bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sleep and Exercise Behaviors Do Not Differ Based Upon Aerobic Capacity or Hand Grip Strength
Authors: Myers Bradley J. , Manor John P. , Wilson James M. , Yoder Victoria A. , Holden Stuart T. , Bunn Jennifer A.
Published: March 2020

Background: Despite the known benefits of physical activity (PA), most of the population in the United States fails to meet minimum recommended levels, and this lack of activity is believed to affect their health and well-being. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare lifestyle behaviors of exercise and sleep in low, moderate, and high performers for maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and hand-grip strength (GS). Methods: Participants (n = 107, 19-62 years old) performed physical fitness assessments: estimated VO2max through submaximal cycle ergometry, and GS. Physical activity (PA) and sleep were assessed via self-reported questionnaires: physical activity as a vital sign (PAVS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants were categorized according to age and gender-specific normative values as low, medium, and high performer (LP, MP, and HP). Group characteristics were compared for each ranked variable using Kruskall-Wallis tests. Results: PAVS scores revealed 66.3% (n=68) of participants met minimum PA of 150 min/week (221.6 ± 177.8). According to VO2max performance groups, the LP group was taller, heavier, had higher diastolic blood pressure, and had a larger waist circumference than MP or HP (p =.000-.029), with moderate and high effect sizes. When categorized by relative GS, the LP group was heavier and had larger waist and hip circumferences than the HP group (p =.003-.011), all with high effect sizes. Conclusion: Despite high levels of self-report PA in this cohort, this did not translate to better cardiorespiratory fitness or muscular strength. Participants met PA guidelines but achieved suboptimal scores for VO2max and GS signifying elevated risk of mortality. The incongruity between PA levels and fitness classification suggest that lifestyle habits may not be a suitable surrogate for objective measurement of fitness.
Diversity of root-associated culturable fungi ofCephalanthera rubra(Orchidaceae) in relation to soil characteristics
Authors: Bell Jake , Yokoya Kazutomo , Kendon Jonathan P. , Sarasan Viswambharan
Published: March 2020

Cephalanthera rubra(L.) Rich., Red Helleborine, is a widespread orchid in Europe but known only from three very small populations in England. These populations are in decline with no natural seed setting for more than a decade. The species may become extinct in the UK soon unless viable strategies are in place for ex situ conservation, especially the use of symbiotic propagation. Because of the fragile nature of the populations in England mycorrhizal fungal diversity study is not feasible. Therefore, to understand the factors needed for healthy Red Helleborine populations, soil characteristics and diversity of culturable root-derived fungi of the populations from a small area in the Loire Valley in France were studied. The main objectives of the study were: (1) Which culturable mycorrhizal fungi associated withC. rubraroots and (2) To what extent is variation in fungal communities related to variation in soil characteristics? Here, we report a significant difference in diversity of culturable mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi depending on soil pH and phosphorus content. Mycorrhizal associations were favoured by plants in locations with low soil nutrient availability and comparatively higher pH. Our study shows that mycorrhizal fungi, both ecto and endo, can be cultured from roots of plants at different maturity stages.
Identification and Prioritization of Constraints of Vegetable Marketing Scenario of South 24 Parganas District of West Bengal
Authors: Kundu Prasenjit , Adhikary Nayan Kishor , Ghosal Abhijit , Saha Manidipta , Mandal Tapan
Published: March 2020

Vegetable marketing has been affected by several production and marketing constraints, among these losses from pests, lack of quality seeds and irrigation facilities and high variation in yields. The post harvest losses are also high due to perishable nature of the product. Most of the vegetables produced in India are sold afresh. The processing structure is inadequate and value addition is low. Due to some inherent problem of poverty and constraints the small vegetable farmers have not been able to derive the same benefit of modern vegetable technologies as compared to bigger farmers. The high volume and perishability of vegetables causes several problems in their marketing. Other problems which already exist in the market are lack of marketing intelligence, price risk, delayed sale and payment, lack of processing and high cost of packaging. The different factors like literacy, fertilizer, institutional credits to agriculture, road density are observed to have positively influencing the marketing of vegetables of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal.
Structural and Gene Characterization of a New Antifungal Peptide Obtained from Penicillium crustosum FP11 Strain
Authors: Menegotto Juliana Beal , Ribeiro Lucas F. , Simão Rita de Cássia Garcia , Maller Alexandre , Kadowaki Marina Kimiko , C.Silva José Luis da
Published: March 2020

A novel antifungal peptide, PcAFP (6.48 kDa, pI 8.83), was obtained from the culture supernatant of the fungus Penicillium crustosum. The gene encoding the PcAFP peptide was isolated based on its homologue in Penicillium chrysogenum, PgAFP. PcAFP is a small, cystine-rich peptide, and the mature peptide consists of 58 amino acid residues. The immature P. crustosum antifungal protein (AFP) showed 95.65% identity to the antifungal protein of P. chrysogenum, while the mature peptide showed 98.28% identity with PgAFP. Molecular modeling of the tertiary structure of the mature peptide revealed details of the conserved structure of the AFPs, such as the β-barrel motif stabilized by three disulfide bonds and the l-core motif. Analysis of the extract by 16% tricine SDS-PAGE showed a 6.9 kDa peptide, which was close to the predicted molecular mass of the mature peptide of 6.48 kDa. Assays of antimicrobial activity, performed by broth microdilution using the crude extract obtained from the culture medium, showed activity against Candida albicans. These results demonstrate the conservation of the PcAPF gene and the high level of identity with the PgAFP antifungal protein of P. chrysogenum. Given these structural and biochemical characteristics, PcAFP could be a potential candidate for future investigations that may aid in the development of new antifungal compounds.
Moderating the bullying perpetration–delinquency relationship with parental support and knowledge: A prospective analysis of middle school students
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Kremser Jon , Runell Lindsey
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether parental support and knowledge moderate the relationship between bullying perpetration and delinquency. A sample of 305 middle school students (141 boys, 164 girls; 10–12 years of age) served as participants in this study. The research hypothesis predicted that parental support and knowledge would moderate the prospective bullying–delinquency relationship. Testing this hypothesis with least squares regression parametric coefficients and percentile bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals, parental support received full support and parental knowledge no support as factors potentially capable of reducing risk for future delinquency by interacting with prior bullying perpetration. Whereas parental support decreased the odds of high bullying boys engaging in future delinquency—an outcome consistent with the view that parenting can serve a protective function against future offending by neutralizing the risk effect of bullying—parental knowledge failed to reduce future delinquency in children who bullied, although it did have a direct ameliorative effect on future delinquency. The protective effect was strongest when parental support was high and parental knowledge low, whereas the risk effect was strongest when parental support was low and parental knowledge was medium to high. These results suggest that protective and risk effects are limited to certain combinations of protective and risk factors.
Empowering Design: Gehry Partners, Gehry Technologies and Architect‐Led Industry Change
Authors: Gehry Frank , Lloyd Meaghan , Shelden Dennis
Published: March 2020

Since the early 1990s, Gehry Partners has pioneered the development of digital design. The firm's approach to digitally enhanced architecture necessitated the creation of Gehry Technologies. Here, Frank Gehry, with former Gehry Technologies chief executive officer Meaghan Lloyd and chief technology officer Dennis Shelden, describe the motivations, history and implications of these efforts for practice and for the profession.
Disrupting from the Inside: UK Archipreneurs
Authors: Castle Helen
Published: March 2020

No longer restricted to designing buildings, architectural practices are seizing the opportunity to diversify. They are redefining the architect's role by embracing a wide variety of relationships up and down the design and construction procurement chain, utilising new technologies for digital fabrication, development economics and building performance analysis, as well as advising clients on their business models. RIBA Publishing Director Helen Castle, former Editor of 2, describes how this shift is panning out in the UK.
Tuning Memristivity by Varying the Oxygen Content in a Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor
Authors: Maas Klaasjan , Villepreux Edouard , Cooper David , Salas‐Colera Eduardo , Rubio‐Zuazo Juan , Castro German R. , Renault Olivier , Jimenez Carmen , Roussel Hervé , Mescot Xavier , Rafhay Quentin , Boudard Michel , Burriel Mónica
Published: March 2020

The rising interest shown for adaptable electronics and brain‐inspired neuromorphic hardware increases the need for new device architectures and functional materials to build such devices. The rational design of these memory components also benefits the comprehension and thus the control over the microscopic mechanisms at the origin of memristivity. In oxide‐based valence‐change memories, the control of the oxygen drift and diffusion kinetics is a key aspect in obtaining the gradual analog‐type change in resistance required for artificial synapse applications. However, only a few devices are designed with this in mind, as they are commonly built around ionic insulating active materials. This shortcoming is addressed by using a mixed ionic–electronic conductor as functional memristive material. This work demonstrates how the oxygen content in La2NiO4+δ (L2NO4), tuned through post‐annealing treatments, has a critical influence on the memory characteristics of L2NO4‐based memristive devices. The presence of interstitial oxygen point defects in L2NO4 affects both its structure and electrical properties. High oxygen stoichiometry in the pristine state leads to an increased electrical conductivity, ultimately resulting in an improved memory window with highly multilevel, analog‐type memory programing capabilities, desirable for analog computing and synaptic applications in particular.
Sub‐Millimeter‐Scale Monolayer p‐Type H‐Phase VS2
Authors: Su Jianwei , Wang Mingshan , Li Yuan , Wang Fakun , Chen Qiao , Luo Peng , Han Junbo , Wang Shun , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: March 2020

2D H‐phase vanadium disulfide (VS2) is expected to exhibit tunable semiconductor properties as compared with its metallic T‐phase structure, and thus is of promise for future electronic applications. However, to date such 2D H‐phase VS2 nanostructures have not been realized in experiment likely due to the polymorphs of vanadium sulfides and thermodynamic instability of H‐phase VS2. Preparation of H‐phase VS2 monolayer with lateral size up to 250 µm, as a new member in the 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) family, is reported. A unique growth environment is built by introducing the molten salt‐mediated precursor system as well as the epitaxial mica growth platform, which successfully overcomes the aforementioned growth challenges and enables the evolution of 2D H‐phase structure of VS2. The honeycomb‐like structure of H‐phase VS2 with broken inversion symmetry is confirmed by spherical aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and second harmonic generation characterization. The phase structure is found to be ultra‐stable up to 500 K. The field‐effect device study further demonstrates the p‐type semiconducting nature of the 2D H‐phase VS2. The study introduces a new phase‐stable 2D TMDs materials with potential features for future electronic devices.
Cu‐Catalyzed Radical Selenylation of Olefin: A Direct Access to Vinyl Selenides
Authors: Yang Ye‐Fei , Li Chen‐Yuan , Leng Tao , Huang Xiao‐Bo , Gao Wen‐Xia , Zhou Yun‐Bing , Liu Miao‐Chang , Wu Hua‐Yue
Published: March 2020

A method for the synthesis of vinyl selenides via Cu‐catalyzed three‐component reactions of arylboronic acids, Se powder and diarylethylenes has been developed. The reaction proceeds via addition of in situ generated selenium‐centered radical to carbon‐carbon double bond. This method highlights the use of easily accessible Se powder as selenium source in the construction of vinyl selenides for the first time.

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From Defects to Degradation: A Mechanistic Understanding of Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices and Modules
Authors: Dunfield Sean P. , Bliss Lyle , Zhang Fei , Luther Joseph M. , Zhu Kai , van Hest Maikel F. A. M. , Reese Matthew O. , Berry Joseph J.
Published: March 2020

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have risen in efficiency from just 3.81% in 2009 to over 25.2% today. While metal halide perovskites have excelled in efficiency, advances in stability are significantly more complex and have progressed more slowly. The advance of efficiency, which is readily measured, over stability, which can require literally thousands of hours to demonstrate, is to be expected given the rapid rate of innovation in the field. In the face of changing absorber composition, synthetic approaches, and device stack components it is necessary to understand basic material properties to rationalize how to enable stability in devices. In this article the aim is to present an in‐depth review of the current understanding of metal halide perovskite devices and module stability by focusing on what is known retarding intrinsic and extrinsic degradation mechanisms at the material, device, and module level. Once these considerations are presented the discussion then moves to connecting different degradation mechanisms to stresses anticipated in operation and how they can impact efficiency of cells and ultimately modules over time.
Food safety measures and food security of smallholder dairy farmers: Empirical evidence from Bihar, India
Authors: Kumar Anjani , Mishra Ashok K. , Saroj Sunil , Sonkar Vinay K. , Thapa Ganesh , Joshi Pramod K.
Published: March 2020

Using farm‐level data from dairy farmers in India's Bihar state and the two‐stage residual inclusion method, this study investigates the impact of the adoption of food safety measures (FSMs) on milk yield and profitability of smallholder dairy farms. This study reveals that herd size and experience in dairy farming have a significant effect on the number of FSMs smallholders adopt. An additional FSM increases milk yield by about 1% and profitability by about 2.3%. An extra year of education increases yield and profits by about 3.8% and 4.9%, respectively. The government could design and incentivize policies that help increase herd size and promote better housing conditions for animals, thus promoting the uptake of FSMs and increased milk yield and profitability. [EconLit Citations: Q12, Q16, Q18].
Distributionally robust chance constrained programming with generative adversarial networks (GANs)
Authors: Zhao Shipu , You Fengqi
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a novel deep learning based data‐driven optimization method. A novel generative adversarial network (GAN) based data‐driven distributionally robust chance constrained programming framework is proposed. GAN is applied to fully extract distributional information from historical data in a nonparametric and unsupervised way without a priori approximation or assumption. Since GAN utilizes deep neural networks, complicated data distributions and modes can be learned, and it can model uncertainty efficiently and accurately. Distributionally robust chance constrained programming takes into consideration ambiguous probability distributions of uncertain parameters. To tackle the computational challenges, sample average approximation method is adopted, and the required data samples are generated by GAN in an end‐to‐end way through the differentiable networks. The proposed framework is then applied to supply chain optimization under demand uncertainty. The applicability of the proposed approach is illustrated through a county‐level case study of a spatially explicit biofuel supply chain in Illinois.
Aortoenteric fistula: Case series from a tertiary center in Taiwan
Authors: Chiu Yu‐Tse , Chao Ko‐Han , Tung Chien‐Chih
Published: March 2020

Aortoenteric fistula, a rare and catastrophic medical condition usually relevant to previous aortic surgery and other rare causes, is a disease that needs a multidisciplinary team including gastroenterologist, radiologist, and cardiovascular surgeon to deal with. Computed tomography with/without angiography is the choice of image study for diagnosis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy also plays an important role in diagnosis. Exploratory laparotomy is usually mandatory because of difficulties in diagnosis and emergent condition. Aortic repair is the definite treatment and it could be done via open or endovascular surgery. From 2005 to 2017, total six patients who had the diagnosis of aortoenteric fistula (AEF) were collected from a tertiary center in Taiwan. Demographic data, diagnostic approach, treatment, and prognosis were all recorded. Among the six patients, the clinical presentations were gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) (100%), abdominal pain (50%), and unstable hemodynamics (50%). Computed tomography angiography showed clues for AEF in four out of five patients. Four patients had definite diagnosis after open surgery. The survival time from initial presentation ranges from few hours to 29 months (median: 4.5 months). The most common manifestation of AEF is GIB. Due to its high mortality rate and difficult diagnosis, we should remind us of this rare disease for early diagnose and timely treatment.
Diagnostic workup of acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage
Authors: Patel Sanjay S. , Weinberg Olga K.
Published: March 2020

Acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) comprise acute undifferentiated leukemias (AUL) and mixed‐phenotype acute leukemias (MPAL). In the revised fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification provided further refinements to the diagnostic criteria for ALAL. Molecular characterization of MPALs using comprehensive next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has provided insights into their underlying biology and enabled a deeper understanding of ALAL classification. This review addresses the various components of pathologic assessment to establish a diagnosis of ALAL, and to further subclassify individual cases as AUL or MPAL, with an emphasis on the most up‐to‐date revisions to diagnostic criteria. In addition, key issues related to the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in ALALs and MPALs, and recently uncovered novel molecular diagnostic findings that may be helpful in better distinguishing various types of MPALs from each other, and from their “non‐mixed” phenotypic correlates, are also discussed.
KBG syndrome: Common and uncommon clinical features based on 31 new patients
Authors: Gnazzo Maria , Lepri Francesca R , Dentici Maria Lisa , Capolino Rossella , Pisaneschi Elisa , Agolini Emanuele , Rinelli Martina , Alesi Viola , Versacci Paolo , Genovese Silvia , Cesario Claudia , Sinibaldi Lorenzo , Baban Anwar , Bartuli Andrea , Marino Bruno , Cappa Marco , Dallapiccola Bruno , Novelli Antonio , Digilio Maria Cristina
Published: March 2020

KBG syndrome (MIM #148050) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, distinct craniofacial anomalies, macrodontia of permanent upper central incisors, skeletal abnormalities, and short stature. This study describes clinical features of 28 patients, confirmed by molecular testing of ANKRD11 gene, and three patients with 16q24 deletion encompassing ANKRD11 gene, diagnosed in a single center. Common clinical features are reported, together with uncommon findings, clinical expression in the first years of age, distinctive associations, and familial recurrences. Unusual manifestations emerging from present series include juvenile idiopathic arthritis, dysfunctional dysphonia, multiple dental agenesis, idiopathic precocious telarche, oral frenula, motor tics, and lipoma of corpus callosum, pilomatrixoma, and endothelial corneal polymorphic dystrophy. Facial clinical markers suggesting KBG syndrome before 6 years of age include ocular and mouth conformation, wide eyebrows, synophrys, long black eyelashes, long philtrum, thin upper lip. General clinical symptoms leading to early genetic evaluation include developmental delay, congenital malformations, hearing anomalies, and feeding difficulties. It is likely that atypical clinical presentation and overlapping features in patients with multiple variants are responsible for underdiagnosis in KBG syndrome. Improved knowledge of common and atypical features of this disorder improves clinical management.
Quality of life and psychological functioning of pediatric and young adult patients with Gaucher disease, type 1
Authors: Alioto Andrea G. , Gomez Rowena , Moses James , Paternostro Jennifer , Packman Seymour , Packman Wendy
Published: March 2020

This study examined the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological functioning of children and young adults with Gaucher disease, type 1 (GD1). Thirty‐two (17 pediatric, 15 young adult) patients with GD1 and one parent completed age‐appropriate assessments of HRQoL, emotional, and behavioral health. The HRQoL of children with GD1 was compared with a healthy sample and to children diagnosed with Fabry disease (FD; another lysosomal storage disease), while young adults were compared to a healthy sample and to patients with self‐reported chronic illnesses. Children with GD1 reported significantly lower HRQoL across all domains relative to healthy counterparts yet comparable HRQoL compared to children with FD. Young adults reported mildly lower physical functioning than healthy peers, but no differences in HRQoL relative to the chronic illness sample. Parent‐reported symptom severity was associated with poorer HRQOL in children but not young adults. Few group differences in psychological functioning were observed, except young children showed more school problems than the normative average and there was a trend toward internalizing symptoms. Overall, results consistently identified younger patients with GD1 as more affected than older patients in HRQoL and psychological domains. Implementation of psychosocial interventions may be particularly beneficial during early childhood.
Ontogeny of the distal femoral metaphyseal surface and its relationship to locomotor behavior in hominoids
Authors: Stamos Peter A. , Weaver Timothy D.
Published: March 2020

Objective

Distal femoral metaphyseal surface morphology is highly variable in extant mammals. This variation has previously been linked to differences in locomotor behavior. We perform the first systematic survey and description of the development of this morphology in extant hominoids.

Materials and methods

We collected 3D surface laser scans of the femora of 179 human and great ape individuals throughout all subadult stages of development. We qualitatively and quantitatively describe metaphyseal surface morphology.

Results

We find that the metaphysis is topographically simple in all hominoids during the fetal and infant periods relative to later developmental periods, and in apes it develops significant complexity throughout development. Humans, by contrast, retain relatively flat metaphyseal surfaces throughout ontogeny.

Discussion

Major shifts in morphology appear to coincide with major shifts in locomotor behavior, suggesting that metaphyseal morphology is developmentally plastic and highly dependent on the biomechanical loadings at the knee joint. This is consistent with a large body of biomedical research, which demonstrates the primacy of mechanical forces in determining growth plate ossification patterns. Additionally, specific metaphyseal morphology appears highly correlated with specific locomotor modes, suggesting that metaphyseal surface morphology will be useful for reconstructing the locomotor behavior of fossil primate taxa.
Australia’s national urban policy: The smart cities agenda in perspective
Authors: Hu Richard
Published: March 2020

The Australian Government's attempts at national urban policy have been sporadic and inconsistent, under the constraints of constitutional, financial, ideological and political factors. This paper concerns the recent resurgence of national urban policy under the rubric of “smart cities” adopted by the Turnbull Government and carried on by the incumbent Morrison Government. It investigates how this round of smart cities agenda articulates with Australia's political tradition of national urban policy to seek continuity and change, through comparing historical policies, unpacking major smart cities programmes, identifying explanatory factors and critically commenting on its innovation and legacy. Drawing upon these analyses, this paper argues that understanding the smart cities agenda needs to move beyond the political, ideological “to‐and‐fro” pendulum to national urban policy observed in history. Rather, it resonates with a globalised policy norm established upon the city‐based global integration and competition, driven by an imperative of transitioning to a knowledge economy and pursuing innovation capacity. It is too early to judge whether the smart cities agenda will bring changes to Australian cities in the way it wishes, since it involves long‐term infrastructure investment and urban development projects. However, a comprehensive and consistent national urban policy to govern the Australian system of cities and towns has not been established yet.
An Activatable Polymeric Reporter for Near‐Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Imaging of Invasive Cancer
Authors: Li Qing , Li Shenhua , He Shasha , Chen Wan , Cheng Penghui , Zhang Yan , Miao Qingqing , Pu Kanyi
Published: March 2020

Discriminative detection of invasive and noninvasive breast cancers is crucial for their effective treatment and prognosis. However, activatable probes able to do so in vivo are rare. Herein, we report an activatable polymeric reporter (P‐Dex) that specifically turns on near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent and photoacoustic (PA) signals in response to the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) overexpressed in invasive breast cancer. P‐Dex has a renal‐clearable dextran backbone that is linked with a NIR dye caged with an uPA‐cleavable peptide substrate. Such a molecular design allows P‐Dex to passively target tumors, activate NIR fluorescence and PA signals to effectively distinguish invasive MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer from noninvasive MCF‐7 breast cancer, and ultimately undergo renal clearance to minimize the toxicity potential. Thus, this polymeric reporter holds great promise for the early detection of malignant breast cancer.
Steam‐Induced Coarsening of Single‐Unit‐Cell MFI Zeolite Nanosheets and Its Effect on External Surface Brønsted Acid Catalysis
Authors: Guefrachi Yasmine , Sharma Geetu , Xu Dandan , Kumar Gaurav , Vinter Katherine P. , Abdelrahman Omar A. , Li Xinyu , Alhassan Saeed , Dauenhauer Paul J. , Navrotsky Alexandra , Zhang Wei , Tsapatsis Michael
Published: March 2020

Commonly used methods to assess crystallinity, micro‐/mesoporosity, Brønsted acid site density and distribution (in micro‐ vs. mesopores), and catalytic activity suggest nearly invariant structure and function for aluminosilicate zeolite MFI two‐dimensional nanosheets before and after superheated steam treatment. Yet, pronounced reaction rate decrease for benzyl alcohol alkylation with mesitylene, a reaction that cannot take place in the zeolite micropores, is observed. Transmission electron microscopy images reveal pronounced changes in nanosheet thickness, aspect ratio and roughness indicating that nanosheet coarsening and the associated changes in the external (mesoporous) surface structure are responsible for the changes in the external surface catalytic activity. Superheated steam treatment of hierarchical zeolites can be used to alter nanosheet morphology and regulate external surface catalytic activity while preserving micro‐ and mesoporosity, and micropore reaction rates.
Self‐Assembly of Aminocyclopropenium Salts: En Route to Deltic Ionic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Litterscheidt Juri , Bandar Jeffrey S. , Ebert Max , Forschner Robert , Bader Korinna , Lambert Tristan H. , Frey Wolfgang , Bühlmeyer Andrea , Brändle Marcus , Schulz Finn , Laschat Sabine
Published: March 2020

Aminocyclopropenium ions have raised much attention as organocatalysts and redox active polymers. However, the self‐assembly of amphiphilic aminocyclopropenium ions remains challenging. The first deltic ionic liquid crystals based on aminocyclopropenium ions have been developed. Differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction provided insight into the unique self‐assembly and nanosegregation of these liquid crystals. While the combination of small headgroups with linear p‐alkoxyphenyl units led to bilayer‐type smectic mesophases, wedge‐shaped units resulted in columnar mesophases. Upon increasing the size and polyphilicity of the aminocyclopropenium headgroup, a lamellar phase was formed.
A combined theoretical and experimental study to improve the thermal stability of recombinant D‐lactate dehydrogenase immobilized on a novel superparamagnetic Fe3O4NPs@metal–organic framework
Authors: Torkzadeh‐Mahani Mahdieh , Zaboli Maryam , Barani Mahmood , Torkzadeh‐Mahani Masoud
Published: March 2020

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and pyruvate to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and D‐lactate in the final step of anaerobic glycolysis. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. Humans possess two isoforms of LDH enzyme: NAD‐dependent L‐lactate dehydrogenase (L‐LDH) and NAD‐dependent D‐lactate dehydrogenase (D‐LDH). D‐LDH is released during tissue damage, and is a sign of diseases such as kidney stones, heart failure, and some types of cancers and appendicitis. Accordingly, the design and construction of biosensors for the determination of lactate levels are important. The thermal sensitivity of D‐LDH and low protein production in the host bacteria limit the use of this protein in certain applications. To solve these problems, two solutions were used in this study. First, the codon‐optimized 1008 bp D‐LDH gene fused with a histidine tag was cloned at the NcoI/XhoI sites and expressed in E. coli BL21. Second, a new metal–organic framework (Fe3O4NPs@Ni‐MOF) was synthesized and used for immobilization and stabilization of D‐LDH. Fe3O4NPs@Ni‐MOF core‐shell nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. In comparison with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme presented better stability at high temperatures. The immobilization of the enzyme could be useful because most reactions happen at high temperatures in industry. To examine the effect of Fe3O4NPs@Ni‐MOF on the adsorption and conformation of D‐LDH at the atomistic level, a molecular dynamics simulation was carried out. Our study showed that the interaction between Fe3O4NPs@Ni‐MOF and D‐LDH involved van der Waals interactions, hydrophobic interaction energies, cation–π interaction between the Ni ions of the MOF with the enzyme residues and also, the hydrogen bond interactions between enzyme and heteroatoms in the MOF. Root mean square fluctuation and secondary structure analysis showed that Fe3O4NPs@Ni‐MOF protected the conformation of the enzyme.
Mechanical and dimensional performance of poly(lactic acid) 3D‐printed parts using thin plate spline interpolation
Authors: Cardoso Paulo Henrique Machado , Teixeira Bruna Nunes , Calado Verônica Maria de Araújo , de Oliveira Márcia Gomes , Mendonça Tiago dos Santos , Mendonça Roberta Helena , de Almeida Hellen Regina Oliveira , Cunha Matheus Santos , Thiré Rossana Mara da Silva Moreira
Published: March 2020

In additive manufacturing, determining the correct deposition parameters is very important as this can affect the final properties of printed parts. Since there is no agreement on the optimal level of the different printing parameters in reported results, this work evaluated the influences of layer thickness (LT), deposition speed (DS) and printing direction (PD) on tensile properties and dimensional accuracy of poly(lactic acid) 3D parts evaluating the possibility of using thin plate spline interpolation method (TPSIM) of data, a new approach, in determination of optimized fused deposition modeling process parameters. It was observed that the use of low levels of LT (0.10 mm), DS (40 mm/s), and PD (0°) provided parts with higher mechanical strength and dimensional performance. Denser parts showed lower anisotropy effect and, consequently, best tensile properties were obtained. TPSIM was an efficient mathematical analysis and well fitted results of predicted and experimental results.
Flexible Lithium‐Ion Conducting Composite Electrolyte
Authors: Conway Brent , Jewell Katherine , Tanner Cameron
Published: March 2020

Incorporation of a solid electrolyte into lithium‐ion batteries brings with it the potential to increase energy density, improve operational lifetime, and enhance safety. Although numerous ceramics with high lithium‐ion conductivity have been identified, use in batteries is hindered by fragility, inefficiency of fabrication processes, and difficulty sintering to a hermetic state. We present a novel composite electrolyte with nearly single crystal grains of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 embedded within a flexible, PDMS polymer matrix. Each lithium‐ion conducting particle is exposed on both sides of the membrane to provide a fast conduction pathway that is unimpeded by grain boundaries. Membranes made with this structure and grains grown by slow cooling from the melt are hermetic and have lithium conductivity of ∼2.7×10−4 S cm−1. The principal conductivities of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 crystals are σa=3.4×10−3 and σc=1.1×10−3 S cm−1.
Regeneration of Polyolefin Separators from Spent Li‐Ion Battery for Second Life
Authors: Natarajan Subramanian , Subramanyan Krishnan , Dhanalakshmi R. Baby , Stephan A. Manuel , Aravindan Vanchiappan
Published: March 2020

The increased usage of Lithium ion batteries and dominance in the consumer applications bring out a vast quantity of hazardous spent LIBs into the waste stream. Current recycling industries/technologies have engrossed only to recover the maximum valuable metal sources from the spent LIBs and the ignorance of harmful polyolefins (separators/polymers) in a huge amount would earn environmental hazards and impedes the reuse applications. In this study, for the first time, we have simply recovered the used separator from spent LIBs, cleaned with de‐ionized water and reutilized the separator without any modification for new battery fabrication to emphasize “3R” principles in green chemistry. First, the recovered separator has been examined by characterization techniques including tensile strength, differential scanning calorimetry, ionic conductivity, electrolyte uptake, and interfacial resistance, etc. to validate the suitability for re‐use and compared with a commercial separator of Celgard. The obtained results endorsed to reuse the separator in a half‐cell configuration by employing LiMn2O4 as a cathode and Li metal as an anode. The test cell displayed almost equal capacity of ∼123 mAh g−1 at 25 mA g−1 using the recovered separator and achieved better cycling life. These outcomes evidently prove that the recovered separator from spent LIBs would replace the commercial separator for the battery application in the near future that helps to accomplish the complete recycling process of spent LIBs for the industries where the recovery of metals only being effectively recycled.
‘We believe in every child as an individual’: Nursery school head teachers’ understandings of ‘quality’ in early years education
Authors: Rudoe Naomi
Published: March 2020

This article addresses the issue of ‘quality’ in early years education, with the aim of highlighting the voices of nursery school head teachers. Government early years achievement statistics display a reductive and de‐contextualised focus on young children’s developmental outcomes, with measures of the percentage of 5‐year‐olds achieving a ‘good level of development’ at the end of the Early Years Foundation Stage. Early years practitioner understandings of ‘quality’ are more sophisticated and multi‐dimensional, and yet are marginalised in debates around what constitutes ‘quality’ early years provision and around what are desired outcomes for young children and how these can be achieved. Using qualitative data from interviews with nursery school head teachers and classroom teachers from across England, the article analyses these participants’ understandings of ‘quality’ early years provision. The study finds a consensus amongst these teachers that quality provision emanates from the professional skills of staff providing education for the whole child and their wellbeing: they conceive of ‘quality’ as relating to a depth of understanding of each child as an individual, enabling the child to progress in their learning.
Replication Fork Barriers and Topological Barriers: Progression of DNA Replication Relies on DNA Topology Ahead of Forks
Authors: Schvartzman Jorge B. , Hernández Pablo , Krimer Dora B.
Published: March 2020

During replication, the topology of DNA changes continuously in response to well‐known activities of DNA helicases, polymerases, and topoisomerases. However, replisomes do not always progress at a constant speed and can slow‐down and even stall at precise sites. The way these changes in the rate of replisome progression affect DNA topology is not yet well understood. The interplay of DNA topology and replication in several cases where progression of replication forks reacts differently to changes in DNA topology ahead is discussed here. It is proposed, there are at least two types of replication fork barriers: those that behave also as topological barriers and those that do not. Two‐Dimensional (2D) agarose gel electrophoresis is the method of choice to distinguish between these two different types of replication fork barriers.
Benzazetidines and Related Compounds: Synthesis and Potential
Authors: Salvio Riccardo , Placidi Simone , Bella Marco
Published: March 2020

Benzazetidines are a class of N‐heterocycles potentially very interesting for a variety of purposes, including biological applications and drug design. In the past, their high ring strain has hampered the development of trustable, general, and efficient synthetic methodologies for their preparation. In this review article, the aim is to disclose all the literature contributions about the synthesis of these compounds and the study of their reactivity, from the early examples to the most recent synthetic approaches. Recently, there has been a growth of interest for this heterocycle, driven by the publication of novel synthetic methodologies based on palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular C−H amination and organocatalyzed ring‐closure of 2‐(N‐Boc‐anilino)‐α‐ketoesters/amides.
Thiete Dioxides as Templates Towards Twisted Scaffolds and Macrocyclic Structures
Authors: Baumann Andreas N. , Reiners Felix , Siegle Alexander F. , Mayer Peter , Trapp Oliver , Didier Dorian
Published: March 2020

Thiete dioxide units have been employed as a template for further functionalization through C−H activation strategies. Using simple thiete dioxide building blocks, a new library of axially chiral molecules has been synthesized that owe their stability to electrostatic interactions in the solid state. Similar starting materials were further engaged in the formation of cyclic trimeric structures, opening the pathway to unprecedented macrocyclic ring systems.
Rise of the Robots
Authors: Carson Nessa
Published: March 2020

High‐throughput experimentation (HTE) is a growing, enabling technology that allows the execution of large, parallel sets of experiments. Often, automation is required to dose compounds on milligram to sub‐milligram scale, to run many parallel reactions, and to analyse large datasets. Unique approaches to screen design, implementation, and analysis are required, distinct from traditional synthetic organic chemistry. The discipline also presents a profitable opportunity for individual scientists to learn about and explore fields adjacent to chemistry, including data science, robotics and equipment engineering, and computer programming. This perspective presents the author's viewpoints on the field of HTE, its implementation within a chemistry career, and the automated future of organic chemistry technology.
Disassembly 4.0: A Review on Using Robotics in Disassembly Tasks as a Way of Automation
Authors: Poschmann Hendrik , Brüggemann Holger , Goldmann Daniel
Published: March 2020

To successfully implement circular economy processes into present value chains, economic feasibility of disassembly processes is essential. Current developments in science and technology, such as artificial intelligence and Internet of Things, foster steep progression in the field of robotics. In this review, the current research on robotics in disassembly is investigated by a systematic literature review. The results were clustered in a framework system distinguishing between applied and basic research on the two main streams of disassembly automation research, namely, predefined processes and adaptable, flexible automation.
Werkstoffliche Aufbereitung von Wärmedämmverbundsystemen
Authors: Fehn Thomas , Teipel Ulrich
Published: March 2020

Aufgrund steigender energetischer Anforderungen an Gebäude, werden Wärmedämmverbundsysteme (WDVS) seit den 1970 Jahren zur Dämmung von Gebäudefassaden verwendet. Angesichts der Langlebigkeit dieser Kompositmaterialien fallen seit den letzten Jahren vermehrt WDVS‐Abfälle an. Eine werkstoffliche Verwertung dieser Systeme existiert aktuell noch nicht, wodurch ein enormes Ressourceneffizienzpotenzial verloren geht. Aufgrund der Komplexität dieser Kompositmaterialien wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Wärmedämmverbundsysteme durch verfahrenstechnische Prozessschritte aufbereitet.
Kunststoffidentifikation und ‐sortierung in der Circular Economy durch Fluoreszenzmarker
Authors: Woidasky Jörg , Moesslein Jochen , Wendler Pascal , Kirchenbauer Daniel , Wacker Dirk , Gao Guojun , Lang‐Koetz Claus
Published: March 2020

In Deutschland werden weniger als die Hälfte aller Kunststoffabfälle werkstofflich verwertet. Eine Option um die zukünftigen Recyclingvorgaben zu erreichen ist die Verwendung anorganischer fluoreszierender Markermaterialien. Dieser Tracer‐Based Sorting(TBS)‐Ansatz wird bereits zur PVC‐Mahlgut‐Sortierung eingesetzt. Auf Anti‐Stokes‐Fluoreszenz basierende Markierungsstoffe in ppm‐Konzentrationen schaffen ein System von Sortiercodes, das in Zukunft hochwertige Rezyklate ermöglicht. TBS wird für die Sortierung von Kunststoffverpackungen aus Haushalten entwickelt und getestet.
Dem individuellen Engineering gehört die Zukunft
Authors: Sienck Thorsten
Published: March 2020

In allen Bereichen der industriellen Produktion gewinnt Digitalisierung an Bedeutung. In der Prozesstechnik sind es vor allem neue Möglichkeiten der Visualisierung und Datenanalyse, die helfen, Anlagen nicht nur produktiver sondern auch ressourcenschonend
Vom Pulver zum Pellet
Authors: Kahl Amandus
Published: March 2020

Amandus Kahl fertigt Maschinen und Anlagen, um aus pulverförmigen Stoffen Pellets herzustellen. Diese lassen sich leicht transportieren, lagern und dosieren.
Druckluftstation auf kleinstem Raum
Authors: Rockmann Ina
Published: March 2020

Eine neue Generation Schraubenkompressoren stellt Boge vor. Die C‐2‐Kompressoren sind als anschlussfertige Komplettlösung und in einer Stand‐alone‐Version verfügbar.
Im Praxistest bewährt
Authors: Schüler Ralf V.
Published: March 2020

Die Praxistauglichkeit des digitalen Stellungsreglers Logix 3800 von Flowserve Essen beweist ein Großauftrag von DuPont Luxemburg.
Korrosion vermeiden, bevor sie teuer wird
Authors: Fontes Ed , Nistad Bertil
Published: March 2020

Hochgenaue 1D‐, 2D‐ und 3D‐Modelle tragen zum Verständnis von Korrosion und Korrosionsschutzprozessen bei. Dieser Beitrag veranschaulicht, wie solche Modelle zum Verständnis, zur Innovation und zur Optimierung von Bauteilen und Prozessen verwendet werden
Erfolgsgeschichte des bruchfesten pH‐Sensors
Authors: Freudenberger Martin
Published: March 2020

Eine Veröffentlichung aus dem Jahr 1970 beschreibt, wie die Ionenaktivitäten in elektrochemischen oder biologischen Systemen gemessen werden können.
A process fault diagnosis method using multi‐time scale dynamic feature extraction based on convolutional neural network
Authors: Gao Xinrui , Yang Fan , Feng Enbo
Published: March 2020

Unlike many other techniques used in process control, which are widely applied in practice and play significant roles, abnormal situation management (ASM) still relies heavily on human experience, not least because the problem of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) has not been well addressed. In this paper, a process fault diagnosis method using multi‐time scale dynamic feature extraction based on convolutional neural network (CNN) consisting of similarity measurement, variable ranking, and multi‐time scale dynamic feature extraction is proposed. The CNN‐based model containing the fixed multiple sampling (FMS) layer can extract dynamic characteristics of process data at different time scales. The benchmark Tennessee Eastman (TE) process is used to verify the performance of the proposed method.