bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It's in the eye of the beholder: visual lateralisation in response to the social environment in poeciliids
Authors: Fuss Theodora , Nöbel Sabine , Witte Klaudia
Published: March 2019

The social environment offers fish complex information about the quality, performance, personality and other cues of potential mates and competitors simultaneously. It is likely, therefore, that the environmental information regarding the context of mate choice is perceived and processed differently in species and sexes in respect to lateralisation. The present study comparatively assessed visual lateralisation behaviour in response to different social or sexual stimuli in three closely related poeciliid species (P. latipinna, P. mexicana, P. formosa) in comparison to a more distantly related species (P. reticulata). Individuals were presented with four different social or sexual stimuli that were tested against a control stimulus; (a) a conspecific male, (b) a conspecific female, (c) a heterosexual conspecific pair, (d) three conspecific females (shoal). In order to approach a target stimulus, focal fish had to perform detours to the right or left of a vertically straight‐shaped barrier. The three closely related poeciliid species, P. latipinna, P. mexicana, P. formosa, appeared to have a general tendency to turn right (i.e., left‐eye preference), whereas the more distantly related P. reticulata males and females showed an overall bias to the left (i.e., right‐eye preference) in response to various social–sexual incitements. Moreover, body size seemed to significantly influence especially the males’ detour behaviour, with smaller males acting in opposition to their larger conspecifics in response to certain social stimuli. In this case, smaller and larger Poecilia spp. males responded in the same way as smaller and larger males of the other three poeciliid species. Therefore, results possibly point to differences in the degree of general social behaviour between closely and more distantly related species and mating motivation amongst larger and smaller individuals when placed in a novel social environment. Hence, present results possibly suggest a sex‐specific functional lateralisation for the analysis of visual information and seem to support the closer ancestral relationships between the Poecilia spp. tested in this study and the more distantly related guppies in terms of their left–right lateralisation. Generally, present results suggest that functional asymmetries in behaviour could be widespread among vertebrates, thus supporting the hypothesis of an early evolution of lateralisation in brain and behaviour.
Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Impairment among High Socioeconomic, Nondemented Older US Adults
Authors: Martinez‐Miller Erline E. , Kohl Harold W. , Barlow Carolyn E. , Willis Benjamin L. , DeFina Laura F.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES

Nondemented cognitive impairment (CI) presents opportunities for early interventions among individuals at risk for dementia. Identification of modifiable determinants is paramount to the development of effective clinical interventions. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was theorized as a risk factor, but current research yields inconsistent findings. Few studies have examined the association between MetS and CI among US populations, and global results may be ungeneralizable. We investigated the MetS‐CI association among high socioeconomic, nondemented older US adults, examining the roles of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and genetic factors.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional.

SETTING

Cooper Clinic of Dallas, Texas: Cooper Center Longitudinal Study (2009‐2017).

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 5200 dementia‐free older adult Cooper Clinic patients.

MEASUREMENTS

CI was detected with a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score lower than 26. MetS was established based on National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guidelines. Unadjusted and multivariable log‐binomial regression were used to assess the MetS‐CI association, with modification assessment by age, sex, education, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and apolipoprotein‐ε4 carrier status (APOE‐ε4).

RESULTS

MetS was not associated with CI when adjusting for age, sex, minority status, education, and marital status (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval = .97‐1.23) or when additionally adjusting for body mass index, CRF, alcohol consumption, current smoking status, and APOE‐ε4 (PR = 1.07; 95% confidence interval = .80‐1.45). The association was not modified by age, sex, CRF, or APOE‐ε4 (P for interaction >.05).

CONCLUSION

In contrast with some global and US studies, MetS and CI were not associated among our study population of nondemented older US adults. MetS may not be a suitable intervention target for poor cognitive outcomes among high socioeconomic older US adults, although separate MetS components may have different recommendations. Future studies should explore more diverse older US populations. If replicated, these findings would inform clinical efforts to reduce the burden of poor cognitive outcomes in the United States.
Effect of oral health behavior and demographic variables on gingival health in 11‐16‐year‐old school children in Chandigarh, India: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Sharma Urvashi , Gill Namrata , Gulati Anubha , Passi Sidhi , Verma Leena , Bal Ikreet S. , Arora Rosy , Agnihotri Archna , Gauba Krishan
Published: March 2019

Aims

The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence and pattern of gingival bleeding on probing (BOP) and to evaluate the effect of oral health behavior and demographic determinants on gingival health in 11‐16‐year‐old school children in Chandigarh, India.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study, using stratified random sampling, was conducted across two age groups, 11‐13 years and 14‐16 years, and two socioeconomic strata: upper and lower. The World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Questionnaire for Children was used to record the data, and the WHO Community Periodontal Index (modified) was used to assess gingival BOP.

Results

Among all the 2294 children examined, an estimated 54.2% had gingival BOP. The odds of BOP were also higher in the younger age group (odds ratio [OR]: 1.261, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.068‐1.487, P = 0.006), higher for boys (OR: 1.200, 95% CI: 1.017‐1.416, P = 0.031), and lower in the upper strata (OR: 0.805, 95% CI: 0.682‐0.951, P = 0.011). Gingival BOP was 58.5% in the mandibular and 41.5% in the maxillary arch (P < 0.0001); χ2‐test found tooth cleaning frequency to be a significant contributing factor for gingival BOP (P = 0.014).

Conclusions

An inverse co‐relation of gingival BOP with age, socioeconomic status, and a higher prevalence in boys was observed, necessitating periodic preventive dental education, particularly focusing on the target group. Additionally, early screening and prompt treatment to intercept the disease is advocated.
Evolution of fetal lung stiffness during gestation in two different congenital malformations
Authors: Mottet Nicolas , Metz Jean‐Patrick , Chaussy Yann
Published: March 2019

This report is aimed at opening a new reflexion about exploration of fetal lungs malformations with 2‐D ultrasound shear wave elastography (2D‐SWE) in two fetuses. These preliminary results are drawn from the ELASTOMAP study, which was designed to explore feasibility of 2D‐SWE on fetal lungs. Fetus A presented Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation and fetus B congenital obstructive emphysema. We estimated every 3 weeks the Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation Volume Ratio (CVR) of the malformation and we evaluated stiffness by 2D‐SWE. Stiffness of the lesion and the normal lung were compared to liver stiffness using Lung to Liver Elastography (LLE) ratio. Interestingly, CVR and LLE ratios evolved differently in these two lesions caused by distinct physiopathological processes. In both cases, LLE ratio' variations preceded that of CVR. LLE ratio of the normal lung was constant through gestation. 2D‐SWE could be a promising tool to describe stiffness evolution in fetal lungs malformations.
Listening to the voices of children: an illuminative evaluation of the teaching of early reading in the light of the phonics screening check
Authors: Carter Jane
Published: March 2019

The phonics screening check (PSC) was introduced in England in 2012 for children in Year 1. There have been criticisms in relation to its reliability and appropriateness as an assessment tool for early reading although supporters of the PSC see it as a valuable tool in securing progress in reading. The DfE‐funded evaluation concluded, however, that it “did not find any evidence of improvements in pupils' literacy performance, or in progress, that could be clearly attributed to the introduction of the PSC”. This article reports some of the findings from a doctoral study that sought to illuminate the voices of those most affected by the PSC: children in Year 1 and their teachers. The study used an illuminative evaluation methodology (Kushner, 2017) and focused on a range of schools in a large city, selected for their diversity in relation to attainment data (PSC and reading) and socio‐economic status. The findings demonstrate the negative backwash from the assessment process which has influenced the way that phonics is taught and so raises some questions for teachers and policy‐makers about the approach to the teaching of early reading in the light of the PSC.
Diversity patterns in upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician trilobite communities of north‐western Argentina
Authors: Serra Fernanda , Balseiro Diego , Waisfeld Beatriz G.
Published: March 2019

The hierarchical structure of biodiversity from a regional scale analysis has received much attention as an alternative approach to unravelling the principal drivers of biodiversification. To better understand the processes that control the diversification of Cambro‐Ordovician trilobite communities from the Argentine Cordillera Oriental, we explore patterns of occupancy and diversity trajectories at the local and regional scales through seven intervals (Furongian, loTr1, upTr1, loTr2, upTr2, Tr3 and Fl2–3), and across an onshore‐offshore profile. Our results indicate: (1) a decrease in regional diversity from the upper Tr2 onwards, mainly caused by a reduction in the number of rare taxa, coupled with stable beta diversity at regional scale and a constant rise in beta diversity in deep subtidal environments; (2) a higher proportion of regional diversity allocated to the within‐habitat beta component; and (3) that changes in gamma diversity are driven primarily by changes in alpha diversity during the Furongian–Tr3, whereas in the Floian, beta diversity seems to modulate regional diversity. These trends and associated patterns indicate increasing ecological differences among taxa, shifting from metacommunities where most taxa have similar ecological preferences or ‘Hubbell type’ to metacommunities with high niche differentiation or ‘Hutchinson type’. Interestingly, the timing of this shift coincides with the regional‐scale turnover between trilobite evolutionary faunas suggesting that the rise in niche differentiation among these genera may be related to the transition. Superimposed on this general trend, particular diversity structures can be understood in the light of metacommunity dynamics, such as dispersal limitation and mass effect.
Perceptions of traditional and modern types of depression: A cross‐cultural vignette survey comparing Japanese and American undergraduate students
Authors: Kashihara Jun , Yamakawa Itsuki , Kameyama Akiko , Muranaka Masaki , Taku Kanako , Sakamoto Shinji
Published: March 2019

Aim

Depression is a heterogeneous disorder that has various subtypes. In Japan, however, a prevailing misunderstanding is that the term utsu‐byo (clinical depression) indicates only the melancholic type. Consequently, a subtype called ‘modern‐type depression’ (MTD), which has contrasting features to those of melancholic or traditional‐type depression (TTD), is severely stigmatized in Japan these days. The present study conducted a cross‐cultural comparison of perceptions of TTD and MTD between Japan and the USA to examine how the Japanese collectivistic culture contributes to negative biases toward MTD.

Methods

Undergraduate students in Japan (N = 303) and the Midwestern USA (N = 272) completed the survey. They read two vignettes that described the conditions of fictional individuals with either TTD or MTD, and then reported their perceptions of each vignette.

Results

Mixed analyses of variance revealed significant interactions between nation (Japan or the USA) and vignette (TTD or MTD) on most perception items. These interactions and subsequent analyses with Bonferroni corrections mainly indicate the following: (i) Japanese are more likely to suppose that conditions of MTD are milder compared with TTD; and (ii) Japanese are more likely to hold stronger aversive attitudes and weaker willingness to provide support toward people with MTD than toward those with TTD.

Conclusion

These results indicate that people with MTD are more likely to be accepted in the US independent culture than in the Japanese collectivistic culture. Discussion highlights that cultural diversity education potentially reduces stigma of MTD in Japan.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in a pediatric patient with ataxia telangiectasia syndrome
Authors: Duffy Robert , Liaqat Maryam , Lawrence Naomi , Manders Steven
Published: March 2019

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the ATM gene. An impaired immune response due to the gene mutation leads to an increased risk of infection and malignancy. We present a rare case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans arising in a patient with AT.
Comparison of efficacy and safety profile for home NB‐UVB vs. outpatient NB‐UVB in the treatment of non‐segmental vitiligo: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Xiuxiu , Chen Shujun , Zhao Juemin , Wu Jiaqiang , Jiang Min , Zhang Chengfeng , Xiang Leihong
Published: March 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of home and outpatient narrowband ultraviolet B light (NB‐UVB) for the treatment of non‐segmental vitiligo.

Methods

A total of 94 patients with non‐segmental vitiligo were enrolled. Forty‐eight patients were treated with home NB‐UVB, and the other 46 patients were treated with outpatient NB‐UVB over a period of 6 months. The efficacy, patient quality of life, and adverse events were assessed at month 3 and month 6 after treatment.

Results

There was no significant difference in repigmentation and VASI‐reverse (VR) rates between outpatient NB‐UVB and home NB‐UVB groups. VR was higher in outpatient NB‐UVB group at month 3, and similar at month 6. For long‐standing vitiligo, VR was higher in the outpatient NB‐UVB group compared with home NB‐UVB group after 6 months of treatment. In recent vitiligo, the VR was similar between the two groups. Additionally, vitiligo‐specific health‐related quality‐of‐life instrument (VitiQoL) score was similar, and the adverse effects were minimal among the two groups.

Conclusions

The efficacy and safety of home NB‐UVB and outpatient NB‐UVB phototherapy for non‐segmental vitiligo were comparable. According to our results, those with long‐standing vitiligo may be recommended to receive outpatient NB‐UVB phototherapy.
Characterization of tanning behavior assessed via online survey: Attitudes, habits, and preventive measures with focus on sunscreen use
Authors: Schneiderbanger Constanze K. , Schuler Gerold , Heinzerling Lucie , Kirchberger Michael C.
Published: March 2019

Background/purpose

Incidence of melanoma is increasing globally. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) as important risk factor for developing skin cancer can be influenced by tanning behavior. Only a few studies are available concerning sun tanning behavior and protective measures.

Methods

An online survey was distributed via social media to assess tanning habits and examine associated demographic and behavioral factors.

Results

In total, 403 questionnaires were distributed, and mean age of respondents was 32. Having a tanned skin, feeling warm and relaxed were the most common motivations for tanning. The use of sunscreen varied and seemed to depend on the occasion of UVR exposure, constantly applied during vacation and during tanning, less commonly applied in daily life and during work. Avoiding painful solar dermatitis was more important as motivation for the use of sunscreen than skin cancer prevention. Skin aging as reason for the use of sunscreen was especially important for females younger than 26 years. The most common applied sun protection factor was 16‐49. The main reason opposing the use of sunscreen was a too laborious usage, which was significantly associated with male. Beauty was the only association related to tanned skin the majority (62%) agreed with.

Conclusion

The motivation for tanning and reasons for avoiding sunscreen strongly varies. Knowledge about these factors could be used for improving campaigns with respect to target groups. Clarifying the appropriate application of sunscreen, developing convenient sunscreen formulations and providing information about UVR‐induced skin aging could lead to an increased usage of sunscreen and therefore to an improved UVR protection.
Parasite load stemming from immunization route determines the duration of liver‐stage immunity
Authors: Patel Hardik , Althubaiti Nouf , Parmar Rajesh , Yadav Naveen , Joshi Urja , Tyagi Rajeev K. , Krzych Urszula , Dalai Sarat K.
Published: March 2019

Immunization with radiation‐attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites (RAS) induces sterile and long‐lasting protective immunity. Although intravenous (IV) route of RAS immunization is reported to induce superior immunity compared to intradermal (ID) injection, its role in the maintenance of sterile immunity is yet to be understood. We investigated whether the route of homologous sporozoite challenge of Plasmodium berghei (Pb) RAS‐immunized mice would influence the longevity of protection. C57BL/6 mice immunized with Pb‐RAS by IV were 100% protected upon primary IV/ID sporozoite challenge. In contrast, ID immunization resulted in 80% protection, regardless of primary challenge route. Interestingly, the route of primary challenge was found to bring difference in the maintenance of sterile protection. While IV Pb RAS‐immunized mice remained protected at all challenges regardless of the route of primary challenge, ID Pb‐RAS‐immunized mice receiving ID primary challenge became parasitaemic upon secondary IV challenge. Significantly, primary IV challenge of Pb RAS ID‐immunized mice resulted in 80% and 50% survival at secondary and tertiary challenges, respectively. According to phenotypically diverse liver CD8+ T cells, the percentages and the numbers of both CD8+ T effector memory and resident memory cells were significantly higher in IV than in ID Pb RAS‐immunized mice. IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells specific to Pb TRAP130 and MIP‐4‐Kb‐17 were also found significantly higher in IV mice than in ID mice. The enhanced T‐cell generation and the longevity of protection appear to be dependent on the parasite load during challenge when infection is tolerated under suboptimal CD8+ T‐cell response.
On cusp location estimation for perturbed dynamical systems
Authors: Kutoyants Yury A.
Published: March 2019

We consider the problem of parameter estimation in the case of observation of the trajectory of the diffusion process. We suppose that the drift coefficient has a singularity of cusp type and that the unknown parameter corresponds to the position of the point of the cusp. The asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator and Bayesian estimators are described in the asymptotic of small noise, that is, as the diffusion coefficient tends to zero. The consistency, limit distributions, and the convergence of moments of these estimators are established.
Tolerance of Homosexuality in 88 Countries: Education, Political Freedom, and Liberalism
Authors: Zhang Tony Huiquan , Brym Robert
Published: March 2019

Researchers have repeatedly found a positive correlation between education and tolerance. However, they may be victims of an unrepresentative sample containing only rich Western liberal democracies, where political agendas have a liberalizing effect on curricula. In this paper, we specify the relationship between education and liberal attitudes by analyzing data on educational attainment and tolerance of homosexuality (one dimension of liberalism) drawn from a heterogeneous sample of 88 countries over the period 1981–2014. We argue that nonliberal political agendas in some countries undermine the supposed universality of the positive relationship between educational attainment and tolerance of homosexuality. In relatively free countries, education is indeed associated with greater tolerance. However, in relatively unfree countries, education has no effect on tolerance and in some cases encourages intolerance. Specifically, our analysis demonstrates that education is associated with tolerance of homosexuality only when regimes energetically promote liberal‐democratic values. The larger theoretical point is that the agendas of political regimes shape civic values partly via education systems. Especially in an era when democracy is at risk in many countries, it is important to recognize that education is not always a benign force.
In or Out? Understanding How Social and Symbolic Boundaries Influence the Economic Integration of Transnational Migrants in Non‐Metropolitan Economies
Authors: McAreavey Ruth , Krivokapic‐Skoko Branka
Published: March 2019

This article uses data from Australia and Northern Ireland to examine migrants’ inclusion in non‐metropolitan economies that have limited experience of migration. These places came to our attention in recent decades when the accelerated arrival of migrants presented challenges and opportunities within these so called New Immigration Destinations. We scrutinise migrants’ entry into, their participation in, and eventual mobility within, the labour market in these places. Contributing to the literature that challenges a linear concept of integration, social and symbolic boundaries are used to explore how migrants are included or excluded from rural and regional labour markets. We show how the state frames legal boundaries of inclusion and exclusion and how those boundaries are influenced and manipulated by a range of social actors, including private sector agents working within agri‐food businesses. We find a misalignment between different scales of social boundaries. At a macro level, migrants may be included in the labour market while in reality they can be excluded through everyday interactions.
Attitudes and perceptions among men having sex with men towards a new non‐deferral blood donation policy in Israel
Authors: Levy Itzchak , Olmer Liraz , Livnat Yuval , Shalhavi Ran , Hizki Ohad , Shinar Eilat
Published: March 2019

Background

In June 2017, Israel lifted the ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men (MSM) and accepts donations if 12 months have passed since the last sexual contact. Recently, the National Blood Services suggested a novel approach that involves acceptance of MSM blood donations without deferral, keeping solely the frozen plasma in quarantine and releasing it for transfusion if a subsequent donation, at least 4 months later, is found negative for transfusion‐transmitted agents. In this study, we examined the attitudes and perceptions of MSM to the new Frozen Plasma Quarantine Policy (FPQP).

Method

A survey was published on gay‐oriented websites, collecting anonymous demographic data, history of blood donations and attitudes towards the new policy.

Results

We analysed responses from 1233 MSM. Of these, 13·4% had donated blood at least once during the previous year, almost all of them (89·7%) not complying with the current 12‐month deferral. Most respondents (64·5%) supported the suggested new approach and would consider donating blood if it were introduced. Of MSM who had donated blood in the previous year, 85% stated they would agree to reveal their sexual practice in the donor health questionnaire (DHQ) in order to be included in the programme, compared with 8·5% under the current 12‐month deferral policy.

Conclusion

The suggested Plasma Quarantine Policy may be more acceptable to MSM than a 12‐month deferral and increase their compliance with the blood services policy. This and retesting of donors may increase blood safety.
An Analysis of the Speaking Anxiety of Turkish Teacher Candidates
Authors: Bozkirli Kürşad Çağrı
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study is to analyse the speaking anxiety of Turkish teacher candidates studying in Kafkas University. The sample group of the research designed in the survey model consists of 181 Turkish teacher candidates studying in Kafkas University Faculty of Education in fall term of the 2018-2019 Academic Year, who are selected by the random sampling method. The “Speaking Anxiety Scale for the Teacher Candidates” consisting of three sub-dimensions, namely the “physiological symptoms”, “skill-related anxiety” and “psychological state” and 40 items developed by Kinay and Ozkan (2014) has been used in the study as the data collection tool. The findings of the study where the SPSS 17.0 software package is used for data analysis have revealed that; while the speaking anxiety levels of Turkish teacher candidates are not high and do not change depending on their gender or their willingness to become a teacher, they change significantly depending on their grade and public speaking experience.
Impacto del turismo rural sobre el empleo en España: una aproximación a escala provincial
Authors: Sánchez Sánchez Francisca Jesús , Sánchez Sánchez Ana María
Published: March 2019

El turismo rural es una actividad con una importancia creciente en el entorno rural, pues ayuda a complementar la renta agraria e incluso a mitigar la despoblación de estas zonas. El turismo rural debe ser entendido como una opción económica importante para las zonas rurales y como un eje estratégico para el desarrollo territorial que ayuda al desarrollo de áreas rurales que cuentan con una mala situación económica y social. Por ello, se estudia este turismo como alternativa económica de revitalización y desarrollo en las zonas rurales, por medio del análisis del impacto de esta actividad en el empleo del entorno. Se analizan variables que recogen información sobre tres bloques temáticos: economía, demografía y turismo rural. Para el análisis de datos, se aplican el análisis factorial, el análisis clúster y el análisis discriminante. Se extraen tres factores: dinamismo turístico-laboral, dinamismo turístico-rural y turismo de calidad versus provincias “deprimidas” laboralmente. De acuerdo con estos factores, se realiza una clasificación de las provincias españolas en cuanto al impacto del turismo rural en el empleo, en tres grupos, que demostró una influencia desigual dependiendo de la provincia. Asturias es la provincia española donde el turismo rural tiene un mayor impacto positivo sobre el empleo. En contraposición, en las provincias de Cádiz, Málaga, Las Palmas y Santa Cruz de Tenerife, a pesar de que tienen un turismo rural que busca la calidad medioambiental que ofrecen los espacios protegidos, este turismo no se ve reflejado en su empleo.
Morphological and ontogenetic characteristics of Demodex plecoti sp. nov. (Acariformes: Demodecidae) from the brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), with comments on parasitism
Authors: Izdebska Joanna N. , Rolbiecki Leszek , Mierzyński Łukasz , Bidziński Konrad
Published: March 2019

A new species, Demodex plecoti sp. nov. (Acariformes: Demodecidae), is described based on adult and immature stages from the brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Poland. The mites were found in 100% of the examined bat individuals, with a mean intensity of 23.5 parasites per host. Demodex plecoti sp. nov. was observed only in the hairless body regions, were the skin was membranous, thin and delicate.
Phase transformation and light emission in Er-doped Si-rich HfO2 films prepared by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Torchynska Tetyana , El Filali Brahim , Khomenkova Larysa , Portier Xavier , Gourbilleau Fabrice
Published: March 2019

The impact of phase transformation on the emission properties of Er-doped Si-rich HfO2 films obtained by RF magnetron sputtering has been investigated by means of the scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence techniques. It has been observed that thermal treatment of the films at 950 and 1100 °C governs a phase separation process. The formation of HfO2 nanocrystals of the tetragonal phase together with the Si-quantum dots (QDs) occurs at 950 °C. Upon annealing at 1100 °C, the tetragonal SiO2 and monoclinic HfO2 nanocrystals appear. The appearance of bright emission in the visible-near-infrared spectral range, related to the optical transitions in the 4f intrashell energy levels of Er ions, has been detected. The investigation of the annealing effect on the luminescent properties has revealed that the enhancement of Er3+ emission occurs due to an effective energy transfer from Si-QDs toward the Er ions. The oxidation of Si-QDs at high temperature annealing (1100 °C) leads to a reduction in the intensity of the Er ion related emission. Since hafnia-based materials have high density and are very sensitive to high-energy excitation, the results offer multifunctional applications of doped hafnia films, such as the luminescent materials for traditional phosphors.
Professional Preparation of the Recreational Sports Specialist
Authors: Mull Rich , Beardsley Kathy , Hewatt Carolyn , Hyatt Ron
Published: March 2019

This article was written through the coordinated efforts of a joint committee of the National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association of the National Intramural Sports Council. It outlines a professional preparation program at both the undergraduate level and the graduate level for those individuals who plan to become involved with recreational sports administration with any professional group or institution. In addition to the authors of this paper, other contributors include: Jim Chodl, Western Michigan; Pete Lodwick, University of New Hampshire; Jan Modstad Wells, University of Michigan; Dave Matthews, University of Illinois; and Pat Mueller, University of Minnesota.
Balanced Wellness Programming for Wholeness
Authors: Hamman Celeste
Published: March 2019

Wellness is an active process of making lifestyle choices for realizing your best potentials in physical health, social connectedness, emotional serenity, mental peace and a spirit for living (NIRSA, 1995).
The Intramural Program: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Farrell Anne , Thompson Sharon
Published: March 2019

While the majority of the members of the National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association work at the community college, college or university level of higher education, there exists at the elementary and secondary level of higher education an untapped area of recreational sports development. Why intramural sports remains at this relatively low level of participation and resource allocation is more than likely the result of a combination of factors. This article examines the components and benefits of a properly organized, funded and supported intramural sports program.

Intramural sports programs at the elementary/secondary levels need three basic components in order to be successful: (1) Student involvement; (2) Assistance from the school staff; and (3) Cooperative efforts from the school district. The effective and efficient intramural sports program results in the development of character and leadership among the participating students and leads to a commitment to a lifetime of physical activity.
Promoting Moral Growth through Campus Recreation
Authors: Theodore Philip A.
Published: March 2019

This article explores the role of moral development education in campus recreation programs. The focus is upon two primary issues. The first is concerned with the question of whether or not educators, including campus recreation professionals, should he involved in moral development education. After concluding that campus recreation administrators are obliged to help students grow morally, the second issue of how professionals in the field can become effective moral educators is examined.
Volunteerism in Relation to Recreational Sports and the Law
Authors: McGuire Tracey D.
Published: March 2019

Everything in life involves risk. Even volunteering one's time involves risk. Lawsuits brought against volunteers and volunteer coaches have brought fear and apprehensions, which legislators believe discourage people from volunteering their time. The new federal law, the Volunteer Protection Act of 1997, shields volunteers of government entities and nonprofit organizations from liability if the volunteer commits negligent acts or omissions while performing his or her responsibilities. A lawsuit could name both the volunteer and the nonprofit organization since the organization carries insurance. In that case, the volunteer is subject to the laws of that state.
Recreation Students' Attitude toward Intramural Sports
Authors: Stobart Bill , Lin Hsiao-Chun
Published: March 2019

This study explored the attitude toward intramural sports of students who were taking recreation classes, (2) scores for athletic team members taking recreation classes compared to students taking recreation classes who were non-athletic team members, and (3) scores for students taking recreation classes who were non-participants in intramural sports compared to those students taking recreation classes who participated in intramural sports. Fifty-five respondents were male and 45 were female; 38 were athletic team members and 62 were non-athletic team members. Of the respondents, 56 were non-participants in intramural sports programs and 44 had participated in intramural sports. Scores for the Intramural Attitude Scale were calculated and recorded in three different tables. The results of this study indicated there were no significant difference in scores of students taking recreation classes from the Intramural Attitude Scale between males and females, members of athletic teams and non-members of athletic teams, and participants and non-participants in intramural sports recreation classes. Scores from the Intramural Attitude Scale were analyzed and compared based on (1) scores of males taking recreation classes compared to females
Addressing the Recreational Sports Needs of Students with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Hodges Jan S.
Published: March 2019

Recreational sports programs have historically been planned to meet the needs of traditional-aged students, residing on or near campus. Recent research has indicated that nontraditional students utilize campus programs differently than do traditional students. Little research has been done, however, concerning the needs of students with disabilities. As the number of these students on the college campus continues to increase, recreational sports personnel will come under increasing pressure to meet their needs. Through in-depth interviews, sixteen students with disabilities shared their perceptions of what influenced their campus recreational sports participation. Because only a few students have ever participated in a campus sponsored recreation program, much of the interview focus was on constraints. Three major themes emerged from the data: interest and awareness; perceived acceptance by peers; and opportunity. These themes are discussed and implications for future recreational sports planning identified.
Taking your Campus Recreation Department above and beyond through Transformational Leadership
Authors: London Chad
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this article is to describe transformational leadership theory and present some suggestions as to how campus recreation professionals can benefit from adopting this theory's precepts in their respective departments. Transformational leaders have the ability to influence followers by activating their higher-order needs, increasing their commitment and encouraging them to transcend their self-interests for the benefit of the organization. This article assists the campus recreation professional in determining whether their department could benefit from transformational leadership and what the consequences of implementing this style would mean for their department. The reader will be taken through the visioning process and ideas will be presented on how to use empowerment in the day-to-day workings of their department.
Undergraduate Student Benefits from University Recreation
Authors: Haines Danell J.
Published: March 2019

Research that determines the benefits that undergraduate students gain from participation in university recreation and its importance is needed to defend the existence of university recreation and to align oneself for further growth. Current data is one of the most important documented criteria needed to substantiate an increased operating budget, to justify adding personnel, and to validate the need for additional or new facilities. The goal of this research article is to respond to the need for current data that supports the premise that university recreation positively influences the undergraduate college experience.
An Examination of Security in Campus Recreation Centers
Authors: Veltri Frank R. , Miller John , Scott David K.
Published: March 2019

Providing proper and adequate security is a critical element in comprehensive risk management for campus recreation facilities. However, little research has been done in this area to assess and analyze the status of security at campus recreation centers in the United States. The purpose of this study was to (a) examine the types of security systems used in campus recreation centers, (b) determine the most common types of security incidents that occur in these centers, and (c) examine facility security procedures and personnel. Questionnaires were mailed to 100 randomly selected campus recreation directors across the United States. There were 58 usable surveys returned for a 58 percent response rate.

Notable results included: (a) the majority of centers have written security plans but only about one-third update their plans on a regular basis, (b) 72 percent of responding centers provide employee training for security issues, and (c) less than half indicated that they use centers use pagers or cell phones. In addition, while closed circuit television (CCTV) was recognized as an excellent way to decrease criminal activity, only 30 percent of centers reported the use of CCTV to monitor their facilities. Approximately two-thirds of respondents indicated that ID cards were required to access the centers. Interestingly, less than half of the respondents indicated that they thought their facilities were designed with security in mind. Finally, with regard to criminal activity, illegal entry was recognized by 65 percent of respondents as a primary security issue.
Web Technology in Recreational sports
Authors: Ross Craig M. , Forrester Scott A.
Published: March 2019

Without question, the Internet continues to influence the way business is provided in our society. The development of the Internet and the World Wide Web will also play a pivotal and exciting role in how one delivers collegiate recreational sports programs. A review of the related literature reveals that there have been no studies in this decade investigating the status of the Web in collegiate recreational sports.

The purpose of this study was to examine the current status of the use of the Web in collegiate recreational sports. A survey was administered to 200 recreational sport administrators soliciting their opinions on the current and future use of the Web. Of the 200 administrators, 138 (69%) responded. The findings of the study indicated that Web technology is definitely emerging as one of the most powerful tools at the recreational sports practitioners' command. Implications of the results are discussed along with recommendations for future study.
Hepatotoxicity Induced by Isoniazid-Lipopolysaccharide through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis Pathways in Zebrafish
Authors: Zhang Yun , Cen Juan , Jia Zhili , Hsiao Chung-Der , Xia Qing , Wang Xue , Chen Xiqiang , Wang Rongchun , Jiang Zhenzhou , Zhang Luyong , Liu Kechun
Published: March 2019

Isoniazid (INH) is a first-line antituberculosis drug. The incidence of adverse reactions accompanied by inflammation in the liver during drug administration to tuberculosis patients is high and severely affects clinical treatment.
Construction of Synthetic Microbiota for Reproducible Flavor Compound Metabolism in Chinese Light-Aroma-Type Liquor Produced by Solid-State Fermentation
Authors: Wang Shilei , Wu Qun , Nie Yao , Wu Jianfeng , Xu Yan
Published: March 2019

The transformation from natural fermentation to synthetic fermentation is essential in constructing a constant food fermentation process, which is the premise for stably making high-quality food. According to flavor-producing and cooccurring functions in dominant microbes, we provided a system-level approach to identify the core microbiota in Chinese light-aroma-type liquor fermentation. In addition, we successfully constructed a synthetic core microbiota to simulate the microbial community succession and flavor compound production in the
in vitro
system. The constructed synthetic core microbiota could not only facilitate a mechanistic understanding of the structure and function of the microbiota but also be beneficial for constructing a tractable and reproducible food fermentation process.
Antibiotic Korormicin A Kills Bacteria by Producing Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Maynard Adam , Butler Nicole L. , Ito Takeshi , da Silva Adilson José , Murai Masatoshi , Chen Tsute , Koffas Mattheos A. G. , Miyoshi Hideto , Barquera Blanca
Published: March 2019

As multidrug antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria continues to rise, there is a critical need for novel antimicrobial agents. An essential requirement for a useful antibiotic is that it selectively targets bacteria without significant effects on the eukaryotic hosts. Korormicin is an excellent candidate in this respect because it targets a unique respiratory enzyme found only in prokaryotes, the Na
+
-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na
+
-NQR). Korormicin is synthesized by some species of the marine bacterium
Pseudoalteromonas
and is a potent and specific inhibitor of Na
+
-NQR, an enzyme that is essential for the survival and proliferation of many Gram-negative human pathogens, including
Vibrio cholerae
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, among others. Here, we identified how korormicin selectively kills these bacteria. The binding of korormicin to Na
+
-NQR promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species generated by the reaction of the FAD and the 2Fe-2S center cofactors with O
2
.
Sequencing Framework for the Sensitive Detection and Precise Mapping of Defective Interfering Particle-Associated Deletions across Influenza A and B Viruses
Authors: Alnaji Fadi G. , Holmes Jessica R. , Rendon Gloria , Vera J. Cristobal , Fields Christopher J. , Martin Brigitte E. , Brooke Christopher B.
Published: March 2019

Influenza virus defective interfering particles (DIPs) that harbor internal deletions within their genomes occur naturally during infection in humans and during cell culture. They have been hypothesized to influence the pathogenicity of the virus; however, their specific function remains elusive. The accurate detection of DIP-associated deletion junctions is crucial for understanding DIP biology but is complicated by an array of technical issues that can bias or confound results. Here, we demonstrate a combined experimental and computational framework for detecting DIP-associated deletion junctions using next-generation sequencing (NGS). We detail how to validate pipeline performance and provide the bioinformatics pipeline for groups interested in using it. Using this optimized pipeline, we detect hundreds of distinct deletion junctions generated during infection with a diverse panel of influenza viruses and use these data to test a long-standing hypothesis concerning the molecular details of DIP formation.
Targeting Multidrug-Resistant
Acinetobacter
spp.: Sulbactam and the Diazabicyclooctenone β-Lactamase Inhibitor ETX2514 as a Novel Therapeutic Agent
Authors: Barnes Melissa D. , Kumar Vijay , Bethel Christopher R. , Moussa Samir H. , O’Donnell John , Rutter Joseph D. , Good Caryn E. , Hujer Kristine M. , Hujer Andrea M. , Marshall Steve H. , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Richter Sandra S. , Rather Philip N. , Jacobs Michael R. , Papp-Wallace Krisztina M. , van den Akker Focco , Bonomo Robert A.
Published: March 2019

The number and diversity of β-lactamases are steadily increasing. The emergence of β-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems poses a significant threat to our antibiotic armamentarium. The explosion of OXA enzymes that are carbapenem hydrolyzers is a major challenge (carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D [CHD]). An urgent need exists to discover β-lactamase inhibitors with class D activity. The sulbactam-ETX2514 combination demonstrates the potential to become a treatment regimen of choice for
Acinetobacter
spp. producing class D β-lactamases.
Glycolysis Is an Intrinsic Factor for Optimal Replication of a Norovirus
Authors: Passalacqua Karla D. , Lu Jia , Goodfellow Ian , Kolawole Abimbola O. , Arche Jacob R. , Maddox Robert J. , Carnahan Kelly E. , O’Riordan Mary X. D. , Wobus Christiane E.
Published: March 2019

Viruses depend on the host cells they infect to provide the machinery and substrates for replication. Host cells are highly dynamic systems that can alter their intracellular environment and metabolic behavior, which may be helpful or inhibitory for an infecting virus. In this study, we show that macrophages, a target cell of murine norovirus (MNV), increase glycolysis upon viral infection, which is important for early steps in MNV infection. Human noroviruses (hNoV) are a major cause of gastroenteritis globally, causing enormous morbidity and economic burden. Currently, no effective antivirals or vaccines exist for hNoV, mainly due to the lack of high-efficiency
in vitro
culture models for their study. Thus, insights gained from the MNV model may reveal aspects of host cell metabolism that can be targeted for improving hNoV cell culture systems and for developing effective antiviral therapies.
Mitotic Recombination and Rapid Genome Evolution in the Invasive Forest Pathogen
Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Dale Angela L. , Feau Nicolas , Everhart Sydney E. , Dhillon Braham , Wong Barbara , Sheppard Julie , Bilodeau Guillaume J. , Brar Avneet , Tabima Javier F. , Shen Danyu , Brasier Clive M. , Tyler Brett M. , Grünwald Niklaus J. , Hamelin Richard C.
Published: March 2019

Alien species are often successful invaders in new environments, despite the introduction of a few isolates with a reduced genetic pool. This is called the genetic paradox of invasion. We found two mechanisms by which the invasive forest pathogen causing sudden oak and sudden larch death can evolve. Extensive mitotic recombination producing runs of homozygosity generates genotypic diversity even in the absence of sexual reproduction, and rapid turnover of genes in the non-core, or nonessential portion of genome not shared by all isolates, allows pathogenicity genes to evolve rapidly or be eliminated while retaining essential genes. Mitotic recombination events occur in genomic hot spots, resulting in similar ROH patterns in different isolates or groups; one ROH, independently generated in two different groups, was enriched in pathogenicity genes and may be a target for selection. This provides important insights into the evolution of invasive alien pathogens and their potential for adaptation and future persistence.