalized wave functions are obtained in closed forms with any spin-orbit coupling term k. The effects of the tensor interaction and the potential parameters on the bound states are also studied. It is noticed that the tensor interaction removes degeneracy between two states in spin doublets. Some numerical results are given and a few special cases of interest are presented. We have demonstrated that in the nonrelativistic limit, the solutions of the Dirac system converges to that of the Schrödinger system. The nonrelativistic limits of the present solutions are compared with the ones obtained by findings of other methods. Our results are sufficiently accurate for practical purpose.
Majorana Fermions on a Lattice and a Matrix Problem
Authors: Hardy Yorick , Steeb Willi-Hans
Published: January 2014

We investigate matrix problems arising in the study of Majorana Fermions on a lattice.
On the Solution of the Nonlinear Fractional Diffusion-Wave Equation with Absorption: a Homotopy Approach
Authors: Mishra Vivek , Vishal Kumar , Das Subir , Ong Seng Huat
Published: January 2014

In this article, the homotopy analysis method is used to obtain approximate analytic solutions of the time-fractional diffusion-wave equation with given initial conditions. A special effort has been given to show the effect of reaction term with long term correlation to the diffusion-wave solutions for various values of anomalous exponent to constitute a good mathematical model useful for various engineering and scientific systems. Effects of parameters on the solution profile are calculated numerically and presented through graphs for different particular cases. Sub-diffusion and super-diffusion phenomena for birth and death processes are also shown through figures.
From the Dutch corantos to Convergence Journalism: The Role of Translation in News Production
Authors: Valdeón Roberto A.
Published: January 2014

This article provides a overview of the role translation has played in news transmission since the birth of journalism until the 21st century. The paper focuses on three periods and the ways in which translation has been present in news production: (1) translation at the origin of newspapers in 17th- and 18th-century Europe, with particular reference to England, Spain and Scandinavia, where translation was, in fact, the staple diet of the first pamphlets published in those countries, (2) from the late 19th century onwards, the interplay between language and translation has also been present in the activity of foreign correspondents, albeit often in a very invisible manner, and (3) as the journalistic activity was professionalized, the importance of translation can be traced in the need for journalists to be trained in foreign languages as well as in the appearance of news agencies whose activity is to a great extent translational. Finally, the advent and spread of the Internet has made the role of translation more apparent, even if it remains an invisible second-rate activity within the news production process.
News Translation and Translation Ethics in the Cypriot Context
Authors: Floros Georgios
Published: January 2014

In news translation, some of the most prominent issues still debated on concern news translation as gatekeeping, the application of traditional models and the issue of the very definition of translation itself. Within this context, this paper will focus on the use of translation in news production in the Cypriot context. Data from Cypriot newspapers and the Cypriot Press and Information Office (PIO) point to the assumption that translation is used for disseminating national policy in ways which might stand in a conflicting relationship with issues pertaining to translation ethics. While news reporting is almost by necessity a carrier of national ideology, the same cannot be assumed automatically for material which is translated. The ultimate aim is to show how national ideologies violate the desired informativity of news and to challenge the ethical ‘‘uniformity’’ observed between news reporting and news translation, in favor of a higher ethical awareness on the part of journalists and newspapers. The underlying premise of the article is that news translation could perhaps be treated according to the same ethical considerations as translation in the conventional sense, despite the recontextualization and filtering of the content expressed.
Traduction des discours sur l’islam dans la presse de France et d’Espagne
Authors: Bugnot Marie-Ange
Published: January 2014

De nos jours la presse écrite, ancrée dans les flux transnationaux d’information, véhicule une image de l’Autre intentionnelle. Chaque publication doit interpréter et calibrer les données qui lui parviennent conformément à un code déontologique et à une position idéologique, c’est-à-dire transposer et adapter. Dans le cas des reprises d’information entre deux pays limitrophes comme la France et l’Espagne, les différences qu’affiche une même nouvelle sont sensibles. Les constituants qui la définissent dans ce contexte géopolitique précis dépendent largement de l’importance que l’on a décidé d’accorder à la nouvelle, de conventions culturelles dont l’influence s’étend aux usages sémantiques en vigueur, au non-dit et au sous-entendu. Sa traduction relève de même du degré de négociation et d’adaptation/manipulation nécessaires dans la langue cible. Cette étude de la perception de l’Autre centrée sur le thème islamique, sujet de grande actualité dans la politique européenne, s’appuie sur un corpus de journaux/revues français et espagnols qui balaient l’année 2010.
A cronologia relativa e absoluta da ocupação sidérica do Castelo de Castro Marim
Authors: Arruda Ana Margarida , Oliveira Carlos Filipe , Teixeira de Freitas Vera , Monge Soares António , Martins José Manuel , Portela Paulo
Published: January 2014

A diacronia da ocupação da Idade do Ferro do Castelo de Castro Marim foi estabelecida tendo em consideração a sequência estratigráfica observada e, naturalmente, os espólios recolhidos nessa mesma sequência. Com base nesses dados, foram já apresentadas propostas de atribuição cronológica às quatro fases de ocupação sidérica que pudemos caracterizar também relativamente aos espólios e à arquitectura. A recolha de material orgânico em todos os níveis da sequência estratigráfica permitiu obter datações absolutas, efectuadas sobre carvões e faunas malacológicas. Neste trabalho, os dados da cronologia de radiocarbono obtidos são apresentados, sendo cruzados e discutidos com os que os restantes elementos possibilitaram. A relação entre as datações de 14C e as obtidas pela análise morfológica dos espólios recolhidos ao longo da sequência estratigráfica permite estabelecer bases consideravelmente mais sólidas para a evolução diacrónica da Idade do Ferro do Castelo de Castro Marim.In this work, the data from the radiocarbon chronology are presented and discussed by themselves and related with the others. The relationship between the 14C dates and those obtained by morphological analysis of the materials collected along the stratigraphic sequence bring more solid bases to analyze the diachronic evolution of Castro Marim Iron Age.
Nuevas aportaciones al horizonte del bronce final de La Vital (Gandia, València)
Authors: García Borja Pablo , Carrión Marco Yolanda , Iborra Eres María Pilar , Gutiérrez-Neira P. Carolina , López Serrano David , Miret Estruch Carles , Montero Ignacio , Pascual Benito Josep Lluís , Pérez Jordà Guillem , Rovira Llorens Salvador , Valero Climent Ana , Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez Jaime
Published: January 2014

Durante las tareas de seguimiento arqueológico de las obras de construcción del Acceso Sur a Gandia se localizaron diferentes estructuras negativas datadas en el Bronce final ubicadas en el perímetro de protección del yacimiento de La Vital. Las estructuras documentadas corresponden a un lugar de hábitat fechado en estos momentos. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de dicha actuación, valorándolos en el marco del desarrollo histórico de este periodo en el propio yacimiento y en la costa mediterránea peninsular.
Aproximación al poblamiento de las zonas de alta montaña pirenaicas desde la arqueología y la etnografía
Authors: Garcia Casas David
Published: January 2014

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un trabajo de investigación destinado a verificar la existencia de diversos modelos de poblamiento en las zonas de alta montaña de los Pirineos a lo largo de la historia. Para ello se ha contrastado la documentación etnográfica sobre los pastores trashumantes recogida a principios del s. XX con el registro arqueológico obtenido durante diversas campañas de prospección llevadas a cabo en el Parque Nacional de Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici (Lérida). Los resultados de la investigación permiten verificar la existencia de cómo mínimo tres modelos de poblamiento basados en prácticas ganaderas distintas a la ganadería trashumante tradicional existente en la zona durante los últimos dos siglos. A continuación presentamos una descripción de la investigación llevada a cabo seguida de una propuesta de secuenciación del poblamiento en la zona estudiada desde la Prehistoria hasta la época contemporánea
Un nuevo lingote de plomo subacuático en el Grau Vell
Authors: De Juan Fuertes Carlos , Domergue Claude
Published: January 2014

Durante el año 2001 se realizaron varios trabajos de prospección arqueológica subacuática y sondeos en el yacimiento del Grau Vell de Sagunto, motivados por los planes, hoy una realidad, de ampliación del puerto comercial. Aquellos trabajos, como una continuación de anteriores campañas, permitieron un primer cartografiado de los restos de estructuras sumergidas en unas aguas de escasa visibilidad.
Cueva Maturras (Ciudad Real, España): El papel del fuego en un contexto funerario del III milenio A.C.
Authors: Vidal Matutano Paloma
Published: January 2014

Durante las intervenciones arqueológicas en Cueva Maturras se excavó un enterramiento colectivo adscrito al III milenio a.C. con restos de madera carbonizada. Se presentan en este artículo los resultados del análisis de los carbones asociados, aportando datos en el debate existente en la interpretación del papel del fuego en contextos funerarios del Neolítico final e inicios del Calcolítico.
La primera ocupación neolítica de la Cova d’En Pardo (Planes, Alicante). Avance de estudio pluridisciplinar de los niveles VIII y VIIIb
Authors: Soler Díaz Jorge Agatángelo , García Atiénzar Gabriel , Duque Espino David , Ferrer García Carles , Gómez Pérez Olga , Guillem Calatayud Pere Miquel , Iborra Eres Pilar , Martínez Valle Rafael , Pérez Jordà Guillem , Roca de Togores Muñoz Consuelo , Ximénez de Embún Sánchez Teresa
Published: January 2014

Se presentan los resultados de las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en la Cova d’En Pardo (Planes, Alicante), concretamente los niveles VIII y VIIIb. El desarrollo de un proyecto multidisciplinar ha permitido caracterizar la ocupación de una pequeña cavidad por parte de las primeras comunidades campesinas asociadas al inicio del proceso de neolitización del levante de la Península Ibérica.
Las exploraciones arqueológicas de 1930 en los túmulos de "La Mata" (Campanario, Badajoz)
Authors: Pavón Soldevila Ignacio , Rodríguez Díaz Alonso , Duque Espino David M.
Published: January 2014

Antes de su excavación sistemática entre 1990-2002, “La Mata” era un gran túmulo de tierra conocido como “Montón de Tierra Grande”, a fin de diferenciarlo del “Montón de Tierra Chico”, de carácter funerario, casi a 1 Km al SE del primero. Ambos montículos fueron explorados a principios de 1930. Dichas actuaciones quedaron insuficientemente valoradas en nuestro estudio sobre “La Mata” (2004) al no localizar la documentación de las mismas. Recientemente hemos recuperado una serie de crónicas y noticias en diarios extremeños que han permitido conocer los detalles de aquellas antiguas excavaciones y sus circunstancias, sus exploradores y mecenas, sus resultados y expectativas frustradas, así como los paradigmas interpretativos utilizados en la valoración de los restos encontrados. Todo ello aporta claves históricas e historiográficas que contribuyen a tener una idea más perfilada de este conocido yacimiento del Postorientalizante extremeño (ss. VI-V a.C.).
CIL II 897 y 901, de Talavera de la Reina. Avatares de dos inscripciones reencontradas
Authors: Cebrián Fernández Rosario
Published: January 2014

En este trabajo presentamos el estudio de dos altares funerarios hallados en Talavera de la Reina, provincia de Toledo, que fueron publicados por E. Hübner en el CIL II con los números 897 y 901, y que han sido reencontrados en una colección privada en Valencia.
Nuevos datos sobre la presencia de Terra Sigillata Hispánica en Britannia
Authors: Bustamante Macarena , Bird Joanna
Published: January 2014

Nuevos datos sobre algunos fragmentos de TSH.
Campañas de excavaciones de 2011 y 2012 en La Solana del Castell (Xàtiva)
Authors: Pérez Ballester José , Velasco Berzosa Angel , Borredá Mejías Reyes , Rodríguez Traver José Antonio
Published: January 2014

Informe preliminar.
Complex network of channels beneath an Antarctic ice shelf
Authors: Langley K. , von Deschwanden A. , Kohler J. , Sinisalo A. , Matsuoka K. , Hattermann T. , Humbert A. , Nøst O. A. , Isaksson E.
Published: January 2014

Ice shelves play an important role in stabilizing the interior grounded ice of the large ice sheets. The thinning of major ice shelves observed in recent years, possibly in connection to warmer ocean waters coming into contact with the ice‐shelf base, has focused attention on the ice‐ocean interface. Here we reveal a complex network of sub ice‐shelf channels under the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica, mapped using ground‐penetrating radar over a 100 km2 grid. The channels are 300–500 m wide and 50 m high, among the narrowest of any reported. Observing narrow channels beneath an ice shelf that is mainly surrounded by cold ocean waters, with temperatures close to the surface freezing point, shows that channelized basal melting is not restricted to rapidly melting ice shelves, indicating that spatial melt patterns around Antarctica are likely to vary on scales that are not yet incorporated in ice‐ocean models.
Blended Sentencing
Authors: Addie Sean
Published: January 2014

Blended sentencing is a legal mechanism that determines which justice system a juvenile will be sanctioned in, juvenile or adult (criminal). It is also a juvenile and criminal court sentencing tool that exists solely for the sentencing of juveniles. This tool allows for expanded sentencing authority that may allow criminal and juvenile courts to impose either juvenile or adult sentences, or both, in cases involving juveniles. Blended sentencing materialized in the late 1980s and early 1990s as part of sweeping legislative changes that were made in juvenile transfer laws.
Shoplifting
Authors: Hayes Read , Tallman Corrine
Published: January 2014

Today's retailers and their product suppliers face a paradoxical challenge: how to heighten product desire for legitimate consumers while simultaneously deterring would‐be shoplifters. Shoplifting remains a serious social and economic problem, in need of more dedicated research on solutions. Even large‐scale studies have failed to show strong associations between shoplifting and demographic characteristics. Despite this difficulty, experts continually seek to categorize shoplifters into distinct groups or typologies in order to better understand the ongoing problem. Most of them classify shoplifting as aberrant criminal acts, though some tend to view it as a behavior stemming from extreme consumerism and frugality: the shoplifter would be the ultimate bargain shopper. The only generalizations agreed upon are that most shoplifters range from young to middle aged, are likely to be involved in other deviant behaviors, and are usually in the company of others at the time of offense.
Bullying
Authors: Cox Amanda K.
Published: January 2014

Bullying is defined in terms of those affected by and engaged in the action, and necessitates a discussion of the impact of bullying on perpetrators and victims. The scope and extent of this problem is explored. Additionally, a summary of current research is provided, with emphasis on the relationship between bullying and other forms of deviant behavior among juveniles. School‐based antibullying programs are discussed as a means of addressing bullying, and the effectiveness of these programs is examined. Finally, recent trends in bullying, including cyberbullying, are discussed.
Sex Crimes
Authors: Beichner Dawn
Published: January 2014

There is a considerable body of knowledge on the topic of sex crimes that has emerged from both legal discourse and social science scholarship. Rape law represents one of the most extensively reformed areas of legislation in the United States. Moreover, it is one of the most comprehensively studied. Whereas some of the earliest research centered on evaluating the effects of rape law reform on the case‐processing system, more contemporary research examines the effects of victim, offender, and case characteristics on sexual assault case outcomes. Despite vast changes over time in the treatment of rape and sexual assault case processing, sex crimes remain among the most underreported of victimizations. The problems of underreporting, coupled with the wide variation in data‐collection methods, make it difficult to determine the true number of sexual victimizations that occur.
Careers in Law Enforcement
Authors: Dolliver Diana S.
Published: January 2014

Career opportunities in the field of law enforcement are a broad and ever‐expanding topic. Individuals interested in a career in law enforcement are faced with a variety of career paths at local, state, federal, and international levels of law enforcement. While some traditional law enforcement careers have been in existence at the local and federal levels in the United States for over a century, their purpose and scope has greatly changed, as well as the composition of personnel and the technologies used. Additionally, positions in law enforcement have become increasingly specialized to combat contemporary concerns, such as terrorism, organized crime, and international drug trafficking.
Bill of Rights
Authors: Weins W. Jesse , Flynn Sean J.
Published: January 2014

The Bill of Rights is the name given to the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Introduced to Congress by James Madison in 1789 and ratified in 1791, the amendments serve as guarantees that US citizens possess certain fundamental civil rights, including religion, speech, press, and criminal procedures like warrant protections and public jury trials. In describing those liberties to be enjoyed by all Americans, the Bill of Rights remains an important statement on the principles of American democracy.
Legal Rights of Prisoners
Authors: Belbot Barbara
Published: January 2014

The prisoners' rights revolution began in the 1960s with a series of lawsuits that resulted in several key US Supreme Court decisions. As a result of the Court's rulings and recent legislation, much has changed in America's jails and prisons.
Terrorism, International
Authors: Asthappan Jibey
Published: January 2014

International terrorism is a relatively new phenomenon considering the age of terrorism. Terrorism has been used for over 2,000 years, but international terrorism as we know it today was made possible by technological advances. This entry begins by reviewing pivotal historical events that led to terrorism's use, as well as the underlying reasons for terrorism today. The article then discusses the influence of political stability and culture on international terrorism. Finally, a brief discussion of counter‐terrorism strategies highlights the means by which terrorism is prevented.
International Law Enforcement
Authors: Deflem Mathieu , Bayer Michael D.
Published: January 2014

Organizations and practices of international law enforcement date back to at least the nineteenth‐century consolidation of national states and have steadily expanded over the years in a myriad of forms and with a multitude of objectives. This entry reviews the history of international law enforcement, its basic contemporary forms and the main agencies involved, and its central objectives and value for contemporary criminal justice.
US Marshals
Authors: G. Burns Ronald
Published: January 2014

US marshals have provided numerous law enforcement services in the United States since 1789, when the Office of the United States Marshal was created. Since that time the agency has been among the most versatile federal agencies, and has provided several important law enforcement functions. Most recently, the agency has been responsible for judicial security; fugitive investigations; the Witness Security Program; the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System; federal prisoner operations; asset forfeiture; and special missions and programs. In many ways, marshals act as federal sheriffs as they provide law enforcement protection and assume a wide array of tasks that assist all components of the criminal justice system.

Ninety‐four US marshals oversee the day‐to‐day functioning of the marshals offices located in each of the 94 federal judicial districts within which the US marshals are presidentially appointed and confirmed by the Senate, and assisted by over 3,340 deputy US marshals and criminal investigators. The US Marshals Service is part of the executive branch of the US government and is under the direction and authority of the US Attorney General.
Amnesty and Pardon
Authors: Bui Yen , Jordan Jeanette L.
Published: January 2014

The US Constitution makes provision for the president, in qualifying circumstances, to exercise the power of executive clemency. Encompassed within this role is the authority to grant amnesty, commutation of a sentence, or a full or conditional pardon. Although the president possesses the authority to pardon offenders convicted of federal offenses, state governors and agencies such as Boards of Pardon and Parole have authority to pardon offenders convicted of violations of state laws. Many factors, including personal relationships and political pressures, have been cited as factors influencing both the pattern and frequency with which executive clemency is exercised.
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
Authors: Kethineni Sesha , Lerner Sheri
Published: January 2014

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) refers to a number of transactional sexual activities involving minors in which adults offer false promises of food, shelter, clothing, money, or other items of value, either to the child or to an interested third party, usually a family member (Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action 1996). According to the US National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), child sexual exploitation includes such activities as procuring children to participate in child pornography, child prostitution, sex tourism, extrafamilial sexual molestation, sending obscene unsolicited materials to a child via the US Postal Service, online enticement of children for transactional sexual activities, and digital transactions of sexual content. In addition, the organization End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography, and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT n.d.) identified child marriage, forced marriage, and pedophilia as acts that fall under the CSEC definition.
Transfer of Juveniles to Adult Court
Authors: Steiner Benjamin , Hamilton Joshua
Published: January 2014

The transfer or waiver of juveniles to adult court is the legal process by which defendants who have not reached the age of adulthood (as statutorily defined for a particular jurisdiction) are moved from juvenile court jurisdiction into adult criminal court where they are subject to prosecution as adults. This entry reviews the history of transfer laws, the types of transfer laws, the types of juveniles transferred to criminal court, and the effects of transfer laws on juvenile offending.
Bribery
Authors: Ramdani Dendi , van Witteloostuijn Arjen
Published: January 2014

We explain what bribery is. We propose a new definition of bribery, which is broader than the classical definition covering only bribery of public officials, covering business‐to‐business bribery. We also describe the typology of bribery, multiperspective causes of bribery, and victims and impacts of bribery.
Human Ecology
Authors: Moak Stacy C.
Published: January 2014

Human ecology involves studying humans as they interact with their environments. Human ecology is a broad term that combines multiple scientific fields to examine human existence as one among interrelated elements of the environment. Originating largely within the Chicago School of sociology, this line of inquiry has inspired multiple criminological theories, including social disorganization and environmental criminology. Human ecology remains an integral part of developing criminological theory.
Alcohol Use and Crime
Authors: Horvath Miranda A. H. , LeBoutillier Nicholas
Published: January 2014

There is an association between alcohol and crime, and the strength of this association is borne out by the estimated number of arrests involving alcohol. In the United Kingdom, for example, an Institute of Alcohol Studies report in 2010 noted that alcohol was a factor in approximately 50% of crimes. While figures are smaller in the United States, a recent US Department of Justice survey of inmates in 2010 suggested that alcohol is linked to approximately one‐third of crimes. There is a long history of alcohol use in society, including the problems that it has caused. Key areas where alcohol is associated with crime include: juvenile delinquency; domestic violence, sexual assault, and homicide; the nighttime economy; and drunk driving.