bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity of dog breeds: within‐breed diversity comparing genealogical and molecular data
Authors: Leroy G. , Verrier E. , Meriaux J. C. , Rognon X.
Published: February 2009

The genetic diversity of 61 dog breeds raised in France was investigated. Genealogical analyses were performed on the pedigree file of the French kennel club. A total of 1514 dogs were also genotyped using 21 microsatellite markers. For animals born from 2001 to 2005, the average coefficient of inbreeding ranged from 0.2% to 8.8% and the effective number of ancestors ranged from 9 to 209, according to the breed. The mean value of heterozygosity was 0.62 over all breeds (range 0.37–0.77). At the breed level, few correlations were found between genealogical and molecular parameters. Kinship coefficients and individual similarity estimators were, however, significantly correlated, with the best mean correlation being found for the Lynch & Ritland estimator (r = 0.43). According to both approaches, it was concluded that special efforts should be made to maintain diversity for three breeds, namely the Berger des Pyrénées, Braque Saint‐Germain and Bull Terrier.
Genetic diversity of dog breeds: between‐breed diversity, breed assignation and conservation approaches
Authors: Leroy G. , Verrier E. , Meriaux J. C. , Rognon X.
Published: February 2009

Genetic relationships between 61 dog breeds were investigated, using a sampling of 1514 animals and a panel of 21 microsatellite markers. Based on the results from distance‐based and Bayesian methods, breed constituted the main genetic structure, while groups including genetically close breeds showed a very weak structure. Depending on the method used, between 85.7% and 98.3% of dogs could be assigned to their breed, with large variations according to the breed. However, breed heterozygosity influenced assignment results differently according to the method used. Within‐breed and between‐breed diversity variations when breeds were removed were highly negatively correlated (r = −0.963, P < 0.0001), because of the genetic structure of the breed set.
Immunoglobulin G4: an odd antibody
Authors: Aalberse R. C. , Stapel S. O. , Schuurman J. , Rispens T.
Published: February 2009

Despite its well‐known association with IgE‐mediated allergy, IgG4 antibodies still have several poorly understood characteristics. IgG4 is a very dynamic antibody: the antibody is involved in a continuous process of half‐molecules (i.e. a heavy and attached light‐chain) exchange. This process, also referred to as ‘Fab‐arm exchange’, results usually in asymmetric antibodies with two different antigen‐combining sites. While these antibodies are hetero‐ bivalent, they will behave as monovalent antibodies in most situations. Another aspect of IgG4, still poorly understood, is its tendency to mimic IgG rheumatoid factor (RF) activity by interacting with IgG on a solid support. In contrast to conventional RF, which binds via its variable domains, the activity of IgG4 is located in its constant domains. This is potentially a source of false positives in IgG4 antibody assay results. Because regulation of IgG4 production is dependent on help by T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cells, the IgG4 response is largely restricted to non‐microbial antigens. This Th2‐dependency associates the IgG4 and IgE responses. Another typical feature in the immune regulation of IgG4 is its tendency to appear only after prolonged immunization. In the context of IgE‐mediated allergy, the appearance of IgG4 antibodies is usually associated with a decrease in symptoms. This is likely to be due, at least in part, to an allergen‐blocking effect at the mast cell level and/or at the level of the antigen‐presenting cell (preventing IgE‐facilitated activation of T cells). In addition, the favourable association reflects the enhanced production of IL‐10 and other anti‐inflammatory cytokines, which drive the production of IgG4. While in general, IgG4 is being associated with non‐activating characteristics, in some situations IgG4 antibodies have an association with pathology. Two striking examples are pemphigoid diseases and sclerosing diseases such as autoimmune pancreatitis. The mechanistic basis for the association of IgG4 with these diseases is still enigmatic. However, the association with sclerosing diseases may reflect an excessive production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines triggering an overwhelming expansion of IgG4‐producing plasma cells. The bottom line for allergy diagnosis: IgG4 by itself is unlikely to be a cause of allergic symptoms. In general, the presence of allergen‐specific IgG4 indicates that anti‐inflammatory, tolerance‐inducing mechanisms have been activated. The existence of the IgG4 subclass, its up‐regulation by anti‐inflammatory factors and its own anti‐inflammatory characteristics may help the immune system to dampen inappropriate inflammatory reactions.
Differential effects ofStaphylococcalenterotoxin B-mediated immune activation on intestinal defensins
Authors: Dhaliwal W , Kelly P , Bajaj-Elliott M
Published: February 2009

In the small intestine members of both the α-defensin (DEFA5 and DEFA6) and β-defensin (DEFB1 and DEFB2) family contribute to the anti-microbial barrier against infection. The aim of this study was to determine whether Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-mediated immune activation and proinflammatory cytokines play a role in the regulation of intestinal defensin expression. Defensin mRNA and peptide secretion was studied after ex vivo tissue culture of duodenal biopsies over 24 h. Immune (T cell and macrophage) activation was induced by SEB, and in separate experiments exogenous proinflammatory cytokines were added individually. Defensin mRNA levels were quantified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and peptide release into culture supernatants was quantified by immuno dot blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Increasing concentrations of SEB down-regulated DEFA5, DEFA6 and DEFB1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner but increased DEFB2 simultaneously. The down-regulation of α-defensins was reversed by dexamethasone. DEFA5 and DEFB2 peptide secretion levels were altered in parallel with mRNA. Interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-1β exhibited a dose-dependent down-regulation of α-defensin mRNA, IL-6 significantly down-regulated only DEFA6; in contrast, tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-4 had no significant effect. Immune cell activation and proinflammatory cytokines down-regulated the constitutively expressed DEFA5, DEFA6 and DEFB1 defensins, and up-regulated DEFB2 in intact human intestinal tissue explants in short-term culture. The effect of local immune activation on innate defence may explain the reduced α-defensin expression noted in inflammatory T cell-mediated enteropathies.
Coexistence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is associated with lower recurrence rates in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Kim Eui Young , Kim Won Gu , Kim Won Bae , Kim Tae Yong , Kim Jung Min , Ryu Jin‐Sook , Hong Suck Joon , Gong Gyungyub , Shong Young Kee
Published: February 2009

Objective  The effect of coexistent chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) on prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients remains controversial. We evaluated the influence of coexistent CLT on prognostic outcome and the association of coexistent CLT with clinicopathological parameters.

Design  A retrospective study with a median follow‐up of 70 months.

Patients and measurements  Patients with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy followed by 131I remnant ablation between 1995 and 2003 at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea were enrolled. CLT was diagnosed histopathologically.

Results  Among 1441 patients, 214 (14·9%) had coexistent CLT. A greater female preponderance was noted in the patients with CLT compared with those without CLT (P < 0·01). Mean tumour size in the patients with CLT was smaller than that in patients without CLT (2·0 ± 1·2 vs. 2·2 ± 1·4 cm; P = 0·02). One hundred and fifty‐one (12·3%) patients without CLT had recurrence, whereas 14 (7·1%) patients with CLT had recurrence during the follow‐up period (P = 0·016). In patients with cervical lymph node metastases, those with coexistent CLT showed a significantly lower recurrence rate than those without CLT (P = 0·012). However, this association was lost on multivariate analysis adjusting for other clinicopathological predictors for recurrence.

Conclusions  In this study, CLT was commonly associated with PTC and was associated with smaller size of the primary tumour at presentation. CLT was also associated with a reduced risk of recurrence during follow‐up, although this was not significant after adjustment for other prognostic factors.
A potential role of endogenous progesterone in modulation of GH, prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion during normal menstrual cycle
Authors: Caufriez Anne , Leproult Rachel , L’Hermite‐Balériaux Mireille , Moreno‐Reyes Rodrigo , Copinschi Georges
Published: February 2009

Objective  Previous studies investigating the fluctuations of endocrine secretion across the menstrual cycle yielded inconsistent results. Our objective was to evaluate during the menstrual cycle the potential role of endogenous oestradiol and progesterone in the regulation of hormones primarily controlled by the circadian clock and/or the sleep‐wake cycle.

Subjects and design  Ten normally cycling young lean women were investigated once during follicular and once during luteal phase. Sleep was polygraphically recorded, and blood samples were obtained at 20‐min intervals for 24 h.

Results  Sleep variables and diurnal melatonin and cortisol profiles (hormones primarily controlled by the circadian clock) were similar in both conditions. The TSH evening rise (a circadian marker) was similar in both conditions, but the sleep‐related nocturnal TSH decrease occurred earlier during the luteal phase (P = 0·03) and tended to correlate positively with progesterone levels (rs = −0·64, P < 0·06). Daytime GH secretion and afternoon/evening PRL secretion (hormones primarily controlled by the sleep‐wake homeostasis) were increased in the luteal phase compared with those of the follicular phase (GH: P = 0·04; PRL: P = 0·01). The increase in 24‐h GH secretion was associated with higher progesterone levels (rs = 0·78, P = 0·02). In luteal phase, the evening PRL rise was associated with higher progesterone (rs = 0·70, P = 0·04) and oestradiol (rs = 0·72, P = 0·03) levels.

Conclusion  The present data indicate that in normally cycling young women, daytime GH and PRL secretions are increased in luteal phase. These data also suggest that endogenous progesterone could play a modulation role on pituitary hormone secretion, stimulating GH and PRL release and enhancing the inhibitory action of sleep on TSH secretion.
Effect of non‐lethal sampling on life‐history traits of the protected moth Graellsia isabelae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Authors: VILA M. , AUGER‐ROZENBERG M. A. , GOUSSARD F. , LOPEZ‐VAAMONDE C.
Published: February 2009

Abstract 1. Non‐lethal genetic surveys in insects usually extract DNA from a leg or a piece of wing. Although preferable to lethal sampling, little is known about the effect of leg/wing non‐lethal sampling on fitness‐related traits.

2. Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) is a European moth protected by the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention. Conservation genetics surveys on this species should therefore use non‐lethal sampling.

3. The present study aimed to (1) quantify the effects of both leg and hind‐wing tail sampling on survivorship and reproductive behaviour of adult males and females, and (2) assess the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from those tissues.

4. Both hind‐wing tails and mid‐legs proved to be good sources of high quality nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. DNA concentration was significantly higher when extracted from a large (130 mm2) piece of the hind‐wing tails than from about half of the mid‐leg. Using mark–release–recapture experiments with adults, it was found that neither mid‐leg nor hind‐wing tail sampling significantly reduced male survivorship or total number of matings. However, although mid‐leg sampling did not significantly affect female survivorship, it had a negative effect on female mating success.

5. Wing‐tail clipping on males appeared to be the best non‐lethal sampling procedure for G. isabelae. It is a fast procedure, similar to natural wing impairment, and did not significantly affect survival or mating behaviour.
Groundwater biodiversity in Europe
Authors: DEHARVENG L. , STOCH F. , GIBERT J. , BEDOS A. , GALASSI D. , ZAGMAJSTER M. , BRANCELJ A. , CAMACHO A. , FIERS F. , MARTIN P. , GIANI N. , MAGNIEZ G. , MARMONIER P.
Published: February 2009

1. The spatial patterns of groundwater biodiversity in Europe remain poorly known, yet their knowledge is essential to understand local variation in groundwater assemblages and to develop sound conservation policies. We explore here the broad‐scale distribution of groundwater biodiversity across Europe, focussing on obligate subterranean species.

2. We compiled published distributional data of obligate subterranean aquatic taxa for six European countries (Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain), and conducted a detailed biological survey of six regions (one in Belgium, two in France, one in Italy, one in Slovenia and one in Spain). Based on this data set, we mapped spatial patterns of biodiversity in Europe on a cell grid with 0.2 × 0.2 ° resolution.

3. As of mid‐2006, the total number of described stygobiotic species in the six countries was 930 and the total number of genera with at least one described stygobiotic species was 191. The total number of sampling sites where at least one stygobiont had been collected was 4709, distributed in 1228 of the 4668 grid cells covering the study area.

4. Groundwater stygobiotic biodiversity was dominated by Crustacea with 757 species in 122 genera. Insects were represented by only two species of a single genus of dytiscid beetles restricted to south‐eastern France.

5. The geographic distribution of stygobionts was extremely heterogeneous. Stygobionts were recorded in 26% of the 4668 grid cells and only 33 cells had more than 20 stygobiotic species. These 33 ‘hot‐cells’ of groundwater species richness clustered in seven hotspots.

6. Endemicity was very high, with 43% of the total number of stygobiotic species restricted to a single cell, i.e. <500 km2.

7. Hotspots defined by rarity, number of genera, number of genera with only one species known in Europe, or number of monospecific genera differed markedly in ranking from those based on species richness. However, a core of four hotspots emerged in all cases: one stretching across Slovenia and northeastern Italy, one in the French Pyrenees, one in the Cévennes in southern France and one in the Rhine River valley in northeastern France.

8. Unevenness in stygobiont distribution cannot be explained solely by unevenness in sampling effort. This is indicated in particular by the fact that our comprehensive sampling survey roughly matched the level of taxonomic richness of the studied regions based on previously published information.

9. With sampling effort continuing, a twofold or higher increase in species richness can be expected in several Mediterranean areas, with a potential to discover up to 50% more new species than are currently known in the region.
Assemblage structure and dynamics of large branchiopods in Mediterranean temporary wetlands: patterns and processes
Authors: WATERKEYN ALINE , GRILLAS PATRICK , DE ROECK ELS R. M. , BOVEN LIESBET , BRENDONCK LUC
Published: February 2009

1. To monitor the diversity and distribution patterns of large branchiopods and the effects of local and regional processes, 30 temporary wetlands in a nature reserve in the Camargue (southern France) were sampled and characterised during three consecutive inundations (2005–08). Additional species were added to the list for each wetland by hatching animals from the resting egg bank, after determining the optimal hatching conditions.

2. A total of five species were found, representing 28% of the species known in France and 56% of the known Camargue species. Tanymastix stagnalis, Branchipus schaefferi, Chirocephalus diaphanus (Anostraca), Triops cancriformis (Notostraca) and Imnadia yeyetta (Spinicaudata) were distributed over a total of 19 wetlands.

3. More than one species was present in 79% of the wetlands containing large branchiopods. Individual wetlands harboured on average 2.8 species, with a maximum of five coexisting species. Large branchiopod assemblages were temporally variable, differing among the three inundations with different climatological conditions.

4. The most important habitat factor influencing the distribution of large branchiopods was salinity, adversely affecting the density and survival of hatchlings. The persistence of large branchiopods in these temporary waters may be threatened by increasing salinisation driven by intensive water management and climate change.
The outcome of cementless total hip arthroplasty in haemophilic hip arthropathy
Authors: YOO M. C. , CHO Y. J. , KIM K. I. , RAMTEKE A. , CHUN Y. S.
Published: February 2009

Summary.  Total hip arthroplasty (THA) in haemophilic arthropathy is reported to be less successful than in non‐haemophilic indications. Although preliminary results are encouraging, the survival and functional outcome of cementless THA in haemophilia are not known. The aim of this study was to analyse mid‐term results of cementless THA in haemophilia. Twenty‐seven consecutive cementless THAs with 23 patients performed between June 1995 and June 2003 were reviewed. Mean age at time of operation was 36 years and mean follow‐up period was 92 months (range, 60–156). Radiographic assessment was done for fixation of components, loosening, osteolysis, wear and bone responses around the implants. The factor requirements, amount of transfusion and complications associated with bleeding were studied. The mean preoperative Harris hip score changed from 57 to 95.9 at the latest follow‐up. The survival at mean follow‐up was 95.2%. One patient with osteolysis around acetabular cup was re‐operated with bone‐grafting and change of polyethylene liner. One loose cup was revised with a cemented cup. All other components were deemed stable at the latest follow‐up. A standardized management protocol and dedicated team approach comprising of haematologist, physicians, physical therapist, nurses and coordinators is needed for excellent results. The present retrospective study shows that the functional results of cementless THA in haemophilia are satisfactory as it happens in osteoarthritic patients according to the current literature, mainly the younger. Thus, taking into account that the majority of haemophilia patients requiring a THA are relatively young, cementless THA is currently recommended.
Aetiology of molar–incisor hypomineralization: a critical review
Authors: CROMBIE FELICITY , MANTON DAVID , KILPATRICK NICOLA
Published: February 2009

Objective.  The objective of this study was to assess the strength of evidence for the aetiology of molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH), often as approximated by demarcated defects.

Method.  A systematic search of online medical databases was conducted with assessment of titles, abstracts, and finally full articles for selection purposes. The level and quality of evidence were then assessed for each article according to Australian national guidelines.

Results.  Of 1123 articles identified by the database search, 53 were selected for review. These covered a variety of potential aetiological factors, some of which were grouped together for convenience. The level of evidence provided by the majority of papers was low and most did not specifically investigate MIH. There was moderate evidence that polychlorinated biphenyl/dioxin exposure is involved in the aetiology of MIH; weak evidence for the role of nutrition, birth and neonatal factors, and acute or chronic childhood illness/treatment; and very weak evidence to implicate fluoride or breastfeeding.

Conclusion.  There is currently insufficient evidence in the literature to establish aetiological factor/s relevant for MIH. Improvements in study design, as well as standardization of diagnostic and examination protocols, would improve the level and strength of evidence.
Mental illness and intellectual disability in Magistrates Courts in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Vanny K. A. , Levy M. H. , Greenberg D. M. , Hayes S. C.
Published: February 2009

Background  Little is known about the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) and/or cognitive impairment (CI) among accused persons in the Magistrates (Local) Courts, the personal, health and mental health characteristics of this cohort, and their service provision needs in the community. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of dual diagnoses of ID and/or CI and psychiatric disorder in a sample of accused persons appearing before four Magistrates Courts. Accused persons with ID and/or CI may not be identified in the Magistrates Court as having a disability and therefore may be unable to access the legal safeguards which exist for their protection within the criminal justice system and/or may fail to receive appropriate community health and welfare services.

Method  The sample was drawn from accused persons aged over 18 years appearing before four Magistrates Courts in metropolitan and urban areas of a large city. Participants were assessed using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT‐2), Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS2) and the Psychiatric Assessment Schedules for Adults with Developmental Disabilities Checklist.

Results  On the KBIT‐2, 10% of participants achieved a standard score (SS) below 70 (mild ID range) and a further 20% were in the 70–79 (borderline) range. The VABS2 results indicated that 12% of participants had SS below 70 and a further 9% were in the 70–79 (borderline) range. The prevalence of mental illness in the group with intellectual deficits was 46%, compared with a prevalence of 36% for those without intellectual deficits.

Conclusions  People with ID and/or CI were found to be over‐represented in the Magistrates Court. Furthermore, results highlight the unmet mental health needs of this cohort in the criminal justice system. The results of the study have implications for the planning of services and diversionary options to facilitate better management of defendants with ID and/or CI with mental health needs.
Immune responses against fibronectin modified by lipoprotein oxidation and their association with cardiovascular disease
Authors: Dunér P. , To F. , Alm R. , Gonçalves I. , Fredrikson G. N. , Hedblad B. , Berglund G. , Nilsson J. , Bengtsson E.
Published: February 2009

Objectives.  Accumulation and subsequent oxidation of LDL in the arterial wall are considered as key events in the development of atherosclerosis. We have investigated the possibility that LDL oxidation results in release of aldehydes that modify surrounding matrix proteins and that this may target immune responses against the plaque extracellular matrix and modulate the disease progression.

Results.  Using custom‐made ELISAs we demonstrate that human plasma contains autoantibodies against aldehyde‐modified fibronectin (FN) and to a lesser extent also other extracellular matrix proteins including collagen type I, type III, and tenascin‐C. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed that aldehyde‐modified FN is present in human atherosclerotic plaques and that aldehydes generated by oxidation of LDL formed adducts with FN in vitro. We also demonstrate that aldehyde‐modification of FN results in a loss of its ability to promote basal secretion of cytokines and growth factors from cultured macrophages without affecting the ability of the cells to respond to stimulation with LPS. A prospective clinical study demonstrated that subjects that subsequently developed acute myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death had lower baseline levels of autoantibodies against aldehyde‐modified FN than matched controls.

Conclusions.  These observations demonstrate that oxidation of LDL in the arterial wall may lead to aldehyde‐modification of surrounding extracellular matrix proteins and that these modifications may affect macrophage function and activate autoimmune responses of pathophysiological importance for the development of atherosclerosis.
Functional Analysis of Neurosteroidal Oestrogen Using Gene‐Disrupted and Transgenic Mice
Authors: Harada N. , Wakatsuki T. , Aste N. , Yoshimura N. , Honda S.‐I.
Published: February 2009

The brain aromatase (oestrogen synthase) hypothesis predicts that oestrogen plays important roles in both sexual behaviours and brain sexual differentiation. To elucidate the functions of oestrogen in the brain, we generated aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice, which showed undetectable oestrogen and enhanced androgen levels in blood. These ArKO mice exhibited an enhanced appetite and disorders in sexual motivation, sexual partnership preference, sexual performance, aggressive behaviour, parental behaviour, infanticide behaviour and exploratory (anxiety) behaviour. We characterised the brain‐specific promoter of the mouse aromatase gene, and identified several crucial cis‐acting elements and the minimal essential promoter region for brain‐specific expression. Next, we introduced a transgene of human aromatase, controlled by the minimal promoter region, into the ArKO mouse. The resulting mouse (ArKO/hArom), whose preoptic area, hypothalamus and amygdala were exposed to oestrogens only in the perinatal period, and then to enhanced androgens and no oestrogens in adulthood, showed near recovery from behavioural disorders. These results suggest that local oestrogens acting in specific brain regions are involved in the organisation of sex‐specific neural networks during the perinatal period. Finally, we examined effects of oestrogens on gene expression within specific brain regions in mice during the perinatal period using DNA microarray analysis. This assay revealed both up‐regulated and down‐regulated brain‐specific genes, including those related to neuronal function. Specifically, genes involved in energy metabolism, cell proliferation/apoptosis and secretory/transport system were altered in ArKO mice compared to wild mice. These results suggest that brain oestrogens participate in the sexual differentiation of the brain by influencing gene expression.
The HCV serum proteome: a search for fibrosis protein markers
Authors: Cheung K. J. , Tilleman K. , Deforce D. , Colle I. , Van Vlierberghe H.
Published: February 2009

Summary.  Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis is a serious health issue in hepatitis C virus (HCV‐) infected patients and is currently diagnosed by the invasive liver biopsy. The aim of this study was to find useful fibrosis markers in HCV‐patients’ sera of different fibrosis degrees (METAVIR F0‐F4) based on proteomics. Serum proteome profiles were created by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Profiles were analysed between different degrees of fibrosis (F0‐F4) and between early (F0F1) and late (F2F3F4) fibrosis by univariate analyses (P ≤ 0.05). Differentially expressed proteins were subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. Mac‐2‐binding protein, α‐2‐macroglobulin and hemopexin were increased in F4 opposite F0/F1. A‐1‐antitrypsin, leucine‐rich α‐2‐glycoprotein and fetuin‐A were decreased in F4 opposite F0/F1. Late fibrosis was characterized by an increase in Mac‐2‐binding protein, α‐2‐macroglobulin and α‐1B‐glycoprotein expression and a decrease in haptoglobin expression. Mac‐2‐binding protein expression was confirmed by dot blot assay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in a secondary population. In conclusion, serum proteome analysis enabled the detection/identification of existing and new candidate markers in line with fibrosis progression in HCV‐patients.
Interplay of host specificity and biogeography in the population structure of a cosmopolitan endoparasite: microsatellite study ofLigula intestinalis(Cestoda)
Authors: ŠTEFKA J. , HYPŠA V. , SCHOLZ T.
Published: February 2009

Organisms with wide geographical or phenotypic diversity often constitute assemblages of genetically distinct species or lineages. Within parasites, an emergence of host‐specific lineages is assumed to create such cryptic variability; however, empirical evaluation of these processes is scarce. Here, we analyse populations of a parasite with a complex life cycle, wide host spectrum and global distribution, with the aim to reveal factors underlying the evolution of host‐ or geography‐dependent lineages. Using 15 microsatellite loci, deep genetic distances were observed between populations from distant geographical areas. On the local scale, host‐mediated genetic structure was found among sympatric samples. Two lineages differing in the spectrum of infected hosts co‐occurred in the Euro‐Mediterranean area, and two distinct lineages were recovered from Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Although sampled across several host taxa and multiple localities, a lack of marked genetic structure was seen in the populations belonging to one of the European lineages. Only weak genetic differentiation between sympatric samples from two host species was found. Complexity of the parasite life‐cycle contributed to such a stratified pattern. Differences in the immune response between fish hosts were suggested as the factor diversifying the populations locally; conversely, high mobility of the parasite due to migration with its bird (definitive) host were assessed to homogenize populations across the area of distribution. However, despite the high mobility, large bodies of salt water prevent the parasite from long‐distance migrations, as was demonstrated in an example of the Mediterranean Sea which represented an effective barrier to gene flow.
Isolation by distance among California sea lion populations in Mexico: redefining management stocks
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐SUÁREZ M. , FLATZ R. , AURIOLES‐GAMBOA D. , HEDRICK P. W. , GERBER L. R.
Published: February 2009

Understanding the spatial structure of a population is critical for effective assessment and management. However, direct observation of spatial dynamics is generally difficult, particularly for marine mammals. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are polygynous pinnipeds distributed along the Pacific coast of North America. The species’ range has been subdivided into three management stocks based on differences in mitochondrial DNA, but to date no studies have considered nuclear genetic variation, and thus we lack a comprehensive understanding of gene flow patterns among sea lion colonies. In light of recent population declines in the Gulf of California, Mexico, it is important to understand spatial structure to determine if declining sea lion colonies are genetically isolated from others. To define population subdivision and identify sex biases in gene flow, we analysed a 355‐bp sequence of the mitochondrial DNA control region and 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci from 355 tissue samples collected from six colonies distributed along Mexican waters. Using a novel approach to estimate sex biases in gene flow, we found that male sea lions disperse on average 6.75 times more frequently than females. Analyses of population subdivision strongly suggest a pattern of isolation by distance among colonies and challenge current stock definitions. Based on these results, we propose an alternative classification that identifies three Mexican management units: Upper Gulf of California, Southern Baja Peninsula, and Upper Pacific Coast of Baja. This revised classification should be considered in future assessment and management of California sea lion populations in Mexican waters.
Unexpected early extinction of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in Sweden and climatic impact on its Holocene range
Authors: SOMMER ROBERT S. , LINDQVIST CHARLOTTE , PERSSON ARNE , BRINGSØE HENRIK , RHODIN ANDERS G. J. , SCHNEEWEISS NORBERT , ŠIROKÝ PAVEL , BACHMANN LUTZ , FRITZ UWE
Published: February 2009

Using ancient DNA sequences of subfossil European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) from Britain, Central and North Europe and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating for turtle remains from most Swedish sites, we provide evidence for a Holocene range expansion of the pond turtle from the southeastern Balkans into Britain, Central Europe and Scandinavia, according to the ‘grasshopper pattern’ of Hewitt. Northeastern Europe and adjacent Asia were colonized from another refuge located further east. With increasing annual mean temperatures, pond turtles reached southern Sweden approximately 9800 years ago. Until approximately 5500 years ago, rising temperatures facilitated a further range expansion up to Östergötland, Sweden (approximately 58°30′N). However, around 5500 years ago pond turtle records suddenly terminate in Sweden, some 1500 years before the Holocene thermal maximum ended in Scandinavia and distinctly earlier than previously thought. This extinction coincides with a temporary cooling oscillation during the Holocene thermal maximum and is likely related to lower summer temperatures deteriorating reproductive success. Although climatic conditions improved later again, recolonization of Sweden from southern source populations was prevented by the Holocene submergence of the previous land connection via the Danish Straits that occurred approximately 8500 years ago.
Use of cell wall stress to characterize σ22 (AlgT/U) activation by regulated proteolysis and its regulon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wood Lynn F. , Ohman Dennis E.
Published: February 2009

MucA sequesters extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ22 (algT/U encoded) from target promoters including PalgD for alginate biosynthesis. We have shown that cell wall stress (e.g. d‐cycloserine) is a potent inducer of the algD operon. Here we showed that MucB, encoded by the algT‐mucABCD operon, interacts with MucA in the sigma–sequestration complex. We hypothesized that AlgW protease (a DegS homologue) is activated by cell wall stress to cleave MucA and release σ22. When strain PAO1 was exposed to d‐cycloserine, MucA was degraded within just 10 min, and σ22 was activated. However, in an algW mutant, MucA was stable with no increased σ22 activity. Studies on a yaeL mutant, defective in an RseP/YaeL homologue, suggest that YaeL protease cleaves MucA only after cleavage by AlgW. A defect in mucD, encoding a periplasmic HtrA/DegP homologue, caused MucA instability, suggesting MucD degrades cell wall stress signals. Overall, these data indicate that cell wall stress signals release σ22 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Microarray analyses identified genes of the early and late cell wall stress stimulon, which included genes for alginate production. The subset of genes in the σ22 regulon was then determined, which included gene products predicted to contribute to recovery from cell wall stress.
Biomagnetic signatures of uncoupled gastric musculature
Authors: Bradshaw L. A. , Irimia A. , Sims J. A. , Richards W. O.
Published: February 2009

Abstract  Gastric slow waves propagate in the electrical syncytium of the healthy stomach, being generated at a rate of approximately three times per minute in a pacemaker region along the greater curvature of the antrum and propagating distally towards the pylorus. Disease states are known to alter the normal gastric slow wave. Recent studies have suggested the use of biomagnetic techniques for assessing parameters of the gastric slow wave that have potential diagnostic significance. We present a study in which the gastric syncytium was uncoupled by mechanical division as we recorded serosal electric potentials along with multichannel biomagnetic signals and cutaneous potentials. By computing the surface current density (SCD) from multichannel biomagnetic recordings, we were able to quantify gastric slow wave propagation as well as the frequency and amplitude of the slow wave and to show that these correlate well with similar parameters from serosal electrodes. We found the dominant slow wave frequency to be an unreliable indicator of gastric uncoupling as uncoupling results in the appearance of multiple slow wave sources at various frequencies in external recordings. The percentage of power distributed in specific frequency ranges exhibited significant postdivision changes. Propagation velocity determined from SCD maps was a weak indicator of uncoupling in this work; we believe that the relatively low spatial resolution of our 19‐channel biomagnetometer confounds the characterization of spatial variations in slow wave propagation velocities. Nonetheless, the biomagnetic technique represents a non‐invasive method for accurate determination of clinically significant parameters of the gastric slow wave.
Determinants of delay in care‐seeking for febrile children in eastern Uganda
Authors: Rutebemberwa Elizeus , Kallander Karin , Tomson Goran , Peterson Stefan , Pariyo George
Published: February 2009

Objective  To explore factors associated with delay in seeking treatment outside the home for febrile children under five.

Methods  Using a pre‐tested structured questionnaire, all 9176 children below 5 years in Iganga–Mayuge Demographic Surveillance Site were enumerated. Caretakers of children who had been ill within the previous 2 weeks were asked about presenting symptoms, type of home treatment used, timing of seeking treatment and distance to provider. Children who sought care latest after one night were compared with those who sought care later.

Results  Those likely to delay came from the lowest socio‐economic quintile (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.06–1.97) or had presented with pallor (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.10–2.25). Children less likely to delay had gone to drug shops (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.59–0.84) or community medicine distributors (CMDs) (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.15–0.74), had presented with fast breathing (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.60–0.87), used tepid sponging at home (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.27–0.68), or perceived the distance to the provider to be short (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.60–0.87).

Conclusion  Even in the presence of ‘free services’, poverty is associated with delay to seek care. Drug shops and CMDs may complement government efforts to deliver timely treatment. Health workers need to sensitize caretakers to take children for care promptly. Methods to elucidate time in population‐surveys in African settings need to be evaluated.
An integrated approach to treat tobacco addiction in countries with high tuberculosis incidence
Authors: Siddiqi Kamran , Lee Andrew Chee Keng
Published: February 2009

Communicable diseases as well as maternal and child health in low‐ and middle‐income countries continue to be the main focus of global attention. There are also rising trends in the prevalence of non‐communicable diseases and further increases are predicted. Several countries are facing this ‘dual burden of disease’. There is therefore a need to find ways to integrate the prevention and control of non‐communicable diseases into the current health agenda. Tobacco treatment interventions in patients suspected with tuberculosis (TB) offer one such opportunity for a linked healthcare response. Many countries with a high incidence of TB are doubly burdened by an epidemic of tobacco use and tobacco‐related diseases. Tobacco use increases the risk of TB infection and is associated with poor treatment compliance, increases in relapse rates and higher secondary mortality. In countries where TB is epidemic, this modest relative risk of infection leads to a significant attributable risk. Regular clinical contact with patients suspected with TB during the diagnosis and treatment phases provides considerable opportunity for health promotion to influence their tobacco‐related behaviour. Consequently, treating tobacco addiction in patients suspected with TB is likely to improve the control of TB and prevent tobacco‐related diseases. However, despite a high prevalence of tobacco use among TB patients, the treatment of tobacco addiction has not been a priority of TB control programmes. In countries with the dual epidemics of TB and tobacco use, considerable health and economic gains could potentially be made. If effective, such an approach would be highly desirable. We argue that further research assessing the cost‐effectiveness and feasibility of linking healthcare interventions such as the treatment of tobacco addiction among TB suspects should receive high priority.
Epimutation at human chromosome 14q32.2 in a boy with a upd(14)mat‐like clinical phenotype
Authors: Zechner U , Kohlschmidt N , Rittner G , Damatova N , Beyer V , Haaf T , Bartsch O
Published: February 2009

Recently, three reports described deletions and epimutations affecting the imprinted region at chromosome 14q32.2 in individuals with a phenotype typical for maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 [upd(14)mat]. In this study, we describe another patient with upd(14)mat‐like phenotype including low birth weight, neonatal feeding problems, muscular hypotonia, motor and developmental delay, small hands and feet, and truncal obesity. Conventional cytogenetic analyses, fluorescence in situ hybridization subtelomere screening, multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification analysis of common microdeletion and microduplication syndromes, and methylation analysis of SNRPN all gave normal results. Methylation analysis at 14q32.2 revealed a gross hypomethylation of the differentially methylated regions (intergenic DMR and MEG3‐DMR). Further molecular studies excluded full or segmental upd(14)mat as well as a microdeletion within this region. Evidently, the upd(14)mat‐like clinical phenotype is caused by an epimutation at 14q32.2. The clinical and molecular features of this novel case are discussed with respect to the recently published cases.
Finding bald spots on chromosome 20p11
Authors: Doty CN
Published: February 2009

A genome‐wide association scan identifies new susceptibility variants for male pattern baldness on chromosome 20p11 Hillmer et al. (2008) Nature Genetics 40: 1279–1281 Male‐pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11 Richards et al. (2008) Nature Genetics 40: 1282–1284
Prevalence and correlates of selected alternative and complementary medicine in adult renal transplant patients
Authors: Hess Sascha , De Geest Sabina , Halter Klaus , Dickenmann Michael , Denhaerynck Kris
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  Background/Significance:  The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has increased considerably in the general population in recent decades. However, the prevalence of CAM use in renal transplant patients has not yet been assessed.

Aim:  To determine the prevalence and correlates of CAM use among renal transplant patients (RTX) who are more than one year post transplant.

Methods:  This secondary data analysis used data from Part 1 of the Supporting Medication Adherence in Renal Transplantation (SMART) study, which tested prevalence, determinants and consequences of non‐adherence regarding immunosuppressive medication in kidney transplant (renal TX) patients. The study’s convenience sample consisted of 356 patients recruited from two Swiss outpatient transplant clinics during their annual examination visits (mean age: 53±13; male: 58%). The use of CAM as well as the specific kind of CAM used was assessed through structured interviews. Assessed CAM use correlates were age, gender, education, depressive symptomatology, comorbidity and smoking status. Relationships between CAM use and candidate correlates were explored using multiple logistic regression.

Results:  The prevalence of CAM use in this sample of renal TX patients was 11.8%. Most frequently used alternative medicines were Homeopathy (42.9%) and Chinese medicine (23.8%). Two patients used St John’s wort. The percentage of patients using Homeopathy (5.1%) and herbal medicine (2%) was similar to that of the general Swiss population (HO: 6.1% & HM: 2.6%). Significant correlates for CAM use were younger age (p=0.017; OR=0.96; 95%CI=0.93‐0.99) and female gender (p=0.035; OR=2.13; 95%CI=1.05‐4.3).

Conclusion:  Every eighth renal transplant recipient in this sample used some form of CAM. Of these, some used herbal medicines, of which some are known to interfere with certain immunosuppressive treatment (St John’s wort/Chinese medicines). These findings indicate that it is important for health care providers working in renal TX to assess CAM use.
Dual kidney transplantation after liver transplantation: a good option to rescue a patient from dialysis
Authors: Ekser Burcin , Furian Lucrezia , Baldan Nicola , Amico Alessandra , Fabris Luca , Lazzarin Manuela , Marchini Francesco , Rigotti Paolo
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  Chronic renal failure (CRF) due to calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity is one of the most serious side effects influencing mortality and morbidity after liver transplantation (LTx). One way to offer a longer survival and better quality of life to LTx recipients who develop CRF is kidney transplantation, though this is not feasible for all candidates due to the shortage of organs. With changes in the characteristics of the global donor pool, which includes increasing number of elderly donors, both kidneys from one older donor are transplanted into the same adult recipient (dual kidney transplantation, DKT) to offset the lower nephron mass. DKT might be an option after LTx to rescue a patient from dialysis, with consequent survival benefits. We report on two cases of DKT after LTx in patients with CRF who were on dialysis due to CNI nephrotoxicity.
Telmisartan and metabolic syndrome after heart transplantation
Authors: Luknar Milan , Goncalvesova Eva , Lesny Peter , Fabian Juraj
Published: February 2009

Luknar M, Goncalvesova E, Lesny P, Fabian J. Telmisartan and metabolic syndrome after heart transplantation. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 36–39. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract: Introduction:  Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cardiovascular risk predictor. Prevalence of MS after heart transplantation (HTx) is high. Recent data suggest a positive metabolic effect of telmisartan.

Aim:  To describe the influence of telmisartan on lipid and glycide metabolism in MS after HTx.

Methods:  Fifteen patients aged 55+/−12 yr, 88+/−25 months after HTx with MS receiving statins were followed. The reason for telmisartan administration was arterial hypertension with either drug intolerance or poor control. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein LDL‐cholesterol, high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, triglycerides, C‐reactive protein (CRP), fasting glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C‐peptide and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index were determined. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed. After initial evaluation, telmisartan 80 mg was started. After 20 ± 5 wk follow‐up, identical parameters were measured. Statistical significance was evaluated using Student’s t‐test.

Results:  BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum lipids and CRP remained unchanged after telmisartan. Significant reduction in fasting glucose (6.7 vs. 5.6 mmol/L, p < 0.02), IRI (8.8 vs. 8.5 U/mL p = 0.05), HOMA (7.3 vs. 5.8 mmol/L × μU/mL, p < 0.05) and C‐peptide (4.0 vs. 3.3 ng/mL, p < 0.02) was found.

Conclusions:  Telmisartan had a positive impact on insulin sensitivity parameters (fasting glucose, IRI, C‐peptide and HOMA) in this population. No effect on obesity, serum lipids and systemic inflammation was observed.