bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXIV-6 Feeding Frogs: A Path for Commercial Production without the Need of Live Food
Authors: McCallum Malcolm L , Mitchell Mary , Tilahun Yonathan
Published: September 2022

The United States has had a trade deficit in frog products for almost a century. Most of U.S. supply is imported. In 1971 the U.S. imported 1 million kg of frozen frog legs worth $3.8 million. It imported >2.1 M kg annually in the 1980s. 1990s imports ranged from 500,000 – 1,500,000 kg/yr at $67/kg (Lutz and Avery 1999) (= $8.67 – 10.11 2016$US). This excludes the millions of dollars in animals delivered via laboratory supply houses and the pet trade. The challenge has been how to feed these animals without the need for live foods. No real progress has been made in this arena since the 1960s. We constructed two experiments using freeze-dried insects and pelleted diets. One used individually-housed juvenile American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and the other, group-housed Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens). We did not attempt group housing with bullfrogs due to their availability at that time. Frogs were conditioned to feeding on live foods in captivity and then we attempted to transition them to alternate foods. Although individually-housed bullfrogs adapted to eating live foods within one week in captivity, we were unable to transition them to non-living foods during this investigation. However, we were able to transition 100% of Northern Leopard frogs tested to rehydrated freeze-dried crickets within a few days. Northern Leopard Frogs maintained body condition (body mass/snout-vent length) feeding entirely on rehydrated freeze-dried crickets throughout the study period (25 days) (r2 = 0.003, s = 0.105, P = 0.743). Transition to pelleted diets was unsuccessful. Frogs only occasionally accepted dry pellets and more regularly took them after soaking in water that was previously used to rehydrate dried crickets. This suggests our pellets lacked taste or odor traits attractive to Northern Leopard Frogs. Ultimately, the use of rehydrated, freeze-dried prey may prove an economically viable alternative to live foods.
PSXVI-3 Individual Water Use Efficiency in Beef Cattle
Authors: Yost Tylor , Blake Nathan , Walker Matthew , Holaskova Ida , Hubbart Jason , Jose Mata Padrino Domingo , Ogunade Ibukun M , Sanders Kelsie , Wilson Mathew E
Published: September 2022

Public opinion has focused on animal agriculture being in competition with growing urban populations for land and water resources. With much of the US in drought conditions, improving water use efficiency is critical for the sustainability of animal agriculture. To date, little has been done to assess water efficiency in cattle. There is evidence for a positive relationship between water intake and DMI, but relationships between water and feed use efficiencies are likely more complex. Our objectives were to understand the magnitude of variation in water use efficiency and make comparisons with feed efficiency, as measured by residual feed intake (RFI). Our study utilized yearling bulls, steers, and heifers (n=745) between the summer of 2019 and the summer of 2021. Individual feed and water intakes were determined using a real-time feed intake system and an In Pen Weighing system (IPW). Water use efficiency, residual water intake (RWI), was calculated similarly to RFI where an expected water intake was determined for the group by regressing average daily water intake on metabolic mid-body test weight and either ADG or DMI. RWI was then calculated as actual daily water intake minus expected daily water intake. The estimation of expected water intake using DMI had a greater R2 than when ADG was used (.36-.51 vs .31-.35). The range in off-test RFI was about one order of magnitude smaller than the range of RWI (e.g., RFI -0.90 to 0.73 kg vs RWI -7.34 to 8.49 L), indicating greater variability in water intake compared with feed intake and a relationship among DMI, ADG, and RWI that needs to be further explored. As animal agriculture strives to be more sustainable, water use efficiency needs to become a common measure and genetic progress needs to be made. There appears to be sufficient variation in the trait to make this feasible.
PSXVI-1 Impact of Breed and/or Season on Effectiveness of Anthelmintic Treatment in Weaned Calves
Authors: Guy Chloey , Ketchum Jaclyn N , Epperson Kaitlin M , Quail Lacey K , Hairgrove Thomas B , Long Charles R , Perry George A
Published: September 2022

Antiparasitic resistance has become a major concern in the livestock industry and can have a tremendous impact on calf performance. The objective of this study was to determine resistance to different anthelmintic treatments in Brahman and Brahman/Hereford (F1) calves at weaning. Purebred fall weaned Brahman calves (n=95) and spring weaned F1 calves (n=45) were assigned to one of six treatment groups at weaning: Control (received no anthelmintic), received a benzimidazole (Synanthic 22.5% or Safeguard), a macrocyclic lactone (Dectomax or LongRange), or a combination of the two (LongRange and Synanthic). Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 14 or 28 (dependent on treatment), and 42 to determine fecal egg count (eggs/g; EPG). Body weights were collected at all time points. Data were analyzed as an ANOVA using the GLM procedure, or as an ANOVA with repeated measures using the MIXED procedure in SAS. There tended to be an effect of treatment (P = 0.0865), and there was an effect of breed (P < 0.0001), time (P < 0.0001), treatment by breed (P = 0.0458), treatment by time (P = 0.0067), and treatment by breed by time (P = 0.0214) on EPG. Overall, Brahmans had increased EPG compared with F1s (P < 0.0001; 178.83±11.73 vs. 79.81±17.08). Benzimidazoles had a greater reduction in EPG (99.29%; P = 0.0011) compared with macrocyclic lactones (45.36%). There was no effect of treatment (P = 0.5184), or treatment by time (P = 1.0) on body weight. Body weight increased similarly among all treatment groups throughout the study. Furthermore, there was no difference in ADG during the study among treatments (P = 0.73). These data indicate that antiparasitic resistance occurs in all breeds, and resistance varies between benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones. Furthermore, there were differences between breeds and/or seasons among treatments even within a single operation.
PSI-18 Effect of Heat Processing Methods on Carbohydrate Subfractions and Degradation in Relation to Carbohydrate Molecular Spectral Profile of Barley Grain Using Advanced Molecular Spectroscopy in Ruminants
Authors: Feng X , Prates L , Yu P
Published: September 2022

To our knowledge, there are few studies on the association between carbohydrate molecular structure spectral profiles of barley grain and ruminant-relevant nutritional characteristics. This study aimed to study associate processing-induced changes in carbohydrate molecular structure with changes in ruminant-relevant carbohydrate nutritional profiles. The heat processing methods included: dry roasting, autoclaving, and microwave irradiation. The ruminant-relevant carbohydrate nutritional profiles were determined which included carbohydrate chemical profiles, carbohydrate subfractions, ruminant-relevant carbohydrate digestion. The molecular structure spectral profiles were determined using vibrational molecular spectroscopy (ATR-FT/IR). The results showed that heat related processing significantly induced carbohydrate molecular spectral profiles. The heat related processing also significantly changed ruminant-relevant nutritional characteristics. There was an association between processing induced carbohydrate molecular structure changes and ruminant-relevant carbohydrate nutritional profiles. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopic technique (ATR-FTIR) shows the great potential as a fast analytical tool to predict ruminant-relevant carbohydrate nutritional characteristics.
PSII-B-13 Bacterial Composition of the Rumen Microbiome with a Bacillus Probiotic Added to the Diet of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Linde Dina A , du Toit Lindeque , Schokker Dirkjan , van Marle-Koster Este
Published: September 2022

The threat of the development of an antibiotic resistant bacterium necessitates investigation for alternative feed additives. Probiotics are known to confer a health benefit to the animal and affect the production of the animal through increased nutrient digestibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial composition of the rumen of South African feedlot cattle when supplemented with a Bacillus probiotic. Twenty-four Bonsmara cattle were randomly divided into two groups: a basal diet (control, CTR) and the basal diet supplemented with Bacillus-based probiotic (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis; Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S; BOV). The animals were fed for 120-days divided by starter, grower, and finisher diets. Four animals from each group were selected for rumen content collection via stomach tube during each phase. DNA extraction was performed and submitted for 16S rRNA sequencing (V3-V4). Approximately 41 300 ASVs were identified from 87 genera using DADA2, phyloseq and the RDP database. ANOSIM was used to determine different microbial profiles and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test to determine significant differences in the relative abundance of the microbes between the treatment groups. Microbial profiles in the starter (ANOSIM=0.0416) and grower (ANOSIM=0.1771) phases were similar between CTR and BOV. Most bacteria had greater abundance in CON compared with BOV in the starter phase. In the grower, BOV had a significantly greater abundance of Prevotella (p=0.028) and Lachnobacterium (p=0.042) compared to CTR. The microbial profiles between CTR and BOV differed in the finisher phase (ANOSIM=0.3229) with most of the bacteria having a significantly greater abundance in BOV compared with CTR including Roseburia (p=0.028), Fibrobacter (p=0.057) and Ruminococcus (p=0.028). These microbes as well as Prevotella are known fiber-degraders in the rumen microbiome. The results indicate a tendency in BOV for increased abundance of fibre-degrading microbes, however further studies are needed to validate these findings.
PSII-B-14 Combination of Essential Oils, α-Amylase and 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin-D3 Increases Performance by Feedlot Cattle on Adaptation Period
Authors: Niehues Maria B , Perdigão Alexandre , Lenon Correa Hugo L , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Vasconcellos Guilherme S F M , Acedo Tiago S S , Martins Cyntia L L , Arrigoni Mário B D B
Published: September 2022

Concerns about the use of in animal feed antibiotics are growing. It is, therefore necessary to develop alternative products that can replace antimicrobial feed additives. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of associating feed additives on feedlot performance of Nellore bulls. Nellore bulls (n= 160; iBW, 380± 5.8 kg; age, 18 mo) were allocated in 20 pens (n=8/pen), in a completely randomized block design, according to the treatments: 1) MON+VM - Sodium Monensin (MON, 25 mg/kg DM, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN), + Virginiamycin (VM, 30 mg/kg DM, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, São Paulo), and 2) CRD - Crina RumistarTM + HyD, a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/day (DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). The initial BW was utilized as a criterion for block formation. Pens were considered experimental units (10 pens per treatment). Animals were adapted to the diets during 14 days with gradually increasing concentrate level from 70% to 86% of diet DM, and fed for 90 days. Weight assessments were performed at day 0 and 28 discounted by 4% from the full BW as ruminal fill. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were separated using the PDIFF statement, adopting P< 0.05. Feeding CRD increased the DMI (10.54 kg vs. 8.74 kg, P< .0001), ADG (2.00 vs. 1.59 kg/d, P< .0001) and final BW (430 vs. 418 kg, P< .0001) compared with animals fed MON+VM. The fluctuation in dry matter intake (4.55, P=0.24) and G:F (0.186, P=0.15) were similar among treatments. Therefore, the inclusion of Crina RumistarTM +HyD can be used as a tool to increase performance of feedlot adaptation period.
PSII-B-20 Altering the Particle Size of Supplemental Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) in Finishing Cattle Diets: Manure Characteristics and Ammonia Emissions
Authors: Myers Cheyanne A , de Marti Mario Haro , Chahine Mireille , Chibisa Gwinyai E
Published: September 2022

A potential strategy to limit ammonia (NH3) emissions from feedlots is the feeding of supplemental clinoptilolite (CLN), which has a high affinity for ammonium (NH4+). The particle size of CLN could influence its efficacy in binding NH4+ in the rumen and manure. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effects of feeding CLN (2% of diet DM) of two different particle sizes (30 and 40 µm) on manure N profile and NH3 emissions. Six beef heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21 d periods. Dietary treatments were: 1) finishing ration with no supplement (CON), 2) CON + 30-µm CLN (CL-30), and 3) CON + 40-µm CLN (CL-40). Grab fecal and spot urine samples were collected (d 19 to 21) for analysis. To determine NH3 emissions, six rectangular vented, non-steady state, closed chambers interfaced with a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analyzer were used. Soil was added to chambers to a depth of 10 cm before addition of manure and incubated over a 7-d period. Data were analyzed using SAS. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.78) on urinary total nitrogen (N) and urea-N concentrations. However, urinary NH3-N concentration, which was less (P = 0.03) for CON than CL-40 heifers did not differ between CON and CL-30 heifers. Fecal N concentration, which tended to greater (P = 0.07) for CL-30 than CL-40 heifers did not differ between CON and CL-40 heifers. However, there was no diet effect (P = 0.25) on fecal NH3-N concentration. Ammonia emissions, which were less (P = 0.02) for manure from CL-40 than CL-30 heifers, did not differ between CON and CL-30 heifers during the first 48 h of incubation. In summary, feeding CL with different particle sizes resulted in changes in the manure N profile and NH3 emissions.
PSIX-14 The Influence of Previous Plane of Nutrition on Feedlot Performance, Water Intake and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Steers
Authors: Barney Abigail L , Franco Arturo Macias , da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , De Moura Felipe Henrique , Fonseca Mozart
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate how the background diet can affect the feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of finishing steers. Crossbred Angus steers (n = 24; 298.01 ± 10.17 kg) were fed either a low plane of nutrition (LP, n =12 ; triticale only, 91g/kg CP, 0.25Mcal/kg NEm, and 0.10Mcal/kg NEg) or adequate plane of nutrition (AP, n =12; 850g/kg alfalfa and 150g/kg beardless wheat, 126.2g/kg, 0.25Mcal/kg NEm, and 0.13 Mcal/kg NEg) during the background phase (85d). After this period, body weight (BW) of LP (362.81 kg ± 10.237) was less than the BW of AP (405.97kg ± 10.237). Animals were then transitioned to a finishing diet (800 g/kg whole corn and 200 g/kg alfalfa; 108 g/kg, 0.97Mcal/kg NEm, and 0.65 Mcal/kg NEg) and fed for 105d. Water intake (WI) and dry matter intake (DMI) were individually measured daily. Animals were then havested, and hot carcass weight (HCW) was obtained. Carcasses were chilled for 24 h, and qualified personnel measured longissimus dorsi area via direct grid reading between the 12th and 13th rib, USDA marbling score and yield grades. Differences amongst treatments were compared via orthogonal contrast using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4). No differences were observed for WI, DMI, final BW and average daily gain among groups. Carcass characteristics such as HCW, yield grade, rib eye area, and dressing percentage were also similar between groups. On the other hand, animals previously on LP had a reducedr marbling score (421.11) than the AP treatment (493.21) (P = 0.0014). Therefore, even though the previous plane of nutrition did not affect intakes, performance, and carcass characteristics, the decreased amount of nutrients during the background decreased marbling of LP animals, which affects the final quality grade of the carcass as well as price per kg of carcass.
PSIX-3 Rumen Bacteria Composition between pre-Weaning and Post-Weaning Dairy Calves
Authors: Xinyu Zhang , Li Shengli
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this experiment was to study the changes of fecal bcteria of calves before and after weaning. Among 365 Holstein calves born in 2021, 8 Holstein calves with similar body weight were selected before weaning (60 ± 2 d) and after weaning (120 ± 6 d), and rectal manure was collected. Fecal samples for volatile fatty acids and fecal microorganisms. The results showed that: 1) Sobs index, Ace index, Chao1 index, Simpson index and Shannon index of pre-weaning calves and post-weaning calves were significantly different (P < 0.05); 2) At the phylum level, both pre-weaning calves and post-weaning calves were characterized by Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinomyces, the phylum is the dominant bacteria. Compared with pre-weaning calves, the composition of fecal bacteria of post-weaning calves at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Patescibacteria and Campilobacterota, decreased significantly (P < 0.05); 3) At the family level, the predominant bacteria of both pre-weaning and post-weaning calves are Lachnospiraceae, Vibriospira, and Prevotella. Compared with pre-weaning calves, the composition of fecal microbiota in post-weaning calves at the family level, the relative abundances of Oscillospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anaerovoracaceae, Clostridiaceae, norank_o__RF39, Monoglobaceae and UCG-010 were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the relative abundances of Lactobacillaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Butyricicoccaceae and Coriobacteriaceae were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); 4) At the genus level, compared with pre-weaning calves, the relative abundance of UCG-005, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Paeniclostridium, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Coprococcus, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Agathobacter, norank_f__norank_o__RF39 decreased significantly (P < 0.05), Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Blautia, Faecalibacterium were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, in this experiment, there were significant differences in the fecal bacteria of Holstein calves before and after weaning in Tibet. This study provides reference information for the feeding and management of calves in high altitude areas.
PSIX-9 The Effect of Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seed Consumption on gut and Satiety Hormones Related to Intake in Holstein Steers
Authors: King Mindy E , Herzing Hannah M , McLeod Kyle R , Klotz James L , Harmon David L
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) seed, and ergovaline (ERV), on gut and satiety hormones and investigate changes in post-absorptive metabolism. Holstein steers (n=12; 260 ± 16 kg) were assigned to one of three treatments (ERV concentration in diet dry matter): 0, 1.8, and 2.7 ppm with animals being adapted to an indoor environment for 4 days followed by a 7-day diet adaptation and a 10-day treatment period. On days 16 and 17, blood was collected via jugular catheters at 20-min intervals for 8 hours beginning 1 hour pre-feeding. Plasma was extracted and analyzed for insulin, leptin, and active ghrelin. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and glucose were analyzed to evaluate changes in postabsorptive metabolism using plasma from each 60-min interval. DMI decreased linearly with increased ERV concentration (P< 0.0001). A quadratic increase was observed for insulin with the 2.7 ppm ERV treatment having the greatest concentrations (P< 0.0001). A quadratic response was observed for leptin where the 1.8 ppm ERV treatment had the greatest concentrations (P< 0.0001). Active ghrelin concentrations decreased linearly with increasing ERV concentrations (P=0.047). A treatment-by-time interaction was observed for NEFA (P< 0.0001) where the 1.8 ppm ERV decreased from pre-feeding to 1-hour post-feeding and did not differ from control thereafter whereas, the 2.7 ppm ERV treatment increased above the 0 ppm ERV treatment beginning 5 hours post-feeding and was greatest among all treatments at 6 hours post-feeding. The 2.7 ppm ERV treatment exhibited the least BHB concentrations (P=0.029). Glucose concentrations increased linearly with increasing ERV concentrations (P=0.046). These results indicate that consumption of E+ seed decreases intake which may be possible through alteration of hormones and may also alter post-absorptive metabolism.
PSIX-15 The Influence of Trace Mineral Source on Reproductive Performance in Recipient Multiparous Beef Cows
Authors: Thomas Tyler A , Tangredi Briana V , Hallmark Harrison D , Thorndyke Meghan P , de Bisneto Octavio Almeida Guimaraes , Crane Sara , Engle Terry E
Published: September 2022

Fifty cow-calf pairs were used to investigate the influence of trace mineral (TM) source on reproductive performance following embryo transfer. Cows were blocked by BW and breed and sorted into pens containing 5 cow-calf pairs. Each group was randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) Organic TM (OTM): 75 mg of Cu from Cu proteinate, 8 mg of Co from Co proteinate, 105 mg of Mn from Mn proteinate, 3 mg of Se from Sel-Plex, and 220 mg of Zn from Zn proteinate, animal-1∙d-1; and 2) Inorganic TM (ITM): 255 mg of Cu from Cu sulfate, 2.6 mg of Co from Co carbonate, 1018 mg of Mn from Mn sulfate, 3 mg Se from sodium selenate, and 763 mg of Zn from Zn sulfate, animal-1∙d-1. All cows were fed a roughage-based diet with no supplemental Cu, Co, Mn, Se, or Zn. Cows were individually fed 0.9 kg of the appropriate supplement pellets daily to deliver TM treatments for 89-d, starting 5-d after estrous synchronization. Estrous was synchronized in all cows on d 0 of the experiment and cows received embryos 8-d after expressing estrous. Serum and plasma were obtained every 28-d and analyzed for reproductive hormones and TM, respectively. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design in R (version 4.0.5). Reproductive performance and hormone concentrations were similar across treatments. Cows receiving OTM had greater Se (P < 0.05) and Cu (P < 0.05) concentrations when compared to ITM. There was a treatment x time interaction for Cu concentrations (P < 0.03). Copper concentrations decreased over time in ITM supplemented cows and increased over time in OTM supplemented cows. These data suggest that TM source did not impact reproductive performance but did improve Cu and Se status in cows over the 94-d experiment.
PSIX-18
Use of Feed Additives to Improve the Recovery of Unweaned Calves After Transportation
Authors: Marti Sonia , Blanch Marta , Terre Marta , Devant Maria
Published: September 2022

Transportation of unweaned calves involves periods of feed restriction and stress without a fully developed immune system and gastrointestinal tract. The use of additives to enhance intake and immunity at arrival could be a strategy to minimize those negative effects. Holstein male calves (n + 39; 16 ± 1.2 d of age and 46 ± 0.1 kg of BW) were used to evaluate the effect of a mixture of feed additives (FA) comprising palatability enhancers, standardized olive pomace extract and tributyrin on performance, energy balance (BHBA), GI functionality (Cr-EDTA and citrulline) and inflammation in calves fed restrictively [2.5 L of milk replacer (MR) twice daily at 12.5%] simulating an assembly center and transported (fasted). Calves were distributed in 3 treatments: non-transported calves fed MR and concentrate without FA since the beginning of the study until weaning (CTR; n=13); and two treatments where calves were fed MR without FA during the restriction period (3d) and transported for 19 h, at arrival calves were offered MR and concentrate without FA (TNA; n =13) or with FA (TWA; n = 13). The MR was offered at 2.5 L twice daily and concentrate ad libitum. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effects model. After transportation (d0), calves on TNA and TWA treatments had a peak of concentrate intake greater (P < 0.05) compared with CTR even those calves had no concentrate before; and on d1, calves on TNA decreased concentrate intake in a greater extent than TWA. Serum IL-1ß on d1 was lesser (P < 0.05) in TNA compared with CTR and TWA. Serum citrulline on d 2 was lesser (P < 0.05) in the TNA compared with TWA. The mixture of FA mitigates the decline of concentrate intake the day after transport and seems to recover enterocytes mass estimated by serum citrulline concentration.
PSIX-16 Urine Metabolome and Whole Blood Transcriptome of Beef Steers with low or High Residual Feed Intake
Authors: Taiwo Godstime A , Idowu Modoluwamu , Jose Mata Padrino Domingo , Denvir James , Ogunade Ibukun M
Published: September 2022

We analyzed the metabolome of urine samples to identify urinary metabolic biomarkers and whole blood transcriptome-based gene set enrichment to identify key pathways associated with divergent selection for low or high RFI in beef cattle. Low-RFI beef steers (n = 8; RFI = - 1.93 kg/d) and high-RFI beef steers (n = 8; RFI = + 2.01kg/d) were selected from a group of 56 growing crossbred beef steers after a 49-d performance testing period. At the end of the 49-d period, weekly urine and blood samples were collected three times from the low- and high-RFI steers. Metabolome analysis of the urine samples was conducted using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometer and biomarker analysis of the metabolome data was performed to identify candidate biomarkers (FDR ≤ 0.05; AUC ≥ 0.85) associated with RFI. Whole-blood RNA sequencing was performed on an Illumina sequencer and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to analyze differentially expressed (FDR ≤ 0.05) pathways. A total number of 557 metabolites were detected and identified. Biomarker analysis of the metabolome data identified N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, O-methyl-L-threonine, uridine, and threoninyl-hydroxyproline as candidate biomarkers (FDR ≤ 0.05; AUC > 0.85) of RFI. Results of GSEA revealed pathways associated with protein metabolism, cellular responses to external stimuli, and stress were differentially inhibited in high-RFI compared with low-RFI beef cattle, while pathways associated with binding and uptake of ligands by scavenger receptors and erythrocytes release/take up oxygen were differentially enriched (FDR < 0.05) in high-RFI beef steers. Taken together, our results revealed that urine is a potential source of metabolite biomarkers associated with RFI and beef steers divergently selected for low or high RFI have differential expressions of genes related to protein metabolism and stress responsiveness. high RFI revealed differential expressions of genes related to protein metabolism and stress responsiveness.
PSIX-11 The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Alpha Diversity and Proteobacteria Ratio in South African Feedlot Cattle in the Finisher Phase
Authors: Linde Dina A , du Toit Lindeque , Schokker Dirkjan , van Marle-Koster Este
Published: September 2022

Probiotics are known to stabilize the microbiome especially in monogastric animals. Limited information is available on the potential effect on the rumen microbiome. Feedlot cattle are fed high concentrate diets which may result in subclinical and clinical acidosis due to dysbiosis. This can negatively affect the production and lead to morbidities and death. The alpha diversity of a microbiome population and the ratio of Proteobacteria towards Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes have been known to indicate potential dysbiosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotics on the alpha diversity and Proteobacteria ratio of the rumen microbiome of feedlot cattle during the finisher phase. Thirty-six Bonsmara bulls were randomly divided into three groups and fed for 120 days; a basal diet commonly fed in South African feedlots (CTR: control), the basal diet supplemented with monensin (30 mg/animal/day; MON) or a Bacillus-based probiotic (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis; Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S at 2.75 g/animal/day; BOV). Four animals from each of the groups were randomly selected for rumen content collection during the finisher phase using a stomach tube. After DNA extraction was completed, 16S rRNA sequencing (V3-V4) was performed. Alpha diversity (Shannon) and the relative abundance of the phyla was determined using phyloseq with significance (p< 0.05) determined with the Kruskal-Wallis test. In total, 41 300 ASVs and 10 phyla were identified. BOV had a significantly greater (p=0.023) alpha diversity compared with CTR and numerically greater compared with MON. The Proteobacteria ratio was greater than expected in all groups. However, the ratio was significantly less in BOV compared with CTR (p=0.028) and numerically less compared with MON. The results indicate that probiotic supplementation of feedlot cattle has the potential to stabilize the rumen microbiome by increasing the alpha diversity and decreasing the Proteobacteria ratio thereby preventing dysbiosis.
PSIX-7 Sorghum Silage: Effects of Processing on Performance of Backgrounding Beef Cattle
Authors: Abdelhadi Leandro O , Mattioli Guillermo , DiLorenzo Nicolas
Published: September 2022

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of processing sorghum silage (SS) at harvest, on ADG, DMI and FE of beef heifers. We used 96 Angus heifers in a completely randomized design with 6 pens of 8 heifers per treatment. Mixed model of SAS was used, and the model included the fixed effect of treatment [SS processed (PRO) or not (NPR)] with initial BW used as covariate. Significance was declared at P< 0.05. A dual-purpose sorghum (ADV2450IG, Advanta seeds, Irving, TX) was harvested (Claas Jaguar 930, Harsewinkel, Germany) at the late drought stage of grain maturity and PRO or NPR were obtained with a specific SS cracker (196 mm rolls of 125 teeth each, 40% speed differential, 1.1 mm roll gap). Each treatment was chopped at 15 mm theoretical length of cut and ensiled in polyethylene ag-bags (60 m long and 2.74 m diameter), for 45 d until starting the feeding trial. Two backgrounding diets containing (DM basis), 91.5% SS PRO or NPR (31.4±1.4% grain content on average), 6.5% soybean meal (expeller) and 3% supplement (ROC90, Provimi, Argentina); were offered for a 15 d of adaptation and 60 d of experimental period. Diets were adjusted daily to score 0.5, using the SDSU 4-point bunk scoring system and samples were taken for analyses (Rock River Laboratories, Argentina). Initial, middle and final BW was measured, while DMI was calculated from differences between DM offered and refused, within each pen. In conclusion, harvesting SS using a sorghum-specific cracker led to a 15 and 21% increase in ADG and FE, respectively, when SS was included in diets fed to backgrounding Angus heifers.
PSV-B-20 Effect of Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Undigested Neutral Detergent Fiber on Eating Behavior, Ruminal pH, Ruminal Motility, and Total Tract Permeability for Finishing Cattle
Authors: Pereira Murillo C , Franceschi Aniele B , Wood Katharine M , Yang WenZhu , Beauchemin Karen A , McAllister Timothy A , Penner Gregory B
Published: September 2022

This study evaluated the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF), and undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) on dry matter intake (DMI), eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and total tract permeability for finishing cattle. Simmental heifers (n=6; 667.8±28.4 kg) were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square (21-d periods) balanced for carry-over effects. Barley grain-based diets were formulated to provide treatments with: low peNDF and low uNDF (95% barley and supplement, and 0% straw; 0FOR); low peNDF but high uNDF (85% barley and supplement, 10% pelleted straw; PEL); or high peNDF with high uNDF (85% barley and supplement, 10% chopped straw; ST). Treatment did not affect DMI (P=0.93). Heifers fed 0FOR spent less (P< 0.01) time eating vs. ST, where PEL was intermediate. Time spent ruminating was greater (P=0.01) for ST than 0FOR, with PEL not differing. Heifers fed 0FOR had fewer meals/d than ST (P< 0.01) and meal size was greater for 0FOR than PEL and ST (P< 0.01). Feeding 0FOR reduced (P=0.02) mean ruminal pH (5.65 vs. 6.07) and increased (522 vs. 288 min/d, P=0.02) the duration that pH was < 5.5 relative to ST with PEL being intermediate (5.82 and 504 min/d, respectively). Heifers fed 0FOR had greater (112.5 vs. 59.9 sec, P=0.05) time between contractions and lesser (61.45 vs. 94.58 mmHg′sec, P=0.05) contraction area compared with cattle fed ST, while PEL remained intermediate (76.73 sec and 73.29 mmHg×sec, respectively). Permeability of the gastrointestinal tract to Cr-EDTA and intestine to Co-EDTA did not differ (P≥0.11) among treatments. The data suggest that increasing uNDF improved ruminal function, but increasing uNDF with peNDF is needed to decrease the risk of ruminal acidosis in finishing cattle. The results further suggest that the use of uNDF and peNDF may provide useful information over NDF inclusion when evaluating fiber adequacy of finishing diets.
PSV-B-19 Effect of Phi-Chrome on Beef Cattle Feedlot Performance in Commercial Conditions in Mexico
Authors: Gorocica Milton , Meza Aaron , Martinez Eduardo , Hidalgo Jorge
Published: September 2022

An observational study was conducted to investigate the effect of Phi-Chrome (chromium propionate) on feedlot cattle performance in commercial conditions in Mexico. Performance data from 116 closeouts of pens involving 7,207 crossbred bulls (25% Bos taurus - 75% Bos indicus) fed 140 d with or without Phi-Chrome were collected from a feedlot located in central Mexico and analyzed; DMI, ADG, and FE of 58 closeouts collected over 2019 (control, 0 ppb Phi-Chrome) was contrasted with the performance of 58 closeouts collected over 2020 (Phi-Chrome, 500 ppb). Data were analyzed by linear mixed models, including fixed effects of treatment (Phi-Chrome; 0 vs. 500 ppb), season of year in which cattle started feeding (spring, summer, fall, and winter), interaction treatment × season, and average initial body weight as covariate (from 324 to 351 kg). The year was fitted as a random effect. There were no treatment × season significant interactions (P ≥ 0.117). Season and treatment main effects were significant (P ≤ 0.024) on DMI and FE and not significant (P ≥ 0.472) on ADG. Average initial body weight was significant (P ≤ 0.001) on ADG and FE, but not significant (P = 0.533) on DMI. The DMI was greater for closeouts of cattle without Phi-Chrome (9.40 kg•animal-1•d-1 for Phi-Chrome vs. 9.67 kg•animal-1•d-1 for control; P = 0.001). The ADG was not different between treatments (1.73 kg•d-1 for Phi-Chrome vs. 1.74 kg•d-1 for control; P = 0.472). The FE was better for closeouts of cattle fed with Phi-Chrome (Gain:Feed: 0.185 for Phi-Chrome vs. 0.180 for control; P = 0.013. Feed conversion ratio: 5.43 for Phi-Chrome vs. 5.56 for control; P = 0.021). This research study suggests that the feed efficiency of beef cattle in feedlot commercial conditions of Mexico is improved ~2.5% by feeding cattle with 500 ppb of Phi-Chrome.
PSVI-20 Effect of Skin Thickness and Rumen-Protected Methionine on Body Temperature of Nelore Cows Keep on Tropical Environment
Authors: Brauner Cassio Cassal , Barbosa Matheus , de Izquierdo Vinicius Souza , Cardoso Jordani , Lopes Fernanda , Corrêa Marcio Nunes , Schmitt Eduardo
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected (RPM) supplementation on body temperature, as well as the relationship between skin thickness and body temperature of Nelore cows in a tropical climate. The study was carried out at the Hildegard Georgina Von Pritzelwitz Agrozootechnical Experimental Station (Fazenda Figueira), located in southern Brazil (23º34'26" S; 50º58'14" W), during the 2020/2021 breeding season. In the period from d-28, 28 days after the FTAI protocol, the animals were divided into 2 treatments: the Control Group (CG) receiving 100g/cow/day of mineral salt, and the Methionine group (MG) with the same mineral salt supplementation plus 3g RPM. Between d-9 and d-2 FTAI the body temperature was measured using a data logger coupled to the progesterone device, with assessment of vaginal temperature every 30 minutes. The skin was measured in millimeters (mm) with a cutimeter in the scapular region at the same day of pregnancy diagnosis (d28). The mean plus one standard deviation of the skin thickness was used to categorize the animals with thick skin and thin skin corresponding to (CG: 5.09% of 530 animals; GM: 5.28% of 530 animals) leaving a total of 55 animals in total, GC=27 and MG=28. Data were analyzed using Mixed Models in JMP, considering the body temperature as the random variable; group, day, quartile and their interactions with fixed effects; animals were included as a random effect. Body temperature was different between GC (38.878±0.028) and GM (38.784±0.028), P< 0.05. The interaction between group and skin category was different between GC-thin skin (38.92±0.041) and MG-thin skin (38.74±0.037; P< 0.05), the other categories showed no difference (P > 0.05). The other evaluations did not show difference (P >0.05). In conclusion, methionine was able to reduce the internal body temperature of Nelore cows at tropical temperatures, mainly in those with thin skin thickness.
PSVI-17 Effect of Post-Ruminal Amino Acid Supply on Organ Mass and Small Intestinal Length in Holstein Bull Calves fed a Starch-Based Milk Replacer
Authors: Petzel Emily , Acharya Subash , Bailey Eric , Shiba Setsabile , Brake Derek
Published: September 2022

Forty Holstein bull calves were fed 1 of 3 starch-based milk replacers for either 10 or 35 days to determine responses in organ mass and small intestinal length. Calves (87.2 ± 7.7 kg) were bottle-fed a cornstarch-based milk replacer (727 g of cornstarch daily) alone, milk replacer with added casein (154.7 g/d) or milk replacer with added glutamate (45.5 g/d) for 10 or 35 d. Prior to receiving treatments calves were fed a commercial milk replacer for either 12 or 15 weeks so that measures of organ mass and small intestinal length were collected at the same day of age. Measures of organ mass were achieved after calves were euthanized and digesta was removed. Duodenum was defined as the first 1-m caudal to the pyloric sphincter. Jejunum and ileum were defined as the cranial and caudal halves of the remaining small intestines. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Average daily gain was 68% greater (P = 0.02) for calves fed casein compared to control, but glutamate did not differ from casein or control. Mass of the omasum, abomasum, jejunum, ileum, heart, or kidney and length of the jejunum or ileum were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.18); however, additions of casein increased (P ≤ 0.05) mass of the rumen, duodenum, large intestine, liver, and spleen. Greater duration of treatment increased rumen, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, large intestine, heart, liver, and spleen mass (P ≤ 0.05), but there was treatment by duration interaction (P ≥ 0.18). Interestingly, there was an interaction (P < 0.01) for jejunal and ileal length in response to treatment and duration. Length of each segment increased with duration of treatment for calves fed casein or glutamate but lengths decreased in calves fed control for greater amounts of time.
PSVII-12 Efficacy of Formic Acid as a Silage Preservative on Dairy Cattle Performance
Authors: Menezes Guilherme L , Oliveira Alan , Gonçalves Lúcio , Ferraretto Luiz , Dorea João , Jayme Diogo
Published: September 2022

Formic acid (FOR) is a silage additive used to suppress growth of undesired bacteria. However, its effects on silage quality and dairy cattle performance have not yet been systematically reviewed. The objectives of this study were to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis (1) to evaluate the efficacy of FOR as a silage additive on fermentation quality and (2) to evaluate the effects of silage preserved with FOR on dairy cattle performance. One hundred and fifty-three and twenty-eight research articles were reviewed for silage quality and dairy cattle performance. The data were analyzed using a mixed model, with random effects of study and fixed effect of treatment (formic acid) The raw mean difference (RMD) for each response variable, with 95% confidence interval, was calculated as the difference between FOR and control diets. The additives increased (P < 0.01) dry matter intake (RMD = 0.540 kg/d), milk yield (RMD = 0.453 kg/d), fat (RMD = 0.115 %) and protein (RMD = 0.075 %) concentrations. Milk urea nitrogen (RMD = -0.813 mg/dL) and lactose (RMD = -0.018 %) were reduced (P < 0.01) with the use of additives. Formic acid increased (P < 0.01) silage dry matter (DM) concentration (RMD = 6.06 g/kg DM), recovery (RMD = 2.30 % of DM), and in vitro digestibility (RMD = 19.1 g/kg DM), and water-soluble carbohydrates (RMD = 16.5 g/kg DM) concentration. The addition of FOR reduced (P < 0.001) silage pH (RMD = -0.226), ammonia-N (RMD = -37.3 g/kg of total nitrogen), lactic (RMD = -13.4 g/kg DM), acetic (RMD = - 11.5g/kg DM) and butyric (RMD = - 1.92 g/kg DM) acids. Formic acid-based additives ( >50% of FOR) improved silage quality and dairy cattle performance.
PSVII-16 Evaluation of the Population Profile of Methanogenic Microorganisms in Animals Treated with the Additive Fator P
Authors: Ferreira Luis , Daurea Andre , Araújo Wellington , Bertelli Lauriston , Nishimura Felipe , Saltoratto Ana
Published: September 2022

The effects caused by climatic variations in the world, have been attributed to the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases and as a consequence of worsening global warming. The improper handling of animals can contribute to the emission of gases of enteric origin, which are harmful to the environment. The use of additives in the diet of animals tends to be more advantageous as it will equilibrate the ruminal microbial flora, modulate the ruminal metabolism, and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to environment. Fator P is a natural additive that was developed to attend the current needs of the livestock market, and make the management system more productive and sustainable, and reduce impacts on the environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the profile of methanogenic microorganisms by the method of relative quantification by qPCR in animals treated with the natural additive Fator P. The experiment was carried out in triplicate, with a total of six animals, in pasture, receiving 6 gr of the Fator P additive and control. Over 28 days of experiment, the ruminal liquid was collected in days 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and the DNA was extracted using the Qiagem 51604 kit. The reaction of qPCR was realized using a primers sequence of total bacteria and methanogenic bacteria. The population profile of microorganisms over the days, Factor P showed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0,05) on days 2 (55,7%; p = 0,0188), 7 (72,08%; p = 0,0445), 14 (56,31%, p = 0,0123), 21 (46,62%, p = 0,0049), 28 (53,28%, p = 0,0499). The result indicates that the reduction in the population of methanogens can reduce the emission of gases of enteric origin and shows the efficiency of the additive in management system more productive and sustainable.
PSVII-4 Effects of Feeding Direct-fed Microbials on Performance and Carcass Traits of Finishing Bos Indicus Cattle
Authors: de Dias Bruno Garcia Carvalho , Meschiatti Murilo A , Brixner Bárbara , Almeida Alecsander , Cappellozza Bruno , Copani Giuseppe , Ferreira Paulo , Queiroz Oscar , Santos Flavio
Published: September 2022

Feed additives, such as direct-fed microbials (DFM), are commonly included into feedlot diets to improve rumen fermentation, gastrointestinal tract health, and overall animal performance. Among the strains of interest in DFM products, yeast, lactic acid and bacilli are highlighted. Hence, we hypothesized that the supplementation of different DFM would improve performance of feedlot Bos indicus cattle receiving a finishing diet. On day -1, 240 Nellore bulls were blocked based on initial body weight (BW; 374 ± 35.3 kg) into 1 of 60 feedlot pens (4 bulls/pen) and pens within blocks were randomly assigned to: (1) Control: no DFM supplementation (n = 20), (2) EFSC: 1 gram/head per day of a DFM based on Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Probios Precise, Chr. Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark; n = 20), and (3) BLBS: 2 grams/head per day of a DFM based on Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S; n = 20). There were 3 adapting diets and the finishing diet (20% corn silage, 33% ground flint corn, 45% distiller’s bran plus soluble and 2% minerals and vitamins mixture) that was offered throughout the experimental period (115 days). On day 113, carcass ultrasound evaluations were performed, and carcass traits were also obtained upon slaughter on day 117. All data were analyzed as orthogonal contrasts (SAS Software): (1) DFM vs. Control and (2) EFSC vs. BLBS. No effects were observed on daily DMI (P ≥ 0.18) or final BW (P ≥ 0.12). Nonetheless, DFM supplementation, regardless of type, tended to improve ADG (1.57 vs. 1.50 kg; P = 0.10) and FE (145 vs. 140 g/kg; P = 0.07). No further effects were observed on carcass traits measured via ultrasound or at slaughter (P ≥ 0.22). In summary, DFM supplementation, regardless of type, tended to benefit feedlot performance of Bos indicus bulls.
PSVII-13 Evaluation of Ginkgo Leaf as a Feed for Ruminants by Using in Vitro gas Production Technique
Authors: Wang Lin , Lin Miao , Yang Yuwei , Liu Dalin , Zhao Guoqi
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to examine the fermentation characteristics of ginkgo leaf compared with traditional feeds, rice straw, alfalfa and soybean meal, by using in vitro gas production technique. Three ruminal cannulated Chinese Holstein dairy cows were fed a total mixed ration. Rumen fluid was collected via from a ruminal cannula before feeding and then filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. Samples (220 mg air-dried) of rice straw, alfalfa, soybean meal and ginkgo leaf were placed in each glass bottle (150 mL), and 30 mL mixed solution with rumen fluid and a buffer solution (1:2 v/v). Three replicates of each sample were incubated in shaking bath at 39 °C for 48 h. The gas production was measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. The gas production data were fitted to the non-linear model Y = A + B (1 – e-CT). The results demonstrated that the ginkgo leaf had significantly greater in vitro gas production compared with the other feeds at each observation time. The amount of gas production from the immediately soluble fraction (A) of the four test feeds were all positive. The gas production from the insoluble fraction (B) of alfalfa was least at 43.82 mL and ginkgo leaf showed significantly greater B values than alfalfa. The gas production rate (C) was significantly greater for ginkgo leaf than those C values for rice straw and soybean meal. The in vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibility (%) of ginkgo leaf were 99.6 and 98.7, respectively, which were significantly greater than those of soybean meal. The total volatile fatty acid production of ginkgo leaf was significantly greater than that of rice straw, and the ammonia concentration of ginkgo leaf decreased significantly. It indicated that ginkgo leaf could be used as a protein source feed for ruminants.