bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Breeding and Migrating Birds to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Hanowski JoAnn M. , Niemi Gerald G. , Blake John G.
Published: April 2006

This investigation was designed to detect effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields produced by an extremely low frequency (ELF) antenna system on bird species breeding in or migrating through northern Michigan. Our null hypothesis was that no differences in bird species richness and abundance existed between areas that were close to the antenna and areas that were far enough away to be unaffected by the antenna. We conducted spring migration, breeding, and autumn migration bird counts on 40 reference and 40 treatment 500‐m transects for 8 yr (3 yr before and 5 yr after the antenna became fully operational). Characteristics examined included total species richness and abundance and abundances of common bird species. We analyzed changes in species abundances over time on treatment and reference transect segments using a repeated measures ANOVA. For this test, a significant interaction indicated that changes in bird abundance over time were not equal in treatment and reference areas. Approximately 10% of tests (11 of 111) at the community or species level had a significant (P < 0.05) interaction. However, no significant interactions found at the community or species levels were consistent among seasons. Moreover, patterns of change in abundance over time in reference and treatment areas for parameters that had a significant interaction were not attributable to EM field exposure.
Indirect Interactions in Biological Control of Insects: Pests and Natural Enemies in Alfalfa
Authors: Evans Edward W. , England Staci
Published: April 2006

The population dynamics of insect pests in agroecosystems may often be linked to those of other phytophagous species through the foraging activities of natural enemies; these indirect interactions provide both opportunities and challenges for biological control. We conducted field experiments to explore indirect interactions in the biological control of the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) in northern Utah. Honeydew produced by pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in alfalfa fields may be important as a source of nutrition for adults of the wasp Bathyplectes curculionis and may thereby enhance parasitism of the wasp's host, the alfalfa weevil. The presence of aphids may also promote aggregation of lady beetles, which consume weevil larvae in alfalfa. But by feeding heavily on pea aphids as well, these predators could indirectly enhance weevil survivorship by undercutting the wasp's capacity to parasitize its host. In one field experiment, we added pea aphids and/or adults of the lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata to caged field plots of alfalfa during the first (spring) hay crop. Adding aphids increased levels of parasitism among late‐maturing alfalfa weevil larvae. Adding lady beetles decreased numbers of late‐maturing weevil larvae, but also decreased levels of parasitism among these larvae. In another experiment, repeated application of artificial honeydew to caged alfalfa plots during the first crop increased levels of parasitism among weevil larvae. In a third experiment, a single application of artificial honeydew to open (uncaged) alfalfa plots in mid‐May also had a direct positive effect on rates of parasitism among larvae. However, this application had an indirect negative effect on parasitism as well: the presence of artificial honeydew caused aggregation of lady beetles and thus led to decreased aphid abundance. Consequently, provision of artificial honeydew as a food source for parasitoid adults was neutralized by a subsequent reduction in naturally occurring honeydew. These field experiments illustrate the complexity with which indirect interactions can affect exploiter‐victim relationships in biological control. They also raise questions concerning the long‐term consequences that may result from the purposeful introduction of the Old World lady beetle C. septempunctata to alfalfa and other crops in North America. Artificial honeydew may prove useful in enhancing parasitism of the alfalfa weevil, but frequent applications may be required to compensate for associated reductions in availability of naturally occurring aphid honeydew. The effects of honeydew producers on other herbivores through natural enemies fall under the general concepts of short‐term apparent competition and related ecological relationships among species, and highlight the importance of temporal and spatial factors in indirect interactions.
Models of arithmetic and subuniform bounds for the arithmetic sets
Authors: Lachlan Alistair H. , Soare Robert I.
Published: April 2006

It has been known for more than thirty years that the degree of a non-standard model of true arithmetic is a subuniform upper bound for the arithmetic sets (suub). Here a notion of generic enumeration is presented with the property that the degree of such an enumeration is an suub but not the degree of a non-standard model of true arithmetic. This answers a question posed in the literature.
Laver indestructibility and the class of compact cardinals
Authors: Apter Arthur W.
Published: April 2006

Using an idea developed in joint work with Shelah, we show how to redefine Laver's notion of forcing making a supercompact cardinal κ indestructible under κ-directed closed forcing to give a new proof of the Kimchi-Magidor Theorem in which every compact cardinal in the universe (supercompact or strongly compact) satisfies certain indestructibility properties. Specifically, we show that if K is the class of supercompact cardinals in the ground model, then it is possible to force and construct a generic extension in which the only strongly compact cardinals are the elements of K or their measurable limit points, every κ ∈ K is a supercompact cardinal indestructible under ∈-directed closed forcing, and every κ a measurable limit point of K is a strongly compact cardinal indestructible under κ-directed closed forcing not changing ℘(κ). We then derive as a corollary a model for the existence of a strongly compact cardinal κ which is not κ+ supercompact but which is indestructible under κ-directed closed forcing not changing ℘(κ) and remains non-κ+ supercompact after such a forcing has been done.
The Circulation of Corporate Control: Selection of Functional Backgrounds of New CEOs in Large U.S. Manufacturing Firms, 1981–1992
Authors: Ocasio William , Kim Hyosun
Published: April 2006

We develop a conceptual model of the circulation of corporate control—the instability in formal authority at the top of large corporations. According to our model, chief executive officer (CEO) selection is both a political contest for the top executive position and an ideological struggle among members of the firm's political coalition over defining the corporate agenda and strategy. We apply the model to analyze the selection of functional backgrounds of 275 new CEOs in large U.S. manufacturing firms from 1981 to 1992. Results show that the circulation of control adds to previous explanations based on strategic contingencies and institutional isomorphism. Furthermore, we find evidence of an ideological and political obsolescence of financial CEOs and a change in the strategic contingencies that previously favored finance and the financial conception of control. Results suggest that conceptions of control are best understood as styles, rather than institutions, as these conceptions are neither taken for granted nor isomorphic across industries or the manufacturing sector, but are subject to sectoral variation, contestation, and change.
Friends in High Places: The Effects of Social Networks on Discrimination in Salary Negotiations
Authors: Seidel Marc-David L. , Polzer Jeffrey T. , Stewart Katherine J.
Published: April 2006

This article tests hypotheses about the effects of social networks on inequitable salary negotiation outcomes using a U.S. high-technology company's salary negotiation data for 1985–1995. Analyzing results of 3,062 actual salary negotiations, we found that members of racial minority groups negotiated significantly lower salary increases than majority members, but this effect was dramatically reduced when we controlled for social ties to the organization. Having a social tie to the organization significantly increased salary negotiation outcomes, and minorities were less likely than majority members to have such a social tie.
The Money Center Cannot Hold: Commercial Banks in the U.S. System of Corporate Governance
Authors: Davis Gerald F. , Mizruchi Mark S.
Published: April 2006

This paper examines how the place of banks in the intercorporate network has changed as a result of their decreasing role as financial intermediaries in the U.S. economy. An analysis of comprehensive data on the boards of the fifty largest banks and their connections with the several hundred largest nonbank corporations from 1982 to 1994 shows that the centrality of banks has significantly declined as executives of major corporations, particularly those representing central firms, joined bank boards at a substantially lower rate. Declining centrality reflects a strategic choice on the part of the banks: as the returns available from lending to major corporations have declined, the largest banks have moved into other forms of business and reduced their recruiting of centrally located directors. We conclude with a discussion of the role of financial intermediation in shaping the social organization of the economy.
Managing Maternity Leave: A Qualitative Analysis of Temporary Executive Succession
Authors: Ashcraft Karen Lee
Published: April 2006

The ethnographic study reported here examines executive maternity leave as a succession event that manifests itself in a novel transition pattern that I term “temporary executive succession.” In a study of one entrepreneurial firm, I investigated what happens when a founder takes a maternity leave, specifically, how the initiating force of maternity influences the event and how members respond to a breach in “feminine” leadership. The ethnographic analysis revealed an emergent leadership change in the absence of a formal successor. While firm members professed their “feminine” approach to work, they invoked the founder's maternity to increase the firm's autonomy and revise the founder's role. The study brings critical, participatory qualitative methods to succession inquiry and casts doubt on the validity of dominant assumptions about executive succession, its initiating forces, stages of the process, and control. It also informs research on “feminine” styles of leading and the place of maternity in modern organizations.
Institutionalized Action and Corporate Governance: The Reliance on Rules of CEO Succession
Authors: Ocasio William
Published: April 2006

This paper follows an institutional theory of action in exploring the consequences of formal and informal rules on the chief executive officer (CEO) succession process. An analysis of the competing risks of insider versus outsider CEO succession in U.S. industrial corporations provides evidence that boards rely on both past precedents and formal internal labor markets for executive succession and the selection of insiders versus outsiders as CEOs. To exclude alternative explanations that view rules as epiphenomenal, I examine the moderating effects of performance, late CEO departures, the founder's power, and board structure on reliance on rules. The results show substantial inertia in the rules of CEO succession, consistent with an institutionalized action perspective. The findings suggest that rules both enable and constrain board decision making.
Focusing the Corporate Product: Securities Analysts and De-diversification
Authors: Zuckerman Ezra W.
Published: April 2006

The issue of corporate control is examined through an analysis of the de-diversification activity of publicly held American firms from 1985 to 1994. Prominent accounts of such behavior depict newly powerful shareholders as having demanded a dismantling of the inefficient, highly diversified corporate strategies that arose in the late 1950s and the 1960s. This paper highlights an additional factor that spurred such divestiture: the need to present a coherent product identity in the stock market. It is argued that because they straddle the industry categories that investors—and securities analysts, who specialize by industry—use to compare like assets, diversified firms hinder efforts at valuing their shares. As a result, managers of such firms face pressure from analysts to dediversify so that their stock is more easily understood. Results indicate that, in addition to such factors as weak economic performance, de-diversification is more likely when a firm's stock price is low and there is a significant mismatch between its corporate strategy and the identity attributed to the firm by analysts.
Adobe Bricks in a Pre-Spanish Wall near Aztec, New Mexico
Authors: Morris Earl H.
Published: April 2006

For a full thousand years before the conquest, peoples of the Pueblo area of the American Southwest manipulated adobe clay to meet their architectural needs with marked cleverness and skill. In the dim beginning, they used it to stop the cracks of their slab-lined storage cists against rodents and trickling sand. Later, they applied stout crusts of it over the thatch that covered the pole walls and roofs of their singleroomed dwellings. Later still, they learned to make independent walls of it. Usually these were built up layer by layer much as were pottery vessels of the day. But occasionally they were made of “turtlebacks,” which, though of pure clay in rare instances, customarily'consisted of a core of twigs or other vegetation encased in mud. At their architectural zenith, the Pueblo raised massive adobe structures of pise-like appearance in localities where good stone was absent or hard to obtain and used it universally for mortar in stone construction, as well as for floors, plaster and roof covering.
An Archaeological Survey of San Vicente Lake Bed, San Diego County, California
Authors: McCown B. E.
Published: April 2006

San Vicente Lake is being formed by a dam across San Vicente Creek four miles north of the village of Lakeside, California. The dam is being constructed by the Water Department of the City of San Diego as a unit of its broad plan to develop the water resources of the adjacent Coast Range. The waters of the lake, which are now rising rapidly, cover a very beautiful valley. The surrounding mountains, covered with massive granite boulders, create a picturesque setting.
Some Notes on the Manufacture of Wampum Prior to 1654
Authors: Burggraf James D.
Published: April 2006

The coast of Long Island is dotted with shellheaps, both large and small, of which all but a few are true kitchen middens of the pre-white contact period. This is particularly true of the region investigated by the writer, from the New York City line to Stony Brook on the North Shore. In only one heap examined prior to 1936 did a single artifact of European origin present itself. In that instance, a badly corroded triangular arrow of iron was found in a pit surrounded by deep deposits of shell and other refuse that contained not one fragment of metal, glass, or crockery. In this heap the majority of arrow points were of local quartz, and triangular in pattern. The pottery was abundant, and though most sherds were of typical Long Island Algonkin vessels, there was a fair amount of definitely Iroquoian ware including a small, nearly complete, square-collared pot that cannot be distinguished from a Mohawk Valley specimen.
Terra Incognita?
Authors: Farmer Malcolm F.
Published: April 2006

A recent paper by Neil M. Judd in the Swanton Anniversary Volume, Essays in Historical Anthropology of North America revives an idea that should be corrected. This has to do with what has been done and what is being done concerning the archaeology of the Colorado River Valley and adjacent desert areas of western Arizona and southeastern California. Judd writes on page 434: “Although this region has long been inhabited by Yuman and Mohave groups, it is still terra incognita to archaeologists.” He mentions the woric of the Gladwins, of Hargrave, and of Cotton but fails to make any reference to other important papers that contain material on the region. Some of these are listed in the brief bibliography accompanying this note.
Marcey Creek Site: An Early Manifestation in the Potomac Valley
Authors: Manson Carl
Published: April 2006

When William Henry Holmes of the U. S. National Museum explored the Potomac River Valley in 1890, he studied and described most of the major village sites and cultures to be found in the area known as "Tidewater."1 The Marcey Creek site is located at the head of Tidewater, overlooking the Little Falls of the Potomac, but was not reported by Holmes.
An Account of Some Recent Excavations at Seba, British Guiana
Authors: Carter J. E. L.
Published: April 2006

This paper concerns an excavation carried out by the author at a newly reported prehistoric site at Seba in British Guiana. The work done was very limited, being intended originally to be only exploratory, but by a fortunate chance an unusual and substantial cache of stone and pottery artifacts was found in one of the trial pits. This yielded a considerable amount of information about both the material and non-material culture of the site, thus lending more interest and value to the work than normally expected from excavations of such small extent.
A Survey of the Northern Maya Area
Authors: Thompson J. Eric S.
Published: April 2006

In a Previous article in American Antiquity I have outlined the four main divisions of Maya history: the formative period (prior to A.D. 320); the Initial Series period, which is the classical age (A.D. 320–900); the Mexican period (A.D. 987–1204); and the Mexican absorption period (A.D. 1204–1540). I have also sketched briefly the three provinces into which the Maya area can be rather readily divided.1 Nevertheless, it is difficult to place exactly the boundary between the central and northern areas. I have included in the former the various sites of southern Campeche—such as Calakmul—which are culturally a part of the Peten, and which appear to have been abandoned at the close of the Initial Series period.
Additional Evidence of Wheeled Toys in Mexico
Authors: Lister Robert H.
Published: April 2006

Two recent articles have pointed out the use of wheeled toys in pre-Spanish times in Mexico. Evidence points to ceramic wheeled toys having been used in several localities in that country. Ekholm found them at Panuco, Vera Cruz; Staub collected one just south of Panuco; Drucker describes several from Tres Zapotes, Vera Cruz; Charnay dug up some at Tenenepango, southeast of Mexico City; and one was obtained by Saville in the “valley of Oaxaca.” According to Caso, copper animals with legs perforated as for an axle probably came from Panama.
Prehistoric Canals in the Salt River Valley, Arizona
Authors: Schroeder Albert H.
Published: April 2006

One of the greatest concentrations of the Hohokam in the desert of southern Arizona was in the region of Phoenix where the westerly flowing Salt River was tapped to supply the arable lands with water.

Many theories have been woven about these prehistoric canals which lined the valley and were plainly visible to the first settlers in 1866. As is only natural, the early pioneers noted, followed, and reused many of the Hohokam canals. Through such close association, the farmer and hydraulic engineer became curious as to the story behind them.
An Anthropological Reconnaissance of Andros Island, Bahamas
Authors: Goggin John M.
Published: April 2006

This is a report of archaeological and ethnological work done on Andros Island, Bahamas. No habitation sites of the Lucayans were found and evidence seems to show that the island was sparsely populated in prehistoric times. The famous “Indians” of whom so many tales have been written, turned out to be descendants of Negro-Seminole crosses instead of Lucayans. This work was done through five weeks during the months of July and August, 1937. Visits were made at all the mail boat stops and two weeks spent at both Mastic Point and Mangrove Cay.
The Clovis Finds Are Not Two Million Years Old
Authors: Howard Edgar B.
Published: April 2006

In the October issue of this publication, Mr. Frank Bryan, geologist of the Seaboard Oil Corporation of Dallas, Texas, gives a new interpretation of the age of the associated archaeological and paleontological discoveries made at the gravel pit, between Clovis and Portales, New Mexico. In doing this he takes pointed exception to the interpretations already published. There cannot be the slightest objection to such a difference of opinion, but it can be sincerely questioned whether he is justified in making such a statement as the following, which appears in the opening paragraphs of his article: “We have, as a matter of fact, conservative archaeological field work being explained by a slipshod attempt at geological radicalism.”
The Problem of the “Plummet-Stone”
Authors: Pennypacker Samuel W.
Published: April 2006

The problem of the “plummet-stone” is a general one, as can be seen from its widespread distribution. They are found in New England, the Middle Atlantic States, Florida, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, California, and it would seem that they are likely to occur in other localities in the United States. They also have been recorded for all eastern Canadian provinces as well on the Northwest Coast. In addition, the Eskimo in many cases have “plummet-stones” which in instances are very similar to the bola stones.
A Fluted Point from Costa Rica
Authors: Swauger James L. , Mayer-Oakes William J.
Published: April 2006

In 1903 C. V. Hartman excavated archaeological materials in Costa Rica for Carnegie Museum and also purchased several local collections. In June 1950 the unpacking of a portion of the collection not reported by Hartman (1907), disclosed a fluted projectile point of dull black flint (Figs. 88, 89) with these measurements: length, A to B, 58 mm.; width, C to D, 32 mm.; maximum thickness, 5 mm. The point was made from a curved flake so that one face exhibits the fluting while the other retains the smooth, unworked original surface. The sides of both faces exhibit carefully controlled secondary chipping. The basal edge and the edges from C and D toward the base have been smoothed, either by intentional grinding or by the wear of successive rehaftings. Basal thinning is pronounced on both faces.
A Punched Card System for Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Oswalt Wendell H.
Published: April 2006

At the present time there are nearly 1200 radiocarbon dates published from 11 different laboratories. These dates appear in a total of 6 books, monographs, mimeographed lists, and journals. While most of the dates appear in the publication Science, it is nonetheless difficult to sort through the various numbers of this journal in order to compile dates for any one time period, area, or topic. Realizing that the dates could not be utilized efficiently under these circumstances, J. B. Griffin of the University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, suggested that an expandable file system be devised for all published radiocarbon dates.
A Distinctive Artifact Common to Haiti and Central America
Authors: Coe William R.
Published: April 2006

Evidence of aboriginal contact between Mesoamerica and the Greater Antilles is hardly overwhelming and the little that has been gathered remains controversial. The problems surrounding the derivation of the Antillean ball game (for a brief summary, see Rouse 1953: 197) exemplify the need of caution in interpreting resemblances. A more generalized connection between the areas exists on the level of the sociopolitical organization developed in Classic Lowland Maya culture as well as in the Circumcaribbean and the Gulf Coast area of North America (Steward 1947: 104-5; Sears 1954).
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: Las Flores, Tampico
Authors: Littmann Edwin R.
Published: April 2006

Chemical and microscopic examination of the material from successive floors of Mound A, Las Flores, Tampico, indicates that each building unit consisted of a lime-aggregate forming a monolithic mass, with subsequent plastering, essentially as at Comalcalco, Tabasco.
Stratigraphic Tests in the Everglades National Park
Authors: Goggin John M.
Published: April 2006

The chronological picture in the Glades Area of southern Florida is based on the combined sequences for three subareas, Calusa, Okeechobee, and Tekesta (Goggin, 1947). The Tekesta sequence is perhaps most detailed, being the result of site seriation and of stratigraphic testing at Upper Matecumbe Key (Goggin and Sommer, 1949). Even in this sub-area, however, further stratigraphic work is needed to fill out the picture.

An attempt was made to supply the necessary details during three days in January and February, 1949, when archaeological tests were conducted in the Everglades National Park, specifically on the headwaters of Shark River and in the Cape Sable area at the extreme southern tip of the state. The National Park Service was represented in this work by J. C. Harrington, Regional Archaeologist; Willard Dilley, Park Naturalist; and Paul Barnes, Ranger. Dr. John W. Goggin of Miami, Ripley Bullen of the Florida Park Service Archaeological Survey, and the writer made up the balance of the personnel.
Beveled or “Rotary” Points
Authors: Smith Arthur George
Published: April 2006

Campbell and Ellis in their article on the Rio Grande Atrisco Sites (American Antiquity Vol. 17, No. 3, 1952) say: “Perhaps the most interesting characteristic of the type (5 out of 8 specimens) is its tendency to show a definite rifling or beveling which would presumably insure its whirling in flight.” This is an amazing statement to find in a serious report made by two competent modern archaeologists.

Beveling the edges of points is a very ancient trait. Fluted points have been found with beveled edges. However the reason for this beveling was not to insure the spinning of the shaft in flight; beveling is not productive of that effect. In fact, aerodynamically, there is not enough force generated against the surface of these bevels on any point small enough to serve as an arrow or atlatl dart tip, to spin the shaft. Spinning is achieved by the set of the feathering, but we know of no use of unfeathered arrows on this continent. Even the early atlatl darts seem to have been feathered at the nock end.
An Eden-Scottsbluff Burial in Northeastern Wisconsin
Authors: Mason Ronald J. , Irwin Carol
Published: April 2006

In 1959 the Neville Public Museum, Green Bay, Wisconsin, discovered and excavated a cremation burial site near the base of the Door Peninsula in northeastern Wisconsin. Associated with the cremated remains of a human being were fire-cracked rocks, the fire-shattered fragments of large quartzite bifacial implements, and projectile points of Eden and Scottsbluff types. A possible Turin type of side-notched flint projectile point was also in association. The site is on the crest of a fossil beach equatable with the Main Algonquin lake stage of the Green Bay-Lake Michigan basins, thus establishing a maximum possible age for the cultural features. That the artifacts and burial are post-Lake Algonquin by not more than about 2500 years is indicated by typological comparisons of the artifacts with radiocarbon-dated assemblages in the High Plains, usually regarded as the center of the Eden-Scottsbluff complex. An age of 6500 to 4000 B.C. is suggested for the burial.
The Rose Site, a Stratified Shell Heap on Cape Cod, Massachusetts
Authors: Moffett Ross
Published: April 2006

This report deals with the results of excavating the last intact portions of a shell heap long known to collectors as one of the richest sources of artifacts on Cape Cod. Although the primary aim is to give a factual picture of the site, some idea may also be conveyed of the general archaeology of this isolated area, which exhibits cultural shadings differing somewhat from those of the rest of eastern Massachusetts.
Interpreting the Function of Primitive Implements
Authors: Sonnenfeld J.
Published: April 2006

Reconstruction of the subsistence relationship existing between prehistoric man and his environment has been handicapped by the difficulty of ascribing reasonably precise function to many of his tools. This study began as an attempt to interpret the function of the enigmatic celt; it developed into a field experiment which included the testing of a series of stone hoes in an effort to prove or disprove the existence of prehistoric implements with the hoe function. Inherent difficulties and limitations in the functional approach to implement testing and interpretation are indicated.
Phosphorus Content of the Texas Street “Hearths”
Authors: Cruxent J. M.
Published: April 2006

Analysis of phosphorus content of three “hearth” samples and two control samples does not support the claim that the Texas Street “hearths” are the result of man's activity. In fact, the absence of high phosphorus content of the “hearths” is considered to be strong evidence that the site was not occupied by man.
Marcus Aurelius on the Capitoline Hill
Authors: Ackerman James S.
Published: April 2006

In a recent book, Dante poeta veltro (Florence, 1953), Leonardo Olschki discussed the statues of Castor and Pollux that stand at the top of the ramp leading onto the Capitoline hill in Rome. He showed that these representations of the Dioscures were brought to the heart of the Renaissance city not merely as works of art, but as symbols: symbols of heavenly protection (they are the Gemini of the Zodiac) and of Liberty (to Dante they stood for popular resistance to tyranny), in which roles they had been the guardians of Rome since ancient times. In addition, Olschki discovered an attribute appended for political reasons by a sixteenth-century Pontiff, Clement VII, that made the twins respectively the Pope and the Emperor—co-rulers of the modern Roman Empire.
More's Attic Nights: Sir Thomas Move's Use of Aulus Gellius' ‘Nodes Atticae’
Authors: Schoeck R. J.
Published: April 2006

That More read and referred to Aulus Gellius has apparently escaped the attention of such More scholars as R. W. Chambers and J. H. Lupton, though there are at least two allusions to or citations of the Noctes Atticae in More's Correspondence; and at least once in his History of Richard HI (though in the Latin only) and more than once in his Debellation of Salem and Bizance More gives evidence of his familiarity with the Noctes Atticae.

Although Aulus Gellius was apparently not translated during More's lifetime, and indeed not until quite late in the story of English translations from the classics, there are numerous Latin editions after the editio princeps of 1469—and none can question the accessibility of such a Latin work to the humanists of More's day.
Bruno at Oxford
Authors: Mcnulty Robert
Published: April 2006

The strange and important figure of Giordano Bruno more and more draws our attention. With equal possibility of accuracy we may view him as charlatan and as martyr to learning; his colossal ego made him seem the first just as it made him become the latter. Particularly his residence in England in 1583-84 and his connections there with Sidney, Greville, Dyer, Dee, and Florio have drawn the attention of students of the English Renaissance. ‘Appare dunque manifesto', says Professor Ludovico Limentani, Tinteresse di qualsiasi informazione che possa illuminare anche del piu fioco barlume quel periodo della travagliata esistenza del grande pensatore.’
Everie Woman in her Humor
Authors: Cutts John P.
Published: April 2006

Everie Woman in her Humor has received very little critical attention since J. Quincy Adams' study of the play in its relation to The Dumb Knight in 1913. There he stated:

Since Machin's Dumb Knight was written for these Children [the Children of His Majesty's Revels] in 1607-8, since his three eclogues were affixed to Barkstead's Mirrha in 1607, since Every Woman is exactly the type of play acted by the Children, and since it was published in 1609, I am inclined to believe that it dates from about 1607, and that it probably belonged to the repertory of the Whitefriars troupe.
Peter Bruegel and the Duke of Alba*
Authors: Ferber Stanley
Published: April 2006

When dealing with artists active during periods of crises and turmoil, it is not only desirable, but advantageous for art historians to examine their works within the given historical context. There arc few artists to whom this approach can be applied more beneficially than to Peter Bruegel, the Elder.

Living his last years (d. 1569) in Brussels during a period of intense conflict between Netherlandish Protestants and the forces of Catholic Spain, during a period when religious motives and nationalist interests were barely discernible from each other, it would be surprising indeed if so acute an observer of his surroundings as Bruegel did not give specific visual expression to the events of his time.
Sidney, Tessier, Batchelar and A Musicall Banquet: Two Notes
Authors: Doughtie Edward
Published: April 2006

Two small nuggets of information have come to light which would not seem important in themselves did not their implications touch on matters of more general interest concerning music and literature in the Renaissance. At any rate, it seemed to me that they deserve more than a footnote. Both are connected one way or another with Sidney and with Robert Dowland's anthology of English and continental lute-songs, A Musicall Banquet (1610).

One of the composers represented in A Musicall Banquet, along with John Dowland and Giulio Caccini, is Daniell Batchelar. Batchelar's contribution is a setting of a poem by the Earl of Essex, ‘To plead my faith’ (No. VI).
Thomas Traherne and Hermes Trismegistus
Authors: Marks Carol L.
Published: April 2006

Among Renaissance Platonists, the texts ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus provoked both adulation and controversy. Scholars variously considered the texts precious repositories of ancient wisdom; labeled them frauds; or, more cautiously, suggested they were partly corrupt, partly wise. The first step towards enlightenment came in 1614, when Isaac Casaubon challenged the authenticity of the hermetic texts. Except by ignoring Casaubon, no one thereafter could believe (as William Baldwin could in 1555) that ‘of all the Philosophers’ Hermes was ‘not onely the most excellent, but also the most auncient.’

No longer coeval with Moses, no longer indeed assured of personal existence, Hermes came in the seventeenth century to occupy an equivocal position. On the one hand, Casaubon's argument was far too convincing to be denied; on the other, the traditional reputation of Hermes, in Marsilio Ficino's influential words, ‘Primus… Theologiae Autor,’ was far too popular to die a swift and decisive death.
Capitalizing on Diversity: Interpersonal Congruence in Small Work Groups
Authors: Polzer Jeffrey T. , Milton Laurie P. , Swarm William B.
Published: April 2006

We examine interpersonal congruence, the degree to which group members see others in the group as others see themselves, as a moderator of the relationship between diversity and group effectiveness. A longitudinal study of 83 work groups revealed that diversity tended to improve creative task performance in groups with high interpersonal congruence, whereas diversity undermined the performance of groups with low interpersonal congruence. This interaction effect also emerged on measures of social integration, group identification, and relationship conflict. By eliciting self-verifying appraisals, members of some groups achieved enough interpersonal congruence during their first ten minutes of interaction to benefit their group outcomes four months later. In contrast to theories of social categorization, the interpersonal congruence approach suggests that group members can achieve harmonious and effective work processes by expressing rather than suppressing the characteristics that make them unique.
Strategy as Vector and the Inertia of Coevolutionary Lock-in
Authors: Burgelman Robert A.
Published: April 2006

To examine the consequences of a period of extraordinary success for the long-term adaptive capability of a firm's strategy-making process, this comparative longitudinal study of Andy Grove's tenure as Intel Corporation's chief executive officer (CEO) documents how he moved Intel's strategy-making process from an internal-ecology model to the classical rational-actor model during 1987-1998. His creation of a highly successful strategy vector pursued through an extremely focused induced-strategy process led to coevolutionary lock-in with the personal computer market segment, in which Intel's strategy making became increasingly tied to its existing product market. Intracompany analysis of four new business development cases highlights the inertial consequences of coevolutionary lock-in. The paper examines implications of coevolutionary lock-in in terms of its effect on balancing induced and autonomous strategy processes and exploitation and exploration in organizational learning.
Disaster Dynamics: Understanding the Role of Quantity in Organizational Collapse
Authors: Rudolph Jenny W. , Repenning Nelson P.
Published: April 2006

This article examines the role that the quantity of non-novel events plays in precipitating disaster through the development of a formal (mathematical) system-dynamics model. Building on existing case studies of disaster, we develop a general theory of how an organizational system responds to an on-going stream of non-novel interruptions to existing plans and procedures. We show how an overaccumulation of interruptions can shift an organizational system from a resilient, self-regulating regime, which offsets the effects of this accumulation, to a fragile, self-escalating regime that amplifies them. We offer a new characterization of the conditions under which organizations may be prone to major disasters caused by an accumulation of minor interruptions. Our analysis provides both theoretical insights into the causes of organizational crises and practical suggestions for those charged with preventing them.
Emotional Balancing of Organizational Continuity and Radical Change: The Contribution of Middle Managers
Authors: Huy Quy Nguyen
Published: April 2006

Based on a three-year inductive field study of an attempt at radical change in a large firm, I show how middle managers displayed two seemingly opposing emotion-management patterns that facilitated beneficial adaptation for their work groups: (1) emotionally committing to personally championed change projects and (2) attending to recipients' emotions. Low emotional commitment to change led to organizational inertia, whereas high commitment to change with little attending to recipients' emotions led to chaos. The enactment of both patterns constituted emotional balancing and facilitated organizational adaptation: change, continuity in providing quality in customer service, and developing new knowledge and skills.
Network Learning: The Effects of Partners' Heterogeneity of Experience on Corporate Acquisitions
Authors: Beckman Christine M. , Haunschild Pamela R.
Published: April 2006

To examine the effects of interorganizational network structures on acquisition decisions, we propose a model whereby firms learn by sampling the diverse experiences of their network partners. We tested this model by examining the effect of diversity of network partners' experience on firms' acquisition decisions, using data on acquisition premiums and acquirers' stock market performance from 1986 to 1997. Results show that firms tied to others with heterogeneous prior premium experience tend to pay less for their acquisitions and have better-performing acquisitions than those tied to others with homogeneous experience. Firms also pay lower premiums when their network partners (1) have completed deals of diverse sizes, (2) have unique information, and (3) are themselves of diverse sizes. Firms that have multiplex relationships with their partners receive even more benefit. The results extend prior research on networks and learning by showing that collective network experience affects firms' decision quality.
Traditional Myths and Historian's Myths: Variations on the Singwaya Theme of Mijikenda Origins
Authors: Spear Thomas T.
Published: April 2006

African myths of origin have long both fascinated and perplexed historians. Naively taken as fact, they have led historians to create their own myths, such as the Hamitic Myth and its corollary, Sudanic Civilization. The most radical corrective has been to dismiss origin myths altogether on the anthropologial rationale that all myths are simply cultural charters and bear little resemblance to historical fact. By so doing, however, quite frequently we uncritically dismiss our sole source for the history of African peoples prior to the nineteenth century. The task, then, is to try to sift the historical wheat from the mythical chaff in order to recover as much valid historical evidence as possible from origin myths without violating the canons of historical method.

A case in point is the Singwaya tradition of Mijikenda and other Kenyan coastal peoples' origins. The Singwaya tradition is one of the most frequently cited and discussed myths of origin of African peoples. Most of the discussion, however, has taken place in a void, because the myth concerns peoples about whom we have known very little and whose traditions have been collected only fragmentarily at best. Its appeal has lain in the fact that this tradition has been collected dozens of times from the 1840s to the present from virtually all the coastal peoples, including the Bajun, the Pokomo along the Tana River, the nine different Mijikenda peoples, the Segeju, the lowland Taita, and two Mombasa Swahili groups. Its widespread distribution has caused the tradition to have a fatal fascination for historians.

The first collections of traditions of origin for the coastal peoples were made in the latter half of the nineteenth century by Krapf, Rebmann, Guillain, Burton, Wakefield, New, and Taylor, the earliest missionaries and travelers in the Mijikenda area. These collections were sketchy, and although they mentioned northerly origins they did not specifically mention Singwaya. Starting with Hollis' earliest collections in 1897, the traditions rapidly acquired greater detail. Collections by Johnstone, Platts, MacDougall, Champion, Pearson, Werner, Osborne, Sharpe, Weaving, Hobley, Griffiths, Dammann, Kayamba, and Prins among various coastal peoples all relate a common theme: that the Pokomo, the Taita, seven of the nine Mijikenda peoples, the Segeju, and the Kilindini and Jomvu Swahili all shared common origins in a place called Singwaya located on the southern Somali coast; that they were driven from there by an invasion of the Galla; and that they migrated south in several groups to their present areas of settlement.
The National Archives of Cameroon
Authors: Austen Ralph A.
Published: April 2006

As of July, 1973, the National Archives of Cameroon were located in two offices: a main branch at the capital, Yaoundé, and a second collection at Buea, the former British West Cameroon capital. Both centers are open to researchers during normal government office hours. Access to the Yaoundé collection requires no special formalities for any bona fide academic researcher (manuscript documents are closed to individuals working on their own private economic or legal affairs). To work in Buea it is necessary to have the written permission of the Yaoundé Director of Archives. Documents are considered ‘open’ if they are more than thirty years old. Conditions of work in both centers are reasonably comfortable and pleasant. Relatively few scholars are usually to be found in the reading rooms, and documents are produced fairly rapidly and in generous quantities.

These are all to be found in Buea: they cover the period beginning with the earliest British administration in 1914. Files for the Buea Residency (covering both the Bamenda and the southern regions of former West Cameroon) are well catalogued. Efforts were also being made to catalogue files from subordinate administrative centers. Some material relevant to the British administration of Cameroon is also to be found in various Nigerian archives.
Archives in Niger
Authors: Baier Stephen
Published: April 2006

To researchers thinking of using the extremely decentralized archives of the Republic of Niger the task of locating documents may seem formidable indeed. As of 1972 little effort had been made to collect important documents in one location, so that the bulk of the records of Niger's colonial government–and a few valuable assessment reports and ethnographic studies as well–are scattered among the préfectures, sous-préfectures, government offices, and small libraries of the country. This decentralization necessitates travel but it also has advantages, expecially for those who combine archival and field research. By being able to do both at the same time it is possible to let one kind of data inform the other, with the result that the questions being asked of all of the various sources can continually be rethought.

Permission for all research to be undertaken in Niger must be obtained through the Centre Nigérien de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, B.P. 318, Niamey. The C.N.R.S.H. asks researchers to submit a detailed description of their project, a summary of their preparation in the languages in which the research is to be conducted, and a projected budget showing the sources and amounts of funding. In addition researchers are asked to agree to send a copy of any thesis or publication which results from their research in Niger and to contribute time to the training of Nigerian historians and social scientists.
The Basis of Bantu Literature
Authors: Doke C. M.
Published: April 2006

Certain Bantu languages to-day are developing as literary media, not only for official, educational, correspondence or publicity purposes, but for the more aesthetic side of life, for mental and spiritual culture. It is appropriate to consider now what basis the Bantu languages, qua Bantu languages, have upon which to build a distinctive literature, what natural equipment for literary success.
The theory of Information and statistical inference. I
Authors: Finch P. D.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to construct a theory of the amount of information provided by an experiment which does not rely on what Good (1962) has termed the modern Bayesian principle that it is legitimate to use the axioms of probability even when this involves the use of probabilities of hypotheses. In this respect the theory of this paper differs from the Lindley (1956), Mallows (1959) and Good (1960) each of which is written from a Bayesian viewpoint. Lindley (1956) expresses the opinion that Bayesian ideas would seem to be necessary to the development of a theory of the amount of information provided by an experiment and it is of interest therefore to determine how far such a theory may be developed without Bayesian ideas. There is further a need to use such a theory to examine how prior knowledge can be expressed quantitatively, and used in accordance with that theory.
On the stationary waiting time distribution in the queue. GI/G/1
Authors: Heyde C. C.
Published: April 2006

In this note, a representation, originally due to Smith, of the stationary waiting time distribution in the queue GI/G/1 is obtained under the least restrictive conditions possible.