bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term population trends of endangered Hawaiian waterbirds
Authors: Reed J. Michael , Elphick Chris S. , Ieno Elena N. , Zuur Alain F.
Published: February 2011

We analyzed long‐term winter survey data (1956–2007) for three endangered waterbirds endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, the Hawaiian moorhen (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis), Hawaiian coot (Fulica alai), and Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni). Time series were analyzed by species–island combinations using generalized additive models, with alternative models compared using Akaike information criterion (AIC). The best model included three smoothers, one for each species. Our analyses show that all three of the endangered Hawaiian waterbirds have increased in population size over the past three decades. The Hawaiian moorhen increase has been slower in more recent years than earlier in the survey period, but Hawaiian coot and stilt numbers still exhibit steep increases. The patterns of population size increase also varied by island, although this effect was less influential than that between species. In contrast to earlier studies, we found no evidence that rainfall affects counts of the target species. Significant population increases were found on islands where most wetland protection has occurred (Oahu, Kauai), while weak or no increases were found on islands with few wetlands or less protection (Hawaii, Maui). Increased protection and management, especially on Maui where potential is greatest, would likely result in continued population gains, increasing the potential for meeting population recovery goals.
Refining the Sensory and Motor Ratunculus of the Rodent Upper Extremity: Evaluation of the C7 Nerve Root Using fMRI and Direct Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Hettinger Patrick C. , Li Rupeng , Yan Ji-Geng , Cho Younghoon R. , Sanger James , Dzwierzynski William , Pawela Christopher P. , Hyde James S. , Matloub Hani S.
Published: February 2011

Background

Since the 1980s, the C7 nerve root has gained clinical relevance as a donor nerve in severe brachial plexus root avulsion injuries. Despite success with the cross-chest C7 nerve transfer, inducing injury on an otherwise normal side hinders global acceptance. By sacrificing the C7 nerve root, a predictable pattern of transient sequelae is seen, including extensor weakness and index and middle finger anesthesia. The purpose of this study is to observe cortical activity during direct stimulation of the C7 nerve root using blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a rat model.

Methods

A total of 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200–250 g, were used in this study. Following an acclimation period of 1 week, 12 rats underwent exposure and dissection of the brachial plexus. Seven rats underwent placement of an implantable electrode (AISI 304, Plastics1, Roanoke, VA, USA) on the C7 nerve root, while five rats underwent electrode placement on the radial nerve. All animals then underwent fMRI during direct nerve stimulation. Ten consecutive coronal images were obtained during nerve stimulation, using a 9.4-T small-animal MRI scanner.

Results

Cortical activation is seen within a very specific area of the primary sensory region of the forelimb during C7 nerve root stimulation. The cortical activation seen during radial nerve stimulation includes that seen during C7 stimulation but extends several slices caudally.

Conclusions

The sensory representation of the C7 nerve root is seen in only a small area in the S1FL region compared to that seen in the terminal branches of the brachial plexus. However, this area shows a significant overlap with the S1FL area of activation seen during radial nerve stimulation. This makes sense as the C7 nerve root contributes some, but not all, sensory axons to the radial nerve. Mapping of the C7 cortical representation in the rat brain not only adds to the ongoing development of the motor and sensory ratunculus but also provides an important foundation to study subsequent C7 donor nerve models.
Traumatic brachial artery pseudoaneurysm diagnosed in the emergency department with point-of-care bedside ultrasound
Authors: Ang Shiang-Hu
Published: February 2011

Case

A 55-year-old gentleman was referred to the emergency department for penetrating trauma of his left upper arm. X-rays identified a metallic foreign body. Clinical examination revealed a swollen left upper arm with a pulsatile mass. Point-of-care bedside ultrasound in the ED confirmed a traumatic brachial artery pseudoaneurysm.

Discussion

The features of a peripheral pseudoaneurysm and its ultrasonographic appearance in both B-mode, and color Doppler imaging.
The skeleton and musculature on foetal MRI
Authors: Nemec Ursula , Nemec Stefan F. , Krakow Deborah , Brugger Peter C. , Malinger Gustavo , Graham John M. , Rimoin David L. , Prayer Daniela
Published: February 2011

Background

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used as an adjunct to ultrasound in prenatal imaging, the latter being the standard technique in obstetrical medicine.

Methods

Initial results demonstrate the ability to visualise the foetal skeleton and muscles on MRI, and highlight the potentially useful applications for foetal MRI, which has significantly profited from innovations in sequence technology. Echoplanar imaging, thick-slab T2-weighted (w) imaging, and dynamic sequences are techniques complementary to classical T2-w imaging.

Results

Recent study data indicate that foetal MRI may be useful in the imaging of spinal dysraphism and in differentiating between isolated and complex skeletal deformities with associated congenital malformations, which might have an impact on pre- and postnatal management.

Conclusion

More research and technical refinement will be necessary to investigate normal human skeletal development and to identify MR imaging characteristics of skeletal abnormalities.
Child Underreporting, Fertility, and Sex Ratio Imbalance in China
Authors: Goodkind Daniel
Published: February 2011

Child underreporting is often neglected in studies of fertility and sex ratio imbalance in China. To improve estimates of these measures, I use intercensal comparisons to identify a rise in underreporting, which followed the increased enforcement and penalization under the birth planning system in 1991. A new triangulation of evidence indicates that about 19% of children at ages 0–4 were unreported in the 2000 census, more than double that of the 1990 census. This evidence contradicts assumptions underlying the fertility estimates of most recent studies. Yet, the analysis also suggests that China’s fertility in the late 1990s (and perhaps beyond) was below officially adjusted levels. I then conduct a similar intercensal analysis of sex ratios of births and children, which are the world’s highest primarily because of prenatal sex selection. However, given excess underreporting of young daughters, especially pronounced just after 1990, estimated ratios are lower than reported ratios. Sex ratios in areas with a “1.5-child” policy are especially distorted because of excess daughter underreporting, as well as sex-linked stopping rules and other factors, although it is unclear whether such policies increase use of prenatal sex selection. China’s sex ratio at birth, once it is standardized by birth order, fell between 2000 and 2005 and showed a continuing excess in urban China, not rural China.
Children’s Experiences After the Unintended Birth of a Sibling
Authors: Barber Jennifer S. , East Patricia L.
Published: February 2011

This study examines whether children with a younger sibling whose birth was unintended experience larger declines in the quality of their home environment and larger increases in behavioral problems than children whose younger sibling’s birth was intended. We use data from the NLSY79 to estimate cross-lag regression models that assess changes in the home environment and children’s behavioral problems after the birth of a sibling (intended or unintended). Results are consistent with our hypotheses, finding that, indeed, unintended births have negative spillover effects. Compared with children whose sibling’s birth was intended, both boys and girls whose sibling’s birth was unintended experienced larger declines in the quality of their home environment, and boys had larger increases in behavioral problems. We also find some unexpected evidence that mistimed births may have larger negative effects than unwanted births. This deserves further research, and we offer some possible explanations that could guide those investigations.
Real‐time bladder volume monitoring by the application of a new implantable bladder volume sensor for a small animal model
Authors: Lee Dong Sup , Kim Su Jin , Sohn Dong Wan , Choi Bumkyoo , Lee Moon Kyu , Lee Seung Joon , Kim Sae Woong
Published: February 2011

Although real‐time monitoring of bladder volume together with intravesical pressure can provide more information for understanding the functional changes of the urinary bladder, it still entails difficulties in the accurate prediction of real‐time bladder volume in urodynamic studies with small animal models. We studied a new implantable bladder volume monitoring device with eight rats. During cystometry, microelectrodes prepared by the microelectromechanical systems process were placed symmetrically on both lateral walls of the bladder, and the expanded bladder volume was calculated. Immunohistological study was done after 1 week and after 4 weeks to evaluate the biocompatibility of the microelectrode. From the point that infused saline volume into the bladder was higher than 0.6 mL, estimated bladder volume was statistically correlated with the volume of saline injected (p < 0.01). Additionally, the microelectromechanical system microelectrodes used in this study showed reliable biocompatibility. Therefore, the device can be used to evaluate changes in bladder volume in studies with small animals, and it may help to provide more information about functional changes in the bladder in laboratory studies. Furthermore, owing to its biocompatibility, the device could be chronically implanted in conscious ambulating animals, thus allowing a novel longitudinal study to be performed for a specific purpose.
Voluntary Quadriceps Activation Deficits in Patients with Tibiofemoral Osteoarthritis: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Pietrosimone Brian G. , Hertel Jay , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Hart Joseph M. , Saliba Susan A.
Published: February 2011

The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of quadriceps activation deficits in the involved extremity and contralateral extremity of patients with knee joint osteoarthritis (OA), as well as matched controls. An exhaustive search of the literature was performed using Web of Science between 1970 and February 24, 2010, using the search terms “osteoarthritis” AND “quadriceps activation” OR “quadriceps inhibition” and cross‐referencing pertinent articles. Studies written in English reporting quadriceps activation means and standard deviations in patients with tibiofemoral OA via a method using an exogenous electrical stimulation were evaluated for methodological quality and were included for data analysis. Fourteen individual studies met the criteria for inclusion into data analysis. The number of participants and mean activation levels were used to calculate weighted means for the involved limb (14 studies), the contralateral limb (from a subset of 6 studies), and an involved limb subset from only the studies evaluating the contralateral limb and population of control subjects (5 studies). Weighted means from the involved limb (82.2; 95% CI = 81.4‐83.3%), contralateral limb (81.7; 80.1‐83.3%), and involved limb subset (76.8; 74.8‐78.8%) groups were found to have lower volitional quadriceps activation compared with the control groups (90; 88.9‐91.7%). Although the weighted involved limb mean was not different from that of the contralateral limb, the mean and 95% confidence intervals for the involved limb subset were lower than that of the contralateral limb group, suggesting that the involved limb had less volitional activation within OA subjects. This provides evidence that bilateral quadriceps volitional activation deficits are present in persons with knee OA.
Musculoskeletal Complications of Fluoroquinolones: Guidelines and Precautions for Usage in the Athletic Population
Authors: Hall Mederic M. , Finnoff Jonathan T. , Smith Jay
Published: February 2011

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics are associated with a wide spectrum of musculoskeletal complications that involve not only tendon but also cartilage, bone, and muscle. Insights into the pathoetiology of fluoroquinolone toxicity on musculoskeletal tissues have been evolving over recent years. Although the pathoetiology is certainly multifactorial, alterations in cell signaling proteins and direct toxic effects on musculoskeletal tissues have been strongly implicated. Increasing age and concomitant systemic corticosteroid use appear to significantly increase the risk of adverse events. The purpose of this article is to review the musculoskeletal complications associated with use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics by adults; identify risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone toxicity; explore the possible pathoetiology of fluoroquinolone toxicity on tendon, cartilage, bone, and muscle; and offer recommendations regarding evaluation and treatment of fluoroquinolone‐associated musculoskeletal complications. In addition, this review will provide recommendations regarding fluoroquinolone use in athletes and return to play after fluoroquinolone exposure.
The Function of Parents and Their Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Murphy Nancy , Caplin Deidre A. , Christian Becky J. , Luther Brenda L. , Holobkov Richard , Young Paul C.
Published: February 2011

Objective

To determine associations between the function of parents and that of their children with cerebral palsy (CP) and the influence of the levels of the child's impairment, parenting stress, parent self‐efficacy, and family functioning.

Design

Descriptive correlational cross‐sectional survey.

Setting

Academic tertiary care children's hospital and pediatric specialty orthopedic hospital in the intermountain West.

Participants

A total of 51 parents or guardians who provide the majority of daily care in their homes for their children with CP between the ages of 5 and 18 years.

Methods

Survey of a convenience sample of parents of children with CP.

Main Outcome Measurements

(1) Short‐form 36 Health Survey v2.0 to measure parent mental and physical health; (2) Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory v4.0 to measure the physical, social, school, emotional and psychosocial function, and total quality of life of their children with CP; (3) Gross Motor Function Classification System to assess severity of the child's CP; (4) Parenting Stress Index; (5) Family Environment Scale, relationship dimension; and (6) Self‐Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index.

Results

Positive correlations were found between parent physical health and the physical function of their children with CP (r = 0.32) and between parent mental health and the emotional function (r = 0.46), psychosocial function (r = 0.40), and total health‐related quality of life (r = 0.38) of their children. When adjusting for severity of CP, we found that parenting stress and parenting self‐efficacy attenuated these relationships to varying degrees.

Conclusions

A clear positive correlation was found between the function of parents and the function of their children with CP. Although a cross‐sectional study does not demonstrate the direction of the relationship, it seems reasonable to conclude that clinicians who are attempting to directly maximize child function should also consider the potential value of interventions that support and improve parent function, particularly mental health.
Étale cohomology of the complement of a linear subspace arrangement
Authors: Chatzistamatiou Andre
Published: February 2011

We prove a formula for the cup product on the ℓ-adic cohomology of the complement of a linear subspace arrangement.
Brauer group of a moduli space of parabolic vector bundles over a curve
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Dey Arijit
Published: February 2011

Let be a moduli space of stable parabolic vector bundles of rank n ≥ 2 and fixed determinant of degree d over a compact connected Riemann surface X of genus g(X) ≥ g(X) = 2, then we assume that n > 2. Let m denote the greatest common divisor of d, n and the dimensions of all the successive quotients of the quasi–parabolic filtrations. We prove that the Brauer group Br is isomorphic to the cyclic group ℤ/mℤ. We also show that Br is generated by the Brauer class of the Brauer–Severi variety over obtained by restricting the universal projective bundle over X × .
IPO First-Day Return and Ex Ante Equity Premium
Authors: Guo Hui
Published: February 2011

This paper proposes a measure of ex ante equity premium, IPOFDR, which is the average difference between the initial public offering (IPO) offer price and the 1st-trading-day close price. I test the idea in 3 ways. First, there is a positive relation between IPOFDR and future market returns. Second, changes in IPOFDR help explain the cross section of stock returns. Third, the predictive power of IPOFDR for stock returns reflects mainly its close relation with market variance and average idiosyncratic variance—arguably measures of systematic risk. These results cast doubt on the notion that the IPO 1st-day return is a measure of investor sentiment.
The Role of Commonality between CEO and Divisional Managers in Internal Capital Markets
Authors: Gaspar José-Miguel , Massa Massimo
Published: February 2011

We study the role played by the informal links, or “connections,” between the chief executive officer (CEO) and the divisional managers of conglomerate organizations. Using data on a large sample of multisegment U.S. corporations from 1996 to 2004, we show that segments run by connected managers receive more investment and exhibit lower sensitivity to cash flow shortfalls (and exhibit higher sensitivity to other segments’ cash flow). At the firm level, having more connected managers presiding over segments with high Tobin’s Q improves resource allocation and increases firm value. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the mutual trust associated with connections reduces the need for wasteful reallocation of resources across divisions of conglomerate firms.
New Methods for Inference in Long-Horizon Regressions
Authors: Hjalmarsson Erik
Published: February 2011

I develop new results for long-horizon predictive regressions with overlapping observations. I show that rather than using autocorrelation robust standard errors, the standard t-statistic can simply be divided by the square root of the forecasting horizon to correct for the effects of the overlap in the data. Further, when the regressors are persistent and endogenous, the long-run ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator suffers from the same problems as the short-run OLS estimator, and it is shown how similar corrections and test procedures as those proposed for the short-run case can also be implemented in the long run. An empirical application to stock return predictability shows that, contrary to many popular beliefs, evidence of predictability does not typically become stronger at longer forecasting horizons.
Cellular flow in a small blood vessel
Authors: FREUND JONATHAN B. , ORESCANIN M. M.
Published: February 2011

In the smallest capillaries, or in tubes with diameterD≲ 8 μm, flowing red blood cells are well known to organize into single-file trains, with each cell deformed into an approximately static bullet-like shape. Detailed high-fidelity simulations are used to investigate flow in a model blood vessel with diameter slightly larger than this:D= 11.3 μm. In this case, the cells deviate from this single-file arrangement, deforming continuously and significantly. At the higher shear rates simulated (mean velocity divided by diameterU/D≳ 50s−1), the effective tube viscosity is shear-rate insensitive with μeff/μplasma= 1.21. This matches well with the valueμeff/μplasma= 1.19 predicted for the same 30% cell volume fraction by an established empirical fit of high-shear-ratein vitroexperimental data. At lower shear rates, the effective viscosity increases, reachingμeff/μplasma≈ 1.65 at the lowest shear rate simulated (U/D≈ 3.7s−1). Because of the continuous deformations, the cell-interior viscosity is potentially important for vessels of this size. However, most results for simulations with cell interior viscosity five times that of the plasma (λ = 5), which is thought to be close to physiological conditions, closely match results for cases with λ = 1. The cell-free layer that forms along the vessel walls thickens from 0.3 μm forU/D= 3.7s−1up to 1.2 μm forU/D≳ 100s−1, in reasonable agreement with reported experimental results. The thickness of this cell-free layer is the key factor governing the overall flow resistance, and this in turn is shown to follow a trend expected for lubrication lift forces for shear rates betweenU/D≈ 8s−1andU/D≈ 100s−1. Only in this same range are the cells near the vessel wall on average inclined relative to the wall, as might be expected for a lubrication mechanism. Metrics are developed to quantify the kinematics of this dense cellular flow in terms of the well-known tank-treading and tumbling behaviours often observed for isolated cells in shear flows. One notable effect of λ = 5 versus λ = 1 is that it suppresses treading rotation rates by a factor of about 2. The treading rate is found to scale with the velocity difference across the cell-rich core and is thus significantly slower than the overall shear rate in the flow, which is presumably why the flow is otherwise insensitive to λ. The cells in all cases also have a similarly slow mean tumbling motion, which is insensitive to cell-interior viscosity and decreases monotonically with increasingU/D.
Turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cylindrical container with aspect ratio Γ = 0.50 and Prandtl number Pr = 4.38
Authors: WEISS STEPHAN , AHLERS GUENTER
Published: February 2011

Measurements of the Nusselt number and properties of the large-scale circulation (LSC) are presented for turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in water-filled cylindrical containers (Prandtl number Pr = 4.38) with aspect ratio Γ = 0.50. They cover the range 2 × 108 ≲ Ra ≲ 1 × 1011 of the Rayleigh number Ra. We confirm the occurrence of a double-roll state (DRS) of the LSC and focus on the statistics of the transitions between the DRS and a single-roll state (SRS). The fraction of the run time when the SRS existed varied continuously from about 0.12 near Ra = 2 × 108 to about 0.8 near Ra = 1011, while the fraction of the run time when the DRS could be detected changed from about 0.4 to about 0.06 over the same range of Ra. We determined separately the Nusselt number of the SRS and the DRS, and found the former to be larger than the latter by about 1.6% (0.9%) at Ra = 1010 (1011). We report a contribution to the dynamics of the SRS from a torsional oscillation similar to that observed for cylindrical samples with Γ = 1.00. Results for a number of statistical properties of the SRS are reported, and some are compared with the cases Γ = 0.50, Pr = 0.67 and Γ = 1.00, Pr = 4.38. We found that genuine cessations of the SRS were extremely rare and occurred only about 0.3 times per day, which is less frequent than for Γ = 1.00; however, the SRS was disrupted frequently by roll-state transitions and other less well-defined events. We show that the time derivative of the LSC plane orientation is a stochastic variable which, at constant LSC amplitude, is Gaussian distributed. Within the context of the LSC model of Brown & Ahlers (Phys. Fluids, vol. 20, 2008b, art. 075101), this demonstrates that the stochastic force due to the small-scale fluctuations that is driving the LSC dynamics has a Gaussian distribution.
Viscous–inviscid interactions in transonic flows through slender nozzles
Authors: KLUWICK A. , MEYER G.
Published: February 2011

Considering the miniaturization trend in technical applications, the need of a slender nozzle theory for such conventional, that is ideal-gas-like, fluids, which accounts for a strong boundary-layer interaction with the core region, arises in quite a natural way as the dimensions of the flow device are successively reduced. Moreover, a number of modern technological processes (e.g. organic Rankine cycles) involve fluids with high molecular complexity, some of which are expected to exhibit embedded regions with negative values of the fundamental derivative in the vapour phase commonly termed Bethe–Zel'dovich–Thompson (BZT) fluids. Linked to it, unconventional Laval nozzle geometries are needed to transform subsonic to supersonic internal flows. In the present paper, the transonic flows through nozzles of short length scales located in a channel of constant cross-section so slender that the flow in the inviscid core region is one-dimensional are considered. Rapid streamwise changes of the flow field caused by the nozzle then lead to a local breakdown of the classical hierarchical boundary-layer approach, which is overcome by the triple-deck concept. Consequently, the properties of the inviscid core and the near-wall (laminar) boundary-layer regions have to be calculated simultaneously. The resulting problem is formulated for both regular (ideal-gas-like) fluids and dense gases. Differences and similarities of the resulting flow pattern with respect to the well-known classical Laval nozzle flow are presented for perfect gases, and the regularizing influence of viscous–inviscid interactions, is examined. Furthermore, the analogous problem is considered for BZT fluids in detail as well. The results indicate that the passage through the sonic point in the inviscid core is strongly affected by the combined influence of nozzle geometry and boundary-layer displacement effects suggesting in turn an inverse Laval nozzle design in order to obtain the desired flow behaviour.
Nonlinear waves in counter-current gas–liquid film flow
Authors: TSELUIKO D. , KALLIADASIS S.
Published: February 2011

We investigate the dynamics of a thin laminar liquid film flowing under gravity down the lower wall of an inclined channel when turbulent gas flows above the film. The solution of the full system of equations describing the gas–liquid flow faces serious technical difficulties. However, a number of assumptions allow isolating the gas problem and solving it independently by treating the interface as a solid wall. This permits finding the perturbations to pressure and tangential stresses at the interface imposed by the turbulent gas in closed form. We then analyse the liquid film flow under the influence of these perturbations and derive a hierarchy of model equations describing the dynamics of the interface, i.e. boundary-layer equations, a long-wave model and a weakly nonlinear model, which turns out to be the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation with an additional term due to the presence of the turbulent gas. This additional term is dispersive and destabilising (for the counter-current case; stabilizing in the co-current case). We also combine the long-wave approximation with a weighted-residual technique to obtain an integral-boundary-layer approximation that is valid for moderately large values of the Reynolds number. This model is then used for a systematic investigation of the flooding phenomenon observed in various experiments: as the gas flow rate is increased, the initially downward-falling film starts to travel upwards while just before the wave reversal the amplitude of the waves grows rapidly. We confirm the existence of large-amplitude stationary waves by computing periodic travelling waves for the integral-boundary-layer approximation and we corroborate our travelling-wave results by time-dependent computations.
Transorbital approach to infratemporal fossa: novel technique
Authors: Mishra A
Published: February 2011

Objective:

To present a conservative surgical approach, via the transorbital route, for selected cases of infratemporal fossa involvement or inferolateral orbital tumours extending to the infratemporal fossa.

Design:

Case series report.

Setting:

Department of ENT, CSM Medical University (King George Medical College), Lucknow, India.

Participants:

One patient.

Main outcome measures:

Operative feasibility, intra-operative access, post-operative morbidity and cosmesis.

Results:

This novel and relatively conservative technique provides excellent exposure in selected cases of infratemporal fossa involvement and has minimal post-operative morbidity. Cosmesis is excellent, as osteotomy is not required and scarring is minimal. There is no risk of trismus, Vth or VIIth cranial nerve injury, or cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and haemostasis is easily achieved.

Conclusion:

Classical, open approaches to the infratemporal fossa involve considerable morbidity, while conservative approaches have their limitations. Diagnostic uncertainty over a small infratemporal fossa mass (perhaps an extension from an inferolateral orbital tumour) is an uncommon clinical challenge. The transorbital approach described is suited to benign and early malignant tumours, and has excellent results when combined with orbital exenteration (if needed). This paper discusses this approach's technical details and feasibility in different clinical situations, and compares it with other infratemporal fossa approaches.
Détermination et modification dans les expressions N à N en français
Authors: KNITTEL MARIE LAURENCE
Published: February 2011

RESUME

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux compléments du nom indéterminés introduits par à (plante à fleurs, tasse à café), pour lesquels nous proposons une classification fondée sur les propriétés sémantiques du second nom (N2) et le type de relation qu'il entretient avec le premier (N1). Nous montrons que ces propriétés rendent compte du comportement syntaxique de N2 vis-à-vis de la détermination, des numéraux et de la modification. Nous comparons également les N2 indéterminés à ceux qui renvoient à des ingrédients (tarte au citron), et qui apparaissent nécessairement déterminés.
Australian radiation therapists rank technology-related research as most important to radiation therapy
Authors: Cox Jennifer , Halkett Georgia , Anderson Claudia , Heard Robert
Published: February 2011

Background and purpose: Research is increasingly important in radiation therapy, but radiation therapists (or therapy radiographers) (RTs) are relatively new to research and may have difficulty defining research topics. Our aim was to identify the group interests and focus research priorities of Australian RTs. Although not measured, an additional aim was to make RTs more aware of the relevance of RT research.

Materials and methods: An Australia-wide Delphi process was used, examining the problems related to patient care, working with colleagues, and radiotherapy in general, that RTs experienced in their daily work. In an initial study, 374 problems were identified. These were translated into 53 research areas which were prioritised in the second stage of the study. Agreement between groups was analysed using a hierarchical cluster procedure and post hoc Scheffe multiple comparisons.

Results: There were three groups of responders with varying degrees of research interest. There was agreed high importance (p > 0.01) for the technical aspects of radiation therapy, such as image guidance, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and patient positioning. There was significant disagreement (p < 0.001 to p = 0.023) between groups on the importance of patient care research.

Conclusions: The strong interest in technical research is consistent with the rapid influx of technology, particularly in imaging. The disagreement on patient-related research may be of concern. The list of potential research areas specific to radiation therapy will be useful for new RT researchers to consider.
Institutions and development: what a difference geography and time make!
Authors: JAMESON KENNETH P.
Published: February 2011

Ha-Joon Chang, in his article ‘Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy, and History’, provides a description and critique of the mainstream view of institutions and development. It applies well to Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the effort to introduce these Anglo-American institutional structures (Global Standard Institutions; GSIs) in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in uneven and unstable economic performance, not development. As a result, the relationship among institutions, development and economic policy in Latin America today has generally moved far beyond this ‘mainstream’. The institutions to insure macro stability have generally been preserved, and some countries do follow GSI prescriptions. However in most countries, especially in South America, the effort to find the right mix of institutions for development has moved far beyond this mainstream. The result has been innovative initiatives to address more fundamental development issues such as inequality, property rights and international economic institutions. This process is likely to continue, facilitated by the currently robust democratic political systems that grew out of the earlier turmoil.
How to make institutional economics better
Authors: MASELAND ROBBERT
Published: February 2011

This comment criticizes Ha-Joon Chang's assessment of contemporary institutionalism, in his article entitled ‘Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History’, for failing to show fundamental problems in the discourse. I argue that the current discourse's insights are structurally biased because it fails to satisfactorily address methodological problems of doing meaningful comparative research. The discourse is characterized by a limited focus on differences of degree, a neglect of interaction, and a tendency to represent societies from a partial perspective. The result is an unbalanced debate that tends towards equating developed country institutions with economic success.
Theagent'slogics of action: defining and mapping political judgement
Authors: Kornprobst Markus
Published: February 2011

How do individual actors figure out what to do? This article advocates a departure from carving up research on this key question about political agency into narrow scholarly categories. Such categories, especially what has to become framed as incompatible logics of action in International Relations Theory, may make for neat and tidy scholarly boxes. But they miss the winding roads through which actors come to embark on a course of action. In order to overcome this shortcoming, I start with uncovering an important clue on which authors adhering to different logics of action converge; political agency has a lot to do with making judgements. I proceed with conceptualizing political judgement broadly in terms of subsuming particulars and universals. I follow-up with outlining a map for empirical research on judgement that helps us follow the actors in how they figure out what to do (the agent's logics of action) rather than superimposing our narrow scholarly categories on their reasoning (a scholarly logic of action). Scrutinizing the usefulness of this map, finally, I analyse McNamara's exercise of political agency during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The findings underline my overall argument: the inclusive conceptualization of political judgement, coupled with the balance of theoretical and empirical inquiry that the research map facilitates, improves on our understandings of how actors figure out what to do.
Respect and disrespect in international politics: the significance of status recognition
Authors: Wolf Reinhard
Published: February 2011

In our daily lives few things are as important to us as being treated with respect. Yet in International Relations (IR), we regularly assume that actors follow just their material interests or the social norms appropriate for their identity, without caring if the treatment they get matches their own sense of importance and worth. Drawing mostly on insights from moral philosophy and social psychology this article argues that even in international relations social respect can be a significant goal, both for instrumental reasons and as an end in itself. In fact, as long as we ignore this dimension of international politics we will be unable to fully explain major features, specifically the intensity and duration of many cross-border conflicts. To show the perspectives which systematic research on respect may open for IR, this article presents a theoretical overview of the chief factors that shape the reactions to respectful or disrespectful behavior.
Reason, emotion, and the problem of world poverty: moral sentiment theory and international ethics
Authors: Jeffery Renee
Published: February 2011

This article defends a sentimentalist cosmopolitan approach to international ethics against the rationalist cosmopolitan claim that emotions ought to be subjugated by their master, reason, and in processes of ethical deliberation. It argues that emotions play an indispensable role in making moral judgements and help to motivate ethical actions. Drawing on elements of 18th century moral sentiment theory and recent advances in neuroscience and psychology, the article demonstrates that reason and emotion are intimately linked forms of reflective thought, that emotion is central to reason and, far from disrupting processes of ethical deliberation, may actually enhance our ability to make moral judgements. Focusing on the problem of global poverty, the article shows that a sentimentalist cosmopolitan ethic provides a holistic approach to moral dilemmas in world politics that is capable of identifying injustices, prescribing how we ought to respond to them, and motivating ethical action in response to the injustices we observe.
Low-cost analog fiber optic links for in-house distribution of millimeter-wave signals
Authors: Brendel Friederike , Poëtte Julien , Cabon Béatrice , van Dijk Frédéric
Published: February 2011

In this article, analog fiber optic links (radio-over-fiber, RoF, links) are presented as a flexible, low-cost solution for in-house distribution of millimeter-wave (mmw) signals. Mode-locked laser diodes (MLLD) serve as inexpensive mmw sources for the downlink distribution of mmw signals across an optical fiber link. We compare the robustness of direct and external RF modulation for such MLLD-based RoF systems, whereas the error vector magnitude (EVM) of the received symbols serves as a figure of merit. On the eve of 60 GHz WLAN standardization, we experimentally investigate the transmission of narrowband WLAN (IEEE 802.11a) signals in the millimetric range at moderate data rates. We also demonstrate broadband transmission of multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) european computer manufacturers association (ECMA 368) signals in the 60 GHz band for data rates of up to 480 Mbps.
Science and cooking: the era of molecular cuisine
Authors: Cassi Davide
Published: February 2011

Molecular cuisine, despite popular opinion, is not science that is performed in the kitchen. It is the application of scientific understanding to the development of new cooking techniques and traditions.
Salmonella Typhi sense host neuroendocrine stress hormones and release the toxin haemolysin E
Authors: Karavolos Michail H , Bulmer David M , Spencer Hannah , Rampioni Giordano , Schmalen Ira , Baker Stephen , Pickard Derek , Gray Joe , Fookes Maria , Winzer Klaus , Ivens Alasdair , Dougan Gordon , Williams Paul , Khan C M Anjam
Published: February 2011

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) causes typhoid fever. We show that exposure of S. typhi to neuroendocrine stress hormones results in haemolysis, which is associated with the release of haemolysin E in membrane vesicles. This effect is attributed to increased expression of the small RNA micA and RNA chaperone Hfq, with concomitant downregulation of outer membrane protein A. Deletion of micA or the two‐component signal‐transduction system, CpxAR, abolishes the phenotype. The hormone response is inhibited by the β‐blocker propranolol. We provide mechanistic insights into the basis of neuroendocrine hormone‐mediated haemolysis by S. typhi, increasing our understanding of inter‐kingdom signalling.
Localization of Label-Retaining Cells in Murine Vocal Fold Epithelium
Authors: Leydon Ciara , Bartlett Rebecca S. , Roenneburg Drew A. , Thibeault Susan L.
Published: February 2011

Purpose

Epithelial homeostasis is critical for vocal fold health, yet little is known about the cells that support epithelial self-renewal. As a known characteristic of stem cells is that they are slow-cycling in vivo, the purpose of this prospective controlled study was to identify and quantify slow-cycling cells or putative stem cells in murine vocal fold epithelium.

Method

Twelve mice were administered daily intraperitoneal injections of a nucleotide dye, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), over 7 consecutive days. Under this pulse-chase paradigm, slow-cycling cells retain the dye (label-retaining cells; LRCs) while more rapidly cycling cells lose dye to dilution during multiple cell divisions. The percentage of label-retaining cells (%LRCs) was calculated following a chase period of 2, 4, and 8 weeks postinjections.

Results

The %LRCs decreased significantly from 9.4% at 2 weeks to 3.1% at 8 weeks following injections (
p
< .05). No statistically significant differences in the quantity of BrdU-positive cells were measured between the anterior, mid-membranous, or cartilaginous regions of the vocal fold (
p
> .05).

Conclusion

These findings are consistent with the presence and first report of a small population of putative stem cells along the length of murine vocal fold epithelium.
Prediction of self-diffusion coefficient and shear viscosity of water and its binary mixtures with methanol and ethanol by molecular simulation
Authors: Guevara-Carrion Gabriela , Vrabec Jadran , Hasse Hans
Published: February 2011

Density, self-diffusion coefficient, and shear viscosity of pure liquid water are predicted for temperatures between 280 and 373 K by molecular dynamics simulation and the Green–Kubo method. Four different rigid nonpolarizable water models are assessed: SPC, SPC/E, TIP4P, and TIP4P/2005. The pressure dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient and the shear viscosity for pure liquid water is also calculated and the anomalous behavior of these properties is qualitatively well predicted. Furthermore, transport properties as well as excess volume and excess enthalpy of aqueous binary mixtures containing methanol or ethanol, based on the SPC/E and TIP4P/2005 water models, are calculated. Under the tested conditions, the TIP4P/2005 model gives the best quantitative and qualitative agreement with experiments for the regarded transport properties. The deviations from experimental data are of 5% to 15% for pure liquid water and 5% to 20% for the water + alcohol mixtures. Moreover, the center of mass power spectrum of water as well as the investigated mixtures are analyzed and the hydrogen-bonding structure is discussed for different states.
Cauchy problem and Green's functions for first order differential operators and algebraic quantization
Authors: Mühlhoff Rainer
Published: February 2011

Existence and uniqueness of advanced and retarded fundamental solutions (Green's functions) and of global solutions to the Cauchy problem is proved for a general class of first order linear differential operators on vector bundles over globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds. This is a core ingredient to CAR-/CCR-algebraic constructions of quantum field theories on curved spacetimes, particularly for higher spin field equations.
Highly simplified phosphorescent organic light emitting diode with >20% external quantum efficiency at >10,000 cd/m2
Authors: Wang Z. B. , Helander M. G. , Qiu J. , Puzzo D. P. , Greiner M. T. , Liu Z. W. , Lu Z. H.
Published: February 2011

A simplified trilayer green phosphorescent organic light emitting diode with high efficiency and an ultralow efficiency roll-off has been demonstrated. In particular, the external quantum efficiency drops <1% from 100 to 5,000 cd/m2 and remains as high as ∼21.9% at 10,000 cd/m2. The power efficiency is also significantly improved, reaching 78.0 lm/W at 100 cd/m2, 50.5 lm/W at 5,000 cd/m2, and 42.8 lm/W at 10,000 cd/m2. The working mechanism of this simple device structure with an unprecedented high efficiency is also discussed.
Instrumentation for accelerated life tests of concentrator solar cells
Authors: Núñez N. , Vázquez M. , González J. R. , Jiménez F. J. , Bautista J.
Published: February 2011

Concentrator photovoltaic is an emergent technology that may be a good economical and efficient alternative for the generation of electricity at a competitive cost. However, the reliability of these new solar cells and systems is still an open issue due to the high-irradiation level they are subjected to as well as the electrical and thermal stresses that they are expected to endure. To evaluate the reliability in a short period of time, accelerated aging tests are essential. Thermal aging tests for concentrator photovoltaic solar cells and systems under illumination are not available because no technical solution to the problem of reaching the working concentration inside a climatic chamber has been available. This work presents an automatic instrumentation system that overcomes the aforementioned limitation. Working conditions have been simulated by forward biasing the solar cells to the current they would handle at the working concentration (in this case, 700 and 1050 times the irradiance at one standard sun). The instrumentation system has been deployed for more than 10 000 h in a thermal aging test for III-V concentrator solar cells, in which the generated power evolution at different temperatures has been monitored. As a result of this test, the acceleration factor has been calculated, thus allowing for the degradation evolution at any temperature in addition to normal working conditions to be obtained.
A broadband and high throughput single-monochromator Raman spectrometer: Application for single-wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Fábián Gábor , Kramberger Christian , Friedrich Alexander , Simon Ferenc , Pichler Thomas
Published: February 2011

We present a high sensitivity single-monochromator Raman spectrometer which allows operation with a tunable laser source. The instrument is based on the modification of a commercial Raman spectrometer; such instruments operate with interference Rayleigh filters which also act as laser mirrors and are usually considered as inherently narrow band. In our design, the two tasks are separated and the filter can be freely rotated without much effect on the light alignment. Since rotation shifts the filter passband, this modification allows tunable operation with efficient stray light filtering down to 150 cm−1. The design is optimized for single-wall carbon nanotubes, for which the performance is demonstrated using a tunable dye laser source. The spectrometer thus combines the high sensitivity with the broadband characteristics of usual triple monochromator systems.
First plasma of megawatt high current ion source for neutral beam injector of the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak on the test bed
Authors: Hu Chundong , Xie Yahong , Liu Sheng , Xie Yuanlai , Jiang Caichao , Song Shihua , Li Jun , Liu Zhimin
Published: February 2011

High current ion source is the key part of the neutral beam injector. In order to develop the project of 4 MW neutral beam injection for the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) on schedule, the megawatt high current ion source is prestudied in the Institute of Plasma Physics in China. In this paper, the megawatt high current ion source test bed and the first plasma are presented. The high current discharge of 900 A at 2 s and long pulse discharge of 5 s at 680 A are achieved. The arc discharge characteristic of high current ion source is analyzed primarily.