bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Ausbildung der Artikelfunktion im Gotischen aus der Sicht der Theorien des kontaktbedingten Sprachwandels
Authors: Kotin Michail L.
Published: January 2020

The development of the article function in Gothic from the perspective of the theories of contact-induced language change. Summary: The paper deals with selected aspects of the influence of language contacts on language change in the area of grammatical categories in a written language. The author analyses the development of the category of definiteness in Gothic on the basis of a systemic comparison of original Greek and translated Gothic biblical texts. The claim is that internal tendencies in a grammatical change play a decisive part, whereas language contacts are only secondary triggers in this process. Against the so-called “anything goes”-hypothesis, it is shown that an externally-influenced grammatical change can take place only on condition that the inherent system of the language in contact licences it and, moreover, if the change corresponds to similar processes in the recipient language. Furthermore, the influence of a donor language never covers the totality of grammatical forms and their functions in the recipient language, thus the effects of the contact in question are always only partial. Language contacts can, thus, essentially accelerate genuine tendencies in the development of a new grammatical category, but their true origins are always located within the native grammatical system. Streszczenie: Powstanie funkcji rodzajnikowej w języku gockim z punktu widzenia teorii zmian językowych pod wpływem kontaktów językowych. W artykule rozpatrywane są wybrane aspekty wpływów kontaktów językowych na zmiany zachodzące w zakresie kategorii gramatycznych w rodzimym systemie języka pisanego. Na podstawie systemowego porównania oryginalnych greckich i przetłumaczonych gockich tekstów biblijnych badany jest rozwój kategorii określoności w języku gockim. Założeniem przewodnim jest teza, iż tendencje wewnętrzne odgrywają kluczową rolę w przemianach gramatycznych, gdyż kontakty językowe są wtórnymi czynnikami w tymże procesie. W przeciwieństwie do hipotezy, że kontakt językowy może warunkować dowolne zmiany w rodzimych systemach gramatycznych, analiza dowodzi, iż zewnętrznie uwarunkowane zmiany gramatyczne mogą zajść wyłącznie pod warunkiem ich dopuszczalności poprzez autochtoniczną gramatykę języka znajdującego się pod wpływem języka obcego. Ponadto same zmiany nie stanowią automatycznego przejęcia form gramatycznych i ich funkcji od języka napływowego, lecz tylko częściowo pokrywają się z nimi. Kontakt językowy może więc znacznie przyśpieszyć tendencje w powstaniu nowej kategorii gramatycznej, ale ich prawdziwe źródło zawsze powinno znajdować się wewnątrz systemu rodzimego.
Kontakty językowe w Finlandii
Authors: Wojan Katarzyna
Published: January 2020

Language contacts in Finland. Summary: The article outlines linguistic contacts in Finland in different periods of time, from prehistory to the present day. It emphasizes the historically validated multilingualism and multiculturalism of the country. A thesis has been formulated concerning the strong influences of various languages on Finnish at various stages of its development (i.e. on prehistoric spoken Proto-Finnish, the medieval folk language of the Finns, Finnish of the modern era, as well as on the contemporary stratified language characterized by diglossia and triglossia). The author describes the latest sociolinguistic phenomena such as the interference of migrant languages with the stratified Finnish language and with its urban jargons. The analysis includes the national languages of Finland and languages of ethnic minorities, including sign languages (and their sociolinguistic aspect). The article refers to the latest developments in genetic linguistics.
S t r e s z c z e n i e: Artykuł w ogólnym zarysie opisuje kontakty językowe mające miejsce w Finlandii w różnych okresach, począwszy od prehistorii po współczesność obejmującą obecną dekadę stulecia. Podkreśla się usankcjonowaną historycznie wielojęzyczność i wielokulturowość kraju. Postawiono tezę o silnych wpływach odmiennych języków na fińszczyznę będącą w różnym stadium rozwoju (tj. na prehistoryczne odmiany mówione prafińszczyny, średniowieczny ludowy język Finów, nowofiński doby nowożytnej, jak też na współcześnie rozwarstwiony język, który cechuje dyglosja i tryglosja). Scharakteryzowano najnowsze zjawisko socjojęzykowe – interferencję języków migrantów w rozczłonkowanej odmianie mówionej języka fińskiego oraz rozwijających się żargonach miejskich. Obiektem analizy lingwistycznej objęto języki krajowe Finlandii oraz języki mniejszości etnicznych, w tym języki migowe (aspekt socjolingwistyczny). W artykule zawarto wzmiankę na temat najnowszych osiągnięć genetyki lingwistycznej.
Mieczysław Jastrun w Łodzi 1931–1939
Authors: Mielhorski Robert
Published: January 2020

The paper discusses the inter-war Łódź stage in the biography and work of Mieczysław Jastrun, which forms a part of a broader first period of the writer’s activities (1923–1941). The author of the text, based on source materials and historical documents, reconstructs the sources of the contemporary world-view of Jastrun, characterises philosophical inspirations of the poet and the feeling of threat by fascism (short story “Civitas Diaboli”), as well as the moment of his left-wing ideological turn, including consequences of Marxist reflections. The paper also focuses on the contemporary social relations of the author of Dzieje nieostygłe [History Is Cooling Down], presents Jastrun’s critical opinion of the Łódź literary milieu and some of its initiatives (e.g. the Wymiary [Dimensions] magazine), as well as sketches the image of Łódź as a juggernaut-city of the 1930s, manifested in the poems and the prose of the writer, and combines it with the contemporary personal stance of Jastrun (professional work, marriage to Krystyna Bilska, friendship with painter Karol Hiller).
The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Szewczyk Aleksandra , Witecka Apolonia , Kiersztan Anna
Published: January 2020

According to current knowledge, the number of microorganisms living in our body slightly exceeds the number of our own cells, and most of them occupy the large intestine. New methods for analyzing microorganisms residing in our intestine (intestinal microbiota) enable a better understanding of their metabolic, protective and structural functions as well as complex interactions with the host. The development of microbiota is dynamic, and its composition may change during our lifetime. Many factors can affect the composition of microbiota, such as diet, stress, age, genetic factors and antibiotic therapy. Microbiota-gut-brain communication is bi-directional and is mediated via neuronal, immunological and humoral pathways. This article focuses on gut-brain axis elements, such as the vagus nerve, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), cytokines, neurotransmitters, hormones and intestinal peptides, allowing microbiota to contact with the central nervous system. Moreover, this article shows the mechanisms by which microbiota affects the brain functions related to our behavior, mood and cognitive processes. In addition, the role of microbiota composition disorders in the pathogenesis of central nervous system diseases (such as depression, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease) is discussed. This article also focuses on the results from studies in which probiotics have been used as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and also alleviating the symptoms of the central nervous system diseases.
An Intelligent Incentive Model Based on Environmental Ergonomics for Food SMEs
Authors: Ushada Mirwan , Putro Nur Achmad Sulistyo , Khuriyati Nafis
Published: January 2020

In this study, an intelligent incentive model based on environmental ergonomics in food small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) was developed. Environmental ergonomics was defined as the impact of temperature and relative humidity within a certain range on a worker's heart rate during work. Optimum environmental ergonomics are highly required as a basic standard for food SMEs to provide fair incentives. Recommendable parameters from a genetic algorithm and fuzzy inference modeling were used to model customized incentives based on optimum heart rate, workplace temperature and relative humidity before and after working. The research hypothesis stated that industries should optimize their workload and workstation environment prior to customizing incentives. The research objectives were: 1) to recommend optimum environmental ergonomics parameters for customized incentives; 2) to determine the incentives at workstations of SMEs based on optimum environmental ergonomics parameters and fuzzy inference modeling. The optimum values for heart rate, workstation temperature and relative humidity used were based on recommendable values from the genetic algorithm. An inference model was developed to generate decisions whether a worker should receive an incentive based on a calculated index. The results indicated that 84.4% of workers should receive an incentive. The results of this research could be used to promote the concept of ergonomics-based customized incentives.
A Collaborative System to Manage Information Sources Improving Transport Infrastructure Data Knowledge
Authors: Cafiso Salvatore , Di Graziano Alessandro , Pappalardo Giuseppina
Published: January 2020

The present paper describes the WIKI RoadSMap project implemented within a start-up research program. The main objective of the project is to create a system that applies innovative technologies to information gathered to enable the acquisition of greater local knowledge and analysis of issues related to road infrastructure and directly and indirectly connected elements. By applying semantic analysis technology for the extraction, collection, integration and publication of data, WIKI RoadSMap allows users to acquire greater knowledge in order to optimize choices related to road infrastructure. The system allows more detailed and targeted dissemination of data related to the design, management and maintenance of an infrastructure. The source and type of data needed are different and heterogeneous, including information 'posted' by people with private and/or commercial purposes, or available at road agencies and/or public administrations or related to specific surveys carried out. The system platform should be available on the Web and on smartphones, both providing different levels of access and subscriptions. The spread and use of WIKI RoadSMap could have a positive impact on the market with regard to the supply of materials and specialized technical skills and companies operating in the areas of interest.
Theoretical Beam Hardening Correction for Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Ahmed Osama Mhmood Hamed , Song YuShou , Zhaoyang Xie
Published: January 2020

Beam hardening is a significant artifact that comes from the polychromatic nature of the X-ray source in computed tomography. It appears because the object tends to absorb more low-energy photons within the beam, which leads to a nonlinear relationship between attenuation and material thickness. As a result, the reconstructed image is spoiled. This work articulates an approach to promoting the correction of MeV X-ray beam hardening. In order to calculate the attenuation of the polychromatic beam, the following terms were evaluated: the energy spectra S(E) for sets of X-ray spectra with a maximum energy of 2, 4, 6 and 9 MeV were simulated using the Geant4 toolkit; the counting efficiency Î»(E) was estimated based on the Lifton method; and the attenuation coefficient µ(E) was taken from the NIST database. The non-linear relationship between the attenuation and the thickness of iron was investigated. The beam hardening for each energy set was successfully corrected by polynomial fitting, transforming the polychromatic attenuation data into equivalent monochromatic data. The corrected attenuation was used to estimate the penetration capability of the X-ray source and produced a result that was consistent with what has been reported in the literature.
A novel species of Heterophoxus Shoemaker, 1925 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Phoxocephalidae) from southeast and southern Brazil, with an identification key to world species of the genus
Authors: Andrade Luiz F. , Senna André R.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes a novel species of the genus Heterophoxus Shoemaker, 1925 from Brazil. The material examined was collected during the Mini Biological Trawl Project, off southeast and southern Brazil’s coast off the states of Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, ranging in depth from 25 to 128 meters. The new species, H. shoemakeri sp. nov., is similar to H. videns K.H. Barnard, 1930; however, the former species can be distinguished by: pereopod 7 basis posterior margin serrate with acute teeth, merus posterior margin not produced; epimeral plate 3 posteroventral corner with a longer acute projection, posterior margin almost straight; uropod 3 outer ramus article 2 clearly notable in both sexes. For Brazilian waters, this is the second record of the genus and the first species described with type material from the country. Besides that, we provide an identification key for the world species of Heterophoxus and a distribution map for the new species.
Campillo Meseguer, A., Guillén Lorente, C. & Cayuela Sánchez, A. (eds.): Las (in)seguridades de Europa: una perspectiva crítica
Authors: Ortiz Vidal María Dolores
Published: January 2020

La presente obra colectiva proporciona un marco de reflexión crítica sobre el binomio seguridad e inseguridad en la Europa del siglo XXI. En concreto, esta monografía se articula sobre cuatro ejes dirigidos, principalmente, a afrontar las distintas problemáticas que se generan en el ámbito de la seguridad humana en el contexto de la Unión Europea.

This collective work provides a framework for critical reflection on the security and insecurity duality in 21st centuryin Europe. Specifically, this monograph is articulated on four axes aimed, principally, at addressing the differentproblems generated in the field of human security in the context of the European Union.
Critical path method assessment of community recovery
Authors: Lavelle Francis M , Goodhue Charles , Lyons Douglas
Published: January 2020

The critical path method (CPM) is investigated as a tool for identifying recovery activities that control the timeline for restoration of key community functions in the wake of a major disruptive event, such as a hurricane or tornado. Three recovery endpoints are studied: (1) restoring drinking water systems to normal operations, (2) returning children to school, and (3) returning businesses to normal operations. Interviews were conducted with individuals in seven communities who led recovery efforts between 2011 and 2019. The primary goal was to identify and document the sequence and duration of activities that would have delayed key recovery milestones if they had started later or taken longer to complete. Within each function, intermediate milestones are also identified, for example, students returning to school in temporary modules or the partial reopening of a business. Master tables for water, schools, and business are developed that summarize the activities on the critical paths identified in each community. Several opportunities to speed up the recovery process are identified, and issues relevant to the modeling of community recovery are discussed.
Les recherches-action ou collaboratives sont-elles plus éthiques? Réflexions d’une ethnologue en milieu autochtone canadien
Authors: Bousquet Marie-Pierre
Published: January 2020

Au Canada, depuis le début des années 2000, les recherches-action et collaboratives sont devenues de plus en plus populaires dans les sciences sociales. Dans ces recherches, les connaissances sont produites non pas seulement par les chercheurs spécialisés, mais avec les acteurs de terrain. Elles sont souvent présentées comme la panacée en matière d’éthique vis-à-vis des populations locales, surtout quand celles-ci sont en situation de marginalisation. Ces recherches sont en effet vues comme une voie d’empowerment possible. J’examine ici la façon dont ces types de recherches, appliquées à des disciplines non normatives comme la mienne, peuvent en changer le visage, à partir de mon expérience d’anthropologue en milieu amérindien au Québec. Sont-elles vraiment plus éthiques que les recherches fondamentales? Je montre les questionnements soulevés par ces modèles, qui peuvent changer les façons de pratiquer mon métier, en prêtant une attention particulière à l’engagement du chercheur, à la validité et la solidité des méthodologies et des épistémologies, ainsi qu’aux degrés de participation des informateurs, tout cela dans le cadre des règles éthiques formulées par les conseils subventionnaires canadiens et par les Autochtones eux-mêmes.
Alésia : l’instrumentalisation actuelle d’une prétendue controverse, entre mythe national et théorie du complot
Authors: Vidal Jonhattan , Petit Christophe
Published: January 2020

Le siège d’Alésia, épisode majeur de la guerre des Gaules, voit en 52 av. n. è. la coalition gauloise rassemblée autour de Vercingétorix échouer à repousser l’armée romaine menée par César. Il y a une forte dichotomie entre la place importante que prend cet épisode dans la construction du mythe national français et la brièveté du siège, avec le peu de traces archéologiques visibles et intelligibles du grand public que laisse ce type d’événement. Ces aspects ont contribué à ce qu’au XIXe siècle la question de la localisation du siège d’Alésia fasse débat. Cette controverse est sortie du champ scientifique au gré d’un siècle et demi de recherches de terrain qui ont mis au jour les vestiges de cet épisode à Alise-Sainte-Reine. Toutefois, des localisations alternatives du site sont toujours défendues et cette pseudo-controverse trouve un écho médiatique inespéré au regard de la faiblesse des arguments évoqués. On s’interroge ici sur les questions éthiques que soulèvent de telles présentations médiatiques de sujets archéologiques, lorsqu’elles soumettent une question scientifique à des considérations mercantiles. En effet, ces théories cherchent à coller au mythe, notamment en faisant correspondre un site à une idée préconçue. Elles se nourrissent également des ingrédients d’une théorie du complot : soit par déduction, car si ces localisations manquent de preuves, c’est donc que ces dernières sont cachées par les archéologues ; soit comme point de départ, par défiance envers le discours scientifique désigné comme « l’histoire officielle ». Se pose également une question éthique pour le chercheur sur l’attitude à avoir face à ces situations.
L'éthique du care en archéologie préventive : un retour d'expérience et quelques pistes de réflexion
Authors: Tufféry Christophe
Published: January 2020

Après avoir rappelé ce qu’est l’archéologie préventive, nous proposons de mobiliser pour ce domaine d’activité la notion d’éthique du care. Cette notion est porteuse d’une polysémie et revêt plusieurs dimensions, éthique, sociologique et politique. Elle ne reste pas théorique et s’ancre dans la réalité et dans les pratiques dans leurs diversités. L’éthique du care peut offrir de nouvelles pistes de réflexion et d’action pour les archéologues mais aussi pour les personnels d’encadrement et les différentes institutions de l’archéologie pour appréhender autrement les comportements, les discours, les pratiques, et les besoins des archéologues en situation. Au cours des vingt dernières années, les archéologues ont dû intégrer la présence de plusieurs facteurs de risques professionnels, face auxquels les attitudes et les discours varient entre la responsabilité, la prévention mais aussi parfois le déni. Les archéologues exercent leurs métiers sur des terrains variés où leurs corps et leurs pratiques s’entrecroisent et traduisent leurs relations « incorporées » aux sites et aux vestiges archéologiques. Les terrains des archéologues sont aussi des lieux de sociabilité où se construisent leurs identités professionnelles et leurs histoires collectives, qui sont des ciments très puissants dans le fonctionnement de leurs groupes sociaux. C’est aussi sur l’importance de ces relations d’interdépendances qu’insiste l’éthique du care.
Les restes humains et l'archéologie : état des lieux juridique
Authors: Mathieu Agnès
Published: January 2020

Le sujet des restes humains en archéologie rejoint des questionnements d’ordre éthique ou sociétal qui mettent en jeu la notion de « dignité » et donc de « respect » dû au corps humain. Dans la recherche archéologique, le « reste humain » est, dans une certaine mesure, un objet d’étude comme les autres biens archéologiques. Cette normalité résulte du caractère scientifique de la démarche, mais également de l’anonymat qui s’attache le plus souvent aux restes humains mis au jour. Cette dualité entre éthique et déontologie professionnelle se retrouve logiquement dans l’appréhension juridique du sujet. Il existe ainsi des normes générales relevant du droit civil ou du droit funéraire qui ne concernent pas spécifiquement l’archéologie, mais qui peuvent s’appliquer à certaines de ses situations. Des normes particulières sont nécessaires pour concilier les enjeux éthiques liés aux restes humains avec les enjeux scientifiques de l’archéologie. Mais la définition de telles normes n’est pas aisée comme en témoignent les récents travaux en France autour de la loi relative à la liberté de la création, à l’architecture et au patrimoine (LCAP).
Le délicat problème des restes humains en archéologie
Authors: Charlier Philippe
Published: January 2020

Le problème qui nous intéresse est avant tout celui de la gestion biomédicale des restes humains en archéologie, ces artefacts anciens « pas comme les autres », ces « patients atypiques ». Dans l’article suivant, on va tenter de voir, avec un regard interdisciplinaire (anthropologique, philosophique et médical), comment il est possible de travailler sur les restes humains en archéologie, mais aussi comment gérer le stockage de ces derniers après étude. Car déjà, travailler sur l’archéologie est un problème politique (au sens grec du terme, c’est-à-dire qui implique littéralement la cité, et l’on pourrait faire référence directement aux travaux de Laurent Olivier sur la politique des fouilles archéologiques pendant le troisième Reich et la diffusion de l’idéologie nazie fondée sur des produits de fouilles et des études anthropologiques. Mais en outre, travailler sur des restes humains peut également poser des problèmes politiques, et nous en avons fait les frais dans notre équipe lorsque nous avons travaillé d’une part sur le masque mortuaire de Robespierre (la reconstitution du visage ayant créé un véritable esclandre du côté de l’extrême gauche française) mais aussi lorsque nous avons travaillé sur la tête de Henri IV (l’identification de celle-ci ayant ravivé considérablement la querelle clanique historique entre Orléans et Bourbon)… Travailler sur les restes humains est donc tout sauf anodin.
Archéologie et politique / Archéologie et décroissance
Authors: Clavier Annick
Published: January 2020

Ce texte analyse comment les valeurs de la société néo-libérale ont déterminé l’évolution de la pratique archéologique en France, qu’elle soit de recherche ou préalable aux travaux d’aménagement. Il appelle à la définition d’une archéologie différente, dans un monde sans croissance.
Mejoras en el aprendizaje de la mediación lingüística e intercultural a través de la inclusión de la atenuación / Improvement of Linguistic and Intercultural Mediation thanks to the inclusion of mitigation
Authors: Secchi Daniel
Published: January 2020

Resumen: La fluidez de una lengua y sus matices son algo imprescindible que los estudiantes tienen que aprender y saber reconocer si quieren convertirse en buenos mediadores lingüísticos e interculturales. Se presenta, pues, una actividad didáctica en la que, en primer lugar, y dando por sentado las competencias lingüísticas generales de los estudiantes franceses (con nivel B2-C1 de E/LE según el MCER, 2001), con los que se ha llevado a cabo la actividad, se pretende hacer reflexionar los mismos sobre sus conocimientos pragmáticos atenuantes previos con el fin de mejorar sus destrezas comunicativas que necesitan para desenvolverse en la profesión de mediadores lingüísticos. A partir de ello, en segundo lugar, se pretende que los estudiantes aprendan a reconocer no solamente cuando es necesario emplear elementos atenuantes como estrategia lingüística sino también cuando pueden y deben hacerlo puesto que la situación lo requiere.
Palabras clave: mediación lingüística e intercultural, mediador, atenuación, destrezas comunicativas atenuantes
Abstract: The fluency of a language and its nuances are essential for the students in order to learn and know how to recognize to become good linguistic and intercultural mediators. This paper therefore presents a didactic activity in which, in the first place, and taking for granted the general linguistic competences of the French students (with level B2-C1 of Spanish as a Second Language in accordance with CEFR, 2001) with whom the activity has been carried out, the aim is to make them reflect on their previous attenuating pragmatic knowledge in order to improve their communicative skills that they need to develop in the profession of linguistic mediators. Based on this, it is intended that students learn to recognise not only when it is necessary to use attenuating elements as a linguistic strategy but also when they can and must do so as the situation requires.
Keywords: intercultural and linguistic mediation, mediator, mitigation, communications and mitigation skills
Análisis de necesidades y planificación del curso en un grupo de estudiantes migrantes adultos de ELE
Authors: Gómez-Pavón Durán Ana
Published: January 2020

La escasez de materiales y métodos específicamente diseñados para la enseñanza de ELE a personas migrantes supone un obstáculo en la planificación del curso para los docentes que trabajan con este tipo de estudiantes cuyo principal objetivo en su aprendizaje del español es que esto les facilite la búsqueda de empleo y la integración en la sociedad de acogida. En este estudio se propone el análisis de necesidades como primer paso para decidir los contenidos de un curso de ELE para personas migrantes, y se ofrece la descripción de un cuestionario que se llevó a cabo como método de análisis de las necesidades de un grupo de alumnos de la fundación Cepaim en Valencia. En la descripción de los resultados de dicho análisis se explica también cómo contribuyó la información obtenida a partir del análisis a la planificación del curso.
Claves para trabajar la entonación irónica con alumnos de ELE
Authors: Turcanu Vasiliu Cristina , Sempere Sempere Inés
Published: January 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una propuesta didáctica que ayude a percibir/ producir la entonación irónica a los estudiantes de español como lengua extranjera (ELE). Este trabajo se centrará, en los aspectos fónicos, y especialmente en los entonativos (Lahoz Bengoechea, 2012; Padilla García, 2015), pero tendremos en cuenta también otros ingredientes del fenómeno, como el componente pragmático y el componente cultural. Tomando como punto de partida las indicaciones del MCER (2002) y del Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes (2007), pensamos que la ironía es un fenómeno comunicativo que, aun siendo compartido por muchas culturas, puede resultar difícil de manejar por los aprendientes de español. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, nuestra propuesta didáctica presentará algunas claves de reconocimiento de la ironía con el propósito de mostrar a los alumnos las particularidades de la entonación irónica, relacionándola, además, con las unidades fraseológicas y con otros indicadores lingüísticos (GRIALE, 2011).
Translingüismo: revisión de la literatura y aplicación didáctica para la enseñanza de ELE y ELE2
Authors: Pino Rodríguez Ana María , Trujillo Sáez Fernando Jesús , González Vázquez Antonio
Published: January 2020

El translanguaging o translingüismo supone el uso flexible de la totalidad de los recursos lingüísticos a disposición de los usuarios de más de una lengua. Ha cobrado relevancia a lo largo de los últimos años, y lo ha hecho, especialmente, en relación al tratamiento del multilingüismo en el ámbito educativo. Está aún en expansión y, por ello, es posible encontrar  definiciones diversas del mismo, lo cual hace del translanguaging una voz polisémica cuyas acepciones pueden interpretarse en distintos planos: el cognitivo, el discursivo y el sociopolítico. Cualquiera de ellas tiene implicaciones concretas a pie de aula y todas determinan un giro en los estudios sociolingüísticos actuales. Este giro queda reflejado en la actualización del Marco Común Europeo para las Lenguas (2018) y viene a trasladar el foco de atención de la investigación académica y de la Didáctica de Lenguas extrajeras desde las propias lenguas, como entidades discretas, hasta sus usuarios.
Lola regulates Drosophila adult midgut homeostasis via non-canonical hippo signaling
Authors: Hao Xue , Wang Shimin , Lu Yi , Yu Wentao , Li Pengyue , Jiang Dan , Guo Tong , Li Mengjie , Li Jinhui , Xu Jinjin , Wu Wenqing , Ho Margaret S , Zhang Lei
Published: January 2020

Tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the Drosophila midgut is regulated by a diverse array of signaling pathways including the Hippo pathway. Hippo signaling restricts intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation by sequestering the transcription co-factor Yorkie (Yki) in the cytoplasm, a factor required for rapid ISC proliferation under injury-induced regeneration. Nonetheless, the mechanism of Hippo-mediated midgut homeostasis and whether canonical Hippo signaling is involved in ISC basal proliferation are less characterized. Here we identify Lola as a transcription factor acting downstream of Hippo signaling to restrict ISC proliferation in a Yki-independent manner. Not only that Lola interacts with and is stabilized by the Hippo signaling core kinase Warts (Wts), Lola rescues the enhanced ISC proliferation upon Wts depletion via suppressing Dref and SkpA expressions. Our findings reveal that Lola is a non-canonical Hippo signaling component in regulating midgut homeostasis, providing insights on the mechanism of tissue maintenance and intestinal function.
The bottom-up and top-down processing of faces in the human occipitotemporal cortex
Authors: Fan Xiaoxu , Wang Fan , Shao Hanyu , Zhang Peng , He Sheng
Published: January 2020

Although face processing has been studied extensively, the dynamics of how face-selective cortical areas are engaged remains unclear. Here, we uncovered the timing of activation in core face-selective regions using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetoencephalography in humans. Processing of normal faces started in the posterior occipital areas and then proceeded to anterior regions. This bottom-up processing sequence was also observed even when internal facial features were misarranged. However, processing of two-tone Mooney faces lacking explicit prototypical facial features engaged top-down projection from the right posterior fusiform face area to right occipital face area. Further, face-specific responses elicited by contextual cues alone emerged simultaneously in the right ventral face-selective regions, suggesting parallel contextual facilitation. Together, our findings chronicle the precise timing of bottom-up, top-down, as well as context-facilitated processing sequences in the occipital-temporal face network, highlighting the importance of the top-down operations especially when faced with incomplete or ambiguous input.
Intermittent hypoxia mediated by TSP1 dependent on STAT3 induces cardiac fibroblast activation and cardiac fibrosis
Authors: Bao Qiankun , Zhang Bangying , Suo Ya , Liu Chen , Yang Qian , Zhang Kai , Yuan Ming , Yuan Meng , Zhang Yue , Li Guangping
Published: January 2020

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is the predominant pathophysiological disturbance in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), known to be independently associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the effect of IH on cardiac fibrosis and molecular events involved in this process are unclear. Here, we tested IH in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac fibrosis and signaling linked to fibroblast activation. IH triggered cardiac fibrosis and aggravated Ang II-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice. Plasma thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) content was upregulated in both IH-exposed mice and OSA patients. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro results showed IH-induced cardiac fibroblast activation and increased TSP1 expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 mediated the IH-induced TSP1 expression and fibroblast activation. Finally, STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 or AAV9 carrying a periostin promoter driving the expression of shRNA targeting Stat3 significantly attenuated the synergistic effects of IH and Ang II on cardiac fibrosis in mice. This work suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for OSA-related fibrotic heart disease.
NINscope, a versatile miniscope for multi-region circuit investigations
Authors: de Groot Andres , van den Boom Bastijn JG , van Genderen Romano M , Coppens Joris , van Veldhuijzen John , Bos Joop , Hoedemaker Hugo , Negrello Mario , Willuhn Ingo , De Zeeuw Chris I , Hoogland Tycho M
Published: January 2020

Miniaturized fluorescence microscopes (miniscopes) have been instrumental to monitor neural signals during unrestrained behavior and their open-source versions have made them affordable. Often, the footprint and weight of open-source miniscopes is sacrificed for added functionality. Here, we present NINscope: a light-weight miniscope with a small footprint that integrates a high-sensitivity image sensor, an inertial measurement unit and an LED driver for an external optogenetic probe. We use it to perform the first concurrent cellular resolution recordings from cerebellum and cerebral cortex in unrestrained mice, demonstrate its optogenetic stimulation capabilities to examine cerebello-cerebral or cortico-striatal connectivity, and replicate findings of action encoding in dorsal striatum. In combination with cross-platform acquisition and control software, our miniscope is a versatile addition to the expanding tool chest of open-source miniscopes that will increase access to multi-region circuit investigations during unrestrained behavior.
Degradation of engulfed mitochondria is rate-limiting in Optineurin-mediated mitophagy in neurons
Authors: Evans Chantell S , Holzbaur Erika LF
Published: January 2020

Mitophagy, the selective removal of damaged mitochondria, is thought to be critical to maintain neuronal homeostasis. Mutations of proteins in the pathway cause neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting defective mitochondrial turnover contributes to neurodegeneration. In primary rat hippocampal neurons, we developed a mitophagy induction paradigm where mild oxidative stress induced low levels of mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy-associated proteins were sequentially recruited to depolarized mitochondria followed by sequestration into autophagosomes. The localization of these mitophagy events had a robust somal bias. In basal and induced conditions, engulfed mitochondria remained in non-acidified organelles for hours to days, illustrating efficient autophagosome sequestration but delayed lysosomal fusion or acidification. Furthermore, expression of an ALS-linked mutation in the pathway disrupted mitochondrial network integrity and this effect was exacerbated by oxidative stress. Thus, age-related decline in neuronal health or expression of disease-associated mutations in the pathway may exacerbate the slow kinetics of neuronal mitophagy, leading to neurodegeneration.
Disease-modifying effects of natural Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in endometriosis-associated pain
Authors: Escudero-Lara Alejandra , Argerich Josep , Cabañero David , Maldonado Rafael
Published: January 2020

Endometriosis is a chronic painful disease highly prevalent in women that is defined by growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and lacks adequate treatment. Medical use of cannabis derivatives is a current hot topic and it is unknown whether phytocannabinoids may modify endometriosis symptoms and development. Here we evaluate the effects of repeated exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a mouse model of surgically-induced endometriosis. In this model, female mice develop mechanical hypersensitivity in the caudal abdomen, mild anxiety-like behavior and substantial memory deficits associated with the presence of extrauterine endometrial cysts. Interestingly, daily treatments with THC (2 mg/kg) alleviate mechanical hypersensitivity and pain unpleasantness, modify uterine innervation and restore cognitive function without altering the anxiogenic phenotype. Strikingly, THC also inhibits the development of endometrial cysts. These data highlight the interest of scheduled clinical trials designed to investigate possible benefits of THC for women with endometriosis.
Delta-like 1 and Delta-like 4 differently require their extracellular domains for triggering Notch signaling in mice
Authors: Hirano Ken-ichi , Suganami Akiko , Tamura Yutaka , Yagita Hideo , Habu Sonoko , Kitagawa Motoo , Sato Takehito , Hozumi Katsuto
Published: January 2020

Delta-like (Dll) 1 and Dll4 differently function as Notch ligands in a context-dependent manner. As these ligands share structural properties, the molecular basis for their functional difference is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the superiority of Dll4 over Dll1 with respect to induction of T cell development using a domain-swapping approach in mice. The DOS motif, shared by Notch ligands—except Dll4—contributes to enhancing the activity of Dll for signal transduction. The module at the N-terminus of Notch ligand (MNNL) of Dll4 is inherently advantageous over Dll1. Molecular dynamic simulation revealed that the loop structure in MNNL domain of Dll1 contains unique proline residues with limited range of motion. The Dll4 mutant with Dll1-derived proline residues showed reduced activity. These results suggest that the loop structure—present within the MNNL domain—with a wide range of motion ensures the superiority of Dll4 and uniquely contributes to the triggering of Notch signaling.
Rank orders and signed interactions in evolutionary biology
Authors: Crona Kristina
Published: January 2020

Rank orders have been studied in evolutionary biology for almost a hundred years. Constraints on the order in which mutations accumulate are known from cancer drug treatment, and order constraints for species invasions are important in ecology. However, current theory on rank orders in biology is somewhat fragmented. Here, we show how our previous work on inferring genetic interactions from comparative fitness data (Crona et al., 2017) is related to an influential approach to rank orders based on sign epistasis. Our approach depends on order perturbations that indicate interactions. We apply our results to malaria parasites and find that order perturbations beyond sign epistasis are prevalent in the antimalarial drug-resistance landscape. This finding agrees with the observation that reversed evolution back to the ancestral type is difficult. Another application concerns the adaptation of bacteria to a methanol environment.
The tumor suppressor PTPRK promotes ZNRF3 internalization and is required for Wnt inhibition in the Spemann organizer
Authors: Chang Ling-Shih , Kim Minseong , Glinka Andrey , Reinhard Carmen , Niehrs Christof
Published: January 2020

A hallmark of Spemann organizer function is its expression of Wnt antagonists that regulate axial embryonic patterning. Here we identify the tumor suppressor Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type kappa (PTPRK), as a Wnt inhibitor in human cancer cells and in the Spemann organizer of Xenopus embryos. We show that PTPRK acts via the transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase ZNRF3, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling promoting Wnt receptor degradation, which is also expressed in the organizer. Deficiency of Xenopus Ptprk increases Wnt signaling, leading to reduced expression of Spemann organizer effector genes and inducing head and axial defects. We identify a '4Y' endocytic signal in ZNRF3, which PTPRK maintains unphosphorylated to promote Wnt receptor depletion. Our discovery of PTPRK as a negative regulator of Wnt receptor turnover provides a rationale for its tumor suppressive function and reveals that in PTPRK-RSPO3 recurrent cancer fusions both fusion partners, in fact, encode ZNRF3 regulators.
Structural basis of substrate recognition by a polypeptide processing and secretion transporter
Authors: Kieuvongngam Virapat , Olinares Paul Dominic B , Palillo Anthony , Oldham Michael L , Chait Brian T , Chen Jue
Published: January 2020

The peptidase-containing ATP-binding cassette transporters (PCATs) are unique members of the ABC transporter family that proteolytically process and export peptides and proteins. Each PCAT contains two peptidase domains that cleave off the secretion signal, two transmembrane domains forming a translocation pathway, and two nucleotide-binding domains that hydrolyze ATP. Previously the crystal structures of a PCAT from Clostridium thermocellum (PCAT1) were determined in the absence and presence of ATP, revealing how ATP binding regulates the protease activity and access to the translocation pathway. However, how the substrate CtA, a 90-residue polypeptide, is recognized by PCAT1 remained elusive. To address this question, we determined the structure of the PCAT1-CtA complex by electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) to 3.4 Å resolution. The structure shows that two CtAs are bound via their N-terminal leader peptides, but only one is positioned for cleavage and translocation. Based on these results, we propose a model of how substrate cleavage, ATP hydrolysis, and substrate translocation are coordinated in a transport cycle.
Ankyrin-G mediates targeting of both Na+ and KATP channels to the rat cardiac intercalated disc
Authors: Yang Hua-Qian , Pérez-Hernández Marta , Sanchez-Alonso Jose , Shevchuk Andriy , Gorelik Julia , Rothenberg Eli , Delmar Mario , Coetzee William A
Published: January 2020

We investigated targeting mechanisms of Na+ and KATP channels to the intercalated disk (ICD) of cardiomyocytes. Patch clamp and surface biotinylation data show reciprocal downregulation of each other’s surface density. Mutagenesis of the Kir6.2 ankyrin binding site disrupts this functional coupling. Duplex patch clamping and Angle SICM recordings show that INa and IKATP functionally co-localize at the rat ICD, but not at the lateral membrane. Quantitative STORM imaging show that Na+ and KATP channels are localized close to each other and to AnkG, but not to AnkB, at the ICD. Peptides corresponding to Nav1.5 and Kir6.2 ankyrin binding sites dysregulate targeting of both Na+ and KATP channels to the ICD, but not to lateral membranes. Finally, a clinically relevant gene variant that disrupts KATP channel trafficking also regulates Na+ channel surface expression. The functional coupling between these two channels need to be considered when assessing clinical variants and therapeutics.
"Prospect theory" e a velocidade ideal da liberalização económica: uma análise crítica das conclusões do banco mundial
Authors: Bernardes Luis G.
Published: January 2020

Um recente estudo do Banco Mundial, baseado na transição económica que ocorre no Leste Europeu, conclui que a "terapia de choque" é a estratégia ideal de liberalização e reprova a política dos países que preferiram o gradualismo. Neste artigo, eu baseio-me num trabalho teórico anterior, em que discuti este tópico face a um modelo alternativo de comportamento chamado "prospect theory", para mostrar como o estudo empírico do Banco Mundial é impreciso. Os dados disponíveis que apoiam as conclusões desse meu trabalho sugerem que motivos de eficiência económica podem explicar a preferência por reformas graduais verificada nalguns países.
A diversificação e inovação do investimento em PME’s no âmbito do programa Leader I em Portugal
Authors: Diniz Francisco , Nogueira Fernanda
Published: January 2020

Pensar em desenvolvimento rural é, também, pensar na emergência, consolidação e diversificação do tecido empresarial, qualquer que seja a fileira de produção onde se enquadrem as PME' s (Pequenas e Médias Empresas). Foi neste sentido que seleccionámos para análise de estudo as PME' s criadas e apoiadas no âmbito do programa comunitário LEADER l (Ligações Entre Acções de Desenvolvimento da Economia Rural), visto tratar-se de um programa destinado à revitalização de economias rurais. Neste sentido, e com todas as. limitações que, por certo, se nos deparam, gostaríamos de ver respondidas algumas, se não todas, das seguintes questões: Quem foram os promotores destas PME' s? Quais as regiões e sectores de actividade mais abrangidos por estes investimentos? Será que as PME' s criadas e apoiadas contribuíram significativamente para a diversificação do tecido empresarial das respectivas economias locais? Em termos sociais, qual a sua contribuição para o emprego? Serão estas PME's inovadoras ao ponto de contribuírem para a melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações locais?
Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of the corrosion inhibition of synthetic extracellular polymeric substances
Authors: Go Liew Chien , Depan Dilip , Holmes William E. , Gallo August , Knierim Kathleen , Bertrand Tre , Hernandez Rafael
Published: January 2020

Background

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from waste activated sludge (WAS) have previously shown its potential in corrosion inhibition. The aim of this study is to design a synthetic EPS formulation as a surrogate of natural WAS EPS to overcome the corrosion inhibition inconsistency in WAS EPS. The adsorption behavior of the designed inhibitor was studied by kinetic and thermodynamic analyses.

Methods

Synthetic EPS is a bio-inspired material that was formulated based on the most typical chemical compositions of natural WAS EPS, that is, proteins, carbohydrates, humic substances, nucleic acids, and uronic acids, which was not optimized for corrosion inhibition performance. It is a mixture of glutamic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, humic acid, thymine, and alginic acid. Its corrosion inhibition performance was tested with carbon steel in 3.64% NaCl saturated with CO2, using the potentiodynamic polarization scanning technique. The resulted electrochemical parameters were used to evaluate the empirical corrosion kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption parameters.

Results

Addition of synthetic EPS showed significant decrease in corrosion rate as compared to the control. The inhibition efficiency improved with increasing inhibitor concentration and temperature. The optimum performance was 94% with 204 mg/L of inhibitor applied at 70 °C (343 K). The inhibition performance was controlled by both the concentration of inhibitor and temperature. Chemisorption of the inhibitor molecules contributed to the overall inhibition performance, reducing the contact of metal with the corrosive environment, thus, slowing down the overall corrosion rate.