bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fortalezas e fragilidades do atendimento nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde tradicionais e da Estratégia de Saúde da Família pela ótica dos usuários
Authors: Marin Maria José Sanches , Marchioli Milton , Moracvick Maria Yvette Aguiar Dutra
Published: October 2013

A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as fortalezas e as limitações da Estratégia Saúde da Família e da Unidade Básica de Saúde tradicional na ótica dos usuários, pautando-se nas dimensões de avaliação da atenção primária à saúde proposta por Starfield. Investigação de abordagem qualitativa, a partir de entrevistas com usuários que utilizam as distintas modalidades de atenção à saúde. As fragilidades e as fortalezas das duas modalidades assemelham-se quanto ao acesso, porta de entrada, oferta de serviços de saúde de diferentes níveis de densidade tecnológica e sua articulação. Para os usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família, o vínculo, a longitudinalidade e o enfoque familiar ocorrem de forma mais efetiva. Quanto à equipe profissional, os usuários da Unidade Básica tradicional demonstram maior satisfação. Para os usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família, ao se disponibilizar apenas médico generalista, não se atende a todas as necessidades. Depreende-se a necessidade de ajustes nas duas modalidades de atenção.
Laserterapia em úlceras por pressão: limitações para avaliação de resposta em pessoas com lesão medular
Authors: Assis Gisela Maria , Moser Auristela Duarte de Lima
Published: October 2013

A laserterapia é efetiva na aceleração da cicatrização de feridas, porém faltam evidências quanto sua utilização em úlceras por pressão e estudos de tratamento em pessoas com lesão medular em atendimento ambulatorial. O estudo teve como objetivo relatar as limitações encontradas na implementação de um programa de laserterapia no tratamento de úlceras por pressão, subsidiando uma reflexão sobre abordagens desta natureza. Trata-se de pesquisa exploratório-descritiva. Seis sujeitos com lesão medular, de dois centros de reabilitação, foram acompanhados em dois atendimentos semanais por oito semanas, recebendo irradiação laser em uma lesão, tendo outra como experimental. As principais limitações observadas foram dificuldade no seguimento da orientação de push-up e comparecimento às consultas. Acredita-se que tais limitações estejam relacionadas a falhas no processo de orientação quanto à prevenção destas lesões e à alteração na sensibilidade local.
Avaliação do desdobro de toras de Eucalyptus para a obtenção de peças estruturais
Authors: Monteiro Thiago Campos , Lima José Tarcísio , Silva José Reinaldo Moreira da , Trugilho Paulo Fernando , Andrade Bruna Carolina Lage de
Published: October 2013

O controle sobre os produtos obtidos no desdobro das toras é importante para a gestão da serraria e também para a redução dos impactos ao ambiente. O rendimento e o estudo de tempo são parâmetros para a avaliação do desdobro em uma serraria. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o rendimento e o estudo dos tempos do desdobro de toras de Eucalyptus durante a produção de peças estruturais. Foram utilizadas dez toras de Eucalyptus grandis provenientes de um plantio com 15 anos de idade, retiradas de uma área da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA). Na serraria experimental da UFLA, as toras foram serradas utilizando uma serra de fita e os pranchões foram resserrados em uma serra circular. As peças seguiram as dimensões estabelecidas na NBR 7190 (ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS - ABNT, 1997). As peças produzidas foram mensuradas e o rendimento calculado. Os tempos de todas as etapas do processo foram obtidos por meio de um cronometro e, em seguida, analisados os tempos efetivamente serrando e o tempo total de processamento das toras e pranchões. O rendimento médio do desdobro para a produção de peças principais foi de 20,9% e de peças secundárias foi de 22,9%. O rendimento médio do desdobro foi satisfatório, dentro dos valores obtidos em outros trabalhos. A serra circular quando comparada a serra de fita apresentou maior porcentagem de tempo efetivamente serrando a madeira. O tempo, efetivamente serrando, foi menos da metade do tempo total de processamento das toras.
Propriedades físico-mecânicas de painéis LVL produzidos com três espécies amazônicas
Authors: Lima Nerci Nina , Mendes Lourival Marin , Sá Vânia Aparecida de , Bufalino Lina
Published: October 2013

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico de painéis de lâminas paralelas (LVL) produzidos com diferentes composições de espécies tropicais amazônicas e Pinus oocarpa. Foram utilizadas três espécies tropicais: Cordia goeldiana Huber. (Freijó), Parkia gigantocarpa Ducke (Faveira) e Brosimum parinarioides Ducke (Amapá doce). Para comparação, foi utilizada madeira de Pinus oocarpa proveniente de plantio experimental. Três tipos de combinações de lâminas foram avaliados: (i) uma espécie, (ii) combinação das três espécies amazônicas e (iii) combinação de espécies amazônicas com Pinus oocarpa. Avaliou-se também a velocidade de propagação acústica com o stress wave timer para a determinação do módulo de elasticidade dinâmico (MOEd), que foi correlacionado com o módulo de elasticidade estático (MOEe) do painel. Os painéis produzidos com espécies da Amazônia apresentaram menor absorção de água total em relação aos painéis de Pinus oocarpa. Para as propriedades mecânicas, a menor resistência foi verificada para painéis de faveira. Não houve diferença estatística entre os painéis para a resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola. O stress wave timer poderia ser utilizado para predição do MOEe a partir do MOEd.
Características do carvão de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake
Authors: Arantes Marina Donária Chaves , Trugilho Paulo Fernando , Silva José Reinaldo Moreira da , Andrade Carlos Rogério
Published: October 2013

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se determinar a variabilidade existente nas características do carvão de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla aos 6 anos, plantado no município de Martinho Campos, MG. As árvores foram distribuídas em três classes de diâmetro e a amostragem consistiu na retirada de discos, de 2,5 cm de espessura, a 2%, 10%, 30% e 70% da altura comercial, além de um a 1,30 m do solo (DAP) e, a partir deste ponto, de metro em metro até a altura comercial. Foram tomadas amostras ao longo do raio nos discos, considerando os dois lados em relação à medula. As amostras foram carbonizadas em forno elétrico de laboratório, sendo determinados os rendimentos e a qualidade do carvão vegetal produzido. Pelos resultados, verificou-se que para a primeira carbonização, a classe diamétrica influenciou significativamente o rendimento gravimétrico em carvão vegetal, em líquido pirolenhoso e o teor de cinza do carvão vegetal produzido, e que o rendimento em gás não condensável, o teor de materiais voláteis e o de carbono fixo não foram influenciados pela classe diamétrica; para a segunda carbonização o rendimento gravimétrico aumentou da casca para a medula, para todas as classes diamétricas e ocorreu redução dessa característica com a diminuição das classes diamétricas e que os valores de densidade relativa aparente tenderam a aumentar no sentido medula-casca, em todas as classes diamétricas.
Biomass yield and calorific value of six clonal stands of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake cultivated in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Andrade Thiago Cavalcante Gomes Ribeiro de , Barros Nairam Félix de , Dias Luiz Eduardo , Azevedo Maria Inês Ramos
Published: October 2013

The worldwide demand for clean, sustainable energy has increased in recent years. A potential alternative energy source is biomass from nonnative forests, particularly from the genus Eucalyptus spp. in the specific case of Brazil, currently with several selected clonal stands for energy production. Because each stand adapts differently to different environments, specific studies are required in order to evaluate energy production in a given region. The objective of this study is to determine, from among six clonal stands of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake, which have greater potential for production of biomass and energy in the South Central region of Maranhão (Grajaú). Clonal stands planted at a spacing of 4 x 3 m apart were evaluated at age 41 months, distributed in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Each experimental plot consisted of 100 trees. Analysis included determining biomass yield and distribution in each tree portion as well as calorific value of bark and wood components. Out of the six clonal stands, two outdid the others both in biomass yield and in energy generation, surpassing the least yielding stand by up to 27%.
Influence of water deficit and season on biomass yield from clonal stands of eucalyptus
Authors: Xavier Talita Miranda Teixeira , Pezzopane José Eduardo Macedo , Penchel Ricardo Miguel , Caldeira Marcos Vinicius Winckler , Reis Edvaldo Fialho dos
Published: October 2013

This study aimed to analyze the influence of different levels of water deficit (DH) on initial seedling development of six clonal stands of hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla in two seasons of the year. The experiment was conducted in the experimental site of UFES, in the municipality of Jerônimo Monteiro (ES), over two seasons: from February 9, 2009 to June 9, 2009 (season 1) and from July 11, 2009 to November 7, 2009 (season 2). In all experimental treatments, the first 30 days consisted of acclimating seedlings to the soils, which were thus irrigated. DH levels used in the experiment included: D0 - no water deficit; D1 - 90 days of water deficit; D2 - 60 days of water deficit followed by resumed irrigation for 30 days; D3 - 30 days of irrigation and 60 days of water deficit. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design, in subdivided plots (2x4), with four (4) levels of water deficit in the plot and two (2) seasons in the subplots, using three replications. Data on total dry matter of leaves, stem and branches, and root were subjected to analysis of variance and, if found significant, means were compared by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The environmental conditions of season 1 favored dry matter yield from both clonal stands, while season 2, having milder climate conditions, failed to favor potential growth of seedlings, even with irrigation conditions being satisfactory. Different levels of water deficit gradually reduced dry matter yield, yet without following a pattern of reduction.
Avaliação não destrutiva de estruturas de madeiras em edifício histórico de Tiradentes, MG
Authors: Abreu Luciana Barbosa de , Lima José Tarcísio , Rabelo Giovanni Francisco , Gomes Francisco Carlos , Trugilho Paulo Fernando , Eloy Felipe de Souza
Published: October 2013

Problemas relacionados à durabilidade da madeira são comumente encontrados em estruturas de edificações históricas. Medidas de preservação e conservação devem ser adotadas, a fim de se evitar perdas e substituições que descaracterizam as construções. Métodos não destrutivos para a detecção de deteriorações podem ser utilizados, a fim de embasar decisões e aumentar a longevidade do patrimônio histórico. Nesse contexto, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de realizar ensaios não destrutivos para inferir sobre a integridade de uma viga e um pilar originais da construção do Sobrado Ramalho, edifício histórico de Tiradentes, MG. Foram utilizados os equipamentos stress wave timer e resistógrafo. Amostras das peças foram retiradas para análises de densidade. Os resultados mostraram que, em ambas as estruturas, para cálculo dos módulos de elasticidade dinâmicos, não houve diferença significativa na aplicação do stress wave timer nos alinhamentos estudados. Não houve diferença significativa entre as direções de aplicação do resistógrafo no pilar, por ele ser aparentemente íntegro, de seções regulares, praticamente quadradas, e por não sofrer carregamento excêntrico. Já na viga houve diferença significativa, supostamente pelo fato de ela possuir trincas na sua linha de tração. Os equipamentos, pouco conhecidos no meio técnico conservacionista de patrimônio, permitem metodologias promissoras para inspeção de estruturas de madeira em serviço.
Aboveground stock of biomass and organic carbon in stands of Pinus taeda L.
Authors: Watzlawick Luciano Farinha , Caldeira Marcos Vinicius Winckler , Godinho Tiago de Oliveira , Balbinot Rafaelo , Trautenmüller Jonathan William
Published: October 2013

This study aimed to estimate biomass and organic carbon in stands of Pinus taeda L. at different ages (14, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23 and 32 years) and located in the municipality of General Carneiro (PR). In order to estimate biomass and organic carbon in different tree components (needles, live branches, dead branches, bark and stem wood), the destructive quantification method was used in which seven trees from each age category were randomly sampled across the stand. Stocks of biomass and organic carbon were found to vary between the different age categories, mainly as a result of existing dissimilarities between ages in association with forest management practices such as thinning, pruning and tree density per hectare.
Biometria de frutos e sementes de Melanoxylon brauna Schott. (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae)
Authors: Silva Mirian de Sousa , Borges Eduardo Euclydes de Lima e , Leite Helio Garcia , Corte Viviana Borges
Published: October 2013

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com os objetivos de estudar as características biométricas e físicas dos frutos e sementes de Melanoxylon brauna e estabelecer estimativas de correlação entre as variáveis. Os frutos maduros de Melanoxylon brauna foram coletados em cinco árvores, no município de Leopoldina (MG). Mediu-se o comprimento (CF), a largura (LF) e a espessura (EF) dos frutos nas duas extremidades e uma na parte mediana. Quantificaram-se as massas de matéria fresca (MMF), o número de estruturas membranosas (EM/F) e de estruturas membranosas vazias por fruto (EMV/F). As sementes foram classificadas como normais (SN), danificadas por insetos (SDI) e malformadas (SMF). Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, de ajuste de distribuições estatísticas, de análise de correlação e de análise de regressão. A função-densidade de probabilidade Weibull foi ajustada para as características dos frutos e das sementes. As características biométricas das sementes variam menos do que a dos frutos. Houve correlações positivas significativas do comprimento do fruto com as estruturas membranosas por fruto, da massa da matéria fresca do fruto com estruturas membranosas por fruto e da massa da matéria fresca com o número de sementes normais. Além do comprimento do fruto com o número de sementes normais por fruto. A largura do fruto com as estruturas membranosas por fruto e, com sementes malformadas por fruto, apresentaram correlações negativas e significativas.
As formas elementares da liderança carismática: o verbo e a imagética na circulação do carisma pentecostal
Authors: Campos Roberta Bivar Carneiro , Mauricio Junior Cleonardo
Published: October 2013

Este artigo tem como objetivo levantar novos aspectos para o entendimento da expansão pentecostal ao focar nas interações entre líderes carismáticos e fiéis comuns, mais especificamente nas práticas e nos significados resultantes destas. Entenderemos como os líderes pentecostais são elevados a uma posição de superioridade espiritual em relação aos crentes ordinários numa religião em que tal diferença hierárquica é contestada. O conceito de carisma e o seu compartilhamento nas referidas interações são categorias indispensáveis à consecução de nosso objetivo. Também estabeleceremos uma relação entre o compartilhamento do carisma e a expansão pentecostal, já que, como veremos, o sucesso pentecostal depende da capacidade que o líder tem de fazer o carisma circular. Tais fatores serão verificados numa comparação entre as performances dos pastores Silas Malafaia e Valdemiro Santiago, as maiores celebridades evangélicas da atualidade, com base em trabalho de campo realizado tanto nas igrejas quanto em eventos capitaneados pelos referidos líderes.
"Graças a Deus vomito, senão morria": o sintoma bulímico e a clínica psicanalítica em um hospital público
Authors: Fagundes Netto Marcus Vinícius Rezende , Santos Niraldo de Oliveira , Benute Glaucia Rosana Guerra , Lucia Mara Cristina Souza de
Published: October 2013

Os manuais de classificação e diagnóstico são bastante objetivos ao descreverem a etiologia, o diagnóstico diferencial e o tratamento para todos aqueles que padecem dos chamados transtornos alimentares. Todavia, se a Medicina, como área do saber científico, deve generalizar, a psicanálise tem como campo de pesquisa o inconsciente, o sujeito como efeito de linguagem. Com isso, a partir de observações sobre as entrevistas preliminares de um caso, no qual se evidenciava o sintoma bulímico, o presente artigo coloca em relevo algumas questões: as especificidades do sintoma para a psicanálise, a diferença radical entre instinto e pulsão e a particularidade da produção de saber em psicanálise.
La performativité généralisée du diagnostic psychologique en médecine
Authors: Leroy Fabrice
Published: October 2013

Le recours au savoir psychologique dans les services de médecine somatique à l'hôpital relève moins d'une tentative de compréhension du malade que d'une psychologisation de ses conduites. La performativité généralisée du langage psychologique, en ajoutant ainsi un "trouble psychique" à la maladie somatique, permet de se préserver de l'inquiétante étrangeté du malade et de retrouver un pouvoir sur lui. La fonction des psychologues est alors à interroger.
Efeitos do "feedback" autocontrolado na aprendizagem do lançamento da bola da ginástica rítmica
Authors: Lemos Anielle , Chiviacowsky Suzete , Ávila Luciana Toaldo Gentilini , Drews Ricardo
Published: October 2013

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos da frequência autocontrolada de "feedback" na aprendizagem do lançamento da bola da ginástica rítmica. A amostra foi constituída de 24 crianças, de sete a 10 anos de idade, distribuídas em dois grupos em relação aos diferentes tipos de condições de "feedback": autocontrolado e externamente controlado. O estudo foi composto de uma fase de prática e um teste de retenção. Os resultados de um questionário revelaram que a maioria dos participantes do grupo autocontrolado solicitou "feedback" principalmente após as boas tentativas de prática, enquanto os participantes do grupo "yoked" indicaram ter recebido "feedback" nas tentativas em que o desejavam. Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada em relação ao desempenho ou aprendizagem. Conclui-se que a frequência autocontrolada de "feedback" é tão eficiente quanto a frequência externamente controlada na aprendizagem da habilidade motora específica lançamento do aparelho bola em crianças desta faixa etária.
O ensino de habilidades motoras esportivas na escola e o esporte de alto rendimento: discurso, realidade e possibilidades
Authors: Tani Go , Basso Luciano , Silveira Sérgio Roberto , Correia Walter Roberto , Corrêa Umberto Cesar
Published: October 2013

A massificação da prática esportiva começando pela escola tem sido sugerida como uma forma eficaz para transformar o Brasil numa potência no esporte de alto rendimento. O objetivo deste ensaio é analisar e refletir sobre o discurso, a realidade e as possiblidades de ensino do esporte na escola, tendo como pano de fundo a relação entre a Educação Física Escolar e o esporte de alto rendimento. Em outras palavras, fazer uma análise crítica para qualificar a vinculação escola-esporte de alto rendimento com o intuito de deixar claro o papel social da escola e a sua eventual contribuição para a formação de atletas, e para discutir as possibilidades reais de se ensinar o esporte na escola, particularmente as habilidades motoras, consideradas as condições em que ela se encontra.
Panorama da ginástica artística feminina brasileira de alto rendimento esportivo: progressão, realidade e necessidades
Authors: Schiavon Laurita Marconi , Paes Roberto Rodrigues , Toledo Eliana de , Deutsch Silvia
Published: October 2013

Os resultados das atletas brasileiras da Ginástica Artística feminina nos últimos 10 anos, refletidos principalmente nas competições de nível internacional, apontam para uma expressiva evolução do esporte no país. Assim, este artigo tem o propósito de apresentar dados acerca desta transformação, principalmente a partir da participação das ginastas em Jogos Olímpicos (desde 1980), e estabelecer reflexões em relação ao desenvolvimento da modalidade no país. A partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, estes dados foram obtidos, reunidos e contextualizados com outras informações já disponíveis na literatura. Ao analisá-los foi possível não só apontar com especificidade como se deu esta evolução, como também apresentar uma realidade deflagradora de um processo ainda imaturo de desenvolvimento do esporte no país, que não condiz em grande parte com o que é posto pela mídia (de que a modalidade está em pleno avanço e de forma estruturada).
A cobertura esportiva dos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres 2012: a tematização do "doping" no portal de notícias G1
Authors: Silva Paulo Rodrigo Pedroso da , Ribeiro Carlos Henrique de Vasconcelos , Costa Lamartine Pereira Da
Published: October 2013

O "doping" no esporte gera questões de interesse constante na mídia, sobretudo durante a realização de Jogos Olímpicos (JO). Especialmente nos casos de "doping" envolvendo os grandes nomes do esporte olímpico internacional, como Ben Johnson nos JO de Seul 1988 e Marion Jones em Sydney 2000, os quais arruinaram suas reputações da noite para o dia. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar as notícias "online" a respeito de "doping" publicadas durante os Jogos Olímpicos de Londres 2012 (JOL) em um grande portal de notícias brasileiro o G1. Para isto, foi selecionado e classificado o conteúdo de todo o material publicado com as palavras-chave: "doping" e jogos olímpicos de Londres, durante o período de 25 de julho a 13 de agosto de 2012. Verificamos um total de 191 reportagens das quais foram incluídas na análise 145, 54 delas foram encontradas no Extra Online, seguidas de 37 no site do Globo Esporte, 23 no site do G1, 22 no Jornal O Globo e nove na Revista Época. Em cima deste material, uma leitura em profundidade centrada na análise de conteúdo foi realizada. Os resultados desta análise indicaram duas categorias de consenso: a) as desconfianças em torno do desempenho dos atletas; b) as punições destinadas aos atletas com exames positivos. Os conteúdos analisados nesse portal apresentam os atletas com o "doping" positivo como trapaceiros e a Agência Mundial Antidoping (AMA) como uma espécie de polícia internacional que está em permanente guerra contra o "doping". Tal fato parece semelhante com a guerra às drogas, em vigília constante sobre os resultados esportivos individuais dos atletas.
Prolepsis and the Tradition of Juvenile Writing: Henry Kirke White and Robert Southey
Authors: Langbauer Laurie
Published: October 2013

This essay considers the poetry of the juvenile author Henry Kirke White (1785-1806), largely unstudied today but well known throughout the nineteenth century. Kirke White's work provides an example of the importance to juvenile writing of prolepsis—a trope that yokes immediacy to the future, employing a range of strategies including both anticipation and retrospection. Robert Southey's edition of Kirke White'sRemains, coming on the heels of Southey and Joseph Cottle's edition of Thomas Chatterton (1752-70), consolidated juvenile writing into a recognizable tradition. Taking young Romanticera writers seriously now helps us recover how many young people published and how actively their writing was discussed. Romanticism's relation to juvenility can shape new hypotheses about literary practice and offer alternative understandings of tradition: the juvenile tradition, through a proleptic sense of its own immanence, anticipates its future critical neglect but indicates the retrospection and reinterpretation that will someday remedy it.
Strolling through the Slums of the Past: Ralph Werther's Love Affair with Victorian Womanhood inAutobiography of an Androgyne
Authors: Shaheen Aaron
Published: October 2013

Love Affair with Victorian Womanhood inAutobiography of an AndrogyneThis essay examines the role of flânerie in Ralph Werther's 1918Autobiography of an Androgyne.In his everyday male existence, Werther lived a life of self-alienation. Strolls through urban slums in search of same-sex pickups, however, allowed him to become the woman he felt himself to be at his core. Critical assessments of the memoir largely overlook his preferred model of femininity, which derived from Victorian-era assumptions that women were, psychologically and morally, little more than children.Autobiographyshows that flânerie was an ontology built on a paradox, for just as the flâneur's static identity consists of constant movement, Werther based his identity on the notion that childhood, itself transitional and peripatetic, was the destination of Victorian womanhood. By aligning flânerie with Victorian womanhood we might better understand how the latter is not antithetical to modern notions of sexuality but is the foundation on which the parameters of modern sexuality were constructed.
What's in a Date? Temporalities of Early American Literature
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M.
Published: October 2013

It's time for a pop quiz. you have ten minutes. (is your heart racing? take a deep breath.)

What major events in American literature and American history took place in and around the following years?

(1) 1789

(2) 1800

(3) 1820

(4) 1830
Cosmic American Studies
Authors: Hickman Jared
Published: October 2013

There is not only an existential poignancy but also an intellectual piquancy to the 1950 suicide note of F. O. Matthiessen, one of the founders of American studies: “I am depressed over world conditions. I am a Christian and a Socialist. I am against any order which interferes with that objective” (“F. O. Matthiessen”). Matthiessen attributed his fateful decision to a situation—the Cold War—in which it increasingly seemed difficult to assert credibly and pursue effectively a socialist agenda without being presumed or pressured to hold commitments to materialism, atheism, and secularism. The dominant narrative of American studies is that the Cold War gave the field its life—the ideological impetus and institutional infrastructure to produce and peddle a sophisticated version of American exceptionalism (Radway 47-49; Wise 308-12). But Matthiessen's tragic case suggests instead that the Cold War may have killed American studies, at least a possible version of it. Matthiessen's fatal dilemma, I want respectfully to suggest, might instruct us how to reconstruct the history and future of a field whose “bread-and-butter concerns” have always included religion (Stein and Murison 1; cf. Modern). Matthiessen's political credentials as a socialist were bona fide, and his intellectual inclinations were toward deep historicist analysis, but he couldn't commit to Marxism, despite his frank acknowledgment of its indispensable contribution not only to intellectual culture but also to his own thinking. Clearly, personal religious reasons played a role—“I am a Christian, not through upbringing but by conviction, and I find any materialism inadequate” (Matthiessen, “Education” 180). But I want to underscore Matthiessen's intellectual objections, which arose from the evidence of his historical inquiry into American literature and culture. That is to say, I want to distinguish between how his theological convictions may have prejudiced him against Marxism's secularist teleology and how his scholarly investigation of American literature and culture raised legitimate questions about Marxism's implicit secularization narrative. In reviews of the Marxist literary histories of his Americanist colleagues V. F. Calverton and Granville Hicks, Matthiessen complained of their inability to comprehend what he called “the main development of religious idealism from Edwards through the transcendental movement” and “the strain of affirmation of the ideal that runs from the seventeenth century to the twentieth” (Responsibilities187, 195). The secularist premises of Marxist analysis—at least in the crude form espoused by Calverton and Hicks—seemed to Matthiessen blunt instruments with which to accomplish deep understanding of the pronounced “religious idealism” of American literature and culture.
Early American Religion in a Postsecular Age
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: October 2013

A survey of the journalearly american literaturefrom the mid-1980s to today reveals a curious phenomenon: religion disappears from the tables of contents during the 1990s. Beginning in 2000, religion returns with measured consistency, culminating with a special issue devoted to “methods for the study of religion” in 2010 (Stein and Murison). This resurgence of interest in religion, not only as a topic of inquiry but also as an analytic category, coincides with the “religious turn” that for the past decade has shaped literary studies and the disciplines intersecting with it. In the wake of 9/11 and the political revival of the religious right, Americanists were surprised at the intense and exceptionally religious nature of the United States. Given the religious and political inflections of the war on terror to follow, the academic study of religion could not remain the “invisible domain” that it had been in American and literary studies throughout the 1990s (Franchot). The context demanded a critical response, particularly because the largely liberal and secular academy could not understand the visible fervor of the religious right at the turn of the twenty-first century. Across disparate fields and disciplines, scholars and critics have revisited religion as a serious topic of intellectual inquiry. Over the past decade, work on religion has focused on how literary forms mediate between the human and the divine, the role of a transcendent belief system in relation to political or social formations, and the conjunction between spirit and matter, the supernatural and the natural. In reflecting on such connections between the secular and the sacred, scholars also elicited a concomitant revision of the narrative of secularization that had long impeded the study of religion by defining modernity through religion's absence, irrelevance, and inevitable replacement by competing paradigms.
Early American Studies—by the Book
Authors: Round Phillip H.
Published: October 2013

As a gift for his baptism in london, in february 1759, olaudah equiano records that he received a copy of Bishop Thomas Wilson's Essay towards an Instruction for the Indians (1740 [78]). The book's preface proclaimed the tract suitable for both “the Indians … a tractable People” and “[t]he very Hottentots, who are supposed to be the dullest of Mankind” (v, ix). At this point in his life story, Equiano has moved beyond the now famous “talking book” trope that marks the earlier sections of his autobiography to engage an emergent body of printed materials that were intended to speak to an interethnic cohort of potential Christian converts throughout the British Atlantic world.
Discrete Wellbore and Fracture Productivity Modeling for Unconventional Wells and Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Hazlett Randy D. , Babu D. Krishna
Published: October 2013

Newly developed, generalized analytic solutions to the heat equation for arbitrary 3D well trajectory in anisotropic media are demonstrated to solve benchmark horizontal- and slanted-well productivity problems with unprecedented speed and accuracy. Arbitrary well trajectory is constructed as an assemblage of spatially integrated, linear well segments, as opposed to a distribution of numerically integrated point sources, to provide advantages in both computational speed and accuracy in singularity handling. Production from each arbitrarily oriented segment is reduced to a combination of purely analytic expressions and rapidly convergent, exponentially damped infinite sum approximations. With offered flexibility in cell boundary conditions, the expressions can yield standalone well-productivity estimates for complex wells or serve as the basis for advanced well equations, if integrated within a numerical reservoir simulator. Transients are also computed with analytical integrations in time, thus requiring no time marching. The breakthrough speed and accuracy in productivity assessment open possibilities for advanced well-testing and reservoir-characterization methods.

We further demonstrate the usefulness of analytic methodology with several time-dependent, discrete fracture problems for shale gas production with typical Barnett conditions, allowing direct use of complex fracture patterns, such as those interpreted from microseismic mapping. In addition to uniform-flux and uniform-pressure modeling options, a new analytic model is introduced that is capable of modeling both time-dependent material transport between matrix and a stimulated zone and the interplay between a well and fracture. We illustrate our solution method with Barnett fractured-well examples from the literature. With optional effects such as gas desorption and stress-dependent fracture conductivity as easy add-ons, we can produce full-operational-life production forecasts for shale or tight gas reservoirs from discrete, complex fracture patterns along with reservoir-pressure mappings in a matter of minutes on common PC platforms.
Posttranslational Modification of HLA-DQ Binding Islet Autoantigens in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: van Lummel Menno , Duinkerken Gaby , van Veelen Peter A. , de Ru Arnoud , Cordfunke Robert , Zaldumbide Arnaud , Gomez-Touriño Iria , Arif Sefina , Peakman Mark , Drijfhout Jan W. , Roep Bart O.
Published: October 2013

Posttranslational modification (PTM) of islet autoantigens can cause lack of central tolerance in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), involved in PTM of gluten antigens in celiac disease, creates negatively charged peptides favored by T1D-predisposing HLA-DQ molecules, offering an attractive candidate modifying islet autoantigens in T1D. The highly predisposing HLA-DQ8cis/trans molecules share preferences for negatively charged peptides, as well as distinct peptide-binding characteristics that distinguish their peptide-binding repertoire. We screened islet autoantigens with the tTG substrate motif for candidate-modified epitopes binding to HLA-DQ8cis/trans and identified 31 candidate islet epitopes. Deamidation was confirmed for 28 peptides (90%). Two of these epitopes preferentially bound to HLA-DQ8cis and six to HLA-DQ8trans upon deamidation, whereas all other peptides bound equally to HLA-DQ8cis/trans. HLA-DQ8cis–restricted T cells from a new-onset T1D patient could only be generated against a deamidated proinsulin peptide, but cross-reacted with native proinsulin peptide upon restimulation. The rate of T-cell autoreactivity in recent-onset T1D patients extended from 42% to native insulin to 68% adding responses to modified proinsulin, versus 20% and 37% respectively, in healthy donors. Most patients responded by interferon-γ, whereas most healthy donors produced interleukin-10 only. Thus, T-cell autoreactivity exists to modified islet epitopes that differs in quality and quantity between patients and healthy donors.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met Signaling Is Required for β-Cell Regeneration
Authors: Alvarez-Perez Juan Carlos , Ernst Sara , Demirci Cem , Casinelli Gabriella P. , Mellado-Gil Jose Manuel D. , Rausell-Palamos Francisco , Vasavada Rupangi C. , Garcia-Ocaña Adolfo
Published: October 2013

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mitogen required for β-cell replication during pregnancy. To determine whether HGF/c-Met signaling is required for β-cell regeneration, we characterized mice with pancreatic deletion of the HGF receptor, c-Met (PancMet KO mice), in two models of reduced β-cell mass and regeneration: multiple low-dose streptozotocin (MLDS) and partial pancreatectomy (Ppx). We also analyzed whether HGF administration could accelerate β-cell regeneration in wild-type (WT) mice after Ppx. Mouse islets obtained 7 days post-Ppx displayed significantly increased c-Met, suggesting a potential role for HGF/c-Met in β-cell proliferation in situations of reduced β-cell mass. Indeed, adult PancMet KO mice displayed markedly reduced β-cell replication compared with WT mice 7 days post-Ppx. Similarly, β-cell proliferation was decreased in PancMet KO mice in the MLDS mouse model. The decrease in β-cell proliferation post-Ppx correlated with a striking decrease in D-cyclin levels. Importantly, PancMet KO mice showed significantly diminished β-cell mass, decreased glucose tolerance, and impaired insulin secretion compared with WT mice 28 days post-Ppx. Conversely, HGF administration in WT Ppx mice further accelerated β-cell regeneration. These results indicate that HGF/c-Met signaling is critical for β-cell proliferation in situations of diminished β-cell mass and suggest that activation of this pathway can enhance β-cell regeneration.
The Association Between Circulating Lipoprotein(a) and Type 2 Diabetes: Is It Causal?
Authors: Ye Zheng , Haycock Philip C. , Gurdasani Deepti , Pomilla Cristina , Boekholdt S. Matthijs , Tsimikas Sotirios , Khaw Kay-Tee , Wareham Nicholas J. , Sandhu Manjinder S. , Forouhi Nita G.
Published: October 2013

Epidemiological evidence supports a direct and causal association between lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels and coronary risk, but the nature of the association between Lp(a) levels and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unclear. In this study, we assessed the association of Lp(a) levels with risk of incident T2D and tested whether Lp(a) levels are causally linked to T2D. We analyzed data on 18,490 participants from the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort that included adults aged 40–79 years at baseline 1993–1997. During an average 10 years of follow-up, 593 participants developed incident T2D. Cox regression models were used to estimate the association between Lp(a) levels and T2D. In Mendelian randomization analyses, based on EPIC-Norfolk combined with DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis data involving a total of 10,088 diabetes case participants and 68,346 control participants, we used a genetic variant (rs10455872) as an instrument to test whether the association between Lp(a) levels and T2D is causal. In adjusted analyses, there was an inverse association between Lp(a) levels and T2D: hazard ratio was 0.63 (95% CI 0.49–0.81; P trend = 0.003) comparing the top versus bottom quintile of Lp(a). In EPIC-Norfolk, a 1-SD increase in logLp(a) was associated with a lower risk of T2D (odds ratio [OR] 0.88 [95% CI: 0.80–0.95]). However, in Mendelian randomization analyses, a 1-SD increase in logLp(a) due to rs10455872, which explained 26.8% of the variability in Lp(a) levels, was not associated with risk of T2D (OR 1.03 [0.96–1.10]; P = 0.41). These prospective findings demonstrate a strong inverse association of Lp(a) levels with risk of T2D. However, a genetic variant that elevated Lp(a) levels was not associated with risk of T2D, suggesting that elevated Lp(a) levels are not causally associated with a lower risk of T2D.
Needle-Free Jet Injection of Rapid-Acting Insulin Improves Early Postprandial Glucose Control in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Engwerda Elsemiek E.C. , Tack Cees J. , de Galan Bastiaan E.
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

Clamp studies have shown that the absorption and action of rapid-acting insulin are faster with injection by a jet injector than with administration by conventional pen. To determine whether these pharmacokinetic changes also exist in patients with diabetes and benefit postprandial glucose control, we compared the pharmacologic profiles of insulin administration by jet injection versus conventional insulin pen after a standardized meal in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy crossover study, 12 patients with type 1 diabetes and 12 patients with type 2 diabetes received insulin aspart either by jet injection or by conventional pen, in both cases followed by a standardized meal. Blood was sampled for 6 h for determination of glucose and insulin levels to calculate pharmacologic profiles.

RESULTS

Insulin administration by jet injection resulted in shorter time until peak plasma insulin level (51.3 ± 6.4 vs. 91.9 ± 10.2 min; P = 0.003) and reduced hyperglycemic burden during the first hour (154.3 ± 20.8 vs. 196.3 ± 18.4 mmol · min · L−1; P = 0.041) compared with conventional administration. Jet injection did not, however, significantly reduce the hyperglycemic burden during the 5-h period thereafter. There was no indication that the jet injector performed differently in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

The considerably more rapid insulin absorption after administration by jet injector translated to a significant if modest decrease in postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The improved early postprandial glucose control may specifically benefit patients who have difficulty in limiting postprandial glucose excursions.
External Validation of the UKPDS Risk Engine in Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Need for New Type 2 Diabetes–Specific Risk Equations
Authors: Bannister Christian A. , Poole Chris D. , Jenkins-Jones Sara , Morgan Christopher Ll. , Elwyn Glyn , Spasić Irena , Currie Craig J.
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the performance of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Risk Engine (UKPDS-RE) for predicting the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease end points in an independent cohort of U.K. patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study using routine health care data collected between April 1998 and October 2011 from ∼350 U.K. primary care practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Participants comprised 79,966 patients aged between 35 and 85 years (388,269 person-years) with 4,984 cardiovascular events. Four outcomes were evaluated: first diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, fatal CHD, and fatal stroke.

RESULTS

Accounting for censoring, the observed versus predicted 10-year event rates were as follows: CHD 6.1 vs. 16.5%, fatal CHD 1.9 vs. 10.1%, stroke 7.0 vs. 10.1%, and fatal stroke 1.7 vs. 1.6%, respectively. The UKPDS-RE showed moderate discrimination for all four outcomes, with the concordance index values ranging from 0.65 to 0.78.

CONCLUSIONS

The UKPDS stroke equations showed calibration ranging from poor to moderate; however, the CHD equations showed poor calibration and considerably overestimated CHD risk. There is a need for revised risk equations in type 2 diabetes.
Perspectives From Before and After the Pediatric to Adult Care Transition: A Mixed-Methods Study in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hilliard Marisa E. , Perlus Jessamyn G. , Clark Loretta M. , Haynie Denise L. , Plotnick Leslie P. , Guttmann-Bauman Ines , Iannotti Ronald J.
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

Among the many milestones of adolescence and young adulthood, transferring from pediatric to adult care is a significant transition for those with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to understand the concerns, expectations, preferences, and experiences of pretransition adolescents and parents and posttransition young adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants completed questionnaires and responded to open-ended qualitative questions regarding self-management, self-efficacy, and their expectations and experiences with pediatric and adult care providers across the transition process.

RESULTS

At a mean age of 16.1 years, most pretransition adolescents had not yet discussed transferring care with their parents or doctors. Although many posttransition young adults reported positive, supportive interactions, several described challenges locating or establishing a relationship with an adult diabetes care provider. Qualitative themes emerged related to the anticipated timing of transfer, early preparation for transition, the desire for developmentally appropriate interactions with providers, the maintenance of family and social support, and strategies for coordinating care between pediatric and adult care providers.

CONCLUSIONS

Standardizing transition preparation programs in pediatric care and introducing transition-oriented clinics for late adolescents and young adults prior to adult care may help address patients’ preferences and common transfer-related challenges.
Hyperglycemia and Mortality Among Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Ding Ding , Qiu Jian , Li Xinrui , Li Dan , Xia Min , Li Zhongxia , Su Dongfang , Wang Yujie , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Jinxia , Lv Xiaofei , Xiao Yunjun , Hu Gang , Ling Wenhua
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

Known diabetes is an independent predictor for mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients; however, whether other glucose abnormalities are associated with death risk in CAD patients is unclear. The goal of this study was to examine the association between different glucose states and the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among CAD patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study cohort included 1,726 CAD patients who were 40–85 years of age in the Guangdong Coronary Artery Disease Cohort. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of baseline glucose status with risk of mortality.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 3.1 years, 129 deaths were recorded, 109 of which were due to CVD. The multivariable-adjusted (age; sex; education; marriage; leisure-time physical activity; smoking; alcohol drinking; BMI; systolic blood pressure; total and HDL cholesterol; glomerular filtration rate; type, severity, duration, and treatment of CAD; history of heart failure; and use of antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, and antiplatelet drugs) hazard ratios in normoglycemia, impaired glucose regulation (IGR), newly diagnosed diabetes, and known diabetes were 1.00, 1.58 (95% CI 0.90–2.77), 2.41 (1.42–4.11), and 2.29 (1.36–3.84) for all-cause mortality and 1.00, 1.89 (1.01–3.54), 2.74 (1.50–5.01), and 2.73 (1.52–4.91) for CVD mortality. Assessing fasting plasma glucose only, impaired fasting glucose and newly diagnosed and known diabetes were also associated with increased risks of all-cause and CVD mortality compared with normoglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS

CAD patients with IGR, newly diagnosed diabetes, and known diabetes have increased risk of CVD mortality.