bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The bioethics in the scene of the nursing. A descriptive study
Authors: Balduino Anice Fátima Ahmad , Corrêa Maria Eduarda Cavadinha , Labronici Liliana Maria , Mantovani Maria Fátima
Published: July 2022

The practical of the nursing is developed in multiple scenes that can be sources for the research with human beings. This practical must be based on the *196/96 Resolution of the National Counsel of Health of the Ministry of Health. The objective of this study is to identify the knowledge of the nurse about the *196/96 Resolution and analyze the contribution of the bioethics principles in the use of this resolution. In Ocober, 2006, 56 nurses, which work in a Public Institution of Health in Curitiba city, in the State of Paraná, have been interviewed. For the collection of the data, a questionnaire with closed qestions, processed manually was applied to the nurses. It was verified that 67.8% do not work with research; 66,1% do not receive protocols; 64,3% and 76.8% respectively do not have knowledge about the terms indemnity and compensation which are included in the resolution. 32.2% are also unaware of the fact that the Research Committee of Ethics (CEP) must be registered to the National Commission in Research of the Ministry of Health (CONEP/MS). The results have also demonstrated an incipient knowledge on the *196/96 Resolution, on the part of the nurses, demonstrating the necessity of permanent education.
Nursing research in Brazil: the client with arterial hypertension or at risk
Authors: Cruz Isabel CF da
Published: July 2022

Uncontrolled high blood pressure is a major public health problem in Brazil, particularly among African-Brazilian people. Despite the advances related to the prevention and control of the disease, many clients are still suffering with the morbity or the mortality of the arterial hipertension and others present the risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases.
Ibero-American and Portuguese Language Countries´ Nursing Research Congress
Authors: Cruz Isabel CF da
Published: July 2022

Informations related to the Nursing Congress in Coimbra, Portugal, November 2007.
Nursing Science Training for Undergraduates
Authors: Cruz Isabel CF da
Published: July 2022

The OBJN invites the undergraduate students under a research training program to publish alog with their advisors
By the way, what about the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict?
Authors: Cruz Isabel CF da
Published: July 2022

Nursing Diagnosis: Deficit of Justice for a mother (Edna Ezequiel, photo) whose adolescent daughter (Alana) and brother (Hélio Ezequiel) were killed in an urban armed conflict in Rio de Janeiro. Nursing Intervention: To implement the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict Proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 3318(XXIX) of 14 December 1974
To be SEER 1.0 or not to be SEER 2.0? That is one of a few questions
Authors: Cruz Isabel CF da
Published: July 2022

The intent of this editorial is to share the fears related to the migration to a new version of the OJS/PKP and to highlight the strengths of the OBJN with the use of the OJS. The editorial also poits out many questions related to the contribuition of the OBJN to the scholars as well as quastions that includ the critical issues of time, costs, and planning.
Chemical composition and photoprotective potential of aqueous extract from Casearia sylvestris var. lingua (Cambess.) Eichler leaves
Authors: Cardoso Claudia Andrea Lima , Aguayo de Castro Thiago Luis , Duarte Goneli André Luís , Verdan Maria Helena
Published: July 2022

Casearia sylvestris var. lingua (Cambess.) Eichler is widely used in traditional medicine to treat diseases. Simultaneously, the growing search for phytocosmetics has culminated in the exploration of plant extracts. In this context, the aim of this study was to obtain the chemical composition and antioxidant and photoprotective potential of the infusion of C. sylvestris var. lingua leaves. The techniques of UV/Vis spectroscopy, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with diode array detector (LC-DAD) were used to get the results. The total phenolic content in the infusion of leaves from C. sylvestris var. lingua was 101.57 mg GAE g-1, flavonoids 50.37 mg RE g-1 and tannins 1.12 mg TAE g-1. Quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, β-sitosterol, lupeol, lupeol acetate, stigmasterol and campesterol were identified and quantified in the samples. The infusion of C. sylvestris var. lingua leaves has potential for application in phytocosmetics and sunscreens, with a sun protection factor of 8.65 ± 0.45, a UVA/UVB ratio of 1.16 and a critical wavelength of 373.
Hydrogenation of Biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) over Pd Catalysts in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Da Silva Wesley Romário , Rosolen José Maurício , Donate Paulo Marcos
Published: July 2022

We hydrogenated biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in aqueous medium in a reaction catalyzed by palladium nanoparticles (Pd) on carbonaceous materials with different morphology and hydrophobic degree. The Pd catalysts were prepared by dipping the carbonaceous material into a Pd0 micro-emulsion. The catalyst support affected catalytic HMF hydrogenation. By using micrometric active carbon (AC) combined with cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) and Pd, we obtained a micro/nanostructured material designated Pd/CSCNT-AC, which performed better than the other carbonaceous materials containing similar Pd loading. Pd/CSCNT-AC catalyzed HMF hydrogenation at the C=O double bond more selectively, giving between 85% and 99% selectivity toward 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF). We also investigated how temperature, hydrogen pressure, and reaction time affected HMF hydrogenation.
Ion Chromatography: Principles and instrumentation
Authors: Varão Moura Alexandre , Da Silva José Domingos Santos , Gubert Priscila
Published: July 2022

Ion chromatography (IC) is one of the most used analytical methods for the determination of inorganic cations and anions, as well as organic ions. It is considered a method of separation with simple steps, low cost and with good efficiency in chromatographic separation. In addition, it has good validation metrics such as sensitivity, selectivity, precision, robustness, low detection limit and quantification. IC easily replaces conventional wet chemistry methods, which tend to have more analysis steps. The easy extraction of samples, in most cases, does not require organic solvents, facilitating the disposal of waste. Since its creation, IC has accumulated advantages and good acceptance in the food, pharmaceutical, environmental monitoring industries, in addition to increasing implementation in academic research laboratories.
Determination of Nicotine in Cigarette Tobacco Smuggled to Brazil by Modified QuEChERS Methodology
Authors: Domingues Cinthia Eloise , Kordiak Januário , Pedroso Carlos R. , Stremel Tatiana R. de Oliveira , Zittel Rosimara , Los Weinert Patrícia , Vidal Carlos M. de Sousa , De Campos Sandro X.
Published: July 2022

The study of cigarette authenticity in Brazil is important due to increasing consumption of contraband cigarettes. Nicotine concentration is an important parameter reflecting the quality of tobacco used in the production of these cigarettes. Simple methods for this determination, which produce reduced waste, are environmentally and industrially important. The nicotine concentration of smuggled cigarette tobacco was determined by the QuEChERS method, requiring some modifications, such as decreasing the volume of the extractor solvent, changes in pH, and removal of the sample hydration step. Quantification was performed by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The Doehlert matrix design was used to optimize the method. The extraction recoveries ranged from 97.5% to 99.6%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 2.5% and limits of detection and quantification of 0.6 mg L-1 and 2.5 mg L-1, respectively. The method was sensitive and accurate for the detection and quantification of nicotine. The nicotine concentration in contraband cigarettes was found to be lower than that observed in legal cigarettes. The method was successfully applied to real samples of smuggled and legal cigarettes, providing a robust method for routine analysis and proving the need for more studies on quality control of smuggled cigarettes in Brazil.
The Efficacy of New Liquid Laser Dye Material – Chalcone: 1-(4-methylsulfonyl phenyl)-3-(4-N,N-dimethyl (amino phenyl)-2-propen-1-one (MSPPP)
Authors: Attia Mohana Faroug , Elbadawi Abdelrahman A.
Published: July 2022

This paper includes the efficacy of synthesis and characterization of a new liquid laser dye material – chalcone of 1-(4-methylsulfonyl phenyl)-3-(4-N,N-dimethyl (amino phenyl)-2-propen-1-one (MSPPP) and its application as a new laser medium. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of MSPPP were investigated under different solvents and concentrations. The study investigated the pump pulse energies of Nd: YAG laser (355 nm) and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) performance of MSPPP under various concentrations, and organic solvents. At identical conditions, the amplified spontaneous emission spectra of MSPPP in solution were compared with a conventional laser dye of coumarin 503. The fluorescence quantum yield and the gain of MSPPP were determined. The features are: (I) MSPPP has stellar photochemical stabilization., (II) ASE from the MSPPP was setting in the wavelength range between 515 and 548 nm. The molecular geometry was optimized and their HOMO– LUMO energy values were determined by SCM Software for Chemistry & Materials using DFTB (GGA BLYP) [Density-Functional based Tight-Binding] method.
Effects of Different Irrigation Solutions on the Chemical Composition of Multi-Root Canals of Radicular Dentine in Upper Premolar Teeth
Authors: Quteifan Morgana Quteifani , Khuder Ali
Published: July 2022

The objective of this research was to assess the effects of several irrigation solutions (ISOLs) on two major (P and Ca) and some minor (Fe, Zn, and Sr) elements of multi-root canals of radicular dentin in upper premolar teeth using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Powder of fifty radicular dentin specimens were prepared and divided into five groups based on treatments with different single and combined ISOLs. These groups were: G1-distilled water (control); G2- sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 5.25%); G3- sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 5.25%) and ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 17%); G4- distilled water and a mixture of tetracycline, an acid, and a detergent (MTAD); and G5- sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 1.3%) and MTAD. The XRF results confirmed that the ISOL G5 (Ca/P=1.6254) was the most effective one. The ratio-to-ratio correlations revealed the common origins of Fe, Zn, and Sr in root canals of radicular dentin, which was highly interacted with the major elements of P and Ca each. These interactions were insignificantly affected by the used ISOLs. Finally, XRF is highly recommended as a safe, fast, nondestructive, and relatively not expensive technique to analyze the endodontic therapy of teeth.
Development of Gamification-Based Wordwall Game Platform on Reaction Rate Materials
Authors: Nenohai Jacky Anggara , Rokhim Deni Ainur , Agustina Nur Indah , Munzil Munzil
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the development of a wordwall game platform on the reaction rate material, (2) to determine the feasibility of a gameification-based wordwall game platform from the results of validator and respondent data. wordwall is an application that can be used as a learning media, learning resource or online-based assessment tool that is attractive to students. The advantage of this application is that it has many templates that teachers can create to develop in the form of games. Wordwall is rarely used in learning media because there has not been socialization and application in the teaching and learning process for teachers. In this study, media development was carried out using wordwall applications on chemicals, namely the reaction rate that will be studied by students. This material contains the concept of reaction rate, factors that affect reaction rate, collision theory and reaction rate equations. The novelty of this study compared to existing research is that this research develops a wordwall medium that focuses on increasing students' interest in learning materials, especially chemistry in the online-based teaching and learning process.The wordwall media validators were 2 lecturers from Nusa Cendana University and the question validators were validated by 2 teachers at SMAN 3 Sidoarjo. The trial subjects were 37 students of high school class XI at SMAN 3 Sidoarjo. The research method used is R&D from the Alessi and Trollip model. Data collection using a google form-based questionnaire filled out online and test results. The data were analyzed by qualitative descriptive and percentage calculation. The results obtained: (1) the value of the validity of the material questions is 90%, (2) the value of media validity is 94%, and (3) the student implementation test score is 81.75%.
Structural and Morphological Study of PbS:ZnO Nanowires Films Deposited Using Thermal Evaporation Method
Authors: Abdallah Bassam , Kakhia M. , Zetoun W.
Published: July 2022

We obtained ZnO Nanowires films deposited on two types of substrate (Si (100) and glass) with 12 wt % PbS as dopant by simple thermal evaporation technique. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) images have confirmed the formation of ZnO Nanowires (NWs). EDX technique was used to investigate the elements content (standard analysis and mapping modes). Morphology and thickness of the films were investigated from surface and cross section of the films via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The Raman, photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) have confirmed the hexagonal phase structure of the ZnO Nanowires, which appeared to be very fine and their diameters were less than 40 nm and their lengths were of several micrometers using SEM and HRTEM. The effect of PbS as dopant on the growth of ZnO Nanowires as well as on the morphology for two substrates was investigated and compared. These Nanowires films could be applied in several fields. Mapping -EDX has confirmed the stoichiometry of prepared films. Finally, the structure (phase) was verified by different characterization techniques. The optoelectronic application of Nanostructures film will be study later.
The Confusion Between Intravenous Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride: A Potential Application for a Problem Based Learning (PBL) in Nursing Education to Minimize Medication Errors
Authors: D'Ottone Luca
Published: July 2022

Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are two metal halides easily distinguishable by chemistry students.  Nevertheless, it has been shown that the confusion between sodium chloride and potassium chloride is the underlaying cause of serious medical mistakes that may potentially culminate with the death of the patient.  In the present literature review, a qualitative approach is used to examine relevant teaching practices, such as a problem base learning (PBL) approach that could be integrated in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum for nursing students to minimize the confusion between the two chemicals.
Let's Talk About Stereochemistry for a Moment: a Home Experiment Conducted with College Students in Social Isolation
Authors: Monte Pamella Moreira , Barros Jose C. , Da Silva Tiago Lima
Published: July 2022

Due to COVID-19, we are adjusting to a new educational environment while also being socially isolated. By combining previously established ways of remote education with video conferences, the world is creating a new sector termed techno-pedagogy. The concept of stereochemistry in Organic Chemistry is frequently difficult to understand even in classroom teaching. Plane-polarized light rotation is difficult to describe because it needs a high level of abstraction in the mental exercise. As a result, we propose in this work that technology be developed to teach stereochemistry remotely. As a result, we prepared a training video that shows college students how to execute a hand-made stereochemistry experiment. Lecturers, undergraduates, and graduate students all gave the video great scores.
The Links Between Fibromyalgia, Hypermobility and Neurodivergence
Authors: Kelly Clive ,   James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK,   Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, Martin Ren ,   Adolescent Autism Unit, Middlesbrough, UK, Saravanan Vadivelu ,   Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK
Published: July 2022

Fibromyalgia and joint hypermobility are common coexisting conditions among younger females that are often accompanied with additional features of autonomic dysfunction. Mental health is frequently impacted with these conditions and an association with neurodivergence has been recently established. Neurodivergence is also prevalent among close relatives. Reasons for this association are poorly understood, although genetics, adverse early life experiences and autoimmunity all contribute. Pharmacological responses may differ in neurodivergence, while psychological support requires adaptation for individual sensitivities. Screening patients with fibromyalgia and hypermobility for neurodivergent traits and vice versa may facilitate diagnosis and management.
Dim the Lights: A Narrative Review of Photophobia in Migraine
Authors: Villar-Martinez María Dolores ,   Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK, Goadsby Peter J ,   National Institute for Health Research,Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College London, London, UK
Published: July 2022

A preference for darkness is one of the main associated features in people with migraine, the cause remaining a mystery until some decades ago. In this article, we describe the epidemiology of photophobia in migraine and explain the pathophysiological mechanisms following an anatomical structure. In addition, we review the current management of migraine and photophobia. Ongoing characterization of patients with photophobia and its different manifestations continues to increase our understanding of the intricate pathophysiology of migraine and vice versa. Detailed phenotyping of the patient with photophobia is encouraged.
XEN1101: A Novel Potassium Channel Modulator for the Potential Treatment of Focal Epilepsy in Adults
Authors: Wang Tian ,   Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Krauss Gregory L ,   Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Published: July 2022

Antiseizure medications that reduce seizures via new mechanisms are needed. XEN1101 is an agonist of voltage-gated potassium ion channels (Kv) that was recently shown to reduce focal-onset seizures in a placebo-controlled phase II study. The molecular structure of this potassium channel “opener” is different from ezogabine/retigabine, preventing dimer formation and the pigmentary deposition associated with ezogabine/retigabine treatment. This article reviews the pharmacology and early clinical results for XEN1101.
External Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation as a Non-pharmacological Option for the Prevention and Acute Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Johnson Michael AL ,   Department of Medical Affairs, CEFALY Technology, Seraing, Belgium, Kuruvilla Deena E ,   Medical Director, Westport Headache Institute, Westport, CT, US
Published: July 2022

Migraine is a common condition affecting approximately 1.04 billion people worldwide. Despite the available pharmaceutical therapies, patients with migraine often prefer, or may require, non-medicinal treatments for their disease. External trigeminal nerve stimulation (e-TNS) is a non-invasive, non-drug device treatment approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the prevention and acute treatment of migraine. The trigeminovascular system plays a key role in migraine pathophysiology; e-TNS percutaneously stimulates the supraorbital and supratrochlear branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. This article reviews published studies of e-TNS in the prevention and acute treatment of migraine, highlights the versatility of e-TNS in individualizing migraine treatment and discusses future directions for research and clinical applications of e-TNS therapy.
Emerging Therapies in Friedreich's Ataxia: A Review
Authors: Perlman Susan ,   David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Published: July 2022

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited, neurodegenerative disease that typically presents in childhood and results in progressive gait and limb ataxia, with the extraneural features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes and scoliosis. The genetic defect results in a deficiency of frataxin protein, which is important for mitochondrial function, especially in the brain and heart. Drug development has approached FRDA through pathways addressing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, frataxin protein deficiency and DNA transcriptional deficiency, paving the way for the first disease-modifying drugs for FRDA.
Assessment and Treatment of Myoclonus: A Review
Authors: Burton Matthew A ,   Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA, Dalrymple W Alex ,   Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA, Figari Renzo ,   Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Published: July 2022

Myoclonus is defined as sudden, brief, shock-like contractions of muscles, and it can be a challenging diagnosis for the clinician to face. The number of aetiologies can make it difficult to determine the appropriate diagnostic workup for each individual patient without ordering a broad array of diagnostic studies from the start. As with other neurological conditions, a comprehensive history and physical examination are paramount in generating and ordering the initial differential diagnosis. Neurophysiological classification of myoclonus, using both electroencephalogram and electromyography, can be very helpful in elucidating the underlying aetiology. Treatment of myoclonus is often symptomatic, unless a clear treatable underlying cause can be found. This article aims to help providers navigate the assessment and treatment of myoclonus, focusing on neurophysiological classification as a guide. By the end of this article, providers should have a good understanding of how to approach the workup and treatment of myoclonus of various aetiologies.
Treatment Updates in Paediatric-onset Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Abrams Aaron W ,   Center for Pediatric Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA,   Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, March Amanda ,   Center for Pediatric Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, Porat Daphne ,   Center for Pediatric Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, Bhayana Kriti ,   Center for Pediatric Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA, Rensel Mary ,   Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
Published: July 2022

A number of new disease-modifying therapies have recently been developed and approved for use in adult-onset multiple sclerosis. However, few treatment options are approved for patients with paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. There are an increasing number of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of disease-modifying therapies in children and teens living with multiple sclerosis. Clinical trials are difficult to complete in rare diseases like paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis; however, it is critical to assess safety and monitoring in this vulnerable population by applying robust research methodology to randomized controlled clinical trials. Longer-term extension analyses are also needed to better evaluate the efficacy, dosing and long-term safety of adult disease-modifying therapy for use in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Future research should focus on defining optimal first-line disease-modifying therapy in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis as related to both efficacy and safety, improving recruitment and completion rates of clinical trials, identifying relevant biomarkers of disease activity, analysing outcome measures related to treatment response and assessing long-term safety for this unique population living with a chronic disease.
Molecular Therapy in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Gomathy Saranya B ,   Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Agarwal Ayush ,   Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Vishnu Venugopalan Y ,   Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Published: July 2022

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that act against the myoneural junction. Conventional immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, azathioprine and mycophenolate are associated with long-term side effects and many patients do not achieve remission and may become refractory. Thus, there is an unmet need for target-specific therapies that act faster, have fewer side effects and lead to stable disease remission. However, many of the novel therapeutic agents being described are not meeting their primary endpoints. We reviewed the current status of novel immunotherapies for MG, their mechanisms of action, along with the side effect profiles. Fast onset of action, sustained disease remission and relatively low frequency of side effects of the new agents are attractive. However, the unknown long-term safety and high cost are precluding factors. Better preclinical studies and more randomized trials are needed before novel agents are routinely employed.
Neurologic Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Živković Saša A ,   Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Al-Lahham Tawfiq ,   Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Published: July 2022

The clinical use of cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has transformed the management of cancer and added another effective treatment option for different types of malignancies. The blockade of immune checkpoint pathways triggers an enhanced immune response leading to cancer regression but may also lead to autoimmune toxicities or immune-related adverse events, which may involve skin, endocrine, respiratory, gastrointestinal or neurologic manifestations. Clinically relevant neurologic complications involving the central and/or peripheral nervous system affect up to 1% of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Common neurologic complications include aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, hypophysitis, myasthenia, myositis and neuropathies. Neurologic immune-related adverse events after immune checkpoint inhibition should be distinguished from cancer progression or other complications of cancer therapy (e.g. infections). The treatment of neurologic complications may include holding or withdrawing cancer immunotherapy, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapies with corticosteroids and steroid-sparing agents, immunomodulation with intravenous immune globulin or plasmapheresis and symptomatic treatment (e.g. antiepileptic medications, pain medications).
Directional Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Mishra Akash ,   Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA, Ramdhani Ritesh A ,   Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
Published: July 2022

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a treatment modality that has been shown to improve the clinical outcomes of individuals with movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease. Directional DBS represents an advance in the field that allows clinicians to better modulate the electrical stimulation to increase therapeutic gains while minimizing side effects. In this review, we summarize the principles of directional DBS, including available technologies and stimulation paradigms, and examine the growing clinical study data with respect to its use in Parkinson's disease.
Pharmacologic Therapy for Narcolepsy
Authors: Ishikawa Oki ,   Northwell Sleep Disorders Centre, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell, Northwell Health, NY, USA, Hahn Stella ,   Northwell Sleep Disorders Centre, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell, Northwell Health, NY, USA, Greenberg Harly ,   Northwell Sleep Disorders Centre, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell, Northwell Health, NY, USA
Published: July 2022

Narcolepsy is a lifelong disorder that adversely affects daytime function and quality of life. Major symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness with irrepressible sleep attacks and cataplexy. Recent developments in the understanding of the pathobiology of narcolepsy, as well as the neuronal systems involved in the regulation of wakefulness have led to development of new pharmacologic approaches to therapy. In this paper, we review available pharmacologic treatments for narcolepsy as well as agents currently under investigation.
Emerging Perspectives in the Management of Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease and Patients with Dementia
Authors: Bhoopatiraju Sweta ,   Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA, Grossberg George ,   Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
Published: July 2022

While Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia, is perhaps best characterized by cognitive decline, more than 90% of patients exhibit behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Agitation in patients with dementia is often difficult to manage, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients and a heightened caregiver burden. Thus, effective management of dementia-related agitation (DRA) is vital. Care should first be taken to consider and address causes of agitation and aggression, after which non-pharmacological interventions should be employed. If non-pharmacological measures are unsuccessful in reducing DRA then medications should be considered, although none are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for this indication. Electroconvulsive therapy may be a promising option for patients with treatment-refractory DRA, although more studies are needed. While there are several drugs in the pipeline for DRA treatment, results from robust randomized clinical trials are necessary before they can be administered to patients. Thus, clinicians should employ current strategies to manage DRA to ensure holistic care for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Intertextuality as a modern linguo-cognitive practice: new forms of linguistic expression in the German postmodern literature
Authors: Linnichenko S. I.
Published: July 2022

The phenomenon of intertextuality requires deep rethinking in the postmodern era, because determines the formation of a new type of creative thinking that allows going beyond the limits of a work of art. At the same time, it is extremely important to study German postmodernism, which has both common European features and its own specificity, due to cultural and historical characteristics. The prose and poetry of German postmodernism is a unique material for the study of a new intertextuality language. The first part of the article analyzes the problems of definition and typology of intertextuality based on the works of J. Kristeva, R. Bart, M.M. Bakhtin, U. Eco, etc. The author states that intertextuality should be understood as not only dialogue, but also multiplicity of perception, a kind of game between the author and the reader, as well as a special cognitive practice. The classifications of intertextuality are based on the principles of intertext relations and location, structure, text stylistics and authorship. The second part presents the results of the study of new intertextuality forms based on the novel by M.-U. Kling Kangaroo Manifesto and modern German lyrics of R. Dhl, G.K. Atrmann and E. Yandl. The author uses the methods of stylistic, contextual and cognitive analysis and concludes that in each individual work of art, intertextuality acquires new meanings, the emergence of which is due to the author's special vision; among them falsification of intertext, imitation of cinematic text, graphic representation of intertextual images, etc. Thus, postmodern literature and intertextuality open up new opportunities for research.
Verbal reflection of the concept «insularity» as part of the British conceptual worldview (based on the material of «The Economist»)
Authors: Baranova L. L. , Mishina L. F.
Published: July 2022

In modern research, works dealing with peculiarities of various cultures and the connection between concepts and cultures are becoming more and more topical. British mentality inevitably finds its linguistic representation in British English. This statement is supported by examples from mass-media language. Furthermore, definitions of insularity from authoritative monolingual dictionaries are adduced. It is noted that insularity is manifested in a special, suspicious attitude towards foreigners. As a result, such words as foreign or foreigner evoke negative associations in British peoples minds. However, this is not reflected in lexicographic sources in any way, apart from the fact that the adjectives alien and strange are given as synonyms for the above-mentioned lexical units. The main methods of the research are lexical-semantic, contextual, linguocognitive and discursive analyses. Concrete examples of lexical units which are used in mass media language and reflect British insularity are studied. Linguistically the concept of insularity is represented by lexical units with positive and negative connotations, for example, the adjectives powerful and abrasive, as well as tropes and figures of speech, for instance, metaphors (liberal grit in the unctuous continental oyster) and oxymoron (romantic self-destruction). These lexical means not only confirm that the concept of insularity is an integral part of linguistic and conceptual worldviews of the British but also help the author of the analyzed article to express the idea that unlike other European countries Britain is an example to follow. The research results contribute to the theory and practice of teaching English language and culture and better understanding of the peculiarities of British English.
Nomination and characteristics of a person in the aspect of creative attitude to activity
Authors: Golovan N. V.
Published: July 2022

This article is devoted to the analysis of a group of lexemes that name and characterize a person by the presence / absence of talent, creative abilities in the Russian language. The material for the study was a sample of lexemes that name the actor himself, determine the nature of his activity, and reveal the result of a person's work. The article shows that among the lexical units that name a person who creates a fundamentally new product, the central place is occupied by lexemes indicating the presence of talent in a figure whose work is associated with creative activity in its broad sense, including lexemes that metaphorically designate a person in this aspect in certain contextual conditions, and antonymously opposed to them lexemes denoting a person (more often a sign of such a person), incapable of creative activity. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the semantic structure of lexemes that characterize a person in terms of special abilities, giftedness, talent in relation to his activities, and the structure of the semantic group under consideration, are organized by several main features that emphasize different aspects of evaluating a creative worker: on their graduation, the presence of a creative component, dissimilarity from other figures in this field of activity, the origin of abilities, the presence of major significant results.
The functions of metonymy as a genre-forming mean
Authors: Gainutdinova A. A.
Published: July 2022

Metonymy as the instrument of language and mechanism of conceptualization is one of the fundamental questions in scientific literature. Besides that, advertising is a rapidly growing sphere of activity and communication. For this reason, linguistic, marketing and cognitive characteristics of advertising become another area of modern researches. However, few academics have addressed the issue of the role of metonymy in the creation of advertising text. The main purpose of this article is to study the functions of metonymy in advertising slogans. Metonymy is not just a trope in slogan as many authors state. We make the hypothesis that it is also one of the key instruments in advertising communication, especially in slogan. 1000 slogans have been analyzed and the following methods have been employed: statistical, descriptive and contextual. We adopt the cognitive interpretation of metonymy and its classification into frame, propositional and script metonymy by N.A. Ilyukhina. We examine the most productive models in slogan: the characteristic of goods onto goods under frame metonymy and models of script metonymy. The organization of information about advertising denotatum (goods, service, consumer or producer) determines the peculiarities of metonymic functions. The following functions of metonymy in slogan: the function of economy, of imagery and expression, accenting, evaluative, euphemistic, manipulative ones are described by the author. The findings of research illustrate that the economy and accentuation are main functions of metonymy for this genre of advertising text. Due to these functions metonymy ensure the most important qualities of slogan, such as brevity, conceptuality and imagery. We conclude that metonymy is one of the most important genre-forming means and in slogan it realizes its key characteristics as cognitive and language phenomenon.
INSTITUTIONALITY OF EDUCATIONAL DISCOURSE IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION
Authors: Goncharova M. A. , Nikitin V. N.
Published: July 2022

The article features a comparative analysis of the traditional pedagogical and modern educational discourse. The central aspect of this comparison is the institutional factor in the context of digitalization. Pedagogical discourse traditionally belongs to institutional types of discourse where participants act within the framework of certain social roles: the teacher transfers knowledge and norms of social behavior to the student. In modern educational discourse we are talking about the transfer of information. The authors consider the following forms of modern educational discourse: the use of digital media in classrooms, online courses with tutors, online courses with trainers, educational accounts on social networks, online classes in zoom interactive program. The study revealed that in the first case, digitalization does not affect the degree of institutionalization. Online courses with tutors, which are characterized by a rather rigid structure and clearly defined functions of tutors, demonstrate higher degree of institutionalization compared to traditional pedagogical discourse. In other cases, digitalization has led to a lower degree of institutionalization: learning using Internet technologies is generally more personalized, participants use rather informal language, use smiles and emojis to express their emotions. The authors believe that this trend will remain, since the emotional component is an important factor in maintaining motivation to learn.
‘Word play’ as an instrument for creating comic effects (based on Tom Sharp’s novels)
Authors: Kharkovskaya A. A. , Chekhova K. A.
Published: July 2022

Various approaches to theoretical interpretation of the concept word play are considered in the present article. The research project is aimed at describing the nature of the phenomenon mentioned above and summing up various means and ways of its verbal implementation within the genre of a comic novel. At the initial stage of the article there is an attempt to find the most frequently applied verbal markers of the concept play in reference to stylistic and philosophical aspects of the phenomenon while the next step is devoted to the analysis of specific language means for creating a comic effect in the textual space of novels. The attention is focused upon identification of the most frequently applied strategies for creating word play effects within a comic novel. Our research is based on the novels written by a well-known modern English satirist Tom Sharp (Porterhouse Blue Blott on the Landscape). The results obtained contribute to the adequate interpretation of a large variety of language means and devices used by the author for creating comic effects. Besides the word play role in intensifying the comic effects is also shown (at the lexical level they comprise the so-called speaking names represented by toponyms, a number of the individual author's puns in the format of a dialogue, the deformation of phraseological units and the similar language units. The most frequent language means applied by the author include the characterological names and comic dialogues with puns incorporated. The novelty of our work is provided by the unique character of the language material on the one hand and by the introduction of some erotic motives reflecting modern trends in literature free from strict censorship, on the other.
Book review: Morozova E.N. N.A. Milyutin: plans and results (from police reform to the creation of effective local government projects). Saratov: Izd-vo Sarat. un-ta, 2019, 208 p.
Authors: Barinova E. P. , Leonov M. M.
Published: July 2022

In a peer-reviewed monograph, an attempt was made to create an analytical biography of a reformer from a galaxy of new statesmen ‒ N.A. Milyutin, whose name is inextricably connected with the Great Reforms of the 1860-ies. The author's focus is on the spiritual world of the reformer's personality, formed by the intellectual culture of the era. The peculiarities of professional practices and views of the ideologues of the political course, their interpersonal interaction during the discussion of local government reform projects, were analyzed. It was noted that the author paid special attention to the analysis of the problem of interaction between the authorities and the public in the process of preparing reforms. A significant contribution of the author to the coverage of the discussion problems of the preparation of the Zemstvo reform, the effectiveness and potential of projects in the development of which N.A. Milyutin participated was revealed. New data are given to characterize the conceptual views of the reformer. A significant interest is the narrative analysis of memoir sources, which allowed the author to identify mythologies in the image of a reformer.
Review of the collection of documents and materials: Under the banner of Komuch: (Samara Region, June-October 1918).
Kalyagin A.V. (Ed.). Samara, 2018
Authors: Matveev M. N. , Turganova O. V.
Published: July 2022

A review of the collection of documents and materials Under the banner of Komuch published in 2018 in Samara by a team of employees of the Samara Regional Universal Scientific Library and the Central State Archives of the Samara Region is presented; its structure, content and the array of historical documents introduced into scientific circulation are evaluated. The study of the short but bright period of the summer-autumn of 1918, when the power of the Bolsheviks was overthrown on a large territory of the Volga region and the government of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) was created in Samara, claiming all-Russian status, was studied fragmentarily in Soviet times. For a hundred years after these events, in the 1920-ies, only a few collections of documents related to Komuch were published, when censorship was developing in Soviet Russia. The review emphasizes that a number of documentary publications from the funds of Russian and emigrant archives published in the post-Soviet period do not diminish the importance of the actual meaningfulness of new editions of collections of documents. It is the sources, and not their interpretations, even scientific ones, that are important to both researchers and readers seeking to independently comprehend the dramatic events of that time. It is noted that the collection Under the Banner of Komuch provides such an opportunity. The compilers pay special attention to the previously published collections of orders and decrees, many local materials that usually remain on the periphery, which contain historical information about the people of that time and their, including everyday needs: improvement, supply, law and order, and so on.
Features of construction of fortification in the forest-steppe Zavolzhie region of the first third of the XVIII century
Authors: Dubman E. L.
Published: July 2022

The article examines the significant changes observed in the early decades of the 18th century. during the construction and use of defensive systems on the southern and southeastern borders of European Russia. The question of how the new fortification theories and technologies, adopted from Western Europe, turned out to be suitable for the natural and geographical conditions of our country and for successfully resisting the attacks of nomads, was studied. An analysis of historiography of Russian defensive architecture that has developed to date, has made it possible to obtain fairly complete answers on the issues under consideration. For a special study of individual aspects of the topic, published and archival documents from the central archives were used. The revealed materials on the design and construction of the New Zakamskaya line allow us to conclude that the leadership of the Military Collegium and the Office of the main artillery and fortification tightly controlled the projects prepared in the borderlands, the proposed routes of the defensive lines. It paid particular attention to checking the provision of fortifications to them, as well as to the use of standard samples of such fortifications prepared in the Office. At the same time, the commanders and engineers of the expeditions involved in the construction of lines and the deployment of the Landmilitia regiments on them showed a certain independence in all these matters. A study of the activities of the leadership of the Zakamsk expedition shows that they often entered into disputes with their higher authorities and often emerged victorious from them. During the period under review, Western European concepts of fortification were fundamental. It was they who were guided in the Military Collegium and the Chancellery of the main artillery and fortification. However, officers and engineers working in the borderlands were well acquainted with the peculiarities of military threats from the nomads, the strategy and tactics of their attacks. During the design and construction work, they showed common sense and knowledge of the basics of military engineering. This was most evident during construction in the first half of the 1730-ies of New Zakamskaya Line, which was later replaced by Samaraskaya line. The transitional period in the defensive architecture of the forest-steppe borderland ends in the 1730-ies. At this time, there was a gradual adaptation of Western fortification approaches to Russian realities. The transition from continuous systems of fortifications to live lines becomes obvious. Their builders are increasingly using various, applied to the peculiarities of the terrain and natural conditions, methods of erecting defensive structures. However, even in the middle second half of the century, when creating defensive lines, the "rational-geometric principle" prevailed, which corresponded to the Western European principles of fortification.