bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of circulating immunoglobulin M in sepsis: relationship with final outcome
Authors: Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J , Apostolidou Efterpi , Lada Malvina , Perdios Ioannis , Gatselis Nikolaos K , Tsangaris Iraklis , Georgitsi Marianna , Bristianou Magdalini , Kanni Theodora , Sereti Kalliopi , Kyprianou Miltiades A , Kotanidou Anastasia , Armaganidis Apostolos
Published: October 2013

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of immunoglobulin M (IgM) during the different stages of sepsis.

Methods

In this prospective multicenter study, blood sampling for IgM measurement was done within the first 24 hours from diagnosis in 332 critically ill patients; in 83 patients this was repeated upon progression to more severe stages. Among these 83 patients, 30 patients with severe sepsis progressed into shock and IgM was monitored daily for seven consecutive days. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 55 patients and stimulated for IgM production.

Results

Serum IgM was decreased in septic shock compared to patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and patients with severe sepsis. Paired comparisons at distinct time points of the sepsis course showed that IgM was decreased only when patients deteriorated from severe sepsis to septic shock. Serial measurements in these patients, beginning from the early start of vasopressors, showed that the distribution of IgM over time was significantly greater for survivors than for non-survivors. Production of IgM by PBMCs was significantly lower at all stages of sepsis compared with healthy controls.

Conclusions

Specific changes of circulating IgM occur when patients with severe sepsis progress into septic shock. The distribution of IgM is lower among non-survivors.
Quality of blood culture testing - a survey in intensive care units and microbiological laboratories across four European countries
Authors: Schmitz Roland PH , Keller Peter M , Baier Michael , Hagel Stefan , Pletz Mathias W , Brunkhorst Frank M
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Blood culture (BC) testing before initiation of antimicrobial therapy is recommended as a standard of care in international sepsis guidelines and has been shown to reduce intensive care unit (ICU) stay, antibiotic use, and costs in hospitalized patients. Whereas microbiological laboratory practice has been highly standardized, shortfalls in the preanalytic procedures in the ICU (that is indication, time-to-incubation, blood volume and numbers of BC sets) have a significant effect on the diagnostic yield. The objective of this study was to gain insights into current practices regarding BC testing in intensive care units.

Methods

Qualitative survey, data collection by 138 semi-structured telephone interviews in four European countries (Italy, UK, France and Germany) between September and November 2009 in 79 clinical microbiology laboratories (LABs) and 59 ICUs.

Results

Whereas BC testing is expected to remain the gold standard for sepsis diagnostics in all countries, there are substantial differences regarding preanalytic procedures. The decision to launch BC testing is carried out by physicians vs. ICU nurses in the UK in 92 vs. 8%, in France in 75 vs. 25%, in Italy in 88 vs. 12% and in Germany in 92 vs. 8%. Physicians vs. nurses collect BCs in the UK in 77 vs. 23%, in France in 0 vs. 100%, in Italy in 6 vs. 94% and in Germany in 54 vs. 46%. The mean time from blood collection to incubation in the UK is 2 h, in France 3 h, in Italy 4 h, but 20 h in German remote LABs (2 h in in-house LABs), due to the large number of remote nonresident microbiological laboratories in Germany. There were major differences between the perception of the quality of BC testing between ICUs and LABs. Among German ICU respondents, 62% reported that they have no problems with BC testing, 15% reported time constraints, 15% cost pressure, and only 8% too long time to incubation. However, the corresponding LABs of these German ICUs reported too many false positive results due to preanalytical contaminations (49%), insufficient numbers of incoming BC sets (47%), long transportation time (41%) or cost pressure (18%).

Conclusions

There are considerable differences in the quality of BC testing across European countries. In Germany, time to incubation is a considerable problem due to the increasing number of remote LABs. This is a major issue of concern to physicians aiming to implement sepsis guidelines in the ICUs.
Pulmonary metastases of malignant meningioma
Authors: Basunaid Suhail , Franssen Frits M.E. , Accord Ryan , Hamid Myrurgia Abdul , Mahesh Shekar , Baumert Brigitta G. , Schijns Olaf E.M.G.
Published: October 2013

Meningioma accounts for approximately one-third of primary central nervous system tumors. Most meningiomas are benign, although up to one third are classified as atypical or malignant. We describe a 63-year Caucasian male presenting with pleural metastases from an intracranial meningioma. Distant metastases from meningiomas are infrequently found in clinical practice and mostly are associated with atypical or malignant meningiomas. There is no standard treatment; however surgical resection of both the primary and metastatic lesions is the safest therapy. The overall prognosis of atypical meningiomas is poor. Our patient died one week after discharge from our hospital.
Gene amplification: mechanisms and involvement in cancer
Authors: Matsui Atsuka , Ihara Tatsuya , Suda Hiraku , Mikami Hirofumi , Semba Kentaro
Published: October 2013

Gene amplification was recognized as a physiological process during the development of Drosophila melanogaster. Intriguingly, mammalian cells use this mechanism to overexpress particular genes for survival under stress, such as during exposure to cytotoxic drugs. One well-known example is the amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase gene observed in methotrexate-resistant cells. Four models have been proposed for the generation of amplifications: extrareplication and recombination, the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle, double rolling-circle replication, and replication fork stalling and template switching. Gene amplification is a typical genetic alteration in cancer, and historically many oncogenes have been identified in the amplified regions. In this regard, novel cancer-associated genes may remain to be identified in the amplified regions. Recent comprehensive approaches have further revealed that co-amplified genes also contribute to tumorigenesis in concert with known oncogenes in the same amplicons. Considering that cancer develops through the alteration of multiple genes, gene amplification is an effective acceleration machinery to promote tumorigenesis. Identification of cancer-associated genes could provide novel and effective therapeutic targets.
An experimental investigation on PZT behavior under mechanical and cycling loading
Authors: Abramovich Haim , Tsikchotsky Eugeny , Klein Gregory
Published: October 2013

The drive to produce electrical energy by directly compressing piezoceramic material using mechanical stress stands behind the present test series. To be able to correctly choose the right material, PZT disks manufactured by three different manufacturers have been tested under static mechanical compressive and cyclic loads. It was shown that although the disks can withstand high mechanical stresses (up to 100 MPa) without any visible damage, their transduction is confined to much lower stresses (50–75 MPa), a range in which the electrical output is a function of the square of the applied stress. This range is further reduced, when the PZT is subjected to cyclic mechanical loading, yielding an applicable mechanical stress in the range of 30–40 MPa, from which electrical power can be produced without further deterioration. To compensate for the low electric power, due to relatively low mechanical stresses applied on the PZT disks, one can increase the volume of the material used by placing layers of piezoelectric material one on top of the other, each subjected to the same mechanical stress. This will yield the required electric power from a safe given mechanical stress without reduction in its output.
Radiotelegraphy to Broadcasting
Authors: Castro J. Justin
Published: October 2013

This essay explores the development of wireless communications from radiotelegraphy to broadcasting. An under analyzed and important topic, Porfirian and revolutionary wireless officials and policies laid the foundation for Mexico’s powerful broadcasting and telecommunications industries. From the beginning, communications specialists used radio for state and nation building, especially in the hinterlands. The Revolution briefly shifted the focus of wireless experts away from the frontiers and toward warfare; however, the upheaval actually expanded the number of wireless devices and technicians. These professionals subsequently became essential figures in communications projects carried out during the presidencies of Venustiano Carranza and Álvaro Obregón, as well as during the rise of broadcasting in the 1920s.

El presente ensayo analiza el desarrollo de las radiocomunicaciones, desde la radiotelegrafía hasta la radiodifusión. El tema ha sido poco analizado, pero es importante: los oficiales y las políticas de radiocomunicación porfiristas y revolucionarios sentaron las bases de las poderosas industrias de la radio y la telecomunicación en México. Desde un principio, especialistas en comunicaciones utilizaron la radio para la construcción del estado y la nación, especialmente en las fronteras del país. La revolución desplazó brevemente la atención de los expertos lejos de las fronteras y hacia la guerra; sin embargo, el levantamiento no hizo sino aumentar el número de aparatos y técnicos de radiocomunicación. Más adelante, estos profesionales se convertirían en figuras esenciales en proyectos de comunicación emprendidos durante las presidencias de Venustiano Carranza y Álvaro Obregón, así como durante el florecimiento de la radiodifusión en la década de 1920.
Association Between Periodontitis Needing Surgical Treatment and Subsequent Diabetes Risk: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Lin Shih‐Yi , Lin Cheng‐Li , Liu Jiung‐Hsiun , Wang I‐Kuan , Hsu Wu‐Huei , Chen Chao‐Jung , Ting I‐Wen , Wu I‐Ting , Sung Fung‐Chang , Huang Chiu‐Ching , Chang Yen‐Jung
Published: October 2013

Background: It is well known that patients with diabetes have higher extent and severity of periodontitis, but the backward relationship is little investigated. The relationship between periodontitis needing dental surgery and subsequent type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) in those individuals without diabetes was assessed.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study using data from the national health insurance system of Taiwan. The periodontitis cohort involved 22,299 patients, excluding those with diabetes already or those diagnosed with diabetes within 1 year from baseline. Each study participant was randomly frequency matched by age, sex, and index year with one individual from the general population without periodontitis. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate the influence of periodontitis on the risk of diabetes.

Results: The mean follow‐up period is 5.47 ± 3.54 years. Overall, the subsequent incidence of DMT2 was 1.24‐fold higher in the periodontitis cohort than in the control cohort, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.19 (95% confidence interval = 1.10 to 1.29) after controlling for sex, age, and comorbidities.

Conclusions: This is the largest nation‐based study examining the risk of diabetes in Asian patients with periodontitis. Those patients with periodontitis needing dental surgery have increased risk of future diabetes within 2 years compared with those participants with periodontitis not requiring dental surgery.
Three years of operation of North America's first nutrient recovery facility
Authors: Cullen N. , Baur R. , Schauer P.
Published: October 2013

The first full-scale nutrient recovery installation in North America became operational in May 2009 at the Clean Water Service's Durham Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant in Tigard, Oregon. Recovering ammonia and phosphorus from the dewatering side stream as struvite has a positive impact on plant operations. Significantly reducing the phosphorus recycle lowers the phosphorus loading on the plant, stabilizes biological phosphorus removal, reduces the amount of chemicals needed to remove phosphorus, reduces both the dry tonnes of biosolids generated and the phosphorus content of the biosolids, and provides revenue from the sale of the struvite. To increase struvite production and to decrease struvite potential in the digestion system, the Waste Activated Sludge Stripping To Remove Internal Phosphorus (WASSTRIP™) process was implemented full-scale in summer 2011. Results indicate a potential 60% increase in struvite production is achievable.
Sedimentation dynamics in combined sewer systems
Authors: Lange R.-L. , Wichern M.
Published: October 2013

Sediments in combined sewers may negatively affect the performance of sewer systems and significantly promote the formation of hydrogen sulfide. To prevent this, German sewer systems are cleaned regularly but at high costs. In order to optimize the cleaning intervals, this study investigates how deposits build up and change over a defined period under constant conditions. The experiments were performed using real wastewater at a pilot plant consisting of three 10 m long acrylic glass pipes with a diameter of 300 mm, a slope of I = 1‰, a discharge of Q = 2 L/s and a roughness of kS = 0.4 mm. Within the first 30 d, a slow increase of the deposit height (averaged over the pipe length) of 0.75 mm/d was observed. The deposits did not build up continuously, but in between times also decreased due to erosion. The daily changes in deposit amounts occurred partly as a function of the rainfall conditions and could go beyond the average growth many times. Within a day, the deposit height (averaged over pipe length) changed by up to 20 mm, at single measuring points even up to 100 mm. After about 50 d under constant test conditions, the deposit height came to a state of equilibrium between sedimentation and erosion.
A generic hydrological model for a green roof drainage layer
Authors: Vesuviano Gianni , Stovin Virginia
Published: October 2013

A rainfall simulator of length 5 m and width 1 m was used to supply constant intensity and largely spatially uniform water inflow events to 100 different configurations of commercially available green roof drainage layer and protection mat. The runoff from each inflow event was collected and sampled at one-second intervals. Time-series runoff responses were subsequently produced for each of the tested configurations, using the average response of three repeat tests. Runoff models, based on storage routing (dS/dt = I–Q) and a power-law relationship between storage and runoff (Q = kSn), and incorporating a delay parameter, were created. The parameters k, n and delay were optimized to best fit each of the runoff responses individually. The range and pattern of optimized parameter values was analysed with respect to roof and event configuration. An analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of the shape of the runoff profile to changes in parameter values. There appears to be potential to consolidate values of n by roof slope and drainage component material.
A novel multistage kinetic modeling of flotation for wastewater treatment
Authors: Ksenofontov B. S. , Ivanov M. V.
Published: October 2013

This study develops a new model for description of flotation kinetics. It defines flotation as a process that consists of several stages: separated air bubbles and particles, air bubbles and particles forming an aggregate, aggregate rising to the froth layer. This description significantly differs from known models, which are much simplified. The multistage model gives a novel in-depth description and considers different aspects of flotation, i.e. aggregate formation, which is critically important for flotation to take place. Experimental approval of the new model resulted in its accuracy. The model is to be used for a description of kinetics of all flotation processes in wastewater treatment. It helps in accurate design of flotation treatment plants and may be used for further research of the flotation process.
Hydrolysis of polydimethylsiloxane fluids in controlled aqueous solutions
Authors: Ducom Gaëlle , Laubie Baptiste , Ohannessian Aurélie , Chottier Claire , Germain Patrick , Chatain Vincent
Published: October 2013

Accelerated degradation tests were performed on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fluids in aqueous solutions and in extreme chemical conditions (pH 2–4 and 9–12). Results confirmed that silicones can be degraded by hydrolysis. Higher degradation levels were achieved in very acidic and alkaline conditions. Degradation products are probably polar siloxanols. In alkaline conditions, the counter-ion was found to have a strong influence on degradation level. Degradation kinetic studies (46 days) were also performed at different pH values. Supposing zeroth-order kinetics, degradation rate constants at 24 °C were estimated to 0.28 mgSi L−1 day−1 in NaOH solution (pH 12), 0.07 mgSi L−1 day−1 in HCl solution (pH 2) and 0.002 mgSi L−1 day−1 in demineralised water (pH 6). From these results, the following hypothesis was drawn: PDMS hydrolysis could occur in wastewater treatment plants and in landfill cells. It may be a first step in the formation of volatile organic silicon compounds (VOSiCs, including siloxanes) in biogas: coupled to biodegradation and (self-) condensation of degradation products, it could finally lead to VOSiCs.
Methodology for qualitative urban flooding risk assessment
Authors: Leitão João P. , Almeida Maria do Céu , Simões Nuno E. , Martins André
Published: October 2013

Pluvial or surface flooding can cause significant damage and disruption as it often affects highly urbanised areas. Therefore it is essential to accurately identify consequences and assess the risks associated with such phenomena. The aim of this study is to present the results and investigate the applicability of a qualitative flood risk assessment methodology in urban areas. This methodology benefits from recent developments in urban flood modelling, such as the dual-drainage modelling concept, namely one-dimensional automatic overland flow network delineation tools (e.g. AOFD) and 1D/1D models incorporating both surface and sewer drainage systems. To assess flood risk, the consequences can be estimated using hydraulic model results, such as water velocities and water depth results; the likelihood was estimated based on the return period of historical rainfall events. To test the methodology two rainfall events with return periods of 350 and 2 years observed in Alcântara (Lisbon, Portugal) were used and three consequence dimensions were considered: affected public transportation services, affected properties and pedestrian safety. The most affected areas in terms of flooding were easily identified; the presented methodology was shown to be easy to implement and effective to assess flooding risk in urban areas, despite the common difficulties in obtaining data.
Pilot-scale experiment on thermally hydrolyzed sludge liquor anaerobic digestion using a mesophilic expanded granular sludge bed reactor
Authors: Qiao Wei , Yin Zhibiao , Wang Wei , Wang Jing , Zhang Zhongzhi
Published: October 2013

A pilot process of thermal hydrolysis combined with an expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB) was carried out to evaluate pretreated sludge liquor into biogas conversion, process stability, and energy input/output balance. Approximately 25% of suspended solids of sludge were liquefied into aqueous phase during thermal hydrolysis pretreatment, which resulted in chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 20.0 to 35.0 g/L. A mesophilic EGSB reactor was operated for 206 days treating pretreated liquor. Under an organic loading rate of 11.0 kg COD/(m3·d) and hydraulic retention time of 60 h, COD conversion efficiency was maintained at 63%. The energy from biogas provided 80% of that demand for heating pretreatment. Dewatered sludge after thermal hydrolysis could be incinerated with municipal solid waste in an industrial-scale incinerator. Total energy production from combined biogas anaerobic digestion and sludge incineration, treating 1.0 kg raw sludge with moisture content of 82%, was 2419 kJ. The energy demand of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment was 340 kJ.
Relationship between water quality parameters and the survival of indicator microorganisms – Escherichia coli – in a stormwater wetland
Authors: Cheng Jing , Niu Siping , Kim Youngchul
Published: October 2013

Indicator microorganisms – Escherichia coli – in a stormwater wetland controlling non-point source pollution in the Keum River basin was studied and the relationship between water quality parameters and the survival of E. coli was investigated by Pearson correlation analysis based on 16 sets of data collected on dry days. A significant seasonal variation of the density of E. coli was observed in the influent and effluent. A dominant decay of E. coli was found in almost all the wetland components. In the settling pond, the density was observed to vary negatively with pH and the removal of total suspended solids, and the decay was promoted by solar radiation. In the aeration pond, the survival of E. coli was encouraged negatively by the dilution effect, unfavorable increase of dissolved oxygen (DO) and sedimentation with coarse particles. In the marsh wetland, the reduction of E. coli was positively influenced by UV radiation, obvious increase of pH, DO and sedimentation with algae and particles. In the polishing pond, the introduction of E. coli with avian feces and growth of the bacteria were more prevalent than decay. Although this introduction or growth was almost negligible, further study will be conducted in the future.
Short-term performance analysis of sludge treatment reed beds
Authors: Iannelli Renato , Nielsen Steen , Peruzzi Eleonora , Piras Francesca , Støvring Martin , Masciandaro Grazia
Published: October 2013

Sludge treatment reed beds (STRBs) represent an established technology for managing sludge produced by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, an analysis conducted on sludge stratigraphy in a STRB serving the municipal WWTPs of Helsinge (42,000 person equivalent, Denmark) is presented. The STRB has been in operation since 1996. The analysis was conducted for four months including two consecutive loadings of one of the 10 basins. The amount of dewatering during the short initial phase was significant, and the rehydration of deeper layers was negligible. A clear reduction trend was observed for volatile solids and labile organic matter, which is the first step towards organic matter humification. This hypothesis was also confirmed by water soluble carbon, which decreased with the increasing depth and the time of resting. About the N cycle, ammonification and nitrification showed a reciprocal balancing effect, so as to cause an equilibrium between the stable trends of NH4+ and NO3− which were similar along the depth and the time of monitoring. The highest values of both parameters were found at the surface, where the combined effect of plant action, direct diffusive oxygen transfer from the atmosphere and high nutrient contents of the freshly loaded sludge was likely more intense.
A novel and quick method to avoid H2O2 interference on COD measurement in Fenton system by Na2SO3 reduction and O2 oxidation
Authors: Wang Yong , Li Weiguang , Irini Angelidaki
Published: October 2013

Hydrogen peroxide interference on chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurement has been a big problem in the application of the Fenton process. However, there is no simple and effective method available to address this problem, although several methods have been reported in the literature. In this study, a new method has been developed based on Na2SO3 reduction and O2 oxidation, which has easy operation and short time requirement. Na2SO3 reduction was used to remove H2O2 in water samples, which was independent of pH in the investigated range of 2.50–11.95. Residual Na2SO3 was removed by subsequent O2 oxidation, and effects of initial solution pH, ferric ion dosage, and stirring speed were explored. Solution pH below 3.0 and stirring speed of 700 rev min−1 could ensure a sufficiently high oxidation rate for Na2SO3 with ferric ion higher than 0.469 mM. This new method was proven to be effective in the matrix of Fenton treating real landfill leachate. Meanwhile, the procedure for this method in other applications was proposed in detail. To the best of our knowledge, this newly developed method is the most simple and effective way to avoid H2O2 interference on COD analysis.
Sorption of heavy metals in the biomass of alga Palmaria palmata
Authors: Rajfur Małgorzata , Kłos Andrzej
Published: October 2013

Sorption of heavy metals by the sea alga Palmaria palmata was investigated in laboratory conditions. The sorption process of the analytes was carried out with constant flow of the solutions through the algae samples. The Langmuir isotherm model was used to describe equilibria. The experiments confirmed that 50 min of exposure of algae with little heavy metal contamination in contaminated waters results in the increase of concentration of these analytes, proportional to their concentration in the tested waters. On the basis of the Langmuir isotherm direction factor, a = (c(a,max) × K)−1, affinity of heavy metals and algae increases in the following sequence: Mn2+ < Zn2+ ≈ Cd2+ < Cu2+, and the competitiveness of sorption of cations naturally present in the algae environment versus Zn2+ ions changes according to following sequence: Na+ < Ca2+ < H+, defined for the concentrations referring to the ion unit charge. It was also confirmed, that the presence of sodium and calcium ions in the solutions, within the conductivity range from 200 to 1,000 μS/cm, is not statistically significant for the sorption of heavy metals from these solutions.
Performance of a single stage vertical flow constructed wetland system treating raw domestic sewage in Brazil
Authors: Lana L. C. O. , Moraes D. C. , von Sperling M. , Morato M. L. N. , Vasconcellos G. R. , Paraense M. O. , Moreira T. P. A.
Published: October 2013

This study investigated the behaviour of two intermittently fed vertical flow constructed wetlands (one planted with Tifton 85 and the other unplanted) working in parallel, treating raw municipal sewage in Brazil for a population equivalent around 100 inhabitants. Based on a monitoring programme of over 2 years, the following items were evaluated: influence of batch frequency and the presence of Tifton 85 on the wetlands performance in terms of several physico-chemical and biological constituents. The unit with plants performed better than the one without, indicating a positive influence of the presence of plants. More attachment by total and volatile solids and larger amount of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle were observed in the planted filter medium, which can explain its higher nitrification and solids removal. The application of a smaller influent volume with a higher batch frequency improved the performance of both units. No signs of medium clogging have been observed in both units. The system simplicity and the good removal efficiency of organic matter, suspended solids, ammonia and helminth eggs indicate its high applicability in small communities in developing countries such as Brazil.
The Qualitative Hyperalgesia Profile: A New Metric to Assess Chronic Post-Thoracotomy Pain
Authors: Wang Jeffrey Chi-Fei , Hung Ching-Hsia , Gerner Peter , Ji Ru-Rong , Strichartz Gary R.
Published: October 2013

Thoracotomy often results in chronic pain, characterized by resting pain and elevated mechano-sensitivity. This paper defines complex behavioral responses to tactile stimulation in rats after thoracotomy, shown to be reversibly relieved by systemic morphine, in order to develop a novel qualitative “pain” score. A deep incision and 1 hour of rib retraction in male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in reduced threshold and a change in the locus of greatest tactile (von Frey filament) sensitivity, from the lower back to a more rostral location around the wound site, and extending bilaterally. The fraction of rats showing nocifensive responses to mild stimulation (10 gm) increased after thoracotomy (from a preoperative value of 0/10 to 8/10 at 10 days post-op), and the average threshold decreased correspondingly, from 15 gm to ~4 gm. The nature of the nocifensive responses to tactile stimulation, composed pre-operatively only of no response (Grade 0) or brief contractions of the local subcutaneous muscles (Grade I), changed markedly after thoracotomy, with the
appearance of new behaviors including a brisk lateral “escape” movement and/or a 180o rotation of the trunk (both included as Grade II), and whole body shuddering, and scratching and squealing (Grade III). Systemic morphine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) transiently raised the threshold for response and reduced the frequency of Grade II and III responses, supporting the interpretation that these represent pain. The findings support the development of a Qualitative Hyperalgesic Profile to assess the complex behavior that indicates a central integration of hyperalgesia.
Electromagnetic field as the wireless transporter of energy
Authors: Valtchev Stanimir , Baikova Elena , Jorge Luis
Published: October 2013

The beginning of the XXI century brought a further significant development in
the use of autonomous electrical and electronic equipment. The low consumed
power equipment is widely used: laptops, mobile phones, PDA, wireless
headphones, implants, razors, toothbrushes etc. The higher power consumption
equipment is also starting to work wirelessly, e.g. the intelligent machining
complexes, robots, the forklift trucks, and electric or hybrid cars. The
desired autonomy and transportability of the equipment requires autonomous
energy sources. Until now, almost without exception, the autonomy is
guaranteed by electrochemical power with its main problem: to charge, replace
and dispose batteries. Engineering world is seeking a non-conventional,
wireless transfer of energy, both for charging batteries and directly
supplying the equipment. The electromagnetic field is the usual carrier for
telecommunicated information. Here an example is shown of electromagnetic
transfer of energy, avoiding even the use of ferromagnetic cores.
Analysis of induction heating system for high frequency welding
Authors: Iatcheva Ilona , Gigov Georgi , Kunov Georgi , Stancheva Rumena
Published: October 2013

The aim of the work is the investigation of induction heating system used for
longitudinal, high frequency pipe welding.Coupled electromagnetic and
temperature field distribution has been studied in order to estimate system
efficiency and factors influencing the quality of the welding process and
required energy. The problem was considered as three dimensional. Time
harmonic electromagnetic and transient thermal field has been solved using
finite element method and COMSOL 4.2 software package.
Development of the signal generator applied to testing of instruments for electrical power quality measurement
Authors: Simic Milan , Zivanovic Dragan , Denic Dragan
Published: October 2013

Procedure for the development of the software supported acquisition system
for generating signals applied to testing of instruments for measurement and
analysis of the standard electrical power quality (PQ) parameters is
presented in this paper. Described solution performs generating standard
three-phase voltage waveforms, including possibility for simulation of the
various PQ disturbances typical for real electrical power distribution
networks. This generator is functionally based on virtual instrumentation
concept, including control software application in graphical package LabVIEW
and data acquisition board NI PCI 6713. Software support of this generator
provides definition and graphical presentation of the reference voltage
waveforms for testing. Number of the control functions and switches
implemented on the front panel of the developed signal generator enables
adjustment of the basic parameters for definition, presentation and signal
generating. The presented solution is capable to generate long-time and
short-time signal test sequences, including all types of the PQ disturbances
defined according to European quality standard EN 50160.
Electrical stimulation of the forearm: A method for transmitting sensory signals from the artificial hand to the brain
Authors: Perovic Minja , Stevanovic Marija , Jevtic Tijana , Strbac Matija , Bijelic Goran , Vucetic Cedomir , Popovic-Maneski Lana , Popovic Dejan
Published: October 2013

This research is in line with an important comment from the first amputee who
tried the prosthetic hand with tactile feedback developed within the
Smarthand project [1]. While trying the system with tactile feedback the
patient said: "It's a feeling I have not had in a long time. When I grab
something tightly I can feel it in the fingertips. It's strange since I don't
have them anymore! It's amazing." We describe here the instrumentation and
methods for testing the abilities of humans to discriminate sensations
generated by electrical stimulation applied to the skin on the forearm. The
instruments allowed testing of electrical stimulation with various properties
(pulse duration, intensity, and rate). We tested the perception and pain
thresholds, with the emphasis that comfortable sensations are a must. During
the tests subjects were asked to locate the point on the skin that was
stimulated and describe their perception of the elicited sensation. Results
of first tests with small concentric electrodes suggest that non-amputees can
distinguish up to seven perceptual qualities (the most common one was
vibration, followed by tingling and tickling). Certain sensations had a
higher occurrence rate along one axial line of the forearm than another of
the forearm. In terms of spatial acuity, the subjects had more difficulties
in distinguishing between the positions in the axial direction of the forearm
compared with the circumferential direction. These results guided the design
of the new array electrode with multiple cathodes and anodes positioned
circumferential to the forearm. The results of the tests conducted with this
electrode design showed high location discernment accuracy, and demonstrated
the ability to memorize and later accurately recall six different electrical
?messages? created by delivering electrical stimulation onto three different
electrode pads with two different stimulation parameters.
A comparison of customized strategies to manage muscle fatigue in isometric artificially elicited muscle contractions for incomplete SCI subjects
Authors: del-Ama Antonio , Koutsou Aikaterini , Bravo-Esteban Elisabeth , Gómez-Soriano Julio , Piazza Stefano , Gil-Agudo Ángel , Pons José , Moreno Juan
Published: October 2013

Muscle fatigue due to functional electrical stimulation still prevents its
widespread use as a gait rehabilitation tool for spinal cord injured
subjects. Although there is an active research towards optimization of pulse
parameters to delay muscle fatigue, changes in stimulated muscle's
performance during repeated contractions due to fatigue have not been yet
determined. In this work, a study conducted in two phases with a sample of
incomplete spinal cord injured patients is presented. In the first phase, a
fatigue protocol based on submaximal isometric contractions allowed to obtain
an objective criterion for estimation of fatigue of knee muscles from initial
changes in muscle performance. The criterion is incorporated in the fatigue
protocol in the second phase of the study, to compare two novel customized
fatigue management strategies. Results showed that knee flexor muscles
develop less force and lower fatigue than extensor muscles. Muscle fatigue
management strategies based on customized modulations of stimulation
frequency are valid to delay muscle fatigue.
Comparison of TMS-induced arm activation and upper limb functional tests in hemiparetic stroke
Authors: Tarkka Ina
Published: October 2013

Stroke has a major impact in the total cost of healthcare in the Western
world as stroke is the most common cause of long-term disability [1]. In
attempts to enhance motor recovery after stroke effective treatment
strategies have been developed in recent years. Appropriate evaluation of the
intervention programs requires comprehensive and accurate assessment of the
residual abnormal function. In the present study we compare two well-known
clinical functional scoring tests developed for the assessment of hemiparetic
upper limb function due to stroke and navigated transcranial magnetic
stimulation (nTMS), which measures involuntary target muscle response to
cortical stimulation. The aim is to investigate the equivalence of these
methods and thus add objective evidence of the limb function to strengthen
evidence-based practice. In addition to functional tests, four muscles of
both arms were studied in twenty chronic stroke patients. Those patients
without motor evoked potentials (MEP) to nTMS in the affected upper limb had
significantly lower total score in Action Research Arm Test and Wolf Motor
Function Test and longer performance time than those patients with MEP.
Patients, in whom MEP in each of the four target muscles was elicitable, had
better than average scores in clinical functional tests while patients, in
whom no MEP was elicitable in any target muscle, had worse than average
scores. Transcranial magnetic stimulation adds crucial information when
clinical assessment based on voluntary activation by command is challenging,
e.g. in patients suffering from cognitive deficits.
The modified drawing test for assessment of arm movement quality
Authors: Kostic Milos , Popovic Masa
Published: October 2013

The cerebrovascular accident often results in motor impairment of one of the
upper limbs, hence, compromising the quality of life of stroke survivors.
Rehabilitation aims to restore the movement abilities of the
paralyzed/paretic upper limb. An important element in rehabilitation is to
apply a quantified measure of the quality of movement, in order to follow the
recovery and select the most appropriate therapeutic modality. We developed a
method that uses data recorded during planar movements and outputs an
objective measure that relates to the smoothness, velocity and precision of
the movement. This method is universal, in a sense that hand position can be
recorded by any available means (e.g., robot assistant, digitizing board,
motion tracking systems, etc). The method follows the Drawing Test, but
generates results that show the ability of the patient to make point to point
movements and track the presented trajectory. The method is based on
measurements of hand position during movement along a target path in form of
a 2 cm wide rectangle. The patient?s task is to move the hand along the
target path as quickly as possible, with as few contacts (collisions) with
the sides of the path. This paper addresses the aspects of automatic
detection of parameters that quantify the quality of movement (speed,
smoothness and precision). The use of this method is presented with 10
patients.
An alternative derivation of (almost-) Watson’s Hamiltonian
Authors: Peric Miljenko
Published: October 2013

A derivation of the general wave-mechanical Hamiltonian for non-linear
molecules is presented. It is based on the transformation of proper classical
(Hamilton) moment into their wave-mechanical counterparts by means of the
Podolsky transformation in its original form. The result is essentially
identical to that obtained by Watson in his milestone paper [J.K.G. Watson,
Mol. Phys. 15 (1968) 479]. While not so elegant as that of the original
reference, the way proposed in the present study is conceptually much
simpler. This procedure can be applied to other types of molecular
Hamiltonians too.
Violation of rules of international humanitarian law and the system of criminal sanctions
Authors: Jovasevic Dragan
Published: October 2013

Violation of rules of international humanitarian law during the war or armed
conflict creates the need for the application of certain types and measures
of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of the most serious crimes against
international law in accordance with appropriate judicial procedures. Both -
national as well as international judicial systems are familiar with various
types of criminal sanctions prescribed by relevant legal sources. This paper
discusses the characteristics of these international crimes and sanctions and
the preconditions for their application. The application of these criminal
sanctions requires that the existence of elements of a particular criminal
offence against international law and of the guilt on behalf of the adult
perpetrator of such an offence has previously been confirmed.
The withdrawal from Afghanistan: Successful end of another NATO mission?
Authors: Zirojevic-Fatic Mina , Korac Srdjan
Published: October 2013

The paper examines whether and to what extent the primary objectives of the
NATO-led International Security Assistance Force?s mission, which has
conducted security and stability operations throughout Afghanistan, have been
achieved. The authors focus their analysis on establishing political
institutions and effective public policy implementation as well as on
developing and training Afghan military, police and other security capacities
- all aimed at providing secure environment for sustainable economy and daily
life in the country. The paper discusses the results of the NATO-led
international mission in the context of geopolitics and the geostrategic
position of Afghanistan as a Middle East country and its place in the
longstanding U.S. Foreign Policy objectives in the region. The authors employ
the dynamic research approach in order to cover the topic within a decade
time frame. The authors conclude that the NATO-led International Security
Assistance Force?s mission has failed to fully meet the political objectives,
while the security objectives have been achieved only to a lesser extent.
Cyclophosphamide-Associated Cardiotoxicity in a Child after Stem Cell Transplantation for β-Thalassemia Major: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Meserve Emily E. , Lehmann Leslie E. , Perez-Atayde Antonio R. , LaBelle James L.
Published: October 2013

We present a clinicopathologic study of the youngest reported child with lethal cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for β-thalassemia major and the 1st pediatric report of the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a therapeutic modality to bridge the patient to myocardial recovery. Despite improvement in myocardial function while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, at autopsy 11 days after the onset of cardiac dysfunction, epicardial hemorrhage and extensive myocardial hemorrhagic infarction were revealed. Histopathologic and ultrastructural examination of the myocardium revealed extensive coagulative necrosis of cardiomyocytes, endothelial damage, fibrin thrombi, and subendothelial and interstitial fibrin. We review the literature on cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity and describe its clinicopathologic characteristics. Our findings point to endothelial damage leading to thrombotic microangiopathy and ischemic tissue injury as the most likely pathogenesis.
Bilateral Intralobar Sequestration of the Lung with a Bridging Isthmus: Pathologic and Radiologic Findings
Authors: Fukuzawa Ryuji , Komori Koji , Kohno Tatsuo , Hirobe Seiichi , Miyauchi Jun
Published: October 2013

A 4-year-old boy presented with pneumonia. Computed tomography demonstrated a multicystic mass at the posteromedial bilateral lower lobe segments, which were connected by a bronchus behind the heart. Enhanced computed tomography revealed that an anomalous artery arose from the left gastric artery and inserted into the left sequestrated lung and branched to the right one. The diagnosis of bilateral intralobar sequestration (ILS) with a bridging isthmus was made. After removal of the bilateral ILS, radiologic and pathologic approaches were undertaken to reconstruct the vascular and bronchial architectures. The following observations were made: (1) histologically, the region near the anomalous artery insertion site contained bronchial structures, which looked like an ectopic pulmonary hilus. This bronchial structure was continuously observed in the isthmus and its opening of the right sequestrated lung; (2) radiologically, the shape and course of the bronchi within the ILS indicated a distinct bronchial origin that arose from the pulmonary hilus-like structure, and the anomalous artery that ran along with those bronchi, resembled a pulmonary artery. These features suggested that this bilateral ILS might have originated from an accessory lung tissue.
Content and Mobility of Strontium in Forest Soils According to North-South Transect in Poland
Authors: Jeske Agnieszka , Gworek Barbara
Published: October 2013

The investigation was carried out on forest soils collected from areas subject to variable pollution. The fraction of strontium was analyzed in soil samples from north-eastern Poland (Borki forest division), treated as a non-polluted region (natural background) and in soil samples from central (Rogów forest division) and south-western Poland (Świerklaniec forest division). The sequential extraction procedure was applied in this study to separate the fractions of strontium. Five fractions were analyzed in every genetic horizon according to the Tessier method. The concentration of strontium was also analyzed in the plants. Both results were compared in order to evaluate the mobility and bioavailability of the trace elements in the environment. The content, distribution and bioavailability of the strontium fractions were investigated with particular emphasis on the contaminated study sites. Total content of strontium in surface horizons depended on the localization. Among analysed fractions strontium, in organic soil horizons, regardless of localization, occurred predominantly in mobile fractions in all examined soils.
Genetic Basis of Mastitis Resistance in Dairy Cattle – A Review / Podstawy Genetyczne Odporności Krów Mlecznych Na Zapalenie Wymienia – Artykuł Przeglądowy
Authors: Sender Grażyna , Korwin-Kossakowska Agnieszka , Pawlik Adrianna , Hameed Karima Galal Abdel , Oprządek Jolanta
Published: October 2013

Mastitis is one of the most important mammary gland diseases impacting lactating animals. Resistance to this disease could be improved by breeding. There are several selection methods for mastitis resistance. To improve the natural genetic resistance of cows in succeeding generations, current breeding programmes use somatic cell count and clinical mastitis cases as resistance traits. However, these methods of selection have met with limited success. This is partly due to the complex nature of the disease. The limited progress in improving udder health by conventional selection procedures requires applying information on molecular markers of mastitis susceptibility in marker-assisted selection schemes. Mastitis is under polygenic control, so there are many genes that control this trait in many loci. This review briefly describes genome-wide association studies which have been carried out to identify quantitative trait loci associated with mastitis resistance in dairy cattle worldwide. It also characterizes the candidate gene approach focus on identifying genes that are strong candidates for the mastitis resistance trait. In the conclusion of the paper we focus our attention on future research which should be conducted in the field of the resistance to mastitis.