bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barium hexaferrite reinforced polymeric dye composite coatings for radar absorbing applications
Authors: Yılmaz Atay Hüsnügül , Çelik Erdal
Published: October 2013

Radar is an electronic and electromagnetic system that uses radio waves to detect and locate objects. Against this system, especially for certain military applications focused on defence and security, radar absorbing materials are required. There are many advanced techniques used for absorbing optimisation. In this study barium hexaferrite was used to produce a radar absorbing composite material. In this sense, an epoxy dye was converted to a radar absorbing coating. Barium hexaferrite powders produced by means of sol–gel method were added to a polymer matrix (dye) with different loading levels to see the concentration dependence of particles' radar absorbing effect. Different types of samples were prepared by coating glass substrates with a polymer matrix loaded with various amount of barium hexaferrites. Samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope‐Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS). Under applied magnetic field, the produced composites exhibited the hysteresis loops of the ferromagnetic behavior with vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The saturation magnetization and coercivity of nanocomposites were obtained. In addition, radar absorbing test were applied as a primary objective of this research with a network analyzer. It was concluded that the barium hexaferrite reinforced composites have electromagnetic properties which indicates potential application in high performance adsorbing materials and it was indicated that increasing barium hexaferrite powder amount in the composites leads to increase radar absorbing performance. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:602–610, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Prediction of fiber orientation distribution in injection molded parts using Moldex3D simulation
Authors: Foss Peter H. , Tseng Huan‐Chang , Snawerdt John , Chang Yuan‐Jung , Yang Wen‐Hsien , Hsu Chia‐Hsiang
Published: October 2013

In the automotive industry, glass‐filled thermoplastics are used in air intake manifolds, radiator tanks, and many other parts. However, widespread application of glass‐filled thermoplastic materials has been limited in many cases by the inability to accurately predict performance and durability. Since a more accurate fiber orientation prediction will lead to more accurate local mechanical property predictions, this work investigated a recently proposed mathematic model of fiber suspension rheology, which considers the anisotropic fiber diffusion and fiber–matrix interaction from a microscopic viewpoint. The new model proved able to predict many details of the fiber orientation distribution and could be applied advantageously as part of the product and manufacturing development processes. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:671–680, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Photoemission spectra and effective masses of n‐ and p‐type oxide semiconductors from first principles: ZnO, CdO, SnO2, MnO, and NiO
Authors: Rödl Claudia , Schleife André
Published: October 2013

While there is a persistent interest in oxides, e.g., for semiconductor technology or optoelectronics, it seems to be difficult to achieve n‐type and p‐type doping for one and the same material. At the same time, it is important to understand the electronic structure for both types of doping individually. In this work, we use modern electronic‐structure calculations to compute the density of states as well as effective electron and hole masses for n‐type (ZnO, CdO, SnO2) and p‐type (MnO, NiO) oxide materials. We establish our ab initio electronic structures by comparison to photoemission experiments at various incident photon energies. Taking into account the photoionization cross‐sections, we are able to analyze the contributions of different atomic states and to verify the results by comparison to measured data. Based on these electronic structures, we calculate free‐electron and free‐hole masses as well as their dependence on the concentration of free carriers in the system. For SnO2, we compare with experimental results from another article (see M. Feneberg et al., Phys. Status Solidi A, DOI 10.1002/pssa.201330147 (2013) ) in this special issue.
Phytotherapy of Opioid Dependence and Withdrawal Syndrome: A Review
Authors: Tabatabai Seyed Meghdad , Dashti Saeedeh , Doosti Fatemeh , Hosseinzadeh Hossein
Published: October 2013

Development of tolerance and dependence is a major problem associated with opioid treatment. Withdrawal syndrome is common between medical and illicit users of these agents. Phytomedicine has shown promise in the treatment of this complicated psychosomatic condition. In this study, the effects of plant extracts and active components on morphine dependence and withdrawal syndrome are discussed. Proper keywords were used to search through PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciVerse, as well as two local scientific databases, www.iranmedex.com and www.SID.com. All relevant results (original articles, meeting abstracts, patents, etc.) published from 2000 to 2013 were chosen for final review. A total of 35 plant species were studied on this subject. Plants from Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Apiaceae families were especially effective. A few studies were carried out on human subjects and the rest in animal models. Opioid dependence and withdrawal syndrome remain an intimidating challenge. Nonetheless, plants and their derivatives are suitable sources for their treatment. Although there are several plants shown to be effective in animal models, few clinical studies are available. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to Prepare a Good Cu/ZnO Catalyst or the Role of Solid State Chemistry for the Synthesis of Nanostructured Catalysts
Authors: Behrens Malte , Schlögl Robert
Published: October 2013

In this research report we summarize recent progress that has been made in the field of Cu/ZnO catalyst synthesis. We briefly introduce the fields of application of this catalyst: methanol synthesis, the water gas shift reaction, and methanol steam reforming. The review is focused on the well‐documented industrial synthesis protocol and on the early stages of catalyst synthesis. The setting of the most critical synthesis parameters during co‐precipitation and ageing, like pH and temperature, is discussed in detail. We show how these parameters effect the phase formation and identify zincian malachite, (Cu, Zn)2(OH)2CO3, as the relevant precursor phase for high‐performance catalysts. A special emphasis is placed on the solid state chemistry of this precursor phase, in particular on the structural effects of Cu, Zn substitution. Based on the structural analysis, it is shown that the industrial synthesis recipe was empirically optimized to maximize the zinc incorporation into zincian malachite. From this insight a simple and generic geometric concept for the synthesis of nanostructured composite catalysts based on de‐mixing of solid solution precursors is derived. With this concept, the complex multi‐step industrial synthesis can be rationalized and the so‐called “chemical memory” of this catalyst synthesis can be understood. We also demonstrate how application of this concept can lead to new interesting catalytic materials, which help to address fundamental questions of this catalyst system like to role of the Al2O3 promoter or the so‐called Cu‐Zn synergy.
Shock reflection in the presence of an upstream expansion wave and a downstream shock wave
Authors: Yao Y. , Li S. G. , Wu Z. N.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we consider shock reflection problems, occurring in supersonic and hypersonic intake flow under off-design conditions, in which the incident shock wave is disturbed by the lip-generated upstream expansion wave and the reflected shock wave intersects with a downstream cowl-turning deflected shock wave. The expansion wave and deflected shock wave are here generated with the same magnitude of flow deflection angle or turning angle. With the help of shock interaction theory and numerical simulation, the influence of the turning angle of the lip and cowl on the flow structure and the critical conditions for transition between regular reflection and Mach reflection are analysed. It is found that the dual-solution domain is significantly altered by the interference between the expansion wave and shock waves. The flow structure in the condition of Mach reflection is then analysed with a model updated from a previous study. It is shown that the Mach stem height is an increasing function of the turning angle, while the horizontal position of the Mach stem is shifted in the downstream direction for small turning angle and in the upstream direction for large turning angle.
Anterior rhinoscopy and middle meatal culture in acute rhinosinusitis
Authors: Thunberg U , Engström K , Olaison S , Hugosson S
Published: October 2013

Objective:

To assess the use of bacterial culture findings for middle meatal samples obtained via anterior rhinoscopy, in the diagnosis of adults with acute rhinosinusitis.

Materials and methods:

Microbial cultures were prepared for 30 adult patients with acute rhinosinusitis and suspected bacterial involvement, using samples from the nasopharynx, and from the nasal middle meatus obtained via anterior rhinoscopy. Findings for the ipsilateral maxillary antrum were used as a reference.

Results:

Seventeen patients had a bacterial infection as verified by a positive culture from the maxillary antrum. Middle meatal samples had a similar sensitivity but a better specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, compared with nasopharyngeal samples, although predictive values were not statistically significant at a 95 per cent confidence level.

Conclusion:

Anterior rhinoscopy with culture of middle meatal samples can be recommended as a diagnostic procedure for acute rhinosinusitis. The results can also guide the decision on antibiotic treatment.
Practical expression for an effective ion-neutral collision frequency in flowing plasmas of some noble gases
Authors: KHRAPAK SERGEY A.
Published: October 2013

A simple expression for the effective ion-neutral collision frequency in weakly ionized drifting plasmas of helium, neon, and argon is suggested. This expression can be useful for practical estimations related to the problems of particle charging and ion drag force in complex (dusty) plasmas.
Endocannabinoid system and pain: an introduction
Authors: Burston James J. , Woodhams Stephen G.
Published: October 2013

The endocannabinoid (EC) system consists of two main receptors: cannabinoid type 1 receptor cannabinoid receptors are found in both the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, whereas the cannabinoid type 2 receptor cannabinoid receptor is found principally in the immune system and to a lesser extent in the CNS. The EC family consists of two classes of well characterised ligands; the N-acyl ethanolamines, such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide or anandamide (AEA), and the monoacylglycerols, such as 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. The various synthetic and catabolic pathways for these enzymes have been (with the exception of AEA synthesis) elucidated. To date, much work has examined the role of EC in nociceptive processing and the potential of targeting the EC system to produce analgesia. Cannabinoid receptors and ligands are found at almost every level of the pain pathway from peripheral sites, such as peripheral nerves and immune cells, to central integration sites such as the spinal cord, and higher brain regions such as the periaqueductal grey and the rostral ventrolateral medulla associated with descending control of pain. EC have been shown to induce analgesia in preclinical models of acute nociception and chronic pain states. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the evidence for the role of EC in the pain pathway and the therapeutic potential of EC to produce analgesia. We also review the present clinical work conducted with EC, and examine whether targeting the EC system might offer a novel target for analgesics, and also potentially disease-modifying interventions for pathophysiological pain states.
Sequential induction of auxin efflux and influx carriers regulates lateral root emergence
Authors: Péret Benjamin , Middleton Alistair M , French Andrew P , Larrieu Antoine , Bishopp Anthony , Njo Maria , Wells Darren M , Porco Silvana , Mellor Nathan , Band Leah R , Casimiro Ilda , Kleine‐Vehn Jürgen , Vanneste Steffen , Sairanen Ilkka , Mallet Romain , Sandberg Göran , Ljung Karin , Beeckman Tom , Benkova Eva , Friml Jiří , Kramer Eric , King John R , De Smet Ive , Pridmore Tony , Owen Markus , Bennett Malcolm J
Published: October 2013

In Arabidopsis, lateral roots originate from pericycle cells deep within the primary root. New lateral root primordia (LRP) have to emerge through several overlaying tissues. Here, we report that auxin produced in new LRP is transported towards the outer tissues where it triggers cell separation by inducing both the auxin influx carrier LAX3 and cell‐wall enzymes. LAX3 is expressed in just two cell files overlaying new LRP. To understand how this striking pattern of LAX3 expression is regulated, we developed a mathematical model that captures the network regulating its expression and auxin transport within realistic three‐dimensional cell and tissue geometries. Our model revealed that, for the LAX3 spatial expression to be robust to natural variations in root tissue geometry, an efflux carrier is required—later identified to be PIN3. To prevent LAX3 from being transiently expressed in multiple cell files, PIN3 and LAX3 must be induced consecutively, which we later demonstrated to be the case. Our study exemplifies how mathematical models can be used to direct experiments to elucidate complex developmental processes.
Use of a hand-held computer to calculate Debye temperatures of cubic crystals from elastic constants
Authors: Delinger W. G.
Published: October 2013

A hand-held computer that can be easily carried in a pocket was programmed in BASIC to do a numerical integration over 1/16 of a unit sphere in order to calculate the Debye temperatures of cubic crystals from elastic constant data. The computer program was designed to solve a third-order equation involving the elastic constants so the velocity of acoustic waves in many different directions in the crystal could be determined and the information used to evaluate the average velocity integral. The results obtained for the elastic Debye temperatures agree with previous values calculated with programs running on large mainframe computers.
An efficient method for generating a uniform distribution of points within a hypersphere
Authors: Luban Marshall , Staunton Lawrence P.
Published: October 2013

This work demonstrates the analytical equivalence of two ostensibly different, efficient methods [M. Sibuya, Ann. Inst. Stat. Math. 14, 81 (1964); Y. Tashiro, Ann. Inst. Stat. Math. A 29, 295 (1977); G. Marsaglia, J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 11, 71 (1980)] for generating a uniform distribution of points within a hypersphere of arbitrary integer dimensionality D. A modified version of these methods is provided that appears to be computationally superior. One useful application of the present method is the efficient evaluation of a class of high-dimensional integrals.
Supercomputers in the classroom
Authors: Decyk Viktor K. , Slottow Joan E.
Published: October 2013

A user interface to a particle simulation program on a supercomputer has been developed which allows students with no previous experience with computers to successfully run numerically intensive computer experiments. Large complex plasma simulations can then be used as a tool in the classroom to test the students’ understanding of the theoretical material.
Performing Fourier transforms on extremely long data streams
Authors: Hocking W. K.
Published: October 2013

In many computer applications, it is necessary to perform discrete Fourier transforms on data sets that are too long to fit into computer memory. Standard ‘‘fast Fourier transform’’ (FFT) algorithms are then not applicable. This article shows how such data sequences may still be Fourier transformed relatively quickly by applying a ‘‘partial FFT’’ process that involves performing several discrete FFTs on smaller subsets formed from the original data sequence, and then mixing and reordering the series of data points produced. The result has the same frequency resolution as, and indeed produces identical results to, the results that would be produced by performing a Fourier transform on the full data set. There is no limit to the length of the data sets that can be transformed by this method. The procedure is illustrated by Fourier transforming a data set of 4×106 points, but it is possible to Fourier transform much longer data sets.
Gigaflop speed algorithm for the direct solution of large block-tridiagonal systems in 3-D physics applications
Authors: Anderson David V. , Fry Alan R. , Gruber Ralf , Roy Alexandre
Published: October 2013

In the discretization of the 3-D partial differential equations of many physics problems, it is found that the resultant system of linear equations can be represented by a block tridiagonal matrix. Depending on the substructure of the blocks, one can devise many algorithms for the solution of these systems. For plasma physics problems of interest to the authors, several interesting matrix problems arise that should be useful in other applications as well. In one case, where the blocks are dense, it was found that by using a multitasked cyclic reduction procedure, it was possible to reach gigaflop rates on a Cray-2 for the direct solve of these large linear systems. The recently built code PAMS (parallelized matrix solver) embodies this technique and uses fast vendor-supplied routines and obtains this good performance. Manipulations within the blocks are done by these highly optimized linear algebra subroutines that exploit vectorization as well as overlap of the functional units within each CPU. In unitasking mode, speeds well above 340 Mflops have been measured. The cyclic reduction method multitasks quite well with overlap factors in the range of three to four. In multitasking mode, average speeds of 1.1 gigaflops have been measured for the entire PAMS algorithm. In addition to the presentation of the PAMS algorithm, it is shown how related systems having banded blocks may be treated efficiently by multitasked cyclic reduction in the Cray-2 multiprocessor environment. The PAMS method is intended for multiprocessors and would not be a method of choice on a uniprocessor. Furthermore, this method’s advantage was found to be critically dependent on the hardware, software, and charging algorithm installed on any given multiprocessor system.
The visualization management system approach to visualization in scientific computing
Authors: Butler D. M. , Pendley M. H.
Published: October 2013

This paper introduces the visualization management system (ViMS), a new approach to the development of software for visualization in scientific computing (ViSC). The conceptual foundation for a ViMS is an abstract visualization model that specifies a class of geometric objects, the graphic representations of the objects, and the operations on both. A ViMS implements a visualization model and provides four levels of mechanisms for developing applications. The ViMS requirements and a model-independent ViMS architecture are described. The ViMS approach presents several important opportunities for visualization standards.
A simple and low-cost interface between an apparatus for Auger spectroscopy and a personal computer
Authors: Santucci S. , Picozzi P. , Lozzi L. , Diamanti R.
Published: October 2013

An electron analyzer designed for analogic operation has been adapted to digital employment using an interface in a very simple way. This interface provides for automatic operation and digital data collection. The circuit utilized makes use of common digital components and a standard digital acquisition module. An example of the results that can be obtained is provided.
Modeling saturable absorption using 3-D spreadsheets
Authors: Ning Xiaohui
Published: October 2013

An approach is presented for solving nonlinear coupled differential equations using personal computer spreadsheet programs. This approach is used to model the phenomena of bleaching and dynamic filtering in saturable absorbing media. The numerical results are presented. Because of their convenient features, 3-D spreadsheet programs are useful for modeling many similar physical phenomena.
Characterising vegetative biomass burning in China using MODIS data
Authors: Qin Xianlin , Yan Hou , Zhan Zihui , Li Zengyuan
Published: October 2013

For Chinese fire cases, it was established that the active fire data obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 1-km2 spatial resolution and their subsequent analysis are more accurate and spatially precise than those obtained from the statistical fire data collected by the State Forestry Administration (SFA) of P. R. China. Most (37.5%) of the biomass burning detections from 2000 to 2011 were found in croplands, followed by broadleaf forests (21.2%). Three high-density fire regions were found during the 12-year study period: (1) Heilongjiang Province, where many large forest fires occurred in April–May and September–October; (2) Yunnan Province, where many small forest fires occurred in December–May and (3) Guangdong Province and Guangxi Autonomous Regions, where most fires occurred in croplands in November–March. The largest percentage (10.72%) of the total active fire points was in Heilongjiang Province during 2000–2011, followed by Yunnan Province (10.14%), with several fires taking place in February, April and June.
Nonequilibrium landscape theory of neural networks
Authors: Yan Han , Zhao Lei , Hu Liang , Wang Xidi , Wang Erkang , Wang Jin
Published: October 2013

Significance

The brain map project aims at mapping out human brain neuron connections. Even with given wirings, the global and physical understandings of the function and behavior of the brain are still challenging. Learning and memory processes were previously globally quantified for symmetrically connected neural networks. However, realistic neural networks of cognitive processes and physiological rhythm regulations are asymmetrically connected. We developed a nonequilibrium landscape–flux theory for asymmetrically connected neural networks. We found the landscape topography is critical in determining the global stability and function of the neural networks. The cognitive dynamics is determined by both landscape gradient and flux. For rapid-eye movement sleep cycles, we predicted the key network wirings based on landscape topography, in agreement with experiments.
Functional traits predict relationship between plant abundance dynamic and long-term climate warming
Authors: Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A. , Elumeeva Tatiana G. , Onipchenko Vladimir G. , Shidakov Islam I. , Salpagarova Fatima S. , Khubiev Anzor B. , Tekeev Dzhamal K. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C.
Published: October 2013

Significance

Although the response of the Plant Kingdom to climate change is acknowledged as one of the fundamental feedback mechanisms of environmental changes on the Earth, until now, the response of plant species to in situ climate warming has been described at the level of a few fixed plant functional types (i.e. grasses, forbs, shrubs etc.). This approach is very coarse and inflexible. Here, we show that plant functional traits (i.e., plant features) can be used as predictors of vegetation response to climate warming. This finding enlarges possibilities for forecasting ecosystem responses to climate change.
GmNAC30 and GmNAC81 integrate the endoplasmic reticulum stress- and osmotic stress-induced cell death responses through a vacuolar processing enzyme
Authors: Mendes Giselle C. , Reis Pedro A. B. , Calil Iara P. , Carvalho Humberto H. , Aragão Francisco J. L. , Fontes Elizabeth P. B.
Published: October 2013

Significance

An endoplasmic reticulum stress- and osmotic stress-induced cell death pathway has emerged as a relevant adaptive response of plant cells to multiple environmental stimuli. We identified a unique component of this integrated circuit of stress-induced cell death, the GmNAC30 transcriptional factor, which binds to GmNAC81 in the nucleus of plant cells to coordinately regulate the expression of the vacuolar processing enzyme, a plant-specific executioner of cell death. In addition to describing a plant-specific endoplasmic reticulum stress cell death response that communicates with other environmental stimuli, the study deciphered the regulation of vacuolar processing enzyme expression that has been shown to be involved in several events of cell death in plants.
Isolation and characterization of the positive-sense replicative intermediate of a negative-strand RNA virus
Authors: York Ashley , Hengrung Narin , Vreede Frank T. , Huiskonen Juha T. , Fodor Ervin
Published: October 2013

Significance

The negative-strand RNA viruses comprise several significant human, animal, and plant pathogens that have considerable health and economic impact globally. During infection, replication of the single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome occurs through a complementary RNA intermediate, which is believed to complex with viral proteins to form a complementary ribonucleoprotein (cRNP). The isolation of these complexes from infected cells has never been accomplished, greatly hampering our understanding of genome replication. We report a technological advance for the isolation of this elusive but essential component of the influenza A virus replication machine. Structural and functional characterization of the influenza A virus cRNP has led to the proposal of a model of genome replication that relies on a
trans
-activating viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Lipid droplet breakdown requires Dynamin 2 for vesiculation of autolysosomal tubules in hepatocytes
Authors: Schulze Ryan J. , Weller Shaun G. , Schroeder Barbara , Krueger Eugene W. , Chi Susan , Casey Carol A. , McNiven Mark A.
Published: October 2013

Lipid droplets (LDs) are lipid storage organelles that in hepatocytes may be catabolized by autophagy for use as an energy source, but the membrane-trafficking machinery regulating such a process is poorly characterized. We hypothesized that the large GTPase Dynamin 2 (Dyn2), well known for its involvement in membrane deformation and cellular protein trafficking, could orchestrate autophagy-mediated LD breakdown. Accordingly, depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of Dyn2 led to a substantial accumulation of LDs in hepatocytes. Strikingly, the targeted disruption of Dyn2 induced a dramatic four- to fivefold increase in the size of autolysosomes. Chronic or acute Dyn2 inhibition combined with nutrient deprivation stimulated the excessive tubulation of these autolysosomal compartments. Importantly, Dyn2 associated with these tubules along their length, and the tubules vesiculated and fragmented in the presence of functional Dyn2. These findings provide new evidence for the participation of the autolysosome in LD metabolism and demonstrate a novel role for dynamin in the function and maturation of an autophagic compartment.
Use of Death Certificates to Identify Tuberculosis-Related Deaths in Washington State
Authors: Gallivan Mark D. , Lofy Kathryn H. , Goldbaum Gary M.
Published: October 2013

Context:

Death certificates are routinely used to estimate tuberculosis (TB) mortality rates. The validity of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes and text cause of death data for this purpose is uncertain.

Objective:

To evaluate the accuracy of ICD-10 coded and text cause of death data in identifying TB-related deaths in Washington State.

Design:

Cross-sectional descriptive study comparing TB-related deaths detected through Washington State death certificates to TB-related deaths identified in the Washington State TB registry during 2009-2010.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Sensitivity and positive predictive value of ICD-10 coded and text cause of death definitions in identifying TB-related deaths compared to the TB registry.

Results:

All methods for identifying TB-related deaths using death certificate data overestimated the number of TB-related deaths compared to the tuberculosis registry. The positive predictive value ranged from 22% for a TB ICD-10 code as an underlying or multiple cause of death to 56% for TB listed in the direct cause of death text field. Seventeen (33%) of 51 subjects assigned with a TB ICD-10 code as an underlying or multiple cause of death had no evidence of TB on the death certificate and were not present in the TB registry.

Conclusions:

Death certificates were not highly predictive of TB-related deaths. Use of the direct cause of death text field was the most accurate method to identify a TB-related death when using death certificates. Specific ICD-10 coding algorithms may misclassify subjects as having died from TB.
Some peculiar features of hydrodynamic instability development
Authors: Meshkov E.
Published: October 2013

We discuss the results of experiments that illustrate some features of a turbulent mixing zone (TMZ) structure at a gas–liquid interface (Rayleigh–Taylor instability) and at a gas–gas interface accelerated by shock waves (Richtmyer–Meshkov instability). The important feature is the existence of a heavier substance concentration (density) jump at the interface between the heavy medium and the TMZ. It is found that the existence of this jump is a generic feature of any developed TMZ and is the necessary condition for its continuous development. In the case of a gas–liquid interface, the stable existence of this jump is connected with the stability of the cupola of gas bubbles penetrating into the liquid in a TMZ. The important feature of the development of interface instability accelerated by an unsteady shock is the decaying ability (up to full suppression) of the interface instability in the case when a decaying wave passes through the interface in the direction from light gas to heavy gas.
What is certain and what is not so certain in our knowledge of Rayleigh–Taylor mixing?
Authors: Anisimov Sergei I. , Drake R. Paul , Gauthier Serge , Meshkov Evgeny E. , Abarzhi Snezhana I.
Published: October 2013

Past decades significantly advanced our understanding of Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) mixing. We briefly review recent theoretical results and numerical modelling approaches and compare them with state-of-the-art experiments focusing the reader's attention on qualitative properties of RT mixing.
Truncation of gene F5L partially masks rescue of vaccinia virus strain MVA growth on mammalian cells by restricting plaque size
Authors: Dobson Bianca M. , Tscharke David C.
Published: October 2013

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a candidate vaccine vector that is severely attenuated due to mutations acquired during several hundred rounds of serial passage in vitro. A previous study used marker rescue to produce a set of MVA recombinants with improved replication on mammalian cells. Here, we extended the characterization of these rescued MVA strains and identified vaccinia virus (VACV) gene F5L as a determinant of plaque morphology but not replication in vitro. F5 joins a growing group of VACV proteins that influence plaque formation more strongly than virus replication and which are disrupted in MVA. These defective genes in MVA confound the interpretation of marker rescue experiments designed to map mutations responsible for the attenuation of this important VACV strain.
(7-Chloro-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)methyl pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate
Authors: Kotresh O. , Devarajegowda H. C. , Shirahatti Arunkumar , Kumar K. Mahesh , Mahabhaleshwaraiah N. M.
Published: October 2013

In the title compound, C15H14ClNO2S2, the 2H-chromene ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0133 (10) Å. Three C atoms and their attached H atoms of the pyrrolidine ring are disordered [occupany ratio 0.874 (7):0.126 (7)] with both disorder components adopting a twisted conformation. The dihedral angle between the 2H-chromene ring system and the major occupancy component of the pyrrolidine ring is 89.45 (7)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of C—H...S and C—H...O interactions generateR22(24) andR22(10) loops, respectively. Further C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the dimers into [100] chains. C—H...π interactions also occur and there is very weak π–π stacking [interplanar spacing = 3.650 (5) Å; centroid–centroid distance = 4.095 (7) Å] between inversion-related chlorobenzene rings.
2-(3-Nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzothiazin-4-one
Authors: Yennawar Hemant P. , Silverberg Lee J. , Minehan Michael J. , Tierney John
Published: October 2013

The title compound, C20H14N2O3S, has three aromatic rings,viz.(i) a phenyl ring, (ii) a 3-nitrophenyl and (iii) a 1,3-benzothiazine fused-ring system. The dihedral angle between (i) and (ii) is 85.31 (15)°, between (ii) and (iii) is 81.33 (15)° and between (i) and (iii) is 75.73 (15)°. The six-membered 1,3-thiazine ring has an envelope conformation with the C atom in the 2-position forming the flap. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak C—H...O interactions, forming a three-dimensional network.
2-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole
Authors: Krishnamurthy M. S. , Fathima Nikhath , Nagarajaiah H. , Begum Noor Shahina
Published: October 2013

In the title molecule, C13H8F2N2, the dihedral angle between the benzimidazole ring system and the difluoro-substituted benzene ring is 30.0 (1)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [010]. In addition, weak C—H...F hydrogen bonds connect chains into a two-dimensional network parallel to (001). A weak C—H...π interaction is observed between an H atom of the benzimidazole ring sytem and the π system of the difluoro-substituted benzene ring.
6-Hydroxy-5-[(2-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclohex-1-enyl)(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]-1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione
Authors: Sureshbabu N. , Sughanya V.
Published: October 2013

In the title compound, C21H23N3O7, the pyrimidinedione ring adopts a screw-boat conformation, whereas the cyclohexenone ring adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the methyl groups as the flap atom. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the pyrimidinedione and cyclohexenone rings is 58.78 (2)°. The pyrimidinedione and cyclohexenone rings form dihedral angles of 59.94 (3) and 54.73 (2)°, respectively, with the 4-nitrophenyl ring. Relatively strong intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds are observed. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain along thec-axis direction.
The role of “zero-responders” during 7/7: implications for the emergency services
Authors: Cocking Chris
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the psychological processes involved in spontaneous co-operation by survivors of mass emergencies, and the possible implications this may have for emergency responders.

Design/methodology/approach

– A qualitative interview study was conducted with 12 survivors and witnesses of the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Data were subjected to thematic analysis.

Findings

– Spontaneous co-operation amongst survivors often emerged, and this was a function of a common identity that grew out of a sense of shared fate amongst those affected. Some social influence that encouraged co-operation also occurred, and this was dependent upon whether there was a sense of shared identity between source and target of influence.

Research limitations/implications

– Evidence was only collected from a sub-set of one incident (7/7), thus limiting possible generalisability of the findings. Further research into comparable situations would provide a better understanding of the processes underlying mutual co-operation and support amongst emergency survivors.

Practical implications

– Uninjured bystanders in emergencies can act as “zero-responders”, and so may become a useful resource which can be utilised by the emergency services in mass emergencies.

Originality/value

– This is the first paper to explore in detail the social influence processes underlying spontaneous co-operation amongst survivors of emergencies, and will be of use to emergency responders.
Ethical issues in knowledge management: conflict of knowledge ownership
Authors: Rechberg Isabel , Syed Jawad
Published: October 2013

Purpose

–This paper aims to review ethical issues inherent in the theorisation and practice of knowledge management (KM) with specific attention to the conflict of knowledge ownership between organisations and individual employees.

Design/methodology/approach

–Relevant literature was identified and reviewed via EPSCO host and ISIWeb.

Findings

–The paper notes that knowledge, although rooted in individuals, is often claimed or treated as owned by organisations, creating a conflict of knowledge ownership. The paper argues that such an approach to appropriation and management of knowledge leads to tension in knowledge processes between organisations and individuals, and also among individuals. This situation may, in turn, jeopardise individuals' knowledge processing behaviours, and pose difficulties to organisations in managing knowledge effectively.

Research limitations/implications

–Offers a number of potential research questions that may be turned into research hypotheses and assessed experimentally to refine and develop an ethical approach to KM.

Practical implications

–Highlights the need for a renewed moral contract between individuals and organisations, built on ethical constructs of trust, fairness, and justice, which may in turn lead to effective KM practices.

Originality/value

–Offers an original conceptual approach to understand and resolve the conflict of knowledge ownership between organizations and individuals.
Organizational unlearning and organizational relearning: a dynamic process of knowledge management
Authors: Zhao Yingxin , Lu Yanqiu , Wang Xiangyang
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to explore the dynamic process of knowledge management from the perspectives of organizational unlearning and organizational relearning, which promote a favorable context for knowledge management.

Design/methodology/approach

– The model is proposed based on extensive review of literatures. According to this model, the evolutions of organizational unlearning and organizational relearning are separately analyzed, and the interactions between them are revealed.

Findings

– Organizational unlearning and organizational relearning are the indispensable factors to the dynamic knowledge management. Organizational unlearning positively affects the dynamic knowledge management by discarding the outdated and useless knowledge, while organizational relearning has a positive influence on the dynamic knowledge management by acquiring the new knowledge. Organizational unlearning and organizational relearning have synergies on the dynamic knowledge management.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper theoretically illuminates the relationships among organizational unlearning, organizational relearning and knowledge management, and doesn't offer an empirical test.

Practical implications

– This paper will provide insights to practitioners to better understand the dynamic process of knowledge management. The practitioners need to provide favorable context to ensure that organizational unlearning and organizational relearning can occur.

Originality/value

– Most existing studies focused on the inflows of knowledge, but the outflows of knowledge still lack sufficient attention, especially the dynamic process of knowledge management. The framework provides guides in that process.
E-participation in local governments
Authors: Reddick Christopher , F. Norris Donald
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this research is to examine factors that explain top governmental officials' support for e-participation in American local governments, and to examine the impacts of e-participation adoption on local governments in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study utilizes a national survey of e-participation among US local governments, which examines factors that predict greater political-managerial support for e-participation and factors associated with positive impacts from e-participation.

Findings

– This research found that demand was the most important factor predicting political-managerial support for e-participation and impacts.

Research limitations/implications

– This study produced somewhat limited results partly because relatively few of the responding governments had adopted any significant number of e-participation activities. A second limitation is that the authors took a quantitative approach to e-participation supports and impacts, which did not enable them to tease out some of the more subtle nuisances of e-participation adoption and its impact on government. A third limitation is that the authors conducted the research only on governments at the local level in one nation.

Practical implications

– Local governments should ensure top level (elected and appointed officials) support for e-participation for it to be successful. Citizen demand, formal planning, and taking e-participation are seriously also associated with adoption and positive impacts. So, local governments should consider these factors when developing e-participation.

Originality/value

– This study is first to examine the impacts of e-participation adoption on local governments in the USA.
Pelvic floor biometry during a first singleton pregnancy and the relationship with symptoms of pelvic floor disorders: a prospective observational study
Authors: Chan SSC , Cheung RYK , Yiu KW , Lee LL , Leung TY , Chung TKH
Published: October 2013

Objective

To assess pelvic floor biometry during pregnancy and the correlation with symptoms of pelvic floor disorders in women.

Design

A prospective observational study.

Setting

Antenatal clinic between August 2009 and May 2011.

Population

Nulliparous women in their first pregnancy.

Methods

Pelvic floor was assessed by translabial ultrasound and symptoms of pelvic floor disorders were explored with a standardised questionnaire at each trimester.

Main outcome measures

Pelvic floor biometry during pregnancy.

Results

A total of 405 (91.6%) women completed the study. As the pregnancy advanced, there was significant descent of the bladder neck (BN), cervix, and anorectal junction. The hiatal area (HA) was significantly enlarged, with a mean increase of 15.1 ± 24.8% at rest, and 24.7 ± 28.5% at Valsalva, at third trimester when compared with first trimester. Risk factors for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were: descent of BN at Valsalva (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.2–8.5), increase in HA at pelvic floor contraction (PFMC; OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.6), and increase in maternal age (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2), at first trimester; increase in HA at PFMC (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.5) at second trimester; and descent of BN at rest (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9) and increase in maternal age (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.02–1.2) at third trimester. Descent of anorectal junction (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–1.9) and increase in HA at rest (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.3) were factors for prolapse symptoms at second and third trimester, respectively.

Conclusions

Pelvic floor changes begin during pregnancy. There was significant descent of the BN, cervix, and anorectal junction, and enlargement of the hiatal area, as the pregnancy advanced. SUI was associated with descent of the BN, and prolapse symptoms were associated with an increase in the hiatal area.
Eosinophil Apoptosis as a Therapeutic Target in Allergic Asthma
Authors: Ilmarinen Pinja , Kankaanranta Hannu
Published: October 2013

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways manifesting in many different phenotypes. Allergic asthma, comprising approximately half of patients with asthma, is characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils into the lungs. Eosinophils release factors that damage the surrounding cells and participate in the maintenance and exacerbation of inflammation. In the absence of any inflammatory survival‐prolonging factors, eosinophils die by apoptosis in few days but in inflamed airways, eosinophil survival is thought to be prolonged due to the surrounding pro‐inflammatory factors such as IL‐5, IL‐3 and GM‐CSF. Resolution of eosinophilic inflammation is an important goal in the treatment of allergic asthma. Apoptosis is a physiological and non‐inflammatory way to eliminate these harmful cells, and development of drugs targeting eosinophil apoptosis is one possible strategy for the therapy of allergic asthma. Importance of this strategy is supported by the fact that promotion of eosinophil apoptosis is a property of many anti‐asthmatic agents such as glucocorticoids, the current main anti‐inflammatory therapy of asthma, theophylline and leukotriene modifiers. β2 agonists have been shown to modulate eosinophil longevity by increasing survival. Also, anti‐IL‐5 antibody mesolizumab has shown efficacy in reducing asthma exacerbations in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Many potential future anti‐asthmatic agents, such as Siglec‐8 activating antibody and novel humanized anti‐IL‐5 antibody MEDI‐563, have the property of inducing eosinophil apoptosis. This MiniReview aims to present eosinophil apoptosis as a therapeutic target in the treatment of allergic asthma. We summarize the effects and mechanisms of current and potential future anti‐asthmatic drugs on eosinophil apoptosis and additionally, discuss the potential factors that promote eosinophil longevity in the lungs.
Is furcation involvement in maxillary molars a predictor for subsequent bone augmentation prior to implant placement? A pilot study
Authors: Walter Clemens , Dagassan‐Berndt Dorothea C. , Kühl Sebastian , Weiger Roland , Lang Niklaus P. , Zitzmann Nicola U.
Published: October 2013

Aim

The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the interfurcal bone height in relation to the possible need for subsequent sinus floor elevation in patients with advanced periodontitis and furcation involvement of first and/or second maxillary molars.

Material and methods

Seventeen dentate patients, who received cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for detailed preoperative diagnosis and planning of surgical interventions at periodontally involved maxillary molars (17 first and 15 second molars), were consecutively recruited for the study. The minimal bone height in the interfurcal region was measured from CBCT and related to furcation involvement, residual bone above the root tips, and the clinical probing pocket depth (PPD).

Results

The minimal interfurcal bone height measured 4.1 ± 2.6 mm on average with 75% of maxillary molars having ≤6 mm and almost 60% having only ≤4 mm bone height left below the sinus floor. A higher risk for reduced interfurcal bone height of ≤4 mm was given when residual PPD of ≥6 mm was remaining at two or more tooth sites (OR 0.10; 0.11).

Conclusions

The majority of periodontally involved maxillary molars had a substantially reduced interfurcal bone height, particularly with at least two sites with residual PPD ≥ 6 mm. This was a predictor for a subsequent need for sinus floor elevation when tooth replacement with a dental implant is desired.