bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical temperature for production of MAG by esterification of different FA with glycerol using Penicillium camembertii lipase
Authors: Pinsirodom Praphan , Watanabe Yomi , Nagao Toshihiro , Sugihara Akio , Kobayashi Takashi , Shimada Yuji
Published: May 2007

Production of MAG by a lipase‐catalyzed reaction is known to be effective at low temperature. This phenomenon can be explained by assuming that synthesized MAG are excluded from the reaction system because MAG, which have low m.p., are solidified at low temperatures. Consequently, MAG are efficiently accumulated and do not serve as the precursor of DAG. If this hypothesis is correct, the critical temperature for MAG production, defined as the highest temperature at which DAG synthesis is repressed, should depend on the m.p. of the MAG. Esterification of FFA with glycerol using Candida rugosa, Rhizopus oryzae, and Penicillium camembertii lipases produced MAG efficiently at low temperatures. However, Candida lipase showed very low esterification activity at high temperatures (>20°C), and Rhizopus lipase produced not only MAG but also DAG even at low temperatures. Meanwhile, P. camembertii lipase catalyzed synthesis of MAG only from FFA and glycerol at low temperatures, although the enzyme catalyzed synthesis of DAG from MAG in addition to synthesis of MAG at high temperatures. We thus studied the effect of temperature on esterification of C10−C18 FFA with glycerol using Penicillium lipase as a catalyst and determined the critical temperatures for production of MAG. The critical temperature for production of each MAG showed a linear correlation with m.p. of the MAG, which supported the hypothesis. In addition, because the m.p. of MAG are estimated from that of the constituent FA, the optimal temperature for production of MAG can be predicted from the m.p. of the FFA used as a substrate.
Molecular markers associated with linolenic acid content in soybean
Authors: Spencer M. M. , Landau‐Ellis D. , Meyer E. J. , Pantalone V. R.
Published: May 2007

An altered FA profile with decreased linolenic (18∶3) acid in soybean germplasm was developed by crossing N97‐3708‐13, a soybean line with reduced 18∶3 (<5.4%) and ‘Anand’, a normal soybean cultivar (9.7% 18∶3). The resulting recombinant inbred lines are promising because they may promote healthier oil with improved oxidative stability and flavor. The objective of this study was to utilize the population N97‐3708‐13 × Anand to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with 18∶3 content. Two markers, Satt534 and Satt560, which are located approximately 10 cM apart from each other, near the Fan locus on linkage group B2, were identified as quantitative trait loci significantly associated with 18∶3 content (P=0.001, R2=0.59, individually). The SSR markers identified in this study should be useful for implementation of marker‐assisted selection for low‐18∶3 genotypes in soybean breeding programs.
Comparative study of the autoxidation of TAG containing conjugated and nonconjugated C18 PUFA
Authors: Suzuki Rikako , Abe Masayuki , Miyashita Kazuo
Published: May 2007

Four TAG containing linoleate (soybean‐TAG), α‐linoleate (perilla‐TAG), conjugated linoleate (CLA‐TAG), and conjugated linolenate (bitter gourd‐TAG) were oxidized in the bulk phase at 50°C. The effects of α‐tocopherol and Trolox (6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid) on the oxidation of these TAG were also studied. Progress of oxidation was determined by measuring the oxygen consumption, peroxide formation, and polymer formation. The rates of oxygen consumption and polymer formation of bitter gourd‐TAG and CLA‐TAG were faster than those of perilla‐TAG and soybean‐TAG, respectively. The present results revealed that the main oxidation products of bitter gourd‐TAG and CLA‐TAG were dimers and polymers, whereas hydroperoxides were the main products in the oxidation of perilla‐TAG and soybean‐TAG. These differences in the oxidation of TAG were characterized mainly by oxidation of the main PUFA contained in each TAG, namely, linoleate (56.1%) for soybean‐TAG, α‐linolenate (54.5%) for perilla‐TAG, conjugated linoleate (69.5%) for CLA‐TAG, and conjugated linolenate (61.6%) for bitter gourd‐TAG, respectively. α‐Tocopherol and Trolox inhibited the oxidation of TAG. The inhibitory effect of these antioxidants was more effective against the oxidation of CLA‐TAG and bitter gourd‐TAG than that of soybean‐TAG and perilla‐TAG, respectively. This was probably due to the high rate at which the antioxidants inhibited the dimerization and polymerization of CLA‐TAG and bitter gourd‐TAG.
Thermal deterioration of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol oils during deep‐frying
Authors: Shimizu Masao , Moriwaki Junya , Nishide Tsutomu , Nakajima Yoshinobu
Published: May 2007

The thermal deterioration of cooking oil during deep‐frying with a diacylglycerol (DAG)‐rich oil (DAG‐OIL) was compared with that for a cooking oil composed of a blend of commercial cooking oils (TAG‐OIL) with a comparable FA composition and tocopherol content. Analyses of several indices of deterioration indicated no substantial difference in p‐anisidine values, iodine values, and petroleum ether‐insoluble oxidized FA between DAG‐OIL and TAG‐OIL. The polymerized glyceride (PG) content was lower for DAG‐OIL than TAG‐OIL. However, the PG value did not reflect the degree of polymerization of the FA chains directly, since both DAG‐OIL and TAG‐OIL generated polymeric products but of different types. An analysis of the polymerized FA content revealed no significant difference in the degree of polymerization of either of the oils. The total polar compounds included nonaltered DAG as an altered compound, and, as a result, this index was not appropriate for DAG‐OIL. DAG‐OIl underwent hydrolysis more rapidly than TAG‐OIL. This difference was mainly correlated with moisture contained by the oil during frying and with the total molarity of the glycerides. Even though DAG‐OIL was used until it became a waste oil, the extent of thermal oxidation was the same as that for TAG‐OIL, although some indices showed a different trend from TAG‐OIL. Molecular structure had no influence on the thermal deterioration of the frying oil. We conclude that the choice of indices is an important factor when the deterioration of DAG‐OIL is evaluated.
Oxidative stability of sunflower oils differing in unsaturation degree during long‐term storage at room temperature
Authors: Martín‐Polvillo M. , Márquez‐Ruiz G. , Dobarganes M. C.
Published: May 2007

The objective of this work was to study the evolution of oxidation in sunflower oils differing in unsaturation degree during long‐term storage at room temperature. For this purpose, a combination of adsorption and size‐exclusion chromatographies was used for quantification of oxidized triacylglycerol (TG) monomers, dimers, and polymers. Conventional sunflower oil, genetically modified high‐oleic sunflower oil, and a 1∶1 mixture of the two were used. Results showed that oxidized TG monomers were the only group of oxidation compounds increasing during the early oxidation stage, and an excellent correlation was found between amounts of oxidized TG monomers and PV during the induction period, independently of the degree of oil unsaturation. Both the rate of formation and the amount of oxidized TG monomers accumulated at the end of the induction period increased as the unsaturation degree of the oils tested was higher. The end of the induction period was marked by the initiation of polymerization and exhaustion of tocopherol. Therefore, the concomitant determination of oxidized TG monomers and polymerization compounds provided a complete picture of the oxidation process.
Characteristics of tea seed oil in comparison with sunflower and olive oils and its effect as a natural antioxidant
Authors: Sahari Mohammad Ali , Ataii Davood , Hamedi Manuchehr
Published: May 2007

A comparison of iodine values showed that the degree of saturation of tea seed oil (Lahjan variety) was intermediate between the oils of sunflowerseed (Fars variety) and olive (Gilezeytoon variety), and the saponification values of these three oils were similar. Tea seed oil consisted of 56% oleic acid (C18∶1), 22% linoleic acid (C18∶2), 0.3% linolenic acid (C18∶3), and therefore, on the basis of oleic acid, occupied a place between sunflower and olive oil. In studies at 63°C, the shelf life of tea seed oil was higher than that of sunflower oil and similar to olive oil. Tea seed oil was found to have a natural antioxidant effect, and it enhanced the shelf life of sunflower oil at a 5% level. In this study, tea seed oil was found to be a stable oil, to have suitable nutritional properties (high‐oleic, medium‐linoleic, and lowlinolenic acid contents), and to be useful in human foods.
Effect of lipid source on probiotic bacteria and conjugated linoleic acid formation in milk model systems
Authors: Xu Sa , Boylston Terri D. , Glatz Bonita A.
Published: May 2007

The objective of this research was to study the effects of probiotic bacteria, lipid source, and fermentation time on the CLA content of a milk model system. The evaluation of 11 probiotic bacteria showed that they were able to produce CLA from linoleic acid in a model system containing hydrolyzed soy oil (1%) emulsified in milk, but not in model systems of unhydrolyzed oil (1%) emulsified in milk or 1% fat milk. Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii 56, P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii 51, and P. freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii 23 demonstrated the greatest increase in CLA content. Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii 51, produced the highest cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA content and also produced the greatest increase in trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA content as fermentation time was increased from 24 to 48 h. The fermentation of probiotic bacteria for 24 h was often most effective in increasing the CLA content. Viable counts of probiotic bacteria increased significantly from 0 to 24 h. These results demonstrated that the content of CLA during fermentation was primarily dependent on the strain of probiotic bacteria and the lipid source in the milk model system. This research suggests an efficient approach to produce CLA‐enriched cultured dairy products.
A comparison of attenuated total reflectance‐FTIR spectroscopy and GPC for monitoring biodiesel production
Authors: Dubé Marc A. , Zheng Sheng , McLean David D. , Kates Morris
Published: May 2007

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR)‐FTIR spectroscopy were used to monitor the products of transesterification of waste frying oil in methanol to FAME or biodiesel. To evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of each method, quantitative analyses of mixtures of standards (TG, DG, MG, FAME, and glycerol) as well as lipid products of transesterification were carried out. The reproducibility of each method was found to be within ±1–5%. The differences between the results of the two methods were less than ±2%. The GPC method showed good separation of the intermediate products MG and glycerol from the TG starting material and FAME, but DG were not completely separated from TG, GPC gave good quantitative results for MG and FAME, but the TG and DG analyses required correction, depending on the mole ratio of TG/DG. In contrast, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy could only give quantitative data for the sum of TG+DG+MG.
Solid freeform fabrication of soybean oil‐based composites reinforced with clay and fibers
Authors: Liu Zengshe , Erhan Sevim Z. , Calvert Paul D.
Published: May 2007

Soybean oil/epoxy‐based composites were prepared by an extrusion freeform fabrication method. These composites were reinforced with a combination of organically modified clay and fibers. The intercalated behavior of the epoxy resin in the presence of organo‐modified clay was investigated by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The mixture of epoxidized soybean oil and EPON® 828 resin was modified with a gelling agent to solidify the materials until curing occurred. The flexural modulus reached 4.86 GPa with glass fiber reinforcement at 50.6 wt% loading. It was shown that the fiber orientation followed the direction of motion of the writing head that deposited the resins and had an influence on the properties of the composite. The composites cured by curing agent jeffamine EDR‐148 were found to have lower mechanical properties than those cured with triethylenetetramine, diethylenetriamine, and polyethylenimine. In addition, the effects of clay loading and fiber loading on mechanical properties of the composites were studied and reported.
Lamb waves in binary locally resonant phononic plates with two-dimensional lattices
Authors: Hsu Jin-Chen , Wu Tsung-Tsong
Published: May 2007

The authors study the propagation of Lamb waves in two-dimensional locally resonant phononic-crystal plates, composed of periodic soft rubber fillers in epoxy host with a finite thickness. Our calculations are based on the efficient plane wave expansion formulation which utilized Mindlin’s plate theory. Calculated results show that the low-frequency gaps of Lamb waves are opened up by the localized resonance mechanism. The resonant frequencies of flexure-dominated plate modes are significantly dependent not only on the radius of circular rubber fillers but also on the plate thickness. The properties of localized resonance are qualitatively analogous to the vibration of a circular thin plate.
Drift-compensated data acquisition performed at room temperature with frequency modulation atomic force microscopy
Authors: Abe Masayuki , Sugimoto Yoshiaki , Namikawa Takashi , Morita Kenichi , Oyabu Noriaki , Morita Seizo
Published: May 2007

The authors have performed distortionless atom imaging and force mapping experiments, under a large thermal drift condition at room temperature (RT), using frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) that had been done previously only at low temperature. In the authors’ experimental scheme, three-dimensional position feedback with atom tracking detects the thermal drift velocity that is constant for a period of time at RT. The detected velocity is then used as the model for implementing the feedforward in order to compensate for the thermal drift. This technique can be expected to be used for precise positioning of the tip-sample in atom manipulation experiments using the FM-AFM at RT.
GEOquery: a bridge between the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and BioConductor
Authors: Davis Sean , Meltzer Paul S.
Published: May 2007

Microarray technology has become a standard molecular biology tool. Experimental data have been generated on a huge number of organisms, tissue types, treatment conditions and disease states. The Gene Expression Omnibus (Barrett et al., 2005), developed by the National Center for Bioinformatics (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health is a repository of nearly 140 000 gene expression experiments. The BioConductor project (Gentleman et al., 2004) is an open-source and open-development software project built in the R statistical programming environment (R Development core Team, 2005) for the analysis and comprehension of genomic data. The tools contained in the BioConductor project represent many state-of-the-art methods for the analysis of microarray and genomics data. We have developed a software tool that allows access to the wealth of information within GEO directly from BioConductor, eliminating many the formatting and parsing problems that have made such analyses labor-intensive in the past. The software, called GEOquery, effectively establishes a bridge between GEO and BioConductor. Easy access to GEO data from BioConductor will likely lead to new analyses of GEO data using novel and rigorous statistical and bioinformatic tools. Facilitating analyses and meta-analyses of microarray data will increase the efficiency with which biologically important conclusions can be drawn from published genomic data.

Availability: GEOquery is available as part of the BioConductor project.

Contact:  sdavis2@mail.nih.gov
DoriC: a database oforiCregions in bacterial genomes
Authors: Gao Feng , Zhang Chun-Ting
Published: May 2007

Summary: Replication origins (oriCs) of bacterial genomes currently available in GenBank have been predicted by using a systematic method comprising the Z-curve analysis for nucleotide distribution asymmetry, DnaA box distribution, genes adjacent to candidate oriCs and phylogenetic relationships. These oriCs are organized into a MySQL database, DoriC, which provides extensive information and graphical views of the oriC regions. In addition, users can Blast a query sequence or even a whole genome against DoriC to find a homologous one. DoriC will be updated timely and the latest version is DoriC 1.8, in which oriCs of 425 genomes (468 chromosomes) are identified.

Availability: DoriC can be accessed from http://tubic.tju.edu.cn/doric/

Contact:  ctzhang@tju.edu.cn

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at http://tubic.tju.edu.cn/doric/supplementary.htm
Rapid assessment of correlated amino acids from pair-to-pair (P2P) substitution matrices
Authors: Eyal Eran , Pietrokovski Shmuel , Bahar Ivet
Published: May 2007

Identification of correlated amino acids in proteins has been a topic of broad interest in view of its functional implications and importance in protein design. A new set of pair-to-pair (P2P) substitution matrices for amino acids was recently introduced as a useful tool for inferring information on such correlated sites. We present a website developed for automated application of these matrices for analysis of query sequences. The site offers options for graphical analysis of correlations, as well as visualization of correlated amino acids on representative, structurally characterized, members of the examined family of sequences.

Availability:  http://www.ccbb.pitt.edu/p2p

Contact:  eyal@ccbb.pitt.edu
Oral delivery of tumor‐targeting Salmonella for cancer therapy in murine tumor models
Authors: Jia Li‐Jun , Wei Dong‐Ping , Sun Qi‐Ming , Huang Yan , Wu Qiang , Hua Zi‐Chun
Published: May 2007

Tumor‐targeting bacteria have been investigated intensively in recent years as anticancer agents. To ensure the reliability of infection, bacteria have conventionally been injected intravenously or intraperitoneally into animals or humans. However, systemic infection of bacteria is rather inconvenient and carries the risk of obvious toxicity. Here we tested whether Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009, a tumor‐targeting strain, could be administrated orally for tumor therapy. Tumor‐targeting potential, antitumor effects, as well as toxicity of orally administrated VNP20009 were investigated in this study. Oral delivery of VNP20009 not only exhibited high tumor‐targeting potential, but also led to a significant anticancer effect by delaying tumor growth and prolonging survival in murine tumor models. As part of combination therapy, orally administrated bacteria notably improved the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that VNP20009 significantly induced tumor cell apoptosis. No obvious toxicity was observed during the treatments with oral inoculation of VNP20009. Comparative analysis of toxicity in tumor‐bearing and tumor‐free mice further revealed that orally administrated Salmonella had high safety compared to conventional systemic infection of bacteria. The findings indicated that oral administration of tumor‐targeting bacteria is effective and safe. This approach provides a novel avenue in the application of bacteria as a potential antitumor agent. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1107–1112)
Inhibition of axonal outgrowth in the tumor environment: Involvement of class 3 semaphorins
Authors: Vachkov Ivan H. , Huang Xiaoyong , Yamada Yoshihiro , Tonchev Anton B. , Yamashima Tetsumori , Kato Satoru , Takakura Nobuyuki
Published: May 2007

That tumors lack innervation is dogma in the field of pathology, but the molecular determinants of this phenomenon remain elusive. We studied the effects of conditioned media from Colon 26 and B16 mouse tumor cell lines on the axonal outgrowth and cellular differentiation of embryonic Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mouse dorsal root ganglion cells. Tumor‐conditioned media suppressed dorsal root ganglion axonal extension but had no effect on neuronal or glial differentiation. We found that the tumor cells expressed most of the class 3 semaphorins – axon guidance molecules. Blocking the activity of class 3 semaphorins with the soluble receptor neuropilin‐1 significantly counteracted the tumor‐induced inhibition of axonal extension. Together, these results suggest a role for tumor‐secreted class 3 semaphorins in selectively inhibiting axonal outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1192–1197)
Antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity of cetuximab against tumor cells with wild‐type or mutant epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Kimura Hideharu , Sakai Kazuko , Arao Tokuzo , Shimoyama Tatsu , Tamura Tomohide , Nishio Kazuto
Published: May 2007

Cetuximab (Erbitux, IMC‐C225) is a monoclonal antibody targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To clarify the mode of antitumor action of cetuximab, we examined antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against several tumor cell lines expressing wild‐type or mutant EGFR. ADCC activity and complement‐dependent cytolysis activity were analyzed using the CytoTox 96 assay. ADCC activities correlated with the EGFR expression value (R = 0.924). ADCC activities were detected against all tumor cell lines, except K562 cells in a manner dependent on the cellular EGFR expression level, whereas complement‐dependent cytolysis activity was not detected in any of the cell lines. The ADCC activity mediated by cetuximab was examined in HEK293 cells transfected with wild‐type EGFR (293W) and a deletional mutant of EGFR (293D) in comparison with the mock transfectant (293M). ADCC activity was detected in 293W and 293D cells, in a cetuximab dose‐dependent manner, but not in 293M cells (<10%). These results indicate that ADCC‐dependent antitumor activity results from the degree of affinity of cetuximab for the extracellular domain of EGFR, independent of EGFR mutation status. These results suggest ADCC activity to be one of the modes of therapeutic action of cetuximab and to depend on EGFR expression on the tumor cell surface. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1275–1280)
Suppression of Cdc27B expression induces plant defence responses
Authors: KUDO CHIKAKO , SUZUKI TOMOKO , FUKUOKA SUMIE , ASAI SHUTA , SUENAGA HIROKO , SASABE MICHIKO , TAKANO YOSHITAKA , OKUNO TETSURO , TOYODA KAZUHIRO , SHIRAISHI TOMONORI , ICHINOSE YUKI , INAGAKI YOSHI‐SHIGE
Published: May 2007

Non‐host resistance is the most general form of disease resistance in plants because it is effective against most phytopathogens. The importance of hypersensitive responses (HRs) in non‐host resistance of Nicotiana species to the oomycete Phytophthora is clear. INF1 elicitin, an elicitor obtained from the late‐blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is sufficient to induce a typical HR in Nicotiana species. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the non‐host resistance component of plant defence responses have been investigated using differential‐display polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a model HR system between INF1 elicitin and tobacco BY‐2 cells. Differential‐display PCR has revealed that Cdc27B is down‐regulated in tobacco BY‐2 cells after treatment with INF1 elicitin. Cdc27B is one of 13 essential components of the anaphase‐promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C)‐type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex in yeast. This APC/C‐type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates G2‐to‐M phase transition of the cell cycle by proteolytic degradation. In this study, we investigated the roles of this gene, NbCdc27B, in plant defence responses using virus‐induced gene silencing. Suppression of NbCdc27B in Nicotiana benthamiana plants induced defence responses and a gain of resistance to Colletotrichum lagenarium fungus. Elicitin‐induced hypersensitive cell death (HCD) was inhibited mildly in plants silenced with tobacco rattle virus::Cdc27B. Cdc27B could manage the signalling pathways of plant defence responses as a negative regulator without HCD.
QUELQUES ASPECTS ANATOMOPATHOLOGIQUES DE L'ALLERGIE VASCULAIRE
Authors: Rutter M.
Published: May 2007

Discussion et démonstration de quelques types de réaction tissulaire observés dans le cas d'altérations vasculaires cutanées à rorigine des‐quelles on accepte un méchanisme allergique ou analogue.
BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE AEROSOL TREATMENT OF HAY FEVER
Authors: ANDERSEN J. B. , HALBERG P. , MYGIND N.
Published: May 2007

In a controlled, double‐blind study 20 children and adults, suffering from summer hay fever, were treated intranasally with a daily dose of 200 μg, 300 μg or 400 μg beclomethasone dipropionate (Beconase®, Becotide Nasal®) or with placebo for 2 weeks during the hay fever season. No beneficial effect of the placebo treatment was observed. In patients treated with 200 μg and 300 μg beclomethasone dipropionate a day there was a moderate decrease in nasal symptom scores and in use of antihistamine tablets. As the results indicated 400 μg a day to have the most pronounced effect on nasal symptoms, this dosage is recommended for children as well as adults suffering from summer hay fever.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Three Allergens of Timothy Pollen
Authors: Løwenstein Henning
Published: May 2007

Three allergens, antigens Nos, 3, 25. and 30, were isolated from freeze‐dried aqueous extract of timothy pollen by various combinations of anionic and cationic exchange and gel chromatography. The allergens were all of protein nature and contained less than 2% (w/w) immunochemically detectable impurities Molecular weight and pl's were determined to < 10 × 103, 15 × 103 and 3.9, 4.5, 9.4. respectively, and antigen 25 was determined as the major component of the earlier isolated antigen B. Amino acid analyses performed on antigens 3 and 50 revealed large variations in the amino acid composition. The allergenic activities were verified by means of RAST inhibition and prick tests and proved antigen 25 to be quantitatively the most important allergen of tintothy pollen.
Standardization of Allergen Extracts with Appropriate Methods
Authors: Aas K. , Backman A. , Belin L. , Weeke B.
Published: May 2007

This paper presents recommendations for standardization of allergen extract by the combined use of skin prick tests and radioallergosorbent tests. These tests provide appropriate means for quantitation of the total allergenic activity of an extract. Advantages and limitations are discussed with reference to the literature.
Hypersensitivity to Apple and Carrot Can Be Reliably Detected with Fresh Material
Authors: Lahti Arto , Hannuksela Matti
Published: May 2007

Hypersensitivity to birch pollen was linked with allergy to apple and carrot, apple seeds and carrot seeds and also with their fractions, Skin reactions among other atopics were rare, and non‐atopic patient; showed no reactions to fresh fruits and vegetables.

Apple and carrot as well as apple seeds and carrot seeds were fractionated using column chromatography. Two major fractions were obtained, one with sugar and proteins, and one with proteins, the tatter giving skin reactions more often than the former. The correlation between clinical symptoms and skin lest results with the fractionated material was somewhat lower than that obtained with the non‐fractionated fresh material. The allergens of fruits and vegetables might be proteins (enzymes).
Aluminium Phosphate but Not Calcium Phosphate Stimulates the Specific IgE Response in Guinea Pigs to Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Vassilev Tchavdar L.
Published: May 2007

The ability of aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate to stimulate the synthesis of tetanus toxoid‐specific anaphilactic and antitoxic antibodies is compared. The observed differences in the kinetics of IgG1a, IgG3b, and antitoxines are quantitative–titres alter application of aluminium phosphate are higher. Booster immunization with aluminium but not calcium phosphate‐adsorbed toxoid Leads to a prolonged synthesis of specific IgE. It is hypothesized that the regular application of aluminium compound‐containing vaccines on the entire population could be one of the factors leading 10 the observed increase of allergic diseases.
Food Sensitivity Reported by Patients with Asthma and Hay Fever
Authors: Eriksson Nils E.
Published: May 2007

Among adult patients with bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis und allergological investigation with skin test, nasal provocation test and RAST, 1129 answered a questionaire regarding food sensitivity (FS). 276 (24%) of the patients reported some kind of allergic symptoms on eating or handling various foods, of which hazel nut, apple and shell fish were the most often mined. Females reported FS most often than males, A correlation was found between birch pollen allergy and FS with nuts, apple, peach, cherry, pear, plum, carrot and new potato. The higher the degree of birch pollen allergy, according to skin test. RAST or provocation test, the higher the frequency of FS.

A correlation was found too between acetylsalicylic acid intolerance and FS with some foods, e.g. nuts, strawberry, almond, green pepper, hip, chocolate, egg, cabbage, milk and wine.

The connection between birch pollen allergy and FS is probably explained by the structural relationship between birth pollen allergen and some allergens of die foodstuffs, whereas the high incidence of FS in acetylsalicylic acid‐intolerant patients is probably explained by additives in foods as well as salicylates or benzoates naturally occurring in some food.
Variations of Blood Eosinophils and Eosinophil Cationic Protein in Serum in Patients with Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Dahl R. , Venge P. , Olsson I.
Published: May 2007

Inhalation challenge test was performed in 12 patients with bronchial asthma. The subsequent variation in blood eosinophils and serum‐eosinophil canonic protein was followed up. Uniform patterns in both parameters were seen suggesting active participation of the eosinophil leucocyte in allergic: inflammation.
Hepatic Function and Fibrinolysis in Patients with Hereditary Angioedema Undergoing Long‐Term Treatment with Tranexamic Acid
Authors: Agostoni Angelo , Marasini Bianca , Cicardi Marco , Martignoni Giancarlo , Uziel Lilj , Pietrogrande Maurezio
Published: May 2007

Prophylactic treatment with antifibrinolytic agents, epsilon‐aminocapriod and tranexamic acid, reduces the incidence and severits of attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema. Long‐term ellectivenessor risk of antifibrinolytic agents has not been established. Sixteen patients needing continuous prophylaxis because of frequency and severity of attacks were treated with tranexamic acid. In four patients this treatment was ineffective and the drug was withdrawn after 2 months. A remission or reduction in the frequency or serverity of attacks was observed in 12 patients treated for a period ranging from 8 to 34 months. Hepatic tests and blood fibrinolytic activity were not influenced by long term oral treatment with tranexamic acid.
Identification and Prevalence of Culturable Mesophilic Microfungi in House Dust from 100 Danish Homes
Authors: Gravesen Suzanne
Published: May 2007

In order to encircle possible allergen sources, fungi from house dust were cultivated and identified. Dust from vacuum cleaners was inoculated on Petri dishes containing V‐8 agar with addition of penicillin and streptomycin to eliminate the bacterial flora. The number of genera identified were for the most part consistent with the genera trapped from die air. However, presumably owing to their dispersal biology, it was demonstrated that members of Mucorales were much more frequently represented in the samples obtained by this method compared with gravimetric and volumetric measurements. The method is recommended is a simple way to demonstrate and identity the mould contents in house dust and as a tool for the identification of some of the real allergenic sources in house dust.
Effects of Ketotifen and Clemastine on Passive Transfer of Reaginic Reaction
Authors: Aas Kjell
Published: May 2007

Passive transfer (PK) tests were performed with a reaginic serum on a recipient reacting with an immediate and a more prolonged reaction when specifically challenged. Both reactions are thought to be mediated by IgE immunology. Ketotifen, a cycloheptathiophene derivative, and clemastine, given to the recipient in maximal clinical doses for 3 days, inhibited the immediate reaction. Ketotifen had a very slight effect also on the prolonged reaction.

The results indicate that thein vivoeffects of ketotifen in the human system are due not so much to mast cell inhibitory mechanisms, but more to post‐release antihistaminic and some anti‐inflammatory properties.
Methacholine and Histamine Inhalation Challenges in Asthma: Relationships to Age of Onset, Length of Illness, and Pulmonary Functions
Authors: Spector S L. , Staudenmayer H. , Kinsman R. A. , Fukuhara J. , Westmoreland C.
Published: May 2007

Levels of airway's hyperreactivity, as indexed by methacholine and histamine thresholds, were determined for hospitalized asthmatic patients using the serial concentration, constant‐breath method. Airways hyperreactivity was categorized into tow and high based on a split of the sample of subjects tested. These categories were unrelated to pulmonary function measurements obtained throughout hospitalization. Patients having high airways hyperreactivity to histamine or methacholine were admitted for intensive inpatient care at a younger age, had an earlier age of onset, and had asthma of longer duration than patients having low airways hyperreactivity. These latter results suggested that relatively greater airways hyperreactivity is more likely to be associated with early onset of the illness.
Specific Diagnosis of Exogenous Bronchial Asthma in Adults
Authors: ØSterballe Ole , Malling Hans‐Jørgen , Weeke Bent
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐two adults with extrinsic bronchial asthma were examined with 26 different allergens from five groups: house dust + mite (30 BP), animal dandruff (30 BP), pollen (12 BP), mould fungi (11 BP), and feather + cotton (10 BP). The same allergen batch was used for each allergen extract in all analyses.

Based on the results of the single analyses: case history (CH), intracutaneous test (ST), RAST, histamine release from basophil leucocytes (HR), and the results of the analysis combinations and the “true diagnosis” bronchial provocation (BP), the sensitivity and specificity (SE and SP) were calculated and shown graphically. An evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of the single analyses and analysis combinations was then possible.

Generally, HR was the best individual analysis with very few false positive values and false negative values, followed by RAST, ST, and CH. None of them was able to predict allergy for feather + cotton. Otherwise, BP was positive when HR and RAST reached scores 2 and 3 with the exception of RAST for animal dandruff. As regards ST, we had to reach score 3 in order to predict positive BP. CH would only provide the diagnosis with a maximum score in the pollen group. BP was positive in any analysis combination resulting in score 6 or more. ST appeared to be the most sensitive of the individual analyses. Alt the patients with ST score 0 showed negative BP for all allergen groups, whereas a corresponding sensitivity for HR score 0 was only achieved with animal dandruff, and for RAST score 0 for pollen only.

In spite of the new analyses, BP is in many cases necessary if a definite diagnosis is required.
Influence of Small Atmospheric Ions on the Airways in Patients with Bronchial Asthma
Authors: ØSterballe Ole , Weeke Bent , Albrechsten Ole
Published: May 2007

The influence of artificially generated atmospheric ions is studied in 15 patients with bronchial asthma. A slight but significant (at 5% level) improvement in the lung function was demonstrated in nine patients during positive as well as negative ion exposure, but the patients’ subjective votings of the air quality did not show any changes due to ion exposure. No change in the histamine threshold of the airways in six patients with bronchial asthma was demonstrated during exposure to ions. Further controlled studies with electro‐aerosols are needed.
A New Lancet for Skin Prick Testing
Authors: ØSterballe Ole , Weeke Bent
Published: May 2007

A new lancet with a point length of 1.0 mm suitable for skin prick testing is described. The weal reactions appearing after the use of histamine chloride 1 mg/ml and an extract of Phleum pralense in a 1 HEP concentration (1 histamine equivalent prick) prove suitable as regards size and reproducibility compared with the reactions produced by a more conventional prick test method. The new lancet simplifies the prick test procedure and does not require as much experience as do needles and longer lancets.
A Double Blind Controlled Trial of N‐(3′, 4′‐Dimethoxycinnamoyl) Anthranilic Acid on Children with Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Shioda
Published: May 2007

A double blind controlled trial of N‐(3′, 4′‐dimethoxycinnamoyl) anchranilic acid (N‐5′) was carried out for treating children with bronchial asthma to determine its efficacy and safety.

The results showed that the drug was significantly more effective in the N10 and N5 groups than in the N0 group. Adverse reactions appeared only in one patient in the N10 group who complained of slight anorexia while another patient in the N0 group reported moderate diarrhoea. Moreover there was no indication of abnormality in further laboratory investigations. It can be therefore concluded that this drug is useful for the treatment of children with bronchial asthma.
Immunotherapy in Spring‐Time Hay Fever
Authors: Eriksson Nils E. , Ahlstedt Staffan , Lövhagen Olle
Published: May 2007

In a study of the efficacy of two different treatment schedules for perennial immunotherapy, 47 adult patients with spring‐time hay fever due to allergy against birch and other deciduous trees were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: one group received birch, alder and hazel allergen in Allpyral, another group received the same Allpyral mixture and in addition all relevant tree pollens in aqueous extract and a control group received no injections. For determination of antibody litres the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique were used. Cellular responsiveness was studied by measuring birch pollen (BP) induced leucocyte histamine release in peripheral blood.

The clinical and immunological response was similar in the two treated groups. Treated patients had fess symptoms and a lower consumption of antihistamine tablets during the pollen season than the control group.

Non‐IgE BP antibodies and IgE antibodies recorded with the ASP technique increased after immunotherapy while RAST values did not change significantly. A decrease of RAST values from postseasonal values during the first year to pre‐seasonal values in the following year was seen in all patient groups but was less pronounced in treated than in untreated patients. The decrease was more pronounced in patients with high RAST values of postseasonal sera than in patients with low RAST values. Cellular reactivity increased slightly during the first phase of therapy but returned to the pre‐treatment level later.

Clinical improvement was positively correlated to the percentage increase of non‐IgE antibody titres and to the pre‐treatment non‐IgE/IgE antibody ratio. Patients with high preseasonal RAST titres or high cellular sensitivity tended to have more severe symptoms during the pollen season.

It is concluded that a mixture of birch, alder and hazel is sufficient for immunotherapy in spring‐term hay fever. It is obvious that changes of a single immunological variable do not account for the therapeutic results in immunotherapy.
Comparison of Skin Tests and RAST for the Diagnosis of Bee Sting Allergy
Authors: Patrizzi R. , Müller U. , Yman L. , Hoigné R.
Published: May 2007

Skin tests and estimation of specific IgE‐antibodies by the RAST are evaluated as diagnostic procedures in bee sting hypersensitivity with the following results:

 Tests with venom antigens are highly superior to tests with wholebody extracts.

 With bee venom results of skin tests and RAST correspond in 82%, with bee wholebody extracts in 68%.

 Both with skin tests and the RAST with bee venom a good discrimination between patients with bee sting hypersensitivity and non‐allergic controls is observed. Skin tests with bee venom are somewhat more sensitive than bee venom‐RAST.

 With the careful skin test procedure chosen, no adverse reactions were observed.
Dust Mites
Authors: Cardoso R. Ronald de A. , Barbosa Calogeras A. A. , Nascimento J. J.
Published: May 2007

Mattress dust was collected by out‐patients attending hospital for respiratory allergic problems. The dust mites were counted in “pool” samples of 100 mg. Each sample represented a single month's collection.

The mites were classified according to Family: Pyroglyphidae and Cheyletidae, Those not belonging to either of these two families were classified as “other miles”.

Temperature and humidity during the period of the study showed no correlations with the number of mites.

There was a statistically significant correlation between the various mite groups.
3H‐Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes
Authors: Skov P. Stahl , Norn S. , Weeke B.
Published: May 2007

A rapid, simple, and inexpensive method for large scale screening of patients suspected of type I allergy has been developed. The method is based on in vitro incorporation of 3H‐histamine in the leukocytes of the patient, whereafter release of labelled histamine is measured after provocation of the cells with the suspected allergen. The new method was compared with the conventional basophil histamine release technique by in vitro provocation of six asthmatic patients under suspicion of type 1 allergy against animal dander, house dust, and mite, and an almost identical it‐lease of histamine was observed in both assays.
Mites in House Dust in the Stockholm Area
Authors: Turos Maria
Published: May 2007

Today there is no doubt chat mites (and especially species within the Pyroglyphidae family: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophogoides farinae) are an important agent in dust allergies. The author reports on a study of the occurrence of mites in house dust in the environment of allergic persons in the Stockholm area. 201 private homes, IS farmers' houses and two hospitals have been studied.

In 12% of the homes several different types of mite were found in dust in relatively small numbers, while pyroglyphids occurred in only 1.5% of the dwellings. The frequency of mites in dust from farmers' homes was three times higher and that of pyroglyphids ten times higher than in other dwellings.

Mites were most often found in floor dust and very infrequently in bed dust. All hospital beds were free from mites; in floor‐dust samples from a hospital for long‐term therapy several species of mite were found.

The author draws the conclusion that the conditions of climate and humidity within the geographical area studied are adverse to the development of an allergologically significant mite population in indoor dust, but that small numbers may spread from potted plants, work premises and outdoor flora.
A Study of HLA Antigen Distribution in Families with Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: MacKie Rona M. , Dick Heather M.
Published: May 2007

Seventeen children presenting with atopic dermatitis were HLA typed together with their parents and siblings. A total of 89 individuals was studied. No close link between HLA antigen distribution and clinical expression of atopy was demonstrated, and 14 HLA identical but disease‐free siblings were identified. An increase in the A1 B8 haplotype was observed in the families as a whole by comparison with a large control series.
Antibody‐Dependent Monocyte‐Mediated Cytotoxidty in Severe Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Kragballe Knud
Published: May 2007

Antibody‐dependent monocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity was studied in nine patients with severe atopic dermatitis during flares of their disease. In all cases the cytotoxicity was depressed. The disturbed function may contribute to the severe cutaneous infections seen in these patients. It remains to be seen if these patients have an intrinsic monocyte defect or if an inhibiting factor only is operating during active disease states.
Mite Fauna and Fungal Flora in House Dust from Homes of Asthmatic Children
Authors: Ishii A. , Takaoka M. , Ichinoe M. , Kabasawa Y. , Ouchi T.
Published: May 2007

Mite fauna and fungal flora in the house dust from homes of asthmatic children with positive and negative skin test to house dust allergen and non‐asthmatic controls were examined. There was no conspicuous difference in mile species distribution among the three groups. Pyroglyphid mites dominate the mite fauna in house dust more than half of which being Dermatophagoides: D. pteronvssinus and D. farinae. There was no statisucally significant difference in numbers between the two species and either species could dominate depending on the conditions of the individual houses. The average number of acarina in 0.5 g of fine dust did not differ statistically among the three groups; however, mite number per square meter floor differed between patients with positive skin test and negative skin test. The results suggest that house‐cleaning might influence the possible sensitization of children. The genetic distribution of mould fungi in house dust was largely similar to that of airborne fungi. The average number of fungal colonies detected in 0.5 g of dust did not differ statistically among the three groups. Wallemia with its minute spores may cause sensitization but has so far been investigated investigated.
Determinations of Penicilloyl Specific IgE Antibodies for the Evaluation of Hypersensitivity against Penicillin
Authors: Spath P. , Huber H. , Ludvan M. , Roth A. , Schwarz S. , Zelger J.
Published: May 2007

Results from skin tests and radioallergosorbent test (penicilloyl G and penicilloyl V) were compared in 76 patients with suspected penicillin hypersensitivity and in 22 control subjects without such clinical symptoms. The test results were also correlated to the clinical history of adverse reactions and to the levels of total serum IgE. The overall agreement between skin test and R.AST results was 89% in the patient group. Two of the control subjects without symptoms were professionally employed with penicillin production; one of them had circulating IgE‐antibodies and the other exhibited positive skin tests. The skin tests were more frequently positive than the RAST test. By means of skin titration some of the skin tests were demonstrated to be false positive. The discrepancy can also be explained by the fact that skin reactions also occur in other situations than IgE‐mediated adverse reactions. Circulating IgE‐antibodies were not found in any of 23 cases where adverse reactions appeared later than 24 h after the latest penicillin administration.

It is concluded that the measurement of circulating IgE‐antibodies is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of penicillin allergy.
Asthma and Allergy in Finnish Conscripts
Authors: Haahtela Tari , Jokela Hannu
Published: May 2007

We studied the occurrence of asthma, bronchial wheezing, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in 295 young men aged 18–19 years. The relationship of these symptoms to the immediate skin test reactivity was also determined. Symptoms indicating past or current allergy’ and bronchial wheezing were observed in 36%. The cumulative prevalence of asthma was 2.7% bronchial wheezing 9% in addition, allergic rhinitis including allergic conjunctivitis; 20% and atopic dermatitis (including allergic urticaria) 20%. Positive immediate skin prick test reactions were observed in 50% of the population. Allergic rhinitis was most clearly connected with a positive skin test. This study shows that the respiratory disorders, generally considered to be allergic in origin, and atopic dermatitis are more common in Finland than has been assumed. The results are however, in accordance with the observations made in other industrialized countries.

Susceptibility to asthmatic reactions and allergic symptoms should be taken into account, more so than at present, when judging the capability of a young man to manage compulsory military service.