bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The institutionalisation of young offenders
Authors: GARRIDO VICENTE , REDONDO SANTIAGO
Published: July 2016

Of all age groups, older children and adolescents are perhaps the least tolerant of highly structured environments and constraints, which raises special concerns about institutions when the residents or inmates are young. Some very graphic and personal views of young people themselves are presented. Models for understanding young people and their development in the context of the nature and capacities of the wider society and narrower subcultures with which they must coexist are fundamental prerequisites for sound planning of programmes to help and control the young delinquent. Evidence is presented that community alternatives to custody do not in themselves offer better results for the youngster or for society. Equally, it can be shown that by building on defensible and testable developmental and environmental models, programmes can be created both within and outside physical institutions which can protect young people from further harm, and allow many to mature and even to avoid reoffending.
Family, school, delinquency and criminality, the predictive power of an elaborated social control theory for males
Authors: LE BLANC MARC
Published: July 2016

The developmental paradigm of the criminal career implies that different factors, among a particular set of control theory variables, may support adolescent delinquency and adult criminality. In this paper we use a large set of family and school control theory variables, measured during early and late adolescence, to predict late adolescent delinquency and adult official and self‐reported criminality. To do so, we use a representative sample of male adolescents and multiple regression. When 18 family and 19 school variables are combined to predict adult criminality, only three remain highly significant, in the following order: school performance, attachment to parents and adolescent delinquency. Late adolescent delinquency accounts for a higher proportion of explained variance than adult criminality (36% versus 22% for official and 29% for self‐reported criminality). For the prediction of adolescent delinquency, the variables are, in the following order: previous self‐reported delinquency, school performance and family bonding. Some variables, such as school performance and parental attachment, have a long‐term impact on adult offending but others, such as deviant behaviour, demonstrate a situational impact on adolescent delinquency. On the basis of these results, a lifespan control theory of adult criminality is proposed.
Health and offence histories of young offenders in Saskatoon, Canada
Authors: ANDRE GLENN , PEASE KEN , KENDALL KATHLEEN , BOULTON ALAN
Published: July 2016

This paper examines the relationship between health and juvenile criminality in Saskatchewan, Canada. The data consist of anonymised demographic, health and juvenile offence information provided by Saskatchewan Social Service and Health agencies. They allow the examination of health and offence relationships among 315 offenders attaining the age of 17 years in 1987 or 1988. Two main research questions are explored: (1) the relationship between health and the criminal career patterns of the sample, and (2) the time course of the receipt of healthcare relative to times of offence to determine whether offending is associated with an increase of healthcare being sought. The findings indicate that there is little support for an association between any specific disease category and juvenile offending. Mental disorder is the health variable most consistently distinguishing offenders. Other variables suggest intriguing relationships that cannot be regarded as conclusive on the evidence presented here: for instance, perinatal disorders distinguish those whose offences are exclusively committed against the person. The data show clear differences between offenders and non‐offenders in the pattern of health contacts made according to age. A higher proportion of medical contacts made by non‐offenders are made before their eleventh birthday. The opposite is true of offenders. This could be interpreted as showing that parents and others respond to officially recorded offending by seeking medical accounts or mitigation of juvenile offending. However, much of the increase in health contacts by offenders occurs in the years before their official identification as offenders. This suggests that medical help is sought as children develop a pre‐delinquent lifestyle and also seek medical accounts of official delinquency once it has occurred. This is most true of those who start their official delinquency late.
Measurement by observations of aggressive behaviour and activities in clinical situations
Authors: BECH PER
Published: July 2016

Clinical aggression (towards self or other persons or things) is often thought of as having a certain degree of disease specificity. Thus, suicidal ideation is often associated with major depression, self‐mutilation with borderline personality disorder, hostility with mania, negativism with schizophrenia or dementia and violence with explosive—impulsive disorder. Attempts to measure suicidal behaviour have pointed at the dimension of depression. Attempts to measure self‐mutilation have shown that this is a behaviour without association to depression or suicidal behaviour. It seems to be associated with borderline disorders as well as mental handicaps. Attempts to measure outward aggression in the clinical situation have identified an aggression factor very similar to that found in the general population by Buss (1971) . This includes passive versus active aggression, direct versus indirect aggression, and verbal versus physical aggression. Among the clinical rating scales the nine‐items Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale (SDAS‐9) covers this construct. Furthermore, the SDAS‐9 measures both the generalised (day‐to‐day) aggression and aggressive acts. The scale is administered by the psychiatrist in collaboration with the nursing staff. Among scales specifically designed to be administered by the nursing staff are the Overt Aggression Scale (OAS), the Staff Observation Aggression Scale (SOAS), and the Scale for Assessment of Agitated and Aggressive Behaviour (SAAB). These three scales differ in the aspects of aggression to be measured and in the extent to which risk factors are considered. Among psychopathological risk symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, and lack of insight. Among other risk factors are medication and activities of daily living in the ward (ADL). It is important to differentiate in the measurement between aggressive behaviour and risk factors. Thus, the SDAS‐9 measures aggressive behaviour (generalised and attacks), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or the Maudsley Assessment of Delusion Schedule (MADS) measure psychopathological risk factors (e.g. delusions and hallucinations), and the SOAS measures other risk factors (e.g. medication and ADL) .
Characteristics of repeat killers in Sweden
Authors: ADLER HANS , LIDBERG LARS
Published: July 2016

Twenty‐one repeat killers in Sweden are described. Their victims were rarely strangers. Stabbing was the convenient means of killing. The perpetrators were often involved in other violent activity. The majority suffered from personality disorders. Many were addicted to drugs or alcohol; 10% suffered from schizophrenia. Most of the men had difficult childhoods and came from large families. Many were foreign nationals.
Personality disorder in an outpatient offender population
Authors: WALES DAVID
Published: July 2016

Previous research with incarcerated and hospitalised offenders has produced a fourfold typology of personality types. These have been labelled primary psychopath, secondary psychopath, inhibited and controlled. The current study uses cluster analysis of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) scores to determine whether the same clusters emerge in a sample of non‐incarcerated offenders. Results indicate the presence of the four types in this population. Consideration is given to how the clusters vary with respect to index offence and other variables.
Compulsory care in the community: a review of the proposals for compulsory supervision and treatment of the mentally ill in the community
Authors: EXWORTHY TIM
Published: July 2016

This paper reviews developments and proposals in mental health legislation and policies regarding the provision of compulsory supervision and treatment for people with a mental disorder in the community in England and Wales. The current legal framework rests within the Mental Health Act 1983; the Powers of the Criminal Courts Act 1973 (probation order with a condition of treatment) and the Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991 (supervision and treatment order) . The philosophical and practical issues in compulsory care in the community for people with a mental disorder are examined. The current legal framework for providing compulsory outpatient care in the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong is noted as background to the introduction to further measures for England and Wales announced by the Department of Health. Proposals from the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the British Medical Association and the Mental Health Act Commission are examined as well as the recommendations from the recent Ritchie Inquiry. The first of the Department of Health proposals — supervised discharge — is currently before Parliament; the second, for supervision registers, has been imposed with very little discussion and is far more contentious. Supervision registers raise ethical, legal, resource and other practical problems which have not been fully acknowledged.
Crime and physical health: illnesses, injuries, accidents and offending in the Cambridge Study
Authors: FARRINGTON DAVID P.
Published: July 2016

The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development is a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 South London males. They were seen personally eight times between the ages of 8 and 32 and followed up in criminal records between the ages of 10 and 40. This paper investigates the links between offending (measured by convictions and self‐reports) and poor health (illnesses, injuries, accidents and hospital treatment) at different ages. Offending and poor health were especially related at age 18. The relationship between offending and hospital treatment for both illness and injury at age 18 held independently of an underlying antisocial personality and childhood (age 8–10) predictors of both offending and poor health. As it was more common to find that offending predicted poor health rather than the reverse, it is concluded that offending might in some way cause poor health. Further research is needed to specify precisely how this might happen.
Adult mortality in the light of criminality, substance abuse, and behavioural and family‐risk factors in adolescence
Authors: STATTIN HAKAN , ROMELSJO ANDERS
Published: July 2016

In their general theory of crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) advanced the argument that different aspects of antisocial behaviour and health‐endangering forms of behaviour are derived from the same personality characteristic, namely low self‐control. This raises expectations of high intercorrelations between antisocial behaviour, criminality and health‐compromising activities. The objective of the present study was to examine mortality risk at an adult age (including sudden violent death and death due to accidents) as a consequence of adolescent behavioural problems and adverse home‐upbringing conditions, and further to examine whether subjects who had a criminal conviction as an adult were over‐represented among those who died prematurely. An alternative hypothesis was that disproportionately high future premature mortality among males with a record of early antisocial behaviour (and many family risk factors) is largely accounted for by a subgroup of antisocial subjects with strong alcohol and/or drug problems. In total, 7577 persons about to undertake compulsory military service, 18 years old in 1969–70, responded to questions about their family background and antisocial behaviour, and were followed up in registers of mortality, criminality and alcohol or drug abuse up to the age of 33. The results revealed that early contact with the police, truancy and school misconduct, and also the home‐upbringing variables, divorce and parents' nervous disorders, were significant predictors of later premature mortality. When future registered abusers were excluded, the prognostic power of these variables was reduced; despite this, the same indicated risk factors still had a general impact on premature adult mortality. However, adolescent risk had less impact on deaths from accidents than on other types of death. It was also found that males had criminal convictions were over‐represented among those who died prematurely. Excluding known cases of alcohol and drug abuse, there was a slight, almost negligible, increased risk of motality among males with criminal records. It is concluded that the higher likelihood of mortality among offenders can be attributed largely to the existence of a small group of alcohol and/or drug abusers who run a hight risk of dying prematurely. The generality of Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory with respect to mortality is called into question.
Antisocial behaviour, unintentional and intentional injuries during adolescence
Authors: FERGUSSON DAVID. M. , LYNSKEY MICHAEL. T.
Published: July 2016

This paper examines the relationships between antisocial behaviours and risks of both intentional and unintentional injury in a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied to the age of 16 years. The findings of the study lead to three major conclusions. (1) For this cohort rates of unintentional injury were unrelated to measures of antisocial behaviours. This absence of association was general and held for a range of different definitions of antisocial behaviours and injury risk. Additionally, the risk factors for antisocial behaviour showed little overlap with the risk factors for unintentional injury. (2) There were consistent and pervasive associations between measures of antisocial behaviour and both attempted suicide and suicidal ideation. Young people showing marked antisocial behaviours had odds of suicidal behaviours or ideation that were between 3.0 and 13.2 times those of young people without antisocial tendencies. (3) The comorbidities between suicidal tendencies and antisocial behaviours were largely explained by the facts that: (a) the risk factors for suicidal tendencies overlapped with the risk factors for antisocial behaviour and (b) antisocial behaviours were comorbid with other disorders (notably depression) that were associated with increased risks of suicidal tendencies. When common risk factors and comorbid disorders were taken into account the associations between antisocial behaviours and suicidal tendencies were substantially reduced. Nonetheless, there was evidence of small unexplained odds ratios ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 between antisocial behaviour and suicidal tendencies.
Crime, violence and injuries in children and adolescents: common risk factors?
Authors: RIVARA FREDERICK P.
Published: July 2016

Intentional and unintentional injuries are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality to children and adolescents in industrialised countries. Injuries share many important risk factors with crime and violence, including male gender, minority race, low socioeconomic status, poor environments, urban location, poor parenting skills, impulsive and hyperactive behaviour, alcohol and substance abuse, and risk‐taking behaviour. Whilst rates of unintentional injury in children and adolescents have decreased in the last few decades, rates of intentional injury and of violence have increased. Because injuries share many risk factors with crime and violence, interventions to decrease the occurrence of injuries may also be effective in decreasing crime and violence among adolescents and young adults.
Crime, accidents and social control
Authors: JUNGER MARIANNE , TERLOUW GERT-JAN , VAN DER HEIJDEN PETER G.M.
Published: July 2016

This paper addresses two questions. (1) Is there a demonstrable relation between accidents and crime, does this relation hold for each type of crime and each means of transport, and does it subsist after controlling for age and gender? (2) Can social control theory explain involvement in both delinquent behaviour and in accidents? Globally, the answer on these questions is affirmative. We established a relatively strong relation between crime and accidents. This relation was found for all types of crime and for all means of transport. It holds for boys and girls, and for all age categories. However, the relation is stronger for girls and younger respondents (12–14) and weaker for boys and older respondents (21–24). An explanation is offered in terms of the balance between exposure/opportunities and individual causes of crime. Finally it appears that, to some extent, social control variables related to crime can explain involvement in accidents, supporting the idea that, at least in part, the statistical association between crime and accidents is the result of a common causal process.
Patterns of convictions and traffic accident involvement
Authors: MERCER G. WILLIAM , JEFFERY WAYNE K.
Published: July 2016

From a random sample of 9273 driver records two correlated but distinct traffic offence conviction patterns emerged: reckless driving (RD) and drinking driving (DD). These factors both related positively to traffic accident severity, but loaded differently from each other on accident configuration factors. In a 10‐factor solution examining traffic accident patterns in 19 121 casualty‐producing accidents, RD and DD both loaded on a ‘recidivist’ accident factor, while DD only loaded on a ‘drinking driving’ factor. Similarly, in a 7‐factor solution examining the patterns in 227 fatal traffic accidents, RD and DD loaded on a ‘reciclivist’ factor while DD loaded on a ‘male single vehicle’ accident pattern factor. In turn, toxicological analyses showed that the ‘recidivist’ factor was associated with the use of alcohol and cannabis, while the ‘male single vehicle’ factor was associated with alcohol use only. The ‘out of control’ driver who will have an accident, impaired or not, is discussed, as distinct from the classic impaired driver.
Assessment of personality disorder for individuals with offending histories
Authors: MOORE ESTELLE , HOGUE TODD
Published: July 2016

The problems of those who encounter penal and mental health systems, and sometimes challenge the boundaries of both, are typically extremely complex. ConsequentIy, the assessment process is a critical tooI in the successful management of the difficulties presented by this group. Such assessment suggests opportunities for intervention where previous strategies are no longer working usefully, or have become excessively punitive. This paper provides a brief outline of current assessment aims, a summary of some of the measures used to obtain information about interpersonal behaviour in clinical and other settings, and some observations on the study of personality change in such institutions.
Improving the assessment of personality disorders
Authors: TYRER PETER
Published: July 2016

The systems of classifying and instruments used to assess personality disorder are reviewed. It is argued that the categorical system that dominates current thinking is inappropriate for personality disorder because the subject naturally fits into dimensions. The lack of agreement between different instruments is therefore to be expected and sometimes bears little relationship to clinical reality. The dimensional system allows for personality disorder to be graded in terms of severity and, using this approach, the notion of severe personality disorder becomes a natural development and is easily accommodated.
Neurocognitive explanations of the antisocial personality disorders
Authors: BLAIR TAMES , FRITH UTA
Published: July 2016

This paper aims to provide an understanding of the antisocial personality disorders (APDs; i.e. conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy) that is informed by developmental cognitive neuroscience. These disorders must be understood in terms of both the information‐processing impairments shown by afflicted individuals and the dysfunctional neural substrates that give rise to these impairments. Three broad conceptualizations of the causes of APDs are discussed. These are: (1) an impairment in executive functioning implicating prefrontal cortex; (2) an impairment in executive emotion’s processing implicating orbito‐frontal cortex; (3) an impairment in emotion processing implicating the amygdala. The literature is discussed and it is concluded that: first, executive functioning impairments are not associated with the development of the APDs, although the individual’s executive functioning may interact with other impairments to effect prognosis; second, impairments of executive emotion processing may be implicated in the development of the APDs, though the evidence is equivocal and the lack of any detailed theory makes firm conclusions difficult; third, the development of the APDs is associated with an impairment in emotional processing and that this impairment may be due to dysfunction within a circuit which involves the amygdala.
Spin Crossover in Nitrito‐Myoglobin as Revealed by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Lambrou Alexandra , Ioannou Androulla , Pinakoulaki Eftychia
Published: July 2016

The myoglobin (Mb) heme Fe‐O‐N=O and heme Fe‐O‐N=O/2‐nitrovinyl species have been characterized by resonance Raman spectroscopy. In the heme Fe‐O‐N=O species, the bound nitrite ligand is removed by solvent exchange, thus reforming metmyoglobin (metMb). The high‐spin heme Fe‐O‐N=O unit is converted into a low‐spin heme Fe‐O‐N=O/2‐nitrovinyl species that can be reversibly switched between a low‐ and a high‐spin state without removing the bound nitrite ligand, as observed in the case of the heme Fe‐O‐N=O species. This spin‐state change is likely to be accompanied by a general structural rearrangement in the protein‐binding pocket. This example is the first of a globin protein that can reversibly change its metal spin state through an internal perturbation. These findings provide a basis for understanding the structure–function relationship of the spin cross found in other metalloenzymes and FeIII–porphyrin complexes.
Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved survival in patients with stage II colon cancer
Authors: Casadaban Leigh , Rauscher Garth , Aklilu Mebea , Villenes Dana , Freels Sally , Maker Ajay V.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II colon cancer remains to be elucidated and its use varies between patients and institutions. Currently, clinical guidelines suggest discussing adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high‐risk stage II disease in the absence of conclusive randomized controlled trial data. To further investigate this relationship, the objective of the current study was to determine whether an association exists between overall survival (OS) and adjuvant chemotherapy in patients stratified by age and pathological risk features.

METHODS

Data from the National Cancer Data Base were analyzed for demographics, tumor characteristics, management, and survival of patients with stage II colon cancer who were diagnosed from 1998 to 2006 with survival information through 2011. Pearson Chi‐square tests and binary logistic regression were used to analyze disease and demographic data. Survival analysis was performed with the log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Propensity score weighting was used to match cohorts.

RESULTS

Among 153,110 patients with stage II colon cancer, predictors of receiving chemotherapy included age <65 years, male sex, nonwhite race, use of a community treatment facility, non‐Medicare insurance, and diagnosis before 2004. Improved and clinically relevant OS was associated with the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy in all patient subgroups regardless of high‐risk tumor pathologic features (poor or undifferentiated histology, <12 lymph nodes evaluated, positive resection margins, or T4 histology), age, or chemotherapy regimen, even after adjustment for covariates and propensity score weighting (hazard ratio, 0.76; P<.001). There was no difference in survival noted between single and multiagent adjuvant chemotherapy regimens.

CONCLUSIONS

In what to the authors' knowledge is the largest group of patients with stage II colon cancer evaluated to date, improved OS was found to be associated with adjuvant chemotherapy regardless of treatment regimen, patient age, or high‐risk pathologic risk features. Cancer 2016;122:3277–3287. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Surface topography during neural stem cell differentiation regulates cell migration and cell morphology
Authors: Czeisler Catherine , Short Aaron , Nelson Tyler , Gygli Patrick , Ortiz Cristina , Catacutan Fay Patsy , Stocker Ben , Cronin James , Lannutti John , Winter Jessica , Otero José Javier
Published: July 2016

We sought to determine the contribution of scaffold topography to the migration and morphology of neural stem cells by mimicking anatomical features of scaffolds found in vivo. We mimicked two types of central nervous system scaffolds encountered by neural stem cells during development in vitro by constructing different diameter electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber mats, a substrate that we have shown to be topographically similar to brain scaffolds. We compared the effects of large fibers (made to mimic blood vessel topography) with those of small‐diameter fibers (made to mimic radial glial process topography) on the migration and differentiation of neural stem cells. Neural stem cells showed differential migratory and morphological reactions with laminin in different topographical contexts. We demonstrate, for the first time, that neural stem cell biological responses to laminin are dependent on topographical context. Large‐fiber topography without laminin prevented cell migration, which was partially reversed by treatment with rock inhibitor. Cell morphology complexity assayed by fractal dimension was inhibited in nocodazole‐ and cytochalasin‐D–treated neural precursor cells in large‐fiber topography, but was not changed in small‐fiber topography with these inhibitors. These data indicate that cell morphology has different requirements on cytoskeletal proteins dependent on the topographical environment encountered by the cell. We propose that the physical structure of distinct scaffolds induces unique signaling cascades that regulate migration and morphology in embryonic neural precursor cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3485–3502, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comprehensive cellular‐resolution atlas of the adult human brain
Authors: Ding Song‐Lin , Royall Joshua J. , Sunkin Susan M. , Ng Lydia , Facer Benjamin A.C. , Lesnar Phil , Guillozet‐Bongaarts Angie , McMurray Bergen , Szafer Aaron , Dolbeare Tim A. , Stevens Allison , Tirrell Lee , Benner Thomas , Caldejon Shiella , Dalley Rachel A. , Dee Nick , Lau Christopher , Nyhus Julie , Reding Melissa , Riley Zackery L. , Sandman David , Shen Elaine , van der Kouwe Andre , Varjabedian Ani , Write Michelle , Zollei Lilla , Dang Chinh , Knowles James A. , Koch Christof , Phillips John W. , Sestan Nenad , Wohnoutka Paul , Zielke H. Ronald , Hohmann John G. , Jones Allan R. , Bernard Amy , Hawrylycz Michael J. , Hof Patrick R. , Fischl Bruce , Lein Ed S.
Published: July 2016

Detailed anatomical understanding of the human brain is essential for unraveling its functional architecture, yet current reference atlases have major limitations such as lack of whole‐brain coverage, relatively low image resolution, and sparse structural annotation. We present the first digital human brain atlas to incorporate neuroimaging, high‐resolution histology, and chemoarchitecture across a complete adult female brain, consisting of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), and 1,356 large‐format cellular resolution (1 µm/pixel) Nissl and immunohistochemistry anatomical plates. The atlas is comprehensively annotated for 862 structures, including 117 white matter tracts and several novel cyto‐ and chemoarchitecturally defined structures, and these annotations were transferred onto the matching MRI dataset. Neocortical delineations were done for sulci, gyri, and modified Brodmann areas to link macroscopic anatomical and microscopic cytoarchitectural parcellations. Correlated neuroimaging and histological structural delineation allowed fine feature identification in MRI data and subsequent structural identification in MRI data from other brains. This interactive online digital atlas is integrated with existing Allen Institute for Brain Science gene expression atlases and is publicly accessible as a resource for the neuroscience community. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3127–3481, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parkinsonian monkeys with prior levodopa‐induced dyskinesias followed by fetal dopamine precursor grafts do not display graft‐induced dyskinesias
Authors: Kordower Jeffrey H. , Vinuela Angel , Chu Yaping , Isacson Ole , Redmond D. Eugene
Published: July 2016

Clinical trials testing the hypothesis that fetal dopamine grafts would provide antiparkinsonian benefit in patients who had already developed side effects from their long‐term use of L‐dopa revealed, in some cases, the presence of dyskinesias even in the absence of L‐dopa. The form, intensity, and frequency of these dyskinesias were quite variable, but their manifestation slowed the clinical development of cell replacement therapies. Rodent models of graft‐induced dyskinesias (GIDs) have been proposed, but their accuracy in modeling GIDs has been questioned because they usually require amphetamine for their presentation. The present study attempted to model GIDs in parkinsonian monkeys and, for the first time, to test the effect of grafts on previously dyskinetic monkeys. Toward this end, monkeys were rendered parkinsonian with n‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and dyskinetic with levodopa. They then received intraputamenal grafts of fetal dopaminergic cells, control cerebellar cells, or vehicle bilaterally and were studied for 18 months. Dopaminergic cells were grafted in a manner designed to produce either “hot spot” or “widespread” striatal innervation. Although levodopa‐induced dyskinesias could be elicited postoperatively, GIDs were never observed in any animal at any time after grafting. Grafted monkeys were also challenged with levodopa but did not show any greater responses to these challenges than before grafting. These studies support the development of future dopamine neuron cell transplantation therapy‐based approaches, indicating that in relevant primate models with appropriate cell preparation methodology, with successful graft survival and putamenal dopamine innervation, there is no evidence of graft‐induced dyskinesias. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:498–512, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis of BaTiO3 Nanocubes with the Use of Anatase TiO2 Nanorods as a Precursor to Titanium Hydroxide
Authors: Vara Madeline , Chi Miaofang , Xia Younan
Published: July 2016

We report a solvothermal method for the facile and reproducible synthesis of BaTiO3 nanocubes by employing anatase TiO2 nanorods as a precursor to titanium hydroxide. The TiO2 nanorods were, in turn, synthesized in advance through another solvothermal process. We could obtain high‐quality BaTiO3 nanocubes by reacting the TiO2 nanorods with Ba(NO3)2 under solvothermal conditions in the presence of oleic acid and acetic acid as dual capping agents, followed by a purification process involving chemical washing and physical filtration. The addition of acetic acid alongside oleic acid was critical to the formation of well‐defined {100} facets on the nanocrystals and also increased batch‐to‐batch reproducibility without the use of a glove box or similar air‐free experimental design. Using this method, BaTiO3 nanocubes crystallized in the cubic phase could be readily obtained with an average edge length around 8 nm.
Lack of sex‐specific movement patterns in an alien species at its invasion front – consequences for invasion speed
Authors: Herfindal Ivar , Melis Claudia , Åhlén Per‐Arne , Dahl Fredrik
Published: July 2016

Efficient targeting of actions to reduce the spread of invasive alien species relies on understanding the spatial, temporal, and individual variation of movement, in particular related to dispersal. Such patterns may differ between individuals at the invasion front compared to individuals in established and dense populations due to differences in environmental and ecological conditions such as abundance of conspecifics or sex‐specific dispersal affecting the encounter rate of potential mates. We assessed seasonal and diurnal variation in movement pattern (step length and turning angle) of adult male and female raccoon dog at their invasion front in northern Sweden using data from Global Positioning System (GPS)‐marked adult individuals and assessed whether male and female raccoon dog differed in their movement behavior. There were few consistent sex differences in movement. The rate of dispersal was rather similar over the months, suggesting that both male and female raccoon dog disperse during most of the year, but with higher speed during spring and summer. There were diurnal movement patterns in both sexes with more directional and faster movement during the dark hours. However, the short summer nights may limit such movement patterns, and long‐distance displacement was best explained by fine‐scale movement patterns from 18:00 to 05:00, rather than by movement patterns only from twilight and night. Simulation of dispersing raccoon dogs suggested a higher frequency of male–female encounters that were further away from the source population for the empirical data compared to a scenario with sex differences in movement pattern. The lack of sex differences in movement pattern at the invasion front results in an increased likelihood for reproductive events far from the source population. Animals outside the source population should be considered potential reproducing individuals, and a high effort to capture such individuals is needed throughout the year to prevent further spread.
Evolution of alternative insect life histories in stochastic seasonal environments
Authors: Kivelä Sami M. , Välimäki Panu , Gotthard Karl
Published: July 2016

Deterministic seasonality can explain the evolution of alternative life history phenotypes (i.e., life history polyphenism) expressed in different generations emerging within the same year. However, the influence of stochastic variation on the expression of such life history polyphenisms in seasonal environments is insufficiently understood. Here, we use insects as a model and explore (1) the effects of stochastic variation in seasonality and (2) the life cycle on the degree of life history differentiation among the alternative developmental pathways of direct development and diapause (overwintering), and (3) the evolution of phenology. With numerical simulation, we determine the values of development (growth) time, growth rate, body size, reproductive effort, adult life span, and fecundity in both the overwintering and directly developing generations that maximize geometric mean fitness. The results suggest that natural selection favors the expression of alternative life histories in the alternative developmental pathways even when there is stochastic variation in seasonality, but that trait differentiation is affected by the developmental stage that overwinters. Increasing environmental unpredictability induced a switch to a bet‐hedging type of life history strategy, which is consistent with general life history theory. Bet‐hedging appeared in our study system as reduced expression of the direct development phenotype, with associated changes in life history phenotypes, because the fitness value of direct development is highly variable in uncertain environments. Our main result is that seasonality itself is a key factor promoting the evolution of seasonally polyphenic life histories but that environmental stochasticity may modulate the expression of life history phenotypes.
The major diversification of Vγ1.1+ and Vγ2+ thymocytes in mice occurs after commitment to the γδ T‐cell lineage
Authors: Buus Terkild B. , Geisler Carsten , Lauritsen Jens Peter H.
Published: July 2016

γδ T cells are a heterogeneous cell population with different subsets playing specialized and often opposing roles during immune responses. A key question is whether γδ thymocytes are determined for their effector function already at an early stage, before their commitment to the γδ T‐cell lineage, or are instructed during their later development. Here, we show that the adult Vγ1.1+ and Vγ2+ γδ T‐cell subsets both go through a CD73+CD24+ development stage, and that the gene regulation involved in lineage commitment is shared by both subsets. We demonstrate that the major subset diversification first occurs after the cells have committed to the γδ T‐cell lineage, strongly supporting an instructive model for functional programming of γδ T cells. In conclusion, we show that the two major adult γδ T‐cell subsets in mice develop through a shared pathway utilizing similar cellular machinery and that they diverge after the CD24+CD73+ maturity stage.
Wohl‐Ziegler Bromination of Electrografted Films for Optimizing Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Nielsen Stefan Urth , Koefoed Line , Lund Henning , Daasbjerg Kim , Pedersen Steen U.
Published: July 2016

Electrografting of aryldiazonium compounds to conducting surfaces is extensively used to alter the surface properties. The highly reactive aryl radical is the actual grafting reagent, which on one hand is pertinent for the efficiency of the procedure but, on the other hand, in some cases is problematic by introducing unwanted side reactions. The electrografting of e.g. 4‐(bromomethyl)benzenediazonium is often carried out with the aim of creating a film that may serve as initiator for a controlled atom transfer radical polymerization. Unfortunately, this is difficult to accomplish because of bromine abstraction reactions occurring during the grafting process, which diminish the bromine content of the grafted layer significantly. Yet, this problem may be resolved by enriching the initiator film with bromine through a Wohl‐Ziegler bromination prior to the polymerization. An alternative pathway consisting of grafting 4‐methylbenzenediazonium followed by a bromination reaction to introduce bromine atoms at the benzylic position is shown to work equally well. Additionally, bromination of grafted benzyl alcohol groups have been explored. Finally, the repaired bromine films are used as a platform for atom transfer radical polymerization.
Gender, identity, and bioethics
Authors: Dietz Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2016

Transgender people and issues have come to the forefront of public consciousness over the last year. Caitlyn Jenner' very public transition, heightened media coverage of the murders of transgender women of color, and the panicked passage of North Carolina's “bathroom bill” (House Bill 2), mean that conversations about transgender health and well‐being are no longer happening only within small communities. The idea that transgender issues are bioethical issues is not new, but I think that increased public awareness of transgender people and the ways that their health is affected by systems that bioethics already engages with offers an opportunity for scholarship that works to improve transgender health in meaningful ways.
The Income–Health Relationship ‘Beyond the Mean’: New Evidence from Biomarkers
Authors: Carrieri Vincenzo , Jones Andrew M.
Published: July 2016

The relationship between income and health is one of the most explored topics in health economics but less is known about this relationship at different points of the health distribution. Analysis based solely on the mean may miss important information in other parts of the distribution. This is especially relevant when clinical concern is focused on the tail of the distribution and when evaluating the income gradient at different points of the distribution and decomposing income‐related inequalities in health is of interest. We use the unconditional quantile regression approach to analyse the income gradient across the entire distribution of objectively measured blood‐based biomarkers. We apply an Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition at various quantiles of the biomarker distributions to analyse gender differentials in biomarkers and to measure the contribution of income (and other covariates) to these differentials. Using data from the Health Survey for England, we find a non‐linear relationship between income and health and a strong gradient with respect to income at the highest quantiles of the biomarker distributions. We find that there is heterogeneity in the association of health to income across genders, which accounts for a substantial percentage of the gender differentials in observed health. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heritability and Genetic Correlations for Bone Microarchitecture: The Framingham Study Families
Authors: Karasik David , Demissie Serkalem , Zhou Yanhua , Lu Darlene , Broe Kerry E , Bouxsein Mary L , Cupples L Adrienne , Kiel Douglas P
Published: July 2016

High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) measures bone microarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), important risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. We estimated the heritability (h2) of bone microstructure indices and vBMD, measured by HR-pQCT, and genetic correlations (ρG) among them and between them and regional aBMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in adult relatives from the Framingham Heart Study. Cortical (Ct) and trabecular (Tb) traits were measured at the distal radius and tibia in up to 1047 participants, and ultradistal radius (UD) aBMD was obtained by DXA. Heritability estimates, adjusted for age, sex, and estrogenic status (in women), ranged from 19.3% (trabecular number) to 82.8% (p < 0.01, Ct.vBMD) in the radius and from 51.9% (trabecular thickness) to 98.3% (cortical cross-sectional area fraction) in the tibia. Additional adjustments for height, weight, and radial aBMD had no major effect on h2 estimates. In bivariate analyses, moderate to high genetic correlations were found between radial total vBMD and microarchitecture traits (ρG from 0.227 to 0.913), except for cortical porosity. At the tibia, a similar pattern of genetic correlations was observed (ρG from 0.274 to 0.948), except for cortical porosity. Environmental correlations between the microarchitecture traits were also substantial. There were high genetic correlations between UD aBMD and multivariable-adjusted total and trabecular vBMD at the radius (ρG = 0.811 and 0.917, respectively). In summary, in related men and women from a population-based cohort, cortical and trabecular microarchitecture and vBMD at the radius and tibia were heritable and shared some h2 with regional aBMD measured by DXA. These findings of high heritability of HR-pQCT traits, with a slight attenuation when adjusting for aBMD, supports further work to identify the specific variants underlying volumetric bone density and fine structure of long bones. Knowledge that some of these traits are genetically correlated can serve to reduce the number of traits for genetic association studies. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Salivary glands and human congenital cytomegalovirus infection: What happens in early fetal life?
Authors: Gabrielli Liliana , Bonasoni Maria Paola , Chiereghin Angela , Piccirilli Giulia , Santini Donatella , Pavia Claudia , Turello Gabriele , Squarzoni Diego , Lazzarotto Tiziana
Published: July 2016

Salivary glands are a site of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication, latency, and persistence. Prolonged secretion of virus in saliva for months following a primary infection contribute to horizontal transmission. In order to better understand the early effects of CMV on salivary glands and the mechanisms of viral persistent replication, submandibular glands of six CMV congenitally infected fetuses at 21 weeks gestation were studied. Three fetuses at the same gestational age from CMV‐seronegative women were compared as negative controls. Tissue viral load and the type of inflammatory infiltrate were evaluated. Moreover, development and branching of salivary glands, the number of myoepithelial cells, cellular proliferation, and expression of secretory proteins of the saliva (Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein‐15 and lysozyme) were studied. A low viral load and rare CMV‐positive cells associated with T CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed. Branching was impaired with a decrease in terminal acinar structures, the number of myoepithelial cells, and cellular proliferation were reduced. In addition, a compromised secretion of defense proteins involved in the oral humoral immunity was observed. These findings suggest that CMV may affect salivary glands, impairing structure development and secretion of defense proteins, probably responsible for the prolonged viral shedding in saliva. J. Med. Virol. 89:318–323, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection and characterization of Aichi virus 1 in pediatric patients with diarrhea in Thailand
Authors: Chuchaona Watchaporn , Khamrin Pattara , Yodmeeklin Arpaporn , Kumthip Kattareeya , Saikruang Wilaiporn , Thongprachum Aksara , Okitsu Shoko , Ushijima Hiroshi , Maneekarn Niwat
Published: July 2016

Kobuvirus is a newly discovered virus that belongs to the Kobuvirus genus in Picornaviridae family, which comprised of three species including Aichivirus A, Aichivirus B, and Aichivirus C. The kobuvirus isolated from human has been classified as Aichi virus 1 and belongs to Aichivirus A species. The present study aimed to assess the epidemiology and to perform molecular characterization of Aichi virus 1 in children admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand. A total of 923 fecal specimens collected from January, 2011 to December, 2013 were screened for the presence of Aichi virus 1 by RT semi‐nested PCR. Out of 923 fecal specimens tested, Aichi virus 1 was detected with the prevalence of 2.6% (24/923). Of these, 0.3% (3/923) was genotype A and 2.3% (21/923) were genotype B. It is interesting to note that the genotype A showed the nucleotide sequence closely related to the Aichi virus reference strain isolated from sewage in Tunisia, while genotype B was most closely related to other human Aichi virus B reference strains. The results suggest that Aichi virus 1 of both genotypes A and B are circulating in pediatric patients in Thailand. J. Med. Virol. 89:234–238, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.