bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grid Cell Representation of Soil Maps: an Australian Example
Authors: WALKER P. A. , HUTTON P. G.
Published: March 2008

The paper describes a continental scale grid cell data set containing soil descriptions. The accuracy of these descriptions and how they change as a result of grid cell aggregation are described.
Achievements, Concepts and Conflicts in Australian Small‐Scale Vegetation Mapping
Authors: KIRKPATRICK J. B. , DICKINSON K. J. M.
Published: March 2008

A large proportion of Australia has had its vegetation mapped at scales between 1:200 000 and 1:2 000 000 in the period 1970 to 1985. Mappers can be divided into those using a deductive approach and those using an inductive approach, these two approaches ideally being complementary rather than antagonistic. Machine mapping from satellite digital reflectance data is possible, but not economically sound unless used for monitoring. Conflicts between the proponents of different mapping notation systems can have no logically‐based resolution. The multidimensional clinal nature of variation in natural vegetation means that the best boundaries between mapping units will differ geographically. Thus, there is an unresolvable conflict between compatability and local accuracy.
Assessing the geotechnical component of road construction suitability across Australia
Authors: DAVIS J. R. , GRANT K. , PARVEY C. A.
Published: March 2008

Given Australia's dispersed population distribution the construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure is both essential and expensive. This paper presents a simple model for assessing geotechnical suitability for road construction across the continent, based upon the three major phases of road construction: earthworks, pavement construction and sealing. Data from the recently completed geotechnical landscape map of Australia have been used to operationalise the model at a national scale. The map was coded to the basic spatial units (modified local government areas) of the Australian Resources Information System, so forming an extensive geographic data base suited to a variety of national transport suitability assessments. As a demonstration, the road construction suitability model and the geotechnical data have been applied to the task of mapping the average suitability of each basic spatal unit in Australia for each of the three phases of road construction. The resulting maps provide a comprehensive overview of the instrinsic difficulty of providing roading throughout Australia.
Land Evaluation for Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication in Northern Australia
Authors: LAUT P.
Published: March 2008

This paper outlines the methods and results of a study to assess the degree of difficulty imposed by the landscape on livestock mustering in Northern Australia. This was undertaken as part of a larger collaborative study between officers of the then Bureau of Animal Health, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and CSIRO to ascertain likely costs and benefits of the Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication campaign in Northern Australia. A sample of 1806 grid cells was used to describe and analyse the landscape of the study area. Data for each of the landscape components (landform, lithology, vegetative cover and water features) were evaluated for the degree of difficulty they imposed on livestock mustering and the results analysed. The results are reported by states and study area.
Townsville Stylo, a Pasture Innovation for Northern Territory Beef Cattle Production
Authors: MOLLAH W. S.
Published: March 2008

During the 1960s better beef prices provided an incentive for the development of the open range production of cattle in the Northern Territory. For the Top End, Townsville stylo (5tyIosanth.es humilisA an annual pasture legume, offered prospects of increased productivity, but by the mid‐1970s these optimistic expectations remained largely unrealised. Anthracnose infestations of the legume contributed to this disappointment, but this paper argues that other difficulties were also important. Adoption of the introduced pasture involved levels of pasture husbandry and herd management without precedent in the Territory cattle industry. This analysis considers the overall environment for the adoption of this pasture innovation and highlights differences between agricultural scientists who experimented with the legume and cattlemen who used it on a commercial scale. These differences impeded the successful adoption of TS and where they persist they will dog the introduction of innovations in biological technology.
Australian Capital City Property Development, Foreign Investment and Investor Attitudes
Authors: STIMSON ROBERT J. , ADRIAN COLIN
Published: March 2008

Recently there has been a substantial change in the role of foreign investment in urban property development in Australia. Now, about 50% of foreign investment each year is directed to urban property sectors, with Asian investors accounting for approaching 50% of this investment. This trend has coincided with the re‐emergence of the property development sector from the trough of a recession in the early 1970s to something approaching a boom in the last two to three years. While there are considerable variations in the performance and prospects of the various capital city property markets, Australia is seen in general terms as being a favourable place for foreign investment in urban property development, particularly as a destination for long term equity investment. This paper examines recent trends in capital city property markets in Australia, and in particular the increasing importance of foreign investors. It also discusses the results of a national survey of property developers, investors and intermediaries, and investors, both local and foreign, and reports on their attitudes towards the various capital city property markets, and their investment behaviours. Attitudes towards the Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) guidelines and controls are examined, and it is suggested that there is room for further substantial deregulation to encourage direct foreign investment in Australian urban property development.
Drink Driving: Offenders and Penalties in Metropolitan Hobart
Authors: WOOD L. J.
Published: March 2008

Conviction rates for drink driving charges vary markedly between suburbs in metropolitan Hobart. Particularly high rates occur in public housing and inner city areas. Low rates typify the more affluent suburbs. The pattern may reflect a complex interplay between police implementation of random breath testing, constraints imposed by the physical structure of the city, and varying attitudes towards the law. Court penalties imposed on drink drivers also vary markedly between suburbs. Recidivism probably provides much of an explanation; the role of other factors cannot yet be assessed.
Regional Differences in High and Technical School Demand in Melbourne, 1951–1985
Authors: TEESE RICHARD
Published: March 2008

Over half of all young people in Australian government schools do not complete secondary education and leave school without any formal qualification. This paper uses a regional framework to examine long‐term trends in retention rates in different areas of Melbourne and concludes that in both older established and newly urbanized parts of the city the post‐war transformation of government high schools into a mass system has failed to break down barriers based on social area. Marked regional differences were found in demand for high school, as well as a long downward trend during the 1970s (despite recession). Technical schools have displayed comparatively minor regional differences and retention rates grew during the 1970s. This suggests that the academic curriculum of high schools continues to be culturally selective. In addition to residential differentiation, important structural features, such as the relative over‐supply of technical school places, were identified as contributing to regional trends.
Broom (Cytisus scoparius) at Barrington Tops, New South Wales
Authors: Waterhouse B. M.
Published: March 2008

Broom was introduced to the northern part of the Barrington Tops plateau in the 1840s Particularly since 1969, when cattle grazing and associated burning ceased in the area, Broom has spread over c 10,000 hectares, mostly in the State Forest and National Park In eucalypt‐dominated vegetation, Broom invasion is shown to cause substantial reduction in species richness and foliage projective cover of native understorey vegetation, including number of eucalypt seedlings Reasons for Brooms success, and possible outcomes, are discussed Control measures to date have been ineffective; biological control appears to offer the best future prospects.
Frequency Estimation of Natural Hazards and Extremes
Authors: BELL F.C. , DOLMAN G.S. , KHU J.F.
Published: March 2008

Detailed studies of natural hazards such as floods, droughts, tropical cyclones and earthquakes often require estimates of the frequencies of occurrence of particular extreme events However, the techniques for making these estimates are sometimes misunderstood and misapplied, particularly with regard to the forms of frequency distribution that are assumed or implied The most appropriate distribution and estimation technique depend on several factors, including the physical nature of the event, the available data and the intended application of the estimate. The present paper attempts to review these matters, giving attention to a range of techniques from simple graphical extrapolation to reasonably rigorous analytical procedures. It is pointed out that, no matter how sophisticated the technique, there is always some inaccuracy and uncertainty in such estimates. Attention is therefore also given to relatively simple methods of assessing the degree of uncertainty.
Disparities in Court Sentencing: a Tasmanian perspective
Authors: WOOD LJ.
Published: March 2008

An analysis of the allocation of court penalties for alcohol‐related driving offences shows marked disparities between the three magisterial areas of Tasmania Benches differ significantly in the usage of types, combinations and quantities of different sanctions.
An Index of Wind Erosion in Australia
Authors: BURGESS R.C. , McTAINSH G.H. , PITBLADO J.R.
Published: March 2008

A climate index of effective soil moisture (Em Index) is proposed to describe the spatial extent and severity of wind erosion in Australia. The Em Index is calibrated against meteorological data on dust storm frequencies and is used to identify regions where wind erosion rates are increased by local environmental factors and/or human activities
The future of human geography? Reflections on reading three recent texts
Authors: WILDE P.D.
Published: March 2008

It is vital that we teach our students to understand and evaluate the rich diversity of geography's conceptual and philosophical approaches. If we do not, they will be in a poor position in their future careers to justify the application of particular geographical skills, or to understand the linkages between geography and other disciplines. Society's respect for the value and relevance of geography will be diminished and the subject's future placed in jeopardy.

This article gives some pointers to the conceptual and philosophical bases of different approaches, and expresses concern that, despite the considerable strengths of two of the three text books reviewed they all fail to discuss the differences of approach evident in their source material and the implications of these differences.
Settlement Dimensions of the Vietnam‐Born Population in Metropolitan Sydney
Authors: BURNLEY I. H.
Published: March 2008

Australia has the largest Indochinese population per capita in the world, and Sydney supported sizeable populations from Vietnam in 1986. These populations became socially visible because of physical characteristics and clustering and have generated the response by some commentators that ghettos are forming. This paper examines the extent of residential concentration of Vietnamese‐bom population in Sydney and changes over time in the distribution of settlement with reference to new immigration and internal migration. Gravitation group migration has reinforced concentration, but the result has not been ghettos, although there have been specific local problems of unemployment and housing access which may constrain residential mobility for some time. Manufacturing and residential restructuring have affected unemployment and have constrained dispersion. Institutional factors have reinforced concentration. Some residential mobility will be required for entry into a diversity of labour markets, if unemployment is to be reduced in the context of the restructuring of manufacturing production.
Subglacial Meltwater Channels at Cape Jones, Obruchev Hills, Antarctica
Authors: COLHOUN ERIC A. , ADAMSON DONALD A.
Published: March 2008

Subglacial curved and winding meltwater channels, and Sichelwannen are recorded from Cape Jones in the Obruchev Hills. Such channels, sometimes referred to as P‐forms, may have a variety of origins. After briefly considering the origins, it is deduced that those at Cape Jones were formed subglacially while the ice surface of the Denman Glacier became lower and bedrock was exposed The presence of water‐laid glacial deposits on the summit of Cape Jones, and lakes on and adjacent to the eastern margin of the Denman Glacier suggests that the sudden release of impounded meltwater was important
‘Chinatown Re‐oriented’: A Critical Analysis of Recent Redevelopment Schemes in a Melbourne and Sydney Enclave
Authors: ANDERSON KAY
Published: March 2008

This paper develops a critical analysis of Chinatown redevelopment schemes undertaken by State governments in Victoria and New South Wales since the early 1970s, This period marks a transition in Australian management strategy toward minority groups from one of assimilation/discrimination to cultural pluralism. At the local level, this shift has been marked by efforts on the part of planners and politicians to promote Chinatown for its perceived contribution to ‘Multicultural’ Australia The paper argues that the Melbourne and Sydney schemes share with similar projects in other Western countries long‐standing assumptions about ‘a Chinese race’. This has implications both for the conceptualization of ‘Chinatown’ and for public policy relating to ethnic relations.
Long‐term Characteristics of Seasonal Rainfall at Katherine, Northern Territory
Authors: Mollah W.S. , Launey W. De , Haynes M.A.
Published: March 2008

Rainfall at Katherine, Northern Territory, is concentrated into a few months, mainly December‐March. For the 101 seasons, 1888–89 to 1988–89, the average rainfall is 947 mm and it is relatively reliable with a coefficient of variation of 24 per cent. Within this period use of the 15 seasons moving average shows two major spans of seasons in which average seasonal rainfall has increased and two others of decreasing average seasonal rainfall Also, the rain‐causing mechanisms that operate in the region produce markedly more variable rainfall within seasons. This paper characterises the types of growing seasons at Katherine on the basis of the proportion of the seasonal total that falls within each of the seventeen fortnightly periods from 9 October to 3 June. Overall, 31 different groups of seasons are identified with 13 groups consisting of a single season. Conversely, the largest group contains 35 seasons. The analyses identify groups of seasons in which rainfall has occurred early or late in the season and others which have featured dry spells or wet spells in the core of the season. This variability helps to explain some of the challenges for farming systems research and for the development of sustainable farming systems.
Spatial Patterns of Annual July‐June Rainfall Fluctuations in Tropical Queensland, 1900/01 to 1979/80
Authors: Gregory S.
Published: March 2008

Annual July‐June (rather than January‐December) rainfall is considered for the first 80 years of this century Le. 1900/01 to 1979/80, for 24 stations with uninterrupted records in tropical Queensland The aim is to define and examine spatial patterns of rainfall fluctuations, both in terms of categories of annual rainfall patterns and regional units with roughly comparable annual rainfall fluctuations. The essential characteristics of the categories and regions, defined by principal components analysis and a classification algorithm, are illustrated in a variety of maps, based on different methods of analysis. Relationships between their annual rainfall values and seasonal values of sea‐surface temperatures for the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean are also examined The considerable degree of uniformity across tropical Queensland in terms of temporal rainfall fluctuations was counterbalanced by a variety of differences in detail that are organised on a regional basis.
From Global to Local: Perspectives on the Challenge of Geography in the 1990s
Authors: FAGAN BOB
Published: March 2008

Today… it may be space more than time that hides consequences from us; the ‘making of geography’ more than the ‘making of history’ that provides the most revealing tactical and theoretical world (Edward Soja 1989, 1).
Locational Conflict in Metropolitan areas: Melbourne and Sydney, 1989
Authors: HUMPHREYS J.S. , WALMSLEY D.J.
Published: March 2008

A content analysis of newspaper reports of locational conflict in Melbourne and Sydney in 1989 revealed very similar overall patterns. Although locational conflict peaked in central areas, it was widespread in both cities, with the main disputes being about noxious nuisances and transport facilities. The main difference between the cities was that Melbourne had more conflicts relating to commercial land use. Overall, a great many locational conflicts pitted State Governments against individuals or pressure groups of one sort or another.
Mapping the Australian Duricrusts: Can distribution be derived from terrain maps?
Authors: DESEN TIAN , PETERSON JIM
Published: March 2008

Duricrust distribution patterns can be used to debate the significance. in engineering, geomorphological and palaeoenvironmental terms. of any displayed regional components of variability. An apparently obvious source for such an exercise lies in the duta base fields devoted to duricrust types accompanying the Australia‐wide terrain tnups by Grant et al., (1984) and Chan et al., (1986) (published at scales of I:2 1/2 million and 1:5 million respectively).

However, curtographic principles indicate that although there are inany attributes in common among the data base fields of these two separately conceived and generated maps (polygon sets), congruent distribution patterns for selected common attributes tire unlikelv. In this case a comparison of patterns shows that they are far from congruent. We conclude that these maps. while fulfilling their original purpose, have limited value in geomorphological debaies about the significance of duricrust distribution patterns.
Geographic location and Aboriginal economic status: a census‐based analysis of outstations in the Northern Territory
Authors: TAYLOR JOHN
Published: March 2008

The demographic and economic characteristics of Aboriginal people in Australia's remotest locations are examined from 1986 Census data. There are three objectives: first to argue the case for examining Aboriginal society in spatial context: second, to demonstrate how census data can be manipulated to isolate meaningful spatial sub‐categories; third to consider the extent to which extreme remote location is associated with distinct social and economic characteristics. The conclusion is that on the whole, remote location is reflected in lower economic status but not in demographic structure.
Agroforestry Land Use: The Concept and Practice
Authors: CARNE R. J.
Published: March 2008

In Australia, the term ‘agroforestry’ is understood in a variety of ways. Although it has often been used to describe land use characterised by productive trees over pasture this is only one form of agroforestry. Recently, more expansive interpretations have arisen in which the term is seen as synomonous with ‘trees‐on‐farms’, and in some instances, rural forestation in general. This paper attempts to clarify the nature of agroforestry and stimulate interest in a potentially important rural land use.
Planning Policies, Market Processes and Public Attitudes: Evidence from Central Perth
Authors: YIFTACHEL OREN
Published: March 2008

Australian central cities have undergone fundamental changes during the last decade. They have typically experienced massive office construction, while losing much of their residential communities, architectural and cultural heritage, retailing role and some recreational attractions. Government authorities have facilitated and participated in many central city projects. A metropolitan‐wide survey conducted in Perth on these subjects shows increased dependence on the private car, increased preference for suburban living and shopping, but some willingness to consider central city living, a demand for further community participation in central city planning, and a preference for the future expansion of most non‐office activities in the central area. The survey indentified notable gaps between government policies for the development of Perth's central area on one hand, and the preferences of Perth's residents on the other.
Morphological Impacts and Implications of a Trial Release on the Wingecarribee River, New South Wales
Authors: ERSKINE WAYNE D. , WARNER R.F. , TILLEARD J.W. , SHANAHAN K.F.
Published: March 2008

A trial, monitored release on the Wingecarribee River over 27 days had a peak discharge below the Wingecarribee Dam of 1090 ML/d, which had a flow duration of 0.95 per cent. Morphological impacts on 29 km of channel below the dam included bank erosion, concentrated neck overflow, bed degradation and channel widening at recent cutoffs, sedimentation in weir pools and overbank flow, particularly at discharges greater than 800 ML/d. Prolonged operational releases at bankfull discharge (400–800 ML/d) will have the greatest morphologic impacts and should be avoided. Pulses which dissipate stream power over a broad, well‐vegetated floodplain should be incorporated in the operational release policy, provided such pulses are phased to facilitate channel and vegetation recovery.
Human and Natural Controls on the Accumulation, Acidification and Drainage of Pyritic Sediments: Pearl River Delta, China and Coastal New South Wales
Authors: LIN C. , MELVILLE M. D. , WHITE I. , WILSON B.P.
Published: March 2008

There is increasing concern about environmental impacts of acidic drainage from acid sulphate soils on Holocene estuarine flood plains. Acidity derives from oxidation of iron pyrite in the sediments. Natural factors determine concentrations and distributions of pyrite accumulations, but human activities have reduced pyrite accumulation in the Pearl River Delta with land use practices increasing terrestrial sediment discharge. Large freshwater discharges and management techniques have enabled sustainable use of these soils. High concentrations of pyrite occur in many estuarine flood plains of Australia because of relatively greater marine inputs. Drainage of these soils enhances pyrite oxidation and estuarine acidification, which is associated with fish‐kills. For sustainable development, the problems of acid sulphate soil drainage must be recognised and overcome.
Tourism and Foreign Investment in Australia: Trends, Prospects and Policy Implications
Authors: DALY MAURICE T. , STIMSON ROBERT J. , JENKINS OLIVIA
Published: March 2008

Processes of internationalisation and structural economic change have had profound impacts on the pattern of regional economic activity in Australia. The 1980s was a decade of rapid growth in foreign investment, reoriented to the property and services sector, including tourism. It was also a boom time for international tourism, which emerged as the nation's leading export industry. In addition to the national gateway city of Sydney, the rapidly growing coastal cities of Gold Coast and Cairns in Queensland emerged as major international tourism destinations underpinned by significant levels of foreign investment, particularly from Japan. The 1980s boom years for tourism and foreign investment are revised and raises policy implications raised for the longer‐term development of tourism and the role of foreign investment.
Character and Age of Lateritic Weathering at Jervis Bay, Southern New South Wales
Authors: YOUNG R.W. , COPE S. , PRICE D.M. , CHIVAS A.R. , CHENHALL B.E.
Published: March 2008

Lateritic profiles near Jervis Bay developed under humid temperate climates on a surface of considerable relief. δ18O and TL dating of these profiles indicates that their ages range from Late Mesozoic‐Early Tertiary to Late Pleistocene. These profiles thus demonstrate a complexity of development far greater than that allowed for in traditional explanations which attributed lateritic weathering to the effects of tropical climates on Middle Tertiary erosional surfaces.
DIE VERBREITUNG NICHTLANDWIRT‐SCHAFTLICHER EINKÜNFTE BEI LANDBEWIRTSCHAFTENDEN FAMILIEN IN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND1
Authors: KUHNEN FRITHJOF
Published: March 2008

THE DISTRIBUTION OF NON‐AGRICULTURAL INCOME AMONG LAND CULTIVATING FAMILIES IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

The industrial penetration of the rural areas in Germany led to a close involvement between agriculture and industry in terms of occupation as well as income. The interpretation of a representative inquiry for the year 1956 reveals the following results as to the distribution of non‐agricultural income among farm families: Of every 100 farms there are 99 cases of non‐agricultural income. In 42 of these cases the farmer himself draws this income, in the remaining 5 7 cases members of his family.

Most often, non‐agricultural income is found among very small farms; however it can also be found often among larger farms. There are, for example, 37 cases of non‐agricultural income for every 100 farms with 10 to 20 hectares of cultivated land.

To get an idea of the amount of non‐agricultural income received by farm families, an estimate has been made. This showed, that families with farms of less than 2 hectares of cultivated land obtain on the average 4600 DM per annum; families with farms of 10 to 20 hectares 880 DM per annum.

The total non‐agricultural income of farm families in the Federal Republic of Germany amounts to 4–6 billion DM per annum.

DIE VERTEILUNG VON NIC HT‐L AND WIRTSC HAPTLI CHEN EINKOMMEN LAND‐BEWIRTSCHAFTENDER FAMILIEN IN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND

Das Eindringen der Industrie in die ländlichen Gebiete Deutschlands hat zu einer engen Verflechtung zwischen Landwirtschaft und Industrie sowohl in berufsmäßiger wie in einkommensmäßiger Hinsicht geführt. Eine repräsentative Untersuchung für das Jahr 1956 zeigt die folgenden Resultate bezüglich der Verteilung von nichtlandwirt‐schaftlichen Einkommen bei landwirtschaftlichen Familien:

Auf je ioo Betrieben entfallen 99 nicht‐landwirtschaftliches Ein‐kiinfte. In 42 dieser Fälle ist der Betriebsleiter selbst der Einkommens‐empfänger, in den verbleibenden 57 Fällen sind es Mitglieder seiner Familie.

Besonders oft findet sich das nicht‐landwirtschaftliche Einkommen bei sehr kleinen Betrieben. Es kann jedoch ebenso bei größeren Betrieben festgestellt werden. So hatten beispielsweise von 100 Betrieben mit einer landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche von 10 bis 20 ha 37 Betriebe ein nichtlandwirtschaftliches Einkommen.

Um eine Vorstellung über die Höhe des nicht‐landwirtschaftlichen Einkommens landwirtschaftlicher Familien zu bekommen, wurde eine Schätzung gemacht. Diese zeigte, daß Familien mit Betrieben, die kleiner sind als 2 ha LN, im Durchschnitt 4600 DM pro Jahr nichtlandwirtschaftliches Einkommen haben; bei Familien mit Betrieben zwischen 10–20 ha LN beträgt das nicht‐landwirtschaftliche Einkommen 880 DM je Jahr.

Das gesamte nicht‐landwirtschaftliche Einkommen landwirtschaftlicher Familien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beläuft sich auf etwa 4 bis 6 Millarden DM je Jahr.
LA CAMPAGNE MONDIALE CONTRE LA FAIM
Authors: CÉPÈDE MICHEL
Published: March 2008

THE FREEDOM FROM HUNGER CAMPAIGN

The Freedom from Hunger Campaign was launched in 1960 and was a five‐year project. It reached a new high level with the World Food Congress on the twentieth anniversary of the final session of the Hot Springs Conference which was held on June 3rd., 1943.

The four programmes of the Commissions of the World Food Congress ‐ technical, economic and social, research and education, public opinion and the role of non‐government organisations ‐ show that the implications of this Campaign are important to rural sociologists.

Demography, social anthropology, problems of structure, ‘intellectual investments’ are quoted as examples of possible areas from which rural sociologists might contribute to the success of the FFHC. The impact of agricultural changes on society (the subject of the congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology in 1964) is relevant in this respect. This Congress will support the aims of the FFHC and the ‘development decade’ of the war against misery. We are in a changing world, we need even a more changing one. Such change comes also in the scope of sociology. Why should we hesitate to study it?

DIE ‘FREEDOM FROM HUNGER CAMPAIGN’

Die Freedom from Hunger Campaign wurde 1960 initiiert und ist ein 5‐Jahres‐Projekt. Sie erreichte einen Höhepunkt mit dem Welter‐näherungskongress am 20. Jahrestag der Schlußsitzung der Hot Springs‐Conference, die am 3. Juni 1943 stattgefunden hat.

Die vier Programme der Kommissionen des Welternährungskongresses, die sich mit technischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Fragen, wie auch mit Forschung, Ausbildung, Öffentlicher Meinung und der Rolle nicht‐behördlicher Organisationen befassen, zeigen, daß diese Campaign auch für den Landsoziologen bedeutsam ist. Demographie, Sozial‐Anthropologie, Strukturprobleme, ‘intellek‐tuelle Investitionen’ werden als Beispiele für Gebiete genannt, auf denen die Landsoziologie zum Erfolg der Freedom from Hunger Campaign beitragen könnte.

Der Einfluß der Wandlungen in der Landwirtschaft auf die Gesellschaft (Gegenstand des Kongresses der Europaischen Gesellschaft für ländliche Soziologie 1964) ist in dieser Beziehung von Bedeutung. Dieser Kongress wird die Ziele der FFHC in ihrem Kampf gegen das Elend unterstützen. Wir befinden uns in einer sich wandelnden Welt und diese Welt muß sich noch weiter wandeln. Dieser Wandel ist auch eine Angelegenheit der Soziologie. Warum sollten wir zögern, ihn zu studieren?
THE PATRON‐DEPENDANT RELATIONSHIP IN BRAZIL: A PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Authors: HUTCHINSON BERTRAM
Published: March 2008

The Patron‐Dependant Relationship in Brazil: A Preliminart Examination

In considering problems of economic development in the underdeveloped countries, too little attention has been paid to the possibility of a social ethos inimical to changes in work habits. It is suggested that one such obstacle visible throughout Brazilian life is that of the patron‐dependant relationship, which substitutes for self‐reliance a dependence on the assistance of the powerful. This, it is argued, may be associated with the absence in Brazil of a mystique of ‘work for work's sake7rsquo;. Some of the possible origins of the relationship, of its manifestations in rural and urban life, are mentioned, together with some implications for a successful programme of rural change and agrarian innovation.
CONTRIBUTION DE LA SOCIOLOGIE A L‘ÉCONOMIE RURALE1
Authors: MADEC MICHEL CÉPÈDE ET ANNE
Published: March 2008

The Contribution of Sociology to Agricultural Economics

Contrary to the views of a number of economists, who look at agricultural economics as the application of economic theory to agriculture, the authors of the present article consider agricultural economics as a biological science applied to social phenomena, of which the purely economic approach explores only some aspects, often over‐simplified. This view is of importance, not only for the establishment of the problems to be studied by rural sociology, but also for ascertaining the right application of research findings for practical purposes. Several examples, chosen from the studies carried out by the authors, illustrate that the position taken is more realistic than it seems.
CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN RURAL LIFE IN EUROPE
Authors: NEWMAN J.
Published: March 2008

Contemporary Developments in Rural Life in Europe

Running through a great deal of discussion in contemporary rural sociology in Europe is to be found the question: “Will there be a genuine rural‐urban difference in the Europe of the future?”

It is against the background of an ever‐developing urban‐industrial society that what is called rural society is increasingly studied. In America an analogous development has led rural sociologists to formulate a new interpretation of rural life, in which the key concept is urbanised social organisation, in the sense that rural people as well as urban are said to live in the same essential pattern of social organisation.

Should this tendency be carried to its logical extremes, there would be little future for a specifically rural sociology or rural life in Europe. It is for this reason that a good deal of heart‐searching is going on in the ranks of European rural sociologists at the present time. There is a real danger that rural sociology could become almost exclusively a descriptive and adaptative excursus in the processes of an urbanising society.

If this danger exists it is due in large measure to a lack of an adequate conceptual apparatus such as would ensure due definition and orientation to studies. This situation is reflected in a noticeable concentration on micro‐social as against macro‐social studies, with the result that rural sociologists are far from certain as to what indeed is, rural society as such.

The reasons for this situation are connected with the pragmatic origins of rural sociology, both in America and Europe, and with a general reaction to the exaggerated conceptualisation and systematisation of earlier theoretical sociology.

There is need for a renewed effort at an understanding of the meaning and nature of rural society as such. In particular, the question should be asked whether it is possible to develop a progressive rural society, yet one that is not characterised by an urban social organisation in the specific city sense?

In undertaking this task, rural sociology should place more emphasis than has been customary on an understanding of rural life and society through an understanding of rural people. This calls for the use of the techniques of social psychology, anthropology, etc. as well as those of strict sociology. It calls also for the bestowing of more attention than is usual on the ‘guiding images’, ‘goals’, and ‘values’ of different rural societies in different parts of Europe.
THE ETHNIC FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN ISRAEL
Authors: WEITZ RAANAN
Published: March 2008

The Ethnic Factor in the Development of Rural Settlements in Israel

Surveys of development were carried out in 1958 and 1963 in 223 co‐operative, small‐holder villages which had been newly settled in Israel. The farmers in each village belonged to one of three groups ‐ North African, Asiatic and Western ‐ each one with sufficient distinct characteristics to warrant terming them ‘ethnic’ groups.

In order to separate the effect of the ethnic factor, four external parameters which might have influenced the development of the villages were examined first. Only one, the allocation of natural means of production, was found to be unequally distributed among the three ethnic groups. The development of each ethnic group was then determined according to a model based on ten criteria, bearing on the social and economic situation of the villages.

The study showed that the ethnic factor was important in determining the rate of development. The group with the highest level of technical background, the Western, exhibited the highest level of development in both survey years, but by the end of the five‐year period, its level was slightly declining, while the levels of the other two groups were tending to catch up. Each ethnic group exhibited a specific rate of development, with the lower the starting point, the greater the development rate.

The study bears on the adaptation of ‘folk’ people, who in most cases were not originally farmers, to modern agriculture with a complicated technology and organization, and on the importance of settling homogeneous ethnic groups, particularly in the case of non‐modern people.
RELATIVE PREDICTABILITY OF FIVE INDICES OF ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED FARM PRACTICES1
Authors: DASGUPTA SATADAL
Published: March 2008

RELATIVE PREDICTABILITY OF FIVE INDICES OF ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED FARM PRACTICES: The central concern of this study was to compare five indices of adoption of recommended farm practices in terms of their capacities to predict variations in variables theoretically expected and empirically established to be related to adoption. Of the five indices of adoption, three were conventional indices widely used by rural sociologists in measuring the adoption behaviour of farmers. The first index was comparatively crude ‐ the per cent of applicable practices adopted. The other was an improvement over the first in that the years of use of the adopted applicable practices were taken into consideration. The third index involved a categorization of farmers into five groups in terms of the degree to which each of them was relatively earlier to adopt new ideas than other members of his social system.

Besides these three indices, two adoption scales were constructed with the use of trace line analysis and Guttman's scalogram analysis, respectively. The predictive utility of each of these five indices was measured by computing Gutman's coefficient of predictive utility for each of the twenty‐one variables known to be related to measures of adoption.

DIE BRAUCHBARKEIT VON FÜNF INDIZES FÜR DIE RELATIVE VORAUSSAGE DER ADOPTION EMPFOHLENER L ANDWIRTSC H AFTLIC HER

Außer diesen drei Indizes wurden zwei Maßstäbe der Adoption festgelegt, und zwar unter Anwendung der trace line‐Analyse bzw. des Guttman‐Skalogramms. Die Brauchbarkeit der Voraussage jedes dieser fünf Indizes wurde durch Berechnung des entsprechenden Guttman‐Koeffizienten für jede der 21 Variabelen, die für die Be‐stimmung des Adoptionsgrades bekannt sind, ermittelt.
LES PRÊTRES CATHOLIQUES DEVANT DÉVOLUTION ÉCONOMIQUEDES CAMPAGNES FRANÇAISES
Authors: MAîTRE JACQUES
Published: March 2008

CATHOLIC PRIESTS AND THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OP THE FRENCH COUNTRYSIDE: Research among 1,200 Roman Catholic priests has been concerned with their attitudes regarding actual developments in the French countryside including questions on economic change. The principal themes of this investigation were the effects of technological progress, the establishment of industries, the decrease in the population working in agriculture, emigration to urban areas, family enterprise, cooperation, professional organization, and credit. It appears that the clergy in rural parishes have more positive attitudes towards change than is generally supposed. This openness is the least with regard to family life, and strongest concerning economic rationality. Clear differences exist in attitudes between the generations of priests in relation to the majority of the topics.

DER KATHOLISCHE PRIESTER UND DIE WIRTSCHAFTLICHE ENTWICKLUNG AUF DEM LANDE IN FRANKREICH: Eine Befragung von 1200 römisch‐katholischen Priestern über ihre Ansichten zu der Entwicklung auf dem Lande in Frankreich enthält Fragen über den wirtschaftlichen Wandel. Die Auswirkungen des technischen Fortschritts, die Industrieansiedlung, die Verminderung der landwirtschaftlichen Bevölkerung, die Abwanderung in städtische Gebiete, das Familienunternehmen, die Kooperation, die berufliche Organisation und das Kreditwesen bilden die Hauptthemen dieser Untersuchung. Es scheint, daß der Klerus der ländlichen Pfarr‐gemeinden eine positivere Haltung gegenüber diesem Wandel ein‐nimmt, als allgemein vermutet wird. Die größte Zurückhaltung wurde bei Fragen über das Familienleben geübt, jedoch sprach man über Probleme des rationalen wirtschaftlichen Verhaltens mit aller Offenheit. Generationsbedingte Unterschiede in den Ansichten der Priester werden bei der Mehrzahl der Themen ganz deutlich.
SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS ON THE BALANCE
Authors: Munters Q. J.
Published: March 2008

SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS ON THE BALANCE

In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the contents of volumes I to X of Sociologia Ruralis(1960–1970), with the understanding that only the (75) English written papers are being reviewed. The main starting points have been derived from Article 4 of the Constitution of the European Society for Rural Sociology.

After having proposed a number of critical remarks on the subjects that have been dealt with in the papers concerned, a tentative evaluation has been made of the practical, theoretical, and methodological relevance of these papers.

In the final section, some ideas are suggested which might be useful in order to remove several shortcomings brought to light in the previous sections.

SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS ‐ EIN UBERBLICK

In diesem Beitrag wird versucht, den Inhalt der Jahrgange I bis X der Sociologia Ruralis (1960‐70) auszuwerten. Dabei beschrankte sich der Verfasser auf die 75 englischsprachigen Artikel. Die wesentlichen Ansatzpunkte wurden dem Artikel 4 der Satzung der Europaischen Gesellschaft fur landliche Soziologie entnommen.

Nach einigen kritischen Bemerkungen zu den Themen der o.a. Beitrage versucht der Verfasser, zu einer zuriickhaltenden Bewertung der praktischen, theoretischen und methodologischen Relevanz der einzelnen Beitrage zu gelangen. AbschlieBend werden einige Vor‐schlage gemacht, wie moglicherweise einige Unzulanglichkeiten, auf die in den vorangegangenen Abschnitten hingewiesen wurde, beseitigt werden konnten.

SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS: UNE TENTATIVE DEVALUATION

Cet article constitue un essai devaluation des volumes I a X de Sociologia Ruralis (1960–1970); cette analyse est cependant limited par le fait que, seuls les articles de langue anglaise (75) sont pris en consideration.

Les principales hypotheses de travail decoulent de Particle 4 des statuts de la Socidte Europeenne de Sociologie Rurale.

Aprés avoir émis un certain nombre de critiques sur les themes traités, un essai devaluation de la pertinence theorique, methodolo‐gique et pratique de ces articles, est realised

Dans la derniére partie, l'auteur avance quelques idées susceptibles de pallier plusieurs des insuffisances mises en lumiere par cette analyse.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CHANGES IN A SPANISH PUEBLO ON COMMUNITY COHESION
Authors: Redclift Michael
Published: March 2008

THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CHANGES OF A SPANISH PUEBLO ON COMMUNITY COHESION

This paper discusses the effect of economic and social changes on a small village of a hundred people situated in the Spanish Pyrenees. Although on the margin of urbanised Spanish society, this community is increasingly dependent on forces that originate outside the village: the influence initially of industrial migrants, and latterly, tourists and land developers. As the composition of the community has changed it has become increasingly difficult for groups of people in the village to regard themselves as part of a collective entity with shared traditions and institutions. The changes in Gema, and the responses to those changes, provide a commentary on the way rural communities relate to largely urban and national social systems.

Resumé

L'impact de L'evolution socio‐economique sur la cohesion communautaire dans un village espagnol

Cet article expose les effets de l'évolution économique et sociale dans un petit village d'une centaine d'habitants des Pyrénées espagnoles. Bien qu'en marge de la société urbaine espagnole, cette communauté est de plus en plus dépendante de forces qui lui sont extérieures; dans um premier temps, l'influence des migrants sectoriels et plus récemment, celles des touristes et les «aménagears’. La structure de la communauté ayant subi des modifications, il devient de plus en plus difficile pour les différents groupes du village de se considérer comme partie d'une entité collective. Les évolutions que subit actuellement le village de Gema et les modifications qu'elles entrainent livrent un commentaire sur les relations entre les communautés rurales et les systèmes sociaux nationaux, essentiellement urbains.
FARMERS AND OCCUPATIONAL CHANGE1
Authors: Weerdenburg L. J. M.
Published: March 2008

THE FARMER AND OCCUPATIONAL CHANGE

One of the main aspects of development in agriculture is the drift of labour from farming to other occupations. As in most countries, the number of farmers in the Netherlands who change their occupation is small compared with what would be necessary to bring about a fundamental and rapid improvement in agricultural production structures. This article attempts to offer an explanation for the inertia of farmers regarding a change in occupation. The main conclusion is that farmers are conditioned to continue their work as farmers in such a way that certain inhibitions tend to restrict them to a greater extent than most other occupational groups faced with a similar dilemma.

l'agriculteur et le changement de profession

L'un des principaux aspects du développement de l'agriculture est le passage des travailleurs agricoles vers d'autres emplois. De même que dans de nombreux autres pays, le nombre des agriculteurs qui, aux Pays‐Bas, quittent un emploi agricole pour une autre profession est inférieur à celui qui serait nécessaire à une amélioration rapide et fondamentale des structures de production agricoles. Cet article constitue une tentative d'explication de l'inertie des agriculteurs face au changement de profession. La conclusion essentielle en est que les agriculteurs sont conditionnés de telle manière qu'ils poursuivent leur activité agricole, qu'ils subissent des blocages plus importants que la plupart des autres groupes professionnels face à un semblable dilemme.