bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efectos a la salud de dos bebidas carbonatadas en ratones experimentales
Authors: Mejía Valencia José Guillermo , Coto Hernández Elizabeth Monserrath , Campos Portillo Wendy Maribel , Ramírez Merches Cindy Betsabé , López Amador Fabiola Lissette , Toloza Gonzalo , Moreno Mendoza Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2021

Introducción. Actualmente el consumo de bebidas carbonatadas es muy común en gran parte del mundo; y continúa en aumento cada día. En El Salvador es frecuente en la dieta de la población; mientras que algunos componentes que las constituyen son los responsables de afectar la salud de distintas maneras. Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos a la salud de dos bebidas carbonatadas administradas continuamente durante 10 semanas a ratones experimentales. Resultados. Los resultados de los chequeos clínicos presentaron alteraciones en algunos aspectos evaluados, como deshidratación, piloerección y diarrea. Mientras que, en peso corporal, hubo diferencias significativas entre el grupo control y los experimentales. En la evaluación macroscópica de los órganos, los grupos tratados con las bebidas carbonatadas sufrieron de ciertas irregularidades, tanto en la apariencia como en el color de estos, aunque en su peso no existieron diferencias significativas, a excepción del riñón derecho del grupo tratado con bebida carbonatada 1. Sin embargo, la química sanguínea mostró únicamente diferencia en el colesterol total del grupo tratado con bebida carbonatada 2. Conclusión. La apariencia de los ratones tratados con las bebidas carbonatadas mostró daños notables en la salud, principalmente el daño provocado en la apariencia de los órganos internos.
APRENDIZADO DE MÁQUINA E REGRESSÃO LINEAR NA ESTIMATIVA DO VOLUME DE Eucalyptus NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL
Authors: Cunha Neto Ernandes Macedo da , Moura Marks Melo , Araujo Emmanoella Costa Guaraná , Santana Gabriel Mendes , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto
Published: January 2021

O crescimento da área florestada trouxe a necessidade de aprimorar técnicas que proporcionem estimativas mais precisas e acuradas do volume de árvores individuais. Neste contexto, técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina foram aplicadas para este fim, contudo, ainda não foi testado o uso combinado dessas técnicas (Ensemble). Assim, a hipótese deste estudo é que o Ensemble proporciona estimativas mais precisas e acuradas do volume que os métodos convencionais de estimativa e aprendizado de máquina isoladamente. Com isso, objetivou-se avaliar a estimativa do volume individual do Eucalyptus spp. utilizando técnicas isoladas e conjuntas de aprendizado de máquina. O estudo foi realizado em duas fazendas em Paragominas, Pará. Foram cubadas 90 árvores, distribuídas em 4 clones, com 6 anos idade e 1.111 indivíduos.ha-1. Utilizaram-se 70% das árvores para o ajuste e 30% para a validação. Aplicaram-se quatro métodos distintos de estimação: regressão linear (Modelo de Schumacher-Hall), máquinas de vetores de suporte (SVM), redes neurais artificiais (RNA) e Ensemble (SVM, RNA e modelos lineares generalizados - GLM) com distribuição gaussiana). O Ensemble resultou em maior coeficiente de determinação, enquanto a RNA no menor. O erro padrão da estimativa variou entre 8,21 % e 12,99 %, para as técnicas Ensemble e RNA, respectivamente. Os modelos preditivos apresentaram generalização acurada e precisa, com RMSE entre 7,01 % e 13,17 %. Schumacher-Hall e Ensemble apresentaram leve tendência em subestimar o volume, já SVM e RNA superestimaram. Os modelos de Schumacher-Hall e Ensemble foram os mais precisos e acurados à predição do volume para os dados utilizados.
ESTIMATIVAS VOLUMÉTRICAS EM PLANTIOS DE EUCALIPTO PARA DUAS MESORREGIÕES DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Teixeira Martins Matheus , Arnoni Costa Emanuel , Paes Marangon Gabriel
Published: January 2021

O volume de árvores é a variável de maior interesse florestal, sendo possível estima-la por várias técnicas, sendo a modelagem a mais usual. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo ajustar, validar e selecionar o melhor modelo volumétrico para árvores de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill. ex Maiden de plantios em duas mesorregiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, 791 árvores foram cubadas pelo método da Smalian e separadas em grupos de ajuste (≈74%) e validação (≈26%). Três modelos foram testados: (Husch) v = β0 × dapβ1 × εi; (Schumacher e Hall) v = β0 × dapβ1 × hβ2 × εi; (Schumacher e Hall modificado) v = β0 × dapβ1 × hβ2 × h100β3 × εi. Os modelos foram avaliados de acordo com os seguintes critérios: coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R² aj.), raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro em porcentagem (RMSE%) e análise gráfica dos resíduos em porcentagem (E%). De acordo com o teste χ2 à 5 % de probabilidade, não houve diferença significativa entre as estimativas volumétricas para as três equações com e sem casca quando confrontados com os volumes reais. O modelo de Schumacher e Hall modificado apresentou melhores resultados e tem maior destaque por utilizar a variável de altura dominante de Assmann (h100) que caracteriza o sítio florestal e com possibilidade de ampla utilização.
EMISSÕES DE DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO ADVINDAS DO CORTE DE ÁRVORES ISOLADAS NA FAZENDA BARREIRO NO MUNICÍPIO DE LIMEIRA DO OESTE-MG
Authors: Lorena Rodrigo Barbosa , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Vasconcelos Osmar Luis Silva
Published: January 2021

O objetivo deste artigo foi estimar as emissões de dióxido de carbono advinda do corte de árvores isoladas para o plantio de cana-de-açúcar e propor a compensação ambiental. O inventário foi realizado na Fazenda Barreiro, no município de Limeira do Oeste, estado de Minas Gerais. A propriedade possui uma área total de 74,01 hectares, sendo que 57,20 hectares foram avaliados neste estudo. No inventário foi catalogado o nome das espécies com nome cientifico e família botânica, foi medida a circunferência à altura do peito (CAP) e a altura comercial de cada árvore. Foi realizado cálculo do rendimento lenhoso a partir de equações da literatura. A massa das árvores foi estimada a partir da densidade básica encontrada literatura científica. A emissão em CO2eq (dióxido de carbono equivalente) foi calculada pela multiplicação da massa do fuste da árvore pelo teor de carbono (48%) e pela constante estequiométrica 3,6667. As emissões de CO2 advindas do corte de árvores isoladas com rendimento de material lenhoso de 116,22 m³ foi de 132,99 t de CO2 com média de 2,33 t de CO2 por hectare. Para realizar as medidas compensatórias a fim de zerar essas emissões será necessário o plantio de 659 mudas de árvores nativas. A partir do estudo realizado, conclui-se que o plantio florestal para a mitigação das emissões de dióxido de carbono é um fator relevante para se evitar o agravamento das mudanças climáticas.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh.) TO SIMULATED GLYPHOSATE DRIFT
Authors: Meloni Diego Ariel , Martínez Carlos Alberto
Published: January 2021

Weed control with glyphosate produces damages in plantations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, although the involved physiological mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. This work aimed at assessing the physiological responses of E. camaldulensis to simulated glyphosate drift. Greenhouse trials were performed with four-month-old E. camaldulensis clone117 seedlings. The herbicide drift was simulated applying doses of 0; 43,2; 86,4; 172,8 and 345,6 g a.e. ha−1 glyphosate. Twenty-three days after the application, we measured gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence. We also quantified Rubisco activity and indicator variables of oxidative stress. Glyphosate decreased carbon photosynthetic assimilation, increased non-photochemical quenching, induced stomatal closure, and increased photoinhibition. It also decreased Rubisco activity and increased photorespiration. The herbicide produced oxidative stress, and increased the activities in the enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. We concluded that glyphosate´s deleterious effects on the assimilation of CO2 in E. camaldulensis are due to stomatal and non-stomatal effects. The decrease in Rubisco activity, the increase in photorespiration, and photoinhibition stand out among non-stomatal effects. The increase in the activity of the antioxidant system is insufficient to compensate for the production of H2O2 in photorespiration, which damages the photosynthetic apparatus.
A APLICAÇÃO DE ESTRATÉGIAS DE COMPREENSÃO DA LEITURA EM ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS MOÇAMBICANOS FUTUROS PROFESSORES DE PORTUGUÊS
Authors: Ernesto Nelson Maurício
Published: January 2021

A metacognição, o pensar sobre o próprio pensar, consiste em monitorar, auxiliar e avaliar o sucesso do processo de aprendizagem do aluno (FLAVELL, 1979) e, para o efeito, socorre-se das estratégias de aprendizagem que podem ser cognitivas e metacognitivas (OXFORD, 1990). Quando as estratégias de aprendizagem são usadas no auxílio da compreensão do texto, denominam-se estratégias de compreensão da leitura, dado o efeito que têm de ajudar o aluno na compreensão do artefato escrito. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de estudantes universitários moçambicanos do curso de Licenciatura em Ensino de Português na Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, na resolução de exercícios sobre a aplicação de estratégias de compreensão textual, após ter havido o treino dessas estratégias mediante o modelo de Brandão e Rosa (2010). Este estudo apoia-se num conjunto de 20 perguntas produzidas por estes estudantes e recolhidas no 2º semestre do ano acadêmico de 2019,a partir das categorias propostas por Brandão e Rosa (2010). Uma breve apreciação aos resultados da avaliação feita aos estudantes deste estudo mostra que, na generalidade, estes têm a consciência da necessidade de aplicação das estratégias de compreensão da leitura quando se envolvem no processo de descodificação textual.
CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA ANÁLISE DO DISCURSO PARA O ENSINO DE LEITURA: O CONCEITO DE INTERDISCURSO
Authors: Peixoto Karla Maria Marques , Serafim Mônica De Souza
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo central relacionar a noção de interdiscurso ao ensino de leitura, revisitando conceitos que sustentam as bases teóricas da Análise do Discurso, além de realizar uma transposição didática para o ensino de leitura, seguindo as etapas de uma aula pautada na concepção sociopsicolinguística de leitura (BRAGGIO, 1992). Para tanto, basear-nos-emos no quadro teórico da Análise do Discurso de orientação francesa com o intuito de realizar a análise de um cartoon e de uma peça publicitária, e, posteriormente, propor questões de leitura que tenham como entrada no texto o conceito de interdiscurso (MAINGUENEAU, 1997), (CHARADEAU; MAINGUENEAU, 2008). As reflexões traçadas nesse estudo demonstram que a Análise do Discurso pode contribuir para a formação de leitores críticos na medida em que essa área do conhecimento nos proporciona dispositivos de análise que nos possibilita trazer à tona reflexões que ultrapassem o limite da superfície textual.
PROJETOS DE LETRAMENTO NA ESCOLA: EXPERIÊNCIAS NO ESTÁGIO CURRICULAR SUPERVISIONADO DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA E LITERATURAS
Authors: Semechechem Jakeline
Published: January 2021

Este relato de experiência tem como objetivo apresentar um trabalho desenvolvido no Estágio Curricular Supervisionado de Língua Portuguesa e Literaturas, no curso de Letras Português/Inglês, de uma Universidade Pública no Norte do Paraná. Considerando as discussões sobre as modalidades de Estágio Supervisionado e a relevância de projetos nessa etapa (PIMENTA; LIMA, 2018), foi desenvolvido um projeto de intervenção no estágio visando a realização de oficinas em escolas públicas. As bases teórico-metodológicas que fundamentaram o trabalho foram os pressupostos da pedagogia de projetos de letramento (KLEIMAN, 2000; OLIVEIRA, 2008; SOUZA; OLIVEIRA, 2017) e de sequência didática de gêneros (DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004, BARROS, 2012; GUIMARÃES; KERSCH, 2015; BARROS; STORTO, 2017; STRIQUER; OLIVEIRA, 2017; BARROS; STRIQUER; STORTO, 2018). Com base nos resultados desta experiência, foi possível verificar a contribuição do projeto de intervenção no estágio tanto para formação docente dos acadêmicos de Letras quanto para as escolas, campo social de estágio.
PEDAGOGIA DA PRODUÇÃO DE TEXTOS: ENTRE AS QUALIDADES DISCURSIVAS, MACROPROPOSIÇÕES E REGULARIDADES
Authors: De Souza Adriano
Published: January 2021

A proposta temática deste artigo reside no diálogo que ele empreende entre os postulados sobre a produção de textos de Guedes (1994; 2009) - cuja proposta reside na elaboração de uma pedagogia da escrita baseada na produção de e na reflexão sobre narração, descrição e dissertação, com vistas ao desenvolvimento de qualidades discursivas, nomeadamente: unidade temática, concretude, questionamento e objetividade - e os postulados teóricos sobre o texto de Adam (2019), especialmente no que se refere ao protótipo da sequência narrativa. Com vistas a situar a presente discussão no quadro maior das pesquisas acadêmicas sobre produção de texto, o artigo apresenta um breve estado da arte de pesquisas que tratam da categoria “qualidades discursivas”, em seguida, empreende duas análises de texto, procurando observar, na análise 1, o comportamento de qualidades discursivas do texto dissertativo desde o ponto de vista de suas relações, procedimentos e recursos textuais de coesão e, na análise 2, as possíveis relações entre qualidades discursivas do texto narrativo e macroproposições narrativas. Por fim, o artigo considerou o diálogo empreendido produtivo, tanto em termos de novas possibilidades de análise textual e discursiva, como em termos da construção de possibilidades outras em educação linguística e em pedagogia da escrita.
OS CRITÉRIOS DE AVALIAÇÃO E SELEÇÃO DE OBRAS LITERÁRIAS – O PNLD LITERÁRIO 2018
Authors: Freitas Ana Magally Pereira de , Pereira Israel Niwton Da Costa , Segabinazi Daniela Maria
Published: January 2021

Este artigo tem como objeto de estudo e análise o processo de avaliação e seleção de obras literárias do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático e do Material do Livro Didático (PNLD) 2018 – Literário, um programa de promoção da leitura realizado pelo MEC que distribuiu acervos de livros de literatura infantil para bibliotecas e turmas dos anos iniciais. Nosso objetivo é apresentar e discutir os critérios de avaliação e seleção utilizados pelos professores dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental da rede pública do município de João Pessoa/Paraíba, a partir de dados quantitativos coletados por meio de questionários e análise qualitativa das respostas. Para isto, buscamos em fontes documentais como o edital e guia online e em referenciais bibliográficos os fundamentos que contribuem para a contextualização do programa, a descrição do processo de avaliação e seleção dos livros, a discussão dos critérios usados pela equipe do MEC e pelos professores, assim como equívocos em todo o processo seletivo. De modo geral, os resultados parciais apontam problemas na divulgação e orientação sobre o programa e a escolha das obras, incongruências na seleção dos professores e critérios controversos para a seleção de obras literárias.
O ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA E OS SUJEITOS DA EJA: UM OLHAR SOBRE O LIVRO DIDÁTICO DE INGLÊS
Authors: Santos Filho Agnaldo Pedro , Viñal Júnior José Veiga , Amorim Antônio
Published: January 2021

Neste artigo, propomos fazer uma discussão sobre o livro didático de inglês para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). Neste sentido, analisamos uma unidade didática de um livro de inglês para esta modalidade de ensino e questionamos se este recurso didático atende às necessidades e especificidades das pessoas da EJA, bem como a sua contribuição para uma aprendizagem crítica de inglês. A abordagem metodológica escolhida para esta investigação foi a qualitativa e os métodos de coleta de dados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Concluímos que o desenvolvimento de material didático para a EJA precisa considerar as questões específicas que envolvem essa modalidade de ensino de forma a contribuir com uma aprendizagem significativa.
EOCENE MAGMA PLUMBING SYSTEM BENEATH CORTEZ HILLS CARLIN-TYPE GOLD DEPOSIT, NEVADA: IS THERE A DEEP-SEATED PLUTON?
Authors: Mercer Celestine N.
Published: January 2021

The magmatic-hydrothermal conceptual model for Carlin-type gold deposit genesis calls upon deep-seated Eocene plutons as the primary source of gold-bearing fluids. However, geophysical surveys, geologic mapping, drilling, geochronology, isotopic tracers, and fluid inclusion chemistry have returned ambiguous evidence for the existence of such plutons. The high-grade Cortez Hills gold deposit in northern Nevada hosts shallow, Eocene syn- and postmineralization intrusions, offering an ideal site to investigate the existence of a deep-seated pluton beneath the district. Here, major and trace element analyses of quartz-hosted melt inclusions from four Eocene rhyolite dikes cropping out within the Cortez Hills pit and results from independent thermobarometers provide a window into the subsurface Eocene magmatic plumbing system to test the existence of a deep-seated source pluton. Dissolved volatile contents, melt inclusion entrapment pressures, and thermodynamic phase equilibria indicate that dike magmas were sourced from ~4- to ≥9-km depth from a polybaric magma reservoir residing as a physically and geochemically interconnected crystal mush with extractable or eruptible magma pockets. Magmas ascended adiabatically (nearly isothermally), exsolving fluids, evolving modestly by fractional crystallization, while trapping quartz-hosted melt inclusions steadily from depth to subvolcanic levels where they were emplaced. These data represent the first unequivocal evidence for a deep-seated magma reservoir from which fluid-saturated magma emanated and released magmatic fluids beneath the Cortez district during gold mineralization. However, further investigation into the specific metallogenic potential and metal budget of parental magmas and the partitioning of gold between silicate melt and aqueous fluids will be necessary to provide evidence that exsolved magmatic fluids may have been gold bearing.
Anaerop İnfeksiyon Saptanan Vakaların Klinik Özellikleri, Etkenlerin Tür Düzeyinde Dağılımı ve Anaerop Bakteremilerde Fatalite
Authors: Özdemir Burcu , Mumcuoğlu İpek , Akıncı Esragül , Acar Kaya İlkem , Sertçelik Ahmet , Bodur Hürrem
Published: January 2021

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the distribution of anaerobic bacteria species, which are the causative agents of infection, in order to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the cases and evaluate fatality in cases with an aerobic bacteremia. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-five cases who were determined with 148 isolates of anaerobic bacteria were included into this study at Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory between January 2014-February 2018. The specimens requested to undergo anaerobic evaluation and transported to the laboratory under anaerobic suitable conditions were prepared with Gram staining and inoculated in the Schaedler agar. After appropriate incubation, the identification of isolated anaerobic bacteria at the level of species was performed by using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF MS). Results: Of the 125 cases who had an anaerobic infection, 60% were males, and mean age was 52.69 ± 18.5 years. Intra-abdominal and skin and soft tissue infections were the most common source of infection. One hundred and twenty-eight clinical specimens (78 abscesses, 50 blood cultures) which were sent from cases were identified with 148 anaerobic bacteria species. We detected the most common isolated species as Bacteriodes spp., Actinomyces spp. and Clostridium spp., respectively. The most common anaerobic bacteria species isolated from blood cultures of 50 cases with anaerobic bacteremia were Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., and intra-abdominal infection was the most common source for anaerobic bacteremia. Fusobacterium nucleatum (5/6; 83.3%) was the most frequent species in Fusobacterium bacteremia. F. nucleatum bacteremia was detected in an older population and was often associated with underlying malignancy. F. necrophorum bacteremia occurred in a younger population without underlying comorbidities and was diagnosed as Lemierre’s syndrome. Fatality rate was 51% in anaerobic bacteremia. Fatality was significantly higher in patients who were followed up in the intensive care unit and had high Charlson index (p< 0.05). Conclusion: MALDI-TOF MS has become an important method for the identification of anaerobic bacteria with its reliable results in a very short time. The most common anaerobic microorganism was Bacteroides spp., and the two most frequent sources of infection were intraabdominal and skin and soft tissue infections. We observed that most of the cases with F. nucleatum bacteremia had malignancy and an older population. The case with F. necrophorum bacteremia was young and had no underlying comorbidities. In this study, fatality rate (51%) was detected high in anaerobic bacteremia. Therefore, the routine use of anaerobic blood culture bottles is important for the identification and for the effective treatment of cases with anaerobic bacteremia.
Karantina Sonrası COVID-19 Tanısıyla Takip Edilen Hastaların Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Ural Onur , Sümer Şua , Aktuğ Demir Nazlım , Yalçınkaya Emine , Uçan Elif , Demir Lütfi Saltuk
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect the world with serious number of cases and deaths. For this reason, knowing the clinical findings and course of the disease is important for early diagnosis and treatment. In this article, COVID-19 cases followed up after quarantine were discussed. Materials and Methods: In this study, the data of 99 patients who were followed up during travel and post-Umrah quarantine between 31 March and 15 April 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Of the 99 patients included in the study, 66 (66.7%) were females, 33 (33.3%) were males, and mean age was 59.8 ± 11.4 years. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test was positive at the time of admission in 97 (98.0%) of the 99 patients. Thirty-nine (39.4%) of the patients were symptomatic and 25.3% of the patients had cough, 8.1% had fever, and 7.1% had shortness of breath. While SARSCoV-2 RT-PCR test was negative in 2 (3.3%) of the 60 patients without complaints, 58 (96.7%) of them were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test. Leukopenia was detected as 3%, lymphopenia 66.7%, D-dimer height 47.5%, LDH elevation 38.4%, CRP elevation 45.5%. Ground glass opacities were present in 81 (81.8%) of the patients with lung involvement, and consolidation areas were present in 40 patients (40.4%). Underlying disease was present in 38 (38.4%) of the patients. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most common underlying diseases. It was observed that 89 (89.4%) of our cases had negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test on the 5th day. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection is an infectious disease that can present with many different clinics. In asymptomatic COVID-19 cases, lung involvement findings and disorders in laboratory parameters may be observed. It should be kept in mind that asymptomatic cases pose a risk in terms of transmission.
Jak wspierać w szkole jąkającego się ucznia?
Authors: Kowalczyk Łukasz
Published: January 2021

Wieloczynnikowa koncepcja jąkania zakłada indywidualną kombinację uzupełniających się czynników, które mogą stanowić przyczynę wystąpienia tego zaburzenia mowy u dziecka. Są to czynniki fizjologiczne, lingwistyczne, psychologiczne oraz środowiskowe. Koncentrując się na dwóch ostatnich, autor przedstawia fakty na temat jąkania oraz dokonuje opisu jego złożoności w kontekście terapeutycznym. Jąkający się uczeń wymaga bowiem wsparcia nie tylko ze strony logopedy i rodziców, ale również nauczycieli. W artykule opisane zostało funkcjonowanie jąkającego się ucznia w szkole. Ponadto autor na podstawie literatury przedmiotu prezentuje rady dla nauczycieli, które mogą wykorzystać w swojej pracy wychowawczo-dydaktycznej z dzieckiem, które się jąka.
Do muro às redes:
Authors: Zanco Amanda , Kunsch Dimas Antônio
Published: January 2021

O texto, de natureza descritivo-interpretativa, orientado mais a mostrar que a demonstrar, se desenvolve a partir do estudo do caso Free Zehra Doğan. A jornalista e artista curda Zehra Doğan, da Turquia, foi presa por postar uma de suas obras nas redes sociais, sendo acusada de subversão. O caso ganhou expressão internacional por meio de um mural, em Nova York, do artista anônimo britânico Banksy, que provocou mobilização por meio da arte, do muro às redes sociais, criando assim a oportunidade de uma voz sufocada ser ouvida. O texto trabalha com a ideia do poder da arte como articuladora de conhecimento e de compreensão do outro, problematizando uma convergência possível entre comunicação, cultura e mídias digitais.
Quando a religião (des)comunica a ciência: o catolicismo brasileiro e a pandemia de Covid-19
Authors: Silva Emanuel Freitas da , Silveira Emerson José Sena da
Published: January 2021

Pretende-se com este artigo analisar as posições institucionais do catolicismo brasileiro durante a pandemia do novo coronavírus, a partir da ideia de uma “comunicação política” da ciência pela religião. Tomaremos como material de análise documentos da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB), decisões de algumas (arqui)dioceses e, como contraponto, as posições de movimentos católicos conservadores em questionamento às recomendações sanitárias e eclesiais. Assim, norteia-se pela seguinte questão: terá havido, neste momento, uma importante tensão entre a hierarquia, comprometida com a ciência, e parcela dos fiéis, quiçá mais próximos do negacionismo político em voga? A hipótese qualitativo-exploratória do artigo demonstra que o momento da pandemia acentuou, em termos de dissonância comunicativa, as linhas de tensão existentes na Igreja Católica e, à medida que a pandemia recrudesceu, a marcha institucional da hierarquia católica se deu em sentido oposto ao trilhado por líderes evangélicos, que demonstraram maior e mais coeso apoio às medidas e à comunicação do governo brasileiro. O artigo está embasado em método qualitativo, com foco na revisão parcial de produções bibliográficas atinentes à temática e mapeamento analítico dos principais posicionamentos oficiais propostos pelos segmentos católicos referidos.
Maternal Thinking in U.S. Contexts of Gun Violence and Police Brutality
Authors: Marshall Ellen Ott ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2021

This article retrieves Sara Ruddick’s Maternal Thinking as a resource for analyzing contemporary activism by mothers advocating for gun control and police reform. Concerns about ethnocentrism and gender essentialism have discouraged engagement with maternal thinking. However, self-identified “moms” continue an historical pattern of protecting their children through public advocacy on social issues. Given the role that maternal identity plays in political activism, feminist ethics must continue to develop robust theoretical resources for analysis and critique. Sara Ruddick’s Maternal Thinking should remain part of that repertoire.
Convolvulaceae. Flora of Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, volume 36
Authors: STAPLES George W.
Published: January 2021

This volume on Convolvulaceae is the 36th issue of the Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and the first to integrate Tropical Fauna and Flora series. So far, thirty-five fascicles have been published on families of angiosperms and Gnetaceae. The family Convolvulaceae comprises about 1,900 species distributed worldwide in the tropical and warm temperate regions. This new account of the Convolvulaceae in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam includes 22 genera, 108 species, and 10 infraspecific taxa, with brief mention of another 13 cultivated species. The indigenous species richness for Convolvulaceae is quite high in this area, particularly for the genera Argyreia, Cordisepalum, Dinetus, Erycibe, Ipomoea, Lepistemon, Merremia, Neuropeltis, Porana, Rivea, and Tridynamia. A general introduction to the family is followed by technical descriptions for each genus, species, and infraspecific taxon, keys for identification, and concise summaries of what is known about the ecology, phenology, the distribution globally and mapped, any uses, vernacular names in languages spoken in the area, and pertinent notes concerning taxonomy or other topics. The flora is profusely illustrated with historical and modern botanical illustrations (line drawings, watercolours) and colour photos of living plants in the field. Voucher specimens are cited to document all information presented in the book. A bibliography of cited references where more detailed information may be found is included and three indexes conclude the flora.
Editorial
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Gaylord Harry D. , Chambers Geo. Gailey , Breckenridge William E.
Published: January 2021

In this time of national stress the government has a right to expect the highest degree of co-operation from educators and educational institutions. In the attempt to secure this co-operation, the Department of the Interior has announced the issue, through the Bureau of Education, of “Lessons in Community and National Life.”
Graphs of Explicit Functions
Authors: Bruce Robert E.
Published: January 2021

In elementary mathematics the explicit function plays a very important part. In spite of this fact the special methods of curve-tracing discussed in English text-books† are adapted more particularly to implicit functions. These methods may of course also be used with the explicit; but if one is interested mainly in the latter simpler methods are available.
Mathematics of Financial Problems
Authors: Webster L. M.
Published: January 2021

Dr. Davenport, of the University of Illinois, says: “We have entered upon an era of universal education which means the education of all sorts of people for all sort of purposes.
A Geometric Representation
Authors: Roe E. D.
Published: January 2021

In order to visualize the complex values of y, when such exist, of a plane curve y=f(x), or a surface y=f(x, z), and also for the purpose of representing some real curves in space by a single independent equation in x and y, I adjoin an ordinary complex plane, perpendicular to the x axis of the real xy plane, with its real axis parallel to the y axis, in fact always in the real plane and with its origin in the axis of x, so that the complex plane slides along always perpendicular to the x axis, OX, and at distance x from O the origin of the xy plane, as x changes. By this representation the equation of every curve or surface has an actual and uninterrupted locus from − ∞ to + ∞, including the usual real locus of y = f (x) or y = f (x, z), and some real curves in space can be represented by a single independent equation between two variables x and y.
Papers by Pupils of The Plane Geometry Classes of Fullerton Union High School
Authors: Reynold Lena E.
Published: January 2021

Toward the end of last school year nearly every member of our plane geometry classes undertook, in addition to his regular class work, the preparation of a paper on any subject of interest to him. The subject, chosen without reference to mathematics. was investigated to see whether or not it was in any way dependent upon, or connected with, mathematics. This plan originated with the pupils of the classes—probably as a reaction to the class work, which was designed to stimulate thought along that line.
Cultural Value of Mathematics
Authors: Kane M. Gabriel
Published: January 2021

“The intellect never slumbers,” but is ever searching for knowledge and truth. It is ever groping about in the darkness of error and of doubt, and if truly honest in its search, uses every light which an all wise and loving Master has given it to detect the slightest flaw in every finite problem which is presented to it. Its restlessness continues until the goal of absolute certitude is reached.
The Strength of the Mental Connections Formed in Algebra
Authors: Thorndike Edward L.
Published: January 2021

As things are now, pupils lack mastery of the elements of algebra. The extent to which this is the case can be understood and appreciated best by the consideration of actual test results. The tasks shown in Table I. were the first twenty-eight of forty making a test for which from 90 to 100 minutes was allowed and which could be done by first rate algebraists in twenty-five minutes without errors save an occasional lapse.2 Few or no complaints were made about insufficient time, and almost all the pupils attempted all of these twenty-eight tasks, and others beyond them. The schools were either private schools with excellent facilities, or public high schools in cities which rank much above the average of the country in their provision for education. In both eases the pupils would, beyond question, be superior to the average of second-year high-school pupils in general intellect and capacity for mathematics. All the pupils had studied algebra for at least one year. Most of them were continuing their study of it at the time the test was given (in October and November and December, 1921).
The Constitution of Algebraic Abilities
Authors: Thorndike Edward L.
Published: January 2021

The abilities acquired by a year's study of algebra may be constituted in very many different ways. A mathematician might think of the pupil as acquiring them by learning a few principles of notation, the laws of signs, the theory of exponents, the axioms, and the general rule that you can operate with literal numbers as with ordinary numbers.
Objectives in Teaching of Mathematics in Secondary Schools
Authors: Allen Gertrude E.
Published: January 2021

We are living in a critical and intensely interesting period of educational development—a time of revaluation, reorganization, and reconstruction. It is our privilege to contribute to this work of reconstruction in the University High School and share in the pleasure and responsibility of planning new buildings and of shaping the aims and policies of the curriculum. In the clear light of our accepted objectives of education in a democracy, we have set at our work anew, and “each in his separate star” has taken a splash at the same ten-league cancas, to draw the thing as he sees it with whatever skill he may command—using the brushes of camel's hair or. if he is not so favorably endowed, the crude pencil or palette knife.
A Study of the Cultivation of Space Imagery in Solid Geometry through the Use of Models
Authors: Schreiber Edwin W.
Published: January 2021

Goethe, in his Sprüche in Prosa, makes the following statement: “ Alles Gescheite ist schon gedacht worden; man muss nur versuchen es noch einmal zu denken.” Thus it is with a feeling of certainty that nothing distinctly new will be offered by the present writer and yet the presentation of the facts in the case may be sufficiently different to cause one to pause for a few minutes and reconsider some of the fundamental truths.
Informal Tests for Diagnosis and Remedial Teaching in Mathematics
Authors: Spencer Peter L.
Published: January 2021

If we should ask the average person which subject now being taught in our schools lends itself most readily to testing, he would probably say without much hesitation, “Mathematics”. There seems to be a common opinion that one can easily devise, administer and score a test in mathematics and can tell thereby very accurately just how much the person examined knows of that subject. Just why people have such a notion is hard to determine but any teacher of mathematics knows that it is far from the truth. It takes just as much thought and just as much experimenting to devise a useful test in mathematics as it does for any other subject, in fact a very plausible case can be made to show that it takes considerably more.
A Brief Study in Non-Mathematical Logic
Authors: Lennes N. J.
Published: January 2021

While engaged in taking general stock of the existing literature on the teaching of mathematics the writer came again upon a paper by Ernest C. Moore entitled “Does the study of Mathematics train the mind specially or universally?” which was printed in The Mathematics Teacher Vol. 10 pages 1-18. A cursory reading of Moore's paper revealed certain interesting qualities which led to closer scrutiny. The purpose of the paper, as revealed by its content rather than by the title, is to show that the only reason for studying any subject is the use which the student may reasonably be expected to make in his own life of the matter actually learned. “Every form of skill that we attempt to teach him gets its place in the school program solely because he cannot live a civilized life without practicing it” (op. cit. p. 3). (The italics are mine).
Empirical Theorems in Diophantine Analysis
Authors: Carmichael R. D.
Published: January 2021

The larger portion of the theorems in Diophantine Analysis probably existed first as empirical or conjectural theorems. Many of them passed to the state of proved theorems before they left the hands of those who discovered them; many others were proved in the same generation in which they were made public; not a few required a longer period for their proof; and several remain today as a silent challenge to the skill and power of contemporary mathematicians. The remarks may be illustrated with a brief account of the history of the problem of representing numbers (that is, positive integers) as sums of squares of integers and of higher powers. Anyone interested in further details will find them in the comprehensive account of Diophantine Analysis which fills volume II (xxvi + 803 pages) of L. E. Dickson's “History of the Theory of Numbers,” Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C. We shall make free use of the material summarized in a masterly way in this volume.
Varieties of Minus Signs
Authors: Cajori Florian
Published: January 2021

One of the curiosities in the history of mathematical notations is the fact that notwithstanding the extreme simplicity and convenience of the symbol — to indicate subtraction, a more complicated symbol of subtraction ÷ should have been proposed and been able to maintain itself with a considerable group of writers, during a period of four hundred years.
Calculus in the High School
Authors: Kinney J. M.
Published: January 2021

Primitive man began to think quantitatively as soon as he made a conscious attempt to adjust means to an end. Thus the Egyptians developed quite a bit of mathematical lore before historic times. They, together with other prehistoric peoples, employed their mathematical knowledge in surveying land, building temples, carrying on commerce, in navigation, astronomy, and mechanics. From prehistoric times to the present mathematics has been employed increasingly in the solution of problems in widely different fields. Today is the golden age not only of theoretical, but of applied mathematics. It is being employed in all fields of scientific investigation. It is employed not only in physics, mechanics, and chemistry. but in such fields as biology, psychology, medicine, geology, economics, pedagogy, sociology, and business. In fact it is the ideal of every science to formulate from the mass of data it has collected, laws which may be expressed by mathematical formulas. Let me cite an example of and a quotation on the use of mathematics in fields which most of us have felt to be nonmathematical.
Measuring Achievement in First Year Algebra
Authors: Douglass Harl R.
Published: January 2021

While in theory the use of standard tests would seem to have as large a place in secondary school practice as elsewhere, in actual practice, their use has been relatively infrequent as compared with their use in the elementary school.
Causes of Failure in Plane Geometry as Related to Mental Ability
Authors: Crafts Lilian L.
Published: January 2021

At the beginning of the second term in February, 1922, in the East High School, Rochester, N. Y., a study was made to find out to what extent failure in the first term's work in geometry was due to lack of mental ability and to what extent it was due to other causes.
The Unification of Mathematical Notations in the light of History
Authors: Cajori Florian
Published: January 2021

Uniformity of mathematical notations has been a dream of many mathematicians—hitherto an iridescent dream. That an Italian scientist might open an English book on elasticity and find all formulæ expressed in symbols familiar to him, that a Russian actuary might recognize in an English text signs known to him through the study of other works, that a German physicist might open an American book on vector analysis and be spared the necessity of mastering a new language, that a Spanish specialist might relish an English authority on symbolic logic without experiencing the need of preliminary memorizing a new sign-vocabulary, that an American travelling in Asiatic Turkey might be able to decipher, without the aid of an interpreter, a bill made out in the numerals current in that country is indeed a consummation devoutly to be wished.
The Origin and Development of Our Present Method of Extracting the Square and Cube Roots of Numbers
Authors: Nordgaard Martin A
Published: January 2021

Our present method of extracting the square and cube roots of numbers by the orderly evolving of digits (Evolution) is based on two considerations: (1) the inversion of the binomial formulas (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 and (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3; and (2) the place value of the digits in the Hindu-Arabic system of notation. The two principal devices for making an effective technique of evolution are: (1) the separation of the radicand into periods of two or three figures each; and (2) the employment of a methodical schema or setting-up of the work so as to facilitate the operations and show the stage of progress.
The Pursuit of Zero
Authors: Rounds Emma
Published: January 2021

Every spring a little group of serious thinkers gets busy on the answer to Mr. Wordsworth's innocent question. (See above.) The answer to that one is comparatively easy. The surprises come in the replies to its little brother, what does it know of math? That is, alas, a different story, a very different story, very, very different, very, very, very … we must stop this; hysterical excitement is bad for the complexion.
The Reliability of Teachers’ Marks
Authors: Shriner Walter O.
Published: January 2021

It was for the purpose of ascertaining the reliability of teachers’ marks, under normal class-room conditions in the grading of the ordinary subjective type of written examinations, that this study was made.
A Study of the Factors of Success in First Year Algebra
Authors: Schreiber Edwin W.
Published: January 2021

The problem of this investigation is to study some of the factors of success in first year algebra. The method of the investigation consisted chiefly of the administration of standardized tests which were given to 160 pupils in eight different classes of first year algebra in the Mathematics Department of the Proviso Township High School, Maywood, Ill.
Mathematical Recreations
Authors: Pierce Martha
Published: January 2021

There are certain instincts inate in every one of us, the instinct of curiosity and the instinct of the self or the ego-instinct, which give us that increasing desire to solve puzzles. We love to be confronted by a mystery and we are not entirely happy until we have solved it. even though the only reward of our work may be the pleasure derived from the knowledge that we ourselves have reached the solution. The spirit of rivalry stimulates every person to solve the puzzles which come to him and keep on a level with his companions.
The Accuracy of the Values for Pi
Authors: Walck Sidney
Published: January 2021

Many values have been used for Pi, ranging from 3 to the value out to 707 decimal places. At present nearly every school boy knows it as 3.1416, or about 22/7. The error using 3 is 4.51%, for 3.1416 it is .00234%, or an error of one inch on the circumference of a circle having a radius of 0.93 mile. Thus we see that the value to a few places is sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes, and as far as a geometrical construction is concerned, take the following example: inscribe in a given circle a square, and to three times the diameter add one-fifth of the side of the square; assume that the result is the circumference. The error on the circumference of a circle having a radius of 5 inches is .00172 inch, much less than the actual error of construction with ordinary drawing instruments.
The Fourth Dimension and Hyperspace
Authors: Tromp Miss Theresa
Published: January 2021

When I was asked to speak to you twenty minutes on the subject of the Fourth Dimension and Hyperspace, I at first refused, for I thought to talk to mathematicians and scientists about the fourth dimension would be as stale as the news that the earth is round, but after questioning a few of my friends as to what they understood by the fourth dimension and hyperspace, I found that very few of them had a clear idea of what it meant. Not that I know anything about it, for I like to belong to the School of Socrates. When Socrates lived in Athens, it was reported that he was the wisest man in Athens, and Socrates said that he thought they were right, for he said that he knew nothing, and knew that he knew nothing, while the others knew nothing, and thought they knew something. Now I claim to know nothing, and know that I know nothing, but I will attempt to explain to you a few things about what the others think they know.
An Elective Course in Mathematics for the Eleventh and Twelfth School Years
Authors: Mirick Gordon R. , Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this article is to describe the content of the mathematics work of the eleventh and twelfth years as it is now being given in the Lincoln School. No attempt will be made to compare it with other work for the same years now in progress elsewhere.
Suggestions on Conducting the Recitation in Geometry
Authors: Hassler Jasper O.
Published: January 2021

It is not the purpose of this article to give detailed directions concerning what should be done first, second, third, etc., during a recitation period, nor how much time should be given to each division of the recitation. Giving such advice is too much like selling a “patent medicine.” A fixed recitation plan can not be used by all teachers with any more assurance than can a patent medicine be expected to cure all the diseases listed on the label. To give advice in such a manner is equivalent to suggesting limitations on a teacher's independence and originality. What is done at any particular time during a recitation depends on the nature of the subject matter in that day's lesson, the nature of the class, and the methods of the teacher. The recitation program may not always be chronologically the same. A wise teacher soon learns to do the right thing at the right time. It is sometimes necessary to break away from an outlined recitation plan for the sake of making a point—to step aside from the beaten path and meet a situation unexpectedly arising which, because of the manifest interest of the class, furnishes rare opportunity to “drive home” the principles of the subject.
Objectives in Teaching Intermediate Algebra
Authors: Reeve W. D.
Published: January 2021

In The Mathematics Teacher for November, 1925, I contributed an article on “Objectives in the Teaching of Mathematics.” A large part of the discussion was devoted to the objectives to be attained in teaching elementary algebra. I have had so many requests for reprints of the above article and so many comments as to its helpfulness to classroom teachers that I venture at this time to give a list of objectives in intermediate algebra.