bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Exner H.E. , Weinbruch S.
Published: December 2018

This article outlines the beam/sample interactions and the basic instrumental design of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which include the electron gun, probeforming column (consisting of magnetic electron lenses, apertures, and scanning coils), electron detectors, and vacuum system. It discusses the contrasts mechanisms used for imaging and analyzing materials in the SEM. These include the topographic contrast, compositional contrast, and electron channeling pattern and orientation contrast. Special instrumentation and accessory equipment used at elevated pressures and during the X-ray microanalysis are reviewed. The article also provides information on the sample preparation procedure and the materials applications of the SEM.
Digital Imaging
Authors: Paciornik Sidnei , de Pinho Mauricio Marcos Henrique
Published: December 2018

This article reviews the main theoretical and practical aspects of sequence normally followed in digital image-acquisition, processing, analysis, and output for material characterization. It discusses the main methods of digital imaging, image processing, and analysis, as applied to microscopy of materials. The article describes the basic concepts of sampling and resolution and quantization of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It discusses the acquisition of a digital image that accurately represents the sample under observation and output of the image to a printer. The methods used to enhance the digital image and to extract quantitative information are also described. Different types of image segmentation, namely, adaptive segmentation and contour-based segmentation, are reviewed. The article also presents case studies on the application of image processing and analysis to materials characterization.
Incremental Sheet Forming
Authors: Hirt G. , Bambach M.
Published: December 2018

This article provides an overview of the incremental sheet forming (ISF) process and discusses the process variations of ISF. These variations include single-point incremental forming, two-point incremental forming, and kinematic incremental sheet forming. The article discusses the machines and equipment used in the process and describes the process parameters, process mechanics, and process limits. It illustrates multistage forming strategies and summarizes difficulties that exist with regard to the finite-element process simulation of ISF process. The article also describes hybrid process variations, such as stretch forming and laser-assisted ISF.
Semisolid Metal Processing
Authors: Pan Qingyue , Apelian Diran
Published: December 2018

Semisolid metal (SSM) processing is a special die casting process, where partially solidified metal slurry is injected into a die cavity to form die cast components. This article discusses the flow behavior of SSM slurry with emphasis on viscosity, rheological behavior, and yield strength. It illustrates microstructural formation of semisolids, under forced convection. The article concludes with an illustration that compares two SSM processes, namely, thixocasting and rheocasting.
Aluminum Alloy Ingot Casting and Continuous Processes
Authors: Rooy Elwin
Published: December 2018

This article discusses different forms of ingot and explains molten-metal processing. It describes ingot casting processes, namely, open-mold casting and direct chill (DC) process. The process variations and solidification in the DC process are summarized. The article describes continuous processes, namely, twin-roll strip casting, slab casting, and wheel-belt processes. It concludes with information on postsolidification processes, including stress relief and scalping.
Common Defects in Various Casting Processes
Authors: DasGupta Rathindra
Published: December 2018

The International Committee of Foundry Technical Associations has identified seven basic categories of casting defects: metallic projections, cavities, discontinuities, defective surfaces, incomplete casting, incorrect dimension, and inclusions or structural anomalies. This article presents some of the common defects in each of the seven categories in a table. It also discusses select case studies relevant to inclusions, cavities (gas porosity, shrinkage), and discontinuities (hot tearing, cold shut).
Laser Surface Engineering for Tribology
Authors: Joshi Sameehan S. , Dahotre Narendra B.
Published: December 2018

Lasers evolved as a versatile materials processing tool due to their advantages such as rapid, reproducible processing, chemical cleanliness, ability to handle variety of materials, and suitability for automation. This article focuses on state-of-the-art laser applications to improve tribological performance of structural materials in lubricated and nonlubricated environments. It discusses the fundamentals of various laser materials interactions and reviews laser-based surface-modification strategies, including laser surface heating and melting, laser-synthesized coatings, and laser-based design approaches such as laser patterning and dimpling. Laser-surface modification of novel materials, such as high-entropy alloys and metallic glasses, is explored. The article provides an overview of hybrid techniques involving laser as a secondary tool, as well as a discussion on the improved capabilities of laser surface engineering for tribological applications by means of integrated computational process modeling.
Discontinuous Reinforcements for Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Smith Cory A.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the production of particulate reinforcements that are used in discontinuously reinforced metal-matrix composite (DRMMC) materials systems, their physical and materials properties, and the particle shape and overall morphology. The most common DRMMC materials systems used for aerospace structural applications are silicon carbide and boron carbide particulate reinforcement in an aluminum alloy matrix. The article concludes with information on reinforcement chemistry for designing DRMMC materials systems.
Polyimide Resins
Authors: Scola Daniel A.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the properties and applications of two types of polyimide resins: condensation polyimides and addition-type polyimides. It describes the chemistry of condensation-type polyimides during synthesis, processing of polyamide acid precursor solution to polyimide, and preparation of polyimide films from thermoplastic polyamic acid precursors. The article reviews the chemistry of several addition-type polyimides, including phenylethynyl-containing imide oligomers, nadic end-capped polyimides, and LARC RP46. It explains the preparation processes of nadic end-capped amic acid oligomer resin solutions, including the preparation of resin powder and resin disks, adhesive film, adhesive bond specimens, and films.
Hygrothermal Behavior
Authors: Ruffner Daniel R.
Published: December 2018

Hygrothermal behavior of cured composite materials relates to the combined and commonly synergistic effects of moisture absorption and temperature on various physical, chemical and mechanical properties. This article focuses on the influence of resins or matrices, reinforcements, processing, and diffusion on hygrothermal behavior of polymer-matrix composites and provides an outline on general considerations in assessing them. It discusses the hygrothermal testing and conditioning of polymer-matrix composites to assess fundamental hygrothermal behavior. The article provides information on the accelerated aging process for understanding the degradation mechanisms and failure modes in composites. It also describes the effect of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of polymer-matrix composites.
Design, Tooling, and Manufacturing Interaction
Authors: Vizzini Anthony J.
Published: December 2018

Designing composites for structural performance initially involves meeting a set of desired performance specifications at a minimum cost. This article discusses the factors that are considered in designing the manufacturing of polymeric composites. It describes the various aspects of manufacturing, forming process, and post-processing and fabrication for designing the composites.
Design Guidelines
Authors: Bootle John , Burzesi Frank , Fiorini Lynda
Published: December 2018

This article presents the basic guidelines considered in designing a composite structure, and the basic definitions of terms that apply to composites. It describes the analysis of a composite laminate based on stress-strain relationships, stress-strain load relationships, general load displacement case, and general load case solution. Factors affecting the composite materials properties and allowables of fiber-reinforced polymers are reviewed. The article discusses the process considerations for mold design, such as master model, metal tooling, composite tooling, and tool care. It explains the resin selection in designing the composite for use in a particular application. The article illustrates the various methods that are used to process a composite component, namely, wet lay-up, autoclave, resin transfer molding, and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. It provides a discussion on electromagnetic interference shielding, electrostatic discharge protection, metal plating, fire resistance, and corrosion resistance on composite materials.
Automated Tape Laying
Authors: Grimshaw Michael N.
Published: December 2018

Automated tape laying is a mature process used in both commercial and military aircraft applications. This article provides a brief history of the process and describes the use of commercially available flat and contour tape-laying equipment. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the tape laying. The article describes the various components of a ten-axis gantry-type tape laying machine and the tape laying process. It provides a discussion on typical material types and forms for tape laying and provides information on design guidelines for tape laying.
Mechanical Fastener Selection
Authors: Parker Robert T.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the factors to be considered for selecting fasteners for joining carbon fiber composites. These considerations include corrosion compatibility, fastener materials, strength, stiffness, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, hole fit, and lightning protection.
Constituent Materials Testing
Authors: Bugaj Shari
Published: December 2018

This article describes the most significant tests to characterize the properties of constituent materials. It discusses the chemical, physical, and mechanical tests for determining the properties of reinforcement fibers and fabrics. The article provides information on some of the basic materials used for thermoset and thermoplastic resin matrices. It reviews the identification of the individual characteristics of thermoset and thermoplastic resin along with the test methods normally used for their determination. The article contains a table that lists properties and tests for uncured and cured thermoset-matrix resins and prepregs.
Applications of Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Authors: Davis J.R.
Published: December 2018

The applications of discontinuously reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) fall into four major categories, namely, cutting tool inserts; wear-resistant parts; aerospace and military applications; and other industrial applications, including engines and energy-related applications. This article provides examples for these four categories, with an emphasis on those applications/materials that have achieved commercial viability. The applications for continuous fiber ceramic composites are also summarized.
Secondary Adhesive Bonding of Polymer-Matrix Composites
Authors: Campbell Flake C.
Published: December 2018

Adhesive bonding is used to assemble composite components into larger structures. Finished components that are damaged during assembly or service are often repaired with adhesive-bonding techniques. This article summarizes criteria for adhesive selection and illustrates typical secondary adhesively bonded joint configurations. It discusses the highly loaded joint considerations of adhesives. The article describes the epoxy adhesives commonly used for the bonding or repair of composite structures. It discusses the surface preparation of composites and metals, and honeycomb processing, including perimeter trimming, mechanical forming, heat forming, core splicing, contouring, and cleaning. The article presents basic steps involved in the adhesive-bonding process and concludes with a discussion on adhesive applications and tooling.
Design Optimization Methodologies
Authors: der Velden Alex Van , Koch Patrick , Tiwari Santosh
Published: December 2018

The process of optimization involves choosing the best solution from a pool of potential candidate solutions. This article provides a description of some classes of problems and the optimization methods that solve them. These problems include the deterministic single-objective problem, the deterministic multiobjective problem, and the nondeterministic, stochastic optimization problem. The article presents several complementary approaches to solve a wide variety of single-objective and multiobjective mechanical engineering applications. Multiobjective optimization study and stochastic optimization studies are also discussed.
Modeling of Quenching, Residual-Stress Formation, and Quench Cracking
Authors: Wallis Ronald A.
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on the boundary conditions that must be applied to model the heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) in a component being cooled. It describes the historical perspective of various experiments to determine the HTCs. Computational fluid dynamics codes have also been used to predict the HTCs around a part. The article provides information on the various modeling studies used to predict cooling rates in a component. The prediction of residual stresses by validation and optimization of residual stress models is also discussed. Several techniques, such as models neglecting and incorporating material transformation effects, used to predict residual stresses are reviewed. The article also explains the various aspects of models used to prevent cracking during heating and quenching.
Simulation of Induction Heat Treating
Authors: Rudnev Valery
Published: December 2018

This article describes the applications of induction heat treatment of metals, including normalizing, annealing, hardening, and tempering and stress relieving. It discusses the simulation techniques of the electromagnetic and thermal processes that occur during induction heat treating. The article explains the finite-difference method, finite-element method, mutual impedance method, and boundary-element method for the numerical computation of the induction heat treating processes. It also discusses the direct and indirect coupling approaches for coupling the electromagnetic and heat-transfer problems. Modern computer simulation techniques are capable of effectively simulating electromagnetic and thermal phenomena for many processes that involve electromagnetic induction. The article considers the challenges faced by developers of modern simulation software.
Simulation of Diffusion in Surface and Interface Reactions
Authors: Mason Paul , Engström Anders , Ågren John , Hallström Samuel
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the modeling and simulation of diffusion-controlled processes related to both materials processing such as heat treatments, and materials degradation from a practical perspective by using the one-dimensional (1-D) sharp interface approach. It describes various diffusion simulation models, such as one-phase simulations, moving phase-boundary simulations, and dispersed system simulations. The article presents case studies that illustrate some examples where diffusion simulations have been applied to industrial-based problems, with an emphasis on the approaches used and the lessons learned from performing such simulations.
Microorganismos relacionados con el cáncer
Authors: Rivera Silva Gerardo Arturo , Morín Juárez Aarón Arturo
Published: December 2018

La vinculación entre el cáncer y los microorganismos es una asociación ya conocida en la que están involucrados bacterias, virus y parásitos. Para poder establecer esta relación, es necesario demostrar la participación del microorganismo en la etiopatogenia del cáncer, es decir, su capacidad carcinogénica. Esta información es muy importante debido a que usted puede prevenir los tipos de cáncer a través de las vacunas.
Narcolepsia: abordaje diagnostico y terapeutico
Authors: Gómez Cerdas Marco Tulio
Published: December 2018

La narcolepsia también conocida como síndrome de Gelineau o epilepsia del sueño. Es definida como una enfermedad neurológica caracterizada por somnolencia diurna excesiva, transiciones prematuras de la vigila al sueño con movimientos oculares rápidos  (REM, Rapid Eyes Movements), parálisis al despertar o parálisis de sueño, alucinaciones hipnagógicas (visiones fugaces en la transición vigilia-sueño) o hipnopómpicas (transición sueño-vigilia), sueño nocturno fragmentado y en el caso de la narcolepsia tipo 1 sufren de cataplejía (períodos en los cuales el individuo presenta pérdida bilateral del tono muscular sin pérdida de la conciencia), hallazgo que no ocurre en la tipo 2. En esta revisión se realiza con el fin de promover el conocimiento de esta patología tanto para pacientes, familiares y profesionales de la salud para obtener un adecuado abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico en esta población.
IMAGEM DE PRODUTO: A CONFIGURAÇÃO DA IMAGEM DO VINHO FINO
Authors: Toigo Taisson , De Toni Deonir
Published: December 2018

Segundo dados da União Brasileira de Vitivinicultura (UVIBRA, 2016), 82% dos vinhos finos vendidos no Brasil são importados. A imagem de um produto tem um papel importante na sua preferência e escolha, uma vez que esta depende largamente da percepção sobre a imagem. O objetivo central deste estudo é identificar a configuração da imagem do vinho fino nacional e importado junto aos consumidores da região serrana do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório para identificar os atributos que compõem a imagem do vinho fino. Na sequência, realizou-se uma investigação quantitativa, cujos dados coletados por intermédio de uma survey, foram analisados com o uso de estatística descritiva e de análise fatorial multivariada. Deste processamento resultaram seis fatores como principais componentes da imagem do vinho fino: (i) simbólico, (ii) simbólico-social, (iii) afetivo-sensorial, (iv) valor, (v) funcional e (vi) histórico. Os fatores (ii) simbólico-social e (vi) históricos ainda não foram relatados na literatura técnico-científica. Espera-se que os resultados encontrados contribuam para o processo de gestão da imagem e da comercialização do vinho fino brasileiro no país e sejam estimuladores para a realização de novas pesquisas.
Mineros. La caravana del hambre
Authors: Rivera Castro José
Published: December 2018

A partir de la recuperación de una documentación excepcional sobre la huelga minera de 1950-51, en Coahuila, y sobre la marcha de cerca de cuatro mil trabajadores de esos centros mineros hasta la ciudad de México, se busca mostrar los esfuerzos de un movimiento obrero decidido a mantener sus derechos laborales frente a poderosos consorcios industriales y frente a un Estado cada vez más controlador. La “Caravana del hambre”, como se conoció a este movimiento, representa una de las manifestaciones de resistencia más importantes de la clase obrera mexicana durante el siglo veinte.
Victoria San Vicente, archivista privilegiada
Authors: Herrera Juan Manuel
Published: December 2018

El trabajo de la historiadora y archivista Victoria San Vicente Tello ha sido pilar no sólo para conocer el proceso de conformación del Centro de Información Gráfica en el Archivo General de la Nación, sino para comprender la evolución de esta dependencia desde los ochentas hasta nuestros días. Gracias a su capacidad organizativa logró conjuntar su pasión por la historia con la archivística. Su trabajo contribuyó a capacitar y profesionalizar al personal del AGN, en tanto se elaboraba la Guía General del Archivo General de la Nación, instrumento de consulta básica, donde logró unir esfuerzos para preservar la memoria documental del país.
Situación social, organización y luchas campesinas en México, 1928-1935
Authors: Rivera Castro José
Published: December 2018

Este artículo trata sobre el papel del campesinado durante el periodo denominado de transición política del México posrevolucionario. Los trabajadores del campo realizaron grandes esfuerzos para modificar las estructuras rurales y lograr justicia social. El peso de la organización agraria se mostró fundamentalmente a través de la organización y las luchas regionales.
El Consejo Estatal de Población de San Luis Potosí: apuntes para su historia
Authors: Juárez Miranda José Alberto
Published: December 2018

Basado en un aspecto de la descripción documental –la historia institucional– se ofrece una breve reseña de la historia del Consejo Estatal de Población de San Luis Potosí (Coesposlp). Se abordan los antecedentes a nivel nacional y local, funciones y nombre de sus titulares.
La formación profesional de los archivistas, una exigencia social
Authors: Ramírez López Celia
Published: December 2018

Es urgente una formación profesional de los archivistas que proporcione los fundamentos teóricos requeridos para un óptimo ejercicio, y no busque la profesionalización solamente para lograr el status que le da el título y obtener el reconocimiento social del que hoy carece. Debe incluirse en la formación profesional el saber acumulado a través del tiempo en la práctica archivística mundial, al margen de la institución escolar. En México, los responsables de los archivos no tienen estudios profesionales de archivística avalados por una institución de educación superior. Estamos en el momento histórico ideal para promover el desarrollo profesional de los archivistas, ya que se han creado leyes e instituciones que lo exigen, pues la problemática de los archivos ha crecido notablemente.
TINJAUAN PENGGUNAAN BAHAN TAMBAHAN PANGAN PADA MAKANAN JAJANAN ANAK SEKOLAH
Authors: NURDIN NURDIN , Utomo Budi
Published: December 2018

AbstrakÂ Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh beragamnya jajanan sekolah yang dijual di wilayah Puskesmas Sidorejo Kidul Kecamatan Tingkir Kota Salatiga. Mudahnya akses mendapatkan bahan tambahan makanan di Salatiga membuat sejumlah pedagang menambahkan zat aditif dalam jajanan yang dijual untuk meningkatkan keuntungan. Di sisilain, penggunaan bahan tambahan makanan yang tidak sesuai bisa merusak kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, peredaran jajanan di sekolah sekolah patut diteliti untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya bahan tambahan pangan berbahaya dan jenisnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode analisa deskriptif. Penulis menggunakan data pengujian dari Kegiatan Pengawasan Keamanan Pangan dan Bahan Berbahaya tahun 2016, 2017 dan 2018 oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kota Salatiga. Sampel yang diteliti berfokus pada pengujian zat Formalin, Metanil Yellow dan Rhodamin B pada jajanan di beberapa sekolah di wilayah Puskesmas Sidorejo Kidul Kecamatan Tingkir Kota Salatiga. Selain menggunakan data hasil pengujian, penulis juga mewawancarai langsung pedagang untuk mengukur sejauh mana pengetahuan pedagang terhadap penggunaan zat tambahan tersebut. Berdasarkan penelitian, diperoleh hasil bahwa tidak ditemukan bahan tambahan berbahaya Formalin, Metanil Yellow dan Rhodamin B (temuan 0%) untuk semua sampel yang diteliti. Sehingga jajanan anak di sekolah area Sidorejo Kidul masih dapat dikatakan aman untuk dikonsumsi anak-anak.AbstrackÂ [AN OVERVIEW OF THE ADDITIVES SUBSTANCES IN FOODS AND BEVERAGES IN SOME SCHOOLS] Nowadays, easy access to get food additives makes the merchants put those substances to gain more economy advantages. In the other hand, additives substances will be very dangerous if it consumed by human. So that, foods and beverages should be examined to determine whether they use additives and the type of additives substances. In this research, the writer focused on foods and beverages sold in some schools in SidorejoKidul District, Salatiga since lots of foods sold in schools. The method used in this study was analysis descriptive by using data from Food Safety and Material Safety Activity 2016, 2017 and 2018 by Salatiga City Health Office. The samples focused on formalin, Methanil Yellow and Rhodamin B in foods taken from some schools in SidorejoKidul Sub-district, Tingkir Sub-district, Salatiga. Not only using examination, the writer also interviewing the merchant to measure their knowledge about what they sell and the material substances. Based on the data, it was found no additional substance of Formalin, Methanyl Yellow and Rhodamine B put on the foods (0%) for all samples. So that, the food and beveraged sold in some schools of SidorejoKidul area is still save for children.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN ELIMINASI FEKAL PADA PASIEN YANG DIRAWAT DI INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU)
Authors: Artha Ryan Andeska , Indra Rani Lisa , Rasyid T. Abdur
Published: December 2018

AbstrakÂ Eliminasi fekal dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan fisiologis melalui pembuangan sisa-sisa metabolisme. Saat eliminasi fekal terganggu, hal ini akan memperburuk keadaan pasien kritis yang tentu juga akan meningkatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor- faktor yang berhubungan dengan eliminasi fekal pada pasien yang dirawat di ruang ICU RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan rancangan Cross-sectional. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 21 responden dengan menggunakan consecutive sampling. Pengambilan data menggunakan lembar observasi Bristool stool chart. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-square, uji Fisher dan uji Mann Whitnney. Analisis bivariat pada penelitian ini adalah hubungan jenis pemberian nutrisi, keseimbangan cairan, tingkat aktivitas, pemberian obat dan hari rawat dengan eliminasi fekal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubunganÂ  yang bermakna antara faktor lama hari rawat terhadap eliminasi fekal (p value less thanÂ 0.05) dan tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara faktor pemberian nutrisi, keseimbangan cairan, tingkat aktivitas, dan pemberian obat terhadap eliminasi fekal (p value more thanÂ 0.05). Saran pada penelitian ini agar perawat lebih memperhatikan faktor-faktor tersebut dalam menjaga keteraturan eliminasi fekal pasien ICU.AbstractÂ [English Title: Factors Associated With Fecal Elimination Inpatients In The ICU Room RSUD Arifin Achmad Riau Province] Fecal elimination is needed to maintain physiological balance through the removal of metabolic remnants. When faecal elimination is impaired this will worsen the critical patient's condition which will also increase morbidity and mortality rates. This research purposed to find out the factors that contribute to faecal elimination in patients treated in the ICU RSUD Arifin Achmad Riau Province. This research was quantitative research with a cross-sectional design. The number of samples in this study was 21 respondents by using consecutive sampling. Data collection using the Bristol stool chart observation sheet. The analyze using univariate analysis and analysis bivariate using Chi-square test, Fisher test and Mann Whitney test. Analysis bivariate to determine the relationship between the types of nutrition ,activity level, fluid balance, drug and length of stay toward faecal elimination, The research results that there was a significant relationship between the length of hospital stay of treatment to the elimination of faecal (p-value = 0.005) andÂ  that there was no significant relationship between nutrition factor, fluid balance, activity level, and drug toward faecal elimination (p-value = 0.005). Suggestion on this research so that nurses give attention to maintain the faecal elimination of ICU patient.
INTERVENSI BUBUK KAKAO TERHADAP PERUBAHAN KADAR GULA DARAH PUASA TIKUS SPRANGUE DAWLEY DIABETES MELITUS
Authors: Restuti Arisanty nur setia , Yulianti Adhiningsih , Nuraini Novita
Published: December 2018

AbstrakÂ Bubuk kakao mempunyai kemampuan paling tinggi dalam menghentikan kerusakan organ tubuh akibat radikal bebas. Kandungan antioksidan yang ada didalam bubuk kakao diduga dapat menghentikan kerusakan sel beta pankreas karena radikal bebas sehingga dapat meningkatkan sekresi insulin pada DM. Tujuan penelitian untuk menguji efek bubuk kakao Indonesia terhadap perubahan kadar gula darah puasa tikus Sprangue dawley diabetes melitus. Desain penelitian pre-post test control group design. Populasi penelitian yaitu tikus putih jantan galur Sprague - Dawley. Ada 3 kelompok perlakuan dalam penelitian ini. Kelompok kontrol negatif diberi pakan standar (Rat Bio), sedangkan kelompok kontrol positif dan perlakuan diberi pakan High Fat Diet selama 6 minggu. Pada akhir minggu ke 6 kelompok kontrol positif dan perlakuan diinduksi streptozotocin (STZ) low dose 30 mg/Kg BB ip. Tiga hari post STZ tikus dicek kadar gula darah puasa menggunakan metode GOD-PAP. Kelompok perlakuan disonde larutan bubuk kakao 0,4gr/ekor/hari selama 2 minggu, kemudian di cek kadar gula darah puasa. Hasil uji one way ANOVA kadar gula darah puasa pretest p 0,036, sedangkan postest p 0,007 yang berarti terdapat perbedaan signifikan antar ke 3 kelompok perlakuan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian bubuk kakao 0,4 gram/ekor/hari dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah puasa tikus Sprangue Dawley diabetes melitus.AbstractÂ [INTERVENTION OF COCOA POWDER ON CHANGES IN FAST FLOOD SUGAR CONTENTS SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS DIABETES MELLITUS] Cocoa powder has the highest ability to stop organ damage due to free radicals. The content of antioxidants in cocoa powder is thought to stop pancreatic beta cell damage due to free radicals so that it can increase insulin secretion in DM. The objective of research is to examine the effect of Indonesian cocoa powder on changes in fasting blood sugar levels of Sprangue dawley rats with diabetes mellitus. Research design pre-post test control group design. The study population was Sprague-Dawley male white rats. There were 3 treatment groups in this study. The negative control group was given standard feed (Rat Bio), while the positive control group and treatment were given High Fat Diet for 6 weeks. At the end of the 6th week the positive control group and 30 mg / Kg BB ip streptozotocin (STZ) low dose treatment were induced. Three days after the STZ post, rats were tested for fasting blood sugar levels using the GOD-PAP method. The treatment group disonde 0.4g / head / day cocoa powder solution for 2 weeks, then check fasting blood sugar levels. The results of the one way ANOVA test for pretest fasting blood sugar level p 0.036, while posttest p 0.007 means that there are significant differences between the 3 treatment groups. It can be concluded that administration of cocoa powder 0.4 grams / head / day can reduce fasting blood sugar levels in Sprangue Dawley rats with diabetes mellitus
OPTIMASI FORMULA SEDIAAN KRIM ANTI-AGING DARI EKSTRAK TERONG UNGU (Solanum melongena L.) DAN TOMAT (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Ratnasari Diah , Puspitasari Renny Novi
Published: December 2018

AbstrakÂ Faktor yang paling berpengaruh pada penuaan dini adalah radikal bebas. Penggunaan antioksidan dari terong ungu dan tomat merupakan salah satu cara melawan radikal bebas. Antioksidan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai bahan aktif dalam produk kosmetik untuk memaksimalkan perawatan pencegahan penuaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi formula sediaan krim ekstrak terong ungu dan tomat dengan variasi nilai HLB kombinasi emulgator yaitu Span 60 dan Tween 80. Ekstrak diformulasikan ke dalam krim yang dibagi menjadi tiga formula yaitu formula 1, formula 2 dan formula 3 dengan nilai HLB berturut-turut 11,40; 9,34; dan 10,37. Penentuan stabilitas dan formula terbaik didapatkan dari evaluasi sediaan krim yang meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas fisik, uji pH, uji daya sebar, dan uji tipe emulsi. Analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan Uji ANOVA one way (p â‰¥ 0,05) untuk mengetahui adanya perbedaan daya sebar ketiga formula sediaan krim ekstrak terong ungu dan tomat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan emulgator kombinasi Span 60 dan Tween 80 dapat menghasilkan sediaan krim yang baik, tetapi formula 2 lebih menunjukkan konsistensi sediaan krim yang paling baik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah krim dengan nilai HLB emulgator kombinasi Span 60 dan Tween 80 sebesar 9,34 lebih sesuai untuk formula sediaan krim dari ekstrak terong ungu dan tomat.AbstractÂ [Optimization of Anti-aging Cream Preparation Formula from Extracts of Purple Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)] The most influential factor in premature aging is free radicals. The use of antioxidants from purple eggplant and tomatoes is one way to fight free radicals. These antioxidants can be used as active ingredients in cosmetic products to maximize aging prevention treatments. This study aims to optimize the formula of purple eggplant and tomato extract cream with a variety of HLB values of emulgator combinations namely Span 60 and Tween 80. Extracts are formulated into creams which are divided into three formulas, formula 1, formula 2 and formula 3 with successive HLB values. 11.40; 9.34; and 10.37. Determination of the best stability and formula was obtained from evaluation of cream preparations which included organoleptic test, physical homogeneity test, pH test, dispersion test, and emulsion type test. Data analysis using ANOVA one way test (p â‰¥ 0,05) to determine the differences in the spread of the three formulas of purple eggplant and tomato extract cream preparations. The results showed that the use of Span 60 and Tween 80 combination emulgators could produce good cream preparations, but formula 2 showed the best consistency of cream preparations. The conclusion of this study is the cream with HLB value of combination Span 60 and Tween 80 emulgators of 9.34 is more suitable for cream preparation formulas from purple eggplant extract and tomatoes.
Paul Collier: Exodus. Jak migrace mění náš svět.
Authors: Macková Lucie
Published: December 2018

Migrace je jednou z nejnaléhavějších a nejkontroverznějších otázek našídoby – vehementně diskutovaná, prodchnutá ideologií, hluboce rozdělující.Komu by mělo být dovoleno migrovat a komu ne? Jaké jsou argumenty proa proti omezování počtu imigrantů? Paul Collier, renomovaný ekonom aautor bestseleru Miliarda nejchudších, v této knize jasně a výstižně vykládá,jaké dopady má migrace na společnost, a k čemu by vedla neomezenámigrace. Na základě vlastního výzkumu i výsledků výzkumů dalšíchodborníků autor vysvětluje problém migrace ze tří perspektiv – zperspektivy migrantů samotných, dále těch, kteří zůstávají ve své vlasti anakonec z perspektivy obyvatel zemí, které migranty přijímají. Imigrace jejednoduchou ekonomickou rovnicí, ale její dopady jsou složité. Exoduspotvrzuje, jak zásadní bude migrační politika ve světě, a zároveň navrhujeřešení, která by pomohla zrychlující se migraci zvládnout.
Karel Řehka: Informační válka
Authors: Harašta Jakub
Published: December 2018

Jak jsou využívány nové informační technologie v novodobých válkách alokálních konfliktech? Jak byla vedena válka v Perském zálivu, na Balkáněnebo na Krymu? A jakým směrem se bude vedení konfliktů vyvíjet? V historiiválek hrály informace pro jejich vedení důležitou roli a lze nalézt bezpočetpříkladů využití informací k podpoře válečného úsilí. Nikdy v minulostineměl člověk tak efektivní nástroje komunikace, nikdy předtím však takénebyl v informačním prostředí tak zranitelný. Informace a působení na ně,jejich prostřednictvím či v jejich prostředí se pro vedení válek a vojenskýchoperací staly rozhodující. Problematika informačního působení ve válce nenísama o sobě novým fenoménem. Autor ji zasazuje do širšího rámce vedeníválky a jeho vývoje. K tomu využívá příklady z historických pramenů akoncepce tří civilizačních vln a čtyř generací moderního válečnictví. Napopisu vývoje prostředí je také naznačen možný charakter války vbudoucnosti. Zachycuje informační prostředí, propagandu a její vývoj,strategickou komunikaci, informační operace i válku v kybernetickémprostoru. Vzhledem k aktuálnosti ruského informačního působení vůčiČeské republice a jejím spojencům je pro českého čtenáře v samostatnékapitole podrobněji popsán přístup Ruské federace k vedení informačníválky. Kniha generála Řehky srozumitelným způsobem vysvětluje vedeníválky v informačním prostředí a čtenáři pomáhá vytvořit si základnípředstavu o specifikách války v informačním věku. Cílem je přispět kespolečenské diskusi a vzdělávání v otázkách bezpečnosti a obrany.
Daniele Ganser: Nezákonné války: Jak země NATO sabotují OSN: Kronika doby od Kuby po Sýrii.
Authors: Ducháčková Michaela
Published: December 2018

Kniha se zaměřuje na aktivity NATO, které jsou zcela v rozporu s původnímzaměřením Charty OSN z roku 1945, podle níž válku smí vést pouze země,která je napadena, a válka proti nějakému státu smí být vedena pouze smandátem OSN. Již přes 70 let jsou vedeny války, které tento mandát vůbecnemají, jsou tedy nezákonné, jsou zločinem proti lidskosti, agresíprosazovanou zájmy určitých mocenských skupin. Ganser neúprosněodhaluje vlastní pozadí těchto chtěných eskalací konfliktů.
Synthesis of NaYF4 doped with Eu3+ions by hydrothermal method for the application in the security printing
Authors: Cao Dung Thi My , Nguyen Thon Van , Tran Van Thi Thanh
Published: December 2018

NaYF4 nanocrystals doped with Eu3+ ions have been prepared by hydrothermal method at 180 oC for 24 hours, then they were treated at 500 oC in air. The result of XRD showed NaYF4 nanocrystals exitsted hexagonal β phase. The structure of NaYF4 was not affected by the presence of rare earth ion. Under excitation at 395 nm, the PL spectra have emission bands at 592, 615 and 689–695 nm attributed to 5Do􀁯7F1, 5Do􀁯7F2 and 5Do􀁯7F3 transitions of Eu3+ ion. NaYF4:Eu NPs possess a high security properties upon an excitation at 254 nm.
About some features of forecasting masstransport processes in saturated - unsaturated media.
Authors: Telyma Sergii , Voloshkina Olena
Published: December 2018

The general methodic of forecasting the flow and moisture-salt transfer processes in saturated-unsaturated media on the base of the methods of mathematic modeling for case of the arbitrary vertical domains is proposed.The practical example of the solution the migration problem of pollutions at filtration from the irrigated channel to reservoir is demonstrated.
探析城市污水处理过程中重金属的检测方法及处理技术
Authors: 董 萍
Published: December 2018

水是生命之源、生产之要、生态之基,水作为人类生产、生活必不可少的宝贵资源,它的污染和短缺将给人类带来致命的威胁。保护水资源是推动经济社会可持续发展的重要课题之一。且重金属对人类健康乃至整个生态系统都具有严重威胁。综述了我国城市污水中的重金属概况,介绍了污水中重金属的检测方法,并对一些新型的重金属处理方法进行了阐述,最后展望了我国污水中重金属检测方法和处理技术存在的不足及未来的发展方向。
简析膜技术在水处理行业中的应用
Authors: 黄 艳君
Published: December 2018

膜分离在水处理当中得到了广发应用,其操作便捷,低耗能、效果好。当前,膜技术在不断的发展,同时膜工艺也在日渐增多,其对水处理产生了十分有效的作用。本文就主要分析了膜技术在水处理行业中的应用,以供借鉴。
浅析自然保护区的森林病虫害防治
Authors: 杨 丽
Published: December 2018

自然保护区中的森林病虫害防治已经成为我国营林工作的重点问题,做好此项工作对保护生态环境,节约森林资源有着非常重要的作用。本文就将主要分析自然保护区的森林病虫害防治,以供参考。
节能减排理念的农村公路工程施工的研究
Authors: 闫 军
Published: December 2018

公路工程建设是农村的基础设施,它对完善以及确保农村经济社会发展和农民生产生活改善有着重要的影响,它还是社会主义新农村建设中的重要内容。为了提升公路工程施工质量,就应该重视方式方法,但是在该过程中还应该尽量做到节能减排,这才是对于可持续发展社会建设的最终要求。本文主要探究的就是公路工程施工与设计中节能减排的细节,希望通过全文的论述能够提出有效的节能减排方案指导,从而可以为未来我国公路工程建设提供更全面的意见或者建议。
探析环境工程中的城市污水处理问题
Authors: 周 明
Published: December 2018

随着城市进程脚步的加快、人口增多、工业行业发展迅猛,居民生活用水、工业废水排放量逐渐增大,对城市环境造成严重的负面影响。因此,相关单位展开城市污水处理工作非常重要。本文就探究环境工程中的城市污水处理问题,提出有效的城市污水处理对策,为城市污水处理工作提供参考依据。
简析环境工程建设中的噪声污染监测要点及控制策略
Authors: 郭 昆
Published: December 2018

噪声污染危害性非常大,其属于一种物理性污染,但基于自然界产生的噪声人们暂时还无法改变。基于此,本文主要就人为活动产生的噪声污染进行分析,首先阐述了环境噪声污染的现状以及环境噪声污染的主要影响,对环境工程建设中的噪声污染监测要点及其控制策略进行了简要分析。
浅谈公路工程施工中的环保问题和管理
Authors: 张 鹏举
Published: December 2018

经济的发展使得人们的环保意识得到了有效的提升,同时对公路的建设也提出了更为高的要求。随着公路建设的增多和公路施工规模的不断扩大,施工过程中所引起的环境问题也越来越突出,进行绿色施工,加强环保管理十分必要,文章将对此具体分析,为公路工程施工团队提高环保意思,加强环境保护提供一些参考和启示。
公路绿化环保工程设计与施工管理研究
Authors: 隋 红军
Published: December 2018

公路工程建设中一个极其重要的组成部分就是公路绿化,公路绿化不但有美化环境、提升空气质量的作用,还对沿路水土的保持起到了良好的效果。为了做好公路工程绿化设计和施工管理的工作,本文对其中所面临的一些基本问题进行了提出和研究,并根据相应的地理环境给出了构建地域型植物方面的建议。
生态环保理念的生态公路设计探索
Authors: 张 新路
Published: December 2018

随着经济的发展、科学技术的日新月异,我国的国际地位也在不断提升。城市化进程的不断推进证实了这一事实。城市越来越拥挤,所以越来越多的道路依赖于技术,但目前存在一个问题。经济发展虽然重要,但生态环境也很重要。由于整个城市发展较早,道路周边生态环境恶化,部分城市受到严重破坏。本文分析了基于环境保护理念的生态公路相关内容进行研究。
浅论环境保护中的环境监测与环境监察联动策略
Authors: 杨 晓婉
Published: December 2018

2015年新环保法实施以来,明确规定了环境监察的重要法律地位。环境监测是分析和评价环境质量,掌握相应污染物与污染源的分布特征,评价和监督污染防治效果,明确环境污染物的种类和具体成分,分析和预测环境质量、污染和危害程度的重要途径,其可以为环境监察工作指导环境保护提供科学依据。为了充分环境监测与环境监察在环境保护中的作用,本文概述了环境监测与环境监察,阐述了环境保护中环境监测与环境监察联动的必要性及其主要职责与意义,对其联动策略进行了论述分析。
浅析露天煤矿生态环境问题及生态修复
Authors: 董 小丰
Published: December 2018

露天煤矿,英文名为“Open-pitcoalmine”,主要是指由于地理变化沉积在地表、浅层的煤炭层,可直接露天采掘的煤矿。在城市煤矿资源短缺的背景下,煤矿开采工作变得更加频繁,对生态环境造成的影响也非常之大,因此,相关单位展开生态修复工作非常有必要,本文就对露天煤矿开采工艺的特点进行阐述,并提出露天煤矿生态修复的有效对策,以期为生态环境保护工作提供有效的参考。
林业绿化树移植栽培技术措施探究
Authors: 李 飞
Published: December 2018

林业绿化工程是现阶段我国环保型社会建设的重要项目,而在这一项目中,树木移植栽培技术为核心技术之一,直接关系到绿化的成功率,发挥着保护珍稀树种、改善城市环境的作用。在进行绿化苗木移植栽培时,首先应该合理筛选移植树苗,对移植地的土壤进行处理,然后再修剪移植苗木,挖掘种植穴或者种植槽。移植工作完成后,需加强后期养护管理,做好水肥管理、根系管理、扶正培土、补充修剪、病虫害的防治和防冻工作,让树木能够茁壮成长,发挥增加城市绿化面积、提升空气质量的作用。
浅谈以优势学科为基础建设具有化工污染防治为特色的环境专业研究
Authors: 毛 金刚 , 濮 晓亮
Published: December 2018

随着我国经济的不断发展,科学技术不断加强,我国人民生活水平有了很大的提高,对于生态文明建设也有了更高的要求。为了能够促进生态文明建设在我国能够良好的运行,化工企业对于化工的污染防治也进行了有效的改进,化工企业在化学工业生产方面所造成的环境污染程度十分严重,在化工生产中对于废弃物的排放量以及化学反应当中所排放的污染物都会对环境造成严重的破坏。本文主要针对浅谈以优势学科为基础建设具有化工污染防治为特色的环境专业研究进行了主要的探究。
林业生态脆弱环境中乡土植物的选择与配置
Authors: 刘 佳 , 赵 俊
Published: December 2018

在众多生存植物中,乡土植物是适应当地生长环境最强的一种植物。在林业生态脆弱生长环境中乡土植物选择以及配置是至关重要的。因为,发展林业不仅能够提高林业发展进程与效益,更能够减少林业建设成本,进而改善生态环境,尽量避免生态协调问题出现。本文将会对林业生态脆弱环境中乡土植物的选择与配置进行分析。
论3S技术在水土保持与荒漠化防治中的应用
Authors: 郭 妍莉 , 罗 畅
Published: December 2018

当下,水土流失、土地荒漠化已成为生态环境恶化的主要表现,极大的制约了经济的繁荣发展与民生保障工作的推进。基于此,国家大力倡导应用创新科技,治理水土流失,扩张绿化面积,抑制土地荒漠化,从而维系生态系统平衡。基于此,本文围绕3S技术在水土保持与荒漠化防治领域的应用展开深度探究,旨在为业内人士提供有价值的参考意见。
不同气候类型对人类疾病的影响
Authors: 蒋 伟文 , 闫 宾
Published: December 2018

在自然条件与人类活动加速全球变化的驱动下,传染病发生和传播的模式也在发生改变.自然因素尤其是气候变化将直接或间接影响许多传染病的暴发和传播.气温、降水、湿度和光照等气象要素通过影响病原体、宿主和疾病的传播媒介,从而改变传染病的发生和传播；极端气候事件引起的干旱、洪涝等气象灾害会直接对人类造成伤害并影响传染病的发生与传播；地表生态系统包括下垫面类型和植被分布也会间接对传染病的暴发产生影响.
提高公众气象服务水平的有效途径分析
Authors: 张 青珍 , 宁 喜龙 , 王 思源
Published: December 2018

近些年,随着社会的发展节奏日渐加大,人们对气象服务工作的需求越来越大,给气象事业带来了挑战。气象灾害的发生给社会经济的健康发展和人民的安居乐业带来了一定的影响。基于此,本文对现阶段公众气象服务中存在的不足之处进行分析探讨,并针对问题提出公众气象服务的有效途径,旨在进一步提升当地公众气象服务水平。
对我市全国文明城市长效管理机制的思考
Authors: 孙 春燕 , 曾 向晔 , 沈 耀庭
Published: December 2018

2017年11月,我市以全国第二、江苏第一的优秀成绩光荣当选“全国文明城市”。全国文明城市一年一测评、三年一总评,优胜劣汰,做好长效管理工作至关重要。当前,我市一些不文明现象回潮问题不容忽视,必须增强主动性、自觉性,补短板、抓长效、树品牌,以建设更高水平的文明城市为目标,提升城市的管理水平,久久为功,推动我市文明城市建设工作向更高质量迈进。
浅析行政管理体制的战略重塑对加快推进生态文明建设的重大意义
Authors: 姚 翔 , 高 婧 , 田 振萍 , 王 冰 , 宫 云飞 , 王 涛
Published: December 2018

近年来,维系生态平衡、保护自然环境已成为社会各界关注的焦点,政府部门为全面贯彻落实可持续发展观念,制定并出台了一系列相关政策条例。在党的十九大会议上,习近平总书记提出了创建美丽新中国的口号,大力倡导促进生态文明体制深化变革,并针对生态环境保护做出了重要指示。
Factores psicosociales relacionados con el uso de drogas en escolares del cuarto y quinto grado de secundaria de la zona rural del callejon de Huaylas
Authors: Yslado Mendez Rosario , Vilchez Vasquez Rosa
Published: December 2018

Este estudio descriptivo correlacional, describe y establece relaciones entre las variables prevalencia de uso de drogas (alcohol, tabaco, marihuana, PBC y cocaína) con las variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas, socioculturales, familiares y psicológicas, en una muestra probabilística de 327 escolares del cuarto y quinto grado de educación secundaria de menores de instituciones educativa de la zona rural del Callejón de Huaylas. Se utilizo la encuesta mediante cuestionario adaptado denominado "Factores psicosociales relacionados con el uso de drogas en escolares del cuarto y quinto grado de secundaria", que fue previamente validado por criterio de jueces y estudio piloto. Las principales conclusiones han sido: La PV global fue 39.8%; es decir han consumido alguna vez en la vida algunas de las drogas estudiadas, 47 escolares varones y 30 mujeres de cada 100 escolares. Existe mayor prevalencia de uso de drogas sociales, tanto para el alcohol (34.9%), como para el tabaco (23.9%); un tercer lugar ocupan la PBC y clorhidrato de cocaína (1.2%). La PV global fue mayor para los varones, en las edades de 18 a 19 arios, en el quinto año de secundaria, en el estrato socioeconómico alto, en los colegios Manuel Scorza Torres de Recuay (52.6%), Estenio Torres Ramos de Huaylas (52.4%), Antúnez de Mayolo de Recuay (52.2%) y San Juan Bautista La Salle de Yungay (49.2%)
Aprendizaje de la matemática mediante el desarrollo de experiencias significativas
Authors: Yglesias Jáuregue Miguel Angel , Gonzales Chiclayo César Augusto , Ramírez Apolinario Eleuterio , Urquiaga Vásquez Wilson
Published: December 2018

En el presente trabajo de investigación titulado "Aprendizaje de la matemática mediante el desarrollo de experiencias significativas" se propone un sistema de aprendizaje de la matemática, basado en el desarrollo de experiencias, con el fin de que el estudiante descubra relaciones matemáticas. Tal sistema de aprendizaje pone al estudiante en contacto con actividades y objetos concretos, asimismo, está conectado con el método de resolución de problemas, ya sea en la etapa de construcción de conocimientos, como también en la etapa de transferencia de los mismos. Con el fin de validar tal sistema de aprendizaje, se hizo un estudio de su influencia en el aprendizaje de la asignatura de "Geometría y medición" en los estudiantes del primer grado del Colegio de Educación Secundaria "Víctor Valenzuela Guardia" (COCIAP) durante el año lectivo 2008. La muestra de estudio estuvo conformada por 15 estudiantes, la cual se constituyó como grupo experimental y testigo de si mismo. El período de estudio abarcó el desarrollo de cuatro sesiones de aprendizaje en cada una de las cuales se evaluó el rendimiento académico con un pre—test y un post—test. En las cuatro sesiones evaluadas se encontró que la aplicación de metodologías con experiencias significativas contribuye significativamente a mejorar el aprendizaje de los alumnos del primer grado del COCIAP en la asignatura de matemáticas, permitiéndoles mejorar su rendimiento académico y descubrir relaciones matemáticas y su aplicación en la resolución de problemas
Efecto del ozono en los sistemas de higienización de frutas y hortalizas de los laboratorios especializados de la FHAUNASAM
Authors: Castro Vicente Nelly , Quispe Talla Angel
Published: December 2018

El desarrollo de las exigencias nutricionales, sensoriales y de inocuidad en los consumidores cada vez es mayor y surgen los productos ele cuarta y quinta gama que se destacan en las preferencias del consumidor, el laboratorio especializado de frutas y hortalizas de la Facultad de Ingeniería de Industrias Alimentarias cuenta con una línea de agua ozonificada para el uso en mínimo procesamiento de frutas y hortalizas; estas se han visto optimizadas a partir de la obtención de los parámetros de aplicación y las concentraciones óptimas para su uso en frutas y hortalizas permitiendo así la validación 111 icrobiológica ele los productos tratados con agua ozoniftcada; la investigación ha permitido prolongar el tiempo de vicia útil de la naranja, y el choclo pelado con el uso de agua ozoniftcada a partir de 1,5 ppm y en tiempos de contacto de 4 minuto-:;. Además; a partir de 8 minutos de tiempo de contacto e inmersión, se eliminan gérmenes a cualquiera de las concentraciones de ozono empleadas, sin embargo, la lechuga requiere un tiempo minimo de 10 minutos para su tratamiento con ozono.
Las características de calidad sensorial que mostraron los productos higienizados l'unon de aceptable y de preferencia sobre los productos tradicionalmente ofertados en el mercado.