bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dispersed Reinforcement on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity in Stabilized Soil
Authors: Miturski Maciej , Sas Wojciech , Radzevičius Algirdas , Šadzevičius Raimondas , Skominas Rytis , Stelmaszczyk Mateusz , Głuchowski Andrzej
Published: November 2021

One of the fundamental techniques for road subgrades is soil stabilization. Considering the high emission of carbon dioxide during the production of binders, novel techniques to reduce the binder are being studied. Thus, we investigated dispersed reinforcement in stabilized soils. A study was conducted to determine the ultrasonic pulse velocity in nine mixtures of soil, cement, and polypropylene fibers and then correlate the results with other destructive tests. The results show a decrease in wave velocity in mixes with fiber addition by up to 18.5%. The result is dependent on the curing time and whether the samples were stored in a water tank. Immersion in water increases the obtained results by about 6.3%. Based on the analysis, for mixtures with fibers, boundary velocities of waves above which lower values of modulus of elasticity were obtained were determined. Depending on the mix and the module analyzed, the limits range from 2194 m/s to 2498 m/s.
Modification of Laser Marking Ability and Properties of Polypropylene Using Silica Waste as a Filler
Authors: Kościuszko Artur , Czyżewski Piotr , Rojewski Mateusz
Published: November 2021

Polypropylene (PP) belongs to the group of polymers characterized by low susceptibility to absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared range (λ = 1064 nm). This research consisted of assessing the possibility of using silica waste from the metallurgic industry as an additive for PP laser marking. The modifier was introduced into the polymer matrix in the range from 1 to 10 wt%. The effects of laser radiation were assessed based on colorimetric tests and microscopic surface analysis. The mechanical properties of the composites were determined during the static tensile tests. The thermal properties were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the introduction of silica waste into polypropylene allows for the effective marking of sample surfaces with the use of a laser beam. The greatest contrast between the graphic symbol and the background was obtained for silica contents of 3 and 5 wt%, with the use of a low-speed laser head and a strong concentration of the laser beam. The application of silica caused an increase in the modulus of elasticity and the tensile strength of the composite samples. Increases in the crystallization temperature and the degree of crystallinity of the polymer matrix were also observed. It was found that silica waste can act as multifunctional additive for polypropylene.
Influence of Mo Segregation at Grain Boundaries on the High Temperature Creep Behavior of Ni-Mo Alloys: An Atomistic Study
Authors: Li Qian , Zhang Jiayong , Tang Huayuan , Zhang Hongwu , Ye Hongfei , Zheng Yonggang
Published: November 2021

Based on molecular dynamics simulations, the creep behaviors of nanocrystalline Ni before and after the segregation of Mo atoms at grain boundaries are comparatively investigated with the influences of external stress, grain size, temperature, and the concentration of Mo atoms taken into consideration. The results show that the creep strain rate of nanocrystalline Ni decreases significantly after the segregation of Mo atoms at grain boundaries due to the increase of the activation energy. The creep mechanisms corresponding to low, medium, and high stress states are respectively diffusion, grain boundary slip and dislocation activities based on the analysis of stress exponent and grain size exponent for both pure Ni and segregated Ni-Mo samples. Importantly, the influence of external stress and grain size on the creep strain rate of segregated Ni-Mo samples agrees well with the classical Bird-Dorn-Mukherjee model. The results also show that segregation has little effect on the creep process dominated by lattice diffusion. However, it can effectively reduce the strain rate of the creep deformation dominated by grain boundary behaviors and dislocation activities, where the creep rate decreases when increasing the concentration of Mo atoms at grain boundaries within a certain range.
The Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Cortical Bone Plate after Piezocision-Assisted Orthodontic Upper Arch Expansion: A Case Series
Authors: Pietruska Maria Julia , Waszkiewicz Emilia , Skurska Anna , Sajewicz Eugeniusz , Dolińska Ewa , Pietruska Małgorzata
Published: November 2021

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) after piezocision-assisted orthodontic maxillary arch expansion. Methods: Forty CBCT images of 20 patients taken before and after treatment were included in the study. The following radiographic parameters were measured: buccal/palatal bone plate thickness measured in three locations, 0.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5 mm from the margin of alveolar process; cemento-enamel junction-crest distance (CEJ-C) measured at buccal (CEJ-B) and palatal/lingual (CEJ-P) aspects. Results: After treatment there were insignificant changes in CEJ-C and thickness of buccal/palatal plates for all the dental groups except for incisors and premolars. CEJ-B increased by 1.43 mm on premolars and CEJ-P by 1.65 mm on incisors and by 0.31 mm on premolars. On the incisors, the buccal plate width increased significantly, by 0.2 mm and 0.44 mm at 3.5-mm and 5-mm measurement points. On premolars, the buccal plate width decreased in three measuring points by 0.27 mm, 0.37 mm, and 0.25 mm. Conclusions: Piezocision-assisted orthodontic maxillary arch expansion does not cause evident negative changes of cortical plates except for the premolar region. Therefore, premolars may be at greater risk of buccal plate loss than other teeth.
Correction: Kirste et al. Structural Analysis of Low Defect Ammonothermally Grown GaN Wafers by Borrmann Effect X-ray Topography. Materials 2021, 14, 5472
Authors:   Materials Editorial Office
Published: November 2021

The Materials Editorial Office would like to make the following change to this paper [...]
Selected Derivatives of Erythromycin B-In Silico and Anti-Malarial Studies
Authors: Bhadra Pranab K. , Magwaza Rachael N. , Nirmalan Niroshini , Freeman Sally , Barber Jill , Arsic Biljana
Published: November 2021

Erythromycin A is an established anti-bacterial agent against Gram-positive bacteria, but it is unstable to acid. This led to an evaluation of erythromycin B and its derivatives because these have improved acid stability. These compounds were investigated for their anti-malarial activities, by their in silico molecular docking into segments of the exit tunnel of the apicoplast ribosome from Plasmodium falciparum. This is believed to be the target of the erythromycin A derivative, azithromycin, which has mild anti-malarial activity. The erythromycin B derivatives were evaluated on the multi-drug (chloroquine, pyrimethamine, and sulfadoxine)-resistant strain K1 of P. falciparum for asexual growth inhibition on asynchronous culture. The erythromycin B derivatives were identified as active in vitro inhibitors of asexual growth of P. falciparum with low micro-molar IC50 values after a 72 h cycle. 5-Desosaminyl erythronolide B ethyl succinate showed low IC50 of 68.6 µM, d-erythromycin B 86.8 µM, and erythromycin B 9-oxime 146.0 µM on the multi-drug-resistant K1 of P. falciparum. Based on the molecular docking, it seems that a small number of favourable interactions or the presence of unfavourable interactions of investigated derivatives of erythromycin B with in silico constructed segment from the exit tunnel from the apicoplast of P. falciparum is the reason for their weak in vitro anti-malarial activities.
Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Their Activity against Pathogenic Microbes and Common House Mosquito, Culex pipiens
Authors: Abdo Abdullah M. , Fouda Amr , Eid Ahmed M. , Fahmy Nayer M. , Elsayed Ahmed M. , Khalil Ahmed Mohamed Aly , Alzahrani Othman M. , Ahmed Atef F. , Soliman Amal M.
Published: November 2021

The synthesis of nanoparticles by green approaches is gaining unique importance due to its low cost, biocompatibility, high productivity, and purity, and being environmentally friendly. Herein, biomass filtrate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from mangrove rhizosphere sediment was used for the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The bacterial isolate was identified based on morphological, physiological, and 16S rRNA. The bio-fabricated ZnO-NPs were characterized using color change, UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, and XRD analyses. In the current study, spherical and crystalline nature ZnO-NPs were successfully formed at a maximum SPR (surface plasmon resonance) of 380 nm. The bioactivities of fabricated ZnO-NPs including antibacterial, anti-candida, and larvicidal efficacy were investigated. Data analysis showed that these bioactivities were concentration-dependent. The green-synthesized ZnO-NPs exhibited high efficacy against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and unicellular fungi (Candida albicans) with inhibition zones of (12.33 ± 0.9 and 29.3 ± 0.3 mm), (19.3 ± 0.3 and 11.7 ± 0.3 mm), and (22.3 ± 0.3 mm), respectively, at 200 ppm. The MIC value was detected as 50 ppm for E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans, and 200 ppm for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with zones of inhibition ranging between 11.7 ± 0.3–14.6 ± 0.6 mm. Moreover, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs showed high mortality for Culex pipiens with percentages of 100 ± 0.0% at 200 ppm after 24 h as compared with zinc acetate (44.3 ± 3.3%) at the same concentration and the same time.
A Novel Additive Manufacturing Method of Cellulose Gel
Authors: Najaf Zadeh Hossein , Bowles Daniel , Huber Tim , Clucas Don
Published: November 2021

Screen-additive manufacturing (SAM) is a potential method for producing small intricate parts without waste generation, offering minimal production cost. A wide range of materials, including gels, can be shaped using this method. A gel material is composed of a three-dimensional cross-linked polymer or colloidal network immersed in a fluid, known as hydrogel when its main constituent fluid is water. Hydrogels are capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water. Cellulose gel is among the materials that can form hydrogels and, as shown in this work, has the required properties to be directly SAM, including shear thinning and formation of post-shearing gel structure. In this study, we present the developed method of SAM for the fabrication of complex-shaped cellulose gel and examine whether successive printing layers can be completed without delamination. In addition, we evaluated cellulose SAM without the need for support material. Design of Experiments (DoE) was applied to optimize the SAM settings for printing the novel cellulose-based gel structure. The optimum print settings were then used to print a periodic structure with micro features and without the need for support material.
Morphological and Optical Characterization of Colored Nanotubular Anodic Titanium Oxide Made in an Ethanol-Based Electrolyte
Authors: Michalska-Domańska Marta , Czerwiński Mateusz , Łazińska Magdalena , Dubey Vikas , Jakubaszek Marcin , Zawadzki Zbigniew , Kostecki Jerzy
Published: November 2021

In this paper, the possibility of color controlling anodic titanium oxide by changing anodizing conditions of titanium in an ethanol-based electrolyte is demonstrated. Colored anodic titanium oxide was fabricated in an ethanol-based electrolyte containing 0.3 M ammonium fluoride and various amounts of deionized water (2, 3.5, 5, or 10 vol%), at voltages that varied from 30 to 60 V and at a constant anodization temperature of 20 °C. Morphological characterization of oxide layers was established with the use of a scanning electron microscope. Optical characterization was determined by measuring diffusion reflectance and calculating theoretical colors. The resulting anodic oxides in all tested conditions had nanotubular morphology and a thickness of up to hundreds of nanometers. For electrolytes with 3.5, 5, and 10 vol% water content, the anodic oxide layer thickness increased with the applied potential increase. The anodic titanium oxide nanotube diameters and the oxide thickness of samples produced in an electrolyte with 2 vol% water content were independent of applied voltage and remained constant within the error range of all tested potentials. Moreover, the color of anodic titanium oxide produced in an electrolyte with 2 vol% of water was blue and was independent from applied voltage, while the color of samples from other electrolyte compositions changed with applied voltage. For samples produced in selected conditions, iridescence was observed. It was proposed that the observed structural color of anodic titanium oxide results from the synergy effect of nanotube diameter and oxide thickness.
Efficacy and Safety of Vacuum-Assisted Excision for Benign Breast Mass Lesion: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yoo Hee-Seon , Kang Wu-Seong , Pyo Jung-Soo , Yoon Junghan
Published: November 2021

Background and Objective: Breast mass lesions are common; however, determining the malignant potential of the lesion can be ambiguous. Recently, to evaluate breast mass lesions, vacuum-assisted excision (VAE) biopsy has been widely used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic role of VAE. Materials and Methods: Relevant articles were obtained by searching PubMed and EMBASE on 3 September 2021. Meta-analyses were performed using odds ratios and proportions. To assess heterogeneity, we conducted a subgroup analysis and meta-regression tests. Results: Finally, 26 studies comprising 18,170 patients were included. All of these were observational studies. The meta-analysis showed that the complete resection rate of VAE was 0.930. In the meta-regression test, there was no significant difference. The meta-analysis showed a recurrence rate of 0.039 in the VAE group. The meta-regression test showed no statistical significance. Postoperative hematoma, pain, and ecchymosis after VAE were 0.092, 0.082, and 0.075, respectively. Conclusion: VAE for benign breast lesions showed favorable outcomes with respect to complete resection and complications. This meta-analysis suggested that VAE for low-risk benign breast lesions is a reasonable option for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
A Higher Polygenic Risk Score Is Associated with a Higher Recurrence Rate of Atrial Fibrillation in Direct Current Cardioversion-Treated Patients
Authors: Vogel Simon , Rudaka Irina , Rots Dmitrijs , Isakova Jekaterīna , Kalējs Oskars , Vīksne Kristīne , Gailīte Linda
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives: Recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) within six months after sinus rhythm restoration with direct current cardioversion (DCC) is a significant treatment challenge. Currently, the factors influencing outcome are mostly unknown. Studies have found a link between genetics and the risk of AF and efficacy of rhythm control. The aim of this study was to examine the association between eight single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and the risk of AF development and recurrence after DCC. Materials and Methods: Regarding the occurrence of AF, 259 AF cases and 108 controls were studied. Genotypes for the eight SNVs located in the genes CAV1, MYH7, SOX5, KCNN3, ZFHX3, KCNJ5 and PITX2 were determined using high-resolution melting analysis and confirmed with Sanger sequencing. Six months after DCC, a telephone interview was conducted to determine whether AF had recurred. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was calculated as the unweighted sum of risk alleles. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess SNV and PRS association with AF occurrence and recurrence after DCC. Results: The risk allele of rs2200733 (PITX2) was significantly associated with the development of AF (p = 0.012, OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.206–4.423). AF recurred in 60% of patients and the allele generally associated with a decreased risk of AF of rs11047543 (SOX5) was associated with a greater risk of AF recurrence (p = 0.014, OR = 0.223, 95% CI = 0.067–0.738). A PRS of greater than 7 was significantly associated (p = 0.008) with a higher likelihood of developing AF after DCC (OR = 4.174, 95% CI = 1.454–11.980). Conclusions: A higher PRS is associated with increased odds of AF recurrence after treatment with DCC. PITX2 (rs2200733) is significantly associated with an increased risk of AF. The protective allele of rs11047543 (SOX5) is associated with a greater risk of AF recurrence. Further studies are needed to predict the success of rhythm control and guide patient selection towards the most efficacious treatment.
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis Associated with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: An Autopsy Case Report
Authors: Hashimoto Tadayuki , Aoki Tatsuya , Kawabata Yoshitaka , Owai Yoshihiro , Matsuda Yoshikazu , Tamura Shinobu
Published: November 2021

Valve vegetation is one of the most fearful findings for physicians. The first diagnosis that comes to their mind is infective endocarditis (IE), but it can also be noninfective; nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE). NBTE can be even more challenging than IE for physicians because of the wide range of differential diagnoses such as malignancies, autoimmune disorders and human immunodeficiency virus. A 45-year-old woman presented at the emergency room with a sudden onset of dysarthria and right-sided hemiplegia. Laboratory data showed her blood counts and coagulation test were mostly normal and the magnetic resonance imaging detected a high-signal-intensity change in her left brain. An echocardiogram found a vegetation-like structure on her atrial valve. We highly suspected IE leading to cerebral embolism. The clot was successfully removed by our neurosurgeons and anticoagulation therapy was started concurrently. Her state of consciousness improved, but then she suffered a brain hemorrhage and died. The autopsy revealed that the cause of her vegetation was acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Based on these findings, it is important to remember that APL can be the cause of NBTE even if the blood count and coagulation tests are almost normal.
Longitudinal Motor Functional Outcomes and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patterns of Muscle Involvement in Upper Limbs in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Brogna Claudia , Cristiano Lara , Verdolotti Tommaso , Norcia Giulia , Ficociello Luana , Ruiz Roberta , Coratti Giorgia , Fanelli Lavinia , Forcina Nicola , Petracca Giorgia , Chieppa Fabrizia , Tartaglione Tommaso , Colosimo Cesare , Pane Marika , Mercuri Eugenio
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes using both upper limb muscle Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at shoulder, arm and forearm levels and Performance of upper limb (PUL) in ambulant and non-ambulant Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) patients. We also wished to define whether baseline muscle MRI could help to predict functional changes after one year. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven patients had both baseline and 12month muscle MRI and PUL assessments one year later. Results: Ten were ambulant (age range 5–16 years), and 17 non ambulant (age range 10–30 years). Increased abnormalities equal or more than 1.5 point on muscle MRI at follow up were found on all domains: at shoulder level 12/27 patients (44%), at arm level 4/27 (15%) and at forearm level 6/27 (22%). Lower follow up PUL score were found in 8/27 patients (30%) at shoulder level, in 9/27 patients (33%) at mid-level whereas no functional changes were found at distal level. There was no constant association between baseline MRI scores and follow up PUL scores at arm and forearm levels but at shoulder level patients with moderate impairment on the baseline MRI scores between 16 and 34 had the highest risk of decreased function on PUL over a year. Conclusions: Our results confirmed that the integrated use of functional scales and imaging can help to monitor functional and MRI changes over time.
Self-Propelled Motion Sensitive to the Chemical Structure of Amphiphilic Molecular Layer on an Aqueous Phase
Authors: Matsuo Muneyuki , Hashishita Hiromi , Nakata Satoshi
Published: November 2021

Two novel amphiphiles, N-(3-nitrophenyl)stearamide (MANA) and N,N′-(4-nitro-1,3-phenylene)distearamide (OPANA), were synthesized by reacting nitroanilines with one or two equivalents of stearic acid. We investigated how the molecular structures of these compounds influenced the characteristics of a self-propelled camphor disk placed on a monolayer of the synthesized amphiphiles. Three types of motion were observed at different surface pressures (Π): continuous motion (Π < 4 mN m−1), deceleration (4 mN ≤ Π ≤ 20 mN m−1), and no motion (Π > 20 mN m−1). The speed of the motion of the camphor disks was inversely related to Π for both MANA and OPANA at the temperatures tested, when Π increased in the respective molecular layers under compression. The spectroscopic evidence from UV-Vis, NMR, and ESI-TOF-MS revealed that the dependence of the speed of the motion on Π originates from the intermolecular interactions that are present in the monolayers. This study suggests that it is possible to control the self-propelled motion by manipulating contributing factors at the molecular level.
Causes of Structural Heterogeneity in High-Strength OCTG Tubes and Minimizing Their Impact on Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance
Authors: Davydov Artem , Zhitenev Andrey , Alhimenko Alexey , Devyaterikova Natalya , Laev Konstantin
Published: November 2021

High-strength oil country tubular goods (OCTG) like C110, according to standard API 5CT (yield strength at least 758 MPa), are subject to requirements in terms of mechanical and corrosion properties. In this work, we studied the microstructure of seamless casing tubes made of class C110 high-strength steel with a 194.5 mm diameter and 19.7 mm wall thickness, and its influence on sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSC). Casing tubes were obtained from continuous billets by screw piercing with preliminary quenching and tempering. It was shown that cracking during the tests always begins from the inner surface of the tube. Rough segregation bands were found on the inner tube surface, which occupies about a third of the thickness of the wall. To increase the resistance of 0.3C-Cr-Mn-Mo + 0.15(V + Nb + Ti) steel to SSC, primary recommendations for adjusting the chemical composition, production technology and heat treatment were developed.
Effects of Static Magnetic Field on the Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Inconel 625 Superalloy: Numerical and Experiment Investigations
Authors: Zhu Wanli , Yu Sheng , Chen Chaoyue , Shi Ling , Xu Songzhe , Shuai Sansan , Hu Tao , Liao Hanlin , Wang Jiang , Ren Zhongming
Published: November 2021

A number of researchers have reported that a static magnetic field (SMF) will affect the process of selective laser melting (SLM), which is achieved mainly through affecting molten pool evolution and microstructure growth. However, its underlying mechanism has not been fully understood. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the influence of SMF on the SLM Inconel 625 superalloy through experiments and multi-scale numerical simulation. The multi-scale numerical models of the SLM process include the molten pool and the dendrite in the mushy zone. For the molten pool simulation, the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results regarding the pool size. Under the influence of the Lorentz force, the dimension of the molten pool, the flow field, and the temperature field do not have an obvious change. For the dendrite simulation, the dendrite size obtained in the experiment is employed for setting up the dendrite geometry in the dendrite numerical simulation, and our findings show that the applied magnetic field mainly influences the dendrite growth owing to thermoelectric magnetic force (TEMF) on the solid–liquid interface rather than the Lorentz force inside the molten pool. Since the TEMF on the solid–liquid interface is affected by the interaction between the SMF and thermal gradient at different locations, we changed the SLM parameters and SMF to investigate the effect on the TEMF. The simulation shows that the thermoelectric current is highest at the solid–liquid interface, resulting in a maximum TEMF at the solid–liquid interface and, as a result, affecting the dendrite morphology and promoting the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET), which is also shown in the experiment results under 0.1 T. Furthermore, it is known that the thermoelectric magnetic convection (TEMC) around the dendrite can homogenize the laves phase distribution. This agrees well with the experimental results, which show reduced Nb precipitation from 8.65% to 4.34% under the SMF of 0.1 T. The present work can provide potential guidance for microstructure control in the SLM process using an external SMF.
Effect of Hydrogen in Mixed Gases on the Mechanical Properties of Steels—Theoretical Background and Review of Test Results
Authors: Michler Thorsten , Elsässer Christian , Wackermann Ken , Schweizer Frank
Published: November 2021

This review summarizes the thermodynamics of hydrogen (H2) in mixed gases of nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4) and natural gas, with a special focus on hydrogen fugacity. A compilation and interpretation of literature results for mechanical properties of steels as a function of hydrogen fugacity implies that test results obtained in gas mixtures and in pure hydrogen, both at the same fugacity, are equivalent. However, this needs to be verified experimentally. Among the test methods reviewed here, fatigue crack growth testing is the most sensitive method to measure hydrogen effects in pipeline steels followed by fracture toughness testing and tensile testing.
Effects of Al and Mo on Microstructure and Hardness of As-Cast TNM TiAl Alloys
Authors: Yang Gang , Xu Xiangjun , Liang Yongfeng , Wang Yongsheng , Hao Guojian , Zhai Yuewen , Lin Junpin
Published: November 2021

The effects of Al and Mo elements on the microstructure and hardness of TNM TiAl alloys (Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B) were studied by decreasing 0.5 at.% Mo and/or increasing 1.5 at.% Al. The results showed that the changed composition of the alloy had a slight influence on the morphology, but had important effects on the volume fraction, size, and composition of each phase. All the alloys had nearly full lamellar (NL) microstructures, with a few βo phases at the boundaries of the colony or in the lamellar colony. The lamellar colony size and the lamellar spacing increased with the decrease in Mo and the increase in Al. The reduction in Mo content reduced the content of each phase in proportion, but the increase in Al content in the alloys led to the corresponding increase in Al content in the α2 and γ phases. The hardness of the alloys decreased with the increase in Al content and the decrease in Mo content. This is mainly due to the increase in lamellar spacing caused by the change in composition. Therefore, the increased content of Al and decreased Mo content are unbeneficial for the microstructure. The relationship between the Vickers hardness and the lamellar spacing obeyed the Hall–Petch relationship.
The Recent Progress China Has Made in the Backfill Mining Method, Part I: The Theory and Equipment of Backfill Pipeline Transportation
Authors: Yu Haoxuan , Li Shuai , Wang Xinmin
Published: November 2021

The backfill mining method is one of the common methods of mine mining worldwide, due to its capacity to maximize the recovery of mineral resources and protect the underground and the surface environment. Similar to the developing conditions of China’s mining industry, China’s backfill mining technology started late, and the level of its equipment is weak, but its development is particularly rapid. Especially after entering the 21st century, China has paid more attention to mining safety, environmental protection, and the continuous implementation of resources development, China’s backfill mining method has increasingly improved, and the level of filling equipment has gradually reached the most advanced level worldwide, which means China has been making great progress in the equipment of backfill mining method, and in recent years, China has also made great progress in the theory of backfill pipeline transportation. Therefore, Part I mainly focuses on both the theory and equipment of backfill pipeline transportation and the recent progress China has made in is introduced in two sections as follows: (1) the theory of backfill pipeline transportation and (2) the equipment of the backfill mining method. Finally, the authors claim that this paper serves just as a guide, tossing out a brick to get a jade gem, and we hope many more experts and scholars will be interested and engage in the research of this field.
Dust Characterization and Its Potential Impact during the 2014–2015 Fogo Volcano Eruption (Cape Verde)
Authors: Candeias Carla , Ávila Paula Freire , Alves Célia , Gama Carla , Sequeira Cristina , da Silva Eduardo Ferreira , Rocha Fernando
Published: November 2021

Fogo (Fogo Island) is the youngest and most active volcano of Cape Verde. The last eruption occurred in 2014–2015. Aiming to assess the dust sources that impacted the air quality during the present study period, fresh lava samples were collected, while Saharan dust intrusions and transport were modeled. Rooftop dust was also collected on the island dwellings and a mineralogical and chemical characterization was undertaken. Air quality monitors were used to obtain concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants. The mineralogical constitution was assessed by XRD and Electron Microprobe. The pseudototal chemical concentration was performed by XRF, ICP-MS and SEM; the latter includes particles morphology. During the study, WRF-CHIMERE results showed the intrusion of desert dust which affected the air quality. Lava was classified as tephritic to basanitic, with high potassium content. The Pollution Load Index for rooftop dust was >1 in all samples, suggesting an enrichment. Higher values were found in dust size fraction <63 µm, with contamination factor pointing to high enrichment of As, Ni and Pb, and very high enrichment of Cd. The non-carcinogenic hazard estimated for children suggested that health problems may arise. The carcinogenic risk was above the target risk, mostly due to As > Pb > Co. Ingestion was the main exposure route. PM10 concentrations exceeded the 24-h mean of 50 µg/m3 recommended by WHO. Nevertheless, TVOCs displayed levels lower than guidelines. The highest levels of CO2 were recorded in more populated villages and farthest from the volcano.
Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, 3D-QSAR, and Molecular Docking Study of Novel Menthol-Derived 1,2,4-Triazole-thioether Compounds
Authors: Huang Mei , Duan Wen-Gui , Lin Gui-Shan , Li Bao-Yu
Published: November 2021

A series of novel menthol derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazole-thioether moiety were designed, synthesized, characterized structurally, and evaluated biologically to explore more potent natural product-based antifungal agents. The bioassay results revealed that at 50 μg/mL, some of the target compounds exhibited good inhibitory activity against the tested fungi, especially against Physalospora piricola. Compounds 5b (R = o-CH3 Ph), 5i (R = o-Cl Ph), 5v (R = m,p-OCH3 Ph) and 5x (R = α-furyl) had inhibition rates of 93.3%, 79.4%, and 79.4%, respectively, against P. piricola, much better than that of the positive control chlorothalonil. Compounds 5v (R = m,p-OCH3 Ph) and 5g (R = o-Cl Ph) held inhibition rates of 82.4% and 86.5% against Cercospora arachidicola and Gibberella zeae, respectively, much better than that of the commercial fungicide chlorothalonil. Compound 5b (R = o-CH3 Ph) displayed antifungal activity of 90.5% and 83.8%, respectively, against Colleterichum orbicalare and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Compounds 5m (R = o-I Ph) had inhibition rates of 88.6%, 80.0%, and 88.0%, respectively, against F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinu, Bipolaris maydis and C. orbiculare. Furthermore, compound 5b (R = o-CH3 Ph) showed the best and broad-spectrum antifungal activity against all the tested fungi. To design more effective antifungal compounds against P. piricola, 3D-QSAR analysis was performed using the CoMFA method, and a reasonable 3D-QSAR model (r2 = 0.991, q2 = 0.514) was established. The simulative binding pattern of the target compounds with cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase (CYP51) was investigated by molecular docking.
Quercetin Prevents LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Modulating NOX2/ROS/NF-kB in Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Sul Ok-Joo , Ra Seung Won
Published: November 2021

Oxidative stress caused by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a major role in inflammatory processes. We hypothesized that modulation of ROS via quercetin may protect against oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin on oxidative stress and inflammation in lung epithelial A549 cells. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced elevation of intracellular ROS levels was reduced after quercetin treatment, which also almost completely abolished the mRNA and protein expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) induced by LPS stimulation. In addition, quercetin suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, which had increased significantly after LPS exposure. Our data demonstrated that quercetin decreased ROS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by suppressing NOX2 production.
Malnutrition and Inadequate Eating Behaviour during Hospital Stay in Geriatrics—An Explorative Analyses of NutritionDay Data in Two Hospitals
Authors: Graeb Fabian , Wolke Reinhold
Published: November 2021

(1) Background: Malnutrition in hospitalized patients is prevalent worldwide, but the severity of the issue is often underestimated by practitioners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition and inadequate eating behaviour in a geriatric sample. (2) Methods: Two hospitals participated with six wards on nutritionDay in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Nutritional status, food intake, and nutritional interventions were analyzed for all patients ≥ 65 years (n = 156), using the official nutritionDay questionnaires. Malnutrition risk is identified by Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), malnutrition by the ESPEN criteria (European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism). (3) Results: According to MUST (n = 136) 16.9% (n = 23) were at medium risk of malnutrition, 33.8% (n = 46) at high risk of malnutrition, 28.1% (n = 38) were malnourished. Overall, 62.8% (n = 98) showed an inadequate eating behaviour during hospital stay. Moreover, patients with inadequate nutrition had significantly worse self-reported health statuses (p = 0.001; r = −0.276), were less able to walk on nutritionDay (p = 0.002; r = −0.255), had eaten little in the week before admission to hospital (p < 0.001; r = −0.313), and had an increased length of stay (p = 0.036; r = −0.174). (4) Conclusion: To identify malnourished patients is a significant barrier for practitioners seeking to administer specific, tailored interventions. Malnutrition screening protocols must be improved, just as nutrition monitoring in general.
Beyond the List: Bioagent-Agnostic Signatures Could Enable a More Flexible and Resilient Biodefense Posture Than an Approach Based on Priority Agent Lists Alone
Authors: Leiser Owen P. , Hobbs Errett C. , Sims Amy C. , Korch George W. , Taylor Karen L.
Published: November 2021

As of 2021, the biothreat policy and research communities organize their efforts around lists of priority agents, which elides consideration of novel pathogens and biotoxins. For example, the Select Agents and Toxins list is composed of agents that historic biological warfare programs had weaponized or that have previously caused great harm during natural outbreaks. Similarly, lists of priority agents promulgated by the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases are composed of previously known pathogens and biotoxins. To fill this gap, we argue that the research/scientific and biodefense/biosecurity communities should categorize agents based on how they impact their hosts to augment current list-based paradigms. Specifically, we propose integrating the results of multi-omics studies to identify bioagent-agnostic signatures (BASs) of disease—namely, patterns of biomarkers that accurately and reproducibly predict the impacts of infection or intoxication without prior knowledge of the causative agent. Here, we highlight three pathways that investigators might exploit as sources of signals to construct BASs and their applicability to this framework. The research community will need to forge robust interdisciplinary teams to surmount substantial experimental, technical, and data analytic challenges that stand in the way of our long-term vision. However, if successful, our functionality-based BAS model could present a means to more effectively surveil for and treat known and novel agents alike.
Vector Potential, Magnetic Field, Mutual Inductance, Magnetic Force, Torque and Stiffness Calculation between Current-Carrying Arc Segments with Inclined Axes in Air
Authors: Babic Slobodan
Published: November 2021

In this paper, the improved and the new analytical and semi-analytical expressions for calculating the magnetic vector potential, magnetic field, magnetic force, mutual inductance, torque, and stiffness between two inclined current-carrying arc segments in air are given. The expressions are obtained either in the analytical form over the incomplete elliptic integrals of the first and the second kind or by the single numerical integration of some elliptical integrals of the first and the second kind. The validity of the presented formulas is proved from the particular cases when the inclined circular loops are addressed. We mention that all formulas are obtained by the integral approach, except the stiffness, which is found by the derivative of the magnetic force. The novelty of this paper is the treatment of the inclined circular carting-current arc segments for which the calculations of the previously mentioned electromagnetic quantities are given.
Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Novel Insights into the Blanched Stem of Oenanthe javanica
Authors: Kumar Sunjeet , Huang Xinfang , Li Gaojie , Ji Qun , Zhou Kai , Zhu Guopeng , Ke Weidong , Hou Hongwei , Zhu Honglian , Yang Jingjing
Published: November 2021

In the agricultural field, blanching is a technique used to obtain tender, sweet, and delicious water dropwort stems by blocking sunlight. The physiological and nutritional parameters of blanched water dropwort have been previously investigated. However, the molecular mechanism of blanching remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated transcriptomic variations for different blanching periods in the stem of water dropwort (pre, mid, post-blanching, and control). The results showed that many genes in pathways, such as photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phytohormone signal transduction as well as transcription factors (TFs) were significantly dysregulated. Blanched stems of water dropwort showed the higher number of downregulated genes in pathways, such as photosynthesis, antenna protein, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, which ultimately affect the photosynthesis in water dropwort. The genes of hormone signal transduction pathways (ethylene, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroid, and indole-3-acetic acid) showed upregulation in the post-blanched water dropwort plants. Overall, a higher number of genes coding for TFs, such as ERF, BHLH, MYB, zinc-finger, bZIP, and WRKY were overexpressed in blanched samples in comparison with the control. These genes and pathways participate in inducing the length, developmental processes, pale color, and stress tolerance of the blanched stem. Overall, the genes responsive to blanching, which were identified in this study, provide an effective foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of blanching and photosynthesis regulations in water dropwort and other species.
Co-Application of Biochar and Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi Improves Salinity Tolerance, Growth and Lipid Metabolism of Maize (Zea mays L.) in an Alkaline Soil
Authors: Ndiate Ndiaye Ibra , Saeed Qudsia , Haider Fasih Ullah , Liqun Cai , Nkoh Jackson Nkoh , Mustafa Adnan
Published: November 2021

This study reports the mitigating strategy against salinity by exploring the potential effects of biochar (5%), Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (20 g/pot, AMF), and biochar + AMF on maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under saline stress in a greenhouse. The maize was grown on alkaline soil and subjected to four different saline levels; 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. After 90 d for 100 mM NaCl treatment, the plant’s height and fresh weight were reduced by 17.84% and 39.28%, respectively, compared to the control. When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height) and 24.79%, 62.36%, and 107.7% (fresh weight), respectively. Compared to the control and single AMF/biochar treatments, the combined application of biochar and AMF showed the most significant effect in improving maize growth under saline stress. The superior mitigating effect of biochar + AMF was attributed to its effective ability in (i) improving soil nutrient content, (ii) enhancing plant nutrient uptake, (iii) increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and (iv improving the contents of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3). Thus, our study shows that amending alkaline and saline soils with a combination of biochar-AMF can effectively mitigate abiotic stress and improve plant growth. Therefore, it can serve as a reference for managing salinity stress in agricultural soils.
A Pilot Study of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Programme in Patients Suffering from Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Offenbächer Martin , Seitlinger Michael , Münch Daniela , Schnopp Christina , Darsow Ulf , Harfensteller Julia , Schmid-Grendelmeier Peter , Ring Johannes , Kohls Niko
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have several potential stressors including the symptoms of the disease itself, the stigmatization due to their appearance, and emotional and psychological strain. Psychological factors and stress can trigger and exacerbate the symptoms of skin diseases and there is evidence that stress has a relevant clinical effect on the function of skin cells in vivo. Our objective was to evaluate in a pilot study the feasibility, acceptance, and effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programme in AD patients in a clinical setting. Methods: 10 patients took part in an 8-week MBSR programme, which included, e.g., mindful and conscious awareness of the body and bodywork, and seated meditation. We assessed sociodemographics and disease related variables with standardized measures at predefined time points including Score of Atopic Dermatitis, Patient Oriented Eczema Measure, Dermatology Life Quality Index, Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), and others. Participants also gave qualitative feedback regarding the effects of the intervention. Results: The mean age was 53.10 years (SD = 15.04), seven patients were female, and disease duration was 36.6 years (SD = 25.5). Calculating pre-post effect sizes (Cohen’s d), the FMI indicated significant improvement in the “presence” and “acceptance” subscales. There was also tendency for less stress. This was confirmed by the qualitative statements of the participants. Conclusions: The MBSR programme is feasible and acceptable for AD patients. Considering the long disease history and the severity of disease burden, the effects of this intervention seem promising as an adjunct to conventional treatments for patients with AD.
Predicting Days to Maturity, Plant Height, and Grain Yield in Soybean: A Machine and Deep Learning Approach Using Multispectral Data
Authors: Teodoro Paulo Eduardo , Teodoro Larissa Pereira Ribeiro , Baio Fábio Henrique Rojo , da Silva Junior Carlos Antonio , dos Santos Regimar Garcia , Ramos Ana Paula Marques , Pinheiro Mayara Maezano Faita , Osco Lucas Prado , Gonçalves Wesley Nunes , Carneiro Alexsandro Monteiro , Junior José Marcato , Pistori Hemerson , Shiratsuchi Luciano Shozo
Published: November 2021

In soybean, there is a lack of research aiming to compare the performance of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods to predict more than one agronomic variable, such as days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), and grain yield (GY). As these variables are important to developing an overall precision farming model, we propose a machine learning approach to predict DM, PH, and GY for soybean cultivars based on multispectral bands. The field experiment considered 524 genotypes of soybeans in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons and a multitemporal–multispectral dataset collected by embedded sensor in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). We proposed a multilayer deep learning regression network, trained during 2000 epochs using an adaptive subgradient method, a random Gaussian initialization, and a 50% dropout in the first hidden layer for regularization. Three different scenarios, including only spectral bands, only vegetation indices, and spectral bands plus vegetation indices, were adopted to infer each variable (PH, DM, and GY). The DL model performance was compared against shallow learning methods such as random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR). The results indicate that our approach has the potential to predict soybean-related variables using multispectral bands only. Both DL and RF models presented a strong (r surpassing 0.77) prediction capacity for the PH variable, regardless of the adopted input variables group. Our results demonstrated that the DL model (r = 0.66) was superior to predict DM when the input variable was the spectral bands. For GY, all machine learning models evaluated presented similar performance (r ranging from 0.42 to 0.44) for each tested scenario. In conclusion, this study demonstrated an efficient approach to a computational solution capable of predicting multiple important soybean crop variables based on remote sensing data. Future research could benefit from the information presented here and be implemented in subsequent processes related to soybean cultivars or other types of agronomic crops.