bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review Paper: A Review of the Pathology of Abnormal Placentae of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Clone Pregnancies in Cattle, Sheep, and Mice
Authors: Palmieri C. , Loi P. , Ptak G. , Della Salda L.
Published: November 2008

Cloning of cattle, sheep, and mice by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can result in apparently healthy offspring, but the probability of a successful and complete pregnancy is less than 5%. Failures of SCNT pregnancy are associated with placental abnormalities, such as placentomegaly, reduced vascularisation, hypoplasia of trophoblastic epithelium, and altered basement membrane. The pathogenesis of these changes is poorly understood, but current evidence implicates aberrant reprogramming of donor nuclei by the recipient oocyte cytoplast, resulting in epigenetic modifications of key regulatory genes essential for normal placental development. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the anatomic pathology of abnormal placentae of SCNT clones and to summarize current knowledge concerning underlying pathogenetic mechanisms.
Staphylococcus-associated Abortions in Ewes with Long-term Central Venous Catheterization
Authors: Edwards J. F. , Lassala A. L. , Spencer T. E.
Published: November 2008

Forty-two ewes had an intravenous catheter sewn in place in a prepared area over the jugular vein and beginning at 60 days of gestation received an infusion 3 times daily. The infusion consisted of sterile saline or sterile saline containing arginine. Twenty-six ewes in both control and treatment groups aborted between 81 days of gestation and term. Fetuses from 16 ewes that aborted were examined. Most were autolyzed or had early mummification. Macroscopic placentitis and noncollapsing lungs were noted. Large numbers of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus were isolated from fetal abomasal content, lungs, brains, or placentas. Histologically, suppurative placentitis with necrosis and pulmonary aspiration of meconium and amniotic debris often with suppurative bronchopneumonia were observed in abortuses. Four ewes euthanized and examined after abortion had suppurative endometritis. Three ewes had severe, chronic, jugular thrombophlebitis from which coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was isolated. The fourth ewe had mild phlebitis, and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from both the catheter and the blood. Catheter-associated staphylococcal abortion was diagnosed.
Generalized Nodular Dermatofibrosis in the Absence of Renal Neoplasia in an Australian Cattle Dog
Authors: Gardiner D. W. , Spraker T. R.
Published: November 2008

A 13-year-old, spayed, female Australian Cattle Dog had at least a 10-year history of numerous subcutaneous nodules for which fine-needle aspiration and cytologic evaluation were nondiagnostic. Abdominal ultrasound 3.5 months before necropsy detected a small left kidney but no cysts or neoplasms. At gross necropsy, innumerable, firm, round to oval, white, 0.25 to 2 cm masses were detected throughout the subcutaneous tissues of the axial and appendicular skeleton, epimysium of numerous muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the lateral abdominal body wall. The left kidney was approximately half the size of the right, and there was severe bilateral renal medullary (papillary) necrosis. Histologically, the subcutaneous nodules were well-demarcated masses of mature, hypocellular collagen that were consistent with previous reports of nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cystadenomas or cystadenocarcinomas. In addition to diffuse acute medullary necrosis, both kidneys were affected by severe chronic lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis. This is the first known report of nodular dermatofibrosis in a dog without renal cysts, cystadenoma, or cystadenocarcinoma.
Prostatic Squamous Metaplasia in a Cat with Interstitial Cell Neoplasia in a Retained Testis
Authors: Tucker A. R. , Smith J. R.
Published: November 2008

An 11-year-old cat with a retained testis was presented with a chronic history of dysuria and bladder atony. Medical therapy failed to alleviate the clinical signs. Contrast radiography demonstrated a diffusely narrowed urethra. During a celiotomy and prepubic urethrostomy, a retained testis, stenosed urethra, and irregularly enlarged prostate were observed. Histopathologic diagnosis was retained testis with a well-differentiated interstitial cell tumor, a poorly differentiated interstitial cell tumor, and marked squamous metaplasia of the prostatic epithelium with suppurative prostatitis. Neoplastic interstitial cells were immunoreactive for Melan A, consistent with reports of Melan A expression in steroid hormone-producing tissue. This is the first report of prostatic squamous metaplasia associated with testicular neoplasia in a felid.
Cerebellar Ependymal Cyst in a Dog
Authors: Wyss-Fluehmann G. , Konar M. , Jaggy A. , Vandevelde M. , Oevermann A.
Published: November 2008

An 11-week-old, male, Staffordshire Bull Terrier had a history of generalized ataxia and falling since birth. The neurologic findings suggested a localization in the cerebellum. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed. In all sequences the area of the cerebellum was almost replaced by fluid isointense to cerebrospinal fluid. A complete necropsy was performed after euthanasia. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by extensive loss of cerebellar tissue in both hemispheres and vermis. Toward the surface of the cerebellar defect, the cavity was confined by ruptured and folded membranes consisting of a layer of glial fibrillary acidic (GFAP)-positive glial cells covered multifocally by epithelial cells. Some of these cells bore apical cilia and were cytokeratin and GFAP negative, supporting their ependymal origin. The histopathologic features of our case are consistent with the diagnosis of an ependymal cyst. Its glial and ependymal nature as demonstrated by histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination differs from arachnoid cysts, which have also been reported in dogs. The origin of these cysts remains controversial, but it has been suggested that they develop during embryogenesis subsequent to sequestration of developing neuroectoderm. We speculate that the cyst could have been the result of a pre- or perinatal, possibly traumatic, insult because hemorrhage, and tissue destruction had occurred. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an ependymal cyst in the veterinary literature.
Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus Type 1-associated B-cell Nasal Lymphoma in SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Marr-Belvin A. K. , Carville A. K. , Fahey M. A. , Boisvert K. , Klumpp S. A. , Ohashi M. , Wang F. , O'Neil S. P. , Westmoreland S. V.
Published: November 2008

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a worldwide endemic gamma herpesvirus of the genus Lymphocryptovirus (LCV) that infects more than 90% of the world's population. EBV has been associated with a variety of malignancies, but it has a demonstrated role in lymphomas, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. Lymphomas of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx are uncommon and constitute less than 5% of all extranodal lymphomas. Sinonasal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas have been reported in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at an increased frequency. Rhesus LCV (rhLCV), the rhesus viral homolog of EBV, has been cloned and is associated with B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed rhesus macaques. We report two cases of B-cell lymphoma within the nasal cavity from 2 simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The B-cell phenotype and rhLCV association were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. The majority of the nuclei of the neoplastic B lymphocytes were EBNA-2 positive. RhLCV type 1 sequences were verified from the neoplasms by polymerase chain reaction. Nasal lymphoma is an unusual presentation of rhLCV-associated B-cell lymphoma in immunosuppressed rhesus macaques. These tumors demonstrate comparable viral pathogenesis with EBV-induced nasal lymphomas in HIV-positive people.
Biphasic Malignant Testicular Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor in a Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) with Review of the Literature
Authors: Yearley J. H. , King N. , Liu X. , Curran E. H. , O'Neil S. P.
Published: November 2008

A 20–year old male cotton-top tamarin ( Saguinus oedipus) was presented with unilateral enlargement of an intrascrotal testicle. Fine-needle aspiration cytology demonstrated a neoplastic population with Call-Exner-like bodies and features of malignancy. The animal was castrated, and histologic examination revealed a biphasic sex cord-stromal tumor, with one region resembling Sertoli-cell tumor and one region resembling granulosa-cell tumor, with extensive microfollicular pattern and many Call-Exner bodies. Eight months after castration, the animal was euthanized on discovery of a caudal abdominal mass that displaced organs, was highly infiltrative, and extended into the paravertebral musculature with lysis of vertebral bone. Metastases to lymph node and lung were also present. Histologic examination of the abdominal tumor showed multifocal formation of Call-Exner bodies in an otherwise highly dedifferentiated population. Positive immunolabeling for alpha inhibin confirmed the sex cord-stromal origin of the abdominal and paravertebral tumor masses. This case has similarities to malignant testicular granulosa-cell tumor of humans.
Pathologic and Immunohistochemical Studies of Newcastle Disease (ND) in Broiler Chickens Vaccinated with ND: Severe Nonpurulent Encephalitis and Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Authors: Nakamura K. , Ohtsu N. , Nakamura T. , Yamamoto Y. , Yamada M. , Mase M. , Imai K.
Published: November 2008

Twenty-five 22– to 46–day-old broilers with Newcastle disease (ND) were investigated pathologically and immunohistochemically in order to evaluate the mechanism of ND outbreak in vaccinated broilers. The broilers were vaccinated with ND live vaccine via drinking water. Clinical signs were neurologic and respiratory in nature. Macroscopically, bursal atrophy, white spots on the pancreas, and discoloration and enlargement of kidneys and spleen were observed in the broilers. Histologically, perivascular cuffing, neuronal degeneration and necrosis, and glial proliferation were present in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. There was extensive rarefaction and malacia in the parenchyma of severely affected brains. There were extensive degeneration, necrosis, and depletion of acinar cells in the pancreas. There was proliferation of macrophages in the lungs with congestion, tubulointerstitial nephritis, hepatocytic necrosis with thrombi in the sinusoids, and lymphocytic depletion in the cloacal bursa. Immunohistochemically, ND virus antigens were detected in the lesions. ND virus isolated from the present cases did not cause encephalitis or pancreatitis in specific-pathogen-free chickens, but it induced mortality with hepatocytic sinusoidal thrombi, splenic necrosis, lymphoid necrosis and depletion, and conjunctival hemorrhage. Severe nonpurulent encephalitis with extensive rarefaction and malacia, and necrotizing pancreatitis in the present case may suggest a close possibly causal relation with vaccination.
Anaplastic Astrocytoma in the Spinal Cord of an African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)
Authors: Gibson C. J. , Parry N. M. A. , Jakowski R. M. , Eshar D.
Published: November 2008

A 2–year-old, female hedgehog presented with an 8–month history of progressive, ascending paresis/paralysis and was tentatively diagnosed with wobbly hedgehog syndrome. She died awaiting further diagnostic tests, and the owners consented to postmortem examination. Grossly, the bladder was large and flaccid and the cervical and lumbar spinal cord were regionally enlarged, light grey, and friable with multifocal hemorrhages. The thoracic spinal cord was grossly normal. Microscopically all regions of the spinal cord had similar changes, although the cervical and lumbar sections were most severely affected. These regions were completely effaced by a moderately cellular infiltration of highly pleomorphic polygonal to spindle shaped cells, mineralization, and necrosis, which were most consistent with anaplastic astrocytoma. The thoracic spinal cord white matter was similarly infiltrated by the neoplastic cells, with perivascular extension into the otherwise normal grey matter. A diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma was confirmed using immunohistochemical stains that were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100.
Unexpected Preferential Brain Metastases with a Human Breast Tumor Cell Line MDA-MB-231 in BALB/c Nude Mice
Authors: El-Mabhouh A. A. , Nation P. N. , Kaddoura A. , Mercer J. R.
Published: November 2008

Animal models are useful tools to study etiology, progress, and new treatments of disease and are an approximation of human disease for experimental study. Intracardiac injection of the human estrogen-independent breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in nude mice is a well-characterized animal model of bone metastasis mainly used to study new treatments for late-stage breast cancer. According to the published literature, this model should produce radiologically distinguishable bone tumors within 17 days after injection. Mice should develop complications such as cachexia, paraplegia, and morbidity within 28 days and require euthanasia within 35 days after injection. We report a study in which injection of MDA-MB-231 cell line led to brain rather than bone metastasis. Unexpected alterations in biological behavior are an important confounding variable in the use of tumor cell lines, and the occurrence and cause of such variants is poorly documented.
Does Magical Thinking Improve Across Treatment For Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder?
Authors: Einstein Danielle A. , Menzies Ross G.
Published: November 2008

The present study investigated whether MI is a mechanism for change in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The Magical Ideation scale (MI), the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory — Short Version (OCI-SV) and the Padua Inventory were completed by 34 obsessive–compulsive patients pre- and post cognitive–behavioural treatment. Treatment did not target magical styles of thinking. Significant improvements on all three measures of obsessive–compulsive symptoms were demonstrated by t tests over the course of treatment. Improvement in magical thinking was also shown to be significant in t test results. In support of the hypothesis, correlations between MI improvement and improvement on the obsessive–compulsive symptom scales were significant (at a level of .05) suggesting that there is an association between improvement in magical thinking and improvement in obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Notably, a significant negative correlation was obtained between prescores on MI and change scores on the OCD measures. This suggests that high levels of MI are associated with high levels of treatment intractability. High MI appears to be a poor prognostic factor in OCD.
Thought–Action Fusion: Is it Present in Schizophrenia?
Authors: Kabakcı Elif , Demir Başaran , Demirel Hilal , Şevik Ali Emre
Published: November 2008

Thought–action fusion (TAF) refers to the belief that thoughts and actions are linked. While ‘Moral’ TAF refers to the belief that unacceptable thoughts are morally equivalent to overt actions, ‘Likelihood’ TAF is the belief that certain thoughts can increase the probability of some events (related to self or others) to occur. The objective of this study was to compare the schizophrenic patients with nonclinical controls in terms of TAF Likelihood and TAF Moral after controlling for the effects of obsessive compulsive and depressive symptoms, magical ideation and schizotypy. The sample was composed of patients hospitalised for schizophrenia (n = 45) and nonclinical control subjects (n = 41). Thought–Action Fusion Scale, Maudsley Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory, Magical Ideation Scale, Schizotypal Personality Characteristics Subscale and Beck Depression Inventory were administered. Results revealed that after controlling the effects of obsessive–compulsive and depressive symptoms, magical ideation and schizotypy, patients still had higher scores on TAF Likelihood Others but not on Self. Patients also had a tendency to get higher scores on TAF Moral. It is concluded that the study shows the presence of TAF Likelihood Others in schizophrenia even after controlling for the effects of magical ideation, depressive and OCD symptoms and schizotypal characteristics.
Critical Factors of Social Physique Anxiety: Exercising and Body Image Satisfaction
Authors: Atalay Ayşe Altan , Gençöz Tülin
Published: November 2008

This study aimed to examine the critical roles of exercising and body image satisfaction on social physique anxiety (SPA) among female university students. For this aim, 118 female university students, 58 of whom exercised regularly, participated in the study. The Social Physique Anxiety Scale, Eating Attitudes Test, and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale were administered to the participants; their dieting habits were also investigated. Results revealed that approximately half of the participants used at least one unhealthy weight control method in the past 6 months. An analysis of covariance indicated that, after controlling for the effects of abnormal eating behavior, participants who were dissatisfied with their body image and did not participate in a regular exercise activity experienced higher social physique anxiety. However, such a tendency was not found for social anxiety. Thus, these characteristics seem to be specific to social physique anxiety. It was concluded that individuals who have negative view of their appearance were more prone to experience SPA, and they might be avoiding exercise for self presentational purposes. Findings were discussed in the light of literature.
Festivals
Authors: Lumholdt Jan , Prout Ryan
Published: November 2008

Festival de Cannes 1425 May 2008 A report by Jan Lumholdt

Banja Luka International Film Festival | 29 May 2008 A report by Ryan Prout
Lipopolysaccharide‐Mediated Enhancement of Bone Metabolism in Estrogen‐Deficient Mice
Authors: Fujita Sachiko , Kikuchi Takeshi , Sobue Takanori , Suzuki Mariyo , Koide Masanori , Noguchi Toshihide
Published: November 2008

Background: Osteoporosis may be a risk factor in periodontal disease. However, biologic mechanisms explaining the apparent interaction between these two diseases have not been defined. It is well known that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the resorption of alveolar bone. We hypothesized that LPS and estrogen deficiency have synergistic effects on bone metabolism and may lead to enhanced bone resorption.

Methods: Eighty 8‐week‐old female ddY mice were divided into two groups and underwent a sham operation or bilateral ovariectomy. They were maintained for 4 weeks to assess estrogen‐deficient bone loss. Osteoblasts and bone marrow cells (BMCs) were collected from ovariectomized (OVX) and sham‐operated mice. Osteoclast differentiation in a coculture of osteoblasts and BMCs was investigated by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining. Receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression in LPS‐treated osteoblasts was investigated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and interleukin (IL)‐6 and −10 levels in the culture supernatants were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Group means were compared by analysis of variance followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference.

Results: There was a significant increase in the number of osteoclasts in LPS‐treated cocultures from OVX mice compared to sham controls (P <0.05). RANKL mRNA expression in LPS‐treated osteoblasts from OVX mice was greater than in sham mice (P <0.05). In contrast, the production of IFN‐γ in LPS‐treated coculture from OVX mice was significantly lower than in sham mice (P <0.05).

Conclusion: LPS‐bearing Gram‐negative organisms are abundant in periodontal disease, and the results supported the hypothesis that bone resorption is increased in estrogen‐deficient patients.
Effect of Neurotrophin‐4/5 on Bone/Cementum‐Related Protein Expressions and DNA Synthesis in Cultures of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Mizuno Noriyoshi , Shiba Hideki , Inui Takafumi , Takeda Katsuhiro , Kajiya Mikihito , Hasegawa Naohiko , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki , Kurihara Hidemi
Published: November 2008

Background: We studied neurotrophins (NTs) as signaling molecules for periodontal tissue regeneration and showed that nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulate the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament (HPL) cells in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether NT‐4/5 also has the ability to regulate the function of HPL cells.

Methods: mRNA expressions of NT‐4/5 and its high‐affinity tyrosine kinase receptor (trk)B were analyzed in HPL cells by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. We examined how NT‐4/5 regulates the mRNA expression of bone/cementum‐related proteins (alkaline phosphatase [ALPase], osteopontin [OPN], osteocalcin [OC], and bone morphogenetic protein [BMP]‐2) in cultures of HPL cells. Moreover, the effects of NT‐4/5 on calcification, the production of OPN and OC, and DNA synthesis in HPL cells were examined.

Results: NT‐4/5 and trkB mRNA were expressed in HPL cells. NT‐4/5 elevated the mRNA levels of ALPase, OPN, OC, and BMP‐2 and the syntheses of OPN, OC, and DNA in HPL cells. PD98059, an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor, obviated the increase in the mRNA levels of ALPase, OPN, OC, and BMP‐2. NT‐4/5 increased the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2. Furthermore, NT‐4/5 enhanced the amount of mineral deposits in cultures of HPL cells.

Conclusion: NT‐4/5, as well as BDNF and NGF, is suggested to play a role in the regulation of function of periodontal ligament cells.
Effects of Relapse Forces on Periodontal Status of Mandibular Incisors Following Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Ari‐Demirkaya Arzu , Ilhan Isil
Published: November 2008

Background: In this case‐control study, the relationship between the relapse forces and periodontal changes in the mandibular incisor region were investigated following orthognathic surgery.

Methods: Mucogingival and alveolar changes in 36 subjects with mandibular prognathism were analyzed by clinical and roentgenographic methods just before mandibular setback surgery and 7.4 months postoperatively. The results were compared to two control groups: 36 subjects with no orthodontic history and 33 orthodontic patients. The mean age of the 105 subjects was 20.21 years.

Results: The intergroup comparisons showed significant differences in all parameters, except for the plaque index and alveolar height measurements. By an incisor proclination of 3.3 mm and a tipping of +8.5° (postoperative relapse: 0.8 mm and 0.14°), the surgery group revealed significant changes in single parameters of both alveolar height and sulcus depth measurements.

Conclusions: Compared to both control groups, the preoperative periodontal condition of the surgery patients was less acceptable than in the orthodontically treated patients, whereas subjects without braces presented the most ideal hygienic conditions. In the short term, the decompensation process prior to mandibular setback surgery did not affect periodontal structures significantly, and the current study did not find any negative effects of early postoperative relapse forces on the mandibular incisor area.
Clinical and Microbiologic Effects of Subgingivally Delivered 0.5% Azithromycin in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Pradeep A.R. , Sagar S. Vidya , Daisy Happy
Published: November 2008

Background: Recent developments suggest that the local delivery of antimicrobials into periodontal pockets can improve periodontal health. The present study was undertaken to investigate the clinical and microbiologic effectiveness of azithromycin (AZM) at 0.5% concentration in an indigenously prepared bioabsorbable controlled‐release gel as an adjunct to non‐surgical mechanical therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Methods: Eighty patients were categorized into two treatment groups: scaling and root planing (SRP) only (group 1) and SRP plus 0.5% AZM (group 2). Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 months; they included modified gingival index, modified sulcus bleeding index, probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). At baseline and 6 and 12 weeks, microbiologic assessment was done of the percentage of morphologically different microorganisms (coccoid cells, others [straight rods, filaments, and fusiforms], motile rods, and spirochetes) using darkfield microscopy. The mean concentration of 0.5% AZM in gingival crevicular fluid was estimated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography.

Results: Both therapies resulted in significant improvements. Mean PD reduction from baseline to 3 months was 2.13 ± 0.35 mm and 2.53 ± 0.52 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Mean CAL gain from baseline to 3 months was 0.60 ± 0.63 mm and 1.07 ± 0.70 mm in groups 1 and 2, respectively. All microbiologic categories showed significant improvement in both groups, with greater improvement in the test group. The mean concentration of AZM at all observed periods (baseline to 28 days) provided sufficient antimicrobial activity (>2 μg/ml) and fulfilled the conditions for a controlled‐release device.

Conclusion: Although both treatment strategies seemed to benefit the patients, the adjunctive use of 0.5% AZM as a controlled drug‐delivery system enhanced the clinical and microbiologic results as shown by the intergroup comparison.
The Effect of Thick Mucosa on Peri‐Implant Tissues: An Experimental Study in Dogs
Authors: Jeong Seung‐Mi , Choi Byung‐Ho , Li Jingxu , Xuan Feng
Published: November 2008

Background: Findings from animal studies have indicated that the implant–mucosal barrier consists of a junctional epithelium ∼2 mm long and a connective tissue compartment about 1 to 1.5 mm high. It may be argued that different features develop in the implant–mucosal barrier when it is placed within the alveolar bone with thick mucosa. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of a thick mucosa on peri‐implant tissue healing around dental implants.

Methods: The bilateral fourth mandibular premolars and all maxillary premolars were removed in six mongrel dogs. On one side (test side) of the mandible, a standardized bone defect (8.0 mm in height) was created in the premolar region, whereas no defect was created on the other side (control side). After 3 months of healing, one implant was placed on each side of the mandible; a long abutment (12 mm in height) was connected to the fixture on the bone defect side, whereas a normal abutment was connected to the fixture on the control side. After a healing period of 6 months, all dogs were sacrificed to evaluate peri‐implant tissues.

Results: The height of the mucosa, the length of the junctional epithelium, and the height of the zone of connective tissue integration were significantly greater in the thick mucosa than in the normal mucosa (P <0.05). No significant difference was found between the control and test sides in the marginal level of bone‐to‐implant contact.

Conclusions: The junctional epithelium extended more apically in the thick mucosa than in the normal mucosa. However, additional marginal bone resorption was not observed at the thick mucosa sites.
Nifedipine Intake Increases the Risk for Periodontal Destruction in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Li Xiao , Luan Qingxian , Wang Xingyu , Sha Yueqin , He Lu , Cao Caifang , Jin Lijian
Published: November 2008

Background: This study investigated the possible association of nifedipine (NIF) intake and diabetes mellitus (DM) with periodontal destruction.

Methods: A group of Chinese subjects (N = 1,083, age: 63 ± 8.7 years) were screened. Three hundred fifty‐eight non‐smokers with hypertension were selected for the study and were grouped based on DM status as non‐DM and DM groups, DM(−) and DM(+) respectively. NIF(+) and NIF(−) indicated NIF intake or not. The groups were further divided: NIF(−)/DM(−) (n = 135); NIF(+)/DM(−) (n = 108); NIF(−)/DM(+) (n = 64); and NIF(+)/DM(+) (n = 51). The periodontal conditions in anterior teeth were assessed using plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, clinical attachment loss (AL), probing depth (PD), and the number of missing teeth.

Results: Using analysis of covariance, NIF intake was associated with mean PD and extent of PD ≥4 mm in the non‐DM and DM groups. The subjects in the NIF(+)/DM(+) subgroup showed greater mean AL and percentage of sites with AL ≥5 mm and AL ≥7 mm than those in NIF(−)/DM(+) subgroup, whereas no significant difference existed between subjects in NIF(−)/DM(−) and NIF(+)/DM(−) subgroups. The NIF(+)/DM(+) subgroup exhibited a greater percentage of sites with AL ≥5 mm (35.5%) compared to the other three subgroups (24.7% for NIF[−]/DM[−], P = 0.004; 25.0% for NIF[+]/DM[−], P = 0.007; and 25.2% for NIF[−]/DM[+], P = 0.016). Logistic regression analysis showed that the NIF(+)/DM(+) subgroup had a significantly higher risk for having >10% of sites with AL ≥5 mm compared to the NIF(−)/DM(−) subgroup (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2 to 7.4; P = 0.022), the NIF(+)/DM(−) subgroup (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.2 to 8.1; P = 0.020), and the NIF(−)/DM(+) subgroup (OR = 5.1; CI: 1.8 to 14.3; P = 0.002).

Conclusion: NIF intake may increase the risk for periodontal destruction in patients with type 2 DM.
Treatment of Experimental Periodontal Disease by Photodynamic Therapy in Rats With Diabetes
Authors: de Almeida Juliano Milanezi , Theodoro Leticia Helena , Bosco Alvaro Francisco , Nagata Maria José Hitomi , Bonfante Samara , Garcia Valdir Gouveia
Published: November 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate histologically and histometrically the influence of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjuvant treatment on induced periodontitis in rats with diabetes.

Methods: Two hundred forty rats were divided evenly into two groups: non‐diabetic (ND; n = 120) and alloxan diabetic (D; n = 120). Periodontal disease was induced in both groups at the first mandibular molar. After 7 days, the ligature was removed, and all animals underwent scaling and root planing (SRP) and were divided according to the following treatments: irrigation with saline solution (SRP); irrigation with a phenothiazinium dye (100 μg/ml) (TBO); laser irradiation (660 nm, 24 J) (LLLT); and PDT (TBO and laser irradiation). Ten animals in each experimental group and treatment subgroup were euthanized at 7, 15, and 30 days. The histometric values were analyzed statistically (P <0.05).

Results: In the ND group, the animals treated by PDT showed less bone loss (0.33 ± 0.05 mm2, 0.35 ± 0.06 mm2, and 0.27 ± 0.07 mm2 at 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively; P <0.05) at all experimental periods than the SRP group (1.11 ± 0.11 mm2, 0.84 ± 0.12 mm2, and 0.97 ± 0.13 mm2 at 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively), the TBO group (0.51 ± 0.12 mm2, 0.70 ± 0.13 mm2, and 0.64 ± 0.08 mm2 at 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively), and the LLLT group (0.59 ± 0.03 mm2, 0.61 ± 0.04 mm2, and 0.60 ± 0.03 mm2 at 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively). In the D group, the animals treated by PDT showed less bone loss (0.29 ± 0.03 mm2, 0.24 ± 0.02 mm2, and 0.27 ± 0.06 mm2 at 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively; P <0.05) at all experimental periods than the SRP group (2.27 ± 0.47 mm2, 3.23 ± 0.34 mm2, and 2.82 ± 0.75 mm2 at 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively), the TBO group (0.51 ± 0.15 mm2, 0.44 ± 0.07 mm2, and 0.57 ± 0.13 mm2 at 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively), and the LLLT group (0.37 ± 0.05 mm2, 0.35 ± 0.09 mm2, and 0.39 ± 0.12 mm2 at 7, 15, and 30 days, respectively).

Conclusion: PDT was a beneficial adjuvant treatment for periodontal diseases induced by bacterial plaque and systemically modified by diabetes mellitus.
Histomorphometric Analysis of Newly Formed Bone After Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation Using Ground Cortical Bone Allograft and Internal Collagen Membrane
Authors: Kolerman Roni , Tal Haim , Moses Ofer
Published: November 2008

Background: Maxillary sinus floor augmentation is the treatment of choice when insufficient alveolar bone height prevents placement of standard dental implants in the posterior edentulous maxilla. The objective of this study was to histologically and histometrically evaluate new bone formation after maxillary sinus floor augmentation using ground cortical bone allograft.

Methods: Mineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (FDBA) was used for sinus floor augmentation. After 9 months, 23 biopsies were taken from 19 patients. Routine histologic processing using hematoxylin and eosin and Mallory staining was performed.

Results: Histologic evaluation revealed a mean of 29.1% newly formed bone, 51.9% connective tissue, and 19% residual graft material. Graft particles were mainly in close contact with newly formed bone, primarily with features of mature bone with numerous osteocytes, and, to a lesser extent, with marrow spaces. There was no evidence of acute inflammatory infiltrate.

Conclusion: FDBA is biocompatible and osteoconductive when used in maxillary sinus‐augmentation procedures, and it may be used safely without interfering with the normal reparative bone process.
The Association of Orthodontic Treatment and Fixed Retainers With Gingival Health
Authors: Levin Liran , Samorodnitzky‐Naveh Gili R. , Machtei Eli E.
Published: November 2008

Background: The use of postorthodontic fixed retainers made of wire and composite resin bonded to the lingual/palatal tooth aspect is a common practice that can affect gingival health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health.

Methods: The study included 92 consecutive subjects who arrived for routine dental examination at a military dental clinic between May and August 2007. Plaque and gingival indices, gingival recession, probing depth, and bleeding on probing were measured at the anterior sextants. When a fixed retainer was present, the distance was measured between the retainer and incisal edge and to the cemento‐enamel junction. Past orthodontic treatment and smoking habits were self‐reported. Postorthodontic patients were sorted by the presence or absence of fixed retainers.

Results: The mean probing depth was 1.90 ± 0.2 mm, and gingival recession was 0.06 ± 0.02 mm; 20.8% of all sites exhibited bleeding on probing. Current smoking was reported by 20 (21.7%) patients. Labial gingival recession was significantly greater in treated (0.13 ± 0.2 mm) patients compared to non‐treated patients (0.05 ± 0.2 mm; P = 0.03). Localized lingual gingival recession was significantly greater in teeth with fixed retainers (0.09 ± 0.2 mm) compared to teeth with no fixed retainers (0.01 ± 0.1 mm; P = 0.0002), as were plaque and gingival indices and bleeding on probing. Plaque on the lingual/palatal aspect showed a weak, positive correlation with lingual gingival recession (r = 0.16; P = 0.033).

Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers were associated with an increased incidence of gingival recession, increased plaque retention, and increased bleeding on probing; however, the magnitude of the difference in recession was of low clinical significance.
Should Our Focus on Inflammation Change the Way We Practice?
Authors: McGuire Michael K.
Published: November 2008

Some scientists say, “Forget about bacteria; treat, or even better yet, prevent inflammation.” We understand that periodontal diseases originate as bacterial assaults, but some two‐thirds of the destruction comes from the inflammatory response to the bacterial invasion. There is growing evidence that inflammation can be transferred from the oral cavity to other parts of the body (and vice versa), explaining the possible association between periodontitis and other chronic inflammatory conditions. As a clinician, I find this intellectually interesting, but when I ask myself whether or not this shift from an infection model to an inflammation model changes the way I treat my patients, the answer is, “not really.” But should it? Have I been so busy in my daily practice that I missed something important? Although I may not understand inflammation on the molecular level, I do know when my patients have inflammation, and when I do what I have been trained to do as a diagnostician and a clinician to eliminate it, most of my patients end up with a good clinical outcome. My job as a clinician is to translate what is going on in research and incorporate it into my practice to provide the best possible patient care. What I offer you in this commentary are the results of my journey to discover how or if our new emphasis on inflammation should affect how I care for my patients. My conclusion at this time is that I should err on the side of aggressive control of periodontal inflammation, since, until proven otherwise, the consequences of undertreatment could be more than the loss of a few teeth. It is your job to decide how this information influences the treatment of your patients.
Immediate Loading of the Edentulous Maxilla With a Final Restoration Supported by an Intraoral Welded Titanium Bar: A Case Series of 20 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Degidi Marco , Nardi Diego , Piattelli Adriano
Published: November 2008

Background: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the concept of intraoral welding as a suitable technique for the placement of a final restoration for the edentulous maxilla on the same day as surgery.

Methods: Twenty patients with edentulous maxillae received a fixed restoration supported by an intraoral welded titanium bar. Final abutments were connected to the implants and welded to a titanium bar using an intraoral welding unit. This framework was used as a support for the final restoration, which was fitted on the same day as implant placement. Mean marginal bone loss and radiographically detectable alteration of the welded framework were assessed using periapical radiographs immediately after surgery and at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up examinations.

Results: Ten males and 10 females, with an average age of 51.8 years (SD = 15.1 years; N = 20), were consecutively treated with 153 immediately loaded implants. No fractures or radiographically detectable alterations of the welded framework were evident. All implants osseointegrated and were clinically stable at the time of the 12‐month follow‐up. Mean marginal bone loss was 0.43 mm (SD = 0.13 mm; N = 153) between 0 and 6 months and 0.14 mm (SD = 0.055 mm; N = 153) between 6 and 12 months. Therefore, the accumulated mean marginal bone loss was 0.57 mm (SD = 0.21 m; N = 153).

Conclusions: On the same day of surgery, it is possible to successfully rehabilitate the edentulous maxilla with a fixed, permanent prosthesis supported by an intraoral welded titanium framework. More expanded investigations over longer time periods are required to better determine the long‐term success of this approach.
Longitudinal Changes in Microbiology and Clinical Periodontal Variables After Placement of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: van Gastel Jan , Quirynen Marc , Teughels Wim , Coucke Wim , Carels Carine
Published: November 2008

Background: In the past few decades, more patients have been treated orthodontically, but no longitudinal study has compared orthodontic bands and brackets microbiologically and clinically.

Methods: This longitudinal trial (split‐mouth design) included 24 patients. Microbiology (sub‐ and supragingival), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and gingival crevicular fluid flow (GCF) were assessed at baseline (band placement) and at weeks 18 (bracket bonding) 20, 24, and 36. A statistical comparison was made over time and among the banded, bonded, and control sites.

Results: The aerobe/anaerobe ratio of sub‐ and supragingival colony forming units decreased significantly (relatively more anaerobes) over the study period for the banded and bonded sites (P <0.001). This decrease was accompanied by significant elevations in PD, BOP, and GCF. These changes occurred faster after bonding compared to banding. No significant changes were observed 18 weeks after banding with the exception of increased PD (P <0.001). At week 36, all microbial and clinical variables at the bonded site had changed significantly in the negative direction (P <0.001) compared to week 18. The control sites did not show any significant changes over time, indicating that the effects were localized.

Conclusions: The placement of fixed orthodontic appliances had a significant impact on microbial and clinical variables. The changes occurred faster at the bonded sites compared to the banded sites, probably because wire insertion caused difficulties in approximal cleaning. Over the long term, banding did not lead to more adverse microbial and periodontal effects than bonding.
Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase‐1 Expression in Gingiva After Cyclosporin A Treatment
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Lan Guo‐Lun , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Chin Yu‐Tang , Tu Hsiao‐Pei , Ming‐Jen Fu Martin , Shin Nieh , Fu Earl
Published: November 2008

Background: Heme oxygenase (HO)‐1 is a stress‐inducible protein that confers cytoprotection, but its role in gingiva during cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy is unknown. We used in vivo and in vitro models to investigate the expression of mRNA and protein for HO‐1 in gingiva upon CsA treatment.

Methods: Twenty‐six male Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned to two groups after the establishment of edentulous ridges. Rats in the CsA group received CsA, 30 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, whereas control rats received mineral oil only. All rats were killed after 4 weeks, and the edentulous gingivae were excised. mRNA and protein expression of HO‐1 in gingivae were determined using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. For the in vitro study, cultured human gingival fibroblasts were harvested after treatment with various concentrations of CsA, and HO‐1 mRNA and protein expression were determined using RT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively.

Results: Mean gingival HO‐1 mRNA expression was greater in the CsA group than in the control animals (P = 0.076). IHC staining for HO‐1 protein was significantly greater in the gingivae of CsA‐treated rats than in those of the control group. In fibroblast cultures, expression of HO‐1 mRNA and protein also increased significantly after CsA treatment.

Conclusion: CsA upregulates the gingival expression of HO‐1, which may exert a cytoprotective effect.
The Relationship Between the Presence of Tooth‐Borne Subgingival Deposits and Inflammation Found With a Dental Endoscope
Authors: Wilson Thomas G. , Harrel Stephen K. , Nunn Martha E. , Francis Bonnie , Webb Kara
Published: November 2008

Background: Inflammatory periodontal diseases are found in many dentate individuals, but therapists and researchers who assess disease activity have had to rely on external clinical signs and symptoms to ascertain the health of the subgingival periodontal tissues. However, by using an endoscope in the subgingival environment, the therapist can see the relationship of subgingival tooth‐borne accretions to signs of inflammation in the pocket wall. This study explored those relationships via the endoscope.

Methods: Twenty‐six patients with moderate to severe periodontitis were chosen. The study visit involved a standardized, masked examiner who gathered data on the external gingival index, probing depth, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level. A second standardized examiner, masked to the findings of the first, used a dental endoscope. A set of indices (endoscopic biofilm index, endoscopic calculus index, and endoscopic gingival index) specifically developed for subgingival parameters was used. A fixation stent ensured that the periodontal probe and the endoscopic explorer traveled along the same path.

Results: A statistically significant relationship was found between deposits of subgingival calculus covered with biofilm and inflammation of the pocket wall, as measured by color change. In >60% of the cases, this inflammation was associated only with biofilm over deposits of calculus, not biofilm alone. Only subgingival calculus was statistically significant in relation to the positive traditional gingival index.

Conclusions: Deposits of subgingival calculus covered with biofilm were directly related to >60% of pocket wall inflammation as measured by increased redness of the pocket epithelium. This was in comparison to biofilm alone.
Absence of Histologic Signs of Chronic Inflammation Following Closed Subgingival Scaling and Root Planing Using the Dental Endoscope: Human Biopsies – A Pilot Study
Authors: Wilson Thomas G. , Carnio João , Schenk Robert , Myers Gayle
Published: November 2008

Background: The primary goal of periodontal therapy is the reduction or elimination of inflammation. Traditionally, this is accomplished through removal of subgingival tooth‐borne accretions using non‐surgical and/or surgical treatment modalities. Numerous studies indicated the difficulty in removing these accretions to the point that histologic manifestations of chronic inflammation are eliminated. A companion to the current study demonstrated that subgingival inflammation was associated most often with calculus covered with biofilm, not biofilm alone. This pilot study evaluated the histologic response in humans to removal of calculus and biofilm with the aid of the dental endoscope.

Methods: Twelve teeth in six patients were identified as test teeth, and all subgingival deposits visible with the endoscope were removed in a single treatment by an operator experienced in root planing and the use of the dental endoscope. The 12 teeth and the coronal portion of their periodontal attachment apparatus were removed 6 months after a single episode of closed subgingival scaling and root planing. Biopsies were processed for histologic evaluation.

Results: There were no histologic signs of chronic inflammation. Deposits of calculus and biofilm were seen on one section of one tooth but apparently were deposited after initial therapy. Bone repair and the growth of a long junctional epithelium were observed on previously diseased root surfaces.

Conclusion: Histologic signs of chronic inflammation were absent 6 months after a single course of closed subgingival scaling and root planing using the dental endoscope.