bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E-cigarettes Use among People Living with HIV: Prevalence, Health Impacts, and Behavioral Insights
Authors: Amin Samia , Afrin Tasmia , Rahman Sharmin
Published: August 2024

Background: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained popularity as an alternative to traditional tobacco smoking among people living with HIV (PLHIV). While e-cigarettes may offer harm reduction benefits, their impact on PLHIV is not fully understood.
Aim: This study aims to synthesize current research on e-cigarette use among PLHIV, focusing on prevalence, health impacts, mental conditions, perceptions, and attitudes.
Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases was conducted. This search included studies from January 2003 to April 2024. We included observational and experimental studies that reported on e-cigarette use among adult PLHIV. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, with data extraction using a standardized form.
Results: Out of 33 initially identified articles, 4 met the inclusion criteria. The studies, conducted in the USA between 2019 and 2023, included 15,617 adults, with approximately 29.29% smokers and 3.08% e-cigarette users. Findings indicated significant e-cigarette use among PLHIV, ranging from 4% to 11% for daily users. Demographic factors influencing e-cigarette use included younger age, male gender, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, and higher education levels. Dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes was common. Mental health issues, such as depression and panic disorder, were more prevalent among e-cigarette users. Health benefits included reduced cigarette consumption and improved respiratory symptoms.
Implications: The findings highlight the complex interplay between e-cigarette use, HIV progression, mental health, and overall well-being in PLHIV. These insights are crucial for developing targeted interventions and public health strategies to reduce smoking-related harm in this population.
Conclusion: E-cigarette use among PLHIV is prevalent and associated with both benefits and risks. Continued research is essential to monitor long-term health impacts and inform evidence-based guidelines and interventions tailored to the needs of PLHIV.
Relationship of Udder, Flank and Lower Leg Hygiene Scores with Elevated Somatic Cell Count and Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cow
Authors: Chetri Dipesh K. , Devkota Naba R. , Basnet Hom B. , Karki Dainik B.
Published: August 2024

Aim: To examine the association of udder, flank and lower leg hygiene scores with elevated somatic cell count (SCC) and risk of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in dairy cows in Nepal.
Study Design: Longitudinal.
Place and Duration of the Study: National Cow Research Program, Chitwan, Nepal; from September, 2019 to March, 2020.
Methodology: Eighty (Holstein Frisian, Jersey and Lulu) SCM-free cows were enrolled in the research and a single observer obtained the duplicate hygiene scores of said body parts on one (clean) to four (extremely dirty) scale. The individual SCC was analysed fortnightly and the data were transformed at log10 base. The effect of animal cleanliness on SCC and risks of SCM were statistically analysed using ANOVA by GLM (univariate); SPSS (version 25). Likewise, the association of hygiene score with SCC and risks of SCM were performed by Pearson’s correlation analysis and prevalence of SCM was assessed by Chi- square test.
Results: Mean hygiene scores were 2.39, 2.21 and 2.25 for udder, flank and lower legs, respectively. Majority of animals (UHS- 41.3%, FHS- 36.3% and LHS- 38.7%) had score 2 or 3 on all three body parts. The results showed a significant association (P<.001) between poor hygiene scores and increased SCC, with dirty udders, flanks, and lower legs linked (P<.001) with higher SCC and a greater incidence of SCM. Further, cleanliness in these areas significantly influences udder health, as evidenced by increased bacterial counts and SCM prevalence in cows with poor hygiene scores. These findings highlighted the importance of maintaining dairy animal hygiene to reduce the risk of SCM and to improve milk quality. Cleanliness of the udder and associated areas was vital for minimizing pathogen exposure. These findings also proved a strong correlation among poor hygiene scores and elevated SCC, which was associated with an increasing load of major bacteria (both contagious and environmental) and a higher prevalence of SCM.
Conclusion: Keeping dairy cows clean, especially around the udder, can significantly reduce the risk of SCM and ensure sound UH and milk quality. Further research is needed to optimize hygienic management for enhancing udder health in dairy cows.
Ischemic Stroke: Epidemiological and Etiological Profile of Patients Admitted to the Mohamed VI University Hospital of Marrakech, Morocco
Authors: Bourzeg Khaoula , Zerhoudi Rim , Massrioui Joumana El , Aityahya Abdelkarim , Jamili Mohamed El , Karimi Saloua El , Hattaoui Mustapha El
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Cerebrovascular stroke is a public health problem. They are dominated by ischemic origin, of which cardioembolic etiology is a significant cause. The aim of our study is to determine the in-hospital prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with cerebrovascular stroke and the diagnostic and therapeutic impact of all the complementary examinations carried out.
Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive and analytical study carried out over a 7-year period (July 2017-June 2024) compiling cases of ischemic stroke admitted to the cardiology and neurology departments of the Mohamed VI University Hospital in Marrakech. Routine examinations included ECG, transthoracic cardiac echocardiography and echocardiography-doppler of the neck vessels, while transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and Holter ECG were performed only in a select cases.
Results: Three hundred cases were collected and evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 68.3 ± 8.9 years (21-90 years), with a clear male predominance (64.3%). Eighty percent had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. A cardiovascular history of hypokinetic cardiomyopathy at the dilated stage was found in 7.6% of cases. The average consultation time was 26 hours. Clinical presentation according to NIHSS score was as follows: a score below 10 in 65% of cases, between 10 and 20 in 21% and above 20 in 14%.
ECG was abnormal in 67.6% of cases (203 patients); TTE was abnormal in 63%, with dilatation of the left atrium (LA) the main abnormality.  TEE in 8% of cases revealed 3 cases of inter-atrial aneurysm with patent foramen oval, seven cases of left atrial thrombus, one left atrial myxoma, 3 cases of mitral valve wing block and 2 cases of complex aortic atheroma exceeding 4 mm in thickness. Holter ECG revealed 27 cases of transition to atrial fibrillation
Conclusion: Ischemic stroke etiologies are largely dominated by lacunar infarction and embolic heart disease, followed by atherosclerosis. This highlights the role of the cardiologist in both etiological management and in guiding the therapeutic approach. Thus, improving prognosis hinges on early diagnosis and a thorough etiological assessment before concluding a cryptogenic stroke.
Process Optimization and Quality Characterization of Jackfruit Seed- Based Instant Milkshake Premixes
Authors: U Sreejaya , U Krishnaja
Published: August 2024

Consumers are in search of foods that can be easily prepared and wholesome in supplementing adequate nutrients for a healthy life. The milkshake premixes were developed using jackfruit seed flour as the main ingredient to provide a nutritious food option to the population. Five different premixes were formulated with varying proportions of different ingredients and evaluated for their functional properties and sensorial attributes. Based on the results, three premixes (T1, T3 and T5) were selected as the best and evaluated for their proximate composition and storage stability. The premix T1 had more crude fibre (2.86%), protein (8.42 g/100g) and carbohydrate content (68.39 g/100g) than the other two premixes. The premix T3 had a good level of calcium (597.73 mg/100g). All the premixes had negligible amounts of fat (T1- 1.70%, T3- 2.03% and T5- 1.60%), which served as favourable attributes viz. prevention of rancidity and improved shelf life of the product. Microbial analysis of stored products was carried out to ascertain the shelf life of the products. There was no presence of fungal and coliform count detected during the 60-day of storage period. Hence the premixes can be stored up to a minimum of 60 days without any microbial contamination. Jackfruit seed flour incorporated food products have greater nutraceutical properties, which increases consumer acceptance. The instant milkshake premix development will provide more convenience in both domestic and commercial levels in packaging, handling, storage and preparation of milkshakes.
Integrated Plant Nutrient Management on Bulb Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Aggregatum Onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)
Authors: Selvaprabu P. , Sundaram V.
Published: August 2024

A field experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, U.T. of Puducherry, during the summer season of 2023 in aggregatum onion [Allium cepa var. aggregatum] cv ‘Perambalur Local’ with the objective of assessing the impact of soil fertility and integrated plant nutrient management on quality of onion bulbs and the plant response to nutrient uptake. The experiment was a 6 x 3 factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated two times. The treatments consisted of six fertilizer types and three bioenhancers levels with two replications resulting in eighteen treatment combinations. The study materials included vermicompost, poultry manure, panchagavya, jeevamirtham, as well as recommended farmyard manure (FYM) and N, P, K fertilizers. One of the notable findings was that the application of RDFYM + 75% N + RDP + RDK + 25% N through poultry manure coupled with the application of jeevamirtham at 500 L ha-1 as soil drench thrice during irrigation (at planting, 20 and 45 DAP), resulted in the highest Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and ascorbic acid content, measuring 12.64 oBrix and 15.81 mg 100 g-1 respectively. Moreover, this treatment also exhibited the highest uptake of N, P and K by onion bulbs, recording15.27 kg ha-1, 3.38 kg ha-1 and 15.27 kg ha-1 respectively (F3B2). Furthermore, post-harvest soil analysis indicated that the treatment RDFYM + 50% N + RDP + RDK + 50% N through poultry manure, combined with jeevamirtham at 500 L ha-1 as a soil drench thrice during irrigation (at planting, 20 and 45 DAP), showed the highest levels of available N, P and K. The recorded values were 179.60 kg ha-1 of N, 12.66 kg ha-1 of P and 171.58 kg ha-1 of K (F5 B2). In short-duration aggregatum onions, using a combination of jeevamirtham and poultry manure boosts nutrient availability, which in turn enhances yield, nutrient quality and nutrient uptake. This approach is recommended for optimal plant health and productivity.
Evaluation of Different Varieties of Miniature Roses (Rosa chinensis minima) under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions
Authors: Haldar Meghna , Fatmi Urfi
Published: August 2024

An experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj, from November, 2023 to May, 2024. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design with twelve varieties replicated thrice. Varieties were Red Hot, Magic Carousel, Rosy, Calpoly, Beauty Secret, Hocky Pocky, Ruby Ruby, Rainbow's End, Jet Trail, Cricket, Black Jade, and Jeane Kennealy. Variety Ruby Ruby emerged promising for parameters like plant height (25.9 cm), number of branches (10.9), duration of flowering (164 days), and number of flowers per plant (285.9) whereas,    plant spread (31.4 cm2) was better in variety Jeane Kennealy. Variety Red Hot performed better in days taken to first flowering (32 days). Bud diameter (1.1 cm) was better in the variety Magic Carousel.
Nutrient Management in Maize and Cowpea Intercropping System: A Review
Authors: Mohanty Meenakshi
Published: August 2024

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a versatile crop grown for human food, animal feed, fodder and industrial raw materials. Being a widely spaced crop, it provides opportunity to accommodate intercrops for optimum use of agri-inputs and profit maximization. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as an intercrop can contribute to income earning and improving soil health through nitrogen fixation and residue incorporation. Additionally, with its vigorous growth and dense canopy, cowpea can help suppress weeds, thereby reducing the need for herbicides. The nutrient management in maize and cowpea intercropping system is vital for ecosystem sustainability, soil health restoration, yield promotion and profit enhancement. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compile research accomplishments on effects of various plant nutrients on crop performance in maize and cowpea intercropping system. Application of plant nutrients at a level above recommended dose performed positively in the intercropping system due to higher nutrient requirement of two crops as compared with a single crop. Suitable management of plant nutrients contribute to overall agricultural sustainability by conserving resources, minimizing environmental impacts and fostering resilience in farming systems. Espousal of integrated nutrient management approaches have the potentiality to augment productivity, resilience and sustainability of maize and cowpea intercropping systems leading to better resource use efficiency and improved crop yield.
Influence of Various Edible Oil Coatings on the Shelf Life of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)
Authors: Tigga Anuradha , Bahadur Vijay , Joseph Annjoe V. , Topno Samir E. , Dawson Joy , Jeberson W.
Published: August 2024

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different edible oil treatments on the shelf life and quality of cape gooseberry fruits. The study was carried out at the Horticulture Research Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj, from February to March 2024. The experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 12 treatments and 3 replications, using various edible oils, including rice bran oil, olive oil, coconut oil, cinnamon oil, and mustard oil, under both ambient and cold storage conditions. Key findings include that, treatments T9 (olive oil + cold storage) and T10 (coconut oil + cold storage) were most effective in extending shelf life to 20 and 19 days, respectively, compared to the untreated control (14 days). Minimum postharvest loss (10.0%) was observed in T9 (Olive oil + Cold storage) followed by T10 (Coconut oil + Cold storage) which was stored in Cold storage. To minimize postharvest losses and to maintain maximum quality during storage, a lower temperature is needed than a higher temperature. The financial analysis revealed T10 (coconut oil + cold storage) as the most profitable treatment with the highest B:C ratio (1.19). The study concludes that the application of edible oils, particularly olive oil and rice bran oil, in combination with cold storage, can significantly enhance the shelf life and quality of cape gooseberry fruits, facilitating better marketability and export potential.
Effect of Biocapsule and Nanozeolite in Improving Growth, Development and Yield of Low Chilling Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cv. HRMN-99 in Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Condition
Authors: Gupta Muskan , Mishra Saket
Published: August 2024

The present investigation was conducted at the research farm of Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj on 4 year old plant from Dec 2023- May 2024 to find the suitable treatment of Biocapsule and Nanozeolite with a combination of NPK in relation to plant growth, development and yield of apple. The statistical design adopted for the experiment was randomized block design (RBD) having 03 replications and 09 treatment combinatios. viz, T0 (Control), T1 Biocapsule 600ppm, T2 Nanozeolite300ppm, T3 Biocapsule 600ppm + Nanozeolite 300ppm, T4 Biocapsule 300ppm +Nanozeolite 300ppm, T5 NPK+ Biocapsule 600ppm, T6 NPK+ Nanozeolite 300ppm, T7 NPK+ Biocapsule 600ppm+ Nanozeolite 300ppm, T8 NPK+ Biocapsule 300ppm+ Nanozeolite 300ppm. The Treatments were applied by soil drenching at initiation of the experiment, the pre-flowering stage and the last one at the fruit setting stage to assess the effect on growth, development and yield of apple. The result of present investigation revealed that the treatment T7 NPK+ Biocapsule 600ppm+ Nanozeolite 300ppm (Soil drenching) was found significantly superior compared to other treatment combinations, which recorded highest mean value of plant height (3.41 m), primary branches (4.87), secondary branches (37.88), stem diameter (25.10 cm), leaf area (38.75 cm2), fruit set (36.12 %), number of fruits per plant (92.3) and average fruit weight (47.83 g). The highest yield per plant (9.84 kg) and yield per hectare (9.23 t/ha) were also obtained from treatment NPK+ Biocapsule 600ppm+ Nanozeolite 300ppm (Soil drenching) followed by T8 NPK+ Biocapsule 300ppm+ Nanozeolite 300ppm (Soil drenching) and lowest yield was obtained from T0 (control). Biocapsule and Nanozeolite with combination of NPK played an important role in fixing the nutrients is the soil and protecting the apple plant against the pathogen effect. That's why a positive response has to be seen in particular treatment during the research trail.
Bacterial Quantification in Different Plating Methodologies
Authors: Machado Kawana Nasser , Santos Marise Fonseca dos , Missio Robson Fernando , Vendruscolo Eliane Cristina Gruszka
Published: August 2024

Determining the number of bacterial cells in a product is a fundamental procedure in the inoculant industry, as it ensures its quality. The current legislation in Brazil recommends the spreading technique as the standard procedure to count viable cells per gram or milliliters (mL). However, in order to carry out these analyses, there is a considerable material demand. Hence, the objective of this study was to test an alternative methodology, the microdrop technique, and determine whether it mitigates costs and material demands, with the added benefit of being faster and more accurate for operators. To carry out the experiment, 8 treatments were made in both saline solution (SS) and saline solution (0.9%) + Tween 80 (0.1%), at different concentrations, using a homemade inoculant as inoculum. After plating, bacterial growth was conducted in a growth chamber for 4–6 days. A parameter of 30–300 colonies per plate was used to count colony-forming units (CFU). In addition, contaminant tests were performed for Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) bacteria and saprophytic fungi (Sabouraud). Dilution samples (105) and inoculum from commercial packages were evaluated by Propidium monoazide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMA-qPCR). Despite the microdroplet presenting higher CFU values when compared to the spreading technique, the dilutions did not alter its order of magnitude (107 CFU.mL-1). The use of the microdrop method, when combined with Tween 80 (0.1%), increased the unitary CFU value, providing a cost-effective method for counting viable Azospirillum brasilense cell numbers compared to standard culture media.
Enhancing Watermelon Yield and Economic Returns through Integrated Crop Management in Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Siva M. , Usha M. , Prasad N.V.V.S.Durga , Chowdary L.Rajesh , Jahnavi M. , Reddy T. V.
Published: August 2024

Watermelon, being a crucial fruit crop, plays a vital role in the well-being and livelihood security of farmers. In the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, where many farmers cultivate various watermelon varieties, limited awareness exists regarding research findings on integrated crop management for watermelon. To assess the yield potential and economic impact of integrated crop management, an evaluation was conducted in Thimmayapalem and Bodhanampadu villages. The adopted package of practices for integrated crop management included a seed rate of 5 kg/ha, spacing of 3m x 2m, application of 15 tons/ha of farmyard manure (FYM), and the use of Urea, single superphosphate, and murate of potash at rates of 100:100:62 kg/ha, respectively. Significant differences were observed between integrated crop management and traditional farmers' practices in terms of fruit yield and economic returns. The results demonstrated that integrated crop management outperformed farmers' practices, yielding 5.6 fruits per plant and a total yield of 55.3 t/ha, with a thrips incidence of 10.3%. In contrast, farmers' practices resulted in 4 fruits per plant, a yield of 46.67 t/ha, and a higher thrips incidence of 11.97%. Economic returns were also superior for integrated crop management, with a net income of Rs 245,667/- and a benefit-to-cost (B:C) ratio of 3.19, compared to Rs 176,467/- and a B:C ratio of 2.01 for farmers' practices. The integrated crop management approach exhibited an 18.5% increase in yield compared to farmers' practices. In conclusion, the study suggests that adopting integrated crop management practices for watermelon could significantly contribute to improving economic outcomes for farmers in the region.
Characterization of Dickeya zeae Causing Bacterial Stalk Rot of Maize and Advancing Efficient Inoculation Methods and Susceptible Check for Germplasm Screening
Authors: Jha Shivani , Singh Rajesh Pratap
Published: August 2024

Maize is a staple food in many regions and a vital agricultural commodity that supports diverse industries and providing essential carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, make it a critical component of food security worldwide. Bacterial stalk rot (BSR) caused by Dickeya zeae is considered the most destructive disease of maize widespread in tropical, subtropical and temperate region of the world. This bacterium has wide host range causing soft rot which make it difficult to manage the bacterium. Cultural and biological control approaches are ineffective, and no effective chemicals are available for the management of the disease. Therefore, identification and development of resistant cultivars could be an appropriate approach. For development of resistance in plant, identification of resistant source is pre-requisite. The present study was conducted for identification of susceptible genotypes and effective artificial inoculation methods to create a higher disease pressure under suitable environmental conditions which could be utilized for germplasm screening. Under glasshouse conditions, syringe inoculation was found to be the most appropriate method; therefore, it was used for screening of ten maize genotypes against BSR. Out of the 10 genotypes screened against BSR in the glasshouse, Chakrata Local was found to be the most susceptible and PSM 6 was most resistant. Under field conditions, seven inoculation methods were further evaluated for their efficacy in creating higher disease pressure in Chakrata Local and PSM 6. Syringe inoculation was found to be most consistent and effective method of inoculation under both glasshouse and field conditions followed by toothpick inoculation. The techniques identified in the present investigation are of considerable importance for development of artificial epiphytic conditions in the field for screening of appropriate resistant sources which could be used both in the farmers’ field and breeding programs.
Screening of Maize Genotypes for their Resistance to Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) under Artificial Infestation
Authors: B Shashikala. , Soujanya P. Lakshmi , Rajanikanth P. , Yathish K. R.
Published: August 2024

The present study was undertaken to identify resistant maize genotypes against fall armyworm, which were screened in a net house under artificial infestation in a randomized complete block design at Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi 2023–24. The experimental material consisted of 19 diverse maize genotypes (Table 1). Each genotype was sown in a 2 m row and replicated thrice under randomized complete block design (RBD) in an insect screening net house facility. The tested genotypes were cultivated according to the recommended agronomic practices, with 60 and 20 cm spacing between rows and plants, respectively. Each genotype was released with 20 fall armyworm neonate larvae using a camel hair brush at the V5 phenological stage. The observations on leaf damage rating were taken on the 7th,14th, and 21st days after larval release based on leaf damage rating on a 1 to 9 scale. Among the tested genotypes, the leaf damage score ranged from 3.53 to 7.50 at 14 days after larval infestation. The genotypes namely CML 71 (3.53) and DMRE 63 (3.76) were found to be resistant while the genotypes namely HUZM 189 (4.13), CML 144 (4.36), CML 67 (4.50) CML 73 (4.56), CML-563 -B (4.60), CML 426 (4.66), CML-547 (W) (4.66), MIL 7-38-3 (4.66), CML 327 (5.03), VSL 16 (5.06), QIL 7-273 (5.26), MIL 7-102-2 (5.33), CML 33 (5.40), and MIL 7-16-163 (5.63)  were found moderately resistant. At the same time, the remaining genotypes V 372 (6.06), CM 202 (7.33), and BML 6 (7.50) were found susceptible. The identified resistant genotypes (DMRE 63 and CML 71) can be used in resistant breeding.
Job Satisfaction Level among the Tea Garden Workers in Biswanath District of Assam, India
Authors: Powrel Pronab Jyoti , Mishra Snehal
Published: August 2024

This research aims to study the socio-economic conditions and the current satisfaction levels of the tea garden workers working at Biswanath district of Assam. This study employs a descriptive research design to evaluate the satisfaction levels among tea garden workers. The research focuses on seven distinct aspects of job satisfaction: Wage and Salary Amount, Wage Regularity, Working Hours, Working Conditions, Work Safety, Training Facilities, and Superior's Behavior. The study was conducted in Biswanath District, Assam, India, during the 2023-2024 period. A total of 138 respondents, confirmed to work in tea gardens or factories, were surveyed using a semi-structured schedule. Satisfaction levels were quantified with predetermined 5point scale and analyzed using frequency and percentage tables. The socio-economic profile revealed a diverse age range and a notable gender disparity among respondents, with males outnumbering females across all age groups. The analysis highlighted significant dissatisfaction with wages, with nearly half of the respondents expressing discontent. Wage regularity also emerged as a concern, though most respondents maintained a neutral or slightly positive perspective. Working hours showed mixed satisfaction levels, while working conditions and work safety indicated predominant dissatisfaction. Training facilities received a balanced yet slightly positive response, whereas superior's behavior was viewed neutrally to negatively. The study identifies critical areas for improvement in working conditions at tea gardens and factories of Biswanath district. High levels of dissatisfaction regarding wages, work safety, and superior behavior underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions. Enhancing wage structures, ensuring regular payments, improving working conditions and safety measures, and fostering positive relationships between laborers and superiors are essential steps.
Constraint Analysis of Maize Marketing in Telangana State Using Garrett’s Ranking Technique
Authors: Maheshnath M. , Kumari R. Vijaya , Suhasini K. , Reddy D. Srinivasa , Meena A.
Published: August 2024

This study examined the key constraints faced by farmers in marketing maize, a major crop in Telangana. The study was conducted in the top three maize-producing districts of Telangana - Warangal Rural, Siddipet, and Kamareddy. Data was gathered through personal interviews with 240 sample farmers using pre-tested, structured questionnaires for the 2021-22 agricultural year. An opinion survey was used to identify and rank the top challenges using the Garrett’s ranking technique. The primary constraints cited by farmers were an excessive number of middlemen in the market (82.65), price fluctuations (79.13), lack of support pricing during production surpluses (73.45), and high commission charges levied by market intermediaries (70.62). Farmers also reported secondary issues like delays in Minimum Support Price (MSP) operations and inadequate market infrastructure. Minor problems included high transportation costs (40.58), improper storage (37.26), and lack of pledge loan facilities for warehouse receipts (28.61). The study provided valuable insights into the challenges impacting maize marketing in the region.
Study of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred lines
Authors: K. Naga Brahma Reddy, , V. Hemalatha, , K.R. Yathish, , B. Mallaiah,
Published: August 2024

The present experiment was conducted to study genetic parameters for ten traits viz., days to 50% anthesis and days to 50% silking, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear girth, kernel rows, kernels per row, 100 grain weight and total grain yield per hectare during kharif and rabi seasons of 2023-24. Using an Alpha Lattice Design, 150 inbred lines were planted in two replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences across all traits with phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) generally higher than genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV). The highest PCV and GCV were observed for ear height (kharif: 27.59, 23.48; rabi: 25.03, 20.94) and total grain yield (kharif: 51.26, 47.60; rabi: 38.85, 38.65). Broad-sense heritability was highest for total grain yield (Kharif-86.34, rabi-88.97) in the both seasons. The high heritability of these traits indicates their potential for successful transmission to offspring, enabling efficient selection. High heritability combined with high genetic advance was observed for ear height and total grain yield in both seasons, suggesting these traits as promising targets for improvement through selection driven by additive genetic factors.
Influence of Transparency and Accountability on Public Sector Financial Performance: Evidence from Tanzania
Authors: Lyezia Mwanjaa Said , Kapaya Saganga M.
Published: August 2024

The current study intended to examine the direct influence of accountability and transparency on public sector financial performance, as the result of the adoption of accrual-based International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Tanzania. Guided by New Public Management Theory (NPMT), a cross-sectional survey design was applied in collecting data from 178 public sector entities in Tanzania. This was achieved by the application of a drop-and-pick approach. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equations Models (PLS-SEM) were employed in determining the relationship between hypothesized constructs. It was found that accountability has a positive and significant influence on financial performance while transparency has an insignificant. Since accountability and transparency affect the livelihood of the Tanzanian communities and others, the findings of the current study create social implications related to accountability and transparency, on the way public officials use public resources in the provision of various social services.
Groundwater dating with Atom Trap Trace Analysis of39Ar
Authors: Ritterbusch F. , Ebser S. , Welte J. , Reichel T. , Kersting A. , Purtschert R. , Aeschbach‐Hertig W. , Oberthaler M. K.
Published: August 2014

We report on the realization of Atom Trap Trace Analysis for39Ar and its first application to dating of groundwater samples. The presented system achieves an atmospheric39Ar count rate as high as 3.58 ± 0.10 atoms/h allowing for the determination of the39Ar concentration in less than a day. We demonstrate that the measured count rates are proportional to the39Ar concentration by intercomparison with Low‐Level Counting results and by measurements on prepared argon samples with defined concentration. For a geophysical application, we degas three different groundwater samples and gas chromatographically extract the argon. The39Ar ages inferred from the count rates extend over the accessible dating range and are in agreement with the Low‐Level Counting results as well as with complementary isotope data.
Dynamic Recrystallization of Wrought–Solidified–Wrought Complex Structure in Ni‐Based Superalloys
Authors: Ning Yongquan , Xie Bingchao , Li Hui , Fu Ming Wang
Published: August 2014

Electron beam welding is conducted on the as‐polished Ni‐base superalloys. The wrought–solidified–wrought (W–S–W) complex structure was machined from the central part of the weldments, and the hot compression test of W–S–W was then conducted. The DRX activation energy was calculated, and a constitutive equation which describes the DRX occurrence in hot working process was established. The deformed substructures such as dense dislocation networks were observed in the deformed dendrites in the welding seam of W–S–W. When the solidified dendrite in the welding seam is entirely covered with the recrystallized grains, the first necklace microstructure is formed. The dislocations drive the occurrence of DRX again in the first necklace microstructure. When several necklaces were formed, the solidified dendrite in the welding seam disappeared. The area fraction of DRX increases with increasing height reduction. The solidified dendrite could be greatly eliminated and refined after severe plastic deformation due to the repeating occurrence of DRX.
Exceptional Oxygen Sensing Properties of New Blue Light‐Excitable Highly Luminescent Europium(III) and Gadolinium(III) Complexes
Authors: Borisov Sergey M. , Fischer Roland , Saf Robert , Klimant Ingo
Published: August 2014

New europium(III) and gadolinium(III) complexes bearing 8‐hydroxyphenalenone antenna combine efficient absorption in the blue part of the spectrum and strong emission in polymers at room temperature. The Eu(III) complexes show characteristic red luminescence whereas the Gd(III) dyes are strongly phosphorescent. The luminescence quantum yields are about 20% for the Eu(III) complexes and 50% for the Gd(III) dyes. In contrast to most state‐of‐the‐art Eu(III) complexes the new dyes are quenched very efficiently by molecular oxygen. The luminescence decay times of the Gd(III) complexes exceed 1 ms which ensures exceptional sensitivity even in polymers of moderate oxygen permeability. These sensors are particularly suitable for trace oxygen sensing and may be good substitutes for Pd(II) porphyrins. The photophysical and sensing properties can be tuned by varying the nature of the fourth ligand. The narrow‐band emission of the Eu(III) allows efficient elimination of the background light and autofluorescence and is also very attractive for use e.g., in multi‐analyte sensors. The highly photostable indicators incorporated in nanoparticles are promising for imaging applications. Due to the straightforward preparation and low cost of starting materials the new dyes represent a promising alternative to the state‐of‐the‐art oxygen indicators particularly for such applications as, e.g., food packaging.
Screening and molecular identification of overproducing γ‐linolenic acid fungi and cloning the delta 6‐desaturase gene
Authors: Lu He , Zhu Yu
Published: August 2014

This research aims at isolating and identifying γ‐linolenic acid (GLA)‐producing fungi in the traditional Chinese salt‐fermented soybean food, Douchi, from Yongchuan, People's Republic of China. In this study, Rhizopus oryzae DR3 was identified as a novel fungal species that produces large amounts of GLA. A full‐length cDNA, designated as RoD6 D, with high homology to fungal △6 fatty acid desaturase genes was isolated from R. oryzae by using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. It had an open reading frame of 1,176 bp encoding a deduced polypeptide of 391 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis characterized the putative RoD6 D protein as a typical membrane‐bound desaturase, including three conserved histidine‐rich motifs, a hydropathy profile, and a cytochrome b5‐like domain in the N‐terminus. When the coding sequence was expressed in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INVScl, the encoded product of RoD6 D exhibited △6 fatty acid desaturase activity that led to the accumulation of GLA. The results show that Douchi contains a large natural diverse composition, and some strains could be selected as starters for functional fermented foods. This study has also laid a foundation for developing functional Douchi products for further research.
Ein neuer Weg zur Berechnung der thermodynamischen Funktionen binärer Flüssigkeitssysteme von Nichtelektrolyten aus den Potentialparametern der reinen Substanzen
Authors: Schäfer Von KL. , Kreibich Ursula T.
Published: August 2014

Die Weiterentwicklung einer von K. Schäfer entwickelten Theorie des festen Zustands, die vom reinen Kristall ausgeht und mit Erfolg auf den Ionenkristall [1] und den metallischen Zustand angewendet wurde, führte zu einer Theorie für Mischkristalle und feste Lösungen. In der folgenden Arbeit wird dieser Weg weiterverfolgt. Die modifizierte Theorie wird auf binäre Flüssigkeitssysteme übertragen und zuerst am System Stickstoff‐Kohlenmonoxid bei der Schmelztemperatur des Stickstoffs getestet. Außerdem werden die freien Exzeßenthalpien der flüssigen Mischungen Neopentan‐Tetramethylsilan und Neopentan‐Neopentylbromid berechnet und mit den früher von uns aus den Gesamtdampfdrucken ermittelten Werten [2, 3] verglichen.
Raman‐Intensität und Konjugation I. Substituentenabhängigkeit der Raman‐Intensitäten der 1600 cm−1‐Ringschwingungen monosubstituierter Benzolderivate
Authors: Schmid Von E. D. , Brosa B.
Published: August 2014

Gemessen wurden die Raman‐Intensitäten S1600 der Ringschwingung bei 1600 cm−1 von 46 monosubstituierten Benzolderivaten und Sco der CO‐Valenzschwingung von 10 monosubstituierten Benzolderivaten mit der 459 cm−1‐Linie von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff als Standard. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Raman‐Intensitäten durch das Ausmaß der π‐Elektronenkonjugation zwischen Ring und Substituenten bestimmt werden. Für mehrere Verbindungen existiert eine Korrelation zwischen den Raman‐Intensitäten der 1600 cm−1‐Ringschwingung und den Taftschen Substituentenparametern σ0R. Es wird gezeigt, daß σ0R kein direktes Maß der Konjugation sein kann. Es gibt zahlreiche Verbindungen, wie z. B. Styrol, mit großer Konjugation zwischen Ring und Substituenten, deren σ0R‐Werte klein sind. Man kann annehmen, daß σ0R ein Maß ist für den Substituenteneffekt auf die Elektronendichteverteilung, der durch Konjugation bestimmt ist.
Über Photoreaktionen adsorbierter Azoverbindungen
Authors: Rau Von Hermann
Published: August 2014

Die Photoreaktionen von Azobenzol, Hydroxy‐ und Aminoazoverbindungen, die an verschiedenen Trägern adsorbiert sind, werden untersucht. Dabei wird Strahlung verschiedener Wellenlänge verwendet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Experimente mit Photoreaktionen an Oberflächen stimmen im wesentlichen mit denen überein, die man aus Experimenten in Lösung erhält.
Modulations‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen an passiven Nickelelektroden
Authors: Gobrecht Von H. , Paatsch W. , Thull R.
Published: August 2014

Über die Zusammensetzung halbleitender passivierender Deckschichten auf Elektroden besteht in vielen Fällen noch keine Klarheit. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein optisch‐elektrisches Verfahren angegeben, mit dem die Änderung der Schichtzusammensetzung in Abhängigkeit vom Elektrodenpotential untersucht werden kann. Durch Modulation des Potentials wird hierbei der Oxydationsgrad und damit das optische Verhalten oberflächennaher Bereiche der Deckschicht verändert. Am Beispiel des passiven Nickels ergeben sich durch Messung des modulierten Reflexionsvermögens neue Informationen über die Elektrodeneigenschaften im Bereich zwischen der primären und der sekundären Passivität.
Single‐molecule pull‐down (SiMPull) for new‐age biochemistry
Authors: Aggarwal Vasudha , Ha Taekjip
Published: August 2014

Macromolecular interactions play a central role in many biological processes. Protein‐protein interactions have mostly been studied by co‐immunoprecipitation, which cannot provide quantitative information on all possible molecular connections present in the complex. We will review a new approach that allows cellular proteins and biomolecular complexes to be studied in real‐time at the single‐molecule level. This technique is called single‐molecule pull‐down (SiMPull), because it integrates principles of conventional immunoprecipitation with the powerful single‐molecule fluorescence microscopy. SiMPull is used to count how many of each protein is present in the physiological complexes found in cytosol and membranes. Concurrently, it serves as a single‐molecule biochemical tool to perform functional studies on the pulled‐down proteins. In this review, we will focus on the detailed methodology of SiMPull, its salient features and a wide range of biological applications in comparison with other biosensing tools.
Potato virus X‐based expression vectors are stabilized for long‐term production of proteins and larger inserts
Authors: Dickmeis Christina , Fischer Rainer , Commandeur Ulrich
Published: August 2014

Plus‐strand RNA viruses such as Potato virus X (PVX) are often used as high‐yielding expression vectors in plants, because they tolerate extra transgene insertion and expression without disrupting normal virus functions. However, sequence redundancy due to promoter duplication often leads to genetic instability. Although heterologous subgenomic promoter‐like sequences (SGPs) have been successfully used in Tobacco mosaic virus vectors, only homologous SGP duplications have been used in PVX vectors. We stabilized PVX‐based vectors by combining heterologous SGPs from related potexviruses with an N‐terminal coat protein (CP) deletion. We selected two SGPs with core sequences homologous to PVX, from Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) and Cassava common mosaic virus, as well as a SGP with a heterologous core sequence from Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). We found that only the BaMV and CsCMV SGPs were utilized by the PVX replicase. However, the transgene remained unstable, due to the presence of an additional region with strong sequence similarity at the 5' end of the cp gene. The BaMV SGP combined with an N‐terminal CP deletion achieved high PVX vector stability. This new expression vector is particularly useful for long‐term production of proteins and for larger inserts. The improved PVX‐based vectors are suitable for the systemic expression of any gene of interest in PVX host plants. The PVX‐based vector can be advantageous for the overexpression of proteins, to analyze protein functions in planta or as a system for virus‐induced gene silencing.
Revisiting the Bromination of CH Bonds with Molecular Bromine by Using a Photo‐Microflow System
Authors: Manabe Yoshiyuki , Kitawaki Yuriko , Nagasaki Masahiro , Fukase Koichi , Matsubara Hiroshi , Hino Yoshiko , Fukuyama Takahide , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: August 2014

The photobromination of CH bonds by using molecular bromine was reinvestigated under microfluidic conditions. The continuous‐flow method suppressed the production of dibrominated compounds and effectively produced the desired monobrominated products with high selectivity. Rapid bromination of benzylic substrates containing a photoaffinity azide group was achieved without any decomposition.
Kinetic Resolution of Oxazinones: Rational Exploration of Chemical Space through the Design of Experiments
Authors: Renzi Polyssena , Kronig Christel , Carlone Armando , Eröksüz Serap , Berkessel Albrecht , Bella Marco
Published: August 2014

The organocatalytic kinetic resolution of 4‐substituted oxazinones has been optimised (selectivity factor S up to 98, chiral oxazinone ee values up to 99.6 % (1 a–g) and product ee values up to 90 % (3 a–g)) in a rational way by applying the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach.
Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on the Structure and Electron‐Transfer Characteristics of Glucose Oxidase Redox Polyelectrolyte‐Surfactant Complexes
Authors: Cortez M. Lorena , Marmisollé Waldemar , Pallarola Diego , Pietrasanta Lía I. , Murgida Daniel H. , Ceolín Marcelo , Azzaroni Omar , Battaglini Fernando
Published: August 2014

Efficient electrical communication between redox proteins and electrodes is a critical issue in the operation and development of amperometric biosensors. The present study explores the advantages of a nanostructured redox‐active polyelectrolyte–surfactant complex containing [Os(bpy)2Clpy]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, py= pyridine) as the redox centers and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as nanodomains for boosting the electron‐transfer propagation throughout the assembled film in the presence of glucose oxidase (GOx). Film structure was characterized by grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), GOx incorporation was followed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz‐crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D), whereas Raman spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemical studies confirmed the ability of the entrapped gold nanoparticles to enhance the electron‐transfer processes between the enzyme and the electrode surface. Our results show that nanocomposite films exhibit five‐fold increase in current response to glucose compared with analogous supramolecular AuNP‐free films. The introduction of colloidal gold promotes drastic mesostructural changes in the film, which in turn leads to a rigid, amorphous interfacial architecture where nanoparticles, redox centers, and GOx remain in close proximity, thus improving the electron‐transfer process.
Synthesis of New Chlorin e6Trimethyl and Protoporphyrin IX Dimethyl Ester Derivatives and Their Photophysical and Electrochemical Characterizations
Authors: Menezes José C. J. M. D. S. , Faustino M. Amparo F. , de Oliveira Kleber T. , Uliana Marciana P. , Ferreira Vitor F. , Hackbarth Steffen , Röder Beate , Teixeira Tasso Thiago , Furuyama Taniyuki , Kobayashi Nagao , Silva Artur M. S. , Neves M. Graça P. M. S. , Cavaleiro José A. S.
Published: August 2014

In view of increasing demands for efficient photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), we herein report the synthesis and photophysical characterizations of new chlorin e6trimethyl ester and protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester dyads as free bases and ZnIIcomplexes. The synthesis of these molecules linked at the β‐pyrrolic positions to pyrano[3,2‐c]coumarin, pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolinone, and pyrano[3,2‐c]naphthoquinone moieties was performed by using the domino Knoevenagel hetero Diels–Alder reaction. The α‐methylenechromanes, α‐methylenequinoline, andortho‐quinone methides were generated in situ from a Knoevenagel reaction of 4‐hydroxycoumarin, 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methylcoumarin, 4‐hydroxy‐N‐methylquinolinone, and 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, respectively, with paraformaldehyde in dioxane. All the dyads as free bases and as ZnIIcomplexes were obtained in high yields. All new compounds were fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR techniques, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and HRMS. Their photophysical properties were evaluated by measuring the fluorescence quantum yield, the singlet oxygen quantum yield by luminescence detection, and also the triplet lifetimes were correlated by flash photolysis and intersystem crossing (ISC) rates. The fluorescence lifetimes were measured by a time‐correlated single photon count (TCSPC) method, fluorescence decay associated spectra (FDAS), and anisotropy measurements. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra were recorded for one ZnIIcomplex in order to obtain information, respectively, on the electronic and conformational states, and interpretation of these spectra was enhanced by molecular orbital (MO) calculations. Electrochemical studies of the ZnIIcomplexes were also carried out to gain insights into their behavior for such applications.