bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OCCIPITAL DYSPLASIA AND ASSOCIATED CRANIAL SPINAL CORD ABNORMALITIES IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Bagley Rodney S. , Harrington Michael L. , Tucker Russell L. , Sande Ronald D. , Root Charles R. , Kramer Robert W.
Published: May 2005

Occipital dysplasia was found in association with cervical spinal cord abnormalities in two dogs. One dog presented for tetraparesis and cervical hyperesthesia, the other for historical cervical hyperesthesia and mild paraparesis. In dog 1, a midline cervical spinal cord defect consistent with a communicating syrinx was found. In the other dog, a presumptive syringo/hydromyelia of the cervical spinal cord was found on magnetic resonance imaging. While occipital dysplasia alone is not thought to cause any clinical abnormalities, the dogs of this report suggest that intramedullary central nervous system abnormalities may be present concurrently with occipital dysplasia and should be considered as a possible cause of the clinical signs. The relationship between occipital dysplasia and syringo/hydromyelia in these dogs remains unclear, however, similar associated abnormalities are occasionally found in humans with Chiari malformation.
THE EFFECT OF PREPUBERAL AND POSTPUBERAL GONADECTOMY ON PENILE EXTRUSION AND URETHRAL DIAMETER IN THE DOMESTIC CAT
Authors: Root Margaret V. , Johnston Shirley D. , Johnston Gary R. , Olson Patricia N.
Published: May 2005

Male (n = 6/group) and female (n = 6/group) kittens were gonadectomized at 7 weeks or 7 months of age, or left intact. At 22 months of age, complete penile extrusion was possible in all of the intact males, in 3/5 (60%) males castrated at 7 months of age, and in none of the males castrated at 7 weeks of age. Antegrade (voiding) cystourethrograms were performed at 22 months of age. Diameter of the preprostatic (p = 0.13) and penile (p>0.25) urethra of male cats did not vary by group. Diameter of the pre‐pelvic urethra of female cats gonadectomized at 7 weeks of age was significantly smaller than that of intact females (p = 0.02).
OBSERVER VARIATION IN THE TWO‐DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE IN DOGS
Authors: Pedersen Henrik D. , Lorentzen Kasper A. , Kristensen BentØ
Published: May 2005

In this study, the observer variation and the influence of observer experience in diagnosing mitral valve prolapse in dogs was assessed by having three observers with different degrees of echocardiographic experience (10 years, 4 years, and no prior experience) analyze 303 mitral valve video recordings from 253 dogs, both with and without mitral regurgitation. To assess intraobserver variation, 16 recordings were analyzed twice, and 34 dogs were scanned twice at intervals of a few days. By consensus, 90 dogs had no mitral valve prolapse, 130 had mild and 33 had severe mitral valve prolapse. Intraobserver repeatabilities ranged from 88% to 100% and interobserver repeatabilities from 70% to 78%. In 79% to 94% of the dogs that were scanned twice, the observers diagnosed both recordings identically. All repeatabilities were reduced by approximately 10% when mitral valve prolapse was graded into mild and severe. The three observers differed significantly in diagnosing mitral valve prolapse when compared with each other in pairs (all p‐values < 0.01). The unexperienced observer had the highest and most unsystematic occurrence of false diagnoses. It is possible that the interobserver repeatabilities would have been lower had each sonographer obtained his own echocardiograms. We conclude, that mitral valve prolapse in dogs can be diagnosed using two‐dimensional echocardiography with the same degree of observer variation as reported in human studies, and that education and training of staff is mandatory to ensure proper ultrasonographic evaluation.
RENAL AND HEPATIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE NEONATAL DOG
Authors: England Gray C.W.
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic appearance and size of the liver and kidneys of a litter of five pups was examined from birth until six months of age, and compared with a group of five adults of the same breed. Increased renal cortical echogenicity was evident for the first two weeks of life. Up to 12 weeks of age renal size was relatively large in comparison with body size parameters. After 12 weeks measures of renal size were proportionate with body size and were not significantly different from adult dogs. The neonatal liver had a similar ultrasonographic appearance to the adult, although in the first eight weeks parenchymal echogenic stippling was less coarse and portal veins were less well delineated. Measures of hepatic length were inaccurate during the first four weeks after birth due to changes in body conformation. From eight weeks to six months of age these measures were proportionate with body size, although the ratios differed from adult dogs.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY AS AN AID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA IN A HORSE
Authors: Ramirez Sammy , Seahorn Thomas L.
Published: May 2005

Clinical diagnosis of renal tumors in the horse has been difficult because the traditional diagnostic techniques are inadequate. Because of this shortcoming, early publications rarely reported antemortem diagnosis of primary renal tumors. Conventional radiographic techniques cannot effectively outline kidneys in the adult horse. With the advent of ultrasonography, a new dimension to the evaluation of the large‐animal kidney has been introduced. Percutaneous diagnostic ultrasonography provides a noninvasive method of examining both kidneys. This report describes a 15 year‐old Tennessee Walking Horse mare presented for evaluation of a mass in the sublumbar region, polyuria and polydipsia. Clinical examination and laboratory test results suggested intra‐abdominal neoplasia. Two‐dimensional ultrasonographic images of the mass were consistent with renal neoplasia. Histologic diagnosis of ultrasound‐guided renal biopsy was renal tubular cell carcinoma.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL CANINE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE: A MORPHOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Evers Petra , Fletcher Thomas F. , Hardy Robert M. , Wallace Larry J.
Published: May 2005

The lumbosacral spine of six normal dogs weighing 4.5 to 24.5kg was imaged by computed tomography in 5.0 mm & 10.0 mm transverse planes. The vertebral canal and thecal sac (including emerging nerve roots not distinguished as separate structures from the spinal cord) were measured along dorsoventral and transverse dimensions at cranial, middle and caudal levels within each vertebra from transverse tomographic images. Linear measurements were standardized to the dorsoventral dimension of the L6vertebral midbody to permit comparison and averaging of the vertebral and thecal sac dimensions among different sized dogs. The dorsoventral and transverse vertebral canal size progressively increased from cranial to caudal within each vertebra from L1−L6(p ≤ 0.05). The transverse dimension of the thecal sac image increased caudally within each vertebra from L1−L4(p ≤ 0.05). The vertebral canal dorsoventral and transverse dimensions were largest in the midlumbar area (p ≤ 0.05). The transverse, but not the dorsoventral, imaged dimension of the thecal sac peaked in the L4vertebra (p ≤ 0.05). The dorsoventral thecal sac image was observed to fill the vertebral canal in the cranial and middle vertebral levels in vertebrae L1through L5in over 60% of these normal dogs. However, epidural fat could almost always be seen lateral to the thecal sac regardless of what lumbar vertebra or vertebral level was imaged. Cranial to the lumbosacral junction, the dorsal intervertebral disk margin was almost always concave relative to the thecal sac. However, at the L7‐S1junction, some dogs had flat or even slightly convex dorsal intervertebral disk margins. The dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments and the ligamentum flavum could not be identified as distinct structures on the 5.0 mm transverse tomographic images.
INTRAORAL DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND CLINICAL USE IN TWO HORSES AND A LLAMA
Authors: O'Brien Robert T.
Published: May 2005

A technique for intraoral radiography of the maxillary cheek teeth in large animals using strips of nonscreen and commercial dental x‐ray film is described. The method was initially tested using horse cadaver heads and subsequently on three large animal patients with signs of dental disease. Limitations of the described technique include necessity for general anesthesia, special x‐ray film and manual developing. Additionally, the need for very accurate adjustment of incident beam angle, beam centering point and depth in the oral cavity provide a major technical challenge. After becoming famillar with the technique, the major limitation was increased time for manual film developing. The images provided by nonscreen technique were subjectively superior. The anatomic detail of the apical and periodontal regions of the teeth was better than on survey radiographs. Nonscreen intraoral technique should be considered for anesthetized large animal patients with signs of dental disease.
MINERALIZED ARTERIOSCLEROSIS IN A CAT
Authors: Lefbom Bonnie K. , Adams William H. , Weddle Diann L.
Published: May 2005

In radiographs of a domestic short haired cat of unknown age, mineralization was identified in the pulmonary parenchyma, peripheral pulmonary vessels, the aortic outflow tract, aortic valve, celiac artery, cranial mesenteric artery, and the internal and external iliac arteries. The diffuse arterial mineralization was characterized histopathologically as arteriosclerosis. This is the first report of mineralized arteriosclerosis in a cat with corresponding radiographic signs. The arteriosclerosis is thought to be due to systemic hypertension but a definitive cause for the profound mineralization was not found. Causes of soft tissue mineralization are reviewed.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF FOCAL GRANULOMATOUS MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Lobetti Remo G. , Pearson Joyce
Published: May 2005

Two dogs with neurologic signs were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Focal space‐occupying lesions were present in both dogs. In the first, the lesion was in the brain stem and in the second, in the cerebellum. In one dog the lesion was only evident after administration of gadolinium‐DTPA‐dimeglumine. Based on the magnetic resonance images, neoplasia was suspected in both dogs but histopathologically, granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was diagnosed.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE BRAIN AND COELOMIC CAVITY OF THE DOMESTIC PIGEON (Columba livia domestica)
Authors: Romagnano April , Shiroma Jonathan T. , Heard Darryl J. , Johnson Richard D. , Schiering Michael R. , Mladinich Christopher R.J.
Published: May 2005

The technical feasibility of performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in domestic pigeons was investigated. Imaging was performed with a 1.5 Tesla magnet using a human knee surface coil. The head and coelomic cavity of isoflurane‐anesthetized birds were imaged in the dorsal, sagittal, and transverse planes to produce T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted, and contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted images. The birds were then euthanatized, formalin perfused, frozen, and sectioned in the corresponding anatomic planes. The anatomy defined by MRI was correlated with gross anatomic sections made from the same birds. The following CNS structures were identified: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, optic chiasm, optic lobes, brain stem, and cranial spinal cord. The cornea, lens, and vitreous were also well differentiated in dorsal section MRI's. The abdominal organs identified included proventriculus, ventriculus, intestines, cloaca, liver, kidneys, spleen, testes, and ovary. The hepatic and renal vasculature were well defined.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF ADRENAL GLANDS IN NORMAL FERRETS
Authors: O'Brien Robert T. , Paul‐Murphy Joanne , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: May 2005

The adrenal glands of 20 normal ferrets were imaged with ultrasound. Of the forty glands, only 4 (three right and one left) could not be clearly identified. Mean (±standard deviation) dimensions of the right (7.6 ± 1.8 mm length by 2.6 ± 0.4 mm width) and left (7.2 ± 1.8 mm length by 2.8 ± 0.5 mm width) glands were similar. Both adrenal glands were wider (p<0.05) sonographically in males than females. Measured length and width of the right gland positively correlated (p<0.05) with body weight. The glands had a hypoechoic outer zone and hyperechoic central region, were elongate to avoid in shape and located medial and, variably, at the level of the cranial pole of the ipsilateral kidney. This study demonstrates that normal adrenal glands can be imaged in ferrets.
APPLICATION OF THE PIN‐HOLE COLLIMATOR IN SMALL ANIMAL NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY: A REVIEW
Authors: Young Karen , Daniel Gfregotry B. , Bahr Anne
Published: May 2005

The pin‐hole collimator is used to improve spatial resolution and magnify areas of interest. The pin‐hole collimator has many applications in small animal veterinary scintigraphy. The principles of image formation for the pin‐hole and parallel hole collimators are reviewed. The effects of distance on resolution and sensitivity are presented for the pin‐hole and parallel hole collimators. Specific application of the pin‐hole and parallel hole collimators. Specific application of the pin‐hole collimator in veternary scintigraphy are discussed.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF CAUDAL VENA CAVA SIZE IN DOGS
Authors: Lehmukhl Linda B. , Bonagura John D. , Biller David S. , Hartman Wendie M.
Published: May 2005

Dilation of the caudal vena cava (CVC) on lateral thoracic radiographs is often interpreted as suggestive of right‐sided congestive heart failure. To quantitate the clinical utility of evaluating CVC size as an indicator of right‐sided heart disease, we compared the ratio of the diameter of the CVC as measured on a left lateral thoracic radiograph to the descending aorta (Ao), length of the thoracic vertebra above the tracheal bifurcation (VL), and width of the right fourth rib (R4) in 35 dogs with right heart disease and 35 control dogs. Each CVC ratio (CVC/Ao, CVC/VL, CVC/R4) was statistically larger in dogs with right heart disease. Response operating characteristic curves and likelihood ratios were used to determine ratios helpful in identifying dogs with right heart disease. A CVC/Ao > 1.50, CVC/VL > 1.30, or CVC/R4 > 3.50 are strongly suggestive of a right‐sided heart abnormality in a patent.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE BRAIN OF NORMAL NEONATAL FOALS
Authors: Chaffin M. Keith , Walker Michael A. , Mcarthur Newell H. , Perris Elias E. , Matthews Nora S.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on gthe brain of 5 normal, anesthetized, neonatal (age 3‐to‐6 days) Quarter Horse foals. The objectives of the study were to develop a technique for imaging the brain of neonatal foals, and to ascertain their normal brain anatomy. Interavenous propofol was administered for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Using spin echo MR techniques, T1 weighted sagittal and transverse views, and spin density and T2 weighted transverse views were successfully made of each foal. MR images provided excellent visualization of many anatomic struictures of the brain and head. MRI of the bgrain is feasible for selected neonantal equine patients.
TRUE DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN A CAT
Authors: Voges Andra K. , Bertrand Scott , Hill Richard C. , Neuwirth Lisa , Schaer Michael
Published: May 2005

A report of a cat with a true diaphragmatic hernia in which only falciform fat had herniated is pressented. The lession was misinterpreted as a pulmonary mass. Additional radiographic studies which may have been of diagnostic benefit are briefly discussed.
PAROSTEAL OSTEOSARCOMA OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRA IN A DOG
Authors: Thomas William B. , Daniel Gregory B. , McGavin M. Donald
Published: May 2005

A 12‐year‐old Maltese terrier was evaluated for progressive tetraparesis and neck pain. On radiographs, there was a periosteal reaction involving the fourth cervical vertebra. Myelographically, there was extradural compression of the spinal cord associated with the lesion. The dog was euthanized and necropsied. Histopathologic diagnosis was parosteal osteosarcoma of the vertebra.
SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF URINARY BLADDER WALL THICKNESS IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Geisse Amy L. , Lowry Jennifer E. , Schaeffer David J. , Smith Charles W.
Published: May 2005

Urinary bladder wall thickness was evaluated by ultrasonography in 16 normal dogs. Sterile saline solution was administered via urinary catheters to control the degree of bladder distention. Bladder wall thickness was measured on static ultrasound images in 4 locations and at 3 degrees of bladder distention (minimal, mild, and moderate). Four randomized distention sequences with 3 distentions per sequence were performed on each dog and the data were analyzed using Williams' balanced Latin square. Mean bladder wall thickness was 2.3 mm in minimally distended bladders (0.5 ml/kg saline), 1.6 mm in mildly distended bladders (2 ml/kg saline) and 1.4 mm in moderately distended bladders (4 ml/kg saline). Mean bladder wall thickness increased significantly with increasing body weight and with decreasing bladder distention. The caudoventral measurement location produced a statistically significant smaller measurement, with a difference of 0.3 mm. Sex did not affect bladder wall thickness. Distention sequence and repetition of distentions did not affect bladder wall thickness.
SONOGRAPHY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Kramer Martin , Gerwing Martin , Hach Volker , Schimke Ernst
Published: May 2005

Sonography of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats was undertaken to evaluate the application of this imaging procedure in orthopedics. In most of the patients a 7,5 MHz linear transducer was used because of its flat application surface and its resolving power. The evaluation of bone by sonography is limited, but sonography can provide addition information regarding the bone surface and surrounding soft tissue. Ultrasound is valuable for assessing joint disease. Joint effusion, thickening of the joint capsule and cartilage defects can be identified sonographically. It is also possible to detect bone destruction. Instabilities are often identified with the help of a dynamic examination. Soft tissue abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system lend themselves to sonographic evaluation. Partial or complete muscles or tendon tears are able to be differentiated and the healing process can be monitored. Most of the diseases that are in the area of the biceps or the achilles tendon, such as dislocation of the tendon, old injuries with scarification, free dissecates in the tendonsheath, tendinitis and/or tendosynovitis can be differentiated by sonography. In addition, with clinical and laboratory findings, it is often possible to make a correct diagnosis with ultrasound in patients with abscesses, foreign bodies, hematomas, soft tissue tumors and lipomas.
ARTIFACTS AND TECHNICAL ERRORS PRESENTED AS PART OF THE 1996 ACVR ORAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION
Authors: Widmer William R. , Kneller S.K.
Published: May 2005

Cases used for the examination consisted of various imaging artifacts and technical errors. The candidate was expected to name or identify the problem and discuss its cause and prevention. For the purpose of completeness, the scope and detail given here is in excess of that needed to pass the examination. Unless the problem was obvious, the examiner pointed out the problem to be discussed.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRACRANIAL INTRA‐ARACHNOID CYSTS IN 6 DOGS
Authors: Vernau Karen M. , Kortz Gregg D. , Koblik Philip D. , Lecouteur Richard A. , Bailey Cleta Sue , Pedroia Vince
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic imaging (CT) characteristics of intracranial intra‐arachnoid cysts in six dogs are described.Of the six dogs, three were less than one year of age and 4 were males. Five of the six dogs weighed less than 11 kg. Five cysts were located in the quadrigeminal cistern.On CT images, the intracranial intra‐arachnoid cysts had sharply defined margins, contained fluid isodense to CSf and did not enhance following IV administration of contrast. On MRI images, the intracranial intra‐arachnoid cysts were extra‐axial, contained fluid isointense with CSF and did not enhance following IV contrast. While spinal arachnoid cysts of dogs have been reported in the literature, other than the six dogs contained in this report, intracranial intra‐arachnoid cysts have not to our knowledge been described in animals. These six dogs have a similar age, sex, arachnoid cysts.
RADIOGRAPHIC, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING EVALUATION OF A CHRONIC LONG DIGITAL EXTENSOR TENDON AVULSION IN A DOG
Authors: Fitch Randall B. , Wilson Eric R. , Hathcock John T. , Montgomery Ronald D.
Published: May 2005

Long digital extensor tendon avulsion is reported in a 5 month old Great Dane. Clinically the dog presented with a unilateral weight‐bearing pelvic limb lameness. Joint effusion was present and there was pain and crepitance associated with flexion of the stifle. Orthopedic evaluation and radiographs were suggestive of a long digital extensor tendon injury which was confirmed by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.The injury was surgically repaired with screw and spiked washer fixation.
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE MIDDLE EAR AFTER VENTRALBULLA OSTEOTOMY IN FIVE DOGS WITH OTITIS MEDIA
Authors: Holt David E. , Walker Lynn
Published: May 2005

Radiographs of the middle ear were made in five dogs 60 to 70 months after ventral bulla osteotomy was performed to treat otitis media. The clinical results of surgery were considered satisfactory in four dogs and unsatisfactory in one. In 4 dogs with satisfactory results, radiographs demonstratd complete reformation of the bulla in 3 operated middle ears (3 dogs), with partial bulla reformation in the three middle ears (3 dogs). Radiographs in one dog with unsatisfactory results showed complete bulla reformation with no increase in lumen opacity. The proliferative bony response obilerating the middle ear previously reported in normal dogs after ventral bulla osteotomy was not seen in any of these patients.
A MYELOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR AVIAN SPECIES
Authors: Harr Kendal E. , Kollias George V. , Rendano Victor , DeLahunta Alexander
Published: May 2005

A post‐mortem myelogram was used to diagnose a vertebral fracture in a Red‐tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicenis). This diagnosis led the authors to believe that myelography would be useful in live birds. In a pilot study using live adult female chickens (Gallus domesticus), mammalian myelographic techniques were modified for avian anatomic differences. A thoracolumbar puncture site was used rather than the lumbar or cisternal site which is commonly used in mammals. The volume of contrast medium needed to produce a diagnostic myelogram in birds(0.8–1.2 ml/kg) was found to be approximately four times that needed in mammals. A 25 gauge spinal needle was used rather than a 23 gauge needle. Myelograms of diagnostic quality were obtained with normal subject recovery. Seizures, the most common post‐myelographic complication in mammals, were not observed in any of the birds studied. Avian myelography was found to be a cost effective and humane technique with potential application to avian practice.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE EQUINE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT: THREE‐DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION AND ANATOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Martinelli Mark J. , Kuriashkin Igor V. , Carragher Bridget O. , Clarkson Robert B. , Baker Gordon J.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Thirty‐two saggital images generated by partial volume imaging were transferred to a computer for three dimensional reconstruction and analysis. All the tissues constituting the metacarpophalangeal joint were readily identified. The most significant increase finding regarded the soft tissues on the palmar aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joint and their interactions with the proximal sesamoid bones. the equine metacarpophalangeal joint has not previously been evaluated using 3‐dimensional imaging software.
PULSED WAVE‐DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY IN THE RESTING HORSE: PHYSIOLOGIC DATA
Authors: Cipone Mario , Pietra Marco , Gandini Gulatiero , Borai Andrea , Guglielmini Carlo , Venturoli Massimiliano
Published: May 2005

A pulsed wave‐Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of common carotid arterial blood flow was carried out on 63 healthy Italian Saddlebred horses. Vessel diameter and tracing morphology were evaluated were evaluated and blood flow parameters (systolic, diastolic and mean velocity, acceleration and deceleration of the systolic wave, cartid pulse volume) were calculated and correlated with class variables (sex, age and body weight). On the basis of the presence of an incisure in the ascending branch of the systolic curve, subjects were divided in two groups: one with a bifid systolic curve and the other with a monophasic aspect. Correlations between: 1) diameter of the vessel and body weight and 2) carotid pulse volume and flow velocity (systolic, diastolic and mean) were found. A greater systolic pulse volume was found in male subjects, in subjects with greater body weight and in those which had a monophasic systolic wave.
SCINTIGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF DISTAL EXTREMITY PERFUSION IN 17 PATIENTS
Authors: Goggin Justin M. , Hoskinson James J. , Carpenter James W. , Roush James K. , McLaughlin Ronald M. , Anderson David E.
Published: May 2005

To assess the role of scintigraphic evaluation of distal limb perfusion, the medical records and scintigraphic perfusion images of 17 animals(8dogs, 2cats, 2calves, 4birds and 1 ferret) with clinical signs of distal limb ischemia were examined retrospectively. Images were obtained at 5 and 10 minutes following injection of99mTc‐MDP, or99mTc‐DTPA. The initial scintigraphic diagnoses of 17 animals included complete ischemia(8/17), partially reduced perfusion(5/17), and normal to increased perfusion(4/17). In 4 of the animals with partially reduced perfusion, follow‐up scans indicatd progression to complete ischemia(1/4) or normal to increased perfusion(3/4). Nine of 17 animals had a final scintigraphic diagnosis of complete distal limb ischemia, and these animals were either euthanized(5/9)or had limb amputation(4/9).A final diagnosis of complete ischemia was supported with either repeat scanning(3/10), continued clinical observation(6/10)and /or pathological examination(10/10).Clinical Scintigraphy provided a safe and noninvasive assessment of distal limb perfusison, which corresponded with clinical outcome.
SCINTIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF FOUR DOGS WITH PROTEIN‐LOSING ENTEROPATHY USING111INDIUM‐INDIUM‐LABELED TRANSFERRIN
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Guilford W. Grant , Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William H. , Fisher Paul
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this sutdy was to determine the clinical utility of111In‐labeled transferrin (111In‐TF) scintigraphy for evaluating dogs suspected of having protein‐losing enteropathies. Four dogs were injected intravenoulsy with autologous111In‐TF after 30 min incubation (at 37°C) of 18.5 MBq (0.5mCi)111In CI3with one ml of autologous plasma, Serial right lateral, left lateral and dorsal images were obtained 2, 4, and 24 hours post111In‐TF administration, Images were subjectively evaluated for the presence or absence of111within the gastrointestinal tract. The results of total protein, albumin and globulin legels and results form gastrointestinal tract. the results of total protein, albumin and globulin levels and results from gastrointestinal biopsies were recorded. In one dog, a follow‐up scientigraphic study was done six months after initial evaluation and initiation of treatment for plasmocytic‐lymphocytic enteritis. Gastrointestinal activity was noted by two hours in two dogs, while all four dogs had gastrointestinal activity on the 24 hour images. The mean (±std dev) plasma protein, albumin and globulin levels were 3.5 (±0.9), 1.7 (±1) and 1.8 (±0.3) respectively at the time of initial presentation. In the one dog that was evaluated after therapy, faint visualization of radioactivity within the colon was noted on the 24 hour image. Based on this study,111In‐TF appears to be a viable scientigraphic method for evaluating dogs with suspected dogs withfd suspected protein‐losing enteropathies, Potential limitations of tjis radiopharmaceutical include cost and prolonged isolation of the animal prior to release to the client due to the long physical half‐life (T½= 2.82 days).
FIRST‐PASS RADIONUCLIDE ANGIOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF AORTOILIAC THROMBOEMBOLISM IN A HORSE
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Maxson Abby D. , Stacy Vivian S. , Buchanan Kimberly B.
Published: May 2005

First‐pass radionuclide angiography of the terminal aorta was performed in 3 normal horses and a 6‐year old Standardbred intact male with aortoiliac thromboembolism. Thromboembolism caused chronic bilateral hind limb lameness, more severe in the right hind limb, was detected by rectal examination, and confirmed using transrectal ultrasonography. Using99mTc‐HDP, first‐pass radionuclide angiography was combined with hind limb and pelvis bone(delayed) scintigraphy and revealed marked reduction in blood flow through both external iliac arteries and absence of blood flow in the internal iliac arteries. Quantitative analysis showed a decreased activity in the right iliac vessels in the clinic patient consistent with reduced blood flow when compared to control horses. First‐pass radio‐nuclide angiography provided a method to obtain diagnostic images of the terminal aorta and branches and a method to diagnose aortoiliac thromboembolism in the horse.
THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN DOGS INFECTED WITH RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII
Authors: Drost Wm Tod , Berry Clifford R. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Davidson Michael G.
Published: May 2005

Sixteen beagle dogs were injected intradermally withRickettsia rickettsii.The dogs were divided into four groups (n=4):1) infected, non‐treated withdoxycycline;3) infected, treated with doxycycline and an anti‐inflammatory dose of corticosteroid;4) infected, treated with ocular fluoresein angiograhphy was performed on days 6, 10, 17 post‐inoculatin.A mild interstitial lung opacitywas noted in4/16 dogs on day 6, 5/16 on day 10 and 17 post‐inculatin. Increased retinal vascular permeability was noted n 8/16 dogs on day 6,3/16 on day 10 and 1/16 on day 17 post‐inoculation. Correlatin between the presence of radiographic and retinal lesions was not signigicant (p=0.08). Elevan, naturally infected, dogs with thoracic radiographs and an final diagnosis of RMSF were also evluated. Four of the 11 dogs had an unstructu4red inteerstitial pattern. Dogs with acute, experimentally‐infected or naturally‐occurring RMSF may have subtle pulmonary changes characterized by an unstructured interstitial patteern.
SUBDURAL INJECTION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM DURING CERVICAL MYELOGRAPHY
Authors: Scrivani Peter V. , Barthez Paul Y. , Léveilé Renéee , Schrader Steven M. , Reed Stephen M.
Published: May 2005

Three patients (1 dog, 2 horses) ae described where myelography was complicated, purportedly by injection of contrast medium into the meninges superficial to the subarachnoid space. Contrast medium injected in this locationin a cadaver tended ot accoumulate dorsally within the vertebarel canal, deep to the dura mate but superficial to the subarachnoid space. The ventral marginof the pooled contrast medium had a wavy or undulating margin and the dorsal margin was smooth. Pooled contrast medium was believed to be sequestered within the structurally weak dural border cell layer between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane, or so‐called subdural space.
ASYSTOLE ASSOCIATED WITH IOHEXOL MYELOGRAPHY IN A DOG
Authors: Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Keene Bruce W. , Forres Lisa J.
Published: May 2005

This is areport of a 10‐year‐old female neutered Doberman Pinscher with a clinical diagnosis of myelopathy. The dog was anesthetized using oxymorphone, thiopental, and halothane in oxygen for a cerebrospinal tap and a myelogram. Iohexsal injection into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture was uneventful. Additional iohexal was given into the cerebellomjedullary cistern. Immediately following iohexal administration into the cerebellomedullary cistern, several electrocardiographic changes occurred. Two extended periods of asystole responded to intravenous glycopyrrolate administration. A slow multiform ventricular escape rhythm was established after the second dose of glycopyrrolate. Ultimately, atrial activity with apparent A V dissociation resumed, atrial fibrillation developed, and the rhythm converted to normal sinus rhythm. The dog had a normal cardiac examination the following day. Two days later, the dog was anesthetized using a similar anesthetic regimen with maintance on isoflurane in oxygen for a hemilaminectomy. The dog recovered uneventfully from surgery and was discharged 2 days later.
BIPLANE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL CAT
Authors: Kienle Richard D. , Thomas William P. , Rishniw Mark
Published: May 2005

Eight healthy, adult cats were examined with biplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Cats were sedated with a combination of diazepam and propofol and were examined using a 5 mm x 80 cm pediatric biplane TEE probe. Consistent images were obtained at three imaging depths within the esophagus. The middle position porvided the best short‐axis images of the left ventricle andheart base. The middle position provided the best long‐axis views of the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta satisfactory imaging of the aorta and pumonary artery and allowed Doppler examination of right ventricular and left ventricular outflow. Biplane TEE provides and additional method of imaging the feline heart which is complimentary to other imaging techniques and the images obtained were similar to those reported for dogs. Although TEE offers a slight advantage over transthoracic imaging for Doppler examination, the quality of the images of heart base structures was not as consistently superior to transthoracic images in cats as reported in dogs.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF GASTRIC ULCERATION IN THE DOG
Authors: Pennick D. , Matz M. , Tidwell A.
Published: May 2005

The clinical, ultrasonographic and, when available, histopathologic findings of gastric ulceration in 7 dogs were reviewed. The most common clinical signs were vomiting, hematemesis, melena, weight loss and anemia. Ultrasonographic features of gastric ulcer included local thickening of the gastric wall, possible loss of the 5‐layer structure, the presence of a wall defect or “crater”, fluid accumulation in the stomach and diminished gastric motility.The localized gastric thickening varied from 9 to 16 mm. The ulcer crater was often located in the center of the thickened site and appeared as a mucosal defect associated with persistent accumulation of small echoes, most likely representing microbubbles. In this preliminary study, there was no definitive ultrasonographic distinction between benign and malignant ulcers.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF COMMINUTED MIDDLE PHALANGEAL FRACTURES IN THE HORSE
Authors: Rose Patricia L. , Seeherman Howard , O'Callaghan Michael
Published: May 2005

Comminuted fractures of the middle phalanx have been well described in the horse. Choice of treatment, surgical planning and prognosis have traditionally been based upon evaluation of radiographs. However, the complex nature of comminuted fractures makes radiographic interpretation difficult. Computed tomography (CT) allows the production of cross‐sectional images with spatial separation of structures which are superimposed on survey radiographs. This allows accurate assessment of the number and direction of fracture lines within the bone. In this paper we report the use of CT in the evaluation of 6 comminuted middle phalangeal fractures. Computed tomography is potentially useful in deciding the type of treatment, surgical planning and determining the prognosis.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLES IN BEAGLE‐TYPE DOGS
Authors: Kii Sachie , Uzuka Yuji , Taura Yasuho , Nakaichi Munekazu , Takeuchi Akira , Inokuma Hisashi , Onishi Takafumi
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on 21 presumed normal Beagle‐type dogs. The size and symmetry of their lateral ventricles were evaluated and dogs were categorized on the basis of the percentage of their ventricular height (Vh) to brain height (Bh) and the ratio of the largest to the smallest ventricular area (rVA). Eleven dogs had lateral ventricles classified as normal sized (0–14 %Vh/Bh) while 10 of 21 dogs had moderate enlargement (1525% Vh/Bh) of one or both lateral ventricles. None of the dogs had severe lateral ventricular enlargement. Degree of asymmetry was also arbitrarily categorized on basis of rVA as normal to minimal (rVA < 1S), mild (1.5 < rVA < 2.0), or severe (2.0 < rVA). Of the dogs having normal‐sized lateral ventricles, six of eleven had symmetric, three of eleven had mildly asymmetric and two of eleven had severely asymmetric lateral ventricles. Of the dogs having at least one moderately enlarged lateral ventricles, five of ten had symmetric lateral ventricles, and two of ten had mild asymmetry and three of ten had severe asymmetry. Gender and body weight had no statistical relationship to lateral ventricle symmetry. Clinically insignificant ventricular enlargement and asymmetry was common in this group of Beagle dogs.
QUANTIFICATION OF CEREBRAL VENTRICULAR VOLUME IN ENGLISH BULLDOGS
Authors: Vite Charles H. , Insko Erik K. , Schotland Helena M. , Panckeri Karen , Hendricks Joan C.
Published: May 2005

Quantitative measurement of cerebral ventricle volume of eight English bulldogs was performed using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The mean ventricular volume was 14.8 ml. with a range of 8.6 m1.‐38.1 ml. The mean ventricular volume of two beagles was 2.2 ml with a range of 0.7 m1.3.7 ml. The percent of intracranial volume occupied by ventricle was found to be significantly larger in bulldogs (14.0%; S.D. = 7.9%) than in beagles (Range = 1.048%). The relationship between the percent of intracranial volume occupied by ventricle and measurements of body weight, age, sex, and various measures of skull anatomy of the bulldog was also determined. The relationship between ventricular volume and neurologic dysfunction was examined. There was a possible trend between high percent of intracranial volume occupied by ventricle and low body weight. This study will serve as a pilot study for examining the relationship between ventricular volume and neurologic disease in bulldogs.
APPEARANCE OF CANINE ABDOMINAL TUMORS WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING USING A LOW FIELD PERMANENT MAGNET
Authors: Muleya Janet S. , Taura Yasuho , Nakaichi Munekazu , Nakama Sanenori , Takeuchi Akira
Published: May 2005

The study was carried out to evaluate the applicability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting tumors in the abdomen of the dog. Abdominal ultrasound and MRI were performed on 8 dogs having a mass lesion on abdominal radiography. MR images were obtained in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes using T1‐ and T2‐weighted spin echo pulse sequences. There was good visual correlation of the lesion site by MRI and ultrasonography (US).
RETROSPECTIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ADRENAL LESIONS IN 26 DOGS
Authors: Besso Juliette G. , Penninck Dominique G. , Gliatto John M.
Published: May 2005

A review was performed of ultrasonographic findings in 26 dogs with confirmed adrenal lesions. Adrenal shape, size, echogenicity, laterality, and the presence of vascular invasion were evaluated. Histopathologic diagnoses were obtained in all dogs. Adrenal lesions were confirmed as pheochromocytomas (9), adenocarcinomas (6), a poorly differentiated blastoma (l), bilateral adrenal metastases of a carcinoma (l), adenomas‐one of which was bilateral‐(4) and hyperplasia (6). Size and shape were extremely variable and not specific to lesion type. There was a tendency for pheochromocytomas (7), adenocarcinomas (5) and poorly differentiated blastoma (1) to be rounded masses. Adenomas (4), hyperplasia (7) and adrenal metastases (2) presented predominantly as nodules. No specificity in echogenicity was noted. Mineralization and bilaterality were present in both benign and malignant lesions. Vascular extension or the presence of a thrombus were suggestive but not specific signs of malignancy. Based on our prelimiary study, ultrasonography is an effective method for localizing adrenal lesions and is helpful in assessing their extension. However, no definitive differentiation between benign and malignant lesions was possible using ultrasonographic criteria alone.
PERIPHERAL NEUROBLASTOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Forrest Lisa J. , Galbreath Elizabeth J. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Macewen E. Gregory
Published: May 2005

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are composed of primitive neuroepithelial cells and include tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma and retinoblastoma are examples of these rare malignant tumors that usually occur in young patients. This report describes aperipheral neuroblastoma in a 2 year old Boxer that presented with signs of renal disease and a palpable abdominal mass. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical presentation, imaging and immunohistological studies of this abdominal tumor in a young dog and to review the literature.
HIGH‐RESOLUTION PARATHYROID SONOGRAPHY
Authors: Wisner Erik R. , Penninck Dominique , Biller David S. , Feldman Edward C. , Drake Christiana , Nyland Thomas G.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of parathyroid ultrasonography to differentiate causes of hypercalcemia in dogs. We analyzed qualitative and quantitative ultrasound imaging findings and clinical pathology data from 33 dogs that underwent parathyroid ultrasound examination as part of the diagnostic evaluation for hypercalcemia. Diagnoses of the diseases causing hypercalcemia included parathyroid carcinoma (n = S), parathyroid adenoma (n = 15), parathyroid adenomatous hyperplasia (n = 6), chronic renal insufficiency (n = 3), and hypercalcemia of malignancy (n = 4). All parathyroid lesions were round or oval and hypoechoic compared with surrounding thyroid parenchyma. Adenomatous and adenocarcinomatous glands were 4 mm or larger in longest linear measurement on US examination and were statistically significantly larger than hyperplastic glands. (p < 0.001) Linear measurements of parathyroid glands acquired at the time of ultrasound examination correlated well with direct siz determination after surgical excision. (r2= 0.9, p < 0.0001) Parathyroid lesions <4 mm are highly suspicious for parathyroid adenoma or carcinoma, while US lesions <4 mm most likely represent primary adenomatous hyperplasia or secondary parathyroid hyperplasia. Parathyroid size estimation from ultrasound examination is an accurate predictor of true size.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS DIAZEPAM ON SOLID PHASE GASTRIC EMPTYING IN NORMAL CATS
Authors: Steyn Phillip F. , Twedt David , Toombs Wanda
Published: May 2005

Intravenous diazepam has been advocated as an appetite stimulant in anorexic cats. Diazepam has also been used to stimulate the intake of radiographic contrast medium‐food mixture to determine the gastric emptying time of a solid meal. Diazepam has been suspected to delay gastric emptying in cats. One study found diazepam combined with Valium to have little effect on gastric transit times in cats while diazepam alone accelerates gastric emptying in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if diazepam influences gastric emptying times in normal cats. The gastric emptying half‐time of solid food in normal, non‐diazepam treated cats has been previously determined using a scintigraphic technique using 99mTc‐sulfur colloid to radiolabel solid dry food. The median gastric emptying half‐time was 2.3 hours and the mean meal size was 16.1 grams. Gastric emptying half‐times were determined in this study using diazepam as an appetite stimulant. The median gastric emptying half‐times of diazepam tratment groups given both a 16.1 gram meal and a large meal were both significantly longer than the normal non‐treated group (P c 0.05). Solid phase gastric emptying is therefore significantly delayed when diazepam is used as an appetite stimulant, irrespective of the volume of the meal.
PET FISH RADIOGRAPHY: TECHNIQUE AND CASE HISTORY REPORTS
Authors: Love Nancy E. , Lewbart Gregory A.
Published: May 2005

Radiography can be used to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of pet fish diseases. Handling, restraint and radiographic technique for the radiographic examination of pet fish is described. Quality diagnostic images can be obtained with standard radiographic equipment and radiographic techniques. Fishes with undifferentiated sarcoma, swim bladder herniation and scoliosis are three clinical examples that are described where radiography was used in the management of the patient. Conventional radiography appears to be best for evaluating skeletal and swim bladder diseases. Alternate imaging techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may enhance the evaluation of coelomic soft tissue structures.
HYDROMYELIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Kirberger Robert M. , Jacobson Linda S. , Davies Jeremy V. , Engela Jean
Published: May 2005

Hydromyelia is a dilation of the spinal cord central canal. In man this may be due to congenital malformations such as Dandy‐Walker syndrome and Chiari malformations or may be acquired as result of infection, trauma or neoplasia. In dogs hydromyelia may be accidentally diagnosed during routine cisterna magna myelography. Hydromyelia, and its possible etiology, may be confirmed by means of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Three dogs with hydromyelia due to differing etiologies are described.
THE EFFECT OF PREPUBERAL AND POSTPUBERAL GONADECTOMY ON RADIAL PHYSEAL CLOSURE IN MALE AND FEMALE DOMESTIC CATS
Authors: Root Margaret V. , Johnston Shirley D. , Olson Patricia N.
Published: May 2005

Male (n=6/group) and female (n=6/group) kittens were gonadectomized at 7 weeks (prepuberally) or 7 months of age (postpuberally), or left intact. Lateral radiographic projections of the right forelimb were made from 4 months of age until the distal radial physis was closed, or 24 months of age. In males, distal radial physeal closure was delayed in both groups of gonadectomized animals, compared to intact males (p<0.01). In females, proximal radial physeal closure was significantly delayed in prepuberally gonadectomized animals (p=0.02), and distal radial physeal closure was significantly delayed in both groups of gonadectomized animals, compared to intact animals (p<0.01). Final radial length (females p<0.01, males p=0.01), and age and radial length at time of the growth plateau (p<0.01) were significantly increased in all gonadectomized animals. Age at gonadectomy had no effect on age and radial length at time of the growth plateau. No puberal growth spurt was observed in any of the cats.
LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT AVULSION OF THE HUMERORADIAL JOINT IN A HORSE
Authors: Chopin John B. , Wright John D. , Melville Lisa , Robinson Wayne F.
Published: May 2005

This report describes traumatic avulsion of the lateral collateral ligament of the humeroradial joint in a horse. The history and diagnostic procedures are included with relevant radiographs and ultrasonographs. The poor prognosis associated with this injury is due to degenerative joint disease.