bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sobrecarga e percepção de qualidade de vida em cuidadores de idosos do Núcleo de Atendimento à Terceira Idade do Exército (Natiex)
Authors: De Nardi Tatiana , Rigo Julio César , Brito Maribel de , Santos Elizabeth Luz M. dos , Bós Ângelo José Gonçalves
Published: August 2012

INTRODUÇÃO: Dado o envelhecimento populacional, torna-se relevante avaliar a sobrecarga e a qualidade de vida de quem cuida dos idosos. Essa prática costuma ser árdua. O cuidador precisa acrescentar, às atividades diárias, tarefas referentes ao idoso, expondo-se a um elevado padrão de burden (sobrecarga), ou aspectos negativos associados ao cuidado de dependentes. Isso pode levar a uma piora da qualidade de vida e consequente adoecimento. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o perfil sóciodemográfico e a relação entre a sobrecarga e a percepção de qualidade de vida de cuidadores de idosos do Núcleo de Atendimento à Terceira Idade do Exército (Natiex). MÉTODOS: 61 participantes foram investigados a partir dos instrumentos WHOQOL-BREF e Zarit Burden Interview. RESULTADOS: Dos 61 cuidadores avaliados, 78,6% eram do sexo feminino, 75,4% filhas, 50,8% casados, 62,3% com mais de 50 anos e 95,1% exerciam a atividade sem remuneração. Foi identificada uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre o aumento da sobrecarga e a piora da percepção de qualidade de vida (p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: À medida que aumenta a sobrecarga, ocorre uma piora da percepção de qualidade de vida em todos os domínios: relações, psicológico, físico e ambiental (domínio ambiente teve o maior impacto). Os resultados encontrados foram superiores a outras amostras brasileiras, possivelmente pela maior facilidade do militar a recursos de saúde. Grupos de apoio a cuidadores devem ser estimulados como prevenção primária das morbidades relacionadas ao cuidar, tendo em vista a demanda crescente de idosos dependentes em nosso meio.
Nível de atividade física e sua relação com quedas acidentais e fatores psicossociais em idosos de centro de convivência
Authors: Valim-Rogatto Priscila Carneiro , Candolo Cecilia , Brêtas Ana Cristina Passarella
Published: August 2012

Este estudo seccional teve por objetivo estimar o nível de atividade física (NAF) de idosos que frequentam centros de convivência (CCI), analisando a possível associação com quedas acidentais e outras variáveis relacionadas. Uma amostra de 291 idosos de três CCI da cidade de Cuiabá (MT, Brasil) respondeu ao Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e ao Questionário Internacional de Atividades Físicas (IPAQ). Foram utilizadas para a análise de dados, estatística descritiva e a regressão logística ordinal pelo Modelo de Odds Proporcional (MOP) (p<0,05). Cerca de 40% dos idosos disseram ter caído no ano anterior ao inquérito. Quanto ao NAF, 38,1% dos voluntários foram classificados no NAF "alto", 49,8% no "moderado" e 12,1% no "baixo". Os resultados do MOP para NAF indicaram que idosos mais velhos têm menos chance de estar no NAF alto (OR=0,78: IC=0,96-2,92) do que idosos nas faixas etárias mais jovens. O mesmo foi observado em idosos que não trabalham (OR=0,38: IC=0,22-0,67) e aqueles com baixo índice cognitivo (OR=0,31; IC=0,31-0,38). A ocorrência de quedas não mostrou associação com o NAF.
Resistência aeróbia e força de membros inferiores de idosos praticantes e não-praticantes de ginástica recreativa em um centro de convivência
Authors: Silva Tânia Cristina Lima da , Costa Eduardo Caldas , Guerra Ricardo Oliveira
Published: August 2012

OBJETIVO: Analisar a resistência aeróbia e força de membros inferiores de idosos praticantes e não-praticantes de um programa de ginástica recreativa em um centro de convivência. MÉTODOS: Fizeram parte do estudo 54 voluntários - 26 não-praticantes (71,2 ± 6 anos e 26 ± 4,7 kg/m²) e 28 praticantes de ginástica recreativa (68,6 ± 7,7 anos e 27,5 ± 4,5 kg/m²). Todos foram submetidos ao teste de sentar-levantar da cadeira em 30 segundos (avaliação da força de membros inferiores) e teste de caminhada de seis minutos (avaliação da resistência aeróbia). RESULTADOS: O grupo participante do programa de ginástica obteve melhor média tanto no teste de sentar-levantar da cadeira em 30 segundos (16,1 ± 2,8 vs. 12,1 ± 2,7 execuções - p < 0,001), quanto no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (439,2 ± 46,1 vs. 373,1 ± 58,5 metros - p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, é possível concluir que os idosos participantes do programa de ginástica recreativa do centro de convivência analisado apresentaram melhores indicadores de resistência aeróbia e força de membros inferiores, sugerindo melhor nível de capacidade funcional em relação aos não-participantes.
Topografia de moiré como método de avaliação postural: revisão do estado da arte
Authors: Porto Flávia , Gurgel Jonas Lírio , Farinatti Paulo de Tarso Veras
Published: August 2012

Desde 1970, o fenômeno de moiré vem sendo empregado como método de diagnóstico clínico em análises topográficas do corpo humano. Como método de avaliação postural, a topografia de moiré (TM) auxilia na análise dos desvios posturais nos planos frontal, sagital e transverso, através de uma única fotografia (topograma) obtida do dorso do indivíduo. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica cuja abordagem incluiu as principais características do fenômeno de moiré e sua utilização como método topográfico para as análises clínicas, sobretudo aquelas relacionadas aos desvios posturais. Foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico nas principais fontes de pesquisa acadêmica internacionais e nacionais, e todo o material passou por critérios de seleção e análise preestabelecidos. Os resultados demonstraram uma evolução no método da topografia de moiré, isto é, percebeu-se uma preocupação crescente em melhorar a precisão e a acuidade do método, bem como em facilitar as interpretações dos topogramas por meio da utilização de softwares. Em destaque, observou-se a prevalência do uso das técnicas de moiré de Sombra e de Projeção nas análises clínicas, em detrimento de outras técnicas de moiré. Somado a isso, os procedimentos metodológicos parecem não estar bem definidos na literatura. Apesar de a TM se mostrar um método de avaliação postural bastante útil na detecção de deformidades da coluna vertebral, verificou-se, por outro lado, grande carência de estudos que a tivessem aplicado em adultos ou idosos. A prevalência está em estudos de rastreamento de escolioses em crianças em idade escolar, por se tratar de um problema de saúde pública.
Near-surface Seismic Investigation of Barringer (Meteor) Crater, Arizona
Authors: Roy Soumya , Stewart Robert R.
Published: August 2012

We investigated the shallow subsurface of Barringer (Meteor) Crater, Arizona using high-resolution seismic methods. The seismic surveys were conducted in May, 2010 during a joint expedition by the University of Houston, the University of Texas at Austin, and the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI). We performed compressional (P)-wave refraction analysis on the seismic data and found P-wave velocities of 450–2,500 m/s for a 55-m deep model. Away from the crater rim (toward the south), the shallow P-wave low-velocity layers thin. We also estimated a near-surface, shear (S)-wave velocity structure using a surface-wave inversion method. S-wave velocities vary from 200–700 m/s for the top 16–20 m, increasing to 900–1,000 m/s at 38-m depth. We interpret a prominent change in S-wave velocity (at around 500–600 m/s) as the transition from the ejecta blanket (a sheet of debris thrown out of the crater during the impact) to the bed-rock Moenkopi sandstone. The ejecta is characterized as unconsolidated, low velocity, and low density. This S-wave transition takes place at a depth range of 12–20 m near the crater rim with a thinning away from the crater rim. This consistent P-wave and S-wave structure is interpreted as the ejecta blanket. Ultrasonic measurements on hand samples collected during the expedition give a range of P-wave velocities of 800–1,600 m/s for the Moenkopi. Predicted bulk densities from estimated S-wave velocities using modified Gardner's equation fall in the range of 1.8–2.5 gm/cm3, with low-density materials (ejecta) underlain by high-density materials (bedrock). These density results, along with available drilling information and residual gravity anomalies, also support the thinning of the ejecta blanket.
Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) in Karst Terrain, Southwest Georgia: Implications for Detecting Anomalous Features and Fracture Zones
Authors: Parker E. Horry , Hawman Robert B.
Published: August 2012

Multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was used to map bedrock topography, image anomalies in the soil overburden, and detect variations in the degree of limestone weathering in covered, karst terrain near Albany, Georgia. Surface-wave data were acquired along seven parallel lines and two perpendicular cross-lines. Two surveys using a hammer and moving van-source were conducted to address the trade-off between lateral resolution and depth penetration. Resolution matrices show that the depth ranges most effectively imaged are 0.5–4 m for half-spread hammer data, 3–12 m for full-spread hammer data, and 8–20 m for van-source data. A steep S-velocity gradient marked by the 350 m/s contour at depths of 9–12 m is interpreted as the bedrock surface, in agreement with coincident borehole data. The models indicate variations within limestone bedrock (S-velocity: 350–700 m/s) and anomalous zones within the sandy-clay overburden. Standard penetration tests at two locations 45-m apart confirm variations in limestone rigidity suggested by the velocity models. At one location, a dissolution feature (N-value: 0) within highly weathered, saturated limestone (N-values: 12 and 19) correlates with low S-velocities (<350 m/s). Borehole data from the second location shows more rigid limestone (N-values: 25 and 34) that correlates with S-velocities between 350–400 m/s. A zone of weathered rock at depths of 12–20 m imaged along a suspected fracture zone is consistent with borehole data and sinkhole formation at the ground surface. An anomaly associated with a burn pit at the intersection of two perpendicular profiles was imaged at two different scales. S-velocity models and distinct changes in apparent velocity of direct P-waves and surface waves across shot gathers constrain the lateral and vertical extent of the anomaly, and borehole data verify changes in soil composition and depth (5 m) to the base of the anomaly.
Practical Estimation of Near-surface Bulk Density Variations Across the Border Ranges Fault System, Central Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Mankhemthong Niti , Doser Diane I. , Baker Mark R.
Published: August 2012

We demonstrate a near-surface density estimation approach in an area without exposed outcrop or where outcrop occurrences do not adequately represent the subsurface rock densities based on the Nettleton (1939) - Parasnis (1952) technique as extended by Rao and Murty (1973) . We applied this technique in the central Kenai Peninsula, Alaska where the region is cut by a major fault zone, the Border Ranges fault system, that juxtaposes two terranes with greatly varying geological and geophysical properties. The Kenai Peninsula region can be generally divided into two different geologic settings: recent fluvial and glacial deposits of the Cook Inlet basin to the west and accreted metamorphic terranes of the Kenai Mountains to the east. Our study region includes glacial cover, deep lakes, and large topographically-driven gravity gradients between the Kenai Mountains and Cook Inlet. We selected 11 gravity loops from ∼580 gravity points collected in 2009, which have 10–20 gravity points per loop; nine loops (A to I) are located in the Quaternary glacial and alluvial deposits and two loops (J and K) are in Cretaceous metamorphic rocks of the Kenai Mountains. Inversion of the free-air anomaly data gave estimates of near-surface rock densities and their associated uncertainties. Our inversion results are comparable to values obtained from density logs in the Cook Inlet basin ranging from 1.64 to 2.60 g/cm3 with an average uncertainty of 0.12 g/cm3. Estimated densities for the accreted metamorphic terrane in the eastern peninsula of 2.89 ± 0.02 and 2.86 ± 0.01 g/cm3 are slightly higher than measured densities from hand rock samples.
GPR Investigations to Assess the State of Damage of a Concrete Water Tunnel
Authors: Arosio Diego , Munda Stefano , Zanzi Luigi , Longoni Laura , Papini Monica
Published: August 2012

Erosional voids developing around concrete-lined tunnels can compromise the safety of the surrounding areas, as well as of the tunnels themselves. In this study, ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to assess the condition of a water tunnel built to channel a river under a mountain road. The tunnel is lined with 60–80 cm thick concrete and has a semicircular cross-section with a diameter that varies between 3 m and 4 m. The concrete structure has been damaged from erosion beneath the concrete floor, creating a sequence of pools and waterfalls, which further extend the erosive action below the floor and side walls.
Heat transfer for two types of viscoelastic fluid over an exponentially stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity and radiation in porous medium
Authors: Singh V. , Agarwal Shweta
Published: August 2012

An Analysis has been carried out to study the boundary layer flow and heat
transfer characteristics of second order fluid and second grade fluid with
variable thermal conductivity and radiation over an exponentially stretching
sheet in porous medium. The basic boundary layer equations governing the flow
and heat transfer in prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed heat
flux (PHF) cases are in the form of partial differential equations. These
equations are converted to non-linear ordinary differential equations using
similarity transformations. Numerical solutions of the resulting boundary
value problem are solved by using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method with
shooting technique for various values of the physical parameters. The effect
of variable thermal conductivity, porosity, Prandtl number, radiation
parameter and viscoelastic parameters on velocity and temperature profiles
(in PST and PHF cases) are analyzed and discussed through graphs. Numerical
values of wall temperature gradient in PST case and wall temperature in PHF
case are obtained and tabulated for various values of the governing
parameters. In this study Prandtl number also treated as variable inside the
boundary layer because it depends on thermal conductivity. The results are
also verified by using finite difference method.
Measurement of mini-implant stability using resonance frequency analysis
Authors: Nienkemper Manuel , Wilmes Benedict , Panayotidis Agamemnon , Pauls Alexander , Golubovic Vladimir , Schwarz Frank , Drescher Dieter
Published: August 2012

Objective:

To investigate whether resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is suitable to measure orthodontic mini-implant stability. Implant size significantly affects the level of resonance frequency. Regarding the operating mode of RFA, it has to be proven whether the resonance frequency of mini-implants in bone fits the range of frequency emitted by the Osstell ISQ device.

Material and Methods:

For this purpose the SmartPegs in the Osstell ISQ device were modified to fit with the inner screw thread of orthodontic mini-implants, and 110 mini-implants were inserted into porcine pelvic bone. RFA was performed parallel and perpendicular to the run of superficial bone fibers. A suitability test, Periotest, was also performed in the same directions. Compacta thickness was measured using cone-beam computed tomography. Correlation tests and linear regression analysis were carried out between the three methods.

Results:

The RFA showed a mean Implant Stability Quotient value of 36.36 ± 2.67, and the Periotest mean value was −2.10 ± 1.17. The differences between the two directions of measurement were statistically significant (P > .001) for RFA and the Periotest. There was a high correlation between RFA and the Periotest (r  =  −0.90) and between RFA and compacta thickness (r  =  0.71). The comparison between the Periotest and compacta thickness showed a correlation coefficient of r  =  −0.64.

Conclusion:

The present results suggest that RFA is feasible as a measurement method for orthodontic mini-implant stability. As a consequence, it could be used for clinical evaluation of current stability and allow stability-related loading of mini-implants to reduce the failure rate.
Long-term skeletal and dental effects and treatment timing for functional appliances in Class II malocclusion
Authors: Franchi Lorenzo , Pavoni Chiara , Faltin Kurt , McNamara James A. , Cozza Paola
Published: August 2012

Objective:

To analyze the long-term skeletal and dentoalveolar effects and to evaluate treatment timing of Class II treatment with functional appliances followed by fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods:

A group of 40 patients (22 females and 18 males) with Class II malocclusion consecutively treated either with a Bionator or an Activator followed by fixed appliances was compared with a control group of 20 subjects (9 females and 11 males) with untreated Class II malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms were available at the start of treatment (mean age 10 years), end of treatment with functional appliances (mean age 12 years), and long-term observation (mean age 18.6 years). The treated sample also was divided into two groups according to skeletal maturity. The early-treatment group was composed of 20 subjects (12 females and 8 males) treated before puberty, while the late-treatment group included 20 subjects (10 females and 10 males) treated at puberty. Statistical comparisons were performed with analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc tests.

Results:

Significant long-term mandibular changes (Co-Gn) in the treated group (3.6 mm over the controls) were associated with improvements in the skeletal sagittal intermaxillary relationship, overjet, and molar relationship (∼3.0–3.5 mm). Treatment during the pubertal peak was able to produce significantly greater increases in total mandibular length (4.3 mm) and mandibular ramus height (3.1 mm) associated with a significant advancement of the bony chin (3.9 mm) when compared with treatment before puberty.

Conclusion:

Treatment of Class II malocclusion with functional appliances appears to be more effective at puberty.
Autocrine Function of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 as a Determinant of Diet- and Sex-Specific Differences in Visceral Adiposity
Authors: Yasmeen Rumana , Reichert Barbara , Deiuliis Jeffrey , Yang Fangping , Lynch Alisha , Meyers Joseph , Sharlach Molly , Shin Sangsu , Volz Katharina S. , Green Kari B. , Lee Kichoon , Alder Hansjuerg , Duester Gregg , Zechner Rudolf , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Ziouzenkova Ouliana
Published: August 2012

Mechanisms for sex- and depot-specific fat formation are unclear. We investigated the role of retinoic acid (RA) production by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Aldh1a1, -a2, and -a3), the major RA-producing enzymes, on sex-specific fat depot formation. Female Aldh1a1−/− mice, but not males, were resistant to high-fat (HF) diet–induced visceral adipose formation, whereas subcutaneous fat was reduced similarly in both groups. Sexual dimorphism in visceral fat (VF) was attributable to elevated adipose triglyceride lipase (Atgl) protein expression localized in clusters of multilocular uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1)-positive cells in female Aldh1a1−/− mice compared with males. Estrogen decreased Aldh1a3 expression, limiting conversion of retinaldehyde (Rald) to RA. Rald effectively induced Atgl levels via nongenomic mechanisms, demonstrating indirect regulation by estrogen. Experiments in transgenic mice expressing an RA receptor response element (RARE-lacZ) revealed HF diet–induced RARE activation in VF of females but not males. In humans, stromal cells isolated from VF of obese subjects also expressed higher levels of Aldh1 enzymes compared with lean subjects. Our data suggest that an HF diet mediates VF formation through a sex-specific autocrine Aldh1 switch, in which Rald-mediated lipolysis in Ucp1-positive visceral adipocytes is replaced by RA-mediated lipid accumulation. Our data suggest that Aldh1 is a potential target for sex-specific antiobesity therapy.
PPARδ Activation Protects Endothelial Function in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Tian Xiao Yu , Wong Wing Tak , Wang Nanping , Lu Ye , Cheang Wai San , Liu Jian , Liu Limei , Liu Yahan , Lee Susanna Sau-Tuen , Chen Zhen Yu , Cooke John P. , Yao Xiaoqiang , Huang Yu
Published: August 2012

Recent evidence highlights the therapeutic potential of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) agonists to increase insulin sensitivity in diabetes. However, the role of PPARδ in regulating vascular function is incompletely characterized. We investigate whether PPARδ activation improves endothelial function in diabetic and obese mice. PPARδ knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice fed with high-fat diet and db/db mice were used as diabetic mouse models, compared with PPARδ KO and WT mice on normal diet and db/m+ mice. Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) was measured by wire myograph. Flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) was measured by pressure myograph. Nitric oxide (NO) production was examined in primary endothelial cells from mouse aortae. PPARδ agonist GW1516 restored EDRs in mouse aortae under high-glucose conditions or in db/db mouse aortae ex vivo. After oral treatment with GW1516, EDRs in aortae and FMDs in mesenteric resistance arteries were improved in obese mice in a PPARδ-specific manner. The effects of GW1516 on endothelial function were mediated through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt with a subsequent increase of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and NO production. The current study demonstrates an endothelial-protective effect of PPARδ agonists in diabetic mice through PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling, suggesting the therapeutic potential of PPARδ agonists for diabetic vasculopathy.
Altered MAPK Signaling in Progressive Deterioration of Endothelial Function in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Huang An , Yang Yang-Ming , Yan Changdong , Kaley Gabor , Hintze Thomas H. , Sun Dong
Published: August 2012

We aimed to investigate specific roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the deterioration of endothelial function during the progression of diabetes and the potential therapeutic effects of MAPK inhibitors and agonists in the amelioration of endothelial function. Protein expression and phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal–regulated kinase (Erk) were assessed in mesenteric arteries of 3- (3M) and 9-month-old (9M) male diabetic and control mice. The expression of p38, JNK, and Erk was comparable in all groups of mice, but the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK was increased in 3M and further increased in 9M diabetic mice, whereas the phosphorylation of Erk was substantially reduced in 9M diabetic mice. NADPH oxidase–dependent superoxide production was significantly increased in vessels of two ages of diabetic mice. Inhibition of either p38 with SB203580 or JNK with SP600125 reduced superoxide production and improved shear stress–induced dilation (SSID) in 3M, but not in 9M, diabetic mice. Treating the vessels of 9M diabetic mice with resveratrol increased Erk phosphorylation and shear stress–induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and activity, but resveratrol alone did not improve SSID. Administration of resveratrol and SB203580 or resveratrol and SP600125 together significantly improved SSID in vessels of 9M diabetic mice. The improved response was prevented by U0126, an Erk inhibitor. Thus, p38/JNK-dependent increase in oxidative stress diminished nitric oxide–mediated dilation in vessels of 3M diabetic mice. Oxidative stress and impaired Erk-dependent activation of eNOS exacerbates endothelial dysfunction in the advanced stage of diabetes.
Mass transport during laser welding of stainless steels and alloys used by US Navy
Authors: Paul Anand J. , Khan Parwaiz A. A.
Published: August 2012

Lasers, though developed only about a quarter century ago, are now being routinely used in the automotive, aerospace and other industries to produce superior quality, high-speed autogenous welds with narrow heat-affected zones in a number of alloys. However, they cannot at present be used to successfully weld certain important structural alloys due to a change in weld composition resulting from selective mass transport of certain alloying elements from the laser-melted region. The loss of alloying elements leads to a degradation in mechanical properties of laser-welded structures. Extensive experimental and theoretical research has previously been conducted to develop a better understanding and control of mass transport that takes place during high-energy laser welding. In light of the possible use of high-energy lasers for deep penetration welding of certain hard-to-weld structural alloys used in Navy vessels, the approach and results of these mass-transport studies has been applied to evaluate the suitability of lasers for welding alloys used by the US Navy. Details of the study are discussed.
Excimer laser processing of Ti–6Al–4V
Authors: Folkes J. A. , Shibata K.
Published: August 2012

The effect of the excimer laser on the surface of Ti–6Al–4V is reported. Particular concentration is given to surface modification for potential materials processing applications. Results showed that: (i) there is an optimum energy for smoothing titanium; (ii) at this energy density increasing the number of pulses has some, but not a significant, effect on the smoothing process; and (iii) relatively smooth surfaces could be achieved at higher energy densities if the sample was processed in a helium atmosphere. Other typical surface modfications and features are also reported, including the effect of different gases on the process.
Proposal for a standard for laser plume filter technology
Authors: Ott Douglas E.
Published: August 2012

A methodology to critically appraise and assess the efficiency and efficacy of filters used in smoke evacuation systems is proposed. Currently the methods for evaluation of laser smoke evacuation systems and filtering are fraught with inconsistency, and laced with innuendo and extraopolation. A variety of tissues including beef, chicken, pork, mouse and human have been described. Both carbon dioxide and ND:YAG lasers have been used. A wide range of power densities have been applied. Environmental conditions during the studies either have not been described, are unknown or were not considered as impacting the results. Length of time of thermal interaction was extremely variable. As a result, these studies have not offered or established a methodology of design or proposed a standard which would hold up under scientific scrutiny. The methodology presented uses known concentrations of individual chemical components of laser plume generated by aerosolization. Following precise scientific protocols a smoke/plume evacuation system was challenged. Test parameters evaluated include measurement of airflow, chemical concentration of the challenge analyte, and testing of chemical concentration of analyte prior to a subject filter and at the exit point. NIOSH protocols for chemical analysis by spectrophotometry were used. This methodology allows for standardization of the effects of a smoke/plume evacuation system that is scientifically reproducible and exact. The protocol then allows for comparison which is meaningful to establish system efficiency.
Laser safety programs in general surgery
Authors: Lanzafame Raymond J.
Published: August 2012

General surgery represents a speciality where, while any procedure can be performed with lasers, there are no procedures for which the laser is the sine quo non. The general surgeon may perform a variety of procedures with a multitude of laser wavelengths and technologies. Laser safety in general surgery requires a multidisciplinary approach. Effective laser safety requires the oversight of the hospital's “laser usage committee” and “laser safety officer” while providing a workable framework for daily laser use in a variety of clinical scenarios simultaneously. This framework must be user-friendly rather than oppressive. This presentation will describe laser safety at the Rochester General Hospital, a tertiary care, community-based teaching hospital. The safety program incorporates the following components: input to physician credentialing and training, education and in-servicing of nursing and technical personnel, equipment purchase and maintenance, quality assurance, and safety monitoring. The University of Rochester general surgery residency training program mandates laser training during the PGY-2 year. This program stresses the safe use of lasers and provides the basis for graded hands-on experience during the surgical residency. The greatest challenge for laser safety in general surgery centers on the burgeoning field of minimally invasive surgery. Safety assurance must be balanced so as to maintain a safe operating-room environment while ensuring patient safety and the ability to permit the surgery to proceed efficiently. Safety measures for laparoscopic procedures must be sensitive to the needs of the surgical team while not providing confusing signals for the “gallery” observers. This task is critical for the safe operation of lasers in general surgery. Effective laser safety in general surgery requires constant vigilance tempered with sensitivity to the needs of the surgeon and the patient as laser technology and its applications continue to evolve.
National Science Foundation undergraduate faculty enhancement workshop on advanced laboratory experiments using lasers
Authors: Parks James E. , Feigerle Charles S. , Deserio Robert , Wiest Joseph
Published: August 2012

A National Science Foundation undergraduate faculty enhancement workshop on advanced laboratory experiments using lasers was developed at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, with the authors as the instructors. The workshop emphasized the development and implementation of laser-based experiments primarily suitable for advanced undergraduate physics and chemistry laboratories. Participants gained practical, hands-on experience in approximately 16 unique laser-based experiments in atomic and molecular physics, physical chemistry, and biophysics. The workshop also featured three construction projects, holography, computer-aided instruction in laser safety, funding strategies, instruction and discussion. The relevance of the activities was illustrated with field trips to nearby private, state and federal laboratories to demonstrate applications in basic science, analytical chemistry, medicine, communications, and manufacturing. Highlights of the workshop and newly developed experiments are presented and an evaluation and further plans are discussed.
Attenuation of laser radiation by particles during laser materials processing
Authors: Hansen F. , Duley W. W.
Published: August 2012

The extinction, absorption and scattering of laser radiation by small aerosol particles of Fe, Fe3O4, Al, and Al2O3 have been calculated using Mie theory at wavelengths of 1.06 and 10.6 μm. It is shown that the attenuation of incident laser radiation by particles with radii r in the range 10 nm ⩽ r ⩽ 10 μm can be significant over pathlengths as small as 10−2 m when the ratio of aerosol mass density to solid density, M/ρ ≳ 10−4. Under certain conditions highly directed scattering of laser radiation can occur. Some implications of these results with regard to processing of materials with laser radiation are discussed.
High-energy, long-pulse, electron-beam driven KrF laser in laser–matter interaction
Authors: Montagne J-E. , Sarnet Th. , Inglesakis G. , Autric M.
Published: August 2012

A high-energy, long-pulse, large-volume, electron-beam driven KrF laser was constructed in order to carry out laser–matter interaction experiments with metals, ceramics and polymers in the ultraviolet spectral range at 248 nm. This laser delivers up to 200 J in 400 ns. In the framework of applications such as machining or shock-hardening, the knowledge of mechanical phenomena is very important in order to understand and maximize laser parameters. An experimental investigation was carried out into the mechanical effects (specific impulse and pressure) in direct ablation and in confined ablation mode.
Acoustic emission response of soda lime glass after a single Nd-YAG laser pulse
Authors: Harrysson R. , Vomacka P.
Published: August 2012

When machining brittle solids with a laser, crack formation can occur in the material around the irradiated area causing a strength reduction of the machined material. The purpose of this work was to study a well known brittle material (soda lime glass) by means of acoustic emission (AE) in order to investigate the correlation between visually observed crack formation and detected AE energy released by the crack formation in the material. During and after irradiation of soda lime glass with an Nd-YAG laser pulse, the number of hits and amount of AE energy were measured in the first 300 s using AE. It was found that it is possible to detect AE signals from cracks caused by irradiation with a single Nd-YAG laser pulse. The power of the detected signal is related to the amount of crack formation. Cracks can be minimized or avoided by choosing a suitable combination of pulse time and power density of the single laser pulse. The cracks which occur after a laser shot extend mainly in the radial direction from the irradiated area.
Safety concerns about laser pointers
Authors: Sliney David H. , Dennis Jerome E.
Published: August 2012

In the past two years considerable concerns have been expressed about the safety of Class 3A laser pointers. The concern has been that Class 3A diode–laser pointers have replaced the safer helium–neon (He–Ne) Class 2 laser pointers. Hundreds of thousands of small He–Ne visible-wavelength lasers have been traditionally used for alignment and pointing, laser demonstrations and laser displays in science, education and industry, but can the diode laser be as safe and effective? Not infrequently, some people associate “lasers” with Buck Rogers and “Star Wars”, and are concerned whether their use in pubic is safe. This safety issue is raised and the risks of viewing small lasers are compared with viewing the sun or bright spotlights. It is shown that He–Ne lasers through Class 3a (up to 5 mW power) are not a significant eye hazard; however, Class 3A diode lasers may not elicit a strong “aversion response” in some individuals, and greater precautions may be necessary than with He–Ne lasers of the same power.
Free electron laser irradiation at 200 μm inhibits DNA synthesis in living cells
Authors: Berns Michael W. , Bewley William , Sun Chung-Ho , Templin Pamela , Karn Alexander
Published: August 2012

The effect of a 200 μm wavelength free electron laser (FEL) beam on vertebrate tissue culture cells in two study series is described. Cell cultures exhibited no morphological alterations. However, a statistically significant proportion of the cells exhibited a reduction in tritiated thymidine incorporation. The results suggest that this wavelength might affect DNA synthesis, and the studies demonstrate the feasibility of biological investigations with the FEL.
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and safety considerations
Authors: Wolbarsht Myron L.
Published: August 2012

Although the low-power HeNe lasers and diode lasers used for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and photoactivation of biological processes are usually thought to be “safe”, the possibility that such lasers can cause biological effects raises the question of whether such laser action may, under some conditions, be adverse and thus be unsafe. Some research data can be interpreted as evidence for adverse effects. Laser safety standards classify all CW HeNe lasers with an output power below 1 mW as “Class 2,” as they are not considered a realistic hazard, whereas most HeNe lasers with an output power between 1 and 15 mW are Class 3A or 3B. Most diode lasers used for LLLT are considered Class 3B. Safety control measures for ocular hazards are expected for Class 3A and 3B laser exposures, but any adverse effects of LLLT will result from long-duration, high-level doses to parts other than the eyes. The hazards will be systemic rather than ocular, and, thus, need evaluation. The safety implications of current knowledge regarding LLLT are discussed with regard to the demonstrated effects in cell cultures, and on vitamin D synthesis in regard to calcium metabolism in adults.
Fast manipulation and modulation of laser beams with spinning devices
Authors: Williams Gareth T.
Published: August 2012

Inexpensive battery-operated motors can be used for a variety of safe, fast, laser beam-steering and modulation activities, a number of which have been developed as part of the Laser Applications in Science Education (LASE) Project at San Jose State University. Those described here will be a laser stroboscope using a spinning slotted disc; a circular scanning system using a tilted rotating mirror, for bar-code reading, investigating the focusing properties of lenses, lens aberrations and beam profiles; and a rotating polarizing sheet.
Laser express: Putting together a laser-based road show
Authors: Lympany Steven S.
Published: August 2012

Laser technology has progressed to the point that most elementary through high school students are familiar with one or more laser applications. However, many of these students have not had the opportunity to witness a laser in acton where they can touch it and see it directly. In addition, most students are unaware of the career possibilities the field of laser technology has to offer. This paper presents the specifics of a successful laser-based program that has been offered to K-12 students and teachers in North Carolina over the last five years. Specifically, it outlines the format of the program, provides a listing of equipment and supplies used, provides example materials for successful hands-on experiments that have been used, and relays some useful feedback from students and teachers that helps to ensure the success of similar programs.
Hazardous chemicals produced by laser materials processing
Authors: Kokosa John M.
Published: August 2012

Despite evidence to the contrary, until recently many laser operators believed, or at least stated, that the only chemical by-products of laser processing of any consequence were water and CO2. During the last eight years, especially, several investigations have shown that hazardous materials are produced when cutting or welding nearly all substrates. In the following paper, the major chemical hazards associated with processing metals, inorganics, biomaterials, and polymers are outlined.
Laser accidents: Reviewing thirty years of incidents: what are the concerns — Old and new?
Authors: Rockwell R. James
Published: August 2012

Overall analysis reveals that laser accidents are generally caused by one or more of the following: unanticipated eye exposure during alignment; non-use of available eye protection; equipment malfunction causing unwanted exposure; improper methods of handling high voltages, leading to severe shock or death; lack of protection for non-beam hazards; improper restoration of equipment following service; and incorrect eyewear selection and/or eyewear failure, leading to unwanted exposure. The statistical laser information given in this review provides a starting point for more complete analysis into the types of hazard occurring in laser environments and suggests areas of emphasis that should be placed in control measure selection and training programs.
Effect of the helium–neon laser on the healing of extraction wounds: A histological study in rats
Authors: Niccoli-Filho Walter , Okamoto Tetuo
Published: August 2012

A histological study on the healing of extraction wounds following laser irradiation using a He–Ne laser, was carried out in rats. The results suggest that this mode of treatment has a beneficial effect on initial bony wound healing. Proliferation of fibroblasts and formation of trabecular osteoid tissue were found to be more prominent within the irradiated group. The deposition of led in the newly formed bone suggests swifter ossification within the irradiated group.
Holographic optical elements (HOEs): A serious application of holography
Authors: Williams Gareth T. , Fredrick Jeff
Published: August 2012

Without disputing the excitement and sense of accomplishment associated with the production of display holograms, this paper suggests equal rewards from the production of holographic optical elements (HOEs). The elements described here are zone plates, diffraction gratings, interference filters and mirrors, and lenses. Ways of making each of these in an optics teaching laboratory are described, but the main emphasis will be on positive lens HOE.
Effective laser applications in high school physics
Authors: Sweet Jeff
Published: August 2012

Laser light is an instant attention-getter in the classroom; thus any activity which uses the laser as an instructional tool is sure to enhance student motivation. This paper discusses two demonstrations and one experiment involving laser applications that the author has found to be particularly beneficial in terms of (1) instructional effectiveness and (2) arousing the interest of high school physics students. Brief descriptions follow. Refraction through lenses can be nicely illustrated by splitting laser light into several parallel beams and directing them through a fish tank filled with a scattering solution. When the light passes through a lens, the converging or diverging action is clearly seen in the liquid. Modulation is demonstrated by reflecting a modulated laser beam to a photometer, which is in turn connected to a modified radio for final output. The fact that the radio is receiving its information in an unusual way can be clearly shown by alternately blocking and unblocking the beam. Students can also determine the track spacing on a compact disc (CD) by analyzing the interference maxima produced when laser light reflects off the surface of a CD.
Inexpensive photodetectors for the classroom
Authors: Smith Lewis R.
Published: August 2012

Many simple concepts that we introduce in optics could lead to laboratory work if we had access to photodetectors that could give a quick voltage or current response proportional to the light intensity. The device described here is easily constructed from readily available parts at a cost of about $2.00 and can be used with any light source and any conventional voltmeter.
Ludwig’s angina – evaluation of its medical treatment in 47 cases
Authors: Sharma V
Published: August 2012

This is a retrospective study of 47 cases suffering from Ludwig’s angina who received treatment at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, between March 2005 and December 2010. Objective of this study was to compare the treatment efficacy of two intravenous antibiotic regimens for the treatment of Ludwig’s angina.27 cases who received crystalline Penicillin G +Metronidazole were placed in group A, while 20 patients who received Ceftriaxone + Clindamycin were placed in group B. The efficacy results based on the disease progressing to abscess formation were analyzed. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2011, Vol-7, No-3, 1-5 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i3.6689
Evaluation of maxillofacial injury in the central part of Nepal
Authors: Biswari G , Khanal A , Gupta P , Bansal P
Published: August 2012

An evaluation of dental and maxillofacial trauma in College of Medical Sciences, Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal was carried out to assess the causes of trauma and the relationship between the injuries to the Patient's Age, Gender, Type, Site of injury and the Influence of Alcohol from June 1, 2008 to May 31, 2011. Files of 1986 trauma patients were reviewed. Maxillofacial or dental injuries were observed in 269 (13.54%) of the trauma patients, caused by road traffic accidents 173 (64.3%), fall injury 43 (16.0%), physical assault 25 (9.3%), animal attack 9 (3.3%) and sport injury 19 (7.1%) Men were hospitalized almost three times more than women, most common site of injury was dentoalveolar fracture 79(29.37%) young people were at greater risk. The most frequent age of trauma was 15-29 years (51.7%). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i3.6702 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2011, Vol-7, No-3, 11-16
A retrospective analysis of Sweet's syndrome in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal: A BPKIHS perspective
Authors: Bhattarai S , Rijal A , Pandey SR , Kharel C
Published: August 2012

Sweet's syndrome (the eponym for acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms, physical features, and pathologic findings which include fever, neutrophilia, tender erythematous skin lesions (papules, nodules, and plaques), and a diffuse infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils that are typically located in the upper dermis without vasculitis. To study the clinico-pathological features, clinical course and treatment of patients with sweets syndrome. A retrospective observational analysis of 12 diagnosed cases of sweet’s syndrome attending and admitted in the Department of Dermatology from June 2003- April 2009 were considered in this study. The study comprised of 9 females and 3 males (3:1) between the age group of 22-73 years. Typical lesions of sweets syndrome were present in all cases and the duration of illness ranged from 3-8 days. Constitutional symptoms of fever, pain and malaise were present in all and the extremities were the most common site of involvement 12 (100%). Leucocytosis was present in 7 (58.3%), raised ESR in 9 (75%) and raised C reactive protein in 7(58.3%) patients. Characteristic histological features were recorded in specimens of all patients. 9 (75%) patients responded promptly to systemic oral corticosteroids while 3 (25%) were treated with intravenous steroids. Complete Response was seen in 7 (58.3%), partial response in 5 (41.6%) and recurrence in 1(8.3%) patient after therapy. Characteristic skin lesion, histopathological diagnosis and relevant abnormal laboratory parameters can act as a useful diagnostic tool in patients with sweet’s syndrome. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i3.6703 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2011, Vol-7, No-3, 17-23
Islamic bioethics of pain medication: an effective response to mercy argument
Authors: Malik Mohammad Manzoor
Published: August 2012

Pain medication is one of the responses to the mercy argument that utilitarian ethicists use for justifying active euthanasia on the grounds of prevention of cruelty and appeal to beneficence. The researcher reinforces the significance of pain medication in meeting this challenge and considers it the most preferred response among various other responses. It is because of its realism and effectiveness. In exploring the mechanism and considerations related to pain medication, the researcher briefly touches the Catholic ethical position on the issue, a position that cannot be ignored in the development of contemporary bioethics. The researcher particularly deliberates on the contemporary Islamic discourse on the issue; by furthering the debate in line with the Islamic legal maxims and general guidance from the primary sources of Islamic law and ethics. The resolution on the issue is sought by synthesizing the views and legal maxims (al-Qawaid al-Fiqhiyyah) on the issue, which in conclusion provide justification for pain medication by considerably regarding pain as necessity and pressing need. However, such resolution allows pain medication to the limit and proportion that removes the pain and prohibits overdosing the patient with medication that may directly cause the death.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i2.11700 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(2):4-15