bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of extreme geomagnetically induced currents in the UK high‐voltage network
Authors: Beggan Ciarán D. , Beamish David , Richards Andrew , Kelly Gemma S. , P. Thomson Alan W.
Published: June 2013

Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) can be damaging to high‐voltage power transmission systems. GIC are driven by rapid changes in the strength of the magnetic field external to the Earth's surface. Electric fields are produced in the ground by the interaction between this changing magnetic field, the sea and the conductivity structure of the Earth. Using a technique known as the “thin‐sheet approximation,” we can determine the electric field at the Earth's surface, which in turn allows the calculation of GIC in the earthing connections of high‐voltage transformers within a power grid. We describe two new developments in the modeling of GIC in the UK, though the results are applicable to GIC‐related research in other regions. Firstly, we have created an updated model of the UK surface conductivity by combining a spatial database of the UK geological properties (i.e., rock type) with an estimate of the conductivity for specific formations. Secondly, we have developed and implemented a sophisticated and up‐to‐date model for the 400 kV and 275 kV electrical networks across the whole of Great Britain and, in addition, the 132 kV network in Scotland. We can thus deduce the expected GIC at each transformer node in the system based on the network topology from an input surface electric field. We apply these developments to study the theoretical response of the UK high‐voltage power grid to modeled extreme 100 year and 200 year space weather scenarios and to a scaled version of the October 2003 geomagnetic storm, approximating a 1 in 200 year event.
Musical Ties That Bind: Nostalgia, Affect, and Heritage in Festival Narratives
Authors: Holyfield Lori , Cobb Maggie , Murray Kimberly , McKinzie Ashleigh
Published: June 2013

Affective heritage embracement, a collective narrative of nostalgia, is identified at two popular music festivals. “MusicFest” embraces a tradition of “Red Dirt” country music through performance (music festival), whereas the “Walnut Valley Festival” embraces a bluegrass/folk musical heritage through performance and participation (musicians' festival). The symbolic importance of musical interaction is explored to highlight the experienced emotionality that leads to the affective ties that bind these otherwise temporary communities. This collective narrative reveals the various functions of nostalgia wherein collective sentiment both reflects and creates the perceived authentic experiences of festival attendees.
Concentration‐dependent induction of reactive oxygen species, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human liver cells after nickel nanoparticles exposure
Authors: Ahmad Javed , Alhadlaq Hisham A. , Siddiqui Maqsood A. , Saquib Quaiser , Al‐Khedhairy Abdulaziz A. , Musarrat Javed , Ahamed Maqusood
Published: June 2013

Due to advent of nanotechnology, nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) are increasingly recognized for their utility in various applications including catalysts, sensors and electronics. However, the environmental and human health effects of Ni NPs have not been fully investigated. In this study, we examined toxic effects of Ni NPs in human liver (HepG2) cells. Ni NPs were prepared and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. We observed that Ni NPs (size, ∼28 nm; concentration range, 25–100 μg/mL) induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and degree of induction was concentration‐dependent. Ni NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress in dose‐dependent manner evident by induction of reactive oxygen species and depletion of glutathione. Cell cycle analysis of cells treated with Ni NPs exhibited significant increase of apoptotic cell population in subG1 phase. Ni NPs also induced caspase‐3 enzyme activity and apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Upregulation of cell cycle checkpoint gene p53 and bax/bcl‐2 ratio with a concomitant loss in mitochondrial membrane potential suggested that Ni NPs induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells was mediated through mitochondrial pathway. This study warrants that applications of Ni NPs should be carefully assessed as to their toxicity to human health. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 137–148, 2015.
Power curve measurement with a nacelle mounted lidar
Authors: Wagner R. , Pedersen T.F. , Courtney M. , Antoniou I. , Davoust S. , Rivera R.L.
Published: June 2013

Nacelle‐based lidars are an attractive alternative to conventional mast base reference wind instrumentation where the erection of a mast is expensive, for example offshore. In this paper, the use of this new technology for the specific application of wind turbine power performance measurement is tested. A pulsed lidar prototype, measuring horizontally, was installed on the nacelle of a multi‐megawatt wind turbine. A met mast with a top‐mounted cup anemometer standing at two rotor diameters in front of the turbine was used as a reference. After a data‐filtering step, the comparison of the 10 min mean wind speed measured by the lidar to that measured by the cup anemometer showed a deviation of about 1.4% on average. The power curve measured with the lidar was very similar to that measured with the cup anemometer although the lidar power curve was slightly distorted because of the deviation in wind speed measurements. A lower scatter in the power curve was observed for the lidar than for the mast. Since the lidar follows the turbine nacelle as it yaws, it always measures upwind. The wind measured by the lidar therefore shows a higher correlation with the turbine power fluctuations than the wind measured by the mast. Finally, the lidar is never in the wake of the turbine under test contrary to the cup anemometer; therefore, the wind sector usable for power curve measurement was larger than the sector for which the cup anemometer was not disturbed by any obstacle. The power curve obtained with the lidar for the wind sector in which the mast is in the wake of the turbine under test compared well with the power curve obtained on the standard sector. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of biofilm production by Candida tropicalis isolated from hospitalized patients and its relation to cellular surface hydrophobicity, plastic adherence and filamentation ability
Authors: Galán‐Ladero M. A. , Blanco‐Blanco M. T. , Hurtado C. , Pérez‐Giraldo C. , Blanco M. T. , Gómez‐García A. C.
Published: June 2013

Candida tropicalis is an emerging virulent species. The aim of this study is to determine the biofilm‐forming ability of 29 strains of C. tropicalis isolated from inpatients, and to examine its relation with other virulence factors such as cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH), immediate (15 min, IA) and late (24 h, LA) plastic adherence and filamentation ability. The study was performed in parallel using two incubation temperatures – 37 and 22 °C – to determine the effect of growth temperature variations on these pathogenic attributes of C. tropicalis. Biofilm formation (BF) was measured by optical density (OD) and by XTT reduction (XTT); Slime index (SI), which includes growth as a correction factor in BF, was calculated in both methods. All strains were hydrophobic and adherent – at 15 min and 24 h – at both temperatures, with higher values for 22 °C; the adhered basal yeast layer appears to be necessary to achieve subsequent development of biofilm. Filamentation ability varied from 76.2% of strains at 37 °C to 26.6% at 22 °C. All C. tropicalis strains were biofilm producers, with similar results obtained using OD determination and XTT measurement to evaluation methods; SI is useful when good growth is not presented. BF at 37 °C was similar at 24 h and 96 h incubation; conversely, at 22 °C, the highest number of biofilm‐producing strains was detected at 96 h. CSH is an important pathogenic factor which is involved in adherence, is influenced by the filamentation of yeast, and plays a critical role in BF. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Azide K4[Re6Sei8(N3)a6]·4H2O; Luminescence, Redox, and DFT Investigations of the [Re6Sei8(N3)a6]4– Cluster Unit
Authors: Gandubert Aurore , Brylev Konstantin A. , Thuong Nguyen Thi , Naumov Nikolai G. , Kitamura Noboru , Molard Yann , Gautier Régis , Cordier Stéphane
Published: June 2013

The reaction of K4[Re6Sei8(OH)a6]·8H2O with NaN3 in water results in the formation of [Re6Sei8(N3)a]4– units that crystallize with K+ and H2O to form K4[Re6Sei8(N3)a6]·4H2O [P21/c (N°14), a = 9.0595(3) Å, b = 13.2457(4) Å, c = 13.2040(5) Å, β = 94.472(1)°]. In the solid state, the unit is characterized by N3 linear groups forming bond angles of roughly 120° with the Re6 cluster. The positions of the νas and νsy bands as well as N–N–N deformation modes of the N3 groups are discussed. Luminescence properties of the [Re6Sei8(N3)a]4– unit were measured in the solid state and in an acetonitrile solution. The redox potential of the [Re6Sei8(N3)a]4–/[Re6Sei8(N3)a]3– system was measured in acetonitrile. Experimental results were analyzed in the light of density functional theory calculations.
Pattern of Surgical Practice in a Regional Hospital in Cameroon and Implications for Training
Authors: Chichom Mefire Alain , Atashili Julius , Mbuagbaw Josephine
Published: June 2013

Background

Surgeons are scarce in African countries. There is still a need to rely on general practitioners to perform a number of selected procedures. Their training needs to take these facts into consideration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of surgical procedures performed in a level III institution in an African city. We then analyzed the implications for training.

Methods

This descriptive retrospective study was conducted at the Regional Hospital, Limbe in Cameroon. This hospital had just been selected as the main training hospital for a newly created medical school. The postoperative notes of all procedures performed over 1 year were used to assess exposure of fourth‐year medical students to various procedures and how much they matched their educational objectives.

Results

A total of 1,351 procedures were carried out during the study period, including 620 major and 731 minor procedures. Most procedures (84 %) were carried out by a trained specialist. The most frequently performed procedures were cesarean section (n = 131), circumcision (n = 148), laparotomy for various indications (n = 144), appendectomy (n = 81), and hernia repair (n = 81). Analysis of exposure of students to procedures indicated adequate exposure to cesarean section and some selected abdominal procedures.

Conclusions

If students are trained only in our institution, they are likely to perform appendectomy, cesarean section, and hernia repair correctly. Their skills in common orthopedic procedures are likely to be poor. There is need to continue prospects to identify other institutions with a more comprehensive pattern of activities to ensure proper training for students.
A Single‐center Large‐volume Experience in the Surgical Management of Hydatid Disease of the Lung With and Without Extrapulmonary Involvement
Authors: Türk Figen , Yuncu Gökhan , Karabulut Nevzat , Türk Tarık , Ozban Murat , Zümrütbas Ersin Ali , Akdag Beyza
Published: June 2013

Background

We compared the number of incisions, surgical procedures, hospital duration, and complications in hydatid cyst patients with unilateral or bilateral thoracic involvement and concomitant involvement of the extrathoracic organs.

Methods

A total of 76 hydatid cyst cases surgically treated between the years 2007 and 2012 were divided into three groups according to radiological evidence of other organ involvement and surgical procedures: group 1 had only unilateral thoracic involvement and a single incision; group 2 had additional involvement of the contralateral thoracic side or extrathoracic organs and at most two incisions were performed at the same session; and group 3 had two or more incisions performed at separate sessions in addition to the involvement features of group 2.

Results

We had 46 (60.5 %) cases with only thoracic involvement and 30 others (39.5 %) with extrathoracic organ involvement. Complications were seen in only one patient each in the first and second groups, and in 6 patients in the third group. Duration of hospital stay was 7.04 ± 0.86 (5–9) days in group 1.8.33 ± 1.87 (7–13) days in group 2, and 13.95 ± 2.03 (9–18) days in group 3.

Conclusions

Although multiple session surgery is used to decrease the risk of complications, contamination, and infection in multiple or bilateral pulmonary hydatid cyst cases, or in patients with other organ involvement, single‐session surgery can be used in selected cases taking into account the operative trauma, financial consequences, and psychological profile.
A Randomized, Prospective, Double‐blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of the Effect of Diltiazem Gel on Pain After Hemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Sugimoto Takuya , Tsunoda Akira , Kano Nobuyasu , Kashiwagura Yasuharu , Hirose Ken‐ichi , Sasaki Tadanori
Published: June 2013

Background

Spasm of the internal anal sphincter is considered to be one of the causes of pain in anal diseases. We have evaluated the effects of topical diltiazem on postoperative pain after hemorrhoidectomy.

Methods

Sixty‐two patients were randomly assigned to receive a 2 % diltiazem gel (n = 32) or a placebo gel (n = 30) after hemorrhoidectomy. Patients applied the gel to the anal region three times per day for 14 days. Pain both in the resting state and on defecation ranged from 0 to 10 on a numerical rating scale, and the number of prescribed loxoprofen tablets (Loxonin) were recorded and confirmed daily by telephone. Any morbidity during the follow‐up period was recorded.

Results

Both pain scores during defecation and the number of analgesic tablets consumed tended to be lower in the diltiazem group, although they did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.09, P = 0.12, respectively). Total number of complications was significantly higher in the diltiazem group, but each incidence of complications, including itching sensation, headache, and dizziness was not statistically different.

Conclusions

Perianal application of 2 % diltiazem gel after hemorrhoidectomy has the potential to reduce postoperative pain during defecation.
Concordance rates of Wilson's disease phenotype among siblings
Authors: Chabik Grzegorz , Litwin Tomasz , Członkowska Anna
Published: June 2013

Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the functional disruption of adenosine triphosphatase 7B (ATP7B), which results in positive copper balance. Although the primary manifestations of the disease are hepatic or neurological in scope, the factors that cause a very diverse picture of WD are not well researched. We compared the first clinical presentation, ages of onset and diagnosis, copper metabolism parameters, and ceruloplasmin levels between index cases (ICs) and their siblings. We examined 73 ICs and 95 siblings from 73 families, including a total of 168 patients with biochemical and genetically confirmed WD diagnoses. We observed an 86 % concordance rate of primary clinical symptoms among ICs with hepatic symptoms and their siblings. There was 66 % concordance among ICs with neurological symptoms and their siblings. No differences regarding age at onset of symptoms or copper metabolism parameters at diagnosis were identified between hepatic ICs and their siblings. The age at symptom onset did not differ between neurological ICs and their siblings, although ICs presented lower ceruloplasmin and serum copper levels. These results demonstrate a high intra‐familial concordance of the clinical and biochemical presentation of WD, suggesting that similar factors shared within the same families strongly influence the disease presentation.
Computer-Assisted Navigation in Patellofemoral Arthroplasty: A New Technique to Improve Rotational Position of the Trochlea
Authors: Hernigou Philippe , Flouzat-Lachaniette Charles Henri , Delblond William , Duffiet Pascal , Julian Didier
Published: June 2013

Background

Maltracking or subluxation is one of the complications of patellofemoral arthroplasty.

Questions/Purposes

We questioned whether the computed navigation system can improve patellar tracking in patients with patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA).

Methods

Between 2007 and 2010 we performed 15 patellofemoral arthroplasties using the Ceraver PFA and navigation assistance. Fifteen other patients underwent surgery without navigation during the same period and acted as a control group. The rotation of the native trochlea as measured using the epicondylar line as a reference before surgery and the rotation of the trochlear component and the trochlear twist angle were assessed with computed tomography (CT) scan after surgery.

Results

The mean follow-up was 3 years (range, 2–5 years). The group with navigation had no patellofemoral complications and better clinical scores. The group without navigation had abnormal patellofemoral tracking in 5 of the 15 patients. CT scan demonstrated excessive internal component rotation, as compared with patients without complications. This excessive internal rotation was proportional to the severity of the patellofemoral maltracking.

Conclusions

The short-term results suggest that navigation can lead to better trochlear rotation which, in our hands, is associated with fewer cases of patellar maltracking and better overall clinical scores.
The effects of botulinum toxin injection frequency on calf muscle growth in young children with spastic cerebral palsy: A 12-month prospective study
Authors: Barber Lee , Hastings-Ison Tandy , Baker Richard , Kerr Graham H. , Barrett Rod , Lichtwark Glen
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This study was a 12-month prospective investigation of changes in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle morphology in children aged 2–5 years with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) who had received no previous intramuscular injections of botulinum neurotoxin type-A (BoNT-A) and were randomised to receive either single or multiple (three) BoNT-A injections to the gastrocsoleus. MG morphological changes were compared to age-matched typically developing (TD) peers.

Methods

Thirteen children with spastic CP with a mean age of 45 (15) months and 18 TD children with a mean age of 48 (14) months participated in the study. The principal outcome measures were MG muscle volume, fascicle length, pennation angle and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), which were obtained using 2D and 3D ultrasound.

Results

The single and multiple injection frequency groups significantly increased MG muscle volume at 12 months relative to the baseline by 13 and 15 %, respectively. There were no significant differences in the MG muscle volume 28.5 (12.3) versus 30.3 (3.8) ml, fascicle length 48.0 (10.4) versus 44.8 (1.2) mm or PCSA 7.0 (1.2) versus 6.6 (1.7) cm2 between the single and multiple injection groups, respectively, at 12 months follow-up. The change in MG muscle volume in the single and multiple injection groups was significantly lower than the TD peers by 66 and 60 %, respectively.

Interpretation

In young children with spastic CP, naive to BoNT-A treatment, MG muscle growth over 12 months does not appear to be influenced by intramuscular BoNT-A injection frequency. However, MG muscle growth in the spastic CP groups was significantly lower than the age-matched TD peers. It is unclear whether this is an effect of intramuscular BoNT-A injections or reduced growth rates in children with spastic CP in general. Controlled investigations and longitudinal studies with multiple measurement time points are required in order to determine the influence of BoNT-A treatment on muscle physiological and mechanical growth factors in young children with spastic CP.
Peer‐related loneliness across early to late adolescence: Normative trends, intra‐individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms
Authors: Ladd Gary W. , Ettekal Idean
Published: June 2013

Study aims were to: (a) describe normative levels and person‐oriented developmental trends in loneliness across adolescence, and (2) examine the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms during this same epoch. Participants included 478 youth (239 males and females; 80% Caucasian, 16% African American, and 4% other). Measures of loneliness and multiple indicators of depressive symptoms were gathered yearly across grades 6 through 12 (ages 12–18). Findings implied that most adolescents experience loneliness more strongly during early rather than later adolescence, but not all adolescents traverse the same loneliness trajectories. Youth followed one of five distinct trajectories, characterized as: (a) stable non‐lonely, (b) stable low lonely, (c) stable high (chronic) lonely, (d) moderate decliners, and (e) steep decliners. Adolescents following stable high and moderate loneliness trajectories displayed the most depressive symptoms and, although informant differences were found, these youth also manifest the largest gains in depressive symptoms over time.
Examination of factors associated with aspiration pneumonia following stroke
Authors: Watanabe Satoshi , Shimozato Kazuo , Oh‐Shige Hideo , Umemura Masahiro , Fujiwara Shigeyoshi , Abe Yusuke , Mano Kazuo , Goto Yoji , Oh‐Iwa Ichiro
Published: June 2013

Background: Studies have investigated factors related to aspiration pneumonia (AP) onset in stroke patients. However, no study has examined the influence of swallowing function assessment‐based strategies.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate factors related to the onset of AP that differ before and after swallowing function assessment.

Methods and subjects: Subjects consisted of 143 patients admitted to acute‐stage hospitals within 7 days of stroke onset. We examined the association between AP onset within 1 year after stroke and several parameters.

Results: AP incidence was 24.5% overall, 20.3% before swallowing function assessment, and 7.7% after assessment. In patients who developed AP prior to swallowing function assessment, the onset was associated with male gender [odds ratio (OR): 6.206, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.871–28.937], dysarthria (OR: 5.683, CI: 1.432–38.713), and denture usage (OR: 2.843, CI: 1.011–8.048). In those who developed AP after swallowing function assessment, AP was associated with cerebral atrophy (OR: 4.225, CI: 1.071–16.705), infracted foci in the basal ganglia (OR: 8.914, CI: 1.489–77.776), and Barthel Index (BI) <100 points before admission (OR: 5.404, CI: 1.418–21.482).

Conclusions: Onset of AP after stroke was associated with gender, dysarthria, denture usage at before swallowing function assessment and cerebral atrophy, infarcted foci in the basal ganglia, and BI before admission at after swallowing function assessment. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that factors related to AP differ before and after swallowing function assessment to identify patients at high risk of developing AP after stroke.
New Constructs for the Prediction of Self-Initiated International Mobility: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Thorn Kaye , Inkson Kerr , Carr Stuart
Published: June 2013

This study aims to explore relationships between the motives for international mobility and observed mobility patterns. The key motives of 2,608 skilled expatriate New Zealanders were identified as cultural and travel opportunities, career, economics, affiliations, political environment, and quality-of-life. Mobility patterns, described here as the frequency, duration and cessation of mobility and the nature of the destination in terms of development level and cultural distance, were investigated. Desire for cultural and travel opportunities was the dominant motive, and the best predictor of cessation of mobility and development level of the destination. Career motives predicted duration of mobility and cultural difference of the destination. Linking motivation and actual mobility is a novel contribution to the theorisation of self-initiated mobility. Countries and organisations that understand this linkage may ultimately gain competitive advantage.
Betanin, a beetroot component, induces nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-mediated expression of detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human liver cell lines
Authors: Krajka-Kuźniak Violetta , Paluszczak Jarosław , Szaefer Hanna , Baer-Dubowska Wanda
Published: June 2013

Our recent study has shown that beetroot juice protects against N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDEA)-induced liver injury and increases the activity of phase II enzymes, suggesting the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)–antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. The aim of the present study was to further explore the mechanism of the activity of beetroot by evaluating the cytoprotective effects of its major component. The influence of betanin (BET) on the activation of Nrf2 and the expression ofGSTA,GSTP,GSTM,GSTT,NQO1andHO-1was assessed in two hepatic cell lines: non-tumour THLE-2 and hepatoma-derived HepG2 cell lines. The level of the tumour suppressor p53 in both cell lines and the methylation ofGSTPin HepG2 cells were also evaluated. Treatment of both cell lines with 2, 10 and 20 μmof BET resulted in the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to the nucleus. The mRNA and nuclear protein levels of Nrf2 and the binding of Nrf2 to ARE sequences were increased only in the THLE-2 cells and were accompanied by the phosphorylation of serine/threonine kinase (AKT), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). BET also significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of GSTP, GSTT, GSTM and NQO1 in these cells. Conversely, besides the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to the nucleus, BET did not modulate any of the other parameters measured in the HepG2 cells. BET did not change the methylation ofGSTP1in these cells either. These results indicate that BET through the activation of Nrf2 and subsequent induction of the expression of genes controlled by this factor may exert its hepatoprotective and anticarcinogenic effects. Moreover, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases may be responsible for the activation of Nrf2 in the THLE-2 cells.
Nicotinamide supplementation induces detrimental metabolic and epigenetic changes in developing rats
Authors: Li Da , Tian Yan-Jie , Guo Jing , Sun Wu-Ping , Lun Yong-Zhi , Guo Ming , Luo Ning , Cao Yu , Cao Ji-Min , Gong Xiao-Jie , Zhou Shi-Sheng
Published: June 2013

Ecological evidence suggests that niacin (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid) fortification may be involved in the increased prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, both of which are associated with insulin resistance and epigenetic changes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate nicotinamide-induced metabolic changes and their relationship with possible epigenetic changes. Male rats (5 weeks old) were fed with a basal diet (control group) or diets supplemented with 1 or 4 g/kg of nicotinamide for 8 weeks. Low-dose nicotinamide exposure increased weight gain, but high-dose one did not. The nicotinamide-treated rats had higher hepatic and renal levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, a marker of DNA damage, and impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity when compared with the control rats. Nicotinamide supplementation increased the plasma levels of nicotinamide,N1-methylnicotinamide and choline and decreased the levels of betaine, which is associated with a decrease in global hepatic DNA methylation and uracil content in DNA. Nicotinamide had gene-specific effects on the methylation of CpG sites within the promoters and the expression of hepatic genes tested that are responsible for methyl transfer reactions (nicotinamideN-methyltransferase and DNA methyltransferase 1), for homocysteine metabolism (betaine–homocysteineS-methyltransferase, methionine synthase and cystathionine β-synthase) and for oxidative defence (catalase and tumour protein p53). It is concluded that nicotinamide-induced oxidative tissue injury, insulin resistance and disturbed methyl metabolism can lead to epigenetic changes. The present study suggests that long-term high nicotinamide intake (e.g. induced by niacin fortification) may be a risk factor for methylation- and insulin resistance-related metabolic abnormalities.
Anaemia in infancy in rural Bangladesh: contribution of iron deficiency, infections and poor feeding practices
Authors: Rawat Rahul , Saha Kuntal Kumar , Kennedy Andrew , Rohner Fabian , Ruel Marie , Menon Purnima
Published: June 2013

Few data exist on the aetiology of anaemia and Fe deficiency (ID) during early infancy in South Asia. The present study aimed to determine the contribution of ID, infections and feeding practices to anaemia in Bangladeshi infants aged 6–11 months. Baseline data from 1600 infants recruited into a cluster-randomised trial testing the effectiveness of micronutrient powder sales by frontline health workers on the prevalence of anaemia were used. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for anaemia and ID, and population attributable fractions (PAF) were computed to estimate the proportion of anaemia that might be prevented by the elimination of individual risk factors. It was found that 68 % of the infants were anaemic, 56 % were Fe deficient, and one-third had evidence of subclinical infections. The prevalence of anaemia and ID increased rapidly, until 8–9 months of age, while that of subclinical infections was constant. ID (adjusted OR (AOR) 2·6–5·0;P< 0·001) and subclinical infections (AOR 1·4–1·5;P< 0·01) were major risk factors for anaemia, in addition to age and male sex. Similarly, subclinical infections, age and male sex were significant risk factors for ID. Previous-day consumption of Fe-rich foods was very low and not associated with anaemia or ID. The PAF of anaemia attributable to ID was 67 % (95 % CI 62, 71) and that of subclinical infections was 16 % (95 % CI 11, 20). These results suggest that a multipronged strategy that combines improvements in dietary Fe intake alongside infection control strategies is needed to prevent anaemia during infancy in Bangladesh.
Night-time consumption of protein or carbohydrate results in increased morning resting energy expenditure in active college-aged men
Authors: Madzima Takudzwa A. , Panton Lynn B. , Fretti Sarah K. , Kinsey Amber W. , Ormsbee Michael J.
Published: June 2013

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether whey protein (WP), casein protein (CP), carbohydrate (CHO) or a non-energy-containing placebo (PLA) consumed before sleep alters morning appetite and resting energy expenditure (REE) in active men. A total of eleven men (age: 23·6 (sem 1·0) years; body fat: 16·3 (sem 2·5) %) participated in this randomised, double-blind, cross-over study. A single dose of WP (30 g), CP (30 g), CHO (33 g) or PLA was consumed 30 min before sleep, and each trial was separated by 48–72 h. The next morning (05.00–08.00 hours), measurements of satiety, hunger and desire to eat and REE were taken. After a 30 min equilibration period, REE in the supine position was measured for 60 min. An analysis of 10 min mean intervals over the final 50 min of the measurement period was conducted. Statistical analyses were conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA for metabolic variables, and a one-way ANOVA was used for measuring changes in appetite markers. Group differences were examined by Tukey's post hoc analysis. There were no significant differences in appetite measures among the groups. There was a main group effect for REE. The predicted REE was significantly greater after consumption of the WP (8151 (sem 67) kJ/d), CP (8126 (sem 67) kJ/d) and CHO (7988 (sem 67) kJ/d) than after that of the PLA (7716 (sem 67) kJ/d, P <0·0001). There were no significant differences between the WP and CP groups in any metabolic measurements. Night-time consumption of WP, CP or CHO, in the hours close to sleep, elicits favourable effects on the next-morning metabolism when compared with that of a PLA in active young men.
Arguing Abortion: The New Anti-Abortion Discourse in Canada
Authors: Saurette Paul , Gordon Kelly
Published: June 2013

Abstract.This article analyzes the nature of contemporary anti-abortion discourse in Canada. Based on a rigorous qualitative and quantitative analysis of the public discourse of a wide variety of influential actors, this study shows that contemporary anti-abortion discourse in Canada is quite different than the portrait offered by traditional accounts. Specifically, our analysis demonstrates that the new anti-abortion discourse aims at changing cultural values more than legislation; is explicitly framed as ‘pro-woman’; largely avoids appealing to religious grounds; and relies on a new ‘abortion-harms-women’ argument that has supplanted and transformed traditional fetal personhood arguments. The article argues that these findings are important as they provide a more accurate account of the political discourse surrounding one of the most contentious issues in politics today and because they illustrate broader ideological patterns that are increasingly characteristic of Canadian political discourse.

Résumé.Cet article propose d'analyser la nature du discours contemporain sur l'anti-avortement au Canada. Fondée sur une analyse qualitative et quantitative rigoureuse du discours public d'une grande variété d'acteurs influents, cette étude démontre que le discours contemporain sur l'anti-avortement au Canada se distingue de manière caractéristique du portrait qu'il en a traditionnellement été donné. Notre analyse révèle en particulier que le nouveau discours sur l'anti-avortement vise plutôt à transformer les valeurs culturelles que la législation; qu'il est explicitement formulé comme étant « pro-femme »; qu'il évite de faire appel à des motifs religieux; et qu'il déploie un nouvel argument, « l'avortement-nuit-aux-femmes », qui évince et transforme les arguments traditionnels qui cherchaient à accorder le statut de personne au fétus. Cet article argumente alors que ces constats sont importants non seulement parce qu'ils permettent de brosser un tableau plus complet du discours politique qui touche à l'une des questions les plus controversée de la politique contemporaine, mais également parce qu'ils mettent en évidence des tendances idéologiques de plus en plus caractéristiques du discours politique au Canada.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V.
Published: June 2013

The centre of origin of cashew is believed to be Brazil, from where it has spread since the 16th century throughout the tropics. In recent years, Vietnam has surpassed India to become the world's largest producer of cashew nut. Most of the research on the water relations of cashew has been done in Brazil, where it is both a large-scale commercial and a smallholder crop, and in Australia, where cashew is a possible emerging new crop. There are two ‘types’ of cashew: ‘talls’ and ‘dwarfs’. Both are evergreen trees in which vegetative growth occurs in a series of flushes. Flowers form annually on the end of branches in the dry season, and flowering continues for two to four months. It then takes about two months from pollination for the nut to mature. Roots can extend to great depths (>5 m), while cashew's wide-spreading rooting habit is critical to its successful adaptation to semi-arid/dry conditions. The optimum temperature for CO2 assimilation is in the range 25–35 °C. Progressive closure of the stomata occurs at saturation deficits of the air >1.5 kPa. In the field, differences in rates of gas exchange between irrigated and unirrigated cashew trees only become apparent three or four months after the end of the rains, the stomata playing an important role in maintaining a favourable leaf water status in dry conditions. Sap flow measurements indicate transpiration rates of 20–28 L d−1 tree−1. Irrigation can be beneficial during the period from flowering to the start of harvest, but reliable estimates of water productivity have yet to be established. The best/only estimate is 0.26 kg (nut in shell) m−3 (irrigation water). There is a continuing need to develop a method to estimate the water requirements of cashew, to identify where and when irrigation of cashew is likely to be justified and to develop a practical irrigation schedule.
Anin silicostructure-based approach to anti-infective drug discovery
Authors: CUNNINGHAM FRASER , McPHILLIE MARTIN J. , JOHNSON A. PETER , FISHWICK COLIN W. G.
Published: June 2013

In light of the low success rate of target-based genomics and HTS (High Throughput Screening) approaches in anti-infective drug discovery,in silicostructure-based drug design (SBDD) is becoming increasingly prominent at the forefront of drug discovery.In silicoSBDD can be used to identify novel enzyme inhibitors rapidly, where the strength of this approach lies with its ability to model and predict the outcome of protein-ligand binding. Over the past 10 years, our group have applied this approach to a diverse number of anti-infective drug targets ranging from bacterial D-ala-D-ala ligase toPlasmodium falciparumDHODH. Our search for new inhibitors has produced lead compounds with both enzyme and whole-cell activity with established on-target mode of action. This has been achieved with greater speed and efficiency compared with the more traditional HTS initiatives and at significantly reduced cost and manpower.
The deaths of Roald Amundsen and the crew of the Latham 47
Authors: May Karen , Lewis George
Published: June 2013

On 18 June 1928, Roald Amundsen and a team of five men (René Guilbaud, Leif Dietrichson, Albert Cavelier de Cuverville, Gilbert Brazy and Emile Valette) flew in a French Latham 47 prototype aeroplane from Tromsø, Norway, to aid in the rescue of survivors of the crashed airship Italia. The party disappeared nearly without trace into the Barents Sea. We shall examine Amundsen's last years, the decision to employ for an Arctic relief mission a prototype aeroplane which had not completed its flight tests, and the evidence that, in deciding to disregard warnings and fly this aeroplane unaccompanied over the Barents Sea, Amundsen took a significant risk that led to his death and those of his crew.
Exploring the age-friendliness of purpose-built retirement communities: evidence from England
Authors: LIDDLE JENNIFER , SCHARF THOMAS , BARTLAM BERNADETTE , BERNARD MIRIAM , SIM JULIUS
Published: June 2013

This article contributes to emerging debates around age-friendly environments, providing empirical evidence concerning the relative age-friendliness of purpose-built retirement communities. Adopting a new definition – ‘underpinned by a commitment to respect and social inclusion, an age-friendly community is engaged in a strategic and ongoing process to facilitate active ageing by optimising the community's physical and social environments and its supporting infrastructure’ – the article analyses the age-friendliness of one retirement community in England. The Longitudinal Study of Ageing in a Retirement Community (LARC) encompassed two waves of a survey with residents, interviews and focus groups with stakeholders involved in staffing, managing and designing the community, and other qualitative data collected from residents. Reviewing the different data sources, the article argues that purpose-built retirement communities have the potential to be age-friendly settings but might better involve residents in a regular cycle of planning, implementation, evaluation and continual improvement if they are to facilitate active ageing. In addition, more clarity is needed on how such developments can better fit with the age-friendly agenda, particularly in terms of their capacity to support ageing in place, the accessibility of the wider neighbourhood, opportunities for intergenerational interactions, and the training of staff to work with older people.
Policy coherency and regime complexes: the case of genetic resources
Authors: MORIN JEAN-FRÉDÉRIC , ORSINI AMANDINE
Published: June 2013

This study argues that ‘regime complexes’ and ‘policy coherence’ are two faces of the same integrative process. The development of regime complexes co-evolves with the pressures on decision makers to coordinate their policies in various issue-areas. Conceptually, we introduce a typology of policy coherency (erratic, strategic, functionalistic, and systemic) according to its procedural and substantive components. Empirically, by triangulating quantitative and qualitative data, we use this typology for the case of the genetic resources' regime complex to illustrate the links between regime complexes and policy coherency. Our results suggest that a coherent policymaking process favours integrated regime complexes, while greater exposure to a regime complex increases the pressure to have a coherent policymaking. This study fills a gap in the literature on regime complexes by providing a micro-macro model linking structure to agency.
Centaurea in South-West Asia: patterns of distribution and diversity
Authors: Wagenitz G.
Published: June 2013

Synopsis

In SW Asia 260 species of Centaurea in 38 sections are recognised. Species numbers are highest in S and E Turkey and adjacent Iran and Iraq. East Iran and Afghanistan are poor in species. The number of sections is largest in NE Turkey (and adjacent Transcaucasia). Two hundred and one species are restricted to the area under study; the greatest number of narrow endemics is found in S and E Turkey. The subgenera and sections show quite different patterns of distribution and centres of diversity. The data presented point to E Anatolia and adjacent areas as the foremost centre of evolution for the genus and make probable a relatively recent speciation; an important secondary centre is S Turkey (and of course several other Mediterranean countries too). Some notes are added on the morphological variation in the genus and possible factors influencing its evolution.
Add-on clinical effects of selective antagonist of 5HT6 receptors AVN-211 (CD-008-0173) in patients with schizophrenia stabilized on antipsychotic treatment: pilot study
Authors: Morozova Margarita A. , Lepilkina Taisiya A. , Rupchev Georgy E. , Beniashvily Allan G. , Burminskiy Denis S. , Potanin Sergey S. , Bondarenko Evgeny V. , Kazey Vasily I. , Lavrovsky Yan , Ivachtchenko Alexandre V.
Published: June 2013

The serotoninergic system as a target for add-on treatment seems to be a promising approach in patients with schizophrenia.

Objective

To clarify if selective 5HT-6 antagonist AVN-211 (CD-008-0173) adds clinical and cognitive effects to stable antipsychotic treatment.

Methods

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on, 4r-week trial in 47 schizophrenia patients (21 patients receiving study drug and 26 receiving placebo) who were stabilized on antipsychotic medication was performed. Seventeen patients from the study drug group and 25 patients from the placebo group completed the trial. Treatment effects were measured using clinical rating scales and attention tests.

Results

With no differences at baseline, there was a significant difference between the groups in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale score (p = 0.058) in favor of patients in the treatment group at the endpoint. The PANSS positive subscore (p = 0.0068) and Clinical Global Impression–Severity (CGI-S) (p = 0.048) score significantly changed only in the treatment group. Only in the placebo group were significant changes in Calgary Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) total score registered. The indices of attention tests at endpoint did not show differences between the groups, with the exception of the scope of change in the results of the subtest VIII of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), which showed difference between the groups (p = 0.02) and was significantly larger in the treatment group. Only inside the study drug group, significant changes in selectivity and continuous attention were observed regarding total correct responses (p = 0.0038) and reaction time (p = 0.058) in the Continuous Attention Task (CAT) test.

Conclusion

Selective 5HT6 antagonist AVN-211 (CD-008-0173) added antipsychotic and some procognitive (attention) effects to antipsychotic medication.
Psychological distress, gender and dietary factors in South Asians: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Bhattacharyya Mimi , Marston Louise , Walters Kate , D'Costa Gladstone , King Michael , Nazareth Irwin
Published: June 2013

Objective

Psychological distress, defined as symptoms of depression and anxiety, is an increasingly important public health issue in developing countries. Little is known about the extent to which adverse dietary factors are associated with psychological distress in South Asians. Our aim was to compare the associations of diet and psychological distress in men and women in Goa, India.

Design

Cross-sectional study of consecutive attendees in nine urban and rural general practices in Goa, India in 2004–2005. All participants completed an FFQ on their dietary intake in a typical week. Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), a WHO-validated screening instrument.

Results

Consecutive attendees (n1512; 601 men and 911 women) aged 30 to 75 years participated. Moderate and high scores of psychological distress were detected in significantly more women than men (eighty-eight menv. 264 women, unadjusted OR = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·29, 0·52). Those who ate one or more portions of fish weekly had nearly half the prevalence of distress in both sexes (women, OR = 0·52; 95 % CI 0·29, 0·91; men, OR = 0·50; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·99) and this was independent of age, marital status, education, income, religion and living alone.

Conclusions

Psychological distress is significantly lower with fish intake in both sexes. Further longitudinal work is needed to establish temporal relationships. Addressing psychological distress is becoming an increasingly significant public health priority in both high- and low-income countries.
Resolution of Bitot's spots following mega-dose vitamin A supplementation in children between 1 and 5 years of age
Authors: Kapil Umesh , Dwivedi Shraddha , Sachdev Harshpal S , Dwivedi SN , Pandey RM , Hirdyani Harsha , Upadhyay Ashish
Published: June 2013

Objective

The prevalence of Bitot's spots (BS) is often used to quantify vitamin A deficiency burden in India, both before and after mega-dose vitamin A supplementation (MVAS) programmes. However, the proportion of BS cured following this intervention is unclear in contemporary times. The current study evaluated the responsiveness of BS over 1 year to MVAS administered as per the national programme in rural India.

Design

Prospective, community-based, 1-year follow-up of a cohort.

Setting

Rural Uttar Pradesh, India.

Subjects

Two hundred and sixty-two children with BS, aged between 1 and 5 years, administered 60 mg (retinol equivalent) of vitamin A on diagnosis and after 1 month. Cure or resolution was defined if there was no discernible BS in either eye.

Results

During 1 year, only three children were lost to follow-up. At 6 months of follow-up (MVAS at baseline and 1 month later), 51·1 (95% CI 45·3, 57·3) % were classified as cured. The corresponding figure at 1 year (additional MVAS at 6 months) was 59·9 (95% CI 54·1, 65·9) %. Among those cured at 6 months, about half and three-quarters had resolved at 2 and 3 months, respectively. Apart from male gender, there were no significant sociodemographic or clinical predictors of response.

Conclusions

Substantial non-response to MVAS at 6 months (49%) and 1 year (40%) of follow-up suggests that presently in the Indian subcontinent, BS is a relatively crude indicator of severe current vitamin A deficiency. For programmatic decisions and evaluation, the public health burden of vitamin A deficiency should not be assessed solely through BS.