bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Combined Approach for Production Parameter Selection and On-site Energy Supply Management in Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Ghadimi Pouya , Mousavi Seyed Smaeil , Li Wen , Kara Sami , Kornfeld Bernard
Published: August 2016

Integrated management of manufacturing plant’s production and on-site energy supply systems has shown potential economic, environmental and resource efficiency advantages for the industry. However, existing approaches are solely based on pure mathematical models with a high degree of abstraction with limited applicability, which becomes impractical for industrial applications. In this paper a simulation methodology for production parameters selection and on-site energy supply management is presented. In this case, state-based models and operational strategies of manufacturing processes and on-site energy supply options are integrated to represent interdependency between production processes, technical building services and on-site energy supply system. As a result, the proposed methodology covers manufacturing system complexity without compromising the required accuracy. This is applied to a batch based manufacturing plant and the impact of particular production parameters on energy demand profile is evaluated. The results indicate the impact of production parameters on energy supply system. In addition, the proposed approach enables manufacturers to evaluate the implications of potential production approaches in order to select appropriate operational strategies for on-site energy supply systems.
Form-finding Tensegrity Models Approach with Reverse Engineering
Authors: Hashemnejad Hashem , Sharbaf Asem , Sharbaf Mitra
Published: August 2016

Background/Objectives:After recent achievements in the field of Tensegrity structure, many Tensegrity models have been investigated and evaluated. Tensegrity models have been used as symbolic or covering vast area such as fuller’s dome and other stuffs. These usages do not have sufficient attention to synthesis of architectural and structural space together.Methods/Statistical analysis: The method of this article, based on simulation and modeling of a sample structure by analyzing flow of internal forces, is adaptive methode. Restriction of exited structures to a hammock and then analysis its force flow, and consequently classify it to tensile and compressive members is the base of manner. By gathering information about Tensegrity structures and their behavior according to several definition of structural engineers and also architects, we commence combination of facts based on adaptation of existed structures with Tensegrity rules. Then, by finding a Tensegrity model and creating a replica of hammock Tensegrity, it shows the ability of structure specially in term of statistic. This outcomes can help us to develop new system of form - finding models.Findings: This system can make us able to develop modeling of Tensegrity. In the recent years, form - finding method almost base on symmetric models to expand as cover structure for vast spans. By this manner, we can design asymmetric models consist of synthesis of structural and architectural space.Application/Improvements: Form - Finding method can be developed in order to increase quality of building in term of weight of structure, flexibility, decreasing proportion of used material to its resistance and so on. In addition, we can produce asymmetric models which contain architectural space into Tensegrity structure.
Place recognition using batlike sonar
Authors: Vanderelst Dieter , Steckel Jan , Boen Andre , Peremans Herbert , Holderied Marc W
Published: August 2016

Echolocating bats have excellent spatial memory and are able to navigate to salient locations using bio-sonar. Navigating and route-following require animals to recognize places. Currently, it is mostly unknown how bats recognize places using echolocation. In this paper, we propose template based place recognition might underlie sonar-based navigation in bats. Under this hypothesis, bats recognize places by remembering their echo signature - rather than their 3D layout. Using a large body of ensonification data collected in three different habitats, we test the viability of this hypothesis assessing two critical properties of the proposed echo signatures: (1) they can be uniquely classified and (2) they vary continuously across space. Based on the results presented, we conclude that the proposed echo signatures satisfy both criteria. We discuss how these two properties of the echo signatures can support navigation and building a cognitive map.
A nonrandomized cohort and a randomized study of local control of large hepatocarcinoma by targeting intratumoral lactic acidosis
Authors: Chao Ming , Wu Hao , Jin Kai , Li Bin , Wu Jianjun , Zhang Guangqiang , Yang Gong , Hu Xun
Published: August 2016

Background:

Previous works suggested that neutralizing intratumoral lactic acidosis combined with glucose deprivation may deliver an effective approach to control tumor. We did a pilot clinical investigation, including a nonrandomized (57 patients with large HCC) and a randomized controlled (20 patients with large HCC) study.

Methods:

The patients were treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with or without bicarbonate local infusion into tumor.

Results:

In the nonrandomized controlled study, geometric mean of viable tumor residues (VTR) in TACE with bicarbonate was 6.4-fold lower than that in TACE without bicarbonate (7.1% [95% CI: 4.6%–10.9%] vs 45.6% [28.9%–72.0%]; p<0.0001). This difference was recapitulated by a subsequent randomized controlled study. TACE combined with bicarbonate yielded a 100% objective response rate (ORR), whereas the ORR treated with TACE alone was 44.4% (nonrandomized) and 63.6% (randomized). The survival data suggested that bicarbonate may bring survival benefit.

Conclusions:

Bicarbonate markedly enhances the anticancer activity of TACE.

Funding:

Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Clinical trial number:

ChiCTR-IOR-14005319.
Lineage tracing of human B cells reveals the in vivo landscape of human antibody class switching
Authors: Horns Felix , Vollmers Christopher , Croote Derek , Mackey Sally F , Swan Gary E , Dekker Cornelia L , Davis Mark M , Quake Stephen R
Published: August 2016

Antibody class switching is a feature of the adaptive immune system which enables diversification of the effector properties of antibodies. Even though class switching is essential for mounting a protective response to pathogens, the in vivo patterns and lineage characteristics of antibody class switching have remained uncharacterized in living humans. Here we comprehensively measured the landscape of antibody class switching in human adult twins using antibody repertoire sequencing. The map identifies how antibodies of every class are created and delineates a two-tiered hierarchy of class switch pathways. Using somatic hypermutations as a molecular clock, we discovered that closely related B cells often switch to the same class, but lose coherence as somatic mutations accumulate. Such correlations between closely related cells exist when purified B cells class switch in vitro, suggesting that class switch recombination is directed toward specific isotypes by a cell-autonomous imprinted state.
Mechanistic insights into a TIMP3-sensitive pathway constitutively engaged in the regulation of cerebral hemodynamics
Authors: Capone Carmen , Dabertrand Fabrice , Baron-Menguy Celine , Chalaris Athena , Ghezali Lamia , Domenga-Denier Valérie , Schmidt Stefanie , Huneau Clément , Rose-John Stefan , Nelson Mark T , Joutel Anne
Published: August 2016

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a leading cause of stroke and dementia. CADASIL, an inherited SVD, alters cerebral artery function, compromising blood flow to the working brain. TIMP3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3) accumulation in the vascular extracellular matrix in CADASIL is a key contributor to cerebrovascular dysfunction. However, the linkage between elevated TIMP3 and compromised cerebral blood flow (CBF) remains unknown. Here, we show that TIMP3 acts through inhibition of the metalloprotease ADAM17 and HB-EGF to regulate cerebral arterial tone and blood flow responses. In a clinically relevant CADASIL mouse model, we show that exogenous ADAM17 or HB-EGF restores cerebral arterial tone and blood flow responses, and identify upregulated voltage-dependent potassium channel (KV) number in cerebral arterial myocytes as a heretofore-unrecognized downstream effector of TIMP3-induced deficits. These results support the concept that the balance of TIMP3 and ADAM17 activity modulates CBF through regulation of myocyte KV channel number.
Formation of polarity convergences underlying shoot outgrowths
Authors: Abley Katie , Sauret-Güeto Susanna , Marée Athanasius FM , Coen Enrico
Published: August 2016

The development of outgrowths from plant shoots depends on formation of epidermal sites of cell polarity convergence with high intracellular auxin at their centre. A parsimonious model for generation of convergence sites is that cell polarity for the auxin transporter PIN1 orients up auxin gradients, as this spontaneously generates convergent alignments. Here we test predictions of this and other models for the patterns of auxin biosynthesis and import. Live imaging of outgrowths from kanadi1 kanadi2 Arabidopsis mutant leaves shows that they arise by formation of PIN1 convergence sites within a proximodistal polarity field. PIN1 polarities are oriented away from regions of high auxin biosynthesis enzyme expression, and towards regions of high auxin importer expression. Both expression patterns are required for normal outgrowth emergence, and may form part of a common module underlying shoot outgrowths. These findings are more consistent with models that spontaneously generate tandem rather than convergent alignments.
Anastomotic Recurrence After Curative Resection for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Jung Won Beom , Yu Chang Sik , Lim Seok Byung , Park In Ja , Yoon Yong Sik , Kim Jin Cheon
Published: August 2016

Background

A precise understanding of anastomotic recurrence (AR) permits efficient surveillance and treatment strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with AR undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer (CRC), compare colonic with rectal tumors and investigate the risk factors related to AR.

Methods

A single‐institution, retrospective cohort of 9024 patients who underwent curative surgery for CRC between 2000 and 2010 was enrolled. Patients were classified into AR group (n = 53) or non‐AR group (n = 8971) and were also characterized by tumor location.

Results

The AR group was independently associated with old age (p = 0.046), advanced N stage (p = 0.003), the rectum (p = 0.001), a large tumor (p = 0.001) and mucinous differentiation (MU) (p = 0.026). In colon cancers, the AR group (n = 20) was independently associated with MU (p = 0.022) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (p = 0.001). In rectal cancers, the AR group (n = 33) was independently associated with N2 stage (p = 0.007) and a large tumor (p < 0.001). AR is a burden to patients and physicians because these tumors have a poor prognosis and more advanced pathologic stages than the primary tumors. However, N0 stage and curative resection of an AR tumor (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) were found to be independently associated with improved survival in a Cox regression model.

Conclusion

AR is independently associated with the rectum. In colon cancers, MU and LVI are independent risk factors for AR. In rectal cancers, a large tumor and N2 stage are independent risk factors for AR. Although AR shows a poor prognosis, early detection and curative resection may lead to an improved survival.
Participatory System Dynamics Modeling: Increasing Stakeholder Engagement and Precision to Improve Implementation Planning in Systems
Authors: Zimmerman Lindsey , Lounsbury David W. , Rosen Craig S. , Kimerling Rachel , Trafton Jodie A. , Lindley Steven E.
Published: August 2016

Implementation planning typically incorporates stakeholder input. Quality improvement efforts provide data-based feedback regarding progress. Participatory system dynamics modeling (PSD) triangulates stakeholder expertise, data and simulation of implementation plans prior to attempting change. Frontline staff in one VA outpatient mental health system used PSD to examine policy and procedural “mechanisms” they believe underlie local capacity to implement evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) for PTSD and depression. We piloted the PSD process, simulating implementation plans to improve EBP reach. Findings indicate PSD is a feasible, useful strategy for building stakeholder consensus, and may save time and effort as compared to trial-and-error EBP implementation planning.
Development of Novel Amidosulfobetaine Surfactant–Polymer Systems for EOR Applications
Authors: Kamal Muhammad Shahzad , Shakil Hussain S. M. , Sultan Abdullah S.
Published: August 2016

Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the thermal stability and rheological properties of novel surfactant–polymer (SP) systems for enhanced oil recovery applications. One in‐house synthesized amphoteric amidosulfobetaine surfactant 3‐(N‐pentadecanamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonium)propanesulfonate and three different polymers were evaluated. Polymer A was a terpolymer of acrylamide, acrylamido tert‐butyl sulfonate, and acrylic acid, whereas polymers B and C were terpolymers of acrylamide, N‐vinylpyrrolidone, and acrylamido tert‐butyl sulfonate with different anionicity. Long‐term thermal stability of the surfactant was assessed using FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The surfactant was compatible with seawater at 90 °C and no precipitation was observed. Structural analysis showed good thermal stability and no structural changes were observed after aging at 90 °C. The effects of surfactant concentration, shear rate, salinity, and polymer concentration on rheological properties of the SP systems were determined. Polymer A showed highest viscosity among the investigated polymers in deionized and seawater. The interactions between the surfactant and polymer A were assessed using rheological measurements. In the presence of salts, the viscosity of all three polymers reduced significantly as a result of charge screening. At low shear rates, the added surfactant slightly decreased the viscosity and storage modulus of polymer A. At high shear rates, the effect of the surfactant on the viscosity and storage modulus of polymer A was insignificant.
Acyl Poly(Glycerol‐Succinic Acid) Oligoesters: Synthesis, Physicochemical and Functional Properties, and Biodegradability
Authors: Agach Mickaël , Marinkovic Sinisa , Estrine Boris , Nardello‐Rataj Véronique
Published: August 2016

Biobased surfactants were synthesized using poly(glycerol‐succinate) as the polar head group and variable acyl groups as hydrophobic tails. Acyl chain lengths ranged from 8 to 14 carbon atoms. The resulting oligomeric surfactants were characterized by quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), acid values and size exclusion chromatography. Investigation of the physicochemical properties of the acyl poly(glycerol‐succinate) surfactants revealed their potential for use in a wide array of applications. The acyl poly(glycerol‐succinate) functional properties appeared to be particularly concentration‐dependent. This study highlights the relative impact of acyl chain length on the polymeric structure, physicochemical and functional behaviors, and biodegradability of the acyl poly(glycerol‐succinate) surfactants.
Assessment of Self-Contamination During Removal of Personal Protective Equipment for Ebola Patient Care
Authors: Casanova Lisa M. , Teal Lisa J. , Sickbert-Bennett Emily E. , Anderson Deverick J. , Sexton Daniel J. , Rutala William A. , Weber David J. ,   the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE

Ebola virus disease (EVD) places healthcare personnel (HCP) at high risk for infection during patient care, and personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical. Protocols for EVD PPE doffing have not been validated for prevention of viral self-contamination. Using surrogate viruses (non-enveloped MS2 and enveloped Φ6), we assessed self-contamination of skin and clothes when trained HCP doffed EVD PPE using a standardized protocol.

METHODS

A total of 15 HCP donned EVD PPE for this study. Virus was applied to PPE, and a trained monitor guided them through the doffing protocol. Of the 15 participants, 10 used alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) for glove and hand hygiene and 5 used hypochlorite for glove hygiene and ABHR for hand hygiene. Inner gloves, hands, face, and scrubs were sampled after doffing.

RESULTS

After doffing, MS2 virus was detected on the inner glove worn on the dominant hand for 8 of 15 participants, on the non-dominant inner glove for 6 of 15 participants, and on scrubs for 2 of 15 participants. All MS2 on inner gloves was observed when ABHR was used for glove hygiene; none was observed when hypochlorite was used. When using hypochlorite for glove hygiene, 1 participant had MS2 on hands, and 1 had MS2 on scrubs.

CONCLUSIONS

A structured doffing protocol using a trained monitor and ABHR protects against enveloped virus self-contamination. Non-enveloped virus (MS2) contamination was detected on inner gloves, possibly due to higher resistance to ABHR. Doffing protocols protective against all viruses need to incorporate highly effective glove and hand hygiene agents.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–6
Rapid distortion theory analysis on the interaction between homogeneous turbulence and a planar shock wave
Authors: Kitamura T. , Nagata K. , Sakai Y. , Sasoh A. , Ito Y.
Published: August 2016

The interactions between homogeneous turbulence and a planar shock wave are analytically investigated using rapid distortion theory (RDT). Analytical solutions in the solenoidal modes are obtained. Qualitative answers to unsolved questions in a report by Andreopoulos et al. (Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 524, 2000, pp. 309–345) are provided within the linear theoretical framework. The results show that the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is increased after interaction with a shock wave and that the contributions to the amplification can be interpreted primarily as the combined effect of shock-induced compression, which is a direct consequence of the Rankine–Hugoniot relation, and the nonlinear effect, which is an indirect consequence of the Rankine–Hugoniot relation via the perturbation manner. For initial homogeneous axisymmetric turbulence, the amplification of the TKE depends on the initial degree of anisotropy. Furthermore, the increase in energy at high wavenumbers is confirmed by the one-dimensional spectra. The enstrophy is also increased; its increase is more significant than that of the TKE because of the significant increase in enstrophy at high wavenumbers. The vorticity components perpendicular to the shock-induced compressed direction are amplified more than the parallel vorticity component. These results strongly suggest that a high resolution is needed to obtain accurate results for the turbulence–shock-wave interaction. The integral length scales ($L$) and the Taylor microscales ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$) are decreased for most cases after the interaction. However, $L_{22,3}(=\,L_{33,2})$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{22,3}(=\,\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{33,2})$ are amplified. Here, the subscripts 2 and 3 indicate the perpendicular components relative to the shock-induced compressed direction. The dissipation length and TKE dissipation rate are amplified.
Interactions of large-scale free-stream turbulence with turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Dogan Eda , Hanson Ronald E. , Ganapathisubramani Bharathram
Published: August 2016

The scale interactions occurring within a turbulent boundary layer are investigated in the presence of free-stream turbulence. The free-stream turbulence is generated by an active grid. The free stream is monitored by a single-component hot-wire probe, while a second probe is roved across the height of the boundary layer at the same streamwise location. Large-scale structures occurring in the free stream are shown to penetrate the boundary layer and increase the streamwise velocity fluctuations throughout. It is speculated that, depending on the extent of the penetration, i.e. based on the level of free-stream turbulence, the near-wall turbulence production peaks at different wall-normal locations than the expected location of $y^{+}\approx 15$ for a canonical turbulent boundary layer. It is shown that the large scales dominating the log region have a modulating effect on the small scales in the near-wall region; this effect becomes more significant with increasing turbulence in the free stream, i.e. similarly increasing $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}}$. This modulating interaction and its Reynolds-number trend have similarities with canonical turbulent boundary layers at high Reynolds numbers where the interaction between the large scales and the envelope of the small scales exhibits a pure amplitude modulation (Hutchins & Marusic, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 365 (1852), 2007, pp. 647–664; Mathis et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 628, 2009, pp. 311–337). This similarity has encouraging implications towards generalising scale interactions in turbulent boundary layers.
An empirical analysis of the effects of humor on communication satisfaction and job performance in international joint ventures in Iran
Authors: Jalalkamali Mohammad , Iranmanesh Mohammad , Nikbin Davoud , Hyun Sunghyup Sean
Published: August 2016

This study investigates the relationships between humor (frequency and effectiveness), communication satisfaction (informational and relational), and employee job performance (task and contextual) in international joint ventures in Iran. Based on a survey of 375 employees and their supervisors in two of the biggest joint ventures in the automotive industry in Iran, the results indicate that the frequency of humor had significant positive effects on contextual and task performance as well as on informational and relational communication satisfaction. In addition, informational communication satisfaction was significantly related to both contextual performance and task performance, whereas relational communication satisfaction was related only to task performance. Finally, informational communication satisfaction mediated the relationship between the frequency of humor and job performance (task and contextual), while relational communication satisfaction mediated the relationship between the frequency of humor and task performance.
Characterizing the May 2015 Karayaylak Glacier surge in the eastern Pamir Plateau using remote sensing
Authors: SHANGGUAN DONGHUI , LIU SHIYIN , DING YONGJIAN , GUO WANQIN , XU BAIQING , XU JUNLI , JIANG ZONGLI
Published: August 2016

We investigate an internal surge of Karayaylak Glacier, which was reported by the media in May 2015. To differentiate the May 2015 glacier surge from other glacier advances, we surveyed changes in velocity, crevasses and glacier area using Landsat 8 OLI L1T, ZY-1-02C and Gaofen-1 images from October 2014 to July 2015. The velocity, measured by automatic feature extraction and tracking during the active phase, was 10–100 times the velocity during the quiescent phase, with a maximum of (20.2 ± 0.9) m d−1 (mean ± standard error) from 8 to 15 May 2015 in the west branch of the glacier. The surge initiation and termination took place from 13 April to 16 June 2015. Ice in the west branch (length, 7 km; area, 6.8 km2) of Karayaylak Glacier accelerated down to the east branch, leading to the development of crevasses and ice covering an additional 0.1 km2 of summer pasture on the northwestern side. However, we detected no advance of the glacier's terminus.
Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli co-infection patterns in insect vectors vary across habitat types in a fragmented forest landscape
Authors: GOTTDENKER NICOLE L. , CHAVES LUIS F. , CALZADA JOSE E. , PETERSON JENNIFER K. , SANTAMARÍA ANAMARIA , PINEDA VANESSA , SALDAÑA AZAEL
Published: August 2016

The transmission of parasites can be influenced by their co-occurrence with other parasites, in some cases increasing or reducing transmission.Trypanosoma cruzi, aetiologic agent of Chagas disease, often co-occurs withTrypanosoma rangeli, a parasite not pathogenic for mammal hosts. Both parasites can reduce the fitness of their insect vectors (the triatomine bugs; Hemiptera: Reduviidae), withT. rangelibeing more pathogenic for some species. Here, we study the prevalence ofT. cruziandT. rangeliin the triatomineRhodnius pallescensacross a heterogeneously transformed landscape in Panamá. We found that singleT. rangeliinfections were more common in contiguously forested habitats, while singleT. cruziinfections predominated in anthropogenically disturbed habitats.Trypanosoma cruzi–T. rangelico-infections were more common in contiguous forests and in peridomiciliary areas. Furthermore, adult insects were more likely to be co-infected than nymphs. Our results suggest that human-mediated landscape transformation might have increased the predominance of single infections withT. cruziwithin vectors. An important mechanism driving changes in trypanosome infection patterns in triatomines at a landscape scale includes alterations in host species composition that may vary with different degrees of deforestation. Trypanosome co-infection may also confer a survival advantage forR. pallescensto and/or throughout adulthood.
Editorial: Understanding the Growth of the First Supermassive Black Holes
Authors: Valiante Rosa , Schneider Raffaella , Volonteri Marta
Published: August 2016

The formation, assembly history, and environmental impact of the massive black holes (BH) that are ubiquitous in the nuclei of luminous galaxies today remain some of the main unsolved problems in cosmic structure formation. In the last several years, it has become clear that quasars are not just tracers of early and recent structure formation, but that they seem to have actively influenced galaxies and clusters through feedback mechanisms that are still not well understood. The discovery of more and more numerous quasars at redshift above 6, powered by BHs with masses similar to that of their local counterparts, further complicates this scenario. This emphasises the urgent need to better understand how and when such massive objects form and grow, what is the strength and scale of their impact on the evolution of their host galaxies, and what are the main physical processes driving and regulating this co-evolution.
The Estimation of Fatigue Damage in Aircraft Wing Structures
Authors: Chilver A. H.
Published: August 2016

A simple cumulative fatigue damage law is used to estimate the endurance of a number of typical structural components when subjected to the alternating wing loads encountered by an aircraft in flight. A method is developed to study the fatigue damage in terms of infinitesimally small intervals of alternating load and the corresponding fatigue strength. Recent gust data are used in conjunction with the complete fatigue strength diagrams of 13 simple components. The fatigue damage is studied for the ranges of altitude (i) up to 12,000 ft., and (ii) above 30,000 ft. In each case it is found that the damage rate curve, which gives the intensity of fatigue damage at any gust velocity, takes a characteristic form, with a well-defined range of gust velocities giving the greatest fatigue damage. This leads to a simplification of the whole problem, and it is found, finally, that the life of the structure is governed—in so far as the cumulative law is correct—almost entirely by that gust velocity, which, when applied alone to the structure, gives an endurance of about two million cycles. The results of the survey are compared with the design criteria suggested by Walker and the lives estimated by Williams.
Recent Developments in the Structural Approach to Aeroelastic Problems
Authors: Williams D.
Published: August 2016

The 899th Lecture to be given before the Royal Aeronautical Society was held on 11th February 1954 at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate, London, S.W.I. Mr. G. R. Edwards, C.B.E., F.R.Ae.S., Vice-President of the Society, presided. Introducing the Lecturer, Dr. D. Williams, M.I.Mech.E., F.R.Ae.S., Mr. Edwards said that Dr. Williams was really too well known to need any introduction; his activities had been devoted in recent years to structural problems as applied to aeroplanes. Without reciting his attainments in detail, the job he had tackled in recent years at the Royal Aircraft Establishment and about which he had written papers, covered such subjects as vibration, wing flutter, sandwich construction, the effect of blast on aeroplanes, energy theorems, fatigue, dynamic loading by gusts and landing impacts, water-borne runways and nose-wheel shimmy, a variety of subjects one or all of which had caused most of them a great deal of anguish at one time or another.
Aeroplane Wheels and Brakes
Authors: Wright J.
Published: August 2016

A meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the Lecture Hall of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate, St. James Park, Westminster, London, S.W.I, on Thursday, February 15th, 1945, at which a paper entitled “Aeroplane Wheels and Brakes” was presented by Mr.J.Wright, A.F.R.Ae.S. In the Chair, the President, Sir A.H.Roy Fedden.
Flight Testing of Helicopters
Authors: Stewart W.
Published: August 2016

It is only within recent years that the helicopter has emerged from the experimental aircraft category to a position in which it can be considered as an effective operational and commercial means of aerial transport. The development of the helicopter to its present stage is due to extensive work in many countries, particularly in America, and it is unfortunate, but unavoidable, that Britain was unable to take a larger share in this work.
An Engineering Approach to Some Structural Problems Arising from Kinetic Heating
Authors: Bateman E. H.
Published: August 2016

The prospect of sustained supersonic flight has, in recent years, greatly stimulated research on the many problems involving temperature and heat transfer which must be solved before this prospect becomes a reality. Aerodynamicists have been investigating the nature and intensity of the heat loading. Metallurgists have intensified their research on the properties of conventional materials, and they have been joined by physicists, chemists, and engineers in the quest for new materials of construction. Research on relevant structural problems has begun with a number of theoretical and experimental studies of structural components under thermal loading, and laboratories are now being prepared for the full-scale simulation of the thermal conditions predicted in supersonic flight.
The Effect of Stress Concentrations on the Fatigue Resistance of a Duralumin Type Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Mann J. Y.
Published: August 2016

During the past hundred years much data on the fatigue behaviour of a wide range of materials has been accumulated and it is now well known, as a result of service failures and laboratory tests, that stress concentrators whether mechanically formed or inherent in the material, can cause serious reductions in endurance.

The work described in this note forms part of a project being conducted at the Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Melbourne, Australia on the effect of stress concentrations on the fatigue properties of materials. The primary aim of the project is to establish a series of fatigue curves for different materials under a wide range of theoretical stress concentration factors and to attempt to find a basis on which to assess the notch sensitivity of different materials. The first investigation was carried out on 24S-T aluminium alloy and tests on two additional aluminium alloys, annealed copper and an alloy steel are in progress.
Aerodynamics—Aircraft and Missiles
Authors: Duncton P. J.
Published: August 2016

Many may expect the major emphasis to be given to problems of design of manned aircraft for supersonic flight. Of these, there will be some more qualified to speak on supersonic aircraft matters than I am, for my own experience in supersonic aerodynamics has been predominantly in the guided weapon field. Perhaps this is no disadvantage, for I believe that the aircraft designer has much that he can learn from the guided weapon designer.

Aircraft and missiles have much in common; for both are, or are intended to be, vehicles for conveying efficiently a payload through the air from one point to another. The fact that, in military applications at least, “efficiently” often means “as quickly as possible,” gives rise to a requirement for supersonic speeds in both aircraft and missiles.
Propulsion
Authors: Cleaver A. V.
Published: August 2016

Few aeronautical engineers would disagree that the development of new propulsive systems has been the main influence responsible for the achievement of supersonic flight. This is not the same thing as claiming that sustained flight at these speeds, over fairly long ranges and with reasonable economy, would ever be possible without correspondingly large contributions from the aerodynamicist, the structural engineer, and the designers of various equipment. However, if we had been limited for all time to the piston engine/ propeller power plant almost universally employed juring the first 40 years of heavier-than-air flight, it is unlikely that we should ever have exceeded a Mach number of one.
An Investigation of the Flow in Manifolds with Open and Closed Ends
Authors: Horlock J. H.
Published: August 2016

The possibility of control of circulation around aircraft wings and gas turbine blades by ejection of air from the aerofoil into the main stream has drawn attention to the manifold problem. Discharge velocity distributions along the length of the wing or blade must be uniform, and it is important that the detailed nature of the flow in the supply manifolds should be understood. The distributions of velocity in manifolds supplying multicylinder internal combustion engines, in gas burners and in manifolds supplying canal locks are other allied problems.
An Exact Theory of a Thin Aerofoil with Large Flap Deflection
Authors: Hay J. A. , Eggington W. J.
Published: August 2016

The theory of thin aerofoils at small incidence and flap deflection is very well established. For certain purposes it is desirable to know how an aerofoil will behave in potential flow when the flap is deflected through large angles.

To this end, an attempt has been made to develop a theory of thin aerofoils in which the flap deflection angle may be large.

The results obtained are compared with those derived by an alternative method of direct conformal transformation by F. Keune.
Some Technical Aspects of the Flight to and from Cape Town
Authors: Bentley R. R.
Published: August 2016

Perhaps I had better begin my story by giving you a very brief resume of my flight outwards to Cape Town. The flight was made possible by the very enterprising support of the Argus South African Newspapers, who purchased the Moth for me. When the flight was completed the machine was given to me ; hence the possibility of my returning, in a purely private sense, as I have done this year.
The Reduction of Performance Tests
Authors: Stevens H. L.
Published: August 2016

I wish to give you to-night some idea of the computing work necessary between the receipt of the performance figures from the pilots and the issue of the complete report.
Clear Air Turbulence Over Europe
Authors: Hislop G. S.
Published: August 2016

A joint meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Royal Meteorological Society was held on 14th December 1950 at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London, S.W.I, at which the 814th Lecture to be delivered before the Royal Aeronautical Society was given by Dr. G. S. Hislop. Major G. P. Bulman, C.B.E., F.R.Ae.S., presided at the meeting and after welcoming the members of the Royal Meteorological Society and especially their Secretary, Professor Sheppard, and expressing his regret at the absence in America of the President of the Royal Meteorological Society, Sir Robert Watson Watt, he introduced the Lecturer, G. S. Hislop, Ph.D., B.Sc, A.R.T.C, A.F.R.Ae.S., M.I.Mech.E., Senior Assistant to the Controller of Research and Special Development, British European Airways Corporation.
Definition and Measurement of Jet Engine Thrust
Authors: Jakobsson Bengt
Published: August 2016

In this paper the thrust of the turbo-jet engine is rigorously defined, and is divided into the three components front external, internal and rear external. The measurement of thrust in static tests and in flight is discussed. Current methods are critically examined and test methods are proposed. Special attention is given to a method of calculating flight performance from simple static tests with different nozzle areas. A convenient form of engine curves for static tests is shown and a method of flight testing is given.
The Effect of Military Service on Political Attitudes: A Panel Study
Authors: Jenning M. Kent , Markus Gregory B.
Published: August 2016

Institutional experiences at the young adult stage may act to alter or reinforce pre-existing political attitudes. This paper focuses on military service during the Vietnam War as one such institutional experience. Data are drawn from a two-wave, 1965-1973 national panel study of 674 males. Approximately half of the panel saw active duty. Comparisons are made between civilian and military respondents and, among military respondents, according to the duration, recency, intensity, affective qualities, and institutional salience of the military experience. Bivariate and regression techniques are used in the analyses.

Veterans are somewhat less cynical and have broader attention frames than civilians. Civic tolerance and feelings toward minority groups are also affected by aspects of military service. War-related opinions vary between civilians and veterans and across categories of veterans. These effects remain when other relevant factors, including prior attitudes, are taken into account. The results underscore the potential significance of adult experiences in the socialization process.
The Belfast Protestant Association and the Independent Orange Order, 1901–10
Authors: Boyle J.W.
Published: August 2016

For over ten years (June 1895–January 1906) a conservative and unionist government was in office, and, except for the minor devolution crisis of 1904-5, Irish home rule was not a serious issue at Westminster. In Ulster it was a period of relative quiet, undisturbed by the agitation and riots that had attended the home rule bills of 1886 and 1893. After 1886 conservatives and liberal unionists were united electorally and supported unionist parliamentary candidates, though they retained formally separate organisations; liberal home rulers were politically unimportant for most of the period, though they contested seats in Londonderry, Antrim and Tyrone.

In the absence of an immediate external threat dissent grew among those not committed to nationalism. T. W. Russell, M.P. for South Tyrone, found himself increasingly at variance with his leaders over the claims of tenant farmers and stood as an independent unionist in 1906; he was later to become a home rule liberal. At the Belfast municipal elections of 1897 the labour movement of the city returned six candidates, and during the following decade contested the North Belfast parliamentary seat in three successive years. A serious and embarrassing challenge to the leadership of Ulster unionism and the Orange Order was offered by the electoral success in 1902 of T. H. Sloan, a shipyard worker and master of an Orange lodge, and by the formation of the Independent Orange Order in the following year. Sloan, who held his South Belfast seat until 1910, contended that official unionist and Orange leaders disregarded working-class interests and were too ready to yield to catholic and nationalist pressure. The radicalism of the new order was strengthened by one of its officers, Robert Lindsay Crawford, who wished it to follow his own evolution towards liberal nationalism. It is the purpose of this paper to trace the origin and growth of the Independent Orange Order, its rôle in the general election of 1906 and the revival of Ulster liberalism, and its relationship with the Belfast labour movement.
The catholic church and the Irish temperance movement, 1838–1901
Authors: Malcolm Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

It is ironic that in Ireland, a country which has witnessed some of the most successful catholic-inspired crusades against alcohol consumption, the catholic church cannot be said to have been particularly favourably inclined towards the temperance movement. The Irish protestant churches and the catholic church in countries like the United States of America, England and Australia (where its membership was largely Irish) were far more forthright and consistent in their support for temperance than was the catholic church in Ireland itself. The Irish church’s ambivalent attitude to the anti-drink movement sprang from a variety of sources, some related to the nature of Irish society, others to the nature of the Irish temperance movement. To elucidate the church’s attitude and the reasons for its hostility to the anti-drink movement, I shall in this paper examine the development of the catholic temperance movement in Ireland from Father Mathew’s crusade in the 1840s to the rise of the Pioneer Total Abstinence League of the Sacred Heart in the 1890s.
Ecclesiastical politics and the dismantling of the penal laws in Ireland, 1774–82
Authors: O’Flaherty Eamon
Published: August 2016

The repeal of much of the penal code in the final decades of the eighteenth century has often been seen as falling neatly into two phases — an initial series of moderate relief acts between 1774 and 1782 and a more radical and controversial phase in the 1790s, halted by the failure of Fitzwilliam’s attempt at a fundamental restructuring of the Irish system of government in 1795. The cautious and limited relief measures of the earlier phase of legislation possess a beguiling symmetry and simplicity when seen as finished pieces of legislation forming part of a series. The provision of an oath of loyalty designed for catholics in 1774 and the removal of the most restrictive parts of the laws preventing catholics from acquiring landed property in 1778 were complemented by the removal, in 1782, of most of the laws restricting catholic worship, education and the clergy. It is easy to establish a division between the removal of obsolete and almost unenforceable economic and religious restrictions in the first phase of relief and the much wider issues involved in challenging the exclusion of catholics from the legal profession, the army, the university, corporations, the franchise and parliament. Yet it would be a mistake to see the first phase of catholic relief as in any way inevitable in the period 1774–82. It is often argued — with considerable justice — that the Irish government’s conversion to catholic relief in the late 1770s was a direct result of decisions taken in Great Britain to reward and encourage the loyalty of English catholics at a time of crisis. An examination of the domestic politics surrounding the relief acts passed between 1774 and 1782 modifies this view considerably. Although the Irish government was decisively influenced by policies formed in London during the first phase of relief legislation, this was not true of the Irish parliament. Irish perspectives on the place of catholics in the state and on the extent of relief were very different from the British government’s viewpoint. This disparity had a considerable effect on the shape of the legislation which finally emerged, and even more on the proposals drawn up by Irish members of parliament actively involved in drafting the legislation affecting catholics.
The Jesuits and the drafting of the Irish constitution of 1937
Authors: Faughnan Seán
Published: August 2016

In July 1987, the private papers of Éamon de Valera relating to the drafting of the Irish constitution of 1937 were opened to the public for the first time. The purpose of this paper is to examine, in the light of this material, which is held in the Francisan House of Studies, Killiney, County Dublin, and of documents now available in the Irish Jesuit Archives, the contribution of a number of Jesuit priests to the drafting of this constitution.

On 24 May 1934, Éamon de Valera, president of the executive council, set up a committee of four civil servants to examine the Irish Free State constitution of 1922. Its membership consisted of Stephen Roche, secretary of the department of justice (committee chairman), Michael McDunphy, assistant secretary of the department of the president (committee secretary), Philip O’Donoghue, assistant to the attorney general, and John Hearne, legal adviser in the department of external affairs who, with de Valera, was to prove to be the principal architect of the 1937 constitution. It is clear from the minutes of this committee that its members were initially under the impression that what de Valera was seeking was a wholly new constitution. Thus, at its second meeting it was ‘agreed that the report of the committee should take the form of an entirely new constitution’. It soon became clear, however, ‘as a result of pronouncements by the president and of conversations which individual members of the committee had with him’, that what he really wanted was not a new constitution but ‘a selection within the framework of the present constitution of those articles which should be regarded as fundamental’ and ‘a recommendation as to how these should be rendered immune from alteration by ordinary legislation’.
The Irish parliament of 1560: the anglican reforms authorised
Authors: Jefferies Henry A.
Published: August 2016

Few Irish parliaments were more important than that of 1560. It recognised Elizabeth Tudor’s title to the crown of Ireland and authorised the reform of the Irish church. Yet the sparse documentary record of its proceedings has lent itself to wildly differing interpretations. Controversy has centred upon the manner in which the ecclesiastical legislation reached the statute books, and the disposition of the bishops towards it. Even today, long after the interdenominational debate has ended, there is no consensus among historians on this very difficult subject.

In the most comprehensive treatment to date of the 1560 parliament Robert Dudley Edwards concluded that fraud and deception were employed to force the queen’s ecclesiastical legislation through a recalcitrant House of Commons. However, the opposition of the bishops in the upper house was insurmountable and the parliament was quickly prorogued without its legislative programme being sanctioned.
Enforcing the Elizabethan settlement: the vicissitudes of Hugh Brady, bishop of Meath, 1563–84
Authors: Walshe Helen Coburn
Published: August 2016

Why the Reformation failed in Ireland was, until recent years, a matter for little debate. That it failed was beyond question and that its failure was inevitable was a premise seldom challenged. For many Irish historians, the root of its failure lay in the unswerving faith of a gallant people who resisted the attempts of a conquering force to impose upon them a creed at once heretical and foreign. Indeed, it was not until Brendan Bradshaw initiated a whole new approach to the history of the sixteenth century that this kind of view began to be firmly discarded. Others, like Nicholas Canny and, more recently, Steven Ellis and Alan Ford, have joined Bradshaw in questioning some of the old orthodoxies. The result of these endeavours has been, above all, to uncover the fact that the course of the Reformation in Ireland and the reasons for its failure were infinitely more complex than we once believed and, rather unexpectedly, one of the most tantalising issues raised by the debates which Bradshaw’s work has provoked has been the problem of precisely when the Reformation may be said to have failed in Ireland. Bradshaw and Canny have conflicting answers to that question and some of them will be considered here.