bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the singularity under non-proportional damping in an analytical solution of brake squeal
Authors: Xie Caiyu , Meehan Paul A.
Published: November 2022

This research investigates a singularity in a published analytical solution of brake squeal due to mode coupling. Brake squeal is an annoying tonal noise that results from the slowing of a vehicle with friction brakes. Recent research has identified an efficient analytical prediction for occurrence, growth, limit cycle amplitude and mitigation of brake squeal noise. The analytical solution predicts squeal accurately, except at a singularity associated with large non-proportional damping and repeated roots. Physically this occurs at the exact transition to stiffness mode coupling, ie. complex roots (Δ = 0). By taking the limit of the eigenvalue expressions at Δ = 0, it is found that the analytical eigenvalues approach infinity. The singularity occurs because modal mass matrix goes to zero at Δ = 0. The eigenvalues at Δ = 0 can be approximated by averaging the eigenvalues that are located on both sides of the critical friction coefficient (the average of eigenvalues at μcrit-Δμ and μcrit+Δμ). The approximations are closest to the numerical solution when Δμ is at the critical points of the Im(λavg) vs Δμ plot. In summary, the analytical solution under non-proportional damping is undefined at Δ = 0 because of the zero modal mass matrix. Moreover, the eigenvalues at the point where singularity occurs can be approximated by taking the average of the eigenvalues located on both sides of the critical friction coefficient. It is shown that reasonable approximations can be obtained at the critical points of the Im(λavg) vs Δμ plot.
Graduate education in acoustic engineering, transduction, and signal processing University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Authors: Brown David A. , Gendron Paul J. , Buck John R.
Published: November 2022

The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth has an established graduate program of study with a concentration in Applied Acoustics leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. The program offers courses and research opportunities in the area of electroacoustic transduction, underwater acoustics, and signal processing. Courses include the Fundamentals of Acoustics, Random Signals, Underwater Acoustics, Introduction to Transducers, Electroacoustic Transduction, Medical Ultrasonics, Digital Signal Processing, Detection Theory, and Estimation Theory. The ECE department established the university’s indoor underwater acoustic test and calibration facility which is one of the largest academic facilities supporting undergraduate and graduate thesis and sponsored research. The department has collaborations with many marine acoustic related companies including nearby Naval Undersea Warfare Center in Newport, RI and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Cape Cod, MA. The presentation will highlight recent theses and dissertations, course offerings, and industry and government collaborations that support acoustical engineering, transduction, and signal processing.
Graduate studies in acoustics at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln within the College of Engineering
Authors: Wang Lily M. , Ryherd Erica E. , Turner Joseph A. , Zhu Jinying
Published: November 2022

Those interested in pursuing graduate studies and conducting research in acoustics are invited to learn more about opportunities at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln (UNL) within the College of Engineering. Dr. Lily Wang and Dr. Erica Ryherd work on architectural acoustics and noise control topics (http://nebraskaacousticsgroup.org ) within the Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, based at UNL's Scott Campus in Omaha. Dr. Jinying Zhu in Civil and Environmental Engineering (also based on UNL’s Scott Campus in Omaha) is active in structural acoustics, using ultrasonic waves for concrete evaluation (https://engineering.unl.edu/cee/faculty/jinying-zhu/). Dr. Joseph Turner in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (based at UNL’s City Campus in Lincoln) focuses on ultrasound propagation through complex media for quantitative characterization of materials/microstructure (http://quisp.unl.edu ). This poster presents the graduate-level acoustics courses and lab facilities at UNL within the College of Engineering, and highlights the research interests and achievements of our faculty, graduates, and students. Extracurricular experiences are available through an Acoustical Society of America student chapter based on the Scott Campus and collaborations with Boys Town National Research Hospital.
Underwater acoustics and ocean engineering at the University of Rhode Island
Authors: Van Uffelen Lora , Miller James H. , Potty Gopu R.
Published: November 2022

Underwater acoustics is one of the primary areas of emphasis in the Ocean Engineering Department at the University of Rhode Island, the first Ocean Engineering program in the United States. The program offers Bachelors, Masters (thesis and non-thesis options) and PhD degrees in Ocean Engineering. These programs are based at the Narragansett Bay campus, providing access to a living laboratory for student learning. Some key facilities of the program are an acoustics tank and a 100-foot-long wave tank. At the graduate level, students are actively involved in research focused in areas such as acoustical oceanography, propagation modeling, geoacoustic inversion, marine mammal acoustics, ocean acoustic instrumentation, and transducers. An overview of classroom learning and ongoing research will be provided, along with information regarding the requirements of entry into the program.
The graduate program in acoustics at Penn State
Authors: Barnard Andrew , Russell Daniel A.
Published: November 2022

The Graduate Program in Acoustics at Penn State offers graduate degrees (M.Eng., M.S., Ph.D.) in Acoustics, with courses and research opportunities in a wide variety of subfields. Our 820 alumni are employed around the world in a wide variety of military and government labs, academic institutions, consulting firms, and consumer audio and related industries. Our 40+ faculty from several disciplines conduct research and teach courses in structural acoustics, nonlinear acoustics, architectural acoustics, signal processing, aeroacoustics, biomedical ultrasound, transducers, computational acoustics, noise and vibration control, acoustic metamaterials, psychoacoustics, and underwater acoustics. Course offerings include fundamentals of acoustics and vibration, electroacoustic transducers, signal processing, acoustics in fluid media, sound and structure interaction, digital signal processing, experimental techniques, acoustic measurements and data analysis, ocean acoustics, architectural acoustics, noise control engineering, nonlinear acoustics, outdoor sound propagation, computational acoustics, biomedical ultrasound, flow induced noise, spatial sound and three-dimensional audio, and the acoustics of musical instruments. This poster highlights faculty research areas, laboratory facilities, student demographics, successful graduates, and recent enrollment and employment trends for the Graduate Program in Acoustics at Penn State.
Overview of research-based community noise testing recommendations from Brigham Young University
Authors: Anderson Mark C. , Gee Kent L. , Durrant J T. , Loubeau Alexandra
Published: November 2022

Brigham Young University has been studying questions related to NASA X-59 community noise testing. A summary of the key findings and recommendations to date are presented. Among these are weather-resistant ground microphone setups that reduce wind noise, methods for treating the problem of ambient noise contamination on sonic boom metrics and spectra, and the turbulence-induced variability seen over relatively small-aperture arrays. Also discussed are recommendations for data post-processing, e.g., employing a digital pole-shifting filter and zero-padding to improve the fidelity and smoothness of low-frequency spectral data. Finally, the relative merits of various sonic boom metrics are considered. Although Perceived Level has been the most widely-used metric, it is relatively sensitive to ambient noise contamination and turbulence-induced variability. [Work supported by NASA Langley Research Center through the National Institute of Aerospace.]
Standardization of modelling methodology for aircraft noise exposure contours
Authors: Jovanovic Julia , Novak Colin
Published: November 2022

Aircraft noise exposure contours are important tools for land-use planning around aerodromes. They inform local governments and stakeholders as to the acoustic impacts of aircraft operations on areas surrounding the airport. This information is considered when defining municipal zoning and building regulations. While noise contours are often regarded as concrete guidance identifying the suitability of an area for noise sensitive development, their prescribed modelling methodology is imprecise and non-standardised. A vague description such as the yearly day night level or 95th percentile day is typically mandated by overseeing authorities which leaves ambiguity in terms of the various specific input parameters. This can result in differing noise contour outputs, which in turn can cause conflict, especially between stakeholders with competing interests. This research highlights the need for better standardization and guidance for aircraft noise exposure contour modelling. It further demonstrates how varying interpretations of modelling methodologies can alter the input parameters of an aircraft noise model and significantly impact the outputs.
Distribution methodology for aircraft noise annoyance surveys
Authors: Jovanovic Julia , Novak Colin
Published: November 2022

Annoyance is one of the most common effects of aircraft noise on individuals. The prevalence of severe annoyance within a community is a metric that informs regulatory noise exposure thresholds and guidelines. It is therefore critical that accurate annoyance data is collected through community surveys, which are typically distributed to areas affected by various levels of aircraft noise, as defined by average-day type noise exposure contours. This distribution methodology excludes segments of the population that are affected by noise but underrepresented by these types of contours. Here are presented the results of two community surveys executed around Toronto Pearson International Airport, using different distribution methodologies. The first survey identified five zones for distribution based on noise exposure contours. The second survey was distributed within a 750-meter radius around 25 noise monitoring terminals in the vicinity of the airport. The two surveys yielded different annoyance results, particularly as they relate to the locations of highly annoyed respondents. A prevalence of severe annoyance was observed in areas that were intermittently affected by aircraft noise and thus out of the range of average-day type noise contours. It was concluded that a more comprehensive approach for survey distribution is necessary to ensure unbiased annoyance results.
Experiential design tools for acousticsi—A retrospective and look ahead at the use of sound and visualizations for transportation noise
Authors: Biziorek Ryan , Hiller David , Jurdic Vincent , Maldonado AnaLuisa , Harris Henry , Heggie Cameron , Her Paul , Sharp Calum , Thomas Adam , Woodcock James , bean devin , Digerness Joseph , Swan Jon , Gommer Bettine
Published: November 2022

Originally conceived and developed to inform the design of some of the world’s best arts and culture venues, over the past 10+ years, Arup SoundLab has also been used to create sound demonstrations that simulate and gauge response to environmental sound. Sound demonstrations combine aural and visual simulations to enable clients, designers, major stakeholders and the general public to experience and better understand sound. They provide robust objective information to support decision making and help shape better outcomes for all. The SoundLab has been used to inform the design of vertiport infrastructure; to assess annoyance and possible health impacts of novel noise sources; to inform local and international policy on noise; and to provide information on the early prototyping of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) vehicles. These applications will be described in this presentation, including recent simulations for the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) and a human response study for the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) to provide insight into people’s response to AAM noise impacts. As AAM applications broaden, auralisation and visualisation processes are being developed to facilitate understanding of planning, permitting and design processes. The immersive experience provides information that is valuable to the various parties involved.
Resonances and mode shape imaging for characterizing the microstructure of complex metals
Authors: Kube Christopher M. , Hanagan James , Cherry Matthew
Published: November 2022

Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) is a mature and reliable technique for measuring the elastic stiffness constants of anisotropic materials. In highly processed materials such as additively manufactured metal parts, the anisotropic stiffnesses arrive from microstructures that contain grains with preferred orientations, which can result from directionally dependent thermal or mechanical processes. The connection between elastic stiffnesses and microstructure suggest the potential for RUS being used as a tool to characterize microstructure. This presentation will highlight modeling and experimental measurements in this direction. The RUS model is developed from a micromechanical foundation and includes structure-property linkages between the microstructure’s orientation distribution function and the macroscopic elastic constitutive behavior. The micromechanical basis allows efficient creation of a complete catalog containing all possible resonant behavior (resonant frequencies and mode shapes) of polycrystalline samples as a function of the possible textures. The second part of the presentation will focus on connecting experimentally measured resonances and mode shapes to a particular catalog entry. The inclusion of mode shape imaging in the analysis is expected to offer additional detail and potential for expanded characterization beyond texture and elastic stiffnesses.
Combined neutron scattering and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for lattice dynamics studies
Authors: Hermann Raphael
Published: November 2022

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) and inelastic neutron scattering afford insight into solid state structures and excitations at vastly different frequency and length scales. We will discuss the combined use of these techniques to understand phase transitions in functional and structural materials. Structural complexity, such as chirality or incommensuration leads to emerging features in both techniques and modifies energy transport channels. Novel developments in techniques at the Oak Ridge neutron sources, that now enable in situ ultrasound spectrocopy in the neutron beam, and the RUSCal analysis software that now supports all Bravais classes and implements Monte-Carlo methods, will be discussed in example materials. [Work supported by the Deparment of Energy Office of Basic Energy Science and by Laboratory Directed Research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. My thanks go to J. Torres, V. Fanelli, Y. Shinohara, E. Cakmak, C. Hua, A. Flores-Bettancourt, M. Ruis-Rodriguez for the collaboration and A. Zevalkink, D. Mandrus, V. Keppens, E. Lara-Curzio, and T. Watkins for fruitful discussions.]
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy studies of high-entropy fluorites
Authors: Tanveer Rubayet , Keppens Veerle M.
Published: November 2022

High entropy oxides (HEOs), also referred to as multicomponent oxides or compositionally complex oxides (CCOs), have attracted attention due to the tunability of multiple cations on a single site. Since the introduction of HEOs stabilized in the rocksalt phase, the high entropy oxide concept has been expanded to various structures, offering a path for the discovery of innovative compounds with unique structure-property relations. Here, we present a study of high entropy fluorites, which have gained recognition for their low thermal conductivity and possible applications as thermal barrier coatings. We have successfully synthesized single phase samples using multiple cations on a single site, in equimolar and non-equimolar ratios. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was used to evaluate the elastic moduli as a function of temperature. The results obtained on these multi-component pyrochlores are compared to those of their single-component counterparts.
Vocal pitch perception with cochlear implants
Authors: Martin Emma , Soleimanifar Simin , Ishikawa Keiko , Aronoff Justin M.
Published: November 2022

Cochlear implant (CI) users often struggle to accurately perceive vocal pitch. This suggests that they are either not able to adequately use vocal pitch cues, such as temporal modulations resulting from F0, or they are using cues that do not correspond to vocal pitch. A potentially unreliable cue they may be using is formant spacing, which is correlated with vocal tract length. There is a gross, probabilistic relationship between vocal pitch and formant spacing since males tend to have both lower F0s and longer vocal tracts, but the relationship is weak, especially within gender. To examine if CI users are using the acoustic cues resulting from vocal tract length to make pitch judgments, CI users were presented with stimuli where the F0 was held constant but the formant spacing was systematically manipulated. Participants were presented with pairs of stimuli and asked to indicate the similarity of the pitch of the two stimuli using a seven-point Likert scale. The preliminary results indicate that CI users systematically perceived the changes in formant spacing as a change in pitch.
Testing the role of primary musical instrument on context effects in music perception
Authors: King Caleb J. , Shorey Anya E. , Whiteford Kelly L. , Stilp Christian E.
Published: November 2022

Musicians display numerous perceptual benefits versus nonmusicians, such as better pitch and melody perception (the “musician advantage”). Recently, Shorey et al. (2021 ASA) investigated whether this musician advantage extended to spectral contrast effects (SCEs; categorization shifts produced by acoustic properties of surrounding sounds) in musical instrument recognition. Musicians and nonmusicians listened to a context sound (filtered string quartet passage highlighting frequencies of the horn or saxophone), then categorized a target sound (tone from a six-step series varying from horn to saxophone). Although musicians displayed superior pitch discrimination, their SCEs did not differ from those of nonmusicians. Importantly, separate research has reported that a musician’s instrument of training heavily influences musical perception, potentially improving frequency discrimination and rhythm perception/production. However, in the Shorey et al. study, musicians were recruited without respect to their primary instrument. This follow-up study uses the same methodology as Shorey et al. but recruits only musicians who play horn or saxophone (the instruments used as target sounds) as their primary instrument. It is predicted that horn and saxophone players will display larger SCEs than nonmusicians due to their intimate familiarity with the instrument timbres. Preliminary data are trending in the predicted direction; full results will be discussed.
Role of superior temporal gyrus and planum temporale in talker segregation
Authors: Herrera Ortiz Christian , Whittle Nicole , Leek Marjorie R. , Barnes Samuel , Holshouser Barbara , Yi Alex , Venezia Jonathan H.
Published: November 2022

Recent studies suggest the brain tracks both attended and unattended speech streams. Here, we describe the cortical mechanisms that support active talker segregation by vocal gender. Thirty-three participants with normal or near-normal hearing performed a competing speech task during fMRI scanning. The target (competing) talker was female (male). Spectrotemporal modulation filtering was applied to stochastically modulate female and male vocal pitch across trials. Using the modulation-filter patterns as predictors, spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs) were obtained at each voxel using coordinate descent. STRF weights associated with female- (∼6 cyc/kHz) and male-talker (∼12 cyc/kHz) pitch were analyzed across subjects to identify pitch-sensitive voxels (logical OR, corrected p < 0.01), which were then characterized by preference for female vs. male. Anterior regions in Heschl’s gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus (STG) responded best to the female talker, while posterior regions in STG and planum temporale (PT) responded best to the male talker. In a control task where the talkers did not compete, the same pattern was observed but the posterior network shifted from STG to PT and responded to the acoustic boundary between talkers (∼9 cyc/kHz), suggesting that acoustically coded pitch in PT becomes voice-coded in STG during active segregation.
Evaluation of carbohydrate counting knowledge among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bawazeer Nahla Mohammed , Alshehri Leena Hamdan , Alharbi Nouf Mohammed , Alhazmi Noha Abdulaziz , Alrubaysh Alhanouf Fahad , Alkasser Alia Riad , Aburisheh Khaled Hani
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Carbohydrate counting (CC) is an important nutritional strategy to improve glycaemic outcomes among patients with diabetes. Few studies have investigated CC knowledge among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate CC knowledge in Saudi adults with T1DM.

Study design and methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2021 and February 2022, including 224 patients with T1DM from the University Diabetes Center, Riyadh. Adults aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with T1DM for >1 year, and residing in Saudi Arabia were included. CC knowledge was assessed using a previously well-studied tool (AdultCarbQuiz), which was translated into Arabic and tested for validity by a group of dieticians. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, and bivariate and regression analyses were conducted.

Results

The AdultCarbQuiz questionnaire-Arabic version had good validity and reliability (Cronbach’s α: 0.87). The CC method was used by 54% of the participants. The mean CC knowledge score was 23.01±7.31. A significant negative linear relationship between the participants’ CC knowledge scores, and age and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, was revealed by simple regression analysis. Furthermore, significant independent variables related to CC knowledge scores were CC use, HbA1c levels, being taught about CC (>5 times), insulin pump usage and DM duration (≤15 years).

Conclusions

Approximately half of the patients used the CC method. The mean CC knowledge scores were better in patients who used the CC method, were more frequently taught about CC, were treated using an insulin pump, and had a shorter DM duration than their counterparts. Therefore, designing and implementing a well-structured nutrition education programme tailored to individuals with diabetes is crucial to provide them with up-to-date dietary information, as well as the necessary knowledge and skills, to improve their outcomes and manage their condition.
Ensuring equity in the era of HLA-restricted cancer therapeutics
Authors: Smithy James W , Blouin Amanda , Diamond Lisa C , Postow Michael
Published: November 2022

In January 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration granted regulatory approval to tebentafusp, a bispecific T cell receptor protein that targets melanoma antigen gp100 in the context of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) A*0201 allele. This approval generated significant excitement, given the relative paucity of effective systemic therapies for advanced uveal melanoma. More broadly, tebentafusp represents the first T cell receptor agent to improve overall survival in any solid tumor.

Although HLA-A*02:01 is the most common allele at this locus overall, its expression varies considerably among ethnic groups. It is most frequently expressed in Europeans, and less commonly in African Americans and people of Asian or Pacific Island ancestry. While uveal melanoma is most common in Caucasian populations, other HLA-restricted cancer therapeutics are being developed for indications with more diverse patient populations, such as cervical cancer.

We advocate for proactive consideration of the populations eligible for each HLA-restricted therapeutic in development to ensure this emerging therapeutic class does not compound long-standing health disparities. As trials may focus on the most prevalent HLA subtypes, it will take the engagement of multiple stakeholders to ensure equitable access to patients of all ethnic backgrounds.
Variety of optical soliton solutions via sub-ODE approach to embedded soliton generating model in quadratic nonlinear media
Authors: Rizvi Syed T. R. , Seadawy Aly R. , Nimra  , Ali K. , Aziz N.
Published: November 2022

This paper studies the soliton solutions for Embedded soliton (ES) generating model with [Formula: see text] nonlinear susceptibility. The bright, rational, Jacobi elliptic, periodic, dark, Weierstrass, hyperbolic solitary wave solutions will be found with the aid of sub-ODE technique under certain conditions. The main objective behind the sub-ODE method is to find the wave solutions of a complex model with the help of simple and solvable ODEs called sub-ODEs. The resulting wave solutions are presented graphically for suitable values of different parameters.
Photoconductivity of pure and rare-earth doped p-GaSe single crystals
Authors: Babayeva R. F.
Published: November 2022

Photoconductivity characteristic of undoped and gadolinium (Gd)/dysprosium (Dy) co-doped layered [Formula: see text]-GaSe semiconductor has been experimentally investigated. A model is proposed to explain the obtained results. The creating possibility of multi-band photo-detectors with stable and reproducible parameters is shown and characteristics based on single crystals of [Formula: see text]-GaSe are activated with mentioned rare-earth ions with concentration of [Formula: see text] at.%.
Matching Logic Based on Ownership Transfer
Authors: Wang Shangbei , Wang Yintong
Published: November 2022

We combine “ownership transfer” with matching logic to reason about fault-free partial correctness of shared-memory concurrent programs. As we all know, what really gives separation logic (concurrent separation logic) an edge is the ownership transfer of the heap. Inspired by this, we use matching logic to realize variable ownership (permission) and its transfer mechanism, which reveals the hidden principle behind “protected variables” of resource and “rely set” in extended CSL. In addition, variable ownership can replace Dijkstra’s semaphore blocking technique to achieve the critical section. Soundness is important to us, we provide a semantic model that supports the separation property and demonstrate the soundness of our logic based on trace semantics.
Decomposition of pointwise finite-dimensional 𝕊1 persistence modules
Authors: Hanson Eric J. , Rock Job Daisie
Published: November 2022

We prove that, over an arbitrary field, pointwise finite-dimensional persistence modules indexed by [Formula: see text] decompose uniquely, up to isomorphism, into the direct sum of a bar code and finitely-many Jordan cells. In the language of representation theory, this is a direct sum of string modules and band modules. Persistence modules indexed on [Formula: see text] have also been called angle-valued or circular persistence modules. We allow either a cyclic order or partial order on [Formula: see text] and do not have additional finiteness requirements on the modules. We also show that a pointwise finite-dimensional [Formula: see text] persistence module is indecomposable if and only if it is a bar or Jordan cell. Along the way we classify the isomorphism classes of such indecomposable modules.
On the nisan-ronen conjecture
Authors: Christodoulou George , Koutsoupias Elias , Kovacs Annamaria
Published: November 2022

The Nisan-Ronen conjecture states that no truthful mechanism for makespan-minimization when allocating
m
tasks to
n
unrelated machines can have approximation ratio less than
n.
Over more than two decades since its formulation, little progress has been made in resolving it and the best known lower bound was a small constant. This note gives an overview of our recent paper that gives a lower bound of [EQUATION].
Into the Robotic Depths: Analysis and Insights from the DARPA Subterranean Challenge
Authors: Chung Timothy H. , Orekhov Viktor , Maio Angela
Published: November 2022

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Subterranean Challenge represented a multiyear (2018–2021), competition-based initiative to inspire and shape the future of field robotics, specifically in advancing integrated technologies for operating in complex underground environments. Bringing together robotics researchers and innovators from around the world to compete in physical and simulated contests, it spotlighted significant opportunities to incentivize and extract high-value technical results and insights to inform future advances. This article captures and quantifies these results, extracts relevant insights, and offers lessons learned and recommendations for further work.
Bubble Formation in Magma
Authors: Gardner James E. , Wadsworth Fabian B. , Carley Tamara L. , Llewellin Edward W. , Kusumaatmaja Halim , Sahagian Dork
Published: November 2022

Volcanic eruptions are driven by bubbles that form when volatile species exsolve from magma. The conditions under which bubbles form depend mainly on magma composition, volatile concentration, presence of crystals, and magma decompression rate. These are all predicated on the mechanism by which volatiles exsolve from the melt to form bubbles. We critically review the known or inferred mechanisms of bubble formation in magmas: homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation on crystal surfaces, and spontaneous phase separation (spinodal decomposition). We propose a general approach for calculating bubble nucleation rates as the sum of the contributions from homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, suggesting that nucleation may not be limited to a single mechanism prior to eruption. We identify three major challenges in which further experimental, analytical, and theoretical work is required to permit the development of a general model for bubble formation under natural eruption conditions.
▪We review the mechanisms of bubble formation in magma and summarize the conditions under which the various mechanisms are understood to operate.▪Bubble formation mechanisms may evolve throughout magma ascent as conditions change such that bubbles may form simultaneously and sequentially via more than one mechanism.▪Contributions from both homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation on multiphase crystal phases can be captured via a single equation.▪Future work should focus on constraining macroscopic surface tension, characterizing the microphysics, and developing a general framework for modeling bubble formation, via all mechanisms, over natural magma ascent pathways.
A20 binding and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-1 (ABIN-1): a novel modulator of mitochondrial autophagy
Authors: Merline Rosetta , Rödig Heiko , Zeng-Brouwers Jinyang , Poluzzi Chiara , Tascher Georg , Michaelis Jonas , Lopez-Mosqueda Jaime , Rhiner Andrew , Huber Lisa Sophie , Diehl Valentina , Dikic Ivan , Kögel Donat , Münch Christian , Wygrecka Malgorzata , Schaefer Liliana
Published: November 2022

A20 binding inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-1 (ABIN-1), a polyubiquitin-binding protein, is a signal-induced autophagy receptor that attenuates NF-κB-mediated inflammation and cell death. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential role of ABIN-1 in mitophagy, a biological process whose outcome is decisive in diverse physiological and pathological settings. Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II) was found to be in complex with ectopically expressed hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged-full length (FL)-ABIN-1. Bacterial expression of ABIN-1 and LC3A and LC3B showed direct binding of ABIN-1 to LC3 proteins, whereas mutations in the LC3-interacting region (LIR) 1 and 2 motifs of ABIN-1 abrogated ABIN-1/LC3B-II complex formation. Importantly, induction of autophagy in HeLa cells resulted in colocalization of ABIN-1 with LC3B-II in autophagosomes and with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) in autophagolysosomes, leading to degradation of ABIN-1 with p62. Interestingly, ABIN-1 was found to translocate to damaged mitochondria in HeLa-mCherry-Parkin transfected cells. In line with this observation, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated deletion of ABIN-1 significantly inhibited the degradation of the mitochondrial outer membrane proteins voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC-1), mitofusin-2 (MFN2), and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM)20. In addition, short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of ABIN-1 significantly decreased lysosomal uptake of mitochondria in HeLa cells expressing mCherry-Parkin and the fluorescence reporter mt-mKEIMA. Collectively, our results identify ABIN-1 as a novel and selective mitochondrial autophagy regulator that promotes mitophagy, thereby adding a new player to the complex cellular machinery regulating mitochondrial homeostasis.
Modulation of cold-induced shivering activity by intermittent and continuous voluntary suppression
Authors: Arnold Josh T. , Lennon Jack F. , Lloyd Alex B.
Published: November 2022

This investigation assessed the physiological effects of voluntary suppression of shivering thermogenesis in response to whole body cooling. Eleven healthy volunteers underwent passive air cooling (10°C), across three visits: NO_SUP, where participants allowed their body to freely regulate against the cold; FULL_SUP, where participants constantly suppressed shivering; INT_SUP, where participants intermittently suppressed shivering (5 min phases), interspersed with 5 min free regulation. Shivering was assessed via electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), and whole body oxygen uptake (V̇o2), whereas body temperature and heat exchange were assessed via skin temperature, rectal temperature, and heat flux sensors. A 29% increase was observed in shivering onset time in the FULL_SUP trial compared with NO_SUP ( P = 0.032). Assessing shivering intensity, EMG activity decreased by 29% ( P = 0.034), MMG activity decreased by 35% ( P = 0.031), whereas no difference was observed in V̇o2 ( P = 0.091) in the FULL_SUP trial compared with NO_SUP. Partitioning the no-suppression and suppression phases of the INT_SUP trial, acute voluntary suppression significantly decreased V̇o2 ( P = 0.001), EMG ( P < 0.001), and MMG ( P = 0.012) activity compared with the no-suppression phases. Shivering activity was restored in the no-suppression phases, equivalent to that in the NO_SUP trial ( P > 0.3). No difference was observed in thermal metrics between conditions up to 60 min ( P > 0.4). Humans can both constantly and periodically suppress shivering activity, leading to a delay in shivering onset and a reduction in shivering intensity. Following suppression, regular shivering is resumed.
Detection of Middlebox-Based Attacks in Healthcare Internet of Things Using Multiple Machine Learning Models
Authors: Al Abdulwahid Abdulwahid
Published: November 2022

The huge number of network traffic data, the abundance of available network features, and the diversity of cyber-attack patterns mean that intrusion detection remains difficult even though many earlier efforts have succeeded in building the Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT). The implementation of an effective algorithm to filter out most of the probable outliers of Round Trip Time (RTT) of packets recorded in the Internet environment is urgently required. Congestion and interference in networks can arise when numerous biosensors in an IoHT system all attempt to communicate at once. Internet of Health Things networks are susceptible to both intra- and internetwork interference. In this research, the Server-Side Includes (SSI) attack is a key issue because it allows for network compromise as part of Internal Attacks. Despite recent advancements, SSI detection remains difficult due to the vast amounts of network traffic data, the abundance of network features, and the diversity of cyber-attack patterns (DDoS, DoS, Satan, spoofing, etc.). With the help of sensors, physiological data may be collected and sent to distant servers, where they can be analyzed in real time by doctors to help them catch diseases in their earliest stages. This is made possible by the Internet of medical things (IoMT). Wireless data transfer, however, leaves it vulnerable to hackers, especially if the data being transferred are particularly private or sensitive. Security measures designed for devices with more storage space and processing power will not work on those with less. However, machine learning for intrusion detection can give a tailored security response to the needs of IoMT systems. For SSI detection, current methods are either inefficient because of the large number of packets that need to be caught and analyzed or unsuccessful because of outlier values in the RTTs obtained from the captured TCP packets. To the same end, “downstream detection” refers to the process of calculating the total length of all connections made after a certain point. As a means of improving the SSI detection algorithm’s throughput in a network environment, packet RTT outliers will be eliminated. Flow records are used as inputs by flow-based NIDS to determine whether or not a given flow is malicious. In order to detect middlebox-based attacks from two Medical Health IoT datasets, this paper proposes a unique architecture of explainable neural networks (XNN). The model’s accuracy in classifying attacks in dataset 1 of the IoHT is 99.7%t, besides achieving 99.4% accuracy in categorising attacks on IoHT dataset 2.
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Characterization of Ni2+ Substituted Cobalt Nanoferrites Prepared by Sol-Gel Auto Combustion Method
Authors: Kuekha Rezhna , Mubarak Tahseen H. , Azhdar Bruska
Published: November 2022

The structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of a series of Ni2+ substituted cobalt nanoferrite particle samples with the composition Co1−xNixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) synthesized by using the sol-gel auto combustion route are presented in this report. The electromagnetic interference shielding of Co1−xNixFe2O4/PVA nanocomposite films has been determined in the microwave X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) frequencies. X-ray analysis revealed the single-phase formation of nickel-substituted cobalt nanoferrite samples. The decreasing trend of lattice parameters with Ni2+ substitution indicates the incorporation of Ni2+ into the crystal structure, obeying Vegard’s law. FTIR showed the absorption bands at 560–590 cm−1 (

v

1

) and 390–400 cm−1 (

v

2

) were attributed to (A-site) tetrahedral and (B-site) octahedral groups complex, respectively which confirm the spinel structure of the samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed agglomerated grains of different sizes and shapes in the morphological observation. EDS reveals the chemical composition of the prepared samples. TEM analysis revealed that the synthesized particles were nearly monodisperse, show to be roughly spherical in shape, and have a polycrystalline nature. The dielectric constant and loss tangent (tanδ) is found to decrease with increasing frequency which shows normal behavior for ferrimagnetic materials. The magnetic properties determined using VSM have substantially changed with the substitution of Ni2+ ions. The saturation magnetization and the experimentally magnetic moment are observed to decrease with an increase in Ni2+ content x. A series of Co1−xNixFe2O4/PVA nanocomposite films are prepared by applying simple, rapid, and inexpensive methods for EMI shielding materials. The vector network analyzer data were used to evaluate the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of the Co1−xNixFe2O4/PVA samples. At 9.2 GHz, a study of reflection loss showed a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −32.08 dB. Also, the synthesized Co1−xNixFe2O4/PVA nanocomposite samples show improved performance for EMI efficiency which proves the utility of this doping. With this low RL value, the results and techniques also promise a simple, effective approach to achieve light-weight Co1−xNixFe2O4/PVA nanocomposite films and make it excellent microwave absorbers, capable of working at gigahertz frequencies for application potentials in EMI shielding material, communication, radar stealth technology, and electronic warfare.
Oral Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote M2 Macrophage Polarization and Suppress CD4+ T-Cell Activity by Transferring UCA1 and Targeting LAMC2
Authors: Wu Lan , Ye Sai , Yao Yilin , Zhang Chenping , Liu Wei
Published: November 2022

Cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are emerging as crucial mediators of intercellular communication between cancer cells and M2-tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs) via transferring lncRNAs. We previously reported that miR-134 blocks the expression of its targeting protein LAMC2 via the PI3K/AKT pathway and inhibits cancer stem cell (CSC) migration and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study hypothesize that OSCC-CSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (OSCC-CSC-sEVs) transfer a ceRNA of miR-134 and consequently promote M2 macrophage polarization by targeting LAMC2 via the PI3K/AKT pathway through in vitro and in vivo experiment methods. The results showed that sEVs derived from CD133+CD44+ OSCC cells promoted M2 polarization of macrophages by detecting several M2 macrophage markers (CD163, IL-10, Arg-1, and CD206+CD11b+). Mechanistically, we revealed that the lncRNA UCA1, by binding to miR-134, modulated the PI3K/AKT pathway in macrophages via targeting LAMC2. Importantly, OSCC-CSC-sEV transfer of UCA1, by targeting LAMC2, promoted M2 macrophage polarization and inhibited CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in vitro and in vivo. Functionally, we demonstrated that M2-TAMs, by transferring exosomal UCA and consequently targeting LAMC2, enhanced cell migration and invasion of OSCC in vitro and the tumorigenicity of OSCC xenograft in nude mice. In conclusion, our results indicated that OSCC-CSC-sEV transfer of UCA1 promotes M2 macrophage polarization via a LAMC2-mediated PI3K/AKT axis, thus facilitating tumor progression and immunosuppression. Our findings provide a new understanding of OSCC-CSC molecular mechanisms and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for OSCC through targeting CSC-sEVs and M2-TAMs.
Influence of Injection Pressure on the Dual-Fuel Mode in CI Engines Fueled with Blends of Ethanol and Tamanu Biodiesel
Authors: Parthasarathy M. , Elumalai P. V. , Murunachippan M. , Senthilkumar P. B. , Shaik Saboor , Sharifpur Mohsen , Khalilpoor Nima
Published: November 2022

The acceleration of global warming is primarily attributable to nonrenewable energy sources such as conventional fossil fuels. The primary source of energy for the automobile sector is petroleum products. Petroleum fuel is depleting daily, and its use produces a significant amount of greenhouse emissions. Biofuels would be a viable alternative to petroleum fuels, but a redesign of the engine would be required for complete substitution. The use of CNG in SI engines is not new, but it has not yet been implemented in CI engines. This is due to the fuel having a greater octane rating. The sole use of CNG in a CI engine results in knocking and excessive vibration. This study utilizes CNG under dual-fuel conditions when delivered through the intake manifold. In a dual-fuel mode, compressed natural gas (CNG) is utilized as the secondary fuel and a blend of 90% tamanu methyl ester and 10% ethanol (TMEE10) is used as the primary fuel. The injection pressure (IP) of the primary fuel changes between 200 and 240 bar, while the CNG induction rate is kept constant at 0.17 kg/h. The main combustion process is governed by the injection pressure of the pilot fuel. It could be affecting factors such as the vaporization characteristics of the fuel, the homogeneity of the mixture, and the ignition delay. Originally, tamanu methyl ester (TME) and diesel were used as base fuels in the investigation. As a result of its inherent oxygen content, TME emits more NOx than diesel. The addition of 10% ethanol to TME (TMEE10) marginally reduces NOx emissions in a CI mode because of its high latent heat of vaporization characteristics. Under peak load conditions, NOx emissions of TMEE10 are 6.2% lower than those of neat TME in the CI mode. Furthermore, the experiment was conducted using TMEE10 as the primary fuel and CNG as the secondary fuel. In the dual-fuel mode, the TMEE10 blend showed higher combustion, resulting in an increase in performance and a significant decrease in emission characteristics. As a result of the CNG’s high-energy value and rapid burning rate, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of TMEE10 improves to 29.09% compared to 27.09% for neat TME. In the dual-fuel mode of TMEE10 with 20.2% CNG energy sharing, the greatest reduction in fuel consumption was 2.9%. TMEE10 with CNG induction emits 7.8%, 12.5%, and 15.5% less HC, CO, and smoke, respectively, than TME operation.
Isoflavone and Antioxidant of Instant Cream Soup Made from Pumpkin and Tempeh and Their Active Compound in Ovariohysterectomy Rat-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Setiawan Budi , Aulia Salma S. , Sulaeman Ahmad , Kusharto Clara M. , Handharyani Ekowati
Published: November 2022

Menopause period associated with brain function disorders can caused by decreasing estradiol levels and increasing oxidative stress in the body. Antioxidant agents are required to balance oxidative stress in the body. Instant cream soup made from pumpkin and tempeh is a supplementary food containing isoflavone and antioxidant agents. This study is aimed at analyzing the content of antioxidant level and isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) in instant cream soup and their effect on ovariohysterectomy (OVx) rats. Instant pumpkin cream soup with and without tempeh were subjected to isoflavone content and antioxidant analysis. Serum estradiol was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Liver concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by spectrophotometric methods. The study showed that the isoflavone content (genistein 370.86 g/100 g, daidzein 185.61 g/100 g) was only present in the pumpkin instant cream soup with tempeh (IPTS). IPTS has higher antioxidant levels (134.25 mg AEAC/100 g) than instant pumpkin cream soup without tempeh (IPS). In vivo study, experimental rats showed that OVx increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels up to 5.85-6.07 nmol mL-1 as compared to control (4.47 nmol mL-1). Moreover, instant pumpkin cream soup with tempeh treatments significantly increased serum estradiol levels (2.37–3.63 μg) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of 497.49-558.89 U mL-1. This study concluded that instant pumpkin cream soup and tempeh contained isoflavone and antioxidant, and it increased estradiol serum and SOD level.