bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE AMPHIBIAN AND DIPNOAN PRONEPHROS BY AN ANALYSIS OF ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ANTERIOR SPINAL NERVES
Authors: FOX H.
Published: August 2010

The fact that an anterior spinal nerve and nephrostomial tubule and nephrostome are constantly associated with each other in individual specimens of urodeles, Anura and dipnoan larvae waa exploited to analyse the phylogeny of their pronephroi. Spinal nerves of numerically identical body segments but in different genera are homologous quantitatively i.e. develop from the same numbered segment as well as qualitatively; therefore it is assumed that individual but segmental pronephric units in different genera, when related to numerically identical spinal nerves, are homologous quantitatively and qualitatively also.

A large number of nephrostomial units, e.g. present in the apodan Hypogeophis (Brauer, 1902) represents a primitive condition and commonly five functional units, though the fifth is reduced, are included in the pronephros of Cryptobranchus japonicus related to spinal nerves I to V (metotic segments 4 to 8; total body segments 7 to 11 inclusive). The phylogenetic development is expressed in the loss of front and rear tubules and can be traced through Hynobius retardatus, H. (Salamandrella) keyaerlingii, H. nebulosus, Necturus maculatus. Plethodon cinerevs and Ambystoma mexicanum to Triturus cristatus and Pleurodeles waltlii, which pronephroi each possess two functional nephrostomial units related to spinal nerves II and III (metotic segments 6 and 6; total body segments 8 and 9) or Salamandra maculosa and Desmognathus quadrimaculatus, where there are two units related to spinal nerves III and IV (metotic segments 6 and 7; total body segments 9 and 10).

All the anuran pronephroi (except for a few which possess four units) originally are composed of three functional nephrostomid units related to spinal nerves I, II and III. If the anuran skull includes five segments (not counting the condyles) then the pronephric tubules belong to metotic segments 3, 4 and 6 or total body segments 6, 7 and 8; if the skull includes six segments the pronephric tubules would belong to metotic segments 4, 5 and 6 or total body segments 7, 8 and 9.

Pronephroi of Neoceratodus and Protopterus—derived from a more numerous series of tubules (Kerr, 1919)—are each composed of two remaining funationel nephrostomial units, related to the nerves directly in front of the occipital and occipito‐spinal II arches (or their equivalent nerves in Protopterus). This arrangement probably refers the tubules to total body segments 8 and 10 and thus functional tubules of body segments 7, 9 and 11 (present in Cryptobranchus japonicus) are abaent.

It is thought possible that the phylogenetic pattern described in the various specimens may provide a framework into which the pronephroi of all extant larvae of Urodela, Anura and Dipnoi can be arranged.
VOCAL COMMUNICATION BY THE RHESUS MOJSXEY (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: ROWELL T. E. , HINDE R. A.
Published: August 2010

Noises are difficult to describe, and this has been a barrier to understanding their meanings and using them in studies of behaviour. In the present study tape recordings and spectro‐graphic analysis were used to learn the properties of the noises and help to describe them. Noises fall into two groups, harsh noises and clear calls, which are considered seprately. Eight harsh noises associated with agonistic behaviour and four occurring in “friendly” situations are described. Clear calls show more individual variation and examples typical of five situations are given. A wide range of intermediates between the basic noises make a large “vocabulary” available to express small differences of mood.
A CHECK‐LIST OF BRITISH OLIGOCHAETA
Authors: BRINKHURST R. O.
Published: August 2010

No check‐list of the British Oligochaeta has appeared since Southern (1909) and aa several families have been revised recently several changes of the nomenclature used in that work have been necessary. In addition some fifteen species of aquatic worms have been added to the British list from my own collections, and therefore brief descriptions of these species are added in a systematic section following the check‐list. In that section also are details of some corrections to the nomenclature and two corrected identifications discovered subsequent to the publication of an initial list of the Tubscidae (Brinkhurst 1960). Dr B. M. Gerard has been kind enough to supply a list of the Lumbricidae (as they will appear in a revision of the Linnean Society Key to the family) which has enabled me to give a complete list of Oligochaeta rather than a list of the aquatic species under investigation in Liverpool.
ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS I‐N THE VENOUS SYSTEM OF A DIVING REPTILE, TRIONYX TRIUNQUIS (FOR. SKAL)
Authors: GIRGIS SABET
Published: August 2010

The main veins of the Nile turtle Trionyx triunguis exhibit certain features in common with thorn of diving mammals. The jugular system is greatly reduced and the head is drained lwgely by an intravertebral vein. A peculiar snastomosing of the venous system in several parts ensures venous circulation under all conditions. The absence of valves from certain veins, the presence of venous plexuses and retia mirabila and othermo difications of the veins to suit the diving habit, are described.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND MOVEMENTS OF SEALS IN NORTH‐WEST BRITAIN
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON
Published: August 2010

The breeding distribution of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in north‐west Britain is well known. The general distribution of the common seal (Phoca vitulina) is not well known. The seasonal movements of seals in the area are unknown, though some postulates about them have been made. The work gives two sets of results: (i) an analysis of response of observers, and (ii) the analysis of the data which they reported to suggest seasonal occurence and movements of seals.

A postal survey of seal occurrence in the area was carried out between June 1958 and May 1959. The co‐operation of over 100 observers at different stations was obtained. The response in terms of numbers of forms returned and of their content is analysed and found to be satisfactory. Owing to factors which affected observers in different ways, only about half the response could be used in studying seasonal changes. The common seal and grey seal are both involved. Periods of three months and over of high numbers can be grouped in two distinct classes: (i) those occurring from spring to autumn associated with the summer range of the grey seal, and (ii) from autumn to winter associated with the influx of young into the common seal population. Observations from the Firth of Clyde show a predominance of common seals. There is an assembly mostly of grey seals near Innellan in spring and summer, and large assemblies of commons, particularly in autumn and winter at Ardrossan (north shore), Lady Isle and Heads of Ayr. Seasonal movements are discussed. Observations from the North Channel coast show a mixed population of greys and commone from the Copeland Islands, Maidens (Larne), Rathlin, Davaar, Sanda and Mull of Kintyre, with commons only at Inishowen and Fanad Head. Seasonal movements are discuased. Observations from the Atlantic coasts of Scotland show a predominance of grey seals. The occurrence of both species is discussed, together with movements associated with heavy seas and movements of fish. The movements of grey seals from a wide summer range to the breeding islands takes place in August and September; movement back takes from January to June. There is a peak in seal movements (both species considered) in north‐west Britain in May and June. The upsurge in activity starts in March, increases greatly in April and is at maximum in May and June. Thereafter it declines gradually through summer and autumn to a minimum in winter. A subsidiary peak in September may be associated with movements of grey seals to breeding grounds. The suggested peak of movements is synchronous with the periods of finest weather in north‐west Britain. No connection between movements of seals and the disposition offish throughout the range of the survey, can be made.
SURVEY OF BRIDLED GUILLEMOTS, 1959–60
Authors: SOUTHERN H. N.
Published: August 2010

The Common gdlemot, or murre (Uria aalge) is a cliff‐breeding auk distributed over the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the Atlantic population a mutant form with a white eye‐ring, called the bridled guillemot, occurs in a low proportion (1 to 6 per cent) at Englieh and Irish colonies and this proportion increases northwards to a maximum of c.60 per cent in Iceland and Bear Island. This pattern of distribution WBB established by a co‐operative inquiry sponsored by the British Trust for Ornithology in 1938–39.

Ten yem later the survey waa repeated and at a Substantial number of colonies the percentage of bridled birds had changed significantly, mainly in the direction of decrease. A recent re‐survey after another ten years (1969–60) show that them changes have been almost exeotly reversed and the detailed evidence is presented in this paper.

Additional data from colonies in Norway and in Newfoundland and Labrador make the picture of distribution more complete.
BIOLOGY OF THE SOOTY SHEARWATER PUFFINUS GRISEUS
Authors: RICHDALE L. E.
Published: August 2010

On a small half‐acre island at the southern end of New Zealand a study was made of a complete community of Sooty Shearwaters from the end of 1940 to the beginning of 1957. In the season 1953–54, when the greatest emphasis was put on an estimate of the population, 551 marked birds were known to have been alive. This indicated a population of around 600 adult birds. Up to the end of January or a little later, unemployed birds constituted some two‐thirds of the community. There were about 300 burrows available each year, but in about one‐third no bird was found.

Three biological points stand out above all others. The first is the periodic nestling mortality, which suggests one chick is all the parents can rear even if things go well, which does not always happen. The second is the tight fit of the breeding season, with pressure to migrate near the end of it. This probably means the parents find it hard to food themselves, lot alone a chick, in the last stages, as otherwise the migratory urge would not develop so early. The third is the low annual mortality, which may be as little as 6 per cent. If so, the average expectation of further life would be around 16 years.
SOME NEW SPECIMENS OF THE FOSSIL FISH LEPIDOTES FROM THE ENGLISH UPPER JURASSIC
Authors: JAIN SOHAN LALL , ROBINSON PAMELA LAMPLUGH
Published: August 2010

Three undescribed specimens of Lepidotes in the British Museum (Natural History) are illustrated, described and discussed. One specimen from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough, is referred to Lepidotes leedsi. The characters of L. leedsi are compared with those of the two other well‐established species of Lepidotes from the same horizon and locality. Some fragmentary material from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, and previously referred to L. leedsi is reviewed. Two specimens of Lepidotes from the Kimeridge Clay of Cambridgeshire, represented by associated heads, are referred to a new species, L. toombsi; the characters of the new species are compared with those of the better known forms from the Solenhofen Stone of Europe.

Although species of Lepidotes have variable numbers of cheekplates, variation occurs within certain limiting numbers which distinguish two groups of Lepidotes species. One group has two to six cheekplates, more commonly four to six. The other group has seven or more cheekplates, and the number may be considerable in some species. The second group can be divided into two subgroups: those with the cheekplates forming a single row adjacent to the preoperculum, and those with more than one row, or an irregular mosaic of bones in front of the preoperculum. All the species described are members of the first group, but examples and figures are given of both types in the second group.
THE INTERSTITIAL TURBELLARIA KALYPTORHYNCHIA FROM SOME NORTH WALES BEACHES
Authors: BOADEN P. J. S.
Published: August 2010

The distribution of kalyptorhynchid Turbellaria of the inter‐tidal zone found during a survey of beaches around Anglesey and the Lleyn Peninsula is listed. The following eight new species of Schizorhynchia are described and a new genus Schizochilus established to receive two of them: Schizochilus marcusi, Schizochilus choriurus, Schizorhynchoides coronostylus, Schizorhynchoides meixneri, Schizorhynchoides spirostylus, Thylacorhynchus vicarus, Cheliplanilla karlingi, Diascorphynchus rubrus.

A further twenty‐three species are new additions to the British fauna list. Keys are given for the identification of the familes of Kalyptorhynchia and to the genera with new species.
THE GENITAL SYSTEM OF THE MALAYAN LIMESTONE HILL SNAIL GYLIOTRACHELA DEPRESSISPIRA, WITH NOTES ON BREEDING
Authors: BERRY A. J.
Published: August 2010

The genital system of G. depressispira was found to be of the generalized pulmonate pattern. Points of difference from more complex stylommatophoran genital systems are discussed. Evidence of a seasonal breeding rhythm based on seasonal rainfall, and of a form of protandry is given and discussed.
THE GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRY PUS FAB.) IN THE OUTER HEBRIDES IN OCTOBER 1961
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON
Published: August 2010

There are two resident seals in the Outer Hebrides: the grey seal Halichoerus grypus on the exposed coasts, and the common seal Phoca vitulina on the sheltered ones. This paper describes the first exhaustive survey of the breeding status of the grey seal in the archipelago, conducted from land, sea and air in the autumn of 1961. Expeditions visited Shillay and North Rona, and aerial photographs were obtained of all the other islands except Stockay, Flodday and St. Kilda, for which information was obtained from other reliable sources.

The data obtained concerned the number of pups present at one day in the breeding season. The birth‐rate curves for Shillay (1955) and North Rona (1959) were used with these data to give indices of the number of pups produced by each colony in 1961. Separate assessments were made for Stockay, Flodday and St. Kilda. Possible sources of error are discussed.

The following are the indices for number of pups in 1961: North Rona, 2,600; Gasker, 1,094; Shillay, 150; Haskeir, 113; St. Kilda, 100; Causamul, 84; Coppay, 80; Stockay, 50; Kearstay, 20; Deasker, 17; Flodday, 50. For the Outer Hebrides as a whole the index is 4,378 or approx. 4,400.

The history of the grey seal in the Outer Hebrides is reviewed. An increase in stocks is evident throughout the last century subsequent to the evacuation of North Rona in 1844. This is attributed to the gradual human depopulation of the area, with remote islands such as North Rona, St. Kilda and the Monachs becoming deserted by man and subsequently colonized by seals. The increase began well before 1914 when the Grey Seals Protection Act was passed, but this has since preserved stocks.
MOULTS AND PELAGES IN THE BROWN HARE LEPUS EUROPAEUS OCCIDENTALS DE WINTON
Authors: HEWSON RAYMOND
Published: August 2010

A collection of skins of the brown hare, obtained in Banffshire, Scotland, was examined in order to determine the number and duration of the annual moults, and to compare these with the moults of the mountain hare Lepus timidus scoticus. It was found that the adult brown hare moults twice annually, and that moulting in brown and mountain hares may vary with age and sex. The influence of day length, temperature, and endocrine glands is considered.
AUSTRALIAN ASCIDIANS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
Authors: MILLAR R. H.
Published: August 2010

Sixty species of Australian ascidians were identified in material from the British Museum (Natural History). One new genus, Pseudodiazona is described and five new species, Aplidium broomeiensis, Synoicum bowerbanki, Euherdmania digitata, Pseudodiazona sabulosa, and Stolonica carnosa.
HOME RANGE AND HOMING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE ST. KILDA FIELD‐MOUSE
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON
Published: August 2010

After twenty‐seven years of human absence on Hirta, the St. Kilda field‐mouse population in the Village Glen was numorically unaffected over two years, by a large‐scale military task‐force operation. The movements of field‐mice were experimentally examined. The trap revealed home range of a breeding male was about three‐quarters of an acre. Mice transported distances of up to 1,600 feet were able to return to the trap‐site in probably less than three hours. Fewer were able to do this over 2,800 feet. Mice were able to move up‐and downhill with equal facility. More mice were caught in the hour during and after dusk, than during the remainder of the night. A detailed summary is given.
NOTES ON THE LOPHOPHORE AND GUT OF THE BRACHIOPOD
Authors: SOWERBY G. B.
Published: August 2010

The lophophore of the rhynehonellid brachiopod Notosaria nigricans from New Zealand develops through trocholophous and schizolophous stages before reaching the final spirolophous condition. This development, and the structure and elliation of the spirolophe, are described in detail. The development of the digestive system is noted briefly: as in other Articulata there is no anus even at the earliest stages of growth.
PARTURITION IN A HIPPOPOTAMUS
Authors: SENIOR MARTIN , TONG E. H.
Published: August 2010

The birth in captivity of a hippopotamus is described in detail.
THE PALPUS OF MALE SPIDERS OF THE FAMILY LINYPHIDAE
Authors: MERRETT P.
Published: August 2010

The male palpal organs of 124 British species of linyphiid spiders are described in detai, by reference to two basic types of palp structure (simple and complex).

The history of the taxonomy of the family is described, with reference especially to the work of Simon, Hull, Petrunkevitch, Locket & Millidge, and Wiehle.
EPIGENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF THE RODENT SKELETON
Authors: BERRY R. J. , SEARLE A. G.
Published: August 2010

One type of discontinuous variation, genetic polymorphism, has been studied frequently, in animal populations. This paper deals with another type, here called epigenetic polymorphism, which is developmental in origin and due to the action of a threshold on underlying continuous variation. Both genetic and environmental factors are important in causation. This type of polymorphism is known to be common in wild mouse populations with respect to many skeletal characters. The present survey is concerned with the situation in the rodents as a whole, samples of the following species being classified for forty‐nine variants: Sciurus carolinensis, Cavia porcellus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Lemmus lemmus, Microtus agrestis, Micromys minutus, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus and Rattus exulans. All show extensive polymorphism, some variants being ubiquitous while others are confined to one or a few species. A rare variant in one species is sometimes present in all representatives of another species. There is some association between the frequency of a few variants and overall size, but none was found with respect to domestication. The genetic and evolutionary aspects of this kind of polymorphism are discussed, as well as its possible use in systematic studies. Various types of epigenetic polymorphism (transient etc.) seem to occur, some probably being important in micro‐evolution. Changes in the frequencies of variants may often be due entirely to chance, but selective forces may also operate and are probably best envisaged on the lines of Waddington's (1953 a, 1961) concept of genetic assimilation. However, their relative importance cannot be assessed in the present investigation.
RECORDS OF MAMMALS BRED IN THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS OF SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE PERIOD 1908 TO 1960
Authors: BRAND D. J.
Published: August 2010

Based on the records of the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa covering the period 1908 to 1960, this paper provides information relating to mammals born in that institution during the above period, their breeding seasons, litter sizes, gestation periods and, where possible, sex ratios of litters.

It was found that on the basis of their breeding seasons, mammals may be divided into the following categories: (a) those with a clearly‐defjned breeding season; (b) those with definite peak periods with scattered births throughout the year, and (c) those which, irrespective of season, have a more or less even birth distribution throughout the year. Further, it affords a comparative study of births in captivity and those in natural habitats, as well as between the two hemispheres.
LIFE HISTORIES OF SMALL MAMMALS IN THE CHANNEL ISLANDS IN 1960‐61
Authors: BISHOP I. R. , DELANY M. J.
Published: August 2010

The life histories of Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus caesarius, Microtus arvalis sarnius and Crocidura russula have been described for 1960‐61 from animals collected during the course of five visits to the Channel Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark between March 1960 and February 1961. In Apodemus the overwintering population started breeding in March 1960 and continued to do so until it disappeared from the population in late autumn. In the latter part of the summer much breeding was performed by animals born earlier that year. The pattern is similar in Clethrionomys except that breeding started rather later. In Microtus pregnant females were obtained between March and October. In Crocidura russula animals born in 1960 did not breed that year. The breeding season lasted from late February until October when the last of the animals born in 1959 were caught.
ESTIMATES OF TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON IN THE ZANZIBAR AREA OF THE INDIAN OCEAN WITH A COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS WITH TWO DIFFERENT NETS
Authors: WICKSTEAD J. H.
Published: August 2010

Total plankton from vertical samples is estimated in terms of numbers, volume and dry weight per m3. Three stations were sampled, by day and by night, over a period of thirteen months, using both a 58 m.p.i. and a 74 m.p.i. net clamped together. Three stations had total depths of 12, 40 and 750 m respectively. Some relevant and contemporary climatic and hydrographic factors are shown. The relative catches of the two nets are shown for all three measures and their relative catching ability is discussed.
REGIONAL VARIATION IN THE BANK‐VOLE CLETH RIONOMYS GLAREOLUS IN THE BRITISH ISLES
Authors: CORBET G. B.
Published: August 2010

Large series of Clethrionomys glareolus (Schrober) were collected in three Scottish localities and used to study the variability in size and in several other external, cranial and dental characters in relation to age, season and year. These collections were then compared with samples of local island races, and collections from the south‐east of England. It was concluded that most of the regional differences in skull‐proportions are manifestations of the differences in overall size and that the number of independent characters distinguishing the island races is very small. The results are considered not to support the theory that the four described island races are relict in origin.
THE CIRCULATION OF COELOMIC FLUID IN LINGULA UNGUIS
Authors: CHUANG S. H.
Published: August 2010

The anatomy of the coolom and the ciliary currents of the coolomie mesothelium in the
THE TAXONOMY OF BRITISH POLYCENTROPID LARVAE
Authors: EDINGTON J. M.
Published: August 2010

A key and descriptions are given for the identification of British polycentropid larvae. Early Continental descriptions include the Holocentropus and Cyrnus species which occur in Britain, but a consideration of British material has indicated that some changes are required in the characters used to separate these species. In both Polycentropus flavomaculatus and Holocentropus species the anal claws are right‐angled. It has been reported that P. flavomaculatus has only one dorsal spine on the anal claw and differs from Holocentropus where there are at least two such spines. Re‐examination of P. flavomaculatus larvae has shown that the anal claw bears two dorsal spines. The previously unknown larvae of Polycentropus kingi and Polycentropus multiguttatus are described. These two species, unlike P. flavomaculatus, have obtuse‐angled anal claws, and in this respectresemble Plectronemia. A new character based on the relative lengths of the prothoracic tibia and tarsus has been introduced to separate the three Polycentropus species from Holocentropus and Plectroenemia. The previously unknown larvae of Plectroenemia geniculata have been examined and differ from P. conspersa in the arrangement of bristles on the last abdominal segment and in the pigmentation of the labrum.
THE REPRODUCTION OF THE SACOGLOSSAN OPISTHOBRANCH ELYSIA MAORIA
Authors: REID JOCELYN D.
Published: August 2010

The form and function of the reproductive system in the New Zealand sacoglossan Elysia maoria Powell is described and compared with the reproductive systems of other members of the suborder Elysiacea. E. maoria has numerous gonadial follicles lying in the parapodia. Sperm‐producing and ova‐producing follicles are distinct and in definite zones. Above them are the diffuse and branched prostate glands, and below them are the reticulate albumen glands. Multiple bursal sacs lie in two or more pairs near the centre of the body. There are two genital apertures and no vagina. Male reproductive structures mature, and male reproductive behaviour begins, before female. Full sexual maturity is reached when an animal is about 20 millimetres long.

Impregnation is hypodermic, the penis of one animal being thrust apparently into the haemocoele of its partner. Most insertions were at the posterior end of the body. The method of penial penetration is uncertain, for the penis in this species, unlike that in other Elysiacea in which hypodermic impregnation occurs, bears no hollow spine. The fate of sperm at copulation is not known. In spawning the ova pass to the exterior through the glandular oviduct where they receive an albumen coat and a membrane and are bound into a ribbon by two mucous coats. The spawn bands, which are flat white coils attached to the green alga on which the animals live, hatch about two weeks after spawning. Larvae kept in the laboratory showed no tendency to settle after two weeks, suggesting that the planktonic stage may be fairly long.

Comparison with other Elysiacea shows E. maoria to be one of the primitive members of the suborder, with its very diffuse reproductive system, large number of small eggs, and long planktonic stage.
OBSERVATIONS ON SOME GRASSHOPPERS OF THE RUKWA VALLEY, TANGANYIKA
Authors: ANDERSON N. L.
Published: August 2010

A report is made of field observations during a period of three months on the development, daily activities, and feeding behaviour of eleven grasshopper species found at one location in the Rukwa Valley, Tanganyika.
THE BRITISH SPIRORBINAE (POLYCHAETA: SERPULIDAE) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF SPIRORBIS CUNEATUS SP. N. AND A REVIEW OF THE GENUS SPIRORBIS
Authors: GEE J. M.
Published: August 2010

The detailed arrangement of the setae is more or less distinctive in nine British species of Spirorbis, including S. cuneatus sp. n.

The genus, which now contains about sixty‐four species, haa been briefly reviewed. To judge from numbers of thoracic segments, method of incubation and larval characters, S. malardi and S. spirillum may be regarded as perhaps more primitive than most British forms andS. pagenstecheri aa more advanced. The abdominal setation is more asymmetrical in these apparently primitive species and least so in the advanced one.
CRANIOMETRIC SEX DETERMINATION IN THE COLOBUS SKULL
Authors: CAVE A. J. E. , STEEL F. L. D.
Published: August 2010

The accuracy of the multivariate discriminant function is tested in a series of Colobus badius preussi skulls of known sex: it is shown to be valid for non‐human primate material and superior to other metrical methods of sex determination.
CYSTIC BONE DISEASE IN SOUTH AMERICAN PRIMATESN—I
Authors: GRAHAM‐JONES OLIVER
Published: August 2010

The clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of a skeletal disease in New World Primates, are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE, INNERVATION AND FUNCTION OF THE SKIN OF THE BOTTLE NOSE DOLPHIN (TU RSIOPS TRUNCATUS)
Authors: PALMER ELISABETH , WEDDELL G.
Published: August 2010

A study of the structure and innervation of dolphin skin from different sites is presented and the findings evaluated in the light of behavioural studies.

The suggestion is made that the skin plays an important part in the economy of the animal by (1) insuring fully laminar flow at high speed and (2) the detection and location of low‐frequency vibrations of focal origin.
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION AND THE FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE FEMALE AND SPERMATHECALSYSTEMS IN NEW EARTHWORMS FROM GHANA (EUDRILIDAE: OLIGOCHAETA)
Authors: SIMS R. W.
Published: August 2010

The morphology of the spermathecal system of a new genus of Eudrilid earthworm from south‐eastern Ghana is described and functional details are discussed. Interconnections are traced between the spermathecal and female systems and the mechanism is described which ensures that fertilization takes place in the middle region of the oviduct at a time other than during copulation. It is pointed out that the spermathecal system is probably mesodermal in origin instead of ectodermal which is usual in other families of Oligochaeta. The new genus is characterized by the presence of both an oesophageal and a series of intestinal gizzards and by paired oesophageal glands arising in segment xiv. Three species are described and may be distinguished by several characters. The more readily evident external differences are: the number of segments, form of the clitellum, position of the spermathecal pore and the presence (in one species) of copulatory appendages. The similarities and affinities of the genus with Hyperiodrilus Beddard are discussed. Itis admitted that it is expedient to accept the criteria of the current classification of the Eudrilidae until a full revision of the family can be carried out, so making necessary the erection of this new genus for the three species here described. A table is provided listing the distinguishing characters of the new species.
DEFORMITY IN THE LOWER JAW OF THE SPERM WHALE (PHYSETER GATODON)
Authors: SPAUL E. A.
Published: August 2010

An extreme examplo of deformity in the lowor jaw of the Sporm whalo (Physcler catodon, L.) is described showing tho offiect of asymmotrical growth and coiling of the jaw upon tho developmont and size of tho tooth.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE WEBERIAN APPARATUS IN THE SILURI
Authors: ALEXANDER R. McN.
Published: August 2010

The Weberian apparatus of Siluri with fully developed swimbladders is described. and comparisons are made with the Cyprini. Special attention is paid to the histology of the soft parts. The reduced encapsulated swimbladders of Clarias, Plecostomus (Loricariidae) and Hoplostemum (Callichthyidae) are described, and the homologies of the parts of their capsules and the mechanisms of their Weberian apparatus considered. It is suggested that reduction of the swimbladder in such forms is in adaptation to life on the bottom or in compensation for the hydrostatic effect of accessory respiratory organs, and that encapsulation is due to the bony parts concerned not being correspondingly reduced.
SOME ADDITIONS TO THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA
Authors: WELLS J. B. J.
Published: August 2010

One new species and two species previously unrecorded from Britain were found in a collection of twenty‐seven species of harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods taken from the vicinity of Dale Fort Field Centre, Pembrokeshire. A measure of the neglect of the littoral microfauna of the area is given by the fact that twenty‐six of these species had not been recorded previously from the region.
A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF THE PROTONEPHRIDIA OF ASPLANGHNA (ROTIFERA) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FLAME BULBS
Authors: PONTIN ROSALIND M.
Published: August 2010

The protonephridia of the females of three species of Asplanchna are described and compared. Each protonephridium consists of a single unbranched coiled tubule, divisible into a distal capillary tubule receiving ducts from the flame bulbs and a wider proximal main tubule entering the contractile vesicle. Each flame bulb is of flattened triangular form with longitudinally‐striated thin lateral walls and a thick terminal wall bearing internally the vibratile flame and externally a number of external filaments anchoring the flame bulb to the body wall.

The numbers of flame bulbs in the species of Asplanchna are compared. Information available suggests that there is a close correlation between the number of flame bulbs and the surface area of the animal. The surface area per bulb is less in males than in females of the same species and there is some evidence that the number of bulbs in males is less than that of the larger females.

Females of species of differing body size have flame bulbs of similar length and the estimated output of fluid per flame bulb is similar in each. It is suggested that an increase in number rather than size of bulbs accounts for the increased output from the contractile vesicle of the larger species, and that there is an optimum size for the flame bulb. The output per bulb in males is less than that of females of the same species and it is suggested that the absence of a gut in males may account for this difference.
STUDIES ON THE ARTERIES IN THE COMMON NILE TURTLE TBIONYX TRIUNGUIS
Authors: GIRGIS SABET
Published: August 2010

The nest building behaviour and repair abilities of weaver birds (Ploceinae) constructing nests of two contrasting types are compared and experiments described. Ploceus philippinus builds a retort‐shaped nest with a long tubular entrance. This structure is main‐tained throughout occupation by wall thickening and tube lengthening. Repairs to extensive damage are quickly made and certain aberrant repairs throw light on the nature of normal construction. The nests of P. melanocephalus and relatives differ in that a roofing layer is inserted, the tube is not developed and the nest is not effectively repaired after occupation.

The two types of construction differ primarily in the relative extent of inhibition of building that follows the performance of cortain activities in the course of construction. Thus in melanocephulw the insortion of the roofing layer appears to inhibit work on the outer basket and entrance. There is however some evidence that perception of the species characteristic nest also brings work to an end. In philippinns by contrast the inhibiting effects of lining do not arise, building and rcpnir continue until factors, apparently internal, terminate construction behaviour when the young are well developed in the nest. The adaptive significance of these contrasts is discussed. They comprise alternative adaptations to very similar conditions of nesting in tropical Asia and Africa.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND REPRODUCTION OF THE RED KANGAROO (MEGALEIA RUFA)
Authors: SHARMAN G. B. , PILTON PHYLLIS E.
Published: August 2010

Newborn young of the red kangaroo weighed about 750 mg. They had well‐developed nostrils and a large tongue and the forelimbs and digits of the inanus were well developed but otherwise the external features were embryonic. Sexes of the young were recognized when they were 14 to 20 days old. The young were firmly attached to the teat during the early part of pouch life, but one young removed from the teat at 43 days was able to re‐attach and another was found free when 70 days old. Observations relating to the appearance of body pigment, vibrissae and hair were made. Young about 150 days old were observed protruding their heads from the mother's pouch; they emerged temporarily at about 200 days and permanently at about 240 days. Young out of the pouch continued to suckle from the elongated teat they had used while in the pouch. Growth curves for the developing pouch young are given.

In a non‐lactating female the interval between one oostrus, as diagnosed from the vaginal smear, and the next oestrus, at which mating occurred, was 37 days. The intervals between mating with the occurrence of fertilization, and post‐partum mating were 33 to 35 days. The gestation period was between 32 and 34 days. Fertilization occurred at post‐partum oestrus but the resulting offspring was not born while the earlier young occupied the pouch.

If the pouch young was prematurely removed birth of a further young, resulting from post‐partum fertilization, occurred between 31 days 2 hours and 31 days 14 hours after removal. If the young was reared until it left the pouch birth occurred 230 to 252 days after post‐partum mating and in the absence of intervening mating.

Parturition was observed five times in three females. During the hours before birth occurred pregnant females repeatedly cleaned the pouch by licking inside it. They also licked around the urogenital opening and one female licked the ventral surface between urogenital opening and pouch. Females sat on the base of the tail with the tail passed forwards between the hind‐legs, the legs extended forwards and the back supported by the enclosure fence while giving birth. Newborn young took about three minutes to reach the pouch after birth and there was no evidence that they were actively assisted by the mothers.
THE THYMUS GLAND IN THREE GENERA OF RHINOCEROS
Authors: CAVE A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

The morphology and structure of the thymus gland is described for the first time for single specimens of the Great Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), the Sumatran rhinoceros (Didermocerus sumatrensis) and the African Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).
CAPTIVITY BEHAVIOUR AND POST‐NATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHREW CROC I DURA BICOLOR
Authors: ANSELL W. F. H.
Published: August 2010

Captivity habits of Crocidura bicolor are described, including birth of a litter. PoBt‐natal development of the young was found similar to that of Crocidura hirta, though somewhat quicker. The parent, already adult when captured, lived 332 days thereafter, and her surviving male offspring died at the age of 375 days. No further breeding took place.
THE SOAY SHEEP OF THE ISLAND OF HIRTA, ST. KILDA. A STUDY OF A FERAL POPULATION
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON , DONEY J. MACKAY , GUNN R. GRAHAM , JEWELL PETER A.
Published: August 2010

The Soay shocp of St. Kilda is the most primitive domostic breed in Europe, resembling doinesticated Neolithic sheep and the inouflon. Those on the isle of Soay, St. Kilda are prrsumably direct descendants of the first sheep introduced to the islands in prehistoric times. Flocks stemming from them now exist in parks and other islands in Britain. A flock was established on the vacant pastures of Hirta, St. Kilda after the natives and their sheep were evacuated in 1930.
METHODS AND MEANS FOR DETERMINING THE NATURAL MODES OF VIBRATION OF MECHANICAL STRUCTURES
Authors: Hayes H. C. , Klein Elias
Published: August 2010

Cyclic strains in vibrating mechanical structures often lead to failures because of the resulting fatigue of the material. Both theory and practice indicate that the breaks or other types of failure occur at a node of one of the numerous natural modes of vibration of the structure. These natural modes of vibration can be determined theoretically if the structure is simple and the parts are of geometrical form but usually the problem is too complicated for exact solution and the best that can be hoped for from theory is a rough approximation of the resonant frequencies and a still rougher approximation of the location of the nodes of the vibrating system. The present paper describes a simple method and means for experimentally determining the several natural resonant frequencies of any mechanical system and the location of the nodes of their respective standing wave systems. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by analyzing three modes of vibration of a ship's propeller.
CHARLES P. WETHERBEE—BIOGRAPHY
Authors: Newell W. S.
Published: August 2010

It is with deep regret that the Society has learned of the death of Charles P. Wetherbee. For many years he was a leader in the development of marine engineering in this country and abroad. The loss of his conservative judgment is a matter of serious concern. It is felt that the concise account of his career presented here by his close associate, Mr. Newell, will be of timely interest to readers of the Journal and a source of inspiration to those who carry on.
LIGHT SOURCES FOR COAST GUARD USE
Authors: ALEXANDER ROBERT T.
Published: August 2010

Although not published as Part II to the article by the author in the February, 1941 issue of the JOURNAL, this article is a companion to the earlier one.
FULL SCALE SHIP STRUCTURAL EXPERIMENTS AND THE EFFECT OF UNFAIR PLATING IN TENSION
Authors: EVANS T. HARVEY
Published: August 2010

Basic heart of plate stress distribution across a ship cross section complies well with simple beam theory but with local deviations sometimes evident in such locations as fore and aft stiffener attachments to plating.

While both riveted and welded ships experience occasional structural difficulties, they have been more numerous and severe in welded ships. In welded vessels cracks appeared both to initiate and to propagate more readily.

Poor welding workmanship, poor design details, inadequate material or physical and metallurgical notches do not appear to satisfactorily provide the full explanation of welded ship failures.

Plating panels which are unfair in the unloaded condition of the ship are more prevalent in welded construction than in riveted. When loaded, the stresses sustained by such panels depart from the stress distribution predicted by the simple beam theory and cause a lack of uniformity of stress that may contribute to crack initiation and crack propagation.
You Lost Me at Hello: Aren't We I-O Psychologists Still?
Authors: Cunningham Christopher J. L.
Published: August 2010

My reaction to Ryan and Ford's (2010) tipping point discussion stems from the footnote assigned to the title of their article, “In keeping with recent trends in the field, we use ‘organizational psychology’ rather than industrial/organizational psychology throughout, except when directly quoting a source or providing a historical referent.” This one sentence vividly illustrates the identity crisis Ryan and Ford have aptly discussed; even among like-minded colleagues, we are unable to agree on what we should call ourselves and what that label might actually imply. I was especially confused by this choice of professional labeling when Ryan and Ford later concluded that, “[Our field's] distinctiveness is not well articulated for new entrants, affecting the extent to which organizational psychology becomes a deep-structure identity of individuals that will affect, over time, the viability of the collective identity.” What message are we sending to potential new entrants if we are not willing to retain the field's existing moniker because it is too cumbersome or difficult to explain to others? The typical student reaction I experience when discussing our professional name and identity is something along the lines of: “What do you mean SIOP wants to change its name? What's wrong with the one that it already has?”
A Means Not an End
Authors: Muchinsky Paul M.
Published: August 2010

Ryan and Ford (2010) asserted that the identity of I-O psychology is blurred with other allied disciplines (OB, HRM, IR, ODC, etc.). I agree. They are concerned with identifying what sets I-O psychology apart from these other disciplines and concluded that the science (italics in original) component of I-O psychology is the critical differentiating marker variable. I disagree. Ryan and Ford equate “I-O psychologists” with “I-O psychological knowledge”; therefore, only individuals trained as I-O psychologists can produce I-O psychological knowledge. The less-than-subtle implication that only I-O psychologists are scientists is not born out by the scientific literature. Our top scientific journals (i.e., those that have the P-word in the title) have had editors, associate editors, and members of the editorial review boards whose academic training is not in psychology. Articles published in these journals are also authored by nonpsychologists. The Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) has given awards and granted fellowship status to nonpsychologists whose scholarly work has been deemed to be of special merit and significance. Quite clearly, I-O psychologists do not have a monopoly on I-O psychological research.
The Fifth Scenario: Identity Expansion in Organizational Psychology
Authors: Costanza David P. , Jensen Jaclyn M.
Published: August 2010

Ryan and Ford (2010) have argued that organizational psychology is at a tipping point in terms of its distinctiveness from other fields. Although the four scenarios they propose for organizational psychology's future cover a wide range of potential outcomes, we propose that there is another, more expansive, more optimistic scenario for our field: our identity needs to continue to evolve, expand, and extend itself to accommodate the evolving and expanding nature of the modern organizations we study. We suggest that the way forward for organizational psychology is to continue what we have done in the past: integrate theories from multiple disciplines, adopt multiple perspectives to the questions we face, and embrace the ambiguity inherent in the organizations we study. This additional scenario, which we termidentity expansion, follows both from the history of the field and from research on professional identity. Below, we argue that both historically and theoretically such a future for our professional identity makes the most sense. Furthermore, we believe that organizational psychologists are in an excellent position to both shape and benefit from this expansion in identity.
Strengthening Shared Identity in I-O Psychology Through Online Social Networks
Authors: Schmidt Gordon B. , Landers Richard N.
Published: August 2010

Central to the argument of Ryan and Ford (2010) is that the identity of “industrial-organizational (I-O) psychologist” is at a number of tipping points that could lead to major changes in the field. The two tipping points that we will focus on are (a) the increasingly blurry distinctions between current I-O psychologists and HR/OB professionals and (b) the growing number of new I-O psychologists who do not have a deep-structure I-O identity because they are ultimately employed in fields outside of I-O psychology.
Validation Is Like Motor Oil: Synthetic Is Better
Authors: Johnson Jeff W. , Steel Piers , Scherbaum Charles A. , Hoffman Calvin C. , Richard Jeanneret P. , Foster Jeff
Published: August 2010

Although synthetic validation has long been suggested as a practical and defensible approach to establishing validity evidence, synthetic validation techniques are infrequently used and not well understood by the practitioners and researchers they could most benefit. Therefore, we describe the assumptions, origins, and methods for establishing validity evidence of the two primary types of synthetic validation techniques: (a) job component validity and (b) job requirements matrix. We then present the case for synthetic validation as the best approach for many situations and address the potential limitations of synthetic validation. We conclude by proposing the development of a comprehensive database to build prediction equations for use in synthetic validation of jobs across the U.S. economy and reviewing potential obstacles to the creation of such a database. We maintain that synthetic validation is a practically useful methodology that has great potential to advance the science and practice of industrial and organizational psychology.