bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Perspectives on Student Learning, Engagement, and Motivation in High School Biology Labs
Authors: Shumow Lee , Schmidt Jennifer A. , Zaleski Diana J.
Published: March 2013

We present three studies pertaining to learning, engagement and motivation during laboratory lessons in three high school biology classrooms. In the first, quantitative methods are used to compare students’ in-the-moment reports of learning, engagement, and motivation during laboratory with other classroom activities. Data were collected with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Students reported equivalent learning, less engagement, lower relevance and more enjoyment and interest during lab than during other activities. In the second study, video data from one laboratory lesson pertaining to pH in those classes was coded using event sampling and discourse analysis in an effort to understand the students’ reports. A scientist with expertise in the lab topic also watched the videos while thinking aloud. Results showed that the lab was limited in terms of practices promoting learning, engagement and relevance. Finally, responses from an interview with each teacher and the scientist about the goals and relevance of the laboratory for students were analyzed to shed further light on the findings from the first two studies. Results are discussed in terms of how laboratory lessons might be improved to enhance student learning, engagement, and motivation.
Young, Black, Mathematically Gifted, and Stereotyped
Authors: McGee Ebony
Published: March 2013

In this paper, I describe the academic dilemma experienced by Tamara (pseudonym), a mathematically high-achieving high school sophomore. Raised in an economically strapped neighborhood, Tamara had the opportunity to attend a prestigious private high school, tuition free. Confronted by being viewed as an affirmative action student Tamara uses this negative stereotype as an extra source of motivation to achieve high marks on the admissions test. A new framework explains Tamara’s reaction to this situation that I call stereotype management (McGee & Martin, 2011b). Stereotype management describes the range of strategies and various forms of individual agency that high-achieving Black students employ to reduce the academic impact of demeaning stereotypes while maintaining high standards of achievement. For Tamara, however, her high test score and ability to achieve in the face of being stereotyped was bittersweet, as she examined the potency and permanence of being perceived as less than.
L’Écriture au service de la parole dans les romans de Gisèle Pineau
Authors: Maisier Véronique
Published: March 2013

L’un des thèmes dominant l’ensemble de l’œuvre de Gisèle Pineau nous semble être la prise de parole—et les difficultés liées à cette prise de parole—non seulement pour les femmes mais pour toute personne mise en position d’infériorité sociale, psychologique et bien sûr physique. Les écrits de Pineau cherchent à rendre audibles les “cris muets” des victimes de violences diverses en s’attaquant aux silences nés aussi bien de la peur de ces victimes que des tabous, du poids du passé et des complicités faciles. Insistant sur l’importance de la prise de parole, Pineau fait œuvre utile vers l’élaboration d’une nouvelle société fondée sur les amours en tout genre et l’ouverture au monde. Son engagement tendu entre une dénonciation du présent et un optimisme envers l’avenir donne naissance à une œuvre forte qui concilie la répétition avec l’originalité et la diversité.
Léonora Miano et la terre natale: Territoires, frontières écologiques et identités dans L’Intérieur de la nuit et Les Aubes écarlates
Authors: Lassi Tienne-Marie
Published: March 2013

En tant que théâtre de l’action et habitat, l’espace géographique est aussi perçu dans les romans de Léonora Miano comme lieu de mémoire et support matériel de la culture des communautés ainsi que de leur identité collective. Il se double dès lors de valeurs symboliques et ne peut s’altérer sans perturber l’équilibre socio-affectif communautaire et individuel. Cet article étudie la relation que Miano établit entre la stabilité des sociétés humaines et les considérations écologiques. Plus concrètement, il analyse le processus par lequel l’histoire affecte la représentation mentale du territoire, amenant les sujets à redessiner les frontières écologiques en fonction de leurs souvenirs et des sentiments qu’inspirent les cadres géographiques.
Sarclages identitaires: L’imaginaire du jardin chez Gisèle Pineau
Authors: Andrews Mark
Published: March 2013

Gisèle Pineau situe son roman dans le terroir martiniquais, pour mieux étendre sa quête identitaire sur trois continents et quatre générations de la famille de Jo, la protagoniste autofictive du roman. Sa démarche en apparence paradoxale permettra à Jo de relier la découverte de ses propres origines à la création d’une vision communautaire qui s’ouvre au monde, capable de faire émerger sa propre image de femme de lettres, représentée dans une toile figurant une femme à la fois fleurie et barbare. La présence au texte de Pineau du jardin créole sert à ancrer une sombre histoire familiale. Lieu de croisement des traditions et espace conflictuel de transition, le sort du jardin de l’Autre Bord résume en même temps la situation de l’île, menacée par l’abandon d’une part, par la bétonisation de l’autre. Alors que la survie du jardin créole est menacée par les forces impérieuses de la globalisation, le jardin se laisse miner depuis l’intérieur par le scandale sinistre qu’il cache au monde et dont il reste le seul témoin, contraint d’abriter la dépouille d’une première fleur barbare, arrière-grand-mère de Jo. Situé au carrefour de l’intrigue, le jardin invite au décodage de son imaginaire pluriel afin de révéler toute la portée du titre du roman.
L’Écriture des surfaces dans le roman nouveau africain postcolonial: Aspects théoriques
Authors: Coulibaly Adama
Published: March 2013

Les profondes transformations observables dans les nouvelles écritures romanesques africaines postcoloniales francophones et qualifiées, de plus en plus, d’écriture de l’excès, autorisent une relecture des fondements théoriques du roman africain francophone. Ces nouvelles configurations discursives, leurs motivations et leur statut mimétique conduisent vers une forte remise en question épistémologique du statut du séculaire réalisme de ce roman. De là, le postulat du passage du réalisme à d’autres registres mimétiques avec une littérature “superficielle,” du simulacre, “une littérature des surfaces” selon l’expression de Xavier Garnier. Autour du néologisme de la surfacialité, cette analyse d’inspiration baudrillardienne, liée au contexte de mondialisation et de transferts des images et des avancées technologiques, affirme ce roman comme une écriture hyperréaliste et du simulacre où l’image peut prétendre représenter le manque de réalité, problématique éminemment postmoderne.
D’eutopie en dystopie: La poétique de l’espace antillais dans Morne Câpresse de Gisèle Pineau
Authors: Ziethen Antje
Published: March 2013

Dans Morne Câpresse , le Morne—lieu de résistance et d’encrage/ancrage identitaire dans le discours antillais—se mue chez Pineau en un lieu déstabilisant et incertain. Sa dégénération se double non seulement d’une critique du capitalisme, du patriarcat et du colonialisme mais également d’une mise en question des contre-discours idéologiques marxiste, féministe et anticolonial. L’univers dysphorique conçu par l’auteure émerge, à notre avis, d’une écriture intertextuelle et autoréférentielle hyperbolique. Pineau recycle et tourne en dérision les motifs de la littérature (mythologie grecque, utopie, littérature antillaise) tout en posant un regard désenchanté et sceptique sur la société actuelle. La poétique de l’espace antillais, dans ce roman, est spéculaire d’un monde de radicalisation, d’excès, de surexploitation et d’angoisse. Morne Câpresse appelle de la sorte à une réflexion sur ce que l’on pourrait qualifier de “méta-modernité” telle qu’évoquée chez Gilles Lipovetsky (l’hypermodernité), Marc Augé (la surmodernité) et Ulrich Beck (la deuxième modernité).
Entre sexe et peau: Tribulations de femmes chez Monique Ilboudo
Authors: Tchumkam Hervé
Published: March 2013

Dans son roman Le Mal de peau , Monique Ilboudo entremêle dans la narration les itinéraires respectifs d’une mère meurtrie par un viol et de sa fille métisse en quête de son identité. Ce roman qui signe l’acte de naissance de la littérature dite féminine au Burkina Faso est ici analysé du point de vue des modalités de l’irruption de la figure féminine dans la fiction. Ma réflexion interroge les paradigmes de la représentation des femmes, à partir des questions du sexe et de la couleur de peau. Plus exactement, il s’agit de mettre en évidence d’un point de vue diachronique les tribulations de femmes dont l’autonomie se trouve a priori rendue inopérante par les avatars de la colonisation et le chaos post-colonial. Mais bien plus qu’une lecture du statut subalterne de la femme dans la fiction, mon analyse s’appuie sur les thèses de Paul Ricœur sur les identités narratives, la mémoire et l’oubli, afin de suggérer l’émergence dans ce roman d’une nouvelle posture féminine. L’ultime objectif de cet article est de montrer qu’en dépit de son apparente impuissance, le personnage féminin dans le roman étudié échappe au stéréotype et réussit à se constituer en sujet de pouvoir.
Le Bourreau et la victime: Politiques du corps et des rapports sociaux des sexes dans l’œuvre de Gisèle Pineau
Authors: Couti Jacqueline
Published: March 2013

L’œuvre romanesque de Gisèle Pineau met à mal une appréhension simpliste de la construction des sexes et de la maltraitance aux Antilles. La récurrence de la figure du “bourreau,” nom créole donné à l’homme maltraitant, et de celle de la “victime” fait ressortir le mal-être et la fragmentation d’une société antillaise en pleine dérive. La supposée dichotomie entre la victime et son agresseur s’avère complexe et trompeuse. Par exemple, l’individu maltraitant n’est pas toujours un homme. En fait, la dynamique des sexes et la mise en scène de la violence chez Pineau illustrent surtout à quel point le pouvoir colonial a endommagé le couple antillais si bien que l’homme de couleur embrasse souvent la perversion d’un idéal masculin hégémonique et violent, réminiscence de la vie sur la plantation. Et fréquemment, la femme antillaise partage cet idéal dont elle renforce l’existence. Les maltraitances sur le corps et la vie psychique ne remettent pas tant en question les personnages que leur environnement: un milieu post-plantationnaire où sévit l’expression délétère du pouvoir colonial ou de sa nouvelle incarnation faisant suite à la départementalisation. L’œuvre de Pineau apporte dès lors une contribution incontournable dans les études genrées et postcoloniales.
Soumission ou subversion: Complexité de la condition féminine dans le téléfilm Ma Famille d’Akissi Delta
Authors: Békrou Viviane
Published: March 2013

Dans cette étude nous nous attardons sur la production filmique en Côte d’Ivoire, principalement sur le rôle de premier plan joués par les téléfilms d’anciennes actrices ivoiriennes reconverties en réalisatrices dans la redynamisation de l’univers filmographique de leur pays. L’étude se concentrera principalement sur le téléfilm Ma famille (2002) produite par Akissi Delta, une actrice ivoirienne qui bien que quasiment analphabète a réussi le pari d’imposer son film en Afrique noire francophone. Nous entendons montrer que le succès de ce téléfilm tient au fait qu’il a su allier le ludique à un certain engagement sociopolitique. Ce film, produit dans des conditions quasiment artisanales en comparaison des standards internationaux, met à nu la condition féminine ivoirienne caractérisée par l’ambiguïté et l’ambivalence.
Métaphores naturelles et identité culturelle dans l’œuvre de Gisèle Pineau
Authors: Licops Dominique
Published: March 2013

Dans la littérature antillaise, les métaphores naturelles symbolisent la conception de l’identité des mouvements littéraires: l’arbre de la négritude, le rhizome de l’antillanité, la mangrove de la créolité. C’est en transformant cette pratique que Gisèle Pineau “s’insère dans le débat théorique littéraire actuel” (Florence Ramond Jurney). En effet, si ses confrères remplacent une image naturelle par une autre en arguant que cette dernière représente plus justement l’identité antillaise, Pineau réfléchit à la violence inhérente à la structure métaphorique en inventant ce que j’appelle une “métaphore imbriquée.” Que ce soit l’arbre dans L’Exil selon Julia (1997) ou le cyclone dans L’Espérance-macadam (1995), j’analyserai d’abord comment ces métaphores imbriquées révèlent les effets nuisibles de cette conceptualisation sur les personnages. Ensuite, je considérerai comment, à travers cette figure stylistique, l’auteure pense autrement l’identité antillaise. Enfin, j’envisagerai comment sa réflexion sur l’identité culturelle via les images naturelles a évolué dans ses romans plus récents.
Voyage-cyclone: Souvenirs d’Éliette dans L’Espérance-macadam de Gisèle Pineau
Authors: Toczyski Suzanne C.
Published: March 2013

L’expérience intime de la migration vécue par l’écrivaine antillaise Gisèle Pineau offre un point de départ commode pour comprendre la centralité de certains thèmes—notamment le voyage, l’aliénation, et l’exil—dans son œuvre. Pour Pineau, l’acte même d’écrire est une forme de voyage, une errance, et en fait l’errance, l’acte d’aller le plus loin possible, d’entrer dans, sous-tend toute la structure de son roman L’Espérance-macadam , suivant la notion de la “pensée de la trace” élaborée par Édouard Glissant, c’est-à-dire, comme un voyage rempli de sauts imprévisibles, de divagations, d’incertitudes menant tous à ce que Glissant appelle “l’art neuf du délacement du monde.” Le travail du lecteur de Pineau consiste donc à naviguer dans l’espace de la mémoire en tandem avec la protagoniste Éliette Florentine, pour qui ce voyage virtuel vers le souvenir reprimé ressemble pas mal à la navigation d’un hypertexte (Harpold). Cet article tente de tracer toutes les contingences, toutes les digressions, tous les décalages impliqués dans une telle traversée.
Gisèle Pineau et l’oralité mondialisée
Authors: Onyeoziri Gloria Nne
Published: March 2013

Cette étude examine le travail de l’oralité de L’Exil selon Julia de Gisèle Pineau. Julia, la grand-mère de la narratrice, offre à ses petits-enfants un modèle de retour qui cherche, à travers la pratique de son oralité, à négocier une place dans le monde. Julia arrive à infuser sa langue et sa voix à celle de la narratrice qui devient à son tour une voix porteuse des traces d’une identité du vouloir-retour. Le travail d’oralité de Julia ébranle les certitudes d’une nouvelle génération qui se croit acquise à la mondialité. Quand Julia, rétablie en Guadeloupe, fait pleuvoir du haut d’un arbre des fruits sur ses petits-enfants, son geste ironique et ludique remet en question la notion d’un monde défini par le progrès et la marche destructrice du temps. La chute de prunes est un symbole d’abondance et de fertilité, alors que le Pays avait été représenté par les parents de la narratrice comme un lieu de souffrance et de privation. L’oralité de Pineau est un dire pour soi qui finit par questionner l’assurance de l’autre.
La Sacralisation des éléments dans Vendredi ou les limbes du Pacifique et dans Les Météores de Michel Tournier
Authors: Bouloumié Arlette
Published: March 2013

Tournier se réfère constamment au sacré. Le dictionnaire Le Trésor de la Langue française indique que le sacré se caractérise par l’opposition avec ce qui est profane. On peut se demander si Tournier ne remet pas en cause cette opposition lorsqu’il célèbre et sacralise le monde matériel. La première partie étudie dans Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique la métamorphose des éléments naturels, la terre, le vent, le soleil, perçus comme vivants, où se manifeste l’influence de la mythologie grecque et de la culture anthropologique de l’auteur. Dans la seconde partie, consacrée aux Météores , c’est le corps cosmique matériel de la pluie, du soleil et du vent, identifié au Saint-Esprit qui est célébré, manifestant l’influence de la religion chrétienne orthodoxe sur l’auteur. La troisième dégage la portée philosophique et spirituelle des images qui sacralisent la nature. “Naturaliste mystique,” Tournier exprime sa volonté de réconcilier la matière et l’esprit, le profane et le sacré. Il incite l’homme moderne occidental à redécouvrir une forme de spiritualité jusque dans le monde profane quotidien.
Concepción del paisaje e influencia pictórica en La romería de Manuel Ciges Aparicio
Authors: Barraza María Ignacia
Published: March 2013

This essay analyzes the constant "visual exercise" imposed on the reader of Manuel Ciges Aparicio's novel La romería (The procession), as well as the representation of the landscape as a "window to the soul." Ciges Aparicio, generally considered a lesser-known member of the Spanish Literary Generation of 1898, shared with other noventayochistas, like Miguel de Unamuno and Azorín, a heightened awareness or sensibility in respect to the countryside. The landscape, specifically the barren Castilian landscape, became a blank canvas on which these authors projected their metaphysical angst and their yearning for transcendence. In Ciges Aparicio's novel, the lush Andalusian landscape, in diametric opposition to the barren Castilian one, is filtered by the sensibility of certain characters, very much like in the paintings of Caspar David Friedrich. Furthermore, we find a pantheistic conception of nature, which links this novel to some of the ideas expounded by Ralph Waldo Emerson, especially the concept of the poet as a privileged being with creative powers.
Transgenre and Reality Drama in the Works of Mimi Barthélémy
Authors: Edwards Carole
Published: March 2013

Mimi Barthélémy is a Haitian dramatist whose works restore the cultural role of storytellers by celebrating the importance of the live word throughout World History, the ethnography of her native land and her personal genealogy. In her "Reality Drama," Mimi Barthélémy intermingles aesthetics with poetry and drama, as her fables, sung tales, or plays become artistic creations. She blurs time and space when she stages in a positive light several worlds that coexisted in subversion, in malignant hybridity between the dominant and the dominated, between the group and the individual with diverse roots.
Cultivating Black Lesbian Shamelessness: Alice Walker's The Color Purple
Authors: Lewis Christopher S.
Published: March 2013

This article reads Alice Walker's 1982 novel The Color Purple as a response to the politics of black pride that informed African American writing of the 1960s and 1970s. The Color Purple suggests that black women's open and vocal articulation of (same-sex) sexual experiences can cultivate a liberating sense of black lesbian shamelessness. This sensibility opposes the politics of pride that defined the Black Arts Movement, as well as the politics of silence that has muted black women's expressions and explorations of (queer) sexuality since at least the nineteenth century. The novel characterizes black lesbian shamelessness as an approach to racial, gender, and sexual identification that acknowledges the mutually constitutive, inter-subjective conditions of these categories, as well as the history of black violation in the United States. This article also considers The Color Purple's realist form, arguing that critical backlash in the 1980s against Walker's queering of black literary realism indicates that realism is critical terrain for the simultaneous negotiation of black community, queerness, and anti-racist politics.
Le messianisme ou de la légitime imposture politique: Une lecture de En attendant le vote des bêtes sauvages d'Ahmadou Kourouma
Authors: Ngong Benjamin
Published: March 2013

In Sub-Saharan Africa, one observes a consubstantial intricacy based on a contemporary reality of power where messianism, built on both indigenous and non-indigenous rituals, plays a crucial role in the political arena. This article examines the methods and the legitimacy of the ideological resumption of the "Messiah" myth and its reinvention into terms like "Father of the Nation," "Providential Guide," etc., by political leaders shortly after their African countries gained independence from France. It also shows that "postcolonial messianism," a strategy often used by the power elite, and employed as a new political tool to replace the old order, (colonial or neo-colonial), rather resembles what John L. Austin calls "legitimate imposture."
The Dream Abides: The Big Lebowski , Film Noir, and the American Dream
Authors: Tangney ShaunAnne
Published: March 2013

The essay argues that The Big Lebowski, like classic films noir, poses a critique of the American Dream and the alienation that the failure to achieve it creates. Because the film is set in a late-twentieth-century, a late-capitalist America, the alienation is amplified and focused on the widening gap between rich and poor, and on an intolerant multiculturalism, and prompts a reevaluation of the American Dream itself. Specifically, the essay explores how the film uses setting and place—namely, Los Angeles and several of its architectural hallmarks or landmarks—as well as the idea and fact of space itself—as exemplars or physical manifestations of that failure and alienation, and how they shed light on a late-twentieth-century take on the American Dream itself.
Hybrids, Multi-modalities and Engaged Learners: A Composition Program for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Arms Valarie M.
Published: March 2013

This descriptive analysis presents a composition program to engage millennial students with a hybrid class structure and multi-modal projects. Its driving force is the radical shift in today's means of communication. Educators who prefer to lead with sound pedagogy rather than to react to these changes should consider lessons learned. 1) Conduct broad research. 2) Consult experts in Information Technology. 3) Build a learning community of teachers. 4) Design rubrics for evaluating multimodal projects. 5) Enlist students as agents of change. 6) Conduct evaluation. 7) Present a proposal to administrators. 8) Disseminate results.
Colonial Law and “Native Customs”: Indigenous Land Rights in Colonial Spanish America
Authors: Herzog Tamar
Published: March 2013

Scholars of colonial Spanish America are divided between those who cherish Spaniards for respecting indigenous land rights and those who denounce them for not having done so. For the first group, Spanish respect was enshrined in political and theological debates and in legislation and practice that from the sixteenth century asserted that natives had right to the lands they possessed before Europeans arrived. For the second group, native dispossession was a dominant feature of colonial life. Whatever the theory may have mandated, the balance of power favored non-natives by allowing them access to a wide variety of social, legal, political, economic, and cultural instruments enabling them to control the land.
Salvador's Modernizador Cultural: Odorico Tavares and the Aesthetics Of Baianidade, 1945–1955
Authors: Ickes Scott
Published: March 2013

On January 14, 1954, Bahians gathered in the city of Salvador, in Brazil's northeastern state of Bahia, for the Lavagem do Bonfim, the annual ritual washing of the Church of Bonfim and its front patio and steps that was for them a highlight of the Festival of the Senhor do Bonfim. The archbishop of Salvador, Augusto Álvaro da Silva, had recendy banned the syncretic ritual, primarily because it combined elements of popular Catholicism and an important ritual obligation to Oxalá, a principal deity or “saint” in the religious practice of Candomblé, an African Brazilian religion that grew out of West and West Central African antecedents. The water for the lavagem, for instance, was ceremonially prepared and transported in vases during a procession by African Bahian mães-de-santo (priestesses) and filhos-de-santo (initiates) of Candomblé, known together as “baianas” and dressed entirely in white.
“La Negrita” Queen of The Ticos: The Black Roots of Costa Rica's Patron Saint
Authors: Lohse Russell
Published: March 2013

In sharp contrast to her mestizo and mulatto neighbors, Costa Rica is one of a handful of Latin American countries commonly regarded as “white.” For more than a century, national elites and foreign observers alike attributed Costa Rica's relative political stability, high rate of literacy, and prosperity to the nation's supposed racial homogeneity. The “Switzerland of Central America” was rarely regarded as part of the African Diaspora, yet people of African descent have been part of Costa Rican society since its colonial beginnings. In fact, the patron saint of Costa Rica has always been depicted as black. Known affectionately as La Negrita, the Virgen de los Angeles is believed to have appeared with a divine mandate of harmony at a remote time when Costa Rica was divided by racial tensions. In the legend of her apparition some have found the key to Costa Rica's tradition of “rural democracy.”
“The Ashes of our Ancestors”: Creating Argentina's Indigenous Heritage in the Museo Etnográfico, 1904–1930
Authors: Larson Carolyne Ryan
Published: March 2013

On September 28, 1927, the central atrium of the Museo Etnográfico on Buenos Aires's Calle Moreno was crowded with people. More than 100 men and women were in attendance, from Universidad de Buenos Aires rector Ricardo Rojas to Argentine president Marcelo T. de Alvear, wrapped in heavy jackets against the spring chill to participate in the inauguration of the museum's new building. Previously housed in “the gloomy catacombs” of an administrative basement, the Museo Etnográfico had now relocated to an airy, Baroque-style building two blocks south of the city's central Plaza de Mayo. In his inaugural speech on that chilly September morning, museum director Salvador Debenedetti proclaimed that the Museo Etnográfico, until then a predominandy academic museum, was undergoing a powerful transformation: it was becoming a public museum. Debenedetti proclaimed that the museum's new incarnation would be a place “of tranquility and of meditation, which will move the spirit of the people and lead them from epoch to epoch, from region to region, from culture to culture.” He described the museum's public visitors, or “the people,” as active participants in the institution's openly nation-building agenda, and celebrated their participation as a “patriotic conjunction, inspired by die desire for scientific progress, the love of truth, [and] the desire to know better and penetrate in its essence the thought of our native ancestors in the land of América.”
Forced and Forbidden Sex: Rape and Sexual Freedom in Dictatorial Guatemala
Authors: Carey David
Published: March 2013

As the sun was setting on December 12, 1907, the 16-year-old Tecla Xicay and her sister Inocenta were returning to their village of Tonajuyu, San Martín Jilotepeque (henceforth San Martín), in highland Guatemala when a portly ladino with a thin blonde mustache jumped out from behind a gate, took off his shoes, and attempted to rape Tecla. When she resisted, he hit her twice in the neck and then stabbed her in the back as she fled. Illiterate and monolingual speakers of Kaqchikel-Maya (henceforth Kaqchikel), the sisters recounted their harrowing ordeal through an interpreter the next day in Chimaltenango's municipal court. Apparentiy eager to escape the grasp of the state and ladino world, the two indigenous women did not tarry in Chimaltenango. Despite the military surgeon's insistence that Xicay be admitted to the hospital to cure her open wound, she refused, saying she would take care of it herself. Ladino and patriarchal in their design and operation, institutions such as courts and hospitals that held the potential to assist indigenous women often alienated them.
Accidental Historian: An Interview with Arnold J. Bauer
Authors: Walker Charles
Published: March 2013

Appreciated among Latin Americanists in the United States and highly regarded in Chile, Arnold (“Arnie”) Bauer taught history at the University of California at Davis from 1970 to 2005, and was director of the University of California's Education Abroad Program in Santiago, Chile, for five years between 1994 and 2005. Well-known for his engaging writing style, Bauer reflects broad interests in his publications: agrarian history (Chilean Rural Society: From the Spanish Conquest to 1930 [1975]), the Catholic Church and society (as editor, La iglesia en la economía de América Latina, siglos XIX-XIX [1986]), and material culture (Goods, Power, History: Latin America's Material Culture [2001]). He has also written an academic mystery regarding a sixteenth-century Mexican codex, The Search for the Codex Cardona (2009). His coming-of-age memoir (Time's Shadow: Remembering a Family Farm in Kansas [2012]) describes his childhood and was recently named one of the top five books of 2012 by The Atlantic. He has also written some 50 articles and book chapters and more than 60 book reviews.
Alcalde Vs. Mayor: Translating the Colonial World
Authors: Schwaller John F.
Published: March 2013

In studying the nuances of any legal term from the colonial period in Latin America it is always good to have recourse to the Siete Partidas, the compilation of royal law promulgated, and some say written, by the famous thirteenth-century Castilian monarch, Alfonso X, often called “The Wise.”
The Apuntaciones Of Modesto de la Torre: Mexican Nationalism as Seen by a Spanish Military Officer, 1821–1822
Authors: Guarisco Claudia
Published: March 2013

In the Mendel Collection at the Lilly Library at the University of Indiana, Bloomington, is an unpublished diary of over 400 pages written by a Spanish soldier during his voyage from Spain to New Spain, and his return voyage to the Iberian Peninsula, between May 30, 1821, and May 17, 1822. The document is titled Apuntaciones que en su viaje a ultramar ha tomado el oficial de infantería Modesto de la Torre (Notes Written by Infantry Officer Modesto de la Torre During His Voyage Overseas). Lieutenant De la Torre was part of the delegation that accompanied General Juan O'Donojú when he assumed the position of captain-general and chief policy officer of New Spain, the highest-ranking office in Spain's overseas territories, following the reinstatement of die Constitution of Cádiz in 1820. The diary discusses a wide variety of topics, including the defeat of the Royalist army at Puerto Cabello (Carabobo, Venezuela) and the subsequent exodus of loyalist officers and troops to Havana. The diary also presents portraits of the people, cities, villages, towns, and flora and fauna that the lieutenant saw during his journey.
The Life of the Constructivist Theatrical Object
Authors: Barris Roann
Published: March 2013

Focusing on three of Vsevelod Meierkhold’s productions from the early 1920s, this essay argues that the role of constructivism in the theatre was not limited to the creation of the stage set or prototypical models for the accouterments of the new communist lifestyle. Because the constructivist theatrical object redefined function in terms of the relationship among the actor, the performance, and the audience, the constructivist object succeeded through its transformation into a conceptual network of performances.
Transatlantic Translations and Transactions: Lars Schmidt and the Implementation of Postwar American Theatre in Europe
Authors: Gindt Dirk
Published: March 2013

Contributing to an intercultural understanding of American and European theatre during the postwar era, this essay explores the significance of the Swedish publisher and producer Lars Schmidt for the introduction and spread of US plays and musicals on his side of the Atlantic. Schmidt’s innovative publishing strategies and production methods, in addition to his skills as a cultural translator, made works like The Glass Menagerie , Cat on a Hot Tin Roof , and My Fair Lady commercially viable and intelligible to audiences in various national contexts. In the process, he was largely responsible for the emergence of the individual producer in Europe, a position that was perceived as foreign and, at times, vehemently dismissed as too commercial and too American.
The Body of Trauma: Empathy, Mourning, and Media in Troika Ranch’s loopdiver
Authors: Bechtel Roger
Published: March 2013

Although trauma is commonly thought to be a mental affliction, its psychological component is actually inextricable from its physiological embodiment: it “possesses,” to use Cathy Caruth’s term, the subject completely. This insight is the central conceit of Troika Ranch’s dance-theatre piece loopdiver , which began as an exploration of the programming loops endemic to computer software, but soon focused on behavioral “loops”—the repetition compulsions that mark traumatic symptomatology. Using recent theories gleaned from cognitive science, this essay argues that the performers’ bodies in loopdiver communicate the somatic experience of trauma to the bodies of the spectators directly and pre-cognitively. Moreover, as loopdiver suggests, if contemporary culture is beset by a form of collective trauma, such a condition is exacerbated by our thrall to virtuality and the screen. In the face of this, live performances like loopdiver offer the ameliorative potential for vicarious “re-embodiment,” an essential counterbalance to the physical constriction of trauma.
Popular Musical Theatre, Cultural Transfer, Modernities: London/Berlin, 1890–1930
Authors: Platt Len , Becker Tobias
Published: March 2013

Between the years 1890 to 1930 a large number of popular musical theatre shows—musical comedies and operettas—were exchanged between London and Berlin. This essay represents the first attempt by scholars to examine this cultural practice. It outlines the implications of cultural transfer and exchange in terms of theatre history generally and the more detailed mechanics of show “translation.” Using the figure of adaptation to explore cultural relations between two important metropolitan sites, the essay also examines the wider historical implications of this vibrant exchange culture, which was contemporary with a period when Anglo-German relations were generally characterized by marked hostility.
East German Theatre Censorship: The Role of the Audience
Authors: Bradley Laura
Published: March 2013

Using new archive material, this essay examines how East German theatre audiences were deployed rhetorically in censorship debates, how officials sought to influence reception processes, and how nonprofessional spectators reacted to productions. While the ruling Socialist Unity Party was committed to opening up theatre to all sections of the population, its attitude toward actual audiences was ambivalent. Functionaries used the alleged political immaturity of the audience to persuade theatre directors and managers to exercise “responsibility” and censor their work. But the selfsame functionaries presented audiences as a source of superior wisdom to theatre practitioners, using them to test reactions to new scripts and invoking their opinions in press campaigns against productions. Attempts to mobilize public opinion against stagings were most common during the 1950s and ’60s, and such attempts frequently produced the subversive effect they had been designed to prevent. From the 1970s on, the Ministry of Culture and Central Committee advocated less public-censorship strategies and encouraged officials to calibrate post-performance censorship according to the responses of actual audiences. The essay uses examples from productions in East Berlin to show how theatre practitioners and officials dealt with inopportune reactions from spectators, and to explore how far theatre was, on occasion, able to function as a limited forum for public debate.
Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase 2 Deficiency: Is Measurement of Dihydrotestosterone Essential?
Authors: Chan Angel On Kei , But Betty Wai Man , Lee Ching Yin , Lam Yuen Yu , Ng Kwok Leung , Tung Joanna Yuet Ling , Kwan Elaine Yin Wah , Chan Yuk Kit , Tsui Teresa Kam Chi , Lam Almen Lai Na , Tse Wing Yee , Cheung Pik To , Shek Chi Chung
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

5α-Reductase 2 deficiency (5ARD) is a known cause of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD). Traditionally, the diagnosis relies on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) measurement, but the results are often equivocal, potentially leading to misdiagnosis. We reviewed alternative approaches for diagnosis of 5ARD.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective review of the results of urinary steroid profiling (USP) by GC-MS and mutational analysis of SRD5A2 [steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 2 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 2)] by PCR and direct DNA sequencing of all 46,XY DSD patients referred to our laboratory with biochemical and/or genetic findings compatible with 5ARD. We also performed a literature review on the laboratory findings of all 5ARD cases reported in the past 10 years.

RESULTS

Of 16 patients diagnosed with 5ARD between January 2003 and July 2012, 15 underwent USP, and all showed characteristically low 5α- to 5β-reduced steroid metabolite ratios. Four patients had DHT measured, but 2 did not reach the diagnostic cutoff. In all 12 patients who underwent genetic analysis, 2 mutations of the SRD5A2 gene were detected to confirm the diagnosis. Twenty-four publications involving 149 patients with 5ARD were published in the review period. Fewer than half of these patients had DHT tested. Nearly 95% of them had the diagnosis confirmed genetically.

CONCLUSIONS

5ARD can be confidently diagnosed by USP at 3 months postnatally and confirmed by mutational analysis of SRD5A2. Interpretation of DHT results may be problematic and is not essential in the diagnosis of 5ARD. We propose new diagnostic algorithms for 46,XY DSD.
TRPV1 and TRPA1 Antagonists Prevent the Transition of Acute to Chronic Inflammation and Pain in Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Schwartz Erica S. , La Jun-Ho , Scheff Nicole N. , Davis Brian M. , Albers Kathryn M. , Gebhart G.F.
Published: March 2013

Visceral afferents expressing transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 are thought to be required for neurogenic inflammation and development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Using a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis (CP) produced by repeated episodes (twice weekly) of caerulein-induced AP (AP), we studied the involvement of these TRP channels in pancreatic inflammation and pain-related behaviors. Antagonists of the two TRP channels were administered at different times to block the neurogenic component of AP. Six bouts of AP (over 3 wks) increased pancreatic inflammation and pain-related behaviors, produced fibrosis and sprouting of pancreatic nerve fibers, and increased TRPV1 and TRPA1 gene transcripts and a nociceptive marker, pERK, in pancreas afferent somata. Treatment with TRP antagonists, when initiated before week 3, decreased pancreatic inflammation and pain-related behaviors and also blocked the development of histopathological changes in the pancreas and upregulation of TRPV1, TRPA1, and pERK in pancreatic afferents. Continued treatment with TRP antagonists blocked the development of CP and pain behaviors even when mice were challenged with seven more weeks of twice weekly caerulein. When started after week 3, however, treatment with TRP antagonists was ineffective in blocking the transition from AP to CP and the emergence of pain behaviors. These results suggest: (1) an important role for neurogenic inflammation in pancreatitis and pain-related behaviors, (2) that there is a transition from AP to CP, after which TRP channel antagonism is ineffective, and thus (3) that early intervention with TRP channel antagonists may attenuate the transition to and development of CP effectively.
Donor DNA Utilization During Gene Targeting with Zinc-Finger Nucleases
Authors: Beumer Kelly J , Trautman Jonathan K , Mukherjee Kusumika , Carroll Dana
Published: March 2013

Gene targeting is the term commonly applied to experimental gene replacement by homologous recombination (HR). This process is substantially stimulated by a double-strand break (DSB) in the genomic target. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are targetable cleavage reagents that provide an effective means of introducing such a break in conjunction with delivery of a homologous donor DNA. In this study we explored several parameters of donor DNA structure during ZFN-mediated gene targeting in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, as follows. 1) We confirmed that HR outcomes are enhanced relative to the alternative nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway in flies lacking DNA ligase IV. 2) The minimum amount of homology needed to support efficient HR in fly embryos is between 200 and 500 bp. 3) Conversion tracts are very broad in this system: donor sequences more than 3 kb from the ZFN-induced break are found in the HR products at approximately 50% of the frequency of a marker at the break. 4) Deletions carried by the donor DNA are readily incorporated at the target. 5) While linear double-stranded DNAs are not effective as donors, single-stranded oligonucleotides are. These observations should enable better experimental design for gene targeting in Drosophila and help guide similar efforts in other systems.
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Avian Resistance to Campylobacter jejuni Colonization Identifies Risk Locus Spanning the CDH13 Gene
Authors: Connell Sarah , Meade Kieran G , Allan Brenda , Lloyd Andrew T , Downing Tim , O’Farrelly Cliona , Bradley Daniel G
Published: March 2013

The enteropathogen Campylobacter jejuni is a major worldwide health and economic burden, being one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis and commonly linked to postinfectious onset of autoimmune disease. Chickens are a major vector for human infection and even though variation in avian colonization level is heritable, no previous studies have identified regions of the genome associated with colonization resistance. We performed a genome-wide association study of resistance to C. jejuni colonization in the avian intestine by controlling for population structure, which revealed a risk locus with genome-wide significance spanning the T-cadherin (CDH13) gene. A second possible risk locus was also identified close to calmodulin (CALM1), a calcium-activated modulator of cadherin function. In addition, gene expression analysis of mRNA sequencing profiles revealed that the relative expression of the two genes is significantly associated with colonization resistance. Functional studies have previously demonstrated involvement of cadherins and calmodulin in C. jejuni intracellular invasion and colonization of human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Consistent with this finding, our analysis reveals that variation surrounding these genes is associated with avian colonization resistance in vivo and highlights their potential as possible targets for control of the bacterium in avian and human populations.
Impacts of climate change on the agricultural zoning of climate risk for cotton cultivation in Brazil
Authors: Assad Eduardo Delgado , Martins Susian Christian , Beltrão Napoleão Esberard de Macêdo , Pinto Hilton Silveira
Published: March 2013

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the temperature increase forecasted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on agricultural zoning of cotton production in Brazil. The Northeastern region showed the highest decrease in the low-risk area for cotton cultivation due to the projected temperature increase. This area in the Brazilian Northeast may decrease from 83 million ha in 2010 to approximately 71 million ha in 2040, which means 15% reduction in 30 years. Southeastern and Center-Western regions had small decrease in areas suitable for cotton production until 2040, while the Northern region showed no reduction in these areas. Temperature increase will not benefit cotton cultivation in Brazil because dimension of low-risk areas for economic cotton production may decrease.
Adaptability and stability of white oat cultivars in relation to chemical composition of the caryopsis
Authors: Hawerroth Maraisa Crestani , Carvalho Fernando Irajá Félix de , Oliveira Antonio Costa de , Silva José Antonio Gonzalez da , Gutkoski Luiz Carlos , Sartori João Francisco , Woyann Leomar Guilherme , Barbieri Rosa Lía , Hawerroth Fernando José
Published: March 2013

The objective of this work was to characterize the chemical properties of white oat (Avena sativa) caryopsis and to determine the adaptability and stability of cultivars recommended for cultivation in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The trials were carried out in the 2007, 2008 and 2009 crop seasons, in three municipalities: Augusto Pestana, Capão do Leão, and Passo Fundo. Fifteen cultivars were evaluated in a randomized block design, with four replicates. The contents of protein, lipid, and nitrogen-free extract were evaluated in the caryopsis. Cultivar performances for the measured characters varied according to location and year of cultivation. The cultivar URS Guapa showed high content of nitrogen-free extract and low contents of protein and lipid in the caryopsis. 'FAPA Louise' showed high content of lipid, whereas 'Albasul', 'UPF 15', and 'UPF 18' showed high content of protein and low content of nitrogen-free extract. There is no evidence of an ideal biotype for the evaluated characters, which could simultaneously show high average performance, adaptability to favorable and unfavorable environments, and stability.
Adaptação do teste de tetrazólio para avaliação da viabilidade e do vigor de sementes de girassol
Authors: Silva Rosemeire Carvalho da , Grzybowski Camila Ribeiro de Souza , França-Neto José de Barros , Panobianco Maristela
Published: March 2013

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar metodologias para realização do teste de tetrazólio, na avaliação da viabilidade e do vigor de sementes de girassol, e estabelecer classes de qualidade para interpretação do teste. Foram avaliadas diferentes formas de extração do pericarpo e do tegumento das sementes, além do pré-condicionamento em água por 16 e 18 horas (25°C) e da coloração em solução de tetrazólio (30ºC), nas concentrações de 0,1 e 0,5%, por 2, 3 e 4 horas; e de 1,0%, por 1, 2 e 3 horas. Após a definição da metodologia mais adequada para realização do teste, classes de vigor foram estabelecidas de acordo com a emergência das plântulas no campo. Foram identificadas cinco classes, as quais apresentaram correlação perfeita com a emergência. Para avaliar a viabilidade das sementes de girassol, o pericarpo e o tegumento devem ser retirados após corte longitudinal com até 1/3 do comprimento da semente, o pré-condicionamento deve ser feito pela imersão em água por 16 horas, e a coloração deve ser realizada em solução de tetrazólio a 0,1%, durante 3 horas.
O efeito em curto prazo do bypass gástrico sobre pacientes obesos diabéticos
Authors: Stoll Aluisio , Silva Jean Carl , Von Bahten Luiz Carlos , Gugelmin Giovana , Vedan André Berton , Souza Bárbara Vicente de
Published: March 2013

OBJETIVO: estudar o efeito do bypass gástrico sobre a glicemia e o uso de medicação antidiabética em pacientes obesos portadores de diabetes. MÉTODOS: estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 44 pacientes obesos portadores de DM2, provenientes de 469 pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico no período de dezembro de 2001 a março de 2009. Os desfechos primários avaliados foram: glicemia em jejum e a necessidade de medicação antidiabética. RESULTADOS: a população foi composta de dez (22,7%) homens e 34 (77,3%) mulheres, com média de idade de 45,3 (±8,23) anos e índice de massa corporal de 40,9 (±5,03) kg/m². O tempo médio de evolução do DM2 foi 63,6 (±60,9) meses. Dos 40 pacientes que utilizavam medicação para controle do DM2, 20 (50%) tiveram sua medicação suspensa na alta hospitalar e 13 (32,5%) até nove meses depois. Em uma paciente não foi possível avaliar o uso de medicação, sendo essa a única exclusão. A insulina foi suspensa nos dez (100%) pacientes que a utilizavam, sendo seis (60%) na alta hospitalar. Houve redução (P<0,05) da glicemia em jejum, em todo o período estudado, em comparação com o valor pré-operatório, e foram atingidos valores inferiores a 100mg/dl no período de sete a nove meses. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes obesos portadores de DM2, submetidos ao bypass gástrico, apresentaram melhora do controle glicêmico e redução do uso de hipoglicemiantes em curto prazo.