New Particle Formation Involving Charged Sulfuric Acid &#8211; Ammonia Clusters
Authors: Besel Vitus , Kubečka Jakub , Kurtén Theo , Vehkamäki Hanna 
Published: March 2020

&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The bulk of aerosol particles in the atmosphere are formed by gas-to-particle nucleation (Merikanto et al., 2009). However, the exact process of single molecules forming cluster, which subsequently can grow into particles, remains largely unknown. Recently, sulfuric acid has been identified to play a key role in this new particle formation enhanced by other compounds such as organic acids (Zhang, 2010) or ammonia (Anttila et al., 2005). To identify the characteristics of cluster formation and nucleation involving sulfuric acid and ammonia in neutral, positive and negative modes, we conducted a computational study. We used a layered approach for configurational sampling of the molecular clusters starting from utilizing a genetic algorithm in order to explore the whole potential energy surface (PES) with all plausible geometrical minima, however, with very unreliable energies. The structures were further optimized with a semi-empirical method and, then, at the &amp;#969;B97X-D DFT level of theory. After each step, the optimized geometries were filtered to obtain the global minimum configuration. Further, a high level of theory (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) was used for obtaining the electronic energies, in addition to performing DFT frequency analysis, to calculate the Gibbs free energies of formation. These were passed to the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC) (McGrath et al., 2012) for studying the evolution of cluster populations. We determined the global minima for the following sulfuric acid - ammonia clusters: (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; with m=n, m=n+1 and n=m+1 for neutral clusters, (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;(HSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;&lt;/sup&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; with m=n and n=m+1 for positively charged clusters, and (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; with m=n and m=n+1 for negatively charged clusters. Further, we present the formation rates, steady state concentrations and fluxes of these clusters calculated using ACDC and discuss how a new configurational sampling procedure, more precise quantum chemistry methods and parameters, such as symmetry and a quasiharmonic approach, impact these ACDC results in comparison to previous studies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;J. Merikanto, D. V. Spracklen, G. W. Mann, S. J. Pickering, and K. S. Carslaw (2009). Atmos. Chem.&amp;#160; Phys., 9, 8601-8616. &lt;br&gt;R. Zhang (2010). Science, 328, 1366-1367. &lt;br&gt;T. Anttila, H. Vehkam&amp;#228;ki, I. Napari, M. Kulmala (2005). Boreal Env. Res., 10, 523. &lt;br&gt;M.J. McGrath, T. Olenius, I.K. Ortega, V. Loukonen, P.&amp;#160; Paasonen, T. Kurten, M. Kulmala (2012). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2355. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;