bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological Consciousness and the Decline of 'Civilisations': The Ontology, Cosmology and Ideology of Non-equilibrium Living Systems
Authors: Friedman Jonathan
Published: April 2008

This article is a discussion of the cosmological and ontological bases of ecological thinking in cross-cultural terms. It is argued that there are two different sources for much of modem ecological thinking. One has its origins in the various developments in systems theory and cybernetics and is rooted in a hard 'engineering' framework. The other, which is the basic focus of this discussion, is based on constructions of 'nature' (not necessarily an explicit category in all societies) as temporally variable, and on the transformation of 'nature' in conditions of crisis. Newer approaches in ecological anthropology have rightly emphasised an understanding of the way nature is socially constructed, as, for example, an autonomous entity, or as totally integrated within other social and personal relations. It is suggested here that ecological thinking is related to the inversion of cosmological relations that occurs in many societies in crisis. Examples of the transformation of expansionist chiefdoms into ecologically more stable yet crisis-ridden egalitarian societies are used to argue that ecological thinking is not a product of a particular kind of society but of a particular condition that develops within societies that enter into crises after an earlier phase of growth and expansion. Modem ecological consciousness is argued to be the same kind of phenomenon, even if it develops in a very different kind of social system - one that reconstructs the 'primitive' societies of the Western periphery as the ecologically moral and balanced world that we have lost rather than the backward world of a previous modernist evolutionism.
Gnosticism and Egyptian Religion by
Authors: Parrott Douglas M.
Published: April 2008

Despite the fact that Egypt has provided the most abundant sources for the study of Gnosticism and the occasional mention of Egypt and things Egyptian in those sources, scholars have neglected Egyptian religion as a significant influence in the origin and development of Gnosticism. An examination of the early Nag Hammadi tractate Eugnostos makes it possible to see that it was significantly affected by Egyptian religious conceptions of the Urzeit. The evidence of the influence of Eugnostos upon subsequent gnostic systems suggests that it was at least one route by which Egyptian religion influenced Gnosticism at its core.
Contribution à l'étude des Amphibiens de Guyane française IX. Le têtard gastromyzophore d'Atelopus flavescens DUMÉRIL et BIBRON (Anura, Bufonidae)
Authors: Lescure Jean
Published: April 2008

The eggs and gastromyzophorous tadpole of Atelopus flavescens have been found in a small river in French Guiana. The egg-string was fixed under a water-bathed stone below a small cascad, the tadpoles were fixed to stones by their ventral sucker in shallow and oxygeneus (7,5 mg/l O2) water. The tadpole is described.
Nuevos Datos sobre la Sistematica y Distribucion de Podarcis bocagei (SEOANE, 1884) (Sauria, Lacertidae) en la Peninsula Iberica
Authors: Pérez Mellado Valentín
Published: April 2008

The taconomic status of Podarcis bocagei in the Iberian Peninsula is reviewed. Since no Holotype is known, a Lectotype from the species is given. P. bocagei carbonelli ssp. n. is also described; it inhabits the western area of the Sistema Central, in particular the "Sierras" of Francia and Gata, both in Spain and the Serra da Estrela in Portugal. Finally, new localities for both subspecies are described, that together with those reported in the previous paper sum a total of 76 localities known up to date.
Reproduction en élevage de Euproctus platycephalus (Urodela, Salamandridae)
Authors: Alcher Marc
Published: April 2008

This paper reports some observations on the reproductive behaviour of captive Sardinian Brook Salamanders (Euproctus platycephalus). Amplexus was observed frequently from October to May; eggs were preferentially deposited between stones ofvarious sizes or burried in the sand; egg-laying was spread over several months and had a maximum in spring; clutch size was hight (maximum: 221) as compared to that of the closely related species E. montanus and E. asper.
Argenteohyla altamazonica, ein neuer Hylide mit paarigen, lateralen Schallblasen aus Peru (Amphibia: Salientia: Hylidae)
Authors: Henle Klaus
Published: April 2008

A new species of hylid frog, Argenteohyla altamazonica, is described from Pucallpa, Peru. This species seems to be less derived from a supposed Osteocephalus like basis of the genus Argenteohyla than the other species A. siemersi.
Ecological Observations on Chioglossa lusitanica (Caudata, Salamandridae)
Authors: Arntzen J.W.
Published: April 2008

During 1977 and in October 1978 fieldwork was carried out on the Golden-striped Salamander (Chioglossa lusitanica) in the surroundings of Porto (Portugal). The occurrence of C. lusitanica appears to be limited to the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula; its distribution is well defined by the region with a precipitation of more than 1000 millimeters per annum and not exceeding 1500 meters altitude. Here it leads a nocturnal and secretive life along small streams in hilly and mountainous terrain. In autumn, the adults meet on their mating-sites, observations on the mating process conform with data already available. Oögenesis takes place in summer. A positive relation was found between the length of the female and its fecundity. C. lusitanica can autotomize its tail, which can regenerate completely. It was found that oögenesis proceeds at the expense of tail-regeneration. Egg-deposition takes place in September, October and November, the larvae hatch after six to nine weeks. Metamorphosis takes place from the beginning of summer onward. Some larvae postpone metamorphosis until next season, having spent two winters in the water. Adults spend the summer in hidden places and remain largely inactive. It was found that with the drying up of the brooks a part of some populations migrated to summer-refuges such as dams and deserted mine galleries, thereby sometimes covering long distances. These refuges may also serve as a place for copulation and for egg-deposition. Migration-patterns in the populations under study were markedly different, largely depending on the availability of resorts and summer-refuges. Juveniles lead a live less nocturnal than the adults. Furthermore they show a stronger tendency to stay close to the brook and to stay there in summer. The population-density along one of the brooks investigated was estimated at four to five adult specimens per section of one meter in length. Water withdrawal presents a serious danger to certain populations.
Determinacion del Nivel de Ploidia en Ejemplares Preservados del Genero Ceratophrys
Authors: Mercadal Isabel T.
Published: April 2008

Erythrocyte size can be helpful as a measure of the ploidy level in Amphibians not only with fresh blood, but using preserved museum specimens too. The latter technique is described and applied to the identification of Ceratophrys species.
Introduced Species of Reptiles in Surinam. Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam VIII
Authors: Hoogmoed M.S.
Published: April 2008

Hemidactylus mabouia (MOREAU) DE JONNÈS) is a recent invader of Surinam, apparently still extending the limits of its distribution. Recent introductions of the Hispaniolan lizards Anolis chlorocyanus chlorocyanus DUMÉRIL and BIBRON and A. cybotes cybotes COPE have led to the establishment of viable populations in Paramaribo. Anolis baleatus (COPE) from Hispaniola and A. lineatus DAUDIN from Curaçao, also introduced recently, maintained themselves, but apparently did not (yet) establish large populations. Anolis marmoratus speciosus GARMAN is extending its range in French Guiana and may reach Surinam in the near future. Other recent introductions of Cyclura cornuta (BONNATERRE) and of Epicrates spec., both from Hispaniola, have not led to the establishment of viable populations. Anolis richardi DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, introduced from Grenada, apparently thrived for a few years, but became extinct after destruction of its habitat.
Comparative Reproductive Biology of Two Sympatric Tropical Lizards Chamaeleo jacksonii BOULENGER and Chamaeleo hoehnelii STEINDACHNER (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae)
Authors: Lin Jun-yi , Nelson Craig E.
Published: April 2008

The reproductive biology of two sympatric tropical lizards Chamaeleo jacksonii and C. hoehnelii was investigated from April 1972 to June 1973 in Karatina, Kenya. The smallest gravid female was 80 mm SVL in C. jacksonii, and 67 mm SVL in C. hoehnelii. The smallest male showing enlarged testis, epididymis and as deferens was 90 mm SVL in C. jacksonii and 70 mm SVL in C. hoehnelii. The age at sexual maturity was estimated to be approximately 91/2 months for female C. hoehnelii and 101/2 months for male C. hoehnelii, 131/2 months for female C. jacksonii and 16 months for male C. jacksonii. Both species are viviparous. Monthly means of testis weight/SVL in C. jacksonii revealed a seasonal cycle with a minimum in August and a maximum in February. The monthly means of kidney weight/SVL showed a cyclic pattern slightly different from the testicular cycle, in that kidney size peaked during period in which actual matings were observed. Parturition began in mid-January and persisted into March in C. jacksonii. Post-reproductive quiescence extended from January to March. Vitellogenesis extended from mid-March through August, and the peak of ovulation occurred in August. Gestation began early in July and extended into February. Although female C. jacksonii require more than a year to mature, some apparently gave birth during their first post partum breeding season at an age of 14-15 months. The average litter size was 21.7 in C. jacksonii. Litter size increased strongly with SVL and age, and slightly with reproductive category. Reproductive effort was 46.7%, 51.9%, 46.4%, 42.8%, and 39.7%, respectively for the first, second, third, fourth and fifth year old individuals. Both male and female C. hoehnelii reproduced continuously throughout the year as shown by the testicular and kidney cycles for males, and by the continuous presence of yolked follicles, oviducal ova and fertilized ova every month for females. The average litter size was 13.7 in C. hoehnelii. Litter size correlated positively with SVL. Reproductive effort was 53.6%, 44.6%, 40.4%, and 40.5%, respectively for the first, second, third and fourth year old individuals. Although C. jacksonii and C. hoehnelii are two closely related species, and occur sympatrically, their reproductive patterns are widely divergent, and are found to be on the opposite sides of Tinkle's dichotomy. It is proposed that C. jacksonii and C. hoehnelii evolved in allopatry. The presently known distribution and current theory of lizard reproductive strategy support this proposal.
A New Species of Small Yellow Hyla from Perú (Anura: Hylidae)
Authors: Duellman William E.
Published: April 2008

Hyla aperomea n. sp. is described from the cloud forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Perù. The new species is the only Andean species in a complex of small Hyla having 30 chromosomes and otherise inhabiting the cis-Andean tropical lowlands.
Taxonomic Notes Concerning the Trionychid Turtle Lissemys punctata (LACEPÈDE)
Authors: Webb Robert G.
Published: April 2008

Although long-conceived as a monotypic species of three subspecies (SMITH, 1931), intergradation has not yet been demonstrated between subspecies of Lissemys punctata. The two subspecies L. p. punctata and L. p. andersoni show intergradation in pattern features of head and carapace, and are similar in osteological features. The configuration of peripheral bones, and advent of well developed plastral callosities at a relatively small size that indicates small maximal size, suggest specific status for L. p. scutata..
Evolutionary Origins of Viviparity in the Reptilia. I. Sauria
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G.
Published: April 2008

Reproductive mode data were extracted piecemeal from the literature and superimposed over currently accepted phylogenies to permit estimation of the minimum frequencies with which viviparity (live-bearing) has evolved in lizards, aswell as to facilitateanalysisoffactors hypothesizedto inlluencethis evolution. Viviparity has arisen on at least 45 separate occasions in the Sauria. Each ofthese origins is pinpointed phylogeneticallyas far as is now possible. Ofthese origins, 22 have occurred in the Scincidae, ten in the Iguanidae, five in the Anguidae, two each in the Lacertidae and Gekkonidae, and one each in the Chamaeleontidae, Xantusiidae, Agamidae, and Cordylidae. Further origins may be detected in the Scincidae, Iguanidae, and Diploglossa as phylogenetic relationships are elucidated. Over 19 % of the saurian species are live-bearing, and about 2/3 of the viviparous species are skinks. Most of the sub-generic saurian origins ofviviparity have occurred in cold climates, possibly as an adaptation to facilitate maternal thermoregulation of the developing embryos. Phylogenetic distributions of these origins are consistent with hypotheses that genetic sex-determination of the male-heterogametic type as weil as a tendency towards egg'retention preadapt a lineage for viviparity. Evolution of the live-bearing mode may be constrained by temperature-dependent sex determination, female heterogamety, and formation of highly calcified eggshells.
Reproductive Tactics in an Island Population of Adders, Vipera berus (L.), with a fluctuating Food Resource
Authors: Andren Claes , Nilson Göran
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the density fluctuations of the adder Vipera berus and its prey during seven years. The reproduction during high adder density and low food availability was compared with that seven years later in the same population during low adder density and high food availability. Female length was similar but weight status (mass/length 2.56) was significantly higher during high prey density. Female mass loss when giving birth and clutch mass were significantly higher during high availability of food, but relative clutch mass and relative mass loss were similar in the two situations. However, the variance in relative clutch mass was significantly lower with high prey density. Clutch size and mass per young were significantly higher during high prey density. During high food availability there were significant positive correlations between female length (~ age) and birth mass loss, female length and clutch mass, female length and clutch size, clutch mass and mass per young and between relative clutch mass and mass per young. During low food availability there were significant positive correlations between clutch mass and clutch size and relative clutch mass and clutch size. A significant negative correlation was found between female length and relative mass loss. This study do not conform entirely to general theories on reproductive adaptations to varying food availability (r-K strategies). During high prey density both more and heavier young were produced than during scarcity of food. A high correlation of reproductive parameters during high food availability indicates a maximal utilization of reproductive capacity in most females, while the lack of such correlations during low food availability indicates a varying access to food and fat storage possibility among females.
Particle interaction in the grinding model
Authors: Goldberg E.L. , Pavlov S.V.
Published: April 2008

A model of grinding with particle interaction taken into account has been constructed. A variant of the interaction has been analyzed which is due to the falling of small particles into the vacancies between the large ones. The particle interaction has been used to explain the formation of a size distribution that has few maxima. Within the scope of the model both the share of the small particles and the ratio of the size corresponding to the maxima are deduced, which both proved to be close to the values observed experimentally. Grinding kinetics have been described by the batch grinding equation with the selection function dependent on the current distribution. Methods of modifying the selection function have been discussed and, for some of them, numerical simulations have been performed.
Sexual behaviour of the Montandon's newt, Triturus montandoni (Boulenger) (Caudata: Salamandridae)
Authors: Pecio Anna , Rafiński Jan
Published: April 2008

In its general pattern the sexual behaviour of Triturus montandoni most resembles that of Triturus helveticus. The courtship consists of three phases: orientation, static display and retreat display, followed by a spermatophore transfer phase. During display the male performs three tail movements: the fan, the whip, and the wave. The relative frequencies of tail movements and the duration of fanning bouts are the main difference between T montandoni, T. helveticus, and T. vulgaris. The phylogenetic relationships between these three species are discussed.
An Improved Method to estimate the Number of Year Rings resorbed in Phalanges of Bufo bufo (L.) and its Application to Populations from Different Latitudes and Altitudes
Authors: Hemelaar Agnes
Published: April 2008

Phalanges of adult Bufo bufo were analysed skelettochronologically. The bone appears to reflect the period of metamorphosis as an hematoxylinophilic line, referred to as the line of metamorphosis. If present, it indicates that periosteal bone has not been resorbed in the toads concerned. These specimens formed the basis for estimating the degree of resorption of year rings in the remaining toads. In 82 up to 100% of the toads from the populations studied, the number of year rings resorbed could be estimated. Resorption of year rings appears to stop, once maturity is reached. Interpopulational and intersexual differences were found in resorption, owing to differences in the age at which maturity was reached. Apart from this, the number of year rings resorbed may vary considerably, both individually and among phalanges. Ignoring resorption of year rings in age determination might produce as much as 75% error.
Feeding Mechanism in the Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus
Authors: Fransen J.A.M. , Kardong K.V. , Dullemeijer P.
Published: April 2008

Cineradiography and electromyography were used to study the strike and swallowing behaviour of the rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus. From the data gathered, we describe the kinetic events of the cranial bones correlated with both the activity of individual jaw muscles (electromyograms) and with the calculated relative forces produced by these same muscles. During the strike, the independently suspended jaws of left and right sides simultaneously protract to erect the folded fangs. This is accompanied by opening of the lower jaws. Some low level activity first appears in the depressor muscles, but immediately thereafter they and all other jaw muscles suddenly and nearly simultaneously reach peak output. From the calculated relative muscle forces, vector models of the jaws were determined for early and peak points in the strike. Swallowing is accomplished by reciprocating alternate motions of bones on the left and right sides of the skull. This produces a swallowing cycle of two phases, moving and fixing. In turn, each phase divides into three parts-opening, advance, close. On the ipsilateral side, opening is characterized by a relaxation of contact of bones and teeth they bear with the prey and the braincase begins rotation about three axes simultaneously. Motions begun in opening, contiue into advance, but now the ipsilateral jaw elements are protracted to progress them along the prey. As protraction ends, the jaws again come into contact with the prey to establish the close part of the moving phase of swallowing. After a pause, the fixing phase begins while opposite jaw elements now take their turn to progress through similar displacements. During this fixing phase ipsilateral elements arc often further retracted. Emphasis is given to the complicated rotations of the braincase which contribute first to disengagement of teeth and second to advancement of suspended jaw elements around and along the prey. Most muscles reached peak output during one of the two swallowing phases, although the timing and intensity of these peaks varied between muscles. The relative muscle forces were used to construct vector models of the jaws during stages of swallowing. Upon these vector models and from the overall patterns of activity, determination was made of the likely roles played by individual muscles in abduction, protraction, and adduction of jaw elements. Muscles, besides being basic movers of the jaw elements, apparently also play critical parts in stabilizing and regulating the controlled positioning of bones.
Distress Calls in Neotropical Frogs
Authors: Hödl Walter , Gollmann Günter
Published: April 2008

Large neotropical hylid and leptodactylid frogs frequently emit loud distress calls under hand held conditions. In spite of remarkable similarities in the production and structure (i.e. spectral energy distribution, short rise and fall times) of these calls, distinct differences between the screams of the ten species studied were found. The percentage of adult individuals producing distress calls is high in Leptodactylus pentadactylus (60%), Hyla lanciformis (55%) and Hyla boans (42%). Screaming is far more common in large neotropical species than in their similar sized counterparts in Europe and North America. It appears improbable that distress calls in frogs have evolved as intraspecific warning signals. Startling an attacking predator and attraction of secondary predators capable of interfering with a threatening raptor are discussed as possible functions of distress calls.
Plasma proteins and morphology of Salamandra salamandra in Israel
Authors: Degani Gad
Published: April 2008

Differences between three isolated populations of Salamandra salamandra were examined in this study. It is based on 369 adult specimens which were measured for length and weight. The yellow markings and the quantitative relationship between the black and the yellow areas were compared. Plasma proteins were determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Salamanders from a moist habitat (Tel Dan) are much smaller than salamanders from semi-arid habitats (Mt. Meron and Mt. Carmel). The colour pattern typical of the Lebanese S. s. infraimmaculata was found in all the Israeli populations, whereas colour patterns typical of the European S. s. salamandra were not found in them. The plasma proteins of the Israeli salamanders are very similar to those of the Lebanon (Gasser, 1975) and differ greatly from those of the European S. s. salamandra. These results indicate that the Israeli salamander populations should be arranged taxonomically with S. s. infraimmaculata.
Mise en Évidence d'une Activité Nocturne chez le Serpent Méditerranéen Elaphe scalaris (Ophidia, Colubridae)
Authors: Cheylan Marc
Published: April 2008

33 observations réalisées dans la nature démontrent l'existence d'une activité nocturne régulière chez le serpent méditerranéen Elaphe scalaris jusqu'à présent considéré comme exclusivement diurne. Ces sorties nocturnes apparaissent sur l'ensemble du cycle annuel mais s'intensifient à la fin de l'été et en automne avec une participation plus marquée des juvéniles.
Ecological and Ethological Parameters in Anolis bahorucoensis, a Species Having Rudimentary Development of the Dewlap
Authors: Fitch Henry S. , Henderson Robert W.
Published: April 2008

Anolis b. bahorucoensis is a slender lizard, endemic to Hispaniola, that inhabits the deep shade of the forest understory. Unlike most anoles, the male has only a weakly developed dewlap, an organ important in courtship and territorial displays (and species' recognition). At least some populations of A. b. bahorucoensis are brilliantly colored with a gaudy, contrasting pattern. Experiments conducted in the field indicate that A. b. bahorucoensis is subject to intense predation pressure from at least two large common predatory congeners, A. coelestinus and A. cybotes. These two species occurring in syntopy with A. b. bahorucoensis probably assure that every individual of the latter species is constantly in danger, from several directions simultaneously, and can only survive by instantaneous escape responses, and other anti-predator strategies, that demand priority over every other kind of activity.
Random mating by size in a population of common toads (Bufo bufo)
Authors: Robertson Jeremy G.M. , Höglund Jacob
Published: April 2008

The mating system of a population of individually marked common toads (Bufo bufo) was studied during two years at a pond on the island Öland, southern Sweden. The mating system can be described as explosive breeding with scramble competition for mates. Males outnumbered females by approximately 2:1 and competed for the possession of females by guarding them prior to spawning and by displacing already paired males. Data on displacement patterns showed that smaller males were displaced more often than larger males. However, successful males were not larger than the male they displaced. Furthermore, thc mean size of spawning males was not different from the population mean and the size distribution of spawning males did not differ from the size distribution expected by chance. No size assortion could be detected among spawning pairs. Female fecundity showed a strong correlation with increasing body size. Males of all sizes showed capability of fertilizing all eggs of any female. Females apparently did not choose their mates. Though males would enhance their reproductive success by mating with large and more fecund females, this scenario was probably hampered due to a short breeding season and an operational sex ratio close to 2: 1.
Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata in the Mátra mountains (Hungary): New data on distribution and hybridization (Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae)
Authors: Gollmann Günter
Published: April 2008

Fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombina and B. variegata) were collected at eight locations in the Mátra mountains and subjected to morphological examinations and electrophoretic investigations of nine enzymes encoded by twelve presumptive loci. Both species occurred together at one place. Another site was inhabited exclusively by B. bombina, while only B. variegata was found at the other localities. Analysis of variation at four marker loci revealed varying degrees of introgression of alien alleles in all populations. Individuals of hybrid origin prevail in most of the B. variegata samples. At Idh-1 and Aat B. variegata exhibits polymorphism for both those electromorphs fixed in northern Carpathian populations of this species and those characteristically found in western parts of its range.
Descripcion de la Larva de Elachistocleis bicolor (Valenciennes, 1838) (Anura: Microhylidae)
Authors: Williams Jorge D. , Gudynas Eduardo
Published: April 2008

Nine tadpoles of Elanchistocleis bicolor from Uruguay are described and figured. Main characters are a globular body; oral disc with two ventral projecting flaps, with a medial notch, and denticulate edges; spiracle reotal in position and to the left of a midventral anal tube; and width of dorsal fin to width of ventral fin 1:1. The tadpole is similar to that of other Elachistocleis: E. ovalis and E. surinamensis. After comparisons with tadpoles of other related genera, Dermatonotus and Elachistocleis appeared to have a symplesiomorphic condition (aquatic development), while Myersiella and Synapturanus presented a synapomorphy (terrestrial development), Synapturanus also having an autapomorphic condition (vestigial fins).
Migrations de la tortue verte Chelonia mydas dans l'Océan Indien Sud-Ouest observées à partir des marquages sur les sites de ponte Europa et Tromelin (1970-1985)
Authors: Hughes Georges R. , Le Gall Jean-Yves
Published: April 2008

Le bilan du programme de marquage des tortues vertes Chelonia mydas dans l'Océan Sud-Ouest s'établit ainsi: Europa (1970-1985) 4 843 marquages, 15 recaptures internationales; Tromelin (1971-1984) 3 766 marquages, 12 recaptures internationales. Ces vingt-sept recaptures montrent un encerclement total de Madagascar par les femelles marquées sur les deux sites de ponte. Un résultat original est le changement de site par une femelle.
Sex Ratio, Population Density and Home Range of the Desert Monitor (Varanus griseus) in the Southern Coastal Plain of Israel
Authors: Stanner Michael , Mendelssohn Heinrich
Published: April 2008

During a two-year study of the desert monitor (Varanus griseus) in a sand dune area south of the greater Tel Aviv area 21 adult monitors (8 males and 13 females) were captured and marked. Nine of the above monitors were equipped with radio transmitters, and were followed telemetrically for one year. The telemetered monitors maintained definite home ranges: 0.984 ± 0.165 km2, n = 4 for males and 0.319 ± 0.18 km2, n = 5 for females. The home range areas increased with the number of locations, reaching maxima after 30-70 locations. A considerable overlap of home ranges, between and within sexes, indicated that the species is not territorial. Varanus griseus forages over distances of 2 km or more. These forays often take the lizard through several habitats: unstabilized dunes, dense vegetation, construction areas, ruderal areas and a municipal garbage dump. A sex ratio of 1:1.6 (males:females) differs from that found in many previous Varanus studies.
Social behaviour, call repertory and variation in the calls of the pool frog, Rana lessonae (Anura: Ranidae)
Authors: Schneider Hans , Mahmoud Mohamad Radwan Nasr
Published: April 2008

At a pond in Kottenforst, Bonn, West Germany, the calling period of the water frog Rana lessonae began on the first of May and ended by the end of June, 1983. The population is of the mixed type: 80-85 % of the individuals are classified as R. lessonae, the rest as R. esculenta. The reproductive period is subdivided into 3 successive phases: pre-spawning, spawning and post-spawning. Various exogenous factors, such as temperature, rainfall and sunlight, influence the reproductive period, and they particularly affect calling activity. The male frogs do not produce mating calls when the water temperature is below 14°C, or above 26°C. Female frogs prefer sunny places in the water during the spawning phase. Sexual activity is more intense in male R. lessonae than in male R. esculenta. Medium- and large-size male R. lessonae are more successful than small males in choosing suitable territories and in maintaining of amplexus with females. Male R. lessonae give four basic types of calls-mating call, two territorial calls and release call-and in addition two transitional calls. The basic types are given throughout the calling period, whereas the transitional calls are not. An increase in water temperature induces a decrease in call duration, intercall interval and pulse-group duration of the mating call. On the other hand, the frequencies and the repetition rate of the pulse groups are raised. Similarly, the duration of both territorial calls decreases at higher water temperatures, whereas their dominant frequencies are subjected to a notable increase. Body size has a prominent effect on the mating call. The number of pulses per pulse group and the different frequencies of the call decrease with increasing male body length. The lower pitch in the mating call produced by medium- and large-size males is assumed to play a role in their mating-success. The repetition rate of pulses and the dominant frequency in the territorial calls decrease as the body size of the frogs increases.
Tail break rate in the madeiran lizard (Podarcis dugesii)
Authors: Völkl Wolfgang , Brandl Roland
Published: April 2008

In the madeiran lizard, Podarcis dugesii (Milne-Edwards, 1829) adult animals force juveniles to use pessimal habitats with few escape sites. Consequently, juvenile individuals in populations with a high density show the highest rate of tail breaks.
Variation and systematics in the colubrid snakes of the genus Hydromorphus
Authors: Donnelly Maureen A. , Savage Jay M.
Published: April 2008

Newly collected material (26 specimens) of the snake genus Hydromorphus substantially extends the known variation in cephalic plates, chin shields, mental groove development, segmental counts and colouration. Variation in head shield seems to be associated with the semi-aquatic habits of these snakes. Variation in chin shields and a tendency for reduction of the mental groove may reflect a shift in diet from large to small prey items. Hydromorphus clarki Dunn, 1942, is placed in the synonymy of Hydromorphus concolor Peters, 1859; Hydromorphus dunni Slevin, 1942, from southwestern Panama is considered a valid species; H. concolor is recorded from Guatemala for the first time and ranges from there southward through Central America to central Panama. The latter species is oviparous.
An early description of a member of the genus Phelsuma (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), with comments on names erroneously applied to Uroplatus fimbriatus
Authors: Russell Anthony P. , Bauer Aaron M.
Published: April 2008

In the course of a review of the gekkonid genus Uroplatus some early descriptions of lizards subsequently ascribed to this genus were found to be inappropriate. The "salamanders" of Feuillée (1714) and Seba (1735) are not gekkonids at all, but accompanying illustrations, which do not agree with the textual descriptions, exhibit some gekkonid characteristics. This probably accounts for subsequent confusion. The Sarroubé of Lacépède (1788), however, is gekkonid and represents an early description of a member of the genus Phelsuma. Subsequent confusion with Uroplatus has obscured recognition of the key characteristics of the Sarroubé, and it was not until 1825 that the genus Phelsuma was formally recognized.
Field-data on the madagascan flat tailed tortoise Pyxis (Acinixys) planicauda
Authors: Kuchling G. , Bloxam Q.M.C.
Published: April 2008

During 1985 a population of Pyxis planicauda was studied in the forest of Amborompotsy in Western Madagascar. The habitat is a deciduous forest in a hot, semiarid climate. Observations are reported concerning morphometric data, growth, changes of colour and marking pattern, and foraging activities. Active tortoises are only found during the rainy season. The continuing forest destruction is a serious threat for the survival of P. planicauda which could not be found in farmland or anthropogenicsavanna-grassland.
Effects of moderately high temperature on the testis of the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus
Authors: Fraile Benito , Paniagua Ricardo , Saez Francisco J. , Rodriguez Marina C.
Published: April 2008

In order to investigate the effects of a moderately high temperature on testicular function in urodele amphibians, marbled newts (Triturus marmoratus) wcrc collected from thc field and killed at the end of each period of their spermategenetic cyle; these were: germ cell proliferation up to round spermatids (June), spermiogenesis (September), and the early (December) and late (March) periods of testicular quiescence. The testes of these animals were studied by light microscopy and compared with those of newts which were killed at the same dates and had been exposed previously to moderately high temperatures (30°C) for 1 or 3 months. The results of quantitative studies indicatc that: (1) exposure to high temperatures (for 3 months but not for 1 month) induces germ cell development up to round spermatids during the early phase of testicular quiescence; (2) this temperature has no effect in the period of germ cell proliferation up to round spermatids; and (3) high temperatures inhibit (exposure for 3 months) or decrease (exposure for I month) spermiogenesis during the spermiogenesis period.
Habitat partitioning and spatial organization in a lizard community of the Sonoran desert, Mexico
Authors: González-Romero A. , Ortega A. , Barbault R.
Published: April 2008

The spatial structure of a desert lizard community located in the state of Sonora, N.E. Mexico, was studied in October 1982 and June 1983. The community is composed of 17 species, and we analyzed the habitat partitioning and microhabitat utilization of 12 species recorded along two transects. We found that habitat and microhabitat selection plays a determining role in organizing this lizard community and its ecological meaning is discussed.
Larval diets of two anuran species, Pelodytes punctatus and Bufo bufo, in SW Spain
Authors: Diaz-Paniagua Carmen
Published: April 2008

Diets of both species studied were basically composed of algae and detritus. For Pelodytes punctatus, other food types exhibited minor contributions to the diet. For Bufo bufo, phanerogams reached considerable proportions too and the frequency of animals may be considered noteworthy if related to other species in the area. Morphologically they seem to be both conditioned to bottom dwelling rather than to the use of water column.
Contribution à la recherche des homologies dans la région cervicale de l'embryon de lézard vert (Lacerta viridis, Laur.) et de l'embryon d'orvet (Anguis fragilis, L.)
Authors: Raynaud Albert , Renous Sabine , Gasc Jean-Pierre , Clergue-Gazeau Monique
Published: April 2008

L'étude du squelette d'embryons à terme et de nouveau-nés d'orvet (Anguis fiagilis, L.) et de lézard vert (Lacerta viridis, Laur.) montre une constance dans les rapports entre la scapula et un segment vertébral précis. Ceci conduit à admettre que la 3e vertèbre cervicale de l'orvet est homologue à la 5e vertèbre cervicale du lézard vert. La région cervicale de l'orvet comporterait donc 6 vertèbres et celle du lézard vert, 8. L'étude histologique de jeunes embryons de ces deux espèces suggère que 2 somites supplémentaires prennent part, chez l'orvet, à la formation de la plaque parachordale. Ceci expliquerait la différence de 2 vertèbres trouvée au niveau de la région cervicale. Chez l'orvet, comme chez le lézard vert, le nerf hypoglosse est formé par les 5 racines ventrales des premiers nerfs occipitaux. Chez Lacerta viridis, le premier nerf spinal, qui peut ici être considéré comme un premier nerf cervical, rejoint pour partie l'hypoglosse; par contre, chez Anguis fragilis, ce nerf est incorporé à la région occipitale et gagne seulement la région de l'ébauche du membre antérieur.
A new dwarf-snake (Eirenis) from Lake Van in eastern Turkey
Authors: Schmidtler Josef F. , Lanza Benedetto
Published: April 2008

Eirenis thospitis n. sp. is described from Van in eastern Turkey, where it was collected on a dry mountain steppe habitat about 2000 m above sea level. The large-sized new taxon belongs to the collaris-group and is characterized by 15 dorsals around midbody, a short tail and the lack of dark transverse bands on pileus and neck.
Foraging mode in lacertid lizards: variation and correlates
Authors: Perry G. , Lampl I. , Lerner A. , Rothenstein D. , Shani E. , Sivan N. , Werner Y.L.
Published: April 2008

Foraging strategy was observed in five species of Israeli lacertid lizards in the field. Acanthodactylus scutellatus is a sit-and-wait strategist, whereas A. boskianus, A. schreiberi, Lacerta laevis and Mesalina guttulata forage widely. However, the actual values differed from those reported by Huey and Pianka (1981) for Kalahari lacertids, possibly indicating the existence of a continuum of foraging modes. Foraging intensity (proportion of time spent moving or frequency of moves) is positively correlated to relative tail length, and negatively correlated to relative clutch mass. Additional possible correlates are discussed, and some cautionary remarks added.
Reproduction of yellow-bellied toads Bombina variegata in a man-made habitat
Authors: Barandun J.
Published: April 2008

A breeding population of Bombina variegata-a prolonged breeder, spawning predominantly in temporary pools-was studied in a Swiss gravel-pit in 1985. During the study, the number of pools and ponds varied from 10 to 23, as a result of drought and exploitation. No significant loss of tadpoles because of pool drying was found. Spawning was observed from 6 May to 9 August. No distinct calling or spawning periods were found, although the activities varied markedly among breeding pools. There was a turnover in males and females during the whole breeding season. Mate choice was not size-selective, and in several pools there was no correlation between calling and mating. The results contrast with observations in other Bombina variegata populations. It is concluded that in populations living in artificial habitats, essential behavioral adaptations to a temporary environment may not be expressed.
Tail base glands in European plethodontid salamanders with some comments on their biological and phylogenetic significance
Authors: Brizzi R. , Calloni C. , Delfino G.
Published: April 2008

Both the males and females of Speleomantes flavus, S. genei, S. imperialis and S. supramontis possess gland clusters in the dorsal skin of the tail base, consisting of large, closely contiguous, serous or mixed units. Structural and ultrastructural investigations revealed consistent homogeneous features in the glands from the four species and obvious homologies between these and the serous and mixed cutaneous glands of the back skin. Seasonal changes were not observed in the secretory activity of the tail base glands. It is suggested on the basis of these findings that tail base glands play a role possibly involving defensive strategies or, alternatively, the production of pheromone-like substances which may help the animals to recognize each other. The occurrence of tail base glands in both plethodontid subfamilies and respective tribes, found in the present study and bibliographical data, is regarded as a symplesiomorphy. Further suggestions on the phylo. genetic significance of this anatomical character may, however, be derived from its distinctive occurrence and functional role in the various plethodontid groups. Present findings suggest that tail base glands represent a plesiomorphous character in the Speleomantes species observed, whereas the condition of these gland clusters, described in some New World Plethodontidae, is assumed as a synaphomorphy.
Orientation and homing behavior as a measure of affinity for the home range in two species of Iguanid lizards
Authors: Guyer Craig
Published: April 2008

The relationship between home range affinity and homing ability was studied in Phrynosoma douglassi and Sceloporus graciosus in southeastern Idaho. Movement patterns for P. douglassi were typical of an animal moving from one site of activity to other sites, whereas S. graciosus movements were typical of an animal using a single site of activity. Only S. graciosus was able to orient towards the home range when displaced, indicating an affinity for this site. Adult S. graciosus oriented and homed more consistently than did juveniles. P. douglassi did not orient homeward when displaced and returned less frequently than did S. graciosus. Recapture locations along with data regarding homeward orientation and homing indicate that P. douglassi has a lesser affinity than does S. graciosus for the home range. Some gravid females of both species left the home range to deposit eggs or young and later returned. Use of areas outside the home range for egg-laying and birthing and movements out of the home range resulting from chases by predators may represent natural means of displacement that select for homing behavior. Because most lizards experience only short displacements during their life histories, long distance homing reported for snakes, turtles, and salamanders is absent.
Reproducción de Psammodromus hispanicus en una arenal costero del nordeste ibérico
Authors: Carretero M.A. , Llorente G.A.
Published: April 2008

; The reproduction of a population of Psammodromus hispanicus was studied on a coastal sand area of NE Spain and compared with other populations. Sexual maturity is reached in the first spring, and there are no subadults. Reproductive activity occurs in March to July. The beginning of reproduction depends on the spring temperature increase but the end is produced by an endogenous rhythm. Eggs size, clutch size and length of the hatchlings are very close to those of other populations. The major difference is that a second clutch can be laid by the largest females. This is the first such record in the species.
Observations on Aspideretes nigricans, a semi-domesticated endemic turtle from eastern Bangladesh
Authors: Farid Ahsan Md , Nurul Haque Md , Fugler Chalres M.
Published: April 2008

Data are given on aspccts of the biology of Aspideretes nigricans, a turtle whose distribution is confined to a religious shrine in Bangladesh. These data may provide a biological base on which more detailed studies of this rare species might be initiated.
Dental morphology of the cannibal morph in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum
Authors: Pedersen Scott C.
Published: April 2008

Cannibalistic behavior is accompanied by a robust dental and skeletal polymorphism in cannibal tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum. This study describes the dental polymorphism in terms of hypertrophy, recurvature, and surface detail as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Vomerine and dentary teeth in cannibals are longer than those of non-cannibals of the same head size. While cannibals exhibit recurved teeth on each dentigerous bone, straight peg-like teeth appear occasionally. Conversely, isolated recurved teeth may be present in non-cannibals. No consistent differences between cannibal and noncannibal teeth with respect to the surface geography of the pedicel, shaft, or pedicel shaft junction were observed. Hypertrophy of the horizontally ankylosed vomerine teeth is associated with a distortion of the underlying vomer. This suggests that alterations in odontogenesis may effect changes in the morphogenesis of underlying dentigerous bones. Differential rates of development (heterochrony) between the skull (dentigerous bones) and the dentition may be a characteristic feature in the evolution of cranial morphology in cannibal tiger salamanders.
Condrocráneo y esqueleto visceral en larvas de Cycloramphus stejnegeri (Leptodactylidae)
Authors: Lavilla E.O.
Published: April 2008

n. Se describe el condrocráneo de Cycloramphus stejnegeri en base a larvas en el estadio 31 de la tabla de Gosner (1960). Se destacan, entre otros, la presencia de un proceso dorsal anterior (no reportado en otras larvas conocidas) en el ala del suprarrostral, la escasa condrificación del esqueleto y la ausencia de algunas estructuras, tales como el proceso ótico y el proceso cuadrado-etmoidal.
Courtship and mating of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)
Authors: Kofron Christopher P.
Published: April 2008

Courtship and mating of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) were studied in a seasonal river in Zimbabwe. Courtship and mating occurred from late June through mid August (the coldest months), which was in the dry season when crocodiles were confined to pools. There was a shared basking ground and shared courtship-mating arena, with group courtship by young adult males, but time-partitioning of the arena by the larger bulls. After courting and mating the individuals came ashore to bask and sleep. Various head postures and displays were used during courtship and submissive behaviour.