bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The susceptibility of Aedes aegypti populations displaying temephos resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis: a basis for management
Authors: Araújo Ana Paula , Araujo Diniz Diego Felipe , Helvecio Elisama , de Barros Rosineide Arruda , de Oliveira Cláudia Maria Fontes , Ayres Constância Flávia Junqueira , de Melo-Santos Maria Alice Varjal , Regis Lêda Narcisa , Silva-Filha Maria Helena Neves Lobo
Published: October 2013

Background

Aedes aegypti is the vector of dengue virus, and its control is essential to prevent disease transmission. Among the agents available to control this species, biolarvicides based on Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) are an effective alternative to replace the organophosphate temephos for controlling populations that display resistance to this insecticide. The major goal of this study was to determine the baseline susceptibility of Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations to Bti, taking into account their background in terms of larvicide exposure, status of temephos resistance and the level of activity of detoxifying enzymes involved in metabolic resistance to insecticides.

Methods

Population samples were established under insectarium conditions. Larval susceptibility to temephos and Bti was evaluated through bioassays and lethal concentrations of these compounds were determined. Biochemical assays were performed to determine the specific activity of five detoxifying enzymes in these samples.

Results

Fourteen populations were characterized and, except for one case, all displayed resistance to temephos. Most populations were classified as highly resistant. The populations also showed increased activity of one or more detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-S-transferases, esterases and mixed function oxidases), regardless of their temephos resistance status. All populations analyzed were susceptible to Bti, and the lethal concentrations were similar to those detected in two laboratory susceptible colonies. The response to Bti showed little variation. A maximum resistance ratio of 2.1 was observed in two untreated populations, while in two Bti-treated populations, the maximum resistance ratio was 1.9. No positive correlation was found between temephos resistance, increased activity of detoxifying enzymes, and susceptibility to Bti.

Conclusions

Data from this study show that all populations were susceptible to Bti, including twelve untreated and two treated populations that had been exposed to this agent for more than ten years. The temephos resistance and increased activity of detoxifying enzymes observed in thirteen populations was not correlated with changes in susceptibility to Bti. Our data show a lack of cross-resistance between these two compounds; thus, Bti can be used in an integrated control program to fight Ae. aegypti and counteract the temephos resistance that was found among all populations analyzed.
Urinary output and fractional excretion of sodium and urea as indicators of transient versus intrinsic acute kidney injury during early sepsis
Authors: Vanmassenhove Jill , Glorieux Griet , Hoste Eric , Dhondt Annemieke , Vanholder Raymond , Van Biesen Wim
Published: October 2013

Introduction

The pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) in sepsis is ill defined. We investigated parameters associated with low glomerular filtration, and their predictive value to discriminate transient from intrinsic septic AKI.

Methods

In 107 sepsis patients, AKI was defined by the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of Kidney Function, End-stage renal disease (RIFLE) urinary output or serum creatinine criterion, or both. Transient AKI (TAKI) versus intrinsic AKI was defined as RIFLE R, I, or F on the first day evolving to no AKI or not, respectively, over the following 5 days. Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), urea (FEUrea), and NGAL (FENGAL) at admission (d0t0), 4 (d0t4), and 24 hours (d1) was determined.

Results

Including versus not including the urinary-output criterion of RIFLE increased AKI from 43% to 64.5%. Median uNGAL levels and FENGAL were lower in no AKI versus transient AKI when AKI was defined based on creatinine (P = 0.002 and P = 0.04, respectively), but not when based on urinary output (P = 0.9 and P = 0.49, respectively). FENa < 1% and FEUrea <35% was present in 77.3% and 63.2% of patients. Urinary NGAL was higher (P < 0.001) in those with high versus low fractional sodium excretion, but this was only in patients with transient or intrinsic AKI (P < 0.001 in subgroups), and not in patients without AKI. The negative predictive value for either intrinsic AKI or not restoring diuresis in patients with FENa > 0.36% and FEUrea > 31.5% was 92% and 94.5% respectively.

Conclusions

A low FENa and FEUrea is highly prevalent in the first hours of sepsis. In sepsis, oliguria is an earlier sign of impending AKI than increase in serum creatinine. A combination of a high FENa and a low FEUrea is associated with intrinsic AKI, whereas a combined high FENa and FEUrea is strongly predictive of transient AKI.
Health-related quality of life scores after intensive care are almost equal to those of the normal population: a multicenter observational study
Authors: Orwelius Lotti , Fredrikson Mats , Kristenson Margareta , Walther Sten , Sjöberg Folke
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients treated in intensive care has been reported to be lower compared with age- and sex-adjusted control groups. Our aim was to test whether stratifying for coexisting conditions would reduce observed differences in HRQoL between patients treated in the ICU and a control group from the normal population. We also wanted to characterize the ICU patients with the lowest HRQoL within these strata.

Methods

We did a cross-sectional comparison of scores of the short-form health survey (SF-36) questionnaire in a multicenter study of patients treated in the ICU (n = 780) and those from a local public health survey (n = 6,093). Analyses were in both groups adjusted for age and sex, and data stratified for coexisting conditions. Within each stratum, patients with low scores (below -2 SD of the control group) were identified and characterized.

Results

After adjustment, there were minor and insignificant differences in mean SF-36 scores between patients and controls. Eight (n = 18) and 22% (n = 51) of the patients had low scores (-2 SD of the control group) in the physical and mental dimensions of SF-36, respectively. Patients with low scores were usually male, single, on sick leave before admission to critical care, and survived a shorter time after being in ICU.

Conclusions

After adjusting for age, sex, and coexisting conditions, mean HRQoL scores were almost equal in patients and controls. Up to 22% (n = 51) of the patients had, however, a poor quality of life as compared with the controls (-2 SD). This group, which more often consisted of single men, individuals who were on sick leave before admission to the ICU, had an increased mortality after ICU. This group should be a target for future support.
Insult-dependent effect of bone marrow cell therapy on inflammatory response in a murine model of extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Maron-Gutierrez Tatiana , Silva Johnatas Dutra , Cruz Fernanda Ferreira , Alegria Samantha , Xisto Debora Gonçalves , Assis Edson Fernandes , Castro-Faria-Neto Hugo Caire , Santos Claudia Chimisso Dos , Morales Marcelo Marcos , Rocco Patricia Rieken Macedo
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Administration of bone marrow-derived cells produces beneficial effects in experimental extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, there are controversies regarding the effects of timing of cell administration and initial insult severity on inflammatory response. We evaluated the effects of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMDMC) in two models of extrapulmonary ARDS once lung morphofunctional changes had already been installed.

Methods

BALB/c mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally (5 mg/kg in 0.5 ml saline) or underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Control mice received saline intraperitoneally (0.5 ml) or underwent sham surgery. At 24 hours, groups were further randomized to receive saline or BMDMC (2 × 106) intravenously. Lung mechanics, histology, and humoral and cellular parameters of lung inflammation and remodeling were analyzed 1, 3 and 7 days after ARDS induction.

Results

BMDMC therapy led to improved survival in the CLP group, reduced lung elastance, alveolar collapse, tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity, collagen fiber content, and interleukin-1β and increased chemokine (keratinocyte-derived chemokine and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) expression in lung tissue regardless of the experimental ARDS model. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in lung tissue increased after cell therapy depending on the insult (LPS or CLP).

Conclusions

BMDMC therapy at day 1 successfully reduced lung inflammation and remodeling, thus contributing to improvement of lung mechanics in both extrapulmonary ARDS models. Nevertheless, the different inflammatory responses induced by LPS and CLP resulted in distinct effects of BMDMC therapy. These data may be useful in the clinical setting, as they suggest that the type of initial insult plays a key role in the outcome of treatment.
Influence of the Number of Dynamic Analyses on the Accuracy of Structural Response Estimates
Authors: Gehl Pierre , Douglas John , Seyedi Darius M.
Published: October 2013

Nonlinear dynamic analysis is often used to develop fragility curves within the framework of seismic risk assessment and performance-based earthquake engineering. In the present article, fragility curves are derived from randomly generated clouds of structural response results by using least squares and sum-of-squares regression, and maximum likelihood estimation. Different statistical measures are used to estimate the quality of fragility functions derived by considering varying numbers of ground motions. Graphs are proposed that can be used as guidance regarding the number of calculations required for these three approaches. The effectiveness of the results is demonstrated by their application to a structural model. The results show that the least-squares method for deriving fragility functions converges much faster than the maximum likelihood and sum-of-squares approaches. With the least-squares approach, a few dozen records might be sufficient to obtain satisfactory estimates, whereas using the maximum likelihood approach may require several times more calculations to attain the same accuracy.
Spinoza and the Dutch Cartesians on Philosophy and Theology
Authors: Douglas Alexander
Published: October 2013

Spinoza’s Tractatus Theologico-Politicus contains a famous injunction to keep philosophy separate from theology. At first this might appear to place him in alliance with a group of Dutch Cartesians, who held that philosophy and theology must be separated because neither can fulfill the function of the other, and indeed neither is even relevant to the function of the other. It would also appear to place him opposition to his friend Lodewijk Meijer, who proposed that philosophy is necessary for the task of theology. However, in this paper I argue that Spinoza was in fact arguing for a third position, which he was at pains to distinguish from both that of the Dutch Cartesians and that of Meijer.
Transcendental Idealism: A Proposal
Authors: Roche Andrew F.
Published: October 2013

Kant holds that (1) his theory of transcendental idealism does not imply that our experiences are systematically illusory, that (2) appearances are not numerically distinct from things as they are in themselves, and that (3) his idealism is, in some important sense, idealist. In this paper, I produce a reading of transcendental idealism that accounts for each of these claims. I recommend that we model the mind-world relationship according to transcendental idealism on an understanding of how certain of our judgments refer to the contents of our illusions and dreams. I also present the implications that my analysis has for the “problem of affection” and for Kant’s views on freedom.
Nietzsche, Spinoza, and the Moral Affects
Authors: Wollenberg David
Published: October 2013

Nietzsche expressed surprising admiration for the thought of Benedict Spinoza, referring to him enthusiastically as his “precursor.” Several scholars have tried to account for this affinity through global comparisons of the two thinkers’ doctrines, ignoring that Nietzsche’s knowledge of Spinoza was entirely mediated through his reading of secondary literature (in particular, that of Kuno Fischer). This article examines the Nietzsche-Spinoza relationship by investigating Nietzsche’s notes after his multiple readings of Fischer, as well as those parts of Fischer that Nietzsche read most carefully, and demonstrates that the latter’s text proved surprisingly influential in Nietzsche’s account of the origins of morality as presented in Genealogy of Morals . Spinoza (via Fischer) proves to be a vital inspiration for Nietzsche’s account of the origins of slave morality and the good/bad, good/evil distinction.
Ontological Pluralism and the Being and Time Project
Authors: McManus Denis
Published: October 2013

This paper identifies a problem which the project that Heidegger set himself in Being and Time aimed to solve. The problem concerns the unity of the concept of “Being in general,” the integrity of the very notion of “Dasein,” and the possibility of a perspective from which the philosopher can do her work. Heidegger’s own attempt to solve this problem turns on the claim that time is “the possible horizon for any understanding whatsoever of Being” ( Sein und Zeit 1), time supposedly thereby ‘ mak[ing] ontology possible” ( Basic Problems of Phenomenology 228). I elucidate the problem by discussing how it emerges also in Russell (in reflecting on types) and Aristotle (in discussing whether Being is ‘said in many ways’), by identifying challenges that attempted solutions to it face, and by juxtaposing the issues it raises with ones faced by McDaniel’s and Turner’s recent attempts to defend what they call “ontological pluralism.”
Childish Nonsense? The Value of Interpretation in Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Trivigno Franco V.
Published: October 2013

In the Protagoras , Plato presents us with a puzzle about interpretation. Socrates claims to find several familiar Socratic theses about morality in his interpretation of a poem by Simonides, yet, immediately afterwards, he castigates interpretation itself as “childish nonsense.” In this paper, I argue that the puzzle can be resolved if we understand Socrates’s interpretation of Simonides’s poem to be a parody, which articulates implicit criticisms of sophistic interpretation . The parodic criticisms rely on an ideal of interpretation, what I call philosophical interpretation , whereby an interpreter remains indifferent to the authority of the poet, attempts a plausible reconstruction of the poem so that a philosophical view is formulated, and critically assesses this view. However, this ideal of interpretation can only partly escape the explicit criticisms Socrates voices against interpretation, and it thus has only limited value due to a contingent relation to truth.
The Third Wave: Inside the Numbers
Authors: Møller Jørgen , Skaaning Svend-Erik
Published: October 2013

Recent democratic setbacks have raised the specter of a reverse wave of democratization and emphasized the importance of the gray zone between closed autocracy and liberal democracy. Mapping the frequency of different regime types in different world regions (1972–2012), we identify a set of interesting cross-regional similarities and differences and show that the recent setbacks have affected only some regions. We conclude that much indicates that we have entered a situation of overall democratic stagnation. While this entails a lot of movement forth and back, these movements are mostly confined to the gray zone regime types of electoral autocracies and minimalist democracies.
Reflections on “Governance”
Authors: Plattner Marc F.
Published: October 2013

In recent years, the use of the term “governance” has risen exponentially, often replacing the kindred term government. While the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, many scholars have sought to distinguish them by giving “governance” a broader and less political meaning. This approach, however, tends to underestimate the essential role of the state and to overlook the central importance of politics. On the whole, democracies tend to be better governed than autocracies, but there are exceptions to this rule. The distinction between good and bad government has long been understood by people everywhere, even in societies where there has been no notion of popular participation. The relationship between democracy and good governance is a very complex one, and a serious analysis of it leads toward the realm of political philosophy.
Paraguay and the Politics of Impeachment
Authors: Marsteintredet Leiv , Llanos Mariana , Nolte Detlef
Published: October 2013

On 22June 2012, President Fernando Lugo of Paraguay became the 16th president in a Latin American “third wave” democracy to not finish his term. Lugo was impeached in a hasty process approved by an overwhelming congressional majority. International reactions spearheaded by the South American left were condemnatory, labeling the impeachment an “institutional coup.” This article compares the Lugo impeachment to the other presidential breakdowns in Latin America, and discusses how the procedures used to remove a president vary. It is argued that the procedures by which presidents fall should guide how international society reacts to presidential and democratic crises.
Tracking the “Arab Spring”: Why the Modest Harvest?
Authors: Brownlee Jason , Masoud Tarek , Reynolds Andrew
Published: October 2013

Abstract: The Arab Spring startled all Arab autocrats but toppled few of them. We find there were no structural preconditions for popular uprisings, but two variables conditioned whether domestic opposition would succeed. First, oil wealth gave rulers the resources to preempt or repress dissent. Second, a precedent of hereditary succession signaled the loyalty of the coercive apparatus to the ruler. Consequently, mass revolts deposed incumbents in only the three non-oil rich, non-hereditary regimes of Tunisia, Egypt, and Yemen. Where oil rents or hereditary rule prevailed, regimes violently suppressed peaceful protests (Bahrain, Syria) and only lost power through foreign-imposed regime change (Libya).
Assessing the Quality of Elections
Authors: Norris Pippa , Frank Richard W. , Coma Ferran Martínez i
Published: October 2013

Many malpractices generate flawed elections which fail to meet international standards of electoral integrity, including issues such as fraud, malpractice, vote-rigging, ballot-stuffing, and voter suppression. Determining when, where, and why elections succeed or fail is a matter of growing concern for the international community—yet to date scholars and practitioners have been hindered by lack of reliable, credible, and consistent evidence which could be used to compare the quality of elections around the world. This paper presents the first results of a new pilot study, based on an expert survey of Perceptions of Electoral Integrity (PEI) applied to 20 countries. This data facilitates comparison of an overall standardized 100-point PEI index for each contest, or the results can be examined in more fine-grained detail on eleven dimensions of electoral integrity, or for each of the separate 49 items. The PEI index demonstrates high levels of external validity, internal validity, and legitimacy. The paper concludes that, when triangulated with other evidence, PEI can address many research issues, such as how best to classify electoral autocracies, as well as proving useful for policymakers concerned with evaluating “what works” to strengthen electoral integrity.
Tracking the “Arab Spring”: Egypt’s Failed Transition
Authors: Brown Nathan J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract: Egypt’s mass uprising of 2011 gave birth to tremendous hopes that a new era of democratic politics could be built in the Arab world. But the process of transition to a democracy was badly designed, providing strong incentives for the country’s diverse political actors to behave in ways that undermined democratic development. Compounding these political mistakes was a heavy authoritarian legacy of division, mistrust, and unaccountability. While elections were not the cause of Egypt’s political woes, voting only clarified and sometimes aggravated the growing fissures in the Egyptian body politic. And those divisions have not only sabotaged Egypt’s post-2011 democratic hopes but also have undermined the prospects for future democratic development.
Malaysia’s Elections: A Step Backward
Authors: Welsh Bridget
Published: October 2013

Despite losing the popular vote, Malaysia’s long-ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) triumphed again in the country’s 2013 elections, disappointing an emboldened opposition that had high hopes after a strong performance in 2008. Why and how did Najib and the BN win? What do the answers to those questions mean for his government and for democracy in Malaysia? In many ways, the 2013 polls typify those of competitive authoritarian systems, in which incumbents use finely honed tactics and institutional leverage to stay in office. But the 2013 general election also revealed social forces pushing for greater democracy. The nature of BN’s victory, the voting patterns, and the broader political forces within society point to continuing pressures for further democratization and high levels of political contestation in the future.
Tracking the “Arab Spring”: Syria and the Future of Authoritarianism
Authors: Heydemann Steven
Published: October 2013

Abstract: In response to the uprisings of 2011, Syria’s Assad regime brought the full weight of its repressive apparatus down on the heads of peaceful protesters, provoking reactions that led gradually to civil war. Since then, the regime has been adapting to the new challenges posed by mass uprisings through a process of “authoritarian learning,” and at least some of its methods are being applied elsewhere in the region. It seems that the future of Arab authoritarianism, like that of the Assad regime itself, will be darker, more repressive, more sectarian, and even more deeply resistant to democratization than in the past.
Exchange: Reexamining African Elections
Authors: Bogaards Matthijs
Published: October 2013

Abstract: In the new millennium the democratizing force of elections is contested. Different from the growing literature on electoral authoritarianism, Staffan Lindberg has argued that in Africa, elections are a new mode of democratic transition. Attempts to replicate his findings for other regions have failed, raising the question whether perhaps Africa is unique. This paper reexamines the evidence and finds that in Africa, too, democratization by elections is very much the exception. Instead of a general trend towards more democracy over successive elections, we find a variety of trajectories. Future research should address this diversity to better understand the contingent impact of elections.
Tracking the “Arab Spring”: Yemen Changes Everything… And Nothing
Authors: Alley April Longley
Published: October 2013

Abstract: Yemen is the only country to exit the Arab Spring through a negotiated settlement and a national dialogue to guide the country’s transition. Yet, many Yemenis increasingly see this process as reshuffling power among old-regime elites. As yet, there is no durable power-sharing agreement to ensure a more democratic, accountable system. Even if one is reached, implementation will be difficult, especially in the south, where mobilization and demands for separation are high. At best, a long process of negotiation and change has begun. The future will likely see bouts of localized violence, along with growing economic and humanitarian challenges.
Exchange: Confusing Categories, Shifting Targets
Authors: Lindberg Staffan I.
Published: October 2013

Abstract: Findings in the social sciences too often turn out to be unstable because of the difficulty of and lack of incentives for replication. Bogaards’ initiative to reexamine existing findings on the role of elections in democratization is laudable in principle. Yet, replication is a delicate art and Bogaards attempt is not entirely cogent. The cited works are not accurately presented; the original indicators and dependent variables are shifted making comparison with the original findings difficult at best; and his own analysis is distorted by the use of muddled, partially overlapping categories.
Tracking the “Arab Spring”: Libya Starts from Scratch
Authors: Boduszyński Mieczystaw P. , Pickard Duncan
Published: October 2013

Abstract: Libya is building a new state and political order in the context of unique and difficult legacies compared to other Arab Spring countries. The primary challenge faced by Libya’s leaders is that of statelessness—the fatal weakness of central state institutions—that is a legacy of the Qadhafi regime, and before that the post–World War II kingdom. Challenges of statelessness cut across chronic problem areas in Libya’s transition, including reining in militias outside of state control, justice-sector reform, constitution making, and economic development. Such an institutional void reinforces already low levels of social trust and negatively impacts the legitimacy of the central government and the democratization process more generally. It also empowers Islamism and other illiberal ideologies as the potential bases on which to build a new Libyan identity.
Democracy and the Quality of the State
Authors: Fukuyama Francis
Published: October 2013

Why is it that some countries have been able to develop high-quality state administrations that deliver services to their populations with relative efficiency, while others are plagued by corruption, bloated or red-tape-ridden bureaucracies, and incompetence? And what is the relationship between the effectiveness of a state and democracy? Are the two mutually supportive, or is there a tension between good public administration and broad political participation? The experiences of the United States, Greece, and Italy suggest that the process of political development democratic expansion of the franchise, when it takes place in advance of state modernization, can lead to widespread clientelism. Conversely, authoritarian states that develop modern bureaucracies early on are often in a happier position once they democratize, since their states tend to be inoculated from the dangers of political colonization.
Let's (Not) Talk Sex: An Analysis of the Verbal and Visual Coverage of Women's Beach Volleyball during the 2008 Olympic Games
Authors: Bissell Kim , Smith Lauren Reichart
Published: October 2013

This study represents a content analysis of five matches of the US women's beach volleyball team during the 2008 Summer Games. Play-by-play commentary and between-play commentary were analyzed for all five games, and all court shots and camera angles were coded. The main objective of this study was to observe the visual and verbal aspects of the prime-time broadcasts of the women's beach volleyball games to determine if the US female athletes were portrayed in a sexualized nature or determine if the athletes were reported on in a way that emphasized sexuality or gender first and athleticism second. Findings from over 1,500 comments and 2,500 camera shots were contradictory to past research, suggesting viewers were shown coverage of the games that often emphasized the athletes' strength and athleticism. Practical considerations and implications are discussed.
The Effect of the Broadcast Medium on the Language of Radio and Television Sports Commentary Genres: The Rugby Union Lineout
Authors: Kuiper Koenraad , Lewis Robyn
Published: October 2013

This study provides provisional answers to the question, What influence does the broadcast medium have on the speech of sports commentators? It answers the question through a comparison of the influence of two media on the way in which rugby football commentaries of lineouts are given. Previous linguistic research has examined sports commentary speech largely independent of the effects of the medium in which commentary is broadcast. However it is clear that sports commentaries serve somewhat different purposes in the case that someone can see what is happening and where they cannot. We show that the differences are manifested, for instance, in whether an episode in the game is given commentary at all, the amount of commentary the episode receives, commentators' priorities recounting the various subepisodes of the game they are viewing, and the weight given to color versus play-by-play commentary. In all these cases, radio commentators provide more detailed commentary. It may be, therefore, that as far as the induction into the oral traditions of commentary are concerned, radio is a more demanding apprenticeship and that recruiting television commentators from among radio commentators will lead to a more fluent television commentary.
Meeting the Informational Needs of the Fantasy Sport User
Authors: Ruihley Brody James , Hardin Robin
Published: October 2013

Fantasy sport is an online sport activity utilizing sport communication outlets in multiple ways. With nearly 35 million fantasy sport participants, many sport media companies such as ESPN, CBS Sports, and Yahoo! Sports have strengthened their online presence by creating and hosting fantasy sport Web sites. Fantasy sport is developed, controlled, and consumed primarily online and uses Web-based programs created by companies to host game and league-style competition. Fantasy sport utilizes player information and statistics from actual competition. Since the concept of fantasy sport is based around this type information, it utilizes several communication outlets to assist in the overall experience. Any person involved in fantasy sport can seek out information from a newspaper, magazine, radio, television, or the Web. The purpose of this study is to identify in what ways fantasy sport host sites and traditional communication outlets are meeting the informational needs of the fantasy sport user. Data were collected through the use of an open-ended questionnaire completed by fantasy sport users. The results of this study indicate a majority veering away from their fantasy sport host site and using the Web as a means to gather news, player information, statistics, and expert advice. They also use television as a way to watch, listen, or seek information from game broadcasts. Reasons for not using a particular communication outlet range from issues of access, desire to use, cost, and choice of another outlet.
De Nemo à Dakkar. La représentation paradoxale du colonialisme chez Jules Verne
Authors: Ousselin Edward
Published: October 2013

Dans L’Île mystérieuse , on retrouve le personnage central de Vingt mille lieues sous les mers , ainsi qu’un des personnages des Enfants du capitaine Grant . Ces romans, qu’il faut rétrospectivement catégoriser comme une trilogie, récapitulent l’essentiel des thèmes qu’a développés Jules Verne au cours de sa carrière. Parmi les fils conducteurs de cette trilogie, notons les deux thèmes entrecroisés que sont le colonialisme et le progrès technologique. Tout au long de sa production littéraire, la politique de colonisation menée par la France ne fera l’objet d’aucune critique de la part de Verne. Paradoxe apparent, l’écrivain parsème à travers son œuvre des protestations face aux injustices que subissent les peuples colonisés. Le but de cet article est de montrer que, dans la trilogie qui se clôt par L’Île mystérieuse , l’étrange transformation du personnage du capitaine Nemo, qui (re)deviendra le prince Dakkar avant de mourir, peut servir à élucider ce paradoxe.
La littérature masquée. Sur quelques déguisements auctoriaux fin de siècle
Authors: Saint-Amand Denis
Published: October 2013

Si le masque se révèle un motif capital de la littérature fin de siècle, la logique du déguisement et de la tromperie se développe également dans l’environnement du texte: c’est ce que cet article se propose d’interroger, en se penchant sur différentes formes et logiques de mystifications auctoriales imaginées par des Rimbaud, Paul Adam et autres Georges Fourest. Sans chercher à recenser la totalité de ces jeux carnavalesques, la présente contribution entend proposer une réflexion sur les possibles de l’époque en matière de positionnements mystificateurs et sur les effets de ces derniers.
The Florentine Sojourn in Staël’s Corinne ou l’Italie
Authors: Marrone Claire
Published: October 2013

This study asks why Madame de Staël sets the conclusion of Corinne ou l’Italie in Florence. In light of a cultural model of tolerance and progress, Corinne’s death in Florence serves as a commentary on Italy’s future and simultaneously a plea for new possibilities for women. The article traces Florence’s history as politically independent and artistically renowned. Yet critical events and tyrannical rule led to the city’s decline. Corinne’s final years in Florence are similarly characterized by decay—ultimately brought on by gender inequality. The final Florentine sojourn parallels a previous adolescent stay there in which Florence emerges as a place of loss, particularly regarding the death of women. By creating parallels between the two Florentine experiences, Staël crystallizes feminist themes. Just as she advocates enthusiasm for other cultures as a means of nourishing Italy’s evolution, she calls for openness to more nuanced gender roles so that society can evolve.
Le désir mimétique dans Illusions perdues de Balzac
Authors: Alling Annika Mörte
Published: October 2013

Although René Girard does not himself analyze Balzac in his well-known study on the works by the “great novelists,” it is obvious that the model of “triangular desire” illuminates many important aspects of desire in Illusions perdues especially in relation to love and ambition in the character of Lucien Chardon/de Rubempré. At the same time, there are numerous points where the novel, by its great complexity, resists a strict Girardian explanation of desire; it is for instance striking how independent and active Balzac’s hero is, and to what extent he is conscious of the mimetic mechanism of desire.
“[L]à-bas, où sa race est née”: Colonial Anxieties and the Fantasy of the Native Body in Maupassant’s Le Horla
Authors: Villarreal Lisa Ann
Published: October 2013

This article examines the convergence of medical discourse, colonial politics, and the role of fantastic literature in fin-de-siècle France, through the lens of Guy de Maupassant’s 1887 tale Le Horla . Entangling the Horla in the complex history of the French engagement with Brazil, while simultaneously mobilizing the specter of tropical disease, Maupassant doubly evokes a colonial frustration surrounding the ability of European powers to maintain control of colonized nations and the dangers threatened by the encounter with “primitive” lands. I argue that the “corps inconnaissable” of the Horla functions as a screen onto which the narrator projects a slew of anxieties concerning racial otherness and the future of Western civilization—anxieties that resonate strongly with those that infused the discourse of tropical pathology in the late-nineteenth century.
Toward a Unified Methodological Framework for the Science and Practice of Integrative Psychiatry
Authors: Oulis Panagiotis
Published: October 2013

Abstract:
Although both the generalizing or nomological and the individualizing or idiographic approaches are currently widely considered as necessary components of a comprehensive approach to psychiatric diagnosis, no satisfactory answer to the problem of their mutual articulation is still in sight. Worse still, it has been convincingly argued that strictly individualizing statements are impossible. This paper explores the possibility of their mutual integration within a synthetic approach. Multiple-domain, comprehensive diagnostic assessments of individual mental patients constitute the idiographic component of this approach, whereas the law-like generalizations associated with each of these assessments is the nomothetic component. By integrating multiple diagnostic assessments with their associated law-like generalizations, this synthetic approach can account for individual mental patients’ major particularities at all main levels of their existence—biological, psychological and social—and in all major domains of psychiatric expertise—descriptive, explanatory, predictive, and therapeutic. Accordingly, the approach outlined herein can help bridge to some considerable extent, moreover in a principled and rigorous manner, the gap between the generality of psychiatric knowledge—whether descriptive, explanatory, predictive, or therapeutic—and the numerous particularities of individual mental patients, biological, psychological, and/or social ones. By the same token, this approach helps to bridge the alleged methodological gap between the natural and the human sciences and promotes the unification and mutual integration of psychobiological and psychosocial parts of psychiatric knowledge. In turn, the systematization of the whole of psychiatric knowledge facilitates its integral application by clinicians in the service of their individual patients.
From Melancholia to Depression: Ideas on a Possible Continuity
Authors: Varga Somogy
Published: October 2013

Abstract:
In this paper, the history of melancholia and depression is addressed, with special emphasis on the issue of their continuity. Not surprisingly, opinions are divided on this matter. Proponents of what could be called the ‘unproblematic continuity view’ argue that what is now termed depressive disorder is more or less similar to melancholia. Proponents of the ‘discontinuity view’ firmly deny this. It is argued that, on a more fine-grained view, a modest continuity view is justified. In the first part of the paper, (1) an alternative interpretation of the unity of melancholia is provided that serves as a starting point for (2) a reconsideration of the relation between melancholia and depression. In the last part of the paper, (3) an attempt is made to shed light on differing etiological explanations of melancholia and to show how some of them have come to shape recent approaches to depression.
Relational Autonomy as the Key to Effective Behavioral Change
Authors: Walter Jennifer K. , Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: October 2013

Abstract:
The common health problems that plague Americans today are often the result of people’s choices and behaviors. Two theories to effectuate change are self-determination theory (SDT) and motivational interviewing (MI). Patient autonomy is central to both of these theories, but neither fully develops the concept. We describe a theory of autonomy called relational autonomy that provides a robust foundation to help these techniques succeed not only in effecting behavioral changes, but also in supporting capacities for autonomy. Our theory of relational autonomy incorporates three components: self-determination, self-cohesion, and self-respect. We delineate how these capacities are vulnerable in the healthcare setting and demonstrate how SDT and MI, bolstered by a theory of relational autonomy, can promote and sustain these capacities and behavioral changes in patients. Additionally, SDT and MI provide practical guidelines to healthcare providers about how to support the autonomy of vulnerable patients.
Methodological Issues Associated with Sign-Based Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Morere Donna A.
Published: October 2013

Aspects of neuropsychological assessment are used in a wide range of clinical and research settings. Over the past half century, in conjunction with the recognition that American Sign Language (ASL) is indeed a language and not simply a communication system, research using signed administration of tasks has increased, and clinicians have attempted to adapt or develop instruments for use with deaf clients. However, simply signing instructions or test stimuli does not “translate” a test into ASL even when the instructions or items are interpreted into linguistically accurate ASL. A number of challenges and issues arise when attempting to either modify an English-based measure for use with ASL or develop measures directly in ASL. These challenges and issues are reviewed as they relate to the broad areas of language assessment, the evaluation of mental status, memory testing, and the assessment of executive functioning, and the reader is directed to further materials that address each area in greater depth.
Establishment of a Phonemic Clustering System for American Sign Language
Authors: Witkin Gregory A. , Morere Donna A. , Geer Leah C.
Published: October 2013

Executive functioning, the self-regulatory or control system that governs all cognitive, behavioral, and emotional activity, may be measured by means of a variety of psychological and neuropsychological tests, including tests of verbal fluency. A subset of these tasks, phonemic fluency, requires a person to generate words based on a letter cue (e.g., words that begin with the letter f ). However, such tests are designed for users of spoken language. This article reports on the use of a measure of verbal fluency for American Sign Language (ASL) for which, in addition to the traditional score based on the total number of words produced during the task, an analysis of ASL-based “clusters” (related signs produced in succession) and “switches” (transitions from one cluster to another) was developed. Previous research with standard verbal fluency tasks has suggested that cluster and switching analysis reflects mental flexibility and cognitive search skills. A system for analyzing phonemic clusters in ASL is described, and its application is demonstrated using a case example.
The Signed Verbal Learning Test: Assessing Verbal Memory of Deaf Signers
Authors: Morere Donna A.
Published: October 2013

Memory assessment involves the measurement of a wide range of memory functions, both verbal, or linguistic, and nonverbal. Although research suggests that modified measures of visual memory may be adequate for deaf signers, this is not the case for measures of linguistic memory. Few measures of memory for signs are available, and direct translation of measures developed in English is likely to be invalid for use with deaf signers. The current article briefly reviews the literature on verbal memory assessment of deaf individuals and presents a measure of list learning developed for individuals using American Sign Language that takes into account the influence of both English and ASL on learning and memory performance.
A Psychometric Study of the ASL Receptive Skills Test When Administered to Deaf 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Children
Authors: Allen Thomas E. , Enns Charlotte
Published: October 2013

A new test, the ASL Receptive Skills Test (ALS-RST), adapted from the BSL Receptive Skills Test (BSL-RST), was administered to 160 deaf children, ages 3–5, as part of the Early Education Longitudinal Study conducted by the Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning. An analysis of the test’s psychometric properties was conducted. The results support the use of the ASL-RST for measuring ASL grammatical knowledge for developing signers at this young age level. The overall reliability of the test across all age groups was .96. An ANOVA revealed significant differences among sample age groups, as well as significant differences among groups of children differentiated by whether their families reported regularly using sign in the home. An analysis of items grouped by the grammatical feature that determined the structure of the ASL-RST showed systematic gains by age and systematic differentiation by the degree of grammatical complexity represented by the items. These grammatical differences in score performance are discussed from a developmental perspective in light of the current research literature on ASL acquisition.
Bilingual Deaf Students’ Phonological Awareness in ASL and Reading Skills in English
Authors: McQuarrie Lynn , Abbott Marilyn
Published: October 2013

The sources of knowledge that individuals use to make similarity judgments about words are thought to tap underlying phonological representations. This study addresses the issue of segmental representation by investigating bilingual deaf students’ (a) awareness of American Sign Language (ASL) phonological structure; (b) the relationships between ASL phonological awareness (ASL-PA) and written English word recognition and reading comprehension skill, and (c) the question of whether age and/or reading ability would differentially affect performance on an ASL-PA task in fifty bilingual deaf children (ages 7–18) attending schools for deaf children in Western Canada. In the ASL-PA task, minimal contrasts between ASL parameters (handshape, movement, and location; H, M, and L, respectively) were systematically manipulated. The results show significant differences in deaf students’ ASL phonological awareness, with discrimination accuracy improving with age and reading ability. Significant relationships between children’s second language (L2) reading skills and first language (L1) phonological awareness skills were found. Evidence of rich metalinguistic knowledge that children with developing L1 phonological skills bring to the acquisition of L2 reading skills may have practical implications for the education of bilingual deaf children.
The Standardized Visual Communication and Sign Language Checklist for Signing Children
Authors: Simms Laurene , Baker Sharon , Clark M. Diane
Published: October 2013

Despite efforts by both U.S. and Canadian Deaf education practitioners, the development of an American Sign Language (ASL) curriculum and related assessments has proceeded by fits and starts over the last thirty years. Using existing spoken language assessments as models, a number of checklists and assessment measures have been created, but these assessments were never widely distributed by the developers. The standardized Visual Communication and Sign Language (VCSL) Checklist for Signing Children was developed to meet the need for a comprehensive checklist of visual language development so that learning goals can be set, gaps in learning identified, and appropriate materials developed.
Game Stallions and Other “Horseface Minstrelsies” of the American Turf
Authors: Nance Susan
Published: October 2013

This essay considers how one’s ability to see animals as “performers” seeking to flatter a human spectator lies at the very root of modern experience, which developed in the nineteenth century. As a case study, it explores the development of the game racehorse, an equine character perceived as a knowing, willing participant in the then masculine cultures of competitive horse breeding, racing, and gambling. Elaborating J. J. Clark’s literary model of “horseface minstrelsy,” it examines how the habits and conventions of the racing community celebrated those horses who produced desirable behavior on the track and winning offspring in the stable as noted individuals and honorary whites who endorsed human control and competitive goals. Finally, the essay argues that the ideologies of elite and victorious lineage articulated through interspecific performance with celebrated individual horses further served to naturalize broader human hierarchies of race, gender, and class.