bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Se.Ko.Ph. study: a European multicentre study on falls in elderly subjects living in residential homes
Authors: Ianes Aladar Bruno , Ricci Giorgio , Study Group For the Se.Ko.Ph.
Published: May 2017

The aim was to investigate risk factors for falls in elderly people living in residential nursing homes. An observational, prospective, multicentre study was conducted between March 2010 and March 2011 investigating falls in elderly residents living in residential nursing homes (4 Italian¸ 4 French and 5 German nursing homes). A number of risk factors were assessed as well as details of the fall (dynamics, reasons, location and time of occurrence). Differences were observed between the countries related to different nursing practices. Fallers comprised 36.5% of all residents and approximately 40% were injured as a consequence. Six logistic regression models were created to assess which fallrelated variables had the most impact, and showed subjects with faecal incontinence had a lower risk of falling, while subjects afflicted with dementia and visual impairment showed an increased risk of falling. Higher Tinetti scores were found to be related to an increased fall risk. Falls in the elderly occur due to complex interactions between demographic, physical, behavioural and environmental risk factors. Differences between countries in fall rates were seen, probably due to different medical practices, use of aids and restraints, and characteristics of the populations (i.e. the Italian residents tended to be more cognitively impaired and more impaired in balance and gait compared to the French and German residents). There was evidence that subjects with a better clinical status fall more frequently, whereas non-fallers had a worse clinical status and therefore tended to be more bedridden.
Ileal hypertrophy and associated true diverticulum as a cause of colic in a horse
Authors: Mahne Arnold T. , Janse van Rensburg Driene , Hewetson Michael
Published: May 2017

A 4-year-old Thoroughbred gelding underwent an explorative celiotomy for a suspected small intestinal obstruction. During surgery, an impacted diverticulum of the ileum was suspected, necessitating a jejunocaecostomy. The owner opted for euthanasia. On post-mortem examination and histopathology, a true diverticulum on the mesenteric side of the ileum, with ileal hypertrophy, was diagnosed.
Spatial relationships and movement patterns of the air cargo industry in airport regions
Authors: Coetzee Petrus J. van V. , Swanepoel Pieter A.
Published: May 2017

Background: During the past few years, with the increase in air traffic and the expansion of airports, very few industries had such a large spatial development and movement impact as that of airport-related clusters or airport regions. Although much research was done on the various impacts of the airport industry, very little research was done on the air cargo industry in airport regions.Objectives: This article specifically explored the unique spatial relationships, impacts, trends and movement patterns of the air cargo industry within a typical airport region.Method: The article focused on the OR Tambo International Airport in Gauteng, South Africa, as a case study and was informed by an extensive quantitative spatial and land use analysis and modelling of the study area.Results: The article presented findings and insights on the movement patterns and relationships between (1) the airport facility and (2) the spatial configuration of air cargo industries in the particular airport region. These findings also provided some framework for a possible spatial model and guideline that could assist in steering and managing development and movement patterns in airport regions.Conclusion: The article provided new insights and understanding on the spatial dynamics of airport regions and the air cargo industry, ultimately addressing some gaps in this knowledge field. The article in the end highlighted the need for a different and novel approach to the planning and management of the air cargo industry in airport regions and a basis for further research.
Feeding choices and impacts of extralimital giraffe on two keystone tree species in the Kgalagadi National Park
Authors: February Edmund , Shadwell Eleanor , Viljoen Storme , Hattas Dawood
Published: May 2017

In this article we determine the effect of an extralimital megaherbivore on the reproductive potential and vegetation structure of two keystone tree species in the Auob River in the south western Kalahari Desert of southern Africa. Using spoor and dung counts we establish the presence of giraffe in three predetermined density zones by walking 50 transects across the river in each zone. We also photographed six trees from each species in each zone and use these photographs to determine browse impact on reproductive potential, canopy volume as well as the percentage dieback on the extremities of the canopy. We then perform stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis on the leaves of the trees and compare these relative to the isotope ratios of giraffe dung to ascertain dietary preference. Crude protein was determined as a guide to nutritive value. Finally, we determine both chemical and physical defences for the two species. Our results show a significant negative impact of giraffe browse on tree canopies, no significant differences in recruitment and a noticeable decrease in flowers and pods at the giraffe browse height of 2 m – 5 m. No significant differences in crude protein or condensed tannins were found but significant differences in spinescence. Giraffe are not endemic to the Auob River and our study shows that the introduction of these animals is having a negative impact on the canopies of Vachellia haematoxylon. While there are, as yet, no significant impacts on reproductive potential we speculate that this will happen with time.Conservation implications: Our study shows that giraffe are significantly impacting the canopies of two common tree species in the Auob River in the arid Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Without management intervention an increasing population of giraffe will result in substantial changes to the plant community vegetation structure of the river.
The representation of women in Huisgenoot in 1963 and 2013: A multimodal discourse analysis
Authors: Marais Susann H.
Published: May 2017

The opinion that people and the media are in a relationship of mutual influence, together with the study of the cultural conceptualisation of femininity in two issues of Huisgenoot, is the point of departure. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a difference in the portrayal of women in the 1963 and 2013 issues of Huisgenoot. According to research, the visual image and written text work together to convey a message. Multimodal discourse analysis (MDA) assumes that a variety of modes are used to construct meaning. MDA assumes that communication and representation comprise of more than just language. Therefore, the intersemiotic complementarity method within MDA is used. The study comes to the conclusion that the representation of the ideal woman’s responsibilities has extended, although the woman’s role is still restricted to certain domains, as reflected by the presence of the mother stereotypes.
Multi-source SO2 emissions retrievals and consistency of satellite and surface measurements with reported emissions
Authors: Fioletov Vitali , McLinden Chris A. , Kharol Shailesh K. , Krotkov Nickolay A. , Li Can , Joiner Joanna , Moran Michael D. , Vet Robert , Visschedijk Antoon J. H. , Denier van der Gon Hugo A. C.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Reported sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from U.S. and Canadian sources have declined dramatically since the 1990s as a result of emissions control measures. Observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite and ground-based in-situ measurements are examined to verify whether the observed changes from SO2 abundance measurements are quantitatively consistent with the reported changes in emissions. To make this connection, a new method to link SO2 emissions and satellite SO2 measurements was developed. The method is based on fitting satellite SO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) to a set of functions of OMI pixel coordinates and wind speeds, where each function represents a statistical model of a plume from a single point source. The concept is first demonstrated using sources in North America, and then applied to Europe. The correlation coefficient between OMI-measured VCDs (with a local bias removed) and SO2 VCDs derived here using reported emissions for 1° by 1° gridded data is 0.91 and the best-fit line has a slope near unity, confirming a very good agreement between observed SO2 VCDs and reported emissions. Having demonstrated their consistency, seasonal and annual mean SO2 VCD distributions are calculated, based on reported point-source emissions for the period 1980–2015, as would have been seen by OMI. This consistency is further substantiated as the emissions-derived VCDs also show a high correlation with annual mean SO2 surface concentrations at 50 regional monitoring stations.
Contrasting terrestrial carbon cycle responses to the two strongest El Niño events: 1997–98 and 2015–16 El Niños
Authors: Wang Jun , Zeng Ning , Wang Meirong , Jiang Fei , Wang Hengmao , Jiang Ziqiang
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The large interannual CO2 variability is dominated by the response of terrestrial biosphere to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, behaviors of terrestrial ecosystems differ in patterns and biological processes in different El Niño events. Here we conduct a comprehensive comparison of the two strongest El Niño events in history, namely, the recent 2015–16 event, and the earlier 1997–98 event in the context of multi-event composite El Niño. We analyze Mauna Loa CO2 concentration, surface carbon fluxes from three atmospheric inversions, and a mechanistic carbon cycle model VEGAS. We find large differences in the carbon cycle responses, even though the two El Nino events are of similar magnitude. We find that the land-atmosphere carbon flux (FTA) anomaly in 1997–98 El Niño was 1.95 Pg C yr–1 globally, but two times smaller during 2015–16 El Niño at 0.79 Pg C yr–1. We also find that FTA had no obvious lagged response in 2015–16 El Niño, in contrast to that in 1997–98 El Niño. Separating the global flux by major geographical regions, during 1997–98, the fluxes in the tropics and extratropical northern hemisphere were 1.98 and 0.04 Pg C yr–1, respectively. During 2015–16, these were 1.07 and 0.4 Pg C yr–1. Analysis of the mechanism shows that in the tropics, the widespread drier and warmer conditions caused the decrease in gross primary productivity (GPP, 1.11 Pg C yr–1) and increase in terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER, 0.49 Pg C yr–1) in 1997–98 El Niño. During 2015–16, in contrast, anomalously wet conditions occurred in Sahel and East Africa that caused increase in GPP, compensating its decrease over other tropical regions. As a result, the total 2015–16 tropical GPP and TER anomalies were 0.29 and 1.23 Pg C yr–1. GPP dominance during 1997–98 and TER dominance during 2015–16 accounted for the phase difference in their FTA. In extratropical northern hemisphere, we find that temperature was warmer both in 1997–98 and 2015–16 El Niños over North America, contributing to enhancements in GPP and TER. However, temperature over Eurasia was warmer in 2015–16 El Niño, opposing to the cooler in 1997–98 and composite El Niño events. This warmer condition enhanced GPP and TER over the Eurasia in 2015–16 El Niño, compared to their suppressions in 1997–98 El Niño. The total extratropical northern hemisphere GPP and TER anomalies were 0.86 and 0.74 Pg C yr–1 in 1997–98 El Niño and 1.8 and 1.47 Pg C yr–1 in 2015–16 El Niño. Additionally, we find that wildfires played less important roles in 2015–16 El Niño than in 1997–98 El Niño.
Evaluating climate change impacts on streamflow variability based on a multisite multivariate GCM downscaling method
Authors: Li Zhi , Jin Jiming
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Projected hydrological variability is important to future water resources management. Such a projection is often driven by downscaled general circulation model variables. This study developed the multisite multivariate climate change scenarios through three steps: (i) spatially downscaling GCMs with a transfer function method, (ii) temporally downscaling GCMs with a single-site weather generator, and (iii) reconstructing the spatiotemporal correlations with a nonparametric shuffle procedure. Through these steps, multisite precipitation and temperature change scenarios for the period of 2011–2040 were generated from five GCMs under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) to project future changes in streamflow variability with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the Jing River catchment on China’s Loess Plateau. The correlation reconstruction method performed well for inter-site and -variable correlation reproduction and hydrological modeling. SWAT model was well calibrated with monthly streamflow to have a model efficiency coefficient of 0.78. The annual mean precipitation would not change, while the mean maximum and minimum temperatures would significantly increase by 1.6 ± 0.3 and 1.3 ± 0.2 °C; the variance ratios of 2011–2040 to 1961–2005 were 1.15 ± 0.13 for precipitation, 1.15 ± 0.14 for mean maximum temperature and 1.04 ± 0.10 for mean minimum temperature. A warmer climate was detected for the flood season while winter and spring would be wetter and warmer; the intra- and inter-annual variations of climate would be greater than those of the current climate. The total annual streamflow would change insignificantly, but its variance ratios of 2011–2040 to 1961–2005 would increase by 1.25 ± 0.55. The streamflow variability would be greater over most months at a seasonal scale due to the increase of monthly maximum streamflow and the decrease of monthly minimum streamflow. The increase in streamflow variability was mainly attributed to the larger positive contributions from increased precipitation variances than the negative contributions from increased temperature means.
Hydrology of inland tropical lowlands: the Kapuas and Mahakam wetlands
Authors: Hidayat Hidayat , Teuling Adriaan J. , Vermeulen Bart , Taufik Muh , Kastner Karl , Geertsema Tjitske J. , Bol Dinja C. C. , Hoekman Dirk H. , Haryani Gadis Sri , Van Lanen Henny A. J. , Delinom Robert M. , Dijksma Roel , Anshari Gusti Z. , Ningsih Nining S. , Uijlenhoet Remko , Hoitink Antonius J. F.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Wetlands are important reservoirs of water, carbon and biodiversity. They are typical landscapes of lowland regions that have high potential for water retention. However, the hydrology of these wetlands in tropical regions is often studied in isolation from the processes taking place at the catchment scale. Our main objective is to study the hydrological dynamics of one of the largest tropical rainforest regions on an island using a combination of satellite remote sensing and novel observations from dedicated field campaigns. This contribution offers a comprehensive analysis of the hydrological dynamics of two neighbouring poorly gauged tropical basins; the Kapuas basin (98 700 km2) in West Kalimantan and the Mahakam basin (77 100 km2) in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Both basins are characterised by vast areas of inland lowlands. Hereby, we put specific emphasis on key hydrological variables and indicators such as discharge and flood extent. The hydroclimatological data described herein were obtained during fieldwork campaigns carried out in the Kapuas over the period 2013–2015 and in the Mahakam over the period 2008–2010. Additionally, we used the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall estimates over the period 1998–2015 to analyse the distribution of rainfall and the influence of El-Niño – Southern Oscillation. Flood occurrence maps were obtained from the analysis of the Phase Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) images from 2007 to 2010. Drought events were derived from time series of simulated groundwater recharge using time series of TRMM rainfall estimates, potential evapotranspiration estimates and the threshold level approach. The Kapuas and the Mahakam lake regions are vast reservoirs of water of about 1000 and 1500 km2 that can store as much as 3 and 6.5 billion m3 of water, respectively. These storage capacity values can be doubled considering the area of flooding under vegetation cover. Discharge time series show that backwater effects are highly influential in the wetland regions, which can be partly explained by inundation dynamics shown by flood occurrence maps obtained from PALSAR images. In contrast to their nature as wetlands, both lowland areas have frequent periods with low soil moisture conditions and low groundwater recharge. The Mahakam wetland area regularly exhibits low groundwater recharge, which may lead to prolonged drought events that can last up to 13 months. It appears that the Mahakam lowland is more vulnerable to hydrological drought, leading to more frequent fire occurrences than in the Kapuas basin.
Mapping Accessibility in the Historic Urban Center of Bucharest for Earthquake Hazard Response
Authors: Ianoş Ioan , Merciu George-Laurentiu , Merciu Cristinia , Pomeroy George
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Planning for post-disaster accessibility is essential in providing emergency and other services to protect life and property in the impacted areas in the aftermath of such events. Careful planning is especially critical in congested historic districts where narrow streets and at-risk structures are more common or prevail. One of the more common methods of measuring accessibility, the use of isochrones, may be particularly inappropriate in congested historic areas. Bucharest, Romania, is a city with such an older historic core of buildings and narrower streets. Furthermore, Bucharest ranks behind only Istanbul among large European cities in terms of seismic risk. The city experienced earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7.0 in 1940 and 1970. Both earthquakes had their epicenter in the Vrancea Mountains of central Romania and less than 200 kilometers from Bucharest. With a relative periodicity of 45 to 50 years for earthquakes of such magnitude, there is a clear need for earthquake hazard planning that incorporates comprehensive hazard awareness, including an improved understanding of and mapping for accessibility, particularly in areas with greater potential for building collapse. This paper provides an examination of simulated accessibility for central Bucharest through the use of mapping and GIS technologies. The finding is that accessibility will be substantially compromised by anticipated building collapse. Therefore, policy makers and planners need to more fully understand and appreciate the serious implications of this compromised accessibility in planning for emergency services and disaster recovery activities.
Measuring pH variability using an experimental sensor on an underwater glider
Authors: Hemming Michael P. , Kaiser Jan , Heywood Karen J. , Bakker Dorothee C.E. , Boutin Jacqueline , Shitashima Kiminori , Lee Gareth , Legge Oliver , Onken Reiner
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Autonomous underwater gliders offer the capability of measuring oceanic parameters continuously at high resolution in both vertical and horizontal planes, with timescales that can extend to many months. An experimental ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensor measuring pH on the total scale was attached to a glider during the REP14-MED experiment in June 2014 in the Sardinian Sea in the northwestern Mediterranean. During the deployment, pH was sampled at depths of up to 1000 m along an 80 km transect over a period of 12 days. Water samples were collected from a nearby ship and analysed for dissolved inorganic carbon concentration and total alkalinity to derive the pH for validating the ISFET sensor measurements. The vertical resolution of the pH sensor was good (1 to 2 m), but stability was poor and the sensor drifted in a non-monotonous fashion. In order to remove the sensor drift, a depth-constant time-varying offset was applied throughout the water column for each dive, reducing the spread of the data by approximately two-thirds. Furthermore, the ISFET sensor required temperature- and pressure-based corrections, which were achieved using linear regression. Correcting for this decreased the apparent sensor pH variability by a further 13 to 31 %. Sunlight caused an apparent sensor pH decrease of up to 0.1 in surface waters around local noon, highlighting the importance of shielding the sensor from light in future deployments. The corrected pH from the ISFET sensor is presented along with potential temperature, salinity, potential density anomalies (σθ), and dissolved oxygen concentrations (c(O2)) measured by the glider, providing insights into the physical and biogeochemical variability in the Sardinian Sea. The pH maxima were identified close to the depth of the summer chlorophyll maximum, where high c(O2) values were also found. Longitudinal pH variations at depth (σθ > 28. 8 kg m−3) highlighted the variability of water masses in the Sardinian Sea. Higher pH was observed where salinity was  > 38. 65, and lower pH was found where salinity ranged between 38.3 and 38.65. The higher pH was associated with saltier Levantine Intermediate Water, and it is possible that the lower pH was related to the remineralisation of organic matter. Furthermore, shoaling isopycnals closer to shore coinciding with low pH and c(O2), high salinity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, and chlorophyll fluorescence waters may be indicative of upwelling.
A Novelty of Perspective of Fikih and PP No. 17 1965 for Status of Ownership of Life Insurance in Claims Fund
Authors: Rahmadi Fuji , Nuruddin Amiur , Yuslem Nawir
Published: May 2017

Islam considers insurance or “insured” as a social phenomenon that was ormed by helping each other and humanity. Treasure gained after the death of a person as a result of a cause that by its nature will bring profit, which is done in the period he was still alive then the property as it was by Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, an expert from the Shafi'ites fiqh, in his book Tuhfatul-Muhtaj Syarah Kitab al-Minhaj (by Imam al-Nawawi), fall into the category tirkah treasure. Although the normative existence of insurance is a necessity in the communities in Indonesia but considering Indonesia as a Muslim majority country, then its existence cannot be released by the paradigm of the dynamics of the system of Islamic law. Therefore in this paper describes some of the approaches used in assessing the existence of insurance in Indonesia, it is not enough just to use the normative approach to Islam, but must be coupled with a conventional legal approach that is shaded by the science of law, especially constitutional law.
The “Phantom of the Opera” sign of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia with unilateral polyostotic involvement in McCune-Albright syndrome
Authors: Law W. Phillip , Jackson Peter
Published: May 2017

McCune-Albright syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder resulting from a sporadically occurring somatic \textit{GNAS} gene mutation. It is characterised by the association of: endocrinopathy (most commonly precocious puberty), polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, and cutaneous pigmentation with café-au-lait spots with edges resembling the coast of Maine. We present a case of McCune-Albright syndrome with unilateral polyostotic fibrous dysplasia including involvement of the skull and facial bones on one side resulting in an appearance on skeletal scintigraphy resembling the characteristic mask of the “Phantom of the Opera”.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Higher Education Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2
Authors: Lin Sherry
Published: May 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Higher Education Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2017
Mobilitat quotidiana, consum de carburants i forma urbana a la regió metropolitana de Barcelona
Authors: López Redondo Joan
Published: May 2017

El consum de carburants produït per la mobilitat laboral a la regió metropolitana de Barcelona està estretament relacionat amb la morfologia dels teixits urbans. Per demostrar-ho, el present treball desenvolupa una metodologia destinada a 1) superar les mancances de dades de mobilitat actuals amb un elevat nivell de desagregació territorial; 2) assignar un consum de carburant a cada flux de mobilitat en funció del seu volum, de la distància recorreguda i dels mitjans de transport utilitzats, i 3) creuar els resultats de cada municipi amb una classificació del seu sòl residencial. Els resultats permeten constatar l’existència de diferències notables en el consum de carburants dels municipis que poden explicar-se, en bona part, per les característiques del sòl residencial.
La ascensión a la montaña y la rememoración de la historia. Interpretaciones de Sierra Nevada en el montañismo del siglo XIX
Authors: Cornejo Nieto Carlos
Published: May 2017

Generalmente, la geografía cultural ha planteado la relación entre la memoria y el espacio geográfico como parte de los discursos de la identidad nacional, obviando otras particularidades subjetivas suscitadas por el contacto físico con la materialidad del paisaje. Centrándose en las especificidades topográficas de Sierra Nevada, este artículo reconsidera la espacialidad de la memoria como un proceso multisensorial, en el que, a través del acto físico, dinámico y geográficamente situado de la ascensión a la cumbre, se vehicula una rememoración personal del pasado. Tomando el concepto de Nora de «lugar de memoria» y las nociones fenomenológicas y ontológicas del pasado de Ingold y Deleuze, y considerando asimismo los particularismos geográficos e históricos del macizo, el artículo explora la rememoración de la historia islámica por parte de tres viajeros del siglo XIX durante su ascensión al Veleta y al Mulhacén, interpretando ambas cumbres como puntos de unión donde convergen el pasado oriental islámico y el presente occidental europeo.
De Backer, Mattias; Melgaço, Lucas; Varna, Georgiana i Menichelli, Francesca (eds.) (2016). Order and conflict in public space
Authors: Ortiz Guitart Anna
Published: May 2017

De Backer, Mattias; Melgaço, Lucas; Varna, Georgiana i Menichelli, Francesca (eds.) (2016)Order and conflict in public space Oxon: Routledge, 227 p.ISBN 978-1-138-93118-3
Identifying barriers to the implementation of patient-reported outcome measures using a theory-based approach
Authors: Hanbury Andria
Published: May 2017

Rationale, aims and objectives: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are gaining increasing attention within mental healthcare, yet can be difficult to implement into routine practice. To increase uptake, it is recommended to explore the barriers to uptake guided by a theory base, with this information then used to design a tailored improvement strategy. The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to collecting and using a specific PROM within a single setting to inform the design of PROMs promotion strategies.Methods: Staff perceptions of relative advantage and the compatibility with norms and complexity of using the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS) in routine practice were explored through structured group discussions with mental healthcare teams within one Foundation Trust guided by diffusion of innovation theory. Results: Respondents perceived some advantages to using SWEMWBS, notably patient involvement, but also highlighted the burden of paper-based data collection and the poor quality of feedback reports. There was also scepticism regarding the suitability of the tool, particularly for certain groups of patients and concerns regarding use of PROMs for performance management. Views were mixed regarding compatibility with existing norms. Conclusions: To increase uptake, it is recommended that the positive perceptions of relative advantage, compatibility and ease of use identified in this study should be promoted, including through messages delivered by senior staff and tailored educational strategies. Negative (mis)perceptions should be similarly challenged and barriers around paper-based data collection and feedback reports systematically targeted.
HABITAÇÃO POPULAR EM SALVADOR-BA NO FINAL DO SÉCULO XX: ARQUITETURA E INSUSTENTABILIDADE SOCIAL DO PROJETO
Authors: Soares Antônio Mateus
Published: May 2017

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as formas de inserção urbana de três conjuntos habitacionais construídos nas duas últimas décadas do século XX, em Salvador: Conjunto Loteamento Vale das Dunas, Conjunto Viver Melhor/Ogunjá e o Conjunto Nova Primavera. A pesquisa promoveu um conjunto de avaliações quanto à forma de alocação desses conjuntos habitacionais no tecido urbano de
Salvador, assim como a qualidade técnica do projeto, mobilizando reflexões sobre a arquitetura do equipamento, a técnica construtiva e os anseios da participação popular. O estudo apresenta como resultados uma análise sucinta da política de habitação na década de 1990 em Salvador e a afirmação
de que projetos de habitação popular elaborados autocraticamente, sem a participação efetiva da população, põem em risco a sustentabilidade social do projeto. Os limites e desafios anunciados no estudo ainda não foram superados e estão presentes nas investidas atuais dos programas governamentais
de habitação popular no Brasil.
Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Gene Mutations That Are Predictive of Malignancy in Residual Needle Rinses Collected From Fine-Needle Aspirations of Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Fuller Maren Y. , Mody Dina , Hull April , Pepper Kristi , Hendrickson Heather , Olsen Randall
Published: May 2017

Context.—

Thyroid nodules have a prevalence of approximately 70% in adults. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a minimally invasive, cost-effective, standard method to collect tissue from thyroid nodules for cytologic examination. However, approximately 15% of thyroid FNA specimens cannot be unambiguously diagnosed as benign or malignant.

Objective.—

To investigate whether clinically actionable data can be obtained using next-generation sequencing of residual needle rinse material.

Design.—

A total of 24 residual needle rinse specimens with malignant (n = 6), indeterminate (n = 9), or benign (n = 9) thyroid FNA diagnoses were analyzed in our clinical molecular diagnostics laboratory using next-generation sequencing assays designed to detect gene mutations and translocations that commonly occur in thyroid cancer. Results were correlated with surgical diagnoses and clinical outcomes.

Results.—

Interpretable data were generated from 23 of 24 residual needle rinse specimens. Consistent with its well-known role in thyroid malignancy, BRAF V600E mutations were detected in 4 malignant cases. An NRAS mutation was detected in 1 benign case. No mutations were detected from specimens with indeterminate diagnoses.

Conclusions.—

Our data demonstrate that residual thyroid FNA needle rinses are an adequate source of material for molecular diagnostic testing. Importantly, detection of a mutation implicated in thyroid malignancy was predictive of the final surgical diagnosis and clinical outcome. Our strategy to triage thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology with molecular testing eliminates the need to perform additional FNA passes into dedicated media or to schedule additional invasive procedures. Further investigation with a larger sample size to confirm the clinical utility of our proposed strategy is underway.
Controlling Nitrosamines: A Balancing Act
Authors: Krasner Stuart W.
Published: May 2017

This special focus issue of Journal AWWA presents papers from the United States and abroad that discuss current research on nitrosamines. This month's guest editor discusses how drinking water utilities have cost‐effectively optimized their treatment and disinfection processes to control a variety of micropollutants to meet state and federal regulations, operational requirements, and aesthetic issues. However, the discovery of new pollutants presents challenges to the drinking water industry. An emerging class of disinfection by‐products (DBPs) of health and regulatory concern are nitrosamines (e.g., N‐nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA]). NDMA is preferentially formed by chloramines, where chloramines have been increasingly used to control the formation of the regulated DBPs trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.
Water Research Foundation Focus Area: NDMA and Other Nitrosamines
Authors: Khiari Djanette
Published: May 2017

Several recent water research foundation projects provide information for addressing ndma and other nitrosamines in drinking water supplies.
Quality of Life of Infants with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Large Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Jung Camille , Beck Laurence , Hanh Thierry , Bellaiche Marc
Published: May 2017

Background: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are very common during infancy, leading to frequent medical consultations. The aim of this large, prospective study was to assess the quality of life (QoL) and clinical management of infants with FGID.
Methods: Completely or partially bottle-fed infants under 5 months old, presenting one or more FGID (regurgitation, constipation, diarrhea, crying/fussing), were enrolled during initial consultation by 111 pediatricians in private practice throughout France and reassessed at one month. Parents were asked to complete the QUALIN QoL questionnaire at inclusion and at Day 15.
Results: A total of 815 infants (mean age 2.1±1.2 months) were evaluable. Mean QoL score improved from +27.2±15.1 at inclusion to +38.0±12.9 at day 15 (p<0.0001) irrespective of FGID symptoms. Multivariate analysis indicated that younger age, dietary advice, and partial breastfeeding were associated with better QoL outcome. Gastrointestinal symptoms showed significant regression at Day 30. The number of bottle feeds followed by external reflux episodes decreased from 80.0±27.4% to 36.1±31.4% at Day 30 (p<0.0001), the weekly number of stools increasing from 3.9±4.0 to 8.0±3.7 (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Medical management based on information, reassurance, lifestyle advice and dietary intervention improved QoL in infants with FGID and led to a reduction in FGID symptoms.
Enforcement of developmental lineage specificity by transcription factor Oct1
Authors: Shen Zuolian , Kang Jinsuk , Shakya Arvind , Tabaka Marcin , Jarboe Elke A , Regev Aviv , Tantin Dean
Published: May 2017

Embryonic stem cells co-express Oct4 and Oct1, a related protein with similar DNA-binding specificity. To study the role of Oct1 in ESC pluripotency and transcriptional control, we constructed germline and inducible-conditional Oct1-deficient ESC lines. ESCs lacking Oct1 show normal appearance, self-renewal and growth but manifest defects upon differentiation. They fail to form beating cardiomyocytes, generate neurons poorly, form small, poorly differentiated teratomas, and cannot generate chimeric mice. Upon RA-mediated differentiation, Oct1-deficient cells induce lineage-appropriate developmentally poised genes poorly while lineage-inappropriate genes, including extra-embryonic genes, are aberrantly expressed. In ESCs, Oct1 co-occupies a specific set of targets with Oct4, but does not occupy differentially expressed developmental targets. Instead, Oct1 occupies these targets as cells differentiate and Oct4 declines. These results identify a dynamic interplay between Oct1 and Oct4, in particular during the critical window immediately after loss of pluripotency when cells make the earliest developmental fate decisions.
Patterned cortical tension mediated by N-cadherin controls cell geometric order in the Drosophila eye
Authors: Chan Eunice HoYee , Chavadimane Shivakumar Pruthvi , Clément Raphaël , Laugier Edith , Lenne Pierre-François
Published: May 2017

Adhesion molecules hold cells together but also couple cell membranes to a contractile actomyosin network, which limits the expansion of cell contacts. Despite their fundamental role in tissue morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis, how adhesion molecules control cell shapes and cell patterns in tissues remains unclear. Here we address this question in vivo using the Drosophila eye. We show that cone cell shapes depend little on adhesion bonds and mostly on contractile forces. However, N-cadherin has an indirect control on cell shape. At homotypic contacts, junctional N-cadherin bonds downregulate Myosin-II contractility. At heterotypic contacts with E-cadherin, unbound N-cadherin induces an asymmetric accumulation of Myosin-II, which leads to a highly contractile cell interface. Such differential regulation of contractility is essential for morphogenesis as loss of N-cadherin disrupts cell rearrangements. Our results establish a quantitative link between adhesion and contractility and reveal an unprecedented role of N-cadherin on cell shapes and cell arrangements.
Pioneer neurog1 expressing cells ingress into the otic epithelium and instruct neuronal specification
Authors: Hoijman Esteban , Fargas L , Blader Patrick , Alsina Berta
Published: May 2017

Neural patterning involves regionalised cell specification. Recent studies indicate that cell dynamics play instrumental roles in neural pattern refinement and progression, but the impact of cell behaviour and morphogenesis on neural specification is not understood. Here we combine 4D analysis of cell behaviours with dynamic quantification of proneural expression to uncover the construction of the zebrafish otic neurogenic domain. We identify pioneer cells expressing neurog1 outside the otic epithelium that migrate and ingress into the epithelialising placode to become the first otic neuronal progenitors. Subsequently, neighbouring cells express neurog1 inside the placode, and apical symmetric divisions amplify the specified pool. Interestingly, pioneer cells delaminate shortly after ingression. Ablation experiments reveal that pioneer cells promote neurog1 expression in other otic cells. Finally, ingression relies on the epithelialisation timing controlled by FGF activity. We propose a novel view for otic neurogenesis integrating cell dynamics whereby ingression of pioneer cells instructs neuronal specification.
RNA-dependent chromatin association of transcription elongation factors and Pol II CTD kinases
Authors: Battaglia Sofia , Lidschreiber Michael , Baejen Carlo , Torkler Phillipp , Vos Seychelle M , Cramer Patrick
Published: May 2017

For transcription through chromatin, RNA polymerase (Pol) II associates with elongation factors (EFs). Here we show that many EFs crosslink to RNA emerging from transcribing Pol II in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Most EFs crosslink preferentially to mRNAs, rather than unstable non-coding RNAs. RNA contributes to chromatin association of many EFs, including the Pol II serine 2 kinases Ctk1 and Bur1 and the histone H3 methyltransferases Set1 and Set2. The Ctk1 kinase complex binds RNA in vitro, consistent with direct EF-RNA interaction. Set1 recruitment to genes in vivo depends on its RNA recognition motifs (RRMs). These results strongly suggest that nascent RNA contributes to EF recruitment to transcribing Pol II. We propose that EF-RNA interactions facilitate assembly of the elongation complex on transcribed genes when RNA emerges from Pol II, and that loss of EF-RNA interactions upon RNA cleavage at the polyadenylation site triggers disassembly of the elongation complex.
Rapid short-term reorganization in the language network
Authors: Hartwigsen Gesa , Bzdok Danilo , Klein Maren , Wawrzyniak Max , Stockert Anika , Wrede Katrin , Classen Joseph , Saur Dorothee
Published: May 2017

The adaptive potential of the language network to compensate for lesions remains elusive. We show that perturbation of a semantic region in the healthy brain induced suppression of activity in a large semantic network and upregulation of neighbouring phonological areas. After perturbation, the disrupted area increased its inhibitory influence on another semantic key node. The inhibitory influence predicted the individual delay in response speed, indicating that inhibition at remote nodes is functionally relevant. Individual disruption predicted the upregulation of semantic activity in phonological regions. In contrast, perturbation over a phonological region suppressed activity in the network and disrupted behaviour without inducing upregulation. The beneficial contribution of a neighbouring network might thus depend on the level of functional disruption and may be interpreted to reflect a differential compensatory potential of distinct language networks. These results might reveal generic mechanisms of plasticity in cognitive networks and inform models of language reorganization.
Longitudinal imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans in a microfabricated device reveals variation in behavioral decline during aging
Authors: Churgin Matthew A , Jung Sang-Kyu , Yu Chih-Chieh , Chen Xiangmei , Raizen David M , Fang-Yen Christopher
Published: May 2017

The roundworm C. elegans is a mainstay of aging research due to its short lifespan and easily manipulable genetics. Current, widely used methods for long-term measurement of C. elegans are limited by low throughput and the difficulty of performing longitudinal monitoring of aging phenotypes. Here we describe the WorMotel, a microfabricated device for long-term cultivation and automated longitudinal imaging of large numbers of C. elegans confined to individual wells. Using the WorMotel, we find that short-lived and long-lived strains exhibit patterns of behavioral decline that do not temporally scale between individuals or populations, but rather resemble the shortest and longest lived individuals in a wild type population. We also find that behavioral trajectories of worms subject to oxidative stress resemble trajectories observed during aging. Our method is a powerful and scalable tool for analysis of C. elegans behavior and aging.
Structure analyses reveal a regulated oligomerization mechanism of the PlexinD1/GIPC/myosin VI complex
Authors: Shang Guijun , Brautigam Chad A , Chen Rui , Lu Defen , Torres-Vázquez Jesús , Zhang Xuewu
Published: May 2017

The GIPC family adaptor proteins mediate endocytosis by tethering cargo proteins to the myosin VI motor. The structural mechanisms for the GIPC/cargo and GIPC/myosin VI interactions remained unclear. PlexinD1, a transmembrane receptor that regulates neuronal and cardiovascular development, is a cargo of GIPCs. GIPC-mediated endocytic trafficking regulates PlexinD1 signaling. Here, we unravel the mechanisms of the interactions among PlexinD1, GIPCs and myosin VI by a series of crystal structures of these proteins in apo or bound states. GIPC1 forms a domain-swapped dimer in an autoinhibited conformation that hinders binding of both PlexinD1 and myosin VI. PlexinD1 binding to GIPC1 releases the autoinhibition, promoting its interaction with myosin VI. GIPCs and myosin VI interact through two distinct interfaces and form an open-ended alternating array. Our data support that this alternating array underlies the oligomerization of the GIPC/Myosin VI complexes in solution and cells.
Eumelanin and pheomelanin are predominant pigments in bumblebee (Apidae:Bombus) pubescence
Authors: Polidori Carlo , Jorge Alberto , Ornosa Concepción
Published: May 2017

Background

Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae:Bombus) are well known for their important inter- and intra-specific variation in hair (or pubescence) color patterns, but the chemical nature of the pigments associated with these patterns is not fully understood. For example, though melanization is believed to provide darker colors, it still unknown which types of melanin are responsible for each color, and no conclusive data are available for the lighter colors, including white.

Methods

By using dispersive Raman spectroscopy analysis on 12 species/subspecies of bumblebees from seven subgenera, we tested the hypothesis that eumelanin and pheomelanin, the two main melanin types occurring in animals, are largely responsible for bumblebee pubescence coloration.

Results

Eumelanin and pheomelanin occur in bumblebee pubescence. Black pigmentation is due to prevalent eumelanin, with visible signals of additional pheomelanin, while the yellow, orange, red and brown hairs clearly include pheomelanin. On the other hand, white hairs reward very weak Raman signals, suggesting that they are depigmented. Additional non-melanic pigments in yellow hair cannot be excluded but need other techniques to be detected. Raman spectra were more similar across similarly colored hairs, with no apparent effect of phylogeny and both melanin types appeared to be already used at the beginning of bumblebee radiation.

Discussion

We suggest that the two main melanin forms, at variable amounts and/or vibrational states, are sufficient in giving almost the whole color range of bumblebee pubescence, allowing these insects to use a single precursor instead of synthesizing a variety of chemically different pigments. This would agree with commonly seen color interchanges between body segments acrossBombusspecies.
A novel genus and cryptic species harboured within the monotypic freshwater crayfish genusTenuibranchiurusRiek, 1951 (Decapoda: Parastacidae)
Authors: Dawkins Kathryn L. , Furse James M. , Wild Clyde H. , Hughes Jane M.
Published: May 2017

Identifying species groups is an important yet difficult task, with there being no single accepted definition as to what constitutes a species, nor a set of criteria by which they should be delineated. Employing the General Lineage Concept somewhat circumvents these issues, as this concept allows multiple concordant lines of evidence to be used as support for species delimitation, where a species is defined as any independently evolving lineage. Genetically diverse groups have previously been identified within the monotypic parastacid genusTenuibranchiurusRiek, 1951, but no further investigation of this diversity has previously been undertaken. Analysis of two mitochondrial DNA gene regions has previously identified two highly divergent groups within this taxon, representing populations from Queensland (Qld) and New South Wales (NSW), respectively. Additional testing within this study of both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA through species discovery analyses identified genetically diverse groups within these regions, which were further supported by lineage validation methods. The degree of genetic differentiation between Qld and NSW populations supports the recognition of two genera; with Qld retaining the original genus nameTenuibranchiurus, and NSW designated asGen. nov.until a formal description is completed. Concordance between the species discovery and lineage validation methods supports the presence of six species withinTenuibranchiurusand two withinGen. nov. The recognition of additional species removes the monotypy of the genus, and the methods used can improve species identification within groups of organisms with taxonomic problems and cryptic diversity.
C4b‐binding protein negatively regulates TLR4/MD‐2 response but not TLR3 response
Authors: Morita Naoko , Yamazaki Tatsuya , Murakami Yusuke , Fukui Ryutaro , Yamai Ikuko , Ichimonji Isao , Nakashima Akina , Nagaoka Fumiaki , Takagi Hidekazu , Miyake Kensuke , Akashi‐Takamura Sachiko
Published: May 2017

Recently, we reported a novel function for C4b‐binding protein (C4BP) in inhibiting the toll‐like receptor (TLR)1/2 response by interacting with TLR2. TLRs share a common structure; hence, we examined the effect of C4BP on activation of other TLRs—TLR4 and TLR3. The results of immunoprecipitation assays suggest that C4BP interacts with TLR4/MD‐2 but not TLR3. C4BP inhibits TLR4/MD‐2‐mediated, but not TLR3‐mediated, proinflammatory cytokine production and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB signaling. C4BP‐deficient mice show increased interleukin (IL)‐6 production in response to the TLR4/MD‐2 ligand. A competition assay revealed that C4BP prevents an interaction between TLR4/MD‐2 and its ligand. These findings indicate that C4BP binds to cell surface TLRs and inhibits the TLR–TLR ligand interaction, thereby inhibiting TLR activation.