bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How the Green Architecture of the 2023–2027 Common Agricultural Policy could have been greener
Authors: Guyomard Herve , Détang-Dessendre Cécile , Dupraz Pierre , Delaby Luc , Huyghe Christian , Peyraud Jean-Louis , Reboud Xavier , Sirami Clélia
Published: May 2023

A new 5-year Common Agricultural Policy has been in place since January 2023. Like its predecessors, this new policy will fail to deliver significant climatic and environmental benefits. We show how the Green Architecture of the policy relying on the three instruments of conditionality, eco-schemes, and agri-environment and climate measures could have been used more consistently and effectively. Our proposals are based on core principles of public economics and fiscal federalism as well as on research results in agronomy and ecology. Conditionality criteria are the minimal requirements that every agricultural producer must meet. Farmers should be rewarded for efforts that go beyond these basic requirements through eco-schemes for global public goods complemented by agri-environment and climate measures centred on local public goods. Eco-schemes should cover the whole agricultural area by targeting permanent grasslands, crop diversification, and green cover and non-productive agro-ecological infrastructures. We discuss trade-offs that our proposals could generate.
The importance of local fisheries as a cultural attribute: insight from a discrete choice experiment of seafood consumers
Authors: Martino Simone , Azzopardi Elaine , Fox Clive , Chiaroni Emma , Payne Elena , Kenter Jasper
Published: May 2023

The role of maritime heritage in providing benefits such as sense of place and identity has been well documented, but there is limited quantitative analysis (especially in monetary valuation) of its influence on people’s preferences. In this paper, we present results from a choice experiment where we valued cultural and heritage aspects of fishing through the preferences of seafood consumption. We found a strong preference for some attributes of seafood such as “locality” (origin of the catches), freshness, and sustainability in harvesting, but also a significant role of tangible maritime cultural heritage, such as visible fishing operations. This analysis can be helpful in informing public policies aiming to enhance experiences of fisheries as a living heritage and to valorise local produce to increase income of local communities.
Measures Used to Assess Treatment Outcomes in Children with Autism Receiving Early and Intensive Behavioral Interventions: A Review
Authors: Ridout Samantha , Eldevik Sigmund
Published: May 2023

This review is aimed at identifying assessment instruments used to measure treatment outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder who received early and intensive behavioral interventions. Forty three articles were included and appraised using the Council for Exceptional Children’s Standards for Evidence Based Practice quality index rater. Ninety-two outcome measures were discovered. Measures of adaptive functioning (91%), intellectual functioning (86%), and core symptoms (67%) of autism were represented with the highest frequencies. Measures of challenging behavior and parent or caregiver wellbeing were reported at 30% and 14% respectively. Reliability and validity of each measure were determined by recently published psychometric data. The utility of outcome measures in clinical practice is discussed.
Immersive VR Assessment and Intervention Research of Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders Is Dominated by ASD and ADHD: a Scoping Review
Authors: Satu Paavola , Minna Laakso , Satu Saalasti
Published: May 2023

In this scoping review on 34 studies, we examined the use of immersive virtual reality (IVR) in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). IVR was mostly used in connection with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for assessment of and intervention in social skills, and in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for assessment of executive performance. Diagnostic measures varied or were not available, and the level of evidence was generally observational/descriptive. Furthermore, few studies reported on feasibility and user experience and even fewer on human guidance and the generalization of intervention to everyday life. Our results suggest that human guidance during and after immersive VR may be crucial for generalization of skills. More research on IVR in other NDDs is needed.
Metamorphism as a covariant transform for the SSR group
Authors: Alqurashi Taghreed , Kisil Vladimir V.
Published: May 2023

Metamorphism is a recently introduced integral transform, which is useful in solving partial differential equations. Basic properties of metamorphism can be verified by direct calculations. In this paper, we present metamorphism as a sort of covariant transform and derive its most important features in this way. Our main result is a characterisation of metamorphism’s image space. Reading this paper does not require advanced knowledge of group representations or theory of covariant transform.
Teachers Responding to Pacific Community Voice: Supporting Relationships Through an Ecological Research Initiative
Authors: Chu-Fuluifaga Cherie , Reynolds Martyn
Published: May 2023

Pacific education is an area of priority in Aotearoa New Zealand. It involves the teaching of Pacific students by a workforce that is largely of European origin. Pacific communities value education and have the capability to contribute to the understandings of teachers as they seek to provide the kinds of service that communities want to see. This article reports on a Teaching and Learning Research Initiative (TLRI), Learning From Each Other. Leveraging talanoa as a dialogic research approach, the initiative examines the change value of Pacific voice in enhancing teacher understanding and promoting deliberate action to improve Pacific education. We present findings organised by spaces in which educators enact change using a contextualised revision of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model as a mapping tool. What emerges is a sense of how non-Pacific educators’ growing Pacific-informed understandings support Pacific learners in personal, classroom and institutional spaces.
A Compositional Global Implicit Approach for Modeling Coupled Multicomponent Reactive Transport
Authors: Seigneur Nicolas , Socié Adrien , Mayer K. Ulrich
Published: May 2023

Reactive transport modeling has become widely used to help improve understanding of hydrogeochemical processes from the pore scale to the watershed scale. In recent years, the scope of reactive transport applications has increased toward a higher level of complexity and process coupling. For example, the production and consumption of water as well as porosity evolution associated with the dissolution and precipitation of hydrated minerals can impact system evolution. Waste rock weathering, carbon sequestration, or the degradation of engineered barriers in radioactive waste repositories all constitute applications in which geochemistry and hydrodynamics can strongly influence each other. For these purposes, the traditional formulation of reactive transport simulators, which decouples groundwater flow and reactive transport processes, is limited. We present a global implicit compositional approach, which integrates the flow processes directly into the reactive transport and geochemical framework. This approach solves the flow field implicitly with the reactive transport equations, simultaneously accounting for water consumption and production due to geochemical reactions. Applications show that the model allows tackling complex reactive transport problems while accounting for intra‐aqueous reactions, redox reactions, and reactions involving mass transfer with the gas and solid phases. The presented simulations also demonstrate that the compositional and traditional approaches yield similar results for complex geochemical systems with relatively low reactivity.
Intraseasonal Sea Ice Concentration Variability Over the Weddell Sea During Austral Autumn
Authors: Song Lei , Wu Renguang , Chen Wen , Li Xichen , Lan Xiaoqing , An Lu , Zhu Jialei
Published: May 2023

The sea ice concentration (SIC) over the Weddell Sea displays obvious intraseasonal variability during austral autumn with a dominant frequency of 5–20 days. The intraseasonal SIC variability is manifested as development of sea ice anomalies from the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula toward the central Weddell Sea. Rossby wave train associated with the internal atmospheric variability featuring circumglobal zonal wavenumber 4 pattern induces the development of anomalous surface winds and sea ice drifting, leading to the SIC anomalies directly. The thermodynamical processes associated with the intraseasonal SIC variability include the air temperature, the moisturizing of the lower troposphere, the latent and sensible heating, and the downwelling longwave radiation, which contribute to the variation of the local greenhouse effect over the Weddell Sea, and thus lead to the sea ice variation. The investigation of the intraseasonal SIC variability helps the understanding of sea‐ice‐atmosphere interaction over the Antarctic region.
A Vorticity‐Divergence View of Internal Wave Generation by a Fast‐Moving Tropical Cyclone: Insights From Super Typhoon Mangkhut
Authors: Brizuela Noel G. , Johnston T. M. Shaun , Alford Matthew H. , Asselin Olivier , Rudnick Daniel L. , Moum James N. , Thompson Elizabeth J. , Wang Shuguang , Lee Chia‐Ying
Published: May 2023

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are powered by heat fluxes across the air‐sea interface, which are in turn influenced by subsurface physical processes that can modulate storm intensity. Here, we use data from 6 profiling floats to recreate 3D fields of temperature (T), salinity (S), and velocity around the fast‐moving Super Typhoon Mangkhut (western North Pacific, September 2018). Observational estimates of vorticity (ζ) and divergence (Γ) agree with output from a 3D coupled model, while their relation to vertical velocities is explained by a linear theoretical statement of inertial pumping. Under this framework, inertial pumping is described as a linear coupling between ζ and Γ, whose oscillations in quadrature cause periodic displacements in the ocean thermocline and generate near‐inertial waves (NIWs). Vertical profiles of T and S show gradual mixing of the upper ocean with diffusivities as high as κ ∼ 10−1 m2 s−1, which caused an asymmetric cold wake of sea surface temperature (SST). We estimate that ∼10% of the energy used by mixing was used to mix rainfall, therefore inhibiting SST cooling. Lastly, watermass transformation analyses suggest that κ > 3 × 10−3 m2 s−1 above ∼110 m depth and up to 600 km behind the TC. These analyses provide an observational summary of the ocean response to fast‐moving TCs, demonstrate some advantages of ζ and Γ for the study of internal wave fields, and provide conceptual clarity on the mechanisms that lead to NIW generation by winds.
A Global Survey of Rotating Convective Updrafts in the GFDL X‐SHiELD 2021 Global Storm Resolving Model
Authors: Harris Lucas , Zhou Linjiong , Kaltenbaugh Alex , Clark Spencer , Cheng Kai‐Yuan , Bretherton Chris
Published: May 2023

We present the global characteristics of rotating convective updrafts in the 2021 version of GFDL's eXperimental System for High‐resolution prediction on Earth‐to‐Local Domains (X‐SHiELD), a kilometer‐scale global storm resolving model (GSRM). Rotation is quantified using 2–5 km Updraft Helicity (UH) in a year‐long integration forced by analyzed SSTs. Updrafts with UH magnitudes above 50 m2 s−2 are common over the mid‐latitude continents, where they are associated with severe weather especially in the warm seasons but are also common over most tropical ocean basins. In nearly all areas cyclonically rotating convection dominates, with larger UH values increasingly preferring cyclonic rotation. The ratio of cyclonic to anticyclonic updrafts is largest in the subtropical and mid‐latitude oceans and is slightly lower over mid‐latitude continents. The ratio of cyclonic to anticyclonic updrafts can be substantively explained by the mean storm‐relative helicity (SRH) in convective regions, indicating the importance for environmental controls on the sense of storm rotation, although internal storm dynamics also plays a role in the generation of anticyclonic updrafts.
Last Glacial Maximum ITCZ Changes From PMIP3/4 Simulations
Authors: Wang Ting , Wang Na , Jiang Dabang
Published: May 2023

We investigate global and regional changes in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) position, width, and intensity during the last glacial maximum (LGM) relative to the preindustrial period using multiple simulations from Phases 3 and 4 of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3/4). On annual scale, most models show that LGM tropical precipitation decreases, and the deficit in the Northern Hemisphere is larger than that in the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in the southward shift, narrowing, and weakening of the ITCZ at the global scale. The arithmetic mean of 13 models shows that the global zonal mean ITCZ shifts southward by 0.85° (1σ = 0.86°), narrows by 1.05° (1σ = 1.33°), and weakens by 7% (1σ = 4%) during the LGM. Regionally, position and intensity changes are larger in the central and eastern Pacific, while width changes are most obvious in the Indian Ocean–western Pacific. Precipitation changes in the central and eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans are dominated by the dynamic term. In the Indian Ocean–western Pacific, the thermodynamic term is the main cause for precipitation changes within 10°S–10°N, while the dynamic term plays a leading role at other tropical latitudes. Seasonally, the September–October–November and June–July–August mainly contribute to the annual ITCZ position, width, and intensity changes globally and in most regions. The convergence factor dominates both the dynamic and thermodynamic terms annually and seasonally. The model results are compatible with the existing site reconstructions on the southward shift of the LGM ITCZ.
Characterizing Uncertainty in Pan‐Arctic Land‐Ocean Dissolved Organic Carbon Flux: Insights From the Onega River, Russia
Authors: Starr Sommer , Johnston Sarah Ellen , Sobolev Nikita , Perminova Irina , Kellerman Anne , Fiske Greg , Bulygina Ekaterina , Shiklomanov Alexander , McKenna Amy , Spencer Robert G. M.
Published: May 2023

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux from rivers in the pan‐Arctic watershed represents an important connection between major terrestrial carbon stocks and the Arctic Ocean. Previous estimates of Arctic carbon flux and dissolved organic matter (DOM) seasonal dynamics have relied predominantly on measurements from the six major Arctic rivers, yet these may not be representative of northern high‐latitude constrained smaller watersheds. Here, we evaluate DOC concentration and DOM composition in the Onega River, a small Arctic watershed, using optical measurements and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. Compared to the six largest Arctic rivers, DOC, absorbance at a350, and indicators of terrestrial DOM (e.g., specific UV absorbance at 254 nm, modified aromaticity index, relative abundance of condensed aromatics and polyphenolics) were elevated in the Onega throughout the year. Seasonality was also generally muted in comparison to the major Arctic rivers with relatively elevated DOC and terrestrial markers in both spring and fall seasons. The Onega exhibits a strong relationship between a350 and DOC, and its organic‐rich nature is apparent in its high DOC yield (4.85 g m2yr−1), and higher chromophoric DOM per unit DOC than the six largest Arctic rivers. As DOC yield from the Onega may be more representative of smaller northern high‐latitude rivers, we derived a new pan‐Arctic DOC flux scaling estimate which is over 50% higher than previous estimates scaled solely from the six major Arctic rivers. These observations suggest that smaller northern high‐latitude rivers may be underrepresented in Arctic carbon flux models and highlights uncertainty around constraining the export of DOC to the Arctic Ocean.
Simultaneous Multiscale Data Assimilation Using Scale‐ and Variable‐Dependent Localization in EnVar for Convection Allowing Analyses and Forecasts: Methodology and Experiments for a Tornadic Supercell
Authors: Wang Yongming , Wang Xuguang
Published: May 2023

This study introduces a simultaneous multiscale data assimilation method by implementing model space spatial scale‐dependent localization (SDL) and variable‐dependent localization (VDL) within an ensemble variational system. This method updates all resolved scales by assimilating all observations at once. The impact of such an approach is examined by a series of radar data assimilation experiments. Single‐observation experiments show that SDL concurrently and more properly updates the storm and its ambient environments compared to a traditional single scale localization (SSL) for radar data assimilation. Including VDL on top of SDL (SDLVDL) realistically decreases the spatial coverage and intensity of moisture increments compared to SDL. Comparisons are then performed on the analyses and forecasts of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City supercell storm. Results show that SDL improves the analyses and forecasts during the data assimilation cycling by producing more realistic enhanced low‐level convergences than SSL. SDLVDL obtains more accurate analyses and subsequent forecasts for moisture than SDL. SDLVDL yields the best performance in reflectivity forecasts and storm maintenance. Compared to SSL, SDL has higher forecast skills before 2230 UTC and produces degraded forecasts in the later lead time.
A Physics‐Incorporated Deep Learning Framework for Parameterization of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer
Authors: Yao Yichen , Zhong Xiaohui , Zheng Yongjun , Wang Zhibin
Published: May 2023

The atmospheric radiative transfer calculations are among the most time‐consuming components of the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Deep learning (DL) models have recently been increasingly applied to accelerate radiative transfer modeling. Besides, a physical relationship exists between the output variables, including fluxes and heating rate profiles. Integration of such physical laws in DL models is crucial for the consistency and credibility of the DL‐based parameterizations. Therefore, we propose a physics‐incorporated framework for the radiative transfer DL model, in which the physical relationship between fluxes and heating rates is encoded as a layer of the network so that the energy conservation can be satisfied. It is also found that the prediction accuracy was improved with the physic‐incorporated layer. In addition, we trained and compared various types of DL model architectures, including fully connected (FC) neural networks (NNs), convolutional‐based NNs (CNNs), bidirectional recurrent‐based NNs (RNNs), transformer‐based NNs, and neural operator networks, respectively. The offline evaluation demonstrates that bidirectional RNNs, transformer‐based NNs, and neural operator networks significantly outperform the FC NNs and CNNs due to their capability of global perception. A global perspective of an entire atmospheric column is essential and suitable for radiative transfer modeling as the changes in atmospheric components of one layer/level have both local and global impacts on radiation along the entire vertical column. Furthermore, the bidirectional RNNs achieve the best performance as they can extract information from both upward and downward directions, similar to the radiative transfer processes in the atmosphere.
A Pareto‐Based Sensitivity Analysis and Multiobjective Calibration Approach for Integrating Streamflow and Evaporation Data
Authors: Yeste Patricio , Melsen Lieke A. , García‐Valdecasas Ojeda Matilde , Gámiz‐Fortis Sonia R. , Castro‐Díez Yolanda , Esteban‐Parra María Jesús
Published: May 2023

Evaporation is gaining increasing attention as a calibration and evaluation variable in hydrologic studies that seek to improve the physical realism of hydrologic models and go beyond the long‐established streamflow‐only calibration. However, this trend is not yet reflected in sensitivity analyses aimed at determining the relevant parameters to calibrate, where streamflow has traditionally played a leading role. On the basis of a Pareto optimization approach, we propose a framework to integrate the temporal dynamics of streamflow and evaporation into the sensitivity analysis and calibration stages of the hydrologic modeling exercise, here referred to as “Pareto‐based sensitivity analysis” and “multiobjective calibration.” The framework is successfully applied to a case study using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model in three catchments located in Spain as representative of the different hydroclimatic conditions within the Iberian Peninsula. Several VIC vegetation parameters were identified as important to the performance estimates for evaporation during sensitivity analysis, and therefore were suitable candidates to improve the model representation of evaporative fluxes. Sensitivities for the streamflow performance, in turn, were mostly driven by the soil and routing parameters, with little contribution from the vegetation parameters. The multiobjective calibration experiments were carried out for the most parsimonious parameterization after a comparative analysis of the performance gains and losses for streamflow and evaporation, and yielded optimal adjustments for both hydrologic variables simultaneously. Results from this study will help to develop a better understanding of the trade‐offs resulting from the joint integration of streamflow and evaporation data into modeling frameworks.
Plant Hydraulics Improves Predictions of ET and GPP Responses to Drought
Authors: Xie Shudi , Mo Xingguo , Liu Suxia , Hu Shi
Published: May 2023

Land surface models typically ignore plant hydraulic processes and use empirical soil moisture stress functions to limit transpiration and photosynthesis. How plant hydraulics impacts the predictions of carbon and water fluxes and their responses to drought remains unclear. Here, we developed an analytical plant hydraulic scheme wherein hydraulic capacitances at the leaf level and stem level were considered, and incorporated it into the vegetation interface processes model (hereafter, VIP‐PHS). Then, we calibrated the VIP‐PHS parameters using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and conducted an ecosystem‐scale evaluation of the VIP‐PHS at 30 FLUXNET sites. The results showed that VIP‐PHS improved evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary production (GPP) simulations across the studied sites, reducing the root mean square error (RMSE) by 0.02–0.27 mm day−1 and 0.04–0.52 g C m−2 day−1 in relation to the empirical soil hydraulic scheme (hereafter, VIP‐SHS). VIP‐PHS decreased the RMSE in ET and GPP by up to 45% and 55% in evergreen needleleaf forests. Compared to VIP‐SHS, VIP‐PHS decreased the sensitivities of ET and GPP to soil moisture stress, and significantly improved ET and GPP predictions under low soil moisture conditions. The sensitivity analysis showed that larger stem hydraulic capacitance better relieved xylem water stress, resulting in greater transpiration and GPP and less‐negative daily minimum stem water potential. These findings highlight the need to incorporate plant hydraulics into the next generation of Earth system models under future drought conditions.
Strong Coupling Between Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Weathering During the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum
Authors: Chen Zuoling , Ding Zhongli , Yang Shiling , Sun Jimin , Zhu Min , Xiao Yilin , Tong Fengtai , Liang Yao
Published: May 2023

The Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ∼56 Ma)–a geologically rapid carbon‐release event similar to anthropogenic carbon emissions–is ideal for investigating weathering responses to rapid carbon release and associated climate change. Here, for the first time, we present high‐resolution lacustrine lithium isotope data that reflect basin‐scale silicate weathering across the PETM in the Nanyang Basin, eastern China. Our results reveal an ∼100% increase in regional silicate weathering intensity through the PETM relative to the pre‐PETM level. Synchronous variations between carbon isotope values and weathering intensity demonstrate a strong coupling between carbon cycle, climate, and chemical weathering on millennial timescales. These findings argue that strong negative weathering feedback and massive removal of CO2 maintained Earth's climate within a habitable range during the PETM.
Eating behavior dimensions and 9-year weight loss maintenance: a sub-study of the Finnish Diabetes prevention study
Authors: Salmela Jutta , Konttinen Hanna , Lappalainen Raimo , Muotka Joona , Antikainen Anne , Lindström Jaana , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Uusitupa Matti , Karhunen Leila
Published: May 2023

Background

Behavioral processes through which lifestyle interventions influence risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), e.g., body weight, are not well-understood. We examined whether changes in psychological dimensions of eating behavior during the first year of lifestyle intervention would mediate the effects of intervention on body weight during a 9-year period.

Methods

Middle-aged participants (38 men, 60 women) with overweight and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were randomized to an intensive, individualized lifestyle intervention group (n = 51) or a control group (n = 47). At baseline and annually thereafter until nine years body weight was measured and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire assessing cognitive restraint of eating with flexible and rigid components, disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger was completed. This was a sub-study of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, conducted in Kuopio research center.

Results

During the first year of the intervention total cognitive (4.6 vs. 1.7 scores; p < 0.001), flexible (1.7 vs. 0.9; p = 0.018) and rigid (1.6 vs. 0.5; p = 0.001) restraint of eating increased, and body weight decreased (−5.2 vs. −1.2 kg; p < 0.001) more in the intervention group compared with the control group. The difference between the groups remained significant up to nine years regarding total (2.6 vs. 0.1 scores; p = 0.002) and rigid restraint (1.0 vs. 0.4; p = 0.004), and weight loss (−3.0 vs. 0.1 kg; p = 0.046). The first-year increases in total, flexible and rigid restraint statistically mediated the impact of intervention on weight loss during the 9-year study period.

Conclusions

Lifestyle intervention with intensive and individually tailored, professional counselling had long-lasting effects on cognitive restraint of eating and body weight in middle-aged participants with overweight and IGT. The mediation analyses suggest that early phase increase in cognitive restraint could have a role in long-term weight loss maintenance. This is important because long-term weight loss maintenance has various health benefits, including reduced risk of T2DM.
Different carbohydrate exposures and weight gain—results from a pooled analysis of three population-based studies
Authors: Tammi Rilla , Männistö Satu , Harald Kennet , Maukonen Mirkka , Eriksson Johan G. , Jousilahti Pekka , Koskinen Seppo , Kaartinen Niina E.
Published: May 2023

Background

The role of carbohydrate quantity and quality in weight gain remains unsolved, and research on carbohydrate subcategories is scarce. We examined total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugar, and sucrose intake in relation to the risk of weight gain in Finnish adults.

Methods

Our data comprised 8327 adults aged 25−70 years in three population-based prospective cohorts. Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and nutrient intakes were calculated utilizing the Finnish Food Composition Database. Anthropometric measurements were collected according to standard protocols. Two-staged pooling was applied to derive relative risks across cohorts for weight gain of at least 5% by exposure variable intake quintiles in a 7-year follow-up. Linear trends were examined based on a Wald test.

Results

No association was observed between intakes of total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, total sugar or sucrose and the risk of weight gain of at least 5%. Yet, total sugar intake had a borderline protective association with the risk of weight gain in participants with obesity (RR 0.63; 95% CI 0.40−1.00 for highest vs. lowest quintile) and sucrose intake in participants with ≥10% decrease in carbohydrate intake during the follow-up (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.61−1.00) after adjustments for sex, age, baseline weight, education, smoking, physical activity, and energy intake. Further adjustment for fruit consumption strengthened the associations.

Conclusions

Our findings do not support an association between carbohydrate intake and weight gain. However, the results suggested that concurrent changes in carbohydrate intake might be an important determinant of weight change and should be further examined in future studies.
Side effects of low-dose tamoxifen: results from a six-armed randomised controlled trial in healthy women
Authors: Hammarström Mattias , Gabrielson Marike , Crippa Alessio , Discacciati Andrea , Eklund Martin , Lundholm Cecilia , Bäcklund Magnus , Wengström Yvonne , Borgquist Signe , Bergqvist Jenny , Eriksson Mikael , Tapia José , Czene Kamila , Hall Per
Published: May 2023

Background

Adherence to adjuvant tamoxifen therapy is suboptimal, and acceptance of tamoxifen for primary prevention is poor. Published results indicate effect of low-dose tamoxifen therapy. Using questionnaire data from a randomised controlled trial, we describe side effects of standard and low-dose tamoxifen in healthy women.

Methods

In the KARISMA trial, 1440 healthy women were randomised to 6 months of daily intake of 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1 mg of tamoxifen or placebo. Participants completed a 48-item, five-graded Likert score symptom questionnaire at baseline and follow-up. Linear regression models were used to identify significant changes in severity levels across doses and by menopausal status.

Results

Out of 48 predefined symptoms, five were associated with tamoxifen exposure (hot flashes, night sweats, cold sweats, vaginal discharge and muscle cramps). When comparing these side effects in premenopausal women randomised to low doses (2.5, 5 mg) versus high doses (10, 20 mg), the mean change was 34% lower in the low-dose group. No dose-dependent difference was seen in postmenopausal women.

Conclusions

Symptoms related to tamoxifen therapy are influenced by menopausal status. Low-dose tamoxifen, in contrast to high-dose, was associated with less pronounced side effects, a finding restricted to premenopausal women. Our findings give new insights which may influence future dosing strategies of tamoxifen in both the adjuvant and preventive settings.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03346200.
N6-methyladenine-mediated aberrant activation of the lncRNA SOX2OT-GLI1 loop promotes non-small-cell lung cancer stemness
Authors: Dong Hongliang , Zeng Lili , Chen Weiwei , Zhang Qian , Wang Fei , Wu Yan , Cui Bingjie , Qi Jingjing , Zhang Xin , Liu Cuilan , Deng Jiong , Yu Yong , Schmitt Clemens A. , Du Jing
Published: May 2023

Despite the advent of precision medicine and immunotherapy, mortality due to lung cancer remains high. The sonic hedgehog (SHH) cascade and its key terminal factor, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), play a pivotal role in the stemness and drug resistance of lung cancer. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of non-canonical aberrant GLI1 upregulation. The SHH cascade was upregulated in stem spheres and chemo-resistant lung cancer cells and was accountable for drug resistance against multiple chemotherapy regimens. GLI1 and the long non-coding RNA SOX2OT were positively regulated, and the GLI1-SOX2OT loop mediated the proliferation of parental and stem-like lung cancer cells. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that SOX2OT facilitated METTL3/14/IGF2BP2-mediated m6A modification and stabilization of the GLI1 mRNA. Additionally, SOX2OT upregulated METTL3/14/IGF2BP2 by sponging miR-186-5p. Functional analysis corroborated that GLI1 acted as a downstream target of METTL3/14/IGF2BP2, and GLI1 silencing could block the oncogenicity of lung cancer stem-like cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the loop remarkably inhibited the oncogenesis of lung cancer cells in vivo. Compared with paired adjacent normal tissues, lung cancer specimens exhibited consistently upregulated GLI1/SOX2OT/METTL3/14/IGF2BP2. The m6A-modified GLI1-SOX2OT loop may serve as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic predictor for lung cancer therapy and diagnosis in the clinic.
B7-H3 specific CAR-T cells exhibit potent activity against prostate cancer
Authors: Li Shibao , Zhang Miaomiao , Wang Meng , Wang Haiting , Wu Han , Mao Lijun , Zhang Meng , Li Huizhong , Zheng Junnian , Ma Ping , Wang Gang
Published: May 2023

B7-H3 is an attractive target for immunotherapy because of its high expression across multiple solid tumors, including prostate cancer, and restricted expression in normal tissues. Among various types of tumor immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has shown remarkable success in hematological tumors. However, the potency of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors is still limited. Here, we examined the expression of B7-H3 in prostate cancer tissues and cells and developed a second-generation CAR that specifically targets B7-H3 and CD28 as costimulatory receptor to explore its tumoricidal potential against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. The high expression of B7-H3 was detected on both the surface of PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells and prostate cancer tissues. B7-H3 CAR-T cells efficiently controlled the growth of prostate cancer in an antigen-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, tumor cells could induce the proliferation of CAR-T cells and the release of high levels of cytokines of IFN-γ and TNF-α in vitro. Results demonstrated that B7-H3 is a potential target for prostate cancer therapy that supports the clinical development of B7-H3 specific CAR-T cells for prostate cancer.
Structured transverse orbital angular momentum probed by a levitated optomechanical sensor
Authors: Hu Yanhui , Kingsley-Smith Jack J. , Nikkhou Maryam , Sabin James A. , Rodríguez-Fortuño Francisco J. , Xu Xiaohao , Millen James
Published: May 2023

The momentum carried by structured light fields exhibits a rich array of surprising features. In this work, we generatetransverseorbital angular momentum (TOAM) in the interference field of two parallel and counter-propagating linearly-polarised focused beams, synthesising an array of identical handedness vortices carrying intrinsic TOAM. We explore this structured light field using an optomechanical sensor, consisting of an optically levitated silicon nanorod, whose rotation is a probe of the optical angular momentum, which generates an exceptionally large torque. This simple creation and direct observation of TOAM will have applications in studies of fundamental physics, the optical manipulation of matter and quantum optomechanics.
Interplay between copper redox and transfer and support acidity and topology in low temperature NH3-SCR
Authors: Wu Yiqing , Zhao Wenru , Ahn Sang Hyun , Wang Yilin , Walter Eric D. , Chen Ying , Derewinski Miroslaw A. , Washton Nancy M. , Rappé Kenneth G. , Wang Yong , Mei Donghai , Hong Suk Bong , Gao Feng
Published: May 2023

Low-temperature standard NH3-SCR over copper-exchanged zeolite catalysts occurs on NH3-solvated Cu-ion active sites in a quasi-homogeneous manner. As key kinetically relevant reaction steps, the reaction intermediate CuII(NH3)4ion hydrolyzes to CuII(OH)(NH3)3ion to gain redox activity. The CuII(OH)(NH3)3ion also transfers between neighboring zeolite cages to form highly reactive reaction intermediates. Viaoperandoelectron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and SCR kinetic measurements and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate here that such kinetically relevant steps become energetically more difficult with lower support Brønsted acid strength and density. Consequently, Cu/LTA displays lower Cu atomic efficiency than Cu/CHA and Cu/AEI, which can also be rationalized by considering differences in their support topology. By carrying out hydrothermal aging to eliminate support Brønsted acid sites, both CuII(NH3)4ion hydrolysis and CuII(OH)(NH3)3ion migration are hindered, leading to a marked decrease in Cu atomic efficiency for all catalysts.
Selective conversion of CO2 to isobutane-enriched C4 alkanes over InZrOx-Beta composite catalyst
Authors: Wang Han , Fan Sheng , Guo Shujia , Wang Sen , Qin Zhangfeng , Dong Mei , Zhu Huaqing , Fan Weibin , Wang Jianguo
Published: May 2023

Direct conversion of CO2 to a single specific hydrocarbon with high selectivity is extremely attractive but very challenging. Herein, by employing an InZrOx-Beta composite catalyst in the CO2 hydrogenation, a high selectivity of 53.4% to butane is achieved in hydrocarbons (CO free) under 315 °C and 3.0 MPa, at a CO2 conversion of 20.4%. Various characterizations and DFT calculation reveal that the generation of methanol-related intermediates by CO2 hydrogenation is closely related to the surface oxygen vacancies of InZrOx, which can be tuned through modulating the preparation methods. In contrast, the three-dimensional 12-ring channels of H-Beta conduces to forming higher methylbenzenes and methylnaphthalenes containing isopropyl side-chain, which favors the transformation of methanol-related intermediates to butane through alkyl side-chain elimination and subsequent methylation and hydrogenation. Moreover, the catalytic stability of InZrOx-Beta in the CO2 hydrogenation is considerably improved by a surface silica protection strategy which can effectively inhibit the indium migration.
China can be self-sufficient in maize production by 2030 with optimal crop management
Authors: Luo Ning , Meng Qingfeng , Feng Puyu , Qu Ziren , Yu Yonghong , Liu De Li , Müller Christoph , Wang Pu
Published: May 2023

Population growth and economic development in China has increased the demand for food and animal feed, raising questions regarding China’s future maize production self-sufficiency. Here, we address this challenge by combining data-driven projections with a machine learning method on data from 402 stations, with data from 87 field experiments across China. Current maize yield would be roughly doubled with the implementation of optimal planting density and management. In the 2030 s, we estimate a 52% yield improvement through dense planting and soil improvement under a high-end climate forcing Shared Socio-Economic Pathway (SSP585), compared with a historical climate trend. Based on our results, yield gains from soil improvement outweigh the adverse effects of climate change. This implies that China can be self-sufficient in maize by using current cropping areas. Our results challenge the view of yield stagnation in most global areas and provide an example of how food security can be achieved with optimal crop-soil management under future climate change scenarios.
Optimal entanglement distribution policies in homogeneous repeater chains with cutoffs
Authors: Iñesta Álvaro G. , Vardoyan Gayane , Scavuzzo Lara , Wehner Stephanie
Published: May 2023

We study the limits of bipartite entanglement distribution using a chain of quantum repeaters that have quantum memories. To generate end-to-end entanglement, each node can attempt the generation of an entangled link with a neighbor, or perform an entanglement swapping measurement. A maximum storage time, known as cutoff, is enforced on the memories to ensure high-quality entanglement. Nodes follow a policy that determines when to perform each operation. Global-knowledge policies take into account all the information about the entanglement already produced. Here, we find global-knowledge policies that minimize the expected time to produce end-to-end entanglement. Our methods are based on Markov decision processes and value and policy iteration. We compare optimal policies to a policy in which nodes only use local information. We find that the advantage in expected delivery time provided by an optimal global-knowledge policy increases with increasing number of nodes and decreasing probability of successful swapping.
Robust three-dimensional type-II Dirac semimetal state in SrAgBi
Authors: Hu Zhixiang , Deng Junze , Li Hang , Ogunbunmi Michael O. , Tong Xiao , Wang Qi , Graf David , Pudełko Wojciech Radoslaw , Liu Yu , Lei Hechang , Bobev Svilen , Radovic Milan , Wang Zhijun , Petrovic Cedomir
Published: May 2023

Topological semimetals such as Dirac, Weyl or nodal line semimetals are widely studied for their peculiar properties including high Fermi velocities, small effective masses and high magnetoresistance. When the Dirac cone is tilted, exotic phenomena could emerge whereas materials hosting such states are promising for photonics and plasmonics applications. Here we present evidence that SrAgBi is a spin-orbit coupling-induced type-II three-dimensional Dirac semimetal featuring tilted Dirac cone at the Fermi energy. Near charge compensation and Fermi surface characteristics are not much perturbed by 7% of vacancy defects on the Ag atomic site, suggesting that SrAgBi could be a material of interest for observation of robust optical and spintronic topological quantum phenomena.
Tissue-like cultured fish fillets through a synthetic food pipeline
Authors: Xu Enbo , Niu Ruihao , Lao Jihui , Zhang Shengliang , Li Jie , Zhu Yiyuan , Shi Huimin , Zhu Qingqing , Chen Yijian , Jiang Yuyan , Wang Wenjun , Yin Jun , Chen Qihe , Huang Xiao , Chen Jun , Liu Donghong
Published: May 2023

Tissue-like cultured meats of some livestock have successfully been established by different approaches. However, the production of a structure similar to fish fillets is still challenging. Here, we develop tissue-like cultured fish fillets by assembly of large yellow croaker muscle fibers and adipocytes with 3D-printed gel. Inhibition of Tgf-β and Notch signals significantly promoted myogenic differentiation of piscine satellite cells (PSCs). The mixture of fish gelatin and sodium alginate combined with a p53 inhibitor and a Yap activator supported PSC viability and proliferation. Based on the texture of fish muscle tissue, a 3D scaffold was constructed by gelatin-based gel mixed with PSCs. After proliferation and differentiation, the muscle scaffold was filled with cultured piscine adipocytes. Finally, tissue-like fish fillets with 20 × 12 × 4 mm were formed, consisting of 5.67 × 107 muscles and 4.02 × 107 adipocytes. The biomanufacture of tissue-like cultured fish fillet here could be a promising technology to customize meat production with high fidelity.
Inter-basin surface water transfers database for public water supplies in conterminous United States, 1986–2015
Authors: Dobbs G. Rebecca , Liu Ning , Caldwell Peter V. , Miniat Chelcy Ford , Sun Ge , Duan Kai , Bolstad Paul V.
Published: May 2023

The manipulation of water resources is a common human solution to water-related problems. Of particular interest because of impacts on both source and destination is the anthropogenic movement of water from one basin to another, or inter-basin transfers (IBTs). In the United States, IBTs occur widely in both wet and dry regions, but IBT data are not collated and served in a coordinated way. Thus researchers wishing to account for transfers between basins have faced difficulty in doing so. Here we present the outcome of a systematic investigation into inter-basin surface water transfers connected with public water supplies in the conterminous United States (CONUS), 1986 to 2015. The present open-access geodatabase includes transfer volumes collected, evaluated, and compiled from disparate sources. We provide an updated snapshot of CONUS IBTs at a higher spatial resolution of points of withdrawal and delivery than previous datasets. This paper puts the national inter-basin transfer data in context, and shows how we acquired, structured, and validated the locations and volumes of surface water transfers in public water systems.
A 10-km CMIP6 downscaled dataset of temperature and precipitation for historical and future Vietnam climate
Authors: Tran-Anh Quan , Ngo-Duc Thanh , Espagne Etienne , Trinh-Tuan Long
Published: May 2023

High-resolution climate projections are mandatory for many applications and impact assessments in environmental and management studies. In response to the needs in Vietnam, this study constructs a new precipitation and temperature daily dataset for Vietnam, at a high spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°, based on the outputs of 35 global climate models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The Bias Correction and Spatial Disaggregation (BCSD) method is adopted to bias-correct monthly GCM simulations using observation data, then subsequently temporally disaggregate them into daily data. The new dataset is called CMIP6-VN, covering the present-time period 1980–2014 and future projections for 2015–2099 from both CMIP6 tier-1 (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) 1–1.26, 2–4.5, 3–7.0, and 5–8.5) and tier-2 (SSPs 1–1.9, 4–3.4, 4–6.0) experiments. Results indicated the good performance of CMIP6-VN for the historical period, suggesting that the dataset could be used for studies on climate change assessment and impacts in Vietnam.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Spatio-temporal analysis and simulation of urban ecological resilience in Guangzhou City based on the FLUS model
Authors: Liao Zhenjie , Zhang Lijuan
Published: May 2023

Prediction of urban ecological risk, which is increasing with the rapid development of China’s economy, has become more complex and difficult, resulting in great damage to the safety of people’s lives and property and the quality of the ecological environment. Elucidation of the change mechanism of the urban ecological resilience level from the perspective of the resilience characteristics and exploration of the spatiotemporal differences of the urban ability are necessary to prevent and resolve ecological risks. To this end, here, a model for the evaluation of urban ecological resilience was constructed by considering three aspects: resistance, adaptability, and resilience. The spatiotemporal change pattern of urban ecological resilience in Guangzhou from 2000 to 2020 was evaluated. Furthermore, a spatial autocorrelation model was used to explore the management model of Guangzhou’s ecological resilience in 2020. Finally, based on the FLUS model, the spatial pattern of urban land use under the 2035 benchmark and innovation- and entrepreneurship-oriented scenarios was simulated and the spatial distribution of the ecological resilience level under different urban development scenarios was evaluated. We found that from 2000 to 2020, areas with a low ecological resilience expanded to the northeast and southeast, whereas areas with a high ecological resilience significantly decreased; from 2000 to 2010, original high-level regions in the northeast and east of Guangzhou were transformed into medium level regions. Further, in 2020, the southwestern region of the city will show a low level of resilience and high density of pollutant discharge enterprises, indicating that the ability to prevent and resolve environmental and ecological risks in this region is relatively low. Additionally, the overall ecological resilience of Guangzhou under the innovation- and entrepreneurship-oriented “City of Innovation” urban development scenario is higher than that under the benchmark scenario in 2035. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development of resilient urban ecological environment.