bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some observations of variations of the natural background radiation
Authors: Thompson Thomas , Wiberg Per Åke
Published: January 2012

Since the middle of 1960 the ionizing radiation at some 25 pIaces in Sweden has been recorded by high pressure ionization chambers. Diagrams show how the ionization varied during October 1960. The variations (between 5 and 20% increase during 6 hours or more) are correlated to precipitation. Various factors influencing the natural radioactivity (Ra-226-series) of precipitation are discussed. From the measured additional dose contributions the average specific activity is calculated to 1.5–3·10–11 curie per gram of precipitation.
The operational forecasting model used in the norwegian meteorological service
Authors: Økland Hans
Published: January 2012

A two-parameter geostrophic model is described. Primary emphasis is placed on the integration scheme used. This scheme implies computation of trajectories and interpolation of vorticity and a certain function of thickness in the endpoints of the trajectories.
An experiment in three-dimensional objective analysis
Authors: Corby G. A.
Published: January 2012

Some experiments in the three-dimensional objective analysis of contour height structure are described. In the scheme adopted, a family of surfaces is fitted to the data available in the vicinity of each grid point and the resulting analysis is in the form of four parameters defining the contour heights above the point at all pressure levels up to 200 mb. The scheme has the merit that many varieties of data can be exploited simultaneously. Verification statistics indicate that the analyses are good except in the lower stratosphere and an additional parameter would be necessary to overcome this shortcoming.
A window radiation chart for estimating surface temperature from satellite observations
Authors: Lönnqvist Olov
Published: January 2012

A special radiation chert is constructed for estimating surface temperature from the outgoing terrestrial radiation in the window region. Estimates obtained are compared with recently published numerical estimates.
Calcium film indicator of moisture associated with noctilucent cloud particles
Authors: Linscott I. , Hemenway C. L. , Witt G.
Published: January 2012

The techniques for the preparation, testing and handling of protected calcium films for use as an indicator of moisture associated with noctilucent cloud particles are described. Study of the exposed and unexposed films flown in the rocket sampling experiments has revealed evidence for the presence of moisture.
Approximations in the use of pressure coordinates
Authors: Wigley T. M. L.
Published: January 2012

Approximations in the use of any scalar dependent variable as a vertical coordinate in Dynamic Meteorology are derived. A connection with the barotropic approximation is made for the case of a pressure coordinate system where the dependent variable is pressure.
Travelling Planetary Waves
Authors: Deland Raymond J.
Published: January 2012

The oscillation of longitudinal position of the very long atmospheric waves, of wave-number 1, 2, and 3 has been described by KUBOTA and IIDA (1954), ELIASEN (1958), and others. In this note the motions of these waves are further examined, the data being Fourier zonal harmonics of the 500 mb height at latitudes 40", 50 ", and 60" N for the period October 1, 1951, to March 31, 1952. In the following, the phase-angle represents displacement west of Greenwich, so that it decreases for a progressive, easterly moving wave.
Auroral morphology, I. The location of the auroral zone
Authors: Feldstein Y. I.
Published: January 2012

An analysis of aurora distribution in the northern and southern hemispheres has been made according to results of photo-observations for aurorae. The auroral zone is of an oval form, approaching the geomagnetic pole (ϕ’ ~ 78°) at day hours and withdrawing from the pole (ϕ’ ~ 68°) at night hours. The location of auroral zones in the northern and southern hemispheres at day and night hours are given.
An experimental study on atmospheric diffusion
Authors: Högström Ulp
Published: January 2012

A method has been devised by which atmospheric diffusion can be studied over a few kilometres range with rather good precision at only moderate expense. The method which is based on smoke puff photography is especially well suited for thermally stable conditions. It is possible to study the effect of both the low frequency part and the high frequency part of the Lagrangian spectrum of turbulence on the diffusion. More than 100 complete experiments have been performed at two places in Sweden at three different levels of release.The vertical standard deviation of matter is found to be a function of the following stability parameter: (∂θ/∂z)/u2f, where ∂θ/∂z is the local vertical gradient of potential temperature, and uzf is “the free wind”, that is the wind just above the friction layer. A comprehensive formula, or rather a system of formulae, for the variation of the vertical standard deviation (sampling time about one hour) with distance from the source, stability and height above the ground of the point of release, has been developed. The formulae are believed to have a very general application, the only site parameter being necessary to know is the roughness length, z0. The formulae have been successfully tested against results from various tracer experiments described in the literature.The variance of the horizontal distribution of matter for one hour sampling time is found to be the sum of two parts: one which is independent of stability and one which is dependent on stability in much the same way as is the vertical variance.The distribution of matter from a ground level release is described by new formulae. The result is in good agreement with experimental and theoretical evidence in the literature.
The concentration of ammonia and nitrate in rain water over Israel in relation to environmental factors
Authors: Yaalon Dan H.
Published: January 2012

Ammonia in monthly composite rain water samples from seven stations in Israel shows marked dependence of concentration on soil temperature. The mean concentration during the cool winter months is 0.17 e.p.m. NH+4, while in spring it rises to at least four times higher. Release of pedogenic ammonia from calcareous soils, which becomes accelerated at the beginning of the warm spring, is considered to be the major source of the ammonia. Losses from fertilization with ammonium containing fertilizers may be a contributing factor.Nitrate concentration is less variable and averages 0.04 e.p.m. NO−3 during the winter months.Total seasonal washout by rain ranged from about 4 to over 20 kg NH4-N per hectare depending on precipitation or on the average 40 g NH4-N per hectare for each mm rain.
Further studies of energy exchange between the zonal flow and the eddies
Authors: Wiin-Nielsen A. , Brown John A. , Drake Margaret
Published: January 2012

The present study describes the results of calculations of transports of sensible heat and momentum and of exchanges of available potential energy and kinetic energy between the zonal flow and the eddies in the wave number regime. The study is based on five levels of data for the months of April, July, October 1962 and January 1963, while only two levels of data (850 and 500 mb) were available for the months of January 1959 and April, July, October 1961.The heat and momentum transport calculations in the wave number regime show that a very large fraction of the total heat and momentum transport is carried out by the very long waves during winter while a smaller percentage of the total heat and momentum transport is accounted for by these waves during the remaining part of the year.The exchange from zonal to eddy available potential energy shows a marked variation during the year with maxima during the winter and minima during the summer. The spectral distributions are such that we find a maximum for wave numbers 2 or 3 during the winter. This maximum disappears during summer, when we find the maximum at much smaller wave lengths. This energy exchange is positive in all months thus far investigated not only for the total conversion but also for the individual wave numbers.The interchange from eddy to zonal kinetic energy has a different behavior. It differs from the annual variation of the potential energy exchanges in that we find the maximum value during fall. The spectra are very irregular with no clearly defined maxima and minima. This energy exchange is positive for all months investigated so far except for January 1963, but the average values are always much smaller than the average exchanges between the two forms of available potential energy. It is demonstrated that a very large fraction of the total (negative) interchange during January 1963 is accounted for by wave number 3.The results of our calculations are compared with those of other investigators showing fair qualitative agreement.
On the energetics of the mean and eddy circulations in the lower stratosphere
Authors: Oort Abraham H.
Published: January 2012

A hemispheric network of radiosonde stations is used in order to study the energetics of the lower stratosphere during the IGY period July 1957 through June 1958. For a hemispheric polar cap with 30 and 100 mb as top and bottom boundaries the balance equations of zonal and eddy kinetic energy, and zonal and eddy available potential energy are considered in detail. The eddies appear to build up the kinetic energy of the zonal flow at the expense of the eddy kinetic energy during all seasons. The eddies lose also eddy potential energy to the mean zonal distribution, in agreement with the abnormal upslope direction of the eddy heat transport. Thus, no source of energy for the eddy motions appears to be present in situ and the eddies must be forced by the circulation in the adjacent layers, probably by the tropospheric motions.The energy-cycle in the lower stratosphere is in many respects different from the one usually found in the troposphere, where, as is well known, eddy kinetic energy is destroyed by friction and the energy source is found in the creation of zonal available potential energy by radiation and the subsequent baroclinic processes. For the 100-30 mb layer the necessary kinetic energy is supplied by interaction at the top and/or bottom boundaries, while ultimately the energy is destroyed in the form of zonal available potential energy by radiation.
Inertial flow in the Gulf Stream
Authors: Blandford Robert
Published: January 2012

This paper departs from previous studies of steady, laminar, purely inertial models of the Gulf Stream in that it considers two moving layers of different density and with different vertically uniform flow velocities instead of only one such layer. The flow takes place over a resting layer of denser water. Numerical methods are used where analytical results cannot be obtained. Instead of yielding a refined description that fits the observed Gulf Stream better than do the one-layer models, the two-layer models show anomalous features that seem physically unreasonable and that seem to prevent any correspondence with the observed Gulf Stream. Two types of anomalies occur. 1. If an overall density gradient is modelled by splitting the one-layer model into two equally thick layers where the lower layer has a density intermediate between that of the upper layer and the fluid at rest below, the inertial-dynamical solution is invalidated by discontinuities at latitudes near the middle of the range where the observed Gulf Stream seems steady and well-behaved, and where the one-layer models seem to give an adequate description of the flow. 2. If the interface between the lower layer and the fluid at rest below is made nearly horizontal in the interior of the ocean to the east of the Gulf Stream, so as to correspond to the observed 6°C isotherm, then no dynamical solution exists. This is because conservation of potential vorticity for transport of water over large ranges of latitude is incompatible with the small geostrophic velocities required in the lower layer by the nearly horizontal lower interface. Such difficulties lead to the tentative conclusion that steady, purely inertial models are inadequate to describe even the lower latitude growth region of the Gulf Stream.
Corrigendum: November issue of Tellus 1964
Authors: Platzman G.
Published: January 2012

Prof. Dr. G. HOLLMANN has kindly pointed out to me that (2.3) does not give the general solution of (2.2) in my paper “An exact integral of complete spectral equations for unsteady one-dimensional flow”. In the first paragraph of Section 2, my statement that it does is wrong.
The viscous boundary layer at the free surface of a rotating baroclinic fluid: effects due to the temperature dependence of surface tension
Authors: Hide R.
Published: January 2012

A theoretical study is made of the effects due to the dependence on temperature (T) of the coefficient of surface tension (S) on the flow in the viscous boundary layer at the free surface of a baroclinic fluid which rotates rapidly about a vertical axis. Although each component of the flow is altered by an amount of the order of the corresponding ageostrophic component arising when dS/dT = 0 multiplied by the dimension-less parameter C ≡ 2 Ω. (dS/dT)/(gαᵨ0v) (where Ω is the rate of rotation of the system, g the acceleration of gravity, and ᵨ0, v and α denote, respectively, the mean density, kinematic viscosity and thermal coefficient of cubical expansion of the fluid), when the interior flow is strictly geostrophic boundary layer suction remains unaffected.
On the Vertical Distribution of Wind and Temperature over Indo-Pakistan along the
Meridian 76° E in Winter
Authors: Chaudhury A. M.
Published: January 2012

A mean cross-section over Indo-Pakistan along the meridian 76° E for January and
February 1946 has been computed. Three jet stream centers are obtained along this
meridian: one in Siberia, one just south of the plateau, and one in the tropics. The
effect of the plateau gives rise to Siberian and Himalayan jets. A numerical comparison
of the computed mean profile along 76° E with that of HESS (1948) along 80° W over North
America is presented.
Computed wind velocity, wind shear and absolute vorticity
patterns are discussed, particularly with regard to strong anticyclonic shear and very
low absolute vorticity found on the south side of the Himalayan jet. The spatial
distributions of the isentropic field, the gravitational stability field, the
baroclinity field and the rainfall during the winter months are discussed in regard to
the sense of the meridional circulation around the Himalayan and the Equatorial
jets.
The Mean Wind and Temperature Distribution through a Flat Upper Ridge in
Winter
Authors: Hsieh Yi-Ping
Published: January 2012

A mean cross section is constructed from a number of individually analyzed daily
cross sections through flat upper ridges, using the position of the maximum of the
geostrophic zonal wind at upper levels as reference for the meridional coordinate.
Computed wind velocity, wind shear, and vorticity distribution are discussed. A
comparison of the results with the meridional cross section of PALMÉN and NEWTON is
emphasized.
On the Use of Areas of Rising and Falling Pressure in the Free Atmosphere
Authors: Evjen Sigurd
Published: January 2012

A method for the determination of areas of rising and falling pressure in the free atmosphere is given, together with a brief discussion of how these pressure variations lead to the growth of isallobaric areas at sea level.
Determination of the Lateral Eddy Diffusivity in the Climatological Mean Gulf Stream
Authors: Stommel H.
Published: January 2012

The spread of positions of the Gulf Stream as exhibited in fig. 1 of the paper by FUGLISTER and WORTHINGTON (1951) published in this issue of Tellus suggests that one should be able to compute a rough value of the lateral eddy diffusivity produced by the meandering and shifts of position of the stream, although the number of points a t any section, taken across the stream at any distance along the axis of the stream is quite small for statistical purposes.
Some Remarks on the Climatology of Blocking Action
Authors: Brezowsky H. , Flohn H. , Hess P.
Published: January 2012

Based on the revised Catalogue of European Large-Scale Weather Patterns (1881–1950) the annual course and the secular variations of the frequency of blocking highs in Europe are treated. Regions of blocking action and those of frequent cold-air centers mutually exclude one another, both corresponding to the orographically influenced asymmetry of the polar vortex.
A Synoptic-Aerological Study of Interaction between Vortices
Authors: Berson F. A.
Published: January 2012

The displacement and intensity changes of a cyclone and anticyclone over the Northeastern Atlantic in October 1945 are investigated. An attempt is made to explain the motion of the cells as an analogue to the vortex pair in hydrodynamics. The observed paths and translational velocities are compared with those computed from theoretical relationships derived on simplifying assumptions involving a.o. conservation of absolute vorticity and an hypothesis of equivalent vortex strength. With reference to the third day after the genesis of the system, the result of this comparison is satisfactory and is considered significant in view of a concurrent transient reduction of horizontal divergence inferred from observed variations in the thermal structure of the cyclone.

The genesis and behaviour of the system of vortices is also discussed in relation to a recent theory of composite baroclinic vortices. In part this theory is confirmed by observational evidence as e.g. an accelerated equatorward drift of the cyclone in its early stage and an intensification of its upper part in a later stage when the centre of the system of vortices is stationary.
Le bilan de la rotationnelle absolue dans l’atmosphère
Authors: Van Mieghem J.
Published: January 2012

The equation of balance of the absolute vorticity is derived from V. Bjerknes’ Circulation Theorem, formulated in an arbitrary moving frame of general coordinates. The flux and the rate of production of absolute vorticity are defined. The case of the component of absolute vorticity normal to the equiscalar surfaces of a meteorological quantity is considered. From the expression of the horizontal convective flux of the vertical component of the relative vorticity, a relation between the horizontal meridional flows of relative vorticity and angular momentum is deduced.
Multiple Currents in the Gulf Stream System
Authors: Fuglister F. C.
Published: January 2012

A new interpretation of the accumulated temperature and salinity data from the Gulf Stream Area indicates that the System is made up of a series of overlapping currents. These currents are separated by relatively weak countercurrents. Data from a recent survey are presented as supporting this hypothesis.
The Distribution of Temperature and Wind Connected with Active Tropical Air in the Higher Troposphere and Some Remarks Concerning Clear Air Turbulence at High Altitude
Authors: Berggren Roy
Published: January 2012

A study is made of the distribution of wind and temperature in the higher troposphere and the lower stratosphere in cases with active Tropical air in middle latitudes. Only observed winds are used. A model for extending the fronts into the lower stratosphere is given.

In connection with the proposed model a case with observed clear air turbulence at high altitude is studied. Some remarks on the statistical treatment of the reported cases with clear air turbulence is made.
Tendency Computations with a Continuous Two-Parametric Atmospheric Model
Authors: Smebye Sigurd J.
Published: January 2012

In a case of strong development the tendencies at the 500 and 1000 mb surfaces are computed with a two parametric model. It is possible to take the thermal structure of the atmosphere into account in a crude manner by expressing the vertical temperature distribution as a function of the deviation of the 1,000–500 mb thickness from a standard value. The height of the 500 mb surface and the 1,000–500 mb thickness are used as variables. The tendencies are computed for two maps 12 hrs apart, the intermediate tendencies interpolated for every 2 hrs and the 12 hr change of the 1000 and 500 mb surfaces are then computed. The tendencies computed represent an improvement over those computed with the barotropic model, but the 12 hr changes are still only about 2/3 of the observed changes.
Multiple-Parameter Models of the Atmosphere for Numerical Forecasting Purposes
Authors: Bolin Bert
Published: January 2012

A general discussion of multiple parameter models of the atmosphere for forecasting purposes is given and various ways of arriving at such models are presented. For some two-parameter models it is possible to derive a simple graphical method of integration which may be used before high-speed electronic computors are available. A numerical example is given. Finally the accuracy of a two-parameter representation is investigated more closely and a comparison is made with the accuracy of the radiosonde data. The conclusion is reached that a two-parameter model is adequate for representing the field of pressure-heights with an accuracy which is only slightly less than the accuracy of the radiosonde observations themselves. Hence models of three or more parameters are of interest merely to the extent that they are capable of describing in a more satisfactory manner the processes of the atmosphere.
Comparison of Microseisms in Greenland, Iceland, and Scandinavia
Authors: Båth Markus
Published: January 2012

Microseismic amplitudes and periods recorded at Scoresby-Sund, Reykjavik, Bergen, and Uppsala in seven different cases from the years 1949–1950 are studied. At all stations the polar air is of essential importance for the generation of microseisms, whereas there is in general no close connection with the cyclone centres themselves. A coast effect is of importance for Scandinavia, whereas the source for microseisms recorded at Scoresby-Sund is located over the open ocean within the polar air. Standing ocean waves may be of importance at the Norwegian coast but in many cases not on the open ocean. The microseismic waves propagate much farther over the continent than along the ocean bottom. The microseismic periods in Scandinavia vary generally in parallelism with the amplitudes, in Iceland and Greenland generally not. Period minima and rapid amplitude increases are observed in Scandinavia when cold fronts cross the Norwegian coast. There is no sign of microseismic barriers in the Atlantic outside Scandinavia. The microseisms at Scoresby-Sund have a regular, group character; at the other stations they are generally continuous.
A Baroclinic Model of the Atmosphere Applicable to the Problem of Numerical Forecasting in Three Dimensions. II
Authors: Árnason G.
Published: January 2012

A theory for the application to numerical forecasting of a 3-parameter model of the troposphere is developed and then tested on one synoptic case. The model itself has been described in an earlier paper. An essential feature of this model, beyond other models so far introduced, is that the static stability may vary arbitrarily in a horizontal direction and with time as well. This implies a thermal wind which may change direction with height, and it is shown that this non-parallelism of the isotherms in the vertical is important from the standpoint of thermodynamics. Furthermore, it is shown that the rotation of the thermal wind with height is closely connected with cyclogenesis and the deepening and filling of existing cyclones.

The case selected for numerical computation was the synoptic situation of November 24, 1951, at 03z over Western Europe and the easternmost part of the Atlantic. Tendencies for sea level pressure and for the two parameters defining the tropospheric temperature distribution with height were computed; they compared fairly well with observed changes.
Absolute Chronology of Deep-sea Sediments and the Deposition of Clay on the Ocean Floor
Authors: Kullenberg B.
Published: January 2012

An absolute chronology of deep-sea sediments on the basis of the accumulation of TiO2 presupposes the rate of accumulation of clay to be tolerably constant with regard to time. It is here asserted that this condition is not fulfilled, because 1) the supply of fine terrigeneous matter to offshore waters will be appreciably affected by climatic changes, 2) the total amount of fine terrigeneous matter carried in suspension by sea water is deposited in about 300 years, which is a small fraction of a climatic cycle, and, consequently, 3) the amount of fine terrigeneous matter present in the sea is insufficient to act as a buffer against the variations of the supply, on account of which these variations will be reflected by almost equally great variations of the rate of accumulation.
Experimental Determination of Electron Orbits in the Field of a Magnetic Dipole: Part II
Authors: Brunberg Ernst-Åke , Dattner Adam
Published: January 2012

In the preceding issue of Tellus were pub- lished the first results of our investigations of cosmic ray orbits in the field of a magnetic dipole. The investigations were carried out by measurements o n a model with particle mo- mentum range corresponding to 1010-eV/c. A detailed description of the apparatus and the performance of the experiment is given in part I of the present paper.
On the electrification of snow
Authors: Norinder Harald
Published: January 2012

Electrification of snow and related phenomena were investigated by measuring: (1) the charge of snow when pouring it from a vessel into a funnel, (2) the charging of an insulated target when letting snow hit it as well as the charge of the scattered snow, and (3) the charge in air from blowing snow. Specific, basic phenomena were separated. The charge of larger snow particles collected was dependent on the temperature and on the material of the target. The properties of the surfaces seem to be of importance in these phenomena. Enhanced charges of both polarities were measured in air by ion-counters. It seems that these charges are not due to ions, but may be attributed to very small snow particles suspended in air. A compIete insight into the whole problem of electification of snow might be obtained by a systematic consideration of all these specific phenomena.
The Gravimetric Method for Determination of the Form of the Geoid
Authors: Hirvonen R. A.
Published: January 2012

The gravimetric method for the investigation of geoid is based on a theorem of STOKES (1849): If a surface is given, which encloses all attracting masses and at which the potential of the gravity-i.e. the sum of attracting and centrifugal forces-is constant, the gravity at this surface and everywhere outside it is given too.
A Measurement of the Winds Aloft During a Cold Front Passage
Authors: Eriksson T. O.
Published: January 2012

On the island of Väddön in the archipelago of Stockholm (Fig. I) last summer the ascents of a number of pilot balloons were followed by means of radar. Particularly interesting were the ascents on July 15 because this day the balloons passed through a cold front surface and the wind shift line aloft could be illustrated very clearly.
Two Years of Momentum Flux Data for 13° N
Authors: Starr V. P. , White R. M.
Published: January 2012

The aim of this note is to present more statistics concerning the meridional flux of angular momentum in the tropics similar to those already published (STARR and WHITE 1952 a). A further investigation for a period of one additional year has now been completed for 13° N, in order to verify the previous conclusions with independent data. A continuous two-year period has thus been analysed and represents a concluded phase of the investigation for this latitude.
The Counter-Gradient Flux of Sensible Heat in the Lower Stratosphere
Authors: White Robert M.
Published: January 2012

Several recent investigations, KUO (1951), VAN MEIGHEM (1953), STARR (1953) and ARAKAWA (1953), have been concerned with examining the physical processes which account for the maintenance of the kinetic energy of zonal motion in the atmosphere. These studies have pointed up the important role played by the large scale horizontal eddies.
Current Data on the Chemical Composition of Air and Precipitation
Authors: Egnér Hans , Eriksson Erik
Published: January 2012

Last spring an informal conference on atmospheric chemistry, initiated by Prof. C. G. Rossby, was held at the Meteorological Institute of the University of Stockholm and a note on this conference was published in Tellus (ERIKSSON, 1954). Among other things a new network of collecting stations for precipitation and air samples was discussed; this network was to extend over the whole of Scandinavia and Britain.
The Acidity of Scandinavian Precipitation
Authors: Barrett Earl , Brodin Gunnar
Published: January 2012

Data on the pH of the total monthly precipitation at stations of a Swedish network for sampling and chemical analysis of precipitation and atmospheric aerosols during the year July 1953—June 1954 are presented and discussed, together with the pH data from the first two months of operation of a larger pan-Scandinavian net. It is found that well-defined regions of acidity and alkalinity relative to the pH of water in equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide exist, and that these regions persist to such an extent that the monthly deviations from the pattern of the annual mean pH at each station are relatively small. The mean pH of the entire network shows a distinct annual cycle, with greatest acidity in winter and greatest alkalinity in late spring. Coastal stations unaffected by local pollution show persistently high acidity, while inland northern stations show equally persistent alkalinity. Some possible reasons for the observed distributions are considered.
Nivellement hydrographique entre six stations danoises
Authors: Jessen Axel
Published: January 2012

The annual means of sea-level are considered as consisting of two independent quantities: the height of the zero point in question and the height of the water-surface. An attempt is made to separate these two quantities. The result is a set of diagrams showing the relative secular motion of the zero points and the sea-level.
The Mean Vertical Structure of the Jet Stream
Authors: Endlich R. M. , Solot S. B. , Thur H. A.
Published: January 2012

Mean vertical wind profiles were derived from observed wind soundings in jet stream regions using the “peak wind” as a reference level. These profiles show the greatest shears immediately above and below the level of the peak wind. Relationships were found between the average height of the peak wind and the heights of three characteristic tropopause types. A mean synoptic model of a jet stream having marked ageostrophic characteristics is presented.
The Production of Condensation Nuclei by Crystallizing Salt Particles
Authors: Twomey S. , McMaster K. N.
Published: January 2012

Experiments were conducted to examine the possibility of condensation nuclei being produced by salt droplets when the environmental humidity was lowered sufficiently for crystallization to take place. It was found that condensation nuclei were in fact produced when salt particles crystallized, each salt particle producing at least several hundred nuclei. It is suggested that these nuclei consisted of minute salt crystals, with mass in the range 10−18 to 10−14g, released from the main mass of salt during crystallization.
The Water Content of Cumuliform Cloud
Authors: Warner J.
Published: January 2012

Measurements have been made of liquid water content throughout many cumuliform clouds. The amount of water present at any level was always less than the adiabatic value, and the ratio of these two quantities decreased with height above cloud base. This ratio was found to be independent of the horizontal extent of the cloud except in the case of very small clouds. The transition between clear air and dense cloud was frequently abrupt.
On the Theory of Magnetic Storms and Aurorae
Authors: Åström Ernst
Published: January 2012

The ionized gas from the sun moves in the magnetic fields of the sun and the earth and in an electric field. The drift motion can be divided into three terms, one due to the crossed electric and magnetic fields, one due to the inhomogeneity in the magnetic field and one due to the inertia of the charged particles. The last term is of special interest for the motion of the ions.
On the Scale of Auroral Model Experiments
Authors: Block L.
Published: January 2012

The possibilities to scale down the physical properties of gaseous discharges with altered linear dimensions are considered with special regard to model experiments on aurorae. It is shown that the drift orbits can be transformed correctly, although the spiralling motion around the magnetic field lines cannot. This spiralling motion constitutes a very small ripple on the drift orbits in nature but a greater ripple in the experiments. However, this ripple seems to be of minor importance, and reasons are given for the view that the recent auroral experiments represent nature in a satisfactory way.
Thermodynamical Study of the Entrainment of Air into a Cumulus
Authors: Dufour L.
Published: January 2012

Formulas dealing with the entrainment of air into a cumulus are rationally established on the basis of the thermodynamics of polytherm systems. The hypothesis made in the course of the calculus are clearly put into evidence.
The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change
Authors: Plass Gilbert N.
Published: January 2012

The most recent calculations of the infra-red flux in the region of the 15 micron CO2 band show that the average surface temperature of the earth increases 3.6° C if the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is doubled and decreases 3.8° C if the CO2 amount is halved, provided that no other factors change which influence the radiation balance. Variations in CO2 amount of this magnitude must have occurred during geological history; the resulting temperature changes were sufficiently large to influence the climate. The CO2 balance is discussed. The CO2 equilibrium between atmosphere and oceans is calculated with and without CaCO3 equilibrium, assuming that the average temperature changes with the CO2 concentration by the amount predicted by the CO2 theory. When the total CO2 is reduced below a critical value, it is found that the climate continuously oscillates between a glacial and an inter-glacial stage with a period of tens of thousands of years; there is no possible stable state for the climate. Simple explanations are provided by the CO2 theory for the increased precipitation at the onset of a glacial period, the time lag of millions of years between periods of mountain building and the ensuing glaciation, and the severe glaciation at the end of the Carboniferous. The extra CO2 released into the atmosphere by industrial processes and other human activities may have caused the temperature rise during the present century. In contrast with other theories of climate, the CO2 theory predicts that this warming trend will continue, at least for several centuries.
Records of Gamma Radiation from the Ground and Beta Radiation from Radioactive Debris in Sweden, 1950-1955. Part I
Authors: Severt Rolf M.
Published: January 2012

The γ radiation of the ground from natural and artificial radioactivity, and the β radiation from radioactive debris in the atmosphere, have been recorded in Sweden since 1950. On several occasions increased radioactivity has been observed, sometimes producing effects by far exceeding the variations of the normal level. Observations are reported on the influence of rain and snowfall, with and without the effects caused by transportation of radioactive debris from nuclear explosions.
Entraînement d’air humide saturé contenant de l’eau liquide dans une masse d’air humide saturé contenant de l’eau liquide
Authors: Dufour L.
Published: January 2012

In the present work, on the basis of the first principle of thermodynamics, we establish the law of variation of temperature with pressure in a saturated mass sphere containing liquid water into which saturated air containing also liquid water penetrates. Admitting that the considered mass of air and the air which is introduced into it form a closed system, the problem consists in the study of the adiabatic transformations of a polytherm closed system. Owing to a few hypothesis (cf (24) and (28)), we obtain formula (35) which is a particular case of the formula (36) to which leads the study of the entrainment of non saturated air into a cumulus. Taking the example of a buble which moves in the middle of a cumulus, we show that the rate of variation of temperature with pressure is, to the first approximation, that of the standard adiabatic.
The Use of Silver Iodide for Seeding Individual Clouds
Authors: Warner J. , Twomey S.
Published: January 2012

The results of seeding thirty-five supercooled clouds, mostly cumuliform, are described. The silver iodide was released as a smoke from aircraft flying through the upper levels of the cloud or just below cloud base. It is concluded that silver iodide is an effective agent in inducing precipitation in clouds whose upper levels are at temperatures colder than —5° C, and that the precipitation is usually released 20 to 25 minutes after seeding in the case of cumulus clouds but later in the case of layer clouds.
A new Technique for Counting Ice-Forming Nuclei in Aerosols
Authors: Bigg E. K.
Published: January 2012

An objective method for measuring freezing nucleus concentration with improved accuracy is described and the results of a series of measurements made on the coastline in an on-shore wind near Carnarvon, Western Australia are given. Fluctuations in ice crystal counts existed which were well beyond the probable experimental error and appeared to be independent of weather conditions, except for the occurrence of cirrus cloud. A remote terrestrial source or an extraterrestrial source of nuclei is indicated.
On the Accuracy of 500 mb Analysis with Special Reference to Numerical Forecasting
Authors: Berggren Roy
Published: January 2012

The result of an analysis experiment is discussed. From 29 different analyses of one and the same 500 mb chart certain parameters were calculated. The standard deviation of the height of the 500 mb surface had an average value of 15 gdm, determined over an area of 4,200 times 8,100 km. The correlation coefficient between the observed changes and the changes forecast with a numerical barotropic forecast varied between 0.53 and 0.77 (24h.), 0.77 and 0.84 (48h), respectively. Some other verification parameters are given. Calculations of the geostrophic wind are carried through for all analyses, both at points, over areas and along certain tracks. The deviations due to the differences in analysis are sometimes considerable.
The Threefold Structure of the Atmosphere and the Characteristics of the Tropopause
Authors: Defant Fr. , Taba H.
Published: January 2012

All available soundings for January 1, 1956 have been studied with respect to their tropospheric and stratospheric temperature structure and with emphasis on the height and form of the tropopause. It was found that the latitudinal influence on the total vertical structure of the soundings was not dominating, but rather the location of soundings with respect to the two main westwind maxima (polarfront jet and subtropical jet) of the westerlies seemed to be important. A selection of soundings according to this principle (north of polarfront jet, between the two jets, south of subtropical jet) made it possible to distinguish between different types of soundings. This fundamental difference is discussed and will form the basis for future studies of world wide circulation changes. Furthermore the distribution of tropopause height and temperature has been mapped and studied on a hemispheric scale. Each of the above mentioned types possesses a typical vertical temperature structure and a characteristic tropopause heigth. Two rapid changes in tropopause height (tropopause breaklines) connected with the main westwind belts separate areas possessing an almost uniform tropopause level. Inside each of these areas a remarkable quasi-barotropic state of the upper tropospheric layers is shown.

Similar discussion has been devoted to the nature of soundings inside or close to the jets or the breaks in tropopause height. Here the soundings have a more complicated vertical structure and their interpretation becomes difficult.
Atmospheric Electrical Measurements in the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Schaefer Vincent J.
Published: January 2012

An exploration of the electrical properties of the atmosphere on and above the island of Hawaii, as indicated by a portable corona current unit, is described. A 30 foot telescopic mast having a radioactive probe mounted on an insulated bushing and connected by shielded cable to a sensitive microammeter was used. Corona currents were measured at a number of geographic locations ranging from sea level under conditions of heavy surf to the 10,000 foot level on Ma una Kea several thousand feet above the exchange layer, and over the land and ocean in a light plane. Observations were made under clear, cloudy and rainy conditions. Fair weather and cloudy conditions gave currents from air to earth of positive sign. With warm rain falling the currents had a negative sign and increased in value with intensity of precipitation. In several instances indications of incipient discharges similar to that observed in mild lightningstorms were noted.

The island of Hawaii has many desirable features to recommend it for an extensive research program in atmospheric electricity. A simple and inexpensive approach to inaugurating such a program is suggested.
Chemical Analysis of Aerosol Particles and of Gas Traces on the Island of Hawaii
Authors: Junge Christian E.
Published: January 2012

Aerosols of two different size ranges with radii between 0.08 < r < 0.8 μ (large particles) and 0.8 < r < 8 μ (giant particles) were analyzed for NH4+, Cl−, SO4− and NO3− Parallel with this, the concentration of corresponding gas traces, that is of NH3, chlorine components, SO2 and nitrogen dioxide was measured. The results show that the giant particles consisted almost entirely of sea spray. Their content of NO3− was small compared to the data from the East Coast of the United States (Round Hill, Massachusetts and Homestead, Florida). The Cl− content of the large particles was less than 1.5 % of that of the giant particles, confirming previous data which showed that the sea spray is almost completely restricted to particles larger than 0.8 μ radius. The large particles contained NH4 in amounts comparable with the other components, indicating the presence of other than sea spray nuclei in this size range. The NH4 is probably present in the form of (NH4)2SO4. Both particle sizes were completely missing in the raining orographic clouds. All gas components were found to be present and the concentrations did not fluctuate very much. They were washed out, to a small degree, if at all, by rain.
Trade Wind Cloud Measurements Windward of the Island of Hawaii
Authors: Johnson David S.
Published: January 2012

Aircraft observations upwind of the Island of Hawaii were made to obtain detailed soundings of air temperature and water vapor over the sea upwind of the Hilo area. It was desirable to know how represcntative a single sounding was for a short time period during “budget” days.
Dichotic Listening Performance in Young Adults Using Low-Pass Filtered Speech
Authors: Martin Jeffrey S. , Gibson Keiko Y. , Huston Lisa C.
Published: January 2012

Background:Assessment of interaural asymmetry (IA) on dichotic listening tests becomes challenging when accuracy on one or both ears are at ceiling. Cognitive task demands are often increased to avoid this situation, raising the possibility that non-auditory-specific processes
will further influence IA estimation.Purpose:To investigate the utility of low-pass filtered dichotic speech stimuli (dichotic filtered words [DFWs]) as a potential auditory-specific technique for increasing task difficulty in the dichotic listening paradigm.Research Design:A
prospective experimental study investigating differences in IA observed for a group of young adults on three dichotic listening tasks differentiated on the basis of stimulus type (unfiltered words, DFWs) and/or mode of test administration (divided attention [DIV]; directed attention [DIR]).Study
Sample:Thirty-two adults between 18 and 34 yr of age participated in the study.Data Collection and Analysis:Accuracy scores on each ear and normalized values of IA (via laterality index) served as dependent measures evaluated in a repeated-measures ANOVA design. Correlation and
regression analyses were carried out to investigate potential relationships between participants’ behavioral accuracy to experimental stimuli and the magnitude of observed IA. Behavioral profiles of IA were constructed for each participant.Results:Using a traditional DIV test
mode, DFW stimuli produced a significantly larger right-ear advantage (REA) as compared to unfiltered speech. The magnitude of the average REA to DFW stimuli was not statistically different between DIV and DIR test modes for the group. Inspection of individual performances, however, revealed
that out of the participants who demonstrated meaningful IA during DIV, approximately half produced the same or greater amount of IA during DIR whereas half showed a relative decrease. Participants’ accuracy to left-sided stimuli was most related to the magnitude of observed IA across
tasks.Conclusions:The utility of low-pass filtered speech may be helpful in the evaluation of IA obtained during dichotic testing.
¿Alegoría de la Nueva Holanda? Imágenes y prácticas de la economía de plantación en Surinam
Authors: Crespo Solana Ana
Published: January 2012

El objetivo de este artículo es describir el proceso de formación de una imagen literaria del sistema colonial de plantación en Surinam y su evolución desde los primeros años de la colonización europea. Dicha imagen se desarrolló de forma paralela a la constitución de una sociedad con características socio-étnicas y económicas determinadas por el sistema de explotación al que fue sometida y que alteró la idea de colonización que originariamente se proyectó sobre la región. Más tarde surgió también una imagen retórica reflejada en la literatura de propaganda, en la información que circulaba entre los colonos, obras de cronistas o memoriales de viajeros y estadistas de la época, las cuales se fusionaron con una literatura que describía la verdadera sociedad, de pilares étnicos, que emergió a partir de la esclavitud.