bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hooked on Sol-Fa: the do-re-mi heuristic for Yorùbá speech tones
Authors: Carter-Ényì Aaron
Published: May 2018

Sarah Ann Glover (1785–1867) believed that singing was for the public good and Samuel Àjàyí Crowther (1809–91) thought that speech tones should be preserved in writing. Their stories illustrate that diversity in thought may encounter obstacles, but can ultimately shape human consciousness. While this shows a positive side of missionary work, bringing people and ideas together, the transmission of Glover's and Crowther's ideas was mediated by the overlapping political, social and cultural hegemonies of the colonial era. Crowther was celebrated in the English-speaking world as evidence that the civilizing agenda – and colonialism – was good for all involved, but his orthographic approach was credited to the missionary linguist Johann Gottlieb Christaller. Glover's innovations in music education have been misattributed to John Curwen and Zoltán Kodály. Drawing evidence from ethnographic work, field recordings, language surveys and literature from a variety of disciplines, this article asks the question: why is do-re-mi the preferred heuristic for Yorùbá speech tone? Glover's and Crowther's physical paths never crossed, but their ideas did, converging in a remarkable inter-continental and trans-disciplinary synthesis. The do-re-mi heuristic resists the pitch-height paradigm used in formal linguistics (low-mid-high). In a culture where drums can speak, it is unsurprising that a musical model filled a void in the (European) concept of what a language could be.
Embedded Revisionism: Networks, Institutions, and Challenges to World Order
Authors: Goddard Stacie E.
Published: May 2018

How do institutions shape revisionist behavior in world politics? Applying a network-relational approach to revisionist states and challenges to institutional order, I conceive of institutions as networks—as patterns of ongoing social transactions in which revisionists are embedded. Revisionist behavior is shaped by how a state is positioned within this existing network of institutions. A state's position significantly influences the material and cultural resources the state can deploy in pursuit of its aims, and thus the revisionist's strategy. Focusing on two measures of network position—access and brokerage—I propose four ideal types of revisionists and their strategies in the international system: integrated revisionists, who are likely to pursue institutional engagement; bridging revisionists, who will seek rule-based revolution; isolated revisionists, who prefer to exit the institutional system; and rogue revisionists, who have few resources at hand, and thus ultimately must resort to hegemonic violence. I test these ideal types in four cases of revisionists and institutional orders: Russia in the 1820s; Prussia in the 1860s; the Soviet Union in the early Cold War; and Japan in the 1920s and 1930s.
Telephone-delivered psychosocial interventions targeting key health priorities in adults with a psychotic disorder: systematic review
Authors: Baker Amanda L. , Turner Alyna , Beck Alison , Berry Katherine , Haddock Gillian , Kelly Peter J. , Bucci Sandra
Published: May 2018

Background

The mental and physical health of individuals with a psychotic illness are typically poor. Access to psychosocial interventions is important but currently limited. Telephone-delivered interventions may assist. In the current systematic review, we aim to summarise and critically analyse evidence for telephone-delivered psychosocial interventions targeting key health priorities in adults with a psychotic disorder, including (i) relapse, (ii) adherence to psychiatric medication and/or (iii) modifiable cardiovascular disease risk behaviours.

Methods

Ten peer-reviewed and four grey literature databases were searched for English-language studies examining psychosocial telephone-delivered interventions targeting relapse, medication adherence and/or health behaviours in adults with a psychotic disorder. Study heterogeneity precluded meta-analyses.

Results

Twenty trials [13 randomised controlled trials (RCTs)] were included, involving 2473 participants (relapse prevention = 867; medication adherence = 1273; and health behaviour = 333). Five of eight RCTs targeting relapse prevention and one of three targeting medication adherence reported at least 50% of outcomes in favour of the telephone-delivered intervention. The two health-behaviour RCTs found comparable levels of improvement across treatment conditions.

Conclusions

Although most interventions combined telephone and face-to-face delivery, there was evidence to support the benefit of entirely telephone-delivered interventions. Telephone interventions represent a potentially feasible and effective option for improving key health priorities among people with psychotic disorders. Further methodologically rigorous evaluations are warranted.
Robotic tails: a state-of-the-art review
Authors: Saab Wael , Rone William S. , Ben-Tzvi Pinhas
Published: May 2018

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in robotic tails intended for inertial adjustment applications on-board mobile robots. Inspired by biological tails observed in nature, robotic tails provide a separate means to enhance stabilization, and maneuverability from the mobile robot's main form of locomotion, such as legs or wheels. Research over the past decade has primarily focused on implementing single-body rigid pendulum-like tail mechanisms to demonstrate inertial adjustment capabilities on-board walking, jumping and wheeled mobile robots. Recently, there have been increased efforts aimed at leveraging the benefits of both articulated and continuum tail mechanism designs to enhance inertial adjustment capabilities and further emulate the structure and functionalities of tail usage found in nature. This paper discusses relevant research in design, modeling, analysis and implementation of robotic tails onto mobile robots, and highlight how this work is being used to build robotic systems with enhanced performance capabilities. The goal of this article is to outline progress and identify key challenges that lay ahead.
Three levels of simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds ofIlex(Aquifoliaceae) species from Argentina
Authors: Galíndez Guadalupe , Ceccato Diana , Bubillo Rosana , Lindow-López Lucía , Malagrina Gisela , Ortega-Baes Pablo , Baskin Carol C.
Published: May 2018

As a contribution to understanding the world biogeography of seed dormancy in the cosmopolitan genusIlex, we studied seeds ofI.argentina,I. brasiliensis,I. brevicuspis,I. dumosa,I. paraguariensisandI. theezansfrom the subtropical region of Argentina. We hypothesized that seeds of these species have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Effects of temperature, cold stratification and gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination and embryo growth were tested. Regardless of incubation temperature, little or no germination occurred for any species until ≥6 weeks. There was an up to 3-fold increase in embryo length to seed length (E:S) ratio before seeds germinated, and embryos grew only during warm-stratifying conditions. Seeds ofI. brasiliensis,I. brevicuspisandI. theezanshad non-deep simple MPD and germinated to ≥80% after 12, 24 and 16 weeks, respectively. Cold stratification increased germination ofI. brasiliensisandI. brevicuspis, and GA3increased the rate but not final germination percentage ofI. brasiliensisandI. theezans. Fresh seeds ofI. dumosarequired 40 weeks of warm stratification to germinate to 53%, while those after-ripened for 2 months germinated to 81% after 30 weeks; this species has intermediate simple MPD. Seeds ofI. argentinaandI. paraguariensisgerminated to 15 and 21%, respectively, after 40 weeks of warm stratification and did not after-ripen or respond to GA3; these seeds have deep simple MPD. This is the first report of intermediate and deep simple MPD that is broken by warm stratification, thereby increasing our knowledge of seed dormancy inIlexand in subtropical regions.
Seismicity, Metamorphism, and Fluid Evolution Across the Northern Cascadia Fore Arc
Authors: Savard Geneviève , Bostock Michael G. , Christensen Nikolas I.
Published: May 2018

We invert traveltime data from regular seismicity and low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) on southern Vancouver Island to map fore‐arc structure and seismogenesis. Tomographic images reveal high Poisson's ratios associated with a previously mapped, dipping low‐velocity zone inferred to be overpressured, upper oceanic crust of the Juan de Fuca plate, where LFEs and other slow‐slip phenomena occur. Low Poisson's ratios (∼0.225) in the fore‐arc continental crust above the mantle wedge are accompanied by high Vp (∼6.65 km/s) and high levels of clustered microseismicity. This crustal anomaly is positioned above the slab, where focused expulsion of fluids is inferred based on independent evidence, suggesting an association between composition, fluids, and seismogenesis. We propose that the anomalous crust harbors a high percentage (≤15%) of quartz, characterized by extremely low Poisson's ratio of 0.1. Earlier studies have proposed that excess quartz in the crust is precipitated from fluids fluxed from the subducting slab. In contrast, we posit that quartz is produced and concentrated in situ by metasomatism in the fore‐arc crust catalyzed through focused ingress of slab‐derived fluids at high‐pore pressure. These fluids enable microseismic activation of high‐angle thrust faults through a fault‐valve mechanism that concentrates quartz via pore‐pressure cycling. Larger M ≥ 6 events like those recently proposed to occur along the Leech River Fault may nucleate deep in the brittle‐ductile transition as a result of these reactions. The fore‐arc crust in warm subduction settings may thus suffer extreme exposure to prolonged fluid flow, an inference with relevance to the genesis of orogenic gold deposits.
Necking of the Lithosphere: A Reappraisal of Basic Concepts With Thermo‐Mechanical Numerical Modeling
Authors: Chenin Pauline , Schmalholz Stefan M. , Manatschal Gianreto , Karner Garry D.
Published: May 2018

We investigate lithosphere necking using two‐dimensional thermo‐mechanical numerical simulations without strain softening or weakening mechanisms. The models have an initial small sinusoidal perturbation of the Moho depth, whose wavelength corresponds to the model width. Applied boundary conditions (constant extension velocity or bulk extension rate) and initial model width significantly impact the necking dynamics. For constant bulk extension rates, wider models generate more intense necking with locally higher strain rates, whereas for constant velocity extension, models evolution is similar independent on their initial width. However, the width of the final necking zones ranges consistently between 45 and 105 km, independent on the type of applied boundary conditions and the initial Moho wavelength. The modeled widths are similar to along dip necking zones widths of natural rifted margins that formed during a single, unidirectional, and relatively continuous extensional event (e.g., Iberia‐Newfoundland margins, Porcupine Basin, Gulf of Aden). When the crust is mechanically decoupled from the mantle by a weak ductile lower crust, models exhibit three characteristic stages: (1) distributed thinning and extension associated with progressive subsidence; (2) upper mantle necking compensated by flow of the weak lower crust, which hampers both crustal thinning and subsidence at the rift center; and (3) crustal necking associated with fast subsidence after the mantle has necked. Decoupled models display regions of relatively thick crust on one or both sides of the rift center, comparable to the Galicia, Rockall, Hatton, and Porcupine Banks along the North Atlantic rifted margins.
Detailed Analysis of Near Tectonic Features Along the East Pacific Rise at 16°N, Near the Mathematician Hot Spot
Authors: Le Saout M. , Thibaud R. , Gente P.
Published: May 2018

Spreading processes at the axes of fast spreading ridges are mainly controlled by magmatic activity, whereas tectonic activity dominates further away from the axis. High‐resolution near‐bottom bathymetry data, photographs, videos, and human observations from submersible surveys are used to develop a detailed tectonic analysis of the 16°N segment of the East Pacific Rise (EPR). These data are used to evaluate how a highly magmatic segment, close to a hot spot, affects the nucleation and evolution of faulting patterns and impacts the evaluation of tectonic strain within 2 km of the spreading axis. Our study shows that (1) the growth of tectonic features differs in response to dike intrusion and tectonic extension, (2) the initiation of brittle extension is strongly controlled by the location of the axial magma lens and the development of layer 2A, and (3) the high magmatic budget and the off‐axis magma lens in the west part of the plateau do not significantly impact the initiation of brittle extension along the central portion of the 16°N segment. Within the axial summit region, more than 2% of plate separation at 16°N on the EPR is accommodated by brittle extension, as is observed at other EPR segments. The interaction of the Mathematician hot spot with this EPR segment has no significant influence on the initiation of the tectonic deformation, but it does reduce the development of the brittle deformation.
Internal Tide Dissipation at Topography: Triadic Resonant Instability Equatorward and Evanescent Waves Poleward of the Critical Latitude
Authors: Richet O. , Chomaz J.‐M. , Muller C.
Published: May 2018

Several studies have shown the existence of a critical latitude where the dissipation of internal tides is strongly enhanced. Internal tides are internal waves generated by barotropic tidal currents impinging rough topography at the seafloor. Their dissipation and concomitant diapycnal mixing are believed to be important for water masses and the large‐scale ocean circulation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the physical processes at the origin of this strong latitudinal dependence of tidal energy dissipation. We find that different mechanisms are involved equatorward and poleward of the critical latitude. Triadic resonant instabilities are responsible for the dissipation of internal tides equatorward of the critical latitude. In particular, a dominant triad involving the primary internal tide and near‐inertial waves is key. At the critical latitude, the peak of energy dissipation is explained by both increased instability growth rates, and smaller scales of secondary waves thus more prone to break and dissipate their energy. Surprisingly, poleward of the critical latitude, the generation of evanescent waves appears to be crucial. Triadic instabilities have been widely studied, but the transfer of energy to evanescent waves has received comparatively little attention. Our work suggests that the nonlinear transfer of energy from the internal tide to evanescent waves (corresponding to the 2f‐pump mechanism described by Young et al., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112008001742) is an efficient mechanism to dissipate internal tide energy near and poleward of the critical latitude. The theoretical results are confirmed in idealized high‐resolution numerical simulations of a barotropic M2 tide impinging sinusoidal topography in a linearly stratified fluid.
Signatures of the 1976–1977 Regime Shift in the North Pacific Revealed by Statistical Analysis
Authors: Giamalaki K. , Beaulieu C. , Faranda D. , Henson S. A. , Josey S. A. , Martin A. P.
Published: May 2018

Regime shifts are abrupt changes in an ecosystem that may propagate through multiple trophic levels and have pronounced effects on the biotic and abiotic environment, potentially resulting in ecosystem reorganization. There are multiple mechanisms that could cause such abrupt events including natural and anthropogenic factors. In the North Pacific, a major shift in the physics of the system, including a sudden increase in sea surface temperature, was reported in 1977 with a prominent biological response in the lower trophic levels and subsequent effects on the fisheries and economy of the region. Here we investigate the statistics of physical processes that could have triggered and maintained the late 1970s shift. The hypothesis of an extreme sea level pressure event abruptly changing the oceanic conditions in winter 1976–1977, which was maintained by long‐term changes in air‐sea interaction processes, is tested. Using dynamical proxies, we show the occurrence of an extreme atmospheric event, specifically a persistent Aleutian Low during winter 1976–1977, which constitutes a substantial part of the triggering mechanism of the regime shift. Subsequent sudden changes in the net heat flux occurred in the western North Pacific, particularly in the Kuroshio Extension region, which contributed to the maintenance of the new regime.
Estimating Integrated Water Vapor Trends From VLBI, GPS, and Numerical Weather Models: Sensitivity to Tropospheric Parameterization
Authors: Balidakis Kyriakos , Nilsson Tobias , Zus Florian , Glaser Susanne , Heinkelmann Robert , Deng Zhiguo , Schuh Harald
Published: May 2018

In this study, we estimate integrated water vapor (IWV) trends from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) data analysis, as well as from numerical weather models (NWMs). We study the impact of modeling and parameterization of the tropospheric delay from VLBI on IWV trends. We address the impact of the meteorological data source utilized to model the hydrostatic delay and the thermal deformation of antennas, as well as the mapping functions employed to project zenith delays to arbitrary directions. To do so, we derive a new mapping function, called Potsdam mapping functions based on NWM data and a new empirical model, GFZ‐PT. GFZ‐PT differs from previous realizations as it describes diurnal and subdiurnal in addition to long‐wavelength variations, it provides harmonic functions of ray tracing‐derived gradients, and it features robustly estimated rates. We find that alternating the mapping functions in VLBI data analysis yields no statistically significant differences in the IWV rates, whereas alternating the meteorological data source distorts the trends significantly. Moreover, we explore methods to extract IWV given a NWM. The rigorously estimated IWV rates from the different VLBI setups, GNSS, and ERA‐Interim are intercompared, and a good agreement is found. We find a quite good agreement comparing ERA‐Interim to VLBI and GNSS, separately, at the level of 75%.
Current and Future Estimates of Wind Energy Potential Over Saudi Arabia
Authors: Chen Wanfang , Castruccio Stefano , Genton Marc G. , Crippa Paola
Published: May 2018

Saudi Arabia has a long tradition of relying on fossil fuels for satisfying its energy demand. With the rising energy needs due to population growth and societal development, the nation is seeking other sources of energy, which include its largely underused wind resources. In this paper, we analyze the wind power potential in Saudi Arabia based on the MENA CORDEX (Middle East North Africa Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) model output. We investigate which climate settings and MENA CORDEX runs best capture the spatiotemporal patterns of reanalysis products, as assessed by multiple statistical metrics. Although there is a systematic negative bias in wind speed magnitudes for the five analyzed MENA CORDEX simulations, all runs are able to reproduce the seasonality and annual cycle of wind speed shown in the reanalysis data. The MENA CORDEX run with the highest skills is used to quantify the wind energy potential in Saudi Arabia in both current and future climates. Our analysis shows that a high wind energy potential exists over a vast area of western Saudi Arabia, particularly in the region between Medina and the Red Sea coast and during summer months. Based on model projections, the energy potential in these areas is likely to persist at least until the middle of the 21st century and thus may provide a valuable renewable source of energy.
Seasonal Evolution of the Subglacial Hydrologic System Modified by Supraglacial Lake Drainage in Western Greenland
Authors: Andrews Lauren C. , Hoffman Matthew J. , Neumann Thomas A. , Catania Ginny A. , Lüthi Martin P. , Hawley Robert L. , Schild Kristin M. , Ryser Claudia , Morriss Blaine F.
Published: May 2018

The impact of summer surface melt on Greenland Ice Sheet dynamics is modulated by the state of the subglacial hydrologic system. Studies of ice motion indicate that efficiency of the subglacial system increases over the melt season, decreasing the sensitivity of ice motion to surface melt inputs. However, the behavior of the subglacial hydrologic system is complex and some characteristics are still poorly constrained. Here we investigate the coevolution of subglacial hydrology and ice motion in the Pâkitsoq region of western Greenland during the 2011 melt season. We analyze measurements from 11 Global Positioning System stations, from which we derive ice velocity, longitudinal strain rates, and basal uplift, alongside observations of surface ablation and supraglacial lake drainages. We observe ice acceleration after the onset of local surface melting, followed by gradual ice deceleration, consistent with increasing subglacial efficiency. In the study area, supraglacial lake drainages cooccur with a change in regional strain rate patterns and ice deceleration, suggesting that lake drainages contribute to rapid subglacial reorganization. At lower ice surface elevations (below ~900 m above sea level), ice motion is correlated with both total basal uplift and its rate of change, while at higher elevations (~900–1,100 m above sea level), ice motion correlated only with the basal uplift rate. This pattern suggests that continued cavity growth or subglacial sediment dynamics may be important in the apparent increase in subglacial drainage efficiency at higher elevations in the ablation zone. Our results further suggest that transient subglacial behavior is important in the seasonal evolution of ice motion.
Urbanization Effect on Winter Haze in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China
Authors: Zhong Shi , Qian Yun , Sarangi Chandan , Zhao Chun , Leung Ruby , Wang Hailong , Yan Huiping , Yang Tao , Yang Ben
Published: May 2018

The impact of urbanization‐induced land‐cover change and increase in anthropogenic emissions on the air quality of the megacity cluster of the Yangtze River Delta is investigated using the WRF‐Chem model coupled with an urban canopy model at cloud‐resolving resolution. The urban land‐cover effect results in considerable reduction of near‐surface aerosol concentrations over urban regions and an increase in particle concentrations at higher altitudes over the surrounding rural areas. The urban heat island effect increases the lower atmospheric instability and vertical velocity, thus increasing the planetary boundary layer height and ventilation over the urban area, favoring the dispersion of pollutants from urbanized areas to their immediate vicinities. However, the urbanization‐induced increases in aerosol emissions outweigh that of land‐cover change, resulting in a net increase in surface particle concentrations by up to 50 μg m−3 and the occurrence of winter haze by more than 10 d season−1 in the Yangtze River Delta region.
Paleomagnetic Study on the Permian Rocks of the Indochina Block and Its Implications for Paleogeographic Configuration and Northward Drifting of Cathaysialand in the Paleo‐Tethys
Authors: Yan Yonggang , Huang Baochun , Zhang Donghai , Charusiri Punya , Veeravinantanakul Apivut
Published: May 2018

The drift of Gondwana‐derived blocks across the Tethys has remained unclear specifically because one of the largest components, Indochina, has remained unconstrained by paleomagnetism during the late Paleozoic, the interval comprising the first half of its journey towards the Eurasian landmass. Hence, we report a paleomagnetic study of Early‐Middle Permian limestones from central Thailand yielding a high‐quality data set for the Indochina Block with probable primary origin. The magnetization yields a paleomagnetic pole at 34.1°N, 331.7°E (K = 45.4, A95 = 5.7°) corresponding to a paleolatitude of 21.2 ± 5.7°S at the center of the study area (15°N, 101°E) and supporting a tropical restoration for late Paleozoic Indochina. A total of ~5,000 km northward transition from a proximity to Gondwana in the Early‐Middle Permian (ca. 280 Ma) to the southern margin of Eurasia by the Late Triassic (Norian, ca. 220 Ma) is identified and yields an average northward latitudinal drift rate of ~4.5 cm/year. A concurrent northward drifting history during the Permian is suggested for the Indochina, North Qiangtang, and South China blocks, and thus, the widely used model of Permian Cathaysialand is quantitively supported when combined with their paleobiogeographic affinities.
Estimation of Lateral DOC Transport in Marginal Sea Based on Remote Sensing and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Cui Qianfang , He Xianqiang , Liu Qiong , Bai Yan , Chen Chen‐Tung Arthur , Chen Xiaoyan , Pan Delu
Published: May 2018

Due to high temporal and spatial dynamics and complex biological processes, it is difficult to estimate lateral transportations of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in marginal seas by conventional field observations and model simulations. Taking the East China Sea (ECS), for example, this study proposed a novel model for estimating the lateral DOC flux in marginal sea. Three‐dimensional distributions of DOC concentrations were retrieved by satellite remote sensing. Furthermore, three‐dimensional currents were simulated using the numerical model. Finally, the lateral DOC flux in the whole ECS was estimated based on the satellite‐derived DOC concentrations and the simulated currents. The results showed that despite seasonal variations, the unit area lateral DOC flux remained high throughout the year in the Changjiang River estuary, Zhejiang‐Fujian Coast, Taiwan Strait, and Kuroshio regions. There were three eastward transportation channels which were strong in summer half year and weak in winter half year. Moreover, a northward transport zone extending from north of Taiwan to the south of the Changjiang River estuary was detected. In terms of annually net flux, highest net DOC import (30.65 TgC yr−1) was from the Taiwan Strait, mainly through the eastern side of the strait. The second highest net DOC import (18.75 TgC yr−1) was from the shelf slope (200 m isobath), mainly through the south part of the slope between 26°N and 26.5°N. Most of the net DOC export (−52.75 TgC yr−1) from the ECS was observed through the northern boundary (32°N), particularly in the outer shelf with water depth of 100–200 m.
Relating Anomaly Correlation to Lead Time: Principal Component Analysis of NMME Forecasts of Summer Precipitation in China
Authors: Zhao Tongtiegang , Chen Xiaohong , Liu Pan , Zhang Yongyong , Liu Bingjun , Lin Kairong
Published: May 2018

The skill of global climate model (GCM) forecasts is usually indicated by the anomaly correlation between ensemble mean and observation. For GCM forecasts, anomaly correlation does not steadily improve with decreasing lead time but oscillates instead. This paper aims to address the oscillation and illustrate the relationship between anomaly correlation and lead time. We formulate the anomaly correlation of forecasts at different initialization times as a vector and pool anomaly correlation vectors across grid cells in the analysis. We propose two patterns to characterize the spatial and temporal variation of anomaly correlation in the three‐dimensional space of latitude, longitude, and initialization time. The first pattern suggests that the anomaly correlation at different initialization times is at a similar level. The second pattern indicates that the anomaly correlation linearly increases with decreasing lead time. These two patterns are tested using the eigenvectors through principal component analysis. They are first illustrated using the GFDL‐CM2p1‐aer04 forecasts of summer precipitation in China. They are further verified by another nine sets of North‐American Multi‐Model Ensemble (NMME) forecasts. Overall, the first pattern explains more variation than the second pattern. In total, the two patterns explain 42% of the variation of anomaly correlation for CanCM3, 59% for CanCM4, 42% for COLA‐RSMAS‐CCSM3), 45% for COLA‐RSMAS‐CCSM4, 59% for GFDL‐CM2p1, 67% for GFDL‐CM2p1‐aer04, 65% for GFDL‐CM2p5‐FLOR‐A06, 57% for GFDL‐CM2p5‐FLOR‐B01, 48% for NCAR‐CESM1, and 60% for NCEP‐CFSv2. The percentage of explained variation demonstrates the effectiveness of the two patterns as exploratory tools to analyze the predictive performance of GCM forecasts.
Geological Characteristics of Von Kármán Crater, Northwestern South Pole‐Aitken Basin: Chang'E‐4 Landing Site Region
Authors: Huang Jun , Xiao Zhiyong , Flahaut Jessica , Martinot Mélissa , Head James , Xiao Xiao , Xie Minggang , Xiao Long
Published: May 2018

Von Kármán crater (diameter = ~186 km), lying in the northwestern South Pole‐Aitken (SPA) basin, was formed in the pre‐Nectarian. The Von Kármán crater floor was subsequently flooded with one or several generations of mare basalts during the Imbrian period. Numerous subsequent impact craters in the surrounding region delivered ejecta to the floor, together forming a rich sample of the SPA basin and farside geologic history. We studied in details the targeted landing region (45.0–46.0°S, 176.4–178.8°E) of the 2018 Chinese lunar mission Chang'E‐4, within the Von Kármán crater. The topography of the landing region is generally flat at a baseline of ~60 m. Secondary craters and ejecta materials have covered most of the mare unit and can be traced back to at least four source craters (Finsen, Von Kármán L, Von Kármán L', and Antoniadi) based on preferential spatial orientations and crosscutting relationships. Extensive sinuous ridges and troughs are identified spatially related to Ba Jie crater (diameter = ~4 km). Reflectance spectral variations due to difference in both composition and physical properties are observed among the ejecta from various‐sized craters on the mare unit. The composition trends were used together with crater scaling relationships and estimates of regolith thickness to reconstruct the subsurface stratigraphy. The results reveal a complex geological history of the landing region and set the framework for the in situ measurements of the CE‐4 mission, which will provide unique insights into the compositions of farside mare basalt, SPA compositional zone including SPA compositional anomaly and Mg‐pyroxene annulus, regolith evolution, and the lunar space environment.
Correction: Author Correction: Deep sleep maintains learning efficiency of the human brain
Authors: Fattinger Sara , de Beukelaar Toon T. , Ruddy Kathy L. , Volk Carina , Heyse Natalie C. , Herbst Joshua A. , Hahnloser Richard H. R. , Wenderoth Nicole , Huber Reto
Published: May 2018

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 15405 (2017); Published online 22 May 2017; Updated 25 May 2018 The originally published version of this Article contained errors in Figure 4. In panels c and d, the labeling of the light and dark blue lines was inverted. These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Correction: Author Correction: Genetic and regulatory mechanism of susceptibility to high-hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at 10q21.2
Authors: Studd James B. , Vijayakrishnan Jayaram , Yang Minjun , Migliorini Gabriele , Paulsson Kajsa , Houlston Richard S.
Published: May 2018

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 14616 (2017); Published online: 3 March 2017; Updated: 25 May 2018 The original version of this Article contained an error in the title, the final paragraph of the Introduction and the first subsection of the Results, where chromosome locus 10q21.2 was incorrectly referred to as 10p21.
Correction: Publisher Correction: PTEN regulates glioblastoma oncogenesis through chromatin-associated complexes of DAXX and histone H3.3
Authors: Benitez Jorge A. , Ma Jianhui , D’Antonio Matteo , Boyer Antonia , Camargo Maria Fernanda , Zanca Ciro , Kelly Stephen , Khodadadi-Jamayran Alireza , Jameson Nathan M. , Andersen Michael , Miletic Hrvoje , Saberi Shahram , Frazer Kelly A. , Cavenee Webster K. , Furnari Frank B.
Published: May 2018

Nature Communications 8:15223 doi: (2017); Published 12 May 2017; Updated 25 May 2018 The originally published version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 1. In panel d, the uppermost western blot was inadvertently inverted during typesetting of the figure. This has now been corrected in boththe PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
A high-fat diet stimulates fibroblast growth factor 23 formation in mice through TNFα upregulation
Authors: Glosse Philipp , Fajol Abul , Hirche Frank , Feger Martina , Voelkl Jakob , Lang Florian , Stangl Gabriele I. , Föller Michael
Published: May 2018

Background/objectives

Bone-derived fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone that suppresses renal phosphate reabsorption and calcitriol (i.e., 1,25(OH)2D3) formation together with its co-receptor Klotho. FGF23- or Klotho-deficient mice suffer from rapid aging with multiple age-associated diseases, at least in part due to massive calcification. FGF23 is considered as a disease biomarker since elevated plasma levels are observed early in patients with acute and chronic disorders including renal, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. An energy-dense diet, which induces sequelae of the metabolic syndrome in humans and mice at least in part by enhancing pro-inflammatory TNFα formation, has recently been demonstrated to stimulate FGF23 production.

Methods

We investigated the relevance of TNFα for high-fat diet (HFD)-induced FGF23 formation in wild-type (tnf+/+) and TNFα-deficient (tnf−/−) mice.

Results

Within 3 weeks, HFD feeding resulted in a strong increase in the serum FGF23 level in tnf+/+ mice. Moreover, it caused low-grade inflammation as evident from a surge in hepatic Tnfα transcript levels. TNFα stimulated Fgf23 transcription in UMR106 osteoblast-like cells. Serum FGF23 was significantly lower in tnf−/− mice compared to tnf+/+ mice following HFD. Serum phosphate and calcitriol were not significantly affected by genotype or diet.

Conclusions

We show that HFD feeding is a powerful stimulator of murine FGF23 production through TNFα formation.
Altered plasma arginine metabolome precedes behavioural and brain arginine metabolomic profile changes in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Bergin DH , Jing Y , Mockett BG , Zhang H , Abraham WC , Liu P
Published: May 2018

While amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides play a central role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), recent evidence also implicates altered metabolism of L-arginine in the pathogenesis of AD. The present study systematically investigated how behavioural function and the brain and plasma arginine metabolic profiles changed in a chronic Aβ accumulation model using male APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic (Tg) mice at 7 and 13 months of age. As compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates, Tg mice displayed age-related deficits in spatial water maze tasks and alterations in brain arginine metabolism. Interestingly, the plasma arginine metabolic profile was markedly altered in 7-month Tg mice prior to major behavioural impairment. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that plasma putrescine and spermine significantly differentiated between Tg and WT mice. These results demonstrate the parallel development of altered brain arginine metabolism and behavioural deficits in Tg mice. The altered plasma arginine metabolic profile that preceded the behavioural and brain profile changes suggests that there may be merit in an arginine-centric set of ante-mortem biomarkers for AD.
Glutamate and GABA in autism spectrum disorder—a translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in man and rodent models
Authors: Horder Jamie , Petrinovic Marija M. , Mendez Maria A. , Bruns Andreas , Takumi Toru , Spooren Will , Barker Gareth J. , Künnecke Basil , Murphy Declan G.
Published: May 2018

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental syndrome with a high human and economic burden. The pathophysiology of ASD is largely unclear, thus hampering development of pharmacological treatments for the core symptoms of the disorder. Abnormalities in glutamate and GABA signaling have been hypothesized to underlie ASD symptoms, and may form a therapeutic target, but it is not known whether these abnormalities are recapitulated in humans with ASD, as well as in rodent models of the disorder. We used translational proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([1H]MRS) to compare glutamate and GABA levels in adult humans with ASD and in a panel of six diverse rodent ASD models, encompassing genetic and environmental etiologies. [1H]MRS was performed in the striatum and the medial prefrontal cortex, of the humans, mice, and rats in order to allow for direct cross-species comparisons in specific cortical and subcortical brain regions implicated in ASD. In humans with ASD, glutamate concentration was reduced in the striatum and this was correlated with the severity of social symptoms. GABA levels were not altered in either brain region. The reduction in striatal glutamate was recapitulated in mice prenatally exposed to valproate, and in mice and rats carrying Nlgn3 mutations, but not in rodent ASD models with other etiologies. Our findings suggest that glutamate/GABA abnormalities in the corticostriatal circuitry may be a key pathological mechanism in ASD; and may be linked to alterations in the neuroligin–neurexin signaling complex.
Annexin A5 regulates hepatocarcinoma malignancy via CRKI/II-DOCK180-RAC1 integrin and MEK-ERK pathways
Authors: Sun Xujuan , Liu Shuqing , Wang Jinxia , Wei Bin , Guo Chunmei , Chen Chen , Sun Ming-Zhong
Published: May 2018

As a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding annexin protein, annexin A5 (Anxa5) links to the progression, metastasis, survival, and prognosis of a variety of cancers. Current work showed ANXA5 overexpression was positively correlated with the upregulations of CRKI/II and RAC1 in hepatocarcinoma (HCC) patients’ tissues, which potentially enhanced the clinical progression and lymphatic metastasis of HCC. The role and action mechanism of ANXA5 in hepatocarcinoma was then investigated using a hepatocarcinoma Hca-P cell line, an ideal and well-established murine cell model with 100% inducible tumorigenicity of implanted mice with low (~25%) lymph node metastatic (LNM) rate. In vitro evidences indicated ANXA5 stable knockdown resulted in decreased proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion to lymph node (LN), and increased intercellular cohesion behaviors of hepatocarcinoma Hca-P cells. Consistently, stable ANXA5 knockdown led to reduced in vivo tumorigenicity and malignancy, LNM rate and level potentials of Hca-P- transplanted mice via inhibiting CD34 and VEGF3. The levels of CRKI/II and RAC1 were reduced in tumor tissues from mice transplanted with Hca-P cells with stable ANXA5 knockdown. Molecular action investigation further showed ANXA5 downregulation apparently suppressed the expressions of molecules CRKI/II, DOCK180, RAC1 in integrin pathway, p-MEK, p-ERK, c-Myc, and MMP-9 in MEK- ERK pathway together with VIMINTIN in Hca-P cells in appropriate to knockdown extent. Collectively, Anxa5 was able to mediate HCC carcinogenesis via integrin and MEK-ERK pathways. It is of potential use in the research and treatment of HCC.
Protein disorder–order interplay to guide the growth of hierarchical mineralized structures
Authors: Elsharkawy Sherif , Al-Jawad Maisoon , Pantano Maria F. , Tejeda-Montes Esther , Mehta Khushbu , Jamal Hasan , Agarwal Shweta , Shuturminska Kseniya , Rice Alistair , Tarakina Nadezda V. , Wilson Rory M. , Bushby Andy J. , Alonso Matilde , Rodriguez-Cabello Jose C. , Barbieri Ettore , del Río Hernández Armando , Stevens Molly M. , Pugno Nicola M. , Anderson Paul , Mata Alvaro
Published: May 2018

A major goal in materials science is to develop bioinspired functional materials based on the precise control of molecular building blocks across length scales. Here we report a protein-mediated mineralization process that takes advantage of disorder–order interplay using elastin-like recombinamers to program organic–inorganic interactions into hierarchically ordered mineralized structures. The materials comprise elongated apatite nanocrystals that are aligned and organized into microscopic prisms, which grow together into spherulite-like structures hundreds of micrometers in diameter that come together to fill macroscopic areas. The structures can be grown over large uneven surfaces and native tissues as acid-resistant membranes or coatings with tuneable hierarchy, stiffness, and hardness. Our study represents a potential strategy for complex materials design that may open opportunities for hard tissue repair and provide insights into the role of molecular disorder in human physiology and pathology.
Cellular conditions of weakly chelated magnesium ions strongly promote RNA stability and catalysis
Authors: Yamagami Ryota , Bingaman Jamie L. , Frankel Erica A. , Bevilacqua Philip C.
Published: May 2018

Most RNA folding studies have been performed under non-physiological conditions of high concentrations (≥10 mM) of Mg2+free, while actual cellular concentrations of Mg2+free are only ~1 mM in a background of greater than 50 mM Mg2+total. To uncover cellular behavior of RNA, we devised cytoplasm mimic systems that include biological concentrations of amino acids, which weakly chelate Mg2+. Amino acid-chelated Mg2+ (aaCM) of ~15 mM dramatically increases RNA folding and prevents RNA degradation. Furthermore, aaCM enhance self-cleavage of several different ribozymes, up to 100,000-fold at Mg2+free of just 0.5 mM, indirectly through RNA compaction. Other metabolites that weakly chelate magnesium offer similar beneficial effects, which implies chelated magnesium may enhance RNA function in the cell in the same way. Overall, these results indicate that the states of Mg2+ should not be limited to free and bound only, as weakly bound Mg2+ strongly promotes RNA function under cellular conditions.
Tet1 and Tet2 maintain mesenchymal stem cell homeostasis via demethylation of the P2rX7 promoter
Authors: Yang Ruili , Yu Tingting , Kou Xiaoxing , Gao Xiang , Chen Chider , Liu Dawei , Zhou Yanheng , Shi Songtao
Published: May 2018

Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family-mediated DNA oxidation represents an epigenetic modification capable of converting 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), which regulates various biological processes. However, it is unknown whether Tet family affects mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or the skeletal system. Here we show that depletion of Tet1 and Tet2 results in impaired self-renewal and differentiation of bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs) and a significant osteopenia phenotype. Tet1 and Tet2 deficiency reduces demethylation of the P2rX7 promoter and downregulates exosome release, leading to intracellular accumulation of miR-297a-5p, miR-297b-5p, and miR-297c-5p. These miRNAs inhibit Runx2 signaling to impair BMMSC function. We show that overexpression of P2rX7 rescues the impaired BMMSCs and osteoporotic phenotype in Tet1 and Tet2 double knockout mice. These results indicate that Tet1 and Tet2 play a critical role in maintaining BMMSC and bone homeostasis through demethylation of P2rX7 to control exosome and miRNA release. This Tet/P2rX7/Runx2 cascade may serve as a target for the development of novel therapies for osteopenia disorders.
Total synthesis of cyrneines A–B and glaucopine C
Authors: Wu Guo-Jie , Zhang Yuan-He , Tan Dong-Xing , Han Fu-She
Published: May 2018

The cyrneine diterpenoids represent a structurally intriguing subfamily of cyathane diterpenoids and could significantly induce neurite outgrowth. Therefore, the efficient synthesis of these natural products is of great importance. Herein, we present a route for the collective synthesis of cyrneines A, B, and glaucopine C. As the key precursor, the 5-6-6-tricyclic scaffold is efficiently constructed by employing a mild Suzuki coupling of heavily substituted nonactivated cyclopentenyl triflate and a chelation-controlled regiospecific Friedel-Crafts cyclization as key transformations. The stereoselective installation of the all-carbon quaternary center at C6 ring junction of the tricycle is achieved via Birch reductive methylation. Subsequently, a carbenoid-mediated ring expansion furnishes the essential 5-6-7-tricyclic core. Finally, manipulation of this core by several appropriately orchestrated conversions accomplishes a more step-economic synthesis of cyrneine A (20 steps), and the first synthesis of cyrneine B (24 steps) and glaucopine C (23 steps).
Dynamic structural states of ClpB involved in its disaggregation function
Authors: Uchihashi Takayuki , Watanabe Yo-hei , Nakazaki Yosuke , Yamasaki Takashi , Watanabe Hiroki , Maruno Takahiro , Ishii Kentaro , Uchiyama Susumu , Song Chihong , Murata Kazuyoshi , Iino Ryota , Ando Toshio
Published: May 2018

The ATP-dependent bacterial protein disaggregation machine, ClpB belonging to the AAA+ superfamily, refolds toxic protein aggregates into the native state in cooperation with the cognate Hsp70 partner. The ring-shaped hexamers of ClpB unfold and thread its protein substrate through the central pore. However, their function-related structural dynamics has remained elusive. Here we directly visualize ClpB using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) to gain a mechanistic insight into its disaggregation function. The HS-AFM movies demonstrate massive conformational changes of the hexameric ring during ATP hydrolysis, from a round ring to a spiral and even to a pair of twisted half-spirals. HS-AFM observations of Walker-motif mutants unveil crucial roles of ATP binding and hydrolysis in the oligomer formation and structural dynamics. Furthermore, repressed and hyperactive mutations result in significantly different oligomeric forms. These results provide a comprehensive view for the ATP-driven oligomeric-state transitions that enable ClpB to disentangle protein aggregates.
Species traits and network structure predict the success and impacts of pollinator invasions
Authors: Valdovinos Fernanda S. , Berlow Eric L. , Moisset de Espanés Pablo , Ramos-Jiliberto Rodrigo , Vázquez Diego P. , Martinez Neo D.
Published: May 2018

Species invasions constitute a major and poorly understood threat to plant–pollinator systems. General theory predicting which factors drive species invasion success and subsequent effects on native ecosystems is particularly lacking. We address this problem using a consumer–resource model of adaptive behavior and population dynamics to evaluate the invasion success of alien pollinators into plant–pollinator networks and their impact on native species. We introduce pollinator species with different foraging traits into network models with different levels of species richness, connectance, and nestedness. Among 31 factors tested, including network and alien properties, we find that aliens with high foraging efficiency are the most successful invaders. Networks exhibiting high alien–native diet overlap, fraction of alien-visited plant species, most-generalist plant connectivity, and number of specialist pollinator species are the most impacted by invaders. Our results mimic several disparate observations conducted in the field and potentially elucidate the mechanisms responsible for their variability.