bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Adolescent Trajectories of Impulsiveness and Sensation Seeking in Children of Fathers with Histories of Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Acheson Ashley , Lake Sarah L. , Bray Bethany C. , Liang Yuanyuan , Mathias Charles W. , Ryan Stacy R. , Charles Nora E. , Dougherty Donald M.
Published: October 2016

Background

Problem substance use often begins in adolescence. This vulnerability likely stems, at least partially, from relatively rapid increases in sensation seeking occurring in early to mid‐adolescence and more gradual improvements in impulse control occurring through later adolescence. Better understanding how these processes develop in high‐risk youth may lead to enhanced substance use disorder treatment and prevention strategies.

Methods

We characterized trajectories of self‐reported impulsivity and sensation seeking in 305 FH+ youths who at minimum had a father with a history of alcohol or other drug use disorders and 81 youths with no family histories of substance use disorders (FH−). Assessments started at ages 10 to 12 and continued at 6‐month intervals for up to 42 months. In addition, a subset of 58 FH+ youths who began alcohol or other drug use before age 15 (FH+ Users) were compared to 58 FH+ propensity‐matched adolescents who did not initiate substance use before age 15 (FH+ Non‐Users).

Results

Compared to FH− youths at preadolescence, FH+ youths reported higher general impulsivity and higher impulsivity related to poor planning and attention. Over time, there were no differential effects of FH status on changes in impulsivity or sensation seeking across adolescence. FH+ Users had smaller decreases in general impulsivity and impulsivity related to restlessness and fidgeting across adolescence than FH+ Non‐Users. FH+ Users also had greater increases in sensation seeking across adolescence than FH+ Non‐Users.

Conclusions

Increased impulsivity in FH+ youths may make them less able to regulate sensation seeking drives that peak in adolescence, which may contribute to their high risk for developing substance use disorders. Additionally, FH+ adolescents who initiate early use may be at increased risk in part due to increased impulsivity coupled with greater increases in sensation seeking.
Self–Other Differences in Student Drinking Norms Research: The Role of Impression Management, Self‐Deception, and Measurement Methodology
Authors: Melson Ambrose J. , Monk Rebecca Louise , Heim Derek
Published: October 2016

Background

Data‐driven student drinking norms interventions are based on reported normative overestimation of the extent and approval of an average student's drinking. Self‐reported differences between personal and perceived normative drinking behaviors and attitudes are taken at face value as evidence of actual levels of overestimation. This study investigates whether commonly used data collection methods and socially desirable responding (SDR) may inadvertently impede establishing “objective” drinking norms.

Methods

U.K. students (N = 421; 69% female; mean age 20.22 years [SD = 2.5]) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 versions of a drinking norms questionnaire: The standard multi‐target questionnaire assessed respondents’ drinking attitudes and behaviors (frequency of consumption, heavy drinking, units on a typical occasion) as well as drinking attitudes and behaviors for an “average student.” Two deconstructed versions of this questionnaire assessed identical behaviors and attitudes for participants themselves or an “average student.” The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding was also administered.

Results

Students who answered questions about themselves and peers reported more extreme perceived drinking attitudes for the average student compared with those reporting solely on the “average student.” Personal and perceived reports of drinking behaviors did not differ between multitarget and single‐target versions of the questionnaire. Among those who completed the multitarget questionnaire, after controlling for demographics and weekly drinking, SDR was related positively with the magnitude of difference between students’ own reported behaviors/attitudes and those perceived for the average student.

Conclusions

Standard methodological practices and socially desirable responding may be sources of bias in peer norm overestimation research.
Physical activity and depression: a large cross‐sectional, population‐based study across 36 low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Stubbs B. , Koyanagi A. , Schuch F. B. , Firth J. , Rosenbaum S. , Veronese N. , Solmi M. , Mugisha J. , Vancampfort D.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Physical activity (PA) is good for health, yet several small‐scale studies have suggested that depression is associated with low PA. A paucity of nationally representative studies investigating this relationship exists, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). This study explored the global association of PA with depression and its mediating factors.

Method

Participants from 36 LMICs from the World Health Survey were included. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken exploring the relationship between PA and depression.

Results

Across 178 867 people (mean ± SD age = 36.2 ± 13.5 years; 49.9% male), the prevalence of depression and the prevalence of low PA were 6.6% and 16.8% respectively. The prevalence of low PA was significantly higher among those with depression vs. no depression (26.0% vs. 15.8%, P < 0.0001). In the adjusted model, depression was associated with higher odds for low PA (OR = 1.42; 95% CI = 1.24–1.63). Mediation analyses demonstrated that low PA among people with depression was explained by mobility limitations (40.3%), pain and discomfort (35.8%), disruptions in sleep and energy (25.2%), cognition (19.4%) and vision (10.9%).

Conclusion

Individuals with depression engage in lower levels of PA in LMICs. Future longitudinal research is warranted to better understand the relationships observed.
PTTG1IP and MAML3, novel genomewide association study genes for severity of hyperresponsiveness in adult asthma
Authors: Nieuwenhuis M. A. E. , Vonk J. M. , Himes B. E. , Sarnowski C. , Minelli C. , Jarvis D. , Bouzigon E. , Nickle D. C. , Laviolette M. , Sin D. , Weiss S. T. , van den Berge M. , Koppelman G. H. , Postma D. S.
Published: October 2016

Background

The severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a fundamental feature of asthma. The severity of BHR varies between asthmatics and is associated with lack of asthma control. The mechanisms underlying this trait are still unclear. This study aimed to identify genes associated with BHR severity, using a genomewide association study (GWAS) on the slope of BHR in adult asthmatics.

Methods

We performed a GWAS on BHR severity in adult asthmatics from the Dutch Asthma GWAS cohort (n = 650), adjusting for smoking and inhaled corticosteroid use, and verified results in three other cohorts. Furthermore, we performed eQTL and co‐expression analyses in lung tissue.

Results

In the discovery cohort, one genomewide significant hit located in phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP‐specif (PDE4D) and 26 SNPs with P‐values < 1*10−5 were found. None of our findings replicated in adult and childhood replication cohorts jointly. In adult cohorts separately, rs1344110 in pituitary tumour‐transforming 1 interacting protein (PTTG1IP) and rs345983 in Mastermind‐like 3 (MAML3) replicated nominally; minor alleles of rs345983 and rs1344110 were associated with less severe BHR and higher lung tissue gene expression. PTTG1IP showed significant co‐expression with pituitary tumour‐transforming 1, the binding factor of PTTG1lP, and with vimentin and E‐cadherin1. MAML3 co‐expressed significantly with Mastermind‐like 2 (MAML2), both involved in Notch signalling.

Conclusions

PTTG1IP and MAML3 are associated with BHR severity in adult asthma. The relevance of these genes is supported by the eQTL analyses and co‐expression of PTTG1lP with vimentin and E‐cadherin1, and MAML3 with MAML2.
Book Review
Authors: Stoklosa Jakub
Published: October 2016

“Introduction to ecological sampling”, a practical and accessible monograph covering sampling techniques for environmental/ecological applications.
Early implant‐associated osteomyelitis results in a peri‐implanted bacterial reservoir
Authors: Jensen Louise Kruse , Koch Janne , Aalbæk Bent , Moodley Arshnee , Bjarnsholt Thomas , Kragh Kasper Nørskov , Petersen Andreas , Jensen Henrik Elvang
Published: October 2016

Implant‐associated osteomyelitis (IAO) is a common complication in orthopedic surgery. The aim of this study was to elucidate how deep IAO can go into the peri‐implanted bone tissue within a week. The study was performed in a porcine model of IAO. A small steel implant and either 104 CFU/kg body weight of Staphylococcus aureus or saline was inserted into the right tibial bone of 12 pigs. The animals were consecutively killed on day 2, 4 and 6 following implantation. Bone tissue around the implant was histologically evaluated. Identification of S. aureus was performed immunohistochemically on tissue section and with scanning electron microscopy and peptide nucleic acid in situ hybridization on implants. The distance of the peri‐implanted pathological bone area (PIBA), measured perpendicular to the implant, was significantly larger in infected animals compared to controls (p = 0.0014). The largest differences were seen after 4 and 6 days of inoculation, where PIBA measurements of up to 6 mm were observed. Positive S. aureus bacteria were identified on implants and from 25 μm to 6 mm into PIBA. This is important knowledge for optimizing outcomes of surgical debridement in osteomyelitis.
Granulomatous and lymphocytic hypophysitis – are they immunologically distinct?
Authors: Rao Shilpa , Mahadevan Anita , Maiti Tanmoy , Ranjan Manish , Shwetha Shivayogi Durgad , Arivazhagan Arimappamagan , Saini Jitender
Published: October 2016

Hypophysitis includes three histopathologically distinct entities – granulomatous, lymphocytic and xanthomatous forms. Etiopathogenesis and the immunological differences among these is not well characterized. This study aims to explore the immunopathogenesis of granulomatous and lymphocytic forms of hypophysitis. Demographic, clinical, endocrine function and radiological features of 33 histologically confirmed cases of hypophysitis were reviewed. Immunophenotyping of inflammatory component was performed in 13/33 cases. Visual disturbances (46%), headache (36%), polyuria/polydipsia (6%), menstrual disturbance (6%) and galactorrhoea (6%) were the frequent presenting symptoms. Endocrine abnormalities were noted in 11/18 cases evaluated (61%). Hypothyroidism was the most common endocrine abnormality (33.33%) followed by hyperprolactinaemia (22%) and hypocortisolism (16.66%). On neuroimaging, sellar mass with variable contrast enhancement was observed. On histology, granulomatous hypophysitis (GH) was more common (84.84%) than lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) (15.15%). In GH, the infiltrate had almost equal proportions of CD3+ T cells and CD68+ histiocytes. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) predominated [CD4:CD8 < 1]. CD20+ B cell component ranged from <5% to 50%. Fibrosis, necrosis and giant cells accompanied GH. LH in contrast, had CD4+ T‐helper cell predominance [CD4: CD8 > 1]. CD68+ histiocytes constituted <20% and CD20+ B cells, 5–40% of the infiltrates. In conclusion, GH revealed cytotoxic T cell and histiocyte rich infiltrate in contrast to CD4+ T‐cell predominance in LH suggesting that the two forms have distinct immunological mechanisms in evolution, an autoimmune process in LH and type IV hypersensitivity response in GH.
Composite paraganglioma‐ganglioneuroma concomitant with adrenal metastasis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B: A case report
Authors: Yamasaki Mutsushi , Sato Yoshiyasu , Nomura Takeo , Sato Fuminori , Uchino Shinya , Mimata Hiromitsu
Published: October 2016

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an autosomal‐dominant cancer syndrome with major components of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism. MEN2B is the most aggressive and rarest of the MEN2 variants. Pheochromocytoma in MEN2 is virtually always located in the adrenal medulla, but MEN2‐associated extra‐adrenal pheochromocytomas (paraganglioma) are rare. A 59‐year‐old man who has been diagnosed with MEN2B consulted our hospital for surgical treatment of a 10‐mm left adrenal mass and a 30‐mm retroperitoneal mass. He had paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure and in urinary metanephrine and vanillylmandelic acid values. Laparoscopic excision of the left adrenal gland and retroperitoneal mass was performed. We experienced an extremely rare case of composite paraganglioma‐ganglioneuroma concomitant with adrenal metastasis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in a patient with MEN2B.
Resurveying historical vegetation data – opportunities and challenges
Authors: Kapfer Jutta , Hédl Radim , Jurasinski Gerald , Kopecký Martin , Schei Fride H. , Grytnes John‐Arvid
Published: October 2016

Background

Resurveying historical vegetation plots has become more and more popular in recent years as it provides a unique opportunity to estimate vegetation and environmental changes over the past decades. Most historical plots, however, are not permanently marked and uncertainty in plot location, in addition to observer bias and seasonal bias, may add significant errors to temporal change. These errors may have major implications for the reliability of studies on long‐term environmental change and deserve closer attention of vegetation ecologists.

Methods

Vegetation data obtained from the resurveying of non‐permanently marked plots are assessed for their potential to study environmental change effects on plant communities and the challenges the use of such data have to meet. We describe the properties of vegetation resurveys, distinguishing basic types of plots according to relocation error, and we highlight the potential of such data types for studying vegetation dynamics and their drivers. Finally, we summarize the challenges and limitations of resurveying non‐permanently marked vegetation plots for different purposes in environmental change research.

Results and conclusions

Re‐sampling error is caused by three main independent sources of error: error caused by plot relocation, observer bias and seasonality bias. For relocation error, vegetation plots can be divided into permanent and non‐permanent plots, while the latter are further divided into quasi‐permanent (with approximate relocation) and non‐traceable (with random relocation within a sampled area) plots. To reduce the inherent sources of error in resurvey data, the following precautions should be followed: (i) resurvey historical vegetation plots whose approximate plot location within a study area is known; (ii) consider all information available from historical studies in order to keep plot relocation errors low; (iii) resurvey at times of the year when vegetation development is comparable to the historical survey to control for seasonal variability in vegetation; (iv) retain a high level of experience of the observers to keep observer bias low; and (v) edit and standardize data sets before analyses.
The Comparison of Porous Titanium Granule and Xenograft in the Surgical Treatment of Peri‐Implantitis: A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Guler Berceste , Uraz Ahu , Yalım Mehmet , Bozkaya Suleyman
Published: October 2016

Background

Regarding the current approach, there is no evidence to show which treatment technique is the most accurate and useful in peri‐implant defects.

Purpose

The aim of this study is comparing the effect of porous titanium granule (PTG) with rotary titanium brush and the use of xenograft and collagen membrane in the treatment of intra‐bony peri‐implant defects.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐two patients, suffering peri‐implantitis defects were included this study. Patients were divided into two groups: The PTG group used rotary titanium brush, PTG, and platelet rich fibrin (PRF) membrane. The XGF group used xenograft bone substitute, collagen membrane, and PRF membrane. Clinical measurements and cone beam computed tomography per region were recorded as baseline and sixth month after surgery.

Results

The mean CAL values were improved from 5.29 ± 1.06 to 3.59 ± 0.88 mm in PTG group, while in XGF group; these values were improved from 4.77 ± 1.05 to 3.30 ± 0.58 mm. Radiographic bone filling values displayed a statistically significant difference between of groups. In PTG groups, these radiological values increased more than the XGF group.

Conclusions

PTG may be more appropriate for peri‐implantitis surgery than xenograft due to inert structure and comfortable use of PTG to provide mechanical support for enlarging the surface area of the implant.
Spontaneous cryptococcal peritoneal effusion: an unusual cytological diagnosis with a poor prognosis
Authors: Weiss V. L. , Jeffords C. , Stratton C. W. , Ely K.
Published: October 2016

Here we report a case of Cryptococcal peritonitis that presented in a patient with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. It is critical that pathologists are aware of the risk factors for Cryptococcal peritonitis, given the poor outcome of this infection and the need for rapid identification and treatment.
The prevalence and factors associated with ever perpetrating intimate partner violence by men receiving substance use treatment in Brazil and England: A cross‐cultural comparison
Authors: Gilchrist Gail , Radcliffe Polly , Noto Ana Regina , d'Oliveira Ana Flávia Pires Lucas
Published: October 2016

Introduction and Aims

Intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration is common among men who use substances. Substance use is a contributing factor for IPV perpetration. This cross‐sectional study determined lifetime prevalence and factors associated with ever perpetrating IPV by men receiving substance use treatment in Brazil (n = 281) and England (n = 223).

Design and Methods

IPV, adverse childhood experiences, attitudes towards gender relations and roles, current health state, substance use, depressive symptoms and anger expression were assessed. Logistic regression determined factors associated with ever perpetrating any (emotional, physical and/or sexual) IPV. Multinomial logistic regression determined factors associated with ever perpetrating different types of IPV.

Results

74.6% (373/500) reported ever perpetrating IPV: 16.5% (82/498) emotional IPV only, 46.4% (231/498) physical IPV (with/without emotional IPV) and 11.6% (58/498) sexual IPV (with/without emotional and/or physical IPV). Higher anger expression, higher depressive symptoms, fighting physically with another man in the past year (Brazil only), experiencing a greater number of adverse childhood experiences and a higher hazardous drinking score (England only) predicted ever perpetrating IPV. Compared to never perpetrating any IPV, anger expression was associated with emotional and physical IPV perpetration; fighting physically with another man in the past year was associated with physical IPV perpetration and experiencing a greater number of adverse childhood experiences and a higher hazardous drinking score were associated with both physical and sexual IPV perpetration.

Discussion and Conclusions

Integrated interventions that address IPV and substance use delivered in substance use treatment could improve outcomes for perpetrators and victims.[Gilchrist G, Radcliffe P, Noto AR, d'Oliveira AFPL. The prevalence and factors associated with ever perpetrating intimate partner violence by men receiving substance use treatment in Brazil and England: A cross‐cultural comparison. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:34–51]
Interaction of Labour and Credit Market in Growth Regimes: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
Authors: Ernst Ekkehard , Mittnik Stefan , Semmler Willi
Published: October 2016

Earlier research on the links between economic growth and credit market development has abstracted from interactions between labour and financial markets. Moreover, most studies have analysed macro‐finance linkages at the aggregate level, ignoring the decentralized nature of search and matching in labour and credit markets. This paper fills this void and thus allows for a more disaggregate analysis of policy effects. We show that the credit market exacerbates and accentuates the labour market effects, having amplifying effects on output, consumption, employment and welfare. Depending on the strength of the debt‐dynamics, several growth dynamics emerge from this interaction between labour and credit markets with two distinct steady states: a stable growth regime and another one that is vulnerable and unstable. To test the empirical implications of the theoretical model, a multi‐regime VAR (MRVAR) model is fitted to the US output and credit market data. The MRVAR estimation indicates that shocks to credit conditions during a high‐growth period have markedly different effects than during a low growth and recessionary period. Also, there are substantial state‐dependent asymmetries with respect to the sign of shocks to credit conditions, confirming the theoretical predictions.
Male mate choice based on chemical cues in the cricketAcheta domesticus(Orthoptera:Gryllidae)
Authors: ASSIS BRAULIO A. , TRIETSCH CAROLYN , FOELLMER MATTHIAS W.
Published: October 2016

1. Males in many animal species exercise mate choice to maximise their reproductive success, assessing females by characteristics related to reproductive potential, such as mating status, body size, and age. The sensory modalities involved in mate choice are often not firmly demonstrated, but only inferred. This is especially true for chemical cues and signals.

2. The present study tests whether males of the cricketAcheta domesticusare able to choose among females based only on chemosensory cues. InA. domesticus, as in many crickets, males call to attract females or roam the habitat silently to search for females. In three‐way choice trials, males were presented with two filter papers that had been placed with females for 24 h prior to the trials and one blank control. Females were either mated or virgin and starved or well‐fed. It was predicted that males would prefer virgin over mated females and those in good condition over starved ones.

3. Males were more likely to contact filters that had been exposed to females. They spent more time examining filter papers from virgin females than those from mated ones, while the condition of the females had no effect.

4. We conclude that males can detect chemical cues from females on substrate and distinguish virgin females from mated ones. Being able to assess sperm competition risk prior to mating or even before further pursuing a trail with chemical cues should confer a considerable benefit to males.
Measuring rural welfare in colonial Africa: did Uganda's smallholders thrive?
Authors: de Haas Michiel
Published: October 2016

Recent scholarship on historical welfare development in Sub‐Saharan Africa has uncovered long‐term trends in standards of living. How the majority of rural dwellers fared, however, remains largely elusive. This study develops a new approach to reconstruct rural living standards in a historical context. It builds upon a well‐established real wage literature, but moves beyond it to capture rural realities, employing sub‐national rural survey, census, and price data. The approach is applied to a case study of colonial and early post‐colonial Uganda (1915–70). The case study yields a number of findings. While the expanding smallholder‐based cash crop sector established itself as the backbone of Uganda's colonial economy, farm characteristics remained largely stagnant after the initial adoption of cash crops. Smallholders maintained living standards well above subsistence level, and while the profitability of cash crops was low, their cultivation provided a reliable source of cash income. Around the time of decolonization, unskilled wages rose rapidly while farm incomes lagged behind. As a result, an urban–rural income reversal took place. The study also reveals considerable differences within Uganda. Smallholders in Uganda's banana regions required fewer labour inputs to maintain a farm income than their grain‐farming counterparts, creating opportunities for additional income generation and livelihood diversification.
Ancestral memories and early medieval landscapes: the case of Sierra de Ávila (Spain)
Authors: Martín‐Viso Iñaki , Blanco‐González Antonio
Published: October 2016

This paper focuses on early medieval funerary practices from a landscape perspective in central Iberia. Rock‐dug graves constitute the most conspicuous remains in this region, but their informative potential has not yet been realized. The preliminary outcomes of an ongoing research project are presented here. This aims to contextualize such funerary cases by examining a mid‐altitude mountain study‐area. Through the use of intensive archaeological surveying and geographic information systems, the paper characterizes two basic funerary types: isolated graves and rural disordered cemeteries, which responded to two social strategies led by local households. By recalling ancestorship, they constituted effective mnemonic resources, contributing to claiming rights and forging identities among these dispersed and predominantly small‐scale herding communities.
Source Odor, Intensity, and Exposure Pattern Affect Antipredatory Responses in the Subterranean Rodent Ctenomys talarum
Authors: Brachetta Valentina , Schleich Cristian E. , Zenuto Roxana R.
Published: October 2016

Predation is a strong selective force, and prey species may show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance, and defense against predators. Facing a situation of predatory risk, anxiety constitutes a reaction of adaptive value, allowing to evaluate the potential risk of this encounter as well as to generate a physiological and behavioral response. Previous studies in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum revealed that exposure to predator odors (urine or fur) generates an anxiety state and induces behavioral changes. However, no differences between the responses generated by both odor sources were observed, although fur odors may indicate a higher level of predatory immanence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioral and physiological responses of C. talarum to different intensities of predator odors (urine and fur) and to the repeated exposition to the same odorous stimulus. When comparing the highest behavioral effects elicited by both predatory odors on C. talarum, our study supports the assumption that fur odors are more anxiogenic than urine, while the former provoked significant changes in the distance traveled, the number of arm entries and time in transparent arms in the elevated plus maze; cat urine only caused slight changes on those behavioral parameters. Furthermore, we also found that the intensity of natural predator odor presented to tuco‐tucos has a role on the appearance of defensive behaviors, although an amount‐dependent relationship between predator odor and anxiety levels was not observed. Finally, while individuals exposed for 1 day to fur odor displayed an evident anxiety state, those exposed repeatedly for 5 consecutive days did not differ with the control group in their behavioral response, indicating a clear habituation to the predatory cue. In our intensity and habituation experiments, we did not find differences in the measured physiological parameters among control individuals, exposed to different cues intensity (urine and fur odor) and exposed only once or for 5 days to fur odor. These results provide valuable evidence that the types of predatory odor, along with the frequency of exposition, are important determinants of the appearance, strength, and extinction of defensive behaviors in the subterranean rodent C. talarum.
Does wing size shape insect biogeography? Evidence from a diverse regional stonefly assemblage
Authors: McCulloch Graham A. , Wallis Graham P. , Waters Jonathan M.
Published: October 2016

Aim

Dispersal ability has traditionally been seen as a key influence on species distributions, but recent biogeographical analyses have cast doubt on the strength of this association. Here we present biogeographical evidence from New Zealand's entire plecopteran fauna (100 species) to test for associations between flight ability and species range, and to determine the extent of wing reduction that is required to influence biogeographical patterns.

Location

The main islands of New Zealand, representing a land area of 270,000 km2. These islands host a diverse assemblage of endemic stoneflies, including a substantial number of wing‐reduced taxa.

Methods

We analyse biogeographical data, encompassing over 7000 species/locality records, across all 100 stonefly taxa recorded from New Zealand's mainland. Distributional data are analysed together with morphological data, in a phylogenetic framework, to test the hypothesis that wing length (dispersal ability) has a significant association with range size.

Results

Our analyses indicate a strong relationship between species wing length and area of occupancy, unconfounded by phylogenetic relationships. A significant positive correlation was also observed between geographical range and relative wing length in both sexes, with consistent patterns observed in distinct families. When the analysis was confined only to macropterous species the relationship between wing length and area of occupancy remained significant.

Main conclusions

This study shows that rapid switches in dispersal ability are linked to dramatic biogeographical contrasts. While complete wing loss is associated with major range reduction, it is also clear that even small reductions in wing size can significantly influence biogeographical patterns. Broadly, the analysis demonstrates that by focusing on a major regional assemblage of ecologically, and phylogenetically, similar taxa, it is possible to show that even subtle morphological shifts can be correlated with substantial biogeographical change.
Edentulism and associated factors among community‐dwelling middle‐aged and elderly adults in China
Authors: Ren Chong , McGrath Colman , Yang Yanqi
Published: October 2016

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of self‐reported edentulism and its associated risk factors among community‐dwelling adults aged 45 years and older in China.

Materials and Methods

Data from the national baseline survey (2011–2012) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used for this study (N = 17 167). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to assess the predictors of edentulism. Models 1 and 2 were based on the whole sample. Models 3 and 4 were based on the subsample (N = 9933) from whom anthropometric and blood biomarker data were available.

Results

The prevalence of edentulism was 8.64% among Chinese adults aged 45 and above. As shown by Model 1, older age was a robust predictor for edentulism (odds ratio [OR] = 3.81 for people aged 55–64; OR = 11.22 for people aged 65–74; OR = 24.05 for people aged 75 and above). Other factors positively associated with edentulism included being female (OR = 1.25), rural residence (OR = 1.30), asthma (OR = 1.48), depression (OR = 1.20), reduced physical function (OR = 1.37) and current smoking status (OR = 1.36). People with higher educational levels (OR = 0.75 for people who can read and write; OR = 0.64 for people who obtained a junior high school education or above) and better‐off economic status (OR = 0.80) were less likely to be edentate. The association between edentulism and age, educational level, economic status and physical function remained significant in Model 3, and in addition, being underweight appeared as another strong predictor (OR = 1.93).

Conclusions

The estimated prevalence of edentulism and the identified associated factors will provide epidemiologic evidence for future research and interventions in the target population in China.
The role of the stress regime on microseismicity induced by overpressure and cooling in geologic carbon storage
Authors: Vilarrasa V.
Published: October 2016

Fluid injection in deep geological formations usually induces microseismicity. In particular, industrial‐scale injection of CO2 may induce a large number of microseismic events. Since CO2 is likely to reach the storage formation at a lower temperature than that corresponding to the geothermal gradient, both overpressure and cooling decrease the effective stresses and may induce microseismicity. Here, we investigate the effect of the stress regime on the effective stress evolution and fracture stability when injecting cold CO2 through a horizontal well in a deep saline formation. Simulation results show that when only overpressure occurs, the vertical total stress remains practically constant, but the horizontal total stresses increase proportionally to overpressure. These hydro‐mechanical stress changes result in a slight improvement in fracture stability in normal faulting stress regimes because the decrease in deviatoric stress offsets the decrease in effective stresses produced by overpressure. However, fracture stability significantly decreases in reverse faulting stress regimes because the size of the Mohr circle increases in addition to being displaced towards failure conditions. Fracture stability also decreases in strike slip stress regimes because the Mohr circle maintains its size and is shifted towards the yield surface a magnitude equal to overpressure minus the increase in the horizontal total stresses. Additionally, cooling induces a thermal stress reduction in all directions, but larger in the out‐of‐plane direction. This stress anisotropy causes, apart from a displacement of the Mohr circle towards the yield surface, an increase in the size of the Mohr circle. These two effects decrease fracture stability, resulting in the strike slip being the least stable stress regime when cooling occurs, followed by the reverse faulting and the normal faulting stress regimes. Thus, characterizing the stress state is crucial to determine the maximum sustainable injection pressure and maximum temperature drop to safely inject CO2.
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in haemophilic arthropathy and arthrofibrosis: a histological analysis
Authors: Jiang J. , Leong N. L. , Khalique U. , Phan T. M. , Lyons K. M. , Luck J. V.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Joint haemorrhage is the principal clinical manifestation of haemophilia frequently leading to advanced arthropathy and arthrofibrosis, resulting in severe disability. The degree and prevalence of arthrofibrosis in hemophilic arthropathy is more severe than in other forms of arthropathy. Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been linked to many fibrotic diseases, but has not been studied in the context of haemophilic arthropathy.

Aim

We aim to compare synovial tissues histologically from haemophilia and osteoarthritis patients with advanced arthropathy in order to compare expression of proteins that are possibly aetiologic in the development of arthrofibrosis.

Methods

Human synovial tissues were obtained from 10 haemophilia and 10 osteoarthritis patients undergoing joint surgery and processed for histology and immunohistochemistry.

Results

All samples from haemophilia patients had synovitis with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of synovial villi. Histologically, synovial tissues contained hyperplastic villi with increased cellularity and abundant haemosiderin‐ and ferritin‐pigmented macrophage‐like cells (HMCs), with a perivascular localization in the sub‐surface layer. CTGF staining was observed in the surface layer and sub‐surface layer in all haemophilia patients, exclusively co‐localizing with HMCs. Quantification showed that the extent of CTGF‐positive areas was correlated with the degree of detection of HMCs. CTGF was not observed in any of the samples from osteoarthritis patients.

Conclusion

Using histological analysis, we showed that CTGF expression is elevated in haemophilia patients with arthrofibrosis and absent in patients with osteoarthritis. Additionally, we found that CTGF is always associated with haemosiderin‐pigmented macrophage‐like cells, which suggests that CTGF is produced by synovial A cells following the uptake of blood breakdown products.
CJCheck Stage 1: development and testing of a checklist for reporting community juries – Delphi process and analysis of studies published in 1996–2015
Authors: Thomas Rae , Sims Rebecca , Degeling Chris , Street Jackie M. , Carter Stacy M. , Rychetnik Lucie , Whitty Jennifer A. , Wilson Andrew , Ward Paul , Glasziou Paul
Published: October 2016

Background

Opportunities for community members to actively participate in policy development are increasing. Community/citizen's juries (CJs) are a deliberative democratic process aimed to illicit informed community perspectives on difficult topics. But how comprehensive these processes are reported in peer‐reviewed literature is unknown. Adequate reporting of methodology enables others to judge process quality, compare outcomes, facilitate critical reflection and potentially repeat a process. We aimed to identify important elements for reporting CJs, to develop an initial checklist and to review published health and health policy CJs to examine reporting standards.

Design

Using the literature and expertise from CJ researchers and policy advisors, a list of important CJ reporting items was suggested and further refined. We then reviewed published CJs within the health literature and used the checklist to assess the comprehensiveness of reporting.

Results

CJCheck was developed and examined reporting of CJ planning, juror information, procedures and scheduling. We screened 1711 studies and extracted data from 38. No studies fully reported the checklist items. The item most consistently reported was juror numbers (92%, 35/38), while least reported was the availability of expert presentations (5%, 2/38). Recruitment strategies were described in 66% of studies (25/38); however, the frequency and timing of deliberations was inadequately described (29%, 11/38).

Conclusions

Currently CJ publications in health and health policy literature are inadequately reported, hampering their use in policy making. We propose broadening the CJCheck by creating a reporting standards template in collaboration with international CJ researchers, policy advisors and consumer representatives to ensure standardized, systematic and transparent reporting.
TRAUMA, HISTORY, MEMORY, IDENTITY: WHAT REMAINS?
Authors: LACAPRA DOMINICK
Published: October 2016

Despite the considerable amount of work already devoted to the topic, the nexus of trauma, history, memory, and identity is still of widespread interest, and much remains to be investigated on both empirical and theoretical levels. The ongoing challenge is to approach the topic without opposing history and memory in a binary fashion but instead by inquiring into more complex and challenging relations between them, including the role of trauma and its effects. This account attempts to set out a research agenda that is multifaceted but with components that are conceptually interrelated and that call for further research and thought. In a necessarily selective manner that does not downplay the value and importance of archival research, it treats both the role of traumatic memory and memory (or memory work) that counteracts post‐traumatic effects and supplements, at times serving as a corrective to, written sources. It argues for the relevance to history of a critical but nondismissive approach to the study of trauma, memory, and identity‐formation, discussing significant new work as well as indicating the continued pertinence of somewhat older work in the field. One of the under‐investigated issues it addresses is the role of the so‐called transgenerational transmission of trauma to descendants and intimates of both survivors and perpetrators. It concludes by making explicit an issue that is fundamental to the problem of identity and identity‐formation and concerning which a great deal remains to be done: the issue of critical animal studies and its historical and ethical significance. Addressing this issue would require extending one's purview beyond humans and attending to the importance of the relations between humans and other animals.
KARL POLANYI AND THE REALITY OF SOCIETY
Authors: Behrent Michael C.
Published: October 2016

This essay reconsiders Karl Polanyi's famous thesis about the “embeddedness” of the economy through an examination of two recent books: For a New West, a collection of previously unavailable essays by Polanyi, and Fred Block and Margaret R. Somers's The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi's Critique. The guiding thread of this analysis is the claim that a constant in Polanyi's thought was his belief in what he called “the reality of society,” that is, that society exists as a social fact over and above the individuals that constitute it. The essay begins by tracing Polanyi's intellectual development, drawing primarily on the essays found in For a New West. Polanyi's quest to reconcile individual freedom with social solidarity led him first, in the years between the First and Second World Wars, to embrace liberal socialism, before his readings in anthropology persuaded him that traditional economies “embed” the economy in social relations and that the nineteenth‐century liberal project of a “disembedded” economy (through the so‐called free market) is a departure from this anthropological norm. The essay then examines and questions Block and Somers's claim that Polanyi maintained that the economy is always “already embedded,” arguing notably that Polanyi believed that the advent of market society entailed an economy that was actually disembedded from social relations, not merely one that was re‐embedded in an alternative set of institutions.
THE LAST EUROPEAN: A PLEA FOR A RE‐POLITICIZED BENJAMIN
Authors: Lebovic Nitzan
Published: October 2016

This review of Alexander Gelley's captivating book follows its attempt to respond to Benjamin's plea to “expound the nineteenth century” and liberate us “from the stupendous forces of history,” using aisthesis, “a weak messianic force,” and “dream visions.” Taking the cue from Gelley's reference to Benjamin's rebellion against “a secret agreement between past generations and the present one” (156), this review attempts to open up the context and to wonder about “the secret agreement” between recent Benjamin scholarship and its own sense of the past. The review pleads with future Benjaminians to start asking questions relating to the twentieth century, and attempts to consider the relevance of Benjaminia for current political analysis and recent trends in critical studies.
Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in rice bran‐enriched stirred yoghurt and the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of product during refrigerated storage
Authors: Hasani Saber , Khodadadi Iraj , Heshmati Ali
Published: October 2016

This study was aimed at investigating the fortification of probiotic yoghurt with rice bran to increase nutritional properties of the product. The different levels of rice bran (0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2%) were incorporated into milk. The yoghurt samples were produced after pasteurisation, addition of starter culture and 1% Lactobacillus acidophilus suspension (6 × 108 CFU mL−1) and incubation. During sample storage in refrigerator, the viability of L. acidophilus, viscosity and physicochemical and sensory properties of product were investigated. Rice bran significantly increased the viability of L. acidophilus (P < 0.05). In addition, all probiotic yoghurts incorporating rice bran indicated higher viscosity and acidity and lower pH and syneresis compared to plain yoghurts. Furthermore, increments in rice bran incorporation levels resulted in a reduction in consumers' sample preferences. In general, the addition of rice bran at a suitable level could increase L. acidophilus viability and improve quality attributes of yoghurt.
Fungal pattern receptors down‐regulate the inflammatory response by a cross‐inhibitory mechanism independent of interleukin‐10 production
Authors: Rodríguez Mario , Márquez Saioa , de la Rosa Juan Vladimir , Alonso Sara , Castrillo Antonio , Sánchez Crespo Mariano , Fernández Nieves
Published: October 2016

Cyclic AMP regulatory element binding protein and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) may control inflammation by several mechanisms, one of the best characterized is the induction of the expression of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 (IL‐10). STAT3 also down‐regulates the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines induced by immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM)‐coupled receptors, a mechanism termed cross‐inhibition. Because signalling via ITAM‐dependent mechanisms is a hallmark of fungal pattern receptors, STAT3 activation might be involved in the cross‐inhibition associated with invasive fungal infections. The fungal surrogate zymosan produced the phosphorylation of Y705‐STAT3 and the expression of Ifnb1 and Socs3, but did not induce the interferon (IFN)‐signature cytokines Cxcl9 and Cxcl10 in bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells. Unlike lipopolysaccharide (LPS), zymosan induced IL‐10 and phosphorylated Y705‐STAT3 to a similar extent in Irf3 and Ifnar1 knockout and wild‐type mice. Human dendritic cells showed similar results, although the induction of IFNB1 was less prominent. These results indicate that LPS and zymosan activate STAT3 through different routes. Whereas type I IFN is the main effector of LPS effect, the mechanism involved in Y705‐STAT3 phosphorylation by zymosan is more complex, cannot be associated with type I IFN, IL‐6 or granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, and seems dependent on several factors given that it was partially inhibited by the platelet‐activating factor antagonist WEB2086 and high concentrations of COX inhibitors, p38 mitogen‐activate protein kinase inhibitors, and blockade of tumour necrosis factor‐α function. Altogether, these results indicate that fungal pattern receptors share with other ITAM‐coupled receptors the capacity to produce cross‐inhibition through a mechanism involving STAT3 and induction of SOCS3 and IL‐10, but that cannot be explained through type I IFN signalling.
Segregation in Titanium Dioxide Co‐Doped with Indium and Niobium
Authors: Atanacio Armand J. , Alim Mohammad A. , Bak Tadeusz , Ionescu Mihail , Nowotny Janusz
Published: October 2016

This work reports the effect of oxygen activity on surface segregation for TiO2 co‐doped with two cations, indium and niobium (0.076 at.% In + 0.103 at.% Nb). In this work, we studied the effect of annealing at 1273 K in the gas phase of controlled oxygen activity on surface segregation of both ions. The applied oxygen activity included pure oxygen, p(O2) = 100 kPa, and argon, p(O2) = 10 Pa. The segregation‐induced concentration gradients were determined using both secondary ion mass spectrometry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained results indicate that annealing of the studied TiO2 specimens in argon results in cooperative segregation of both ions leading to the formation of a surface structure involving comparative concentrations of both cations. However, annealing in oxygen results in preferential segregation of indium leading to the formation of a In2TiO5‐type surface structure. The obtained results are considered in terms of the effect of multicomponent segregation on processing of the surface layer with controlled properties that are desired for specific applications. The present work indicates that oxygen activity may be used as the parameter in surface engineering of the solid solution.