bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding by Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae does not induce plant indirect defences
Authors: TOOKER JOHN F. , DE MORAES CONSUELO M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Recent research has addressed the function of herbivore‐induced plant volatiles in attracting natural enemies of feeding herbivores. While many types of insect herbivory appear to elicit volatile responses, those triggered by gall insects have received little attention. Previous work indicates that at least one gall insect species induces changes in host‐plant volatiles, but no other studies appear to have addressed whether gall insects trigger plant indirect defences.

2. The volatile responses of wheat to feeding by larvae of the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied to further explore indirect responses of plants to feeding by gall insects. This specialist gall midge species did not elicit a detectable volatile response from wheat plants, whereas a generalist caterpillar triggered volatile release. Moreover, Hessian fly feeding altered volatile responses to subsequent caterpillar herbivory.

3. These results suggest that Hessian fly larvae exert a degree of control over the defensive responses of their host plants and offer insight into plant‐gall insect interactions. Also, the failure of Hessian fly larvae to elicit an indirect defensive response from their host plants may help explain why natural enemies, which often rely on induced volatile cues, fail to inflict significant mortality on M. destructor populations in the field.
A comparison of maternal effects and current environment on vital rates ofAphis nerii, the milkweed–oleander aphid
Authors: ZEHNDER CARALYN B. , HUNTER MARK D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. 1. Non‐Mendelian maternal effects, the effects of maternal phenotype or environment on offspring phenotype, have been documented in numerous taxa. By affecting offspring vital rates (birth, death, and movement), maternal effects have the potential to influence population dynamics. However, relatively few studies have directly linked maternal phenotype or environment to offspring vital rates. Additionally, even fewer studies have compared the magnitude of across‐generation effects (i.e. maternal effects) to within‐generation effects.

2. Because of their telescoping generations, aphids can be strongly influenced by maternal effects. The effects of maternal density and maternal host‐plant species on offspring survival, fecundity, and alate formation were investigated experimentally inAphis nerii, the milkweed–oleander aphid.

3. Additionally, the relative strength of maternal effects were compared with those operating within a generation. Therefore, in another set of experiments, the effects of current density and host‐plant species (within‐generation effects) on aphid vital rates were examined.

4. While maternal effects were present, within‐generation effects were much stronger and more strongly influenced aphid vital rates. Within a generation, aphids exhibited density‐dependent survival, fecundity, and alate formation and these effects varied among host‐plant species.

5. These results indicate that while maternal effects have the potential to affect population dynamics, this potential is not always met. Additionally, the current environment, not the environment of previous generations, more strongly impacts population dynamics.
Shaking a leg and hot to trot: the effects of body size and temperature on running speed in ants
Authors: HURLBERT ALLEN H. , BALLANTYNE FORD , POWELL SCOTT
Published: September 2010

Abstract1. Data were compiled from the literature and our own studies on 24 ant species to characterise the effects of body size and temperature on forager running speed.

2. Running speed increases with temperature in a manner consistent with the effects of temperature on metabolic rate and the kinetic properties of muscles.

3. The exponent of the body mass‐running speed allometry ranged from 0.14 to 0.34 with a central tendency of approximately 0.25. This body mass scaling is consistent with both the model of elastic similarity, and a model combining dynamic similarity with available metabolic power.

4. Even after controlling for body size or temperature, a substantial amount of inter‐specific variation in running speed remains. Species with certain lifestyles [e.g. nomadic group predators, species which forage at extreme (>60 °C) temperatures] may have been selected for faster running speeds.

5. Although ants have a similar scaling exponent to mammals for the running speed allometry, they run slower than predicted compared with a hypothetical mammal of similar size. This may in part reflect physiological differences between invertebrates and vertebrates.
α‐Glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes: efficacy in NIDDM subjects
Authors: TOELLER M.
Published: September 2010

With α‐glucosidase inhibitors generally improved metabolic control is achieved in NIDDM patients regardless of whether acarbose is administered in addition to other oral anti‐diabetic agents or to diet alone. The most significant finding is the reduction of postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Long‐term studies show a decrease in glycosylated haemoglobin and often also in fasting blood glucose levels. Placebo‐controlled studies have proven that postprandial insulin concentrations are decreased under acarbose treatment while fasting plasma insulin is usually unchanged. The major side‐effects of acarbose treatment involve the gastrointestinal system and include flatulence, abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea. Symptoms diminish with treatment time and are less severe when the treatment is started with low doses. Acarbose should usually be initiated as a 50 mg dose immediately before each major carbohydrate containing meal. Monotherapy with acarbose does not cause hypoglycaemia, however, hypoglycaemia may occur with combination of sulphonylurea or insulin treatment by the well‐known reasons. In this case hypoglycaemia has to be treated by taking glucose.
Prey selection of a shell‐invading leech as predicted by optimal foraging theory with consumption success incorporated into estimation of prey profitability
Authors: Lai Yi‐Te , Chen Jiun‐Hong , Lee Ling‐Ling
Published: September 2010

1. Optimal foraging theory assumes that a predator preys selectively to maximize fitness gain. The associated model assesses predator’s fitness gain by estimating prey profitability in terms of appropriate foraging costs and benefits. While model developing, unsuccessful foraging was included in the model because it is inevitable and costly for a predator. However, it has rarely been taken into account in previous studies, nor has the consumption success been included in the estimation of prey profitability. Thus, although such model may successfully predict prey selection of many predators, it is inadequate in explaining prey selection of predators with highly variable consumption success.

2. In this study, we tested the prediction of optimal foraging model by accounting for consumption success in prey profitability for the prey selection of Whitmania laevis (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae), a shell‐invading leech with highly variable consumption success in different prey. Five snail species, including three operculated species and two non‐operculated species, were used as prey.

3. Our results showed that W. laevis exhibits prey‐size selection. Leeches consumed more medium‐sized snails among operculated species and more large‐sized snails among non‐operculated species, and the selection fitted the prediction of prey profitability by accounting for consumption success. Leeches also practiced prey‐species selection, but such selectivity was confined to non‐operculated species rather than snails with higher profitability.

4. Our study showed that when the consumption success was incorporated into the estimation of prey profitability, the optimal foraging model could, as predicting the prey‐size selection of W. laevis, predict the prey selection of a predator with highly variable consumption success, which has been poorly predicted previously. This could also be the case for other predators with variable consumption success in future studies.
Nurse practitioner‐led surgical spine consultation clinic
Authors: Sarro Angela , Rampersaud Yoga Raja , Lewis Stephen
Published: September 2010

sarro a., rampersaud y.r. & lewis s. (2010) Nurse practitioner‐led surgical spine consultation clinic. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2671–2676.

Aim.  This study is a report of a study of patient satisfaction with non‐surgical nurse practitioner management of pre‐selected spinal referrals.

Background.  Nurse practitioners are linked to particular patient populations or specific physicians in a medical setting. In a universal healthcare delivery system, patients are often faced with long and anxiety‐provoking waiting times, particularly for sub‐specialized consultations such as spinal surgery.

Method.  A nurse practitioner‐led spine consultation ambulatory clinic was implemented at a Canadian neuroscience centre. A prospective patient satisfaction and clinical accuracy study was performed in 2008. All patients assessed by the nurse practitioner completed a post‐consultation validated patient satisfaction questionnaire. All patients were reviewed with the surgeon for confirmation of diagnosis and management.

Results.  A total of 177 pre‐selected patients (disc‐herniations, spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease) were assessed by the nurse practitioner. Mean time from referral to nurse practitioner clinic assessment was 12 weeks (range: 9·8–21 weeks) compared with 10–52 weeks if seen in a conventional clinic. Nurse practitioner clinical diagnosis and management plan were in agreement with those of the surgeon (100% and 95% respectively). Patient satisfaction was 97% with the consultation and 94% and with examination thoroughness. Preference for a longer waiting period for direct consultation with the surgeon was 26%.

Conclusion.  Nurse practitioners can play an effective and efficient role in providing care to patients requiring specific disease management in a specialty setting. The nurse practitioner‐run clinic offers accurate and earlier assessment, thus facilitating a timelier diagnosis and management plan.
Nursing Services Delivery Theory: an open system approach
Authors: Meyer Raquel M. , O’Brien‐Pallas Linda L.
Published: September 2010

meyer r.m. & o’brien‐pallas l.l. (2010) Nursing services delivery theory: an open system approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2828–2838.

Aim.  This paper is a discussion of the derivation of the Nursing Services Delivery Theory from the application of open system theory to large‐scale organizations.

Background.  The underlying mechanisms by which staffing indicators influence outcomes remain under‐theorized and unmeasured, resulting in a ‘black box’ that masks the nature and organization of nursing work. Theory linking nursing work, staffing, work environments, and outcomes in different settings is urgently needed to inform management decisions about the allocation of nurse staffing resources in organizations.

Data sources.  A search of CINAHL and Business Source Premier for the years 1980–2008 was conducted using the following terms: theory, models, organization, organizational structure, management, administration, nursing units, and nursing. Seminal works were included.

Discussion.  The healthcare organization is conceptualized as an open system characterized by energy transformation, a dynamic steady state, negative entropy, event cycles, negative feedback, differentiation, integration and coordination, and equifinality. The Nursing Services Delivery Theory proposes that input, throughput, and output factors interact dynamically to influence the global work demands placed on nursing work groups at the point of care in production subsystems.

Implications for nursing.  The Nursing Services Delivery Theory can be applied to varied settings, cultures, and countries and supports the study of multi‐level phenomena and cross‐level effects.

Conclusion.  The Nursing Services Delivery Theory gives a relational structure for reconciling disparate streams of research related to nursing work, staffing, and work environments. The theory can guide future research and the management of nursing services in large‐scale healthcare organizations.
Joint or clinical chairs in nursing: from cup of plenty to poisoned chalice?
Authors: Darbyshire Philip
Published: September 2010

darbyshire p. (2010) Joint or clinical chairs in nursing: from cup of plenty to poisoned chalice? Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(11), 2592–2599.

Aim.  This paper presents a discussion of the current state of joint chair or clinical chair positions in nursing.

Background.  Joint chair positions in nursing or midwifery have been popular approaches to developing clinical research and to bridging the ‘theory‐practice gap’. Recent personal observations and commentaries in the literature suggest that the service‐academy consensus that underpinned such positions may be crumbling.

Data sources.  This paper is based on 13 years’ experience of holding a joint chair position, an extensive review of the professional literature (up to and including 2009 sources), and conversations and discussions with many professorial and joint chair colleagues.

Discussion.  Despite its demonstrated success, the joint chair position may be under threat from competing and unrealistic demands from partner organizations and from changing understandings of the essential role and nature of a professor. The situation may be exacerbated by appointing inexperienced or unsuitable applicants to such key posts.

Implications for nursing.  The joint chair position was a powerful initiative in nursing and midwifery with real potential. In the current climate, this potential is unlikely to be realized and nursing will be the poorer.

Conclusion.  If joint chair positions are still valued and seen as key roles in developing clinical research and university‐service partnerships, then serious consideration needs to be given to the current state of position. I argue for a return to trust and what Onora O’Neill calls ‘intelligent accountability’ rather than the micromanagement that is so prevalent in both the health and academic industries.
Prevalence and risk factors for self‐reported chronic disease amongst Inuvialuit populations
Authors: Erber E. , Beck L. , De Roose E. , Sharma S.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Chronic disease prevalence amongst Canadian Arctic populations is increasing, but the literature amongst Inuvialuit is limited. The present study aimed to provide baseline data that could be used to monitor changes in chronic disease risk factors and long‐term health in the Arctic by determining prevalence and risk factors of self‐reported chronic disease amongst adult Inuvialuit in remote communities.

Methods:  Self‐reported demographics and history of chronic disease (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes and cancer) were collected in three communities between July 2007 and July 2008 in the Northwest Territories. Food frequency questionnaires recorded dietary intake, International Physical Activity Questionnaires recorded physical activity and anthropometric measures of height and weight were obtained.

Results:  Response rates ranged from 65–85%. More than 20% of the 228 participants aged 19–84 years reported having a chronic disease. Age‐adjusted prevalence was 28, 9, 9 and 6 per 100 for hypertension, heart disease, diabetes and cancer, respectively. Compared with non‐cases, participants reporting hypertension were more likely to have a higher body mass index and a lower level of education. Hypertension was more common amongst participants reporting heart disease and diabetes than Inuvialuit not reporting these morbidities.

Conclusions:  Inuvialuit participants in this study were most affected by hypertension and diabetes compared with heart disease or any cancer. Female participants had a higher prevalence of heart disease compared with the Canadian average. Primary preventive strategies are necessary to mitigate the increasing rates of chronic disease risk factors in this population. Further studies with a larger sample size and measured chronic disease are necessary to confirm the findings obtained in the present study.
Socioeconomic indicators and frequency of traditional food, junk food, and fruit and vegetable consumption amongst Inuit adults in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Hopping B. N. , Erber E. , Mead E. , Sheehy T. , Roache C. , Sharma S.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Increasing consumption of non‐nutrient‐dense foods (NNDF), decreasing consumption of traditional foods (TF) and low consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) may contribute to increasing chronic disease rates amongst Inuit. The present study aimed to assess the daily frequency and socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing consumption of TF, FV and NNDF amongst Inuit adults in Nunavut, Canada.

Methods:  Using a cross‐sectional study design and random household sampling in three communities in Nunavut, a food frequency questionnaire developed for the population was used to assess frequency of NNDF, TF and FV consumption amongst Inuit adults. Socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed by education level, ownership of items in working condition, and whether or not people in the household were employed or on income support. Mean frequencies of daily consumption were compared across gender and age groups, and associations with socioeconomic indicators were analysed using logistic regression.

Results:  Two hundred and eleven participants (36 men, 175 women; mean (standard deviation) ages 42.1 (15.0) and 42.2 (13.2) years, respectively; response rate 69–93%) completed the study. Mean frequencies of consumption for NNDF, TF and FV were 6.3, 1.9 and 1.6 times per day, respectively. On average, participants ≤50 years consumed NNDF (P = 0.003) and FV (P = 0.01) more frequently and TF (P = 0.01) less frequently than participants >50 years. Education was positively associated with FV consumption and negatively associated with TF consumption. Households on income support were more likely to consume TF and NNDF.

Conclusions:  These results support the hypothesis that the nutrition transition taking place amongst Inuit in Nunavut results in elevated consumption of NNDF compared with TF and FV.
Addressing the public health burden caused by the nutrition transition through the Healthy Foods North nutrition and lifestyle intervention programme
Authors: Sharma S. , Gittelsohn J. , Rosol R. , Beck L.
Published: September 2010

Dietary inadequacies, low levels of physical activity, excessive energy intake and high obesity prevalence have placed Inuit and Inuvialuit populations of the Canadian Arctic at increased risk of chronic disease. An evidence‐based, community participatory process was used to develop Healthy Foods North (HFN), a culturally appropriate nutrition and physical activity intervention programme that aimed to reduce risk of chronic disease and improve dietary adequacy amongst Inuit/Inuvialuit in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. HFN was implemented over the course of 12 months in a series of seven phases between October 2008 and 2009 (Nunavut) and June 2008 and 2009 (Northwest Territories). Combining behaviour change and environmental strategies to increase both the availability of healthful food choices in local shops and opportunities for increasing physical activity, HFN promoted the consumption of traditional foods and nutrient‐dense and/or low energy shop‐bought foods, utilisation of preparation methods that do not add fat content, decreased consumption of high‐energy shop‐bought foods, and increased physical activity. Messages identified in the community workshops, such as the importance of family eating and sharing, were emphasised throughout the intervention. Intervention components were conducted by community staff and included working with shops to increase the stocking of healthy foods, point of purchase signage and promotion in shops and community settings, pedometer challenges in the workplace and use of community media (e.g. radio and cable television advertisements) to reinforce key messages. HFN represents an innovative multilevel approach to the reduction of chronic disease risk factors amongst Inuit and Inuvialuit, based on strong collaboration with local agencies, government and institutions.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three intravenous doses of yohimbine in the horse
Authors: DiMAIO KNYCH H. K. , STEFFEY E. P. , STANLEY S. D.
Published: September 2010

DiMaio Knych, H. K., Steffey, E. P., Stanley, S. D. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three intravenous doses of yohimbine in the horse.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34,359–366.

Yohimbine is an alpha 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, which has been shown to counteract the CNS depressant effects of alpha 2 receptor agonists in a number of species. Recently, our laboratory identified yohimbine in the absence of detectable concentrations of an alpha 2 agonist in a regulatory sample collected from a horse racing in California. This coupled with anecdotal reports of CNS stimulation and documented reports of cardiovascular changes when administered in conjunction with an agonist led us to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of yohimbine when administered alone. Nine healthy adult horses received a single intravenous dose of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg yohimbine. Blood samples were collected at time 0 (prior to drug administration) and at various times up to 24 h postdrug administration. Plasma samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), and resulting data analyzed using both noncompartmental and compartmental analysis. Peak plasma concentrations were 106.0 ± 28.9, 156.7 ± 34.3, and 223.0 ± 44.5 ng/mL for doses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. Immediately following administration, two horses showed signs of sedation, one horse appeared excited, while the other six appeared behaviorally unaffected. Episodes of tachycardia were noted within minutes of administration for all horses at all doses; however, there was no correlation between behavioral responses and episodes of increased heart rate. Sixty‐three percent of the horses (8, 6, and 4 of the 9 horses in the 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg dose groups, respectively) exhibited second‐degree atrial‐ventricular conduction blocks and bradycardia prior to drug administration that transiently improved or disappeared upon administration of yohimbine. Gastrointestinal sounds were transiently increased following all doses.
Molecular phylogeny of the Raphidiidae (Raphidioptera)*
Authors: HARING ELISABETH , ASPÖCK HORST , BARTEL DANIELA , ASPÖCK ULRIKE
Published: September 2010

We present a molecular phylogeny of the family Raphidiidae including representatives of 21 of the 26 genera. Sequences from the nuclear gene for the large subunit ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 gene (cox3) were used. For the phylogenetic reconstructions we applied automated and manual approaches for sequence alignment and different evolutionary models and tree building algorithms. The trees based on the two alignment approaches were rather similar in their overall topology. A combination of both marker sequences increased the resolution of the trees. The six clades within the raphidiid family that emerged represent either single genera or groups of genera, namely: (i) the Nearctic genus Agulla Navás, (ii) the Nearctic/Central American genus Alena Navás, (iii) the Central Asiatic and Eastern Palaearctic genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, (iv) the Palaearctic Puncha clade, (v) the western Mediterranean Ohmella clade, and (vi) the Palaearctic Phaeostigma clade. The New World taxa Agulla and Alena are placed as successive out‐groups to a monophyletic Palaearctic clade. The Mongoloraphidia clade is distributed in the eastern Palearctic while the remaining three clades are exclusively (Ohmella clade) or mainly distributed in the western Palaearctic. The early radiation of extant Raphidiidae is interpreted based on the phylogenetic tree obtained in the present study, and the geological and palaeobiological processes around the K–T boundary.
The danger of applying the breeder's equation in observational studies of natural populations
Authors: MORRISSEY M. B. , KRUUK L. E. B. , WILSON A. J.
Published: September 2010

The breeder's equation, which predicts evolutionary change when a phenotypic covariance exists between a heritable trait and fitness, has provided a key conceptual framework for studies of adaptive microevolution in nature. However, its application requires strong assumptions to be made about the causation of fitness variation. In its univariate form, the breeder's equation assumes that the trait of interest is not correlated with other traits having causal effects on fitness. In its multivariate form, the validity of predicted change rests on the assumption that all such correlated traits have been measured and incorporated into the analysis. Here, we (i) highlight why these assumptions are likely to be seriously violated in studies of natural, rather than artificial, selection and (ii) advocate wider use of the Robertson–Price identity as a more robust, and less assumption‐laden, alternative to the breeder's equation for applications in evolutionary ecology.
Selection for thermostability can lead to the emergence of mutational robustness in an RNA virus
Authors: DOMINGO‐CALAP P. , PEREIRA‐GÓMEZ M. , SANJUÁN R.
Published: September 2010

Mutational robustness has important evolutionary implications, yet the mechanisms leading to its emergence remain poorly understood. One possibility is selection acting on a correlated trait, as for instance thermostability (plastogenetic congruence). Here, we examine the correlation between mutational robustness and thermostability in experimental populations of the RNA bacteriophage Qβ. Thermostable viruses evolved after only six serial passages in the presence of heat shocks, and genome sequencing suggested that thermostability can be conferred by several alternative mutations. To test whether thermostable viruses have increased mutational robustness, we performed additional passages in the presence of nitrous acid. Whereas in control lines this treatment produced the expected reduction in growth rate caused by the accumulation of deleterious mutations, thermostable viruses showed no such reduction, indicating that they are more resistant to mutagenesis. Our results suggest that selection for thermostability can lead to the emergence of mutational robustness driven by plastogenetic congruence. As temperature is a widespread selective pressure in nature, the mechanism described here may be relevant to the evolution of mutational robustness.
Infrared thermography and odour composition of the Amorphophallus gigas (Araceae) inflorescence: the cooling effect of the odorous liquid
Authors: Kakishima S. , Terajima Y. , Murata J. , Tsukaya H.
Published: September 2010

During the second blooming of a cultivated Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm and Binnend in the Botanical Gardens of the University of Tokyo, the surface temperature of the inflorescence was measured using an infrared camera. Contrary to studies of other species in the genus Amorphophallus, the surface of the inflorescence showed only very faint thermogenesis and had a lower temperature than that of the background. This cooling effect appeared to be due to a loss of heat through evaporation, which was caused by the secretion of a very large amount of odorous liquid. Chemical analysis revealed that the major components of this liquid were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acids. The composition of the odorous liquid was slightly different between the spathe surface and the sterile appendix. The major component(s) of the odorous material from the spathe was butyric acid, and from the sterile appendix was valeric acids. These components would play dual roles of adding the characteristic smell to the inflorescence and cooling the inflorescence.
Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species with differing coral host specificity on North Atlantic seamounts
Authors: Cho Walter , Shank Timothy M.
Published: September 2010

Seamounts are considered to play a defining role in the evolution and diversity of marine fauna, acting as ‘stepping‐stones’ for dispersal, regional centers of genetic isolation and speciation, and refugia for deep‐sea populations. This study focused on the patterns of dispersal and genetic connectivity of four seamount ophiuroid species (Asteroschema clavigera, Ophiocreas oedipus, Ophioplinthaca abyssalis, and Ophioplinthaca chelys) displaying differing levels of associative (epifaunal) specificity to cold‐water coral hosts inhabiting the New England and Corner Rise Seamount chains, and Muir Seamount in the Northwestern Atlantic. Analyses of mt16S and mtCOI revealed evidence for recent population expansion and high gene flow for all four species. However, species‐specific genetic differentiation was significant based on seamount region and depth. Significant differences were found among regional seamount groups for A. clavigera, within seamount regions and seamounts for O. chelys, among 250‐m depth intervals for A. clavigera, among 100‐m depth intervals for O. oedipus, and there were indications of isolation by distance for A. clavigera and O. oedipus. In addition, A. clavigera and O. oedipus, broadcast spawners with high fidelity to specific coral hosts, displayed predominantly westward historical migration, whereas the ophioplinthacids, with lower host‐specificity, displayed predominantly eastward migration. No congruent patterns of historical migration were evident among species and seamounts, yet these patterns can be correlated with species‐specific host specificity, specific depth strata, and dispersal strategies. Conservation efforts to protect seamount ecosystems should promote multi‐species approaches to genetic connectivity, and consider the impact of the ‘dependence’ of biodiversity on host fauna in these vulnerable marine ecosystems.
Paradigms in seamount ecology: fact, fiction and future
Authors: Rowden Ashley A. , Dower John F. , Schlacher Thomas A. , Consalvey Mireille , Clark Malcolm R.
Published: September 2010

Despite a relatively short history, the field of seamount ecology is rife with ecological paradigms, many of which have already become cemented in the scientific literature and in the minds of advocates for seamount protection. Together, these paradigms have created a widely held view of seamounts as unique environments, hotspots of biodiversity and endemicity, and fragile ecosystems of exceptional ecological worth. However, closer examination reveals significant gaps in our knowledge, thereby calling the accuracy of some of these paradigms into question. Here, we review the evolution of the major paradigms in seamount ecology, assess their status against the weight of existing evidence to date, identify emerging paradigms, and suggest future research directions. We find the assertions that seamount communities are vulnerable to fishing, and that these communities have high sensitivity and low resilience to bottom trawling disturbance are well supported by existing data. We find plausible evidence that seamounts are stepping stones for dispersal, oases of abundance and biomass, and hotspots of species richness. Nonetheless, the poor sampling coverage of these discrete but globally distributed environments prevents us from accepting these ideas as paradigms. Also plausible, but requiring further investigation, are the emerging paradigms that seamount communities are structurally distinct, that populations of invertebrates on seamounts are the source of propagules for nearby slope sinks, and that seamounts have acted and can act as biological refugia from large‐scale catastrophic environmental events. In contrast, the generalizations that seamounts are island habitats with highly endemic faunas that comprise unique communities distinct in species composition from other deep‐sea habitats, and that they have high production supported by localized bottom‐up forcing, are not supported by the weight of existing evidence.
Effect of different suture techniques on tension dispersion in cutaneous wounds: A pilot study
Authors: Macpherson Neil , Lee Simon
Published: September 2010

Background/Objectives:  Wound tension plays an integral role in both wound healing and cosmesis. The use of W‐plasty has been shown to evenly distribute tension, but is difficult to use in cutaneous surgery. This pilot study aimed to review suture techniques that may give the same wound‐tension distribution as W‐plasty.

Methods:  Porcine skin mounted on a standard board was used. A standard grid was superimposed onto the tissue, and an incision was made which was digitally photographed. The defect was then sutured using three suture techniques: simple interrupted sutures, mattress sutures and mattress sutures with knots on alternate sides. Subcutaneous sutures were also used in conjunction with each of these suturing techniques. The grid points were compared and the variation from baseline recorded. These variations were then graphed.

Results:  The simple interrupted and mattress sutures showed bias of tension opposite to the side of the knot. The alternate mattress suture demonstrated a more even distribution of tension.

Conclusion:  The mattress suture with alternating knots had a tension pattern that distributed the forces equally across the wound. This is similar to the pattern of W‐plasty, suggesting the technique may be used for improved wound healing and cosmesis in areas of tension.
Recurrent distal digital keratoacanthoma of the periungual region treated with Mohs micrographic surgery
Authors: Cecchi Roberto , Troiano Michela , Buralli Lauro , Innocenti Stefania
Published: September 2010

We report a 42‐year‐old man who presented with a recurrent painful nodule on the proximal nail fold of the left fifth finger. The tumour had been surgically excised at another department a month earlier, and histological examination had shown a keratoacanthoma. The patient underwent Mohs micrographic surgery, and no recurrence was evident 16 months later. Mohs micrographic surgery appears to be an effective option in the management of this unusual variant of keratoacanthoma, which is often difficult to eradicate.
Treatment‐resistant elephantiasic thyroid dermopathy responding to rituximab and plasmapheresis
Authors: Heyes Christopher , Nolan Richard , Leahy Michael , Gebauer Kurt
Published: September 2010

A 44‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with Graves' disease in 1995 and over the following 12 months developed thyroid dermopathy (pretibial myxoedema). Despite being trialled on multiple recognized therapies over the course of 11 years, the patient's dermopathy progressively worsened. She developed ocular proptosis, elephantiasic thyroid dermopathy and acropachy in both hands. In mid 2006, the patient was started on rituximab and plasmapheresis, with rapid response. The patient's condition stabilized and in October 2009 at the age of 58 years she was able to cease therapy.
A RECREATION AND SOCIAL PROGRAMME CONDUCTED WITH THE INSTITUTIONALIZED AGED
Authors: ASHBURNER J. K.
Published: September 2010

The perceived deficits in the “quality of life” of the institutionalized aged, were the lack of interpersonal behaviour and the high degree of inactivity. Thus, the programme was devised in order to increase social interaction and participation in activity. The programme was conducted for eight weeks and consisted of simple crafts, group activities and two long term projects. Comparisons of ratings of participants, on social interaction and participation in activity prior to and following the programme, revealed no significant trends. Comparison of morale scores of participants and another group who had not participated, showed that those who had not participated had higher scores on the factor “agitation” and on the overall score. Patients generally preferred “other oriented” to “self oriented” activities and preferred more purposeful activities. They also preferred working in a group to working alone. This seems to support the assumption that there are needs for social interaction and involvement in activity.
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY: INTERVENTION PROCEDURES
Authors: COCHRANE MICHELE M.
Published: September 2010

This article examines developmental delay and the implications of such disorders. Firstly, developmental delay is defined and the normal developmental process is briefly described. The types of problems which ensue if this process is interrupted or disturbed are then viewed. The need and importance of early intervention procedures are substantiated by experimental evidence, and the present tendency for late diagnosis, and the reasons for it, are also considered. Finally, Occupational Therapy as a discipline, it is argued, has a role to play in the treatment of children with developmental delay as well as providing support for parents.
PROPOSAL FOR A RETURN TO THE DISCIPLINE OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
Authors: Hanschu Bonnie J.
Published: September 2010

The uniqueness of Occupational Therapy is reflected in our discipline as defined by our conceptual base and occupational therapy frames of reference. In this time of economic instability funding restrictions often necessitate a cutback in services. Role blurring must not be confused with providing complementary services which dovetail. Clear description and demonstration of the unique contributions of occupational therapy can minimise the danger of decision makers failing to support vital services. The future of occupational therapy is in our hands.
SENSORY INTEGRATIVE THERAPY AS AN INTERVENTION PROCEDURE WITH GRADE ONE “AT RISK” READERS — A THREE YEAR STUDY
Authors: Grimwood Lorraine M. , Rutherford Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2010

The study was concerned with assessing the effectiveness of sensory integrative therapy as an intervention method on a group of grade one children — predicted to be “at risk” for later reading failure. Following two half‐hour therapy sessions per week over twenty‐four weeks, the experimental group performed significantly higher than the control group on measures of reading ability. These gains were maintained over a two‐year non‐intervention period.
Out on a Limb A Novel Approach for Traditional Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Hanschu Bonnie , McFadden Susan M.
Published: September 2010

In 1979 the authors presented a workshop in which the use of non‐traditional approaches in occupational therapy was compared to the kind of risk one takes when going out on a limb of a tree. This article details that relationship. Similarities and differences among concepts associated with non‐traditional practice are clarified and described and a comparison is made showing three occupational therapists who use a non‐traditional approach. The article closes with several recommendations for anyone who is thinking about going ‘out on a limb’.
Data Survey of Occupational Therapists in Queensland Part III: Employment Status
Authors: Shah S. K. , Maas F.
Published: September 2010

A description of the methodology with reports on the age, sex and geographic distribution of occupational therapists in Queensland appeared in Part 1. Demography in the Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, Oct‐Dec, 1980, 27 (4), 187–190. Part II—Educational Status appeared in Jan‐Mar, 1981, 28 (1), 9–15, of that journal. The purpose of this third and final report in the series is to provide descriptive data on the distribution of employment parameters of occupational therapists in Queensland. These include employment status, nature of employment, professional experience and job satisfaction.
De‐institutionalization and the Intellectually Handicapped Part II: Developing Strategies to Improve the Transition Process
Authors: Bartnik Edward , Jones Geoffrey , Hunter Tom
Published: September 2010

The process of enabling members of an organisation to work in harmony can be a difficult one. When the expectations of clients and their families must be acknowledged the situation becomes more complex still. Seminars and workshops can be used to increase the awareness of relevant issues. They provide opportunity to develop objectives. The proceedings and outcome of a seminar entitled ‘The Transition from Hostel Living to Community Residential Services’ are described. The seminar resulted in the practical application of concepts described in Bartnik, E. De‐institutionalization and the intellectually handicapped Part 1: The concept of transition. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 1981, 28(2), 63–69.
Intellectual and Perceptual Deficit Associated With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Coulter Diana
Published: September 2010

The introduction includes a description of the disease, its mode of inheritance, its course and general psychological aspects. A search of the literature examining the relationship between mental retardation and Duchenne muscular dystrophy and a discussion of the reasons for its existence are presented. A study of the psychological tests administered to 18 Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys attending a centre for handicapped children in Western Australia is compared with previous studies. The apparent existence of perceptual difficulties in 8 of the 18 boys emphasizes the necessity for further research into this area. Some suggestions as to what education and occupational therapy can do to help these difficulties are presented.
Characteristics of Paintings Associated with the Depth of Depression in Schizophrenics
Authors: Sturgess J.L. , Maas F.
Published: September 2010

It was hypothesized that the degree of depth of depression of schizophrenic patients would vary with five characteristics of their paintings. Three independent raters for each of the five characteristics ranked the paintings for the degree of the particular characteristic present. Highly significant inter‐rater reliability was found, but no association between the depth of depression and the five variables could be demonstrated.
The Use of Activities in the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Psychiatric Patients: An Overview
Authors: Mocellin George
Published: September 2010

Activities have always been basic to the professional nature of occupational therapy. However, occupational therapists have, on the one hand, been criticized for over‐valuing the media they use and, on the other hand, for discarding the use of activities and therefore discarding their professional essence. In an attempt to highlight the importance of “doing” in therapy, an overview of activities from a number of perspectives is presented, together with the contribution that activities make in the treatment and rehabilitation of psychiatric patients. The importance of structured and well co‐ordinated programmes is stressed and the need for a better understanding of rehabilitation in psychiatry is suggested.
The Role of Occupational Therapy in Palliative Care
Authors: Dawson Susan Sky
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this paper is to define the role of occupational therapy in palliative care, to describe the services currently available in the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia, and to make recommendations for the extension of occupational therapy services in the area of palliative care. The literature regarding occupational therapy in palliative care is reviewed; The results of interviews with occupational therapists and patients currently involved in palliative care are analysed; and the recommendations for future services are offered.
Occupational Therapy's Work Assessment in the 1980's
Authors: Shervington John , Stewart Allan
Published: September 2010

This article records the findings of a study into current Australian occupational therapy practice for clients desirous of entering or returning to employment. Sixty‐six therapists were surveyed through occupational therapy associations in order to determine their familiarity with current work assessment tests and the areas of work assessment causing them concern. This constitutes a preliminary study, carried out in conjunction with an Institute of Industrial Engineers' Task Force to ultimately determine the educational needs of the occupational therapists practising in the area of work assessment.
To Sling or Not to Sling …?: The Use of Slings in the Prevention and Management of Subluxed Shoulders
Authors: Mortimer Josephine A.
Published: September 2010

Slings are often used in the prevention or treatment of shoulder subluxation in patients with hemiplegia. The advantages and disadvantages of using slings as well as the variety of slings available, should be considered by clinicians when prescribing a sling for a patient. An attempt is made to select a workable short‐list from the many sling types to enable the clinician to determine the most appropriate sling for each patient. Further research and pooling of information is suggested.
Health Records: It's a Question of Orientation
Authors: ANDERSON BARBARA , BELL JANET
Published: September 2010

This paper challenges occupational therapists and other health professionals to become more aware of and interested in the health record. The authors argue that it is vital for health care providers to accept in practice — not just in theory — that the health record is “the focal point for quality control and accountability in patient care” and “the key document for determining standards of care.” Surveys of student and supervisor opinions are used to highlight the variation which exists in people's orientation towards health records.
An Evaluation of Chair Bases for Use On Carpet By Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: BROWN SANDRA
Published: September 2010

Children at the Mosman Spastic Centre Public School were assessed in carpeted classrooms to find a suitable chair that would promote independence. Four chair designs were compared and information recorded from aides, teachers, therapists and children. It was agreed that while the swivel chair and castor chair were unsuitable, the sled base design and rug runner attachments, two relatively new ideas, had a variety of advantages. A comparison between the two. detailing both the merits and the limitations. provides useful criteria for selecting a suitable classroom chair for the child with cerebral palsy.

Since this project was started the chair with rug runners is being supplied on a regular basis throughout the school and is more recently being requested by parents for use at home. Unfortunately, the sled base, while a popular alternative, is only commercially available in an adult size. A smaller version of this chair using a variety of seat styles in preference to the polypropylene mould is currently being developed.
Glorious Rebels—A History of the Scientific Method
Authors: CLANCY HELEN
Published: September 2010

The history of the modern scientific method is presented as a story of outstanding visionary thinkers, who by their ideas have changed the way that society perceives the relationship between people and their environment. Kuhn's model of paradigm change provides the context for tracing the developmental growth of research activity, through the lives of chosen “glorious rebels”. The essay discusses some issues which face modern researchers, especially in the behavioural sciences such as occupational therapy.
Occupational Therapy for Children with Renal Failure
Authors: BEWLEY RIKKI
Published: September 2010

This paper outlines the treatment of renal failure at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, and highlights the physical and psychological problems for children undergoing treatment. The occupational therapy programme is presented, and the author focuses on issues surrounding the chronically ill and dying child.