bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-19 Impact of EnduraPig and EnduraSow supplementation on growth performance of wean to finish pigs naturally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy L , Tran Huyen T , Crowder Stacie , de Rodas Brenda
Published: May 2024

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) continues to be an economically devastating disease to the pork industry around the world. Apart from vaccination and biosecurity measures, nutritional strategies are needed to mitigate the negative effects of PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection on pork production. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of EnduraPig and EnduraSow (PMI Additives) on growth performance, viremia, and livability of wean to finish pigs naturally infected with PRRSV. A total of 660 newly-weaned pigs [DNA L600 x 241 genetics; average body weight (BW) = 7.3 ± 0.14 kg) were divided into 33 pens (11 pens per treatment, 20 pigs per pen). Each pen within a location block was randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments consisting of either a non-supplemented basal diet (NC), basal diet with EnduraPig (EP), or basal diet with EnduraSow (ES). Apart from growth [average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed to gain ratio (F:G)] and livability metrics, serum sample was also collected from 1 sentinel pig per pen at 0, 21, 42, and 63 d postweaning to monitor recovery from PRRSV infection, based on the change in percentage of viremic pigs. Analysis of variance for growth and mortality was performed using Mixed Procedure in SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and a priori contrasts were used to detect treatment differences at P < 0.05. Association between treatments and % viremic pigs at each time point was assessed using Fisher’s exact test and declared significant at P < 0.05. Mortality and removals were greatest during the first 4 wk postweaning, but no treatment differences were detected in overall wean to finish mortality (23.6, 21.8, and 20.4% for NC, EP, and ES, respectively). At d 21, 89.9% of the pigs sampled were viremic compared with 56.8% on d 0. The average % viremic pigs went down to 57.5 and 18.5%, for d 42 and 63, respectively, with no treatment differences observed in both periods. Feeding EP, however, improved all growth performance metrics compared with NC (+11.8 kg in final body weight, P < 0.01; +13% in ADG, P < 0.01; +7% in ADFI, P < 0.05; and -5.5% in F:G, P < 0.05). Feeding ES also improved performance of wean to finish pigs over NC (+16.4 kg in final body weight, P < 0.01; +18% in ADG, P < 0.01; +12% in ADFI, P < 0.01; and -5.2% in F:G, P < 0.05). In summary, the results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of EnduraPig or EnduraSow improved growth performance of wean to finish pigs naturally infected with PRRSV, indicating that these nutritional technologies help boost the immune response against PRRSV.
PSIII-17 Comparative assessment of New Generation Phytase (HiPhorius vs. Ronozyme HiPhos in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy L , Weeden Terry , Tran Huyen T , Rao Murali Raghavendra , Bergstrom Jon R , de Rodas Brenda
Published: May 2024

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of HiPhorius (DSM-Firmenich), a new generation of phytase with improved temperature and pH stability, as a replacement of Ronozyme HiPhos (DSM-Firmenich) on performance of growing-finishing pigs fed corn and soybean meal-based diet. A total of 1,200 growing pigs [PIC genetics, with average initial body weight (BW) = 26.8 ± 0.6 kg] were divided into 60 pens, with each pen consisting of 20 pigs and equal number of gilts and barrows. Each pen within a location block was randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments consisting of 2 sources of phytase (Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius) at a low or a high level of available Phosphorus release (AvP, 0.15 and 0.19% respectively). To achieve a low (0.15%) or high (0.19%) AvP, 1,000 or 2,000 FYT/kg of Ronozyme HiPhos was used respectively. To achieve the same levels of AvP, a decreased inclusion of HiPhorius was used (600 and 1,000 FYT/kg for the low and high AvP, respectively). A five-phase feeding program was utilized until pigs reached market weights. All performance data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight as covariate. Least squares means were compared using Fisher’s LSD (P < 0.05). Overall (d 0 to d 92), there were no differences observed in any of the performance parameters [final BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F] regardless of the dietary treatments provided (P > 0.20). There were also no differences in mortality and removals (P > 0.20) and in final weight variation (P > 0.20). In summary, using a reduced inclusion rate of HiPhorius (600 and 1,000 FYT/kg) resulted in similar overall growth performance as growing-finishing pigs fed Ronozyme HiPhos at 1,000 and 2,000 FYT/kg, respectively. The present study confirms the improved efficacy of the new generation phytase (HiPhorius) compared with Ronozyme HiPhos.
PSIII-18 Effects of HiPhorius and Ronozyme HiPhos on performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Tran Huyen T , Mercado Aileen Joy L , Weeden Terry , Bergstrom Jon R , de Rodas Brenda
Published: May 2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the new phytase HiPhorius (encoded by a 6-phytase gene from Citrobacter braakii and expressed from Aspergillus oryzae; dsm-firmenich) compared with Ronozyme HiPhos (a 6-phytase product produced with a genetically modified strain of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae; dsm-firmenich) on performance of nursery pigs. A total of 528 weaned pigs [PIC Camborough female × PIC 337 boar; 19 d of age, initial body weight (BW) = 6.5 kg] were blocked by initial BW and gender and allotted to 48 pens which were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (10 to 12 pigs/pen; 12 pens/treatment), including T1) Ronozyme HiPhos 3,000 FYT/kg, T2) HiPhorius 1,000 FYT/kg, T3) HiPhorius 1,500 FYT/kg, and T4) HiPhorius 2,000 FYT/kg. Pigs were fed a 3-phase feed-budget program, consisting of 1.4 kg/pig in Phase 1, 5.5 kg/pig in Phase 2, and Phase 3 diets fed to d 42 postweaning. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained 1.41, 1.34, and 1.27% SID Lys for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Phytase levels were tested at the same dose in phase 1 and 2 diets, while in phase 3, phytase levels were tested at 2,000 and 1,000 FYT/kg, respectively, for the Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius treatments. During d 0-15 and d 0-22, pigs fed HiPhorius 1000 had reduced (P < 0.05) feed conversion than Ronozyme HiPhos and HiPhorius 2000. No significant treatment effects were observed on average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI) during these periods. During d 22-42, pigs fed HiPhorius 2,000 had greater ADG (P = 0.08), final BW (P = 0.09), and ADFI (P = 0.03) than HiPhorius 1,000 and Ronozyme HiPhos; however, there were no treatment effects on feed conversion. Overall (d 0 - 42), feeding HiPhorius 2,000 improved ADG compared with feeding Ronozyme HiPhos, HiPhorius 1,000, and HiPhorius 1,500 (476 vs. 458, 449, and 458 g, respectively; P = 0.07); however, similar ADFI and feed conversion were observed among treatments. Data from this study suggest that feeding HiPhorius at 2,000 FYT/kg provided greater ADG compared with feeding HiPhorius at reduced amounts or Ronozyme HiPhos. While the two sources of phytase had similar responses on nursery ADFI and feed conversion overall, feeding HiPhorius at 1,000 FYT/kg resulted in decreased feed conversion during the first 3 wk post-weaning.
PSIII-16 Effects of dietary corn origin (U.S., Argentina, and Brazil) on pig growth performance
Authors: Halbur Joseph , Salamanca Alejandra Forero , Jansen Jordan K , Hong Jinsu , Palencia Jorge Y Perez , Levesque Crystal L , Mueller Shane , Thaler Robert C , Weaver Eric
Published: May 2024

Corn is an important global commodity. Understanding its nutritional value and practically utilizing different corn sources and varieties in swine diets is important to U.S. corn and swine production. Globally, the U.S. “dent” corn variety is presumed to be of lesser quality compared with “harder” flint-type corn (the preferred varieties in Argentina and Brazil) due to differences in whole kernel structure when shipped long distances. In fact, official work from the US Grains Council indicates that US corn produces more ethanol per bushel when compared with flint-type varieties of corn. This indicates a greater concentration of starch in US corn and increased starch content should mean a greater quantity of energy and nutrients. Therefore, swine producers globally benefit from understanding the feeding value of different varieties and origins of corn. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of pigs fed corn from three exporting countries: U.S., Argentina (ARG), and Brazil (BRZ). Two similar studies were conducted comparing the effect of 3 corn sources on late nursery pig growth performance. Study 1 used 96 nursery pigs [body weight (BW) = 8.8 ± 1.7 kg] split between 24 pens and study 2 used 114 nursery pigs (8.0 ± 1.3 kg) split between 24 pens. Three experimental diets were formulated with corn sources from: 1) U.S.; 2) ARG; and, 3) BRZ. The U.S. corn diet was considered the control diet and was balanced to meet or exceed all nutrient requirements for the pigs. The U.S. corn was replaced with ARG corn and BRZ corn on a kg for kg basis in the diets. Pigs were assigned in a randomized block design based on initial body weights (BW) and sex. Feed and water were offered ad libitum over a 28-d period, pig BW and feed disappearance were measured each week. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency [gain to feed ratio (G:F)] were determined after weeks 1, 2, and 4. Performance data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS considering dietary treatment as a main effect and pen as experimental unit. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in BW, ADFI, ADG, and feed efficiency between the three corn sources throughout all weeks and the overall 28 d. Overall performance values for the three treatments were: US corn ADG (0.66 kg), ADFI (0.91 kg), and G:F (0.72): Argentina corn, ADG (0.65 kg), ADFI (0.92), and G:F (0.70); and Brazil corn, ADG (0.65), ADFI (0.92), and G:F (0.71). In conclusion, the value of US corn is similar in nutrient content and nutritional quality as demonstrated by equivalent performance in nursery pigs. The aesthetics of whole kernels are not indicative of feeding value to swine.
PSIV-15 Effects of dietary supplementation of carbohydrase on growth performance and health status of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Kwon Woong Bi , England Steve J , Hartsook Greg , Aparachita Pornpim , Soltwedel Kevin , Fischer Robert , Sandberg Fredrik
Published: May 2024

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of carbohydrase supplementation in finishing diets with 30-35% DDGS on growth performance and health status of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 432 DNA-sired growing pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 31.1 ± 1.14 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 16 to 20 pigs in each pen and 11 to 12 replicate pens per treatment. The 2 dietary treatments were 1) a standard finishing diet with phytase inclusion (CON); 2) CON + 90 g per ton of Endopower Green (ENZ). Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded by pen on d 0, 21, 42, 64, and 84 and used to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). After d 84, an equal number of pigs from each pen were marketed, and marketed weight was recorded based on the 4 individual cuts. Morbidity, mortality, and medical injectable treatments were measured for the entire experimental period. Data were used to calculate all variables and were analyzed using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. There was a significant difference in the initial BW of pigs fed control and Endopower Green (dried Aspergillus niger fermentation product as a source of xylanase, beta-glucanase, beta-mannanase and alpha-galactosidase) containing diets. Thus, the initial BW was included in the model as a covariate for adjusting growth performance data. Results (Table 1) indicate that final BW tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in pigs fed ENZ compared with pigs fed CON. Endopower treatment had greater (P < 0.05, respectively) ADG from d 0 to 21 and d 21 to 42 than control treatment and ADG tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in pigs fed ENZ compared with pigs fed CON from d 0 to MKT. While pigs fed ENZ had greater (P < 0.05) ADFI from d 0 to 21 than pigs fed CON, there was no difference in ADFI between the 2 treatments from the overall period. G:F tended to be greater (P < 0.10) from d 21 to 42 and G:F was greater (P < 0.05, respectively) in pigs fed ENZ compared with pigs fed CON from d 42 to 63 and the overall period. These results suggested providing Endopower Green in finishing diets can improve feed efficiency and therefore reduce feed cost per kg of gain and support environmental sustainability whilst utilizing greater content of DDGS.
PSIV-14 Assessing sow and suckling pig hemoglobin status in a single lactation following one or two iron supplementations of piglets in a commercial farm
Authors: Bardales Aryeri S , Bradley Casey L , Levesque Crystal L
Published: May 2024

Newborn piglets are typically anemic at birth [defined as blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) < 10 g/dL] and sow’s milk contains negligible amounts of iron; common commercial practice is one dose of injectable iron in the first week of life. However, a considerable proportion of piglets have decreased Hb at weaning which may have implications on post-wean performance. Thus, there is interest in additional iron supplementation before weaning. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of one or two iron supplementations on offspring performance. A total of 172 sows (parity 1 to 8) and litters (n = 2,378 piglets) were assigned in a randomized complete block design to Control [piglets received one injectable iron dose (400 mg)], SUPoral (injectable iron as Control plus oral iron supplement at 1oz/litter per day for 8 d before weaning), or SUPinject (injectable iron as Control plus 100 mg 7 d before weaning). According to barn stand protocol, the first iron dose was provided to all piglets on d 7 after the initiation of farrowing. Sow Hb status was determined at entry to farrowing house and weaning; -Hb status of all born alive piglets was measured within 28 of birth and at weaning. Analysis of variance compared the effect of iron supplementation, parity, and their interaction on piglet Hb status. Sow Hb at entry (9.3, 10.4, and 9.6 g/dL ± 0.15, respectively) was less (P < 0.001) for parity 4-8 sows than parity 1, with parity 2-3 intermediate and no difference between parity groups at weaning (9.5 g/dL ± 0.16). Litter size at birth (total or born alive) and preweaning mortality did not differ between treatments. Piglet Hb at birth was not different between treatments; however, 85% of piglets from parity 4-8 sows were deemed anemic at birth compared with 72 and 76% in parity 1 and 2-3 sows, respectively (P < 0.05). Immediately before additional iron supplementation, Control piglets had lower (P < 0.0001) Hb than SUPoral and SUPinject piglets (7.4 vs 8.0 and 8.1 g/dL ± 0.12, respectively). At weaning, there were no differences in piglet Hb by iron supplementation treatments (11.4 g/dL ± 0.07). However, the percentage of piglets within a litter deemed anemic at weaning was greater (30%; P < 0.011) in parity 4-8 sows compared with parity 1 sows at 13%. There was no difference in piglet body weight at weaning between treatment groups or by parity grouping. In this study, additional iron supplementation before weaning had minimal impact on piglet iron status or growth. The decreased Hb at entry in older sows combined with greater proportion of anemic piglets at birth or weaning suggests greater attention to sow iron intake may be warranted.
PSIV-20 Evaluation of pectinase on nursery pig performance
Authors: Nisley Mitchell J , Gabler Nicholas K , Vanderbeke Erik , Nolan David
Published: May 2024

Non-starch polysaccharidases have been widely employed in swine production to enhance fiber digestion and nutrient utilization, yielding mixed results. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of an exogenous pectinase on performance of early nursery pigs. The study utilized 320 mixed sex freshly weaned pigs, 19-21 d of age [5.4 ± 1.1 kg body weight (BW), Camborough (1050) x 337, (PIC, Hendersonville, TN)], sourced from a commercial sow farm. Upon arrival, pigs were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment, 6 gilts and 2 barrows/pen). All diets were fed in two phases consisting of 7 and 14 d over a 21-d study period. Phase 1 basal diets consisted of 40% soybean meal, 1.45% SID Lys, and 3,396 kcal/kg ME. Phase 2 basal diets consisted of 40% soybean meal, 1.375% SID Lys, and 3,396 kcal/kg ME. In both phases, exogenous pectinase was included at 0, 8, 40, and 80 (g/MT). Pen bodyweights and feed disappearance were collected at the start and end of each phase to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Fecal consistency was scored for diarrhea presence daily. In all analyses, pens served as the experimental units. Growth performance and mortality/removals data were analyzed within phase and overall with the fixed effect of pectinase level, including the linear and quadratic effects of varying pectinase levels across the diets. No discernible health impacts were identified based on observations of mortality/removals and fecal consistency scores (P > 0.10). There were no notable main, linear, or quadratic effects observed on pig bodyweights during the trial. Overall, the diet had a significant impact on ADG (P < 0.05), showing a positive trend associated with pectinase inclusion (linear P = 0.08). This trend was supported by a 14% increase in the ADG of pigs that consumed the diet with 80 g/MT of pectinase, in contrast to pigs fed the control diet. Phase 1 did not exhibit any notable effects on performance in terms of main, linear, or quadratic trends. In contrast, during phase 2, the diet significantly affected the ADG of pigs, with all pectinase-containing diets promoting greater body weight gain compared with control-fed pigs (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a tendency for a diet effect on GF in phase 2 (P = 0.09). Pigs that were fed the diet with 80 g/MT of pectinase observed a 14-22% improvement in feed efficiency compared with all the other dietary groups. In conclusion, the addition of pectinase to early nursery pig diets had the capacity to enhance pig performance without any adverse effects on pig health when feeding high soybean meal.
PSIV-19 Effects of Flavolac feed top dress in lactation on sow body weight change and litter performance
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Stephens Karley , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , da Silva Analia Ribeiro , Coble Kyle , Karl Jimmy , Corns Paul , Bradley Tag
Published: May 2024

A total of 271 mixed parity sows (PIC 1050) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding Flavolac in lactation diets on sow farrowing performance and litter growth performance during summer conditions. Flavolac (Agroceres Multimix; Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil) is a commercial product containing several compounds, including amino acids, antioxidants, botanicals, direct fed-microbials, and vitamin-like compounds, that individually have previously been shown to improve litter weaning weight or preweaning mortality. However, there are no published data on the benefit when these compounds are used in combination. The experiment was conducted at a commercial sow farm located in northwest Texas. At approximately d 112 to 114 of gestation, sows were moved to the farrowing house, and randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments based on parity and caliper score. Treatments consisted of a control diet (no Flavolac) or the control diet with an added Flavolac top-dress (80 g/d in a single feeding). Sows were weighed before entering the farrowing house and at weaning. Sows were provided approximately 1.8 kg per day of a common lactation diet without Flavolac pre-farrowing. After farrowing, sows were provided ad libitum access to lactation feed. Application of treatments began after cross fostering, approximately 24 h post-farrowing. The weaning age averaged approximately 21.3 d. There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) in sow body weight (BW) at entry, weaning, or overall BW change (Table). There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) for sow entry caliper, weaning caliper score, caliper score change, or average daily lactation feed disappearance. In addition, there was no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) in total litter or piglet birth weight. However, administration of Flavolac tended (P < 0.10) to increase litter weaning weight, total litter weight gain, and litter average daily gain. The inclusion of Flavolac led to a tendency (P = 0.091) for a reduction in pre-weaning mortality and therefore, an improvement in percentage of pigs weaned relative to those on d 2. In summary, inclusion of Flavolac during the lactation period resulted in a tendency for reduced pre-weaning mortality and tended to improve total litter weight gain, and thus litter weight at weaning.
PSIV-21 Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for 22-, 56-, and 87-kilogram pigs
Authors: Sung Jung Y , Yoo Sun Jong , Kim Beob Gyun
Published: May 2024

The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) in feed ingredients is not constant in pigs with 3 different body weights (BW). Eight pigs with initial BW of 22.2 ± 1.2 kg cannulated at the distal ileum were used. Two experimental diets contained corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal-wheat mixture (SBM-W; 70% soybean meal + 30% wheat) as the sole source of nitrogen, respectively. The diets were assigned to the animals in a 2-period cross-over design. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and a 2-d ileal digesta collection period. The animals, diets, and experimental design for 50 kg pigs (initial BW = 55.6 ± 3.3 kg) and 80 kg pigs (initial BW = 86.9 ± 5.1 kg) were identical to those used for 22 kg pigs. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the effect of ingredient type (corn DDGS or SBMM) and BW of pigs (from 22 to 87 kg) and the interaction between these 2 main effects. The AID of crude protein, lysine, and methionine in both corn DDGS and SBM-W linearly or quadratically increased (P < 0.05) with an increase in pig BW. An interaction between ingredient type and linear effect of BW was observed (P < 0.05) in histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Specifically, a linear increase in AID of these AA with increasing BW of pigs was greater in SBM-W compared with corn DDGS. In conclusion, the AID values of most AA differed between the BW range of 22 to 87 kg, and these patterns varied among different ingredients.
PSIV-16 Evaluation of specialty soybean products and organic acids to alter nursery diet acid-binding capacity-4 on pig performance and fecal dry matter
Authors: Stas Ethan , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: May 2024

A total of 300 weanling pigs (241 × 600, DNA, initial body weight = 5.6 ± 0.2 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of altering the acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) of nursery diets with different specialty soybean products and organic acids on performance and fecal dry matter (DM). At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. There were 5 pigs/pen and 10 replications/treatment. Diet 1 was formulated with 12.0% specialty soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Newport Beach, CA), 1.06% citric acid, and 0.5% fumaric acid to achieve an ABC-4 of 223 meq/kg. Diets 2 and 3 were the same as diet 1 except citric and fumaric acid were reduced by 50 and 100% to achieve an ABC-4 of 280 or 338 meq/kg, respectively. Diets 4 and 5 were the same as diet 1 except 50 and 100% of the specialty soy protein concentrate was replaced with enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH) on an SID Lys basis to achieve ABC-4 of 280 and 338 meq/kg, respectively. Diet 6 was a positive control with the same formulation as diet 5 except for the addition of 2,500 mg/kg of Zn from ZnO and a diet ABC-4 of 410 meq/kg. Dietary treatment structure allowed for the comparison of increasing ABC-4 (223 to 338 meq/kg) and formulation method (decreasing acidifier vs. specialty soy protein concentrate replacement) as well as their interactions. Pigs were fed the experimental diet for 24 d postweaning (d 0 to 24) followed by a common diet for an additional 18 d. There were no significant (P > 0.05) ABC-4 method × level interactions throughout the study (Table). From d 0 to 10, increasing ABC-4 decreased (linear, P = 0.042) gain to feed ratio (G:F) with no other differences in performance due to ABC-4. Formulation method influenced fecal DM with replacement of specialty soy protein concentrate (diets 4 and 5) reducing (P = 0.038) fecal DM compared with decreasing acidifier level (diets 2 and 3) on d 17. During the experimental period (d 0 to 24), pigs fed the diet with pharmacological Zn from ZnO had increased (P < 0.05) body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and G:F compared with pigs fed diets without ZnO. In summary, pharmacological Zn from ZnO improved nursery pig performance when experimental diets were fed. Increasing ABC-4 and the formulation method had minimal effects on nursery pig performance; however, fecal DM was influenced by formulation method. Increasing ABC-4 from 223 to 338 meq/kg may not have been a large enough difference to observe a response to changing ABC-4 of the diet. Further research is warranted to determine the influence of lower ABC-4 levels or other ingredient changes to achieve target ABC-4.
PSIV-18 Evaluation of lactose level and whey permeate form on nursery pig performance
Authors: Stas Ethan , Frank Jason , Wang Tingting , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: May 2024

A total of 1,512 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 4.7 kg] were used to evaluate lactose level and whey permeate form on nursery pig performance in a commercial environment. Pigs were weaned at approximately 19 d of age and allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial utilizing low or high lactose levels with either granular whey permeate (Dairylac 80, International Ingredients Corporation, Fenton, MO) or spray-dried whey permeate. Each whey permeate source contained 80% lactose. The low lactose diets consisted of 10.00 and 4.13% whey permeate for phase 1 and 2, respectively, and targeted a total lactose intake of 363 g/pig. The high lactose diets consisted of 20.00 and 8.25% whey permeate for phase 1 and 2, respectively, and targeted a total lactose intake of 726 g/pig. There were 27 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets in two phases with feed budgets of 2.3 kg/pig in phase 1 and 5.4 kg/pig in phase 2. Following experimental diets, all pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal-based diet until the completion of the study on d 42. Pigs experienced flu-like health challenges throughout the experiment. There were no lactose level × whey permeate form interactions for the duration of the study (P > 0.10; Table). For main effects of lactose level, pigs fed high lactose levels had increased (P ≤ 0.024) average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with pigs fed low lactose levels during the experimental period (d 0 to 21). For main effects of whey permeate form, there were no differences from d 0 to 21. However, overall (d 0 to 42), pigs fed spray-dried whey permeate in phase 1 and 2 tended to have greater (P = 0.080) average daily gain (ADG) and had improved (P = 0.041) gain to feed ratio (G:F) compared with pigs fed granular whey permeate. There were no differences in mortality or removals between treatments (P > 0.10). In conclusion, this study suggests a lactose intake of 726 g/pig increased feed intake compared with 363 g/pig during the experimental period regardless of whey permeate form. Additionally, spray-dried whey permeate improved feed efficiency regardless of lactose level fed.
PSV-16 Effect of precision feeding and functional amino acids on immune response and protein metabolism of growing pigs raised in poor sanitary conditions
Authors: Arnaut Pedro Righetti , Remus Aline , Pomar Candido , Hauschild Luciano
Published: May 2024

The activation of the immune system reduces the nutrient availability for growth and increases the variability among pigs. Functional amino acids (AA) supplementation can reduce the negative effects of immune activation. Additionally, providing daily tailored diets using individual precision feeding (IPF) was shown to account for individual variability. Therefore, we hypothesized that the association of IPF and functional AA supplementation could reduce the negative effect of immune-challenged pigs fed with daily tailored diets. The aim of this study was to assess performance and blood parameters variation of growing pigs under poor sanitary conditions while being fed functional AA 120% above the estimated INRA AA ratios within IPF, compared with a conventional group-phase (GP) feeding system. The sanitary condition was characterized by oral inoculation of 2 × 109 cfu of Salmonella typhimurium and manure spreading on the pen floor on d 0. Sixty gilts (23 ± 2.8 kg body weight; BW) were distributed in a complete randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement composed of 2 diets: CN with 100% INRA AA ratio or AA+ with 120% of the ratio for Met, Thr and Trp; and 2 feeding systems: GP or IPF. GP pigs received a single diet matching the SID Lys requirement of the 80th-percentile pig at the beginning of the trial whereas IPF pigs received a diet tailored daily to each pig requirement. All pigs were group-housed and fed ad libitum for 28 d by automatic feeders. Body weight was measured at d 0 and 28 and feed intake was recorded daily. Blood samples were collected at d 0, 7 and 28. Data were analyzed with diet and feeding systems and their interactions as fixed effects and BW blocks as random effect. Blood parameters were analyzed as repeated measurements over time. The pig was considered the experimental unit. No diet effect or interactions were observed for any variable (P > 0.05), suggesting that only supplementing Met, Trp, and Thr is not enough to support growth during a sanitary challenge (Table 1). Haptoglobin and IgG increased linearly whereas IgA, urea, and creatinine had a quadratic increase over time (P < 0.05; Table 2). The IPF decreased growth performance and increased serum IgA and creatinine (P < 0.05), mostly due to the fact that IPF reduces AA provision compared with GP system. The IPF model, as most mathematical models, does not account for the AA and energy costs related to the immune challenge. Therefore, IPF might have underestimated the requirements of the pigs, and limited the amount of nutrients provided. In conclusion, the combined effect of IPF and functional AA supplementation was not able to reduce the negative effect of the sanitary challenge.
PSV-14 Determination of optimal digestible phosphorus level in lactating sows
Authors: Hu Qiong , Zhao Junmei , Walston Stephanie
Published: May 2024

Optimal dietary phosphorus (P) is important for sows, not only to maintain P homeostasis and prevent premature culling due to lameness and locomotion, but also to support growth of their offspring. The objective of this experiment was to determine the optimal level of digestible P in lactating sows for the best reproductive performance and piglet growth. A total of 550 gestating sows were enrolled using a randomized block design with sow parity and group as blocks. Sows with an entry body weight of 247.5 ± 29.1 kg were allotted to one of the five levels of digestible P (similar as standard total tract digestibility of P with consideration of phytase released P): 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6%. A corn-soy-wheat middling based lactation diet was formulated with phytase inclusion (550 FTU/kg) and a fixed ratio between calcium (Ca) and digestible P of 2.5. All diets were formulated to have the same nutrient levels except 69 kcal net energy difference between 0.6% and 0.2% digestible P treatments due to slight difference in the ingredient composition. Experimental diets were fed approximately 4 d before farrowing and throughout the entire lactation (21 d). Feces were collected from 20 sows per treatment around 14 d of lactation to measure apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P. Using R (version 4.0.0), performance and digestibility data were analyzed using a general linear model and a generalized linear model specifying a binomial distribution was deployed for count data. Dietary treatments did not impact sow average daily feed intake or piglet birth and weaning weights (Table 1). However, dietary treatments affected piglet livability (P < 0.05) and pre-weaning morality (P < 0.01), with 0.5% digestible P having the greatest livability and 0.4% digestible P having the least pre-weaning mortality. There was a positive linear dose effect of digestible P on probability of weaned pigs (P < 0.05). Dietary digestible P affected ATTD Ca (88.8 ± 3.1%, P < 0.01) and ATTD P (64.4 ± 6.5%, P < 0.01) in sows on d14 of lactation, with greater digestible P leading to decreased ATTD Ca and P. In conclusion, dietary digestible P level affected ATTD Ca and P during lactation. Digestible P level of 0.4% and greater led to greater piglet livability and resulted in greater probability of weaned pigs.
PSV-15 Effect of functional amino acids and fiber on growth performance of post-weaning pigs
Authors: Vega Caroline Gonzalez , Walston Stephanie , May Sabrina , Hu Qiong , Faris Richard
Published: May 2024

This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of functional amino acids (FAA), including Met, Thr, and Trp with 1.4% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys on performance and the effect of high levels of fiber when high levels of FAA combined. A total of 216 pigs [21 d old; 6.46 ± 0.63 kg body weight (BW)] were allotted to one of 6 treatments with 3 pigs of single sex per pen, and 12 replicates/treatment. Treatments were: 1) Control basal diet (BD), 2) BD + 23% more Met+Cys (HMet), 3) BD + 22% more Thr (HThr), 4) BD + 20% more Trp (HTrp), 5) BD + 20% more Met, Thr, and Trp (HFAA, with 9% NDF and 4%ADF), 6) HFAA+ high fiber (27% NDF and 18% ADF in diet by adding soy hulls at expense of corn, HFAA+HF). The experiment lasted for 42 d and pigs were fed experimental diets for 21 d followed by a common diet for the last 21 d. Pigs fed HFAA+HF diet were initially fed HFAA diet for the first 8 d and followed by HFAA+HF diet for the next 13 d, and fed the common diet during the last 21 d. On d 0, 9, 21, and 42, BW and feed intake were recorded, and fecal scores (1 as normal to 4 as watery diarrhea) were assessed during the trial. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of sex and BW block. Growth performance data were analyzed as single factor ANOVA, whereas stool quality was analyzed using ordinal model. Contrasts were used to test the effects of FAA (by comparing treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5 to BD) and fiber (by comparing HFAA+HF to HFAA). Pigs fed HFAA had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from d 21 to 42 and tended (P < 0.10) to have reduced overall ADG compared with BD (Table 1). Increasing individual amino acids did not affect performance, with the exception that pigs fed HTrp tended (P < 0.10) to have increased gain to feed ratio (G:F) from d 21 to 42 compared with BD. Greater fiber content did not affect ADG or ADFI; however, it reduced (P < 0.05) G:F during the whole trial compared with HFAA. Treatment did not influence stool quality. In conclusion, combination of increased amounts of Met, Thr, and Trp with SID 1.4% Lys under non-disease challenged conditions resulted in a reduction of performance, but this was not the case with increased individual amino acids, and increased fiber content with increased FAA which reduced feed efficiency of pigs.
PSV-19 Impact of precision feeding and bump feeding strategy during gestation on the performance of post-weaning pigs
Authors: Pierre Carole , Cloutier Laetitia , Galiot Lucie , Guay Frédéric
Published: May 2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate the post-weaning growth performance of piglets from sows of parities 1 to 3 fed with 4 different feeding programs during gestation; Flat feeding (FF, constant concentration and feed intake), Bump feeding (BF, constant concentration and variable feed intake), precision feeding by parity (PFP, variable concentration and variable feed intake using the average weight per parity), individual precision feeding (PFI, variable concentration and variable feed intake using the weight of each sow at breeding). At weaning of each parity, five litters from each of the dietary treatments were selected and five average piglets from each of these litters were transferred to a nursery building with 20 pens. All pens received the same feeding program in 3 phases of 14 d each. Piglets were weighed at the beginning and end of each feeding phase. The quantity of feed was noted for each phase. At the end of phases 1 and 3, one piglet per pen was scanned on the DXA to assess its body lean, fat, and bone mineral composition. During phase 1, average daily gain (ADG) was greater for piglets from parity 1 sows than those from parity 2 and 3 while average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion (FC) were greater for piglets from parity 3 sows (P < 0.05; Table). Dietary treatments during gestation did not affect performances in phase 1. In phase 2, ADG and ADFI were greater while FC was decreased for piglets from sows of parity 2 and 3 (P< 0.001). Piglets from FF treatment had a greater ADG and a lesser FC (P < 0.05) than piglets from BF, piglets from PFP and PFI being intermediate. In phase 3, piglets from parity 2 sows and those from FF treatment had greater ADG and ADFI than piglets from PFI treatment, piglets from PFP and BF treatments being intermediate (P < 0.005). For all post-weaning period, piglets from parity 2 sows had greater ADG, ADFI and body weight at 42 d (P < 0.001) while piglets from the FF treatment had better ADG and weight at 42 d (P < 0.05) than those from BF and PFI (P < 0.05), PFP being intermediate. The lean ADG was greater for piglets from FF treatment (P < 0.021) than piglets from PFI, piglets from BF and PFP being intermediate. Piglets from sows of parity 2 and 3 had also greater lean ADG (P < 0.001). Fat ADG was also higher for piglets from parity 2 sows (P < 0.010) than piglets from parity 1 sows, piglets from parity 3 sows being intermediate. Piglets from parity 2 sows clearly had better post-weaning performances. The FF treatment during gestation led to better post-weaning performance, suggesting that energy or nutrient intake in early gestation affects offspring growth and development in post-weaning period.
PSV-17 Glycerol monolaurate improves litter performance and modifies milk composition when fed to lactating sows
Authors: Risley Chad , Lopez Johnny , Cordts Christian , von Brandestein Fiona
Published: May 2024

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) has proven antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, and additionally has been shown to increase milk immunoglobulins and improve gut health. However, limited information is available on how feeding GML to the sow prior and during lactation can influence the performance of the nursing pig. The objective of this study was to determine if feeding GML to sows would help maintain body condition, increase lauric acid in milk and improve litter performance. A total of 50 sows were randomly assigned to either a control feed or to a control feed with 1.5 kgs/mT of GML (LipoVital GL-90) 3 to 5 dbefore farrowing. Sow and litter performance was measured until weaning at 25 d. On d 1, piglets were cross-fostered within treatment and weighed. Creep feed was offered. Milk samples were taken from 5 randomly selected sows per treatment on d 3 and 25. Glycerol monolaurate had no effect on number of pigs born alive, born dead, stillborn, or number weaned (P > 0.20). No treatment differences (P > 0.20) were observed for sow feed intake, loss of backfat thickness or body weight losses during the study. Control piglets tended to consume more creep feed than GML piglets (P < 0.15). Starting body weight was less for GML piglets (P < 0.001). Despite the decreased starting body weight, weaning weight was not different between treatments (P > 0.20). Using starting body weight as a covariate, total body weight gain tended to be greater (P < 0.08) for GML piglets than the control piglets (5.01 kgs vs 4.89 kg, respectively). Glycerol monolaurate-fed pigs in the bottom quartile of starting body weights (< 1.3 kgs) numerically out gained their control counterparts (4.67 kgs vs 4.12 kgs). Milk from GML sows had 57% more lauric acid on d 3 (P < 0.05) and 124% more lauric acid at weaning compared with control sows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, GML maintained sow body condition, increased the content of lauric acid in milk and improved piglet body weight gain, especially in lighter body weight piglets. The results from this study demonstrate the application of GML in commercial sow herds will be beneficial to both sow and litter.
PSV-18 Improved performance of PRRSV challenged pigs fed 1-α-glycerol monolaurate
Authors: Risley Chad , Lopez Johnny , Cordts Christian
Published: May 2024

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Porcine Enteric Diarrhea (PEDV) has posed a persistent challenge to the swine industry despite vaccinations and biosecurity measures. Feed has been shown to be a carrier for bacterial and viral pathogens (Dee et al., 2020). Feed mitigation using medium chain fatty acids can eliminate the pathogen or reduce the pathogen load below its infectious dose. However, less is known regarding the application of monoglycerides for feed mitigation. The objective of this study was to determine if using only 1-α-glycerol monolaurate (GML) can be an effective feed mitigant against PRRSV compared with untreated control feed. A total of 2 rooms, each with 100 pigs per room, and 6 pens per room were used. The initial body weight of the pigs averaged 15 kg and were sourced from a herd free of PRRSV and PEDV. GML was added to the feed at 2 kg/mT. The study period was 14 d with starting and end body weights measured. An ice block viral challenge as described by Dee et al. (2020) was used. Briefly, a 500 mL ice cube containing 1x107 50% tissue culture infectious dose of each virus [PRRSV, PEDV and Senecavirus A (SVA)] was added to 1,300 kg of feed on d 0 and again on d 6. On d 15 pigs were tested for PRRSV (serum), PEDV (rectal swabs) and SVA (tonsil samples). Control and GML fed pigs did not seroconvert to PEDV and SVA, therefore, only results for PRRSV are presented. Average daily gain was significantly improved in GML fed pigs (0.50 kg/d vs 0.20 kg/d; P < 0.05). Percentage of PRRSV positive feed samples were decreased (P < 0.05) in GML-treated feed from 100% (Ct = 32.2) in control feed to 33% (Ct = 34.3). The percentage of positive oral fluid samples decreased (P < 0.05) from 100% (Ct = 26.1) in control pigs to 17.0% (Ct = 33.0) in GML fed pigs. GML fed pigs exhibited no clinical signs of PRRS (dysponea), whereas 100% of the control pigs had clinical signs (P < 0.05). Similarly, GML fed pigs had no PRRSV positive serum samples but 100% of the control pigs had PRRSV positive serum samples. Results from this study show that the use of only GML can be an effective feed mitigant to reduce or eliminant the clinical signs of PRRS in pigs and maintain growth performance.
PSV-20 Mycotoxin contamination trends in United States corn grain: 2019-2023
Authors: Gott Paige N , Zheng Lan , Corray Shelby , Pender Chasity , Hough Sara , Levy April
Published: May 2024

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites which may affect animal health, reproduction, and performance. These naturally occurring toxic metabolites are found in a variety of feedstuffs worldwide. Classic signs of mycotoxicosis in livestock can include reduced feed intake, diarrhea, and vomiting. Consideration of clinical signs alone will underestimate the true impact of mycotoxins on animals as inflammation, decreased nutrient digestibility, impaired gut integrity, and altered immune responses have also been associated with mycotoxin exposure. The objective of this study was to compare mycotoxin contamination levels of the 2023 corn crop with previous year trends. Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA). Statistical analyses were performed with JMP Pro 16 software using one-way ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey’s HSD with significance reported at P ≤ 0.05. A limited number of 2023 samples were screened by time of abstract submission (n = 37); therefore, the contamination profile of this crop year will likely change as the sample pool expands and includes more samples originating from the Midwest. Contamination levels in corn for the tested toxin groups have remained consistent over the survey period. To date, 100% of the samples evaluated contained at least one mycotoxin, compared with 91% that was observed in 2022. Aflatoxin occurrence was numerically greater in 2023 corn compared with previous harvest years (27 vs. 11, 7, 5, and 3%, 2022 through 2019, respectively) while Afla mean contamination levels were similar across the study period (P > 0.05). The occurrence of FUM in 2023 corn was also numerically the greatest (97 vs. 79, 64, 64, and 78%, 2022 through 2019, respectively) and mean FUM contamination levels did not differ across the study period (P > 0.05). Occurrence of A-Trich was numerically increased in 2023 vs. 2022 (22 vs. 3%) but mean contamination level of positive samples for A-Trich was significantly less (P < 0.05) in 2023 vs. 2019 (21 vs. 330 parts per billion) and did not differ from other years in the study. The occurrence of B-Trich was numerically less in 2023 vs. 2022 (35 vs. 68%) while B-Trich mean contamination levels were similar across the study period (P > 0.05). Preliminary results of the 2023 US corn grain survey indicate mycotoxin occurrence is numerically increased while mean contamination levels are similar for most mycotoxin groups other than A-Trich. Continued surveillance is advised to assess the risk to livestock as new crop corn is fed out over the coming months.