bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A swept‐intersection‐based remapping method in a ReALE framework
Authors: Harribey Thibault , Breil Jérôme , Maire Pierre‐Henri , Shashkov Mikhail
Published: December 2012

A complete reconnection‐based arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ReALE) strategy devoted to the computation of hydrodynamic applications for compressible fluid flows is presented here. In ReALE, we replace the rezoning phase of classical ALE method by a rezoning where we allow the connectivity between cells of the mesh to change. This leads to a polygonal mesh that recovers the Lagrangian features in order to follow more efficiently the flow. Those reconnections allow to deal with complex geometries and high vorticity problems contrary to ALE method. For optimizing the remapping phase, we have modified the idea of swept‐integration‐based. The new method is called swept‐intersection‐based remapping method. We demonstrate that our method can be applied to several numerical examples representative of hydrodynamic experiments.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fraud at the Global Fund? A viewpoint
Authors: Brown Jonathan C. , Griekspoor Wilfred
Published: December 2012

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has contributed to remarkable health improvements in the three diseases since its creation in 2002. However, media reports about “astonishing losses” and fraud in Fund programs in 2011 caused several donors to suspend funding. The Fund's annual round of new financing was canceled, and a substantial reform program is being implemented. Two former senior managers of the Fund contend that fraud was never a major problem; rather than imposing harsh new controls on recipient countries that might impede health outcomes, the Fund should maintain the core elements of its innovative model and make selective rather than sweeping changes in its operations.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning How to Play Ball: Applying Sabermetric Thinking to Benchmarking in Higher Education
Authors: Levy Gary D.
Published: December 2012

This chapter provides a brief overview of baseball sabermetric thinking and demonstrates a simple application of sabermetric methods to benchmarking in a higher education context.
Selecting Peer Institutions with IPEDS and Other Nationally Available Data
Authors: Carrigan Sarah D.
Published: December 2012

This chapter discusses how institutions can use IPEDS data to assist their institution to determine what other institutions should be used in external benchmark analysis.
Benchmarking Tier‐One Universities: “Keeping Up with the Joneses”
Authors: Valcik Nicolas A. , Scruton Kimberly E. , Murchison Stuart B. , Benavides Ted J. , Jordan Todd , Stigdon Andrea D. , Olszewski Angela M.
Published: December 2012

This chapter researches whether a link exists between public top‐tier institutions and their host municipalities. The study then researches whether the same link exists in the state of Texas's “Emerging Universities.”
Conclusions and Future Directions
Authors: Lillibridge Fred
Published: December 2012

This chapter summarizes some significant information from the eight preceding chapters.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACTS AND JOB SATISFACTION: CLUSTERING ANALYSIS USING EVIDENTIAL C‐MEANS AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER TECHNIQUES
Authors: Beynon Malcolm J. , Heffernan Margaret , McDermott Aoife M.
Published: December 2012

The psychological contract refers to an individual employee's belief in mutual obligations between them and their employer. Psychological contracts are a key management concern, as they can impact employees' attitudes and behaviors in ways that influence organizational efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper, we analyse the relationship between the psychological contract and facets of job satisfaction among non‐profit sector employees, using the nascent non‐hierarchical evidential c‐means (ECM) clustering technique. To date, this technique has been theoretically discussed but not widely applied. Based on the Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence, ECM is novel in facilitating the assignment of objects, not only to single clusters, but to sets of clusters, and no clusters (outliers).

The paper compares the theoretical underpinnings and findings from ECM with those of three other well‐known clustering techniques, namely (1) the hierarchical Ward's method, (2) the non‐hierarchical crisp k‐means and (3) the non‐hierarchical fuzzy c‐means approaches. We present and interpret the cluster solutions from each clustering technique. We establish three clusters differentiated by the content of the employees' psychological contracts. These clusters are validated by considering their relationship with facets of job satisfaction, to ensure the clusters are theoretically meaningful. Comparisons of the findings from each technique: (1) provide insights into the relationship between the psychological contract and job satisfaction; (2) reveal what ECM encompasses, relative to other clustering techniques; (3) inform the selection of an appropriate clustering technique for a specific research problem; and (4) demonstrate potential future directions in the development of cluster analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laypersons' expectations of recovery and beliefs about whiplash injury: A cross‐cultural comparison between Australians and Singaporeans
Authors: Ng T.S. , Bostick G. , Pedler A. , Buchbinder R. , Vicenzino B. , Sterling M.
Published: December 2012

Background

Beliefs and expectations are thought to influence outcome following whiplash injury. Studies have proposed a link between rates of chronic whiplash and laypersons' expectations about outcome following a motor vehicle accident. The prevalence of chronic whiplash is relatively high in Australia and apparently low in Singapore. This study's objectives were to compare laypersons' beliefs and expectations of recovery of whiplash injury in Brisbane and Singapore and to assess the effect of demographic factors on whiplash beliefs.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study using online surveys was conducted on adult Internet users in Brisbane (Australia) and Singapore. The 14‐item whiplash beliefs questionnaire (WBQ) was used to evaluate whiplash beliefs. Two additional items assessed expectations of recovery. Individual items of WBQ, WBQ score and expectations of recovery were analysed. Stratified analysis was performed to adjust for sampling bias due to quota sampling.

Results

A total of 402 participants from Singapore and 411 participants from Brisbane, Australia, completed the survey. While participants from Singapore demonstrated slightly more negative whiplash beliefs than participants from Brisbane [t(811) = −5.72; p < 0.0001], participants from both samples were similar in their expectations of quick recovery and return to normal activities following whiplash injury. Only gender had a significant effect on whiplash beliefs [estimated marginal means of WBQ score for men = 21.5; standard error (SE) = 0.20; women = 22.5; SE = 0.20; F(1,810) = 11.2; p = 0.001].

Conclusions

Laypersons' expectations of recovery and beliefs about whiplash injury in Brisbane and Singapore were generally similar and mostly positive. Our results demonstrate that cultural differences reflected by laypersons' beliefs may not reflect the differences in prevalence of chronic whiplash between countries.
Pain‐related symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in the offspring of antenatally depressed mothers and depressed parents: A 31‐year follow‐up of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966
Authors: Pelkonen E.S.J. , Mäki P.H. , Kyllönen M.A. , Miettunen J.A. , Taanila A.M. , Sipilä K.K.
Published: December 2012

Background

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Aspects of the aetiology of TMD are controversial. Many studies have identified an association between depression and TMD. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between both maternal antenatal depression and parental depression during the offspring's childhood with TMD symptoms of the offspring during adulthood and to evaluate the effect of the offspring's own depression on this association.

Methods

In the general population‐based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966), mothers of 12,058 children were asked at mid‐gestation at the antenatal clinic if they felt depressed. Of these offspring who had data available on TMD symptoms in the computer‐aided inquiry at the 31‐year field study, a final study data of 5541 subjects was compiled. The Finnish Hospital Discharge Register was used to identify depression in the parents between the years 1972 and 1984 (when offspring were 6–18 years old).

Results

There were no statistically significant associations between TMD symptoms and maternal antenatal depressed mood. However, parental depression during the offspring's childhood associated significantly with facial pain [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.64; 1.05–2.56] and with TMJ pain at jaw rest (OR = 1.81; 1.13–2.89), even after adjusting for gender, occupation of the father, family type at birth and the offspring's self‐reported depression in adulthood.

Conclusion

The risk for TMD symptoms is not elevated in the offspring of antenatally depressed mothers. Parental depression during an offspring's childhood increases the risk of pain‐related TMD symptoms in their early adulthood.
A Constructivist Perspective for Integrating Spirituality Into Counselor Training
Authors: Shaw Brian M. , Bayne Hannah , Lorelle Sonya
Published: December 2012

Significant efforts have been made in recent years to integrate training in spirituality and religion into counselor training programs. This article highlights issues that may be encountered by some trainees and suggests that constructivist teaching principles be used to mitigate these concerns. The authors present recommendations and activities in the context of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (2009) Spiritual Competencies.
Inhibition of ZEB1 reverses EMT and chemoresistance in docetaxel‐resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line
Authors: Ren Jin , Chen Yitian , Song Haizhu , Chen Longbang , Wang Rui
Published: December 2012

Docetaxel has been used as one of the first‐line chemotherapies in solid tumors including advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, limited responses to chemotherapy are observed in clinic and the molecular mechanisms have not been fully understood. Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the processes of tumor metastasis as well as resistance towards anticancer agents. In this study, it was observed that docetaxel‐resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (SPC‐A1/DTX) was typical of mesenchymal phenotype. SPC‐A1/DTX cell line has increased migratory and invasive capacity both in vitro and in vivo. Among the master EMT‐inducing transcriptional factors, ZEB1 was found to be significantly increased in SPC‐A1/DTX cell line. ZEB1 knockdown with RNA interference could reverse the EMT phenotype and inhibit the migratory ability of SPC‐A1/DTX cells. Furthermore, inhibition of ZEB1 significantly enhanced the chemosensitivity of SPC‐A1/DTX cells to docetaxel in vitro and in vivo and ectopic expression of ZEB1 increased the chemoresistance of SPC‐A1 cells to docetaxel. All these results provide experimental evidence that ZEB1 might be an attractive target for the treatment of human NSCLC. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1395–1403, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combinatorial Library Synthesis of N‐arylquinoline Derivatives in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Moshtaghi Zonouz Adeleh , Raeisolsadati Oskouei Mina
Published: December 2012

N‐aryl quinoline derivatives have been prepared by sequential one‐pot reaction of dimedone, aniline, malononitrile and arylaldehydes. The reactions were performed in two different conditions, refluxing in ethanol without catalyst and heating in ethanol/water (1:1) in the presence of imidazole as an organocatalyst. Use of organocatalyst causes shorter reaction times and higher yields.
Ionic Liquid in Synthesis: A Phase Transfer Reagent and a Redox Mediating Medium
Authors: Lin Guei‐Wei , Lin Yi‐Chin , Lin Su‐Ching , Wen Yuh‐Sheng , Liu Ling‐Kang
Published: December 2012

Ionic liquids (ILs) with chloride anion or bromide anion were attempted as a phase transfer reagent to depolymerize MX2 (M = Pt, Pd; X = Br, Cl) in chloroform for reaction with 2,2′‐bipyridine (= bpy) to give the (bpy)MX2 product. Supersonic irradiation of equiv‐molar bpy, PdX2, and IL in CHCl3 produced almost quantitative precipitate of (bpy)PdX2 in a short time at ambient temperature, where IL is either [BEIm]Br or [BMIm]Br. That is, ILs and sono‐techniques assisted greatly on the synthesis of (bpy)PdX2. For preparation of (bpy)PtX2, nonetheless, free bpy always remained in mixture even after a long time of supersonic treatment. The system of equiv‐molar bpy, PtBr2, and IL in CHCl3, produced yellow (bpy)PtBr2 and orange (bpy)PtBr4, both being characterized with 1H NMR and 195Pt NMR in d6‐Me2SO as well as with single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Overall for PtX2 reactions with halide anions in highly polar environments attributable to ILs, the redox pathway becomes important in that Pt(II) transforms to Pt(IV) to yield (bpy)PtBr2 and (bpy)PtBr4.
Hyperthermia inhibits homologous recombination repair and sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation in a time‐ and temperature‐dependent manner
Authors: Genet Stefan C. , Fujii Yoshihiro , Maeda Junko , Kaneko Masami , Genet Matthew D. , Miyagawa Kiyoshi , Kato Takamitsu A.
Published: December 2012

Hyperthermia has long been known as a radio‐sensitizing agent that displays anti‐tumor effects, and has been developed as a therapeutic application. The mechanisms of hyperthermia‐induced radio‐sensitization are highly associated with inhibition of DNA repair. Our investigations aimed to show how hyperthermia inactivate homologous recombination repair in the process of sensitizing cells to ionizing radiation by using a series of DNA repair deficient Chinese Hamster cells. Significant differences in cellular toxicity attributable to hyperthermia at and above 42.5°C were observed. In wild‐type and non‐homologous end joining repair mutants, cells in late S phase showed double the amount heat‐induced radio‐sensitization effects of G1‐phase cells. Both radiation‐induced DNA double strand breaks and chromatin damage resulting from hyperthermia exposure was measured to be approximately two times higher in G2‐phase cells than G0/G1 cells. Additionally, G2‐phase cells took approximately two times as long to repair DNA damage over time than G0/G1‐phase cells. To supplement these findings, radiation‐induced Rad51 foci formations at DNA double strand break sites were observed to gradually dissociate in response to the temperature and time of hyperthermia exposure. Dissociated Rad51 proteins subsequently re‐formed foci at damage sites with time, and occurred in a trend also related to temperature and time of hyperthermia exposure. These findings suggest Rad51's dissociation and subsequent reformation at DNA double strand break sites in response to varying hyperthermia conditions plays an important role in hyperthermia‐induced radio‐sensitization. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1473–1481, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intratumoral, not circulating, endothelial progenitor cells share genetic aberrations with glial tumor cells
Authors: Zheng Ping‐Pin , van der Weiden Marcel , van der Spek Peter J. , Vincent Arnaud J.P.E. , Kros Johan M.
Published: December 2012

Literature data indicate that glioma stem cells may give rise to both tumor cells and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Malignant glioma patients usually have increased levels of circulating (EPCs) and these cells are known to contribute to the glioma neovasculature. In this study we compared the intratumoral and circulating EPCs of glioma patients for a set of common glioma genotypical aberrations (amplification of EGFR; deletion of PTEN and aneusomy of chromosomes 7 and 10). We found that the EPCs present in the tumor tissues, not the circulating EPCs, share genetic aberrations with the tumor cells. EPCs with EGFR amplification were found in 46% and with PTEN deletion in 36% of the cases. EPCs with polysomy 7 and monosomy 10 were detected in 56% and 38% of the cases while centrosomal abnormalities in EPCs were found in 68% of the cases. The presence of genetic aberrations of glioma cells in intratumoral EPCs may point to transdifferentiation of glioma stem cells into EPCs. However, the tissue specific CD133 splice variant of blood EPCs was detected in the glioma tissues but not in control brains, suggestive of a blood origin of at least part of the intratumoral EPCs. The findings highlight the complexity of the cellular constituents of glioma neovascularization which should be taken into account when developing anti‐angiogenic strategies for gliomas. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1383–1390, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of zeolite X from low‐grade bauxite
Authors: Wang Chunyan , Zhou Jiti , Wang Yu , Yang Minxia , Li Yiwen , Meng Changgong
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND

Zeolite X is one of the most important synthetic zeolites and has been used extensively. Therefore, to satisfy its high demand the synthesis of zeolite X from inexpensive sources is very desirable. Low‐grade bauxite, an inexpensive aluminium and silicon source has been used to synthesize zeolite A. In the present paper, the production of zeolite X from this inexpensive low‐grade bauxite is attempted for the first time.

RESULTS

The combination of alkali fusion activation and hydrothermal reaction synthesis provides a successful method to synthesize zeolite X from this low‐grade bauxite. The molar ratios of SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/SiO2andH2O/Na2O are the most crucial parameters, which determine the phase composition and crystallinity of products. Using sodium silicate solution to adjust SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio, highly crystallized zeolite X is achieved under the optimized experimental conditions of 2Na2O: 0.2Al2O3: 1SiO2: 76H2O at 95°C for 24 h. The synthesized zeolite X was further characterized by SEM, BET, FT‐IR, and thermal stability.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that the inexpensive raw material can be utilized to synthesize highly‐crystallized zeolite X under optimized experimental conditions.
Two paleoecological histories spanning the period of human settlement in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Raczka Marco F. , De Oliveira Paulo E. , Bush Mark , McMichael Crystal H.
Published: December 2012

The absence of human occupation sites in southeastern Brazil during the mid Holocene has been referred to as the 'Archaic Gap' (8970–1940 cal. a BP) and is predicted to have resulted from increased aridity. A ca. 14 000 cal. a pollen history from two well‐dated lake sediment cores located within the archeological district of Lagoa Santa, in the State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, was used to test this hypothesis. Our analyses indicated that the present cerrado and tropical semi‐deciduous forest mosaic persisted throughout the mid Holocene, until ca. 5500 cal. a BP, and the Lagoa Santa region did not experience especially dry conditions during the Holocene period. The early Holocene pollen spectra contained an assemblage of cold‐adapted taxa such as Podocarpus, Myrsine and Araucaria, co‐occurring with taxa from cerrado, e.g. Caryocar. A replacement of cold taxa by the modern cerrado–semi‐deciduous forest vegetation took place progressively, but appears to have been completed by the mid Holocene. No evidence of sustained drought was found in sedimentation or forest composition, nor any prolonged dry event in the study region. Holocene dryness as an explanation for the abandonment of Lagoa Santa region is not supported by the palynological analyses conducted in this study. Rather it is suggested that unpredictable climate may have underlain that abandonment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of cortisol and 6β‐hydroxycortisol in urine by fully automated SPE and ultra‐performance LC coupled with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ESCi)‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Lang Lotte M. , Dalsgaard Petur W. , Linnet Kristian
Published: December 2012

An ultra‐performance LC TOF MS method for quantitative analysis of cortisol and 6β‐hydroxycortisol in urine was developed. The method was used for determination of the ratio between 6β‐hydroxycortisol and cortisol in urine received from autopsy cases and living persons as a measure of cytochrome P450 3A enzyme activity. Urine samples (0.25 mL) were extracted with an in‐house developed fully automated 96‐well SPE system. The compounds were quantified using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC system coupled to a Waters SYNAPT G2. The MS sensitivity was optimized by using negative ionization in sensitivity mode (resolution >10 000 full‐width at half‐maximum), and further optimized by using the enhanced duty cycle around the 410 m/z. ESCi (simultaneous electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) mode was used to compensate for the matrix effects of postmortem urine. Finally, the SYNAPT G2 was tested as a quantitative instrument. The developed method has a measurement range from 2.5–300 ng/mL for cortisol to 10–1200 ng/mL for 6β‐hydroxycortisol. Mean overall process efficiencies were 29.4 and 23.0% for cortisol and 6β‐hydroxycortisol, respectively. In 20 forensic reference cases, the range of the 6β‐hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio was 0.29–14.2 with a median of 3.04.
Remarks on gaps in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}${\mathrm{Dense}(\mathbb {Q})/\mathbf {nwd}}$\end{document}
Authors: Kankaanpää Teppo
Published: December 2012

The structure \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathrm{Dense}(\mathbb {Q})/\mathbf {nwd}$\end{document} and gaps in analytic quotients of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,mathrsfs}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathscr {P}(\omega )$\end{document} have been studied in the literature 2, 3, 1. We prove that the structures \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,mathrsfs}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathrm{Dense}(\mathbb {Q})/\mathbf {nwd}$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,mathrsfs}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathscr {P}(\mathbb {Q})/\mathbf {nwd}$\end{document} have gaps of type \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,mathrsfs}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$(\mathrm{add}(\mathscr {M}), \omega )$\end{document}, and there are no (λ, ω)‐gaps for \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,mathrsfs}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\lambda < \mathrm{add}(\mathscr {M})$\end{document}, where \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,mathrsfs}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathrm{add}(\mathscr {M})$\end{document} is the additivity number of the meager ideal. We also prove the existence of (ω1, ω1)‐gaps in these structures. Finally we characterize the cofinality of the meager ideal \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,mathrsfs}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathrm{cof}(\mathscr {M})$\end{document} using families of sets in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,mathrsfs}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathrm{Dense}(\mathbb {Q})/\mathbf {nwd}$\end{document}.
Nanocomposites Based on ZnO Modified Polymer Blends
Authors: Merijs Meri R. , Bochkov I. , Grigalovca A. , Zicans J. , Grabis J. , Kotsilkova R. , Borovanska I.
Published: December 2012

Summary: Ethylene‐octene copolymer (EOC) modified polypropylene (PP) and polyoxymethylene (POM) were used as matrices for development of ZnO modified composites. EOC content in the composites was 10, 30 and 50 wt%, while ZnO content was 2 and 5 wt%. It was determined that addition of ZnO increased stiffness, strength and thermal resistance, as well as decreased coefficient of friction of the investigated composites. Somewhat greater increase of these characteristics was observed at 2 wt% of ZnO. Properties ZnO modified composites are also strongly affected by incompatibility of it ingredients, especially at higher EOC content.
Microstructural Evolutions of Polymer Blends by Statistical Analysis: Influence of Compatibilizer on Break‐up and Coalescence Processes
Authors: Zuev V. V. , Bronnikov S.
Published: December 2012

Summary: Statistical analysis of the size distribution of a polymer minor phase droplets was successfully applied for the characterization of morphology in a LDPE/PA6 blend (75/25 wt/wt) obtained after mixing with adding SEBS‐g‐MA(S) compatibilizer and/or organoclay 20A. It was shown that the developed approach provided detailed analysis of the morphology development in the polymer blends, including the primary droplets formation of the minor polymer phase and their break‐up and coalescence. The introduction of organoclay increased the break‐up of primary droplets and completely suppressed their coalescence. The addition of compatibilizer S, in contrast to nanoclay, did not suppress coalescence but the mean size of the primary droplets as well the droplets formed at coalescence strongly reduced. The combined addition of compatibilizer S and nanoclay did not change the morphology development of the LDPE/PA6 blend. Both processes of the droplet transformation were accelerated, similar to the system with addition of compatibilizer S only. However, the increase of nanoclay amount disturbed break‐up of the primary droplets, and the mean size of these droplets increases. Thereafter, the mean size of droplets formed at coalescence also increased. The results of statistical analysis of phase morphology were found to correlate with the mechanical properties of the polymer blends. The fine dispersion of the minor polymer phase improved the stiffness of the polymer blends. For enhanced impact properties, the presence of relatively broad distribution of the minor polymer phase is necessary.
Fluorinated Polyurethanes: XPS and AFM Characterization
Authors: Penoff M. , Schreiner W. , Oyanguren P. , Montemartini P.
Published: December 2012

Summary: Fluorinated polyurethane films were obtained from 5‐isocyanato‐1‐(isocyanatomethyl)‐1,3,3‐trimethyl‐cyclohexane (IPDI) and polyethylene oxide (PEO), employing two monoalcohols with different chain lenghts as fluorinated modifiers, 1H,1H,2H,2H‐tridecafluoro‐1‐n‐octanol (EA600) and 1H,1H,2H,2H‐heptadecafluoro‐1‐n‐decanol (EA800). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has demonstrated that fluorine surface enrichment takes place. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed in order to characterize films surfaces, in terms of topography and differences in hydrophobicity from light and moderate tapping conditions.
Effect of the Different Sizes of the Alfa on the Physical, Morphological and Mechanical Properties of PVC/Alfa Composites
Authors: Boukerrou A. , Hamour N. , Djidjelli H. , Hammiche D.
Published: December 2012

Summary: The changes in mechanical properties and the water absorption capacity of poly (vinyl chloride)/alfa fibre composites were studied as a function of alfa fibre content (10, 20 and 30 wt %) and its particle size. The study showed that composites samples exhibited higher tensile modulus compared with the virgin PVC, whereas elongation at break and tensile strength were observed to decline. Moreover, the amount of absorbed water depends on the amount of fibre in the composite. The comparison of the results obtained from the samples with different sizes 160, 200, 250, and 315 µm called F160, F200, F250 and F315 and the virgin PVC indicated that the presence of small particle sizes exhibited a beneficial effect on the water absorption by improving the quality of adhesion between polymer and fiber.
Nanocompounds: Better Formulations for Recycled Polyethylene
Authors: de O. Sampaio M. M. B.
Published: December 2012

Summary: To improve the properties of recycled PE for pipe applications, additions of nanoclay and adhesion promoter were done. The presence of the nanoclay Cloisite 93A and the polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride in the compounds have promoted the thermal properties. The possible exfoliation/intercalation of the PE in the nanoclay layers increases the barrier properties and reduced permeation to oxidation agents. The melt flow index, the glass transition temperature and the initial decomposition temperature (TG) have decreased. The XRD analysis has presented increase of interplanar distance in the nanoclay layers. The FTIR analysis has showed a decrease in the oxidation peaks intensity. These results are indicators of nanocomposite/microcomposite formation.
First insights into the syntrophic acetate‐oxidizing bacteria – a genetic study
Authors: Müller Bettina , Sun Li , Schnürer Anna
Published: December 2012

Syntrophic acetate‐oxidizing bacteria have been identified as key organisms for efficient biogas production from protein‐rich materials. They normally grow as lithotrophs or heterotrophs, producing acetate through the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, but when growing in syntrophy with methanogens, they reportedly reverse this pathway and oxidize acetate to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. However, the biochemical and regulatory mechanisms behind the shift and the way in which the bacteria regain energy remain unknown. In a genome‐walking approach, starting with degenerated primers, we identified those gene clusters in Syntrophaceticus schinkii, Clostridium ultunense, and Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans that comprise the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase gene (fhs), encoding a key enzyme of the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. We also discovered that the latter two harbor two fhs alleles. The fhs genes are phylogenetically separated and in the case of S. schinkii functionally linked to sulfate reducers. The T. acetatoxydans fhs1 cluster combines features of acetogens, sulfate reducers, and carbon monoxide oxidizers and is organized as a putative operon. The T. acetatoxydans fhs2 cluster encodes Wood–Ljungdahl pathway enzymes, which are also known to be involved in C1 carbon metabolism. Isolation of the enzymes illustrated that both formyltetrahydrofolate synthetases of T. acetatoxydans were functionally active. However, only fhs1 was expressed, confirming bidirectional usage of the pathway.
Cell‐free production of integral membrane aspartic acid proteases reveals zinc‐dependent methyltransferase activity of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa prepilin peptidase PilD
Authors: Aly Khaled A. , Beebe Emily T. , Chan Chi H. , Goren Michael A. , Sepúlveda Carolina , Makino Shin‐ichi , Fox Brian G. , Forest Katrina T.
Published: December 2012

Integral membrane aspartic acid proteases are receiving growing recognition for their fundamental roles in cellular physiology of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and may be medically important pharmaceutical targets. The Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa PilD and the archaeal Methanococcus voltae FlaK were synthesized in the presence of unilamellar liposomes in a cell‐free translation system. Cosynthesis of PilD with its full‐length substrate, PilA, or of FlaK with its full‐length substrate, FlaB2, led to complete cleavage of the substrate signal peptides. Scaled‐up synthesis of PilD, followed by solubilization in dodecyl‐β‐d‐maltoside and chromatography, led to a pure enzyme that retained both of its known biochemical activities: cleavage of the PilA signal peptide and S‐adenosyl methionine‐dependent methylation of the mature pilin. X‐ray fluorescence scans show for the first time that PilD is a zinc‐binding protein. Zinc is required for the N‐terminal methylation of the mature pilin, but not for signal peptide cleavage. Taken together, our work identifies the P. aeruginosa prepilin peptidase PilD as a zinc‐dependent N‐methyltransferase and provides a new platform for large‐scale synthesis of PilD and other integral membrane proteases important for basic microbial physiology and virulence.
Formal and Real Authority in Interorganizational Networks: The Case of Joint Ventures
Authors: Hippmann Patrick , Windsperger Josef
Published: December 2012

We apply a recent and more fine grained concept of authority to interorganizational networks and provide the first empirical evidence on how formal and real authority are allocated in joint ventures. Specifically, we show that intangibility of knowledge and uncertainty impact the allocation of authority in joint ventures via formal and real authority. Moreover, we provide evidence that formal authority and real authority function as complements in joint venture relationships. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and properties of biocompatible poly(glycerol sebacate) pre‐polymer and gel
Authors: Li Yuan , Cook Wayne D , Moorhoff Cornelis , Huang Wen‐Chao , Chen Qi‐Zhi
Published: December 2012

Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is an elastomer with potential biomedical applications but it suffers from problems with irreproducible synthesis and the unacceptable toxicity of very soft PGS elastomers. To establish the reason for these problems, PGS was synthesized using different temperatures and reaction times, and the reaction was monitored by titration of the unreacted carboxylic groups and measurement of the mass loss during synthesis. It was found that evaporation of glycerol was a major cause of irreproducibility of the elastomer synthesis and this was more significant at higher reaction temperatures. The polymer microstructure was analysed using NMR spectroscopy and all twelve acylglyceride 13C‐signals as well as two small extra peaks of the residual glycerol were observed for the pre‐polymer. For the PGS gel, the glyceride moieties were characterized using NMR spectroscopy for the first time. The modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the gel increased with longer cure times and at higher cure temperatures while the elongation to break decreased and this was interpreted in terms of network theory. The cell viability of mouse fibroblasts was better for PGS samples with a higher conversion.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Extremely low surface recombination velocities on low‐resistivity n‐type and p‐type crystalline silicon using dynamically deposited remote plasma silicon nitride films
Authors: Duttagupta Shubham , Lin Fen , Wilson Marshall , Boreland Matthew B. , Hoex Bram , Aberle Armin G.
Published: December 2012

Extremely low upper‐limit effective surface recombination velocities (Seff.max) of 5.6 and 7.4 cm/s, respectively, are obtained on ~1.5 Ω cm n‐type and p‐type silicon wafers, using silicon nitride (SiNx) films dynamically deposited in an industrial inline plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) reactor. SiNx films with optimised antireflective properties in air provide an excellent Seff.max of 9.5 cm/s after high‐temperature (>800 °C) industrial firing. Such low Seff.max values were previously only attainable for SiNx films deposited statically in laboratory reactors or after optimised annealing; however, in our case, the SiNx films were dynamically deposited onto large‐area c‐Si wafers using a fully industrial reactor and provide excellent surface passivation results both in the as‐deposited condition and after industrial‐firing, which is a widely used process in the photovoltaic industry. Contactless corona‐voltage measurements reveal that these SiNx films contain a relatively high positive charge of (4–8) × 1012 cm−2 combined with a relatively low interface defect density of ~5 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐relief diffraction gratings' optimization for plasmonic enhancements in thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Jefferies Justin , Sabat Ribal Georges
Published: December 2012

Methodical and intensive surface plasmon (SP) excitation trials were carried out on various dielectric‐metal interfaces to optimize plasmonic photocurrent enhancements in organic P3HT‐PCBM photovoltaic thin films. The SPs were optically excited via the diffraction grating method using single, crossed, and parallel grating schemes, with trials yielding optimal grating and film thickness parameters. Photocurrent enhancements up to 355% were demonstrated with TM‐polarized incident light on single and parallel grating structures, while both TM and TE‐polarized incident light enhancements were present on crossed grating structures. When compared with the photocurrent enhancements seen on single gratings, those seen on parallel gratings were comparable in magnitude but were shown over a broader optical band. This broadening of the optical band was due to the simultaneous SP excitations by the two superimposed gratings in the parallel scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidences for the unfolding mechanism of three‐dimensional domain swapping
Authors: Liu Zhirong , Huang Yongqi
Published: December 2012

The full or partial unfolding of proteins is widely believed to play an essential role in three‐dimensional domain swapping. However, there is little research that has rigorously evaluated the association between domain swapping and protein folding/unfolding. Here, we examined a kinetic model in which domain swapping occurred via the denatured state produced by the complete unfolding of proteins. The relationships between swapping kinetics and folding/unfolding thermodynamics were established, which were further adopted as criteria to show that the proposed mechanism dominates in three representative proteins: Cyanovirin‐N (CV‐N), the C‐terminal domain of SARS‐CoV main protease (Mpro‐C), and a single mutant of oxidized thioredoxin (Trx_W28Aox).
Structural properties of SnO2 nanowires and the effect of donor like defects on its charge distribution
Authors: Zervos M. , Othonos A. , Tsokkou D. , Kioseoglou J. , Pavlidou E. , Komninou P.
Published: December 2012

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanowires (NWs) with diameters of 50 nm, lengths up to 100 µm and a tetragonal rutile crystal structure have been grown by low pressure reactive vapour transport on 1 nm Au/Si(001). The free carrier density of the SnO2 NWs measured by THz absorption spectroscopy was found to be n = (3.3 ± 0.4) × 1016 cm−3. Based on this we have determined the one‐dimensional (1D) sub‐band energies, overall charge distribution and band bending via the self‐consistent solution of the Poisson–Schrödinger equations in cylindrical coordinates and in the effective mass approximation. We find that a high density of 1018–1019 cm−3 donor‐like defect related states is required to obtain a line density of 0.7 × 109 close to the measured value by taking the Fermi level to be situated ≈0.7 eV below the conduction band edge at the surface which gives a surface depletion shell thickness of 15 nm. We discuss the origin of the donor‐like states that are energetically located in the upper half of the energy band gap as determined by ultrafast, time‐resolved absorption–transmission spectroscopy.
Synthesis of phase‐controlled iron oxide nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation in different liquid media
Authors: Maneeratanasarn Prachuporn , Khai Tran Van , Kim So Yeon , Choi Bong Geun , Shim Kwang Bo
Published: December 2012

Liquid‐phase pulsed laser ablation (LP‐PLA) is a promising technique for the fabrication of various nanomaterials because this technique is very simple and it is easy to control the experimental parameters. This paper demonstrates the synthesis of phase‐controlled iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles by laser ablation of a bulk α‐Fe2O3 target in the following liquid media: ethanol, D.I. water and acetone. Absorption spectra of the nanocolloidal solutions are measured by UV–Vis spectrophotometer. As‐synthesized nanoparticles, extracted from the colloidal solutions, are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with X‐ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) to discover crystallinity, phase structure, morphology, elemental compositions and magnetic properties in detail. The experimental results showed that the type of target and the magnitude of laser power play important roles in controlling the uniformity of iron oxide phase in the final product nanoparticles. Laser ablation of the iron oxide target in ethanol and acetone yields crystalline maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) nanoparticles, while that in D.I. water yields amorphous hematite (α‐Fe2O3). Use of an iron oxide (α‐Fe2O3) target for PLA in all three solvents is able to prevent the formation of metal iron and wustite phases in the final product nanoparticles. Moreover, our nanoparticles obtained in all three solvents possess magnetic behaviour, particularly that obtained in acetone, which has better saturation magnetization than those in ethanol and D.I. water.
From oxides to selenides and sulfides: The richness of the CdI2 type crystallographic structure for thermoelectric properties
Authors: Hébert S. , Kobayashi W. , Muguerra H. , Bréard Y. , Raghavendra N. , Gascoin F. , Guilmeau E. , Maignan A.
Published: December 2012

In this paper, we show how the thermoelectric properties can be modified in crystallographic structures based on the CdI2 type layer, by changing the block layers between these CdI2 type layers or by going from oxides to selenides and sulfides. In the case of oxides, the unique properties generated in these structures will be demonstrated in Bi‐based misfit compounds. By combining Hall effect, resistivity, and Seebeck coefficients in single crystals of this family, the importance of doping and of spin and orbital degeneracy term on the Seebeck coefficient will be shown. From this single crystal investigation, the power factor at 300 K is found to be unexpectedly constant as a function of doping. To further enhance the power factor and thus ZT, it is necessary to modify either the block layer or to perform anionic substitutions. By going from oxides to selenides and sulfides, the decrease of the ionic character can induce a decrease of electrical resistivity. Compared to oxides, the properties can generally be described in a more classical way using Boltzmann transport theory. For these materials, the critical parameter is then thermal conductivity and this quantity can be decreased as shown here by intercalating Cu between the layers (CuxTiS2), or by making solid solution such as TiS2 − xSex. These two approaches will be described here, leading to ZT close to 0.5 and 0.4, at 800 and 700 K, respectively.
Hierarchically porous cobalt oxyhydroxide derived from Morpho‐butterfly wings: Preparation, characterization, and carbon monoxide detection at low temperatures
Authors: Wang Jian‐Wen , Kuo Yi‐Ming
Published: December 2012

Hierarchical porous cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) has been successfully synthesized using a Morpho‐butterfly wing as template via a sol–gel dip‐coating process followed by a hydrothermal approach. The precursor concentrations and dip‐coating cycles have a large effect on the morphologies and porous structures of wings‐templated CoOOH according to field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), mercury porosimetry, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption–desorption investigations. Cross‐sensitivity of the wings‐templated and non‐templated CoOOH sensors to various gases coexisting with the environments was investigated. It is revealed that wings‐templated CoOOH has excellent sensitivity and selectivity to carbon monoxide (CO) due to inheritance of the wing's hierarchical porous structure. The sensing response (S) to CO of wings‐templated CoOOH is about 1.48 times higher than that of non‐templated CoOOH. The optimum working temperature of the wings‐templated CoOOH and wings‐templated Zn‐doped CoOOH for CO detection was roughly 70 °C. The wings‐templated Zn‐doped CoOOH also exhibited high sensitivity (5.68) and selectivity for CO relative to H2 (${{S_{{\rm CO}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{S_{{\rm CO}} } {S_{{\rm H}_{{\rm 2}} } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {S_{{\rm H}_{{\rm 2}} } }}$ = 4.37). The selective sensing mechanism has been discussed in terms of gas–solid reactions, grain size, and hierarchical porous microstructures.
Influence of substrate planar defects on MOVPE GaN layer growth
Authors: Kamler Grzegorz , Smalc‐Koziorowska Julita , Nowak Grzegorz , Grzegory Izabella , Klepka Marcin T.
Published: December 2012

Gallium nitride layers were deposited on high‐pressure‐grown GaN substrates containing planar defects. The layer growth above the defects was disturbed and the layer contained terraces. The terraced region was investigated by the molten‐bases defect‐selective etching (DSE), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The AFM measurement showed significant differences in atomic steps densities in different parts of the layer. The TEM investigation revealed the presence of stacking faults and the DSE showed that the substrate planar defect influences the layer growth. The schema of the defect–layer interaction has been proposed.
The defect structure of sapphire produced by implantation of Zr and Zr plus O: threshold fluence for amorphization and optical properties
Authors: Sina Younes , Townsend Peter D. , McHargue Carl J. , da Costa Alves Eduardo Jorge
Published: December 2012

Zirconium implantation‐induced amorphization has been investigated with Rutherford back scattering spectrometry along a channeling direction (RBS‐C) using 2 MeV He+. Ion implantation was carried out at the energy of 175 keV, with fluences of 2×1015 to 2×1016 Zr+/cm2 at room temperatures. The critical amorphization fluence at room temperature was determined as ∼1.5×1016 Zr+/cm2 corresponding to ∼ 40 dpa; ∼2.7% peak Zr‐concentration) which is a lower damage energy than that reported for implantation with ions of similar mass and energy. The effect of post implantation of oxygen into a pre‐implanted sample (with zirconium) was investigated. The RBS results show that oxygen implantation in a crystalline sample increases the damage only slightly and slightly broadens the Zr profile. For the fluences above thresh‐old for amorphization, post implantation by oxygen has very little effect on the residual damage or on the Zr distribution. The presence of both F and F+ centers were indicated by optical absorption (OA) measurements. The OA spectra show the concentration of F and F+ centers increases with increasing fluence with some changes resulting from oxygen implantation of a pre‐zirconium‐implanted sapphire. This alters the relative concentrations of F and F+ centers. The F‐type center concentrations for the samples were calculated using Smakula's equation. Photoluminescence (PL) at an excitation of 255 nm confirms the presence of both F and F+ centers with emission peaks at about 420 and 325 nm respectively. The PL spectra suggest that oxygen implantation decrease the concentration of the both species, consistent with the OA results (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of jadeite‐like minerals
Authors: Barbosa Renata F. , Reichmann Fernando , Cano Nilo F. , Rocca Rene R. , Watanabe Shigueo
Published: December 2012

Three samples of silicate minerals sold to us as being jadeite have been investigated concerning their TL properties and also EPR spectrum of one of them denominated here as JQ1. XRF has shown that one of them is an alkaline feldspar and two other, varieties of quartz; one was called JQ1 and the second one JQ2. JQ1 absorption spectrum is characterized by absorption bands at 410 and 600 nm, responsible for green colour. JQ1's 260 °C and 330 °C TL peaks respond to very high dose, therefore it can be used as high dose dosimeter. The EPR spectrum presented g =4.5 Fe3+ signal and several non‐identified signals in the 3460 to 3500 G interval. The typical E'1centre in quartz was not observed here. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)