bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression profiling reveals meiotic male germ cell mRNAs that are translationally up- and down-regulated
Authors: Iguchi Naoko , Tobias John W. , Hecht Norman B.
Published: May 2006

Gametes rely heavily on posttranscriptional control mechanisms to regulate their differentiation. In eggs, maternal mRNAs are stored and selectively activated during development. In the male, transcription ceases during spermiogenesis, necessitating the posttranscriptional regulation of many paternal mRNAs required for spermatozoan assembly and function. To date, most of the testicular mRNAs known to be translationally regulated are initially transcribed in postmeiotic cells. Because protein synthesis occurs on polysomes and translationally inactive mRNAs are sequestered as ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), movement of mRNAs between these fractions is indicative of translational up- and down-regulation. Here, we use microarrays to analyze mRNAs in RNPs and polysomes from testis extracts of prepuberal and adult mice to characterize the translation state of individual mRNAs as spermatogenesis proceeds. Consistent with published reports, many of the translationally delayed postmeiotic mRNAs shift from the RNPs into the polysomes, establishing the validity of this approach. In addition, we detect another 742 mouse testicular transcripts that show dramatic shifts between RNPs and polysomes. One subgroup of 35 genes containing the known, translationally delayedphosphoglycerate kinase 2(Pgk2) is initially transcribed during meiosis and is translated in later-stage cells. Another subgroup of 82 meiotically expressed genes is translationally down-regulated late in spermatogenesis. This high-throughput approach defines the changing translation patterns of populations of genes as male germ cells differentiate and identifies groups of meiotic transcripts that are translationally up- and down-regulated.
siRNA in human cells selectively localizes to target RNA sites
Authors: Berezhna Svitlana Y. , Supekova Lubica , Supek Frantisek , Schultz Peter G. , Deniz Ashok A.
Published: May 2006

Recent observations of RNA interference (RNAi) in the nuclei of human cells raise key questions about the extent to which nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAi pathways are shared. By directly visualizing the localization of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in live human cells, we show here that siRNA either selectively localizes in the cytoplasm or translocates into the nucleus, depending on where the silencing target RNA resides. Two siRNAs that target the small nuclear 7SK and U6 RNAs localize into the nucleus as duplexes. In contrast, an siRNA targeting the cytoplasmic hepatitis C virus replicon RNA dissociates, and only antisense strand distributes in the cytoplasm of the cells harboring the target RNA, whereas sense strand gets degraded. At the same time, both strands of the latter siRNA are distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus in cells lacking the silencing target RNA. These results suggest the existence of a mechanism by which the RNAi machinery orchestrates a target-determined localization of the siRNA and the corresponding RNAi activity, and also provide evidence for formation of nuclear-programmed active RNA induced silencing complexes directly in the nucleus.
Organic apple production in Washington State: An input–output analysis
Authors: Mon Pon Nya , Holland David W.
Published: May 2006

This paper provides an input–output (I/O)-based economic impact analysis for organic apple production in Washington State. The intent is to compare the economic ‘ripple’ effect of organic production with conventional production. The analysis is presented in two scenarios: first we compare the economic impact of organic versus conventional apple production for a final demand increase of US$1 million as measured in sales. In the second analysis, the economic impacts of organic and conventional apple production are compared in terms of a given unit of land (405 ha of production). Both state-wide output (sales) and employment (jobs) impacts are estimated under each scenario. Results are presented in terms of direct, indirect, and induced economic impact. Organic apple production was more labor intensive than conventional production. While the organic apple sector used less intermediate inputs per unit of output than conventional production, it also produced higher returns to labor and capital. As a result, the indirect economic effect was lower for the organic sector than the conventional sector, but the induced economic effect was higher for organic. Given the organic price premium, the economic impact (direct, indirect and induced) was larger for organic apple production than conventional apple production.
Maintenance of viral suppression in HIV-1–infected HLA-B*57+ elite suppressors despite CTL escape mutations
Authors: Bailey Justin R. , Williams Thomas M. , Siliciano Robert F. , Blankson Joel N.
Published: May 2006

Rare human immunodeficiency virus 1–infected individuals, termed elite suppressors (ES), maintain plasma virus levels of <50 copies/ml and normal CD4 counts without therapy. The major histocompatibility complex class I allele group human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*57 is overrepresented in this population. Mutations in HLA-B*57–restricted epitopes have been observed in ES, but their significance has remained unclear. Here we investigate the extent and impact of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations in HLA-B*57+ ES. We provide the first direct evidence that most ES experience chronic low level viremia. Sequencing revealed a striking discordance between the genotypes of plasma virus and archived provirus in resting CD4+ T cells. Mutations in HLA-B*57–restricted Gag epitopes were present in all viruses from plasma but were rare in proviruses, suggesting powerful selective pressure acting at these epitopes. Surprisingly, strong CD8+ T cell interferon-γ responses were detected against some mutant epitopes found in plasma virus, suggesting the development of de novo responses to viral variants. In some individuals, relative CD8+ T cell interleukin-2 responses showed better correlation with the selection observed in vivo. Thus, analysis of low level viremia reveals an unexpectedly high level of CTL escape mutations reflecting selective pressure acting at HLA-B*57–restricted epitopes in ES. Continued viral suppression probably reflects CTL responses against unmutated epitopes and residual or de novo responses against epitopes with escape mutations.
Observing local and global properties of metabolic pathways: ‘load points’ and ‘choke points’ in the metabolic networks
Authors: Rahman Syed Asad , Schomburg Dietmar
Published: May 2006

Motivation: The local and global aspects of metabolic network analyses allow us to identify enzymes or reactions that are crucial for the survival of the organism(s), therefore directing us towards the discovery of potential drug targets.

Results: We demonstrate a new method (‘load points’) to rank the enzymes/metabolites in the metabolic network and propose a model to determine and rank the biochemical lethality in metabolic networks (enzymes/metabolites) through ‘choke points’. Based on an extended form of the graph theory model of metabolic networks, metabolite structural information was used to calculate the k-shortest paths between metabolites (the presence of more than one competing path between substrate and product). On the basis of these paths and connectivity information, load points were calculated and used to empirically rank the importance of metabolites/enzymes in the metabolic network. The load point analysis emphasizes the role that the biochemical structure of a metabolite, rather than its connectivity (hubs), plays in the conversion pathway.

In order to identify potential drug targets (based on the biochemical lethality of metabolic networks), the concept of choke points and load points was used to find enzymes (edges) which uniquely consume or produce a particular metabolite (nodes). A non-pathogenic bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis 168 (lactic acid producing bacteria) and a related pathogenic bacterial strain Bacillus anthracis Sterne (avirulent but toxigenic strain, producing the toxin Anthrax) were selected as model organisms. The choke point strategy was implemented on the pathogen bacterial network of B.anthracis Sterne. Potential drug targets are proposed based on the analysis of the top 10 choke points in the bacterial network. A comparative study between the reported top 10 bacterial choke points and the human metabolic network was performed. Further biological inferences were made on results obtained by performing a homology search against the human genome.

Availability: The load and choke point modules are introduced in the Pathway Hunter Tool (PHT), the basic version of which is available on

Contact:  d.schomburg@uni-koeln.de

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available on Bioinformatics online.
Cereal Bars: A Perceptual, Chemical and Sensory Analysis
Authors: Boustani Pari , Mitchell Vincent‐Wayne
Published: May 2006

A decade of growth in the health food market is typified by the
case of cereal bars. They have undoubtedly benefited from an increased
consumer awareness about healthier ways to eat, but to what extent do
consumers perceive these bars to be the “healthy alternative
snack”, and how healthy are they? The results of a consumer survey
(n=200) are reported which suggests that cereal bars are perceived as
being healthy. Chemical analysis revealed that on sugar, fat, salt and
fibre content, these bars were only marginally better than favourite
traditional snacks. Sensory analysis showed that consumers much
preferred cereal bars which contain chocolate but that these were not
the healthiest. The gap between consumers′ perception of product
benefits and actual benefits is something which should be further
investigated in other products within the health food market.
Microbial Food Poisoning: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Waites Will M. , Dodd Christine E.R. , Bolton Kathy J.
Published: May 2006

The problems produced by changes in agricultural and food
manufacturing practices, which have resulted in increases in reported
cases of food‐borne illness, are discussed in relation to Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Aeromonas
hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. Those areas where further research is urgently required in order
to understand and reduce food‐borne microbial illness are examined, and
solutions proposed.
Vegetarianism, Veganism, and Meat Avoidance: Recent Trends and Findings
Authors: Beardsworth A.D. , Keil E.T.
Published: May 2006

The main findings of a detailed qualitative study of the motivations, beliefs and attitudes of practising vegetarians and vegans are reported. It is concluded that vegetarianism, while remaining very much a minority option, is increasing steadily in the UK population, although the rate of increase appears to vary by such factors as age, gender and socio‐economic category. Those who opt for a non‐meat‐eating dietary pattern may well represent the vanguard of a form of ethical consumerism to which food producers, processors and retailers will need to be increasingly responsive in the near future.
Performance Indicators for Polytechnic Libraries
Authors: Winkworth Ian
Published: May 2006

The development of performance indicators specifically within and
for polytechnic libraries is reviewed. A framework of library activities
is derived on which performance measurement might be based and six
indicators are identified. The practical applicability of the framework
is considered in relation to polytechnic libraries and to both
institutional and library aims and objectives.
Work Experience: The Perks and Perils for Employers
Authors: Sharp Gill , Shieff Ruth
Published: May 2006

Describes for employers some of the benefits and advantages –
long and short term – of taking on students on work experience.
They give hints and advice for maximizing the success of the placement
both for the student and the employing organization. Guidelines are
given on getting the best out of the students and their schools and
colleges. Supplemented with an appraisal of the risks and potential
disadvantages, ensuring that employers have clear, realistic
expectations of the placement.
Prediction of Absenteeism from Attitudes, Prior
Absenteeism, and Performance
Authors: Morris James H. , Sherman J. Daniel , Snyder Robert A.
Published: May 2006

In a four‐year longitudinal study, data from 117 mental health
employees in two organisations were used to examine baseline year
absenteeism, performance, and attitudes as predictors of subsequent
absenteeism. Results indicated that baseline absence behaviour was a
strong predictor of subsequent absenteeism over the comparatively long
temporal course of the study. Performance contributed little unique
variance as a predictor when the influence of baseline absenteeism was
accounted for. Baseline year attitudes increased in strength as
predictors of subsequent absenteeism over the four years. Moreover, the
substantial total variation explained by the set of variables showed in
little deterioration between the first (adjusted R⊃2 = 0.29) and
last (adjusted R⊃2 = 0.27) criterion years of this four year study.
Results are compared to earlier findings in a framework of tentative
implications for future research.
Core and Peripheral Employees in Hotel Operations
Authors: Guerrier Yvonne , Lockwood Andrew
Published: May 2006

This article discusses approaches to work flexibility and the use
of core and peripheral workers in the hotel industry. It argues that
hotel companies have traditionally neglected building a core workforce
and resorted to using “peripheral” workers in key operative
jobs. It distinguishes between three groups of core workers that can be
found in hotels: company core staff, who make their careers across a
range of units in a hotel group; unit core staff, who are limited to the
single hotel unit; and operative core staff, who may develop their
careers within one hotel or across a number of hotels. The problems of
developing such an operative core are discussed, as are the consequences
of not developing it.
Human Resource Management in Practice: A case Study Analysis at Company Level
Authors: Noon Mike
Published: May 2006

This article aims to show through a case study analysis how a UK
company has adopted policies that in practice appear to signify a move
towards HRM techniques. The analysis discusses first the industrial
setting that encourages the flourishing of HRM; second, organisational
changes at corporate and company level; third, a model of HRM; fourth,
the practice of HRM in a case study, using a goal method as the frame of
reference; and, finally, the significance of the new approach in terms
of the product life‐cycle.
The Management of Salesforces: The Case of Life Insurance
Authors: Morgan Glenn
Published: May 2006

Reporting on ongoing research within a major life
insurance company, the difficulties in managing
a salesforce are examined. Contradictions and
strains created by the mode of management,
particularly affecting the salesforce and customers,
are explored. It is argued that a “professionalisation
of selling”, brought about by a combination
of strategic human resource management and
government legislation (in the form of the Financial
Services Act) will considerably improve the
conduct and quality of selling in the future.
Increasing Productivity: Performance Appraisal and Reward Systems
Authors: Gomez‐Mejia Luis R.
Published: May 2006

The role of performance appraisal and reward
systems in enhancing employee performance is
discussed. A model is presented which argues
that feedback is a powerful instrument in
performance enhancement. Performance appraisal
should provide a clear and realistic indication of
the work that must be accomplished, performance
expectations, and feedback on performance
against expectations. The key dimensions that
must be taken into account when designing such
a system are outlined.
The Paradox of the Management of Culture or ″He Who Leads is Lost″
Authors: Anthony P.D.
Published: May 2006

It is argued that management seek to close the
gap between their employees’ requisite and actual
performance, not only by mechanisms of
“primary” control but also by imposing their own
belief systems as a “strong” culture. However,
such belief systems are never successfully
transmitted beyond the boundaries of
management to the intended recipients, resulting
in management’s ultimate isolation. Evidence is
presented to support this proposition.
Technological Change and Collective Bargaining in Canada
Authors: Knight Thomas R. , McPhillips David C.
Published: May 2006

The scope and extent of collective bargaining over technological
change in Canada is analysed. The public policy context in Canada is
compared with that of the United States. Data on collective agreement
provisions regarding notice of technological change, income and
employment security, training, and joint union‐management technology
committees are reported. These include variations in provision
frequencies across Canadian jurisdictions, industries and bargaining
unit structures. Canadian labour′s responses to the effects and uses of
microelectronic technology are addressed. It is concluded that, although
Canadian unions have negotiated significantly more anticipatory contract
provisions than exist in the US, widespread coverage of technological
change remains a goal in collective bargaining. This is especially true
regarding the health and control issues raised by microelectronic
technologies.
Criminal Convictions: A Bar to Equality of Employment
Authors: Earnshaw Jill
Published: May 2006

The position of ex‐offenders as a group who are
as equally in need of protection as those who are
discriminated against on grounds of race or sex
is highlighted. The provisions of the unfair
dismissal legislation as they bear on ex‐offenders
and the extent to which this legislation and the
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 are
safeguarding the recruitment prospects and job
security of those whose convictions have become
“spent” is examined. It is concluded that the
legislative provisions are ineffective and in need
of amendment, possibly along the lines of the Sex
Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relations
Act 1976. Such an Act should be complemented
by a Code of Practice explaining employers′
obligations and urging them to include ex‐offenders
in equal opportunities policies.
PRESERVATION AND LIBRARY MANAGEMENT
Authors: Matthews Graham
Published: May 2006

This article reviews recent preservation
activity in Britain, considers the place of
preservation in library management and
looks to its future development. The many
and broad aspects of preservation which
impinge on library management are
indicated. Much progress has been made in
recent years, but there remain those who
need persuading to reassess their attitude
towards it. If the current preservation
impetus is to be maintained and extended,
then the question of funding, in particular,
must be successfully addressed. Co‐operative
programmes and integration of preservation
into overall library management and policy
will be significant in achieving this.
SURVEYING THE PRINTED BOOK COLLECTIONS OF THE BRITISH LIBRARY
Authors: King Edmund
Published: May 2006

The author considers the need for a survey
of modern printed book collections, in the
context of the embrittlement of book papers.
The extent and severity of the problem have
often not been quantified. A random sample
of both monograph and periodical book‐stack
areas of the British Library resulted in
an estimated 2,486,000 issues being covered
by the survey. Fold‐testing took place on all
books supplied which were published in 1850
or after. The results from fold‐testing suggest
that 327,842 books contain paper which
would break on three double folds or less.
Given the size of the problem and its
immediacy, some practical choices available
to librarians are discussed.
THE IMAGE OF LIBRARIANS
Authors: Rothwell Alison
Published: May 2006

Interviews with 120 residents of Southport
are examined, suggesting that the general
public does not subscribe to the image of
librarians often given by the media, as
evidenced by the more positive epithets
frequently used to describe library staff.
However, staff of reference libraries are not
always held in such high esteem and it is
recommended that this aspect of service
should be addressed with a view to breaking
down the reluctance of members of the
public to avail themselves of staff assistance.
Improving the Delivery of Quality Service: Behavioural Management Techniques
Authors: Luthans Fred
Published: May 2006

The behavioural management of bank tellers delivering
service to customers is examined. The degree of quality
service is defined by six dimensions: greeting, eye
contact, speed of service, help offered, personal
recognition, and appreciation. Techniques consisted of
providing PIGS feedback (positive, immediate, graphic
and specific) on each of the six dimensions, and
contingent social reinforcers given by the supervisor to
the teller observed to be doing a good job. This
intervention had a generally positive impact on the
delivery of quality service by tellers to bank customers.
Coping with the Career Plateau: Motivators for Directors of Child‐care Centres
Authors: Savery Lawson K. , Wingham Dianne L.
Published: May 2006

Research was conducted in Western Australian
Government‐funded Child Care Centres; and results
suggest that the global level of job satisfaction of the
directors was high; however no background variable was
significantly related to job satisfaction. Intrinsic
motivators were perceived to influence both the level
of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction of individuals and
were more important for members of the plateaued
group, while the groups were not different on extrinsic
motivators. The conclusion is that people should be
given the opportunity of working in other centres and
in the central administration office, allowing directors
to face new challenges and have new interests thus
lowering the level of job dissatisfaction.
Managing Innovation in Organisations
Authors: Anderson Neil , King Nigel
Published: May 2006

Innovation and creativity at work have emerged as central concerns
in recent years amongst applied researchers and practising managers
alike. Little research, however, has addressed the influence of
different group membership and organisational status on perceptions of
innovation processes. The results of a longitudinal study into group
perceptions of organisational innovations are presented. Implications
for future research and for the management of innovation at work are
discussed in conclusion.
Cheap Food and Resource Allocation in Central America
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: May 2006

During the 1950‐1979 period, the governments of Central America
often pursued “cheap‐food” policies. A general‐equilibrium
model is employed to show how these policies contributed to the
resource‐allocation patterns observed in the region during this period.
The model also shows how cheap‐food policies contributed to the observed
shift in the functional distribution of income from wages to rents and
profits. An empirical test verifies the contribution of bean‐pricing
policy to the shift in land resources away from food crops in Costa
Rica, and the causes behind the relaxation of cheap‐food policies in the
1980s are discussed.
Distributional Conflict, the Current Account, and
Fiscal‐monetary Policies under Flexible Exchange Rates
Authors: Sarantis Nicholas
Published: May 2006

The aim is to integrate the dynamics of asset accumulation for open
economies with the conflict theory of wage and price formation. This
synthesis allows us to assess the results obtained in the mainstream
asset market models based on an atomistic view of the economy, analyse
the influence of market power in product and labour markets on aggregate
economic activity, and to investigate new sources of potential
instability.
Research on Eastern Europe and Soviet Marketing:
Constraints, Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Naor Jacob
Published: May 2006

There is of late a renewed interest in trade opportUnitieS with the
USSR and Eastern bloc nations. The availability and accessibility of
marketing research on Socialist countries is thus an issue that is
assuming increasing importance. This article provides an overview of
major East‐West trade issues that have achieved research attention, as
well as those that have seen neglect so far. An environmental
constraints model, applicable to Eastern bloc countries and the USSR, is
proposed that may provide guidance for future research.
The Mechanism of Internationalisation
Authors: Johanson Jan , Vahlne Jan‐Erik
Published: May 2006

The contemporary relevance of the so‐called Uppsala
Internationalisation Model is discussed. This is a framework advanced by
a number of Swedish colleagues describing the typical process of
“going international”. Johanson and Vahlne respond to the
criticisms of the model they proposed in the 1970s and relate it to the
Eclectic Paradigm Model and the Networking literature. The concepts of
the advantage package and the advantage cycle in the
internationalisation context are also introduced.
A Cross‐national Examination of Innovation Resistance
Authors: Tansuhaj Patriya , Gentry James W. , John Joby , Lee Manzer L. , Jin Cho Bong
Published: May 2006

Do consumers in countries that differ widely in cultural values and
in economic development also differ in their resistance to innovations?
And, if so, why? Addressing these questions will help international
marketing managers formulate an appropriate strategy for a successful
product introduction in diverse foreign markets. In this five‐country
study, the cultural values of fatalism, traditionalism, and religious
commitment were found to explain cross‐cultural variation in innovation
resistance in Senegal and in the United States, but not in India, South
Korea, or Thailand. Even though the results were different for every
country, fatalism was generally associated with less willingness to try
new non‐technical products and with higher levels of perceived product
risk. Differences were found to be related to entertainment and media
innovations as opposed to technical or fashion‐oriented innovations. The
results do not support the contention that a global, standardised
marketing strategy may be appropriate for the introduction of new
products in foreign markets.
Customer Orientation of Bank Employees and Culture
Authors: Kelley Scott W.
Published: May 2006

The competitive nature of the financial services
market has placed increased importance on the
satisfaction of customer needs. This study considers
the customer orientation of the customer contact
personnel in four banks. Specifically, the relationships
between employee motivation, satisfaction,
and role clarity, and customer orientation are
assessed. Findings indicate that motivation, satisfaction,
and role clarity are all directly related to
customer orientation. However, when these variables
are considered together, motivation and role
clarity appear to have the greatest impact on the
customer orientation of employees. In addition,
tellers were found to be less satisfied and motivated
than other customer contact personnel. Managerial
implications based on these findings are also
discussed.
Commercial Bank Selection in Turkey
Authors: Kaynak E. , Küçükemiroglu O. , Odabasi Y.
Published: May 2006

In view of the intense competition in the banking industry all over
the world, managers of both commercial and public banks more and more
are applying marketing strategy techniques in the operations. The use of
marketing techniques in banking becomes even more important in
developing country environments, as the supply of bank services far
exceeds the demand in most cases. To be able to remain competitive,
commercial banks in developing countries need to be more
market‐oriented. In the light of this, the factors used in selecting a
private/public commercial bank in an advanced developing country –
Turkey – are examined. Study results indicate that there are
differences among bank customers in their bank patronage behaviour when
demographic and socioeconomic factors are considered.
Bank Branch Managers in a Marketing Era: Their Roles and
Functions in a Marketing Era
Authors: Deng Shengliang , Moutinho Luiz , Meidan Arthur
Published: May 2006

In today′s world businesses function in a marketing environment.
The banking industry is no exception. However, the changing world
situation always requires bankers to reassess their strategies in order
to stay competitive. As part of the banking establishment, bank branch
managers play a very important role. This article examines the new roles
and functions of bank branch managers through their own experiences in
this ever‐changing marketing environment. The research results shed some
new light on how to successfully manage these full‐service branch
offices in today′s marketing era.
Service Delivery Processes: New Technology and Design
Authors: Harvey Jean , Filiatrault Pierre
Published: May 2006

The search for service quality and the division of work between
front office employees and backroom workers as the core of service
design are examined. Discussion centres on whether the server′s task
should encompass more backroom work to avoid duplication and delay or be
more limited to reduce turnaround time. Alternative service delivery
designs are explored and the impact of technology examined. It is
concluded that the task at hand is not merely to select the best design
but a technological migration path allowing the bank to maintain or
improve its competitive position in what has been described as
“bare‐knuckle banking”.
Management and Statistical Issues Affecting Quality Improvement in Australia
Authors: Barnett Neil S.
Published: May 2006

Some aspects of the current dilemma facing much of Australia′s manufacturing industry during the present recession are examined. Despite the wave of quality awareness that is permeating education and industry, progress is still limited. The joint issues of solving fundamental human problems and a discerning approach to the use of statistical techniques are highlighted as important in helping Australian industry become more competitive.
Managerial Decision Styles and Machiavellianism: A
Comparative Study
Authors: Shackleton David , Pitt Leyland , Seidel Marks Amy
Published: May 2006

Decision styles and Machiavellianism were studied among four groups
of managers in pharmaceutical companies. Using a Decision Styles
Inventory, directive, analytic, conceptual and behavioural decision
styles were studied, each representing a different combination of
cognitive complexity and brain hemisphere preference in decision making.
Machiavellianism was assessed using the Mach IV scale of Christie and
Geiss (1970) and its components, namely, tactics, views and morality.
The sample studied comprised 39 marketing, 23 financial, 35 medical and
21 operations managers. No significant interdependence was found between
decision style, Machiavellianism and managerial group. Further research
is recommended to investigate differences in decision style between
managers and non‐managers, and to establish the effects of
Machiavellianism in the workplace.
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN THE AMBULANCE SERVICE
Authors: James Alma E.C. , Wright Peter L.
Published: May 2006

A study of perceived sources of stress in the Devon Ambulance
Service was carried out using interview and questionnaire surveys.
Semi‐structured and non‐directive interview surveys were used to
identify broad areas which were regarded as being stressful, while the
questionnaire survey attempted to establish more precisely the levels of
stress associated with different situations faced by Ambulance Service
personnel. Factor analysis of the questionnaire results yielded four
main elements: organisational and managerial aspects; new, unfamiliar
and difficult duties/uncertainty; work overload; and interpersonal
relations. The questionnaire results indicated that the most significant
sources of stress were extrinsic, mainly involving the way Ambulance
Service personnel were treated by other people. Based on the interview
survey results, however, it is argued that the format of the
questionnaire survey may have led to an underestimation of the role of
intrinsic factors as a source of stress, particularly those involved
with dealing with patients.
STRATEGIC MULTINATIONAL INTRACOMPANY DIFFERENCES IN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION
Authors: Alpander Guvenc G. , Carter K.D.
Published: May 2006

This is a comparative study of employee needs patterns in eight international subsidiaries of a multinational corporation. Although in each country the need to control one′s work environment emerges as the most dominant need, four different needs patterns are identified. The resulting patterns suggest that specific strategies are necessary for employee motivation in different cultural environments. Strategies that enhance work motivation in one country should be reviewed carefully before being transferred to another.
ANTECEDENT INFLUENCES ON WOMENOWNED BUSINESSES
Authors: Brush Candida G. , Hisrich Robert D.
Published: May 2006

This study explores the relationship between the antecedent
influences – composed of personal background, educational and
occupational experiences, motivations, skills and knowledge, of women
entrepreneurs and the growth of their ventures. Findings from this
longitudinal study shows experience, business skills, and personal
factors do affect the future growth of women‐owned enterprises.
A Quality Assurance Review for the Internal Audit Function
Authors: Cooper William D. , Kauder W. Frank , Morgan Robert G.
Published: May 2006

For a number of years external auditors have advocated the
extension of a peer review system to include internal auditing
departments in order to improve the quality of an audit. A study is
provided which explores how one company, a Fortune 500
manufacturing firm, implemented a quality assurance review programme and
how the Institute of Internal Auditors has reacted to demands of its
members towards implementing such reviews.
Auditing Top Management
Authors: Lewington David
Published: May 2006

The need for internal audit to review the senior management control
environment is stressed and the stages by which such a review should be
organised and implemented are illustrated. It is argued that internal
audit should examine the course the organisation′s senior management
have set for it, should question its basic corporate reason for existing
and competing, and should question the subordinate goals it has set for
itself – this is regarded as truly “auditing the top”.
However, in today′s environment, the likelihood of being able to conduct
such a review in large organisations – where the need is probably
greatest – is remote. Some of the reasons for this are explored.
Poverty Functions and the Aged Population
Authors: Owens Emiel W.
Published: May 2006

Poverty numbers have decreased in the United States over the past
few decades but these statistics tend to mask trends for different
demographic groups. Aged women living alone make up 95 per cent of
non‐family households, and 47 per cent of these women had annual incomes
of less than $10,000 and most were living at the poverty
threshold in 1989. Concern about poverty among the aged is addressed
from two perspectives. First, changes in the magnitude, characteristics
and incidence of poverty among the aged population are reviewed.
Secondly, analytical models of the severity of poverty are presented and
these models are used to describe techniques that may be employed in
attempting to alleviate poverty in one category of the aged poor where
it seems most acute and most intractable, i.e. aged women living alone.
Three poverty models are presented: (1) concentrating economic aid to
those just below the poverty threshold and reducing numbers; (2)
concentrating aid to those in deepest need; and (3) a sliding scale. The
modified welfare ratio model showed that concentrating economic aid to
the aged poor in deepest need (furthest from the poverty threshold)
yields greater social and economic benefits.
International Management Development in the 1990s
Authors: Handy Laurence , Barham Kevin
Published: May 2006

Some firms are shifting towards a transnational approach to
international business. Their success will depend on the firm′s ability
to foster “networks of opportunity” in the organisation, and
on developing a new mind‐set among managers that encourages them to
think outside the constraints of where they have been before and to look
beyond conventional boundaries. In the transnational firm, management
development and organisation development go hand‐in‐hand. The firm′s
international management development policy will not be effective unless
it has created the right environment. Developing international managers
calls for a multifaceted approach that builds on both on‐the‐job
development and off‐the‐job education.
Preparing Technical Professionals for Cross‐cultural
Interactions
Authors: Moran Robert T. , Richard Diane L.
Published: May 2006

The global economy is here to stay. What skills do technical
professionals require to meet its demands? How must they interact across
cultures to be effective? How can their needs be developed? A brief
summary of the literature and a discussion of the AT&T approach
provides some answers.
Leading in the 1990s: The Four I′s of Transformational
Leadership
Authors: Avolio Bruce J. , Waldman David A. , Yammarino Francis J.
Published: May 2006

The characteristics which differentiate transactional from
transformational leadership are discussed, highlighting the differences
between managers and leaders. Four distinct characteristics – the
Fours I′s – associated with transformational leadership
are described with respect to their evolution and influence on follower
development, effort and performance. The advantages of combining
transactional and transformational leadership styles into an overall
framework of leadership development for leading in the 1990s are also
discussed.
Business Success and 1992: The Need for Effective Top Teams
Authors: Myers Andrew , Bryce Mairi , Kakabadse Andrew
Published: May 2006

That competitiveness in the single European market is recognized by some companies as a challenge providing opportunities, that it is seen by others to be a threat, has been the message communicated in numerous publications. Contributes further knowledge by identifying the various active pursuits of companies in making their visions of successfully competing in Europe a reality, and by highlighting the requirements for a company to become successful post‐1992. Successful management is required to establish a long‐term strategic intent for Europe in order to be competitive and for a company to be a “winner” post‐1992. The “winners” so far are the companies which have pan‐European organizational infrastructure, and can manage manufacturing, brands and distribution, on a European‐wide basis.
Compatibility Management: Roles in Service Performers
Authors: Pranter Charles A. , Martin Charles L.
Published: May 2006

Describes how customer satisfaction can be influenced by direct or
indirect interaction with other customers in a service facility′s
physical environment. Explores how the way customers affect each other
can be positively influenced. Describes exploratory research which
identified ten roles a service provider can play: Environmental
Engineer, Teacher, Rifleman, Cheerleader, Police Officer, Detective,
Santa Claus, Matchmaker, Legislator.
Internal Marketing: Integrating R&D and Marketing
Within the Organization
Authors: Gupta Ashok K. , Rogers Everett M.
Published: May 2006

Examines organizational adoption of R&D/marketing integration
from a diffusion‐of‐innovations perspective, summarizing findings and
concepts gleaned from research. Applies these findings to improve
understanding of the problem of integrating R&D and marketing in the
new product development environment. Offers managerial recommendations
for increased cooperation and communications between the marketing and
R&D functions. Presents an agenda for further research.
Uncertain about Uncertainty
Authors: Shelley Charles J.
Published: May 2006

Explores the concept of uncertainty in marketing decision making.
Offers a structure of a decision dilemma with advice on how to evaluate
possible scenarios arising from it. Examines the significance of
probability, demonstrating the combination of probability and economic
consequences into a comparison between two courses of action, risky and
conservative. Argues that such an approach is preferable to hesitating
due to fear of uncertainty.
University Staffing Decisions to Hire or Promote
Authors: Johnsrud Linda K. , Sagaria Mary Ann D. , Heck Ronald H.
Published: May 2006

Aims to extend internal labour market theory by identifying
sub‐markets that influence administrative staffing decisions, and to
test a theoretical model regarding the role of sub‐markets in explaining
decisions to hire or promote. Hypothesizes that two latent dimensions
(hierarchical and functional) of labour markets would explain these
decisions. Analyses data from personnel records for position vacancies
in a major university for three years 1982‐85 (n = 840), and confirms
the fit of the theoretical model. Staffing decisions are directly
influenced by characteristics associated with the sub‐markets of the
position.
Can the Marketing Concept Be Applied to the Polytechnic and
College Sector of Higher Education?
Authors: Conway A. , Yorke D.A.
Published: May 2006

Having established that both services and product marketing
strategies can be applied simultaneously, a study of the perceptions of
employers and students is reported on. Thus the degree to which both
sets of customers′ needs may be satisfied simultaneously is considered.
A sample of business studies students, lecturers and employers took part
in the research, which indicated perceptual incongruence in terms of
student and employer perceived needs for higher education. Although the
research was of an exploratory nature, it indicates that institutions
are likely to have a problem in applying the marketing concept to their
corporate strategies.
The quest for the international manager
Authors: Barham Kevin
Published: May 2006

Describes how leading international companies are developing global
managers. Stresses the need for an international spirit and
international career development. Considers the role of management
education and poses a challenge to business schools. Concludes that
companies′ ability to “think globally and act locally”
depends on their success in building highly flexible yet cohesive
international organisations.
Ideal Decision‐making Styles Indicated by Deputy Principals
Authors: Savery Lawson K. , Soutar Geoffrey N. , Dyson John D.
Published: May 2006

Reports the study of the preferences for decision‐making responsibilities indicated by deputy principals of Catholic schools in Western Australia. The research methodology used a “specific situation” item questionnaire with the preferred style for making the decision concerning the specific siutuation being measured on a continuum with five alternatives of decision making. The results suggested that there were seven factors underlying the data collected, each with a different desired decision‐making style. These preferred styles appeared to be influenced by the personal skills and experiences which allowed the person to feel he/she could have some constructive input into the decision. Hence, management should consider installing a system of leadership which recognizes that differences do exist concerning the preferred leadership styles depending on the worker′s perceived impact of the decisions on the individual′s work life.
Effective Administration through Organizational Levels
Authors: Rashford Nicholas S. , Coghlan David
Published: May 2006

Levels of complexity are constituent elements in living systems.
The organization as a complex living system comprises four levels
– individual, face‐to‐face team, group‐divisional, and
policy‐strategy. Applies one framework of organizational levels to the
university context and shows how a focus on the successful completion of
the tasks on each level provides a paradigm for effective
administration.
Good and Bad Packaging: Who Decides?
Authors: Robertson Gordon L.
Published: May 2006

The 1990s will be the decade of environmental
awareness. Governments have introduced (or are about
to introduce) eco‐labelling schemes for products and
packages. However, assessing the environmental
friendliness of packaging can be meaningful only if
cognisance is taken of the six functions of packaging
and the three environments where packaging has to
perform. Categorising packaging as either good or bad
based on whether or not it is recyclable or reusable
is too simplistic an approach and could result in greater
rather than fewer environmental problems.
Supply‐Chain Management: The Industrial Organisation Perspective
Authors: Ellram Lisa M.
Published: May 2006

While supply chain management concepts are receiving increasing
attention in literature and practice, the supply chain management
philosophy is supported by a limited theoretical base. The industrial
organisation literature related to the advantages, disadvantages and
applications of vertical integration and obligational contracts is
explored. The industrial organisation literature regarding vertical
integration and obligational contracts is related to supply chain
management. The advantages and disadvantages which supply chain
management shares with vertical integration and obligational contracts
are discussed. It is concluded that supply chain management is a way of
combining many of the advantages of vertical integration and
obligational contracts, while overcoming some of their disadvantages.
Using the industrial organisation literature and findings from two case
studies, prerequisites are developed for supply chain management, and
three competitive situations are described. Supply chain management
holds promise as a competitive form, provided that certain hazards are
avoided, and that a competitive advantage results.
Total Quality Management: The Strategic Advantage
Authors: Hames Richard D.
Published: May 2006

Total quality management is a new management philosophy that is
concerned with sustained ongoing improvement to organisational processes
and the outcomes of those processes. It challenges the status quo and
insists that everything an enterprise does and how it does it, can be
done better – to the greater satisfaction of customers. The
history of TQM is outlined and the distinguishing features and
fundamental principles behind this paradigm shift in management culture
are introduced. The major dimensions and basic approaches to quality are
defined and the nature of processes and process variation explained. The
article concludes with a description of integrated process management
– the TQM model for the future.
DRESSING FOR SUCCESS
Authors: Sampson Eleri
Published: May 2006

The article talks about the effect visual
impressions can have and how women should
dress to promote a successful appearance in a
working environment. Providing tips for
looking well‐groomed and listing the
distractions to a professional appearance, the
article suggests ways in which you can have
high‐profile visibility, for, as the author
states, you are unlikely to be successful
unless you are visible.