bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental transitions among affective and behavioral disorders in adolescent boys
Authors: Burke Jeffrey D. , Loeber Rolf , Lahey Benjamin B. , Rathouz Paul J.
Published: October 2005

Background:  This paper expands upon recent efforts to advance beyond the examination of concurrent comorbidity between affective and behavioral disorders by testing developmental sequences among disorders. Doing so allows for improved tests of theories, such as Capaldi and Patterson's failure model of Conduct Disorder (CD) and depression. Furthermore, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is rarely considered distinctly from CD, minimizing the ability to identify distinct effects among behavioral disorders.

Methods:  This paper used data from the Developmental Trends Study, a clinic‐referred cohort of 177 boys, along with their parents, who were assessed regularly using a structured clinical interview and a comprehensive set of other measures. Boys were recruited when they were between the ages of 7 and 12, and were reassessed annually until age 18. Predictive regression models tested the continuities among disorders, with depression, overanxious disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ODD and CD examined separately as outcomes.

Results:  Each disorder showed homotypic continuity, but a clear developmental sequence of heterotypic continuity also emerged. ADHD was predicted by no other disorders, and exclusively predicted ODD. CD was predicted only by ODD. However, ODD was also directly predictive of future anxiety and depression, and anxiety predicted future depression as well. A specific test of the failure model of CD and depression supported that model.

Conclusions:  ODD appears as a pivotal developmental disorder in young males, in that ODD is notably influential in both subsequent behavioral and affective disorders. CD influences later depression only indirectly, through psychosocial impairment. Anxiety precedes depression, and ADHD is not predicted by other disorders.
Youth gangs, delinquency and drug use: a test of the selection, facilitation, and enhancement hypotheses
Authors: Gatti Uberto , Tremblay Richard E. , Vitaro Frank , McDuff Pierre
Published: October 2005

Background: Three different explanations have been given for the observation that adolescent gang members report more delinquent behaviour than their counterparts who do not affiliate with gangs: a) adolescents who commit more crimes join gangs (selection hypothesis); b) gang membership facilitates deviant behaviour (facilitation hypothesis); c) selection and facilitation work interactively (enhancement hypothesis). The aim of this study was to test these hypotheses, while controlling for self‐reported delinquency, friends’ delinquency, and individual as well as family characteristics.

Method: The sample included 756 boys first assessed when they attended kindergarten in disadvantaged areas of Montreal. Gang membership was assessed at the ages of 14, 15 and 16 years. Delinquency and drug use data were collected from self‐reports and court files at the same ages.

Results: Gang members displayed far higher rates of delinquent behaviour and drug use than non‐gang members. The results support the facilitation model for transient gang members (i.e., youths in a gang during only one of the three periods considered) and the enhancement model for stable gang members (i.e., youths in a gang for at least two of the periods considered), for person and property offences. The association between gang membership and delinquency persisted after introducing the control variables. Additional analyses showed that the effect associated with belonging to a gang was beyond that of simply having delinquent friends.

Conclusion: Preventing the creation and participation in such gangs should reduce the frequency of antisocial behaviour during adolescence.
Community‐based screening for Down's Syndrome in the first trimester using ultrasound and maternal serum biochemistry
Authors: Hadlow Narelle C. , Hewitt Beverley G. , Dickinson Jan E. , Jacoby Peter , Bower Carol
Published: October 2005

Two years of community‐based first trimester screening (FTS) were audited. All women with singleton pregnancy in a defined health region who completed FTS (ultrasound and biochemistry) were included (n= 10,436) and outcomes obtained for 98.4%. All scans were performed or supervised by experienced sonologists with Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) accreditation. FMF software generated all risk assessments based on nuchal translucency (NT), maternal serum‐free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A). The detection rate for Trisomy 21 was 90.6% with a screen‐positive rate of 3.9%. These findings indicate that where FTS is accessible within routine antenatal care, a detection rate of 90% and low screen‐positive rate can be achieved using the FMF programme.
Risk factors associated with subaponeurotic haemorrhage in full‐term infants exposed to vacuum extraction
Authors: Boo Nem‐Yun , Foong Kin‐Wai , Mahdy Zaleha Abdullah , Yong Sin‐Chuen , Jaafar Rohana
Published: October 2005

Objectives  To determine obstetric and neonatal risk factors associated with subaponeurotic haemorrhage (SAH) in infants exposed to vacuum extraction.

Design  A prospective observational study.

Setting  In the labour room, operation theatre, postnatal wards and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary teaching hospital.

Population  All infants born in the hospital with a history of exposure to vacuum extraction.

Methods  A prospective observational study carried out over a 26‐month period. All eligible infants were examined at birth and during the first 24 hours of life.

Main outcome measures  A diagnosis of SAH was based on detection of a tender fluctuant scalp swelling that crossed the skull suture lines of infants.

Results  Of 10,066 infants born in the hospital during the study period, 338 (3.4%) had exposure to vacuum extraction. SAH was detected in 71 (21.0%) of them. Forward multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that five factors were significantly associated with development of SAH: maternal nulliparity (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 4.0; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.6, 10.0), failed vacuum extraction (adjusted OR: 16.4; 95% CI: 2.0, 135.6), Apgar score of less than 8 at 5 minutes of life (adjusted OR: 5.0; 95% CI: 1.7, 15.2), marks of vacuum cup over the sagittal suture (adjusted OR: 4.4; 95% CI: 1.9, 10.2) and marks of leading edge of vacuum cup at <3 cm away from the anterior fontanel of infants' heads (adjusted OR: 6.0; 95% CI: 1.7, 21.0).

Conclusion  Maternal nulliparity, placement of vacuum extraction cup over the sagittal suture at a distance too close to infant's anterior fontanel and failed vacuum extraction predisposed infants to develop SAH.
The risk of maternal ischaemic heart disease after gestational hypertensive disease
Authors: Wikström Anna‐Karin , Haglund Bengt , Olovsson Matts , Lindeberg Solveig Nordén
Published: October 2005

Objective  The aim of this study was to investigate whether the risk of developing ischaemic heart disease (IHD) later in life increases with severity and recurrence of gestational hypertensive disease.

Design  Cross‐sectional population‐based study.

Setting  Sweden.

Population  Women (403,550) giving birth to their first child in Sweden, 1973–1982. Of this cohort, 207,054 women who also gave birth to a second child during the same period were analysed separately.

Methods  All women were followed up for 15 years, starting 4–14 years after the index pregnancy. Women who suffered from hypertensive disease during pregnancy were compared with women with normal pregnancies with regard to hospitalisation for, or death from, IHD during the follow up period.

Main outcome measures  Fatal or non‐fatal IHD.

Results  The adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for later development of IHD was 1.6 (95% CI 1.3–2.0) when the first pregnancy was complicated by gestational hypertension without proteinuria, 1.9 (95% CI 1.6–2.2) for mild pre‐eclampsia and 2.8 (95% CI 2.2–3.7) for severe pre‐eclampsia. Women with gestational hypertension in their first pregnancy but not in their second had an adjusted IRR of 1.9 (95% CI 1.5–2.4) for development of IHD. Women with hypertensive disease in both pregnancies had an IRR of 2.8 (95% CI 2.0–3.9) compared with women with two normal pregnancies.

Conclusion  Severe hypertensive disease in pregnancy has a stronger association with later development of IHD than has mild hypertensive disease. Recurrent hypertensive disease is more strongly associated with IHD than is non‐recurrent disease.
Pharmacokinetic interaction studies of atosiban with labetalol or betamethasone in healthy female volunteers
Authors: Rasmussen Birgitte Buur , Larsen Lotte Seiding , Senderovitz Thomas
Published: October 2005

Objectives  In two separate trials, we studied the concomitant administration of atosiban with labetalol and betamethasone to determine any possibility of a clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction.

Design  Study 1 was an open‐label, single dose atosiban, multiple dose labetalol, interaction study. Study 2 was an open‐label, randomised, three‐period crossover pharmacokinetic study.

Setting  The studies were carried out at the Clinical Pharmacology Unit of AAI Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Neu‐Ulm, Germany.

Population  The study population consisted of healthy female volunteers.

Methods  In Study 1, 14 healthy female volunteers participated. On study day 1, a 12‐hour intravenous infusion of 114.75 mg atosiban was administered; on days 2–4, participants received labetalol orally (100 mg twice daily), and on study day 5 they received the combined treatment. In Study 2, a total of 18 healthy female volunteers received, on three separate occasions, a 12‐hour intravenous infusion of 114.75 mg atosiban, a single intramuscular injection of 12 mg betamethasone or the two drugs in combination.

Main outcome measure  For Study 1, the outcome parameter for atosiban was area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC); the study parameters for labetalol were AUC, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax (tmax). In Study 2, AUC, Cmax and time to Cmax (tmax) were assessed for atosiban and betamethasone.

Results  Labetalol had no clinically relevant influence on the bioavailability (AUC) of atosiban. For labetalol, the co‐administration with atosiban did not affect the extent of bioavailability, however, Cmax decreased by 36% and tmax increased by 45 minutes. The Cmin was not affected by atosiban. The betamethasone and atosiban combination led to similar mean plasma concentration–time curves as the administration of each substance alone. Pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, Cmax, tmax) did not differ markedly between treatments and all 90% CIs for ratios between treatments were fully within limits (80–125%). The co‐administration of atosiban with labetalol or betamethasone resulted in similar tolerability to each substance alone.

Conclusion  The co‐administration of atosiban with betamethasone or labetalol had no clinically relevant influence on their bioavailability or tolerability.
Thyroid function during pregnancy in women with past Graves' disease
Authors: Luton Dominique , Le Gac Isabelle , Noel Michèle , Guibourdenche Jean , Polak Michel
Published: October 2005

Graves' disease and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy can lead to maternal and fetal complications. No information is available on thyroid function in women with a past history of Graves' disease. We compared free T3, free T4 and TSH in a group of pregnant women with a history of resolved Graves' disease requiring no current treatment (n= 34) and in a group of pregnant controls (n= 102). We found no significant differences in the levels of these hormones between the two groups. Women with a past history of Graves' disease and no current treatment display a normal thyroid function and adaptation during pregnancy.
Sleep disturbances in Chinese pregnant women
Authors: Leung Pui Ling , Hui David Shu Cheong , Leung Tse Ngong , Yuen Pong Mo , Lau Tze Kin
Published: October 2005

In a prospective study of 247 pregnant Chinese women, the prevalence of sleep disturbances across pregnancy has been assessed using a set of validated questionnaires including the Sleep and Health Questionnaire (SHQ) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The frequency of self‐reported snoring increased from 29.7% in the first trimester to 40.5% and 46.2% in the second and third trimesters, respectively, with an increase in the prevalence of moderate or severe snoring from 1% in the first trimester to 7.2% in the third trimester (P < 0.01). There was a higher frequency of moderate to severe snoring intensity among subjects with BMI ≥25 compared with those with BMI <25 kg/m2 in the third trimester (20.8%vs 5.3%, P < 0.01). Subjective sleepiness, as determined by the ESS, increased significantly from 8.6 to 9.4 and 9.6 in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively.
Outcomes of pregnancies in women with pre‐existing type 1 or type 2 diabetes, in an ethnically mixed population
Authors: Verheijen Evelyn C.J. , Critchley Julia A. , Whitelaw Donald C. , Tuffnell Derek J.
Published: October 2005

Objective  To compare the outcomes of pregnancies in women with pre‐existing, type 1 and type 2, diabetes and to examine the influence of ethnicity on these outcomes.

Design  Prospective cohort study.

Setting  Large district hospital in Yorkshire with an ethnically mixed population.

Sample  Case series of all 202 pregnancies in women with pre‐existing diabetes, ending in miscarriage, termination of pregnancy or delivery between January 1994 and December 2002.

Methods  Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis comparing outcomes in type of diabetes and in ethnic group.

Main outcome measures  Fetal loss, perinatal and infant mortality and congenital anomaly.

Results  All 14 stillbirths and infant deaths and 13 of the 15 congenital malformations were to Asian women. Analysis within this ethnic group showed a very high rate of adverse birth outcome for type 1 diabetic women and for type 2 diabetic women on insulin before the pregnancy. Total pregnancy loss among type 1 diabetic women was 156 per 1000 and among type 2 diabetic women on insulin was 167 per 1000. Congenital abnormality rates were 156 per 1000 for type 1 diabetic women and 261 per 1000 for type 2 diabetic women on insulin. Asian type 2 diabetic women not on insulin prior to pregnancy had significantly better outcomes: Total pregnancy loss was 123 per 1000 and congenital abnormality rate was 32 per 1000. After adjustment for confounders, including type of diabetes, Asian women had significantly worse outcomes (combined perinatal loss and malformation) than Caucasian women [odds ratio (OR) 4.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–21.1].

Conclusion  Ethnicity has a significant impact on the outcome of diabetic pregnancies, with worse outcomes for babies born to Asian mothers compared with Caucasian mothers. The use of insulin pre‐pregnancy rather than type of diabetes appears to predict adverse outcome.
Regulatory machinery of UNC‐33 Ce‐CRMP localization in neurites during neuronal development in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Tsuboi Daisuke , Hikita Takao , Qadota Hiroshi , Amano Mutsuki , Kaibuchi Kozo
Published: October 2005

In Caenorhabditis elegans, unc‐33 encodes an orthologue of the vertebrate collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP) family. We previously reported that CRMP‐2 accumulated in the distal part of the growing axon of vertebrate neurons and played critical roles in axon elongation. unc‐33 mutants show axonal outgrowth defects in several neurons. It has been reported that UNC‐33 accumulates in neurites, whereas a missense mutation causes the mislocalization of UNC‐33 from neurites to cell body, which suggests that the localization of UNC‐33 in neurites is important for axonal outgrowth. However, it is unclear how UNC‐33 accumulates in neurites and regulates neuronal development. In this study, to understand the regulatory mechanisms of localization of UNC‐33 in neurites, we screened for the mutants that were involved in the localization of UNC‐33, and identified three mutants: unc‐14 (RUN domain protein), unc‐51 (ULK kinase) and unc‐116 (kinesin heavy chain). UNC‐14 is known to associate with UNC‐51. UNC‐116 forms a complex with KLC‐2 as Kinesin‐1, a microtubule‐dependent motor complex. We found that UNC‐33 interacted with UNC‐14 and KLC‐2 in vivo. These results suggest that the UNC‐14/UNC‐51 complex and Kinesin‐1 are involved in the localization of UNC‐33 in neurites.
Molecular characterization and comparison of the components and multiprotein complexes in the postsynaptic proteome
Authors: Collins Mark O. , Husi Holger , Yu Lu , Brandon Julia M. , Anderson Chris N. G. , Blackstock Walter P. , Choudhary Jyoti S. , Grant Seth G. N.
Published: October 2005

Characterization of the composition of the postsynaptic proteome (PSP) provides a framework for understanding the overall organization and function of the synapse in normal and pathological conditions. We have identified 698 proteins from the postsynaptic terminal of mouse CNS synapses using a series of purification strategies and analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and large‐scale immunoblotting. Some 620 proteins were found in purified postsynaptic densities (PSDs), nine in AMPA‐receptor immuno‐purifications, 100 in isolates using an antibody against the NMDA receptor subunit NR1, and 170 by peptide‐affinity purification of complexes with the C‐terminus of NR2B. Together, the NR1 and NR2B complexes contain 186 proteins, collectively referred to as membrane‐associated guanylate kinase‐associated signalling complexes. We extracted data from six other synapse proteome experiments and combined these with our data to provide a consensus on the composition of the PSP. In total, 1124 proteins are present in the PSP, of which 466 were validated by their detection in two or more studies, forming what we have designated the Consensus PSD. These synapse proteome data sets offer a basis for future research in synaptic biology and will provide useful information in brain disease and mental disorder studies.
Lack of hypo/hyperglycemic effects of Reboxetine in diabetic and non‐diabetic rats
Authors: Khanam R. , Pillai K.K.
Published: October 2005

Depression occurs frequently with diabetes affecting the quality of life. All major classes of antidepressants have been shown to have a direct pharmacologic effect on metabolic function, which further worsens glycemic control. There were no reports of effects of reboxetine on glucose and insulin levels. We observed that 21 days administration of reboxetine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic and non‐diabetic rats produced no significant alteration in glucose levels in diabetic and non‐diabetic rats. Serum insulin levels were also not significantly changed by reboxetine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Selective inhibition of noradrenaline reuptake by reboxetine has been suggested to be responsible for lack of effects on glucose and insulin levels.
The Buyer's Option in Multi‐Unit Ascending Auctions: The Case of Wine Auctions at Drouot
Authors: Février Philippe , Roos William , Visser Michael
Published: October 2005

This paper studies multi‐unit ascending (English) auctions with a buyer's option. The buyer's option gives the winner of an auction the right to purchase any number of units at the winning price. We develop a theoretical model and derive the optimal strategies for the bidders. The model predicts various behavioral implications (e.g., the winner never exercises the option, the price declines…) that are tested using a unique data set on wine auctions held at the Paris‐based auction house Drouot. We also analyze why the buyer's option is used. Estimating the model in a structural econometric way, and using counterfactual comparisons, we find that the buyer's option does not affect the seller's revenue (relative to a system where the units are auctioned sequentially without the option). Drouot, however, saves a lot of time with the option and this effect represents a considerable amount of money. The time‐saving effect seems thus to be the primary purpose of the buyer's option.
Dynamic Incentives and Agent Discrimination in Broiler Production Tournaments
Authors: Leegomonchai Porametr , Vukina Tomislav
Published: October 2005

The objective of this paper is to test whether broiler processors, after observing their contract growers' abilities in the sequences of repeated short‐term contracts, strategically allocate production inputs of varying quality. The strategy can either consist of providing high‐ability agents with high‐quality inputs or providing low‐ability agents with high‐quality inputs. The first strategy would stimulate the career concerns type of response on the part of the growers, whereas the second strategy would generate a ratchet effect. We test these hypotheses by using the broiler contract production data. The results show no significant input discrimination based on grower abilities that would lead to either career concerns or ratchet effect type of dynamic incentives.
An Econometric Analysis of Brand‐Level Strategic Pricing Between Coca‐Cola Company and PepsiCo.
Authors: Dhar Tirtha , Chavas Jean‐Paul , Cotterill Ronald W. , Gould Brian W.
Published: October 2005

We investigate market structure and strategic pricing for leading brands sold by Coca‐Cola Company and PepsiCo. in the context of a flexible demand specification (i.e., nonlinear AIDS) and structural price equations. Our flexible and generalized approach does not rely upon the often used ad hoc linear approximations to demand and profit‐maximizing first‐order conditions, and the assumption of Nash‐Bertrand competition. We estimate a conjectural variation model and test for different brand‐level pure strategy games. This approach of modeling market competition using the nonlinear Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) estimation method provides insights into the nature of imperfect competition and the extent of market power. We find no support for a Nash‐Bertrand or Stackelberg Leadership equilibrium in the brand‐level pricing game. Results also provide insights into the unique positioning of PepsiCo.'s Mountain Dew brand.
Overestimation and Venture Survival: An Empirical Analysis of Development Commitments in International Master Franchising Ventures
Authors: Kalnins Arturs
Published: October 2005

Many international master franchising contracts include “development commitments,” clauses specifying a number of units that master franchisees must develop in exchange for exclusive rights to an assigned market, typically their entire home nation. I analyze 142 contracts with development commitments signed by US fast food franchisors and their master franchisees. Several empirical regularities emerge from the analysis: First, the development commitments are large and rarely completely fulfilled. Second, a robust negative relationship exists between survival and development commitment size. Further, ventures with larger commitments exhibit a lower level of investment still productive at the end of the development period. Various explanations for these regularities are considered.
Mathematical modelling of the injection of coke oven gas into a blast furnace tuyere
Authors: Hellberg Per , Jonsson T. Large I. , Jönsson Pär G.
Published: October 2005

A fundamental mathematical model of the tuyere in a blast furnace has been developed earlier. In this study, the model is mainly used to predict the combustion reactions in the tuyere when coke oven gas is injected through lances located inside the tuyere. The combustion reaction is modelled using a simple reaction scheme with 3 possible reactions that can occur. The influence of the following parameters on the predicted velocities, temperatures and composition of the gas at the tuyere outlet is studied in this paper: (i) injection amount of coke oven gas, (ii) the use of 1 or 2 injection lances and (iii) the influence of the injection angles when using 2 injection lances. It is concluded that the maximum injecting amount using 1 and 2 lances is 10,000 nm3/h and 15,000 m3/h, respectively. The combustion conditions are better when using 2 injection lances are compared to 1 injection lance and the predicted results are not affected to a large degree when the injection angles are changed.
Corrosion mechanism and kinetic behaviour of MgO–C refractory material in contact with CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO slag
Authors: Jansson Sune , Brabie Voicu , Jönsson Pär
Published: October 2005

The rate of dissolution of solid MgO–C into liquid CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO slag at different temperatures was studied under conditions of forced convection by rotating cylindrical refractory specimens in a stationary crucible containing molten slag. The corrosion rate was calculated from the change in diameter of the cylindrical refractory specimens. The specimens were rotated for 15–120 min at a speed of 100–400 rpm in the molten slag. The rate of corrosion was found to increase with an increase in temperature and rod rotation speed, and to decrease when the slag was nearly saturated with MgO. The experimental results support the assumption that the diffusion of magnesium oxide through the slag‐phase boundary layer controls the corrosion process. The corrosion mechanism seems to be the dissolution of refractory material into the slag followed by penetration of pores and grain boundaries and dispersion of the grains into the slag.
Chromosomal protein HMGN1 modulates the expression of N‐cadherin
Authors: Rubinstein Yaffa R. , Furusawa Takashi , Lim Jae‐Hwan , Postnikov Yuri V. , West Katherine L. , Birger Yehudit , Lee Sunmin , Nguyen Phuongmai , Trepel Jane B. , Bustin Michael
Published: October 2005

HMGN1 is a nuclear protein that binds to nucleosomes and alters the accessibility of regulatory factors to their chromatin targets. To elucidate its biological function and identify specific HMGN1 target genes, we generated Hmgn1–/– mice. DNA microarray analysis of Hmgn1+/+ and Hmgn1–/– embryonic fibroblasts identified N‐cadherin as a potential HMGN1 gene target. RT‐PCR and western blot analysis confirmed a linkage between HMGN1 expression and N‐cadherin levels. In both transformed and primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), HMGN1 acted as negative regulator of N‐cadherin expression. Likewise, the N‐cadherin levels in early embryos of Hmgn1–/– mice were higher than those of their Hmgn1+/+ littermates. Loss of HMGN1 increased the adhesiveness, motility and aggregation potential of Hmgn1–/– MEFs, a phenotype consistent with increased levels of N‐cadherin protein. Re‐expression of wild‐type HMGN1, but not of the mutant HMGN1 protein that does not bind to chromatin, in Hmgn1–/– MEFs, decreased the levels of N‐cadherin and restored the Hmgn1+/+ phenotype. These studies demonstrate a role for HMGN1 in the regulation of specific gene expression. We suggest that in MEFs, and during early mouse development, the interaction of HMGN1 with chromatin down‐regulates the expression of N‐cadherin.
Filial Therapy for Children's Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Mainland China
Authors: Guo Yuqing
Published: October 2005

TOPIC:  Filial therapy as a therapeutic intervention to promote parent–child interaction and improve child's behavior across culture.

PURPOSE:  To review the state of the science of filial therapy and explore whether filial therapy would be an effective parenting program in China.

SOURCES:  Four research articles related to the impact of filial therapy, used with Chinese immigrants, Koreans, and Native Americans, were located in a search of nursing, medical, psychological, and social science literature.

CONCLUSIONS:  The findings indicated that filial therapy is a culturally sensitive and effective intervention. The overall limitations, some recommendations for future research, and the discussion of efficacy of filial therapy in China were provided.
The Relationship between Behavioral Inhibition and Time Perception in Children
Authors: Meaux Julie B. , Chelonis John J.
Published: October 2005

PURPOSE:  To test one component of Barkley's (1997) model of executive functions by examining the relationship between behavioral inhibition and time perception in children.

METHOD:  Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships between measures of behavioral inhibition and time perception for the entire sample, and for boys (n = 34) and girls (n = 26) separately.

FINDINGS:  For both parent and child measures, behavioral inhibition and time perception scores were correlated for the total group and for girls. Child measure of behavioral inhibition and time perception were not correlated for boys.

CONCLUSIONS:  The findings of this study support Barkley's theory and indicate a relationship between poor behavioral inhibition and poor time perception in children.
Admission Variables as Predictors of Completion in an Adolescent Residential Drug Treatment Program
Authors: Vourakis Christine
Published: October 2005

PROBLEM:  Understanding of the pretreatment characteristics of drug‐dependent adolescents to better match clients to treatment models that serve their needs for successful recovery.

METHODS:  A random sample of (N = 91) clients records were selected for this outcomes pilot. Chi‐square analysis examined differences between groups and multivariate logistic regression analysis determined which variables best predicted completion status.

FINDINGS:  Several admission variables were associated with noncompletion and included: fire setting, sex for drugs, or addicted parents. Variables associated with completion included: first time admission to treatment or referral to treatment by peer.

CONCLUSIONS:  Findings suggest that adolescents admitted to treatment with preexisting major depression might have unique treatment needs. Peer education treatment referral systems may be viable ways to encourage adolescents with drug‐dependency problems to seek treatment.
INFLUENCE OF GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF RICE STARCH RETROGRADATION DURING   LOW‐TEMPERATURE STORAGE
Authors: HSU CHUAN‐LIANG , HELDMAN DENNIS R.
Published: October 2005

An increasing amount of research suggests a relationship between the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and the optimum storage temperature for a frozen food. In addition, the Tg for a frozen food is related to the cooling rate through the temperature range of phase transition for water. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of Tgon the rate of starch retrogradation during low‐temperature storage. Rice starch with 65% w/w water content was heated to obtain starch gel as a model food. The influences of cooling rate, storage temperature and time on rate of retrogradation were evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the Tgand the enthalpy during retrogradation. Results indicated that the retrogradation rate during storage was reduced at a slower cooling rate. The retrogradation rates at storage temperatures above Tgwere higher than at storage temperatures below Tg.
ASSESSING CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION FROM COFFEE BEANS: PROCESS‐BASED CONTROL VERSUS PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE
Authors: RIVEROL C. , COONEY J.
Published: October 2005

This article addresses the formulation of a generic model control (GMC) in a supercritical fluid extraction unit (SFE). This alternative control is solved by formulating performance objectives subject to constraints on manipulated, controlled and associated variables. This study shows the performance of the control strategy depends on how the constraints are formulated. The batch extraction of caffeine is the problem proposed in this article. The presence of constraints in the optimization problem makes the overall system nonlinear even though the process dynamics are assumed linear. Hence, the “best” control strategy was determined using field data obtained directly from the pilot plant and compared with the decoupled proportional integral derivative control system actually installed in the plant.
Dispersion and attenuation of acoustic guided waves in layered fluid-filled porous media
Authors: Parra Jorge O. , Xu Pei-cheng
Published: October 2005

The analysis of acoustic wave propagation in fluid-filled porous media based on Biot and homogenization theories has been adapted to calculate dispersion and attenuation of guided waves trapped in low-velocity layered media. Constitutive relations, the balance equation, and the generalized Darcy law of the modified Biot theory yield a coupled system of differential equations which governs the wave motion in each layer. The displacement and stress fields satisfy the boundary conditions of continuity of displacements and tractions across each interface, and the radiation condition at infinity. To avoid precision problems caused by the growing exponential in individual matrices for large wave numbers, the global matrix method was implemented as an alternative to the traditional propagation approach to determine the periodic equations. The complex wave numbers of the guided wave modes were determined using a combination of two-dimensional bracketing and minimization techniques. The results of this work indicate that the acoustic guided wave attenuation is sensitive to the in situ permeability. In particular, the attenuation changes significantly as the in situ permeability of the low-velocity layer is varied at the frequency corresponding to the minimum group velocity (Airy phase). Alternatively, the attenuation of the wave modes are practically unaffected by those permeability variations in the layer at the frequency corresponding to the maximum group velocity.
Elastic guided waves and the Floquet concept in periodically layered plates
Authors: Shull P. J. , Chimenti D. E. , Datta S. K.
Published: October 2005

This article describes the results of experiments and calculations on the interaction of ultrasound with aluminum/aramid–epoxy composites (ARALLTM). The material is a planar laminate of alternating layers of aluminum and a uniaxial aramid–epoxy composite, where the outer layers are aluminum. Four plates, ranging from three to nine layers, have been investigated experimentally using fluid-coupled leaky wave techniques. The theoretical calculations for these plates, and related material combinations, have been made using both a partial wave analysis in conjunction with the transfer matrix method and also a stiffness-based numerical approach. Frequency zones of wave transmission and reflection, similar to those predicted for periodic media have been modeled and observed in the bilayered plates. The onset of this behavior has been simulated by calculating the reflection coefficient as a function of incremental lamina-property variations away from an average value. It is demonstrated that the transmission zones arise from a consolidation or clustering of the uniform-plate minima into frequency zones or bands, suggestive of Floquet wave behavior. Moreover, these bands, and the associated dispersion curves, are approximately constant in frequency, entirely unlike the behavior expected for a homogeneous plate. This phenomenon is explained on the basis of the large phase shifts induced in a layered medium composed of elastically contrasting media. This mechanism also leads to a correspondence between the number of reflection minima and layer unit cells. The effect of structural symmetry on the reflection function has also been studied. The theoretical predictions compare very well, in nearly every case, to the experimental results.
An alternative model for combining noise and age-induced hearing loss
Authors: Bies David A.
Published: October 2005

Bies and Hansen [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88, 2743–2754 (1990)] have proposed an alternative formulation of the relationship between noise exposure and noise-induced hearing impairment to that presented in International Standard ISO 1999 to demonstrate that the interpretation of the standard is not unique. J. H. Macrae [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90, 2513–2516 (1991)] has shown that neither the Bies and Hansen formulation nor the International Standard accounts for observed deterioration in hearing threshold levels at 4000 Hz associated with aging in war veterans with noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS). Thus Macrae has shown that at present there is no formulation which accounts for all epidemiological data. It is shown that Macrae’s data provides an opportunity to extend the formulation of Bies and Hansen without altering in any way their representation of the International Standard database to represent the new epidemiological data for post exposure provided by Macrae as well. A similar extension of the formulation of Kraak and co-investigators may be shown. If the International Standard is corrected, as suggested by Macrae, and the extensions of the formulations of Bies and Hansen and of Kraak and co-investigators are accepted, then there will be three formulations which account for all of the epidemiological data.
A piezoelectric model of outer hair cell function
Authors: Mountain David C. , Hubbard Allyn E.
Published: October 2005

Mammalian outer hair cells (OHC) are believed to increase cochlear sensitivity and frequency selectivity via electromechanical feedback. A simple piezoelectric model of outer hair cell function is presented which integrates existing data from isolated OHC experiments. The model predicts maximum OHC force production to equal 1.25 nN/mV. The model also predicts that the maximum velocity of OHC contraction in situ to be 800 μm/s. These predictions are compared to available experimental data and are found to be in good agreement. The good agreement between the predicted and experimental results suggests that, at the characteristic frequency of a given cochlear location, the OHC receptor current is very efficiently converted into basilar membrane motion.
Finite difference modeling of geoacoustic interaction at anelastic seafloors
Authors: Stephen Ralph A. , Swift Stephen A.
Published: October 2005

A major problem in understanding seismic wave propagation in the seafloor is to distinguish between the loss of energy due to intrinsic attenuation and the loss of energy due to scattering from fine scale heterogeneities and bottom roughness. Energy lost to intrinsic attenuation (heat) disappears entirely from the system. Energy lost to scattering is conserved in the system and can appear in observations as incoherent noise (reverberation, time spread, angle spread) and/or mode converted waves. It has been shown by a number of investigators that the seafloor scattering problem can be addressed by finite difference solutions to the elastic wave equation in the time domain. However previous studies have not considered the role of intrinsic attenuation in the scattering process. In this paper, a formulation is presented which includes the effects of intrinsic attenuation in a two-dimensional finite difference formulation of the elastodynamic equations. The code is stable and yields valid attenuation results.
Radiation patterns of compressional and shear transducers at the surface of an elastic half-space
Authors: Tang X. M. , Zhu Zhenya , Toksöz M. N.
Published: October 2005

This study investigates the radiation patterns of an elastic wave field generated by circular plane compressional and shear transducers at the surface of an elastic half-space. These patterns are obtained from the integral representation of the elastic wave field using the method of steepest descent. It is shown that these patterns contain both effects of the elastic half-space and the amplitude modulation due to the finite dimension of the transducer source. Examples are given to show the behavior of the radiation patterns at low, medium, and high frequencies. These patterns have been verified by a laboratory experiment performed using circular compressional and shear transducers. Therefore, for a circular transducer (compressional or shear) of a given operating frequency, the transducer radiation directivity can be conveniently analyzed using the results of this study.
Band structure for the propagation of elastic waves in superlattices
Authors: Esquivel-Sirvent R. , Cocoletzi G. H.
Published: October 2005

A 2×2 transfer matrix approach is used to study the elastic response of multilayered systems. Superlattices with a period of n layers are considered to calculate the dispersion relations of the normal modes for both longitudinal and transverse waves, and the reflectivity of longitudinal modes for finite and semi-infinite structures. Numerical results of the dispersion relation for a two- and three-layer period superlattice are presented to show the band structure of wave propagation. For transverse waves, it is considered that the single layer may support surface modes and it is found that their interaction with those of the adjacent layers also yield a band structure. The calculated reflectivity of longitudinal elastic waves for the semi-inifinite superlattices resembles the allowed and forbidden regions of the dispersion relations. The theoretical reflectivity curves of sound waves are compared with the experimental results for the three-layer systems. A good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.
Longitudinal measurements of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in infants
Authors: Burns Edward M. , Campbell Shari L. , Arehart Kathryn H.
Published: October 2005

It has previously been shown [E. M. Burns, K. H. Archart, and S. L. Campbell, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 1575–1581 (1992)] that both the overall prevalence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) and most of the various gender- and ear-related prevalence tendencies are not significantly different in 1-month-olds and adults. However, large differences were found between the neonates and adults in the distributions of the frequencies and levels of SOAEs. Both the average level and the median frequency were significantly higher in infants. To obtain longitudinal SOAE data, infants from this original group of 1-month-olds were tested at ages 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. In general, individual SOAEs decrease in level with age, and high-frequency SOAEs tend to show the largest decreases. No substantial shifts occur in the frequencies of individual SOAEs. The frequency and level distributions at 24 months of age are still not adultlike. SOAEs which show short-term instabilities in frequency and/or amplitude at 1 month of age typically continue to evidence such instabilities at later ages. These results suggest the cochlea is adultlike at birth, and imply that the observed SOAE changes reflect developmental changes in the external and middle ear.
Mapping the cochlear partition’s stiffness to its cellular architecture
Authors: Olson E. S. , Mountain D. C.
Published: October 2005

The mechanical properties of the cochlear partition are fundamental to auditory transduction. We measured the point stiffness of the partition, in vivo, at up to 17 radial positions spanning its width, in the basal turn of the gerbil cochlea. We found the linear stiffness at the position that is most likely under the outer pillar cells to be 1.5 times greater than adjacent positions toward the ligament, in the pectinate zone, and five times greater than adjacent positions toward the lamina, in the arcuate zone. This radial variation seems to reflect the cellular geometry of the partition: The pillar cell is positioned as a structural element, and the basilar membrane supports a rich cellular structure in the pectinate zone, whereas it borders a fluid-filled space in the arcuate zone. The radial variation in partition stiffness we find will influence passive cochlear mechanics, and also bears on active cochlear mechanics, since it supports the plausibility of cells as effective force generators. Our results from measurements made in vivo extend the findings of previous measurements made in excised cochleae, in which the cellular contribution to stiffness was less evident.
Excitation patterns in the starling cochlea: A population study of primary auditory afferents
Authors: Gleich Otto
Published: October 2005

The excitatory effect of different test stimuli was quantified in a large sample of primary auditory units of the starling. In order to construct an excitation pattern, the level of excitation in many single units in response to a specific test stimulus was plotted as a function of their characteristic frequency (CF). The effects of stimulus frequency and stimulus sound-pressure level on the shapes of the excitation patterns were characterized by measuring excitation patterns in response to 33 different test stimuli which covered a range of frequencies (0.125 to 2.0 kHz) and sound-pressure levels (20 to 90 dB SPL). In contrast to the mammalian situation, excitation patterns in the starling showed a systematic asymmetry with the high-frequency side being, on average, twice as steep as the low-frequency side. In addition, the sound-pressure level had no systematic effect either on the symmetry or on the high- and low-frequency slopes of the flanks of the excitation patterns. Thus, the nonlinear growth of excitation with increasing sound-pressure level that is typical for the high-frequency flank of mammalian excitation patterns, was not found in the starling. The differences in mammalian and avian excitation patterns are probably related to systematic differences in tuning characteristics of the respective hearing organs.
On the boundary conditions for acoustic waves at a solid–solid or fluid–solid interface
Authors: Bianco Bruno , Cambiaso Andrea , Tommasi Tullio
Published: October 2005

The boundary conditions at a solid–solid interface are analyzed in the transition from a solid–solid interface to a liquid–solid interface. This transition is mathematically performed by means of a limit process, that is, by letting the Lamé shear coefficient of one medium tend to zero. The behavior of the reflection coefficient for transverse waves in the transition can be derived from the boundary conditions. In particular, a linear shear-velocity dependence of its magnitude has been found. As a consequence, the magnitudes of the other reflection and transmission coefficients are also linear. Numerical calculations of the coefficients have been performed. The results confirm the theoretical analysis and point out some critical angles where the linear trend does not occur.
Relative estimates of combination weights, decision criteria, and internal noise based on correlation coefficients
Authors: Richards Virginia M. , Zhu Shunping
Published: October 2005

A means by which relative combination weights may be determined is described for a signal detection model in which the decision variable is a weighted linear combination of several independent, normally distributed random variables, Xi’s. The first theorem presents the correlation between the binary response variables—signal versus no signal—and the component Xi. The second theorem presents a parallel result for the case that additive internal noise is present. Thus in psychophysical experiments, the relative combination weights may be obtained by correlating the observers’ responses and the input random variables. Third, three numerical methods which allow the evaluation of the relative magnitude of the decision criterion and the variance of a hypothetical additive internal noise are considered.