bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Loading Method of Multi-Factor Durability Test about Concrete in the Atmospheric Environment
Authors: Niu Jian Gang , Li Bo Xiao , Zhang Zhen
Published: December 2012

Damage and degradation of the concrete structure is based on the combination of the mechanical and environmental factors (double or multiple), so the durability of the concrete structure is a very complicated research subject. The key of the multi-factor durability test of concrete under load is how to choose the loading device. In this paper, the adopted loading device which is suitable for the multi-factor durability test of concrete in the atmosphere environment is determined by analyzing the force principle of different loading systems and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various loading methods. So far, inland and aboard, the valuation about durability of concrete structure and service life, and also the improving measures are basically based on the research about single environment factor. While it is not conform to reality that the actual engineering bears the damage of multiple factors, mechanics, environmental change and the interaction among them. In fact, concrete structure is not only a structure that operates under different environment factors mixed, also a supporting load structure. Therefore, it is more realistically to reflect the damage of engineering structures suffered by carrying out the study about the loads of concrete multi-factor durability. The using dosage of concrete in engineering construction in our country is ranking in the world, most of the concrete structures including bridges, dams and other important projects are directly exposed to the atmosphere environment, corroded by CO2 and acid rain. Besides, the load always exists during the using process in actual structures, it is lacking of sufficient data to prove whether the structure stress state aggravate the degradation process of materials under the environment. So it is necessary to study the durability of concrete structure under loading in general atmospheric environment. The appropriate loading devices must be had for doing the test of loading concrete which carbonized or eroded by acid-rain. Firstly, the load applied should be the most common form in the structures. The researchers used to selecting bending load, because structure bending component can apply tensile stress to one side of concrete samples and apply compression stress to another side. Secondly, due to the limited volume of test boxes such as the carbonization tank, a loading device which have small volume and can not be affected by temperature changes and corrosive solution should be selected to assure the quantity and quality of the experiments. Besides, loading devices must have enough load precision, and considering the concrete samples are ponderous, so loading devices shall be as simple as possible to use.
Effects of Aeration on Nitrogen and Phosphate Removal with A2O Process
Authors: Li Yong Feng , Yang Jian Yu , Zhang Guo Cai
Published: December 2012

A2O process is shortened form Anaerobic-Anoxic-Aerobic process, which can achieve carbon, nitrogen and phosphate removal, is widely used for its low cost and high efficiency. The Experiment using a 52.15 L anaerobic-anoxic- aerobic (A2O) reactor with simulate synthetic wastewater, by adjusting the aeration of Aerobic units, observing the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal under different dissolved oxygen(DO). The result of the whole operation show that the system can not keep a high TN removal efficiency under high aeration, and the low aeration made the system a significant decline in nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
Properties of Heat Treatment Alkaline Pulping Black Liquor
Authors: Xie Cheng Hui , Yang Rui Feng , Lu Jie , Liu Yan Jun
Published: December 2012

For a large-scale industrial separations and purifications of the lignin in the alkaline pulping, we use aluminum chloride as a catalyst to heat the alkaline pulping black liquor, in order to discuss effects in the nature of high temperature heat treatment process in the alkaline pulping black liquor and aluminum chloride on the nature of alkaline pulping black liquor. The results show that temperature increased and the lignin and carbohydrate content increased and the solids content and pH decreased in the high temperature heat treatment process. When joining the catalyst aluminum chloride, lignin, carbohydrates, solids content and pH value were increased, and increased with increasing amount of aluminum chloride. It proves that the Aluminum chloride plays a big role in the process of the alkaline pulping black liquor heat treatment. It will provide some theoretical basis of the heat treatment of alkaline pulping black liquor.
Effect of Sericin Protein on Growth of Hydroxyapatite over Surface of Silk Fibers Using Simulated Body Fluid
Authors: Sukjai Onanong , Asanithi Piyapong , Limsuwan Pichet , Limsuwan Supanee
Published: December 2012

Crystal of hydroxyapatite (HAp) was grown on silk fibers using simulated body fluid (SBF) at a temperature of 37 °C. Effect of SBF concentrations and sericin protein on the growth of HAp crystals on the silk fiber was discussed. The results showed that sericin protein was an important parameter to induce HAp crystals. Furthermore, the crystal was grown perfectly for both 1.0 and 1.5  standard SBF concentrations but difference in HAp crystal size. Sericin protein may lower nucleation barrier and high surface area to absorb SBF for HAp nucleation. These results may be a new research topic on HAp crystallization using protein as a seed. It may lead to further improvement and applied for many HAp-based biomaterial applications.
Superconducting Properties of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2-xDyxCu3Oy Prepared via Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Azhan H. , Hawa J.S. , Azman K. , Hidayah H.N. , Yusainee S.Y.S.
Published: December 2012

The samples with nominal composition of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca 2-xDyx Cu3Oy where x = 0.000, 0.025, 0.050, 0.100 and 0.200 were prepared by the co-precipitation (COP) method. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity measurement and critical current density. The critical current density (JC) and superconductivity transition temperature (TC) of Dy substituted were found to be lower than the Dy-free sample. The TC values vary between 100 K and 75 K toward Dy concentration due to a small change of carrier concentration. The highest TC in Dy-doped sample was found at 96 K in x = 0.025. The JC decreased towards Dy substitution, and it was measured to be 5751.2 mA/cm2 in Dy-free and 3769.8 mA/cm2 in x = 0.025 at 77 K. XRD analysis showed the substitutions of Dy reduced the volume fraction of the 2223 phase and increased the volume fraction of the 2212 phase. The proportion of Bi-2223/Bi-2212 (%) were estimated from 76.74/23.26 in Dy free to 18.90/81.10 in x = 0.200.
Adsorption of Benzene from Aqueous Solution Using Base Modified Expanded Perlite
Authors: Appiah-Ntiamoah Richard , Mai Xuan Thang , Momade Francis W.Y. , Kim Hern
Published: December 2012

In this study, the adsorption capacity of expanded perlite (EP) for benzene at low concentrations in water was investigated after EP was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). IR spectra used to characterize the modified EP showed that there was no bonding between NaOH and the hydroxyl groups on the surface of EP. However, the NaOH provided a basic medium for negatively charged surface oxide ions (-SO-) to form on EP. This fact was corroborated by pH readings of the modification solution. This reduced in pH from 10 to 9 at the end of the reaction which indicated that the hydroxyl OH- groups on the EP underwent deprotonation and hence releases H+ into the solution, and also positive sites on EP adsorbed OH- ions from the base solution. Mahir et al. in their paper Zeta potential of unexpanded and expanded perlite samples in various electrolyte media confirmed that EP has no isoelectric point and exhibits negative zeta potential in the pH range of 2-11. The surface oxides (-SO-) were believed to have given EP it adsorptive potential. Adsorption isotherm values correlated reasonably well with the Langmuir isotherm model and it parameters (qo and K) were obtained using linear regression analysis. A maximum adsorption capacity (qo) value of 19.42 mg/g was achieved.
Ultrafine Web Formation from Bee’s Sweet Treasure
Authors: Vadodaria Ketankumar , STYLIOS George
Published: December 2012

Bees’ treasure “honey” is widely used in food, healthcare and cosmetic sectors. Manuka honey (MH) is a special honey derived by honey bees from the manuka tree. MH exhibits unique antibacterial activity called unique manuka factor (UMF). Honey is consumed mostly as liquid or dry powder. In the present study, MH was electrospun into fibre by blending it with polyethylene oxide (PEO). New ultrafine fibrous morphology of MH will widen its potential field of application and method of end use. The Manuka honey and PEO (MHPEO) blended electrospun fibre mats were observed under SEM to study fibre morphology. The effects of various solution parameters like MH/PEO ratio, viscosity, conductivity, surface tension etc. on MHPEO electrospun fibre morphology are also established. Effect of process parameters like feed rate, needle to collector distance (NTCD), applied voltage (app. volt.) etc. on 15% MHPEO (15MHPEO) fibre morphology are also determined. SEM observation revealed that smooth and unmerged fibres were obtained from PEO solution. More merged and thicker MHPEO fibres were obtained with increase in MH content as well as feed rate and decrease in app volt as well as NTCD. Electrospun mats were analysed using FTIR and DSC. FTIR curves showed characteristic peaks related to both PEO and MH in 15MHPEO mat. DSC curves showed shift of melting point towards lower temperature with increase in MH proportion. UV-vis spectra of PEO and MHPEO solutions were also studied.
Lumina: A Responsive Luminous Material for Architectural Skins Design
Authors: Khoo Chin Koi , Burry Jane , Burry Mark
Published: December 2012

This research explores the potential for developing responsive composite materials with sensing, kinetic and luminous capacity for application in the design of responsive architectural morphing skins. We integrate sensing devices and building skin as one 'integrated' entity, eliminating the need to embed discrete components in a vulnerable system. This investigation develops and explores the properties and performance of a new material, Lumina for application as a lightweight, flexible and economical luminous architectural skin that responds to proximity and lighting stimuli. The design exploration uses silicone rubber, glow pigments, embedded physical computational and shape change material. It is controlled using parametric design processes.
Performance Study of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) in Order to Power Quality Improvement
Authors: Hakimzadeh Mojtaba , Sedaghati Reza
Published: December 2012

Power quality has become an increasingly important topic in the performance of many industrial applications. One of the major issues in improving power quality in distribution networks is the mitigation of voltage sags. Voltage sag can be mitigated by voltage and power injections into the distribution system using Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The DVR is a powerful controller that is commonly used for voltage sags mitigation at the point of connection. This paper describes of modeling and analysis of DVR. Different types of faults are applied for DVR in distribution network and the responses of the system for these disturbances are examined. Simulation results obtained in PSCAD/EMTDC also prove that the DVR can mitigate voltage sag and protect bus bar voltage from various types of faults.
Generation of a Test Reference Year (TRY): An Application to the Town of Palermo
Authors: Sorrentino Giancarlo , Ferrante Patrizia , Franzitta Vincenzo , La Gennusa Maria , Nicolosi Stefania , Scaccianoce Gianluca , Viola Alessia
Published: December 2012

The improvement of the energy efficiency of buildings calls for the availability of tools for evaluating and simulating the thermal behaviour of buildings, needing as input climatic databases. These databases contain a very large amount of data, resulting in long computational time analysis. Therefore, simple aggregation methods are used, among which the test reference year (TRY). In this paper, a comparison between two statistical methodologies for compiling a TRY, the Belgian and the Sandia methods, is presented. Then, the two methods have been utilized for compiling the TRY for the town of Palermo, Italy, and compared both statistically and by means of two simple applications, obtaining quite different results. Thus, a particular caution in the choice of the method for generating such reduced sets of data is suggested.
Battery Management System Research Based on RS232 and Ethernet
Authors: Zhang Cheng Jun , Zhang Li Chao , Shi Yu Sheng
Published: December 2012

Currently, battery management system is one of the attraction research topics in the battery management technologies. This paper researches a battery management system based on RS232 and Ethernet, which provides the managers manage the remote batteries in the comfortable and large office. It greatly betters the workers working environment and lights the labor strength. Arm as the kernel of the management system, which is programmed by the real-time operate system uc/os. Through analyzing the requirement of the battery management, hardware system and software system are designed by the thought of layering. The layering thought builds the management system, which can be amended to adapt to the other management. It provides the flexible for the battery management system.
Photoluminescence of Er3+: PbO - B2O3 - TeO2 Glass under 650nm Excitation Wavelength
Authors: Nurbaisyatul E.S. , Azman K. , Azhan H. , Noranizah A.
Published: December 2012

Erbium doped borotellurite glass has been identified as one of the most potential candidate for optical applications due to their excellent in physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the optical properties by mean of their UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopic of the Er3+ doped borotellurite glass. In this work, erbium doped borotellurite glass, (80-x)TeO2-10 B2 O3-10PbO-xEr2O3, where 0.5 mol % x 2.0 mol % has been successfully fabricated by using melt-quenched techniques. The glass obtained is in good quality since it shows no sign of devitrification. The glass sample has undergone some physical and optical measurements. From the XRD results, it confirms that the glass is in amorphous nature. Meanwhile, it is found that the density of the glass sample increases from 4.4187 gcm-3 to 4.5769 gcm-3 with respect to Er content. For the optical properties, the absorption spectra were measured by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer in the range 400-900 nm interval. From the absorption spectra, the 650 nm excitation wavelength is found to be the most predominant peaks. From the photoluminescence spectra, five significant emission peaks have been observed where by four of them is in the visible regions which is corresponds to 440 nm, 486 nm, 520 nm and 650 nm wavelength while the other one is in NIR regions at 794 nm. Some other results were also been analyzed and presented.
Multi Response Optimization of Electrical Discharge Machining Process Parameters Using Sintered Copper Electrode
Authors: Balasubramanian P. , Senthilvelan Thiyagarajan
Published: December 2012

In this study, input parameters of Electrical Discharge machining (EDM) process have been optimised for two different materials EN-8 and Die steel-D3 were machined by using sintered copper electrode. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to study the influences of process parameters viz: - peak current, pulse on time, di-electric pressure and diameter of electrode on material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR) for both materials. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been applied to optimise the multi responses in order to get maximum MRR, minimum TWR and minimum SR. Furthermore, mathematical model has been formulated to estimate the corresponding output responses for both work pieces. It has been observed that compared to EN 8 material, the MRR value is low and TWR is high for D3 material. However the SR value is marginally lower than obtained in EN8.R2 value is above 0.90 for both work pieces.
The Research of Ship’s Electric Fields Characteristic wih Different Number of Compensatory Anode
Authors: Bian Qiang , Liu Yi , Xiao Liang Fen
Published: December 2012

For ensuring the life and security of ship, electric fields protection has been used for a long time. The common method of electric fields protection is equipping compensatory anode on the ship and adding a current which can been controlled to it. The electric fields is different when the number of compensatory anode is different. This paper establish a mathematical model of a ship with compensatory, and then analyze the ship’s electric fields when the number of compensatory anode is different. and attain how compensatory anode number affect ship’s electric fields protection.
Three-Phase Induction Motor Modeling and Control Based on the EL Equation
Authors: Xiang Hao , Wang Jiu He , Ma Yu Ling , Yang Dong Ying
Published: December 2012

The Euler-Lagrange (EL) model of the three-phase induction motor is set up based on the mathematical model of the three-phase induction motor in the two-phase static coordinate. The passivity and dissipativity of the three-phase induction motor are studied by EL model. Based on the passivity of induction motor, the passivity-based controller of system is designed with the method of damping injection under the conditions of the stator flux oriented.The system simulation model of the three-phase induction motor is established under MATLAB/Simulink environment. The Simulation results show that the passivity-based controller designed with the method of damping injection under the conditions of the stator flux orientedis feasible.
Buckling of Simply Supported Piezoelectric FGM Plates Subjected to Electro-Mechanical Loading Using Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory
Authors: Bajoria Kamal M. , Jadhav Priyanka A.
Published: December 2012

This paper investigates the stability analysis of plates made of functionally graded material (FGM) and integrated with piezoelectric actuator and sensor at top and bottom face subjected to electrical and mechanical loading. The finite element formulation is presented using degenerated shell element, von-Karman hypothesis, higher-order shear deformation theory and considering the piezoelectric effect. The governing equilibrium equation is derived using the principle of minimum energy and solution for critical buckling load is obtained by solving Eigen value problem. The material properties of the FGM plates are assumed to be graded along the thickness direction according to simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fraction of the constituents, while the poison’s ratio is assumed to be constant. Stability analysis is carried out on simply supported plate made of newly introduced metal based functionally graded material (FGM) i.e. mixture of aluminum and stainless steel which exhibits the two different material properties in single material i.e. high corrosion resistance as well as high strength. Results show that the buckling strength of plate increases with increase in volume fraction indices through the thickness and it can be further improved with the help of piezoelectric effect.
Effect of Dispersant Agent Amount in Colloidal Processing of Zirconia Dental Ceramic
Authors: Amat Noor Faeizah , Muchtar Andanastuti , Yahaya Norziha , Ghazali Mariyam Jameelah
Published: December 2012

The effects of a polyelectrolyte dispersant agent, polyethyleneimine (PEI), on the rheology of zirconia 3Y-TZP suspensions and the densification characteristics of sintered zirconia were investigated. The colloidal processing technique was used to minimize the agglomeration of nanoparticles during the fabrication of the samples. Five batches of 10% zirconia suspensions containing different amounts of PEI at 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 wt% were prepared. The rheological properties of the zirconia suspensions were determined using a rotational viscometer. The optimum amount of PEI that can maximize powders dispersion was determined. The green samples were then prepared using the slip casting process. The samples were densely sintered at a final sintering temperature of 1300 °C. The result revealed that the zirconia suspension with 0.5 wt% PEI was the most optimum amount to obtain a well-dispersed suspension. The sintered density of zirconia 3Y-TZP reached its maximum by adding 0.5 wt% PEI.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Oxalic Acid
Authors: Tadi Kiran Kumar , Motghare Ramani V.
Published: December 2012

Molecular imprinting technology is a convenient approach for preparing synthetic receptors that possesses user defined recognition properties. Oxalic acid imprinted bulk polymer was synthesized by thermal initiated free radical co-polymerization of oxalic acid (template) with two different functional monomers (acrylamide and methacrylic acid) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker, using acetonitrile (porogen) as solvent. Scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectra confirmed the formation of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with acrylamide. The synthesized MIP(ACR) efficiently adsorbed oxalic acid from aqueous solutions. The binding parameters of molecularly imprinted polymer and non-imprinted polymer were compared by Langmuir-Freundlich adsorption (LF) isotherm.
FE-Based Analysis of Heat Bending of Thin-Walled Ti-Alloy Tube with Large Diameter and Small Bending Radius
Authors: Li Heng , Yang He , Wang Dan , Zhang Zhi Yong
Published: December 2012

The numerical control (NC) heat bending of thin-walled Ti-alloy tube with large diameter and small bending radius with Ф50×1×R75mm (diameter OD bending radius CLR) is explored by 3D-FE thermal-mechanical coupling simulation of heat conducting and NC bending. The results show that: (1) The heating of both pressure die and mandrel is proved to be appropriate to obtain the required temperature field. (2) In terms of wall thickness variation, wrinkling and cross-section deformation, the optimum span of the key parameters are obtained: the bending velocity of 0.4rad/s, the matched pressure die speed of 80%-110%, and temperature of 600-800°C.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) - Organo Modified Montmorillonite Nanohybrid; Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Salehabadi Ali , Bakar Mohamad Abu
Published: December 2012

Nano-biohybrid, based on biodegradable polyester, poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and a commercial organo modified montmorillonite (MMT), were prepared by solvent casting technique. Morphology and non-isothermal degradation of PHB and PHB/MMT hybrids were characterized by POM and TG-DTG technique. In the composite materials, an increase MMT loading in the PHB decreased the onset temperature (Tonset) of thermal degradation, while it achieved higher values upon increasing the heating rate. Kissinger plots deduced a trend of the degradation activation energy, Ed, which was related to the agglomeration of MMT. The thermal degradation rate constant, k, was related to the MMT loading in PHB. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the expansion of MMT silicate layers.
The Study on Preparation of Kaolin-Acrylic Super Absorbent Polymer and its Internal Curing Effect in the Hydration Procedure of Cement Materials
Authors: Wang Yan Shuai , Xian Xiang Ping , Xing Feng , Dong Bi Qin
Published: December 2012

In this paper, a new kind of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is designed and prepared. Using sodium persulfate as initiator and N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide as Crosslinker, monomer of acrylic acid can be grafted into the skeleton of natural mineral kaolin with the method of microwave irradiation. The performance of water adsorption for SAP is tested in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution. Also, the internal curing effect of SAP to hydration procedure of cement paste is studied. The result shows that the compressive properties and flexural strength of cement paste specimens in early stage have significant improvement in contrast to those without superabsorbent polymer or excessive or a small amount of superabsorbent polymer, when superabsorbent polymer is accounted for 0.3% to 0.5% of the total cement.
Electron Microstructure Study of ZrO2-CaO-Al2O3 Ceramics Materials
Authors: Li Qing Tian
Published: December 2012

Study microcosmic structure feature of ceramics water-mouth new materials using electron micro analysis, analyze its effect to mechanical properties, prove big or small crystal grains are the main factor affecting materials, the existing of structure defect can improve fracture toughness of materials. In the latest years, in order to solve Al2O3 forming a tumor, we develop ZrO2-CaO-Al2O3 ceramics water mouth new materials whose main composition is ZrO2.[1] The thermal conductivity of this material is low, heating stability is good, chemical properties are stable and it don’t soak with most melting metal, so it obtain good effect in practical application. Reducing Al2O3 phenomenon of forming a tumor happening, which can extend the water mouth using time limit. But this materials’ sintering temperature is high, bending strength and fracture toughness are not good. Immersion water mouth made by the materials will easily occur disruption phenomenon after using a period of time. In order to solve this problem, this essay study microstructure feature of the materials using electron micro analysis, provide scientific basis for improving materials’ quality.
Optimization of Process Parameters in Micro Electro- Discharge Drilling [micro EDM-Drilling]: A Taguchi Approach
Authors: Nirala C.K. , Reddy B. , Saha Probir
Published: December 2012

This paper applies Taguchi methodology to optimize the machining parameters in micro EDM-drilling of copper using a tungsten carbide tool electrode. The experimental design has been applied to find out the optimal combination of process parameters corresponding to maximum material removal rate, minimum over-cut, minimum tool wear ratio and minimum error-in-depth of drilled hole. Orthogonal array and signal-to-noise ratio is employed to optimize the process parameter. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to determine the influence of parameters such as, gap voltage, capacitance, feed rate and spindle rotationof micro EDM-drilling process on the performance measures. From the analysis, it is concluded that gap-voltage and capacitance arethe most significant parameters whereas spindle speed is the least among all.
Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welding of Aa7075 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Elatharasan G. , Senthil Kumar V.S.
Published: December 2012

The heat treatable aluminium alloy AA7075 is used extensively in the aircraft industry because of its high strength to weight ratio and good ductility. In this present study the effect of process parameters on the mechanical and micro-structural properties of AA 7075 joints produced by friction stir welding was analyzed. The two sheets, aligned with perpendicular rolling directions, have been welded successively. The welded sheets have been tested under tension at room temperature in order to analyze the mechanical response with respect to the parent materials. Effects of welding speed and fixed location of base metals on microstructures, hardness distributions, and tensile properties of the welded joints were investigated. Optical microscope and SEM analysis revealed that the stir zone contains a mixed structure and onion ring pattern with a periodic change of grain size as well as a heterogeneous distribution of alloying elements. The maximum tensile strength was achieved for the joint produced at rotation speed of 800rpm and a welding speed of 20 mm/s.
Effect of Filler Metal’s Choice on the Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded AISI 304l
Authors: Ajari Abhishek Babasaheb , Raman Hayagreev , Bhuvanesh V. Ajay Shri , Sriram Manikanta , Ramkumar K. Devendranath , Arivazhagan N. , Narayanan S.
Published: December 2012

In this research work, an attempt has been made to study the weldability of AISI 304L using filler materials ENiCu-7 and ENiCrMo-3 by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. Investigations are carried out on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of AISI 304L weldments. Further, cyclic hot corrosion studies are performed on the various zones of the weldment in air oxidation for 50 cycles at 600 C. Thermogravimetric data is collected at the end of every cycle and the weldments are characterized using XRD analysis.
The Dependency of the Tool Life on the Cutting Speed at the Investigation of the Tool with Specific Geometry
Authors: Monkova Katarina , Hloch Sergej
Published: December 2012

The aim of the paper is to find the dependency of tool life on the cutting speed at investigation of two selected tools with linear cutting edge not parallel with the workpiece axis. The tools differ in their geometry. Conditions of experiments, used equipments and some problems, which are necessary to solve from the standpoint of machining technology with regard to tools are described in the article, too. The experimental obtained data were statistical processed by the method of regression analysis. The results are arranged into the graphical presentation, which enables the comparison of tool life at the same cutting speed and consequently the choice of the most suitable geometry of tool at the machining in specific conditions.
Multi Objective Optimization in Scheduling of FMS Using Roulette Wheel Selection Process
Authors: Sharma Durgesh , Garg Suresh , Sharma Chitra
Published: December 2012

Most of real-life engineering problems are objectives optimization problems. In many cases objectives under consideration conflict with each other and optimizing a particular solution with respect to a single objective can result in unacceptable results with respect to the other.FMS Scheduling problem is considered as one of the most difficult NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. Therefore, determining an optimal schedule and controlling an FMS is considered a difficult task. It is difficult for traditional optimization techniques to provide the best solution. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective genetic algorithm for effectively solving job processing FMS Scheduling problem. An attempt has been made to generate a schedule using Genetic Algorithm with Roulette Wheel Base Selection Process to minimize Total Make Span Time and to maximize machine utilization time.
In-Process Fast Surface Measurement Using Wavelength Scanning Interferometry
Authors: Gao F. , Muhamedsalih H. , Jiang X.
Published: December 2012

A wavelength scanning interferometry system for fast areal surface measurement of micro and nano-scale surfaces which is immune to environmental noise is introduced in this paper. It can be used for surface measurement of discontinuous surface profiles by producing phase shifts without any mechanical scanning process. White light spectral scanning interferometry, together with an acousto-optic tuneable filtering technique, is used to measure both smooth surfaces and those with large step heights. An active servo control system is used to serve as a phase compensating mechanism to eliminate the effects of environmental noise. The system can be used for on-line or in-process measurement on a shop floor.
An Analysis on the Influence of Surface Characteristics and Operating Parameters on the Wear of Hardened AISI 52100
Authors: Kuttikat Josh Joseph , Raghavan Lijin Kottayil , Jose Sonu Poulo , Mana Anil Payyappalli
Published: December 2012

The objective of the research was to analyze the influence of initial roughness on the wear rate of component samples made of bearing steels. AISI 52100 samples were prepared with three different roughness values by varying the depth of cut and feed rate in milling process. Dry reciprocating wear tests were performed under the same laboratory conditions and at different loads and sliding speeds. A fractional factorial approach with one-third of 33 experimental design without replication was followed here. The overall wear rate was found out by mass loss method. The results were analyzed using contour plots between the factors influencing the wear rate as well as mean coefficient of friction. The results indicated that the wear rate and coefficient of friction was influenced by load, roughness and their interaction.
Wear Performance of Ti-Al-N Coated and Cryogenically Treated Cermet Tools While Machining Aisi 4340 Steel
Authors: Poomari A. , Mohan B. , Rajadurai A. , Kumar A. Senthil
Published: December 2012

This research work presents the results of an experimental investigation on wear study of cermet cutting tools during machining of AISI 4340 steel (45 HRC). The cryogenic treatment and Ti-Al-N coating were performed over cermet inserts substrate. The four different cermet inserts such as cryogenically treated (Tool 2), cryogenically treated and subsequently Ti-Al-N coated (Tool 4), Ti-Al-N coated (Tool 3) and plain cermet (Tool 1) were taken. Experiments were performed to evaluate the tool wear at different machining conditions. Result indicated that cryogenically treated and subsequently Ti-Al-N coated cermet cutting tool performs better than other cermet cutting tools.
Computational Study of the Effect of Cutting Speeds on Tool Wear during Machining of AISI 316L Steel
Authors: Satana Wisansart , Tuchinda Karuna , Tuchindac Anantawit , Chutima Surachate
Published: December 2012

This research aims to study the effect of cutting speeds on wear behaviors of TiAlN coated insert during the machining process of AISI 316L steel. Experimental investigation and finite element method were employed. The two-dimensional (2D) plane strain orthogonal cutting model was focused at the initial continuous chip formation. The effect of cutting speeds, i.e. 50, 75,120 and 150 m/min, was studied. The tool wear behavior was then further investigated based on computational results which are temperature, von-mises equivalent stress, equivalent plastic strain and contact pressure. High temperature developed at rake face during high cutting speed, i.e. the cutting speed above 120 m/min, suggesting crater wear or diffusion wear. High equivalent plastic strain, i.e. greater than the fracture strain at failure of AISI 316L steel, were observed all along the tool edge around the contact area suggesting the built up edge (BUE) wear at all cutting speed investigated. The adhesive wear was expected on the edge radius at low cutting speed (50 to 75 m/min) based on the von-mises equivalent stress distributions. The overall severity of sliding wear was found to be around the tool nose due to high contact pressure in all cases. The experiments were also conducted with the tail stock constrained in all experiments to reduce the effect of vibration. The insert tool wear was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope. Wear was observed on flank face and rake face of the insert tools with different wear behavior at different cutting speed which agreed well with computational predictions.
Effects of Injection Temperature and Pressure on Green Part Density for Ceramic Injection Molding
Authors: Ani Sarizal Md , Muchtar Andanastuti , Muhamad Norhamidi , Ghani Jaharah A.
Published: December 2012

This study investigates the effects of injection temperature and pressure on green part density. The high density of the green parts for the ceramic injection molding (CIM) process improves the material properties of the final product. In this study, the feedstock used was a combination of alumina and zirconia powders with a binder consisting of high density polyethylene, paraffin wax, and stearic acid. Powder loading was fixed at 57% volume. A standard screw-type injection molding machine was used to produce the green parts. The density of the green parts was measured using the Archimedes method. Experimental results show that a 160 °C injection temperature and a 110 MPa injection pressure were the optimum parameters to achieve high density of the green parts. In addition, defect-free green parts were obtained.
Significance Analysis of Processing Parameters on Wall Thinning in Tube Bending
Authors: Li Heng , Shi Kai Peng , Yang He , Tian Yu Li
Published: December 2012

Tube bending is a complex process with multi-factor coupling effect and multiple defects occurring. The wall thinning, as one of the important defects in tube bending, determines the bending quality. In this study, taking thin-walled 6061-T4 Al-alloy tube with Φ50.8×t0.889×R101.6mm (outer diameter D × wall thickness t × bending radius R) as the objective, the significance of processing parameters on the wall thinning degree is studied using the orthogonal test under ABAQUS/Explicit platform. The results show that: 1) the bending radius, the clearance between the tube and the pressure die, the friction between the tube and the pressure die, the clearance between the tube and the pressure die, the clearance between the tube and the mandrel and the friction between the tube and the mandrel affect the wall thinning significantly, while the coefficient of boost velocity, the number of mandrel balls, the friction between the tube and the wiper die, the mandrel extension length and the friction between the tube and the bending die have little effect on the wall thinning degree.
Two-Phase Jet in Process of Pneumatic Powder Injection into Liquid Alloy
Authors: Jezierski Jan , Janerka Krzysztof
Published: December 2012

The short description of the new approach to the pneumatic powder injection process analysis was presented in the article. The experiments with the high speed camera recording of the two-phase jet in pneumatic powder injection process were carried out in the Department of Foundry, Silesian University of Technology, Poland. The results were briefly analyzed and some interesting conclusions appeared, especially that the real velocity of the injected particles is far less than it is normally calculated with use of the well-known formulas. They were compared with existing literature data as well as with some experimentspreviously made by authors. Powder particles velocity and two-phase jet mass concentration were analyzed as the most important parameters for powder injection process. The results described are part of the complex experimental plan and the next step is computer modeling (just launched) of the jet introducing liquid.
Influence of Friction Factor on Extrusion Process
Authors: Jayaseelan V. , Kani Kalaichelvan
Published: December 2012

Friction factor varies with respect to change in size of specimen. To identify suitable methodology for finding friction factor, extrusion process was selected. In this research work, three dies were used with diameter size reduction of 12:2, 8:4 and 4:2. Al6061/sic composite were produced by stir casting process. Specimens were extruded at 3000c and constant strain rate of 1 s-1. Friction values were obtained in three dies and size effect were studied. Extruded specimens, hardness, surface roughness and microstructures were compared with the machined specimens.
Measure and Analyze the Problems of Concrete Mixture Production via Six Sigma DMAIC Tools: Central Concrete Mix Plant as a Case Study
Authors: Karakhan Ali A. , Alsaffar Angham E.
Published: December 2012

The aims of this study are to measure the defect rate and analyze the problems of production of ready concrete mixture plant by using Six Sigma methodology which is a business strategy for operations improvement depending basically on the application of its sub-methodology DMAIC improvement cycle and the basic statistical tools where the process sigma level of concrete production in the case study was 2.41 σ.
Determination of Forming Limit Curves of Steel Pipes for Hydroformability Evaluation
Authors: Kesvarakul Ramil , Jiratheranat Suwat , Sresomroeng Bhadpiroon
Published: December 2012

The aims of this research are to establish the forming limit curve (FLC) of tubular material low carbon steels commonly used in Thai industry, verify these FLCs with real part forming experiments and compare these experimentally obtained FLCs against analytical ones available in FEA software database. A self-designed bulge forming apparatus of fixed bulge length and a hydraulic test machine with axial feeding are used to carry out the bulge tests. Loading paths resulting to linear strain paths at the apex of the bulging tube are determined by FE simulations in conjunction with a self-compiled subroutine. These loading paths are used to control the internal pressure and axial feeding punch of the test machine. In this work a common low carbon steel tubing grade STKM 11A, with 28.6 mm outer diameter and 1.2 mm thick is studied. Circular grids are electro chemically etched onto the surface of tube samples. Subsequently, the tube samples are bulge-formed. The forming process is stopped when a burst is observed on the forming sample. After conducting the bulge tests, major and minor strains of the grids located beside the bursting line on the tube surface are measured to construct the forming limit curve (FLC) of the tubes. The forming limit curves determined for these tubular materials are put to test in formability evaluations of test parts forming in real experiment. It was found that the tool geometry can keep the strain ratio constant is not dependent on the thickness but only on OD of the tube, as in equations L=OD and rd=(15xOD)/25.4. The experimen-tal FLDs have predicted failures in forming process consistently with the real experiments. The ex-perimentally obtained forming limit curves (determined following STKM 11A) differ from empiri-cal one (from FEA software) and analytical one by about 0.02339 and 0.15736 true strain respec-tively at FLD0, the corresponding plane strain values.
The Comprehensive Utilization of Recovering Gold from Iron Tailings
Authors: Wang Xiao , Tong Xiong , Deng Zheng Bin , Zhou Yong Cheng , Xie Xian
Published: December 2012

In this study, the main aim was to recovery the gold from iron tailings, and comprehensive recovery of iron by using combined separating technology. Experimental studies were carried out on the iron tailings in Dahongshan samples, which contain 0.5g/t of gold and 16.8% of iron. Through the experiment, the first is pre-discarding tailings by centrifuge, and then the gold is recovered by cyanidation leaching with using of H2O2 to increase the rate of gold dissolution. The gold’s leaching rate can reach 97.60%. The qualified iron concentrate can be got from leaching slag and gravity tailings by magnetic separation. Iron tailings get a comprehensive utilization, which has a better effect.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM): Selection of Dielectric in Machining ASSAB 718HH
Authors: Abbas Norliana Mohd , Solomon Darius Gnanaraj
Published: December 2012

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) in Malaysia is widely used in mould making industries. Parts for automotive, defence and telecommunication industries are also other examples of the products produced. The process is based on removing material from a part by a series of repeated electrical discharges between a tool called electrode and the work piece with the presence of dielectric. The dielectric serves as transportation of removed particles, remains electrically non-conducting until the breakdown voltage is reached, reconditions the dielectric strength, increases the energy density in plasma channel and cools the electrode. This paper presents the machining of ASSAB 718HH work pieces with copper tool using EDM die sinking method. Three commercial EDM dielectrics; Kerosene, Novis and Amoil were tested and comparison between material removal rate (MRR), tool wear ratio (TWR) and surface finish (SF) are given. Through Pugh Method, result shows that ASSAB 718HH is best machined with Novis.
Catalytic Deoxygenation Derived from Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Shell
Authors: Han-U-Domlarpyos Varin , Kuchonthara Prapan , Hinchiranan Napida
Published: December 2012

This work aimed to prepare the bio-oil with low oxygen content via two-step process involving pyrolysis and catalytic deoxygenation. The raw bio-oil was produced from the pyrolysis of oil palm shell in a screw pyrolyzer with a heating rate of 25°C/min. Then, 10 ml of obtained bio-oil with 54.5 % (w/w) of oxygen content was upgraded by catalytic deoxygenation carried out in a fixed-bed reactor containing 20 g of NiMoS/-Al2O3 catalyst under nitrogen atmosphere. When the temperature in the reactor reached to the target point, the bio-oil was dropped by using a syringe pump at a constant flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The results indicated that this process was efficient to reduce the oxygen content in the bio-oil to 11.5% (w/w) when the reaction temperature was 500°C
Polymer to Electrode Adhesion Enhancement Based on Novel PI/Au (Nanolayer)/Polypyrrole Three-Bending-Beam Actuator Fabrication
Authors: Kiani Gholamreza , Shahi Mojtaba , Rostami Ali
Published: December 2012

Novel combined electrochemical and chemical synthesis methods for the preparation of Polypyrrole-based actuators are presented. Polypyrrole (PPy) actuators were electrochemically synthesized and after coating with a thin gold nano-layer, prepared into a Polyethersulfone (PI) substrate. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and a potentiostat–galvanostat were used to confirm the actuation of PPy based actuators during the redox process. Three-layer actuator based on polypyrrole as electroactive material, Polyethersulfone as substrate and gold nanolayer in our proposed method have been realized. The structure strength and layer adhesion have been improved. This advancement in conducting polymer actuator technology will impact many engineering fields, where a stable, lightweight and large displacement actuator is needed.
Neuro Fuzzy Studies of Effect of Flexibilities on Performance of Flexible Manufacturing System
Authors: Sharma Durgesh , Garg Suresh Kumar , Sharma Chitra
Published: December 2012

The paper presents a Neuro-fuzzy study of Flexible Manufacturing System subject to different design and control strategies. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) techniques have been used to evaluate the performance. The objective of our work is to evaluating the performances of system in terms of Make Span Time at different levels of Routing and Machine flexibilities.
An Analytical Study on Laser Forming Process of Sheet Metals, Using New Elasto-Plastic Temperature Dependent Material Model
Authors: Torabnia Shams , Banazadeh Afshin
Published: December 2012

The laser forming process is one of the last technologies on forming of sheet metals with laser beam heat distribution. In this process laser beam moves across the top surface of the sheet metal and the heated zone expands and causes a great moment that deforms the sheet metal. Subsequently, the heated zone gets cooled and provides a reverse strain and moment. The final bending angle is a combination of two phases. Due to the complexity of the process, it is studied with different approaches; FEM analysis and analytical as well as empirical methods. The laser forming is a sensible process regarding the material properties. Also, because of the temperature change during the process, it is important to use a temperature dependent model. In this study The FEM model is proposed for simulation of the mechanism. Based on the simulation results, an integrated analytical model is then developed by a new elasto-plastic material model considering linear strain hardening, combined with the temperature dependent mechanical and physical properties. In addition, the temperature dependent tangential modulus is used instead of the yield point of the material to improve accuracy in the plastic deformation phase. Finally, the analytical model is compared with the FEM standard code, which showed a great conformity.