bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antenatal Care and Breastfeeding
Authors: GÖL İlknur
Published: June 2018

Aim/background: There is a positive effect on the mother's

breastfeeding behaviors in giving breastfeed and breastfeeding counselling as a

standard part of antenatal care. This study was performed with the aim to

investigate the effect antenatal care on the breastfeeding behavior of mothers

with the 0-24 month old baby. Methods: The sample

of this descriptive, cross-sectional study included 141 mothers presenting to

two family health care centers between March and June in 2016 and having a

0-24- month-old baby. Data were collected at face-to-face interviews with a

questionnaire created by the researcher and was composed of a total of 33

questions, of which nine were about socio-demographic features, 13 were about

the history of pregnancy and antenatal care and 11 were about breastfeeding.  Data were analyzed with percentages and

Chi-square test. Results: Mothers

receiving breastfeeding counselling during antenatal care started to breastfeed

their babies earlier and breastfed them for longer periods of time. Conclusion: Counselling in breast milk

and breastfeeding during pregnancy has a significant effect on the earlier

initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding for the first six

months of life. Based on the results of the study, it can be recommended that

breastfeeding counselling should be offered continuously.Amaç/giriş: Anne

sütü ve emzirme konularındaki eğitimlerin doğum öncesi bakımın standart bir

parçası olarak verilmesinin, annelerin emzirme davranışları üzerinde olumlu

etkisi vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, aile

sağlığı merkezlerine başvuran 0-24 aylık bebeği olan annelerin doğum öncesi

bakım alma durumlarının emzirme davranışlarına etkisini değerlendirmektedir. Yöntem:

Kesitsel

tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışmanın örneklemini iki Aile Sağlığı Merkezine

Mart-Haziran 2016 tarihleri arasında başvuran 0-24 aylık bebeği olan 141 anne

oluşturmuştur.  Verilerin toplanmasında araştırmacı

tarafından literatür doğrultusunda hazırlanan ve annelerin sosyo-demogrofik

özelliklerini belirlemeye yönelik 9, gebelik ve doğum öncesi bakım öykülerine

yönelik 13 ve emzirmeye yönelik 11 soru olmak üzere toplam 33 soru içeren bir

anket formu kullanılmıştır. Veriler araştırmacı tarafından yüz yüze görüşme

tekniği ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde

yüzdelik dağılım ve ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Anne sütü/emzirme eğitimi

alanların almayanlara göre bebeklerini daha erken dönemde emzirmeye başladığı

ve daha uzun süre emzirdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Gebelik döneminde anne sütü ve emzirme konularında

eğitim almanın erken emzirmeye başlama ve ilk altı ay sadece anne sütü ile

beslenme üzerinde anlamlı etkisi vardır. Doğum öncesi bakımın bir parçası

olarak anne sütü/emzirme eğitimi verilmesi

önemlidir. 
Akad Musyarakah Mutanaqisa: Inovasi Baru Produk Pembiayaan Bank Syariah
Authors: Balgis Putri Dona
Published: June 2018

Product based partnersip with profit-loss sharing like Musyarakah as a
competitive product in Islamic Banking has not showed significant growth
like another products. One of derivative contract of musyarakah which is
potentially practiced as an innovation product in Islamic banking is
musyarakah mutanaqisa contract. This study decribes  about musyarakah
mutanaqisa contract, the difference between musyarakah mutanaqisa and
conventional lease, the treatment of accounting, and the practice of
musyarakah mutanaqisa in Indonesia. In Indonesia, four of thirteen Islamic
Banks in Indonesia offer a financing product with musyarakah mutanaqisa
contract. They are Bank Muamalat, Maybank Syariah, Panin Bank Syariah,
and Bank Mega Syariah.
Analisis Posisi Pembiayaan Per Sektor Ekonomi pada Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia
Authors: Suwarsi Aqidah Asri
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this study is to find a combination of financing portfolio that produces the smallest financing risk based on investor preference and based on the amount of financing in the economic sector at Sharia Commercial Bank. The research method is analytical descriptive research using secondary data obtained from a publication of Bank Indonesia (Statistik Perbankan Syariah) covering monthly data of financing position of 10 (ten) economic sector during January 2011-March 2014 for BUS / UUS category. Analyzer used by Markowitz Method. The results obtained from the research show BUS / UUS in Indonesia there is a combination of different economic sectors in the distribution of financing with the smallest financing risk. Optimal portfolio of financing distribution based on BUS risk preference to economic sector can be obtained if BUS distributes to Economic Sector of Business Services, then Transportation, Warehousing and Communication sector, then Construct. The smallest optimal risk portfolio of financing disbursements based on economic sector in Indonesia focuses on the business sector of the business economy, then the social services sector, then the mining sector.

Keywords: Sharia Bank Financing, Economic Sector Financing, Optimal Portfolio, Shariah Bank Preferences Minimum Funding Risk, Markowitz Method
Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Melalui Problem Posing
Authors: Shanti Widha Nur , Sholihah Dyahsih Alin , Martyanti Adhetia
Published: June 2018

This study aims to explain how the problem posing approach adopted in the study of mathematics can develop students' critical thinking skills. The method used in this research is literature study (library research). The data in this study is a secondary data such as the results of the research as scientific books, scientific journals, research reports, and other relevant sources. Data analysis techniques in the study include three stages, namely organize, synthesize, and identify.

These results showed that the problem posing approach to the stages of learning, among others (1) create a situation of mathematics; (2) create a mathematical question; (3) solve math problem; (4) to apply mathematics, has relevance to the indicators on critical thinking skills, which include interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and decision. Overall, it was concluded that the students' critical thinking skills can be improved by the application of problem posing approach in the learning process.
Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions Data Harmonization: Rationale and Development of Guidelines (Preprint)
Authors: McCumber Micah , Cain Demetria , LeGrand Sara , Mayer Kenneth H , Murphy Debra A , Psioda Matthew A , Seña Arlene C , Starks Tyrel J , Hudgens Michael
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

The Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN) research program aims to defeat the rising HIV epidemic among adolescents and young adults in the United States.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to optimize cross-study analyses and comparisons of standardized measures (variables) collected in the ATN.

METHODS

Guidelines were developed for harmonizing measures to be collected across ATN studies.

RESULTS

Eight domains were identified for harmonization—Demographics and Socioeconomic Characteristics, Sexual Behavior and Risk, Substance Use and Abuse, HIV-Positive Cascade, HIV-Negative Cascade, Mental Health, Social Support and Isolation, and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Cascade.

CONCLUSIONS

The collection of selected key measures in a uniform manner across studies facilitates the characterization of participant populations, comparisons between studies, and pooled analysis of data from multiple studies.
How LGBT+ Young People Use the Internet in Relation to Their Mental Health and Envisage the Use of e-Therapy: Exploratory Study (Preprint)
Authors: Lucassen Mathijs , Samra Rajvinder , Iacovides Ioanna , Fleming Theresa , Shepherd Matthew , Stasiak Karolina , Wallace Louise
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth and other young people diverse in terms of their sexuality and gender (LGBT+) are at an elevated risk of mental health problems such as depression. Factors such as isolation and stigma mean that accessing mental health services can be particularly challenging for LGBT+ young people, and previous studies have highlighted that many prefer to access psychological support on the Web. Research from New Zealand has demonstrated promising effectiveness and acceptability for an LGBT+ focused, serious game–based, computerized cognitive behavioral therapy program, Rainbow Smart, Positive, Active, Realistic, X-factor thoughts (SPARX). However, there has been limited research conducted in the area of electronic therapy (e-therapy) for LGBT+ people.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore how and why LGBT+ young people use the internet to support their mental health. This study also sought to explore LGBT+ young people’s and professionals’ views about e-therapies, drawing on the example of Rainbow SPARX.

METHODS

A total of 3 focus groups and 5 semistructured interviews were conducted with 21 LGBT+ young people (aged 15-22 years) and 6 professionals (4 health and social care practitioners and 2 National Health Service commissioners) in England and Wales. A general inductive approach was used to analyze data.

RESULTS

LGBT+ youth participants considered that the use of the internet was ubiquitous, and it was valuable for support and information. However, they also thought that internet use could be problematic, and they highlighted certain internet safety and personal security considerations. They drew on a range of gaming experiences and expectations to inform their feedback about Rainbow SPARX. Their responses focused on the need for this e-therapy program to be updated and refined. LGBT+ young people experienced challenges related to stigma and mistreatment, and they suggested that strategies addressing their common challenges should be included in e-therapy content. Professional study participants also emphasized the need to update and refine Rainbow SPARX. Moreover, professionals highlighted some of the issues associated with e-therapies needing to demonstrate effectiveness and challenges associated with health service commissioning processes.

CONCLUSIONS

LGBT+ young people use the internet to obtain support and access information, including information related to their mental health. They are interested in LGBT-specific e-therapies; however, these must be in a contemporary format, engaging, and adequately acknowledge the experiences of LGBT+ young people.
Pelaksanaan Knowledge Management dalam mendukung kegiatan Knowledge Transfer pada grup International Carnivorous Plant Society
Authors: Setiawan Moh Very
Published: June 2018

Introduction. This study discusses how knowledge management activities (KM) supports knowledge transfer (KT) in "International Carnivorous Plant Society" (ICPS) group. Research Method. This study used qualitative descriptive method. The data collection activity was conducted by reviewing KM and KT activities in the ICPS group. The collected data was classified and analyzed for further discussions. Results and Discussions. The results showed that the implementation of KM and KT in ICPS was successfully done through ICPS website. KM activities in ICPS group were applied through 4 stages: identifying, collecting, and creating: classifying and storing; sharing; and accessing and using. KT activities in ICPS were conducted through the provision of articles on ICPS website; online journals; and video-making on the Youtube ICPS account related to carnivorous plants.Conclusions. Overall KM and KT activities in ICPS have been conducted in sufficient way. Only at the stage of “sharing” KM activities need more attention.
GASTROINTESTINAL DIGESTION OF KAHAI PROTEIN CONCENTRATE (CARYODENDRON ORINOCENSE KARST)
Authors: J Greffa , A Barrionuevo , E Vilcacundo , W Carrillo
Published: June 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain kahai protein concentrate from Caryodendron orinocense karst cultivated in the region Amazonia of Ecuador and characterizes its gastric and duodenal hydrolysates using the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis method and the reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) method.Methods: Kahai seeds (C. orinocense karst) were utilized to obtain kahai protein concentrate at pH 5.0 using the isoelectric precipitation method and then subject to gastric hydrolysis with pepsin enzyme (2000 U/mg of protein) at pH 1.2, pH 2.0, and pH 3.2 at 37°C for 2 h with agitation in simulated gastric fluids and then to duodenal hydrolysis with pancreatin (mix enzymes) at pH 7.0 at 37°C for 3 h with agitation in simulated intestinal fluid. Gastric and duodenal hydrolysates from kahai were characterized using the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis method and the RP-UHPLC chromatography method.Results: Proteins obtained from kahai (C. orinocense karst) were hydrolyzed with pepsin, only one protein with molecular weight of 100 kDa presented resistance to hydrolysis with pepsin at all pHs assayed. All proteins from kahai protein concentrate were totally hydrolyzed with pancreatin in in vitro conditions.Conclusion: This study suggests that kahai protein concentrates have a high grade of digestibility in vitro when using the gastroduodenal model of digestion. Kahai protein can be a good source of alternative vegetal proteins to be consumed by animals and humans.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE LAYERED TABLETS BY MELT GRANULATION TECHNIQUE FOR TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA
Authors: Sri A Ramya , K Latha
Published: June 2018

Objective: The main objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the sustained release matrix tablets of zolpidem tartrate, using hydrogenated vegetable oil as a polymer.Methods: Various formulations were prepared by melt granulation method using concentrations Lubritab, HPMC K100, and lactose monohydrate. The optimized formulations were prepared as three-layered tablets using HPMC K4M.Results: All formulations blend were evaluated for various precompression parameters were found to be good. The drug and excipients compatibility study was performed, and the study revealed that there was no interaction between drug and excipients. The compressed tablets were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters. The initial release from the matrix tablet was higher which was reduced by the preparation of three-layered tablet using HPMC K4M. The initial release was controlled to 10–12%, but the complete release was not there in 12 h. To get the complete release of the drug pore forming agent such as lactose and HPMC K100 was included in the matrix. ZT22 and ZT25 were considered as optimized formulations, and the drug release at 12th h is 98.85% and 98.3% respectively. The optimized formulation was subjected to stability studies for 3 months as per ICH guidelines for climate zone III and was found to be stable.Conclusion: Difficulties with sleep onset and or sleep maintenance can be treated successfully using the optimized formulations ZT22 and ZT25 for the prompt onset of action of the drug over a prolonged period of time which may lead to improved efficacy, better patient compliance.
A STUDY OF PATTERN OF SELF-MEDICATION AMONG STUDENTS FOR DYSMENORRHEA
Authors: Anand Suman , Akhtar Tasmia , K Bhuvana
Published: June 2018

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the pattern of self-medication for dysmenorrhea among students and compare it between medical and non-medical students.Methods: The observational study was conducted from May to August 2014. After obtaining the Institutional Ethics Committee approval and written informed consent from all students with dysmenorrhea aged between 18 and 25 years were included in the study. Demographic details such as age and duration of dysmenorrhea per cycle were recorded. A questionnaire comprising 16 questions was administered to medical and nursing students of Sri Devaraj Urs Medical and Nursing Colleges and students attending outpatient departments of R.L.Jalappa Hospital and Research Center attached to Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 240 students (93 medical, 84 nursing, and 63 non-medical) were included in the study. The mean age was 20.1±1.8 years (medical), 20.4±1.4 years (nursing), and 21.9±1.8 years (non-medical). 46% medical, 29% non-medical, and 10% nursing students used drugs to control pain. Most commonly used drugs were mefenamic acid + dicyclomine and mefenamic acid. 56% of medical and all non-medical and nursing students did not have knowledge of side effects of drugs. Among the eight nursing students, six self-administered the drug but 54% and 56% of medical and non-medical students, respectively, followed doctor’s advice to use the pain medications. 40% of medical students self-medicated themselves.Conclusion: Medical students preferred drugs for control of menstrual pain compared to others and most commonly used drug was mefenamic acid.
EFFECT OF LABETALOL AND ESMOLOL ON ONSET OF ACTION OF ROCURONIUM: A PROSPECTIVE DOUBLE-BLINDED RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Acharya Ranjita , Mishra Shakti Bedanta , Rath Arun , Pati Bhabani Sankara , Nayak Kalyani Bala
Published: June 2018

Objective: Labetalol is a non-selective beta blocker which is used for the treatment of hypertension. Its role in controlling the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation is established. This comparative controlled study was carried out to verify its effects on time to onset of action of rocuronium in comparison to esmolol.Methods: We randomized patients into two groups. Group A receiving injection labetalol 0.25 mg/kg diluted to 10 ml with 0.9% saline and Group B receiving 0.5 mg/kg of esmolol in 10 ml 0.9% saline before surgery. The time to onset of action of rocuronium, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded. The adverse reactions were observed in the post-operative period.Results: A total of 60 patients were randomized into two groups. At the time of intubation, the systolic blood pressure and heart rate were similar between the two groups. The onset of action of rocuronium was decreased significantly in the labetalol group.Conclusion: Labetalol attenuates the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation both during intubation. It also slightly decreases the time to onset of action of rocuronium.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES ON ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF DRIED LEAVES OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS
Authors: Doshi Gaurav M , Matthews Bernadette D , Chaskar Pratip K
Published: June 2018

Objective: Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of Catharanthus roseus disclosed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, quinines, flavonoids, and proteins. In the present research work, we have identified and confirmed the structures of the constituents present by means of a hyphenated technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) from the extract.Method: Shade-dried leaves of C. roseus were powdered and extracted by means of Soxhlet extraction using ethanol as a solvent. Crude extract obtained was utilized for GC-MS.Results: A total of 15 components were identified, some of which were n-hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Vitamin E, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid,2- [(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[{(trimethylsilyl)oxy}methyl]ethyl ester, phytol, 3-epivindolinine, and oleic acid.Conclusion: GC-MS studies helped us to assess the phytochemical constituents based on retention time, molecular formula, molecular weight and the corroboration of MS libraries. In future, C. roseus leaves may be subjected to diverse types of extraction methodologies, and a number of various elucidated phytoconstituents can be studied for their ethnopharmacological significance and applicability citing literature.
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HEART FAILURE
Authors: Vittalrao Amberkar Mohanbabu , Thanusubramanian Harish , Kumari K Meena , Shaik Arshad Basha
Published: June 2018

Abstract Heart failure is one of the major problems related to heart diseases in the modern era. Multiple comorbidities like coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anemia etc. have a great contribution in the development of heart failure.It is primarily two types systolic and diastolic heart failure. Insufficient or decreased pumping of the heart is Systolic heart failure whereas diastolic heart failure is because of lack of ability of the heart to relax or increased muscle inflexibility. The pathophysiology of heart failure is due to enhanced activity of sympathetic system, Renin Angiotensin system and structural changes in the wall of ventricle. The two definite targets of medical treatment in heart failure are: (1) Alleviation of obstructive (or) decreased output manifestations and replenishment of cardiac function. The drugs used are Frusemide, thiazides,ACE inhibitors/ARBs,Amrinone/Milrinone,Dopamine/ Dobutamine,Levosimendan,Digoxin, Hydralazine,Nitroprusside, Nitrate, Bisoprolol,Metoprolol, Nebivolol, Carvedilol (2) Prevention ofadvancementof heart failure and extension of patient survival - drugs used are β blockers,ACE inhibitors/ ARBs, Spironolactone andEplerenone
OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM USING OPEN-SOURCE SYRINGE PUMP
Authors: V Surya , Bose Srutartha , Kulkarni Shreya , D Kathirvelu
Published: June 2018

Objective: The objective of this study is to design an automated ocular drug delivery system controlled by an open-source syringe pump, which in turn is to be controlled using Arduino UNO.Methods: The Arduino UNO is the microcontroller used to control the entire setup. The drug delivery is executed using the open-source syringe pump. A 12V NEMA 17 stepper motor is used to execute the pump movements. To facilitate the ease of use, an Android application developed using Android Studio has been developed, where inputs are given in the form of the required drug dose. The application plays the role of converting the requested drug dose into the number of steps required to run the stepper motor. The stepper motor works based on simple lead-screw mechanism.Results: The designed syringe pump has been tested using water. It was determined that for 42 steps a drug volume of 30 μl is dispensed by the designed device. Typically, a drop volume ranges from 33.8 μl to 63.4 μl and the device that has been discussed in this article can deliver a minimum volume of 30 μl.Conclusion: Using this device, excessive use of drugs can be minimalized, thus reducing the capital investment put behind ocular drugs.
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND ITS NATURE OF INFECTION: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Das Ranit , Mishra Vijay , Sharma Neha , Khurana Navneet
Published: June 2018

Human papillomavirus (HPV) belonging to Papillomaviridae (family of Papillomavirus). HPV infection causes various types of disorders and diseases including cervical, vaginal, anal, penile, oropharyngeal, and lung cancer also cancer in head and neck along with some malignant and benign warts. HPV also found to be responsible for respiratory papillomatosis. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an orphan disease termed as tree man disease, is also occurred by the HPV infection. Vaccines show benefit nowadays. Some surgery and adjuvant therapy is also showing response in the treatment of HPV caused cancers. In this abstract, we summarized the types, structures, genomic organization, mode of transmission of the virus along with type of infections, and protection and modern treatment approaches.
NEUROTRANSMITTER AND BRAIN PARTS INVOLVED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Arya Ashwani , Sindhwani Gulshan , Kadian Renu
Published: June 2018

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a major debilitating, complex, and costly illness that strikes 1% of the world’s population. It is characterized by three general types of symptoms: Atypical symptoms (aggressiveness, agitation, delusions, hallucinations), depressive symptoms (alogia, avolition, anhedonia, apathy), and cognitive symptoms (impaired attention, learning, memory). The etiology of SCZ has still not been fully understood. Alteration in various neurochemical systems such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate are involved in the pathophysiology of SCZ. The lack of understanding regarding the exact pathogenic process may be the likely a reason for the non-availability of effective treatment, which can prevent onset and progression of the SCZ. The tools of modern neuroscience, drawing from neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, brain imaging, and psychopharmacology, promise to provide a host of new insights into the etiology and treatment of SCZ. In this review, we will discuss the role of the various neurotransmitter concerned and brain parts exaggerated in the SCZ.
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHONOPHORESIS BY PIROXICAM AND DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE FOR WOMEN’S WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS KNEE JOINT
Authors: R Monisha , M Manikumar , Krishnakumar Aparna
Published: June 2018

Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive chronic disease with the loss of articular cartilage. In managing osteoarthritis, inadequate pain relief often occurs, particularly with a single non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy.Methods: A total of 50 participants were randomly allocated into three groups, received phonophoresis with piroxicam, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and ultrasound (US) therapy with aquasonic gel.Results: On comparing, the baseline phonophoresis group with piroxicam showed significantly more pain reduction than the DMSO and US therapy. Enrolled patients in three groups have completed the study without any drawbacks.Conclusion: This study showed that phonophoresis was superior to conventional US therapy in reducing pain in patients with symptomatic knee OA of a mild to moderate degree.
SPILANTHES ACMELLA AND ITS MEDICINAL USES – A REVIEW
Authors: Purushothaman Yasodha , Gunaseelan Silambarasan , Vijayakumar Sudarshana Deepa
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT In common plant life has been recognized to alleviate various diseases. Spilanthes acmella- a vital native medicinal plant, is also found in sub continent of America. A range of abstracts and active metabolites from different parts of this plant is found to contain valuable pharmacological activities. Traditionally recognized as tooth ache plant, it is known to suppress the ailment allied with tooth aches and is found to stimulate saliva secretion. On Survey of literatures it has been projected that, it has numerous drug related actions, which comprises of antimicrobial, antipyretic, local anaesthetic, bioinsecticide against insects of agricultural importance, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, vasorelaxant, anti-human immune deficit virus, tooth ache relief and anti-inflammatory effects. Based on the traditional claims against a range of diseases, researchers have classified and estimated plants for their bioactive compounds. However researchers found it to be a difficult task for the extraction of bioactive constituents from these plants. Therefore the scientific information about Spilanthes acmella could be obtained from this current review.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF FLOATING GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF CIMETIDINE USING HARD ALGINATE CAPSULES
Authors: Dessy N Siahaan Ririyen , Bangun Hakim , Sumaiyah Sumaiyah
Published: June 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo of gastroretentive drug delivery system of cimetidine using hard alginate capsules.Methods: Drug release study was tested to various hard alginate capsules containing 200 mg cimetidine with paddle method dissolution apparatus in artificial gastric fluid pH 1.2. Concentrations of cimetidine were measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometer at 218.4 nm wavelength. The product that fulfilled the sustained release profile was evaluated for bioavailability using male rabbits at dose 9.3 mg/kg orally, and the antiulcer studies were evaluated by HCl-induced ulcer method at cimetidine dose 18 mg/kg once a day orally. Gastric lesions were evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic observations.Results: The results of drug release test showed that hard alginate capsule made from sodium alginate 500–600 cP gave sustained release profile of cimetidine for 12 h. In vivo bioavailability studies showed that cimetidine given with hard alginate capsules gave higher of Cmax, Tmax, and area under the curve of cimetidine compared to cimetidine that given with conventional hard gelatin capsules. The antiulcer studies showed that the healing effect of cimetidine that given with hard alginate capsules was faster than cimetidine given in suspension form. Cimetidine that given with hard alginate capsules macroscopically showed no gastric lesion and histopathologically also showed normal gastric mucosa of rats after 4 days treatment. However, cimetidine given in suspension form showed of 0.036±0.024 ulcer index and microscopically there was still erosion of gastric mucosa of rats after 4 days treatment.Conclusion: Floating gastroretentive of cimetidine using hard alginate capsules give a sustained release of cimetidine with better bioavailability and antiulcer effect of cimetidine.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS DUE TO PLATINUM ANALOGS - CHEMOTHERAPY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Badruddeen Badruddeen , S P Singh , Irfan Khan Mohammad
Published: June 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with platinum analogs (cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin) used for cancer chemotherapy in a tertiary care hospital and determine their causal relationship with the offending drug.Methods: This prospective, observational, non-interventional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital at GSVM Medical College Kanpur, India, for 4 months. Patients of all age and either sex were included in the study. ADRs were reported by the physicians of oncology department of the hospital and ADRs were assessed for different parameters -causality, outcome, and seriousness of ADR as per the World Health Organization (WHO), type of ADRs as per expanded Rawlins and Thompson’s classification, predictability using council for international organization of medical sciences guidelines and severity using modified Hartwig’s scale. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.Results: A total of 140 ADRs were reported from platinum analogs following treatment of different types of cancer in hospital. The burden of ADRs in each patient was 2.41. Most of the ADRs were observed in the age group of 40–60 years. Vomiting (27 ADRs) was commonly reported reaction. Among platinum analogs, cisplatin leads to 82 ADRs (58.57%) followed by carboplatin with 53 ADRs (37.86%) and least with oxaliplatin 5 ADRs (3.57%). Most of the ADRs on causality assessment were possible (104, 74.29%) and probable (36, 25.71%) in nature. Type -A ADRs account for 4/5th of the total reported ADRs, followed by Type-B and C. Severity of 90.71% ADRs was found to be mild followed by moderate, with no case of severe and serious nature. Nearly, most of the ADRs were of predictable type (97.14%).Conclusion: The potential of platinum analogs to cause ADRs is high; thus, the need of effective ADRs monitoring is highly emphasized.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-STRESS ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA L. IN SWISS ALBINO MICE
Authors: Ansari Imtiyaz , Sorte Rajeshwari Shashikant
Published: June 2018

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-stress activity of ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa L. in Swiss albino mice. Methods: The extract used in this study was prepared by Soxhlet extraction of fresh dried leaves of T. catappa L. using ethanol as an extraction solvent. Stress is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including hypertension, peptic ulcer, immunodepression, reproductive dysfunction, and behavior disorder. Overload of stress increases free radicals, produces damage to neuronal receptors and a variety of tissues. In this experimental research study two models, namely, forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used for the screening of anti-stress activity. 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg ethanolic extracts of T. catappa L. were given orally, while 2mg/kg of Diazepam which acts as a standard was given intraperitoneally. The data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. p<0.05 was considered to be significant. Result: The entire three test groups of the ethanolic extract of leaves of T. catappa L. showed decrease in immobility time in both FST (immobility for 42.5±3.5 s and mobility at 197.5±3.5 s) against diazepam (immobility 82.6±4.17 s and mobility at 157.3±4.17 s) and TST (92±2.28 s and mobility at 148±2.28) when compared against control as well as against diazepam (116.3±2.73 s and mobility at 123.6±2.73) which was used as a standard. Conclusion: There is substantial evidence that flavonoids play an active role in providing anti-stress activity. This study is an attempt to find out the alternative medication for treating chronic stress with single medication which was shown a beneficial effect in animal models, may be useful for curing symptoms of stress.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MATRIX TABLET OF NIZATIDINE
Authors: Gupta Saritadevi , Dev Asish
Published: June 2018

Objective: The objective of the work is to formulate nizatidine mucoadhesive matrix tablets which will significantly improve the bioavailability of drugs under the condition of prolonged use of drugs and reduce the total dosage of administered drug and reduce the side effect.Method: Matrix tablet was prepared by direct compression of polymer such as HPMC K4M, carbopol-934p, and ethyl cellulose alone and in combination.Result: After analysis of different evaluation parameter and drug release, F9 batch was selected as promising formulation for delivery of nizatidine as a mucoadhesive matrix tablet with 94.18% drug release at the 12th h.Conclusion: It was observed that the combination of both polymers in equal concentration gives the best drug release and sustains the drug release for 12 h. Among the other batches, F9 batch was selected as an optimized batch because the pre- and post-compression parameter results are satisfactory.
ASSOCIATION OF MTHFR A1298C GENE VARIANT, DNA DAMAGE, AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT STATUS WITH THE RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
Authors: K Nithya , W Isabel , T Angeline , A.s. Priscilla , A.j. Asirvatham
Published: June 2018

Objectives: We have examined the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene A1298C variant, DNA damage, and total antioxidant status (TAS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with and without complications and in healthy controls.Methods: A total of 300 subjects including 100 patients with complications, 100 patients without complications, and 100 controls were included. TAS was assessed by ferric reducing ability of plasma assay. DNA damage was analyzed in lymphocytes using the comet assay. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed to study the MTHFR A1298C gene polymorphism among the study subjects.Results: The results revealed that the MTHFR 1298 AC+CC genotypes were associated with increased risk (2 fold) for diabetes and its complications. When the effect of DNA damage was analyzed, significant differences between individuals with mutant and normal genotype among the diabetic patients (with and without complications) was observed (p≤0.001). In contrary, no significant difference was found between TAS and 1298 genotypes (AA vs. AC+CC) in Type 2 diabetes patients (with and without complications), p=0.338. We also found a significant difference between the genotypes of the MTHFR A1298C and DNA damage, TAS in T2DM patients (with & without complications) when compared to controls, p<0.001.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the MTHFR A1298C gene polymorphism is considered as a risk factor for the development of diabetes and its complications among south Indians. Therefore, increased DNA damage and decreased TAS along with the occurrence of a mutant genotype in an individual with diabetes may be at an increased risk for the development of chronic complications.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL USES BIOACTIVE PHYTOCONSTITUENTS OF GENUS EHRETIA
Authors: Shukla Abha , Kaur Amanpreet
Published: June 2018

The plants of the genus Ehretia composed of about 150 species mainly distributed in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America. They have been used as traditional and folk medicines to treat various ailments in Japan, India, and China for a long time. Previous phytochemical screenings demonstrated that the Ehretia plants mainly contain fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, cyanogenetic glycosides, and benzoquinones and other constituents from different chemical classes. The pharmacological studies confirmed that the crude extracts or individual compounds from the genus showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiarthritic, antitubercular, and antiallergic activities, as well as anti-snake venom property. In this review, we presented a summary of the secondary metabolites isolated from different species of Ehretia based on the published literatures up to March 2017. In addition to the traditional medicinal use of Ehretia plants, we focused on the known biological activities of the plants and discussed them in detail here.
EXPLORING POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR DELAYS SEEKING MEDICAL TREATMENT AMONG INDONESIAN WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER
Authors: Sunarsih Irene Marcellina , Prabandari Yayi Suryo , Aryandono Teguh , Sastrowijoto Soenarto
Published: June 2018

Objective: This study aimed to explore the underlying causes for the delays seeking medical treatment experienced by Indonesian women with breast cancer and what kinds of non-medical treatment were pursued instead.Methods: This study used qualitative methods with in-depth interviews among 20 participants to reveal the causes of delaying medical treatment by patients with breast cancer. Subjects were chosen from women diagnosed with breast cancer who had delayed their medical treatment for various reasons and were currently undergoing medical treatment at a hospital.Results: The underlying causes for the delay of medical treatment were varied, including psychological reasons (fear of surgery, being worried about adverse effects of the medicine, making troubles to the other people, afraid of losing breast, or losing husband); lack of knowledge about cancer (unfamiliar with the symptoms of cancer, possible cancer cure by nutritious food, more trust in alternative medicine, myth, participant’s husband did not approve her surgery, only rely on prayer, forgot if she was sick); factors deriving from health service system (limited facilities, a false diagnosis, queue rooms/radiotherapy/for hospitalization, the radiotherapy equipment was out of service, patient unable to walk, high out-of-pocket cost, and doctors were not communicative). During time delay, some patients have also sought non-medical treatment with herbal medicines, non-herbal medicines, and non-conventional treatment (laser, reiki, acupuncture, and vest treatments).Conclusion: Many factors affect the delay of medical care among patients with breast cancer. Often, these delays influence the patients to seek alternative treatments.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF REFLEXOLOGY IN INTENSITY OF PAIN AND ANXIETY AMONG PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM METASTATIC CANCER IN ADULTS’ HEMATOLOGY WARD
Authors: Jahani Simin , Salari Fatemeh , Elahi Nasrin , Cheraghian Bahman
Published: June 2018

Objective: Findings suggest dissatisfaction of half of the cancer patients regarding pain and anxiety management. This study aimed to determine the effect of reflexology on the intensity of pain and anxiety among patients with metastatic cancer hospitalized inadulthematology ward.  Methods: In this study, the samples were selected from adult hematology ward in Baghaei 2 hospital in Ahwaz, Iran, according to the inclusion criteria. They were then assigned into treatment and control groups. In the treatment group, reflexology protocol was performed following manual reflexology method by Fr Josef Eugster based on Ingham method on the patient’s bed. In the control group, sole touching was used as the placebo. Reflexology was performed for three days, 30 min per day. Spielberger questionnaire were provided to the samples and completed in the first and third days, and Spielberger questionnaire was provided to the samples and completed. The data obtained from this study were then analyzed by SPSS 20.Results: The two groups did not show a significant difference in terms of demographic characteristics (p>0.05). Based on the obtained results, it was found that in the test group, there was a significant difference between the mean intensity of pain before and after the treatment across all 3 days as well as the mean anxiety of the 1st and 3rd days (p<0.05). However, in the control group, there was no significant difference in terms of mean pain intensity before and after the treatment across 3 days (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed between the mean anxiety of the 1st and 3rd days either (p>0.05).Conclusion: Considering the findings of this research, it can be concluded that reflexology has a positive effect on mitigating the intensity of pain and anxiety in metastatic cancer patients. Therefore, it is recommended that nurses employed in cancer centers benefit from the findings of this research to further help patients with cancer. It is also suggested that further research be conducted on the effect of reflexology on the pain and anxiety of other patients.
POTENTIAL MODULATION OF DISEASE ACTIVITY INDICES AND INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE ON MELATONIN ADJUVANT THERAPY
Authors: Abdulridha Manal Khalid
Published: June 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the benefits of melatonin supplementation in the active stage of moderate to severe inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) as an adjuvant to the standard immunosuppressant and biological targeting therapy in both Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients.Methods: This is an interventional prospective randomized controlled, open-label, single-center study was carried out on 50 patients visiting the biological unite diagnosed as moderate-severe active IBD. Melatonin adjuvant was added to the standard treatment.  Results: Disease activity indices showed significant improvement in both diseases after melatonin adjuvant therapy compared to the standard treatment alone (CD −61.80 vs. 36.48%), (UC −74.48% vs. −46.66%) (p<0.01). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) level showed higher percent of reduction after melatonin adjuvant in both diseases (p<0.05). CD patients presented with slight reduction in matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) level following on melatonin adjuvant therapy compared to standard therapy (p˃0.05). At baseline, a significant correlation between severity scores of both diseases and both ESR and MMP-9 in UC patients, but after treatment, only the ESR level was correlated to the improvement in disease score in CD patients.Conclusion: Melatonin produced marked improvement in the disease activity status in both CD and UC after receiving melatonin adjuvant in active stage of disease, and notable modulation of inflammatory biomarkers with no clear role on MMP-9 expression.
STANDARDIZATION OF SIDDHA HERBOMINERAL FORMULATION “LINGA MATHIRAI
Authors: A Shanuvas , M Indhumathi
Published: June 2018

Objective: Linga Mathirai is traditional Siddha medicine. The medicinal plants and the herbal preparations are preferred; nowadays, due to minimal side effects and the presence of abundant antioxidants and micronutrients which possesses a better therapeutic efficiency. According to the World Health organization, the herbal medicines have been defined as those containing plant parts or plant materials in raw state or processed form containing active principles. The Siddha system of medicine encompasses around 600 medicinal plants in materia medica.Methods: Physicochemical analysis such as pH, ash values, and loss on drying is done and biochemical analysis of acid and basic radicals. Instrumental analysis of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) for analyze the functional groups in the test drug, scanning electron microscope (SEM) for determine the particle size of the drug, and inductively coupled plasma-optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for heavy metal analysis.Result: For standardization, organoleptic characters were done in that pH is 7.6, ash value is 1.379%, water-soluble ash is 0.294%, acid-insoluble ash is 0.871%, loss on drying in 105 is 0.483%, and disintegration time is 23 min. The functional group were analyzed by FT-IR. Then, in SEM, it has nano and microparticles. Finally, in ICP-OES, heavy metals are in permissible limits.Conclusion: This standardization helps this drug to develop in future and also to evaluate these drug scientifically by determine the toxicity of the drug and pharmacological effect.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS IN TYPE-2 DIABETES OBESE PATIENTS
Authors: Konuru Venkateswarlu , Reedy T Ram Mohan
Published: June 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of oral hypoglycemic agents in obese Type-2 diabetic patients. The objectives are to compare fasting and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) levels, to compare body mass index (BMI) in all the groups, and to identify glycosylated hemoglobin levels and adverse drug reactions (if present) in all the groups.Method: This is a prospective observational study conducted in care diabetic center over a period of 1 year. All the patients those are receiving only oral hypoglycemic agents continuously over a period of 3 months and BMI ≥30 were enrolled. The patients receiving insulin were excluded. Patients were followed over a period of 3 months and were reviewed on visit basis (every 30 days). All the necessary information was collected into the data collection form that includes demographic details (age, gender, etc.), past medication history, current treatment charts, and their relevant laboratory reports (fasting blood sugar levels [mg/dl], PPBS levels [mg/dl], glycosylated hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] (%), and BMI [kg/m2]).  Results: A total of 395 patients were recruited into the study and the drugs received by the population were found to be metformin+sulfonylureas (33%), metformin+pioglitazone (26%), and metformin+dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors (DPI) (23%). A significant reduction in HbA1c was seen in all groups of patients. Adverse drug reactions observed were hypoglycemia, pedal edema, and itching distributed to drugs metformin+DPI, respectively. A significant reduction in BMI was seen in patients receiving DPI and BMI was found to be increased in other groups of patients.Conclusion: Overall, three classes of drugs were found to have similar efficacy. Sulfonylureas were commonly associated with hypoglycemia when compared to other drugs and weight reduction observed in dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors.