bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serbian Dishes on the Slovenian Table
Authors: Radojičić Dragana
Published: June 2013

Sodobne življenjske razmere so prinesle tudi globalni pristop h kulturi prehranjevanja, in to na vseh celinah in območjih. Zlasti mediji omogočajo, da so porabniki preplavljeni z »eksotično« kulinariko in najpogosteje s produkti in recepti »tradicionalnih jedi«. To je navdihnilo ta prispevek, ki je nastal po dveh krajših terenskih raziskavah v Ljubljani, novembra 2008 in 2009. V središču pozornosti so selitveni procesi iz Srbije v Slovenijo po 1. svetovni vojni do danes in njihov odsev v sprejemanju prehranskih produktov iz Srbije, ki so sčasoma postali del vsakdanje prehrane Slovencev.
***
Contemporary living conditions have resulted in a global approach to diet and food culture worldwide, which is encouraged and disseminated through various media. The market is filled with a wide range of food-related products, some of which include recipes from “traditional” but unknown sources. This was the inspiration for this article, which is also supported by the findings of fieldwork carried out in Ljubljana in November 2008 and 2009. The research included immigration trends from Serbia to Slovenia from 1918 to the present, and how these are reflected in the acceptance of food-related products and dishes that originated in Serbia and have become part of Slovenians’ everyday diet.
Slovenian Composers in Serbia: Davorin Jenko, Mihovil Logar, Zlatan Vauda
Authors: Sabo Anica
Published: June 2013

V Srbiji je bilo v drugi polovici 19. stoletja veliko pozornosti posvečeno umetnosti, enemu od podpornih stebrov razvoja države in oblikovanja narodne identitete. Takrat je v Beograd prišel Davorin Jenko. Z raznovrstnimi prizadevanji na številnih področjih glasbenega življenja v Srbiji je stkal kulturne vezi med slovenskim in srbskim narodom. Poleg dejavnosti Davorina Jenka je bilo opazno tudi delovanje Mihovila Logarja in Zlatana Vaude. Vsi trije so bili v prvi vrsti skladatelji, delovali pa so tudi na drugih področjih (zborovodstvo, različne oblike pedagoškega dela in izjemno obsežno organizacijsko-družbeno delovanje).
***
As a mainstay of the country’s development and the shaping of national identity, art was given a great deal of attention in Serbia in the second half of the nineteenth century. This was the time when Davorin Jenko came to Belgrade; by participating in many areas of Serbian music life, he worked to establish cultural links between Slovenia and Serbia. In addition to Davorin Jenko, this article addresses the work of Mihovil Logar and Zlatan Vauda. Alongside composing as their primary occupation, it examines other aspects of their engagement such as work with choirs, various forms of teaching, and extensive involvement in organizing events and social activities.
Secular Contents of Two Religious Holidays: Reformation Day and Day of Remembrance of the Dead
Authors: Jezernik Božidar
Published: June 2013

Črna ali rdeča barva dni v koledarju je pomemben pripomoček pri urejanju življenja v družbi. Pri izbiri prave barve za dni v letu ima odločujočo vlogo vladajoča ideologija, s tem nosilci oblasti ne določajo le, kateri dnevi so primerni za delo in kateri za počitek, temveč si na ta način prisvajajo preteklost, kanonizirajo vednost in pomen posamičnih zgodovinskih oseb in dogodkov. Avtor poseganje v simbolni svet analizira na primeru dveh praznikov, uvedenih v Republiki Sloveniji leta 1992, in sicer dneva reformacije in dneva spomina na mrtve.Pri tem je uporabil model, ki sta ga razvila Marea Teski in Jacob Climo za konstruiranje in rekonstruiranje preteklosti skoz spominski repertoar.
***
The red or black colours used to differ between individual days in many calendars are an important aid to organising life in a society. The prevailing ideology has a decisive role in the choice of colour for particular days. By defining which days should be marked as particularly important, those in power not only define which days are suitable for work and which for rest. They also appropriate the past, and canonise knowledge and meaning of the past. Author analyzes interventions in the symbolic world on the examples of two holidays, introduced in the Republic of Slovenia in 1992, namely Reformation Day and Day of Remembrance of the Dead. In the analysis of the narrative image of the past, he draw on the model proposed by Marea Teski and Jacob Climo for constructing and reconstructing the past through the memory repertoire.
Assessing vulnerability and framing adaptive options of two Mediterranean wine growing regions facing climate change: Roussillon (France) and McLaren Vale (Australia)
Authors: Lereboullet Anne-Laure , Bardsley Douglas , Beltrando Gérard
Published: June 2013

Une hausse des températures et une baisse des précipitations pourraient être préjudiciables au maintien d’une viticulture de qualité dans les régions de climat méditerranéen. Cet article propose d’étudier l’exposition récente et future de deux régions viticoles méditerranéennes à de tels changements : le Roussillon (France) et McLaren Vale (Australie) ; ainsi que de cerner les éléments concourant à augmenter leur vulnérabilité face à ces changements, et en retour les éléments qui permettraient d’améliorer leur capacité d’adaptation. Une étude de données de température et de précipitations observées (1956-2010) à Perpignan et Adelaïde, et simulées (2001-2060) par ARPEGE-RETIC-V4 et CSIRO Mk3.5, a été complétée par soixante-et-un entretiens avec des acteurs-clés de la filière viti-vinicole dans les deux régions. Les résultats montrent que les producteurs ont dû faire face ces dix dernières années à une augmentation de la température et à une baisse des précipitations, et que cela est, selon les modèles, amené à se répéter d’ici 2060, malgré une grande part d’incertitude. Ces conditions ont des impacts négatifs sur la maturation du raisin, qui ne pourront pas forcement être gérés avec les techniques actuelles. La mise en place de stratégies d’adaptation à l’incertitude du climat, couplées à celle des marchés, s’appuie sur : un capital financier suffisant, une gestion durable des ressources en eau, et une souplesse de la législation. Pour cela, la diversification et l’entreprenariat des producteurs sont particulièrement importants.
Indicator mineral signatures of magmatic Ni-Cu deposits, Thompson Nickel Belt, Manitoba: Part 2 - till data
Authors: McClenaghan M B , Kjarsgaard I M , Averill S A , Layton-Matthews D , Crabtree D , Matile G , McMartin I , Pyne M
Published: June 2013

The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) conducted an indicator mineral study around the komatiite-associated Ni-Cu deposits in the northern Thompson Nickel Belt, northern Manitoba, to document the indicator mineral signatures of the Ni-Cu deposits. Samples used in
this study include archived till heavy mineral concentrates from 1996, till and bedrock samples collected in 2005 and 2006, and till samples collected in 2007 as part of another GSC study. The Laurentide Ice Sheet flowed across the Thompson Nickel Belt southwestward, and subsequently westward, and
striations from both ice-flow events are readily apparent on outcrops along the Belt. Till samples were collected to evaluate glacial dispersal along both ice-flow trends. Till and bedrock samples were processed to recover heavy (specific gravity>3.2) mineral concentrates. Potential
indicator minerals picked from heavy mineral concentrates included Cr-diopside, olivine, chromite, spinel, gahnite, rutile, pink corundum, and sapphirine, as well as metallic minerals such as pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, gold, and sperrylite.
Elevated chromite abundances combined with the presence of Ni-Cu sulphide minerals are strong indicators of potential magmatic Ni-Cu mineralization in till down ice of the Ni-Cu deposits in the Belt. Chalcopyrite and sperrylite are the most useful metallic indicator minerals as they are the most
likely to survive glacial transport and postglacial weathering. Elevated Zn content (>2 wt.% ZnO) in chromite is only found in strongly mineralized rocks and is the strongest indicator for mineralization other than the actual ore minerals. The Zn content in chromite from Ni-deposits
might be considerabley lower in regions with lower metamorphic grade and thus this feature does not have universal application. The distribution of Cr-diopside, olivine, enstatite, and chromite are similar and are most abundant just east of the Thompson Nickel Belt, at the Thompson deposit and
south of the Pipe deposit. Their mafic Cr- or Ni-rich compositions reflect the abundance of ultramafic rocks in the area. Chemical variations in Cr-diopside (higher Cr, Na) and olivine (variable Ni) and the occurrence of high-grade metamorphic minerals, such as corundum, sapphirine, rutile, and
spinel, reflect the higher metamorphic grades in certain areas, rather than presence or absence of mineralization. Exploration along the Thompson Nickel Belt and in the surrounding terranes should consider both the older southwest and younger westward ice-flow events when interpreting and following
up till indicator mineral results.
Agent-based adaptive e-learning model for any learning management system
Authors: Musumba George Wamamu , Oboko Robert O. , Nyongesa Henry O.
Published: June 2013

Many scholars are interested in improving e-learning in order to provide easy access to educational materials. There is, however, the need to incorporate the ability to classify learners into these learning systems. Learner classification is used adaptively to provide relevant information for the various categories of learners. There is also a need for learning to continue, whether learners are on- or off-line. In many parts of the world, especially in the developing world, most people do not have reliable continuous internet connections. We tested an Adaptive e-Learning Model prototype that implements an adaptive presentation of course content under conditions of intermittent Internet connections. This prototype was tested in February 2011 on undergraduate students studying a database systems course. This study found out that it is possible to have models that can adapt to characteristics such as the learner’s level of knowledge and that it is possible for learners to be able to study under both  on- and off-line modes through adaptation.
Finite Element Analysis of Maxwell’s Equations in Dispersive Lossy Bi-Isotropic Media
Authors: Huang Yunqing , Li Jichun , Lin Yanping
Published: June 2013

In this paper, the time-dependent Maxwell’s equations used to modeling wave propagation in dispersive lossy bi-isotropic media are investigated. Existence and uniqueness of the modeling equations are proved. Two fully discrete finite element schemes are proposed, and their practical implementation and stability are discussed.
Using Gaussian Eigenfunctions to Solve Boundary Value Problems
Authors: McCourt Michael
Published: June 2013

Kernel-based methods are popular in computer graphics, machine learning, and statistics, among other fields; because they do not require meshing of the domain under consideration, higher dimensions and complicated domains can be managed with reasonable effort. Traditionally, the high order of accuracy associated with these methods has been tempered by ill-conditioning, which arises when highly smooth kernels are used to conduct the approximation. Recent advances in representing Gaussians using eigenfunctions have proven successful at avoiding this destabilization in scattered data approximation problems. This paper will extend these techniques to the solution of boundary value problems using collocation. The method of particular solutions will also be considered for elliptic problems, using Gaussian eigenfunctions to stably produce an approximate particular solution.
Improvement of the retrieval algorithm for GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 and their validation using TCCON data
Authors: Yoshida Y. , Kikuchi N. , Morino I. , Uchino O. , Oshchepkov S. , Bril A. , Saeki T. , Schutgens N. , Toon G. C. , Wunch D. , Roehl C. M. , Wennberg P. O. , Griffith D. W. T. , Deutscher N. M. , Warneke T. , Notholt J. , Robinson J. , Sherlock V. , Connor B. , Rettinger M. , Sussmann R. , Ahonen P. , Heikkinen P. , Kyrö E. , Mendonca J. , Strong K. , Hase F. , Dohe S. , Yokota T.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane (XCO2 and XCH4) have been retrieved from Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) Short-Wavelength InfraRed (SWIR) observations and released as a SWIR L2 product from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). XCO2 and XCH4 retrieved using the version 01.xx retrieval algorithm showed large negative biases and standard deviations (−8.85 and 4.75 ppm for XCO2 and −20.4 and 18.9 ppb for XCH4, respectively) compared with data of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Multiple reasons for these error characteristics (e.g., solar irradiance database, handling of aerosol scattering) are identified and corrected in a revised version of the retrieval algorithm (version 02.xx). The improved retrieval algorithm shows much smaller biases and standard deviations (−1.48 and 2.09 ppm for XCO2 and −5.9 and 12.6 ppb for XCH4, respectively) than the version 01.xx. Also, the number of post-screened measurements is increased, especially at northern mid- and high-latitudinal areas.
Remote sensing of atmospheric trace gas columns: an efficient approach for regularization and calculation of total column averaging kernels
Authors: Borsdorff T. , Hasekamp O. P. , Wassmann A. , Landgraf J.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. A concept is proposed to retrieve the vertical column densities of atmospheric trace gases from remote sensing measurements. It combines the numerical simplicity of a least-squares profile scaling retrieval with the numerically robust calculation of the total column averaging kernel using an analytic expression. The approach enables calculation of the total column averaging kernel on arbitrary vertical grids. Formally, the proposed method is equivalent to Tikhonov regularization of the first kind with an infinite regularization strength. Due to its efficiency it is particularly suited for implementation in operational data processing with high demands on processing time. To demonstrate the method, we apply it to CO column retrieval from simulated measurements in the 2.3 μm spectral region and to O3 column retrieval from the UV, which represents ideal measurements of a series of space-borne spectrometers like SCIAMACHY, TROPOMI, GOME, and GOME-2. For both spectral ranges, we consider clear-sky and cloudy scenes where clouds are modelled as an elevated Lambertian surface. Here, the smoothing error for the clear-sky and cloudy atmosphere is significant and reaches several percent, depending on the reference profile which is used for scaling. This underlines the importance of the column averaging kernel for a proper interpretation of retrieved column densities. Furthermore, we show that the total column smoothing error is affected by a discretization error when total column averaging kernels are not represented on a fine enough vertical grid. For both retrievals this effect becomes negligible by using a vertical grid with 20–40 equally thick layers between 0 and 50 km.
A theoretical framework for the net land-to-atmosphere CO2 flux and its implications in the definition of "emissions from land-use change"
Authors: Gasser T. , Ciais P.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. We develop a theoretical framework and analysis of the net land-to-atmosphere CO2 flux in order to discuss possible definitions of "emissions from land-use change". The terrestrial biosphere is affected by two perturbations: the perturbation of the global carbon-climate-nitrogen system (CCN) with elevated atmospheric CO2, climate change and nitrogen deposition; and the land-use change perturbation (LUC). Here, we progressively establish mathematical definitions of four generic components of the net land-to-atmosphere CO2 flux. The two first components are the fluxes that would be observed if only one perturbation occurred. The two other components are due to the coupling of the CCN and LUC perturbations, which shows the non-linear response of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Thanks to these four components, we introduce three possible definitions of "emissions from land-use change" that are indeed used in the scientific literature, often without clear distinctions, and we draw conclusions as for their absolute and relative behaviors. Thanks to the OSCAR v2 model, we provide quantitative estimates of the differences between the three definitions, and we find that comparing results from studies that do not use the same definition can lead to a bias of up to 20% between estimates of those emissions. After discussion of the limitations of the framework, we conclude on the three major points of this study that should help the community to reconcile modeling and observation of emissions from land-use change. The appendix mainly provides more detailed mathematical expressions of the four components of the net land-to-atmosphere CO2 flux.
Upscaling of evapotranspiration fluxes from instantaneous to daytime scales for thermal remote sensing applications
Authors: Cammalleri C. , Anderson M. C. , Kustas W. P.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Four upscaling methods for estimating daytime evapotranspiration (ET) from single time-of-day snapshots, as commonly retrieved using remote sensing, were compared. These methods are based on the assumption of self-preservation of the ratio between ET and a given reference variable over the daytime hours. The analysis was performed using eddy covariance data collected at 12 AmeriFlux towers, sampling a fairly wide range in climatic and land cover conditions. The choice of energy budget closure method significantly impacted performance using different scaling methodologies. Therefore, a statistical evaluation approach was adopted to better account for the inherent uncertainty in ET fluxes using eddy covariance technique. Overall, this approach suggests that at-surface solar radiation is the most robust reference variable amongst those tested, due to high accuracy of upscaled fluxes and absence of systematic biases. Top-of-atmosphere irradiance was also tested and proved to be reliable under near clear-sky conditions, but tended to overestimate the observed daytime ET during cloudy days. Use of reference ET as a scaling flux did not perform as well as the solar radiation method, but similarly had errors with little seasonal dependency. Finally, the commonly-used evaporative fraction method yielded satisfactory results only in summer months, July and August, and tended to underestimate the observations in the fall/winter seasons from November to January at the flux sites studied.
Sub-inertial modulation of nonlinear Kelvin waves in the coastal zone
Authors: Stepanov D. V. , Novotryasov V. V.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Observational evidence is presented for interaction between nonlinear internal Kelvin waves at the ωt,i (where the ωt is the semidiurnal frequency and the ωi is the inertial frequency) and random oscillations of the background coastal current at the sub-inertial Ω frequency in the Japan/East Sea. Enhanced coastal currents at the sum ω+ and difference ω-frequencies ω±=ωt,i ± Ω have properties of propagating Kelvin waves, which suggests permanent energy exchange from the sub-inertial band to the mesoscale ω± band. This interaction may be responsible for a greater-than-predicted intensification, steepening and breaking of boundary-trapped Kelvin waves. The problem of interaction between the nonlinear Kelvin wave at the frequency ω and the low-frequency narrowband noise with representative frequency Ω≪ω is investigated using the theory of nonlinear weak dispersion waves.
Regional variation in acute care length of stay after orthopaedic surgery total joint replacement surgery and hip fracture surgery
Authors: FitzGerald John D. , Weng Haoling , Soohoo Nelson F. , Ettner Susan L.
Published: June 2013

Objective: To examine change in regional variations variation in acute care length of stay (LOS) after orthopedic surgery following expiration of the New York (NY) State exemption to the Prospective Payment System and implementation of the Medicare Short Stay Transfer Policy. Methods: Time series analyses were conducted to evaluate change in LOS across regions after policy implementations. Small area analyses were conducted to examine residual variation in LOS. The dataset included A 100% sample of fee-for-service Medicare patients undergoing surgical repair for hip fracture or elective joint replacement surgery between 1996 and 2001. Data files from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 1996–2001 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file, 1999 Provider of Service file, and data from the 2000 United States Census were used for analysis. Results: In 1996, LOS in NY after orthopedic procedures was much longer than the remainder of the country. After policy changes, LOS fell. However, significant residual variation in LOS persisted. This residual variation was likely partly explained by differences variation in regional managed care market penetration, patient management practices and unmeasured characteristics associated with the hospital location. Conclusions: NY hospitals responded to changes in reimbursement policy, reducing variation in LOS. However, even after 5 years of financial pressure to constrain costs, other factors still have a strong impact on delivery of patient care.
Semi-permeable layer formation during seed development in Elymus nutans and Elymus sibiricus
Authors: Zhou Jing , Wang Yanrong , Trethewey Jason
Published: June 2013

The semi-permeable layer is a layer in the seeds of certain plants that restricts or impedes the exchange of the solute while allowing the permeability of internal and external water and gas, which is valuable protection to sustain the health and secure the growth, development and germination. In this study, the formation time and location of the semi-permeable layer in seed coats of Elymus nutants (Griseb.) and Elymus sibiricus (L.) were investigated. The experimental seed materials were gathered in the field from the flowering to seed maturation. The light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for lanthanum nitrate identification were used to examine the characteristics of pericarp, seed coat and nucellus. The results showed that the semi-permeable layer was identified as the position, which can inhibit the penetration of the lanthanum, and it was checked as an amorphous membrane located at the outermost layer of the seed coat that is firmly attached to the seed coat. With seed development, the cells had differentiated and some parts of the ovary and the outer integument had disappeared. The semi-permeable layer originated from the outer layer of the inner integument, which was the original form of the seed coat. It can be stained by the Sudan III and clearly distinguished from other parts of the seed. The formation time of the semi-permeable layer in both species was nearly at 10 to 12 days post-anthesis (dpa), whereas seed physiological maturity was 24 to 26 dpa.
Socialist Popular Literature and the Czech-German Split in Austrian Social Democracy, 1890-1914
Authors: Beneš Jakub
Published: June 2013

By 1911 it was clear that multiethnic Austrian Social Democracy could no longer resist the currents of ethnic nationalism that had already fragmented most of the late Habsburg political scene. The exit that year of most Czech Social Democrats to form their own party, along with Austrian Germans’ insensitive reactions, signaled that workers were not immune to nationalism. The relevant historical literature has either viewed workers’ nationalism as the product of elite manipulation and “bourgeois” influence, or, more recently, has questioned the extent to which nationalism actually resonated with ordinary people at society's grassroots. Jakub Benes'š article attempts to avoid the oversimplifications of both approaches and calls for more precise engagement with workers’ own discourse. To this end, it highlights an important dimension of working-class political culture—socialist popular literature—in which proletarian authors articulated increasingly ethnic nationalist positions of a class-specific sort. Examining this influential but neglected genre illuminates how and under what circumstances workers found meaning in nationalism.
On the Ecological Approach to Information and Control for Roboticists
Authors: Ibáñez-Gijón Jorge , Díaz Alex , Lobo Lorena , Jacobs David M.
Published: June 2013

The ongoing and increasingly important trend in robotics to conceive designs that decentralize control is paralleled by currently active research paradigms in the study of perception and action. James Gibson's ecological approach is one of these paradigms. Gibson's approach emerged in part as a reaction to representationalist and computationalist approaches, which devote the bulk of their resources to the study of internal processes. The ecological approach instead focuses on constraints and ambient energy patterns in the animal-environment coalition. The present article reviews how the emphasis on the environment by ecological psychologists has given rise to the concepts of direct perception, higher order information, active information pick up, information-based control laws, prospective control, and direct learning. Examples are included to illustrate these concepts and to show how they can be applied to the construction of robots. Action is described as emergent and self-organized. It is argued that knowledge about perception, action, and learning as it occurs in living organisms may facilitate the construction of robots, more obviously so if the aim is to construct (to some extent) biologically plausible robots.
The Exact Euclidean Distance Transform: A New Algorithm for Universal Path Planning
Authors: Elizondo-Leal Juan Carlos , Parra-González Ezra Federico , Ramírez-Torres José Gabriel
Published: June 2013

The Path-Planning problem is a basic issue in mobile robotics, in order to allow the robots to solve more complex tasks, for example, an exploration assignment in which the distance given by the planner is taken as a utility measure. Among the different proposed approaches, algorithms based on an exact cell decomposition of the environment are very popular. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for universal path planning in cell decomposition, using a raster scan method for computing the Exact Euclidean Distance Transform (EEDT) for each cell in the map. Our algorithm computes, for every cell in the map, the point sequence to the goal. For each sequence, the sub-goals are selected near to the vertices of the obstacles, reducing the total distance to the goal without post processing. At the end, we obtain a smooth path up to the goal without the need for post-processing. The paths are computed by visibility verification among the cells, exploiting the processing performed in the neighbouring cells.
Surrounding Moving Obstacle Detection for Autonomous Driving Using Stereo Vision
Authors: Sun Hao , Zou Huanxin , Zhou Shilin , Wang Cheng , El-Sheimy Naser
Published: June 2013

Detection and tracking surrounding moving obstacles such as vehicles and pedestrians are crucial for the safety of mobile robotics and autonomous vehicles. This is especially the case in urban driving scenarios. This paper presents a novel framework for surrounding moving obstacles detection using binocular stereo vision. The contributions of our work are threefold. Firstly, a multiview feature matching scheme is presented for simultaneous stereo correspondence and motion correspondence searching. Secondly, the multiview geometry constraint derived from the relative camera positions in pairs of consecutive stereo views is exploited for surrounding moving obstacles detection. Thirdly, an adaptive particle filter is proposed for tracking of multiple moving obstacles in surrounding areas. Experimental results from real-world driving sequences demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework.
A review of Dichorrhinus Desbrochers, 1875 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with two new species from Greece and Turkey, and from Cyprus
Authors: Germann Christoph
Published: June 2013

The species of the Eastern Mediterranean genus Dichorrhinus Desbrochers, 1875 are reviewed. D. geiseri sp. nov. is described from Samos Island (Greece) and Western Turkey, and D. alziari sp. nov. is described from Cyprus. Dichorrhinus korbi Schilsky, 1911 is redescribed. An illustrated key to the species of Dichorrhinus is provided, and new records are presented.
Contaminants in food chains of arctic ungulates: what have we learned from the Chernobyl accident?
Authors: Åhman Birgitta
Published: June 2013

The Chernobyl accidenr of 1986 caused radioactive contamination of widespread areas of reindeer pasture in Scandinavia. Reindeer {Rangifer tarandus) are especially exposed to radioactive fallout due to their wintet diet, of which lichens are an important part. Much knowledge about the transfer of radiocaesium to reindeer, and via reindeer meat to man, was accumulated by intense scientific investigations, undertaken during the 1960s and 1970s, following nuclear weapons testing. Various ways to reduce the transfer of radiocaesium to animals and humans were also developed during this time. Much of the older knowledge proved to be of great value in the attempts to determine potential consequences of the Chernobyl accident and to suggest possible ways to ameliorate the effects of contamination. After Chernobyl, not only did reindeer prove to be a problem; many other food products originating ftom natural and semi-natural ecosystems were found to accumulate significant amounts of radiocaesium. Intense scientific work has produced new knowledge about the role of ungulates in the transfer of nutrients and contaminants within these systems. Different measures, like providing uncontaminated feed, use of caesium binders, altering the time of slaughter have been used with good results to minimize the transfer of radiocaesium to animals grazing natural pastures. The high cost of countermeasures has enforced consideration of cost against risk, which may also be of general interest with respect to other forms of pollution. Information, introduction of countermeasures and so forth would be more efficient in case a similar accident were to happen again. The Chernobyl accident is an obvious example of how human failures when dealing with a modern technical system can have global consequences and also be a potential threat to what we like to think of as the unspoiled wilderness of the Arctic.
Needed: less counting of caribou and more ecology
Authors: Thomas Don
Published: June 2013

Most aerial surveys designed to estimate numbers of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) lack clear objectives, are inaccurate and imprecise, lack application, and often are doubted by the public. Sources of error in surveys are bias (inaccuracy) and sampling error (imprecision) caused largely by sampling units (strips, secrions of strips, quadrats, or photographs) being inappropriate for highly variable group sizes and distributions. Many visual strip surveys of caribou on calving grounds were inaccurate by 136-374%. Photographic surveys of calving caribou are more accurate but usually have coefficients of variation (CV) of 20-40%, whereas a CV of about 15% is required to detect a 50% change in population size between surveys. Extrapolation of such counts to population size produces unacceptable accuracy and precision. Consequently, no conclusions can be made about changes in population numbers between or among surveys because even large natural fluctuations fall within confidence limits. These problems combined with difficulties of managing caribou populations in remote areas of northern Canada indicate that scarce funds may be better allocated to ecological studies.
Simulating antler growth and energy, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in caribou
Authors: Moen Ron , Pastor John
Published: June 2013

We added antler growth and mineral metabolism modules to a previously developed energetics model for ruminants to simulate energy and mineral balance of male and female caribou throughout an annual cycle. Body watet, fat, protein, and ash are monitored on a daily time step, and energy costs associated with reproduction and body mass changes are simulated. In order to simulate antler growth, we had to predict calcium and phosphorus metabolism as it is affected by antler growth, gestation, and lactation. We used data on dietary digestibility, protein, calcium and phosphorus content, and seasonal patterns in body mass to predict the energy, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus balances of a "generic" male and female caribou. Antler growth in males increased energy requirements during antler growth by 8 to 16%, depending on the efficiency with which energy was used for antler growth. Female energy requirements for antler growth were proportionately much smaller because of the smaller size of female antlers. Protein requirements for antler growth in both males and females were met by forage intake. Calcium and phosphorus must be resorbed from bone during peak antler growth in males, when > 25 g/day of calcium and > 12 g/day of phosphorus are being deposited in antlers. Females are capable of meeting calcium needs during antler growth without bone resorption, but phosphorus was resorbed from bone during the final stages of antler mineralization. After energy, phosphorus was most likely to limit growth of antlers for both males and females in our simulations. Input parameters can be easily changed to represent caribou from specific geographic regions in which dietary nutrient content or body mass patterns differ from those in our "generic" caribou. The model can be used to quantitatively analyze the evolutionary basis for development of antlers in female caribou, and the relationship between body mass and antler size in the Cervidae.
Fractal measures of female caribou movements
Authors: Ferguson Steven H. , Rettie W. James , Messier Francois
Published: June 2013

Understanding caribou movement during short-term searches for specific habitats, potential mates, and refugia against predators can help resolve ecological questions on how individual caribou perceive their environment. We used measures of fractal dimension and standardized pathlength to compare the movement pathways of female caribou. Satellite telemetry locations were collected over a 2-year study, March 1994 to mid-May 1996, for a caribou population in central Saskatchewan living in the southern boreal forest. Female caribou displayed more random searching behaviour during winter and more regular dispersal movements during early winter/spring and autumn periods. Females with a calf showed no difference in movement pattern (fractal dimension) relative to females without a calf but their standardized path length was shorter. We discuss the advantages of using fractal dimension as a measure of the tortuosity of movement pathways and how changes in fractal dimension over a range of scales can define domains of consistent ecological processes.
Kan vi beregne hvor mange rein beitene tåler?
Authors: Gaare Eldar
Published: June 2013

Can we calculate how many reindeeer the pastures allow for? Three methods have been used to keep the reindeer population in accordance with the pasture resources. The carrying capacity is found by: 1) looking at the growth and well being of the animal (That is the "good old" way) 2) comparing unknown reindeer areas with well pracatised areas (Reindeer pasture convention of 1965) 3) estimating the yearly growth of lichens that can be grazed (Wild Reindeer Management after 1965) An economical carrying capacity has to be found by systematical asessment of the condition of the animals and the herd's production and at the same time value til condition of the pastures.
Päivi Soppela; Fats as indicators of physiological constraints in newborn and young reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)
Authors: Haugerud (ed.) Rolf Egil
Published: June 2013

Päivi Soppela presented her PhD-thesis "Fats as indicators of physiological constraints in newborn and young reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)" for public discussion at the Faculty of Science, University of Oulu on June 22nd, 2000.
8th North American Caribou Workshop, 20-24 April 1998, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada.
Authors: Haugerud (ed. in chief) R.E. , Farnell et al. (iss. eds.) R.
Published: June 2013

Two hundred and forty people attended the 8th North American Caribou Workshop. Attendees brought perspectives from government and private sector research, management, industry, boards, councils and First Nations. As well, the involvement of colleagues from Norway, Finland, Greenland and Russia diversified these proceedings. Over 60 papers covering broad areas of caribou resource interests were given in both the plenary and poster sessions.
Seasonal distribution and population parameters of woodland caribou in central Manitoba: implications for forestry practices
Authors: Brown Kimberley G. , Elliott Campbell , Messier Francois
Published: June 2013

Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in the boreal forest are believed threatened by human encroachment and associated disturbances such as resource exploration and extraction. We radiocollared and monitored fifteen female woodland caribou in central Manitoba, from 1995 to 1997, to obtain information on their population range, seasonal distribution and movements in relation to forestry concerns. The population ranged over 4600 km2 within a large peatland system and concentrated their activities in two areas for both the summer and winter seasons. Females were relatively more solitary during the summer and exhibited fidelity to specific calving and summering areas averaging 83.4 km2. Individual wintering locations varied between years and among individuals. Post-rut and pre-calving mixed-sex aggregations occurred on the southern portion of the herds range. Caribou from the northern part of the range utilized a traditional travel corridor moving as far as 65 km to access the aggregation areas and their summer or winter ranges. Adult survival during the study period averaged 0.90 (95% CI, 0.80-1.00). Survival of the 1995 cohort appeared to be high as indicated by the 0.65:1 calf-cow ratio, and 30 ± 7% calf composition of observed caribou in the autumn of 1995. The annual rate of change (A,) of 1.19 (95% CI, 1.02-1.36) from January to November of 1995 indicated rhat the population was increasing at that time.
Conservation of wild reindeer in Kamchatka
Authors: Mosolov Vladimir I.
Published: June 2013

The wild reindeer of Kamchatka were never numerous and probably did not exceed 15 000 in number because of the restricted amount of winter and summer range, and the characteristically deep snow of the peninsula. Before I960, biologists believed there was one population with three major wintering areas. The inaccessibility of the interior of the peninsula provided natural protection for wild reindeer and other wildlife. After I960, the road system was expanded for the benefit of the logging and mining industries, and poorly regulated commercial hunting of wild reindeer expanded. The wild reindeer population declined rapidly, and became fragmented into 3 herds by the early 1970s. The herds in southern and northeastern Kamchatka were reduced to a few hundred animals, but the herd in eastern Kamchatka that was largely protected by the federal Kronotskii Biosphere Reserve recovered. Poorly regulated hunting and competition with domestic reindeer continue to be the major conservation issues facing wild reindeer in Kamchatka.
Overwinter changes in urea nitrogen:creatinine and cortisol:creatinine ratios in urine from Banks Island Peary caribou
Authors: Larter Nicholas C. , Nagy John A.
Published: June 2013

Over 200 snow urine samples were collected from Banks Island Peary caribou between March 1993 and May 1998. Most (n = 146) samples were collected during 3 time periods in 5 successive years: early winter (3 November-3 December), mid-winter (9 February-1 March), and late-winter (23 April-2 May). We determined the ratios of urea nitrogen:creatinine (U:C) and cortisol:creatinine (C:C) for each sample. U:C ratios had significant year, time, and year x time interaction effects. Mid-winter ratios were higher than early or late-winter ratios. U:C ratios ranged from 0.53 to 19.05 mg/mg, and were lowest in 1997-98. Five calf caribou sacrificed in February 1994 had significantly (P<0.02) higher U:C ratios than other caribou in mid-winter. Three adult male and 2 calf caribou sacrificed in November 1993 had U:C ratios similar to other caribou in early winter. Sacrificed caribou were in similar condition to animals that have been harvested for subsistent use in other years, not overly fat nor in an advanced state of starvation. U:C ratios for Peary caribou range from 10 to ca. 100-fold higher than those reported for barren-ground caribou; ratios > 60-fold higher than those indicative of prolonged undernutrition in barren-ground caribou were common. This difference is likely because the winter diet of Peary caribou has a higher crude protein content than that of barren-ground caribou. C:C ratios had significant year and year x time interaction effects, and were highest in 1996-97 and 1997-98. C:C ratios of sacrificed caribou were similar to those of other animals during early and mid-winter. C:C ratios for Peary caribou ranged from 0.0120 ug/mg to 0.2678 ug/mg; ratios indicative of morbidity in mule deer were common. C:C and U:C ratios from the same individuals were not correlated (R = -0.073). Monitoring U:C ratios of Banks Island Peary caribou may provide useful management information.
Feeding site selection by woodland caribou in north-central British Columbia
Authors: Johnson Chris J. , Parker Katherine L. , Heard Douglas C.
Published: June 2013

We examined the foraging habits of the northern woodland caribou ecotype {Rangifer tarandus caribou) at the scale of the individual feeding site. Field data were collected in north-central British Columbia over two winters (Dec 1996-Apr 1998). We trailed caribou and measured vegetation characteristics (species composition and percent cover), snow conditions (depth, density, and hardness), and canopy closure at terrestrial and arboreal feeding sites, and at random sites where feeding had not occurred. Logistic regression was used to determine the attributes of feeding sites that were important to predicting fine scale habitat selection in forested and alpine areas. In the forest, caribou selected feeding sites that had a greater percent cover of Cladina mitis and Cladonia spp, lower snow depths, and a lower percentage of debris and moss. Biomass of Bryoria spp. at the 1-2 m stratum above the snow significantly contributed to predicting what trees caribou chose as arboreal feeding sites. In the alpine, caribou selected feeding sites with a greater percent cover of Cladina mitis, Cladina rangiferina, Cetraria cucullata, Cetraria nivalis, Thamnolia spp., and Stereocaulon alpinum as well as lower snow depths.
Woodland caribou range occupancy in northwestern Ontario: past and present
Authors: Racey G.D. , Armstrong T.
Published: June 2013

A zone of continuous woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) distribution is defined for northwestern Ontario. This zone establishes a benchmark for measuring the success of future management of habitat and conservation of populations. Inventory of key winter, summer and calving habitats reaffirms the concept of a dynamic mosaic of habitat tracts that supports caribou across the landscape. The historical range recession leading to this current distribution has been associated with resource development, fire and hunting activities over the past 150 years, and numerous attempts at conservation over the last 70 years. The decline was apparently phased according to several periods of development activity: i) early exploitation in the early to mid-1800s; ii) isolation and extirpation of southern populations due to rapid changes in forest use and access between 1890 and 1930; and iii) further loss of the southernmost herds due to forest harvesting of previously inaccessible areas since the 1950s. Lessons learned from history support current conservation measures to manage caribou across broad landscapes, protect southern herds, maintain caribou habitat as part of continuous range, maintain large contiguous tracts of older forest and ensure connectivity between habitat components.
High protein pastures in spring - effects on body composition in reindeer
Authors: Eilertsen Svein M. , Schjelderup Ivar , Dryden Gordon McL. , Mathiesen Svein D.
Published: June 2013

In 1996 and 1997 three groups of reindeer from different nutritional origin and condition, (poor condition groups n=15 in 1996, n=7 in 1997, good condition group n=10 in 1997), were used to investigate effects of high protein pastures on body condition for 3.5 weeks in spring. Mean body mass (BM) of reindeer in the poor condition groups increased by 10% both in 1996 (P<0.05) and in 1997 (P<0.05), while there were no significant (NS) changes in BM of reindeer in the good condition group in 1997. The mean carcass weight as % of BM increased from 48 to 51% in both the poor condition group in 1996 (NS), and in the good condition group in 1997 (P<0.05). The reticulo-rumen wet weight in the poor condition group in 1996, tended to decrease from 15.1 to 11.9% of BM, while the reticulo-rumen wet weight decreased from 14.2 to 13.0% of BM (P<0.05) in the good condition group in 1997. Mean kidney fat decreased by 51% in the poor condition group in 1996 and by 40% in the good condition group in 1997 (P<0.05). Likewise, marrow fat decreased by 50% (P<0.05) in the good condition group in 1997. In both animal groups muscle mass and carcass mass increased in the reindeer, while fat deposits decreased when eating as much as 131 g dry matter/kg0.75 on a high protein spring pasture containing as much as 30% crude protein of dry matter (DM). Much of the energy available from forage plants eaten and the body fat deposits therefore seem to support body protein growth in spring.
A pilot study: Digestion inhibiting effect of silver birch in moose
Authors: Rehbinder C. , Sunnerheim K. , Bratt K. , Cedersmyg O.
Published: June 2013

A pilot study: Digestion inhibiting effect of silver birch in moose
Prostate Tissue Characterization/Classification in 144 Patient Population Using Wavelet and Higher Order Spectra Features from Transrectal Ultrasound Images
Authors: Pareek Gyan , Acharya U. Rajendra , Sree S. Vinitha , Swapna G. , Yantri Ratna , Martis Roshan Joy , Saba Luca , Krishnamurthi Ganapathy , Mallarini Giorgio , El-Baz Ayman , Ekish Shadi Al , Beland Michael , Suri Jasjit S.
Published: June 2013

In this work, we have proposed an on-line computer-aided diagnostic system called “UroImage” that classifies a Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) image into cancerous or non-cancerous with the help of non-linear Higher Order Spectra (HOS) features and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) coefficients. The UroImage system consists of an on-line system where five significant features (one DWT-based feature and four HOS-based features) are extracted from the test image. These on-line features are transformed by the classifier parameters obtained using the training dataset to determine the class. We trained and tested six classifiers. The dataset used for evaluation had 144 TRUS images which were split into training and testing sets. Three-fold and ten-fold cross-validation protocols were adopted for training and estimating the accuracy of the classifiers. The ground truth used for training was obtained using the biopsy results. Among the six classifiers, using 10-fold cross-validation technique, Support Vector Machine and Fuzzy Sugeno classifiers presented the best classification accuracy of 97.9% with equally high values for sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. Our proposed automated system, which achieved more than 95% values for all the performance measures, can be an adjunct tool to provide an initial diagnosis for the identification of patients with prostate cancer. The technique, however, is limited by the limitations of 2D ultrasound guided biopsy, and we intend to improve our technique by using 3D TRUS images in the future.