bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Influence of Intermolecular Interactions in Prebiotic Chemistry Using Laser Spectroscopy and Calculations
Authors: Camiruaga Ander , Usabiaga Imanol , Calabrese Camilla , Lamas Iker , Basterretxea Francisco J. , Fernández José A.
Published: December 2021

One of the most fascinating questions in chemistry is why nature chose CGAT as the alphabet of life. Very likely, such selection was the result of multiple factors and a long period of refinement. Here, we explore how the intermolecular interactions influenced such process, by characterizing the formation of dimers between adenine, theobromine and 4‐aminopyrimidine. Using a combination of mass‐resolved excitation spectroscopy and DFT calculations, we determined the structure of adenine‐theobromine and 4‐aminopyrimidine‐theobromine dimers. The binding energy of these dimers is very close to the canonical adenine‐thymine nucleobases. Likewise, the dimers are able to adopt Watson‐Crick conformations. These findings seem to indicate that there were many options available to build the first versions of the informational polymers, which also had to compete with other molecules, such as 4‐aminopyrimidine, which does not have a valid attaching point for a saccharide. For some reason, nature did not select the most strongly‐bonded partners or if it did, such proto‐bases were later replaced by the nowadays canonical CGAT.
Bioinspired Transformations Using Strictosidine Aglycones: Divergent Total Syntheses of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids in the Early Stage of Biosynthesis
Authors: Sakamoto Jukiya , Ishikawa Hayato
Published: December 2021

A series of bioinspired transformations that are applied to convert strictosidine aglycones into monoterpenoid indole alkaloids is reported. The highly reactive key intermediates, strictosidine aglycones, were prepared in situ by simple removal of a silyl protecting group from the silyl ether derivatives, and converted selectively via bioinspired transformations under substrate control into heteroyohimbine‐ and corynantheine‐type, and akagerine and naucleaoral related alkaloids. Thus, concise, divergent total syntheses of 13 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, (−)‐cathenamine, (−)‐tetrahydroalstonine, (+)‐dihydrocorynantheine, (−)‐corynantheidine, (−)‐akagerine, (−)‐dihydrocycloakagerine, (−)‐naucleaoral B, (+)‐naucleidinal, (−)‐naucleofficines D and III, (−)‐nauclefiline, and (−)‐naucleamides A and E, were accomplished in fewer than 13 steps.
Bimodal Fluorescence/Magnetic Resonance Molecular Probes with Extended Spin Lifetimes
Authors: Yang Shengjun , Saul Philip , Mamone Salvatore , Kaltschnee Lukas , Glöggler Stefan
Published: December 2021

Bimodal molecular probes combining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence have been widely studied in basic science, as well as clinical research. The investigation of spin phenomena holds promise to broaden the scope of available probes allowing deeper insights into physiological processes. Herein, a class of molecules with a bimodal character with respect to fluorescence and nuclear spin singlet states is introduced. Singlet states are NMR silent but can be probed indirectly. Symmetric, perdeuterated molecules, in which the singlet states can be populated by vanishingly small electron‐mediated couplings (below 1 Hz) are reported. The lifetimes of these states are an order of magnitude longer than the longitudinal relaxation times and up to four minutes at 7 T. Moreover, these molecules show either aggregation induced emission (AIE) or aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) with respect to their fluorescence. In the latter case, the existence of excited dimers, which are proposed to use in a switchable manner in combination with the quenching of nuclear spin singlet states, is observed
To minimize foraging time, use high‐efficiency, energy‐expensive search and capture methods when food is abundant but low‐efficiency, low‐cost methods during food shortages
Authors: Norberg R. Åke
Published: December 2021

Based on a mathematical model, I show that the amount of food in the habitat determines which among alternative methods for search of prey, respectively, for pursuit‐and‐capture give the shortest daily foraging time. The higher the locomotor activity, the higher the rate of energy expenditure and the larger the habitat space a predator can search for prey per time unit. Therefore, I assume that the more efficient a foraging method is, the higher its rate of energy expenditure. Survival selectionfavors individuals that use foraging methods that cover their energy needs in the shortest possible time. Therefore, I take the optimization criterion to be minimization of the daily foraging time or, equivalently, maximization of the rate of net energy gain. When time is limiting and food is in short supply, as during food bottleneck periods, low‐efficiency, low‐cost foraging methods give shorter daily foraging times than high‐efficiency, energy‐expensive foraging methods. When time is limiting, food is abundant and energy needs are large, as during reproduction, high‐efficiency high‐cost foraging methods give shorter daily foraging times than low‐efficiency low‐cost foraging methods. When time is not limiting, food is abundant, and energy needs are small, the choice of foraging method is not critical. Small animals have lower rates of energy expenditure for locomotion than large animals. At a given food density and with similar diet, small animals are therefore more likely than large ones to minimize foraging time by using high‐efficiency energy‐expansive foraging methods and to exploit patches and sites that require energy‐demanding locomotion modes.Survival selectiontakes place at food shortages, while low‐efficiency low‐cost foraging methods are used, whereasreproduction selectionoccurs when food is abundant and high‐efficiency energy‐expensive foraging methods do better. In seasonal environments, selection therefore acts on different foraging methods at different times. Morphological adaptation to one method may oppose adaptation to another. Such conflicts select against foraging and morphological specialization and tend to give species‐poor communities of year‐round resident generalists. But a stable year‐round food supply favors specialization, niche narrowing, and dense species packing.
Phylogenetic diversity and community assembly in a naturally fragmented system
Authors: Peterson Katie , Ruffley Megan , Parent Christine E.
Published: December 2021

We sought to assess effects of fragmentation and quantify the contribution of ecological processes to community assembly by measuring species richness, phylogenetic, and phenotypic diversity of species found in local and regional plant communities. Specifically, our fragmented system is Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho, USA. CRMO is characterized by vegetated islands, kipukas, that are isolated in a matrix of lava. We used floristic surveys of vascular plants in 19 kipukas to create a local species list to compare traditional dispersion metrics, mean pairwise distance, and mean nearest taxon distance (MPD and MNTD), to a regional species list with phenotypic and phylogenetic data. We combined phylogenetic and functional trait data in a novel machine‐learning model selection approach, Community Assembly Model Inference (CAMI), to infer probability associated with different models of community assembly given the data. Finally, we used linear regression to explore whether the geography of kipukas explained estimated support for community assembly models. Using traditional metrics of MPD and MNTD neutral processes received the most support when comparing kipuka species to regional species. Individually no kipukas showed significant support for overdispersion. Rather, five kipukas showed significant support for phylogenetic clustering using MPD and two kipukas using MNTD. Using CAMI, we inferred neutral and filtering models structured the kipuka plant community for our trait of interest. Finally, we found as species richness in kipukas increases, model support for competition decreases and lower elevation kipukas show more support for habitat filtering models. While traditional phylogenetic community approaches suggest neutral assembly dynamics, recently developed approaches utilizing machine learning and model choice revealed joint influences of assembly processes to form the kipuka plant communities. Understanding ecological processes at play in naturally fragmented systems will aid in guiding our understanding of how fragmentation impacts future changes in landscapes.
Gobbling across landscapes: Eastern wild turkey distribution and occupancy–habitat associations
Authors: Pollentier Christopher D. , Hardy Michael A. , Lutz R. Scott , Hull Scott D. , Zuckerberg Benjamin
Published: December 2021

Extensive restoration and translocation efforts beginning in the mid‐20th century helped to reestablish eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) throughout their ancestral range. The adaptability of wild turkeys resulted in further population expansion in regions that were considered unfavorable during initial reintroductions across the northern United States. Identification and understanding of species distributions and contemporary habitat associations are important for guiding effective conservation and management strategies across different ecological landscapes. To investigate differences in wild turkey distribution across two contrasting regions, heavily forested northern Wisconsin, USA, and predominately agricultural southeast Wisconsin, we conducted 3050 gobbling call‐count surveys from March to May of 2014–2018 and used multiseason correlated‐replicate occupancy models to evaluate occupancy–habitat associations and distributions of wild turkeys in each study region. Detection probabilities varied widely and were influenced by sampling period, time of day, and wind speed. Spatial autocorrelation between successive stations was prevalent along survey routes but was stronger in our northern study area. In heavily forested northern Wisconsin, turkeys were more likely to occupy areas characterized by moderate availability of open land cover. Conversely, large agricultural fields decreased the likelihood of turkey occupancy in southeast Wisconsin, but occupancy probability increased as upland hardwood forest cover became more aggregated on the landscape. Turkeys in northern Wisconsin were more likely to occupy landscapes with less snow cover and a higher percentage of row crops planted in corn. However, we were unable to find supporting evidence in either study area that the abandonment of turkeys from survey routes was associated with snow depth or with the percentage of agricultural cover. Spatially, model‐predicted estimates of patch‐specific occupancy indicated turkey distribution was nonuniform across northern and southeast Wisconsin. Our findings demonstrated that the environmental constraints of turkey occupancy varied across the latitudinal gradient of the state with open cover, snow, and row crops being influential in the north, and agricultural areas and hardwood forest cover important in the southeast. These forces contribute to nonstationarity in wild turkey–environment relationships. Key habitat–occupancy associations identified in our results can be used to prioritize and strategically target management efforts and resources in areas that are more likely to harbor sustainable turkey populations.
Tackling societal challenges together: Co‐creation strategies and social innovation in EU policy and funded projects
Authors: Meister Broekema Peter , Horlings Lummina G. , Bulder Elles
Published: December 2021

The last decade we saw an increasing academic, policy, and professional interest in the use of co‐creation to tackle societal challenges. Most research focused on qualitative analysis of case studies. This led to an understanding that co‐creation is essential for social innovation. We started this paper by analyzing co‐creation strategies ex ante to understand how EU‐funded consortia intend to tackle societal challenges. By quantitatively analyzing 300 EU projects and qualitatively analyzing the Horizon2020 “co‐creation for growth and inclusion” call, our research revealed four different types of consortia. We characterized these types by the coordinators and dubbed them, respectively, as research led, government led, enterprise led, and other led. These consortia were quite different in terms of diversity and preferred partners. We also distinguished three distinct co‐creation strategies that are focused on inclusion of stakeholders, the outcome, or tool development. We discovered that these strategies are not linked to types of consortia or projects, but only to the call text. We therefore conclude that the policy design of Horizon2020 led to a program that aims to stimulate innovation, but has become too rigid to be able to do so.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate promotes tumor development and liver fibrosis in mouse model of congestive hepatopathy
Authors: Kawai Hironari , Osawa Yosuke , Matsuda Michitaka , Tsunoda Tomoyuki , Yanagida Keisuke , Hishikawa Daisuke , Okawara Miku , Sakamoto Yuzuru , Shimagaki Tomonari , Tsutsui Yuriko , Yoshida Yuichi , Yoshikawa Shiori , Hashi Kana , Doi Hiroyoshi , Mori Taizo , Yamazoe Taiji , Yoshio Sachiyo , Sugiyama Masaya , Okuzaki Daisuke , Komatsu Haruki , Inui Ayano , Tamura‐Nakano Miwa , Oyama Chinatsu , Shindou Hideo , Kusano Hironori , Kage Masayoshi , Ikegami Toru , Yanaga Katsuhiko , Kanto Tatsuya
Published: December 2021

Background and Aims

Chronic liver congestion reflecting right‐sided heart failure (RHF), Budd‐Chiari syndrome, or Fontan‐associated liver disease (FALD) is involved in liver fibrosis and HCC. However, molecular mechanisms of fibrosis and HCC in chronic liver congestion remain poorly understood.

Approach and Results

Here, we first demonstrated that chronic liver congestion promoted HCC and metastatic liver tumor growth using murine model of chronic liver congestion by partial inferior vena cava ligation (pIVCL). As the initial step triggering HCC promotion and fibrosis, gut‐derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) appeared to induce LSECs capillarization in mice and in vitro. LSEC capillarization was also confirmed in patients with FALD. Mitogenic factor, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), was increased in congestive liver and expression of sphingosine kinase 1, a major synthetase of S1P, was increased in capillarized LSECs after pIVCL. Inhibition of S1P receptor (S1PR) 1 (Ex26) and S1PR2 (JTE013) mitigated HCC development and liver fibrosis, respectively. Antimicrobial treatment lowered portal blood LPS concentration, LSEC capillarization, and liver S1P concentration accompanied by reduction of HCC development and fibrosis in the congestive liver.

Conclusions

In conclusion, chronic liver congestion promotes HCC development and liver fibrosis by S1P production from LPS‐induced capillarized LSECs. Careful treatment of both RHF and liver cancer might be necessary for patients with RHF with primary or metastatic liver cancer.
Vapour source and spatiotemporal variation of precipitation isotopes in Southwest Spain
Authors: Kohfahl Claus , Fonseca Rodríguez Rolf , Ruiz Bermudo Fernando , Vadillo Iñaki
Published: December 2021

The δ2H and δ18O composition of 77 precipitation samples collected between January 2014 and April 2019 from two sites across the Guadalquivir Basin, SW Spain, were analysed. The first site is located in an urban area of Seville at 100 km distance to the Atlantic coast and the second site is located in a dune area of the Doñana National Park a few kilometres from the coast. Sampling was performed within intervals of at least 14 days if rain occurred but frequently intervals were longer according to the rainfall incidence. Samples from both sites are available for the period February 2016 to June 2018 with six samples containing identical rain events at both locations. Precipitation weighted averages and local meteoric water lines produced by weighting and non‐weighting regression methods are presented for its use in hydrological applications. Results show a remarkably high variability in δ2H and δ18O values and precipitation weighted average d‐excess values of 11.8‰ and 13‰ at the sites Plaza de España and Doñana, respectively. Temperature and amount effects were found to be weak. A significant influence of secondary evaporation for single rainfall events during summer was identified by enriched isotopic signatures with reduced d‐excess values plotting close or below the global meteoric water line. Backward trajectory analysis of 115 days with daily rainfall above 3 mm yield a predominant Atlantic Ocean vapour source with negligible Mediterranean influence and therefore, d‐excess variability is attributed to the different ocean surface conditions of relative humidity and sea surface temperature. Parallel sampling indicate very similar isotopic signatures at both sites and point to the existence of thermal effects of the Plaza de España site in Seville city during the summer season.
Morphological character of lung injury and its functional implication in adult rats subjected to cerebral ischemina/reperfusion injury
Authors: Jiang Ling , Tian Jie , Liu Fei
Published: December 2021

Backround

Stroke‐associated pneumonia (SAP) is the most common complication after stroke, which increases the long‐term mortality. In the acute phase of brain ischemia, obvious pathological injury is observed, which acts as a main inducer for SAP. In this study, we sought to investigate the pathological changes following brain ischemia at each pulmonary lobe.

Methods

Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was applied as a model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (CIRI). Neurological Severity Score (NSS) was assessed after 48 hours post‐injury and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to confirm the successful establishment of model. Histology and lung water content of each pulmonary lobe were conducted to evaluated the degree of lung injury.

Results

NSS assessment and TTC staining demonstrated the success of CIRI models in rats. In addition, anatomy revealed that pulmonary lobes were divided into five single lobes. The posterior lobe of right lung gained the lowest histopathologic score while the highest water content was observed in left single lobe.

Conclusion

Therefore, different pulmonary lobes may differ in the degree of lung injury induced by brain ischemia. This provides a novel and rigorous method for the study of lung injury.
Functional implication of synaptophysin upregulation with traumatic brain injury adult rats
Authors: Liu Jun , Dan Qi‐Qin , Zhao Nan , Li Jun‐Yan , Li Jin , Chang Qian , Su Ping , Cen Jiang‐Chang
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the neurobehavioral change in rats subjected traumatic brain injury (TBI) and explore the mechanism involving in the expression of synaptophysin.

Methods

Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into Sham and TBI groups. TBI was induced by modified Feeney’s freefall method. Neurological severity score (NSS) was assessed at 2 days, 4 days and 7 days after operation, and cortex was obtained at 7 days post TBI. Then, Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of synaptophysin. Lastly, immunofluorescence staining was conducted to localize synaptophysin.

Results

NSS was significantly aggregated after TBI, compared with the Sham group. The mRNA and protein expressions of synaptophysin were increased in TBI group than that in the Sham group. Synaptophysin‐positive cells were also enhanced in TBI group and mainly expressed in neutrophil.

Conclusion

The nerve function change induced by TBI was associated with the upregulation of synaptophysin expression.
Gene expression profiles in the spinal cord following transected injury
Authors: Liu Jia , Hu Yue , Hu Yuan‐Dong , Xia Qing‐Jie
Published: December 2021

Objective

Spinal cord transection (SCT), one of the common spinal cord injuries (SCI), could induce motor and behavioral deficits. With the deep understanding of SCI, there are certain progresses in the field of basic and clinical research, but these results are far from satisfaction due to the complex mechanism. Particularly, the gene expression have shown an important role the development of SCI. Thus modifying the gene expression may be a potential therapeutical target for SCI. This study is designed to investigate the gene map in transected spinal cord.

Methods

SCT model was established by the spinal cord transection at the segment of T10. Modified Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores were used to evaluate the motor function of rats. Then, microarray analysis was performed to screen the gene expression profile after 14 days. The intensity ratio > 2 or < 0.05 were regarded as differentially expressed genes. Genes ontology analysis including BP, CC and MF, were used to analyze the function and pathway of these genes.

Results

After SCT, the BBB scores were significantly lower than that of the sham group. Microarray analysis showed that there were 3059 upregulate genes and 3320 downregulated genes in spinal cord of SCT group. Analysis of these genes showed that cellular response to stimulus, staphylococcus aureus infection, glutamatergic synapse etc, participated in the SCI process.

Conclusion

These findings showed SCT regulated multiple gene expression, which might be associated with the multiple pathological changes. These further indicated that the occurrence of SCI was not a single gene or a single factor, but a complex pathophysiological process.
Neuroprotective effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in combination with Schwann cell transplantation in hippocampal fimbria transected rats
Authors: Sun Jie , Zou Yu , Xiu Guang‐Hui , Lin Bin , Liu Su
Published: December 2021

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is usually characterized by cognitive impairments, and the treatment is currently far from satisfaction. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy or Schwann cell (SC) transplantation has shown partial effects on the treatment of AD. However, their combined effects and underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

Methods

AD rat model was induced by cutting off the hippocampal fimbria under stereotaxic apparatus. Animals were then randomly divided into five groups: sham, AD with no treatment (AD), AD receiving HBO therapy (AD+HBO), AD with SC transplantation (AD+SC), and AD receiving HBO combining with SC transplantation (AD+SC+HBO). Morris Water Maze was used to test the learning and memory ability of rats. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Immunohistochemistry, western blot were used to evaluate the expression of neurotrophin factors and related signal molecules.

Results

AD model was established successfully. Combining HBO therapy with SC transplantation had better effects on AD rats than SC transplantation or HBO therapy alone, not only in the enhancement of learning and memory recovery but also in the increased expression of B‐cell lymphoma‐extra large (Bcl‐xl).

Conclusion

Combining SC transplantation with HBO therapy has a prospective therapeutic potential for the further treatment of AD. The possible mechanism could be linked to the up‐regulation of Bcl‐xl gene.
eIF5A regulating survivin to improve neural remodeling in rats with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Du Ruo‐Lan , Zhao Xiao‐Yan , Zou Yu
Published: December 2021

Objective

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces severe brain damage which results in motor dysfunction and the therapy is poorly satisfactory. This study was designed to detect the role of eIF5A in rats with TBI, and investigate the underlying mechanism.

Methods

TUNEL staining and neurological severity score (NSS) were used to detect the neuronal death and the motor function after TBI. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to determine the expression of eIF5A in the cortex at 7 days after TBI. eIF5A shRNA (eIF5A‐SH) was used to downregulate its expression in the cultured cortex neurons. Lastly, the regulating relation between eIF5A and survivin was investigated.

Results

NSS score increased after TBI, especially on day 7, and the cell apoptosis was also induced, which was companied by the downregulated expression of eIF5A,while eIF5A‐SH increased neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, the interaction experiment confirmed the eIF5A‐SH can influence the expression of survivin.

Conclusion

eIF5A could maintain neuronal survival in the cortex after TBI, and expression of survivin could be regulated by eIF5A, which might be the underlying mechanism in TBI.
Neurotrophins‐3 plays a vital role in anti‐apoptosis associated with NGF and BDNF regulation in neonatal rats with hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury
Authors: Xiao Qiu‐Xia , Chen Jun‐Jie , Fang Chang‐Le , Su Zhang‐Yu , Wang Ting‐Hua
Published: December 2021

Objective

To explore the role of Neurotropfin‐3 (NT‐3) in hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and determine its relative molecular mechanism.

Methods

The expression of NT‐3 was determined by qRT‐PCR in the cortex after HIE and immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the distribution of NT‐3. Then, the NT‐3 siRNA was used to validate the effect of NT‐3 for the neuroprotection by the measurement of cell apoptosis after oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD). Lastly, the molecular network mechanism was studied by NT‐3 interference experiment combined with bioinformatics technology.

Results

The expression of NT‐3 was significantly upregulated after HIE, and NT‐3 was co‐localized in the neurons of the cortex. Furthermore, the inhibition of NT‐3 increased neuronal apoptosis after OGD and elicited the down‐regulation of BDNF and NGF.

Conclusion

NT‐3 is a vital neurotrophic factor that can maintain neonatal survival in cortical neurons, and the underlying mechanism is associated with BDNF and NGF regulation.
How to choose a craniotomy for the intracranial foreign bodies when the airway was occupied: a case report
Authors: Liu De‐Xing , Wen Dan , Zhu Yu‐Hang , Zhang Fan , Li Juan
Published: December 2021

Background

Intracranial foreign bodies caused by trauma are rare in clinical emergency cases. Similar reports in the past pay less attention to establish artificial ventilation for these patients for the following anesthesia and surgery.

Case information

We reported a 3‐year‐old boy who suffered from oral penetration of the cerebellum from the skull base by a chopstick after a fall. To avoid pediatric tracheotomy, we conducted a reconstruction analysis by spiral CT scan and found a transnasal tracheal intubation pathway allowing the endotracheal tube through, successfully established artificial ventilation, and smoothly implemented the removal surgery of foreign bodies under general anesthesia. The child was cured and discharged without surgical complications or sequelae during the follow‐up.

Conclusion

Imaging technology plays an important role in determining airway during endotracheal intubation.
Ultrasound‐guided peripheral trunk block technique: A new approach gradually stepping onto the stage of clinical anesthesia
Authors: Liu De‐Xing , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong
Published: December 2021

In recent years, with the continuous development and validation of new visualization, the ultrasound‐guided peripheral trunk block becomes more mature and has a more extensive and broader implementation scope in clinical anesthesia. Based on this, we reviewed and summarized the literature on peripheral trunk nerve block include: paraspinal block, retrolaminar block, plane block of erect spinal muscle, transverse convex to pleural midpoint block, block of the trapezius muscle and anterior serratus muscle, anterior serratus muscle block, thoracic nerve block, abdominal transverse fascia block, type‐I block of quadratus lumborum, type‐II block of quadratus lumborum, type‐III block of quadratus lumborum, block of the sheath of rectus abdominis. This paper reviews the ultrasound‐guided peripheral trunk block technique, including development history, anatomic basis, implementation methods, advantages and disadvantages of nerve block technique, and describes the bottleneck and difficulties of nerve block technique at present.
Reflections on dexmedetomidine as an optimum therapy for emergence delirium in the elderly with emergency abdominal surgery
Authors: Zhou Hong‐Su , Gu Yue , Guan Yi‐Huan , Liu Fei
Published: December 2021

Emergence delirium (ED) is a common complication in elderly patients in post post‐anesthesia care units (PACU), To our knowledge, there is currently no specific treatment for ED in the elderly, especially for patients combined with vital organs dysfunction. This article described an elderly patient with ED was successfully treated with dexmedetomidine. Although dexmedetomidine has been widely used in recent years, there are few articles on the administration of dexmedetomidine in PACU. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and analyze related hazardous factors for ED in the elderly with complications of emergency abdominal surgery and angiocardiopathy, and to further confirm and explain the effectiveness and validation of dexmedetomidine as a rescue therapy in PACU. Finally, we look forward to more samples being collected to persuasively prove our opinion in this case.
Factor structure and clinical correlates of the original and 16‐item version of the Difficulties In Emotion Regulation Scale in adolescent girls with eating disorders
Authors: Monell Elin , Birgegård Andreas , Nordgren Line , Hesser Hugo , Bjureberg Johan
Published: December 2021

Objectives

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is increasingly used in adolescents. This study is the first to examine the factor structure, measurement, and structural invariance across age, reliability, and validity of the original 36‐item and 16‐item version of the DERS in adolescents with eating disorders.

Methods

Several models were examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement and structural invariance were studied across age groups, and Omega, Omega Hierarchical, and criterion validity were examined.

Results

A bifactor model, with five subscales, showed acceptable fit in both DERS versions. Measurement and structural invariance held across age. The general factor had high reliability and accounted for a large proportion of variance in eating pathology and emotional symptoms.

Conclusion

The Awareness subscale had a negative effect on fit in DERS, but both DERS versions were reliable and valid measures in both younger and older adolescents with eating disorders when using only five subscales.
Laparoscopic intragastric approach to transgastric necrosectomy
Authors: Vellalta Gemma , Lopez Rosemarie , D'Angelo Eugenio , Vidal Laura , Dopazo Cristina , Puig Oriol
Published: December 2021

Vellalta et al demonstrate how severe necrotizing pancreatitis complicated with extensive infected necrosis is successfully treated with transgastric laparoscopic necrosectomy. Furthermore, through the use of three intragastric trocars, the contributed approach provides excellent access and improved vision of the necrosis cavity, avoiding the need for wide anterior gastrotomy.
From awareness to commitment and action: A longitudinal study of a race‐based counseling course
Authors: Malott Krista M. , Paone Tina R. , Shannon Jordan , Barr Jason J.
Published: December 2021

Researchers assessed the longitudinal impacts of a master‐level, race‐based counseling course with White, graduate‐level counseling students (N= 35) over a 5‐year period. Impacts were assessed through interview and written data, as well as with theWhite Racial Consciousness Development Scale‐Revised(Claney & Parker, 1989; Lee et al., 2007). Students expressed an increased sense of responsibility to address racism, with examples of ways they addressed inequities and discrimination across contexts.
Advances in laboratory detection methods and technology application of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Zhang Xiucai , Meng Hanyan , Liu Huihui , Ye Qing
Published: December 2021

At present, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is raging worldwide, and the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 seriously threatens the life and health of all humankind. There is no specific medicine for novel coronavirus yet. So, laboratory diagnoses of novel coronavirus as soon as possible and isolation of the source of infection play a vital role in preventing and controlling the epidemic. Therefore, selecting appropriate detection techniques and methods is particularly important to improve the efficiency of disease diagnosis and treatment and to curb the outbreak of infectious diseases. In this paper, virus nucleic acid, protein, and serum immunology were reviewed to provide a reference for further developing virus detection technology to provide better prevention and treatment strategies and research ideas for clinicians and researchers.
Norovirus strains among children aged 0–18 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Estonia 2015–2016
Authors: Kõivumägi Kadri , Geller Julia , Toompere Karolin , Soeorg Hiie , Kallas Eveli , Jõgeda Ene‐Ly , Huik Kristi , Lutsar Irja
Published: December 2021

Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in many countries that have introduced universal rotavirus mass vaccination. This is the first study to report data on NoV strains in Estonia. We recruited 2249 children aged 0–18 years hospitalized for AGE in Estonian hospitals from February 1, 2015 to August 31, 2016. Norovirus gastroenteritis (NoVGE) was diagnosed in 14.5% (n = 325) cases. Stool sample for RNA extraction and genotyping was available in 86% (n = 280) of NoVGE cases (2015, n = 91; 2016, n = 189). Dominant capsid types detected in 75% (n = 210) samples were, GII.4 (63.8%, n = 134), GII.3 (15.2%, n = 32), GII.17 (6.7%, n = 14), and GII.6 (5.2%, n = 11). Prevailing RNA polymerase types found in 77% (n = 215) samples were GII.P31 (51.1%, n = 110), GII.P21 (17.7%, n = 38), GII.P4 (11.2%, n = 24), and GII.P7 (6.5%, n = 14). Both regions were typeable for 67% (n = 189) of samples. Most prevalent strains were GII.4Sydney_2012[P31] (48.7%, n = 92), GII.3[P21] (15.3%, n = 29), GII.4Sydney_2012[P4] (5.8%, n = 11) and GII.17[P17] (5.8%, n = 11). Simpson's diversity index showed a significant difference between the age groups 1–4 and 5–9 years: D 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55–0.73) versus 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81–0.86), respectively (p = 0.03). An accurate understanding of NoV strain diversity is important for control and preventive measures, especially in the postrotavirus vaccine era.
Prevalence and genetic characterization of noroviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in Senegal, 2007–2010
Authors: Kebe Ousmane , Fernandez‐Garcia Maria‐Dolores , Zinsou Boris‐Enock , Diop Amadou , Fall Amary , Ndiaye Ndack , Vinjé Jan , Ndiaye Kader
Published: December 2021

Norovirus is the leading cause of sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children and adults around the world. We investigated the molecular diversity of noroviruses in a pediatric population in Senegal between 2007 and 2010 before the rotavirus vaccine implementation. Stool samples were collected from 599 children under 5 years of age consulting for AGE in a hospital in Dakar. Specimens were screened for noroviruses using the Allplex™ GI‐Virus Assay. Positive samples were genotyped after sequencing of conventional reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction products. Noroviruses were detected in 79 (13.2%) of the children, with GII.4 (64%) and GII.6 (10%) as the most frequently identified genotypes. Our study describes the distribution of genotypes between 2007 and 2010 and should be a baseline for comparison with more contemporary studies. This could help decision‐makers on possible choices of norovirus vaccines in the event of future introduction.
Global coastal low‐level wind jets revisited through the new ERA5 reanalysis
Authors: Lima Daniela C. A. , Soares Pedro M. M. , Nogueira Miguel , Semedo Alvaro
Published: December 2021

The recent ECMWF (European Centre of Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis product (ERA5) is a 3D‐atmospheric dataset of unparalleled value to advance the characterization and understanding of the main global coastal low‐level jet (CLLJ) systems, due to its finer resolution (horizontal and vertical) and hourly output. Regional climate studies have revealed the added value of higher spatial and temporal resolutions of models and reanalyses for the representation of CLLJs, which play an important role in the definition of the regional climate along the Eastern Boundary Current Systems. ERA5 reveals an improvement in the representation of the wind speed and temperature vertical profiles within the boundary layer in CLLJ regions. This improvement enables a better representation of CLLJs and therefore a new view on their features. ERA5 show larger CLLJ frequencies of occurrence and larger wind speed intensities, when compared with previous reanalysis. The maximum frequency of occurrence ranges from 20% in the West Australian and 73% in the Oman CLLJs, in the summer season, which constitutes an increase of 10% compared to ERA‐Interim. Moreover, a shift for higher wind speeds is also found, where the maximum wind speed approach 30 m·s−1. Typically, CLLJs are found below 500 m above sea level, where the finer vertical discretization results clearly in a better description of the CLLJ peak height. Regarding the diurnal cycles of CLLJs frequency of occurrence, ERA5 exposes higher peaks and larger amplitudes, where the maximum hourly frequency is about 38% in the Oman CLLJ and the diurnal amplitude can vary between 7 and 14%. The diurnal maximum and minimum frequency of CLLJ occurrence can be found between 1900 and 2200 UTC, and between 1000 and 1400 LST, respectively. The momentum and temperature budget profiles reveal significant differences between CLLJ regions and emphasize the relevance of local processes in its occurrences.
Experimental DVC validation of heterogeneous micro finite element models applied to subchondral trabecular bone of the humeral head
Authors: Knowles Nikolas K. , Kusins Jonathan , Columbus Melanie P. , Athwal George S. , Ferreira Louis M.
Published: December 2021

Subchondral trabecular bone (STB) undergoes adaptive changes during osteoarthritic (OA) disease progression. These changes alter both the mineralization patterns and structure of bone and may contribute to variations in the mechanical properties. Similarly, when images are downsampled – as is often performed in micro finite element model (microFEM) generation – the morphological and mineralization patterns may further alter the mechanical properties due to partial volume effects. MicroFEMs accounting for material heterogeneity can account for these tissue variations, but no studies have validated these with robust full‐field testing methods. As such, this study compared homogeneous and heterogeneous microFEMs to experimentally loaded trabecular bone cores from the humeral head combined with digital volume correlation (DVC). These microFEMs were used to compare apparent mechanical properties between normal and OA STB. Morphological and mineralization patterns between groups were also compared. There were no significant differences in tissue or bone mineral density between groups. The only significant differences in morphometric parameters were in trabecular thickness between groups. There were no significant differences in linear regression parameters between normal and OA STB apparent mechanical properties estimated using heterogeneous microFEMs with an element‐wise bilinear elastic‐plastic constitutive model. Clinical significance: Validated heterogeneous microFEMs applied to STB of the humeral head have the potential to significantly improve our understanding of mechanical variations in the bone that occur during OA progression.
Influence of acetabular cup thickness on seating and primary stability in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Ruhr Miriam , Baetz Johanna , Pueschel Klaus , Morlock Michael M.
Published: December 2021

Insufficient primary stability of acetabular hip cups is a complication resulting in early cup loosening. Available cup designs vary in terms of wall thickness, potentially affecting implant fixation. This study investigated the influence of different wall thicknesses on the implantation process and the resulting primary stability using excised human acetabula. Implantations were performed using a powered impaction device providing consistent energy with each stroke. Two different wall thicknesses were compared in terms of seating progress, polar gap remaining after implantation, bone‐to‐implant contact area, cup deflection, and lever out moment. Thin‐walled cups showed higher lever out resistance (p < 0.001) and smaller polar gaps (p < 0.001) with larger bone contact toward the dome of the cup (p < 0.001) compared to thick‐walled cups. Small seating steps at the end of the impaction process were observed if a high number of strokes were needed to seat the cup (p = 0.045). A high number of strokes led to a strain release of the cup during the final strokes (p = 0.003). This strain release is indicative for over‐impaction of the cup associated with bone damage and reduced primary stability. Adequate cup seating can be achieved with thin‐walled cups with lower energy input in comparison to thicker ones. Thin‐walled cups showed improved primary stability and enable implantation with lower energy input, reducing the risk of over‐impaction and bone damage. Additional strokes should be avoided as soon as no further seating progress has been observed.
Physicochemical characterization and identification of major linear epitopes of sarcoplasmic calcium‐binding protein (SCP) allergen from Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)
Authors: Cheng Qingli , Feng Xiaowen , Zhao Xiaohan , Gu Ruizeng , Lu Jun , Liu Wenying , Li Guoming
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Food allergy is a serious public nutritional health problem that has attracted extensive worldwide attention. Shellfish allergy is a long‐lasting disorder that has a lifelong impact on health. Sarcoplasmic calcium‐binding protein (SCP) plays a vital role in cell and muscle functions and has been identified as an allergen in oyster.

RESULTS

In this study, recombinant SCP (rSCP) with a molecular mass of 21 kDa was produced and identified based on SCP amino acid sequencing of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), and was used as a follow‐up experimental material. Its physicochemical characterization showed that purified rSCP is highly stable to heat and acid‐alkali and trypsin digestion but less resistant to pepsin digestion. We established an animal sensitization model and rSCP displayed stronger Immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐binding activity with rat serum in the rSCP + cholera toxin (CT) group compared with the CT group and a control group. Five epitope peptides were identified as linear immunodominant epitopes by indirect competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) for the first time. We also found that conformational epitopes may play a major role in the immunoreactivity of SCP.

CONCLUSION

These results are significant for understanding hypersensitization of humans to oyster and offer available preventive measures and treatment programs in further research. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Hearing Preservation Microsurgery in Vestibular Schwannomas: Worth Attempting in “Larger” Tumors?
Authors: Wallerius Katherine P. , Macielak Robert J. , Lawlor Skye K. , Lohse Christine M. , Neff Brian A. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Driscoll Colin L. W. , Link Michael J. , Carlson Matthew L.
Published: December 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To review hearing preservation after microsurgical resection of sporadic vestibular schwannomas according to tumor size.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort.

Methods

Baseline, intraoperative, and postoperative patient and tumor characteristics were retrospectively collected for a cohort who underwent hearing preservation microsurgery. Serviceable hearing was defined by a pure tone average ≤50 dB and word recognition score ≥50%.

Results

A total of 243 patients had serviceable hearing preoperatively. Fifty (21%) tumors were confined to the internal auditory canal, and the median tumor size was 16.2 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 11.3–23.2) for tumors with cerebellopontine angle extension. Serviceable hearing was maintained in 64% of patients with tumors confined to the internal auditory canal, 28% with cerebellopontine angle extension <15 mm, and 9% with cerebellopontine angle extension ≥15 mm. On multivariable analysis, the odds ratios of acquiring nonserviceable hearing postoperatively for tumors extending <15 mm and ≥15 mm into the cerebellopontine angle were 5.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.13–15.53; P < .001) and 22.11 (95% CI 7.04–69.42; P < .001), respectively, compared with intracanalicular tumors.

Conclusions

The strongest predictor of hearing preservation with microsurgery after multivariable adjustment is tumor size. Approximately 10% of patients with tumors ≥15 mm of cerebellopontine angle extension will retain serviceable hearing after microsurgery. Furthermore, hearing preservation techniques offer cochlear nerve preservation and cochlear patency allowing for possible future cochlear implantation. An attempt at hearing preservation, including avoiding surgical approaches that necessarily sacrifice hearing, is worthwhile even in larger tumors if serviceable hearing is present preoperatively.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:1657–1664, 2022
The Bishop–Phelps–Bollobás properties in complex Hilbert spaces
Authors: Choi Yun Sung , Dantas Sheldon , Jung Mingu
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we consider the Bishop–Phelps–Bollobás point property for various classes of operators on complex Hilbert spaces, which is a stronger property than the Bishop–Phelps–Bollobás property. We also deal with analogous problem by replacing the norm of an operator with its numerical radius.
Manufacturer encroachment on a closed‐loop supply chain with design for remanufacturing
Authors: Hu Yufei , Chen Lianghua , Chi Yingying , Song Bowen
Published: December 2021

This paper examines the manufacturer encroachment on both forward and reverse flows of a closed‐loop supply chain with two different design for remanufacturing (DfRem) approaches. We show that both DfRem approaches lead to Pareto improving encroachments under certain conditions. Design for modularity (DfM) compensates for the retailer's encroachment loss through dual positive spillover effects via lower wholesale price and higher buyback price to selling and collecting activities. Design for durability (DfD) simultaneously expands the retailer's sales and stimulates offline collecting via buyback price reimbursement. DfD outperforms DfM in achieving more profitable win‐win encroachments.
Sparse sampling Kaczmarz–Motzkin method with linear convergence
Authors: Yuan Ziyang , Zhang Hui , Wang Hongxia
Published: December 2021

The randomized sparse Kaczmarz method was recently proposed to recover sparse solutions of linear systems. In this work, we introduce a greedy variant of the randomized sparse Kaczmarz method by employing the sampling Kaczmarz–Motzkin method and prove its linear convergence in expectation with respect to the Bregman distance in the noiseless and noisy cases. This greedy variant can be viewed as a unification of the sampling Kaczmarz–Motzkin method and the randomized sparse Kaczmarz method, and hence inherits the merits of these two methods. Numerically, we report a couple of experimental results to demonstrate its superiority.