bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishment of the biological control agent Hypocosmiapyrochroma for Dolichandraunguis‐cati (Bignoniaceae) is limited by microclimate
Authors: Dhileepan Kunjithapatham , Snow Elizabeth L. , Shi Boyang , Gray Bradley , Jackson Kevin , Senaratne Wilmot K. A. D.
Published: May 2021

Cat's claw creeper, Dolichandra unguis‐cati (Bignoniaceae), a perennial woody vine native to tropical America, is a target for biological control in Australia and South Africa. The cat's claw creeper leaf‐tying moth Hypocosmia pyrochroma (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from tropical South America was released as a biological control agent for cat's claw creeper in Australia from 2007 to 2010. A total of 2,277 adults, 837 pupae and 77,250 larvae were released at 40 sites in Queensland and New South Wales. Releases were made mostly in open fields (85%), and at limited sites (15%) in insect‐proof cages erected over naturally occurring cat's claw creeper infestations in the field. Sampling was conducted annually in spring and autumn to monitor the establishment and dispersal of H. pyrochroma. Establishment of H. pyrochroma was first noticed in 2012 at three release sites and since then the number of established sites has increased to 80 in 2020. Establishment was evident on both ‘short‐pod’ and ‘long‐pod’ forms of cat's claw creeper and was more widespread in sites where releases were made within insect‐proof field cages (50%) than in sites with open field releases (9%). The moth was active from late spring to late autumn with peak larval activity in late summer. To date, all field establishments have been in areas predicted by a CLIMEX model as climatically suitable but restricted mostly to riparian environment (93% of establishment), where the moth has continued to spread from 1.5 to 23 km from release sites. In contrast, there is the only limited establishment and spread in non‐riparian corridors, highlighting the role of microclimate (riparian) as a limiting factor for establishment and spread. Future efforts will focus on redistribution of the agent to river/creek systems where the moth is currently not present.
Diversity of interpretations of the concept “patient‐centered care for breast cancer patients”; a scoping review of current literature
Authors: Pel Elise , Engelberts Ingeborg , Schermer Maartje
Published: May 2021

Rationale, aims and objectives

Patient‐centered care is considered a vital component of good quality care for breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, the implementation of this valuable concept in clinical practice appears to be difficult. The goal of this study is to bridge the gap between theoretical elaboration of “patient‐centered care” and clinical practice. To that purpose, a scoping analysis was performed of the application of the term “patient‐centered care in breast cancer treatment” in present‐day literature.

Method

For data‐extraction, a literature search was performed extracting references that were published in 2018 and included the terms “patient‐centered care” and “breast cancer”. The articles were systematically traced for answers to the following three questions: “What is patient‐centered care?”, “Why perform patient‐centered care?”, and “How to realize patient‐centered care?”. For the content analysis, these answers were coded and assembled into meaningful clusters until separate themes arose which concur with various interpretations of the term “patient‐centered care”.

Results

A total of 60 publications were retained for analysis. Traced answers to the three questions “what”, “why”, and “how” varied considerably in recent literature concerning breast cancer treatment. Despite the inconsistent use of the term “patient‐centered care,” we did not find any critical consideration about the nature of the concept, regardless of the applied interpretation. Interventions that are supposed to contribute to the heterogeneous concept of patient‐centered care as such, seem to be judged desirable, virtually without empirical justification.

Conclusions

We propose, contrary to previous efforts to define “patient‐centered care” more accurately, to embrace the heterogeneity of the concept and apply “patient‐centered care” as an umbrella‐term for all healthcare that intends to contribute to the acknowledgement of the person in the patient. For the justification of measures to realize patient‐centered care for breast cancer patients, instead of a mere contribution to the abstract concept, we insist on the demonstration of desirable real‐world effects.
Optimal frequency of individualised nutrition counselling in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy: A systematic review
Authors: Tunzi Liana , Funk Tessa , Brown Teresa , Findlay Merran , Bauer Judith
Published: May 2021

Background

Head and neck cancers (HNC) are strongly associated with malnutrition. This systematic review aimed to investigate the optimal frequency of individualised nutrition counselling (INC) pre‐, peri‐ and post‐treatment for patients with HNC.

Methods

Pubmed, EMBASE, Cinahl and Scopus were searched from inception through to April 2020 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that focused on the INC frequency for adult patients with HNC (Registration no. 178868). The outcomes assessed were nutritional status, dietary intake, weight change, treatment interruptions, unplanned hospital admissions, quality of life, complications and morbidity. Certainty of evidence was assessed using Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results

Four RCTs were identified with five papers (n = 500 total participants). The certainty of evidence was ‘high’ for nutritional status and quality of life, ‘moderate’ for treatment interruptions and unplanned hospital admissions, and ‘low’ for percentage weight change, complications/morbidity and dietary intake. Compared to control groups, there were consistent improvements for nutritional status, quality of life, treatment interruptions, unplanned hospital admissions, dietary intake, percentage weight change and morbidity when weekly INC was provided peri‐treatment and fortnightly INC was provided post‐treatment. No statistical significance was found for treatment interruptions, dietary intake and weight change when INC was provided fortnightly peri‐treatment only. There were no RCTs in the current review that offered INC pre‐treatment.

Conclusions

This systematic review shows beneficial effects with weekly INC peri‐treatment and fortnightly INC post‐treatment for patients with HNC in all outcomes studied. Future research should focus on models of care to address the optimal frequency of pre‐treatment INC as well as the duration of post‐treatment INC.
Evaluation of the clinical application of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory‐Revised for postpartum women in China
Authors: Zhang Liu , Li Yu‐Hong , Bu Yang‐Gao , Yang Fang‐Fang , Chen Yue‐Hua , Liao Pei‐Pei , Mu Ting‐Yu , Zhang Cheng‐Lu
Published: May 2021

Aim

This study was designed to assess the clinical applicability of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory‐Revised (PDPI‐R) during the 1st month following delivery among women in China and to survey the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD)‐related risk factors included in the PDPI‐R in this population.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study which recruited 447 women from the Peopleʼs Liberation Army Hospital in Hefei of Anhui province. All participants completed the Chinese version of the PDPI‐R (PDPI‐R‐C) and the Chinese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (C‐EPDS) within 1 month of delivery. The predictive ability of the PDPI‐R was then evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.

Results

The PDPI‐R‐C was able to accurately predict 73.2% of PPD cases (area under the ROC curve = 0.732; 95% CI 0.69–0.78) using a cut‐off score of 5.5, as defined by a C‐EPDS score of ≥10 (sensitivity = 62.8%; specificity = 73.5%; positive predictive value = 74.5%; negative predictive value = 61.5%). All 13 risk factors in the PDPI‐R‐C other than socioeconomic status and marital status were associated with the risk of PPD.

Conclusions

The PDPI‐R‐C was found to be an effective and easy‐to‐implement tool that has promise as a means of screening for PPD in Chinese populations.
The sexual wholeness model: An initial evaluation with two samples
Authors: Busby Dean M. , Hanna‐Walker Veronica R. , Leavitt Chelom E. , Carroll Jason S.
Published: May 2021

Based upon the psychological needs delimited in self‐determination theory, we created the sexual wholeness model to encapsulate the different dimensions (physical, emotional, and meaning) that create couple sexuality. We evaluated the model with data from two national samples (Sample 1, n = 610; Sample 2, n = 884), by examining the association between sexual, relationship, and life satisfaction, and attachment with the different elements of the sexual wholeness model using harmonious sexual passion as an intermediate variable. The emotional dimension had the strongest associations in both samples with harmonious sexual passion and all other outcomes except attachment. The physical dimension of sexuality had a surprisingly strong association with attachment and sexual satisfaction. In addition, couples' self‐evaluation of the degree of sexual wholeness in their relationship was strongly associated with harmonious passion and all other outcomes, providing another level of validity to the dimensions of the model and the potential utility for using this model to assist in couple therapy.
Combined phase diagram modelling and quartz‐in‐garnet barometry of HP metapelites from the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt (NE Bohemian Massif)
Authors: Szczepański Jacek , Zhong Xin , Dąbrowski Marcin , Wang Haozheng , Goleń Marcin
Published: May 2021

The Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt belongs to the Variscan Belt of Europe as the NE part of the Bohemian Massif. It comprises a supracrustal succession dominated by micaschists that has not been yet recognized as a high‐P, low‐T (HP–LT) metamorphic unit. Our work demonstrates the significance of metapelites in the study of HP metamorphism of the NE part of the Bohemian Massif. To reconstruct the P–T history of the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt, we have investigated three samples using independent geothermobarometric techniques including phase diagram modelling, Si4+ content in white mica and quartz‐in‐garnet elastic barometry. Two samples contain mineral assemblages bearing a record of HP metamorphism followed by an LP event. The oldest assemblage is mostly preserved in the first generation of garnet and it comprises phengitic white mica and rutile. In one of the investigated samples, we also recognized chloritoid and inferred pseudomorphs after lawsonite composed of quartz, clinozoisite associated with margarite. The third of the investigated samples is strongly retrogressed and only contains the relics of phengitic white mica. All three samples contain a younger mineral assemblage comprising white mica with low Si4+ content and ilmenite. Mineral equilibria modelling indicates the P–T conditions of the HP event culminated at ~15.5–18 kbar and ~470–570℃, while the LP episode occurred at ~5–7 kbar and ~530–570℃. The Raman shift measured in quartz inclusions in garnet in samples with a well‐preserved record of the HP stage points to their entrapment at pressures between 11 and 16 kbar. The quartz inclusions within the strongly retrogressed micaschist sample exhibit Raman shifts corresponding to the LP episode at ~5–8 kbar. Discrepant results obtained for one of the samples are discussed in detail. Our investigations show that the supracrustal succession of the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt contains a record of HP–LT metamorphism typical for subduction systems. A recently established tectonic model for the crystalline complexes exposed in the Bohemian Massif suggests that they were formed via the collision of the Saxothuringian, Teplá–Barrandian, and Brunovistulian domains. Therefore, we interpret the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt as representing fragments of the Saxothuringian crust that experienced cold extrusion from below the Teplá–Barrandian domain in front of the rigid Brunovistulian indenter.
Late Variscan (315 Ma) subduction or deceptive zircon REE patterns and U–Pb dates from migmatite‐hosted eclogites? (Montagne Noire, France)
Authors: Pitra Pavel , Poujol Marc , Van Den Driessche Jean , Bretagne Eloïse , Lotout Caroline , Cogné Nathan
Published: May 2021

Eclogites hosted in sillimanite‐bearing migmatites in the Montagne Noire dome (French Massif Central) have an oceanic protolith and recorded a prograde P–T path from ~19.5 kbar, 700°C to the pressure peak at ~21 kbar, 750°C (pseudosection modelling), suggesting metamorphism in a subduction setting. Subsequent exhumation to low‐P high‐T (LP–HT) conditions (~6 kbar, 730°C) is constrained by the equilibration conditions of the embedding migmatite. In samples of a fresh and a retrogressed eclogite, all zircon crystals but one display similar REE patterns (no Eu anomaly, flat HREE), usually ascribed to crystallization under eclogite‐facies conditions. Yet, the U–Pb apparent ages of zircon crystals from both eclogites spread from c. 360 Ma to a dominant data cluster at c. 315 Ma. The c. 315–310 Ma zircon U–Pb dates obtained from the embedding migmatite are interpreted as the age of crystallization of the partial melt during the LP–HT metamorphic stage. First‐order geological evidence, in particular the sedimentary record, excludes the existence of a subduction zone in the region at this period. Unless calling upon a major reappraisal of the tectonics of the European Variscan orogen, this suggests an ambiguous relation between REE patterns and U–Pb dates in the zircon population. Various scenarios that could account for the observations are discussed. Combining our data with the results of a previously published Sm–Nd dating of garnet, and regional considerations, we consider that 360 Ma is the best approximation of the minimum age of the eclogite‐facies event. We hypothesize that the eclogites formed farther north and were transferred to their present location by lower‐crustal flow. It is inferred that during the subsequent exhumation, eclogite‐facies zircon grains recrystallized and underwent partial to total resetting of their U–Pb system, whereas the REE system remained mostly unmodified. These results caution against the use of REE patterns as the only criterion to associate a specific zircon age with HP metamorphism in eclogites occurring in migmatitic domes.
Efficacy of ethyl ascorbyl ether–containing cosmetic cream on blue light–induced skin changes
Authors: Jo Hong Li , Jung Yuchul , Kim Young Kyun , Kim Nahee , Cho Eunbyul , Han Jiyeon , Hwang Yoon Kyun , Suh Byung‐Fhy , Kim Eunjoo
Published: May 2021

Background

Office workers are consistently exposed to blue light, mainly from sunlight and digital device. Recent studies report that blue light has various harmful effects, including cellular changes via reactive oxygen species. Studies on blue light–induced skin changes have only been conducted in vitro and have not been clinically confirmed.

Objective

We provide novel methods to evaluate the effect of the product on the recovery of skin changed by blue light.

Methods

Internet surveys were conducted for workers in their 20s and 40s regarding exposure time to blue light in various environments. To study the effects of long‐term exposure to blue light (456 nm) on the skin, we designed three light intensity conditions, and various skin characteristics were observed. After blue light irradiation, various skin characteristics were analyzed before and after applying ethyl ascorbyl ether (EAE)–containing cosmetic cream for 2 weeks.

Results

When exposed to strong blue light for approximately 16 days, the L* value, skin hydration, transparency, and elasticity decreased, and the melanin index, erythema index, a* value, and b* value increased. Furthermore, after short‐term blue light irradiation (dose, 269 J/cm2, the equivalent of blue light exposure for approximately 38 days in daily life), the L* value and elasticity decreased, and the melanin index and erythema index increased. However, when EAE cream was applied on skin for 1–2 weeks, the skin recovered.

Conclusion

This study clinically confirms the skin changes caused by blue light and the effect of EAE in relieving such changes.
A comparative study of eating behaviours within and between conventional metabolic (bariatric) surgery procedures
Authors: Story Narelle Margaret , Lumby Judith , Fethney Judith , Waters Donna
Published: May 2021

Aims and Objectives

To compare eating behaviours within and between gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy and gastric band procedures and to investigate associations between eating behaviours and body weight.

Background

Eating behaviours are subjective constructs representing physiological need and the hedonic need to eat. After metabolic surgery, eating behaviours have been observed to change. Little is known about whether eating behaviour change differs according to the metabolic procedure performed.

Design

Adults (n = 204) with severe obesity from three countries were followed 1 year after metabolic surgical procedures (n = 121).

Methods

We measured eating behaviours using the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire and used linear mixed models to compare eating behaviours within and between three procedure groups. We complied with the STROBE checklist for reporting observational studies.

Results

Within groups, there were statistically significant increases in restraint and decreases in disinhibition and hunger. Between groups, we observed differences in disinhibition associated with the band procedure. There were no significant differences between any group for body weight or body mass index a year post‐surgery. Disinhibition was the only eating behaviour associated with body weight, body mass index and the per cent of weight loss.

Conclusions

Eating behaviours in adults with severe obesity who underwent any of the three metabolic procedures were associated with eating behaviour change 1 year post‐surgery. Disinhibition was the only eating behaviour that was associated with body weight.

Relevance to clinical practice

Irrespective of the procedure, we found participants had a statistically significant increase in restraint and decreases in disinhibition and hunger 1 year post‐surgery. Despite the significant reduction in disinhibition within the band group, this behaviour was more pronounced post‐surgery compared with other groups. Although the reduction in hunger showed the greatest change, it was not associated with weight outcomes. This is relevant clinical knowledge for nurses who support bariatric surgical patients.
Shedding light on neuroscience: Two decades of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy applications and advances from a bibliometric perspective
Authors: Devezas Miguel Ângelo Monteiro
Published: May 2021

Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive optical brain‐imaging technique that detects changes in hemoglobin concentration in the cerebral cortex. fNIRS devices are safe, silent, portable, robust against motion artifacts, and have good temporal resolution. fNIRS is reliable and trustworthy, as well as an alternative and a complement to other brain‐imaging modalities, such as electroencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging. Given these advantages, fNIRS has become a well‐established tool for neuroscience research, used not only for healthy cortical activity but also as a biomarker during clinical assessment in individuals with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and cancer screening. Owing to its wide applicability, studies on fNIRS have increased exponentially over the last two decades. In this study, scientific publications indexed in the Web of Science databases were collected and a bibliometric‐type methodology was developed. For this purpose, a comprehensive science mapping analysis, including top‐ranked authors, journals, institutions, countries, and co‐occurring keywords network, was conducted. From a total of 2310 eligible documents, 6028 authors and 531 journals published fNIRS‐related papers, Fallgatter published the highest number of articles and was the most cited author. University of Tübingen in Germany has produced the most trending papers since 2000. USA was the most prolific country with the most active institutions, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and South Korea. The results also revealed global trends in emerging areas of research, such as neurodevelopment, aging, and cognitive and emotional assessment.
Family changes and the willingness to take risks
Authors: Browne Mark J. , Jäger Verena , Richter Andreas , Steinorth Petra
Published: May 2021

Economic decisions frequently entail choices in the presence of risk. Decisions to purchase insurance, to save, to invest, and to pursue an education are all choices that may involve some degree of risk, just to name a few. We analyze the impact of changes in family structure on individuals' willingness to take risk (WTR). We find evidence that separating from a partner is associated with an increase in the WTR; while the birth of a first child is associated with a decrease in the WTR. Interestingly, these changes are temporary and the WTR returns to the level observed before the family event within 1–2 years following the event. Married individuals are more risk averse and this does not change with the passage of time of the actual wedding. Providing long term care is also associated with a higher WTR.
Real world SOF/VEL/VOX retreatment outcomes and viral resistance analysis for HCV patients with prior failure to DAA therapy
Authors: Smith David A. , Bradshaw Daniel , Mbisa Jean L , Manso Carmen F. , Bibby David F , Singer Joshua B , Thomson Emma C , da Silva Filipe Ana , Aranday‐Cortes Elihu , Ansari M. Azim , Brown Anthony , Hudson Emma , Benselin Jennifer , Healy Brendan , Troke Phil , McLauchlan John , Barnes Eleanor , Irving William L.
Published: May 2021

Sustained viral response (SVR) rates for direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection routinely exceed 95%. However, a small number of patients require retreatment. Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir (SOF/VEL/VOX) is a potent DAA combination primarily used for the retreatment of patients who failed by DAA therapies. Here we evaluate retreatment outcomes and the effects of resistance‐associated substitutions (RAS) in a real‐world cohort, including a large number of genotype (GT)3 infected patients. 144 patients from the UK were retreated with SOF/VEL/VOX following virologic failure with first‐line DAA treatment regimens. Full‐length HCV genome sequencing was performed prior to retreatment with SOF/VEL/VOX. HCV subtypes were assigned and RAS relevant to each genotype were identified. GT1a and GT3a each made up 38% (GT1a n = 55, GT3a n = 54) of the cohort. 40% (n = 58) of patients had liver cirrhosis of whom 7% (n = 4) were decompensated, 10% (n = 14) had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 8% (n = 12) had received a liver transplant prior to retreatment. The overall retreatment SVR12 rate was 90% (129/144). On univariate analysis, GT3 infection (50/62; SVR = 81%, p = .009), cirrhosis (47/58; SVR = 81%, p = .01) and prior treatment with SOF/VEL (12/17; SVR = 71%, p = .02) or SOF+DCV (14/19; SVR = 74%, p = .012) were significantly associated with retreatment failure, but existence of pre‐retreatment RAS was not when viral genotype was taken into account. Retreatment with SOF/VEL/VOX is very successful for non‐GT3‐infected patients. However, for GT3‐infected patients, particularly those with cirrhosis and failed by initial SOF/VEL treatment, SVR rates were significantly lower and alternative retreatment regimens should be considered.
Hepatitis B virus–induced hepatocarcinogenesis: A virological and oncological perspective
Authors: Arslan Ferhat , Franci Gianluigi , Maria Nastri Bianca , Pagliano Pasquale
Published: May 2021

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double‐stranded DNA virus associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The viral integration into the hepatocyte genome, the viral protein‐induced oncogenesis, the increased hepatocyte turnover and the chronic inflammatory response towards HBV are all hypothesized mechanisms for the development of HCC. The fact that HBV infection and HCC prevalence show different correlations in various regions of the world indicates that there may be virus‐independent phenomena for cancer development in these regions. From this point of view, it is important to review our knowledge and to examine the relationship between HBV and HCC in the light of current data. In this article, we investigate the relationship between HBV and HCC by presenting epidemiological and microbiological data, accompanied by the principles of viral oncogenesis.
The genomics of phenotypically differentiated Asellusaquaticus cave, surface stream and lake ecotypes
Authors: Bakovic Vid , Martin Cerezo Maria Luisa , Höglund Andrey , Fogelholm Jesper , Henriksen Rie , Hargeby Anders , Wright Dominic
Published: May 2021

Organisms well suited for the study of ecotype formation have wide distribution ranges, where they adapt to multiple drastically different habitats repeatedly over space and time. Here we study such ecotypes in a Crustacean model, Asellus aquaticus, a commonly occurring isopod found in freshwater habitats as diverse as streams, caves and lakes. Previous studies focusing on cave vs. surface ecotypes have attributed depigmentation, eye loss and prolonged antennae to several south European cave systems. Likewise, surveys across multiple Swedish lakes have identified the presence of dark‐pigmented "reed" and light‐pigmented "stonewort" ecotypes, which can be found within the same lake. In this study, we sequenced the first draft genome of A. aquaticus, and subsequently use this to map reads and call variants in surface stream, cave and two lake ecotypes. In addition, the draft genome was combined with a RADseq approach to perform a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping study using a laboratory bred F2 and F4 cave × surface intercross. We identified genomic regions associated with body pigmentation, antennae length and body size. Furthermore, we compared genome‐wide differentiation between natural populations and found several genes potentially associated with these habitats. The assessment of the cave QTL regions in the light–dark comparison of lake populations suggests that the regions associated with cave adaptation are also involved with genomic differentiation in the lake ecotypes. These demonstrate how troglomorphic adaptations can be used as a model for related ecotype formation.
Do allergic clinical manifestations increase the risk of behavioral problems in children? A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yamaguchi Chikae , Ebara Takeshi , Futamura Masaki , Ohya Yukihiro , Asano Midori
Published: May 2021

Background

Children with allergic clinical manifestations tend to have behavioral or emotional problems such as hyperactivity or worse mental health. However, previous studies on this association did not adequately adjust for confounders like parenting stress, demographic characteristics, or allergy presentation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood allergic clinical manifestations and behavioral problems, adjusting for confounders such as demographic characteristics, parenting stress, and allergy‐related variables.

Methods

We conducted an online cross‐sectional survey among caregivers of children aged 2–6 years (n = 633). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to determine children's behavioral characteristics as the primary outcome. Allergic clinical manifestations, wheeze, rash, and nose symptoms were the exposure variables. Associations were estimated using logistic regression analyses with propensity scores to adjust for confounders.

Results

We analyzed 633 caregivers of children aged 2–6 years (valid rate, 61.5%). Univariate analyses showed that wheezing was associated with conduct problems (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.01–2.16), a behavioral component of the SDQ. Rash was also associated with hyperactivity (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.02–2.57). Furthermore, nose symptoms were associated with conduct problems (OR = 1.65, 95% CI:1.16–2.33) and emotional symptoms (OR=1.62, 95% CI:1.06–2.45). After adjusting for potential confounders, wheezing (adjusted OR = 1.69, 95% CI:1.04–2.75) and nose symptoms (adjusted OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.05–2.34) remained associated with conduct problems.

Conclusions

This study revealed that a history of wheezing and nose symptoms in children is associated with an increased risk of behavioral problems, in particular, conduct problems.
Pediatric mediastinal mass algorithm: A quality improvement initiative to reduce time from presentation to biopsy
Authors: Fleming Jamie M. , Ross Savannah , Hoffman Lindsey M. , Coughlin Rebecca , Crombleholme Timothy M. , Mong David A. , Hilden Joanne , Maloney Kelly , Tan Gee Mei
Published: May 2021

Background

Mediastinal masses in children may present with compression of the great vessels and airway. An interdisciplinary plan for rapid diagnosis, acute management, and treatment prevents devastating outcomes and optimizes care. Emergency pretreatment with steroids or radiation is more likely to be administered when care is variable, which may delay and complicate diagnosis and treatment. Strategies to standardize care and expedite diagnosis may improve acute patient safety and long‐term outcomes.

Aims

The aim of this quality improvement project was to decrease time from presentation to diagnostic biopsy for children with an anterior mediastinal mass by 50% over 3 years within a tertiary healthcare system.

Methods

This quality improvement project involved a single center with data collected and analyzed retrospectively and prospectively for 71 patients presenting with anterior mediastinal mass between February 2008 and January 2018. The Model for Improvement was utilized for project design and development of a driver diagram and smart aim. An algorithm was implemented to facilitate communication between teams and standardize initial care of patients with mediastinal masses. The algorithm underwent multiple Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act (PDSA) cycles. Data were collected before and after algorithm implementation and between each PDSA cycle. The primary outcome measure included time from presentation to biopsy, which was monitored with a statistical process control chart. Several process measures were evaluated with Student's t‐tests including administration of emergency pretreatment.

Results

Nineteen patients preintervention and 52 patients postintervention were included in the analysis. Time from presentation to biopsy significantly decreased from 48 h at baseline to 24 h postimplementation. Although not statistically significant, emergency pretreatment decreased from a baseline of 26.3% to 6.7% postimplementation.

Conclusion

Implementation of a diagnostic and management algorithm coordinating care among multidisciplinary teams significantly reduced time to biopsy for children presenting with mediastinal mass and may result in decreased use of emergent pretreatment.
The use of short‐term debt by general‐purpose governments
Authors: Lofton Michelle L. , Kioko Sharon N.
Published: May 2021

This paper analyzes local government use of short‐term debt. Though long‐term debt, largely used for capital projects, is relatively well‐researched, predictors for the use of short‐term debt need to be further developed. We hypothesize that governments with limited cash reserves and expenditure flexibility are more likely to use short‐term debt. Further, we expect that governments use short‐term debt as an instrument to manage market timing for long‐term debt. Using a heterogeneous sample of New York local governments, our analysis finds more illiquidity, declining prior year surplus, more salary expenditures, larger capital spending, and the timing of long‐term debt increase the likelihood of using short‐term debt.
Impact of institutional routine surveillance endomyocardial biopsy frequency in the first year on rejection and graft survival in pediatric heart transplantation
Authors: Duong Son Q. , Zhang Yulin , Hall Matt , Hollander Seth A. , Thurm Cary W. , Bernstein Daniel , Feingold Brian , Godown Justin , Almond Christopher
Published: May 2021

Background

Routine surveillance biopsy (RSB) is performed to detect asymptomatic acute rejection (AR) after heart transplantation (HT). Variation in pediatric RSB across institutions is high. We examined center‐based variation in RSB and its relationship to graft loss, AR, coronary artery vasculopathy (CAV), and cost of care during the first year post‐HT.

Methods

We linked the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR, 2002–2016), including all primary‐HT aged 0–21 years. We characterized centers by RSB frequency (defined as median biopsies performed among recipients aged ≥12 months without rejection in the first year). We adjusted for potential confounders and center effects with mixed‐effects regression analysis.

Results

We analyzed 2867 patients at 29 centers. After adjusting for patient and center differences, increasing RSB frequency was associated with diagnosed AR (OR 1.15 p = 0.004), a trend toward treated AR (OR 1.09 p = 0.083), and higher hospital‐based cost (US$390 315 vs. $313 248, p < 0.001) but no difference in graft survival (HR 1.00, p = 0.970) or CAV (SHR 1.04, p = 0.757) over median follow‐up 3.9 years. Center RSB‐frequency threshold of ≥2/year was associated with increased unadjusted rates of treated AR, but no association was found at thresholds greater than this.

Conclusion

Center RSB frequency is positively associated with increased diagnosis of AR at 1 year post‐HT. Graft survival and CAV appear similar at medium‐term follow‐up. We speculate that higher frequency RSB centers may have increased detection of clinically less important AR, though further study of the relationship between center RSB frequency and differences in treated AR is necessary.
Chronic bronchial infection and incident cardiovascular events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A long‐term observational study
Authors: Martinez‐Garcia Miguel Ángel , Faner Rosa , Oscullo Grace , la Rosa‐Carrillo David , Soler‐Cataluña Juan Jose , Ballester Marta , Muriel Alfonso , Agusti Alvar
Published: May 2021

Background and objective

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are frequent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Likewise, chronic bronchial infection (CBI) is also frequent in COPD and it is associated with systemic inflammation, a well‐known CV risk factor. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between CBI, systemic inflammation and incident CV events.

Methods

A post hoc analysis of prospectively collected cohort of 201 COPD patients [Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) II–IV] followed up every 3–6 months for 84 months was conducted. CBI was defined as ≥3 positive pathogenic microorganisms sputum cultures over 1 year, separated by ≥3 months. Systemic inflammation was assessed by circulating levels of C‐reactive protein and fibrinogen. Fatal and non‐fatal CV events, including coronary and cerebrovascular events as well as arrhythmia episodes, were prospectively recorded. For analysis, they were analysed separately and combined in a composite variable.

Results

As hypothesized, CBI was associated with persistent systemic inflammation and a significantly higher incidence of CV events (HR: 3.88; 95% CI: 1.83–8.22), mainly of coronary origin independent of age, number and severity of exacerbations, comorbidities, other CV risk factors, lung function, BMI, smoking status and treatments. These associations were particularly significant in patients with CBI by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA).

Conclusion

CBI, particularly by PA, is associated with sustained and enhanced systemic inflammation and a higher incidence of CV events (especially coronary events). The possibility that treating CBI may decrease systemic inflammation and CV events in COPD deserves prospective, interventional studies.
A visual testament by Luca Riva, a deaf and mute pupil of the Procaccini
Authors: Lo Conte Angelo
Published: May 2021

The paper investigates the visual testament by Luca Riva, a mute and deaf artist who studied in Milan under Camillo Procaccini. Dated 9 September 1624, the document consists of twelve folios bound together in a small volume. On the sheets, ten brown‐ink drawings illustrate the beneficiaries of Riva’s testament, identifying the inheritance intended for them. Conserved in the Archivio di Stato in Milan, the document is the only testament known to have been made exclusively of visual elements and represents an invaluable source for the study of seventeenth‐century Milan. Luca Riva’s testament casts a light on the interconnections between art practice and disability in the early modern period, and emphasizes the predominant role held in Milan by the Procaccini, a family of Bolognese painters who were instrumental in the evolution of Lombard art in the age of Archbishops Carlo and Federico Borromeo.
Severity of the COVID‐19 pandemic in India
Authors: Imai Katsushi S. , Kaicker Nidhi , Gaiha Raghav
Published: May 2021

The main objective of this study is to identify the socioeconomic, meteorological, and geographical factors associated with the severity of COVID‐19 pandemic in India. The severity is measured by the cumulative severity ratio (CSR)—the ratio of the cumulative COVID‐related deaths to the deaths in a pre‐pandemic year—its first difference and COVID infection cases. We have found significant interstate heterogeneity in the pandemic development and have contrasted the trends of the COVID‐19 severities between Maharashtra, which had the largest number of COVID deaths and cases, and the other states. Drawing upon random‐effects models and Tobit models for the weekly and monthly panel data sets of 32 states/union territories, we have found that the factors associated with the COVID severity include income, gender, multi‐morbidity, urbanization, lockdown and unlock phases, weather including temperature and rainfall, and the retail price of wheat. Brief observations from a policy perspective are made toward the end.
The Utilization of Steelmaking Industrial Waste of Silicomanganese Fume as Filtration Loss Control in Drilling Fluid Application
Authors: Razzaq Waseem , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Gamal Hany , Samsuri Ariffin
Published: May 2021

Drilling fluid is considered the backbone of drilling operations in the oil and gas industry to unlock hydrocarbon from subterranean formations. Maintaining the drilling fluid properties, for example, flow properties such as rheology, plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), gel strength (GS), and circulation loss, is the challenge for fluid/mud engineers to carry out successful drilling operations. A variety of chemicals have been added to improve the drilling fluid properties by introducing new chemicals or optimizing the existing chemicals without affecting the other essential fluid properties. The present study for the first time employs the eco-innovation concept to explore the utilization of steelmaking industry waste, i.e., silicomanganese fume (SMF), as a bridging material. The objective of this article is to design an eco-friendly framework that comprehensively explains and utilizes SMF as a bridging material in water-based fluid (WBF). The eco-innovation/eco-friendly framework includes the steps required for processing and understanding the new material and evaluating its effects on flow and the bridging properties of WBF. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and particle size distribution (PSD) were used to understand the physicochemical properties of SMF. The flow properties were studied using a Fann rheometer before and after hot rolling at 120 °F. A high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) filter press equipment was used to investigate the bridging capability of seepage losses following conditions of 190 °F and 300 psi differential pressure. Minimal cleaning and disintegration with a mortar and pestle are enough to prepare SMF to be incorporated in drilling fluid. The SEM and XRF results showed that SMF contains oxides of manganese, silicon, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, while the PSD revealed a natural bimodal distribution with an average grain size of D50 of around 29 μm. SMF showed a noticeable and measurable enhancement of flow properties and bridging capability in WBF. The SMF-based WBF showed improved rheological properties, plastic viscosity, and yield point compared with marble-based WBF. Adding SMF to WBF with and without marble showed a ten-fold superior plugging performance compared with marble-based WBF using 20-μm ceramic discs. The findings revealed the successful utilization of SMF in WBF by improving the rheology, plastic viscosity, yield point, and bridging capability.
Dynamic Analysis and Vibration Reduction of Articulated Silicone Gel Column With Varying Geometry
Authors: Yang Ji-Hou , Yang Xiao-Dong , Han Qing-Kai , Liu Jin-Guo
Published: May 2021

To improve the vibration reduction effect in low-frequency band of dynamic vibration absorber (DVA), a novel type of articulated silicone gel column (SGC) is introduced in the design of the tuned dynamic vibration absorber. The nonlinear variation of frequency of SGC with varying geometry is obtained by both finite element simulation and experiments. The most sensitive mode is located, which has a wider frequency range by varying the geometry. The polynomial fitting is used to describe nonlinear relation between frequency and geometry. By tuning the geometry, the equivalent stiffness and then resonance frequencies can be manipulated to behave as an active vibration absorber. The vibration reduction experiment of SGC vibration absorbers is investigated. It is found that SGC has better vibration reduction effect in the low-frequency band. The experimental results in the current design demonstrate that the vibration reduction effect can reach 94.03% when tuning SGC to the first-order main resonance. The dimensions and material parameters of SGC should be altered for the specific frequency range and vibration strength.
Superconformal chemical vapor deposition using plasma-generated atomic species as a consumable growth inhibitor
Authors: Yang Yu , Canova Kinsey L. , Jayaraman Sreenivas , Kim Do-Young , Girolami Gregory S. , Abelson John R.
Published: May 2021

We describe a convenient and broadly applicable method that affords the superconformal growth of films in trenches and other recessed features by chemical vapor deposition, here applied to the growth of the metal diborides CrB2 and HfB2. A flux of atomic hydrogen or nitrogen, generated by a remote plasma source, strongly inhibits growth near the feature opening, possibly by tying up dangling bonds. In a trench, the flux of atomic species declines rapidly with depth due to wall reactions, either by recombination to afford inactive H2 or N2 or incorporation into the film. As a result, the inhibition effect decreases with depth, and the growth is almost uninhibited toward the bottom of the feature. These circumstances produce a superconformal, “V-shaped” growth profile with the vertex toward the bottom. With continued deposition, the vertex moves up and out of the feature without pinch-off, i.e., no void or seam. The use of atomic hydrogen as the inhibitor of the CrB2 growth introduces no significant impurities and does not alter the film stoichiometry, in contrast, atomic nitrogen becomes incorporated into the HfB2 film. A model of the trench filling is developed, which uses lumped kinetic parameters to calculate the film growth rate and the Knudsen diffusion to calculate transport down the axis of the trench. Model calculations agree well with experimental film thickness profiles as a function of growth time, showing that the model can be used to determine the optimal inhibitor flux as a function of the trench aspect ratio. This method should be applicable to the superconformal growth of a wide variety of film compositions as well.
Curling Coaches’ Understanding of Their Role in Developing Performance Under Pressure Through Skill Acquisition
Authors: Cormack Elanor E. , Gillman Jamie
Published: May 2021

There are few studies examining coaches’ awareness of their role in developing performance under pressure. This study has explored the application of implicit and explicit learning theory for skill execution under pressure through the understanding of coaches. Seven curling coaches who teach adult novices were interviewed using a semistructured approach. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to explore their experiences and beliefs around skill acquisition and pressure. Key factors that emerged from the analysis were the coaches’ lack of awareness of their role in developing skill execution under pressure and the importance of coach education in creating that awareness. The recognition of the pressure that players will face in games and the potential for implicit techniques to be employed by the coaches demonstrated positive prospects for the application of implicit/explicit skill acquisition theory. The coaches’ experiences highlighted aspects unique to curling that will need to be considered in progressing the study’s findings. The distinction between skill setup and execution was also raised by coaches and requires further study to identify whether it impacts the effectiveness of building robust skills and the resulting coaching advice. The study provides recommendations for application of the theory and suggestions for future research.
Chapter 3: PK–12 School Physical Education: Conditions, Lessons Learned, and Future Directions
Authors: Ward Phillip , van der Mars Hans , Mitchell Murray F. , Lawson Hal A.
Published: May 2021

Manifest challenges to physical education teachers merit identification, analysis, and strategic action. New designs for schools, threats to the well-being of a growing number of children and families, and financial problems confronting school systems are among the external challenges. Meanwhile, too many physical education teachers confront marginalization, isolation, and morale issues. Contributing causes include suboptimal policy; disagreements regarding subject matter, curriculum models, and purposes; working conditions that prevent teachers from implementing evidence-based practices; and two disconnects: (a) between physical education and health and (b) between school programs and community-based programs. Reflecting and fueling these challenges, the field lacks a common purpose and shared direction. This chapter addresses future alternatives for PK–12 physical education. Key recommendations include (a) integrating physical education and health, treating them both instructionally and as integrated content in the curriculum; (b) changing our focus on our instruction from a deficiency-based model to a salutogenic model of health, including stronger connections with the community in which schools exist; and (c) connecting to the community to leverage resources to support students, teachers, and schools. These alternatives derive from a grand claim: we cannot continue to do “business as usual,” producing the same results, because past–present results consistently have been suboptimal.
Growth factor–dependent ErbB vesicular dynamics couple receptor signaling to spatially and functionally distinct Erk pools
Authors: Brüggemann Yannick , Karajannis Lisa S. , Stanoev Angel , Stallaert Wayne , Bastiaens Philippe I. H.
Published: May 2021

Ligand-dependent receptor trafficking to subcellular Erk pools determines growth factor–induced proliferation or migration.
Cellular Management of Zinc in Group B Streptococcus Supports Bacterial Resistance against Metal Intoxication and Promotes Disseminated Infection
Authors: Sullivan Matthew J. , Goh Kelvin G. K. , Ulett Glen C.
Published: May 2021

Streptococcus agalactiae
, also known as group B
streptococcus
, is an opportunistic pathogen that causes various diseases in humans and animals. This bacterium has genetic systems that enable zinc detoxification in environments of metal stress, but these systems remain largely undefined.