bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Content Management Systems
Authors: Niederman Fred
Published: January 2015

This article summarizes the background and operation of content management systems. It discusses both traditional and emerging instances based on these ideas. It provides examples of where these applications have been or may be implemented. It also briefly discusses some of the concerns for security emergent with the development of these systems.
Digital Networks
Authors: Snow Andrew P.
Published: January 2015

Digital networks are the glue that hold modern information systems together, allowing delivery of data, digitized voice, and digitized imagery, such as photographs and video. Digital networks are a collection of communication protocols, nodes, and links. An analogy for a digital network is a highway system, consisting of rules, interchanges, and roads. Network nodes are called switches, and the two major types of switching technology are circuit and packet switching. The Internet uses packet switching technology. Digital networks must be dependable, transparent to users, responsive, ubiquitous, and cost effective to acquire and operate. Digital networks can also be classified by geographic expansiveness and business use. Digital networks use hierarchical and layered protocols for the successful delivery of data, the most prevalent and successful of which are the TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) suite. These protocols are used in Internet technologies and use encapsulation techniques to package data at the sending end, and unpackage data at the receiving end. The degree of error correction in these protocols depends on the application needs. The original addressing scheme used in the internet is about to deplete all the available addresses for the internet, so a new scheme has been developed which is being transitioned into usage.
Information Systems Outsourcing
Authors: Hirschheim Rudy
Published: January 2015

Outsourcing refers to the transferring of internal work to an external provider. In this article, we explore the transferring of IT services externally. In doing so, we consider the motivation for outsourcing, as well as its history, definitions, key concepts, and possible future trends.
IT
Platforms
Authors: Purao Sandeep
Published: January 2015

IT platforms are a foundation, a base on which designers can build other things. They are primarily defined by their properties, which can be simultaneously enabling and constraining. IT platforms can be hardware–software bundles as well as primarily software platforms. Over time, they have evolved to become more open although exceptions such as the Apple platforms persist. Contemporary work shows that IT platforms are important also because of their close connection to business strategy and how they can be used to seed and challenge ecosystems.
Object Orientation
Authors: McDonald David
Published: January 2015

Object‐oriented analysis (
OOA
), design, and programming are now the norm in most organizations. This article delineates the rationale for IT departments' move to the object‐oriented methodologies, defines each of these terms affiliated with the analysis and design models, as well as provides a detailed view of how the programming languages are used to implement the applications based on the design. The three‐tiered application development model is also presented, which includes definitions and rationales of the presentation, business, and data tiers.
Cross‐Culture Issues in
IS
Authors: Du Rong
Published: January 2015

As information technologies have driven globally distributed collaboration within multinational organizations and between clients and suppliers, cross‐cultural processes have become more salient among people from different national and ethnic backgrounds.
Crowdsourcing
Authors: Guo Wenbo
Published: January 2015

As a latest incarnation of outsourcing, crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks to a crowd in the form of an open call. Web 2.0 technology has enabled Internet users to be transformed from passive browsers to active contributors. Currently crowdsourcing is used across a variety of industries for different purposes. Application of crowdsourcing includes R&D, software development, idea generation, logo design, etc. Besides, e‐business crowdsourcing intermediaries have emerged in the past decade too. There are different forms of crowdsourcing marketplaces, like Amazon Mechanical Turk, elance, odesk, innocentive, etc. With an external source of workers, either professional or ordinary users, tasks are believed to be completed in an efficient manner through crowdsourcing. While there has been significant attention from researchers and practitioners, crowdsourcing should be studied more systematically as an emerging phenomenon.
Green Information Systems
Authors: Curry Edward , Donnellan Brian
Published: January 2015

Green IS refers to the design and implementation of information systems that contribute to sustainable business processes. This article provides an introduction to core concept of Green Information Systems (Green IS) and their role within organizations. An example Green IS for energy management is discussed. The article concludes with highlights on future research challenges in Green IS.
Evaluation of Information Systems
Authors: Zhang Meng
Published: January 2015

The evaluation of information systems (IS) is the process whereby organizations systematically assess the performance, value, or success of theirIS. Although a major organizational investment,ISare difficult to evaluate; diverse evaluation approaches and measures having appeared in both research and practice. Various issues contributing to this complexity are outlined, with brief reference to possible future directions.
Diffusion of Information Technology Innovations
Authors: Jeyaraj Anand , Sabherwal Rajiv
Published: January 2015

Diffusion may be described as the process through which a new innovation spreads across a population of individuals over time. As individuals typically adopt an innovation at different points in time, the diffusion process may extend for a considerable period of time. Diffusion is shaped by the attributes of: the information technology (IT) innovation; the individuals; the social network in which individuals are embedded; and the environment. Research on diffusion has yielded descriptive, econometric, and causal models that provide useful insights for practitioners. Descriptive models show how the diffusion pattern may conform to an S‐shaped curve. Econometric models provide estimates of when and how fast innovations are likely to spread within a population. Causal models document contagion mechanisms such as critical mass, opinion leaders, homophily, and proximity that promote diffusion. This article reviews prior research inITdiffusion, including data collection and analysis methods, measurement and methodological issues, and implications for managers.
Horizontal Merger Guidelines
Authors: Becker Gilbert
Published: January 2015

This article provides an examination of the four sets of guidelines, regarding mergers between rival firms, which have been provided to the business community by the US antitrust authorities during the past half century. These guidelines identify the conditions under which a proposed merger is considered to be sufficiently anticompetitive that the antitrust authorities will challenge the merger in court. The development of, and economic rationale behind, the first set of guidelines issued in 1968 is presented. The article then presents the three sets of guidelines subsequently developed by the US Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, including those issued in 2010 that are in force today. The differences in the economic methodology behind each set of guidelines are presented. The article then provides a discussion of the ongoing policy debate among several prominent economics scholars as to the relative merits of the early and newer guides.
Consumer Surplus
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Consumer surplus is defined and problems with its use are presented.
Diseconomies of Scale
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Diseconomies of scale are said to exist when long run average total costs increase because a firm is too large.
Economic Depreciation
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Sometimes referred to as “Hotelling” depreciation, economic depreciation reflects the change in the value of an asset during a period.
Product Differentiation
Authors: McAuliffe Robert E.
Published: January 2015

Product differentiation is defined and applications are discussed.
Normal Good
Authors: Hussain Sayed A.
Published: January 2015

Reviews the conditions and properties of “normal goods” whose consumption levels are proportional to income levels.
Junk Bonds
Authors: Bajtelsmit Vickie L.
Published: January 2015

Junk bonds are debt securities issued by entities rated by credit rating agencies as below investment grade. These bonds have a high risk of default and usually carry yields that are 3 to 5 percentage points higher than bonds issued by firms with high‐quality debt.
Unraveling the Gain Mechanism in High Performance Solution‐Processed PbS Infrared PIN Photodiodes
Authors: Lee Jae Woong , Kim Do Young , So Franky
Published: January 2015

High gain and low dark current solution‐processed colloidal PbS quantum dots infrared (IR) PIN photodetectors with IR sensitivity up to 1500 nm are demonstrated. The low dark current is due to the P‐I‐N structure with both electron and hole blockers. The high gain in our IR photodiodes is due to the enhancement of electron tunneling injection through the 1,1‐bis[(di‐4‐tolylamino) phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC) electron blocker under IR illumination resulting from a distorted electron blocking barrier in the presence of photo‐generated holes trapped in the TAPC electron blocker. It is further found that the trap states in the TAPC layer are generated by the Ag atoms penetrated in the TAPC layer during the thermal evaporation process. The resulting photodetectors have a high detectivity value of 7 × 1013 Jones, which is even higher than that of a commercial InGaAs photodiode.
Multimodality Imaging of Coiled‐Coil Mediated Self‐Assembly in a “Drug‐Free” Therapeutic System
Authors: Zhang Rui , Yang Jiyuan , Chu Te‐Wei , Hartley Jonathan M. , Kopeček Jindřich
Published: January 2015

Two complementary coiled‐coil peptides CCE/CCK are used to develop a “drug free” therapeutic system, which can specifically kill cancer cells without a drug. CCE is attached to the Fab′ fragment of anti‐CD20 1F5 antibody (Fab′‐CCE), and CCK is conjugated in multiple grafts to poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (P‐(CCK)x). Two conjugates are consecutively administered: First, Fab′‐CCE coats peptide CCE at CD20 antigen of lymphoma cell surface; second, CCE/CCK biorecognition between Fab′‐CCE and P‐(CCK)x leads to coiled‐coil formation, CD20 crosslinking, membrane reorganization, and ultimately cell apoptosis. To prove that two conjugates can assemble at cell surface, multiple fluorescence imaging studies are performed, including 2‐channel FMT, 3D confocal microscopy, and 4‐color FACS. Confocal microscopy shows colocalization of two fluorescently labeled conjugates on non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) Raji cell surface, indicating “two‐step” targeting specificity. The fluorescent images also reveal that these two conjugates can disrupt normal membrane lipid distribution and form lipid raft clusters, leading to cancer cell apoptosis. This “two‐step” biorecognition capacity is further demonstrated in a NHL xenograft model, using fluorescent images at whole‐body, tissue and cell levels. It is also found that delaying injection of P‐(CCK)x can significantly enhance targeting efficacy. This high‐specificity therapeutics provide a safe option to treat NHL and other B cell malignancies.
The Effect of Antisite Disorder and Particle Size on Li Intercalation Kinetics in Monoclinic LiMnBO3
Authors: Kim Jae Chul , Seo Dong‐Hwa , Chen Hailong , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: January 2015

In materials containing 1D lithium diffusion channels, cation disorder can strongly affect lithium intercalation processes. This work presents a model to explain the unusual transport properties of monoclinic LiMnBO3, a material determined by scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction to contain a wide particle size distribution and Mn/Li antisite disorder. First‐principles calculations indicate that Mn occupying Li sites obstruct the 1D lithium diffusion channel along the [001] direction. While channel blockage by the antisites significantly lowers Li mobility in large particles, Li kinetics in small particles and particle surfaces are found to be less sensitive to the presence of antisite disorder. Thus, in an electrode containing a large particle size distribution, smaller particles have higher Li mobility, and the measured Li diffusivity as determined by potentiostatic intermittent titration test varies as a function of particle size. The Li capacity in monoclinic LiMnBO3 is kinetically controlled by the fraction of large particles with antisite disorder, but is not intrinsically limited. These results strongly suggest that particle nanosizing will significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of LiMnBO3.
Efficacy of thigh volume ratios assessed via stereovision body imaging as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lee Jane J. , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne H. , Pepper M. Reese , Yu Wurong , Xu Bugao
Published: January 2015

Objectives

The research examined the efficacy of regional volumes of thigh ratios assessed by stereovision body imaging (SBI) as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Body measurements obtained via SBI also were utilized to explore disparities of body size and shape in men and women.

Method

One hundred twenty‐one participants were measured for total/regional body volumes and ratios via SBI and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas by MRI.

Results

Thigh to torso and thigh to abdomen‐hip volume ratios were the most reliable parameters to predict the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue depots compared to other body measurements. Thigh volume in relation to torso [odds ratios (OR) 0.44] and abdomen‐hip (OR 0.41) volumes were negatively associated with increased risks of greater visceral adipose tissue depots, even after controlling for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Irrespective of BMI classification, men exhibited greater total body (80.95L vs. 72.41L), torso (39.26L vs. 34.13L), and abdomen‐hip (29.01L vs. 25.85L) volumes than women. Women had higher thigh volumes (4.93L vs. 3.99L) and lower‐body volume ratios [thigh to total body (0.07 vs. 0.05), thigh to torso (0.15 vs. 0.11), and thigh to abdomen‐hip (0.20 vs. 0.15); P < 0.05].

Conclusions

The unique parameters of the volumes of thigh in relation to torso and abdomen‐hip, by SBI were highly effective in predicting visceral adipose tissue deposition. The SBI provided an efficient method for determining body size and shape in men and women via total and regional body volumes and ratios. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:445–457, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ADAM “sequence” part II: Hypothesis and speculation
Authors: Opitz John M. , Johnson Dennis R. , Gilbert‐Barness Enid F.
Published: January 2015

Noted for centuries in humans, a relatively hairless mammal [e.g., Hallero, 1766; Hohl, 1828 in Klunker, 2003], the so‐called amniotic deformities, adhesions, mutilations (ADAM) sequence remains causally and pathogenetically incognito. In 1930 Streeter stated “ apodictically” that no evidence has been found that intra‐uterine amputation is due to amniotic bands or adhesions …” and that his 16 cases provided (histological) evidence for a “germinal origin.” He concluded that an amniotic cord was “not an adhesion or inflammatory product but … an anomalous developmental structure and present from the outset.” In survivors the “traces” of damaged limb‐buds “reveal the scars of poor germ‐plasm.” In 1958, Willis, in dismissing the amniotic origin of the ADAM defects (or “Streeter” or “Simonart” bands) quoted Keith [1940] to the effect that “(a)mniotic adhesions … are always produced by … the fetus – as a result of dysplasia in foetal tissues. They are the result, not the cause, of foetal malformations.” Streeter [1930] mentions a potential familial case (56‐year‐old man and his mother), not controlled by photographs or other records and concluded “that the (ADAM) deformity is not easily transmissible,” but “due to the constitution of the germ‐plasm.” Torpin [1968] concluded, as apodictically as Streeter and Willis, that “… proof of amnion rupture without damage to the chorionic sac is no longer “in question.” Considering Torpin's decades‐long study of the ADAM phenomenon and review of 494 references (missing many) it is surprising that he does not discuss the relationship between the apparent ADAM defects and other, internal anomalies that maybe present in an affected fetus or infant not evidently caused by the amniotic disruptions, adhesions or mutilations, unless his mind was made up. Our review of these internal and other presumed primary malformations in ADAM is ongoing. However, on a preliminary basis, it seems likely to us that: (1) there is an increased prevalence of such primary anomalies in the ADAM condition confirming the view and experience of others, for example Czeizel et al. [1993]; (2) these malformations (e.g., heterotaxy) may arise as early as gastrulation; (3) that, given the ADAM phenomenon is exclusively ascertained as the ADAM phenotype in fetuses and infants, that is, that its cause and ascertainment are completely congruent, then the apparent amniotic defect must also be regarded as a malformation; (4) that in such a case the ADAM phenomenon with associated primary malformation(s) is a form of syndromal pleiotropy due to one cause yet to be elucidated. To that end we recommend archiving DNA from all affected fetuses coming to autopsy and their parents and placentas and surgical tissues of all viable affected infants for ultimate exome or genome sequencing perhaps with special attention to the syncytin genes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The coevolution of circumperineal color and terrestriality
Authors: Pampush James D. , Cramer Jennifer D.
Published: January 2015

Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) are unusual among primates for the high percentage of species exhibiting circumperineal coloration, as well as the large percentage of highly terrestrial species. Kingdon [1974, 1980] suggested that circumperineal skin coloration is functionally related to terrestriality, but this hypothesis has not been tested. From the literature, we collected data on habitat use (terrestrial/arboreal) and circumperineal coloration (present/absent) for 78 species. Indeed, among the 78 species surveyed here, 75% of them fall into either the category of colored circumperineals with terrestrial lifestyle, or of uncolored circumperineals with arboreal lifestyle (Χ2(1) = 19.550, P < 0.001). However, conventional statistical procedures assume all taxa are equally related—which is not usually the case in multispecies analyses—leading to higher rates of both type I and II statistical errors. We performed Bayesian trait coevolution analyses that show that models of dependent trait evolution are not significantly better than models assuming independent evolution of the two traits (log‐likelihood ratio test P = 0.396, Bayes Factor = 1). Bayesian nodal reconstructions of the cercopithecoid phylogeny indicate that relatively few trait transitions are needed to account for the distributions of the two traits. Further, chi‐squared distributional tests show that sub‐family affiliation (i.e., Cercopithecinae, Colobinae) is an accurate predictor of trait status. The discordance of the analyses may represent the results of a few different evolutionary scenarios, but ultimately circumperineal coloration seems weakly linked to terrestrial ecology. Am. J. Primatol. 77:547–557, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the olfactory bulb volume and olfactory threshold in patients with nasal polyps and impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a longitudinal study
Authors: Sadeghi Mohammad , Amali Amin , Ezabadi Sara Rahavi , Motiee-Langroudi Maziar , Farshchi Samireh , Mokhtari Zahra
Published: January 2015

Background

Debate still persists on the relation between olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and olfactory function. Many studies suggest that olfactory deprivation decreases the OBV. The aim of this study was to compare the olfactory threshold and OBV of patients with nasal polyps to healthy individuals and to evaluate the impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on OBV and olfactory threshold.

Methods

A longitudinal study was carried out in Tehran between 2011 and 2012. Twenty‐two patients with nasal polyps were compared with 37 healthy individuals. Olfactory threshold test and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed on all participants. Twenty‐two patients in case group were followed for 6 months after FESS. OBV and olfactory threshold were measured after 6 months.

Results

There was no significant difference between the age, gender, and OBV of the 2 groups. However, the difference between olfactory threshold was significant (p = 0.005). The olfactory threshold showed no significant relation with OBV (p > 0.05). The correlation between Lund‐Mackay score and the mean total OBV and left OBV was significant (r = −0.15, p = 0.045; r = −0.22, p = 0.047; respectively). The decrease in olfactory threshold measured after FESS was statistically significant. Right, left, and total OBV significantly increased after FESS.

Conclusion

The results of our study show that FESS has a significant impact on OBV increment and olfactory threshold decrement. The olfactory bulb is a plastic structure and improvement in peripheral olfactory function results in increase in OBV. However, further studies are mandated, in order to establish this result.
Synthese polycyclischer tertiärer Carbinamine durch Samariumdiiodid‐vermittelte Cyclisierungen von Indolylsulfinyliminen
Authors: Rao Chintada Nageswara , Lentz Dieter , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: January 2015

Samariumdiiodid‐vermittelte Cyclisierungen von N‐acylierten Indolderivaten mit Sulfinyliminmotiv lieferten polycyclische tertiäre Carbinamine in mäßigen bis exzellenten Diastereoselektivitäten. Lithiumbromid und Wasser erwiesen sich als die geeignetsten Additive, um gute Ausbeuten bei dieser Transformation zu erzielen. Bei Einsatz enantiomerenreiner Sulfinylimine hing das Resultat maßgeblich von der Reaktivität der Indolyleinheit ab. Nicht aktivierte Indolderivate erfuhren eine Desulfinylierung und ergaben racemische Produkte, wogegen die Verwendung von Indolen mit elektronenanziehenden Substituenten an C‐3 polycyclische Produkte mit intakter N‐Sulfinylgruppe mit sehr guten Diastereoselektivitäten lieferte, was letztlich die Herstellung enantiomerenreiner tertiärer Carbinamine ermöglichte. Die Mechanismen dieser Prozesse werden diskutiert.
C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von Phenolen durch kombinierte Ruthenium‐ und Photoredoxkatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht: In‐situ‐Erzeugung des Oxidationsmittels
Authors: Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Zoller Jochen , Rueping Magnus
Published: January 2015

Eine Kombination von Ruthenium‐ und Photoredoxkatalysatoren ermöglicht die ortho‐Olefinierung von Phenolen. Mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht kann die direkte C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von o‐(2‐Pyridyl)phenolen erfolgen, wobei diverse Phenolether in guten Ausbeuten erhalten werden. Die Regenerierung des Rutheniumkatalysators erfolgt durch einen photoredoxkatalysierten oxidativen Prozess.
Modulation of Benzene or Naphthalene Binding to Palladium Cluster Sites by the Backside‐Ligand Effect
Authors: Ishikawa Yuki , Kimura Seita , Takase Kohei , Yamamoto Koji , Kurashige Yuki , Yanai Takeshi , Murahashi Tetsuro
Published: January 2015

The backside‐ligand modulation strategy to enhance the substrate binding property of Pd clusters is reported. The benzene or naphthalene binding ability of Pd3 or Pd4 clusters is enhanced significantly by the backside cyclooctatetraene ligand, leading to the formation of the first solution‐stable benzene‐ or naphthalene Pd clusters. The present results imply that the ligand design of the metal clusters, especially for the backside ligand of the metal cluster site, is crucial to acquire a desired reactivity of metal clusters.
Intramolecular CH Activation through Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Reaction of Iodoalkynes
Authors: Morán‐Poladura Pablo , Rubio Eduardo , González José M.
Published: January 2015

The cycloisomerization reaction of 1‐(iodoethynyl)‐2‐(1‐methoxyalkyl)arenes and related 2‐alkyl‐substituted derivatives gives the corresponding 3‐iodo‐1‐substituted‐1H‐indene under the catalytic influence of IPrAuNTf2 [IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropyl)phenylimidazol‐2‐ylidene; NTf2=bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate]. The reaction takes place in 1,2‐dichloroethane at 80 °C, and the addition of ttbp (2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylpyrimidine) is beneficial to accomplish this new transformation in high yield. The overall reaction implies initial assembly of an intermediate gold vinylidene upon alkyne activation by gold(I) and a 1,2‐iodine‐shift. Deuterium labeling and crossover experiments, the magnitude of the recorded kinetic primary isotopic effect, and the results obtained from the reaction of selected stereochemical probes strongly provide support for concerted insertion of the benzylic CH bond into gold vinylidene as the step responsible for the formation of the new carbon–carbon bond.
Identifying the Crystalline Orientation of Black Phosphorus Using Angle‐Resolved Polarized Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Juanxia , Mao Nannan , Xie Liming , Xu Hua , Zhang Jin
Published: January 2015

An optical anisotropic nature of black phosphorus (BP) is revealed by angle‐resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy (ARPRS), and for the first time, an all‐optical method was realized to identify the crystal orientation of BP sheets, that is, the zigzag and armchair directions. We found that Raman intensities of Ag1, B2g, and Ag2 modes of BP not only depend on the polarization angle α, but also relate to the sample rotation angle θ. Furthermore, their intensities reach the local maximum or minimum values when the crystalline orientation is along with the polarization direction of scattered light (es). Combining with the angle‐resolved conductance, it is confirmed that Ag2 mode intensity achieves a relative larger (or smaller) local maximum under parallel polarization configuration when armchair (or zigzag) direction is parallel to es. Therefore, ARPRS can be used as a rapid, precise, and nondestructive method to identify the crystalline orientation of BP layers.
Stabile Heterocyclopentan‐1,3‐diyle
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander
Published: January 2015

Diphosphadiazandiyl, [(μ‐NR)P]2 (R=Ter=2,6‐Dimesitylphenyl), ist für seine Fähigkeit, kleine Moleküle mit Mehrfachbindungen zu aktivieren, bekannt. CO ist ein besonders vielversprechendes Molekül für die Aktivierung, da sowohl 1,1‐ als auch 1,2‐Verbrückung von Interesse sind, denn es würde entweder ein [1.1.1]Bicyclus oder ein Carben gebildet. Die Reaktion von CO mit dem Diphosphadiazandiyl läuft bereits bei 1 bar und 25 °C ab. Dabei durchläuft CO unter Erhaltung des Biradikalcharakters eine präzedenzlose Ringerweiterung, die zur Bildung des ersten stabilen Heterocyclopentan‐1,3‐diyls führt, das seinerseits Merkmale eines molekularen Schalters aufweist.
Untersuchungen zur biologischen Aktivität des Zeise‐Salzes und seiner Derivate
Authors: Meieranz Sandra , Stefanopoulou Maria , Rubner Gerhard , Bensdorf Kerstin , Kubutat Dominic , Sheldrick William S. , Gust Ronald
Published: January 2015

Im Rahmen der Entwicklung neuer biologisch aktiver Organometallverbindungen mit Aspirin‐Teilstruktur, deren Wirkmechanismus die Hemmung der Cyclooxygenase(COX)‐Enzyme einschließt, wurden auch entsprechende Derivate des Zeise‐Salzes synthetisiert. In In‐vitro‐Untersuchungen konnte dann gezeigt werden, dass neben den Zeise‐Aspirin‐Derivaten auch das Zeise‐Salz selbst einen sehr potenten Hemmstoff der COX‐Enzyme darstellt. Kaliumtetrachloroplatinat(II) und Cisplatin haben in vergleichbaren Konzentrationen keinen Einfluss auf die Enzymaktivität. Für die COX‐1 konnte mittels LC‐ESI‐Tandem‐Massenspektrometrie nachgewiesen werden, dass das Zeise‐Salz mit den Aminosäuren Tyr385 (aktives Zentrum des Enzyms) und Ser516 (Acetylierungsstelle des Aspirins) essenzielle Zentren des Enzyms platiniert, was dessen Funktion stark beeinträchtigt. Damit konnte erstmals nachgewiesen werden, dass das Zeise‐Salz selbst pharmakologisch aktiv ist und einen potenten Enzyminhibitor darstellt.
Alternating Copolymerization of Propylene Oxide with Biorenewable Terpene‐Based Cyclic Anhydrides: A Sustainable Route to Aliphatic Polyesters with High Glass Transition Temperatures
Authors: Van Zee Nathan J. , Coates Geoffrey W.
Published: January 2015

The alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide with terpene‐based cyclic anhydrides catalyzed by chromium, cobalt, and aluminum salen complexes is reported. The use of the Diels–Alder adduct of α‐terpinene and maleic anhydride as the cyclic anhydride comonomer results in amorphous polyesters that exhibit glass transition temperatures (Tg) of up to 109 °C. The polymerization conditions and choice of catalyst have a dramatic impact on the molecular weight distribution, the relative stereochemistry of the diester units along the polymer chain, and ultimately the Tg of the resulting polymer. The aluminum salen complex exhibits exceptional selectivity for copolymerization without transesterification or epimerization side reactions. The resulting polyesters are highly alternating and have high molecular weights and narrow polydispersities.
Easy Access to the Copper(III) Anion [Cu(CF3)4]−
Authors: Romine Andrew M. , Nebra Noel , Konovalov Andrey I. , Martin Eddy , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Grushin Vladimir V.
Published: January 2015

CuCl or pre‐generated CuCF3 reacts with CF3SiMe3/KF in DMF in air to give [Cu(CF3)4]− quantitatively. [PPN]+, [Me4N]+, [Bu4N]+, [PhCH2NEt3]+, and [Ph4P]+ salts of [Cu(CF3)4]− were prepared and isolated spectroscopically and analytically pure in 82–99 % yield. X‐ray structures of the [PPN]+, [Me4N]+, [Bu4N]+, and [Ph4P]+ salts were determined. A new synthetic strategy with [Cu(CF3)4]− was demonstrated, involving the removal of one CF3− from the Cu atom in the presence of an incoming ligand. A novel CuIII complex [(bpy)Cu(CF3)3] was thus prepared and fully characterized, including by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The bpy complex is highly fluxional in solution, the barrier to degenerate isomerization being only 2.3 kcal mol−1. An NPA study reveals a huge difference in the charge on the Cu atom in [Cu(CR3)4]− for R=F (+0.19) and R=H (+0.46), suggesting a higher electron density on Cu in the fluorinated complex.
Fluoride‐Promoted Esterification with Imidazolide‐Activated Compounds: A Modular and Sustainable Approach to Dendrimers
Authors: García‐Gallego Sandra , Hult Daniel , Olsson Johan V. , Malkoch Michael
Published: January 2015

Based on the growing demand for facile and sustainable synthetic methods to structurally perfect polymers, we herein describe a significant improvement of esterification reactions capitalizing on 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). Cesium fluoride was shown to be an essential catalyst for these reactions to reach completion. This approach was successfully applied to the synthesis of structurally flawless and highly functional polyester dendrimers employing traditional and accelerated growth strategies. A sixth generation bis‐MPA dendrimer with a molecular weight of 22.080 Da and 192 peripheral hydroxy groups was isolated in less than one day of total reaction time. Large quantities of dendrimerswere obtained in high yields (>90 %) using simple purification steps under sustainable conditions. The fluoride‐promoted esterification (FPE) via imidazolide‐activated compounds is wide in scope and constitutes a potentially new approach toward functional polymers and other materials.
Carbo‐Quinoids: Stability and Reversible Redox‐Proaromatic Character towards Carbo‐Benzenes
Authors: Cocq Kévin , Maraval Valérie , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Saquet Alix , Poidevin Corentin , Lepetit Christine , Chauvin Remi
Published: January 2015

The carbo‐mer of the para‐quinodimethane core is stable within in a bis(9‐fluorenylidene) derivative. Oxidation of this carbo‐quinoid with MnO2 in the presence of SnCl2 and ethanol affords the corresponding p‐bis(9‐ethoxy‐fluoren‐9‐yl)‐carbo‐benzene. The latter can be in turn converted back into the carbo‐quinoid by reduction with SnCl2, thus evidencing a chemical reversibility of the interconversion between a pro‐aromatic carbo‐quinoid and an aromatic carbo‐benzene, and is reminiscent of the behavior of the benzoquinone/hydroquinone redox couple (in the red–ox opposite sense).
Functionalization of Liquid‐Exfoliated Two‐Dimensional 2H‐MoS2
Authors: Backes Claudia , Berner Nina C. , Chen Xin , Lafargue Paul , LaPlace Pierre , Freeley Mark , Duesberg Georg S. , Coleman Jonathan N. , McDonald Aidan R.
Published: January 2015

Layered two‐dimensional (2D) inorganic transition‐metal dichalchogenides (TMDs) have attracted great interest as a result of their potential application in optoelectronics, catalysis, and medicine. However, methods to functionalize and process such 2D TMDs remain scarce. We have established a facile route towards functionalized layered MoS2. We found that the reaction of liquid‐exfoliated 2D MoS2, with M(OAc)2 salts (M=Ni, Cu, Zn; OAc=acetate) yielded functionalized MoS2–M(OAc)2 materials. Importantly, this method furnished the 2H‐polytype of MoS2 which is a semiconductor. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT–IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) provide strong evidence for the coordination of MoS2 surface sulfur atoms to the M(OAc)2 salt. Interestingly, functionalization of 2H‐MoS2 allows for its dispersion/processing in more conventional laboratory solvents.
Lithium Imide Synergy with 3d Transition‐Metal Nitrides Leading to Unprecedented Catalytic Activities for Ammonia Decomposition
Authors: Guo Jianping , Wang Peikun , Wu Guotao , Wu Anan , Hu Daqiang , Xiong Zhitao , Wang Junhu , Yu Pei , Chang Fei , Chen Zheng , Chen Ping
Published: January 2015

Alkali metals have been widely employed as catalyst promoters; however, the promoting mechanism remains essentially unclear. Li, when in the imide form, is shown to synergize with 3d transition metals or their nitrides TM(N) spreading from Ti to Cu, leading to universal and unprecedentedly high catalytic activities in NH3 decomposition, among which Li2NHMnN has an activity superior to that of the highly active Ru/carbon nanotube catalyst. The catalysis is fulfilled via the two‐step cycle comprising: 1) the reaction of Li2NH and 3d TM(N) to form ternary nitride of LiTMN and H2, and 2) the ammoniation of LiTMN to Li2NH, TM(N) and N2 resulting in the neat reaction of 2 NH3⇌N2+3 H2. Li2NH, as an NH3 transmitting agent, favors the formation of higher N‐content intermediate (LiTMN), where Li executes inductive effect to stabilize the TMN bonding and thus alters the reaction energetics.
Remarkably Enhanced Gas Separation by Partial Self‐Conversion of a Laminated Membrane to Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Liu Yi , Pan Jia Hong , Wang Nanyi , Steinbach Frank , Liu Xinlei , Caro Jürgen
Published: January 2015

Separation methods based on 2D interlayer galleries are currently gaining widespread attention. The potential of such galleries as high‐performance gas‐separation membranes is however still rarely explored. Besides, it is well recognized that gas permeance and separation factor are often inversely correlated in membrane‐based gas separation. Therefore, breaking this trade‐off becomes highly desirable. Here, the gas‐separation performance of a 2D laminated membrane was improved by its partial self‐conversion to metal–organic frameworks. A ZIF‐8‐ZnAl‐NO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) composite membrane was thus successfully prepared in one step by partial conversion of the ZnAl‐NO3 LDH membrane, ultimately leading to a remarkably enhanced H2/CH4 separation factor and H2 permeance.
Zinc(II)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydrative Aldol Reactions of 2‐En‐1‐ynamides with Aldehydes and Water to form Branched Aldol Products Regio‐ and Stereoselectively
Authors: Jadhav Appaso Mahadev , Pagar Vinayak Vishnu , Huple Deepak B. , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: January 2015

This work describes zinc(II)‐catalyzed hydrative aldol reactions of 2‐en‐1‐ynamides with aldehydes and water to afford branched aldol products regio‐ and stereoselectively. The anti and syn selectivity can be modulated by the sizes of sulfonamides to yield E‐ and Z‐configured zinc(II) dienolates selectively. This new reaction leads to enantiopure aldol products by using a cheap chiral sulfonamide. The mechanistic analysis reveals that the sulfonamide amides of the substrates can trap a released proton to generate dual acidic sites to activate a carbonyl allylation reaction.
Reversible Morphological Transformation between Polymer Nanocapsules and Thin Films through Dynamic Covalent Self‐Assembly
Authors: Kim Jeehong , Baek Kangkyun , Shetty Dinesh , Selvapalam Narayanan , Yun Gyeongwon , Kim Nam Hoon , Ko Young Ho , Park Kyeng Min , Hwang Ilha , Kim Kimoon
Published: January 2015

A facile method has been developed for synthesizing polymer nanocapsules and thin films using multiple in‐plane stitching of monomers by the formation of reversible disulfide linkages. Owing to the reversibility of the disulfide linkages, the nanostructured materials readily transform their structures in response to environmental changes at room temperature. For example, in reducing environments, the polymer nanocapsules release loaded cargo molecules. Moreover, reversible morphological transformations between these structures can be achieved by simple solvent exchanges. This work is a novel approach for the formation of robust nano/microstructured materials that dynamically respond to environmental stimuli.
Characterization and strain‐energy‐function‐based modeling of the thermomechanical response of shape‐memory polymers
Authors: Pulla Sesha S. , Souri Mohammad , Karaca Haluk E. , Lu Y. Charles
Published: January 2015

Shape‐memory polymers (SMPs) are an emerging class of active polymers that can be used on a wide range of reconfigurable structures and actuation devices. In this study, an epoxy‐based SMP was synthesized, and its thermomechanical behaviors were comprehensively characterized. The stress–strain behavior of the SMP was determined to be nonlinear, finite deformation in all regions. Strain‐energy‐based models were used to capture the complicated stress–strain behavior and shape‐recovery response of the SMP. Among various strain energy functions, the stretch‐based Ogden model provided the best fit to the experimental observations. Compared to the sophisticated models developed for SMPs, the strain‐energy‐based model was found to be reliable and much easier to use for practical SMP designs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41861.
Different dispersion polymerization strategies influence the quality of fluorescent poly (St‐co‐GMA) microspheres
Authors: Peng Gang , Wang Bin , Meng Xu , Liu Bailing , Luo Rong
Published: January 2015

The polymerization strategy plays a vital role in the preparation of functional microspheres. In this work, fluorescent poly (styrene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) (PSt‐GMA) microspheres were synthesized via one‐stage and two‐stage dispersion polymerization with 4‐Bis(5‐phenyl‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)benzene (POPOP) as fluorescence agent. SEM and DLS were adopted to characterize the properties of prepared microspheres. The UV‐vis and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to analyze the mechanisms of two‐stage dispersion polymerization. The experimental results showed that the size distribution and fluorescence intensity of prepared microspheres could be improved by two‐stage dispersion polymerization compared to one‐stage dispersion polymerization. In addition, according to UV‐vis, the interactions between POPOP and Poly (N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as well as POPOP and Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) could affect the particle size and its distribution. UV‐vis and fluorescence spectra implied that the POPOP existed outside of the particle's core via two‐stage strategy. The monomer conversion of styrene was similar at the beginning of reaction; however, the monomer conversion of styrene by two‐stage strategy was higher than that of by one‐stage strategy. In a word, two‐stage dispersion polymerization could prepare fluorescent microspheres with the monodispersion micrometer‐size and high quality. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41927.
Synthesis of hydrophilic to superhydrophobic SU8 surfaces
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Sharma Niti Nipun
Published: January 2015

In published literature, it is widely reported that the plasma treatment and funtionalization with Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) can individually alter the wetting properties of SU8 surface. A combination of the two approaches gives better results and the synergism of the two approaches produces a superhydrophobic SU8 surface, which is presented in this work. We have investigated various composition of plasma for treatment of SU8 surfaces and permuted the treated SU8 surfaces with deposition of OTS SAM. In all such synergized experiments, we obtained water contact angle higher than 150°, which is much higher than the one that can be obtained with individual application of the two approaches. The combined approach presented in this work is suitable for bulk production of superhydrophobic surface, and is a mask‐less process, which makes it cost effective. The surface topography, wetting, and chemical properties of SU8 surfaces were characterized using the contact angle goniometry, atomic force microscopy, FTIR, Raman, and XPS spectra. The superhydrophobic SU8 surfaces were observed to be stable even after five months. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41934.
Input Shaping of the Synchronous Generator for Reduction of Self‐induced Oscillations
Authors: Jolevski Danijel , Bego Ozren
Published: January 2015

This article suggests the application of input shaping for the elimination of electromechanical oscillations arising from changes in the operating point of the synchronous generator. Poorly damped poles are the cause of electromechanical oscillations of the synchronous generator. Various power system stabilizers (PSS) are now used to reduce the electromechanical oscillations. Input shaping is a feedforward control and therefore does not require the measurement of electrical and mechanical quantities of the synchronous generator unlike the PSS. It is possible to apply the input shaping for the excitation system of synchronous generators with or without PSS.
Ten-year follow-up results of a randomized clinical trial comparing left thoracoabdominal and abdominal transhiatal approaches to total gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction or gastric cardia
Authors:   Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG9502), Kurokawa Y , Sasako M , Sano T , Yoshikawa T , Iwasaki Y , Nashimoto A , Ito S , Kurita A , Mizusawa J , Nakamura K
Published: January 2015

Background

The optimal surgical approach for treatment of oesophagogastric junction (OGJ) cancer is controversial. A randomized clinical trial (JCOG9502) comparing transhiatal (TH) and left thoracoabdominal (LTA) approaches was stopped after the first interim analysis owing to limited efficacy for LTA resections. Complete 10-year follow-up data are now available.

Methods

Patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the OGJ or gastric cardia with oesophageal invasion of 3 cm or less were randomized to a TH or LTA approach. Both groups underwent total gastrectomy and splenectomy with D2 nodal dissection plus para-aortic lymphadenectomy above the left renal vein. For LTA, a thorough mediastinal lymphadenectomy below the left inferior pulmonary vein was also mandatory. The primary endpoint was overall survival.

Results

A total of 167 patients (82 TH, 85 LTA) were enrolled. The 10-year overall survival rate was 37 (95 per cent c.i. 26 to 47) per cent for the TH approach and 24 (15 to 34) per cent for the LTA technique (P = 0·060). The hazard ratio for death was 1·42 (0·98 to 2·05) for the LTA technique. Subgroup analysis based on the Siewert classification indicated non-significant survival advantages in favour of the TH approach.

Conclusion

LTA resections should be avoided in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the OGJ or gastric cardia. Registration number: NCT00149266 (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Mass casualty events present special communications challenges
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: January 2015

Imagine this: You learn about an active shooter at the same time as members of the public and media because a student on the scene tweeted photos and information. Suddenly every single phone in your department starts ringing off the hook. Parents want to know what's going on and how to connect with their children, while reporters are seeking information, but you don't know what to say because you have very limited information at this point.
Learn when information may be disclosed under FERPA's health and safety emergency provision
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: January 2015

A reader contacted me about the University of Iowa's illegal disclosure of students' nondirectory information to the Johnson County sheriff's office. He asked why couldn't UI have disclosed the information under the health and safety emergency exception in lieu of a student's written consent (34 CFR §99.31(a)(10); 34 CFR §99.36)?
Probing the Molecular Mechanisms in Copper Amine Oxidases by Generating Heterodimers
Authors: Gaule Thembaninkosi G. , Smith Mark A. , Pearson Arwen R. , Knowles Peter F. , McPherson Michael J.
Published: January 2015

For some homodimeric copper amine oxidases (CuAO), there is suggestive evidence of differential activity at the two active sites implying potential cooperativity between the two monomers. To examine this phenomenon for the Arthrobacter globiformis CuAO (AGAO), we purified a heterodimeric form of the enzyme for comparison with the homodimer. The heterodimer comprises an active wild‐type monomer and an inactive monomer in which an active‐site tyrosine is mutated to phenylalanine (Y382F). This mutation prevents the formation of the trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor. A pETDuet vector and a dual fusion tag strategy was used to purify heterodimers (WT/Y382F) from homodimers. Purity was confirmed by western blot and native PAGE analyses. Spectral and kinetic studies support the view that whether there are one or two functional monomers in the dimer, the properties of each functional monomer are the same, thus indicating no communication between the active sites in this bacterial enzyme.