bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dos especies nuevas de Bursera (Burseraceae) del estado de Oaxaca (México)
Authors: Rzedowski Jerzy , Calderón de Rzedowski Graciela
Published: January 2017

Se describen como nuevas y se ilustran Bursera heliae y B. isthmica, especies aparentemente restringidas en su distribución al sureste de Oaxaca. La primera está vinculada con B. cuneata (Schlecht.) Engl., mientras que la segunda se relaciona  con B. glabra (Jacq.) Tr. & Planch. y con B. ribana Rzed. & Calderón. Se incluye asimismo una enumeración de  30 especies adicionales de Bursera conocidas hasta la fecha para el mencionado estado.
Transporte de iones en vacuolas de plantas superiores en el contexto celular
Authors: Pottosin Igor I. , Muñiz Jesús
Published: January 2017

La vacuola ocupa hasta 95% del volumen celular en las plantas superiores, es un reservorio de solutos y un organelo clave en el control de la concentración de Ca2+ y del pH intracelulares. El papel de la vacuola en la homeostasis iónica celular es también evidente en condiciones ambientales de falta de potasio y estrés salino. La vacuola central está involucrada en la regulación de la turgencia y el volumen celular en células especializadas como las estomáticas, constituyendo el principal componente del motor osmótico celular. Desde hace más de una década, la célula estomática ha ganado un status de modelo celular en plantas superiores, siendo extensamente estudiada mediante técnicas fisiológicas y de biología molecular y celular. A pesar del gran avance en el conocimiento de la transducción de señales en la membrana plasmática, el entendimiento de los mecanismos implicados en el transporte iónico en la membrana vacuolar continúa siendo un gran reto. Al igual que en la membrana plasmática, el transporte iónico en la membrana vacuolar o del tonoplasto, está dirigido y coordinado a través de un complejo sistema integrado por proteínas de transporte que incluye bombas (H+-ATPasa, pirofosfatasa, bomba de Ca2+), transportadores (antiportadores Na+/H+ y Ca2+/H+) y varios canales iónicos. En años recientes, con la aplicación de las técnicas modernas de electrofisiología (patch clamp), numerosos canales iónicos han sido caracterizados funcionalmente, aunque ninguno de ellos ha sido estructuralmente identificado. El trabajo de nuestro grupo se ha enfocado a la caracterización de los canales iónicos vacuolares lentos (SV) y los canales iónicos vacuolares rápidos (FV); estos canales tienen una amplia, si no es que ubicua, distribución en plantas superiores, se les encuentra en células troncales, en células diferenciadas de las hojas o de los tejidos de almacenamiento de las raíces. En este trabajo se discuten las características funcionales de estos canales en cuanto a selectividad iónica, mecanismos de compuerta dependientes de voltaje e influencia de cationes de importancia fisiológica (calcio, magnesio, protones, poliaminas), así como su posible papel fisiológico. Asimismo, se plantean los principales temas que están por resolverse. Particularmente, se analiza la participación de los canales aniónicos en la función de la vacuola como motor osmótico. Se sabe que el tonoplasto presenta una gran permeabilidad para varios aniones, sin embargo, los canales iónicos involucrados no han sido claramente identificados. El otro problema es la identificación de los canales activados por ligandos intracelulares. A pesar de que las células vegetales poseen receptores intracelulares para inositol 1,4,5 trifosfato (IP3) y adenosinadifosfatoribosa cíclica (cADPR), su ubicación celular no está definida. Por el momento no son confiables las evidencias que indican la existencia de canales iónicos vacuolares activados por estos factores.
Límites entre subespecies de las papas silvestres Solanum bulbocastanum y S. cardiophyllum definidos con base en datos morfológicos y nucleares de RFLP
Authors: Rodríguez Aarón , Spooner David M.
Published: January 2017

Se analizan los límites intra-específicos de Solanum bulbocastanum y S. cardiophyllum utilizando caracteres morfológicos y sitios de restricción en ADN nuclear. Un estudio anterior, con base en sitios de restricción en ADN del cloroplasto, mostró a estas dos especies como parte de dos clados. El primero agrupó a S. bulbocastanum subsp. bulbocastanum, S. bulbocastanum subsp. dolichophyllum, S. bulbocastanum subsp. partitum, S. cardiophyllum subsp. cardiophyllum y S. cardiophyllum subsp. lanceolatum. El segundo incluyó a S. cardiophyllum subsp. ehrenbergii y otras especies diploides mexicanas. De acuerdo con los datos morfológicos y moleculares, S. cardiophyllum subsp. ehrenbergii es ligeramente diferente de las otras subespecies de S. cardiophyllum. Por otro lado, el análisis no apoya la distinción de subespecies. Por último, la información aquí presentada se suma a la evidencia publicada en otros artículos en el sentido del reconocimiento de un número demasiado alto de especies silvestres de papa.
Euphorbia nocens, anteriormente una variedad de Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Steinmann Victor W.
Published: January 2017

Euphorbia hirta es una especie ampliamente distribuida a través de las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. Anteriormente fueron reconocidas cuatro variedades de este taxon, aunque muchos autores prefieren tratar una de ellas, Euphorbia hirta var. procumbens, a nivel de especie como E. ophthalmica. En este artículo se presentan evidencias que apoyan la decisión de que las variedades de E. hirta deberían de ser tratadas como especies. Por consiguiente, se eleva E. hirta var. nocens a E. nocens, que difiere de E. hirta por tener semillas más grandes y más obscuras y por formar glomérulos de ciatios solamente en posición terminal. Es endémica de México, prosperando principalmente en bosques de pino-encino y su vegetación secundaria en altidudes de 1500 a 2400 m. Se incluye una descripción morfológica y una lista de especímenes examinados. También se proporciona una clave para separar esta especie de E. hirta, E. lineata y E. ophthalmica.
Variación morfológica y anatómica en poblaciones mexicanas de Pseudotsuga (Pinaceae)
Authors: Reyes Hernández Valentín J. , Hernández J. Jesús , López Upton Javier , Vaquera Huerta Humberto
Published: January 2017

Con base en características morfológicas y anatómicas de conos, hojas y ramillas se evaluó el patrón geográfico de variación en poblaciones naturales del género Pseudotsuga en México. Las muestras de órganos vegetativos y reproductivos se colectaron en un total de 293 árboles procedentes de 19 localidades de las diferentes regiones geográficas en las cuales se distribuye el género en nuestro país. Se analizaron los caracteres considerados como importantes desde el punto de vista de la sistemática, de tal forma que fueran útiles para tratar de esclarecer los límites de los taxa de este género en México. El análisis de varianza mostró que existe una fuerte diferenciación entre las poblaciones en la mayoría de las variables consideradas, con 22 a 92% de la varianza total a este nivel. La región geográfica de procedencia tuvo un papel importante en la separación de las muestras, lo que implica la existencia de ecotipos diferentes de Pseudotsuga en el territorio de la República. Debido a que la variabilidad atribuible a los taxa putativos fue menor que la correlacionada con las regiones geográficas, se concluye que no existen bases morfológicas suficientes para separar las especies de Pseudotsuga propuestas para México con anterioridad.
Tricomas foliares de Croton sección Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Martínez Gordillo Martha , Espinosa Matías Silvia
Published: January 2017

Se hizo un análisis morfológico con microscopía electrónica de barrido de los tricomas presentes en las hojas de 17 especies de la sección Barhamia del género Croton. Se observaron tricomas estrellado-rotados, estrellado-lepidotos, multiradiados y dendríticos, así como glándulas epidérmicas embebidas. Las variaciones morfológicas de los tricomas no permiten caracterizar a la sección de manera inequívoca porque no son exclusivas de la misma, pero se considera que el tipo de tricoma puede ayudar a diferenciar a las especies.
Leguminosas del norte del estado de Nuevo León, México
Authors: Estrada Castillón Eduardo , Villarreal Quintanilla José Ángel , Jurado Enrique
Published: January 2017

Se estudió la diversidad de especies de leguminosas en el norte del estado de Nuevo León, contabilizando 98 taxa en total. Se registraron 38 géneros, 94 especies y 26 taxa infraespecíficos de este grupo de plantas; la familia Fabaceae comprende 18 géneros y 42 especies, Mimosaceae 10 y 30 y Caesalpiniaceae 10 y 22 respectivamente. Los géneros con mayor número de especies son Acacia (12), Dalea (10), Mimosa (6), Senna (5);Caesalpinia(4) y Bauhinia (4). Del total de 98 taxa, las leguminosas arbustivas y herbáceas son las más abundantes en la zona, representando 47% (46 especies) y 46% (45 especies) respectivamente, las arbóreas representan 7% (7). La mayor cantidad de taxa se registró en el matorral subinerme (52), matorral submontano (48) y bosque de encino-pino (44), mientras que los mezquitales albergan el menor número de especies (23).
La Begonia de Veracruz: Adiciones y revisiones
Authors: McMillan Patrick D. , Wyatt Graham , Morris Rekha
Published: January 2017

Para documentar la diversidad de las especies de Begonia en el estado de Veracruz se realizaron exploraciones de campo y se revisaron especímenes de herbario. Se encontraron 30 especies nativas en el estado. Begonia involucrata se cita como nueva para México con la población disyunta más cercana en Costa Rica. Begonia sericoneura es nueva para el estado de Veracruz. La revisión de material adicional, especímenes vivos y de ejemplares previamente colectados se usó para revisar las descripciones de Begonia carolineifolia, B. involucrata, B. lyniceorum, B. sericoneura y B. sousae. Se determinó la disposición de los estomas de 28 de los 30 taxa encontrados. La ocurrencia de estomas solitarios en la sección Gireoudia es más común que lo indicado por registros previos, pues 7 de las 18 especies examinadas carecen de agregados estomatales. Se presenta una clave para los taxa nativos del estado de Veracruz. Se proporciona y discute también la información relativa al hábitat, así como a los patrones de altitud y de distribución.
Gymnopilus tuxtlensis (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales), especie tropical conocida de México y América del Sur
Authors: Guzmán-Dávalos Laura , De Jesús Herrera María , Cardona Beatriz E. , Saldarriaga Yamillé
Published: January 2017

Gymnopilus tuxtlensis fue descrito a partir de ejemplares recolectados en la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. En este trabajo se estudiaron más de 20 materiales recolectados recientemente o depositados en herbarios, con lo que se amplía su distribución conocida en México al registrarla de Jalisco, y se cita por primera vez de América del Sur, con base en especímenes de Colombia y Venezuela. Esta especie crece en regiones tropicales y es muy ca-racterística por su basidioma pequeño, de color amarillo-mostaza, con una base estrigosa, por presentar pleurocistidios grandes y de forma característica, y queilocistidios más pequeños.
Anatomía del culmo de Bouteloua y parientes (Gramineae: Chloridoideae: Boutelouinae)
Authors: Siqueiros-Delgado Ma. Elena
Published: January 2017

Se analizaron cortes transversales de la región media del tallo de 55 taxa de Boutelouinae, con el fin de explorar la utilidad de sus caracteres en el conocimiento de las relaciones filogenéticas del grupo. A pesar de que los caracteres anatómicos de hoja han mostrado ser útiles para inferir relaciones filogenéticas, el examen microscópico del culmo no revela la existencia de muchos rasgos informativos del aspecto evolutivo. Atributos como las estructuras Kranz, el número y posición de los haces vasculares y los anillos de esclerénquima pueden ser caracteres útiles para inferir relaciones filogenéticas a nivel de familia, tribu o género. La anatomía de tallo sugiere una estrecha relación entre B. eriopoda y B. eriostachya, así como entre B. ramosa y B. breviseta, además apoya la inclusión de los géneros satélites dentro de Bouteloua. Las estructuras Kranz y la forma de los cloroplastos parecen ser los caracteres mas variables de esta región del tallo.
A new variety of Cyrtocarpa edulis (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: León de la Luz José Luis , Pérez Navarro José Juan
Published: January 2017

Se describe e ilustra a Cyrtocarpa edulis var. glabra, un taxon endémico restringido al sector sud-occidental de la Península de Baja California. Esta nueva variedad sólo ocupa una árida franja costera del Océano Pacífico.  La principal característica que la hace diferir de la variedad típica es la condición glabra de las hojas, flores y frutos.
Una nueva Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) de la Sierra del Halo, Tecalitlán, Jalisco, México
Authors: Espejo Serna Adolfo , López-Ferrari Ana Rosa
Published: January 2017

Se describe e ilustra Tillandsia sierrahalensis, conocida del estado de Jalisco, México. Se compara la nueva especie con T. hintoniana L. B. Sm. que presenta características similares y se incluye un cuadro comparativo y un mapa de distribución de las dos especies.
Morfogénesis de los gametofitos de ocho especies mexicanas de Blechnum (Blechnaceae)
Authors: Mendoza-Ruiz Aniceto , Pérez-García Blanca
Published: January 2017

Se describe el estudio comparativo de la fase sexual de ocho especies del género Blechnum para México. Las plantas fértiles para la obtención de las esporas fueron recolectadas en distintas localidades del país. Éstas se sembraron en agar enriquecido con medio nutritivo de Thompson y se pusieron a germinar temperatura de 22-25 °C y con un régimen lumínico de 12 h luz. Las esporas de todas las especies son monoletes, elipsoidales a esferoidales, no clorofílicas; presentan germinación tipo-Vittaria, filamento de 2-6 células de longitud, desarrollo protálico tipo-Aspidium. Los gametofitos adultos son cordiforme-espatulados a cordiforme-reniformes, presentan amplias alas con numerosos pelos unicelulares marginales y superficiales; los gametangios son del tipo de los helechos leptosporangiados. Los esporofitos sólo se formaron en B. occidentale y B. polypodioides.
Phymatosorus grossus (Polypodiaceae) en México y comentarios sobre otros pteridobiontes no-nativos
Authors: Tejero-Díez J. Daniel , Torres-Díaz Alin N.
Published: January 2017

Se reporta el hallazgo de Phymatosorus grossus (Langsd. & Fisch.) Brownlie en México; helecho exótico que presenta cualidades para comportarse como invasor. Se describe su morfología, características ecológicas y distribución. Además, se incluye una lista de otros licopodios y helechos no-nativos registrados en la bibliografía, así como de otras especies de pteridobiontes que probablemente han ingresado al país en tiempos recientes.
Datos para la conservación florística en función de la amplitud geográfica de las especies en el Semidesierto Queretano, México
Authors: Hernández-Magaña Rafael , Hernández-Oria José Guadalupe , Chávez Ruth
Published: January 2017

Se presenta una lista de algunos elementos florísticos del Cuadrante Tolimán, una porción del Semidesierto Queretano en el extremo sur del Desierto Chihuahuense, México. Se registraron 219 especies y 11 subespecies, agrupadas en 155 géneros y 63 familias. Esta área relativamente pequeña alberga 51 especies endémicas, de las cuales 24 se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Con el propósito de contribuir a la protección de este contingente florístico, se determinaron las áreas prioritarias para la conservación a través de un análisis de complementariedad (diversidad beta), y mediante un índice que mide el área media de distribución se revela un patrón restringido en varios de los taxones. Este ensamblaje florístico prospera en un área con alta heterogeneidad ambiental, distribuido en ocho asociaciones vegetales identificadas a través de una clasificación numérica. Desafortunadamente la riqueza florística del Semidesierto Queretano no está legalmente protegida como reserva natural en la actualidad.
PENDAYAGUNAAN MODAL SOSIAL DALAM PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER
Authors: Aeni Kurotul , Zamroni Zamroni , Zuchdi Darmiyati
Published: January 2017

Penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan naturalistik studi kasus ini bertujuan menganalisis bentuk, perbedaan, dan ciri khas pendayagunaan modal sosial dalam pendidikan karakter di  SD Sapen dan SD Budi Mulia Yogyakarta. Pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data dilakukan dengan konfirmasi hasil observasi, wawancara, dokumen wawancara. Uji kredibilitas data dilakukan dengan memperpanjang pengamatan, meningkatkan ketekunan, triangulasi data, analisis kasus negatif, member check, dan referensi. Analisis data menggunakan model interaktif Miles & Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pendayagunaan modal sosial dalam pendidikan karakter yang dilaksanakan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran, budaya sekolah, dan program karakter melalui inkulkasi nilai karakter dan keteladanan secara integral memperkuat karakter. Pendayagunaan modal sosial pada kegiatan ekstrakurikuler berpengaruh sangat kuat terhadap pembentukan karakter dibandingkan kegiatan intrakurikuler.Kata kunci: pendidikan karakter, modal sosial, program afektif, kedisiplinan, penugasan, living value, happy learning EMPOWERING THE SOCIAL CAPITAL IN THE CHARACTER EDUCATIONAbstractThe qualitative study by means of naturalistic case study approach was to analyze the form, the difference and the peculiarity of empowering the social capital in the character education conducted in the Muhammadiyah Sapen Elementary School and the Budi Mulia Dua Elementary School Yogyakarta. The data gathering was conducted by implementing observation, interview and documentation. The data validity was measured by confirming the results of observation, interview and interview document. The data credibility test was conducted by lengthening the observation, increasing the persistence, triangulating the data, analyzing the negative case, performing member checking and finding references. For the data analysis, the researcher made use of Miles& Huberman interactive model. The results of the study showed that empowering the social capital in the character education that had been implemented in the form of learning activities, school culture and character programs by means of inculcation toward the character values and the role modelling integrally strengthened the students’ characters. Empowering the social capital in the extracurricular activities influenced heavily the character formation than in the intracurricular activities.Keywords: character education, social capital, affectiv programs, discipline, assignment, living value, happy learning
Escrita literária moçambicana e saberes endógenos
Authors: Moreira Terezinha Taborda
Published: January 2017

Este estudo analisa a construção enunciativa em “As cicatrizes do amor”, de Paulina Chiziane (2007), evidenciando como a subjetividade de uma contadora de histórias se enuncia demarcando a presença de uma “gnose africana” (MUDIMBE, 2013) na escrita literária. Procura-se mostrar como a escritora moçambicana, por meio dessa estratégia narrativa, estabelece um comprometimento ético fundamentado na possibilidade de convivência com os saberes endógenos, ou seja, “os saberes e os saberes-fazer da África contemporânea” defendidos por Obarè Bagodo (2014).
The Analysis of Development Disparities Inter Districts/ City in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province 2003-2013
Authors: Nurpita Anisa , Nastiti Aulia Agni
Published: January 2017

One of the objectives of regional economic development is to increase the economic sector, in which the increasing of economics sector will be beneficial for society. This indicator is important to recognize the condition of the economy in particular region in given period indicated by GDRP (Gross Domestic Regional Product) data of the region or area. Since the enactment of the autonomy then the local Government has bigger role in managing regional economic potential that exists in its territory. Economic growth is one of indicators that affect economic development. Economic development in substance aims to increase public welfare. Yogyakarta province is one of cities on the island of Java with the level of GDRP that keeps increasing each year since 2003 until 2013.In the development process there are also regions that have abundant of natural resources but lacking in human resources, and yet there are also regions that are otherwise lacking in terms of natural resources however have abundant in human resources, both in quality and quantity. This situation then leads to the distinction in development that resulted in the economic growth and disparities welfare in each region.  The research also aims to identify the patterns of economic growth according to Klassen Typology and describe the level of regional disparities between districts/cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province. The methods of analysis used covers analysis of the Klassen Typology, inequality Williamson Index, and inequality Theil Entropy Index. The results showed classifications according to Klassen Typology, Yogyakarta is concluded in the category of advanced and fast growing area. The index disparities show a pattern of increasing. This implies that development in district / cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province are increasingly uneven.
Numeric Estimation and Response Options: An Examination of the Accuracy of Numeric and Vague Quantifier Responses
Authors: Al Baghal Tarek
Published: January 2017

Many survey questions ask respondents to provide responses that contain quantitative information, often using either numeric open-ended responses or vague quantifier scales. Generally, survey researchers have argued against the use of vague quantifier scales. However, no study has compared accuracy between vague quantifiers and numeric open-ended responses. This study is the first to do so, using a unique data set created through an experiment. 124 participants studied word lists of paired words, where the experiment employed a 2 (context) x 2 (response form) x 6 (actual frequency) factorial design, with the context and form factors manipulated between subjects, and the frequency factor manipulated within subjects. The two conditions for the context factor are same-context and different-context conditions where the context word either was the same or different for each presentation of the target word. The other between subject factor was response form, where participants responded to a recall test using either vague quantifiers or numeric open-ended responses. Translations of vague quantifiers were obtained and used in accuracy tests. Finally, a numeracy test was administered to collect information about respondent numeracy. Different accuracy measures are estimated and analyzed. Results show context memory did not have a significant effect. Numeracy has an effect, but the direction depends on form and context. Actual frequency had a significant effect on accuracy, but did not interact with other variables. Importantly, results suggest vague quantifiers tend to improve accuracy more often relative to numeric open-ended response. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v5i2_Al_baghal
School Hygiene as a Tool of Modernization: European Culture and Jewish Colonies in Galilee (1882–1939)
Authors: Seltenreich Yair
Published: January 2017

During the efforts to modernize the farmers of Jewish colonies in Galilee, both teachers and doctors came to view hygiene less as an agent of health and cleanliness and more as a symbol of physical and mental regeneration. Schools thus emerged as a natural arena for hygieno-pedagogic activities. Doctors' attempts to eradicate malaria or trachoma by associating the concept of hygiene with modern sanitation and outdoor activities were soon followed by pedagogical efforts to endow hygiene with moral values.
Reaction Principle of Alcohol Ether Sulfonates by Sulfonated Alkylation Method – A Review
Authors: Wang Gang , Zhou Ming , Ding Shenying , Huang Zhou , Zhang Ze , Li Sisi
Published: January 2017

As a new type of high effective surfactant, aliphatic alcohol ether sulfonate has widely application prospects in the process of tertiary oil recovery. So, the theoretical analysis of synthesis of aliphatic alcohol ether sulfonate has played a very important role in the process of its development. After the first patent about the preparation of a fatty alcohol ether sulfonate surfactant was reported in 1938, there were several methods to synthesize alcohol ether sulfonate surfactants with different structure. Sulfonated alkylation, one of the synthesis methods, is introduced in this paper. The synthesis principle of alcohol ether sodium sulfonate was analyzed by three step reactions – synthesis of PTGE, ring opening reaction and sulfonation reaction. Synthesis principle of PTGE includes acid catalysis, phase-transfer catalysis, side reaction of the synthesis of glycerol ether and reaction of PTGE outcome. Ring opening reaction includes two reactions of acid catalysis and alkali catalysis.
Distribution Coefficients of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant in Different Solvents and its Separation from a Surfactant/Polymer Mixture in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Kang Wen-Rui , Gang Hong-Ze , Liu Jin-Feng , Yang Shi-Zhong , Mu Bo-Zhong
Published: January 2017

The distribution coefficients of lipopeptide biosurfactant in four different commercially available organic solvents and water were determined by HPLC. A method with a high recovery of 92.1% for isolation of the lipopeptide in a surfactant/polymer mixture in aqueous solutions was established by using the combined means of acid extraction, alkaline conversion and acid re-extraction. The results showed that the lipopeptide distribution coefficients range from 0.010 to 61 at different pH values in different organic solvents, which is an indicator for optimizing the process of separation of lipopeptide biosurfactant in surfactant/polymer mixtures in aqueous solutions. The proposed separation method was used to determine the lipopeptide biosurfactant concentration in production fluids of the Daqing oil field. The concentrations were 6.57 μg/L and 4.56 μg/L.
Preparation and Characterization of a Humate Surfactant with Hydroxymethylation and Esterification Modification of Lignite
Authors: Li Fenfen , Wen Yeqian , Yu Xueqing , Zhang Songmei , Li Gang
Published: January 2017

In this paper, a humate surfactant based on humic substances which were derived from lignite by modification of hydroxymethylation and esterification methods respectively was prepared. Determined by surface tension method, the cmc (critical micelle concentration) of the humate surfactant is 1.534 g/L and the corresponding surface tension is 48.8 mN/m. The optimum conditions of the modified processes are as follows: hydroxymethylation modification at pH 10.5, reaction temperature 90°C, reaction time of 60 min, dosage of stock (formaldehyde/lignite/g g−1) 10:10, and the amount of reacted paraformaldehyde was 6.23 mmol/g lignite. The esterification modification was carried but at 70°C, reaction time 10 h, dosage of 6.0 mmol n-decanoyl chloride/g lignite. The conversion rate of n-decanoyl chloride was 95%.
Purification, Analysis and Surfactant Synthesis of Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Wang Chen , Shen Tingting , Wang Xikui , Wang Yajun
Published: January 2017

Illegal discharge of waste cooking oil (WCO) not only causes environmental pollution but also wastes useful resources. Converting WCO into surfactant to partially substitute virgin vegetable oil is one of the measures for solving simultaneously the three problems of food security, pollution, and raw materials shortage. In this paper, the pretreatment of WCO was investigated, WCO and purified WCO were analyzed, purified WCO was used as an alternate feedstock for surfactant preparation by a chemical three-step modification process, structure characterization and surfactivities of obtained surfactant were demonstrated.
Effect of used rice straw of mushroom cultivation on growth performance and plasma metabolites in beef cattle
Authors: Sarker D , Redoy MRA , Sarker NC , Kamal MT , Al-Mamun M
Published: January 2017

The present experiment was designed to know the feasibility of using rice straw used as bedding materials for mushroom cultivation as cattle feed and its effect on the growth performance and plasma metabolites in ten beef cattle (BW 73±7 kg; 1 year). The animals were divided into two groups and fed two diets using a crossover design for a period of 60 days each. Diet one was control diet (CL-diet) composed of rice straw, dhal grass, wheat bran, and mustard oil cake and in another diet 10% of rice straw of CL-diet was replaced by the rice straw used as bedding material for mushroom cultivation, which was considered as mushroom straw diet (URS-diet). In both the dietary treatments the animals were fed at 1.5 times of maintenance energy and protein requirement. The animals were weighed once a week throughout the experimental period, and the blood samples were collected on the day 60 of each experiment. The acid detergent fiber was slightly lower and neutral detergent fiber was slightly higher (P < 0.05) for URS-diet compared to CL-diet. The crude protein and crude ash contents were higher (P < 0.05) in URS-diet compared to CL-diet. Body weight gain was greater for URS-diet compared to CL-diet. Plasma concentration of glucose, and blood urea were comparable between dietary treatments. Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, and LDL-C were lower in URS-diet compared to CL-diet. It could be concluded that, the URS-diet could be fed to cattle without any adverse effect on growth and plasma lipid profile.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2016. 45 (3): 40-45
Can Phosphate Salts Recovered from Manure Replace Conventional Phosphate Fertilizer?
Authors: Ehmann Andrea , Bach Inga-Mareike , Laopeamthong Sukhanes , Bilbao Jennifer , Lewandowski Iris
Published: January 2017

Pig farming produces more manure than can reasonably be spread onto surrounding fields, particularly in regions with high livestock densities and limited land availability. Nutrient recycling offers an attractive solution for dealing with manure excesses and is one main objective of the European commission-funded project “BioEcoSIM”. Phosphate salts (“P-Salt”) were recovered from the separated liquid manure fraction. The solid fraction was dried and carbonized to biochar. This study compared the fertilizing performance of P-Salt and conventional phosphate fertilizer and determined whether additional biochar application further increased biomass yields. The fertilizers and biochar were tested in pot experiments with spring barley and faba beans using two nutrient-poor soils. The crops were fertilized with P-Salt at three levels and biochar in two concentrations. Biomass yield was determined after six weeks. Plant and soil samples were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents. The P-Salt had similar or even better effects than mineral fertilizer on growth in both crops and soils. Slow release of nutrients can prevent leaching, rendering P-Salt a particularly suitable fertilizer for light sandy soils. Biochar can enhance its fertilizing effect, but the underlying mechanisms need further investigation. These novel products are concluded to be promising candidates for efficient fertilization strategies.
Infrared Investigations of the Neutral-Ionic Phase Transition in TTF-CA and Its Dynamics
Authors: Dressel Martin , Peterseim Tobias
Published: January 2017

The neutral-ionic phase transition in TTF-CA was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. We describe the growth of high-quality single crystals and their characterization. Extended theoretical calculations were performed in order to obtain the band structure, the molecular vibrational modes and the optical spectra along all crystallographic axes. The theoretical results are compared to polarization-dependent infrared reflection experiments. The temperature-dependent optical conductivity is discussed in detail. We study the photo-induced phase transition in the vicinity of thermally-induced neutral-ionic transition. The observed temporal dynamics of the photo-induced states is attributed to the random-walk of neutral-ionic domain walls. We simulate the random-walk annihilation process of domain walls on a one-dimensional chain.
A Case Study of Upper-Room UVGI in Densely-Occupied Elementary Classrooms by Real-Time Fluorescent Bioaerosol Measurements
Authors: Su Chunxiao , Lau Josephine , Yu Fang
Published: January 2017

Recently, the requirement to continuously collect bioaerosol samples using shorter response times has called for the use of real-time detection. The decreased cost of this technology makes it available for a wider application than military use, and makes it accessible to pharmaceutical and academic research. In this case study, real-time bioaerosol monitors (RBMs) were applied in elementary school classrooms—a densely occupied environment—along with upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) devices. The classrooms were separated into a UVGI group and a non-UVGI control group. Fluorescent bioaerosol counts (FBCs) were monitored on 20 visiting days over a four-month period. The classroom with upper-room UVGI showed significantly lower concentrations of fine size (<3 μm) and total FBCs than the control classroom during 13 of the 20 visiting days. The results of the study indicate that the upper-room UVGI could be effective in reducing FBCs in the school environment, and RBMs may be applicable in reflecting the transient conditions of the classrooms due to the dynamic activity levels of the students and teachers.
Pnserpin: A Novel Serine Protease Inhibitor from Extremophile Pyrobaculum neutrophilum
Authors: Zhang Huan , Fei Rui , Xue Baigong , Yu Shanshan , Zhang Zuoming , Zhong Sheng , Gao Yuanqi , Zhou Xiaoli
Published: January 2017

Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are native inhibitors of serine proteases, constituting a large protein family with members spread over eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, only very few prokaryotic serpins, especially from extremophiles, have been characterized to date. In this study, Pnserpin, a putative serine protease inhibitor from the thermophile Pyrobaculum neutrophilum, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli for purification and characterization. It irreversibly inhibits chymotrypsin-, trypsin-, elastase-, and subtilisin-like proteases in a temperature range from 20 to 100 °C in a concentration-dependent manner. The stoichiometry of inhibition (SI) of Pnserpin for proteases decreases as the temperature increases, indicating that the inhibitory activity of Pnserpin increases with the temperature. SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) showed that Pnserpin inhibits proteases by forming a SDS-resistant covalent complex. Homology modeling and molecular dynamic simulations predicted that Pnserpin can form a stable common serpin fold. Results of the present work will help in understanding the structural and functional characteristics of thermophilic serpin and will broaden the current knowledge about serpins from extremophiles.
Role of IRE1α/XBP-1 in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Inflammation
Authors: Ribeiro Carla , Lubamba Bob
Published: January 2017

Cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary disease is characterized by chronic airway infection and inflammation. The infectious and inflamed CF airway environment impacts on the innate defense of airway epithelia and airway macrophages. The CF airway milieu induces an adaptation in these cells characterized by increased basal inflammation and a robust inflammatory response to inflammatory mediators. Recent studies have indicated that these responses depend on activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). This review discusses the contribution of airway epithelia and airway macrophages to CF airway inflammatory responses and specifically highlights the functional importance of the UPR pathway mediated by IRE1/XBP-1 in these processes. These findings suggest that targeting the IRE1/XBP-1 UPR pathway may be a therapeutic strategy for CF airway disease.
Selection of Prebiotic Molecules in Amphiphilic Environments
Authors: Mayer Christian , Schreiber Ulrich , Dávila María
Published: January 2017

A basic problem in all postulated pathways of prebiotic chemistry is the low concentration which generally is expected for interesting reactants in fluid environments. Even though compounds, like nucleobases, sugars or peptides, principally may form spontaneously under environmental conditions, they will always be rapidly diluted in an aqueous environment. In addition, any such reaction leads to side products which often exceed the desired compound and generally hamper the first steps of a subsequent molecular evolution. Therefore, a mechanism of selection and accumulation of relevant prebiotic compounds seems to be crucial for molecular evolution. A very efficient environment for selection and accumulation can be found in the fluid continuum circulating in tectonic fault zones. Vesicles which form spontaneously at a depth of approximately 1 km present a selective trap for amphiphilic molecules, especially for peptides composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids in a suitable sequence. The accumulation effect is shown in a numeric simulation on a simplified model. Further, possible mechanisms of a molecular evolution in vesicle membranes are discussed. Altogether, the proposed scenario can be seen as an ideal environment for constant, undisturbed molecular evolution in and on cell-like compartments.
Rapid Fabrication of Electrophoretic Microfluidic Devices from Polyester, Adhesives and Gold Leaf
Authors: Birch Christopher , DuVall Jacquelyn , Le Roux Delphine , Thompson Brandon , Tsuei An-Chi , Li Jingyi , Nelson Daniel , Mills Daniel , Landers James , Root Brian
Published: January 2017

In the last decade, the microfluidic community has witnessed an evolution in fabrication methodologies that deviate from using conventional glass and polymer-based materials. A leading example within this group is the print, cut and laminate (PCL) approach, which entails the laser cutting of microfluidic architecture into ink toner-laden polyester sheets, followed by the lamination of these layers for device assembly. Recent success when applying this method to human genetic fingerprinting has highlighted that it is now ripe for the refinements necessary to render it amenable to mass-manufacture. In this communication, we detail those modifications by identifying and implementing a suitable heat-sensitive adhesive (HSA) material to equip the devices with the durability and resilience required for commercialization and fieldwork. Importantly, this augmentation is achieved without sacrificing any of the characteristics which make the PCL approach attractive for prototyping. Exemplary HSA-devices performed DNA extraction, amplification and separation which, when combined, constitute the complete sequence necessary for human profiling and other DNA-based analyses.
Software Defined Doppler Radar as a Contactless Multipurpose Microwave Sensor for Vibrations Monitoring
Authors: Raffo Antonio , Costanzo Sandra , Di Massa Giuseppe
Published: January 2017

A vibration sensor based on the use of a Software-Defined Radio (SDR) platform is adopted in this work to provide a contactless and multipurpose solution for low-cost real-time vibrations monitoring. In order to test the vibration detection ability of the proposed non-contact method, a 1 GHz Doppler radar sensor is simulated and successfully assessed on targets at various distances, with various oscillation frequencies and amplitudes. Furthermore, an SDR Doppler platform is practically realized, and preliminary experimental validations on a device able to produce a harmonic motion are illustrated to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
THE DEFINITION OF DIGITAL SHADOW ECONOMY
Authors: REMEIKIENE Rita , GASPARENIENE Ligita , SCHNEIDER Friedrich Georg
Published: January 2017

Considering the lack of the scientific studies on the selected topic, the authors of this article raise the aim to set up the definition of digital shadow economy and identify its distinctive features and channels. Thus far, the studies on illegal digital activities have covered ambiguous inter­pretations of digital shadow economy that incorporated both criminal and economic aspects of the activities performed. The results of the empirical research have enabled to formulate the definition of digital shadow economy that refers to illegal activities, such as digital service provision and sales of goods/services online, when operating exceptionally in digital space, the entities violate the existent legal norms and regulations with a pursuit of illegal mutual interest and material benefits. The newly formulated definition of digital shadow economy has served as a corner-stone for identification of the distinctive features and channels of this phenomenon. Hence, the results of the research may make a significant and weighty contribution to the development of the theory of economics and may raise the awareness of what the phenomenon of digital shadow economy implies.
Description and Rate of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Air Force Basic Military Trainees, 2012−2014
Authors: Nye Nathaniel S. , Pawlak Mary T. , Webber Bryant J. , Tchandja Juste N. , Milner Michelle R.
Published: January 2017

Context: Musculoskeletal injuries are common in military trainees and have significant medical and operational effects.

Objective: To provide current musculoskeletal injury epidemiology data for US Air Force basic military trainees.

Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study with cross-sectional features.

Setting: US Air Force Basic Military Training, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas.

Patients or Other Participants: All recruits who entered training between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2014.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Incidence density rate of all musculoskeletal injuries (stratified by body region and type) and factors and costs associated with injuries.

Results: Of the 67 525 trainees, 12.5% sustained 1 or more musculoskeletal injuries. The overall incidence density rate was 18.3 injuries per 1000 person-weeks (15.1 for men and 29.4 for women). The most common diagnosis (n = 2984) was Pain in joint, lower leg, as described in the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, code 719.46. Injuries were more common among those with lower levels of baseline aerobic and muscular fitness. Injured trainees were 3.01 times (95% confidence interval = 2.85, 3.18) as likely to be discharged, and injured trainees who did graduate were 2.88 times (95% confidence interval = 2.72, 3.04) as likely to graduate late. During the surveillance period, injuries resulted in more than $43.7 million in medical ($8.7 million) and nonmedical ($35 million) costs.

Conclusions: Musculoskeletal injuries, predominantly of the lower extremities, have significant fiscal and operational effects on Air Force Basic Military Training. Further research into prevention and early rehabilitation of these injuries in military trainees is warranted.
Transcending paradox in the realm of South African executive pay
Authors: Lee Gregory John
Published: January 2017

No abstract available.
Effects of Viscous Dissipation and Radiation on MHD Natural Convection in Oblique Porous Cavity with Constant Heat Flux
Authors: Alsabery Ammar I. , Saleh Habibis , Hashim Ishak
Published: January 2017

Effects of viscous dissipation and radiation on MHD natural convection in oblique porous cavity with constant heat flux is studied numerically in the present article. The right inclined wall is maintained at a constant cold temperatureTcand the left inclined wall has a constant heat fluxqwith lengthS, while the remainder of the left wall is adiabatic. The horizontal walls are assumed to be adiabatic. The governing equations are obtained by applying the Darcy model and Boussinesq approximations. COMSOL's finite element method is used to solve the non-dimensional governing equations together with specified boundary conditions. The governing parameters of this study are Rayleigh number (Ra=10,100,200,250,500 and 1000), Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤20), inclination angle of the magnetic field (0° ≤ω≤π/2), Radiation (0≤R≤15), the heater flux length (0.1≤H≤1) and inclination angle of the sloping wall (–π/3≤ϕ≤π/3). The results are considered for various values of the governing parameters in terms of streamlines, isotherms and averageNusselt number. It is found that the intensity of the streamlines and the isotherm patterns decrease with an increment in Hartmann number. The overall heat transfer is significantly increased with the increment of the viscous dissipation and the radiation parameters.
Od Megiserja do Slovenskega pravopisa 2001: nekaj poglavij iz zgodovine slovenjenja antičnih imen
Authors: Hriberšek Matej
Published: January 2017

Problematika slovenjenja starogrških in latinskih imen spremlja slovenščino in slovensko klasično filologijo ter vse njene sorodne discipline že dolgo; tradicija slovenjenja antičnih imen sega vsaj do Bohoričeve slovnice Zimske urice, kar pomeni znatno več 400 let v nazaj v preteklost. Slovenjenje antičnih imen je bilo in še vedno ostaja zanimiva tema, ker je to področje kljub nemalo prizadevanjem še vedno precej nedorečeno in ker kljub načelnemu soglasju marsikje obstajajo razlike v pogledih, pogosto že znotraj filološke stroke, kaj šele zunaj nje, zato ostaja strokovni izziv tako za filologe in strokovnjake sorodnih disciplin, kot tudi za sloveniste in druge. Gre za področje, na katerega vpliva več dejavnikov: obstoječa pravila za slovenjenje, tradicija in ustaljena raba, jezikovni čut in jezikovni občutek, analogija ter pričakovanja različnih uporabnikov, tako posameznikov kot strok. Članek, v katerem so predstavljena nekatera najpomembnejša dela in pisci, ki so skozi čas oblikovali to področje, predstavlja nekatera pomembnejša poglavja v njegovi zgodovini.
Parménid ali Parmeníd: Pravda, ki sploh ni črkarska
Authors: Marinčič Marko
Published: January 2017

Jeziki, ki so grške tujke in imena neposredno ali posredno prevzemali prek latinščine, grška imena praviloma naglašajo po latinsko. Pravilo ima celo v italijanščini veliko izjem, vendar se je v primeru dublet vsaj v akademskih krogih uveljavilo kot norma (t. i. lex Perrottae). Po drugi strani pa je v literarnih prevodih grško naglašanje grških imen pogosto. Prevajalci se h grškemu naglasu ne zatekajo samo metri causa. Često gre za zavestno izbiro, za evokativni, komemorativni vpis imena v njegovem izvornem zvenu. Primeri tega so že pri rimskem epiku Eniju. Dilema torej ni samo pravopisna. V duhu teorije govornih dejanj lahko nezaznamovani latinski naglas povežemo z denotativno, grškega pa s performativno, »obredno« rabo. Avtor prispevka meni, da je v vsakdanji, »sekularni« rabi latinski naglas edina zgodovinsko utemeljena zdravorazumska izbira, v literarnih prevodih pa je treba dopustiti večjo svobodo.
Veblen’s Institutional Approach and Agribusiness Coordination
Authors: Macedo Luis Otavio Bau
Published: January 2017

The paper aims to investigate Thorstein Veblen’s evolutionary framework to the analysis of agribusiness systems. Veblen’s theory argues that institutions are as much the result of individual choices as act over choices through the enforcement of mental habits. So there is a recursive relationship between individuals and institutions. Veblen’s stressed out contributions: (i) a broad concept of institution, and (ii) institutional recursive relationships, both are of great value for the investigation of agribusiness systems. The article provides an assessment of Monsanto’s role in the Brazilian market of genetically modified seeds (GM). In accordance with the performed assessment Monsanto may be considered as an institution in that market, because its performance enforces and establishes routines and habits among market players, like the examples of the scheme to collection of royalties fees at soybean trading facilities, and the role of Monsanto in the enactment of the Brazilian GMO property rights regime.