bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A SYSTEM OF MOLECULAR THERMOCHEMISTRY FOR ORGANIC GASES AND LIQUIDS: PART III. EXTENSION TO AROMATIC AND CYCLIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Lovering Edward G. , Nor Othman Bin M.
Published: May 2006

The empirical bond energy scheme described in Part I has been modified and applied to saturated and aromatic ring compounds. The classes of compounds treated are the alkyl benzenes, alkyl cyclopentanes, and alkyl cyclohexanes. The scheme given permits values for the heats of atomization, formation, combustion, and vaporization to be calculated. Reasons for the failure of the scheme, when applied to aromatic nuclei containing a functional group, are discussed.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM: PART V. THE STRUCTURE AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF LYCOFOLINE
Authors: Anet F. A. L. , Ahmad M. , Khan N. H.
Published: May 2006

Lycofoline forms a monoacetyl or a diacetyl derivative, depending on the reaction conditions. Hydrogenation of lycofoline yields dihydrolycofoline. Sodium borohydride reduction of acrifoline under non-epimerizing conditions gives the known acrifolinol, but reduction in the presence of sodium hydroxide gives both acrifolinol and lycofoline. From these reactions as well as the evidence of n.m.r. spectra, lycofoline is shown to have structure IV.
THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION AND SYNTHESIS OF SOME DITHIOCARBAMATES
Authors: Miller D. M. , Latimer R. A.
Published: May 2006

Rate constants, activation energies, and dissociation constants were determined in a kinetic study of the synthesis and decomposition of a number of N-substituted dithiocarbamates. These data combined with certain spectral evidence are evaluated and reaction mechanisms suggested.
FABIANINE
Authors: Edwards O. E. , Elmore N. F.
Published: May 2006

The structures of two volatile alkaloids from the plant Fabiana imbricata have been elucidated. The occurrence in this plant of p-hydroxyacetophenone, large quantities of oleanolic acid, and a yellow pigment is reported.
MODIFICATION OF THE ILKOVIC EQUATION
Authors: Subrahmanya R.S.
Published: May 2006

Taking into consideration the total amount of the depolarizer that reaches the surface of a flat stationary electrode, the following integral equation was obtained by Stackelberg:[Formula: see text]An equation of a similar form was also assumed to hold even in the case of the dropping mercury electrode. By this procedure he obtained the same expression for the flux D[*C/√(3/7)πDt)] as obtained by Ilkovic. In the present work it has been shown that the same expression for the flux is obtained by introducing'A' as a function of 't' in the basic integral and considering the effect which the moving surface will have on the thickness of the diffusion layer. The application of this new approach to the case of spherical diffusion to the dropping mercury electrode has lead to the following new polarographic equation:[Formula: see text]
THE EFFECTS OF CHAIN LENGTH ON THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF FATTY ACIDS AND METHYL ESTERS
Authors: Jones R. Norman
Published: May 2006

The infrared spectra of straight-chain fatty acids and their methyl esters have been measured over the range 1500–650 cm−1 in carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulphide solution. The effects of the chain length on the peak intensities of the bands have been analyzed in relation to the group frequency assignments derived from comparative studies of deuterium-substituted methyl laurates.
STEROIDS III. 12-METHYLENEPROGESTERONE
Authors: Just George , Nagarajan R.
Published: May 2006

not available
IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF SOME PERFLUOROALKYL ARSINES
Authors: CULLEN W. R. , Frost D. C.
Published: May 2006

not available
ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES ON FREE RADICALS PRODUCED BY Tβ-PARTICLES IN FROZEN H2O AND D2O MEDIA AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURE
Authors: Kroh J. , Green B. C. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: May 2006

Samples of H2O and D2O and solutions of H2O2, HClO4, HF, etc., in light and heavy water, were tritiated with T2O to activities of from 0.1 to 1 c/ml.The paramagnetic resonance spectra recorded at liquid nitrogen temperature and interpreted as representing H (D) atoms and OH (OD), HO2(DO2) free radicals were compared with those induced under analogous conditions by Co60γ-rays.The lower radical yields observed in the present work have been ascribed to the difference in linear energy transfer between Tβ-particles and more penetrating radiations.
THE REACTION OF OXYGEN ATOMS WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Ung A. Y-M. , Schiff H. I.
Published: May 2006

The homogeneous reaction between O atoms and CCl4 was studied in a flow system under conditions of complete consumption of atoms, in the presence and in the absence of molecular oxygen. The only products of the reaction are Cl2, CO, CO2, and COCl2. No compounds containing more than one carbon atom were detected. The dependence of the products on CCl4 concentration suggests that the primary reactions are[Formula: see text]which are too slow to consume all the atoms. Carbon dioxide is produced by secondary reactions which are fast enough to consume all the atoms, the most important of which is[Formula: see text]However, the dependence of the ratio (CO2 + COCl2/CO on CCl4 concentration in the presence of O2 indicates other reactions also produce CO2. The rapid disappearance of O atoms in the systems containing O2 suggests a chain mechanism in which Cl2 is mainly converted to the atomic form. Carbon dioxide can then be produced by the sequence[Formula: see text]The rate constant for the primary process was found to be independent of O, O2, and CCl4 concentration and could be represented by the equation[Formula: see text]
ADSORPTION OF CHROMIC ACID ON SILICA
Authors: Dibbs H. P.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE X-RAY ANALYSIS OF HETISINE HYDROBROMIDE
Authors: Przybylska Maria
Published: May 2006

not available
RING CONTRACTION IN THE MERCURY-PHOTOSENSITIZED DECOMPOSITION OF CYCLOPENTENE
Authors: Gibbons W. A. , Allen W. F. , Gunning H. E.
Published: May 2006

not available
PERFLUOROALKYL ARSENICALS: PART V. SOME SOLVOLYSIS STUDIES
Authors: Cullen W. R.
Published: May 2006

The ammonolysis of tetrakistrifluoromethyldiarsine probably proceeds through solvolytic fission of the As—As bond. Solvolysis of the diarsine by sodium methoxide in methanol does not seem to proceed by this mechanism. Chlorobistrifiuoromethylarsine is stable to ethanol and ethanethiol below 110° but reacts violently with solid sodium alcoholates to give only decomposition products. With solid sodium mercaptide chlorobistrifluoromethylarsine yields ethylmercaptobistrifiuoromethylarsine. This mercapto-arsine is also obtained by reacting iodobistrifluoromethylarsine with mercuric mercaptide. Ammonolysis and hydrolysis studies of the compounds R2AsCF3 and RAs(CF3)2 (R = C2H5, C4H9) indicate that the mechanism of solvolysis could be SN2.
ARSENIDES OF THE TRANSITION METALS: VI. ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE TRIARSENIDES
Authors: Pleass C. M. , Heyding R. D.
Published: May 2006

Homogeneity limits at 750 °C of the ternary DO2 triarsenides (Ni,Co)As3, (Fe,Co)As3, and (Fe,Ni)As3 have been established. The electrical and magnetic properties of these systems and the triarsenides of cobalt, rhodium, and iridium have been examined. The results are:[Formula: see text]These data are discussed with reference to the bonding model proposed by Dudkin and Abrikosov. The model is satisfactory for the binary compounds and the Ni/Co system, but not for the Fe/Co and Fe/Ni systems.
CYCLIZATION OF AROMATIC PHENYLHYDRAZONES WITH CARBON MONOXIDE TO YIELD SUBSTITUTED PHTHALIMIDINES
Authors: Rosenthal Alex , Weir Mary R. S.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of benzophenone phenylhydrazone with carbon monoxide at 230° and 3800 p.s.i. to give 3-phenylphthalimidine-N-carboxyanilide, and at lower temperatures (190–220°) to give a mixture of 3-phenylphthalimidme-N-carboxyanilide and 3-phenylphthalimidine has been studied. An independent synthesis of 3-phenylphthalimidine-N-carboxyanilide is described. 4-Methylbenzophenone phenylhydrazone reacted with carbon monoxide to give a mixture of two isomers, 3-phenyl-6-methylphthalimidine-N-carboxyanilide and 3-(p-tolyl)-phthalimidine-N-carboxyanilide, whose infrared spectra are described. An independent synthesis of 3-(p-tolyl)phthalimidine-N-carboxyanilide has also been carried out.
THE INFRARED SPECTRA AND PHASE TRANSITIONS OF SOLID PIPERIDINIUM HALIDES
Authors: Cabana A. , Sandorfy C.
Published: May 2006

The infrared spectra of solid films of piperidinium halides were measured at both room temperature and low temperatures. The spectra of the chloride and the bromide are not appreciably affected by cooling, but the spectrum of the iodide exhibits spectacular changes. These changes are explained by assuming the occurrence of a phase transition at about −15 °C. The possibility of a "chair" → "boat" interconversion is also discussed.
RAMAN SPECTRA OF THE H2SO4–SO3 AND D2SO4–SO3 SYSTEMS: EVIDENCE FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF POLYSULPHURIC ACIDS
Authors: Gillespie R. J. , Robinson E. A.
Published: May 2006

The Raman spectra of oleums, i.e. mixtures of sulphur trioxide and sulphuric acid, have been re-examined. Similar measurements on the sulphur trioxide – deuterosulphuric acid (D2SO4) system are also reported. The experimental results and conclusions of previous similar work on oleums are discussed. By comparison of the spectra of oleums with those of the polysulphuryl halides it is shown that the polysulphuric acids H2S2O7 and H2S3O10 are present in this system. The increase in the frequency of the SO2 stretching vibrations with increasing concentration of sulphur trioxide gives evidence for the existence of higher polysulphuric acids such as H2S4O13 at high concentrations of sulphur trioxide. In relatively concentrated oleum, sulphur trioxide monomer and trimer are also present. It is shown that the self-dissociation of liquid H2S2O7 gives mainly molecular H2S2O10 and H2SO4 and not ionic species. The conclusions reached from the interpretation of the Raman spectra of the D2SO4–SO3 system are similar to those arrived at for sulphuric acid oleums. The spectra of solutions of NaHSO4 in oleums were also examined, and are discussed.
THE KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF ACTIVE NITROGEN WITH ETHYLENE
Authors: Levy E. M. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

A comparison has been made of five methods for terminating the reaction of active nitrogen with ethylene in the temperature range 295° to 673° K. These were based on deactivating the active nitrogen by low-temperature trapping, by addition of nitric oxide, and by passing it over copper oxide or cobalt catalysts. With the nitric oxide and cobalt catalyst techniques, which appeared to be the most reliable of those used, an activation energy of 400 ± 200 cal/mole, with a P factor of about 10−5, have been determined for the reaction.
DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF MAGNESIUM IN LIQUID MAGNESIUM–TIN ALLOYS BY VAPOR PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Ashtakala S. , Pidgeon L. M.
Published: May 2006

The vapor pressure of liquid magnesium–tin alloys has been measured between 780 °C and 1010 °C using the isopiestic method.Activities of magnesium were obtained at 800 °C, 910 °C, and 940 °C. Activities of tin showed a negative departure from ideality, and those of magnesium, both negative and a slight positive departure.Partial heats and entropies of mixing were calculated, and values are negative for most of the composition range. Partial free energies of mixing for the entire composition range showed negative values. Integral heats, entropies, and free energies were calculated from the partial quantities. These values were negative, indicating an ordered liquid alloy.
OXYGEN EVOLUTION FROM SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Lister M. W. , Petterson R. C.
Published: May 2006

The rates of oxygen evolution from carefully purified solutions of sodium hypochlorite have been measured. Methods of purification are described, and it is found that substantially the same rate is observed regardless of the method of purification. The rate of oxygen evolution is proportional to the square of the concentration of hypochlorite ions. The effect of temperature and ionic strength are examined. The rate constant is 7.5 × 10−6 (g-mol/I.)−1(min)−1 at 60 °C and an ionic strength of 3.5; the activation energy is 26.6 kcal/g-mol. These results are compared with the corresponding quantities for the reaction of hypochlorite ions to form chlorite and chloride ions, and some tentative explanations are offered.
HEATS OF DILUTION OF POLYISOBUTYLENE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Senez M. , Daoust H.
Published: May 2006

The measurements of heats of dilution of polyisobutylene solutions in benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene have been carried out with a Tian–Calvet microcalorimeter at 25 °C. The dilution technique previously described has been improved and the extrapolated enthalpy parameter κ1* for each system has been corrected for the excluded volume effect using the Krigbaum–Carpenter–Kaneko–Roig formulation for the second virial coefficient A2. No detectable variation in κ1* was found for high molecular weights (≥ 43,000); but a definite increase in κ1* was found for very low molecular weights.
A PHOTOCHEMICAL PREPARATION OF SOME HALOGENATED CYCLOPROPANES
Authors: Dedio Edward L. , Kozak Peter J. , Vinogradov Serge N. , Gunning Harry E.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE SYNTHESIS OF ACETAMIDO-DEOXY KETOSES BY ACETOBACTER SUBOXYDANS. PART IV
Authors: Turner J. C.
Published: May 2006

not available
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE IN THE ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTRUM OF THE DIPHENYLENE RADICAL ANION
Authors: McDowell C. A. , Paulus K. F.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE HALF-LIFE OF Ca41
Authors: Drouin J. R. S. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

Ca41, a nuclide decaying by orbital electron capture, has been again identified and its half-life measured. The activity of the source, a highly irradiated sample of calcium carbonate, had decayed for 10 years so that competing activities were non-existent. The measurement was made with a gas-flow proportional counter with well-determined characteristics. A value of (7.5 ± 1.1) × 104 years has been obtained.
THE HETEROGENEOUS AND HOMOGENEOUS THERMAL DECOMPOSITIONS OF NICKEL CARBONYL
Authors: Chan R. K. , McIntosh R.
Published: May 2006

The homogeneous thermal decomposition of Ni(CO)4 between 35 °C and 80 °C and over a pressure range of 15 mm to 80 mm of Hg has been distinguished from the heterogeneous reaction occurring on the freshly deposited nickel surface. The activation energy of the homogeneous reaction was found to be 19.1 kcal mole−1 and of the heterogeneous reaction, 14.3 kcal mole−1. The activated complex for the heterogeneous reaction is Ni(CO)4, which is physically adsorbed. The heat of adsorption of Ni(CO)4 is 7.4 kcal mole−1. Carbon monoxide is also adsorbed upon the same sites with a heat of adsorption of 13.3 kcal mole−1, which is much greater than its latent heat of vaporization. The homogeneous reaction may be inhibited by a surface of sodium chloride. Nickel deposited upon rutile behaves in the same way catalytically as nickel deposited upon glass wool.
ENERGY BARRIERS AND STRUCTURE OF cis-, MUCO-, AND ALLO-INOSITOL HEXAACETATES IN SOLUTION
Authors: Brownstein S.
Published: May 2006

The proton resonance spectra of cis-, muco-, and allo-inositol hexaacetates as a function of temperature yield enthalpies of activation and Arrhenius factors for some of the skeletal oscillations of the six-membered ring.
KINETICS OF FORMATION OF ANODIC OXIDE FILMS ON BISMUTH
Authors: Masing L. , Young L.
Published: May 2006

The steady-state and transient kinetics of formation of thin insulating anodic oxide films on bismuth have been investigated. The thickness of the films was determined by the spectrophotometric method. No dependence on the crystal face of the substrate was detected (sensitivity better than 1% with thicker films). The transient behavior was found to be somewhat different from that of tantalum. The activation distances were found to be unusually large. The dielectric properties were also investigated.
STEROIDS AND RELATED PRODUCTS: XVII. THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,9,12,20-TETRAOXYGENATED 9,12-seco-STEROIDS. PART II
Authors: Engel Ch. R. , Rakhit S. , Huculak W. W.
Published: May 2006

It is shown that the ozonolysis of Δ9(11)-12-keto steroids with a trans fusion of rings A and B proceeds in better yields than the corresponding opening of ring C in the sterically more hindered A/B-cis series. The syntheses of 23ξ-bromo-3β-hydroxy-9-oxo-9,12-seco-25-iso-5α,22β-spirostan-12-oic acid and some of its derivatives as well as of 3β,20α-dihydroxy-9-oxo-9,12-seco-12-pregnanoic acid and some of its ester derivatives are reported. It is demonstrated that the reduction with lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran of a 12,20-diketone leads predominantly to a 12β,20α-dihydroxy derivative, in contradistinction to the reduction of a 12α-acetoxy-20-ketone, which affords mostly the 20β-alcohol.
STUDIES ON THE STABILITY OF THE DIMER OF 2,4-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
Authors: Singh Pritam , Boivin Jean L.
Published: May 2006

A series of carbamates of the dimer of 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate was prepared from different alcohols, leaving the uretidine-dione ring unaffected. Di-sec-butylamine and dibenzylamine did not affect the dimer ring and reacted only with the two free isocyanate groups. However, di-n-propylamine, di-n-butylamine, and di-n-amylamine ruptured the ring, and diureas of the monomer were obtained. Alkaline reduction changed the dimer ring into a ureylene link and a N-substituted amide was formed by the Leuckart reaction. Hydrazine hydrate gave an unsymmetrical monosubstituted urea whereas hydroxylamine broke the ring and gave the corresponding oxime of the formamide.
THE SYSTEM LITHIUM SULPHATE – MAGNESIUM SULPHATE – WATER AT 30 °C
Authors: Aravamùdan G.
Published: May 2006

not available
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CARBOHYDRATE ACETATES
Authors: Tate M. E. , Bishop C. T.
Published: May 2006

Thin layer chromatography on silica gel G with benzene–methanol mixtures is a rapid method for the analytical or semimicro preparative separation of low molecular weight carbohydrate acetates. Some mixtures of inositol acetates are also resolved by the same procedure. A sensitive spray reagent has been developed for the analytical detection of acetates on the chromatographic plates and is based on the formation of the ferric hydroxamate of acetic acid. Oligosaccharide acetates are easily detected on a semimicro preparative scale by spraying the chromatographic plates with water, a general, non-destructive method for detection of hydrophobic compounds. The chromatograms can be run in 40 minutes and multiple development can be carried out to improve resolution when necessary.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE WOOD EXTRACTIVES OF SORBUS DECORA (SARG.) SCHNEID.
Authors: Narasimhachari N. , Rudloff E. Von
Published: May 2006

The wood of the showy mountain ash was found to contain about 3% acetone-soluble material. The major constituents of the extract were a polymorphous xyloside of (+)-di-methoxyisolariciresinol, the recently discovered hydroxy diphenyls aucuparin and methoxyaucuparin, and fatty acid esters of β-sitosterol, another phytosterol, and of untractable phenolic material. Small amounts of free β-sitosterol and a mixture of hydrocarbons as well as traces of an unknown leucoanthocyanidin were also isolated. The xyloside predominated in the sapwood, whereas the aucuparins were found mainly in the heartwood. Gas–liquid chromatography was instrumental in the detection and separation of the aucuparins.
REARRANGEMENT STUDIES WITH C14: XII. THE REACTION OF NITROUS ACID WITH 2-α- OR 2-β-NAPHTHYLETHYLAMINE-1-C14
Authors: Forman A. G. , Lee C. C.
Published: May 2006

On treatment with sodium nitrite, 2-α-naphthylethylamine-1-C14 in aqueous hydrochloric acid or glacial acetic acid gives rise to the corresponding alcohol, which shows rearrangement of C14 from the C-1 to the C-2 positions to the extent of 32–35%; the 2-β-naphthyl isomer exhibits 26–28% rearrangement. The significance of these results is discussed.
THE REACTION OF ISOPROPANOL VAPOR WITH Hg 6 (3P1) ATOMS: PART I. PURE SUBSTRATE
Authors: Knight Arthur R. , Gunning Harry E.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of isopropanol vapor with Hg 6(3P1) atoms has been investigated under static conditions at 25 °C under continuous and intermittent illumination. The effect of added inert gas and isolation of the 2537 Å Hg resonance line were also studied.The products of the reaction are H2 (0.72), CH3COCH3 (0.25), CO, CH4, C2H6, CH3CHO, and H2O, with the numbers in parentheses representing the quantum yields at zero exposure time. The non-volatile product remaining in the cell was a mixture of C6-glycols, containing 98.6% pinacol, 1.2% 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, and ca. 0.2% or less of 2,5-hexanediol.Under intermittent illumination, the quantum yield of hydrogen production, measured as a function of light period, tL, rose linearly with log tL, and had a constant value of unity for tL < 0.45 msec. A mechanism is proposed involving the primary formation with perfect efficiency of isopropoxy radicals and H atoms.
SYNTHESIS IN THE PYRIDINE SERIES: II. THE SYNTHESIS OF NEW 3,4,5-TRIALKYLATED PYRIDINES
Authors: Kutney James P. , Tabata T.
Published: May 2006

A synthetic sequence leading to new and inaccessible 3,4,5-trialkylated pyridines has been developed. The nature of the synthesis allows the preparation of virtually any type of 3,4,5-trialkylated pyridine by simple, straightforward variations at the appropriate stage.
INFLUENCE OF STERIC AND POLAR EFFECTS ON BASE STRENGTHS OF BICYCLIC GUANIDINES
Authors: McKay A. F. , Kreling M.-E.
Published: May 2006

The pKa and E1/2 values of a number of bicyclic guanidines and their keto derivatives were determined. The influence of steric and polar effects on their base strengths is discussed.
THE STRUCTURE OF A SYNTHETIC GLUCAN: I. GENERAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Authors: Dutton G. G. S. , Unrau A. M.
Published: May 2006

Only D-glucose was obtained on acid hydrolysis of the glucan. Periodate oxidation released formaldehyde, which was believed to arise from C6 of D-glucofuranose units. From the additional formaldehyde liberated from the borohydride-reduced glucan the degree of polymerization was estimated to be about 165. Complete hydrolysis of the derived polyalcohol gave glycerol, erythritol, D-glucose, and D-xylose. Partial hydrolysis gave glycerol, erythritol, and at least seven non-reducing oligosaccharides. Direct evidence for the existence of relatively large numbers of 1 → 6 and 1 → 4 linkages was found, together with smaller numbers of 1 → 2 linkages. The methylated glucan was freely soluble in chloroform – petroleum ether (5:95), and hydrolysis gave tetra, tri, di, and mono-O-methyl-D-glucoses in a 6:6:3:1 molar ratio.
THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON THE SPONTANEOUS HYDROLYSIS OF ACETYL PHOSPHATE MONO-ANION AND DI-ANION AND OF ACETYL PHENYL PHOSPHATE MONO-ANION
Authors: Sabato G. Di , Jencks W. P. , Whalley E.
Published: May 2006

not available
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA OF SOME SUBSTITUTED STYRENES
Authors: Wheeler Owen H. , Covarrubias Celia B.
Published: May 2006

not available
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE CLEAVAGE OF vic-DIOLS BY LEAD TETRAACETATE
Authors: Perlin A.S. , Suzuki S.
Published: May 2006

not available
TRITIUM RELEASE FROM THE NEUTRON-IRRADIATED LITHIUM-DOPED NICKEL OXIDE
Authors: Măntescu Constanţa , Costea T.
Published: May 2006

not available
REACTIONS OF 2,3,5,6-TETRAKIS(β-HYDROXYETHYLMERCAPTO)-1,4-HYDROQUINONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Kulka Marshall
Published: May 2006

The treatment of chloranil (I) with alkali and 2-mercaptoethanol resulted not only in replacement of the chlorine atoms but also in reduction to form 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(β-hydroxyethylmercapto)-1,4-hydroquinone (II). The conditions for the preparation of 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(β-chloroethylmercapto)-1,4-hydroquinone (III) from II differed from those required for the preparation of a lower-melting compound (IV) from II by such a narrow margin that exact control of temperature and concentration were necessary in order to avoid erratic behavior in the preparation. The structure of the lower-melting compound has been established as 2,3-dihydro-5,7,8-tris(β-chloroethylmercapto)-6-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxathiin (IV) by analyses and cyclization reactions. The treatment of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (VIII) with 2-mercaptoethanol yielded 2,3-bis(β-hydroxyethylmercapto)-1,4-naphthoquinone (IX) and not the quinol as was the case with chloranil. The quinone (IX) could not be converted to 2,3-bis(β-chloroethylmercapto)-1,4-naphthoquinone by treatment with hydrogen chloride because under these conditions only 1,4-oxathio-5,10-anthraquinone (X) was formed. A mechanism for the formation of X which involves intramolecular addition, elimination, and cyclization is described.
THE STRUCTURE OF LINSEED MUCILAGE: PART II
Authors: Hunt K. , Jones J. K. N.
Published: May 2006

Linseed mucilage has been separated into an acidic and a neutral fraction. The acidic fraction was further separated, by the use of cupric acetate solution, into two fractions, CuI and CuII. Fraction CuI contained L-rhamnose, L-galactose, and D-galacturonic acid. The methylated reduced polysaccharide gave on hydrolysis 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-L-rhamnose, 3,4-di-O-methyl-L-rhamnose, 4-O-methyl-L-rhamnose, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose, and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-galactose (?); L-galactose was lost during the methylation process. Periodate oxidation studies on the material indicated that the polymer was composed of a main chain of L-rhamnose units with most of the L-galactose units attached as non-reducing end groups. Fraction CuII contained L-rhamnose, L-fucose, L-galactose, and D-galacturonic acid. The methylated reduced polysaccharide gave on hydrolysis 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-L-fucose, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-L-galactose, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose, 4-O-methyl-L-rhamnose, L-rhamnose, and possibly 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-galactose and 3-O-methyl-D-galactose. Periodate oxidation studies and a degradation by the Smith procedure indicated the presence of a L-rhamnose backbone with L-fucose and L-galactose units attached as non-reducing end groups.The neutral fraction yielded a periodate-oxidizable material after one Smith-type degradation. Periodate oxidation studies indicated that the degraded material was branched. Methylation of the degraded polysaccharide followed by hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-xylose, 4-O-methyl-D-xylose, D-xylose, and traces of 2,3,4-trt-O-methyl- or 2,5-di-O-methyl-L-arabinose, 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-xylose, and 3-O-methyl-D-xylose. The main backbone of the degraded polysaccharide appeared to consist of (1 → 4)-linked D-xylose units. Linkages of the (1 → 3) type were also present. The smaller fragments from the Smith-type degradation, L-arabinose, 2-O-α-L-arabinosyl glycerol, and glycerol were characterized. A partial acid hydrolysis of the neutral fraction yielded a number of oligosaccharides.
THE REACTIONS OF ACTIVE NITROGEN WITH BORON TRICHLORIDE AND GERMANE
Authors: Storr Rosemary , Wright A. N. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

Chlorine and tetrachlordiborine were the main products from the reaction of active nitrogen with boron trichloride. The maximum flow rate of chlorine recovered, about 4% of the available N-atom flow rate, was essentially independent of temperature in the range 100° to 395 °C. It is suggested that the reaction is initiated by (N2A3Σu+), and that this is followed by N-atom attack on the resulting BCl2 radical. A similar mechanism is suggested for a slight extent of reaction observed with germanium tetrachloride.Hydrogen and germanous nitride (Ge3N2) were the products of the reaction of active nitrogen with germane. The amount of germane decomposed increased with an increase of temperature from 100 ° to 200 °C; at the higher temperature it corresponded to not more than two-thirds of the N-atom flow rate used. It is suggested that the reaction involves the direct and complete displacement of hydrogen by atomic nitrogen.
THE FERMENTATION OF LONG-CHAIN COMPOUNDS BY TORULOPSIS MAGNOLIAE: I. STRUCTURES OF THE HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED BY THE FERMENTATION OF FATTY ACIDS AND HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Spencer J. F. T. , Gorin P. A. J.
Published: May 2006

The yield of extracellular glycolipid produced by Torulopsis magnoliae is increased three-to five-fold by the addition of suitable compounds to the growing culture. The supplement, which can be a long-chain acid, ester, hydrocarbon, or glyceride, is hydroxylated and converted to hydroxy fatty acid sophorosides. Fatty esters of all chain lengths from C16to C22, including several unsaturated esters, and even-numbered hydrocarbons from C16to C24are readily fermented. Shorter-chain compounds are used poorly or not at all. With compounds of 16 to 18 carbon atoms, hydroxylation occurs at the terminal or penultimate carbon atom, depending on degree of unsaturation and chain length. Substrates of more than 18 carbon atoms are mainly reduced in chain length by one or more two-carbon units and hydroxylated, giving C17or C18acids with the hydroxyl group on the penultimate carbon atom. The various enzymic reactions which occur during the fermentation are discussed.
METALLO-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METAL–NITROGEN BONDS: PART III. DIALKYLAMINO COMPOUNDS OF TANTALUM
Authors: Bradley D. C. , Thomas I. M.
Published: May 2006

Reactions involving TaCl5 and LiX (where X = NMe2, NEt2, NPr2n, NBu2n, NMeBun, and NC5H10) were shown to produce substantially the pentaderivatives TaX5. The thermal decomposition of TaX5 (X = NMe2, NEt2, NPr2n, NBu2n, and NMeBun) was studied and only Ta(NMe2)5 could be sublimed unchanged. In other cases the main product of decomposition was a quinquevalent compound RN=Ta(NR2)3 and the secondary amine R2NH. Some olefin and quadrivalent Ta(NR2)4 were also detected and it is believed that decomposition involves the following sequence:[Formula: see text]This is in contrast to the behavior of niobium compounds, which appears to be:[Formula: see text]
A SIMPLE THERMOBALANCE FOR STUDIES OVER A PRESSURE RANGE OF 0 TO 60 ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Biermann Wendell J. , Heinrichs Menno
Published: May 2006

A design is presented for a thermogravity balance usable to a pressure of 1000 p.s.i. The mass sensitive element is a tool steel cantilever rod, the displacement of which is measured by a linear variable differential transformer. Thermograms for the pyrolysis of calcium oxalate, chromium (VI) oxide, and Mohr's salt are included to show typical performances.
SULPHONIUM SALT SOLVOLYSIS: PART III. NUCLEOPHILIC ROLE OF ANIONS IN SOLVOLYSIS OF DIMETHYL-t-BUTYL SULPHONIUM SALTS
Authors: Hyne J. B. , Jensen J. H.
Published: May 2006

The effect of variation of added anion type (I−, Cl−, NO3−, ClO4−, CH3COO−) on the kinetics of solvolysis of dimethyl-t-butyl sulphonium ions is interpreted as evidence supporting a nucleophilic role for the anion in low-polarity solvents. The specific case of acetate is discussed in terms of its relation to biochemical transmethylation reactions involving methionine.
STRUCTURES OF CYCLOHEXANONE–UREA CONDENSATION PRODUCTS
Authors: Podesva C. , Tarlton E. J. , McKay A. F.
Published: May 2006

A new series of urea derivatives was prepared by condensing cyclohexanone with urea, thiourea, and their monosubstituted derivatives.
THE REACTION OF SULPHURYL CHLORIDE WITH REDUCING SUGARS: PART I
Authors: Jennings H. J. , Jones J. K. N.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of sulphuryl chloride with D-glucose, with D-xylose, and with maltose is described. The products were fully substituted compounds containing both chlorodeoxy and chlorosulphate groups. Formation of the methyl glycosides and subsequent removal of the chlorosulphate groups enabled structural investigations to be carried out on the resultant chlorodeoxy methyl glycosides.
THE HYDROGEN ISOTOPE EFFECT IN THE PYROLYSIS OF ETHYL-1,1,2,2-d4 CHLORIDE
Authors: Blades Arthur T. , Gilderson P. W. , Wallbridge M. G. H.
Published: May 2006

The hydrogen isotope effect in the pyrolysis of ethyl-1,1,2,2-d4 chloride has been investigated in the temperature range 758–989 °C, yielding the relative rate constant expression[Formula: see text]where kH and kD are the rate constants for the production of C2D4 (and HCl) and of C2D3H (and DCl) per β-deuterium atom respectively.The isotope effect is pressure dependent, its value increasing with decreasing pressure. The pressure effect in ethyl chloride has also been studied, and a qualitative explanation is given for the pressure dependence of intermolecular and intramolecular isotope effects.The data are compared with the isotope effects in ethyl-d4 bromide and ethyl-d4 acetate, and the conclusion is reached that the evidence supports a four-centered transition-state complex in the case of the halides.
THE HYDROGEN ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN THE PYROLYSIS OF ETHYL-1,1,2,2-d4 BROMIDE AND OF ETHYL-d5 BROMIDE
Authors: Blades Arthur T. , Gilderson P. W. , Wallbridge M. G. H.
Published: May 2006

The relative rate constant expression has been obtained for the decomposition of ethyl-1,1,2,2-d4 bromide under inhibiting conditions in the temperature range 697.6 to 999.1 °K,[Formula: see text]The pressure dependence of the isotope effect has been investigated both with and without inhibitor, and in each case it has been shown that the isotope effect increases with decreasing pressure.The relative rate constant expression for the ethyl-h5, ethyl-d5 bromide comparison was also obtained in the temperature range 730.9 to 964.8 °K,[Formula: see text]The isotope effect is again pressure dependent, falling to lower values as the pressure is decreased.The data are used to demonstrate that the inhibited decomposition of ethyl bromide is primarily a molecular process, and that the rate-controlling step involves a carbon–hydrogen bond break.A side reaction that produces small amounts of ethane has been observed.
THE GAS–LIQUID PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVES: PART III. THE SEPARATION OF AMINO GLYCOSE DERIVATIVES AND OF CARBOHYDRATE ACETAL AND KETAL DERIVATIVES
Authors: Jones H. G. , Jones J. K. N. , Perry M. B.
Published: May 2006

Gas–liquid partition chromatography has been used to separate the anomeric acetates of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose (D-glucosamine) and of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose (D-galactosamine) and also their fully acetylated reduction products, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1,3,4,5,6-penta-O-acetyl-D-glucitol and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1,3,4,5,6-penta-O-acetyl-D-galactitol. The gas–liquid partition chromatographic method has also been successfully applied to the separation of unsubstituted carbohydrate acetal and ketal derivatives and to those derivatives in which the free hydroxyl groups have been substituted by O-acetyl, O-benzoyl, O-benzyl, carbonate, O-methanesulphonyl, O-methyl, and O-toluene-p-sulphonyl groups.
INFRARED ABSORPTION STUDIES ON PEROXY TITANIUM SULPHATE
Authors: Jere G. V. , Patel C. C.
Published: May 2006

The infrared absorption spectrum of peroxy titanium sulphate has been studied in the region from 2 to 23 μ and the various bands are characterized. The sulphate group in the compound is shown to have C2v symmetry, indicating its bidentate nature.
SOME 5,5′-FREE PYRROKETONES
Authors: Osgerby J. M. , MacDonald S. F.
Published: May 2006

5,5′-Dicarbethoxypyrromethanes are oxidized to the pyrroketones by lead tetraacetate–lead dioxide in acetic acid. The 5,5′-free pyrroketones obtained by decarboxylating the latter have not yet proved synthetically useful.
NOVEL DEVIATIONS FROM THE 'MIXTURE LAW' IN THE RADIOLYSIS OF HYDROCARBON MIXTURES
Authors: Dyne P. J. , Denhartog J.
Published: May 2006

The 'mixture law' states that, if the radiolysis of material A gives a product M with yield GM, then, in a mixture where the mole fraction of A is XA, the yield of M is GMXA.In the radiolysis of dilute mixtures of cyclohexane-d12 or of methylcyclohexane-d14 with other aliphatic hydrocarbons D2 is formed in a process which is first order with respect to the deutero compound. As a consequence these mixtures provide a sensitive method of detecting deviations from the mixture law.Experimentally the yield of D2 and the yield of HD vary widely from one solvent to another amongst the C5 to C10 hydrocarbons selected. The yields of D2 and HD are, approximately, linearly related. The solvents have similar quantitative effects on the yields for both deuterated hydrocarbons.These deviations from the mixture law cannot be explained in terms of kinetic effects (variations in rate constants caused by differing bond strengths), because the D2 yield measures a process without free radical intermediates. Mechanisms involving excitation transfer, ion–molecule reactions, and subexcitation electrons are discussed.
SYNTHÈSES DE DÉRIVÉS DE LA LYSINE
Authors: Babineau Louis-Marie , Berlinguet Louis
Published: May 2006

New N-ε-substituted lysines have been synthetized as follows: by condensing 5-δ-bromobutylhydantoin with different primary amines, 5-δ-alkylaminobutylhydantoins were obtained, the alkaline hydrolysis of which gave the corresponding N-ε-substituted lysines. N-α-Substituted hexahomoserines have also been prepared by acid hydrolysis of the reaction product between α,ε-dihydroxycaproic nitrile and primary amines. 5-Amino-5-carboxypentane sulphonamide has been prepared in the following way: 5-δ-bromobutylhydantoin was reacted with thiourea, and the resulting isothiouronium salt was oxidized with chlorine. Gaseous ammonia was then bubbled through an ethereal suspension of the 5-δ-chlorosulphonyl butylhydantoin and the resulting sulphonamide was hydrolyzed under pressure with barium hydroxide. 5-Amino-5-carboxypentane sulphonamide was then isolated and crystallized.
TERPENOIDS: II. CEANOTHENIC ACID: A C29 A-NORLUPANE DERIVATIVE
Authors: Mayo P. De , Starratt A. N.
Published: May 2006

Extraction of Ceanothus americanus (Jersey Tea) has afforded a new pentacyclic triterpenoid of the empirical formula C29H42O4. It is a dicarboxylic acid containing two ethylenic linkages. The environment of one carboxyl group and one ethylenic linkage has been shown by diagnostic transformations characteristic of ring E of the lupeol–betulin series. The other ethylenic linkage has been shown to be present in a contracted ring A from which one carbon atom has been lost. The position of the second carboxyl group has been established by introduction of the 11-oxo-12-ene system, when monodecarboxylation occurred under mild conditions. This and other evidence establishes ceanothenic acid to be A-norlupa-1,22-diene-14,17-dicarboxylic acid.
INFLUENCE OF THE DEFECT CENTERS ON THE SZILARD–CHALMERS ANNEALING
Authors: Negoescu Irina , Costea T.
Published: May 2006

Reactor-irradiated copper and cobalt oxinates were studied for the behavior of Cu64 and Co60 atoms produced by radiative thermal neutron capture. The annealing processes associated with the Szilard–Chalmers effect were followed by means of retention. Both substances exhibit annealing at room temperature, formally following first-order kinetics. The retention was found to increase with reactor exposure time, following kinetics similar to that for post-irradiation thermal annealing. The interpretation of experimental data relies on the assumption that fractions annealed at room temperature decrease with increasing density of defect centers containing an annealable Szilard–Chalmers atom.
KINETIC SOLVENT EFFECT IN ETARD'S REACTION
Authors: Stairs R. A.
Published: May 2006

The rate of the reaction of chromyl chloride with toluene has been measured in a number of halogenated solvents. The data were correlated with the solubility parameters of the solvents and also with their dielectric constants. The results were taken as evidence against an ionic mechanism for the reaction.
NITRONIUM SALTS: I. NEW METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF NO2+BF4−, NO2+PF6−, NO2+ASF6−1
Authors: Kuhn S. J.
Published: May 2006

Two new methods are presented for the preparation of complex salts of NO2F using easily available starting materials such as nitric acid, HF, BF3, etc. These methods produce very pure materials in a one-step reaction.
ortho-DIQUATERNARY AROMATIC COMPOUNDS: I. THE SYNTHESIS OF ortho-DITERTIARYBUTYLBENZENE. SOME REACTIONS OF SIDE CHAIN SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES
Authors: Barclay L. R. C. , Milligan C. E. , Hall N. D.
Published: May 2006

1,1,4,4-Tetramethyltetralone (I) was converted by oxidative procedures into o-phenylene-diisobutyric acid (III). Hydride reduction of the dimethyl ester of III yielded β,β′-dihydroxy-o-di-t-butylbenzene (IV). The ditosylate of IV was converted by hydride reduction into o-di-t-butylbenzene (VI) (44%) together with rearrangement products. Ultraviolet spectral evidence indicated a slight distortion of the benzene ring in VI and its various side chain derivatives. Side reactions were encountered in the synthesis of III, which involved the conversion of this acid by periodate or lead tetraacetate oxidation into a lactone (X) and the anhydride (XI). A mechanism is postulated to account for the formation of X. The structures postulated for the various compounds were confirmed by n. m. r. spectral studies.
LIGNIN MODEL COMPOUNDS: II. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF 1-HYDROXY-1-(4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYPHENYL)-2-PROPANONE
Authors: Gardner J. A. F. , Henderson D. W. , MacLean Harold
Published: May 2006

Modern concepts of lignin structure suggest that the ketol 1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone, VI, should be detectable in the hydrolysis products of lignin and wood. A reference sample of VI, previously unavailable, has now been prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of the diketone 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanedione, II. Both fermentative and catalytic hydrogenation of II gave mixtures of, according to paper chromatography, mainly 2-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone, V; the desired ketol, VI; small amounts of vanillic acid; and traces of guaiacyl acetone and an unknown phenolic compound. The ketol VI was isolated from the catalytic hydrogenation products by solvent fractionation and was identified by absorption spectra, derivatives, and comparison with the other two possible isomeric ketols. Dilute alkali converted VI to the isomeric ketol V. Both ethanolysis and acidolysis of VI gave the same monomeric products as lignin.
THE PROTON RESONANCE SPECTRUM OF 2-FURANACROLEIN
Authors: Schaefer T.
Published: May 2006

The proton resonance spectrum of 2-furanacrolein consists of two effectively independent ABX spectra, that due to the ring protons and that due to the side-chain protons. The solvent effects are such that the latter reduces to an AA1X case. The ABX and AA1X cases are discussed as deviations from the A2X case. The difference is simply that forbidden singlet–triplet transitions in the A2X case become allowed in the ABX case because the singlet and triplet states are uncoupled as the A2 nuclei become nonequivalent. Energy level diagrams are given to illustrate this situation.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF THE NICKEL OXIDE ELECTRODE: PART III. ANODIC POLARIZATION AND SELF-DISCHARGE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Conway B. E. , Bourgault P. L.
Published: May 2006

Further evidence that the rate-controlling process in self-discharge of the nickel oxide electrode is the anodic partial reaction of oxygen evolution is reported and is based on: (a) comparison of the heats of activation for open-circuit oxygen evolution and for d-c. anodic polarization with oxygen evolution; (b) comparison of the current potential behavior for d-c. anodic polarization and for rates of oxygen evolution on open circuit as a function of potential; and (c) comparison of H/D isotope effects for open-circuit and d-c. polarization behavior. In the latter cases, an unusual and characteristic inverse isotope effect is observed.True Tafel slopes are deduced and interpreted in terms of possible mechanisms of oxygen evolution, taking account of the dependence of activation energy upon surface coverage by adsorbed intermediates.
THE STRUCTURE OF CARBOLINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Paoloni Leonello
Published: May 2006

not available
THE DISULPHONATION OF 2,6- AND 2,7-DI-t-BUTYLNAPHTHALENE
Authors: Menard Marcel , Awang Dennis , Chubb Francis L.
Published: May 2006

It has been found that both 2,6- and 2,7-di-t-butylnaphthalene form the same disulphonic acid when treated with 2 molar equivalents of chlorosulphonic acid. It is suggested that this acid is 2,6-di-t-butylnaphthalene-4,8-disulphonic acid. The evidence, including the n.m.r. spectrum, on which the proposed structure is based is presented.
ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF RADIOLYTIC HYDROGEN EVOLVED FROM MIXTURES OF BENZENE AND CYCLOHEXANE WITH THEIR DEUTERATED ANALOGUES
Authors: Dyne P. J. , Jenkinson W. M.
Published: May 2006

We have measured the isotopic composition of radiolytic hydrogen evolved from mixtures of benzene and cyclohexane with their deuterated analogues. The data are interpreted in terms of first-order processes of the kinetic form (for C6D12) C6D12 → C6D10 + D2 and second-order processes C6DI2 → XD + R, XD + C6H12 → HD + R.A complete kinetic analysis for the system C6D6–C6H6 has been made from measurements at the two ends of the concentration range. This gives a satisfactory prediction of the isotopic composition of hydrogen evolved from an equimolar C6H6–C6D6 mixture. A first-order yield of D2 is found in solutions of C6DI2 in benzene which persists to 'zero' C6D12 concentration. The mechanisms of the first-order process studied in these experiments, and of the 'unscavengeable'or 'molecular' yields of radiolytic hydrogen, are discussed.
C13 SPLITTINGS IN SOME SUBSTITUTED BENZENES
Authors: Hutton H. M. , Reynolds W. F. , Schaefer T.
Published: May 2006

C13 sidebands in the proton spectra of some symmetrically substituted benzenes have been used to obtain carbon–hydrogen coupling constants as well as proton coupling constants.A long-range carbon–hydrogen coupling constant has also been found. Substituents which act as electron acceptors in an inductive manner are found to increase the C13H coupling constants by as much as 20 c.p.s. The patterns of the sidebands are discussed and possible errors in first-order analyses are indicated.
KINETIC STUDIES OF PROTEIN–DYE AND ANTIBODY–HAPTEN INTERACTIONS WITH THE TEMPERATURE-JUMP METHOD
Authors: Froese A. , Sehon A. H. , Eigen M.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of protein–dye and antibody–hapten reactions were studied with the temperature-jump method. The systems used consisted of (i) bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the dye 1-naphthol-4-[4-(4′-azobenzene azo)phenyl arsonic acid], referred to as N—R′, (ii) BSA and the dye 1-naphthol-2-sulphonic acid-4-[4-(4′-azobenzene azo)phenyl arsonic acid], referred to as NS—R′, and (iii) rabbit antibodies to phenyl arsonic acid [Ab] and the hapten N—R′.Each of the systems exhibited a single relaxation time. From the analysis of the concentration dependence of the relaxation times, it was concluded that each system could be represented by the reactions[Formula: see text]where P refers to BSA or Ab, and D to N—R′ or NS—R′. The following rate constants were calculated for the three systems at 25 °C:[Formula: see text]The effects of temperature and pH on the rate constants of the system BSA – N—R′ are discussed.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF SUGARS FOUND IN BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES: PART II. BIOSYNTHESIS OFD-glycero-D-manno-HEPTOSE
Authors: Jones J. K. N. , Perry M. B. , Stoodley R. J.
Published: May 2006

Azotobacter indicum was grown in media which contained D-glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-2-C14, D-glucose-6-C14, D-mannose-1-C14, or D-galactose-1-C14. Each radioactive polysaccharide produced was hydrolyzed and the specific activity of the isolated D-glycero-D-manno-heptose was determined. The distribution of activity in the heptose molecule was determined by chemical degradation procedures.The results suggest that the D-glycero-D-manno-heptose is formed from hexose precursors by pathways which involve the action of transaldolase, transketolase, and aldolase