bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social Value of Health Research and the Worst Off
Authors: Barsdorf Nicola , Millum Joseph
Published: January 2017

In this article we argue that the social value of health research should be conceptualized as a function of both the expected benefits of the research and the priority that the beneficiaries deserve. People deserve greater priority the worse off they are. This conception of social value can be applied for at least two important purposes: (1) in health research priority setting when research funders, policy‐makers, or researchers decide between alternative research projects; and (2) in evaluating the ethics of proposed research proposals when research ethics committees (RECs) assess whether the social value of the research is sufficient to justify the risks and burdens to research participants and others. In assessing how far a proposed research project will advance the interests of people who are more disadvantaged, research priority setters and RECs should examine (at least) the diseases that the research targets and the type of research. Just as certain diseases impose a greater burden on people who are more disadvantaged, so certain types of intervention and forms of research are more likely to benefit people who are more disadvantaged. We outline which populations are likely to be representative of the global worst off and identify what types of health research, and which disease categories, are priorities for these populations.
Estimation of the Relatedness Coefficients from Biallelic Markers, Application in Plant Mating Designs
Authors: Laporte Fabien , Charcosset Alain , Mary-Huard Tristan
Published: January 2017

The problem of inferring the relatedness distribution between two individuals from biallelic marker data is considered. This problem can be cast as an estimation task in a mixture model: at each marker the latent variable is the relatedness state, and the observed variable is the genotype of the two individuals. In this model, only the prior proportions are unknown, and can be obtained via ML estimation using the EM algorithm. When the markers are biallelic and the data unphased, the identifiability of the model is known not to be guaranteed. In this article, model identifiability is investigated in the case of phased data generated from a crossing design, a classical situation in plant genetics. It is shown that identifiability can be guaranteed under some conditions on the crossing design. The adapted ML estimator is implemented in an R package called Relatedness. The performance of the ML estimator is evaluated and compared to that of the benchmark moment estimator, both on simulated and real data. Compared to its competitor, the ML estimator is shown to be more robust and to provide more realistic estimates.
A Space-Time Skew-t Model for Threshold Exceedances
Authors: Morris Samuel A. , Reich Brian J. , Thibaud Emeric , Cooley Daniel
Published: January 2017

To assess the compliance of air quality regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must know if a site exceeds a pre-specified level. In the case of ozone, the level for compliance is fixed at 75 parts per billion, which is high, but not extreme at all locations. We present a new space-time model for threshold exceedances based on the skew-t process. Our method incorporates a random partition to permit long-distance asymptotic independence while allowing for sites that are near one another to be asymptotically dependent, and we incorporate thresholding to allow the tails of the data to speak for themselves. We also introduce a transformed AR(1) time-series to allow for temporal dependence. Finally, our model allows for high-dimensional Bayesian inference that is comparable in computation time to traditional geostatistical methods for large data sets. We apply our method to an ozone analysis for July 2005, and find that our model improves over both Gaussian and max-stable methods in terms of predicting exceedances of a high level.
In search of a learning model
Authors: Vihman Marilyn M.
Published: January 2017

While the four commentaries reflect a range of different perspectives on my target paper (Vihman, 2017), all basically accept the overall approach, which has been central to my research for 30 years. Each commentary proposes ways of deepening aspects of the ideas expressed or points out limitations and potential areas in which elaboration would be useful. This response takes up each commentary in turn.
Boundary between multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Nakashima Ichiro
Published: January 2017

Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are often indistinguishable by their clinical features. Recently, anti‐myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody was found in the serum of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients without anti‐aquaporin‐4 antibody. This finding suggests a new category of central nervous system demyelinating diseases. However, even with the information provided by these serum antibody results, the diagnoses of some patients remain problematic. In the present article, a case that appeared to be at the boundary between multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica are presented. The patient was a 41‐year‐old woman who developed relapsing myelitis. Spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging showed a relatively long lesion. She had not developed brain lesions on routine magnetic resonance imaging for more than 5 years. She was negative for anti‐aquaporin‐4 antibody, and oral prednisolone could not prevent her relapses. However after fingolimod administration, she became stable and Expanded Disability Status Scale gradually improved.
Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: Pathology and treatment strategies
Authors: Nakahara Jin
Published: January 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Remyelination is a remarkable regenerative process that occurs in the central nervous system; in MS patients it explains the spontaneous recovery often observed after relapses, especially in younger patients. For some reason, however, this remyelination capacity decreases with MS duration, leaving denuded axons behind. Myelin is indispensable not only for saltatory conduction, but also for the trophic support of axons, and therefore chronic demyelination might lead to irreversible axonal damage and consequent neurodegeneration. For better prognosis of MS, it is mandatory to elucidate the pathology underlying remyelination failure and to promote remyelination, in addition to identifying optimal disease‐modifying therapies. For future personalized MS treatment, an evaluation of remyelination capacity in individual MS patients will be of great value. For this purpose, a clinically feasible method of assessing remyelination activity will be required, and very recently a new imaging modality named q‐space myelin map imaging has been developed. Together with various candidate remyelination medicines under clinical development, these advances might lead to a novel MS treatment strategy in the near future.
Psychosocial changes as correlates of weight regain vs. continued loss within 2‐year trials of a self‐regulation‐focused community‐based intervention
Authors: Annesi J. J. , Mareno N.
Published: January 2017

Although health‐enhancing weight reductions are associated with behavioural treatments initially, a trajectory towards full regain typically begins within 6–9 months. Women with obesity (body mass index = 30–40 kg m−2) who lost at least 3% of their baseline weight within two trials of a new cognitive‐behavioural treatment incorporating physical activity prior to changes in eating behaviours, and either regained ≥50% of that weight over 2 years (Regain group, n=32) or continued to lose weight (ContinuedLoss group, n = 34), were assessed from months 6 to 24 on changes in weight‐loss behaviours and psychosocial predictors of those behaviours derived from established behavioural theories. For the Regain group, significant decreases in physical activity and fruit/vegetable intake during months 12–24, from both months 6 to 24 and 12 to 24 in eating‐ and physical activity‐related self‐regulation and from months 6 to 24 in eating‐related self‐efficacy (i.e. feelings of ability), were found. No significant behavioural or psychosocial changes were found over those times in the ContinuedLoss group. Changes in self‐regulation and self‐efficacy completely mediated the relationship between changes in fruit/vegetable intake and group (Regain vs. ContinuedLoss) (McFadden’s R
2 = 0.19 and 0.20, respectively), with self‐regulation independently contributing to the explained variance. Changes over both months 6–24 and 12–24 in self‐regulation significantly mediated the relationship between changes in physical activity and group membership (McFadden's R
2 = 0.24 and 0.27, respectively). Findings suggested that approximately 6 months after treatment initiation would be a suitable time to intervene with some bolstering methods, while approximately 12 months post‐initiation would be most applicable for others.
Rebalancing China's Economy: Domestic and International Implications
Authors: Ma Guonan , Roberts Ivan , Kelly Gerard
Published: January 2017

This paper considers interactions between China's domestic and external imbalances and their global implications. We present scenarios detailing how a rebalancing of China's growth pattern from investment‐driven growth towards more consumption‐driven growth may occur in practice. Using input–output tables for 2012, we illustrate the knife‐edged nature of Chinese rebalancing, the linkages between expenditure‐side and production‐side rebalancing, and how an internal rebalancing could exacerbate external imbalances. A policy implication for China is that for rebalancing to be fast, consumption must be exceptionally resilient and the efficiency of investment must increase sharply. If rebalancing is too slow, the capital‐to‐output ratio will rise to potentially unsustainable levels and consumption will fail to attain levels of contemporary upper middle‐income economies by 2030. Global input–output tables (1995–2011) suggest that the patterns of Chinese rebalancing considered in our scenarios may generate substantial headwinds for exports to China by its trading partners.
Exchange Rate Regime, Financial Market Bubbles and Long‐term Growth in China: Lessons from Japan
Authors: Schnabl Gunther
Published: January 2017

Since 2014, capital inflows into China have turned into capital outflows, reversing the gradual appreciation path of the renminbi against the US dollar into an erratic depreciation path. The paper explains the current capital outflows by comparing China and Japan with respect to the impact of exchange rate expectations on speculative capital flows. It is argued that both in China and Japan, given benign liquidity conditions in the USA, policy‐induced appreciation expectations have generated capital inflows that have contributed to overinvestment and financial market bubbles. The current reversal of capital flows is seen as a signal that the bubble in China has burst. To stabilize growth in China and to discourage speculative capital outflows a fixed exchange rate to the dollar is recommended. Given Japan's experience and given that China's foreign assets remain high, the depreciation pressure on the Chinese renminbi can be expected to abate.
Stability of the Gross Motor Function Classification System in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a retrospective cohort registry study
Authors: Alriksson‐Schmidt Ann , Nordmark Eva , Czuba Tomasz , Westbom Lena
Published: January 2017

Aim

To investigate the stability and to determine factors that affect change in the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) in a sample from the total population with cerebral palsy (CP) in two regions of Sweden.

Method

Retrospective cohort registry study based on the follow‐up programme for CP. Children with CP and a minimum of two GMFCS ratings were included. Subtype, sex, ages at GMFCS ratings, time between ratings, number of ratings, assessor change, and birth cohort were analysed in relation to initial GMFCS levels, with descriptive statistics and logistic regression models.

Results

Ninety‐three per cent (n=736) of children with CP born between 1990 and 2007 were included, resulting in 7922 assessments between 1995 and 2014. Fifty‐six per cent of the children received the same GMFCS rating at all assessments, with a median of 11 individual GMFCS ratings (range 2–21) and a median of three different assessors (range 1–10). Changes were often transient; downward change (higher performance) was more likely in GMFCS levels II and III than in the other levels. The probability of upward change (lower performance) was lowest in unilateral spastic CP.

Interpretation

The results support the stability of the GMFCS shown previously and add new information on the properties of the classification.
Motor impairment in children born preterm: assessment with the Movement ABC‐2
Authors: Jary Sally
Published: January 2017

This commentary is on the original article by Griffiths et al. on pages 490–496 of this issue.
Renal safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Desai Mehul , Yavin Yshai , Balis Dainius , Sun Don , Xie John , Canovatchel William , Rosenthal Norm
Published: January 2017

The incidence of renal‐related adverse events (AEs) with canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from a pooled population of patients in 7 active‐ and placebo‐controlled trials (N = 5598) and in a 104‐week study vs glimepiride (N = 1450) was low and similar in canagliflozin and non‐canagliflozin groups. In the study vs glimepiride, canagliflozin was associated with an initial acute decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) that attenuated over time, while eGFR declined progressively over 104 weeks with glimepiride. The incidence of renal‐related AEs with canagliflozin was generally stable over time, while the incidence with glimepiride increased over 104 weeks. In the present analysis, based on postmarketing reports from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System, a potential signal was identified for acute kidney injury with all approved sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (ie, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin). The early onset of acute kidney injury events with SGLT2 inhibitors in postmarketing reports probably reflects the acute changes in eGFR attibutable to the known renal haemodynamic effects of SGLT2 inhibition.
Catchment‐scale determinants of nonindigenous minnow richness in the eastern United States
Authors: Peoples Brandon K. , Midway Stephen R. , DeWeber Jefferson T. , Wagner Tyler
Published: January 2017

Understanding the drivers of biological invasions is critical for preserving aquatic biodiversity. Stream fishes make excellent model taxa for examining mechanisms driving species introduction success because their distributions are naturally limited by catchment boundaries. In this study, we compared the relative importance of catchment‐scale abiotic and biotic predictors of native and nonindigenous minnow (Cyprinidae) richness in 170 catchments throughout the eastern United States. We compared historic and contemporary cyprinid distributional data to determine catchment‐wise native/nonindigenous status for 152 species. Catchment‐scale model predictor variables described natural (elevation, precipitation, flow accumulation) and anthropogenic (developed land cover, number of dams) abiotic features, as well as native congener richness. Native congener richness may represent either biotic resistance via interspecific competition, or trait preadaptation according to Darwin's naturalisation hypothesis. We used generalised linear mixed models to examine evidence supporting the relative roles of abiotic and biotic predictors of cyprinid introduction success. Native congener richness was positively correlated with nonindigenous cyprinid richness and was the most important variable predicting nonindigenous cyprinid richness. Mean elevation had a weak positive effect, and effects of other abiotic factors were insignificant and less important. Our results suggest that at this spatial scale, trait preadaptation may be more important than intrageneric competition for determining richness of nonindigenous fishes.
Bursts of seizures in long‐term recordings of human focal epilepsy
Authors: Karoly Philippa J. , Nurse Ewan S. , Freestone Dean R. , Ung Hoameng , Cook Mark J. , Boston Ray
Published: January 2017

Objective

We report on temporally clustered seizures detected from continuous long‐term ambulatory human electroencephalographic data. The objective was to investigate short‐term seizure clustering, which we have termed bursting, and consider implications for patient care, seizure prediction, and evaluating therapies.

Methods

Chronic ambulatory intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) data collected for the purpose of seizure prediction were annotated to identify seizure events. A detection algorithm was used to identify bursts of events. Burst events were compared to nonburst events to evaluate event dispersion, duration and dynamics.

Results

Bursts of seizures were present in 6 of 15 subjects, and detections were consistent over long‐term monitoring (>2 years). Subjects with bursts of seizures had highly overdispersed seizure rates, compared to other subjects. There was a complicated relationship between bursts and clinical seizures, although bursts were associated with multimodal distributions of seizure duration, and poorer predictive outcomes. For three subjects, bursts demonstrated distinctive preictal dynamics compared to clinical seizures.

Significance

We have previously hypothesized that there are distinct physiologic pathways underlying short‐ and long‐duration seizures. Herein we show that burst seizures fall almost exclusively within the short population of seizure durations; however, a short duration event was not sufficient to induce or imply bursting. We can therefore conclude that in addition to distinct mechanisms underlying seizure duration, there are separate factors regulating bursts of seizures. We show that bursts were a robust phenomenon in our patient cohort, which were consistent with overdispersed seizure rates, suggesting long‐memory dynamics.
De novo SCN1A pathogenic variants in the GEFS+ spectrum: Not always a familial syndrome
Authors: Myers Kenneth A. , Burgess Rosemary , Afawi Zaid , Damiano John A. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Hildebrand Michael S. , Scheffer Ingrid E.
Published: January 2017

Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a familial epilepsy syndrome characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from mild disorders such as febrile seizures to epileptic encephalopathies (EEs) such as Dravet syndrome (DS). Although DS often occurs with de novo SCN1A pathogenic variants, milder GEFS+ spectrum phenotypes are associated with inherited pathogenic variants. We identified seven cases with non‐EE GEFS+ phenotypes and de novo SCN1A pathogenic variants, including a monozygotic twin pair. Febrile seizures plus (FS+) occurred in six patients, five of whom had additional seizure types. The remaining case had childhood‐onset temporal lobe epilepsy without known febrile seizures. Although early development was normal in all individuals, three later had learning difficulties, and the twin girls had language impairment and working memory deficits. All cases had SCN1A missense pathogenic variants that were not found in either parent. One pathogenic variant had been reported previously in a case of DS, and the remainder were novel. Our finding of de novo pathogenic variants in mild phenotypes within the GEFS+ spectrum shows that mild GEFS+ is not always inherited. SCN1A screening should be considered in patients with GEFS+ phenotypes because identification of pathogenic variants will influence antiepileptic therapy, and prognostic and genetic counseling.
Modelling the evolution of HIV‐1 virulence in response to imperfect therapy and prophylaxis
Authors: Smith David R. M. , Mideo Nicole
Published: January 2017

Average HIV‐1 virulence appears to have evolved in different directions in different host populations since antiretroviral therapy first became available, and models predict that HIV drugs can select for either higher or lower virulence, depending on how treatment is administered. However, HIV virulence evolution in response to “leaky” therapy (treatment that imperfectly suppresses viral replication) and the use of preventive drugs (pre‐exposure prophylaxis) has not been explored. Using adaptive dynamics, we show that higher virulence can evolve when antiretroviral therapy is imperfectly effective and that this evolution erodes some of the long‐term clinical and epidemiological benefits of HIV treatment. The introduction of pre‐exposure prophylaxis greatly reduces infection prevalence, but can further amplify virulence evolution when it, too, is leaky. Increasing the uptake rate of these imperfect interventions increases selection for higher virulence and can lead to counterintuitive increases in infection prevalence in some scenarios. Although populations almost always fare better with access to interventions than without, untreated individuals could experience particularly poor clinical outcomes when virulence evolves. These findings predict that antiretroviral drugs may have underappreciated evolutionary consequences, but that maximizing drug efficacy can prevent this evolutionary response. We suggest that HIV virulence evolution should be closely monitored as access to interventions continues to improve.
Fallen stock data: An essential source of information for quantitative knowledge of equine mortality in France
Authors: Tapprest J. , Morignat E. , Dornier X. , Borey M. , Hendrikx P. , Ferry B. , Calavas D. , Sala C.
Published: January 2017

Background

Quantitative information about equine mortality is relatively scarce, yet it could be of great value for epidemiological purposes. In France, data from rendering plants are centralised in the Fallen Stock Data Interchange database (FSDI), managed by the French Ministry of Agriculture, while individual equine data are centralised in the French equine census database,SIRE, managed by the French horse and riding institute (IFCE).

Objectives

To evaluate whether the combined use of theFSDIandSIREdatabases can provide representative and accurate quantitative information on mortality for the French equine population and to propose enhancements of these databases to improve the quality of the resulting demographic information.

Study design

Descriptive study.

Methods

Mortality ratios for the French equine population were calculated per year between 2011 and 2014 and temporal variations in equine mortality modelled during the same period. Survival analyses were performed on a sample of equines traceable in both theFSDIandSIREdatabases.

Results

Estimates of the annual mortality ratios varied from 3.02 to 3.40% depending on the years. Survival rates of equines 2‐years‐old and over differed according to breed categories with the highest median age at death for the ponies. The weekly description of mortality highlighted marked seasonality of deaths whatever the category of equines. Modelling temporal variations in equine mortality also brought to light excess mortality.

Main limitations

Insufficient traceability of equines between the two databases.

Conclusion

TheFSDIdatabase provided an initial approach to equine death ratios on a national scale and an original description of temporal variations in mortality. Improvement in the traceability of equines between theFSDIandSIREdatabases is needed to enable their combined use, providing a representative description of equine longevity and a more detailed description of temporal variations in mortality.
Client Focus, Cooperation, and Coherence: (Re)professionalising Processes for Elderly Care
Authors: Wällstedt Niklas
Published: January 2017

This paper suggests the study of professionalism and the professionalising processes within public sector organisations. Sociologists propose that professionalism is changing into a new variant developing under the premise of organisational management and control. This paper disputes the perspective that the use of management control leads to deprofessionalisation in terms of the routinisation of reflective professional tasks or weakened professional values. This paper proposes that, with client focus, professionals and accountants can cooperate and create coherence between management control system elements and professional values. This dynamic contributes to the retention of professional values and more reflective work procedures.
Inter‐Organizational Cooperation Challenging Hierarchical Accountability: The Dominated Actors in a Municipal Joint Venture
Authors: Cäker Mikael , Nyland Kari
Published: January 2017

New public management offers a number of solutions to the kinds of problems that public sector organizations experience. In taking an accountability perspective, this paper elaborates on how two of these – strict responsibility for performance, and inter‐organizational cooperation – may conflict. The setting for this study is a joint venture with a dominant municipality and six dominated municipalities as owners. The article examines how horizontal accountability processes may influence the dominated owners’ hierarchical accountability. The ability to account hierarchically for the quality of service within budgetary parameters is problematized, when dominated owners may dismantle their ability to demand horizontal accountability.
Puffins reveal contrasting relationships between forage fish and ocean climate in the North Pacific
Authors: Sydeman William J. , Piatt John F. , Thompson Sarah Ann , García‐Reyes Marisol , Hatch Scott A. , Arimitsu Mayumi L. , Slater Leslie , Williams Jeffrey C. , Rojek Nora A. , Zador Stephani G. , Renner Heather M.
Published: January 2017

Long‐term studies of predator food habits (i.e., ‘predator‐based sampling’) are useful for identifying patterns of spatial and temporal variability of forage nekton in marine ecosystems. We investigated temporal changes in forage fish availability and relationships to ocean climate by analyzing diet composition of three puffin species (horned puffin Fratercula corniculata, tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata, and rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata) from five sites in the North Pacific from 1978–2012. Dominant forage species included squids and hexagrammids in the western Aleutians, gadids and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) in the eastern Aleutians and western Gulf of Alaska (GoA), and sand lance and capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the northern and eastern GoA. Interannual fluctuations in forage availability dominated variability in the western Aleutians, whereas lower‐frequency shifts in forage fish availability dominated elsewhere. We produced regional multivariate indicators of sand lance, capelin, and age‐0 gadid availability by combining data across species and sites using Principal Component Analysis, and related these indices to environmental factors including sea level pressure (SPL), winds, and sea surface temperature (SST). There was coherence in the availability of sand lance and capelin across the study area. Sand lance availability increased linearly with environmental conditions leading to warmer ocean temperatures, whereas capelin availability increased in a non‐linear manner when environmental changes led to lower ocean temperatures. Long‐term studies of puffin diet composition appear to be a promising tool for understanding the availability of these difficult‐to‐survey forage nekton in remote regions of the North Pacific.
Ecological divergence among young lineages favours sympatry, but convergence among old ones allows coexistence in syntopy
Authors: Laiolo Paola , Seoane Javier , Obeso José Ramón , Illera Juan Carlos
Published: January 2017

Aim

We analyse when and why closely related species start to coexist in sympatry at the range (continental) scale, and in syntopy at the local (community) scale. We contrast the idea that limiting similarity and time constrain the transition to sympatry of sister lineages after their initial allopatric split, with the hypothesis of ecological convergence, leading to the coexistence of species with similar ecological attributes in similar environments.

Location

European continent, north‐west Italy and north‐west Spain.

Methods

With a comparative framework we test whether the spatial overlap of bird ranges within Europe, at the continental scale, and in two European regions at the community scale, vary with their degree of ecological similarity (trophic niche, body size, elevational preferences), when accounting for the evolutionary time available for range expansion.

Results

A larger number of sister species with recent common ancestors are found in the continent than within communities, a likely consequence of the allopatric mode of divergence of lineages. Divergence in elevational preferences and niche breadth favoured a way back to secondary sympatry of European sister species, which took place c. 2 Myr after their split. Once in sympatry, the coexistence of species at the local scale took almost twice as long and was instead favoured by ecological convergence.

Main conclusions

Ecological similarity poses a fundamental constraint to species coexistence, but whether it hampers or favours it depends on the scale, both spatial (sympatry versus syntopy) and temporal (young versus old lineages). Scaling issues are not independent – the reduction of the spatial scale expands the temporal one – generating mismatches between ecological patterns (within communities) and macroecological ones (within ranges).
LITERARISCHE BLÜTEN LESEN ODER BLUMEN DER FREUNDSCHAFT WEIHEN? DIE ANTHOLOGIE ELISENS UND SOPHIENS GEDICHTE UND DER LITERARISCHE FREUNDSCHAFTSKULT IM SPÄTEN 18. JAHRHUNDERT
Authors: Leyh Valérie
Published: January 2017

In the context of the eighteenth century, during which the anthology became so discursively salient, the collection Elisens und Sophiens Gedichte (1790) assumes a peculiar significance. This anthology, which emerged from the circle of friends surrounding Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim in Halberstadt, is ostensibly devoted to poems by the two women writers and friends, Elisa von der Recke (1754–1833) and Sophie Becker (1754–89). But it is not simply a showcase of these two poets. Closer examination reveals that this work directly derives from the idea of friendship in an age of sensibility, aiming to preserve the relationships among the mixed circle of friends for posterity. In so doing, the collection conflicts with a traditional model of the anthology in the eighteenth century and its aesthetic criteria. For after Sophie Becker's death the editor decided to complete the collection with an inner anthology of poems of grief in an act of memorialisation. The present paper analyses the various tensions characterising this anthology from 1790, reconstructing its complex genesis and publication history. In closing, the following article describes a very particular and previously unknown copy of the anthology. We can read this special edition as the counterpart to the printed manuscript, and as a specific model of communication.

Im literarischen Kontext des 18. Jahrhunderts, in dem ein reges Interesse für Anthologien zu beobachten ist, nimmt die Sammlung Elisens und Sophiens Gedichte (1790) eine besondere Stellung ein. Die aus dem Halberstädter Freundeszirkel um Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim hervorgegangene Sammlung widmet sich den Gedichten der beiden Dichterinnen und Freundinnen Elisa von der Recke (1754–1833) und Sophie Becker (1754–89) und erweist sich bei näherer Betrachtung als ein Werk, das dem Ideal der empfindsamen Freundschaft entspringt und die freundschaftlichen Beziehungen eines gemischten Freundeskreises verewigen soll. Dabei gerät die Sammlung zugleich in Konflikt mit dem traditionellen Anthologie‐Modell und seinen ästhetischen Ansprüchen, und zwar vor allem dann, als der ursprünglichen Sammlung nach Sophie Beckers Tod eine Binnenanthologie mit Trauergedichten in memorialer Funktion beigefügt werden soll. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht diesen verschiedenen Spannungen nach und rekonstruiert ihre komplexe Entstehungs‐ und Publikationsgeschichte, indem er zum Schluss auf ein besonderes, bislang unbekanntes Exemplar der Anthologie eingeht und anhand dieses Drucks das Kommunikationsmodell der Sonderausgabe als ein Pendant zum Manuskriptdruck definiert.
Innovation Expectations and Patenting in Private and Public R&D Projects
Authors: Haapanen Mika , Lenihan Helena , Tokila Anu
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we investigate how the innovation expectations of public financiers are related to realized patents. The analysis is based on a novel data set of collaborative R&D projects subsidized by the Finnish Agency of Technology and Innovation (Tekes) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) during the period 2000–2004. Innovation expectations are measured using reports submitted by Tekes experts during ex ante assessments of projects. Our probit model results reveal that Tekes' patent expectations are positively related to realized patents for projects led by private firms (but not by public organizations). For large organizations, Tekes' innovation expectations are better at predicting patenting.
Hypophosphatemia predicts a failure to recover from adefovir‐related renal injury after dose reduction in lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B patients
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuo , Maruyama Yasuhiko , Ohashi Naro , Yasuda Hideo , Shinozaki Masami
Published: January 2017

Aim

In chronic hepatitis B patients receiving 10 mg adefovir, dose reduction is recommended when renal injury appears. However, recovery is not always achieved and markers that recommend switching to another antiviral agent are unknown. We investigated adefovir‐related renal injury, recovery after dose reduction, and their predictors.

Methods

The renal injury in 77 chronic hepatitis B patients receiving 10 mg adefovir and recovery after dose reduction to alternate day administration in those with adefovir‐related renal injury were assessed. The predictors for >20% estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline following treatment with 10 mg adefovir and for >20% eGFR recovery after dose reduction were investigated.

Results

The adefovir dose was reduced in 26 patients (34%) at 59 ± 30 (mean ± standard deviation) months of 10 mg adefovir treatment because of decreases in eGFR (cumulative incidence 27%), serum phosphorus (9%), and uric acid (16%) levels, and increases in alkaline phosphatase (20%), bone type alkaline phosphatase (18%), urinary α1‐microglobulin (18%), and urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (18%) levels. The only significant predictor for >20% eGFR decline was age ≥50 years at the start of 10 mg adefovir treatment. The cumulative eGFR recovery rate was 42% at 42 ± 27 months after dose reduction, and ≥2.5 mg/dL serum phosphorus level at dose reduction was the only significant predictor for >20% eGFR recovery after dose reduction.

Conclusion

Patients aged ≥50 years are predisposed to adefovir‐related renal injury and switching to another antiviral agent rather than adefovir dose reduction is recommended when hypophosphatemia is observed.
Protective effects of tacalcitol against oxidative damage in human epidermal melanocytes
Authors: Li Qi‐Lin , Wu Yan‐Hua , Niu Mu , Lu Xiao‐Juan , Huang Yong‐Hua , He Dan‐Hua
Published: January 2017

Background

Oxidative damage may lead to the dysfunction of melanocytes (MCs) and is one of the causative mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.

Objectives

This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of the vitamin D3 analog tacalcitol on oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human epidermal MCs.

Methods

Human epidermal MCs were cultured and identified by l‐DOPA staining and HMB‐45 immunohistochemical staining. The model of oxidative damage induced by H2O2 was established, and the cells were treated with tacalcitol. The viability of MCs was determined using an MTS assay. Morphological changes in cell dendrites were observed by microscopy, and the rate of change of dendrites was calculated. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in MCs was determined using immunofluorescence microscopy. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in MCs were determined using the WST‐1 and TBA methods, respectively.

Results

In comparison with the control group, the viability of MCs and SOD activity were significantly decreased in the H2O2 group (P < 0.05) and significantly increased in the tacalcitol group (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control group, the rate of change of cell dendrites and levels of ROS and MDA were significantly increased in the H2O2 group (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased in the tacalcitol group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Tacalcitol can reduce oxidative damage induced by H2O2 in MCs by inhibiting intracellular ROS overproduction, increasing SOD activity, and decreasing the level of MDA, thereby reducing cell apoptosis.
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, treatments, and outcomes in a series of 28 patients at Mayo Clinic, 1996–2013
Authors: Alniemi Dema T. , Wetter David A. , Bridges Alina G. , el‐Azhary Rokea A. , Davis Mark D. P. , Camilleri Michael J. , McEvoy Marian T.
Published: January 2017

Background

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare skin condition typically caused by medications. The objective of this study was to examine the clinical features, causes, and outcomes of AGEP at a sole tertiary care center.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients with AGEP (European Study of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions score of ≥ 5) seen at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN, USA) between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2013, was conducted.

Results

Of 28 patients (mean age at onset: 56 years), 17 (61%) were women. The development of AGEP was attributed to medications in 25 patients (89%), with clindamycin the most common culprit (six patients). Three patients (11%) had mucous membrane involvement, and 21 (75%) showed systemic involvement. Ten patients (36%) received systemic corticosteroids for treatment of AGEP. Skin findings resolved within 15 days in 26 patients (93%) (mean time to resolution: 7.6 days). In three patients (11%), generalized skin eruptions or dermatitis developed weeks to months after the resolution of AGEP. Twenty‐four patients (86%) had a personal history of drug reactions before the development of AGEP.

Conclusions

A previous history of drug reactions and clindamycin causation were more common in the present cohort than in prior reports. A small subset of patients experienced new‐onset non‐AGEP skin eruptions within a few months of the resolution of AGEP.
Efficacy of superficial cryotherapy on the eyebrows of patients with alopecia universalis also treated with contact immunotherapy on the scalp: a prospective, split‐face comparative study
Authors: Choe Sung Jay , Lee Won‐Soo
Published: January 2017

Background

Few treatment modalities are available for treating alopecia areata (AA) of the eyebrow. Due to the anatomical proximity of the eyebrows to the eyes, safety issues and side effects should always be taken into consideration when choosing the treatment modality. This study was designed to examine the efficacy of superficial cryotherapy on patients with AA of the eyebrow.

Methods

Superficial cryotherapy was performed every other week on the right eyebrow (SC‐treated) in a total of 20 patients who had been previously treated with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) immunotherapy on the scalp. No specific treatment was performed on the left eyebrows as a control. The degree of eyebrow recovery was compared in 15 patients who continued to receive more than 10 superficial cryotherapy treatments (5 months of treatment) on their right eyebrow.

Results

Hair density was significantly increased on both treated and control eyebrows after 5 months of treatment compared with the pretreatment density; moreover, the SC‐treated eyebrows exhibited a significantly greater increase in density than the control eyebrows. Although hair thickness in the control eyebrows did not change significantly over the treatment period, hair thickness of the SC‐treated eyebrows showed a statistically significant increase at months 3 and 5.

Conclusions

Superficial cryotherapy is associated with minimal to no adverse events and exhibits high compliance and relatively good efficacy. Thus, this treatment is an important additional option for patients with AA of the eyebrow.
High‐Frequency Positive Feedback Trading and Market Quality: Evidence from China's Stock Market
Authors: Wan Die , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: January 2017

This paper managed to measure the positive feedback trading intensity and its asymmetry with high‐frequency transaction data of China's individual stocks. The intraday positive feedback trading is found to be heterogeneous, and buying‐winners effect is significantly stronger than selling‐losers effect. In general, the high‐frequency asymmetric positive feedback trading's impact on market quality is mixed: The intraday positive feedback trades contribute to a liquid and active‐trading market but at the same time slow down the price discovery process and reduce the price efficiency.
Li3AlN2—a self‐activated yellow light emitting wide‐bandgap semiconductor used for LEDs
Authors: Ding Jianyan , Wu Quansheng , Li Yanyan , Long Qiang , Wang Yichao , Wang Yuhua
Published: January 2017

In allusion to the problems existing in the defect‐related luminescent materials, a series self‐activated light emitting semiconductors of Li3AlN2: R (R=0, Na+, Mg2+, Si4+, Tb3+, Eu3+) have been successfully synthesized by sample‐pressure sintering. Under the excitation at 422 nm, a yellow light peaked at 580 nm have been observed in the host lattice of Li3AlN2. The crystal structure and the electron structure of Li3AlN2 have been measured to investigate the defect‐related luminescent properties of Li3AlN2 using the Rietveld refinement on the basic of X‐ray diffraction data and the density functional theory (DET). The results show that Li3AlN2 crystallizes in cubic phase with full filled edge‐shared (Al/Li)N4 tetrahedrons and is a wide‐bandgap semiconductor. The impurity defects produced by ions substitution have also been investigated, which leads to the red‐shift of the emission peak. Finally, the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectrum of Li3AlN2 with two excitation bands peaked at 300 nm and 422 nm has been detected, and the latter matches well with near‐UV LED chips. The thermal stability shows that integral intensity of Li3AlN2 at 150°C still has 60% of the initial intensity at room temperature. The results indicate their potential applications as the LED used phosphors.
Thermodynamics of the Mg‐Mn‐O system—modeling and heat capacity measurements
Authors: Dilner David , Pavlyuchkov Dmytro , Zienert Tilo , Kjellqvist Lina , Fabrichnaya Olga
Published: January 2017

In this study, a thermodynamic description of the Mg‐Mn‐O system is presented. Phase diagram data, structural information, and thermochemical data are used in the assessment. All solution phases are modeled using the compound energy formalism. In addition, heat capacity measurement of the MgMn2O4 and Mg6MnO8 phases are reported. The thermodynamic description reproduces thermochemical, structural, and phase diagram data.
Anomalous enhancement of photoluminescence intensity of sintered YAG:Ce particles‐embedded glasses
Authors: Shyu Jiin‐Jyh , Yang Chia‐Wei
Published: January 2017

For high‐power white LED applications, YAG:Ce‐based yellow phosphors were embedded in a low‐Tg Bi2O3–B2O5–ZnO–Sb2O5 glass by sintering route. Effects of sintering temperature (325‐390°C) on the microstructure and photoluminescence properties were investigated. X‐ray diffraction was used to measure the retained fraction of YAG:Ce phase after sintering. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, were used to examine the microstructure, including the element distribution across the phosphor–glass interface. Photoluminescence properties of the samples before and after sintering were compared. With the increasing sintering temperature, the retained fraction of YAG:Ce decreased from 83.3% to 82%. This effect tends to reduce the luminescence intensity of the samples after sintering. The increasing sintering temperature also enhances the diffusion of cations (esp. Bi) from glass matrix to YAG:Ce. This effect tends to increase the luminescence intensity of the YAG:Ce particles after sintering. When the sintering temperature was lower (325°C), the effect of YAG:Ce loss was dominant, thus the luminescence intensity was reduced after sintering. When the sintering temperature was higher (350‐390°C), the effect of solute dissolution was dominant, resulting in luminescence intensity anomalously higher than that before sintering. Similar result has not been reported in literatures. The maximum luminescence intensity of the sintered samples is 1.57 times as high as that of the samples before sintering.
First case of neonatal diabetes with KCNJ11 Q52R mutation successfully switched from insulin to sulphonylurea treatment
Authors: Ioacara Sorin , Flanagan Sarah , Fröhlich‐Reiterer Elke , Goland Robin , Fica Simona
Published: January 2017

In this report, we present the first known case of intermediate developmental delay, epilepsy and permanent neonatal diabetes (DEND) syndrome caused by a Q52R mutation in the KCNJ11 gene who was successfully switched (at age 1.3 years) to sulphonylurea monotherapy, namely glibenclamide. The most recent evaluation, after 2 years, showed a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.0% (42 mmol/mol). This mutation is so severe that none of the previously reported four cases were able to switch from insulin to sulphonylurea monotherapy. The Q52R mutation seems to have a chance of positive response to glibenclamide administered every 3–6 h instead of the classical 8–12 h, in doses around or above 2.5 mg/kg/day.