bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art. XXVII.—Notes on Alaṅkāra Literature
Authors: Jacob G. A.
Published: March 2011

The present section is exclusively devoted to the text of Udbhaṭa's Alaṅkārasārasahgraha, a short account of which was given in the former part of these Notes. Unfortunately I have had to depend almost entirely upon one manuscript, a copy, in Dr. Bühler's collection, of that found by him in Jesalmir and deposited in the Government Library in Poona. It is neatly and carefully written, however, and can generally be relied upon; and, where the text-portion of it fails, the commentary which accompanies it not infrequently supplies the deficiency. Besides these, the quotations from Udbhaṭa which are found in later writers have afforded valuable aid.
Art. XVI.—The Early Commerce of Babylon with India— 700–300 b.c.
Authors: Kennedy J.
Published: March 2011

Letters and coinage are the natural fruits of commerce. Scholars agree that the Indian or Brahma alphabet had a Western origin, and owed its existence to commercial exigencies. But while Hofrath Dr. Bühler traces it to a Phoenician source, and ascribes its creation to the early part of the eight century b.c., M. Halévy derives it from an Aramaean script in the time of Alexander the Great No such definite theory has been put forward with regard to the silver coins called purānas, the most ancient coins of India; but it is generally believed that they were current before the Macedonian invasion, and, as silver has always been one of the most important of the imports from the West into India, we should naturally suppose that silver coinage came also from the West—unless, indeed, it were an indigenous invention. In the case, then, both of Indian letters and of Indian coinage, a direct and constant intercourse with Western Asia is the presupposition of every solution. Now, for a trade between Western Asia and India three routes are possible. The first climbs up the precipitous and zigzag passes of the Zagros range—which the Greeks called “ladders”—into the treeless regions of Persia. This route was barred for centuries by the inveterate hostility of the mountaineers, and it did not become practicable until the “Great King” reduced the Kurdish highlanders and the lowland Semites to an equal vassalage.
Art. XVIII.—The Eighteen Lohan of Chinese Buddhist Temples
Authors: Watters T.
Published: March 2011

When you enter the chief hall of a Buddhist temple in China you cannot fail to notice two rows of large yellow figures—one along the east and the other along the west wall. These figures, which are usually numbered and labelled, are called the Eighteen Lohan, and if you ask your guide what they are he will probably reply “belong joss.” This answer may not be deemed satisfactory, but further inquiry will only elicit the information that these are images of Buddha's eighteen great disciples. The names, however, show that this information is not quite correct, some of them being unknown to the original Buddhist canon. If you go on to Korea and visit the curious old Buddhist temples in that country, you will find that Buddha's Hall has rows of similar figures, but sixteen in number. If you continue your journey and visit Japan, you will find there also Sixteen Rakan lining the side walls of the Buddhist temples. Lohan and Rakan are for A-Io-han, the Chinese way of expressing the Sanskrit word Arhan for Arhat. Suppose you could go back and travel to Lhassa, there also you would find Sixteen Arhats, or as they are called there, Sthaviras, in the Chief Hall of Buddha's temples. Tibet, however, seems to have also its Eighteen Lohan, imported from China apparently in modern times.
Art. V.—Cave Drawings in the Kaimūr Range, North-West Provinces
Authors: Cockburn John
Published: March 2011

These drawings were first brought to notice by the late Mr. Archibald Carlleyle and myself, and were discovered by us independently of each other in 1880, he working in Rewah and Mirzāpur and I in Banda. I took up the subject from the anthropological and zoological side entirely, Mr. Carlleyle from the antiquarian or philological side. He evidently had made some important discoveries of ancient records, but, as he desired to work them himself, he imparted no information on either the nature or the localities of his discoveries, and his knowledge has died with him. The first scientific paper on the drawings was by myself published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1883, and was entitled “On the recent existence of Rhinoceros Indicus in the North-West Provinces, and a description of an archaic rock painting from Mirzapur, representing the hunting of this animal” (Journ., lii, part 2, 1883, pp. 56 to 64, with two plates). This article excited much interest in Europe, and great things were expected from the discovery. I regret that I have no copy of the paper. A short paragraph is also devoted to the subject in the Gazetteer of Mirzāpur. There is a further paper in the Proc. Asiatic Society, Bengal, for 1884, on the durability of haematite drawings on sandstone rocks, by myself also. Shortly afterwards Mr. A. M. Markham, C.S., noticed a few words written in this pigment in ancient characters at Chachaie Koond, or the Falls of the Tons in Rewah.
Art. X.—Some Account of the Arabic Work entitled “Niháyatu'l-irab fí akhbári'l-Furs ua'l-‘Arab,” particularly of that part which treats of the Persian Kings
Authors: Browne Edward G.
Published: March 2011

To the curious book of which the full title stands at the head of this article, I have already alluded in my communication to the Journal of January, 1899, on The Sources of Dawlatsháh, pp. 51–53. I now propose to give such account of its contents as is possible within the limits here prescribed. For this purpose I have made use of the Cambridge Codex (belonging to the Burckhardt Collection) marked QQ. 225. Though the book is a rare one, at least three other manuscripts are known — two in the British Museum (see the old Arabic Catalogue, pp. 418 and 581) and one (marked A. 1741) at Gotha. The last was used by Professor Nöldeke, in his reference to the Niháyat, at pp. 475–476 of his excellent Geschichte … der Sasaniden. He describes it as “in the main a quite arbitrary recension of Dínawarí, though here [namely, in the Romance of Bahrám Chúbin] it had before it an essentially fuller text than this,” and briefly characterizes it as “das seltsame, ziemlich schwindelhafte Werk.”
Art. XIII.—Contributions to the History of Aḥiḳar and Nadan
Authors: Gaster M.
Published: March 2011

The history of Aḥiḳar and his nephew Nadan forms part of Eastern popular literature. When publishing my history of Roumanian popular literature seventeen years ago (Bucureesti, 1883) I devoted a special chapter to the Roumanian versions of this history (pp. 104–114). I was the first to recognize the connection between the Roumanian and Slavonic versions and those contained in the Arabian Nights. I then drew attention to the intimate relation between this legend and that which has entered the Greek life of Æsop. Since that time scholars have paid much attention to this legend, especially as through Meissner's studies it is being considered as one of the lost Apocrypha mentioned already in the Book of Tobit.
Art. XIV.—On an Ancient Block-print from Khotan
Authors: Hoernle A. F. Rudolf
Published: March 2011

In December last I received from Captain H. H. P. Deasy a small cylindrical box containing a block-print, which, as he wrote to me from Yarkand in April, 1899, he had obtained, apparently, not long previously in Khotan.
Art. XXVII.—Three Years of Buwaihid Rule in Baghdad, a.h. 389–393. Being a fragment of the History of Hilāl-as-Ṣābī († A.H. 448) from a MS. in the Library of the British Museum (Add. 19,360).
Authors: Amedroz H. F.
Published: March 2011

A notice of alaf b. Aḥmad is contained in Ṣafadi's Wāfi bil-Wafayāt (Paris, 2, 064, 22a). The pedigree does not differ from that given by ahabi, but some further information is given about alaf, and on the authority of Yāqūt — presumably, therefore, from his Mu‘jam al-Udabā. We are told that Khalaf was at one time a rationalist in doctrine, when he became notorious for his persecution of members of the contrary sect. And Yaḥya b. ‘Ammāra, who was in Sijistān at the time, had to make his way to Harāt in the disguise of a woman.
Art. XXII.—Catalogue of the late Professor Fr. Max Müller's Sanskrit Manuscripts
Authors: Wickremasinghe Don M. de Z.
Published: March 2011

The collection of Sanskrit MSS. described below forms part of the library of the late Professor Fr. Max Müller, which was acquired in July, 1901, for the Japanese University of Tokiyo. It consists of 82 codices, of which 15 are tracings and 26 are transcripts of MSS. chiefly in the Berlin Royal Library, the Munich University Library, the Paris National Library, the India Office Library, and the Bodleian Library at Oxford. The remaining 41 MSS. were received from India through the agency of the late Dr. J. R. Ballantyne, of the Benares Sanskrit College, Professor Gr. Bühler, and Dr. FitzEdward Hall. All these MSS. represent Vedic works, chiefly connected with the Ṛgveda, and have been more or less used in the preparation of Professor Max Müller's edition of the Ṛgveda-saṁhitā with Sāyaṇa's Commentary.
Art. XXIII.—Further Notes on the MSS. of the Turkī Text of Bābar's Memoirs
Authors: Beveridge Annette S.
Published: March 2011

For convenience of reference, the following list of MSS. which have existed or do exist is reproduced from the J.R.A.S., July, 1900:—

I. Bābar's autograph MS.

II. Khwāja Kilān's MS.

III. (Humāyūn's transcript.)

IV. Elphinstone MS.

V. British Museum MS.

VI. India Office MS. (Bib. Leydeniana).

VII. Asiatic Society of Bengal MS.

VIII. Mysore MS. (Tīpū's).

IX. Bibliotheca Lindesiana MS.

X. Hyderābād MS.

XI. St. Petersburg University Library MS.

XII. St. Petersburg Foreign Office MS.

XIII. St. Petersburg Asiatic Museum MS. (Senkovskī).

XIV. Bukhārā MS.

XV. Nazar Bay Turkestānī MS.
Art. XXV.—Three Arabic MSS. on the History of the City of Mayyāfāriqīn
Authors: Amedroz H. F.
Published: March 2011

Mayyāfārīqīn, like many a Moslem city, was not without its historian, but hitherto he has been a name only—Ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqi—known to us by the quotations from his history in the biographies of Ibn Khallikān. Now, however, the British Museum has acquired a nearly complete copy of the Ta'rīkh Mayyāfāriqīn, Or. 5,803. Its date of composition is 572 a.h. The MS. is written in a good hand, and wascopied probably at Damascus, and in the seventh century of the Hijra. It contains 200 folios of about twenty-two closely written lines a side: the first eight folios, to 17 a.h., are wanting; a gap, covering the years 567–9, follows folio 194, and the years 571–2 are wanting at the end.
Art. XXX.—Etymological Vocabulary of the Māldivian Language
Authors: Geiger Wilh
Published: March 2011

In the title of my paper the stress is to be laid upon the word ‘etymological.’ The vocabulary does not contain all the Māldivian words which I collected during the last five or six years, either from printed books, or from manuscripts hitherto unpublished, or from the lips of Māldivian natives. For it was by no means my intention to compile a Māldivian dictionary for practical use: this would be premature; it may perhaps be done at some future time. For the present my purpose is purely philological. The present object is to publish linguistic materials which may serve as a basis for a scientific phonology of the Māldivian language. My vocabulary is, therefore, both an introduction and a supplement to the third part of my “Māldivian Studies,” which deals with that subject. First, I have excluded, of course, from my vocabulary the numerous words borrowed from Arabic, Persian, and Hindustani, as they do not belong to the original stock of the Māldivian dialect. But I have omitted also generally those words which cannot be explained in a satisfactory way by the help of phonetic laws confirmed by other etymologies which are not open to doubt. There remains, nevertheless, a sufficient number of words to show clearly the character of the Māldivian language. It is merely a dialect, and not even a very ancient dialect, of Sinhalese. This result is, I think, also of historical interest; for it appears from it that the Māldive islands were occupied by Sinhalese people, but hardly at an earlier period than about eight or nine centuries ago.
Art. XV.—The Statue of Amida the Nioraiin the Musée Cernuschi
Authors: Dickins F. Victor
Published: March 2011

In the following pages I submit a translation of the Chinese inscriptions engraved on the noble bronze image or statue of the Amida Buddha, which is the glory of the Musée Cernuschi, together with some particulars descriptive and historical. I have, however, paid little attention to Buddhism, and the few explanations of Buddhist terms I offer must be regarded as merely tentative. One object of the present paper is to elicit information on the many points of interest suggested by the inscriptions from members of the Society who are versed in things Buddhist.
Art. XXIII.—The Position of the Autonomous Tribes of the Panjāb conquered by Alexander the Great
Authors: Smith Vincent A.
Published: March 2011

For the right understanding of Alexander's Indian campaign it is essential to place correctly the nations called Malloi, Kathaioi, and Oxydrakai by Arrian, who were among the most formidable opponents of the invader. Mr. McCrindle, in his valuable work, “The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great” (new ed., 1896), seems to me to have gone wrong in this matter, and to have seriously misplaced all three nations. He has located the Malloi about one degree of latitude too far south, and, with respect to the Oxydrakai, his error, in my judgment, amounts to about three degrees. He has also failed to indicate correctly the position of the Kathaioi. I propose in this paper to examine all the evidence on the subject, and to try to establish the true approximate positions of the three nations on the map of ancient India.
Art. XXIV.—Notes from the Tanjur
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: March 2011

This poem is contained along with certain other stotras in one of the Nepalese MSS. presented by the late B. H. Hodgson to the Library of the India Office (I.O., 2921). A second copy is included in the collection of the Bengal Asiatic Society, and its initial verses are quoted by Rājendra Lāla Mitra in his account of the MS. A third copy is among the works presented to Burnouf, and now in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
I. The Date of Buddha's Death, as determined by a Record of Asoka.
Authors: Fleet J. F.
Published: March 2011

There is a certain rock edict of Aśōka, regarding the interpretation and application of which no final result has as yet been arrived at. That this has been the case, is due chiefly to an unfortunate initial mistake, which introduced a supposed word, taken to mean “two and a half,” into the reading of a passage of primary importance which mentions a certain period of years. It was subsequently fully admitted that a misreading had been made. But the effect of that misreading remained. And, like similar mistakes in other matters, the initial mistake made here left an influence which neither the scholar who made it, nor subsequent inquirers, could shake off.
III. Etruscan and Dravidian
Authors: Konow Sten
Published: March 2011

The remarks which follow are based on notes which I have made in reading Professor Torp's Etruskische Beiträge, vols. i–ii (Leipzig, 1902–3). I have never myself studied the Etruscan language, and my knowledge of Dravidian is rather limited. I was, however, at once struck by the apparent analogy of several features in both families, and I have thought it worth while to arrange my notes and make a short abstract of them. I do not think that I have solved the vexed question about the origin of the old inhabitants of Etruria. But I hope to have shown that there are many interesting points in which their language follows the same principles as that of the Draviḍas, and that I have, in so doing, added something to the probability of the theory that the old Etrurians did not belong to the Indo-European stock.
IV. A Fifteenth Century Planispheric Astrolabe, made at Granada
Authors: Cowper H. S.
Published: March 2011

In 1903 I purchased from a dealer in the Khan al-Khalil, in Cairo, a brass Astrolabe inscribed with the Kufy character, which I had examined, haggled for, and reluctantly left three years before. The fact is, that at the present day this old bazaar of Cairo is the last place to find anything of interest. The European visitors are tourists who are personally conducted, and who purchase wildly and at any cost the gaudy modern stuff which the dragoman recommends. The dealers are Armenians and Jews solely catering for this trade; and it was, I presume, only from sheer dilatoriness that the dealer had not sent it down to one of his brethren near the Ezbekieh, where it would have been quickly disposed of. At any rate, it was out of place among the forgeries and rubbish which form the feature of the once romantic Khan al-Khalil.
XIII. —A Tale of the Arabian Nights told as history in the “Muntazam” of Ibn al-Jauzi
Authors: Amedroz H. F.
Published: March 2011

The Baghdad of the “Arabian Nights” has ever been associated with the “goodly time and golden prime of good Haroun Alraschid,” and his name, like that of his contemporary Charlemagne, has attracted and annexed many a tale belonging to other periods. That this is true of one of the Baghdad tales is shown by its appearing as an actual occurrence in the “Munṭaẓam” of Ibn al-Jauzi at a date some 120 years later than the death of al-Raīd. The time was no longer ‘goodly,’ and the Caliphate was past its prime. Muqtadir, during whose reign it had declined apace, had died a violent death in 321 a.h., and his mother, aab, did not long survive him. His filial affection, which throughout his reign had allowed her an extent of influence prejudicial to his rule, continued unabated to its close, and his chief concern on starting for his fatal march against Mūnis was for what might be in store for her in the event of his perishing. According to the story of a female astrologer, his fears were prophetic in their accuracy. aab, though suffering from a mortal complaint and prostrated by her son's death, was called upon by his brother and successor, Qāhir, to disclose her hidden wealth. She disclaimed possessing more than a moderate sum, saying that any money of hers would have been used to save her son.
XXIV. The Pahlavi Texts of Yasna XIV, XV, XVI, XX, XXI, for the first time critically translated.
Authors: Mills Lawrence
Published: March 2011

For the sake of (or as ‘belonging to’) Aūharmazd I proclaim (or ‘ I address’) that Chief, the House-chief of the House, and also that Chief, the Vīs-chief of the Vīs (the village), the Zand-chief of the Zand (the sub-province or ‘ county’), and the Dāḥyu-chief of the Province.
XXIX. Notes on Indian Coins and Seals Part VI.
Authors: Rapson E. J.
Published: March 2011

The square bronze coins of Eucratides which bear on the reverse the image and superscription of the tutelary divinity of a city, instead of some type accompanied by the usual kingly name and titles, are well known and have often been published. The Kharoṣṭhī inscription has been read hitherto as “Karisiye nagara-devata”; but this is undoubtedly incorrect. Since the publication of Professor Gardner's Catalogue, tlie British Museum has acquired specimens of this coinage, by means of which the reading of every letter of the inscription can be determined with certainty. Of these additions, the best preserved is the coin now described.
XXX. Some Case-Tables from Tel-Loh
Authors: Pinches Theophilus G.
Published: March 2011

Though many tablets from Tel-loh have been published, both by the Trustees of the British Museum, the Berlin Museum, and others, but little has been written about their contents, the principal work upon the subject being Radau's most noteworthy Early Babylonian History, in which many of the tablets of the Very Rev. E. A. Hoffman's collection are dealt with—a collection apparently rich in rare dates. It has therefore seemed to me that it would be of interest to contribute a few notes upon a section of these documents, as far as I have been able to study them. The collection upon which I have been more especially engaged is that of Lord Amherst of Hackney, to whom I am indebted for kind permission to publish transcriptions and translations of two of these texts, for which I express my sincerest thanks.
IX. Sakastana
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: March 2011

The earliest references to the Śakas have been so often discussed that it would seem scarcely worth while to seek for further information in them (see Rawlinson's Herodotus, 1880, iv, pp. 200 sqq.). But the passages in Herodotus and the inscriptions of Darius have suggested to me a doubt which I should like to submit for consideration.
XII. Aurangzeb's Revenues
Authors: Beveridge H.
Published: March 2011

The late Mr. Edward Thomas made an examination of the revenues of the Moghal Empire, and, among other things, gave tables for Aurangzeb's revenues for the years 1654–5, 1663–4 (?), 1697, and 1707. But he omitted to notice the statistics given in the Mirātu-l-‘Aālam, and which relate, apparently, to the year 1078 a.h. or 1668 a.d. They are very full, and appear to have been carefully compiled. The author, whether he was Batāwar ān or, as is more likely, Muhammad Baqā, was in Aurangzeb's service and had good opportunities of acquiring information. The paragraphs have been translated by Sir Henry Elliot, and appear in his History, vol. vii, pp. 162 et seq., but his manuscript was probably not perfect, and the translation is not quite correct. Lately I have been reading the paragraphs in the copy of the Mirāt belonging to our Society and described by Mr. Morley, and I have also consulted the MSS. in the British Museum. The account begins in what the writer calls the Third Numāyi of the Seventh Ārāyish, and at p. 252b of the R.A.S. copy. First, the length and breadth of the empire are given both in royal (bādāhī) kos and in ordinary (rasmī) kos, that is, kos commonly used in most parts of India; the writer stating that the royal kos is one of 5,000 cubits (ẕarā’) of the dimension of 42 finger-breadths, and that 2 such kos are equal to 3½ ordinary kos.
XV. The History of the Logos
Authors: Baynes Herbert
Published: March 2011

“In the beginning was the Word” is a truth the sublimity of which grows upon us the more we ponder it. And, indeed, the common consciousness of mankind has ascribed to the Logos the supreme act of Creation. Alike in India, China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, the world is said to exist as the audible thought of the Deity. Moreover, the creative power of the divine Voice is intimately associated with the possession of the sacred Name.
XVII. The Meaning of Adhakosikya in the Seventh Pillar-Edict of Asoka
Authors: Fleet J. F.
Published: March 2011

In the seventh pillar-edict of Aśōka, inscribed on the so-called Delhi-Siwālik column, there is a passage which runs as follows: see IA, 13. 310, text lines 2, 3, and facsimile; and EI, 2. 270, text:—

Dēvānaṁpiyē Piyadasi lājā hēvaṁ āhā magēsu pi mē nigōhāni lōpāpitāni chhāy-ōpagāni hōsaṁti pasu-munisānaṁ aṁbāvaḍikyā lōpāpitā aḍhakōsikyāni pi mē udupānāni khānāpāpitāni niṁisiḍhiyā cha kālāpitā āpānāni mē bahukāni tata-tata kālāpitāni paṭībhōgāyē pasu-munisānaṁ.
XXVIII. An Unidentified MS. by Ibn Al-Jauzi, in the Library of the British Museum, Add. 7,320
Authors: Amedroz H. F.
Published: March 2011

The Arabic MS. Add. 7,320, Cat. cccvii, is unidentified. It is a historical fragment beginning with the necrology of the year 58 A.H., and extending to the succession of Ma'mūn in 198 A.H. It contains 162 folios of 23 lines to the page: there is an omission at fol. 49a, 1. 10, where the narrative passes suddenly from the notice of Anas b. Mālik, under 92 A.H., to the killing of the poet Waḍḍāḥ al-Yaman by Walīd (as told in the Kitāb al-Aāni, vi, 39, 1. 9, a.f.), and at fol. 101 comes a gap of 23 years, the text breaking off in the midst of the obituary notice of the Caliph Saffāḥ, and resuming on fol. 102 in that of the poet Ḥammād al-Rāwiya, in a story on him by al-Dāraquṭni (Brockelmann, i, 165) quoted from his Kitāb al - Taṣḥīḥ (Ḥ. Kh., No. 9,975). Thence the text proceeds uninterruptedly to the point where it breaks off early in the year 198 A.H.
V. The Pahlavi Texts of Yasna XXII, for the first time critically translated
Authors: Mills Lawrence
Published: March 2011

With the barsom (now) brought [forward; it is here (at this point in the ceremony) brought forward and put upon the barsom-holder] together with the žoaθra water of Aūharmažd, the Creator, the resplendent, the glorious, and of the Amešaspends, and for their sake (I desire (or ‘I invoke’) the consecration of this H(a)oma plant). [⃜ It has (now) been prepared (as I speak). (Not at all impossibly meaning ‘it has now; as I pronounce the prayer for it to be consecrated in this present ceremony, —it has now been made ready.')]
VI. White Hun (Ephthalite) Coins from the Panjab
Authors: Smith Vincent A.
Published: March 2011

Mr. J. P. Rawlins, late of the Panjāb Police, who is well known to Indian numismatists as a successful collector of rare coins, some time ago sent me for publication a batch of curious copper coins which he obtained while serving in the Hoshyārpur District. These coins all come from a very remarkable locality, which has been explored by Mr. Rawlins, but seems to be unknown to other archæologists. It is described as the Plateau of Manaswāl, situated on the outer range of the Siwālik Hills, at an elevation of about two thousand feet, in the Hoshyārpur District. This plateau is extensive, being about ten miles in length and six in breadth. The principal village is Manaswāl, distant about thirty miles in a south-easterly direction from Hoshyārpur, between that town and Rūpar in the Ambāla (Umballa) District. Other villages, or hamlets, enumerated by Mr. Rawlins are Biniwāl, Hanand, Daleywāl, Kharali, and Bhawānipur. The whole region is full of ancient sites, marked by mounds, and all the villages named are included in the area containing the remains of ancient settlements, which may have formed one great city.
XII. Contributions to the Biography of 'Abd al-Kadir of Jilan
Authors: Margoliouth D. S.
Published: March 2011

To the life and doctrines of the famous founder of the Ḳādirī Order a certain amount of attention has already been devoted in Europe, yet scarcely sufficient to render further investigation of the subject unnecessary.
XVIII. MSS. Cecil Bendall
Authors: de la Vallée Poussin Louis
Published: March 2011

On trouvera dans le Journal, 1900, p. 345, une description sommaire de la petite collection de MSS. que C. Bendall avait empruntés à la Bibliothèque de Kaṭhmaṇḍu et dont il m'a laissé de bonnes photographies. La maladio, hélas! ne lui a pas permis de la publier dans son ensemble: il n'en a fait paraître que deux pièces, d'ailleurs infiniment curieuses, un fragment du Cullavagga et une page du Bhikṣuṇīprātimokṣa de l'Eglise du Mahāyāna. Mais de nombreuses notes manuscrites faciliteront ma tâche d'éditeur, et continueront pour moi le charme mélancolique d'une collaboration qui fut naguères la meilleure joie de mes études.
XXIX. Two Hittite Cuneiform Tablets from Boghaz Keui
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: March 2011

By the courtesy of the Rev. G. E. White, of the American College at Marsovan, I have been permitted to copy a fragment of a Hittite cuneiform tablet which was picked up at Boghaz Keui, the northern capital of the Hittites. The tablet was of red clay, and must have been of large size. What remains of it is 3 centimetres thick, 8 cm. in length, and 5 cm. in breadth, and originally formed the left-hand portion of the central part of the tablet. The characters of the text resemble those of the so-called ‘Yuzgât’ tablet published by Dr. Pinches and myself, which really came, not from Yuzgât, but from Boghaz Keui. The subjectmatter of the two texts also seems to have been similar.
II A Southern Kurdish Folksong in Kermanshahi Dialect
Authors: Soane E. B.
Published: March 2011

The Kurdish dialect of Persian has so far received very little attention from Oriental students, though it fully merits study, for while actually nothing more than a Persian dialect it has not submitted to the erosion which time brings about in every language, and which is so marked a feature in the development of modern Persian. Nor has it been subject to that admixture of Arabic words which has become so great a part of Persian since the invasion of the early Muhammadan Arabs. As a consequence it has preserved intact many words now obsolete in the mother language.
III The Gurjaras of Rajputana and Kanauj
Authors: Smith Vincent A.
Published: March 2011

The most important advance in the reconstitution of the early history of India made for many years past has been effected through the demonstration, mainly due to Messrs. A. M. T. Jackson and D. R. Bhandarkar, of the great part played by the Gurjaras in Northern India during a period of nearly five hundred years, extending from about 550 to 1018 A.D.
XVI. The Ahuna Vairya, with its Pahlavi and Sanskrit Translations
Authors: Mills Lawrence
Published: March 2011

IX. A single additional word upon the Pahlavi, Sanskrit, and Persian Commentaries is needed here.

It has been sometimes carelessly supposed that all the commentaries upon the Avesta are those which appear in the secondary stage of the Avesta language, with their Sanskrit and Persian translation, but of this Ahnnaver we have at Yasna XIX an interesting discussion of a very representative character, and in the original Avesta language, though it is not impossibly, yet I think hardly probably, a retranslation from an extinct Pahlavi original. A translation of its Avesta text into English will be found in the thirty-first volume of the Sacred Books of the East at the place designated by the page number. This text itself is actually a commentary upon the Avesta Ahunaver, but it has also—as said above—in due course, its own separate and entire (?) Pahlavi translation-text in the body of the Pahlavi Yasna, which has been edited by the present writer with all the MSS. collated, and in its deciphered form, in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Band vi, a translation of it into English having followed in the JRAS.; and it—this Paldavi translation-text—has also its own Sanskrit translation in the course of Nēryōsangh's translation at the place, with its Persian translation, like those of the Gāθic Sections, which appear in my addition of the Gāthas. The treatment of their original, the Avesta-Ahuna, in both this Avesta Commentary upon the Avesta-Ahuna and in its—this Avesta Commentary's—translation into Pahlavi—always, of course, a necessary distinction—is somewhat artificial and erratic when regarded as a tentatively exact and exhaustive exposition; but it has, perhaps, all the more its own interest, in spite of that very necessary defect, if not in consequence of it, as being a fine specimen of the products of the later Sasanian schools; and, as may be seen above, it is unexpectedly important on account of some of its expressions, which have created much discussion in the matter of the history of the Christian Logos Doctrine.
XX. The Office of Kadi in the Ahkam Sultaniyya of Mawardi
Authors: Amedroz H. F.
Published: March 2011

IN the following pages an attempt is made to present the substance of Māwardi's chapter on the office of Ḳāḍi in his Aḥkām Sulṭāniyya, ed. Enger, Bonn, 1853, pp. 107–28, together with some illustrations of how the rules and requirements there laid down were conformed to in practice. The “crux” of the chapter, ‘Omar's instructions to the Kāḍi, pp. 119–20, has been removed by Professor D. S. Margoliouth (see ante, pp. 307–26), and his help has been forthcoming in the case of other difficulties. Māwardi's entire treatise on Moslem political law is in course of translation by Count Léon Ostrorog, and the merits of the earlier of the two published instalments of the work have been pointed out in the Journal, 1901, p. 906. The later instalment covers chapter v of the treatise, the one immediately preceding that on the office of Kāḍi. That chapter may be taken to represent the Moslem ideal, and it is of interest to consider to what extent the ideal was transmuted into fact. The task is not easy. Of Moslem legal procedure we know but little, the nearest approach to law reports being the notices of judicial proceedings in works dealing with the lives of judges. Such a work is the history of the Ḳāḍis of Egypt by Abu ‘Omar al-Kindi (ob. a.h. 350; B.M. Add. 23,226), now being edited in the “E. J. W. Gibb Memorial” Series by Mr. A. R. Guest, and the edition will include extracts from a ninth century work on the same subject—the Raf' al-Iṣr of Ibn Ḥajar Asḳalāni, Paris Ar. 2149, in which are preserved large portions of the work composed in continuation of that of al-Kindi by Ibn Zūlāḳ, ok a.h. 387, of which no copy is known to exist.
XXVI. Hinduism in Assam
Authors: Eliot Charles N. E.
Published: March 2011

DURING a recent visit to Assam I made some notes on the religion of the country which may possibly prove of interest. The forms of Hinduism prevalent there merit attention for two reasons. Firstly, they present some special developments of the Vaishnava faith in which monasticism and puritanism attain a prominence unusual in contemporary India and, secondly, they illustrate clearly and compendiously the methods by which the propagation of Hinduism in areas originally not Hindu is effected. The historical record, if not ancient, is exceptionally authentic for the last few centuries, and though the Assamese sects have features of their own yet the circumstances of their rise and subdivision may throw light on what occurred elsewhere.
XIV. The Kaliyuga Era ofb.c.3102
Authors: Fleet J. F.
Published: March 2011

The Kaliyuga era is a Hindū reckoning beginning at mean sunrise, 6.0 a.m., Laṇkā or Ujjain time, on Friday, 18 February, b.c. 3102. Its 5013th year will have begun just before the time when these pages come into the hands of readers of this Journal.
XVI. English-Svanetian Vocabulary
Authors: Wardrop Oliver
Published: March 2011

The recent establishment of a fund in the University of Oxford for the encouragement of the study of the Georgian family of languages may in the course of time attract the attention of British philologists to the Western Caucasus, and an increasing stream of travellers will doubtless find their way thither seeking knowledge, health, sport, and scenery; it is for such visitors that the following vocabulary has been compiled. More than twenty years ago the late Mr. D. Peacock included Svanetian among the five languages of which he published vocabularies in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, but the material was scanty, and a large number of errors are to befound in it. Most of the books on the subject are in Russian, and the script into which the Svanetian words are transliterated is troublesome and is inconsistently used. What is required is an exact record of the spoken language by means of the phonograph, and it is to be hoped that some British student may undertake the task before long. All that is attempted here is to give a starting-point for serious study. As many forms as possible have been included, and no attempt has been made to distinguish the dialects of Upper and Lower Svanetia. The spelling is phonetic as far as may be. The abbreviation G. shows that there are Georgian words strikingly similar, and generally, though not always, having the same meaning; many of such words are borrowed by the Georgian from other languages.
XVII. The Maẓālim Jurisdiction in the Aḥkām Sulṭāniyya of Mawardi
Authors: Amedroz H. F.
Published: March 2011

MĀWARDI'S chapter on the office of Ḳāḍi in the Aḥkām Sulṭāniyya, ed. Enger, dealt with in JRAS., 1910, p. 761, is followed by that on Walāyat-al-Maẓālivi; the substanceof this chapter is as follows.
VIII Dr. M. A. Stein's Manuscripts in Turkish “Runic” Script from Miran and Tun-huang
Authors: Thomsen Vilhelm
Published: March 2011

In the highly valuable collection of MSS. which Dr. M. A. Stein brought home from his remarkable expedition to East Turkestan, some are found written in the “runic” script we now know from inscriptions in Mongolia and Siberia, and of which the recent investigations in Turfan and the adjacent localities also have brought interesting specimens to light. Dr. Stein has done me the honour to request me to publish the MSS. in this kind of script found by him, and it has been a pleasure to me to do so in this preliminary paper, trusting that in a later, final paper I shall succeed in clearing up several of the mysteries and doubts which I have been obliged to leave unsolved here. It has been of great assistance to me that owing to Dr. Stein's kindness I have been able to make use of the two original MSS., here designated I and II, in one of our public libraries in Copenhagen.
XXIII. Description of the Province of Fārs, in Persia, at the beginning of the Twelfth Century A.D. Translated from the MS. of Ibn-al-Bal

kh

ī in the British Museum
Authors: Strange G. Le
Published: March 2011

Arrajān.—This city was first founded by King Qubād, the father of Chosroes Anūshirwān. It was a great city, with many dependencies, but during the troublous times when the Assassins held sway in the land it fell to ruin. It has a warm climate, and the city lies adjacent to the Thakān Bridge, where it spans the great river called the Nahr Ṭāb, which flows down from the neighbourhood of Sumayram. Further, many other streams flow past near here, with much water, whereby the land in this neighbourhood is most productive, growing all kinds of fruit. Groves of date-palms and of pomegranates abound, especially of the kind called mīlasī, which is most excellent. There are also many aromatic plants. The districts round and about Arrajīn are very numerous, and a mosque for the Friday prayers stands in the city.
XXV. The Delta in the Middle Ages: a note on the branches of the Nile and the Kurahs of Lower Egypt, with Map
Authors: Guest A. R.
Published: March 2011

Many changes have taken place in the delta since the middle ages, and the former geographical conditions require to be understood in order that the mediaeval history of Egypt may be followed. Besides, the mediaeval geography is of obvious importance as a means of arriving at the state of Egypt in ancient times. An adequate historical map of the mediaeval period is much wanted, and this paper is intended as a contribution towards a map of this kind.
I. The Mahābhārata in Mediaeval Javanese
Authors: van Hinloopen Labberton D.
Published: March 2011

Among the languages of the Austronesian stock, formerly called the Malayo-Polynesian family, several are entitled to the name of literary languages, languages with a literature of their own in refined prose and poetry.
III. Further Notes on “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”
Authors: Macdonald Duncan B.
Published: March 2011

It is now possible for me to supplement my Arabic text of Ali Baba by printing in full the only other original version so far known. I shall add some further information which I have gathered on the identity of the scribe of the Bodleian MS. and various notes on the text of that version. Besides the criticisms of Professor Torrey, printed in this Journal for 1911 (pp. 221 ff.), I have had the advantage of privately communicated suggestions from Professor Goldziher, Artin Pasha, and Joseph Gabriel, Esq., a native of Ḥaṣbaya in the Lebanon, but now for many years in business in Manchester. His communications have been of especial interest.
IV. The Goal of Muḥammadan Mysticism
Authors: Nicholson Reynold A.
Published: March 2011

The title of this paper suggests a definite answer to a definite question. I do not think that such an answer can be given except in very general terms. The mystics of Islam, like all other mystics, recognize that the object of their search cannot be apprehended by knowledge, much less described by words. The goal is ineffable: all that can be done is to describe the journey from beginning to end. This is no easy task, and would assuredly be a long one if we accept the view of a celebrated Persian theosophist that the ways to God are in number as the souls of men. It is possible, however, to reduce to a system the main features, both theoretical and practical, of any mystical type, and with the help of a highly developed symbolism to indicate in some degree what is the nature of those experiences which lie beyond thought and knowledge. My present purpose is to discuss the meanings attached by Ṣúfís to certain metaphorical terms which are used in reference to the state of union with God.
XI. The Delta in the Middle Ages: An Unpublished Tenth Century Account of the Nile
Authors: Guest A. R.
Published: March 2011

The short tenth century account of the Nile in the Delta, which is published here for the first time, is an extract from a unique Arabic MS. on geography preserved at the British Museum (23379 Add.).
XXIV. Abbasid Administration in its Decay, from the Tajārib al-Umam
Authors: Amedroz H. F.
Published: March 2011

The first extract, “A,” from the text of the Tajārib al-Umam (Gibb Memorial facsimile, vol. vi, pp. 135—41), depicts the fiscal condition of the soil at the seat of the Caliphate at the date of the establishment there of Buwaihid ascendancy in a.h. 334. The passage appears in an abridged and rather inadequate form in the Kāmil of Ibn al-Athīr (viii, 342–3), and a comparison of the texts serves to show the value of the Tajārib original.
XXII. Tun Huang Lu: Notes on the District of Tun-huang
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: March 2011

The low ebb of sinological studies in this country is all too clearly indicated by the fact that the present text is actually the first to be published out of the enormous mass of Chinese manuscripts brought home by Sir Aurel Stein tive years ago. It is not altogether unbefitting, however, that the place of honour should be accorded to a brochure giving some account of the Tunhuang district, and including a description of the famous grottos where the whole collection of manuscripts was found. TheTun Huang Luis indeed tantalizingly brief, consisting as it does of only 893 characters all told. But within that small compass it touches on many interesting points, the proper discussion of which would require more space than can be given to them here; and one passage, at least, throws a flood of light 011 a vexed question of topography which has never yet been solved. It is worth reading, in any case, as a short summary of what was known about this remote but highly important region towards the close of the T'ang dynasty. My reasons for assigning the text to this period are duly set forth in the accompanying notes. The handwriting is bold, and for the most part clear enough. A few characters, however, are to be found which the penman has allowed to lapse into “grassiness”—the especial bane of every foreign student. These I have deciphered to the best of my ability, but in the lack of any assistance from native or other experts I cannot feel quite certain of the correctness of my readings. As regards the style of the document, its terseness frequently verges on obscurity, and the punctuation (omitted as in nearly all Chinese MSS.) has been by no means easy to supply in certain passages.
XXV An Embassy from Baghdad to the Emperor Basil II
Authors: Amedroz H. F.
Published: March 2011

The following pages contain a rather circumstantial account of certain negotiations between the Buwaihid, 'Aḍud al-Daula, and the Emperor Basil, the slayer of the Bulgarians, consequent on the presence of Basil's defeated rival, Bardas Scleros, in honourable captivity at Baghdad. His defeat at Pancalia in A.D. 979 very nearly coincided with 'Aḍud al-Daula's final conquest of ‘Irāḳ, which was followed by the expulsion from Mosul of the Hamdanid Abu Taghlib. Between him and Scleros existed the tie of self-interest cemented by one of affinity: they had assisted each other against their respective adversaries, and had both been defeated. Abu Taghlib's defeat was final; driven from Diyār Bakr by the troops of 'Aḍud al-Daula, he fled to Syria and perished by a treacherous Arab hand. But no impassable barrier as yet interposed between Scleros and the object of his ambition. He had escaped to Mayyāfāriḳīn, which had lately submitted to ‘Aḍud al-Daula, and had sent thence his brother Constantine as his envoy to Baghdad with an appeal for succour and an offer of allegiance. Contemporaneously arrived at Baghdad an envoy from Basil with instructions to procure, at whatever cost, the surrender of Scleros, who was obviously a valuable pawn in the monarchs’ political game. 'Aḍud al-Daula thereupon caused him and his followers to be promptly conveyed to Baghdad, and the game proceeded.
IX. The Date of Kanishka
Authors: Marshall J. H.
Published: March 2011

Since publishing my remarks on the date of Kanishka in this Journal, 1914, pp. 973–86, I have succeeded, by the employment of another chemical process, in cleaning still more effectively the silver scroll bearing the Taxila record of the year 136, and I am now able to present a photographic reproduction of nearly the whole of the inscription (Fig. 1). Some fragments, it will be observed, are missing in this reproduction from the upper and lower edges of the scroll. These fragments were too small and friable to be treated further or to be photographed. Another fault of the illustration is the unevenness of the light and shadow on the surface of the metal. This is due to the curved or twisted condition of the several sections and is unavoidable. In order to obtain this illustration, some of the sections of the scroll had to be photographed from three or four different points of view, and the negatives—to the number of nineteen in all—were then composed together into a single plate. Even so, however, it was not practicable to photograph clearly the lettering at the edges of some of the sections, where the latter were bent sharply inwards, and it is for this reason that I have made another hand copy of the record (Fig. 2), so as to show the form of those akṣaras which are not discernible in the Plate.
XIII. The Treasure of Akbar
Authors: Smith Vincent A.
Published: March 2011

The unsatisfactory modern compositions in European languages which profess to treat of the life and reign of Akbar all omit many things which ought to be mentioned, and fail to give a true view of Abkar's personality. The design of writing a life of Akbar more veracious than any now current has long been present to my mind, but may never be fulfilled, although I have made considerable collections for the purpose. However that may be, it seems worth while to devote a special article to the consideration of the enormous cash reserve accumulated by Akbar, which is one of the numerous facts of importance neglected by historians and biographers.
XXII. A New Gaṅga Record and the Date of aka 380
Authors: Fleet J. R.
Published: March 2011

Mr. H. Krishna Sastri has recently brought to notice a new and highly interesting record, of one of the early Gaṅga rulers of Mysore, which is incised on a set of three copper plates from Penukoṇḍa in the Anantapūr District, Madras. I have the record in hand for editing in the Epigruphia Indica; and in my paper on it I shall discuss fully its nature, its date, and its bearing on certain other records of the same series. As, however, its date can only be fixed on the palaeographic evidence, which in this case entails a somewhat long setting out so that my paper cannot be published at any very early time, and as an account of the record is awaited with eagerness in certain quarters, I give here a brief notice of it, and also deal with another matter which is connected with it.
XV. Devil-Worshippers: their Beliefs and their Sacred Books
Authors: Mingana Alphonse
Published: March 2011

For some time I have felt constrained to set forth what I know about the Yezidis, or Devil-worshippers, because I have had special opportunities of studying their life. The present article is divided into two parts: (1) Yezidi books under the light of criticism; (2) outstanding features of the sect. The final portion of the narrative deals with some newly discovered documents.