bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. II. Subgenus Bombias Robt.
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: December 2009

In southern Alberta, the distribution of Bombus (Bombias) auricomis is confined to wooded areas whereas that of B. (Bombias) nevadensis encompasses prairie and wooded areas. Perhaps B. nevadensis survives on the prairie because it hibernates well below the surface of the soil.

When given equal opportunity to nest in surface or underground hives, B. nevadensis nested in three surface and 18 underground hives. Both species began to establish nests between mid-May and mid-June.

Both species laid one egg per cell in all broods, vertically in the first brood and horizontally in later broods. Larvae were fed individually in all instars of all broods, except perhaps during early instars of the first brood when pollen was packed beneath them through pockets made at both ends of the brood mass.

The eggs in the first brood layer were usually laid within 4 days. The cells beneath the shallow incubation groove were usually the first made and the ones from which adults first emerged. Queens of B. nevadensis required about a month to rear sufficient workers to take care of the foraging duties of the new colonies. Egg cells of succeeding broods were built side by side in groups or lines on cocoons of previous broods and were not primed with pollen.

Both species were prolific producers of wax. More pots for the storage of honey and pollen were added as colonies increased in size.

Colonies of both species were usually small, apparently because the queens usually found time to rear only one brood of workers and perhaps because only one egg was laid in each cell. The largest colony, of B. nevadensis, produced 139 individuals. The workers of a brood sometimes varied greatly in size. The workers of succeeding broods were progressively larger, the last ones produced being almost as large as queens. Males of B. nevadensis mated by grasping the queens when they were flying, then copulating on the ground. After mating, queens hibernated at a depth of about 3 inches in the soil.

Males and females of Psithyrus insularis were reared in nests of B. nevadensis. P. suckleyi also established in a nest of this species. The big-headed fly, Physocephala texana, was a destroyer of B. nevadensis. Ants pillaged first broods not protected with an insecticide.
Evidence of DDT Resistance in Populations of Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), From DDT-sprayed Areas of New Brunswick
Authors: Randall A. P.
Published: December 2009

A series of laboratory toxicological experiments using various concentrations of oil formulated DDT solutions (AR-50/fuel oil (2:7 V/V)) was carried out on 5th and 6th instar spruce budworm larvae collected in the field from DDT-sprayed and untreated areas of New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, U.S.A.

Results obtained in 1959, 1961, and 1962 with larvae collected from isolated, unsprayed areas in New Brunswick showed a consistent, straight log-dosage probit mortality curve. Larvae collected in 1962 and 1963 from infestation centres previously subjected to three, four, and five applications of non-consecutive large-scale aerial sprays of DDT showed a significant departure from the straight log-dosage probit curve previously obtained. The departure occurs as a change in the shape of the curve as well as a shift to the higher concentration range of DDT. The magnitude of change appears to be correlated with the number of sprays to which the population was exposed. Results obtained in 1962 and 1963, from untreated control and inter-spray areas, bounded by DDT-sprayed forest lands, showed a small but significant departure from the normal straight probit line of a susceptible population. These changes are indicative of a progressive development of DDT resistance in wild populations of spruce budworm.

Studies on the effect of the tolerance of spruce budworm larvae within instar classes to the action of DDT showed that the early phase of instar development immediately after moulting is more susceptible to the action of DDT, whereas the latter phase of instar development immediately prior to moulting is more tolerant to topical application of DDT than the average for the instar. This effect is evident in both susceptible and resistant populations.

The data interpretation assumes that a deviation from the straight line probit dosage – mortality curve is indicative of a difference in the DDT-susceptibility factor of the budworm population and that in the course of the tests, the amount of toxicant causing mortality was not proportional to the dosage.
The North American Species in Group VIII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: December 2009

Group VIII of North American Ips contains I. interruptus (Mannerheim), I. engelmanni Swaine, I. amiskwiensis G. Hopping, I. sulcifrons Wood, I. pilifrons Swaine, I. yohoensis Swaine, I. tridens (Mannerheim) and I. semirostris G. Hopping. Females of some species have dense brushes of long setae or pads of short pile covering the frontal protuberance. Species are described and a key is given. All of them breed in spruce, six in the boreal forest and two farther south in the Rocky Mountains.
A Two-Air-Stream Observation Chamber for Studying Responses of Flying Insects
Authors: Daykin P. N. , Kellogg F. E.
Published: December 2009

The paper describes an observation chamber and air-conditioning system designed for studying the responses of flying insects at the boundary between two microclimates. Two vertical air streams each fill one half of the rectangular observation chamber. Turbulence is carefully removed so as to maintain a sharp boundary between the streams. Each stream is separately conditioned by passage through heat exchangers and plastic sponges impregnated with substances to be vapourized. Responses of flying insects are studied both photographically and by counting rates of turning at the boundary.
Discrimination Between Parasitized and Unparasitized House Fly Pupae by Females of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Females of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) laid fewer eggs on parasitized than on unparasitized pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Chemical and/or physical conditions of parasitized pupae are detected by the female’s ovipositor, causing this restraint. These conditions may in part result from the host’s death, caused by earlier parasitization, but other factors are also involved. These may include venom injected by the female parasite before she lays, and internal injury to the host resulting from insertion of the parasite’s ovipositor. The female parasite does not discriminate because of physical or chemical traces on the surface of parasitized puparia, of eggs or a surface wound on the pupa, or of absence of heart beat in the pupa.
The North American Species in Group VI of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: December 2009

Group VI of North American Ips contains I. perturbatus (Eichhoff), I. hunteri Swaine, I. utahensis Wood and I. woodi Thatcher. A key and descriptions of species are given. Members of this group have the third declivital spine capitate with the tip conical and acute. The front of the head is evenly convex except in females of I. utahensis which have the lower part of the frons faintly elevated. I. woodi breeds in pine while the other three species breed in spruce.
Ooencyrtus submetallicus Howard in an Extraordinary Host-relationship with Hippelates pusio Loew.
Authors: Legner E. F. , Bay E. C.
Published: December 2009

Hippelates pusio Loew. pupae in Puerto Rico were parasitized internally by Ooencyrtus submetallicus Howard, egg parasite of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula var. smaragdula Fab. Another case of divergent host preference is noted for Eupteromalus hemipterus (Walker), and the importance of soil-breeding Diptera in the propagation of beneficial organisms is demonstrated.
A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Megetra (Coleoptera: Meloidae) with Ecological and Behavioral Notes
Authors: Selander Richard B.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

Three species are recognized in the North American genus Megetra LeConte. The most distinctive of these anatomically and ecologically is M. cancellata (Brandt and Erichson), which ranges discontinuously from Arizona and New Mexico to the state of Hidalgo in México and occurs in limited sympatry with both of its congeners. Megetra vittata (LeConte) ranges from northern Arizona to western Texas. It appears to be strictly allopatric with, and similar ecologically to, M. punctata, new species, which ranges from southern Arizona and New Mexico to Durango, México. Specific diagnoses are made on the basis of characters of adult and, for M. cancellata and M. punctata, larval anatomy. Intraspecific variation in several adult characters is analyzed. Notes on the seasonal distribution, habitat, and behavior of the adult beetles are included.
Description of the Larva ofOrygmophora mediofoveataHampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

The larva ofOrygmophora mediofoveataHampson is described. It has an unusual combination of features, including modifications of the spinneret, spiracles, thoracic and abdominal setae, and the tenth abdominal tergum. The most striking of these, the heavily armored anal plate, permits ready field identification.
The Bionomics and Population Density of Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) (Tachinidae: Diptera) in Nova Scotia
Authors: Embree D. G. , Sisojevic P.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

Investigations of the bionomics and populations of Cyzenis albicans (Fall.), in relation to its principal host, Operophtera brumata (L.), were carried out during 1962–1963 in two stands of red oak in Nova Scotia. C. albicans was well synchronized with its host and oviposited only on leaves damaged by the host or by other defoliators. C. albicans was found experimentally to develop in larvae of a native species, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst). The distributions per leaf cluster of parasite eggs and host larvae were of the negative binomial type and it sampling technique employing 12 leaf clusters per tree produced standard errors which varied between 18 and 33% of the mean for average densities of 12 to 2 eggs per cluster. Parasite eggs per leaf cluster and percentage parasitism increased as host density increased. An associated defoliator, Pseudexentera cressoniana Clem., because it apparently stimulated parasite oviposition but was not itself susceptible to parasitism, had a detrimental effect on the efficiency of the parasite.
Weather and the Success of Parasites in Population Regulation
Authors: DeBach Paul
Published: December 2009

Examples and data based on the host-parasite complex of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and its parasites in untreated test plots in the citrus areas of southern California, not including the San Joaquin Valley and the desert areas, show the following: (1) Weather does not impose upper limits to host population increase. (2) In areas of favorable weather, certain parasites regulate host population densities at very low levels, other factors also being favorable. (3) The parasite Aphytis lingnanensis Compere is affected by weather differentially with respect to the host, and to varying degrees in different localities. The effects of field weather for each 2-week period of the year on all stages of this parasite individually as well as on population growth in held experimental cages are discussed. Adverse effects of weather on the parasite preclude successful population regulation of the host by the parasite at certain times or in particular areas but the range of the parasite is not restricted. (4) Another parasite, Comperiella bifasciata Howard, has its range restricted by weather and not by competition with other parasites to intermediate and interior citrus growing areas. It is never found along the coast. (5) Yet another parasite, Prospaltella perniciosi Tower, has its range restricted by competition and not by weather although it gives the appearance of being restricted by weather because it occurs only in coastal districts. (6) Examples are discussed of interactions between weather and dust, ants, or chemicals with parasites and hosts which result in various modifications of the abundance of the host and parasites. (7) Examples are discussed of the effect of weather on interactions between competing species of parasites and the host which have resulted in striking modifications of the previous distribution of certain parasites.
Sampling Populations of Pine Leaf Adelgid Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch): I. The Gall and Associated Insects
Authors: Howse Gordon M. , Dimond John B.
Published: December 2009

In population studies of the pine leaf adelgid, sampling techniques are required. Procedures for sampling galls on spruce and for associated adelgid stages are described. Gall distributions both within trees and between trees are non-random, following the negative-binomial series. Aggregation within trees arises from a disproportionate number of galls occurring on the upper crown branches. Between trees, gall populations are more dense on the larger trees, and red spruce is more heavily infested where red spruce and black spruce are mixed. The proposed sampling unit is composed of one branch from each of the upper two vertical crown quarters, and one longitudinally halved branch from each of the lower crown quarters. The examination of sample units from 50 trees will provide a reliable estimate of stand populations except where low gall densities or heterogeneous spruce stands make a larger sample mandatory. Additional details of sampling and the biological significance of the findings are discussed.
Some Possible Effects of the Pleistocene on the Distributions of North American Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: December 2009

Factors, i.e., time, climate, and isolation, that have or may possibly have influenced the distribution and speciation of Scarabaeidae in North America are discussed. Specific examples of present distributional patterns in the genera Phyllophaga, Serica, Diplotaxis, Onthophagus, Geotrupes and Trox are mapped and described. A general comparison of the distributional patterns is made, and inferences are drawn concerning centers of dispersal and (or) areas of survival of the insect inhabitants of deserts and temperate forests during the various climatic changes of the Pleistocene.
Survival and Development ofOryzaephilus surinamensis(L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) on Wheat-flour Diets and on Casein Diets Supplemented With Biotin and Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: December 2009

Newly hatched larvae ofOryzaephilus surinamensis(L.) developed quickest on untreated flour plus 3% of wheat germ, but survived best on commercial vitamin-enriched flour. They developed as quickly on a synthetic casein diet containing 1.25 γ of biotin per gram as on vitamin-enriched flour, and survived as well on the synthetic casein diet as on untreated flour plus 3% of wheat germ. They developed slower and survived less well on a synthetic casein diet containing biotin at a concentration of 7.50 γ per gram than on untreated flour plus 3% of wheat germ. They also developed slower and survived less well on a casein diet containing ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.025 g. per gram than on untreated flour plus 3% of wheat germ. Adults did not always emerge in the shortest time on diets on which the larvae pupated most quickly.
Behavioural Variation Among Scolytids in Relation to Their Habitat
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: December 2009

Most scolytids occupy temporary habitats. Migration, therefore, forms an important part of adult behaviour. Since the extent of migratory movement is positively correlated with the degree of impermanence of the species’ habitat, differences in the behaviour associated with migration must be expected to occur between species. Furthermore, the behaviour of individuals must change in relation to changes in physiology associated with migration and reproduction. These changes have been demonstrated in laboratory studies, and the results suggest that the phenomenon of secondary attraction observed among scolytids may have evolved in conjunction with their utilization of transitory habitats.
Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. IV. Subgenus Fervidobombus Skorikov
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: December 2009

Two of the four Nearctic species of Fervidobombus occur in southern Alberta. One, Bombus californicus, is confined to the wooded areas whereas the other, B. fervidus, is confined to the prairie. When given a choice, B. fervidus nested in underground hives and B. californicus mostly in surface hives. Queens of B. fervidus sometimes made false nests at tunnel entrances. Both established nests late but were not the latest species to establish in their respective habitats.

B. californicus made 10 ± 3 and B. fervidus 8 ± 1 cells in the first broods. Both constructed pollen-pockets beside and beneath the broods of young larvae destined to become workers. Queens required about 27 days to rear the first workers. The workers of succeeding broods were progressively larger, the last ones produced being almost as large as queens. B. fervidus produced more broods of workers than B. californicus; colonies of B. fervidus averaged 247 individuals, the largest being 287, whereas those of B. californicus averaged only 52, the largest being 97.

Males of B. fervidus were attracted to nests containing new queens. New queens of B. californicus dug about 1.5 in. into the ground to hibernate.

Females of the cuckoo bee, Psithyrus insularis, succeeded in having their young reared to maturity in nests of B. californicus. The big-headed fly, Physocephala texana, parasitized founding queens of B. fervidus.
A Laboratory-rearing Method for Observing Adult Bark Beetles and Their Developing Broods
Authors: Beanlands G. E.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for the laboratory rearing of adult bark beetles and their broods in whole bark. A Petri dish rearing chamber is described, which maintains bark moisture at a relatively constant level for periods of up to two months and permits observation of adults and immature stages.
Systematics of Sciadoceridae and Relatives With Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species From Canadian Amber and Erection of Family Ironomyiidae (Diptera: Phoroidea)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. , Martin J. E. H.
Published: December 2009

The systematic relationships of Sciadoceridae and of the other families of the superfamily Phoroidea, i.e., Platypezidae, Ironomyiidae and Phoridae, are reviewed. A new family, Ironomyiidae, is proposed for Ironomyia nigromaculata White from Tasmania. Two fossil flies in Canadian (Cretaceous) amber, representing two new genera and species of Sciadoceridae, are described and figured. These constitute the first record of the family in North America. The supposed phylogenies of the families of the Phoroidea and of the genera and species of Sciadoceridae are outlined; the evolution and biogeography of the latter family is treated in detail. Keys to the families of the Phoroidea and to the genera and species of Sciadoceridae are provided.
The Black-headed Budworm in Eastern Canada
Authors: Miller C. A.
Published: December 2009

The black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), is a forest pest native to North America. Periodic outbreaks have been recorded since the late 1920's in eastern Canada, where the preferred host is balsam fir. An outbreak generally causes 2 years of severe defoliation but no tree mortality and only a slight loss in radial increment.

Color patterns and measurements of the immature stages are given and limited data on age-interval survival rates are discussed. A key-factor analysis of 17 years’ data shows that population release is associated with years of low parasitism and favorable weather, while population decline is largely determined by late larval parasitism.
A Description of the Immature Stages of Steremnius carinatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Condrashoff S. F.
Published: December 2009

The eggs, larvae, and pupae of Steremnius carinatus (Boh.) are described and characters given to distinguish them from those of Steremnius tuberosus Boh. A key separates the larvae and pupae of S. carinatus from those of S. tuberosus, species of Pissodes, and Scolytidae. The relationship of Steremnius to Pissodes and Hylobius is discussed briefly.
The Emergence and Sex Ratio of Anax junius Drury (Odonata: Aeshnidae) in Canada
Authors: Trottier Robert
Published: December 2009

The temporal pattern of emergence of Anax junius Drury was studied by making standardized exuvial collections in a farm pond near Montreal. Supports available to emerging larvae were restricted artificially in order to standardize the collecting area. Emergence lasted for 30 days (29 July to 27 August 1965), the peak lying between days 10 and 15; A. junius thus behaved as a “summer species” (sensu Corbet 1954). The emerging population comprised about 48% males. No adults were seen flying over the pond except during the maiden flight.
A New Species of Allantus Panzer on Birch (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

A new species of sawfly, Allantus umbonatus, that occurs on Betula papyrifera Marsh, in central Canada is described and compared with A. cinctus (Linnaeus) and A. basalis (Klug).
DETERMINATION OF PREMATURE LARVAL DROP AND OTHER CAUSES OF LARCH SAWFLY MORTALITY
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: December 2009

Fifth-instar larvae of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), of different weights, were deprived of food and placed in containers with moist moss. A low percentage of the early fifth-instar larvae were able to spin cocoons, but the percentage rapidly increased to a plateau as the larval weight increased. All but the heaviest larvae suffered appreciable mortality before first-year adult emergence was complete. A curvilinear relationship between larval weight and survival to the adult stage or to larvae in prolonged diapause is evident. The percentage of mature ova in adult females was reduced at the lower larval weights, with corresponding increases in the percentages of near-mature and large immature ova. There were linear relationships between larval weights, adult weights, and numbers of oöcytes. A method for assessing premature larval drop and other causes of mortality under field conditions is described and data for a number of years and plots are presented. Variations in the percentages of unparasitized normal late fifth-instar larvae were large. Data indicate that parasitism by Olesicampe (Holocremnus) sp. nr. nematorum (Tschek) and Bessa harveyi (Townsend) is the most important factor, probably a key factor, contributing to this variation.
RESPONSE BEHAVIOUR OF SCOLYTID BEETLES AND ODOUR METEOROLOGY
Authors: Chapman John A.
Published: December 2009

Transport and dispersal of odours by air currents is considered an important factor in scolytid response to attractant sources. This viewpoint provides explanations for some puzzling field observations and data, and helps identify significant questions about scolytid flight behaviour. There is a need for "odour meteorology", which would be concerned with the rates and types of odour distribution near the ground, and would provide a basis for the most effective use of chemical attractants in natural environments.
HEAT TOLERANCE OF LAST-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE LARCH SAWFLY,PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII(HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Heron R. J.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory tests of heat tolerance of last-instar larvae of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii(Htg.), were made to provide information for the evaluation of the role of high temperature as a mortality factor in field populations.

Test larvae were reared from eggs at 21 ± 1.5 °C and 50 ± 10% relative humidity. LT50's were determined at 37°, 39°, 40°, and 41 °C for larvae conditioned at 30 °C and 75% relative humidity.

Larvae were less heat resistant during the first 24 hours after molting than they were 24 to 48 hours after molting. The conditioning temperature and the duration of conditioning had very significant effects on heat tolerance. Differences in acclimation due to heat treatment could not be accounted for by differences in free water content.

Temperature acclimation will occur in field populations and must be considered in evaluating the role of high temperature as a natural mortality factor.

Larvae may encounter lethal temperatures when wandering on branches or tree trunks or crawling on dry ground in open sunshine.
SUITABILITY OFANAITIS PLAGIATA(GEOMETRIDAE) FOR BIOCONTROL OFHYPERICUM PERFORATUMIN DRY GRASSLAND OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris P.
Published: December 2009

The suitability of a European mothAnaitis plagiata(L.) for the biological control of the weedHypericum perforatumL. in British Columbia is evaluated. It is concluded that the introduction of the moth is justified as it offers prospects of reducing the weed density without damage to economic plants.A.plagiatais preadapted to dry habitats and ecologically restricted to them. Its high fecundity and two generations a year should enable it to reach an effective population level rapidly and the early spring feeding by the overwintered larvae should damage the weed when it is most vulnerable. It was shown by feeding tests that the larvae are restricted to plants in the genusHypericum. Furthermore, all the known hosts of the genusAnaitisare restricted to the genusHypericumwhich indicates that the insect-host plant relationship is an old and highly stable one. Larval feeding was found to be partly in response to a chemical compound present in the cuticular waxes of the host plant.
THE PINE SEEDWORM,LASPEYRESIA PIPERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), IN CONES OF PONDEROSA PINE
Authors: Hedlin A. F.
Published: December 2009

The pine seedworm,Laspeyresia piperana(Kft.), is a common pest in cones ofPinus ponderosaLaws. in British Columbia and may destroy up to 50% of the seed.

Moths emerge in May, mate, and lay eggs on second-year pine cones. Immediately after hatching, the larvae migrate to the centre of the cone and feed on seeds throughout the summer. In autumn, larvae tunnel into the cone axis to overwinter. Pupation occurs in spring.
ORIENTATION OF AEDES AEGYPTI IN VERTICAL AIR CURRENTS
Authors: Daykin P. N.
Published: December 2009

The orientation of Aedes aegypti in an upward or downward vertical air current was studied. The vertical movements of A. aegypti which have been activated by CO2 are always against the air flow and toward the inlet end, where the insects alight and probe. With sufficient illumination A. aegypti locate an invisible artificial host whether it is at the top with air moving down or at the bottom with air moving up. They do not attempt to locate a visible, black, artificial host placed downstream. Body attitude is similar in upward or downward air flow. The mosquitoes follow the vertical movement of a surrounding spiral stripe pattern, whether stripe movement is upward or downward, whether air is still or moving vertically with or against the stripes. They will not fly against stripe movement to reach an upstream host, real or artificial. Repellent vapor destroys the upstream orientation when air flow is vertical but not when the flow is horizontal. The stripe-following action is not affected by repellent. The experiments indicate that A. aegypti possesses a vertical-air-speed sensor, of a mechanical type, to direct movement up or down in a vertical air stream. The cybernetic system must be complex and requires cooperative use of mechanical and optical sensory information channels. The initial action of repellent vapor appears to be peripheral rather than central to the nervous system, and to affect only the mechano-, chemo-, and thermo-receptors.
THE STATUS OFNASONIA VITRIPENNISAS A NATURAL PARASITE OF THE HOUSE FLY,MUSCA DOMESTICA
Authors: Legner E. F.
Published: December 2009

Inferences regarding the value ofNasonia vitripennisin the natural control ofMusca domesticabased on laboratory research should consider the general absence of this parasite on that host in nature. Predominant natural parasites ofM.domesticaare listed.
NEW SPECIES OF NEW WORLD LEPTOHYPHINAE (EPHEMEROPTERA: TRICORYTHIDAE)
Authors: Allen Richard K.
Published: December 2009

The genera Leptohyphes Eaton and Tricorythodes Ulmer are confined to the New World, and the Nearctic limits of Leptohyphes has been extended from Texas to Maryland and Utah. Useful nymphal characters are presented for both genera, and descriptions and figures are included for 22 new species of Leptohyphes Eaton, and 7 new species of Tricorythodes Ulmer.
THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF C6- TO C14-SATURATED FATTY ACIDS INPSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS(DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: House H. L.
Published: December 2009

None of the saturated C6–C14 fatty acids fed free as components of a chemically-defined diet to larvae ofPseudosarcophaga affinisAuct. nec Fallén (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) improved the rate of growth and development, but several were toxic. In descending order of toxicity, the fatty acids were capric (C10), caprylic (C8), caproic (C6), and lauric (C12); myristic (C14) had no apparent effect. The ED50was 0.00025Mof capric acid, 0.054Mof caprytic acid, and 0.155Mof caproic acid, respectively. Even at 2.5% of the diet lauric acid was not very toxic. The effects of fatty acids onP.afjinisare similar to those on other insects, though the order and degree of toxicity varied in some cases. Of course, certain fatty acids were widely used as insecticides: their activities varied with molecular configuration and physical–chemical properties. Present insight, however, is that certain fatty acids when eaten may be beneficial to some species and harmless or injurious to others. This suggests that perhaps fatty acids may be useful selective insecticides or substitutes for more dangerous chemicals.
A Field Study of Diapause inCoccinella novemnotata(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),
Authors: McMullen R. D.
Published: December 2009

There are two generations ofCoccinella novemnotataHerbst per year in central California. The adults of the spring generation aestivate and those of the fall generation hibernate. A field study of the physical and biological factors possibly influencing induction of diapause in the adult was conducted. All stages of the spring generation arc subject to a regime of long, increasing photoperiods and increasing mean temperatures, while all stages of the fall generation are subject to a regime of short, decreasing photoperiods and decreasing mean temperatures. In non-irrigated areas with native vegetation the reproductive cycle of this species is synchronized with the availability of prey species. In irrigated agricultural areas prey species are relatively abundant throughout the summer but the adults of the spring generation still aestivate. It is hypothesized that diapause is induced in the adult by both short and long photoperiods and that intermediate photoperiods are required for reproduction.

The biology ofC.novemnotatais described briefly with emphasis on the aggregational behavior of the adult.
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: V. SECOND DIAPAUSE AS A SPECIES CHARACTER
Authors: Harvey G. T.
Published: December 2009

The newly named C. biennis has a two-year cycle characterized by a second period of diapause at the end of the third instar. Second diapause occurs to varying degrees in C. fumiferana, C. occidentalis, C. orae, C. pinus pinus, and many of their hybrids, but has not been recorded in C. viridis. Although the incidence of second diapause can be influenced by the length of photoperiod to which larvae are exposed after completion of the second-instar diapause, second diapause occurring naturally is not primarily under environmental control. Laboratory studies have demonstrated differences in the incidence of second diapause manifested by these species and by some of their hybrids that point to the existence of genetic differences between them. This evidence supports the newly gained taxonomic status of these insects.
A REVIEW OF THETINOCALLISOF THE WORLD (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

TinocallisMatsumura is a small group of aphids that is mainly associated with the Ulmaceae. Eight species are known, as follows:Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliaeMatsumura,T.platani(Kaltenbach),T.saltans(Nevsky),T.zelkovaeDzhibladze,T.zelkowae(Takahashi),T.ulmifolii(Monell),T.caryaefoliae(Davis), andT.kahawaluokalani(Kirkaldy). All are redescribed and an illustrated key is offered.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PENENIRMUS (MALLOPHAGA: ISCHNOCERA) FROM ASIAN BARBETS (PICIFORMES: CAPITONIDAE)
Authors: Dalgleish Robert C.
Published: December 2009

Penenirmus zeylanicus from Megalaima zeylanica and P. rafflesi from Megalaima rafflesii are both described as new. Penenirmus from African barbets are listed and the new species compared with those known from the Picidae.
NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE DIADEGMA STENOSOMUS COMPLEX (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: December 2009

The Nearctic species of Diadegma that have the abdomen compressed and the propodeum produced beyond the base of the hind coxa are treated as a complex composed of three species groups. A key to groups and species is provided. Two previously described species, D. stenosomus (Vier.) and D. aestivalis (Vier.), and ten new species are described and discussed from the standpoint of their taxonomy, distribution, and host relationships.
General and Theoretical Aspects of theCXbonds (X = F,Cl,Br,I): Integration of Theory and Experiment
Authors: Politzer Peter , Murray Jane S.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Some Fundamental Properties of the Halogens; the Anomalous Nature of Fluorine

Electronegativity Equalization: Electronegativity and Charge Capacity in Relation to Molecular Properties

Electrostatic Potentials of Organic Molecules Containing Carbon–Halogen Bonds

AGeneral Interaction Properties Function(GIPF): An Approach to Understanding and Predicting Molecular Properties

Strengths of Carbon–Halogen Bonds

Perspectives on Particular Classes of Organic Molecules Containing Carbon–Halogen Bonds

Acknowledgements
The Structural Chemistry of Carbon—Halogen Bonds
Authors: Oberhammer Heinz
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Carbon‐Fluorine Bonds

Carbon–Chlorine Bonds

Carbon–Bromine Bonds

Carbon–Iodine Bonds

Conclusion
Photoelectron Spectra of Compounds with Carbon–Halogen Bonds
Authors: Klasinc L. , Novak I. , McGlynn S. P.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) in the 90s

Esca and Auger Spectra of Organic Halogen Compounds

Pes of Selected Organic Halogen Compounds

Conclusion
Mass spectra and gas‐phase ion chemistry of halogen‐containing compounds
Authors: Paradisi Cristina , Vettori Umberto
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Positive Ions

Negative Ions
NMRSpectroscopy
Authors: Taylor Peter , Everatt Brian
Published: December 2009

Introduction

ProtonNMRChemical Shifts

Fluorine‐19NMR
Electron Spin Resonance and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
Authors: Geoffroy Michel , Lucken Edwin A. C.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Theoretical Aspects ofNQRandESR

NQRSpectra

ESRSpectra
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Parish R. V.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Interpretation of the Parameters

Systems with Carbon–Iodine bonds

Charge‐Transfer Complexes

The Group
IV
Tetrahalides

Conclusion

Acknowledgements
Thermochemistry of Halogenated Organic Compounds*
Authors: Slayden Suzanne W. , Liebman Joel F. , Mallard W. Gary
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Systematics of the Energetics of Alkyl Halides

Thermochemical Mimicry of Alkyl and Aryl Halides

Stabilization and Destabilization in Alkyl and Aryl Halides

Acyl Halides

On Route to Positive Halogen

Thermochemistry of Highly Fluorinated Saturated Species

Bond Energies and Radical Enthalpies of Formation

A Brief Discussion of the Current Status of Computational Results
Syntheses and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Organic Halides
Authors: Zieliński Mieczysłlaw , Kańska Marianna
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Syntheses and Uses of Organic Halides Labelled with Fluorine‐18 and Carbon‐11

Syntheses and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Organic Chlorides

Syntheses and Applications of Bromine Isotopes

Syntheses and Uses of Organic Compounds Labelled with Iodine Isotopes

Syntheses of Organic Compounds Labelled with Astatine‐211

Isotope Effect Studies with Organic Halides

Acknowledgements
Formation of Carbon–Halogen Bonds (Cl,Br,I)
Authors: Sasson Yoel
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Halogenation in Presence of Solid Supports or Catalysts

Halogen Exchange and Transhalogenation Reactions

Oxyhalogenations

Cohalogenation and Mixed Halogenation

Halogen–Halogen Reagents

Carbon–Halogen Reagents

Nitrogen–Halogen and Phosphorus–Halogen Reagents

Oxygen–Halogen Reagents

Sulfur–Halogen Reagents

Silicon–Halogen Reagents

Halogenation with Metal Halides and Halodemetallation

Halogenation in Special Environments

Carbon–Halogen Bond Formation by Extrusion ofCO,CO2orSO2

Ring Opening of Oxiranes
Functionalization of Organic Molecules by Xenon Fluorides
Authors: Zupan Marko
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Reactions
Radiation Chemistry
Authors: Alfassi Zeev B.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Radiation Chemistry of Polymers with Carbon–Halogen Bonds

Radiolysis in the Solid State at Low Temperatures

Radiolysis in the Liquid Phase
Electrochemistry of the Carbon–Halogen Bond
Authors: Casanova Joseph , Reddy V. Prakash
Published: December 2009

Introduction

General Reaction Types

Cathodic Reactions

Anodic Reactions

Acknowledgements
Pyrolysis of Organic Halides
Authors: Chuchani Gabriel
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Organic Fluoro Compounds

Organic Chloro Compounds

Organic Bromo Compounds

Organic Iodo Compounds

Competitive Dehydrohalogenation

Five‐Membered Transition State

Six‐Membered Transition State

Neighboring Group Participation

Rearrangements

Acid Halides

Chloroformates

Acknowledgment
Positive Halogen Compounds
Authors: LUTFI HISHAM G. , MEYERS CAL Y.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Oxygen‐Halogen Compounds

Nitrogen–Halogen Compounds

Carbon–Halogen Compounds

Sulfur–Halogen Compounds
Eliminations Involving Carbon–Halogen Bonds and Leading to Highly Strained Rings
Authors: Baird Mark S. , Bolesov Ivan G.
Published: December 2009

Dehydrohalogenations of Halogenated Cyclopropanes

Elimination of Halogen

1,2‐Elimination of a Trialkylsilylhalide

Eliminations Leading to Cyclopropa‐Aromatics

1,1‐ and 1,3‐Elimination Leading to Cyclopropenes

1,3‐Dehalogenation of 1‐Halo‐2‐Halomethylcyclopropanes

Eliminations Leading to Bicyclo[1.1.0]but‐1(3)‐enes

1,2‐ and 1,3‐Eliminations in Quadricyclanes

Dehalogenation and Dehydrohalogenation of Halogenated Cyclopropenes
Recent Advances in theSRN1 Reaction of Organic Halides
Authors: Rossi Roberto A. , Pierini Adriana B. , Peñéñory Alicia B.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Mechanistic Features of theSRN1 Reaction

Alkyl Halides With Electron‐Withdrawing Groups

Alkyl Halides Without Electron–Withdrawing Groups

Aromatic Halides

Vinyl Halides
Biochemistry of halogenated organic compounds
Authors: Kirk Kenneth L.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Biohalogenation

Biochemistry of the Thyroid Hormones

Biochemistry of Selected Halogenated Organic Compounds

Biochemistry of Polyhalogenated Organic Molecules

Metabolism of Halogenated Organic Compounds—Biodehalogenation
Atmospheric Chemistry of Organic Halides
Authors: Francisco Joseph S. , Williams Ian H.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Degradation Mechanisms for Atmospheric Organohalides

Environmental Implications of Atmospheric Organohalides

Acknowledgements
Structural Chemistry of Cyclopropane Derivatives
Authors: Rozsondai Béla
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Cyclopropane

Substituted Cyclopropanes

Cyclopropylidenes

Cyclopropenes

Cyclopropenylidenes and Related Systems

Cyclopropane Rings in Polycyclic Systems

Acknowledgements
Interrelations in the Thermochemistry of Cyclopropanes
Authors: Liebman Joel F.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Cyclopropanes and Olefins

Phenyl Versus Cyclopropyl

Strain Energies of Species with Three‐and Four‐Membered Rings

Acknowledgements
Recent Advances in Synthesis of Cyclopropanes
Authors: Ohkita Masakazu , Nishida Shinya , Tsuji Takashi
Published: December 2009

Introduction

1,3‐Bond Formation

Combination of
C
2
and
C
1
Building Blocks
Cyclopropyl Homoconjugation, Homoaromaticity and Homoantiaromaticity—Theoretical Aspects and Analysis
Authors: Cremer Dieter , Childs Ronald F. , Kraka Elfi
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Definition of Homoconjugation and Homoaromaticity—Basic Considerations

Theoretical Aspects of Defining, Detecting and Describing Homoconjugation and Homoaromaticity

ABInitioExaminations of Homoconjugation

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgements
Cyclopropyl Homoconjugation—Experimental Facts and Interpretations
Authors: Childs Ronald F. , Cremer Dieter , Elia George
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Homoconjugation in Acyclic Systems

Monohomoaromatic and Homoantiaromatic Cations

Higher Homoaromatic Cations

Neutral Homoaromatic Systems

Homoaromatic Anions

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Thermal Stereomutations of Cyclopropanes and Vinylcyclopropanes
Authors: Baldwin John E.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Historical Synopsis

Experimental Studies

Correlations of Reaction Rate Constants

Theoretical Models and Calculational Results

Disparate Kinetic Results

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Organometallic Derivatives of Cyclopropanes and their Reactions
Authors: Goldschmidt Zeev
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Metal Derivatives of Cyclopropane

Cyclopropylidene Complexes

Metal Derivatives of Cyclopropene

η3‐Cyclopropenyl Complexes (Metallatetrahedranes)

Cyclopropenylidene Complexes

Metal Derivatives of Methylenecyclopropane

Methylenecyclopropene Complexes (Triafulvenes)

Acknowledgments
Metal Catalysed Cyclopropanation
Authors: Ye Tao , McKervey M. Anthony
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Cyclopropanation Using Diazoalkanes

Cyclopropanation Using Diazocarbonyl Compounds

Cyclopropanation Using Other Precursors

Chemoselectivity in Metal Catalysed Cyclopropanation

Regioselectivity in Metal Catalysed Cyclopropanation

Stereochemical Features of Alkene Cyclopropanation

Conclusion
Cycloproparenes
Authors: Halton Brian
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Synthesis of Cycloproparenes

Physical and Theoretical Aspects of Cycloproparenes

Cycloproparenyl Cations, Anions and Radicals

Reactions of Cycloproparenes

Oxo‐ and Alkylidenecycloproparene Chemistry

Acknowledgements
[1.1.1]Propellanes
Authors: Kaszynski Piotr , Michl Josef
Published: December 2009

Structure

Spectroscopy

Synthesis

Reactions

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Long‐Lived Cyclopropylcarbinyl Cations
Authors: Olah George A. , Reddy Prakash V. , Surya Prakash G. K.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

General Methods of Preparation of Long‐Lived Cyclopropylcarbinyl Cations

Primary Cyclopropylcarbinyl Cations

Secondary and Tertiary Cyclopropylcarbinyl Cations

Spirocyclopropylcarbinyl Cations

Cyclopropylcarbinyl Dications

Extent of Positive Charge Delocalization into the Cyclopropyl Group

X‐Ray Crystallographic Studies

Conclusions and Outlook
Diazotization of Amines and Dediazoniation of Diazonium Ions
Authors: Zollinger Heinrich
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Diazotizations

Dediazoniations
S‐ Nitroso Compounds, Formation, Reactions and Biological Activity
Authors: Williams D. Lyn H.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

S‐Nitrosothiols

S‐Nitrosothiocarbonyl Compounds

Formation and Reactions Of OtherS‐Nitroso Compounds
Photochemistry of Amines and Amino Compounds
Authors: Ho Tong‐Ing , Chow Yuan L.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Photochemistry Involving Tertiary Amines

Photochemistry with Secondary Amines

Photochemistry Involving Primary Amines and Ammonia

Photochemistry of Imine and Iminium salts

Photochemistry of Amides and Imides
Radiation Chemistry of Amines, Nitro and Nitroso Compounds
Authors: Horspool William M
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Radiolysis of Amines

Radiolysis of Amino Acids

Radiolysis of Nitro and Nitroso Compounds
Rearrangement Reactions Involving the Amino, Nitro and Nitroso Groups
Authors: Williams D. Lyn H.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Rearrangement of Hydrazobenzenes (The Benzidine Rearrangement)

Rearrangement of Azoxybenzenes (The Wallach Rearrangement)

Rearrangement Involving Phenylhydroxylamines

Rearrangement ofN‐Halo Compounds

Rearrangement Involving Nitro Groups

Rearrangement Involving Nitroso Groups
Displacement and
ipso
‐Substitution in Nitration
Authors: Sandall J. P. B.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Formation of
ipso
‐Adducts

Further Reactions of
ipso
‐Intermediates and Adducts

Rearrangement of
ipso
‐Substituted Groups

Displacement of
ipso
‐Substituted Groups

Conclusion
Structural Chemistry of Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Boese Roland , Haumann Thomas , Traetteberg Marit
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Dienes and Polyenes

Acknowledgments
Thermochemistry of Dienes and PolyenesThis study is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Thomas L. Jacobs who first introduced the author to cyclic acetylenes, dienes and cumulenes on an examination in 1963
Authors: Liebman Joel F.
Published: December 2009

Introduction: Scope and Definitions

Nonconjugated Dienes and Polyenes

Cumulated Or Allenic Dienes and Polyenes (Cumulenes)

Conjugated Acyclic Dienes

Cyclic Dienes

Conjugated Polyenes

Conjugated Species WithExo‐Methylene Groups: Fulvenes, Isotoluenes, Xylylenes and Related Species

Annulenes: Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity

Acknowledgments
Electronic Structure of Diene and Polyene Radical Cations
Authors: Bally Thomas , Heilbronner Edgar
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Photoelectron (PE) Spectroscopy

Excited States of Polyene Radical Cations by Other Methods

Acknowledgements
The Photochemistry of Dienes and Polyenes: Application to the Synthesis of Complex Molecules
Authors: Nuss John M. , West Frederick G.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Photorearrangements of Dienes and Polyenes

Photocycloadditions Involving Dienes and Polyenes

Concluding Remarks
Radiation Chemistry of Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Alfassi Zeev B.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Radiolysis of Aqueous Solutions of Dienes

Radiolysis in Non‐Aqueous Solvents

Reactions with Dienes Studied by Radiolysis

Radiolysis of Bulk Dienes and Oligoenes

Radiation‐Induced Oligomerization and Polymerization of Dienes

Radiation Chemistry of Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene

Radiation Chemistry of Polyalkynes
Synthesis of Conjugated Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Mehta Goverdhan , Prakash Rao H. Surya
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Elimination Reactions

Addition–Elimination Reactions

Concerted Reactions

Wittig and Related Reactions

Coupling Reactions

From Alkynes

From Heterocyclic Compounds

Miscellaneous

Acknowledgements
The Effect of Pressure on Reactions of Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Diedrich Matthias K.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Volume of Activation and Reaction

Cycloadditions

Pericyclic Rearrangements

Miscellaneous Reactions of Dienes and Polyenes

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Radical Addition to Polyenes
Authors: Zipse H.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Reactivity of Polyenes Towards Radicals

Reactivity of Polyenyl Radicals

Regioselectivity of Radical Addition Reactions to Polyenes

Regioselectivity in Reactions of Polyenyl Radicals

Non‐Chain Radical Reactions—Oxidation as an Alternative Terminating Step

Acknowledgement
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Dienes
Authors: Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Nonconjugated Dienes

Conjugated Dienes

Allenes