bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IRS Estate Freeze Rules: Implications for Family Business Succession Planning
Authors: Kuratko Donald F. , Foss Helga B. , VanAlst Lucinda L.
Published: April 2004

This article examines the estate freeze rules of the Internal Revenue Service with respect to their implications for family business succession planning. Specifically, the tax impact of the valuation rules for transfers of certain interests, transfers in trust, buy-sell agreements, and lapsing rights are all reviewed in order to provide recommendations for family business planning.
Succession in Family Business: A Review of the Research
Authors: Handler Wendy C.
Published: April 2004

This paper reviews the research to date on succession in the field of family business management. Five streams of research are highlighted: (1) succession as a process, (2) the role of the founder, (3) the perspective of the next generation, (4) multiple levels of analysis, and (5) characteristics of effective successions. Gaps in the literature and future research directions are also presented.
Ownership Structure, Strategic Posture, and Firm Growth: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Daily Catherine M. , Thompson Sandra S.
Published: April 2004

Distinctions among various firm ownership types have gained increasing attention among organizational researchers. The basic premise advanced is that ownership type affects firm processes and outcomes. Extant research, however, has largely addressed the relationship between ownership type and firm performance, with little attention to the means for achieving higher performance. This study investigates the relationships among firms' ownership structure, strategic posture, and firm growth. Strategic posture can provide a firm with a means for attaining a competitive advantage in the marketplace and achieving superior performance. Results indicate that strategic posture does not differ based on the ownership structure of the firm. Additionally, regression analysis demonstrates no effect for ownership structure or strategic posture on firm growth.
Organizational Buying Behavior of the Family Firm
Authors: File Karen Maru , Prince Russ Alan , Rankin M. J.
Published: April 2004

Although there is increasing reason to believe that the organizational goals of family businesses distinguish them from nonfamily businesses, there has been little development of these implications for marketing management. This study demonstrates the applicability of family business theory to marketing management by assessing the organizational buying behavior of high-end family businesses through a process of segmenting them by organizational goals that include family as well as business objectives. Results confirm that insights from the rapidly developing body of knowledge in the family business field have relevance to providers who have targeted the family business market.
A Comparison of Successor Development in Family and Nonfamily Businesses
Authors: Fiegener Mark K. , Brown Bonnie M. , Prince Russ Alan , File Karen Maru
Published: April 2004

Although many streams of management research address leadership, succession, and executive development issues, significant gaps in the literature remain. In particular, few studies have systematically explored the systems by which the future leaders (successors) of family firms are developed. This research presents a descriptive study in which the successor development approaches of small to medium-sized family and nonfamily firms are compared. The findings indicate that (1) family firms favor more personal, relationship-centered approaches to successor development; (2) nonfamily firms prefer formalized, task-oriented development approaches; and (3) company size has no real effect on successor development.
Forgotten Sources of Capital for the Family-Owned Business
Authors: Harvey Michael , Evans Rodney
Published: April 2004

The recent scandals on Wall Street in the banking and savings and loan industries have created a financial crisis for many family businesses, particularly those in smaller towns and cities. The long-standing personal relationships with financial intermediaries have been altered by the loss of these financial organizations and by heightened government intervention and regulation. To manage the finances of a family business successfully, the owners must reassess forgotten sources of capital for their businesses. This article examines these sources of capital for family businesses in the United States.
The Role of the Founder in Creating Organizational Culture
Authors: Schein Edgar H.
Published: April 2004

Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, is said to have sprung full-blown from the forehead of Zeus. Similarly, an organization's culture begins life in the head of its founder, springing from the founder's ideas about truth, reality, and the way the world works.
Family Businesses in Spain: Tracks Followed and Outcomes Reached by Those Among the Largest Thousand
Authors: Gallo Miguel Angel
Published: April 2004

Family businesses experience greater difficulties in their growth efforts and organizational development than nonfamily businesses. This article presents the findings of a research study conducted to clarify the presence and evolution of family businesses using as the subject of analysis the firms that formed the group of the one thousand largest firms in 1972, 1982, and 1992. The results show that a large number of family businesses disappear; several of them close down because they cannot adapt to major structural changes, others are sold to multinational companies, many become nonfamily businesses because more nonfamily shareholders are incorporated, and others are sold to nonfamily businesses.
The Status of Planning in Smaller Family-Owned Business
Authors: Rue Leslie W. , Ibrahim Nabil A.
Published: April 2004

Numerous articles in academic publications as well as practitioner oriented journals have recognized the importance of planning for family owned businesses. Yet there is surprisingly little empirical work that has examined the techniques, tools, and approaches to planning that are actually being used in these types of firms. The present study is designed to fill this gap by reporting the results of a survey of 128 smaller family-owned businesses. Specifically, it seeks to determine (1) the types of objectives being used by these firms, (2) the external factors that serve as inputs to the long-range plans, (3) for those firms who plan for growth and expansion, how they intend to achieve such goals, (4) the types of financial planning undertaken by these companies, (5) the extent to which performance is periodically reviewed, (6) whether outside consultants are used to assist in the long-range planning process, and (7) the extent to which mathematical or computer models are utilized.
Research Note: Succession Management in Family Firms in Northeast England
Authors: Kirby David A. , Lee Thomas J.
Published: April 2004

Much emphasis is placed on family firms' need to plan well in advance for succession and to adopt such formal procedures as advisory councils and written succession plans. A study of 35 family firms in the North East of England suggests that few firms neither believe in the efficacy of such plans nor plan the succession process beyond five years. Since these companies have an average age of 60 years and are being run chiefly by CEOs from the second or subsequent generations of family membership, perhaps a formal management of the succession process is not as critical to business success as some have suggested.
Family Enterprises in the UK: A Special Sector?
Authors: Dunn Barbara
Published: April 2004

This paper questions the effectiveness of economic development policies and programs which fail to differentiate family from non-family enterprises in the UK small and medium-sized firms sector. Published evidence is reviewed and findings from workshops and interviews with 10 Scottish family enterprises demonstrate that family enterprises differ, and in some economically significant ways, from non-family enterprises. It is suggested that the lack of provision for family enterprises hinders their business activity. The aim is to begin an argument for recognition of a “family business sector” in the UK in order to promote business activity in this economically significant group of firms, and to achieve a better payoff for governments from investment in economic development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Boards of Directors in Italian Family Businesses
Authors: Corbetta Guido , Tomaselli Salvatore
Published: April 2004

This paper presents some of the early results of an international research project conducted in Italy and coordinated by Prof. Miguel Angel Gallo. The research project involved Spain, Portugal, Italy, Brazil, Argentina, and the U.S. The authors of this paper are responsible for the Italian part of the project. The project aims to further the understanding of the role of the board of directors in family businesses, and how the board functions.
Rotordynamic-Coefficient and Leakage Characteristics for Hole-Pattern-Stator Annular Gas Seals—Measurements Versus Predictions
Authors: Childs Dara W. , Wade Jonathan
Published: April 2004

Selected test results are presented for an annular gas seal using a smooth rotor and a hole-pattern-roughness stator for a supply pressure of 70 bar, three pressure ratios, three speeds up to 20,000 rpm, two clearances, and three preswirl ratios. Dynamic data include frequency-dependent direct and cross-coupled stiffness and damping coefficients. Static data include leakage and upstream and downstream pressures and temperatures. Very good agreements are found between measurements and predictions from a two-control-volume bulk-flow model.
Tribological and Nanomechanical Properties of Unmodified and Crosslinked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene for Total Joint Replacements
Authors: Zhou J. , Chakravartula A. , Pruitt L. , Komvopoulos K.
Published: April 2004

Wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) continues to be a major obstacle limiting the longevity of total joint replacements. Efforts to solve the wear problem in UHMWPE have resulted in numerous studies dealing with the microstructure, morphology, and mechanical properties of this polymer. However, the fundamental wear mechanisms at different material length scales in total joint replacements remain elusive. Consequently, a systematic investigation of the initial stage of the wear process was performed in this study in order to obtain insight into the origins of wear in UHMWPE at submicrometer scales. Sliding experiments were performed with both unmodified and crosslinked (by gamma radiation treatment) UHMWPE subjected to reciprocating sliding against Co-Cr alloy in a bath of bovine serum under ranges of mean contact pressure and sliding speed typical of knee joints. Nanoindentation and optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the effect of crosslinking on the nanomechanical properties, dominant wear mechanisms, and microstructure of UHMWPE. The fundamental wear micromechanisms of unmodified and crosslinked UHMWPE are interpreted in the context of coefficient of friction, wear factor, creep, adhesion force, and microstructure results.
Effects of Load System Dynamics on the Film Thickness in EHL Contacts During Start Up
Authors: Popovici G. , Venner C. H. , Lugt P. M.
Published: April 2004

By means of numerical simulations the effects of the loading system on the contact dynamics of an EHL contact during start up have been studied. The work was initiated by experimental results obtained for the start up situation on a ball on disk apparatus in which strong film thickness oscillations were observed. In this paper it is shown how much, under operational conditions as they appear in a ball on disc rig, inertia, and stiffness related to the configuration of the loading system can influence the film thickness and mutual approach. For this purpose a model was used in which the usual force balance equation has been replaced by an equation of motion for the loading system in which an inertia and spring effect appear. It was shown that for large accelerations, the loading system does induce oscillations in the film thickness, and predictive formulas for the oscillation frequency derived from a dry contact analysis are shown to be accurate. The nature of the oscillations is explained in relation to the general aspects of time dependent solutions to EHL problems. However, the predicted oscillation amplitudes are small compared to what is seen in the experiments and although some of the phenomena shown in the solutions presented here also appear in the experimental results the experimentally observed oscillatory behavior appears to be of a different nature. As the model used here has given good predictions of the dynamic behavior of single contacts in ball on disc experiments in earlier studies it is concluded that it is unlikely that the oscillatory behavior observed in the experiments is only due to the dynamics of the loading system and other effects must play a role.
An Elastohydrodynamic Coupling of a Rotating Crankshaft and a Flexible Engine Block
Authors: Ebrat Omidreza , Mourelatos Zissimos P. , Hu Kexin , Vlahopoulos Nickolas , Vaidyanathan Kumar
Published: April 2004

A comprehensive formulation is presented for the dynamics of a rotating flexible crankshaft coupled with the dynamics of an engine block through a finite difference elastohydrodynamic main bearing lubrication algorithm. The coupling is based on detailed equilibrium conditions at the bearings. The component mode synthesis is employed for modeling the crankshaft and block dynamic behavior. A specialized algorithm for coupling the rigid and flexible body dynamics of the crankshaft within the framework of the component mode synthesis has been developed. A finite difference lubrication algorithm is used for computing the oil film elastohydrodynamic characteristics. A computationally accurate and efficient mapping algorithm has been developed for transferring information between a high-density computational grid for the elastohydrodynamic bearing solver and a low-density structural grid utilized in computing the crankshaft and block structural dynamic response. The new computational capability is used to compute the vibratory response of an automotive V6 engine due to combustion and inertia loading.
Thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) Analysis of a Grooved Thrust Washer
Authors: Kucinschi Bogdan R. , DeWitt Kenneth J. , Pascovici Mircea D.
Published: April 2004

A numerical model is developed to analyze the influence of thermal deformations on the performance of a radially grooved thrust washer. The analysis couples the flow phenomena (including cavitation) in the lubricant with the heat transfer in both the fluid and solid media, as well as with the thermally induced deformations in the solid parts. The finite element method (both two-dimensional and three-dimensional, with linear and quadratic shape functions) is used to solve the Reynolds equation for flow, the energy equation for temperature and the thermo-elasticity equations for deformations in the solid. Grid coupling is achieved by using a Newton-Raphson iteration. Realistic boundary conditions and geometry are used for the fluid and solid domains. The results show that, for the case of a properly shaped stator, the thermal deformations can lead to an increase in bearing performance.
Experimental and Three-Dimensional Finite Element Study of Scratch Test of Polymers at Large Deformations
Authors: Bucaille J. L. , Felder E. , Hochstetter G.
Published: April 2004

An experimental and numerical study of the scratch test on polymers near their surface is presented. The elastoplastic response of three polymers is compared during scratch tests at large deformations: polycarbonate, a thermosetting polymer and a sol-gel hard coating composed of a hybrid matrix (thermosetting polymer-mineral) reinforced with oxide nanoparticles. The experiments were performed using a nanoindenter with a conical diamond tip having an included angle of 30 deg and a spherical radius of 600 nm. The observations obtained revealed that thermosetting polymers have a larger elastic recovery and a higher hardness than polycarbonate. The origin of this difference in scratch resistance was investigated with numerical modelling of the scratch test in three dimensions. Starting from results obtained by Bucaille (J. Mat. Sci., 37, pp. 3999–4011, 2002) using an inverse analysis of the indentation test, the mechanical behavior of polymers is modeled with Young’s modulus for the elastic part and with the G’sell-Jonas’ law with an exponential strain hardening for the viscoplastic part. The strain hardening coefficient is the main characteristic parameter differentiating the three studied polymers. Its value is equal to 0.5, 4.5, and 35, for polycarbonate, the thermosetting polymer and the reinforced thermosetting polymer, respectively. Firstly, simulations reveals that plastic strains are higher in scratch tests than in indentation tests, and that the magnitude of the plastic strains decreases as the strain hardening increases. For scratching on polycarbonate and for a penetration depth of 0.5 μm of the indenter mentioned above, the representative strain is equal to 124%. Secondly, in agreement with experimental results, numerical modeling shows that an increase in the strain hardening coefficient reduces the penetration depth of the indenter into the material and decreases the depth of the residual groove, which means an improvement in the scratch resistance.
An efficient grid sectoring method for calculations of the near-field pressure generated by a circular piston
Authors: McGough Robert J. , Samulski Thaddeus V. , Kelly James F.
Published: April 2004

An analytical expression is derived for time-harmonic calculations of the near-field pressure produced by a circular piston. The near-field pressure is described by an efficient integral that eliminates redundant calculations and subtracts the singularity, which in turn reduces the computation time and the peak numerical error. The resulting single integral expression is then combined with an approach that divides the computational grid into sectors that are separated by straight lines. The integral is computed with Gauss quadrature in each sector, and the number of Gauss abscissas in each sector is determined by a linear mapping function that prevents large errors from occurring in the axial region. By dividing the near-field region into 10 sectors, the raw computation time is reduced by nearly a factor of 2 for each expression evaluated in this grid. The grid sectoring approach is most effective when the computation time is reduced without increasing the peak error, and this is consistently accomplished with the efficient integral formulation. Of the four single integral expressions evaluated with grid sectoring, the efficient formulation that eliminates redundant calculations and subtracts the singularity demonstrates the smallest computation time for a specified value of the maximum error.
Identification of otoacoustic emissions components by means of adaptive approximations
Authors: Jedrzejczak W. Wiktor , Blinowska Katarzyna J. , Konopka Wieslaw , Grzanka Antoni , Durka Piotr J.
Published: April 2004

Clicks and a set of tone bursts covering the same frequency band were applied as a stimuli evoking otoacoustic emissions (OAE). Recorded otoacoustic emissions were decomposed into the basic waveforms by means of high-resolution adaptive time–frequency approximation method based on the matching pursuit algorithm. The method allows for description of the signal components in terms of frequencies, time occurrences, time spans, and energy. The analysis of OAE’s energy density distributions in time–frequency space revealed that click responses can be considered as linear superpositions of responses to tone bursts. The frequency–latency relationship was studied and compared with earlier works. The method made possible the exhaustive description of the resonant modes specific for given subject/ear. They were characterized not only by the close frequencies appearing for different tones, but they usually had similar latencies and time spans. Short-time and long-time resonant modes were identified. The second ones might be connected with spontaneous emissions. The method opens new perspectives in studying the fine structure of the OAE and testing of the theoretical models.
Potential sound production by a deep-sea fish
Authors: Mann David A. , Jarvis Susan M.
Published: April 2004

Swimbladder sonic muscles of deep-sea fishes were described over 35 years ago. Until now, no recordings of probable deep-sea fish sounds have been published. A sound likely produced by a deep-sea fish has been isolated and localized from an analysis of acoustic recordings made at the AUTEC test range in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, from four deep-sea hydrophones. This sound is typical of a fish sound in that it is pulsed and relatively low frequency (800–1000 Hz). Using time-of-arrival differences, the sound was localized to 548–696-m depth, where the bottom was 1620 m. The ability to localize this sound in real-time on the hydrophone range provides a great advantage for being able to identify the sound-producer using a remotely operated vehicle.
Analytical approach for sound attenuation in perforated dissipative silencers
Authors: Selamet A. , Xu M. B. , Lee I.-J. , Huff N. T.
Published: April 2004

A two-dimensional analytical solution is developed to determine the acoustic performance of a perforated single-pass, concentric cylindrical silencer filled with fibrous material. To account for the wave propagation through absorbing fiber and perforations, the complex characteristic impedance, wave number, and perforation impedance are employed. With expressions for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of sound propagation in the perforated dissipative chamber, the transmission loss is obtained by applying a pressure and velocity matching technique. The results from the analytical method are then compared with both experiments and numerical predictions based on the boundary element method (BEM), showing a reasonable agreement. The effects of geometry, fiber properties, and perforation porosity on the acoustic attenuation performance are discussed in detail.
The eigencomponent association method for adaptive interference suppression
Authors: Harrison Brian F.
Published: April 2004

The performance of passive localization algorithms can become severely degraded when the target of interest is in the presence of interferers. In this paper, the eigencomponent association (ECA) method of adaptive interference suppression is presented for signals received on horizontal arrays. ECA uses an eigendecomposition to decompose the cross-spectral density matrix (CSDM) of the data and then beamforms each of the eigenvectors. Using an estimate of the target’s bearing, the target-to-interference power in each eigenvector at each CSDM update is computed to determine which are dominated by interference. Eigenvectors identified to contain low target-to-interference power are subtracted from the CSDM to suppress the interference. Using this approach, ECA is able to rapidly adapt to the hierarchical swapping of target and interference-related eigenvectors due to relative signal power fluctuations and target dynamics. Simulated data examples consisting of a target and two interferers are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of ECA. These examples show ECA enabling accurate localization estimates in the presence of interferers, which without using the technique was not possible.
Dopamine-Induced Dispersion of Correlations Between Action Potentials in Networks of Cortical Neurons
Authors: Eytan Danny , Minerbi Amir , Ziv Noam , Marom Shimon
Published: April 2004

The involvement of dopamine in the process of learning, at the cellular and behavioral levels, has been studied extensively. Evidently, dopamine is released from midbrain nuclei neurons on exposure to salient unpredicted stimuli and binds to neurons of cortical and subcortical structures, where its neuromodulatory effects are exerted. The neuromodulatory effects of dopamine at the synaptic and cellular levels are very rich, but it is difficult to extrapolate from these elementary levels what their effect might be at the behaviorally relevant level of neuronal ensembles. Using multi-site recordings from networks of cortical neurons developing ex vivo, we studied the effects of dopamine on connectivity within neuronal ensembles. We found that dopamine disperses correlations between individual neuronal activities while preserving the global distribution of correlations at the network level. Using selective D1 and D2 modulators, we show that both receptor types are contributing to dopamine-induced dispersion. Our results indicate that, at the neuronal ensemble level, dopamine acts to enhance changes in network connectivity rather than stabilize such connections.
Effective Photocontrol of Micelle Formation by Malachite Green Derivative Carrying a Long Alkyl Chain
Authors: M. Uda Ryoko , Oue Masatoshi , Kimura Keiichi
Published: April 2004

We designed Malachite Green leuconitrile carrying a long alkyl chain that is intended for a photoresponsive surfactant. The critical micelle concentration of cetyltrimethylammoium chloride solution containing the photoresponsive compound was decreased significantly by UV irradiation. The lipophilic photochromic compound realizes photochemical control of micelle formation.
Useful Method for Direct Introduction of the Photoaffinity 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethyldiazirine Group
Authors: Shigenari Toshihiko , Hakogi Toshikazu , Katsumura Shigeo
Published: April 2004

A convergent and efficient preparation method of the photoaffinity 3-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethyldiazirine derivatives was established by direct introduction of the photoaffinity group utilizing the Mitsunobu reaction.
Selective Electrodeposition and Etching on Polymer Brush Template Prepared by Patterned Monolayer Surface Initiated Polymerization
Authors: Zhou Feng , Liu Zhilu , Li Weinan , Hao Jingcheng , Chen Miao , Liu Weimin , Sun D C
Published: April 2004

Electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) and etching resistance can be achieved on the same area of a single binary pattern of hydrophilic polymer brush and hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer. In this way, the prepared conducting polymer and the metal microstructures can have the same pattern.
Multimedia instructions and cognitive load theory: Effects of modality and cueing
Authors: Tabbers Huib K. , Martens Rob L. , Van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G.
Published: April 2004

Background: Recent research on the influence of presentation format on the effectiveness of multimedia instructions has yielded some interesting results. According to cognitive load theory (Sweller, Van Merriënboer, & Paas, 1998) and Mayer's theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2001), replacing visual text with spoken text (the modality effect) and adding visual cues relating elements of a picture to the text (the cueing effect) both increase the effectiveness of multimedia instructions in terms of better learning results or less mental effort spent.

Aims: The aim of this study was to test the generalisability of the modality and cueing effect in a classroom setting.

Sample: The participants were 111 second‐year students from the Department of Education at the University of Gent in Belgium (age between 19 and 25 years).

Method: The participants studied a web‐based multimedia lesson on instructional design for about one hour. Afterwards they completed a retention and a transfer test. During both the instruction and the tests, self‐report measures of mental effort were administered.

Results: Adding visual cues to the pictures resulted in higher retention scores, while replacing visual text with spoken text resulted in lower retention and transfer scores.

Conclusions: Only a weak cueing effect and even a reverse modality effect have been found, indicating that both effects do not easily generalise to non‐laboratory settings. A possible explanation for the reversed modality effect is that the multimedia instructions in this study were learner‐paced, as opposed to the system‐paced instructions used in earlier research.
Psychological disidentification with the academic domain among ethnic minority adolescents in The Netherlands
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Thijs Jochem
Published: April 2004

Background: Among ethnic minority group adolescents, experiences with discrimination and prejudice in school settings are thought to lead to a defensive detachment of the self from the school domain. That is, these adolescents may disengage their self‐feelings from their academic performances causing the academic self to become a less important part of global self‐worth. However, there is limited empirical evidence for this assumption and the existing research is on African American students.

Aims: To examine among ethnic minority adolescents in the Netherlands the hypothesis that under conditions of perceived discrimination minority group members tend to psychologically disengage their self‐feelings from educational performance. Samples. Study 1 was conducted among 161 Turkish students between 13 and 16 years of age. The sample in Study 2 consisted of 112 Turkish participants of 11 and 12 years of age.

Methods: Two questionnaire studies were conducted and participants responded to questions on perceived academic performance, academic self‐esteem, global self‐worth and perceived discrimination in school.

Results: In both studies, academic self‐esteem mediated the relationship between perceived educational performance and feelings of global self‐worth. More importantly, perceived discrimination in school moderated the relationship between academic self‐esteem and global self‐worth. Discrimination did not moderate the relationship between academic performance and academic self‐esteem.

Conclusion: The results indicate that for ethnic minorities perceived discrimination in school can lead to psychological disidentification from the academic domain whereby global self‐worth is less based on performances and competencies in the academic domain.
Examining the Role of Auditor Quality and Retained Ownership in IPO Markets: Experimental Evidence*
Authors: MAYHEW BRIAN W. , SCHATZBERG JEFFREY W. , SEVCIK GALEN R.
Published: April 2004

We use experimental markets to test the Datar, Feltham, and Hughes (DFH) 1991 model of entrepreneur choice of auditor and retained ownership in initial public offerings (IPOs). DFH predict that entrepreneurs use retained ownership to signal IPO value and substitute high‐quality auditors for retained ownership to signal value as the risk of the IPO increases. Given the mixed support for DFH from archival research, we conduct experimental markets that directly operationalize the model's decision variables, which permits a direct test of whether the model is descriptively valid. In addition, our market setting provides a strong test of this theory by including an alternative Nash equilibrium also present in field settings, one in which only auditor quality is used by entrepreneurs to signal IPO value. Our results suggest that DFH predict entrepreneur behavior in baseline markets where both computerized investors and auditors are programmed to price consistently with the DFH equilibrium. However, the DFH model does not describe behavior when “robot” investors are replaced with human investors in the market. The results suggest that entrepreneurs and investors strategically interact in a manner that leads them away from the DFH equilibrium and toward the alternative Nash equilibrium behavior of entrepreneurs with high‐value assets hiring high‐quality auditors irrespective of IPO risk. Our results imply that the DFH model has limited descriptive validity, document the importance of strategic behavior on market equilibrium formation, and suggest that the mixed results found in prior DFH‐based field studies may reflect the model's low descriptive validity.
Setting Policies for Consumer Communications a Behavioral Decision Research Approach
Authors: Eggers Sara L. , Fischhoff Baruch
Published: April 2004

The authors offer a framework rooted in behavioral decision research for the evaluation and regulation of communications. The approach considers consumer interpretations of product communications, the sensitivity of choice to such judgments, and the acceptability of misunderstanding to regulators.
Are Nonprofits Unfair Competitors for Businesses? An Analytical Approach
Authors: Liu Yong , Weinberg Charles B.
Published: April 2004

This study examines duopoly price competition between a for-profit firm and a nonprofit organization. It shows that the competitive outcome is predominantly the consequence of their different objective functions. The damage to the for-profit caused by the nonprofit's policy and regulatory advantages is only marginal. Moreover, the for-profit can protect itself by acquiring Stackelberg price leadership.
Cognitive Biases, Cognitive Limits, and Risk Communication
Authors: Baron Jonathan
Published: April 2004

How should marketers communicate risk information? In discussing this question, the author begins with basic economic theory and expected utility theory. He then discusses the limitations that result from misestimation of probability, the need to deal with many risks at once, and the existence of individual differences in risk preference. He reviews the problem of cognitive biases, such as the tendency to favor harms of omission over harms of direct action, and concludes with suggestions for the design of risk communication that take into account these factors.
Considering the Evidence, No Wonder the Court Endorses Canada's Restrictions on Cigarette Advertising
Authors: Pollay Richard W.
Published: April 2004

The 2002 trial that assessed the constitutionality of Canada's Tobacco Act involved new evidence of industry tactics in the 1990s, including the use of lifestyle advertising of sponsorships and the marketing of a new product that was falsely claimed to be “less irritating.” The author provides highlights from the legislative background, the document production, the trial testimony, and the judge's decision.
Regulation of the Rent-to-Own Industry: Implications of the Wisconsin Settlement with Rent-A-Center
Authors: Hastak Manoj
Published: April 2004

In August 1999, the Wisconsin attorney general's office sued Rent-A-Center (RAC) for violating the state's consumer act and deceptive advertising law. The parties eventually settled in November 2002. In this article, the author evaluates the merits of the case against RAC, RAC's response to the settlement, and implications of the settlement for Wisconsin consumers as well as the rent-to-own industry.
Predictors of Perceived Work-Family Balance: Gender Difference or Gender Similarity?
Authors: Keene Jennifer Reid , Quadagno Jill
Published: April 2004

This article uses the 1996 General Social Survey (GSS) and the 1992 National Study of the Changing Workforce (NSCW) to examine two issues: the relationship of work characteristics, family characteristics, and work-family spillover to perceptions of work-family balance; and models of “gender difference” versus “gender similarity.” The GSS analysis supports the gender similarity model. It demonstrates that work demands such as the number of hours worked per week and work spillover into family life are the most salient predictors of feelings of imbalance for both women and men. The NSCW includes subtler measures of family spillover into work as well as measures of specific job characteristics and child care. The NSCW results support a gender difference model. They indicate that when family demands reduce work quality, there is a decreased likelihood of perceived balance. However, men and women experience balance in gendered ways. Women report more balance when they give priority to family; men report less balance when they have no personal time for themselves due to work and more balance when they make scheduling changes due to family.
Flexibility and Fairness: Effects of the Network Form of Organization on Gender Equity in Life Science Careers
Authors: Smith-Doerr Laurel
Published: April 2004

Why do women have more opportunities in some employment settings? I investigate how organizational form affects gender stratification among life scientists. I propose that firms governed by networks, rather than bureaucracies, allow for greater equity. Hierarchy and rules hide gender bias, while reliance on ties outside the organization provides transparency and flexibility. I analyze the careers of 2,062 U.S. life scientists and interviews with 41 scientists. I examine employment data by gender for two patterns: early entrance into the biotechnology industry and promotion within network and hierarchical organizations. Gender does not affect when a scientist enters the biotech industry but is related to promotion. Men are more likely to attain early supervisory-level positions across organizational settings. Female scientists are nearly eight times more likely to supervise in biotech firms than in more hierarchical settings. The two organizational forms—network and hierarchy—provide different employment experiences for female scientists.
Well-Being and the Transition to Parenthood: An Identity Theory Approach
Authors: Cast Alicia D.
Published: April 2004

Research has suggested that one factor that affects individual and marital well-being among new parents is role congruence. In this article the relationship between role congruence and well-being is theoretically recast using recent developments in identity theory. From an identity theory perspective, role incongruence is problematic because it reflects the degree to which individuals can verify their identities. When meanings in the social environment are inconsistent with identity meanings (such as occurs with role incongruence), identity verification processes are disrupted and individuals evaluate themselves and their relationships less positively. Therefore, new parents who are unable to verify their parent identity should be more likely to experience a decline in individual and marital well-being. Consistent with previous research, results suggest that parenthood per se may not be detrimental to individual and marital well-being. Results are consistent with the idea that the ability to verify conceptions of self-as-parent is important in understanding individual and marital well-being in the transition to parenthood.
Critical Domains Within the Self-Reported Patient Experience of Virtual Care
Authors: Zachrison Kori S. , Yan Zhiyu , Cui Yizhou , Park Lee , Schwamm Lee H.
Published: January 2024

This cross-sectional study examines the association between domains of patient experience with a physician and patient likelihood of recommending the physician for virtual vs in-person visits.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Graphene Nanotransistor Based on Covalent Bond for Ultrastable Biosensors
Authors: Kim Kyung Ho , Seo Sung Eun , Park Seon Joo , Kim Jinyeong , Park Chul Soon , Le Thanh‐Hai , Lee Chang‐Seop , Kim Yu Kyung , Kim Hye‐Yeon , Jun Sangmi , Kwak Jisung , Lee Yeon Kyung , Yoon Hyeonseok , Song Hyun Seok , Kwon Oh Seok
Published: January 2024

Fatal pathogenic organisms have been detected by various point‐of‐care tests (PoCTs) in clinical samples. PoCTs based on portable electrical devices are able to detect organisms in simple and rapid method. Although electrical PoCT devices show ultra sensitivity when detecting pathogens in standard samples, their industrialization has been limited due to low reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity, resulting from nonspecific binding issues by media. In this research, a perpendicular N‐heterocyclic carbene self‐assembled monolayer (NHC‐SAM) conjugated on graphene micropattern field‐effect transistors (NGMFETs) is first demonstrated for monitoring pathogens. Two single bonds of NHCSAM on GM are investigated via density functional theory (DFT) and surface analyses. Bioreceptors are conjugated on the side gate‐modulated NGMFET for ultra‐stable on‐site detection. The side‐gated BNGMFETs system displayed remarkable performance in the detection of the following: i) SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 (limit of detection (LOD): ≈10 pg mL−1) in CTM, ii) O. tsutsugamushi Ab (LOD: ≈1 pg mL−1), and iii) E. coli (LOD: 10° CFU mL−1) in serum. Compared to commercial methodology, the platform presents 102 times higher LODs towards those pathogens in clinical samples with higher reproducibility. Based on these results, side‐gated BNGMFETs can be utilized as universal PoCT during pandemics.
Localized S‐Li2s Conversion with Accelerated Kinetics Mediated by Mixed Conductive Shell for High‐Performance Solid‐State Lithium‐Sulfur Battery
Authors: Wang Minkang , Su Han , Zhong Yu , Hu Xiaoyu , Wang Xiuli , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping
Published: January 2024

Solid‐state lithium‐sulfur batteries (SSLSBs) using polymer electrolytes are considered as one of the most promising energy storage systems due to their high specific energy, facile processability, and low cost. However, the sluggish solid‐state sulfur conversion kinetics limits their specific density and challenges the practical application. Here, to address this concern, a hollow carbon/Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 nanosphere (H‐C/LATP) structure is prepared, with high mixed electronic/ionic conductivity, as sulfur hosts for fabricating high‐performance polymer‐based solid‐state Li‐S battery. With the incorporation of the H‐C/LATP rigid shell, the localized sulfur conversion with accelerated kinetics is realized by introduced stable sulfur‐H‐C/LATP double‐phase interface and enhanced charge‐transfer behavior. In addition, H‐C/LATP shows excellent absorption ability toward lithium polysulfides, thus suppressing the shuttle effect in solid electrolytes. As a result, superior cycling stability and rate performance are achieved. The assembled SSLSB delivers a capacity of 1213.2 mAh g−1 in the first cycle and 948.3 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. Besides, high active material loading is also demonstrated in this configuration with stable capacity retention. This work provides a practical pathway for the sulfur cathode design in polymer‐based SSLSBs.
Applying collocation and APRIORI analyses to chimpanzee diets: Methods for investigating nonrandom food combinations in primate self‐medication
Authors: Freymann Elodie , d'Oliveira Coelho João , Hobaiter Catherine , Huffman Michael A. , Muhumuza Geresomu , Zuberbühler Klaus , Carvalho Susana
Published: January 2024

Identifying novel medicinal resources in chimpanzee diets has historically presented challenges, requiring extensive behavioral data collection and health monitoring, accompanied by expensive pharmacological analyses. When putative therapeutic self‐medicative behaviors are observed, these events are often considered isolated occurrences, with little attention paid to other resources ingested in combination. For chimpanzees, medicinal resource combinations could play an important role in maintaining well‐being by tackling different symptoms of an illness, chemically strengthening efficacy of a treatment, or providing prophylactic compounds that prevent future ailments. We call this concept the self‐medicative resource combination hypothesis. However, a dearth of methodological approaches for holistically investigating primate feeding ecology has limited our ability to identify nonrandom resource combinations and explore potential synergistic relationships between medicinal resource candidates. Here we present two analytical tools that test such a hypothesis and demonstrate these approaches on feeding data from the Sonso chimpanzee community in Budongo Forest, Uganda. Using 4 months of data, we establish that both collocation and APRIORI analyses are effective exploratory tools for identifying binary combinations, and that APRIORI is effective for multi‐item rule associations. We then compare outputs from both methods, finding up to 60% agreement, and propose APRIORI as more effective for studies requiring control over confidence intervals and those investigating nonrandom associations between more than two resources. These analytical tools, which can be extrapolated across the animal kingdom, can provide a cost‐effective and efficient method for targeting resources for further pharmacological investigation, potentially aiding in the discovery of novel medicines.
The effects of exogenous substances on the color of heated bones
Authors: Rosa Joana , Batista de Carvalho Luís A. E. , Gil Francisco P. S. C. , Marques Maria Paula M. , Ferreira Maria Teresa , Gonçalves David
Published: January 2024

Objectives

Burned bone coloration has been used for decades to help in the bioanthropological analysis of burned human bones. However, there is a variety of factors that can interfere with the coloration manifested by bones exposed to heat, resulting in colors that differ from the usual black to white gradient. In this study, we evaluated possible causes of unusual coloration changes and hues in burned bone.

Materials and Methods

For that purpose, defleshed fresh pig (Sus scrofa) ribs as well as fresh and dry human clavicles were burned at four different temperatures (500, 700, 900 and 1100°C) in contact with different materials (CaO, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, and polyester cloth). Observable color changes were assessed through naked eye observation and description, Munsell color charts, and reflectance spectrophotometry. Additionally, chemical changes in bone were assessed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) and x‐ray fluorescence (XRF).

Results

Our results showed that some materials did affect usual burned bone coloration (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) and correspondent FTIR‐ATR and XRF spectra. As for other materials, although no effect on visual bone coloration was observed, they still affected FTIR‐ATR and XRF spectra (CaO and cloth).

Discussion

This study can contribute to the anthropological analysis of burned human remains, providing some answers to what can cause unusual types of heat‐induced colorations.
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for the determination of XL092 in monkey plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Li Cui , Li Xiaokun , Fan Ali , He Ning , Wu Dongmei , Yu Hongyan , Wang Kun , Jiao Weijie , Zhao Xu
Published: January 2024

XL092 is a potent ATP‐competitive inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases that is undergoing clinical development for the treatment of lung cancer. In this study, an LC triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was established to measure XL092 in monkey plasma. A Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column was used for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consisted of water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with a gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantitative analysis of XL092 in positive electrospray ionization. In the concentration range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL, XL092 showed excellent linearity in monkey plasma with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.995 (r > 0.995). The lowest limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations were <9.99%, while the relative error ranged from −12.50% to 8.10%. The mean recovery was over 82.51%. XL092 was stable in monkey plasma after storage under certain conditions. The validated method was demonstrated to be selective, sensitive, and reliable, and has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of XL092 in monkey plasma. XL092 showed moderate short half‐life (~3.81 h) and good oral bioavailability (80%).