bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mass-loss rate and local thermodynamic state of the KELT-9 b thermosphere from the hydrogen Balmer series
Authors: Wyttenbach A. , Mollière P. , Ehrenreich D. , Cegla H. M. , Bourrier V. , Lovis C. , Pino L. , Allart R. , Seidel J. V. , Hoeijmakers H. J. , Nielsen L. D. , Lavie B. , Pepe F. , Bonfils X. , Snellen I. A. G.
Published: May 2020

KELT-9 b, the hottest known exoplanet, withTeq~ 4400 K, is the archetype of a new planet class known as ultra-hot Jupiters. These exoplanets are presumed to have an atmosphere dominated by neutral and ionized atomic species. In particular, Hαand HβBalmer lines have been detected in the KELT-9 b upper atmosphere, suggesting that hydrogen is filling the planetary Roche lobe and escaping from the planet. In this work, we detectedδScuti-type stellar pulsation (with a periodPpuls= 7.54 ± 0.12 h) and studied the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect (finding a spin-orbit angleλ= −85.01° ± 0.23°) prior to focussing on the Balmer lines (Hαto Hζ) in the optical transmission spectrum of KELT-9 b. Our HARPS-N data show significant absorption for Hαto Hδ. The precise line shapes of the Hα, Hβ, and Hγabsorptions allow us to put constraints on the thermospheric temperature. Moreover, the mass loss rate, and the excited hydrogen population of KELT-9 b are also constrained, thanks to a retrieval analysis performed with a new atmospheric model. We retrieved a thermospheric temperature ofT= 13 200−720+800K and a mass loss rate ofṀ= 1012.8±0.3g s−1when the atmosphere was assumed to be in hydrodynamical expansion and in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Since the thermospheres of hot Jupiters are not expected to be in LTE, we explored atmospheric structures with non-Boltzmann equilibrium for the population of the excited hydrogen. We do not find strong statistical evidence in favor of a departure from LTE. However, our non-LTE scenario suggests that a departure from the Boltzmann equilibrium may not be sufficient to explain the retrieved low number densities of the excited hydrogen. In non-LTE, Saha equilibrium departure via photo-ionization, is also likely to be necessary to explain the data.
Evaluation of carbothermic processing for mixed discarded lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Pindar Sanjay , Dhawan Nikhil
Published: May 2020

The limited life span and huge demand for lithium-ion batteries, environment concerns, and the consumption of rare metals such as lithium and cobalt are the key facts for the worldwide recycling efforts. In this study, the cathode material of discarded lithium-ion batteries was carbothermally reduced using recovered graphite. A comparative evaluation of reduction behavior of single-phase (LiCoO2) and mixed-phase (LiCoO2.LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4.LiMn2O4) cathode materials was investigated under an ambient and inert atmosphere. Processing of single-phase cathode material in inert atmosphere yielded pure metallic cobalt, whereas, higher metallic recoveries and metal purity were obtained by processing of mixed cathode material in ambient conditions. The excellent product obtained under ambient conditions comprises 68% Co, 21% Mn, 2.5% Ni with saturation magnetization: 106 emu/g, and a precursor for the synthesis of cathode material. The process yield is 46.2% and lithium extraction 83%. In terms of metal purity and recovery, graphite was found to be better for reduction than activated charcoal. The process followed is simple, adaptable, and cost-effective for metals recovery from discarded lithium-ion batteries.
Ontology-based modelling for content delivery systems
Authors: Padeken Lena Mareike , Bürkel Annika Johanna
Published: May 2020

Instead of managing metadata in a content management system (CMS) for content delivery, this research uses an ontology to make use of augmented intelligence. Hence, the retrieval of specific information in a content delivery system (CDS) is provided by a concise metadata concept. Ontology-based metadata concepts can have advantages in comparison to taxonomy-based metadata concepts because of the possibilities they offer to display linked information. The creation of an ontology depends on the vendor’s system, the vendor’s approach and most importantly the particular use case. Due to the ontology modelling, a data transformation for an external CDS is needed. When working with different vendors, requirements and considerations need to be discussed because the outcome can add value to user experience. The goal of this research is to identify the advantages of an ontology system over metadata management in a CMS. These advantages can be extracted by opportunities offered by the ontology modelling and by the transformation process.
A Study on QoE Improvement of Online Games with UDP Multipathization by SDN
Authors: Takabayashi Sou , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: May 2020

This paper studies QoE improvement of Online games by applying the UDP/TCP multi-pathization method by SDN. The method can distribute packets for one stream to multiple paths by controlling the network with software with-out any new transport layer protocol. The author evaluates QoE for two actual online games using the multi-pathization method by experiments with subjects. The experimental results show the following. The authors show that multi-pathization by SDN is effective for online games. However, to further improve QoE, it is necessary to investigate and examine the packet length threshold that is appropriate for online games when distributing packets to each path.
Assessment of TCP Multi-Pathization Method on IoT Devices by SDN based on WebQoE
Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: May 2020

This paper assesses QoE for a Web service (WebQoE) for the TCP multi-pathization method by SDN by experiments with subjects. The multi-pathization method is one of the QoS controls for IoT networks; it can multi-pathize a TCP connection without any changes of terminals or protocols. The previous work of the authors has evaluated QoS of Web services but has not assessed QoE. This paper assesses QoE of an online map service for the multi-pathization method by experiments with subjects. In the experiment, the authors treat various environments which diﬀers in the amount of load traﬃc. The obtained results show that WebQoE for the multi-pathization method is always higher than that without the method. Consequently, the paper confirms that the multi-pathization is eﬀective from point of users’ view.
Wearable device for automatic detection and monitoring of freezing in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Millán Michelle , Cantú Hiram
Published: May 2020

Freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is described as a short-term episode of absence or considerable decrease of movement despite the intention of moving forward. FOG is related to risk of falls and low quality of life for individuals with PD. FOG has been studied and analyzed through different techniques, including inertial movement units (IMUs) and motion capture systems (MOCAP), both along with robust algorithms. Still, there is not a standardized methodology to identify nor quantify freezing episodes (FEs). In a previous work from our group, a new methodology was developed to differentiate FEs from normal movement using position data obtained from a motion capture system. The purpose of this study is to determine if this methodology is equally effective identifying FEs when using IMUs. Twenty subjects with PD will perform two different gait-related tasks. Trials will be tracked by IMUs and filmed by a video camera; data from IMUs will be compared to the time occurrence of FEs obtained from the videos. We expect this methodology will successfully detect FEs with IMUs’ data. Results would allow the development of a wearable device able to detect and monitor FOG. It is expected that the use of this type of devices would allow clinicians to better understand FOG and improve patients’ care.
Emicizumab Improves Ex Vivo Clotting Function in Patients with Mild/Moderate Hemophilia A
Authors: Nakajima Yuto , Nogami Keiji , Yada Koji , Furukawa Shoko , Noguchi-Sasaki Mariko , Hirata Michinori , Shima Midori
Published: May 2020

Background Emicizumab prophylaxis is a promising treatment that reduces bleeding events in severely affected patients with hemophilia A (PwHA). It is anticipated that emicizumab could be similarly effective in mild/moderate PwHA (PwMHA) although this effect has not been investigated.

Aim We evaluated ex vivo coagulant effects of emicizumabin PwMHA.

Methods Clot waveform analysis (CWA) triggered by prothrombin time/activated partial prothrombin time-mixed reagents was utilized to examine coagulant effects of emicizumabin factor (F)VIII-deficient plasma mixed with recombinant (r)FVIIIand in native plasmas from 16 PwMHA. The CWA parameter, adjusted-|min1| (Ad|min1|), was used. Increases in Ad|min1| (ΔAd|min1|) mediated by emicizumab were calculated from the slopes of regression lines in the presence of rFVIII.

Results Ad|min1| in FVIII-deficient plasma with various concentrations of rFVIII negatively correlated with ΔAd|min1|by adding emicizumab, and these data were defined as standard reference values. Ad|min1| (4.57 ± 0.50) in 16 PwMHA increased to 5.05 ± 0.54 and 5.37 ± 0.60 by adding emicizumab at 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively, but remained lower than the normal range (7.22 ± 0.21). ΔAd|min1| levels were 1.5 to 2-fold higher in five cases and 0.4 to 0.6-fold lower in four cases, compared with reference values determined by rFVIII. In some cases, genetic analyses suggested that specific point mutations could have contributed to these findings. Further studies using rFVIII mutants indicated, however, that the differences in ΔAd|min1| were not related to individual FVIII gene defects.

Conclusion Emicizumab enhances coagulation potential in PwMHA. Assessment of ex vivo coagulant activity of emicizumab could be helpful for predicting coagulant potentials prior to treatment in these patients.
The Dilemma of Hemispherectomy for Rasmussen's Encephalitis in a Neurologically Intact Child
Authors: Borlot Felippe , Yau Ivanna , Olivieri Heather , Ibrahim George M. , Snead III O. Carter
Published: May 2020

Rasmussen's encephalitis is a rare drug-resistant focal epilepsy characterized by progressive hemiparesis, hemianopia, and cognitive decline. Hemispherectomy is currently the only known treatment that can be curative, though expected to cause postoperative motor and visual deficits in children and adolescents. To date, medical treatment with antiseizure medications and immunosuppressive agents can only offer partial, delayed, or temporary alleviation of symptoms. Hence, patients and families are often faced with the difficult decision to consider the possibility of seizure freedom at the cost of incurring permanent deficits. Here, we discussed the unique ethical issues when faced with a cure that can cause harm, and also discussed a shared decision-making approach guided by informed consent, principles of autonomy, and patient-centered values.
Genetic Basis of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Kalra O.P.
Published: May 2020

It is well known that all patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) do not develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several metabolic, hemodynamic and intracellular mechanisms have been proposed to play role in the pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN). Clustering of patients with DN in certain ethnic groups and families suggests the role of genetic factors. We have studied various facets about genetic determinants which may influence the development of kidney disease in patients with T2DM.

We have found that Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) DD genotype conferred the maximum risk, whereas ACE II genotype seemed to confer protective role against development of diabetic and nondiabetic CKD. Further, we found that oxidative stress (OS) plays a significant role in the development of DN and that Glutathione S-transferase theta-1and/or Glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 null genotypes are associated with higher OS in patients with DN. In addition, we also found that increased levels of inflammatory mediators, i.e. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and Urinary Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (uMCP-1) play a significant role in contributing to OS. We have shown that genetic polymorphism of NF-kB gene and TNF-α gene plays a role in determining serum level of various inflammatory markers and oxidant stress parameters. We found significant association of -429T/C and Gly82Ser Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) polymorphisms with the development of macrovascular and microvascular complications, respectively in T2DM subjects. Further, we have observed that AGE-mediated exacerbation of RAGE expression may play a role in pathogenesis of various vascular complications in T2DM.

To conclude, polymorphisms of various genes involved in renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), inflammatory, oxidant stress, cytoprotective and nitrous oxide pathways and enhanced RAGE mRNA expression may adversely influence final common pathway through oxidant stress mechanisms, and influence the levels of various cytokines and intracellular signaling mechanisms, thereby influencing the susceptibility of patients with diabetes mellitus for development of kidney disease and vascular complications.
Essential Skills in Postgraduate Medical Curriculum of Community Medicine
Authors: Kishore Jugal , Anand Tanu , Kumari Sneha
Published: May 2020

Introduction:

Community-based education has been considered a suitable approach for health promotion and for requisite skill development regarding primary health care. In the current perspective, public health training and research, being two important aspects require immediate attention.

Objective:

To assess the skills of Postgraduate Students in the Department of Community Medicine in four Medical Colleges of Delhi.

Materials and Methods:

It was a cross-sectional study conducted among 70 Postgraduate Medical Students of 4 Medical Colleges in Delhi. The data were collected through a self administered, pretested questionnaire containing items assessing socio-demographic profile and skills essential for Postgraduate Students of Community Medicine.

Results:

There were 58.6% male and 29% female students. A large proportion of participants were having age range between 25-29 years. Ability 'to resolve conflict among the nurse at Primary Health Centre (PHC)', 'generate community participation', 'making thick and thin smear in case of fever', 'making a chart showing month-wise distribution of CuT', and 'calculating Chi-square of data', were found to significantly higher in 2nd and 3rd year PG students than first year PG students (p<0.01). Only 27.1% of students felt that they could test water sample for microbiological aspects while only 47.1% said that they could examine an industrial worker for pre-placement examination.

Conclusions:

PG students assessed themselves to possess necessary skills on communication, counselling and health education. However, many students lacked skills pertaining to occupational health and epidemiology.
Atopic Dermatitis: Drug Delivery (Management) and Approaches (Strategies) in Perspective
Authors: Sehgal Virendra N.
Published: May 2020

Age-related cutaneous manifestations are definitive pointer to the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, the confirmation of which is solicited by 3 major and 3 minor criteria. Its unpredictable course is punctuated by exacerbations and remissions. Several treatment options, namely: 1st, 2nd and 3rd line are in vogue ever since. The Ist line envisages general measures, 2nd encompasses topical applications, while the 3rd take into account drug therapy comprising, systemic Corticosteroids, Cyclosporin, Azathioprine, Thymopentin, Interferon–therapy, Topical Calcineurin inhibitors: Tacrolimus and Pimecrolimus. The mode of action, their dosages and adverse drug reaction (ADR), in particular, have been focused in this paper with special attention to refresh their drug delivery (management) approaches (strategies) in perspective. An endeavor to focus attention to emerging etio-pathogenesis, and its application in the contemporary context has also been made.
Epidemiological Correlates and Treatment Outcomes among Patients with MDR Tuberculosis in Northern India
Authors: Singh Anjana , Prakash Ved , Ravi Kant
Published: May 2020

Introduction:

Multi drug resistant-TB (MDR-TB) threatens global TB control and is a major public health concern in several countries. The present study was undertaken to detect the epidemiological correlates and treatment outcomes among patients with MDR-TB previously or currently admitted in Department of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, KGMU, Lucknow.

Material & Methods:

This retrospective study included 2370 TB patients admitted in the Department of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, KGMU, Lucknow between years 2012 to 2015. Treatment outcomes were observed. SPSS software was used for data analysis.

Results:

The total number of MDR-TB cases enrolled were 2370. There were 772 (32.6%) males (95% CI: 30.7 % -34.5%) and 1598 (67.4%) females (95% CI: 65.5% -69.3%) registered for MDR-TB treatment. The treatment outcomes were as follows: majority (77.1%) were under treatment, 279 (11.8%) patients were declared cured, 10 (0.4%) were failure cases, while 64 (2.7%) were defaulters, 149 (6.3%) had died and 41(1.7%) were transferred out.

Conclusion:

Emergence of MDR-TB has the potential to be a serious public health problem in Northern India and this necessitates strengthening of TB control and improved continuous monitoring of therapy.
New Perspective of Lymphatic Filariasis-Towards Elimination
Authors: Kar Shantanu Kumar , Hansa Jagadish
Published: May 2020

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is an important public health problem globally as well as in India. LF causes both acute and chronic morbidity with significant impediment to socio-economic development. The aim of this review was to analyze the current scenario in filariasis research. This debilitating disease which carried a serious social stigma and once thought to be difficult to treat, control, and eradicate, now could achieve significant success in its treatment and elimination globally by 2020, including from India. Achievement of success so far could be possible through series of evolution in understanding pathology of the disease, pathogenesis of the etiologic agent parasite, diagnostic tools, therapeutic and preventive approaches through new knowledge, techniques and development of investigative tools.
Trans-nasal Trans-sphenoidal Endoscopic Hypophysectomy
Authors: Varshney Saurabh
Published: May 2020

Advances in optics, miniaturization, and endoscopic instrumentation have revolutionized surgery in the past decades. Current progress in the field of endoscopy promises to further this evolution: endoscopic telescopes and instruments have improved upon the optical and technical limitations of the microscope, and require an even less invasive approach to the sella. The minimally invasive endoscopic pituitary surgery is performed through the natural nasal pathway without any incisions and is performed via Trans-nasal Trans-sphenoidal approach. Pituitary surgery is traditionally within the realm of the neurosurgeon. However, since the introduction of the endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella turcica for resection of pituitary adenoma, otolaryngologists have been active partners in the surgical management of these patients. Otolaryngologists have lent their expertise in nasal and sinus surgery, assisting the neurosurgeon with the operation. The otolaryngologist has the advantage of familiarity with the techniques and instruments used to gain exposure of the sella turcica by transnasal approach. Hence, the otolaryngologist provides the exposure, and the neurosurgeon resects the tumour. Such collaboration has resulted in decreased rates of complication and morbidity.

We hereby discuss our experience of treating 72 cases of pituitary tumour by endoscopic trans-nasal trans-sphenoidal approach. In our study, conducted from 2005 to 2016, the mean age of patients was 32.5 years (18-56 years), Male and female ratio was 1.3:1.0, MRI was done in all the cases, CT scan was done in 94.44 % cases, 9.72% cases had Intra op./ Post op. complications which were managed successfully. Subtotal resection could be done in 6.94% cases, recurrence was seen in 7.46% cases and lumbar drain was required in 4.17 % cases. Average hospital stay was 4.4 days and average surgery time was 120 minutes. Close follow-up was maintained for an average period of 09 months. In our experience of 10 years, adopting the endoscope heightens the surgeons' visualization of pituitary tumors, thus no external incision, no nasal packing and minimal stay with minimal complications. Endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is the less traumatic route to the sella turcica, avoiding brain retraction, and also permitting good visualization, with lower rates of morbidity and mortality.
Biosensor Designs for Platelet-derived Microparticles Analysis
Authors: Kailashiya Jyotsna
Published: May 2020

Platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) are often used as marker of platelet activation and their count in blood has been found to be significantly associated with many diseases like myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thrombo-embolism etc. PMPs have been proposed as potential biomarkers for these conditions. Biosensors are newer analytical tools, being developed for convenient and cost effective analysis. For PMPs analysis, biosensors offer many advantages over conventional analysis techniques. This mini review compiles designs and techniques of reported biosensors based on antibody capturing for analysis of PMPs.
Fetal Blood Transfusion: The Saviour
Authors: Arora Devendra
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this oration is to discuss the modality of highly specialized Intra vascular fetal blood transfusion and its various sites to perform fetal blood transfusion with the role of middle cerebral artery-peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV), as measured by Doppler ultrasound, in managing fetal anemia in Rh-alloimmunized pregnancies. Intra-uterine fetal blood transfusion was performed in such anemic fetuses to tide over the crisis of fetal immaturity till considered fit for extra-uterine survival. Rh-alloimmunized pregnancies with or without hydrops reporting to our tertiary care institute from January, 2005 to December, 2015 were screened by Doppler ultrasound to estimate MCA-PSV to detect fetal anemia. During follow-up, if the fetus developed MCA-PSV values more than 1.5 MoM for the gestational age, fetal blood sampling through cordocentesis was performed to confirm fetal anemia. This was followed by intra-uterine fetal blood transfusion to all the anemic fetuses at the same sitting. The neonatal outcome was evaluated by recording gestational age at the time of delivery, duration of gestational time gained, and need for blood transfusion in the neonatal period. A total of 226 Rh-alloimmunized pregnancies were evaluated. Three hundred ninety six intra-uterine fetal blood transfusions were performed. In their neonatal period, 137 neonates received blood transfusion. Intra-uterine fetal death occurred in 11 fetuses out of which 7 were grossly hydropic fetus. Favorable neonatal outcome was recorded in the rest including 42 hydropic fetuses. The clinical outcome of these pregnancies justifies the use of Doppler studies of MCA-PSV in detecting fetal anemia as these were found to correlate well. Intra-uterine fetal blood transfusion in the anemic fetuses is the only hope of prolonging pregnancy salvaging such fetuses.
Therapies for Glomerular Diseases in Children
Authors: Bagga Arvind
Published: May 2020

Nephrotic syndrome is an important chronic disease of childhood, with a steroid sensitive course in most patients. Research on pathogenesis has emphasized the importance of T-lymphocyte dysregulation and vascular permeability factors that alter podocyte function and glomerular permselectivity. Mutations in genes that encode important podocyte proteins and therapeutic targets within podocytes have been identified. A hypothesis unifying available evidence on pathogenesis is yet to be proposed. An important proportion of patients have difficult disease course, characterized by frequent relapses, steroid dependence or steroid resistance, requiring therapy with alternative immunosuppressive agents. Clinical studies support the use of levamisole, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and rituximab in patients with frequent relapses or steroid dependence. The management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome is difficult and patients failing to achieve remission show progressive renal damage. Prospective studies in patients with steroid sensitive and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome are the basis of current guidelines while ongoing studies will help identify and formulate effective and safe therapies.
Extraction of intrinsic field-effect mobility of graphene considering effects of gate-bias-induced contact modulation
Authors: Lee Chang-Ju , Park Honghwi , Kang Jaewoon , Lee Junyeong , Choi Muhan , Park Hongsik
Published: May 2020

Carrier mobility is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the quality and uniformity of graphene. The mobility of graphene is typically extracted from the transconductance of a field-effect transistor fabricated with the graphene layer. However, the mobility value evaluated by this method is imprecise when the contact resistance is non-negligible, or the contact resistance is modulated by the gate bias, which is the case for typical graphene field-effect transistors. Here, we suggest a method for extracting the precise intrinsic field-effect mobility by considering the effective bias across the channel and its gate-induced modulation. We show that the contact resistances of typical graphene field-effect transistors are significantly modulated by gate bias and conventional methods can, therefore, cause a considerable error in the evaluation of the mobility. The proposed method in which the contact-induced error is removed gives a channel-length-independent intrinsic field-effect mobility. This method can be generally used to correctly evaluate the field-effect mobility of nano-scale or low-dimensional materials.
Degradation of InGaN-based LEDs: Demonstration of a recombination-dependent defect-generation process
Authors: Renso N. , De Santi C. , Caria A. , Dalla Torre F. , Zecchin L. , Meneghesso G. , Zanoni E. , Meneghini M.
Published: May 2020

This paper provides insights into the degradation of InGaN-based LEDs by presenting a comprehensive analysis carried out on devices having two quantum wells (QWs) with different emission wavelengths (495 nm and 405 nm). Two different configurations are considered: one with the 495 nm QW closer to the p-side and one with the 495 nm QW closer to the n-side. The original results collected within this work indicate that (i) during stress, the devices show an increase in defect-related leakage both in reverse and low-forward voltage ranges: current increases with the square-root of stress time, indicating the presence of a diffusion process; (ii) stress induces a decrease in the luminescence signal emitted by both quantum wells: the drop in luminescence is stronger when measurements are carried out at low current levels, indicating that degradation is due to the generation of Shockley–Read–Hall recombination centers; (iii) remarkably, the degradation rate is linearly dependent on the luminescence signal emitted before stress by the well, indicating that carrier density impacts on degradation; and (iv) the optical degradation rate has a linear dependence on the stress current density. The results strongly suggest the existence of a recombination-driven degradation process: the possible role of Shockley–Read–Hall and Auger recombination is discussed. The properties of the defects involved in the degradation process are described through steady-state photocapacitance measurements.
Numerical investigation of bubble dynamics at a corner
Authors: Wang Qianxi , Mahmud Mehdi , Cui Jie , Smith Warren R. , Walmsley A. D.
Published: May 2020

This paper is concerned with bubble dynamics at a corner formed by two flat rigid boundaries associated with applications in ultrasonic cleaning and cavitation damage. This phenomenon is modeled using the potential flow theory and the boundary integral method. The Green’s function is obtained to satisfy the impenetrable conditions at the rigid boundaries using the method of images with the corner angle α = π/k, where k is a natural number. To evaluate the numerical model, experiments were carried out with a spark-generated bubble in water and recorded using a high-speed camera. The predicted bubble shapes are in excellent agreement with those from the experiments. A jet forms toward the end of the collapse, pointing to the corner when initiated at the bisector of the two walls but pointing to the near wall and inclined to the corner when initiated near one of the two walls. The Kelvin impulse theory predicts the jet direction well. As compared to a bubble near a flat wall, the oscillation period and the jet width increase but the jet velocity decreases. The bubble migrates away from the near wall and the corner during its expansion and moves back toward them during its collapse, but at a much larger speed and amplitude. A velocity stagnation point forms at the start of the collapse, and a high-pressure zone is generated at the base of the jet during the late stages of the collapse, which drives the jet and the bubble toward the near wall and the corner.
Nonequilibrium cluster structures formed in a thin magnetorheological fluid layer subjected to a dc magnetic field
Authors: Ukai Tomofumi , Dong Jun , Maekawa Toru , Morimoto Hisao
Published: May 2020

We experimentally investigate cluster structures formed by paramagnetic particles in a thin magnetorheological (MR) fluid layer, the thickness of which normalized by the particle diameter ranges from 3.8 to 31, under a dc magnetic field perpendicular to the fluid layer. We particularly focus on cluster structures formed in a dc magnetic field of high ramping rates, in which case the structures may be greatly different from those formed under equilibrium conditions. When a dc magnetic field is applied so rapidly, paramagnetic particles form chain clusters along the field direction as expected, but some chain clusters coalesce in the lateral direction to form bent-wall structures. We analyze the dependence of cluster structures on experimental parameters such as the thickness of the MR fluid layer and the intensity of the magnetic field.
Gel dynamics in the mixture of low and high viscosity solvents: Re-entrant volume change induced by dynamical asymmetry
Authors: Tanaka Yoshimi , Seii Miyu , Sui Jize , Doi Masao
Published: May 2020

When a gel swollen with a certain solvent is placed in the bath of another solvent, the gel swells or de-swells depending on the thermodynamic affinity to the gel. Toyotama et al. [Langmuir 22, 1952 (2006)] reported an unusual volume change of chemical gels that cannot be explained by the affinity difference: when a chemical gel saturated with water is immersed in ethylene glycol (EG), although those solvents have almost the same affinity to the polymer, the gel first shrinks and then re-swells and finally takes the same equilibrium volume as the initial. The re-entrant swelling was attributed to different diffusion rates between water and EG (dynamical asymmetry), but the detailed mechanism was not clarified. In this paper, we experimentally show that the characteristic times for the temporal shrinking and subsequent volume relaxation are proportional to the squared system size. This indicates that the phenomenon is governed by diffusive dynamics. According to this observation, we propose a coupled diffusion model explaining the physical mechanism of the re-entrant volume change.
Improved terahertz Smith–Purcell radiation using side-opening cylindrical gratings
Authors: Liu Weihao , Sun Li , Yu Zijia , Sun Baogen , Xu Hongliang
Published: May 2020

The Smith–Purcell radiation (SPR) is a promising way for generating terahertz emission, which has tremendous application prospects. Yet, the conventional SPR schemes generally utilize the Gaussian electron beam/bunch with round cross section (also called a pencil beam) to interact with a planar grating. The shape mismatching between the electron beam and the grating essentially restricts the interaction efficiency together with the radiation intensity. To counteract this effect, we propose to use side-opening cylindrical gratings (SOCGs) to replace planar gratings. Detailed theoretical analyses using the surface-current model and mode-matching method are performed for the first time. A train of premodulated electron bunches is proposed to drive the SOCG, on which the electron bunches are further micro-bunched by interacting with the surface waves. The multi-bunched electron beam then generates multi-color coherent SPR at the superimposed harmonics of the train of bunches. Compared with that from a planar grating, the radiation intensity from the SOCG can be significantly enhanced, indicating that it is a promising way of developing high-power terahertz wave sources.
Localized surface plasmon-induced vibrational excitations in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering using two-dimensional array of silver nanocubes
Authors: Katano Satoshi , Iwahori Takeru , Yamasaki Ryota , Mizuno Ayana , Ono Atsushi , Uehara Yoichi
Published: May 2020

We have investigated the nanoscale structural and vibrational properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-covered silver nanocubes (AgNCs) array. The ordered AgNCs array fabricated on Au(111) by the Langmuir–Blodgett method was utilized for a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform. The local arrangements and the facet structure of AgNCs were observed by various types of microscopies, which revealed that AgNCs form an ordered monolayer and exhibit an atomically flat facet. The vibrational peaks associated with PVP were clearly observed in the Raman spectra owing to the SERS effect by AgNCs. We found that two types of C=O stretching peaks appear in the Raman spectra, of which the appearance patterns depend on the excitation energy of the incident laser. The simulations based on the finite-difference time domain method imply that highly ordered 2D AgNCs enable us to excite localized surface plasmon modes, such as a single particle mode and a gap mode, of AgNCs selectively, leading to vibrational excitation of PVP existed at the surface and the gap of AgNCs.
Saturation effect of atomic magnetic resonance
Authors: Yang Hongying , Wang Yanhua , Zhao Nan
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we experimentally study the saturation effect of rubidium atomic magnetic resonance. A pump beam is applied to create atomic spin polarization, a radio frequency (RF) magnetic field is used to drive the spin precession about a static magnetic field, and an off-resonant linearly polarized probe beam is applied to detect the spin dynamics based on the Faraday-rotation effect. When the RF magnetic field intensity becomes strong, a saturation effect is observed. We measure the resonant peak under strong RF magnetic field driving and obtain a saturation dip as an indication of the saturation effect. Furthermore, we show that the line-width of the saturation dip is much smaller than that of magnetic resonance. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the precision measurement based on the saturation dip can be significantly improved. The relations between the saturation dip in the resonant peak and the driving RF magnetic field intensity, as well as pumping intensity, are also studied in our experiment.
The malkarid spiders of New Zealand (Araneae : Malkaridae)
Authors: Hormiga Gustavo , Scharff Nikolaj
Published: May 2020

This paper addresses the systematics of the New Zealand spiders of the family Malkaridae. Malkarids are small araneoid spiders that live primarily in the leaf litter and mosses of temperate and tropical wet forests in Australia and New Zealand, with the exception of a single species in southern South America and another in New Caledonia. We treat the New Zealand species of Malkaridae that are not members of the subfamily Pararchaeinae, a monophyletic group of 11 new species that we classify in 2 new genera (Tingotingo, gen. nov. and Whakamoke, gen. nov.) and a new subfamily (Tingotinginae, subfam. nov.). We describe, diagnose, illustrate and map the distribution of specimen records of these 11 new species of New Zealand Malkaridae: Tingotingo porotiti, sp. nov., T. pouaru, sp. nov., T. tokorera, sp. nov., T. aho, sp. nov., Whakamoke orongorongo, sp. nov.; W. tarakina, sp. nov.; W. guacamole, sp. nov.; W. hunahuna, sp. nov.; W. paoka, sp. nov.; W. heru, sp. nov.; and W. rakiura, sp. nov. We also treat the phylogenetic relationships of Malkaridae and use the results of our previous work on the molecular phylogeny of Araneoidea as the bases for the classification of the family. Tingotingo, gen. nov. and Whakamoke, gen. nov. are sister clades. Tingotinginae, subfam. nov. is the sister group of the Malkarinae plus Pararchaeinae clade. We further hypothesise and discuss the morphological synapomorphies of Malkaridae, Tingotinginae, subfam. nov. and the two new genera.
Decisional autonomy undermines advisees’ judgments of experts in medicine and in life
Authors: Kassirer Samantha , Levine Emma E. , Gaertig Celia
Published: May 2020

Over the past several decades, the United States medical system has increasingly prioritized patient autonomy. Physicians routinely encourage patients to come to their own decisions about their medical care rather than providing patients with clearer yet more paternalistic advice. Although political theorists, bioethicists, and philosophers generally see this as a positive trend, the present research examines the important question of how patients and advisees in general react to full decisional autonomy when making difficult decisions under uncertainty. Across six experiments (N= 3,867), we find that advisers who give advisees decisional autonomy rather than offering paternalistic advice are judged to be less competent and less helpful. As a result, advisees are less likely to return to and recommend these advisers and pay them lower wages. Importantly, we also demonstrate that advisers do not anticipate these effects. We document these results both inside and outside the medical domain, suggesting that the preference for paternalism is not unique to medicine but rather is a feature of situations in which there are adviser–advisee asymmetries in expertise. We find that the preference for paternalism holds when advice is solicited or unsolicited, when both paternalism and autonomy are accompanied by expert guidance, and it persists both before and after the outcomes of paternalistic advice are realized. Lastly, we see that the preference for paternalism only occurs when decision makers perceive their decision to be difficult. These results challenge the benefits of recently adopted practices in medical decision making that prioritize full decisional autonomy.
Category extension as a variety of loose use
Authors: Wałaszewska Ewa
Published: May 2020

The chapter focuses on category extension, typically illustrated by the use of salient brand names such as
Hoover for any vacuum cleaner, and seeks to provide a comprehensive discussion of this
relevance-theoretic notion. Category extension is regarded as part of the continuum of loose uses, along with
approximation, hyperbole and metaphor, but, compared with the other varieties, it has not been given due attention.
The chapter seeks to clarify the theoretical status of category extension, by discussing its relation to the other
varieties of loose use and by analysing different cases of the phenomenon falling into two groups: limited and
creative category extensions. The chapter also shows how concepts such as lexical warfare, paragons, snowclones,
schemata and pragmatic routines may improve the understanding of category extension.
Evidential participles and epistemic vigilance
Authors: Padilla Cruz Manuel
Published: May 2020

For communicated contents to be accepted by the audience, they have to pass the filters of epistemic
vigilance mechanisms, which check the credibility and reliability of communicators and the information provided.
Communicators may lack adequate evidence about the information they dispense. One of the ways to indicate to the
audience that they are uncertain about some information (rather than to put their reputation as reliable speakers at
risk) is to use participial adjectives, such as alleged or suspected. The chapter discusses the features of such
adjectives and argues that they specialise for marking the speaker’s epistemic stance towards the information
communicated – a function they share with other evidentials. Unlike many other expressions denoting epistemic stance,
however, they appear to be confined in their scope to the noun phrase in which they occur.
Tropes of ill repute
Authors: Solska Agnieszka
Published: May 2020

Puns, a form of figurative language exploiting ambiguity in its many guises, tend to be regarded as
a trope of lesser value. The present article explores this tainted reputation of puns in the light of the
relevance-theoretic model of utterance interpretation and attributes it to the fact that like no other figure
of speech they often thwart our expectations of relevance. Moreover, many of them do so boldly, conspicuously,
thus making us particularly likely to take note of the emotional reactions we experience and to articulate
them. The article identifies six ways in which puns may go against our expectations about verbal inputs and
attempts to specify the possible negative consequences this may have for our perception of puns.
Word order variation in heritage languages
Authors: Anderssen Merete , Westergaard Marit
Published: May 2020

This study investigates two word order phenomena in Norwegian heritage language spoken in the US, subject shift (SS) and object shift (OS). SS and OS occur in syntactic environments where (pronominal) subjects and objects may either precede or follow negation. This paper explores to what extent these two phenomena in Heritage Norwegian are affected by the factors frequency and structural similarity/difference. As subjects are frequently shifted, while objects are not, SS is expected to be robust and OS vulnerable. There is generally no structural overlap between English and Norwegian in these cases; thus, cross-linguistic similarity or difference should not play a role, except in one context: questions with auxiliaries or be, in which the two languages allow both orders (is he not/isn’t he
), but have opposite preferences. The results show that OS is somewhat vulnerable, but SS is also affected, in that both proficient and less proficient speakers seem to overuse the word order preferred in English. We thus speculate that all heritage speakers may be affected by cross-linguistic influence in situations with complete structural overlap.
High sensitivity to conceptual cues in Turkish heritage speakers with dominant German L2
Authors: Krause Elif
Published: May 2020

This study investigates semantics-morphosyntax and pragmatics-morphosyntax interfaces in separate experiments, yet examining the same structure, namely the optional verb number marking in Turkish. We tested a group of bilingual heritage speakers of Turkish, whose dominant language is German. Optional use of the overt verb number marking in Turkish interacts with semantic and pragmatic properties of the plural subject of the sentence. The interaction of optional verb number marking with these properties is tested separately in two different experiments, using the Magnitude Estimation technique. The results showed that the bilingual speakers treat both interface types differently from the monolingual speakers. More precisely, the bilingual speakers make finer distinctions regarding the semantic and pragmatic notions that were put into test. This sensitivity results in a semantically and pragmatically constrained pattern, which is in line with both language-specific descriptions and cross-linguistic tendencies. This outcome is taken to suggest that the nonconvergence in the bilingual data stems from a high sensitivity to the semantic and pragmatic properties that constrain the use of the morphosyntactic structure under investigation. The research results are further evaluated from a processing based linguistic framework, namely Modular Online Growth and Use of Language (MOGUL).
A novel theoretical framework reveals more than one voltage-sensing pathway in the lateral membrane of outer hair cells
Authors: Farrell Brenda , Skidmore Benjamin L. , Rajasekharan Vivek , Brownell William E.
Published: May 2020

Outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility amplifies acoustic vibrations throughout the frequency range of hearing. Electromotility requires that the lateral membrane protein prestin undergo a conformational change upon changes in the membrane potential to produce an associated displacement charge. The magnitude of the charge displaced and the mid-reaction potential (when one half of the charge is displaced) reflects whether the cells will produce sufficient gain at the resting membrane potential to boost sound in vivo. Voltage clamp measurements performed under near-identical conditions ex vivo show the charge density and mid-reaction potential are not always the same, confounding interpretation of the results. We compare the displacement charge measurements in OHCs from rodents with a theory shown to exhibit good agreement with in silico simulations of voltage-sensing reactions in membranes. This model equates the charge density to the potential difference between two pseudo-equilibrium states of the sensors when they are in a stable conformation and not contributing to the displacement current. The model predicts this potential difference to be one half of its value midway into the reaction, when one equilibrium conformation transforms to the other pseudo-state. In agreement with the model, we find the measured mid-reaction potential to increase as the charge density decreases to exhibit a negative slope of ∼1/2. This relationship suggests that the prestin sensors exhibit more than one stable hyperpolarized state and that voltage sensing occurs by more than one pathway. We determine the electric parameters for prestin sensors and use the analytical expressions of the theory to estimate the energy barriers for the two voltage-dependent pathways. This analysis explains the experimental results, supports the theoretical approach, and suggests that voltage sensing occurs by more than one pathway to enable amplification throughout the frequency range of hearing.