bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To study the views of doctors on heavy metal poisoning in Mumbai.
Authors: Dongre Suryabhan Shriram , Thorat Vidhyashree
Published: April 2021

Aims and objectives: To study the views of Doctors on heavy metal poisoning in Mumbai      Material and methods: Heavy metals, like arsenic, lead, mercury, and others, are all around us. Theyâ€™re in the ground we walk on, in the water we drink, and in the products we use every day. But high levels of most heavy metals can make you sick. While our bodies need small amounts of some heavy metals â€” such as  zinc, copper, chromium, iron, and manganese â€” toxic amounts are harmful. If our body's soft tissues accumulate too much of heavy metals, the resulting poisoning can cause serious damage. Though there are variety of medical uses of heavy metals, still each metal has its own side effects which disturb human health. We have to use  solid evidence that demonstrates the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of specific alternative medicine . Also We have to study General biocompatibility (how metals react with human tissue) and Immunological biocompatibility (The adverse reaction due to an immunological  or allergic type response from metals). For the better study of heavy metal toxicity, we have carried out survey taking opinions of Doctors in Mumbai and Thane region.
Observations: Commonly found views are  : In most of the medicines Doctors identify Lead as poisonous, Most of the metal poisoning cases occur accidentally, Ayurvedic medicines should be standardized by Ayurvedic parameters so that metals will not be in free form & never cause toxicity,  use of herbal preparations is the alternative to medicines containing metals. Conclusion: From the survey of heavy metal poisoning we conclude that there are herbal drugs which function as  the alternative solutions for the use of heavy metals , Other medicines can be used after the proper detoxification of heavy metals.
â€œImportance of Nidana Panchak in Ayurvedaâ€
Authors: Kokate Chandrashekhar G. , Patil Ragini
Published: April 2021

Ayurveda theIndian system of medicine,owns a special ideology for understanding the disease process & proper diagnosis of disease. Almost all Acharyaâ€™s have stated that diagnosis is very important and essential before proceeding to medicine prescription.One can arrive at the diagnosis by many ways and ideology but Nidan panchak is one of the finest and important method of diagnosing disease, its causes & prognosis. Nidan panchaka consist of 5 components viz; Nidan, Purvaroopa,Roopa,Upshaya& Samprapti. Every component of Nidan panchaka helps the physician for better understanding of disease process & treating the disease at an earliest possible stage.The details of Nidan panchaka & its importance in the diagnosis and treatment are explained briefly in this paper.
TO STUDY AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF ALOPECIA AREATA (INDRALUPTA)
Authors: Vora Sayali Sudesh
Published: April 2021

Alopecia areata is a T cell driven auto immune disorder producing non scarring alopecia. The cause of this disease is unknown. It is also known as spot baldness.It causes hair loss of scalp, face and sometimes other areas of body. [1] 
            The lifetime incidence of alopecia areata is 0.1% â€“ 0.2% of the population. More than half of affected patients are younger than 20 years. There is no predictable treatment in modern medicine. High and super potency corticosteroids are used orally, topically or intradermal injections. But mode of treatment is impractical in children
            According to Ayurveda, Indralupta is one of the type of khalitya .Ayurvedic texts in the context of khalitya explained is primarily predominant tridoshajanya vyadh
E EVALUASI MUTU MINYAK BUMI DENGAN DISTILASI TRUE BOILING POINT (TBP) BERDASARKAN PARAMETER UJI SIFAT FISIKA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PRODUK KEROSIN DAN AVTUR
Authors: Sari Dian Kurnia , Ternando Rian
Published: April 2021

Minyak bumi dievaluasi guna menentukan potensi minyak bumi sebagai bahan baku kilang minyak untuk menghasilkan fraksi yang dikehendaki. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian sifat umum minyak bumi, klasifikasi minyak bumi dengan distilasi True Boiling Point (TBP) wide cut (pemotongan jarak lebar) serta analisis fraksi kerosin. Fraksi kerosin yang dihasilkan dari primary process dapat diolah menjadi bahan bakar rumah tangga (minyak  tanah) dan bahan bakar lampu penerangan. Selain itu fraksi kerosin juga dapat dioalah menjadi bahan bakar untuk pesawat terbang jenis jet (avtur). Avtur adalah kerosin yang dengan  spesifikasi yang diperketat, terutama mengenai titik uap dan titik beku. Untuk melakukan pengolahan pada minyak bumi perlu diketahui karakteristik dan spesifikasi minyak  bumi (bahan baku) yang akan diolah untuk mengetahui mutu dan manfaat minyak bumi tersebut. Salah satu parameter uji analisis minyak bumi yaitu parameter sifat fisika. Dari data distilasi TBP diperoleh persentase fraksi kerosin Crude Oil 99 PT HS sebesar 29 % vol sedangkan Crude Oil 165 PT RT sebesar 23 % vol. Berdasarkan analisis sifat fisika yang meliputi Specific Gravity, Refractive Index nD20, Freezing Point, Smoke Point, Flash Point “Abel”, Aniline Point, Copper Strip Corrosion, Kinematic Viscosity dan Characterization KUOP. Crude Oil 99 dan Crude Oil 165 memiliki mutu yang baik serta memenuhi spesifikasi produk kerosin maupun produk avtur.
I INVESTIGASI KARAKTERISTIK TONER HASIL VARIASI PERSENTASE NANO CARBON BLACK
Authors: Amna Sulton
Published: April 2021

Carbon black (CB) merupakan material penting yang digunakan sebagai pewarna dan material fungsional yang digunakan sebagai toner. Partikel CB dalam ukuran nano meter diharapkan mampu menghasilkan toner dengan pola distribusi dan dispersi yang merata. Sintesis toner dilakukan dengan 3 variasi persentase nano CB 10, 15 dan 20 % yang di ball mill dengan kopolimer stirena/ akrilat (KSA), Black Oxide (BO) dan air. Serbuk toner yang telah disintesis dikarakterisasi melalui serangkaian pengujian, seperti pengujian X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), pengujian Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), pengujian suseptibilitas magnetik dan pengujian Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CB dalam orde nanometer memiliki peran penting terhadap karakteristik toner. Hasil karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan bahwa toner 10 CB memiliki ukuran dan distribusi yang paling seragam. Hasil XRD menunjukkan fase Fe3O4 (magnetit) yang memiliki sifat ferrimagnetik yang menentukan nilai suseptibilitas magnetik. Hasil uji suseptibilitas magnetik menunjukkan nilai suseptibilitas magnetik toner hasil sintesis 10, 15 dan 20 CB sebesar 10223,13 x 10-8, 9983,2 x 10-8, 11083,67 x 10-8 m3/kg. Karakteristik terbaik ditunjukkan oleh toner 10 CB hasil sintesis dengan bentuk dan ukuran yang seragam serta memiliki nilai suseptibilitas magnetik yang tinggi.
A ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN BIAYA MINE DEWATERING DENGAN METODE LOAD AND HAUL DAN METODE MUD PUMPING PADA ANNUAL PLAN PT ABC
Authors: Gunawan Tri Dedi
Published: April 2021

Batubara adalah sumberdaya alam yang melimpah di Indonesia dan menjadi sumber energi alternatif yang saat ini sangat berkembang. Kegiatan penambangan batubara memiliki dampak positif bagi perkembangan ekonomi daerah sekitarnya. Namun kegiatan penambangan batubara juga memiliki dampak yang besar terhadap lingkungan, khususnya pada penambangan dengan metode open pit. Salah satu permasalahan besar dari kegiatan penambangan dengan metode open pit adalah penanganan air dan lumpur oleh air limpasan hujan maupun air tanah. Khususnya di PT ABC pada sump pit Z memiliki volume lumpur aktual yang besar, yaitu 147,412 m3 dengan luas area tangkapan hujan sebesar 1,99 km2 pada bulan Juni 2020. Perbedaan ketinggian antara Sump Pit Z dengan kolam pengolahan hingga akhir tahun 2020 adalah 132 m sehingga dibutuhkan 1 pompa lumpur ditambah 2 booster untuk memompa lumpur dari sump hingga ke kolam pengendapan. Dengan SG aktual sump adalah 1,4 dan head hingga akhir tahun 132 m, maka dibutuhkan pompa lumpur dengan spesifikasi yang sesuai yaitu menggunakan pompa Dragflow HY85-160B dan 2 booster pump Medso 150. Kapasitas pemompaan per bulan adalah 148,800 m3 dengan total biaya sebesar $ 842,403. Biaya ini lebih rendah jika dibandingkan terhadap total biaya yang dibutuhkan jika menggunakan metode load and haul dengan penghematan mencapai 57%.
P PENENTUAN WAKTU PEMAKAIAN STORAGE TANK MELALUI ANALISA DATA HASIL PENGUKURAN ULTRASONIC THICKNESS PADA TANGKI TEP-028 DI STASIUN PENGUMPUL JEMENANG PT PERTAMINA EP ASSET 2 FIELD LIMAU
Authors: Alida Roni , Anjastara Afven Pajar
Published: April 2021

Storage tank menjadi bagian penting dalam suatu proses industri perminyakan karena tidak hanya menjadi tempat penyimpanan bahan baku serta dapat menjaga produk dari kontaminan. Pada umumnya penampungan produk yang terdapat pada industri perminyakan berupa fluida (gas, minyak, dan air). Metode pengujian yang dilakukan pada Tugas Akhir ini yaitu dengan dua metode, metode pertama adalah dengan melakukan pengamatan visual pada storage tank yang akan diuji, dan metode kedua yaitu melakukan pengujian dengan alat ultrasonic thickness pada storage tank dengan ketentuan 8 titik pengujian pada setiap shell course storage tank. Dari data hasil pengujian dilakukan perhitungan untuk menentukan actual thickness, corrosion rate, remaining life, eksternal inspection dan ultrasonic thickness inspection. Dari hasil pengujian dan perhitungan sebelum perbaikan (rejected condition), didapat bahwa nilai design thickness 6 mm, actual thickness 0,10 mm, required thickness 2,54, corrosion rate  0,49 mm/tahun dan remaining life -4,96. Sedangkan hasil pengujian dan perhitungan setelah perbaikan (accepted condition), didapat bahwa nilai design thickness 6 mm, actual thickness 5,90 mm, required thickness 2,54, corrosion rate  0,49 mm/tahun dan remaining life 6,86 tahun atau ± 6 tahun 10 bulan kedepan, serta untuk penjadwalan waktu inspeksi rutin eksternal inspection dan ultrasonic thickness inspection 1,6 tahun atau ± 1 tahun 7 bulan yang akan datang. Pada storage tank terdapat pergantian plate yang baru pada tangki produksi tersebut sebanyak 11 keping plate.
P PROSES KONVERSI LIMBAH PELUMAS RINGAN JENIS SAE 15W-40 MENJADI FUEL OIL ALTERNATIF
Authors: Ardhiany Sri , Wahyuningsi Anggi
Published: April 2021

Kebutuhan alat transportasi terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, seiring dengan hal tersebut, maka jumlah limbah pelumas ringan juga semakin meningkat sehingga diperlukan proses untuk mengolah limbah pelumas ringan menjadi sesuatu yang lebih berguna dengan mempertimbangkan kandungan hidrokarbon yang tinggi, yaitu menjadi bahan bakar cair dengan metode thermal cracking menggunakan reaktor thermal. Hal ini dilakukan dengan memecah rantai karbon panjang atau berat menjadi rantai karbon yang lebih pendek atau ringan melalui proses pemanasan menggunakan heater, dengan bukaan valve 2/3,serta variasi feed sebesar 2L, 4L, 8L volume produk terbanyak diperoleh pada temperatur 400°C dengan feed 8L, feed jenis limbah limbah pelumas ringan cair dengan spesifikasi SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) 15W-40. Demikian limbah pelumas ringan diolah menggunakan proses thermal menjadi fuel oil alternatif.
تأثير الحصار على الأسر في قطر
Authors:   Doha International Family Institute (DIFI), عبدالمنعـم، عـزة , العطيـة أسـماء , خليفـة بتـول , الكبيسـى فاطمة , بدحدح، عبدالله
Published: April 2021

سرّنا أن نقدّم هذا التقرير الهام حول «تأثير الحصار على الأسَر في قطر »، والذي يأتي بعد عام من حصار دولة قطر مرّت خلاله البلاد بتجربةٍ غير مسبوقة، تجاوزت أبعادها السياسية أروقة المكاتب لتمتدّ إلى الحياة الاجتماعية والمعيشية للأسَر.
Ontology and Atrocity: Teaching Heidegger’s Philosophy of Art
Authors: Smyth Daniel
Published: April 2021

This article sketches a strategy for teaching Heidegger’s essay “The Origin of the Work of Art” (“Origin”). I illustrate how one can address Heidegger’s Nazi affiliation while simultaneously engaging his philosophy of art on its own terms—goals that often work at cross purposes in the classroom. Like many, I read “Origin” together with Meyer Schapiro’s critique of Heidegger’s interpretation of a van Gogh still life of shoes, which figures so prominently in “Origin.” My innovation is to pair the Heidegger/Schapiro dispute with Holocaust imagery of victims’ shoes and personal effects. Such imagery serves to introduce historical and political context for the debate and to highlight methodological differences in their conceptions of the meaning, reception, and interpretation of artworks and images more generally. These differences raise big-picture questions about the norms that govern our engagements with art and the theoretical desiderata we want a philosophy of art to satisfy. The dispute between Heidegger and Schapiro, read in conjunction with Holocaust imagery, lends these rather abstract questions a concreteness and urgency that greatly enhances classroom discussion.
A Systematic Literature Review on Mergers and Acquisitions: A Bibliometric Analysis Approach
Authors: Osuma Godswill Osagie , Ikpefan Ochei Ailemen , Olonade Olawale Yinusa , Joshua Abimbola Abosede
Published: April 2021

Many studies have examined the effects of mergers and acquisitions, but their results vary significantly. Thus, mergers and acquisitions are one of the most popular corporate restructuring activities undertaken by various organizations, institutes, companies (both private and public), agencies, and establishments, all in a quest to achieve the desired aim of the companies. But a pertinent question exists as to if mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have produced the desired goals and objectives of the companies. Therefore this study aims to examine the results, empirical preference, and author's opinions of existing literature as to if M&A had produced synergy gains or not. Bibliometric analysis is the methodological procedure used in this study. A total number of fifty (50) high-profile literatures were qualitatively examined, and it shows that M&A produced synergy gains to the level of 48%. From the analysis, M&A was also found not to produce synergy gain to the level of 28%, thus making the remaining 24% to be associated with authors whose views weren't explicit and those that are undecided to M&A producing synergy gains. This review study recommends that horizontal mergers and acquisitions be encouraged to increase the companies' market share, leading to their desired goals and objectives.
Changes in mortality by cause of death in Polish voivodships
Authors: Wróblewska Wiktoria
Published: April 2021

This study analyses the avoidable mortality in Poland at the regional level of 16 voivodships over the last two decades, 1991–2010. The author divided the mortality causes into three groups: treatable disease, preventable diseases and ischemic heart disease. We used a decomposition technique to calculate the contribution of changes in mortality from these conditions to changes in life expectancy between birth and age 75 for the two periods 1991–2000 and 2000–2010 by sex and age group. The analyses were based on temporary life expectancy between birth and age 75 (e0–75). Chiang’s method was used for constructing abridged life tables, and Arriaga’s method was used for decomposition. The results revealed differences in the temporary life expectancy level and pace of change between voivodships, causes of deaths and sex.
Social media in the dissemination of statistical information
Authors: Sułkowski Michał
Published: April 2021

The article describes the role of social media in the information society and the use of them by the public administration. For the analysis there were selected and assessed most popular types of social media. The evaluation included trends in the use of this type of information channels in dissemination of statistical knowledge as a way to build the image of official statistics in society. Particular attention was paid to their role in the activities of national statistical offices in the world, and especially in the European Union.
Statistical analysis of regional innovation in Poland
Authors: Purczyński Jan , Klóska Rafał
Published: April 2021

Regional innovation is a complex economic category and in the era of knowledge-based economy it determines regional development. The ambiguity of its measurement, which is the consequence of problems with the quantification of the test area as well as the difficulties arising from the lack or limited availability of certain empirical data, is a methodological challenge that makes scientific and public services of statistics play a huge role in the diagnosis of the problem. This issue has been developed and perfected for decades and recently research in this area has gained more importance. What proves to be extremely useful here are quantitative methods, in particular the methods of multivariate statistical analysis (SAW). In this article, by using the capabilities of public information databases of the CSO (GUS), a set of regional innovation indicators in Poland has been proposed – the set methodically convergent with EU guidelines. The region is associated with each of the sixteen existing voivodships. By using selected SAW methods changes in this area in recent years in Poland has been analyzed, including the assessment of the similarity of results over time.
The effectiveness of the structured deposit in the Polish capital market
Authors: Hadaś-Dyduch Monika
Published: April 2021

The aim of the paper is to present the efficiency of the structured deposit depending on the achieved rate of return and attempt to answer the questions – whether structured deposits provide investors with satisfactory earnings and an investment in a structured product is effectively connected with a profit superior to traditional forms of accumulating capital. The Author further characterized the structured deposit. The study was conducted for the period 01.01.2000–31.12.2013. Then 690 structured deposits were completed and for each net investment income was designated. The rate of return of completed structured deposits was compared with an average annual interest rate on bank deposits for 12 months, and inflation.
The role of the public statistics in planning and monitoring of regional development
Authors: Wyszkowska Dorota
Published: April 2021

Voivodship self-government in Poland plays an important role in the programming and carrying out voivodship development policy. The government prepares various documents, including regional development strategies and regional operational programmes to ensure sustainable development. Simultaneously these documents constitute a basis for making European funds available. Preparation of well-thought-out, complete, and coherent documents, as well as the monitoring their implementation require using figures describing different social and economic phenomena. A significant number of these figures comes from the public statistics system. The necessity of making use of hard data is of special importance right now, as the European Union both requires the presentation of progress in the efficiency of using European funds within the sustainable policy framework and makes future fund transfers dependent on the progress in achieving previously-set development goals. The aim of the article is to present the scope and the way of using statistical data in development documents on the basis of certain strategies and programmes from a Podlaskie voivodship area.
Inequalities in socio-economic development in the world
Authors: Rakowski Witold
Published: April 2021

Based on the Human Development Report 2013 the author presents classification of the countries taking into account HDI value in 2012, non-income HDI and the IHDI (Inequality – Adjusted Human Development Index). IHDI reflects disparities in the income distribution. 187 states of the report are divided into 12 groups by the HDI total value.
Neukonzeption des deutschen Abfallrechts durch Kreislaufwirtschaft – Illusionen einer Massenkonsumgesellschaft
Authors: Wolf Joachim
Published: April 2021

Das KrWG ist ein hybrides Gesetz. Sein Konzept beruht darauf, aus ökonomischer Sicht unvereinbare Systeme der freien Marktwirtschaft und der staatlich regulierten Planwirtschaft unter dem übergreifenden Ziel einer Bewältigung wachsender Abfallströme zusammenzuführen. Der hybride Gesetzescharakter folgt unmittelbar aus dem Gesetzesziel, weil abgesehen von nachgefragten Abfallstoffen wie Holz, Glas, Papier und Metall Abfallstoffe keine Wirtschaftsgüter sind. Ihre umfassende Einbeziehung in ein vom Gesetzgeber konzipiertes Kreislaufwirtschaftssystem erfordert umfangreiche planerische Interventionen und Vorkehrungen, die nur vom Gesetzgeber, nicht vom Markt gewährleistet werden können. Jede Kritik am Planungscharakter des KrWG ist vom Ansatz her verfehlt. Die wesentlichen Ziele des KrWG der Abfallvermeidung und der Abfallverwertung sind richtig. In drei Punkten ist der Gesetzgeber mit dem KrWG 2012 Illusionen erlegen, die nicht realisierbar sind. (1) Der Illusion einer unbegrenzten stofflichen Rückführbarkeit von Abfällen in den allgemeinen Wirtschaftskreislauf durch Recycling. Das kann aus physikalischen Gründen nicht gelingen. (2) Der Illusion einer Erreichbarkeit der Ziele des KrWG durch Privatisierung der kommunalen Abfallbeseitigungshoheit, sowie der Illusion (3) das gesetzlich im KrWG vorgegebene Ziel einer Vermeidung von Abfällen könne im Rahmen und mit den Instrumenten des KrWG erreicht werden.
Das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Menschenrechten und Migrationspolitik am Beispiel der Umsetzung der Istanbul Konvention in Deutschland
Authors: Fasselt Ursula
Published: April 2021

Die Istanbul Konvention zielt auf die Verwirklichung einer umfassenden Strategie für den Schutz vor Gewalt gegen Frauen und häuslicher Gewalt. Sie wird als ein Meilenstein bei der Bekämpfung dieser universellen Menschenrechtsverletzung bezeichnet. Die Konvention enthält verbindliche Standards für die Prävention, den Schutz vor und die Verfolgung von genderbezogener Gewalt. Die Vertragsstaaten sind verpflichtet, diese Standards gegenüber allen Personen, die sich in ihrer Hoheitsgewalt befinden, ohne Diskriminierung einzuhalten. Der Artikel vertieft die Frage, ob das deutsche Ausländer- und Flüchtlingsrecht zu Schutzlücken für von genderbezogener oder häuslicher Gewalt betroffene Migrantinnen und Flüchtlinge führt.
Neuere Entwicklungen im europäischen Gesellschaftsrecht
Authors: Altmeyer Sabine
Published: April 2021

Die Angleichung der Rahmenbedingungen für unternehmerische Tätigkeit im Binnenmarkt der EU hat in den letzten Jahren eine große Dynamik entwickelt. Das Recht der Kapitalgesellschaften erfährt eine umfassende Modernisierung, ergänzt durch einen entsprechend modernen Corporate-Governance-Rahmen für Unternehmen, Investoren und Arbeitnehmer. Daneben wurden auch Regelwerke für die Bereiche Geldwäschekontrolle (5. und 6. Geldwäsche-Richtlinie) und Corporate Social Responsibility geschaffen. Wichtigster Bestandteil dürfte aber das Company Law Package mit der aktuellen Richtlinie über die grenzüberschreitende Mobilität von Gesellschaften, der Digital-Richtlinie und der Richtlinie zur Förderung der langfristigen Mitwirkung der Aktionäre sein.
Advancements in Minimally Invasive Lateral Interbody Fusion
Authors: Sahyouni Ronald , D. Diaz-Aguilar Luis , Blaskiewicz Donald
Published: April 2021

Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) is a popular surgical technique to address a wide variety of spinal pathologies. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the XLIF procedure, including indications for its use, post-fusion operative outcomes, intraoperative considerations, and advantages and disadvantages over similar fusion techniques.
Point-of-Care Strategies Applied to Malaria Diagnosis
Authors: Dias Tavares Costa Alexandre , Caroline Campos Aguiar Anna , Moraes Silva Angelina , Batista Pereira Dhelio
Published: April 2021

Rapid and specific diagnosis of malaria remains one of the main strategies to fight the disease. The diagnosis is made primarily by the simple and low-cost thick drop technique, considered the gold standard test. However, the requirement for good quality microscopes and well-trained personnel often lead to inaccurate diagnosis, especially in cases of mixed infections or low parasitemia. Although PCR-based tests can help in these situations, this technique requires large and sensitive equipments, being unsuitable for point of care (POC) settings. A myriad of POC diagnostic tests have being developed in the last years, relying on molecular methods but also on novel strategies. New platforms, miniaturization techniques, and multiplexing possibilities promise great potential to improve disease diagnostics through fast and accurate detection of cases, even at remote places. Here, we will address the main POC strategies developed for the diagnosis of malaria, highlighting their strengths and weakness as POC applications.
Nature Inspired Metaheuristic Approach for Best Tool Work Combination for EDM Process
Authors: Kumar Bose Goutam , Pain Pritam
Published: April 2021

As the modern day, the technologies are approaching with high accuracy at the same time with low material costing, non-traditional machining is very much essential to sustain in this modern manufacturing system. In this present research work Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is used with different types of tools like Copper, Aluminium, and Brass are used while machining High Carbon High Chromium (HCHCr), Hot Die Steel (HDS) and Oil Hardened Nitride Steel (OHNS) workpiece material. This research work is aimed to find out the most efficient tool material for different workpiece materials while satisfying the contradictory objectives of high material removal rate (MRR) and low Tool Wear Rate (TWR). The experimental data are trained and validated by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Finally, the results obtained through Genetic Algorithm are hybridized with a Fuzzy- Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique to obtain a single parametric combination of the process control parameters which satisfies these two contradictory objectives function simultaneously.
Brassica-Aphid Interaction: Modulated Challenges and Sustainable Approach for Management
Authors: Dwivedi S.A. , Nameirakpam Lelika , Tomer Ajay
Published: April 2021

Insect pests act as main barrier in enhancing yield potential of Brassica crops. Lipaphis erysimi is considered as one of the most destructive insect species in mustard production due to its voracious type feeding and multiplication. Therefore application of insecticide is inevitable for cultivation of cruciferous crops, although systemic insecticides has been found to be suitable for management of aphid, despite of high cost, residual effect and ecological ramification have necessitated the application of bio and botanical insecticides as novel approach and are recorded significant in research. Aphids having exclusively viviparous parthenogenesis type reproduction from January to March month with the completion of eight generations are helpful in quick mass multiplication. Natural enemies Coccinella spp., Syrphid larvae and bio-pesticide found effective in suppress aphid numbers. Manipulation in sowing dates of mustard crop provides good yield and less incidence of aphid which is proved through research. Lack of environmental resistant varieties has dispensed toward non feasibility of conventional breeding approaches for developing aphid-resistant Brassica. Although application of genetic engineering plan has resulted in moderate success in development of aphid resistance, so far commercialization of such genetically modified crops has not conceivable, intimate the necessity of further insights in to host plant and aphid communication to form effective approach against aphid resistance. Therefore in this chapter the components involved in Brassica aphid communication are highlighted and present statuses and problem in aphid management are discussed.
Haemodynamic Changes during Preterm Birth Treatment
Authors: Bednarek Szymon , Głogiewicz Małgorzata , Adamczak Rafał , Dubiel Mariusz
Published: April 2021

The well-being of the fetus depends on the efficiency of its circulatory system and the proper maternal-fetal exchange. Hemodynamic changes can occur due to disturbance of fetal and maternal homeostasis, malformations, pregnancy pathology, and medications. Preterm labor directly affects maternal-fetal haemodynamics, both due to uterine contractions and medications used to inhibit it. Research on maternal-fetal haemodynamics in preterm labor is currently focused mainly on the safety of the used tocolytics. In this chapter, we will discuss the basic principles of fetal haemodynamics, ultrasound methods of maternal-fetal circulation assessment, and the influence of preterm labor on maternal-fetal haemodynamics, with particular emphasis on medications used in threatening and progressive preterm labor.
Stereoscopic Precision of the Large Format Digital Cameras
Authors: Arias-Perez Benjamin
Published: April 2021

Stereoscopic vision is fundamental in the task of photogrammetric restitution (stereo compilation) in which, by inserting a floating mark in the 3D observation of pairs of images, it is possible to draw the elements of the terrain in space and obtain cartography of a part of the land cover from aerial images. Initially with film photographs, which were later scanned, and finally with large format digital cameras that began in the 2000s, photogrammetry has undergone a series of technological revolutions up to the present time. In this chapter, after a brief exposition of the basic principles of photogrammetric restitution, a review of current large-format digital cameras and their main implications in restitution is made, which, despite the advances and other similar semi-automatic products (DTM, orthophoto) is still manual and must be operated by a person with the implications that this entails in stereoscopic vision.
Numerical Analysis of a Water-Cooled Condenser at Startup Conditions for Refrigeration Applications Supported with Experiments
Authors: Acosta Carlos
Published: April 2021

Refrigeration for commercial purposes is one of the industrial sectors with the largest energy consumption in the global market. Therefore, research and development of more efficient components such as compressors, condensers, and refrigerants continue to render promising results in terms of GWP and operational costs. However, Due to the urgency typically found in industry to develop prototypes, finding scalable solutions can be challenging. Arguably, this is the case for condenser and evaporators that are designed and assembled under the assumption that refrigeration systems operate at steady condition, where in real circumstances such systems operate under transients based on ambient temperatures or unfavorable startup conditions. The aim of this study is to characterize the thermal and fluid dynamics behavior of refrigerant R404a in a water-cooled condenser at startup conditions. The boundary conditions to solve the CFD simulations are taken from experimental values and set as user defined functions in a commercial software. The results displayed the time dependent oscillatory phase-transition details of the refrigerant throughout the domain.
Cytologic Assessment of Cystic/Intraductal Lesions of the Pancreatobiliary Tract
Authors: Reid Michelle D.
Published: April 2021

Context.—

Because of new and improved imaging techniques, cystic/intraductal pancreatobiliary tract lesions are increasingly being discovered, and brushings or endoscopic ultrasound/computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging–guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies from these lesions have become an integral part of pathologists' daily practice. Because patient management has become increasingly conservative, accurate preoperative diagnosis is critical. Cytologic distinction of low-risk (pseudocysts, serous cystadenoma, lymphoepithelial cysts, and squamoid cysts of the pancreatic duct) from high-risk pancreatic cysts (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm) requires incorporation of clinical, radiologic, and cytologic findings, in conjunction with chemical and molecular analysis of cyst fluid. Cytopathologists must ensure appropriate specimen triage, along with cytologic interpretation, cyst classification, and even grading of some (mucinous) cysts. Epithelial atypia in mucinous cysts (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm) has transitioned from a 3-tiered to a 2-tiered classification system, and intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms and intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms have been separately reclassified because of their distinctive clinicopathologic characteristics. Because these lesions may be sampled on brushing or fine-needle aspiration biopsy, knowledge of their cytomorphology is critical.

Objective.—

To use an integrated, multidisciplinary approach for the evaluation of cystic/intraductal pancreatobiliary tract lesions (incorporating clinical, radiologic, and cytologic findings with [chemical/molecular] cyst fluid analysis and ancillary stains) for definitive diagnosis and classification.

Data Sources.—

Review of current literature on the cytopathology of cystic/intraductal pancreatobiliary tract lesions.

Conclusions.—

Our knowledge/understanding of recent updates in cystic/intraductal pancreatobiliary lesions can ensure that cytopathologists appropriately triage specimens, judiciously use and interpret ancillary studies, and incorporate the studies into reporting.
The Blossoming of the Library Garden: How One Library Is Engaging Families Outdoors
Authors: Trivisonno Maria , Van der Schalie Beate
Published: April 2021

As twenty-first-century libraries create programming, they are finding innovative ways to engage children and families in lifelong learning through hands-on experiences.Outdoor nature spaces and gardens at public libraries are ideal environments for both formal and informal learning. In underserved, urban communities where greenspace is limited, providing a learning garden as a resource is especially valuable.Using Cuyahoga County Public Library’s (CCPL’s) Warrensville Heights (WVH) branch library as a case study, this article explores how a library in a low-income inner-ring suburb installed a children’s garden that led to numerous positive impacts. In October 2015, Sari Feldman, then executive director of Cuyahoga County Public Library in suburban Cleveland, Ohio, approached the staff of the WVH branch with the idea of developing a children’s garden at the branch. In Warrensville Heights, a community with a population of roughly thirteen thousand, many families live in apartments and lack access to green space. The area is aptly described as a “food desert,” where residents have little access to fresh produce.
Research Roundup: Paley’s Practice: Storytelling, Story Acting, and Early Learning
Authors: Sensale Yazdian Lisa M. , Diamant-Cohen Betsy
Published: April 2021

In the early years, children’s librarians traditionally lit a candle at the beginning of each storytime. The altered atmosphere helped transport children mentally to a land of stories. The candle was blown out at the end of the session, bringing them back to the library. Although this tradition has not endured (due perhaps to the invention of smoke alarms), storytelling remains an effective tool that can be used by librarians.
Intellectual Freedom: Incorporating Intellectual Freedom into STEM Programs
Authors: Nephew Julia A.
Published: April 2021

How can librarians connect children with trustworthy scientific source material about climate change? Here we look at ways to include intellectual freedom concepts in STEM/STEAM programming for children.The national STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) initiative has enjoyed broad support in schools and libraries for years. Yet, what science tells us about how humans are negatively impacting the world has become highly contentious and is even censored.Global warming/climate change is the most far-reaching example. The media, pushed by political forces, give equal credence and air time to a small number of scientists who deny the predictions based on scientific studies.
Library Service to Underserved Children and Their Caregivers Committee: Lighting the Way: Providing Timely Resources for Underserved Populations
Authors: Eastman Jaime , Prince J. Joseph
Published: April 2021

Libraries provide access to valuable information, resources, and services. Yet, despite our best efforts, some populations remain overlooked or underserved.For libraries, these patrons struggle with access to, use of, or representation in our collections, programs, and services. These barriers may result from language, financial status, race, gender, sexual orientation, or specific skills and abilities. As community and cultural institutions, we must not provide any patron with less than adequate—or better yet, exemplary—service.
McChesney Named Recipient of Distinguished Service Award
Authors: For Library Service to Children Association
Published: April 2021

Elizabeth (Liz) McChesney is the 2021 recipient of ALSC’s Distinguished Service Award, which honors an individual who has made significant contributions to library service to children and to ALSC.
Germinação e vigor de sementes de mogno africano sob diferentes temperaturas
Authors: Silva Rebeca Alves Nunes , David Andréia Márcia Santos de Souza , Figueiredo Josiane Cantuária , Pereira Kennia Karolline Gonçalves , Fogaça Cristiane Alves , Alves Franson Ronner Pereira , Soares Larissa Medeiros
Published: April 2021

O mogno africano é uma espécie arbórea muito valorizada pela indústria, pois sua madeira de alta qualidade possui grande potencial econômico tanto para o mercado interno quanto para o mercado externo. Apesar da alta valorização, os estudos e pesquisas sobre a espécie são escassos, sendo de extrema importância aprofundar o conhecimento. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas sobre a germinação e vigor de sementes de mogno africano em condição de laboratório. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x5, sendo 4 lotes de sementes e cinco regimes de temperatura (20, 25, 30, 35°C constantes e 20-30°C alternada), com quatro repetições de vinte e cinco sementes por tratamento. Inicialmente determinou-se o teor de água das sementes e em seguida realizou-se os seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. As temperaturas de 25 e 30ºC constantes são favoráveis à germinação e ao vigor das sementes de mogno africano. Temperaturas de 20 e 35ºC constante e 20-30ºC alternadas são prejudiciais ao processo germinativo, comprometendo o desempenho fisiológico das sementes. Nas temperaturas favoráveis à germinação, as sementes dos lotes 1 e 3 mostraram-se com qualidade fisiológica superior aos demais.
Development of an innovative index to assess worker’s health risk: the WHRI applied to an oil industry in Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Viterbo Lilian Monteiro Ferrari , Vidal Diogo Guedes , Costa André Santana , Dinis Maria Alzira Pimenta , Leal Filho Walter
Published: April 2021

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the worker’s health (WH) risk, focused on sustainable development in a work context and based on the development and application of the Worker’s Health Risk Index (WHRI) in the oil extraction and production industry in Bahia, Brazil.Design/methodology/approach: The sample, obtained by quota sampling, comprised 965 participants. The development stage integrated a group of 10 specialists, including physicians, nurses, nutritionists, dentists and physical educators, all specialists in the WH area, as well as 3 experts in the area of data science. Three risk ranges were defined: "Low", "Moderate" and "High".Findings: The WHRI validation revealed reliability and reproducibility, as well as the ability to identify differences among the population studied according to sex, age group and education level. The results indicate that the WH risk is higher in men, aged above 50 years old and with a low level of education (p < 0.001). 74% of the participants are in the "Low", 21% in the "Moderate" and 5% in the "High" risk ranges. High-risk workers are also those with diabetes mellitus, altered triglyceride or glycemia levels, hypertension, poor oral hygiene and periodontal conditions, tobacco use, low levels of physical activity (all with p < 0.05), or alcohol abuse.Originality/Value: The WHRI’s major contribution is to make available a useful tool for the identification of WH risk, helping to define clearer health promotion, prevention and intervention policies in the context of WH.
European Airspace (De)Fragmentation Assessment Model
Authors: Rezo Zvonimir , Steiner Sanja , Mihetec Tomislav
Published: April 2021

Airspace fragmentation represents an issue that began to be more frequently mentioned within the Air Traffic Management (ATM) domain in the last two decades. Primarily, it is frequently listed as one of the main causes contributing to inefficiency of the ATM system in Europe. However, even though the issue of the European airspace fragmentation has been recognized back in the 1990s, over the past decades it has neither been frequently studied nor comprehensively addressed. Accordingly, minor progress has been made to describe this issue in more depth. Therefore, this research paper deals with the research of performance-based airspace fragmentation (one of several European airspace fragmentation types). It presents the conceptual and methodological framework of a novel model that can be used to obtain answers to hypothetical questions of where, when, how, and whether it is possible to achieve performance-based airspace defragmentation. Accordingly, it is expected that further studies of the developed model will deliver relevant information that may contribute to a more inclusive, smart, and spatially oriented development of the ATM system in Europe.
Impact of Covid-19 on Public Transportation Usage and Ambient Air Quality in Turkey
Authors: Sahraei Mohammad Ali , Kuşkapan Emre , Çodur Muhammed Yasin
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a global health concern due to the quick spread of the disease. In Turkey, the first confirmed COVID-19 case and death occurred on 11 and 15 March 2020, respectively. There is a lack of research on the impact of COVID-19 on public transportation mobility and the Air Quality Index (AQI) around the world. The objective of this research is to consider the impact of COVID-19 on public transportation usage and consequently the AQI level in Turkey. Data collection for the analysis of public transportation usage and the air quality status during pre-lockdown and lockdown was carried out using the public transportation applications Moovit and World’s Air Pollution. The results demonstrated that during the lockdown in Ankara and Istanbul, public transportation usage dramatically decreased by more than 80% by the end of March and did not change significantly until the end of May. As regards air quality, the results confirmed that air quality improved significantly during the lockdown. For Ankara and Istanbul, the improvement was estimated at about 9% and 47%, respectively.
Friction properties of suspended graphene
Authors: Li Liang-Liang , Meng Fan-Wei , Zou Kun , Huang Yao , Peng Yi-Tian ,   College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China,   Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing 100094, China
Published: April 2021

Minimizing friction is a goal that has long been pursued in history. The role of micro-electromechanical system and nano-electromechanical system (MEMS/NEMS) in electronic devices is becoming more and more important. Due to the increasingly small size of the device, large surface-to-volume ratio leads to severe friction and wear problems of the device, thus limiting its performance. Graphene is considered as a good lubricating material in MEMS/NEMS due to its extremely thin size and excellent anti-friction effect. The study of nano-friction properties of graphene is of great significance in further developing the MEMS/NEMS. In this work, microporous arrays are prepared on a SiO2/Si substrate, and graphene is stripped on the micropores to form a suspension structure. The friction properties of suspended graphene and supported graphene are measured by using atomic force microscope. The results show that the nanofriction on suspended graphene is significantly reduced compared with that on supported graphene. The supported graphene experiences a frictional enhancement effect because of the puckering effect, while the friction enhancing effect disappears in the suspended graphene. With the increase of graphene thickness, the out-of-plane stiffness increases gradually, and the friction difference between suspended graphene and supported graphene decreases gradually. In addition, the nanofriction properties of suspended graphene under new tip and pretreated tip are also different. The friction between the pretreated tip and graphene is significantly higher than that between the new tip and graphene. The surface friction difference between the suspended graphene and the supported graphene decreases when the pretreated tip is used compared with the new tip. This work demonstrates that the deformability of atomic-scale structures can provide an additional channel of regulating the friction of contact interfaces. By comparing the changes of surface friction between the suspended graphene and the supported graphene with different thickness and tip sizes, the influence of out-of-surface deformation on the friction of graphene is revealed, thus providing theoretical guidance for effectively improving the friction performance of graphene solid lubricant.
Calculation of two-temperature thermodynamic and transport properties of argon-nitrogen plasma
Authors: Pan Zi-Han , Chen Xian-Hui , Wang Cheng , Xia Wei-Dong ,   School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
Published: April 2021

The thermodynamic and transport properties of plasmas over a wide range of temperature and pressure are necessary to model the heat transfer and flow processes in plasma. In this study, the plasma composition is solved by simultaneous Saha equation, Dalton's partial pressure law and charge quasi-neutral equation. The thermodynamic properties of plasma computation are based on the kinetic theory for ideal gas. While the calculation of transport properties is based on the solution of Boltzmann’s equation by the Chapman-Enskog method. The thermodynamic and transport properties of argon-nitrogen plasma at pressures of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 atm, electron temperatures ranging from 300 to 30000 K, and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE), where the electron temperature is not equal to the temperature of heavy particles,, are investigated by using the above method. The results show that the value of non-equilibrium parameter has a great influence on the properties of the argon-nitrogen mixture. With the increase of non-equilibrium parameter, the dissociation reaction requires a higher electron temperature, which leads the dissociation peak to shift to a higher electron temperature. The ionization and dissociation reaction will enter into the high temperature region due to the increase in pressure. This change will affect the peak position and value of the specific heat, viscosity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of plasma. In addition, since the electronic translational thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity mainly depend on the electron number density, when non-equilibrium parameter and pressure increase, the electron number density will increase at high electron temperature, thus improving the electronic translational thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. Under the condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium, the transport properties of argon-nitrogen plasma obtained by calculation are in good agreement with previously reported data.