bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust Stability Criteria for Uncertain Neutral Systems with Interval Nondifferentiable Time‐Varying Delay and Nonlinear Perturbations
Authors: Weera W. , Niamsup P.
Published: December 2011

We study the robust stability criteria for uncertain neutral systems
with interval time‐varying delays and time‐varying nonlinear perturbations simultaneously. The constraint on the derivative of the time‐varying delay is not required, which allows the time‐delay to be a fast time‐varying function. Based on the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii
theory, we derive new delay‐dependent stability conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) which can be solved by various available algorithms. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate that the derived conditions are much less conservative than those given in the literature.
Force Characteristics of the Rat Sternomastoid Muscle Reinnervated with End‐to‐End Nerve Repair
Authors: Sobotka Stanislaw , Mu Liancai
Published: December 2011

The goal of this study was to establish force data for the rat sternomastoid (SM) muscle after reinnervation with nerve end‐to‐end anastomosis (EEA), which could be used as a baseline for evaluating the efficacy of new reinnervation techniques. The SM muscle on one side was paralyzed by transecting its nerve and then EEA was performed at different time points: immediate EEA, 1‐month and 3‐month delay EEA. At the end of 3‐month recovery period, the magnitude of functional recovery of the reinnervated SM muscle was evaluated by measuring muscle force and comparing with the force of the contralateral control muscle. Our results demonstrated that the immediately reinnervated SM produced approximately 60% of the maximal tetanic force of the control. The SM with delayed nerve repair yielded approximately 40% of the maximal force. Suboptimal recovery of muscle force after EEA demonstrates the importance of developing alternative surgical techniques to treat muscle paralysis.
Reducing Transmitted Vibration Using Delayed Hysteretic Suspension
Authors: Mokni Lahcen , Belhaq Mohamed
Published: December 2011

Previous numerical and experimental works show that time delay technique is efficient to reduce transmissibility of vibration in a single pneumatic chamber by controlling the pressure in the chamber. The present work develops an analytical study to demonstrate the effectiveness of such a technique in reducing transmitted vibrations. A quarter‐car model is considered and delayed hysteretic suspension is introduced in the system. Analytical predictions based on perturbation analysis show that a delayed hysteretic suspension enhances vibration isolation comparing to the case where the nonlinear damping is delay‐independent.
Clinical Aspects of Dermatitis Associated withDirofilaria repensin Pets: A Review of 100 Canine and 31 Feline Cases (1990–2010) and a Report of a New Clinic Case Imported from Italy to Dubai
Authors: Tarello Walter
Published: December 2011

Cutaneous dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the mosquito-borne filarial nematodesDirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens, living in the subcutaneous tissue of dogs, cats, wild carnivores, and humans. Cases have been recently reported also from Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Ukraine, Russia, Austria, Switzerland, France, The Netherlands, and the Middle East.D. repensis not widely known to cause chronic pruritic dermatitis in animals. Dermatological signs observed in 100 canine clinic cases were pruritus (100%), erythema (79%), papulae (62%), focal or multifocal alopecia (55%), hyperkeratosis (18%), crusting (14%), nodules (12%), acantosis (5%), and eczema (3%). Signs other than dermatological were conjunctivitis (46%), anorexia (35%), vomiting (26%), fever (25%), lethargy (20%), and lymph-adenomegaly (10%). A case imported from Italy to Dubai is described. The opportunistic role ofD. repensmight explain the presence of asymptomatic carriers, the concurrent observation of nondermatological signs, and the development of dermatitis in a subgroup of parasitized dogs.
Fish Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS): Gene Discovery, Modulation of Expression and Function
Authors: Wang Tiehui , Gorgoglione Bartolomeo , Maehr Tanja , Holland Jason W. , Vecino Jose L. González , Wadsworth Simon , Secombes Christopher J.
Published: December 2011

The intracellular suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family members, including CISH and SOCS1 to 7 in mammals, are important regulators of cytokine signaling pathways. So far, the orthologues of all the eight mammalian SOCS members have been identified in fish, with several of them having multiple copies. Whilst fish CISH, SOCS3, and SOCS5 paralogues are possibly the result of the fish-specific whole genome duplication event, gene duplication or lineage-specific genome duplication may also contribute to some paralogues, as with the three trout SOCS2s and three zebrafish SOCS5s. Fish SOCS genes are broadly expressed and also show species-specific expression patterns. They can be upregulated by cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-21, by immune stimulants such as LPS, poly I:C, and PMA, as well as by viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections in member- and species-dependent manners. Initial functional studies demonstrate conserved mechanisms of fish SOCS action via JAK/STAT pathways.
Simultaneous Identification and Quantification of Canrenone and 11‐α‐Hydroxy‐Canrenone by LC‐MS and HPLC‐UVD
Authors: Huang Da-Ming , Zhang Tian-Zhen , Cui Feng-Jie , Sun Wen-Jing , Zhao Li-Ming , Yang Meng-Yi , Wang Ya-Juan
Published: December 2011

A procedure for simultaneous identification and quantification of canrenone and its biotransformed product
11‐α‐hydroxy‐canrenone by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC‐UVD) and mass spectrometry (LC‐MS)
methods was proposed. The optimal determination variables on the HPLC‐UVD or LC‐MS coupled with a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB‐C18 column
(150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) were set as follows: detection wavelength of 280 nm, mobile phase of water and methanol
gradient elution, temperature for the chromatographic column of 30°C, flow rate of mobile phase of 0.8 mL/min, sample injection volume of
5 μL, and elution time of 40 min. The MS conditions were set as follows: the flow rate
of sheath gas, aux gas, and sweep gas were kept at 35 arb, 5 arb, and 0 arb, respectively. The temperature of capillary was held at
300°C, and capillary voltage was set at 30.00 V. Tube lens were performed at 100.00 V. The proposed method was validated
by linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9910), average recovery (94.93%, RSD1.21%), precision (RSD ≤ 1.31%), limit of detection, and limit of quantification (LOD 0.1~0.12 mg/L, LOQ 0.5~0.67 mg/L), which proved to be affordable for simultaneously determining canrenone and its bio‐transformed product 11‐α‐hydroxy‐canrenone.
Convergence of a Singular Euler‐Maxwell Approximation of the Incompressible Euler Equations
Authors: Yang Jianwei , Wang Hongli
Published: December 2011

This paper studies the Euler‐Maxwell system which is a model of a collisionless plasma. By energy estimation and the curl‐div decomposition of the gradient, we rigorously justify a singular approximation of the incompressible Euler equations via a quasi‐neutral regime.
How Does Age at Onset Influence the Outcome of Autoimmune Diseases?
Authors: Amador-Patarroyo Manuel J. , Rodriguez-Rodriguez Alberto , Montoya-Ortiz Gladis
Published: December 2011

The age at onset refers to the time period at which an individual experiences the first symptoms of a disease. In autoimmune diseases (ADs), these symptoms can be subtle but are very relevant for diagnosis. They can appear during childhood, adulthood or late in life and may vary depending on the age at onset. Variables like mortality and morbidity and the role of genes will be reviewed with a focus on the major autoimmune disorders, namely, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), Sjögren's syndrome, and autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD). Early age at onset is a worst prognostic factor for some ADs (i.e., SLE and T1D), while for others it does not have a significant influence on the course of disease (i.e., SS) or no unanimous consensus exists (i.e., RA and MS).
High-Performance Computational Electromagnetic Methods Applied to the Design of Patch Antenna with EBG Structure
Authors: Hadarig R. C. , de Cos M. E. , Las-Heras F.
Published: December 2011

In this contribution High-Performance Computing electromagnetic methods are applied to the design of a patch antenna combined with EBG structure in order to obtain bandwidth enhancement. The electrical characteristics of the embedded structure (patch antenna surrounded by EBG unit cells) are evaluated by means of method of moment technique (MoM) whereas for designing the unit cell, the finite element method (FEM) together with the Bloch-Floquet theory is used. The manufactured prototypes are characterized in terms of return loss and radiation pattern in an anechoic chamber.
Heme Oxygenase-1 Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced sFlt-1 and Oxidative Stress in Placental Villi through Its Metabolic Products CO and Bilirubin
Authors: George Eric M. , Colson Drew , Dixon Jeremy , Palei Ana C. , Granger Joey P.
Published: December 2011

One of the most prevalent complications of pregnancy is preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder which is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and premature birth with no effective pharmacological intervention. While the underlying cause is unclear, it is believed that placental ischemia/hypoxia induces the release of factors into the maternal vasculature and lead to widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction. Recently, HO-1 has been shown to downregulate two of these factors, reactive oxygen species and sFlt-1, and we have reported that HO-1 induction attenuates many of the pathological factors of placental ischemia experimentally. Here, we have examined the direct effect of HO-1 and its bioactive metabolites on hypoxia-induced changes in superoxide and sFlt-1 in placental vascular explants and showed that HO-1 and its metabolites attenuate the production of both factors in this system. These findings suggest that the HO-1 pathway may be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of preeclampsia.
Modeling a Lethal Prostate Cancer Variant with Small-Cell Carcinoma Features
Authors: Tzelepi Vassiliki , Zhang Jiexin , Lu Jing-Fang , Kleb Brittany , Wu Guanglin , Wan Xinhai , Hoang Anh , Efstathiou Eleni , Sircar Kanishka , Navone Nora M. , Troncoso Patricia , Liang Shoudan , Logothetis Christopher J. , Maity Sankar N. , Aparicio Ana M.
Published: December 2011

Purpose: Small-cell prostate carcinoma (SCPC) morphology predicts for a distinct clinical behavior, resistance to androgen ablation, and frequent but short responses to chemotherapy. We sought to develop model systems that reflect human SCPC and can improve our understanding of its biology.

Experimental Design: We developed a set of castration-resistant prostate carcinomas xenografts and examined their fidelity to their human tumors of origin. We compared the expression and genomic profiles of SCPC and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) xenografts to those of typical prostate adenocarcinoma xenografts. Results were validated immunohistochemically in a panel of 60 human tumors.

Results: The reported SCPC and LCNEC xenografts retain high fidelity to their human tumors of origin and are characterized by a marked upregulation of UBE2C and other mitotic genes in the absence of androgen receptor (AR), retinoblastoma (RB1), and cyclin D1 (CCND1) expression. We confirmed these findings in a panel of samples of CRPC patients. In addition, array comparative genomic hybridization of the xenografts showed that the SCPC/LCNEC tumors display more copy number variations than the adenocarcinoma counterparts. Amplification of the UBE2C locus and microdeletions of RB1 were present in a subset, but none displayed AR nor CCND1 deletions. The AR, RB1, and CCND1 promoters showed no CpG methylation in the SCPC xenografts.

Conclusion: Modeling human prostate carcinoma with xenografts allows in-depth and detailed studies of its underlying biology. The detailed clinical annotation of the donor tumors enables associations of anticipated relevance to be made. Future studies in the xenografts will address the functional significance of the findings. Clin Cancer Res; 18(3); 666–77. ©2011 AACR.
Gut Microbiota and Its Pathophysiology in Disease Paradigms
Authors: Festi Davide , Schiumerini Ramona , Birtolo Chiara , Marzi Luca , Montrone Lucia , Scaioli Eleonora , Di Biase Anna Rita , Colecchia Antonio
Published: December 2011

The gut flora carries out important functions for human health, although most of them are still unknown, and an alteration of any of them, due to a condition of dysbiosis, can lead to relevant pathological implications. Commensal bacteria in the gut are essential for the preservation of the integrity of the mucosal barrier function and an alteration in the anatomic functional integrity of this barrier has been implicated in the pathophysiologic process of different diseases. The gut microflora plays a role in modulating the intestinal immune system; in fact, it is essential for the maturation of gut-associated lymphatic tissue, the secretion of IgA and the production of antimicrobial peptides. The enteric flora represents a potent bioreactor which controls several metabolic functions, even if most of them are still unknown. The main metabolic functions are represented by the fermentation of indigestible food substances into simple sugars, absorbable nutrients, and short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, the gut microbiota exerts important trophic and developmental functions on the intestinal mucosa. This overview focuses briefly on the physiological role of the gut microbiota in maintaining a healthy state and the potential role played by disturbances of both the function and composition of the gut microbiota in determining important pathological conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and cancer.
Downsizing a Thrombus of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Presurgical Setting with Sorafenib
Authors: Takeda Hirokazu , Nakano Yojiro , Kashiwagi Yuhta , Yoshino Yasushi , Gotoh Momokazu
Published: December 2011

A 53-year-old man presented with fever, 15 kg weight loss, ECOG performance status 0, and 12 × 9.5 cm renal tumor with an associated level II (near level III) tumor thrombus extending into the vena cava. We offered a presurgical targeted therapy to downsize the thrombus and primary tumor, which may reduce the extent of the surgery and operative risk. The patient accepted this approach with administration of sorafenib, resulting in a marked reduction of the primary renal tumor and 43% regression in tumor thrombus. Tumor shrinkage and regression of the thrombus allowed resection of the left kidney. Pathological findings revealed that part of the tumor was necrotic tissue. Two years after initiation of presurgical sorafenib therapy, the patient remains alive without evidence of disease progression.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preterm Birth and Later Systolic Blood Pressure
Authors: de Jong Femke , Monuteaux Michael C. , van Elburg Ruurd M. , Gillman Matthew W. , Belfort Mandy B.
Published: December 2011

Lower birth weight because of fetal growth restriction is associated with higher blood pressure later in life, but the extent to which preterm birth (<37 completed weeks' gestation) or very low birth weight (<1500 g) predicts higher blood pressure is less clear. We performed a systematic review of 27 observational studies that compared the resting or ambulatory systolic blood pressure or diagnosis of hypertension among children, adolescents, and adults born preterm or very low birth weight with those born at term. We performed a meta-analysis with the subset of 10 studies that reported the resting systolic blood pressure difference in millimeters of mercury with 95% CIs or SEs. We assessed methodologic quality with a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The 10 studies were composed of 1342 preterm or very low birth weight and 1738 term participants from 8 countries. The mean gestational age at birth of the preterm participants was 30.2 weeks (range: 28.8–34.1 weeks), birth weight was 1280 g (range: 1098–1958 g), and age at systolic blood pressure measurement was 17.8 years (range: 6.3–22.4 years). Former preterm or very low birth weight infants had higher systolic blood pressure than term infants (pooled estimate: 2.5 mm Hg [95% CI: 1.7–3.3 mm Hg]). For the 5 highest quality studies, the systolic blood pressure difference was slightly greater, at 3.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 2.6–5.0 mm Hg). We conclude that infants who are born preterm or very low birth weight have modestly higher systolic blood pressure later in life and may be at increased risk for developing hypertension and its sequelae.
Effect of Telaprevir on the Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam and Digoxin
Authors: Garg Varun , Chandorkar Gurudatt , Farmer H. Frank , Smith Frances , Alves Katia , van Heeswijk Rolf P. G.
Published: December 2011

In this open‐label study, 24 healthy volunteers received a single intravenous (IV) dose of 0.5 mg of midazolam on day 1 and a single oral dose each of 2 mg of midazolam and 0.5 mg of digoxin on day 3. Telaprevir 750 mg every 8 hours was administered from day 8 through day 23, along with a single IV dose of 0.5 mg of midazolam on day 17 and single oral doses of 2 mg of midazolam and 0.5 mg of digoxin on day 19. Midazolam, 1′‐hydroxymidazolam, digoxin, and telaprevir concentrations in plasma and digoxin concentrations in urine were measured and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated. On comparing administration with versus without telaprevir, the geometric least squares mean ratios (with 90% confidence limits) for IV midazolam were 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) for maximum observed concentrations (Cmax) and 3.40 (3.04, 3.79) for area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0–24h); for oral midazolam 2.86 (2.52, 3.25) for Cmax and 8.96 (7.75, 10.35) for AUC0–24h; and for oral digoxin 1.50 (1.36, 1.65) for Cmax and 1.85 (1.70, 2.00) for area under the curve from 0 to infinity (AUC0‐∞). Coadministration of telaprevir with oral midazolam resulted in approximately 3‐fold decrease in the mean AUC0‐∞ of 1′‐hydroxymidazolam. The renal clearance of digoxin was similar with or without telaprevir. Results show that telaprevir is an inhibitor of CYP3A and P‐glycoprotein.
Multiple‐Dose Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the μ‐Opioid Receptor Inverse Agonist GSK1521498
Authors: Nathan Pradeep J. , Bush Mark A. , Tao Wenli X. , Koch Annelize , Davies Kirsty M. , Maltby Kay , O'Neill Barry V. , Napolitano Antonella , Skeggs Andrew L. , Brooke Allison C. , Richards Duncan B. , Williams Pauline M. , Bullmore Edward T.
Published: December 2011

The endogenous opioid system and μ‐opioid receptors in particular have been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in hedonic and motivational behaviors reinforced by rewards. In healthy participants, the authors examined the multiple‐dose safety, pharmacokinetic, and secondary pharmacodynamic profile of GSK1521498, a μ‐opioid receptor inverse agonist that is being developed for treatment of disorders of compulsive consumption. Clinically relevant doses of GSK1521498 (2, 5, and 10 mg) following once‐daily administration for 10 days, were well tolerated with no clinically relevant changes in vital signs, chemistry, or hematologic parameters and with a favorable neuropsychiatric profile. Following oral administration, median first time to reach maximum observed plasma concentration for GSK1521498 occurred 2 to 5 hours after dosing, with individual values ranging from 1 to 8 hours. Systemic exposure to GSK1521498 (area under the curve [0–∞] and maximum observed plasma concentration) increased in a slightly greater‐than‐dose‐proportional manner, and steady‐state plasma levels were reached within approximately 7 days. The secondary pharmacodynamic effects of GSK1521498 on cognition and pain threshold and tolerance were dose related, with mild to moderate impairments in measures of attention and reductions of pressure pain threshold and tolerance at the highest dose. These findings provide encouraging safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic data in support of the continued clinical development of GSK1521498.
Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Model‐Based Comparability Assessment of a Recombinant Human Epoetin Alfa and the Biosimilar HX575
Authors: Yan Xiaoyu , Lowe Philip J. , Fink Martin , Berghout Alexander , Balser Sigrid , Krzyzanski Wojciech
Published: December 2011

The aim of this study was to develop an integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model and assess the comparability between epoetin alfa HEXAL/Binocrit (HX575) and a comparator epoetin alfa by a model‐based approach. PK/PD data—including serum drug concentrations, reticulocyte counts, red blood cells, and hemoglobin levels—were obtained from 2 clinical studies. In sum, 149 healthy men received multiple intravenous or subcutaneous doses of HX575 (100 IU/kg) and the comparator 3 times a week for 4 weeks. A population model based on pharmacodynamics‐mediated drug disposition and cell maturation processes was used to characterize the PK/PD data for the 2 drugs. Simulations showed that due to target amount changes, total clearance may increase up to 2.4‐fold as compared with the baseline. Further simulations suggested that once‐weekly and thrice‐weekly subcutaneous dosing regimens would result in similar efficacy. The findings from the model‐based analysis were consistent with previous results using the standard noncompartmental approach demonstrating PK/PD comparability between HX575 and comparator. However, due to complexity of the PK/PD model, control of random effects was not straightforward. Whereas population PK/PD model‐based analyses are suited for studying complex biological systems, such models have their limitations (statistical), and their comparability results should be interpreted carefully.
Neuro-fuzzy-based dynamic quadratic criterion-iterative learning control for batch process
Authors: Li Jia , Jiping Shi , Min-Sen Chiu
Published: December 2011

Considering the potentials of iterative learning control as a framework for industrial batch process control and optimization, a novel dynamic parameters-based quadratic criterion-iterative learning control (Q-ILC) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, Q-ILC with dynamic parameter is used to improve the performance of ILC. As a result, the proposed method can avoid the problem of initialization of the optimization controller parameters, in which a trial and error procedure is usually resorted to in the existing iterative algorithms used for the optimization of the batch process. Next, we make the first attempt to provide a rigorous description and proof to verify that the changes of the ILC policy converges with respect to the batch index number, which are normally validated only on the basis of the simulation results in the previous works. Lastly, an example is used to illustrate the performance and applicability of the proposed method.
The Landscape of Family Business Outcomes
Authors: Yu Andy , Lumpkin G. T. , Sorenson Ritch L. , Brigham Keith H.
Published: December 2011

To promote theoretical development in family business research, this research identified 327 dependent/outcome variables used in 257 empirical family business studies in 1998-2009. In four studies, the authors categorized outcome variables, developed a numerical taxonomy with seven clusters (performance, strategy, social and economic impact, governance, succession, family business roles, and family dynamics) plotted along two dimensions (business–family and short-term–long-term), validated their research, and identified missing outcome variables and variables that deserve more attention. Experts agree that family business roles, succession, and family dynamics make the family business domain unique and that noneconomic performance and family-specific topics deserve more attention.
Greater than the sum of their parts? When combinations of institutions improve citizens’ decisions
Authors: Boudreau Cheryl
Published: December 2011

Many scholars show that institutions help citizens with their political decisions. However, real-world contexts contain multiple institutions that are imposed together. Thus, I develop a theory and experimental test of the conditions under which combinations of two institutions induce citizens to trust a speaker’s statements and make better decisions than when only one institution is present. The theoretical model demonstrates that a second institution typically should not alter a speaker’s propensity to make truthful statements, nor subjects’ decisions to trust those statements. The experimental results reveal important departures from such rational behavior. Specifically, a second institution makes subjects more willing to trust the already mostly truthful statements they receive, which enables them to make better decisions than when only one institution is imposed upon the speaker. These findings suggest lessons about the conditions under which institutions can increase trust and improve decision making in political, legal, and economic contexts.
Preparation and characterization of poly(imide siloxane) block copolymers based on diphenylthioether dianhydride isomer mixtures
Authors: Pei Xueliang , Chen Guofei , Fang Xingzhong
Published: December 2011

A series of poly(imide siloxane) block copolymers were prepared based on diphenylthioether dianhydride isomer mixtures (m-TDPA), 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) and bis(γ-aminopropyl)polydimethylsiloxane (APPS). The ODA and m-TDPA composed the hard segment, while the APPS and m-TDPA composed the soft segment. The hard segment length was kept constant, while the soft segment lengths were varied with varying the APPS contents. The copolymers had inherent viscosities range from 0.37 to 0.51 dL g−1, and their weight-average molecular weights and number-average molecular weights were in the range of 45 000–52 600 and 21 300–27 000, respectively. All copolymers were readily soluble in many organic solvents, and could afford flexible films via solution casting. The cast films exhibited mechanical properties with tensile strengths at break of 26.7–86.2 MPa, elongations at break of 9.9–112.2%, and tensile moduli of 0.12–2.15 GPa, depending on the soft segment length. The films also exhibited low water uptakes in the range of 0.18–0.68 wt.%. Furthermore, the copolymers showed high glass transition temperatures derived from the hard segments in the range of 196–225 °C, and good thermal stability with almost no weight loss up to 350 °C under nitrogen atmosphere and 335 °C under air atmosphere.
Discovering the anomalously cold Mediterranean winters during the Maunder minimum
Authors: Diodato Nazzareno , Bellocchi Gianni
Published: December 2011

This work presents an attempt to reconstruct the Mediterranean Italy climate across one of the coldest interval (ad 1645–1715) of the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA), characterized by a prolonged episode of low solar acitivty known as ‘Maunder minimum’ (MM). LIA was characterized by marked climatic variability over this part of southern Europe, particularly during the MM. Using a model based on adding subregional details to regional-scale reconstruction, we estimated for this period a mean winter temperature of ~1°C lower than in the baseline period 1961–1990 (~8°C), and the anomaly further lowered down to about −4°C in the winter of 1683–1684. In addition, the interannual variability of extreme low temperatures makes the MM an outstanding climatic period. There is also some consistency of the empirical evidence with the modelling results that, for high-resolution wintertime seasonal reconstruction, central Mediterranean Sub-regional Area shows a colder climate than that represented by coarser simulation of European temperatures during the LIA period.
Impaired Visual Habituation in Adults With ADHD
Authors: Massa Jacqueline , O’Desky Ilyse H.
Published: December 2011

Objective: Habituation has an important role in attention. By reducing one’s sensitivity to a constant source of stimulation, it frees up attention resources to process new distinct items. Impaired habituation may disrupt sustained attention via inability to modulate the repeated intrusion of irrelevant stimuli. Method: Using Troxler fading, this study investigated habituation to peripheral stimuli in adults with ADHD. A total of 41 adults (21 ADHD and 20 controls) participated in the study. Results: Adults with ADHD were slower to habituate to peripheral stimuli. Conclusion: The findings suggest that impaired habituation may explain the clinical symptoms associated with adult ADHD.
Silk-embroidered garments as transformative processes: layering, inscribing and displaying Hausa material identities
Authors: Douny Laurence
Published: December 2011

This article explores some aspects of Hausa wild silk embroidered gowns known as riga, interpreting these famous and prestigious attires in the light of techniques and transformative processes. The author thus highlights implicit forms of knowledge underlying material practices about, first, the wearing and layering of highly decorated gowns and, second, the process of creating silk-embroidered motifs (on the outside gown) and inked patterns (on the inside gown) that stand as the objectification and expression of charismatic power through self-display. The author proposes that Hausa wild silk-embroidered gowns constitute a material identity of power in that they materialize individual as well as group social status, prestige, fame and wealth. The empirical materials derive from ongoing fieldwork in northern Nigeria on the production and use of wild silk, a particular substance/material to which mystic properties are attributed and which plays an important role in the empowerment of riga.
Ecopoetic Practice
Authors: Wattchow Brian
Published: December 2011

In this article the author discusses the experience of poetic writing as a form of autoethnographic practice. Poetic writing, more than other textual forms, offers considerable potential to represent the journey toward “empathetic insidedness” between author, culture, and a sense of place. The author draws examples from his recently published collection of poems titled The Song of the Wounded River. The poems were first drafted on a long canoe journey down the river to the old farm pioneered by the author’s ancestors over a century ago. In an ecopoetics of place the writer strives to reconcile differences between past, present, and future and between their experiences of inner and outer landscapes. In an echo of Romanticism the ecopoet writes to heal the world’s wounds through singing the land. Seen in this light poetry and empathy provide the counterbalance to science and rationality. Both are needed to sustain the human relationship with the Earth. Humans damage places not because they fail to understand them, but because they are yet to feel for them, like kin. This article draws together and discusses the physical search for place, the act of poetic writing, and the cultural significance of this kind of work.
What factors affect nursing retention in the acute care setting?
Authors: Cummings Cynthia L.
Published: December 2011

Moral distress and professional stress affect the lives of acute care nurses everyday. The impact of these stressors may be causing nurses to leave the acute care setting. This paper will outline the findings from a descriptive study of acute care nurses in Northeast Florida. The research was conducted in an effort to highlight some of the critical factors that impact nurses in the acute care setting and affect their intent to stay at an institution. The concepts of moral distress and professional stress in relation to nursing retention are highlighted and some strategies for lessening of these stressors are proposed. The study was correlational and conducted among 234 nurses in an institutional setting. The study included an online survey based on established Moral Distress and Professional Stress tools. In addition, a qualitative section was included to explore the nurses’ experiences of stressful inpatient situations. The results of this study demonstrated that when combined, both professional stress and moral distress items were predictive of the nurses’ intent to stay at the institution ( p <.001).
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Social Interest Index
Authors: Leak Gary K.
Published: December 2011

Social interest was Alfred Adler’s most important personality trait, and it reflects one’s genuine concern for the welfare of all individuals. Several measures of social interest are available, and the Social Interest Index (SII) is one of the most popular in current use. This study is the first to report the results of a confirmatory factor analysis of the SII. Using college students, three models were tested in an effort to find support for the factorial validity of this scale. All analyses showed a poor fit between the theoretical model and scale items. The results paint a fairly negative picture of the factor structure of this important scale.
Risk of complications during hematopoietic stem cell collection in pediatric sibling donors: a prospective European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Pediatric Diseases Working Party study
Authors: Styczynski Jan , Balduzzi Adriana , Gil Lidia , Labopin Myriam , Hamladji Rose-Marie , Marktel Sarah , Yesilipek M. Akif , Fagioli Franca , Ehlert Karoline , Matulova Martina , Dalle Jean-Hugues , Wachowiak Jacek , Miano Maurizio , Messina Chiara , Diaz Miguel Angel , Vermylen Christiane , Eyrich Matthias , Badell Isabel , Dreger Peter , Gozdzik Jolanta , Hutt Daphna , Rascon Jelena , Dini Giorgio , Peters Christina
Published: December 2011

We investigated prospectively factors influencing the safety of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) collection in 453 pediatric donors. The children in the study donated either BM or peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) according to center policy. A large variability in approach to donor issues was observed between the participating centers. Significant differences were observed between BM and PBSC donors regarding pain, blood allotransfusion, duration of hospital stay, and iron supplementation; however, differences between the groups undergoing BM vs PBSC donation preclude direct risk comparisons between the 2 procedures. The most common adverse event was pain, reported mainly by older children after BM harvest, but also observed after central venous catheter (CVC) placement for PBSC collection. With regard to severe adverse events, one patient (0.7%) developed a pneumothorax with hydrothorax after CVC placement for PBSC collection. The risk of allotransfusion after BM harvest was associated with a donor age of < 4 years and a BM harvest volume of > 20 mL/kg. Children < 4 years were at higher risk than older children for allotransfusion after BM harvest and there was a higher risk of complications from CVC placement before apheresis. We conclude that PBSC and BM collection are safe procedures in children.
Assessment and prognostic value of the European LeukemiaNet criteria for clinicohematologic response, resistance, and intolerance to hydroxyurea in polycythemia vera
Authors: Alvarez-Larrán Alberto , Pereira Arturo , Cervantes Francisco , Arellano-Rodrigo Eduardo , Hernández-Boluda Juan-Carlos , Ferrer-Marín Francisca , Angona Anna , Gómez Montse , Muiña Begoña , Guillén Helga , Teruel Anabel , Bellosillo Beatriz , Burgaleta Carmen , Vicente Vicente , Besses Carles
Published: December 2011

Criteria of response and definition of resistance and intolerance to hydroxyurea (HU) in polycythemia vera (PV) were proposed by the European LeukemiaNet (ELN). Such criteria were evaluated in 261 PV patients (median follow-up, 7.2 years) treated with HU for a median of 4.4 years. Complete response, partial response, and no response were observed in 24%, 66%, and 10% of patients, respectively. Achieving ELN response (complete or partial) or hematocrit response did not result in better survival or less thrombosis and bleeding. On the contrary, having no response in leukocyte count was associated with higher risk of death (HR, 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3%-5.4%; P = .007), whereas lack of response in platelet count involved a higher risk of thrombosis and bleeding. Resistance and intolerance to HU was registered in 11% and 13% of patients, respectively. Resistance to HU was associated with higher risk of death (HR, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.7%-11.9%; P < .001) and transformation (HR, 6.8; 95% CI, 3.0%-15.4%; P < .001). In summary, fulfilling the ELN definition for response to HU was not associated with a benefit in the clinical outcome in PV, whereas response in platelet and white blood cell counts were predictive of less thrombohemorrhagic complications and better prognosis, respectively. Resistance to HU was an adverse prognostic factor.
Contemporary divergence in early life history in grayling (Thymallus thymallus)
Authors: Thomassen Gaute , Barson Nicola J , Haugen Thrond O , Vøllestad L Asbjørn
Published: December 2011

Background

Following colonization of new habitats and subsequent selection, adaptation to environmental conditions might be expected to be rapid. In a mountain lake in Norway, Lesjaskogsvatnet, more than 20 distinct spawning demes of grayling have been established since the lake was colonized, some 20-25 generations ago. The demes spawn in tributaries consistently exhibiting either colder or warmer temperature conditions during spawning in spring and subsequent early development during early summer. In order to explore the degree of temperature-related divergence in early development, a multi-temperature common-garden experiment was performed on embryos from four different demes experiencing different spring temperatures.

Results

Early developmental characters were measured to test if individuals from the four demes respond differently to the treatment temperatures. There was clear evidence of among-deme differences (genotype - environment interactions) in larval growth and yolk-to-body-size conversion efficiency. Under the cold treatment regime, larval growth rates were highest for individuals belonging to cold streams. Individuals from warm streams had the highest yolk-consumption rate under cold conditions. As a consequence, yolk-to-body-mass conversion efficiency was highest for cold-deme individuals under cold conditions. As we observed response parallelism between individuals from demes belonging to similar thermal groups for these traits, some of the differentiation seems likely to result from local adaptation

Conclusion

The observed differences in length at age during early larval development most likely have a genetic component, even though both directional and random processes are likely to have influenced evolutionary change in the demes under study.
Sequencing by ligation variation with endonuclease V digestion and deoxyinosine-containing query oligonucleotides
Authors: Ho Antoine , Murphy Maurice , Wilson Susan , Atlas Susan R , Edwards Jeremy S
Published: December 2011

Background

Sequencing-by-ligation (SBL) is one of several next-generation sequencing methods that has been developed for massive sequencing of DNA immobilized on arrayed beads (or other clonal amplicons). SBL has the advantage of being easy to implement and accessible to all because it can be performed with off-the-shelf reagents. However, SBL has the limitation of very short read lengths.

Results

To overcome the read length limitation, research groups have developed complex library preparation processes, which can be time-consuming, difficult, and result in low complexity libraries. Herein we describe a variation on traditional SBL protocols that extends the number of sequential bases that can be sequenced by using Endonuclease V to nick a query primer, thus leaving a ligatable end extended into the unknown sequence for further SBL cycles. To demonstrate the protocol, we constructed a known DNA sequence and utilized our SBL variation, cyclic SBL (cSBL), to resequence this region. Using our method, we were able to read thirteen contiguous bases in the 3' - 5' direction.

Conclusions

Combining this read length with sequencing in the 5' - 3' direction would allow a read length of over twenty bases on a single tage. Implementing mate-paired tags and this SBL variation could enable > 95% coverage of the genome.
Chromatin-driven de novo discovery of DNA binding motifs in the human malaria parasite
Authors: Harris Elena Y , Ponts Nadia , Le Roch Karine G , Lonardi Stefano
Published: December 2011

Background

Despite extensive efforts to discover transcription factors and their binding sites in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, only a few transcription factor binding motifs have been experimentally validated to date. As a consequence, gene regulation in P. falciparum is still poorly understood. There is now evidence that the chromatin architecture plays an important role in transcriptional control in malaria.

Results

We propose a methodology for discovering cis-regulatory elements that uses for the first time exclusively dynamic chromatin remodeling data. Our method employs nucleosome positioning data collected at seven time points during the erythrocytic cycle of P. falciparum to discover putative DNA binding motifs and their transcription factor binding sites along with their associated clusters of target genes. Our approach results in 129 putative binding motifs within the promoter region of known genes. About 75% of those are novel, the remaining being highly similar to experimentally validated binding motifs. About half of the binding motifs reported show statistically significant enrichment in functional gene sets and strong positional bias in the promoter region.

Conclusion

Experimental results establish the principle that dynamic chromatin remodeling data can be used in lieu of gene expression data to discover binding motifs and their transcription factor binding sites. Our approach can be applied using only dynamic nucleosome positioning data, independent from any knowledge of gene function or expression.
Resistance to topoisomerase cleavage complex induced lethality in Escherichia coli via titration of transcription regulators PurR and FNR
Authors: Liu I-Fen , Aedo Sandra , Tse-Dinh Yuk-Ching
Published: December 2011

Background

Accumulation of gyrase cleavage complex in Escherichia coli from the action of quinolone antibiotics induces an oxidative damage cell death pathway. The oxidative cell death pathway has also been shown to be involved in the lethality following accumulation of cleavage complex formed by bacterial topoisomerase I with mutations that result in defective DNA religation.

Methods

A high copy number plasmid clone spanning the upp-purMN region was isolated from screening of an E. coli genomic library and analyzed for conferring increased survival rates following accumulation of mutant topoisomerase I proteins as well as treatment with the gyrase inhibitor norfloxacin.

Results

Analysis of the intergenic region upstream of purM demonstrated a novel mechanism of resistance to the covalent protein-DNA cleavage complex through titration of the cellular transcription regulators FNR and PurR responsible for oxygen sensing and repression of purine nucleotide synthesis respectively. Addition of adenine to defined growth medium had similar protective effect for survival following accumulation of topoisomerase cleavage complex, suggesting that increase in purine level can protect against cell death.

Conclusions

Perturbation of the global regulator FNR and PurR functions as well as increase in purine nucleotide availability could affect the oxidative damage cell death pathway initiated by topoisomerase cleavage complex.
Exposure to and opinions towards sex education among adolescent students in Mumbai: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Benzaken Tami , Palep Ashutosh H , Gill Paramjit S
Published: December 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to determine students' exposure to sex education and identify students' perceptions of accessibility to sexual health advice and their preferences in implementing sex education.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out in junior colleges in Mumbai in 2010. The self-administered questionnaire investigated male and female students' (aged 15-17) exposure and opinions towards sex education. Data was entered into and analysed using SPSS version 17.0.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 427 students. Almost 90% of students believed it important to have sex education as part of school curriculum; over 60% reported prior exposure to sex education in school. However, only 45% were satisfied they had good access to advice about contraception and sexual health, particularly, females reported more limited access.

Conclusions

The majority responding indicated a desire for more widespread implementation of school-based sex education, particularly amongst female respondents.
Predictors of adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy among HIV positive adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Mindachew Mesele , Deribew Amare , Tessema Fasil , Biadgilign Sibhatu
Published: December 2011

Background

Isoniazide preventive therapy (IPT) is given to individuals with latent infection of tuberculosis (TB) to prevent the progression to active disease. One of the primary reasons for failure of IPT is poor adherence.

Methods

A cross sectional study was conducted in four hospitals in Addis Ababa. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify predictors of IPT.

Results

A total of 319 (97.5%) individual participated in this study. Within seven days recall period, self-reported dose adherence rate was 86.5%. Individual who received explanation about IPT from health care providers (OR = 7.74; 95%CI: 3.144, 19.058); who had good feeling/comfortable to take IPT in front of other people [OR = 5.981, 95%CI (2.308, 15.502)] and who attended clinical appointment regularly (OR = 4.0; 95%CI: 1.062, 15.073) were more likely to adhere to IPT. Participants who developed IPT related adverse effect were 93% less likely to adhere to the prescribed doses (OR = 0.065; 95%CI: 0.024, 0.179).

Conclusion

The prevalence of self reported dose adherence over the past 7 days was higher. Non-adherence was observed among respondent who were not provided with sufficient information about IPT. The health care providers need to strengthen their educational and counseling efforts to convince the patient before putting them on IPT. To enhance adherence, health education efforts should focus on the importance of IPT, the details of the regimen and adverse effects.