bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employment in the Federal Government
Authors: Clendenin T. Barrier
Published: August 2021

Job hunting in the Federal government can be a frustrating experience to anyone unfamiliar with Federal personnel procedures—both written and unwritten. Therefore, it is particularly useful to proceed systematically when investigating this aspect of the alternative job market for Africanists. Otherwise, it is easy enough to waste time and miss specific opportunities. Upon deciding to venture into the Federal job maze, it is helpful to possess an abundance of patience, persistence, and imagination. Most successful graduate students ought to have mastered this trinity to perfection by the conclusion of their graduate careers. A fourth element might also be added—luck!
U.S. Dollars in South Africa: Context And Consequence
Authors: Davis Jennifer
Published: August 2021

“From a tiny stream grows a mighty flood ...”

At the end of 1966 U.S. direct investment in South Africa was $490 million. Ten years later the dollar value of U.S. direct investment had more than trebled, reaching a figure of at least $1.67 billion by 1976.
Creating a National Culture: An Overview
Authors: Barnes Barbara
Published: August 2021

The challenges ahead for Mozambique as it engages in cultural transformation as well as in other areas of fundamental change are enormous. But the record of conquests and victories over the last 15 years has been equally enormous and remarkable. The Mozambicans are determined and confident in their ability to build a new and revolutionary people’s culture, based on the worker-peasant alliance, transforming antiquated and exploitative culture into one which allows for a rich blossoming of the human personality and potential. In this confidence and determination, there may be lessons for us all.
Cultural Change and Literary Expression in Mozambique
Authors: Hamilton Russel
Published: August 2021

The problem of cultural change in the People’s Republic of Mozambique can be reduced to the question: how can certain indigenous traditions, values, customs, and art forms be combined with other domestic or imported values and modes of cultural expression and brought into line with new social structures?
African Population Growth and Politics
Authors: Abate Yohannis
Published: August 2021

The population of Africa in 1977 is estimated to be 423 million, which is about 10.3 percent of the world population. For a quarter of the world’s land area, that is a small population.

Africa’s share of world population declined between 1650 and 1920, partly because the population of Europe and the Americas was increasing gradually through factors associated with the Industrial Revolution, and partly because of the ravages of the slave trade and the European colonial pacification measures. Since the 1920s, however, Africa’s population has been growing fast, and its share of world population could reach 13 percent by the year 2000.
Feeding Africa: A Dissent from Development
Authors: Alverson Hoyt
Published: August 2021

The population of Africa is roughly estimated to be 300,000,000 and believed to be growing at a very high rate, perhaps as much as 3 percent per annum. If these figures are accurate, Africa will have a population of over one-half billion by the year 2000. In light of this prospect, a question asked more from desperation than curiosity is whether these millions can all be fed, at least enough to avert mass starvation and pandemic malnutrition. Paul Ehrlich and others have argued it is not possible. “The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970’s the world will undergo famine, hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death.”
How can Africa Develop in its Own Interest?
Authors: McBride Robert H.
Published: August 2021

A volume published some years ago, called How to Lie with Statistics, took an extremist view of the problem raised by its title. Unreliability of statistics is my starting point for a necessarily brief analysis of what appears a significant problem for sub-Saharan Africa: how can Africa develop in the interests of its own people, as distinct from the largely European beneficiaries of the African economy today; and how can “development” take place, as opposed to mere “growth”?

The distinctions between development and growth have been analyzed penetratingly in, for example, Basil Davidson’s Can Africa Survive? and in the articles in Africa in the Seventies and Eighties, edited by Frederick Arkhurst, especially in the editor’s comments.
African Religious Movements: The Worst or the Best of All Possible Microcosms
Authors: Fernandez James
Published: August 2021

The millenarian tone of the rubric “Africa 2000” under which we develop these essays in prognostication reminds us that there are always religious implications in divining the future. We are also reminded of the millenarian expectations which have been planted in Africa or have risen out of the African soil. What part will these expectations claim on the future, and upon the fullness of time, play in African fruition? Bartnett lists over 6,000 independent churches and sects in sub-Saharan Africa—surely a conservative figure and biased toward movements of marked Christian influence—which suggests the vitality of church founding as a cultural phenomenon.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson David
Published: August 2021

This double number of Issue grows out of several long-standing concerns of the Committee on Current Issues and, more immediately, out of panels at the Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association in Baltimore in November 1978. The articles by MM. Moose, Stockwell, Chetile, Raiford, Klare and Prokosch, and Shepherd and by Ms. Seidman were presented in modified form in Baltimore. Mr. Robinson, another panelist, made his Congressional testimony available, while Mr. Nzongola submitted an overview of Western involvement in Southern Africa. We developed the information presented in Baltimore by three members of the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace into an article, and solicited the contribution from Mr. Bratton as a companion and background piece. Station WGBH of Boston made the transcript of their November 9 broadcast available to us; the transcript became the basis for an article linked to the themes of Klare, Prokosch and Shepherd. The “Directory of Current Research on Southern Africa” is a project coordinated by Mr. Crossey and which we have encouraged as a resource for members of the association. Finally, we wanted to publish Mr. Anise’s analysis of recent events in Nigeria, a subject which has received scant attention in American media.
Evading the Embargo: How the U.S. Arms South Africa and Rhodesia
Authors: Klare Michael
Published: August 2021

Although the United States agreed to honor both the 1963 UN embargo on arms deliveries to South Africa and the 1966 arms embargo on Rhodesia, vast quantities of U.S. arms have been supplied to the two countries through a variety of clandestine and semi-legal channels. These deliveries have enabled the minority governments of Pretoria and Salisbury to intensify their control over the black majority and resist what they perceive as half-hearted calls for change on the part of U.S. officials.
Life, Death, Reincarnation, and Traditional Healing in Africa
Authors: Okwu Austine S. O.
Published: August 2021

Over the years, studies of materials about Africa, especially in the fields of religion, history, anthropology, culture, and sociology, have contributed to the reconstruction of the predominant modes of thought and reason that led to the rise of the people’s belief systems, values, and religious doctrines. Though limited in many ways and still in the most rudimentary stage, the study of African religion has helped in some ways in the understanding of the basis of thought and action which determine African cognitions and total experience, in other words, African consciousness of his universe, feeling, and understanding of the state of being. It is important that interest in the study of African religion should be sustained, for one is still confronted today–often by those who should know–with derisively cynical questions such as: Is there an African religion? What in fact is it if there is one? Isn’t it really the worship of ancestors? Is not African healing merely the practice of magic and mumbo-jumbo?
Some Economic Aspects of the Brain Drain
Authors: Johnson Harry G.
Published: August 2021

The concept of “brain drain” is in its origins a nationalistic concept, by which is meant a concept that visualizes economic and cultural welfare in terms of the welfare of the residents of a national state or region, viewed as a totality, and excludes from consideration both the welfare of people born in that region who choose to leave it, and the welfare of the outside world in general. Moreover, though the available statistics are far from adequate on this point, there is generally assumed to be a net flow of trained professional people from the former colonial territories to the ex-imperial European nations, and from Europe and elsewhere to North America and particularly the United States. The concept thus lends itself easily to the expression of anti-colonial sentiments on the one hand, and anti-American sentiments on the other. The expression of such sentiments can be dignified by the presentation of brain drain as a serious economic and cultural problem, by relying on nationalistic sentiments and assumptions and ignoring the principles of economics—especially the principle that in every transaction there is both a demand and a supply—or by elevating certain theoretical economic possibilities into presumed hard facts.
An Assessment of the African Brain Drain, with Special Reference to the Kenyan Mid-Career Professional
Authors: Odenyo Amos O.
Published: August 2021

The term, “brain drain,” has been controversial ever since the Royal Society (1963) coined it to refer to the emigration of British scientists to the United States and Canada. The ensuing debate has produced two schools of thought. The nationalists, such as Patinkin (1968) who assume that the brain drain is dysfunctional to nation-states and who more or less view the talented individual as a property of a nation-state, have found sympathetic audiences in most of the developing countries and also among the altruistic moralists of the developed world. The moralists are concerned with the propriety and logic of the recipient countries accepting brains from the underdeveloped while at the same time granting them foreign aid. In response, the internationalists, such as Johnson (1968), who assume that the brain drain is functional to the pervasive trend towards closer integration of world economy and community and who more or less view the talented individual as a commodity in the international rather than the national market, have also found an equally sympathetic audience, especially among the drainees themselves. Being even more underdeveloped than the other developing areas, Africa is seen by the moralists as an ideal example of the follies of the brain drain.
The Role of African Students in Technology Transfer
Authors: Aniebona Ephraim Nkwute
Published: August 2021

The term, “technology,” as used here, refers basically to: (1) the science or art of devising tools and instruments and how to use them; (2) the development of new materials and substances and their application; (3) the development of machines to supplement or replace human effort, where desirable and feasible; (4) the development of energy and power resources for running the machines; and (5) the development of efficient methods of doing work—that is, using tools, machines, and instruments. From an observation of human efforts throughout the world, it is clear that every human society is concerned with technology, for it is a proven means by which man has extended his power beyond his physical capacity and gained some control over his environment. Although technology exists in every society, it is the amount and quality of the technology that separates nations today on a scale of economic development. Whilst the developing, technologically backward countries of Africa constantly face the basic human needs of food, shelter, and clothing, the developed nations consume and enjoy a disproportionate amount of the world’s resources and wealth by reason of their technological advancement.
Ethnic Genocide
Authors: Lemarchand Rene
Published: August 2021

There are few parallels to the human holocaust that took place in Burundi in
1972 in the wake of a tortuous competitive struggle between the country’s two
major ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Scarcely noticed (let alone
understood) by public opinion anywhere, the killings are conservatively estimated
to have caused between 80,000 and 100,000 deaths. Approximately 3.5 percent of the
country’s total population (3.5 million) were physically wiped out in a period of
a few weeks. In comparative terms this is as if England had suffered a loss of 2
million or the United States about 8 million people. To speak of “selective
genocide” in describing the outcome of such large-scale political violence seems
scarcely an exaggeration.
New Priorities and New Directions in African Outreach
Authors: Wiley Marylee
Published: August 2021

The concept of outreach has become associated with public service to
community, media and business interests, to public and private educational
institutions, and to African and Africanist academics at home and abroad
lacking access to resources to pursue their studies and research. This paper
is concerned chiefly with the role of colleges and universities in African
studies outreach, which is not to minimize the importance of other agents of
change, private and public, committed to the task of improving the quality
and quantity of our understanding and knowledge of African affairs.
African Outreach in the Community
Authors: Bucher Henry
Published: August 2021

According to the guidelines of the United States Office of Education,
one aspect of outreach should deal with the community in which a particular
area center is located. In asking personnel from other educational
institutions with African outreach programs to provide me with information
on their outreach activities into their respective communities, I emphasized
the following areas: civic organizations, businesses, churches, prisons,
radio and television (public and educational), newspapers, senior citizens,
public libraries and museums, women’s/men’s clubs, and finally future or
ecology-oriented groups. Each was asked to describe the type of outreach
done and to evaluate the results.
Outreach in Major American Cities
Authors: Cosentino Donald J.
Published: August 2021

The question immediately suggests itself: what constitutes a major
American city? Subjectively, but with a long side glance at Jane Jacobs, I
would define such a metropolitan area by several attributes. One obviously
is population density, though the actual number of people that make up the
city is less important than the diversity within the population that allows
for a great diversity in culture. Major American cities are composed of many
cultural, racial, and economic constituencies coexisting in a single polity.
Thus, even though Peoria and San Francisco are dense population centers, one
is a major farm town, and the other is a major city. This multiplicity of
ethnic constituencies is reflected in a city’s educational, economic,
religious, political, and cultural institutions which are likewise
fragmented, though interdependent. Such cities with enormous and highly
diverse constituencies are likely to be more self-sufficient culturally,
politically, and economically than other American towns. They supply their
own news and publications, stage their own cultural events, concentrate more
on their own political processes, and establish autonomous norms of
behavior. In fact, what happens in these cities more often creates the news,
the culture, the mores, and the politics for the rest of the land. A
university operating in such a milieu is not just a light on the hill. It is
a constituency within a mosaic of constituencies. It is linked to those
other constituencies politically, socially, culturally, and economically,
just by being where it is. It must frequently act on an ad hoc basis,
responding to requests and solicitations that are sometimes immediate, and
sometimes imperative. The parameters of its actions are clearly traceable in
the mosaic of relationships which describe the city. It is not as free as
the state university in the college town to define its own program, but by
its existential commitment to its locale it draws whatever important
qualities it will have for itself, for its community, and for the
nation.
Inservice Training: How to Reach Teachers in Sixty Minutes to Six
Weeks
Authors: Bay Edna G. , Corby Richard A.
Published: August 2021

Africanists experienced in outreach generally agree that in the long run
the most effective way to improve the U.S. public’s knowledge of Africa will
be to reach the precollegiate school population. And by extension, the most
effective means of reaching that student population is through those persons
who determine the substance and scope of materials taught on the
precollegiate level: teachers, administrators, librarians, and other support
personnel.
Media in Outreach: A Personal Opinion
Authors: Walter Bob J.
Published: August 2021

How do we learn? How do we develop opinions, form impressions, and
conceive images of peoples, places, and events? Once having developed these,
how are they changed? Although the whole learning process may not yet be
fully understood, it is clear that our cognition of things outside ourselves
derives from information received through sensory sources. The major ones
are tactile, aural, and visual, with smell and taste being less
important.
Profile/Analysis of the Section 603 Program/Applicants
Authors: Jorgenson Dick
Published: August 2021

The Education Amendments of 1976 authorized the Citizen Education for
Cultural Understanding Program under Section 603 of Title VI of the National
Defense Education Act, as amended. Not until the fall of 1978, however, did
there appear to be any significant support for the funding of the program;
but by the time an appropriation was visible in early spring 1979, the
interest level across the country appeared exceptionally high. Then in
response to publicity of the program and the wide dissemination of over
10,000 application booklets in April and May 1979, the Office of Education
(Division of International Education of the Bureau of Higher and Continuing
Education) received 473 applications for grant awards in June 1979, from
every state but Alaska, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, and Wyoming. In
September 1979 public announcement was made of 39 grant awards in this the
first year of the program commencing October 1, 1979 and funded for one
year. For the second cycle, 466 applications were submitted in February
1980. There are likely to be 36 grant awards for 1980, totaling $2 million,
bringing the total number of projects for the first two years to 75 and the
total federal outlay to $4 million.
The Ethnic Trap: Notes on the Nigerian Campaign and Elections, 1978–79
Authors: Joseph Richard A.
Published: August 2021

In his opening address to the fifty members of the Constitution Drafting Committee (CDC) on 18 October, 1975, the head of Nigeria’s new military government, General Murtala Ramat Muhammed, declared: “It is important that we avoid a reopening of the deep splits which caused trauma in the country.” Those splits, as was made known to the outside world during the civil war, were ethnic, regional, and, to a lesser extent, religious in nature. Of these three modes of overt division, Nigerians have always been most successful in controlling the religious aspect. General Murtala’s statement is instructive on the problem of regional splits: “The fear of the predominance of one Region over another has . . . been removed to a large extent by the simple Constitutional Act of creating more States.” Four months later, following the assassination of Murtala, the successor regime of General Obasanjo declared the creation of seven more states, bringing the number up to nineteen from the twelve established by General Gowon in May 1967. While it is evident that the existence of “regions” has not been obliterated by their subdivision into states, this development has reduced the immediate political visibility and at least some of the salience of regional boundaries.
The Fundamentals of Nigerian Foreign Policy
Authors: Stremlau John S.
Published: August 2021

Throughout nearly twenty years of often tumultuous post-colonial history, Nigerian foreign policy has been surprisingly consistent. It may be too early to judge the capabilities and determination of the new civilian government of Alhaji Shehu Shagari, but if the past is any guide, the basic concerns of Nigerian foreign policy are not likely to change.

Future decisions will probably continue to reflect the pursuit of three vital and interrelated domestic objectives: to build greater national unity by overcoming deep regional, ethnic, and religious differences; to achieve rapid economic development for a nation that, despite great oil wealth, has a per-capita income of less than $400; and to complete the process of full self-determination which has yet to encompass all sectors of the modern economy. Among the three, the quest for national integration has been of paramount concern.
Dual Zimbabwe: Toward Averting Political Schizophrenia
Authors: Mazrui Ali A.
Published: August 2021

Some years ago, I had occasion to write about what I called “the multiple marginality of the Sudan.” I attempted to analyze different levels of Sudan’s intermediacy – between Arab Africa and Black Africa, between Islamized Africa and Christianized Africa, between Arabic-speaking Africa and English-speaking Africa, between the Africa of the desert and the Africa of the tropical bush. The continent’s largest country in square miles was condemned to multiple layers of marginality and blessed with the mediating opportunities of being herself intermediate.
African Education in Zimbabwe: The Colonial Inheritance of the New State, 1899–1979
Authors: Zvobgo Chengetai J. M.
Published: August 2021

Historially two salient features characterized the educational system. It was racially segregated and education for the African majority was largely for exploitation. In this paper, I will review the main features of the educational system in colonial Zimbabwe; the legacy of that system and what the new African Government proposes to do to change it to fit the needs of the new Zimbabwe. The 1899 Education Ordinance had set up two separate systems of education, one for Whites and the other for Blacks. The Ordinance left African education entirely in the hands of Christian missionaries with the government giving small grants to mission schools, provided that these schools were kept open for a minimum of four hours a day, of which not less than two hours were to be devoted to industrial training.
The Role of Education in National Reconstruction in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mudariki P. T. (Taka)
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly the current reconstruction efforts in Zimbabwe. The historical roots of prevailing social problems will be outlined and, government attempts in addressing these problems, both now and in the future, will be reviewed. The emphasis will be factual rather than analytical, in the hope that the information provided will contribute to the formulation of solutions to the many problems facing the new nation of Zimbabwe. It is difficult to do justice to such a complex subject without a National Development Plan covering all sectors of the economy. Unfortunately, this plan will not be published until possibly mid-June 1981. A global picture is indispensable in dealing with education, because manpower requirements are determined to a large extent by what is happening in all sectors of the economy, which in turn is influenced by the government’s development strategies.
Education and Transformation in Tanzania
Authors: Samoff Joel
Published: August 2021

Note: Since this brief review of educational reform in Tanzania is intended to offer insight into a number of problems that confront those involved in transforming the recently independent societies of southern Africa, and since my research on these issues is still at a preliminary stage, I present my comments in schematic form. A brief note on resources and selected citations appear at the end.

At the end of colonial rule in Africa, almost everywhere the formal educational system was assigned major roles in the construction of the new society. Skilled personnel had to be trained to replace the departing Europeans. The vast expansion of social services required many new doctors, engineers, and architects. The increased responsibilities of the public sector required managers, accountants, and planners. And, of course, there had to be a rapid increase in the teaching corps, at all levels.
The Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Refugees in the Umtali Area
Authors: DeWolf Shirley
Published: August 2021

During the armed struggle for the nation’s independence, the Eastern border provinces of Rhodesia became the center of intense military activity. Accordingly, it was from this region that entire villages were evacuated, as families crossed into Mozambique to escape enclosure by the Smith regime into “protected villages.” The Tangwena people of the area, long pursued by the white power structure in an attempt to disperse them, moved en masse across the border. It was also from this region that vast numbers of school students and other frustrated youth left to answer the call to swell the ranks of the liberation forces. It was natural then that the resettlement of returning refugees from Mozambique camps between January and September 1980 was concentrated in the general Umtali-Fort Victoria area.
Chindunduma School: Agricultural Training School, Shamva, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mott Hanne
Published: August 2021

This project is to develop an agricultural training school as part of a larger primary/secondary school complex for refugee children from Mozambique near Shamva in northeastern Zimbabwe. The end of the war and the coming of independence has left Zimbabwe with the task of reorienting old structures and institutions. This is particularly true in agriculture and education. Alternative models must be developed in order to provide the skills and experience necessary to rebuild the country along more egalitarian lines. The Danish organization, Development Aid People to People, who are the organizers of this project, provided assistance to ZANU (PF) for the schools in Mozambique and trained 150 ZAND (PF) cadres in their school in Denmark. After independence, Dr. Mutumbuka, Minister of Education, asked the group to continue their assistance, and the school project developed through discussion. Dr. Mutumbuka places tremendous importance on the success of the school as a model for Zimbabwe in the struggle for appropriate education.
Non-Formal Education in Zimbabwe: Its Impact on Economic Growth and Political Stability
Authors: King Maria
Published: August 2021

Non-Formal Education is an integrated approach to learning; it is a program designed to give youths and adults alternative approaches to formal education. The student can simultaneously realize self development and marketable skills while engaging in formal educational pursuits. Many students who have dropped out of school or have been deprived of schooling are thus offered a second chance, and through Non-Formal Education are given an opportunity to enroll in classes relevant to their needs and interests.
U.S. Policy and the Current Refugee Crisis in Africa
Authors:   Emergency Committee for African Refugees
Published: August 2021

The fact that more than half of the world’s refugees are presently found in Africa is a reality that has gone unrecognized or been ignored by the Reagan Administration policies toward refugees. This is partially a reflection of the lack of understanding of the American public about the extent and magnitude of the refugee crisis in Africa. The current total of 6.3 million African refugees is likely to increase substantially in the near future. In absolute terms, the increase in the number of African refugees for the last ten years is over 5 million, an increase of more than 500%. The rate of increase between 1979-81 is particularly significant. Within two years the refugee population swelled by 50%, giving Africa the tragic responsibility of being a host continent for more than half of the world’s refugees (See Table 1).
U.S. Policy and Black Refugees
Authors:   The Honorable Shirley Chisholm (D-NY)
Published: August 2021

The debate over who is a “legitimate refugee” involves more than just a quarrel over definitions. Haitians and African refugees, largely Ethiopians, have come to our shores in much the same manner as previous groups. The reaction to the arrival of these groups, however, must be seen in the context of legal and political changes in American society.

The “first asylum” phenomenon of persons fleeing to the United States as their first place of refuge from persecution has become the primary focus of any policy decisions affecting our refugee and immigration laws. Further, the “first asylum” issue has blurred the distinctions between refugees and immigrants.
The UN High Commission for Refugees and the Refugee Crisis in Africa: High Commissioner’s statement to informal meeting of permanent representatives of African States accredited to the United Nations Office at Geneva, March 9, 1982
Authors: Hartling Poul
Published: August 2021

Africa remains the continent with the greatest number of refugees. All over the continent, refugees arrive in countries facing their own development problems and difficulties; they are, nevertheless, received with generosity and hospitality, in line with deep-rooted traditions that have remained alive thoughout the turmoil of events.

I cannot but emphasize once more, at the outset of this gathering, my profound appreciation for this approach of African governments and peoples to the refugee problem. This attitude brings considerable relief to the plight of the refugees and is an example to the world; it is also an ever-present asset in our relationship with the governments and in our co-operation with the Organization of African Unity, the multiple aspects of which are being constantly developed and reinforced in the most positive humanitarian spirit.
Coping with the African Refugee Problem: Reflections on the Role of Private Voluntary Organization Assistance
Authors: Gorman Robert F.
Published: August 2021

There can be little doubt that the African refugee problem is a severe one that should command a good deal more attention than it has received over the past few years in the public’s eye. But if the African refugee crisis has received less than its deserved attention, the role of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) in responding to that crisis has received less. It is the purpose of this brief inquiry to assess the role of PVCs in the African refugee situation. Before doing so it is essential that the dimensions of Africa’s refugee problem be briefly outlined.
Notes on the Civil and Political Strife in Uganda
Authors: Tall Mamadou
Published: August 2021

Idi Amin’s eight-year reign as dictator of Uganda produced one of the most vicious regimes in Africa’s recent history. The number of people who met violent death at the hands of the regime’s agents is estimated to have been as high as 100,000.

When the regime was swept away by Tanzanian troops in April 1979, it was expected by Ugandans as well as foreign observers that at long last, political and social violence would abate. However, the events of the last three years have belied these hopes and expectations.
Zambia After Twenty Years: Recession and Repression Without Revolution
Authors: Shaw Timothy M.
Published: August 2021

Zambia’s contemporary experience of recession without resolution is, alas, quite typical of the majority of African states over the decade; for since the celebration of ten years of independence in 1974, its national income has been in almost continuous decline. But this economic decay has had an uneven impact, between both time periods and social groups: occasional injections of foreign aid or loans have been permissive of relative affluence for elements in the bourgeoisie and labor aristocracy along the line-of-rail. The full impact of negative growth has been felt in the more distant rural areas and among the peasantry and the unemployed.
Constructive Engagement: Reactionary Pragmatism at its Best
Authors: Toler Deborah
Published: August 2021

No one is happy with the Reagan Administration’s southern Africa foreign policy strategy known as constructive engagement. Liberals object to the tilt towards South Africa, to the linkage of Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola to the Namibian negotiations; to the resulting moribund state of those negotiations; and to the deemphasis of human rights and development issues in favor of increased emphasis on military and security issues. Conservatives object to economic assistance packages for African socialist and self-styled states; to the declining U.S. support of Jonas Savimbi’s ostensibly pro-Western UNITA forces in Angola; to Administration efforts to improve relations between the United States and the Marxist states of Angola and Mozambique; and to the Administration’s apparent willingness to accept a SWAPO (i.e., communist guerrilla) outcome in Namibia.
United States Policy Towards Africa: an A.S.A. Roundtable
Authors: Johnson Willard , Crocker Chester , Wolpe Howard , Scott Thompson W. , Otunnu Olara
Published: August 2021

The size and intensity of this audience bespeaks the great concern that exists about the current drift of U.S. policy towards Africa, especially southern Africa. Our government has come to have close relations with South Africa, along with the business community. Why the shift in policy direction if that is indeed what has happened and if so, what is it based on? Last night, Professor Magubane said it seems to be based on the profit motive. Perhaps we are more generally accustomed to think that it must be based upon racism. Crocker has written at one point in Foreign Affairs that perhaps it is based upon temerity, that is to say, we must dare in southern Africa.
Swaziland After Sobhuza: Stability or Crisis?
Authors: Vieceli Jackie
Published: August 2021

In their study of personal rule in black Africa, Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg maintain that the most important factors shaping contemporary African politics are the political skills, orientations, and leadership styles of African heads of state. They assert that African nations as yet lack well-developed political institutions and hold that in the absence of such institutions, the politics of personal rule are much more decisive in shaping the character and continuity of African regimes than any economic, social, or cultural factors. As a logical outcome of these contentions, Jackson and Rosberg assert that, far from being aberrations, succession crises are an integral feature of personalistic politics. Because of the decisive influence of the leader’s abilities and orientations, his death or removal may very well bring about fundamental changes in the regime over which he presided.
The Ratched-McMurphy Model Revisited: A Critique of Participatory Development Models, Strategies, and Projects
Authors: Gellar Sheldon
Published: August 2021

In recent years, development theorists, planners, and practitioners have placed much greater stress on the crucial importance of popular participation in promoting rural development. Twenty years ago it was fashionable to talk about national planning; today it is fashionable to talk about participatory development. As in the past, the wealthy, the well-educated, and the professionals define the contents of participatory development and how it should be applied to and by the rural masses. Socialist theorists attack the bourgeois state and pontificate on the transition to socialism; the capitalists denounce state intervention and invoke the magic of the market; the peasants look toward the sky and pray for rain; and the cows amble in search of grass unaware of their crucial role in the participatory development process.
Brain Drain within the ECOWAS Region
Authors: Adebayo Akin
Published: August 2021

The “Brain Drain” phenomenon has been characterized as the dramatic migration often permanently, of specialized human capital from developing to the technologically advanced countries of the world, particularly to the United States of America and Canada where there are better work facilities, and attractive remunerations for professionals such as physicians, surgeons, engineers, lawyers and others. Apart from these relative economic opportunities, the prevalence of political stability and freedom in the developed countries serves as an attractive force for the lamentable loss of intellectuals and professionals from the developing to the developed nations.
Legitimacy and Governance: One More Year of Military Rule in Nigeria
Authors: Utomi Patrick
Published: August 2021

When the phenomenon of military rule in Africa first attracted the attention of researchers, the thrust of inquiry was the explanation of the apparent anomaly of the coup d’etat. After years of effort, epitomized by Samuel Decalo’s work onCoups and Army Rule in Africa,a consensus seemed to have emerged that a general theory explaining military intervention could not be found. Scholarship thus turned its focus to the military as policymakers. This essay shall seek to do both — explain military intervention; and evaluate the performance of the military as policymakers. Nigeria, which is into its second epoch of military rule, provides an appropriate case study.
The Origins and Demise of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation
Authors: Haile Semere
Published: August 2021

In the late 1970s, the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict and the Ethiopia-Somalia border war over the Ogaden region has centered world attention on Soviet-Cuban activities in the Horn of Africa. Although the Somali army was defeated by the combined powers of the Ethiopians and the Soviet-Cuban forces in mid-March 1978, the tension between the two countries was still high. Among the other problems facing the region is that of the Eritrean struggle for self-determination.
The Chronicle of Independence: A Short Story
Authors: Diawara Manthia
Published: August 2021

We used to play soccer with white boys in Kankan at Saint John, a Catholic elementary and junior high school. Then one day a girl by the name of Dusu told my mother that I had been in the worshipping house of the white people. When I came home my mother was crying, saying that the Devil had entered me. The other women in the compound gathered around her to express their surprise and distress as well. I could hear them talking about how the world had become a dangerous place since the era of the white man. Some said that nowadays the white men had driven Satan deep into the souls of some black men so much so that, like mad dogs, they had turned against their trainers themselves. Some said that the world was coming to an end, and others enjoined that it was all Sekou Toure’s fault. That day my mother locked me up and began whipping me.
Her majesty, the queen of sounds: Cultural sustainability and heritage in organ craftsmanship and music
Authors: Gerner Martin
Published: August 2021

Organ craftsmanship and music are inextricably linked with each other. In Germany, a particularly rich symbiosis between craftspeople, composers, and performing artists has evolved over the centuries. In recognizing the transmission of this intangible cultural know-how from generation to generation, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) inscribed organ craftsmanship and music together in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2017. This article elucidates how this inscription influences the perception and self-concept of organ craftsmanship and music, both in theoretic-intellectual and in virtual terms. Complementing the qualitative content analysis of literature and documents, narrative first-hand accounts/expert interviews with organ craftspeople/organ builders have been conducted and interpreted. Taking into account a dual nexus of cultural sustainability and intangible cultural heritage, sustainable value creation, substantial claims, multi-perspective visibility, and facilitative reassurance were analyzed and assessedvis-à-visorgan craftsmanship and music. Including organ craftsmanship and music in UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity demonstrates an appreciation for sustainable value creation related to the quadruple bottom-line of sustainability – that is, addressing economic, environmental, and societal aspects, including culture as a fully integrated dimension; claims substantial rights for safeguarding and invoking/activating heritage; enhances visibility of performing organists, assigned organ builders, frequent practitioners, and nominated organ experts; and enables reassurance of passion and self-positioning with organ craftsmanship and music.
SELECTIVE MEMORY: MONUMENTAL POLITICS OF THE YAXUNÁ E GROUP IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.
Authors: Collins Ryan H.
Published: August 2021

In seeking continuities and disjuncture from the precedents of past authorities, the Mesoamerican emergent ruling class during the Formative period were active agents in directing changes to monumental space, suggesting that memory played a vital role in developing an early shared character of Maya lifeways (1000b.c.toa.d.250). The trend is most visible in the civic ceremonial complexes known as E Groups, which tend to show significant patterns of continuity (remembering) and disjuncture (forgetting). This article uses the northern lowland site of Yaxuná in Yucatan, Mexico, to demonstrate the use of early selective strategies to direct collective memory. While there are E Groups in the northern Maya lowlands, few Formative period examples are known, making Yaxuná a critical case study for comparative assessment with the southern lowlands. One implication of the Yaxuná data is that the broader pattern of Middle Formative E Groups resulted from sustained social, religious, political, and economic interaction between diverse peer groups across eastern Mesoamerica. With the emergence of institutionalized rulership in the Maya lowlands during the Late Formative, local authorities played a significant role in directing transformations of E Groups, selectively influencing their meanings and increasingly independent trajectories through continuity and disjuncture.
Religion and Terrorism: The Prevent Duty
Authors: Riedel Rebecca
Published: August 2021

The Terrorism Act 2000 recognises that religion may be a force for bad in its definition of ‘terrorism’: ‘The use or threat of action … designed to influence a government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public … for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause.’ ‘Radicalisation’ is the process by which an individual becomes involved in terrorism, and it is the statutory Prevent Duty, introduced under the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015, that is the UK's current means of tackling radicalisation. Under the duty, specified authorities (such as schools, police, etc) must have due regard to preventing people from being ‘drawn into terrorism’. This article addresses an often-neglected area in the ongoing legal debate surrounding the statutory Prevent Duty: the religious dimension. It suggests that religion is at the centre of the Prevent Duty and that the formulation of the duty was stimulated by religion – namely, Islamist extremism and radicalisation. It will discuss the ways in which the Prevent Duty can be criticised; that it has an impact on human rights that it is potentially discriminatory towards Muslims; and that it does not clearly distinguish between permissible radical religion and impermissible harmful religion. The article concludes by suggesting that religion plays an important part in the understanding of extremism and radicalisation.
The Court of Arches: Jurisdiction to Jurisprudence – ‘Entirely Settled’?
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: August 2021

The Arches Court, the court of appeal of the Province of Canterbury in the Church of England, has existed for more than 700 years. Its evolution – driven by principle, politics and pragmatism – is a fascinating reflection of a key tribunal in the court system of the English Church, and the site of major historical and often contentious developments within the Church. Its appellate status has not changed; it still has jurisdiction over faculties and clergy discipline; its judge is still appointed by the archbishop; and its jurisprudence has contributed much to the development of English ecclesiastical law. However, over the centuries its jurisdiction has contracted; the courts to which appeals against its decisions lie have changed; its historical lawyers of civilian advocates and proctors have been replaced by common law barristers and solicitors; the title for its judge, Dean of Arches, has survived by accident; its procedure has been simplified; and its decisions have throughout its history been respected but today have the authority of binding precedents. The article takes the story up to 2018, when the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction and Care of Churches Measure provided that a decision of the Arches and of the provincial Chancery Court of York is today to be followed as if it were a decision of the other court.
Patterns formed in a thin film with spatially homogeneous and non-homogeneous Derjaguin disjoining pressure
Authors: ALSHAIKHI ABDULWAHED S. , GRINFELD MICHAEL , WILSON STEPHEN K.
Published: August 2021

We consider patterns formed in a two-dimensional thin film on a planar substrate with a Derjaguin disjoining pressure and periodic wettability stripes. We rigorously clarify some of the results obtained numerically by Honischet al.[Langmuir31: 10618–10631, 2015] and embed them in the general theory of thin-film equations. For the case of constant wettability, we elucidate the change in the global structure of branches of steady-state solutions as the average film thickness and the surface tension are varied. Specifically we find, by using methods of local bifurcation theory and the continuation software package AUTO, both nucleation and metastable regimes. We discuss admissible forms of spatially non-homogeneous disjoining pressure, arguing for a form that differs from the one used by Honischet al., and study the dependence of the steady-state solutions on the wettability contrast in that case.
Everyday Knowledge and Apothecary Craft: Pharmacopoeias of Ancient Northwestern Honduras
Authors: Morell-Hart Shanti
Published: August 2021

Medicinal practices were critical in ancient societies, yet we have limited insight into these practices outside references found in ancient texts. Meanwhile, historic and ethnographic resources have documented how a number of plants, from across the landscape, are assembled into pharmacopoeias and transformed intomateria medica. These documentary resources attest to diverse healthcare practices that incorporate botanical elements, while residues in the archaeological record (seeds, phytoliths and starch grains) point to a variety of activities, some of them therapeutic in nature. Focusing on four pre-Hispanic communities in northwestern Honduras, I draw upon ethnobotanical and ethnobiological knowledge to infer medical practices potentially represented by ancient plant residues. Comparing these findings with prior investigations, I address the limits of dividing taxa into mutually exclusive categories such as ‘food’, ‘fuel’ and ‘medicine’. I consider the importance of apothecary craft in past lifeways, as well as the persistence of many traditions in contemporary medical practice.