bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Effective Lung Cancer Diagnosis Model Using the CNN Algorithm
Authors: Kukreja Sonia , Sabharwal Munish
Published: July 2024

The disease known as lung cancer is a serious condition that may be deadly if it is not diagnosed at an early stage. The diagnosis of lung cancer has to be improved, and there is a need for a cost-effective and user-friendly system that leverages state-of-the-art data science technology. This would help simplify operations, save time and money, and improve diagnosis. This research suggests the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for the purpose of categorizing three unique histopathological pictures, namely benign, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to apply the CNN model to properly classify these three kinds of cancers and to compare the accuracy of the CNN model to the accuracy of other techniques that have been employed in investigations that are comparable to this one. The CNN model was not used in any of the preceding research for the purpose of categorizing these particular histopathological pictures; hence, the relevance of this work cannot be overstated. It is possible to get more positive treatment results by correctly classifying malignant tumors as early as possible. In training, the CNN model obtained an accuracy of 96.11%, and in validation, it earned an accuracy of 97.2%. The suggested method has the potential to improve lung cancer diagnosis in patients by classifying them into subgroups according to the symptoms they exhibit. This approach to machine learning, which makes use of the random forest technique, has the potential to reduce the amount of time, resources, and labor required. Utilizing the CNN model to categorize histopathological pictures may, ultimately, improve the diagnostic accuracy of lung cancer and save lives by allowing early disease identification.
A Novel Approach to Heart Disease Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: Sathyavathy V.
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION: Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, necessitating the development of accurate and efficient prediction models
OBJECTIVES: To research new models for heart disease prediction
METHODS: This paper presents a novel approach for predicting heart disease using advanced artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms
RESULTS By leveraging patient data and integrating various AI models, this approach aims to enhance prediction accuracy and support early diagnosis and intervention
CONCLUSION: This study presents a novel AI-based approach for heart disease prediction, demonstrating the efficacy of ML and DL models in improving diagnostic accuracy
Comparative Analysis of Bitcoin Mining Machines and Their Global Environmental Impact
Authors: Mcnally Kevin , Kolivand Hoshang
Published: July 2024

The amount of power required to mine one Bitcoin (BTC) can vary significantly depending on several factors, including the type of mining hardware being used, its efficiency, the cost of electricity, and the overall network difficulty at any given time. Mining BTC involves solving complex mathematical problems to validate transactions on the blockchain network, which requires significant computational power. This research paper focuses on dedicated mining machines, combining essential data and information into a singular comparison evaluation of these machines.
El desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa en el marco de los ODS. Un estudio de caso en un programa bilingüe del Grado de Educación Primaria
Authors: Manchado Nieto Cristina , Delicado Puerto Gemma , Alonso Díaz Laura
Published: July 2024

La universidad, como soporte para la Agenda 2030, ha de caminar a la vanguardia de las últimas tendencias pedagógicas, entre las que se encuentra el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa de los futuros profesionales de la educación como parte esencial en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Esta investigación aborda esta temática desde un estudio de caso cualitativo en el programa bilingüe del Grado de Educación Primaria de la Universidad de Extremadura (UEx). Partiendo de la teoría fundamentada, se utilizaron grupos de discusión con profesorado, estudiantado y docentes de centros educativos extremeños. Tras un análisis con codificación abierta, axial y selectiva, la interpretación de los resultados indica que el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa se relaciona directamente con el 4º ODS. En el contexto del programa bilingüe analizado, promueve el desarrollo de una educación inclusiva, equitativa, sostenible y transversal, especialmente cuando se combinan diferentes lenguas.
A height gap in $\mathrm{GL}_{d}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}})$ and almost laws
Authors: Chen Lvzhou , Hurtado Sebastian , Lee Homin
Published: July 2024

E. Breuillard showed that finite subsets

F

of matrices in

\mathrm{GL}_d(\overline{\mathbb{Q}})

generating non-virtually solvable groups have normalized height

\hat{h}(F)\ge\varepsilon_d

, for some positive

\varepsilon_{d}>0

. The normalized height

\hat{h}(F)

is a measure of the arithmetic size of

F

and this result can be thought of as a non-abelian analog of Lehmer’s Mahler measure problem. We give a new shorter proof of this result. Our key idea relies on the existence of particular word maps in compact Lie groups (known as almost laws) whose image lies close to the identity element.
Improving Coordination to Strengthen Operationalization of Malaria Surveillance and Routine Data Quality: Landscape Analysis of Current Surveillance-Related Initiatives
Authors: Kayaalpli Selgün , Edwards Hannah Margaret , Stratil Ann-Sophie , Smith Julianna , Ndiop Médoune , Candrinho Balthazar , Roca-Feltrer Arantxa
Published: July 2024

Improving the visibility and global coordination of malaria surveillance and data quality improvement initiatives is required to optimize sharing of best practices, tools, and approaches and to promote efficient, effective, and equitable distribution of resources. With these aims in mind, Rollback Malaria’s Surveillance, Monitoring and Evaluation Working Group established the Surveillance Practice and Data Quality Committee in May 2021. As a priority initiative, the committee conducted a landscape analysis of implementing partners’ (IPs’) malaria surveillance–related projects. A questionnaire that included questions on current project objectives, activities, geographic scope, and lessons learned was distributed among committee members and other IPs. Three years since its inception, information has been submitted regarding 49 projects by 25 IPs and funded by 17 donors. To present and share the landscaping results, an interactive dashboard was published to the Rollback Malaria’s Global Malaria Dashboard website (endmalaria.org) in March 2021. It is the first time that multiple stakeholders have shared such information regarding surveillance projects.
Features of Consistent Powassan Virus Lineage II Focus in Southern Maine, United States
Authors: Baxter Lindsay , Lubelczyk Charles , Harrington Laura C. , Angelico Jake , Meagher Molly C. , Smith Robert P. , Robich Rebecca M.
Published: July 2024

Powassan virus lineage II or deer tick virus (DTV) is a rare but increasingly reported human infection in the United States transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks. The virus is thought to be maintained in environmental foci that are optimal for tick and vertebrate reservoirs, but details on DTV ecology are poorly understood. We investigated DTV tick infection rates and reservoir host abundance in a focus of consistent DTV activity in Maine, USA. Host and tick abundance, vegetation, and microclimate conditions were measured in three forest sites representing increasing invasive understory infestation. Sites were selected representing native understory, mixed vegetation with some invasive Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), and a highly invasive site dominated by Japanese barberry. Japanese barberry in the mixed vegetation site averaged 1 m in height with space between plants, whereas the highly invasive site had impenetrable Japanese barberry over 1.5 m. The DTV infection rate was greater in the highly invasive site. Density of I. scapularis ticks were significantly lower in the native forest site, and no DTV was found. Another feature of the DTV focus was more stable humid microclimate throughout the year compared with the other sites and a nearby continuous section of forest, consistent with reports from Connecticut, USA. We conclude that invasive Japanese barberry stands provide favorable and consistent microclimate conditions to maintain high DTV infection rates annually among questing I. scapularis ticks. Understanding environmental and landscape features that support high infection rates could lead to the identification of high-risk habitats for contracting DTV.
A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW ON TRIPHALADI KWATHA – AN AYURVE-DIC FORMULATION FOR STOMATITIS
Authors: Thapliyal Divya , Sharma Usha , Mitra Shuchi , Chand Sharma Khem
Published: July 2024

Dental hygiene is crucial to overall health. The inflammation of the mucous membranes of lips, mouth and cheeks is known as Mukhapaka (stomatitis). It is a universal health issue that almost everyone faces. Although it is an inconsequential fact, it restricts day-to-day activities. Stomatitis has an overall prevalence rate of 18.93% in India, with most patients ranging between the age of 20 to 30. Traditional medical systems are considered to be safer in terms of receiving treatment. In classical texts, numerous formulations exist for oral diseases like Laghukhadiradi vati, Irimedadi taila, Kamadudha Rasa, Jatyadi kwatha, etc. Triphaladi Kwatha is one of the polyherbal formulation comprised of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.), Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellerica Roxb.), Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Jatipatra (Jasminum officinale Linn.), Patha (Cissampelos parei-ra Linn.) & Mridvika (Vitis vinifera Linn.). Each of the aforesaid drugs has Antibacterial, Antifungal, and ulcer healing properties to confront stomatitis. In contrast, Triphala possesses various bioactive substances, i.e. flavo-noids, saponins, anthraquinones & amino acids, that promote the maintenance and encouragement of good oral hygiene by exerting a cleansing activity and strengthening the defence mechanism in the oral cavity. Patha shows anti-ulcer properties due to the presence of flavonoids, i.e., Qurectein. At the same time, Phenolic com-pounds in Mridvika, i.e. resveratrol, exhibit potent antifungal activity against the human pathogenic fungi Can-dida albicans.
İnternet Bağımlılığının Akran İlişkilerine Etkisi
Authors: BAT TONKUŞ Merve , ÜNAL HACIOSMANOĞLU Şevval , KÖSE Sefa
Published: July 2024

AMAÇ: Bu çalışma İnternet bağımlılığının akran ilişkileri
üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
YÖNTEMLER: Araştırmanın örneklemini İstanbul’da bir
vakıf üniversitesinin hemşirelik bölümünde öğrenim gören
227 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veriler çevrimiçi platformlarda
toplanmıştır. Araştırmada Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Young İnternet
Bağımlılığı Testi- Kısa Formu ve Akran İlişkileri Ölçeği
kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 25 istatistik programı
ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda veriler normal dağılıma
uygun bulunmuştur. Gruplar arasındaki farklılığın tespitinde
Bağımsız Örneklem T Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi
kullanılmıştır. Ölçeklerin arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesinde
Pearson Korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır.
SONUÇLAR: Yapılan analizler sonucunda katılımcıların
Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi- Kısa Formu ölçeğinden
elde edilen puan ortalamasının orta düzeyde olduğu (
=30,72±S.S.=10,54), Akran İlişkileri Ölçeği’nin puan ortalamasının
ise oldukça yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir (
=64,00±S.S.=16,15). Akran İlişkileri ile cinsiyet, aile tipi, sınıf,
sosyoekonomik düzey, internette zaman geçirirken en sık
kullanılan uygulama ve internet kullanım amacı değişkenleri
arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmamışken
(p>0,05) yaş ve en sık internet kullanım aracı değişkenleriyle
istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0,05).
TARTIŞMA: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin internette geçirdikleri
süreyi azaltmak ve sağlıklı sosyal ilişkiler geliştirmelerine
yardımcı olmak için gerekli stratejiler ve müdahale
yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi ile öğrencilerin internet bağımlılığına
yönelik farkındalık, önleme müdahalelerinin artırılması
ve kişilerarası iletişim becerilerinin geliştirilmesine
yönelik stratejiler planlanması önerilir.
The Impact of Tunneling Incentive Bonus Mechanism and Debt Covenant on Transfer Pricing
Authors: Aliyah Siti , Fatmala Indriani Riska
Published: July 2024

Transfer pricing decisions are influenced by several factors, one of which is tunneling incentives. This study aims to determine the influence of Tunneling Incentives, Bonus Mechanisms, and Debt Covenants on Transfer Pricing. This study analyzes manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. In this study, the input data comes from the company's annual report which is a research sample starting from 2018-2021 with criteria so that a total sample of 15 companies is obtained. Furthermore, the input data will be processed according to quantitative methods. The data analysis technique uses descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression tests and hypothesis testing. The results of this study show that the following variables: (1) Tunneling Incentive have a negative and significant influence on Transfer Pricing; (2) The Bonus Mechanism has a negative and significant effect on Transfer Pricing; (3) The Debt Covenant has a positive and significant effect on Transfer Pricing. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that the Tunneling Incentive has a negative and significant influence on Transfer Pricing, which means that the higher the tunneling incentive, the lower the transfer pricing carried out by the company.
Peran Guru dalam Membangun Kemandirian Anak Melalui Model Pembelajaran Moving Class pada Usia Taman Kanak-Kanak
Authors: Daffa Rabbani Tarish , Poek Xin Pei Aurellya Sinanta , Dariyo Agoes
Published: July 2024

Tingkat kemandirian anak pada usia taman kanak-kanak merupakan hal yang penting dalam pendidikan. Hal ini juga akan melibatkan peran guru selama di sekolah untuk membantu anak-anak dalam mengembangkan kemandirian mereka. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran seorang guru untuk membantu membangun dan meningkatkan tingkat kemandirian anak di sekolah. Teknik pengambilan data dengan metode kualitatif. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru berperan dalam pembentukan perilaku kemandirian anak melalui sistem pembelajaran moving class dengan melakukan pembiasaan dan mencontohkan sikap teladan kepada peserta didik. Melalui berbagai pendekatan yang sesuai dengan anak, guru dapat membimbing anak-anak selama di sekolah dalam mengembangkan keterampilan sosial, emosional, serta kognitif yang diperlukan untuk menjadi individu yang mandiri. Maka dari itu, peran seorang guru terhadap kemandirian anak memiliki dampak yang besar dan berpengaruh dengan masa depan mereka.
Diagnóstico e tratamento da síndrome de nutcracker: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Kosinski Carolina Galão , Pinheiro Marcus Vitor Rios Pinto , Pinto Késsia Gomes , Mondini Felipe Barbosa
Published: July 2024

A síndrome do quebra-nozes (SQN) ocorre devido à compressão extrínseca da veia renal esquerda entre a aorta e a artéria mesentérica superior. Esta síndrome apresenta diagnóstico difícil, muitas vezes atrasado e somente depois de se descartarem outras causas de hematúria e dor em flanco. Sugere-se a utilização de cistoscopia, ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e venografia renal para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico. Entre os critérios diagnósticos da síndrome do quebra-nozes, têm-se: existência de um gradiente venoso entre a veia renal esquerda e a veia cava inferior ≥ 3 mmHg; aumento de cinco vezes na velocidade máxima do fluxo na veia renal esquerda na passagem pela artéria mesentérica superior em relação ao hilo renal; angiotomografia ou angiorresonância com ângulo entre a aorta e a artéria mesentérica superior inferior a 45º. O tratamento varia desde conduta conservadora para pacientes jovens e assintomáticos até intervenções cirúrgicas abertas, inserção de stents e embolização da veia gonadal esquerda para casos graves e refratários. Esta revisão tem como objetivo analisar o diagnóstico e tratamento da SQN através de uma revisão da literatura e estudo de 13 casos.
The Effect of Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) Addition against Water Absorption and Compressive Strength in Bricks
Authors: Ridha Abdi
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the impact of Sodium Silicate (Na₂SiO₃) addition on the water absorption and compressive strength of bricks, aiming to enhance understanding of material properties in construction. Sodium Silicate was incorporated into the brick mix at concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of cement, with a mix ratio of 1:7 (cement). The compressive strength and water absorption tests were conducted after a 28-day curing period, following the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) procedure 03-0349-1989. The results indicate that increasing Sodium Silicate concentration led to a decrease in compressive strength, with values of 45.62 MPa, 50.27 MPa, and 59.03 MPa observed at 10%, 20%, and 30% addition levels, respectively, compared to the control (standard bricks). Conversely, water absorption increased by 0.79%, 1.47%, and 2.31% at these respective concentrations. The observed reduction in compressive strength is attributed to the gel-like and adhesive properties of Sodium Silicate, which potentially hinder uniform water distribution within the brick matrix, thereby affecting the overall material performance. These findings suggest that while Sodium Silicate can enhance water resistance in bricks, its use at higher concentrations may compromise structural integrity. Further research is recommended to optimize the concentration of Sodium Silicate for balanced mechanical properties and durability in brick production.
Sentiment Analysis of Bali Calendar Application Reviews using K-Nearest Neighbour
Authors: Kumalasanti Rosaliaarum , Dina Aprilianti Ni Made
Published: July 2024

This study evaluates user sentiment towards the Bali Calendar application, analysing both positive feedback and negative critiques. The research employs the K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) algorithm to classify sentiments as either positive or negative, aiming to assess overall public satisfaction with the app. To improve classification performance, the Tomek Links technique is applied in conjunction with KNN. The study categorizes data into pre- and post-COVID periods to address the observed increase in negative reviews following app updates during the pandemic. In the pre-COVID phase, KNN achieved accuracy rates of 93.7% and 94.3% with and without Tomek Links, respectively, using parameter values K=5 and K=3. In the post-COVID period, accuracy rates were 86.0% and 87.2% with and without Tomek Links, respectively, using parameter K=9. The application of Tomek Links resulted in a notable accuracy improvement of 1.2% in the post-COVID data compared to a 0.6% increase in the pre-COVID data. This finding highlights the significant role of Tomek Links in enhancing KNN accuracy, particularly when dealing with unbalanced datasets. The study demonstrates that while KNN performs robustly, Tomek Links can provide a substantial boost in classification accuracy, especially in scenarios with skewed data distributions.
Sustainable Vertical Housing Based on Social and Cultural Activities
Authors: Tisnawati Endah , Suparno Suparno , Ulya Nur Rahmah Ellyanando Adinda
Published: July 2024

The development of vertical housing is currently a response to the problem of population increase. People with low incomes (MBR) who have a range of restrictions, from knowledge gaps to financial difficulties, are typically the ones who live in vertical housing in developing nations like Indonesia. Due to misunderstandings about residents' social and cultural behavior and activities addressing the culture of living in multi-story residences, there are many issues with vertical housing these days, particularly those pertaining to disorganization and improper use of space. The careless use of hallways, which leaves them cluttered with trash, clotheslines, and the possessions of residents, is one issue that frequently arises. This study will outline the issues with vertical housing in Bandung City and provide examples of well-designed housing in the past. The study aims to offer best practices for bridging the gap between the existing conditions and the vertical housing usage pattern. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the findings will lead to both intelligent spatial utilization and sustainable architectural design solutions.
Assessment of Germination and Seedling Development Factors of Soybean Cultivars in Different Salinity Levels
Authors: Üstün Rüstem , Amjid Muhammad
Published: July 2024

Salinity poses a significant abiotic stress factor that exerts detrimental effects on plant growth during germination and early seedling stages. The global prevalence of high salt concentration has transformed salinity into a serious problem, impacting vast expanses of land worldwide. This experiment aims to examine the effects of various concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), including 200 mM, 150 mM, 100 mM, and 50 mM, on the seed development at early stage and germination of different cultivars of soybean to determine the variety with the highest value of tolerance, while exploring the underlying mechanisms responsible for salt tolerance in these plants. The parameters considered for measurement included relative injury rate, mean germination time, germination percentage, water uptake percentage, seedling height reduction, seedling biomass, and salt tolerance. Among these parameters, seedling height was highly affected with up to 72.58% reduction in 200 mM, followed by fresh weight and water uptake percentage. The parameters with minimum changes from 0 mM to 200 mM were mean germination time and relative injury rate. By assessing these parameters, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of salinity on soybean genotypes can be obtained. In conclusion, the study suggests that seedling traits are a reliable way to identify genotypes with increased tolerance to salinity stress by farmers according to the salinity situation in their soils.
Development of Android-Based Learning Media in Film Production Management Subjects at SMK Negeri 4 Padang
Authors: Pratama M.Adil ,   Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat, Mulyono Heri , Rini Faiza , Pratama Ade , Novita Rini ,   Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat,   Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat,   Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat,   Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat
Published: July 2024

The learning process for film production management at SMK Negeri 4 Padang is not optimal, this is due to several problems, namely the availability of learning media only in the form of printed books that students borrow from the school library. This causes students to lack understanding of the learning material and are less motivated to study and causes students' grades to be low according to the data obtained that the students' KKM score is only 42.85%. The aim of this research is to develop valid and practical film production management learning media. The research method used in this research is development research (R&D) with the ADDIE model which consists of 5 stages, namely analysis, development, design, implementation and evaluation at each stage. This research involved 35 class XI Broadcasting students who took part in film production management lessons. The results of this research are in the form of Android-based learning software which can be used as a complement to the learning process, especially in film production management subjects. This product has been tested for its validity level by several material experts and learning media experts and an average validity value of 86.07% was obtained. And the practicality test results from users, namely teachers and students, obtained an average practicality value of 85.02%.
The Contribution of Teacher Mobilizers in Improving the Quality of Primary School Exam Results in 2023 in Language and Mathematics in Banten Province
Authors: M. Pd Prof. Dr. Sudadio, ,   .., Dahlia Ida , Puspito Rini Puput , Suherman Agus , Firmansyah Yudi ,   ..,   ..,   ..,   ..
Published: July 2024

This study aims to analyze the contribution of teacher movers in improving the quality of primary school exam results in 2023 in Language and Mathematics subjects in Banten Province. The type of research used is quantitative research with a descriptive approach. The object of this research was elementary schools in Banten Province that took the exam in Language and Mathematics subjects in 2023, totaling 13. The research subjects were principals and students—data collection techniques with questionnaires and documentation. The analysis technique used was simple regression analysis and correlation. The results showed that 1) Lead teachers have a significant contribution in improving the quality of primary school exam results in Language and Mathematics subjects in Banten Province, and 2) Lead teachers directly influence students' performance in examinations, both in Language and Mathematics subjects.
Mental toughness: are there differences between athletes and non-athletes, education levels, and gender?
Authors: Putra Miftah Fariz Prima , Sutoro Sutoro , Wanena Tery , Kurdi Kurdi , Wandik Yos , Dike Ivon Marlin , Mulait Carles , Pattinussa Marsya Venesa , Pahabol Nomia , Womsiwor Daniel
Published: July 2024

Mental toughness is believed to be a construct that contributes greatly to a person's success, both in sports and non-sports contexts. However, there are not many studies that examine differences in mental toughness based on athletes and non-athletes, education level, and gender. Therefore, this study aims to examine differences in mental toughness based on athletes and non-athletes, education level, and gender. A total of 244 people were involved in this study with an average age of 18.36 ± 2.17 years. Data were analyzed descriptively and using one-way ANOVA. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in mental toughness based on athletes and non-athletes (F = 10.865; p ≤ .01), education level (F = 9.816; p ≤ .01), and gender (F = 12.500; p ≤ .01). Research subjects such as athletes, students and men had higher average mental toughness scores than non-athletes, students, and women. In other words, athletes, students, and male subjects relatively have better mental toughness so they are less susceptible to experiencing excessive psychological disorders such as stress and depression.
Keywords: sports psychology, mental toughness, athletes and non-athletes, students
Analysis of Collatz Conjecture Rules
Authors: Hahn Kirk O.
Published: July 2024

Abstract

A proof of the Collatz Conjecture is presented. Changing the perspective of the problem from looking at the pattern of the positive integers to looking at the conjecture rules made the proof possible. The conjecture rule for even numbers organizes all positive integers into unique sets and the rule for odd numbers interconnects the unique sets into dendritic pathways to “1.” Infinite loops, other than the minor 4-2-1 loop after reaching “1,” and values continually increasing to infinity are shown to be mathematically impossible. The proof predicted a general equation that shows all positive integers reach a final value of “1," and calculates the values and locations of the odd positive integers during the iterations for each tested positive integer.

JEL classification numbers: CO2; C65.
Keywords: Collatz Conjecture, Proof, Rules, Dendritic pathway.
The cost of care in maxillofacial fractures treatment in relation to the type of fixation and length of stay at a tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan: a retrospective chart review
Authors: Humayun Kaleem Siddiqui  , Ghauri Kanza , Khan Farhan Raza
Published: July 2024

In addition to the clinical burden of trauma, the financial burden is an important aspect of care globally, especially for patients in low- and middle-income countries. The current retrospective review was done of data from January 2015 to December 2020 related to patients of oral maxillofacial trauma management in a tertiary care setting. Analysis of variance was used to determine the mean difference in the cost incurred depending upon the type of trauma and the number of bone plates used in fracture management. Pearson correlation was applied to explore any correlation involving patient age, aetiology and type of fracture, number of bone plates employed and the length of stay in the hospital. No statistically significant differences were noted in the cost among the different groups.
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The ocular crisis: Conjunctivitis in Karachi
Authors: Muhammad Farhan  , Sadia Tahir  , Faiza Ahsan
Published: July 2024

Dear Editor,
Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as Pink Eye, is an eye condition characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, leading to a pink or red discoloration due to dilated conjunctival blood vessels. It can progress to hyperemia and swelling with varying discharges. The condition is caused by two main types of agents: viruses and bacteria, termed infective conjunctivitis. Non-infective conjunctivitis is caused by factors such as allergens, toxins, inflammation from immune-related diseases, and neoplastic processes [1].
The best way to diagnose conjunctivitis in a patient is by taking a focused ocular history, followed by a penlight eye examination [1]. There are distinct signs of both viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, on the basis of which a diagnosis is made. A viral conjunctivitis patient typically experiences mild or no pain, redness in the eye, occasional gritty discomfort with mild itching, watery to serous discharge, and usually, the inflammation affects one eye. Bacterial conjunctivitis is characterized by mild to moderate pain, stinging in the eye, a red eye, mucopurulent discharge, and both eyes are usually affected, with the eyes sticking together. Allergic conjunctivitis, whether infective or not, presents with painless tearing, intense eye itching, redness, watery discharge (sometimes stringy), and typically affects both eyes [2].
The main mode of transmission for viral conjunctivitis is through contact with an infected person. This include contaminated fingers, unsterilized medical equipment, infected swimming pool water, or personal items of a conjunctivitis patient. Bacterial conjunctivitis can be acquired much the same way, through contact with an infected individual [1].
Infective conjunctivitis lacks a definitive treatment, but symptomatic relief can be achieved with topical antihistamines, artificial tears, and cold compresses. Topical antibiotics work effectively for bacterial conjunctivitis cases. Non-infective conjunctivitis can be treated with topical decongestants, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids [1].
Infective conjunctivitis is highly contagious. To prevent its spread, practice frequent hand hygiene, disinfect medical equipment, and isolate infected individuals. Patients with bacterial conjunctivitis should avoid cross-contamination. Healthcare professionals, particularly ophthalmologists, should take precautions. Maintaining proper hygiene, including hand and surface disinfection, is crucial to reducing the disease's burden [3].
Age, sex, and seasonal variations all impact the occurrence of pink eye, which varies among groups [4]. Approximately 15–40% of episodes of pink eye occur due to allergic conjunctivitis during the summer and spring. Simultaneously, most bacterial conjunctivitis occurrences occur between December and April [1,4].
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Kepuasan Sebagai Moderasi Pengaruh Citra Merek, Kepercayaan, dan Komitmen Terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan Aplikasi Transportasi Online
Authors: Kartika Sari  , Asyaroh Ramadona Nilawati
Published: July 2024

The increasing business competition that exists requires business people to be more creative and innovative in creating new businesses and competitiveness, especially in the transportation business. Where today's people need transportation that is fast, safe, comfortable and easy to find. This research aims to determine the influence of satisfaction as a moderating influence of brand image, trust and commitment on customer loyalty of online transportation applications. The current analysis uses a quantitative approach. The results of this research have found that brand image, trust and commitment influence customer loyalty in online transportation applications. Satisfaction as moderation is able to moderate trust in customer loyalty of online transportation applications. However, satisfaction was not able to moderate brand image and commitment to customer loyalty of online transportation applications in this research.
Pengembangan Produk Menggunakan Pendekatan New Product Development di PT. LMN Purwakarta
Authors: Nurfadillah Rizki , Iskandar Hendi , Idul Fata Afif Fawa
Published: July 2024

In this study, it will focus on product development where the products that are currently produced, one of which is mustard greens, so because this mustard greens product is in the maturity phase or the peak of the increase, which will automatically if this product continues to be produced, it will decrease.research and development is the method used to conduct this research. In the processing of RND data, various processes in the RND method have been calculated according to the data generated from the questionnaire. For the results that have been determined using the RND method, the value generated from the method is that consumers prefer vegetables that are a new variant of PT LMN. After the sampling, market research conditions related to vegetables that are used as the basis for the questionnaire People want vegetables that have affordable prices with the development of vegetables that have a variety at PT LMN. The steps of HOQ to determine new products at PT LMN are to find the values generated from the questionnaire data that has been distributed and processed using the formulas in the HOQ process. After calculating the HOQ, a new product was produced that would be a variation of PT LMN's product, namely kailan vegetables.
Strengthening The Halal Value Chain as A Strategy To Make Indonesia the Center of The Sharia Economy in The World
Authors: Natsir Imron , Utami Eva Yuniarti , Laksono Muflih Adi , Indriastiningsih Erna , Munizu Musran
Published: July 2024

This research is qualitative research with an exploratory approach. The data used in this research is secondary data that researchers obtained from books, scientific articles and other sources commonly used in every research. The data is collected first, then selected which ones best suit the theme of this article, and finally the data is analyzed and conclusions are drawn. The result in this article show the Halal Value Chain can be effective and become its own strength if implemented in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia due to two things, namely first, Indonesia is the country with the first largest Muslim population in the world. Second, Indonesia has a lot of potential, especially in the food sector. Indonesia has 15 types of the most delicious food in the world which are of course halal.
Dressing the Empire: Clothing, Identity, and Social Control in the Ottoman Millet System
Authors: Özdil Mehmet Ada
Published: July 2024

This article explores the intricate relationship between the millet system and dressing within the Ottoman Empire, emphasizing how attire served as a potent symbol of communal identity and religious affiliation intertwined with the socio-political fabric of society. By analyzing historical texts, images, and clothing artifacts, the study illustrates how the Ottoman administration employed dressing as a cultural identity marker and a means of religious and social control. The Empire managed its diverse population through the millet system by allowing religious communities, or millets, significant autonomy within a structured governance framework. Dressing styles within these millets were not merely functional or aesthetic choices but were imbued with deep symbolic meanings that reflected the complex interplay of identity, status, and religious adherence. Each community’s distinctive attire helped reinforce social boundaries and foster a sense of belonging and collective identity among its members. The research highlights significant transitions in the traditional dress codes influenced by political reforms, such as the Tanzimat’s push towards modernization and secularization, which gradually shifted public expressions of identity. This shift was marked by a tension between preserving traditional attire and adopting more homogenized, secular dress styles, reflecting broader socio-political changes within the Empire. In conclusion, the article provides insights into how dressing transcended mere personal adornment to act as a crucial medium through which communal identities were negotiated, expressed, and maintained within the Ottoman public sphere. This examination enriches the historical understanding of the Ottoman millet system and contributes to broader discussions on fashion, religion, and identity formation.
Content Analysis of Textbooks via Natural Language Processing
Authors: Esfahani Mahshad Nasr
Published: July 2024

Purpose:  Advanced methods from the field of data science have the potential to shed fresh light on basic concerns in the field of educational research. Natural language processing tools, such as lexicons, word embeddings, and topic models, are used in 15 United States history textbooks that were extensively used in Texas between the years 2015 and 2017.
Material and Methods: This study aims to analyze these textbooks for their portrayal of historically oppressed populations. Latinx individuals are rarely mentioned, but renowned white men are almost always mentioned. People of African descent are characterized as behaving in ways that imply helplessness and lack of control, according to lexical methods. Women are most often addressed in the contexts of the home and the workplace, according to the word embeddings. Issues of a political rather than a social nature are highlighted by subject modeling.
Findings: We also found that textbooks with a smaller representation of women and people of African heritage are more often purchased by conservative nations.
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Our computational toolkit has a rich history of textbook analysis and has recently been distributed as part of our efforts to support new fields of study.
Impact of curdlan on quality and sensory attributes of canned dodol made from glutinous rice flour
Authors: Yeoh Shin Yong , Pua Yue , Tan Thuan Chew , Seow Eng Keng , Mat Easa Azhar
Published: July 2024

The effects of curdlan concentrations (0, 3, 5, and 7%) on the physical, textural, and sensorial properties of canned dodol (Candol) were investigated. The incorporation of curdlan in canned dodol significantly influenced several attributes of the product, including pH, total soluble solids (TSS), water activity (aw), moisture content, colour, texture, and microstructure. Curdlan decreased pH level and increased TSS level, while decreasing the moisture content and aw in certain samples. It also impacted the texture of dodol, with one sample (Candol-5) showing a texture similar to commercially available dodol. Additionally, microstructural differences were observed, with Candol-5 exhibiting the smallest pores and a more compact gel structure. Sensory panellists preferred the texture of Candol-5 over Candol-0, and its sensory rating was more similar to that of the commercial dodol, with no significant differences observed. In summary, curdlan could be a beneficial ingredient for improving the quality and acceptability of canned dodol, offering valuable insights for the development of innovative dodol products in the future.
Effect of commercial lipase incorporation on technological properties of bread
Authors: Santos Annanda Carvalho dos , Morais Romulo Alves , Martins Glendara Aparecida de Souza , Carvalho Elisângela Elena Nunes , Souza Adriana Régia Marques de , Miguel Keyla de Oliveira Ribeiro , Damiani Clarissa
Published: July 2024

Additives are used to improve bread quality; for this reason, lipase stands out, as it simulates the effect of emulsifiers. The present work aimed to verify the effect of commercial lipase addition on the physical and technological characteristics of the bread. The first stage used 33 factorial design namely three enzymes, five concentrations, and three fermentation times. The second stage used 23 factorial design, and stored over 28 days, with two formulations (control and with enzyme) and three storage temperatures. The PCA identified the variables with the most significance in PC1: specific volume, volume, and variables related to texture and expansion. In the second stage (shelf life), the PCA revealed that the bread samples with enzymes in the formulation differed from the control samples. Based on the circle of correlations, enzyme samples were distinguished by lower chewiness, gumminess, and hardness. Microscopic analysis showed that the starch molecules were more uniform in the first 14 days. However, the starch molecules lost their conformational structure afterwards. Therefore, the incorporation of lipase improved the bread’s technological parameters such as volume, texture, and structure.
Malaysian fermented shrimp paste (belacan): A source of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Hj. Yaacob Ilyanie , Huda-Faujan Nur , Md Yasin Ida Muryany
Published: July 2024

In the present work, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Malaysian fermented shrimp paste, locally known as belacan, were screened for their probiotic potential. Seventeen isolates were characterised after a preliminary subtractive screening based on morphology (catalase-negative and Gram-positive cocci/bacilli). The isolates were evaluated based on their tolerance towards the gastrointestinal environment, haemolytic properties, antagonism effect against selected pathogens, and antibiotic resistance patterns. The isolates were also molecularly identified via 16S rRNA sequencing. Out of 17, three isolates (BE3, BE7, and BE16) demonstrated tolerance to pH 2.5 (survival rates above 90%) and 0.3% bile salts (survival rates above 50%). Further screening performed on the three isolates indicated that all strains did not show undesirable haemolytic activities, and could inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium to varying degrees. Additionally, the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and chloramphenicol antibiotics, and resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and vancomycin antibiotics. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis identified the isolates as Lactobacillus plantarum with 98, 100, and 99% similarity for BE3, BE7, and BE16, respectively. Therefore, these findings suggested that LAB isolated from Malaysian fermented shrimp paste exhibited promising probiotic properties.
Rheological and textural properties of fish gelatine-microbial transglutaminase gel microparticles as thickener for texture-modified food
Authors: Rosly Siti Munirah , Abidin Syahariza
Published: July 2024

Gel microparticles are tiny, soft particles made from proteins or polysaccharides using particle size reduction. In creating texture-modified food and thickened liquids, gel microparticles are frequently employed to customise the rheological and textural features of foods or thin liquids. Gel microparticles aid by lowering flow behaviour, and modifying the taste perception of the texture-modified food. By cross-linking fish gelatine with the microbial transglutaminase enzyme (mTGA) using the homogenisation process, fish gelatine has tremendous potential to be used to create gel microparticles. The size measurements, texture profile, viscoelastic characteristics, and impact of sugar content on the texture profile of gel microparticles were all examined in the present work for the developed gel microparticles. The results of a particle size investigation revealed that gel microparticle sizes, which ranged from 18 to 1445 µm, increased with higher enzyme concentrations. With increasing mTGA concentration, the texture profile analysis (TPA) also revealed increasing values for hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness parameters. The cross-linked gel microparticles had higher dominance on elastic behaviour than viscous behaviour from the rheological investigation, as evidenced by a higher G' compared to G". Additionally, larger TPA values were seen as the sugar concentration increased. These outcomes are anticipated because sugar will strengthen fish gelatine’s hydrogen bond. Based on all completed analyses, fish gelatine cross-linked with 0.7% mTGA to create gel microparticles has shown encouraging results, which can be used as a thickener in texture-modified food to aid those who have trouble swallowing.
En el verbo está la luz: enseñanza e iluminación según Tomás de Aquino
Authors: Amado F. Antonio , Lettelier Widow Gonzalo
Published: July 2024

La Suma Teológica de Tomás de Aquino discute el acto de enseñanza en el contexto del gobierno mediato del mundo por Dios, quien comunica su perfección creando seres capaces de comunicarla. El artículo sostiene que la clave para comprender el lugar de esa discusión, que es tan relevante como la misma respuesta, es concebir el acto de enseñar como el modo humano de la iluminación, que se realiza mediante la comunicación de un verbo que lleva consigo, de modo participado, la luz del intelecto agente del maestro.
Agustín sobre el Katechon
Authors: Domínguez Patricio , Ellis Erik
Published: July 2024

Este artículo presenta la exégesis de Agustín del controversial pasaje escatológico de II Tesalonicenses 7 mediante el análisis de la virtud romana en el contexto de la discusión sobre el papel providencial del Imperio Romano. En contraste con muchos Padres griegos y latinos, la evaluación que hace Agustín del papel providencial de Roma es primariamente negativa: el imperio romano y la virtus en la que se apoya es un mal pero que contiene (de ahí katechon) males aún peores. Esta interpretación, presente en la Ciudad de Dios, diferencia a Agustín de la visión de sus predecesores lo sitúa como un pensador sui generis en lo que a esta cuestión se refiere.
Filosofía, historia y polemismo religioso en Abraham ibn Daud
Authors: Fernández López José Antonio
Published: July 2024

Escritos casi simultáneamente (c.1160) por Abraham Ibn Daud, El libro de la tradición y La fe exaltada responden a un propósito común desarrollado, respectivamente, desde una perspectiva historiográfica y filosófica: definir y defender el judaísmo rabínico en la península Ibérica, dentro del marco general de una apologia pro religione judaica. Nuestro objetivo en el presente trabajo es indagar en los rasgos fundamentales de estas dos obras desde la perspectiva del polemismo religioso, mostrando las diferencias entre la versión filosófica e histórica que cada una de ellas, respectivamente, representa.