bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and styrene copolymerization of novel trisubstituted ethylenes: 8. Halogen ring-disubstituted 2-methoxyethyl phenylcyanoacrylates
Authors: Cappas, Julianne , Caraus Emma , Chandra Sharad , Flores Jacqueline A. , Jorgensen Emily F. , Khan Spozmai N. , Kulka Emilia , Lami Eiden , McGee Grace A. , Sadiku Gazmend , Sakka Rami , Shaban Laith M. , Shaikh Mariam , Rocus Sara M. , Schjerven William S. , Kharas Gregory
Published: February 2021

Novel trisubstituted ethylenes, halogen ring-disubstituted 2-methoxyethyl phenylcyanoacrylates, RPhCH=C(CN)CO2CH2CH2OCH3 (where R is 2-fluoro-3-methoxy, 2-fluoro-4-methoxy, 2-fluoro-5-methoxy, 2-fluoro-6-methoxy, 3-fluoro-4-methoxy, 4-fluoro-3-methoxy, 2-fluoro-5-methyl, 2-fluoro-6-methyl, 3-fluoro-4-methyl, 4-fluoro-2-methyl, 4-fluoro-3-methyl, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxy, 5-iodo-2-methoxy) were prepared and copolymerized with styrene. The ethylenes were synthesized by the piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and 2-methoxyethyl cyanoacetate, and characterized by CHN analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR. All the ethylenes were copolymerized with styrene in solution with radical initiation (ABCN) at 70°C. The compositions of the copolymers were calculated from nitrogen analysis.
Using Python and Google Colab to Teach Physical Chemistry During Pandemic
Authors: Baptista Leonardo
Published: February 2021

The present manuscript intends to propose using the Google Colab platform to teach and solve physical chemistry problems using Python computational language. Seven Jupyter notebooks were written and made available for the students via Google Colab supplementary material of the physical chemistry course of the chemical engineering course of the Technological Faculty of the Rio de Janeiro State University. These notebooks include several problems extracted from the course bibliography and solved with the use of Python language. The scripts show how the students can perform linear and polynomial regressions, fit math models to given data, perform numerical integration and plot creation using Python and its standards libraries. The Colab platform was chosen because it is free to use, does not require the installation, setup, and configuration of Python packages and their libraries in the students’ personal computers. It is a multiuser and collaborative environment, ideal for remote classes. The notebooks can be shared between instructor and students or between the students, which easy the communication and track of students’ progress. Indeed, this resource can be useful even after the end of the pandemic. This manuscript describes the platform, its advantages, how it was applied in our physical chemistry course, and the students’ feedback at the end of the term. All notebooks are available as Supplementary Material of the manuscript, translated from Portuguese to English since our course is entirely in Portuguese. I hope the material and experience shared in this manuscript can be helpful to chemistry instructors who intend to abroad their pedagogical methods to engage more students in the undergraduate courses.
Phytochemical Analysis and Cellular Uptake Study of an Ayurvedic Formulation, Vyaghryadi Kashayam Used in the Clinical Management of COVID-19.
Authors: G Nandakumar , Mohanan Deepu , MG Minsha , P Rammanohar
Published: February 2021

Repurposing of drugs is one of the ways to combat COVID-19 and Traditional Chinese Medicine set a precedence for such an approach at the outset of the pandemic. In India, the Ministry of AYUSH has recommended a number of formulations in clinical management of COVID-19. Vyaghryadi Kashayam (VK) is a classical formulation indicated in the management of Vatakaphajvara (a type of fever) which is amongst the medicines recommended for management of COVID-19. The constituents of VK are Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers and Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad & Wendl. A chemical profile of VK was generated using HPTLC and LC-MS/MS QTOF. Out of the 31 identified phytochemicals in VK, it was found that seven have been reported to have activity against SARS-CoV-2 in prior docking studies. Cellular uptake studies of VK in Caco2 cells showed that all these seven phytochemicals were absorbed by the cells. These findings provide preliminary hints about the potential of VK in clinical management of COVID-19. Further confirmatory in-vitro studies are warranted before large scale clinical studies are initiated.
Detection of Nail Oncometabolite SAICAR in Oral Cancer and Its Molecular Interactions with PKM2 Enzyme
Authors: Patel Rushikesh , Kumar Ajay , Lokhande Kiran Bharat , Swamy K. Venkateswara , Sarode Prof. Sachin C , Sharma Prof. Nilesh Kumar
Published: February 2021

Oncometabolites are known to drive metabolic adaptations in oral cancer. These oncometabolites serve as biomarkers for early detection of oral cancer. Among potential oncometabolite, SAICAR is one of them that support growth and invasiveness of cancer cells. SAICAR has been reported to activate Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) enzyme, which in turn favors the survival of cancer cells in low glucose tumor microenvironment. There is a significant gap in detection of SAICAR in biological fluids/materials including nails of oral cancer patients.
Origin of Protonation Side Products in Pd-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation Reactions: Evidence for In Situ Modification of Triphenylphosphine Ligand
Authors: Gill Monica A. , Shields Samuel W. J. , Manthorpe Jeff
Published: February 2021

Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylation (DcA) is a well-established method of carbon-carbon bond formation. This type of coupling is quite attractive, as the only byproduct is CO2. While a wide variety of ligands have been employed with Pd(0) or Pd(II) precatalysts in DcA reactions, the ligand structure is most often based on a triarylphosphine core. Despite their demonstrated utility, DcA processes have been hindered by the formation of protonation side products. While this phenomenon has been widely acknowledged, little has been reported on the origin of the proton. Herein, we address this and provide multiple lines of experimental evidence for the proton originating from the triarylphosphine ligand.
Multiwavelets Applied to Metal-Ligand Interactions: Energies Free from Basis Set Errors
Authors: Brakestad Anders , Wind Peter , Jensen Stig Rune , Frediani Luca , Hopmann Kathrin
Published: February 2021

The following article will be submitted to the Journal of Chemical Physics. It is thus not a peer-reviewed manuscript. After it is hopefully accepted for publication, it will be found (in revised form) at https://aip.scitation.org/journal/jcp

Transition metal-catalyzed reactions invariably include steps, where ligands associate or dissociate. In order to obtain reliable energies for such reactions, sufficiently large basis sets need to be employed. In this paper, we have used high-precision Multiwavelet calculations to compute the metal-ligand association energies for 27 transition metal complexes with common ligands such as H2, CO, olefins and solvent molecules. By comparing our Multiwavelet results to a variety of frequently used Gaussian-type basis sets, we show that counterpoise corrections, which are widely employed to correct for basis set superposition errors, often lead to underbinding. Additionally, counterpoise corrections are difficult to employ, when the association step also involves a chemical transformation. Multiwavelets, which can be conveniently applied to all types of reactions, provide a promising alternative for computing electronic interaction energies free from any basis set errors.
Dynamical Decoupling in Water-Glycerol Glasses: A Comparison of Nitroxides, Trityl Radicals and Gadolinium Complexes
Authors: Soetbeer Janne , Millen Marthe , Zouboulis Konstantin , Hülsmann Miriam , Godt Adelheid , Polyhach Yevhen , Jeschke Gunnar
Published: February 2021

The manuscript presents a dynamical decoupling study of three EPR spin labels in glassy water-glycerol, corresponding to common experimental conditions for dipolar spectroscopy. The main text and the supporting information (split into part A and B) are uploaded as separate PDF documents and contain all information for interpreting and reproducing the findings.
Ligand-Metal Charge Transfer Induced via Adjustment of Textural Properties Controls the Performance of Single-Atom Catalysts During Photocatalytic Degradation
Authors: Liu Jiaxu , Zou Yajun , Cruz Daniel , Savateev Aleksandr , Antonietti Markus , Vilé Gianvito
Published: February 2021

Because of their peculiar nitrogen-rich structure, carbon nitrides are convenient polydentate ligands for designing single-atom-dispersed photocatalysts. However, the relation of catalysts textural properties with their photophysical properties and as a result activity in photocatalytic applications is rarely elaborated. Herein we report the preparation and characterization of a series of single-atom heterogeneous catalysts featuring highly-dispersed Ag and Cu species on mesoporous graphitic C3N4. We show that adjustment of materials textural properties and thereby metal single atoms coordination mode enables ligand-to-metal (LMCT) or ligand-to-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (LMLCT), a property tha was long speculated in single-atom catalysis but never observed. We employ the developed materials in the degradation of organic pollutant under irradiation with visible light. Kinetic investigations under flow conditions show that single atoms of Ag and Cu decrease the amount of toxic organic fragmentation products, while leading to a higher selectivity towards full calcination. The results correlate with the selected mode of charge transfer in the designed photocatalysts and provide a new understanding of the surface state of single-atom catalysts. The concepts can be exploited further to rationally design and optimize other single-atom materials.
Nickel-Catalyzed Benzylic Alkynylation: Migratory Hydroalkynylation and Enantioselective Hydroalkynylation of Olefins with Bromoalkynes
Authors: Jiang Xiaoli , Han Bo , Xue Yuhang , Duan Mei , Gui Zhuofan , Wang You , Zhu Shaolin
Published: February 2021

A nickel-hydride catalyzed reductive migratory hydroalkynylation of olefins with bromoalkynes that delivers the corresponding benzylic alkynylation products in high yield and with excellent regioselectivity has been developed. Catalytic enantioselective hydroalkynylation of styrenes has been realized using a simple chiral PyrOx ligand. The obtained enantioenriched benzylic alkynes are versatile synthetic intermediates and can be readily transformed into synthetically useful chiral synthons
Short Term Clinical Outcome of a Porous Tantalum Implant for the Treatment of Advanced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
Authors: Nadeau Melissa , Séguin Chantal , Theodoropoulos John S , Harvey Edward J
Published: February 2021

Purpose of the study: Osteonecrosis of the hip mostly affects young individuals and oftenprogresses to a debilitating disease. Several treatment modalities exist, but none are completely satisfactory. This study evaluates the clinical outcome of patients treated with core decompression and insertion of a porous tantalum implant in the femoral head. This procedure is similar to commonly performed procedures, but has the additional advantages of providing structural support to the necrotic femoral head while having no donor-site morbidity. Methods: We evaluated 15 patients with 18 osteonecrotic hips with Steinberg stage III (3 hips) and IV (15 hips) disease. The mean age of the patients was 42 years-old (eldest 66), and the mean time for follow-up was 23 months. The outcome measure was hip function, evaluated with the Harris hip score, and the end point was total hip arthroplasty, or referral for this procedure. Results: The success rate at twelve months postoperatively was 77.8%, and the overall success rate was 44.5%. Failures occurred at a mean time of 11.7 months, and one complication, a periprosthetic fracture, occurred 4 months postoperatively. On average, patients who did well improved their Harris hip scores by 21.7 points, and patients who eventually required arthroplasty decreased their scores by 14 points. Conlusions: Core decompression with porous tantalum implants showed encouraging success rates and early clinical results in patients with advanced stage osteonecrosis, but further larger scale studies are required to identify the population best suited for this procedure.
Design: A neglected factor in medicine
Authors: Holzer Lukas A , Holzer Gerold
Published: February 2021

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'Miracle stents' - a future without restenosis
Authors: Hamid Huda , Coltart John
Published: February 2021

Over the last three decades, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) technology has revolutionized the field of cardiology. PCI began in the form of balloon angioplasty, and was followed by coronary stenting. In-Stent restenosis is the main limitation of coronary stenting, and has been delayed to some extent by the development of drug eluting stents. Coronary angioplasty with stenting is currently the most popular non-medical treatment of coronary artery disease therefore solving the problem of in-stent restenosis could change the future role of other types of coronary intervention. This review examines the types of percutaneous coronary interventions, the mechanisms leading up to in-stent restenosis, and how previous and current treatments of in-stent restenosis influence the vascular response to injury.
Comparing knowledge of diabetes mellitus among rural and urban diabetics
Authors: Sabri Ahmad Ayaz , Qayyum Muhammad Ahad , Saigol Naif Usman , Zafar Khurram , Aslam Fawad
Published: February 2021

A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the awareness of diabetes mellitus among rural and urban diabetics. After analyzing the awareness level of both populations, the urban diabetics were found to be more educated about diabetes. A 25-question survey was used to judge the awareness level of diabetes mellitus. A total of 240 diabetics were surveyed, 120 each from rural and urban areas. The mean awareness among the rural population was 13 (SD± 2) correct answers out of a possible 25. Similarly, in the case of the urban diabetics the mean awareness was 18 (SD± 2) correct answers. The survey was conducted on randomly chosen diabetics belonging to Lahore and Faisalabad, (urban areas), as well as Habibabad, Haveli Koranga and Baba Kanwal (rural areas). The results emphasize the interrelation between demography and awareness of diabetes mellitus. The rural diabetics are far less knowledgeable about diabetes mellitus, its management and its complications. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve the awareness level of diabetes mellitus in rural areas. Doing so will give rise to a healthier workforce and a lessened economic burden on Pakistan.
Case report of an intra-abdominal desmoid tumour presenting with bowel perforation
Authors: Shah Mushtaq , Azam Bushra
Published: February 2021

Desmoid tumours are benign tumours originating from the musculo- aponeurotic structures of the body. They are mainly composed of collagen. These tumours commonly occur in post-partum women in whom they originate from the rectus abominus and in old surgical incisions. Here we present a case report of a young gentleman who presented with an acute surgical abdomen and subsequently underwent a laparotomy and was found to have an inflammatory mass. Histological analysis of this mass revealed mesenteric fibromatosis (desmoid tumour). I wish to present this interesting case because the patient was neither female nor someone who had previously undergone any surgery. It is rare for mesenteric fibromatosis to present with intestinal perforation and only one case been reported in the literature thus far (1). An important learning point from this case is that rare pathology can manifest itself with common signs and symptoms.
The case for increased privatization of Canadian health care
Authors: Coffey Edwin
Published: February 2021

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Epidemiology and Culture - Book Review
Authors: Ayeni Olubukonia
Published: February 2021

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Placebos in Medicine: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Patterns of Use
Authors: Raz Amir , Raikhel Eugene , Anbar Ran
Published: February 2021

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Saving the Empire: The politics of immigrant tuberculosis in Canada
Authors: Reitmanova Sylvia
Published: February 2021

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Does Exposure to Agricultural Chemicals Increase the Risk of Prostate Cancer among Farmers?
Authors: Parent Marie-Élise , Désy Marie , Siemiatycki Jack
Published: February 2021

Several studies suggest that farmers may be at increased risk of prostate cancer. The present analysis, based on a large population-based case-control study conducted among men in the Montreal area in the early 1980’s, aim at identifying occupational chemicals which may be responsible for such increases. The original study enrolled 449 prostate cancer cases, nearly 4,000 patients with other cancers, as well as 533 population controls. Subjects were interviewed about their occupation histories, and a team of industrial hygienists assigned their past exposures using a checklist of some 300 chemicals. The present analysis was restricted to a study base of men who had worked as farmers earlier in their lives. There were a total of 49 men with prostate cancers, 127 with other cancers and 56 population controls. We created a pool of 183 controls combining the patients with cancers at sites other than the prostate and the population controls. We then estimated the odds ratio for prostate cancer associated with exposure to each of 10 agricultural chemicals, i.e., pesticides, arsenic compounds, acetic acid, gasoline engine emissions, diesel engine emissions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum, lubricating oils and greases, alkanes with ≥18 carbons, solvents, and mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on a model adjusting for age, ethnicity, education, and respondent status, there was evidence of a two-fold excess risk of prostate cancer among farmers with substantial exposure to pesticides [odds ratio (OR)=2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–5.1], as compared to unexposed farmers. There was some suggestion, based on few subjects, of increased risks among farmers ever exposed to diesel engine emissions (OR=5.7, 95% CI 1.2–26.5). The results for pesticides are particularly noteworthy in the light of findings from previous studies. Suggestions of trends for elevated risks were noted with other agricultural chemicals, but these are largely novel and need further confirmation in larger samples.
Food, Global Environmental Change and Health: EcoHealth to the Rescue?
Authors: Waltner-Toews David
Published: February 2021

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Transported to a World of Emotion
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Golan Ofer , Chapman Emma , Granader Yael
Published: February 2021

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Prevalence and Interpretation of Recent Trends in Rates of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Authors: Fombonne Eric , Quirke Sara , Hagen Arlene
Published: February 2021

The aims of this article are to provide an up-to-date review of the methodological features and substantive results of published epidemiological surveys of the prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). This article updates previous reviews (1, 2) with the inclusion of new studies made available since then. The specific questions addressed inthis article are: a) how are cases of PDD defined and identified in epidemiological surveys?; b) what are the best estimates for the prevalence of autism and related pervasive developmental disorders considering the methodological implications of the surveys, and c) what interpretation can be given to time trends observed in prevalence rates of PDDs given the hypothesized secular increase in PDDs?
Ethics in Global Health: The Need for Evidence-Based Curricula
Authors: Hamadani Fadi , Saciragic Lana , McCarthy Anne
Published: February 2021

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Autism, Emotion Recognition and the Mirror Neuron System: The Case of Music
Authors: Molnar-Szakacs Istvan , Wang Martha J , Laugeson Elizabeth A , Overy Katie , Wu Wai-Ling , Piggot Judith
Published: February 2021

Understanding emotions is fundamental to our ability to navigate and thrive in a complex world of human social interaction. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are known to experience difficulties with the communication and understanding of emotion, such as the nonverbal expression of emotion and the interpretation of emotions of others from facial expressions and body language. These deficits often lead to loneliness and isolation from peers, and social withdrawal from the environment in general. In the case of music however, there is evidence to suggest that individuals with ASD do not have difficulties recognizing simple emotions. In addition, individuals with ASD have been found to show normal and even superior abilities with specific aspects of music processing, and often show strong preferences towards music. It is possible these varying abilities with different types of expressive communication may be related to a neural system referred to as the mirror neuron system (MNS), which has been proposed as deficient in individuals with autism. Music’s power to stimulate emotions and intensify our social experiences might activate the MNS in individuals with ASD, and thus provide a neural foundation for music as an effective therapeutic tool. In this review, we present literature on the ontogeny of emotion processing in typical development and in individuals with ASD, with a focus on the case of music.
The Scoop and Run Method of Pre-clinical Care for Trauma Victims
Authors: Taran Shaurya
Published: February 2021

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Male physicians treating female patients: Issues, Controversies and gynecology
Authors: Balaya Jacques
Published: February 2021

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Crohn’s disease presenting with atypical mucocutaneous lesions in an 11 year old boy
Authors: Sidiropoulos Michael , Skuy Beth
Published: February 2021

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Artificial Intelligence – the EHR savior?
Authors: Qureshi Kashif
Published: February 2021

Not required for reflection. [Essay Format]
Women in Medicine: Dr. Danielle Martin
Authors: O'Neill Zoe Rose
Published: February 2021

Dr. Danielle Martin is an Associate Professor at the University of Toronto and Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Executive at Women’s College Hospital in Toronto, where she is also a practicing family physician. Her career epitomizes an idea that is often discussed in medical training, but rarely manifests in practice: physicians are both advocates for individual patients and stewards of public health equity at a systems level. Dr. Martin has dedicated her career to improving and strengthening Canada’s universal health care system. She is a public leader in the ongoing debate about health care privatization and founded the organization Canadian Doctors for Medicare. Notably, Dr. Martin spoke about Canadian health care and advocated for single-payer health care in a widely publicized US Senate hearing led by Senator Bernie Sanders. She has also published a book titled, Better Now: Six Big Ideas to Improve Health Care for All Canadians, which breaks down complex health policy into six actionable steps in order to improve the health care system for all Canadians. She continuously advocates for public involvement in health policy through research and public outreach and is a role model for young physicians aspiring to leadership roles in health and health care policy, while simultaneously pursuing a career in clinical practice. In fact, doing both provides a unique framework for improving the individual wellbeing and health of Canadians. Dr. Martin believes that advocacy is a skill that requires practice and training; she advises young trainees that the time to start is now.
What affects medical students’ applications to five-year FRCPC emergency medicine programs?
Authors: Datar Ravi , Gangatharan Harrish , Kegel Fraser
Published: February 2021

Purpose: To compare the impact of institutional and epidemiologic factors on differences in application trends of Canadian medical graduates (CMGs) from different medical schools to FRCPC emergency medicine (EM) residency programs.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Data from 2013-2018 were obtained from the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) database and standardized questionnaires sent to Canadian medical schools.

Results: CaRMS data were available for all schools and survey data was available for 76% schools. Five schools yielded significantly higher rates of applications to FRCPC-EM programs (8.8-13.1%, p<0.05), and 5 schools had significantly lower rates compared to the national mean (2.9-5.1%, p<0.05). Increased exposure to EM (a core rotation and/or elective rotation in EM in the third year of medical school at home-school) yielded 28-55% higher application rates (p<0.001). The presence of an FRCPC-EM residency program at the applicant's home school, and a home school program with 5 or more CMG residency positions at a CMG’s increased the application rates by 39 and 17%, respectively (p<0.05).

Conclusion: These data demonstrate a significant difference in application rates of CMGs graduating from Canadian medical schools and certain factors may affect application rates. This information could be used by medical schools to modify curricula, increase exposure to EM, and contribute towards addressing the forecasted national shortage of EM physicians.
Class I and Class III Antiarrhythmic Agents: Mechanisms of Action and the Problem of Proarrhythmic Activity
Authors: Essebag Vidal
Published: February 2021

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Pre-Fibrotic Changes are Induced in the Guinea Pig Liver in Response to Cardiorespiratory, Central Nervous System, and Gastrointestinal Stressors
Authors: Motokata Michael E.
Published: February 2021

To determine the relationship between stress and the incidence of liver fibrosis, 140 guinea pigs were

exposed to various stressors, and their post-mortem livers were assessed. Four stress groups-cardiorespiratory (CR), central nervous system (CNS), gastrointestinal (GI), and combined (Cd)were

designated in accordance with the stressor(s) experienced and were compared to unstressed controlsubjects. By blood chemistry analysis, the most pervasive findings were decreased glucose and

increased amylase. Stress group blood glucose levels ranged from 22% to 38% below that of non-stressed controls, and serum amylase was increased by 35% to 68% relative to controls. The reduction

in glucose was significant in the CR and GI groups, and the elevation in amylase was significant in theCR, GI, and Cd groups. Pathologically, the most frequent finding among the four groups was fattychange, present in 44% of stressed subjects, followed by passive congestion, observed in 40%. The Cdgroup demonstrated a significantly increased incidence of congestion, while both the Cd and GI groupsshowed a significantly increased incidence of fatty change. Subjects in whom congestion was detectedshowed a 1.7-fold greater fibroblast proliferation than subjects in whom fatty change was seen. Themost extensive pathological changes were manifested in the Cd group, in the form of congestion,hemorrhage, fatty change, and fibroblast proliferation. Among the three single-stress groups, thegreatest degree of fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition, and hence the greatest potential forfibrosis, was evident in the GI group. The fibroblastosis in the GI group was statistically significant,presenting a direct pathological indication of pre-fibrotic change. These results provide preliminaryevidence that stress is capable of inducing pathological processes in the liver that may lead to fibrosisand, ultimately, to cirrhosis.
Journal Review of the MJM
Authors: Last John
Published: February 2021

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Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome: Genetics and Dopamine
Authors: Wood Graham
Published: February 2021

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Sequential use of Antibiotics and Adjuvant Chemotherapy Leading to a Fatal Pseudomembranous Colitis
Authors: Basik Mark , Roback Barbara , Trudeau Marc
Published: February 2021

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Innate Inflammatory Reaction of the Brain in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: McGeer Edith G. , McGeer Patrick L.
Published: February 2021

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Basic Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance: Molecular Properties of Multidrug Transporters
Authors: Van Veen Hendrik W , Putman Monique , Van Klompenburg Wim , Heijne Rene , Margolles Abelardo , Konings Wil N
Published: February 2021

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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in the Brain, Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Beffert Uwe , Bertrand Philippe , Champagne Danielle , Gauthier Serge , Poirier Judes
Published: February 2021

The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, it is not required nor sufficient to cause the disease on its own. Herpes viruses cause acute and chronic diseases of the central nervous system and have been implicated in AD. Using a sensitive polymerase chain reaction method, latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been detected from five different brain regions (hippocampus, frontal cortex, occipital cortex, cerebellum and striatum) of neuropathologically confirmed AD and control tissue. HSV-1 positivity was then correlated with AD, presence of the virus in specific brain regions, and apoE genotype. The results confirm that the ε4 allele of apoE is a risk factor for AD, while HSV-1 alone is not. This held true for all five brain regions examined. Furthermore, no synergy between the two factors could be found when any one of the brain regions was examined individually or when the data were pooled. These findings emphasize that the ε4 allele of apoE is a risk factor for AD and that HSV-1, either alone or in combination with apoE, does not represent an increased risk for AD. Furthermore, no particular brain region seems to be more infected with HSV-1 than another, even in those regions most affected in AD.
Treatment of Malignant Gliomas by Therapies Against Matrix Metalloproteinases
Authors: Matouk Charles , Raja Jamila , Wee Yong Voon , Edwards Dylan , Forsyth Peter
Published: February 2021

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Towards Redirecting the Female Circumcision Debate: Legal, Ethical and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Wasunna Angela
Published: February 2021

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Gene Therapy For Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency: Successes and Limitations
Authors: Woo Michael
Published: February 2021

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More than needles and bandages
Authors: Zhang Sophie
Published: February 2021

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History of Medicine in China When Medicine Took an Alternative Path
Authors: Hong Francis F
Published: February 2021

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Malaria in Pregnancy: an overview
Authors: Samak Alex C
Published: February 2021

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Mouse Models in Cardiology Research
Authors: Madamanchi Aasakiran
Published: February 2021

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A Molecular Analysis Of Prion Protein Expression In Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: McNeill Alisdair
Published: February 2021

In Prion Diseases, misfolding of neuronal prion protein (PrPC) to a pathogenic isomer (PrPSC) is associated with neuronal death. Previous pathological studies have demonstrated increased immunoreactivity of PrPC at Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's Disease, and it has been suggested that this either reflects a role for PrPC in the neuronal response to stress or is a feature of the neuropathogenesis of atypical subtypes of Alzheimer's disease. In this paper we utilised western blotting to examine the molecular characteristics of PrP in frozen Hippocampal tissue from 7 cases of Alzheimer's Disease in which prion protein expression was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, before using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) methodology to define the genotype of the codon 129 polymorphism of PRNP in each case. We observed PrP accumulating as globular structures at A plaques, and within ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricle. Immunohistochemistry also showed that PrPC and Superoxide dismutase-1 where deposited in a similar pattern at Aβ plaques. Western blotting revealed that PrP in Alzheimer's disease is composed of the same 208-residue peptide expressed in non-diseased brain. Quantitative western blot analysis demonstrated increased levels of PrPC in a short duration case of Alzheimer's Disease, while, in the remaining cases, levels of PrPC decreased in parallel with increasing disease duration and decreasing brain mass. RFLP genotyping revealed that all codon 129 genotypes (M/M, M/V, V/V) were represented in our study cohort. Our data suggest that increased levels of PrPC may account for PrP immunoreactivity at plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and that PrP deposition is not restricted to certain atypical subtypes of Alzheimer's disease.
Sepsis Following Laparotomy for Trauma - Don’t Watch and Wait
Authors: Page Piers R.J.
Published: February 2021

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Future Legal Issues in Medical Research and Technology: The Obligations of Researchers in the Light of Recent Developments in Genetic Testing
Authors: Guy Scott , Hocking Barbara Ann , Muirhead Stewart
Published: February 2021

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Ileoileal intussusception as initial manifestation of Crohn’s disease
Authors: Fernández López-Tomassetti , Rocha Lorenzo , Gonzalez Arteaga , Pallarés Carillo
Published: February 2021

Intussusception is usually considered a childhood condition, but it may also be present in adults, where it is more often associated with an underlying pathology. There is no agreement upon the correct treatment of adult intussusception, although surgical intervention is considered necessary. Resection without prior reduction has been the traditional treatment of choice due to the significant risk for malignancy found in most series. We describe an unusual case of intestinal necrosis secondary to ileoileal intussusception caused by Crohn's disease. A long intestinal resection was necessary and the patient was discharged without major complications. Based on the details of this case, the authors emphasize the potential importance of considering individualized treatment of adult intussusception. The practical benefit for reduction of viable bowel in Crohn ́s patients is the preservation of bowel length.
Unilateral Four-Headed Pectoralis Muscle Major
Authors: Hammad Rasheed Bani , Mohamed Adel
Published: February 2021

A unilateral four-headed pectoralis major muscle was observed on the left side of an 83 year-old Caucasian male cadaver. The accessory tendon arises from the lateral aspect of the pectoralis major muscle, travels along with the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii and blends into the capsule of the shoulder joint. This anomaly is rare. A complete or partial absence of pectoralis major muscle is normally reported. Additionally, supernumerary heads of muscles other than pectoralis major have been documented. However, the existence of an accessory tendon to the pectoralis major muscle is unique. The implications of such a finding are discussed.
Challenges in Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-up of Patients Presenting with Central Nervous System Infections in a Resource-Limited Setting
Authors: Leligdowicz Aleksandra , Katwere Michael , Piloya Theresa , Ronald Allan , Kambugu Andrew , Katabira Elly
Published: February 2021

Central Nervous System (CNS) infections are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Accurate diagnosis is necessary for prompt treatment and increased chances of survival. However, there are many challenges to correct diagnoses in resource-limited settings, including the HIV epidemic, late presentation of symptomatic individuals, limited availability of laboratory diagnostic tests as well as treatment, and inadequate access to funds accompanied by lack of financial support from developed countries. This article presents case reports of patients admitted to the Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda that exemplify challenging diagnoses of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), cryptococcal meningitis (CM), toxoplasmosis, and primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). Also included is a literature review of the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of TBM, CM, toxoplasmosis, and PCNSL in immunocompromised patients.
Sexual dimorphism of the pelvic architecture: A struggling response to destructive and parsimonious forces by natural & mate selection
Authors: Leong Aaron
Published: February 2021

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Morbidity profile and prescribing patterns among outpatients in a teaching hospital in Western Nepal
Authors: Lamichhane Dronacharya , Giri Bishnu Rath , Pathak Om Krishna , Panta Om Biju , Shankar P.Ravi
Published: February 2021

Background: Recent studies on prescribing among outpatients in hospitals in Western Nepal are lacking. The main objectives of the study were to obtain information on the morbidity pattern among outpatients and to analyze prescribing using drug use indicators.
Methods: A retrospective hospital record based study from 01.01.2004 to 31.12.2004 was carried out among individuals attending the outpatient department (OPD) of the Manipal Teaching hospital, Pokhara, Western Nepal. A total of 32,017 new patients attended the OPD during the study period. Systematic random sampling (1 in every 20 patients) was done and 1600 patients selected. After excluding patients visiting the emergency department, those who got admitted and whose records were not available, 1261 cases were analyzed. The demographic details, morbidity pattern, average number of drugs prescribed, percentage of drugs prescribed by generic names and from the Essential drug list of Nepal (Essential drugs are those which satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population), percentage of encounters with an antibiotic and an injection prescribed were noted.
Results: 1261 patients made 1772 visits. Upper respiratory tract infection and acid peptic disease were the most common diagnoses. The mean number of drugs was 1.99. Only 19.5% and 39.6% of drugs were prescribed by generic name and from the Essential drug list. Antibiotics and injections were prescribed in 26.4% and 0.96% of encounters. Cetrizine, vitamins, amoxicillin, the combination of paracetamol and ibuprofen and ranitidine were most commonly prescribed.
Conclusions: Upper respiratory tract infections and acid peptic disease were the common illnesses. Generic prescribing and use of essential drugs were low. Some of the drug combinations being used were irrational. Prescriber education may be helpful in encouraging rational prescribing.
Determinants of Complete Infant Immunization and Contextual Effect of Community Health Centers: A Multilevel Evidence from Karanganyar, Central Java
Authors:   Masters Program of Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Ulfah Maharani , Respati Supriyadi Hari ,   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Murti Bhisma ,   Masters Program of Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret
Published: February 2021

Background: Immunization aims to reduce morbidity, mortality, and disability due to vaccine-preventable diseases. Many children in Indo­nesia have not received any immunization, or their immunization status is incomplete. Efforts should be made to raise awareness of parents to participate in completing their child's immunization. This study aimed to analyze the behavioral factors that influence the complete­ness of immunization in infants Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study conducted at 21 health centers in Karanganyar, Central Java, from January to March 2020. Subjects were 200 mothers with children aged 12-23 months that were selected using a fixed disease sampling technique. The dependent vari­able was the completeness of immunization. The independent variables at level 1 were edu­cation, knowledge, information and education, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, intentions, subjec­tive norms, and attitudes. The independent vari­ables at level 2 were the contextual health center. The data were collected by question­naire and analyzed using a multilevel analysis. Results: Complete immunization in infants probably occurred with high maternal education (OR = 24.02; 95% CI = 1.61 to 359.17; p = 0.021), information obtained (OR = 52.31; 95% CI = 1.35 to 2021.69; p = 0.034), good knowledge (OR = 49.20; 95% CI = 71.54 to 1574.62; p = 0.028), high perceived benefit (OR= 31.26; 95% CI= 1.28 to 762.77; p= 0.035), strong intention (OR= 17.84; 95% CI= 1.59 to 199.83; p= 0.019), sup­portive subjective norm (OR = 94.69; 95% CI = 1.91 to 4683.14; p = 0.022), positive attitude (OR= 68.71; 95% CI= 2.40 to 1967.08; p= 0.013). Completeness of immunization in infants decre­as­ed with big perceived barrier (OR= 0.02; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.67; p= 0.028). Health center acc­re­ditation showed a contextual effect on the level of completeness of immunization with Intra-Class Correlation (ICC)= 20.42%. Conclusion: Immunization completeness in infants increases with high maternal education, good knowledge, high perceived benefits, strong intentions, supportive subjective norms, positive attitudes. Completeness of immunization decre­as­ed with a big perceived barrier. Health centers have a large contextual influence on the comple­teness of immunization in infants. Keywords: immunization completeness, health center context, multilevel analysis Correspondence: Maharani Ulfah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: maharaniulf­ahh@gmail.com. Mobile: +62821­35­58003557.
Diet and Behavior of Macaca fascicularis for Ecotourism Contributing on Pengsong Area
Authors: Yamin M. , Setiadi Dadi , Khairuddin Khairuddin
Published: February 2021

Mount Pengsong is a mountainous ecotourism area with beautiful natural scenery and interesting biodiversity, including the presence of Macaca fascicularis populations. Type of food Macaca fascicularis in the tourist area of Mount Pengsong is not yet known, including itÃ¢â¬â¢s carrying capacity for population numbers. This study aims to determine the types of plants eaten and the types of food provided by visitors as well as the nutritional content of food consumed by monkeys in the area and the behavior of Macaca fascicularis as a management basis to support ecotourism in Mount Pengsong.ÃÂ  Data were collected using the "broad survey and line transect" method in the morning, afternoon and evening. Food data taken includes sources of food, drink, weather, temperature, humidity, humidity, altitude from sea level, and human activities around. The MacacaÃÂ  fascicularis behavior data studied were daily activities, time to eat, play, rest, breed, population structure, population disturbance, social patterns (solitary / pair / group) and home range. The result is a monkey diet in the form of plants available around the tourist area as many as 23 species, 5 types of animals, 10 types of plants produced in agricultural areas and nine Types of food provided by visitors. Nutritional needs and elements can be fulfilled from available food sources and it will be more perfect by obtaining other food sources provided by visitors. Macaca fascicularis consumes a lot of plant species and is very dependent on the availability of food in its environment, the food given by visitors is liked by monkeys and provides good nutritional value. The population of Macaca fascicularis in the tourist area of Mount Pengsong was 83 individuals, 83 of whom were recorded from 9 (ÃÂ± 11%) adult males, 29 (ÃÂ± 35%) adult females and 45 (ÃÂ± 54%) juveniles and children. Daily activities of Macaca fascicularis were recorded as moving (35%), grooming (25%), playing (15%), inactive (10%), eating (6.8%), agonistic (3.6%), sleeping (2.3%), mating (0.9 %), and have a voice (0.8%).
Workshop Teknik-Teknik Evaluasi Proses Pelaksanaan Pemenuhan Mutu Sebagai Dasar Pelaksanaan Merdeka Belajar di SMA NW Narmada Lombok Barat
Authors: Wilian Sudirman , Sridana Nyoman , Setiadi Dadi
Published: February 2021

Mutu pendidikan SMA swasta di Kab Lombok Barat masih perlu ditingkatkan agar bisa memenuhi stándar nasional pendidikan. Kualitas pendidikan satuan pendidikan merupakan  tingkat kesesuaian antara penyelenggaraan satuan pendidikan dengan Standar Nasional Pendidikan pada pendidikan menengah. Untuk bisa meningkatkan mutu tersebut diantaranya memiliki sistem penjaminan mutu internal yang  merupakan suatu mekanisme yang sistematis, terintegrasi, dan berkelanjutan untuk memastikan bahwa seluruh proses penyelenggaraan pendidikan telah sesuai dengan standar mutu Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman kepada para guru secara komprehensif terkait dengan bagaimana ; Melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi pelaksanaan pemenuhan mutu di SMA. yang digunakan dalam pengabdian kepada masyarakat  ini adalah dalam bentuk  pelatihan atau workshop yang lebih berbasis pada praktek  langsung menyusun instrumen monitoring dan evaluasi pelaksanaan pemenuhan mutu, melaksanakan monitoring dan evaluasi pemenuhan mutu, menginterpretasi hasil dan menyusun tindak lanjut dari hasil tersebut berupa program mutu yang bisa menjamin peningkatan mutu di sekolah secara keseluruhan.  Data hasil pengabdian dikumpulkan melalui asesmen pengetahuan dan keterampilan mengenai pemetaan  mutu dan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Guru peserta memiliki pemahaman komprehensif  tentang standar nasional pendidikan, mutu untuk setiap standar nasional pendidikan ;dan  terampil dalam mendesain instrumen-instrumen untuk monitoring pemenuhan mutu, dan untuk evaluasi  pemenuhan, monev pelaksanaan pemenuhan  mutu serta dalam menginterpretasi data hasil monev pelaksanaan pemenuhan mutu khususnya untuk tidak lanjut dari hasil pemenuhan  mutu di sekolah.
Effects of Forest Restoration Techniques on Community Diversity and Aboveground Biomass on Area Affected by Mining Tailings in Mariana, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Campanharo Ítalo Favoreto , Martins Sebastião Venâncio , Villa Pedro Manuel , Kruschewsky Gabriel Correa , Dias Andreia Aparecida , Nabeta Fabio Haruki
Published: February 2021

Currently there is an urgent and special attention in actions to restore tropical forests. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different restoration methods on aboveground biomass (AGB) stock, tree community diversity and structure, in areas affected by the Fundão tailings dam collapse in Mariana, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We measured and compiled data of the AGB, community diversity and structure attributes in 36 plots distributed in six restoration treatments and six replicas: planting of native tree seedlings with fertilization and pH correction (PSf) and without fertilization and pH correction (PS); seeding of native trees with fertilization and pH correction (SDf) and without fertilization and pH correction (SD); natural regeneration with fertilization and pH correction (NRf) and without fertilization and pH correction (NR). No significant differences in substrate properties and AGB between treatments. Although biomass storage between treatments was not statistically different, there is a clear pattern showing higher values active restoration method. The Pielou index ranged from 0.520 (SDf) to 0.943 (NR), except for SDf all the others treatments had values higher than 0.76. This result suggests floristic heterogeneity, without ecological dominance in the plant community. Overall, active restoration had important implications for the forest restoration where natural regeneration is limited.
Woven Bracelet Training with Economic Value in LPK Children TK II Pontianak
Authors: Fitriani Diana
Published: February 2021

Every human being has the possibility to make mistakes, but each human being also has the opportunity to change to be better. The assisted children in LPKA TK II Pontianak are an example of how many criminal incidents involving underage children. The mistakes made are not purely their faults. The role of parents and society should be the key to the increasingly widespread crime among children. Based on this understanding, training is the best contribution to saving their future and will be able to work. An economical woven bracelet training is considered appropriate because it does not require large capital to start a business. The training activities are summarized in the Tri Dharma of Higher Education activities, namely community service. The results of this training are knowledge of the process of weaving bracelets starting from preparing materials for every one-time production then the main process until the bracelets are packaged and ready to be marketed. This briefing aims to enrich the repertoire of the skills of fostered children so that if one day they leave the institution, they have the desire and capital to continue to live with positive activities