bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Prosecuting Human Trafficking Cases: The Role of Expert Witness
Authors: Ab Hamid Zuraini , Yusoff Rahmawati Mohd , Mustafa Maizatun
Published: March 2022

To be ranked at Tier 1 in the Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report, Section 108 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act requires the state parties to comply with its minimum standards in combating human trafficking. Unfortunately, some states parties, including Malaysia failed to meet the minimum standards in curbing the monstrous crime fully. Their failure to be in Tier 1 is contributed by a few reasons, including the lack of success in prosecution. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the low number of convictions of traffickers is due to the absence of anti-legislation, lack of trained law enforcers and prosecutors and corruption among the stakeholders. In 2021, the U.S State Department has downgraded Malaysia's ranking in TIP report from Tier 2 to Tier 3. The main reason for the decline was that the government did not adequately address credible allegations from multiple sources alleging labour trafficking involving refugees, migrants, and domestic workers. To be in Tier 1, Malaysia should consider having expert testimony to secure convictions. Using qualitative research method, this paper examines the relevance of expert witness in human trafficking cases from Islamic, Malaysia and international perspectives. This paper further recommends its use in court to secure conviction against traffickers and protect the victims.
ANÁLISE E PROPOSIÇÃO DE MELHORIAS NO FLUXO E CONTROLE DE ETIQUETAS VERMELHAS EM UMA LINHA TPM UTILIZANDO RECURSOS DA INDÚSTRIA 4.0
Authors: Souza Thiago Siqueira de , Carvalho Flavio Lucio Santos de
Published: March 2022

Baseando-se nos conceitos da indústria 4.0, como, a alta capacidade de inteligência, o aumento da produtividade, a busca por melhores eficiências nos processos e reduzindo custos, o artigo tem o objetivo de analisar o elevado tempo para resolução das etiquetas vermelhas e propor, conforme os conceitos, melhorias no fluxo e controle de etiquetas vermelhas (ETVs) na linha de produção “A” de uma indústria alimentícia situada na cidade de Vila Velha - ES. Para isso, recursos como tecnologia mobile, internet das coisas, big data e computação em nuvem integraram-se ao fluxo e controle de maneira a otimizar o processo, tratando as divergências no quadro do fluxo de etiquetas (QFET), eliminando perda de tempo em reparos, reduzindo o tempo para resolução das ETVs e contribuindo para o bem do meio ambiente com a proposta do método digital. Após a análise dos dados, os resultados mostraram que etiquetas vermelhas de prioridade B tem o maior número de registros, logo, fez-se necessário analisar e propor melhorias baseadas nesse tipo de etiqueta.
Artificial Intelligence e credit risk - Possibili utilizzi di metodologie e dati alternativi nei sistemi interni di rating
Authors:   Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Locatelli Rossella , Salis Fabio ,   Credito Valtellinese
Published: March 2022

During the last decade, the increase in computational capacity, the consolidation of new methodologies to elaborate data, and the availability of and access to new information related to individuals and organizations, aided by the widespread usage of internet, set the stage for the development and application of Artificial Intelligence (hereinafter AI) techniques in enterprises in general and financial institutions in particular.
A Macroanatomical Study on Coronary Veins in Southern Karaman Sheep
Authors: KARA Hülya , ÖZÜDOĞRU Zekeriya
Published: March 2022

Objective: This study aimed to reveal the coronary veins and their branches that provide venous drainage of the heart in Southern Karaman sheep.

Material-Method: Eight Southern Karaman sheep’s heart tissues were used in the study. Latex injection techniques were used to determine the coronary veins and their branches providing venous drainage of the heart.

Result: In the study, vena cordis magna, vena cordis media, and vv. cordis dextra was observed as venous drainage providing vessels. The vena cordis magna begins in the lower third of the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis, called vena interventricularis paraconalis. This vein reaches the sulcus coronarius and continues as vena circumflexus sinister. Vena cordis media was named as vena interventricularis subsinosus in sulcus interventricularis subsinosus. The vv. cordis dextra was responsible for the venous drainage of the facies atrialis of the heart.

Conclusion: In the evaluation of the study findings, it was determined that the coronary veins and their branches of Southern Karaman were mainly similar to other sheep breeds in the literature. Still, there are some anatomical differences, such as the existence of semicircumflexa dextri.
ORGANOLEPTIC ASSESSMENT OF MILK IN DAIRY COW CONSUMING DEPOLARIZED KATUK’S LEAVES
Authors: Suprayogi Agik , Muladno Muladno , Atabany Afton , Satrija Fadjar , Tarigan Ronald , Sugiono Welly , Queen Yuliantony
Published: March 2022

Depolarizing Katuk Leaf (DKL) is known to be able to increase milk production in dairy farms, but until now the level of sensory (Organoleptic) markers in consumers is unknown. The study aimed to conduct an organoleptic assessment of fresh milk from dairy cows that consumed about 100 g daily DKD in the form of powder (DKL-1) and pellets (DKL-2) mixed in commercial complete feed for 45 days. One liter of milk samples was collected from 7 dairy cows at PT. Great Giant Livestock-Central Lampung for each treatment group, namely, Control, DKD-1, and DKL-2. The organoleptic assessment was carried out with sensory characteristics, namely appearance, flavor, taste, mouthfeel, and aftertaste. A series of sensory evaluations were carried out on 8 trained panelists. Overall, the sensory characteristics of fresh milk from dairy cows treated with DKL-1 and DKL-2 showed a good sensory response compared to milk in the control group, with the average value of intensity rating sequentially (4,39 ± 2,29) and 5,52 ± 2,54) compared to milk control that is (3,97 ± 2,06). Fresh milk from pelleted cows (DKL-2) showed a very good sensory response from the panelists compared to milk in the control group (P
Surakarta Smart City: A Public Service Transformation During The Pandemic
Authors: Kaelan Kaelan , Kurnia Miharja Arief , Susilo Hendri , Wahidin Darto
Published: March 2022

This article aims to analyze the extent of the transformation of Surakarta City public services with Smart City during the covid-19. Current direct interacting services should be limited and converse to online public services. This research used a qualitative analysis approach based on a descriptive method. This method was tracing the empirical facts in the studied discussion topic. Then the NVivo 12 Plus application is also used to manage and analyze data effectively and efficiently. Local government governance plays a critical role in forming strategic intent in Smart City Implementation. However, it hasn't shown any engagement of local governments and communities. It led to a lack of participation and collaboration. The vision of Major of Surakarta influenced both vision and mission of the Smart City program. The Surakarta City Government needs to optimize the quality of human resources and use an integration model. It provides single window network services that require public services transformation to the New Public Service during the Covid-19. A regulation reform is needed to support the public service policies in terms of increasing synergy and harmonization. Thus, there are no overlapping authorities and conflicts between institutions and the community that lead to public services delays.
Noktalama İşaretlerinin Biçim ve İşlevlerinin Görseller ve Sezdirimler Yoluyla Öğretimi: Tekir Noktalama İşaretlerini Öğretiyor Örneği
Authors: TEKİN Abdullah , BÜYÜKİKİZ Kadir Kaan
Published: March 2022

Dilin en önemli kullanım alanı yazılı veya sözlü metinlerdir. Dilin metinlerde etkili ve doğru kullanımı için bazı kurallar söz konusudur. Noktalama işaretleri de metinlerin hem anlam yönünden hem de biçim yönünden en gerekli kurallarından biridir. Yazılı ve sözlü metinlerde bu denli önemli işlevler görmesine rağmen dilbilgisel bir konu olan noktalama işaretlerinin öğretiminde istenilen başarı elde edilememiştir. Bu noktada nitelikli çocuk yapıtlarından yararlanılabileceği düşünülmektedir çünkü çocuk yapıtları hem içerik hem de biçimsel tasarımları dolayısıyla dilbilgisi öğretiminde yarar sağlayabilecek materyallerdir. Bu çalışmada da Yalvaç Ural’ın “Tekir Noktalama İşaretlerini Öğretiyor” adlı çocuk kitabı, noktalama işaretlerinin biçim ve işlevlerinin görseller ve sezdirimler yoluyla öğretimi açısından incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın yöntemi nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman (belge) incelemesidir. Araştırmada 14 noktalama işaretine dair sezdirim ögeleri ve görsel malzemeler tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular ve yorum bölümünde birinci aşama olarak yapıtın cümlelerinde ilgili noktalama işaretine dair sezdirim ögeleri taşıyan ifadeler yorumlanıp çözümlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise tespit edilen sezdirim ögelerinin görsellerle uyumu yorumlanmıştır. Araştırmanın verilerine dayanarak söz konusu çocuk yapıtının noktalama işaretlerinin sezdirimler ve görseller yoluyla öğretimi açısından zengin bir içeriğe sahip olduğu yargısına ulaşılmıştır. Yapıtın hedef okur kitlesi olarak ilköğretim öğrencilerine hitap etmesi sebebiyle ilkokul ve ortaokul kademelerinde noktalama işaretlerinin öğretimi noktasında eğitimcilere uygun ders materyali oluşturabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Parámetros dosimétricos de radioterapia correlacionados con la función del esfinter anal en el tratamiento preoperatorio del cáncer de recto
Authors:   , Eíto Valdovinos Clara
Published: March 2022

Background The objective of the study is to determine the correlations among the variables of dose and the sphincter function (SF) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with preoperative capecitabine/radiotherapy followed by low anterior resection (LAR) + total mesorectal excision (TME). In the same sample, we analyzed the effects of adjuvant Oxaliplatin and the relationship between the sphincter function and overall quality of life. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 92 consecutive patients with LARC treated at our center with LAR from 2006 and more than 2 years free from disease. We recontoured the anal sphincters (AS) of patients with the help of the radiologist. SF was assessed with the Wexner scale (0–20 points, being punctuation inversely proportional to annal sphincter functionality). All questionnaires were filled out between January 2010 and December 2012. Dosimetric parameters that have been studied include V20, V30, V40, V50, mean dose (Dmean), minimum dose (Dmin), D90 (dose received by 90% of the sphincter) and D98. Statistical analysis the correlations among the variables of dose and SF were studied by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Differences in SF relating to maximum doses to the sphincter were assessed by the Mann–Whitney test. Results Mean Wexner score was 5.5 points higher in those patients with V20 =0 compared to those for which V20 = 0 (p = 0.008). In a multivariate regression model, results suggest that the effect of V20 on poor anal sphincter control is independent of the effect of distance, with an adjusted OR of 3.42. Wexner test median values did not change significantly between OXA-treated and untreatd patients with p value 0.450. Conclusions In order to improve the SF in rectal cancer treated with preoperative radiotherapy/capecitabine followed by conservative surgery, the maximum radiation dose to the AS should be limited, when possible, to <20 Gy.
Desarrollo de recubrimientos PVD bactericidas. Evaluación de sus propiedades mecánicas, tribológicas y funcionales
Authors:   , Osés Martínez de Zúñiga Javier
Published: March 2022

Esta tesis está centrada en el estudio de las propiedades superficiales de recubrimientos duros PVD dopados con metales bactericidas. Se han estudiado sus propiedades superficiales, mecánicas y tribológicas además del efecto antibacteriano proporcionado por el dopaje. Este efecto se ha logrado mediante la adición de metales con efecto biocida (cobre y plata) [WAN07] sobre recubrimientos de nitruro de titanio (TiN) y nitruro de cromo (CrN). La adición se ha llevado a cabo mediante coevaporación de estos metales durante la deposición de los recubrimientos PVD elegidos o mediante la aplicación de un post-tratamiento mediante técnicas de implantación iónica.
Los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y la democratización del conocimiento: la formación online de profesores de ELE en la sociedad tecnológica
Authors: Ãlvarez Ramos Eva , Alejaldre Biel Leyre
Published: March 2022

La irrupción de los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje (EVA) ha supuesto una clara democratización del conocimiento y ha contribuido a incentivar la formación y el reciclaje del profesorado. El discente decide cuándo y dónde aprender y es, precisamente, esta autonomía el punto fuerte de los EVA, que abogan por la emancipación del alumno y buscan su independencia. Del mismo modo abren el aprendizaje al contacto con otros individuos, pensamientos y culturas. Pretendemos mostrar cómo la formación se ha actualizado modificando sus planteamientos pedagógicos para adaptarse a los nuevos entornos digitales y a las nuevas necesidades sociales. Queremos exponer cómo en la última década ha habido un aumento significativo de los estudiantes a distancia y cómo la edad del discente es una variable a considerar en los estudios de posgrado online. Finalizaremos mostrando el panorama de formación docente en el mundo del español como lengua extranjera (ELE) para ejemplificar todo lo vertido y poner de manifiesto cuantitativamente cuáles son los principales beneficios y cuáles las mayores carencias en la oferta de formación virtual analizada.
Iniciação científica e formação de professores: um estudo sobre os trabalhos de conclusão de curso de licenciatura em Educação Física da Universidade de Brasília
Authors: Costa Jonatas Maia da , Sousa Jorge Vinícus de , Souza Hadamo Fernandes de , Athayde Pedro Fernando Avalone de
Published: March 2022

Inspirado pelo debate da formação em educação física e diante da necessidade de apresentar parte da realidade do curso de licenciatura da Universidade de Brasília, o artigo teve como objetivo levantar dados acerca dos Trabalhos de Conclusão de Curso (TCC). Procurou-se selecioná-los entre 2016 e 2019, período que abarca a totalidade dos TCC produzidos no curso. Foram encontrados 116 trabalhos, sendo que 55,2% correspondem à temática da educação física escolar. Classificados segundo as categorias da fundamentação, intervenção e diagnóstico/descrição, os trabalhos relacionados à educação física escolar se apresentam desequilibrados, de forma que aproximadamente 70% correspondem a trabalhos de diagnóstico/descrição da realidade. Tal desequilíbrio e o pouco interesse dos estudantes no desenvolvimento por trabalhos de fundamentação teórica e de intervenção pedagógica conflitua com a tradição científica da educação física escolar de forma que tais resultados põe dúvidas sobre os vínculos dos estudantes com o foco de atuação requerido pela licenciatura.
The prevalence and associated risk factors of low back pain in an automotive production company
Authors:   , Raad Tarnia
Published: March 2022

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of low back pain (LBP) in an automotive production company, evaluating the relationship between selected risk factors, type of occupational activity and the prevalence of LBP. Methods : This was a descriptive study at a large automotive production company entailing 200 physical production employees and 200 sedentary employees. Using a cross sectional study design, a retrospective analysis investigated the LBP prevalence, by means of a questionnaire. Individuals reported on demographics, injury location, injury aetiology, injury nature, extent of treatment rendered and time lost from work. Additionally, data was obtained regarding smoking, occupational stress and fitness.Results: A significant difference was found between sedentary and manual employees with regards to age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education and medical aid. Similarly a significant difference between the groups was found for the point prevalence of LBP, current LBP description (sharp, shooting, dull aching, stabbing and catching pain descriptions), past LBP description (catching pain description), sidedness/ location of pain as well as associated features of the current LBP (viz. pins and needles, pain to the knees, numbness, bed rest, absence from work, pain at work and pain on weekends) and associated features of past LBP (viz. pins and needles, pain to the knees, numbness, bed rest, absence from work, pain at work and pain on weekends). There were no noted psychosocial factor that impacted on a difference between the groups, but there was a significant difference between the manual and sedentary employees with regards to absenteeism. Conclusion: A significant rate of LBP was reported amongst both the sedentary (59.6%) and the manual (89%) employees, implying that the costs to the company are relatively high. It is, therefore, suggested that the company looks at a variety of strategies to reduce the burden of LBP in their employees.
The use of echocardiography in predicting left ventricle thrombus in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
Authors:   , Ferreira Dos Santos Claudia Marisa Goncalves
Published: March 2022

Cardiomyopathies and their resultant heart failure (HF) remain a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Wood and Picard, 2004). Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCMO) is a primary myocardial disease of unknown cause, characterized by left ventricular (LV) or biventricular dilatation and impaired myocardial contractility. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMO), along with rheumatic heart disease and hypertension (HPT), is one of the leading causes of HF in Africa. In fact, in an epidemiology study of 884 patients in Soweto, IDCMO was the second major cause of HF. Thirty five percent of patients in the study, with HF, had IDCMO (Sliwa, Damasceno, Mayosi, 2005). Methodology: Patients referred to the cardiomyopathy (CMO) clinic at Chris Hani Baragwanath hospital, situated in the echocardiographic lab, were recruited, provided they satisfied the exclusion and inclusion criteria and were enrolled after obtaining voluntary informed consent. From May 2009 to September 2010, 70 patients with IDCMO were recruited for this trial. Patients with DCMO were identified by means of echocardiographic criteria which included a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 45% and an end diastolic dimension (EDD) of greater than of 52 mm (2D in long parasternal axis). Results: In the present study the prevalence of left ventricular (LV) thrombus in patients with IDCMO was 18.6%. When using Univariate logistic regression, the only independent predictors of LV thrombus formation was LVEF and age. However, when multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to the data, the only predictor with a significant association was age. The reason for this is not clear. It is postulated that perhaps younger patients have differences in the pathophysiology of their disease such as a greater smoldering inflammatory component which may therefore predispose them to thrombus formation. For example the presence of IL-6 may be important in the formation of LV clot in cases of LV dysfunction (Sosin, Bhatia, Davis, Lip, 2003). The association between LVEF and LV thrombus was borderline significant. Conclusion: The prevalence of LV thrombus formation in this cohort of patients with IDCMO was 18.6%. Echocardiographic parameters alone cannot predict which patients are more likely to develop thrombus formation.
Başlangıç Düzeyi Piyano Eğitiminde El Pozisyonlarını Destekleme Amacıyla Geliştirilen Teknolojik Tasarım
Authors: ÇELİK DEMİRAY Pinar , DURAK Yavuz
Published: March 2022

Piyano çalma süreci, çok yönlü alanların bir arada ve bütünlük içerisinde çalışması ile gerçekleşir ve dolayısıyla piyano eğitiminde görsel, işitsel, devinişsel ve zihinsel alanlar koordineli bir şekilde bağlantılı olarak çalışır. Buna bağlı olarak görsel, dokunsal (motor-kinestetik) ve devinişsel alanların açık ve net olarak algılanabilmesi ve düşünmeden doğal bir süreç içerisinde tekniksel kazanımların gerçekleştirilebilmesi için bir tasarım fikri meydana gelmiştir. Tüm bu aşamaların doğru ve sağlam donanımlarla gerçekleştirilmesi için en temel süreç olan piyanoya başlangıç aşamasının teknolojik bir tasarım ile desteklenmesi inancı oluşmuştur. Piyanoda el pozisyonunun öğrenim aşamasında soyut olarak anlatılması ve sadece bireysel olarak gösterilmesi öğrencinin o anlık öğrenimini sağlasa da, bireysel çalışmalarında hissiyat olarak algılama (motor-kinestetik) sürecini desteklemediği için kaybolup gidebilmektedir. Öğrenilen davranışların pekiştirilmesi sürecini destekleyerek, bireysel çalışmalarda öğrencinin öz denetimi oluşana kadar yardımcı bir tasarımın kullanılması, davranışların doğru pekiştirilmesini sağlaması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Bu amaçla, piyano eğitiminde soyut bir süreci somut hale getiren ve eğitimin etkin, hızlı, kolay ve verimli olmasını sağlamak amacıyla piyanoya yardımcı aparatın (PİYAP) tasarlanması planlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda piyano eğitimi başlangıç düzeyi el pozisyonunu destekleme aparatının tasarlanması amaçlanmış ve PİYAP’ı geliştirme süreci tasarım geliştirme araştırması (TGA) kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sürecinde; ilgili literatürün incelenmesi ve ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi, tasarım çerçevesinin oluşturulması, tasarımın çerçevesine yönelik 3 uzman görüşü ile yeniden yapılandırılması ve ön deneme aşamaları tasarım geliştirme araştırmalarından tip 1 kategorisinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sebeple öncelikle tasarlanan PİYAP’ın geliştirilme süreci detaylı olarak açıklanmış, tasarım süreci, PİYAP’ın yapımı, uzman görüşleri ve ön deneme aşamalarına yer verilmiştir.
Servicios de e-gobierno y satisfacción del usuario en una municipalidad
Authors: Díaz Shupingahua Marlith , Pizzán-Tomanguillo Nieves del Pilar , Rosales Bardalez Carlos Daniel , Reátegui Salas José Alfredo , Pizzán-Tomanguillo Sandra Lucero
Published: March 2022

El estudio tiene como propósito general determinar la relación entre los servicios de e-gobierno y la satisfacción del usuario en una municipalidad distrital, San Martín, 2021. Con respecto al aspecto metodológico es de tipo básica y diseño no experimental. La muestra estuvo constituida por 145 usuarios de una municipalidad distrital, el muestreo fue probabilístico, cuyo instrumento aplicado fue el cuestionario. Resultados generales: El nivel de los servicios e-gobierno es medio en un 75% porque los usuarios no cuentan con datos actualizados, el cual afecta la correcta realización de las solicitudes y trámites, los mismos que no son registrados y programados apropiadamente. El nivel de la satisfacción del usuario en una municipalidad distrital, San Martín es medio en un 77%. La relación entre las dimensiones de los servicios de e-gobierno y la satisfacción del usuario en una municipalidad distrital, San Martín es significativo, con una significancia bilateral de 0,000 y un nivel de coeficiente determinante de Rho de Spearman de 0,597; 0,351; 0,457 y 0,509. Conclusión: Los servicios de e-gobierno y la satisfacción del usuario tienen relación significativa, visto que significancia bilateral obtenida de ,000 y un coeficiente de correlación de Rho de Spearman ,701.
How to Achieve a 0.01 ìV/V Deviation on Your 10 Vdc Proficiency Test Without Using a Josephson Array
Authors:   National Instruments, Bennett Gary
Published: March 2022

How to Achieve a 0.01 ìV/V Deviation on Your 10 Vdc Proficiency Test Without Using a Josephson Array. This paper describes the steps the National Instruments Metrology Laboratory took to establish, in a short period of time, a sub ppm uncertainty 10 Vdc reference standard. One and a half years after the purchase of the 10 Vdc Zener references, the Proficiency Test (PT) reported an error of 0.01 ìV/V. The National Instruments Metrology Laboratory bought four 10 Vdc voltage reference standards in order to establish the 10 Vdc reference for the corporation and to enable the in-house artifact calibrations on calibrators. As a new laboratory, we could not benefit from historical data since our references were new. A primary goal of the project was to perform artifact calibrations one year after the purchase of our reference standards. Starting without historical data, the laboratory was able to achieve an error of 0.43 ìV/V on the first PT, just six months after the references were put into service. Why perform a PT after just six months using new voltage references? The drift of the reference standard is specified at 2.0 ìV/V for 12 months. The 10 V reference used for the artifact calibration must have an uncertainty of 1.5 ìV/V or less in order for the calibrator to meet its published specifications. A six month calibration interval for the 10 V reference allowed the uncertainty to be low enough to keep the calibrators within their specifications. This paper covers the program developed by National Instruments and the lessons learned that might help a new laboratory to make their progress quicker and cheaper. The most recent PT result is included, two and a half years after the purchase of the reference standards.
How To Use Risk Evaluation To Develop A Proficiency Testing Participation Plan
Authors:   Taiwan Accreditation Foundation, Cheng Jia-Fen
Published: March 2022

How To Use Risk Evaluation To Develop A Proficiency Testing Participation Plan. In the past, the proficiency testing items and participation frequency were formulated by accreditation bodies, regardless of the scale, customer type, and economic conditions of a laboratory. In 2010, ILAC P9 require the applicant laboratories considering needs and risk level to make their own proficiency testing participation plan , as long as proficiency testing program feasible both logistically and economically. In response to the requirements of ILAC P9, Taiwan Accreditation Foundation (TAF) revised the accreditation criteria document-- Requirements for proficiency testing activities. Submit a PT plan prepared by the laboratory seeking for accreditation is required in this revised document. To facilitate applicants to learn how to make a plan and implement thereafter, a guideline was developed by TAF based on the concept of risk evaluation. This paper will describe how to use qualitative risk analysis methodology to analyze the risk level of the factors affecting correctness/reliability of measurement results. The determining factors include experience, competence and turnover rate of staff, traceability sources, stability of measurement technique, number of tests, and significance and final use of the testing data, as mentioned in EA-4/18.
Biometrology: Measurement Science for Life
Authors:   Corporacion BH, S.C., Benitez Chavez Roberto
Published: March 2022

The 21st General Conference on Weights and Measures, in the 11th resolution, recommends to metrology specialists to work in adequate an international infrastructure to ensure traceability of the biotechnology measurements to the International System of Units (SI). Some countries have been working in some metrological areas, but it is necessary to coordinate that work in a global manner. This paper presents the work of a private calibration laboratory made collecting information in different applications of metrology in biotechnology and recommends establishing the term Biometrology as the measurement science for life.
Multi-Parameter Electrical Inter-Laboratory Comparison: ILC Thoughts, Experiences, and RP-15
Authors:   Oak Ridge Metrology Center, King Leif D.
Published: March 2022

This paper will present and discuss practical and other considerations regarding ILCs in general and complex multi-parameter ILCs with multiple possible methodologies and complexities. The experiences and lessons learned from conducting an ILC for the first time with the added factors of complexity combined with the lack of experience of even participating in an ILC will also be explored. NCSLI RP-15 on ILCs was used as a framework and all discussions will be presented in relation to following and implementing its proposed framework including both the official version of RP-15 at the time as well as the draft revision nearing release.
Inter-Laboratory Comparison Study Using Modular Instrumentation and Lesson Learned
Authors:   National Instruments, Nieves Dimaries
Published: March 2022

An inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) is a key criterion for laboratory accreditation. The ILC process is also an important asset in reliability, measurement assurance, and staff confidence. ILCs are conducted to evaluate reference standards, calibration process, a measurement method, or a combination of these elements. The use of new and emerging technologies in the metrology laboratories is also impacted by ILCs. This paper studies the use of Modular Instrument as standards in an ILC, providing insight into process to establish confidence in their performance in a measurement environment. Modular Instruments have shown strong growth, taking market share in the core of many automated applications. Due a variety of factors, there is growing evidence suggesting that the industry is transitioning into a new phase, an unsettling shift where open system modular architectures become the mainstream choice for automated test. In many applications users have a choice between deploying modular instruments, traditional instruments, or combination of the two. In this context, modular instruments are largely a substitution for their traditional counterparts. Calibrating the measurement components of a modular instrument is just an important as calibration of traditional instruments. Introducing modular instrumentation in the metrology and laboratory accreditation process means that comparisons are needed to demonstrate performance and competence in performing regular measurement services. National Instruments piloted an ILC using modular instrumentation with the goal of evaluating the comparability of the results and the competence of making measurements between the several laboratories. To ensure appropriate of measurement evaluation occurred, results included the verification of the reported measurement uncertainties. During the process valuable lessons were learned for conducting this study. These have included identification of systematic offsets and additional sources of variation in the process. This paper reviews the comparison to date, drawing conclusions from the findings and making proposals for future inter-comparison using Modular Instrumentation.
A Transportable Josephson Voltage Standard
Authors:   University of Alabama - Huntsville SMAP Center, Ball John ,   US Army PD-TMDE
Published: March 2022

The Army has actively participated in the development and application of quantum voltage standards since the US practical Volt was redefined by NIST in terms of the Josephson Effect in 1972. An Army-led collaborative effort resulted in the commercialization of Josephson array technology in the mi-1990s. Today, the Josephson Effect defines the SI representation of the Volt and Josephson-based systems serve as standards in national metrology institutes and primary laboratories throughout the world. An Army effort is currently underway to make quantum voltage metrology systems practical for use outside the primary standards laboratory by making them more robust, simpler to operate, and eliminating the requirement for liquid helium. The first prototype of a more practical quantum voltage standard is currently being tested at the Army Primary Standards Laboratory (APSL) in Alabama. The new voltage standard is compact, transportable, self-contained, and cryogenically-cooled. This paper describes the prototype and the results of performance tests, including indirect comparisons to the Army primary Josephson voltage standard.
Reevaluating the NIST Uncertainties for AC-DC Voltage Transfer Difference
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Lipe Thoma E.
Published: March 2022

Determination of ac-dc difference of thermal voltage converters has traditionally been done by range-to-range scaling techniques, beginning at the voltage level and optimal frequency of the primary standards, and continuing until the parameter space has been completed. Range-to-range scaling propagates uncertainties of the measurement process at each step, so that the uncertainties become larger at values away from the primary standards, with the magnitude determined largely from the number of scaling steps. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), we have recently fabricated multi junction thermal converters with exceptional properties over a large range of voltages and frequencies. Coupled with the use of an ac voltage standard based on quantum effects, we have reevaluated the NIST uncertainty matrix for ac-dc voltage transfer difference, and have made significant reductions in the uncertainties at all voltage and frequency levels.
Mass Calibration with Robotic Mass Comparators
Authors:   Mettler Toledo AG, Kliebenschaedel Mark
Published: March 2022

A robotic mass comparator is very productive, reliable and accurate piece of equipment which is used for the calibration of weights by national institutes, calibration laboratories and weights producers to calibrate all weight classes from the smallest available weight, starting from 0.05mg, up to 20kg. Performance and reliability on the one hand, productivity on the other, are of concern to metrologists. To meet their requirements, many factors have to be considered from the operator side as well as from the manufacturer side. This paper gives an overview of robotic systems, the ideal operation and the relevant factors which have to be taken into consideration.
Investigation on Digital Control Concepts for Dynamic Applications of Electromagnetic Force Compensated Balances
Authors:   TU Ilmenau, Institut fur Prozessmess-und Sensortechnik, Diethold Christian , Weis H. , Gushchina I. , Amthor A. , Hilbrunner F. , Diethold C. , Frohlich T.
Published: March 2022

This paper deals with the optimization of the dynamic performance of electromagnetic force compensated balances by alternative controller concepts. Concerning uncertainty of measurement and achievable resolution, balances based on the principle of electromagnetic force compensation represent the state of the art. Due to the high achievable resolution, the focus of the implementation is not concentrated on static weighing applications any longer, but also shifted towards dynamic purposes. Typical applications would be check-weigher or metering devices in pharmaceutical or food filling plants. There, the demand is not only to obtain the resolution at a high reproducibility, but also to reach a stable and reliable measurement result in a very short time. One possibility to achieve this goal is an optimization of the controller, whereas a PID controller represents the state of the art. For static applications, the PID controller’s performance is fairly good, but due to the limited number of parameters and the basic concept, the optimization potentialities for dynamic applications are restricted. An alternative approach is to realize the controller digitally. The advantage of this approach is, that the controller and filtering concept can be adapted unrestrictedly to the system to be controlled, and that parameters may be adjusted easily and online. With these concepts, the time to achieve a stable measurement signal can be diminished significantly. In this paper we will present detailed investigations on two commercially available Real-time systems (Controller and FPGA-based) for the implementation of digital control and filtering algorithms. The hardware restrictions were evaluated, and based on these results possible software realizations were tested. In accordance with the determined capabilities and limitations, a controller was designed. These first investigations emphasize the capabilities and potential of digital controllers.
Calibration and Specification Considerations When Using Modular Instrumentation
Authors:   Agilent Technologies, Dobbert Michael
Published: March 2022

Calibration and Specification Considerations When Using Modular Instrumentation. Modular instrumentation, such as PXI or AXIe modular instruments, offers significant configuration flexibility, plus interchangeability, speed, and size advantages when it comes to deploying measurement systems. However, the architecture that enables these advantages also presents unique challenges when calibrating modular instruments. Calibration often occurs outside of the use environment. For modular instrumentation, this may mean performing calibration on a module with a different chassis and its related electronics. Additionally, the module’s ambient environmental conditions depend upon chassis fan speed, the use of slot blockers and EMC filler panels and the presence of other modules. The operating software and CPU for modular instruments are contained outside the module in an external computer, which may not travel with the module for calibration. Modular instrumentation may require multiple modules configured together to provide measurement capability. This may require calibration on the set of modules as a system or, a method to relate system level performance to the calibrated performance of individual modules. These issues affect both the calibration and the calibration report and influence how manufacturers may define specifications for modular instrumentation. This paper examines these issues in detail and considers both in situ calibration and calibration performed outside the use environment. Recommended is information to be included on the measurement report that is unique to calibration of modular instrumentation. Addressed are the requirements for assuring the ability to make traceable measurements using calibrated modular instrumentation.
Calibration of Coordinate Measuring Machines Meeting the Requirements of ISO 10360-2:2009 at the Standards and Calibration Laboratory
Authors:   The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Lee Dennis W.K. ,   Standards and Calibration Laboratory, Wong Francis S.Y. , Fung C.K.
Published: March 2022

A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a measuring system, with the means to move a probe system, to determine spatial coordinates on a work piece surface. It is a 3-dimensional measuring device for determining the physical geometrical characteristics of objects. To verify the performance of a CMM, it is essential to carry out acceptance tests and with subsequent periodic checks to it in accordance with ISO 10360-2, which is an international geometrical product specification standard for CMM testing. At Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL), a calibration method, meeting the requirements of the latest edition of ISO 10360-2, is developed using precision step gauges as the reference standards to calibrate CMMs with measurement results traceable to the unit of length (i.e. the metre). Method for estimation of measurement uncertainty is also developed in accordance with the JCGM 100:2008 (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement), ISO/TS 15530-1:2011 and ISO/TS 15530-3:2011 (Guidelines for the Evaluation of CMM Test Uncertainty).Learning Objectives: To develop methods for CMM calibration meeting ISO 10360-2:2009 and uncertainty evaluation in accordance with JCGM 100:2008.
An Overview of the NCSLI 151 Healthcare Metrology Committee
Authors:   Blue Mountain Quality Resources, McNeely Marcus
Published: March 2022

The 151 Healthcare Metrology Committee currently has a membership of 185 Healthcare Metrology professionals worldwide and is one of the most active Committees in NCSLI. While this achievement is significant, we continue in further outreach to a large group of Pharmaceutical, Biotech and Medical Device Metrology professionals that are not yet aware of the benefits of participation in the 151 Committee. This paper details the committee background, purpose and activities to new Healthcare Metrology professionals and industry providers, and to new NCSLI members. All are welcome to attend and participate.
Introduction to Agile and Testing Best Practices for Distributed Software Teams with Hardware Dependencies
Authors:   National Instruments, Kunitz Logan
Published: March 2022

There is no shortage of literature on how to use Agile and Scrum to speed up software development and deploy working code more frequently, however many of the concepts presented these days are geared toward pure software solutions, that are often web-based, where testing can be fully automated. This paper will address using Scrum and Agile software development practices in solutions that have hardware and/or regulatory dependencies, and a distributed development team. The hardware and regulatory dependencies, and distributed development team, can complicate the use of these development practices and limit the frequency of deploying working code due to the time consuming testing that is often involved • sometimes delaying a release for months. This is very different than with some pure software solutions, developed locally, that strive to be able to deploy working software “continuously” through the use of automated testing. This paper will attempt to reconcile the issues around using Agile and Scrum for developing HW and regulatory dependent software solutions that are not fully addressed in many agile / scrum literature and presentations. We’ll start by revisiting the core principles around agile / scrum development, and testing best practices. Then, we’ll look at examples from our own development processes at National Instruments, where we’ve adopted an agile process for the development of our software application that is used to automate the calibration of NI’s many hardware products, for both our internal service laboratory and 3rd party metrology laboratories. This application presents a number of challenges that should resonate for any software group that has a large number of hardware dependencies or regulatory requirements on their applications. For example, the broad portfolio of NI products and instrument standards that this application supports, makes regression testing for large changes an extremely time consuming task. Finally, we will address some of the challenges with using scrum with a global team, as we have developers split between Austin, TX and Hungary.
A Simple Approach to LEAN in the Laboratory?
Authors:   Duke Energy, Williams Dean S.
Published: March 2022

Whether a commercial calibration laboratory or an in-house corporate laboratory, and whether we like it or not, the realities of today's economy demand we embrace continuous improvement efforts. But how do you go about it? Where do you start? And where do you find the time, resources, budget and most importantly the corporate backing to undertake a comprehensive process improvement program? The author describes his Lab's journey through the continuous process improvement maze, why LEAN became the next logical step for the Duke Energy Lab, and why you don't need to have a black belt in LEAN-SIX SIGMA to get started. The author provides a simple primer on the background and principles of LEAN. The seemingly complex collection of Japanese words and ideas will be demystified and the difference between words like Muda, Mura, and Muri, or Kanban, Kaizen, and Kaikaku will be explained in plain English. Value Stream Mapping and how it can help you spot areas for improvement will be described, and why the concept of Pull is so important to reducing inventory and turn-times. The author then details a few of the specific LEAN initiatives that were designed and implemented at the Duke Energy Standards Lab, showing how these initiatives reduced waste, improved effectiveness of the overall operation, and provided the customer with a higher level of service with no additional man-power resources and little out of pocket costs. Finally the author provides some resources and helpful hints for implementing LEAN in a simple and effective way.
Updated Evaluation of Calibration Test Point Selection for Fluke 57XX products
Authors:   Fluke Calibration, Gust Jeff , Haynes Steven , Britz Bill , Lemon Randy , Faulkner Neil , Tarolli Greg
Published: March 2022

The first Fluke 5700 series calibrator was manufactured in the late 1980’s. The metrology and associated test point selection for calibrating the product was rigorous by any standards, then or now. However, the calibration procedure that has been in place essentially since its initial release pre-dates significant advances in hardware, such as the Fluke Calibration 792A and 5790A, as well as ISO 17025, and the popularization of voluntary calibration laboratory accreditation. Fluke Calibration has re-visited the selection of test points in the calibration procedure to ensure that the result of any 5700 series calibrator would clearly demonstrate that all specifications have been verified, and that traceability for all functions is ensured. This was accomplished by an event that brought together representatives from Design Engineering, Test Engineering, Service Engineering, Service Metrology and Corporate Metrology. The group evaluated each specification, considered the internal architecture of the product, and reviewed and improved upon the test points. This paper presents the test points for the 5700 series calibrators and the technical information as to why they were chosen.
Industrial Metrology Engineering: educational strategy to fulfill the needs of the industry and the society
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica de Santa Rosa Jáuregui (UPSRJ), Mercader-Trejo Flora , Narvaez Hernandez Luz Elena , Lopez Granada Maria Guadalupe ,   Universidad Politecnica de Santa Rosa Jauregui, Herrera Basurto Raul ,   Universidad de Cordoba
Published: March 2022

Nowadays, modern industry that designs and maintains controlled production processes necessarily involves measurements in their decision making. Metrology, the science of measurement, is present in every aspect of our daily life. In fact, we live with metrology and do not often easily recognize its presence and importance. While technology advances, the presence of Metrology is essential for assistance and support. Metrology would be unfeasible without the existence of qualified personnel in the field of measurements. Metrology education is a key factor for the development of science and technology in any country. Aware of the needs on professional training in the field of metrology, the Polytechnic University at Santa Rosa Jáuregui (UTSRJ), a public university located in the state of Queretaro in Mexico, conducted a survey on the relevance of opening a new educational program. This new program will contribute to the industrial, scientific, technological and social development of the state of Queretaro targeted to impact the rest of the country as well. This study detected the need for trained professionals in the field of metrology, productivity and quality. With the support of representatives from the academic, industrial, research and service sectors, the curriculum design of the Industrial Metrology Engineering was carried out. This new undergraduate program is an innovative and cutting edge educational option designed to satisfy the industrial and social needs which were identified.