bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interstitial flow regulates the angiogenic response and phenotype of endothelial cells in a 3D culture model
Authors: Kim Sudong , Chung Minhwan , Ahn Jungho , Lee Somin , Jeon Noo Li
Published: September 2016

A crucial yet ill-defined phenomenon involved in the remodeling of vascular networks, including angiogenic sprouting, is flow-mediated endothelial dynamics and phenotype changes.
Emergence of microfluidic wearable technologies
Authors: Yeo Joo Chuan , Kenry Kenry , Lim Chwee Teck
Published: September 2016

There has been an emerging interest in the development of microfluidic wearable technologies, arising from increasing demands in the areas of healthcare.
miR-186 regulates chemo-sensitivity to paclitaxel via targeting MAPT in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Ye Jinjun , Zhang Zhi , Sun Lei , Fang Ying , Xu Xinyu , Zhou Guoren
Published: September 2016

miR-186 has been reported to be implicated in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in a few cancer types.
A new strategy for developing superior electrode materials for advanced batteries: using a positive cycling trend to compensate the negative one to achieve ultralong cycling stability
Authors: Liu Dai-Huo , Lü Hong-Yan , Wu Xing-Long , Wang Jie , Yan Xin , Zhang Jing-Ping , Geng Hongbo , Zhang Yu , Yan Qingyu
Published: September 2016

In this communication, in order to develop superior electrode materials for advanced energy storage devices, a new strategy is proposed and then verified by the (Si@MnO)@C/RGO anode material for lithium ion batteries.
Development of PANI/MWCNTs decorated with cobalt oxide nanoparticles towards multiple electrochemical, photocatalytic and biomedical application sites
Authors: Bushra Rani , Arfin Tanvir , Oves Mohammad , Raza Waseem , Mohammad Faruq , Khan Meraj Alam , Ahmad Anees , Azam Ameer , Muneer Mohammad
Published: September 2016

A facile synthesis of carbon nanotube hybrid nanostructures: energy and environmental applications.
Muscarine, imidazole, oxazole and thiazole alkaloids
Authors: Jin Zhong
Published: September 2016

The structurally diverse imidazole-, oxazole-, and thiazole-containing secondary metabolites are widely distributed in terrestrial and marine environments, and exhibit extensive pharmacological activities.
Stereospecific prenylation of tryptophan by a cyanobacterial post-translational modification enzyme
Authors: Okada Masahiro , Sugita Tomotoshi , Akita Kohei , Nakashima Yu , Tian Tian , Li Chang , Mori Takahiro , Abe Ikuro
Published: September 2016

The stereospecific prenylation of tryptophan by KgpF was determined by in vitro prenylation and chemical synthesis.
POSS semitelechelic Aβ17–19 peptide initiated helical polypeptides and their structural diversity in aqueous medium
Authors: Haldar Ujjal , Pan Abhishek , Mukherjee Ishita , De Priyadarsi
Published: September 2016

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) semitelechelic Aβ17–19 peptide which initiated polymerization of γ-benzyl l-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride (BLG-NCA) was studied to prepare peptide–polypeptide conjugates with α-helical conformation.
Facile synthesis and self-assembly behaviour of pH-responsive degradable polyacetal dendrimers
Authors: Huang Da , Yang Fei , Wang Xing , Shen Hong , You Yezi , Wu Decheng
Published: September 2016

Well-defined POSS hybrid polyacetal dendrimers functionalized with terminal polyethylene glycol and zwitterion could assemble into pH-responsive degradable micelles and nanofibers.
Revisiting one-dimensional TiO2 based hybrid heterostructures for heterogeneous photocatalysis: a critical review
Authors: Zhang Junyu , Xiao Guangcan , Xiao Fang-Xing , Liu Bin
Published: September 2016

The developments of a large variety of one-dimensional TiO2 based heterostructures for extensive photocatalytic applications have been comprehensively summarized.
Arene ruthenium(ii) complexes with chalcone, aminoantipyrine and aminopyrimidine based ligands: synthesis, structure and preliminary evaluation of anti-leukemia activity
Authors: Pitchaimani Jayaraman , Charan Raja Mamilla R. , Sujatha Srinivasan , Kar Mahapatra Santanu , Moon Dohyun , Anthony Savarimuthu Philip , Madhu Vedichi
Published: September 2016

A series of arene ruthenium(ii) complexes withN-monodentate (AAP) andN,O- andN,N-bidentate chelating ligands (AAPS, ADABS, AAPPA and P2P) have been synthesized and evaluated for preliminary antileukemia activity against K562 (Human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line).
Structures and inhibitory activity against breast cancer cells of new bufadienolides from the eggs of toad Bufo bufo gargarizans
Authors: Zhang Peng-Wei , Tian Hai-Yan , Nie Qiu-Lin , Wang Lei , Zhou Shi-Wen , Ye Wen-Cai , Zhang Dong-Mei , Jiang Ren-Wang
Published: September 2016

New bufadienolides with inhibitory activity against breast cancer cells were isolated from the eggs of toad Bufo bufo gargarizans.
Ferrocenyl based pyrazoline derivatives with vanillic core: synthesis and investigation of their biological properties
Authors: Burmudžija Adrijana , Ratković Zoran , Muškinja Jovana , Janković Nenad , Ranković Branislav , Kosanić Marijana , Đorđević Snežana
Published: September 2016

Synthesis of four novel series of ferrocenyl based pyrazoline derivatives with vanillic core are described and microbiological, BSA and DNA binding studies conducted.
DFT calculation of oxygen adsorption on a core-single shell ZnNb catalyst
Authors: Morishita Tetsunori , Ueno Tomonaga , Panomsuwan Gasidit , Hieda Junko , Antoaneta Bratescu Maria , Saito Nagahiro
Published: September 2016

Oxygen adsorption onto Pt, Nb, and core-single shell ZnNb particles is studied using ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations to realize their ability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
General fabrication of mesoporous Nb2O5 nanobelts for lithium ion battery anodes
Authors: Huang Chao , Fu Jijiang , Song Hao , Li Xiaofang , Peng Xiang , Gao Biao , Zhang Xuming , Chu Paul K.
Published: September 2016

Mesoporous Nb2O5 NBs with good crystallinity and large specific area have been synthesized by sequential annealing of solid Nb2O5 NBs in NH3 and air,exhibiting an enhanced capacity and rate capability than that of solid Nb2O5 NBs.
Catalytic performance of a pyrolyzed graphene supported Fe–N–C composite and its application for acid direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Xi Jingjing , Wang Fang , Mei Riguo , Gong Zhijie , Fan Xianping , Yang Hui , An Liang , Wu Qixing , Luo Zhongkuan
Published: September 2016

A graphene supported Fe–N–C composite catalyst, synthesized by pyrolysis of graphene oxide, graphitic carbon nitride, ferric chloride and carbon black, was evaluated for the acid oxygen reduction reaction and the direct methanol fuel cell.
Correction: SPECT imaging of cytochrome c in pressure overload mice hearts
Authors: Wang Cong , Li Xiao , Shen Cheng , Ma Leilei , Dong Zhen , Zhu Hong , Wang Peng , Ge Junbo , Sun Aijun
Published: September 2016

Correction for ‘SPECT imaging of cytochrome c in pressure overload mice hearts’ by Cong Wang et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 77126–77132.
Enantioselective allylic alkylation of stereodefined polysubstituted copper enolates as an entry to acyclic quaternary carbon stereocentres
Authors: Nairoukh Zackaria , Kumar Gunda G. K. S. Narayana , Minko Yury , Marek Ilan
Published: September 2016

A sequence of regio- and stereoselective carbometalation followed by oxidation of ynamides leads to stereodefined fully substituted enolates that subsequently react with various functionalized allyl bromide reagents to provide the enantiomerically pure quaternary carbon stereocentre in the α-position to the carbonyl group.
Investigation of a microporous iron(iii) porphyrin framework derived cathode catalyst in PEM fuel cells
Authors: Cantillo N. M. , Goenaga G. A. , Gao W. , Williams K. , Neal C. A. , Ma S. , More K. L. , Zawodzinski T. A.
Published: September 2016

In this study, an iron(iii) porphyrin framework material was synthesized and pyrolyzed and its catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was evaluated using rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments and single cell testing.
Designing intrinsically photostable low band gap polymers: a smart tool combining EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations
Authors: Silva Hugo Santos , Domínguez Isabel Fraga , Perthué Anthony , Topham Paul D. , Bussière Pierre-Olivier , Hiorns Roger C. , Lombard Christian , Rivaton Agnès , Bégué Didier , Pépin-Donat Brigitte
Published: September 2016

A rapid and efficient method to identify the weak points of the complex chemical structure of low band gap (LBG) polymers when submitted to light exposure is reported.
Efficient and selective heavy metal sequestration from water by using layered sulfide K2xSn4−xS8−x(x = 0.65–1; KTS-3)
Authors: Sarma Debajit , Islam Saiful M. , Subrahmanyam K. S. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: September 2016

A layered metal sulfide K2xSn4−xS8−x(x= 0.65–1, KTS-3) is reported for rapid and selective removal of heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Ag+and As3+) from water.
Controlling additive behavior to reveal an alternative morphology formation mechanism in polymer : fullerene bulk-heterojunctions
Authors: Güldal Nusret S. , Berlinghof Marvin , Kassar Thaer , Du Xiaoyan , Jiao Xuechen , Meyer Markus , Ameri Tayebeh , Osvet Andres , Li Ning , Destri Giovanni Li , Fink Rainer H. , Ade Harald , Unruh Tobias , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: September 2016

The high solubility of DPP-TT-T in 1,8-diiodooctane leads the microstructure formation towards thermodynamic equilibrium.
Biomimetic wiring and stabilization of photosynthetic membrane proteins with block copolymer interfaces
Authors: Saboe Patrick O. , Conte Emelia , Chan Stanley , Feroz Hasin , Ferlez Bryan , Farell Megan , Poyton Matthew F. , Sines Ian T. , Yan Hengjing , Bazan Guillermo C. , Golbeck John , Kumar Manish
Published: September 2016

Block copolymer membranes stabilize photosystem I in a long-lasting, high performance photocurrent generating device.
Size of silk fibroin β-sheet domains affected by Ca2+
Authors: Drnovšek N. , Kocen R. , Gantar A. , Drobnič-Košorok M. , Leonardi A. , Križaj I. , Rečnik A. , Novak S.
Published: September 2016

Addition of bioactive glass or other Ca2+ source to fibroin changes scaffold degradation and the mechanical and protein secondary structure properties due to the reduction in the size of β-sheet domains.
Multi-stimuli response of a novel half-cut cruciform and its application as a security ink
Authors: Lu Xiao-Lin , Xia Min
Published: September 2016

A novel V-shaped compound (E)-2′-[2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)vinyl]-N,N-dimethyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-amine, a half-cut cruciform with reversible and highly contrasted fluorochromism in response to external force and surrounding pH stimuli along with ICT and AIE effects in highly polar solvents, can be used as a security ink.
Full color control and white emission from CaZnOS:Ce3+,Na+,Mn2+ phosphors via energy transfer
Authors: Xu Zihan , Xia Zhiguo , Lei Bingfu , Liu Quanlin
Published: September 2016

The composition-controlled CaZnOS:0.03Ce3+,0.03Na+,0.03Mn2+ phosphors have been investigated as single-component white-light emission components for white LEDs.
The role of a few-layer TiOx surfactant: remarkably-enhanced succeeding radial growth and properties of ZnO nanowires
Authors: Wu Yiming , Wu Yukun , Ma Chao , Zhang Yanbo , Ding Huaiyi , Pan Nan , Wang Xiaoping
Published: September 2016

Via coating a few layers of TiOx, the radial growth of ZnO NWs can be remarkably sped up with superior properties.
Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes: focus on cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Hardigan Trevor , Ward Rebecca , Ergul Adviye
Published: September 2016

The incidence of diabetes has more than doubled in the United States in the last 30 years and the global disease rate is projected to double by 2030. Cognitive impairment has been associated with diabetes, worsening quality of life in patients. The structural and functional interaction of neurons with the surrounding vasculature is critical for proper function of the central nervous system including domains involved in learning and memory. Thus, in this review we explore cognitive impairment in patients and experimental models, focusing on links to vascular dysfunction and structural changes. Lastly, we propose a role for the innate immunity-mediated inflammation in neurovascular changes in diabetes.
Kind of high step‐up dc/dc converter using a novel voltage multiplier cell
Authors: Zhu Binxin , Ren Lulu , Wu Xi
Published: September 2016

This study proposes a kind of high step‐up dc/dc converter with a novel voltage multiplier cell (VMC). The proposed VMC sharply reduces voltage stress on switches and diodes. Therefore, the conversion efficiency can be improved significantly. The converter also provides a wide range of voltage conversion ratios including fractional as well as VMC numbers and switch duty cycle. The topologies, operation principles, working characteristics and voltage conversion ratio are analysed in detail. A 500 W experimental prototype with two VMCs has been developed to validate the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis, and the highest efficiency is 93.8%.
Extendible load‐isolation wireless charging platform for multi‐receiver applications
Authors: Zhou Junjie , Luo Bin , Zhang Xiaoxiong , Hu Yao
Published: September 2016

In this study, the authors developed a novel load‐isolation and extendible wireless power transfer system for multi‐receiver applications. This system consists of a half‐bridge or full‐bridge converter power supply, K‐inverters, transmitting resonators, and multiple receivers as loads. Only one power supply is needed in this extendible system and the power division ratio of the receivers is controllable. The principle of the authors’ load‐isolation scheme is illustrated theoretically in this study and was verified through experimentation, as described below. The results show that it can indeed be applied in extendible multi‐receiver household applications. The system features are also stated theoretically and verified experimentally, including the power‐distributing of each receiver, the transmission efficiency, and the cross‐couplings. Experimental results are in agreement with the theory very well.
New transmission condition accounting for diffusion anisotropy in thin layers applied to diffusion MRI
Authors: Caubet Fabien , Haddar Houssem , li Jing-Rebecca , Van Nguyen Dang
Published: September 2016

The Bloch-Torrey Partial Differential Equation (PDE) can be used to model the diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) signal in biological tissue. In this paper, we derive an Anisotropic Diffusion Transmission Condition (ADTC) for the Bloch-Torrey PDE that accounts for anisotropic diffusion inside thin layers. Such diffusion occurs, for example, in the myelin sheath surrounding the axons of neurons. This ADTC can be interpreted as an asymptotic model of order two with respect to the layer thickness and accounts for water diffusion in the normal direction that is low compared to the tangential direction. We prove uniform stability of the asymptotic model with respect to the layer thickness and a mass conservation property. We also prove the theoretical quadratic accuracy of the ADTC. Finally, numerical tests validate these results and show that our model gives a better approximation of the dMRI signal than a simple transmission condition that assumes isotropic diffusion in the layers.
Systemic and Local Cytokine Profile in Biliary Atresia
Authors: Sakamoto Akemi , Hatano Masahiko , Iwai Jun , Higashimoto Yasuyuki , Yoshida Hideo , Saito Takeshi
Published: September 2016

Purpose Systemic and local immune environments in human biliary atresia (BA) were analyzed.

Methods Plasma concentrations of 19 inflammatory components in 16 preoperative BA patients (median age, 51 days), 13 normal controls (NCs) (44 days), and 15 cholestatic controls (CC) (23 days) were measured using flow cytometry, and compared according to post-Kasai outcomes in BA patients. Hepatic mRNA levels of representative helper T (Th) cell cytokines and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were compared between BA and non-BA.

Results No significant differences were observed between BA and control in serum Th1, Th2, or macrophage markers, while soluble cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) levels were significantly higher in BA (p < 0.0001 for NC; p = 0.0003 for CC). No statistically significant difference was discovered between BA with favorable and unfavorable prognosis. Hepatic mRNA levels of interferon-gamma or interleukin-4 showed no significant differences between BA and non-BA, while FoxP3 was significantly higher in BA (p = 0.01).

Conclusions A skewed bias toward specific Th-oriented immunity was not demonstrated in either the systemic or local environment in the early stage of human BA, with patient prognoses not necessarily revealed by preoperative plasma inflammatory component levels. CAM and regulatory T cell roles and functions warrant further investigation.
„HT – Behandlung zu Hause“ in Lengerich (Westfalen) – ein Modellprojekt gemeindenaher, psychiatrischer Versorgung
Authors: Sakellaridou E. , Chrysanthou C. , Nienaber A.
Published: September 2016

Das Modellprojekt „Home Treatment (HT) – Behandlung zu Hause“ in Lengerich ist eine neue integrierte psychiatrische Versorgungsform von Menschen mit schweren schizophrenen oder schizo-affektiven Psychosen, die Elemente zweier Behandlungsansätzen kombiniert: Assertive Community Treatment und Home Treatment. Ziel dieser Studie ist eine Pilotevaluation nach 2 Jahren durch eine quantitative Bewertung im Prä-Post-Design und eine qualitative Evaluation des Projektes. Es wurden eine Reduktion der vollstationären Behandlungstage, eine signifikante Verbesserung der Psychopathologie, der Lebensqualität und des Funktionsniveaus sowie eine hohe Zufriedenheit mit dem Versorgungsangebot bei der untersuchten Stichprobe festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse stimmen mit denen anderer Untersuchungen zu integrierten Versorgungsmodellen in Deutschland überein. Das Projekt „HT – Behandlung zu Hause“ ist ein viel versprechendes Behandlungsmodell. Hinsichtlich einer zukünftigen Ausweitung des Modellprojektes müssen allerdings weitere Untersuchungen zur Stabilität der Behandlungsergebnisse, ihrer Übertragbarkeit auf die Gesamtpopulation von Patienten mit Psychosen und zur Kosteneffektivität des Behandlungsmodells erfolgen.
Research Update: Challenges for high-efficiency hybrid lead-halide perovskite LEDs and the path towards electrically pumped lasing
Authors: Li Guangru , Price Michael , Deschler Felix
Published: September 2016

Hybrid lead-halide perovskites have emerged as promising solution-processed semiconductor materials for thin-film optoelectronics. In this review, we discuss current challenges in perovskite LED performance, using thin-film and nano-crystalline perovskite as emitter layers, and look at device performance and stability. Fabrication of electrically pumped, optical-feedback devices with hybrid lead halide perovskites as gain medium is a future challenge, initiated by the demonstration of optically pumped lasing structures with low gain thresholds. We explain the material parameters affecting optical gain in perovskites and discuss the challenges towards electrically pumped perovskite lasers.
Magnetically extracted microstructural development along the length of Co nanowire arrays: The interplay between deposition frequency and magnetic coercivity
Authors: Montazer A. H. , Ramazani A. , Almasi Kashi M.
Published: September 2016

Providing practical implications for developing the design and optimizing the performance of hard magnets based on nanowires (NWs) requires an in-depth understanding of the processes in fabrication and magnetic parameters. Here, an electrochemical deposition technique with different frequencies is used to fabricate 50 nm diameter Co NW arrays into the nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide templates. The resulting NWs with dendrites at the base are subsequently exposed to a chemical etching with which to prepare cylindrical Co NWs with an aspect ratio of 200. In this way, the coercivity at room temperature increases up to 20% for different deposition frequencies, indicating the occurrence of a magnetic hardening along the NW length. Decreasing the length of the cylindrical NWs in ascending order whilst also using a successive magnetometry, the deposition frequency is found to be an important parameter in further enhancing the initial coercivity up to 65% in the length range of 10 to 3 μm. The first-order reversal curve diagrams evaluated along the NW length evidence the elimination of a soft magnetic phase and the formation of harder magnetic domains when reducing the length. Alternatively, X-ray diffraction patterns show improvements in the crystallinity along the [002] direction, pertaining to the alignment of the hexagonal close-packed c-axis of cobalt and long axis of NWs when reducing the length. These results may address the growing need for the creative design and low cost fabrication of rare-earth-free permanent magnets with high coercivity and availability.
Generation of coherent ion acoustic solitary waves in inhomogeneous plasmas by an odd eigenmode of electron holes
Authors: Dokgo Kyunghwan , Woo Minho , Choi Cheong-Rim , Min Kyoung-Wook , Hwang Junga
Published: September 2016

Generation of coherent ion acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) in inhomogeneous plasmas by an odd eigenmode (OEM) of electron holes (EHs) is investigated using 1D electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The OEM oscillates at a frequency comparable to the trapped electron bouncing frequency, as also demonstrated by Lewis' theoretical formalism about the linear eigenmode in Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) equilibrium. The density gradient in the inhomogeneous plasmas causes asymmetry in the EH potential structure associated with the OEM, whose amplitude grows rapidly as it propagates through the density gradient region. As the ions interact with this asymmetric potential, which oscillates slowly enough for the ions to respond, they are ejected to the lower density side with a larger potential amplitude, forming a chain of IASWs coherently with the oscillation of the OEM.
Hamiltonian particle-in-cell methods for Vlasov-Maxwell equations
Authors: He Yang , Sun Yajuan , Qin Hong , Liu Jian
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we study the Vlasov-Maxwell equations based on the Morrison-Marsden-Weinstein bracket. We develop Hamiltonian particle-in-cell methods for this system by employing finite element methods in space and splitting methods in time. In order to derive the semi-discrete system that possesses a discrete non-canonical Poisson structure, we present a criterion for choosing the appropriate finite element spaces. It is confirmed that some conforming elements, e.g., Nédélec's mixed elements, satisfy this requirement. When the Hamiltonian splitting method is used to discretize this semi-discrete system in time, the resulting algorithm is explicit and preserves the discrete Poisson structure. The structure-preserving nature of the algorithm ensures accuracy and fidelity of the numerical simulations over long time.
Perspective: Geometrically frustrated assemblies
Authors: Grason Gregory M.
Published: September 2016

This perspective will overview an emerging paradigm for self-organized soft materials, geometrically frustrated assemblies, where interactions between self-assembling elements (e.g., particles, macromolecules, proteins) favor local packing motifs that are incompatible with uniform global order in the assembly. This classification applies to a broad range of material assemblies including self-twisting protein filament bundles, amyloid fibers, chiral smectics and membranes, particle-coated droplets, curved protein shells, and phase-separated lipid vesicles. In assemblies, geometric frustration leads to a host of anomalous structural and thermodynamic properties, including heterogeneous and internally stressed equilibrium structures, self-limiting assembly, and topological defects in the equilibrium assembly structures. The purpose of this perspective is to (1) highlight the unifying principles and consequences of geometric frustration in soft matter assemblies; (2) classify the known distinct modes of frustration and review corresponding experimental examples; and (3) describe outstanding questions not yet addressed about the unique properties and behaviors of this broad class of systems.
Simulating terahertz quantum cascade lasers: Trends from samples from different labs
Authors: Winge David O. , Franckié Martin , Wacker Andreas
Published: September 2016

We present a systematic comparison of the results from our non-equilibrium Green's function formalism with a large number of AlGaAs-GaAs terahertz quantum cascade lasers previously published in the literature. Employing identical material and simulation parameters for all samples, we observe that the discrepancies between measured and calculated peak currents are similar for samples from a given group. This suggests that the differences between experiment and theory are partly due to a lacking reproducibility for devices fabricated at different laboratories. Varying the interface roughness height for different devices, we find that the peak current under lasing operation hardly changes, so that differences in interface quality appear not to be the sole reason for the lacking reproducibility.
Axial mass fraction measurements in a 300kA dense plasma focus
Authors: Caballero Bendixsen L. S. , Bott-Suzuki S. C. , Cordaro S. W. , Krishnan M. , Chapman S. , Coleman P. , Chittenden J.
Published: September 2016

The dynamics and characteristics of the plasma sheath during the axial phase in a ∼300 kA, ∼2 kJ dense plasma focus using a static gas load of Ne at 1–4 Torr are reported. The sheath, which is driven axially at a constant velocity ∼105 m/s by the j × B force, is observed using optical imaging, to form an acute angle between the electrodes. This angle becomes more acute (more parallel to the axis) along the rundown. The average sheath thickness nearer the anode is 0.69 ± 0.02 mm and nearer the cathode is 0.95 ± 0.02 mm. The sheath total mass increases from 1 ± 0.02 μg to 6 ± 0.02 μg over the pressure range of 1–4 Torr. However, the mass fraction (defined as the sheath mass/total mass of cold gas between the electrodes) decreases from 7% to 5%. In addition, the steeper the plasma sheath, the more mass is lost from the sheath, which is consistent with radial and axial motion. Experimental results are compared to the Lee code when 100% of the current drives the axial and radial phase.
Quantum molecular dynamics simulations of equation of state of warm dense ethane
Authors: Li Chuan-Ying , Wang Cong , Li Yong-Sheng , Li Da-Fang , Li Zi , Zhang Ping
Published: September 2016

The equation of state of warm dense ethane is obtained using quantum molecular dynamics simulations based on finite-temperature density functional theory for densities from 0.1 g/cm3 to 3.1 g/cm3 and temperatures from 0.1 eV to 5.17 eV. The calculated pressure and internal energy are fitted with cubic polynomials in terms of density and temperature. Specific density-temperature-pressure tracks such as the principal and double shock Hugoniot curves along with release isentropes are predicted which are fundamental for the analysis and interpretation of high-pressure experiments. The principal and double shock Hugoniot curves are in agreement with the experimental data from the Sandia Z-Machine [Magyar et al., Phys. Rev. B 91, 134109 (2015)].
Energy-dispersive small-angle X-ray scattering with cone collimation using X-ray capillary optics
Authors: Li Fangzuo , Liu Zhiguo , Sun Tianxi
Published: September 2016

Energy-dispersive small-angle X-ray scattering (ED-SAXS) with an innovative design of cone collimation based on an ellipsoidal single-bounce capillary (ESBC) and a polycapillary parallel X-ray lens (PPXRL) had been explored. Using this new cone collimation system, scattering angle 2θ has a theoretical minimum angle related to the mean half-opening angle of the hollow cone beam of 1.42 mrad, and with the usable X-ray energy ranging from 4 to 30 keV, the resulting observable scattering vector q is down to a minimum value of about 0.003 Å−1 (or a Bragg spacing of about 2100 Å). However, the absorption of lower energies by X-ray capillary optics, sample transmission, and detector response function limits the application range to lower energy. Cone collimation ED-SAXS experiments carried out on pure water, Lupolen, and in situ temperature-dependent measurement of diacetylenic acid/melamine micelle solid were presented at three different scattering angles 2θ of 0.18°, 0.70° and 1.18° to illustrate the new opportunities offered by this technique as well as its limitations. Also, a comparison has been made by replacing the PPXRL with a pinhole, and the result shows that cone collimation ED-SAXS based on ESBC with PPXRL was helpful in improving the signal-to-noise ratio (i.e., reducing the parasitic background scattering) than ESBC with a pinhole. The cone collimation instrument based on X-ray capillary optics could be considered as a promising tool to perform SAXS experiments, especially cone collimation ED-SAXS has potential application for the in situ temperature-dependent studying on the kinetics of phase transitions.
Structural modifications of GeO2 glass under high pressure and high temperature
Authors: Cornet Antoine , Molherac Rémy , Champagnon Bernard , Martinet Christine
Published: September 2016

Vitreous GeO2 has been compressed at high temperature to investigate the effect of thermal activation on the structural reorganization during compression. The measurements were performed in-situ using micro Raman spectroscopy under pressure up to 6 GPa and temperature up to 400 °C. The evolution of the Raman shift of the main band (400–500 cm−1) with temperature during compression evidences a pressure window around 3 GPa within which temperature has a remarkable influence on the structure, in particular, the intermediate range order. We find that this change is well correlated with previous ex-situ density measurements from high pressure-high temperature densifications. Moreover, coordination changes from tetrahedrally (GeO4) to octahedrally (GeO6) coordinated GeO2 are accelerated with the heating during the compression.
First-principles predictions of electronic properties of GaAs1-x-yPyBix and GaAs1-x-yPyBix-based heterojunctions
Authors: Luo Guangfu , Forghani Kamran , Kuech Thomas F. , Morgan Dane
Published: September 2016

Significant efficiency droop is a major concern for light-emitting diodes and laser diodes operating at high current density. Recent study has suggested that heavily Bi-alloyed GaAs can decrease the non-radiative Auger recombination and therefore alleviate the efficiency droop. Using density functional theory, we studied a newly fabricated quaternary alloy, GaAs1-x-yPyBix, which can host significant amounts of Bi, through calculations of its band gap, spin-orbit splitting, and band offsets with GaAs. We found that the band gap changes of GaAs1-x-yPyBix relative to GaAs are determined mainly by the local structural changes around P and Bi atoms rather than their electronic structure differences. To obtain alloy with lower Auger recombination than GaAs bulk, we identified the necessary constraints on the compositions of P and Bi. Finally, we demonstrated that GaAs/GaAs1-x-yPyBix heterojunctions with potentially low Auger recombination can exhibit small lattice mismatch and large enough band offsets for strong carrier confinement. This work shows that the electronic properties of GaAs1-x-yPyBix are potentially suitable for high-power infrared light-emitting diodes and laser diodes with improved efficiency.
Communication: Inverse design for self-assembly via on-the-fly optimization
Authors: Lindquist Beth A. , Jadrich Ryan B. , Truskett Thomas M.
Published: September 2016

Inverse methods of statistical mechanics have facilitated the discovery of pair potentials that stabilize a wide variety of targeted lattices at zero temperature. However, such methods are complicated by the need to compare, within the optimization framework, the energy of the desired lattice to all possibly relevant competing structures, which are not generally known in advance. Furthermore, ground-state stability does not guarantee that the target will readily assemble from the fluid upon cooling from higher temperature. Here, we introduce a molecular dynamics simulation-based, optimization design strategy that iteratively and systematically refines the pair interaction according to the fluid and crystalline structural ensembles encountered during the assembly process. We successfully apply this probabilistic, machine-learning approach to the design of repulsive, isotropic pair potentials that assemble into honeycomb, kagome, square, rectangular, truncated square, and truncated hexagonal lattices.
Lateral electric-field-driven non-volatile four-state memory in multiferroic heterostructures
Authors: Zhou Cai , Zhang Chao , Yao Jinli , Jiang Changjun
Published: September 2016

A non-volatile four-state memory is formed using an in-plane side-polarization configuration in a Co/(011) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (Co/PMN-PT) heterostructure. The resistivity vs. electric field behavior shows a change from volatile butterfly to looplike to non-volatile butterfly characteristics when the temperature decreases from 290 K to 83 K under an electric field of 10 kV/cm and then increases back to 290 K; this behavior is attributed to the strain-mediated magnetoelectric effect. In addition, the in-plane resistivity of Co film, which was measured using the four-probe technique, can be controlled both electrically and magnetically. Specifically, a non-volatile resistivity is gained by the application of electric field pulses. Additionally, a four-state memory is obtained by co-mediation of the magnetic field and electric field pulses, compared with the two different states achieved under the application of the electric field only, which indicates that our results are highly important for multi-state memory and spintronic devices applications.
Sheathless electrokinetic particle separation in a bifurcating microchannel
Authors: Li Di , Lu Xinyu , Song Yongxin , Wang Junsheng , Li Dongqing , Xuan Xiangchun
Published: September 2016

Particle separation has found practical applications in many areas from industry to academia. Current electrokinetic particle separation techniques primarily rely on dielectrophoresis, where the electric field gradients are generated by either active microelectrodes or inert micro-insulators. We develop herein a new type of electrokinetic method to continuously separate particles in a bifurcating microchannel. This sheath-free separation makes use of the inherent wall-induced electrical lift to focus particles towards the centerline of the main-branch and then deflect them to size-dependent flow paths in each side-branch. A theoretical model is also developed to understand such a size-based separation, which simulates the experimental observations with a good agreement. This electric field-driven sheathless separation can potentially be operated in a parallel or cascade mode to increase the particle throughput or resolution.
Performance enhancement of AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors by thermally evaporated SiO passivation
Authors: Zhu Gengchang , Wang Hanbin , Wang Yiming , Feng Xianjin , Song Aimin
Published: September 2016

A surface passivation technique has been developed for AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) by simple thermal evaporation of silicon monoxide (SiO) at room temperature. Detailed device characteristics were studied and compared with the most commonly used SiNx passivation grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at elevated temperatures. Both passivation techniques lead to a similar enhancement in the on-state drain current and transconductance as compared with the unpassivated HEMTs. However, we discovered that the gate leakage current in the SiO passivated devices was more than two orders of magnitude lower than the devices passivated by SiNx. Furthermore, while the SiNx passivated HEMTs exhibited a two orders of magnitude increase in off-state drain current, SiO passivation substantially reduced it, resulting in an overall improvement by a factor of 1429. The extent of the device surface damage caused by passivation was also investigated by characterizing other parameters. The subthreshold slope of the SiO passivated HEMTs was 95 mV dec−1, nearly 5 times better than the SiNx passivated devices. The extracted interface trap density was 1.16 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1, about ten times lower than that in the SiNx passivated HEMTs. Moreover, SiO passivation was found to enhance the gate Schottky barrier height by 60 meV whereas SiNx passivation reduced it, which could partially explain the differences in the gate leakage current. Finally, SiO passivation enabled twice high breakdown voltage than SiNx passivation. The relevant physical mechanisms were discussed.
Improved magnetodielectric coefficient on polymer based composites through enhanced indirect magnetoelectric coupling
Authors: Martins P. , Silva D. , P. Silva M. , Lanceros-Mendez S.
Published: September 2016

Flexible particulate composites with general formula [xCoFe2O4]/[(1 − x) (Polyvinylidene fluoride)] were prepared for x = 0, 3, 11, and 20 wt. %. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and saturation magnetization of the composites increase with the increasing CoFe2O4 content, being 13, 0.13, and 13 emu g−1, respectively, for x = 20. The change in the dielectric response (magnetodielectric effect (%)) is the highest among all the reported polymer-based composites for the x = 20 sample (4.2%), and on the contrary, the highest value of the magnetodielectric coefficient (γ) is higher on the x = 3 sample (0.015 emu−2 g2). Such features have large application potential in areas such as filters, magnetic field sensors and actuators, among others.
Characterization of CVD graphene permittivity and conductivity in micro-/millimeter wave frequency range
Authors: Wu Yunqiu , Wu Yun , Kang Kai , Chen Yuanfu , Li Yanrong , Chen Tangsheng , Xu Yuehang
Published: September 2016

The permittivity and conductivity of chemical vapor deposited monolayer graphene are investigated up to 40 GHz. The characterization method is based on a coplanar waveguide transmission line structure that is fabricated on a multilayer substrate of Si/SiO2/graphene/Al2O3 from the bottom up. The effective relative permittivity of the coplanar waveguide transmission line is extracted using Thru-Reflect-Line calibration and scattering parameter measurements, and then the relative permittivity and corresponding conductivity of graphene are characterized using partial capacitance techniques. The results demonstrate that the conductivity and sheet resistance are remarkably frequency-dependent and that the complex relative permittivity is consistent with the Drude model.
Kinetic Monte Carlo of transport processes in Al/AlOx/Au-layers: Impact of defects
Authors: Weiler Benedikt , Haeberle Tobias , Gagliardi Alessio , Lugli Paolo
Published: September 2016

Ultrathin films of alumina were investigated by a compact kMC-model. Experimental jV-curves from Al/AlOx/Au-junctions with plasma- and thermal-grown AlOx were fitted by simulated ones. We found dominant defects at 2.3-2.5 eV below CBM for AlOx with an effective mass mox∗=0.35 m0 and a barrier EB,Al/AlOx≈2.8 eV in agreement with literature. The parameterization is extended to varying defect levels, defect densities, injection barriers, effective masses and the thickness of AlOx. Thus, dominant charge transport processes and implications on the relevance of defects are derived and AlOx parameters are specified which are detrimental for the operation of devices.
Oxygen vacancy ordering induced displacements of cations in yttria-stabilized zirconia
Authors: Wang Yanguo , Cai Canying , Li Liang , Yang Li , Zhou Yichun , Zhou Guangwen
Published: September 2016

Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, we report direct observation of oxygen vacancy ordering induced atomic displacements of the cation sub-lattice in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). We find that the cation lattice adopts a zigzag configuration along the [100] direction with alternately narrow and wide lattice spacings equivalent of 0.85 and 1.15 times of the (200) inter-planar distance of the cubic YSZ. Using atomistic simulations, we show that the cation displacements are induced by the alternate presence of oxygen vacancies at the (1/4, 1/4, 1/4) and (1/4, 3/4, 1/4) sites of the unit cells in the [001] direction. The results demonstrate that significant enrichment of yttrium atoms can occur within individual YSZ grains in addition to the typical surface or grain boundary segregation of dopant atoms.
Indigenous language policies in Brazil
Authors: Cabral Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara , Araujo Sampaio Wany Bernardete de , da Silva Sinha Vera
Published: September 2016

In this chapter we outline the historical background of Brazilian language policies that are meant to be supportive of Brazilian indigenous languages and discuss some positive and negative impacts of national programmes developed under these policies. We single out the official programmes relating to indigenous education, language planning and language description and documentation, and ways in which they might help to assure the survival and vitality of Brazil’s indigenous languages. We also draw attention to official support for directing these positive initiatives towards an effective strengthening of indigenous languages and cultures in collaboration with indigenous peoples and in the context of self-determination and empowerment.
Measuring and understanding ethnolinguistic vitality in Papapana
Authors: Smith Ellen
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a sociolinguistic profile of Papapana, spoken in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, and investigates why and to what extent Papapana is endangered. Language endangerment is the result of complex and interrelated sociolinguistic variables. The study of language contact and use in the Papapana speech community demonstrates the unique ways in which these variables interact and provides crucial insights into factors affecting linguistic vitality in general. The assessment of Papapana using some of the many ethnolinguistic vitality assessment frameworks challenges the assumptions and definitions of these frameworks, and suggests they need re-evaluating, particularly as they often fail to distinguish symptoms and causes of linguistic endangerment. It is vital to make this separation as predictive and diagnostic assessments may have different applications.
Jewish language varieties
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: September 2016

Created in the special circumstances of diaspora isolation, persecution, and regular migration, Jewish language varieties that survived the Holocaust have proved, with the exception of Hasidic Yiddish, to be fragile and are becoming extinct as spoken vernaculars. Emancipation, especially when accompanied by admission to public and state schools, generally led to language shift. But postvernacularity, the building of a metalinguistic community through the preservation of the symbolic value of a language in place of its communicative use, has enabled many Jewish groups to maintain the identity associated with their ethnic heritage.
Adverbs of certainty in a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective
Authors: Rozumko Agata
Published: September 2016

The increasing interest in cross-linguistic research in the area of epistemic modality calls for developing a common theoretical framework within which the inventories and uses of epistemics can be compared across languages. The aim of this study is to compare the repertoires of English and Polish adverbs of certainty taking as the starting point the classification employed by Simon-Vandenbergen and Aijmer (2007). It attempts to examine the validity of their typology for cross-linguistic studies with reference to data from English and Polish. The uses of English and Polish epistemics are illustrated with examples from the British National Corpus and the PWN corpus, respectively. Because the means of expressing epistemic modality differ both the cross-linguistically and cross-culturally, the findings are placed in a cross-cultural perspective.
Chinatown by numbers
Authors: Amos H. William
Published: September 2016

This article explores the potential of the LL to evaluate ethnically-defined spaces. Focusing on the area referred to as ‘Chinatown’ in central Liverpool, it examines the relationships between space, representation, and identity. Interviews with actors and passers-by indicate that the location and definition of Chinatown are interpreted inconsistently. As the article argues, however, the LL contains useful information for locating and qualifying the ethnic space. Scrutinizing both interview data and an empirical corpus of all the texts visible in the space, the article aims to define the borders of Chinatown, and the expression of ethnic identity therein. Whilst testifying to the commodification of aesthetic ideals and symbolic imagery, the LL simultaneously reveals an in-group community representative of authentic Chineseness. Exploring the dynamics of linguistic exclusion and accommodation, the data indicate not only that the identity of Chinatown is multi-layered, but also that its borders are subjective and not definable spatially.
“Un peso, mami!”
Authors: Hassa Samira , Krajcik Chelsea
Published: September 2016

This study analyzes the linguistic landscape of the New York City Dominican neighborhood of Washington Heights to investigate the relationship between language ideologies and transnational dynamics and to observe recent gentrification and sociocultural changes in the neighborhood. It juxtaposes the linguistic landscape with the phenomenon of transnationalism to study the degree and context of the use of Spanish (the official and most frequently spoken language in the Dominican Republic but a minority language in the United States), English (the mainstream language of the United States), and other languages found within the Washington Heights urban landscape. The results confirm the dominance of the English language and reveal the inequality of Spanish and other minority languages as well as how the neighborhood reproduces and contests such ideologies.
On doing Japanese awe in English talk
Authors: Greer Tim
Published: September 2016

This study investigates how Japanese novice L2 speakers of English employ prosodic variations of the receipt particle oh to socially accomplish awe in L2 interaction. In addition to marking changes in epistemic states (Heritage 1984), these participants also produced oh in ways that mark their affective state. Specifically, an oh-response that was delivered as ‘ogh’, was taken by recipients to be conveying surprise or awe. Unlike “surprised receipts” found in L1 English use (Wilkinson and Kitzinger 2006), these “awed receipts” were delivered with decreased pitch and their vowel quality and sequential placement identified them as Japanese (L1) tokens. The chapter outlines several interactional loci which make public the speaker’s emotional stance toward some aspect of the prior interaction.
Formulating and scaling emotionality in L2 qualitative research interviews
Authors: Prior Matthew T.
Published: September 2016

From a corpus of ‘troubles-tellings’ (Jefferson 1988) generated in qualitative research interviews with L2 (second language) English-speaking adult immigrants in the US and Canada, this case study examines how formulation and intensification, supported by various linguistic and paralinguistic resources, enable story teller (interviewee) and story recipient (interviewer) to intersubjectively categorize and manage the affect-laden descriptions of people and events set within particular institutional, interactional, psychological, and moral worlds. As a result, emotionality is shown to be more than an outcome of L2 users’ sociolinguistic experiences but a series of highly coordinated actions that progress the interview activity and make accountable as well as account for a complex network of social conduct and categorial relations.