bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Relationship between Water Uptake by Cucumber and NaCl Accumulation in a Closed Hydroponic System
Authors: Savvas Dimitrios , Meletiou Gerasimos , Margariti Spiridoula , Tsirogiannis Ioannis , Kotsiras Anastasios
Published: June 2019

In a completely closed hydroponic system, Na and Cl commonly accumulate in the root zone, at rates depending on the concentration of NaCl in the irrigation water (rate of Na and Cl inlet) and the Na to water and Cl to water ratios at which they are taken up by the plants (rates of Na and Cl outlet). However, while the concentration of NaCl in the irrigation water is commonly a constant, the Na to water and Cl to water uptake ratios are variables depending on the concentrations of Na and Cl in the root zone and, hence, on the rates of their accumulation. To quantify this feed-back relationship, a differential equation was established, relating the rate of Na (or Cl) accumulation to the rate of water uptake. This equation was solved according to the classical Runge-Kutta numerical method using data originating from a cucumber experiment, which was conducted in a fully automated, closed-loop hydroponic installation. Four different NaCl concentrations in the irrigation water, 0.8, 5, 10 and 15 mm, were applied as experimental treatments. The theoretically calculated curves followed a convex pattern, with an initially rapid increase of the Na and Cl concentrations in the root zone and a gradual leveling out as the cumulative water consumption was rising. This was ascribed to the gradual approaching of the Na to water and Cl to water outlet ratios via plant uptake, which were increasing as NaCl was accumulating in the root zone, to the constant NaCl to water inlet ratio (NaCl concentration in irrigation water). The model could predict the measured Na and Cl concentrations in the drainage water more accurately at 10 and 15 mm NaCl than at 0.8 and 5 mm NaCl in the irrigation water. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed. Plant growth and water uptake were restricted as salinity was increasing, following a reverse pattern to that of Na and Cl accumulation in the root zone. The leaf K, Mg and P concentrations were markedly restricted by the increasing salinity, while that of Ca was less severely affected.
CHARACTERIZATION OF RESISTANCE TO ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES IN SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Thies J.A.
Published: June 2019

Thirteen sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) genotypes were characterized for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. hapla, and M. arenaria races 1 and 2 in greenhouse tests. The following sweetpotato genotypes representing a range of reactions to M. incognita were evaluated: U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) 399163 (highly resistant = HR), Sumor (HR), Nemagold (HR), Excel (HR), Tinian (HR), Hernandez (resistant = R), Jewel (R), Regal (R), Porto Rico (intermediate = I), Centennial (susceptible = S), Georgia Jet (S), Sulfur (S), and Beauregard (S). Meloidogyne incognita was most pathogenic to sweetpotato of the four Meloidogyne spp. evaluated in these studies. The U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) 399163 and Sumor were resistant to M. incognita in all tests. Only two genotypes, Beauregard and Porto Rico, were susceptible to M. javanica. All genotypes evaluated were resistant to M. hapla, M. arenaria race 1, and M. arenaria race 2. Sumor, U.S. PI 399163, and Nemagold appear to provide the highest levels of resistance against the four Meloidogyne spp. used in these studies. Since M. incognita is the most commonly occurring root-knot nematode species in sweetpotato growing areas of the southern U.S. and is pathogenic to most of the commonly grown sweetpotato cultivars, efforts to develop resistant cultivars that have desirable horticultural characteristics for the U.S. market should be directed toward this root-knot nematode species.
GREEN INDUSTRY SPRING TUNE-UP: FOCUSED TRAINING FOR THE RETAIL/LANDSCAPE SECTOR
Authors: Robbins James A.
Published: June 2019

Starting in 1999, the University of Arkansas implemented an annual workshop to prepare employees of the landscape and retail sectors for the spring rush. Since the sales and service sectors account for 91% of the annual gross sales for the Arkansas Green Industry it was felt a specialized workshop was justified. The program format consists of three, one-hour sections devoted to the most common disease, insect, and weed problems that these professionals face. The program is presented in the evening so more employees can attend. The format has changed over the years from the typical road-trip, to a compressed video conference format, and finally back to a live performance in the two major population markets in the state. A detailed handout is provided so participants can easily follow the program. These same notes serve as a handy reference when these employees return to their jobs. To further expand the audience, an interactive CD is now available that summarizes the three topic areas. Because the CD program is hyperlinked, viewers can either proceed through the program in a linear fashion or easily search for answers on specific topics of interest. For disease and insect topics, life cycle and host information is provided. Control measures are separated into chemical and biological options. A recent addition to the CD is the inclusion of actual photographs of consumer products to illustrate examples of suitable active ingredient options for the control of specific pests or diseases.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF FRESH-CUT WATERMELON THROUGH GRAFTING AND ROOTSTOCK SELECTION
Authors: Roberts Warren , Bruton Benny D. , Popham Thomas W. , Fish Wayne W.
Published: June 2019

The shelf life and over-all quality of fresh-cut watermelon from two cultivars grafted onto four rootstocks were compared with fresh-cut fruit from the nongrafted cultivars. Fresh-cut cubic pieces of about 4.5 cm per side were prepared from ripe watermelons grown at the Lane Research Station and were stored at 5 °C in 35-oz PETE containers. Quality attributes of firmness, soluble solids content, lycopene content, and bacterial counts of the pieces were measured after 0, 5, and 10 days of storage. Sugar content of the cut fruit was independent of rootstock and remained constant over the ten days of storage. Lycopene content of the fruit decreased by 5% to 10% during the storage period, regardless of treatment. Bacterial count on the fruit from all treatments remained low and variable during the ten days at 5 °C. Firmness of cut pieces from fruit originating from the grafted plants was dependent upon the rootstock employed, and melons from grafted plants possessed firmer fruit than did those from the nongrafted plants. Overall, the firmness of fruit from all sources decreased 20% to 30% during the ten days of cold storage. However, the firmness of fruit from some of the rootstocks after 10 days of storage was equal to or significantly higher than that of the fruit from nongrafted plants when it was initially cut. Thus, these studies suggest that grafting to a proper rootstock will produce fresh-cut watermelon that is equal in sweetness and lycopene content to its nongrafted counterpart, but it will possess greater crispness throughout its storage on the supermarket shelf.
WATERMELON CULTIVAR EVALUATIONS
Authors: Roberts Warren , Perkins-Veazie Penny , Edelson Jonathan , Shrefler Jim , Brandenberger Lynn
Published: June 2019

Forty-one watermelon cultivars were compared for yield and fruit size. Fields were prepared with raised beds 1 m wide covered with black plastic and equipped with drip irrigation. Plots were 2.7 m wide × 15.2 m long, with 10 plants being spaced 2.7 m apart in the row, and the remaining 6.1 m of each plot being used as a buffer zone. There were 4 replications of each plot, arranged as a randomized complete block. Seeds were placed in pre-moistened Jiffy-9 pellets in a greenhouse on 16 June 2003. Germinated seedlings were transplanted to the field on June 30. There were 27 triploid cultivars grown, with an average yield of 34.3 t·ha–1, and 14 diploid cultivars grown, also with an average of 34.3 t·ha–1. The three highest yielding diploids were `Gold Strike' with 51.7 t·ha–1, `Jamboree' with 44.8 t·ha–1, and `Dulce'with 43.0 t·ha–1. The three highest yielding triploids were `Sweet Slice' with 49.1 t·ha–1, `Sweet Delight' with 46.6 t·ha–1, and `Samba' with 45.0 t·ha–1. Small, personal sized melons are gaining popularity in the markets, and several small sized cultivars were included in this study. The cultivars with the smallest fruit, and their average fruit sizes, were `HA 5133', 2.6 kg; `HA 6007', 2.7 kg; `HA 5109', 2.8 kg; `Minipol', 3.0 kg; `WD-02-05', 3.4 kg; `HA 6008', 3.4 kg; `HSR 2920', 3.5 kg; `HA 6009], 3.7 kg; `HA 5116', 3.7 kg; and `WT-03-05', 4.2 kg.
DESIGNING A CHILDREN'S WATER GARDEN IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA BOTANICAL GARDEN AS AN OUTDOOR LEARNING LAB FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Authors: Keydoszius Renee , Haque Mary
Published: June 2019

During the fall semester of 2003, a Clemson University introductory landscape design class collaborated with South Carolina Botanical Gardens staff and coordinators of Sprouting Wings, an after school gardening program for at risk children, to design an exploratory Children's Garden within the Botanical Gardens. Project methodology included site selection, research, site analysis, conceptual diagrams, preliminary designs, and full color renderings of final designs. Students periodically presented their progress on the project to the clients in order to receive feedback and advice. One of the thirteen themed gardens designed is the Wonders of Water Garden. Project goals were to create a center for environmental education addressing current issues in water quality such as pollution from industries and runoff, erosion, stream degradation, and sedimentation resulting from land clearing and development. Visitors will be able to observe and learn about various environmental factors affecting native plant and animal life. The garden will help to teach environmental stewardship and understanding of general aquatic ecology. An observation deck, serpentine bridge through a bog garden, and a bridge crossing a waterfall stream will allow close observation of native aquatic plant and animal life. The Wonders of Water Garden design includes the bog garden and carnivorous garden that border two pools connected by a stream of small waterfalls which may be used to create awareness of current water quality issues and serve as a model to teach visitors the importance of water and aquatic plants in the environment.
EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON THE ONTOGENY OF THREE Allium SPECIES
Authors: Broome Amanda , Peffley Ellen B.
Published: June 2019

This research evaluated for the NASA ALS program the effect of plant spacing on edible biomass of green salad onions. The ontogeny of Japanese bunching onion, A. fistulosum; bulbing onion, A. cepa; and chives, A. schoenoprasum grown at 10, 15, and 20-mm spacings harvested weekly were compared. Onions were grown hydroponically in Environmental Growth Chambers 16 hours light/8 hours dark, 24/20 °C, 75/99%, ≈650 μmol·m–2.

Experimental design was a completely randomized block with repeated measures. Subsamples of plants completely surrounded by neighboring plants were chosen at random from experimental units. Weekly removal of shoots began 28 days after planting (dap); destructive harvest was 70 dap. Length and diameter of longest leaf, weight (g), number of leaves/tillers were recorded weekly. Bulb caliper and weight was taken 70 dap. Bunching and bulbing onion leaves were longest at 28 dap; leaf lengths steadily decreased over time. Chives were slower to germinate and establish but at 70 dap had longest leaves of all species. Leaf diameter of all species increased as spacing increased. At 56 and through 70 dap chives at all three spacings produced more leaves. Mean weight of shoots differed significantly at the 20-mm spacing: chives weighed the least and bulbing onion the most. Bulb weight for bulbing onion and chives increased with increased spacing; bulbing onion weighed significantly more at 15 and 20-mm compared to the other species and spacings. Chives grown at 20-mm had tillering clumps of rhizomes. Total edible biomass weight (bulb, pseudostem, shoots) of bulbing onion grown at 10-mm exhibited similar ontogeny to chives grown at 10 and 15-mm spacings; bulbing onion grown at 20-mm had the most edible biomass.
QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM MONTH FOR CONSUMPTION OF DAYLILIES (Hemerocallis SPP.).
Authors: Pollard A.N. , Coggins P.C. , Coker C.E. , Knight P.R.
Published: June 2019

There are over 30,000 named daylily cultivars in existence today. Ancient Chinese used the plant for nutritive and medicinal qualities. The Greek name Hemerocallis means beautiful for a day. Daylilies demonstrate potential in food service due to the range of color, fragrance, flavor, and textural varieties. The objective was to quantify by descriptive analysis the attribute descriptors for two edible daylily cultivars, i.e., `Rosie Meyer' and `Siloam Powder Pink' and to provide data indicating optimum month for consumption of these two cultivars of daylilies. Blooms were harvested during early morning hours over 5 months (May to September). Six panelists were trained utilizing Quantitative Descriptive Analysis for 6 months on the sensory attributes of `Rosie Meyer' and `Siloam Powder Pink' cultivars. Training consisted of determining attribute categories as well as intensity ratings for references. Attribute categories included appearance, odor/scent, handfelt texture, oral texture, basic taste(s), flavor, mouth feeling factors, and chew rate. Results showed attribute categories with descriptors for `Siloam Powder Pink' as odor/scent, flavor, mouth feeling factors, and oral texture as having a significant difference (P < 0.05) for the evaluation months. `Rosie Meyer' demonstrated significant differences (P < 0.05) for the evaluation months in attribute categories for appearance, odor/scent, flavor, oral texture, and mouth feeling factors. The optimum month for consumption of `Rosie Meyer' was September (P < 0.05); `Siloam Powder Pink' was July (P < 0.05). These results provide a descriptive language for daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) cultivars `Rosie Meyer' and `Siloam Powder Pink'. The optimum month for consumption to obtain the fullest range of desirable attributes will provide the food and horticultural industry with added information by which to market these cultivars.
PROGRESS REPORT: EFFORTS TO DEVELOP PINKEYE-TYPE SOUTHERNPEA CULTIVARS WITH AN ENHANCED PERSISTENT GREEN SEED PHENOTYPE
Authors: Fery Richard L.
Published: June 2019

The USDA has developed four pinkeye-type southernpea candidate cultivars (Experimental designations: US-1090, US-1092, US-1094, and US-1096) that have a persistent green seed phenotype conditioned by both the green cotyledon gene (gc) and the green testa (gt) gene. Each of the candidate cultivars produces dry seeds that have a richer and more uniform green color than seeds of either green cotyledon or green testa phenotype cultivars. Seeds of these candidate cultivars are much less susceptible to color loss due to blanching when harvest is delayed than are seeds of green cotyledon phenotype cultivars. Color loss is a critical problem in production systems where pre-harvest chemical desiccants are used to facilitate mechanical harvesting operations. The 7-day delay between application of the desiccant and initiation of harvesting operations can result in serious color degradation. The results of four 6-replicate field trials indicate that the yield potential of each of the four candidate cultivars is equal to that of the green cotyledon pinkeye-type cultivar Charleston Greenpack. Additionally, each of the candidate cultivars is resistant to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and do not produce hard seeds that are troublesome to frozen food processors. The seed shape, seed size, and seed eye pattern traits of the candidate cultivars are similar to those of Charleston Greenpack.
MISSISSIPPI HAND-HARVEST, FRESH MARKET SOUTHERNPEA TRIAL–2004
Authors: Evans W.B. , Hudson P. , Paridon K.L.
Published: June 2019

Twenty southernpea (Vigna unguiculata) entries were evaluated for fresh market potential in a hand-harvested trial at Crystal Springs, Miss. Ten entries in the pinkeye or black-eye categories were evaluated in an experiment with four replicates and randomized complete block design. Another ten entries in the cream or crowder category were evaluated in an adjacent observational trial with one plot per entry. In both experiments, rows were 40 inches apart and 20 ft long. Peas were seeded in May 2004. Plots were harvested on three dates in July. Pods were weighed after harvesting ten feet of row in each plot. After resting overnight in bins, the peas were shelled and weighed. Quick Pick matured earlier than other entries in the replicated trial. Lady Pea was very late in the observational trial, to the point it was not harvested. In-shell fresh weight was greatest for CT Pinkeye, Quick Pick, Mississippi Pinkeye, Knucklehull, and Top Pick. Shelled weight was greatest for CT Pinkeye, Quick Pick, and Mississippi Pinkeye in the replicated trial. Yields of the cream and crowder peas tested in a adjacent observational trial were less than those of the pink-eye and black-eyed peas.
COMPARISON OF BACCALAUREATE STUDENTS WITH DUAL ENROLLED HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN AN ON-LINE INTRODUCTORY COURSE
Authors: Smith C. , Teolis I. , McKenney C. , Peffley E.
Published: June 2019

In the Fall 2004 semester, an on-line Introductory Horticulture course was offered to both Baccalaureate (BS) and dual enrolled high school (HS) students through Texas Tech University. In this preliminary study, comparisons were made between the progress of BS and HS students. Mean exam scores, lab report grades, worksheet scores, number of hits, and final scores for all populations were normally distributed. A one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between mean exam scores (F = 6.950, p < 0.01) with HS scoring higher than BS students. Lab report and worksheet scores were significantly higher for BS students (p < 0.001). BS students accessed the website more often than HS students (p <.001). Final grades for the course were not significantly different (F = 6.950, p = 0.391) indicating that HS students performed as well as BS students in this online Introductory Horticulture course.
GROWTH OF ANNUAL PLANT SPECIES IN GROUND PROCESSED RICE HULL PRODUCTS
Authors: Quinney Heather , Evans Michael R.
Published: June 2019

Pepper (Capsicum annuum) and impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) plants were grown in substrates composed of 20% perlite and 20%, 40%, 60% or 80% of a coarse, medium or fine grind of fresh rice hulls with the remainder being Sphagnum peat. Impatiens grown in substrates containing 40% of a coarse, medium or fine and 80% of a fine grind of rice hulls had similar shoot dry weights as those grown in a substrate containing 80% peat. Only impatiens grown in a root substrate containing 40% of the coarse grind of fresh rice hulls had lower root dry weight than those grown in substrates containing 80% peat. Peppers grown in a substrate containing 60% and 80% of a coarse, 60% of a medium or 60% and 80% of a fine grind of fresh rice hulls had similar shoot dry weights as those grown in a substrate containing 80% peat. There were no significant differences in pepper root dry weights among the substrates. Impatiens and pepper plants grown in a substrate containing 80% of the fine grind of fresh rice hulls were similar to those grown in 80% peat, and therefore, the fine grind of fresh rice hulls served as a suitable substitute for Sphagnum peat.
EFFICACY OF BIOLOGICAL AMENDMENTS ON POSTTRANSPLANT ROOT ROT
Authors: Sealy Ramsey , Evans Michael R.
Published: June 2019

Biological substrate amendments including SG-11, Subtilex, SoilGuard, ActinoIron, Companion, RootShield and BioYield were evaluated for their efficacy to control common soil-borne fungal and fungal-like pathogens when incorporated into the substrate at transplanting. The biological agents were incorporated into an 80% Sphagnum peat and 20% perlite substrate at the label recommended rates and four-to-six-leaf plugs of the test species were transplanted into the substrates. Substrates were either inoculated or uninoculated with a test pathogen. Pathogen-host combinations included Pythium ultimum on geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum), Phytophthora nicotianae and Pythium aphanidermatum on vinca (Catharanthus roseus), and Theilaviopsis basicoli on pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana). The incidence of disease development, plant mortality and root fresh weights did not differ among the biological agents and the inoculated controls. Therefore, under the conditions of this study, the biological agents did not provide significant disease suppression. Pansy and vinca plants grown in uninoculated substrates amended with Subtilex had significantly higher shoot dry weights than those grown in unamended substrates. Pansy, vinca and tomato plants grown in uninoculated substrates amended with SG-11 had significantly higher shoot dry weights than those grown in unamended substrates.
ALL-AMERICA DAYLILIES: LANDSCAPE PERFORMANCE AND RUST OBSERVATIONS 2003 AND 2004
Authors: Owings Allen D. , Holcomb Gordon E. , Witcher Anthony L. , Broyles C. Allen , Bush Edward W.
Published: June 2019

All-American daylily cultivars named from 1994-2004 were evaluated for landscape performance and daylily rust (Puccinia hemerocallidis) susceptibility during 2003 and 2004. Cultivars included `Black-Eyed Stella', `Bitsy', `Leebea Orange Crush', `Plum Perfect', `Judith', `Starstruck', `Frankly Scarlet', `Lullaby Baby', `Lady Lucille', and `Chorus Line'. Bareroot plants were planted in raised beds composed of an Olivier silt loam soil in full sun and received irrigation as needed to prevent stress. Visual quality ratings were made weekly from 19 Apr. to 25 Oct. 2003 and 15 Mar. to 20 Sept. 2004. Included in the visual quality ratings were growth habit and flowering with favorable growth habit being compactness, foliage color, uniformity, and overall aesthetics, and favorable flowering being longevity and visual appeal. Flower observations were made in regard to time in bud and peak blooming periods over the same time frames. Daylily rust ratings were taken in September and November 2003 and in August and November 2004. Flowering observations indicated that Black Eyed Stella and Bitsy were the only cultivars showing reliable repeat bloom potential. Among the other cultivars, Judith was the earliest to bud and bloom but also had a blooming period of only 2 to 3 weeks compared to 4 to 5 weeks of bloom for other cultivars. Rust was most prevalent on Judith, Leebea Orange Crush, Starstruck and Lady Lucille. Judith and Leebea Orange Crush have rust symptoms earlier than other cultivars. `Plum Perfect', `Frankly Scarlet', `Bitsy', `Black Eyed Stella', and `Lullaby Baby' were least susceptible to daylily rust.
DEFOLIATION OF WOODY CUT STEMS WITH PREHARVEST, LESS TOXIC CHEMICAL AND POSTHARVEST ENVIRONMENTAL METHODS
Authors: Greer Lane , Dole John M.
Published: June 2019

Six defoliants were applied in fall and tested for their efficacy in preharvest defoliation of field grown curly willow (Salix matsudana `Tortuosa'), american bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), and american beautyberry (Callicarpa americana). Defoliants included acetic acid, chelated copper, crop oil concentrate (COC), ethephon, dimethipin plus COC, pelargonic acid, and a tap water control. For chelated copper, a concentration of 800 mg·L–1 was most effective at promoting defoliation, providing 100% defoliation of american bittersweet and 76% defoliation of american beautyberry. For curly willow and american beautyberry, all concentrations of dimethipin produced good or excellent defoliation. Increasing concentrations of ethephon from 200 to 2500 mg·L–1 increased defoliation from 0% to 67%. Pelargonic acid was not effective at promoting defoliation of woody plants at the concentrations used. In an experiment conducted during spring using containerized curly willow, irrigation was stopped for 0, 3, or 6 days before defoliants were applied, but none of the irrigation treatments promoted defoliation. In a postharvest study using cut curly willow, stems were held in distilled water at 5, 20, or 35 °C for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Holding cut stems of curly willow at 20 °C promoted 68% defoliation, compared to 53% or 28% for 5 or 35 °C, respectively.
EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS AND GENOTYPE ON SHELF-LIFE OF FRESH SOUTHERNPEA
Authors: Butcher Justin , Morelock Teddy , Williams Danielle
Published: June 2019

Postharvest storage of southernpeas, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., is a crucial point of the production process. Governed by consumer demands, farmers strive for a product that is high in quality and freshness, and has an appropriate texture and appealing color. Improper storage of southernpeas will result in their eventual deterioration, unacceptance, and possible loss of profit. Because of this, an appropriate storage facility and temperature should be devised that will benefit both farmer and consumer. In an effort to prevent potential losses of southernpeas, a study was conducted to determine the best environmental condition at which to store them to potentially extend their shelf-life. In 2004, five southernpea varieties—`Early Acre,' `Early Scarlet,' `Excel Select,' `Coronet,' and `Arkansas Blackeye #1'—were planted in a randomized block design on the University of Arkansas horticulture farm. Upon maturity, 12 green pods of each variety were subjected to a sweated and unsweated treatment and then shelled. After shelling, the seeds were subjected to four different environmental conditions evaluating each on the basis of changes in physical appearance. Further objectives of the study were to determine the best variety, environmental condition, and treatment to maintain product quality in a manner that would relate to growers on a commercial basis. Results showed that a refrigerated environment at or near 3 to 5 °C is a good environment to store this particular crop for nearly 2 weeks. It also appeared that the sweated treatment assisted with the shelling process and maintained the appearance of each variety longer. From the results, temperature and percent relative humidity are arguably two important components of postharvest storage that have the potential of negatively affecting the crop.
`GULFKING' AND `GULFCREST', NEW PEACHES FOR THE LOWER COASTAL PLAIN
Authors: Krewer Gerard , Beckman Tom , Chaparro Jose , Sherman Wayne
Published: June 2019

`Gulfking' and `Gulfcrest' peaches are jointly released for grower trials by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Trees of `Gulfking' and `Gulfcrest' produce an attractive, sweet-tasting, yellow and non-melting flesh fruit intended for the fresh fruit market. They are expected to produce fruit with tree-ripened aroma and taste while retaining firmness for longer shelf life than fruit from conventional melting-flesh cultivars. Trees of `Gulfking' reach full bloom most seasons in mid-February in lower southern Georgia and are estimated to require 350 chill units. We expect this new peach to be adapted in areas where `Flordaking' has been successfully grown. Fruit ripen 73 to 80 days from full bloom, typically in early May, usually with `Flordaking' in southern Georgia. The fruit are large, ranging from 105 to 130 grams. Commercially ripe fruit exhibit 80% to 90% red (with moderately fine darker red stripes) over a deep yellow to orange ground color. Fruit shape is round with a recessed tip. Pits are medium small and have little tendency to split even when crop loads are low. Trees of `Gulfcrest' are estimated to require 525 chill units. This is based on full bloom consistently occurring with `Sunfre' nectarine at Attapulgus, Ga. where full bloom occurs most seasons in early-March. Fruit ripen 62 to 75 days from full bloom, typically in early to mid-May, usually a few days after `Flordacrest' in southern Georgia. The fruit are medium-large, averaging about 105 g. Commercially ripe fruit exhibit 90% to 95% red over a deep yellow to orange ground color. Fruit shape is round with a recessed tip. Pits are medium small and have little tendency to split even when crop loads are low.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ACID COMPOUNDS ON CO2 ASSIMILATION, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, AND STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE OF APPLE
Authors: Mcafee J.D. , Rom C.R.
Published: June 2019

Alternative fruit thinners and pesticides are needed for certified organic fruit growers. A transient reduction in photosynthesis has proven to be an effective technique used for fruit thinning. Conversely, pesticides, which reduce Pn may be detrimental to plant growth. This study was developed to measure plant response to foliar applications of various organic acids as potential horticultural chemicals Treatments were applied to vegetative apple trees under controlled environmental conditions to study photosynthetic effects. CO2 assimilation significantly decreased temporarily 3 days after treatment with citric acid. Decreased trends of evapotranspiration were observed for all treatments 1 day after foliar application; however, not significant. Salicylic acid significantly decreased stomatal conductance 1 and 15 days after treatment. Average leaf area was not significantly affected but oxalic acid increased plant stem growth while acetic acid application reduced growth. This model system for screening new and alternative compounds will be a basis to study agents that may have potential to be used as certified pesticides or fruit thinning agents.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF LOW SUGAR WATERMELON BY CONSUMERS
Authors: Collins J.K. , Davis A.R. , Adams A. , Perkins-Veazie P.
Published: June 2019

Red-fleshed watermelons contain lycopene, a compound that has health functional properties. Watermelon intake may be restricted for individuals who have diabetes or those who limit carbohydrate intake. Recently, a low-sugar watermelon (<6% soluble solids content) was developed using traditional plant breeding techniques. Low-sugar and a commercial variety of watermelon (9% SSC) were washed, cut in half and red flesh was removed and cut into cubes. Low and high levels of artificial sweetener were added to the low-sugar watermelon. Students at a Native American school (grades 1 through 12) and adults at a Native American Feeding Center were asked to rate how much they liked or disliked the watermelon using a seven-point hedonic scale. Lycopene and other carotenoids were analyzed from samples using established methods. Artificially sweetened melons were rated as acceptable as commercial control melons for taste. Lycopene and total carotenoid levels were similar among the treatments. These results show that artificially sweetened low-sugar watermelons were acceptable to Native American consumer groups.
CUTTING PROPAGATION WITH AUXIN APPLIED VIA THE ROOTING SUBSTRATE
Authors: Blythe Eugene K. , Sibley Jeff L. , Ruter John M.
Published: June 2019

Stem cuttings of golden euonymus (Euonymus japonicus `Aureo-marginatus'), shore juniper (Juniperus conferta `Blue Pacific'), white indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica `Alba'), and `Red Cascade' miniature rose (Rosa `Red Cascade') were successfully rooted in plugs of a stabilized organic substrate that had been soaked in aqueous solutions of the potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) at 0 to 75 mg·L–1 before inserting the cuttings. Cuttings were rooted under intermittent mist in polyethylene-covered greenhouses with rooting periods appropriate for each species. Rooting percentages showed some increase with increasing auxin concentration with juniper cuttings, but were similar among treatments for the other three species. Number of roots per rooted cutting increased with increasing auxin concentration with cuttings of juniper, Indian hawthorn, and rose, and was greatest using around 60 mg·L-1 K-IBA for cuttings of juniper and Indian hawthorn and 30 to 45 mg·L-1 K-IBA for cuttings of rose.
CORN GLUTEN MEAL APPLICATION OPTIONS FOR WEED CONTROL
Authors: Shrefler James W. , Webber Charles L. , Faulkenberry Otis L.
Published: June 2019

Producers of organic vegetables often report that weeds are a troublesome production problem. It has been documented that corn gluten meal (CGM), a by-product of the wet-milling process of corn, is phytotoxic. As a preemergence or preplant-incorporated herbicide, CGM inhibits root development, decreases shoot length, and reduces plant survival of weed or crop seedlings. The development of a mechanized application method for CGM and the ability to apply the material in a banded pattern would increase its potential use in organic vegetable production, especially in direct-seeded vegetables. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a mechanized method to uniformly apply CGM to the soil surface in either a broadcast or banded pattern. An applicator was assembled using various machinery components (fertilizer box, rotating agitator blades, 12-volt motor, and fan shaped gravity-fed row banding applicators). The equipment was evaluated for the application of two CGM formulations (powdered and granulated), three application rates (250, 500, and 750 g·m–2), and two application configurations (solid and banded). Field evaluations were conducted during Summer 2004 on 81-cm-wide raised beds at Lane, Okla. Differences between CGM formulations affected the flow rate within and between application configurations. The granulated formulation flowed at a faster rate, without clumping, compared to the powdered formulation. While the CGM in the banded configuration flowed faster than the solid application. It was determined that the CGM powder used with the solid application configuration was inconsistent, unreliable, and thus not feasible for use with this equipment without further modifications. These evaluations demonstrated the feasibility of using equipment, rather than manual applications, to apply CGM to raised beds for organic weed control purposes. Several design alterations may increase the efficiency and potential usefulness of this equipment. If research determines equivalent weed control efficacy between the two CGM formulations, the granulated formulation would be the preferred formulation for use in this equipment. This equipment would be useful for evaluating the benefits of banded applications of CGM for weed control efficacy and crop safety for direct seeded vegetables.
EVALUATION OF FERTILITY PRACTICES FOR VIDALIA ONIONS
Authors: Boyhan George E. , Torrance Reid L. , Blackley Ronald H. , Cook M. Jefferson , Hill C. Randell
Published: June 2019

Fertilizer rates of N, P, K were evaluated over 4 years (2000–03) as were different sources of experimental and commercial fertilizers. The highest total yields and yields of jumbos (≥7.6 cm) occurred with nitrogen rates of 140–168 kg·ha–1. Neither phosphorus nor potassium rates had an affect on total yield. Phosphorus rates of 0-147 kg·ha–1 and potassium rates of 0–177 kg·ha–1 were evaluated. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer resulted in increasing leaf tissue nitrogen, but did not affect P, K, Ca, or S. Increasing phosphorus fertilizer increased leaf tissue phosphorus only slightly (p = 0.060) with no affect on other leaf nutrient levels. Increasing potassium fertilizer did affect leaf tissue potassium 2 out of 4 years with none of the other leaf nutrient levels affected. Several fertilizers were also evaluated including an experimental fortified peat (10%N), calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, diammonium phosphate, 5–10–15 (56 kg·ha–1 N), 18-6-8 liquid, 14–0–12 8%S liquid, 19–8–19 slow-release at rates of 140 and 168 kg·ha–1 nitrogen. All were used to supply 168 kg·ha–1 nitrogen unless noted otherwise. P and K were supplied according to soil test recommendations unless they were part of the fertilizer formulation. There were no differences between the different fertilizer sources for total yield and differences in jumbo yields only occurred one year out of three years of testing and for medium (≥5.1 and <7.6 cm) yields there were differences two years out of three years of testing.
SCREENING OF NEW HERBICIDES FOR WEED CONTROL IN THREE CHENOPOD CROPS
Authors: Brandenberger L. , Wells L.K. , Bostian B.
Published: June 2019

Because of the limited number of herbicides in spinach, beet, and swiss chard, a screening study was initiated to identify new preemergence herbicides. Field soil at the study was a fine sandy loam. The study was initiated on 8 Apr. 2004 at Bixby, Okla. Each plot had four direct seeded rows of spinach, beet and chard. 22 treatments were replicated four times in a RBD that included a nontreated check. Treatments used 12 preemergence herbicides. Herbicides were applied PRE with a research sprayer at 20 GPA in a 6-ft swath perpendicular to crop rows. The experimental area received 0.5 inch of irrigation after application. Callisto (mesotrione) and V10146 (Valent exp. compound) both resulted in 100% death of beet, chard and spinach seedlings. Herbicides that had injury at or below Dual Magnum included Pyramin (pyrazon), Nortron (ethofumesate), Lorox (linuron), and Bolero (thiobencarb) tank-mixed with Bio-Power. Yields were zero for the nontreated check and several treatments due to weed competition and the lack of crop plants in some plots. Treatments with the highest beet yields included Dual Magnum at 0.5 lbs/acre, Pyramin at 3.6 lbs/acre, and Outlook (dimethenamid-P) at 0.25 lbs/acre (11,822, 8,034, 8,010 lbs/acre respectively). Highest chard yields were from Dual Magnum at 0.5 lbs/acre, Pyramin at 3.6 lbs/acre, Outlook at 0.5 lbs/acre + Bio-Power, and Outlook at 0.5 lbs (12,753, 12,596, 11,495, and 10,563 lbs/acre, respectively). Spinach yields were highest for Dual Magnum at 0.5 lbs/acre, Define (flufenacet) at 0.3 lbs/acre, and Outlook at 0.5 lbs/acre + Bio-Power (4,465, 4,259, and 3,207 lbs/acre, respectively).
`VERNON': A NEW EARLY SEASON RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY CULTIVAR
Authors: NeSmith D. Scott , Draper Arlen D. , Spiers James M.
Published: June 2019

Released in 2004 by the University of Georgia and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, `Vernon' is an early season rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), having large fruit size, good yields and excellent plant vigor. `Vernon', tested as T-584, was selected in 1990 at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, Ga. from a cross of T-23 × T-260. `Vernon' fruit ripens early with the cultivar Climax in south Georgia, and few days before `Premier'; however, `Vernon' flowers 5 to 10 days after the standard cultivars. On average over a 6 year period, `Vernon' yielded 5.8 kg/plant per season, compared to 3.1 and 4.5 kg/plant for `Climax' and `Premier', respectively. Berry stem scar, color, firmness, and flavor of the new cultivar are good to excellent. Berry size of `Vernon' is considerably large, averaging 2.05 g/berry over 4 locations in 2003, compared to only an average weight of 1.56 g/berry for `Climax'. `Vernon' berries are firmer than `Premier'. Propagation of the new cultivar is easily accomplished from softwood cuttings. Chill hour requirement is estimated to be in the range of 500 to 550 hours (<7 °C). `Vernon' should be planted with other rabbiteye blueberry cultivars with a similar time of bloom to provide optimum pollination. Propagation rights are controlled by Georgia Seed Development Commission, 2420 S. Milledge Avenue, Athens, GA 30606 (for more information go to www.gsdc.com).
FLOWER PETAL PIGMENTATION AFFECTED BY THE EXPERIMENTAL PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR A-1699 DF
Authors: Cavins Todd J.
Published: June 2019

Anti-gibberellin plant growth regulators (PGRs) not only affect cell elongation, but other biochemical processes. The experimental PGR A-1699 DF was evaluated for efficacy of height and width control as well as effect on flower petal pigmentation. While the active ingredient in A-1699 DF has proven effective for height control on several crops, that was not observed on Impatiens `Accent Cranberry' in this study. However, A-1699 DF did affect flower petal pigmentation. A-1699 DF likely inhibited anthocyanin production that resulted in light pink versus cranberry flower petals observed on the control, Paczol, and B-Nine/Cycocel PGR applications.
RESULTS OF THE SOUTHERN PEA COOP TRIALS IN OKLAHOMA
Authors: Brandenberger L. , Wells L.K. , Sanchez J. , Bostian B.
Published: June 2019

Trials were conducted to determine southern pea performance in two different production environments in Oklahoma. Plots consisted of one row 20 feet long with 30 or 36 inches between rows. Seed were spaced 10 seed per foot and were inoculated with Rhizobium at planting. The trials were seeded on 15 June 2004 at Bixby, Okla. (elevation836), and on 16 June 2004 at Goodwell, Okla. (elevation 3293). Trials included at least three replications in a RBD for the 15 cultivar/breeding lines. Plots received a PRE application of Dual Magnum at 1.0 lb ai/acre tank-mixed with Pursuit at 0.063 lb a.i./acre. Supplemental water was applied with overhead irrigation. Maturity before harvest was rated as percentage of dry pods. TX158BEgc, LA 96-4, and US-1076 had the highest percentage of dry pods at both Bixby and Goodwell for blackeye, cream, and pinkeye types, respectively. Yields are given as imbibed lb/acre. Peas with consistent yields at both Bixby and Goodwell included blackeye types AR 00-178 with yields of 2,558 and 4,738 lb/acre, respectively, and ARK Blackeye #1, which had yields of 2,605 and 4,406 lb/acre, respectively. The highest yielding cream type at Bixby was LA 96-4, at Goodwell it was Early Acre, these had yields of 2,346, and 3,983 lb/acre, respectively. The highest yielding pinkeye types included AR 96-854 at Bixby and AR 01-1293 at Goodwell which yielded 3,593 and 4,366 lb/acre, respectively. LA 96-18 had yields of 2,886 and 2,853 lb/acre at Bixby and Goodwell, respectively, and was the most consistent yielding pinkeye for both sites.
EFFECTS OF COLORED MULCHES ON “B” SIZE POTATOES
Authors: Hassell Richard L. , Phillips Tyron L. , Hale Teri
Published: June 2019

The small, “B” size potatoes (<2 inches but ≥1.25 inches in diameter) represent a keen interest in new, specialty food items. Exotic shapes and color shades of the specialty varieties are also known for intense flavors and variations in textures in firmness and fiber that consumers are looking for today in an ever increasing health consciousness among consumers. In 2004, the varieties `French Fingerling' (West Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), W2275-3R (Univ. of Wisconsin) and B1145-2 (USDA, Beltsville, Maryland) were planted in a double row 8 inches between tubers and 18 inches between rows in a replicated trial using colored mulches. The mulch color included red, white, black, blue, green, and silver foil. These plastic mulches were laid on 6-ft centers. The mulches were shown to affect the microclimate of soil temperature, as expected, and therefore affecting yield. These temperature differences were measured with a Campbell CR 10X weather station (Logan, Utah) probes at 2 inches above the soil surface and 4 and 6 inches below the soil surface. Plant stands were excellent with all mulches, however, blue mulch caused early emergence while white and silver delayed emergence. Just the opposite effect happened when it came to yields. The highest individual tubers per plant came from the silver mulch with the blue having the lowest tuber yields. Cultivar differences were also seen in there ability to produce marketable tubers. `French Fingerling' had the highest plant vigor and also the most marketable tubers per plant. B1145-2 produced most of its tubers greater than 2 inches in diameter with the tubers nonuniform in shape. W2275-3R produced a very uniform round tuber with few defects. Yields were higher this past year, however, there was a greater incidence of hollow heart due to excess water and higher fertility.
EVALUATION OF SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZER MATERIALS ON SELECTED VEGETABLE CROPS
Authors: Kelley William Terry
Published: June 2019

Despite some advantages, adoption of slow-release fertilizers in vegetables has been slow primarily due to cost. In crops fertilized with ground equipment, growers can make fewer trips through the field and assure fertilizer is present when conditions prevent application. With drip irrigation, some materials are difficult to inject, however, Nitamin is a new injectable liquid produced by Georgia Pacific. Thus, with plasticulture, growers can inject less frequently and potentially use lower rates. Granular and liquid formulations of slow-release fertilizer were tested on onions (Winter 2003–04), cabbage (Winter 2003–04) and pepper (Spring 2004) in Georgia. Combinations of traditional fertilizer with slow-release formulations and various rates of slow-release fertilizer alone were compared to a standard fertilizer program on these crops in separate experiments. The slow-release contains only N. So, other nutrients were held constant. Otherwise normal cultural practices were employed. Crops were harvested at maturity and data collected on yield and quality. In cabbage, with at least 50% of the standard N rate using the slow-release fertilizer, yields were comparable to the standard. Results on onions were similar with N rates of at least 75% of the standard for the liquid material; the granular formulation did not perform well. Split applications of slow-release fertilizer and combinations with standard fertilizer worked well for cabbage, but not for onions. Results on pepper, although inconclusive, indicated it was possible to get comparable yields at lower N rates with the slow-release material. Based on these results, lower N rates are possible on cabbage and onions with slow-release fertilizers which may make them economically feasible while providing application advantages to growers.
WEED CONTROL IN TOMATO WITH HALOSULFURON (SANDEA)
Authors: Masabni Joseph G.
Published: June 2019

Halosulfuron (Sandea 75WG) is labeled for pre- or posttransplant use in tomato, cucumber, cantaloupe, among other vegetable crops. For pretransplant usage, the label specifies a 7-day waiting period after halosulfuron application under the plastic mulch before transplanting tomatoes. This period may be too long for growers who are busy in the spring with planting and pesticide sprays while on a race with the constantly changing climate of early spring. Experiments were conducted in the last 2 years to determine whether transplanting tomato within 7 days of halosulfuron application had any deleterious effects on tomato. In 2003, tomatoes were transplanted daily from day 0 through 7. Plant survival and height were collected. Tomato plants survived all dates of transplanting treatments. Plant height indicated that plants transplanted early were taller than those transplanted late, only because they had more time to establish and grow in the field. There was no adverse effect to tomato growth. In 2004, tomatoes were set on a 2-day interval from day 0 through 10 after halosulfuron application under the plastic mulch. Plant height, visual rating, % early blight infection, and yields were collected. A severe early blight infection confounded the results of herbicide applications. Still, it was clear that halosulfuron 0.026 or 0.051 kg a.i./ha had no effect on plant height or visual rating. Yields were not statistically different from those of the control, when the effect of early blight was factored out.