bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Aminoanthraquinone Compounds V—Photochemistry of N‐Methyl Derivatives in Solution
Authors: EGERTON G. S. , ASSAAD N. E. N. , UFFINDELL N. D.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the action of near‐ultraviolet and visible radiation on anaerobic solutions of 1‐methylaminoanthraquinone and 1,4‐bismethylaminoanthraquinone in different organic solvents. Fading in hydrogen‐containing solvents occurs by reduction, but substantial fading is also observed in carbon tetrachloride solution.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Hair Dyes
Authors: CORBETT J. F.
Published: July 2010

Current trends and research in the synthesis of ‘direct’ dyes and the in‐fibre synthesis of colouring matters for human hair are discussed.
Mechanisation in the Laboratory
Authors: BURDETT B. C. , STRAW W. A.
Published: July 2010

Laboratory work is discussed in which either part or almost complete automation offers advantages in reproducibility, accuracy or speed over manual methods. The topics covered are volumetric analysis, including electrometric methods, non‐aqueous titrimetry and spectrophotometry, including flow‐analysis and atomic‐absorption techniques.
Some Observations on the Relation between Dyeing Properties and Fibre Structure
Authors: McGREGOR R. , PETERS R. H.
Published: July 2010

The processes by which dye is transferred from the liquor to the fibre are discussed briefly. Dyes and fibres are complex in structure and most dyeing systems are multicomponent; thus any attempt to correlate the chemical structure of a fibre and the chemical structure of the dyes that are used to dye it will probably have limited success. A simplified classification of some dyeing systems is given. In general, dye‐fibre systems may be divided into non‐ionic and ionic systems, the latter being subdivided into ionic systems with like and those with unlike charges. These systems are discussed. Structural features of the fibre that may influence the equilibrium sorption of dye are given and the effects of fibre structure on the kinetics of dyeing are considered. The dye‐fibre system is analysed. There is no ‘theory of dyeing’ that can adequately describe practical behaviour.
Mechanism of Reaction of Proteins with Reactive Dyes:I‐Literature Survey
Authors: SHORE J.
Published: July 2010

The chemistry of reactive dyes and wool keratin is described briefly. Published investigations of the mechanisms of dyeing of wool and other protein fibres with reactive dyes are discussed and compared.
The Chemistry of Chrome Mordanting of Wool
Authors: Hartley F. R.
Published: July 2010

The chemistry of chrome mordanting is discussed under the headings: reaction of wool with chromium(VI) anions; reaction of wool with chromium(III) cations; reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(IlI); interaction between chromium(Vl) and dye; interaction between chromium(III) and dye; and interaction between chromium(III), dye and wool.
New Crosslink in Wool Treated with 2‐Aminothioethanol
Authors: Asquith R. S. , Puri A. K.
Published: July 2010

A new crosslink has been postulated, and a product expected from this has been identified in an acid hydrolysate of wool which had been treated with 2‐aminothioethanol and subsequently oxidised with performic acid. The structure of this product—2,3‐diamino‐N3‐(ethanesulphonyl)propionic acid—has been confirmed by synthesis.
An Introduction to Computers
Authors: Hollingworth J.
Published: July 2010

The paper serves to introduce the non‐specialist to computers. The basic operational requirements of electronic digital computers are dealt with, including methods of effecting input, output, storage, control and arithmetic. Flow charts, the computer program and programming languages are also explained. Electronic analogue computing systems are described and compared with the digital system. A short account of how these machines and associated equipment are being utilised in the dyeing industry is given.
Evaluation of a New Fading Lamp for Light‐fastness Assessment
Authors: Park J. , DAVIS Miss W. S.
Published: July 2010

The results of a comparison of light‐fastness testing using Microscal equipment and normal light sources are discussed. The new apparatus is satisfactory for determining the light fastness of dyes on wool and nylon and, despite some anomalous results obtained with other fibres, may be of great use as a cheap and easy means of light‐fastness testing.
II ‐ Determination of Solubility and Solution Enthalpies of C.I. Disperse Yellow 1
Authors: GHANEKAR A. S. , JONES F.
Published: July 2010

The temperature at which solution is just complete for a known concentration of C.I. Disperse Yellow I dispersion in the presence of a surface active agent was measured using a hot‐stage microscope. cell. A range of solubilities and temperatures were then obtained by varying the dye and surface active agent concentrations of the dispersions. It was found that derived values of solution enthalpies decreased with increasing concentration of dispersing agent.
The Provision, Storage and handling of Dyes in Dyeing and Finishing Plants
Authors: HOLME I.
Published: July 2010

The important factors to be considered in the provision, storage and handling of dyes and chemicals are discussed and related to their contribution to the efficient use of production resources in modern dyeing and finishing plants. The conditions necessary for optimum storage of materials in the dye‐store are outlined and the advantages and limitations of bulk storage systems and methods of stock control are briefly summarized. Dispensing methods for dyes and chemicals in the colour kitchen are briefly reviewed in the light of recent developments and related to improvements in process and quality control. In addition, some general views on health and safety and on the selection and training of operatives for colour kitchens are presented.
An Evaluation of the AATCC Light–fastness Reference Fabric
Authors: Vaeck S. V.
Published: July 2010

The purple reference fabric (LRF‐1) proposed by the AA TCC for the calibration of fading lamps together with the ISO Blue Wool Light–fastness Standards 1–5 and the AA TCC Blue Wool Light–fastness Standards L2–L5 were exposed in the Xenotest 150 under different effective humidity conditions, as well as in daylight.

It is concluded that, for use in calibrating fading lamps, the LRF–1 fabric shows no advantages over the Blue Wool Standards. On the contrary, its very high heat–sensitivity is a serious defect.

As a light–fastness standard it is use/ess, in view of its low fastness to light.
Synthesis and Properties of Amide Derivatives of 4‐N, N‐Dialkylaminoazobenzenes
Authors: Szadowski J , Wojciechowski K , Malinowski W
Published: July 2010

Several disperse dyes, derivatives of 4‐N, N‐dialkylaminoazobenzene having acetylamino, carbamyl, phthalimide or naphthalimide substituents have been prepared. Their spectral properties and reaction to heat were determined, and their usefulness was evaluated in terms of the sublimation fastness. It was found that the dyes containing a benzamide system with an unsubstituted NH group, similar to that in phthalimide and naphthalimide derivatives, show a high sublimation fastness due to their ability to associate.
Economy and Effectiveness of Post‐bleaching Reactive Dyeings
Authors: Gomes J I N Rocha , Almeida G M Vasconcelos
Published: July 2010

The reduction in cost obtained by the alteration of the sequence of operations in wet processing, namely when bleaching is carried out after dyeing with reactive dyes instead of before, has been determined. The contribution to the reduction in cost by post‐bleaching fabrics in a jig, as compared with the classical processing sequence involving bleaching in yarn form in a package dyeing machine has been included in the calculation. The effect of post‐bleaching conditions on different reactive dyes has been assessed, and it has been found to be possible to choose a wide range of dyes that resist these conditions. The dyeings were observed to be brighter and the undyed yarn was of satisfactory whiteness.
Prevention of risks in the use and handling of colorants
Authors: Anliker R , Steinle D
Published: July 2010

The various measures for reducing health risk in the use and handling of organic colorants (dyestuffs and organic pigments) are outlined. To this end, the necessary analysis of exposure and hazard potential in determining the risk level is discussed. Of prime importance is the need for clear information on the safety‐related properties of the colorants and the measures to be taken for lowering exposure. If all these elements are seriously considered then the technical use of colorants and the handling involved are possible without any danger to health.
Absorption of betaines by wool and its effect on dyeing
Authors: Riva A , Cegarra J
Published: July 2010

This paper reports a study of betaine absorption by wool, the main parameters affecting it and its influence on dyeing with acid dyes. An attempt to establish the types of interaction between fibre, betaine and dye is discussed. The influence of pretreatment with various betaines on the dye distribution (whether the dye is superficially deposited or has diffused into the fibre) throughout the whole dyeing process is also studied.
Vapour pressures and heats of sublimation of some azo disperse dyes
Authors: Nishida K , Ando Y , Ohwada K , Mori T , Koide M , Koukitsu A
Published: July 2010

The vapour pressures, latent heats of sublimation and associated entropy changes of some azo disperse dyes have been determined by the transpiration method. The compounds have been found to have vapour pressures of 0.00132–0.00315 torr over the temperature range 191.5–211.0°C. The heats of sublimation are discussed in term of molecular structure.
Reactive dyes for cellulose. The reaction of alkoxychlorotriazinyl dyes with hydroxide ion
Authors: Taylor J A , Renfrew A H M , Lovis J N
Published: July 2010

A Series of model alkoxychlorotriazinyl reactive dyes has been synthesised. Each compound, in turn, has been hydrolysed in dilute sodium carbonate solution and product ratios and rates of reaction determined. It has been found that the nature of the alkoxy group significantly influences the course and rate of the reaction.
Synthetic fibres in the dyehouse — the manufacturers' role
Authors: Taylor J M , Mears P
Published: July 2010

This paper briefly outlines two recent examples of how Courtaulds' research programmes have led to fibre innovations designed to assist the dyer in his trade. Tencel is the world's first commercially available solvent‐spun cellulose fibre, possessing extremely good dyeing characteristics. The yield of reactive dyes is exceptional, particularly in printing, where causticisation or mercerisation is no longer necessary to improve dye yields as with conventional viscose or cotton. Xtol is a new diacetate fibre. Its ability to be processed at higher temperatures than conventional diacetate without delustring brings improved fastness and higher dye yields.
Accuracy of metameric indices in relation to visual assessments
Authors: Badcock Tracey
Published: July 2010

Metamerism is one of the most fundamental perceptual phenomena of the visual system and has been extensively studied. It can be visualised in terms of two pieces of fabric, a standard and a batch, that match under one type of light, e.g. daylight, but fail to match under another, e.g. tungsten light. This project looks at the agreement between observers on the colour difference of metameric pairs and how the metameric indices for these pairs relates to the visual assessments. Twelve sample metameric pairs were prepared using computer dye recipe prediction and were assessed visually by two methods, one with adaption of the eye to the light source under which the sample was being matched and the second without adaption. There was a low degree of agreement amongst the observers. Poor correlation was observed between the metameric indices, based on both the colour difference and the difference in reflectance curves. and the observer assessments.
Liposomes in wool dyeing — the stability of dye‐liposome systems and their application to untreated wool fibres
Authors: de la Maza A , Parra J L , Manich A , Coderch L
Published: July 2010

The use of two different types of liposome suspensions (multilamellar vesicles, MLV, and large unilamellar vesicles, LUV) as carriers in the commercial dyeing of untreated wool with a milling acid dye is described. Liposomes prepared with egg phosphatidylcholine and containing the dye CI Acid Blue 90 were used. The physico‐chemical stability of liposomes was studied by measuring the mean particle size distribution of phospholipidic vesicles during dyeing. The possible hydrolysis of phospholipid molecules was also determined. Kinetic aspects involving dye adsorption and bonding were investigated. Dye exhaustion on untreated wool fibres was inhibited and dye bonding was improved. The lipid concentration and type of liposomes were important factors in this process.
Analysis of dyes by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Croft Stephen N , Hinks David
Published: July 2010

Capillary electrophoresis has been used for the separation and analysis of a number of dyes and some related intermediates. Unprecedented high‐resolution separations were achieved using this new technique. Methods are described for the analysis of some basic, reactive and acid dyes, and the potential for separating disperse dyes and pigments is discussed. A method for the analysis of inorganic anions is also demonstrated. Other benefits of this novel technique include extremely low running costs, simple operation and method development, and excellent reproducibility. Capillary electrophoresis is a useful technique for the dye‐manufacturing and dye‐using industries.
The thin layer chromatography of vat dyes
Authors: Bide M J , Choi H
Published: July 2010

The identification and separation of vat dyes by thin layer chromatography has been investigated with reducing and non‐reducing systems. The results showed that the chromatograms on silica gel plates obtained by non‐reducing systems at 100 or 120°C were fast, reproducible and easy to control. Nine non‐reducing eluents were developed, producing good migration and resolution of 21 vat dyes. Analyses of the chromatograms revealed that the Rf, values varied with the temperature of the system, the chemical structure of the vat dyes and the nature of adsorbent, as well as with the eluents used. The effects of molecular masses of the vat dyes on the Rf values were less significant. Despite the successful use of a novel reducing agent for vat dyes, the chromatography of reduced dye was largely unsatisfactory. The use of reversed‐phase t.l.c. plates was examined and showed little benefit.
Afterchrome dyeing of wool. Part B — characterisation of chromium‐treated wool by secondary particle mass spectrometry
Authors: Goschnick J , Lipp M , Ache H J , Thomas H , Kaufmann R , Peters R , Höcker H
Published: July 2010

Secondary particle mass spectrometry has been used for the first time to determine the oxidation state and depth distribution of chromium on and in wool fibres. Wool tops were dyed with 4% o.w.f. CI Mordant Black 11 and aftertreated with 1% o.w.f. potassium dichromate, and wool samples treated in a blank dyebath aftertreated with 6% o.w.f. potassium dichromate were analysed. It could be shown that the absolute concentration of chromium in a surface layer 50 nm thick became enriched with chromium by a factor of two, compared with the bulk fibre. Chromium in the hexavalent oxidation state was found to be mainly present in the outermost part of the fibres, while trivalent chromium was dominant inside the fibres.
Securing the future for nylon
Authors: Jacques Les
Published: July 2010

Since its introduction over 50 years ago, nylon has proved a highly useful fibre in the clothing industry. In this article, Les Jacques looks at developments which have been made in nylon fibres to ensure its continuing importance in the industry.
Retardation of vat dye uptake on cotton by phosphonates
Authors: Riad Y , El‐Nahas H M
Published: July 2010

Cotton dyeing with Cibanone Brilliant Yellow GMD was found to be considerably retarded by the presence of phosphonates. The extent of retardation was proportional to the number of phosphonic acid groups present in the molecule of the phosphonate.
New possibilities to improve cellulosic fibre dyeing processes with fibre‐reactive systems
Authors: Lewis D M
Published: July 2010

Methods developed during recent years to improve the dyeing of cellulosic fibres with reactive dyes are reviewed. One of the most productive areas of research has been the modification of the fibres themselves by making them reactive. Methods of conferring reactivity on the fibres are described, which also offer the potential for producing cleaner dyehouse effluent.
Finishing techniques for woollen and worsted fabrics
Authors: Parker Bill
Published: July 2010

The basic principles of finishing both woollen and worsted fabrics have changed very little in 50 years, but the speed and control of many processes have changed beyond recognition in many cases. In this article, Bill Parker looks at the techniques in use today.
Right‐first‐timendashthe role of automatic dispensing in the dyehouse
Authors: Larkins Trevor
Published: July 2010

Adding dyes and chemicals accurately to the dyebath is critical in making dyeing right‐first‐time. Trevor Larkins looks at how automatic dispensing can help.
Young Colourist of the Year
Authors: Houlton Sarah
Published: July 2010

The Young Colourist of the Year competition, run by the SDC and Beacon Controls, was won recently by Catherine Whitehouse of the Standish Company. Sarah Houlton talked to Catherine and her bosses, and found out what she does and what impressed the judges so much.
A study of some monoazo dyes containing the 1H‐benzotriazole nucleus
Authors: Daud Jamil , Saxena S B
Published: July 2010

Dyes containing the benzotriazole nucleus with various groups imparting a chelating property to the dye molecules have been synthesised. The dyes showed interesting properties for application to cotton and polyester.
Dyeing machine control using in‐line colour measurement Part 2: On‐line control of dye exhaustion rate
Authors: Gilchrist Alison , Nobbs James H
Published: July 2010

Part 1 of this paper reported a novel method of dyebath analysis, based on an in‐line analysis cell with links to a computer‐based match prediction system that included compensation for changes in dyebath temperature. We now describe the cell's use in feedback control of the rate of uptake of dye from the dyebath by controlling the dyebath temperature in conventional (all‐in) and continuous‐addition dyeing. For all‐in dyeing, a high level of control was achieved, allowing experimental verification of the theoretical result that a quadratic exhaustion profile gives the best levelness. When dye was added continuously, a linear exhaustion profile proved to be the most robust and gave the best levelness with either linear or exponential addition of dye.
Urinary catheter stent placement for treatment of cervical stenosis
Authors: TAN Yasmin , BENNETT Michael J.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Cervical stenosis is an uncommon condition that may result in significant distress in premenopausal women. Those affected may present with amenorrhoea and associated cyclical, monthly pain, infertility and haematotrachelos/haematometra.

Aim:  To describe a safe, easy and effective treatment method for cervical stenosis.

Methods:  The cervical canal is identified and dilated under ultrasound guidance. A urinary catheter stent is then placed in the cervical canal for two weeks.

Results:  Of the five patients who underwent treatment for cervical stenosis, all had normal menstrual cycles restored. Four of these patients successfully became pregnant after treatment. Three of the four patients progressed to uncomplicated births at term (gestation). The fourth patient underwent a termination of pregnancy in the second trimester for a fetal abnormality.

Conclusions:  Cervical dilatation under ultrasound guidance with temporary urinary catheter stent placement appears to be both effective and safe in the treatment of cervical stenosis. Pregnancy outcomes after treatment were optimal in our case series.
Modeling Human Epilepsies in Mice
Authors: Noebels Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2010

Summary: Two categories of mouse models of human epilepsy are now contributing to the experimental analysis of inherited seizure disorders. The first type includes homologous genetic models arrived at in the classic way; the genes from human inherited epilepsy syndromes are cloned, and mice are recreated with functionally identical mutations. The second category involves the reverse strategy: mutating single genes in mice and determining whether the newly created nervous system develops epilepsy. These “gene‐forward” models define specific candidate genes that can then be tested for possible involvement in human epilepsies. Spontaneous mutation of genes in mice and other species is also a source for candidate genes. As each of these genes and their physiologic functions is defined, the focus can shift to (a) fully characterizing the clinical epilepsy phenotype, (b) tracing the steps in the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder, and (c) pinpointing molecular targets for early intervention. Along with providing a unique opportunity to understand the mechanisms of inherited epileptogenesis, the mouse models serve as ideal biological test systems to search for novel therapeutic strategies.
Progress in the Genetics of the Partial Epilepsies
Authors: Ottman Ruth
Published: July 2010

Summary: The importance of genetic contributions to the partial epilepsies is now well established. Evidence for this genetic contribution has come from familial aggregation studies, twin studies, positional cloning of specific genes that raise risk, and clinical descriptions of families. Familial aggregation studies are consistent in showing an increased risk of epilepsy in the relatives of patients with partial epilepsies that occur in the absence of environmental insults to the central nervous system. Susceptibility genes have been localized in five syndromes: autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (20q, 1q, and 15q), autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features (10q), familial partial epilepsy with variable foci (22q), benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (15q), and benign familial infantile convulsions (19q). In nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, the genes on chromosome 20q and 1q have been identified as subunits of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Depression and Mania in Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Schmitz Bettina
Published: July 2010

Summary:  Depression has a major impact on quality of life in patients with epilepsy and is also the main risk factor for the increased suicide rate in epilepsy. The frequency of depressive disorders depends on the severity of epilepsy and the localization of the epileptogenic focus, with a prevalence of ≤50% in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. The diagnosis of depression in epilepsy may be difficult because symptoms of depression may be fluctuating, and some symptoms, such as memory complaints, may be misinterpreted as being a consequence of drug treatment or the epilepsy per se. Affective disorders in epilepsy may differ from those seen in patients without epilepsy. A possibility exists that patients with epilepsy will develop a specific interictal dysphoric syndrome related to limbic system dysfunction. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest a bidirectional relation between depression and epilepsy. Depression does not necessarily occur after the onset of epilepsy; the sequence may as well be the other way round, suggesting a common underlying mechanism for both disorders. Classic bipolar disorder type I is rarely seen in epilepsy, and manic episodes occur almost exclusively in the setting of postictal psychosis or after epilepsy surgery. This article explores the clinical manifestations of depressive and manic disorders in epilepsy and the differences from bipolar disorder.
Special considerations for a first seizure in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Camfield Peter , Camfield Carol
Published: July 2010

Summary

Children with a first unprovoked seizure almost always present with a convulsive seizure. The differential diagnosis includes many paroxysmal events, especially convulsive syncope but even with a good history; there is often uncertainty that cannot be eliminated by investigations. In general, an EEG and MRI are indicated with other investigations determined on a case‐by‐case basis. Epilepsy syndrome identification may be very valuable. Current literature allows at least partial answers to parents' six most common questions: Will it happen again? How long do I have to wait for a recurrence? Could my child die during a recurrence? Could there be brain damage with a recurrence? If medication treatment is delayed will there be any long‐term change in the chance of a permanent remission? Now that my child has had a seizure, how should his/her activities be restricted?
Vaccination of mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Fusobacterium nucleatum modulates the inflammatory response, but fails to prevent experimental periodontitis*
Authors: Polak David , Wilensky Asaf , Shapira Lior , Weiss Ervin I. , Houri‐Haddad Yael
Published: July 2010

Polak D, Wilensky A, Shapira L, Weiss EI, Houri‐Haddad Y. Vaccination of mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Fusobacterium nucleatum modulates the inflammatory response, but fails to prevent experimental periodontitis. J Clin Peridontol 2010; 37: 812–817. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.001598.x.

Aim: To assess the potential of using vaccination with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Fusobacterium nucleatum, in modulating local subcutaneous inflammatory response and alveolar bone loss following coinfection with both bacteria.

Materials and Methods: Mice were immunized against either P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum. The cytokine response to mixed infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was evaluated using the subcutaneous chamber model. The alveolar bone loss induced by oral mixed infection was evaluated by micro‐CT using the experimental periodontitis model. Serum levels of specific antibodies were determined by ELISA.

Results: Vaccination with either bacterium produced a specific humoral response before infection. Animals immunized against either bacteria following a mixed infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, showed decreased TNFα (but not IL‐1β) levels as compared with non‐immunized animals. However, the vaccination did not change the level of mixed infection‐induced alveolar bone loss when compared with non‐immunized animals. Six weeks following the oral mixed infection, specific antibody titres remained high. Furthermore, specific antibodies against the non‐immunized bacterium were present at high levels.

Conclusions: While vaccination produced specific antibodies and suppressed the inflammatory response, it failed to prevent or reduce the progression of experimental periodontitis induced by mixed infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum.
The Effects of Guanethidine, Pre‐ and Postganglionic Nerve Division on the Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion: Cholinesterases and Catecholamines (Histochemistry), and Histology
Authors: Jensen‐Holm Jens , Juul Per
Published: July 2010

Guanethidine administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 20 mg/kg for 5 to 14 days induced a considerable reduction of histochemically demonstrable specific and non‐specific cholinesterases. The loss initially involved the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells, but following prolonged administration there was a complete loss which also involved the nerve fibres. After guanethidine 1–25 mg/kg an increasing degree of chromatolysis of the sympathetic ganglion cells was observed accompanied by infiltration of small cells. The increased number of small cells caused an increase in ganglionic size of approximately 50 % (guanethidine 20 mg/kg for 14 days). The increased number of small cells mainly consisted of small lymphocyte — like cells, some of which showed pyroninophilia, and of macrophages. Mitoses were not observed, and the number of Schwann cells appeared unchanged. The possibility of an immunological process is discussed. The changes appeared to be specific, as only sympathetic ganglion cells were involved. These changes were partly reversible, though a number of ganglion cells had undergone complete degeneration. The ganglionic noradrenaline was partially depleted by guanethidine. The alterations induced by guanethidine resembled those resulting from postganglionic axotomy, but they developed independently of previously performed pre‐ or postganglionic nerve division. It is suggested that guanethidine has a direct effect on the ganglion cells.
Percutaneous Absorption of Boric Acid from Boron‐Containing Preparations in Rats
Authors: Nielsen Gyda H.
Published: July 2010

An aqueous jelly and two oleaginous ointments containing less than 3% boric acid w/v, were applied on the skin of anaesthetized rats. When application was made on the intact skin of the dorsal surface (about 28 cm2) determination of boric acid concentrations in the urine 8 hours later showed no or slight increases above the normal level. When the skin was damaged the ointments caused increased excretion up to 4–8 times that of the excretion found in control animals, while the jelly caused a 34 times increase. When an enclosed skin area of 4.3 cm2 was damaged and treated, and simultaneous recording of boric acid recovery in both the urine and applied preparations (jelly and one ointment) was made 5 hours later, about 98 % boric acid still remained in the ointment, but only 25% in the jelly. The recoveries in the urine were 1% and 25% respectively, indicating slight absorption and rapid excretion in the case of the oleaginous ointment, and high absorption with inadequate excretion when the aqueous jelly was applied.
The Adrenergic Receptors in Isolated Rabbit Stomach Muscle
Authors: Haffner J. F. W.
Published: July 2010

The effects of stimulation of the adrenergic α‐ and β‐receptors in muscle from the antrum and fundus of the rabbit stomach have been studied. The muscular activity was markedly different in preparations from the two parts. In the muscle from the antrum rhythmic contractions generally occurred, while alterations in the tone were small and infrequent. In the muscle from the fundus, rhythmic contractions were rarely seen, but considerable variations in tone occurred in response to drugs. β‐receptor stimulation invariably gave inhibitory effects, but the effect of α‐receptor stimulation in longitudinal and circular antrum strips, and in longitudinal fundus strips, depended on the existing muscular activity when the drug was added, high activity favouring inhibitory effects and low activity favouring excitatory effects. In a few antrum strips low concentrations of α‐adrenergic agents increased the frequency of the rhythmic contractions while higher concentrations inhibited them. In circular strips from the fundus α‐receptor stimulation gave only excitatory responses. The effect of the adrenergic agents were apparently due to a direct influence on the muscle, as the quality of the responses was unaffected by pretreatment with atropine, hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin, by the presence or absence of mucosa, or by cold storage for 24 hours.
Further Studies on Interfering Peaks in Gas Chromatographic Exclusion Screening of Direct Chloroform Extracts of Blood*
Authors: Niyogi S. K. , Rieders F.
Published: July 2010

The capacity of 9 biochemicals to interfere with gas chromatographic exclusion screening analyses for volatile agents encountered in forensic blood samples was studied. The chloroform extractabilities and gas chromatographic retentions on OV‐17 (at 160° column temperature) of 9 biochemicals were examined. On direct chloroform extracts of blood, gas chromatographic peaks were obtained with indole, 2‐phenylethylamine and β‐hydroxybutyric acid. No gas chromatographic peaks were obtained with glycine, cholesterol, cortisol, urea, tyramine and stearic acid. The retention distance of these three biochemicals interfered with the retention distance of the volatile drugs i. e. methyl salicylate, terpin hydrate, phenyl salicylate, amphetamine, acetanilide, and carbromal.
The Effects of Acetaldehyde on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of the Isolated Heart from Normal and Disulfiram‐treated Guinea‐pigs
Authors: Møller Svend E.
Published: July 2010

Disulfiram exerts a depressant action on the contractile mechanism of the heart. Concentrations of acetaldehyde up to 2–3 mg % increase the rate of work of the heart by about 50 %, followed by a decrease of the QT‐interval and the TP‐segment and a diminution of the T‐wave. Concentrations of acetaldehyde of about 3–4 mg % cause a depression in the contraction of disulfiram treated hearts while the control hearts are not influenced. The depression is not followed by any further alterations in the ECG. Concentrations of acetaldehyde from about 30 mg % depress the contraction and heart rate in normal hearts and in disulfiram treated hearts and induce atrioventricular block.
Mechanical and Electrophysiological Effects of Some Local Anaesthetic Agents and Their Isomers on the Rat Portal Vein
Authors: Åberg G. , Wahlström B.
Published: July 2010

Mechanical and electrophysiological effects of the DL, L and D‐forms of mepivacaine and bupivacaine and of the optically inactive compound tetracaine have been studied on the isolated rat portal vein. After the addition of the local anaesthetics to vessels in normal Krebs solution there was an initially increased spike activity accompanied by increased mechanical activity. L(+)‐mepivacaine was more potent than D(‐)‐mepivacaine in increasing the tension, but there was no significant difference between L(‐)‐and D(+)‐bupivacaine. After the initial contractile phase the tension decreased and disappeared despite continous spike activity. The relaxation appeared and proceeded faster with high than with low concentrations of local anaesthetics; the relaxations also proceeded faster in experiments with D(‐)‐mepivacaine than with L(+)‐mepivacaine. At a later stage the spike discharge was also blocked. In muscles that were contracted with K+ or noradrenaline the local anaesthetics caused a relaxation. D(‐)‐mepivacaine was more potent than L(+)‐mepivacaine, but there was still no difference between L(‐)‐ and D(+)‐bupivacaine.
Investigation of Protein Fractions and Haemolytic Properties of Wasp Venom
Authors: Fischl J. , Ishay J. , Goldberg S. , Gitter S.
Published: July 2010

The protein fractions of two wasp species ‐ Vespa orientalis and Paravespula germanica ‐ were separated by membrane electrophoresis and the relative concentrations estimated by microdensitometry. Most protein fractions found in the first specimen were basic proteins while in the second, considerable amounts of protein fractions migrated towards the anode. However, the main fraction in the second was also electro‐positive. It was similar to the main component found in Vespa orientalis venom with regard to electrophoretic migration coefficient. The total protein concentration in both kinds of samples were so arranged as to be 500 mg %. The number of fractions detectable was six to seven respectively and differed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Venom obtained by homogenizing the whole venom sac of the insect was also found to be different from the pure venom obtained by the “milking” method and in the following an attempt has been made to explain this difference. The venom possesses a marked haemolytic activity and the haemolytic fractions have also been separated electrophoretically. They are not removed from the venom by dialysis and therefore are either considered to be proteins or to be attached to the proteins. In any case they are high molecular weight substances and thus different from bee venom, which is dialysable. Four haemolytic fractions were found in Vespa orientalis venom and their electrophoretic migration is different when the test material is obtained by the “milking” method or by homogenisates of the sac. The haemolytic activity of the pure venom and of the venom extracts were assayed by a method developed by the present authors and are given in detail in the text.
α‐Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation with Phenylephrine in Rabbit Fundus Muscle Exposed to Carbachol
Authors: Haffner J. F. W.
Published: July 2010

The effects of carbachol and phenylephrine on circular and longitudinal muscle from the fundus of the rabbit stomach have been studied. Carbachol (2 × 10‐8 ‐ 5 × 10‐5 M) produced an increase in tone in all the strips. The maximum response in the circular strips was approximately 4 times greater than that in the longitudinal strips. The response to phenylephrine depended on the existing tone of the muscle when the drug was added: In inactive strips, phenylephrine (2 × 10‐7 ‐ 10‐4 M) always increased the tone. In moderately contracted (10‐7 M carbachol) longitudinal strips, the response was biphasic – a transient relaxation preceded a sustained contraction – while in the circular strips it was purely excitatory. In strongly contracted (5 × 10‐7 ‐ 2 × 10‐6 M carbachol) strips, phenylephrine caused a small transient relaxation, irrespective of whether the strips were cut circularly or longitudinally. The results emphasize the importance of defining the existing tone when responses to catecholamines are studied.
Effect of a Single, Large Intramuscular Dose of Bendroflumethiazide (Centyl®) on Calcium Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Jøergensen F. Schønau
Published: July 2010

A single, large dose of bendroflumethiazide was given intramuscularly in rats to investigate a possible extrarenal effect on calcium metabolism. Neither in normal, parathyroidectomized, thyroidectomized or thyro‐para‐thyroidectomized rats nor by concomitant nephrectomy or parathyroid hormone administration, could any effect of bendroflumethiazide on the serum calcium concentration be demonstrated. The present findings are discussed in relation to previous experiments done in dogs and human subjects which suggested either a stimulating effect on the parathyroid glands or a potentiating effect of the thiazides on the action of the parathyroid hormone.
Diurnal Variation in the Effects of Alcohol and in the Brain 5‐Hydroxytryptamine Metabolism in Mice
Authors: Lagerspetz Kari Y. H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Adult male mice show diurnal variation in their performance in the tilted‐plane test and in their open field behaviour. Maximum sliding angle and minimum open field ambulation values were found at 04.00 hrs, minimum sliding angle and maximum open field ambulation values at 20.00 hrs. Diurnal variation was also found in the effects of ethyl alcohol. Its effect on the sliding angle values was greatest at 20.00 hrs and at 12.00 hrs, and on the open field ambulation at 16.00 hrs. The effects of alcohol were thus more pronounced when the activity level of the animals was high. No clear diurnal variation was found in the brain levels of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid (5‐HIAA). The brain level of 5‐HIAA showed a trend to a negative correlation (r8 = −0.43) with the open field ambulation scores recorded at the same time of the day. The results indicate that the adrenergic and/or serotonergic brain mechanisms may be important in mediating the effects of alcohol.
Deacetylation of Phenylthioacetate in the Presence of Oximes
Authors: le Fèvre Honoré Pierre , Karlog Ole
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In the presence of oximes phenylthioacetate is deacetylated and acetylated oximes formed. By measuring the velocity of this transacetylation reaction for a number of oximes in vitro, the slopes are found to differ in a way which resembles the variance in the potency of the oximes in vivo as reactivators for cholinesterases inhibited by alkyl organophosphorous compounds. The observations thus support the hypothesis that oximes as acetyl acceptors might have an effect by inhibition of the synthesis of acetylcholine due to deacetylation of acetyl‐coenzyme‐A.
The Effect of Guanethidine Pretreatment on Transmission in the Superior Cervical Ganglion
Authors: Downing Oliver A. , Juul Per
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Isolated superior cervical ganglia from rats pretreated with guanethidine sulphate intraperitoneally in single daily doses of 20‐40 mg/kg for 5‐21 days showed transmitted action potentials of normal form but diminished amplitude following single or repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve. Curves relating the relative reduction in ganglionic action potential height with increasing frequency of stimulation were similar in preparations from control and guanethidine pretreated rats. Ganglia from guanethidine pretreated rats had the same sensitivity to exogenous acetylcholine as those from the controls as judged by doseidepolarization response curves. The absolute values of depolarization were, however, diminished. No impairment of the conduction of impulses in the preganglionic nerve or of the effect of antidromic stimulation was observed. The addition of guanethidine to the bath fluid resulted in an acute reversible ganglion block. A 50 % reduction of the ganglionic action potentials following single stimuli was observed at a concentration of 2 × 10−5M. At guanethidine concentrations of 5 × 10−5M maximum depolarizations obtained with acetylcholine or carbachol were reduced by approximately 50 % but the doselresponse curves were not shifted. Recovery was complete after washing. Retractions of the cat nictitating membrane following repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve after pretreatment with guanethidine 5‐40 mg/kg for 14 days were preferentially decreased at low stimulus frequencies. The nictitating membrane was hypersensitive to intravenous adrenaline or noradrenaline. Contralateral ganglia from both rats and cats exhibited profound structural changes consisting of chromatolysis of the nerve cells and infiltration of small cells. The effects of guanethidine on the neurophysiological parameters are probably the result of a dose dependent inactivation of the majority of the ganglion cells.
Perfusion Technique of the Intact Human Rectum*
Authors: Bechgaard Erik
Published: July 2010

Abstract: An in situ technique for rectal perfusion in humans has been developed. The solution is instilled through an outer tube, rises 7.5 cm in the rectum and is drained through an inner tube. The method allows well defined absorption conditions with normal physiological function. Absorption from two different solutions can be compared in one experiment. An example of determining the absorption rate from the appearance of the substance in the plasma is described.
Different Properties of Microsomal UDP‐Glucuronyltransferase in Buffalo Rat Liver and a Clonal Strain of Rat Hepatoma Cells Derived from the Same Rat Strain
Authors: Winsnes Arnt , Rugstad Hans Erik
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Optimal conditions for the synthesis of o‐aminophenol and p‐nitrophenol glucuronides by a clonal strain of rat hepatoma cells (MH1C1) in culture were established. Properties of glucuronyltransferase (UDP‐glucuronate glucuronyltransferase (acceptor unspecific), E. C. 2.4.1.17) in homogenates of cultured hepatoma cells, subcutaneous tumours derived from these cells in rats, as well as livers of Buffalo rats were studied. In rat liver 83‐90 % and 92‐95 % of the glucuronyltransferase activity in homogenates to p‐nitrophenol and o‐aminophenol respectively were latent, the latency being most pronounced in male animals. With homogenates of cultured hepatoma cells, on the other hand, digitonin activated 1.3 and 1.8‐fold only with p‐nitrophenol and o‐aminophenol as acceptors; other potential activators (Triton X‐100, UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine and diethylnitrosamine) were either without effect or inhibited the enzyme. A 1.5‐2‐fold higher degree of activation of glucuronyltransferase was found in homogenates of hepatoma tumours derived from the same cells injected subcutaneously into Buffalo rats. The specific activity of fully activated glucuronyltransferase in homogenates of cultured hepatoma cells was, however, 2‐6.5‐fold higher than that of the fully activated rat liver enzyme. The rate of p‐nitrophenol glucuronide synthesis by cultures of hepatoma cells increased up to a concentration of 0.10 mM of the aglycone in the growth medium. At concentrations of 0.3 mM and higher, a peculiar lag period was seen before any glucuronide appeared in the medium. This phenomenon was not seen with o‐aminophenol as acceptor and not in broken cell preparations with either substrate. The maximal rate of o‐aminophenol glucuronidation in cultures of the hepatoma cells corresponded to that found for homogenates with 0.254.50 mM UDP‐glucuronate added to the incubation mixture. This value is in good agreement with the presumed intracellular levels of UDP‐glucuronate in the liver cell in vivo.
Manganese Induced Histochemical and Histological Alterations in Gastrointestinal Mucosa of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Chandra Satya V. , Imam Z.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Manganese chloride (10 mg/kg) was administered orally to guinea pigs for a period of 30 days. The histochemical and histological alterations in gastric mucosa consisted of loss of rnucin and pepsinogen granules, adenosine triphosphatase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase activities and patchy necrosis of the epithelium. The intestinal villi also showed patchy necrosis, the activities of adenosine triphosphatase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase were diminished while there was an increase in the activity of acid phosphatase in the mucosa. Excess of manganese in the gastrointestinal tract produces functional and structural alterations in the mucosal cells. The exact mechanism of action needs further study.
The Effect of Mercaptodextran and N‐acetylhomocysteine on the Excretion of Mercury in Mice after Exposure to Methyl Mercury Chloride
Authors: Aaseth Jan , Norseth Tor
Published: July 2010

In order to prevent the reabsorption of biliary excreted mercury in methyl mercuric chloride exposed mice, the animals were treated with a macro‐molecular polythiol (mercaptodextran) synthesized by thiolating a dextran compound using N‐acetylhomocysteine thiolactone. The polythiol given in the food at a concentration of 5 % reduced the average biological half time of mercury from 11.6 days to 5.9 days. Mercury levels in blood, liver and kidney were reduced to about 50 % after 10 days as compared to control animals, and the brain level was reduced to about 70 %. Faecal excretion of mercury compounds was not changed during 10 days, but the urinary excretion increased by a factor of 5. The effect of the macromolecule seems to be related to N‐acetylhomocysteine in that it is released in the gastrointestinal tract, and this compound given alone has the same effect as the macromolecule. Corresponding results can be obtained by the intravenous injection of N‐acetylhomocysteine. This indicates that the mechanism includes the formation in the gastrointestinal tract or in the blood of a N‐acetylhomocysteine‐methyl‐mercuric complex. This complex is easily absorbed when formed in the gastrointestinal tract, and it is easily excreted in the urine.
The Effect of Phenoxy‐herbicides on the Hatchability of Eggs and the Viability of the Chicks
Authors: Gyrd‐Hansen N. , Dalgaard‐Mikkelsen Sv.
Published: July 2010

The effect of the following phenoxy herbicides: 2,4‐D, 2,4,5‐T, MCPA, mechlorprop and dichlorprop on the hatchability of hens eggs and the viability of the chicks was investigated both by injecting the herbicides into the yolk and by immersing the eggs in a one or five per cent solution of the herbicides. The five herbicides were found to have rather similar embryotoxic qualities and the injection of about two mg herbicide per 60 g egg decreased the percentage hatch and in some cases the viability of the chicks. Immersion in a one per cent herbicide solution had no effect and immersion in a five per cent herbicide solution had only a moderate effect on the hatchability of the eggs and the viability of the chicks. The embryotoxic effect of 2,7‐dichloro‐dibenzo‐p‐dioxin was found to be at least 100 times that of the herbicides. In the injection experiments a considerable number of malformations was observed in the dead embryos at the high dose levels.