bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5‐DIOXABICYCLO(2.2.2)OCTANE DERIVATIVES: METHYL 2,6‐ANHYDRO‐D‐HEXOPYRANOSIDES WITH TALO AND ALTRO CONFIGURATION
Authors: KOELL P. , TAYMAN F. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus den anomeren Anhydro‐talo‐hexopyranosiden (I) sind durch schonende Hydrolyse (bekanntes Verfahren) die freien Zucker (II) erhältlich (hierbei erfolgt in erheblichem Umfang Anomerisierung‐ von (Ia); nur (IIb) läßt sich rein gewinnen), deren Umsetzung mit dem Reagenz (III) zu den Thiocarbonaten (IVa) und (IVb) (+ Nebenprodukte (IVc) und (IVd)) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF TRANS ALKEN‐1‐OLS AS CANDIDATES FOR INSECT SEX ATTRACTANTS
Authors: SVIRSKAYA P. I. , LEZNOFF C. C. , WEATHERSTON J. , LAING J. E.
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese der Alkinole (IV) erfolgt entweder durch Reaktion der polymergebundenen Diole (I), die in das Monomesylat übergeführt werden, oder durch Umsetzung der Tetrahydropyranyletherhalogenide (VI) mit den Lithiumacetyliden (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF COPPER IN NONAQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. II
Authors: BYALLOZOR S. G. , LISOVSKA A.
Published: April 2016

Aufnahme der anodischen und kathodischen Polarisationskurven (galvanodynamische und potentiostatische Methoden) von Cu in DMF und DMSO und Interpretation.
ChemInform Abstract: AN X‐RAY STRUCTURAL AND THERMODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF THE BLUE AND RED FORMS OF (C‐MESO‐5,5,7,12,12,14‐HEXAMETHYL‐1,4,8,11‐TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE)COPPER(II) PERCHLORATE
Authors: CLAY R. , MURRAY‐RUST J. , MURRAY‐RUST P.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Liganden mit Cu‐acetat in EtOH und anschließende Zugabe von Na‐perchlorat bzw. mit Cu‐perchloratin MeOH/wäßrigem MeOH in jeweils anderen Molverhältnisssen lieferte den roten bzw. blauen Titelkomplex (I) bzw. (II).
ChemInform Abstract: MICHAEL ADDITION OF 4H‐CYCLOPENTA(DEF)PHENANTHRENE TO 9,9′‐BIFLUORENYLIDENE AND THE RELATED REACTIONS
Authors: KIMURA T. , MINABE M. , SUZUKI K.
Published: April 2016

Michael‐Reaktion entsprechender Komponenten (I) und (II) liefert die trimeren Verbindungen (III); das asymm. (II)‐Analoge (IV) gibt mit (Ia) bzw. (Ib) die Produkte (IIIa) + (V) bzw. (IIIb) + (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES IN THE TRICYCLOOCTANE SERIES. I. DEHYDROHALOGENATION OF SOME BIS(HALOCARBENE) ADDUCTS OF CYCLOHEXADIENES
Authors: BANWELL M. G. , HALTON B.
Published: April 2016

Dichlorcarben (II)‐Addition an die Verbindungen (Ia) bzw. (Ib), (Ic) (als Gemisch erhältlich durch Zn/KOH/Ethanol‐ Reduktion von (Ia)) gibt die Titelverbindungen (IIIa) (bekannt) bzw. (IIIb), (IIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATIVES OF 2,4‐THIAZOLIDINEDIONE 2‐HYDRAZONE
Authors: MURZA M. M. , KUVATOV Z. KH. , MINLIBAEVA A. N.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Kondensationen des gemischten Anhydrids (I) (erhalten aus Chloressigsäure und Keten) mit den Thiosemicarbazonen (II) erhaltenen Hydrazone (III) werden durch basenkatalysierte Reaktionen mit p‐Alkoxybenzaldehyden in die Arylidenhydrazone (IV) und (V) übergefuhrt.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐AMINOCHROMAN‐3‐OLS ‐ CYCLIC ANALOGS OF 1‐AMINO‐3‐ARYLOXYPROPAN‐2‐OLS, THE POTENT β‐ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
Authors: LAP B. V. , WILLIAMS L. R. , LIM C. H. , JONES A. J.
Published: April 2016

Die trans‐Bromhydrine (III), erhältlich aus den cis‐Isomeren (I) über die Stufen (II), werden in die Epoxide (IV) umgewandelt, die mit NH3 bzw. entsprechenden Aminen (V) zu den trans‐Amino‐chromanolen (VI) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON QUINOLINE AND ISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES. IV. REACTION OF QUINOLINE AND ISOQUINOLINE N‐OXIDES WITH 3‐AMINOCROTONONITRILE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: YAMANAKA H. , EGAWA H. , SAKAMOTO T.
Published: April 2016

Die Enamine (II) reagieren mit dem N‐Oxid (I) zu den Chinolinderivaten (III), von denen (IIIb) mit verd. Salzsäure bei Raumtemperatur zum Acetamid hydrolysiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF TETRAHYDRO‐2‐FURYL DERIVATIVES OF 5‐SUBSTITUTED URACILS
Authors: NOMURA H. , YOSHIOKA Y. , MINAMI I.
Published: April 2016

Das Dihydrofuran (II) und Fluor‐uracil (I) ergeben die Addukte (III)‐(V), von denen jedes durch Änderung der Reaktionsbedingungen in hoher Ausbeute erhalten werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: ESTERIFICATION OF PARTIALLY TRIMETHYLSILYLATED DERIVATIVES OF HEMIMORPHITE
Authors: KURODA K. , KATO C.
Published: April 2016

Aus Hemimorphit, Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 ‐ H2O, wurden durch direkte Behandlung mit Hexamethyldisiloxan partiell trimethylsilylierte Derivate dargestellt und mit Hilfe einer Kombination von Chromatographie und Massenspektrometrie analysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: (2,4,6‐TRIBROMOPHENOXY)TETRACHLORO‐ AND BIS(2,4,6‐TRIBROMOPHENOXY)TRICHLOROPHOSPHORANES
Authors: KOZLOV E. S. , KOLESNIK N. P. , DUBENKO L. G. , POVOLOTSKII M. I.
Published: April 2016

Tribromphenol (II) reagiert mit Phosphorpentachlorid (Molverh 1:1) zum Phosphoran (I), bei einem Molverhältnis von 2:1 entsteht das Bis‐(tribromphenoxy)‐trichlorphosphoran (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CATIONIC PENTACARBONYL, FAC‐ AND MER‐TRICARBONYL, AND CIS‐ AND TRANS‐DICARBONYL COMPLEXES OF MANGANESE(I)
Authors: USON R. , RIERA V. , GIMENO J. , LAGUNA M. , GAMASA M. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion von Dichlormethan‐Lösungen des Komplexes (I) mit AgClO4 führt unter AgBr‐Eliminierung zum unter Stickstoff stabilen, jedoch licht‐, luft‐ und feuchtigkeitsempfindlichen Komplex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF TETRAKIS(THIOLATO‐μ3‐SULFIDOIRON)(2‐) CLUSTERS
Authors: CHRISTOU G. , GARNER C. D.
Published: April 2016

Anaerobe Reaktionen von FeCl3 oder FeCl2, elementarem Schwefel und Li‐ oder Na‐Salzen von Mercaptanen in methanolischer Lösung führen zur Bildung der Titel‐Cluster in guten Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF CHAIN LENGTH OF ALIPHATIC DIAMINES ON THE STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF DICHLORO(DIAMINE)(η‐ETHYLENE)PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: MARESCA L. , NATILE G. , CATTALINI L.
Published: April 2016

Anhand 1H‐NMR‐ und elektronenspektroskopischer Daten wird eine Vergleichsuntersuchung der Produkte (I) durchgeführt, die bei der Reaktion von Zeises Salz oder seinem Dimeren mit den zweizähnigen aliphatischen Diaminen entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: MODIFICATION OF α‐SANTONIN. III. SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROCOSTUNOLIDE
Authors: FUJIMOTO Y. , SHIMIZU T. , OHMORI M. , TATSUNO T.
Published: April 2016

α‐Santonin (II) wird in die Cyclohexadienole (I) bzw. (III) übergeführt, die sich photochemisch verschieden verhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: REAGENTS FOR THE CROSSLINKING OF PROTEINS BY EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFER ALKYLATION
Authors: MITRA S. , LAWTON R. G.
Published: April 2016

Ein Prozeß wird beschrieben, in dem die ‐ auf den angegebenen Wegen dargestellten ‐ Reagenzien (VI) und (VIII) mit nucleophilen Gruppen an Proteinen und Biopolymeren durch eine Reihe von aufeinanderfolgenden Michael‐Reaktionen in Wechselwirkung treten, wobei vernetzte und multi‐vernetzte Strukturen entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF HYDROPHOBIC HEXAPEPTIDES
Authors: RADYUKHIN V. A. , KOROTKOV A. I. , FILIPPOVICH E. I. , EVSTIGNEEVA R. P.
Published: April 2016

Die beiden Aminosäureester (I) und (II) kuppelt man zum Dipeptidester (III) und entfernt die Schutzgruppe, wobei (IV) gebildet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PROSTAGLANDINS AND CONGENERS. 20. SYNTHESIS OF PROSTAGLANDINS VIA CONJUGATE ADDITION OF LITHIUM TRANS‐1‐ALKENYLTRIALKYLALANATE REAGENTS. A NOVEL REAGENT FOR CONJUGATE 1,4‐ADDITIONS
Authors: BERNADY K. F. , FLOYD M. B. , POLETTO J. F. , WEISS M. J.
Published: April 2016

1‐Octin (I) reagiert mit Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid zu der Verbindung (II), die mit Methyllithium das Salz (III) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF VACUUM‐ANNEALED LITHIUM FERRITE CRYSTALS
Authors: MUKHTAR J. H. AL. , FITZGERALD A. G. , KRISHNAN R.
Published: April 2016

LiFe5O8 existiert in einer ungeordneten kubisch‐flächenzentrierten inversen Spinellstruktur (β‐Phase) und einer geordneten Form dieser β‐Phase, dem α‐LiFe5O8.
ChemInform Abstract: CONFIGURATIONAL AND CONFORMATIONAL STEREOSELECTIVITY IN THE ACID‐CATALYZED RING OPENING OF 1‐PHENYLCYCLOHEXENE OXIDES
Authors: BATTISTINI C. , CROTTI P. , DAMIANI D. , MACCHIA F.
Published: April 2016

Ringöffnungsreaktionen werden an 1‐Phenyl‐cyclohexen‐oxiden untersucht unter Bestimmung von Konformation und Stereochemie.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF 1,2,4‐TRIAZEPINES. XIV. CONDENSATIONS OF β‐DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS WITH 1,2‐DIAMINOIMIDAZOLES
Authors: BRUECKNER R. , LAVERGNE J.‐P. , VIALLEFONT P.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion der Imidazole (Ia)‐(Id) mit den β‐Diketoestern (II) werden vorwiegend die Triazepine (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: RHODIUM‐CATALYZED DEUTERIOFORMYLATION OF 3‐METHYL‐1‐PENTENE
Authors: STEFANI A. , TATONE D. , PINO P.
Published: April 2016

Die Deuterio‐ formylierung der Titelverbindung (I) (Racemat) in Gegenwart eines Rh‐Katalysators liefert die Verbindungen (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 1,3‐BIS(2,2‐DIFLUORO‐2‐NITROETHOXY)‐2‐PROPANOL
Authors: FOKIN A. V. , SHEVCHENKO V. I. , VORONKOV A. N. , LYUBIMOVA E. I.
Published: April 2016

Durch mehrstündiges Verrühren von 2 Mol 2,2‐Difluor‐2‐nitro‐ethanol (I) und l Mol 1,3‐Dichlor‐2‐propanol (II) in 20%iger Natronlauge erhält man die Fluornitroether (III) und (IV), wobei sich (IV) mit weiterem (I) zu (III) umsetzen läßt setzen läßt. Ungeachtet der stark elektronegativen Gruppen bewahrt (III) seine Eigenschaften als Alkohol und bildet daher mit einem Gemisch von Salpetersäure und Essigsäureanhydrid das Nitrat (V).
ChemInform Abstract: COLORED AND COLORLESS TIN(II) AMINES
Authors: CORVAN P. J. , ZUCKERMAN J. J.
Published: April 2016

Von bekannten Zinn(II)‐Amin‐Verbindungen wie (I)‐(V) zeigen einige eine starke Farbe.
ChemInform Abstract: ROLE OF HALOGEN IN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANIC HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES AND BASES. II. CASE OF INTERACTIONS “CHPX4‐P‐BASE (Π, OR N AND Π ELECTRON DONOR)”, X = CL, BR, I
Authors: GERON C. , GOMEL M.
Published: April 2016

Untersucht wurden mittels dielektrischer Polarisation, IR‐Spektrometrie und Mikrokalorimetrie die A/B‐Systeme mit A: CHX3 und CH2X2 (X: ‐Cl, ‐Br, ‐I) und B: Benzol, 1,3,5‐Trimethyl‐benzol, Pyridin, 4‐Methyl‐, 2,6‐Dimethyl‐ und 2,4,6‐Trimethyl‐pyridin, überwiegend in Cyclohexan.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY OF METAL‐METAL BONDS: CATALYTICALLY ACTIVE COMPLEXES WITH IRON‐IRON, IRON‐COBALT AND MANGANESE‐COBALT BONDS
Authors: LANGENBACH H. J. , KELLER E. , VAHRENKAMP H.
Published: April 2016

In heißem Benzol wird die Dimerisierung von Norbornadien (I) durch (IV) und (Va) zu einem 1:1‐Gemisch von (II) und (III) katalysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF BUTYLLITHIUM ON BUTADIENE AND ISOPRENE SULFOLENES
Authors: POLUNIN E. V. , ZAKS I. M. , MOISEENKOV A. M. , SEMENOVSKII A. V.
Published: April 2016

Läßt man Butyllithium (II) bei ‐7 5°C auf Butadien‐ oder Isopren‐sulfolen (I) einwirken, so entsteht das Lithium‐Salz der Butadien‐ bzw. Isopren‐1‐sulfinsäure (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHONOMETHYLATION OF O‐AMINOPHENOL AND O‐ANISIDINE
Authors: GAIDAI V. P. , VALITOVA L. A. , KROKHINA S. S. , IVANOV B. E.
Published: April 2016

Beim Erhitzen von o‐Aminophenol (I), Paraform (II) und Trialkylphosphiten (III) in Xylol auf 100 bis 1 10°C erhält man o‐Hydroxyanilino‐methylphosphonsäure‐dialkylester (IV).
New Insights into CO2 Absorption Mechanisms with Amino‐Acid Ionic Liquids
Authors: Yang Qiwei , Wang Zhiping , Bao Zongbi , Zhang Zhiguo , Yang Yiwen , Ren Qilong , Xing Huabin , Dai Sheng
Published: April 2016

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Huabin Xing at Zhejiang University. The image depicts the dominance of a 1:1 reaction mechanism for CO2 capture using a proline‐based ionic liquid. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201501691.
Long‐term demographic decline and late glacial divergence in a Californian paleoendemic: Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia)
Authors: Dodd Richard S. , DeSilva Rainbow
Published: April 2016

Mediterranean ecosystems comprise a high proportion of endemic taxa whose response to climate change will depend on their evolutionary origins. In the California flora, relatively little attention has been given to the evolutionary history of paleoendemics from a molecular perspective, yet they number among some of the world's most iconic plant species. Here, we address questions of demographic change in Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia) that is restricted to a narrow belt of groves in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. We ask whether the current distribution is a result of northward colonization since the last glacial maximum (LGM), restriction of a broader range in the recent past (LGM) or independent colonizations in the deeper past. Genetic diversity at eleven microsatellite loci decreased with increasing latitude, but partial regressions suggested this was a function of smaller population sizes in the north. Disjunct populations north of the Kings River were divergent from those south of the Kings River that formed a single cluster in Bayesian assignment tests. Demographic inferences supported a demographic contraction just prior to the LGM as the most likely scenario for the current disjunct range of the species. This contraction appeared to be superimposed upon a long‐term decline in giant sequoia over the last 2 million years, associated with increasing aridity due to the Mediterranean climate. Overall, low genetic diversity, together with competition in an environment to which giant sequoia is likely already poorly adapted, will pose major constraints on its success in the face of increasing aridity.
Prefire grazing by cattle increases postfire resistance to exotic annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion and dominance for decades
Authors: Davies Kirk W. , Bates Jon D. , Boyd Chad S. , Svejcar Tony J.
Published: April 2016

Fire, herbivory and their interaction influence plant community dynamics. However, little is known about the influence of prefire herbivory on postfire plant community response, particularly long‐term resistance to postfire exotic plant invasion in areas that historically experienced limited large herbivore pressure and infrequent, periodic fires.

We investigated the long‐term postfire effects of prefire herbivory by cattle, an exotic herbivore, in Artemisia (sagebrush) plant communities in the northern Great Basin, USA. Study areas were moderately grazed or not grazed by cattle since 1936 and then were burned in 1993. Plant community response was measured the 19th through the 22nd year postfire. Prior to burning exotic annual grass presence was minimal (<0.5% foliar cover) and plant community characteristics were similar between grazed and ungrazed treatments, with the exception of litter biomass being two times greater in the ungrazed treatment.

Two decades postfire, Bromus tectorum L., an exotic annual grass, dominated the ungrazed treatment. Native bunchgrasses, species richness, and soil biological crusts were greater in prefire grazed areas compared to ungrazed areas.

These results suggest that moderate prefire herbivory by cattle increased the resistance of the plant community to postfire invasion and dominance by B. tectorum. We presume that herbivory reduced mortality of large perennial bunchgrasses during the fire by reducing fine fuel (litter) and subsequently burn temperatures.

Synthesis: This research demonstrates that a moderate disturbance (herbivory) may mediate the effects of a subsequent disturbance (fire). The effects of disturbances are not independent; therefore quantifying these interactions is critical to preventing oversimplification of complex plant community dynamics and guiding the conservation of endangered ecosystems.
Polyethylenimine Functionalized Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Detection of Chromium(VI)
Authors: Peng Yuanping , Wang Yangjuan , Li Yijun , He Xiwen
Published: April 2016

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with polyethylenimine (PEI) were synthesized and characterized by dispersibility, field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), FT‐IR and thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The glassy carbon electrodes modified by MWCNT‐PEI composite were used for sensitive and selective detection of chromium (VI). A linear response was obtained over a wide range of Cr(VI) concentrations (0.002–20 µmol L−1) with the detection limit of 0.0006 µmol L−1 (S/N=3). The proposed electrodes were used successfully for Cr(VI) detection in three real water samples.
Prospects for yield improvement in the Australian wheat industry: a perspective
Authors: Robertson Michael , Kirkegaard John , Rebetzke Greg , Llewellyn Rick , Wark Tim
Published: April 2016

For the Australian grains industry, recent progress in wheat yield (the dominant crop) due to genetic improvement and advances in agronomy is assessed, and we propose some of the emerging technologies that are likely to contribute to yield gain in the medium (10–20 years) term. Advances in yield will be underpinned by new genetics tailored to agronomic technologies with progress in water‐limited yield potential expected to increase from current levels of ca. 0.5% per year. This increase will be achieved by selecting traits with greater water productivity, tolerance to frost and high temperature, and resistance to a range of soil constraints through access to novel genetic diversity, and deployment of targeted biotechnology and tools to improve confidence in phenotyping and environmental characterization. Hybrid cereals should halve the time to cultivar delivery to less than 6 years while allowing for more rapid incorporation and delivery of new traits, and capacity to exploit heterosis. There will be better adoption of recent technologies (such as variable‐rate technology, soil testing, soil amelioration, and timely sowing) with the potential to increase yield by 10–80%. Novel technology packages such as earlier sowing systems will be enabled by improvements in integrated weed management, seasonal climate forecasting, plastic mulches, materials science, information and communication technologies, and weather monitoring and soil sensing. With a conservative assumption about maintaining the current rate of genetic progress at 0.5% per year, ongoing adoption of current and new agronomic technologies, continuing investment in R&D, and farm consolidation, at a whole industry level, annual gains in wheat yields of around 20 kg/ha (0.8–1.0%) are feasible over the next 20 years. These gains are likely to be attenuated by only a modest impact (<10% reduction) on crop yield potential due to the negative impacts of climate change.
Bewertung der Barriereintegrität auf der Basis der effektiven Spannung mit dem Dilatanz‐ und Fluiddruckkriterium
Authors: Simo Eric Kuate , Breustedt Michael , Müller‐Hoeppe Nina , Missal Christian , Stahlmann Joachim
Published: April 2016

Die Barriereintegrität ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die Langzeitsicherheit von Endlagern für radioaktive Stoffe im Salinar. Die Integrität der Salzbarriere wird durch die Einhaltung des Dilatanz‐ und Fluiddruckkriteriums nachgewiesen. Während das Fluiddruckkriterium das Versagen des Gebirges aufgrund eines Lösungsdrucks beschreibt, stellt das Dilatanzkriterium das Versagen des Gebirges durch eine Scherbeanspruchung dar. Wird das Fluiddruckkriterium in den effektiven Spannungen nach Terzaghi formuliert, ist es äquivalent mit einer kleinsten effektiven Spannung von null. Da die aufnehmbare Oktaederschubspannung beim Dilatanzkriterium nach Cristescu und Hunsche von der Oktaedernormalspannung abhängig ist, wird untersucht, welchen Einfluss das Effektivspannungskonzept nach Terzaghi auf das Dilatanzkriterium hat. Am Beispiel einer generischen Abbaureihe werden die Bereiche, in denen beide Kriterien verletzt sind, für die ursprüngliche Formulierung und für die Formulierung unter Berücksichtigung der effektiven Spannungen verglichen. Die numerischen Berechnungen erfassen einen Zeitraum von 80 Jahren nach der Auffahrung bis 1.000 Jahre nach Verfüllung der Abbaue.

Evaluation of the Barrier Integrity Based on Effective Stresses Using the Dilatancy and Fluid Pressure Criterion. For the long‐term safety of repositories for radioactive waste in rock salt the integrity of the rock salt barrier is of major importance. Barrier integrity is considered to be demonstrated when the dilatancy and the fluid pressure criterion are met. While the fluid pressure criterion describes hydraulic failure due to fluid pressure the dilatancy criterion describes the failure due to shear stress. If the fluid pressure criterion is given in terms of effective stress according to Terzaghi, it is equivalent to an effective minimum stress component of zero. When using the dilatancy criterion according to Cristescu and Hunsche, the octahedral shear stress bearing capacity depends on the isotropic stress. It is investigated what happens if the concept of effective stresses according to Terzaghi is applied to the dilatancy criterion. Based on a series of generic cavities, the regions where both criteria are exceeded are compared using both the original formulation as well as the version that takes into account the concept of effective stresses. The numerical simulations comprise a time period between 80 years after cavities' excavation and 1.000 years after the cavities have been backfilled.
Reference ranges of handgrip strength from 125,462 healthy adults in 21 countries: a prospective urban rural epidemiologic (PURE) study
Authors: Leong Darryl P. , Teo Koon K. , Rangarajan Sumathy , Kutty V. Raman , Lanas Fernando , Hui Chen , Quanyong Xiang , Zhenzhen Qian , Jinhua Tang , Noorhassim Ismail , AlHabib Khalid F , Moss Sarah J. , Rosengren Annika , Akalin Ayse Arzu , Rahman Omar , Chifamba Jephat , Orlandini Andrés , Kumar Rajesh , Yeates Karen , Gupta Rajeev , Yusufali Afzalhussein , Dans Antonio , Avezum Álvaro , Lopez‐Jaramillo Patricio , Poirier Paul , Heidari Hosein , Zatonska Katarzyna , Iqbal Romaina , Khatib Rasha , Yusuf Salim
Published: April 2016

Background

The measurement of handgrip strength (HGS) has prognostic value with respect to all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular disease, and is an important part of the evaluation of frailty. Published reference ranges for HGS are mostly derived from Caucasian populations in high‐income countries. There is a paucity of information on normative HGS values in non‐Caucasian populations from low‐ or middle‐income countries. The objective of this study was to develop reference HGS ranges for healthy adults from a broad range of ethnicities and socioeconomically diverse geographic regions.

Methods

HGS was measured using a Jamar dynamometer in 125,462 healthy adults aged 35‐70 years from 21 countries in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study.

Results

HGS values differed among individuals from different geographic regions. HGS values were highest among those from Europe/North America, lowest among those from South Asia, South East Asia and Africa, and intermediate among those from China, South America, and the Middle East. Reference ranges stratified by geographic region, age, and sex are presented. These ranges varied from a median (25th–75th percentile) 50 kg (43–56 kg) in men <40 years from Europe/North America to 18 kg (14–20 kg) in women >60 years from South East Asia. Reference ranges by ethnicity and body‐mass index are also reported.

Conclusions

Individual HGS measurements should be interpreted using region/ethnic‐specific reference ranges.
Mass transfer and equilibrium characteristics of defluorination from groundwater by emulsion liquid membrane
Authors: Ye Changwen , Sun Youhong , Pei Xiangjun , Sun Jin , Wu Yang
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

The defluorination of fluoride contaminated groundwater by emulsion liquid membrane using primary amine LK‐N21 as fluoride carrier and Span 80 as surfactant has been investigated.

RESULTS

The purification process comprised preparation of W/O emulsion, extraction and demulsification operations. The transport mechanism of fluoride by emulsion liquid membrane using primary amine LK‐N21 as fluoride carrier was determined. The extraction conditions, i.e. surfactant and carrier concentration, type and concentration of precipitant, emulsification time and speed, volume ratio of internal phase to organic membrane phase, external phase pH and volume ratio of external phase to W/O emulsion for purification of the fluoride contaminated groundwater were studied.

CONCLUSIONS

The treated natural groundwater samples finally were found to have been treated with high extraction efficiency, thus meeting the limiting values of the quality standard of class II for groundwater in China. Equilibrium extraction correlation was found to represent well the fluorine equilibrium relation in the emulsion membrane extraction system from the experimental data. Optimization of the purification conditions and system enabled realization of the practical defluorination needs for fluoride contaminated groundwater. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Design and Synthesis of Novel Quinoline Tethered Tricyclic 1,5‐Benzothiazepine Derivatives via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Yang Peng , Lin Hui , Fei Tinghong , Liu Fangming
Published: April 2016

A series of novel substituted‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[5,4‐d][1,5]benzothiazepine derivatives contain quinoline ring 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l were synthesized by the reaction of benzothiazepines 4a, 4b, 4c and substituted‐benzohydroximinoyl chlorides through the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction in the presence of Et3N at room temperature. The structures of the obtained adducts were elucidated by MS, IR, 1H NMR, and elemental analyses. In addition, the structures of 5e were further confirmed by X‐ray single crystal diffraction study.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Azolyl Pyrimidines
Authors: Butta Ragavendra , Donthamsetty V Sowmya , Adivireddy Padmaja , Venkatapuram Padmavathi
Published: April 2016

A new class of azolyl pyrimidines linked by diamino sulfone moiety was prepared and studied their antimicrobial activity. Chloro‐substituted and nitro‐substituted thiazolyl pyrimidines (9c and 9e) showed excellent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, while imidazolyl pyrimidines (10c and 10e) exhibited promising antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger.
Synthesis of 4‐Heteroaryl–Quinazoline Derivatives as Potential Anti‐breast Cancer Agents
Authors: Kassab A. E. , Gedawy E. M. , El‐Nassan H. B.
Published: April 2016

4‐Heteroaryl or heteroalkyl–quinazoline derivatives were prepared as dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) inhibitors. The new compounds were tested for their dual enzyme inhibition as well as their cytotoxic activity on MCF7 cell line. The results indicated that almost all the compounds showed moderate dual inhibition of both enzymes. Compound 3 (methyl piperidine‐4‐carboxylate derivative) showed the highest inhibitory activity against both enzymes with IC50 97.6 and 64.0 µM against EGFR and VEGFR‐2 kinases, respectively. Most of the test compounds showed potent to moderate antitumor activity on MCF7 cell line. Five compounds (3, 9c, 11, 13, and 15b) showed potent cytotoxic activity with IC50 values between 10 and 17 µM.
A potent IκB kinase‐β inhibitor labeled with carbon‐14 and deuterium
Authors: Latli Bachir , Eriksson Magnus , Hrapchak Matt , Busacca Carl A. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: April 2016

3‐Amino‐4‐(1,1‐difluoro‐propyl)‐6‐(4‐methanesulfonyl‐piperidin‐1‐yl)‐thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine‐2‐carboxylic acid amide (1) is a potent IκB Kinase‐β (IKK‐β) inhibitor. The efficient preparations of this compound labeled with carbon‐14 and deuterium are described. The carbon‐14 synthesis was accomplished in six radiochemical steps in 25% overall yield. The key transformations were the modified Guareschi–Thorpe condensation of 2‐cyano‐14C‐acetamide and a keto‐ester followed by chlorination to 2,6‐dichloropyridine derivative in one pot. The isolated dichloropyridine was then converted in three steps in one pot to [14C]‐(1). The carbon‐14 labeled (1) was isolated with a specific activity of 54.3 mCi/mmol and radiochemical purity of 99.8%. The deuterium labeled (1) was obtained in eight steps and in 57% overall chemical yield using 4‐hydroxypiperidine‐2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,6‐2H9. The final three steps of this synthesis were run in one pot.
Allocation and dynamics of C and N within plant–soil system of ash and beech
Authors: Sommer Janine , Dippold Michaela A. , Flessa Heinz , Kuzyakov Yakov
Published: April 2016

Forest management requires a profound understanding of how tree species affect C and N cycles in ecosystems. The large C and N stocks in forest soils complicate research on the effects of tree species on C and N pools. In‐situ 13C and 15N labeling in undisturbed, natural forests enable not only tracing of C and N fluxes, but also reveal insight into the interactions at the plant‐soil‐atmosphere interface. In‐situ dual 13C and 15N pulse labeling of 20 beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) and 20 ashes (Fraxinus excelsior L.) allowed tracing the fate of assimilated C and N in trees and soils in an unmanaged forest system in the Hainich National Park (Germany). Leaf, stem, root, and soil samples as well as microbial biomass were analyzed to quantify the allocation of 13C and 15N for 60 d after labeling and along spatial gradients in the soil with increasing distance from the stem. For trees of similar heights (≈ 4 m), beech (20%) assimilated twice as much as ash (9%) of the applied 13CO2, but beech and ash incorporated similar 15N amounts (45%) into leaves. The photosynthates were transported belowground through the phloem more rapidly in beech than in ash. Ash preferentially accumulated 15N and 13C in the roots. In contrast, beech released more of this initially assimilated 13C (2.0% relative 13C allocation) and 15N (0.1% relative 15N allocation) via rhizodeposition into the soil than ash (0.2% relative 13C, 0.04% relative 15N allocation), which was also subsequently recovered in microbial biomass. These results on C and N partitioning contribute to an improved understanding of the effects of European beech and ash on the C and N cycles in deciduous broad‐leaved forest. Differences in C and N allocation patterns between ash and beech are one mechanism of niche differentiation in forests containing both species.
Usage and monitoring of intravenous tobramycin in cystic fibrosis in Australia and the UK
Authors: Paviour Sophie , Hennig Stefanie , Staatz Christine E.
Published: April 2016

Aim: To characterise usage and monitoring of intravenous tobramycin in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients in Australia and the UK.

Methods: An anonymous, online survey of healthcare professionals caring for CF patients was conducted. Survey questions were designed to obtain information on tobramycin dosing, therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicity monitoring.

Results: The survey was sent to pharmacists and clinicians in 73 CF centres. Responses were received from 32 and 40 healthcare professionals, from Australia and the UK, respectively. Once‐daily dosing of tobramycin was the preferred administration regimen for 93.8 and 67.5% of participants in Australia and the UK, respectively. Among them 68.8% of Australian and 55% of UK participants initiated tobramycin therapy at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day or greater. Australian participants most commonly adjusted tobramycin dosage using log‐linear regression analysis (40.6%) or trough measurements (28.1%). UK participants most commonly adjusted tobramycin dosage using trough (55%) or peak and trough measurements (37.5%). In 90.6% of Australian and 95% of UK participants practices, serum creatinine was routinely monitored during admission. Standard pure tone audiometry was performed by 15.6% of Australian and 17.5% of UK participants and high‐frequency pure tone audiometry was performed by 15.6% of Australian and 10% of UK participants, once or twice a year.

Conclusions: Many discrepancies exist between Australia and the UK and within each country with respect to monitoring of intravenous tobramycin in CF patients. Greater ototoxicity monitoring is likely necessary in both countries. Further education of health professionals about the existence of national guidelines and guidance on how they can be applied in practice is likely required.
Students’ perceived predictors of an effective active learning/problem‐based learning session: a pilot study
Authors: Jacob Sabrina A. , Khan Tahir M. , Pusparajah Priyia , Velu Saraswati S. , Lee Learn Han , Davey Tamzyn M.
Published: April 2016

Abstract: Active learning (AL)/problem‐based learning (PBL) has been shown to improve the reasoning, communication and team‐work skills of students. However, the success of AL/PBL tends to vary depending on local context and culture. We undertook a study to assess pharmacy students' current experience, expectations and level of understanding of AL/PBL. A focus group discussion involving ten Year‐4 pharmacy students was conducted in Malaysia. Three key themes emerged: expectations of the AL/PBL session, tutor characteristics and cultural issues. The students expected that the AL/PBL session should help them apply their knowledge in real‐life clinical situations. They also felt that the personality of the tutor was the key to the success of AL/PBL, and that Asians were more hesitant to participate in AL/PBL sessions. AL/PBL has the potential to be effective provided the sessions are carefully planned, and tutors are well trained in the context of local culture.
Antibiotic antics – audit of compliance with Antibiotic Therapeutic Guidelines in older patients
Authors: Xiao Diane , McMullen Danielle , Ingham Nicholas , Beveridge Alexander , Ní Chróinín Danielle
Published: April 2016

Background

Appropriate antibiotic stewardship is of great importance given increasingly high rates of microbial antibiotic resistance and the vulnerability of older persons to adverse drug effects.

Aim

To assess prescriber compliance with Antibiotic Therapeutic Guidelines when prescribing for older patients admitted to our geriatric service, and if deficits were identified in the initial audit, to conduct an educational intervention, with re‐audit planned thereafter.

Method

Patients admitted to our geriatric Medical Admissions Unit (MAU) and treated with antibiotics for infection (confirmed or presumed) were prospectively audited (August–October 2013). Demographic details, antibiotics treatment, microbiology culture and sensitivities, and prescribing teams were recorded. Following educational intervention, MAU admissions were re‐audit (January 2014).

Results

Initial (electronic) Therapeutic Guidelines (eTG) compliance for both audits was similar with no statistical significance (15%). Compliance rates ‘at any stage of admission’ was also not statistically significantly different 43% in 2013, 54% in 2014 (p = 0.81). There was no association between the team initiating therapy (emergency vs medical team) and compliance.

Conclusion

Rates of compliance with eTG are suboptimal in our institution. Furthermore, the brief, targeted educational intervention was not effective and further exploration of means to improve antibiotic compliance is needed.
Silicon multi‐meta‐holograms for the broadband visible light
Authors: Huang Kun , Dong Zhaogang , Mei Shengtao , Zhang Lei , Liu Yanjun , Liu Hong , Zhu Haibin , Teng Jinghua , Luk'yanchuk Boris , Yang Joel K.W. , Qiu Cheng‐Wei
Published: April 2016

The dielectric metasurface hologram promises higher efficiencies due to lower absorption than its plasmonic counterpart. However, it has only been used, up to now, for controlling linear‐polarization photons to form single‐plane holographic images in the near‐infrared region. Here, we report a transmission‐type metahologram achieving images in three colors, free from high‐order diffraction and twin‐image issues, with 8‐level modulation of geometric phase by controlling photon spin via precisely patterned Si nanostructures with varying orientations. The resulting real and virtual holographic images with spin dependence of incident photons natively enable the spin degeneracy removal of light, leading to a metahologram‐enabled spin Hall effect of light. Low‐absorption dielectrics also enable us to create holograms for short‐wavelength light down to 480 nm, thus spanning the three primary colors. It possesses the potential for compact color‐display chips using mature semiconductor processes, and holds significant advantages over previous metaholograms operating at longer wavelengths.

image
Potential differences between passive reinforcement segments in concrete components in dependency of binder type, aeration conditions and quality of the steel/concrete‐interface
Authors: Kosalla M. , Raupach M.
Published: April 2016

For exploring the chloride threshold level of steel in concrete, respectively the onset of active reinforcement corrosion in general, the environmental and electrochemical conditions in the passive state are decisive. For reinforced concrete structures in practice, possible characteristics of the inner polarization state and the resulting potential differences, mainly forced by moisture deviations in the structure, are not commonly known. In this paper the exploration of four slab like specimens and two column bases with “real” dimensions, which are cyclically exposed to chloride solution for simulating typical moisture conditions for outdoor structures, is described. Ordinary portland cement (OPC, CEM I) and blast‐furnace slag cement (BFSC, CEM III) are used. For various, decoupled segments of the reinforcing steel potential differences are determined and depolarization measurements are performed. The concrete compositions with different binder types show considerably diverging results. The maximum of the determined potential differences is 150 mV for OPC specimens and 650 mV for BFSC specimens. The extent of instant effects of changing exposure conditions also is completely different. Generally, exposure (wetting) causes a displacement of the potential to more negative values. Other impact parameters do not lead to a clear pattern of behavior or reaction.
A model of intuitionistic analysis in which ‐definable discrete sets are subcountable
Authors: Scowcroft Philip
Published: April 2016

There is a model, for a system of intuitionistic analysis including Brouwer's principle for numbers and Kripke's schema, in which ‐definable discrete sets of choice sequences are subcountable.
Internet traffic classification based on flows' statistical properties with machine learning
Authors: Vlăduţu Alina , Comăneci Dragoş , Dobre Ciprian
Published: April 2016

Machine learning has recently entered the area of network traffic classification as an alternative to the deep packet inspection technique. It provides both unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms that are capable to put aside similar types of traffic or recognize Internet protocols based on some training, pre‐labeled samples. The current work proposes a new approach in the area of network traffic classification using machine learning. First, we extract the unidirectional and bidirectional flows from a traffic capture. A flow is a collection of packets that share sender and receiver IP address and port. Second, we select relevant statistical properties of these flows and use an unsupervised learning mechanism to group flows into clusters based on the similarities. Eventually, we use this classification as training input for a supervised learning engine that will have to properly determine the class of new, unseen traffic flows. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unmet needs of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma survivors in Korea: prevalence, correlates, and associations with health‐related quality of life
Authors: Kim Soo Hyun , Lee Suyeon , Kim So Hee , Ok Oh Nam , Kim Im‐Ryung , Choi Eunju , Kang Yoon‐Koo , Kim Seok Jin , Lee Moon Hee
Published: April 2016

Objective

We aimed to describe the prevalence and correlates of unmet needs among non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) survivors in Korea and to identify their association with health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).

Methods

Participants were 826 NHL survivors from three hospitals in South Korea diagnosed at least 24 months prior to participating (mean, 6.3 years; range, 2.1–20.9 years). We used self‐reported questionnaires, including the Need Scale for Cancer Patients Undergoing Follow‐up Care (NS‐C) developed in Korea and the EORTC QLQ‐C30. We defined an unmet need as a moderate to high level of unmet need in the NS‐C response scale.

Results

Among six domains, unmet need prevalence ranged from 1.7% to 38.3%. Most commonly reported domains with unmet needs were ‘treatment and prognosis’ (38.3%) and ‘keeping mind under control’ (30.5%). The three most frequently reported individual unmet needs were ‘being informed about prevention of recurrence’ (50.7%), ‘being informed about prevention of metastasis’ (49.7%), and ‘having self‐confidence of overcoming cancer’ (42.7%). Multivariate logistic analyses revealed that younger age, being unmarried, and low monthly income were associated with unmet needs of multiple domains. Participants with unmet needs demonstrated significantly poorer HRQOL, and the most clinically meaningful differences were found in social function and emotional function.

Conclusions

Korean NHL survivors have substantial unmet needs, especially those who are younger, unmarried, and have a lower income. Initiating supportive care programs for meeting unmet needs may enhance their HRQOL. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in Hybrid Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reactions: Rational Integration of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides and Nanocarbon
Authors: Tang Cheng , Wang Hao‐Fan , Zhu Xiao‐Lin , Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Qiang
Published: April 2016

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has attracted tremendous explorations in both fundamental and application fields recently, due to its core status in next‐generation energy conversion and storage technologies, such as water splitting and metal‐air batteries. Transition metal‐based compounds, especially the NiFe layered double hydroxides (NiFe LDHs) have been well‐established as the most effective and cost‐efficient electrocatalysts to boost the sluggish water oxidation and improve the energy efficiency. Nevertheless, a favorable substrate is highly required to expose the poorly conductive active phases and enhance reactivities of OER. In this review, the recent advances concerning synthetic strategies, hierarchical structures, and OER performances of NiFe LDH/nanocarbon hybrid electrocatalysts are summarized. A brief description of OER catalysis, LDHs, and nanocarbon materials is presented firstly, followed by a thorough overview of various investigations according to their synthetic methods and structural characters. The development of high‐performance OER catalysts is covered by both a short summary and a presentation of future prospects. This review provides stimulatory knowledge and sheds fresh light into the development of advanced functional materials with a wise hybridization of active phases and conductive substrates.
Concordance between bronchial hyperresponsiveness, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and asthma control in children
Authors: Thomas Biju , Chay Oh Moh , Allen John C. , Chiang Andrea Shu Xian , Pugalenthi Arun , Goh Anne , Wong Petrina , Teo Ai Huay , Tan Soh Gin , Teoh Oon Hoe
Published: April 2016

Background

Previous studies on association between level of asthma control, markers of airway inflammation and the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) have yielded conflicting results. Our aim was to determine the presence and severity of BHR and the concordance between BHR, asthma control, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in children with asthma on therapy.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional observational study, children (aged 6–18 years) with asthma on British Thoracic Society (BTS) treatment steps 2 or 3, underwent comprehensive assessment of their asthma control (clinical assessment, spirometry, asthma control test [ACT], Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire [PAQLQ]), measurement of FeNO and BHR (using mannitol dry powder bronchial challenge test [MCT], Aridol™, Pharmaxis, Australia).

Results

Fifty‐seven children (63% male) were studied. Twenty‐seven children were on BTS treatment step 2 and 30 were on step 3. Overall, 25 out of 57 (43.8%) children had positive MCT. Of note, 9 out of 27 (33.3%) children with clinically controlled asthma had positive MCT. Analyses of pair‐wise agreement between MCT (positive or negative), FeNO (>25 or ≤25 ppb) and clinical assessment of asthma control (controlled or partially controlled/uncontrolled) showed poor agreement between these measures.

Conclusions

A substantial proportion of children with asthma have persistent BHR despite good clinical control. The concordance between clinical assessment of asthma control, BHR and FeNO was observed to be poor. Our findings raise concerns in the context of emerging evidence for the role of bronchoconstriction in inducing epithelial stress that may drive airway remodeling in asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1004–1009. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grain boundary light beam induced current: A characterization of bonded silicon wafers and polycrystalline silicon thin films for diffusion length extraction
Authors: Gref Orman , Teodoreanu Ana‐Maria , Leihkauf Rainer , Lohrke Heiko , Kittler Martin , Amkreutz Daniel , Boit Christian , Friedrich Felice
Published: April 2016

The charge carrier lifetime and accordingly the diffusion length in polycrystalline semiconductor materials is known to be detrimentally influenced by disordered interfaces like grain boundaries (GBs). The GB light beam induced current (GB‐LBIC) technique is suitable for the extraction of the minority charge carrier diffusion length in unprocessed polycrystalline materials. This measurement method is based on the GB itself acting as a charge collector. A spatially‐resolved light beam induced current can thus be measured even without a collecting p–n junction or Schottky contact, and without biasing the sample. In this contribution we present a simulation based analysis of measured GB‐LBIC line scans on bonded silicon wafers and polycrystalline silicon thin films with different laser wavelengths and intensities.
Two New Independent Mixed Sampling Plans for Inspecting a Product with Linear Profiles
Authors: Wang Fu‐Kwun , Tamirat Yeneneh
Published: April 2016

Acceptance‐sampling plans have been widely used to decide whether an inspection lot should be accepted or rejected. From an economical point of view, a mixed sampling plan is better than the attribute sampling plan. In this paper, we present two new independent mixed sampling plans based on the yield index for linear profiles. The first plan is based on the traditional mixed sampling scheme, and the second plan is based on the modified mixed sampling scheme with marginal quality. A nonlinear optimization model determines the plan parameters that the criterion is to meet the specification of two points on the operating characteristic curve. We found that the number of profiles required in the first stage is smaller than in the second stage. The results confirm that the independent plan with marginal quality is superior to the independent plan and the single and double sampling plans by attributes in terms of average sample number. Two real examples are used to illustrate the proposed plans. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Performance of Control Charts for Simultaneous Monitoring of Location and Dispersion Parameters
Authors: Zaman Babar , Riaz Muhammad , Lee Muhammad Hisyam
Published: April 2016

A single control chart is very famous to control assignable causes that shift the process because of variations in parameters (e.g., location and dispersion). Simultaneous monitoring of processes is another popular approach used for the bilateral processes. In this study, we have proposed the mixed control charts for simultaneously monitoring of process location and dispersion parameters. We have used the idea of mixed exponential weighted moving average and cumulative sum charts and designed the charting structures for simultaneous monitoring. The proposals are compared with several existing counterparts. The comparisons reveal numerous advantages of the proposed charts over the other existing scheme. The practical application of the proposed charts is also highlighted using an illustrative example based on a real dataset. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.