bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: Is it the magic wand in the diagnosis of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Authors: El Razaky Osama , El Amrousy Doaa , Elrifaey Shaymaa , Elgendy Marwa , Ibrahim Wesam
Published: July 2018

Objectives

To revaluate the role of three‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3D‐STE) in the evaluation of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Patients and methods

Fifty asymptomatic children with type 1 DM were included as a patient group. Fifty healthy children of matched age, sex, and weight served as a control group. Laboratory investigations in the form of complete blood count (CBC), liver function test, renal function test, complete blood lipid profile, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting and 2 hours postprandial (PP) glucose levels, and cardiac troponin I (cTnT I) were drawn. Complete echocardiographic evaluation of the left ventricular (LV) function was performed in the form of conventional echo, 2D strain, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and 3D‐ STE.

Results

cTnT I levels were significantly higher in the patient group than the control group, and this increase was significantly correlated with Hb A1c. Conventional echocardiography showed normal systolic and diastolic function of the LV. Diastolic (by TDI) as well as systolic functions of LV (by 4D LV quantification tool) were found to be significantly lower in patient group than control group. 3D‐STE examination showed that there was a significant decrease in all component of strain in patient group than control group and that decrease correlated well with 4D LV EF but did not correlate with the duration of DM. There was a significant negative correlation between longitudinal strain and the control of DM.

Conclusion

3D‐STE is a good tool for prediction of early cardiac dysfunction in asymptomatic children with type 1 DM.
Suppression of hepatitis B surface antigen production by combination therapy with nucleotide analogues and interferon in children with genotype C hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Tajiri Hitoshi , Takano Tomoko , Tanaka Yasuhito , Murakami Jun , Brooks Stephen
Published: July 2018

Aim

Sustained suppression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) production after interferon (IFN) treatment has not been reported for children with genotype C chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which is prevalent in Asia. Among children with hepatitis B envelope antigen‐positive genotype C chronic HBV infection, we compared the efficacy of combination therapy with nucleotide analogues and IFN‐α in 11 children with 12 historical cases treated with IFN monotherapy.

Methods

The combination of lamivudine and conventional IFN‐α was introduced for the first three patients; the other eight patients were treated with entecavir and pegylated IFN.

Results

Demographic factors as well as baseline HBsAg titers and HBV‐DNA levels were similar between the two groups. In the combination therapy group, viral loads were suppressed in 9/11 to below 4.0 log copies/mL both at the end of the therapy (EOT) and at 6 months after EOT. In contrast, in the IFN monotherapy group, suppression of viral loads was observed in 2/12 and 3/12 at EOT and at 6 months after EOT, respectively. In the combination therapy group, HBsAg titers dropped from 4.03 at pretreatment to 2.91 log IU/mL at 6 months after EOT with 4/11 showing a drop to below 1000 IU/mL (one patient achieved HBsAg clearance). In contrast, the amount of HBsAg did not change during the corresponding periods in the IFN monotherapy group.

Conclusions

Our preliminary results suggest that combination therapy might be effective in the suppression of HBsAg production as well as HBV‐DNA production for children with genotype C chronic HBV infection.
Optimization of borosilicate glass/CaTiO3‐TiO2 composite via altering prefiring temperature and particle size
Authors: Ren Luchao , Luo Xianfu , Xia Yunsheng , Hu Yongkang , Zhou Hongqing
Published: July 2018

Low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) with middle permittivity is very crucial to the miniaturization of components. Based on our previous study on the glass/CaTiO3‐TiO2 composite, prefiring temperature and particle size of CaTiO3‐TiO2 ceramic were optimized in this study to promote the performance of the composites. Comparing with our previous study, after being sintered with 50 wt% glass at 875°C, CaTiO3‐TiO2 ceramic prefired at 1275°C with particle size of 3.38 μm showed excellent properties of sintering density = 3.33 g/cm3, εr = 30.2, tan δ = 0.0005 (7 GHz). In addition, surface roughness of green tapes was also improved after optimization. The material has a good chemical stability and shrinkage matching with silver, making it a very promising candidate material for LTCC applications.
The Saudi Arabian 2030 vision and the nursing profession: the way forward
Authors: AL‐Dossary R.N.
Published: July 2018

Aim

To examine the outlook of the Saudi Arabian nursing profession in relation to the recently launched Kingdom 2030 Vision.

Introduction

Nursing in Saudi Arabia has advanced noticeably in education and clinical practice, but challenges remain in building and sustaining a Saudi nursing profession and workforce.

Background

Health care in Saudi Arabia is currently experiencing transformation because of population and economic growth. These transformations have been influenced by the Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision.

Sources of evidence

A literature review here examines the progress in transforming the nursing profession in Saudi Arabia. Relevant studies published between 2001 and 2017 were identified, using databases such as Medline, PubMed and PsychInfo.

Results

Nineteen studies reporting challenges and opportunities that the nursing profession faces in Saudi Arabia were included.

Discussion

The nursing profession in Saudi Arabia faces challenges from nursing shortages, underdeveloped nursing education and unclear scope of practice. However, the new 2030 Vision offers many opportunities for social and economic transformation.

Conclusion

Effective strategies must be implemented to accommodate the new outlook the 2030 Saudi Vision in order to advance the nursing profession and to improve healthcare delivery in Saudi Arabia.

Implications for nursing and nursing policy

Nursing policymakers urgently need to improve nursing care in Saudi Arabia by addressing the nursing shortage, generating strategies to improve nursing education and establishing scope of practice guidelines. These critical issues must be addressed with the context of the 2030 Vision.
Ten‐year changes in ambulatory blood pressure: The prognostic value of ambulatory pulse pressure
Authors: Balietti Paolo , Spannella Francesco , Giulietti Federico , Rosettani Giulia , Bernardi Beatrice , Cocci Guido , Bonfigli Anna R. , Sarzani Riccardo
Published: July 2018

Blood pressure (BP) changes and risk factors associated with pulse pressure (PP) increase in elderly people have rarely been studied using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). The aim is to evaluate 10‐year ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) changes in older hypertensives, focusing on PP and its associations with mortality. An observational study was conducted on 119 consecutive older treated hypertensives evaluated at baseline (T0) and after 10 years (T1). Treatment adherence was carefully assessed. The authors considered clinical parameters at T1 only in survivors (n = 87). Patients with controlled ABP both at T0 and T1 were considered as having sustained BP control. Change in 24‐hour PP between T0 and T1 (Δ24‐hour PP) was considered for the analyses. Mean age at T0: 69.4 ± 3.7 years. Females: 57.5%. Significant decrease in 24‐hour, daytime, and nighttime diastolic BP (all P < .05) coupled with an increase in 24‐hour, daytime, and nighttime PP (all P < .05) were observed at T1. Sustained daytime BP control was associated with lower 24‐hour PP increase than nonsustained daytime BP control (+2.23 ± 9.36 vs +7.79 ± 8.64 mm Hg; P = .037). The association between sustained daytime BP control and Δ24‐hour PP remained significant even after adjusting for age, sex, and 24‐hour PP at T0 (β=0.39; P = .035). Both 24‐hour systolic BP and 24‐hour PP at T0 predicted mortality (adjusted HR 1.07, P = .001; adjusted HR 1.25, P < .001, respectively). After ROC comparison (P = .001), 24‐hour PP better predicted mortality than 24‐hour systolic BP. The data confirm how ABP control affects vascular aging leading to PP increase. Both ambulatory PP and systolic BP rather than diastolic BP predict mortality in older treated hypertensives.
The association between paraoxonase 1 activity and the susceptibilities of diabetes mellitus, diabetic macroangiopathy and diabetic microangiopathy
Authors: Wu Diling , Wu Chenfang , Zhong Yanjun
Published: July 2018

We carried out this meta‐analysis to explore the influence of paraoxonase 1 activity on the susceptibility of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic macroangiopathy and diabetic microangiopathy. Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI without language limitation, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were implemented with the STATA 12.0 statistical software. Thirty‐six case‐control studies were included in the meta‐analyses, in which 35 for the association between paraoxonase 1 activity and DM risk, 8 for diabetic macroangiopathy and 7 for diabetic microangiopathy. Paraoxonase 1 activity was significantly associated with the susceptibility of DM in pooled population (SMD = −1.37, 95% CI = −1.79 ∼ −0.96, P = .000), and Asians (SMD = −2.00, 95% CI = −2.56 ∼ −1.44, P = .000), but not in non‐Asians (SMD = −0.44, 95% CI = −0.91 ∼ 0.03, P = .069). However, marked heterogeneity was existed (I2 = 98.10%, P = .000) and subgroup analyses failed to investigate the sources of heterogeneity. Then, meta‐regression was performed and found that ethnicity could explain the observed between‐study heterogeneity (P = .002). Meanwhile, significant associations were found between paraoxonase 1 activity and diabetic macroangiopathy (SMD = −1.06, 95% CI = −1.63 ∼ −0.48, P = .000) and diabetic microangiopathy (SMD = −0.72, 95% CI = −1.32 ∼ −0.13, P = .018). In conclusion, paraoxonase 1 activity plays important roles in the risk of DM, diabetic macroangiopathy and microangiopathy with ethnicity differences. Further studies with large sample and well design are needed to confirm these results.
Long‐term treatment costs of chronic periodontitis patients in Germany
Authors: Schwendicke Falk , Engel Anne Sophie , Graetz Christian
Published: July 2018

Aim

We assessed the long‐term costs for treating chronic periodontitis (CP) patients.

Methods

A cohort of compliant CP patients was retrospectively evaluated. Costs for active periodontal therapy (APT, including scaling and root planning, open flap debridement, root resections) and supportive periodontal therapy (SPT including periodontal, restorative, endodontic, prosthetic and surgical treatments) were estimated from a mixed payer perspective in Germany. The impact of tooth‐ and patient‐level factors on annual costs was assessed using mixed‐modelling.

Results

Two hundred and seventy‐three patients (mean ± SD age: 49.6 ± 8.8 years), with 24.3 ± 4.5 teeth, were included. Mean follow‐up was 18.7 ± 5.7 years. Total treatment costs per patient and per tooth were 6,146 ± 2,236 and 222 ± 98 Euro, respectively. Costs were generated mainly by periodontal therapy and during SPT. Annualized patient‐ and tooth‐level costs were 348 ± 159 and 12.4 ± 5.7 Euro, respectively. Annual costs increased significantly in older patients, regular attenders, those with fewer teeth (<24) at baseline and teeth with higher probing pocket depths or mobility 3 at baseline.

Conclusions

Annual costs for treating CP patients were lower than those found for aggressive periodontitis patients. Regular attendance and having more severe periodontitis came with higher costs per year.
Comparative evaluation of subgingivally‐delivered 1% metformin and Aloe vera gel in the treatment of intrabony defects in chronic periodontitis patients: A randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Kurian Ida G. , Dileep Pankaj , Ipshita Sahu , Pradeep Avani R.
Published: July 2018

Aim

The aim of the current study was to explore the effectiveness of locally‐delivered 1% metformin (MtF) and Aloe vera (AV) gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRP) in the treatment of intrabony defects in chronic periodontitis patients.

Methods

A total of 90 volunteers were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: (a) SRP + placebo gel; (b) SRP + 1% MtF gel; and (c) SRP + AV gel. Clinical parameters, including gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BoP), pocket probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), were recorded at baseline, and 6 and 12 months. The radiological assessment of bone defect fill was done at 6 and 12 months.

Results

GI, BoP, PPD, and CAL improved in all the groups; however, the mean PPD reduction, CAL gain, and percentage of bone fill was found to be greater in the MtF and AV groups than the placebo group at all visits.

Conclusion

Local delivery of 1% MtF and AV gel stimulates a significant PPD reduction, CAL gain, and improved bone fill and regeneration when compared with placebo gel. Results were significantly better with the use of 1% MtF gel than AV gel.
Involvement of aquaporin‐4 in laminin‐enhanced process formation of mouse astrocytes in 2D culture: Roles of dystroglycan and α‐syntrophin in aquaporin‐4 expression
Authors: Sato Junya , Horibe Sayo , Kawauchi Shoji , Sasaki Naoto , Hirata Ken‐ichi , Rikitake Yoshiyuki
Published: July 2018

In the central nervous system, astrocytes extend endfoot processes to ensheath synapses and microvessels. However, the mechanisms underlying this astrocytic process extension remain unclear. A limitation of the use of 2D cultured astrocytes for such studies is that they display a flat, epithelioid morphology, with no or very few processes, which is markedly different from the stellate morphology observed in vivo. In this study, we obtained 2D cultured astrocytes with a rich complexity of processes using differentiation of neurospheres in vitro. Using these process‐bearing astrocytes, we showed that laminin, an extracellular matrix molecule abundant in perivascular sites, efficiently induced process formation and branching. Specifically, the numbers of the first‐ and second‐order branch processes and the maximal process length of astrocytes were increased when cultured on laminin, compared with when they were cultured on poly‐L‐ornithine or type IV collagen. Knockdown of dystroglycan or α‐syntrophin, constituent proteins of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex that provides a link between laminin and the cytoskeleton, using small interference RNAs inhibited astrocyte process formation and branching, and down‐regulated expression of the water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4). Direct knockdown and a specific inhibitor of AQP4 also inhibited, whereas over‐expression of AQP4 enhanced astrocyte process formation and branching. Knockdown of AQP4 decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) that is critically implicated in actin remodeling. Collectively, these results indicate that the laminin–dystroglycan–α‐syntrophin–AQP4 axis is important for process formation and branching of 2D cultured astrocytes.

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Variability in nutrient composition and in vitro crude protein digestibility of 16 microalgae products
Authors: Wild Katharina Judith , Steingaß Herbert , Rodehutscord Markus
Published: July 2018

The chemical composition of 16 microalgae products of four genera, Arthrospira (n = 2), Chlorella (n = 8), Nannochloropsis (n = 4) and Phaeodactylum (n = 2), was assayed to evaluate the intra‐ and inter‐genera variation of nutrient profiles of commercial microalgae products. Crude protein was the main component in all genera, followed by ether extract and crude ash. Mean crude protein concentrations were 690, 502, 431 and 446 g/kg dry matter, and mean ether extract concentrations were 63, 157, 188 and 113 g/kg dry matter for Arthrospira, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis and Phaeodactylum respectively. However, there was considerable inter‐ and intra‐genera variation. The concentration of α‐linked glucose was low (0–143 g/kg dry matter). There was high variation between and within genera in the crude ash concentration (22–237 g/kg dry matter), which was also observed for the mineral composition. In contrast to the crude protein concentration, the amino acid composition of the protein (g amino acid/16 g N) was less variable. The investigated samples possessed high concentrations of Glx, Asx and Leu, and low concentrations of Cys and Met. The mean concentration of non‐protein nitrogen compounds was highest in Phaeodactylum (110 g/kg dry matter) and lowest in Nannochloropsis (47 g/kg dry matter) products, and as with proximate nutrients, high variability between and within genera was observed. In vitro crude protein digestibility varied between 54% (non‐cell‐disrupted Nannochloropsis) and 84% (cell‐disrupted Chlorella). Inositol phosphate isomers were not detectable in any sample (concentration <1 μmol/g dry matter). The predominant fatty acids were C16:0 in Arthrospira products, C18:2 n‐6+ C19:1 t7 and C18:3 n‐3 in Chlorella products, and C20:5 n‐3 in Nannochloropsis and Phaeodactylum products; however, the relative proportions of fatty acids varied within genera. Commercially available microalgae products appear to be valuable alternative food and feed products. However, because of the high variability in nutrient profiles, attention should be given to the analytical characterization of the products.
Analysis of ethylene‐induced gene regulation during carposporogenesis in the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricata (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Garcia‐Jimenez Pilar , Montero‐Fernández Montserrat , Robaina Rafael R.
Published: July 2018

Ethylene favors carposporogenesis in the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricata. Analyses of cystocarp development in vitro in thalli treated with ethylene suggest an interconnection between polyamine and ethylene biosynthesis pathways. Yet, little is known about molecular mechanisms underlying carposporogenesis. Here, we used droplet digital PCR to analyze genes encoding enzymes related to polyamine (Spermidine [Spd] synthase) and ethylene (ACC synthase) synthesis; a pivotal compound of both pathways (S‐adenosyl methionine synthase, SAMS); the gene that encodes amine oxidase, which is involved in polyamine degradation, and a candidate gene involved in seaweed reproduction (ornithine decarboxylase, ODC). In addition, we analyzed genes encoding proteins related to stress and reactive oxygen species, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), cytochrome P450 and WD 40. We characterized gene expression in fertilized and fertile thalli from G. imbricata that were exposed to ethylene for 15 min at two time points after treatment (1 and 7 d). The differential gene expression of SAMS, Spd synthase, ACC synthase, and cytochrome P450 was related to disclosure and development of cystocarps in fertilized thalli that transitioned from having no visible cystocarps at 1 d to developing cystocarps at 7 d. Likewise, cytochrome P450 was associated with cystocarp disclosure and maturation. In addition, amine oxidase and APX were involved in fine‐tuning polyamine and reactive oxygen species during carposporogenesis, respectively, whereas WD 40 did so in relation to ethylene signaling. Expression of the candidate gene ODC was increased when cystocarps were not visible (fertilized thalli, 1d), as previously described. This analysis suggests developmental stage‐specific roles for these genes during carposporogenesis.
A common garden experiment with Porphyra umbilicalis (Rhodophyta) evaluates methods to study spatial differences in the macroalgal microbiome
Authors: Quigley Charlotte T. C. , Morrison Hilary G. , Mendonça Inara R. , Brawley Susan H.
Published: July 2018

While macroalgal microbiomes are the focus of many recent studies, there is little information about microbial spatial diversity across the thallus. Reliance on field material makes it difficult to discern whether recovered microbiomes belong to the host or its epiphytes, and technical comparisons of macroalgal samples for microbial studies are needed. Here, we use a common garden approach that avoids the problem of epiphytes, particularly at holdfasts, to examine the microbiome of Porphyra umbilicalis (strain Pum1). We used the V6 hypervariable region of the 16S rDNA with Illumina HiSeq sequencing and developed PNA clamps to block recovery of organelle V6 sequences. The common garden approach allowed us to determine differences in the microbiome at the holdfast versus blade margin. We found a notable increase in the relative abundance of Planctomycetes and Alphaproteobacteria at the holdfast, particularly of the possible symbiont Sulfitobacter sp. Nonadjacent 1.5 cm2 samples of blade margin had microbiomes that were not statistically different. The most abundant phylum in the overall microbiome was Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes. Because phycologists often work in remote sites, we compared three stabilization and preparation techniques and found silica gel desiccation/bead‐beating and flash‐freezing/lyophilization/bead‐beating to be interchangeable. Core taxa (≥0.1% of sequences) across treatments were similar and accounted for ≥95% of all sequences. Finally, statistical conclusions for all comparisons were the same, regardless of which microbial community analysis tool was used: mothur or minimum entropy decomposition.
Validation of the binary designation Symbiodinium thermophilum (Dinophyceae)
Authors: Hume Benjamin C. C. , D'Angelo Cecilia , Smith Edward G. , Stevens Jamie R. , Burt John A. , Wiedenmann Jörg
Published: July 2018

The binary designation Symbiodinium thermophilum was invalid due to the absence of an illustration as required by Article 44.2 of the ICN. Herein, it is validated. This species is the most common symbiont in reef corals in the southern Persian/Arabian Gulf, the world's hottest body of water sustaining reef coral growth.
Territory‐wide population‐based study of chronic hepatitis C infection and implications for hepatitis elimination in Hong Kong
Authors: Hui Yee Tak , Wong Grace L. H. , Fung James Y. Y. , Chan Henry L. Y. , Leung Nancy W. Y. , Liu Sienna D. , Liu Ken , Ma Yiu Keung , But David Y. K. , Mak Wing Yan , Chan Jacky M. C. , Lai Kin Bon , Loo Ching Kong , Ng Annie C. Y. , Lai Moon Sing , Chan Chun Wing , Lau Joulen Y. L. , Fan Tina T. T. , Hui Aric J. , Lam Belsy C. Y. , Cheung Wing I. , Tsang Owen T. Y. , Lam Karen , Lai Lawrence S. W. , Luk Wai Fan , Li Michael K. K. , Lao Wai Cheung , Lam Jodis T. W. , Tsang Steven W. C. , Kung Kam Ngai , Chow Wai Hung , Tong Ronald K. N. , Lui Thomas K. L. , Shan Edwin H. S. , Yuen Man Fung , Wong Vincent W. S.
Published: July 2018

Background

To study the epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Hong Kong and to estimate the service gap for achieving the WHO hepatitis elimination targets of attaining a diagnosis rate of 90%, treatment rate of 80% and 65% reduction in mortality rate by 2030.

Methods

From January 2005 to March 2017, patients who were tested positive for anti‐HCV were retrospectively retrieved from all public hospitals in Hong Kong. The epidemiological data of 15 participating hospitals were analysed.

Results

A total of 11 309 anti‐HCV+ patients were identified and the estimated diagnosis rate was 50.9%. Our HCV‐infected patients were ageing (median age 59). The all‐cause mortality rate increased from 26.2 to 54.8 per 1000 person‐years over the last decade. Our estimated treatment rate was 12.4%. Among the treated patients, 93.6% had received pegylated interferon/ribavirin (Peg‐IFN/RBV) but only 10.8% had received interferon‐free direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs). In a cohort of 1533 patients, 39% already had advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. The sustained virological response rate for Peg‐IFN/RBV and DAAs were 74.8% and 97.2% respectively. However, more than 70% of patients were not subjected to interferon treatment for various reasons. Patients who achieved SVR were associated with a significantly lower risk of HCC (4.7% vs 9.6%, P = 0.005) and death (1.7% vs 23.8%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our diagnosis rate, treatment rate and mortality rate reduction were still low, particularly the Peg‐IFN outcomes, making it difficult to meet the WHO hepatitis elimination targets. A more generalized use of DAAs is urgently needed to improve the situation.
Wheat leaves embolized by water stress do not recover function upon rewatering
Authors: Johnson Kate M. , Jordan Gregory J. , Brodribb Timothy J.
Published: July 2018

New techniques now make it possible to precisely and accurately determine the failure threshold of the plant vascular system during water stress. This creates an opportunity to understand the vulnerability of species to drought, but first, it must be determined whether damage to leaf function associated with xylem cavitation is reparable or permanent. This question is particularly relevant in crop plants such as wheat, which may have the capacity to repair xylem embolism with positive root pressure. Using wheat (Triticum aestivum, Heron), we employed non‐invasive imaging to find the water potential causing 50% xylem embolism (−2.87 ± 0.52 MPa) in leaves. Replicate plants were water‐stressed to varying degrees to induce embolism ranging from minimal to substantial. Plants were then rewatered to determine the reversibility of xylem damage and photosynthetic inhibition in glasshouse conditions. Rewatering after drought‐induced xylem cavitation did not induce visible refilling of embolized xylem, and embolized leaves showed photosynthetic impairment upon rewatering. This impairment was significant even after only 10–20% of leaf veins were embolized, and leaves accumulating >20% embolism died upon rewatering in 7/10 individuals. Photosynthetic damage and hydraulic decline occurred concurrently as wheat leaves dehydrated, and leaf shrinkage during drying was the best predictor of photosynthetic recovery.
Genome‐wide association and gene validation studies for early root vigour to improve direct seeding of rice
Authors: Wang Fanmiao , Longkumer Toshisangba , Catausan Sheryl C. , Calumpang Carla Lenore F. , Tarun Jeshurun A. , Cattin‐Ortola Jerome , Ishizaki Takuma , Pariasca Tanaka Juan , Rose Terry , Wissuwa Matthias , Kretzschmar Tobias
Published: July 2018

Elucidation of the genetic control of rice seedling vigour is now paramount with global shifts towards direct seeding of rice and the consequent demand for early vigour traits in breeding programmes. In a genome‐wide association study using an indica‐predominant diversity panel, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for root length and root number in rice seedlings. Among the identified QTLs, one QTL for lateral root number on chromosome 11, qTIPS‐11, was associated with a 32.4% increase in lateral root number. The locus was validated in independent backgrounds, and a predicted glycosyl hydrolase, TIPS‐11‐9, was identified as the causal gene for observed phenotypic differences. TIPS‐11‐9 was differentially expressed in emerging lateral roots of contrasting qTIPS‐11 haplotypes, which was likely due to differences in cis‐regulatory elements and auxin responsiveness. Abolishment of Tips‐11‐9 function through T‐DNA insertion in a qTIPS‐11‐positive background resulted in a reduction of lateral root number, which negatively affected biomass accumulation, particularly under phosphorous‐limiting conditions.

Marker‐assisted introgression of qTIPS‐11 into modern indica varieties will aid in the generation of varieties adapted to direct seeding and thus facilitate the adoption of direct seeding practices in tropical Asia.
Is Proflavine Exposure Associated with Disease Progression in Women with Cervical Dysplasia? A Brief Report
Authors: Pantano Naitielle , Hunt Brady , Schwarz Richard A. , Parra Sonia , Cherry Katelin , Possati‐Resende Júlio César , Longatto‐Filho Adhemar , Fregnani José Humberto Tavares Guerreiro , Castle Philip E. , Schmeler Kathleen , Richards‐Kortum Rebecca
Published: July 2018

Proflavine is an acridine dye used with high‐resolution microendoscopy for in vivo diagnostic evaluation of cervical epithelial cells. However, there are concerns that even short‐term exposure of cervical tissue to dilute proflavine may increase cervical cancer risk. We performed a retrospective analysis of women referred for colposcopy to Barretos Cancer Hospital comparing the risk of cervical disease progression in those whose cervical tissue was (n = 232) or was not exposed (n = 160) to proflavine. Patients in both groups underwent treatment and follow‐up based on histopathologic results and per the local standards of care. Progression of disease was evaluated by comparing histopathology from the initial visit to the worst subsequent histopathology result from all follow‐up visits. Mean duration of follow‐up was 18.7 and 20.1 months for the proflavine‐exposed and controls groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in disease progression from normal/CIN1 to CIN2/3 or from any initial diagnosis to invasive cancer between the proflavine exposed and control groups overall. Risks of cervical dysplasia progression observed in this study are in agreement with those of the natural history of cervical cancer. Our results suggest that cervical exposure to dilute proflavine does not increase the risk of cervical precancer and cancer.
Electronic Structure and Triplet–Triplet Energy Transfer in Artificial Photosynthetic Antennas
Authors: Tejeda‐Ferrari Marely E. , Brown Chelsea L. , Coutinho Gabriela C. C. C. , Gomes de Sá Ghabriel A. , Palma Julio L. , Llansola‐Portoles Manuel J. , Kodis Gerdenis , Mujica Vladimiro , Ho Junming , Gust Devens , Moore Thomas A. , Moore Ana L.
Published: July 2018

Three Pd(II) phthalocyanine–carotenoid dyads featuring chromophores linked by amide bonds were prepared in order to investigate the rate of triplet–triplet (T‐T) energy transfer from the tetrapyrrole to the covalently attached carotenoid as a function of the number of conjugated double bonds in the carotenoid. Carotenoids having 9, 10 and 11 conjugated double bonds were studied. Transient absorption measurements show that intersystem crossing in the Pd(II) phthalocyanine takes place in 10 ps in each case and that T‐T energy transfer occurs in 126, 81 and 132 ps in the dyads bearing 9, 10 and 11 double bond carotenoids, respectively. To identify the origin of this variation in T‐T energy transfer rates, density functional theory (DFT) was used to calculate the T‐T electronic coupling in the three dyads. According to the calculations, the primary reason for the observed T‐T energy transfer trend is larger T‐T electronic coupling between the tetrapyrrole and the 10‐double bond carotenoid. A methyl group adjacent to the amide linker that connects the Pd(II) phthalocyanine and the carotenoid in the 9 and 11‐double bond carotenoids is absent in the 10‐double bond carotenoid, and this difference alters its electronic structure to increase the coupling.
The Mechanism of CIRP in Regulation of STAT3 Phosphorylation and Bag‐1/S Expression Upon UVB Radiation
Authors: Sun Weichao , Liao Yi , Yi Qian , Wu Shiyong , Tang Liling , Tong Lingying
Published: July 2018

Cold‐inducible RNA binding protein (CIRP) is a stress‐inducible protein, which could be activated by various cellular stresses, such as hypothermia, hypoxia and UV irradiation. Our previous study indicated that UVB radiation (3 mJ cm−2) induces CIRP expression, which promotes keratinocytes growth, survival and eventually transformation via activation of STAT3‐Bag‐1/S signaling cascade. However, the mechanism(s) of CIRP in regulating p‐STAT3 activation and Bag‐1/S expression have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that repeated exposure of UVB radiation (3 mJ cm−2) or overexpression of CIRP could lead to an elevation of the phosphorylation of Janus kinase (JAK) family proteins (JAK2 and JAK3) in HaCaT cells. The increased phosphorylation of the JAKs correlates to an increased phosphorylation of STAT3 (p‐STAT3) in the cells; inhibiting JAKs using JAK inhibitor I lead to a reduction of STAT3 phosphorylation and Bag‐1/S expression in wild type HaCaT and CIRP stably transfected HaCaT cells with or without UVB exposure. Furthermore, our data indicated that inhibiting the downstream factor of CIRP, NF‐κB, using BAY 11‐7085 could also decrease the p‐STAT3. These results lead us to propose that CIRP mediates the activation of STAT3‐Bag‐1/S signaling cascade via activating the JAKs and NF‐κB signaling pathways.
Impact of donor and recipient cytomegalovirus serology on long‐term survival of lung transplant recipients
Authors: Mabilangan Curtis , Preiksaitis Jutta , Cervera Carlos ,   the University of Alberta Cardiothoracic Transplant Group
Published: July 2018

Background

Pre‐transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus has been associated with lung transplant patient survival. We retrospectively analyzed the relationship between pre‐transplant donor/recipient CMV serostatus and long‐term mortality in a cohort of lung transplant recipients at our center.

Method

Adult (Age >17 years) lung recipients transplanted between July 1985‐December 2015 were analyzed. Variables included age, sex, pre‐transplant donor (D)/recipient (R) serostatus [D−/R−, D−/R+, D+/R+, D+/R−], CMV infection within 2 years of transplant and transplant eras divided by changes in CMV prevention strategies: Era 1 (pre‐ganciclovir, July 1985‐April 1998), Era 2 (oral ganciclovir, May 1998‐December 2004), Era 3 (valganciclovir, January 2005‐December 2015). Survival analysis and Cox regression were performed at 10 years.

Results

A total of 652 lung recipients were analyzed. Twenty percent were CMV mismatched pre‐transplant and 45% had CMV infection within 2 years post‐transplant. Survival at 10 years appeared worse in D+ transplants (P = 0.027). D−/R− lungs did not have significantly different survival across eras (P = 0.76), but survival of D−/R+, D+/R+, D+/R− lungs improved (P < 0.001). Cox regression revealed that transplantation in the valganciclovir era reduced risk of death in lung transplants by an estimated 52% (P < 0.001) compared to transplantation in the pre‐ganciclovir era after controlling for age at transplant, D/R CMV serostatus and CMV infection. Age at transplant and CMV infection were also significant predictors of mortality in lung transplants (P < 0.001 and 0.033 respectively).

Conclusion

Our review of the impact of CMV managed differently across eras suggests in lung transplantation there is no independent influence of D/R CMV serostatus on 10‐year survival.
Hair, encoding a single C2H2 zinc‐finger protein, regulates multicellular trichome formation in tomato
Authors: Chang Jiang , Yu Ting , Yang Qihong , Li Changxing , Xiong Cheng , Gao Shenghua , Xie Qingmin , Zheng Fangyan , Li Hanxia , Tian Zhendong , Yang Changxian , Ye Zhibiao
Published: July 2018

Trichomes originate from the epidermal cells of nearly all terrestrial plants, which are specialized unicellular or multicellular structures. Although the molecular mechanism regulating unicellular trichome formation has been extensively characterized, most of the genes essential for multicellular trichome formation remain unknown. In this study, we identified an associated locus on the long arm of chromosome 10 using a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) on type‐I trichomes of 180 diverse Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) accessions. Using map‐based cloning we then cloned the key gene controlling the initiation of this type of trichome, named Hair (H), which encodes a single C2H2 zinc‐finger protein. Transgenic experiments showed that hair‐absent phenotype is caused by the deletion of the entire coding region of H. We identified three alleles of H containing several missense mutations and a nucleotide deletion, which result in amino acid substitutions and a reading frame shift, respectively. In addition, knockdown of H or Woolly (Wo) represses the formation of type‐I trichomes, suggesting that both regulators may function as a heterodimer. Direct protein–protein interaction between them was further detected through pull‐down and yeast two‐hybrid assays. In addition, ectopic expression of H in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and expression of its homologs from Capsicum annuum (pepper) and tobacco in tomato can trigger trichome formation. Taken together, these findings suggest that the H gene may be functionally conserved in multicellular trichome formation in Solanaceae species.
Multiplex PCR reveals a high prevalence of multiple pathogens in traveller’s diarrhoea in children
Authors: Pouletty Marie , De Pontual Loïc , Lopez Moreen , Morin Laurence , Poilane Isabelle , Pham Luu Ly , Carbonnelle Etienne , Titomanlio Luigi , Faye Albert , Bonacorsi Stéphane
Published: July 2018

Objective

Traveller’s diarrhoea (TD) is one of the most frequent illnesses affecting children returning from tropical countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of pathogens associated with TD in children using a multiplex PCR assay on stool samples.

Design

All the children admitted for TD in two university hospitals from 1 August to 15October during 2014 and 2015 were included in a prospective study. Stool samples were tested by a multiplex PCR FilmArray GI panel detecting 22 pathogens. Performances for the detection of major enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter spp) by multiplex PCR and conventional culture methods were compared. The prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae was also determined.

Results

Fifty-nine children were included. In 58 cases (98%), at least one pathogen was identified, including 9 different enteropathogenic bacteria, 5 viruses and 2 parasites. Multiplex PCR enhanced the enteropathogenic bacteria detection by 25%. The most frequent pathogens were enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (n=32), enteropathogenic E. coli (n=26), enterotoxigenic E. coli (n=19), Salmonella enterica, enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella (n=16 each), Cryptosporidium, sapovirus (n=11 each), Campylobacter jejuni, norovirus (n=10 each), rotavirus (n=9), Giardia (n=8) and Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (n=4). Fifty-two coinfections were observed, notably including bacteria and viruses (n=21), multiple bacteria (n=14), or bacteria and parasites (n=10). ESBL were detected in 28 cases. Multiplex PCR could optimise the number of treated patients by 27% compared with stool cultures.

Conclusion

Multiplex PCR on stools revealed a high prevalence of diverse enteric pathogens and coinfections in children with TD. Major enteropathogenic bacteria were more frequently detected by multiplex PCR compared with conventional culture. Finally, this technique allows the start of appropriate and early antibiotic treatment and seems to optimise the number of correctly treated patients.
Towards a demographic risk profile for sedentary behaviours in middle-aged British adults: a cross-sectional population study
Authors: Patterson Freda , Lozano Alicia , Huang Liming , Perkett Mackenzie , Beeson Jacqueline , Hanlon Alexandra
Published: July 2018

Objectives

In response to a call from the American Heart Association to more clearly identify the demographic factors associated with sedentary behaviours, this study aimed to identify the hierarchy of demographic characteristics associated with the sedentary behaviours of television viewing, recreational computer use and driving.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data collected as part of the UK Biobank. The UK Biobank is a population cohort recruited from 22 centres across the UK. Participants aged between 37 and 73 years were recruited between 2006 and 2010.

Methods

Decision tree models were generated for the sedentary behaviour outcomes of hours/day spent television viewing, recreational computer use and all driving; a sum of time spent in these sedentary behaviours (‘overall’) was computed. Age, sex, race, college attendance, employment, shift-work, urban versus rural residence as well as physical activity were considered as predictors.

Results

The analytic sample comprised 415 666 adults who were mostly female (54.2%), white (95.2%), non-college attendee (64.5%), employed (61.7%), lived in an urban centre (85.5%), with a mean age of 56.6 (SD=8.1) years. Television viewing was most common sedentary behaviour (2.7 hour/day vs 1.1 for recreational computer use and 1.0 for all driving). Males (tier 1), who did not attend college (tier 2) were the highest risk group for overall sedentary time. Adults with no college attendance (tier 1) and were retired (tier 2) were the most high-risk demographic group for television viewing. College attendees (tier 1) were highest risk for recreational computer use. Adults who were employed (tier 1), male (tier 2) and did not attend college (tier 3) were most at risk for driving

Conclusions

Daily time spent in different sedentary behaviours varies by sex, employment status and college attendance status. The development of targeted interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour in different demographic subgroups is needed.
Association betweenATP2B1andCACNB2polymorphisms and high blood pressure in a population of Lithuanian children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Simonyte Sandrita , Kuciene Renata , Dulskiene Virginija , Lesauskaite Vaiva
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Recently, genome-wide associated studies have identified several genetic loci that are associated with elevated blood pressure and could play a critical role in intracellular calcium homeostasis. The aim of this study was to assess the associations ofATP2B1rs2681472 andCACNB2rs12258967 gene polymorphisms with high blood pressure (HBP) among Lithuanian children and adolescents aged 12–15 years.

Study design and participants

This was a cross-sectional study of a randomly selected sample of 646 12–15-year-old adolescents who participated in the survey ‘The Prevalence and Risk Factors of HBP in 12–15 Year-Old Lithuanian Children and Adolescents (from November 2010 to April 2012)’. Anthropometric parameters and BP were measured. The participants with HBP were screened on two separate occasions. Subjects were genotypedATP2B1rs2681472 andCACNB2rs12258967 gene polymorphisms using real-time PCR method.

Results

The prevalence of HBP was 36.7%, significantly higher for boys than for girls. In the multivariate analysis, after adjustment for body mass index and waist circumference, boys withCACNB2CG genotype,CACNB2GG genotype andCACNB2CG +GG genotype had higher odds of having HBP in codominant (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.92; 95% CI 1.16 to 3.18, p=0.011; and aOR=2.64; 95% CI 1.19 to 5.90, p=0.018) and in dominant (aOR=2.05; 95% CI 1.27 to 3.30, p=0.003) inheritance models. Girls carryingCACNB2CG genotype andCACNB2CG +GG genotype had increased odds of HBP in codominant (aOR=1.82; 95% CI 1.02 to 3.24, p=0.044) and in dominant (aOR=1.89; 95% CI 1.09 to 3.28, p=0.023) inheritance models. Furthermore, significant associations were found in additive models separately for boys (aOR=1.72; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.46, p=0.003) and girls (aOR=1.52; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.20, p=0.027). No significant association was found betweenATP2B1gene polymorphism and the odds of HBP.

Conclusions

Our results indicate thatCACNB2gene polymorphism was significantly associated with higher odds of HBP in Lithuanian adolescents aged 12–15 years.
Is mortality-to-incidence ratio associated with health disparity in pancreatic cancer? A cross-sectional database analysis of 57 countries
Authors: Lee Hsiang-Lin , Peng Cheng-Ming , Huang Cheng-Yu , Wu Shin-Yi , Tsai Ming-Chang , Wang Chi-Chih , Chen Sung-Lang , Lin Chun-Che , Huang Chien-Ning , Sung Wen-Wei
Published: July 2018

Objective

The colorectal cancer mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) can reflect healthcare disparities. However, a similar association has not yet been established between the MIR of pancreatic cancer and healthcare disparities.

Methods

In this study, the incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2012 database. The WHO rankings and total expenditures on health/gross domestic product (e/GDP) were obtained from a public database. Linear regression was performed to determine correlations between the variables.

Results

57 countries met the inclusion criteria according to the data quality. Developed regions (Europe and the Americas) had high pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality rates. The MIRs were over 0.90 in all regions. No significant correlation was found between MIRs and the WHO rankings, e/GDP or per capita total expenditure on health for analysis in the 57 countries, indicating no association between MIRs and cancer care disparities for pancreatic cancer.

Conclusions

The MIR variations for pancreatic cancer do not correlate with healthcare disparities among countries. Further investigation is necessary to confirm this observation with secondary analysis of databases.
Community factors associated with stunting, overweight and food insecurity: a community-based mixed-method study in four Andean indigenous communities in Ecuador
Authors: Walrod Jemie , Seccareccia Erica , Sarmiento Iván , Pimentel Juan Pablo , Misra Shivali , Morales Juana , Doucet Alison , Andersson Neil
Published: July 2018

Objectives

We aimed to implement participatory research to answer a question posed by four Kichwa indigenous communities in Andean Ecuador about what actionable factors are associated with childhood stunting, overweight and food insecurity among their people.

Design

We used mixed methods including household questionnaires, discussion groups with respondents of the questionnaires and anthropometric measurement of children (6 months to 12 years) from surveyed households.

Setting

The study involved four Andean indigenous communities transitioning from traditional to Western lifestyles. They subsist mainly on small-scale agriculture and have a rich cultural heritage including their traditional language.

Participants

Anthropometric data were collected from 298 children from 139 households in four communities; all households completed the questionnaire. We held five discussion groups (6–10 participants each): three composed of mothers and two of farmers.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Primary outcomes were stunting, overweight, food insecurity and their relationship with demographics, dietary habits and agricultural habits.

Results

Of 298 children, 48.6% were stunted and 43.3% overweight for age. Stunted children were more likely to live in households that sold livestock (ORa 1.77, 95% CIa 1.06 to 2.95) and with illiterate primary caretakers (ORa 1.81, 95% CIa 1.07 to 3.06), but were less likely to live in households with irrigation (ORa 0.47, 95% CIa 0.27 to 0.81). Overweight children were more likely to be male (ORa 1.87, 95% CIa 1.02 to 3.43) and live in a household that sold livestock (ORa 2.14, 95% CIa 1.14 to 4.02). Some 67.8% of children lived in a household with food insecurity, more frequently in those earning below minimum wage (ORa 2.90, 95% CIa 1.56 to 5.41) and less frequently in those that ate quinoa in the past 24 hours (ORa 0.17, 95% CIa 0.06 to 0.48). Discussion groups identified irrigation and loss of agricultural and dietary traditions as important causes of poor childhood nutrition.

Conclusion

Many indigenous communities face tumultuous cultural, nutritional and epidemiological transitions. Community-based interventions on factors identified here could mitigate negative health outcomes.