bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Max Weber and Roberto Michels An asymmetrical partnership
Authors: Mommsen Wolfgang J.
Published: July 2009

The relationship between Max Weber and Roberto Michels is a fascinating one, both on the biographical and on the systematic level. Almost from the very start Max Weber became interested in the young scholar Michels who had already written extensively about the development of Italian and German Socialism. From 1906 onwards Michels became a regular contributor to the Archiv fur Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, which was edited at the time by Max Weber together with Edgar Jaffé. Although Michels was twelve years younger than Weber, the scholarly contact between them, established through Michels' contribution to the Archiv, soon developed into a lifelong intimate friendship which was soon shared by Marianne Weber and Gisela Michels-Lindner also. This friendship was not without violent ruptures, but it was the most stable and personal relationship which Max Weber ever had. Michels became a member of the Heidelberg circle which met at the Ziegelhäuser Landstraße 35, and visited it whenever he happened to be in Heidelberg, and later, after Michels had moved to Turin, the Webers were regular visitors there. There is a rich stream of letters which bears testimony to this remarkable intimate friendship, which flourished despite the fact that Michels was still at the beginning of a troublesome academic career, while Weber was well established within the German Academic Community.
The origin and development of the concept of the ‘laws of nature’
Authors: Milton John R.
Published: July 2009

TheIdea of explaining natural phenomena by appealing to laws of nature is one that is thoroughly familiar to the modern mind. This idea does not perhaps appear quite as natural as it did a century ago, when Engels proclaimed to the mourners at Marx's funeral that just as Darwin had discovered the law of development of organic nature so Marx had discovered the law of development of human history. Twentieth-century historians do not in general conceive their task as including the formulation of laws of history, and the discoveries of modern physics since Maxwell have for the most part been expressed in terms of principles and equations rather than laws. Nevertheless, despite these changes, we are still quite accustomed to thinking in terms of laws of nature; and just because it seems natural it is easy to assume that it is natural for human beings seeking to explain the phenomena of nature to do so by enquiring after the laws by which these phenomena are governed.
Models of madness in Victorian asylum practice
Authors: Ray Laurence J.
Published: July 2009

During the past few years there has been a rapid growth of interest in the sociological history of psychiatry. Prior to this, the history of psychiatry had been left largely to the psychiatric historian, who tended to proceed, as Thomas Szasz claimed, ‘as a socially neutral person, discovering the historical “facts” when in truth, he is a psychiatric propagandist, actively shaping the image of his discipline’ (1). Writers such as Michel Foucault, Vieda Skultans, Andrew Scull, David Rothman, Klaus Doerner, and Szasz himself have attempted to underline, as Skultans says, ‘the specific uses to which psychiatry has been put in the past, in order to make a more general claim about the nature of psychiatry as such’ (2). This aim, however, is not always made fully explicit (3). In this paper it will be argued that psychiatry, viewed as a historically constituted social activity, was characterised by a dualism. It was constituted by a medical or curative model of practice, in that psychiatry developed as a branch of medicine. Yet the ‘diseases’ which psychiatrists have historically come to regard as part of their field competence are distinguished by at least two criteria: first, their symptoms consist primarily of actions that are highly inappropriate to their social context; secondly, that their etiology is ambiguous. It will be argued here that an ambiguity regarding the etiology of mental disorder, which is often seen as both physically and psychologically caused, was central to psychiatric discourse.
Professional ideologies and organisational structure: tanks and the military
Authors: Kemeny Jim
Published: July 2009

Doctrinal differences within the military profession have long been a central feature of the development of tactics and strategy, and in earlier periods of history there have been controversies over the appropriate employment of certain arms and units, such as the relative merits of infantry in line or column and the use of cavalry for firepower or shock, as, for example, discussed by Oman (1929) and Quimbey (1957). More recently there has been the question as to the effectiveness of so-called ‘Strategic Bombing’, and the tendency of U.S. doctrine to undervalue the morale factor of guerrillas in their military calculations (Wilson 1970: 142–146).
The role of the public in the success of artistic styles
Authors: Greenfeld Liah
Published: July 2009

The interrelation between creative artists and their public, and active participation on the part of the public in the ‘social production of art’ seems to be a point of consensus in recent sociological literature on art (Becker 1982; Peterson 1976; Wolff 1981). The theoretical consensus is based upon empirical studies which, while focusing on the public, attack a variety of questions. Some of them deal with the socioeconomic characteristics of groups which appreciate different kinds of art and with socioeconomic bases for different kinds and degrees of art appreciation (Bourdieu and Darbel 1969; DiMaggio and Useem 1978a, b). Others try to explain the emergence and/or success of certain styles by the demands and interests of the public. To the extent that ‘public’ refers to the immediate social networks of the artists, such as colleagues, friends, critics, patrons or art dealers, details of influences can be frequently traced in artistic subjects and techniques, and the existence of influences can be verified by investigations of correspondence, memoirs and other documentary material (Haskell 1963; White and White 1965; Zolberg 1982). But these are of little help when it comes to the large impersonal public whose members are unknown to the artist or, as a rule, to the historian and the sociologist as well. For earlier periods, until about the middle of the nineteenth century, it is possible to make plausible inferences. Publics interested in and supporting art and artists were as a rule aristocratic, clerical or upper bourgeois groups, whose tastes and views have been recorded (Baxandall 1972; Watt 1957).
Going to the people popular culture and the intellectuals in Brazil
Authors: Osiel Mark J.
Published: July 2009

A new and curious species of public figure emerged on the international scene after the Second World War, gaining in prominence and conspicuousness in the years that followed. His daily experience is often a trying one, marked by recurrent tension between conflicting commitments. Enjoying from bhth the comforts of the advanced industrial world, he seeks to speak onbehalf of the hungry and impoverished. Educated in the best universities, he lives among countrymen who are predominantly illiterate. He is regarded as an impertinent upstart by the diplomats of wealthier and more powerful nations. At the same time, he is suspected by his own people of compromising himself with the reigning powers of the international arena. He is well-versed and highly articulate in the political vocabulary of the West. Yet he is acutely sensitive to perceived slights against the political traditions of his native land. He is bitter about what the Western presence did to his native society. But the very categories in which he couches his criticisms of that presence—the rights to sovereignty, distributive justice, and national self-determination —are themselves the inheritance of the West. He follows with enthusiasm the latest currents of intellectual life in Europe and America. Yet he is deeply committed, simultaneously, to defending the dignity of his own people's cultural achievements. As a result of his modern education, he cannot help but feel somewhat estranged from the traditional beliefs and practices of his fellow citizens. Yet neither can he feel very comfortable as the mere bearer to them of the colonizer's culture, a culture he rarely regards entirely as his own. Such is the predicament of that loquacious and troublesome child of the post-colonial age, the Third World intellectual.
The importance of political participation for sustained capitalist development
Authors: Goodell Grace
Published: July 2009

The problem facing most of the Third World today is no longer how to launch development, but rather how to sustain it. Consider the colossal disappointments, after 150 years of independence, of Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Peru — and the debacle of Argentina. Recall the historic leadership which set Egypt, Thailand, and Turkey on their drives to modernization fully a century ago: now, nearly stagnant. Contrast the economic promise inherited from the colonial period and the determination and unbounded elan inspired by independence with today's languor in India, Kenya, and Malaysia, the listlessness of Zimbabwe, Indonesia, The Philippines, and North Africa: indeed, the failures of Ghana and Nigeria. The issue is no longer how to assure political stability — but even with stability, how to foster steady development whose gains will accrue and whose momentum can be sustained.
Spending : the Hunts, silver, and dynastic families in America
Authors: Marcus George E.
Published: July 2009

This paper places in a broader perspective a recent dramatic attempt by privately organized wealth and power to dominate the most fundamental institution of modern capitalist society—the market. This perspective derives from my initial, first-hand work with familiesof old wealth in Galveston, Texas, a once thriving port on the Gulf of Mexico, and later with certain families in Houston, which eventually overshadowed Galveston as the regional metropolis. Because of the similarity in historic conditions nation-wide by which certain fortunes, accumulated in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, became dynastic organizations, I came to view my Galveston subjects on a broader canvas. Over the past century, the generally uniform and rationalized ways of preserving dynastic wealth have had a basic shaping function for such family-fortune organizations, making them an appropriate subject matter for comparative study.
La modernisation du Japon
Authors: Mutel Jacques
Published: July 2009

Répondreà cette question suppose qu'on puisse définir avec précision ce qu'on entend par « réussite d'une modernisation », et par le mot « pourquoi ». Or, la modernisation est un concept vague. On pourra remarquer que, s'il n'y avait pas, à l'heure actuelle, un succès économique du Japon qui frappe même les plus aveugles des Européens, on ne discuterait guère de la modernité japonaise. Cela implique d'abord que l'élément économique, en particulier industriel, est fondamental dans notre perception de la modernité. Mais comme la notion de modernité a été definie à partir exclusivement de l'expérience européenne ou américaine, on éprouve la tentation de penser que seules les ressemblances entre le Japon et l'Europe sont significatives, et que le Japon (ou l'Europe…) ne saurait avoir sa modernisation particulière. Provisoirement, pour faire le tri dans le passé japonais, on retiendra ici des critères bien connus, déjà repérés en Europe: mobilité, individuation et laïcisation; et on admettra que la recherche de ces critères ne peut se limiter à l'ère Meiji et doit remonter d'une part au moins jusqu'au XVIIIesiècle et d'autre part, comme la modernisation est une adaptation continue à des techniques qui évoluent rapidement, aller jusqu'á nos jours.
Contextual Analysis and the Locus of the Model
Authors: Pitt-Rivers Julian
Published: July 2009

Radcliffe-Brown used to define social anthropology as ‘comparative sociology’, yet the school of thought that he engendered has not been much prone to comparison. Indeed, in their revulsion from the ‘comparative method’ of their evolutionist predecessors anthropologists of that tendency have largely avoided formal comparison and left to the “non-comparative” sociologists the duty of comparing. The definition nevertheless still has a certain validity if one recognises that an implied comparison lies behind every ethnographic description and that the anthropologist's comparative range–that is, the range of phenomena regarded as belonging to the class under consideration and therefore relevant to a potential comparison–is wider than the sociologist's, since it includes “other cultures” (i) and traditionally primitive ones, while sociology commonly, if not always, confines itself to civilised society and operates within the framework of the values of its national culture. Social anthropology's claim to be comparative rests upon its awareness of cultural differences and its recognition of their importance in determining the forms which social institutions can take.
Esquisse de la structure de la vie quotidienne
Authors: Heller Agnès
Published: July 2009

Il nous est impossible, dans le cadre de cette étude, d'entreprendre un traité de la structure de la vie quotidienne. Nous voudrions seulement mettre l'accent sur quelques thèmes qui seront utilisés dans des analyses ultérieures.
Democracy and Industrialisation
Authors: Gellner Ernest
Published: July 2009

Looking at the contemporary world, two things are obvious: democracy is doing rather badly, and democracy is doing very well. ‘New states are born free, yet everywhere they are in chains.’ Democracy is doing very badly in that democratic institutions have fallen by the wayside in very many of the newly independent ‘transitional’ societies, and they are precarious elsewhere. Democracy, on the other hand, is doing extremely well in as far as it is almost (though not quite) universally accepted as a valid norm. It is almost as if its success as a norm of legitimacy were inversely related to its success in concrete implementation.
Marginal Politics and Elite Manipulation in Morocco
Authors: Waterbury John
Published: July 2009

All societies are constantly in a process of transition, but when we speak of “transitional societies” we mean thereby those in which the transitional process is particularly intense, entailing the substitution for pre-existing forms of social organisation of forms more adapted to modern, industrial society. The process of transition is relentless and cannot be turned on and off at the will of governmental authorities. In countries where there is no established governing elite the process continues nonetheless (witness Algeria 1954–1962). In other countries so-called modernising elites have managed to get a sometimes-slippery grasp on the social transformations occurring within their borders (Turkey under Attaturk and Egypt under Nasser). In yet other countries, Morocco being one of them, internally-divided political elites, while more or less aware of the immense implications of the transitional process, are incapable of resolving upon or implementing a concerted plan of action for dealing with its problems. In the following pages an attempt will be made to analyse the nature of the Moroccan political elite, and the factors that have driven it to the outer edge of the process of transformation of Moroccan society, a process in which the elite is but a marginal participant, a process over which there is but nominal control.
Essai sur les origines du système capitaliste
Authors: Baechler Jean
Published: July 2009

Il est des problèmes d'histoire qui, par l'ampleur des questions qu'ils soulèvent, aiguisent la modestie du théoricien et l'incitent à s'en détourner, par peur de tomber dans la construction intellectuelle grandiose, réfractaire à toute vérification empirique. Si Ton s'en tient à la civilisation occidentale, trois mutations majeures tombent dans cette zone d'ombre de la réflexion: l'apparition du système de la cité, la chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident et surtout les origines du système capitaliste. L'explication de cette retenue est simple et tient à la nature de la raison historienne. Celle-ci fonde sa démarche sur l'élaboration de schémas intellectuels qui découpent le flux infini des sociétés humaines en unités isolables, susceptibles d'une saisie conceptuelle. Il s'ensuit que les systèmes d'explication fonctionnent éventuellement bien pour chaque unité prise en sa singularité (puisque c'est le système qui constitue son objet), mais achoppent sur les mutations profondes qui peuvent affecter une société. En effet, toute réflexion sur les ensembles historiques les plus vastes (la société antique, la société féodale d'Occident…) sous peine de se perdre dans la juxtaposition éclectique d'exposés partiels, est condamnée à construire et à percevoir ces ensembles à partir d'un point de vue unique, dégagé par un procès de développement unilatéral d'un de leurs aspects majeurs (la cité, l'empire, le capitalisme, le sous-développement…). On aboutit forcément, à l'issue d'un tel cheminement, à la construction de la structure de cet ensemble, c'est-à-dire au système logique qui rend compte de ses composants et de leurs liens nécessaires; or une structure est nécessairement statique (1), même si l'analyse dégage les possibilités de variation d'une structure donnée. Il s'ensuit que la nouveauté radicale dans le devenir des sociétés humaines, par nature et par définition placée à la jointure de deux ensembles distincts, cette nouveauté n'apparaît pas et ne peut pas apparaître dans le champ de la conscience historienne. L'on masque le problème, en négociant la mutation qualitative en modifications quantitatives et, pour peu que Ton ait entendu parler de Hegel, le tour est joué.
‘Bringing Common Sense Back In’: some neglected assumptions in status inconsistency theory and research
Authors: Zimmermann Ekkart
Published: July 2009

In recent years status inconsistency theory and research has come under attack for at least three major reasons:

(a) It has been shown that the effects of status inconsistency, if there are any (cf. under (c)), cannot be detected by following the prevailing procedures of analysis, i.e. tabular analysis (camparisons-of-sums method; cf. Lenski 1954 (1)) or linear equation models (regression approach). By now the criticism in the works of Blalock (1966a, 1966b, 1967a, 1967b, 1967c), Mitchell (1964) and Hyman (1966) is well-known (2).
Why Belgium?
Authors: Fox Renée C.
Published: July 2009

‘Why belgium?’ is the question that American and Belgian colleagues and friends have asked me recurrently since I began doing research in that society in 1959. Ever since then, Belgium has been one of the consistent sites of my sociological inquiry, reflection and analysis. (Zäire, Belgium's former colony in Central Africa, became another such site, beginning in 1962). With a mixture of real interest, conventional politeness, perplexity and, on the part of Belgians, a tinge of traditional irony, those who have followed my fieldwork have often wondered out loud what I was discovering and learning in that small society that could possibly preoccupy me for so many years. Through some of my publications on the sociology of Belgian medical science and research or, more accurately, on ‘Belgium through the windows of its medical laboratories’, I have implicitly responded to this question (1). And I have periodically speculated on it more privately in my fieldnotes, and in letters to friends. But I have never dealt with it in an explicit, public way. This article constitutes my first formal attempt to do so.
Youth and Violence in Turkey
Authors: Mardin Şerif
Published: July 2009

In the issue of the Turkish dailyMilliyetdated September 23rd 1977, the following inventory of violent events which have occurred in Turkey in the preceding twenty-four hours was presented to the reader.

I. In a fight between the ‘revolutionary’ and the ‘idealist’ factions of the Diyarbakir Normal School for the training of primary school teachers one student was wounded in the chest and another in the abdomen. Both were hospitalized.

The clash started when the Assistant School Director attempted to ‘rough-up’ the two students because of their ‘hair and beard’. The students retaliated and were set upon with knives by students of the ‘idealist’ faction (I).

2. Ankara-Groups with ‘opposed views’ fought in Tuzlucayir with sticks and stones. One person was placed in custody.

3. Responding to sounds of repeated firing, police arrested a student who was found to carry a gun.

4. In the ‘Republic’ Lycée, a group shouted ‘down with the Fascists’ to rightwing students and began ‘firing in the air’. Two students were placed in custody.

5.The General Secretary of the Schoolteachers' Association claimed that the police ‘fired guns’ during the burial of a teacher who had been killed the preceding day. He also claimed that the Association's Gonen branch had been closed without justification.

6. The General Secretary of IGD (Progressive Youth Association) stated that a ‘Maoist’ group had forcibly occupied the Iskenderun branch of the Association (2).

7. A man was found in a coma in his room at the Terminal Hotel.

8. A 13-year-old boy who happened to be in the path of an oncoming group which was in pursuit of a person became the target of a hail of bullets. He was hospitalized.

9. A group of students who demonstrated in a tea-garden to the effect that ‘Çayans never die’ were apprehended (3).

10. A student of the Ihsan Mermerci Lycée was beaten with revolver butts by two members of the National Movement Party. The attackers then fired in the air and fled.
Edo et Tôkyô : Les continuités du pouvoir
Authors: Mutel Jacques
Published: July 2009

À propos de Tôkyô, pour une fois tout le monde est d'accord : c'est une ville incompréhensible. Pour comprendre, il faut avoir recours à l'histoire, comme c'est souvent le cas en matièe de paysages, phénomènes de longue durée qui s'adaptent en persistant, et, ce faisant, on pénètre au cœur du système des symboles qui fondent l'originalitè japonaise. Avant Meiji la ville s'appelait Edo, « l'orée de la baie ». C'était un petit château au Moyen Âge, et les shôgun en firent leur place forte et le siège de leur pouvoir à partir du XVIIe siècle. On ne saurait pourtant parler de capitale, car seule Kyôto est Miyako comme Rome est Urbs, villes prestigieuses. Le principe directeur sur lequel Edo a été bâti n'était pas le prestige mais la sûreté : protéger le shôgun contre les ennemis humains et démoniaques.
The theoretical foundations of liberalism
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: July 2009

The publication of John Rawls' A Theory of Justice in 1972 inaugurated a new era in Anglo-American political theory by providing a sophisticated and complex paradigm of liberal political diagnosis of and prescription for contemporary society; it resulted in a flood of detailed analyses and discussions of Rawls' proposals in the large and in the small, and also brought forth (in the form of Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State and Utopia) a counterblast from the libertarian Right which was of commensurate scope and vigour. In the present decade, however, the challenge to Rawlsian liberalism has taken on a new guise—one which it is the purpose of this paper to explore.
Charisma and objectivity
Authors: Rhodes Aaron A.
Published: July 2009

This essay analyzes the relationship between two ideas central to the social sciences and religion: charisma and objectivity. My goal is to interpret a longstanding theoretical dispute regarding objectivity in the social sciences by referring to sectarian charisma and its challenge to the legitimacy of ecclesiastical authority. In illuminating a religious pattern revealed in the confrontation between social science theory and political philosophy, I suggest that objectivity represents a form of ‘secular’ charisma. I describe the cross-cutting relationship between charisma and objectivity and examine both the religious implications of objectivity and the epistemological implications of charismatic phenomena.
Les sociétés chalcolithiques de la Palestine et l'émergence des chefferies
Authors: Levy Thomas E. , Holl Augustin
Published: July 2009

Des données en nombre croissant montrent que dès la fin du Vemillénaire B.C., les sociétés de la Palestine ont connu de profondes transformations sociales et technologiques. Certaines d'entre elles sont attestées par l'apparition de lieux de culte, de sanctuaires et de cimetières, par la spécialisation artisanale, et la métallurgie, en relation avec une formidable augmentation de la population et l'organisation de sites en entités hiérarchisées avec des centres qui régulaient tant l'organisation socio-économique que les activités religieuses. C'est au cours du IVemillénaire B.C. que se sont constitués les fondements de toutes les sociétés historiques du Levant. En termes archéologiques, cette période protohistorique, datant de 4500 à 3200 B.C., est appelée chalcolithique.
Values in the doldrums. Does the West meet the East in Nepal?
Authors: Sharma Prayag Raj
Published: July 2009

This is a paper on the question of values of the East and the West. I might need to explain a little in the beginning as to where exactly I should try to draw this line, dividing the East from the West. Is the line to be drawn at the Suez Canal, following the English who, at the height of their colonial rule, often talked about this big cultural divide with the expression ‘East of Suez’? I have set this problem in a Nepali milieu or context in which it is my wish to raise a few points regarding the value crisis we have come to create for ourselves. Our present situation makes it difficult for us to chart a lonely course in isolation from the world. The West has been our trendsetter in everything and, whether we like it or not, we find ourselves constantly faced with the prospect of absorbing Western values at an ever-increasing rate.
Justice and the family: an exploratory analysis
Authors: Kellerhals Jean , Coenen-Huther Josette , Modak Marianne
Published: July 2009

1. What are the norms of distributive justice to be found in contemporary families? Do they vary according to the socioeconomic status of the spouses, and according to the type of family cohesion? These are the two questions addressed in this article, in which an exploratory study of 107 families is used (Kellerhalset al.1986) to advance some elements of response.
Autonomy, integration and marginalization in the construction of medieval states: A comparison of Gwynedd and Languedoc under outside rule
Authors: Given James
Published: July 2009

One of the major developments in the history of western Europe between 1100 and 1300 was the construction of large-scale political organizations. Before 1100 political life had often been intensely local, its horizons limited to the village, parish, or county. But in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the old local communities of post-Carolingian Europe were aggregated into the kingdoms and city-states that formed such a prominent feature of European life in the high Middle Ages. This essay is concerned with one aspect of this process of political construction: the factors that determined the possible pathways that a local community could follow as it was incorporated into a larger political organization.
Introduction: the puzzling scope of rationality
Authors: Offe Clauss
Published: July 2009

The question of how social norms and the rational pursuit of interests combine into social action continues to be one of the core puzzles of social theory. The essays by Jon Elster and Ralph Turner and the comments by Margaret Levi and Steven Lukes published in the following pages of the Archives are fine and, we believe, representative contemporary examples of how social scientists try to come to terms with this puzzle.
The rationality of norms
Authors: Lukes Steven
Published: July 2009

Reflecting on the notion of responsibility, Václav Havel offers, in one of his Letters to Olga, what he calls a trivial illustration:

at night, I board the rear car of a tram to go one stop. The car is empty, and since the fare is paid by dropping a crown into a box, not even a conductor is present […] So I have the option of throwing the fare into the box or not: if I don't, no-one will see me, or ever find out: no witnesses will ever be able to testify to my misdemeanor. So I'm faced with a great dilemma, regardless of how much money I happen to have with me: to pay or not to pay.
Must Eastern Europe follow the Latin American way?
Authors: Misztal Barbara A.
Published: July 2009

Almost a decade after the wave of transformations from authoritarian to democratic regimes started in Latin America, Eastern European countries, one after another, entered the path leading towards democracy. The end of 1989 and the first part of 1990 saw unheard of numbers of free elections in ten Latin American and all East European countries (with the exception of Poland, where freedom of the first election was limited). Moreover, all the newly elected rulers won office on a promise to liberalise their economies. However, many commentators and scholars fear the impact on populations of painful structural reform policies and predict that new democracies in both regions either will not stay democratic for long or will not carry out a full package of economic reforms. They predict that half-hearted efforts at stabilisation will be followed by overwhelming political resistance which will provoke a reversal of economic policies. Each failure will reduce the credibility of successive reform attempts, the ultimate consequence being not merely economic disarray but an almost total loss of faith in democratic political institutions.
From pioneer to freier: The changing models of generalized exchange in Israel
Authors: Roniger Luis , Feige Michael
Published: July 2009

This study analyzes a major shift in the Israeli discourse of generalized exchange as reflected in key role models and images of social involvement, voluntarism and public good provision. It highlights the progressive decline of the image of the pioneer or ‘halutz’ and the parallel emergence of the image of the ‘freier’, a vernacular model of a sucker, as a meta-comment on the pioneer model and on Israeli existence in general (2).
Territoire et ethnicité au Tatarstan: une ancienne république autonome soviétique en quête d'une identité
Authors: Raviot Jean-Robert
Published: July 2009

Le 21 mars 1992, la majorité des électeurs de la république du Tatarstan s'exprime en faveur de la constitution d'un État souverain, « sujet de droit international réglant ses relations avec la Russie et les autres républiques sur des traités fondés sur le principe de l'égalité entre les parties ». Le Tatarstan vient-il subitement de devenir un État digne de reconnaissance internationale ? D'une superficie de 68.000 km2, campée entre la Volga, voie de communication commerciale nord-sud de la Russie et le massif de l'Oural, frontière imaginée de l'Europe, la république du Tatarstan, territoire historique des Tatars dits « de la Volga », constitue, de manière paradoxale, le cœur géographique de la Russie. Au xixesiècle, Alexandre Dumas disait déjà de sa capitale, Kazan, qu'elle «est une de ces villes que l'on voit à travers le mirage de l'histoire. Ses souvenirs tatars sont encore si frais que l'on ne pent s'habituer à voir en elle une ville russe, bien qu'elle en partage le désordre». Le Tatarstan doit-il être considéré comme une région russe ou bien comme une nation distincte ? Si le résultat du référendum nous incite à entrevoir l'émergence politique d'une nation, l'analyse de la structure de la société du Tatarstan, ainsi que l'examen des événements et des stratégies politiques dans la république et dans les relations de celles-ci avec le pouvoir central soviétique puis russe conduit à relativiser la portée de cette volonté d' « indépendance » et à s'interroger sur les objectifs réels de celle-ci.
The temple, the town-office and the migrant: demographic pluralism in rural Japan
Authors: Knight John
Published: July 2009

One widespread image of Japanese internal migration is to be found in a well-known balladKita kuni no haru, ‘The northern country spring’, one of the biggest hits of Japanese popular music in the 1970s. The ballad is about a man reflecting on hisfurusato, the rural hometown from which he migrated to the city.
Godfather's gossip
Authors: Gambetta Diego
Published: July 2009

My attention to gossip as a notion worthy of reflection was attracted by a trivial detail: the English etymology of gossip isgod-sib, godfather, or, generally, god parent, ‘denoting—says the English Oxford Dictionary—the spiritual affinity of the baptized and their sponsor’. This intriguing origin alludes to gossip as the performing of an initiation ritual, the creation of an exclusive bond; above all, it bears an uncanny association with the mafia which happens to have been the topic of my research for sometime. I suppose I could have interpretedgod-sibthrough the obvious gender bias as deriving from godmother rather than from godfather; this tallies with the Italiancomareor the Frenchcommèrewhich can also denote a gossip. But I did not think of this possibility at first. Instead, carried away by linguistic speculation, I went to check the etymology of the main Italian word for gossip,pettegolezzo. I was not a little surprised to find that the word comes from a rather less inspiring source. It comes frompeto, to fart. In some northern Italian dialects, venetian, piedmontese and emilian, a common expression, ‘contar tutti i peti’, ‘to tell every fart’, refers to the habit of reporting and speculating about trivial events.
The East in the West
Authors: Goody Jack
Published: July 2009

Sociological and historical enquiry in Europe has had as a continuing pre-occupation the problem of the Uniqueness of the West, the search for factors that can be held responsible for its achievements in the modern world and in particular the emergence of industrial capitalism. That search has led to a devaluation of the East and consequently a mistaken self-understanding of the West. This article attempts to outline the problem with regard to rationality, commercial literacy (book-keeping), mercantile enterprise and family participation in such activity.
Transition, constitution-making and separation in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: July 2009

This article discusses political developments in Czechoslovakia and the two successor states from November 1989 to the end of 1992. Three main topics are explored: the failure to write a new constitution for Czechoslovakia, the breakup of the country, and the making of new constitutions in the Czech and Slovak Republics. The author argues against the view that the breakup of the Czechoslovak federation was analogous to the breakup of the Yugoslav or Soviet federations. Instead he suggests the inherent instability of any two-member federation as the structural cause, and economic conflicts as the triggering cause, of the breakup.
The Polish transition to democracy : a game-theoretic approach
Authors: Zielinski Jakub
Published: July 2009

This article present a gametheoretic model of the transition to democracy in Poland. The events in Poland are conceptualized as a strategic game between a government and an opposition. The transition is modeled as a sequence of intentional decisions about political arrangements. During the 1980s Poland went through three such arrangements: dictatorship, broadened dictatorship, and democracy. Each one is understood as a game-theoretic equilibrium. The transition between two political arrangements is explained as a shift from one equilibrium to another. These shifts occurred because the probability of Soviet intervention diminished over time, changing incentives for the government and the opposition.
La pauvreté des riches
Authors: Caillé Alain
Published: July 2009

Is there a notion of economics in Greek philosophy? How can we interpret it without making anachronistic assumptions? What relationship exists between management of the material world and the ‘good life’? These questions at the centre of W. Booth's paper, examined here, are the subject of a study which tries to point out the present interest of analyses of the Ancient Greeks.
Toward a new sociology of the state: on Roger Brubaker's ‘Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany’
Authors: Joppke Christian
Published: July 2009

This article discusses Roger Brubaker's contribution to a new sociology of the state, which considers the state not as a strategic actor or a territorial organization but as a culturally bounded membership association. After pointing out the novelty of Brubaker's approach in light of previous theories of the state, I address some of its shortcomings—a formalistic concept of citizenship, an exclusive focus on elites, a mechanistic fashioning of the relationship between ideas and interests, and no mention of the pending Europeanization of citizenship.
Inclusion and exclusion
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: July 2009

Many familiar political projects—among them, demands for participation, for citizenship and for free movement and open borders—have been recently subsumed within a larger crusade against ‘social exclusion’. But each of these political projects seems better understood, and better pursued, in its own original terms. Furthermore, inclusionist appeals logically backfire: explicitly they are expansionist, urging the stretching of boundaries of membership so as to include those who were previously excluded; but every inclusion implies an exclusion (there can be no ‘inside’ without an ‘outside’); so indusionist appeals are implicitly consenting to a closed community, albeit one with a rather broader catchment. We ought to be striving instead for different kinds of communities, ones less internally inclusive and less externally exclusive. This amounts to a call for multiple overlapping jurisdictions, with many places where one can seek social support and many places where one might lodge a demand or file an appeal.
How not to deal with the past: lustration in Poland
Authors: Misztal Barbara A.
Published: July 2009

By looking at the history of the Polish lustration — the policy of checking the past of candidates for important positions — this article argues that although the lustration law has been finally passed at the end of 1998, Poland's dealing with the past is still full of unresolved and deeply ambivalent problems due to the nature of its postcommunist transition and the nature of the newly constructed political institutions. These conditions were shaped by the relative strength of the Polish anti-communist opposition, which credibility within the society permitted it to accept a compromise with the old regime. The undetermined character of many of Poland's political institutions have accelerated the use of the issue of retrospective justice in the partisan politics, which in turn has limited the opportunity for consensual policy, and therefore has reduced societal trust of the political parties, while at the same time increased the demand for the purification of the political system.
Paranoids may be persecuted: post-totalitarian retroactive justice
Authors: Tucker Aviezer
Published: July 2009

Retroactive justice against perpetrators in post-totalitarian, as distinct of post-authoritarian, democracies is constrained by the absence of human resources for the rule of law and the weakness of civil society. The limited application of lustration and other sanctions in postcommunist countries is understood in the context of politics of transition, political actors, motivations, constraints and beliefs. With special attention to the Czech Republic, the ineffectiveness of lustration is exemplified by the damage inflicted on post-communist societies by the nomenklatura and the former secret police.
1989: Nationalism, Internationalism, and the Nairn–Hobsbawm Debate
Authors: Beiner Ronald
Published: July 2009

With the astonishing resurgence of nationalism in various parts of Europe subsequent of the end of the Cold War, attention has once again been focused on the normative issues posed by the politics of nationalism. This article wresdes with some of these normative issues by reviewing a profund theoretical dialogue conducted between two British neo-Marxists, Tom Nairn and Eric Hobsbawm, going back to the 1970s. The article also gives some attention to Ernest Gellner's sociology of nationalism, which heavily influences Nairn's sociological understanding of nationalism (though Gellner in no way shares Nairn's enthusiasm for neo-nationalist movements). The article concludes, in response to Gellner, that no amount of sociology can relieve us of the obligation to engage at the normative level with the challenges posed by nationalism.
La prise en charge de la mort: médecine, médecins et chirurgiens devant les problèmes liés à la mort à la fin du Moyen Âge (XIIIe-XVe siècles)
Authors: Pouchelle Marie-Christine
Published: July 2009

LeMalheur corporel et la mort obsèdent les esprits de la fin du Moyen Âge; se dressent les squelettes ricanants de la Danse Macabre, entraînant les uns aprés les autres tous les membres de la société, du roi jusqu'au paysan, sans oublier le médecin, impuissant, malgré tout son savoir, devant la mort. Dans quelle mesure celle-ci fut-elle, dans la seconde moitié du Moyen Âge, l'affaire du corps médical (2)?
Du paradoxe professional: médecins et ingénieurs des années 1800
Authors: Béland François
Published: July 2009

Nous comparerons deux occupations, la médcine et le génie, que I'on désigne habituellement sous le même titre de professions libérates. L'époque qui va de 1750 à 1850 environ est, pour chacune d'elles, celle de la cristallisation de leur statut, de leur fonction et des bases cognitives modernes sur lesquelles elles poursuivent leur développement jusqu'à nos jours.
La correspondance de F.-A. Pouchet avec les membres de l'Académie des Sciences : une réévaluation du débat sur la génération spontanée
Authors: Raynaud Dominique
Published: July 2009

The controversy between Pasteur and Pouchet on spontaneous generation (1859–1864) has received great interest in the sociology of scientific knowledge. This paper shows that some statements were shifted by Pennetier's biased version (1907). The study of the correspondence between Pouchet and the members of the Academie des Sciences reveals that Pouchet was on intimate terms with many members of this institution, and also that the two commissions appointed in 1862 and 1864 did not collude with any Pastorian lobby. The discovery of Pouchet's forgery leads to a quite different estimate of this controversy. Pouchet's defeat can be explained by his repeated retreats in front of the commissions, his dogmatic faith in heterogeny, lobbying by the press, and an immoderate need for glory. Beyond the lack of replies to the rationale against heterogeny, such a transgression of the norms of scientific ethos seems to have been a source of irritation among the Academicians.
Élémentaire, complexe: de certaines formes d'explication en anthropologie
Authors: Jamous Raymond
Published: July 2009

The notion ‘elementary’ was used from different perspectives as a modality of anthropological explanation by two authors: Durkheim in relation to religion, and Lévi-Strauss in relation to kinship. They developed a methodology for studying the most simple, the most essential, and the most general properties of social phenomena within a regional context. In this context, the movement towards the ‘complex’ is used only to analyse the additions, the evolutions, or the combinations of pure forms or structures. The less systematic approach taken by Mauss in his article on the gift highlights the complexity of the entire social fact.
Identity in formation: the russian-speaking nationality in the post-Soviet diaspora
Authors: Laitin David D.
Published: July 2009

Data from 1991 surveys, from elections, and from elite discourse in Estonia and Bashkortostan are presented. Despite significant historical and demographic differences in these two post-Soviet republics, the Russian population in both places had similar reactions in regard to the collapse of the Union. In both republics, Russians were wary of assimilation, yet they neither planned to exit in large numbers nor to organise politically as Russians. Furthermore, in both republics, elite discourse was framing a new identity, which can be called the ‘Russian-speaking nationality’. This nationality is likely to be secular, Soviet, and includes all non-titulars whose primary language is Russian. While it is unlikely that this emergent nationality will be the same in all post-Soviet republics, in large part because incentives from the titulars will be markedly different, the data show in the early period after the Soviet collapse, in two ‘most different cases’, the dynamics of Russian identity re-formation have been quite similar.
Unemployment and life satisfaction: A cross-cultural comparison
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Russell Helen
Published: July 2009

The paper addresses the issue of the nature and determinants of variations between countries in the severity of the implications of unemployment for psychological well-being. It focuses on ten countries in the European Union over the period 1983 to 1994. It establishes that there are consistent differences between countries over time. It then examines a number of potential explanations, in particular relating to the level of unemployment, the social composition of unemployment, the strength of the work ethic in the society and the characteristics of welfare institutions. It concludes that such differences cannot be accounted for in terms of the level of unemployment or its composition in terms of age and sex. They are also unrelated to measures of employment commitment. Rather the severity of the impact of unemployment has to be understood in terms of the interaction between the characteristics of the welfare regime and the composition of the unemployed with respect to household position.
Institutional commitments and democracy
Authors: Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio
Published: July 2009

Democracy, even if it is a system of self-government, rests on institutional commitments. An institutional commitment is a manipulation through rules of one's set of alternatives. I analyze the nature of institutional commitments in general and the role they play in a democracy. After drawing a distinction between committing to a rule and being committed by what a role establishes, three conclusions emerge: a) that representation is a functional commitment, b) that constitutions are commitments to rules, and c) that judicial review is not a commitment, but makes credible the commitments embodied in representation and constitutions.
Can there be a Nietzschean sociology?
Authors: Runciman W. G.
Published: July 2009

The article explores the implications of Nietzsche's view of human history and psychology for a sociology formulated in Nietzschean terms, and argues that although the ‘will to power’ cannot explain all that Nietzsche claims for it, his sociology of sociology does pass his own test of validity. It is suggested in conclusion that on the relation of sociology to the rank ordering of values, Nietzsche is consistent where Weber is not, and vice versa.
From the Double Movement to the Double Danger: Kierkegaard and Rebounding Violence
Authors: Bagger Matthew C.
Published: July 2009

In the introduction to Prey into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience, Maurice Bloch makes some forthright admissions about the methodological and theoretical pitfalls threatening a project of the scope he undertakes in this slim, provocative volume. He acknowledges, for instance, the temptation, when arguing for what he describes as a “quasi-universal” religious structure, to present “a tendentious selection of examples, and make this structure appear to be present everywhere.”1 In the face of this danger, independent readers, who “choose to continue the exercise by trying to see whether what is proposed here stands up to the test of the other cases they know” become the most important critical constraint.2 In what follows I test Bloch's theory of rebounding violence against the thought of Søren Kierkegaard, the nineteenth-century Danish theologian.