bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1H NMR spectral analysis and conformational behavior of n‐alkanes in different chemical environments
Authors: Tynkkynen Tuulia , Hassinen Tommi , Tiainen Mika , Soininen Pasi , Laatikainen Reino
Published: July 2012

Alkyl chains are common structural units, for example in lipids, and their 1H NMR spectral parameters offer valuable information about their conformational behavior in solvent environment. Even the spectra of short n‐alkanes are complex, which is obviously a reason why their accurate spectral analyses have not been reported before. The present study reports the quantum mechanical analysis of 1H NMR spectra of n‐butane, n‐pentane, n‐hexane, and n‐heptane. The spectral parameters were used to characterize the conformational behavior of n‐alkanes. The temperature dependence analysis of coupling constants suggests that the enthalpy difference between the gauche (g) and trans (t) conformations (ΔHg) of n‐butane in chloroform is 2.55–2.85 kJ mol−1. The difference between the trans–gauche (tg) and all‐trans (tt) conformers of n‐pentane (ΔHtg) seems to be 0.1–0.2 kJ mol−1 higher. The coupling constant information shows that the tn conformations become more favored with longer chains, although not only for energetic reasons but also partly because the g+g‐ arrangements become sterically unfavorable, which decreases the number of favorable gn‐type conformations. The analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of n‐pentane and n‐hexane in solvents representing different chemical environments indicates that polar and spherical dimethyl sulfoxide favors clearly the g conformations, whereas n‐hexane‐d14 favors slightly the extended tn conformation. In addition to the intrinsic scientific importance for NMR spectral parameter prediction and molecular modeling in solution, the results provide some insights to behavior of hydrocarbon chains and their spectra in different chemical environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chloride transfer in cement‐based materials. Part 2. Experimental study and numerical simulations
Authors: Bourbatache K. , Millet O. , Aït‐Mokhtar A. , Amiri O.
Published: July 2012

This second part of the work deals firstly with carrying out materials characterization, mainly mercury intrusion porosimetry and chloride electrodiffusion tests on two cement pastes. Experimental data allowed fixing the perturbation parameter ϵ and other dimensionless numbers highlighted in part I of this work. Secondly, a series of parametric simulations were performed in order to compute the chloride diffusion coefficient through a gradual complexity of the elementary cell, approaching as close as possible the real microstructure of the cement pastes tested. Results highlighted that taking into account microstructure parameters (porosity, tortuosity and constrictivity) allows to approach the experimental diffusion coefficient. However, they also showed that electrochemical interactions between ions and the liquid‐solid interface, and the multi‐scale character of cementitious material microstructure, must be considered. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychometric Properties of the Arab Heritage Activity Card Sort
Authors: Hamed Razan , Holm Margo B.
Published: July 2012

The Activity Card Sort is a valid and reliable assessment tool that was created to assess Participation. It has been translated to several languages and adapted to different international cultures. The most recent version of this tool is the Arabic Heritage Activity Card Sort (A‐ACS). The purpose of this study was to establish the psychometric properties of the new Arabic version in Jordanian adults. Forty three Jordanian patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 62 healthy adults were recruited to test the psychometric properties of the tool. The A‐ACS correlated moderately with the participation index of the Mayo‐Portland Adaptability Inventory (r = −0.458, p < 0.00) (concurrent validity), was able to discriminate between patients and healthy participants on the current and retained levels of participation (F = 5.09, p < 0.03; F = 6.01, p < 0.02, respectively) (discriminative validity), and correlated moderately with the total scores of the Mayo‐Portland Adaptability Inventory (r = −0.458, p < 0.00) and the total score on the Arabic version of the self‐report Performance Assessment of Self‐care Skills (r = 0.581, p < 0.00) (convergent validity). The tool also showed good test–retest reliability (r = 0.80, p < 0.00) and excellent internal consistency (α = 0.90). The Arabic Heritage of the Activity Card Sort is a valid and reliable tool for Arabic‐speaking occupational therapists to use when assessing participation in Jordanian patients with MS or healthy adults. Limitations of this study include using only one diagnostic group from Jordan and examining only the Recovery and Community Versions of the tool. Future studies are needed to examine further psychometric properties for patients with different diagnoses and from different countries in the Arabic region for all three versions of the A‐ACS. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School psychology goes to college: The emerging role of school psychology in college communities
Authors: Sulkowski Michael L. , Joyce Diana J.
Published: July 2012

Many college students display academic and social‐emotional needs that are not being addressed by extant university supports. School psychologists who work in postsecondary settings and have expertise in providing psychoeducational services may be uniquely positioned to help many of these students. However, few school psychologists currently work with or serve college students. To address unmet student needs and illustrate the fruitful role of school psychology in college communities, this article discusses ways university‐based or ‐affiliated school psychologists can expand their current roles. Additionally, a multitiered framework is included that encourages the provision of interventions at universal, selective, and targeted service delivery levels. Although many of the interventions and ideas discussed in this article are not yet widely implemented, they warrant consideration and further elaboration because of their potential to impact college students and the practice of school psychology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abbreviated multi‐breath washout for calculation of lung clearance index
Authors: Robinson Paul D. , Stocks Janet , Aurora Paul , Lum Sooky
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Various functional residual capacity (FRC) repeatability criteria have been proposed for lung clearance index (LCI) measurement by multiple breath washout (MBW). Adult guidelines recommend three technically acceptable tests with FRC values within 10%, whilst preschool guidelines recommend two such tests. Feasibility of and need for recommendations in children is unclear.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of MBW data was undertaken in healthy control (n = 90) and cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects (n = 108) encompassing infancy, pre‐school and school age ranges. Feasibility of FRC repeatability recommendations was investigated in those with three technically acceptable tests. Validity of mean LCI from the first two tests alone (vs. all three) was investigated by comparing mean data and sensitivity to detect abnormal peripheral airway function in CF.

Results

LCI coefficient of variation (CoV) was related to FRC CoV (P < 0.001) and disease category (P = 0.002). Application of adult repeatability criteria decreased LCI CoV (4.7 vs. 8.5%, P < 0.001), but had poor feasibility beyond infancy (62/150, 41%). Preschool recommendations increased feasibility but only to 70% overall. There was no difference in mean LCI (All three minus 1st two tests) in healthy controls [mean (95% CI) difference: 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06; P = 0.15)], this difference being statistically but not clinically significant in CF subjects [0.07 (0.00,0.13; P = 0.04)]. Sensitivity in CF subjects was unaffected.

Conclusion

Adult FRC repeatability recommendations improved LCI repeatability in pediatric subjects, but poor feasibility limited utility. In an experienced pediatric MBW center, recent preschool recommendations can be extended to two technically acceptable tests, irrespective of FRC repeatability, without significantly affecting mean LCI or compromising sensitivity. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:336–343. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement in thermoelectric power factor of polycrystalline Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 by crystallite alignment
Authors: Dehkordi Arash Mehdizadeh , Vashaee Daryoosh
Published: July 2012

It is known that the random orientation of crystallites in polycrystalline Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 reduces its thermoelectric power factor. An efficient method for growing ordered bulk polycrystalline Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 was used and the enhancement of thermoelectric power factor was demonstrated. For comparison, samples with randomly and preferentially oriented crystallites were sintered from similar powder of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3. A press process similar to extrusion was used to align the crystallites during the hot press. The crystallites alignment was verified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dominant orientation in the aligned sample was in c‐plane (0,0,15). The aligned sample demonstrated significant increase in electrical conductivity while the Seebeck coefficient remained unchanged. As a result, the thermoelectric power factor of the aligned sample was improved by ∼50%.
Vacancy out‐diffusion in nitrogen‐doped silicon
Authors: Voronkov Vladimir , Falster Robert
Published: July 2012

In nitrogen‐doped silicon a strong anneal‐induced resistivity increase was reported – but has remained not fully understood. It is now shown that the complicated evolution of the resistivity depth profiles can be reproduced by a relatively simple model based on the out‐diffusion of vacancies and of nitrogen trimers N3. Both these species are produced by dissociation of VN3 defects that originate from grown‐in neutral vacancy‐nitrogen defects. The major deep donors are attributed to N3 defects. The deduced effective vacancy diffusivity DV at 1000 °C is almost coincident with the value extrapolated from low‐temperature data by Watkins. At 900 °C DV is remarkably smaller due to trapping of vacancies by dimeric nitrogen, N2, that is pronounced at lower T. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of ultra‐thin SiGe‐on‐insulator materials prepared by Ge condensation method
Authors: Li Cheng , Huang Shihao , Lu Weifang , Xu Jianfang , Huang Wei , Sun Zhijun , Lai Hongkai , Chen Songyan
Published: July 2012

Ultra‐thin SiGe‐on‐insulator (SGOI and GOI)materials with various Ge concentrations were fabricated by oxidation of SiGe on SOI substrate, in which Si was oxidized and Ge was confined between the two oxide layers. The SGOI (GOI) materials were systematically characterized with double‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Auger electron energy spectroscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is indicated that Ge profile in the SGOI is uniform with smooth surface and the strain relaxation process in the SGOI is still dominated by the critical thickness. An ultra‐thin GOI with 11 nm Ge layer was achieved, in which room temperature photoluminescence due to its direct band transition was observed. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In‐situ measurement of thickness‐dependent Pendellösung oscillations from a precipitation process in silicon at 650 °C
Authors: Will Johannes , Gröschel Alexander , Bergmann Christoph , Magerl Andreas
Published: July 2012

The time dependent agglomeration of oxygen in silicon at an annealing temperature of 650 °C is followed in‐situ via the variation of the thickness‐dependent Pendellösung fringes. The measurement of the 400‐reflection of a wedge shaped sample with the characteristic tungsten Kα1‐line at 59.31 keV allows to observe changes of the static Debye‐Waller factor of about 0.001%. Within the model of spherical precipitates and the classical theory of diffusion‐driven precipitation we determine from this a diffusion constant 4.7x10‐15 cm²/s for oxygen in silicon at 650 °C which appears enhanced by a factor of 2.4 as compared to normal oxygen diffusion. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Retracted: Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) films by electrospray deposition for crystalline silicon/organic hybrid junction solar cells
Authors: Hiate Taiga , Miyauchi Naoto , Tang Zeguo , Ishikawa Ryo , Ueno Keiji , Shirai Hajime
Published: July 2012

The above article, published online on 25 July 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Stefan Hildebrandt, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA. The retraction has been agreed since the contents of the article have already been published by the corresponding author in Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51, 061602 (2012) on 4 June 2012.

The manuscript submitted to physica status solidi (c) was part of the E‐MRS 2012 Spring Meeting, Symposium A, Proceedings. The authors regret the dual publication and express their sincere apologies to readers.
Marine heterogeneous multirobot systems at the great Eastern Japan Tsunami recovery
Authors: Murphy Robin R. , Dreger Karen L. , Newsome Sean , Rodocker Jesse , Slaughter Brian , Smith Richard , Steimle Eric , Kimura Tetsuya , Makabe Kenichi , Kon Kazuyuki , Mizumoto Hisashi , Hatayama Michinori , Matsuno Fumitoshi , Tadokoro Satoshi , Kawase Osamu
Published: July 2012

This field report describes two deployments of heterogeneous unmanned marine vehicle teams at the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake response and recovery by the Center for Robot‐Assisted Search and Rescue (USA) in collaboration with the International Rescue System Institute (Japan). Four remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) were fielded in Minamisanriku and Rikuzentakata from April 18 to 24, 2011, for port clearing and victim recovery missions using sonar and video. The ROVs were used for multirobot operations only 46% of the time due to logistics. The teleoperated ROVs functioned as a dependent team 86% of the time to avoid sensor interference or collisions. The deployment successfully reopened the Minamisanriku New Port area and searched areas prohibited to divers in Rikuzentakata. The IRS‐CRASAR team planned to return from October 18 to 28, 2011, with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), and an ROV to conduct debris mapping for environmental remediation missions. The intent was to investigate an interdependent strategy by which the UAV and AUV would rapidly conduct low‐resolution scans identifying areas of interest for further investigation by the ROV. The UAV and AUV could not be used; however, the ROV was able to cover 80,000 m2 in 6 h, finding submerged wreckage and pollutants in areas previously marked clear by divers. The field work (i) showed that the actual and planned multirobot system configurations did not fall neatly into traditional taxonomies, (ii) identified a new measure, namely perceptual confidence, and (iii) posed five open research questions for multirobot systems operating in littoral regions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SHORT‐TERM IMPACTS OF LATERAL HYDROLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY RESTORATION ON AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
Authors: Besacier‐Monbertrand A.‐L. , Paillex A. , Castella E.
Published: July 2012

In floodplain ecosystems, the lateral hydrological connectivity between the main river channel and the secondary channels plays a major role in shaping both the habitat conditions and the macroinvertebrate diversity. Among other threats, human activities tend to reduce the lateral connectivity, which increases floodplain terrestrialization and induces a loss of aquatic biodiversity. Consequently, the restoration of lateral connectivity is of growing concern. We studied four secondary channels of the Rhône floodplain that were subjected either to no restoration or to three different restoration measures (river flow increase only, flow increase plus dredging and flow increase plus reconnection to the river). Macroinvertebrate and environmental data were analysed one year before and during a period of five years after restoration. We expected a progressive increase of lateral connectivity according to the type of restoration. Changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages were predicted to be towards more rheophilic communities and proportionally related to the changes in lateral connectivity.

In the reconnected channel, lateral connectivity increased and remained high five years after restoration. In the dredged channel, the immediate increase of the lateral connectivity metric induced by sediment removal was followed by a rapid decrease. In the unrestored channel and the channel only influenced by flow increase, the metric remained constant in time. The macroinvertebrate composition and the rarefied EPT richness changes were proportionally related to the changes in lateral connectivity. Alien species richness and densities increased progressively in all channels after restoration. Our results showed that modifications of the lateral connectivity lead to predictable changes in macroinvertebrate diversity. Synergistic interactions between restoration and longer‐term changes (e.g. climatic change, invasion of alien species) encourage long‐term monitoring to assess the durability and trends of restoration measures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Computed Tomography and Scanning Electron Microscopy Comparisons of Two Nickel–Titanium Rotary Root Canal Instruments Used With Reciprocating Motion
Authors: Kim Hee‐Chul , Hwang You‐Jeong , Jung Da‐Woon , You Sung‐Yeop , Kim Hyeon‐Cheol , Lee WooCheol
Published: July 2012

The single‐file root canal instrumentation technique using reciprocating motion has been gaining concern. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of single ProTaper F2 file and WaveOne Primary file when they were used in the curved root canal with reciprocation motion and to investigate the durability of the file after use with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Changes in structure model index (SMI), root canal volume, curvature, surface area, and degree of transportation were measured from the cross‐sectional images of the prepared canals using the micro‐CT system with an isotropic resolution of 16 μm. Results showed that there were no differences in the changes of root canal volume, surface area, and SMI between the two file groups after the preparation (p > 0.05). The ProTaper group showed a curvature straightening value of 25.45 ± 12.51%, while the WaveOne group showed 27.30 ± 10.91%, and there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The transportation values between the two groups showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). SEM revealed that 60% of ProTaper files showed initiation of microcracks on the surface while those were detected on the only one WaveOne file. The single‐file technique using either WaveOne Primary or ProTaper F2 can be safely used under each reciprocating motion without creating an increased apical transportation in curved canals. However, the metallurgic property resists cyclic fatigue was more favorable with WaveOne under the scanning evaluation. SCANNING 35: 112‐118, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AFM Investigation on Ox‐LDL‐Induced Changes in Cell Spreading and Cell‐Surface Adhesion Property of Endothelial Cells
Authors: Shao Wenxiang , Jin Hua , Huang Jie , Qiu Bin , Xia Ruihua , Deng Zeyuan , Cai Jiye , Chen Yong
Published: July 2012

The integrity and adhesion properties of endothelium play vital roles during atherosclerosis. It is well known that oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (Ox‐LDL) influences many physiological activities or mechanical properties of endothelial cells. However, the effects of Ox‐LDL on the integrity and nonspecific adhesion properties of endothelial cells are still unclear. In this study, using the topographical imaging and force measurement functions of atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that Ox‐LDL can transiently weaken the integrity of endothelium by impairing cell spreading of endothelial cells and decrease the attachment of irrelevant blood cells to endothelium by impairing the nonspecific adhesion property of endothelial cells. The AFM‐based data provide important information for understanding the effects of Ox‐LDL on endothelial cells or during atherogenesis. SCANNING 35: 119‐126, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reverse‐safe authentication protocol for secure USB memories
Authors: Lee Kyungroul , Yim Kangbin , Spafford Eugene H.
Published: July 2012

USB memory devices are both portable and easily accessible, and have thus become one of the most popular forms of external storage device. However, if a USB device is lost, stolen, or hacked, it may lead to leakage of critical information. It is a logical outcome that malicious individuals will try to steal their colleagues' USB memories. Consequently, various USB products with built‐in security functions have been developed. To our knowledge, there has been little or no security analysis and comparison of these devices. This paper explores technological and architectural approaches to secure USB memories while analyzing their vulnerabilities, especially for resistance to reverse engineering attacks on the authentication protocols and data decryption. In this analysis, we classify vulnerabilities of these devices into 12 categories to summarize the current security situations on USB memories. Additionally, we derive a more secure authentication protocol based on our analysis. It is expected for secure USB products, including USB memory devices, to be revised with enhanced authentication protocols as a result of this effort. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of estimators to evaluate the discriminatory power of time‐to‐event models
Authors: Schmid Matthias , Potapov Sergej
Published: July 2012

Discrimination measures for continuous time‐to‐event outcomes have become an important tool in medical decision making. The idea behind discrimination measures is to evaluate the performance of a prediction model by measuring its ability to distinguish between observations having an event and those having no event. Researchers proposed a variety of approaches to estimate discrimination measures from a set of right‐censored data. These approaches rely on different regularity assumptions that are needed to ensure consistency of the respective estimators. Typical examples of regularity assumptions include the proportional hazards assumption in Cox regression and the random censoring assumption. Because regularity assumptions are often violated in practice, conducting a sensitivity analysis of the estimators is of considerable interest. The aim of the paper is to analyze and to compare the most popular estimators of discrimination measures for event time outcomes. On the basis of the results of an extensive simulation study and the analysis of molecular data, we investigate the behavior of the estimators in situations where the underlying regularity assumptions do not hold. We show that violations of the regularity assumptions may induce a nonignorable bias and may therefore result in biased medical decision making. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pleural mesothelioma: forecasts of the death toll in the area of Casale Monferrato, Italy
Authors: Furlan Claudia , Mortarino Cinzia
Published: July 2012

In the city of Casale Monferrato, the largest Italian factory that produced asbestos‐cement goods was active from 1907 to 1985. Consequently, asbestos fibers scattered in the surrounding area and caused an enormous number of cases of pleural mesothelioma. Owing to the very long latency of this disease, many subjects have not exhibited its symptoms yet. The aim of this paper is to model and predict the future evolution of the number of deaths due to this disease among residents in the area around that city. The model used here is based on a cellular automata that is assumed to pass through three steps: exposure, contamination, and diagnosis. In this way, forecasts of the future evolution take into account the environmental conditions that changed over the last century because of different levels of plant activity. The model is fitted to annual diagnosis data from 1954 to 2008. Results show that deaths will not end until 2031 and that in the next two decades, at least 505 more subjects will be diagnosed with this disease. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nucleation‐Controlled Distributed Plasticity in Penta‐twinned Silver Nanowires
Authors: Filleter Tobin , Ryu Seunghwa , Kang Keonwook , Yin Jie , Bernal Rodrigo A. , Sohn Kwonnam , Li Shuyou , Huang Jiaxing , Cai Wei , Espinosa Horacio D.
Published: July 2012

A unique size‐dependent strain hardening mechanism, that achieves both high strength and ductility, is demonstrated for penta‐twinned Ag nanowires (NWs) through a combined experimental‐computational approach. Thin Ag NWs are found to deform via the surface nucleation of stacking fault decahedrons (SFDs) in multiple plastic zones distributed along the NW. Twin boundaries lead to the formation of SFD chains that locally harden the NW and promote subsequent nucleation of SFDs at other locations. Due to surface undulations, chain reactions of SFD arrays are activated at stress concentrations and terminated as local stress decreases, revealing insensitivity to defects imparted by the twin structures. Thick NWs exhibit lower flow stress and number of distributed plastic zones due to the onset of necking accompanied by more complex dislocation structures.
Graphene‐Based Nafion Nanocomposite Membranes: Enhanced Proton Transport and Water Retention by Novel Organo‐functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanosheets
Authors: Enotiadis Apostolos , Angjeli Kristina , Baldino Noemi , Nicotera Isabella , Gournis Dimitrios
Published: July 2012

Novel nanostructured organo‐modified layered materials based on graphene oxide carrying various hydrophilic functional groups (‐NH2, ‐OH, ‐SO3H) are prepared and tested as nanofillers for the creation of innovative graphene‐based Nafion nanocomposites. The hybrid membranes are characterized by a combination of analytical techniques, which show that highly homogeneous exfoliated nanocomposites are created. The pulsed field gradient NMR technique is used to measure the water self‐diffusion coefficients. Remarkable behavior at temperatures up to 140 °C is observed for some composite membranes, thereby verifying the exceptional water retention property of these materials. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that hybrid membranes are much stiffer and can withstand higher temperatures than pure Nafion.
Transformer: an adaptation framework supporting contextual adaptation behavior composition
Authors: Gui Ning , De Florio Vincenzo , Holvoet Tom
Published: July 2012

As software systems today increasingly operate in changing and complex environments, they are expected to dynamically adapt to the changing environments sometimes with multiple coexisting adaptation goals. In this paper, an adaptation framework to facilitate adaptation with multiple concerns by using reusable and composable adaptation modules is proposed. Rather than using one‐size‐fits‐all approach, in this framework, system global adaptation behavior is generated by contextually fusing adaptation plans from multiple adaptation modules. In order to handle possible conflicts from multiple adaptation plans, supports for conflict detection and resolution are provided. Following the framework design principles, a supporting middleware is implemented based on the service‐oriented component model. Adaptation behaviors are realized as individually deployable adaptation components. A strategy called normalized context matching degree is proposed to rate and select applicable adaptation components. Possible conflicts in dealing with multiple adaptation concerns are resolved by using the semantics of actuators and context conditions. This middleware is also designed to be readily reconfigurable to support new features. Case studies and experiment results show that our framework exhibits significant advantage over traditional approaches in light of flexibility and reusability of the adaptation modules, with little complexity and performance overhead. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Passive Film Formed on AISI 316L Stainless Steel after Magnetoelectropolishing in a Broad Range of Polarization Parameters
Authors: Rokosz Krzysztof , Hryniewicz Tadeusz , Raaen Steiner
Published: July 2012

The aim of the paper is to present the changes in the surface film composition on AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) after electropolishing (EP) and magnetoelectropolishing (MEP) in a broad range of the process conditions. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface analyses were performed to reveal the effect of MEP. The EP process has been performed under natural convection (in a stagnant electrolyte), much above the polarization plateau. A series of experiments were carried out on AISI 316L SS samples in accordance with the five‐level composite rotary statistical plan with the variables being the magnetic field intensity B (mT), and the anodic current density i (A dm−2). XP high resolution spectra have been obtained on AISI 316L SS surface concerning Fe 2p, Cr 2p, O 1s, S 2p, P 2p, and C 1s, respectively. The Cr:Fe ratio regarding both metallic M and compound X was also studied and calculated. At the end, the summary results of Cr/Fe = f(B, i) in relation to the corrosion potential, have been compared. The conclusions, concerning the selection of MEP process conditions, regarding the optimum Cr/Fe ratio and corrosion behavior, have been formulated. It was found the Cr:Fe ratio well correlates with the pitting corrosion potential. MEP process can modify not only the rate of dissolution to a determined extent, but also control the corrosion behavior and Cr:Fe ratio results.
Bandwidth negotiation scheduling with dynamic zone adjustment for 802.16j mobile multihop relay networks
Authors: Sheu Tsang‐Ling , Lin I‐Chieh , Wu Yan‐Jing
Published: July 2012

This paper presents a bandwidth negotiation scheduling (BNS) for IEEE 802.16j mobile multihop relay (MMR) networks. In MMR networks, two bandwidth scheduling zones, Access and Relay zones, are specified for direct access and forwarding sessions, respectively. One of the novelties in the proposed BNS is that bandwidth negotiation is conducted between the Access and Relay zones. In other words, a higher‐priority traffic class in a high‐utilization zone may receive extra bandwidth from low‐utilization zone when its delay constraint or bandwidth requirement cannot be satisfied. In addition, when the assigned bandwidth to non‐real‐time polling service (nrtPS) has exceeded its minimum requirement, the proposed BNS can avoid possible starvations for best effort (BE) traffic by receiving extra bandwidth from nrtPS. Through multidimensional Markov formulation, we evaluate the performance of the BNS and compare it with a fixed‐boundary scheme. The analytical results have shown that the proposed BNS can increase delay‐constraint satisfactions for real‐time polling service and decrease the packet loss rate for BE. Furthermore, the overall system throughput can be increased significantly because of an improvement on bandwidth utilization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of atmospheric stability on wind turbine loads
Authors: Sathe A. , Mann J. , Barlas T. , Bierbooms W.A.A.M. , van Bussel G.J.W.
Published: July 2012

Simulations of wind turbine loads for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine under diabatic conditions are performed. The diabatic conditions are incorporated in the input wind field in the form of wind profile and turbulence. The simulations are carried out for mean wind speeds between 3 and 16 m s  − 1 at the turbine hub height. The loads are quantified as the cumulative sum of the damage equivalent load for different wind speeds that are weighted according to the wind speed and stability distribution. Four sites with a different wind speed and stability distribution are used for comparison. The turbulence and wind profile from only one site is used in the load calculations, which are then weighted according to wind speed and stability distributions at different sites. It is observed that atmospheric stability influences the tower and rotor loads. The difference in the calculated tower loads using diabatic wind conditions and those obtained assuming neutral conditions only is up to 17%, whereas the difference for the rotor loads is up to 13%. The blade loads are hardly influenced by atmospheric stability, where the difference between the calculated loads using diabatic and neutral input wind conditions is up to 3% only. The wind profiles and turbulence under diabatic conditions have contrasting influences on the loads; for example, under stable conditions, loads induced by the wind profile are larger because of increased wind shear, whereas those induced by turbulence are lower because of less turbulent energy. The tower base loads are mainly influenced by diabatic turbulence, whereas the rotor loads are influenced by diabatic wind profiles. The blade loads are influenced by both, diabatic wind profile and turbulence, that leads to nullifying the contrasting influences on the loads. The importance of using a detailed boundary‐layer wind profile model is also demonstrated. The difference in the calculated blade and rotor loads is up to 6% and 8%, respectively, when only the surface‐layer wind profile model is used in comparison with those obtained using a boundary‐layer wind profile model. Finally, a comparison of the calculated loads obtained using site‐specific and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) wind conditions is carried out. It is observed that the IEC loads are up to 96% larger than those obtained using site‐specific wind conditions.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of flow behind vortex generators by stereo particle image velocimetry on a thick airfoil near stall
Authors: Velte Clara M. , Hansen Martin O. L.
Published: July 2012

Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry measurements investigating the effect of vortex generators (VGs) on the flow near stall were carried out in a purpose‐built wind tunnel for airfoil investigations on a DU 91‐W2‐250 profile. Measurements were conducted at Re = 0.9⋅106, corresponding to free stream velocity U∞ = 15 m s−1. The objective was to investigate the flow structures induced by the vortex generators and study their separation controlling behavior on the airfoil. The uncontrolled flow (no VGs) displayed unsteady behavior with separation as observed from large streamwise velocity variations. The corresponding controlled flow (with VGs) showed the same unsteadiness, where the appearance of the vortex structures alternated with a much less separated or even attached boundary layer as also seen in the measured airfoil data: CL = 1.56, CD = 0.116 with VGs and CL = 1.16, CD = 0.135 without. On average, the controlled flow left an attached flow as opposed to the uncontrolled one. Mixing close to the wall, transferring high momentum fluid into the near wall region, was observed, and the hypothesis of variations in the streamwise velocity component in the boundary layer was supported by a Snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition analysis. This analysis also revealed some of the dynamics of the induced vortices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QCD coherence and the top quark asymmetry
Authors: Skands Peter , Webber Bryan , Winter Jan
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Coherent QCD radiation in the hadroproduction of top quark pairs leads to a forward-backward asymmetry that grows more negative with increasing transverse momentum of the pair. This feature is present in Monte Carlo event generators with coherent parton showering, even though the production process is treated at leading order and has no intrinsic asymmetry before showering. In addition, depending on the treatment of recoils, showering can produce a positive contribution to the inclusive asymmetry. We explain the origin of these features, compare them in fixed-order calculations and the Herwig++, Pythia and Sherpa event generators, and discuss their implications.
Denitrification of high nitrate wastewater in a cloth strip bioreactor with immobilized sludge
Authors: Nair Rashmi R , D’Souza Stanislaus F
Published: July 2012

Denitrification of synthetic high nitrate wastewater containing 40,000 ppm NO3 (9,032 ppm NO3-N) was achieved using immobilized activated sludge in a column reactor. Active anoxic sludge adsorbed onto Terry cloth was used in the denitrification of high nitrate wastewater. The operational stability of the immobilized sludge system was studied both in a batch reactor and in a continuous reactor. The immobilized sludge showed complete degradation of different concentrations of NO3-N (1,129, 1,693, 3,387, 6,774, and 9,032 ppm) in a batch process. The reactors were successfully run for 90 days without any loss in activity. The immobilized cell process has yielded promising results in attaining high denitrifying efficiency.
Sjögren–Larsson syndrome in clinical practice
Authors: Fuijkschot Joris , Theelen Thomas , Seyger Marieke M. B. , van der Graaf Marinette , de Groot Imelda J. M. , Wevers Ron A. , Wanders Ronald J. A. , Waterham Hans R. , Willemsen Michèl A. A. P.
Published: July 2012

This review article gives a state‐of‐the‐art synopsis of current pathophysiological concepts in Sjögren–Larsson syndrome (SLS) mainly based upon original research data of the authors in one of the world's largest clinical SLS study cohorts. Clinical features are discussed in order of appearance, and diagnostic tests are set out to guide the clinician toward the diagnosis SLS. Furthermore, current and future treatment strategies are discussed to render a comprehensive review of the topic.
Enhancing Family Communication About Genetics: Ethical and Professional Dilemmas
Authors: Hodgson Jan , Gaff Clara
Published: July 2012

When a new genetic condition is diagnosed within a family, genetic counselors often describe a sense of responsibility towards other at risk family members to be appropriately informed about their status. Successful communication of genetic information in families is contingent on many factors. While a small number of probands directly state their intention not to inform their relatives, many who do intend to communicate this information appear to be unsuccessful for a wide range of reasons and may benefit from follow up support from a genetic counselor. Drawing on the reciprocal‐engagement model (REM) of genetic counseling practice we explore how enhancing family communication about genetics raises a number of ethical and professional challenges for counselors—and describe how we resolved these. A subsequent manuscript will describe the counseling framework we have developed to enhance family communication about genetics.
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Attitudes towards Disclosing the Risk of Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Martin Nicole , Mikhaelian Marina , Cytrynbaum Cheryl , Shuman Cheryl , Chitayat David A. , Weksberg Rosanna , Bassett Anne S.
Published: July 2012

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome with multisystem features. There is a strong association with psychiatric disorders. One in every four to five patients develop schizophrenia. Despite studies showing that early diagnosis and treatment are likely to lead to improved outcome, genetic counselors may be reluctant to discuss the risk of psychiatric illness. The aim of this research was to explore parental attitudes and genetic counselors’ perspectives and practice regarding disclosure of the clinical manifestations of 22q11.2DS, particularly the risk of psychiatric illness. We delivered a questionnaire to genetic counselors via established list‐serves, 54 of which were completed. We also conducted interviews with four parents of adults with 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia. The majority of counselors and parents felt that the increased risk to develop a psychiatric illness is important to disclose. However, in the initial counseling session when the diagnosis was made in infancy genetic counselors were significantly less likely to discuss the risk of psychiatric disorders compared to other later onset features such as hypothyroidism (41 % vs. 83 %, p = 0.001). When the diagnosis of 22q11.2DS was made in infancy, counselors’ responses in regard to timing of disclosure about psychiatric illnesses were fairly evenly divided between infancy, childhood and adolescence. In contrast, for other major features of 22q11.2DS, disclosure would predominantly be in infancy. The respondents reported that the discussion of psychiatric issues with parents was challenging due to the stigma associated with mental illness. Some also noted limited knowledge about psychiatric illness and treatment. These results suggest that genetic counselors could benefit from further education regarding psychiatric illness in 22q11.2DS and best strategies for discussing this important subject with parents and patients.
Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Imidazoline‐Based Dissymmetric Bis‐Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Different Hydrophobic Chain Length on Q235 Steel in 1 M HCl Solution
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhu Fengmin , Song Weiwei , Du Min
Published: July 2012

The surface properties of a series of imidazoline‐based dissymmetric bis‐quaternary ammonium (DBA) salts with different hydrophobic chain lengths DBA‐12, DBA‐14 and DBA‐16 were determined. The adsorption behaviors of these compounds in 1 M HCl solution and their inhibitive effect on Q235 steel (U12350) were investigated using the weight‐loss method, polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results indicate that the three inhibitors all showed good inhibition performance for Q235 Steel in 1 M HCl solution and were found to be mixed‐type inhibitors. The adsorption behavior of the three inhibitors can fit the Langmuir isotherm equation and the values of are around or lower than 40 kJ mol−1, indicating that there is a stronger chemical adsorption.
Geothermal Investigations in the Upper Vindhyan Sedimentary Rocks of Shivpuri Area, Central India
Authors: Nagaraju P. , Ray Labani , Ravi G. , Akkiraju Vyasulu V. , Roy Sukanta
Published: July 2012

Heat flow has been determined by combining temperature measurements in 7 boreholes with thermal conductivity measurements in the Upper Vindhyan sedimentary rocks of Shivpuri area, central India. The boreholes are distributed at 5 sites within an area of 15 × 10 km2; their depths range from 174 to 268 m. Geothermal gradients estimated from borehole temperature profiles vary from 8.0-12.7 mK m−1 in the sandstone-rich formations to 25.5-27.5 mK m-1 in the shale-rich formations, consistent with the contrast in thermal conductivities of the two rock types. Heat flow in the area ranges between 45 and 61 mW m−2, with a mean of 52±6 mW m−2. The heat flow values are similar to the >50 mW m−2 heat flow observed in other parts of the northern Indian shield. The heat flow determinations represent the steady-state heat flow because, the thermal transients associated with the initial rifting, convergence and sedimentation in the basin as well as the more recent Deccan volcanism that affected the region to the south of the basin would have decayed, and therefore, the heat flow is in equilibrium with the radiogenic heat production of the crust and the heat flow from the mantle. The present study reports the heat flow measurements from the western part of the Vindhyan basin and provides heat flow information for the Bundhelkhand craton for the first time. Radioelement (Th, U and K) abundances have been measured both in the sedimentary rocks exposed in the area as well as in the underlying basement granite-gneiss of Bundelkhand massif exposed in the adjacent area. Radioactive heat production, estimated from those abundances, indicate mean values of 0.3 µW m−3 for sandstone with inter-bands of shale and siltstone, 0.25 µW m−3 for sandstone with inter-bands siltstone, 0.6 µW m−3 for quartzose sandstone, and 2.7 µW m−3 for the basement granitoids. With a total sedimentary thickness not exceeding a few hundred metres in the area, the heat production of the sedimentary cover would be insignificant. The radioactive heat contribution from the basement granitoids in the upper crust is expected to be large, and together with the heat flow component from the mantle, would control the crustal thermal structure in the region.
Estuarine Foraminifera from the Gulf of Cambay
Authors: Ghosh Anupam
Published: July 2012

A low diversity, epifaunal to infaunal Foraminiferal assemblage widely distributed in sand flats, mud flats and marshes along the coastal tracts of the Gulf of Cambay. It is dominated by the species of Ammonia, Rotalidium, Murrayinella, Haynesina, Quinqueloculina, Nonionella, Florilus, Elphidium, Trochammina and Miliammina. A triserial planktonic foraminifer Gallitellia vivans, an indicator of stressed and upwelling areas, is also characteristically present in the sediments of the estuaries. The paper discusses the systematics and distribution of the Foraminiferal species in the macrotidal estuaries of the Gulf of Cambay.
Water Level Variations in Fractured, Semi-Confined Aquifers of Anantapur District, Southern India
Authors: Reddy A. G. S.
Published: July 2012

The study on water level conditions of fractured aquifer system in northeastern part of Anantapur district is of immense importance as the area is covered by varied geological formations and has different irrigation patterns. The monthly groundwater level data of 154 observation wells for five year period (2001-06) is analyzed to decipher the behavior of water levels in different seasons and geo-environments. The hydrographs of the average water level data of each Mandal (group of villages) indicate steady declining trend ranging from 0.50 to 2.91m/yr. Yellanuru Mandal has both the shallowest and the deepest water levels among eight Mandals, highly undulating terrain could be one of the reasons for this contrasting condition. The pre-monsoon water levels show decline of 8.22 m in one year from May 2002 to 2003. A negative seasonal fluctuation of -1.49m has occurred in the year 2002 during which the area received 32% less than normal rainfall. The mean water levels are deeper by 42% in areas covered by sedimentary formations than those of granite terrain. Raise in water levels is significant where monthly rainfall is more than 200 mm. Due to erratic rainfall in space and time, deeper water levels are noticed even in post-monsoon period and shallow in February month at some locations. The water levels in command areas are deep and exhibit falling trend as the area forms the tail end part of the Tunga Bhadra High Level Canal. The deeper water level conditions and its declining feature is directly related to groundwater development in the form of increased agriculture activity, reduced area under rain-fed crops, high horticulture development. Arid climatic conditions, low precipitation and continuous exploitation of groundwater resources could be other factors contributing for steady decline in water levels in the area. The wide variations in groundwater levels could be due to uneven topography, heterogeneous and anisotropic conditions of granites and poor porosity - permeability of shales, lack of vegetation, and increased groundwater extraction.
Discovery of Antler from a New Site in the Pinjor Formation (Pleistocene) of Pakistan
Authors: Ghaffar Abdul , Akhtar Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Akbar , Khan Abdul Majid , Samiullah Khizar , Iqbal Mehboob
Published: July 2012

Partially complete right antler from the Pinjor Formation (Pleistocene) of the Upper Siwalik Subgroup is identified, described and its phylogenetic relationship is discussed. The fossil antler is compared with other known fossil records of family Cervidae as well as with the extant species, on the basis of which it can be attributed to Axis punjabiensis. This species has not been reported previously from this fossil site.