bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasticity in shell selection behaviour by the endemic hermit crab Diogenes alias (Anomura, Diogenidae) from the northeastern Arabian Sea, India
Authors: Nirmal T. , Nuzaiba P. M. , Da Silva Alexandre R. , Kumar A. Pavan , Kumar A. Biju , Sreekanth G. B. , Chakraborty S. K. , Nayak B. B. , Jaiswar A. K.
Published: November 2020

Selection of gastropod shells as shelter by hermit crabs in controlled experiments would provide useful information on the utility of these shells in nature. In this study, shell size and species preferences of Diogenes alias from the northeastern Arabian Sea were quantified by free choice experiments. Males of D. alias, prefer Indothais lacera and Tibia curta, when choice was given; no differences were found for other demographic groups. All hermit crabs occupied larger shells than the shells they occupied in nature. The best correlation was observed between internal volume, weight, and aperture width of the shell with the size of the hermit crab. This pattern has also been reported for other species (i.e., Clibanarius albidigitus, Calcinus tibicen, and C. obscurus). Furthermore, the present study highlights the importance of optimal resources in a scarce environment.
Banknote Counterfeiting Phenomenon in Poland
Authors: Lewandowski Remigiusz
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the phenomenon of banknote counterfeiting in Poland and a selection of methods used against this type of crime. It shows that the number of counterfeit banknotes in Poland is much lower than in the eurozone countries. Moreover, a share of counterfeit Polish zloty banknotes significantly dropped in 2011 to the level of 7.6 ppm and between 2015–2018 to the level of 2.6–2.7 ppm. This decline can be associated with increased law enforcement (elimination of a large criminal group of counterfeiters in 2001) and the Polish zloty banknotes upgrade in 2014 and 2016, which introduced a set of new security features further discussed in this paper. This leads to the conclusion that regular currency modernization, introducing new security features as well as law enforcement activities are an effective anti-counterfeit method.
The French Church of Maastricht
Authors: Léonard Julien
Published: November 2020

The French Reformed church of Maastricht, founded in 1632 following the Dutch takeover of the city, was a geographically isolated institution within the Dutch Republic. This isolation was reinforced by the city’s unique status, which allowed the public exercise of Catholicism. Within this context, and situated next to the hostile Principality of Liège, the French church had to develop survival strategies and establish relations not only with the States-General and the Walloon synod, but also with the urban authorities and the Dutch Reformed church, in order to withstand the influence of Catholicism. Yet even though Maastricht was on the confessional and military front line—a place of passage for merchants, refugees, and Catholic clergymen—the French Protestant community survived the French occupation of 1673–1678 and managed to absorb the massive influx of Huguenot refugees from 1686 onwards.
The causative stem in Soqotri
Authors: Bulakh M. , Kogan L. , Issa A. , Gumaan I. , Mohammed M.
Published: November 2020

Soqotri is an understudied Semitic language belonging to the Modern South Arabian branch and spoken by the approximately 100,000 inhabitants of the island of Soqotra. The present contribution offers an exhaustive description of the so-called causative stem in Soqotri (a cognate of the Arabic stem IV) based on the analysis of the data in the two recently published volumes of the Soqotri oral literature as well as the fieldwork notes of the authors.
Broken plurals and (mis)matching of ɸ-features in Tunisian Arabic
Authors: Dali Myriam , Mathieu Eric
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is to explain an unusual agreement pattern that arises between Tunisian Arabic broken plurals and their targets. For example, a verb may agree with a plural subject in all ɸ-features or, rather oddly, in singular/feminine, even when the subject (the controller) is masculine plural. Developing an idea first briefly sketched—but ultimately not adopted—by Zabbal (2002), we argue that broken plurals are hybrid nouns. Hybrid nouns have been the topic of much recent research (Corbett, 2000, 2015; den Dikken, 2001; Wechsler and Zlatić, 2003; Danon, 2011, 2013; Matushansky, 2013; Landau, 2015; Smith, 2015): either their syntactic or semantic features can be the target of agreement, creating the possibility of an agreement mismatch. Using Harbour’s (2011, 2014) theory of number, coupled with some innovations, we provide the featural make-up of Tunisian Arabic broken plurals and contrast it with that of collectives, on the one hand, and sound plurals, on the other. We propose that the feminine agreement seen with broken plurals is associated with a [+ group] feature, one that is exponed as -a. In the course of the discussion, we will argue that all gender features are visible at LF (Hammerly, 2018) and that semantic agreement is routinely possible with nouns that are low on the Animacy Hierarchy.
Repenser l’ expression de la référence temporelle en chinois mandarin
Authors: SUN Juan , GRISOT Cristina
Published: November 2020

En adoptant, de manière originale, une approche inter-linguistique de la référence temporelle en chinois mandarin, cette étude vise à mener une investigation globale et exhaustive des différents moyens linguistiques et non-linguistiques par lesquels le mandarin exprime, en l’ absence de tout marquage morphologique de temps, la référence temporelle d’ une situation, ainsi que leurs riches interactions. Nous prenons part au débat récent entre l’ approche tensée (centrée sur les langues indo-européennes) et l’ approche non-tensée (centrée sur les différences typologiques du mandarin) de la référence temporelle en mandarin, et nous donnons des arguments théoriques et empiriques en faveur de la dernière.
Seeking Accountability, Legitimacy, and Transparency: Congressional Intervention in the Philippines’ South China Sea Policy
Authors: Medillo Robert Joseph
Published: November 2020

Why and how did the Philippine Congress intervene in the policies of Arroyo (hedging), Aquino III (balancing), and Duterte (appeasement) on the South China Sea disputes? In particular, why and how did the Philippine Congress challenge each president’s attempt to forge either cooperation or confrontation towards China? Guided by the domestic politics – foreign policy nexus, this article explores the dynamic role of the Philippine Congress in the country’s foreign policy process. It combines comparative case-study and content analysis methods to examine relevant congressional records, government documents, public speeches, and news reports. This article finds that the impetus behind Congress’ intervention was to seek accountability, legitimacy, and transparency via registering a bill or passing a law, filing legislative resolutions, holding congressional hearings, calling for impeachment proceedings, delivering privilege speeches, and issuing press releases. This article offers its empirical and theoretical contributions to broaden current understanding of the relationship between domestic politics and foreign policy.
Duterte’s Foreign Policy Pivot and Its Impact on Philippine Trade and Investments: An International Political Economy Perspective
Authors: Balboa Jenny D.
Published: November 2020

Since the Philippines elected President Rodrigo Duterte in 2016, the country’s foreign policy seems to have become more uncertain. President Duterte’s mercurial personality and antagonistic tirades against the country’s traditional Western allies, including the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), and his statements of building closer ties with China and Russia, had changed the political and diplomatic tone of the Philippines overall. Certainly, the political relationship between the Philippines and the West has been changed by Duterte’s strong remarks against the US and EU. Has this change spilled over to the economy? The paper presents an international political economy framework in examining the impact of Duterte’s foreign policy pivot to the country’s foreign economic relations, focusing on trade and investment. The paper argues that Duterte’s foreign policy shift is mainly shaped by Duterte’s “politics of survival”. Not firmly anchored in any idea, norms, or interest that can clearly benefit the country, Duterte is unable to provide coherent guidance and leadership on the foreign policy pivot, particularly on the economy. Duterte’s lack of guidance provided the technocrats with the policy space to continue the policies from the previous administration and not to divert radically from previous economic policies. The stability of the economic institutions provided a refuge in the period of uncertainty. As a result, the foreign economic relations of the Philippines has not radically shifted. The trade and investment situation of the Philippines remained stable, and economic relations with traditional partners are maintained.
Greening Surabaya: The City’s Role in Shaping Environmental Diplomacy
Authors: Wardhani Baiq , Dugis Vinsensio
Published: November 2020

In the last decade, Surabaya city has reinvented itself through a rapid greening development concept. The emergence of cities in diplomacy represents the multi-centric world rather than state-centric world in post-Westphalian diplomacy. By using Surabaya as a case study and examining how it overcomes environmental challenges, we will show how a city can play a crucial role in the realization of responsible development. We will focus on the mayor’s efforts to decentralize Surabaya by making the city’s diplomacy down-to-earth and people-oriented, especially in environmental-related issues. This overturns the idea that diplomacy is the reserve of diplomats and political elites, with little connection to the welfare of the people, especially those at the grassroots level. This article suggests that Surabaya, as a secondary city, has been successful in creating green living spaces and achieving sdg targets through active environmental diplomacy via multilateral engagement, bilateral partnership, and local community involvement.
Between Reason and Typology: Strategies for Evangelising China in the Writings of Antonio Possevino (1533–1611) & Michele Ruggieri (1543–1607)
Authors: Canaris Daniel
Published: November 2020

The accommodation of Confucianism articulated by Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) reflected a Neoscholastic approach in which rational agreement was the primary hinge of interreligious engagement. Ricci’s rationalism, however, was somewhat atypical among Jesuits of the late sixteenth century who often made overtures towards typology to explain the cultural and religious phenomena encountered in their missionary activities in East Asia and the New World. This article focuses on the writings of two Jesuits, the encyclopedist Antonio Possevino (1533–1611) and the China missionary Michele Ruggieri (1533–1611), who collaborated on the first European-language publication to include an extract of the Confucian corpus. It examines how Possevino adapts the manuscripts on China that Ruggieri provided him while in Rome in the early 1590s, and the tensions between the scholastic approach to evangelisation proposed in earlier chapters of the Bibliotheca selecta and the more extravagant typological strategies articulated in Ruggieri’s original manuscripts.
Who’s on the Syllabus?
Authors: Rutherford Markella , Levitt Peggy
Published: November 2020

This article examines changes in the teaching of modern and contemporary literature in the United States. As university students become more socioeconomically and ethnically diverse, and as universities claim to be offering a more global curriculum, what are students really learning? What kinds of non-Western modern and contemporary writers find their way into the classroom? To answer these questions, we examine how much The Norton Anthology of World Literature, The Longman Anthology of World Literature, and The Bedford Anthology of World Literature have changed over time with respect to their content and presentation. We then use a unique database of course syllabi to analyze the extent to which the non-Western authors included in these anthologies find their way more broadly into university classrooms. Getting included in anthologies, texts, and course syllabi is extremely powerful. It determines the parameters of the pedagogical canon – a shared common ground that generations of students will learn and continue to reference collectively throughout their lifetimes.
Modern New Confucianism and the Challenges of Chinese Modernity: Intercultural Dialogues in Chinese Philosophy
Authors: Rošker Jana S.
Published: November 2020

During the last decades of the previous century, the rebirth and the modernization of classical Confucianism gained increasing relevance. These tendencies have manifested themselves in a clearest and most influential way in the current of Modern New Confucianism. The representatives of this stream of thought aimed to elaborate upon a new ethical model of specifically Chinese modernity based upon traditional values that could in a renewed form meet the requirements of the new era. They aimed to preserve Chinese cultural identity while at the same time making their own original contributions to the development of a philosophical and theoretical dialogue between Euro-American and Chinese cultures. In this context, it is important to ask the question whether a model of modernization that is rooted in traditional Confucianism is truly capable of generating a non-individualistic version of modernity. Following this supposition, and focusing upon the works of the so-called “Second Generation” of Modern New Confucianism, this article aims to demonstrate that the alleged relation between modernity and individualism, which was almost exclusively seen as self-evident and undeniable by the Western modernization theories, is actually a result of Western historical paradigms.
Exemplary Paternalism: A Consideration of Confucian Models of Moral Oversight
Authors: Flavel Sarah , Hall Brad
Published: November 2020

In this article we examine Classical Confucian political thinking through the lens of paternalism. We situate Confucianism amid contemporary models of paternalism to show that Confucianism can be understood as a soft form of paternalism regarding its method. Confucianism stresses cultivation of the people by moral exemplars to guide the people to act in ways that are in their own best interests. This is in contrast to use of law and punishment as a deterrent of unwanted behaviours of the people. We demonstrate that Confucian paternalism does not advocate for a static top-down structure of governance that is incapable of reform, underscoring its non-authoritarian ideal. We do this by stressing the vital upward momentum constituted in general cultivation of the wider population utilizing li (rituals). The picture that emerges from an examination of Confucian political thought through the lens of paternalism is what we name “exemplary paternalism.”
Pluralism, Confucianism, and Democracy
Authors: Li Zhuoyao
Published: November 2020

This paper aims to connect the issues of pluralism, Confucianism, and democracy in East Asia. Through engaging with empirical evidence, I will argue that although Confucianism still has a strong yet shallow moral and cultural hold on East Asian societies, it no longer has dominance over how citizens in East Asian societies envision their political future. Then, I will examine the idea of pluralism and argue that neither the Confucian classicists nor the liberal-minded Confucian political theorists take pluralism truly seriously, because both sides ultimately adopt the same internal view of pluralism that contains and addresses pluralism from within Confucianism. In contrast, an external view of pluralism is needed to treat Confucianism as one of many comprehensive doctrines coexisting with one another in East Asia. Finally, I will conclude by proposing a two-track strategy that takes advantage of two distinct approaches toward a better understanding of pluralism, Confucianism, and democracy.
Meritocracy, Heredity and Worthies in Early Daoism
Authors: Fech Andrej
Published: November 2020

This study explores the principles of meritocracy and heredity as formulated in the three works of early Daoist philosophy, the Laozi, Zhuangzi and Wenzi. Because Daoist philosophy emerged in critical response to the Confucian worldview, this investigation is placed against the backdrop of pertinent Confucian propositions. To this end, the study begins with a review of Confucian positions on the issue of meritocracy and heredity as expressed in the main transmitted works, as well as newly excavated texts that can be associated with this intellectual tradition. The paper concludes that, while indeed rejecting the Confucian understanding of meritocracy, Daoist texts operated with their own concepts on human excellency. Moreover, the opposition between meritocracy and heredity characteristic of some Confucian works appears less pronounced in early Daoist philosophy.
“The Lapsed Abode of Unbelief”. The Takfīr Pendulum in Ǧihādī-Salafī Thought, Between the Caliphate and its West African Province
Authors: Iocchi Alessio , Brigaglia Andrea
Published: November 2020

This paper reconstructs, in a parallel way, the continuous oscillations occurred in the interpretation of the notion of takfīr (excommunication), respectively in Abū Bakr al-Baġdādī’s Islamic State and in its West African province (the latter being in turn an offshoot of the Nigerian group known as “Boko Haram”). The paper combines an analysis of theological discourses as emerging from primary sources, with a sociological reading of the processes of jihadist mobilization. It argues that the continuous oscillations between more and less stringent interpretations of the same theological doctrine, similarly observable in the center and the periphery of the Caliphate, are the result of multiple discursive and strategic imperatives pulling the Ǧihādī-Salafī leadership towards contrasting directions. The “lapsed abode of unbelief” – a notion originally devised by a section of the Caliphate’s scholarly leadership in order to halt the oscillation of the takfīr pendulum – was unable to create an ideological consensus in the global Ǧihādī-Salafī community, showing the degree to which the latter has come to be enmeshed in a complex entanglement between its discursive and strategic needs.
Cultivating a Self-Centered Sociality?
Authors: ZIZEK Boris
Published: November 2020

The present study uses texting interactions from different digital contexts to reconstruct the structural features of everyday digital interaction between young people in order to examine the socializing tendencies of growing up in the digital age. Secondly, it will be reflected which of these characteristics is cultivated by the structure of the digital communication platforms, that is, stimulated and encouraged by the architecture of the platforms. Third, in order to further differentiate this question, it is considered in a cultural-historical perspective which technically cultured structures of interaction build on and promote long-lasting cultural tendencies. Finally, all three focuses on the impact of these interaction structures and tendencies on the experience, attitude and development of adolescents.
Chinese and English Reviews of a Story about Teenagers’ Struggles
Authors: TAN Shenglan , HE Haiqing , JIANG Liu , ZHAO Xu , SELMAN Robert L.
Published: November 2020

Wonder, a fictional story told both in print (2/2012) and movie (11/2017) formats, depicts a middle-school student, Auggie, who struggles with social exclusion and being the target of school based relational bullying due to his genetically based facial deformity. Internationally popular, abundant everyday reviews by non-professional commenter are easily accessible on-line, e.g., on Douban (Chinese) and Common-Sense Media (English). Access to these comments enables the investigation of what perspectives (knowledge and understanding, beliefs and opinions, etc.) reviewers draw upon in sharing their thoughts about the protagonist’s struggles. In this study we undertook two analyses. In analysis 1, we asked, how do Chinese -/English -speaking reviewers comment on Auggie’s struggles to be accepted by his peers at school, both the causes of his social problem and the ways Auggie dealt (or might deal) with his situation. In analysis 2, we explored comments that reviewers made about Auggie’s only sibling, his elder sister, Via, a first-year high school students who, in the story, struggles to find a balance between meeting her own need for her parents’ love and attention, and fulfilling her familial role and obligations, given Auggie’s special needs.

Based on data from open-source “every day” books/movies review websites, we compared, culturally, the perspectives on the story expressed by Chinese and English commenters through emic (both thematic and discursive) exploratory analyses. Analysis 1 suggests that comparatively, Chinese-speaking reviewers tend to more often focus on the value of solving the problem, and in doing so, articulating the corresponding ways a victim of bullying or neglect can be or become both strong and interdependent, whereas English-speaking reviewers more often tend to emphasize exploring and understanding the causes of the relational problems and tend to suggest independence-oriented ways of solving the social problem by changing the actions of others. Analysis 2 suggests differences across Chinese- and English-speaking reviewers in perceptions of and judgements about the fundamental “culture based” determinants and ways for Via to deal with her relational struggle within the family.
“Lots of People Pretend…” Shame Conflicts in an Age of Digital Self-presentation and Point-scoring
Authors: KING Vera
Published: November 2020

The digital media have spawned new cultures of self-revelation and hence new conflicts. The downside of self-presentation, comparison, and point-scoring is identifiable in the emergence of shame conflicts that are progressively taking on new meanings. This article examines (a) the significance and transformation of shame in the context of digitization and (b) the psychosocial consequences of shifts in the boundaries between public and private manifesting themselves in the contemporary digital world. In particular, it examines changing functions, ambivalences, and affective pitfalls of self-presentation in the socialization processes of adolescence. The article is based on empirical studies.
Digital Literacy in Chinese Young People’s Engagement on Weibo
Authors: Jun FU
Published: November 2020

This study identifies the digital literacies generated from Chinese young people’s engagement with Weibo (one of the major Chinese social media platforms). These literacies, manifest as widely accepted community practices on Weibo, extend the prevalent understanding of digital literacy as a set of functional skills or competencies. This extended understanding of digital literacies underlines the importance of their social and cultural dimensions, showing how young people experience them as meaningful and relevant to their digital life. By drawing attention to the constitutive nature of young people’s everyday online practices, and their role in defining digital literacies, this study also highlights the significance of digital literacies for the formation of their identity as a member of digital communities, and for their practice of citizenship in digital spaces.
International Cooperation in the Twenty-first Century: Familiar Problems and New Challenges
Authors: Jacobson Harold K.
Published: November 2020

The creation and proliferation of international organizations of various sorts, increasing economic interdependence, the spread of democracy. and the strong leadership played by the United States all worked positively together to facilitate international cooperation during the second half of the twentieth century, overcoming to a great extent the familiar problem of 'cooperation under anarchy. 'But humankind is confronting new challenges as well, arising from the shift in power relations among nation-states and the rise of new issues that call for global. attention. One of the most prominent issues is the protection of environment. It is unclear how easily the formulas that have proved to be so successful in bringing about international cooperation in the twentieth century can be applied to the new challenges. If a series of organised responses to the issue of climate change as shown in the completion and implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) is any indication, however, the international. community seems to have successfully begun to confront them. The relative promptness of action taken by the international community. the manner in which the issue is negotiated where the principle of equity was directly addressed, the comprehensiveness of the Treaty's scope, and responsible behaviour of the states of the world, all point to broad optimism about international cooperation in the twenty-first century.
Does Trade with Low-wage Countries Cause Wage Inequality?
Authors: Ahmad Jaleel
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the question as to whether trade with low-wage countries has contributed to wage inequality in high-income countries, as predicted by the Stolper-Samuelson theorem. The analysis is undertaken within the framework of a simple two-sector model. A major innovation of the study is to incorporate the role of trade barriers and subsidies in inducing skill-augmenting technological changes in import-affected sectors and, hence, in reducing the demand for and wages of unskilled labor. In particular, factor bias arising from the move toward capital- and skill-based production may have contributed to other trends in wage inequality. The paper finds that trade pressures alone could not have been much of a reason for pronounced wage inequality.
Erosion of A Developmental State: A Case Study of South Korea's Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Kim Eun Mee
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the development of South Korea's semiconductor industry from its inception in the 1960s to the present, focusing on erosion of the developmental state and changes in the state-business relationship. The semiconductor industry in South Korea is another showcase of South Korea’s remarkable economic development in the 20th century. However, showing that it was not the state sector, but the private business groups that took the initiatives and played a leading role in the development of the semiconductor industry in South Korea, the paper challenges the developmental state theory's contention that the developmental state was most pronounced in South Korea even among its peers in East Asian newly industrializing countries.
Impact of Corporate Cultural Diversity on International Strategy
Authors: Moon Chul Woo
Published: November 2020

This paper addresses the issue of how three cultural factors i.e. cultural distance between countries, focal firm’s prior experience in host country culture, and firm-level cultural diversity affect firm's choice of international strategic combination mode between M&A and joint ventures. Rooted in organizational learning approach to internationalization, our model specifies firm-level cultural diversity as a key determinant of mode choice. Empirical support was found in a sample of U.S. firms.
Government-NGO Partnerships for Development Cooperation: International A Cast Study of South Korea
Authors: Sohn Hyuk-Sang , Kim Sowi
Published: November 2020

At the HLF-3 in Accra in 2008. developed and developing countries recognized civil society as an independent development actor in its own right, and they agreed to create a legal and institutional environment enabling CSO contributions to development. The Korean government also announced the Plan for the Advancement of ODA in 2010, which committed it to an unprecedented increase in the volume of NGO assistance and called for methods of multidimensional cooperation with NGOs. Against this backdrop. this paper aims to analyze the governmemt-NGO partnership for development cooperation in Korea. After reviewing the mechanisms of OECD DAC members' partnerships with their NGOs and then Korean government-NGO partnerships in a comparative per spective, we conclude that both the Korean government and development NGOs are still facing many challenges for better partnership for NGOs, these are accountability and sustainability issues, a tendency toward service delivery, proselytizing activities of Christian faith-based organizations, and a lack of capacity For the government, it is uncertainty about its public commitment, an unclear vision and philosophy regarding ODA, an insufficient civil soci1ety partnership program, and a need for clear policy objectives for NGO support programs.
Who is the Strongest in Washington, D.C.?: A Comparative Study on the Korean-American Comfort Women Movement and the Japanese-American Redress Movement
Authors: Lim Eunjung
Published: November 2020

Washington, D.C. is not only the national capital of the United States, but it is also an international arena in which world political issues are substantially dealt with. Immigrants in the United States represent influence in world politics, exerting their leverage on policy makers in Washington, D.C. The Korean-American Comfort Women Movement in 2007 and the Japanese-American Redress Movement from 1970 to 1992 share common ground in terms of their norms and strategies for success. This article conducts comparative analysis on the two grassroots movements based on Resource Mobilization Theory, and suggests their realistic implications to political dynamics in Washington, D.C.
Varieties of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): An Analysis of Prominent Definitions of CSR in Korea
Authors: Jun Hannah
Published: November 2020

Continued interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) has led to a plethora of definitions, standards, and guidelines. While this has contributed to a rich and diverse body of literature, there is a pressing need for clarity on what CSR means in specific geographic contexts and how these reflect stakeholder expectations. This is particularly the case for firms, which are the objects of CSR evaluations and investment by socially responsible investors. To enhance an understanding of the global varieties of CSR, this paper analyzes prominent definitions of CSR in Korea, specifically those proposed by the Korea Economic Justice Institute (KEJI) and Sustinvest Co., Ltd. By doing so, this paper will help articulate how CSR is conceptualized in Korea and how to situate this variety of CSR in a comparative context.
Neoclassical Realism and South Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Policy
Authors: Sherrill Clifton W.
Published: November 2020

This article develops a neoclassical realist model of decisionmaking that starts with the realist foundation of power, then layers on additional variables at both the domestic and individual levels. Based on a psychological conception of power, and differentiating the state, the regime, and the government, the model integrates prior neoclassical studies that emphasize elite perceptions, state structure, and strategic culture. As an illustrative example, the model is applied to South Korea’s current policymaking regarding potential acquisition of nuclear arms. While South Korea is assessed to have sufficient power to pursue nuclear weapons, the lack of military utility coupled with likely harm to economic and reputational interests suggest continued rejection of such a policy.
The State Actor in Human-Security Issues: A Study of Cambodia and Indonesia
Authors: Chu Ta-Wei (David)
Published: November 2020

Human security has become a popular issue in the realm of international relations, particularly since The Human Development Report 1994 was published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Some research on the subject has acknowledged that individual states are essential actors in achieving human security. This article considers the context of Southeast Asia and explores the case studies of the Cambodian and Indonesian governments, to address their respective domestic human-security issues. To this end, this article considers the modern political histories of Cambodia and Indonesia from a comparative perspective. The article concludes that as a state becomes more democratic its people are likely to have more human security.
Sustainability of Capture Fisheries and SDG 14: Life Below Water
Authors: Atkinson Joel , Cools Luisa
Published: November 2020

Unlike the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the new United Nations (UN) post-2015 Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include a goal related to conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine resources—Sustainable Development Goal 14: “Life Below Water” (SDG 14). Inter alia, the goal aims to increase the sustainability of capture fisheries. For the most part, the sub-goals and targets emerging from this process are not new. Still, for the first time, fisheries have moved toward the center of the sustainable development discourse and the high profile of the SDGs may contribute to increased accountability. However, unless rhetoric translates into the political will to set measurable targets and enforce them, the goal alone cannot generate sustainability in capture fisheries.
Hard, Soft, Smart? North Korea and Power: It’s All Relative
Authors: Grzelczyk Virginie
Published: November 2020

North Korea is notable for its isolation, yet the Korean Central News Agency’s daily editions are filled with articles outlining international admiration for Pyongyang and its leader. Is Pyongyang actively promoting soft power as an integral part of not only its survival, but its development strategy? While scholarship on North Korea tends to focus on Pyongyang’s “high profile” relations with China or Russia (Shambaugh 2003, McCormack 2004, Wu 2005) or with nations seeking to cooperate on weapons of mass destruction (Henriksen 2001), little attention has been paid to how the DPRK engages in seemingly peaceful ways with the world. This article examines the notion of hard, soft, smart and other power declensions, and applies a soft-power framework to investigate DPRK rhetoric and the development of partnerships with both states and non-state actors. It suggests that the DPRK has long pursued a strategy of diplomatic diversification, which includes a more sophisticated understanding of power than previously considered in the literature.
Hallyu at a Crossroads: The Clash of Korea's Soft Power Success and China's Hard Power Threat in Light of Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) System Deployment
Authors: Jun Hannah
Published: November 2020

The past two decades have witnessed the remarkable success of Hallyu, or the Korean Wave, with Korea welcoming a large influx of foreign visitors and benefiting from massive consumption of products ranging from Korean television and film, K-pop and lifestyle products. A more recent announcement by CJ E&M points to an even more aggressive plan for regional ubiquity, as encapsulated by |Hallyu 4.0. Simultaneously, we have already felt some of the effect of policy changes in China - a core Hallyu market - as a responce to Korea's plan to deploy a Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) system. In this sense, we see the stirrings of a clash between Korean soft power and Chinese hard power, and are uncertain who will emerge on top. This paper examines the broad success of Hallyu from key theoretical perspectives, while addressing linkages between Korean corporations and cultural power/influence that have led to an announcement such as Hallyu 4.0. This paper also highlights the recent to tensions between Korea and China, specifically with respect to THAAD deployment, and outlines potential implications for businesses and policymakers through preliminary scenarios.
The Role of Security Forces in Thailand’s Deep South Counter-Insurgency
Authors: Chambers Paul , Waitoolkiat Napisa
Published: November 2020

This study looks at the role of Thai state security forces in the Deep South across history until early 2017. These forces include the army, navy, police and paramilitaries and have been tasked with enforcing Thai state policy toward the Deep South since the centralization of power by the Siamese monarchy over this region in 1902. After the 2014 coup, the junta initiated a policy of using both repression and negotiations with insurgent groups to achieve its aims in the Deep South. Meanwhile violence has continued. The study, using historical institutionalism, argues that Thai security forces’ preference for a hard-line policy in the Deep South has resulted in a vicious cycle of tension and violence between security officials and local Malay-Muslims which has not been conducive to peace efforts in the region. Nevertheless, any durable peace will need to satisfy military perceptions of security. Yet what has been the historical trajectory of security policy in the Deep South? What has been the policy of the ruling National Council for Peace and Order military junta toward the region? What is the likelihood of the Thai junta becoming more pragmatic regarding the Deep South in the near future? This study examines these questions.
Western and East Asian Protection of Human Security
Authors: Kivimäki Timo
Published: November 2020

One of the main trends in the international relations and international security, for the past two decades, has been the new eagerness to intervene into failed and autocratic countries if they fail to protect their own citizens. This trend has distinguished East Asia (including both Southeast and Northeast Asia) from the West. Generally, the distinction has been based on three differences in strategic orientations. First, the role of the military is seen differently in East Asia and the West. Secondly, the role of states as instruments of the protection of civilians is seen differently in the West and East Asia. Thirdly, there is a difference between East Asia and the West regarding to the expected role of the UN Security Council in the authorization of protection. This article investigates the consequences of the three different strategies on human security by reviewing existing literature and by combining new data on discourses of protection with conflict data on various indicators of human survival and welfare. While the Western strategic concept of human security is dominant and hegemonic in the global debate, it seems, on the basis of this investigation, that the East Asian strategy of self-restraint, non-militarism and respect for sovereignty is more effective in the protection of civilians.
Analysis of the type specimens of Fragilaria alpestris (Bacillariophyta) with description of two new ‘araphid’ species from the sub-Antarctic and Arctic Region

Authors: VAN DE VIJVER BART , TUSSET EDUARDO , WILLIAMS DAVID M. , ECTOR LUC
Published: November 2020

During a survey of the sub-Antarctic diatom flora, several populations previously identified as Fragilaria alpestris were reanalysed and compared with type material of the latter species. The morphological ultrastructure of the type of F. alpestris, the sub-Antarctic populations and an additional population of F. cf. alpestris from Spitsbergen has been analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy observations. The analysis revealed that Fragilaria alpestris clearly belongs to the genus Fragilaria whereas the sub-Antarctic populations show all morphological features of the genus Staurosira. Comparison with similar taxa worldwide showed that these populations belonged to an unknown taxon that could not be identified using the currently available literature. A new species, Staurosira vandenbusscheana Van de Vijver sp. nov. is therefore described. The F. cf. alpestris population from Spitsbergen forms long, ribbon-like colonies, unlike the type of F. alpestris that never produces band-like colonies. Following the observation of additional morphological differences such as the presence of two rimoportulae and the shape of the linking spines, the Spitsbergen taxon is described as a new species: Fragilaria confusa sp. nov. The three taxa described herein share a number of morphological features. Their specific features are detailed below along with notes on their ecology. A literature survey and an analysis of the records for F. alpestris are given.
Taxonomic studies of Araceae in Myanmar I: Typhonium sagaingense, a new Areae species from Sagaing Region

Authors: NAIVE MARK ARCEBAL K. , HEIN KHANT ZAW , MA ZHENG-XU , DU NGUYEN VAN
Published: November 2020

A species new to science, Typhonium sagaingense from Sagaing Region, Myanmar, is herein described and illustrated. It is similar to T. albidinervum and T. filiforme but differs in having following characters: trifoliolate leaves, spadix slightly shorter than spathe, fewer yellow staminodes arranged in one whorl and pink appendix. Detailed descriptions, colour plates, illustration, distribution, phenology and ecology of the new species are provided, including a key to all Typhonium occurring in Myanmar.
Two new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) from Peru

Authors: ARROYO FRANK , SERNA-GONZÁLEZ MARCELA
Published: November 2020

Two species of Magnolia from the Amazonian lowland humid forests of Peru are newly described and illustrated: M. clementinana and M. manuensis. Magnolia clementinana is similar to M. peruviana in leaf shape, but its villous indumentum on branchlets and leaves and larger flowers set it apart. Magnolia manuensis is similar to M. rimachii in habit and leaf shape but differs in its larger flowers and more numerous carpels. Information on habitat and conservation status of both species is also provided.
Two new species of Cosmocercidae (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) of Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Caatinga Biome, Brazil
Authors: FELIX-NASCIMENTO GABRIELA , VIEIRA FABIANO MATOS , MUNIZ-PEREIRA LUÍS CLÁUDIO , MOURA GERALDO JORGE BARBOSA DE , RIBEIRO LEONARDO BARROS , OLIVEIRA JAQUELINE BIANQUE DE
Published: November 2020

In the current study, two new species of Cosmocercidae nematodes parasitizing the anuran Leptodactylus macrosternum (Leptodactylidae) from two localities in the municipality of Petrolina, sub-middle São Francisco river, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, were described. Oxysomatium petrolinensis n. sp. differs from all congeneric species for having the male caudal papillae distribution pattern unique in this genus, in which the last three pairs of pre-cloacal papillae are located lateroventrally on the anterior border of the cloacal aperture. Additionally, the new species has an unpaired medial precloacal papilla, seven pairs of postcloacal papillae, and a relatively unique spicule size. Oxyascaris caatingae n. sp. differs from all congeneric species mainly for having males with a medial unpaired precloacal papilla and a distribution pattern of caudal papillae unique to this species, being the only species of the genus with adcloacal papillae. The current study proposes the description of Oxysomatium petrolinensis n. sp., fourth species and the first report of this genus in hosts from the Neotropical region. In addition, it describes Oxyascaris caatingae n. sp., which is the fifth species of the genus.
New species of Clavigeritae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from Malawi and South Africa
Authors: HLAVÁČ PETER , BAŇAŘ PETR
Published: November 2020

Three new species of Clavigeritae from subsaharan Africa, Zuluclavodes mulanjensis sp. nov., Zuluclavodes minor sp. nov. from southern Malawi and Articerodes jaloszynskii sp. nov. from South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal are described. Diagnosis is provided for both genera, and a key to species is given for the genus Zuluclavodes Hlaváč, 2007. Ischyroceros mirus Reichensperger, 1915 is firstly recorded from Malawi, the illustration of its aedeagus is given. All described species are illustrated and their photos are presented.
Terrestrial Mammal Conservation
Authors: Littlewood Nick A. , Rocha Ricardo , Smith Rebecca K. , Martin Philip A. , Lockhart Sarah L. , Schoonover Rebecca F.
Published: November 2020

Terrestrial Mammal Conservation provides a thorough summary of the available scientific evidence of what is known, or not known, about the effectiveness of all of the conservation actions for wild terrestrial mammals across the world (excluding bats and primates, which are covered in separate synopses). Actions are organized into categories based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature classifications of direct threats and conservation actions. Over the course of fifteen chapters, the authors consider interventions as wide ranging as creating uncultivated margins around fields, prescribed burning, setting hunting quotas and removing non-native mammals.

This book is written in an accessible style and is designed to be an invaluable resource for anyone concerned with the practical conservation of terrestrial mammals.

The authors consulted an international group of terrestrial mammal experts and conservationists to produce this synopsis. Funding was provided by the MAVA Foundation, Arcadia and National Geographic Big Cats Initiative.

Terrestrial Mammal Conservation is the seventeenth publication in the Conservation Evidence Series, linked to the online resource www.ConservationEvidence.com. Conservation Evidence Synopses are designed to promote a more evidence-based approach to biodiversity conservation. Others in the series include Bat Conservation, Primate Conservation, Bird Conservation and Forest Conservation and more are in preparation. Expert assessment of the evidence summarised within synopses is provided online and within the annual publication What Works in Conservation.
Perceptions, Uses, and Interpretations of Uncertainty in Current Weather Forecasts by Spanish Undergraduate Students
Authors: Gómez I. , Molina S. , Olcina J. , Galiana-Merino J. J.
Published: November 2020

This quantitative study evaluates how 71 Spanish undergraduate students perceive and interpret the uncertainty inherent to deterministic forecasts. It is based on several questions that asked participants what they expect given a forecast presented under the deterministic paradigm for a specific lead time and a particular weather parameter. In this regard, both normal and extreme weather conditions were studied. Students’ responses to the temperature forecast as it is usually presented in the media expect an uncertainty range of ±1°–2°C. For wind speed, uncertainty shows a deviation of ±5–10 km h−1, and the uncertainty range assigned to the precipitation amount shows a deviation of ±30 mm from the specific value provided in a deterministic format. Participants perceive the minimum night temperatures as the least-biased parameter from the deterministic forecast, while the amount of rain is perceived as the most-biased one. In addition, participants were then asked about their probabilistic threshold for taking appropriate precautionary action under distinct decision-making scenarios of temperature, wind speed, and rain. Results indicate that participants have different probabilistic thresholds for taking protective action and that context and presentation influence forecast use. Participants were also asked about the meaning of the probability-of-precipitation (PoP) forecast. Around 40% of responses reformulated the default options, and around 20% selected the correct answer, following previous studies related to this research topic. As a general result, it has been found that participants infer uncertainty into deterministic forecasts, and they are mostly used to take action in the presence of decision-making scenarios. In contrast, more difficulties were found when interpreting probabilistic forecasts.