bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elijah High Altitude Balloon Launch Team 2012-2013
Authors: Capek Tyler , Oliphant Richard , Turner Devin , Weiland Danielle
Published: January 2015

The 2012-2013 launch team of four undergraduate students has brought itself up to speed on the equipment and software necessary for high altitude balloon flights, prepared and tested it all, and completed two successful flights. GPS flight data of latitude, longitude, time, and altitude was collected and analyzed. A new mobile tracking tool was used more than ever before with the growing popularity of smart phones; and new methods were used for data analysis and presentation thanks to technologies now available on the internet.Â
Team Woosh Generator 2012 WSGC Collegiate Rocket Competition
Authors: Dolby Devin , Ihrcke James , Jackson Brandon , Johnson Eric , Pajunen Kirsti
Published: January 2015

The objective of the 2012 Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium Collegiate Rocket competition was to design, build, and launch a single-stage high powered rocket that is capable of transmitting live video from a downward looking camera during its ascent. The rocket must reach a target altitude of 3000 ft and deploy a parachute(s) electronically for a successful recovery. Upon recovery, the rocket must be determined to be in a flyable condition to be considered a successful launch. Teams receive a launch score based on their combination of reaching the desired altitude and the quality of their video received.1 After running preliminary simulations, Team Woosh Generator decided to select a Cesaroni J357 motor with a 3.0-in airframe diameter. A BoosterVision video recorder, transmitter and receiver system was selected to complete the live video feed requirement. The camera will be located on the exterior of the rocket and will be protected from drag forces during flight from a shroud. Upon reaching apogee a drogue shot will deploy under which the rocket will descend until it reaches an altitude of 500 feet. A second chute will then deploy such that a slow descent speed is obtained for landing. Redundant flight altimeters will be utilized to ensure proper chute deployment. Included in this report are design details considered, anticipated performance, photos of the construction process, and flight results.Â
A Celebration of Life! An African American Ethnic Academy & BioPharmaceutical Technology Center Institute Science Outreach Partnership
Authors: Bielec Barbara
Published: January 2015

The primary goal of â€œA Celebration of Lifeâ€ is to support the continued development of African American and other studentsâ€™ interest in science, and to assist in providing them with the tools for success in school. A long-term goal is to increase the number of minority students who successfully complete high school science courses and who choose to pursue STEM careers. In partnership with the African American Ethnic Academy, Inc. (AAEA), a Madison non-profit organization, the BioPharmaceutical Technology Center Institute (BTC Institute) offered "A Celebration of Life XVI: Healthy Bodies on Earth and in Space!" during summer 2011. Two week sessions for elementary and middle school students were held weekday mornings at the BioPharmaceutical Technology Center, in Madison, Wisconsin. These programs represent a 16- year collaboration between AAEA and the BTC Institute that prioritizes offering a rich range of hands-on science activities for students.Â
Spaceflight Academy for CESA District #5
Authors: Staats Bradley J.
Published: January 2015

Spaceflight Academy for CESA District #5 was a teacher workshop1 that focused on the history, math, science, and technology of spaceflight. This workshop offered a unique approach to teaching by incorporating â€œreal worldâ€ applications into the classroom.Â
Teaching Teachers about Astronomy
Authors: Heeringa Coggin
Published: January 2015

Crossroads at Big Creek, in collaboration with the Door Peninsula Astronomical Society, is dedicated to educational outreach in astronomy. We have had our best results by providing teacher education in the form of continuing education classes and workshops.Â
Spanish Translation for Astronomy Outreach
Authors: Lattis James M.
Published: January 2015

Astronomy and space science outreach to the Hispanic community in Madison has taken many forms and presents many challenges. With support from WSGC, UW Space Place has experimented with a wide variety of Spanish-language outreach, including both bi-lingual (English presentation with simultaneous translation into Spanish) and Spanish-only interactive sessions, lectures in Spanish, star parties with Spanish interpreters present, community science â€œfairsâ€ targeted for the Spanish-speaking community, and Spanish translations of exhibit materials. (See proceedings paper from last year.) In addition to the program development itself, each of these types of outreach requires Spanish-language promotional materials, support materials (e.g. agendas and event maps), and supplementary materials, such as take-home brochures. Thus, the simple-sounding process of translation itself arises constantly, although in different contexts, from beginning to end. I report here on the particular matter of translating outreach material of various sorts into Spanish. The appendix to this report contains examples of this translation work, funded entirely by WSGC.Â
Dynamics of One-dimensional Self-gravitating Systems Using Hermite-Legendre Polynomials
Authors: Barnes Eric I. , Ragan Robert J. , Ragan Robert J.
Published: January 2015

The current paradigm for understanding galaxy formation in the universe de- pends on the existence of self-gravitating collisionless dark matter. Modeling such dark matter systems has been a major focus of astrophysicists, with much of that effort directed at computational techniques. Not surprisingly, a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of these self-gravitating systems still eludes us, since it involves the collective nonlinear dynamics of many-particle systems inter- acting via long-range forces described by the Vlasov equation. As a step towards developing a clearer picture of collisionless self-gravitating relaxation, we analyze the linearized dynamics of isolated one-dimensional systems near thermal equi- librium by expanding their phase space distribution functions f(x,v) in terms of Hermite functions in the velocity variable, and Legendre functions involving the position variable. This approach produces a picture of phase-space evolution in terms of expansion coefficients, rather than spatial and velocity variables. We obtain equations of motion for the expansion coefficients for both test-particle dis- tributions and self-gravitating linear perturbations of thermal equilibrium. This development presents the opportunity to avoid time-consuming N-body simula- tions that are limited by statistical uncertainty and provides a powerful analysis tool for understanding the relaxation to equilibrium.Â
Studying Interstellar Shells in our Milky Way Galaxy
Authors: Sallmen Shauna
Published: January 2015

The effects of generations of stars within the interstellar medium (ISM) have produced a turbulent, multiphase medium whose evolution has shaped how solar systems like our own form within a galaxy. It is clear that the distribution of energy and material in the ISM of our Milky Way Galaxy is largely driven by the stellar winds and supernova explosions of dying stars, forming hot, expanding bubbles that sweep up shells of neutral material. These Interstellar shells gradually cool, slow down, and mix with the ambient ISM, however we still lack a complete picture of the relevant interstellar processes. Studies of numerous shells are required to improve our understanding of their role in the evolution of our Galaxy. The author and undergraduate students have searched the SETHI radio survey database for new shells. In this project, the properties of 76 such shells were explored to evaluate their suitability for (1) follow-up multi- wavelength imaging and (2) follow-up absorption-line spectroscopic studies. These investigations of interstellar shells will improve our understanding of their properties, characteristics, and interactions with the surrounding ISM.Â
Examining Supernova Remnant GSH054-00+003
Authors: Man Lo Cheuk , Sallmen Shauna
Published: January 2015

Supernova remnants play a key role in galactic evolution. Therefore, studying them intensively can improve our understanding of the process. In this project, we studied the neutral hydrogen shell GSH054-00+003 located at RA 292.75o and DEC 18.25o that was found in the SETHI dataset. We found its reference velocity to be 3km/s. After matching it with the Galactic rotation curve and spiral structure, we found its distance to be 10kpc away. Based on this and geometry, we estimated its size to be 245 pc. Using computer analysis of its HI spectrum, we determined the expansion velocity to be 8.6km/s. We therefore can calculate its age and kinetic energy. Assuming the number density of the ambient interstellar medium to be 1 atom/cm3, we calculated its energy to be . Through comparison to computer models of shell evolution, we estimated it was formed by approximately 5 to 10 supernovae. A simple age estimation is 14 million years. Although this is an over estimate, the slow expansion and absence of x-ray emission indicate the shell is old. We conclude that a cluster of supernovae formed this old shell.Â
Simulations with Granular Material Motion for Extraterrestrial Applications
Authors: Helminiak David S.
Published: January 2015

A simulation study utilizing Hooke style particle models was conducted to better understand the characteristic modes, translational/rotational energy distribution, the complete energy cascade and applications of granular interactions occurring within a horizontal drum tumbler. This study was conducted in conjunction with a physical study performed by Nathaniel Helminiak, entitled: â€œExperiments with Granular Material Motion for Extraterrestrial Applications.â€ These simulations were created through the discrete element modeling software: LIGGGHTS (LAMMPS Improved for General Granular and Granular Heat Transfer Simulations) and the program it is based upon, LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator). The resulting flows were visualized within VisIt visualization software and analyzed using the high-level computer language, GNU Octave. Simulations predicted areas of interest to study and extend tests beyond the physical test bedâ€™s material limitations. The study suggests the existing idea of force chains as applied to rotational forces, namely â€œbro-chains,â€ and also that the industry mass finishing process may benefit from investigation into a complete energy characterization of granular flow.
Using Science to Bridge Achievement Gaps
Authors: Kramer James
Published: January 2015

Simpson Street Free Press (SSFP) delivers high-quality academic instruction in after-school settings. Local students (ages 8-18) publish five separate youth newspapers. New academic standards emphasize writing proficiency and literacy. Productive use of out-of-school time is crucial, particularly for students from lower income backgrounds. Central to SSFP pedagogy is across the curriculum instructional practices. And science writing for publication is a central to our formula. Each of our newspapers includes several science sections, and space science is our most read and most popular content. SSFP lesson plans are expertly designed to support in-school learning. Students encounter predictable connections to the school day. Our young writers conduct research, use technology, write and read extensively. This system accomplishes multiple outcomes. Students learn transferable academic strategies. School grades and attendance are measured. SSFP students participate in civic discourse and influence their peers. Teachers use SSFP materials in local classrooms. Thousands of young readers and their families explore science through the work of SSFP student reporters. Young readers are inspired by the voices of southern Wisconsin's most effective and best-known local role models.
The Onset of Normal Field Instability in a Ferrofluid in a Reduced Gravity Environment
Authors: Krull Brendan , Rundle Tessa , LeCaptain Kevin , Barhite Justin , Gear Amelia
Published: January 2015

A ferrofluid is a magnetic liquid comprised of nanoscale ferrous particles suspended in a low-viscosity carrier fluid. When subjected to a magnetic field, the surface of a ferrofluid deforms into peaks and valleys along the magnetic field lines. The onset of surface deformation is called the normal field instability. The theory describing the NFI identifies a critical magnetic field below which no magnetically driven surface deformations occur. The critical field depends on the gravitational acceleration and, according to the theory, should disappear as local gravitational acceleration approaches zero. While there have been previous demonstrations of the normal field instability in a reduced gravity environment, data has been inconclusive on the existence of a critical magnetic field in reduced gravity. For our work, we designed a sounding rocket payload for a suborbital rocket mission. Our experiment incorporates a ferrofluid sample and a uniform magnetic field which can be varied across a discrete range of values to observe surface deformations at different applied fields. During the microgravity portion of the rocketâ€™s flight, we obtain video of the ferrofluidâ€™s behavior and compare it to data taken in Earthâ€™s gravity. A team of five undergraduate students designed and built the payload that will characterize the role of gravity in setting the critical magnetic field strength for the onset of the NFI. Data will be used to further understanding of ferrofluid behavior in a microgravity environment to advance its use in various space-based applications.
Fire in Orbit: Equipping the Commercial Spaceflight Industry for Fighting Fire in Micro-Gravity
Authors: Cybela Trent
Published: January 2015

For several years, Orbital Technologies (ORBITEC) has had keen interest in the development of a portable fire suppression system intended for use in commercial spaceflight applications. With the aid of recent developments in fine water mist (FWM) atomization technologies, and partnerships with the University of Wisconsin â€“ Platteville, work is commencing to develop a portable fire extinguisher (PFE). The extinguisher will be capable of operation in both gravity and microgravity environments regardless of orientation, and eliminate the use of toxic carbon dioxide as a fluid suppressant. The extinguisher will take advantage of the unique physics of microgravity to better suppress fires compared to previously used equipment. The following report outlines baseline research into the historical precedence of spacecraft fires, and common modes of fire ignition in microgravity. From this information we investigate design considerations necessary for the construction of a prototype PFE, as well as the market value of such a device.
Human Factor Analysis of Light Emitting Diode Technologies for Cabin Lighting in Manned Space Flight Applications
Authors: Treichel Todd H.
Published: January 2015

Advantages of transitioning to Light emitting diode (LED) technologies in spacecraft are reduced mass, reduced occupied volume, reduced power, improved color control, longer operating life, and lower cost associated with power consumption and disposal. According to Brainard et al (2012) newly designed U.S. spacecraft, and ISS fluorescent tube replacements, must utilize LEDs in lieu of traditional artificial light sources to take advantage of technology improvements. Light emitting diode technologies remain a controversial technology in the aerospace industry, where commercial manufacturers are the only source for procurement.The first portion of this research effort was performed to investigate commercially manufactured LEDs, by measuring light output quality to see if the LEDs will meet NASA and DOD reliability requirements. The second portion of the research pertains to this paper for 2014 which applies to LEDs with the highest reliability from the first portion of the this research. A randomized block design has been constructed for evaluating human factor effects using soft white light, emitted from LEDs and a NASA qualified ISS fluorescent.
Pioneer Rocketry: 2014 WSGC Collegiate Rocket Competition
Authors: Smiles Maria , Cybela Trent , Ellenberger Jacob , Sackash Luke
Published: January 2015

The objective of the 2014 Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium (WSGC) Collegiate Rocket Competition was to design a one-stage high-powered rocket that could accurately reach an apogee of 3,000 feet and then be recovered timely and safely and in a flyable condition. The competition also required two methods of determining velocity through the use of onboard electronics. Overall, the performance in the 2014 WSGC Collegiate Rocketry Competition was a success. The rocket used for competition, Pioneer - I, reached an apogee of 3094 feet. The time took to recover the rocket was approximately ten minutes. The apogee reached and recovery time, combined with our presentation, design report, post-flight report, and educational outreach services put us into first place for this yearâ€™s competition1.
Hands-onâ€ Remote Sensing of Physical Models in Exploration of Surficial Processes
Authors: Clark Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2015

The goal of this work is to create an interactive, data-rich learning environment that will enhance student understanding of remote sensing principles and surficial processes. In service of this goal a data acquisition system consisting of common consumer electronics (e.g. a digital camera and Microsoft Kinect) was used to monitor temporal and spatial changes in a scale model of a fluvial setting. Analysis of these data allows students to track landform evolution in response to changing inputs and boundary conditions. These scale-model observations of surficial processes can be also compared to full-scale planetary landscapes.
Spatial convergent cross mapping to detect causal relationships from short time series
Authors: Clark Adam Thomas , Ye Hao , Isbell Forest , Deyle Ethan R. , Cowles Jane , Tilman G. David , Sugihara George
Published: January 2015

Recent developments in complex systems analysis have led to new techniques for detecting causal relationships using relatively short time series, on the order of 30 sequential observations. Although many ecological observation series are even shorter, perhaps fewer than ten sequential observations, these shorter time series are often highly replicated in space (i.e., plot replication). Here, we combine the existing techniques of convergent cross mapping (CCM) and dewdrop regression to build a novel test of causal relations that leverages spatial replication, which we call multispatial CCM. Using examples from simulated and real‐world ecological data, we test the ability of multispatial CCM to detect causal relationships between processes. We find that multispatial CCM successfully detects causal relationships with as few as five sequential observations, even in the presence of process noise and observation error. Our results suggest that this technique may constitute a useful test for causality in systems where experiments are difficult to perform and long time series are not available. This new technique is available in the multispatialCCM package for the R programming language.
Mitigation‐driven translocations: are we moving wildlife in the right direction?
Authors: Germano Jennifer M , Field Kimberleigh J , Griffiths Richard A , Clulow Simon , Foster Jim , Harding Gemma , Swaisgood Ronald R
Published: January 2015

Despite rapid growth in the field of reintroduction biology, results from scientific research are often not applied to translocations initiated when human land‐use change conflicts with the continued persistence of a species' population at a particular site. Such mitigation‐driven translocations outnumber and receive more funding than science‐based conservation translocations, yet the conservation benefit of the former is unclear. Because mitigation releases are economically motivated, outcomes may be less successful than those of releases designed to serve the biological needs of species. Translocation as a regulatory tool may be ill‐suited for biologically mitigating environmental damage caused by development. Evidence suggests that many mitigation‐driven translocations fail, although the application of scientific principles and best practices would probably improve the success rate. Lack of transparency and failure to document outcomes also hinder efforts to understand the scope of the problem. If mitigation‐driven translocations are to continue as part of the growing billion‐dollar ecological consulting industry, it is imperative that the scale and effects of these releases be reported and evaluated.
Simulated big sagebrush regeneration supports predicted changes at the trailing and leading edges of distribution shifts
Authors: Schlaepfer Daniel R. , Taylor Kyle A. , Pennington Victoria E. , Nelson Kellen N. , Martyn Trace E. , Rottler Caitlin M. , Lauenroth William K. , Bradford John B.
Published: January 2015

Many semi‐arid plant communities in western North America are dominated by big sagebrush. These ecosystems are being reduced in extent and quality due to economic development, invasive species, and climate change. These pervasive modifications have generated concern about the long‐term viability of sagebrush habitat and sagebrush‐obligate wildlife species (notably Greater Sage‐Grouse), highlighting the need for better understanding of the future big sagebrush distribution, particularly at the species' range margins. The leading and trailing edges of potential climate‐driven distribution shifts are likely to be areas most sensitive to climate change. Although several processes contribute to distribution shifts, regeneration is a fundamental requirement, especially for species with episodic regeneration patterns, such as big sagebrush. We used a process‐based regeneration model for big sagebrush to simulate potential germination and seedling survival in response to climatic and edaphic conditions. We estimated current and future regeneration under 2070–2099 CMIP5 climate conditions at trailing and leading edges that were previously identified using traditional species distribution models. Our results supported expectations of increased probability of regeneration at the leading edge and decreased probability at the trailing edge compared to current levels. Our simulations indicated that soil water dynamics at the leading edge will become more similar to the typical seasonal ecohydrological conditions observed within the current range of big sagebrush. At the trailing edge, increased winter and spring dryness represented a departure from conditions typically supportive of big sagebrush. Our results highlighted that minimum and maximum daily temperatures as well as soil water recharge and summer dry periods are important constraints for big sagebrush regeneration. We observed reliable changes in areas identified as trailing and leading edges, consistent with previous predictions. However, we also identified potential local refugia within the trailing edge, mostly at higher elevation sites. Decreasing regeneration probability at the trailing edge suggests that it will be difficult to preserve and/or restore big sagebrush in these areas. Conversely, increasing regeneration probability at the leading edge suggests a growing potential for conflicts in management goals between maintaining existing grasslands and croplands by preventing sagebrush expansion versus accepting a shift in plant community composition to sagebrush dominance.
Comparison of the Capacity of Enamel Matrix Derivative Gel and Enamel Matrix Derivative in Liquid Formulation to Adsorb to Bone Grafting Materials
Authors: Miron Richard J. , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Buser Daniel , Zhang Yufeng , Tugulu Stefano , Gemperli Anja , Dard Michel , Caluseru Oana M. , Chandad Fatiha , Sculean Anton
Published: January 2015

Background: The use of an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to enhance periodontal regeneration (e.g., formation of root cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone). However, in certain clinical situations, the use of EMD alone may not be sufficient to prevent flap collapse or provide sufficient stability of the blood clot. Data from clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated controversial results after application of EMD combined with different types of bone grafting materials in periodontal regenerative procedures. The aim of the present study is to investigate the adsorption properties of enamel matrix proteins to bone grafts after surface coating with either EMD (as a liquid formulation) or EMD (as a gel formulation).

Methods: Three different types of grafting materials, including a natural bone mineral (NBM), demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA), or a calcium phosphate (CaP), were coated with either EMD liquid or EMD gel. Samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using an immunostaining assay with gold‐conjugated anti‐EMD antibody. Total protein adsorption to bone grafting material was quantified using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for amelogenin.

Results: The adsorption of amelogenin to the surface of grafting material varied substantially based on the carrier system used. EMD gel adsorbed less protein to the surface of grafting particles, which easily dissociated from the graft surface after phosphate‐buffered saline rinsing. Analyses by TEM revealed that adsorption of amelogenin proteins were significantly farther from the grafting material surface, likely a result of the thick polyglycolic acid gel carrier. ELISA protein quantification assay demonstrated that the combination of EMD liquid + NBM and EMD liquid + DFDBA adsorbed higher amounts of amelogenin than all other treatment modalities. Furthermore, amelogenin proteins delivered by EMD liquid were able to penetrate the porous surface structure of NBM and DFDBA and adsorb to the interior of bone grafting particles. Grafting materials coated with EMD gel adsorbed more frequently to the exterior of grafting particles with little interior penetration.

Conclusions: The present study demonstrates a large variability of adsorbed amelogenin to the surface of bone grafting materials when enamel matrix proteins were delivered in either a liquid formulation or gel carrier. Furthermore, differences in amelogenin adsorption were observed among NBM, DFDBA, and biphasic CaP particles. Thus, the potential for a liquid carrier system for EMD, used to coat EMD, may be advantageous for better surface coating.
A Unique Treatment for Talar Osteonecrosis: Placement of an Internal Bone Stimulator
Authors: Holmes George B. , Wydra Frank , Hellman Michael , Gross Christopher E.
Published: January 2015

Case:

There are many treatment options for talar osteonecrosis without collapse, ranging from restricted weight-bearing to arthrodesis. We present a patient with talar osteonecrosis without evidence of collapse. After conservative treatment had failed, she was treated successfully with arthroscopic drilling, bone-grafting, and placement of an internal bone stimulator.

Conclusion:

Talar osteonecrosis is a challenging entity to treat. Despite our increased knowledge of the complex talar vascular anatomy, etiologies, and treatment options, poor outcomes remain all too common. A combination of bone-grafting and an internal bone stimulator was effective for relief of symptoms in our patient in the short-term.
Optimizing Carbon Sequestration With the Capacitance/Resistance Model
Authors: Tao Qing , Bryant Steven L.
Published: January 2015

Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in deep brine-filled structures accompanied by brine extraction has several more advantages than conventional injection-only storage schemes, but avoiding CO2 arrival at extraction wells becomes a paramount concern. The use of conventional reservoir simulators to optimize CO2 injection/brine extraction requires a model of the petrophysical properties of the storage formation. Unfortunately, those properties are unlikely to be adequately characterized in storage reservoirs, especially at the outset of a project. An attractive alternative tool to manage injection/extraction storage processes is the capacitance/resistance model (CRM), which only requires the wells' injection/extraction histories as input. A useful characteristic of CRM for this application is that it identifies the connectivities between injectors and extractors. We show the effectiveness of the method on a homogeneous aquifer with variable injection rates. We describe a work flow that optimizes subsequent CO2 storage in the aquifer with the CRM parameters obtained from the injection/extraction history. A reasonable estimate of CRM parameters requires a sufficient length of injection/extraction history. We present further a dynamic work flow that allows updating the history and the optimal control strategy. The applications on the example storage aquifers show significant improvements in the amount of CO2 stored by injection/extraction strategies.
An Efficient Optimization Work Flow for Field-Scale In-Situ Upgrading Developments
Authors: Gao Guohua , Vink Jeroen C. , Alpak Faruk O. , Mo W..
Published: January 2015

In-situ upgrading process (IUP) is an attractive technology for developing unconventional extraheavy-oil reserves. Decisions are generally made on field-scale economics evaluated with dedicated commercial tools. However, it is difficult to conduct an automated IUP optimization process because of unavailable interface between the economic evaluator and commercial simulator/optimizer, and because IUP is such a highly complex process that full-field simulations are generally not feasible.

In this paper, we developed an efficient optimization work flow by addressing three technical challenges for field-scale IUP developments. The first challenge was deriving an upscaling factor modeled after analytical superposition formulation; proposing an effective method of scaling up simulation results and economic terms generated from a single-pattern IUP reservoir-simulation model to field scale; and validating this approach numerically. The second challenge was proposing a response-surface model (RSM) of field economics to analytically compute key field economical indicators, such as net present value (NPV), by use of only a few single-pattern economic terms together with the upscaling factor, and validating this approach with a commercial tool. The proposed RSM approach is more efficient, accurate, and convenient because it requires only 15–20 simulation cases as training data, compared with thousands of simulation runs required by conventional methods. The third challenge is developing a new optimization method with many attractive features: well-parallelized, highly efficient and robust, and with a much-wider spectrum of applications than gradient-based or derivative-free methods, applicable to problems without any derivative, with derivatives available for some variables, or with derivatives available for all variables.

This work flow allows us to perform automated field IUP optimizations by maximizing a full-field economics target while honoring all field-level facility constraints effectively. We have applied the work flow to optimize the IUP development of a carbonate heavy-oil asset. Our results show that the approach is robust and efficient, and leads to development options with a significantly improved field-scale NPV. This work flow can also be applied to other kinds of pattern-based field developments of shale gas and oil, and thermal processes such as steamdrive or steam-assisted gravity drainage.
Pea in Rotation with Wheat Reduced Uncertainty of Economic Returns in Southwest Montana
Authors: Miller Perry R. , Bekkerman Anton , Jones Clain A. , Burgess Macdonald H. , Holmes Jeffrey A. , Engel Richard E.
Published: January 2015

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is increasingly being rotated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Montana. Our objective was to compare economic net returns among wheat‐only and pea–wheat systems during an established 4‐yr crop rotation. The experimental design included three wheat‐only (tilled fallow–wheat, no‐till fallow–wheat, no‐till continuous wheat) and three no‐till pea–wheat (pea–wheat, pea brown manure–wheat, and pea forage–wheat) systems as main plots, and high and low available N rates as subplots. Net returns were calculated as the difference between market revenues and operation and input costs associated with machinery, seed and seed treatment, fertilizer, and pesticides. Gross returns for wheat were adjusted to reflect grain protein at “flat” and “sharp” discount/premium schedules based on historical Montana elevator schedules. Cumulative net returns were calculated for four scenarios including high and low available N rates and flat and sharp protein discount/premium schedules. Pea–wheat consistently had the greatest net returns among the six systems studied. Pea fallow–wheat systems exhibited greater economic stability across scenarios but had greater 4‐yr returns (US$287 ha−1) than fallow–wheat systems only under the low N rate and sharp protein discount schedule scenario. We concluded that pea–wheat systems can reduce net return uncertainties relative to wheat‐only systems under contrasting N fertility regimes, and variable wheat protein discount schedules in southwestern Montana. This implies that pea–wheat rotations, which protected wheat yield and/or protein levels under varying N fertility management, can reduce farmers’ exposure to annual economic variability.
Field Pennycress Production and Weed Control in a Double Crop System with Soybean in Minnesota
Authors: Johnson Gregg A. , Kantar Michael B. , Betts Kevin J. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: January 2015

Sustainable intensification of agricultural systems has been suggested as a way to increase food, fiber, energy, and feed to meet future demands. Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is proposed as a means for temporal intensification of agriculture, increasing profitability through oilseed production while providing needed cover to address soil and water quality issues. Field research was conducted across four environments in Minnesota to (i) evaluate pennycress planting date and seeding rate on pennycress and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed production and (ii) determine the role of pennycress systems as a weed management tool. Pennycress seeding rate had a direct effect on pennycress yield at Rosemount but not at Waseca or Lamberton locations. The use of a companion cover crop along with pennycress further reduced pennycress seed yield at Rosemount, but not Waseca or Lamberton suggesting that water availability is a key driver in pennycress productivity. The effect of pennycress and cover crops on soybean yield was also dependent on location. At Rosemount, soybean yield was reduced when pennycress was planted ahead of soybeans both years of the study while there was no effect of pennycress on soybean yield at Waseca. Although soybean yield was reduced at Rosemount, the combined pennycress and soybean seed yield was greater. This research shows the potential for a double cropping system of pennycress–soybean to increase overall seed yield and reduce early‐season weed pressure.
Modeling impacts of water transfers on alleviation of phytoplankton aggregation in Lake Taihu
Authors: Huang Jiacong , Gao Junfeng , Zhang Yinjun , Xu Yan
Published: January 2015

A water transfer project has been ongoing since 2002 to alleviate severe phytoplankton aggregation in Lake Taihu. This study aimed to quantify the effectiveness of the water transfer project on alleviation of phytoplankton aggregation in Lake Taihu on a short-term scale. In this study, a spatially distributed hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model was used to predict the short-term (3–4 days) changes in phytoplankton distribution (represented by chlorophyll a) in Lake Taihu. Four simulations with different water transfer strategies were carried out based on this model. During the water transfer period, phytoplankton aggregation was alleviated in some areas, suggesting that the water transfer project has the potential to alleviate algal blooms on a short-term scale. However, the effectiveness of the water transfer project on alleviating severe algal blooms was strongly affected by other environmental factors (e.g. wind conditions, chlorophyll a distribution, and the amount and quality of the transfer water). This study demonstrates the success of the hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model in evaluating the contribution of the water transfer project to alleviation of phytoplankton aggregation. These evaluation results could assist managers in decision-making before conducting a water transfer plan in Lake Taihu.
The open real-time control (RTC)-Tools software framework for modeling RTC in water resources sytems
Authors: Schwanenberg D. , Becker B. P. J. , Xu M.
Published: January 2015

Real-time control-Tools is a novel software framework for modeling real-time control and decision support in water resources systems. It integrates different control paradigms ranging from simple feedback control strategies with triggers, operating rules and controllers to advanced optimization-based approaches such as model predictive control (MPC). A key feature of the package is the modular integration of modeling components, related adjoint models, and optimization algorithms which makes it well suited for the control of large-scale water systems. Interfaces enable its integration into Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems, operational stream flow forecasting, and decision support systems as well as hydraulic modeling packages. This paper presents an overview of the novel software framework, gives an introduction into the underlying control theory for which it has been developed and discusses the related software architecture. A first case describes an innovative combination of binary decision trees and feedback control in application to the modeling of a highly regulated River Rhine reach along the German–French border. Two additional cases present the efficient application of MPC to the short-term management of two large-scale water systems in the Netherlands and the USA.
Neural network river forecasting with multi-objective fully informed particle swarm optimization
Authors: Taormina Riccardo , Chau Kwok-wing
Published: January 2015

In this work, we suggest that the poorer results obtained with particle swarm optimization (PSO) in some previous studies should be attributed to the cross-validation scheme commonly employed to improve generalization of PSO-trained neural network river forecasting (NNRF) models. Cross-validation entails splitting the training dataset into two, and accepting particle position updates only if fitness improvements are concurrently measured on both subsets. The NNRF calibration process thus becomes a multi-objective (MO) optimization problem which is still addressed as a single-objective one. In our opinion, PSO cross-validated training should be carried out under an MO optimization framework instead. Therefore, in this work, we introduce a novel MO variant of the swarm optimization algorithm to train NNRF models for the prediction of future streamflow discharges in the Shenandoah River watershed, Virginia (USA). The case study comprises over 9,000 observations of both streamflow and rainfall observations, spanning a period of almost 25 years. The newly introduced MO fully informed particle swarm (MOFIPS) optimization algorithm is found to provide better performing models with respect to those developed using the standard PSO, as well as advanced gradient-based optimization techniques. These findings encourage the use of an MO approach to NNRF cross-validated training with swarm optimization.
Using real options for an eco-friendly design of water distribution systems
Authors: Marques João , Cunha Maria , Savić Dragan A.
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a real options approach to handling uncertainties associated with the long-term planning of water distribution system development. Furthermore, carbon emissions associated with the installation and operation of water distribution networks are considered. These emissions are computed by taking an embodied energy approach to the different materials used in water networks. A simulated annealing heuristic is used to optimise a flexible eco-friendly design of water distribution systems for an extended life horizon. This time horizon is subdivided into different time intervals in which different possible decision paths can be followed. The proposed approach is applied to a case study and the results are presented according to a decision tree. Lastly, some comparisons and results are used to demonstrate the quality of the results of this approach.
Repeatability of the Evaluation of Perception of Dyspnea in Normal Subjects Assessed Through Inspiratory Resistive Loads
Authors: Fernandes Andréia K , Ziegler Bruna , Konzen Glauco L , Sanches Paulo R.S , Müller André F , Pereira Rosemary P , Dalcin Paulo de Tarso R
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

Study the repeatability of the evaluation of the perception of dyspnea using an inspiratory resistive loading system in healthy subjects.

Methods:

We designed a cross sectional study conducted in individuals aged 18 years and older. Perception of dyspnea was assessed using an inspiratory resistive load system. Dyspnea was assessed during ventilation at rest and at increasing resistive loads (0.6, 6.7, 15, 25, 46.7, 67, 78 and returning to 0.6 cm H2O/L/s). After breathing in at each level of resistive load for two minutes, the subject rated the dyspnea using the Borg scale. Subjects were tested twice (intervals from 2 to 7 days).

Results:

Testing included 16 Caucasian individuals (8 male and 8 female, mean age: 36 years). The median scores for dyspnea rating in the first test were 0 at resting ventilation and 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7 and 1 point, respectively, with increasing loads. The median scores in the second test were 0 at resting and 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 and 0.5 points, respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.57, 0.80, 0.74, 0.80, 0.83, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.92 for each resistive load, respectively. In a generalized linear model analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between the levels of resistive loads (p<0.001) and between tests (p=0.003). Dyspnea scores were significantly lower in the second test.

Conclusion:

The agreement between the two tests of the perception of dyspnea was only moderate and dyspnea scores were lower in the second test. These findings suggest a learning effect or an effect that could be at least partly attributed to desensitization of dyspnea sensation in the brain.
Angiosarcoma Presenting with Spontaneous Hydropneumothorax: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Chang Jung H , Kim Ji H , Hong So-Hyeon , Song Myung E , Ryu Yon J , Lee Jin H , Shim Sung S , Cho Min-Sun , Sim Yun S
Published: January 2015

Angiosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of soft tissue. Because angiosarcoma originates from endothelial cells, it can occur in any organ and shows aggressive clinical features. Most commonly, angiosarcoma initially presents as a cutaneous lesion. Lung metastasis from scalp angiosarcoma can develop pneumothorax. We report a case of multiorgan involvement of an angiosarcoma, including the scalp, initially presenting with hydropneumothorax. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the cells obtained from the study confirmed the pleural invasion of the angiosarcoma.
Felty’s Syndrome, Insights and Updates
Authors: Owlia Mohammad Bagher , Newman Kam , Akhtari Mojtaba
Published: January 2015

Felty’s syndrome (FS) is characterized by the triad of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with destructive joint involvement, splenomegaly and neutropenia. Current data shows that 1-3 % of RA patients are complicated with FS with an estimated prevalence of 10 per 100,000 populations. The complete triad is not an absolute requirement, but persistent neutropenia with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) generally less than 1500/mm3 is necessary for establishing the diagnosis. Felty’s syndrome may be asymptomatic but serious local or systemic infections may be the first clue to the diagnosis. FS is easily overlooked by parallel diagnoses of Sjӧgren syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus or lymphohematopoietic malignancies. The role of genetic (HLA DR4) is more prominent in FS in comparison to classic rheumatoid arthritis. There is large body of evidence that in FS patients, both cellular and humoral immune systems participate in neutrophil activation, and apoptosis and its adherence to endothelial cells in the spleen. It has been demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines may have inhibitory effects on bone marrow granulopoiesis. Binding of IgGs to neutrophil extracellular chromatin traps (NET) leading to neutrophil death plays a crucial role in its pathophysiology. In turn, "Netting" neutrophils may activate auto-reactive B cells leading to further antibody and immune complex formation. In this review we discuss on basic pathophysiology, epidemiology, genetics, clinical, laboratory and treatment updates of Felty’s syndrome.
La raison et l’histoire: l’idée Kantienne de l’Université
Authors: Vukovic Ivan
Published: January 2015

Ce texte a deux parties. La premi?re offre une reconstruction de
l'argumentation du Conflit des facult?s, tandis que la seconde essaye
d'?tablir comment celle-ci pourrait ?tre utilis?e aujourd'hui, et ? quelles
conclusions am?nerait-elle. Or, dans le Conflit des facult?s Kant a demand?
une r?forme universitaire qui donnerait aux philosophes le droit de commenter
et de critiquer les programmes scolaires que le gouvernement impose aux
facult?s de droit, de th?ologie et de m?decine. Quoique le contexte ait bien
chang? depuis ce temps, le devoir du philosophe kantien reste aujourd'hui le
m?me et il consiste dans la critique des usages politiques des hypoth?ses
scientifiques au sens large du terme, qui ont comme cons?quence la
r?pression, l'exclusion sociale et l'attaque au droit naturel des femmes et
des hommes, ou la subversion de la paix internationale. La r?forme propos?e
par Kant reste, cependant, contradictoire en ce qu'elle elle pr?voit un
syst?me d'?ducation publique et limite le droit au d?bat aux cercles des
savants.
An answer to the question: How enlightenment is possible?
Authors: Krstic Predrag
Published: January 2015

The author analyzes the key terms of Kant's definition of enlightenment:
immaturity, guilt, humanity, laziness, cowardice, bravery, and others. The
first part of the paper presents the criticisms that challenge every
reasonable character of Kant's conception of enlightenment. After that, these
critiques are confronted with the defenses of Kant's definition of
enlightenment that points out, on the one hand, its self-reflectivity and, on
the other, its everlasting actuality. Special attention is paid to the
historical and textual reconstruction of the understanding of public as a
condition of the possibilities for the effective engagement of the mind and
the rational organization of society. It is concluded that the question of
enlightenment remains open, to the extent that the danger of arbitrary use
under a completely vague semantic rules threatening the very notion of
enlightenment. Continuous reinterpretations of Kant's attempt to define it,
however, are also testimonies of an unavoidable instance, with respect to
which - by recognition of its relevance, its rearranging or rejection -
different conceptions of enlightenment and its landmarks were tempted,
articulated and established.