bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis with laryngotracheal reconstruction
Authors: Cui P , Chen W
Published: August 2009

Objectives:

We evaluated the efficacy of laryngotracheal reconstruction with costal cartilage grafting for the treatment of idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis.

Methods:

From January 2001 to December 2005, 129 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis were treated at our hospital. Of these patients, five (4 per cent) female patients whose ages ranged from 14 to 34 years were identified as having idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis. These patients were treated with a modified laryngotracheal reconstruction with anterior costal cartilage grafting. A Montgomery T-tube remained in place for 12 to 22 months.

Results:

Three patients presented with grade three and two with grade two stenosis. Three patients were decannulated after one procedure, with normal respiratory function and good exercise tolerance; one patient was decannulated after two procedures. One patient failed decannulation. The mean time to decannulation was 13 months.

Conclusions:

Laryngotracheal reconstruction with anterior costal cartilage grafting is a safe and effective method, and provides an alternative treatment for idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis.
Spontaneous cervical lymphocoele: case reports and management decisions
Authors: Walker F D L , MacGregor F B , Ganly I
Published: August 2009

Introduction:

Neck lumps in young adults are not uncommon, and most represent benign, reactive lymphadenopathy. Cystic swellings are less common. Spontaneous cervical lymphocoeles are very rare, and present as fluctuant, asymptomatic, cystic swellings in the neck in otherwise fit individuals.

Case reports:

We report two healthy young women who presented with spontaneous cervical lymphocoeles and who were treated successfully with surgical excision. The timing of surgical intervention was influenced in both cases by their imminent wedding celebrations.

Conclusions:

Whilst sclerotherapy has been advocated by some authors, we found it unhelpful; however, surgery provided definitive treatment.
An unusual cause of obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Farboud A , Pratap R , Helquist H , Montgomery P
Published: August 2009

Introduction:

Rhabdomyoma of the larynx is a rare condition, with less than 40 cases recorded worldwide.

Clinical record:

A 76-year-old man was referred to our clinic with progressive, severe hoarseness and dysphagia. He had been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea by the respiratory physicians and commenced on nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure ventilation. Transnasal laryngoscopy revealed bilaterally enlarged tissue in the region of the arytenoids; biopsies revealed the (previously unreported) diagnosis of bilateral, synchronous rhabdomyoma of the arytenoids. Following multiple debulking surgical procedures and a tracheostomy, the patient's condition began to improve.

Discussion:

We describe the clinical picture, diagnosis and subsequent management of this patient, and also reproduce the histopathological and radiological images that aided our diagnosis. We also review reported cases of rhabdomyoma of the larynx, including their location, management and outcome.
Early Policies in the Malacca Jurisdiction of the United East India Company: The Malay Peninsula and Netherlands East Indies Attachment
Authors: Hoffman J.E.
Published: August 2009

The report upon the shortcomings of the Malacca jurisdiction which Extraordinary Councillor Willem de Roo sent to Johan van Hoorn, Governor-General of the Netherlands East Indies, in November 1705 offered reasons for the initiative which he and his colleagues had taken in relations with the Johor Court: ‘… business in Malacca is wholly fallen into decay, with, it seems to me, little appearance of a big improvement, let alone a full recovery of the formerly flourishing trade, because people have indulgently too long allowed contracts concluded with surrounding rulers and allies to be broken without making much complaint thereupon, or themselves maintaining (the force of the contracts), principally concerning the Johorese …’
Towards a Multi-Dimensional Approach to Rural Policy Optimalization: The Case of Rural Change Strategies in Asia
Authors: Roth David F.
Published: August 2009

Political scientists have long neglected the phenomena of rural development; this in spite of its overwhelming importance (See Figure 1) to lesser developed nations. In much of Africa, Asia and Latin America large proportions of the population live in villages and more scattered settlements. For Africa and Asia, 70–90 per cent of the population live and work in these areas. Their occupations are primarily agricultural.
The Literati Revival in Seventeenth-century Vietnam
Authors: Taylor K. W.
Published: August 2009

Modern Vietnamese history is generally considered to begin with the seventeenth century. The final destruction of the Cham kingdom and the concurrent territorial expansion presided over by the Nguyễn lords of Hue increased the visibility of the Vietnamese people along the South China Sea and attracted the attention of refugees, merchants, and missionaries from China, Japan, and Europe. These foreign contacts were symptomatic of basic changes occurring in Vietnam; they were not the cause. From the decline of the Lê dynasty early in the sixteenth century, political life was dominated by militarized family alliances. By the second quarter of the seventeenth century, the two most successful families in the competition for power were locked in a grim testing of wills. Mutually aggressive policies remained inconclusive after half a century of warfare, however, and were eventually abandoned by both parties. This resulted from the rise of new interests tied to the internal social, political, and economic conditions of Vietnam. The rise of these new interests was the most significant development in the seventeenth century.
A Change in the Forest: Myth and History in West Java
Authors: Wessing Robert
Published: August 2009

The demarcation of boundaries is an important feature of the Sundanese social and geographical landscape. Markers indicating the limits of territories, ceremonial areas and the like abound. Linguistic markers indicate interpersonal social boundaries. Boundaries are generally regarded as places of danger and various supernatural entities are said to guard those between any two spheres in general. On Java generally, regularly recurring anniversaries, such as Idul Fitri and 1 Sura, the Javanese new year are marked with significant ceremonies such as bersih desa or petik laut or, in the past, rampok macan protecting the village or realm from evil.

Less immediately obvious are boundaries in time, marking the transition between zaman, or eras. A change in era is of a different kind from the cyclical changes since by its very nature it is a non-repeating event. The topic of this paper is one such change in West Java, the change from Hindu rule to Islamic hegemony, and the mythology which consequently arose, providing a supernatural explanation for this quite powerful event.
At the Crossroads of Civilizations: The Cultural Orientations of Malaysian Intellectuals
Authors: Regan Daniel
Published: August 2009

Too often civilizational analyses remain sealed in a hermetically closed vacuum. Disembodied motifs, designs, and themes tumble over one another in symbolic space, while fragments of Hinduism, Buddhism, and other civilizational complexes vie for idealistic preeminence. Intercivilizational encounters come to resemble pure clashes of ideas, not of individuals or strategic social groups, whose relevance for collective behaviour is minimized. The power of ideas, to mobilize and transform people and be transformed themselves, is thus denied.
Changes in the Structure of Farms and Farming in Indonesia between Censuses, 1963–1973: The Issues of Inequality and Near-Landlessness
Authors: Montgomery Roger , Sugito Toto
Published: August 2009

Although the rate of land use for agriculture as a percentage of total area of the different islands varies tremendously, we have no operable definition of arable area, and therefore cannot determine how much of the arable area is being used agriculturally. We cannot begin to define when a “limit” to land use occurs. Even in certain parts of Jawa and Bali, increases in land use were found between the censuses, although 40 per cent to 50 per cent were already being used for agriculture.
The Colonial Municipal Council in Padang (Sumatra) as Political Arena
Authors: Colombijn Freek
Published: August 2009

The experiment with administrative decentralization in Indonesia started with a new law that was enacted in 1903. The European civil servants believed that this law would protect their position, and they did not foresee two processes that were to gradually undercut this very position. First, the citizens in the municipal councils seized the opportunity to acquire a real degree of autonomy. Secondly, the council became a platform where the Indonesian members voiced their grievances from the 1920s onwards. After the Dutch colonial era, and in particular during the Japanese period and the years of Guided Democracy, the municipalities lost most of their leeway for formulating an autonomous policy and devising budgets to the central government. Now, starting with Law 5 issued in 1973, the New Order government of Indonesia has again embarked on the path of administrative decentralization.
“Barbarians” and “Younger Brothers”: The Remaking of Race in Postcolonial Vietnam
Authors: Pelley Patricia
Published: August 2009

In the spring of 1954, Vietnamese revolutionaries launched a decisive assault against French colonial troops in the mountain valley of Dien Bien Phu. The military defeat of France, crystalized in the surrender of French troops in May 1954, was the single most crucial event in the collapse of colonial power. In military terms, France had unambiguously yielded to the strategic brilliance and soldierly élan of the Vietnamese, but culturally and intellectually, the empire was not so easily dispatched. Though it was decisive, the military victory alone could not resolve the problems caused by colonial domination. Rather, it created thepossibilityfor Vietnamese to recover from the experience of colonization. Thus, in June, only a month after the French surrender, revolutionary scholars began a new offensive — an intellectual assault — against the most basic assumptions and conclusions of the colonial presence by sending forth a cascade of histories, a rush of ethnographic works, and waves of folkloric studies. In unintended ways, however, the sheer energy of their response also underscored the great difficulty of their endeavor.
Can macrobenthic communities be used in the assessment of environmental quality of fish earthen ponds?
Authors: Carvalho Susana , Barata Marisa , Pereira Fábio , Pousão-Ferreira Pedro , Cancela da Fonseca Luís , Gaspar Miguel B.
Published: August 2009

The present study was undertaken in order to analyse whether macrobenthic communities can or not be used in monitoring programmes of the environmental quality of fish ponds. Functional community analysis and biotic metrics were analysed aiming at the assessment of their effectiveness in discriminating potential impacts of fish production in these systems. The macrofaunal patterns in earthen fish ponds of the Ria Formosa lagoon showed to be influenced by the input of fish food during the production cycle and by changes in abiotic parameters caused by seasonality and fish production. Polychaetes were generally dominant considering the number of taxa and abundance. The trophic functional analysis of the benthic communities showed that the deposit-feeding functional group dominated in both areas of the ponds but within water entrance areas there was an increase of suspension-feeding, carnivory and herbivory feeding modes. The presence of less trophically mixed communities within feeding areas may be related to the relative high disturbance levels of these areas. From the biotic indicators that show a differential response to organic input in fish earthen ponds, the abundance of Capitella spp. as well as the diversity (Shannon–Wiener and Margalef species richness), evenness (Pielou) and AMBI indices seem to be the best indicators to be used in monitoring studies in similar systems. Managers should pay particular attention when Capitella spp. taxa are observed within the feeding areas. Nevertheless, manipulative experiments are needed in order to test the dominance levels of Capitella spp. and the values of those indices that are of concern.
Modelling the effects of marine aggregate extraction on benthic assemblages
Authors: Barry Jon , Boyd Sian , Fryer Robert
Published: August 2009

This paper develops models of the initial impact of marine aggregate extraction on a benthic assemblage. We predict the effect of dredging on species numbers and abundance assuming spatial randomness of individuals. We extend the model to allow for spatial clustering of individuals using a Matern process. Data from a controlled field experiment are used to develop a framework for estimating species reduction. This involves modelling the spatial pattern of individuals before dredging using a Matern process, the impact of dredging at an individual level, and the probability that a species is not seen in a post-dredging survey. The framework was used to estimate that, of the 41 species that were seen in a pre-dredging survey but not in a post-dredging survey, between 0 and 14 were eliminated (with 95% likelihood) rather than escaped detection. The most likely number eliminated was 4.
Tan Cheng Lock His Leadership of the Malayan Chinese
Authors: Lim Soh Eng
Published: August 2009

Dato Sir (now Tun) Cheng-lock Tan is best known today for his. leadership of the Malayan Chinese after the Second World War, in connection with the Federation of Malaya constitutional proposals, the Emergency, and the attainment of independence by Malaya. Even before the War, however, Dato Tan had established himself as a distinguished public figure and, in a sense, as a political leader.
Some Problems on the Genesis of Nationalism in Indonesia
Authors: Kartodirdjo Sartono
Published: August 2009

Our generation has witnessed in a relatively recent past the almost simultaneous emergence of national states in Southeast Asia. These great events have been preceded by a historical process having nationalism as its moving force. In other parts of the world nationalism has also been playing a more and more important role.
“Viet Nam” and the Question of Chinese Aggression
Authors: Murakami Hideo
Published: August 2009

The American involvement in Viet Nam has not unnaturally led to the assumption that Chinese expansionism has had a long history of activity in that region, and not a few American writers, notably of journalistic fiber, have come out openly to say that it is really the Chinese that the American forces are fighting against, citing at the same time, hundreds of, even a thousand, years in which Viet Nam was under the control of the Chinese, and innumerable occasions on which it was invaded by the Chinese, that Chinese aggression, on the basis of encroachments into Viet Nam, is a proven fact, and unarguable. On the other hand, there have been a few, notably scholars, who have contended otherwise, that, although imperialism may have infected certain Chinese dynasties, the dominant characteristic, indeed, in the territorial expansion of the Chinese has been their willingness to accept any “barbarian” outsider who would but learn Chinese and accept Chinese customs, as Chinese; also, that China itself is composed of people who are descended from “barbarians” absorbed into the Chinese state by the acculturation process; that the Chinese, while indeed invading their peripheral states on frequent occasions, have done so almost without exception on provocations, such as coups, or attempted coups of the existing friendly-to-China dynasties, and so forth.
Dutch-Indonesian Relations 1940–1941
Authors: Pluvier J. M.
Published: August 2009

The development of pre-war Indonesian nationalism may be divided into four periods. The first period witnessed the shy initial attempts to achieve improvements in the cultural, economic, political and religious fields, stimulated more or less by the then prevalent Ethical Policy of the Dutch administration. During the late tens and the early twenties the political scene was dominated by the Sarekat Islam and the Partai Komunis Indonesia, at first collaborating, later competing with each other, but, whatever their mutual relations, both responsible for an amount of vociferous agitation and political vivacity which highly upset Dutch official and private circles. The abortive communist revolts of 1926–7 led to a harsh repression of everything communist, while the Sarekat Islam was losing its hold over the masses with which it had lost contact already after it had thrown out the leftists. At this stage real nationalism began to fill the vacuum caused by the disappearance of the P.K.I, and the powerlessness of the S.I. There is no doubt that the previous agitation had been motivated by genuine nationalist feelings, but these had either been subordinated to or run parallel with more internationally inclined movements such as Islamic reformism and Marxist socialism. After 1926, however, nationalism – and professedly Indonesian nationalism for that matter – was made the basic principle of political action. This became clear when the oldest party, the very cautious, in its origins very aristocratic and hardly more than Central Javanese Boedi Oetomo decided to include Indonesian nationalism into its programme. The new trend received its most clear expression, of course, in Soekarno's Partai Nasional Indonesia, which advocated a Free Indonesia, to be achieved by non-cooperation with the Dutch administration and the broadest possible co-operation with other political parties.
The Reasons for British Intervention in Malaya: Review and Reconsideration
Authors: Chew E.
Published: August 2009

The publication of Dr. C. D. Cowan's Nineteenth Century Malaya in 1961 was a significant landmark in the historiography of British intervention in Malaya. His view of the reasons for intervention has shown signs of becoming the newly orthodox view of a well-known crux in Malayan historical interpretation, being given prominence in a number of recent Malayan history books. After studying the London records, he came to the conclusion that “the decision to take some action in Malaya, and if necessary to intervene in the affairs of the states, was provoked not by conditions in the Peninsula, nor by any consideration of British economic interests there, but by fear of foreign intervention.” This conclusion has since been supported by another student of the Colonial Office side of things, Dr. W. D. MacIntyre, and seems to relegate previous interpretations to the limbo of historiographical curiosities.
The Orang Asli: An Outline of Their Progress in Modern Malaya
Authors: Jones Alun
Published: August 2009

Since the end of the Second World War most sections of Malaysia's multi-racial and polyglot society have been significantly affected by political and economic developments. It is doubtful if any of the young nation's many communities have been more dramatically and profoundly influenced during the last few decades than the Orang Asli of Wes: Malaysia. This paper briefly scans the changes which have taken place in the Orang Asli's relationships and contacts with “outsiders” since the British took a direct and active part in the affairs of the Malay States in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Lessons from a Caterpillar Plague in London's Berkeley Square
Authors: Owen Denis F.
Published: August 2009

Plagues of caterpillars and other plant-feeding insects tend to occur where trees and other plants grow as man-made monocultures. Herbivorous insects rarely cause extensive damage to mature trees in tropical forests; but even in the tropics, outbreaks are frequent wherever trees of the same species are grown together—as for example along roadways and in built-up areas. In Africa, in particular, peasant cultivators growing their own food tend to plant a variety of species in the same plot, and it is suggested that these people have found by trial and error that polycultures are more resistant to insect damage than are monocultures. English flower-gardeners maintain polycultures in their herbaceous borders and are rarely troubled by insects, but vegetables are now grown as pure stands. This probably leads to a build-up of pests and a need to use pesticides, which of course is encouraged by the gardening and pesticide industries.

Although there remains considerable controversy over the precise relationship between species diversity and population stability, there is much circumstantial and some direct evidence that plagues of plant-feeding insects are much more likely in pure stands of vegetation than in diverse communities. What might be called the community ecology of peasant cultivation is little understood, and there is an urgent need for research before more and more land is converted to monocultures.
Forestry and Conservation
Authors: Nicholson E. Max
Published: August 2009

Forestry and Conservation, although inherently kindred interests, have recently diverged to the point of antagonism. Why is this, and how can they be brought together again?

John Evelyn, a founder of forestry, as a matter of public policy, presented it as of much wider significance than the production of timber alone. During the past century, however, a narrower and more materialist approach has prevailed, ignoring the relationship between land, men, and science, and creating conflicts between foresters and conservationists. It is probably common ground that until very recently much of the training of professional foresters has been inadequate to equip them for appreciating the broader role of forestry and for communicating with fellow interests in land-use.

Conservationists equally suffer from deformations arising from their early struggles. They tend to line up in two groups—the ‘polarizers’ who are heirs of the pioneer missionary and compaigning stage, and the ‘integrators’ who are more concerned to find operators in the area of natural resources who are ready to cooperate in acceptable compromises.

Many current practices in forestry unfortunately tend to repel the ‘integrators’ and to drive conservationists into adopting ‘polarizer’ attitudes. Forest managers are at last becoming aware of this problem, and to the importance of decision-making on the basis of underlying scientific principles and facts, which can enable a joint strategy to be developed between foresters and conservationists for the wise and balanced long-term use of the vast forest resource.
Experiments in Regional Environmental Planning
Authors: Felling William E.
Published: August 2009

The deterioration of the physical environment in many metropolitan areas is a fact of modern life. In the United States the traditional alignment of power and institutions have proved to be ineffective in coping with environmental problems. Obvious as is this disparity between the nature of regional environmental management problems and the administrative machinery established to remedy it, too little serious effort has been made so far to do better.

The six experiments described here represent an effort to expand the environmental data-base, to improve the capacity of elected officials and their civil servants to anticipate better the consequences of a variety of environmental decisions, and to provide the broadest possible range of contributing citizens—so that environmental decision-making can become truly participatory. All of the regions involved have so far enjoyed more success technically than in the matters of transfer of information and improving citizen participation.
Gravity-flow Irrigation and the Spread of Aquatic Weeds in Sudan
Authors: Beshir M. E.
Published: August 2009

The distribution of rainfall in Sudan, despite its generally low value, is also highly seasonal in character. The country is therefore dependent on its river system for perennial irrigation for reliable agricultural production. At present about 4.6 million acres (1.9 million ha) are under irrigated agriculture. In all these areas, the system of irrigation is achieved by a gravity-flow method based on hydraulic principles which take maximum advantage of land contours. It consists of hierarchies of supply and distributive canals. The lower stages of these hierarchies, called Minor-canals, produce ponding conditions and are thus very favourable for extensive growth of aquatic weeds (macrophytes).

Because future agricultural development will be based on gravity-flow, and for economic reasons, attention is focused on the increasing extent of this man-made aquatic habitat in the arid region of central Sudan.
Relationship Between Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pelagic Tar in the Mediterranean Sea, 1974–75
Authors: Zsolnay Adam , Morris Byron F. , Butler James N.
Published: August 2009

During the winter of 1974–75, both tar and aromatic hydrocarbons were sampled in the Mediterranean Sea. A detailed report of the tar findings were given in a previous paper (Morris et al., 1975). Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations at a depth of 1 m averaged 167 ng/1 (expressed as phenanthrene equivalents). This is only about 60% as great as the average aromatic hydrocarbon concentration found in the Baltic Sea, but is 5 times greater than what was found in the north-west Atlantic—including the Sargasso Sea (Zsolnay, 1977).

No relationship was found between tar and aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. This would indicate that the concentration of the latter is dependent upon other factors—such as the presence of other organic compounds that are capable of keeping the hydrophobic hydrocarbons in the water column by ‘solubilization.’
Comparing National Park and Related Reserve Policy in Hinterland Areas: Alaska, Northern Canada, and Northern Australia
Authors: Gardner J. E. , Nelson J. G.
Published: August 2009

This is a comparative study of national park and related reserve policies and institutional arrangements in three hinterland areas undergoing rising pressure from mineral projects. The areas are the Canadian Northern Territories and Alaska (where interest lies in oil and gas exploitation) and the Australian Northern Territory (where the focus is on uranium extraction). Five elements of policy and institutional arrangements—management field, comprehensive planning and management, system planning, public inquiries, and uses—have been closely studied, with the following conclusions:

1. With respect to the management field, a major problem has been division of responsibility among federal and state or territorial agencies.

2. Overall comprehensive planning has not been seriously attempted in Canada and Australia, and has not yet met with success in Alaska.

3. A system planning approach provides rationale in Alaska and Canada, but is lacking in Australia.

4. Local comprehensive planning has been undertaken in the Kakadu National Park area of Australia, and a start has been made in this direction in Canada's northern Yukon.

5. Two uses, mining and native activities, pose special problems for national parks and related reserve policy, which is ambiguous on these issues in all cases.

6. All three systems represented by these parks in different countries are changing rapidly, and more suitable adaptive arrangements may be made for them in the coming years.
Environmental Repercussions of Irrigation Development in Hot Climates
Authors: Diamant B. Z.
Published: August 2009

A consistently declining rate in the production of local foodstuffs has been noted in recent years in many third-world countries. One of the measures taken by the governments concerned in attempting to stop this alarming trend, has been the accelerated development of modern agricultural practices based on irrigation and the use of fertilizers.

Unfortunately, the environmental aspects have, too often, been overlooked in the development of modern irrigation programmes during the second half of the present century. This has, seemingly inevitably, resulted in a severe spread of water-borne diseases among people living in the areas that were so developed.
Promoting the Rational Use of Living Resources
Authors: Saouma Edouard
Published: August 2009

The opportunity of agriculture to use, during the last three to five decades, abundant and cheap sources of fossil-fuel energy, has enabled farmers to enjoy an extraordinary growth of output in developed countries and in some sectors of the Third World. Unfortunately this technical revolution has not had wholly beneficial effects: pushed to its extreme it is detrimental to the environment, creates little new employment, and can even increase unemployment. Moreover, it is by no means always adapted to the needs of the hundreds of millions of poor farmers and landless labourers in the Third World, and henceforth the emerging energycrisis will surely question the wisdom of pursuing this agricultural technology.
Documentation of a 2,4-D Accident
Authors: Kessler Edwin
Published: August 2009

Apparent effects of 2,4-D (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, amine form) on some flora and fauna were observed following aerial application, under adverse meteorological conditions, of the chemical for control of Perennial Ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya) in pasture, on the Author's farm in Oklahoma. Ragweed was greatly reduced, but there was widespread damage to a whole range of garden crops and trees, a few of which were killed. Damage to some tree species began to be reversed a few weeks after the spraying, but with others, sitespecific infestations of Spring Cankerworm and Fungi greatly extended the period of damaging conditions.
Global Survival and the Responsibilities of Science
Authors: Laszlo Ervin
Published: August 2009

The global community of humans faces a number of large-scale problems for the resolution of which worldwide cooperation will be required. These ‘global problems’ include continued militarization in many parts of the world, the growth of the human population and its concentration in poor regions and in urban environments, the financial crisis of developing countries, the twin processes of deforestation and desertification and related environmental imbalances that threaten shortfalls in the world's food supply, as well as coastal flooding and many other results of climatic disturbance. Given the existing arsenals of the world's nation-states, humanity is poised for species suicide–possibly even terricide–and, even if it manages to avoid this ultimate catastrophe, it still faces the prospect of a depleted and overpopulated Biosphere.
Renewable Resources — What are the Options?
Authors: Ekins Paul
Published: August 2009

This paper first identifies the main trends which have operated in the countryside of Great Britain since 1950, assessing the costs and benefits of these to different countryside interest-groups. This section concludes that the British countryside since World War II has been more or less willingly sacrificed for material affluence.

The paper then relates this process to economic activity, and in particular to the linear-model of such activity which is posited as currently dominant, together with the principal objectives which it is used to promote. This situation is compared with a circular economic model with different objectives. The comparison yields the conclusion that such a model would yield significant improvements over the linear model in terms of countryside diversity, amenity, and sustainability. The paper then moves on to a consideration of resources, and contrasts the different values given to different resources depending on the economic model which is being employed.

The final conclusion of the paper is that while renewable resources — many of them located in or deriving from the countryside — would seem to have much economic potential, the extent to which that potential will be sustainably realized will depend on the extent to which the circular economic model, and the values and objectives underlying it, replace the linear model in economic decision-making.
Intergenerational and Intragenerational Equity Requirements for Sustainability
Authors: Vojnovic Igor
Published: August 2009

Due to the existence of entropy, exhaustible resources, and resource scarcity, the condition of sustainability as currently conceived seems unlikely ever to be achieved. Nevertheless, Humankind can ensure advancement towards ecologically sustainable development, thereby prolonging the existence of social and ecological stability, by encouraging the proposed inter generational and intra generational equity requirements. The intra generational condition of ensuring equitable access to resources within the current generation will be likely to be a prerequisite to achieving successfully the other equity requirements. A limited time-frame — in which any one generation would only be responsible for meeting the needs of the current generation, and passing to the next generation the resource stocks that they themselves had inherited, or more if possible — has also been proposed to make the pursuit of sustainability a more concrete task, and one that should be more manageable from a policy perspective.
Sand-dune Fixation in Somalia
Authors: Fagotto Flavio
Published: August 2009

Sand-dune fixation is an important step in the struggle against desertification, which latter is gaining strength in Somalia. The objective is not only to fight erosion and to stabilize the dunes, but also to raise some revenue for residents through reafforestation and agricultural schemes.
The Incursion of Acid Deposition into Western North America
Authors: Hinds W. Ted
Published: August 2009

Acidification processes in western North America will probably increase in scope and visibility over the foreseeable future. Localized acidification seems more probable for the next few decades than does a generalized acidified deposition over the western States. At least part of current acid deposition downwind of urban areas is associated with automobile emissions. However, increases in coal combustion for power generation might be expected to increase sulphur dioxide concentrations, along with several related acidifying agents. Interactions of air pollutants with orographic precipitation and snowmelt may bring some areas to public attention much earlier than others, depending upon site-specific matters of climate, topography, soils, water-bodies, and biota. Lakes and streams on windward slopes facing large urban or industrial sources of sulphur and nitrogen oxides may be most seriously at risk.
Bushmeat in Nigeria as a Natural Resource with Environmental Implications
Authors: Martin G.H.G.
Published: August 2009

The value of protein from wild animals (‘bushmeat’) in Nigeria was examined, especially with respect to the consumer market. Surveys were made of roadside sales, meat prices in markets, and bushmeat consumption by the general public. The results showed that, in the 1970s, over 50% of the population ate bushmeat regularly, and that bushmeat was popular with all income-groups. The results have wide environmental implications.

The case is made for investigating in more detail than hitherto the potential for domestication and game-cropping. In addition to economic advantages resulting from careful management of animal wildlife as a renewable resource, there appear to be others—including major environmental ones through the maintenance of large-scale reserves.
Evaluating the Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process with Special Reference to South Davis Strait, Northeastern Canada
Authors: King Janet E. , Nelson J. Gordon
Published: August 2009

A study of the 1978 application for permission to undertake exploratory drilling in South Davis Strait, northeastern Canada, resulted in the identification of problems with the federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process (EARP). These problems have recurred in other environmental impact assessments since 1978 in other parts of northern Canada, and some improvements have been made in approaches to them. However, further progress is needed if the EARP process is to become a more widely accepted method than at present of conducting evaluations of development impacts and the means of managing them in northern Canada.

This paper focuses on the procedural rather than the scientific aspects of EARP in northeastern Canada. Recommendations include: 1) applying environmental impact assessment to policies as well as development activities; 2) strengthening socio-economic expertise and approaches; 3) financing of interveners and support for a more balanced range of interests than was displayed in this case; 4) provision of sufficient notification and adequate information; 5) documentation of rationale for decisions; and 6) monitoring and evaluation by the Canadian Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Office (FEARO) to ensure compliance with set conditions and to facilitate the tackling of unforeseen problems.
Water Content of Sludge-injected Soil Growing Wheat
Authors: Stone James M. , Kirkham M. B.
Published: August 2009

Municipalities are injecting sewage sludge into soil—as a means of disposal, to avoid the problems of odours, pests, and runoff, and to avert public disapproval associated with application on the surface. The sludge injected is mainly liquid (94–99%), but its effect on soil-water content in the field has not been sufficiently reported on. The objective of the project here described was to determine, in a subhumid region, whether the liquid in sludge changed the water status of soil compared with that of soil with inorganic fertilizer. In addition, growth of Winter Whẽat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), grown on dryland and fertilized with the sludge or with inorganic fertilizer, was monitored. The experiment, carried out during the 1980–81 growing-season, was done at the Manhattan, Kansas, sewage-sludge farm, where aerobically digested sludge has been injected since 1976.
Environmental Issues of Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal
Authors: Chartock Michael A. , Devine Micahel D. , Cines Martin R. , Plotkin Steven E.
Published: August 2009

Coal liquefaction processes provide a basis to transform a solid into liquid fuels that are suitable for transportation purposes but release a wide range of air emissions, water effluents, and solid wastes, with considerable potential for locally reducing environmental quality. Compared with other major sources of emissions such as coal-fired power-plants, liquefaction plants release relatively low levels of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides for an equivalent quantity of coal-feed. However, coal liquefaction processes potentially release hydrocarbons to air, water, and land. The ‘direct’ coal liquefaction processes, which hydrogenate coal under high temperature and pressure, may release potentially more hazardous hydrocarbons than ‘indirect’ processes, which break down coal by partial combustion and then synthesize liquid fuel. The presence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in process streams of ‘direct’ processes, and their heavy fuel products, may require special processing to minimize environmental intrusion.

Environmental issues in the US are dependent on where coal resources are developed. Plants located in the humid eastern US are likely to have discharges to receiving streams, many of which are already ‘water quality limited.’ Thus eastern locations are more likely to have water quality-related problems and issues than western US locations. However, because of water consumption requirements of the coal liquefaction processes, arid western locations are more likely to experience water availability issues. These more arid regions may also experience greater potential effects on terrestrial environments, as the assimilative capacity and regrowth of vegetation is typically lower in arid than in humid environments.
A Cost-evaluation Technique for Restoration of Seagrass and Other Plant Communities
Authors: Fonseca Mark S. , Kenworthy W. Judson , Phillips Ronald C.
Published: August 2009

Coastal habitat loss must be reduced either through conservation or mitigative efforts. Implementation of mitigation depends largely on accurate cost-assessment of the projects that are involved. We centre our discussion here on seagrass transplanting as an exemplary mitigative tool.

The technology of restoring seagrass communities has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the methods used have had varying degrees of success, a largely unknown factor being the cost of the technique that is used.

In this paper is presented a universal format that includes consideration of the essential factors in our costanalysis, such as planning, planting, and monitoring activities, geographic location, tidal influence, labour, and materials (both expendable and non-expendable). Cost per (successfully established) shoot or seed or fruit is recommended as the best indicator of cost effectiveness for a given technique. Incorporation and presentation of this information is urged in future projects to motivate wider application of seagrass and other essential plantcommunity restoration.
A Theoretical Basis for Managing Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Authors: Jennings Michael D. , Reganold John P.
Published: August 2009

While there has been considerable research and development in management of specific natural resources and public lands containing multiple resources, relatively little progress has been made concerning management of privately-owned resources through land-use planning at the local level of government. This paper examines the issue of local government policies and capabilities in land-use planning for privately-owned, environmentally-sensitive areas (ESAs) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. ESAs are defined as landscape elements that are vital to long-term maintenance of biological diversity, soil, water, and other natural resources—especially as they relate to human health, safety, and welfare, both on-site and in a regional context.

A three-steps' approach of different geographical scales (i.e. watershed, state, and region) was used in a series of studies to facilitate examination of the relationship between political structure and ecological theory. When viewed collectively these studies showed that, while there is a political basis for regulating ESAs, attempts at regulation lack a theoretical and applied basis in systems-thinking and ecological science. To begin forging a stronger linkage between the political and scientific basis for ESA planning, two major ecological theories relevant to ESA management—hierarchy and subsidy–stress—were reviewed. These theories, when used in concert, were shown to be applicable in making objective choices concerning privately-held ESAs in the Pacific North-west. They can be used as a theoretical scientific basis for ESA planning, providing both qualitative and quantitative models. Hierarchy theory can provide guidelines for ESA planning by linking biophysical processes and patterns directly to appropriate scales of political jurisdiction. Subsidy–stress theory can be used to set specific performance standards that are needed in regulation of ESAs.

As a result of our three-steps' approach at different geographical scales, four requisites for improving ESA planning were found: (1) definitions for natural resources should be standardized between regional districts, countries, states, and provinces; (2) replicative methods for ESA inventories, including natural communities and ecosystem processes, should be used; (3) a common environmental information system should be available to land-use planners; and (4) the expertise to apply such information should be available. The basis for these four items is found in the ecological systems theories of hierarchy and subsidy–stress.
Environmentally-sensitive Area Planning in Ontario: Status and Problems in Implementation
Authors: Rasmussen Tove , Mulamoottil George G.
Published: August 2009

Increasing public awareness of the need to protect Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs), as well as the establishment of regional municipalities, provided the impetus for local governments to initiate ESA planning in Ontario. As of 1981, twenty municipalities—primarily regional municipalities and counties—had adopted ESA programmes.

This paper examines the current status of ESA-protection planning in Ontario and the problems encountered by municipalities in adopting and implementing ESA programmes. Using a questionnaire survey, data were collected concerning 66 municipalities, and a review was carried out of the ESA policies in 36 Official Plans. The results show that an additional 11 municipalities have adopted ESA programmes since 1981, and that most of these have been designated cities. The primary problems encountered by municipalities in implementing ESA-protection programmes have been a lack of landowner support, weakness of any provincial policy-directive, and shortness of funding. These problems are also faced by uninvolved municipalities, and play an important role in preventing them from adopting ESA programmes.

If a wider municipal adoption of ESA programmes is to be achieved, a stronger commitment will be needed from the Provincial Government in the form of guiding policies, financial assistance, and incentives to landowners who wish to protect their sensitive lands. A greater emphasis on landowner contact and public education programmes will also be required. Municipalities should cooperate with other conservation agencies and organizations in working towards this end.
Conservation Awareness through an Environmental Education Programme in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil
Authors: Padua Suzana M.
Published: August 2009

Few environmental education programmes established in parks in Brazil have been formally evaluated. This paper describes the study of a school programme that was established to use formative evaluation to select and improve programme strategies, and employs summative evaluation to assess the effectiveness of the programme as a whole. The programme consisted of pre-visit strategies, such as a slide show and information given to teachers; on-site activities, which comprised Nature trails and a visitor centre; and post-visit materials furnished to the students at their schools. For the evaluation procedure, child students (N=144) from fifth to eighth grades were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups and answered a written questionnaire on three different occasions — pre-test, post-test, and memory-retention test. The results were statistically analysed and significant differences were assessed between the two groups (F=98.29, p≤0.05). A Scheffé Test demonstrated correlations and located significant differences among the variables. A reliability test was done on the written questionnaire (r=.77). Informally, the programme contributed to the conservation of the Park as it encouraged community involvement in helping to solve specific problems.

The results of the Black Lion-tamarin environmental education programme suggest that such programmes in Nature parks and reserves can be effective and should be established far more widely. Awareness education programmes should be encouraged, especially in underdeveloped countries which still hold great portions of the planet's biodiversity. This education programme was beneficial to both students and members of the local community, who learned about the Park and became proud of it as their natural legacy, as well as to the Park itself of which the protection became enhanced through awareness and community involvement. The Black Liontamarin programme serves as an effective example to other sites with similar contexts and constraints.