bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What should happen, but has not yet happened: Painterly tales of justice
Authors: Singh Mani Shekhar
Published: February 2019

South Asian folk and vernacular art practices have invariably been presented in scholarly writings as ‘tradition-bound’ with fixed conventions of image-making and iconography embedded in ritual and cultural life. This article proposes a shift by drawing attention to the lifeworlds and painterly practices of young women artists from the Mithila region of Bihar in India. Relatedly, then, I foreground a set of paintings, which are contemplations on a specific form of matrimonial violence in India—the terrifying murder of brides by dousing them with kerosene and burning them alive for bringing insufficient dowry. What is notable about these paintings is the ways in which the young women artists articulate the spectre of dowry violence and death using pictorial resources and techniques that are typically Maithil in signature. The paintings, in the process, create a community of spectators, whose participation in art’s performance makes the picture surface both visible and legible. Each painting, with its intimate narration of dowry violence, teases out different dynamics between tradition and violence, on the one hand, and violence and justice, on the other. Using visual resources of fragmentation and juxtaposition, centring and repetition, ambivalence and excess, the artists contest the ‘official’ imagery and iconography of justice made available in the name of blindfolded Justitia. I argue that the creative imagination of young artists and their artworks inhabit legally plural worlds, where justice for the bride is evoked by renouncing the workings of state law. And, we might add, it is by foregrounding ‘a possibility of exile, of there being an “elsewhere”’ (Das 1999) is what makes ‘worldmaking’ possible.
Foot preference across the lifespan: Effects of target location and task complexity
Authors: Ghamgui Sana , Dahmen Riadh , Souissi Nizar
Published: February 2019

This study was designed to determine the factor(s) that influence the choice of the foot throughout the lifespan. To achieve this purpose, 86 right-footed participants (young children (5– 8), adolescents (10–14), young adults (18–25) and older adults (over 50) were tested on two tasks of different levels of difficulty, performed in three spatial locations (left, right, and midline) according to two levels of body posture: sitting and standing. Results revealed that the participants favored their preferred foot when the object was located in the ipsilateral hemispace and at the midline. They selected their non-preferred foot when the object was located in the contralateral hemispace. The participants used their preferred foot to a greater extent during the most complex task than during the easiest one and more often while standing rather than sitting. Finally, we have found a significant age effect. Young children often used the preferred foot more frequently than the other age groups. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that foot selection depends on task demand, environmental constraints, and a biological factor associated with motor dominance.
Interview with N. Katherine Hayles
Authors: Amoore Louise , Piotukh Volha
Published: February 2019

Following the publication of her 2017 book, Unthought: The Power of the Cognitive Nonconscious, N. Katherine Hayles discusses the themes of the book with Louise Amoore and Volha Piotukh. From the development of a theory of nonconscious cognition, to the capacities of novels to enact the connections between disparate phenomena, Hayles reflects on what is at stake ethically in new human-technical assemblages.
Understanding Decision Making about Breast Cancer Prevention in Action: The Intersection of Perceived Risk, Perceived Control, and Social Context: NRG Oncology/NSABP DMP-1
Authors: Gunn Christine M. , Bokhour Barbara G. , Parker Victoria A. , Battaglia Tracy A. , Parker Patricia A. , Fagerlin Angela , McCaskill-Stevens Worta , Bandos Hanna , Blakeslee Sarah B. , Holmberg Christine
Published: February 2019

Background. Literature on decision making about breast cancer prevention focuses on individual perceptions and attitudes that predict chemoprevention use, rather than the process by which women decide whether to take risk-reducing medications. This secondary analysis aimed to understand how women’s perceptions of breast cancer risk and locus of control influence their decision making. Methods. Women were accrued as part of the NRG Oncology/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Decision-Making Project 1, a study aimed at understanding contributors to chemoprevention uptake. Thirty women participated in qualitative in-depth interviews after being counseled about chemoprevention. Deductive codes grouped women based on dimensions of risk perception and locus of control. We used a constant comparative method to make connections among inductive themes focused on decision making, deductive codes for perceived risk and perceived locus of control, and the influence of explanatory models within and across participants. Results. Participants were predominantly non-Hispanic white (63%), with an average age of 50.9 years. Decision making varied across groups: the high-perceived risk/high-perceived control group used “social evidence” to model the behaviors of others. High-perceived risk/low-perceived control women made decisions based on beliefs about treatment, rooted in the experiences of social contacts. The low-perceived risk/low-perceived control group interpreted signs of risk as part of the normal continuum of bodily changes in comparison to others. Low-perceived risk/high-perceived control women focused on maintaining a current healthy trajectory. Conclusion. “Social evidence” plays an important role in the decision-making process that is distinct from emotional aspects. Attending to patients’ perceptions of risk and control in conjunction with social context is key to caring for patients at high risk in a way that is evidence based and sensitive to patient preferences.
Mechanism investigation of enhancing the stability of an axial flow rotor by blade angle slots
Authors: Zhang Haoguang , Liu Wenhao , Wang Enhao , Wu Yanhui , Yao Weidong
Published: February 2019

This paper seeks to reveal the mechanisms of enhancing the stability of a subsonic axial flow rotor by applying blade angle slots casing treatment (BSCT). When blade angle slots are applied, there is about 9% stall margin improvement for the experiment and about 8% stall margin improvement for the calculation, but the decrease in the rotor maximum efficiency is about 11% for the experiment and the calculation. The compared results between smooth wall and blade angle slots indicate that the backflow in the rotor top passage is weakened by the injected and sucked flows formed inside the slots of BSCT. Moreover, the injected flows inside the slots interfere with the flows in the rotor passage upstream, and this interference leads to large flow losses. Therefore, the rotor efficiency for blade angle slots is much lower than that for smooth wall. To confirm that the structural optimization of blade angle slots can effectively improve the compressor stability with small efficiency losses, optimized blade angle slots casing treatment (BSCT1) was designed according to the past experience of slot casing treatment. The calculated result shows that the optimized blade angle slots generate about 59% stall margin improvement, and the compressor maximum efficiency with the optimized blade angle slots is about 0.05% more than that for smooth wall. The flow field analyses show that the strong sucked flows formed inside the slots for BSCT1 can prevent the backflow, which exists in the rotor top passage for BSCT, from appearing. In addition, the level of interference of the flows in the rotor passage upstream for BSCT1 is much lower than that for BSCT, and the corresponding losses with BSCT1 become lower. Therefore, the rotor with BSCT1 has a larger stable operating range and better efficiencies than that with BSCT.
Trust and the Development of Distributed Leadership
Authors: Smylie Mark A. , Mayrowetz David , Murphy Joseph , Louis Karen Seashore
Published: February 2019

This article examines the relationship between trust and the development of distributed leadership. It presents a theoretical argument with supporting evidence from longitudinal fieldwork examining distributed leadership development in comparative cases of two secondary schools. The analysis suggests that trust matters in the design, performance, and perceptions of distributed leadership; that the relationship between trust and distributed leadership development is dynamic and mutually reinforcing; that an initial level of positive or provisional trust may be necessary; and that principal leadership and the trust relationship between principal and teachers are especially important to distributed leadership development.
Can Teacher Leadership Reduce Principal Stress?
Authors: Wells Caryn M. , Klocko Barbara A.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine what stressors face practicing school principals, with an interest in determining whether they perceived that teacher leaders could relieve some of their stress. This descriptive study used quantitative and qualitative measures that revealed differences in the stressors identified by principals. Principals from all schools reported that they encounter significant levels of stress in their position, with little connection between the roles that teacher leaders currently play and the principals’ associated workload stress. Differences in gender responses to stress and rural, suburban, and urban schools principals’ perceptions are also reflected in the findings. This article is one of a series written to analyze the complexities of principal workload and the potential role of teacher leaders in alleviating workload stress. The conceptual framework for this study is distributed leadership, chosen for its relevance and alignment with the tenets of teacher leadership in the schools.
VET Teachers’ Interpretations of Individualisation and Teaching of Skills and Social Order in two Nordic Countries
Authors: Eiríksdóttir Elsa , Rosvall Per-Åke
Published: February 2019

The age at which young people leave education for the labour market has increased in recent decades, and entering upper secondary education has become the norm. As a result, the diversity of the student population has increased, for instance in terms of students’ academic merits and achievements at school. Increased diversity seems to affect vocational education and training more than tracks preparing students for higher education, because entry into vocational education and training (VET) programmes is rarely selective. In this article we analyse a series of interviews with VET teachers regarding VET practices in upper secondary schools in Sweden and Iceland. We examine how policy plays out in practice in VET by looking at how VET teachers navigate the sometimes-conflicting educational goals of employability and civic engagement, while simultaneously teaching a highly diverse group of students. In both countries, pedagogic practices are dominated by individualisation with a focus on task-related skills. Those practices are important in VET, but can exclude broader understandings of civil and workplace life, because general knowledge about areas such as ethics, democracy, equality, and environmental issues is difficult to obtain if education gives students few opportunities to interact with others, such as through group work or classroom discussions.
Human-relevant preclinical in vitro models for studying hepatobiliary development and liver diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Chaudhari Pooja , Tian Lipeng , Ye Zhaohui , Jang Yoon-Young
Published: February 2019

Pharmaceutical drug development and clinical testing is associated with billions of dollars, and often the time and money spent does not result in a viable drug formulation. The pharmaceutical industry has long relied on animal models for testing efficacy, toxicity and specificity of novel drugs. However, the studies cannot be fully relied upon, as animal models are not reflective of human pathophysiology and drug response, which results in drugs being pulled from development as late as at stage IV, after billions of dollars have already been invested in such an effort. With the advent of adult-induced pluripotent stem cell technology, came an era which offered the potential of pursing human relevant developmental and pathogenesis research and drug testing on patient-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived differentiated cells, consciously reflecting human responses with regard to drug safety, toxicity, efficacy, and side effects. Specifically, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatobiliary cells and tissues may be a more human-relevant model system to address the biggest barrier to drug safety and approval: hepatotoxicity. In this review, we address the potential of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-based hepatobiliary differentiation technology as a means to study human liver development and hepatic cell fate determination, and to model liver diseases in an effort to develop a new human-relevant preclinical platform for drug development.

Impact statement

In this review, we address the potential of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-based hepatobiliary differentiation technology as a means to study human liver development and cell fate determination, and to model liver diseases in an effort to develop a new human-relevant preclinical platform for drug development.
A Guide to Early Modern French Louisiana Sources
Authors: Lamotte Mélanie
Published: February 2019

Recent decades have witnessed steady and significant historiographical interest in the history of early modern French Louisiana. The field presently boasts a dynamic set of analysts actively investigating primary sources across America and France. In addition, many French Louisiana sources and historical issues remain unexplored, thereby suggesting that the historiography of early modern French Louisiana will continue to grow substantially. While numerous inventories of Louisiana sources have been published, few have specifically focused their attention on early modern French Louisiana documents. Several of these guides contain information that is no longer valid by pointing to sources that have been moved or have subsequently disappeared. In addition, many sources are being made more readily available through digitization and the creation of online databases. This article provides much-needed guidance on identifying and using French Louisiana sources. It lists the sources available and investigates their nature, details of access, state of preservation, as well as their state of digitization. It also suggests potential uses and interpretations that might be gleaned from such source material.
Lyophilizing thrombin powder-based treatment for hemostasis during coil embolization of ruptured cerebral aneurysm: Two case reports
Authors: Jiang Changchun , Wang Wei , Wang Baojun , Li Yuechun , Liu Guorong , Zhang Tianyou , Fan Yu , Yang Junfeng , Li Xia , Hao Xiwa , Hao Fei , Zhao Junmei , Wang Shuguang , Jiang Chuhan
Published: February 2019

Background

Rupture of cerebral aneurysm is an inevitable complication during embolization, followed by subsequent acute subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracranial hematoma, and results in the aggravation of a patient’s condition. In particular, for patients who have had a ruptured aneurysm, urgent treatment strategies are required during operation. The most common hemostatic methods seen in clinical practices are as follows: after lowering the blood pressure, we continue to embolize the aneurysms with detachable coils as soon as possible or inject with Glubran/Onyx embolization liquids, as well as use a balloon catheter to temporarily block the blood supply. If the conditions are permissible, a balloon guiding catheter may even be used to restrict the proximal blood flow. At times, due to limitations of these methods, neurosurgeons are requested to perform craniotomy to treat the hemostasis. However, the delayed transition often leads to rapid deterioration of the patient’s condition and even death due to cerebral hernia.

Case description

We herein presented two cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms to provide an alternative method for hemostasis and to save the lives of patients as much as possible. In an extremely urgent situation (conventional treatment is ineffective), we successfully saved the patient’s life by injecting lyophilizing thrombin powder (LTP) solution into the aneurysmal sac and the parent artery through a microcatheter.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful hemostasis during coil embolization of ruptured cerebral aneurysm with LTP. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of LTP in cerebrovascular interventional therapy.
Posterior communicating and anterior communicating arteries on pre-thrombectomy computed tomography scans are associated with good outcomes irrespective of leptomeningeal collateral status
Authors: Yeo Leonard LL , Andersson Tommy , Holmberg Åke , Mpotsaris Anastasios , Söderman Michael , Holmin Staffan , Bhogal Pervinder , Cunli Yang , Gopinathan Anil , Tan Benjamin YQ , Gontu Vamsi , Kolloch Jens , KuntzeSöderqvist Åsa , Brouwer Patrick A , Cornelissen Sandra
Published: February 2019

Background

Collateral blood flow is known to be an important factor that sustains the penumbra during acute stroke. We looked at both the leptomeningeal collateral circulation and the presence of anterior and posterior communicating arteries to determine the factors associated with good outcomes and mortality.

Methods

We included all patients with acute ischaemic stroke in the anterior circulation, who underwent thrombectomy with the same thrombectomy device from 2013 to 2016. We assessed the leptomeningeal circulation by the Tan, Miteff and Maas validated scoring systems on pre-treatment computed tomographic angiography scans and looked at collateral flow through anterior and posterior communicating arteries. The results were good functional outcomes at 3 months (modified Rankin scale 0–2) and mortality.

Results

A total of 147 consecutive acute stroke patients treated with the Embotrap device were included with a median National Institutes of Health stroke scale of 15 (range 2–26). On multivariate analysis only younger age (odds ratio (OR) 0.96/year, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–0.99, P = 0.026), lower National Institutes of Health stroke scale score (OR 0.87/point, 95% CI 0.80–0.93, P < 0.001), number of attempts (OR 0.80/attempt, 95% CI 0.65–0.99, P = 0.043) and the presence of a patent anterior communicating artery (OR 14.03, 95% CI 1.42–139.07, P = 0.024) were associated with good functional outcomes. The number of attempts (OR 1.66/attempt, 95% CI 1.21–2.29, P = 0.002) was significantly associated with mortality and the presence of a patent posterior communicating artery (OR 0.098, 95% CI 0.016–0.59, P = 0.011) was inversely associated with mortality.

Conclusions

Our study shows that the presence of anterior and posterior communicating arteries is significantly associated with good functional outcomes and reduced mortality, respectively, independent of the leptomeningeal circulation status.
Switching to riociguat: a potential treatment strategy for the management of CTEPH and PAH
Authors: Benza Raymond L. , Corris Paul A. , Ghofrani Hossein‐Ardeschir , Kanwar Manreet , McLaughlin Vallerie V. , Raina Amresh , Simonneau Gérald
Published: February 2019

Currently, five classes of drug are approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i); endothelin receptor antagonists; prostacyclin analogs; the IP receptor agonist selexipag; and the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator riociguat. For patients with inoperable or persistent/recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), riociguat is currently the only approved pharmacotherapy. Despite the development of evidence‐based guidelines on appropriate use of specific drugs, in clinical practice patients are often prescribed PAH‐targeted therapies off label or at inadequate doses.

PDE5i are the most often prescribed class of drugs as initial therapy, either alone or in combination with other drug classes. However, a proportion of patients receiving PAH therapies do not reach or maintain treatment goals. As PDE5i and riociguat target different molecules in the nitric oxide‐sGC‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO‐sGC‐cGMP) signaling pathway, for patients with PAH without an initial or sustained response to PDE5i, there is a biological rationale for switching to riociguat. However, robust data from randomized controlled trials on the safety and efficacy of switching are lacking, as is formal guidance for clinicians. Here we review studies of sequential combination therapy, and trial data and case studies that have investigated switching between PAH‐approved therapies, particularly from PDE5i to riociguat in patients with PAH with an insufficient response to PDE5i, and in patients with CTEPH who were receiving off‐label treatment. These studies summarize the current evidence and practical real‐life experience on the concept of switching treatments.
Ischemic stroke and floating thrombosis in dissection of the common carotid artery in patient at third week of pregnancy: Surgical technical success and maintenance of pregnancy
Authors: Ascoli Marchetti Andrea , Diomedi Marina , Ascoli Marchetti Silvia , Piccione Emilio , Ippoliti Arnaldo
Published: February 2019

Thrombosis, especially in pregnancy, is due to a prothrombotic state and involves the venous system. Localization in an arterial segment is rare. Floating carotid arterial thrombosis is a very rare occurrence, but it is very devastating. The authors report the case of a pregnant patient in whom are associated a thrombotic predisposition and a traumatic event of the neck which resulted in a limited dissection and a floating thrombosis of the common carotid artery. The onset was characterized by sudden neurological deficits, including numbness of the right-hand fingers and right limb weakness, which regressed after admission. The patient underwent a surgical operation with success. Her pregnancy continued, and an ultrasound scan 12 months later confirmed the patency of the prosthesis, in the absence of neurological symptoms. Hormonal changes may reveal the condition of thrombophilia, which, however, occurs more frequently in the venous system and is a condition related to the free-floating thrombus. No guidelines exist for medical or surgical management. The endovascular approach appears to present a greater risk of embolization as an alternative to open surgery. This case demonstrates that the prothrombotic state and the presence of neurological symptoms are suggestive of arterial thrombosis in pregnancy and that the multidisciplinary approach is mandatory to achieve good results.
The adsorption of phosphate-buffered saline to model films composed of nanofibrillated cellulose and gelatin
Authors: Ondaral Sedat , Çelik Elif , Kurtuluş Orçun Çağlar
Published: February 2019

Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) adsorption on model films composed of gelatin and nanofibrillated celluloses (NFCs) with different aldehyde and carboxyl contents was studied by means of the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique in this study. The results showed that frequency shift (Δ f) due to PBS adsorption increased with increasing gelatin content to 50% in NFC-containing films. The dissipation shift and adsorption rate of PBS followed the same trend. Model films with NFC-1 having 1.22 mmol/g aldehyde and 0.6 mmol/g carboxyl groups adsorbed more PBS than those consisting of NFC-2 with 0.25 mmol/g aldehyde and 1.15 mmol/g carboxyl groups except for film composed of 50% gelatin. However, adsorption rate of PBS was found to be slower for NFC-1 containing film because the acetal and amidol bonds formed by functional groups in the network of cellulose and gelatin needed more time to let PBS migrate into the films.
Understanding the Fertility Desires and Intentions among HIV-Positive Men Living in Ontario: Survey Instrument Development and Validation
Authors: Djiometio Joseph Nguemo , Antoniou Tony , Kristman Vicki , Schiff Rebecca , Gamble Molly , Kennedy Logan , Yudin Mark , Loutfy Mona
Published: February 2019

Men with HIV have highlighted the importance of understanding their fertility desires. However, most research has focused on women. We aimed (1) to develop a survey instrument to assess fertility desires and intentions among HIV-positive men and (2) to assess its face, content, and construct validity, as well as test–retest reliability and internal consistency. Principal component analysis was used for construct validity analysis in a sample of 60 men with HIV. The test–retest reliability and internal consistency were assessed using Spearman correlation and Cronbach α, respectively. The initial and the final version of the questionnaire consisted of 10 domains and 14 constructs. We found a one-component model for the 3 constructs analyzed and Cronbach α values were ≥.70. Test–retest statistic was stable with Spearman correlation >0.70. In conclusion, a reliable and valid questionnaire was developed for determining the fertility desires and intentions of men with HIV.
Epidemiology of acute kidney injury and associated factors among patients with malignancy: Analysis of hospital inpatient database in Shanghai, China
Authors: Li Yang , Chen Xiaohong , Wang Yimei , Hu Jiachang , Xu Jiarui , Jiang Wuhua , Shen Bo , Teng Jie , Ding Xiaoqiang
Published: February 2019

Objective:

This study aimed to understand the incidence of acute kidney injury in cancer patients, to figure out which clinical factors could increase the risks of acute kidney injury, and then to assess the effect of acute kidney injury on in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and hospital cost.

Methods:

This study was designed as a retrospective cohort study based on the hospital inpatient database in Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China. Patients with malignancy and admitted to the hospital between 1 October 2014 and 30 September 2015 were recruited. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and clinical records were exported for analysis. Acute kidney injury was diagnosed using KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) criteria and stratified into community-acquired and hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. Multivariate model and survival analysis were applied to discover the influencing factors of acute kidney injury among cancer patients.

Results:

Of the 26,914 eligible cancer admissions, 3326 acute kidney injury cases were identified with an incidence of 12.4%. Of them, 2961 patients located in acute kidney injury stage 1 and another 365 cases developed to stage 2–3. The highest rates were localized to renal cancer (27.3%), multiple myeloma (24.1%), and leukemia (23.9%). Patients with older age and hematologic cancer shared a higher acute kidney injury incidence. Pre-existing chronic kidney disease (adjusted odds ratio = 7.14), heart failure (adjusted odds ratio = 4.20), surgery/chemotherapy (adjusted odds ratio = 0.99/2.28), hyponatremia (adjusted odds ratio = 2.84), hypokalemia (adjusted odds ratio = 2.42), and hyperuricemia (adjusted odds ratio = 2.62) were the major factors associated with acute kidney injury. In-hospital mortality for acute kidney injury patients was 5.1% as compared with those without acute kidney injury (0.8%). Survival analysis reveals that the risk of death was higher among patients with hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (adjusted hazard ratio = 4.50) and severe acute kidney injury stage (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.68/3.91). Furthermore, the length of stay (13.5 days) and hospital cost (45,066 CNY) were significantly greater in patients with community-acquired acute kidney injury.

Conclusion:

Acute kidney injury was common in cancer patients and associated with an ominous outcome. Pre-existing comorbidities, electrolyte disturbances, and abnormal biochemical were the predicting factors for acute kidney injury incidence. Better monitoring of electrolytes, identification of high-risk patients, and early acute kidney injury diagnosis should be considered as a priority during anti-cancer treatment.
Outcomes of 25-Gauge Vitrectomy With Relaxing Retinectomy for Retinal Detachment Secondary to Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Jiang Yi , Oh Daniel J. , Messenger Wyatt , Lim Jennifer I.
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

The aim of this study is to evaluate visual and anatomic outcomes of 25-gauge vitrectomy with relaxing retinectomies for complex retinal detachment (RD) secondary to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).

Methods:

A single-center, retrospective case series of 44 patients who had undergone a 25-gauge vitrectomy with a relaxing retinectomy for the treatment of combined RD and PVR was performed. Preoperative characteristics, intraoperative techniques, and outcomes were analyzed. The rates of attachment, complications, and visual acuity were analyzed. Institutional review board/ethics committee approval was obtained, and the described research adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Results:

At the final follow-up, 27 eyes (61%) had attachment after 1 surgery, 41 eyes (93%) ultimately had attached retinas, 3 eyes (7%) had hypotony, 3 eyes had become phthisical (7%), and 24 eyes (56%) had improved visual acuity. After stratifying by visual outcomes, 20/400 or better best-corrected visual acuity was not associated with age ( P = .66), RD etiology ( P = .61), preoperative hypotony ( P = .60), nor size of retinectomy ( P = .48). Patients achieving 20/400 vision or better were statistically more likely to be pseudophakic ( P = .024) and have silicone oil removal ( P < .0001).

Conclusion:

The use of 25-gauge vitrectomy and relaxing retinectomy provides a high rate of reattachment and improved visual acuity.
FGF23 and its role in X-linked hypophosphatemia-related morbidity
Authors: Beck-Nielsen Signe Sparre , Mughal Zulf , Haffner Dieter , Nilsson Ola , Levtchenko Elena , Ariceta Gema , de Lucas Collantes Carmen , Schnabel Dirk , Jandhyala Ravi , Mäkitie Outi
Published: February 2019

Background

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is an inherited disease of phosphate metabolism in which inactivating mutations of thePhosphate Regulating Endopeptidase Homolog, X-Linked(PHEX) gene lead to local and systemic effects including impaired growth, rickets, osteomalacia, bone abnormalities, bone pain, spontaneous dental abscesses, hearing difficulties, enthesopathy, osteoarthritis, and muscular dysfunction. Patients with XLH present with elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which is thought to mediate many of the aforementioned manifestations of the disease. Elevated FGF23 has also been observed in many other diseases of hypophosphatemia, and a range of animal models have been developed to study these diseases, yet the role of FGF23 in the pathophysiology of XLH is incompletely understood.

Methods

The role of FGF23 in the pathophysiology of XLH is here reviewed by describing what is known about phenotypes associated with various PHEX mutations, animal models of XLH, and non-nutritional diseases of hypophosphatemia, and by presenting molecular pathways that have been proposed to contribute to manifestations of XLH.

Results

The pathophysiology of XLH is complex, involving a range of molecular pathways that variously contribute to different manifestations of the disease. Hypophosphatemia due to elevated FGF23 is the most obvious contributor, however localised fluctuations in tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), pyrophosphate, calcitriol and direct effects of FGF23 have been observed to be associated with certain manifestations.

Conclusions

By describing what is known about these pathways, this review highlights key areas for future research that would contribute to the understanding and clinical treatment of non-nutritional diseases of hypophosphatemia, particularly XLH.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: miR-195-5p/NOTCH2-mediated EMT modulates IL-4 secretion in colorectal cancer to affect M2-like TAM polarization
Authors: Lin Xiaobin , Wang Shuyi , Sun Min , Zhang Chunxiao , Wei Chen , Yang Chaogang , Dou Rongzhang , Liu Qing , Xiong Bin
Published: February 2019

Background

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment containing tumor cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), interstitial cells, and non-cellular components. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), as a major actor in cancer tumorigenicity and metastasis, was involved in the interaction between TAMs and tumor cells. However, the potential mechanisms of EMT and how EMT-programmed tumor cells affect M2-like TAMs still need further exploration.

Methods

An integrated analysis of nine CRC miRNA expression datasets was performed. Functional assays, including the EdU, clone formation, wound healing, and transwell assays, were used to determine the anticancer role of miR-195-5p in human CRC progression. Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA decay, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to determine the mechanism of miR-195-p CRC progression. Then co-culture, migration, and ELISA assays were applied to determine the role of miR-195-5p in macrophage recruitment and alternative polarization. Xenograft mouse models were used to determine the role of miR-195-5p in CRC tumorigenicity and TAM polarization in vivo.

Results

An integrated analysis confirmed that miR-195-5p was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues, and patients with a low level of miR-195-5p had significantly shortened overall survival as revealed by the TCGA-COAD dataset. Altered miR-195-5p in colon cancer cells led to distinct changes of proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT. Mechanistically, miR-195-5p regulated NOTCH2 expression in a post-transcriptional manner by directly binding to 3′-UTR of the Notch2 mRNA. Subsequently, miR-195-5p/NOTCH2 suppressed GATA3-mediated IL-4 secretion in CRC cells and ultimately inhibited M2-like TAM polarization.

Conclusions

miR-195-5p may play a vital role in regulating NOTCH2-mediated tumor cell EMT, thereby affecting IL-4-related M2-like TAM polarization in CRC.
Classroom as Genome: Using the Tools of Genomics and Bioinformatics to Illuminate Classroom Observation Data
Authors: Erdmann Robert M. , Stains Marilyne
Published: February 2019

Classroom observation protocols can provide an exceedingly rich form of data. However, this is a double-edged sword, as researchers often struggle to take full advantage of the detailed data outputs. In this essay, we introduce a new approach to the analysis of classroom observation data, termed “classroom as genome” (CAG). We illustrate how real-time classroom observation data and genomic data can be viewed as quite analogous, both conceptually and in terms of downstream analysis. We provide both abstract and concrete examples of how the tools of genomics and bioinformatics can be applied to classroom observation outputs. We also show how this philosophy of analysis allows for the layering of information from multiple observation protocols onto the same classroom data. The CAG approach enables biology education researchers to explore detailed patterns within observed classrooms in a highly scalable manner.
Localized Corticosteroid Injections for Malignant Joint Pain in the Oncologic Population: A Case Series
Authors: Rakesh Neal , Magram Yan Cui , Shah Jay M. , Gulati Amitabh
Published: February 2019

Pain is a common issue that is present in cancer survivors as well as those with active malignant processes. Despite opioid analgesics and adjuvant therapies such as systemic corticosteroids, many patients have persistent localized pain. We describe a case series of 3 cancer patients who have concurrent hip- and greater trochanteric–related pain. We performed a single-insertion-site, ultrasound-guided injection to target both the intra-articular hip and greater trochanteric bursa for each patient. All patients reported an improvement in pain symptoms and function with no major complications. Targeted corticosteroid injections provide a potential for relief of malignant joint pain.
Asystole in Orthognathic Surgery: A Case Report
Authors: Baronos Stamatis , Fong Wayne , Saggese Nicholas P. , Luke Jonathan , Ahmed Khaja , Yarmush Joel
Published: February 2019

A previously healthy 26-year-old man presented for elective Le Fort I osteotomy, bilateral mandibular osteotomy, and genioplasty. During the intraoperative course, the patient developed sudden bradycardia and asystole on placement of a bite block. Asystole is an extremely rare consequence of the trigeminocardiac reflex, and awareness of this potentially life-threatening complication is pivotal in its management.
Mechanical Aortic Valve Thrombus in Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Meng Marie-Louise , Landau Ruth , Haythe Jennifer , Takayama Hiroo , Spellman Jessica
Published: February 2019

Cardiac disease is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in developed countries. The presence of a mechanical valve is a predictor of cardiac complications in obstetric patients, likely due to the challenges associated with pregnancy hypercoagulability and the imperative of meticulous management of anticoagulation throughout pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum and to prevent the devastating event of a mechanical valve thrombosis. We report on the management of a pregnant woman with a mechanical aortic valve found to have a thrombus at 37 weeks gestation. It was decided to perform cesarean delivery to allow for a reoperative mechanical aortic valve replacement 24 hours thereafter.
Metachronous or synchronous male breast and prostate cancers a duality to lookout for.
Authors: Mukendi Alain Mwamba , Van Den Berg Eunice , Pather Sugeshnee , Padayachee Rushen Siva
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Breast cancer is well known as the stereotypical women's cancer, and prostate cancer represents the well-known stereotypical male counterpart. While prostate cancer carries the potential to metastasize to the breast, the synchronous or metachronous co-occurrence of primary breast and primary prostate cancers is quite unusual. Prostate cancer in men of African descent may have its own behaviour with regards to its relationship with male breast cancer.

Case presentation:

Case 1: A 64 year old male presented to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (CHBAH) with a 2 years history of a painless left breast lump. A core biopsy was done and confirmed breast carcinoma. Tamoxifen was started but, due to disease progression, he underwent left modified radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy. Prostate biopsy was done for raised Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination. A prostatic adenocarcinoma was subsequently diagnosed with bone metastases on bone scan. He was started on Androgen deprivation therapy and followed up every 3 months.

Case 2: A 68 year old male presented to CHBAH with a 1 year history of a painless right breast lump. A core biopsy confirmed breast cancer. Tamoxifen was started, followed by right modified radical mastectomy and chemotherapy for disease progression. A raised PSA and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination prompted a prostate biopsy revealing a prostatic adenocarcinoma. Bone scan was negative for metastasis. He is currently on 3 monthly Androgen deprivation therapy and awaiting radiation.

Conclusion: This clinical practice article not only presents this exceptionally rare duality but highlights that both cancers can coexist either as sporadic conditions, or as a result of genetic mutations. Thus, we suggest that men with prostate cancer be screened clinically, biochemically and genetically for breast cancer and vice versa.
Mobile Messaging for Offline Group Formation in Prosocial Activities: A Large Field Experiment
Authors: Sun Tianshu , Gao Guodong (Gordon) , Jin Ginger Zhe
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we use mobile messaging to leverage recipients’ social ties and encourage offline prosocial activities in groups. In particular, we conduct a randomized field experiment with 80,000 blood donors and study how behavioral interventions and economic rewards motivate offline group formation. We find that two commonly used interventions—reminder messages and individual reward—are ineffective in motivating group formation because they do not compensate donors for the cost of bringing friends. In contrast, we find that group reward—a new reward that is contingent on a donor bringing a friend—is effective in motivating group formation. Furthermore, group reward tends to attract different types of donors, especially those who are traditionally less active in online social settings but have more local social ties. Structural estimation further reveals the underlying mechanisms, suggesting that group reward is four times more cost-effective than individual reward in driving total donation. Our study suggests that motivating offline group formation is a promising approach to boost prosocial activities.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3069 .

This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
Immediate-release supplemental melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder in children: an overview
Authors: Mantle David
Published: February 2019

Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) is a sleep disorder commonly affecting children, particularly those with neurological problems, such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). DSPD is characterised by difficulty in falling asleep, and it results from misalignment of the internal circadian clock with desired sleep time. For those children for whom good sleep hygiene practice is unsuccessful, supplementation with melatonin is standard practice. Randomised controlled studies have shown that strategically timed administration of melatonin, typically in the dose range 3–6 mg, is effective in advancing circadian rhythm and sleep onset in a clinically significant manner. Supplemental melatonin is available in two formulations, immediate-release and controlled-release; for sleep induction as required in DSPD, immediate-release melatonin is considered to be the more effective formulation, as supported by 19 randomised controlled clinical studies (comprising more than 800 individuals), together with a meta-analysis. The safety of supplemental melatonin administration in children, particularly in the short term, has been well documented. Melatonin supplementation is relevant to a number of aspects of neuroscience nursing; in addition to improving sleep onset in children with neurological disorders, melatonin supplementation may be of benefit in intensive care patients following brain injury, in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, and in nurses themselves to counter the detrimental effects of night-shift working.
RESEARCH ROUNDUP
Authors: Costello John
Published: February 2019

John Costello provides a synopsis and brief review of a selection of recently published research articles of interest to neuroscience nurses, highlighting the key points to keep you up to date. A full reference is provided for those who wish to read the research in more detail.
Acute kidney injury
Authors: Haskey Eleanor
Published: February 2019

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as an abrupt decline in kidney filtration rate. It is characterised by increased serum/plasma creatinine concentration and changes in urine output. This article reviews the physiology, current veterinary grading systems and common causes of AKI. Nurses should be aware of how to undertake the procedures required for the diagnosis of AKI and how to deliver nursing care to affected hospitalised patients. Patients affected by AKI can achieve complete recovery and effective nursing is key in maximising the prognosis of these patients.
Oral tumours
Authors: Bloor Claire
Published: February 2019

Dental, maxillofacial and oropharyngeal tumours develop in both cats and dogs, and depending on their type, location and behaviour can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life and ability to perform their normal activities of daily living. This article aims to outline the incidence, types and behaviours of a variety of common oral, maxillofacial and oropharyngeal tumours encountered and their potential impacts on the patient, as well as current treatment options, as it is vital all veterinary professionals are aware of these facts and factors when advising and supporting clients regarding the treatment options for their pets.
Ectoparasites in captive reptiles
Authors: Castro Pablo David Jimenez , Pietzsch Maaike , Pantchev Nikola
Published: February 2019

Pet reptile ownership has increased substantially over the last few years, with 1.6% of the 12 million homes in the UK that reported having a pet, having at least one reptile. Ectoparasite infestations can have negative impacts on the health and wellbeing of pet reptiles, and can become life-threatening if left unchecked. Three groups of mites are known to cause major infestations and play a role in causing clinical disease. A wide variety of tick species are also associated with captive reptiles. Diagnosis/detection of ectoparasites is very straightforward, with the identification of the different parasites on clinical examination or skin scrapings. There is an array of different chemical treatments for these infestations; however, environmental control is also necessary when trying to keep parasites at bay. A quarantine section should be in place in any vivarium receiving imported species, and these reptiles should be kept in quarantine for at least 90 days, isolated from the main reptile population. In the present article, the authors present information on the key external parasites commonly reported from captive reptiles in the UK.
Confocal fluorescence microscopy for geometry parameter measurements of submerged micro-structures
Authors: Mikulewitsch Merlin , von Freyberg Axel , Fischer Andreas
Published: February 2019

Due to the challenging environment of micro-manufacturing techniques
where the workpiece is submerged in a fluid, a contactless in
situ capable measurement is required for quality control.
However, the in situ conditions and the small
specimen dimensions hinder the use of conventional metrology. Confocal
fluorescence microscopy is shown to enable step height measurements of
a specimen submerged in a 2.6 mm thick fluid layer with an uncertainty
of 8.8 μm by fitting a model of the fluorescence intensity to the
measured signal. To ascertain the potential of the proposed
measurement approach, the minimal achievable uncertainty of 0.07 μm
for a shot-noise-limited signal is derived.