bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology and electrical properties of inkjet-printed palladium/palladium oxide
Authors: Qin Yiheng , Alam Arif U. , Howlader Matiar M. R. , Hu Nan-Xing , Deen M. Jamal
Published: January 2017

Tunable morphology and electrical properties of inkjet-printed Pd/PdO thin films using different thermolysis atmospheres for a Pd precursor.
Flash spark plasma sintering of magnesium silicide stannide with improved thermoelectric properties
Authors: Du Baoli , Gucci Francesco , Porwal Harshit , Grasso Salvatore , Mahajan Amit , Reece Mike J.
Published: January 2017

Flash sintering is capable of rapid densification of thermoelectric materials with optimised microstructure, conductivity, and distribution of surface oxidation.
New poling method for piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Tao Hong , Wu Jiagang
Published: January 2017

We reported a new poling method for poling a ferroelectric ceramic, where alternating current (AC) fields were used. Piezoelectric activity of the ceramics poled under AC can almost match the values obtained under DC.
Coexistence of long-range ferromagnetic ordering and spin-glass behavior observed in the first inorganic–organic hybrid 1-D oxalate-bridging nona-MnII sandwiched tungstoantimonate chain
Authors: Liu Jiancai , Luo Jie , Han Qing , Cao Jing , Chen Lijuan , Song You , Zhao Junwei
Published: January 2017

A 1-D oxalate-bridging nona-MnII sandwiched tungstoantimonate was prepared and the occurrence of the long-range ferromagnetic ordering and spin-glass behavior was revealed.
A terbium(iii) lanthanide–organic framework as a platform for a recyclable multi-responsive luminescent sensor
Authors: Chen Min , Xu Wen-Ming , Tian Jia-Yue , Cui Hui , Zhang Jiao-Xing , Liu Chun-Sen , Du Miao
Published: January 2017

A terbium (iii) lanthanide–organic framework provides a platform for a recyclable multi-responsive luminescent sensor for detecting Fe3+, MnO4−, Cr2O72−, and p-nitrotoluene (4-NT), which is the first reported MOF-based sensor for detecting explosive 4-NT.
Facet dependent pairwise addition of hydrogen over Pd nanocrystal catalysts revealed via NMR using para-hydrogen-induced polarization
Authors: Wang Weiyu , Xu Jun , Zhao Yanxi , Qi Guodong , Wang Qiang , Wang Chao , Li Jinlin , Deng Feng
Published: January 2017

Pairwise hydrogen addition for alkynol hydrogenation preferentially occurs on the Pd(111) facets of well-defined Pd nanocrystals.
Correction: Elucidating time-dependent changes in the urinary metabolome of renal transplant patients by a combined 1H NMR and GC-MS approach
Authors: Muhrez Kienana , Nadal-Desbarats Lydie , Halimi Jean-Michel , Dieme Binta , Büchler Matthias , Emond Patrick , Blasco Hélène , Le Guellec Chantal
Published: January 2017

Correction for ‘Elucidating time-dependent changes in the urinary metabolome of renal transplant patients by a combined 1H NMR and GC-MS approach’ by Kienana Muhrez et al., Mol. BioSyst., 2015, 11, 2493–2510.
Correction: Facile functionalization at the C4 position of pyrimidine nucleosides via amide group activation with (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) and biological evaluations of the products
Authors: Akula Hari K. , Kokatla Hariprasad , Andrei Graciela , Snoeck Robert , Schols Dominique , Balzarini Jan , Yang Lijia , Lakshman Mahesh K.
Published: January 2017

Correction for ‘Facile functionalization at the C4 position of pyrimidine nucleosides via amide group activation with (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) and biological evaluations of the products’ by Hari K. Akula, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02334g.
Nickel-catalyzed carbonylation of arylboronic acids with DMF as a CO source
Authors: Li Yang , Tu Dong-Huai , Wang Bo , Lu Ju-You , Wang Yao-Yu , Liu Zhao-Tie , Liu Zhong-Wen , Lu Jian
Published: January 2017

By using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a CO source, nickel-catalyzed carbonylation of arylboronic acids was demonstrated as an efficient and facile protocol for the synthesis of diaryl ketones.
Temporary Vacuum-Assisted Closure of the Open Abdomen in Neonates
Authors: Numanoglu Alp , Cox Sharon , Hattori Kengo
Published: January 2017

Introduction The need for open abdomen in the treatment of severely ill neonates will increase in time as more complex abdominal procedures are undertaken. However, the experience of temporary closure of an open abdomen using vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) system is still relatively limited in premature and term neonates. The aim of this study is to describe and review our experience in the use of temporary VAC of the open abdomen for neonates with varying pathological processes.

Materials and Methods A retrospective folder review of all neonates treated with VAC for open abdomen over the study period of 2010 to 2014 at our institution was performed.

Results A total of 15 neonates were included in this study. Mean gestational age and postbirth age at VAC application were 33.6 ± 4.1 (28–40) weeks and 14 ± 10.2 (2–30) days, respectively. Mean weight at VAC application was 1,797.7 ± 730.8 (960–3,200) g. Initial diagnoses were necrotizing enterocolitis (seven), intestinal perforation (three), gastroschisis (two), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (two), and primary abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) (one). Reasons for VAC application included confirmed ACS (2) and application to prevent ACS (13). Duration of VAC use was 4 ± 3.4 (0–13) days during which 2 ± 1.2 (1–5) applications were performed. Overall survival rate was 80% (12 of 15 patients). One patient with primary ACS died from sepsis with an open abdomen. The only potential VAC-related complication was an enterocutaneous fistula.

Conclusion Temporary VAC of the open abdomen is a safe method of temporary abdominal closure to prevent ACS in high-risk postoperative conditions in neonates of any gestational age and birth weight.
First Report of Two Rare Entities in a Family: 49,XXXXY and 45,X
Authors: Özcan Aysegül , Şahin Yavuz
Published: January 2017

49,XXXXY and 45,X syndromes are sex chromosome aneuploidies in which the affected individuals present with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, short or long stature, and skeletal malformations. Psychological, endocrinological, and orthopaedic disorders constitute the major problems in the clinical follow-up. We report a family with two rare entities: 49,XXXXY and 45, X. Sex chromosome abnormalities should especially be in mind in the evaluation of patients with micropenis, mental retardation, and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Management mandates a multidisciplinary approach with pediatric endocrinology, pediatric surgery, orthopaedics, psychiatry, and clinical genetic evaluations. To our knowledge, our cases are the first to report the sibling patients with 49,XXXXY and 45,X.
Erratum: How can mentoring support women in a male-dominated workplace? A case study of the UK police force
Authors: Jones Jenni
Published: January 2017

Correction to: Palgrave Communications (2017) 3, Article number: 16103. doi: 10.1057/palcomms.2016.103; Published 10 January 2017; Updated 19 January 2017 Previously the volume number given for the citation in the Additional Information section of this paper was incorrectly given as volume 2. This has now been corrected to volume 3.
Low frequency modes and instability analysis in non-thermal dusty magnetoplasma considering dust charge fluctuation and polarization force
Authors: Sharma Prerana , Jain Shweta , Patidar Archana
Published: January 2017

The effect of non-thermal ion population on self-gravitational instability of magnetized dusty plasma considering electrons are in Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution has been investigated. The dust dynamics is described including polarization force, thermal velocity, and charge fluctuation dust. The modified general dispersion relation has been derived including non-thermal ion population, polarization force, and dust charge fluctuation for self-gravitating dusty plasma system, using the normal mode analysis method. The obtained general dispersion relation is discussed in parallel and perpendicular modes of propagation. The population of non-thermal ion, polarization force and dust charge fluctuation affect the self-gravitational instability criteria in both the modes of propagation while the magnetic field affects the instability criterion only in perpendicular mode of propagation. The domains of instability has been discussed analytically to signify the importance of considered parameters. The stability of the self-gravitating dusty plasma system has been analyzed using Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion. Numerical calculations have been performed to analyze the effects of non-thermal ion population, polarization force, and dust charge fluctuation on the growth rate of self-gravitational instability. The results of the present work can be useful in self-gravitating dusty plasma found in space and the interstellar medium such as the interstellar molecular clouds where non-thermally distributed ions are the species of the plasma matter.
Two-structure thermodynamics for the TIP4P/2005 model of water covering supercooled and deeply stretched regions
Authors: Biddle John W. , Singh Rakesh S. , Sparano Evan M. , Ricci Francesco , González Miguel A. , Valeriani Chantal , Abascal José L. F. , Debenedetti Pablo G. , Anisimov Mikhail A. , Caupin Frédéric
Published: January 2017

One of the most promising frameworks for understanding the anomalies of cold and supercooled water postulates the existence of two competing, interconvertible local structures. If the non-ideality in the Gibbs energy of mixing overcomes the ideal entropy of mixing of these two structures, a liquid-liquid phase transition, terminated at a liquid-liquid critical point, is predicted. Various versions of the “two-structure equation of state” (TSEOS) based on this concept have shown remarkable agreement with both experimental data for metastable, deeply supercooled water and simulations of molecular water models. However, existing TSEOSs were not designed to describe the negative pressure region and do not account for the stability limit of the liquid state with respect to the vapor. While experimental data on supercooled water at negative pressures may shed additional light on the source of the anomalies of water, such data are very limited. To fill this gap, we have analyzed simulation results for TIP4P/2005, one of the most accurate classical water models available. We have used recently published simulation data, and performed additional simulations, over a broad range of positive and negative pressures, from ambient temperature to deeply supercooled conditions. We show that, by explicitly incorporating the liquid-vapor spinodal into a TSEOS, we are able to match the simulation data for TIP4P/2005 with remarkable accuracy. In particular, this equation of state quantitatively reproduces the lines of extrema in density, isothermal compressibility, and isobaric heat capacity. Contrary to an explanation of the thermodynamic anomalies of water based on a “retracing spinodal,” the liquid-vapor spinodal in the present TSEOS continues monotonically to lower pressures upon cooling, influencing but not giving rise to density extrema and other thermodynamic anomalies.
Multiple sensors-based kernel machine learning in smart environment
Authors: Li Jun-Bao , Pan Jeng-Shyang
Published: January 2017

Sensor-based monitoring systems use multiple sensors to identify high-level information based on the events that take place in a monitored environment. Identification and health care are important tasks in the smart environment. This paper presents a framework for multisensory multimedia data analysis using a kernel optimization-based principal analysis for identification and health care in a smart environment. Images of faces, palmprints, and fingerprints are used to identify a person, and a wrist pulse signal is used to analyze the person’s health condition. The recognition performance evaluations are implemented on the complex dataset of face, palmprint, fingerprint, and wrist pulse signals. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms perform well for identification and heath analysis.
Bridging the gap between atomistic and macroscopic models of homogeneous nucleation
Authors: Cheng Bingqing , Ceriotti Michele
Published: January 2017

Macroscopic theories of nucleation such as classical nucleation theory envision that clusters of the bulk stable phase form inside the bulk metastable phase. Molecular dynamics simulations are often used to elucidate nucleation mechanisms, by capturing the microscopic configurations of all the atoms. In this paper, we introduce a thermodynamic model that links macroscopic theories and atomic-scale simulations and thus provide a simple and elegant framework for testing the limits of classical nucleation theory.
High pressure gas flow, storage, and displacement in fractured rock—Experimental setup development and application
Authors: Hadi Mosleh M. , Turner M. , Sedighi M. , Vardon P. J.
Published: January 2017

This paper presents the design, development, and application of a laboratory setup for the experimental investigations of gas flow and reactions in a fractured rock. The laboratory facility comprises (i) a high pressure manometric sorption apparatus, where equilibrium and kinetic phenomena of adsorption and desorption can be examined, (ii) a high pressure triaxial core flooding system where the chemical reactive transport properties or processes can be explored, and (iii) an ancillary system including pure and mixed gas supply and analysis units. Underground conditions, in terms of pore pressure, confining pressure, and temperature, can be replicated using the triaxial core flooding system developed for depths up to 2 km. Core flooding experiments can be conducted under a range of gas injection pressures up to 20 MPa and temperatures up to 338 K. Details of the design considerations and the specification for the critical measuring instruments are described. The newly developed laboratory facility has been applied to study the adsorption of N2, CH4, and CO2 relevant to applications in carbon sequestration in coal and enhanced coalbed methane recovery. Under a wide range of pressures, the flow of helium in a core sample was studied and the evolution of absolute permeability at different effective stress conditions has been investigated. A comprehensive set of high resolution data has been produced on anthracite coal samples from the South Wales coalfield, using the developed apparatus. The results of the applications provide improved insight into the high pressure flow and reaction of various gas species in the coal samples from the South Wales coalfield.
Tungsten-rhenium thin film thermocouples for SiC-based ceramic matrix composites
Authors: Tian Bian , Zhang Zhongkai , Shi Peng , Zheng Chen , Yu Qiuyue , Jing Weixuan , Jiang Zhuangde
Published: January 2017

A tungsten-rhenium thin film thermocouple is designed and fabricated, depending on the principle of thermal-electric effect caused by the high temperature. The characteristics of thin film thermocouples in different temperatures are investigated via numerical analysis and analog simulation. The working mechanism and thermo-electric features of the thermocouples are analyzed depending on the simulation results. Then the thin film thermocouples are fabricated and calibrated. The calibration results show that the thin film thermocouples based on the tungsten-rhenium material achieve ideal static characteristics and work well in the practical applications.
Vibronic eigenstates and the geometric phase effect in the 2E″ state of NO3
Authors: Eisfeld Wolfgang , Viel Alexandra
Published: January 2017

The 2E″ state of NO3, a prototype for the Jahn-Teller effect, has been an enigma and a challenge for a long time for both experiment and theory. We present a detailed theoretical study of the vibronic quantum dynamics in this electronic state, uncovering the effects of tunnelling, geometric phase, and symmetry. To this end, 45 vibronic levels of NO3 in the 2E″ state are determined accurately and analyzed thoroughly. The computation is based on a high quality diabatic potential representation of the two-sheeted surface of the 2E″ state developed by us [W. Eisfeld et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 224109 (2014)] and on the multi-configuration time dependent Hartree approach. The vibrational eigenstates of the NO3− anion are determined and analyzed as well to gain a deeper understanding of the symmetry properties of such D3h symmetric systems. To this end, 61 eigenstates of the NO3− anion ground state are computed using the single sheeted potential surface of the 1A1 state published in the same reference quoted above. The assignments of both the vibrational and vibronic levels are discussed. A simple model is proposed to rationalize the computed NO3 spectrum strongly influenced by the Jahn-Teller couplings, the associated geometric phase effect, and the tunnelling. Comparison with the available spectroscopic data is also presented.
Interplay between alkyl chain asymmetry and cholesterol addition in the rigid ion pair amphiphile bilayer systems
Authors: Huang Fong-yin , Chiu Chi-cheng
Published: January 2017

Ion pair amphiphile (IPA), a molecular complex composed of a pair of cationic and anionic surfactants, has been proposed as a novel phospholipid substitute. Controlling the physical stability of IPA vesicles is important for its application developments such as cosmetic and drug deliveries. To investigate the effects of IPA alkyl chain combinations and the cholesterol additive on the structural and mechanical properties of IPA vesicular bilayers, we conducted a series of molecular dynamics studies on the hexadecyltrimethylammonium-dodecylsulfate (HTMA-DS) and dodecyltrimethylammonium-hexadecylsulfate (DTMA-HS) IPA bilayers with cholesterol. We found that both IPA bilayers are in the gel phase at 298 K, consistent with experimental observations. Compared with the HTMA-DS system, the DTMA-HS bilayer has more disordered alkyl chains in the hydrophobic region. When adding cholesterol, it induces alkyl chain ordering around its rigid sterol ring. Yet, cholesterol increases the molecular areas for all species and disturbs the molecular packing near the hydrophilic region and the bilayer core. Cholesterol also promotes the alkyl chain mismatch between the IPA moieties, especially for the DTMA-HS bilayer. The combined effects lead to non-monotonically enhancement of the membrane mechanical moduli for both IPA-cholesterol systems. Furthermore, cholesterol can form H-bonds with the alkylsulfate and thus enhance the contribution of alkylsulfate to the overall mechanical moduli. Combined results provide valuable molecular insights into the roles of each IPA component and the cholesterol on modulating the IPA bilayer properties.
A two-stage series diode for intense large-area moderate pulsed X rays production
Authors: Lai Dingguo , Qiu Mengtong , Xu Qifu , Su Zhaofeng , Li Mo , Ren Shuqing , Huang Zhongliang
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a method for moderate pulsed X rays produced by a series diode, which can be driven by high voltage pulse to generate intense large-area uniform sub-100-keV X rays. A two stage series diode was designed for Flash-II accelerator and experimentally investigated. A compact support system of floating converter/cathode was invented, the extra cathode is floating electrically and mechanically, by withdrawing three support pins several milliseconds before a diode electrical pulse. A double ring cathode was developed to improve the surface electric field and emission stability. The cathode radii and diode separation gap were optimized to enhance the uniformity of X rays and coincidence of the two diode voltages based on the simulation and theoretical calculation. The experimental results show that the two stage series diode can work stably under 700 kV and 300 kA, the average energy of X rays is 86 keV, and the dose is about 296 rad(Si) over 615 cm2 area with uniformity 2:1 at 5 cm from the last converter. Compared with the single diode, the average X rays’ energy reduces from 132 keV to 88 keV, and the proportion of sub-100-keV photons increases from 39% to 69%.
New approach of financial volatility duration dynamics by stochastic finite-range interacting voter system
Authors: Wang Guochao , Wang Jun
Published: January 2017

We make an approach on investigating the fluctuation behaviors of financial volatility duration dynamics. A new concept of volatility two-component range intensity (VTRI) is developed, which constitutes the maximal variation range of volatility intensity and shortest passage time of duration, and can quantify the investment risk in financial markets. In an attempt to study and describe the nonlinear complex properties of VTRI, a random agent-based financial price model is developed by the finite-range interacting biased voter system. The autocorrelation behaviors and the power-law scaling behaviors of return time series and VTRI series are investigated. Then, the complexity of VTRI series of the real markets and the proposed model is analyzed by Fuzzy entropy (FuzzyEn) and Lempel-Ziv complexity. In this process, we apply the cross-Fuzzy entropy (C-FuzzyEn) to study the asynchrony of pairs of VTRI series. The empirical results reveal that the proposed model has the similar complex behaviors with the actual markets and indicate that the proposed stock VTRI series analysis and the financial model are meaningful and feasible to some extent.
Energy relaxation dynamics in vertically coupled multi-stacked InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Mohanta Antaryami , Jang Der-Jun , Lu Shu-Kai , Ling Dah-Chin , Wang J. S.
Published: January 2017

Effect of GaAs spacer layer thickness (dGaAs) on carrier capture, and the relaxation process is studied in multi-stacked InAs/GaAs quantum dots by photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence. Auger scattering is the dominating process for carrier relaxation above dGaAs of 15 nm. At dGaAs of 10 nm, the carrier relaxation process is faster due to the combined effect of both single longitudinal optical phonon and Auger scattering resulting in higher photoluminescence intensity. The photoluminescence rise time corresponding to carrier capture and relaxation in quantum dots is longer at 3.06 eV excitation than that at 1.53 eV due to the effect of intervalley scattering in GaAs.
A phenomenological approach of solidification of polymeric phase change materials
Authors: Bahrani Seyed Amir , Royon Laurent , Abou Bérengère , Osipian Rémy , Azzouz Kamel , Bontemps André
Published: January 2017

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are widely used in thermal energy storage and thermal management systems due to their small volume for a given stored energy and their capability for maintaining nearly constant temperatures. However, their performance is limited by their low thermal conductivity and possible leaks while in the liquid phase. One solution is to imprison the PCM inside a polymer mesh to create a Polymeric Phase Change Material (PPCM). In this work, we have studied the cooling and solidification of five PPCMs with different PCMs and polymer fractions. To understand the heat transfer mechanisms involved, we have carried out micro- and macrorheological measurements in which Brownian motion of tracers embedded in PPCMs has been depicted and viscoelastic moduli have been measured, respectively. Beyond a given polymer concentration, it was shown that the Brownian motion of the tracers is limited by the polymeric chains and that the material exhibits an elastic behavior. This would suggest that heat transfer essentially occurs by conduction, instead of convection. Experiments were conducted to measure temperature variation during cooling of the five samples, and a semi-empirical model based on a phenomenological approach was proposed as a practical tool to choose and size PPCMs.
Droplet evaporation with complexity of evaporation modes
Authors: Hwang In Gyu , Kim Jin Young , Weon Byung Mook
Published: January 2017

Evaporation of a sessile droplet often exhibits a mixed evaporation mode, where the contact radius and the contact angle simultaneously vary with time. For sessile water droplets containing polymers with different initial polymer concentrations, we experimentally study their evaporation dynamics by measuring mass and volume changes. We show how diffusion-limited evaporation governs droplet evaporation, regardless of the complexity of evaporation behavior, and how the evaporation rate depends on the polymer concentration. Finally, we suggest a unified expression for a diffusion-limited evaporation rate for a sessile droplet with complexity in evaporation dynamics.
Scanning near-field microscopy of carrier lifetimes in m-plane InGaN quantum wells
Authors: Ivanov Ruslan , Marcinkevičius Saulius , Uždavinys Tomas K. , Kuritzky Leah Y. , Nakamura Shuji , Speck James S.
Published: January 2017

Time-resolved scanning near-field photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was applied to map carrier lifetimes in wide m-plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells grown on on-axis and miscut substrates. Both radiative and nonradiative lifetimes were found to be spatially nonuniform. Lifetime variations were smaller for quantum wells grown on miscut, as compared to on-axis substrates. Correlation with surface topography showed that largest deviations of recombination times occur at +c planes of pyramidal hillocks of the on-axis sample. Observed correlation between radiative lifetimes and PL peak wavelength was assigned to a partial electron localization.
Nanoscale optical thermometry using a time-correlated single-photon counting in an illumination-collection mode
Authors: Seto Daichi , Nikka Ren , Nishio Shogo , Taguchi Yoshihiro , Saiki Toshiharu , Nagasaka Yuji
Published: January 2017

A nanoscale thermometry method called fluorescence near-field optics thermal nanoscopy (Fluor-NOTN) has been developed using near-field fluorescence imaging. This method can detect local temperature distributions with a nanoscale spatial resolution by measuring the fluorescence lifetimes of Cd/Se quantum dots (QDs) as a temperature probe. To increase the sensitivity of Fluor-NOTN, time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) was introduced with a triple-tapered fusion-spliced near-field (TFN) optical fiber probe. This highly sensitive technique for measuring the fluorescence lifetime of QDs enabled the detection of low-level light signals with a picosecond time resolution at high-precision in an illumination-collection mode for Fluor-NOTN. The feasibility of this proposed method was experimentally verified by measuring the temperature dependence of the fluorescence lifetimes of the QDs by Fluor-NOTN using TCSPC with a TFN optical fiber probe with an aperture of 70 nm.
Ultra-thin plasmonic color filters incorporating free-standing resonant membrane waveguides with high transmission efficiency
Authors: Wang Jiaxing , Fan Qingbin , Zhang Si , Zhang Zijie , Zhang Hui , Liang Yuzhang , Cao Xun , Xu Ting
Published: January 2017

We propose an ultra-thin plasmonic color filtering device based on subwavelength metal grating engraved on a dielectric membrane waveguide without substrate. As experiments demonstrate, the fabricated free-standing plasmonic color filters have more than 70% transmission efficiency at different resonant wavelengths in the visible spectral region and are capable of generating arbitrary colors. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. These artificial nanostructured color filtering devices may find potential applications in high resolution color imaging and sensing systems.
Acoustic beam splitting at low GHz frequencies in a defect-free phononic crystal
Authors: Guo Yuning , Brick Delia , Großmann Martin , Hettich Mike , Dekorsy Thomas
Published: January 2017

The directional waveguiding in a 2D phononic crystal is simulated based on the analysis of equifrequency contours. This approach is utilized to investigate acoustic beam splitting in a defect-free nanostructure in the low GHz range. We find relaxed limitations regarding the source parameters compared to similar approaches in the sonic regime. Finally, we discuss the possibility to design an acoustic interferometer device at the nanoscale at GHz frequencies.
Comparative anatomy of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species
Authors: Osunkoya Olusegun O. , Muntassir Nurul Amal
Published: January 2017

There is a lack of data on comparative anatomy of the assimilatory organs of the enigmatic carnivorous Nepenthes species; the linkages between their leaf tissue anatomy and physico-chemical properties are also rarely considered. We examined the anatomy of the leaf (lamina) and its conjoint pitcher in five Nepenthes species (Nepenthes ampullaria, N. bicalcarata, N. gracilis, N. hemsleyana and N. rafflesiana). A Nepenthes leaf displays the usual cuticle–epidermis–hypodermis–palisade–spongy structure with ample stomata distribution for gas exchange. The conjoint pitcher has similar anatomy but lacks a palisade mesophyll layer, and its inner epidermal wall is endowed with digestive glands of three cell layers. A higher level of variation exists in the anatomy of the pitcher relative to the leaf. Both stomata and digestive glands, being similar in origin, display the usual negative log–log relationship between size and density. Across species, the mean size but not density of the glands varied across three readily identified zones of the digestive section of the pitcher. Leaf and pitcher thicknesses correlated (P < 0.05) with stomatal and digestive-gland sizes. Organ longevity, lignin content and construction cost negatively correlated with lower cuticle, epidermal and mesophyll dimensions, and positively so with stomatal and digestive-gland densities. In contrast, major nutrients of N, P, K, and total ash had minimal influence on anatomical size dimensions. It is likely that in Nepenthes leaf and its conjoint pitcher, both the protective and physiological tissues drive anatomical differences and organ functions. The observed bivariate relationships between the anatomical traits also fit into the worldwide leaf economy spectrum.
Managing competitive interactions to promote regeneration of native perennial grasses in semi-arid south-eastern Australia
Authors: Hacker Ronald B. , Toole Ian D. , Melville Gavin J. , Alemseged Yohannes , Smith Warren J.
Published: January 2017

Treatments to reduce available soil nitrogen and achieve specified levels of weed control were evaluated for their capacity to promote regeneration of native perennial grasses in a degraded semi-arid woodland in central-western New South Wales. Treatments were factorial combinations of nitrogen-reduction levels and weed-control levels. The four levels of nitrogen reduction were no intervention, and oversowing of an unfertilised summer crop, an unfertilised winter crop or an unfertilised perennial grass. The three weed-control levels were defined by the outcome sought rather than the chemical applied and were nil, control of annual legumes and control of all annual species (AA).
Regeneration of perennial grasses, predominantly Enteropogon acicularis, was promoted most rapidly by the AA level of weed control with no introduction of sown species. Sown species negated the benefits of weed control and limited but did not prevent the regeneration of native perennials. Sown species also contributed substantially to biomass production, which was otherwise severely limited under the AA level of weed control, and they were effective in reducing soil nitrogen availability. Sown species in combination with appropriate herbicide use can therefore maintain or increase available forage in the short–medium term, permit a low rate of native perennial grass recruitment, and condition the system (by reducing soil mineral nitrogen) for more rapid regeneration of native perennials should annual sowings be discontinued or a sown grass fail to persist.
Soil nitrate was reduced roughly in proportion to biomass production. High levels of soil nitrate did not inhibit native perennial grass regeneration when biomass was suppressed by AA weed control, and may be beneficial for pastoral production, but could also render sites more susceptible to future invasion of exotic annuals. The need for astute grazing management of the restored grassland is thus emphasised. This study was conducted on a site that supported a remnant population of perennial grasses. Use of the nitrogen-reduction techniques described may not be appropriate on sites where very few perennial grass plants remain.
Dynamic assembly of ultrasoft colloidal networks enables cell invasion within restrictive fibrillar polymers
Authors: Douglas Alison M. , Fragkopoulos Alexandros A. , Gaines Michelle K. , Lyon L. Andrew , Fernandez-Nieves Alberto , Barker Thomas H.
Published: January 2017

Significance

Decoupling stiffness, pore size, and cell infiltration is a critical hurdle in biomaterials design. Here, by adding ultrasoft colloidal hydrogels to polymerizing fibrin, the particles are driven into a percolated three-dimensional tunnel-like structure throughout the fibrin network. The colloidal particles remain embedded, in stark contrast to the fate of a sacrificial porogen. Yet, cells use the long-time flow behavior of the colloidal network within the tunnels to migrate. Importantly, the colloidal volume fraction, ϕ, defines the critical physical dimensions of the network, which can thus be tuned. Additionally, the stiffness of the constituent particles affects the viscous flow of the colloidal network, affecting cell migration rates. This simplistic approach makes its potential applicability in clinical settings highly tractable.
Use of Molecular Techniques to Confirm Nonnative Fish Predation on Razorback Sucker Larvae in Lake Mohave, Arizona and Nevada
Authors: Ehlo Chase A. , Saltzgiver Melody J. , Dowling Thomas E. , Marsh Paul C. , Kesner Brian R.
Published: January 2017

Larval predation by nonnative fishes has long been implicated in the decline of western native large‐river fishes, but visual assessment of predation is difficult due to the postconsumption degradation of fragile larvae. Molecular techniques were used to demonstrate predation on the larvae of endangered Razorback Suckers Xyrauchen texanus by nonnative juvenile centrarchids in field samples from Lake Mohave, Arizona–Nevada, where larvae are seasonally abundant. Razorback Sucker DNA was detected in the gut contents of 7% and 9% of Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and in 14% and 15% of Green Sunfish L. cyanellus that were captured during spring 2014 and 2015, respectively. There was no significant (α = 0.05) effect of predator TL, predator species, or year on the presence of larval DNA. Juvenile centrarchids have the potential to consume substantial numbers of Razorback Sucker larvae and thus to impact recruitment. The control of nonnative fishes may be impractical, but a viable alternative for mitigation of their impacts is to provide nonnative‐free refugia for native large‐river fishes.

Received June 17, 2016; accepted September 19, 2016 Published online January 19, 2017
Spatial Variability of Chinook Salmon Spawning Distribution and Habitat Preferences
Authors: Cram Jeremy M. , Torgersen Christian E. , Klett Ryan S. , Pess George R. , May Darran , Pearsons Todd N. , Dittman Andrew H.
Published: January 2017

We investigated physical habitat conditions associated with the spawning sites of Chinook SalmonOncorhynchus tshawytschaand the interannual consistency of spawning distribution across multiple spatial scales using a combination of spatially continuous and discrete sampling methods. We conducted a census of aquatic habitat in 76 km of the upper main‐stem Yakima River in Washington and evaluated spawning site distribution using redd survey data from 2004 to 2008. Interannual reoccupation of spawning areas was high, ranging from an average Pearson's correlation of 0.62 to 0.98 in channel subunits and 10‐km reaches, respectively. Annual variance in the interannual correlation of spawning distribution was highest in channel units and subunits, but it was low at reach scales. In 13 of 15 models developed for individual years (2004–2008) and reach lengths (800 m, 3 km, 6 km), stream power and depth were the primary predictors of redd abundance. Multiple channels and overhead cover were patchy but were important secondary and tertiary predictors of reach‐scale spawning site selection. Within channel units and subunits, pool tails and thermal variability, which may be associated with hyporheic exchange, were important predictors of spawning. We identified spawning habitat preferences within reaches and channel units that are relevant for salmonid habitat restoration planning. We also identified a threshold (i.e., 2‐km reaches) beyond which interannual spawning distribution was markedly consistent, which may be informative for prioritizing habitat restoration or conservation. Management actions may be improved through enhanced understanding of spawning habitat preferences and the consistency with which Chinook Salmon reoccupy spawning areas at different spatial scales.

Received July 1, 2016; accepted October 18, 2016 Published online January 19, 2017
Compelling overuse injury incidence in youth multisport athletes
Authors: Rejeb Abdallah , Johnson Amanda , Vaeyens Roel , Horobeanu Cosmin , Farooq Abdulaziz , Witvrouw Erik
Published: January 2017

The present investigation was carried out to examine the incidence and pattern of injuries in adolescent multisport athletes from youth sports academy. Injury data were prospectively collected from 166 athletes during the seasons from 2009 to 2014. A total of 643 injuries were identified, 559 (87.0%) were time‐loss injuries. The overall injury incidence was 5.5 (95% confidence interval CI: 5.1–6.0), the incidence of time‐loss injuries was 4.8 (95% CI: 4.4–5.2), the incidence of growth conditions was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4) and incidence of serious injuries was 0.6 (95% CI: 0.5–0.8) per 1000 h of exposure. The prevalence of overuse injuries was 50.3%. Growth conditions represented 20.0%. Most of the injuries (67.0%) involved the lower extremities, and both foot and ankle were the most predominant injured body parts (22.0%). Knee injuries were mostly from overuse (50 vs. 23, p = .02), whereas foot and ankle injuries resulted from an acute mechanism (94 vs. 31, p < .0001). Minor and moderate injuries accounted for 87.0%. Muscle, tendon and osteochondrosis injuries accounted for 52.0% of all injuries. Comparing groups, squash sport was having the highest injury incidence (8.5 injuries per athlete). Higher exposure was associated with greater overuse relative risk (RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.014, p < .001). In conclusion, the results of this study identified a high incidence of injuries in this youth sports population. Striking was the prevalence of overuse injuries of 50%, which suggests the need for injury prevention protocols for adolescent highly trained athletes.
Expelling the Poor
Authors: Hirota Hidetaka
Published: January 2017

This book examines the origins of immigration restriction in the United States, especially deportation policy. Based on an analysis of immigration policies in major American coastal states, including New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Louisiana, and California, it provides the first sustained study of immigration control conducted by states prior to the introduction of federal immigration law in the late nineteenth century. The influx of impoverished Irish immigrants over the first half of the nineteenth century led nativists in New York and Massachusetts to develop policies for prohibiting the landing of destitute foreigners and deporting those already in the states to Europe, Canada, or other American states. No other coastal state engaged in immigration regulation with the same level of legislative effort and success as the two states. By locating the roots of American immigration control in cultural prejudice against the Irish and, more essentially, economic concerns about their poverty in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, this book fundamentally revises the history of American immigration policy, which has largely focused on anti-Asian racism on the West Coast. Beginning with Irish migrants’ initial departure from Ireland, this book traces their transatlantic movement to North America, expulsion from the United States, and postdeportation lives. In doing so, it places the implementation of American deportation policy in a broad context that extended from the United States to Ireland, Britain, and Canada, demonstrating how the policy operated as part of a larger legal culture of excluding nonproducing members from societies in the Atlantic world.
Styling the ‘ordinary’
Authors: Thornborrow Joanna
Published: January 2017

This chapter examines the concept of ‘ordinary’ as a way of categorizing and describing people who are non-media professionals participating in mediated discourse, specifically in relation to the emergence of reality television as one of the most significant and widespread formats of 21st-century broadcasting. Using the notion of middle-space performances, the chapter argues that these participants are not displaying ordinariness in the sense of being like us, recruited from the population who constitute the audience, but rather categorizable social identities based on specific, recognizable characteristics which broadcasters can then draw upon to produce watchable performances of difference. The question of style becomes relevant as a set of discursive choices in three domains: lifestyle, production style, and the styling of a social identity as ‘other.’
The Delineation Tolerant, Classical, Strict framework
Authors: Burnett Heather
Published: January 2017

This chapter presents the Del-TCS non-classical logical system for modelling the relationship between context sensitivity, vagueness, and gradability in the adjectival domain. An analysis of the context sensitivity/vagueness patterns described in Chapter 3 within this framework is given and the empirical predictions that the analysis makes for a wide range of semantic and pragmatic phenomena associated with adjectival predicates is discussed. Empirical phenomena analyzed in this chapter include: universal/existential context sensitivity, (a)symmetric vagueness, adjectival (non-)gradability, scalar “coercion,” and the distribution of for phrases.
Beyond Delineation semantics
Authors: Burnett Heather
Published: January 2017

This chapter studies a first class of extensions of the framework developed in the first part of the book: theoretical/formal extensions. More precisely, this chapter explores to what extent the enrichment of current theories of the semantics of gradable expressions, besides Delineation semantics (DelS), with the structure of a non-classical logic such as Tolerant, Classical, Strict, can be useful to understanding the complex relationships between context sensitivity, vagueness, and scale structure that are discussed in the first part of the book. Focus is particularly on the detailed comparison of the DelTCS framework and current analyses of the absolute/relative distinction set within Degree semantics (DegS), with particular attention to the differences and similarities between DelTCS and (a parallel formalization of) the account presented in Kennedy (2007).
Beyond the adjectival domain
Authors: Burnett Heather
Published: January 2017

Chapter 7 presents new data concerning the distribution of vagueness, context sensitivity, and scale structure properties outside the adjectival domain. This chapter argues that three of the four principle `scale structure’ classes of adjectives have analogues in the determiner phrase (DP) domain and that these subclasses of DPs can be distinguished in a similar (although not identical) manner to their counterparts in the adjectival domain through their vagueness, context sensitivity, and scale structure properties. A mereological extension of the DelTCS framework is given and it is demonstrated how statements concerning DP vagueness and context sensitivity within the new framework can be used to derive the mereologically based scales that are independently proposed to be associated with various kinds of DPs.
Absolute Poverty Lines
Authors: Arndt Channing , Mahrt Kristi , Tarp Finn
Published: January 2017

Private consumption capabilities form only one facet of comprehensive living standards assessments, but they are an important facet whose measurement should be done well. Measurement is complex due to a multitude of methodological choices, which often interact with imperfect data and a desire for comparability through time. This chapter outlines ideas underpinning these choices with particular attention to the tensions between consistency and specificity. It also highlights a series of limitations associated with typical cost of basic needs approaches. Finally, it reaffirms that a ‘sensibly eclectic’ approach, employing multiple methods, is the best available mode for addressing these limitations. A first fundamental choice is whether to estimate an absolute poverty line at all. Consumption-based poverty metrics provide only a partial view into the welfare of individuals or households, which may or may not accord with other important facets of welfare.
Multidimensional First-Order Dominance Comparisons of Population Wellbeing
Authors: Siersbæk Nikolaj , Østerdal Lars Peter , Arndt Channing
Published: January 2017

This chapter conveys the concept of first-order dominance (FOD) with particular focus on applications to multidimensional population welfare comparisons. It gives an account of the fundamental equivalent definitions of FOD both in the one-dimensional and multidimensional setting, illustrated with simple numerical examples. An implementable method for detecting dominances that relies on linear programming is explained along with a bootstrapping procedure that yields additional information relative to what can be obtained from dominance comparisons alone. The chapter discusses strengths and weaknesses of FOD compared to other multidimensional population comparison concepts, and describes practical tools that enable the reader to easily use it.
A Review of Consumption Poverty Estimation for Mozambique
Authors: Arndt Channing , Jones Sam , Mahrt Kristi , Salvucci Vincenzo , Tarp Finn
Published: January 2017

Since the end of the civil war in 1992, Mozambique has registered significant progress across a range of monetary and non-monetary poverty indicators at both national and regional levels. This conclusion of material progress draws from a large array of nationally representative datasets that became available starting from 1996. This chapter is concerned with the estimation of consumption poverty rates. It begins by reviewing the challenges encountered and choices made in the national assessments. Efforts to maintain consistency imply that prior choices tend to be adopted in subsequent analyses. At the same time, the practice of consumption poverty analysis is not static. Because ‘best practice’ evolves (and hopefully improves) with time, there arises a natural tension between the desire to follow best practice and the desire to maintain consistency with previous analyses.