bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layered basal defenses underlie non‐host resistance of Arabidopsis to Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola
Authors: Ham Jong Hyun , Kim Min Gab , Lee Sang Yeol , Mackey David
Published: June 2007

Arabidopsis is a non‐host for Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121 (Pph), a bacterial pathogen of bean. Pph does not induce a hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. Here we show that Arabidopsis instead resists Pph with multi‐layered basal defense. Our approach was: (i) to identify defense readouts induced by Pph; (ii) to determine whether mutations in known Arabidopsis defense genes disrupt Pph‐induced defense signaling; (iii) to determine whether heterologous type III effectors from pathogens of Arabidopsis suppress Pph‐induced defense signaling, and (iv) to ascertain how basal defenses contribute to resistance against Pph by individually or multiply disrupting defense signaling pathways with mutations and heterologous type III effectors. We demonstrate that Pph elicits a minimum of three basal defense‐signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. These pathways have unique readouts, including PR‐1 protein accumulation and morphologically distinct types of callose deposition. Further, they require distinct defense genes, including PMR4, RAR1, SID2, NPR1, and PAD4. Finally, they are suppressed differentially by heterologous type III effectors, including AvrRpm1 and HopM1. Pph growth is enhanced only when multiple defense pathways are disrupted. For example, mutation of NPR1 or SID2 combined with the action of AvrRpm1 and HopM1 renders Arabidopsis highly susceptible to Pph. Thus, non‐host resistance of Arabidopsis to Pph is based on multiple, individually effective layers of basal defense.
Semagenesis and the parasitic angiosperm Striga asiatica
Authors: Keyes William John , Palmer Andrew G. , Erbil William Kaya , Taylor Jeannette V. , Apkarian Robert P. , Weeks Eric R. , Lynn David G.
Published: June 2007

Over the last several years, intermediates in the reduction of dioxygen have been attributed diverse functional roles ranging from protection against pathogen attack to the regulation of cellular development. Evidence now suggests that parasitic angiosperms, which naturally commit to virulence through the growth of new organs, depend on reduced oxygen intermediates, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), for signal generation. Clearly, the role of ROS in both plant defense and other physiological responses complicates any models that employ these intermediates in host plant recognition. Here we exploit the transparent youngStriga asiaticaseedling to (i) localize the site of H2O2accumulation to the surface cells of the primary root meristem, (ii) demonstrate the accumulation of H2O2within cytoplasmic and apoplastic compartments, and (iii) document precise regulation of H2O2accumulation during development of the host attachment organ, the haustorium. These studies reveal a new active process for signal generation, host detection and commitment that is capable of ensuring the correct spatial and temporal positioning for attachment.
A petunia mutant affected in intracellular accommodation and morphogenesis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Reddy D. M. R. Sekhara , Schorderet Martine , Feller Urs , Reinhardt Didier
Published: June 2007

The regulation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is largely under the control of a genetic programme of the plant host. This programme includes a common symbiosis signalling pathway that is shared with the root nodule symbiosis. Whereas this common pathway has been investigated in detail, little is known about the mycorrhiza‐specific regulatory steps upstream and downstream of the common pathway. To get further insight in the regulation of the AM symbiosis, a transposon‐mutagenized population of Petunia hybrida was screened for mutants with defects in AM development. Here, we describe a petunia mutant, penetration and arbuscule morphogenesis1 (pam1), which is characterized by a strong decrease in colonization by three different AM fungi. Penetrating hyphae are frequently aborted in epidermal cells. Occasionally the fungus can progress to the cortex, but fails to develop arbuscules. The resulting hyphal colonization of the cortex in mutant plants does not support symbiotic acquisition of phosphate and copper by the plant. Expression analysis of three petunia orthologues of the common SYM genes LjPOLLUX, LjSYMRK and MtDMI3 indicates that pam1 is not mutated in these genes. We conclude that the PAM1 gene may play a specific role in intracellular accommodation and morphogenesis of the fungal endosymbiont.
Oral mucosal MALT lymphoma clinically simulating oral facial granulomatosis
Authors: Gerami Pedram
Published: June 2007

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma may have specific clinical associations and molecular aberrations depending on its site of origin. We present a case of oral mucosal MALT lymphoma with clinical features simulating oral‐facial granulomatosis. Dermatologists are frequently called upon for the diagnosis and treatment of mucosal lesions. Increased awareness and familiarity with oral mucosal MALT lymphoma and its clinical associations are of significant importance for optimal management of this condition.
CLINICAL STUDY: Endogenous morphine signaling via nitric oxide regulates the expression of CYP2D6 and COMT: autocrine/paracrine feedback inhibition
Authors: Mantione Kirk J. , Cadet Patrick , Zhu Wei , Kream Richard M. , Sheehan Melinda , Fricchione Gregory L. , Goumon Yannick , Esch Tobias , Stefano George B.
Published: June 2007

We determined changes in mRNA expression in specific enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of morphine in human white blood cells via microarray. Leukocyte exposure to morphine down‐regulated catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) and CYP2D6 by approximately 50% compared with control values. The treatment did not alter DOPA decarboxylase and dopamine beta‐hydroxylase expression, demonstrating the specificity of morphine actions. The verification of the microarray data was accomplished via real‐time Taqman reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) focused on CYP2D6 and COMT expression in different blood samples treated with morphine. The analysis showed similar changes in the expression of CYP2D6 and COMT mRNA. The expression was reduced by 47 ± 7% for CYP2D6, substantiating the microarray finding of a 54% reduction. Furthermore, exposure of white blood cells to 10−6 M S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐dl‐penicillamine (SNAP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, reduced the expression of CYP2D6 and COMT. Prior naloxone (10−6 M) or N‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) (10−4 M) addition abrogated morphine’s down‐regulating activity, demonstrating morphine was initiating its actions via stimulating constitutive NO synthase derived NO release via the µ3 opiate receptor splice variant. In the past we demonstrated that UDP‐glucurosyltransferase is involved in metabolizing morphine to morphine 6‐glucuronide in adrenal chromaffin cells. In the present study its expression was not found in controls and morphine‐treated cells, suggesting that morphine 6‐glucuronide may not be synthesized in white blood cells. Taken together, it appears that morphine has the ability to modulate its own synthesis via autocrine and paracrine signaling.
CLINICAL STUDY: Cloninger’s typology and treatment outcome in alcohol‐dependent subjects during pharmacotherapy with naltrexone
Authors: Kiefer Falk , Jiménez‐Arriero Miguel Angel , Klein Oliver , Diehl Alexander , Rubio Gabriel
Published: June 2007

Naltrexone is an opiate receptor antagonist mainly at the µ‐receptor that is thought to reduce the positively reinforcing, pleasurable effects of alcohol and to reduce craving. An increase in time to first relapse to heavy drinking has been the most consistent finding obtained with naltrexone, although not all trials including two of the largest have been positive. Inconsistent outcome data suggest that effectiveness varies among different subgroups of patients. This paper re‐evaluates recent data on the effectiveness of naltrexone in subjects differentiated according to Cloninger Type I and II. Moreover, it combines and cross‐validates results of two recent European studies that found naltrexone treatment more beneficial in alcohol‐dependent patients with early age at onset of drinking problems (Cloninger Type II). It is discussed whether especially these subjects should be targeted for pharmacological relapse prevention treatment with naltrexone.
IMAGING STUDY: Selectively reduced responses to smoking cues in amygdala following extinction‐based smoking cessation: results of a preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: McClernon F. Joseph , Hiott F. Berry , Liu Jim , Salley Alfred N. , Behm Frederique M. , Rose Jed E.
Published: June 2007

Preliminary studies suggest an extinction‐based smoking cessation treatment using reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes decreases self‐report craving for cigarettes prior to quitting and may be an effective smoking cessation treatment. The aims of this study was to evaluate the effect of an extinction‐based smoking cessation treatment on brain responses to smoking cues using blood‐oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Sixteen (n = 16) dependent smokers were scanned using BOLD fMRI at baseline, following 2–4 weeks of smoking RNC cigarettes while wearing a 21‐mg nicotine patch, and 2–4 weeks following quitting smoking. During scanning, participants viewed smoking‐related pictures (e.g. lit cigarette) and pictures of people engaged in everyday activities (e.g. using a stapler). Event‐related BOLD responses to smoking and control cues were analyzed in regions of interest (ROIs) known to subserve reward, attention, motivation and emotion. The extinction‐based treatment simultaneously attenuated responses to smoking cues in amygdala while potentiating responses to control cues. Exploratory analysis indicated that this pattern was also observed in the thalamus of future abstinent but not relapsing smokers. The results of this preliminary study suggest that an extinction‐based treatment for smoking cessation alters brain responses to smoking and control cues in amygdala—a region previously associated with drug cue reactivity and extinction.
Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate in young children with asthma: their relationship with blood eosinophils and serum eosinophil cationic protein
Authors: Choi S. H. , Kim D. K. , Yu J. , Yoo Y. , Koh Y. Y.
Published: June 2007

Background:  Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a characteristic feature of asthma, and is usually measured by bronchial challenges using direct or indirect stimuli. Blood eosinophil numbers and serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) are considered as indirect measures of airway inflammation in asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bronchial responsiveness to adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP) is more closely associated with blood eosinophil markers, compared with that to methacholine, in young children with asthma.

Methods:  Methacholine and AMP bronchial challenges were performed in 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children with asthma (n = 77) and in healthy controls (n = 32), using a modified auscultation method. The end‐point was defined as the appearance of wheezing and/or oxygen desaturation. The peripheral blood eosinophil counts and serum ECP concentrations were determined in each subject.

Results:  A positive response to methacholine (end‐point concentration ≤8 mg/ml) and to AMP (end‐point concentration ≤200 mg/ml) was observed in 74 (96.1%) and 66 asthmatic children (85.7%), respectively. A majority of controls was unresponsive to both challenges. In the asthma group, there was no significant correlation between methacholine end‐point concentration and the eosinophil counts (r = −0.111, P = 0.337) or serum ECP levels (r = −0.126, P = 0.274). In contrast, AMP end‐point concentration correlated significantly with the eosinophil counts (r = −0.372, P = 0.001) and with serum ECP levels (r = −0.371, P = 0.001).

Conclusions:  Our results suggest that bronchial responsiveness to AMP is more closely related to airway inflammation, compared with that to methacholine, and support the potential usefulness of AMP challenges in detecting inflammatory changes in young children with asthma.
C4d deposition on peritubular capillary (PTC) in the protocol biopsy of ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation under the treatment with anti‐CD20 antibody and without splenectomy
Authors: Imai Naofumi , Nishi Shinichi , Ueno Mitsuhiro , Nakagawa Yuki , Saito Kazuhide , Takahashi Kota , Gejyo Fumitake
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  For the desensitization of A/B antigens, we had developed and reported a new potent immunosuppressive treatment, which is the pre‐prescription of anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody with mycophenolate mofetil and low‐dose steroid. Using this kind of desensitization therapy, splenectomy is not required at the kidney transplantation. Complement C4d deposition on peritubular capillary (PTC) in graft biopsy has been reported as a relatively reliable marker for humoral rejection. However, the C4d deposition was often observed in the graft biopsy of ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation even with no rejection findings. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of this treatment on C4d deposition on PTC. Baseline and protocol graft biopsies obtained from 12 recipients of ABO incompatible kidney transplants were evaluated by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. To elucidate the involvement of classical and/or lectin pathway of complement cascades in C4d deposition, we examined the deposition of the initial activating proteins on PTC, IgG and IgM in the classical pathway and mannose‐binding lectin (MBL), H‐ficolin, L‐ficolin, MBL‐associated serine protease (MASP)‐1 and MASP‐2 in the lectin pathway. Three out of nine available baseline biopsy specimens showed diffuse C4d and IgM deposition on PTC. In the protocol biopsy, nine of 12 specimens revealed diffuse C4d deposition on PTC. Five of them had positive deposition of IgM and H‐ficolin on PTC, whereas the other initial proteins were not detected in all specimens. Apart from one case, the histological findings of the protocol biopsies were normal or borderline changes. Our study suggested that although the new treatment with anti‐CD20 antibody treatment and without splenectomy was clinically effective, it did not perfectly inhibit C4d deposition on PTC. It also confirmed the dual activation of both classical and lectin pathways in the process of C4d deposition on PTC in ABO‐incompatible transplantation.
A rare case of vascular rejection in a renal transplant recipient with nephrotic range proteinuria
Authors: Akioka Kiyokazu , Okamoto Masahiko , Ushigome Hidetaka , Nobori Shuji , Kozaki Koichi , Kaihara Satoshi , Urasaki Koji , Yanagisawa Akio , Morozumi Kunio , Yoshimura Norio
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  In the post‐cyclosporine A era, it has been reported that acute rejection after kidney transplantation is commonly revealed as an asymptomatic increase in the serum creatinine level. Nephrotic range proteinuria is observed in patients with recurrent or de novo glomerulonephritis, or with chronic transplant nephropathy and glomerulopathy in the late phase. Acute rejection occurring with nephrotic range proteinuria without a rise of serum creatinine has been rarely reported. Here, we report a rare case of vascular rejection in a renal transplant recipient with nephrotic range proteinuria. A 34‐yr‐old male renal transplant recipient presented with acute vascular rejection and early‐onset nephrotic syndrome. Severe nephrotic range proteinuria was detected with a minimally elevated level of serum creatinine. Biopsy showed severe glomerulitis and vasculitis, which was relieved by conversion of the immunosupressant regimen. Severe proteinuria was a sign of acute vascular rejection with severe glomerulitis and vasculitis. Careful observation to ensure maintenance of immunosuppression is necessary in such cases.
Granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis in early renal allograft: a case report
Authors: Yamamoto Izumi , Yamaguchi Yutaka , Horita Shigeru , Tanabe Kazunari , Toma Hiroshi
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Here we report a case of granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis occurring seven d after kidney transplantation. The development of macroscopic hematuria, acute prostatitis, a mild elevation of serum creatinine, and high‐grade fever together with a urine culture positive for adenovirus antigen suggested adenovirus infection. Episode biopsy seven d after kidney transplantation showed granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis evidenced by predominantly CD68‐positive cell infiltration and epithelioid cells at focal tubulointerstitial spaces with severe tubulitis, such as destruction of the tubular basement membrane. After intervention consisting of a reduction of the immunosuppressive therapy and administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and ganciclovir, renal function returned to normal, with a rapid recovery of the pathological as well as clinical features within a month. In renal allografts, adenovirus infection should be considered during the early phase following transplantation, even within seven d, especially when granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis is present.
A case of renal transplantation with granulomatous nephritis and arteritis associated with Pseudomonous aeruginosa infection
Authors: Koike Junki , Yamaguchi Yutaka , Horita Shigeru , Sannomiya Akihito , Fuchinoue Shohei , Kohno Midori
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  A case with graft function failure due to granulomatous interstitial nephritis and arteritis probably associated with a urinary tract infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa within two months of kidney transplantation is reported. The recipient was a 42‐yr‐old male who had end‐stage renal disease associated with chronic glomerulonephritis. He received a kidney transplant that was donated from a 54‐yr‐old male who died because of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. On the 60th day after operation, graft function failure occurred. A biopsy specimen showed granulomatous interstitial nephritis and vasculitis. At the same time, P. aeruginosa was detected by urine culture. The graft function is improved by treatment with the antibiotic faropenem for the urinary tract infection. On the basis of these clinical features, it was suggested that the present case developed granulomatous interstitial nephritis and arteritis associated with urinary tract infection by P. aeruginosa.
A case of acute vascular rejection after overseas deceased kidney transplantation
Authors: Shimizu Tomokazu , Ishida Hideki , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Tanabe Kazunari , Masumoto Kentaro , Tsunoyama Kuniko , Iizuka Junpei , Tokumoto Tadahiko , Kajimoto Shun’ichi , Yamaguchi Yutaka
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  A 54‐yr‐old Japanese male received overseas deceased kidney transplantation in January 2006. His allograft functioned immediately and he received immunosuppression with cyclosporine A (CyA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone (PR). On day 24 after transplantation, he came back to Japan. His serum creatinine level (s‐Cr) was 1.39 mg/dL at two months after transplantation when he was admitted into Toda Central General Hospital on March 2006, for follow‐up his renal allograft. He had taken only two immunosuppressive drugs, MMF and PR, and had not taken CyA at that time. His serum creatinine gradually rose after hospitalization. Allograft biopsy performed on April 6, 2006, showed acute vascular rejection (Banff 97 acute/active cellular rejection Grade III), together with suspicious for acute humoral rejection (Banff 97 antibody‐mediated rejection Grade II). After treatment of two courses of steroid pulses and five d of gusperimus, acute vascular rejection and acute humoral rejection were relieved, which had been proven by the third allograft biopsy. In conclusion, this was a case of acute vascular rejection after overseas deceased kidney transplantation, resulted from non‐compliance with immunosuppressive therapy.
Clinical course and pathologic findings of successful second ABO‐incompatible renal transplantation in a patient with donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibody
Authors: Saito Mitsuru , Satoh Shigeru , Inoue Takamitsu , Yuasa Takeshi , Komatsuda Atsushi , Tsuchiya Norihiko , Habuchi Tomonori
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibody and anti‐blood group antibody could cause antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR). Here, we report a successful second ABO‐incompatible (ABO‐I) renal transplantation in a patient with donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibody and its pathologic findings. A 50‐yr‐old woman underwent second ABO‐I (A1 to O) renal transplantation. She had received the first renal graft from her mother following splenectomy in July 2003; however, graft function was lost 50 d after transplantation because of AMR. The patient received the second renal graft in November 2005, from her husband whose blood type was also A1. The recipient had donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibody because flow panel reactive antibody and flow cytometry crossmatch were strongly positive prior to the plasmapheresis (PP) therapy. Pre‐transplant intensive immunosuppression, PP, and low dose (100 mg/m2) anti‐CD20 antibody (rituximab) administration were performed as desensitization therapy. The recipient clinically developed acute rejection, and allograft biopsy specimen at day 6 post‐transplant revealed AMR type II according to the Banff 2003 classification. However, the graft function was rescued by PP/low dose (100 mg/kg) intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, and the biopsy specimen at day 43 post‐transplant showed border‐line change without AMR. Rituximab and PP/low‐dose IVIG therapy might improve the clinical course and pathologic findings in this AMR‐related high‐risk transplantation.
A case of allograft dysfunction with antibody‐mediated rejection developing 13 yr after kidney transplantation
Authors: Kamimaki Isamu , Ishikura Kenji , Hataya Hiroshi , Hamasaki Yuko , Ikeda M. , Shishido Seiichiro , Kawamura Sadao , Morikawa Yukihiko , Honda Masataka
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Antibody‐mediated rejection is an important cause of chronic allograft dysfunction. We report a case of chronic antibody‐mediated rejection 13 yr after transplantation. This patient is a 19‐yr‐old man who had renal insufficiency since infancy because of bilateral polycystic kidneys. Peritoneal dialysis was started when he was four yr old and he received a renal allograft from his mother at the age of six yr. Donor and recipient were ABO compatible and immunosuppressive treatment was started with cyclosporine, mizoribine, and methylprednisolone. No acute rejection was experienced and histological acute rejection was not proven on any subsequent protocol biopsies. Ten yr after transplantation, a protocol biopsy revealed moderate chronic allograft nephropathy and severe cyclosporine‐associated arteriolopathy. His allograft function was preserved at this time and the cyclosporine dose was tapered to 125 mg/d. His renal function gradually deteriorated starting 12 yr after transplantation. Although mizoribine was changed to mycophenolate mofetil, he required dialysis one yr later. A diagnosis of antibody‐mediated rejection was made based upon the renal biopsy findings (including C4d staining) and circulating anti‐human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody levels (12 yr after transplantation). We conclude that it is necessary to pay attention to antibody‐mediated rejection, even in allograft cases with good function for over 10 yr and no risk factors for the development of de novo anti‐HLA antibodies.
Two cases of primary non‐functioning kidney from the same donor
Authors: Nishikido Masaharu , Mochizuki Yasushi , Noguchi Mitsuru , Koga Shigehiko , Kanetake Hiroshi , Harada Takashi , Taguchi Takashi , Nazneen Arifa , Matsuya Fukuzo , Hayashi Mikio
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  We report two cases of primary non‐functioning kidney from the same non‐heart beating donor (NHBD). A 42‐yr‐old man received a renal transplant from a NHBD. The donor was a 38‐yr‐old male who died of neck spinal injury. The warm ischemic time was 61 min. One h after reperfusion, the graft became edematous and congested in the presence of normal and adequate vascular anastomosis and lack of renal vein thrombosis. The one‐h biopsy specimen showed acute tubular necrosis and severe congestion with occasional platelet aggregates in glomerular capillaries. The graft was resected on post‐transplantation day 6. Graftectomy specimen revealed renal cortical necrosis. The contralateral kidney of the same donor was transplanted into a 54‐yr‐old male. The one‐h biopsy specimen showed tubular degeneration and neutrophil infiltration in peritubular capillaries, but no glomerular congestion or thrombus. The recipient died on post‐transplantation day 4. Although the cause of death was unknown, necropsy of the renal graft showed renal cortical necrosis, similar to case 1. Ischemia/reperfusion injury was considered the cause of non‐functioning kidney in both cases, because of long warm ischemic time. The biopsy specimens at zero‐h from both grafts showed focal tubular degeneration only without distinct necrosis, indicating it is difficult to predict viability based on the pathological findings at zero‐h or one‐h biopsies. There is a need for further understanding of clinical and histological patterns in order to define the criteria of viability of kidney transplant.
HLA‐A*2468, a new allele identified by sequence‐based typing in the Chinese population
Authors: Yan L.‐X. , Zhu F.‐M. , He J.‐J. , Chen N.‐Y.
Published: June 2007

We report here the identification of a novel human leukocyte antigen‐A*2468 allele that was detected by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis and hemolytic uremic syndrome after allogeneic stem‐cell transplantation
Authors: Arvidson Johan , Kildal Morten , Linde Torbjörn , Gedeborg Rolf
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  TEN and HUS are challenging complications with excessive mortality after HSCT. We report the development of these two conditions in combination in a nine‐yr‐old boy after HSCT from an unrelated donor. TEN with skin detachment of more than 90% of body surface area developed after initial treatment for GvHD. Within a few days of admission to the burns unit, the patient developed severe hemolysis, hypertension, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure consistent with HUS, apparently caused by CSA. The management included intensive care in a burns unit, accelerated drug removal using plasmapheresis, and a dedicated multi‐disciplinary team approach to balance immunosuppression and infections management in a situation with extensive skin detachment. The patient survived and recovered renal function but requires continued treatment for severe GvHD. Suspecting and identifying causative drugs together with meticulous supportive care in the burns unit is essential in the management of these patients and long‐term survival is possible.
Growth curves of pediatric patients with biliary atresia following living donor liver transplantation: Factors that influence post‐transplantation growth
Authors: Saito Takeshi , Mizuta Koichi , Hishikawa Shuji , Kawano Youichi , Sanada Yukihiro , Fujiwara Takehito , Yasuda Yoshikazu , Sugimoto Koichi , Sakamoto Koichi , Kawarasaki Hideo
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  We evaluated the growth curves of children with BA after LDLT, and identified factors influencing growth velocity one‐yr after LDLT (ΔZ). The clinical data of 51 children with BA, who had an LDLT at our center from 2001 to 2005, were retrospectively reviewed. The Z scores for height and weight, and ΔZ were studied. The correlation between ΔZ and various clinical factors was evaluated statistically. Multivariate stepwise analyses were performed for ΔZ. The average height and weight Z scores at the time of LDLT were −1.34 ± 1.36 (±s.d.) and −0.78 ± 1.15, respectively. Among 30 BA recipients with stable liver function after transplant, weight returned to normal one‐yr post‐transplantation. However, height did not return to normal even by the third post‐transplantation year. On multivariate analyses, 73% of the variance in height ΔZ could be accounted for by factors such as standardized height at the time of LDLT (proportion of variance: 38%), number of steroid pulse treatments (17%), donor age (10%), and the presence of HVS (9%). Fifty‐four percentage of the variance in weight ΔZ could be accounted for by factors such as standardized weight at the time of LDLT (37%) and the total steroid dose given (17%). Height and weight status at the time of LDLT likely have the strongest impact on ΔZ. Additional factors include steroid exposure, age of the living donor, and presence of HVS, all of which should be considered to improve post‐transplantation growth.
The rice Mybleu transcription factor increases tolerance to oxygen deprivation in Arabidopsis plants
Authors: Mattana Monica , Vannini Candida , Espen Luca , Bracale Marcella , Genga Annamaria , Marsoni Milena , Iriti Marcello , Bonazza Veronica , Romagnoli Francesco , Baldoni Elena , Coraggio Immacolata , Locatelli Franca
Published: June 2007

Mybleu is a natural incomplete transcription factor of rice (Oryza sativa), consisting of a partial Myb repeat followed by a short leucine zipper. We previously showed its localization to the apical region of rice roots and coleoptiles. Specifically, in coleoptiles, Mybleu is expressed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, whereas in roots, it is expressed only under aerobic conditions. Mybleu is able to dimerize with canonical leucine zippers and to activate transcription selectively. To investigate Mybleu function in vivo, we transformed Arabidopsis thaliana and evaluated several morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters. In agreement with a hypothesized role of Mybleu in cell elongation in the differentiation zone, we found that the constitutive expression of this transcription factor in Arabidopsis induced elongation in the primary roots and in the internodal region of the floral stem; we also observed a modification of the root apex morphology in transformed lines. Based on the high expression of Mybleu in anaerobic rice coleoptiles, we studied the role of this transcription factor in transgenic plants grown under low‐oxygen conditions. We found that overexpression of this transcription factor increased tolerance to oxygen deficit. In transgenic plants, this effect may depend both on the maintenance of a higher metabolism during stress and on the higher expression levels of certain genes involved in the anaerobic response.
Low carbon dioxide concentrations can reverse stomatal closure during water stress
Authors: Bunce James A.
Published: June 2007

Leaf water potentials below threshold values result in reduced stomatal conductance (gs). Stomatal closure at low leaf water potentials may serve to protect against cavitation of xylem. Possible control of gs by leaf water potential or hydraulic conductance was tested by drying the rooting medium in four herbaceous annual species until gs was reduced and then lowering the [CO2] to determine whether gs and transpiration rate could be increased and leaf water potential decreased and whether hydraulic conductance was reduced at the resulting lower leaf water potential. In all species, low [CO2] could reverse the stomatal closure because of drying despite further reductions in leaf water potential, and the resulting lower leaf water potentials did not result in reductions in hydraulic conductance. The relative sensitivity of gs to internal [CO2] in the leaves of dry plants of each species averaged three to four times higher than in leaves of wet plants. Two species in which gs was reputed to be insensitive to [CO2] were examined to determine whether high leaf to air water vapor pressure differences (D) resulted in increased stomatal sensitivity to [CO2]. In both species, stomatal sensitivity to [CO2] was indeed negligible at low D, but increased with D, and low [CO2] partly or fully reversed closure caused by high D. In no case did low leaf water potential or low hydraulic conductance during drying of the air or the rooting medium prevent low [CO2] from increasing gs and transpiration rate.
Melanin biosynthesis by Frankia strain CeI5
Authors: Yuan Wenlin , Burleigh Stephen H. , Dawson Jeffrey O.
Published: June 2007

Many Frankia strains are pigmented and presumed to produce melanin. However, melanin biosynthesis has yet to be rigorously characterized in Frankia. This study was initiated to determine whether or not Frankia strain CeI5 produced melanin and to identify the biochemical pathway of pigment production. Frankia strain CeI5 first produced a dark pigment in mycelial and other tissue and then in the liquid culture medium when grown in a defined medium containing l‐tyrosine. The pigment resisted solvents, lightened when subjected to the action of oxidants, as well as reductants, and produced a flocculent brown precipitate with FeCl3. Spectroscopic characteristics of the extracted pigment were those of melanin. When subjected to gradual dilution, the absorbance decreased unevenly, occurring in the near red range first, then in the visible range, and lastly in the UV range. This observation might resolve the question of why quite different descriptions of melanin UV–visible light absorption spectra exist in the literature. The tyrosinase cofactor copper greatly enhanced melanin biosynthesis at 5.3 × 10−6 M, while 1 × 10−8 M 3,4‐dihydroxy‐l‐phenylalanine hastened pigmentation. The copper‐chelating agent KCN and the tyrosinase inhibitor tropolone decreased melanin production at the same concentration of 1 × 10−5 M. This evidence suggests that Frankia strain CeI5 produces melanin via the Raper and Mason pathway.
Does foraging mode mould morphology in lacertid lizards?
Authors: VERWAIJEN D. , VAN DAMME R.
Published: June 2007

Evolutionary changes in foraging style are often believed to require concurrent changes in a complex suite of morphological, physiological, behavioural and life‐history traits. In lizards, species from families with a predominantly sit‐and‐wait foraging style tend to be more stocky and robust, with larger heads and mouths than species belonging to actively foraging families. Here, we test whether morphology and foraging behaviour show similar patterns of association within the family Lacertidae. We also examine the association of bite force abilities with morphology and foraging behaviour. Lacertid lizards exhibit considerable interspecific variation in foraging indices, and we found some evidence for a covariation between foraging style and body shape. However, the observed relationships are not always in line with the predictions. Also, the significance of the relationships varies with the evolutionary model used. Our results challenge the idea that foraging style is evolutionarily conservative and invariably associated with particular morphologies. It appears that the flexibility of foraging mode and its morphological correlates varies among lizard taxa.
The role of marker traits in the assortative mating within red crossbills, Loxia curvirostra complex
Authors: SNOWBERG L. K. , BENKMAN C. W.
Published: June 2007

We conducted mate choice experiments to determine whether differences in calls or bill morphology might influence assortative mating between call types of red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra complex) that have diverged in bill structure to specialize on different species of conifers. Females preferred males that gave calls that matched their own type, but did not prefer males that more closely approximated the average or optimal bill size of the female's call type. These results were consistent with our breeding simulations, which showed that females gained an indirect fitness benefit by choosing a male of her own call type because this reduced the production of offspring with morphologies that fell between adaptive peaks. However, choice based on bill morphology within a call type provided no further benefit. Calls, which crossbills learn from their parents, likely act as a marker trait indicative of the morphological adaptations of the group, allow for easy assessment of potential mates and facilitate rapid divergence under ecological selection.
Phylogenetic analysis of interspecific variation in nectar of hummingbird‐visited plants
Authors: ORNELAS J. F. , ORDANO M. , DE‐NOVA A. J. , QUINTERO M. E. , GARLAND T.
Published: June 2007

We tested whether phylogeny, flower size and/or altitude were significant predictors of interspecific variation in nectar production of hummingbird‐visited plants in an assembled database (289 species, in 22 orders, 56 families and 131 genera). Although the study is focused on hummingbird‐pollinated plants (241 plant species), plants with different pollinator syndromes (48 species) are also included in the analyses. Nectar volume secreted in a given time period (usually 24 h) by a given flower, its sugar concentration and corolla length were compiled mainly from the literature. Altitude was also obtained from the original references. Sugar production was computed basically as the product of nectar secretion and sugar concentration, and expressed on a per 24‐h basis. All nectar traits and corolla length (all log transformed), as well as altitude, showed statistically significant phylogenetic signal. Both nonphylogenetic and phylogenetically informed (independent contrasts) analyses indicated a highly significant positive correlation between corolla length and both nectar volume and sugar production. In addition, altitude (which is partially a surrogate for temperature) was significantly negatively correlated with both sugar concentration and production. Possible reasons for coadaptation of nectar production and sugar production with corolla length are discussed.
Strong artificial selection in the wild results in predicted small evolutionary change
Authors: POSTMA E. , VISSER J. , VAN NOORDWIJK A. J.
Published: June 2007

Estimates of genetic variation and selection allow for quantitative predictions of evolutionary change, at least in controlled laboratory experiments. Natural populations are, however, different in many ways, and natural selection on heritable traits does not always result in phenotypic change. To test whether we were able to predict the evolutionary dynamics of a complex trait measured in a natural, heterogeneous environment, we performed, over an 8‐year period, a two‐way selection experiment on clutch size in a subdivided island population of great tits (Parus major). Despite strong artificial selection, there was no clear evidence for evolutionary change at the phenotypic level. Environmentally induced differences in clutch size among years are, however, large and can mask evolutionary changes. Indeed, genetic changes in clutch size, inferred from a statistical model, did not deviate systematically from those predicted. Although this shows that estimates of genetic variation and selection can indeed provide quantitative predictions of evolutionary change, also in the wild, it also emphasizes that demonstrating evolution in wild populations is difficult, and that the interpretation of phenotypic trends requires great care.
Influence of genetic dissimilarity in the reproductive success and mate choice of brown trout – females fishing for optimal MHC dissimilarity
Authors: FORSBERG L.A. , DANNEWITZ J. , PETERSSON E. , GRAHN M.
Published: June 2007

We examined the reproductive success of 48 adult brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) which were allowed to reproduce in a stream that was controlled for the absence of other trout. Parentage analyses based on 11 microsatellites permitted us to infer reproductive success and mate choice preferences in situ. We found that pairs with intermediate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) dissimilarity mated more often than expected by chance. It appears that female choice was the driving force behind this observation because, compared with other individuals, males with intermediate MHC dissimilarity produced a larger proportion of offspring, whereas female reproductive output did not show this pattern. Hence, rather than seeking mates with maximal MHC dissimilarity, as found in several species, brown trout seemed to prefer mates of intermediate MHC difference, thus supporting an optimality‐based model for MHC‐dependent mate choice.
Topography and Arterial Supply of the Thyroid and the Parathyroid Glands in Selected Species of Falconiformes
Authors: Radek T. , Piasecki T.
Published: June 2007

Birds of two suborders, Accipitres and Falcones were the subjects of the study. The thyroids were always located asymmetrically. In Accipitridae the larger left gland was usually situated significantly more cranially than the right one. In common kestrel, the size of bilateral thyroids was similar while their mutual relationships were individually variable. The location of the parathyroid glands in common kestrel was relatively constant. Seven topographical patterns of the location of the parathyroid gland were noted in Accipitridae. In birds of both the suborders, the thyroid might be supplied by three (groups of) arteries: the cranial thyroid, the caudal thyroid and the middle thyroid arteries. The aforementioned vessels were derived from the common carotid and the oesophagotracheobronchial artery. In common kestrel, the thyroid vessels might also branch from the ascending oesophageal artery, which passes along the thyroid, while in common buzzard and other Accipitridae – from the common trunk of the comes nervi vagi and the ascending oesophageal artery. The parathyroid glands were supplied by one to three parathyroid arteries. The vessels for the cranial parathyroid gland mostly originated from the caudal thyroid artery, while for the caudal one – from the oesophagotracheobronchial artery. The average number of thyroid and parathyroid arteries in common buzzard was significantly higher than those in common kestrel.
Histology of Lamb Epididymal Development
Authors: Bielli A. , Genovese P. , Ungerfeld R. , Katz H.
Published: June 2007

To describe the distribution of the histological regions and their morphometry during epididymal development, 10 Corriedale lambs were castrated monthly from 90 to 180 days of age (n = 24), and their testes and epididymides were weighed. All animals were weighed monthly. Epididymides were divided into caput, corpus and cauda, and cut sagitally so that sections included all the length of the organ. The diameter of the epididymal duct, the smooth muscle depth and the epididymal epithelium height were measured. The quantitative histology of the ovine epididymal development was described. Epididymal development advanced from caput to cauda. The distribution of the histological regions varied according to epididymal weight. Transient histological regions were found during epididymal development. The present results indicate a new way of epididymal development in sheep, which courses from caput to cauda with transient histological regions appearing, varying in location and disappearing during ovine epididymis development.
Systematization and Distribution of the Middle Cerebral Artery on the Brain Surface in Pampas Fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus)
Authors: Depedrini J. S. , Campos R.
Published: June 2007

The present study has analysed 30 pampas fox brains (Pseudalopex gymnocercus), injected with latex, aiming to systematize and describe the distribution and vascularization territories of the middle cerebral artery. After being originated from the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery this vessel formed the following collateral branches: rostral choroidal artery, rostral and caudal central branches and cortical branches. Before crossing the lateral rhinal sulcus, the common trunk of the middle cerebral artery frequently bifurcated in a rostral and a caudal branch. In a smaller amount, the common trunk did not show any bifurcation, ramifying in arborescence. The vascular territory of the pampas fox middle cerebral artery included the lateral cerebral fossa, the lateral third of the olfactory trigone, the two rostral thirds of the piriform lobe, the lateral olfactory tract and most of the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere, except for the more rostromedial areas of the frontal lobe bordering the endomarginal sulcus in the parietal and occipital lobes as well as the transverse fissure at the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere.
Vehicles versus conservation of invertebrates on sandy beaches: mortalities inflicted by off‐road vehicles on ghost crabs
Authors: Schlacher Thomas A. , Thompson Luke , Price Sam
Published: June 2007

Sandy beaches face increasing anthropogenic pressures, with vehicle traffic being ecologically highly harmful. Ghost crabs (Fam. Ocypodidae) are conspicuous on many beaches, and they have been used as a bio‐monitoring tool to measure the ecological responses to human disturbance. However, the mechanisms causing declines in crab numbers are unknown, yet conservation must target the actual impact mechanisms. Therefore, we quantified the magnitude and mechanisms of off‐road vehicle (ORV) impacts on ghost crabs, addressing three key questions: (i) Does abundance of ghost crabs respond to traffic intensity?; (ii) Can burrows protect crabs from vehicles? and (iii) Can mortalities caused by vehicles contribute to population declines? ORV‐impacts were measured on North Stradbroke Island (Australia) for Ocypode cordimanus and Ocypode ceratophthalma. Crab densities were significantly lower in areas subjected to heavy beach traffic, suggesting direct crushing by vehicles. Burrows only partially protect crabs against cars: all individuals buried shallow (5 cm) are killed by 10 vehicle passes. Mortality declines with depth of burrows, but remains considerable (10–30% killed) at 20 cm and only those crabs buried at least 30 cm are not killed by ORVs: these ‘deep‐living’ crabs represent about half of the population. After crabs emerge at dusk they are killed in large numbers on the beach surface. A single vehicle can crush up to 0.75% of the intertidal population. While conservation measures should primarily regulate night traffic, our results also emphasise that the fossorial life habits of sandy beach animals cannot off‐set the impacts caused by ORVs.
Endoscopic diagnosis of early squamous neoplasia of the esophagus with iodine staining: High‐grade intra‐epithelial neoplasia turns pink within a few minutes
Authors: Shimizu Yuichi , Omori Tai , Yokoyama Akira , Yoshida Takeshi , Hirota Jojo , Ono Yuji , Yamamoto Junji , Kato Mototsugu , Asaka Masahiro
Published: June 2007

Background and Aim:  The ability to detect early squamous neoplasia of the esophagus can be enhanced considerably by iodine staining during endoscopic examination; however, there has been no study on distinguishing high‐grade intra‐epithelial squamous neoplasia from low‐grade dysplasia by endoscopic examination. We assumed that high‐grade intra‐epithelial neoplasia could be identified as iodine‐unstained areas more distinct and reddish than low‐grade dysplasia after the brown color of iodine solution has faded, because there is almost no remaining glycogen‐containing epithelium in high‐grade intra‐epithelial neoplasia.

Methods:  Seventy‐nine patients who were found to have demarcated iodine‐unstained areas (0.5 cm to 1.5 cm at widest part, 121 lesions in total) were studied. After a target lesion was found, the lesion was observed for about 3 min and its discoloration was evaluated. If a light‐pink part appeared in the iodine‐unstained area, the lesion was regarded as being positive for pink color. If no light‐pink part was observed in the lesion within 3 min, the lesion was regarded as being negative for pink color.

Results:  Thirty‐four (87.2%) of the 39 lesions diagnosed as pink‐color positive were histologically confirmed to be high‐grade intra‐epithelial squamous neoplasia or squamous cell carcinoma, whereas only three (3.7%) of the 82 lesions diagnosed as negative for pink color were histologically confirmed to be high‐grade intra‐epithelial squamous neoplasia (P < 0.0001). Using the pink‐color sign as a diagnostic index for high‐grade intra‐epithelial squamous neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, sensitivity was 91.9% and specificity was 94.0%.

Conclusion:  By using the pink‐color sign for endoscopic diagnosis, accurate diagnosis without endoscopic biopsy for iodine‐unstained areas was possible.