bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Song: I love ketone bodies (to the tune of “shape of you”)
Authors: McLachlin Derek T.
Published: December 2018

This song alludes to the main sources of stored energy used by the brain in an extended fasting situation: first glycogen, then proteins (broken down to provide starting material for gluconeogenesis), then fatty acids. Notably for the song, because the brain does not directly take up fatty acids, the liver converts fatty acids to ketone bodies, which are then released into the bloodstream for the brain's benefit. The brain can absorb ketone bodies and convert them to acetyl‐CoA, allowing ATP production through the Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(2): 211–211, 2019.
Diffusion tensor imaging and disability progression in multiple sclerosis: A 4‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Kolasa Marcin , Hakulinen Ullamari , Brander Antti , Hagman Sanna , Dastidar Prasun , Elovaara Irina , Sumelahti Marja‐Liisa
Published: December 2018

Objectives

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive technique to detect widespread changes in water diffusivity in the normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) that appears unaffected in conventional magnetic resonance imaging. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value and stability of DTI indices in the NAWM of the brain in an assessment of disability progression in patients with a relapsing‐onset multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

Forty‐six MS patients were studied for DTI indices (fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial (RD), and axial (AD) diffusivity) in the NAWM of the corpus callosum (CC) and the internal capsule at baseline and at 1 year after. DTI analysis for 10 healthy controls was also performed at baseline. Simultaneously, focal brain lesion volume and atrophy measurements were done at baseline for MS patients. Associations between DTI indices, volumetric measurements, and disability progression over 4 years were studied by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

At baseline, most DTI metrics differed significantly between MS patients and healthy controls. There was tendency for associations between baseline DTI indices in the CC and disability progression (p < 0.05). Changes in DTI indices over 1 year were observed only in the CC (p < 0.008), and those changes were not found to predict clinical worsening over 4 years. Clear‐cut association with disability progression was not detected for baseline volumetric measurements.

Conclusion

Aberrant diffusivity measures in the NAWM of the CC may provide additional information for individual disability progression over 4 years in MS with the relapsing‐onset disease. CC may be a good target for DTI measurements in monitoring disease activity in MS, and more studies are needed to assess the related prognostic potential.
Perilesional and homotopic area activation during proverb comprehension after stroke
Authors: Yi You Gyoung , Kim Dae Yul , Shim Woo Hyun , Oh Joo Young , Kim Ho Sung , Jung Minji
Published: December 2018

Introduction

The mechanism of functional recovery in right hemisphere (RH) stroke patients when attempting to comprehend a proverb has not been identified. We previously reported that there is bilateral hemisphere involvement during proverb comprehension in the normal population. However, the underlying mechanisms of proverb comprehension following a right middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction have not yet been fully elucidated.

Methods

We here compared the brain regions activated by literal sentences and by opaque or transparent proverbs in right MCA infarction patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Experimental stimuli included 18 opaque proverbs, 18 transparent proverbs, and 18 literal sentences that were presented pseudorandomly in 1 of 3 predesigned sequences.

Results

Fifteen normal adults and 17 right MCA infarction patients participated in this study. The areas of the brain in the stroke patients involved in understanding a proverb compared with a literal sentence included the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and frontal pole, right anterior cingulate gyrus/paracingulate gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), precuneus, and supramarginal gyrus (SMG). When the proverbs were presented to these stroke patients in the comprehension tests, the left supramarginal, postcentral gyrus, and right paracingulate gyrus were activated for the opaque proverbs compared to the transparent proverbs.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the functional recovery of language in stroke patients can be explained by perilesional activation, which is thought to arise from the regulation of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter system, and by homotopic area activation which has been characterized by decreased transcallosal inhibition and astrocyte involvement.
Synthetic Biology: Engineering Mammalian Cells To Control Cell‐to‐Cell Communication at Will
Authors: Kojima Ryosuke , Fussenegger Martin
Published: December 2018

Cell‐to‐cell communication plays a key role in the regulation of many natural biological processes. Recent advances in mammalian synthetic biology are making it possible to rationally engineer cell‐to‐cell communication for therapeutic and other purposes. Here, we review state‐of‐the‐art engineering principles to control cell‐to‐cell communication, focusing on communication between mammalian cells with diffusible factors (e.g., small molecules or exosomes) or direct cell contact, and on interkingdom communication between mammalian cells and bacteria. Potential applications include construction of artificial tissues able to perform complex computations, sophisticated cell‐based cancer therapies, use of mammalian cells as a new class of cargo delivery modality, development of design principles to control pattern formation of cell populations, and treatment of infectious diseases. We also discuss the challenges facing practical applications, and possible enabling technologies to overcome them.
Facile in situ Encapsulation of Highly Dispersed Ni@MCM‐41 for the Trans‐Decalin Production from Hydrogenation of Naphthalene at Low Temperature
Authors: Song Xiaoyun , Guan Qingxin , Shu Yu , Zhang Xiaojing , Li Wei
Published: December 2018

Ni@MCM‐41 catalyst that has uniformly distributed, highly dispersed Ni nanoparticles (about 2.3 nm) was designed and successfully synthesized by in situ encapsulation of Ni in the channels of MCM‐41. This catalyst exhibits excellent thermal stability and hydrogenation activity. Water insoluble nickel acetylacetonate (Ni(acac)2) was first dissolved aqueous solution of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and encapsulated in micelles of CTAB. Sodium silicate was used as a silicon source to rapidly hydrolyze and then wrap on the micelle surface to synthesize the MCM‐41 zeolite. The MCM‐41 zeolite encapsulating Ni(acac)2 was synthesized within a short time (4 h) at 120 °C. Compared with conventional supported catalysts, thus 3 wt.% Ni@MCM‐41 has ultra‐small uniformly distributed Ni nanoparticles and exhibits improved activity for the hydrogenation of naphthalene to decalin at very low reaction temperatures. The TOF and the apparent activation energy of Ni@MCM‐41 and the conventional catalysts (Ni/MCM‐41 and Pt/MCM‐41) were evaluated and compared. And the catalysis mechanism was analyzed. Furthermore, this Ni@MCM‐41 catalyst offers an additional advantage of selectivity in decalin isomerization; 92 % trans‐decalin selectivity was achieved at a wide temperature range.
Facile Synthesis of a High Performance NiPd@CMK‐3 Nanocatalyst for Mild Suzuki‐Miyaura Coupling Reactions
Authors: Park Ji Chan , Kim Aram , Jang Sanha , Yang Jung‐Il , Kang Shin Wook , Lee Chan‐Woo , Kim Byung‐Hyun , Park Kang Hyun
Published: December 2018

Highly dispersed nickel‐palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (∼2 nm) on ordered mesoporous carbon CMK‐3 (NiPd@CMK‐3) were simply prepared using a co‐infiltration method of the metal salts. The nanoparticles were successfully applied to the mild Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions at 25∼50 °C using 4‐bromoanisole and phenylboronic acid, and showed excellent catalytic performance with the high activity (0.521×10−3 molc ⋅ gam−1 ⋅ s−1) and productivity (69.1 gp ⋅ gcat−1 ⋅ h−1).
Modified Graphene Oxide Based Zinc Composite: an Efficient Catalyst for N‐formylation and Carbamate Formation Reactions Through CO2 Fixation
Authors: Khatun Resmin , Biswas Surajit , Islam Sarikul , Biswas Imdadul Haque , Riyajuddin Sk , Ghosh Kaushik , Islam Sk Manirul
Published: December 2018

Catalytic fixation of CO2 through chemical reactions is always a challenging task of synthetic chemistry. This paper represents the design and synthesis of an eco‐friendly low cost zinc metal containing heterogeneous catalyst of aminically modified Graphene Oxide. Characterization of the catalyst has been carried out by Raman and FTIR spectra, AAS, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX and N2 adsorption desorption studies. It was found that the catalyst was very proficient for the CO2 fixation through N‐formylation and carbamate formation reactions of amines. Catalytic N‐formylation reaction of both aromatic and aliphatic amines gave high yield of corresponding formylated products in presence of polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) as reducing agent under 1 bar CO2 pressure and mild temperature. Formation of carbamates from aniline or its derivatives and alkyl/aryl bromide with good product selectivity was also achieved under same CO2 pressure in presence of our synthesized catalyst at room temperature with solvent‐free condition. The catalyst is reusable and eﬃcient even after six cycles.
Bimetal/Metal Oxide Encapsulated in Graphitic Nitrogen Doped Mesoporous Carbon Networks for Enhanced Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Jose Vishal , Jayakumar Anjali , Lee Jong‐Min
Published: December 2018

In this study, Fe doped, Co and CoO encapsulated N doped carbon frameworks were prepared from simple hybrid zeolite imidazole frameworks (ZIF) with extra N enrichment. The facile strategy included preparation of ZIF‐8 core and ZIF‐67 shell and later replacing the metal centers of ZIF with Fe ions and increasing the N content with N rich melamine. The metal and metal oxide components got captured and encapsulated in the N doped mesoporous carbon frameworks through a pyrolysis process at different temperatures. Fe, Co and CoO were trapped in the N doped mesoporous carbon networks through annealing and denoted as FCNCx. The activity and electrochemical stability of such prepared materials towards ORR and OER were tested in basic media. After analyzing rotating disk electrode studies, FCNC900 was seen to perform superior bifunctional electrocatalytic performance for both ORR and OER which was higher than Pt/C catalyst. Promising ORR performance of FCNC900 can be simply be judged from E1/2=0.868 V (vs. RHE) and Eonset=1.01 V (vs. RHE) while OER overpotential for same catalyst was 360 mV much smaller than others. Longer stability and high methanol tolerance of this catalyst was also investigated.
Pseudocapacitive Graphene‐Wrapped Porous VO2 Microspheres for Ultrastable and Ultrahigh‐Rate Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Zhao Luzi , Wei Qiulong , Huang Yongxin , Luo Rui , Xie Man , Li Li , Mai Liqiang , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie
Published: December 2018

The exploration of anode materials with enhanced electronic/ionic conductivity and structural stability is beneficial for the development of sodium‐ion batteries. Herein, a simple solution‐derived method is demonstrated to fabricate porous VO2 microsphere composite with a graphene‐wrapped structure (VO2/G). When used as the anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, the VO2/G electrode delivers a high reversible specific capacity (373.0 mAh g−1), great rate capability (138.8 mA h g−1 at 24.0 A g−1, ≈21 s per charge/discharge), and excellent long‐cycling performance (95.9 % capacity retention for 3600 cycles at 2.0 A g−1). The outstanding electrochemical property of VO2/G is mainly attributed to its unique graphene‐wrapped porous structure and the pseudocapacitive‐dominated feature. In addition, the sodium‐ion storage mechanism of VO2/G is investigated by various ex‐situ characterization techniques. During the first sodiation process, the sodium‐ion appears to partially reduce VO2/G and form metallic vanadium, sodium oxide, and amorphous sodium vanadium. This work provides new fundamental information for the design and application of vanadium oxides for energy storage system.
Single‐Phase Cu3SnS4 Nanoparticles for Robust High Capacity Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Sharma Neha , Phase Deodatta , Thotiyl Musthafa Ottakam , Ogale Satishchandra
Published: December 2018

With the evolution of Li‐ion batteries, they have been employed in many applications. However, high energy density and power density batteries are yet to be developed to meet the necessities at the application end. Sulfides are a good choice as anode material as they show a much higher specific capacity than conventional graphite anodes. But unfortunately, sulfide dissolution and polysulfide shuttling are big drawbacks for their operation. Herein, single phase ternary metal sulfide Cu3SnS4 (CTS) nanoparticles are synthesized with high Cu : Sn ratio and examined for application as Li‐ion battery anode. High specific capacities of 1082 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and 440 mAh g−1 at a high rate of 3 A g−1 are realized with superior stability tested up to 950 cycles. Utilizing the CTS NPs can minimize the polysulfide dissolution. The high Cu : Sn ratio provides excess Cu atoms as the buffer matrix for volume expansion of Sn, leading to high stability and specific capacity. Compared to other reported Cu based mixed phase or composite ternary sulfide materials, the CTS NPs presented herein show a better performance. In a full cell device using LiCoO2 (LCO) as cathode, a good performance is achieved as well with an energy density of 405 Wh/Kg at 0.1 A g−1.
Current Trend in Synthesis, Post‐Synthetic Modifications and Biological Applications of Nanometal‐Organic Frameworks (NMOFs)
Authors: Baa Ebenezer , Watkins Gary M. , Krause Rui W. , Tantoh Derek N.
Published: December 2018

Since the early reports of MOFs and their interesting properties, research involving these materials has grown wide in scope and applications. Various synthetic approaches have ensued in view of obtaining materials with optimised properties, the extensive scope of application spanning from energy, gas sorption, catalysis biological applications has meant exponentially evolved over the years. The far‐reaching synthetic and PSM approaches and porosity control possibilities have continued to serve as a motivation for research on these materials. With respect to the biological applications, MOFs have shown promise as good candidates in applications involving drug delivery, BioMOFs, sensing, imaging amongst others. Despite being a while away from successful entry into the market, observed results in sensing, drug delivery, and imaging put these materials on the spot light as candidates poised to usher in a revolution in biology. In this regard, this review article focuses current approaches in synthesis, post functionalization and biological applications of these materials with particular attention on drug delivery, imaging, sensing and BioMOFs.
Quantitative Assessment of the Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease on the Nonrenal Clearance of 10 Drugs After Intravenous Administration
Authors: Hinderling Peter H. , Yu Yichao
Published: December 2018

The investigation identified 10 publications that reported the individual values of total clearance (CL), renal clearance (CLr), nonrenal clearance (CLnr), and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in subjects with varying renal functions. We used these data to estimate extent and prevalence of changes in CLnr in chronic kidney disease (CKD) by examining the relationship between clearances and renal function. The investigation was restricted to drugs given intravenously and eliminated by mixed renal and nonrenal pathways. Six drugs showed a significant reduction of CLnr of 61% to 63% in subjects with severe renal impairment, suggesting that the decline of CLnr in advanced CKD can be clinically relevant and may not be uncommon. The decline of CLnr in CKD for these 6 drugs is linearly correlated with the decline of CLr. With 4 of the drugs studied, a significant reduction of CLnr in CKD was not seen. Renal clearance is a more reliable measure of renal function than GFR assessed by creatinine clearance. Chronic kidney disease affects the elimination more than the distribution of the 10 drugs.
Mobile delay‐tolerant networks with energy‐harvesting and wireless energy transfer cooperation
Authors: Ait Oualhaj Omar , Kobbane Abdellatif , Ben‐Othman Jalel
Published: December 2018

We consider a mobile delay‐tolerant networks (MDTNs) with energy‐harvesting capabilities. In order to determine energy management policies that will improve network capacity and packet delivery ratio and maximize the system throughput, we consider a source node that seeks to send packets to a destination node. The optimal policy for the source varies according to its system state, which allows it to guarantee a maximum delivery probability rate. Our problem is modeled by decision theory; as a start, we are interested in the MDP to model and solve such sequential decision problems. Our goal is to optimize for each node, a utility depending on a random environment and decisions made by the node. As the MDP formalism reaches its limits when it is necessary to take into account the interactions between different several nodes, we will start using the graph‐based MDP where the state and action spaces are factorizable by variables. The transition functions and rewards are then decomposed into local functions and the dependency relations between the nodes are represented by a graph. To calculate the optimal policy, we propose Mean Field Approximation (MFA) and Approximate linear‐programming (ALP) algorithms for solving GMDP problem.
Comparative study of stress characteristics in surrounding bone during insertion of dental implants of three different thread designs: A three‐dimensional dynamic finite element study
Authors: Udomsawat Chaiwat , Rungsiyakull Pimduen , Rungsiyakull Chaiy , Khongkhunthian Pathawee
Published: December 2018

The objective of this study is to evaluate the stress distribution characteristics around three different dental implant designs during insertion into bone, using dynamic finite element stress analysis. Dental implant placement was simulated using finite element models. Three implants with different thread and body designs (Model 1: root form implant with three different thread shapes; Model 2: tapered implant with a double‐lead thread; and Model 3: conical tapered implant with a constant buttress thread) were assigned to insert into prepared bone cavity models until completely placed. Stress and strain distributions were descriptively analyzed. The von Mises stresses within the surrounding bone were measured. At the first 4‐mm depth of implant insertion, maximum stress within cortical bone for Model 3 (175 MPa) was less than the other models (180 MPa each). Stress values and concentration area were increasing whereas insertion depth increased. At full implant insertion depth, maximum stress level in Model 1 (35 MPa) within the cancellous bone was slightly greater than in Models 2 (30 MPa) and 3 (25 MPa), respectively. Generally, for all simulations, the highest stress value and the location of the stress concentration area were mostly in cortical bone. However, the stress distribution patterns during the insertion process were different between the models depending on the different designs geometry that contacted the surrounding bone. Different implant designs affect different stress generation patterns during implant insertion. A range of stress magnitude, generated in the surrounding bone, may influence bone healing around dental implants and final implant stability.
A Stackelberg game for relay selection and power allocation in an active cooperative model involving primary users and secondary users
Authors: Ghanem Montajab , Sabaei Masoud , Dehghan Mehdi
Published: December 2018

In recent years, cooperative communications have been widely used to improve the spectrum efficiency in cognitive radio networks. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative model involving primary and secondary users, where a primary transmitter may select a number of the secondary users to act as relays in order to maximize its data rate and to transmit at lower energy level, thereby saving energy and reducing interference at the secondary base station. The cooperative transmission is a multiple two‐hop relaying scheme, which guarantees an achievable data rate exceeding that in the direct transmission. In the proposed approach, the problem of joint relay selection and power allocation is formulated as a Stackelberg game, which converges to a unique optimal Nash equilibrium. Performance evaluation shows that this model offers benefit to both sides, where the primary users achieve higher data rate at lower energy consumption and the signal to interference plus noise ratio at the secondary base station is increased significantly. In addition, the results show that the proposed solution outperforms the investigated models in terms of achievable data rate.
The relationship between menopausal women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and cervical atrophy: A cytologic study
Authors: Davies Gillian , Firnhaber Cynthia , Pantanowitz Liron , Michelow Pamela
Published: December 2018

Background

With the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV positive women are expected to live longer. The effect of chronic HIV infection and cART on cervical epithelial maturation has not been well studied in postmenopausal woman. The objective of this study was to determine whether HIV positive postmenopausal women on cART show expected atrophic changes in cervical Pap tests.

Methods

The maturation index (MI) was performed on routine cervical smears from HIV‐infected, postmenopausal women attending an HIV clinic in a tertiary hospital in Johannesburg, over a 4‐year period from January 2009 to December 2012.

Results

In Pap smears of 111 patients on cART, 58 (52%) showed an unexpected predominantly mature squamous epithelial pattern whereas 53 (48%) were predominantly immature or atrophic (P = .0001). There was no significant statistical difference in maturation according to cART use.

Conclusion

HIV‐infected, postmenopausal women in this study had reduced rates of cervical atrophy than expected, irrespective of cART use and CD4 count. Initiation of cART before menopause was associated with greater cervical epithelium maturation than those women who started cART after menopause. Additional, larger studies are required to confirm this novel finding and to investigate the reason for this phenomenon.
Noninvasive sampling reveals population genetic structure in the Royle’s pika, Ochotona roylei, in the western Himalaya
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sabuj , Ishtiaq Farah
Published: December 2018

Understanding population genetic structure of climate‐sensitive herbivore species is important as it provides useful insights on how shifts in environmental conditions can alter their distribution and abundance. Herbivore responses to the environment can have a strong indirect cascading effect on community structure. This is particularly important for Royle's pika (Lagomorpha: Ochotona roylei), a herbivorous talus‐dwelling species in alpine ecosystem, which forms a major prey base for many carnivores in the Himalayan arc. In this study, we used seven polymorphic microsatellite loci to detect evidence for recent changes in genetic diversity and population structure in Royle's pika across five locations sampled between 8 and 160 km apart in the western Himalaya. Using four clustering approaches, we found the presence of significant contemporary genetic structure in Royle's pika populations. The detected genetic structure could be primarily attributed to the landscape features in alpine habitat (e.g., wide lowland valleys, rivers) that may act as semipermeable barriers to gene flow and distribution of food plants, which are key determinants in spatial distribution of herbivores. Pika showed low inbreeding coefficients (FIS) and a high level of pairwise relatedness for individuals within 1 km suggesting low dispersal abilities of talus‐dwelling pikas. We have found evidence of a recent population bottleneck, possibly due to effects of environmental disturbances (e.g., snow melting patterns or thermal stress). Our results reveal significant evidence of isolation by distance in genetic differentiation (FST range = 0.04–0.19). This is the first population genetics study on Royle's pika, which helps to address evolutionary consequences of climate change which are expected to significantly affect the distribution and population dynamics in this talus‐dwelling species.
Making sense of ultrahigh‐resolution movement data: A new algorithm for inferring sites of interest
Authors: Munden Rhys , Börger Luca , Wilson Rory P. , Redcliffe James , Loison Anne , Garel Mathieu , Potts Jonathan R.
Published: December 2018

Decomposing the life track of an animal into behavioral segments is a fundamental challenge for movement ecology. The proliferation of high‐resolution data, often collected many times per second, offers much opportunity for understanding animal movement. However, the sheer size of modern data sets means there is an increasing need for rapid, novel computational techniques to make sense of these data. Most existing methods were designed with smaller data sets in mind and can thus be prohibitively slow. Here, we introduce a method for segmenting high‐resolution movement trajectories into sites of interest and transitions between these sites. This builds on a previous algorithm of Benhamou and Riotte‐Lambert (2012). Adapting it for use with high‐resolution data. The data’s resolution removed the need to interpolate between successive locations, allowing us to increase the algorithm’s speed by approximately two orders of magnitude with essentially no drop in accuracy. Furthermore, we incorporate a color scheme for testing the level of confidence in the algorithm's inference (high = green, medium = amber, low = red). We demonstrate the speed and accuracy of our algorithm with application to both simulated and real data (Alpine cattle at 1 Hz resolution). On simulated data, our algorithm correctly identified the sites of interest for 99% of “high confidence” paths. For the cattle data, the algorithm identified the two known sites of interest: a watering hole and a milking station. It also identified several other sites which can be related to hypothesized environmental drivers (e.g., food). Our algorithm gives an efficient method for turning a long, high‐resolution movement path into a schematic representation of broadscale decisions, allowing a direct link to existing point‐to‐point analysis techniques such as optimal foraging theory. It is encoded into an R package called SitesInterest, so should serve as a valuable tool for making sense of these increasingly large data streams.
Long‐term declines in winter body mass of tits throughout Britain and Ireland correlate with climate change
Authors: Furness Euan N. , Robinson Robert A.
Published: December 2018

The optimum body mass of passerine birds typically represents a trade‐off between starvation risk, which promotes fat gain, and predation pressure, which promotes fat loss to maintain maneuvrability. Changes in ecological factors that affect either of these variables will therefore change the optimum body masses of populations of passerine birds. This study sought to identify and quantify the effects of changing temperatures and predation pressures on the body masses and wing lengths of populations of passerine birds throughout Britain and Ireland over the last 50 years. We analyzed over 900,000 individual measurements of body mass and wing length of blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus, coal tits Periparus ater, and great tits Parus major collected by licenced bird ringers throughout Britain and Ireland from 1965 to 2017 and correlated these with publicly available temperature data and published, UK‐wide data on the abundance of a key predator, the sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus. We found highly significant, long‐term, UK‐wide decreases in winter body masses of adults and juveniles of all three species. We also found highly significant negative correlations between winter body mass and winter temperature, and between winter body mass and sparrowhawk abundance. Independent of these effects, body mass further correlated negatively with calendar year, suggesting that less well understood dynamic factors, such as supplementary feeding levels, may play a major role in determining population optimum body masses. Wing lengths of these birds also decreased, suggesting a hitherto unobserved large‐scale evolutionary adjustment of wing loading to the lower body mass. These findings provide crucial evidence of the ways in which species are adapting to climate change and other anthropogenic factors throughout Britain and Ireland. Such processes are likely to have widespread implications as the equilibria controlling evolutionary optima in species worldwide are upset by rapid, anthropogenic ecological changes.
Recent Progress of MXene‐Based Nanomaterials in Flexible Energy Storage and Electronic Devices
Authors: Yang Qi , Wang Yukun , Li Xinliang , Li Hongfei , Wang Zifeng , Tang Zijie , Ma Longtao , Mo Funian , Zhi Chunyi
Published: December 2018

The increasing demands for wearable electronics have stimulated the rapid development of flexible energy storage devices. MXenes are considered as promising flexible electrodes due to the ultrahigh volumetric specific capacitance, metallic conductivity, superior hydrophily, and rich surface chemistry. This work reviews, for the first time, the recent advances of MXene‐based nanomaterials in flexible energy storage devices, including pure MXenes, MXene‐carbon composites, MXene‐metal oxide composites, and MXene‐polymer composites. Applications of MXenes in flexible electronics such as sensors, nanogenerators, and electromagnetic interference shielding are also included. Then, properties of stress, strain, conductivity, and capacitance are compared to help researchers to keep balance between mechanical and electrochemical performances in designing flexible devices. Finally, challenges together with the possible solutions related to the application of MXenes in flexible devices and outlook to future directions are provided.
One‐Pot, Two‐Step Metal and Acid‐Free Synthesis of Trisubstituted Imidazole Derivatives via Oxidation of Internal Alkynes Using an Iodine/DMSO System
Authors: Naidoo Shivani , Jeena Vineet
Published: December 2018

A one‐pot, two‐step, simple, efficient and eco‐friendly oxidation of internal alkynes as a key step towards the synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted imidazoles, using an inexpensive I2/DMSO system, has been reported. This metal and acid‐free synthesis proceeded smoothly to furnish a variety of synthetically useful trisubstituted imidazoles in moderate to excellent yields. In an effort to demonstrate the potential future applications of this system, a double oxidation study was undertaken and the desired trisubstituted imidazoles obtained in good to moderate yields.
Strategies to cure numerical shock instability in the HLLEM Riemann solver
Authors: Simon Sangeeth , Mandal J.C.
Published: December 2018

The HLLEM scheme is a popular contact and shear preserving approximate Riemann solver that is known to be plagued by various forms of numerical shock instability. In this paper, we clarify that the shock instability exhibited by this scheme is primarily triggered by the spurious activation of the antidiffusive terms present in the first and third Riemann flux components on the transverse interfaces adjoining the shock front due to numerical perturbations. These erroneously activated terms are shown to counteract the favorable damping mechanism provided by its inherent HLL‐type diffusive terms, causing an unphysical variation of the conserved quantity ρu both along and across the numerical shock. To prevent this, two distinct strategies are proposed termed as Selective Wave Modification and Anti Diffusion Control. The former focuses on enhancing the quantity of the favorable HLL‐type dissipation available on these critical flux components by carefully increasing the magnitudes of certain nonlinear wave speed estimates, while the latter focuses on directly controlling the magnitude of these critical antidiffusive terms. A linear perturbation analysis is performed to gauge the effectiveness of these cures and to estimate a von Neumann–type stability bounds on the CFL number associated with their use. Results from a variety of classic shock instability test cases show that the proposed strategies are able to provide excellent shock stable solutions even on grids that are highly elongated across the shock front without compromising the accuracy on inviscid contact or shear dominated viscous flows.
Genesis and tectonic setting of the Bulage Pb–Zn deposit, Inner Mongolia, China: Evidence from geology, fluid inclusions, EMPA, H–O isotope systematics, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and geochemistry
Authors: Li Jian , Cai Wen‐yan , Fu Li‐juan , Zhang Xue‐bing , Wang Ke‐yong , Ma Xue‐li , Sun Yao‐chao
Published: December 2018

The recently discovered Bulage Pb–Zn deposit is located in the central part of the Erlianhot–Dongwuqi Metallogenic Belt (eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt) in Inner Mongolia, China. The ore bodies of the deposit are hosted in alkali feldspar granite and in dacitic crystal tuff within Unit 2 of the Carboniferous Baoligaomiao Formation. The Bulage deposit is a low to moderate temperature hydrothermal vein‐type deposit and is controlled by fractures. The hydrothermal mineralization can be divided into three stages: early (quartz + specularite ± magnetite), middle (quartz + sphalerite + galena ± chalcopyrite ± pyrite), and late (calcite ± quartz + sphalerite + galena). The deposit contains liquid‐rich two‐phase (VL‐type) and pure‐liquid (L‐type) fluid inclusions. The initial ore‐forming fluids are attributed to the low to moderate temperature and low salinity of a NaCl–H2O system. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of quartz and calcite indicate that the ore‐forming fluids were dominated by meteoric water with minor contributions of magmatic water. The quartz diorite, monzonite porphyry, and alkali feldspar granite in the deposit yield LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb ages of 305–300 Ma. These high‐K calc‐alkaline I‐type granitoids are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Rb, Cs, and K) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) and are depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The primary magma of these granitoids was derived from the partial melting of lower crust. The parental magma of the quartz diorite may have provided part of the ore‐forming material and acted as a heat source for mineralization. Therefore, we infer that the Bulage Pb–Zn deposit was formed as a result of the southward subduction of the Paleo–Asian Ocean beneath the North China Craton during the Late Carboniferous.
Change of stress patterns during 2004 MW 9.3 off‐Sumatra mega‐event: Insights from ridge–trench interaction for plate margin deformation
Authors: Khan Prosanta Kumar , Shamim Sk , Mohanty Sarada P. , Aggarwal Sandeep Kumar
Published: December 2018

The Andaman–Sumatra subduction margin is identified as a complex tectonic transition zone between the Myanmar and Java regions. The Late Cenozoic evolution of various basins, faults, plate slivers, and the Andaman back‐arc rift‐transform system altered the boundary. The sharp changes in free air gravity anomaly, north‐eastward swing of the Andaman Sea spreading ridge, increased dip of the subducting plate and the decrease in seismicity towards the north of the study area possibly account for increased interaction of the Ninetyeast Ridge (NER) against the Andaman Trench. Stress fields of the subducting plate were modified from semi‐radial compression (SRC) during pre‐seismic deformation to pure extension (PE), semi‐radial extension (SRE), and strike‐slip extension (SSE) during post‐seismic deformation phase in the central segment. The co‐seismic second energy burst, subsidence in the overriding plate, and subsequent reactivation of the Barren and Narcondum volcanoes also corroborate the transformation of the stress fields in the overriding plate into predominant extension. The dominant SRC stress in the subducting Indo‐Australian lithosphere in the south changed to pure compression (PC) prior to the 2004 MW 9.3 mega‐event. While the changes in stress field from SRC to pure strike‐slip (PSS) in the north account for stress relaxation after the occurrence of the mega‐event and the co‐seismic ~1,300‐km rupturing, the occurrences of uplift and subsidence in the northern part of the study area were possibly caused by inherited stress field from the Eastern Himalaya. The continued overall compression in the subducting Indo‐Australian Plate in the south, under pre‐ and post‐seismic deformation phases, is presumably correlated with the focal mechanism stress parameters of the 2004 mega‐event, whereas the strike‐slip‐dominated movement in the overriding plate remained almost unchanged. The stress perturbations in the central segment are interpreted to be the result of interaction between the NER and Andaman–Sumatra Trench.
Feasibility and utility of a cognitive screening for risk stratification in hospitalized older patients
Authors: Geschke Katharina , Weyer‐Elberich Veronika , Mueller Anne‐Kristin , Binder Harald , Fellgiebel Andreas
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To determine whether the Mini‐Cog can be applied by nursing staff to hospitalized elderly patients for cognitive impairment associated risk stratification.

Methods

This explorative prospective multicenter cohort study was carried out among 2522 patients aged 70 and older, hospitalized due to physical illness in eight hospitals in Rhineland‐Palatinate, Germany. All patients were asked to conduct the Mini‐Cog at the day of admission and were clustered into low‐performance, intermediate‐performance, and good‐performance categories by trained nursing staff and two experienced geronto‐psychiatrists as gold standard. Complications in the course of the treatment were monitored.

Results

The Mini‐Cog was conducted in 1398 (54%) out of 2522 eligible patients. Mini‐Cog scores assessed by nursing staff differed from the gold standard in 327 cases (23.9%). According to the area under the curve (AUC), nursing staff identified cognitively low‐performing patients almost as well as the geronto‐psychiatrists (AUC = 0.862; 95% CI, 0.83‐0.89; P < 0.001, accuracy 89.6%). Overall, 241 (17.6%) patients were classified as low performing. These patients had a significantly higher probability of suffering from at least one complication (odds ratio [OR] = 3.13; 95% CI, 2.09‐4.70; calculated by a logistic regression model, adjusted for age), and they had a higher probability to show behavioral symptoms.

Conclusion

Even under naturalistic conditions, nursing staff detected cognitively low‐performing inpatients with the Mini‐Cog. Using this short screening instrument should enable to predict complications of hospitalized older patients associated with cognitive impairment, a precondition to implement targeted care for this vulnerable patient group.
Spatial dynamics within and between brain functional domains: A hierarchical approach to study time‐varying brain function
Authors: Iraji Armin , Fu Zening , Damaraju Eswar , DeRamus Thomas P. , Lewis Noah , Bustillo Juan R. , Lenroot Rhoshel K. , Belger Aysneil , Ford Judith M. , McEwen Sarah , Mathalon Daniel H. , Mueller Bryon A. , Pearlson Godfrey D. , Potkin Steven G. , Preda Adrian , Turner Jessica A. , Vaidya Jatin G. , van Erp Theo G. M. , Calhoun Vince D.
Published: December 2018

The analysis of time‐varying activity and connectivity patterns (i.e., the chronnectome) using resting‐state magnetic resonance imaging has become an important part of ongoing neuroscience discussions. The majority of previous work has focused on variations of temporal coupling among fixed spatial nodes or transition of the dominant activity/connectivity pattern over time. Here, we introduce an approach to capture spatial dynamics within functional domains (FDs), as well as temporal dynamics within and between FDs. The approach models the brain as a hierarchical functional architecture with different levels of granularity, where lower levels have higher functional homogeneity and less dynamic behavior and higher levels have less homogeneity and more dynamic behavior. First, a high‐order spatial independent component analysis is used to approximate functional units. A functional unit is a pattern of regions with very similar functional activity over time. Next, functional units are used to construct FDs. Finally, functional modules (FMs) are calculated from FDs, providing an overall view of brain dynamics. Results highlight the spatial fluidity within FDs, including a broad spectrum of changes in regional associations, from strong coupling to complete decoupling. Moreover, FMs capture the dynamic interplay between FDs. Patients with schizophrenia show transient reductions in functional activity and state connectivity across several FDs, particularly the subcortical domain. Activity and connectivity differences convey unique information in many cases (e.g., the default mode) highlighting their complementarity information. The proposed hierarchical model to capture FD spatiotemporal variations provides new insight into the macroscale chronnectome and identifies changes hidden from existing approaches.
Adherence to the mediterranean diet and lymphoma risk in the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition
Authors: Solans Marta , Benavente Yolanda , Saez Marc , Agudo Antonio , Naudin Sabine , Hosnijeh Fatemeh Saberi , Noh Hwayoung , Freisling Heinz , Ferrari Pietro , Besson Caroline , Mahamat‐Saleh Yahya , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Kühn Tilman , Kaaks Rudolf , Boeing Heiner , Lasheras Cristina , Rodríguez‐Barranco Miguel , Amiano Pilar , Huerta Jose Maria , Barricarte Aurelio , Schmidt Julie A. , Vineis Paolo , Riboli Elio , Trichopoulou Antonia , Bamia Christina , Peppa Eleni , Masala Giovanna , Agnoli Claudia , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , Panico Salvatore , Skeie Guri , Weiderpass Elisabete , Jerkeman Mats , Ericson Ulrika , Späth Florentin , Nilsson Lena Maria , Dahm Christina C , Overvad Kim , Bolvig Anne Katrine , Tjønneland Anne , de Sanjose Silvia , Buckland Genevieve , Vermeulen Roel , Nieters Alexandra , Casabonne Delphine
Published: December 2018

There is a growing evidence of the protective role of the Mediterranean diet (MD) on cancer. However, no prospective study has yet investigated its influence on lymphoma. We evaluated the association between adherence to the MD and risk of lymphoma and its subtypes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. The analysis included 476,160 participants, recruited from 10 European countries between 1991 and 2001. Adherence to the MD was estimated through the adapted relative MD (arMED) score excluding alcohol. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used while adjusting for potential confounders. During an average follow‐up of 13.9 years, 3,136 lymphomas (135 Hodgkin lymphoma [HL], 2,606 non‐HL and 395 lymphoma not otherwise specified) were identified. Overall, a 1‐unit increase in the arMED score was associated with a 2% lower risk of lymphoma (95% CI: 0.97; 1.00, p‐trend = 0.03) while a statistically nonsignificant inverse association between a high versus low arMED score and risk of lymphoma was observed (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.91 [95% CI 0.80; 1.03], p‐trend = 0.12). Analyses by lymphoma subtype did not reveal any statistically significant associations. Albeit with small numbers of cases (N = 135), a suggestive inverse association was found for HL (HR 1‐unit increase = 0.93 [95% CI: 0.86; 1.01], p‐trend = 0.07). However, the study may have lacked statistical power to detect small effect sizes for lymphoma subtype. Our findings suggest that an increasing arMED score was inversely related to the risk of overall lymphoma in EPIC but not by subtypes. Further large prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Developments in the Private Sector: Manufacturers, Consultants and Contractors in Relation to ICID'S Vision 2030
Authors: Nazir Waseem
Published: December 2018

The private sector is playing an increasingly significant role in the irrigation and drainage sector across the value chain. As the premier international body on irrigation and drainage, ICID can further enhance engagement with the private sector for the benefit of the irrigation and drainage sector globally. This paper examines the context of private‐sector participation with respect to ICID's role, assesses the sector landscape and stakeholders in the light of ICID's Roadmap to Vision 2030 and its constituent Action Plan for 2017–2021, and derives potential initiatives which may be adopted, by ICID, for enhancing private‐sector engagement in irrigation and drainage. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plastic Mulch and Plant Density Influencing Soil Water Content and Yield of Rainfed Maize in North‐Eastern China
Authors: Sun Shijun , Chen Zhijun , Jiang Hao , Zhang Xudong , Zhang Linlin , Chi Daocai
Published: December 2018

Plastic mulch, in combination with high plant density, is a common practice for rainfed maize production in north‐eastern China. However, the influence of these practices on soil water storage, maize yield and maize water productivity in different precipitation years is not well understood. In this paper, a 3‐year split‐plot field experiment was designed to compare non‐mulching and plastic film mulching in maize at 67 500 and 82 500 plants per ha in 2013, 2014 and 2015, and also 97 500 plants per ha in 2014 and 2015. Results revealed an increasing trend of precipitation in the study area from 1962 to 2015 and that the number of dry years and extreme years (including extreme dry and wet years) was increasing. In the moderately wet year 2013 and the moderately dry year 2015, the combination of 82 500 plants per ha and plastic film mulching produced the highest yield and water productivity (8.2 t ha−1, 1.7 kg m−3 and 8.3 t ha−1, 2.3 kg m−3, respectively) for maize, while in the extremely dry year 2014 the highest yield (5.6 t ha−1) occurred with 97 500 plants per ha and non‐mulching. This research might be helpful for smallholder farmers needing optimal agricultural strategies to improve maize production in rainfed areas of north‐east China. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telemental health training and delivery in primary care: A case report of interdisciplinary treatment
Authors: Sanchez Gonzalez Mayra L. , McCord Carly E. , Dopp Alex R. , Tarlow Kevin R. , Dickey Nancy J. , McMaughan Darcy K. , Elliott Timothy R.
Published: December 2018

Telehealth can overcome access and availability barriers that often impede receiving needed mental health services. This case report describes an interdisciplinary approach to treatment for an individual with chronic physical health conditions and comorbid mental health concerns, which resulted in high utilization (and associated costs) of preventable emergency services. The report describes clinical case progression on anxiety symptoms and emergency service utilization while concurrently highlighting telehealth‐specific practice implications, especially as they pertain to training settings.