bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In‐vitro dissolution of magnesium–calcium binary alloys: Clarifying the unique role of calcium additions in bioresorbable magnesium implant alloys
Authors: Kirkland Nicholas T. , Birbilis Nick , Walker Jemimah , Woodfield Tim , Dias George J. , Staiger Mark P.
Published: August 2010

A systematic investigation of a series of magnesium–calcium binary alloys is presented to reveal the influence of increasing calcium (Ca) additions on the in vitro degradation of magnesium (Mg). Because of its prevalence in structural tissues, Ca is among the most biologically viable additions to orthopedic‐intended Mg‐based biomaterials. Hence, a fundamental electrochemical study of Ca additions to Mg biomaterials is essential to its continued role as an alloying addition. In this work, in vitro degradation conditions closer to the physiological environment were implemented through the addition of proteins to simulated body fluid and maintenance of a constant pH, with tests conducted using Hanks solution, minimum essential medium (MEM), and MEM containing fetal bovine serum. Alloying with Ca leads to the formation of Mg2Ca intermetallic particles that result in systematically enhanced dissolution kinetics. This observation is rationalized via microelectrochemical tests upon the Mg2Ca intermetallic in isolation, which reveals rapid anodic kinetics. Hence, the extent of Mg‐Ca alloy dissolution can be modified depending on the amount of Mg2Ca present, suggesting that Ca can be deployed as a functional addition capable of not only enhancing biodissolution of the alloy, but being able to do this in a systematic, controllable manner depending on its volume fraction. In addition, up to a 3‐fold reduction in the corrosion rate is observed with corrosion testing in an albumin‐containing medium when compared to Hanks solution, the results highlighting that the use of a physiologically “correct” medium is essential for the in vitro screening of Mg‐based alloys suitable for orthopaedic applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Novel three‐dimensional scaffolds of poly(L‐lactic acid) microfibers using electrospinning and mechanical expansion: Fabrication and bone regeneration
Authors: Shim In Kyong , Jung Mi Ra , Kim Kyung Hwa , Seol Yang Jo , Park Yoon Jeong , Park Won Ho , Lee Seung Jin
Published: August 2010

Poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) microfibrous scaffolds with three‐dimensional (3D) structures were fabricated using an electrospinning technique with a subsequent mechanical expansion process. To achieve a 3D fibrous structure, the fusion at the contact points of the as‐spun PLLA microfibers was avoided using an appropriate binary solvent system of methylene chloride and acetone. The solvent composition was optimized based on the solvent power, volatility, and viscosity (methylene chloride:acetone = 9:1 volume ratio). The final 3D structure of the electrospun scaffolds was obtained after mechanical expansion of the electrospun microfibrous mats. The pore sizes of the scaffolds were controlled by varying the degree of expansion of the nonbonded microfibrous mats, and they were in the range of several microns up to 400 μm. The 3D scaffolds were examined for their morphological properties and their potential use for the proliferation of osteoblasts. Generally recognized electrospun 2D nanofibrous membranes were also tested in order to compare the cell behaviors using different scaffold geometries. The 3D scaffolds demonstrated a high level of osteoblast proliferation (1.8‐fold higher than nanofibrous membranes in a week). The osteoblasts actively penetrated the inside of the 3D scaffold and showed a spatial cell distribution, as confirmed by SEM and H&E staining, while a monolayer formed in the case of the 2D nanofibrous membranes with limited cell infiltration. In vivo results further showed that 3D electrospun microfibrous matrices were a favorable substrate for cell infiltration and bone formation after 2 and 4 weeks, using a rabbit calvarial defect model. In this study, the 3D microfibrous PLLA scaffolds fabricated using electrospinning techniques might be an innovative addition to tissue engineering applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Sonographically measured hyoid bone displacement during swallow in preschool children: A preliminary study
Authors: Scarborough D. R. , Waizenhofer Susan , Siekemeyer Leah , Hughes Michael
Published: August 2010

Purpose.

This study explored normative parameters regarding maximum displacement of hyoid bone movement during spontaneous swallows using ultrasound (US) in a sample of healthy preschool children. We hypothesized that consistency and bolus size would influence hyoid movement, but gender would not be a factor.

Methods.

Parental questionnaire responses and sensorimotor examinations were utilized to determine subject eligibility. Subjects were presented randomized bolus volumes of thin liquids/puree via a spoon while the US probe was placed submentally in the midsagittal plane. Maximum hyoid bone displacement was determined following a frame‐by‐frame analysis of the US recording during spontaneous swallowing of discrete bolus sizes.

Results.

Twenty‐nine subjects produced 346 swallows that were subsequently analyzed. Significant findings (p < 0.05) included a gender effect with the smallest bolus of liquids presented. Bootstrap estimates based on our sample revealed that 99% of preschool children would present with hyoid bone displacement within 0.3 cm of our sample.

Conclusions.

Based on our early experience, we were able to observe and measure changes in hyoid bone position during swallowing in preschoolers, which may be gender related. More studies are needed to corroborate our findings. In addition, comparisons of maximum hyoid displacement are warranted in subjects that present with feeding delays. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 38:430–434, 2010
Differential proteomic profiling of chordomas and analysis of prognostic factors
Authors: Zhou Hua , Chen Chang‐bao , Lan Jie , Liu Chao , Liu Xiao‐guang , Jiang Liang , Wei Feng , Ma Qing‐jun , Dang Geng‐ting , Liu Zhong‐jun
Published: August 2010

Background

The recurrence rate of chordoma is high, and the prognosis is poor.

Methods

Differential proteomic analysis was performed on chordomas and adjacent normal tissues, with verification by Western blot. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of 37 chordomas. Association of candidate protein expression with clinical parameters, disease‐free survival, and overall survival were analyzed.

Results

We identified 14 up‐regulated and 5 down‐regulated proteins in chordomas. Expression of alpha enolase (ENO1), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), and gp96 was higher in recurrences than in primary tumors. Univariate analysis showed that significantly adverse factors for disease‐free survival were overexpression of ENO1 and PKM2, involvement of contiguous vertebral levels, and inadequate surgical margin at initial surgery. Inadequate surgical margin without radiotherapy, involvement of contiguous vertebral levels, and cervical spine location were adverse factors for overall survival. By multivariate analysis, independent adverse prognostic factors were inadequate surgical margin and involvement of multiple contiguous vertebral levels for recurrence; upper cervical spine location and involvement of contiguous vertebral levels for tumor‐related death. Multivariate analysis failed to show the significance of the proteins.

Conclusions

Involvements of multiple contiguous vertebral levels and upper cervical spine, rather than overexpression of ENO1, PKM2, or gp96, are independent prognostic indicators for chordomas. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:720–727. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma in children and adolescents
Authors: Raval Mehul V. , Bilimoria Karl Y. , Bentrem David J. , Stewart Andrew K. , Ko Clifford Y. , Reynolds Marleta , Wayne Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2010

Background

Though sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an integral component of melanoma staging, little is known about its use in children.

Methods

Patients (0–18 years) with melanoma diagnosed from 2003 to 2007 in the National Cancer Data Base were assessed. Logistic regression models were used to identify clinicopathologic, socioeconomic, and hospital factors associated with SLNB use and lymph node metastases (LNM).

Results

Of 671 children, 68.7% underwent SLNB. SLNB utilization rates were 39.9% for T1a patients and 87.6% for T1b–T3 patients. T1b–T3 patients were more likely to undergo SLNB if they were older (OR 4.86 95% CI: 1.88–12.59) or cared for at Children's hospitals (OR 2.43 95% CI: 1.09–5.40). T1b–T3 patients were less likely to undergo SLNB if uninsured (OR 0.25 95% CI: 0.08–0.76). Of those with SLNB, 118 (25.6%) had pathologically confirmed LNM. Patients were more likely to have LNM if younger (OR 3.19 95% CI: 1.20–8.51) or having higher T stage (OR 10.38 95% CI: 4.59–23.47).

Conclusions

SLNB use for children with melanoma was associated with clinicopathologic, socioeconomic, and hospital factors. Younger patients have a higher likelihood of LNM but are the least likely to undergo SLNB. Though overall adherence appears high, there remains an opportunity for improved care for children with melanoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:634–639. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk for Parkinson's disease among patients with osteoarthritis: A Danish cohort study
Authors: Rugbjerg Kathrine , Friis Søren , Jørgensen Thomas L. , Ritz Beate , Korbo Lise , Olsen Jørgen H.
Published: August 2010

It has been suggested that use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) protects against Parkinson's disease, although the results are not consistent. We investigated the risk for Parkinson's disease in patients with osteoarthritis, who are typically intensive users of NSAID. By using the files of the National Danish Hospital Register for the period 1977–2006, we identified a cohort of 134,176 patients with osteoarthritis severe enough to have required subsequent hip or knee implant surgery. The number of first hospital contacts for Parkinson's disease among cohort members in 1986–2007 was compared with that expected from the age‐, gender‐ and period‐specific hospital contact rates of the general Danish population, and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived. Cohort members were also linked to the Danish Cancer Register to estimate the SIRs for colorectal and lung cancer. We observed a slightly increased risk for Parkinson's disease among patients with osteoarthritis and subsequent implant surgery (SIR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.99–1.16). Decreased SIRs were found for both colorectal cancer (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.97), consistent with a high prevalence of NSAID use among cohort members, and lung cancer (0.77; 95% CI, 0.73–0.80), indicating a lower prevalence of smoking than usual. Our results do not support the hypothesis that patients with prolonged use of NSAID and other analgesics are at reduced risk for Parkinson's disease. A possible lower smoking prevalence among patients with osteoarthritis might explain the slightly increased risk for Parkinson's disease. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Sensory disinhibition on passive movement in cervical dystonia
Authors: Obermann Mark , Vollrath Clemens , de Greiff Armin , Gizewski Elke R. , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Hallett Mark , Maschke Matthias
Published: August 2010

The relevance of the sensory system in the pathophysiology of cervical dystonia (CD) has been discussed since the description of sensory tricks associated with this disorder. Our objective was to locate changes in somatosensory processing of patients with CD responding in a passive sensory task of body regions that are not affected by dystonic symptoms. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 17 patients with CD and 17 healthy controls performing a strictly passive 30‐degree forearm movement task with the left arm. TSUI and TWSTRS rating scales were used for clinical assessment. All patients were treated with botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A; Dysport®). Patients with CD showed BOLD‐signal increase in the contralateral primary and secondary sensory cortex, the cingulate cortex and cerebellum bilaterally compared to healthy controls. We found a strong positive correlation of this activation with BoNT‐A dosage in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and a negative correlation with the TWSTRS in that same region. The observed sensory overactivation suggests a general disinhibition of the somatosensory system in CD as it was not limited to the motor‐system or the direct neuronal representation of the affected dystonic musculature alone. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Electron emission by current injection from n‐type diamond film surface with negative electron affinity
Authors: Takeuchi D. , Makino T. , Kato H. , Hirabayashi I. , Okushi H. , Yamasaki S.
Published: August 2010

We found current injection‐stimulated electron emission from n‐type diamond (001) surfaces with negative electron affinity (NEA) and band conduction, while no emission was observed from heavily phosphorous‐doped n+‐type diamond (111) surfaces with NEA and hopping conduction even though the injected current level was four to five orders of magnitude higher than that of the (001) case. Sweeping the potential of the collector electrode implies that electrons are emitted mainly from the positively biased electrode side, where the upward‐band bending should be reduced. These results support the intrinsic upward‐band bending model of the n‐type diamond surfaces with NEA, which was previously indicated by photoelectron emission experiments and theoretical prediction.
Boundary layers of the incompressible fluids for a permeable wall
Authors: Xie X. , Li C.
Published: August 2010

In this article, the aim is to study the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations with a permeable wall and derive the complete asymptotic expansion with respect to the kinematic viscosity ν. More precisely, we derive the physically uniform (in time and space) estimates of the boundary layers and prove that the asymptotic expansion is reasonable in uniform norm. This improves the results already obtained by R. Temam and X. Wang (2000, ZAMM, Volume 80 Issue 11–12, Pages 835–843).
Analytical and numerical aspects of time‐dependent models with internal variables
Authors: Gruber P. , Knees D. , Nesenenko S. , Thomas M.
Published: August 2010

In this paper some analytical and numerical aspects of time‐dependent models with internal variables are discussed. The focus lies on elasto/visco‐plastic models of monotone type arising in the theory of inelastic behavior of materials. This class of problems includes the classical models of elasto‐plasticity with hardening and viscous models of the Norton‐Hoff type. We discuss the existence theory for different models of monotone type, give an overview on spatial regularity results for solutions to such models and illustrate a numerical solution algorithm at an example. Finally, the relation to the energetic formulation for rate‐independent processes is explained and temporal regularity results based on different convexity assumptions are presented.
Worker demography in a large‐colony, swarm‐founding wasp
Authors: Kudô Kazuyuki , Koji Shinsaku , Mateus Sidnei , Zucchi Ronaldo , Tsuchida Koji
Published: August 2010

Neotropical swarm‐founding wasps build nests enclosed in a covering envelope, which makes it difficult to count individual births and deaths. Thus, knowledge of worker demography is very limited for swarm‐founding species compared with that for independent‐founding species. In this study, we explored the worker demography of the swarm‐founding wasp Polybia paulista, the colony size of which usually exceeds several thousand adults. We considered each wasp colony as an open‐population and estimated the survival probability, recruitment rate, and population size of workers using the developments of the Cormack–Jolly–Seber model. We found that capture probability varied considerably among the workers, probably due to age polyethism and/or task specialization. The daily survival rate of workers was high (around 0.97) throughout the season and was not related to the phase of colony development. On the other hand, the recruitment rate ranged from 0 to 0.37, suggesting that worker production was substantially less important than worker survival in determining worker population fluctuations. When we compared survival rates among worker groups of one colony, the mean daily survival rate was lower for founding workers than for progeny workers and tended to be higher in progeny workers that emerged in winter. These differences in survivorship patterns among worker cohorts would be related to worker foraging activity and/or level of parasitism.
An Attempt at a History of Mentality in Late Imperial China
Authors: Santangelo Paolo
Published: August 2010

Some elements of Puritanism in Chinese tradition are obviously different from the well-known intellectual phenomenon in the West; in the Neo-Confucian ambit the key question concerns “order–disorder,” “harmony–disharmony” in society and inside one’s personality, rather than “sin” and “purity” in personal morality. Yet we also find that chastity is involved in the contrast between the two concepts of purity and pollution and the idea of “obscene” (meaning “inauspicious,” “ill-omened,” “profane”) allows us to uncover a darker side to sexual representation. Death seems another source of active or passive pollution: this effect occurs after contaminational contact with human or animal remains. Thus death is the source of “desecration,” or of “contamination,” especially when it is the consequence of violence. This means that in Chinese culture, a sense of impurity seems to be driven by the horror of death and the fear of being overwhelmed by the passion of love; respectively,thanatosanderos. Other topics may also be associated, such as mental insanity referring to what is different, abnormal, strange, and socially subversive. The clean–unclean distinction originally responded to a basic visceral feeling—horror and repulsion/disgust—that is typically associated with hygienic worries and matter that is perceived as repugnant and inedible. But these basic ideas seem to have been symbolically extended to cope with the subconscious and metaphysical spheres: the horror of death and the fear of being overwhelmed by passion, the mysteries which lie behind these emotions, and the attempt to sublimate such fears into an impulse to transcend the red dust of our limited existence.
Persistent deNOx Ability of CaAl2O4:(Eu, Nd)/TiO2-xN
y
Luminescent Photocatalyst
Authors: Li Huihui , Yin Shu , Sato Tsugio
Published: August 2010

CaAl2O4:(Eu, Nd)/TiO2-xN
y
composite luminescent photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by a simple planetary ball milling process. Improvement of photocatalytic deNOx ability of TiO2-xN
y
, together with the persistent photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of NO after turning off the light were realized, by coupling TiO2-xN
y
with long afterglow phosphor, CaAl2O4:(Eu, Nd). The novel persistent photocatalytic behavior was related to the overlap between the absorption wavelength of TiO2-xN
y
and the emission wavelength of the CaAl2O4:(Eu, Nd). It was found that CaAl2O4:(Eu, Nd)/TiO2-xN
y
composites provided the luminescence to persist photocatalytic reaction for more than 3 h after turning off the light.

Graphical Abstract

CaAl2O4:(Eu, Nd)/TiO2-xN
y
composite luminescent photocatalyst with persistent deNOx activity after turningoff the light was successfully synthesized by a simple planetary ball milling process. Thenovel persistent photocatalytic behavior was related to the overlap between the absorptionwavelength of TiO2-xN
y
and the emission wavelengthof the CaAl2O4:(Eu, Nd).
The Nested Context Language reuse features
Authors: Soares Neto Carlos de Salles , Soares Luiz Fernando Gomes , de Souza Clarisse Sieckenius
Published: August 2010

NCL, the standard declarative language of the Brazilian Terrestrial Digital TV System and ITU-T Recommendation for IPTV Services, provides a high level of reuse in the design of hypermedia applications. In this paper we detail how its design and conceptual model have succeeded in supporting reuse at a declarative level. NCL supports not only static but also running code reuse. It also allows for reuse inside applications, reuse between applications, and reuse of code spans stored in external libraries. For a specification language to promote reuse, however, it must have a number of usability merits. Aspects of NCL usability are thus analyzed with the Cognitive Dimensions of Notation framework.
Developmental pathology, dopamine, stress and schizophrenia
Authors: Lodge Daniel J. , Grace Anthony A.
Published: August 2010

Psychological stress is a contributing factor for a wide variety of neuropsychiatric diseases including substance use disorders, anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. However, it has not been conclusively determined how stress augments the symptoms of these diseases. Here we review evidence that the ventral hippocampus may be a site of convergence whereby a number of seemingly discrete risk factors, including stress, may interact to precipitate psychosis in schizophrenia. Specifically, aberrant hippocampal activity has been demonstrated to underlie both the elevated dopamine neuron activity and associated behavioral hyperactivity to dopamine agonists in a verified animal model of schizophrenia. In addition, stress, psychostimulant drug use, prenatal infection and select genetic polymorphisms all appear to augment ventral hippocampal function that may therefore exaggerate or precipitate psychotic symptoms. Such information is critical for our understanding into the pathology of psychiatric disease with the ultimate aim being the development of more effective therapeutics.
Middle and late Pleistocene glaciations in the Campo Felice Basin (central Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Giraudi Carlo , Bodrato Giulia , Lucchi Marianna Ricci , Cipriani Nicola , Villa Igor M. , Giaccio Biagio , Zuppi Giovanni M.
Published: August 2010

The present paper refers to research conducted in the tectonic-karst depression of Campo Felice in the central Apennines (Italy), in which glacial, alluvial and lacustrine sediments have been preserved. Stratigraphic interpretations of sediments underlying the Campo Felice Plain are based on evidence obtained from nine continuous-core boreholes. The boreholes reach a depth of 120 m and provide evidence of five sedimentation cycles separated by erosion surfaces. Each cycle is interpreted as an initial response to a mainly warm stage, characterized by low-energy alluvial and colluvial deposition, pedogenesis, and limited episodes of marsh formation. In turn, a mainly cold stage follows during which a lake formed, and glaciers developed and expanded, leading to deposition of glacial and fluvioglacial deposits. The chronological framework is established by eleven accelerator mass spectrometer 14C ages and three 39Ar–40Ar ages on leucites from interbedded tephra layers. These age determinations indicate five glacial advances that respectively occurred during marine oxygen isotope stages 2, 3–4, 6, 10 and 14.
Microscopic and environmental controls on the spacing and thickness of segregated ice lenses
Authors: Rempel Alan W.
Published: August 2010

The formation of segregated ice is of fundamental importance to a broad range of permafrost and periglacial features and phenomena. Models have been developed to account for the microscopic interactions that drive water migration, and predict key macroscopic characteristics of ice lenses, such as their spacings and thicknesses. For a given set of sediment properties, the temperature difference between the growing and incipient lenses is shown here to depend primarily on the ratio between the effective stress and the temperature deviation from bulk melting at the farthest extent of pore ice. This suggests that observed spacing between ice lenses in frozen soils, or traces of lenses in soils that once contained segregated ice, might be used to constrain the combinations of effective stress and temperature gradient that were present near the time and location at which the lower lens in each pair was initiated. The thickness of each lens has the potential to contain even more information since it depends additionally on the rate of temperature change and the permeability of the sediment at the onset of freezing. However, these complicating factors make it more difficult to interpret thickness data in terms of current or former soil conditions.
Geometrical similarity in successively developed folds and sheath folds in the basement rocks of the northwestern Indian Shield
Authors: SRIVASTAVA DEEPAK C.
Published: August 2010

An intensely deformed gneiss–migmatite terrane and a relatively undeformed granulite–granitoid terrane constitute the bulk of Precambrian basement in the northwestern Indian Shield. This article traces the structural evolution in the gneiss–migmatite terrane, where traditional methods of structural analysis are difficult to apply, and shows how successively developed folds can assume identical geometry and orientation at an advanced stage of progressive ductile shearing. The gneiss–migmatite terrane exemplifies a regional-scale ductile shear zone that preserves the history of polyphase folding and sheath folding. Geometrical similarity between individual/domain-scale sheath folds and mesoscopic/regional-scale folds implies that sheath folding is common at all scales in the gneiss–migmatite terrane. As the mylonite foliation that traces successive folds is curviplanar, the successively initiated hinge lines were curvilinear from their inception in the shear zone. At the advanced stage of ductile shearing, the hinge line curvatures were accentuated due to their rotation towards subvertically directed maximum stretching (X), and variably oriented fold axial planes were brought into approximate parallelism with the upright principal plane (XY) of the bulk strain ellipsoid. Eventually all the folds, irrespective of their relative order of development, became strongly non-cylindrical, extremely tight, isoclinal and approximately co-planar with respect to each other. It is due to the above geometrical modifications during ductile shearing that folds, irrespective of their order of development, now appear identical with respect to isoclinal geometry, axial plane orientation and hinge line curvilinearity. Evidence from the fold orientations, the deformed lineation patterns and the sheath fold geometry suggest that the shearing occurred in a general shear type of bulk strain, and NNW–SSE-directed subhorizontal compression resulted in subvertically directed stretching in the gneiss–migmatite terrane.
Jiangxichelys, a new nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: TONG HAIYAN , MO JINYOU
Published: August 2010

A new taxon of nanhsiungchelyid turtle,Jiangxichelys ganzhouensisn. g. n. sp., is described on the basis of a complete shell from the latest Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China. It is close toHanbodgemys, but different from the latter in having a boot-shaped second marginal scute reaching the first vertebral scute, a larger first suprapygal, a large fifth vertebral extending onto the tenth peripheral, narrower lateral marginal scutes and a narrower posterior plastral lobe. This discovery adds a new element to the scanty record of nanhsiungchelyids from southern China and illustrates the diversity of the family in that area.
Transparency, Price Informativeness, and Stock Return Synchronicity: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Dasgupta Sudipto , Gan Jie , Gao Ning
Published: August 2010

This paper argues that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, stock return synchronicity (or R2) can increase when transparency improves. In a simple model, we show that, in more transparent environments, stock prices should be more informative about future events. Consequently, when the events actually happen in the future, there should be less “surprise” (i.e., less new information is impounded into the stock price). Thus a more informative stock price today means higher return synchronicity in the future. We find empirical support for our theoretical predictions in 3 settings: namely, firm age, seasoned equity offerings (SEOs), and listing of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs).
Turbulent flame–wall interaction: a direct numerical simulation study
Authors: GRUBER A. , SANKARAN R. , HAWKES E. R. , CHEN J. H.
Published: August 2010

A turbulent flame–wall interaction (FWI) configuration is studied using three-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) and detailed chemical kinetics. The simulations are used to investigate the effects of the wall turbulent boundary layer (i) on the structure of a hydrogen–air premixed flame, (ii) on its near-wall propagation characteristics and (iii) on the spatial and temporal patterns of the convective wall heat flux. Results show that the local flame thickness and propagation speed vary between the core flow and the boundary layer, resulting in a regime change from flamelet near the channel centreline to a thickened flame at the wall. This finding has strong implications for the modelling of turbulent combustion using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes or large-eddy simulation techniques. Moreover, the DNS results suggest that the near-wall coherent turbulent structures play an important role on the convective wall heat transfer by pushing the hot reactive zone towards the cold solid surface. At the wall, exothermic radical recombination reactions become important, and are responsible for approximately 70% of the overall heat release rate at the wall. Spectral analysis of the convective wall heat flux provides an unambiguous picture of its spatial and temporal patterns, previously unobserved, that is directly related to the spatial and temporal characteristic scalings of the coherent near-wall turbulent structures.
Capture of ungulates in Central Asia using drive nets: advantages and pitfalls illustrated by the Endangered Mongolian saiga Saiga tatarica mongolica
Authors: Berger Joel , Murray Kim M. , Buuveibaatar Bayarbaatar , Dunbar Michael R. , Lkhagvasuren Badamjav
Published: August 2010

The study of mammals suffering intense poaching in remote areas poses an increasingly difficult conservation challenge, in part because the extreme flightiness of such species complicates safe capture. The benefits of handling (an opportunity to obtain biological information and attach radio collars) must be weighed against stress to the animals and potential capture-related mortality. In parts of Central Asia this problem is not trivial, as populations have been heavily harvested and opportunities for restraint are often limited. Mongolian saiga Saiga tatarica mongolica, being both Endangered and poached, typifies these issues. Here we describe capture protocols for adult females handled quickly and without anaesthesia. Using multiple vehicles driven at high speed, individual saiga were isolated from groups and herded into nets. Chase time was linearly associated with rectal temperature (P < 0.03), with maximum pursuits and temperatures of 9 minutes and 43.1°C, respectively; time to release averaged < 7 minutes. Given that rural residents often chase saiga and other desert and steppe-dwelling ungulates, for photography or for amusement, our results offer conservationists and government officials an empirical basis for recommending prudence on chase times and/or for recommending that the practice be prevented.
Silicon isotopes in Antarctic sponges: an interlaboratory comparison
Authors: Hendry Katharine R. , Leng Melanie J. , Robinson Laura F. , Sloane Hilary J. , Blusztjan Jerzy , Rickaby Rosalind E.M. , Georg R. Bastian , Halliday Alex N.
Published: August 2010

Cycling of deepwater silicon (Si) within the Southern Ocean, and its transport into other ocean basins, may be an important player in the uptake of atmospheric carbon, and global climate. Recent work has shown that the Si isotope (denoted by δ29Si or δ30Si) composition of deep sea sponges reflects the availability of dissolved Si during growth, and is a potential proxy for past deep and intermediate water silicic acid concentrations. As with any geochemical tool, it is essential to ensure analytical precision and accuracy, and consistency between methodologies and laboratories. Analytical bias may exist between laboratories, and sponge material may have matrix effects leading to offsets between samples and standards. Here, we report an interlaboratory evaluation of Si isotopes in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic sponges. We review independent methods for measuring Si isotopes in sponge spicules. Our results show that separate subsamples of non-homogenized sponges measured by three methods yield isotopic values within analytical error for over 80% of specimens. The relationship between δ29Si and δ30Si in sponges is consistent with kinetic fractionation during biomineralization. Sponge Si isotope analyses show potential as palaeoceaongraphic archives, and we suggest Southern Ocean sponge material would form a useful additional reference standard for future spicule analyses.
Biology of the Antarctic dragonfishVomeridens infuscipinnis(Notothenioidei: Bathydraconidae)
Authors: Kuhn Kristen L. , Near Thomas J. , Detrich H. William , Eastman Joseph T.
Published: August 2010

Nineteen specimens of the rare dragonfishVomeridens infuscipinniswere evaluated for meristic counts, morphometric measurements, vomerine teeth and the supratemporal canal, anatomical and histological observations of bone, cartilage and lipid, diet, and reproductive status. Seven individuals were measured for buoyancy. All specimens had small vomerine teeth that varied in number. There was also variability in the arrangement of the supratemporal pores and canals.Vomeridenspossess a body with little bone and considerable amounts of cartilage and lipid. A mean percentage buoyancy of 1.61% indicated thatVomeridensis nearly neutrally buoyant. Inferences from measurements of buoyancy and from morphological data suggest thatVomeridenslives in an epibenthic water column habitat at 400–900 m. Facilitated by its reduced body density,Vomeridensare likely to forage in the water column by hovering above the substrate. The stomach contents consisted of krill (Euphausia superba), some as large as 46–50 mm.The absolute and relative fecundity in seven female was 1576–2296 oocytes (mean 1889) and 21.3–28.9 oocytes g-1body weight (mean 25.3), respectively. The reproductive effort in terms of egg diameter, GSI, and absolute and relative fecundity is similar to that for other bathydraconids.
Laws and Religion: Unravelling McFarlane v Relate Avon Limited
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: August 2010

The Labour Government (1997–2010) created a large number of new laws affecting religion. The Blair and Brown years saw the incorporation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law, the creation of religiously-aggravated offences, the recognition of civil partnerships, and a tide of legislation affecting education, charities and equality law, which saw the extension of the law to cover discrimination on grounds of religion or belief. And all this legislation has resulted in an abundance of case law. There is more ‘religion law’ – national and international law affecting religion – than ever before. And, for some time, there has been an implicit tension in English law between this new religion law and older laws protecting religion. These old laws, many still on the statute books, were based upon a different premise. They often sought to protect Christianity in general (or the Church of England in particular) as the norm, while providing some degree of toleration for other faiths. Moreover, the legal regulation of religion was characterised by a lightness of touch. The new religion law, by contrast, is facilitative, seeking to protect religious freedom mainly as an individual right which needs to be balanced against other rights. No special protection is afforded to any one religion and protection is often afforded to non-religious beliefs. The new legal framework affords utmost importance to the concept of religious neutrality as the State takes on the role of facilitating the religious market place. The tension between the old laws on religion and the new ‘religion law’ can be seen, for example, in the abolition of the offence of blasphemy (which favoured the Church of England in particular) and its replacement by offences concerning religious hatred (which covers all religions). This tension has recently come to the fore in the Court of Appeal ruling in the application for leave to appeal in McFarlane v Relate Avon Limited.
The Need for a Principled Approach to Religious Freedoms
Authors: Dingemans James
Published: August 2010

The European Court of Human Rights has adopted a narrow and restrictive approach to the protection of religious freedoms which is inconsistent with some of its own judgments about the importance of religious freedoms. This narrow and restrictive approach has necessarily influenced the approach of the Courts in England and Wales, and the approach is not supportable on any principled grounds. This article examines what has gone wrong, and makes some suggestions for the future.
Causality in Natural, Technical, and Social Systems
Authors: Mainzer Klaus
Published: August 2010

Since the very beginning of science and philosophy, causality has been a basic category of research. In the theory of dynamical systems, different forms of causality can be distinguished depending on different equations of motion. The question arises how causal relationships can be inferred from observational data. Statistic data analysis often yields information on correlations only, but not on causation. Under special conditions probabilistic distributions of data are connected with causal networks. Causal modeling plays an eminent role in the natural sciences (e.g. physics, chemistry, biology). In engineering sciences, causal dependence must not only be recognized, but constructed and controlled, in order to guarantee reliable and desired functions of technical systems. Control is the inverse problem of causality for engineers. In social sciences, causal networks are used to analyze social and economic interactions in, for example, markets, organizations, and institutions. With respect to volatility shocks and financial crashes, it is a challenge to discover the causes of extreme events. From an epistemic and interdisciplinary point of view, complex nonlinear causal networks are distinguished by universal properties, which are true in natural, technical, and social networks (e.g. scale-invariance, power laws).
Incorporating zero and missing responses into CVM with open-ended bidding: willingness to pay for blue skies in Beijing
Authors: YU XIAOHUA , ABLER DAVID
Published: August 2010

Based on decision theory, this paper suggests a four-hurdle model to deal with zero and missing responses in the contingent valuation method with open-ended bidding, which is used to analyze the willingness to pay for blue skies in Beijing where air pollution is known to be very serious. The mean and the median of the predicted willingness to pay for blue skies per household are, respectively, 120.15 and 128.60 yuan, less than 0.2% of the per capita annual disposal income in Beijing. This is very low compared to results from studies of other countries. The empirical results also indicate that the four-hurdle model is superior to the Tobit model and raw data estimation.
Phytoplankton class‐specific primary production in the world's oceans: Seasonal and interannual variability from satellite observations
Authors: Uitz Julia , Claustre Hervé , Gentili Bernard , Stramski Dariusz
Published: August 2010

We apply an innovative approach to time series data of surface chlorophyll from satellite observations with SeaWiFS (Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor) to estimate the primary production associated with three major phytoplankton classes (micro‐, nano‐, and picophytoplankton) within the world's oceans. Statistical relationships, determined from an extensive in situ database of phytoplankton pigments, are used to infer class‐specific vertical profiles of chlorophyll a concentration from satellite‐derived surface chlorophyll a. This information is combined with a primary production model and class‐specific photophysiological parameters to compute global seasonal fields of class‐specific primary production over a 10‐year period from January 1998 through December 2007. Microphytoplankton (mostly diatoms) appear as a major contributor to total primary production in coastal upwelling systems (70%) and temperate and subpolar regions (50%) during the spring‐summer season. The contribution of picophytoplankton (e.g., prokaryotes) reaches maximum values (45%) in subtropical oligotrophic gyres. Nanophytoplankton (e.g., prymnesiophytes) provide a ubiquitous, substantial contribution (30–60%). Annual global estimates of class‐specific primary production amount to 15 Gt C yr−1 (32% of total), 20 Gt C yr−1 (44%) and 11 Gt C yr−1 (24%) for micro‐, nano‐, and picophytoplankton, respectively. The analysis of interannual variations revealed large anomalies in class‐specific primary production as compared to the 10‐year mean cycle in both the productive North Atlantic basin and the more stable equatorial Pacific upwelling. Microphytoplankton show the largest range of variability of the three phytoplankton classes on seasonal and interannual time scales. Our results contribute to an understanding and quantification of carbon cycle in the ocean.
Generation of whistler mode emissions in the inner magnetosphere: An event study
Authors: Schriver D. , Ashour‐Abdalla M. , Coroniti F. V. , LeBoeuf J. N. , Decyk V. , Travnicek P. , Santolík O. , Winningham D. , Pickett J. S. , Goldstein M. L. , Fazakerley A. N.
Published: August 2010

On July 24, 2003, when the Cluster 4 satellite crossed the magnetic equator at about 4.5 RE radial distance on the dusk side (∼15 MLT), whistler wave emissions were observed below the local electron gyrofrequency (fce) in two bands, one band above one‐half the gyrofrequency (0.5fce) and the other band below 0.5fce. A careful analysis of the wave emissions for this event has shown that Cluster 4 passed through the wave source region. Simultaneous electron particle data from the PEACE instrument in the generation region indicated the presence of a mid‐energy electron population (∼100 s of eV) that had a highly anisotropic temperature distribution with the perpendicular temperature 10 times the parallel temperature. To understand this somewhat rare event in which the satellite passed directly through the wave generation region and in which a free energy source (i.e., temperature anisotropy) was readily identified, a linear theory and particle in cell simulation study has been carried out to elucidate the physics of the wave generation, wave‐particle interactions, and energy redistribution. The theoretical results show that for this event the anisotropic electron distribution can linearly excite obliquely propagating whistler mode waves in the upper frequency band, i.e., above 0.5fce. Simulation results show that in addition to the upper band emissions, nonlinear wave‐wave coupling excites waves in the lower frequency band, i.e., below 0.5fce. The instability saturates primarily by a decrease in the temperature anisotropy of the mid‐energy electrons, but also by heating of the cold electron population. The resulting wave‐particle interactions lead to the formation of a high‐energy plateau on the parallel component of the warm electron velocity distribution. The theoretical results for the saturation time scale indicate that the observed anisotropic electron distribution must be refreshed in less than 0.1 s allowing the anisotropy to be detected by the electron particle instrument, which takes several seconds to produce a distribution.
Crucial discrepancy in the balance between extreme ultraviolet solar radiation and ion densities given by the international reference ionosphere model
Authors: Vlasov Michael N. , Kelley Michael C.
Published: August 2010

Molecular ions play an important role in the balance of charged particles below the peak density in the F2 region. Balance is determined by ionization of the main neutral constituents by extreme UV solar radiation (EUVSR) and by dissociative recombination of the molecular ions. Using the empirical EUVSR model and the neutral densities given by the MSISE‐90 (Mass Spectrometer‐Incoherent Scatter) model, ionization rates can be calculated using well‐developed, textbook‐level analysis and then compared with the recombination rates corresponding to the molecular ion and electron densities given by the IRI‐2001 and IRI‐2007 empirical models. Our results show that the recombination rates calculated using the IRI model are larger by a factor of 5 to 30 than the ionization rates corresponding to the EUVSR empirical model at altitudes above 190 km at middle and low latitudes and low solar activity. Previously, and for similar reasons, we showed that the IRI predicted 630 nm and 557.7 nm emissions, which were found to be much higher than the observations (Vlasov et al., 2005; Nicolls et al., 2006). The discrepancy greatly increases from noon to dusk and decreases with increasing solar activity. Our results thus show a contradiction between the EUVSR model and the IRI model. Since empirical data on molecular ions are scarce, we argue that straightforward ion chemistry calculations should be added to the IRI to correct the discrepancy.
Wave‐particle interactions in the equatorial source region of whistler‐mode emissions
Authors: Santolík O. , Gurnett D. A. , Pickett J. S. , Grimald S. , Décreau P. M. E. , Parrot M. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. , El‐Lemdani Mazouz F. , Schriver D. , Meredith N. P. , Fazakerley A.
Published: August 2010

Wave‐particle interactions can play a key role in the process of transfer of energy between different electron populations in the outer Van Allen radiation belt. We present a case study of wave‐particle interactions in the equatorial source region of whistler‐mode emissions. We select measurements of the Cluster spacecraft when these emissions are observed in the form of random hiss with only occasional discrete chorus wave packets, and where the wave propagation properties are very similar to previously analyzed cases of whistler‐mode chorus. We observe a positive divergence of the Poynting flux at minima of the magnetic field modulus along the magnetic field lines, indicating the central position of the source. In this region we perform a linear stability analysis based on the locally measured electron phase space densities. We find two unstable electron populations. The first of them consists of energy‐dispersed and highly anisotropic injected electrons at energies of a few hundreds eV to a few keV, with the perpendicular temperature more than 10 times higher than the parallel temperature with respect to the magnetic field line. Another unstable population is formed by trapped electrons at energies above 10 keV. We show that the injected electrons at lower energies can be responsible for a part of the waves that propagate obliquely at frequencies above one half of the electron cyclotron frequency. Our model of the trapped electrons at higher energies gives insufficient growth of the waves below one half of the electron cyclotron frequency and a nonlinear generation mechanism might be necessary to explain their presence even in this simple case.