bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of mutant position in Ramachandran plot for predicting protein stability of surface mutations
Authors: Gromiha M. Michael , Oobatake Motohisa , Kono Hidetoshi , Uedaira Hatsuho , Sarai Akinori
Published: October 2002

Understanding the mechanisms by which mutations affect protein stability is one of the most important problems in molecular biology. In this work, we analyzed the relationship between changes in protein stability caused by surface mutations and changes in 49 physicochemical, energetic, and conformational properties of amino acid residues. We found that the hydration entropy was the major contributor to the stability of surface mutations in helical segments; other properties responsible for size and volume of molecule also correlated significantly with stability. Classification of coil mutations based on their locations in the (ϕ–ψ) map improved the correlation significantly, demonstrating the existence of a relationship between stability and strain energy, which indicates that the role of strain energy is very important for the stability of surface mutations. We observed that the inclusion of sequence and structural information raised the correlation, indicating the influence of surrounding residues on the stability of surface mutations. Further, we examined the previously reported “inverse relationship” between stability and hydrophobicity, and observed that the inverse hydrophobic effect was generally applicable only to coil mutations. The present study leads to a simple method for predicting protein stability changes caused by amino acid substitutions, which will be useful for protein engineering in designing novel proteins with increased stability and altered function. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 64: 210–220, 2002
Fermentation strategies for improved heterologous expression of laccase in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Hong Feng , Meinander Nina Q. , Jönsson Leif J.
Published: October 2002

Improved expression of recombinant laccase by Pichia pastoris carrying the lcc1 cDNA isolated from Trametes versicolor was achieved by optimization of the cultivation conditions in a fermentor equipped with a methanol sensor system. The results indicated that the activity obtained in fermentor cultivations was at least 7 times higher than in shake‐flask cultures. Three different strategies for fermentor cultivations were compared: A (30°C, 1.0% methanol), B (20°C, 1.0% methanol), and C (20°C, 0.5% methanol). The laccase activity, particularly the specific activity, could be improved by decreasing the cultivation temperature. The mechanisms behind the temperature effect on the laccase activity may be ascribed to poor stability, release of more proteases from dead cells, and folding problems at higher temperature. The results showed that the methanol concentration had a marked effect on the production of active heterologous laccase. A fivefold higher volumetric laccase activity was obtained when the methanol concentration was kept at 0.5% instead of 1.0%. The detrimental effect of methanol on the production of recombinant laccase may be attributed to lower laccase stability, a higher proteolytic activity, and folding problems due to higher growth rate at 1.0% methanol. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 438–449, 2002.
Balancing GFP reporter plasmid quantity in large‐scale transient transfections for recombinant anti‐human Rhesus‐D IgG1 synthesis
Authors: Pick H. M. , Meissner P. , Preuss A. K. , Tromba P. , Vogel H. , Wurm F. M.
Published: October 2002

Using transient expression, high amounts (>20 mg/mL) of secreted anti‐human Rhesus‐D IgG1 were produced in a suspension‐adapted HEK293 EBNA cell line (Meissner et al., Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 197–203, 2001). Time of harvest was 3 days after transfection. For the estimation of transfection efficiencies, we routinely co‐transfected EGFP reporter DNA. At higher reporter plasmid concentrations, >2% of total transfecting plasmid DNA, a substantial reduction of recombinant antibody synthesis, was observed. This phenomenon was investigated in detail by co‐expressing various green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter constructs, which were targeted at different subcellular locations. Enhanced and humanized GFPs targeted to either the endoplasmic reticulum, the cytosol, or the nucleus reduced recombinant antibody production by 30 to 40% when present at higher concentrations in the transfection solution. The most severe effects were observed when the co‐transfected EGFP was targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to a reduction of up to 80% in the presence of only 5% of reporter DNA. Interestingly, one nuclear‐targeted GFP variant that was not codon optimized for expression in human cell lines could be added, to up to almost half of the total amount of transfecting DNA, without adverse effect on antibody production. Although the minimum amount of this reporter DNA needed for fluorescence reading was 10 times higher than for the other variants, it provided a much broader quantity range within which the transfection process could be studied without being negatively affected. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 595–601, 2002.
Campus life for faculty of color: Still strangers after all these years?
Authors: Bower Beverly L.
Published: October 2002

Minority faculty voice their views on a variety of issues through both quantitative and qualitative data, revealing issues of concern and areas of satisfaction.
Late aortic dislocation of a stent following stent angioplasty for ostial renal artery stenosis
Authors: Zeller Thomas , Büttner Heinz‐Joachim , Lorenz Hans‐Martin , Frank Ulrich , Müller Christian , Bürgelin Karlheinz , Roskamm Helmut
Published: October 2002

A patient with left RAS was treated by stent angioplasty followed by a multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention. Six months later, an aortic dislocation of the stent was diagnosed. The fully expanded stent was caught with a balloon catheter and fixed in the left external iliac artery. Stent migration after initially successful stent angioplasty for RAS is possible. Fully expanded, dislocated balloon‐expandable stents can be secured by implanting them into the iliac artery. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:416–420. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stent deployment within a guide catheter aids removal of a fractured buddy wire
Authors: Prasan Ananth , Brieger David , Adams Mark R. , Bailey Brian
Published: October 2002

We report a case of fractured buddy wire that was successfully removed by deploying a stent within the guide catheter, trapping the fractured segment of wire between stent and endoluminal surface of the guide catheter. This technique provides an alternative to either percutaneous snare or surgical intervention. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:212–214. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Usefulness of hydrophilic coating on arterial sheath introducer in transradial coronary intervention
Authors: Saito Shigeru , Tanaka Shinji , Hiroe Yoshitaka , Miyashita Yusuke , Takahashi Saeko , Satake Shutaro , Tanaka Kazushi , Yamamoto Masanobu
Published: October 2002

Radial artery spasm is one of the major problems during transradial coronary intervention (TRI). The sheath introducer with hydrophilic coating may reduce the incidence of spasm and reduce the difficulty in removing it from the radial artery under the situation of spasm artery spasm. After we compared the friction resistance between the sheath introducer with hydrophilic coating and that without coating (nine samples each) in vitro, the sheath introducers with and without hydrophilic coating were randomly used in 37 and 36 patients, respectively, who underwent elective TRI with a 6 Fr introducer sheath. Hydrophilic coating of sheath introducer reduced friction resistance by 70% (P < 0.00001) in in vitro model and facilitated sheath removal after finishing TRI (P = 0.0003). Hydrophilic coating of sheath introducer is useful in TRI. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:328–332. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endovascular stent placement for venous obstruction after cardiac transplantation in children and young adults
Authors: Jayakumar Anitha , Hsu Daphne T. , Hellenbrand William E. , Pass Robert H.
Published: October 2002

Survival following cardiac transplantation in children and adults, including the group with complex congenital heart disease, has improved over the last decade secondary to medical and surgical advances in management. There have been rare reports of superior vena cava obstruction at anastomotic sites following transplantation. In patients following heart transplantation, venous stenosis can limit the ability to perform endomyocardial biopsies. We reviewed our experience in three patients who underwent cardiac transplantation and developed significant venous stenosis requiring intervention. All three were successfully treated by transcatheter implantation of endovascular stents. Endovascular stent implantation for venous obstruction in patients following cardiac transplantation was safe and effective, allowing improved ease of catheterization for future posttransplantation monitoring and surveillance. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:383–386. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rotational ablation and stent placement for severe calcific coronary artery stenosis after Kawasaki disease
Authors: Peters Thomas F. , Parikh Sanjay R. , Pinkerton Cass A.
Published: October 2002

We report on a 5‐year‐old child who had an episode of Kawasaki disease with giant coronary artery aneurysms at the age of 4 months. Surveillance coronary angiography showed severe calcific stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery. Balloon angioplasty failed to resolve the obstruction. Rotational ablation was therefore performed. Surveillance angiogram performed 6 months after rotational ablation showed critical restenosis. Rotational ablation was therefore repeated, followed by stent placement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the youngest child who has undergone coronary stenting after Kawasaki disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:549–552. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overcoming vascular anatomic challenges to cardiac catheterization by the radial artery approach: Specific techniques to improve success
Authors: Esente Paolo , Giambartolomei Alessandro , Simons Alan J. , Levy Carlton , Caputo Ronald P.
Published: October 2002

Anatomical variations in the peripheral vasculature can result in decreased procedural success rates for cardiac catheterization performed through the radial artery approach. We describe four categories of vascular challenges encountered in our catheterization laboratory: severe spasm, severe tortuosity, vascular stenosis, and congenital anatomical variations (e.g., accessory radial artery, radioulnar loop). For each situation, we provide a case report illustrating techniques that allowed for successful completion of the case. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:207–211. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal emboli protection in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after a recent myocardial infarction
Authors: Kalaria Vijay G. , Rouch Carl , Bourdillon Patrick D. , Breall Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2002

Devices to prevent distal atheroembolization are an important addition to the armamentarium of an interventional cardiologist. We report the use of PercuSurge, a distal balloon occlusion device, in two patients with recent myocardial infarction of differing etiologies. The first case is a patient with an old degenerated vein graft with thrombotic occlusion of greater than 48‐hr duration and the second case is a patient with an embolic myocardial infarction in a native coronary artery. In both cases, significant thromboembolic debris was aspirated with technical success and no complications. These cases illustrate use of the PercuSurge device in patients after a recent myocardial infarction for preserving distal myocardial perfusion and microvascular integrity. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:54–60. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First closure of a large patent ductus arteriosus in an infant with an angulated nitinol plug
Authors: Ewert Peter , Kretschmar Oliver , Nuernberg Jan H. , Nagdyman Nicole , Lange Peter E.
Published: October 2002

We report the first human implantation of an angulated plug in a 5 mm PDA in a child of 11 kg. Implanted through a 5 Fr sheath, the plug showed excellent anatomical alignment. Complete occlusion was documented after 6 hr. This device will extend the limits for interventional closure of PDA. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:88–91. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary valvuloplasty in a case of vascular Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome
Authors: Tsai‐Goodman Beverly , Martin Robin P. , Pope F. Michael , Stuart A. Graham
Published: October 2002

A 15‐year‐old girl with known Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS) type IV presented with severe pulmonary valve stenosis requiring intervention. We describe successful pulmonary valvuloplasty using a 90% balloon/annulus angioplasty balloon. The procedure was complicated by early restenosis suggesting an abnormal scarring response in EDS IV. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:92–94. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preferential enrichment: Full crystallographic analysis of the unusual phenomenon in the mixed crystals' version
Authors: Takahashi Hiroki , Tamura Rui , Fujimoto Daisuke , Lepp Zsolt , Kobayashi Kimiko , Ushio Takanori
Published: October 2002

Full characterization of the crystal structures of the racemate, nonracemate (20% ee), and pure enantiomer of [2‐[4‐(3‐ethoxy‐2‐hydroxypropoxy)phenylcarbamoyl]ethyl]trimethylammonium p‐bromobenzenesulfonate (NBMe3), which has successfully shown an unusual enantiomeric resolution phenomenon, “preferential enrichment,” was achieved by means of X‐ray crystallographic analysis and construction of the binary melting point phase diagram. The crystalline nature of the racemate is not a racemic compound but a fairly ordered mixed crystal composed of the two enantiomers. The crystal structure of the nonracemate (20% ee) is virtually identical with that of the racemate and similar to that of the pure enantiomer. The binary melting point phase diagram of NBMe3 is consistent with the nature of a mixed crystal composed of the two enantiomers. Chirality 14:541–547, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric autocatalysis and its application to chiral discrimination
Authors: Soai Kenso , Sato Itaru
Published: October 2002

Chiral pyrimidyl, quinolyl, and pyridyl alkanols act as asymmetric autocatalysts with significant amplification of enantiomeric excess (ee) in the enantioselective addition of diisopropylzinc to pyrimidine‐5‐, quinoline‐3‐, and pyridine‐3‐carbaldehydes, respectively. 2‐Alkynyl‐5‐pyrimidyl alkanol with as low as 0.6% ee automultiplies during the consecutive asymmetric autocatalysis with increasing ee to as high as >99.5%. Asymmetric autocatalysis is applied to chiral discrimination of organic compounds. In the presence of methyl mandelate or 2‐butanol with very low ee's (0.05–0.1%) as chiral initiators, the reaction between pyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehyde and diisopropylzinc affords pyrimidyl alkanol with higher ee's with the correlated absolute configurations to those of the chiral initiators. Chirality of amino acids (such as leucine) and helicenes with very low ee's are also discriminated by asymmetric autocatalysis, affording pyrimidyl alkanol with very high ee's. Asymmetric autocatalysis also discriminates the chirality of primary alcohols‐α‐d, monosubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes and octahedral cobalt complex with achiral ligands of which the chirality is due to the topology of coordination of the achiral ligand. Even the chirality of inorganic crystals such as quartz and sodium chlorate is discriminated by asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol. Thus, asymmetric autocatalysis provides a unique method for the discrimination of chiral compounds and crystals. Chirality 14:548–554, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assignment of absolute configuration of chiral carboxylic acids via exciton‐coupled CD treatment: 4‐phenylthioproline as a case study
Authors: Di Bari Lorenzo , Mannucci Serena , Pescitelli Gennaro , Salvadori Piero
Published: October 2002

The 4‐hydroxybenzoate chromophore was used as an exciton reporter group for the assignment of the absolute configuration of a chiral carboxylic acid of pharmaceutical interest, (−)‐(2S,4S)‐4‐phenylthioproline, precursor of the ACE‐inhibitor zofenopril. The nondegenerate coupling with the preexisting phenylthio chromophore was observed. A detailed conformational analysis, accomplished by means of 1H‐NMR NOESY and semiempirical PM3 computational methods, and quantitative CD calculations were necessary to substantiate the assignment based on a weak experimental couplet. Chirality 14:611–617, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emerging methods for the rapid determination of enantiomeric excess
Authors: Finn M.G.
Published: October 2002

Methods for enantiomeric excess determination using a variety of spectroscopic techniques are summarized. Particular attention is paid to techniques that have promise for application to problems of combinatorial catalyst discovery but have not yet been so employed. Chirality 14:534–540, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arrest of cell cycle progression during first interphase in murine zygotes microinjected with anti‐PCM‐1 antibodies
Authors: Balczon R. , Simerly C. , Takahashi D. , Schatten G.
Published: October 2002

To investigate the function of the centrosome protein PCM‐1, antibodies against PCM‐1 were microinjected into either germinal vesicle stage meiotic oocytes or fertilized mouse eggs, and cell cycle progression events (i.e., microtubule assembly, chromosome and centrosome organization, meiotic maturation) were assayed. These studies determined that microinjected PCM‐1 antibodies arrested cell cycle progression, with anti‐PCM‐1 arresting fertilized eggs at the pronucleate stage when injected during G1. Analysis of the injected eggs determined that centrosome disruption and microtubule cytaster disorganization accompanied the cell cycle arrest. Anti‐PCM‐1 blocked neither pronuclear centration, completion of mitosis when microinjected into zygotes at G2, nor meiotic maturation when microinjected into immature oocytes. These results identify a novel role for PCM‐ 1 in cell cycle regulation, and indicate that PCM‐1 must fulfill an essential function for cells to complete interphase. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:183–192, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatic vascular isolation and perfusion for patients with progressive unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma refractory to previous systemic and regional chemotherapy
Authors: Alexander H. Richard , Libutti Steven K. , Bartlett David L. , Pingpank James F. , Kranda Karen , Helsabeck Cynthia , Beresnev Tatiana
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Many patients with colorectal carcinoma develop unresectable metastases confined to the liver that remain the life‐limiting component of disease despite best available systemic or regional chemotherapy. In the current study, the authors present their results using vascular isolation and perfusion of the liver for individuals with progressive, unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma that were refractory to both previous systemic and regional chemotherapy.

METHODS

Seven patients with refractory, progressive, unresectable colorectal carcinoma metastases confined to the liver underwent a 60‐minute hyperthermic (39–40 °C) isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) and were followed for toxicity, response, and survival.

RESULTS

There was no surgical‐ or treatment‐related mortality; all patients experienced transient Grade 3–4 (according to National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria) hepatic toxicity. At a median potential follow‐up of 16 months, the overall objective radiographic response rate (all partial responses) was 71% (5 of 7 assessable patients). It is interesting to note that two patients who were treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alone demonstrated no response to therapy compared with all five patients who were treated with melphalan and TNF (three patients) or melphalan alone (two patients). For the 5 patients who responded to treatment, the median duration of response was 10 months (range, 10–13 months) and in all 7 patients the mean overall survival was 19.7 months (range, 2–33 months), including 5 months and 7.5 months, respectively, for the 2 patients treated with TNF alone.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study demonstrate that IHP using melphalan with or without TNF has significant antitumor activity in this patient population. IHP deserves continued clinical evaluation as a therapeutic modality for patients with unresectable colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. Cancer 2002;95:730–6. Published 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10686
Study of p53 immunostaining in the gastric epithelium of cagA‐positive and cagA‐negative Helicobacter pylori gastritis
Authors: Teh Ming , Bing Tan Kong , Leng Seet Bee , Guan Yeoh Khay
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

p53 mutations are an early event in the multistep progression of gastric carcinoma. These mutations are often present in dysplastic and intestinal metaplastic gastric epithelium. However, the presence of immunohistochemically detectable p53 protein and p53 mutations in nondysplastic/nonmetaplastic gastric mucosa is more controversial. Recent reports have suggested that immunohistochemically detectable p53 protein may be present in the gastric epithelium of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Furthermore, because cagA‐positive H. pylori is associated with greater mucosal injury but decreased apoptosis, it would be interesting to determine if this phenotype is associated with greater immunostaining of p53, as the wild‐type p53 gene helps to initiate apoptosis.

METHODS

One hundred thirty‐five patients with H. pylori‐associated gastritis were immunohistochemically stained for p53 and quantified for the extent and intensity of the staining using a semiquantitative method (0, nil staining; 6, extensive and strong staining). The cagA status of the organism was determined by Western blot.

RESULTS

Thirty‐one patients (23%) showed strong p53 staining (≥ 4 of 6) in inflamed but otherwise normal gastric epithelium. In the 123 cagA‐positive H. pylori gastritis patients, the average p53 staining score was 2.5 of 6. This is significantly higher than the corresponding score of 1.7 of 6 observed in the 12 patients with cagA‐negative H. pylori gastritis (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that p53 protein is immunohistochemically detectable even before gastric metaplastic/dysplastic change occurs. The results also suggest that cagA‐positive H. pylori might be associated with greater p53 immunohistochemical staining. This would indicate that p53 immunohistochemical staining does not reliably differentiate between gastric dysplasia and reactive inflammatory atypia. If the p53 protein detected is a consequence of mutation, this would help to explain why cagA‐positive H. pylori gastritis is associated with decreased apoptosis. Cancer 2002;95:499–505. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10697
Vesicular glutamate transporter DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA is present in C1 and several other groups of brainstem catecholaminergic neurons
Authors: Stornetta Ruth L. , Sevigny Charles P. , Guyenet Patrice G.
Published: October 2002

The mouse glutamate vesicular transporter VGLUT2 has recently been characterized. The rat homolog of VGLUT2, differentiation‐associated Na+/Pi cotransporter (DNPI), was examined using a digoxigenin‐labeled DNPI/VGLUT2 cRNA probe in the present study to determine which, if any, of the various groups of pontine or medullary monoaminergic neurons express DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA and, thus, are potentially glutamatergic. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was widely distributed within the brainstem and seemed exclusively neuronal. By using a double in situ hybridization method, the presence of the mRNA for DNPI/VGLUT2 and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)‐67 was mutually exclusive. By combining DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA detection and conventional immunohistochemistry, DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was undetectable in lower brainstem cholinergic and serotonergic cells, but it was present in several tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) cell groups. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was detected in most of the adrenergic neurons of the C1, C2, and C3 groups (75–80% of TH‐ir neurons), in the A2 noradrenergic group (80%), and in vast numbers of area postrema cells. Within the A1 region, many fewer TH‐ir cells contained DNPI/VGLUT2 (16%). Finally, DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was undetectable in the pontine noradrenergic cell groups (A5 and A6/locus coeruleus). In conclusion, the general pattern of DNPI/VGLUT2 expression and its exclusion from GABAergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurons supports the notion that DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA identifies a subset of glutamatergic neurons in the lower brainstem. Within this region several catecholaminergic cell groups appear to be glutamatergic, including but not limited to the adrenergic cell groups C1–C3. Based on the present evidence, the noradrenergic cell groups of the pons (A5 and A6) do not contain either known vesicular glutamate transporter and are most likely not glutamatergic. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:191–206, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous and augmented growth of axons in the primate spinal cord: Effects of local injury and nerve growth factor‐secreting cell grafts
Authors: Tuszynski Mark H. , Grill Ray , Jones Leonard L. , McKay Heather M. , Blesch Armin
Published: October 2002

Little is known about molecular and cellular responses to spinal cord injury in primates. In this study, the normal milieu of the primate spinal cord was disturbed by multiple needle penetrations and cell injections in the mid‐thoracic spinal cord; subsequent effects on local axons and expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules were examined, together with effects of cellular delivery of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the injured region. Four adult rhesus monkeys each received injections of two grafts of autologous fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete human NGF, and, in control injection sites, two separate grafts of autologous fibroblasts transduced to express the reporter gene, β‐galactosidase. Three months later, Schwann cells extensively infiltrated the region of localized injury and penetrated both NGF and control fibroblast grafts. Marked upregulation of several ECM molecules occurred, including chondroitin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans and type IV collagen, in or adjacent to all injection sites. Schwann cells were an apparent source of some ECM expression. Spinal cord sensory axons and putative coerulospinal axons extended into both graft types, but they penetrated NGF grafts to a significantly greater extent. Many of these axons expressed the cell adhesion molecule L1. Thus, extensive cellular and molecular changes occur at sites of localized primate spinal cord injury and grafting, attributable in part to migrating Schwann cells, and are accompanied by spontaneous axonal plasticity. These molecular and cellular events closely resemble those observed in the rodent spinal cord after injury. Furthermore, as in rodent studies, cellular delivery of a trophic factor significantly augments axonal plasticity in the primate spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:88–101, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of hippocampal, amygdala, and perirhinal projections to the nucleus accumbens: Combined anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the Macaque brain
Authors: Friedman David P. , Aggleton John P. , Saunders Richard C.
Published: October 2002

A combination of anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques was used to study the projections to the nucleus accumbens from the amygdala, the hippocampal formation (including the entorhinal cortex), and the perirhinal cortex in two species of macaque monkey. To help identify possible subregions within the nucleus accumbens, the distribution of calbindin was examined in two additional monkeys. Although this revealed evidence of “core”‐ and “shell”‐like regions within the accumbens, these different regions could not consistently be related to cytoarchitectonic features. The rostral amygdala sent nearly equivalent projections to both the medial and the lateral portions of nucleus accumbens, whereas projections arising from the middle and caudal amygdala terminated preferentially in the medial division of nucleus accumbens. The basal nucleus was the major source of these amygdala efferents, and there was a crude topography as parts of the basal and accessory basal nuclei terminated in different parts of nucleus accumbens. The subiculum was the major source of hippocampal projections to the nucleus accumbens, but some hippocampal efferents also originated in the parasubiculum, the prosubiculum, the adjacent portion of CA1, and the uncal portion of CA3. These hippocampal projections, which coursed through the fornix, showed a rostrocaudal gradient as more arose in the rostral hippocampus. Hippocampal efferents terminated most densely in the medial and ventral portions of nucleus accumbens, along with light label in the adjacent olfactory tubercle. The entorhinal projections were more evenly distributed between the medial nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle, whereas the perirhinal projections were primarily to the olfactory tubercle. These cortical inputs were less reliant on the fornix. Amygdala and subicular (hippocampal) projections overlapped most completely in the medial division of nucleus accumbens. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:345–365, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative network model for color categorization
Authors: Okajima K. , Robertson A. R. , Fielder G. H.
Published: October 2002

To clarify the higher‐order mechanism of human color perception, we measured the color appearances of 78 colored lights by an elemental color‐scaling method and by a categorical color naming method. The colors covered nearly the entire CIE 1931 xy‐chromaticity diagram with three different surrounds. The results showed that firm basic color zones derived by categorical color naming can be mapped with no overlap in an opponent‐color response space. We propose a network model with a threshold selector, maximum selectors, and multiplication units with gain factors to generate the categorical color responses quantitatively from the elemental color responses. The model can predict the categorical color naming results in different surround conditions with no change of parameters. This suggests that a nonlinear color vision mechanism for color categorization exists between the primary visual cortex (V1) and the inferior temporal cortex (IT) in the human brain. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 225–232, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10060
A qualitative description of thermochromism in color measurements
Authors: Hiltunen J. , Silfsten P. , Jaaskelainen T. , Parkkinen J. P. S.
Published: October 2002

The color of an object depends on the temperature of the object. This phenomenon is known as the thermochromic effect, and it is already noticeable at room temperature if the temperature varies just a few centigrades. Red and orange samples are especially sensitive to temperature variation and may cause difficulties in precise color measurement. In this article we show how the phenomenon is based on physical processes and does not only reflect the instability of red color pigments. We derive simple formulas that are shown to be able to explain the published experimental data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 271–275, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10062
On the ∞‐volume limit of the focusing cubic Schrödinger equation
Authors: Rider Brian C.
Published: October 2002

We revisit the question of an invariant measure for the focusing cubic Schrödinger equation on the line. For the periodic problem the appropriate ensemble was introduced by Lebowitz, Rose, and Speer [3] and proved to be invariant under the flow by McKean [5]. These parties and others have also discussed the thermodynamic limit, though without consensus. Simulations carried out in [3] indicated the possibility of a phase transition. Similar experiments in [1] appeared to contradict that interpretation. Later, a proof was put forward in [6] that the full thermodynamic limit did not exist, suggesting a possible explanation for the disparate conclusions drawn from the numerics. Unfortunately, the latter contains an error. The main result here is that, in the infinite volume, the ensemble collapses onto the unit mass on the trivial path. Along the way sharp estimates for the partition function are established. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallelization of a large‐scale computational earthquake simulation program
Authors: Tiampo K. F. , Rundle J. B. , Hopper P. , Martins J. Sá , Gross S. , McGinnis S.
Published: October 2002

Here we detail both the methods and preliminary results of the first efforts to parallelize three General Earthquake Model (GEM)‐related codes: (1) a relatively simple data mining procedure based on a genetic algorithm; (2) a mean‐field slider block model; and (3) the Virtual California simulation of GEM. These preliminary results, using a simple, heterogeneous system of processors, existing freeware and an extremely low initial cost in both manpower and hardware dollars, motivate us to more ambitious work with considerably larger‐scale computer earthquake simulations of southern California. The GEM omputational problem, which is essentially a Monte Carlo simulation, is well suited to optimization on parallel computers and we outline how we are proceeding in implementing this new software architecture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel simulation system for earthquake generation: fault analysis modules and parallel coupling analysis
Authors: Iizuka Mikio , Sekita Daigo , Suito Hisashi , Hyodo Mamoru , Hirahara Kazuro , Place David , Mora Peter , Hazama Osamu , Okuda Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

Solid earth simulations have recently been developed to address issues such as natural disasters, global environmental destruction and the conservation of natural resources. The simulation of solid earth phenomena involves the analysis of complex structures including strata, faults, and heterogeneous material properties. Simulation of the generation and cycle of earthquakes is particularly important, but such simulations require the analysis of complex fault dynamics. GeoFEM is a parallel finite‐element analysis system intended for solid earth field phenomena problems. This paper describes recent development in the GeoFEM project for the simulation of earthquake generation and cycles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dismissing and preoccupied insecure attachment and procedures in CAT: Some implications for CAT practice
Authors: Jellema Anna
Published: October 2002

Following a review of the current relationship between the theory of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) and attachment theory, this paper describes how attachment concepts can be applied in routine CAT practice with neurotic and mild personality disordered presentations. In particular, insecure dismissing and insecure preoccupied patients are likely to manifest different maladaptive procedures, express anger in distinct ways, and use different narrative styles to express their distress. Their varying abilities to collaborate with the therapist are reviewed and implications for therapy are described. Some consideration is also given to how the therapist can provide a ‘secure base’ for the patient within a time‐limited therapy such as CAT. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renal and extrarenal congenital rhabdoid tumor: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and FISH
Authors: Drut Ricardo , Drut Rosa Mónica
Published: October 2002

We report on 2 patients with congenital malignant rhabdoid tumor, one located to the kidney and the other to the soft parts of the cheek. Initial diagnosis was performed through percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration biopsies, which yielded cytologic smears exhibiting highly characteristic rhabdoid cells, i.e., cells with a large, vesicular nucleus with a prominent nucleolus and cytoplasm exhibiting a large, dense, paranuclear inclusion. Interphase FISH demonstrated only one signal (heterozygous deletion) for the BCR gene in both cases, supporting the diagnosis. Surgical pathology and immunohistochemistry of both cases confirmed the diagnosis. Both patients died within the following 6 mo to 1 yr. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:32–34. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maxillary odontogenic myxoma: A diagnostic pitfall on aspiration cytology
Authors: Kumar Neeta , Jain Shyama , Gupta Sunita
Published: October 2002

A painless, slow‐growing cheek swelling in a young male clinically considered a salivary gland mass was aspirated. Cytology smears were hypocellular. The striking feature was abundant myxoid material with a few monomorphic oval cells, interpreted as myxoid variant of pleomorphic adenoma. Subsequent CT scan was suggestive of a malignant tumor but biopsy confirmed it as myxoma. Myxoma of the jaw is a rare benign tumor that has a tendency for bone destruction, invasion into surrounding structures, and a relatively high recurrence rate. Maxillary myxoma is less frequent but behaves more aggressively than in the mandible, as it spreads through the maxillary sinus. Cytologically, it should be differentiated from other tumors showing predominant myxoid change. Awareness of potential diagnostic pitfalls and careful evaluation of clinical and radiological data is necessary to narrow the differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:111–114. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peritoneal washing cytology findings of disseminated myxoid leiomyosarcoma of uterus: Report of a case with emphasis on possible differential diagnosis
Authors: Ng W.K. , Lui Philip C.W. , Ma Lily
Published: October 2002

We report the cytology findings of a rare case of myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus with intraabdominal dissemination. The cytology showed uniformly dispersed spindly to polygonal “epithelioid” tumor cells focally linked by background matrix. Spindly tumor cells attaching to and radiating from branching capillary structures were also present. Occasionally, scattered “signet‐ring” cells were found, mimicking metastatic poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The background mucoid substance was more conspicuous in the cell block sections. Gross and histologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed a large uterine leiomyosarcoma with prominent myxoid change. Ultrastructural study showed that the “signet‐ring” appearance was mainly due to degenerative cytoplasmic change with ballooning of mitochondria, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, and elevation of outer nuclear membrane. In contrast to other spindle cell malignancies such as sarcomatoid mesothelioma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, or malignant melanoma, true sarcoma cells in general carry a distinctive cytologic appearance in washing/effusion fluid. In a correct clinical setting, the peculiar association with mucoid matrix and absence of classic lipoblasts should also raise the suspicion of metastatic myxoid leiomyosarcoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:47–52. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacologic profile of zoledronic acid: A highly potent inhibitor of bone resorption
Authors: Green Jonathan R. , Rogers Michael J.
Published: October 2002

Bisphosphonates are effective in treating benign and malignant skeletal diseases characterized by enhanced osteoclastic bone resorption (i.e., osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, tumor‐induced osteolysis). The nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate pamidronate is currently the standard treatment for hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM) and skeletal complications of bone metastases. Zoledronic acid, a novel nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate with an imidazole substituent, has demonstrated more potent inhibition of osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption than all other bisphosphonates, including pamidronate, in both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models. Zoledronic acid inhibited ovariectomy‐induced bone loss in adult monkeys and rats, and long‐term treatment prevented skeletal turnover and subsequent bone loss, reduced cortical porosity, and increased mechanical strength. Zoledronic acid also significantly inhibited bone loss associated with arthritis, bone metastases, and prosthesis loosening. The increased potency of zoledronic acid vs. pamidronate has been demonstrated clinically: zoledronic acid (4 or 8 mg iv) was superior to pamidronate (90 mg iv) in normalizing corrected serum calcium in patients with HCM. In patients with bone metastases, low doses of zoledronic acid (≤ 2 mg) suppressed bone resorption markers ≤ 50% below baseline, whereas pamidronate 90 mg yielded only 20 to 30% suppression. Importantly, the increased potency of zoledronic acid is not associated with an increased incidence of local (bone) or systemic adverse events. Zoledronic acid does not impair bone mineralization and, compared with pamidronate, has a greater renal and intestinal tolerability therapeutic index. Thus, based on preclinical assays and clinical data, zoledronic acid is the most potent bisphosphonate tested to date. Given its potency and excellent safety profile, zoledronic acid is now poised to become the new standard of treatment for HCM and metastatic bone disease. Drug Dev. Res. 55:210–224, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive brain potentials to novel acoustic stimuli in adult dyslexic readers
Authors: Rüsseler Jascha , Kowalczuk Justyna , Johannes Sönke , Wieringa Berdieke M. , Münte Thomas F.
Published: October 2002

Event‐related brain potentials were recorded in two three‐stimulus oddball tasks in 13 adult dyslexic and 13 age‐ and IQ‐matched normal readers. The stimuli consisted of a random series of frequent (80%) and non‐frequent tones (10%) as well as occasionally inserted novel sounds (10%). The experiment comprised an active (response to the rare target tone) and a passive listening condition. No performance differences were found for dyslexic and normal readers in the active task. In both conditions, novel sounds evoked a centrally distributed P3a‐component followed by a P3b‐component most prominent at parietal electrodes for target and novel sounds. Additionally, a slow negativity emerged after presentation of novel sounds at frontal electrodes. In the active condition only, peak amplitude of the P3a and the frontal slow negativity to novel stimuli were slightly enlarged for dyslexic readers. These findings indicate a larger distractability of dyslexic readers (enhancement of P3a to novel tones). Furthermore, we propose that dyslexics need to employ more cognitive resources to refocus on the task at hand (as indicated by the enlarged slow frontal negativity). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When is a minority a minority? Active versus passive minority advocacy and social influence
Authors: Kerr Norbert L.
Published: October 2002

Some conceptions of minority influence have stressed the impact of the mere existence of an unpopular, deviant position. Others (e.g. Moscovici, 1980) have emphasized the active opposition of a committed minority to a powerful majority. An active advocate is defined as one that is aware of the level of support for his/her position, expresses his/her position openly, and whose outcomes may depend on others' agreement/disagreement. In the present study, the potential moderating role of an advocates' active/passive status on opinion change was examined. When the issue was highly relevant to the target of influence, all that mattered was the quality of the source's arguments (i.e. majority≈ minority, active source = passive source). When the issue was not highly relevant to the target, though, active and passive sources had different impact: (1) active sources prompted attention to argument quality (for minorities) and heuristic compliance (for majorities); (2) passive sources prompted insensitivity to both the popularity of the position and to the quality of the source's arguments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Needs for cognitive economy and self‐enhancement as unique predictors of intergroup attitudes
Authors: Stangor Charles , Thompson Erik P.
Published: October 2002

This research tested the extent to which two motivations commonly assumed to predict prejudice—needs for cognitive economy and needs for self‐enhancement—were simultaneously able to predict two underlying components of prejudice—social categorization and ingroup favoritism. Across three studies, diverse measures of the two motivations showed them to be consistently differentiated. Furthermore, both motivations were found to be independently predictive of both ingroup favoritism and social categorization in each of the three studies. The research adds to existing knowledge about the personality correlates of prejudice by demonstrating the conceptual independence of these two underlying motivations as well as their relationships to components of intergroup attitudes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The benefits of being disadvantaged: performance‐related circumstances and consequences of intergroup comparisons
Authors: Ouwerkerk Jaap W. , Ellemers Naomi
Published: October 2002

People are likely to evaluate their group's standing on an ability dimension by comparing the performance level of their own group with that of an outgroup. However, in addition to contrasting performance outcomes, they may also compare the specific circumstances under which both groups have performed. From a related attributes perspective, we argue that the outcome of such a comparison is a crucial determinant of the extent to which the relative success or failure of one's group can be ascribed to its superior or inferior ability respectively, and hence of the degree to which the relative position of one's group on the performance dimension in question can be perceived as legitimate and stable (i.e. as justified and unlikely to change). Accordingly, the present research shows that information concerning performance‐related circumstances has an impact on a wide range of reactions to the relative performance of one's group, varying from the experience of positive and negative affect, to motivational responses such as changes in collective efficacy beliefs for performance improvement, individual effort on behalf of the ingroup, and the tendency to hinder the future performance of an outgroup. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ranked set sampling in the presence of censored data
Authors: Yu Philip L. H. , Tam Cannes Y. C.
Published: October 2002

The ranked set sampling (RSS) technique has been shown to be superior to classical simple random sampling (SRS) in the sense that it always provides a more precise estimator of the population mean. However, it is quite often that some measurements are below the limit of detection and hence become censored. In such situations, the superiority of RSS over SRS may no longer be held. In this article we consider the problem of estimating the population mean and standard deviation based on a ranked set sample with some data being censored. Maximum likelihood estimators are proposed when the data are assumed to follow a lognormal distribution. In the case where the distribution is unknown, a variant of the Kaplan–Meier estimator is proposed in the estimation of the population mean. A simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of the proposed RSS estimators with the corresponding SRS estimators. The impact of imperfect judgment ranking is also discussed. The proposed methods are applied to a real data set on mercury concentration in swordfish. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.