bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient one-pot, four-component synthesis of N,N-dibenzyl-N-{1-[5-(3-aryl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]cyclobutyl}amine derivatives from the reaction of (isocyanoimino)triphenylphosphorane, dibenzylamine, an aromatic carboxylic acid and cyclobutanone
Authors: Shajari Nahid , Kazemizadeh Reza , Ramazani Ali
Published: March 2012

Four-component reaction of cyclobutanone, dibenzylamine and (Nisocyanimino)
triphenylphosphorane in the presence of aromatic carboxylic acids proceed
smoothly at room temperature and under neutral conditions to afford
N,N-dibenzyl-N-{1-[5-(3-aryl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]cyclobutyl}amine
derivatives in high yields.
Vapour pressures and vapour-liquid equilibria of propyl acetate and isobutyl acetate with ethanol or 2-propanol at 0.15 MPa. Binary systems
Authors: Susial Pedro , Rodríguez-Henríquez José , Apolinario José , Castillo Victor , Estupiñan Esteban
Published: March 2012

Vapour pressures of propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and 2-propanol from
0.004 to 1.6 MPa absolute pressure and VLE data for the binary systems propyl
acetate+ethanol, propyl acetate+2-propanol, isobutyl acetate+ethanol and
isobutyl acetate+2-propanol at 0.15 MPa have been determined. The
experimental VLE data were verified with the test of van Ness and the
Fredenslund criterion. The propyl acetate+ethanol or +2-propanol binary
systems have an azeotropic point at 0.15 MPa. The different versions of the
UNIFAC and ASOG group contribution models were applied.
Hemorrhagic complications of thrombolytic therapy
Authors: Vujkovic Zoran , Racic Dusko , Miljkovic Sinisa , Djajic Vlado
Published: March 2012

Stroke is the most frequent neurological disorder, and the most common cause
of severe disability compared to other diseases. Recombinant tissue
plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only approved specific therapy for acute
ischemic stroke. Hemorrhage is a significant complication of thrombolytic
treatment. This study, which included a hundred patients (52 male and 48
female), was aimed at assessing the safety according to our experience with
100 thrombolytic treatments for stroke. The death rate related to hemorrhage
after thrombolysis was 3%. The frequency of hemorrhagic events (hemorrhagic
infarctions type 1 and 2, parenchymal hematomas type 1 and 2) was 16%. The
study results have shown that the intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen
activator (rt-PA) therapy is safe.
Costs of anesthetics and other drugs in anesthesia
Authors: Majstorovic Branislava , Kastratovic Dragana , Milakovic Branko , Markovic Srdjan , Mijajlovic Milos , Vucovic Dragan
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Drugs are real and transparent costs of treatment, which are
subject to constant monitoring and changes. The study was aimed at measuring
and analyzing consumption of anesthetics and other drugs in anesthesia in the
Clinical Centre of Serbia. Material and Methods. This paper is part of a
five-year (2005-2009), academic, pharmacoeconomic retrospective-prospective
study (the 4th phase). We calculated the costs of anesthetics and other drugs
in all anesthetized patients at the Institute of Anesthesia and Reanimation,
Clinical Center of Serbia in 2006. The data, obtained from the Clinical
Centre of Serbia Database, were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods
using computer program Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and the Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows. Results. The amount of
money spent for the application of 33,187 general and 16,394 local anesthesia
and 20,614 anesthesiology procedures was 83,322,046.36 RSD (Euros
1,054,705.4), which was 5.93% of the funds allocated for all drugs used at
the Clinical Center of Serbia. Of the total fund for drugs, 57.8% was spent
for anesthetics (local anesthetics 1.2%) and muscle relaxants, whereas 42.2%
was spent for other drugs in anesthesia. The highest amount was spent at the
Emergency Center (35.8%), then at the Cardio-surgery (11.9%) and the
Neurosurgery (10.9%) because of the large number and length of surgical
interventions. Conclusion. There is no space for rationalizing the costs of
anesthetics and other drugs in anesthesia.
Hierarchy of evidence in interpretation of clinical significance of drug interactions
Authors: Nikolic Bozana , Savic Miroslav
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Since drug interactions may result in serious adverse effects
or failure of therapy, it is of huge importance that health professionals
base their decisions about drug prescription, dispensing and administration
on reliable research evidence, taking into account the hierarchy of data
sources for evaluation. Clinical Significance of Potential Interactions -
Information Sources. The sources of data regarding drug interactions are
numerous, beginning with various drug reference books. However, they are far
from uniformity in the way of choosing and presenting putative clinically
relevant interactions. Clinical Significance of Potential Interactions -
Interpretation of Information. The difficulties in interpretation of drug
interactions are illustrated through the analysis of a published example
involving assessment made by two different groups of health professionals.
Systematic Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interaction. The potential for
interactions is mainly investigated before marketing a drug. Generally, the
in vitro, followed by in vivo studies are to be performed. The major
metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of a new molecular entity, as
well as the potential of induction of human enzymes involved in drug
metabolism are to be examined. In the field of interaction research it is
possible to make use of the population pharmacokinetic studies as well as of
the pharmacodynamic assessment, and also the postregistration monitoring of
the reported adverse reactions and other literature data. Conclusion. In
vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and transport studies should be conducted
to elucidate the mechanisms and potential for drug-drug interactions. The
assessment of their clinical significance should be based on well-defined and
validated exposure-response data.
Acute pancreatitis in children
Authors: Jokic Radoica , Milosevic Pavle
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Acute pancreatitis in children is mostly due to abdominal
trauma, diseases or congenital anomalies of the biliary-pancreatic tree. Both
exogenous and endogenous functions of the gland could be disturbed by various
levels of damage. Clinical Finding and Diagnostics. Acute abdominal pain,
gastrointestinal signs and general deterioration are the main clinical
findings. The examination can be completed by blood and urine tests of
amylase, electrolytes level, and the C-reactive protein. In addition to these
tests, ultrasound, computed tomography and endoscopy are required as well.
Therapeutic Methods. The therapy of choice is non-operative treatment using
medicaments to control the pain, decrease the pancreatic activity and prevent
further complications. If the conservative treatment fails, the surgical
approach is necessary: drainage, resections, by-pass procedures, etc.
Conclusion. Acute pancreatitis is a very serious disease in childhood.
Clinical experience and rational approach are very important in the
diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
Does an undervalued currency merit economic growth?: Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Yan Ho-Don , Yang Cheng-Lang
Published: March 2012

Whether an undervalued currency is an attainable industrial policy for
developing countries? sustained development has recently invoked many
discussions. This paper studies the case of Taiwan after first determining
the misalignment of Taiwan?s currency by estimating the fundamental
equilibrium real exchange rate. Three sub-periods for Taiwan?s currency
exchange rate misalignment are identified: undervaluation in the periods
1981-1986 and 1998- 2008 and overvaluation during 1987-1997. Second, we use a
vector autoregression (VAR) model to examine the Granger causality between
exchange rate misalignment and GDP, by incorporating export and investment
variables. The evidence shows that exchange rate misalignment does Granger
cause GDP and it mainly comes from the third sub-period when the Taiwan
dollar was undervalued. From past experience and the current economic
doldrums of the last resort of global exports - the United States - currency
undervaluation is not a validated strategy upon which emerging markets can
wishfully impinge.
An analysis of exchange rate risk exposure related to the public debt portfolio of Tunisia: Beyond VaR approach
Authors: Omrane Samia
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study is to assess the exchange rate risk associated with the
Tunisian public debt portfolio through Value-at-Risk (VaR) methodology. We
use daily spot exchange rates of the Tunisian dinar against the three main
debt currencies, the dollar, the euro and the yen. Our period of interest is
from 02/01/2004 to 31/12/2008. Thetas and Marginal VaR analysis reveal that
Japanese yen is the most risky currency constituting the Tunisian public
debt portfolio. American dollar appears as a source of risk for the Tunisian
external debt but remains less risky than the yen, while, the euro
constitutes a hedge currency for exchange risk management associated with
the Tunisian public debt portfolio.
Religious capital and religious rewards: A study in the economics of religious life
Authors: Flere Sergej
Published: March 2012

Religious life is studied by way suggested by the rational choice theory and
the religious capital theory. The basic contentions of the theory on the
nature of religious life having to do with an exchange upon a religious
market, by firms offering compensators and rewards, and consumers, is
considered. In the empirical analysis, it was validated that the independent
(religious capital) and dependent (religious rewards of two types) were
empirically separate constructs. Cross-sectional analysis of survey data
indicated a very strong association between religious capital and
institutional and ritual experience rewards within religious life, at a
cross-cultural analysis, including Bosnian Muslims, Serbian Orthodox,
Slovenian Catholics and US Protestants. The association was confirmed as
robust at regression inspection with religious socialization. This extends
further support for the empirical validity these novel theories of religious
life and extensions of economic analysis into religious life.
Complications after angiogram-negative subarachnoid haemorrhage: Comparative study of pretruncal and nonpretruncal hemorrhage patients
Authors: Kostic Aleksandar , Stojanov Dragan , Stefanovic Ivan , Novak Vesna , Kostic Emina , Benedeto-Stojanov Daniela , Veselinovic Dragan
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Subarachnoid haemorrhages (SAH) of unknown aetiology usually
have a mild clinical presentation, favourable outcome and low complication
rate. Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the complications in
two forms of angiogram-negative spontaneous SAH: pretruncal (PNSAH) and
nonpretruncal (NPNSAH). Methods. The study group involved 18 patients with
PNSAH and 16 patients with NPNSAH. CT scan was done within 72 hours from
bleeding. All patients underwent four-vessel cerebral angiography. Repeat
angiography was performed in five PNSAH and all NPNSAH patients. Results.
Twenty-nine patients were in grade I or II of the Hunt-Hess Scale (17 PNSAH
and 12 NPNSAH). There was one case of rebleeding (NPNSAH patient), 10 cases
of transient acute hydrocephalus (4 PNSAH and 6 NPNSAH). Cerebral vasospasm
visualized by angiographies in two NPNSAH patients was local and mild, but
was not found in PNSAH patients. Acute electrocardiography changes were found
in 19 patients (significantly more frequently in NPNSAH than in PNSAH, 12 and
7 patients, respectively; p=0.037). Conclusion. Cardiac problems following
these types of SAH are more frequent than expected, and therefore cardiac
monitoring is necessary.
Effects of diazepam and levodopa single doses on motor cortex plasticity modulation in healthy human subjects: A TMS study
Authors: Ilic Nela , Petronic Ivana , Grajic Mirko , Ilic Tihomir
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Administration of pharmacological agents with specific actions
on neurotransmitter systems is a powerful driver of functional cortical
reorganization. Plastic reorganization of the motor cortex in humans studies
by the use of non-invasive stimulation protocols, which mimic the Hebbian
model of associative plasticity. Objective. Aiming to explore pharmacological
modulation on human motor cortex plasticity, we tested healthy subjects after
each dosage of diazepam, levodopa i placebo administration, using paired
associative stimulation protocol (PAS) that induce fenomena similar to a
long-term potentiation and depression, as defined on the synaptic level.
Methods. We analyzed effects of benzodiazepines (10 mg), levodopa (200 mg)
and placebo on PAS protocol in 14 healthy volunteers, using a double-blind
placebo-controlled study design. PAS consisted of electrical stimuli pairs at
n.medianus and magnetic pulses over the scalp (transcranial magnetic
stimulation) in precisely defined intervals (ISI was 10 and 25 ms) for a
total of about 15 minutes (200 pairs). MEP amplitudes before and after (0,
10, 20 and 30 minutes later) interventional protocols were compared. Results.
When protocols were applied with placebo depending on ISI (10 ms -
inhibitory, 25 ms - facilitatory effects), MEP amplitudes decreased or
increased, while values in the postinterventional period (0, 10, 20 and 30
min) were compared with initial values before the use of SAS. The use of
benzodiazepines caused the occlusion of LTP-like effect, in contrast to
amplification effects recorded after the administration of levodopa. With
respect to the LTD-like protocol, the reverse was true (ANOVA for repeat
measurements p<0.001). Conclusion. Administration of GABA-ergic agonist
diazepam interferes with the induction of associative plasticity in the motor
cortex of healthy individuals, as opposed to the use of levodopa, which
stimulates these processes. The observed effects point at a potential role of
pharmacological modulation of plasticity in humans.
Infected tibial nonunions: Treatment by the Ilizarov method - multicentric study
Authors: Vukasinovic Zoran , Spasovski Dusko , Vucetic Cedomir , Jovanovic Vesna , Seslija Igor , Zivkovic Zorica
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Associated bone tissue defect and infection, commonly result in
non-healing, i.e. by the development of infected tibial nonunion. Objective.
The aim of the paper was to present experiences acquired in the treatment of
this problem by the application of the Ilizarov method. Methods. The analyses
enrolled 16 patients diagnosed with infected tibial nonunion. The Ilizarov
method was used in all the patients, of type bilocal synchronous
compressive-distractive or bilocal alternating compressive-distractive. Bone
and functional results were classified as excellent, good, fair and poor.
Total follow-up period of the patients was 48.77?41.57 months on the average.
Results. Fifteen (93.75%) cases of nonunions were successfully healed.
According to the laboratory findings of inflammation, the same patients were
also successfully treated for local infection. The inequality of the lower
limbs was also resolved by new bone formation of average length of 5.75?3.29
cm. Poor result was verified in one (6.25%) patient only. The patient
satisfaction was scored 3.73?1.33 and physician?s satisfaction 4.33?1.11.
Conclusion. The Ilizarov method with bone transport, because of being capable
to solve simultaneously a local infection and tibial malalignement, and by
substituting bone and soft tissue defects, thus enabling healing of until
then unhealed bone, has shown as the best method in the treatment of this
complex problem, infected tibial nonunions.
Dysfunctionality of the primary family as a supportive factor for the development of polytoxicomany in young people
Authors: Nenadovic Milutin , Sapic Rosa , Nenadovic Nenad
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Dependent behavior represents a strong homeostasis of the
family of an addict. Objective. The aim of our research is to record and
explore irregularities during the addicts? growth, as well as the specific
type of family relations in the addicts? family. Methods. For research
purposes a general questionnaire was used on growth and development, and
GRADIR questionnaire on the assessment of family relationships. Results. Our
results indicate that delinquent behavior is often found with the addicts
before the occurrence of abuse. A significant dysfunctional family of addicts
was detected. Families with an addict were not substantially damaged or
altered in terms of emotional exchange, but in their structure that enhanced
dysfunction leading to addictive behavior. Conclusion. Emotional investments
without control, prohibitions and penalties, contribute to a lack of
consciousness that disturbs the process of socialization. Due to the apparent
control and the apparent support, the addicts do not have structured
organization and socialization. Emotional stimuli without obligation for
polytoxicomanes to maintain a reciprocal relationship with their parents
influence the parental support of egoistic style of behavior.
The association of demographic and socioeconomic determinants and self-perceived health
Authors: Jankovic Janko , Simic Snezana
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Inequalities in health are evident in the whole world and
present an important and consistent public health issue. The highest
contribution to the inequality in heath is attributable to the demographic
and socioeconomic determinants of health. Objective. The aim of this study
was to analyze the association between the demographic (gender, age, marital
status and type of settlement) and socioeconomic determinants of health
(education and Wealth Index), and self-perceived health. Methods. In the
study the data from 2006 National Health Survey of the population of Serbia
were used. The interview involved 14,522 adults aged ?20 years. The
association between the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of health
as independent variables, and self-perceived health as dependent variable
were examined using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.
The minimum level of significance was p<0.05. Results. According to our
study, the elderly and females significantly more often perceived their
health as poor. Respondents living in rural settings were less likely to
perceive their health as poor compared to those living in urban settings
(odds ratio was 0.82 in males and 0.75 in females). Males with low education
were three times more likely to perceive their health as poor (odds ratio was
3.46) in relation to males with high education. This association was more
pronounced in females (odds ratio was 5.37). The same pattern was observed
for Wealth Index. Conclusion. This study showed that demographic and
socioeconomic inequalities in self-perceived health are present in Serbia.
Comprehensive public health policies and interventions for reducing these
inequalities are urgently needed with the primarily focus on the most
disadvantaged socioeconomic groups.
Intraabdominal abscessus of unknown etiology
Authors: Colovic Radoje , Grubor Nikica , Latincic Stojan , Colovic Natasa
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Intraabdominal abscesses are in 98-99% cases the result of
secondary and only in 1-2% of primary peritonitis. They are easy and
successfully diagnosed. Abdominal abscesses of unknown cause are extremely
rare. Case Outline. The authors present a 68-year-old man, without
significant data in past history, who suddenly developed epigastric pain,
nausea, vomiting and leukocytosis which was treated with antibiotics
resulting in the alleviation of complaints and reduction of white blood cells
count. After five days ultrasonography showed incapsulated collection of
dense fluid in the epigastrium confirmed by CT scan two days later. Upper
endoscopy excluded ulcer and/or perforation of the stomach and duodenum.
Under local anesthesia, through the upper part of the left rectal muscle,
puncture followed by incision was done, and about 50 ml of dense pus was
removed. Finger exploration of the cavity showed no foreign body within the
cavity. Using drainage, the recovery was quick and uneventful. By
preoperative and postoperative abdominal investigations no cause of the
abscess was found. Two and a half years after surgery the patient remained
symptom-free with normal clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings.
Conclusion. The authors presented an intraabdominal abscess of unknown cause
that was successfully treated with antibiotics, percutaneous puncture and
drainage under local anaesthesia. In spite of all diagnostic methods the
cause of the abscess could not be found. Thus, such a possibility, although
being rare, should be taken into account.
Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in prenatal diagnosis of tumour of the foetal head and neck
Authors: Novakov-Mikic Aleksandra , Koprivsek Katarina , Lucic Milos , Stojic Sinisa
Published: March 2012

Introduction. Foetal tumours are relatively rare; prenatal diagnosis enables
additional diagnostics, and thus the decision on the continuation of
pregnancy and planning of delivery. The paper presents prenatal ultrasound
diagnostics of foetal head tumour with additionally analyzed magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI). Case Outline. On ultrasound imaging, in a 27-year
old nullipara, a tumour of the foetal head was suspected at the 22nd
gestational week. By consultative ultrasound, a 45x41x50 mm echogenic soft
tissue tumour with hypoechogenic areas was confirmed, which originated from
the left side of the skull spreading towards the neck on the left behind the
ear. On colour Doppler no vascularisation was seen within the tumour but
several vessels were seen along the border-line and on the surface. The scan
showed no associated abnormalities. Karyotype was 46, XY. MRI scan using
triplanar SSFSE and HASTE sequences was done at 26 weeks and confirmed a
84C45C71 mm tumour originating from the scalp, spreading along the
endocranium over the entire surface of the fronto-temporal sqama and left
parietal bone. The tumour did not disturb the integrity of the internal
tabula, and did not spread intracranially. Based on these findings, the
diagnosis of haemangioma was made. At 38 weeks gestation, a 3810 g male
infant was delivered by Caesarean section. A bluish, well-defined,
non-pulsatile tumour arising from the left frontoparietal region was seen,
thus confirming the diagnosis of haemangioma. Conclusion. MRI improved
delineation of the tumour facilitating better planning of postnatal
management and mode of delivery, with the information on the postnatal course
and prognosis. In the prenatal period, MRI following an ultrasound diagnosed
foetal tumour, is an additional part of diagnostic examinations, and is not
contraindicated during pregnancy.
Implementation of visitor pattern in processing a syntax tree in Qlab project
Authors: Djenic Aleksandar , Maric Miroslav , Mladenovic Marko , Bozovic Srdjan , Netkovic Milos
Published: March 2012

Qlab is an open-source project that supports various mathematical
calculations, specialized for academic use. It has been developed at the
Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade, and is supported by Microsoft
Serbia. In this paper we present some of Qlab?s successfully implemented core
solutions. More precisely, in our approach we use a specialized Visitor
pattern to optimize the management of syntax tree commands that our parser
sends to our engine. This allows the processing of a larger scale of tree
implementation using the Visitor interface.
Streamlines based visualization of air flow in clouds
Authors: Kovacevic Marko , Mihajlovic Vladan , Rancic Dejan
Published: March 2012

The most important functionality of the hail suppression information system
in Serbia is to enable timely and reliable detection of the formation of
hail-containing clouds. Improvement of this functionality can be achieved by
adequate visualization of air flow (wind) inside the cloud system. This was
the motivation for implementing a 2D steady vector field visualization
method, based on the streamlines method. The choice of this method is
dictated by the requirements for the given appliance: efficiency (a crucial
requirement in hail suppression systems), generality of use, an accurate and
easily understandable display. By implementing algorithms for streamlines
seeding strategy and streamlines points distance control, the infinite loop
problem that occurs due to the existence of field vortices is eliminated and
evenly spaced streamlines are obtained. For analyzing the influence of the
implemented method?s parameters on performance and image quality, a framework
for visualization is developed. The implemented method is successfully
applied for visualization of data obtained from meteorological radars.
Space vector representation of induction motor model in field weakening regime
Authors: Matic Petar , Rakic Aleksandar , Vukosavic Slobodan
Published: March 2012

In this paper a space vector model of an induction motor in a field weakening
regime is detailed. Stator and rotor flux space vector trajectories are
shown in a complex plane for the case when the machine is supplied by
limited voltage.
A methodology for testing complex professional electronic systems
Authors: Paunovic Nemanja , Kovacevic Jelena , Resetar Ivan
Published: March 2012

This paper presents a testing methodology for complex professional electronic
systems, based on automation and black box testing, divided into 4 testing
phases. The goal is full automation of the testing process, making the
process of testing as reliable as possible, and cutting testing time and
human interference to a minimum. Testing is performed during production, with
an emphasis on the functionality of the device. All verifications must be
executed before the device is launched on the market.
Microtubule as nanobioelectronic nonlinear circuit
Authors: Sekulic Dalibor , Sataric Miljko
Published: March 2012

In recent years, the use of biological molecules has offered exciting
alternatives to conventional synthetic methods. Specific methods use various
biological templates to direct the deposition and patterning of inorganic
materials. Here we have established a new electrical model of microtubules as
a biological nanoscale circuit based on polyelectrolyte features of
cylindrical biopolymers. Our working hypothesis is that microtubules play an
active role in sub-cellular computation and signaling via electronic and
protonic conductivity and can thus be made useful in hybrid materials that
offer novel electronic characteristics. We verify these hypotheses both
computationally and analytically through a quantitative model based on the
atomic resolution structures of the key functional proteins.
Pharmacodynamic Considerations for Moderate and Deep Sedation
Authors: Becker Daniel E.
Published: March 2012

Moderate and deep sedation can be provided using various classes of drugs, each having unique mechanisms of action. While drugs within a given classification share similar mechanisms and effects, certain classes demonstrate superior efficacy but added concern regarding safety. This continuing education article will highlight essential principles of pharmacodynamics and apply these to drugs commonly used to produce moderate and deep sedation.
The Use of Office-Based Sedation and General Anesthesia by Board Certified Pediatric Dentists Practicing in the United States
Authors: Olabi Nassim F. , Jones James E. , Saxen Mark A. , Sanders Brian J. , Walker LaQuia A. , Weddell James A. , Schrader Stuart M. , Tomlin Angela M.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study is to explore the use of office-based sedation by board-certified pediatric dentists practicing in the United States. Pediatric dentists have traditionally relied upon self-administered sedation techniques to provide office-based sedation. The use of dentist anesthesiologists to provide office-based sedation is an emerging trend. This study examines and compares these two models of office-based sedations. A survey evaluating office-based sedation of diplomates of the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry (ABPD) based on gender, age, years in practice, practice types, regions, and years as a diplomate of the ABPD was completed by 494 active members. The results were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Relationships of dentist age, gender, and number of years in practice with the use of intravenous (IV) sedation was completed using two-way contingency tables and Mantel-Haenszel tests for ordered categorical data. Relationships of office-based sedation use and the type of one's practice were examined using Pearson chi-square tests. Of the 1917 surveys e-mailed, 494 completed the survey for a response rate of 26%. Over 70% of board-certified US pediatric dentists use some form of sedation in their offices. Less than 20% administer IV sedation, 20 to 40% use a dentist anesthesiologist, and 60 to 70% would use dentist anesthesiologists if one were available.
Contact integrable extensions and differential coverings for the generalized (2 + 1)-dimensional dispersionless Dym equation
Authors: Morozov Oleg
Published: March 2012

The method of contact integrable extensions is used to find new differential coverings for the generalized (2 + 1)-dimensional dispersionless Dym equation and corresponding Bäcklund transformations.
New semi-Hamiltonian hierarchy related to integrable magnetic flows on surfaces
Authors: Bialy Misha , Mironov Andrey
Published: March 2012

We consider magnetic geodesic flows on the two-torus. We prove that the question of existence of polynomial in momenta first integrals on one energy level leads to a semi-Hamiltonian system of quasi-linear equations, i.e. in the hyperbolic regions the system has Riemann invariants and can be written in conservation laws form.
21st-century humanities: Art, complexity, and interdisciplinarity
Authors: Youngman Paul
Published: March 2012

This article contends that the evolution toward interdisciplinary collaboration that we are witnessing in the sciences must also occur in the humanities to ensure their very survival. That is, humanists must be open to working with scientists and social scientists interested in similar research questions and vice versa. Digital humanities is a positive first step. Complexity science should be the next step. Even though much of the ground-breaking work in complexity science has been done in the natural sciences and mathematics, it can, if critically adapted, provide the needed metaphor for a broad integration of disciplines, humanistic and otherwise. Given its almost a-disciplinary nature, a complexity approach to the research problems in the humanities necessarily breaks down silos. Moreover, it can restore and reframe the seamless intellectual fabric sought by researchers before the atomization of the various disciplines in the nineteenthcentury academy.
A Meinongian minefield? The dangerous implications of nonexistent objects
Authors: Swanson Carolyn
Published: March 2012

Alexius Meinong advocated a bold new theory of nonexistent objects, where we could gain knowledge and assert true claims of things that did not exist. While the theory has merit in interpreting sentences and solving puzzles, it unfortunately paves the way for contradictions. As Bertrand Russell argued, impossible objects, such as the round square, would have conflicting properties. Meinong and his proponents had a solution to that charge, posing genuine and non-genuine versions of the Law of Non-Contradiction. No doubt, they had a clever response, but it may not adequately address Russell’s concern. Moreover, as I argue, genuine contradictions are inherent to the set of all nonexistent objects. And such contradictions lead to even further absurdities, for example, that nonexistent objects have and lack every property. Unfortunately, such implications of the theory make it too treacherous to adopt.
Conspicuous consumption in postwar Japan: The case of a rite of passage
Authors: Papp Melinda
Published: March 2012

This paper focuses on a specific aspect of a Japanese rite of passage called Shichigosan. Although its origins go back to premodern Japan, its contemporary pattern truly reflects the modern living conditions of the Japanese. Today the ritual is one of the most popular family celebrations. Commercialization has significantly influenced the pattern of celebration in the postwar period and as a result, consumption practices have become inherent parts of the ritual. The paper examines this development from a historical perspective. Furthermore, it discusses the process through which consumption practices contribute to the event’s significance, not diminishing but rather enhancing its importance in the observers’ eyes. Conspicuous consumption thus becomes a creative two-directional process, one which is sustained by families’ aspirations and desires, and one which is informed by forces emanating from the commercial sector and from the media.
Transactional sex and the ‘aristo’ phenomenon in Nigerian universities
Authors: Tade Oludayo , Adekoya Adeshewa
Published: March 2012

‘Aristocratic’ transactional relationships are widespread in Nigerian universities. Nigerian cultures positively sanction repressive sexual activities among single unmarried adolescents until the wedding night. Modernity has confronted this cultural prescription, as youths, particularly girls, engage in transactional exchange in different contexts. However, the literature on transactional sex in the ivory towers is not rich enough on client recruitment and management among female undergraduates in Nigeria. This study utilised in-depth interviews to collect data from 30 purposively selected female undergraduates. Findings show that the prostitution label is substituted for ‘runs-girls’, as a distinct social category. Clients are recruited on and off campus through mastery of routine activities of ‘aristocrats’ on campus, connection and referrals. The ‘aristos’ include wealthy postgraduate students, politicians, business men, and military personnel, among others. The sex work is undertaken on and off campus, in hotels or in the private residences of ‘runs-girls’. ‘Aristocratic’ transactional sex is sustained by erotic capital, including dexterous bed skills, such as sucking and romance. Luxury possessions, such as cars, BlackBerry phones and social security (job placement) after school life are the perceived derivable benefits of the erotic association. Provision of part-time jobs for vulnerable students could positively reduce transactional sex in ivory towers.
Symbols of harm, literacies of hope
Authors: Fox Roy
Published: March 2012

The author argues that our best hope for addressing world problems (from climate change to violence, to poverty) is to teach critical thinking through the study of language and all symbol systems. This means removing disciplinary boundaries so that we can focus more effectively on solving common problems. Human survival also depends upon our critical analysis of electronic media and our wise uses of technology. Critical thinking via all symbol systems is more likely to generate humane actions. Therefore, education—not governments or armies or institutions or private corporations—is our best hope.
Groundwater resources of Uzbekistan: an environmental and operational overview
Authors: Rakhmatullaev Shavkat , Huneau Frédéric , Kazbekov Jusipbek , Celle-Jeanton Hélène , Motelica-Heino Mikael , Coustumer Philippe , Jumanov Jamoljon
Published: March 2012

As a result of the massive irrigation development during the Soviet Union era and intensive chemization of agriculture, the surface runoff quality has been degraded in this arid and endorheic region. Moreover hydraulically related groundwater has also been affected. Excessive irrigation has lead to land salinization, which now threatens the soil quality of significant areas where crop yields would be at risk in the future. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, institutional changes have been undertaken for the management of natural resources and water infrastructure. At present, underdeveloped and inadequate systems have been practiced with respect to groundwater use and management. This paper analyzes the present extent of groundwater resources with consideration to their reserves, quality evolution, and to technical, institutional and transboundary management practices in Uzbekistan.
One-step fabrication of polymer components for microphotonics by gray scale electron beam lithography
Authors: Dong L. , Popov S. , Friberg A.T.
Published: March 2012

We demonstrate an application of gray scale electron beam lithography (EBL) for the fabrication of polymer waveguides and grating output couplers with depth variable features, using the SU-8 resist. The technique is mainly applicable for multi-level binary profile, where groove depths of the structure are controlled by choosing a proper exposure dose. Unlike reactive ion etching which is limited by the lag effect, the gray scale EBL allows free combination of groove widths and depths. Shrinking effect which is critical in polymer couplers' writing is taken into account and can be compensated. For better fabrication feasibility, the grating couplers can be simultaneously produced with waveguides with no inter-step alignment required. Therefore, this is a promising technique in manufacturing grating output couplers for polymer based waveguides with high performance in terms of mode matching/confinement and coupling efficiency.
Dating the Mapungubwe Hill Gold
Authors: Woodborne Stephan , Pienaar Marc , Tiley-Nel Sian
Published: March 2012

This paper presents direct dating evidence for the manufacture of some of the gold artefacts from the Iron Age archaeological site of Mapungubwe Hill (South Africa). The results confirm that the artefacts are contemporaneous with the occupation of the site and are the product of a mature indigenous metalworking tradition. The Mapungubwe Hill gold artefacts were manufactured at a time when a substantial reorganisation of society led to the separation of royals and commoners and a change in the role of cattle as a form of wealth. These changes are clearly manifest in the use of gold. Whereas gold had previously been traded with the East coast, it became symbolic of power, wealth and status at Mapungubwe Hill.
Social Aspects of Suicidal Behavior and Prevention in Early Life: A Review
Authors: Amitai Maya , Apter Alan
Published: March 2012

Purpose: The present review summarizes the updated literature on the social aspects of suicidal behavior and prevention in adolescents. Recent findings: The predictive role of psychiatric disorders and past history are well recognized in adolescent suicide, but the role of social and cultural factors is less clear. Studies have focused on the importance of ethnicity, gender, family characteristics, and socioeconomic status. More recently, attention has been addressed to broader social risk factors, such as bullying in adolescents, suicide contagion, sexual orientation, and the popular media. Further empirical evidence is needed to advance our understanding of suicidal youth, develop better assessment tools, and formulate effective prevention and treatment programs. Summary: Suicidal behavior remains an important clinical problem and major cause of death in youth. Social factors may be at least as important as genetics. Advancing our understanding of underlying cultural and sociological issues in youth suicide will help clinicians achieve more efficient prediction, prevention and treatment.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of a 3'-Azido Analogue of Doxorubicin Against Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells
Authors: Yu Shuwen , Zhang Guisheng , Zhang Wenpeng , Luo Huanhua , Qiu Liyun , Liu Qingfeng , Sun Duxin , Wang Peng-George , Wang Fengshan
Published: March 2012

Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antibiotic, is one of the most active anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. The clinical use of DOX, however, is limited by the dose-dependant P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated resistance. Herein, a 3′-azido analogue of DOX (ADOX) was prepared from daunorubicin (DNR). ADOX exhibited potent antitumor activities in drug-sensitive (MCF-7 and K562) and drug-resistant cell lines (MCF-7/DNR, K562/DOX), respectively. The drug resistance index (DRI) values of ADOX were much lower than that of DOX. The cytotoxicity experiments of ADOX or DOX against K562/DOX, with or without P-gp inhibitor, indicated that ADOX circumvents resistance by abolishing the P-gp recognition. This conclusion was further supported by drug influx/efflux flow cytometry experiments, as well as by molecular docking of ADOX to P-gp. In vivo animal tests, ADOX exhibited higher activity and less toxicity than DOX. The current data warranted ADOX for additional pre-clinical evaluations for new drug development.
Experimental Models for Investigating Intra-Stromal Migration of Corneal Keratocytes, Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts
Authors: Petroll Walter Matthew , Lakshman Neema , Ma Lisha
Published: March 2012

Following laser vision correction, corneal keratocytes must repopulate areas of cell loss by migrating through the intact corneal stroma, and this can impact corneal shape and transparency. In this study, we evaluate 3D culture models for simulating this process in vitro. Buttons (8 mm diameter) were first punched out of keratocyte populated compressed collagen matrices, exposed to a 3 mm diameter freeze injury, and cultured in serum-free media (basal media) or media supplemented with 10% FBS, TGFb1 or PDGF BB. Following freeze injury, a region of cell death was observed in the center of the constructs. Although cells readily migrated on top of the matrices to cover the wound area, a limited amount of cell migration was observed within the constructs. We next developed a novel “sandwich” model, which better mimics the native lamellar architecture of the cornea. Using this model, significant migration was observed under all conditions studied. In both models, cells in TGFb and 10% FBS developed stress fibers; whereas cells in PDGF were more dendritic. PDGF stimulated the most inter-lamellar migration in the sandwich construct. Overall, these models provide insights into the complex interplay between growth factors, cell mechanical phenotypes and the structural properties of the ECM.
Terpenoids as Potential Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutics
Authors: Yoo Ki-Yeol , Park So-Young
Published: March 2012

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most well-known neurodegenerative diseases and explains 50–60% of dementia in patients. The prevalence rate of AD is positively correlated with age and AD affects ≥ 40% of those over 85 years old. The major AD therapeutics available on the market are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as tacrine and donepezil. New therapeutic agents that can block the disease-inducing mechanisms are essential. Diverse efforts have been made to discover anti-AD agents from natural sources. In this review article, we describe some representative terpenoids such as ginsenosides, gingkolides, and canabinoids as potential anti-AD agents. These compounds exhibit promising in vitro and in vivo biological activities, but are still waiting clinical trials. Additionally, we also discuss some terpenoids including cornel iridoid glycoside, oleanolic acid, tenuifolin, cryptotanshinone, and ursolic acid, which are under investigation for their in vitro and in vivo animal studies.
A New Norisoprenoid and Other Compounds from Fuzhuan Brick Tea
Authors: Luo Zhen-Mei , Ling Tie-Jun , Li Li-Xiang , Zhang Zheng-Zhu , Zhu Hong-Tao , Zhang Ying-Jun , Wan Xiao-Chun
Published: March 2012

Fuzhuan brick tea, a kind of dark tea consumed mainly in the border regions of Southwestern and Northwestern China since the 1860s, is produced from the leaves of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis by microbial fermentation. From this special fermented tea, a new norisoprenoid, 3R,9R-oxido-5-megastigmene, was isolated, together with α-linolenic acid, strictin, isovitexin, astragalin, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin gallate, (+)-gallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and gallic acid. The structures of the compounds were identified by spectroscopic means. The new compound didn’t show any inhibition activity against the tested enteric pathogenic microorganisms at a concentration of 800 μg/mL by the hole plate diffusion method.
Psychosocial Status of Children with Auditory Processing Disorder
Authors: Kreisman Nicole V. , John Andrew B. , Kreisman Brian M. , Hall James W. , Crandell Carl C.
Published: March 2012

Background:Children with hearing loss often exhibit reduced psychosocial status compared to children with normal hearing. It is reasonable to assume that psychosocial function may also be affected in children diagnosed with auditory processing disorder (APD). However, there are
no published studies specifically addressing the psychosocial health of children with APD.Purpose:This investigation examined relationships between APD and psychosocial status, with an aim to examine nonauditory factors that may influence quality of life of children diagnosed with APD.Research
Design:A two-matched group design was employed. Participants and their mothers completed appropriate versions of the Dartmouth Primary Care Cooperative Information Project Charts for Adolescents (COOP-A), the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2), and the Social
Skills Rating System (SSRS).Study Sample:Participants consisted of 19 children (aged 9.5‐17.8 yr; mean = 11.9) diagnosed with APD and 20 gender- and age-matched (mean = 12.8 yr) children with no evidence of APD by history or audiological assessment. Primary caretakers (mothers)
of the participants also completed psychosocial questionnaires according to their perception of their participating child's function.Data Collection and Analysis:Data were collected at a single visit, following APD diagnosis. Data from each questionnaire were analyzed using appropriate
statistical methods for two-group comparisons.Results:Analysis of child reports revealed significantly greater psychosocial difficulty in the APD group on subscales of the COOP-A and BASC-2. Increased problems in the APD group were also reported by parents on subscales of the COOP-A,
BASC-2, and SSRS. Eta-squared values for all significant findings indicated moderate to large effect sizes, suggesting findings may be generalized to other children in this age group. No between-group differences were found on any subscale for APD children with or without a confirmed or suspected
language disorder.Conclusion:We found that children with APD exhibit increased psychosocial difficulty in several areas compared to children without APD.