bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bibliometric Analysis of the Structure and Evolution of Research on Assisted Migration
Authors: Benomar Lahcen , Elferjani Raed , Hamilton Jill , O’Neill Greg A. , Echchakoui Said , Bergeron Yves , Lamara Mebarek
Published: March 2022

Purpose of Review

Assisted migration is increasingly proposed as a proactive management strategy to mitigate the consequences of maladaptation predicted under climate change. Exploring the social and academic structure of the field, its research gaps, and future research directions can help further the understanding and facilitate the implementation of assisted migration strategies. Here we used bibliometric analysis to examine the intellectual, social, and conceptual structures of assisted migration research to identify gaps and opportunities for future research. Bibliometric data based on publications on assisted migration were collected from Scopus and Web of Science databases using assisted migration and climate change or their synonyms as queries. Metadata were merged, processed and several networks were constructed.

Recent Findings

Co-citation and keyword co-occurrence networks identified three major clusters focused on (i) theory and risk of assisted migration of threatened and endangered species, (ii) impact of climate change on realized and fundamental climate and geographic niches, and (iii) assisted population migration. Collaboration network analysis identified three social core hubs: North America, Europe, and Australia, with the USA and Canada being the most productive and the most collaborative countries.

We conclude that future research is expected to concern mainly the assessment of physiological response of species and populations to extreme climate events such as drought and frost, and the contribution of non-climatic factors and biotic interactions in local adaptation and population performance under climate change. Social core hubs distinguished in this work can be used to identify potential international research and training collaborators necessary to address gaps and challenges underlying assisted migration implementation.
Challenges in Adopting Recovery-oriented Practices in Specialized Mental Health Care: “How Far Should Self-Determination Go; Should One be Allowed to Perish?”
Authors: Ørjasæter Kristin B. , Almvik Arve
Published: March 2022

Mental health services need to transform from a primary focus on symptom reduction to a recovery-oriented delivery. Research on recovery-oriented practices is mainly based in community mental health settings, while research on specialized mental health care remains scarce. In this article, we aim to identify and explore the experiences faced by professionals working in specialized mental health care units that aim to be recovery-oriented. Data were collected during seven focus group interviews with 45 professionals from four psychiatric hospitals and district psychiatric centers in Norway. We used reflexive thematic analysis to interpret the data. Three main themes emerged from the analysis: (a) disease-oriented structures, (b) negotiating roles and (c) risk management. This study identified the many tensions professionals face as they try to shift specialized mental health care toward a recovery-oriented paradigm. Specifically, professionals must balance managing risks and promoting self-determination. To succeed, it is not sufficient to implement practices that are characterized as recovery-oriented without also changing existing systems, structures, and frameworks. We suggest approaching recovery orientation through shared decision-making. This could contribute to the promotion of self-determination and increased inpatient safety in specialized mental health care.
Highly Flexible and Broad-Range Mechanically Tunable All-Wood Hydrogels with Nanoscale Channels via the Hofmeister Effect for Human Motion Monitoring
Authors: Yan Guihua , He Shuaiming , Chen Gaofeng , Ma Sen , Zeng Anqi , Chen Binglin , Yang Shuliang , Tang Xing , Sun Yong , Xu Feng , Lin Lu , Zeng Xianhai
Published: March 2022

Wood-based hydrogel with a unique anisotropic structure is an attractive soft material, but the presence of rigid crystalline cellulose in natural wood makes the hydrogel less flexible. In this study, an all-wood hydrogel was constructed by cross-linking cellulose fibers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) chains, and lignin molecules through the Hofmeister effect. The all-wood hydrogel shows a high tensile strength of 36.5 MPa and a strain up to ~ 438% in the longitudinal direction, which is much higher than its tensile strength (~ 2.6 MPa) and strain (~ 198%) in the radial direction, respectively. The high mechanical strength of all-wood hydrogels is mainly attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding, physical entanglement, and van der Waals forces between lignin molecules, cellulose nanofibers, and PVA chains. Thanks to its excellent flexibility, good conductivity, and sensitivity, the all-wood hydrogel can accurately distinguish diverse macroscale or subtle human movements, including finger flexion, pulse, and swallowing behavior. In particular, when “An Qi” was called four times within 15 s, two variations of the pronunciation could be identified. With recyclable, biodegradable, and adjustable mechanical properties, the all-wood hydrogel is a multifunctional soft material with promising applications, such as human motion monitoring, tissue engineering, and robotics materials.
Ultralight Iontronic Triboelectric Mechanoreceptor with High Specific Outputs for Epidermal Electronics
Authors: Wang Hai Lu , Guo Zi Hao , Pu Xiong , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: March 2022

The pursuit to mimic skin exteroceptive ability has motivated the endeavors for epidermal artificial mechanoreceptors. Artificial mechanoreceptors are required to be highly sensitive to capture imperceptible skin deformations and preferably to be self-powered, breathable, lightweight and deformable to satisfy the prolonged wearing demands. It is still struggling to achieve these traits in single device, as it remains difficult to minimize device architecture without sacrificing the sensitivity or stability. In this article, we present an all-fiber iontronic triboelectric mechanoreceptor (ITM) to fully tackle these challenges, enabled by the high-output mechano-to-electrical energy conversion. The proposed ITM is ultralight, breathable and stretchable and is quite stable under various mechanical deformations. On the one hand, the ITM can achieve a superior instantaneous power density; on the other hand, the ITM shows excellent sensitivity serving as epidermal sensors. Precise health status monitoring is readily implemented by the ITM calibrating by detecting vital signals and physical activities of human bodies. The ITM can also realize acoustic-to-electrical conversion and distinguish voices from different people, and biometric application as a noise dosimeter is demonstrated. The ITM therefore is believed to open new sights in epidermal electronics and skin prosthesis fields.
Zugewanderte Erwerbstätige in der betrieblichen Weiterbildung: Befunde aus dem AES-Migra
Authors: Reiter Sara
Published: March 2022

Die berufliche Qualifizierung von Erwerbstätigen findet überwiegend im Rahmen der betrieblichen Weiterbildung statt. Dabei ist der Zugang zu betrieblicher Weiterbildung ungleich verteilt. Der Beitrag untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund die Teilnahme von zugewanderten Erwerbstätigen an betrieblicher Weiterbildung auf Grundlage der Daten des AES-Migra 2016 (Erhebung zum Weiterbildungsverhalten von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund). Unter Rückgriff auf bildungsökonomische und segmentationstheoretische Ansätze wird geprüft, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen migrationsbezogenen Faktoren (Aufenthaltsstatus, Deutschkenntnisse, Herkunft/Anerkennung von Berufsabschlüssen) und der Weiterbildungsteilnahme besteht. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass unter Berücksichtigung von Merkmalen des Erwerbskontextes die migrationsbezogenen Prädiktoren der Teilnahme an statistischer Bedeutung verlieren.
The Contributions of Muscle and Machine Work to Land and Labor Productivity in World Agriculture Since 1800
Authors: Steenwyk Paul , Heun Matthew Kuperus , Brockway Paul , Sousa Tânia , Henriques Sofia
Published: March 2022

Since 1800, there have been enormous changes in mechanical technologies farmers use and in the relative contributions of human and animal muscles and machines to farm work. We develop a database from 1800 to 2012 of on-farm physical work in world agriculture from muscles and machines. We do so to analyze how on-farm physical work has contributed to changes in land and human labor productivities. We find two distinct periods. First, from 1800 to around 1950, land productivity (measured as kcal food supply per hectare of cropland) was relatively stagnant at about 1.7 million kcal/ha, in part due to a scarcity of on-farm physical work. During this period, physical work was scarce because most of on-farm physical work (approximately 80% in 1950) was being powered by low power, low energy efficiency muscle work provided by humans and draft animals. From 1950 to 2012, land productivity nearly tripled as more machine-based work inputs became available. The additional machine-based work inputs have contributed to the growth in land and labor productivities, as they have enabled farmers to control more physical work enabling more irrigation and agrochemical applications. However, the tripling of land productivity has required a near 4.5-fold increase in physical work per hectare, suggesting diminishing returns. Farmers accomplished this extra work with less final energy because they transitioned from low-efficiency muscle work to high-efficiency machines which drove farm-wide energy conversion efficiency up fourfold from 1950 to 2012. By 1990, machine conversion efficiencies started to plateau. Given diminishing returns and plateauing efficiencies, we predict that fuel and electricity usage on farms will increase to continue raising land productivity.
Lokale, (über)regionale und (trans)nationale Vergesellschaftung einer Kleinstadtbevölkerung in Bolivien. Konzeptionelle Überlegungen zu einem Forschungsprojekt, das die Weiterwanderung russlanddeutscher BaptistInnen als Ausgangspunkt hat
Authors: Flack Anna
Published: March 2022

Gegenstand des Erkenntnisinteresses des geplanten PostDoc-Projekts sind die sozialen Netzwerke und die Vergesellschaftungspraktiken der BewohnerInnen einer multiethnisch geprägten Kleinstadt in Bolivien. Sie wurde in den vergangenen zwei Dekaden auch das Migrationsziel russlanddeutscher BaptistInnen aus Deutschland, die sich in einer relativ homogenen Nachbarschaft ansiedelten. Während die einen eher aus beruflich-ökonomischen Gründen auswanderten, waren die anderen vorwiegend religiös-missionarisch motiviert. In welchen Lebensbereichen interagieren die verschiedenen KleinstadtbewohnerInnen inwiefern miteinander? Inwiefern bestehen soziale Beziehungen über die lokale Ebene hinaus? Wie wirken sich die jeweiligen sozialen Netzwerke auf die Vergesellschaftung in der Kleinstadt und über sie hinaus aus? Im Zentrum dieser konzeptionellen Überlegungen stehen zum einen die kritische Diskussion und Modifikation des Transnationalismus-Konzepts zwecks theoretischer Einbettung. Zum anderen werden Überlegungen nicht nur zu einer Überwindung des methodologischen Nationalismus, sondern auch zu einer Entmigrantisierung der Migrationsforschung erörtert und auf das geplante Projekt übertragen. Anstatt für die qualitative Forschung AkteurInnen entlang migrantischer, ethnischer oder religiöser Kategorien auszuwählen, sollen konkrete lokale Begegnungsorte als Ausgangspunkt für eine möglichst breite Akteursgewinnung dienen.
Postdigital Applied Systems Science Education: Toward an Integral Framework, Curriculum, and Pedagogy
Authors: Hogan Michael , Harney Owen
Published: March 2022

The design of systems to support sustainable wellbeing is contingent upon lifespan education ofHomo sapiensand ongoing efforts to cultivate individual and collective intelligence. The Postdigital Applied Systems Science Education (PASSE) framework presented in this paper highlights the need for greater investment in educational infrastructures that support the development of collective intelligence, teamwork, and system design skills. We propose that the implementation of PASSE involves group- and project-based work focused on developing (1) an understanding of systems, (2) an understanding of group dynamics relevant to the management and design of systems, and (3) skill in the application of applied systems science methods that can be used by groups in the management and redesign of systems. To showcase curricular and pedagogical challenges and opportunities, we describe key features of our current delivery of PASSE along with future plans and prospects. Aligned with postdigital perspectives and innovations at the nexus of biology, information, and society, we highlight the potential for ongoing redesign of educational infrastructures and technologies that enhance societal teamwork and system design capabilities that allow us to address increasingly complex societal challenges.
Why do we need agent-based macroeconomics?
Authors: Cincotti Silvano , Raberto Marco , Teglio Andrea
Published: March 2022

We are entering the third decade of the twenty-first century with profound uncertainties and crucial challenges for the world economy. Phenomena like climate change, digital transformation, migration, demographic changes, and the ongoing COVID pandemic need to be understood and promptly addressed. We argue that the agent-based approach in economics is well suited to tackle these topics, because of its capacity to integrate the “micro” and “macro” dimensions by modelling the network of interactions among heterogeneous economic agents and their aggregate outcomes. This paper explains why the agent-based methodology is needed to overcome the limitations of the neoclassical approach in economics, which has not been able to properly address those challenges. To do so, the paper retraces the main stages of the scientific evolution in a general historical and epistemological perspective, showing how the paradigm of reductionism, which led to extraordinary advances after the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, is less effective when addressing the main challenges ahead. On the other hand, the sciences of chaos theory and complex systems can provide the economic discipline with more suitable instruments to face those challenges. Finally, the paper briefly presents the contributions of the special issue, which use applications of agent-based models to study the main problems of our times.
Der Beitrag des Freizeitsports zur Identitätsbildung junger, männlicher Strafgefangener
Authors: Bahlo Marvin , Bahlke Steffen , Wicker Pamela , Gröben Bernd , Dransmann Milan
Published: March 2022

Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welchen Beitrag der Freizeitsport zur Identitätsbildung junger, männlicher Strafgefangener leistet. Mittels leitfadengestützter Interviews werden die subjektiven Bedeutungen einer Teilhabe an Sportangeboten untersucht, um deren Stellenwert für Identitätsaufbau und -stabilisierung und damit für die Bewältigung des Gefängnisalltages abschätzen zu können. Die Befunde zeigen die große Bedeutung des Sports für die jungen Straftäter, der neben Anerkennungserfahrungen und einem Gefühl von Zugehörigkeit vor allem auch Gelegenheiten bereithält, sich als selbstbestimmt handelndes Subjekt wahrzunehmen. Allerdings zeichnet sich vereinzelt eine Orientierung an problematisch erscheinenden Männlichkeitsvorstellungen ab, was die subjektive Auslegung des Sinns des eigenen Sporttreibens einschränkt und daher auch dem angezielten Resozialisierungsprozess zuwiderlaufen könnte.
Status on lattice calculations of the proton spin decomposition
Authors: Liu Keh-Fei
Published: March 2022

Lattice calculations of the proton spin components is reviewed. The lattice results of the quark spin from the axial-vector current matrix element at ∼ 0.3−0.4 is smaller than those from the constituent quark models. This is largely due to the fact that the vacuum polarization contribution from the disconnected insertion is negative. Its connection with the anomalous Ward identity is clarified and verified numerically. This resolves the contentious issue in the “proton spin crisis.” The glue spin and angular momentum are found to be large and there is notable contribution from the quark orbital angular momentum. Renormalization, mixing, and normalization of the quark and glue angular momenta are discussed. With sufficient precision, they can be compared with more precise experimental measurements when the electron-ion collider facility is available.
Grothendieck–Serre in the quasi-split unramified case
Authors: Česnavičius Kęstutis
Published: March 2022

The Grothendieck–Serre conjecture predicts that every generically trivial torsor under a reductive group schemeGover a regular local ringRis trivial. We settle it in the case whenGis quasi-split andRis unramified. Some of the techniques that allow us to overcome obstacles that have so far kept the mixed characteristic case out of reach include a version of Noether normalization over discrete valuation rings, as well as a suitable presentation lemma for smooth relative curves in mixed characteristic that facilitates passage to the relative affine line via excision and patching.
Side effects associated with organizational interventions: A perspective
Authors: Watts Logan L. , Gray Bradley E. , Medeiros Kelsey E.
Published: March 2022

Drawing on examples from published research, the authors offer a perspective on the side effects that are associated with organizational interventions. This perspective is framed in the context of the many hard-won positive influences that industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists have had on individuals, groups, organizations, and social institutions over the last century. With a few exceptions, we argue that side effects tend to receive less attention from I-O psychology researchers and practitioners than they deserve. A systematic approach to studying, monitoring, and advertising side effects is needed to better understand their causes, consequences, and the contexts in which they are most likely to emerge. The purpose of this piece is to stimulate conversations within the field about the phenomenon of side effects as well as what might be done to improve our science and practice in this domain.
Dickens in Chol
Authors: Rodríguez Lydia
Published: March 2022

This study examines differences in gesture production in narrative contexts between American and Chol Mayan speakers at the narrative, metanarrative, and paranarrative levels of discourse, as well as differences in the production of linear temporal gestures. First, a comparison is made between the gestures produced by speakers of American English and Chol, a Western Maya language, as they tell the story of A Christmas Carol to an interviewer. The study shows a dire contrast between the American and Chol interpretation of this classic novel, and notable differences in the speech-accompanying gestures used by Americans and Chol Mayans respectively. American speakers’ temporal utterances are often accompanied by the well-documented lateral timeline gestures, where earlier events are located to the left of the gestural space, and later events are located to the right of the gestural space. By contrast, in Chol utterances no lateral, sagittal, or vertical timeline gestures accompany any form of temporal reference; the vast majority of gestures co-occur with metanarrative and paranarrative statements and have no explicit temporal content. The second part of the study analyzes the gestures made by a Chol speaker while telling a traditional story. A qualitative analysis of this traditional narrative shows that, when telling a story of the Chol tradition that is well known to the speaker, pragmatically-motivated gestures that occur at the metanarrative and paranarrative levels are much fewer than gestures occurring at the narrative level. In this traditional narrative, the gestures co-occurring with sequential, deictic temporal expressions and temporal metaphors did not reflect any kind of timeline that resembled those made by the American speakers in the Dickens in Chol task.
The picture looks like my music sounds: directional preferences in synesthetic metaphors in the absence of lexical factors
Authors: Fishman Alon
Published: March 2022

An extensive literature going back three quarters of a century holds that metaphorical mappings between sensory domains conform to a hierarchy of the senses, such that mappings from ‘low’ senses (touch, taste) to ‘high’ senses (sight, sound) are preferred over mappings in the opposite direction. Recent work has established that these directional preferences are partially explained by lexical factors. Theorists have also proposed that perceptual factors play a role in directional preferences, but without testing these factors directly and without controlling for the established effects of lexical factors. This article uses a novel construction, the verbal analogy (e.g., The picture looks like my music sounds), to explore directional preferences while controlling for several crucial lexical factors. A naturalness rating experiment reveals local directional preferences, for mappings between touch and sound and between sight and sound. The experiment finds no evidence for a general preference for mappings in either direction of the purported hierarchy of the senses, suggesting that pervious empirical findings may have been mediated by the effects of lexical factors.
‘You can’t do politics without money’: female politicians, matronage, and the limits of gender quotas in Kenya
Authors: Kilimo Miriam Jerotich
Published: March 2022

In 2010, Kenya introduced a gender quota to boost women’s political representation. The quota mandated that a single gender should not hold more than two-thirds of elective and appointive positions in public bodies. When few women won seats in elections in 2013 and 2017, political parties fulfilled the gender quota by nominating hundreds of women as members of county assemblies (MCAs). Drawing on fieldwork conducted in 2019 in one of Kenya’s county assemblies, this article shows how nominated female MCAs participate in transactional relationships with the public. Like male politicians, they are often called on to contribute to fundraisers and to meet the needs of constituents. Female politicians also accompany their giving with political rhetoric in support of female leadership. I argue that, through their giving, female politicians use money as a tool to champion women’s political leadership. Their matronage – a term I use in lieu of patronage to emphasize the role of women in transactional relationships – ultimately shows how gender quota legislation can go only so far in increasing women’s political representation. Instead, political actors also rely on informal mechanisms in order to achieve gender equality in politics.
Distribution and conservation status of the golden monkeyCercopithecus mitis kandtiin Rwanda
Authors: Tuyisingize Deogratias , Kaplin Beth A. , Eckardt Winnie , Musana Abel , Caillaud Damien
Published: March 2022

Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to primate populations globally. The Endangered golden monkeyCercopithecus mitis kandtiis only found in two small forest fragments: the Virunga massif in Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Gishwati Forest in Rwanda. Little is known about the abundance and distribution of this subspecies, or threats to its survival. During 2007–2018, we collected data along 893.7 km of line transects and 354.2 km of recce trails in Volcanoes National Park and in Gishwati–Mukura National Park to estimate golden monkey density and examine any threats. In Volcanoes National Park, golden monkeys were found almost exclusively in the bamboo zone, and in Gishwati–Mukura National Park they occurred only in the remnant tropical montane Gishwati Forest. In Volcanoes National Park, density was estimated to be 7.89 (95% CI: 3.85–16.19), 5.41 (2.64–11.08), and 5.47 (3.68–8.14) groups per km2in 2007, 2011 and 2017–2018, respectively. This corresponds to a total of 4,331 individuals (95% CI: 2,723–5,938) in 2007, 4,487 (2,903–6,071) in 2011 and 4,626 (4,165–5,088) in 2017–2018. In Gishwati Forest, group density averaged 1.98 (95% CI: 1.27–3.16) per km2, corresponding to 172 (95% CI: 154–190) individuals in 2017–2018. Survey results from Volcanoes National Park suggest that the golden monkey population has been stable during 2007–2018. Limited habitat, illegal activities such as harvesting of bamboo and firewood, and the presence of feral dogs, threaten the golden monkey in Rwanda and require continued monitoring. The development of a conservation action plan is a priority to protect this species.
Anhedonia as a transdiagnostic symptom across psychological disorders: a network approach
Authors: Guineau Melissa G. , Ikani N. , Rinck M. , Collard R. M. , van Eijndhoven P. , Tendolkar I. , Schene A. H. , Becker E. S. , Vrijsen J. N.
Published: March 2022

Background

Anhedonia is apparent in different mental disorders and is suggested to be related to dysfunctions in the reward system and/or affect regulation. It may hence be a common underlying feature associated with symptom severity of mental disorders.

Methods

We constructed a cross-sectional graphical Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) network and a relative importance network to estimate the relationships between anhedonia severity and the severity of symptom clusters of major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety sensitivity (AS), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a sample of Dutch adult psychiatric patients (N = 557).

Results

Both these networks revealed anhedonia severity and depression symptom severity as central to the network. Results suggest that anhedonia severity may be predictive of the severity of symptom clusters of MDD, AS, ADHD, and ASD. MDD symptom severity may be predictive of AS and ADHD symptom severity.

Conclusions

The results suggest that anhedonia may serve as a common underlying transdiagnostic psychopathology feature, predictive of the severity of symptom clusters of depression, AS, ADHD, and ASD. Thus, anhedonia may be associated with the high comorbidity between these symptom clusters and disorders. If our results will be replicated in future studies, it is recommended for clinicians to be more vigilant about screening for anhedonia and/or depression severity in individuals diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, ADHD and/or ASD.
Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked (ICON) Science to Advance the Geosciences: Introduction and Synthesis of a Special Collection of Commentary Articles
Authors: Goldman A. E. , Emani S. R. , Pérez‐Angel L. C. , Rodríguez‐Ramos J. A. , Stegen J. C.
Published: March 2022

The sciences struggle to integrate across disciplines, coordinate across data generation and modeling activities, produce connected open data, and build strong networks to engage stakeholders within and beyond the scientific community. The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is divided into 25 sections intended to encompass the breadth of the geosciences. Here, we introduce a special collection of commentary articles spanning 19 AGU sections on challenges and opportunities associated with the use of ICON science principles. These principles focus on research intentionally designed to be Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked (ICON) with the goal of maximizing mutual benefit (among stakeholders) and cross‐system transferability of science outcomes. This article (a) summarizes the ICON principles; (b) discusses the crowdsourced approach to creating the collection; (c) explores insights from across the articles; and (d) proposes steps forward. There were common themes among the commentary articles, including broad agreement that the benefits of using ICON principles outweigh the costs, but that using ICON principles has important risks that need to be understood and mitigated. It was also clear that the ICON principles are not monolithic or static, but should instead be considered a heuristic tool that can and should be modified to meet changing needs. As a whole, the collection is intended as a resource for scientists pursuing ICON science and represents an important inflection point in which the geosciences community has come together to offer insights into ICON principles as a unified approach for improving how science is done across the geosciences and beyond.
The Impact of Cylinder Diameter Distribution on Longitudinal and Transverse Dispersion Within Random Cylinder Arrays
Authors: Stovin V. R. , Sonnenwald F. , Golzar M. , Guymer I.
Published: March 2022

Numerous studies focus on flow and mixing within cylinder arrays because of their similarity to vegetated flows. Randomly distributed cylinders are considered to be a closer representation of the natural distribution of vegetation stems compared with regularly distributed arrays. This study builds on previous work based on a single, fixed, cylinder diameter to consider non‐uniform cylinder diameter distributions. The flow fields associated with arrays of randomly distributed cylinders are modeled in two dimensions using the ANSYS Fluent Computational Fluid Dynamics software with Reynolds Stress Model turbulence closure. A transient scalar transport model is used to characterize longitudinal and transverse mixing (DxandDy) within each geometry. The modeling approach is validated against independent laboratory data, and the dispersion coefficients are shown to be comparable with previous experimental studies. Eight different cylinder diameter configurations (six uniform and two non‐uniform) are considered, each at 20 different solid volume fractions and with seven different transverse positions for the injection location. The new dispersion data cover a broad range of solid volume fractions, for which simultaneous estimates ofDxandDyhave not been available previously. There are no systematic differences in non‐dimensionalDxandDybetween uniform and non‐uniform cylinder diameter distributions. When non‐dimensionalized by cylinder diameter, both dispersion coefficients are independent of solid volume fraction. When non‐dimensionalized by cylinder spacing, both longitudinal and transverse dispersion can be described as linear functions of the ratio of cylinder diameter to cylinder spacing.
Probabilistic Characterization of Sweep and Ejection Events in Turbulent Flows and Its Implications on Sediment Transport
Authors: Wu Kuan‐Ting , Tsai Christina W. , Wu Meng‐Jie
Published: March 2022

Turbulent boundary layers are populated by a hierarchy of recurrent structures normally referred to as “coherent structures.” Among others, ejection and sweep events are critical coherent structures responsible for sediment transport. This study focuses on gaining a better understanding of the spatial‐–temporal probabilistic characteristics of sweep and ejection events. The existence of uniform momentum zones (UMZs) is demonstrated to affect the spatial distribution of large‐scale motions (LSMs), and the ejection and sweep events tend to present near UMZ edges where interfacial layers of high shears exist. In this study, UMZ detection is employed to identify coherent structures. The conditional velocity decomposition is then applied to the available direct numerical simulation (DNS) flow data after UMZ edges were determined. Based on the integrated criterion for distinguishing ejection and sweep events, one can determine the probabilistic characteristics of coherent structures such as the center point, wall‐normal length, and streamwise length. Physical insights such as joint probability density functions of wall‐normal length and streamwise length can be established. The attached and detached features of the sweeps and ejections can then be classified and characterized, respectively. Durations of sweep and ejection events are demonstrated to follow a lognormal distribution in this study. The occurrence ratio of sweep events in the (LSMs) is quantified from the DNS data. The implications of the results on sediment transport are discussed. The contributions of coherent structures with respect to wall‐normal height and the intermittency and geometrical properties of the coherent structures are presented.
Debris‐Flood Hazard Assessments in Steep Streams
Authors: Jakob Matthias , Davidson Sarah , Bullard Gemma , Busslinger Matthias , Collier‐Pandya Beatrice , Grover Patrick , Lau Carie‐Ann
Published: March 2022

Debris floods most commonly occur in steep mountain channels and on their alluvial fans but can also occur on small gravel bed rivers with watershed areas up to several hundred square kilometers. This became obvious during July 2021 and November 2021 debris floods in northwestern Germany and southwestern British Columbia, Canada. We subdivide debris floods into three categories: those triggered by a supra‐critical bed shear stress ratio, form by dilution from debris flows, and resulting from outbreak floods. This trichotomy challenges traditional hazard assessments; debris floods classify as a fluvial process, yet their destructive mechanics are difficult to characterize. Key hazards interact spatially and temporally in debris floods: inundation, scour, sediment transport and deposition and bank erosion. We describe approaches to quantify hazards by systematically accounting for these processes and introduce a novel approach for hazard quantification and mapping in which flow velocity, depth, and presumed fluid density are combined with the annual event frequency for all event scenarios. The derivative “composite hazard maps” are equally valid for debris floods and debris flows. Isolines of bank erosion based on a probabilistic analysis of a physically based model are added to capture the potential of debris floods to abruptly widen their channels. Substantial challenges remain, specifically in the reliable prediction of sediment transport and progressive bank erosion. Our intention is to homogenize debris‐flood hazard assessments and especially mapping methodologies. This could allow for systematic integration with landuse policies assuring consistency among approaches executed by practitioners acting in this field.
Correction of River Bathymetry Parameters Using the Stage–Discharge Rating Curve
Authors: Zhou Xudong , Revel Menaka , Modi Prakat , Shiozawa Takuto , Yamazaki Dai
Published: March 2022

River bathymetry is an important parameter for hydrodynamic modeling; however, it is associated with large bias because direct large‐scale measurements are impractical. Recent studies adjusted river bathymetry data based on assessment of the difference between modeled and observed water surface elevation (WSE); however, model uncertainties in river discharge can lead to unintended errors in correcting river bathymetry. In this study, we propose a simple but robust and rational correction method of river bathymetry using the bias between stage–discharge rating curves rather than WSE time series data. The rating curve represents the internal characteristics of the river section, and is not sensitive to the instantaneous simulated discharge errors. Our results showed that the corrected river bathymetry are robust to bias in runoff as they converged among experiments driven by noise‐corrupted or multimodel runoff forcing. Evaluation with the corrected river bathymetry against virtual truth demonstrated that the new method reduced 0.85–1.12 m of the absolute bias than the result from the conventional method. The deviation among the results reduced by more than 70% particularly in river sections with no backwater effects. Evaluation of the corrected river model output also showed the advantage of rating‐curve bias correction, as the simulated WSE is reasonably better only with better runoff and it does not conceal errors in runoff inputs. Given the difficulty of eliminating discharge errors and bias in runoff, a method for correcting river bathymetry that is free from discharge and runoff errors is important for improving hydrodynamic modeling.
The Role of Global Data Sets for Riverine Flood Risk Management at National Scales
Authors: Bernhofen Mark V. , Cooper Sarah , Trigg Mark , Mdee Anna , Carr Andrew , Bhave Ajay , Solano‐Correa Yady Tatiana , Pencue‐Fierro Edgar Leonairo , Teferi Ermias , Haile Alemseged Tamiru , Yusop Zulkifli , Alias Nor Eliza , Sa'adi Zulfaqar , Bin Ramzan Muhamad Anwar , Dhanya C. T. , Shukla Prabhakar
Published: March 2022

Over the last two decades, several data sets have been developed to assess flood risk at the global scale. In recent years, some of these data sets have become detailed enough to be informative at national scales. The use of these data sets nationally could have enormous benefits in areas lacking existing flood risk information and allow better flood management decisions and disaster response. In this study, we evaluate the usefulness of global data for assessing flood risk in five countries: Colombia, England, Ethiopia, India, and Malaysia. National flood risk assessments are carried out for each of the five countries using six data sets of global flood hazard, seven data sets of global population, and three different methods for calculating vulnerability. We also conduct interviews with key water experts in each country to explore what capacity there is to use these global data sets nationally. We find that the data sets differ substantially at the national level, and this is reflected in the national flood risk estimates. While some global data sets could be of significant value for national flood risk management, others are either not detailed enough, or too outdated to be relevant at this scale. For the relevant global data sets to be used most effectively for national flood risk management, a country needs a functioning, institutional framework with capability to support their use and implementation.
Molecular functions and therapeutic applications of exosomal noncoding RNAs in cancer
Authors: Liu Qin-Wen , He Yan , Xu Wen Wen
Published: March 2022

Cancer is one of the most difficult diseases in human society. Therefore, it is urgent for us to understand its pathogenesis and improve the cure rate. Exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles formed by a variety of cells through endocytosis. As a new means of intercellular information exchange, exosomes have attracted much attention. Noncoding RNAs exist in various cell compartments and participate in a variety of cellular reactions; in particular, they can be detected in exosomes bound to lipoproteins and free circulating molecules. Increasing evidence has suggested the potential roles of exosomal noncoding RNAs in the progression of tumors. Herein, we present a comprehensive update on the biological functions of exosomal noncoding RNAs in the development of cancer. Specifically, we mainly focus on the effects of exosomal noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, circular RNAs, long noncoding RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs, on tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. Moreover, we outline the current clinical implications concerning exosomal noncoding RNAs in cancer treatment.
Characteristics of solar-irradiance spectra from measurements, modeling, and theoretical approach
Authors: Thuillier Gerard , Zhu Ping , Snow Martin , Zhang Peng , Ye Xin
Published: March 2022

An accurate solar-irradiance spectrum is needed as an input to any planetary atmosphere or climate model. Depending on the spectral characteristics of the chosen model, uncertainties in the irradiance may introduce significant differences in atmospheric and climate predictions. This is why several solar spectral-irradiance data sets have been published during the last decade. They have been obtained by different methods: either measurements from a single instrument or a composite of different spectra, or they are theoretical or semi-empirical solar models. In this paper, these spectral datasets will be compared in terms of irradiance, power per spectral interval, their derived solar-atmosphere brightness temperature, and time series. Whatever the different sources of these spectra are, they generally agree to within their quoted accuracy. The solar-rotation effect simultaneously observed by SORCE and PREMOS–PICARD is accurately measured. The 11-year long-term variability remains a difficult task, given the weak activity of solar cycle 24 and long-term instrument aging.
Chiral carbon dots: synthesis, optical properties, and emerging applications
Authors: Döring Aaron , Ushakova Elena , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: March 2022

Carbon dots are luminescent carbonaceous nanoparticles that can be endowed with chiral properties, making them particularly interesting for biomedical applications due to their low cytotoxicity and facile synthesis. In recent years, synthetic efforts leading to chiral carbon dots with other attractive optical properties such as two-photon absorption and circularly polarized light emission have flourished. We start this review by introducing examples of molecular chirality and its origins and providing a summary of chiroptical spectroscopy used for its characterization. Then approaches used to induce chirality in nanomaterials are reviewed. In the main part of this review we focus on chiral carbon dots, introducing their fabrication techniques such as bottom-up and top-down chemical syntheses, their morphology, and optical/chiroptical properties. We then consider emerging applications of chiral carbon dots in sensing, bioimaging, and catalysis, and conclude this review with a summary and future challenges.
Enabling robust and hour-level organic long persistent luminescence from carbon dots by covalent fixation
Authors: Jiang Kai , Wang Yuci , Lin Cunjian , Zheng Licheng , Du Jiaren , Zhuang Yixi , Xie Rongjun , Li Zhongjun , Lin Hengwei
Published: March 2022

The first carbon dot (CD)-based organic long persistent luminescence (OLPL) system exhibiting more than 1 h of duration was developed. In contrast to the established OLPL systems, herein, the reported CDs-based system (named m-CDs@CA) can be facilely and effectively fabricated using a household microwave oven, and more impressively, its LPL can be observed under ambient conditions and even in aqueous media. XRD and TEM characterizations, afterglow decay, time-resolved spectroscopy, and ESR analysis were performed, showing the successful composition of CDs and CA, the formation of exciplexes and long-lived charged-separated states. Further studies suggest that the production of covalent bonds between CA and CDs plays pivotal roles in activating LPL and preventing its quenching from oxygen and water. To the best of our knowledge, this is a very rare example of an OLPL system that exhibits hour-level afterglow under ambient conditions. Finally, applications of m-CDs@CA in glow-in-the-dark paints for emergency signs and multicolored luminous pearls were preliminarily demonstrated. This work may provide new insights for the development of rare-earth-free and robust OLPL materials.
Deep learning autofluorescence-harmonic microscopy
Authors: Shen Binglin , Liu Shaowen , Li Yanping , Pan Ying , Lu Yuan , Hu Rui , Qu Junle , Liu Liwei
Published: March 2022

Laser scanning microscopy has inherent tradeoffs between imaging speed, field of view (FOV), and spatial resolution due to the limitations of sophisticated mechanical and optical setups, and deep learning networks have emerged to overcome these limitations without changing the system. Here, we demonstrate deep learning autofluorescence-harmonic microscopy (DLAM) based on self-alignment attention-guided residual-in-residual dense generative adversarial networks to close the gap between speed, FOV, and quality. Using the framework, we demonstrate label-free large-field multimodal imaging of clinicopathological tissues with enhanced spatial resolution and running time advantages. Statistical quality assessments show that the attention-guided residual dense connections minimize the persistent noise, distortions, and scanning fringes that degrade the autofluorescence-harmonic images and avoid reconstruction artifacts in the output images. With the advantages of high contrast, high fidelity, and high speed in image reconstruction, DLAM can act as a powerful tool for the noninvasive evaluation of diseases, neural activity, and embryogenesis.
Apolipoprotein E Isoform-specific changes related to stress and trauma exposure
Authors: Torres Eileen Ruth S. , Luo Jenny , Boehnlein James K. , Towns Daniel , Kinzie J. David , DeBarber Andrea E. , Raber Jacob
Published: March 2022

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent mental health disorder. Due to the high level of variability in susceptibility and severity, PTSD therapies are still insufficient. In addition to environmental exposures, genetic risks play a prominent role and one such factor is apolipoprotein E. The protein (apoE) is functionally involved in cholesterol transport and metabolism and exists as 3 major isoforms in humans: E2, E3, and E4. To model the role of apolipoprotein E isoform in stress-related changes in behavior and cognition, female and male mice (3–5 months of age) expressing E2, E3, or E4 were used. Mice were either placed into control groups or exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS), which has been shown to induce PTSD-like behavioral and neuroendocrine changes. E2 mice showed a unique response to CVS compared to E3 and E4 mice that included impaired spatial learning and memory, increased adrenal gland weight, and no increase in glucocorticoid receptor protein levels (normalized to apoE levels). In addition, the cholesterol metabolite 7-ketocholesterol was elevated in the cortex after CVS in E3 and E4, but not E2 female mice. E2 confers unique changes in behavioral, cognitive, and biomarker profiles after stress exposure and identify 7-ketocholesterol as a possible novel biomarker of the traumatic stress response. We further explored the relationship between E2 and PTSD in an understudied population by genotyping 102 patients of Cambodian and Vietnamese ethnicity. E2 carriers demonstrated a higher odds ratio of having a PTSD diagnosis compared to E3/E3 carriers, supporting that the E2 genotype is associated with PTSD diagnosis after trauma exposure in this population.
Effects of APOE4 allelic dosage on lipidomic signatures in the entorhinal cortex of aged mice
Authors: Miranda André Miguel , Ashok Archana , Chan Robin Barry , Zhou Bowen , Xu Yimeng , McIntire Laura Beth , Area-Gomez Estela , Di Paolo Gilbert , Duff Karen E. , Oliveira Tiago Gil , Nuriel Tal
Published: March 2022

Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) is the primary genetic risk factor for the late-onset form of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the reason for this association is not completely understood, researchers have uncovered numerous effects of APOE4 expression on AD-relevant brain processes, including amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, lipid metabolism, endosomal-lysosomal trafficking, and bioenergetics. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of APOE4 allelic dosage on regional brain lipid composition in aged mice, as well as in cultured neurons. We performed a targeted lipidomic analysis on an AD-vulnerable brain region (entorhinal cortex; EC) and an AD-resistant brain region (primary visual cortex; PVC) from 14–15 month-old APOE3/3, APOE3/4, and APOE4/4 targeted replacement mice, as well as on neurons cultured with conditioned media from APOE3/3 or APOE4/4 astrocytes. Our results reveal that the EC possesses increased susceptibility to APOE4-associated lipid alterations compared to the PVC. In the EC, APOE4 expression showed a dominant effect in decreasing diacylglycerol (DAG) levels, and a semi-dominant, additive effect in the upregulation of multiple ceramide, glycosylated sphingolipid, and bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) species, lipids known to accumulate as a result of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction. Neurons treated with conditioned media from APOE4/4 vs. APOE3/3 astrocytes showed similar alterations of DAG and BMP species to those observed in the mouse EC. Our results suggest that APOE4 expression differentially modulates regional neuronal lipid signatures, which may underlie the increased susceptibility of EC-localized neurons to AD pathology.