bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RELAÇÕES ENTRE APRENDIZAGEM E DESENVOLVIMENTO EM PIAGET E VYGOTSKY: O CONSTRUTIVISMO EM QUESTÃO
Authors: Santos Anderson Oramisio , Oliveira Guilherme Saramago , Junqueira Adriana Mariano Rodrigues
Published: December 2015

Na formação continuada de professores e na sua prática pedagógica em sala de aula, identificam-se muitos aspectos conflitantes no que se refere à internalização dos elementos teóricos necessários para a adoção de uma postura construtivista. Os professores têm dificuldades de articular cognitivismo - interacionismo – construtivismo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descortinar, a teoria construtivista que, por muito tempo, foi mal interpretada e indevidamente reportada para a prática dos educadores como um método de ensino. Embora, a teoria epistemológica genética não tenha sido desenvolvida com o intuito de fundamentar teoricamente os processos de ensino e aprendizagem na educação formal, é inegável que a Pedagogia, como um saber de fronteira, incorpore as ideias de Piaget sobre como o sujeito conhece, ou seja, que através da interação com o meio o sujeito constrói o conhecimento. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, uma abordagem a partir dos aportes teóricos do Construtivismo, que englobam teóricos como Piaget e, o Pós-Construtivismo, como Vygotsky, dentre outros que corrobam com as reflexões desse tema. Constatou-se no interior da pesquisa que o Construtivismo surgiu para aplicar e explicar que a inteligência humana se desenvolve pelas ações mútuas entre o indivíduo e o meio, pois o indivíduo é capaz de construir e organizar seu próprio conhecimento. Desta forma acreditamos ter contribuído para a fundamentação do trabalho docente e no esclarecimento dos inúmeros equívocos do Construtivismo no Brasil, e para futuras e várias repercussões no campo educacional.
DA SOMA DAS PENAS AO TROCO EM POEMAS: SUBJETIVIDADES EMERGENTES NAS RELAÇÕES DE INTERIORIZAÇÃO ACADÊMICA – SENSIBILIDADES INTERCULTURAIS
Authors: Gomes Fabio José Cardias
Published: December 2015

RESUMO: O presente artigo trata dos desafios e possibilidades das relações entre os atores acadêmicos, na condição de imigrantes, em Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior (IFES), com processo de macro-interiorização recente. O referencial teórico envolveu autores desde a Educação, como Anísio Teixeira (2005), à Psicologia e Antropologia Intercultural, como Dantas (2004, 2012) e Rabot (2008). O objetivo foi compreender as subjetividades emergentes em relação com as sensibilidades interculturais. Como metodologia, foram analisadas escutas escolhidas no período letivo de 2011 até o momento, no Núcleo de Assistência Psicossocial (NAPSI). Dados como situação econômica precária e relações conflituosas entre alunos e professores, interpretados sob o foco dos conflitos interculturais, foram os quais destaquei. Considero, ao final, o desdobramento deste estudo em relação com as possibilidades deixadas em aberto, em diálogo com os resultados e a literatura.
ABSENTEÍSMO: ANÁLISE NA EQUIPE DE ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Pelazza Bruno Bordin , Alfonso Júnior Geovanne D’ , Silva Luiz Almeida , Christóforo Berendina Elsina Bouwman , Trincaus Maria Regiane , Martins Marlene Andrade , Maia Ludmila Grego
Published: December 2015

O absenteísmo na equipe de enfermagem é um problema complexo para as organizações de saúde e administradores, constituindo-se um relevante instrumento na gestão de pessoas. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura a qual objetivou identificar produções existentes acerca do absenteísmo na equipe de enfermagem, sendo realizada pesquisa de artigos no banco de dados Lilacs e Scielo. O desenvolvimento do estudo reforça convicções quanto à necessidade do conhecimento sobre o absenteísmo, em busca de melhor compreensão na organização do trabalho da equipe de enfermagem. Com base nos resultados obtidos percebe-se que o absenteísmo seja um problema de gestão, salienta-se que cabe à gerência o acompanhamento e monitoramento da assiduidade de seus trabalhadores, bem como desenvolver ações de prevenção e controle com enfoque na saúde física e mental dos mesmos, com intuito de promover benefícios e melhorias ao vínculo instituição, clientela e trabalhadores.
EQUIVALÊNCIA DE ESTÍMULOS E INSTRUÇÃO PROGRAMADA: FORMAÇÃO DE CLASSES COM ESTÍMULOS FRACIONÁRIOS
Authors: Godinho Santos Antonio Carlos , Simonassi Lorismari Ernesto , Queiroz Rafaela Ferreira , Pacheco Fabíola Belem , Santana Maira Maia , Magri Maira Ribeiro , Heime Melo Gustavo Henrique
Published: December 2015

Este trabalho estudou o efeito do paradigma de equivalência de estímulos e de instruções no ensino de frações. Cinco alunos com baixo desempenho em teste de múltipla escolha com problemas fracionários solucionaram problemas por meio de instrução programada e passaram pelo teste das relações derivadas (GIP). Cinco escolheram frações numéricas na presença de modelos pictóricos ou numéricos em tarefa de pareamento com o modelo (GEQ) e cinco fizeram ambas as tarefas (GIPEC). Resultados mostraram formação classes de equivalência de três membros com estímulos fracionários pictóricos e numéricos e decréscimos na porcentagem de acertos no teste de expansão das classes. Nos testes de múltipla escolha houve aumentos sistemáticos no número de acertos para os três grupos, em especial para o GIPEC.
FALSO CONHECIMENTO: POSSÍVEL ERRO DE VIÉS NA APRENDIZAGEM DE ESPANHOL POR BRASILEIROS [doi] 10.5216/rir.v11i2.34288
Authors: Lima Daniella Gomes
Published: December 2015

A construção do conhecimento se iguala a qualquer construção física, cujas bases, se ndoi>10.5216/rir.v11i2.34288ão sólidas e estáveis o suficiente, tendem a ruir. No processo de aprendizagem de um idioma estrangeiro, o desafio dos educadores tem sido contrabalancear essa oferta farta de informação que pode conduzir o cidadão a um desvio, uma facilidade que se mostra um erro de viés de disponibilidade, objetivo dessa pesquisa durante o processo de ensino-aprendizagem do Espanhol pela turma de 2015 do curso de Espanhol 1 do Centro de Línguas da UFG/CAJ. O método de investigação deu-se através de coleta de dados mediante entrevistas em sala de aula, observação e um questionário qualitativo dirigido aos alunos. A preconcepção de que o Espanhol se assemelha tanto ao Português se torna um obstáculo epistemológico que precisa ser visualizado e corrigido pelo educador. Os resultados preliminares mostram que esse erro de viés se multiplica com rapidez assustadora: ao apertar de um botão a máquina pode resolver esta ou aquela questão, ficando a falsa impressão de entendimento, de que se tem uma extensão de conhecimento ampla, mas que é na verdade externa e falsa, havendo a necessidade de compreensão desse erro e sua posterior correção por educadores e alunos.
O ENSINO NOS ANOS DE ALFABETIZACAO MATEMÁTICA [doi] 10.5216/rir.v11i2.38071
Authors: Lopes Rosemara Perpetua
Published: December 2015

Apresenta-se uma pesquisa que tem como objetivo geral investigar o tratamento conferido à alfabetização matemática nos dois primeiros anos escolares, com vistas à melhoria do ensino dos conteúdos dessa área no Ensino Fundamental I. O estudo adquire relevância em face da dificuldade dos alunos em aprender Matemática, do baixo rendimento que apresentam nesse campo, da escassez e precariedade do tratamento conferido à mesma na Educação Infantil, da falta de familiaridade do aluno do curso de Pedagogia com o conhecimento matemático e de domínio sobre o ensino e a aprendizagem matemática nos primeiros anos escolares, especialmente nos de alfabetização. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, realizada por análise documental, tendo como fontes projetos político-pedagógicos de escolas municipais de Jataí, Estado de Goiás. O desenvolvimento inclui bibliográfica na etapa inicial, a partir de fundamentação teórica pertinente à alfabetização matemática e aos conhecimentos do professor que ensina Matemática.
Os dez signos e o grande enterro: leituras de O astrólogo e o n ovo livro, de Gomes Leal
Authors: Samyn Henrique Marques
Published: December 2015

O artigo pretende apresentar algumas considerações em torno de dois sonetos do poeta português Gomes Leal (1848-1921) – O astrólogo e O novo livro –, ambos constantes de Claridades do Sul (1875), livro que a tradição crítica consagrou como sua obra-prima. Entende-se que os poemas abordam questionamentos recorrentes na obra do referido autor, articulando-se como expressão literária do sentimento de decadência finissecular e operando simultaneamente como etapa preparatória e notícia de O Anticristo (1884-1886). Argumenta-se que o prognóstico pessimista perceptível nos sonetos analisados pode ser lido como uma figuração da trajetória existencial do poeta.
Quantifying the Hydrological Response to Water Conservation Measures and Climatic Variability in the Yihe River Basin, China
Authors: Saifullah Muhammad , Li Zhijia , Li Qiaoling , Hashim Sarfraz , Zaman Muhammad
Published: December 2015

In this study, variations in the hydrological responses of the Yihe agricultural watershed in the Yihe River Basin in China were analysed based on decadal period data from 1961 to 2011. Precipitation and streamflow data showed a positive trend and evapotranspiration a negative trend. Human activities dominated in the basin for the study period, but the results show inconsistencies between 1989 and 2011. The contribution of human activities and climate variability were quantified through simple linear regression and a physically based modelling approach (hydrological sensitivity). The results suggest that the streamflow of the Dongwan Basin has decreased compared to the baseline period (1961–1968). The contributions of human activities and climate variability were 17% and 83% for 1970–2011 using a simple linear regression approach. The hydrological sensitivity method quantified 119% and −19% of human activities and climate variability respectively for the same period.
Personality Dominant Values in Graphic Design Students in Their Educational Practice
Authors: Pedroza Flores René
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this article is to study the personality dominant values in Graphic Design students from the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. A scale developed by Allport, Vernon and Lindsey called: Study of values. A scale for the measuring of personality dominant interests was used. The sample was applied to 124 students, men and women, from the different semesters in the current term 2015 A. It was proven that the prevailing dominant values are the economical and the aesthetic. An outstanding finding is the fact that less importance is paid to values associated with the religious, the social and the political.
Improving Professional Development System through Quality Assurance Practices in the Universities of Pakistan
Authors: Shabbir Muhammad , Khalid M. Ibrahim , Bakhsh Khuda , Mohsin Muhammad Naeem , Rasool Shafqat , Mohsin M. Saleem
Published: December 2015

The rationalization of this research was to investigate about improving professional development system through Quality Assurance Practices (QAP) in the Universities of Pakistan pertaining to the opinions of students, teachers and Directors of Quality Enhancement Cells’ (QEC’s) and to differentiate the ideas of students, teachers and Directors of QECs regarding professional development system as well as offer quality assurance practices in the universities of Pakistan. This study had a quantitative and qualitative research design. This study was conducted on a sample of 28 universities (public and private sector) of Pakistan by using random and purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires and semi structured interviews were planned to gather information from students, teachers and Directors of QECs related to professional development system about quality assurance practices in the universities of Pakistan. The data was analyzed by using descriptive, inferential statistics and SPSS. The study exposed that students, teachers and Directors of QECs faced a lot of problems without profession development system. Majority of the students’ teachers and Directors’ of QECs opined that mean response value showed that well-defined recruitment criteria for faculty selection was existed well in the universities. Tests and interviewed technique were also used for recruitment of the faculty. Evaluation system of faculty was available to judge the performance of teaching staff. Seminars were held according to the departments and faculty was allowed to participate in the seminars. Departments had collaboration for professional development with other departments in the universities. Faculty was available according to the course workload, and faculty was using teaching methodologies appropriately. Guidance and counseling system partially exists in the universities. Students and teachers responded that salary package was not sufficient for the faculty, need based trainings were not arranged by the universities, regular follow up system of teachers’ performance after training was not done. Performance based incentives system for the faculty was not available in the universities. It was suggested by the students, teachers and Directors of QECs of universities that Quality Assurance Practices (QAP) can be accelerated by thinking the following steps: provision of sufficient salary package need based trainings,, regular follow up system of teachers after training, performance based incentives system should arranged for the faculty.
Developing a Numerical Ability Test for Students of Education in Jordan: An Application of Item Response Theory
Authors: Abed Eman Rasmi , Al-Absi Mohammad Mustafa , Abu shindi Yousef Abdelqader
Published: December 2015

The purpose of the present study is developing a test to measure the numerical ability for students of education. The sample of the study consisted of (504) students from 8 universities in Jordan. The final draft of the test contains 45 items distributed among 5 dimensions.

The results revealed that acceptable psychometric properties of the test; items parameters (difficulty, discrimination) were estimated by item response theory IRT, the reliability of the test was assessed by: Cronbach’s Alpha, average of inter-item correlation, and test information function (IRT), and the validity of the test was assessed by: arbitrator's views, factor analysis, RMSR, and Tanaka Index.

The numerical ability test can be used to measure the strength and weaknesses in numerical ability for educational faculty students, and the test can be used to classify students on levels of numerical ability.
E-Learning and Social Media Motivation Factor Model
Authors: Rosli Mohd Shafie , Saleh Nor Shela , Aris Baharuddin , Ahmad Maizah Hura , Sejzi Abbas Abjoli , Shamsudin Nur Amalina
Published: December 2015

The aims of this study are to probe into the motivational factors toward the usage of e-learning and social media among educational technology postgraduate students in the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. This study had involved 70 respondents via the means of a questionnaire. Four factors have been studied, named, the factor of technology, exposure, content and social influence. Via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this research uncovers that respondents usage of e-learning is being motivated by the factor of technology and content. The respondents use of social media was found to be motivated by the factor of technology and social influence. A strong positive relationship exists between the usage of e-learning and social media suggesting that social media can be manipulated as supporting material for e-learning. Yet, the finding may not be generalized to all Malaysian educational technology postgraduate students.
Learning and Motivation in Thailand: A Comparative Regional Study on Basic Education Ninth Graders
Authors: Loima Jyrki , Vibulphol Jutarat
Published: December 2015

This qualitative research studied regional motivation and learning of the basic education 9th graders in Thailand. Second topic was the school size and its possible effect on motivation. Furthermore, the data gave an opportunity to discuss, whether international research on motivation and learning was valid in Thai classrooms. The informants were randomly selected from northern, north eastern, central, and southern regions of the country. Altogether 12 schools, ranging from smaller than 500 students to larger with more than 1 500 students, participated. Three teachers and their students from each school assessed their learning and motivation into a questionnaire after lessons. Researchers selected randomly two male and female students to represent each class. Research questions were:

What is the motivation and learning of the students in the four main regions of the Thailand?

Does the school size affect the motivation and learning? If it does, what is the impact?

Research findings revealed that the most motivated Thai students study in south. The internal motivation wasn’t low anywhere, however, but it could easily drop to a situation-based interest or even less. Second, the motivation was higher in classes, in which teachers analyzed students’ motivation and learning in the same way as students did. Third, the more the students liked the teacher, the better their motivation was. Regarding school size effects, the trend favored smaller units. To foster the future development, this study urges to study motivation in all teachers training. Second, teachers’ personal motivation needs surveys in a broad context.
The Degree of Adherence to Educational Values by the Students of the University of Jordan—In Their Point of View
Authors: Al-Serhan Khaled Ali
Published: December 2015

The study aimed to probe the degree of adherence by students of the University of Jordan to moral values. To achieve this, a survey was prepared and distributed to a random sample of 1769 students in the second semester of the 2013-2014 school year. The study showed a high degree of adherence to religious, social and behavioral values, and a moderate degree of adherence to emotive and mental values. The results revealed statistical significant variations in the degree of adherence to moral values within the sample, attributed to gender, and skewed towards females. There were no statistically significant variations found across students of different faculties.
Effect of the Jigsaw-Based Cooperative Learning Method on Student Performance in the General Certificate of Education Advanced-Level Psychology: An Exploratory Brunei Case Study
Authors: Azmin Nur Hafizah
Published: December 2015

The mixed-methods study investigated the effect of the jigsaw cooperative learning method on student performance in psychology and their views towards it. Experimental data were obtained via pre-and-post tests and an open-ended questionnaire from 16 conveniently selected students at one Sixth Form College in Brunei. Moreover, the participants reported that they enjoyed using the Jigsaw method and performed significantly better after the intervention. A large-scale research involving a bigger sample and more schools is recommended to confirm findings from the present study.
The Ergonomic Design of Bent-Handled Wok for Female Cooks’ Wok Flipping Task
Authors: Wu Swei-Pi , Jen Chien-Chung , Yang Chien-Hsin , Chien Te-Hong , Lin Chia-Hui
Published: December 2015

Conventional straight-handled woks and the ergonomic bent-handled woks under different wok sizes were evaluated using the psychophysical approach. Twelve female subjects were tested using 15 different woks in a random order. The independent variables were the wok handle angle (with two angles of 25˚, 10˚ for traditional wok, and three angles of -5˚, -20˚ and -35˚ for bent-handled wok) and the wok size (with three diameters of 33 cm, 36 cm and 39 cm). The criterion measures included maximum acceptable weight of flipping (MAWF), wrist angle and subjective rating. The results showed both the handle angle and wok size significantly affected the maximum acceptable weight of flipping, wrist angle and subjective rating. The bent-handled wok is superior to the straight-handled wok, and the size-weight illusion effect is significant. In general, a small wok (33 cm diameter) with an ergonomic bent handle (-35˚) is ideal for females to decrease the risk of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders when performing the flipping task.
Structure and Properties of Cast Iron DESIGNATED for Working Layer of Rolls
Authors: Vdovin K. N. , Zavalishchin A. N. , Gorlenko D. A. , Feoktistov N. A.
Published: December 2015

The formation of the structure and properties of cast irons designated for the working layer during solidification and subsequent tempering of Indefinite Chill Double Poured Centrifugal Casting Rolls (ICDP) has been studied.

Graphitization of cast irons designated for the working layer of rolls occurs under isothermal conditions at high temperatures, which vary over the cross section and resulted from casting the roll core. At subsequent slow cooling, secondary carbides precipitate and austenite partially transforms into martensite; the resulting end structure consists of martensite and austenite metallic base (primary austenite dendrites) with 11.4 per cent of retained austenite, 26 per cent of eutectic and secondary carbides, and 2.6 per cent of flake graphite.

The amount of retained austenite in the metallic base of the cast structure of cast iron designated for the working layer, heated to 430 °C, decreases from 11.4 per cent to 3.2 per cent due to the partial transformation into bainite. The martensite tetragonality decreases due to the carbide precipitation; the existing excess phases grow and the new ones are formed; the total volume fraction of the carbide phase increases to 29.8 per cent and graphite to 3.7 per cent.
Advances in the study of giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis): ecology, behavior, and conservation: a review
Authors: Duplaix Nicole , Evangelista Emanuela , Rosas Fernando C. W.
Published: December 2015

Giant otters, once targeted by the pelt trade to near extinction, are now legally protected and have made a comeback in some parts of their range. Our state of knowledge about the behavior and ecology of this apex predator has increased substantially since the first studies in the 1970s but remains incomplete. Negative anthropogenic pressures and conflicts affecting giant otters are intensifying and now take many forms, from extensive habitat loss and degradation, pollution, ecotourism with heavy impacts, to gold mining. We review the corpus of giant otter field research and findings since 1980 and discuss new findings and our shortfall of knowledge and its implications for the long-term conservation of the species.
The use of premaxillary bones of six fish species in giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) diet analysis
Authors: Becerra Cardona Maria del Pilar , Mallea Cardenas Heiddy Asunción , Van Damme Paul André
Published: December 2015

The premaxillary bones of fish are considered key bones due to their highly differentiated features, allowing the identification to species level. When these bones are present in the latrines of giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), they can be used to identify fish species and estimate the size of prey consumed. We briefly describe the differentiable morphological characteristics of premaxillary bones,useful for the successful identification of six fish species which are important prey for giant otter in the Paraguá river (Bolivian Amazon): Hoplias malabaricus (family Erithrynidae), Serrasalmus rhombeus, Pygocentrus nattereri (family Characidae), Chaetobranchus flavescens, Satanoperca pappaterra and Astronotus crassipinnis (family Cichlidae). We also present the linear regression equations which can be used to estimate the standard length ofthese fish species based on their bone measurements. Overall, 19 latrine samples were analyzed, which contained 109 premaxillarybones of these six species. Of the bones collected, 53% allowed successful estimation of the standard length of the fish consumed. The use of premaxillary bones in diet studies has a high potential as it permits the identification and estimation of prey size for the majority of species consumed. This method is important for studying the size of the giant otter’s fish prey.
Rediscovery of Pteronura brasiliensis in the Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve, Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Marmontel Miriam , Calvimontes Jorge , Carvalho Oldemar
Published: December 2015

This research describes efforts to confirm and document the presence and distribution of giant otters in the Amanã Lake and surrounding creeks, where the species was considered locally extinct due to extensive historical culling. Fieldwork was conducted during the dry season, and consisted of surveying small creeks and shallow aquatic areas in the Amanã Lake by boat and canoe. Two teams, guided by local inhabitants, conducted the survey simultaneously. The spatial distribution of the species was recorded based on signs of presence. Only one giant otter sighting was recorded; however, a considerable number of giant otter signs was found. The study documented the reappearance of the species in the Amanã sector of Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve.
Relation between Illness Acceptance and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Authors: Jankowska-Polańska Beata , Kasprzyk Maria , Chudiak Anna , Uchmanowicz Izabella
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Despite the advances in medicine, COPD is still leading, incurable and chronic respiratory disease. It greatly restricts the functioning of patients in terms of physical, emotional and social aspects, reducing significantly their quality of life. The study into quality of life in patients with COPD is becoming increasingly important as a valuable complement to the assessment of clinical status of the patient, the effects of therapy, effectiveness of educational programs, clinical evaluation of drugs, including the patient’s acceptance of the disease and treatment. Acceptance or lack thereof, can affect the healing process, result in the lack of cooperation and conscious participation of the patient in the therapeutic process, correlate negatively with different variables of treatment and may lead to the lack of cooperation between the patient and a therapeutic team. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of acceptance of disease with quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Material and methods: The study included 105 patients (including 29 women). Analysis was used to examine the medical records, the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-Bref). Results: The results showed a significantly higher quality of life, in all domains of the questionnaire in patients with COPD who accept their illness to a high degree (AIS > 29). In the physical health domain, group I (lack of acceptance AIS 8−18) won 23.4 ± 13.7, group II (mean acceptance AIS 19−29) 47.9 ± 11.2, group III (high acceptance AIS > 29) 68.9 ± 12.8; p < 0.001. In the psychological domain, group I achieved 40.4 ± 9.2; group II 63.9 ± 9.7; group III 74.9 ± 10.1, in the social relationships domain, group I 48.4 ± 12.5; group II, 69.6 ± 12.7; group III 74.9 ± 10.1, in the environmental domain, group I 45.4 ± 10.7; group II, 62.3 ± 11.6; group III 71.5 ± 10.0) (p < 0.001). Patients with COPD highest rated their quality of life in the domain of social relationships 46.7 ± 19.6, and lowest in the domain of physical health 68.8 ± 18.4. Conclusions: Acceptance of the disease has a significant impact on the level of assessment of quality of life in patients with COPD—the higher acceptance, the higher rating of quality of life.
Comportamento Sedentário em Idosos: Uma Revisão Sistemática
Authors: Santos Rafaela Gomes dos , Medeiros Jéssica Cristina , Schmitt Beatriz Dittrich , Meneguci Joilson , Santos Douglas Assis Teles , Damião Renata , Tribess Sheilla , Virtuoso Júnior Jair Sindra
Published: December 2015

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a produção de artigos sobre comportamentos sedentários em idosos. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática a partir da base de dados Pubmed. Os descritores utilizados foram “sedentary behavior” e “sitting time” combinados com elderly, older e aging. Foram incluídos artigos originais completos disponíveis até dezembro de 2013, que apresentassem medida do comportamento sedentário. Considerou-se o tipo de inquérito e delineamento, local da coleta dos dados, instrumentos, definição operacional e ponto de corte para comportamento sedentário. Foram encontrados 559 artigos, e desses 130 foram excluídos por duplicação, resultando em 429, desses 39 atenderam os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Os artigos foram publicados entre 2003 a 2013. Acelerômetro e questionário foram os instrumentos mais pronunciados para medida do comportamento sedentário nos artigos analisados. Foram identificadas lacunas na produção científica em relação aos pontos de corte para definir a quantidade de tempo sentado que representa risco à saúde das pessoas idosas, definição operacional universal, bem como falta de padronização dos instrumentos. Sugerem-se mais estudos relacionados com essa temática a fim de reduzir as lacunas existentes.
Acknowledging selection at sub-organismal levels resolves controversy on pro-cooperation mechanisms
Authors: Shou Wenying
Published: December 2015

Cooperators who pay a cost to produce publically-available benefits can be exploited by cheaters who do not contribute fairly. How might cooperation persist against cheaters? Two classes of mechanisms are known to promote cooperation: 'partner choice', where a cooperator preferentially interacts with cooperative over cheating partners; and 'partner fidelity feedback', where repeated interactions between individuals ensure that cheaters suffer as their cooperative partners languish (see, for example, Momeni et al., 2013). However when both mechanisms can act, differentiating them has generated controversy. Here, I resolve this controversy by noting that selection can operate on organismal and sub-organismal 'entities' such that partner fidelity feedback at sub-organismal level can appear as partner choice at organismal level. I also show that cooperation between multicellular eukaryotes and mitochondria is promoted by partner fidelity feedback and partner choice between sub-organismal entities, in addition to being promoted by partner fidelity feedback between hosts and symbionts, as was previously known.
A general strategy to construct small molecule biosensors in eukaryotes
Authors: Feng Justin , Jester Benjamin W , Tinberg Christine E , Mandell Daniel J , Antunes Mauricio S , Chari Raj , Morey Kevin J , Rios Xavier , Medford June I , Church George M , Fields Stanley , Baker David
Published: December 2015

Biosensors for small molecules can be used in applications that range from metabolic engineering to orthogonal control of transcription. Here, we produce biosensors based on a ligand-binding domain (LBD) by using a method that, in principle, can be applied to any target molecule. The LBD is fused to either a fluorescent protein or a transcriptional activator and is destabilized by mutation such that the fusion accumulates only in cells containing the target ligand. We illustrate the power of this method by developing biosensors for digoxin and progesterone. Addition of ligand to yeast, mammalian, or plant cells expressing a biosensor activates transcription with a dynamic range of up to ~100-fold. We use the biosensors to improve the biotransformation of pregnenolone to progesterone in yeast and to regulate CRISPR activity in mammalian cells. This work provides a general methodology to develop biosensors for a broad range of molecules in eukaryotes.
P1 interneurons promote a persistent internal state that enhances inter-male aggression in Drosophila
Authors: Hoopfer Eric D , Jung Yonil , Inagaki Hidehiko K , Rubin Gerald M , Anderson David J
Published: December 2015

How brains are hardwired to produce aggressive behavior, and how aggression circuits are related to those that mediate courtship, is not well understood. A large-scale screen for aggression-promoting neurons in Drosophila identified several independent hits that enhanced both inter-male aggression and courtship. Genetic intersections revealed that 8-10 P1 interneurons, previously thought to exclusively control male courtship, were sufficient to promote fighting. Optogenetic experiments indicated that P1 activation could promote aggression at a threshold below that required for wing extension. P1 activation in the absence of wing extension triggered persistent aggression via an internal state that could endure for minutes. High-frequency P1 activation promoted wing extension and suppressed aggression during photostimulation, whereas aggression resumed and wing extension was inhibited following photostimulation offset. Thus, P1 neuron activation promotes a latent, internal state that facilitates aggression and courtship, and controls the overt expression of these social behaviors in a threshold-dependent, inverse manner.
Multimodal sensory integration in single cerebellar granule cells in vivo
Authors: Ishikawa Taro , Shimuta Misa , Häusser Michael
Published: December 2015

The mammalian cerebellum is a highly multimodal structure, receiving inputs from multiple sensory modalities and integrating them during complex sensorimotor coordination tasks. Previously, using cell-type-specific anatomical projection mapping, it was shown that multimodal pathways converge onto individual cerebellar granule cells (Huang et al., 2013). Here we directly measure synaptic currents using in vivo patch-clamp recordings and confirm that a subset of single granule cells receive convergent functional multimodal (somatosensory, auditory, and visual) inputs via separate mossy fibers. Furthermore, we show that the integration of multimodal signals by granule cells can enhance action potential output. These recordings directly demonstrate functional convergence of multimodal signals onto single granule cells.
Quantitative Ultrasound Elastography With an Acoustic Coupler for Achilles Tendon Elasticity
Authors: Yamamoto Yohei , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Sasho Takahisa , Fukawa Taisuke , Akatsu Yorikazu , Nagashima Kengo , Takahashi Kazuhisa
Published: December 2015

Objectives

The purposes of this study were to measure intraobserver and interobserver repeatability of quantitative elastography using an acoustic coupler for the Achilles tendon, to compare elastographic values among different age groups, and to assess the correlation between quantitative and conventional qualitative measurements.

Methods

One hundred asymptomatic Achilles tendons of 50 volunteers were examined. For quantitative elastography, the strain value of the tendon was divided by that of the acoustic coupler with a known Young modulus, and the strain ratio was calculated. B‐mode image assessment and qualitative elastography were also performed. Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver repeatability of strain ratio measurements were calculated. The strain ratios were compared among age groups by the Kruskal‐Wallis test. Additionally, strain ratios for each B‐mode grade and qualitative elastographic grade were compared by the Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results

Intraobserver repeatability intraclass correlation coefficient (1, 3) values were 0.87 and 0.93, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the observers' measurements was 0.61. The strain ratio for the 30s age group was 0.27, which was significantly lower than the values for the other age groups (P < .001). Although 97 of 100 tendons were normal on B‐mode evaluations, 36 of the 97 tendons were degenerated on qualitative elastography and also had higher strain ratio values than normal tendons.

Conclusions

Quantitative elastography using an acoustic coupler is a reproducible technique for measuring the elasticity of the Achilles tendon. It may detect early tendon degeneration that is not depicted on B‐mode imaging.
Right Atrial Evaluation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Deng Yan , Guo Sheng-lan , Wu Wei-feng , Wang Qian , Su Hong-yue , Tan Zhen , Wang Fen , He Qun-yan
Published: December 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the morphologic characteristics and performance of the right atrium (RA) that occur secondary to structural remodeling of the right ventricle (RV) in patients with pulmonary hypertension by real‐time 3‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE).

Methods

Comprehensive 2‐dimensional echocardiography and real‐time 3DE were performed in 112 patients and 30 healthy control participants. Patients with pulmonary hypertension were divided into 3 subgroups: 1, normal RV dimension (n = 34); 2, RV enlargement and preserved systolic function (n = 36); and 3, RV enlargement and systolic dysfunction (n = 42).

Results

Patients had larger RA volume parameters and lower RA passive emptying fractions than controls (P< .01). The RA active emptying fraction was higher in patient groups 1 (mean ± SD, 45.5% ± 10.7%) and 2 (40.1% ± 4.0%) and lower in group 3 (19.3% ± 4.3%) compared to controls (35.4% ± 3.5%). The RA total emptying fraction was similar between groups 1 and 2 (59.3% ± 9.7% and 52.6% ± 3.4%, respectively) but was significantly lower in group 3 compared to controls (26.8% ± 5.1% versus 55.2% ± 5.1%). Right atrial volume and phasic function were substantially affected by RV structure and function.

Conclusions

Real‐time 3DE is a feasible, repeatable, and noninvasive method for accessing cyclic RA volume and function changes, such as those that occur with varying RV status in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Performance of the Risk of Malignancy Index for Discriminating Malignant Tumors in Women With Adnexal Masses
Authors: Campos Camila , Sarian Luis Otávio , Jales Rodrigo Menezes , Hartman Caio , Araújo Karla Galvão , Pitta Denise , Yoshida Adriana , Andrade Liliana , Derchain Sophie
Published: December 2015

Objectives

We examined the performance of 4 risk of malignancy index (RMI) variants in a medium‐resource gynecologic cancer center.

Methods

A total of 158 women referred for adnexal masses were evaluated before surgery by the 4 RMI variants. Physicians with varied experience in ultrasound assessment of adnexal masses performed ultrasound examinations. We compared the performance of the 4 RMI variants using receiver operating characteristic curve analyses followed by calculation of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios using the pathologic diagnosis of the masses as the reference standard.

Results

Among the 158 women with adnexal masses included in this study, 51 (32%) had malignant tumors; 26 (51%) of them were stage I. All RMI variants performed similarly (accuracy range, 74%–83%), regardless of menopausal status. Considering all women included, the positive likelihood ratios of the 4 RMI variants ranged from 3.52 to 4.41. In subset analyses, all RMI variants had decreased sensitivity for stage I malignant tumors and for those of nonepithelial histologic types.

Conclusions

The 4 RMI variants performed acceptably in a medium‐resource setting where ultrasound examiners were physicians with varied experience. This finding indicates a good tradeoff between performance and feasibility, since ultrasound RMI protocols are of low complexity.
Large Holocene summer temperature oscillations and impact on the peopling of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hou Juzhi , Huang Yongsong , Zhao Jiangtao , Liu Zhonghui , Colman Steve , An Zhisheng
Published: December 2015

Summer temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) significantly affect stability of glaciers that provide steady water resources to nearly half of the world population. However, lack of reliable, long‐term proxy records greatly impedes understanding of regional temperature sensitivity to climate forcings. Here we present a 16 ka long, alkenone‐based summer temperature record from Lake Qinghai, northeastern TP that demonstrates major regional temperature response to changes in summer insolation and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the Holocene and late glacial. Importantly, we find a period of sustained summer temperature decline (>4°C) between 5 and 3.5 ka, which coincides with expansion of Barents Sea ice coverage and is likely driven by intensification of the Westerlies. This unusually long and pronounced regional cooling event likely delayed permanent human settlements on the high‐altitude regions (>3000 m) of the TP by at least 500 years.
Ecosystem model intercomparison of under‐ice and total primary production in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Jin Meibing , Popova Ekaterina E. , Zhang Jinlun , Ji Rubao , Pendleton Daniel , Varpe Øystein , Yool Andrew , Lee Younjoo J.
Published: December 2015

Previous observational studies have found increasing primary production (PP) in response to declining sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. In this study, under‐ice PP was assessed based on three coupled ice‐ocean‐ecosystem models participating in the Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS) project. All models showed good agreement with under‐ice measurements of surface chlorophyll‐a concentration and vertically integrated PP rates during the main under‐ice production period, from mid‐May to September. Further, modeled 30‐year (1980–2009) mean values and spatial patterns of sea ice concentration compared well with remote sensing data. Under‐ice PP was higher in the Arctic shelf seas than in the Arctic Basin, but ratios of under‐ice PP over total PP were spatially correlated with annual mean sea ice concentration, with higher ratios in higher ice concentration regions. Decreases in sea ice from 1980 to 2009 were correlated significantly with increases in total PP and decreases in the under‐ice PP/total PP ratio for most of the Arctic, but nonsignificantly related to under‐ice PP, especially in marginal ice zones. Total PP within the Arctic Circle increased at an annual rate of between 3.2 and 8.0 Tg C/yr from 1980 to 2009. This increase in total PP was due mainly to a PP increase in open water, including increases in both open water area and PP rate per unit area, and therefore much stronger than the changes in under‐ice PP. All models suggested that, on a pan‐Arctic scale, the fraction of under‐ice PP declined with declining sea ice cover over the last three decades.
Quantifying watershed‐scale groundwater loading and in‐stream fate of nitrate using high‐frequency water quality data
Authors: Miller Matthew P. , Tesoriero Anthony J. , Capel Paul D. , Pellerin Brian A. , Hyer Kenneth E. , Burns Douglas A.
Published: December 2015

We describe a new approach that couples hydrograph separation with high‐frequency nitrate data to quantify time‐variable groundwater and runoff loading of nitrate to streams, and the net in‐stream fate of nitrate at the watershed scale. The approach was applied at three sites spanning gradients in watershed size and land use in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Results indicate that 58–73% of the annual nitrate load to the streams was groundwater‐discharged nitrate. Average annual first‐order nitrate loss rate constants (k) were similar to those reported in both modeling and in‐stream process‐based studies, and were greater at the small streams (0.06 and 0.22 day−1) than at the large river (0.05 day−1), but 11% of the annual loads were retained/lost in the small streams, compared with 23% in the large river. Larger streambed area to water volume ratios in small streams results in greater loss rates, but shorter residence times in small streams result in a smaller fraction of nitrate loads being removed than in larger streams. A seasonal evaluation of k values suggests that nitrate was retained/lost at varying rates during the growing season. Consistent with previous studies, streamflow and nitrate concentrations were inversely related to k. This new approach for interpreting high‐frequency nitrate data and the associated findings furthers our ability to understand, predict, and mitigate nitrate impacts on streams and receiving waters by providing insights into temporal nitrate dynamics that would be difficult to obtain using traditional field‐based studies.
Coincidence, Resonant, and High‐Energy Electron Spectroscopies – Resonant Auger, Electron Coincidence for Surface Analysis
Authors: Kövér László
Published: December 2015

Electron spectroscopic methods are powerful and efficient tools for characterization of chemical and electronic structures of surface and interface layers of solids. The electron spectroscopic methods most widely applied for surface chemical analysis, the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) are providing information on the elemental composition of the surface and interface layers, as well as on the chemical state of the components. In addition, these techniques can offer possibilities for depth‐resolved and/or laterally resolved analysis in a nondestructive (up to several nanometers depth) or destructive (in combination with ion sputtering, up to several hundred nanometers depth) way. Quantitative surface chemical analytical applications of these methods are greatly helped by physical quantities characterizing electron transport, which can be derived from reflection electron energy loss spectroscopic (REELS) studies of given materials.

There are, however, a plenty of opportunities available how to improve the sensitivity, selectivity, and information depth of these techniques. Among these, the coincidence techniques help to identify the physical processes leading to specific structures in the experimental electron spectra, clean up the spectra from unwanted contributions of interfering processes, and limit the depth of analytical information. The resonant excitation can yield unprecedented chemical state selectivity and can greatly improve the detection limit for particular species while providing unique information on the electronic structure in the proximity of the excited atom. High‐energy‐resolution spectroscopy of high‐energy electrons induced by hard X‐rays from solids allows to get an insight into deeper subsurface regions owing to the much increased information depth for energetic electrons, and in addition to the possibility for collecting information on the bulk chemical and electronic structures without interfering effects because of the presence of the surface, this spectroscopy provides a nondestructive access to the chemical state‐resolved composition at deeply buried interfaces.

This article intends to give a brief review on selected electron–electron coincidence techniques, resonant Auger electron spectroscopic methods, and high‐energy electron spectroscopic methods, namely, the hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES), focusing on the principle and specific instrumentation of the techniques, the underlying physics of the fundamental processes utilized, the analytical information provided, and important fields of applications.

These highly sensitive, selective, and uniquely informative electron spectroscopic methods are expected to be used increasingly in studies of sophisticated novel materials of great practical importance, especially in fields of nanotechnology, micro‐ and nanoelectronics, nano‐biotechnology, nanomedicine, and development of novel solar cells.
Biology and Crime
Authors: Delisi Matt
Published: December 2015

The use of biology to study crime has a controversial history that for decades resulted in little criminological use for the biological sciences. This has changed in recent years, and a biosocial approach to studying crime where biological and social constructs are mutually considered has produced a paradigm shift. This entry reviews the brain and neuropsychological foundations of antisocial conduct, the association between genetic factors and crime and their involvement with neurotransmission, and examples of the biosocial mechanisms that produce antisocial conduct.