bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular and cellular origins of behavioral sex differences: a tiny little fly tells a lot
Authors: Sato Kosei , Yamamoto Daisuke
Published: October 2023

Behavioral sex differences primarily derive from the sexually dimorphic organization of neural circuits that direct the behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster, the sex-determination genes fruitless (fru) and doublesex (dsx) play pivotal roles in producing the sexual dimorphism of neural circuits for behavior. Here we examine three neural groups expressing fru and/or dsx, i.e., the P1 cluster, aSP-f and aSP-g cluster pairs and aDN cluster, in which causal relationships between the dimorphic behavior and dimorphic neural characteristics are best illustrated. aSP-f, aSP-g and aDN clusters represent examples where fru or dsx switches cell-autonomously their neurite structures between the female-type and male-type. Processed sensory inputs impinging on these neurons may result in outputs that encode different valences, which culminate in the execution of distinct behavior according to the sex. In contrast, the P1 cluster is male-specific as its female counterpart undergoes dsx-driven cell death, which lowers the threshold for the induction of male-specific behaviors. We propose that the products of fru and dsx genes, as terminal selectors in sexually dimorphic neuronal wiring, induce and maintain the sex-typical chromatin state at postembryonic stages, orchestrating the transcription of effector genes that shape single neuron structures and govern cell survival and death.
Dietary selenium intake among Ethiopian children in areas known for selenium spatial variability
Authors: Hailu Kaleab , Joy Edward J. M. , Ferguson Elaine L. , Bailey Elizabeth H. , Wilson Lolita , Davis Kenneth , Broadley Martin R. , Gashu Dawd
Published: October 2023

Introduction

There is spatial variability of selenium (Se) in soil and crops in Ethiopia. We assessed the Se content of food items, breast milk, and urine among infants in Ethiopia from two areas with contrasting Se concentrations in soils.

Methods

Dietary Se intakes among children (6–23 months) were evaluated using a weighed food record on two non-consecutive days. Also, spot urine samples from children and breast milk samples from their mothers were collected to determine Se concentration. Selenium concentrations in the samples were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS).

Results

Injera (prepared from teff and mixtures of other cereals) with a legume-based stew were the most frequently consumed foods by the children in both areas, followed by pasta. Overall, the Se concentration (mean ± SD) of food items, breast milk (12.2 ± 3.9 μg/L vs. 3.39 ± 1.5 μg/L), and urine samples (22.5 ± 11.5 μg/L vs. 3.0 ± 1.9 μg/L) from East Amhara were significantly higher than the corresponding samples from West Amhara (p< 0.001). The total Se intakes by the study children from East Amhara and West Amhara were 30.2 [IQ25%, 14.2; IQ75%, 54.1] and 7.4 [IQR25%, 4.2; IQ75%, 10.6] μg day–1, respectively; 31.5% of children from East Amhara and 92% of children from West Amhara were at risk of inadequate Se intakes. Urinary Se excretion accounted for 53 and 39% of daily dietary Se intake in East Amhara and West Amhara, respectively. Dietary Se intake was positively correlated with urinary Se excretion in East Amhara (r= 0.56;p< 0.001) but not among samples from West Amhara (r= 0.16;p≥ 0.05), suggesting greater physiological Se conservation in a state of deficiency.

Conclusion

There is spatial variability of Se in foods, breast milk, and urine in Ethiopia, suggesting the need for implementation of targeted agronomic interventions that enhance Se concentrations in the edible portion of plant foods.
Protein disulfide isomerase A3 as novel biomarker for endometrial cancer
Authors: Yu Fanrong , Liu Xin , Li Min , Liu Xiufen , Wang Xintai , Guo Meixiang
Published: October 2023

Objective

This study aims to investigate the potential of PDIA3 as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for Endometrial Cancer (EC) with the ultimate goal of improving survival rates in EC patients.

Methods

This study employed a combination of public database analysis and clinical tissue sample assays. The analysis included comparing the gene expression of PDIA3 between EC and adjacent paracancerous tissues, investigating this expression status using qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays, studying the correlation of expression with different parameters using Chi-square test, Cox Regression, and log-rank test, as well as exploring the PDIA3-related immune infiltration and metabolic pathway using TIMER and GSEA.

Results

The analysis of public datasets revealed that PDIA3 mRNA and protein expression was significantly higher in EC tissues compared to adjacent tissues (P = 4.1e-03, P = 1.95e-14, and P = 1.6e-27, respectively). The qPCR analysis supported this finding (P = 0.029). IHC analysis revealed a significant increase in PDIA3 expression in endometrial cancer (EC) tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (P = 0.01). Furthermore, PDIA3 expression showed significant correlations with cancer stage and tumor grade. Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that the PDIA3 gene holds promise as a prognostic factor for EC patients (HR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.27, 0.82], P = 0.008). The results from TIMER demonstrated a positive correlation between PDIA3 and tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells and macrophages, and a negative correlation with tumor-infiltrating CD4 T cells. Additionally, the GSEA results indicated that PDIA3 overexpression was associated with various metabolic processes in EC patients.

Conclusion

PDIA3 has been validated as a potential biomarker for EC, and its expression is further associated with pathological staging and prognosis.
Comprehensive multi-omics analysis of tryptophan metabolism-related gene expression signature to predict prognosis in gastric cancer
Authors: Luo Peng , Chen Guojun , Shi Zhaoqi , Yang Jin , Wang Xianfa , Pan Junhai , Zhu Linghua
Published: October 2023

Introduction: The 5-year survival of gastric cancer (GC) patients with advanced stage remains poor. Some evidence has indicated that tryptophan metabolism may induce cancer progression through immunosuppressive responses and promote the malignancy of cancer cells. The role of tryptophan and its metabolism should be explored for an in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms during GC development.

Material and methods: We utilized the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset to screen tryptophan metabolism-associated genes via single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and correlation analysis. Consensus clustering analysis was employed to construct different molecular subtypes. Most common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined from the molecular subtypes. Univariate cox analysis as well as lasso were performed to establish a tryptophan metabolism-associated gene signature. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was utilized to evaluate signaling pathways. ESTIMATE, ssGSEA, and TIDE were used for the evaluation of the gastric tumor microenvironment.

Results: Two tryptophan metabolism-associated gene molecular subtypes were constructed. Compared to the C2 subtype, the C1 subtype showed better prognosis with increased CD4 positive memory T cells as well as activated dendritic cells (DCs) infiltration and suppressed M2-phenotype macrophages inside the tumor microenvironment. The immune checkpoint was downregulated in the C1 subtype. A total of eight key genes, EFNA3, GPX3, RGS2, CXCR4, SGCE, ADH4, CST2, and GPC3, were screened for the establishment of a prognostic risk model.

Conclusion: This study concluded that the tryptophan metabolism-associated genes can be applied in GC prognostic prediction. The risk model established in the current study was highly accurate in GC survival prediction.
Efficacy and safety of Panax notoginseng saponins (Xuesaitong) for patients with acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Shi Xinyi , Feng Luda , Li Yixuan , Qin Mingzhen , Li Tingting , Cheng Zixin , Zhang Xuebin , Zhou Congren , Cheng Sisong , Zhang Chi , Gao Ying
Published: October 2023

Background: Stroke is the major cause of mortality and permanent disability and is associated with an astonishing economic burden worldwide. In the past few decades, accumulated evidence has indicated that Xuesaitong (XST) has therapeutic benefits in cases of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Our study aimed to provide the best current body of evidence of the efficacy and safety of XST for patients with AIS.

Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched eight electronic databases from inception to 17 July 2023 for relevant RCTs. The investigators independently screened trials, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 and STATA 16.0 software.

Results: In total, 46 RCTs involving 7,957 patients were included. The results showed that XST improved the long-term functional outcomes with lower modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores (MD = −0.67; 95% CI [−0.92 to −0.42]; p < 0.00001) and a higher proportion of functional independence (mRS ≤2) (RR = 1.08; 95% CI [1.05 to 1.12]; p < 0.00001). Low-quality evidence indicated that XST improved the activities of daily living (MD = 10.17; 95% CI [7.28 to 13.06]; p < 0.00001), improved the neurological impairment (MD = −3.39; 95% CI [−3.94 to −2.84]; p < 0.00001), and enhanced the total efficiency rate (RR = 1.19; 95% CI [1.15 to 1.23]; p < 0.00001). No significant difference was found in the all-cause mortality or incidence of adverse events between the XST and control groups. The certainty of evidence was estimated as moderate to very low.

Conclusion: Presently, the administration of XST within 14 days of AIS is associated with favorable long-term functional outcomes. In addition, XST can improve activities of daily living, alleviate neurological deficits, and has shown good tolerability. However, the current evidence is too weak, and the confidence of evidence synthesis was restricted by the high risk of bias. Given the insufficient evidence, appropriately sized and powered RCTs investigating the efficacy and safety of XST for patients with AIS are warranted.

Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=446208, CRD42023446208.
Changes in hemoglobin oxidation and band 3 during blood storage impact oxygen sensing and mitochondrial bioenergetic pathways in the human pulmonary arterial endothelial cell model
Authors: Jana Sirsendu , Kassa Tigist , Wood Francine , Hicks Wayne , Alayash Abdu I.
Published: October 2023

Red blood cells (RBCs) undergo metabolic, oxidative, and physiological changes during storage, collectively described as the “storage lesion.” The impact of storage on oxygen homeostasis, following transfusion, is not fully understood. We show that RBC storage induces changes in oxygen binding that were linked to changes in oxygen sensing (hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF-1α) mechanisms and mitochondrial respiration in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs). A decrease in oxygen affinity (P50) to approximately 20 from 30 mmHg was seen at the first week but remained unchanged for up to 42 days. This led to the suppression of HIF-1α in the first 3 weeks due to limited oxygen supplies by RBCs. Furthermore, membrane oxidative damage, band 3 alterations, and subsequent microparticle (MP) formation were also noted. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed the upregulation of transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase, essential for clearing ROS-damaged membrane proteins and the protein DDI1 homolog, a proteasomal shuttle chaperone. Band 3 complex proteins and superoxide dismutase were among the downregulated proteins. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates measured in HPAECs incubated with RBC-derived MPs (14-day and 42-day) showed a rise in maximal respiration. Intervention strategies that target intracellular hemoglobin (Hb)’s redox transitions and membrane changes may lead to the reestablishment of oxygen homeostasis in old RBCs.
FGF23 level in poultry chicken, a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Poorhemati Hossein , Ghaly Melody , Sadvakassova Gulzhakhan , Komarova Svetlana V.
Published: October 2023

Introduction: In vertebrates fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphate regulating hormone closely linked to calcium regulation by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although phosphorus, calcium and vitamin D are important for poultry well-being, relatively little is known about their levels of FGF23. Our objective was to quantitatively estimate the blood FGF23 level in birds, and to examine its relationship to diet and blood levels of other components of phosphate and calcium homeostasis.

Methods: A systematic search of Agricola, Embase and Medline identified 86 studies focused on FGF23 in birds, from which 12 manuscripts reporting data for 60 independent groups of chickens were included in the analysis.

Results: FGF23 levels were 256 pg/ml (Confidence interval (CI): 215, 297) in broilers (39 datasets containing 435 birds), and 256 pg/ml (CI: 178, 339) in egg-laying hens (21 datasets containing 208 birds). FGF23 levels did not correlate with dietary phosphorus, calcium or vitamin D, or with plasma calcium or PTH. FGF23 levels demonstrated a trend to positively correlate with plasma phosphate and a strongly and positive correlation with plasma vitamin D.

Discussion: This study provides normative estimates of FGF23 levels in poultry birds and new insights into the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
CRISPR-Cas-mediated unfolded protein response control for enhancing plant stress resistance
Authors: Vu Bich Ngoc , Vu Tien Van , Yoo Jae Yong , Nguyen Ngan Thi , Ko Ki Seong , Kim Jae-Yean , Lee Kyun Oh
Published: October 2023

Plants consistently encounter environmental stresses that negatively affect their growth and development. To mitigate these challenges, plants have developed a range of adaptive strategies, including the unfolded protein response (UPR), which enables them to manage endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress resulting from various adverse conditions. The CRISPR-Cas system has emerged as a powerful tool for plant biotechnology, with the potential to improve plant tolerance and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as enhance crop productivity and quality by targeting specific genes, including those related to the UPR. This review highlights recent advancements in UPR signaling pathways and CRISPR-Cas technology, with a particular focus on the use of CRISPR-Cas in studying plant UPR. We also explore prospective applications of CRISPR-Cas in engineering UPR-related genes for crop improvement. The integration of CRISPR-Cas technology into plant biotechnology holds the promise to revolutionize agriculture by producing crops with enhanced resistance to environmental stresses, increased productivity, and improved quality traits.
Measuring mentalizing in youth: further validation of the reflective functioning questionnaire for youth (RFQY-13)
Authors: Martin-Gagnon Gabriel , Fonagy Peter , Bégin Michaël , Normandin Lina , Ensink Karin
Published: October 2023

Objective

This study investigated the psychometric properties, including the factor structure, validity, and reliability of the 13-item Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youth (RFQY-13), using a new scoring system.

Method

A community sample of 414 adolescents and a clinical sample of 83 adolescents (aged 12–21) completed the RFQY, the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFS-C), the Beck Youth Inventories (BYI), the Child Behavior Checklist-Youth Self Report (CBCL-YSR) and the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC).

Results

Using the new scoring system, our results demonstrated configural and metric invariance, as well as adequate reliability and validity across both samples for the two-factor structure of the RFQY. The Uncertainty subscale also showed strong associations with psychopathology.

Discussion

The findings show that the RFQY-13, when used with the new coding system, has good psychometric properties and is a reliable measure of mentalizing for adolescents and young adults. We discuss clinical implications, limitations and future directions.
Pet ownership is associated with harmful alcohol use among a cohort of people with HIV: a brief research report
Authors: Applebaum Jennifer W. , McDonald Shelby E. , Porges Eric C. , Widmeyer Maya , Fabelo Humberto E. , Kertes Darlene A. , Cook Robert L.
Published: October 2023

Research suggests that people with HIV (PWH), who are at high risk for alcohol and substance use, may rely on relationships with pets for companionship and stress relief. There may be common mechanisms underlying both substance use and attachment to pets. The purpose of this brief research report was to compare alcohol and substance use behaviors between pet owners and non-owners among a cohort of PWH. Participants (n = 735) in a survey study of PWH in Florida were asked about their alcohol and substance use behaviors, whether they owned a pet, and their sociodemographic characteristics. We used bivariate analyses and logistic regression to examine differences in alcohol and substance use behaviors between pet owners and non-owners. Pet owners had higher mean AUDIT scores than non-owners (Mpet = 5, Mnopet = 4, z = −3.07, p = 0.002). Pet owners were more likely than non-owners to use alcohol in a harmful or hazardous way (AUDIT score ≥ 8), above and beyond sociodemographic characteristics (OR = 1.65, p = 0.052). Pet owners were more likely to have ever used most substances than non-owners, and more likely to currently use alcohol (X2(1) = 12.97, p = 0.000), marijuana or hashish (X2(1) = 6.82, p = 0.009), and amyl nitrate/poppers (X2(1) = 11.18, p = 0.001). Pet owners may be more likely to use alcohol and other substances at higher rates than non-owners. Reasons for owning a pet and using substances may be similar, such as coping with stress.
Spirulina and its residual biomass as alternative sustainable ingredients: impact on the rheological and nutritional features of wheat bread manufacture
Authors: Fratelli Camilly , Nunes Maria Cristiana , De Rosso Veridiana Vera , Raymundo Anabela , Braga Anna Rafaela Cavalcante
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Following consumers’ demand for healthier alternatives, Spirulina biomass has been included as a functional ingredient in different types of food as a sustainable alternative to improve physicochemical characteristics and nutritional aspects in the diet. This study aimed to explore the use of Spirulina biomass (SB) and residual biomass (RB) obtained after C-phycocyanin (C-PC) extraction in the production of wheat bread (WB).

Methods: The dough rheology, texture, color, nutritional aspects, and bioaccessibility of the different manufactured bread samples were accessed to achieve this goal.

Results and Discussion: This is the first research to exploit RB. It was possible to replace 3% of wheat flour for SB or RB in bread-making; this substitution did not impact the rheological characteristics of the dough, even though the pH increased with the addition of SB or RB (5.63 and 5.70, respectively). SB and RB addition improved bread volume and enhanced the nutritional profile, increasing the antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP) compared to WB. Heavy metals (Ni, Cd, and Pb) were not found in any of the samples (<0.2 mg/100 g). The in vitro protein digestibility in bread was better than in SB and RB raw materials, which indicates that bread manufacturing may contribute to improving protein digestibility. In addition, SB needs greater appreciation for sustainable food practices worldwide and in Brazilian exploration, requiring management strategies with industry and society working together. Further studies are necessary, focusing on acceptability to understand the viability of these ingredients to target consumers’ preferences.
Reconsidering the Co-Occurrence of Aspergillus flavus in Spanish Vineyards and Aflatoxins in Grapes
Authors: Melguizo Clara , Patiño Belén , Ramos Antonio J. , Vázquez Covadonga , Gil-Serna Jéssica
Published: October 2023

Aspergillus flavus is a xerophilic fungus whose geographical distribution is expected to change due to the current climate change scenario. Grapes are one of the most important crops worldwide, and it is essential to evaluate the risk posed by their contamination with potential mycotoxigenic species. Recently, a few reports have described A. flavus as an emerging contaminant in vineyards, which has led to a discussion on the need to legislate aflatoxin contents in grapes. Using a specific PCR assay, the occurrence of A. flavus was demonstrated in 43 out of 61 grape samples collected from Spanish vineyards. Considering the high incidence observed, the risk of the grapes becoming contaminated with aflatoxin was subsequently evaluated. Aspergillus flavus isolates from grapes can grow in grape-based media under a variety of environmental conditions, but they were unable to produce either aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) even though their ability to produce these toxins was confirmed in a permissive medium (CYA). These results confirm that climate change is affecting the distribution of mycotoxigenic fungi, thereby increasing the occurrence of A. flavus in vineyards, although the risk of the grapes becoming contaminated with aflatoxin needs to be reconsidered.
Sheath Blight of Maize: An Overview and Prospects for Future Research Directions
Authors: Di Runze , Liu Lun , Shoaib Noman , Xi Boai , Zhou Qiyan , Yu Guowu
Published: October 2023

Sheath blight (ShB) of maize, as a soil-borne disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is one of the main obstacles for maintaining the sustainable production of maize. R. solani has a wide host range and low-resistance sources, there is a lack of resistant resources against ShB, and the damage caused by ShB cannot be effectively controlled. To effectively protect crops against ShB, it is necessary to combine information about its pathogenicity and about the disease prevention and control of the pathogenic fungus and to identify areas that require more in-depth research. While progress has been made in the identification of disease-related genes in corn and pathogens, their mechanisms remain unclear. Research related to disease control involves the use of agronomic methods, chemical control, biological control, and genetic improvement. Breeding and identification of high-resistant maize varieties are key and difficult points in the control of maize sheath blight. This article reviews the research progress of the symptoms, the pathogen’s biological characteristics, the infection process, the pathogenic mechanism, and comprehensive control of maize sheath blight disease and provides future research directions of maize sheath blight in China. It aims to provide reliable technical routes and research ideas for future crop-disease-resistance research, especially to sheath blight of maize.
Water Deficit Duration Affects Potato Plant Growth, Yield and Tuber Quality
Authors: Li Sheng , Kupriyanovich Yulia , Wagg Cameron , Zheng Fangzhou , Hann Sheldon
Published: October 2023

In humid climate regions, a short period of water deficit, especially during the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, has been found to affect potato plant growth, yield and tuber quality. However, there is still a lack of information on the impact of the water deficit duration. In this study, we examined potato plant growth, yield and tuber quality parameters with plants under 0 to 25 days of water deficit initiated at the beginnings of the vegetative growth stage and the tuberization stage, respectively. We found that for both the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, a longer water deficit duration resulted in no significant change in final plant height but significantly delayed flowering and reduced total biomass, yield, tuber dry matter content and share of large tubers. We estimate that per day of prolonged water deficit, there will be a yield loss of 3.1% and 3.4% for the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, respectively. Similarly, for per liter of irrigation water, there will be a yield increase of 16.3 g and 19.1 g for the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, respectively. Further studies are suggested to examine how supplemental irrigation can be used most effectively to mitigate the impact of water deficit on potato production in humid climate regions.
Selenium, Iodine, and Supplementary Blue Light Enriched Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.) in Terms of Biochemical Quality, Mineral Uptake, and Trace Elements Accumulation in a Hydroponic System
Authors: Ramezani Sadrollah , Yousefshahi Behnaz , Ramezan Dariush , Zargar Meisam , Pakina Elena , Bayat Maryam
Published: October 2023

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementary blue light, feeding with selenium and iodine can improve the biochemical quality, macro- and micro-elements in the edible parts of fenugreek and, with the accumulation of selenium and iodine in plant tissue, the production of a biofortified crop. For this purpose, the effect of selenium (0, 2, and 4 mg L−1), iodine (0, 2, and 4 mg L−1), and supplementary blue light (no-blue light and blue light treatment) was tested in the form of a three-way factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that supplementary light treatment and feeding with iodine (2 mg L−1) increased the content of phenol, total protein, and vitamin C. The interaction of iodine (4 mg L−1) and blue lighting increased the content of iron and vitamin C. Irrespective of lighting conditions, iodine improved the iodine content. The combination of blue light and 4 mg L−1 selenium increased the nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, and magnesium compared to other treatments. The best conditions for the accumulation of selenium were a combination of blue light and 4 mg L−1 of selenium. Increasing the concentration of feeding with iodine and selenium was beneficial for the accumulation of flavonoids, carbohydrates, protein, and vitamin C. Although the triple effects of feeding with selenium and iodine under blue supplementary light affected some traits, it is difficult to elicit obvious results from them. In general, the application of iodine and selenium (4 mg L−1) under blue light is recommended to achieve the study objectives.
Drone-Related Agrotechnologies for Precise Plant Protection in Western Balkans: Applications, Possibilities, and Legal Framework Limitations
Authors: Ivezić Aleksandar , Trudić Branislav , Stamenković Zoran , Kuzmanović Boris , Perić Sanja , Ivošević Bojana , Buđen Maša , Petrović Kristina
Published: October 2023

Modern agriculture necessitates the use of techniques and tools that pollute the environment less and improve the safety of food and feed production. In the field of plant protection, drones are attracting increasing attention due to their versatility and applicability in a variety of environmental and working conditions. Drone crop spraying techniques offer several advantages, including increased safety and cost effectiveness through autonomous and programmed operations based on specific schedules and routes. One of the main advantages of using drones for plant protection is their ability to monitor large areas of crops in a short amount of time. In addition to crop protection management, using drones for augmentative biocontrol facilitates the distribution of beneficial organisms to the exact locations where they are required, which can increase the effectiveness of biocontrol agents while reducing distribution costs. In this context, given the very limited commercial use of drones in the Western Balkans’ agri-food sector, the use of drones in the agri-food industry is a topic that needs to be elaborated on and highly promoted. Additionally, the specific legal regulations in Serbia that currently limit the use of drones in agriculture must be outlined. Conventional crop production is still significantly more prevalent in Serbia, but given the region’s continuous technological progress, there is no doubt that farmers’ education and future investments in precision agriculture will most likely increase the use of state-of-the-art technologies and drones in agriculture.
Improving Lettuce Fresh Weight Estimation Accuracy through RGB-D Fusion
Authors: Xu Dan , Chen Jingjing , Li Ba , Ma Juncheng
Published: October 2023

Computer vision provides a real-time, non-destructive, and indirect way of horticultural crop yield estimation. Deep learning helps improve horticultural crop yield estimation accuracy. However, the accuracy of current estimation models based on RGB (red, green, blue) images does not meet the standard of a soft sensor. Through enriching more data and improving the RGB estimation model structure of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), this paper increased the coefficient of determination (R2) by 0.0284 and decreased the normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) by 0.0575. After introducing a novel loss function mean squared percentage error (MSPE) that emphasizes the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the MAPE decreased by 7.58%. This paper develops a lettuce fresh weight estimation method through the multi-modal fusion of RGB and depth (RGB-D) images. With the multimodal fusion based on calibrated RGB and depth images, R2 increased by 0.0221, NRMSE decreased by 0.0427, and MAPE decreased by 3.99%. With the novel loss function, MAPE further decreased by 1.27%. A MAPE of 8.47% helps to develop a soft sensor for lettuce fresh weight estimation.
New Source of Rice with a Low Amylose Content and Slow In Vitro Digestion for Improved Health Benefits
Authors: Srinang Pichayaporn , Khotasena Sirimaporn , Sanitchon Jirawat , Chankaew Sompong , Jogloy Sanun , Monkham Tidarat
Published: October 2023

Rice provides 70% of dietary carbohydrates and other essential nutrients. Breeding for consumer preferences and health benefits are the main considerations. Rice with a low amylose content offers a good cooking quality with its soft and sticky texture but fast starch digestibility with a high sugar release. Therefore, to provide health benefits, it is important to identify rice varieties with slow starch digestibility and a low amylose content. A total of 167 indigenous upland rice germplasms were analysed for amylose content (AC) and in vitro starch digestibility. The results showed that 167 upland rice genotypes were mostly low in AC, which was related to a soft and sticky texture during cooking. Based on the glutinous and non-glutinous types, thirteen and nine indigenous upland rice germplasms were selected with a lower AC than RD6 and KDML105 (check varieties). The in vitro starch digestibility and the hydrolysis were different at each time point and different in each variety. In the glutinous group, ULR155, ULR138, ULR308, and ULR241 released less sugar and had slower starch digestibility than RD6. In the non-glutinous group, ULR219 and ULR264 showed lower AC, slower digestion, and lower sugar release than KDML105. The results suggest that six indigenous upland rice varieties will provide a rice source to accommodate consumer preferences while also offering health benefits.
Genome-Wide Identification of 5-HT Receptor Gene Family in Razor Clam Sinonovacula constricta and Their Circadian Rhythm Expression Analysis
Authors: You Qiyi , Li Qijun , Lv Liyuan , Lin Zhihua , Dong Yinghui , Yao Hanhan
Published: October 2023

Serotonin (5-HT) is primarily distributed in the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, where it plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions such as digestion, reproduction and establishing animal emotions. 5-HT is an effective oxytocin widely used in molluscan aquaculture, and its physiological functions are performed by binding to corresponding 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs). In this study, seven 5-HTR genes of Sinonovacula constricta (Sc5-HTRs) were identified and analyzed, and they were designated as Sc5-HT1A, Sc5-HT1D, Sc5-HT2-1, Sc5-HT2-2, Sc5-HT2-3, Sc5-HT4 and Sc5-HT6. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the seven Sc5-HTRs were conserved among mollusks, and the Sc5-HTRs were all transmembrane proteins. The seven Sc5-HTR genes were distributed on chromosome 1, 2, 13 and 14. After injecting 5-HT, there was a significant increase in mRNA expression levels of Sc5-HT1A (p < 0.05) and Sc5-HT2-3 (p < 0.01), while Sc5-HT4 decreased significantly (p < 0.01) compared to control groups which might be effective 5-HT receptors. Furthermore, two of the receptors (Sc5-HT2-3 and Sc5-HT4) were expressed in the circadian rhythm patterns, indicating their potential influence on the nocturnal spawning of S. constricta. Overall, these findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the structures and functions of 5-HTR gene family members, and may facilitate the artificial propagation of mollusks.
Insect Peptide CopA3 Mitigates the Effects of Heat Stress on Porcine Muscle Satellite Cells
Authors: Lee Jeongeun , Belal Shah Ahmed , Lin Xi , Park Jinryong , Shim Kwanseob
Published: October 2023

Heat stress inhibits cell proliferation as well as animal production. Here, we aimed to demonstrate that 9-mer disulfide dimer peptide (CopA3) supplementation stabilizes porcine muscle satellite cell (PMSC) proliferation and heat shock protein (HSP) expression at different temperatures. Therefore, we investigated the beneficial effects of CopA3 on PMSCs at three different temperatures (37, 39, and 41 °C). Based on temperature and CopA3 treatment, PMSCs were divided into six different groups including treatment and control groups for each temperature. Cell viability was highest with 10 µg/mL CopA3 and decreased as the concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner. CopA3 significantly increased the cell viability at all temperatures at 24 and 48 h. It significantly decreased apoptosis compared to that in the untreated groups. In addition, it decreased the apoptosis-related protein, Bcl-2-associated X (BAX), expression at 41 °C. Notably, temperature and CopA3 had no effects on the apoptosis-related protein, caspase 3. Expression levels of HSP40, HSP70, and HSP90 were significantly upregulated, whereas those of HSP47 and HSP60 were not affected by temperature changes. Except HSP90, CopA3 did not cause temperature-dependent changes in protein expression. Therefore, CopA3 promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and maintains stable HSP expression, thereby enhancing the heat-stress-tolerance capacity of PMSCs.
Mutual Avoidance in the Spectacled Salamander and Centipede: A Discrepancy between Exploratory Field and Laboratory Data
Authors: Cerini Francesco , Pardo Claudio , Taurozzi Davide , Gambioli Benedetta , Vignoli Leonardo
Published: October 2023

Interactions between amphibians and arthropods encompass a wide range of ecological relationships, predominantly characterized by predator–prey dynamics, with adult amphibians as the predators. In some instances, the roles are reversed. This study focuses on the potential predator-prey relationship between the spectacled salamander (Salamandrina perspicillata) and the centipede Scolopendra cingulata in Central Italy. Building upon previous research on chemical cue perception in amphibians, we investigated potential olfactory cue-mediated avoidance behaviours exhibited by S. perspicillata towards the potential predator S. cingulata through field observations and manipulative experiments. In a natural site, we estimated the degree of negative co-occurrence between the study species under shelters and found an avoidance pattern between S. perspicillata and S. cingulata in refuges. However, when the study species were forced to choose between sharing or not sharing a given shelter, through a manipulative experiment, the avoidance pattern was not confirmed. Potential determinants contributing to the avoidance pattern observed in nature are discussed. Our exploratory results represent a good example of how what often appears to be a strong observation-based pattern in natural settings needs to be carefully scrutinized. Hypotheses testing through experiments in controlled environments remains a valuable approach to exclude potentially misleading processes.
Manatees in Zoological Parks throughout the World: History, State, and Welfare
Authors: Henaut Yann , Delfour Fabienne
Published: October 2023

The order Sirenia comprises several species of manatees and one species of dugong. These popular marine mammals are relatively recent acquisitions to zoological parks throughout the world. As far as we know, there are less than 200 manatees, mostly American, a few African, and ever less Amazonian, currently in zoological parks. American manatees are predominantly found in zoos in Europe, North America, and in some Asian countries, while African ones are present exclusively in Asian zoos. The living conditions of captive manatees differ considerably from zoo to zoo (i.e., numbers, sex ratio, outdoor vs. indoor habitats, complex vs. simple habitats). Most research on manatee behaviour has been relatively recent, and studies on cognition, sociality, and ecology have a significant impact on our perception of manatee needs and management, with wider implications for their welfare. In the wild, manatees demonstrated various cognitive capacities; spatial memory and learning abilities play an important role in their daily life in a complex and dynamic environment. Furthermore, there is evidence that these mammals are more social animals than expected. Individuals show various personality traits on the boldness–shyness continuum and their sociality varies. All those parameters are important in terms of animal welfare. Several behavioural studies showed that standardized enrichment programs benefit and ensure the welfare of captive zoo animals. However, obtaining accurate information on the presence of manatees in zoos, living conditions, management, and consequently welfare remains challenging. This study examines the current knowledge on manatee behaviour and cognition and then discusses different approaches to improving the welfare of this charismatic marine mammal in zoological parks.
Pre-Treatment with Bromelain Prevents Intestinal Dysbiosis in Pigs with Post-Weaning Diarrhea, without Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli
Authors: Collins Alison , Bowring Bethany
Published: October 2023

Pigs are especially vulnerable to intestinal pathogens and dysbiosis in the first two weeks after weaning. Infection with enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) in combination with poor nutrition and hygiene can lead to diarrhea, poor growth and increased mortality. While neomycin and zinc oxide can prevent post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), their broad-spectrum activity also kills commensal microbiota and can lead to the emergence of heavy metal and antimicrobial resistance. Bromelain prevents attachment of F4 ETEC to intestinal enterocytes by cleaving the host receptor. In controlled environmental facilities, weaned pigs treated with either therapeutic levels of neomycin sulfate, zinc oxide, bromelain or non-treated were monitored for diarrhea, weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, excretion of F4 ETEC, changes to their intestinal microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance in E. coli. The treatment effects were evaluated at weaning, during two weeks of treatment and for three weeks after treatments ceased. Minimal clinical signs of PWD were observed, except in zinc-treated pigs post treatment. Intestinal dysbiosis was observed in response to diarrhea and in pigs treated with both neomycin and zinc. Antimicrobial resistance increased in commensal E. coli isolated from neomycin- and zinc-treated pigs. In contrast, bromelain controlled PWD and prevented intestinal dysbiosis without inducing antimicrobial resistance.
Enhancing Medical Students’ Confidence and Knowledge in Antibiotic Prescription and Administration through Virtual Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Malli Israa Abdullah , Mohamud Mohamud Salaad , Al-Nasser Sami
Published: October 2023

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide health concern that necessitates antibiotic stewardship. Medical students significantly impact future healthcare practices; thus, their trust in antibiotic prescription and administration is crucial. This research aims to assess medical students’ levels of confidence and knowledge in these areas before and after exposure to virtual antibiotic stewardship education. Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted with medical students from King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Participants were enrolled in the WHO-online antibiotic stewardship course. Results: The group’s baseline confidence and background knowledge were reported to be lower than what was offered after introducing the virtual course. The McNemar–Bowker test showed a significant difference in students’ confidence in pre-course and post-course scores (Z = 20, p < 0.002); the matched paired t-test revealed a significant difference in students’ knowledge scores (M = 7.66 verses M = 5.36, Z = 3.54, p = 0.001). In the sample, 70% of the students were unfamiliar with antibiotic stewardship; thus, the analysis revealed a significant difference in their familiarity before and after enrolling in the online course (30 vs. 100, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Medical students experience low confidence in the safe practice of the antibiotic stewardship program. The WHO-online antibiotic stewardship course is considered a valuable resource that can be used in a formative medical curriculum. Thus, educators and the academic curriculum must promote practical strategies to minimize antibiotic stewardship literacy and increase antibiotic prescribing and administration quality. Introducing antibiotic stewardship across the medical curriculum and establishing educational courses are some strategies that can be undertaken to ensure that future doctors are well-educated in the principles and practices of the appropriate use of antibiotic stewardship.
Intracarotid Infusion of Redox-Active Manganese Porphyrin, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+, following Reperfusion Improves Long-Term, 28-Day Post-Stroke Outcomes in Rats
Authors: Li Xuan , Duan Weina , Du Li , Chu Dongmei , Wang Peng , Yang Zhong , Qu Xingguang , Yang Zhenxing , Batinic-Haberle Ines , Spasojevic Ivan , Warner David S. , Crapo James D. , Treggiari Miriam M. , Sheng Huaxin
Published: October 2023

Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy, combined with a tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), is efficacious as a standard care for qualifying ischemic stroke patients. However, > 50% of thrombectomy patients still have poor outcomes. Manganese porphyrins, commonly known as mimics of superoxide dismutases, are potent redox-active catalytic compounds that decrease oxidative/nitrosative stress and in turn decrease inflammatory responses, mitigating therefore the secondary injury of the ischemic brain. This study investigates the effect of intracarotid MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-001) administration on long-term, 28-day post-stroke recovery in a clinically relevant setting. The 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed in young, aged, male, female, and spontaneous hypertension rats. All physiological parameters, including blood pressure, blood gas, glucose, and temperature, were well controlled during ischemia. Either BMX-001 or a vehicle solution was infused through the carotid artery immediately after the removal of filament, mimicking endovascular thrombectomy, and was followed by 7 days of subcutaneous injection. Neurologic deficits and infarct volume were assessed at 28 days in a blinded manner. The effects of BMX-001 on the carotid arterial wall and blood–brain barrier permeability and its interaction with t-PA were assessed in normal rats. There were no intra-group differences in physiological variables. BMX-001-treated stroke rats regained body weight earlier, performed better in behavioral tests, and had smaller brain infarct size compared to the vehicle-treated group. No vascular wall damage and blood–brain barrier permeability changes were detected after the BMX-001 infusion. There was no drug interaction between BMX-001 and t-PA. Intracarotid BMX-001 infusion was safe, and it significantly improved stroke outcomes in rats. These findings indicate that BMX-001 is a candidate drug as an adjunct treatment for thrombectomy procedure to further improve the neurologic outcomes of thrombectomy patients. This study warrants further clinical investigation of BMX-001 as a new stroke therapy.
Association between Plasmodium Infection and Nitric Oxide Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kotepui Kwuntida Uthaisar , Mahittikorn Aongart , Wilairatana Polrat , Masangkay Frederick Ramirez , Kotepui Manas
Published: October 2023

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the pathology of malaria. This systematic review and meta-analysis describe the association between NO levels and malaria. Embase, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies evaluating NO levels in malaria patients and uninfected controls. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to discern differences in NO levels between the groups. Of the 4517 records identified, 21 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The findings illustrated significant disparities in NO levels based on geographic location and study time frames. Despite the fluctuations, such as higher NO levels in adults compared to children, no significant differences in mean NO levels between patients and uninfected controls (p = 0.25, Hedge’s g: 0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.25–0.96, I2: 97.39%) or between severe and non-severe malaria cases (p = 0.09, Hedge’s g: 0.71, 95% CI: −0.11–1.54, I2: 96.07%) were detected. The systematic review and meta-analysis highlighted inconsistencies in NO levels in malaria patients. Given the high heterogeneity of the results, further studies using standardized metrics for NO measurements and focusing on biochemical pathways dictating NO responses in malaria are imperative to understand the association between NO and malaria.
Development of an IoT-Based SCADA System for Monitoring of Plant Leaf Temperature and Air and Soil Parameters
Authors: Soetedjo Aryuanto , Hendriarianti Evy
Published: October 2023

Plant leaf temperature and its environmental parameters provide valuable information on plant growth. This paper presents the development of a plant monitoring system using an IoT-based SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). The developed SCADA system monitors the leaf temperature and the air parameters of temperature and humidity, as well as the soil parameters of temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. A novel method is proposed for measuring the leaf temperature using a low-cost 8 × 8 array thermal camera. The sensor systems in the field are developed to wirelessly communicate with the Hawell IoT Cloud HMI via a Modbus TCP protocol. To visualize the thermal image on the HMI dashboard, a novel approach is proposed wherein the data are transferred using the Modbus TCP protocol. The HMI is connected to a cloud server and can be accessed by the users using the web browser or mobile application on a smartphone. The experimental results show that the proposed hardware, software, and communication protocol are reliable for real-time and continuous plant monitoring. Further, the evaluation of sensor data shows that the data from the thermal camera and air parameters sensor can be independently interpreted. However, the data from the soil sensor should be interpreted in consideration of the other parameters.