bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lathosterol and Noncholesterol Sterols in Routine Use for the Differentiation and Monitoring of Dietary and Drug Induced Treatment of Hypercholesterolemias in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Hyanek Josef , Pehal Frantisek , Dubska Ladislava , Martinikova Vera , Privarova Jana , Taborsky Ludek
Published: April 2014

Aims: The authors discuss their 15 years of experience with use of noncholesterol sterols (NCS) when diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HFH) and the dietary and drug treatment of children and adolescents when lathosterol (Lat) and desmosterol (Des) as cholesterol synthesis precursors, and campesterol (Cam) and sitosterol (Sit) as cholesterol absorption precursors are included.
Patients and Methods: 38 children and adolescents (6-18 yrs) with HFH proven by molecular genetic testing of LDL-cholesterol receptor deficit; 107 children patients with clinical and laboratory symptoms of other hypercholesterolemias; 84 healthy school-age children as a control group. Routine lipid spectrum scan—total cholesterol (TCh), LDL-Ch, HDL-Ch, TAG, with additional apo A1, apo B, Lp (a), LDL-receptors, apo E polymorphism; Lat, Des, Cam and Sit in the plasma—was established by means of GC/MS.
Results: The HFH patients on a low cholesterol diet (LCHD) who come to our lipid outpatient clinic have elevated levels of Lat and Des, unlike patients with alimentary hypercholesterolemia (p<0, 001). Lat and Des levels are high following interruption of medical treatment during long vacations or when drug treatment is neglected. Administration of statins only in sufficiently high therapeutic doses reduces Lat and Des (p<0, 001). Compensatory elevation of Cam and Sit occurs only in few pediatric patients. Ezetimibe decreases Cam and Sit more efficiently than Lat or Des. Combination of statin with ezetimibe is most efficient in decrease of not only TCh but also Lat and Des, as well as Cam and Sit.
Conclusions: Extending the laboratory spectrum by precursors of cholesterol synthesis and absorption improves the differential diagnosis of HFH and makes monitoring and/or treatment of children and adolescents more precise.
Cellular Mechanisms of Saline Extract of Alligator Pepper (Zingiberaceae Aframomum melegueta) for Specific Protection against Preeclampsia
Authors: Inegbenebor Ute , Ebomoyi Maureen
Published: April 2014

Preeclampsia is a clinical syndrome defined as the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria during the second half of pregnancy. Though it is easily diagnosed clinically, affected persons must book in a health service facility for the diagnosis to be made. Furthermore regular screening is necessary during several antenatal visits and skilled attendant’s supervised labor before diagnosis can be made. Predictive tests are not yet well developed and not readily available in developing countries and medically underserved areas where they are needed most. There is therefore a need for specific protection against preeclampsia to be developed. This will ensure that all women are protected even when they choose not to visit an antenatal clinic. Specific protection is potentially capable of preventing preeclampsia in 5 % to 7% of pregnant women, the proportion of pregnant women that are affected by preeclampsia worldwide. This article builds on a previous article on the study of the cellular mechanisms underlying gestational weight gain and litter weight reduction effect of aqueous extract of Alligator pepper and attempts to analyze how the anti-hyperinsulinemic property of the constituents of Alligator pepper in that study can also prevent preeclampsia and suggests the use of some of the constituents of alligator pepper as specific protection (vaccine) for the prevention of preeclampsia.
Application of Disordered Organic Semiconductor Theory to Low Temperature Curing of Epoxy Resins
Authors: Aitken Edward A.
Published: April 2014

The steep autocatalytic feature in a highly accurate DSC study of the heat rate from curing an epoxy resin with piperidine at 27.5 Deg C could not be explained using chemical kinetic power laws usually applied to curing epoxy resin products at higher temperatures. The theory of disordered conjugated organic semiconductors developed in the last decade has been applied to the observed heat rate data. Four heat rate sources have been identified to completely account for the experimental data. Two of the four sources generating 80% of the heat are consistent with mobility change of ion pairs indicating that the low temperature cure follows an organic semiconductor mechanism. It was shown that autocatalysis did not begin until about one fiftieth of the epoxy rings were opened (ignition). After ignition the heat rates of two propagation mechanisms grow exponentially. One charge transport mechanism generates a small heat rate but grows immediately after ignition due to an increase in ion pairs by the dopant (piperidine). The second mechanism appears later but becomes dominant, peaking at 50% completion, where the heat rate is about 50 times higher than the start of the first mechanism. The rate increase is attributed to localized energy sites that lower the LUMO level closer to the HOMO level of the monomer increasing the mobility (heat rate).
Study on Flexural Strength and Flexural Failure Modes of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin Composites
Authors: He Hongwei , Li Kaixi
Published: April 2014

The flexural failure modes and flexural strength of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/epoxy) composites was theoretically analyzed and calculated. The hypothesis that the maximal flexural strength of unidirectional CF/epoxy composites occurred in outer sheet layer was brought forward. Load-displacement curve of unidirectional CF/epoxy composites also demonstrates that it is correct, which is consistent with the assume. Unidirectional CF/epoxy composites were fabricated with winding and compression molding, and three different kinds of fiber packing modes were proposed and the effects of these modes on flexural prosperities of composites had also been analyzed respectively. Three failure modes, namely fracture of fiber, fracture of epoxy resin and interfacial delamination between fiber and matrix, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The load-displacement curve of unidirectional CF/epoxy composites indicates the plastic deformation is increased with increasing phenolic resin.
Innovative Rice Seed Coating (Oryza Sativa) with Polymer Nanofibres and Microparticles Using the Electrospinning Method
Authors: Castañeda Letícia M.F. , Genro Cayane , Roggia Isabel , Bender Stefan S. , Bender Renar J. , Pereira Cláudio N.
Published: April 2014

Seed treatments are chemical or biological substances that are applied to seeds to control infection by disease-causing organisms, insects, or other pests. Seed treatment reduces production costs of seedlings, reduces the consumption of seeds, facilitates mechanization of sowing and improves the seedling establishment. The generation of nanofibres and microcapsules by the electrospinning technique is a novel approach for active ingredient controlled release. The study evaluates an innovative rice seed coating (Oryza sativa) with polymer nanofibres and microparticles using this method.
Materials and Methods: Polymer nanofibres and microcapsules were applied by the electrospinning technique to irrigated rice seeds. The treatments consisted of: 1) Control, 2) Negative control - Polymer based microcapsule without fungicide. 3) Polymer based microcapsule with fungicide. Microbiological assays and germination tests were performed following the guidelines of the Seed Analysis Rules of the Ministry of Agriculture.
Results: The applied polymer as a coating did not affect the physiological quality of the seeds, as attested by the result of the germination tests, and they proved to be effective in the control of fungi disease in crop seeds.
Conclusion: The germination and phytosanitary characteristics were improved in the analyzed study.
Upon Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-dimethyl-aminoethyl methacrylate-co-itaconic acid) Copolymers as Matrix Ensuring Intramolecular Strategies for Further Coupling Applications
Authors: Chiriac Aurica P. , Nita Loredana E. , Neamtu Iordana , Balan Vera , Diaconu Alina
Published: April 2014

The study presents a set of copolymers synthesis based on N-isopropylacrylamide, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and itaconic acid comonomers found in different gravimetric ratio, acquired through polymerization in water in the presence of ammonium persulfate as radical initiator. The purpose was to prepare polymeric structure with dual sensitivity to temperature and pH respectively, and able as well to ensure intramolecular strategies for coupling applications of inorganic or bioactive compounds. The polymers composition was confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra. The thermal stability of the polymeric compounds was evaluated, and SEM investigations of the polymer morphology are also presented. The polymers dispersions were characterized from the viewpoint of their hydrodynamic radius, zeta potential and conductivity.
Zinc Oxide Nanostructures for Efficient Energy Conversion in Organic Solar Cell
Authors: Nurfazliana M.F. , Kamaruddin S.A. , Alias M.S. , Nafarizal N. , Saim H. , Sahdan M.Z.
Published: April 2014

We present a new approach of solution-processed using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures as extraction layer material for organic solar cells. It is low chemical reaction compatibility with all types of organic blends and its good adhesion to both surfaces of ITO/glass substrate and the active layer (blends). Parameters such as the thickness and the morphology of the films were investigated to prove that these factors greatly affect the efficiency of organic solar cells. In this work, ZnO layer with thickness of approximately 53 nm was used as an interlayer to prevent pin-holes between the electrode and the polymer layer. The polymer layer was coated on the ZnO layer with the thickness of about 150 nm. The thick polymer layer will form a non-uniform surface because of the solvent, 1-2dichlorobenzene will etch away some region of the polymer layer and forming pin-holes. ZnO nanostructures layer was used to prevent pin-holes between the polymer layer and electrode. From the surface morphology of ZnO layer, it shows a uniform surface with particle grain size obtained between 50 -100 nm. The presence of the interlayer has a positive effect on the electrical characteristics of the solar cells. It was found that an organic solar cell with thickness less than 150 nm shows the optimum performance with efficiency of 0.0067% and Fill Factor (FF) of about 19.73.
De quelques fausses idées du contrepoint d’école et de leurs conséquences
Authors: Nicolas Patrice
Published: April 2014

Désirant renouer avec une tradition contrapuntique dont les principes étaient depuis longtemps oubliés, les théoriciens de l’école française des xixe et xxe siècles, désormais dominés par les notions harmoniques, donnèrent les chimères de leur imagination pour des vérités ayant de tout temps existé. Il est donc malheureux que leurs ouvrages servent encore de base à l’enseignement du contrepoint dans la plupart des institutions québécoises d’éducation musicale, en ce qu’ils condamnent l’esprit de tout apprenti contrapuntiste à se perdre dans le dédale inextricable d’une science imaginaire. Il en résulte d’ailleurs un fait fort inquiétant sur lequel on ne peut plus élever le moindre doute : c’est que le contrepoint d’école ne mène aucunement l’étudiant vers les grands polyphonistes. Dès lors, incapable d’analyser correctement les oeuvres du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance – et donc incapable d’en saisir les mécanismes et de s’en faire une idée complète –, l’apprenti compositeur s’en détourne, passant à côté de bien des techniques d’écritures fort intéressantes, lesquelles, surtout en ces temps postmodernes, ne pourraient donner que plus d’élan à son originalité.

Après un bref exposé de la théorie contrapuntique originelle, quelques-unes des fictions romantiques sont passées en revue. Il est ainsi démontré que rien ne vaut l’emploi des traités du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance pour l’enseignement du contrepoint et de l’analyse de la musique ancienne. De courts extraits tirés d’oeuvres de différentes époques sont analysés afin de montrer que la théorie contrapuntique originelle conduit à une parfaite compréhension des oeuvres contemporaines, une chose à laquelle ne peut prétendre le pseudo-contrepoint romantique.
Walter Kaufmann and the Winnipeg Ballet: A Fruitful Collaboration Soon Forgotten
Authors: Gaub Albrecht
Published: April 2014

The early years of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB), the era of its founding director Gweneth Lloyd (1901–1993), remain a “dark age” because in 1954, all possessions of the company perished in a fire. Earlier attempts at writing the history of this institution, such as Max Wyman’s book The Royal Winnipeg Ballet: The First Forty Years (Toronto, Doubleday, 1978) and Jeff McKay and Patti Ross Milne’s documentary film 40 Years of One Night Stands (2008), suffer from a general neglect of the music used by the company. The RWB mounted several ballets to original music, typically by Canadian composers. Walter Kaufmann (1907–1984), a German-Jewish composer exiled after 1934, living in Canada from 1947, and appointed conductor of the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra in 1948, received commissions for Visages, an abstract ballet for the company’s tenth anniversary in January 1949, and The Rose and the Ring, a “children’s Xmas ballet” (RWB), first performed in December of the same year. Creation, aesthetics, and reception of these ballets are evaluated on the basis of Kaufmann’s surviving autograph scores at Indiana University in Bloomington and of contemporaneous documents, especially press reviews and, in the case of Visages, a documentary film by the National Film Board of Canada, Ballet Festival (1949). Visages was immediately hailed as a major artistic achievement and remained a staple of the RWB’s repertory until the 1954 fire. The RWB showcased Visages at the Canadian Ballet Festivals in Toronto (1949) and Montréal (1950), drawing praise from renowned critic Anatole Chujoy, and regularly presented it on its tours, including one to Washington, D.C. (1954). Referring to Anna Blewchamp’s reconstruction to Lloyd’s ballet The Wise Virgins, which was also lost in the 1954 fire, chances for a revival of Visages are assessed.
Multilingual Legal Drafting, Translators’ Choices and the Principle of Lesser Evil
Authors: Stefaniak Karolina
Published: April 2014

Usually the quality of EU translations is not a prominent topic in the public sphere, and when it is brought up as an issue, it is mostly criticized in the context of its allegedly high costs and the apparently low quality. The critics, however, are often unaware of the motives behind the particular translation choices, which they perceive as awkward, unusual or simply wrong. This article argues that these choices result from the particular position of translation in respect to the process of legal drafting in the EU and that of translators in respect to the draftspersons, which results not only in intellectual, but also in ethical dilemmas of the translators. It is further argued that what may be considered an error from an outsider’s point of view is actually a conscious choice made by a translator trying to reconcile various divergent interests.
Texte et paratexte dans la traduction assermentée des documents universitaires : une approche contrastive français-espagnol
Authors: Andújar Moreno Gemma
Published: April 2014

À partir de l’étude contrastive d’un corpus de documents universitaires français et leurs traductions assermentées en espagnol, l’objectif du présent travail est d’analyser, d’un point de vue fonctionnaliste, les techniques de traduction appliquées dans le processus de transfert textuel. Grâce aux concepts de méthode de traduction et de technique de traduction, l’analyse contrastive permet d’examiner non seulement les aspects textuels de la traduction assermentée, mais aussi la dimension paratextuelle de cette modalité de traduction spécialisée. Les résultats mettent en évidence la tension entre adéquation et acceptabilité que sous-tend toujours le processus de traduction et le rôle essentiel que joue la culture de départ dans la détermination de la méthode de traduction globale.
Ideological Aspects of Translating News Headlines from English to Persian
Authors: Khanjan Alireza , Amouzadeh Mohammad , Eslami Rasekh Abbas , Tavangar Manoochehr
Published: April 2014

Drawing on Teun van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach, the present paper attempts to investigate certain ideological aspects of news headlining in an English-Persian translation context. A number of parallel news headlines have been chosen for contrastive analysis, with a view to highlighting the different ideological apparatuses involved in the process of translation of news headlines. A qualitative analysis of the sample data suggests that the polarization of us and them is generally influenced by translators’/target news producers’ (dis)approval of the ideological content of the source headlines in question, and is represented through maintaining, manipulating or excluding original headlines in the target news stories. These translation strategies are typically realized through the purposeful application of linguistic expressions (both at lexical and grammatical levels) or non-linguistic elements (such as images, photos and graphic drawings).
This and That in the Language of Film Dubbing: A Corpus-Based Analysis
Authors: Pavesi Maria
Published: April 2014

Recent research in audiovisual translation has focussed on the language of both original and translated dialogue, revealing different degrees of alignment between fictional dialogue and spontaneous conversation. In this context, demonstratives deserve special attention as they are major means to highlight segments of the current discourse and extra-linguistic reality in speech and may play a significant role in cinematic language as well. Furthermore, demonstratives are an area of dissimilarity between languages, with their translation being potentially subject to interference from the source to the target text. Through a quantitative corpus-based approach, this study explores to what extent demonstratives occur in the language of Italian dubbing, how similar in this respect dubbed dialogue is to Italian spoken language and what translation operations may account for the observed translation outcomes. Drawing on a small English-Italian parallel corpus of film dialogue, all English demonstrative pronouns have been coded for syntactic role, pragmatic function and translation operation. Results show that demonstratives occur to a lesser extent in dubbed film language vis-à-vis both Italian conversation and the source English dialogues. These findings are discussed in terms of the cross-linguistic contrast between Italian and English as well as the convergence of dubbed dialogue towards the model of original Italian film language.
Masculinité, pauvreté et réadaptation cardiaque : le fardeau des hommes qui occupent des métiers de la route1
Authors: Dumas Alex , Gagnon Isabelle
Published: April 2014

Cette note de recherche propose une réflexion sociologique sur la santé cardiovasculaire, la pauvreté et l’occupation professionnelle des hommes socio-économiquement défavorisés. Elle est alimentée principalement par une étude qualitative du rapport au corps de 11 hommes qui souffrent de maladies cardiaques et qui occupent des métiers de la route. En employant l’approche socioculturelle de Pierre Bourdieu, les résultats de cette analyse permettent de mieux comprendre l’impact des conditions socioéconomiques et du genre sur les pratiques de santé et approfondissent les connaissances sur les obstacles à la réadaptation cardiaque qui peuvent être engendrés par l’occupation professionnelle. Les conclusions contribuent à documenter l’importance des facteurs sociopolitiques sur la santé et les styles de vie des individus aux prises avec des maladies chroniques, et à rappeler la pertinence des politiques de santé adaptées aux travailleurs et aux conditions de travail.
Disease patterns and causes of death of hospitalized HIV‐positive adults in West Africa: a multicountry survey in the antiretroviral treatment era
Authors: Lewden Charlotte , Drabo Youssoufou J , Zannou Djimon M , Maiga Moussa Y , Minta Daouda K , Sow Papa S , Akakpo Jocelyn , Dabis François , Eholié Serge P ,   The IeDEA West Africa Collaboration
Published: April 2014

Objective

We aimed to describe the morbidity and mortality patterns in HIV‐positive adults hospitalized in West Africa.

Method

We conducted a six‐month prospective multicentre survey within the IeDEA West Africa collaboration in six adult medical wards of teaching hospitals in Abidjan, Ouagadougou, Cotonou, Dakar and Bamako. From April to October 2010, all newly hospitalized HIV‐positive patients were eligible. Baseline and follow‐up information until hospital discharge was recorded using standardized forms. Diagnoses were reviewed by a local event validation committee using reference definitions. Factors associated with in‐hospital mortality were studied with a logistic regression model.

Results

Among 823 hospitalized HIV‐positive adults (median age 40 years, 58% women), 24% discovered their HIV infection during the hospitalization, median CD4 count was 75/mm3 (IQR: 25–177) and 48% had previously received antiretroviral treatment (ART). The underlying causes of hospitalization were AIDS‐defining conditions (54%), other infections (32%), other diseases (8%) and non‐specific illness (6%). The most frequent diseases diagnosed were: tuberculosis (29%), pneumonia (15%), malaria (10%) and cerebral toxoplasmosis (10%). Overall, 315 (38%) patients died during hospitalization and the underlying cause of death was AIDS (63%), non‐AIDS‐defining infections (26%), other diseases (7%) and non‐specific illness or unknown cause (4%). Among them, the most frequent fatal diseases were: tuberculosis (36%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (10%), cryptococcosis (9%) and sepsis (7%). Older age, clinical WHO stage 3 and 4, low CD4 count, and AIDS‐defining infectious diagnoses were associated with hospital fatality.

Conclusions

AIDS‐defining conditions, primarily tuberculosis, and bacterial infections were the most frequent causes of hospitalization in HIV‐positive adults in West Africa and resulted in high in‐hospital fatality. Sustained efforts are needed to integrate care of these disease conditions and optimize earlier diagnosis of HIV infection and initiation of ART.
Ferroic phase transition of tetragonal Pb0.6−
xCaxBi0.4(Ti0.75Zn0.15Fe0.1)O3 ceramics: Factors determining Curie temperature
Authors: Yu Jian , An Fei-fei , Cao Fei
Published: April 2014

In this paper, ferroelectric phase transitions of Pb0.6−

x
Ca
x
Bi0.4(Ti0.75Zn0.15Fe0.1)O3 with x ≤ 0.20 ceramics were experimentally measured and a change from first-order to relaxor was found at a critical composition x ∼ 0.19. With increasing Ca content of x ≤ 0.18, Curie temperature and tetragonality was found decrease but piezoelectric constant and dielectric constant increase in a quadratic polynomial relationship as a function of x, while the ferroic Curie temperature and ferroelastic ordering parameter of tetragonality are correlated in a quadratic polynomial relationship. Near the critical composition of ferroic phase transition from first-order to relaxor, the Pb0.42Ca0.18Bi0.4(Ti0.75Zn0.15Fe0.1)O3 and 1 mol % Nb + 0.5 mol % Mg co-doped Pb0.44Ca0.16Bi0.4(Ti0.75Zn0.15Fe0.1)O3 ceramics exhibit a better anisotropic piezoelectric properties than those commercial piezoceramics of modified-PbTiO3 and PbNb2O6. At last, those factors including reduced mass of unit cell, mismatch between cation size and anion cage size, which affect ferroic Curie temperature and ferroelastic ordering parameter (tetragonality) of tetragonal ABO3 perovskites, are analyzed on the basis of first principle effective Hamiltonian and the reduced mass of unit cell is argued a more universal variable than concentration to determine Curie temperature in a quadratic polynomial relationship over various perovskite-structured solid solutions.
Investigation of lattice-modulated AlInGaN as a barrier layer in near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes by numerical analysis and fabrication
Authors: Fu Yi-Keng , Lu Yu-Hsuan , Hsu Chih-Hao , Chang Hsiu-Mei , Su Yan-Kuin
Published: April 2014

The effects of using lattice-modulated AlInGaN as barriers in the active region were investigated in near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Both a stronger localization effect with wider barriers and a higher energy band gap existed in AlInGaN/InGaN LEDs, compared with GaN/InGaN LEDs. An increase in the carrier concentration in the active layer, a reduction in lattice mismatch that induced polarization mismatch in the active layer, and suppression of electron overflow can be found by numerical simulation. By 100 mA current injection, the AlInGaN/InGaN LED output power can be increased by 33.1%, compared with that of GaN/InGaN LED.
Design of process diagnostics for excimer laser irradiation of oxide thin films
Authors: Shinoda Kentaro , Nakajima Tomohiko , Hatano Mutsuko , Tsuchiya Tetsuo
Published: April 2014

The authors have developed an in situ excimer laser irradiation system that can monitor the temperature field of oxide thin films through thermal radiation produced upon a pulsed ultraviolet laser irradiation. Thermal emission signals from a Si single crystal obtained using with this system agreed well with a numerical simulation result, validating the time constant of the measurement system. The time-dependent transient temperature profile of tin-doped indium oxide thin films, which was converted from thermal emission signals, clearly showed a recalescence behavior in its cooling curve. The transmittance data of the laser-irradiated indium oxide thin films suggested that the transmittance monitoring at near-infrared and ultraviolet–visible regions could be useful in monitoring the dopant levels and laser processing conditions, respectively.
Enhancement of surface migration by Mg doping in the metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of N-polar

GaN/sapphire
Authors: Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Shojiki Kanako , Aisaka Takashi , Kimura Takeshi , Kuboya Shigeyuki , Hanada Takashi , Katayama Ryuji , Matsuoka Takashi
Published: April 2014

With respect to N-polar

GaN grown on a sapphire substrate, the effects of Mg doping on the surface morphology, and the optical, and electrical properties are precisely investigated. By doping Mg, hillocks observed on the surface of

GaN can be suppressed, while step bunching becomes severe. The atomic terrace width is extended with increasing Mg/Ga precursor ratio. Mg doping can promote the surface migration of Ga adatoms on a GaN surface during growth. In the case of heavily Mg-doped GaN, atomic steps become wavy. From photoluminescence spectra, the dominant transition was found to change from near-band-edge transition to donor–acceptor-pair transition. Hall-effect measurement shows p-type conduction at room temperature for a sample grown with the Mg/Ga precursor ratio of 4.5 × 10−3. The activation energy is 143 meV, which is comparable to that of Mg in the conventional Ga-polar (0001) GaN.
Effect of rear-surface buffer layer on performance of lift-off Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Aoyagi Kenta , Tamura Akihiro , Takakura Hideyuki , Minemoto Takashi
Published: April 2014

The effect of an Au and MoO
x
rear-surface buffer layer inserted between Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and ZnO:Al on solar cell performances was examined. The lift-off CIGS solar cell without a rear-surface buffer layer showed particular characteristics of two series-connected diodes in the reverse direction, and its short-circuit current density was almost zero. In contrast, the Au or MoO
x
rear-surface buffer layer improved these characteristics. Although the lift-off CIGS solar cell with the Au rear-surface buffer layer showed shunt characteristics and low efficiency, the efficiency of the lift-off CIGS solar cell with the MoO
x
rear-surface buffer layer was approximately 50% of that of substrate-type CIGS solar cells. Diode parameters of lift-off CIGS solar cells were determined by fitting analysis of current density–voltage curves using a proposed new equivalent circuit model for lift-off CIGS solar cells.
Table of Contents
Authors: Editors
Published: April 2014

Table of Contents for vol. 133
Baal, Son of Dagan
Authors: Ayali-Darshan Noga
Published: April 2014

The Ugaritic expression “Baal, son of Dagan” has been the subject of several studies which attempt to resolve the contradiction between the depiction of Baal as El’s son on the one hand and the expression “Baal, son of Dagan” (bʿl bn dgn) on the other. Despite the paucity of literary evidence, the majority of scholars have identified Dagan with either El or Baal, consequently attributing a single “real” father to Baal. This paper suggests a new solution in light of the literary traditions preserved in the Hurro-Hittite texts—contemporary with those from Ugarit—and the development of these traditions in the writings of Philo of Byblos (first–second centuries C.E.). Both these texts describe the storm-god as having two fathers: the grain-god (Kumarbi / Dagon) and the veteran god of the pantheon, the god of Heaven (Anu / Ouranus). Given the close relationship among Ugarit, the Hurrians, and the Phoenicians, it is difficult to regard this parallelism as coincidental.
“Al-Ghazālī of al-Andalus”
Authors: Bellver José
Published: April 2014

Although Ibn Barrajān (d. 536/1141) was one of the foremost Sufi masters in al-Andalus, he remains a controversial figure. He is mainly known for an accurate prediction of the Muslim capture of Jerusalem on 583/1187, for his close relationship with the other leading Andalusian Sufi master of his time, Ibn al-ʿArīf (d. 536/1141), and for his obscure death. Ibn Barrajān is not mentioned in Ibn Bashkuwāl’s Ṣila—the main source for study of the Andalusian ulema of this time—and as a result has been taken to be an outsider among the Andalusian ulema, one who threatened the theological and political establishment. However, this image is distorted by the socio-political context of the time and by the paucity of our references. The aim of this article is to shed light on the figure of Ibn Barrajān from a historical point of view so as to improve our understanding of the role played by Sufism in Mahdist movements and in the political changes in the Islamic West during the sixth/twelfth century.
“Kill them all!”
Authors: Vidal Jordi
Published: April 2014

My analysis of the military campaign carried out by the armies of the Upper Mesopotamian Kingdom in the lands of Qabra and Nurrugum (1781 B.c.e.) centers on the different treatment allotted by the armies of Samsi-Addu and Išme-Dagan to the populations defeated during that campaign. While the inhabitants of Nineveh were captured and some even incorporated into the army of Išme-Dagan, the tribe of Ya’ilanum was annihilated. This drastic action was the result of deep-seated prejudices of the leaders of the Upper Mesopotamian Kingdom against non-urban populations, who were frequently perceived as subhuman and dangerous beings meriting annihilation.
On Recent Cuneiform Editions of Hittite Fragments (II)
Authors: Soysal Oǧuz
Published: April 2014

This is a review article of Texte von Büyükkale aus den Jahren 1957–2002. By Heinrich Otten; Christel Rüster; and Gernot Wilhelm. Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi, vol. 47. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 2005. Pp. xix + 58, illus. €27 (paper).
Pratyabhijñā and Philology
Authors: Torella Raffaele
Published: April 2014

A somewhat problematic book has recently been devoted to one of the most fascinating (and neglected) works of Kashmirian Śaiva Advaita: the Śivadṛṣṭi by Somānanda. This furnishes the occasion for broader reflection on the role of philology in dealing with the complex texts of the Pratyabhijñā tradition (or perhaps in dealing with any philosophical-religious Sanskrit text).
Life of Muḥammad: Al-Wāqidī’s Kitāb al-Maghāzī. Edited by Rizwi Faizer
Authors: Lecker Michael
Published: April 2014

The Life of Muḥammad: Al-Wāqidī’s Kitāb al-Maghāzī. Edited by Rizwi Faizer. Routledge Studies in Classical Islam. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2010. Pp. xx + 580. £110.
Grammar of the Bedouin Dialects of Central and Southern Sinai. By Rudolf E. de Jong
Authors: Eades Domenyk
Published: April 2014

A Grammar of the Bedouin Dialects of Central and Southern Sinai. By Rudolf E. de Jong. Handbook of Oriental Studies, 1, vol. 101. Leiden: Brill, 2011. Pp. xx + 440, illus. $212.
Guardians of Islam: Religious Authority and Muslim Communities of Late Medieval Spain. By Kathryn A. Miller
Authors: Stewart Devin J.
Published: April 2014

Guardians of Islam: Religious Authority and Muslim Communities of Late Medieval Spain. By Kathryn A. Miller. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Pp. xv + 276. $55, £38.
Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims. By Scott SiraJ al-Haqq Kugle
Authors: Sharlet Jocelyn
Published: April 2014

Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims. By Scott SiraJ al-Haqq Kugle. Oxford: Oneworld, 2010. Pp. × + 335. $90 (cloth); $29.95 (paper).
Between Preservation and Recreation: Tamil Traditions of Commentary. Edited by Eva Wilden
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: April 2014

Between Preservation and Recreation: Tamil Traditions of Commentary. Edited by Eva Wilden. École Française d’Extrême-Orient Collection Indologie, vol. 109. Pondichéry: Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d’Extrême-Orient, 2009. Pp. xiv + 319.
Texts from the Late Old Babylonian Period. By Seth F. C. Richardson
Authors: Graef Katrien de
Published: April 2014

Texts from the Late Old Babylonian Period. By Seth F. C. Richardson. The Journal of Cuneiform Studies Supplemental Series, vol. 2. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2010. Pp. ix + 221.
Drei Totenpapyri aus einer thebanischen Werkstatt der Spätzeit (pBerlin P. 3158, pBerlin P. 3159, pAberdeen ABDUA 84023). By Burkhard Backes
Authors: Gasse Annie
Published: April 2014

Drei Totenpapyri aus einer thebanischen Werkstatt der Spätzeit (pBerlin P. 3158, pBerlin P. 3159, pAberdeen ABDUA 84023). By Burkhard Backes. Handschriften des altägyptischen Totenbuches, vol. 11. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009. Pp. viii + 110, plates, CD-ROM. €78 (portfolio).
Le culte d’Osiris au 1er millénaire av. J.-C.: Découverts et travaux récents. Edited by Laurent Coulon
Authors: Troy Lana
Published: April 2014

Le culte d’Osiris au 1er millénaire av. J.-C.: Découverts et travaux récents. Edited by Laurent Coulon. Bibliothèque d’Étude, vol. 153. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 2010. Pp. x + 322, illus. (paper).
Die Wandmalereien aus Tell Mišrife/Qaṭna im Kontext überregionaler Kommunikation. By Constance von Rüden
Authors: Feldman Marian
Published: April 2014

Die Wandmalereien aus Tell Mišrife/Qaṭna im Kontext überregionaler Kommunikation. By Constance von Rüden. Qaṭna Studien, vol. 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011. Pp. x + 278, 70 plts. €84.
Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions. Edited by Mu-chou Poo
Authors: Scurlock JoAnn
Published: April 2014

Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions. Edited by Mu-chou Poo. Numen Book Series, vol. 123. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. xvi + 342. $185.
Word Order in the Biblical Hebrew Final Clause. By Adina Moshavi
Authors: Pat-El Na'ama
Published: April 2014

Word Order in the Biblical Hebrew Final Clause. By Adina Moshavi. Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic, vol. 4. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2010. Pp. xvii + 204. $42.50.
Reading Akkadian Prayers and Hymns. Edited by Alan Lenzi
Authors: Foster Benjamin R.
Published: April 2014

Reading Akkadian Prayers and Hymns. Edited by Alan Lenzi. Ancient Near East Monographs, vol. 3.  Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011. Pp. 542. $69.95 (paper). [May be downloaded free at http://www.sbl-site.org/publications/Books_ ANEmonographs.aspx.]
Das Lob der Schöpfung: Die Entwicklung ägyptischer Sonnen- und Schöpfungshymnen nach dem Neuen Reich. By Carsten Knigge
Authors: Cruz-Uribe Eugene
Published: April 2014

Das Lob der Schöpfung: Die Entwicklung ägyptischer Sonnen- und Schöpfungshymnen nach dem Neuen Reich. By Carsten Knigge. Orbis Biblicus et Ori- entalis, vol. 219. Fribourg: Academic Press, 2006. Pp. xii + 365. FS 98.
Kanbandō kara nagameta Kittan Joshin 韓半島から眺 めた契丹・女真 [Khitan and Jurchen as seen from the Korean Peninsula]. By Aisin Gioro Ulhicun 愛新覺羅·烏拉熙春 and Yoshimoto Michimasa 吉本道雅
Authors: Falkenhausen Lothar von
Published: April 2014

Kanbandō kara nagameta Kittan Joshin 韓半島から眺 めた契丹・女真 [Khitan and Jurchen as seen from the Korean Peninsula]. By Aisin Gioro Ulhicun 愛新覺羅·烏拉熙春 and Yoshimoto Michimasa 吉本道雅. Kyōto: Kyōto Daigaku Gakujutsu Shuppankai, 2011.
Book Received
Authors: Editors
Published: April 2014

Books received
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: April 2014

Back matter
Climate scientists need to set the record straight: There is a scientific consensus that human‐caused climate change is happening
Authors: Maibach Edward , Myers Teresa , Leiserowitz Anthony
Published: April 2014

Nearly all climate scientists are convinced that human‐caused climate change is occurring, yet half of Americans do not know or do not believe that a scientific consensus has been reached. That such a large proportion of Americans do not understand that there is a near‐unanimous scientific consensus about the basic facts of climate change matters, a lot. This essay briefly explains why, and what climate science societies and individual climate scientists can do to set the record straight.
Impact of HIWIND balloon measurements on thermospheric density models
Authors: Moe Kenneth , Wu Qian
Published: April 2014

The recent HIWIND (High‐Altitude Interferometer Wind Observations) balloon measurements have revealed persistent equatorward winds in the dayside thermosphere during geomagnetically quiet times. Although this result does not agree with some current thermospheric density models, it is consistent with an earlier thermospheric density model (M1975) which includes the energy input through the magnetospheric dayside cusps during geomagnetically quiet times. We show the thermospheric density distribution with and without the magnetospheric input to illustrate the effect of the density gradient on the winds at high latitudes. We review the early history of the development of our understanding of the energy input to the high‐latitude thermosphere. Future HIWIND measurements can add to our understanding and lead to improved models of thermospheric densities and winds.
Ground magnetic effects of the equatorial electrojet simulated by the TIE‐GCM driven by TIMED satellite data
Authors: Yamazaki Yosuke , Richmond Arthur D. , Maute Astrid , Wu Qian , Ortland David A. , Yoshikawa Akimasa , Adimula Isaac Abiodun , Rabiu Babatunde , Kunitake Manabu , Tsugawa Takuya
Published: April 2014

Quiet time daily variations of the geomagnetic field near the magnetic equator due to the equatorial electrojet are simulated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM) and compared to those observed by ground‐based magnetometers. Simulations are run both with and without tidal forcing at the height of the model lower boundary (∼97km). When the lower boundary forcing is off, the wind that generates an electromotive force in the model is primarily the vertically nonpropagating diurnal tide, which is excited in the thermosphere due to daytime solar ultraviolet heating. The lower boundary tidal forcing adds the effect of upward propagating tides, which are excited in the lower atmosphere and propagate vertically to the thermosphere. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the relative importance of these thermospherically generated tides and upward propagating tides in the generation of the equatorial electrojet. Fairly good agreement is obtained between model and observations when the model is forced by realistic lower boundary tides based on temperature and wind measurements from the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite, as determined by Wu et al. (2012). The simulation results show that the effect of upward propagating tides increases the range of the geomagnetic daily variation in the magnetic‐northward component at the magnetic equator approximately by 100%. It is also shown that the well‐known semiannual change in the daily variation is mostly due to upward propagating tides, especially the migrating semidiurnal tide. These results indicate that upward propagating tides play a substantial role in producing the equatorial electrojet and its seasonal variability.
Sill intrusion as a source mechanism of unrest at volcanic calderas
Authors: Macedonio G. , Giudicepietro F. , D'Auria L. , Martini M.
Published: April 2014

The interpretation of dynamic processes that occur in volcanic calderas is not simple. The ground deformations and the local seismicity, which in other volcanic contexts are usually regarded as precursors to eruption, in caldera environment in many cases are not followed by any eruption. We formulate a general hypothesis that can explain these behaviors. Our hypothesis is that the intrusion of a sill can be responsible for the dynamics observed during unrest at calderas. In order to investigate the reliability of this hypothesis, we developed a dynamic model of sill intrusion in a shallow volcanic environment. In our model, the sill, fed by a deeper magma reservoir, intrudes below a horizontal elastic plate, representing the overlying rocks, and expands with axisymmetric geometry. The model is based on the numerical solution of the equation for the elastic plate, coupled with a Navier‐Stokes equation for simulating the dynamics of the sill intrusion. We performed a number of simulations, with the objective of showing the main features of the model. In the experiments, when the feeding process stops, the vertical movement reverses its trend and the area of maximum uplift undergoes subsidence. Under certain conditions the subsidence can occur even during the intrusion of the sill. The stress field produced by the intrusion is mainly concentrated in a circular zone that follows the sill intrusion front. The features predicted by the model are consistent with many observations carried out on different calderas as reported in the scientific literature.
Methyl chloride in the upper troposphere observed by the CARIBIC passenger aircraft observatory: Large‐scale distributions and Asian summer monsoon outflow
Authors: Umezawa T. , Baker A. K. , Oram D. , Sauvage C. , O'Sullivan D. , Rauthe‐Schöch A. , Montzka S. A. , Zahn A. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M.
Published: April 2014

We present spatial and temporal variations of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) in the upper troposphere (UT) observed mainly by the Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container (CARIBIC) passenger aircraft for the years 2005–2011. The CH3Cl mixing ratio in the UT over Europe was higher than that observed at a European surface baseline station throughout the year, indicative of a persistent positive vertical gradient at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. A series of flights over Africa and South Asia show that CH3Cl mixing ratios increase toward tropical latitudes, and the observed UT CH3Cl level over these two regions and the Atlantic was higher than that measured at remote surface sites. Strong emissions of CH3Cl in the tropics combined with meridional air transport through the UT may explain such vertical and latitudinal gradients. Comparisons with carbon monoxide (CO) data indicate that noncombustion sources in the tropics dominantly contribute to forming the latitudinal gradient of CH3Cl in the UT. We also observed elevated mixing ratios of CH3Cl and CO in air influenced by biomass burning in South America and Africa, and the enhancement ratios derived for CH3Cl to CO in those regions agree with previous observations. In contrast, correlations indicate a high CH3Cl to CO ratio of 2.9 ± 0.5 ppt ppb−1in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone and domestic biofuel emissions in South Asia are inferred to be responsible. We estimated the CH3Cl emission in South Asia to be 134 ± 23 Gg Cl yr−1, which is higher than a previous estimate due to the higher CH3Cl to CO ratio observed in this study.
The robust dynamical contribution to precipitation extremes in idealized warming simulations across model resolutions
Authors: Lu Jian , Ruby Leung L. , Yang Qing , Chen Gang , Collins William D. , Li Fuyu , Jason Hou Z. , Feng Xuelei
Published: April 2014

The impact of the circulation shift under climate warming on the distribution of precipitation extremes and the associated sensitivity to model resolution are investigated using Community Atmosphere Model Version 3.0 in an aquaplanet configuration. The response of the probability density function of the precipitation to a uniform sea surface temperature warming can be interpreted as superimposition of a dynamically induced poleward shift and a thermodynamically induced upward shift toward higher intensities, which give rise to manyfold increase in the frequency of the most extreme categories of the precipitation events at the poleward side of the midlatitude storm track. Coarser resolutions underestimate not only the intensity of the precipitation extremes but also the dynamical contribution to the increase of precipitation extremes. Meanwhile, the thermodynamic contribution to the intensification of the precipitation extremes is substantially less than expected from the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation, implicative of significant change in the vertical structure of the precipitation processes.
Ultrasmall Confined Iron Oxide Nanoparticle MSNs as a pH‐Responsive Theranostic Platform
Authors: Wu Meiying , Meng Qingshuo , Chen Yu , Xu Pengfei , Zhang Shengjian , Li Yaping , Zhang Lingxia , Wang Min , Yao Heliang , Shi Jianlin
Published: April 2014

A unique mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs)‐based theranostic platform with ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) confined within mesopore network has been developed by a facile but efficient physical‐vapor‐infiltration (PVI) method. The highly dispersed Fe species within mesopore channels can synchronously function as the non‐toxic contrast agents for highly efficient T1‐weighted MR imaging, and as anchoring sites for anti‐cancer drug molecule loading and pH‐responsive release based on the special metal‐ligand coordination bonding between the Fe species and drug molecules. Moreover, the obtained Fe‐MSNs exhibit favorable biocompatibility, enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy and concurrently diminished side effects due to the non‐specific attack of chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as the capability in circumventing the multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells and suppressing the metastasis of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. This pH‐resoponsive theranostic agent provides a new promising MSNs‐based anti‐cancer nanomedicine for future biomedical application.
Novel TUBB4A mutations and expansion of the neuroimaging phenotype of hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H‐ABC)
Authors: Ferreira Carlos , Poretti Andrea , Cohen Julie , Hamosh Ada , Naidu Sakkubai
Published: April 2014

Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H‐ABC) has recently been associated with a single heterozygous p.D249N mutation in TUBB4A. We describe two novel mutations in this gene. A p.C239F mutation was found in one of the originally described H‐ABC patients, for whom we provide follow‐up 11 years after the original publication. The second novel mutation, p.R262H, was found in a patient with a typical clinical presentation for H‐ABC, but with a novel neuroimaging phenotype, given the absence of atrophy of the putamen and caudate nucleus despite 7 years of follow‐up. The recent recognition of TUBB4A mutations as the underlying etiology of H‐ABC will likely lead to the identification of subtler clinical and neuroimaging presentations of this disorder, like in our third patient. Thus mutations in this gene should be suspected in any patient with hypomyelination, regardless of the long‐term presence of neostriatal atrophy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.