bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revealing Elasmobranch Distributions in Turbid Coastal Waters: Insights From Environmental DNA and Particle Tracking
Authors: Dunn Nick , Ward Sophie , Barker Joanna , Davies Jake , Davies Sarah , Wray Ben , Robins Peter , Apetroaie Isabelle , Williams Jake , Hopkins Kevin , Curnick David
Published: January 2025

Many sharks, rays and skates are highly threatened and vulnerable to overexploitation, as such reliable monitoring of elasmobranchs is key to effective management and conservation. The mobile and elusive nature of these species makes monitoring challenging, particularly in temperate waters with low visibility. Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods present an opportunity to study these species in the absence of visual identification or invasive techniques. However, eDNA data alone can be difficult to interpret for species monitoring, particularly in a marine setting where its distribution can be influenced by water currents. In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of elasmobranch species in two Special Areas for Conservation (SAC) off the coast of Wales. We took monthly eDNA samples for 1 year (starting September 2020 and March 2022 for the northern and southern SACs, respectively), and used metabarcoding to reveal the presence of elasmobranch species. We combined these data with hydrodynamic modelling and particle tracking methods to simulate the potential origins of the detected eDNA. We detected 11 elasmobranch species, including the critically endangered angelshark (Squatina squatina) and tope (Galeorhinus galeus). Most detections were in the spring and the fewest in the autumn. The particle tracking simulations predicted that eDNA was shed, on average, approximately 7 km and 15 km (in the northern and southern SACs, respectively) from the sampling stations at which it was detected. These results show that the two SACs represent important areas for elasmobranchs in the United Kingdom and demonstrate that eDNA methods combined with particle tracking simulations can represent a new frontier for monitoring marine species.
Nitrogen fixation may not alleviate stoichiometric imbalances that limit primary production in eutrophic lake ecosystems
Authors: Andersen Isabelle M. , Taylor Jason M. , Kelly Patrick T. , Hoke Alexa K. , Robbins Caleb J. , Scott J. Thad
Published: January 2025

Ecosystem‐scale primary production may be proximately limited by nitrogen (N) but ultimately limited by phosphorus (P) because N2 fixation contributes new N that accumulates relative to P at ecosystem scales. However, the duration needed to transition between proximate N limitation and ultimate P limitation remains unknown for most ecosystems, including lakes. Here we present the results of a fully replicated, multi‐annual lake mesocosm experiment that permitted full air‐water‐sediment interactions that mimicked lake ecosystem ecology. We manipulated N supply relative to P to achieve a gradient of N:P stoichiometry. Despite N2 fixation contributing as much as 80% of reactive N in the low N treatments, phytoplankton biomass in these treatments was not different from the unfertilized controls. This suggests that primary production remained N limited in the lowest N treatments, even when N2 fixation was substantial. Although fixed N inputs reduced the N imbalance relative to P in the low N treatments seasonally, fixed N did not accumulate over multiple years. Additionally, reactive N did not readily accumulate in the high N treatments. Instead, water column stoichiometry was proportional to the experimental N and P additions, suggesting a strong influence from external nutrient loading. Thus, we found no evidence that N accumulation from N2 fixation was sufficient to trigger a transition to ultimate P limitation seasonally or across our 3‐year experiment. Rather, our results indicate that proximate N limitation perpetuates in eutrophic lakes, likely due to N export being proportional to its inputs. These findings offer new insight regarding the biogeochemical controls on ecosystem stoichiometry and their influence on the timeframe for proximate N limitation and ultimate P limitation in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems.
The Anti‐Human P2X7 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone L4) Can Mediate Complement‐Dependent Cytotoxicity of Human Leukocytes
Authors: Elhage Amal , Watson Debbie , Sluyter Ronald
Published: January 2025

P2X7 is an extracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP)‐gated cation channel that plays various roles in inflammation and immunity. P2X7 is present on peripheral blood monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and innate and adaptive lymphocytes. The anti‐human P2X7 monoclonal antibody (mAb; clone L4), used for immunolabelling P2X7 or blocking P2X7 activity, is a murine IgG2b antibody, but its ability to mediate complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is unknown. In this study the functionality of this mAb was confirmed by inhibition of ATP‐induced Ca2+ responses in HEK‐293 cells expressing P2X7 (HEK‐P2X7). Spectrophotometric measurements of lactate dehydrogenase release demonstrated that the anti‐P2X7 mAb mediated CDC in HEK‐P2X7 but not HEK‐293 cells. Further, flow cytometric measurements of the viability dye, 7‐aminoactinomycin D, showed that this mAb mediated CDC in human RPMI 8226 but not mouse J774 cells. Immunolabelling with this mAb and flow cytometry revealed that relative amounts of cell surface P2X7 varied between human peripheral blood leukocytes. As such, the anti‐P2X7 mAb preferentially mediated CDC of leukocytes that displayed relatively high cell surface P2X7, namely monocytes, DCs, natural killer T cells, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, and T helper 17 cells. Together, this data highlights a novel approach to target cellular P2X7 and to limit unwanted P2X7 functions.
Synthesis of 4‐Iodoimidazole Nucleosides: A Biocatalyzed Whole Cell Approach
Authors: Giaimo Lautaro A. M. , Lafuente Leticia , Fernández Varela Romina N. , Nóbile Matías L. , Iribarren Adolfo M. , Lewkowicz Elizabeth S.
Published: January 2025

Nucleoside analogues are biologically active drugs that are well known for their therapeutic properties. Chemical synthesis of these compounds is complex due to time constraints, contaminant methodologies, and numerous steps involved. In contrast, biocatalyzed synthesis, particularly using microorganisms, offers many advantages. In this work, we introduce the synthesis of 4‐iodoimidazole‐ribonucleoside, through a microbial transglycosylation biocatalyzed by Erwinia amylovora whole cells, selected as the optimal catalyst for this biotransformation upon evaluating our microbial collection. Parameters were analyzed to optimize the reaction, and the use of this biocatalyst in transglycosylation with other natural and non‐natural bases and different sugar donor nucleosides was also verified.
Experiencing Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling in Commercial Roofs with Ultrahigh‐Temperature Reduction Using Micro/Nanoparticles‐Distributed Porous Polymeric Structure
Authors: Lakshmanan Ragunath , Rajaram Kamatchi
Published: January 2025

Recently, great interest is pursued by researchers in radiative cooling paints (RCPs) due to enhanced passive cooling capability, space cooling demands are reduced, and greenhouse gas emissions are combated owing to hassle‐free applicability on existing structures. In this study, different formulation of RCPs is developed such as RCP1, RCP2, RCP3, and RCP4. The real‐time cooling capability of all the developed RCPs are experimentally investigated by painting a single layer on asbestos cement sheet and clay tile in indoor and outdoor conditions. Strategic selection of fillers and binders in the development of RCPs maximizes the reflection in solar window and emission in thermal window. During outdoor analysis at a tropical savanna condition, a drastic reduction in temperature of 12.36 °C is observed in RCP3 in a midday and sub‐ambient cooling of −3.68 °C observed in nighttime. When compared to commercial white‐paint‐coated roofs, an excellent reduction of ≈4.3 °C is found with RCP3. Also, RCPs used in this study saves almost 335 Wm−2 of energy on air conditioners by offsetting negative cooling power of commercial roofs (−300 Wm−2) to positive cooling power by 35 Wm−2. Hence, this passive cooling technique saves people from deadly heat waves.
Biases in Volumetric Versus Surface Analyses in Population Receptive Field Mapping
Authors: Linhardt David , Woletz Michael , Paz‐Alonso Pedro M. , Windischberger Christian , Lerma‐Usabiaga Garikoitz
Published: January 2025

Population receptive field (pRF) mapping is a quantitative functional MRI (fMRI) analysis method that links visual field positions with specific locations in the visual cortex. A common preprocessing step in pRF analyses involves projecting volumetric fMRI data onto the cortical surface, typically leading to upsampling of the data. This process may introduce biases in the resulting pRF parameters. Using publicly available analysis containers, we compared pRF maps generated from the original volumetric with those from upsampled surface data. Our results show substantial increases in pRF coverage in the central visual field of upsampled datasets. These effects were consistent across early visual cortex areas V1‐3. Further analysis indicates that this bias is primarily driven by the nonlinear relationship between cortical distance and visual field eccentricity, known as cortical magnification. Our results underscore the importance of understanding and addressing biases introduced by processing steps to ensure accurate interpretation of pRF mapping data, particularly in cross‐study comparisons.
Characteristics, Needs, and Perspectives of Individuals Living Alone With Dementia: An Integrative Review
Authors: Crance Sara J. , Yu Fang
Published: January 2025

Background

The number of individuals living alone with dementia is increasing throughout the world, and they have unique needs that are poorly understood. The aim of this integrative review was to understand the characteristics, needs, and perspectives of individuals living alone with dementia as well as the available community resources to guide future research and clinical practice.

Methods

Electronic (PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) and manual searches were utilized to identify articles using MeSH terms. Among 5693 identified articles, 31 articles met the eligibility criteria. The quality of the articles was determined utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools applicable to the study design.

Results

Individuals living alone with dementia are more likely to be widows, of older age, and lower income, have a higher risk of severe loneliness despite more social contact, higher functional ability, and higher unmet needs despite the use of services, compared to those living with others. Perspectives of individuals living alone with dementia focus on the uncertainty of diagnosis, cognitive fluctuations, and maintaining independence. Lack of specialized services available after diagnosis and barriers to accessing services may lead to decreased independence and increased uncertainty. Overall, there is a lack of specialized services, person‐centered care, and support to meet their unique needs.

Conclusion

Individuals living alone with dementia have unique characteristics, unmet needs, and use of available services, which should be assessed regularly. Future research is needed to develop community‐based, person‐centered services for them and remove barriers to service use.
Frequency of Lower Lung Field Tuberculosis in Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Galib Raihan Kamal , Paul Susanta Kumar , Akter Khujjista , Musa Manzurul Ibrahim , Sarker Dip Jyoti , Choudhury Shah Ashiqur Rahman Ashiq , Paul Shipan Chandra , Chakrabortty Rajashish
Published: January 2025

Background and Aims

People who have diabetes mellitus (DM) are thought to be more susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Several published comparative investigations have reported that chest x‐ray images from PTB with DM are considered atypical due to their frequent involvement of the lower lung field (LLF). This study aimed to investigate the frequency of lower lung field tuberculosis (LLF‐TB) in DM and the risk factor of DM for the development of TB.

Methods

This study was a cross‐sectional study. PTB was diagnosed by positive sputum acid‐fast bacilli (AFB),/Culture,/Gene Xpert MTB/RIF, and DM, which was proven by taking oral hypoglycemic drugs or receiving insulin at the time of hospital admission. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis and seropositive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were excluded from this study. A chest x‐ray posterior‐anterior (P/A) view was done to assess the frequency and patterns of lung involvement. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risk factor of DM for the development of TB.

Results

A total of 117 PTB‐DM participants were studied in this study. The mean age and frequency of isolated LLF‐TB were 53.17 ± 14.38 years and 20.5%, respectively. The prevalence of LLF‐TB and other radiological patterns were statistically significantly correlated with smear positivity (83.3% vs. 20.4%), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) > 50 mm (95.8% vs. 16.1%), and HbA1c > 7 (79.2% vs. 16.1%). Regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) was 6.81 and 3.93 for DM and age (> 40 years) for the development of LLF‐TB (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The frequency of LLF‐TB among PTB DM patients was around 1/5th. The development of LLF‐TB was substantially associated with DM and age greater than 40 years.
Understanding the Chemical Reaction, Mixed Convection, and Thermo‐Diffusion Features of Non‐Newtonian Fluid (Prandtl Fluid) Driven by Electroosmosis Activity via Wavy Tapered Microfluidic System
Authors: Ravikumar Seelam , Reddappa Bandi , Makinde Oluwole D.
Published: January 2025

In this research, we investigate how the hall current and electroosmosis effect the rotating Eyring–Prandtl fluid flow in a wavy microchannel when mixed convection and joule heating are present. We employ the sophisticated peristaltic wave approach to construct a model that exhibits nonuniform boundaries characterized by diverse amplitudes and phases. We focus on how the walls adjust to the convective boundary conditions. To simplify the system, we used the lubrication method and the Debye–Huckel linearization technique to linearize the Poisson–Boltzmann equations. The electroosmotic parameter and the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity contribute to the rise in fluid velocity. The fluid's temperature drops and its concentration rises when the joule heating parameter is raised. The temperature and concentration of the fluid showed similar patterns concerning the Biot numbers. When the reaction mechanism parameter values increase, the fluid concentration decreases because the diffusivity of the chemical molecules decreases. The Nusselt number (Nu) increases in the center of the channel as a result of the joule heating parameter. The current research on electrokinetic fluid flow through microchannels and micro‐peristaltic transport has sparked immense interest in biomedical engineering. In particular, electroosmosis shows great potential in enhancing different aspects of cancer treatment, such as targeted drug delivery, improved therapeutic effectiveness, and advanced diagnostic capabilities. Specifically, in physiology, electroosmosis‐based techniques can significantly enhance the precision and efficiency of drug delivery systems. By leveraging the principles of electroosmosis, targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents can be improved, ensuring higher concentrations of drugs reach the tumor site while minimizing systemic exposure and associated side effects. Additionally, the ability to control fluid flow at a microscale within biological tissues opens up new avenues for minimally invasive procedures, improving patient outcomes and recovery times.
Allergic Rhinitis and Its Associated Co‐Morbidities Among Patients Attending the ENT Department at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center in Northern Tanzania: Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Mlay Kenneth , Temba Gasper , Matasha Adrian , Mzonge Pendael , Katundu Denis , Chussi Desderius
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Allergic rhinitis is the specific inflammation against allergen by immune defense cells on the nasal mucosa, which can lead to chronic nasal symptoms such as sneezing, itching, runny nose, and nasal congestion. It is associated with high morbidity including sinusitis, asthma, otitis media, hypertrophied inferior turbinate, and nasal polyps. Despite its complications, it remains poorly recognized and tracked.

Methods

A cross‐sectional hospital‐based study was done, a total of 221 patients received Ear, Nose And Throat services at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center during the study period all patients with a clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis were captured; Data was collected using a pre‐tested coded questionnaire (Score For Allergic Rhinitis). The data was then analyzed using SPSS version 22.

Results

A total of 221 patients with a clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis were approached in a 6 months study period, 111 (50.2%) were females, and 140 (63.4%) were residing in urban areas. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 23.9%. Factors such as age OR 0.12, 95% CI (0.03; 0.40), education OR 0.13, 95% CI (0.04; 0.44), occupation OR 3.75, 95% CI (1.36; 10.32), adenotonsillar hypertrophy OR 4.66, 95% CI (2.21; 9.80), and OME OR 4.11, 95% CI (1.32; 12.83) (p = 0.009) were found to be significantly associated with allergic rhinitis. 60.4%, Inferior turbinate hypertrophy is the leading co‐morbidity of allergic rhinitis which accounts for 64.7%.

Conclusion

Allergic rhinitis is among the common health problems affecting Tanzanians. It is a commonly seen disorder in younger age ( < 15 years) which is in correlation with other studies done in Africa and worldwide.
A novel TERT variant associated with a telomere biology disorder and challenges in variant classification
Authors: Pazhakh Vahid , Fox Lucy C. , Elzen Nicole Den , Emerson Matthew R. , Cohen Scott B. , Bryan Tracy M. , Norris Kevin , Baird Duncan M. , Cochrane Tara , Mackintosh John , Scott Ashleigh , Blombery Piers
Published: January 2025

Telomere biology disorders (TBDs) are inherited conditions associated with multisystem manifestations. We describe clinical and functional characterisation of a novel TERT variant. Whole‐genome sequencing was performed along with single telomere length analysis (STELA). Telomerase activity and processivity were assessed. A novel TERT variant (K710R) was detected in a patient with classic TBD features showing reduced telomerase activity and processivity. Despite clinical and functional evidence, the variant was classified as a variant of uncertain significance. We have described a novel TERT variant and highlighted the need for further refinement of variant classification specific for TBDs.
Comparative analysis of left atrial size and appendage morphology in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation patients
Authors: Pongratz J. , Riess L. , Hartl S. , Brueck B. , Tesche C. , Olbrich D. , Wankerl M. , Dorwarth U. , Hoffmann E. , Straube F.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is effective in treating atrial fibrillation (AF), but outcomes are worse for persistent AF (persAF) patients than paroxysmal AF (PAF) patients. The study aimed to identify differences in left atrial (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA) anatomy in different AF types.

Methods

In a single‐center observational study, a blinded retrospective analysis of preprocedural cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) images was performed. The study evaluated the dimensions of the LA and pulmonary veins (PV), as well as the size and morphology of the LAA using a 3D electroanatomical mapping system.

Results

Between 2012 and 2016, a total of 1103 patients underwent second‐generation cryoballoon PVI. Of these, 725 patients (65.7%) had CCTA available, and 473 of these (65.2%) had sufficient quality for measurements. The mean age of the patients was 66.3 ± 9.5 years, and PAF was present in 277 (58.6%) participants. The study found that in persAF patients, LA dimensions such as LA volume [mL] (108; 125; p < .001) or PV ostial dimensions were significantly larger than in those with PAF. LAA volume [mL] (8.3; 9.2; p = .005) and LAA ostial area [mm2] (325; 353; p = .01) were enlarged in persAF. There were no significant differences regarding LAA morphology, with the overall distribution being “windsock” (51%), “chicken‐wing” (20%), “cauliflower” (15%), and “cactus” (13%).

Conclusion

Compared to PAF, persAF patients had significantly larger LA as well as LAA dimensions. LAA morphological types were distributed equally in both groups suggesting that LAA morphology may not be associated with the underlying AF type.
Postoperative Rehabilitation Interventions in Patients at Risk of Poorer Outcomes Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review
Authors: Karimijashni Motahareh , Yoo Samantha , Barnes Keely , Lessard‐Dostie Héloïse , Dabbagh Armaghan , Ramsay Tim , Poitras Stéphane
Published: January 2025

Purpose

This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of postoperative rehabilitation for patients at risk of poorer outcomes after total knee arthroplasty.

Methods

Six databases were searched, and only randomised controlled trials were included. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and appraised the quality of the studies.

Results

Twenty‐three studies were included. Insufficient evidence supports cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with kinesiophobia, while continuous passive motion may not be effective for range of motion deficits. The impact of exercise therapy on functional recovery is conflicting; however, longer durations tend to be more effective for older patients and those with functional limitations. Limited evidence suggests that exercise may not alleviate pain. Outpatient exercise therapy improves health‐related quality of life more than home‐based programs for older patients and those with functional limitations. The efficacy of other rehabilitation aspects remains inconclusive due to high heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures, and high or unclear risk of bias in most studies.

Conclusion

While limited evidence suggests benefits for specific rehabilitation interventions, there is insufficient data to assess the efficacy of most interventions on postoperative recovery in those at risk of poorer outcomes. More robust evidence is needed to guide clinical practice and standardise outcome measures.

Trail Registration

PROSPERO CRD42022355574
Tetra‐needle like ZnO whisker doped graphene composites for radar/infrared compatible stealth properties
Authors: Guo Xingcheng , Zhou Xinghai , Gao Yuan , Qian Yongfang , Wang Gang , Lyu Lihua
Published: January 2025

The combination of radar stealth and infrared (IR) stealth technology has emerged as the main focus of contemporary stealth technology research due to the diversification of detector functions and increased detection accuracy. In this paper, Tetra‐needle like ZnO whisker/graphene(T‐ZnOw/G) composites with excellent radar/IR stealth performance were prepared by simple physical mixing. T‐ZnOw had excellent electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing properties due to its special tetragonal needle like and could improve the impedance matching of the composites by mixing with an appropriate amount of graphene, which enhances the interfacial polarization and improves the EMW absorption performance of the composite material. Upon adjusting the mass ratio of T‐ZnOw/G/paraffin composites, it was discovered that when T‐ZnOw/G the ratio was set at 1:4, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) was −41.30 dB. Additionally, the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) was 3.36 GHz, and the impedance matching was as high as 0.98. The radar cross sections (RCS) of T‐ZnOw/G/paraffin composites were less than −10 dBm2, indicating that the composites had some radar absorbing stealth. In IR stealth, due to the low emissivity of T‐ZnOw and the thermal camouflage ability of graphene, the temperature difference between T‐ZnOw/G/epoxy resin composite and the surrounding environment was only 2.5°C after 5 min of IR radiation at 80°C heating platform, and it had certain thermal camouflage ability on the human body, electronic equipment, and tank model. The materials demonstrated excellent radar and IR compatible stealth ability, providing a new idea for the realization of multiple stealth technology composite materials.

Highlights

Development of radar/infrared (IR) compatible stealth composites.

T‐ZnOw needle contact graphene had excellent EMW absorption properties.

CST simulation simulates the stealth material RCS.

IR stealth application of stealth materials in different devices.
A Clinical Practice‐Based Comparison of Conventional and Individualized Dosing Strategies for Therapeutic Enoxaparin
Authors: Damiani Anthony , De Menezes Caceres Viviane , Roberts Greg , Coddo Jessica , Scarfo Nicholas , Willliams Desmond B. , Tharmathurai Vinosshini , Tadros Rami , Fitzgerald Stephen , O'Connell Alice , Kaur Sandhu Amrit , Vanlint Andrew , Mangoni Arduino A. , Hofmann Dirk , Bony Hosam , Faunt Jeff , Boey Jir Ping , Farinola Nicholas , Wells Rachel , Hedger Stephen , Hewage Udul , Sharma Yogesh , Jabbar Zuhair , Thomas Josephine , Flabouris Katerina , Gilbert Toby , Thompson Campbell , Russell Patrick
Published: January 2025

To understand differences in anti‐factor‐Xa levels produced by two different dosing strategies (conventional and individualized) for therapeutic enoxaparin in a cohort of hospital inpatients. A multicenter, retrospective cohort study over a two‐ and a half‐year period for inpatients with stable renal function and on therapeutic enoxaparin. Anti‐factor‐Xa levels were taken 3–5 h after enoxaparin administration and a minimum of 48 h of dosing. The final analysis included 278 patients from five hospitals: conventional dosing was used for 141, while 137 were given an unconventional dose, that is, individualized for their renal function and weight. Out‐of‐range levels were frequent (35% to 40% of all inpatients). After adjustment for age, renal function, and body mass index (BMI), the conventional group was more likely to experience above‐range levels (> 1.0 IU/mL; OR 2.50 [95% CI 1.38–4.56], p < 0.003) than the individualized group. Individualized dosing was independently associated with higher odds of a below‐range anti‐Xa level (< 0.5 IU/mL) compared to conventional dosing (OR 2.27 [95% CI 1.07–4.76], p = 0.03). Within the conventional group, above‐range levels were significantly and independently associated with decreasing renal function (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96–0.99, p = 0.004) and with increasing BMI (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.10, p = 0.02). No such associations were seen with an individualized approach. Clinical event rates were low and not different between groups (p > 0.24). Conventional therapeutic dosing of enoxaparin exposed people with obesity or renal impairment to more frequent above‐range anti‐factor‐Xa levels; individualizing the dose could improve this but might expose people to subtherapeutic levels. More research is needed.
Dihydrotanshinone I Attenuates Diet‐Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Up‐Regulation of IRG1
Authors: Xiang Yang , Kuang Ge , Gong Xia , Xie Huang , Lin Yan , Zhang Xijian , Chen Zhongpei , Wan Jingyuan , Li Zhenhan
Published: January 2025

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, but effective therapeutic drugs are still lacking. Dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS), a natural product isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been shown to have ameliorative effects on NAFLD. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of DHTS on NAFLD and its mechanism. A model of NAFLD and DHTS treatment was established using a Western diet to observe the effect of DHTS on NAFLD, which were detected by immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and other experiments. The mechanism was further explored by constructing immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1) knockout mice, RNA sequence, and molecular docking. The results revealed that DHTS significantly improved diet‐induced metabolic disorders in mice, notably alleviating liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Further analysis revealed that the intervention of DHTS was associated with the activation of IRG1. Subsequent experiments confirmed that IRG1 gene deletion reversed the above protective effects of DHTS in NAFLD. Mechanistically, DHTS enhanced the antioxidant nuclear factor–erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway through IRG1/itaconate and blocked the oxidative stress response in the liver. In addition, DHTS also inhibited the activation of NACHT‐, leucine‐rich repeat (LRR)–, and pyrin domain (PYD)–containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome via IRG1/itaconate, blocking the inflammatory amplification effect in the liver. The study suggests that DHTS may be a potential drug for the treatment of NAFLD, which exerts protective regulatory effects mainly through the IRG1/itaconate molecular pathway.
Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Fatty Acids Composition Investigation of Natural Lipids: A Multidisciplinary Workshop
Authors: Pekov Stanislav I.
Published: January 2025

Rationale

Teaching mass spectrometry essentials is usually connected with one of the basic courses for undergrads. Thus, specific previous knowledge is required from students. However, the necessity of teaching mass spectrometry essentials to students of different academic specializations and multidisciplinary groups can arise in every academic group. A specific workshop is needed to address such a demand.

Methods

The presented workshop consisted of several thematic parts: assembling an ambient ionization ion source using improvised materials, preparing biological samples for analysis, data acquisition, and interpretation of data to solve a simple problem from the real world.

Results

The first part of the work consisted of assembling an ambient ionization setup and obtaining mass spectra of substances from standard solutions, natural mixtures, and biological fluids such as saliva. The second half of the workshop consists of analyzing the composition of fatty acids of natural and artificial fats using the same ion source. The identification of oils is a simple model problem that makes the workshop attractive for attendees with different backgrounds.

Conclusions

The workshop provides students with practical skills that are highly valuable in fundamental and applied mass spectrometry. Students familiarize themselves with the basic concepts, instrument use, and mass spectra interpretation. They achieve basic hands‐on experience in experimentation procedures and the practice of using mass spectrometry to solve problems related to real life.
On Inclusion of Covariates in Model Based Dose Finding Clinical Trial Designs
Authors: Ollier Adrien , Mozgunov Pavel
Published: January 2025

There is a growing number of Phase I dose‐finding studies that use a model‐based approach, such as the CRM or the EWOC method to estimate the dose‐toxicity relationship. It is common to assume that all patients will have similar toxicity risk given the dose regardless of patients' individual characteristics. In many trials, however, some patients' covariates (e.g., a concomitant drug assigned by a clinician) might have an impact on the dose‐toxicity relationship. In this work, motivated by a real trial, we evaluate an impact of taking into account (or omitting) some patients' covariates on the individual target dose recommendations and patients' safety in Phase I model‐based dose‐finding study. We investigate several variable penalisation criteria and found that, for continuous and binary covariates, omitting a prognostic covariate leads to a drastically low proportion of correct selections and an increase of overdosing. At the same time, including a covariate can lead to good operating characteristics in all scenarios but can sometimes slightly decrease the proportion of good selections and increase the overdosing. To tackle this, we propose to use a Bayesian Lasso Bayesian Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) and Spike‐and‐Slab BLRM. We have found that the BLRM coupled to the Bayesian LASSO and the BLRM with Spike‐and‐Slab are on average better appropriate to consider variable inclusion.
A Win–Win Strategy to Fabricate Multifunctional Doping Materials from Cationic Dyes and Negatively Charged Biomass (Cellulose Nanocrystals)
Authors: Zhao Zhonghua , Cao Yasong , Huang Haowen , Xu Jiatong , Shen Richao , Zeng Cheng , Lv Jiawei , Lei Ziqiang , Ma Hengchang
Published: January 2025

If optical probes with different sensitivity could be performed simultaneously in their hard states (e.g., film), soft states (e.g., gel), and solution states, their sensing accuracy could be enhanced due to the highly mutual calibration. The biomass of cellulose nanocrystals is less compatible with commonly used organo‐fluorescent dyes and require chemical modification to improve their application performance, but this leads to the less‐effective material cost. In this work, depending on the electrostatic attractions between the negatively charged polymer matrix with cationic dyes, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)‐based emissive membranes were prepared by vacuum filtration method. Then, the resulting materials were transformed into hydrogels, or dispersed into water solutions, or further absorbed into commercially available polymer spheres and filter papers, resulting in the optical devices with different states. It is worth mentioning that this preparation process does not require chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystals or the addition of organic dispersants, thus greatly reducing the material cost. Finally, the sensing behaviors toward several important stimuli, such as temperature, pollutants like Cr (VI) and pH changes, were successfully carried out. Overall, our research works highlighted a processable way to fabricate fluorescent, water‐dispersible, portable, long‐time‐storable, cost‐effective sensors to meet versatile application requirements.
Internal Nanocavity Regulation of Embedded Rare Earth Up‐Conversion Nanoparticles for H2O2 Production Operable at Up to 780 nm
Authors: Chong Ben , Ou Honghui , Xu Baorong , Jin Yu , Kou Song , Li He , Yang Guidong
Published: January 2025

Semiconductor photocatalysts embedded with rare earth upconversion nanoparticles (REUPs) are a promising strategy to improve their photoresponse range, but their photocatalytic performance within the near‐infrared (NIR) region is far from satisfactory. Here, a method is reported to improve the photocatalytic activity by adjusting the nanocavity of upconversion nanoparticles inside a semiconductor. Two types of CdS embedded with NaYF4:Yb,Er photocatalysts with core‐shell structure (no cavity) (NYE/CdS) and yolk‐shell structure (empty cavity) (NYE@CdS) are synthesized by different methods. Experimental and theoretical analysis indicates that the yolk‐shell structure NYE@CdS can enhance the local fluorescence‐induced electric field within the hollow cavity, and realize more effective energy transfer from REUPs to CdS. Notably, the H2O2 production performance of NYE@CdS reaches 0.33 mmol g−1 h−1 under NIR light irradiation (λ > 780 nm), exceeding most of the reported photocatalysts. This research will provide new ideas for the design of high‐efficiency photocatalysts for H2O2 production.
Regulating Charge Distribution in Porphyrin‐Based Polymer for Achieving Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion to CH4 or C2H6
Authors: Guan Guo‐Wei , Zheng Su‐Tao , Zhang Li‐Ping , Liu Si‐Chao , Li Yi‐Tao , Jiang Yu , Ni Shuang , Fu Jia , Duan Pei‐Gao , Yang Qingyuan , Yang Qing‐Yuan
Published: January 2025

The photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into products such as CH4 and C2H6 poses a significant challenge due to the lengthy reaction steps and the high energy barrier involved. In this study, both benzothiadiazole (BTD) and hydroxyl groups (‐OH) are introduced into cobalt‐based polymerized porphyrinic network (PPN) through a C‐C coupling reaction. This modification of orbital energy levels that strengthens the ability of gain electrons and facilitates the charge transfer in PPN. Hydroxyl group largely enhances the ability for light response, while thiadiazole unit tunes the molecular orbital to proper energy level. By this way, BTD‐DBP‐PPN(Co) achieves the capability for CO2 conversion to CH4 and C2H6 under the irradiation of light. Co active site is introduced to reduce the energy barrier and facilitate the charge transfer. The reaction pathway for C2H6 production has been studied for further mechanism explanation. Overall, a series of cobalt‐based porphyrin centers with a donor–acceptor (D‐A) structure are designed and synthesized to enhance CO2 reduction performance and achieve the formation of C2 products under 300‐W Xe lamp irradiation.
Enhancing Diabetic Oral Wound Healing with miR‐132 Delivered Through Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Zhou Qiangqiang , Zhou Mengqi , Yang Guofeng , Sui Xin , Li Changyi , Xu Huaxing , Liu Yuehua , Wei Xiaoling
Published: January 2025

Oral mucosal injuries are commonly caused by factors such as trauma, infection, or inflammation, especially in diabetic patients where healing is difficult and significantly affects quality of life. In this study, a nanocarrier system based on DNA tetrahedrons (TDN) is developed, which serve as ideal vectors due to their excellent intracellular uptake and drug delivery capabilities. By efficiently delivering miR132 into cells, the proliferation and migration of human oral mucosal fibroblasts (HOMFs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are regulated, along with the modulation of inflammation and antioxidant processes. In the oral wound model of diabetic rats, the miR@TDN system effectively and stably delivers miR132 to the injured mucosa. By regulating the inflammatory response, promoting blood vessel regeneration, and enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms, significant improvement in cellular repair function and acceleration of the wound healing process are observed. These findings provide a new strategy and experimental basis for the clinical treatment of oral mucosal injuries.
Visible‐Light Photo‐Iniferter Polymerization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Direct Integration with Nanotransducers
Authors: Di Giulio Tiziano , Asif Muhammad Ibrar , Corsi Martina , De Benedetto Giuseppe Egidio , Malitesta Cosimino , Haupt Karsten , Barillaro Giuseppe , Gonzato Carlo , Mazzotta Elisabetta
Published: January 2025

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) have gained prominence as synthetic receptors, combining simplicity of synthesis with robust molecular recognition akin to antibodies and enzymes. One of their main application areas is chemical sensing. However, direct integration of MIPs with nanostructured transducers, crucial for enhancing sensing capabilities and broadening MIPs sensing applications, remains limited. This limitation mainly arises from the need for precise control over the MIP features (such as thickness) during deposition on nanostructured transducers. This work explores the potential of depositing MIPs directly onto nanostructured transducers via controlled radical photopolymerization, focusing on nanoporous silica (PSiO2) with pore sizes of 40 nm and aspect ratio exceeding 100 as an interferometric optical nanotransducer. Leveraging the covalent attachment of a photo‐iniferter agent onto the PSiO2 surface, we achieved effective control over the polymerization process, resulting in the deposition of thin and uniform MIP layers on PSiO2. As a case study, we developed an MIP‐based PSiO2 optical sensor for propranolol, used as the template molecule, showcasing excellent linearity, a low detection limit, and efficacy in real matrices such as tap water. The results further demonstrate the sensor selectivity for the target molecule, along with its reusability and stability for at least 60 days.
Study on Dispersion Technology of Pigment Powder and Its Interaction Based on Octenyl Succinate Starch and Arabic Gum Complex
Authors: Chen Qin , Chen Xingyu , Song Shiqing , Yao Lingyun , Wang Huatian , Zhao Di , Sun Min , Liu Qian , Yu Chuang , Feng Tao
Published: January 2025

High concentrations of pigment powders present significant challenges for dispersion stability in cosmetic formulations, the dispersion of iron oxide yellow paste may lead to flocculation, reducing its stability. This study employed octenyl succinate starch (OSA starch) and Arabic gum (AG) as composite wall materials to encapsulate iron oxide yellow and to optimize the dispersion system for water‐soluble pigment powders. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of a well‐structured microcapsule, significantly smaller than the original iron oxide yellow particles. Accelerated stability tests indicated that the microcapsule structure enhanced system stability, with improved performance observed at higher OAF solution concentrations. The contact angle measurements, which were consistently below 90°, demonstrated that the microcapsule structure enhanced the wettability and hydrophilicity of the OAF solution, thereby improving skin adhesion. The encapsulation of iron oxide yellow using OSA starch and AG underscores the potential application of natural hydrocolloids and modified starches in the cosmetics industry.
Investigations on the shear load‐bearing behavior of functionally graded concrete beams with mineral hollow spheres
Authors: Strahm Benedikt , Haufe Carl Niklas , Blandini Lucio
Published: January 2025

The technology of functionally graded concrete (FGC) enables a significant reduction in the mass of concrete components while maintaining all structural and functional requirements through a targeted design of the interior of components. The present work deals with the principle of meso‐gradation, where spherical mineral hollow bodies are placed in the structure to create cavities where the level of principal stresses of the load‐bearing component is low. Within the scope of this work, the shear resistance of FGC components is investigated experimentally, analytically, and numerically on full‐scale beams. As a result, an analytical design approach for the shear resistance of voided slabs is validated, demonstrating the applicability of the approach for structural elements. The load‐bearing behavior observed in the experiments was in good agreement with the numerical simulations. This allows the applied numerical model to be used for FGC components with other hollow body diameters or varying concrete covers, reducing the necessity for costly large‐scale experiments. The findings highlight the potential benefits of using FGC in terms of reducing mass while increasing the recycling rate and therefore minimizing the environmental footprint of concrete structures. The analytical design model and experimental results provide useful guidance for the design and construction of such elements in structural engineering applications.
Can Molecular Systems Learn?
Authors: Kaygisiz Kübra , Ulijn Rein V.
Published: January 2025

Research across various disciplines shows the benefits of learning and memory for gaining functionality and improving performance. It is increasingly clear that learning and memory can be found in both physical and virtual systems, from intelligent life forms to machines, simple organisms, and even designed chemical systems. We are interested in understanding to what extent physical embodiments of these processes can be synthesized and engineered from the bottom up by using molecular components. In this perspective, we raise and attempt to answer conceptual questions about supramolecular systems as the smallest units capable of learning. We define learning as a process where a complex system of interacting components modifies itself in response to an applied stress or stimulus, resulting in structural changes and information gain. We highlight the potential of systems chemistry and molecular networks to design systems that meet this definition by encoding, decoding, and storing information as memory within the system′s composition. Understanding the physical basis of molecular memory and learning could inform the development of materials and chemical systems that autonomously acquire new properties in response to their environment. This could also provide insights for next‐generation computing and physical, rather than virtual, learning systems.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Changes in Placentomes in the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy in Cross‐Bred Hamdani Sheep
Authors: Kandil Banu , Turgut Ali Osman , Koca Davut , Isbilir Fatma , Atli Muhammed Zahid , Guzel Barıs Can
Published: January 2025

Background

A proper placentation is required for establishment and continuity of pregnancy. In sheep, placentomes are unique structures that enable nutrition and gas exchange between the mother and the foetus. Although placentomes are dynamic formations, there is limited knowledge of changes in placentomes during pregnancy.

Objective

This study aimed to identify changes in sheep placentomes in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy using both macroscopic and microscopic methods.

Methods

This study investigated 14 healthy cross‐breed Hamdani sheep placentomes, comprising seven second and seven third trimesters of pregnancy. The histomorphometric analysis included measurements of capillary number and area in cotyledonary and caruncular regions, while morphometric assessments encompassed placentome dimensions such as number, length, width, and depth.

Results

Placentomes were oval and circular in shape in the second and third trimesters. In the second trimester, they were observed as concave structures with thick edges, whereas in the third trimester, they were determined as thin‐edged structures with a slight depression in the centre. In the third trimester, foetal and maternal tissues became more intertwined with increased branching of foetal villi and maternal crypts. Placental hematomas and erythrocytes in the cytoplasm of trophoblast cells were more prominent in the third trimester. Statistical analysis revealed no difference in placentome number between the second and third trimesters. However, the dimensions (length, width, and depth) of placentomes were greater in the third trimester compared to the second trimester (p < 0.001). Additionally, while there was no difference in the number of cotyledonary versus caruncular capillaries in the second trimester, cotyledonary capillaries outnumbered caruncular capillaries in the third trimester (p < 0.001). Furthermore, both cotyledonary and caruncular capillary areas increased in the third trimester compared to the second trimester, with the caruncular capillary area being consistently higher than the cotyledonary capillary area in both trimesters (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study underscores the substantial structural and physiological transformations of placentomes in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in sheep. These adaptations facilitate efficient flow exchange between the foetus and mother, highlighting the dynamic nature of placental development during late gestation.