bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does harvesting amplify environmentally induced population fluctuations over time in marine and terrestrial species?
Authors: Gamelon Marlène , Sandercock Brett K. , Sæther Bernt‐Erik
Published: July 2019

In marine and terrestrial ecosystems, organisms are affected by environmental variations that cause fluctuations in population size. The harvest–interaction hypothesis predicts that environmentally induced fluctuations in population size are magnified by harvesting. Empirical evidence is urgently needed in the context of global change because greater fluctuations will increase extinction risk.

Here, we review theoretical and empirical work that has addressed the harvest–interaction hypothesis in fish, birds and mammals. We identify the mechanisms by which harvesting might make population size more variable over time and thereby increase the risk of extinction.

Theoretical models show that harvest can modify population structure in time and space, and that changes in the amplitude and synchrony of population dynamics both increase extinction risk. Empirical evidence indicates that fishing amplifies the effects of environmental changes on the population variability, but no empirical study of terrestrial species has tested for amplified environmentally induced fluctuations due to hunting.

Synthesis and applications. In terrestrial species, theoretical studies have evaluated how environmentally induced fluctuations in population size are magnified by different harvest strategies, but there is now an urgent need for an empirical evaluation of this hypothesis. Future research is needed to explore how hunting and climate interact and to test whether hunting enhances environmentally induced fluctuations in population numbers of terrestrial species.
4F‐MDMB‐BINACA: A New Synthetic Cannabinoid Widely Implicated in Forensic Casework
Authors: Krotulski Alex J. , Mohr Amanda L.A. , Kacinko Sherri L. , Fogarty Melissa F. , Shuda Sarah A. , Diamond Francis X. , Kinney William A. , Menendez M.J. , Logan Barry K.
Published: July 2019

This is the first report regarding the characterization of the new synthetic cannabinoid 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was first analytically confirmed in seized drug material using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Subsequent to this characterization, 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was detected in biological specimens collected as part of forensically relevant casework, including medicolegal death investigations and drug impaired driving investigations, from a variety of regions in the United States. Further analysis of biological specimens resulted in the identification of the metabolites 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA 3,3‐dimethylbutanoic acid and 4‐OH‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA is appearing with increasing frequency as a contributory factor in deaths, creating morbidity and mortality risks for drug users. Laboratories must be aware of its presence and impact, incorporating 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA into workflows for detection and confirmation.
Effect of the introduction of C‐MAC videolaryngoscopy on first‐pass intubation success rates for emergency medicine registrars
Authors: Mackie Stephanie , Moy Fen , Kamona Sinan , Jones Peter
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The present study investigated the impact of introducing C‐MAC videolaryngoscopy as the standard method of visualising glottic structures on first‐pass intubation success of emergency medicine (EM) registrars in a large tertiary academic hospital in New Zealand.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, all patients receiving attempted orotracheal intubation in Auckland City Hospital ED 1 year prior to and 1 year after the introduction of C‐MAC videolaryngoscopy were compared. The primary outcome was first‐pass intubation success rates by EM registrars. Secondary outcomes were first‐pass success rates by all intubators, and incidence of any complication of intubation.

Results

There were 163 intubations by EM registrars from June 2015 to August 2017. There was a clinically important and statistically significant improvement in first‐pass success from 59.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.1–68.8%) to 85.1% (95% CI 76.0–91.2%, P < 0.001) after the introduction of C‐MAC. In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of success were: Airway Not Predicted Difficult, odds ratio (OR) 2.49 (95% CI 1.06–5.85, P = 0.037); and use of videolaryngoscope, OR 4.49 (95% CI 1.85–10.91, P = 0.001). Overall, complications of intubation improved significantly after introduction of C‐MAC (28.9%, 95% CI 19.9–40.0% prior to C‐MAC introduction; 16.1%, 95% CI 9.7–25.3% after; P = 0.048).

Conclusion

This is the first published study specifically addressing EM registrar intubation success rates in New Zealand, adding to the existing body of data suggesting that videolaryngoscopy may improve success rates for novice intubators.
Using radiotelemetry to study behavioural thermoregulation in insects under field conditions
Authors: Ørskov Christian K. , Tregenza Tom , Overgaard Johannes
Published: July 2019

Thermoregulation is a central aspect of animal physiology. Mobile ectotherms have the potential to influence their temperature through their location and orientation. Behavioural thermoregulation has been extensively studied in insects, particularly in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. However, most field studies are confined to daytime observations typically using invasive thermocouples with obvious potential to disrupt natural behaviour.

We demonstrate that miniature radiotransmitters represent an alternative and less invasive method to study insect thermoregulation. We discuss how this method can be used to study the thermal behaviour of free‐ranging animals for extended periods. Specifically, we show that there is a close correlation between temperature recordings from implanted thermocouples in locusts L. migratoria and externally mounted radiotransmitters on the same animals.

Our experiments match earlier observations of locust thermoregulatory behaviour confirming that the locusts with transmitters exhibit ‘normal’ thermoregulatory responses to feeding and to infections (behavioural fever).

Finally, we demonstrate the practicality of a radiotransmitter‐based system by recording natural thermoregulatory behaviour of locusts in a semi‐field setting. Our field study showed locusts actively chose warm microclimates during the day and cold microclimates at night. We conclude that the use of radiotelemetry in studies of behavioural thermoregulation in wild insects could provide unique continuous recordings of body temperature over several days. Such data will provide researchers with a more complete understanding of how insects use behavioural thermoregulation in nature.
Microfinance institutions, financial intermediation and the role of deposits
Authors: Tang Jiali Jenna , Quayes Shakil , Joseph George
Published: July 2019

Microfinance institutions (MFIs), widely regarded as bankers to the poor, have extended their financial functions beyond lending to managing deposits. We empirically examine the influence of MFI deposit‐taking on MFI financial performance. Using data of 1,301 MFIs worldwide, we find that an MFI's deposit level is an important determinant of its financial viability. However, the relationship is influenced by MFIs’ institutional type (for‐profit or nonprofit) and the legal environment (common law or civil law). The results suggest that the positive financial impact of deposits has not been fully realised, reflecting the need to further improve cost management and revenue generation.
Egg mass structure of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): is the outer egg layer sacrificed for attack by the egg parasitoid Anastatus fuligispina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae)?
Authors: Uemura Mizuki , Perkins Lynda , Battisti Andrea , Zalucki Myron
Published: July 2019

Each life stage of an insect faces the challenge of various mortality factors. Through experimental and observational studies, we use those mortality agents to our advantage to control outbreaks of pest insects. The processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich‐Schäffer, 1855, is a widespread native moth in Australia that defoliates host trees and causes medical problems in humans and animals. Anastatus fuligispina (Girault 1939) is an egg parasitoid described from eggs of O. lunifer in eastern Australia nearly 80 years ago for which few life history traits are known. This is the first study to investigate the life history of A. fuligispina, factors associated with parasitism levels in O. lunifer egg masses and its impacts on egg mortality. We found that parasitism level was related to the total number of eggs in an O. lunifer egg mass, with higher parasitism occurring in masses with fewer eggs. The inaccessible physical structure of the O. lunifer egg mass by layering and encasing eggs with other eggs and the searching efficiency of the parasitoid are possible key factors. Other variables such as exposure time in the field, host tree species and number of undeveloped eggs in the egg mass did not affect the level of parasitism. Further investigations on the life history of A. fuligispina may open possibilities for its application in controlling O. lunifer populations.
Papillary architecture of the Leopardus pardalis tongue
Authors: Freire Elisa Carla Barra , Moreira Lityane Gabriela da Silva , Giese Elane Guerreiro , Branco Érika , da Silva Leila Menezes , de Lima Ana Rita
Published: July 2019

The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a Felidae of wide geographical distribution and food flexibility; therefore, it is essential to understand the morphology of the species. Thus, we aimed to describe its lingual morphology in order to gain information regarding the anatomy of this carnivore's digestive system. The tongues ​​were removed for ex situ macroscopic and morphometric analyses, as well as for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, of fragments of the different lingual regions. The tongue of L. pardalis had an elongated form that was subdivided into the apex, body and root, in which four papillary types were observed: filiform, fungiform, circumvallate and conical. It presented with a stratified, keratinized squamous epithelium, followed by loose and dense connective tissues, as well as a skeletal striated musculature that comprised most of the organ. In addition, in scanning electron microscopy the filiform papillae showed a complex with multiple layers of keratin with triangular shape projected caudally in oral cavity. The fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform and showed a rounded shape with some gustatory pores, and are keratinized but in a lower intensity if compared with filiform. The vallate papillae, located in lingual root, showed an oval format, had a deep groove surrounded the papillae and some gustatory pores. The conical papillae are located in lingual root and are similar to the filiform. The tongue of L. pardalis resembles other carnivorous species, mainly among felids. However, it differed in relation to the quantity of vallate papillae and the absence of foliate papillae.
Social Networks and Protest Participation: Evidence from 130 Million Twitter Users
Authors: Larson Jennifer M. , Nagler Jonathan , Ronen Jonathan , Tucker Joshua A.
Published: July 2019

Pinning down the role of social ties in the decision to protest has been notoriously elusive, largely due to data limitations. Social media and their global use by protesters offer an unprecedented opportunity to observe real‐time social ties and online behavior, though often without an attendant measure of real‐world behavior. We collect data on Twitter activity during the 2015 Charlie Hebdo protest in Paris, which, unusually, record real‐world protest attendance and network structure measured beyond egocentric networks. We devise a test of social theories of protest that hold that participation depends on exposure to others' intentions and network position determines exposure. Our findings are strongly consistent with these theories, showing that protesters are significantly more connected to one another via direct, indirect, triadic, and reciprocated ties than comparable nonprotesters. These results offer the first large‐scale empirical support for the claim that social network structure has consequences for protest participation.
Simulation-Selection-Extrapolation: Estimation in High-Dimensional Errors-in-Variables Models
Authors: Nghiem Linh , Potgieter Cornelis
Published: July 2019

Errors-in-variables models in high-dimensional settings pose two challenges in application. First, the number of observed covariates is larger than the sample size, while only a small number of covariates are true predictors under an assumption of model sparsity. Second, the presence of measurement error can result in severely biased parameter estimates, and also affects the ability of penalized methods such as the lasso to recover the true sparsity pattern. A new estimation procedure called SIMulation-SELection-EXtrapolation (SIMSELEX) is proposed. This procedure makes double use of lasso methodology. First, the lasso is used to estimate sparse solutions in the simulation step, after which a group lasso is implemented to do variable selection. The SIMSELEX estimator is shown to perform well in variable selection, and has significantly lower estimation error than naive estimators that ignore measurement error. SIMSELEX can be applied in a variety of errors-in-variables settings, including linear models, generalized linear models, and Cox survival models. It is furthermore shown in the Supporting Information how SIMSELEX can be applied to spline-based regression models. A simulation study is conducted to compare the SIMSELEX estimators to existing methods in the linear and logistic model settings, and to evaluate performance compared to naive methods in the Cox and spline models. Finally, the method is used to analyze a microarray dataset that contains gene expression measurements of favorable histology Wilms tumors.
Is Profit Sharing Productive? A Meta‐Regression Analysis
Authors: Doucouliagos Hristos , Laroche Patrice , Kruse Douglas L. , Stanley T. D.
Published: July 2019

In this article, we re‐examine the relationship between group‐based profit sharing and productivity. Our meta‐regression analysis of 355 estimates from 56 studies controls for publication selection and misspecification biases and investigates the impact of firm‐level unionisation. Profit sharing is positively related to productivity on average, with a stronger relationship where there is higher unionisation. The positive effect of profit sharing on productivity is larger in cooperative firms and in transition economies. Separate meta‐analysis of interactions suggests that profit sharing works better in combination with capital investment and employee participation in decisions.
Detection and localisation of primary prostate cancer using 68gallium prostate‐specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography compared with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and radical prostatectomy specimen pathology
Authors: Kalapara Arveen A. , Nzenza Tatenda , Pan Henry Y.C. , Ballok Zita , Ramdave Shakher , O'Sullivan Richard , Ryan Andrew , Cherk Martin , Hofman Michael S. , Konety Badrinath R. , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Bolton Damien , Murphy Declan G. , Grummet Jeremy P. , Frydenberg Mark
Published: July 2019

Objective

To compare the accuracy of 68gallium prostate‐specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT) with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in detecting and localising primary prostate cancer when compared with radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen pathology.

Patients and methods

Retrospective review of men who underwent 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI for primary prostate cancer before RP across four centres between 2015 and 2018. Patients undergoing imaging for recurrent disease or before non‐surgical treatment were excluded. We defined pathological index tumour as the lesion with highest International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group (GG) on RP specimen pathology. Our primary outcomes were rates of accurate detection and localisation of RP specimen pathology index tumour using 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT or mpMRI. We defined tumour detection as imaging lesion corresponding with RP specimen tumour on any imaging plane, and localisation as imaging lesion matching RP specimen index tumour in all sagittal, axial, and coronal planes. Secondary outcomes included localisation of clinically significant and transition zone (TZ) index tumours. We defined clinically significant disease as GG 3–5. We used descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney U‐test to define and compare demographic and pathological characteristics between detected, missed and localised tumours using either imaging modality. We used the McNemar test to compare detection and localisation rates using 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI.

Results

In all, 205 men were included in our analysis, including 133 with clinically significant disease. There was no significant difference between 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI in the detection of any tumour (94% vs 95%, P > 0.9). There was also no significant difference between localisation of all index tumours (91% vs 89%, P = 0.47), clinically significant index tumours (96% vs 91%, P = 0.15) or TZ tumours (85% vs 80%, P > 0.9) using 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI. Limitations include retrospective study design and non‐central review of imaging and pathology.

Conclusion

We found no significant difference in the detection or localisation of primary prostate cancer between 68Ga‐PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI. Further prospective studies are required to evaluate a combined PET/MRI model in minimising tumours missed by either modality.
Innovations in Practice: Intensive crisis intervention for adolescent suicidal ideation and behavior – an open trial
Authors: McBee‐Strayer Sandra M. , Thomas Glenn V. , Bruns Ericka M. , Heck Kendra M. , Alexy Emily R. , Bridge Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2019

Background

Adolescent suicide is a major public health concern worldwide. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions targeting youth suicide risk is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of Intensive Crisis Intervention (ICI), a cognitive‐behavioral, family‐centered treatment that provides an alternative to longer inpatient care.

Method

Intensive Crisis Intervention was piloted over a two‐year period with 50 adolescents (Mage = 15.1 years; 86% Female; 78% Caucasian) admitted to an intensive crisis stabilization unit presenting with suicidal ideation and/or attempts. Data were collected at admission, 30 days, and 3 months post‐admission to evaluate changes in suicidal ideation and functioning over time.

Results

Follow‐up data were provided by 88% of study participants. At 3 months, the mean Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire‐Junior score improved 34.2 points relative to baseline (effect size of 2.2, p < .0001). Significant improvements in functioning, high rates of consumer satisfaction and readiness for care transition upon discharge were also reported.

Conclusion

Study findings set the stage for a larger, randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of ICI in targeting suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescents.
Antifungal, anticancer, and docking studies of colchiceine complexes with monovalent metal cation salts
Authors: Kurek Joanna , Kwaśniewska‐Sip Patrycja , Myszkowski Krzysztof , Cofta Grzegorz , Barczyński Piotr , Murias Marek , Kurczab Rafał , Śliwa Paweł , Przybylski Piotr
Published: July 2019

Complexes of colchiceine with monovalent cation perchlorates and iodides have been obtained and characterized by spectroscopic methods. DFT and spectroscopic studies reveal that the dihedral angle ω1‐1a‐12‐12a, crucial for colchicine biological mechanism of action, that is, binding to tubulins depends on the diameter of the complexed metal cation. Biological tests indicated no antifungal properties of colchicine (it was active only toward A.pullulans), in contrast to its derivative—(colchiceine). Complexation of colchiceine with metal cations improved significantly the antifungal potency, even below MIC <1 μg/ml. The colchiceine complexes were more potent than colchiceine, and some of them were even more potent than the fungicidal standard IPBC. The highest potency of colchiceine complexes was noted against A. pullulans (MIC = 0.5 μg/ml). In contrast to the findings concerning antifungal potency, the anticancer studies showed complexes of colchicine more active (~IC50 = 2 nM) than those of colchiceine (~IC50 = 6 μM). MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell lines and human lung fibroblasts CCD39Lu were also tested.
Fragment‐ and negative image‐based screening of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors
Authors: Jokinen Elmeri M. , Postila Pekka A. , Ahinko Mira , Niinivehmas Sanna , Pentikäinen Olli T.
Published: July 2019

A novel virtual screening methodology called fragment‐ and negative image‐based (F‐NiB) screening is introduced and tested experimentally using phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) as a case study. Potent PDE10A‐specific small‐molecule inhibitors are actively sought after for their antipsychotic and neuroprotective effects. The F‐NiB combines features from both fragment‐based drug discovery and negative image‐based (NIB) screening methodologies to facilitate rational drug discovery. The selected structural parts of protein‐bound ligand(s) are seamlessly combined with the negative image of the target's ligand‐binding cavity. This cavity‐ and fragment‐based hybrid model, namely its shape and electrostatics, is used directly in the rigid docking of ab initio generated ligand 3D conformers. In total, 14 compounds were acquired using the F‐NiB methodology, 3D quantitative structure–activity relationship modeling, and pharmacophore modeling. Three of the small molecules inhibited PDE10A at ~27 to ~67 μM range in a radiometric assay. In a larger context, the study shows that the F‐NiB provides a flexible way to incorporate small‐molecule fragments into the drug discovery.
The role of the fibroblast growth factor family in bone‐related diseases
Authors: Wang Jicheng , Liu Shizhang , Li Jingyuan , Yi Zhi
Published: July 2019

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members are important regulators of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration. The abnormal expression of certain FGF family members can cause skeletal diseases, including achondroplasia, craniosynostosis syndrome, osteoarthritis, and Kashin–Beck disease. Accumulating evidence shows that FGFs play a crucial role in the growth and proliferation of bone and in the pathogenesis of certain bone‐related diseases. Here, we review the involvement of FGFs in bone‐related processes and diseases; FGF1 in the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and fracture repair; FGF2, FGF9, and FGF18 in osteoarthritis; FGF6 in bone and muscle injury; FGF8 in osteoarthritis and Kashin–Beck disease; and FGF21 and FGF23 on bone regulation. These findings indicate that FGFs are targets for novel therapeutic interventions for bone‐related diseases.
Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy: many patients recover in adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Ameratunga R , Ahn Y , Steele R , Woon S-T
Published: July 2019

Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy (THI) is a relatively rare disorder where there is an exaggeration of the physiological nadir of immunoglobulin (Ig)G between loss of transplacentally acquired maternal IgG and production by the infant. Patients may be vulnerable to infections during the period of hypogammaglobulinaemia. The precise time to recovery in all infants is currently unknown. We sought to determine the clinical features and time–course of recovery for patients with THI. We reviewed our experience with THI over the last three decades in order to describe clinical and laboratory features, as well as the time–course of recovery. Forty-seven patients were identified with THI. Only thirty-seven per cent remitted by 4 years of age, while some patients did not recover until the third or fourth decade. In keeping with previous studies, the majority (25 of 47) presented with recurrent infections, nine had a family history of immunodeficiency and 13 had adverse reactions to food as their dominant clinical manifestation. Chronic tonsillitis developed in 10 patients and symptoms improved following surgery. The group with food allergies recovered sooner than those presenting with infections or with a family history immunodeficiency. Eight patients failed to respond to at least one routine childhood vaccine. Two have IgA deficiency and four individuals recovering in adolescence and adulthood continue to have borderline/low IgG levels. None have progressed to common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID). THI is a misnomer, as the majority do not recover in infancy. Recovery from THI can extend into adulthood. THI must be considered in the differential diagnosis of adolescents or young adults presenting with primary hypogammaglobulinemia.
High titres of IgM-bound circulating immune complexes and erythrocytic oxidative damage are indicators of dengue severity
Authors: Patra G , Saha B , Mukhopadhyay S
Published: July 2019

Global incidence of dengue has drastically increased in the last few years. Despite the global morbidity and mortality associated with dengue infection, mechanisms of immune control and viral pathogenesis are poorly explored. Pancytopenias, along with increased oxidative stress, are salient clinical findings in severe dengue patients. Previously, we demonstrated significant differences of circulating immune complexes (CICs) among severe and non-severe dengue patients. Accordingly, here we sought to determine the contributory role of affinity-purified antibody-bound CICs in dengue severity. To characterize intracellular oxidative stress induced by antibody-bound CICs, 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′-7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) was measured by flow cytometry. At the same time, CICs sensitized healthy red blood cells (RBC) and patients’ RBC morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Erythrophagocytosis and ferritin levels were further determined in severe and non-severe dengue patients. Our results showed that the severe patients had high titres of immunoglobulin (Ig)M-bound CICs (P < 0·0001) in their sera, increased intracellular oxidative stress (P < 0·0001), high ferritin levels (P < 0·0001), altered morphology of RBC and finally enhanced erythrophagocytosis. This study shows for the first time that RBC morphology is altered in severe dengue patients. Taken together, this study suggests that the enhanced IgM-bound CICs could contribute to the increased oxidative stress and act directly on RBC destruction of severe dengue patients, and is an important pathophysiological determinant. Hence, IgM-bound CICs can serve as an important laboratory parameter to monitor dengue infection progression.
Creating Urban Sociality in Middle–Class Neighborhoods in Milan and Bologna: A Study on the Social Streets Phenomenon
Authors: Morelli Niccolò
Published: July 2019

Social Streets are groups of neighbors who want to recreate convivial ties having noticed a weakening of social relationships in their roads of residence. Social Streets start as online Facebook groups to materialize in offline encounters, using conviviality to create virtuous bonds. These are carried out through practices of sociality, inclusive and for free. The main focus of this article is analyzing sociodemographic data of the “Streeters” and of the neighborhoods to understand where they produce conviviality in urban neighborhoods. To do this, the article examines two Italian cities which have the highest number of Social Streets: Milan (72) and Bologna (65). Sociodemographic data from the online survey on “Streeters” in Milan (618 respondents) and Bologna (577 respondents), together with census data from 2011 provided by Istat, have been used. Results show that most “Streeters” are not originally from Bologna and Milan, have a high level of education, and are fully embedded in civic engagement. Through conviviality, Social Streets produce a sense of attachment and can represent a good tool to fight isolation and loneliness in the urban setting.
Autogenous interpositional block graft vs onlay graft for horizontal ridge augmentation in the mandible
Authors: Atef Mohammed , Osman Ahmed H. , Hakam Maha
Published: July 2019

Background

Interpositional block graft revealed promising results in vertical ridge augmentation in the mandible, while scarce evidence is available regarding the use of interpositional block graft for horizontal ridge augmentation in the mandible.

Purpose

To compare the efficacy of autogenous block interpositional graft vs onlay graft in terms of horizontal ridge augmentation in the mandible.

Materials and Methods

Twenty patients were randomly divided in two groups interpositional and onlay groups, using autogenous blocks harvested from the mandibular symphysis as the donor site. For the interpositional group, the mandibular ridge was split and the harvested block was inserted in the created space and fixated using titanium screws. For the onlay group, the defect site was decorticated and the harvested block was firmly fixated buccally using titanium screws. Immediate and 4 months postoperative cone beam computed tomography scans were taken for assessment.

Results

In the interpositional group, the mean preoperative bone width was 3.85 ± 0.6 mm, after 4 months, the mean bone width was 8.84 ± 0.54 mm. While in the onlay group, the mean preoperative bone width was 3.74 ± 0.83 mm while after 4 months the mean bone width was 7.37 ± 1.98 mm. this was statistically significant.

Conclusion

Within the limits of this study, interpositional block graft appears to be a viable treatment option for horizontal ridge augmentation in the mandible.
Colectomy for caecal and sigmoid volvulus: a national analysis of outcomes and risk factors for postoperative complications
Authors: Althans A. R. , Aiello A. , Steele S. R. , Bhama A. R.
Published: July 2019

Aim

Colonic volvulus is a common entity encountered by colorectal surgeons, but there are few reports of national data regarding postoperative outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe the volvulus population, 30‐day outcomes following right‐ and left‐sided colectomy and risk factors for postoperative complications.

Method

The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database from 2012 to 2015 was utilized to identify patients with the diagnosis of ‘volvulus’ who underwent right‐ or left‐sided colectomy. Primary outcomes were overall morbidity and mortality.

Results

A total of 2175 patients were identified (661 right colectomy and 1514 left colectomy). Risk factors for complications following right‐sided colectomy included: age, male gender, smoker, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, septic shock and American Society of Anesthesiologsts class ≥ 4. Risk factors for complications following left‐sided colectomy included: age, male gender, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis and septic shock.

Conclusion

Several nonmodifiable risk factors were identified for complications following colectomy for volvulus. These risk factors can be used in patient/family counselling and discharge planning.
Management of colonic complications of type IV Ehlers–Danlos syndrome: a systematic review and evidence‐based management strategy
Authors: Speake D. , Dvorkin L. , Vaizey C. J. , Carlson G. L.
Published: July 2019

Aim

Type IV Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a connective tissue disorder affecting approximately 1 per 100,000‐200,000 people. Life expectancy is reduced secondary to spontaneous vascular rupture or colonic perforation. Surgery carries significant morbidity and mortality. While strategies to manage colonic perforation include primary repair with or without a defunctioning stoma, Hartmann’s procedure, total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy and ileorectal anastomosis, evidence is contradictory and has not previously been evaluated in order to form a treatment strategy. We aim to review the published literature and identify outcome data relating to operative management of colonic perforation in type IV EDS.

Methods

Pubmed, EM‐BASE, Cochrane library and Google Scholar were searched with the following details: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome AND colonic surgery. The main outcome measure was re‐perforation rates following colonic surgery on patients with type IV EDS. If the nature of surgery and follow up were reported, data were recorded in a SPSS database according to PRISMA guidelines.

Results

One hundred and nine operations have been described in 51 patients in 44 case series. There were 26 visceral re‐perforations, 2 affecting the small intestine and 24 colonic. Survival analysis favoured total abdominal colectomy compared with operations where the colon was left in situ.

Conclusions

Total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy or ileorectal anastomosis are the safest strategies after colonic perforation in type IV EDS. Anastomotic leak rates are high. End colostomy is high risk for colonic re‐perforation and anastomotic leak rates are extremely high. Restoration of colonic continuity should be avoided.
The role of cryptic diversity and its environmental correlates in global conservation status assessments: Insights from the threatened bird's‐eye primrose (Primula farinosa L.)
Authors: Theodoridis Spyros , Nogués‐Bravo David , Conti Elena
Published: July 2019

Aim

Most of the fundamental questions in conservation biogeography require the description of species geographic boundaries and the identification of discrete biological units within these boundaries. International conservation efforts and institutions rely mainly on traditional taxonomic approaches for defining these boundaries, resulting in significant cryptic diversity going undetected and often extinct. Here, we combine high‐throughput genomic data with publicly available environmental data to identify cryptic diversity in the threatened bird's‐eye primrose (Primula farinosa). We aim to characterize evolutionary lineages and test whether they co‐occur with changes in environmental conditions. These lineages can be used as intraspecific units for conservation to enhance assessments regarding the status of threatened species.

Location

Europe and temperate Asia (latitude, 40–65°N; longitude, 10°E–115°W).

Methods

We genotyped 93 individuals from 71 populations at 1,220 loci (4,089 SNPs) across the Eurasian distribution of P. farinosa. We used phylogenomic and population structure approaches to identify intraspecific lineages. We further extracted statistically derived and remotely sensed environmental information, that is land cover, climate and soil characteristics, to define the biotic and abiotic environment inhabited by each lineage and test for niche similarities among lineages. Additionally, we tested for isolation by distance among populations and applied linear and polynomial regressions to identify lineage‐environment associations.

Results

Analyses of genomic data revealed six major lineages within P. farinosa corresponding to distinct geographic areas. Niche similarity tests indicated that lineages occupy distinct abiotic and biotic space. Isolation by distance indicated that geography alone cannot explain genetic divergence within P. farinosa, while lineage‐environment associations suggested potential adaptation to different abiotic conditions across lineages. However, relationships with the land cover classes, a proxy for habitat, were weaker.

Main conclusion

Our results highlight the need for incorporating intraspecific diversity in global assessments of species conservation status and the utility of genomic and publicly available environmental data in conservation biogeography.
Differentiating spontaneous echo contrast, sludge, and thrombus in the left atrial appendage: Can ultrasound enhancing agents help?
Authors: Posada‐Martinez Edith Liliana , Trejo‐Paredes Camila , Ortiz‐Leon Xochitl A. , Ivey‐Miranda Juan Betuel , Lin Ben A. , McNamara Robert L. , Arias‐Godinez Jose Antonio , Lombo Bernardo , Sugeng Lissa
Published: July 2019

The accurate identification of thrombus in the left atrial appendage with transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) before cardioversion is essential. Most of these patients have some grade of spontaneous echo contrast (SEC). Severe SEC is often called “sludge,” and its prognosis and treatment are still controversial. Current guidelines suggest the use of ultrasound enhancing agents (UEAs) when significant SEC is present. However, little is known about the utility of the UEAs in the differentiation between sludge and less severe SEC.
Mitral‐aortic intervalvular fibrosa pseudoaneurysm causing compression of superior vena cava and right atrium
Authors: Karaduman Ahmet , Balaban İsmail , Keskin Berhan , Çiçek Mahmut Buğrahan , Keten Musatafa Ferhat , Aytürk Mehmet , Havan Nuri , Karagöz Ali , Kahveci Gökhan
Published: July 2019

The mitral‐aortic intervalvular fibrosa (MAIVF) is a fibrous, avascular region between the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve. This makes MAIVF vulnerable to injury and infection; thus pseudoaneurysm may develop. The pseudoaneurysm can cause compression to coronary arteries which causes angina or pulmonary artery resulting in pulmonary hypertension. We presented the pseudoaneurysm of MAIVF causing compression of superior vena cava and right atrium which was visualized by two‐ and three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography.
Combined transthoracic echocardiography and contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography to trace intravenous leiomyomatosis with intracardiac extension
Authors: Luo Xianghong , Li Rongjuan , Li Zhaojun
Published: July 2019

Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) with intracardiac extension is a rare condition, which the benign tumor invades into the right heart through inferior vena cava. We described the findings of ultrasonography in eight patients with this disease. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) can reveal the intracardiac lesion burden and associated compromise. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can trace the origin of the lesion and extension. Therefore, combining TTE with CEUS is used to better characterize this complex lesion and plays a crucial role in guidance of surgical decision.
SPORTS‐LED TOURISM, SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT, AND HOTEL DEMAND
Authors: Chikish Yulia , Humphreys Brad R. , Liu Crocker , Nowak Adam
Published: July 2019

We analyze the relationship between professional sports events and concerts held in LA's Staples Center and nearby hotel performance. Government‐led economic redevelopment projects often envision sports facilities as tourist magnets. Little evidence exists supporting links between sporting events and hotel demand. An empirical analysis exploiting exogenous daily variation in the timing of games and concerts from 2002 to 2017 shows a small positive impact on room revenue at hotels within one mile and larger room revenue decrease at hotels located one to 4 miles away. The overall impact on hotel room revenue and rooms rented was not positive. Nearby hotel room rates increased during NBA and NHL work stoppages. The city granted four new hotels built very near the arena exemptions from occupancy taxes for 20–25 years; these exemptions reduced hotel tax revenues by a minimum of $4.5 million annually and may not have been needed to spur new hotel development. (JEL H26, H71, Z28)
THE “SALES AGENT” PROBLEM: EFFORT/LEISURE ALLOCATION UNDER PERFORMANCE PAY AS BEHAVIOR TOWARDS RISK
Authors: Cadsby C. Bram , Song Fei , Zubanov Nick
Published: July 2019

The choice between safe and risky assets represents behavior towards risk: more risk‐averse investors buy more safe assets. We develop and test a general model that applies this intuition to the time allocation between risky effort and risk‐free leisure under linear incentives. When risk increases with effort, risk‐averse agents choose less effort, but when risk is independent of effort, effort choice is unaffected by risk preferences. In many incentive contracts, income risk is multiplicative with, rather than additive to effort, sales commissions being one example. In such cases, lower effort by the risk‐averse is a hitherto undocumented behavior towards risk (JEL C91, M52, J33)
First record of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia for phytophagous hoverflies from genus Merodon (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Authors: ŠAŠIĆ ZORIĆ Ljiljana , STÅHLS Gunilla , ĐAN Mihajla
Published: July 2019

Wolbachia is a widespread bacterial endosymbiont among arthropod species. It influences the reproduction of the host species and also mitochondrial DNA diversity. Until now there were only a few studies that detected Wolbachia infections in hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae), and this is the first broader study with the aim of examining the incidence of Wolbachia in the hoverfly genus Merodon. The obtained results indicate an infection rate of 96% and the presence of both Wolbachia supergroup A and B, which are characteristic for most of the infected arthropod species. Additionally, the presence of multiple Wolbachia strains in the Merodon aureus group species was detected and the mitochondrial DNA COI‐based relationships of the group are discussed in the light of infection. Finally, we discuss plant‐mediated horizontal transmission of Wolbachia strains among the studied hoverfly species.
Use of intravenous brivaracetam in status epilepticus: A multicenter registry
Authors: Santamarina Estevo , Parejo Carbonell Beatriz , Sala Jacint , Gutiérrez‐Viedma Álvaro , Miró Júlia , Asensio Montserrat , Abraira Laura , Falip Mercé , Ojeda Joaquín , López‐González Francisco Javier , Rodríguez‐Osorio Xiana , Mauri José Ángel , Aiguabella Maria , García Morales Irene , Toledo Manuel
Published: July 2019

Objective

The pharmacokinetics of brivaracetam (BRV), added to its effectiveness observed in animal models of status epilepticus (SE), makes this drug attractive for use in emergency situations. Our objective was to evaluate the use of intravenous BRV in a multicenter study.

Methods

A retrospective multicenter registry of SE cases treated with BRV was created. These patients were evaluated between January and December 2018 at seven hospitals in Spain. Demographic variables, SE characteristics, concomitant drugs, loading doses, and response to treatment were collected.

Results

Forty‐three patients were registered. The mean age was 56 ± 23.1 years, 51.2% were male, 29 had previous epilepsy, 24 (55.8%) had prominent motor symptoms, and 19 had nonconvulsive symptoms. Regarding the etiology, 19 (44.2%) were considered acute symptomatic, 16 (17.2%) remote symptomatic, four (9.3%) progressive symptomatic, and four (9.3%) cryptogenic. Regarding concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), 17 had previously received levetiracetam (LEV). In 14 patients, BRV was used early (first or second AED). The median loading dose was 100 mg (range = 50‐400), and the weight‐adjusted dose was 1.8 mg/kg (range = 0.4‐7.3). BRV was effective in 54% (n = 23), and a response was observed in <6 hours in 13 patients. We observed a tendency for it to be more effective when administered earlier (P = 0.09), but there were no differences regarding SE type and the concomitant use of LEV. In those with the fastest responses, we observed that both the total administered dose (300 mg vs 100 mg, P = 0.008) and the weight‐adjusted dose (3.85 mg vs 1.43 mg, P = 0.006) were significantly higher. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the best cutoff point for a faster response was 1.82 mg/kg.

Significance

BRV is useful for the treatment of SE, even when patients are already being treated with LEV. The response rate seems higher when it is administered earlier and at higher doses (>1.82 mg/kg).
Forced normalization: A systematic review
Authors: Calle‐López Yamile , Ladino Lady Diana , Benjumea‐Cuartas Vanessa , Castrillón‐Velilla Diana Marcela , Téllez‐Zenteno José Francisco , Wolf Peter
Published: July 2019

Objective

Forced normalization (FN) is an intriguing phenomenon characterized by the emergence of psychiatric disturbances following the establishment of seizure control or reduction in the epileptic activity in a patient with previous uncontrolled epilepsy. We aim to describe the clinical characteristics of the condition.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Scielo from January 1953 to January 2018. Clinical, electrographic, and imaging data were gathered. We considered all outcomes in children and adults. We performed no meta‐analyses due to the limited available data.

Results

Of 2606 abstracts identified, 36 fulfilled the FN diagnostic criteria; 193 FN episodes were evaluated and 77 of them were analyzed extensively. Sixty percent of cases were female. Mean age ± standard deviation (SD) was 28.3 ± 14.2 years. The majority of patients had focal (80%) symptomatic (44%) epilepsy. Most patients reported a high ictal frequency (58%) and were on polytherapy (51%). Patients presented psychosis (86.4%), mood disorders (25.8%), and dissociation (4.5%) as the main manifestations. In the psychosis group, persecutory (52.6%) and reference (47.3%) delusions were frequent. FN was provoked by an antiepileptic drug (AED) (48.5%) mainly levetiracetam, epilepsy surgery (31.8%), or vagus nerve stimulation (13.6%). Treatment was homogeneous including anticonvulsant withdrawal (47%) or taper (25%); antipsychotics were initiated in the majority of cases (73%). Psychiatric symptoms were partially controlled in 35%, with complete resolution of symptoms in the remaining 65% of cases. The majority of patients (87%) with AED trigger and withdrawal presented complete resolution of symptoms in comparison to 28.5% of patients triggered by surgery.

Significance

Forced normalization is an entity whose pathophysiology remains uncertain. Antipsychotic drug use does not predict complete resolution of psychiatric symptoms in comparison with AED withdrawal. Although there is a positive response to treatment in patients with FN triggered by drugs, the prognosis is obscure in patients with surgery triggered FN.
Topically injected adrenocorticotropic hormone induces mechanical hypersensitivity on a full‐thickness cutaneous wound model in rats
Authors: Goto Taichi , Nakagami Gojiro , Minematsu Takeo , Tomida Sanai , Shinoda Masamichi , Iwata Koichi , Sanada Hiromi
Published: July 2019

Cutaneous wound pain causes physical and psychological stress for patients with wounds. Previous studies reported that stress induces hyperalgesia and deteriorates wound healing. However, the effect of the stress response such as in hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis on local wound area is unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of a stress response on the mechanical withdrawal threshold in the local wound area and describe the identification of a wound pain exacerbation. We topically injected adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the granulation tissue of full‐thickness cutaneous wound model rats on the fifth day postwounding and measured the mechanical withdrawal thresholds, cytochrome P450 2Bs levels and concentration of 5,6‐epoxyeicosatrienoic acid in wound exudate. We found that ACTH induced mechanical hypersensitivity at 4 and 6 hours after injection (P = .004 and .021, respectively), and increased gene expression of cytochrome P450 2B12 expression (P = .046). Concentration of 5,6‐EET in the wound exudate was moderately correlated with the mechanical withdrawal threshold (r = −.630). Finally, the mechanical withdrawal threshold in the 5,6‐EET group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 2 hours after the injection (P = .015). We propose that 5,6‐EET is one of the most promising contributors to the wound pain exacerbation. These findings could guide clinical wound and pain management.