bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
50 Years of Capital Mobility in the Eurozone: Breaking the Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle
Authors: Camarero Mariam , Muñoz Alejandro , Tamarit Cecilio
Published: December 2021

This paper assesses capital mobility for the Eurozone countries by studying the long-run relationship between domestic investment and savings for the period 1970-2019. Our main goal is to analyze the impact of economic events on capital mobility during this period. We apply the cointegration methodology in a setting that allows us to identify endogenous breaks in the long-run saving-investment relationship. Precisely, the breaks coincide with relevant economic events. We find a downward trend in the saving-investment retention since the 70s for the so-called “core countries”, whereas this trend is not so evident in the peripheral, where the financial and sovereign crises have had a more substantial impact. In addition, our analysis captures other economic events: the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) crisis, the German reunification, the European financial assistance program, and the post-crisis period. Our results also indicate that the original euro design had some flaws that remain unsolved.
Social support and health-related quality of life among the oldest old — longitudinal evidence from the multicenter prospective AgeCoDe-AgeQualiDe study
Authors: Hajek André , Brettschneider Christian , Mallon Tina , Kaduszkiewicz Hanna , Oey Anke , Wiese Birgitt , Weyerer Siegfried , Werle Jochen , Pentzek Michael , Fuchs Angela , Conrad Ines , Luppa Melanie , Weeg Dagmar , Mösch Edelgard , Kleineidam Luca , Wagner Michael , Scherer Martin , Maier Wolfgang , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , König Hans-Helmut
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal within-association between social support and health-related quality of life among the oldest old.

Methods

Longitudinal data (follow-up waves 7 to 9) were used from the multicenter prospective cohort study “Needs, health service use, costs and health-related quality of life in a large sample of oldest-old primary care patients (85 +)” (AgeQualiDe). n = 648 individuals were included in the analytical sample. At FU wave 7, mean age was 88.8 years (SD: 2.9 years, from 85 to 99 years). Social support was quantified using the Lubben Social Network Scale (6-item version). Health-related quality of life was assessed using the EQ-5D-3L including problems in five health dimensions, and its visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). It was adjusted for several covariates in conditional logistic and linear fixed effects regressions.

Results

Intraindividual decreases in social support were associated with an increased likelihood of developing problems in ‘self-care’, ‘usual activities’, ‘pain/discomfort’ and ‘anxiety/depression’ (within individuals over time). In contrast, intraindividual changes in social support were not associated with intraindividual changes in the EQ VAS score.

Conclusion

Findings indicate a longitudinal intraindividual association between social support and problems, but only in some health dimensions. Further research in this area based on longitudinal studies among the oldest old (from different countries) is required.
Using the dendro-climatological signal of urban trees as a measure of urbanization and urban heat island
Authors: Schneider Christoph , Neuwirth Burkhard , Schneider Sebastian , Balanzategui Daniel , Elsholz Stefanie , Fenner Daniel , Meier Fred , Heinrich Ingo
Published: December 2021

Using dendroclimatological techniques this study investigates whether inner city tree-ring width (TRW) chronologies from eight tree species (ash, beech, fir, larch, lime, sessile and pedunculate oak, and pine) are suitable to examine the urban heat island of Berlin, Germany. Climate-growth relationships were analyzed for 18 sites along a gradient of increasing urbanization covering Berlin and surrounding rural areas. As a proxy for defining urban heat island intensities at each site, we applied urbanization parameters such as building fraction, impervious surfaces, and green areas. The response of TRW to monthly and seasonal air temperature, precipitation, aridity, and daily air-temperature ranges were used to identify climate-growth relationships. Trees from urban sites were found to be more sensitive to climate compared to trees in the surrounding hinterland. Ring width of the deciduous species, especially ash, beech, and oak, showed a high sensitivity to summer heat and drought at urban locations (summer signal), whereas conifer species were found suitable for the analysis of the urban heat island in late winter and early spring (winter signal).

The summer and winter signals were strongest in tree-ring chronologies when the urban heat island intensities were based on an area of about 200 m to 3000 m centered over the tree locations, and thus reflect the urban climate at the scale of city quarters. For the summer signal, the sensitivity of deciduous tree species to climate increased with urbanity.

These results indicate that urban trees can be used for climate response analyses and open new pathways to trace the evolution of urban climate change and more specifically the urban heat island, both in time and space.
Comparison of 3R4F cigarette smoke and IQOS heated tobacco product aerosol emissions
Authors: Kärkelä Teemu , Tapper Unto , Kajolinna Tuula
Published: December 2021

In this study, the smoke from a 3R4F research cigarette and the aerosol generated by the Heated Tobacco Product IQOS, also referred to as the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2 in the literature, were compared. The objective was to characterize the gas and suspended particulate matter compositions in the mainstream smoke from a combusted 3R4F cigarette and in the aerosol generated by IQOS during use. The results indicated that the determined aerosol emissions from IQOS were notably lower than in the cigarette smoke under a Health Canada Intense puffing regimen. As an interesting detail in this study, the maximum nicotine concentrations within a puff were practically the same in both the 3R4F smoke and the IQOS aerosol, but the average concentration was lower for the IQOS aerosol. For both products, water constituted a significant proportion of the particulate matter, although it was substantially higher in the IQOS aerosol. Furthermore, combustion-related solid particles observed in the 3R4F smoke contained elements such as carbon, oxygen, potassium, calcium, and silicon. In contrast, IQOS aerosol particulate matter was composed of semi-volatile organic constituents with some minor traces of oxygen and silicon. The particulate matter found in the IQOS aerosol was volatile, which was especially noticeable when exposed to the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
Sea state from ocean video with singular spectrum analysis and extended Kalman filter
Authors: Loizou Antonis , Christmas Jacqueline
Published: December 2021

A method for estimating key parameters of ocean waves (the dominant frequency and the significant wave height) from uncalibrated monoscopic video is proposed, based on temporal variation of the wave field, specifically time series of pixel intensities. The methodology tracks the principal component of the movement of water in the video, which we propose is associated with the dominant frequency of the ocean. To accomplish this, the singular spectrum analysis algorithm and the extended Kalman filter are used. Then, the shape of an empirical spectrum is used in order to translate the dominant frequency output into a significant wave height estimation.
Bcl2 inhibitor venetoclax +/− Anti-CD20: what do deep remissions mean?
Authors: Prochazka Katharina T. , Uhl Barbara
Published: December 2021

In recent years, treatment of patients exhibiting chronic lymphocytic leukemia has changed extensively due to advances in the development of targeted therapies. The Bcl‑2 inhibitor venetoclax demonstrated outstanding results when used in mono- as well as combination therapy. Minimal residual disease (MRD) measurement has become an important endpoint in most studies and shows high prognostic potential. With upcoming combination strategies, the role of MRD measurement has also increased and is likely to become a routine marker in future clinical practice.
Analyzing the correlation between stochastic fracture networks geometrical properties and stress variability: a rock and fracture parameters study
Authors: Khodaei Meysam , Biniaz Delijani Ebrahim , Hajipour Mastaneh , Karroubi Kasra , Dehghan Ali Naghi
Published: December 2021

In this study, the correlation between geometric properties of the fracture network and stress variability in a fractured rock was studied. Initially, discrete fracture networks were generated using a stochastic approach, then, considering the tensorial nature of stress, the stress field under various tectonic stress conditions was determined using finite-difference method. Ultimately, stress data were analyzed using tensor-based mathematical relations. Subsequently, the effects of four parameters including rock tensile strength, rock cohesion, fracture normal stiffness and fracture dilation angle on the stress perturbation distribution were evaluated. The obtained results indicated that stress perturbation and dispersion are directly related to fracture density, which is expressed as the number of fractures per unit area utilizing the window sampling approach. It was also demonstrated that they are inversely related to power-law length exponent which represents the length of fracture. It was observed that stress distribution, among the evaluated parameters, is more sensitive to the fracture normal stiffness and the effects of rock parameters on stress distribution are negligible. It was concluded that the highest stress distribution is created when the fracture network is dense with fractures having high length and low normal stiffness value.
Semi-analytical model to predict the performance of cyclic steam stimulation oil wells
Authors: Basta George , Abu El Ela Mahmoud , El-Banbi Ahmed , El-Tayeb Sayed , Desouky Saad El-Din Mohamed , Sayyouh Mohamed Helmy
Published: December 2021

Prediction of the performance of oil wells under Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) is challenging in complex and heterogeneous reservoirs, especially with limited data. Analytical and numerical simulation models do not usually give accurate predictions in such conditions. In this work, a semi-analytical model was developed to determine consistent mathematical relationships between the injected steam and some of the effective oil production parameters for more accurate prediction of oil production rates. Field investigation indicates that the change of the Cumulative Oil to Steam Ratio (COSR) to production days is related to a group of effective oil production parameters. This group of parameters includes the cumulative injected steam relative to the drainage volume, the oil net pay thickness relative to the gross pay thickness, and the vertical permeability relative to the thermal diffusivity. These parameters were arranged in two dimensionless groups. It was found that plotting these two dimensionless groups on Log–Log scale for any reservoir yields a straight line (correlation). For any reservoir under CSS, measurements of two steam cycles are sufficient to identify the constants of the proposed correlation. This method has been applied and validated on six reservoirs with different reservoir characterizations. Six different wells with a total of 43 steam cycles from these reservoirs were analyzed with the same approach. The mathematical relationships of the dimensionless groups were calculated, and the Log–Log plot was constructed for each well using the data of the first two cycles. Then, the proposed correlation was developed for each well and used to predict the well performance starting from the third steam cycle. At the end, the predicted performance of each well was compared with the corresponding actual measurements. The results showed that the average absolute percentage deviation between the actual and the predicted cumulative oil production through the well lifetime is less than 5% for the six wells. In addition, the absolute instantaneous deviation between the actual and the predicted cumulative oil production for each individual cycle in all cases is (1) less than 15% for about 42% of the tested CSS cycles, (2) between 15 to 25% for about 39% of the tested CSS cycles, and (3) higher than 25% for about 19% of the tested CSS cycles. This work is considered an original contribution to develop dimensionless relationships that can be used to predict the oil production of the CSS operations for reservoirs with limited data. The required data are the historical production rate, steam injection rate, and basic petrophysical parameters.
Indications of sandstone-type uranium mineralization from 3D seismic data: a case study of the Qiharigetu deposit, Erenhot Basin, China
Authors: Wu Qubo , Huang Yucheng
Published: December 2021

The primary exploration objective of Qiharigetu Sandstone-type Uranium (SU) deposit in the Erenhot Basin of China is to understand the stratigraphy, lithology and fault distribution of the target layer. Various geophysical techniques including gravity, magnetic, electromagnetic and 2D seismic have been proved not very effective due to its shallow depth of burial and small geophysical differences between layers. A specific 3D seismic survey of the Qiharigetu SU deposit has been carried out, and the inferred geological features of the uranium mineralization could provide important references for subsequent drilling programs. It is deduced that the target layer in the central part of the study area has a local "depression" through 3D seismic imaging and interpretation, which is conducive to river runoff and formation of sand body, as the sand body is a necessary precondition for mineralization. There are faults (5–50 m in throw) striking north–south for around 2 km, and it is an important ore-controlling factor, which could provide channels for the rise of reducing agents (such as gas, H2S, and coalbed methane) at depth as they can promote the redox reaction for mineralization. The 3D seismic inversion is used to estimate the impedance, lithology, sand content and porosity of the target layer. With the help of drilling verification, it is found that the area with sand content over 75% and porosity over 10% is favorable for the SU deposit. Compared with other geophysical techniques, 3D seismic method is able to provide high-resolution images for unraveling SU mineralization and thereby reduce the drilling risk of the SU deposit.
Standardisation efforts of ISO/TC 261 “Additive Manufacturing”: 17th plenary meeting of ISO/TC 261 “Additive Manufacturing”
Authors: Pei Eujin
Published: December 2021

The main objective of ISO/TC 261 is to standardise the processes of additive manufacturing, the process chains (data, materials, processes, hard- and software, applications), test procedures, quality parameters, supply agreements, environment, health and safety, fundamentals and vocabularies. This section provides readers with news regarding standardisation efforts of ISO/TC 261.
The Use of Thick Split Thickness Grafts from the Instep in Paediatric Hand Surgery
Authors: WARD CHRISTOPHER , ECCLESTONE JENNIFER
Published: December 2021

In skin grafting the hand restoration of function must always be the priority, but an acceptable appearance is also important and care should be taken in selecting a skin graft that matches the recipient site. The disadvantages of some traditional donor sites are outlined. A clinical study of thick, split-thickness grafts from the instep is described from which it is concluded that a good aesthetic result can be achieved without compromising hand function—but only in children and adolescents among whom there was no donor site morbidity.
Closed Rupture of Flexor Profundus Tendon in the Palm
Authors: KUMAR S. , JAMES R.
Published: December 2021

Closed ruptures of flexor tendons are rare. Most of them are associated with some underlying pathology. This is a case report of closed rupture of FDP tendon to the little finger in the palm at the level of the lumbrical origin. After extensive search of literature we could not find a similar case.
Replacement of the Proximal Portion of the Scaphoid with Spherical Implant for Post-Traumatic Carporadial Arthritis
Authors: JONES KENNETH G.
Published: December 2021

Nineteen spherical prosthetic replacements have been performed in eighteen non service patients for osteonecrosis of the proximal scaphoid—with carporadial arthritis. One period of observation postoperative was for seven weeks only. Two procedures failed in the same patient. The patient with Preiser’s disease is too recent to permit definitive conclusions on follow-up. Each of the other fifteen patients followed for an acceptable period are considered to have a good or satisfactory result.
Blood Flow of Peripheral Nerve Effects of Dissection, Stretching and Compression
Authors: OGATA KOSUKE , NAITO MASATOSHI
Published: December 2021

Blood flow rate of the peripheral nerve was measured using the hydrogen washout technique and the effects of dissection, stretching and compression were studied on blood flow of the rabbit sciatic nerve. Regional surgical dissections revealed that a proximal portion of the sciatic nerve receives its blood supply from gluteal vessels whereas a distal portion receives from popliteal vessels. Blood flow direction in the proximal half of the sciatic nerve in the thigh was found to be distal whereas in the distal half to be proximal. The longitudinal pathway appeared to be capable of compensating for local diminution of blood flow.

The average stretching of more than 15.7% caused complete arrest of blood flow in the stretched nerve. The average stretching force at this point was 74 grams. Complete standstill of intraneural circulation was observed under compression of 50 to 70 mm Hg, or 60 to 80% of mean arterial pressure. These values of critical stretching and compression on the intraneural blood flow corresponds well with those previously reported by Lundborg, 1973; Rydevik, 1981).
Reconstructive Surgery of the Post-Burn Boutonnière Deformity
Authors: GROENEVELT F. , SCHOORL R.
Published: December 2021

A retrospective study of fifty-four longstanding post-burn boutonnière deformities was carried out to evaluate the problems associated with the surgical procedures. The aim is to describe the pathophysiological changes of the burned fingers, the primary treatment, the reconstructive principles, the patients and materials and the final post-operative results.
Palmaris Longus Transfer for Replacement of the First Dorsal Interosseous
Authors: HIRAYAMA T. , ATSUTA Y. , TAKEMITSU Y.
Published: December 2021

Using palmaris longus, the first dorsal interosseous was reconstructed without free tendon graft. Palmaris longus prolonged with a strip of palmar fascia was transferred rectilinearly to the site of insertion of the first dorsal interosseous via a subcutaneous tunnel and fixed. This method was applied to seven hands of six patients and the follow-up observation continued for more than six months postoperatively. In six hands, favourable stability and abduction function of the index finger was achieved. In one hand, adhesion occurred at the site of the first dorsal interosseous muscle resulting in tenodesis. This operative method appears to be useful in the reconstruction of the first dorsal interosseous muscle from non-recovering paralysis following injury of the first dorsal interosseous muscle, or ulnar nerve. This method may also be utilized after decompression of chronic compression of the ulnar nerve giving no expectation of complete recovery by the reconstruction and augmentation of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. No unpleasant side effect was encountered.
The Role of Internal Fixation in Closed Fractures of the Proximal Phalanges and Metacarpals in Adults
Authors: DIWAKER H. N. , STOTHARD J.
Published: December 2021

The results of Kirschner wire and A.O. mini-screw fixation of fractures of the proximal phalanges and metacarpals in adults are compared with conservative treatment of displaced fractures and better results emerge from the use of A.O. screws than of Kirschner wires.
Shingles Following Axillary Nerve Block a Case Report
Authors: PERCIVAL N. J.
Published: December 2021

Axillary nerve blocks are now frequently used for emergency and elective upper limb surgery. The method gives reliable anaesthesia with few complications. A case is described in which a patient developed Herpes Zoster following an Axillary Nerve Block, a hitherto unreported complication.
Calcium-Induced Degeneration of the Cytoskeleton in Monkey and Human Peripheral Nerves
Authors: BADALAMENTE MARIE A. , HURST L. C. , STRACHER A.
Published: December 2021

Biopsy specimens of human and monkey peripheral nerves, when incubated in calcium containing media, showed a loss of neurofilaments and microtubules with replacement by granular debris. Cytoskeletal structures remained intact when incubated in calcium-free media. Disruption of neurofilaments and microtubules in calcium containing media was inhibited by the thiol protease inhibitor, leupeptin. Similar incubations of excised Pacinian corpuscles revealed evidence of early terminal axon degeneration in the presence of calcium. These data substantiate the hypothesis that neural cytoskeletal degradation in primates and in man is calcium-mediated.
Degenerated Muscle Grafts used for Peripheral Nerve Repair in Primates
Authors: GLASBY M. A. , GSCHMEISSNER S. E. , HUANG C. L-H. , DE SOUZA B. A.
Published: December 2021

The basement membrane matrix of skeletal muscle has a tubular configuration resembling that of peripheral nerves. Grafts made of autogenous skeletal muscle denatured by freezing and thawing were used to repair the ulnar nerve in marmosets. By six months, normal hand function had returned and the grafts were shown to transmit normal compound extracellular action potentials in both directions. Morphological examination of the grafts and distal nerves revealed normal axon numbers and axon maturity. Myelination in the graft was found to take place more slowly than in the distal nerve segment. It is suggested that such grafts might be of use in the repair of human peripheral nerves.
Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Limb Among the Japanese in Sapporo
Authors: OGINO T. , MINAMI A. , FUKUDA K. , KATO H.
Published: December 2021

Nine hundred and forty-three patients with nine hundred and fifty-five congenital upper limb anomalies are classified according to the Swanson’s classification. Relative incidence of each type of anomaly, sex incidence, affected side, associated abnormalities and familial history are analysed. The occurrence of congenital upper limb anomalies is also compared with Chinese and Western studies. The characteristic feature in this series is that the incidence of typical syndactyly is not as high as expected. Two problems of Swanson’s classification encountered in this analysis are discussed. One of the problems is the relation between polydactyly, syndactyly and typical cleft hand. The other is the relation between brachysyndactyly, atypical cleft hand and transverse deficiency.
The Incidence of a Palmaris Longus Tendon in Patients with Dupuytren’s Disease
Authors: POWELL B. W. E. M. , McLEAN N. R. , JEFFS J. V.
Published: December 2021

The incidence of a palmaris longus tendon in patients with Dupuytren’s disease is significantly greater than in a control group with normal hands (p = 0.014).

If a patient has a palmaris longus tendon, then there is a highly significant chance of Dupuytren’s disease developing in that hand (p<0.00l).
Studies on Tendon Healing A Comparison Between Suturing Techniques
Authors: DEFINO H. L. A. , BARBIERI C. H. , GONCALVES R. P. , PAULIN J. B. P.
Published: December 2021

An experimental study comparing Kessler’s and Tsuge’s techniques for tendon suture was undertaken in dogs. Both second and fifth flexor digitorum profundi tendons of the left forepaw were divided in the segment corresponding to zone 2 of human hands. Following division, the tendons to the second digit were repaired by Kessler’s technique and those to the fifth digit by Tsuge’s method.

Results were evaluated by means of standard and polarized – light microscopy, intravascular dye injections and tensile strength tests. Both ordinary and polarized – light microscopy showed that a microscopical gap develops between the tendon ends, being filled in with healing tissue which undergoes progressive maturation. The tensile strength tests showed that the deformation (elongation) progress directly with load, up to the point of rupture; the suture thread does not interfere with this. Furthermore, strength increases with time.

Intravascular dye injection showed that a net of newly formed blood vessels develops at the site of section and suture, previously destitute of macroscopical vessels. The new vessels tended to redistribute them selves to resemble the pattern in normally vascularized regions.

It was not possible to detect, by means of the methods employed, any important difference between Kessler’s and Tsuge’s techniques for tendon suture.
Trigger Wrist Caused by a Partial Laceration of the Flexor Superficialis Tendon of the Ring Finger
Authors: MINAMI A. , OGINO T.
Published: December 2021

Trigger wrist is a rare condition. This report describes a case with trigger wrist secondary to a partial laceration of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon of the ring finger. No previous reports are available in the literature.
Exsanguination of the Upper Limb in Hand Surgery Comparison of Four Methods
Authors: COLVILLE J. , SMALL J. O.
Published: December 2021

Four methods of exsanguination of the upper limb during hand surgery were compared by a randomised blind trial in one hundred patients. Exsanguination by a method of hand-overhand compression proved ideal in 92% of cases. The advantages of this technique are discussed.
The Arterial Supply of the Thumb, First Web and Index Finger and its Surgical Application
Authors: EARLEY M. J.
Published: December 2021

A detailed examination of twenty cadaver hands has been carried out in order to elucidate the arterial blood supply of the thumb, first web, and index finger, relating this to revascularization, replantation and possible flaps in that area. The vessels are described in turn, and it is demonstrated that the terms “princeps pollicis” and “arteria radialis indicis” are misnomers. The results of the dissections are compared to those of others and the differences recorded.
A Modified Midlateral Incision for Volar Approach to the Digit
Authors: HALL R. F. , VLIEGENTHART D. H.
Published: December 2021

This article describes an incision which incorporates principles of both the Bunnell midlateral incision and the Bruner zig-zag. It allows rapid access to the volar aspect of the digit without sacrificing exposure or risking flexion contractures while maintaining an unviolated volar skin flap. In this study of 125 patients, 189 digital problems were treated, using the modified midlateral incision. Ages ranged from eleven months to seventy-one years. Complications following surgery were unrelated to the incision.
An Unusual Cause of Wrist Pain
Authors: CHENG J. C. Y. , HUNG L. K.
Published: December 2021

A young man with painful swelling over the dorsum of his wrist was found to he caused by an anomalous extensor indicis proprius muscle.
Use of Bioprosthetic Tendon in Digital Pulley Reconstruction—An Experimental Study
Authors: CHENG J. C. Y. , HSU S. Y. C. , CHONG Y. W. , LEUNG P. C.
Published: December 2021

The potential clinical application of Glutaraldehyde treated bioprosthetic material in the hand as implants to substitute for damaged pulley, tendon or ligament has not been fully explored. This study tries to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the proposed bioprosthetic pulley in an experimental model.

One of the digital flexor pulleys of the rabbit’s foot was excised and replaced by a bioprosthetic pulley using a standardized technique. Autogenous tendon graft was used as the control on the opposite foot.

Altogether twenty rabbits (40 feet) were included in the study and they were sacrificed at different time intervals up to one year. The retrievals were analysed for flexor tendon adhesions and rupture of the pulley macroscopically. Histological and Electron Microscopy study of the ‘pulley’ and ‘pulley-bone’ junction were also carried out.

Results show consistently the progressive creeping substitution of the bioprosthetic material by the rabbit’s own tissue without significant inflammatory reactions. Neither adhesions nor breakage of the pulley were detected, the results comparing favourably with the control group using autografts except for the longer time taken for the substitution process.
Modified Instruments for Wrist Fusion
Authors: STANLEY J. K. , GUPTA S. R. , HULLIN M. G.
Published: December 2021

A technique and new instruments for intramedullary fixation of the wrist arthrodesis is described, based on the technique of Clayton, popularised by Nalebuff and Millender. This allows early mobilisation, secure fixation and simplicity of the technique. It also allows other surgical procedures to be performed under the same anaesthetic and tourniquet due to the reduction in operative time.
Mycotic Aneurysms of The Upper Extremity, Report of Two Cases
Authors: HO P. K. , YAREMCHUK M. J. , DELLON A. L.
Published: December 2021

Two cases of mycotic aneurysm of the brachial artery secondary to illicit drug injection are described. Review of the literature shows an increased incidence of mycotic aneurysms secondary to intravenous/intra-arterial drug injections. There is a greater propensity for these aneurysms to rupture, thus early diagnosis and adequate antibiotic and surgical treatment is advised. Resection of the aneurysm and ligation of the vessel is the procedure of choice if adequate distal circulation exists.
Phialophora richardsiae Infection Mimicking a Soft Tissue Mass of a Finger
Authors: REYES F. A. , BUCHMAN M. T.
Published: December 2021

Phialophora richardsiae was discovered in an index finger mass which was thought to be a residual of a steroid injection for tendinitis of the extensor tendon. A case report is presented.
Pincer Reconstruction Using Second Toe Transplantation
Authors: LEUNG P. C.
Published: December 2021

Nine patients who had suffered mutilating injuries of the hand with preservation of only one digit and loss of the others at metacarpal level have been treated by transfer of the second toe onto a metacarpal stump to restore pincer grip. The transfers did not all survive but those which did gave useful function.
Surgical Treatment of the Thumb in the Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
Authors: Wood V. E. , Rubinstein J. H.
Published: December 2021

In a review of 530 individuals with Ruhinstein-Taybi syndrome, 182 (34%) were found to have thumbs in severe radial angulation (“hitch-hiker thumbs”), which prevented opposition and functional gripping strength. Surgery has been performed on 35 thumbs (from 20 patients), usually to correct a delta phalanx deformity. The preferred approach was a closing wedge osteotomy, with a Z-plasty on the concave side to straighten the thumb. In eight and possibly 11 of the 35 thumbs, the angulation deformity or stiffness recurred, emphasizing the importance of proper and careful surgery. We conclude that surgical correction of the deformity is best done before the age of two, so that the thumb is functional during the initial development of hand-eye coordination. Deviation persisting at the age of ten can be corrected by fusing the metacarpophalangeal joint.
Reduction of Grip Strength, Finger Flexion Pressure, Finger Pinch Pressure and Key Pinch Following Flexor Tendon Repair
Authors: GAULT D. T.
Published: December 2021

67 patients with 176 repaired flexor tendons have been reviewed after a mean follow-up interval of 26.4 months. After repair, mean grip strength was 74.5%, mean finger flexion pressure 76.8% and mean finger pinch pressure 74.7% of that of the opposite uninjured hand or digit. For 16 patients with repaired flexor pollicis longus tendons, mean key pinch was 78.7%. Grip strength was reduced after injury to tendons alone, but was especially reduced when there was concomitant damage to the median or ulnar nerves.
Blood Supply of the Subcutaneous Tissue of the Upper Limb and its Importance in the Subcutaneous Flap
Authors: ZBRODOWSKI A. , MARTY F. M. , GÜMENER R. , MONTANDON D.
Published: December 2021

Vascularization of the subcutaneous tissue of the upper extremity is described. Injection of coloured latex or India ink and gelatine solution showed the principal sources of the blood supply. Microdissection and transclarification of Spalteholz allowed for the study of the direct and indirect arterial branches which form the principal network of the subcutaneous tissue. The findings are of practical importance since the subcutaneous tissue can be used as a separate flap for covering soft tissue defects of the forearm and hand.
Enhancement of Neuromuscular Recovery after Nerve Repair in Primates
Authors: BADALAMENTE MARIE A. , HURST L. C. , PAUL S. B. , STRACHER A.
Published: December 2021

This investigation describes the use of the calcium-activated protease inhibitor, leupeptin, as an adjunctive therapy to the microsurgical repair of median nerves in a primate model. Our results indicate that leupeptin facilitates morphological recovery in denervated thenar muscles and in distal sensory and mixed motor-sensory nerve trunks and functional recovery measured by motor nerve conduction velocity. Toxicological testing of leupeptin showed that, when administered at a dose of 12mg/kg, intramuscularly, once daily, haematological and clotting profiles were not adversely affected.
Fibrolipomatous Hamartoma of the Median Nerve
Authors: SONDERGAARD G. , MIKKELSEN S.
Published: December 2021

A case of fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the median nerve is presented. The operative findings were characteristic. The diagnosis should be confirmed by histological examination of a biopsy from an involved palmar cutaneous branch, and treatment should be limited to decompression f the ligament or fascia over the involved area.
Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome Caused by a Bursa in the Vicinity of the Elbow
Authors: EL-HADIDI S. , BURKE F. D.
Published: December 2021

A case of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome presented with difficulty in extending the metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger. Compression was caused by a bicipital bursa. Surgical decompression led to a complete recovery.
Synovial Chondromatosis Presenting with Peripheral Nerve Compression — A Report of Two Cases
Authors: JONES J. R. , EVANS D. M. , KAUSHIK A.
Published: December 2021

We report two cases of synovial chondromatosis presenting with peripheral nerve compression syndromes involving respectively the median nerve at the wrist and the posterior interosseous nerve at the elbow. Only one previous instance of nerve compression due to this condition has been described, involving the ulnar nerve at the elbow.

In one of our cases the disease process was at an early stage in its natural history and in the other at an advanced stage. The occurrence of nerve compression was related to the site rather than the stage of the disease.

Full recovery followed local excision with decompression of the peripheral nerve involved.
Fractures of the Metacarpals: Treatment by A. O. Screw and Plate Fixation
Authors: FORD D. J. , EL-HADIDI S. , LUNN P. G. , BURKE F. D.
Published: December 2021

Twenty-two patients with 26 fractured metacarpals were treated by internal fixation using A. O. mini-fragment screws and plates. This form of internal fixation was reserved for metacarpal fractures which were multiple, unstable, displaced or rotated. Nine patients bad open fractures, two had divided extensor tendons and four had multiple fractures.

Fractures consistently united without infection or deformity. The mean duration of postoperative immobilization was seven days and mean time off work was six weeks. All but one patient did manual work. No patients had persistent symptoms which caused difficulty with work or sport. Fourteen patients regained full movement. Four had total active movement of 220 degrees or more in the involved ray and 6 patients had total active movement of between 180 and 220 degrees. Restricted movement was present in patients with open fractures and divided extensor tendons or intra-articular fractures of the metacarpal head.

Uniformly satisfactory results were found after mini-screw and plate fixation of metacarpal fractures.
Osteoporosis and Colles’ Fractures in the Elderly
Authors: DIAS J. J. , WRAY C. C. , JONES J. M.
Published: December 2021

There is no documentation of the incidence of osteoporosis in patients with Colles’ fractures. We have prospectively studied 127 patients over the age of fifty with unilateral Colles’ fractures to determine the incidence of osteoporosis and to investigate its influence on the bony deformity. The cortical width of the second metacarpal was used as the indicator of osteoporosis. 74.8% of patients in this group were osteoporotic. The final deformity was significantly greater in patients with osteoporosis.
Irreducible Dislocation of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Thumb due to Tendon Interposition
Authors: ONUBA O. , ESSIET A.
Published: December 2021

Two cases of irreducible dorsal dislocation of the metacarpopbalangeal joint of the thumb are reported. In both cases, there was interposition of the tendon of flexor pollicis longus. Open reduction was required to achieve successful reduction.
Weilby Tendon Interposition Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis of the Trapezial Joints
Authors: NYLÉN S. , JUHLIN L. J. , LUGNEGARD H.
Published: December 2021

Primary osteoarthritis of the trapezial joints has been treated by an interposition tendoplasty according to Weilby in eighty-nine cases. After excision of the trapezium, a strip from the flexor carpi radialis was wound around the main portion of the flexor carpi radialis tendon and the abductor pollicis longus. The abductor tendon was then duplicated over the tendoplasty and reinserted to the first metacarpal base. In 40% of cases, osteoarthritis was present in more than one trapezial joint. 57% had an adduction contracture of the first metacarpal, half of which were relieved postoperatively. 73% of patients were satisfied at follow-up. Complications included four cases with loss of active metacarpal abduction which was regained after reinsertion of the abductor pollicis longus. It is concluded that the Weilby tendoplasty is a useful alternative to Silastic implants, especially in cases of adduction contracture. The risks of implant dislocation and silicone synovitis are eliminated.
Soft Tissue Expanders in Hand Reconstruction
Authors: MACKINNON SUSAN E. , DELLON A. LEE
Published: December 2021

Eight cases in which soft tissue expanders have been used as an adjunct to reconstruction in the hand are reported. Cases involved reconstruction after skin grafting for burns and crush injuries as well as skin resurfacing in the management of the painful hand. Patient tolerance was excellent and the final result was significantly aided by the use of this technique. The technical details of expansion as well as complications are discussed.
Digital Reconstruction Using the Distally Based Osteofasciocutaneous Radial Forearm Flap
Authors: BROTHERSTON T. M. , BANERJEE A. , LAMBERTY B. G. H.
Published: December 2021

The Chinese forearm flap is a versatile flap in hand reconstruction. Five cases are reported. The mechanism and reliability of retrograde venous return is discussed.
Retrieval of the Retracted Flexor Tendon
Authors: SOURMELIS S. G. , McGROUTHER D. A.
Published: December 2021

A reliable method of atraumatic retrieval of the retracted proximal end of a flexor tendon of finger or thumb is described. The technique is to pass a catheter through the sheath from proximal to distal alongside the tendons, without removing them from the sheath. The catheter and tendon are stitched side-to-side. The tendon can be advanced by traction on the catheter.
The Use of Semipermeable Dressings in Fingertip Injuries
Authors: WILLIAMSON D. M. , SHERMAN K. P. , SHAKESPEARE D. T.
Published: December 2021

A randomised prospective trial was carried out to compare the use of semipermeable and petroleum gauze dressings in fingertip injuries. The results demonstrate advantages in the use of semipermeable dressings.
Clinodactyly of the Little Finger: A Simple Operative Technique for Reversal of the Growth Abnormality
Authors: VICKERS D.
Published: December 2021

The traditional approach to clinodactyly has been either to accept the deformity or to perform an osteotomy. As an alternative to osteotomy, a resection of the mid-zone of the continuous epiphysis along with the underlying physis and its replacement by a fat graft (physiolysis) is simpler and allows further growth in the phalanx. Twelve of these operations have been reviewed with a maximum follow-up of six years. Excellent functional and cosmetic results have been obtained. The renewed growth is manifest not only by an increase in length, but also by a decrease in the angular deformity and improvement of the articular surfaces. Osteotomy at maturity has only been necessary in one patient.
Intra-Articular Entrapment of the Median Nerve after Dislocation of the Elbow
Authors: BOE S. , HOLST-NIELSEN F.
Published: December 2021

A case of median nerve paralysis due to intra-articular entrapment occurring after closed reduction of a dislocation of the elbow joint is reported. In the present case, as in most other reported cases, diagnosis and treatment was delayed. If median nerve paralysis occurs following elbow dislocation and is accompanied by an unusual amount of pain, or if it occurs following reduction, entrapment should be suspected and the nerve explored without delay.
Musculoaponeurotic Variations along the Course of the Median Nerve in the Proximal Forearm
Authors: DELLON A. L. , MACKINNON SUSAN E.
Published: December 2021

31 cadaver arms have been dissected to study the variations in the anatomy of the muscles and fibrous arches which might cause compression of the median nerve in the forearm. Pronator teres always had a superficial head and usually a deep head. Flexor digitorum superficialis varied greatly in its site of origin.

The median nerve might be crossed by two, one or no fibro-aponeurotic arches. Gantzer’s muscle, an accessory head of flexor pollicis longus, was present in 45% of cadavers. No ligament of Struthers was found. Possible sites and causes of nerve compression are discussed.
Osteoid Osteomata of the Distal Phalanx
Authors: BOWEN C. V. A. , DZUS A. K. , HARDY D. A.
Published: December 2021

Osteoid osteomata are rarely found in the distal phalanges of the hand. The 23 cases in the English language literature are discussed and two additional cases are described. The usual presenting features are chronic pain, nail enlargement and increase in size of the terminal part of the digit. Diagnosis is difficult but surgical excision is effective for treating the patients’ pain.
Leri – Weill Syndrome (Dyschondrosteosis): A Family Study
Authors: MOHAN V. , GUPTA R. P. , HELMI K. , MARKLUND T.
Published: December 2021

Madelung’s deformity due to Leri-Weill Syndrome (Dyschondrosteosis) is a rare condition. Six cases of this entity involving two generations in one family are reported in this communication. The differential diagnosis of the various causes of Madelung’s deformity are briefly discussed.
The Blood Supply of the Flexor Retinaculum
Authors: ZBRODOWSKI A. , GAJISIN S.
Published: December 2021

The anatomical details of the vascularization of the flexor retinaculum of the hand have been studied. The principal sources of blood supply were revealed by means of coloured latex injection and trans-clarification by the Spalteholz method. Micro-dissection demonstrated the existence of two networks, superficial and deep; the superficial network is formed by branches of the ulnar artery and the deep network by branches of the palmar superficial arch. These observations could have practical significance with regard to the site of incision in carpal tunnel operations.
The Role of Cross-Finger Flaps in the Primary Management of Untidy Flexor Tendon Injuries
Authors: GAULT D. T. , QUABA A. A.
Published: December 2021

This is a report of five patients who sustained untidy division of flexor tendons in zones 1 and 2, associated with overlying soft tissue loss. Contrary to traditional teaching, the tendon injuries were repaired primarily, and the tissue loss was made good with a cross-finger flap.

At final evaluation, three cases were assigned excellent grades and two cases fair grades by Kleinert criteria. This unexpectedly favourable outcome may be due to a quality of the inner surface of the cross-finger flap and/or to staggering of the skin and tendon suture lines.
Consequences of Late Immobilization of Scaphoid Fractures
Authors: LANGHOFF O. , ANDERSEN J. L.
Published: December 2021

In order to determine the relationship between delay before immobilization and the development of non-union or delayed union, 285 fractures of the scaphoid have been analysed from records and radiographs.

16 non-unions and 25 of 27 fractures with delayed union were found in proximal pole or waist fractures in adults, which were analyzed separately. No increment in the time to bony union or in the incidence of non-union was found following a delay of immobilization of less than four weeks, but when the delay exceeded four weeks, most fractures had healing complications.
Transfer of Sensory Branches of Radial Nerve in Hand Surgery
Authors: MATLOUBI R.
Published: December 2021

Transfer of sensory branches of the radial nerve to sensory branches of the ulnar or median nerves has been carried out to restore sensitivity to the digits in patients suffering from severe, longstanding and irreparable damage to the median or ulnar nerves, due to war injuries. The author describes the two surgical techniques in detail and reports the results obtained.
Flexor Tendon Grafting 48 Years after Injury
Authors: JONES M. W. , MATTHEWS J. P.
Published: December 2021

Flexor tendon grafting was carried out 48 years after the original injury with a good result. A long delay between injury and grafting does not necessarily prejudice a good result.
Traumatic Aneurysms of Two Proper Digital Arteries in the Same Patient: A Case Report
Authors: BRUNELLI G. , VIGASIO A. , BATTISTON B. , GUIZZI P. , BRUNELL F.
Published: December 2021

Aneurysms in the hand are infrequent and aneurysms of the proper digital arteries are particularly rare, only 11 cases having been reported in the literature. The authors describe the case of a patient operated on for two traumatic false aneurysms of the ulnar digital arteries of the middle and ring fingers. Arterial aneurysms should be carefully evaluated to exclude other lesions such as cysts, abscesses, neuromas. The choice between ligation and resection or reconstruction of the vessel should be based on pre-operative and intra-operative evaluation of circulation.
Fractures of the Distal Phalanges
Authors: DaCRUZ D. J. , SLADE R. J. , MALONE W.
Published: December 2021

A prospective study of 110 patients with fractures of the distal phalanx indicates that less than one in three patients with such injuries will have recovered after six months. Less than one half of distal phalangeal fractures will have united by then.

Factors that carry a poor prognosis include osteolysis of fractured fragments, subungual haematomas and non-union of fractures.
Alternative Conservative Treatment of Mallet-Finger Injuries by Elastic Double-Finger Bandage
Authors: HOVGAARD C. , KLARESKOV B.
Published: December 2021

A prospective trial of mallet-finger injuries treated conservatively by elastic double-finger bandage showed no disadvantages compared to other kinds of conservative treatment. The method is agreeable for the patient, being hygienic and causing no kind of skin irritation.
Cleft Hand in Silver–Russell Syndrome
Authors: MAHMUD S. , NAMBA K. , SAMESHIMA K. , NAKASHIMA Y. , NISHINO R.
Published: December 2021

A case of Silver-Russell Syndrome with a typical cleft hand is presented. The association of cleft hand with this syndrome has never been reported before.