bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapanui and Chile, a Debate on Self-Determination: A Notional and Legal Basis for the Political Decolonisation of Easter Island
Authors:   , Gómez S. Rodrigo A.
Published: November 2021

This project is an ambitious attempt to review the tie between Chile and Rapanui according to law. According to Gonschor the people of Easter Island are entitled to obtain political decolonisation according to the United Nations' parameters and international treaties of which Chile is signatory. This means that the thesis supports the proposition that Easter Island is "the" Chilean colony in Oceania, a belief shared by an important, though so far unquantifiable number of the island's citizens who have internationally raised the question no fewer than three times, in the recent past...
Instruments to Challenge the Grant of a Patent as a Third Party: Suggestions for the Review of New Zealand's Patent System
Authors:   , Buchinski Juliane
Published: November 2021

In recent decades, intellectual property law (in particular patent law) has had to face new challenges due to the accelerating development of technology. Patents can have a negative effect on a country's economy if too many invalid or overly broad patents are granted. Such patents have the potential to impose high costs on society without providing substantial benefits. If a patent regime cannot avoid the grant of such patents, or does not provide instruments to remove them from the register, the negative effect may stifle innovation instead of encouraging it. In 2008, in consideration of these problems, the government of New Zealand introduced a Patents Bill. This Bill is the culmination of the government's review process, which started in the late 1980s. The aim of the Bill is to update New Zealand's patent law in order to bring it in line with international practise and to reduce the costs to society arising from invalid and overly broad patents. The provisions of the Bill cover all principal aspects of the patent regime: standards of examination and procedures, challenges on the grant of a patent, and provisions for updating the regulatory regime for patent attorneys. This dissertation focuses on analysing how the quality of New Zealand's patents could be enhanced using the knowledge and experience of third parties. Because the current examination standards may allow the grant of overly broad patents, this dissertation analyses specifically which changes in the examination procedure could help prevent the grant of "bad" patents without overburdening the resources of the IPONZ. In the next step, the dissertation analyses third-party instruments under the current patent system and under the Patents Bill 2008, proving that neither approach by itself would be sufficient to bring about an effective patent reviewing system for New Zealand. The approach under the current system is too expensive and has the potential to delay the granting procedure, whereas the approach proposed by the Patents Bill 2008 limits the influence of third parties before the grant of a patent to such an extent that most patents may remain in the register. The overall aim of this dissertation is to suggest a new approach that includes aspects of both of the others in order to find a balanced solution and an optimal fit for the specific needs of New Zealand.
Volunteers Matter: The Geographies of Community-Based Ecological Restoration Groups in the Wellington Region
Authors:   , Cowie Caroline
Published: November 2021

The Community-based ecological restoration movement is a growing phenomenon here in New Zealand. While the role of volunteers and human agency is integral to ecological restoration; most academic attention has been paid to the science of ecological restoration and its practical applications. The scant amount of literature which examines the social worlds of community-based ecological restoration, both internationally and here in New Zealand, warrants further investigation of this topic. This study explores the Geographies of the community-based ecological restoration movement in the Wellington Region by investigating 1) what these groups are doing, 2) who these volunteers are and what draws them to this work, and 3) what keeps these volunteers coming back. This study found that the volunteers of these groups, motivated by a wide range of both social and environmental concerns, do a stunning amount of work for their group which would be completely unaffordable if done by anyone except dedicated volunteers. The members of these groups are generally older, with the time and money to be able to take on this kind of commitment. And while seeing the results of their hard work is a major motivating factor in returning to volunteer for the group again and again, volunteering in this sector is not always as altruistic as it may seem to bemused passers by; the vast majority of members have received a range of new skills and knowledges as well as a number of social benefits as a result of their membership to these groups. As New Zealand's population ages, the number of potential volunteers willing and able to do this work will increase significantly, posing implications for the agencies that currently fund and support these groups.
A Personal and Fragile Affair: The Sonic Environment and Its Place In My Compositions
Authors:   , Voyce Thomas
Published: November 2021

To begin with, I will briefly outline my compositional process. This will help to provide an understanding of my motivations. I will then pose some questions relating to the practice of field recording and the use of these materials in electroacoustic composition. Through a discussion of early electronic music, musique concrete, soundscape composition and the ideologies of composers associated with these movements, I will reveal the tensions surrounding the use of referential material in acousmatic music. Finally, I will show how I have attempted to address these tensions in my own work.
Identifying the Critical Factors in Software Development Methodology Fit
Authors:   , Lemétayer Julien
Published: November 2021

In software development, one size does not fit all. Contingencies shape the alignment between the project and its environment, and between software development and project success. Yet the conditions favouring a particular software development methodology (e.g., waterfall or scrum) are not well understood. The current research aims to answer two questions: (1) What are the important factors in software development methodology (SDM) fit? (2) What is the role of SDM fit in project success? A review of the IT literature revealed two kinds of SDMs. On the one hand, there are traditional, plan-driven methodologies that seek compliance to a pre-established plan and existing processes. On the other hand, there are agile methodologies that seek to embrace the increasing changes and uncertainty involved in software development projects. The literature review established that there is no agreement on the contingencies associated with the use of each methodology, nor agreement on how to measure project success. Exploratory research was undertaken to identify contingencies in software development. Preliminary interviews of projects workers, using a card sort procedure, helped to identify key constructs and to generate and refine a set of measurement items. Then an international survey of software development project workers was conducted. Data analysis revealed two factors that are important in SDM fit: one is organizational culture; and the other is empowerment of the project team. The first factor encapsulates variables related to the project environment such as the level of entrepreneurship and methodology supported by top management. The second factor is related to the characteristics of the project and includes variables such as procedural empowerment and project uncertainty. No support was found for factors such as project size, criticality and the need for personnel supervision that are generally considered important contingencies. The current study also demonstrates that SDM fit is one of the predictors of project success, and affirms prior claims that one methodology does not fit all projects. The current research contributes to the SDM fit literature a contingency model that includes the impact of factors associated with the project and the project environment, on SDM fit and project success. The contingencies identified and evaluated by this research may assist practitioners to select the most appropriate methodology, and to achieve higher project success rates.
Antibacterial Effects of New Zealand Plant Extracts against Mycobacteria
Authors:   , Earl Emma Anne
Published: November 2021

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) has infected approximately 1/3 of the world population, with 9.4 million new TB cases in 2008. In addition to increased cases of drug-resistant strains it is vital that novel antitubercular compounds are discovered in order to treat infections and reduce the time of current TB therapy courses. Natural resources such as plants are now being considered as the focus for discovering new compounds. Plants have long been investigated as a source of antibiotics for the treatment of human disease. New Zealand (NZ) contains a unique and diverse flora; however, to current knowledge no native plants have been examined for antimycobacterial activity. Using ethnobotany as a basis for selection, a total of 58 native plant samples were collected and tested for direct antimycobacterial activity. Samples were extracted with sterile distilled water (SDW), ethanol (EtOH) or methanol (MeOH) and screened for inhibition against the surrogate species, Mycobacterium smegmatis. Active plant samples were then validated for bacteriostatic activity towards M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Ra as well as other clinically-important species. Nine extracts from the species Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Lophomyrtus bullata, Metrosideros excelsa, Myoporum laetum, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pseudopanax crassifolius and Pseudowintera colorata were found to be active against M. smegmatis. Two active extracts were the bark and cambium extracts of Laurelia novae-zelandiae (Pukatea), which were reportedly used by indigenous Māori for the treatment of tubercular lesions. Upon further investigation these extracts also demonstrated bactericidal activity towards M. smegmatis as well as bacteriostatic activity towards the slow-growing species M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. Purification techniques were then performed to improve the efficiency of activity and initial exploration of delivery systems was also examined. The bioactive extracts determined in this research offer a starting point for identifying their chemical basis of antimycobacterial activity with the objective of potentially discovering new anti-tubercular drugs.
The Evolution of International Policing in the Pacific: a Critical Analysis
Authors:   , Boswell Bronwin M.
Published: November 2021

I have been involved in policing and crime prevention for many years. I was a sworn member of Victoria Police (Australia), a crime prevention coordinator in a New Zealand community, and am currently employed by New Zealand Police (NZP). My interest in international policing grew as I realised more and more police were serving in a number of roles overseas. At first, I thought this a nice departure from normal duties for those lucky enough to take up opportunities to contribute to policing in other countries. Deeper thought followed about the juxtaposition of western models of policing, international relations and the customs of developing countries. The more I tried to find out the more questions were raised. Soon it was evident that little had been written about international policing and even less about international policing in relation to the Pacific. The need for research that combines the study of cross-border policing of crime and criminality with international relations scholarship has been identified by Peter Andreas and Ethan Nadelmann in their 2006 co-authored book. A growing body of literature examines policing and development in the Pacific, but is mainly centred on conflicts in Melanesia with particular emphasis on the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). Apparently, no single work discusses the needs of police services in the Pacific in relation to domestic policing and international cooperation. This work seeks to fill that gap.
The Life of Language: Saussure and Evolution
Authors:   , Gilchrist Michael
Published: November 2021

The stimulus for this thesis came from a quite unexpected source. Originally I embarked on a comparative study of the two philosophers primarily responsible for the divergence of the Continental and Anglo-American traditions of language based philosophy: Ferdinand de Saussure and Gottlob Frege. But when I began a careful reading of Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics (1974 – the Course) I was struck by the extent to which his synchronic theory of language appeared to reflect an awareness of linguistic evolution as analogous to biological evolution. That seemed to me to be particularly interesting for two reasons. First, I was aware of the empirical success that linguists and biologists have had in the late twentieth century in exploiting this analogy, particularly in tracing the geographical origins of ethnic groups (Cavalli-Sforza, 2000). Second, Saussure is usually identified with a view of language as something essentially arbitrary and conventional – something essentially human (Saussure, 1974, p. 16). By that account linguistic evolution would seem to have little in common with natural evolutionary processes. Yet far from rejecting the analogy, Saussure seemed to be taking a position within it, promoting a view of linguistic evolution that was akin to a contemporary Darwinian understanding, as opposed to a more archaic view, of biological evolution (Saussure, 1974, p. 4). The questions then arose: to what extent is Saussure’s theory of language a theory that could underpin and explain the linguistic-biological analogy? To what extent should it be such a theory? And what does the linguisticbiological analogy suggest about the philosophical appropriation of Saussure’s theory? These are the guiding questions of this thesis. The answers I advance make for what I hope is an interesting and even provocative re-reading of Saussure’s theory of language.
Transforming Congregational Conflict: An Integrated Framework for Understanding and Addressing conflict in Christian Faith Communities
Authors:   , Kemp Karen Margaret
Published: November 2021

Churches have traditionally turned to conflict resolution measures, such as mediation, arbitration, and litigation, rather than conflict transformation approaches, when addressing congregational discord. In so doing, they miss the opportunity for constructive change that conflict presents and set themselves up for cycles of conflict to recur in the future. At the same time they diminish their self-claimed identity as followers of Jesus Christ, whose recorded teaching gives striking priority to peacemaking and reconciliation. Chapter one introduces the context for this thesis. Much work has already been done to explore biblical understandings of conflict, forgiveness and reconciliation, on the one hand, and to apply current conflict resolution practices to congregational settings on the other. However, little has been done to develop a conceptual framework that seeks to integrate biblical understandings with the insights of modern conflict analysis in a practically useful way. Chapter two of this thesis focuses on Jesus' teaching in Matthew 18 and shows why this passage is a key biblical resource for understanding and addressing congregational conflict. Chapter three examines conflict resolution theory and practice and shows why a transformational approach is the most appropriate one for addressing congregational conflict. The fourth chapter brings Jesus' teaching in Matthew 18 into a dialogue with current conflict transformation theory and practice. This conversation integrates theology and practice and clarifies the ways in which Jesus' teaching and transformative approaches to conflict both complement and enrich each other in the quest for lasting answers to the problem of congregational conflict. This thesis concludes by proposing a framework in which the many resources available might be understood and utilised in an integrated way by congregations that seek not only to enhance their capacity to respond to conflict in healthier ways, but also to embody the teachings of Christ in their midst.
The Petrology and Genesis of Silicic Magmas in the Kermadec Arc
Authors:   , Barker Simon James
Published: November 2021

Recent work has shown that silicic volcanism can be abundant in intra-oceanic subduction settings, and is often associated with large explosive caldera-forming eruptions. Several major petrogenetic questions arise over the origin and eruption of large amounts of silicic magma at these relatively simple subduction settings. This study has investigated the geochemistry of pyroclasts collected from four volcanoes along the Kermadec arc, a young (<2 Myr) oceanic subduction zone in the southwest Pacific. Raoul, Macauley and a newly discovered volcano (here informally named 'New volcano') in the northern Kermadec arc, and Healy volcano in the southern Kermadec arc have all erupted dacitic to rhyolitic pumice within the last 10 kyr. For Raoul, New volcano and Healy, whole rock major element compositions fall with a limited compositional range. In contrast, pumice dredged from around Macauley caldera covers a wide compositional range indicating that there have been multiple silicic eruptions, not just the Sandy Bay Tephra exposed on Macauley Island. Distinctive crystal populations in both pumice samples and plutonic xenoliths suggest that many of the crystals did not grow in the evolved magmas, but were mixed in from other sources including gabbros and tonalites. Such open system mixing is ubiquitous in magmas from the four Kermadec volcanoes studied here. Silicic magmas, co-eruptive mafic enclaves and previously erupted basalts show sub-parallel REE patterns, and crystal composition and zonation suggests that mafic and silicic magmas have a strong genetic affiliation. Examination of whole rock, glass and mineral chemistry reveals that evolved magmas can be generated at each volcano through 60-75% crystal fractionation of a basaltic parent. These findings are not consistent with silicic magma generation via crustal anatexis, as previously suggested for the Kermadec arc. Although crystallisation is the dominant process driving melt evolution in the Kermadec volcanoes, the magmatic systems are open to contributions from both newly arriving melts and wholly crystalline plutonic bodies. Such processes occur in variable proportions between magma batches, and are largely reflected by small scale chemical variations between eruption units. Larger scale chemical trends reflect the position of the volcanoes along the arc, which in turn may reflect structural changes in the subduction zone and variations in sediment influx.
Statistical Analysis of New Zealand Electricity Prices: A Risk Manager's Perspective
Authors:   , Moy Caroline
Published: November 2021

This thesis considers the conventional SARIMA model and the EVT-GARCH model for forecasting electricity prices. However, we find that these models do not adequately capture the important characteristics of the electricity price data. A new model is developed, the EVT-SARIMA model, for forecasting electricity prices which is found to be the best at modelling the nature of the electricity prices. A time series of half-hourly electricity price data from the Hayward node in New Zealand is transformed into a daily average price series and using this resulting series, appropriate models are fitted for estimating and forecasting.  The new EVT-SARIMA model is used to simulate 1000 time series of daily electricity prices, over a 90 day period, to consider strategies for managing the risk associated with price volatility. The effects of different financial instruments on the cumulative distribution functions of predicted revenue obtained using our model are considered. Results suggest that different contracts have different effects on the predicted revenue. However, all contracts have the effect of reducing variability in the predicted revenue values and thus, should be used by a risk manager to reduce the range of probable revenue values. The quantity traded and which contracts to use is dependent on the objectives of the risk manager.
Commonplace: Towards a Post-­‐Ethnic Understanding of Identity and Representation of Asian New Zealanders for Museum Practice
Authors:   , Mey Vera
Published: November 2021

Displays of national identity in the context of the social history exhibition focus on the universal as a method of connecting a diverse group of people. The issue with this approach for Asian New Zealanders is the vexed and complex process of identity making and their contested representational history. Being Asian in New Zealand is inevitably tied to an offshore repository of signs and signifiers whilst a local presence alludes to a peripheral experience. This dissertation considers the museum not as a mirror but as a manifesto and privileges the encounter between the exhibition and the exhibited subject. Considering recent identity theories such as hybridity and cosmopolitanism, this dissertation provides fresh perspectives to explore processes of representation within the museum. The two perspectives examined are representation within the museum exhibition Passports at Te Papa Tongarewa and processes of identity making through narrative biographies of 'later' generations of Asian New Zealanders. Examining these two sides of representation is a means to evaluate the efficacy of representation within the civic space of the museum. Narrative interviews were conducted using a longitudinal approach. Two separate interviews, with the first in the museum setting, allowed for an exploration of how representation and meaning precedes and succeeds the confrontation with an exhibition. The empirical material reveals that for the participants in this study the focus is no longer on migration and being from 'somewhere else' but rather navigating and negotiating multiple identities as a result of circumstances located in this time and place. The term 'Asian' in New Zealand holds its own meaning beyond geographic markers and in this research accounts more for the idea of a type of communal experience as opposed to traditions bound by ethnic specificity. This research aims to fill a dearth in empirical testing of identity theory as well as reveal an understanding of the potential of the person as a signifier. Viewing the exhibition as an influence on identity making allows for a realisation of how feelings of belonging are shaped within the museum's walls, and how the exhibition holds influence going beyond this site of encounter.
"Lady Alcumy": Elizabethan Gentlewomen and the Practice of Chymistry
Authors:   , Latham Sienna Louise
Published: November 2021

This thesis explores the advent of gentlewomen's chymical activities in Elizabethan England. In the sixteenth century, chymistry gained widespread currency under Queen Elizabeth I. This thesis argues that the queen's significant chymical interests contributed to her iconography, thereby bridging England's previously discrete chymical and female realms. It shows that Elizabeth's influence and fundamental societal changes enabled women, beginning with the gentry, to acquire and apply chymical knowledge. Four case studies highlight the queen's impact on her female subjects through an examination of primary manuscript and printed sources. The Protestant gentlewomen Grace Mildmay, Mary Sidney Herbert, Margaret Hoby and Margaret Clifford may first have encountered chymistry in the manifestation of their religious beliefs through charitable healing, but they developed their knowledge in very different ways. Evidence of their engagement with chymical practitioners and writings provides context for their activities. Shared motivations led to divergent practices, indicating that chymistry in Elizabethan England took as many forms as there were practitioners. This thesis asserts the crucial importance of community to early modern chymists, noting courtly links and overlapping social circles. It contributes to limited historiography on Elizabethan alchemy as well as female alchemists.
Evaluating the GO Programming Language with Design Patterns
Authors:   , Schmager Frank
Published: November 2021

GO is a new object-oriented programming language developed at Google by Rob Pike, Ken Thompson, and others. GO has the potential to become a major programming language. GO deserves an evaluation.  Design patterns document reoccurring problems and their solutions. The problems presented are programming language independent. Their solutions, however, are dependent on features programming languages provide. In this thesis we use design patterns to evaluate GO. We discuss GO features that help or hinder implementing design patterns, and present a pattern catalogue of all 23 Gang-of-Four design patterns with GO specific solutions. Furthermore, we present GoHotDraw, a GO port of the pattern dense drawing application framework JHotDraw. We discuss design and implementation differences between the two frameworks with regards to GO.
The Challenges of Implementing the ITIL Problem Management Process in IT Support Organisations
Authors:   , Hsu Michael
Published: November 2021

Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is a framework and an integrated set of process orientated best practices for providing IT infrastructure support, managing and delivering IT services. As organisations in the digital age rely on Information Technology for their daily operations as well as future growth and success, the ITIL framework is widely adopted. The Problem Management process is one of the Service Operation processes defined by the ITIL framework. Whilst the adoption of the ITIL framework is often for the benefit of both the organisations that provide IT support and services and the organisations which consume them, the challenges of implementing this framework and its processes is often left to the IT support organisations. This paper focuses on the ITIL Problem Management process; it reviews the principles and objectives of this IT Service Management process from an IT Governance stand point, and its implementation in the context of organisational IT services and operations. This paper collects and presents the views and insights from IT professionals who routinely worked with ITIL processes. As empirical research, this paper seeks to identify and prioritize the challenges associated with implementing the ITIL Problem Management process by the IT support organisations; it also seeks to understand the ways and methods to overcome these challenges. This paper identifies 23 unique challenges in 6 categories including “the understanding”, “the buy-in”, “the investment”, “the interrelation”, the “execution” and “the organisational factors” which are associated with implementing the ITIL Problem Management process. The ranking of these challenges is also finalized. This paper further offers suggestions for IT support organisations to overcome these challenges. It suggests that IT support organisations may first address and overcome the challenges associated with the understanding and the buy-in of the ITIL Problem Management process, and use an overall top-down approach and effective organisational communication as they try to implement the ITIL Problem Management process.
Collecting for New Zealand: Examining What the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Should Collect
Authors:   , Searle Chloe Chantal
Published: November 2021

Collecting for New Zealand explores two interconnected questions: how do history curators at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa decide what to collect; and what do those curators and members of the public think Te Papa should collect. Te Papa’s status as a national museum is important to the context within which decisions are made and opinions formed about collecting. By detailing the actual acquisition process and including the views of museum users, this research makes an important contribution to the literature on museum collecting. This study draws on multiple sources of data to examine history collecting at Te Papa. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with current curatorial staff and focus group discussions were held with members of the public. Current and previous policy documents that influence collecting at Te Papa were also reviewed. These sources combine to develop a picture of collecting at Te Papa which encompasses both specific details of staff practice and a further understanding of what qualities people seek in museum collection items. This thesis provides vital details on the practice and implications of collecting using location, in this case New Zealand, as a selection guide. In examining how staff decide what to collect, concerns expressed in the existing literature about the power of individuals to shape what is acquired are also addressed. The extent to which the views of the general public and those of museum staff are shared is revealed. In developing a fuller understanding of what people think Te Papa should collect, this research contributes to the debate about how to collect in ways that are sustainable. Collecting for New Zealand concludes by reflecting on the importance of audience to Te Papa’s ongoing collecting activity.
William Herle and the English Secret Service
Authors:   , Gill Michael Patrick
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines William Herle's life through his surviving letters to William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and other Elizabethan Privy Councillors. It emphasises the centrality of the Elizabethan patronage system to Herle's life, describing how his ties to Cecil helped Herle escape prison, avoid his creditors, and gain recompense for his service to Elizabeth. In exchange for Cecil's protection, Herle became deeply involved in Elizabethan intelligence networks, both domestic and foreign, throughout the 1570s and 1580s. Herle helped uncover plots against Elizabeth, passed vital information about events in the Spanish Netherlands back to England, and provided analyses of English foreign policy for his superiors. Despite his vital role, Herle never experienced true success, and died deeply in debt and abandoned by his patrons. Herle's life allows us wider insights into Elizabethan government and society. His experiences emphasises the inefficient nature of the Tudor foreign service, which utilised untrained diplomats who gained their position through political connections and were left to pay their own way through taking out loans they had little hope of repaying. Similarly, the numerous law suits which Herle describes in his letters are absent from official records, implying that Tudor society was even more litigious than previously assumed. Herle's life-long status as a gentleman, despite being arrested as a pirate and frequently imprisoned for debt, reinforces the lack of social mobility in Elizabethan England. His focus throughout his life on the need to support the 'Protestant Cause,' and his fear of an international Catholic conspiracy was shared by Cecil, Leicester, and Walsingham, and shows how deeply religious divisions affected English foreign and domestic policy.
Individual Roles and Conflicting Moral Obligations: Examples from Corporate and Professional New Zealand
Authors:   , Krauthausen Udo
Published: November 2021

This paper is concerned with the notion of role morality. It attempts to answer the question of how individuals deal with conflicts between role morality and personal convictions. Based upon the answer to this question the paper further attempts to answer the question of how institutions that establish role morality need to proceed in order to ensure that the rules and principles issued by them are actually followed. Finally, the paper takes a look at the situation in professional and corporate societies in New Zealand and the way professional associations and business corporations in New Zealand deal with the fact that obligations under professional and corporate ethics may conflict with the personal convictions of professionals and employees.
The Birthday Letters Myth
Authors:   , Armitage Andrew Derek
Published: November 2021

Ted Hughes's Birthday Letters (1998) has, for the most part, been judged in terms of its autobiographical content rather than for its poetic achievement. The poems are addressed to Hughes's first wife Sylvia Plath, who committed suicide in 1963 shortly after they separated. The poems describe their relationship and deal with the aftermath of her suicide and Hughes's role in managing and promoting her writings, in many of which he was characterised as a villain. Hughes has been criticised for his subjective treatment of these events in Birthday Letters. Furthermore, the drama of the poems takes place in an apparently fatalistic universe which has led to accusations that Hughes uses fatalism in order to create a deterministic explanation for Plath's suicide and absolve himself. In The Birthday Letters Myth I will be arguing that Hughes's mythopoeia in Birthday Letters is part of his overtly subjective challenge to the discourses that have hitherto provided the "story" of his life. In Birthday Letters, there are two versions of Hughes: the younger Hughes who is character involved in the drama, and the older Hughes, looking back on his life, interpreting 'omens' and 'portents' and creating a meaningful narrative from the chaos. By his own method, Hughes highlights the subjectivity and retrospective determinism of those narratives (or 'myths') about his life that often uncritically adopt the dramatic dialectic of' victim' and 'villain' in Plath's poems. In Birthday Letters, Hughes adopts the symbols and drama from Plath's writings in order to create his own dramatic "myth" that resists contamination from the other discourses that have perpetuated the drama within her poems. The underlying myth of Birthday Letters is the shamanic myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. Hughes believed the role of the poet and that of the shaman were analogous and in Birthday Letters, as Orpheus, he goes on an imaginary journey to recover his private assumptions and conclusions about his relationship with Plath. In doing so, he achieves a redemptive, cathartic healing image for himself and the reader.
Something Old, Something New: Initial Teacher Education in the Online Mode
Authors:   , Yates Anne
Published: November 2021

Access to the internet has allowed online learning to become widespread. However, online learning can be met with scepticism and is often seen as second best. This thesis examines experiences of several beginning teachers who completed their initial teacher education solely in the online mode. It sought to discover perceptions of their preparedness to teach in a face-to-face classroom. The methodological approach was a multiple case study underpinned by a constructivist paradigm. Nine beginning teachers volunteered to complete two surveys and seven agreed to be interviewed. Using inductive content analysis, three overarching themes emerged. Participants were in general agreement that the content covered in the online course was comprehensive and had prepared them well to begin teaching, though findings did indicate that the beginning teachers experienced a theory/practice divide between what was learnt from the online content and what they experienced in schools during practicum. Studying online had advantages and challenges, the major advantage being the flexibility online study affords, and the major challenge coping with the sense of isolation from peers. The beginning teachers were in a variety of contexts and received varying induction support. Those receiving little support encountered difficulties in managing students' behaviour and experienced falling efficacy, emphasising that effective induction is essential for beginning teachers to thrive and develop professionally. The findings from this research identified recommendations to improve the online initial teacher education learning experience. The links between the online programme and teaching practicum need strengthening so these parts of the programme align. Lecturers need to make full use of Web 2.0 tools to develop tasks that create learning communities and dispel the feeling of isolation. Further research into the relationship between induction support and efficacy needs to occur to see if this phenomenon is more widespread.
Indigenous Organising in Global Contexts
Authors:   , Finlay Steven John
Published: November 2021

Drawing from social phenomenology, this thesis builds a grounded theory of indigenisation from two cases in their respective global and historical contexts: Te Wānanga o Raukawa in New Zealand and The Iona Community in Scotland. The theory describes indigenous organising as a process, showing how leaders develop strategies for their organisations to recover, enact and update indigenous knowledge. The theory of indigenisation also shows how actors use this knowledge to rebuild identity and overcome the effects of globalist practices, illustrating the dialectic of how globalisation as a large scale social process may be declining as differing cultures and their ways of organising emerge.
The Malay Women and Terrace Housing in Malaysia
Authors:   , Md Zohri Farah
Published: November 2021

Being of one of the major aboriginal groups in Malaysia, the Muslim Malay women differ socio culturally from women of other religious and cultural background. Malay women have particular spatial requirements especially within the domestic environment. However, these requirements are rarely considered when it comes to the design of modern urban living environments. Terrace housing is the dominant form of urban housing in Malaysia. Since the 1970s, it has catered to the mass housing needs of ‘rural-to-urban’ migrants. Associated with the lack of considerations for traditional, cultural and religious aspects, the design of terrace housing fails in terms of intimacy, privacy and safety for Malay women as well as environmental performance and adaptability. The traditional rural Malay houses evolved in response to the unique cultural needs of the Malay women and her family and offers solutions for contemporary urban housing for Malay families. As contextually appropriate housing solution, their spatial organization and construction system can inform how best to design for the occupants and the environment. The research studies the Malay women, traditional housing environments and the shortcomings of terrace housing. The thesis aim is to identify an architectural solution to the current issues in Malaysian terrace housing. The study proposes a flexible prefabricated construction method, modular screen-wall panelling and a timber flooring system as a design solution to the socio cultural and religious needs of the Malay women and her family.
Truth in Fiction: Storytelling and Architecture
Authors:   , Kimber Lee
Published: November 2021

Current discourse on architectural narrative suggests that a series of events or impressions of space can be ‘read’ through a sequencing of spaces and views within a building. It is presumed that a building is read in the same way as a sequence of shots in a film. In this model, architects set up a narrative which is played out through a careful construction of viewpoints and events. In practice this can lead to the manipulation of spatial experience at the sacrifice of individual interpretation, as maintaining the narrative compromises spatial experience. This stems from the fundamental difference between how we experience architecture as opposed to more traditional narratives in printed or pictorial media. The experience of space is not a linear one, nor is it bound by a strict timeline which follows from cause to effect. Unlike a novel, where the author has complete control over the pacing and focus of each scene, the architect cannot rely on others to interpret his exact intentions, or on his architecture remaining true to a single narrative over time. This research is about storytelling in architecture. Specifically, how we might better use narratives to play to the strengths of our medium. From examining current practices in publicly establishing narratives, to investigating the work of John Hejduk, this work examines how architectural narratives have been constructed in the past, and whether this has been successful. Using an analysis of three works of fiction: The Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges, The Castle by Franz Kafka and The House of Leaves by Mark Z Danielewski; I analyse the various uses of the architectural metaphor in fiction and how these fictional spaces have been used as characters within their individual narratives. I use design to develop a process which takes a basic house plan and applies a non-linear narrative to it. This narrative is not concerned with a single interpretation. This process creates spaces imbued with the stories of the novels studied, and of my role as designer. Yet they may also be reinterpreted again by a new viewer to give a kind of immortality to the story. The architecture continually adapts itself to new experiences and understandings. Finally, I argue that we do have the ability to use storytelling within architecture to enrich our spaces without resorting to the manipulation of the user. If we return to the cyclic and layered model of storytelling, as opposed to the linear structure of narrative, then our buildings will not only tell our stories more clearly, but also for longer as they appeal to the changing fashions, experiences and applied narratives of the people who use them, remaining relevant to the world of experience.
Playing with Fire: Analysing the Role of Fire in Architecture
Authors:   , Goei Joanita
Published: November 2021

This research addresses the four inherent themes within fire. Fire has an association with myth due to its complexity in nature and existence long before modern science. Even today these myths live on as a way to describe the characteristics of fire as an architectural element. Bachelard’s book The Psychoanalysis of Fire looks at how fire connects with our primitive self through reverie. Fire’s contemplative character allows us to escape the surrounding world, and transport us to a kind of subconscious level. An extension of the reverie of fire is fire’s relation to the primitive. Although we have evolved into advance species, at a basic level we are all still animals. There are certain primal needs inherent within us such as sense of safety and community. Fire fulfils these needs architecturally by providing the setting for ‘primitive experiences.’ The last theme I will look at has to do with fire’s association with living beings. Even though fire is not scientifically a living organism, it is often compared to a living being due to its complexity in character. Moreover, it often symbolises life in many levels of society such as the civic hearth during the Greco-Roman era. Several case studies are looked at to see the application of the ideas represented within the themes of fire. A range of contemporary architecture is chosen to show how the ideals associated with fire are still applicable in architecture even today. In the case studies fire has either been excluded physically but present symbolically, or its presence has been reduced to the bare minimum. The case studies aim to show how fire can be addressed architecturally using other architectural elements that are traditionally associated with fire, such as chimneys and hearth. Due to current issues such as sustainability, having fire physically within a space is becoming more difficult. Many places around the world have banned open fires. An option to continue celebrating fire within architecture is through the symbolic representation of the element. This can be done by using other architectural elements that we traditionally associate with fire ...
Hidden Territories: Integrating New Zealand Secondary Schools with Their Suburban Contexts
Authors:   , Clark Kelly
Published: November 2021

High schools are a significant physical and social component within the suburban environment. These campus like institutions represent a marked change from the homogenous residential suburban environments they are situated within. These school environments posses many urban qualities such as building density and enclosure. This thesis investigates the physical relationship between high schools and the suburban environment and examines how this relationship can be improved. A review of the relevant literature has been conducted in unison with a graphic analysis of sixteen existing New Zealand High schools. Several concepts emerged from these investigations. Of greatest significance were the concepts of New Urbanism, of which the ideas of walkable and multi-use environments, and increased density were of greatest relevance. These ideas were found to align cohesively with those of Roy Stricklands City of Learning concept. Further, the graphic analysis revealed that the school and suburban environments are deficient in three key areas. These are permeability, the built interface between school and suburb, and the suburban environments functional segregation. The research then investigates how both physical and functional connections between school and suburb can be increased to correct these deficiencies. Cashmere High School, Christchurch, was selected for the design case study as it was representative of many of the salient issues identified. The research finds that permeability within the studied suburbs is poor; secondly it finds that school buildings are disengaged from their surrounding context. In addition it finds that school environments posses many urban like qualities such as density, variety and walkability. Finally the research concludes that school environments can be better integrated into their suburban environment.
Architectural Ecology: Cleansing & Regeneration of Polluted Place through Architecture
Authors:   , Pyke Camden
Published: November 2021

New Zealand was once considered one of the least environmentally damaged countries in the world. Heralded for its pristine landscape, and its ‘Pure’ moniker, New Zealand was promoted, perhaps unintentionally, as an environmentally conscious country. However, despite this image New Zealand, like other Westernised countries, suffers from the residual effects of agriculture and industry which have left a legacy of damaged and contaminated sites. This thesis investigates how increased built development and regeneration of damaged environments can be achieved through architectural development, incorporating creatively and sensitively designed buildings. It seeks to adapt and translate technologies and resources to act not only as an environmental cleanser, but also provide for urban regeneration to go beyond the rhetoric of green and sustainable building principles. The research finds that a change in focus is required; away from monetary focus and instead to environmental focus. This needs to occur immediately to avoid further environmental damage and to begin remediation of existing damage. This can be resolved by incorporating existing remediation techniques further into development. The change also needs to incorporate the way in which we live. Urban responses and architecture play very important roles. The creation of mixed use sites with green space allow for localised consumption and recreation. Inhabitation patterns have been poorly addressed by New Zealand developers and a different rationale and process needs to be undertaken. It is time for New Zealand to stop appearing green and start taking significant steps to reducing environmental impact. The project successfully investigates and addresses the issues of regeneration, both of site and urban conditions. It sits between the two streams of thought, technological and theoretical and extracts the positives of these two elements to create an informed solution that recognises past, present and future use.