bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of processing on the in vitro protein quality, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant potential of 10 selected pulses
Authors: Sánchez‐Velázquez Oscar Abel , Ribéreau Sabine , Mondor Martin , Cuevas‐Rodríguez Edith Oliva , Arcand Yves , Hernández‐Álvarez Alan Javier
Published: March 2021

Pulses are consumed worldwide with different processing methods, which may impact their digestibility, protein quality, and composition. This study aims to analyze the effect of extrusion, baking, and cooking on protein nutritional parameters; bioactive compounds; and the impact on antioxidant capacity (AOX) of 10 selected pulses. Sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) revealed that thermal processing causes modifications to the main storage proteins in pulses. Heating decreased saponin content from 12% to 44% in most heat‐processed samples; phytates were reduced 30%–84%, and polyphenol content decreased 28%–66%. In addition, the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) was enhanced 2.5%–9.5%, 3.5%–10.7%, and 2.2%–8.4% by extrusion, cooking, and baking, respectively. AOX showed an improvement in all processed samples (compared to raw flour) evaluated by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Fe2+ chelation showed that extruded and baked chickpea exhibited a decrease in IC50 by 40% and 70%, respectively. Extruded green and yellow split pea presented the highest Fe2+ chelation, improving by 11%–17% and 13–80%, respectively, when compared to the raw samples. Reducing power was enhanced by 26% in extruded chickpea, 18% and 29% in extruded and baked faba bean, respectively, and 50% in baked navy bean, when compared to the raw samples. Extrusion showed the highest β‐carotene AOX improvements (IC50 90%–96%). In this study, it was demonstrated that pulses AOX attributes can be enhanced by thermal processing; however, this will depend on the legume species and heating process applied. Furthermore, cooking seems to be the most effective thermal method to decrease saponins and phenolics, while extrusion reduced effectively phytic acid on bean samples, and cooking for the rest of pulses. All heating treatments affected positively IVPD, while the highest in vitro protein‐digestibility corrected amino acid score (IVPDCAAS) values were observed for baked pulses. Employing adequate processing methods represents an effective strategy to improve the digestibility of their proteins, as well as increasing the antioxidant potential of the resulting ingredients.
Atypical focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with a new PODXL nonsense variant
Authors: Marx David , Caillard Sophie , Olagne Jérôme , Moulin Bruno , Hannedouche Thierry , Touchard Guy , Dupuis Arnaud , Gachet Christian , Molitor Anne , Bahram Seiamak , Carapito Raphael
Published: March 2021

Background

Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a highly sialylated adhesion glycoprotein that plays an important role in podocyte's physiology. Recently, missense and nonsense dominant variants in the PODXL gene have been associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a leading cause of nephrotic syndrome and kidney failure. Their histologic description, however, was superficial or absent.

Methods

We performed exome sequencing on a three‐generation family affected by an atypical glomerular nephropathy and characterized the disease by light and electron microscopy.

Results

The disease was characterized by FSGS features and glomerular basement membrane duplication. Six family members displayed chronic proteinuria, ranging from mild manifestations without renal failure, to severe forms with end‐stage renal disease. Exome sequencing of affected twin sisters, their affected mother, healthy father, and healthy maternal uncle revealed a new nonsense variant cosegregating with the disease (c.1453C>T, NM_001018111) in the PODXL gene, which is known to be expressed in the kidney and to cause nephropathy when mutated. The variant is predicted to lead to a premature stop codon (p.Q485*) that results in the loss of the intracytoplasmic tail of the protein.

Conclusion

This is the first description of a peculiar association combining a PODXL stop‐gain variant and both FSGS and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis features, described by light and electron microscopy.
Optimization of quantitative susceptibility mapping for regional estimation of oxygen extraction fraction in the brain
Authors: McFadden John J. , Matthews Julian C. , Scott Lauren A. , Parker Geoff J. M. , Lohézic Maélène , Parkes Laura M.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

We sought to determine the degree to which oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) estimated using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) depends on two critical acquisition parameters that have a significant impact on acquisition time: voxel size and final echo time.

Methods

Four healthy volunteers were imaged using a range of isotropic voxel sizes and final echo times. The 0.7 mm data were downsampled at different stages of QSM processing by a factor of 2 (to 1.4 mm), 3 (2.1 mm), or 4 (2.8 mm) to determine the impact of voxel size on each analysis step. OEF was estimated from 11 veins of varying diameter. Inter‐ and intra‐session repeatability were estimated for the optimal protocol by repeat scanning in 10 participants.

Results

Final echo time was found to have no significant effect on OEF. The effect of voxel size was significant, with larger voxel sizes underestimating OEF, depending on the proximity of the vein to the superficial surface of the brain and on vein diameter. The last analysis step of estimating vein OEF values from susceptibility images had the largest dependency on voxel size. Inter‐session coefficients of variation on OEF estimates of between 5.2% and 8.7% are reported, depending on the vein.

Conclusion

QSM acquisition times can be minimized by reducing the final echo time but an isotropic voxel size no larger than 1 mm is needed to accurately estimate OEF in most medium/large veins in the brain. Such acquisitions can be achieved in under 4 min.
Maternal–fetal death in medieval Pieve di Pava (central Italy, 10th–12th century AD)
Authors: Riccomi Giulia , Felici Cristina , Giuffra Valentina
Published: March 2021

Despite the assumed elevated rates of young female mortality in ancient times, likely associated with pregnancy and childbirth risks, evidence of maternal–fetal deaths is surprisingly scarce in the osteoarchaeological record. Archaeological excavations conducted in the medieval rural cemetery of Pieve di Pava (Tuscany, central Italy) brought to light the burials of four young females deceased with fetuses. This research aims to reconstruct the osteobiographies of these mothers and the unborn children in order to investigate potential complications that may have played a role in their death. In this context, a paleopathological analysis of the female individuals was performed along with the examination of fetal position and the assessment of gestational age (GA) to explore potential links to obstetrical deaths. The spatial association of the mother and the fetus suggests a death during the later stages of pregnancy or childbirth for the two individuals T. 71 and US 8432; moreover, the position of her preterm 8‐month fetus, found between her legs of the latter, might be consistent with a case of postmortem fetal extrusion, a phenomenon that is rarely observed in osteoarchaeology. According to the same analytical criteria, two other females (T. 99 and US 8941), with an eight/nine‐month and a six‐month fetus respectively, reasonably died during pregnancy.

The study of these cases from medieval Italy contributes to current interpretations of maternal–fetal death in the past, providing insights into the health status of young females and the risks they may have faced during pregnancy and childbirth.
The context‐specific categorization of generations: An exploratory study based on the collective memories of the active workforce of Pakistan
Authors: Shaikh Aliya Ahmad , Jamal Warda Najeeb , Iqbal Syed Muhammad Javed
Published: March 2021

This study represents the first‐ever attempt to explore the feasibility of region‐specific application of the theory of generations in the context of Pakistan. Building upon the Schuman and Scott's (1989) historical method of identification of the predominant events from the coming‐of‐age era of various age groups through the study of the collective memories of various age groups, in this study, primarily, a qualitative methodology was deployed across three (3) focus group discussions involving 50 academicians and industrial experts to ascertain the presence or otherwise of distinct workplace generations of Pakistan. The discussions were centred on participant's recollection of the socio‐economic, political and technologically significant events that happened during their coming‐of‐age era and the way it impacted the formation of unique characteristics of each generation. These events thus served as the generational pointers which led to the indication towards the presence of three distinct Pakistani generational cohorts as Pakistani Baby Boomer Generation, Pakistani Generation X, and Pakistani Millennials/Generation Y who are currently comprising the workforce of Punjab, which is the second‐largest and most developed province of the country. In the second paper of this series, it is anticipated that a larger quantitative investigation may well open the pathway to the generalization of these findings in support of the context‐specific application of the theory of generations. The generational profiling emanating from this study has strong implications for the HR practitioners concerning the design of generationally tailored HR policies such that the generational differences are mitigated through various diversity and inclusion initiatives.
How to make socio‐environmental modelling more useful to support policy and management?
Authors: Will Meike , Dressler Gunnar , Kreuer David , Thulke Hans‐Hermann , Grêt‐Regamey Adrienne , Müller Birgit
Published: March 2021

Dynamic process‐based modelling is often proposed as a powerful tool to understand complex socio‐environmental problems and to provide sustainable solutions as it allows disentangling cause and effect of human behaviour and environmental dynamics. However, the impact of such models in decision‐making and to support policy‐making has so far been very limited.

In this paper, we want to take a critical look at the reasons behind this situation and propose steps that need to be taken to change it. We investigate a number of good practice examples from fields where models have influenced policy‐making and management to identify the main aspects that promote or impede the application of these models.

Specifically, we compare examples that differ in their extent to how explicitly they represent human behaviour as part of the model, ranging from purely environmental systems (including models for river management, honeybee colonies and animal diseases), where modelling techniques have long been established, to coupled socio‐environmental systems (including models for land use, fishery management and sustainable water use).

We use these examples to synthesise four key factors for successful modelling for policy and management support in socio‐environmental systems. They cover (a) the specific requirements caused by modelling the human dimension, (b) the importance of data availability and accessibility, (c) essential elements of the partnership between modellers and decision‐makers and (d) insights related to characteristics of the decision process.

For each of these aspects, we give recommendations specifically to modellers, decision‐makers or both to make the use of models for practice more effective. We argue that if all parties involved in the modelling and decision‐making process take into account these suggestions during their collaboration, the full potential that socio‐environmental modelling bears can increasingly unfold.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
In state of art: Mechanical behavior of natural fiber‐based hybrid polymeric composites for application of automobile components
Authors: Chandgude Swapnil , Salunkhe Sachin
Published: March 2021

Environmental and sustainability issues coupled with increased awareness have urged researchers to focus on natural sources that can substitute several forbidden materials. Fiber‐reinforced hybrid polymeric composites have succeeded in attracting global attention toward its suitability to replace conventional materials. Hybrid fibers have recently become immensely popular with polymer composite reinforcements for various automotive parts. Hybrid composites are developed by blending natural, synthetic, or a combination of natural or synthetic fibers in a single matrix. Hybridization allows enhancements in physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the composites. Hybrid composites assist in achieving an optimum combination of properties than individual fiber composites. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the properties of composite reinforcement natural fibers for the application of automobile components is presented. Recent articles on emerging fiber types are reviewed and fabrication techniques required for hybrid polymer composites are discussed. A prospective study is also presented and discussed of future trends in natural fiber applications as well as needed innovations for extending their applications.
Non‐targeted screening of pyranosides in Rhodiola crenulata using an all ion fragmentation‐exact neutral loss strategy combined with liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Tian Tian , Zhou Bo‐wen , Wu Li‐hong , Zhang Fang , Chou Gui‐xin , Feng Chen‐guo , Lin Guo‐qiang
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Pyranosides as one kind of natural glycosides contain a pyran ring linked to an aglycone in the structure. They occur widely in plants and possess diverse biological activities. The discovery of new pyranosides not only contributes to research on natural products but also may promote pharmaceutical development.

Objectives

A non‐targeted liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry method coupled with an all ion fragmentation‐exact neutral loss (AIF‐ENL) strategy was developed for the screening of pyranosides in plants.

Methods

Pyranosides in various types were collected as a model. The AIF‐ENL strategy comprised three steps: AIF spectrum acquisition and generation, ENL‐based searching and identification, and confirmation of structural type using target second‐stage mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The strategy was systematically evaluated based on the matrix effects, fragmentation stability, scan rate and screening efficiency and finally applied to Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. et Thoms) H. Ohba.

Results

The method was proved to be an efficient tool for the screening of pyranosides. When it was applied to R. crenulata, a total of 24 pyranoside candidates were detected. Among them, six were tentatively identified on the basis of the agreement of their elemental composition with the reported. The other 18 were detected in R. crenulata for the first time.

Conclusion

The method offers a new platform for discovering pyranosides. In addition, the developed non‐targeted strategy can also be used for other natural products, such as flavonoids and coumarins, as long as there is a common fragmentation behaviour in their MS/MS to generate characteristic neutral losses or fragments.
Chemometric optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for the determination of alliin and S‐allyl‐cysteine in giant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Peterssen‐Fonseca Darlene , Henríquez‐Aedo Karem , Carrasco‐Sandoval Jonathan , Cañumir‐Veas Juan , Herrero Miguel , Aranda Mario
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Giant garlic is a functional food that contains different kinds of bioactive molecules with beneficial effects on chronic noncommunicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. Considering biosynthesis pathways, abundance, and biological activity, alliin and S‐allyl‐cysteine were used as chemical markers of organosulphur compounds present in giant garlic.

Objective

To establish a chemometric optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for the determination of alliin and S‐allyl‐cysteine in giant garlic by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).

Methodology

Samples were blanched (ca. 90°C for 10 min) to inactivate alliinase and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase enzymes and then freeze‐dried. Chemometric optimisation was performed via response surface methodology based on central composite design (CCD). Organosulphur compound yields were determined applying a validated LC–MS/MS method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using the following transitions: for alliin m/z 178 → 74 and for S‐allyl‐cysteine m/z 162 → 41.

Results

According to CCD results, under constant conditions of pressure (1500 psi) and time (20 min), the optimal conditions for pressurised liquid extraction of alliin and S‐allyl‐cysteine were 70.75 and 68.97% v/v of ethanol in extraction solvent and 76.45 and 98.88°C as extraction temperature, respectively. Multiple response optimisation for the simultaneous extraction of both organosulphur compounds was established via desirability function. Under these conditions, 2.70 ± 0.27 mg g−1 dry weight (DW) of alliin and 2.79 ± 0.22 mg g−1 DW of S‐allyl‐cysteine were extracted.

Conclusions

These results clearly demonstrated that pressurised liquid extraction is an efficient green technique to extract bioactive organosulphur compounds from giant garlic. Extraction yields were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those obtained with conventional ultra‐turrax extraction.
Perinatal outcome of twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome complicated with incidental septostomy after laser photocoagulation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nassr Ahmed A. , Hessami Kamran , Shazly Sherif A. , Espinoza Jimmy , Donepudi Roopali , Sanz Cortes Magdalena , Belfort Michael A. , Shamshirsaz Alireza A.
Published: March 2021

Aim

To evaluate perinatal outcomes of incidental septostomy (IS) after laser photocoagulation for twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), and to compare the outcomes with those who had intact intertwin membrane.

Methods

Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were systematically searched from inception up to August 2020. The random‐effects model was used to pool the mean difference (MD) or odds‐ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Primary outcome was incidence of preterm delivery, and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), while secondary outcomes included gestational age (GA) at intervention, GA at delivery, neonatal survival, and incidence of pseudoamniotic band syndrome (PABS).

Results

Four studies (1442 patients) met our inclusion criteria. Postoperative identification of IS was associated with earlier GA at delivery (MD = −2.52; 95% CI: −3.22, −1.82; p < 0.00), higher risk of PPROM < 32 weeks (OR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.80, 4.40; p < 0.001), and preterm delivery < 32 weeks (OR = 4.01; 95% CI: 1.27, 12.63; p = 0.02). No differences were noted in pseudoamniotic band syndrome, at least one or dual neonatal survival rate between IS and non‐IS groups.

Conclusions

Occurrence of IS after laser photocoagulation for TTTS is associated with earlier GA at delivery, increased risk for PPROM and preterm delivery <32 weeks' gestation. However, neonatal survival does not appear to be affected by this complication.
Fetoscopic myelomeningocoele closure: Is the scientific evidence enough to challenge the gold standard for prenatal surgery?
Authors: Verweij E. Joanne , de Vries Martine C. , Oldekamp Esther J. , Eggink Alex J. , Oepkes Dick , Slaghekke Femke , Spoor Jochem K. H. , Deprest Jan A. , Miller Jena L. , Baschat Ahmet A. , DeKoninck Philip L. J.
Published: March 2021

Since the completion of the Management of Myelomeningocoele Study, maternal‐fetal surgery for spina bifida has become a valid option for expecting parents. More recently, multiple groups are exploring a minimally invasive approach and recent outcomes have addressed many of the initial concerns with this approach. Based on a previously published framework, we attempt to delineate the developmental stage of the surgical techniques. Furthermore, we discuss the barriers of performing randomized controlled trials comparing two surgical interventions and suggest that data collection through registries is an alternative method to gather high‐grade evidence.
Effect of processing techniques and residual solvent on the thermal/mechanical properties of epoxy‐cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites
Authors: Qiu Ke , Tannenbaum Rina , Jacob Karl I.
Published: March 2021

Epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with 0–5 wt% cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) were fabricated by solution casting method. The CNCs were first dispersed in the hardener together with a co‐solvent and subsequently mixed with epoxy monomer using two different protocols: bulk mixing and dropwise mixing. The dropwise mixing resulted in more homogeneously‐dispersed CNCs and provided better mechanical properties, particularly higher tensile strength, tensile modulus, and work of fracture with increasing CNC content. Investigation of various CNC/hardener mixtures with different solvent content showed that the residual solvent in the composite mixture had an impact on the curing behavior of the nanocomposite epoxy and may have lowered its crosslinking density, leading to Tg depression. However, the presence of the solvent was shown to be essential for the preparation of a well‐dispersed CNC phase in the hardener solution, and to form homogenous composite mixtures. Our results show that the reinforcement effect due to higher CNC concentration is more significant than the solvent effect in the hardener system and shows greater improvement in mechanical properties. The CNC component reversed the solvent plasticizing effect through its superior mechanical reinforcing effects, and the dropwise mixing process led to better dispersion compared with the bulk mixing process.
Effects of losing public health insurance on preventative care, health, and emergency department use: Evidence from the TennCare disenrollment
Authors: Tello‐Trillo Daniel Sebastian
Published: March 2021

This paper studies the effect of losing public health insurance eligibility on preventative care, self‐reported health, and emergency department use. I exploit the 2005 TennCare disenrollment in which 190,000 residents–mainly non‐elderly childless adults–lost public health insurance eligibility due to budget cuts. I use two surveys, the Behavioral Factor Surveillance System and the National Health Interview Survey, in a difference‐in‐difference methodology to study the effects of the reform. I find that the reform lead to a 4%–5% reduction in reporting having mammograms and breast exams. An increase of 20% in number of days with health incapacitation and no strong evidence of changes of emergency department visits (nor number of visits). I document margins of heterogeneity of the effects across demographic characteristics. Finally, I explore the margins of symmetry between gaining and losing public insurance by comparing estimates to those from the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions.
Climbing out of a software black hole
Authors: Carter Lynn Robert
Published: March 2021

As we become ever more dependent on computer systems for much of what we do, we are losing the battle with cyber criminals and suffer from poor‐quality offerings. Mission‐critical, life‐critical, and infrastructure‐critical systems should be secure, reliable, and worthy of trust. Yet, that is not our experience. Many firms complain that entry‐level software workers do not have the skills and abilities to do what is required and yet we continue to teach computer science in ways very similar to what we did in the 1970s and '80s. As we spiral downward, it's hard to know precisely where the event horizon might be, so let us deal with it now. It's time for an educational and societal sea change when it comes to computing. Society has demonstrated the willingness to deal with such issues in medicine and other critical domains. Highly‐skilled clinical professors teach new physicians and specialists using the processes, methods, tools, and disciplines learners are expected to use as practicing professionals. It is time for the crucial software domains to leverage these proven methods and stop pushing off to employers these critical aspects of what it means to be a software professional.
Overview of phishing landscape and homographs in Arabic domain names
Authors: Ahmad Humza , Erdodi Laszlo
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we summarize the latest social engineering phishing attack types with the focus on domain name manipulation. Providing a fake domain is a crucial part of phishing attacks that can be carried out with different techniques such as cybersquatting, typosquattings, or homographs. We argue that homographs with special International Domain Names can be very serious threat for many users that can hardly be identified. We present the analysis of phishing attacks with Arabic domains and conclude that because of the linguistic complexity of the Arabic language and the missing support by the industrial tools expose millions of users to sophisticated domain manipulation based phishing attacks. To reduce the future risk of homograph attacks originating from Arabic internationalized domain names (IDNs) we suggest a change to the registration policy. We also present a browser extension to assist against homographs in current Arabic IDN namespace.
Synergetic effect of ground granulated blast‐furnace slag and hooked‐end steel fibers on various properties of steel fiber reinforced self‐compacting concrete
Authors: Zhao Yun , Bi Jihong , Sun Yongtao , Wang Zhaoyao , Huo Linying , Duan Yichen
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses the synergetic effect of ground granulated blast‐furnace slag and hooked‐end steel fibers on the fresh, mechanical, and microstructural properties of steel fiber‐reinforced self‐compacting concrete containing fly ash. A total of 12 mixtures were prepared. Hooked‐end steel fibers at four different volume fractions (0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9%) were applied as reinforcement, while the slag contents (0%, 10%, and 30% of the cement weight) was varied; the fly ash content (20% of the cement weight) was kept constant to partially replace Portland cement. The properties of plain and steel fiber reinforced self‐compacting concrete mixtures were tested and compared. The experimental results showed that substituting cement with 10% slag effectively enhanced the workability of the fresh concrete, while replacing cement by 30% slag reduced the passing ability and filling ability. The addition of fibers reduced the workability of self‐compacting concrete. Furthermore, the addition of slag can compensate the effect on the fresh properties caused by fibers. With respect to the mechanical properties, the synergistic effect of slag and hooked‐end steel fibers improved the compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. At the microstructural level, blast‐furnace slag can enhance the bonding performance of the fiber‐matrix interface, thereby improving the mechanical properties.
Preliminary evaluation of probiotic effects on gastrointestinal signs in dogs with multicentric lymphoma undergoing multi‐agent chemotherapy: A randomised, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Jugan Maria C. , Wouda Raelene M. , Higginbotham Mary Lynn
Published: March 2021

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is a major dose‐limiting factor in dogs undergoing chemotherapy. A proposed mechanism of GI toxicity includes chemotherapy‐driven GI dysbiosis. This study was designed to determine the effects of probiotic administration on GI side‐effects in dogs receiving multi‐agent chemotherapy.

Methods

Ten client‐owned dogs with multicentric lymphoma were enrolled in a prospective, randomised, placebo‐controlled single‐blinded study. On the first day of the cyclophosphamide doxorubicin vincristine prednisone (CHOP)‐based chemotherapy protocol, dogs were randomised to receive either daily oral probiotic at a dose of 200 × 109 cfu/10 kg (n = 5) or daily oral placebo (n = 5). Complete blood count, faecal score (FS), faecal microbiome analysis (qPCR) and adverse events scores were performed at baseline and on the day of each subsequent chemotherapy dose, as well as 3 days after doxorubicin (days 0, 7, 14, 21, 24 and 28).

Results

Overall, 40% of dogs had an abnormal GI microbiome at baseline, specifically decreased faecal C. hiranonis and Fusobacterium abundances. Dogs receiving probiotics had increased faecal Streptococcus (p = 0.02) and E. coli. (p = 0.01). No dogs receiving probiotics experienced diarrhoea (FS ≥ 3.5) compared to four of five receiving placebo. (F 2.895; p = 0.13)

Conclusion

GI microbiome dysbiosis was common in this group of dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Probiotics were well‐tolerated, with no negative side effects. Further studies are needed to explore broader microbiome and metabolome changes, as well as clinical benefit.
Separation performance and mechanism of the novel modified polyether sulfone composite nanofiltration membrane for the detection on dissolved organic nitrogen
Authors: Ding Ying , Zhu Jianzhong , Liu Dong
Published: March 2021

The most effective pretreatment method for the detection of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is the nanofiltration (NF) by effectively intercepting DON into the concentrated solution, thus increasing the proportion of DON in solution so that achieving accurate detection of DON. The existing NF pretreatment technology for detection of DON has the problem of low accuracy and unclear separation mechanism of mass transfer upon the NF membranes. Based on the problems of NF membrane, the polyether sulfone (PES) composite NF membrane was modified by mesoporous carbon and the basic performance parameters of the modified PES composite NF membrane were characterized by Static contact angle (SCA), Zeta potential, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the optimum doping amount of mesoporous carbon is in the range of 0.5%–1.0%. Furthermore, the pore size of NF membrane could be controlled effectively by changing doping amount of mesoporous carbon, so as to guide the improvement of membrane pore structure. After the pretreatment of mesoporous material modified PES composite NF membrane, the ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)/total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) could be reduced to 0.55–0.65 and the pretreatment effect was also affected by screening effect and electrostatic effect. The best retention performance of amino acids is the 1.0%C modified membrane which retention rate of the amino acid is between 32.3% and 94.7%, and the membrane loss of the four amino acids is much smaller than other membranes. The mass transfer process of NF membrane was simulated by steric‐hindrance pore (SHP) model, Teorell–Meyer–Sievers (TMS) model, and Electrostatic Steric‐hindrance (ES) model respectively. According to the simulation software designed by ourselves, the dominant effects of screening and electrostatic effects are simultaneously affected by the pore structure of membranes and the size of the contaminant molecules.

Practitioner points

The feasibility of mesoporous carbon with modified PES composite nanofiltration membrane pretreatment for DON measurement in comparison to pure NF membranes was investigated.

The ability of modified PES composite NF membrane with different molecular weight of DON and the relationship between pore radius of membrane and interception pollutant molecular size was discussed.

The influence of screening effect and electrostatic effect on the retention of pollutants was discussed by the SHP model, TMS model and ES model; the simulation software interface is designed and the calculation process of the model is simulated by computer.
The Land of the ‘Fair Go’? Mapping Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation Across Melbourne Neighbourhoods
Authors: Sydes Michelle , Wickes Rebecca
Published: March 2021

Despite enduring political rhetoric that promotes Australia as ‘the lucky country’ and ‘the land of the fair go’, recent decades have seen a noticeable increase in levels of income inequality. This growing economic divide has driven housing prices up and left lower-income families unable to access the housing market in inner-city locations. In contrast to other countries, Australia’s socioeconomic segregation does not overlap with ethnic segregation. Australia’s highly regulated immigration program has resulted in a relatively well-educated and employable foreign-born population who largely reside in middle-income neighbourhoods. These particularities make Australia an interesting context to explore patterns of socioeconomic segregation over time. In this chapter, we will utilise both traditional measures of segregation (such as the dissimilarity index) as well more spatialised measures (such as location quotients and Local Morans I) to assess socioeconomic segregation at the local level. Drawing on four waves of census data (2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016), we explore how socioeconomic segregation has changed over time across nearly 500 neighbourhoods in Melbourne. We further examine the degree to which socioeconomic segregation aligns with ethnic segregation patterns and levels in this city. We find patterns of socioeconomic segregation remain relatively unchanging over time in Melbourne. Additionally, our findings highlight important differences in patterns and levels of socioeconomic and ethnic segregation in the Australian context.
Measuring Changes in Residential Segregation in São Paulo in the 2000s
Authors: Feitosa Flávia , Barros Joana , Marques Eduardo , Giannotti Mariana
Published: March 2021

Residential segregation is known as one of the most prevalent problems of Latin American and Brazilian cities. This chapter looks into the changes in segregation levels in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo between 2000 and 2010. This period was marked by economic growth and decreasing social inequalities in Brazil with consequent improvement to the quality of life of lower income classes. Despite those improvements, general patterns of urban segregation in Brazilian cities showed remarkable stability, albeit with important changes in the details of segregation patterns. This chapter explores the spatial relationship between socio-occupational groups using global and local segregation indices. The analysis confirmed a highly segregated distribution of social groups in the Metropolitan Region and revealed increased levels of segregation, with global indices figures for 2010 higher than for 2000. Analysis demonstrated that peripheral areas of the Metropolitan Region became more fragmented and heterogeneous in that period, and revealed that their increased heterogeneity is mainly composed of classes with close social proximity, rather than polarised ones. Results showed that while middle classes became more integrated amongst themselves and with lower classes, the separation between lower and upper classes was not only maintained but also increased during the period. All these findings suggest a reconfiguration of the concentric pattern of segregation that maintained a spatial structure of strong social isolation during the period, although with greater complexity.
Finite element modelling of microstructural changes during equal channel angular drawing of pure aluminium
Authors: Caruso Serafino , Imbrogno Stano
Published: March 2021

Grain refinement by severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques, as a mechanism to control microstructure (recrystallization, grain size changes,…) and mechanical properties (yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, strain, hardness variation…) of pure aluminium conductor wires, is a topic of great interest for both academic and industrial research activities. This paper presents an innovative finite element (FE) model able to describe the microstructural evolution and the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) that occur during equal channel angular drawing (ECAD) of commercial 1370 pure aluminium (99.7% Al). A user subroutine has been developed based on the continuum mechanical model and the Hall-Petch (H-P) equations to predict grain size variation and hardness change. The model is validated by comparison with the experimental results and a predictive analysis is conducted varying the channel die angles. The study provides an accurate prediction of both the thermo-mechanical and the microstructural phenomena that occur during the process characterized by large plastic deformation.
Functional alterations by a subgroup of neonicotinoid pesticides in human dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Loser Dominik , Hinojosa Maria G. , Blum Jonathan , Schaefer Jasmin , Brüll Markus , Johansson Ylva , Suciu Ilinca , Grillberger Karin , Danker Timm , Möller Clemens , Gardner Iain , Ecker Gerhard F. , Bennekou Susanne H. , Forsby Anna , Kraushaar Udo , Leist Marcel
Published: March 2021

Neonicotinoid pesticides, originally developed to target the insect nervous system, have been reported to interact with human receptors and to activate rodent neurons. Therefore, we evaluated in how far these compounds may trigger signaling in human neurons, and thus, affect the human adult or developing nervous system. We used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as established model of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signaling. In parallel, we profiled dopaminergic neurons, generated from LUHMES neuronal precursor cells, as novel system to study nAChR activation in human post-mitotic neurons. Changes of the free intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) were used as readout, and key findings were confirmed by patch clamp recordings. Nicotine triggered typical neuronal signaling responses that were blocked by antagonists, such as tubocurarine and mecamylamine. Pharmacological approaches suggested a functional expression of α7 and non-α7 nAChRs on LUHMES cells. In this novel test system, the neonicotinoids acetamiprid, imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiacloprid, but not thiamethoxam and dinotefuran, triggered [Ca2+]isignaling at 10–100 µM. Strong synergy of the active neonicotinoids (at low micromolar concentrations) with the α7 nAChR-positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596 was observed in LUHMES and SH-SY5Y cells, and specific antagonists fully inhibited such signaling. To provide a third line of evidence for neonicotinoid signaling via nAChR, we studied cross-desensitization: pretreatment of LUHMES and SH-SY5Y cells with active neonicotinoids (at 1–10 µM) blunted the signaling response of nicotine. The pesticides (at 3–30 µM) also blunted the response to the non-α7 agonist ABT 594 in LUHMES cells. These data show that human neuronal cells are functionally affected by low micromolar concentrations of several neonicotinoids. An effect of such signals on nervous system development is a toxicological concern.
On the closure of the Hodge locus of positive period dimension
Authors: Klingler B. , Otwinowska A.
Published: March 2021

Given $${{\mathbb {V}}}$$
V
a polarizable variation of $${{\mathbb {Z}}}$$
Z
-Hodge structures on a smooth connected complex quasi-projective variety S, the Hodge locus for $${{\mathbb {V}}}^\otimes $$

V

⊗

is the set of closed points s of S where the fiber $${{\mathbb {V}}}_s$$

V
s

has more Hodge tensors than the very general one. A classical result of Cattani, Deligne and Kaplan states that the Hodge locus for $${{\mathbb {V}}}^\otimes $$

V

⊗

is a countable union of closed irreducible algebraic subvarieties of S, called the special subvarieties of S for $${{\mathbb {V}}}$$
V
. Under the assumption that the adjoint group of the generic Mumford–Tate group of $${{\mathbb {V}}}$$
V
is simple we prove that the union of the special subvarieties for $${{\mathbb {V}}}$$
V
whose image under the period map is not a point is either a closed algebraic subvariety of S or is Zariski-dense in S. This implies for instance the following typical intersection statement: given a Hodge-generic closed irreducible algebraic subvariety S of the moduli space $${{\mathcal {A}}}_g$$

A
g

of principally polarized Abelian varieties of dimension g, the union of the positive dimensional irreducible components of the intersection of S with the strict special subvarieties of $${{\mathcal {A}}}_g$$

A
g

is either a closed algebraic subvariety of S or is Zariski-dense in S.
CMR feature tracking strain patterns and their association with circulating cardiac biomarkers in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Cavus Ersin , Muellerleile Kai , Schellert Samuel , Schneider Jan , Tahir Enver , Chevalier Celeste , Jahnke Charlotte , Radunski Ulf K. , Adam Gerhard , Kirchhof Paulus , Blankenberg Stefan , Lund Gunnar K. , Avanesov Maxim , Patten Monica
Published: March 2021

Aims

CMR feature tracking strain (CMR-FT) provides prognostic information. However, there is a paucity of data in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We sought to analyze global CMR-FT parameters in all four cardiac chambers and to assess associations with NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T (hsTnT) in patients with HCM.

Methods

This retrospective study included 144 HCM patients and 16 healthy controls with CMR at 1.5 T. Analyses were performed on standard steady-state free precession cine (SSFP) CMR data using a commercially available software. Global left ventricular (LV) strain was assessed as longitudinal (LVLAX-GLS), circumferential (LVLAX-GCS) and radial strain (LVLAX-GRS) on long -axis (LAX) and as LVSAX-GCS and LVSAX-GRS on short- axis (SAX). Right ventricular (RV-GLS), left atrial (LA-GLS) and right atrial (RA-GLS) strain were assessed on LAX.

Results

We found LVLAX-GLS [− 18.9 (− 22.0, − 16.0), − 23.5 (− 25.5, − 22.0) %, p = 0.0001), LVSAX-GRS [86.8 (65.9–115.5), 119.6 (91.3–143.7) %, p = 0.001] and LALAX-GLS [LA2CH-GLS 29.2 (19.1–37.7), LA2CH-GLS 38.2 (34.3–47.1) %, p = 0.0036; LA4CH-GLS 22.4 (14.6–30.7) vs. LA4CH-GLS 33.4 (28.4–37.3) %, p = 0.0033] to be impaired in HCM compared to healthy controls despite normal LVEF. Furthermore, LV and LA strain parameters were impaired in HCM with elevated NT-proBNP and/or hsTnT, despite preserved LVEF compared to HCM with normal biomarker levels. There was a moderate correlation of LV and LA CMR-FT with levels of NT-proBNP and hsTnT.

Conclusion

CMR-FT reveals LV and LA dysfunction in HCM despite normal LVEF. The association between impaired LV strain and elevated NT-proBNP and hsTnT indicates a link between unapparent functional abnormalities and disease severity in HCM.

Graphic abstract

Typical CMR-FT findings in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Explaining psychosocial care among unaccompanied minor refugees: a realist review
Authors: Ulrich Hanna-Sophie , Kohler Emma , Spallek Jacob , Richter Matthias , Clauß Daniel , Mlinarić Martin
Published: March 2021

Research on the psychosocial care (PSC) of unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) has mainly taken a socioepidemiological approach and has focused on the perspectives of experts in the field. In contrast, the knowledge concerning the differing context factors and the underlying mechanisms of current PSC which could inform policy recommendations is scant. The study aims at unravelling the contexts, mechanisms and outcomes of PSC for UMRs. For a realist review (RR), scientific evidence and gray literature were synthesised consistent with the RAMESES publication standards for realist synthesis. Based on an iterative keyword search in electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) and screening, 34 works from 2005 to 2019 were included in a realist synthesis. Theory-informed context–mechanism–outcome configurations (CMOs) were extracted, to explain underlying processes and mechanisms. Characterised by their interrelatedness, the dominant CMOs included the UMRs’ intersections of transitions (e.g., adolescence and migration), their needs for culture-, and gender-sensitive PSC, and the undersupply of PSC. These contexts and outcomes are mediated by pre-, peri- and post-migratory stressors as well as care structures and are moreover influenced by overarching discourses and concepts. They comprise adverse and beneficial mechanisms in the PSC of UMRs. The existing literature grasps the PSC of UMRs by different disciplines and approaches but does not offer a comprehensive overview on micro–macro intersections and included discourses. The inclusion of lay perspectives and an intersectional approach could inform health service research. The reflection of UMR-related categorical constructs of resilience and vulnerability, discourses of othering, as well as restrictive health policies may guide policy recommendations.
Development of test methodologies for experimental lifetime investigations of tidal turbines
Authors: Rapp Tobias , Jacobs Georg , Bosse Dennis , Schröder Tim , Starzmann Ralf , Kaufmann Nicholas , Grassow Matthias , Scholl Stefan , Zweiffel Maximilian
Published: March 2021

As a regenerative energy source, tidal energy can significantly contribute to greenhouse gas reduction, even though the potentially achievable energy output is lower than that of wind or solar energy. The decisive advantage of tidal turbines lies in the simply and reliably predictable energy output. However, their commercial use has so far been impeded by the fact that on the one hand complex mechanical systems are required to convert energy of tidal currents and on the other hand multi-axial loading conditions caused by turbulent ocean currents act on the turbine. For this reason, field tests on prototypes are an essential part of the development strategy to ensure operational reliability. However, in-field tests do not allow for accelerated lifetime testing, so that test bench experiments are becoming an increasingly important alternative. Today, established procedures for testing the turbines main bearings and gearing system are already available, both for setting up the required test configuration and for determining the corresponding test loads. However, the use of advanced calculation methods, such as the finite element method for stress calculation, requires a deep understanding of the examined components and hinders the transfer of the approaches to other components.

To simplify the process of test loads determination, a general methodology is presented, which relies exclusively on standardized empirical calculation rules. Doing this, fatigue equivalent loads can be determined for any component in a simple process. It was shown that the achieved reduction in complexity opens further potential for test acceleration, since several components can be tested simultaneously.
Drivetrains on floating offshore wind turbines: lessons learned over the last 10 years
Authors: Nejad Amir R. , Torsvik Jone
Published: March 2021

This paper presents lessons learned from own research studies and field experiments with drivetrains on floating wind turbines over the last ten years. Drivetrains on floating support structures are exposed to wave-induced motions in addition to wind loading and motions. This study investigates the drivetrain-floater interactions from two different viewpoints: how drivetrain impacts the sub-structure design; and how drivetrain responses and life are affected by the floater and support structure motion. The first one is linked to the drivetrain technology and layout, while the second question addresses the influence of the wave-induced motion. The results for both perspectives are presented and discussed. Notably, it is highlighted that the effect of wave induced motions may not be as significant as the wind loading on the drivetrain responses particularly in larger turbines. Given the limited experience with floating wind turbines, however, more research is needed. The main aim with this article is to synthesize and share own research findings on the subject in the period since 2009, the year that the first full-scale floating wind turbine, Hywind Demo, entered operation in Norway.