bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pioneer in Architectural Heritage and Conservation: Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc
Authors: TOSUN Çiler Buket
Published: January 2022

Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879) mimar, mimari restorasyon uzmanı, araştırmacı, kuramcı, eğitimci ve yazar kişiliği ile 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren önce Fransa’da daha sonra da tüm dünyada en etkin ve ünlü mimarlardan
biri olmuştur. Onun çalışmalarıyla Fransa’nın Ortaçağ yapıları incelenmiş, belgelenmiş, korunmuş ve restore edilmiştir. Viollet-le-Duc, sayısız mimari belgeleme çalışmaları, yerinde inceleme araştırmaları ve restorasyonları ile
ortaçağ mimari mirası üzerine çok kapsamlı bir çalışma gerçekleştirmiş; Gotik mimarlığın strüktürel mantığının ve biçimsel geometrisinin akılcı prensiplerini belirlemeye çalışmıştır. Çağdaşlarının aksine tarihsel biçimleri tekrar
eden mimari biçimler üretmeyi değil, bu mimari mirasın dehasıyla her çağın ihtiyaç ve teknolojisine göre dönüşebilen; ulusal, akılcı ve modern yapılar yapmayı amaçlamıştır. Yazdığı çok sayıda kitapla, dünya üzerinde yaygınlaşan
bu düşünceleri 19. yüzyıl mimarlığında büyük bir etki yaratmış, neo-Gotik mimari uygulamalarına ve özellikle mimari restorasyon kuramına, mimarlıkta ulusal kimlik arayışına ve modern mimarlık kuramlarına kaynak olmuştur. Bu çalışma
Viollet-le-Duc’ün öncü olduğu ulusal mimari ve modern mimariye kaynak olan kuramsal yaklaşımlarına değil; ‘mimari mirası koruma yaklaşımına’ odaklanmaktadır. Viollet-le-Duc öncelikle yaşam öyküsü ile tanıltılmakta, mesleki etkinlikleri
çok yönlülüğü ve üretkenliği yönleri ile ele alınmaktadır. Mimari miras ve korumacılık alanındaki etkin rolü, bu alandaki etkinlikleri, seçilmiş restorasyon uygulamaları ve mimari restorasyon kuramı üzerinden sunulmaktadır. Viollet-le-Duc’ün
mimari mirasa yaklaşımının ve koruma anlayışının ortaya konulması ve değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
An Observational Cross-sectional Study on Dermatological Co-morbidities in Patients with Hemiplegia Secondary to Cerebral Stroke in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Eastern India
Authors: Jena Subhransu Sekhar , Dwari Binayak Chandra , Panda Roopam , Patro Nibedita
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Hemiplegia due to cerebral stroke is associated with various dermatological co-morbidities, arising out of motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Aim: To find out the different dermatological conditions prevalent in patients of hemiplegia secondary to cerebral stroke. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Neurology in collaboration with the Department of Dermatology at Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha from July 2017 to June 2020. Patients with hemiplegia of more than one month duration were included. The skin findings present before the neurological insult and patients with systemic conditions like atopic dermatitis, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders causing skin changes were excluded. Relevant tests for diagnostic confirmation of the skin lesions were done wherever needed. The software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: Study included 411 patients of cerebral stroke. A total of 382 (92.9%) patients were found to have dermatological manifestation. The male:female ratio in the study population was 2.6:1. A total of 549 and 128 skin conditions were diagnosed in the paralysed and non paralysed limbs, respectively. The common dermatological conditions diagnosed in the affected limbs were, xerosis {371 (97.12%)}, tinea corporis/cruris {61 (15.97%)}, onychomycosis {31 (8.12%)}, tinea pedis {28 (7.33%)} and nail dystrophy abnormalities {27 (7.07%)} patients. Conclusion: Knowledge of various dermatological conditions associated with hemiplegia helps in early intervention and better management during rehabilitation phase of patients with hemiplegia.
Reliability and Validity of Malayalam Version of 5-Item International Index of Erectile Function
Authors: Karunakaran Aravind
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a common problem affecting men and it also negatively impacts mental health. A self administered questionnaire which is validated in local language will help in better detection of ED. Aim: To assess the reliability and validity of Malayalam version of 5 item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) in the Malayali population of India. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was done in Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India. A total of 136 subjects were recruited into the study after taking written informed consent. Subjects were divided into two groups. Group I included 68 subjects who had complaints of ED and group II included 68 subjects who had no complaints of ED. The subjects were administered Malayalam translated IIEF-5 at baseline and after four weeks. Results: Internal consistency of the Malayalam IIEF-5 was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and the whole scale had an excellent internal consistency of 0.90. The 5 items had an overall Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.91 showing a good test retest reliability. The Malayalam version was also highly sensitive and specific to the change in ED after four weeks. Conclusion: This study shows that the Malayalam version of IIEF-5 is a reliable and valid tool for assessment of ED, making it useful as an initial screening tool in a clinical setting. The ease of administering and favourable diagnostic properties of Malayalam IIEF-5 can help in the reducing the number of undiagnosed cases of ED.
Mental Illness in the Family: The Experiences of Well Siblings of Young Adults with Mood and/or Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Dimmer Alexandra , Rozmovits Linda , Babinski Stephanie , Law Susan
Published: January 2022

Current research on well siblings of individuals with mental illness focuses predominantly on adult siblings of individuals with schizophrenia, eating disorders, and psychosis. Few studies examine the experiences of young adult siblings of individuals with mood and/or anxiety disorders. We conducted focus groups with 21 post-secondary students, gathering their experiences of living with a sibling with mood and/or anxiety disorders. Our findings highlight the important role well siblings play in their sibling’s care, and the significant health and social impacts of living with a mentally ill sibling, particularly during adolescence. The needs of young adult well siblings of individuals with mood and/or anxiety disorders must be considered in the provision of family-centred care.
The Covid-19 Pandemic and Shifts in Mental Health Services for Children, Youth, and Families
Authors: Berardini Yana , Ramey Heather , Lawford Heather , Bellefeuille Amanda
Published: January 2022

The context of the Covid-19 pandemic has affected service programming and delivery around the world. In Canada, it changed how mental health and other services continued to support their clients. This article describes how four services adapted by summarizing innovative practices that took place. Implications and future directions are provided.
Phytochemical & Pharmacological Investigation of Stems of Passiflora foetida
Authors: Antony N. Michael , Fernandes Jennifer , Mathew Jane
Published: January 2022

Aims: To carry out extraction, preliminary phytochemical analysis and invivo analgesic screening of extract of the stem of Passiflora foetida L.

Methodology: Passiflora foetida L; Family: Passifloraceae, is an exotic fast-growing perennial and medicinal vine occurring in Germany, France and other European countries and USA and grown in different parts of India. Dried stems of Passiflora foetida L was coarsely powdered and maceration was done using Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extract of stems of Passiflora foetida L was subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests. Then subjected to in vivo analgesic activity.

Results: Phytochemical investigation of the stem of Passiflora foetida L preliminary test showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids and steroids. Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of stems of Passiflora foetida L was carried out and extracts were found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacological activities of stems of Passiflora foetida L was carried out from ethanolic extract.

Conclusion: Phytochemical investigation of ethanolic extract of stems were carried out and Analgesic activity by tail flick method in rats and acetic acid induced writhing method in mice, showed statistically significant activity (P=.05) when compared to control. The ethanolic stem extract of Passiflora foetida L proved to have significant pain relieving action in a dose dependent manner.
Burns in a Suburban Teaching Hospital: A Retrospective Record Review in Kanchipuram, India
Authors: Yoganathan Sai Aishwarya Thakku , Durairaj Alagar Raja , Mahipathy Surya Rao Rao Venkata , Sundaramurthy Narayanamurthy , Jayachandiran Anand Prasath , Rajendran Suresh
Published: January 2022

Background: Burn injuries rank among the most severe type of injury with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Burn injuries not only affect patients physical health but also affects their social and psychological well being along with severe economic loss to the individual, their family and to the society. About 90% burn injuries are preventable, but poor adherence of safety measures and awareness leads to disability and disfigurement throughout their life. Hence, the need for various demographic variables to understand the cause and pattern in our region are required.

Objectives: To describe the demographic and socio-cultural aspects of burn patients and to learn the cause of burn victims in our region.

Materials and Methods: A record based retrospective study was conducted at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam, Kanchipuram district. The medical records of all patients over a period of 4 years (January 2017 to December 2020) were reviewed. Data were recorded on a pre-structured and pretested questionnaire. Chi-square test was done to study association between socio-demographic variables and burn injury and (p<0.05) was considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 208 burn cases were involved in this study out of which 56.7% were females and 43.3% were males. Most of the burn patients were 31-45 years and lived in rural areas. The majority of burn injuries were accidental; thermal burns was the most common cause of deep burns.

Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors are important in raising educational programs and awareness in rural areas for improving quality of life.
Ayurvedic Perspectives towards Sleep and Its Significance
Authors: Ahefaz Mohammad , Chaple Jagruti
Published: January 2022

Ahara (food), Nidra (sleep), and Bramhacharya (celibacy) are three pillars of life. Sleep is equally important as food, hence we must know concept of sleep described in Ayurveda. It is also enumerated as the natural urge which should not be suppressed and if suppressed would lead to various diseases. Health of a person means healthy physical body and mind together. Ayurveda helps in keeping balance, harmony and equilibrium in all physiological activities of body and mind. Ayurveda is an eternal science.

Conclusion: Causes of the rapid increase in non-communicable diseases are mostly related to Lifestyle such as physical inactivity etc. Increasing a sedentary lifestyle due to the growing use of technologies in daily life causes higher levels of physical inactivity. In modern era of civilization, due to growing use of technologies like Laptop, Tablet, Mobile phone and increasing competition, changing lifestyle especially sleeping pattern has become a leading cause for manifestation of many diseases like Hypertension, Migraine, Diabetes mellitus, Obesity etc. Hence, Nidra(sleep) being an integral part of our life plays an important role in promotion of health and prevention of diseases. It has been observed that all the living beings enjoy sleep to keep their body and mind active.
A Study on the Identification and Comparison of Functional Components in Different Species of Passion Fruit Vine Leaves
Authors: Jeyasekaran Poornima , Deepa M.
Published: January 2022

Functional components are found abundantly in plants which are non-nutritive and bio active compounds that prevents the onset of degenerative diseases and protects the body by maintaining the health.  The objective of this study is to identify the chemical components of different varieties of passion fruit leaves (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa,Passifloraedulisf. edulis and Passiflora quadrangularis) available wildly in the hills of Tamil Nadu, India. Young tender passion fruit leaves can be used as a raw leafy green as they contain vitamin A and niacin. The dried leaves are used for calming teas and herbal remedies. The functional components were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR(ATR) spectrophotometer. The leaves contain polyphenols, triterpenes, carotenoids, polysaccharides, amino acids and flavonoids which have a lot of beneficial effect on human health especially in preventing degenerative diseases. This paves way to use these amazing abundant greens in clinical studies as ayurvedic preparations and treat illness naturally.
Effect of Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy and Conventional Physiotherapy on Lipid Profile- A Randomised Control Trial
Authors: Deshmukh Mitushi , Chitale Neha
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The varying levels of lipids in the blood is defined as lipid profile, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides are most commonly reported. Pulsed Electromagnetic field therapy, is a therapy involves powerful pulsed energy waves passing through injured and damaged area of body of patients. Waves of pulsed electromagnetic field are painless and quick to pass through the damaged cells in the damaged region, increasing the oxygen pressure activating and regenerating cells.

Methodology:  A Total of 40 subjects will be included in the study. Divided in two groups 20 in group 1 and 20 in group 2.Group 1 will receive Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) with aerobic and resistance exercises while Group 2 will receive aerobic and resistance training exercises as conventional physiotherapy technique.

Discussion: 13 meta-analyses were categorized by Pedersen and Saltin, they have reported lipid profile involvement following exercise. They have described that exercise have a positive effect on the pathogenesis, physical fitness of individuals with dyslipidaemia. Effect of exercise profile on lipid have been stated in few studies. This study will focus on studying the impact of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on lipid profile.

Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn based on the outcome measures of the study and the statistical analysis.
An Evaluation of Stress Levels in Professionals Performing Work from Home in it Industry during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kiran K. Dhruv , Sridevi G. , Preetha S.
Published: January 2022

Background:  Stress is a feeling that comes from emotional and physical tension. Stress can come from any thought that makes you feel sad, angry or nervous. It is a natural feeling of not being able to cope with specific demands and events. Stress is your body’s reaction to a challenge or demand.  Negative responses to challenges can have an adverse effect on the health and happiness of the person who is undergoing stress. IT industry is a filed that poses lot of stress on the workers due to the peer pressures, working hours and work stress.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the stress among IT professionals who are working from home.

Materials and Methods: The study design involves a cross-sectional study was done among IT professionals to evaluate the stress among IT professionals who are undergoing work from              home admist the COVID- 19 Pandemic situation (6 months duration). A study involved a self-developed questionnaire consisting of 27 questions to assess the stress level of IT people              working in IT industry for more than 2 years. This questionnaire was circulated in Google forms and 137 people responded for the survey, out of which 123 participants were undergoing work from home.

Results: Out of 137 study participants, 18.25% of them were female and 81.75% of them were male. 25.55% participants were of age group 18 - 35 and 74.45% participants were of age group 35 -50. 90.51% participants are IT professionals and out of those 86.86% of participants are doing work from home. 72.26% of the participants feel that they are stressed too much due to work from home, and 27.47% of the participants feel that they are not that much stressed due to work from home. 45.99% of participants are more stressed, 28.47% of them are moderately stressed, 13.14% of them are lightly stressed and 12.41% of them are not stressed.

Conclusion: Thus, the study concluded an innovative finding that IT professionals experienced severe stress due to high peer pressures, home environments and were more prone to psychosomatic disorders.
QTc Changes Associated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer Patients
Authors: Zaka Marvi , Ghaffar Bushra , Fahad Muhammad
Published: January 2022

Objective: To look for QTc changes associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and factors related to these changes among patients suffering from cancer.

Study Design: This correlational study was conducted in Avicenna Medical College and Hospital Lahore with the collaboration of SKMH during November 2020 to May 2021. 

Methodology: One hundred and eighty patients with solid or hematological malignancies taking tyrosine kinase inhibitors for more than three months were included in the study. They underwent 12 lead ECG inside oncology department. QTc interval was calculated on ECG of all the patients and they were evaluated for presence of prolonged QT interval. Age, gender, duration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor use and presence of comorbid illness were correlated with presence of QTc changes in our study participants.

Results: Out of 180 cancer patients using tyrosine kinase inhibitors for more than three months included in the study, 96 (53.3%) were male while 84 (46.7%) were female. One hundred and eighteen (65.5%) had normal QTc interval while 62 (34.5%) had prolonged QTc interval in our study participants. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced age of the patient and prolong use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors was statistically significantly associated with QTc prolongation in our study (p-value<0.001).

Conclusion: Significant number of cancer patients using tyrosine kinase inhibitors had prolonged QTc interval in our study. Special attention should be paid to the cancer patients with advancing age and prolonged use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Accuracy evaluation of surface registration algorithm using normal distribution transform in stereotactic body radiotherapy/radiosurgery: A phantom study
Authors: Lee Haenghwa , Park Jeong‐Mee , Kim Kwang Hyeon , Lee Dong‐Hoon , Sohn Moon‐Jun
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To evaluate a feasibility of normal distribution transform (NDT) algorithm compared with the iterative closest point (ICP) method as a useful surface registration in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)/stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).

Methods

Point cloud images using the 3D triangulation technology were obtained from a depth camera‐based optical imaging (OSI) system equipped in a radiosurgery room. Two surface registration algorithms, NDT and ICP, were used to measure and compare the discrepancy values between the reference and the current surfaces during the positioning of the patient. The performance evaluation was investigated by calculating the registration error and root‐mean‐square (RMS) values for the surface model, reposition, and target accuracy, which were analyzed statistically using a paired t‐test.

Results

For surface model accuracy, the average of the registration error and RMS values were measured as 3.56 ± 2.20 mm and 6.98 ± 1.89 mm for ICP method, and 1.76 ± 1.32 mm and 3.58 ± 1.30 mm for NDT method (p < 0.05). For reposition accuracy, the average registration error and RMS values were calculated as 1.41 ± 0.98 mm and 2.53 ± 1.64 mm using ICP method, and 0.92 ± 0.61 mm and 1.75 ± 0.80 mm using NDT method (p = 0.005). The overall target accuracy using the NDT method reduced the average of the reposition error and overall RMS value by 0.71 and 1.32 mm, respectively, compared to the ICP method (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

We found that the surface registration algorithm based on NDT method provides more reliable accuracy in the values of surface model, reposition, and target accuracies than the classic ICP method. The NDT method in OSI systems offers reasonable accuracy in SBRT/SRS.
Thermoelectromechanical Characteristics of Piezoelectric Composites Under Mechanical and Thermal Loading
Authors: Mori Kotaro , Narita Fumio , Wang Zhenjin , Horibe Tadashi , Maejima Kensuke
Published: January 2022

The electromechanical and thermoelectric responses of piezoelectric composites under mechanical and thermal loading are numerically and experimentally examined. Piezoelectric composites are fabricated using epoxy and BaTiO3 particles, and three types of single‐layer composites and two types of functionally graded piezocomposites (single‐ and six‐layer composites) are prepared. The resonant frequencies and induced voltages of the composites are measured to determine the influences of mechanical loading and temperature change. Finite element analysis is used to calculate the resonant frequency, stress, and induced voltage due to mechanical loading and temperature change, and the results are compared with the experimental results. Single‐ and six‐layer piezocomposite models are employed in the analysis. By adopting a phenomenological model that considers the temperature dependence of material properties, the effect of the temperature dependence of a physical property on the internal stress and voltage is investigated. It is found that the variations in the temperature‐dependent material constants largely influence the induced voltages of the piezocomposites. In conclusion, functionally graded piezocomposites can be used to control the internal stress and obtain induced voltage from different power sources. It may be useful in designing energy‐harvesting devices for use in vibration‐rich environments and/or environments with severe temperature variations.
Rapid Pneumatic Control of Bimodal, Hierarchical Mechanical Metamaterials
Authors: Hyatt Lance P. , Harne Ryan L.
Published: January 2022

Recent attention to pneumatically pressurized mechanical metamaterials has identified opportunity for large shape change and mechanical properties adaptation through the collective exploitation of reconfigurable internal structures and enclosed cavities. Yet, many of these ideas are found to act in smooth, continuous ways at moderate rate. This research explores a new class of bimodal, hierarchical mechanical metamaterials that exemplify rapid change of mechanical behavior by exploiting pneumatic pressure as a means to cross bifurcation. A lattice structure with periodic square cavities is presented as a model metamaterial to highlight important design considerations and mechanical behavior. An analytical model is formed to delineate the multimodal boundaries in a high‐dimensional parameter space, while numerical simulations and experiments confirm the presence of each modal characteristic. The studies reveal the high rate of change afforded by this embodiment of pressurized mechanical metamaterials and confirm the origin lay in harnessing elastic instability. Extensions to the idea are compared against the Kutzbach–Grübler criteria to articulate how other metamaterial networks may be leveraged in this way. The outcomes of this research may inspire methods for high‐rate shape and properties change via multimodal mechanical metamaterial assemblies, such as for soft robotic platforms.
Driving Droplets on Liquid Repellent Surfaces via Light‐Driven Marangoni Propulsion
Authors: Hwang Hyesun , Papadopoulos Periklis , Fujii Syuji , Wooh Sanghyuk
Published: January 2022

Marangoni flow, a surface shear flow, is a promising option for propulsion when controlling liquid droplet motion on solid substrates. However, the applicability of Marangoni flow induced by heating the substrate for droplet manipulation is limited by low precision of motion control and a narrow range of substrate types. Herein, a novel noncontact light‐driven droplet manipulation method by using photothermally active droplets is introduced. Marangoni flow is induced by local photothermal heating via near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation resulting in an internal flow that drives the droplets. The photothermally active droplets slide away from the NIR light and the direction of motion can be precisely controlled by changing the irradiation position remotely. In addition, it is demonstrated that the addition of a miscible liquid to the droplets can reverse the direction of motion. Moreover, the authors show that spherical droplets on conventional liquid repellent surfaces move through a rolling mechanism instead of sliding. It is believed that this droplet manipulation method can provide a general way of droplet transportation on solid surfaces.
3D Flexible Frequency Selective Surface with Stable Electromagnetic Transmission Properties
Authors: Fan Xuanqing , Pan Zijian , Chen Sihong , Li Yuhang , Zhao Zhao , Pan Taisong
Published: January 2022

Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) that can be tightly laminated to complex nondevelopable surfaces have a wide range of applications in many engineering areas. This paper presents a 3D flexible FSS prepared by mechanically guided 3D assembly, capable of being conformally adhered to complex surfaces, while maintaining stable frequency selective properties as well as transmission performance. The stretching strain applied to the prestrained ecoflex substrate can precisely tune and control the buckled 3D metal structures, which leads to the stretchability of the flexible FSS, introduces the increase of the inductance inside the metal cells, and expands the metal gap resulting in a reduction of the capacitance between the unit cells. The mutual correlation of capacitance and inductance ensures in the mechanism that the FSS transmission characteristics will not be significantly affected by the applied strain, as verified by calculations using the equivalent circuit method. Both the results obtained by the experiments and simulations indicate that the resonant frequency of the 3D flexible FSS is 5.7 GHz and the bandwidth at −10 dB is 0.94 GHz, while the resonant frequency shift will not exceed 0.45 Hz, and −10 dB bandwidth change will not exceed 0.32 GHz with applied strain of 17.8% in the ecoflex substrate. At the same time, the 3D flexible FSS maintains stable transmission performance for oblique incidence, with only 0.5 GHz frequency shift at 45° incidence. This stretchable flexible FSS with stable electromagnetic (EM) properties may find potential applications in EM shielding and spatial filtering due to its high flexibility, ready applicability, and cost‐effectiveness.
3D Dip‐Pen Nanolithography
Authors: Liu Guoqiang , Rong Mingming , Hu Hong , Chen Lina , Xie Zhuang , Zheng Zijian
Published: January 2022

Dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN) can directly write a variety of materials on the substrates at the sub‐50 nm to micrometer length scale. While this tool has been extensively exploited to construct functional nanostructures and address important scientific questions, extending the capability from low‐dimensional molecular patterning to direct additive 3D manufacturing has yet to be demonstrated. In this work, the development of 3D‐DPN is reported to enable the microscale 3D printing capability via designing a rapidly UV‐curable liquid copolymer ink with appropriate viscoelastic properties. Two categories of 3D printing strategies via patterning dot and line pixels are explored, through which micrometer‐high, arbitrary 3D structures could be programmed to generate. It is believed that this development will arouse the fundamental research and functional application interest in the field of tip‐based additive 3D nanofabrication.
Transient Super‐/Sub‐Linear Nonlinearities in Silicon Nanostructures
Authors: Huang Guan‐Jie , Cheng Hao‐Yu , Tang Yu‐Lung , Hotta Ikuto , Takahara Junichi , Lin Kung‐Hsuan , Chu Shi‐Wei
Published: January 2022

Nonlinear silicon nano‐photonics has recently attracted significant attention due to the plethora of electric and magnetic Mie resonances that offer substantial enhancement of optical nonlinearities. Conventionally, the characterization of nonlinearity and its transient nature rely on intensity‐scan methods (z‐scan) in the spatial domain and pump‐probe techniques in the temporal domain. However, most studied ultrafast nonlinear effects are instantaneous, that is, strongest at zero pump‐probe delay, and have a solitary nonlinear power dependency (square, cubic, etc.). Here the authors found that when relaxation lifetime is dependent on pump fluence, transient nonlinearity appears. The effect is exemplified via Auger‐based nonlinear carrier dynamics of a nano‐silicon Mie‐resonator. The Auger‐induced transient nonlinearity not only locates at the time delay of several tens of picoseconds, but also displays diverse nonlinearities, including sub‐linear, super‐linear, and surprisingly full saturation, which features a “crossing point” where the probe scattering is pump‐fluence independent. The crossing point exists when the relaxation lifetime is inversely dependent to second power of carrier density. Combining confocal intensity‐scan (x‐scan) and pump‐probe temporal scan, the authors demonstrate that sub‐linearity and super‐linearity lead to swelled and reduced full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) of single‐nanostructure images, further confirming the nonlinearity as well as the potential of sub‐diffraction microscopy. The results open up a new avenue in nonlinear silicon nano‐photonics by adding new degrees of freedom in temporally tuning the types of transient nonlinearities, which are valuable in all‐optical signal processing and nano‐imaging.
Social and nonsocial stimuli alter the performance of bonobos during a pictorial emotional Stroop task
Authors: Laméris Daan W. , Verspeek Jonas , Eens Marcel , Stevens Jeroen M. G.
Published: January 2022

The emotional Stroop task is a paradigm commonly applied in human studies to investigate how emotionally laden stimuli interfere with cognitive processes. Recent modifications of this task have enabled researchers to study similar Stroop effects in zoo‐housed primates. Across three experiments using a pictorial emotional Stroop task, we investigated if the attention of bonobos was influenced by social (facial expressions during play, conflict, and neutral events) and nonsocial stimuli (a preferred food item, predator, and flower). Four bonobos successfully learned to complete the task on a touchscreen. First, we tested the bonobos on a standard color‐interference Stroop task and found that they made more errors in color‐congruent trials. Second, we included facial expressions of unknown conspecifics and found that it took the bonobos longer to select targets with play facial expressions compared to neutral expressions. Last, we included objects and found that the negative, positive and neutral objects altered performance. Our findings show that the cognitive processes of bonobos are influenced by both relevant social and nonsocial stimuli. Specifically, play faces interfered with the bonobos’ attention suggesting that these facial expressions form a salient stimulus within bonobo society. Nonsocial stimuli also altered accuracy and reaction times during the task which may be explained by their evolutionary relevance. Our results help us to better understand the (socio‐)emotional competencies of bonobos and how they respond to external stimuli. Future studies can further examine how a wider range of biologically relevant stimuli interfere with attentional processes in bonobos.
Regional beta‐amyloid and tau deposition: Results from the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Thibault Emma G. , Farrell Michelle E. , Beiser Alexa S. , Sanchez Justin S. , Satizabal Claudia L. , Mayblyum Danielle V. , O’Donnell Adrienne , Rubinstein Zoe B. , Jacobs Heidi I.L. , DeCarli Charles S. , Hanseeuw Bernard , Killiany Ronald J. , Sperling Reisa A. , Seshadri Sudha , Johnson Keith A.
Published: January 2022

Background

The Framingham Heart Study (FHS), a three‐generation community‐based cohort studying cardiovascular disease across the adult lifespan, has expanded to include positron emission tomography (PET) of beta‐amyloid (Aβ) and tau. Our aim is to characterize these pathologies in this unique sample and utilize the wide age range to assess the spatiotemporal ordering of emerging Aβ and tau.

Method

211 clinically‐normal adults aged 33‐74 from FHS underwent Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB) and Flortaucipir (FTP) PET. PIB and FTP were regionally quantified in Desikan regions using distribution volume ratio (DVR) for PIB and standardized uptake volume ratio (SUVR) for FTP. Three approaches were used to identify early accumulating regions: 1. A series of Age*APOE linear models to identify regions accumulating earlier in the lifespan in ε4 carriers. 2. Identification of early regions as those more frequently elevated as previously used in older adults, with Gaussian mixture models (GMM) conducted to evaluate bimodality and set biomarker positivity thresholds for each region. 3. Applied the same frequency approach using well‐validated PIB GMM thresholds based on older adults from the Harvard Aging Brain Study (HABS).

Result

For PIB, significant Age*APOE interactions (Fig. 1) were seen across multiple regions previously implicated as early‐accumulating based on elevation frequencies from older adult samples, as well as the pars opercularis (p=0.005) and lateral parietal cortices (p<0.04). PIB was significantly bimodal across all ROIs (LRT>36.1, p<0.001; Fig. 1). Application of GMM‐based regional positivity frequencies derived within FHS versus from HABS thresholds led to substantial discrepancies in the spatiotemporal ordering of PIB (rs=0.30, p=0.17).

Age*APOE effects were not detected for any tau regions, but inferior temporal (IT), middle temporal (MT), and amygdala (AM) increased with age (Fig. 2). Higher global Aβ was also associated with higher FTP SUVR in IT, MT, and a trend for AM, as well as inferior parietal and precuneus (Fig. 2).

Conclusion

Aβ and tau mainly follow spatiotemporal patterns consistent with prior evidence in older adult samples. GMM‐based methods used in older adult samples to dichotomize biomarker positivity may be suboptimal in younger samples. Continuous approaches may better capture early Aβ and tau in younger populations.
Liquid Crystalline Half‐Skyrmions and Their Optical Properties
Authors: Fukuda Jun‐ichi , Nych Andriy , Ognysta Uliana , Žumer Slobodan , Muševič Igor
Published: January 2022

Liquid crystals have intrigued physicists as a platform that facilitates direct visualization of topological concepts. Here, the theoretical and experimental studies demonstrating that a thin film of a chiral liquid crystal forms topological entities known as half‐Skyrmions, swirl‐like orientational order that spans the hemisphere of the order parameter space , are reviewed. They appear in the form of a hexagonal lattice or in an isolated manner, accompanied by topological line defects to satisfy topological constraints. Under an optical microscope, half‐Skyrmions appear as dark spots, and their hexagonal lattice yields a Kossel diagram comprising a hexagonal arrangement of circular arcs. These experimental observations are corroborated by numerical calculations of the orientational order based on the Landau‐de Gennes theory with an orientational order parameter of a second‐rank tensor, and construction of its optical images and Kossel diagrams by directly solving Maxwell equations for light wave. A thin film of a chiral liquid crystal thus provides an interesting system for the investigation of topological concepts, and spontaneous formation of a half‐Skyrmion lattice whose periodicity is of the order of the wavelength of visible light has a potential for photonics applications as well as poses a challenging problem on optics.
A Cholesterol Dimer Stabilizes the Inactivated State of an Inward‐Rectifier Potassium Channel
Authors: Borcik Collin G. , Eason Isaac R. , Yekefallah Maryam , Amani Reza , Han Ruixian , Vanderloop Boden H. , Wylie Benjamin J.
Published: January 2022

Cholesterol oligomers reside in multiple membrane protein X‐ray crystal structures. Yet, there is no direct link between these oligomers and a biological function. Here we present the structural and functional details of a cholesterol dimer that stabilizes the inactivated state of an inward‐rectifier potassium channel KirBac1.1. K+ efflux assays confirm that high cholesterol concentration reduces K+ conductance. We then determine the structure of the cholesterol‐KirBac1.1 complex using Xplor‐NIH simulated annealing calculations driven by solid‐state NMR distance measurements. These calculations identified an α–α cholesterol dimer docked to a cleft formed by adjacent subunits of the homotetrameric protein. We compare these results to coarse grain molecular dynamics simulations. This is one of the first examples of a cholesterol oligomer performing a distinct biological function and structural characterization of a conserved promiscuous lipid binding region.
Hydrogen Bonding Networks Enable Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Carbonyl‐Olefin Metathesis**
Authors: Anh To Tuong , Pei Chao , Koenigs Rene M. , Vinh Nguyen Thanh
Published: January 2022

Synthetic chemists have learned to mimic nature in using hydrogen bonds and other weak interactions to dictate the spatial arrangement of reaction substrates and to stabilize transition states to enable highly efficient and selective reactions. The activation of a catalyst molecule itself by hydrogen‐bonding networks, in order to enhance its catalytic activity to achieve a desired reaction outcome, is less explored in organic synthesis, despite being a commonly found phenomenon in nature. Herein, we show our investigation into this underexplored area by studying the promotion of carbonyl‐olefin metathesis reactions by hydrogen‐bonding‐assisted Brønsted acid catalysis, using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent in combination with para‐toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA). Our experimental and computational mechanistic studies reveal not only an interesting role of HFIP solvent in assisting pTSA Brønsted acid catalyst, but also insightful knowledge about the current limitations of the carbonyl‐olefin metathesis reaction.
Site‐Specific Functionalization of Recombinant Spider Silk Janus Fibers
Authors: Lang Gregor , Grill Carolin , Scheibel Thomas
Published: January 2022

Biotechnological production is a powerful tool to design materials with customized properties. The aim of this work was to apply designed spider silk proteins to produce Janus fibers with two different functional sides. First, functionalization was established through a cysteine‐modified silk protein, ntagCyseADF4(κ16). After fiber spinning, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were coupled via thiol‐ene click chemistry. Significantly reduced electrical resistivity indicated sufficient loading density of AuNPs on such fiber surfaces. Then, Janus fibers were electrospun in a side‐by‐side arrangement, with “non‐functional” eADF4(C16) on the one and “functional” ntagCyseADF4(κ16) on the other side. Post‐treatment was established to render silk fibers insoluble in water. Subsequent AuNP binding was highly selective on the ntagCyseADF4(κ16) side demonstrating the potential of such silk‐based systems to realize complex bifunctional structures with spatial resolutions in the nano scale.
A soft and recyclable carbon nanotube/carbon nanofiber hybrid membrane for oil/water separation
Authors: Li Hui , Chang Shulong , Li Yunxing , Guo Fengmei , Xu Jie , Zhang Yingjiu , Li Hongbian , Shang Yuanyuan
Published: January 2022

Hydrophobic membranes have been considered as one of the most effective candidates in oil/water separation for their easy operation and high efficiency. Here, we prepared a hydrophobic carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon nanofiber (CNF) hybrid membrane by in situ grafting CNTs on a CNF membrane. The CNT grafting significantly increased the porosity and hydrophobicity of the CNF membrane. As a result, the CNT/CNF hybrid membrane showed a high efficiency (80%–98%) in the separation of a range of oil/water mixtures. Moreover, the CNT/CNF hybrid membrane is recyclable, and the separation efficiency maintained after 10 cycles. This high separation efficiency and good recyclability provide feasibilities for practical applications of the CNT/CNF hybrid membrane in the purification of oil contaminated water.
Improved quasi‐uniform stability criterion of fractional‐order neural networks with discrete and distributed delays
Authors: Du Feifei , Lu Jun‐Guo
Published: January 2022

This article mainly investigates the quasi‐uniform stability of fractional‐order neural networks with time discrete and distributed delays (FONNDDDs). First, a novel fractional‐order Gronwall inequality with discrete and distributed delays (FOGIDDDs) is established; it can be used to study the stability of a variety of fractional‐order systems with discrete and distributed delays (FOSDDDs). Second, on the basis of this inequality and Leray‐Schauder alternative theorem, the existence and uniqueness results for the FONNDDDs are proved. Third, an improved criterion for the quasi‐uniform stability of FONNDDDs is obtained in terms of this inequality. Ultimately, one numerical example is provided to expound the effectiveness and the superiority of the proposed result.
Sex‐dependent influence of postweaning environmental enrichment in Angelman syndrome model mice
Authors: Cosgrove Jameson A. , Kelly Lauren K. , Kiffmeyer Elizabeth A. , Kloth Alexander D.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutation or loss of UBE3A and marked by intellectual disability, ataxia, autism‐like symptoms, and other atypical behaviors. One route to treatment may lie in the role that environment plays early in postnatal life. Environmental enrichment (EE) is one manipulation that has shown therapeutic potential in preclinical models of many brain disorders, including neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we examined whether postweaning EE can rescue behavioral phenotypes in Ube3a maternal deletion mice (AS mice), and whether any improvements are sex‐dependent.

Methods

Male and female mice (C57BL/6J Ube3atm1Alb mice and wild‐type (WT) littermates; ≥10 mice/group) were randomly assigned to standard housing (SH) or EE at weaning. EE had a larger footprint, a running wheel, and a variety of toys that promoted foraging, burrowing, and climbing. Following 6 weeks of EE, animals were submitted to a battery of tests that reliably elicit behavioral deficits in AS mice, including rotarod, open field, marble burying, and forced swim; weights were also monitored.

Results

In male AS‐EE mice, we found complete restoration of motor coordination, marble burying, and forced swim behavior to the level of WT‐SH mice. We also observed a complete normalization of exploratory distance traveled in the open field, but we found no rescue of vertical behavior or center time. AS‐EE mice also had weights comparable to WT‐SH mice. Intriguingly, in the female AS‐EE mice, we found a failure of EE to rescue the same behavioral deficits relative to female WT‐SH mice.

Conclusions

Environmental enrichment is an effective route to correcting the most penetrant phenotypes in male AS mice but not female AS mice. This finding has important implications for the translatability of early behavioral intervention for AS patients, most importantly the potential dependency of treatment response on sex.
Synthesis of Polyoxygenated Tropolones and their Antiviral Activity against Hepatitis B Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus‐1
Authors: Schiavone Daniel V. , Kapkayeva Diana M. , Li Qilan , Woodson Molly E. , Gazquez Casals Andreu , Morrison Lynda A. , Tavis John E. , Murelli Ryan P.
Published: January 2022

Polyoxygenated tropolones possess a broad range of biological activity, and as a result are promising lead structures or fragments for drug development. However, structure–function studies and subsequent optimization have been challenging, in part due to the limited number of readily available tropolones and the obstacles to their synthesis. Oxidopyrylium [5+2] cycloaddition can effectively generate a diverse array of seven‐membered ring carbocycles, and as a result can provide a highly general strategy for tropolone synthesis. Here, we describe the use of 3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyrone‐based oxidopyrylium cycloaddition chemistry in the synthesis of functionalized 3,7‐dimethoxytropolones, 3,7‐dihydroxytropolones, and isomeric 3‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxytropolones through complementary benzyl alcohol‐incorporating procedures. The antiviral activity of these molecules against herpes simplex virus‐1 and hepatitis B virus is also described, highlighting the value of this approach and providing new structure–function insights relevant to their antiviral activity.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Arylative Cyclizations of Alkyne‐ and Allene‐Tethered Electrophiles using Arylboron Reagents
Authors: Gillbard Simone M. , Lam Hon Wai
Published: January 2022

The use of arylboron reagents in metal‐catalyzed domino addition–cyclization reactions is a well‐established strategy for the preparation of diverse, highly functionalized carbo‐ and heterocyclic products. Although rhodium‐ and palladium‐based catalysts have been commonly used for these reactions, more recent work has demonstrated nickel catalysis is also highly effective, in many cases offering unique reactivity and access to products that might otherwise not be readily available. This review gives an overview of nickel‐catalyzed arylative cyclizations of alkyne‐ and allene‐tethered electrophiles using arylboron reagents. The scope of the reactions is discussed in detail, and general mechanistic concepts underpinning the processes are described.
Formation of Supramolecular Nanostructures through in Situ Self‐Assembly and Post‐Assembly Modification of a Biocatalytically Constructed Dipeptide Hydrazide**
Authors: Shintani Yuki , Ohtomi Taku , Shibata Aya , Kitamura Yoshiaki , Hirosawa Koichiro M. , Suzuki Kenichi G. N. , Ikeda Masato
Published: January 2022

Aqueous self‐assembly of short peptides has attracted growing attention for the construction of supramolecular materials for various bioapplications. Herein, we describe how the thermolysin‐assisted biocatalytic construction of a dipeptide hydrazide from an N‐protected amino acid and an amino acid hydrazide leads to the formation of thermally stable supramolecular hydrogels. In addition, we demonstrate the post‐assembly modification of the supramolecular architectures constructed in situ tethering hydrazide groups as a chemical handle by means of fluorescence imaging.
Hybride semi‐parametrische Modellierung der thermooxidativen Stabilisierung von PAN‐Precursorfasern
Authors: Mädler Jonathan , Richter Benjamin , Wolz Daniel S. J. , Behnisch Thomas , Böhm Robert , Jäger Hubert , Gude Maik , Urbas Leon
Published: January 2022

Kohlenstofffasern sind aufgrund ihrer hohen massespezifischen mechanischen Belastbarkeit ein unverzichtbarer Werkstoff im Leichtbau. Diese werden mittels eines zeitaufwendigen, thermooxidativen Stabilisierungs‐ und eines inerten Carbonisierungsprozesses hergestellt. Bedingt durch die kommerziell dominierte Forschung basiert der Großteil der veröffentlichten Optimierungsansätze für diese Prozessschritte bis heute auf unvollständigen, empirischen oder nicht‐parametrischen, datengetriebenen Modellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden hybride semi‐parametrische Ansätze unter Berücksichtigung der Eigenschaften des Precursorsystems und der Prozessparameter für die Modellierung des Stabilisierungsprozesses untersucht.