bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dirty Linen, Fabrication, and the Authorities of Livy and Augustus
Authors: Sailor Dylan
Published: January 2007

At 4.20.5â11, Livy famously interrupts his narrative to report hearing that Augustus had discovered an inscribed linen corselet in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius. The inscription, Livy tells us he has heard, said that A. Cornelius Cossus had dedicated the corselet as spolia opima when he was consul. Augustus's story thus contradicts the account Livy has just related, in which Cossus dedicated spolia opima as military tribune. Livy's treatment of Augustus's testimony, I argue in the first part of this paper, associates this discovery with prominent episodes early in the Ab Urbe Condita in which persons of authority fabricate supernatural stories and use them to influence persons of lower status. The association distances Livy and his readers from Augustus's account. This distancing, I argue in the paper's second part, has implications for our understanding of Livy's literary project and offers scope for reflection on the interrelationship of historiographical and political authority at the beginning of the Principate.
Privatizing Public Memory: The Price of Patriotic Philanthropy and the Post-9/11 Politics of Display
Authors: Boehm Scott
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the relationships between historical memory, representations of war and the private funding of exhibitions at the Smithsonian Institute. The Price of Freedom: Americans at War is the latest blockbuster exhibition at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center. A permanent exhibition on U.S. military history, The Price of Freedom interprets history through the traumatized lens of 9/11, while glorifying patriotic sacrifice to a benevolent imperial nation. Underwritten by an $80 million donation from Kenneth E. Behring, the exhibition raises questions about the influence of private donors on "public" museums charged with preserving national memory. Like the Enola Gay controversy at the Smithsonian, The Price of Freedom has generated lively debate about the museum's historical methodology and curatorial practices. However, unlike the public campaign mounted by veteran's groups and conservative politicians to cancel that exhibition, this time criticism largely stems from internal concerns about The Price of Freedom's celebratory history, its treatment of the war in Iraq, and the delicate matter of donor control. This article explores the exhibition and its dissent from a perspective critical of "the post-9/11 politics of display," in which patriotic visions of history are promoted by evacuating the past of its potential to challenge—rather than justify—the politics of violence in the present.
Black Orientalism: Nineteenth-Century Narratives of Race and U.S. Citizenship
Authors: Jun Helen H
Published: January 2007

This article examines how U.S. Orientalism and the anti-Chinese movement ambiguously facilitated the incorporation of African Americans into developmental narratives of Western modernity. This analysis focuses particularly on how the nineteenth century black press engaged discourses of Oriental difference in an attempt to negotiate the contradictions and vulnerabilities endemic to African American citizenship.
"So That We as a Race Might Have Something Authentic to Travel By": African American Automobility and Cold-War Liberalism
Authors: Seiler Cotten
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the perils, pleasures, opportunities, and political significance of African-American automobility as documented in Travelguide (Vacation and Recreation Without Humiliation) and The Negro Motorist Green Book, midcentury guidebooks which directed black drivers to hospitable roadside lodging, restaurants, and mechanical assistance. These texts offer a multifaceted, often contradictory rhetoric of communal racial uplift and liberal individualism figured around the practice of driving. The years of their publication, 1936-1957, saw tremendous volatility in American race relations, as World War II and the Cold war made the national doctrine of white supremacy a global political liability. It was in this historical context that African Americans' desire and fitness for citizenship were tethered to and divined in their participation in automobility—a practice that fused self-determination and self-representation, mobility, consumption, and social encounter. The rhetorical strategies of these guidebooks complemented a particular strain of liberal antiracism necessitated and lubricated by the cold war, facilitated by the "nationalization" of postwar politics and economics, and performed in increasingly standardized public spaces. One of these spaces was the Interstate highway, which, set apart from and above the landscape and local culture through which it cut, provided an opportunity for the obscuring of one's identity from the scrutiny of others. The new interstate highway, I argue, enabled the African-American driver to pass as the blank liberal subject, and to effect, under certain circumstances, the privatist withdrawal that has been such an extravagant and problematic characteristic of American citizenship.
Autochthony and the Crisis of Citizenship: Democratization, Decentralization, and the Politics of Belonging
Authors: Geschiere Peter , Jackson Stephen
Published: January 2007

The recent upsurge of “autochthony” and similar notions of belonging is certainly not special to Africa. All over the world, processes of intensifying globalization seem to go together with fierce struggles over belonging and exclusion of “strangers.” A central question in the contributions to this special issue concerns the apparent “naturalness” of autochthony in highly different settings. How can similar slogans seem so self-evident and hence have such mobilizing force under very different circumstances? Another recurrent theme is the somewhat surprising “nervousness” of discourses on autochthony. They seem to promise a basic security of being rooted in the soil as a primal form of belonging. Yet in practice, belonging turns out to be always relative: there is always the danger of being unmasked as “not really” belonging, or even of being a “fake” autochthon. A comparative perspective on autochthony—as a particular pregnant form of entrenchment—may help to unravel the paradoxes of the preoccupation with belonging in a globalizing world.
Sons of Which Soil? The Language and Politics of Autochthony in Eastern D.R. Congo
Authors: Jackson Stephen
Published: January 2007

The recent wars in the DR Congo have led to a marked upsurge in both elite and popular discourse and violence around belonging and exclusion, expressed through the vernacular of “autochthony.” Dangerously flexible in its politics, nervous and paranoid in its language, unmoored from geographic or ethno-cultural specificity, borrowing energy both from present conflicts and deep-seated mythologies of the past, the idea of autochthony has permitted comparatively localized instances of violence in the DRC to inscribe themselves upward into regional, and even continental logics, with dangerous implications for the future. This article analyzes how the “local”/“stranger” duality of autochthony/allochthony expresses itself in the DRC through rumors, political tracts, and speeches and how it draws energy from imprecise overlaps with other powerful, preexisting identity polarities at particular scales of identity and difference: local, provincial, national, regional. Across each, autochthony operates as a loose qualifier, a binary operator: autochthony is adjectival, relational rather than absolute, policing a distinction between in and out, and yet not indicating, in itself, which in/ou t distinction is intended. Thus many speak of “Sons of the Soil,” but of which soil, precisely? The slipperiness between different scales of meaning permits the speaker to leave open multiple interpretations. This indefiniteness is a paradoxical source of the discourse's strength and weakness, suppleness and nervousness, its declarative mood and attendant paranoia.
Transplants and Transients: Idioms of Belonging and Dislocation in Inner-City Johannesburg
Authors: Landau Loren B.
Published: January 2007

South Africa's economic and political liberalization have engendered new patterns of immigration and urbanization that find South Africans and foreign migrants converging on the streets of inner-city Johannesburg. As they interact, citizens and non-nationals have developed competing idioms for relating to one another and the space they share. For South Africans, this often means appealing to a nativist idiom that locates commonality amidst an allochthonous citizenry while attempting to prohibit foreign transplantation. Non-nationals counter this with an idiom of permanent transit, a way of positioning themselves as outsiders lodged in a superior and unrooted state. These idioms represent competing visions for the inner city's future. For South Africans, the idiom is a generative node of modern nationalist formation. For those permanently passing through the city, it is an idiom of a denationalized “nowhereville.”
The Occurrence of Cereal Cultivation in China
Authors: Lu Tracey Lie Dan
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the progress and remaining problems on the occurrence of cereal cultivation in China, which led to agriculture, and discusses some related theoretical issues. Based on currently available data, it is argued that the occurrence of cereal cultivation in China was associated with and related to the climatic and environmental changes after the last glacial epoch, the occurrence of new technology, including the manufacturing of pottery, and the adoption of a broad-spectrum subsistence strategy, whereas sedentism does not seem to be a prerequisite for this cultural change. The transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture in China seems to have been a gradual process, and foraging remained a subsistence strategy of the early farmers. The occurrence of cereal cultivation in China differed from that in other core areas, demonstrating the diversity of human cultures and contributing to our understanding of the origin and development of agriculture in the world.
Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Cambodia
Authors: O'Reilly Dougald J. W. , Driesch Angela von den , Voeun Vuthy
Published: January 2007

This paper analyzes faunal remains excavated from the late prehistoric cemetery of Phum Snay in northwestern Cambodia. The material comprises two different components: (1) animal bones as grave goods and (2) bone fragments originating from settlement activities. The mammal and bird remains from the graves derive exclusively from domestic animals and include water buffalo, cattle, pigs, and possibly a chicken. In most cases, one or two limbs from the left side of the body of one or two species were deposited in a grave. Fish were also incorporated in the grave cult. The animal bones found in nonburial contexts reveal a broad-spectrum foraging economy that exploited a wide range of ecosystems: forests, grass-and marshlands, rivers, and inundated fields, resulting in the capture of deer, boar, smaller carnivores, cranes, tortoises, turtles, monitor lizards, crocodiles, and fish.
Characterizing the Stoneware "Dragon Jars" in the Guthe Collection: Chemical, Decorative, and Formal Patterning
Authors: Sinopoli Carla M , Dueppen Stephen , Brubaker Robert , Descantes Christophe , Glascock Michael D , Griffin Will , Neff Hector , Chusongdet. Ratsami , Speakman Robert J.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents a multifaceted study of a collection of stoneware ceramic vessels in the Guthe Collection of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. These vessels, recovered in the Philippines but manufactured in multiple production sites across East and Southeast Asia, provide insights into premodern economic interactions and maritime trade. Our study of this collection drew on multiple approaches to identify coherent groupings of vessels associated with locations and traditions of production. These include instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of pastes; laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of glazes; stylistic analysis of decorative motifs and their execution; and study of morphological attributes. Results of our analyses point to at least four production areas for these ubiquitous trade wares and lay the groundwork for future research on Southeast Asian maritime trade from the twelfth through nineteenth centuries A.D.
Balinese Legong: Revival or Decline?
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: January 2007

In my understanding of the current status of the legong dance in Bali, despite dedicated local attempts to revitalize the genre, it is in decline. The debilitation of local Balinese arts is influenced by global and national socioeconomic trends, and, while the centralization of dance education in institutes may guarantee the preservation of representative dances and styles, it simultaneously alienates the dance from the grassroots public that formerly was the source of its strength and appreciation. Such changes undermine the standard of performance more generally as well as legong, because legong is the nursery and proving ground for all genres of Balinese women's dance.
Performance of Identity: The Pelegongan Andir of Tista, Bali
Authors: Talamantes Maria
Published: January 2007

The pelegongan andir dance ritual of possession has been performed by a small community (Banjar Carik) in the village of Tista, Bali, in Indonesia since about the 1930s. The community prizes this exorcistic practice above all other ceremonial events, since its enactment fulfills a crucial role in determining communal welfare. At the same time, the dance symbolically embodies local identity in the person of the spiritually possessed dancer. This paper presents a historical and ethnographic discussion of its performance during 1995–2001 and posits that the community's religious practice may ultimately contest national policies on dance and circumvent the government's efforts to establish a pan-Indonesian identity.
De Kruif's Boast: Vaccine Trials and the Construction of a Virus
Authors: Eyler John M
Published: January 2007

This article describes the sustained effort by American researchers between the mid-1930s and the mid-1950s to develop an effective influenza vaccine. From almost the beginning of this project, researchers succeeded in protecting laboratory animals from lethal influenza infection, and they believed that success with humans would follow quickly. Yet although they succeeded in producing a vaccine that proved effective in field trials in 1943 and 1945, that same vaccine failed to offer any protection in 1947. This vaccine failure forced researchers to reconsider the growing evidence of antigenic variation and challenged the model of the virus that had been taken for granted.
Medicine, Natural Philosophy, and the Influence of Melanchthon in Reformation Denmark and Norway
Authors: Fink-Jensen Morten
Published: January 2007

In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, all intellectual pursuits in Europe were colored by the religious conditions of the age. Accordingly, investigations into nature were unable to avoid issues dealing with the workings of divine power. The reestablishment of the University of Copenhagen after the Reformation of 1536 in the joint kingdom of Denmark and Norway prompted the formulation of an official Lutheran program for the study of medicine and natural philosophy (including anatomy). This program was wholly based on the ideas of the German reformer Philip Melanchthon, the aim being to apply knowledge of, for example, anatomy in support of the newly reformed Lutheran society. Thus, the crown and the church officially sanctioned Melanchthon's thoughts on natural philosophy as a means to apprehend, first, the majestic glory of divine providence; second, that man was truly created and assigned his place by God; and third, that it was demanded of all men and women that they submit themselves to the will of God and the laws of the public authorities.
The History of the Patient History since 1850
Authors: Gillis Jonathan
Published: January 2007

For the ordinary doctor the taking of a medical patient history is and has been one of the fundamental procedures. This article looks at instructions on the taking of a history in medical texts, to delineate what happened to the position of the patient history in clinical assessment with the increased emphasis on physical examination that began around the middle of the nineteenth century. The analysis reveals that the taking of a history remained important, with a consistent approach from 1850 to the end of the twentieth century. The patient history became incorporated into the physician's examination as another set of observations and signs, thus producing two histories: a superficial, chaotic story presented by the patient, and a deep, "true" history revealed by the skill of the physician. Within pediatrics, the primacy of the physical examination appears to have been asserted well before the introduction of history-taking.
Child Guidance in Interwar Scotland: International Influences and Domestic Concerns
Authors: Stewart John W
Published: January 2007

Child guidance was central to twentieth-century international programs of "mental hygiene," with the shift from an emphasis on children's physical health to concern with their mental health. In interwar Britain it was supported by American philanthropy and influenced by American practice, especially the latter's emphasis on the dominant role of psychiatry. In Scotland the psychiatric model undoubtedly gained purchase. But in a highly contested field this approach also encountered resistance from psychologists, while the powerful Catholic Church had strong views about the areas of child mental health and development into which psychiatry might be allowed to venture.
'In Case the Raid is Unsuccessful...': Selling Dieppe to Canadians
Authors: Balzer Timothy
Published: January 2007

Before the disastrous 1942 Dieppe raid, allied authorities, headed by Lord Mountbatten's Combined Operations Headquarters, devised a publicity strategy to minimize negative press if the raid failed. This deceptive policy initially led the English-Canadian press to portray Dieppe as successful. However, as more information emerged, there arose a growing criticism of the raid in some Canadian newspapers. Yet the political leanings of some newspapers heavily influenced their editorial stance on the raid. The deceptive publicity efforts failed to convince many Canadians, although the reputation of Mountbatten and his organization was preserved.

Avant le raid d�sastreux sur Dieppe en 1942, les responsables des forces alli�es dirig�es par Lord Mountbatten, chef des op�rations interarm�es, avaient pr�par� une strat�gie publicitaire visant � minimiser les commentaires n�gatifs qui seraient publi�s dans les journaux en cas d'�chec. � cause de cette conduite trompeuse, la presse canadienne anglaise a d'abord annonc� que Dieppe avait �t� un succ�s. Toutefois, � mesure que des renseignements additionnels ont fait surface, on a commenc� � d�noncer cette op�ration militaire dans certains journaux canadiens. Malgr� tout, les tendances politiques de certains journaux ont continu� d'influer grandement sur le contenu de leurs articles concernant le raid. En d�pit de tous les efforts de publicit� mensong�re, peu de Canadiens ou de Canadiennes se sont laiss�s convaincre, m�me si la r�putation de Lord Mountbatten et de son organisation a �t� pr�serv�e.
Brand-Name Literature: Film Adaptation and Selznick International Pictures' Rebecca (1940)
Authors: Edwards Kyle D. (Kyle Dawson)
Published: January 2007

Using the 1940 film Rebecca, this article explores the strategies of literary acquisition and film adaptation employed by Selznick International Pictures in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Key here is the argument that the adaptation and marketing of Rebecca is consistent with a branding strategy that the independent studio instituted to offset industrial disadvantages.
From the Portrait to the Close-Up: Gender and Technology in Still Photography and Hollywood Cinematography
Authors: Keating Patrick
Published: January 2007

During the second two decades of the twentieth century, Hollywood cinematographers drew on the conventions of portrait photography to develop their own figure-lighting strategies. Although the two practices relied on different kinds of technology, cinematographers retained the larger strategy of structuring their stylistic techniques according to a logic of sexual difference.
"Have You Ever Seen the Inside of One of Those Places?": Psycho, Foucault, and the Postwar Context of Madness
Authors: Erb Cynthia Marie
Published: January 2007

This essay situates Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho and Michel Foucault's Madness and Civilization within the postwar context of deinstitutionalization, as well as a modernist tradition of overvaluing madness known as schizophilia. Although Hitchcock and Foucault participated in the tradition of schizophilia, their appeals to both history and the avant-garde enabled them to produce works that broke with traditional ways of conceiving madness.
No(ir) Place to Go: Spatial Anxiety and Sartorial Intertextuality in Die Unberührbare
Authors: Frey Mattias
Published: January 2007

Premiering at the height of the global neo-noir craze, Oskar Roehler's Die Unber�hrbare is willfully out of the past. It renegotiates the classic noir's preoccupation with space and material culture, dramatizing millennial German spatial anxiety and redressing Ostalgie films' commodity fetishism.
Effet du vieillissement sur le traitement du langage non-littéral
Authors: Champagne Maud , Jean-Louis Seendy , Joanette Yves
Published: January 2007

Communication abilities are known to decline with age. In daily life, such abilities are frequently of the non-literal type, which require more cognitive resources to be processed. Since these resources tend to diminish with age, this study seeks to identify a possible effect of age on non-literal language abilities. Forty young and 40 older adults of two different education levels were compared on their non-literal and literal language abilities. Results suggest that age does not affect the processing of non-literal language but could affect some preliminary components of the task, thought to require more cognitive resources. This study does not provide direct evidence to suggest that elderly participants experience specific difficulties in processing non-literal language.
Margaret Crukshank. Learning to Be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
Authors: David Paula
Published: January 2007

Dans une perspective interprétative féministe, Cruikshank se penche sur les questions de race, de genre, d'ethnicité, de santé et de spiritualité liées au monde des personnes âgées. L'auteur fournit une description très vivante des questions traitées et présente des points de vue qui sont suffisamment arrêtés pour stimuler le débat, et suffisamment documentés pour être crédibles. Il s'agit d'une approche à la fois critique et créative, qui définit un éventail de construits sociaux ayant un impact positif sur un vieillissement sain et intégré, tout en soulignant la nécessité d'un changement profond du contexte culturel. Bien qu'il défie les normes reçues, ce livre n'en constitue pas moins une ode au vieillissement et fournit des arguments convaincants en faveur de l'optimisme et de la croissance personnelle.
Involving the Community Elderly in the Planning and Provision of Health Services: Predictors of Volunteerism and Leadership
Authors: Kloseck Marita , Crilly Richard G. , Mannell Roger C.
Published: January 2007

A rapidly growing older population has led to changes in health care, including a community health movement with an emphasis on community collaboration, self-help, and capacity building. This study examined factors in the lives of older individuals that influenced their ability and willingness to participate in a health-related community-capacity-building project to help their frailer, older neighbours. Using cross-sectional survey methodology, 107 volunteers who lived in a high density seniors' apartment complex known for its high health service utilization were compared with a random sample of 74 non-volunteers from the same community. Factors associated with volunteer involvement included age, activity level, functional ability, life satisfaction and certain personality characteristics. The study suggests that, within a community, the “younger-old” may be able to support their frailer, older neighbours so that they can remain living in the community.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release Channels in Ventricles of Older Adult Hamsters
Authors: Nicholl Peter A. , Howlett Susan E.
Published: January 2007

Whether the density of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release channels / ryanodine receptors in the heart declines with age is not clear. We investigated age-related changes in the density of «3H»-ryanodine receptors in crude ventricular homogenates, which contained all ligand binding sites in heart and in isolated junctional SR membranes. Experiments utilized young (120 days) and older adult (300 days) hamsters. «3H»-ryanodine binding site density did not change with age in crude homogenate preparations, although total heart protein concentration increased significantly with age. In contrast, the density of «3H»-ryanodine binding sites decreased markedly in heavy SR membranes purified from older hearts. These results show that demonstration of age-related changes in cardiac ryanodine receptor density depends upon the preparation used. Furthermore, the increase in total ventricular protein with age suggests that normalization of data by membrane protein should be used with caution in studies of aging heart.
M.J. Fisk. Social Alarms to Telecare: Older People's Services in Transition. Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2003.
Authors: Lehoux Pascale
Published: January 2007

Ce livre apporte une contribution utile à la littérature dans le domaine des nouvelles technologies de la communication et de l'information. Il se concentre principalement sur les services de systèmes d'alerte personnels utilisés en Angleterre et en Irlande. L'ouvrage présente également un survol international des technologies connexes (moniteurs à distance, télémédecine, télésanté). Les systèmes d'alerte visent à soutenir l'autonomie des usagers et leur intégration sociale, mais comportent des implications importantes. Ce livre contribue à mieux cerner les enjeux auxquels les politiques de logement et de services sociaux devront s'attarder.
David C. Burdick and Sunkyo Kwon (Eds.). Gerontechnology: Research and Practice in Technology and Aging. New York: Springer, 2004.
Authors: Marziali Elsa
Published: January 2007

Ce livre est essentiel pour quiconque s'intéresse à l'impact des technologies sur la qualité de vie des personnes âgées. Partant d'un introduction qui illustre clairement que la société dans son ensemble est de plus en plus immergée dans la communication et la transmission d'informations digitales, les chapitres suivants fournissent des données et analyses de l'interface qui existe entre le déclin lié à l'âge et l'acce`s aux technologies spécifiques telles que les ordinateurs, les appareils d'aide fonctionnelle, le monitorage à la maison et les syste`mes interactifs de voix/vidéo sur réseau IP. Le rôle que joue la technologie dans la vie des personnes âgées est bien décrit sur les plans empirique et pratique. De plus, la plupart des chapitres centrent leur attention sur les défis que constitue la conception d'interfaces techniques qui visent spécifiquement les changements visuels, moteurs et cognitifs liés à l'âge. De toute évidence, cet ouvrage peut amener les fournisseurs de services à mieux cerner les différentes façons dont les technologies sont susceptibles d'améliorer et de remodeler la vie d'une société vieillissante.
Disrespect and Isolation: Elder Abuse in Chinese Communities
Authors: Tam Sandra , Neysmith Sheila
Published: January 2007

Based on a qualitative study of home care workers, this paper aims to understand elder abuse of Chinese Canadians. The findings show disrespect is the key form elder abuse takes in the Chinese community. As a culturally specific form of abuse, disrespect remains invisible under categories of elder abuse derived from a Western cultural perspective. Applying a social exclusion framework to understand the dynamic of elder abuse, we argue that as a marginalized racial minority immigrant, an elderly Chinese person's vulnerability to abuse is increased under conditions of social isolation.
Choosing Expensive Tastes
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: January 2007

The possibility that individuals might have expensive tastes is the basis of arguments for and against various theories of how social resources should be allocated. Expensive tastes play a role, for example, in Dworkin's advocacy of equality of resources rather than welfare, in Rawls's account of primary goods, in Scanlon's argument for an objective criterion of well-being, and in Arneson's favoring of equality of opportunity for welfare rather than equality of welfare.

Much of the argument about whether expensive tastes should be treated distinctively concerns whether or not individuals choose to have such tastes. If individuals are simply born with different tastes, or perhaps if they develop them through socialization when young, it is suggested, individuals should not be seen as responsible for their expensive tastes. However, it is argued that individuals should not be com pensated for expensive tastes that they have freely chosen — or would hypothetically have chosen — to cultivate.
Uses and Functions of Formulaic Sequences in Second-Language Speech: An Exploration of the Foundations of Fluency
Authors: Wood David (David Claude)
Published: January 2007

Formulaic sequences are fixed combinations of words that have a range of functions and uses in speech production and communication, and seem to be cognitively stored and retrieved by speakers as if they were single words. They can facilitate fluency in speech by making pauses shorter and less frequent, and allowing longer runs of speech between pauses. The present study was undertaken to identify the uses and functions of formulaic sequences in the development of speech fluency in narrative retelling in English as a second language (ESL). Spontaneous spoken narrative retells by ESL learners were analyzed for ways in which use of formulaic sequences may have facilitated fluency growth over a six-month period, be they pragmatic, functional, or strategic. Five categories of formula use emerged: repetition of a formula; use of multiple formulas to extend a run; reliance on one formula; use of self-talk and filler formulas; and use of formulas as rhetorical devices. These categories are illustrated by excerpts from transcripts of learner speech. Les expressions stéréotypées sont des combinaisons fixes de mots qui ont divers usages et rôles dans la production du langage et la communication. Elles semblent être cognitivement enregistrées et récupérées par les usagers comme s'il s'agissait d'un seul mot. Ces expressions peuvent améliorer la fluidité verbale d'un discours en diminuant la longueur et la fréquence des pauses, et en permettant de plus longues séquences de discours ininterrompues entre les pauses. La présente étude a été effectuée dans le but de déterminer l'usage et le rôle des expressions stéréotypées dans le développement de la fluidité verbale pour les exposés redits en anglais, langue seconde (ALS). On a analysé les exposés oraux redits spontanément par des étudiants en ALS afin de trouver comment les expressions stéréotypées ont favorisé le développement de la fluidité au cours d'une période de six mois, peu importe que les expressions soient pragmatiques, fonctionnelles ou stratégiques. Cinq catégories d'expressions se sont dégagées : la répétition d'une expression ; l'enchaînement de multiples expressions ; le recours à une [End Page 13] seule expression ; l'emploi de la verbalisation intérieure et d'expressions de remplissage ; et l'emploi d'expressions comme figure de style. Pour chacune de ces catégories, on donne des exemples tirés de la transcription des discours des étudiants.
The Ecology and Economy of Indigenous Resistance: Divergent Perspectives on Mining in New Caledonia
Authors: Ali Saleem H. (Saleem Hassan) , Grewal Andrew Singh
Published: January 2007

Mineral development in remote parts of the world has become a major focus of environmental and social resistance movements. Despite the economic benefits that may accrue for local people, the impact of such projects is increasingly being questioned, particularly by indigenous communities. However, there are ways by which amicable and effective resolutions to development disagreements can be achieved despite cultural differences between the developer and the community. Using qualitative research methods, this article presents a comparative analysis of two mining projects on the Pacific island of New Caledonia where the indigenous Kanak community has shown differentiation in their response to the two projects. Our analysis shows that the project encountering less resistance has more effectively embraced principles of transparency, flexibility, and indigenous ownership. Our analysis suggests that mineral developers operating on indigenous lands should consider the power of process in reaching agreements rather than erroneously assuming that litigation or buyouts are inevitable. Such an approach is likely to reach more sustainable solutions to development in remote indigenous communities.
Environmental Conservation and Mining: Strange Bedfellows in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea
Authors: West Paige
Published: January 2007

Since the 1970s the residents of Maimafu village, a rural settlement in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, have been affected by both an environmental conservation project and a series of gold mining explorations on their lands. The paper examines this history of conservation and mining and shows how residents of Maimafu have struggled to interpret the promises made by ecologists and miners. Using stories about a mining study tour some residents took to the Porgera mine, the paper also discusses how people come to imagine what their future might look like if mining begins taking place on their lands.
Japan's Human Security Role in Southeast Asia
Authors: Lam Peng Er
Published: January 2007

Japan is playing an active human security role in post–Cold War Southeast Asia, especially in crises where thousands of lives are at stake, displaced, or even lost. This approach includes: providing massive financial assistance to the region during the 1997–98 Asian financial crisis, engaging in peacemaking in Cambodia and Aceh, peacebuilding in East Timor, Aceh, and Mindanao, offering financial and medical assistance when East Asia was hit by the SARS epidemic, and deploying the largest contingent of Japanese troops since the end of World War II for humanitarian assistance to tsunami-stricken Aceh in early 2005. A broad human security framework which encompasses peacemaking, post-conflict peacebuilding, and the dispatch of troops for humanitarian relief in Southeast Asia allows Japan to not only play a more active political role but also to avoid being branded as an aspiring military power by its domestic and international critics.
Non-proliferation and Counterterrorism Cooperation in Southeast Asia: Meeting Global Obligations through Regional Security Architectures?
Authors: Ogilvie-White Tanya
Published: January 2007

This article explores the relationship between global and regional governance in tackling terrorism in Southeast Asia, with particular reference to the security of nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological (NBCR) materials. Part one describes the global multilateral non-proliferation instruments established since the terrorist attacks of 9/11 — particularly United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 — analysing the extent to which ASEAN members have been fulfilling the binding legal obligations that they entail. Part two assesses the role of three of Southeast Asia's regional security frameworks (APEC, ARF, and ASTOP) in setting the regional non-proliferation and counter-terrorism agenda, charting their successes and failures in promoting compliance with global instruments, and in ensuring that pledges made by ministers in international and regional forums are followed through at the national level. It argues that ASEAN perceptions of West-centric security agendas, combined with frustrations that regional and global institutions are insensitive to local particularities, are undermining opportunities for achieving effective regional governance, even though concerted efforts are being made in the area of capacity-building. Bilateral security arrangements and single-issue multilateral discussions have been more successful than more ambitious regional frameworks at building trust and confidence and fostering genuine security cooperation.
Collective Action Problems and Regional Integration in ASEAN
Authors: Yoshimatsu Hidetaka
Published: January 2007

This article examines how states attempt to overcome collective action problems for promoting regional integration, by highlighting such attempts by members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It considers two kinds of collective action problems: collaboration games where actors are lured to defect from an agreement in order to obtain short-term gains, and coordination games where actors face difficulty in reaching an agreement. The article argues that although ASEAN countries have not intended to establish a supranational body to resolve collective action problems, they have gradually developed feasible enforcement mechanisms by intensifying the centralized nature of regional organization. It also contends that some member states have begun to play a "focal point" role in resolving coordination problems resulting from accelerated regional integration and market liberalization, and the resolution of coordination problems has been pursued in a framework where extra-regional countries and environments play a significant role.
Mental Health Education: An Evaluation of a Classroom Based Strategy to Modify Help Seeking for Mental Health Problems
Authors: Sharp William , Hargrove David S , Johnson Laura , Deal William P
Published: January 2007

The current study assessed the impact of a brief psychoeducational intervention on participants' attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. The 40-minute intervention focused on dispelling myths and stigmas associated with mental illness, modifying expectations about psychotherapy effectiveness, and providing students with information regarding treatment options. Compared to the control condition, participants in the classroom group showed significant improvements in attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, as well as in some of their opinions about mental illness, for up to one month following the intervention. These finding suggest that the use of a brief, classroom-based mental health education program is a promising method to modify help-seeking attitudes and negative opinions of the mentally ill.
The Relation of Ethnic Identity, Racial Identity, and Race-Related Stress Among African American College Students
Authors: Johnson Samon C , Arbona Consuelo
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore to what extent ethnic identity and racial identity are related constructs among African American college students by examining (a) the association of racial identity to ethnic identity and (b) the relative and unique contribution of both constructs to race-related stress. Participants were 140 college African American college students (about 70% females) enrolled in two universities in a major city in the Southwest United States. Participants age ranged from 17 to 58 years (M�=�24, SD�=�6.8). In terms of educational level, 10% of the students were freshmen, 17% sophomores, 24% juniors, 19% seniors, 21% graduate students, and 9% did not indicate their year in school. The following assessment instruments were used: Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale (BRIS-B) (Parham & Helms, 1081), the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Scale (MEIM) (Phinney, 1992), and the Index of Race-Related Stress, Brief version (IRRS-B) (Utsey, 1999). Endorsement of preencounter racial attitudes was negatively related to ethnic identity achievement, whereas endorsement of internalization racial attitudes was positively related to ethnic identity. Results also indicated that racial identity attitudes were related to the stress associated with experiences of racism at the cultural and individual level, whereas ethnic identity was not associated to race-related stress. Ethnic identity did not moderate the relation of racial identity to race-related stress.
Predicting Needs: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Relation between Student Characteristics, Academic Paths, and Self-Authorship
Authors: Wawrzynski Matthew R , Pizzolato Jane Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

Using a survey of self-authorship (Pizzolato, 2004), this longitudinal study investigated to what extent particular student characteristics (e.g., demographics characteristics, academic preparation characteristics) and the college environment (i.e., academic and living environment) influence self-authorship development. Findings in this exploratory study with 368 undergraduate students suggest that when subscales of self-authorship were explored some student characteristics (e.g., sex, prior academic experiences, being a transfer student) and the college academic environment significantly predicted various subscales of self-authorship development. This research adds to our understanding of the complexity of self-authorship and what contributes to students' development of self-authorship.
Environmental Traits That Support a Learning Organization: The Impact on Information System Development Projects
Authors: Shepherd Morgan M , Tesch Debbie B , Hsu Jack S. C
Published: January 2007

Organizational learning is influenced by many traits. Among these, certain environmental and managerial traits within the organization have been shown to support a learning organization. This organizational learning is crucial in information system development so that future projects may gain from the knowledge generated from past projects and during current projects. Organizational technology learning is the term we give to the organizational learning that occurs in information system development. A survey of project managers and participants in system projects tested whether certain common traits tend to be active promoters of learning in the project team setting as well as at the organizational level. Of those traits tested, clear mission and objectives, knowledge transfer mechanisms, and experimentation all proved to be significant environmental factors for learning in project teams.
Technology Transfer from the Soviet Union to the People's Republic of China: 1949-1966
Authors: Zhang Baichun , Zhang Jiuchun , Yao Fang
Published: January 2007

Technology transfer to China on a large scale from the Western world began during the middle of the 19th century and went through several different stages. One of the important stages was from the 1950s to the early 1960s, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was involved in a comprehensive program of technology transfer to China. This program included three parts: one was to transfer industrial technology by aiding the construction of industrial projects; another was to develop Chinese capacity in science and technology through various forms of cooperation; and the third was educational and involved helping China adjust and construct technology colleges, as well as recruiting a large number of Chinese students to study in the USSR. As part of these assistance and cooperative projects, the USSR sent thousands of experts or consultants to China. This paper tracks the process of transfer through all three elements, examining their main content, characteristics, and influence on this enormous program of technology transfer.
Common Pool Resources and the Transfer of Governance Technology: Water User Associations in Uzbekistan
Authors: Pierce John C. , Stephan Mark , Lovrich Nicholas P , Khalmirzaeva Madina , Salokhiddinov Abdulkhakim , Weber Edward P
Published: January 2007

Governments around the world are at- tempting to restructure the governance relationships between citizens and their country's policy-making institutions. The Sixth Global Forum on Reinventing Government has identified a set of "good governance" attributes to which governments should aspire, including transparency and participation. Uzbekistan is one country in which such an initiative has begun in the form of Water User Associations (WUA). As a case study of governance technology transfer, the research reported in this paper examines the impact of social capital and economic/social/political context on the WUAs' level of egalitarian decision making, level of accountability, and levels of participation and awareness. The paper concludes that social capital (in the form of occupational and generalized trust) and context (as strength of outside resources, strength of the surrounding economy, and level of diversity) lead to greater success in the successful transfer of governance technologies.
Estimating a marriage matching model with spillover effects
Authors: Choo Eugene , Siow Aloysius
Published: January 2007

We use marriage matching functions to study how marital patterns change when population supplies change. Specifically, we use a behavioral marriage matching function with spillover effects to rationalize marriage and cohabitation behavior in contemporary Canada. The model can estimate a couple’s systematic gains to marriage and cohabitation relative to remaining single. These gains are invariant to changes in population supplies. Instead, changes in population supplies redistribute these gains between a couple. Although the model is behavioral, it is nonparametric. It cant any observed cross-sectional marriage matching distribution. We use the estimated model to quantify the impacts of gender differences in mortality rates and the baby boom on observed marital behavior in Canada. The higher mortality rate of men makes men scarcer than women. We show that the scarceness of men modestly reduced the welfare of women and increased the welfare of men in the marriage market. On the other hand, the baby boom increased older men’s net gains to entering the marriage market and lowered middle-aged women’s net gains
Death by survey: Estimating adult mortality without selection bias from sibling survival data
Authors: Gakidou Emmanuela , King Gary
Published: January 2007

The widely used methods for estimating adult mortality rates from sample survey responses about the survival of siblings, parents, spouses, and others depend crucially on an assumption that, as we demonstrate, does not hold in real data. We show that when this assumption is violated so that the mortality rate varies with sib ship size, mortality estimates can be massively biased. By using insights from work on the statistical analysis of selection bias, survey weighting, and extrapolation problems, we propose a new and relatively simple method of recovering the mortality rate with both greatly reduced potential for bias and increased clarity about the source of necessary assumptions.