bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ILRS analysis activities after the adoption of ITRF202
Authors: Sarrocco David , Luceri Cinzia , Basoni Antonio , Bloßfeld Mathis , Evans Keith , Kuzmicz-Cieslak Magda , Lemoine Frank , Bianco Giuseppe
Published: March 2024

The contribution of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) to the most recent realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) was the result of an analysis strategy with two major modifications compared to the operational products: a modeling for stations long-term systematic errors (biases reported in the ILRS Data Handling File) and an updated model of the target signature error (satellite Centre of Mass model). Both refined models were used as input information for the ILRS contribution to the ITRF2020 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2020).Thereafter, the ILRS Analysis Standing Committee (ASC) focused its effort on implementing the new reference frame in its operational products, define a strategy to improve the ongoing monitoring of the systematic errors, compute the ILRS contribution to the planned ITRF2020 update, and to include LARES-2 among the considered satellites for the operational products.The ILRS ASC implemented the ITRF2020/SLRF2020 into all its official operational products (TRF, Earth Orientation Parameters, predicted and combined satellite orbits) and its impact was evaluated. The operational products benefit from the continuous monitoring of the station systematic errors and the frequent updates of the Data Handling File whenever a significant change in the station systematic error is observed. In the future, a change-point detection algorithm, jointly estimating the times and the number of discontinuities, will be implemented to detect potential new discontinuities in the range bias series.The inclusion of LARES-2 among the satellites whose data are operationally analyzed will furtherly increase the robustness of the estimated parameters. Finally, the ILRS ASC activities include the benchmarking of a new analysis center (CNES) which will formally begin its own contribution in 2024.
First global estimation of bankfull river discharge
Authors: Liu Yinxue , Wortmann Michel , Slater Louise , Hawker Laurence , Neal Jeff , Yin Jiabo , Boothroyd Richard , Gebrechorkos Solomon , Leyland Julian , Darby Stephen , Parsons Daniel , Griffith Helen , Cloke Hannah , Vahidi Ellie , Nicholas Andrew , Delorme Pauline , McLelland Stuart
Published: March 2024

The accurate estimation of bankfull discharge (QBF) plays a central role in multiple disciplines including geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology. For example, bankfull discharge is an essential input in many large-scale flood models which are widely used in understanding flood risk across large scales. However, in the context of extremely limited bankfull discharge observations, these Global Flood Models (GFMs) typically assume that bankfull discharge has a spatially uniform recurrence interval, with a value of 1-2 years widely adopted. In reality, many studies have found that the recurrence of bankfull discharge is highly variable. Therefore, more reliable estimates of bankfull discharge that account for river variability across different regions and climate zones are vital. Here, we train a random forest model to estimate bankfull discharge from global datasets encompassing river catchment characteristics, river geometry, topography, reservoir capacity, hydrological and climate indicators, alongside a newly compiled bankfull discharge database with over two thousand observations. The trained machine learning model is then used to develop the first estimate of bankfull discharge for 22 million km of rivers globally, using a newly developed, high-resolution, multi-threaded river network, Global River Topology (GRIT, Wortmann et al., 2023). Independent testing against observed values of QBF shows that the random forest model has good performance (R2=0.79), and the estimated QBF has better accuracy compared to the use of uniform recurrence-interval flows. This is the first study to estimate bankfull discharge for rivers at the global scale. Our dataset aims to improve bankfull representation in large-scale flood modelling, and to support river and water resources research more generally.Wortmann, M., Slater, L., Hawker, L., Liu, Y., & Neal, J. (2023). Global River Topology (GRIT) (0.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. 10.5281/zenodo.7629907
Weddell Sea subsurface warming revealed by an updated Southern Ocean climatology
Authors: Zhou Shenjie , Dutrieux Pierre , Meijers Andrew
Published: March 2024

A new monthly climatology of Southern Ocean hydrography is constructed with updated observational dataset. CTD casts from World Ocean Database, Pangaea Database, CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office, Southern Ocean Database and Korean Polar Data Centre were assembled. All ‘Delayed Mode’ Argo floats profiles and ‘Real-time Mode’ or ‘Real-time Adjusted Mode’ over the within 2000 m isobath near the continental shelves are included. All flagged-good Seal-tag profiles are included. The interpolation scheme employs an elliptical detecting area to select profiles to be averaged into gridded product. The ellipse is designed to align with the dynamic height contour to consider the effect of large-scale circulation. The detecting radius confined by ellipse size varies with the bathymetry and facilitate to resolve local gradient in temperature and salinity field over the continental shelves. A timeseries is constructed by removing the temperature and salinity climatology from the individual profiles in Weddell Sea, and a clear subsurface warming is revealed. An entrainment of warm and saline anomalies from subsurface into the surface layer is captured around 2016 corresponding to the recent sea ice extent decline. A further regional analysis on the temperature and salinity anomaly signal will shed light on the heat delivery pathway and the cause of the subsurface heat entrainment.
Modeling the fate of methane in the water column by model coupling
Authors: Dølven Knut Ola , Espenes Håvard , Drivdal Magnus , Serth Muhammed Fatih , Férré Bénédicte
Published: March 2024

Estimates of atmospheric methane emissions due to seabed methane seepage are hard to constrain. Additionally, high concentrations of methane can have an impact on local biology due to local ocean acidification. In both cases, better tools for modeling the fate of methane in the water column are needed.  We present a new approach where we include and couple a wide range of water column processes by using several already verified models in tandem, attempting to form a complete modelling framework for the fate of methane in the water column. Included processes are gas phase changes, advection, dilution, direct and diffusive atmospheric flux and microbial oxidation. The modelling framework allows for a complete estimate of atmospheric emissions, both direct and diffusive fluxes, as well as the 3-dimensional distribution of methane in the water column. The framework can be applied to specific seep sites of interest using hydroacoustic data as input. Additionally, it is also possible to simulate atmospheric fluxes in potential edge cases and future scenarios in areas where local seepage is expected to change or is unknown.We tested the methodology using hydroacoustic field data from a seep site in the Hola trough offshore North-Western Norway in Spring 2020. We calculated both direct and diffusive atmospheric methane fluxes, distribution of methane in the water column and its potential for affecting local biology due to acidification.
Evaluation of Crop Water Stress Using Drone Images and Numerical Weather Prediction Model Data
Authors: Ryu Jae-Hyun , Ahn Hoyong , Lee Kyung-Do
Published: March 2024

Water conditions in soil are measured with soil moisture sensors such as tensiometer and time-domain reflectometry.  However, installed soil moisture sensors may not fully represent the entire cultivation area due to factors such as topography, meteorological conditions, and irrigation systems.The purpose in this study is to identify spatial variations of crop growth and moisture conditions using drone images and weather data. The drone, equipped with multi-spectral, hyper-spectral, and infrared cameras, captured images, and precipitation information up to 3 days later was automatically collected from numerical weather prediction model. Thermal images of crops and soil responded immediately depending on the presence or absence of irrigation. In irrigated crops, leaf temperature decreased due to transpiration. The hyper-spectral images, including short-wave infrared wavelengths, proved sensitive to soil water conditions. However, reflectance-based water indices showed no immediate differences for crops unless soil moisture fell below the wilting point. There was a difference in crop growth depending on the level of irrigation, which was clearly revealed in the vegetation index. Crop growth was poor in areas where irrigation was low. When soil moisture sensor values decrease and no rainfall is expected in the near future, drone images can be utilized to identify specific areas experiencing crop moisture stress. This suggests the potential for drones to support irrigation decision-making.Acknowledgments: This research was funded by the Rural Development Administration, grant number RS-2022-RD009999.
Petrogenetic constraints of the W-Sn-bearing Abraveses granite (Viseu, Central Portugal)
Authors: Carvalho Carla , Bobos Iuliu , Noronha Fernando
Published: March 2024

The Abraveses massif consists of a syn- to late-D3 two-mica granite which crops out along the core of the NW-SE-trending Porto-Viseu D3 antiform. Multiple W-Sn mineralizations are spatially associated with this granitic massif. From a geochemical standpoint, the Abraveses granite is characterized by a strongly peraluminous signature (A/CNK = 1.25 - 1.51), suggesting it was produced by partial melting of a metasedimentary protolith in mid crustal levels (S-type affinity). The low CaO/Na2O ratio (0.1 - 0.2) and high Rb/Sr (12.2 - 18.5) and Rb/Ba (3.4 - 5.3) ratios indicate that the respective magma was derived from a metapelitic (plagioclase-poor) protolith. The granitic samples present low REE contents (ΣREE = 69.19 - 91.33 ppm). The respective chondrite-normalized pattern is moderately fractionated, showing a relative enrichment in LREE (LaN/YbN = 9.02 - 10.86) and a negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.32 - 0.39). The LREE fractionation is higher compared to the HREE fractionation (LaN/SmN = 2.75 - 3.30; GdN/YbN = 1.82 - 2.17). The UCC-normalized spidergram shows a strong enrichment in Rb, Cs, U and Ta. A significant depletion in Ba, Sr and Ti is also observed. These geochemical features are consistent with the presence of biotite in the crustal source. The strong ore-forming potential of the Abraveses granite is confirmed by its remarkable enrichment in Sn (51 - 106 ppm), W (4 - 17.8 ppm) and ore-transporting volatiles such as F and B. Specialized peraluminous granites from northern and central Portugal typically contain Sn and W concentrations close to those obtained in our study.
Field Assessment of Recycled Aggregates as Mitigation Agents for Acid Leachates Caused by Rainfall Events over Mine Wastes: A Short-Term Study
Authors: Delgado Joaquín , Barba-Brioso Cinta , Romero-Baena Antonio , Martín Domingo , Campos Paloma , Gónzalez Isabel
Published: March 2024

This research represents the first step at a pilot field scale following the success of a previous laboratory study that demonstrated the favourable performance of a bed of recycled concrete aggregates, reducing the pollutant load of acid drainage generated by polymetallic sulfidic mining residues.Mobility studies of trace metals in water and calcium chloride were conducted to evaluate the evolution of potential availability of an amended minesoil over three months, and to test the effect of each rainfall episode on it. Analysis of the solutions extracted were performed by ICP-OES.Mobil fraction of the main elements in surface was dominated by Ca, Mg and S, demonstrating that reactivity of the recycled concrete aggregates played a key role on the neutralization of minesoil surface, by dissolution of carbonates in reaction with the acid environment during rainfall.Trace elements reduced their mobility respect to the original soils while main elements increased. On the other hand, the mobility in calcium chloride showed no significant differences. Depth profiles indicate that particularly the concentration of Zn increases in the deeper levels, while As and Pb exhibit greater mobility at intermediate levels of the profile. Finally, Cu is the element that seems to have a more stable behaviour in depth. The potentially more hazardous elements have reduced their mobility compared to the initial conditions before the application of the amendment. However, the data suggest a higher efficiency of the treatment in the first centimetres of the profile, indicating a need for a readjustment of the proportions of reactive material in the amendment.
Utility of foraminifera environmental DNA as proxies in relative sea-level reconstructions from Northern Norway
Authors: Yap Wenshu , Tan Fangyi , Li Tanghua , Khan Nicole , Holthuis Max , Nixon Chantel , Horton Benjamin
Published: March 2024

Foraminifera are commonly applied in saltmarsh and mangrove reconstructions of relative sea level (RSL) due to their distinct vertical zonation with respect to tidal elevation. The success of this approach relies on deriving accurate foraminifera counts that are representative of the true foraminifera assemblage. However, traditional counts using the microscope can be time consuming, and taphonomic processes may lead to poor preservation of foraminifera tests, hindering identification. This study explores a novel approach that compares traditional foraminifera analyses with environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to assess the utility of foraminifera eDNA as proxies to reconstruct past RSL.We collected paired samples for traditional foraminifera counts and eDNA metabarcoding from an Arctic saltmarsh near the community of Kongsfjord in Finnmark, northern Norway. Samples were collected along a transect across the modern saltmarsh surface and at successive depths within the fossil saltmarsh sequence. Our metabarcoding targets the 18S rRNA gene’s variable region 37f that are specific to foraminifera. Preliminary findings reveal differences between the foraminifera assemblage determined using traditional microscope methods versus foraminifera metabarcoding, with certain species of foraminifera that were uniquely identified with the eDNA approach. This study demonstrates the utility of foraminifera metabarcoding to complement traditional morphology-based counts and paves the way for wider application of foraminifera metabarcoding in palaeoenvironmental research.
Why is the pesticide endosulfan not disappearing from the global environment after ban?
Authors: Lammel Gerhard , Alarcon Paulo C. , Padervand Mohsen , Pöschl Ulrich , Zetzsch Cornelius
Published: March 2024

Endosulfan is a persistent organochlorine pesticide that was globally distributed before it was banned in 2013, and it continues to cycle in the Earth system. The chemical kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of α-endosulfan with the hydroxyl radical (OH) was studied by means of pulsed vacuum UV flash photolysis and time resolved resonance fluorescence (FP-RF) as kOH = 5.8×10-11 e(-1960 K/T) cm3 s-1 with an uncertainty range of 7×10-12 e(-1210 K/T) to 4×10-10 e(-2710 K/T) cm3 s-1. This corresponds to an estimated photochemical atmospheric half-life in the range of 3-12 months, which is much longer than previously assumed (days to weeks).Comparing the atmospheric concentrations observed after the global ban of endosulfan with environmental multimedia model predictions, we find that photochemical degradation in the atmosphere is slower than biodegradation in soil or water, and that the latter limits the total environmental lifetime of endosulfan. We conclude that the lifetimes typically assumed for soil and aquatic systems are likely underestimated and should be revisited, in particular for temperate and warm climates. Moreover, the pollutant may persist in soil and sediment burdens disconnected from compartmental interfaces.
Towards a comparison of interglacial climate variability in the tropics during the last 300.000 years
Authors: Mielke Aaron , Warken Sophie , Garcia Noreen , Charles Christopher , Keppler Frank , Rivera Collazo Isabel , Acosta Colon Angel , Winter Amos
Published: March 2024

To better estimate effects of current climate change on the water cycle in the highly variable tropical region, past periods of similarly warm climate conditions can provide unique insights. The interglacial phases of the past 800,000 years are promising targets for this purpose, since these provide a natural variety of different climate configurations. While several reconstructions of past interglacial periods are available, the terrestrial, and in particular tropical regions are still under-represented in the record. Speleothems can be used to observe changes and effects on the eco- and climate system as well as their coupling on seasonal to millennial time scales, which usually cannot be resolved by climate model simulations.This project aims to further close the research gap of these regions with investigations of stalagmites from Cueva Larga, Puerto Rico. Cueva Larga is a well-monitored location1,2,, and speleothem records from this cave have demonstrated a high sensitivity to regional and global climatic variations, in particular changes in the position of the ITCZ, Atlantic sea surface temperatures and ocean circulation3,4. First precise 230Th/U ages on previously collected stalagmites show the potential to reconstruct climatic variations during parts of the past interglacials of the past 300,000 years, i.e., MIS1, MIS, 5, MIS7, and MIS9. In the next step, time series from high-resolution trace element and stable isotope measurements (δ18O and δ13C) from these interglacials will be conducted.The multi-proxy speleothem time series will allow to improve the quantitative and qualitative understanding of precipitation intensity and variability during interglacials and also help to constrain both the sensitivity of the Earth system in the tropics to different climatic drivers and the extent of current climate change compared to natural variability.References:1 Vieten et al. (2017). Monitoring of Cueva Larga, Puerto Rico—A First Step to Decode Speleothem Climate Records. Advances in Karst Science, Springer International Publishing, p.319-3312 Vieten et al. (2018). Hurricane Impact on Seepage Water in Larga Cave, Puerto Rico. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 123, No. 33 Warken et al. (2020). Persistent Link Between Caribbean Precipitation and Atlantic Ocean Circulation During the Last Glacial Revealed by a Speleothem Record from Puerto Rico. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Vol. 35, No. 114 Warken et al. (2022). Last glacial millennial-scale hydro-climate and temperature changes in Puerto Rico constrained by speleothem fluid inclusion δ18O and δ2H values. Climate of the Past, Vol. 18, No.
Metamorphic Evolution of Rare Garnet-Al-Silicates (Kyanite-Sillimanite-Andalusite)-Staurolite ± graphite bearing Anatectic Metapelites from Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, NE India
Authors: Saikia Dicton , Ozha Manoj , Shankar Ravi
Published: March 2024

The present study integrates petrochemical analyses and phase equilibria modeling of rare Garnet-Al-Silicates (Kyanite-Sillimanite-Andalusite) - Staurolite ± graphite bearing anatectic metapelites to comprehend its tectono-metamorphic evolution from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS), NE India. Extensive field studies reveal the occurrence of high-grade metapelitic rocks as enclaves in the Trans-Himalayan Lohit group of rocks (migmatitic gneisses), Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Quartz-garnet-kyanite-plagioclase represents the peak metamorphic assemblage, in which garnets (Fe-rich) occur as porphyroblast and kyanite exhibit long crystals embedded in polygonal quartz and feldspar. The presence of peritectic kyanite and overgrowth of muscovite corona over kyanite (back reaction of melt with Al-silicates) indicates melting in the metapelitic rocks. Additionally, the presence of hydrous phases (e.g., muscovite and biotite), in the matrix points towards a wet melting condition. Furthermore, the post-peak metamorphic history of the rocks can be characterized by the presence of sillimanite and andalusite formed during exhumation. Thermobarometric studies estimate the peak metamorphic conditions for the metapelite at T =650±25°C, P~8 Kbar. The P-T pseudosection analysis predicts the peak metamorphic condition for the metapelites at T~ 650°C, P=7-8 Kbar; with clockwise PT paths. This suggests a wet melting condition at T~ 680°C (Solidus) and P~8 Kbar for the high-grade metapelites possibly related to the India-Asia collision from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis of Arunachal Himalaya.
Changes in land surface phenology and gas exchange of deciduous and coniferous forests in response to heat and drought stress
Authors: Moutahir Hassane , Petrik Peter , Grote Rüdiger , Kiese Ralf
Published: March 2024

 Heat and drought stress events have a significant impact on plant phenology. Changes in phenology can alter the length of the growing season and affect carbon, water, and energy fluxes. Some of these changes can persist for several years, especially in response to successive stress events. In this work, we combine remote sensing data and process-based modeling to investigate the effect of different heat and drought stress events on land surface phenology (LSP) and water and carbon fluxes in a deciduous and coniferous forest in southwest Germany. We used climate data to characterize different stress events for selected forest sites and as input for the process-based model LandscapeDNDC (LDNDC). For the determination of different LSP metrics we used time series of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) covering the last two decades. The evaluation of the model simulations was done using remote sensing data. The results indicated that different EVI and LSP trajectories exist for deciduous and coniferous sites. The model simulations also demonstrated that significant variations in water and carbon fluxes exist for the period during and after the stress events, and that leaf area recovery was linked to gas exchange. Since the overall forest development strongly depends on stress response strategy as well as stress frequency and intensity, combining climate projections and process-based models is needed to explore the suitability of forest response types under expected climate changes
Machine learning power system emulation for rapid screening of multi-sector policies
Authors: Ashraf Adil , Etichia Mikiyas , Basheer Mohammed , Harou Julien
Published: March 2024

Linking integrated water-energy simulation with multi-objective search algorithms provides a practical design tool for interdependent river basins and power systems. However, this approach is typically limited by the computational resources required to complete the many thousands of simulations to discover efficient solutions. We introduce an artificial neural network-based power system emulator to enable optimized design of large-scale detailed multi-sector water-energy systems. The proposed framework links an integrated power system emulator and river system simulator to an AI-driven multi-objective search design process. We compare optimized designs using both the power system emulator and simulator to check the emulators’ computational speed and accuracy. The framework is applied to the Sudanese power system and its link to the Eastern Nile river basin, to investigate how optimized operational strategies of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) could affect Sudan’s resource systems. Results are similar for the power system emulator and simulator, showing the emulator helps to significantly reduce the computational cost of using sophisticated multi-sector policy design approaches.
Non-Exchangeable Hydrogen Stable Isotope Analysis In Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Pectin Methoxy Groups
Authors: Abrahim Aiman , Greule Markus , Rinke Peter , Vlachou Christina , Kelly Simon
Published: March 2024

Hydrogen stable isotope analysis of fruits can provide valuable information about their geographical origin, growing conditions, and the underlying environmental factors. The isotopic ratios of Hydrogen in fruits are related to the water they absorb and incorporate during photosynthesis. Nevertheless, measuring non-exchangeable hydrogen isotope ratios in plant-related organic compounds such as carbohydrates and polysaccharides face well-known analytical challenges (1). One strategy to overcome this challenge is by an established method which determines the hydrogen isotope ratios in non-exchangeable methoxy groups of organic compounds (e.g., lignin, pectin) (2). Pectin is a type of polysaccharide that is naturally occurring in the cell walls of fruits and vegetables and has the potential to be useful for food traceability. We have adapted the site-specific hydrogen stable isotope method, originally developed for wood lignin, to the extraction and δ2H measurement of pectin in mango fruits cultivated in different countries to assess the feasibility of applying the data to geographical origin assignment.Reference.(1) Sauer, P. E., Schimmelmann, A., Sessions, A. L., & Topalov, K. (2009). Simplified batch equilibration for D/H determination of non‐exchangeable hydrogen in solid organic material. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry: An International Journal Devoted to the Rapid Dissemination of Up‐to‐the‐Minute Research in Mass Spectrometry, 23(7), 949-956.(2) Keppler, F., Harper, D. B., Kalin, R. M., Meier‐Augenstein, W., Farmer, N., Davis, S., ... & Hamilton, J. T. (2007). Stable hydrogen isotope ratios of lignin methoxyl groups as a paleoclimate proxy and constraint of the geographical origin of wood. New Phytologist, 176(3), 600-609.
Towards an operational forecast-based attribution system - beyond isolated events
Authors: Leach Nicholas , Ermis Shirin , Vashti Ayim Olivia , Sparrow Sarah , Lott Fraser , Zhou Linjing , Hope Pandora , Mitchell Dann , Weisheimer Antje , Allen Myles
Published: March 2024

Interest in the question of how anthropogenic climate change is affecting extreme weather has grown considerably over the past few years - and 2023 has been no exception. This increase in interest has brought a need for robust approaches that are able to quantitatively answer this question rapidly after an event occurs. However, conventional attribution frameworks using statistical or dynamical climate models have been challenged by several recent events that lay well beyond the historical record.While such events have proven difficult to attribute using conventional methodologies, many were surprisingly well forecast by high-resolution numerical weather prediction systems. These systems generally lie at the state-of-the-art in the spectrum of earth system modelling, and their deficiencies are well documented and understood. We suggest that they therefore represent an opportunity for answering attribution — and other weather and climate risk-related — questions, based on models that are demonstrably able to simulate the often non-linear physics of the extremes that we are most interested in. This can increase the confidence in any attributable changes assessed since such changes can be explained in terms of the underlying physical processes. Further, as attribution science extends beyond purely physical assessments and into socioeconomic impacts, this opportunity will grow: weather models are already widely used by risk and emergency management professionals as inputs to hazard models. A final advantage of basing attribution statements on weather forecast models is that it is not only apparent when a forecast model can be used — but also when the model has a crucial deficiency as indicated by a forecast bust. In this case it would be clear that making a quantitative attribution statement would not be appropriate.We have previously used a global high-resolution and coupled ensemble prediction system to quantify human influence on the Pacific Northwest Heatwave and Storm Eunice. Here, we move from event-centric to pseudo-operational experiments. We present a season of perturbed forecasts for attribution, initialised twice per week during the 2022-23 winter in both pre-industrial and future climates, using the same operational ECMWF model as before. A number of high-impact extreme events took place during this winter, and we will present preliminary results from some of these.We suggest that this large set of simulations may be of interest to a wide range of users both inside and outside the attribution community, and we therefore aim to make them publicly available. In addition, we are keen to overcome the limitation imposed by our use of a single model within these experiments, and therefore invite other weather forecasting groups to run comparable experiments.
Beyond Traditional Science Advocacy: Should Scientists engage in Climate Action? 
Authors: Keizer Iris , Oldeman Arthur , Jüling André
Published: March 2024

The current climate and environmental crisis requires immediate societal changes. Here, we propose a discussion on whether scientists should engage in climate action. Activism offers a new avenue for climate advocacy that goes beyond traditional methods. We explore how scientists engaging in climate activism can educate the general public and press for urgent action and the conditions under which scientific activism can be most effective. Using historical and recent examples of non-violent civil disobedience by scientists, including actions we joined and/or supported as members of Scientist Rebellion, we demonstrate how such activism can be effective in complementing classical approaches to public education about the urgency of the climate and environmental crises, as well as in pushing for critically needed political action. We invite all scientists to engage in a discussion on whether we should engage in climate action as we acknowledge the complexities around scientific values, ethics, authority, and integrity. 
Deglaciation and debris flow dynamics: how does the glacier retreat affect debris flow activity in High Mountain Asia? 
Authors: Bazilova Varvara , Duurkoop Leon , Hirschberg Jacob , de Haas Tjalling , Immerzeel Walter
Published: March 2024

Debris flows are fast-moving masses of rock, soil, and water, which occur in mountain areas all over the world. Debris flows achieve maximum discharges that are many times greater than those associated with floods and are therefore often hazardous to people and infrastructure. Contrary to the general expectations that climate change will increase the magnitude and frequency of the debris flows, recent assessments have shown that under certain conditions future climate may increase the sediment transport capacity, but could also favor a reduction of the sediment supply and, therefore, reduce debris-flow activity.  The impact of glacier retreat together with future climate conditions on debris-flow catchments is not yet fully understood, but it is expected to increase due to uncovered glacial till, increased hillslope instabilities and an increase in peak rainfall intensities. We aim to quantify the effect of the changes in water availability (changes in precipitation regime, but also glacier meltwater) together with the subsequent landscape changes in climatically contrasting catchments in High Mountain Asia (HMA) on the frequency and magnitude of debris flows. We address it by further extending the sediment cascade model (SedCas), expanding the available hydrological response units to bedrock, vegetated and glaciated parts of the catchment. We further investigate (1) how sediment yield and debris flow magnitude-frequency change over time, and (2) how deglaciation and catchment greening (changes of land cover) affect debris flow activity for different climate regions across High Mountain Asia. We find that in the case study of sediment-unlimited catchments, from 1950 to 2022, glacier retreat increases the water supply. That, in combination with the warming temperatures (and therefore the change in the partitioning of the solid and liquid precipitation) and the decrease in number of extreme precipitation events, results in a decrease in the debris-flow activity. These preliminary results show that changes are not consistent across HMA and highly depend on the climatic regime and elevation. Our findings shed light on the debris flow and flood hazard in the data-scarce areas of HMA and highlight the importance of considering regional climate conditions for hazard assessment in addition to region-wide estimation of glacier retreat. The future development will investigate the sediment-limited conditions. 
Evolution of Surface Precipitation Accumulations Upstream of the Olympic Mountains using Observations and Simulations: An OLYMPEX Case Study
Authors: Hence Deanna , James Scott
Published: March 2024

Analysis of surface precipitation accumulations upstream, near-shore, and adjacent to the Olympic mountains from the 17 December 2015 case during OLYMPEX using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations, the NPOL dual-polarization radar, and high-resolution soundings investigates the role of low-level blocking on upstream precipitation enhancement. Past work shows that frontal systems often slow while approaching complex terrain if the Froude number is sufficiently low. Low-level blocking of stable air ahead of a front can modify precipitation distributions by frontal deformation, slowing, splitting, or merging. Observed coastal sounding-derived vertical stability profiles indicate high levels of low-level stability and significant vertical wind shear, which showed little change while a warm front propagated northeastward and stalled as the stable air mass likely dammed against the terrain. Radial velocity from the NPOL radar and simulated wind fields indicate strong down-valley flow coupled with a frontal jet also contributed to long-lasting Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) waves extending offshore.Using WRF simulations along with OLYMPEX observations, we examined the evolution of precipitation upstream of complex terrain by breaking down the distribution of pre-frontal and frontal precipitation accumulations as the warm front approached the Olympic Peninsula. Through dividing the event into regions upstream of NPOL and into timeframes relative to landfall, results indicate pre-warm frontal precipitation accumulations decrease with distance upstream of the coast with the highest accumulations present over the terrain. As the front's translation speed slowed and eventually stalled, the warm frontal period accumulations are highest far upstream of the coast and over the terrain, with lesser accumulations in the middle region. These results indicate that upstream precipitation enhancement upstream is an indirect effect of the terrain influencing the frontal shape and propagation, resulting in enhanced frontal precipitation accumulations.
On the contribution of InSAR Meteorology to a Digital Twin Of The Atmosphere
Authors: Nico Giovanni , Mateus Pedro , Catalao Joao
Published: March 2024

In this work, we discuss the potential and perspective use of InSAR meteorology within the Destination Earth (DestineE) initiative. The joined use of high-resolution Numerical Weather Models (NWM),such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and the next large availability and redundancy of C- and L-band interferometric SAR missions (besides the current Sentinel-1 A&B and SAOCOM missions and the next Sentinel-1 C&D, N.G., ROSE-L, ALOS-4, NISAR), provides an example of the digital model of Earth that could support the complex task of anticipating extreme weather events.There are two main approaches of applied mathematics to digitalization: Physics-Based and Data Driven. Physics-based models (PBMs) can give useful information on the processes to be described without the need for huge datasets, a first idea of what variables shall be monitored and provide a means for generalization.Data-driven approaches imply the use of methods from Machine Learning or even Deep Learning to "learn from data collected by sensors". Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools need very high amounts and can be used to find hidden patterns in the data. Such a pattern can be refined whenever new data are collected. NWMs are an example of a physics-based Digital Twin.We focus on using WRF and InSAR meteorology to continuously update the Digital Twins of the atmosphere. The data lake consists of Sentinel-1 data (high-resolution PWV maps), the output variables of the ERA5 model. The digital twin engine consists of the 3D-Var assimilation of Sentinel-1 PWV maps, which provide a numerical tool to generate replicas of the NWM (e.g., WRF, AROME, COSMO). We want to demonstrate that it is possible to get: 1) Hints to change/modify the assumptions of NWMs; 2) Hints to reduce the extension of approximations; 3) Extend the limits of applications of WRF to better predict extreme weather events.
ALAMEDA – A scalable multi-domain metadata management platform
Authors: Mühlbauer Felix , Hammitzsch Martin , Hanisch Marc , Pruß Gunnar , Häner Rainer , Rach Oliver
Published: March 2024

Modern Earth sciences produce a continuous increasing amount of data. These data consist of the measurements/observations and descriptive information (metadata) and include semantic classifications (semantics). Depending on the geoscientific parameter, metadata are stored in a variety of different databases, standards and semantics, which is obstructive for interoperability in terms of limited data access and exchange, searchability and comparability. Examples of common data types with very different structure and metadata needs are maps, geochemical data derived from field samples, or time series data measured with a sensor at a point, such as precipitation or soil moisture.So far, there is a large gap between the capabilities of databases to capture metadata and their practical use. ALAMEDA is designed as modular structured metadata management platform for curation, compilation, administration, visualization, storage and sharing of meta information of lab-, field- and modelling datasets. As a pilot application for stable isotope and soil moisture data ALAMEDA will enable to search, access and compare meta information across organization-, system- and domain boundaries.ALAMEDA covers 5 major categories: observation & measurements, sample & data history, sensor & devices, methods & processing, environmental characteristics (spatio & temporal). These categories are hierarchically structured, interlinkable and filled with specific metadata attributes (e.g. name, data, location, methods for sample preparation, measuring and data processing, etc.). For the pilot, all meta information will be provided by existing and wellestablished data management tools (e.g. mDIS, SMS, LI2, etc.).In ALAMEDA, all information is brought together and will be available via web interfaces. Furthermore, the project focuses on features such as metadata curation with intuitive graphical user interfaces, the adoption of well-established standards, the use of domain-controlled vocabularies and the provision of interfaces for a standards-based dissemination of aggregated information. Finally, ALAMEDA should be integrated into the DataHub (Hub-Terra).Currently the project is in the final phase and we want to present the developed concepts and software and lessions learned.
Heliospheric and cosmic dust science with Interstellar Probe and with missions inside the solar system
Authors: Sterken Veerle J. , Hunziker Silvan , Dialynas Konstantinos , Baalmann Lennart R. , Péronne Arthur , Krüger Harald , Strub Peter , Cho Kyung-Suk , Carpenter James D. , Posner Arik , Brandt Pontus
Published: March 2024

Cosmic dust particles with sufficiently high charge-to-mass ratios interact with the heliosphere on both global and local scales due to the coupling of the charged dust with the heliospheric plasma. They are the fingerprints of heliospheric phenomena, and are tracers that can set boundary conditions to heliospheric models in addition to plasma, magnetic field or other measurements like galactic cosmic rays. This talk highlights (1) the synergies between the heliospheric and dust science, (2) the dust model predictions and (3) measurement requirements for dust measurements with an Interstellar Probe in different regions inside and outside of the heliosphere. We discuss how the choice of trajectories and launch date can affect the measurements and the science goals. Answering pressing questions concerning the dust-heliosphere interactions requires a multi-mission approach with missions inside the solar system as well. We therefore present interstellar dust impact predictions for the Destiny+ mission, and we illustrate how we aim to infer information about the heliosheath filtering using the data and simulations. Finally, we conclude - and highlight with some examples - why heliospheric/plasma physics and dust science go hand in hand, in particular for future mission proposals. We illustrate this with specific examples like the DOLPHIN and SunCHASER mission concepts and an instrument on the Lunar Gateway. 
Citizen Science in Meteorology: Enhancing weather understanding through innovative instrumentation and community engagement
Authors: Loglisci Nicola , Galizia Antonella , Parodi Antonio , Galia Timoteo , Iurato Juri , Monni Roberto
Published: March 2024

Meteorology and climatology have their foundations in the observation of the main meteorological variables. They constitute an essential tool for understanding the meteorological situation in operational forecasting activity, for the construction of the initial conditions for numerical integration in both deterministic and probabilistic models, as well as for the construction of time series for climate analysis.Moreover, the assimilation of local meteorological observations to the global observational network, plays a crucial role in refining meteorological predictions.I-CHANGE project offers an in-depth exploration of Citizen Science, emphasizing the use of innovative instrumentation to actively engage citizens in collecting meteorological data. Through the use of advanced sensors, mobile apps, and emerging technologies such as Meteotracker, our project aims to transform individuals into true "citizen scientists," making a significant contribution to the understanding of atmospheric phenomena.We present a case study illustrating the integration of state-of-the-art instrumentation with community participation in Living Labs, highlighting how Citizen Science can enrich meteorological research. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of this approach, emphasizing the validity of community-collected data and its impact on the accuracy of local weather forecasts.
Observations of a Solar Energetic Particle Eventon March 28th 2022 by the BepiColombo Satellite
Authors: Stumpo Mirko , Laurenza Monica , Benella Simone , Milillo Anna , Plainaki Christina , Orsini Stefano , Varsani Ali , Laky Gunter , Barabash Stas , Williamson Hayley , Nillson Hans , Sanchez-Cano Beatriz , Murakami Go , Saito Yoshifumi , Hadid Lina , Hayner Daniel , Aronica Alessandro , Di Bartolomeo Pier Paolo , Kazakov Adrian , Moroni Martina ,   other authors
Published: March 2024

On March 28, 2022, a particle flux increase was recorded at very different energies by the several particle instruments on board the BepiColombo (BC) spacecraft. Specifically, an increase in the low-energy ion flux was measured by the SERENA/PICAM instrument and one in both the proton (1.5 – 20.7 MeV) and electron (>0.5 MeV) flux was detected by the BERM radiation monitor. These observations are consistent with the occurrence of a Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) event. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the observed SEP event, exploiting BC's unique vantage point to explore temporal, spatial, and energetic characteristics, as well as observations from other spacecraft in the inner heliosphere. In conjunction with BC's observations, we used data from the STEREO-A, which is very well magnetically connected with BC along the spiral magnetic field, and data provided by spacecraft positioned at the Lagrangian point L1, such as ACE and WIND, which are radially connected with BC. The findings provide insights into the physical mechanisms governing SEP events, offering a perspective on their solar origin, propagation, and evolution within the heliosphere.
A Green Infrastructure Approach through Carbon Cycle Analysis and Decision Support
Authors: Bi Jiangong , Lee Sangchul , Lee Junga
Published: March 2024

Due to climate change, abnormal weather conditions such as floods, droughts, heavy snow, and heatwaves are escalating globally. Recent climate observations and model predictions indicate a trend toward more frequent and intense extreme climate events in the near future, attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. When floods occur, they simplify the habitats of ecosystems, leading to a reduction in diversity and water quality pollution. Basin ecosystems play a crucial role in carbon absorption, mitigation, and providing habitats for plants and animals. Therefore, it is imperative that plants, soil, and wetlands within the watershed ecosystem absorb and sequester carbon from the atmosphere to decrease greenhouse gas concentrations. Consequently, there is a necessity for research on decision support tools capable of identifying and analyzing the factors influencing carbon circulation during a flood. The primary objective of this study is to develop a decision support tool for green infrastructure (GI) planning in watershed ecosystems to enhance resilience against climate change. The tool will help identify and analyze factors affecting the carbon cycle during flood events and enable the creation of GIs that support the carbon cycle. The expected results from the study combine positive factors that can lead to various positive and combining factors, so future research can create scenarios through combinations of factors. The scenarios created can result in GIs that can perform ad hoc tasks by choosing more efficient configurations.  ReferencesMichael W. Strohbach, Eric Arnold, Dagmar Haase. The carbon footprint of urban green space—A life cycle approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 105, Issue 4, 30 April 2012, Pages 445 ※ This work was supported by the Core Research Institute Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2021R1A6A1A10045235).※ This work was supported by Korea Environment Industry &Technology Institute (KEITI) through "Climate Change R&D Project for New Climate Regime.", funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (2022003570003)