bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extreme Numbers and Estimation Skills
Authors: Vinogradova Natalya
Published: September 2013

Using estimation helps increase numerical fluency and gives meaning to large numbers.
Faire mémoire du Québec et s’ouvrir à la Francophonie
Authors: Hauser Claude
Published: September 2013

Auguste Viatte, professeur franco-suisse de littérature française à l’Université Laval de 1933 à 1949, pionnier de l’histoire des littératures francophones et animateur du mouvement de la France Libre à Québec durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, découvre le Québec lors des fêtes de Noël 1932 : il relate ce premier voyage dans un récit inédit intitulé « Voyage au Canada ». Établi à Québec dès l’été 1933, il transcrit ses premières impressions après son arrivée dans quelques notes et au travers de ses correspondances. Plus de vingt ans après, de retour en Europe, Viatte entreprend pour la quatrième fois de rédiger ses mémoires, entre 1956 et 1957, sur la base des notes accumulées dans son Journal personnel et ses archives, riches en correspondances. Il intitule ses mémoires jamais publiées « Facettes d’une vie » et y consacre plusieurs longs passages à sa découverte du Québec au début des années 1930. La troisième partie de ce récit, appelé Bonheur du Canada, met en scène dans un style littéraire soigné les souvenirs des premiers voyages effectués par Viatte au Québec, et fait mémoire de sa découverte progressive de la Belle Province. Entretemps, la période de vie la plus foisonnante de l’auteur de ce récit a fait nettement évoluer sa vision de la société québécoise. C’est donc avec l’expérience d’un « retour du Québec », ponctuant une longue période d’acculturation et d’engagement dans son pays d’accueil, que Viatte revient sur ses premières découvertes et sentiments de voyageur découvrant cette terre francophone d’Amérique.
Esquisse d’une genèse de la société acadienne1
Authors: Landry Michelle
Published: September 2013

Les interprétations de la société acadienne reposent souvent sur une vision essentialiste de la nation, présupposant les fondements d’une société dans la période pré-déportation, soit avant le milieu du 18e siècle. Cet article vise à expliciter le processus d’édification nationale qui s’est plutôt produit dans la deuxième moitié du 19e siècle à partir de la construction d’une référence, comme le propose Fernand Dumont. La nouvelle élite lettrée formée par l’établissement d’un collège classique développa de nouveaux modes d’interprétation à partir des écrits arrivés de l’extérieur et mettant en scène les déportations du 18e siècle. Il aura donc fallu une médiation par l’avènement de cette littérature et du premier journal de langue française pour que se développe le sentiment collectif de former une communauté d’histoire dépassant les liens familiaux et les liens de proximité et que se déploient les idéologies permettant aux membres du groupe de se projeter collectivement dans l’avenir. La cristallisation des repères et des symboles consolidant la cohérence d’ensemble et le caractère national des Acadiens devint particulièrement apparente à partir du premier projet collectif, la première Convention nationale.
Coupled response of rainfall and denitrification to solar forcing during the Holocene in Alfonso Basin.
Authors: Ricaurte-Villota Constanza , González-Yajimovich Oscar , Sanchez Alberto
Published: September 2013

The bulk sedimentary δ15N record of Alfonso Basin displayed changes both from a regional source possibly associated with changes in the isotopic signal of NO3– dissolved in Subsurface Subtropical Water and from a climate source governed by solar forcing (total solar irradiance) over the strength of the North American monsoon (i.e., rainfall), causing intermediate water suboxia and promoting denitrification in the basin. High values of bulk sedimentary δ15N (maximum of 14.5‰) agree with increases in land-derived organic matter (from –14.8% to 49.2%) and with a decrease in terrigenous percentage (from 84.8% to 61.6%) during the Middle and Late Holocene, suggesting that increased rainfall and freshwater input promotes increased stratification of the water column, which inhibits vertical mixing and produces a reduction in oxygen content in an already oxygen-poor zone.
Dissolved methane in the sills region of the Gulf of California
Authors: Macías-Zamora José Vinicio , Castro-Morales Karel , Burke Roger Allen , López-Mariscal Manuel
Published: September 2013

An unusual combination of features makes the Midriff Islands region of the northern Gulf of California (NGC) a strong atmospheric methane source. Oceanographic isolation by a series of sills and islands along with upward transport of nutrient-rich water enhanced by tidal currents, upwelling, and overflows results in high productivity. The resulting high phytoplankton biomass likely stimulates biogeochemical cycling that, in turn, may stimulate biological methane production in the water column and sediments. Additionally, venting of abiogenic methane-rich hydrothermal fluids in this tectonically active area and seepage of biogenic or thermogenic methane gas from the sediments may also be important sources. We found elevated methane concentrations throughout our study area, the highest within the Ballenas Channel, which was supersaturated with respect to atmospheric methane at all depths. Our vertical methane profiles show that elevated dissolved methane concentrations in the NGC are mainly associated with Gulf of California Water (GCW). Data from 22 stations suggest southward advection of methane via the methane-rich GCW, and lower methane concentrations south of the sills area. Our observations of supersaturated methane concentrations at all stations and all depths in the Ballenas Channel suggest that it is a strong source of methane to the atmosphere and to other parts of the NGC. In particular, station 7 at 50, 20, and 0 m depths had methane (CH4) concentrations of 49.1, 48.3, and 43.5 nM, respectively, corresponding to saturation values of 2090%, 2050%, and 1850%, respectively. Our calculated NGC fluxes ranged from 3.4 to 103.4 µmol CH4 m–2 d–1. The average methane flux calculated for our entire study area was 21.1 µmol CH4 m–2 d–1. These values are higher than those measured at many other high productivity sites worldwide including upwelling sites, and suggest input of methane via hydrothermal fluids or seepage from the sediments. Key words: dissolved methane, gas chromatography, potential methane sources and origin.
Targeted expression, purification, and cleavage of fusion proteins from inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hwang Peter M. , Pan Jonathan S. , Sykes Brian D.
Published: September 2013

There are many fusion protein systems now available for insoluble expression: TrpLE, ketosteroid isomerase, PurF, and PagP, for example. The ideal fusion partner is effective at directing a wide variety of target proteins into inclusion bodies, accumulates in large quantities in a highly pure form, and is readily solubilized and purified in commonly used denaturants. Fusion partner removal under denaturing conditions is biochemically challenging, requiring harsh conditions (e.g., cyanogen bromide in 70% formic acid) that can result in unwanted protein modifications. Recent advances in metal ion‐catalyzed peptide bond cleavage allow for more mild conditions, and some methods involving nickel or palladium will likely soon appear in more biological applications.
ARITHMETIC PROPERTIES OF 1-SHELL TOTALLY SYMMETRIC PLANE PARTITIONS
Authors: HIRSCHHORN MICHAEL D. , SELLERS JAMES A.
Published: September 2013

Blecher [‘Geometry for totally symmetric plane partitions (TSPPs) with self-conjugate main diagonal’,Util. Math. 88(2012), 223–235] defined the combinatorial objects known as 1-shell totally symmetric plane partitions of weight$n$. He also proved that the generating function for$f(n), $the number of 1-shell totally symmetric plane partitions of weight$n$, is given by$$\begin{eqnarray*}\displaystyle \sum _{n\geq 0}f(n){q}^{n} = 1+ \sum _{n\geq 1}{q}^{3n- 2} \prod _{i= 0}^{n- 2} (1+ {q}^{6i+ 3} ).\end{eqnarray*}$$In this brief note, we prove a number of arithmetic properties satisfied by$f(n)$using elementary generating function manipulations and well-known results of Ramanujan and Watson.
Progressives and Labor under Park Chung Hee: A Forgotten Alliance in 1960s South Korea
Authors: Nam Hwasook
Published: September 2013

Using an unusual case of a democratic and militant shipbuilding union in 1960s South Korea as a window on society, this article explores the politics and ethos of the first decade of Park Chung Hee's rule. Pronounced public support for the union in the region, dense links between the unionists and local progressives, and the surprisingly optimistic and positive expectations of the military government that shipyard workers exhibited in this period all call our attention to the still quite fluid and open terrain of politics before the full-blown authoritarianism of the 1970s. These dynamic aspects of the 1960s, when both elites and non-elites engaged major postcolonial questions of democracy, development, and unification, are mostly hidden from view today, overwhelmed by the power of the dominant minju discourse that became hegemonic in the democracy movement during the 1980s and 1990s. Excavating the forgotten alliance between an important union and the progressives surrounding it thus opens a space for alternative understandings of South Korean development and democratization.
Mortuary practices and the negotiation of social identities at LM II Knossos
Authors: Preston Laura
Published: September 2013

This article explores expressions of cultural identity in the LM II mortuary data from the Knossos valley, in the context of the issue of a ‘Mycenaean’ presence there. It proposes that the burial record is less useful for trying to establish a mainland origin for the people interred in the tombs, than for exploring how people chose to represent themselves and each other in death. In this light, the cultural influences in the tomb architecture and assemblages of the Isopata and Kephala tombs in particular are examined. The experimentation apparent in such tombs suggests that the mortuary sphere was employed as a forum for status display in the context of a social transition at Knossos, with mainland traits being one element in a range of options that were selectively taken up and adapted.
The Columns and Roof of the South Stoa at the Argive Heraion
Authors: Coulton J. J.
Published: September 2013

The South Stoa at the Argive Heraion is the best-preserved Peloponnesian stoa of the fifth century B.C., and one of the earliest anywhere with substantial remains of a stone entablature; it shows definite evidence of features which are rarely found elsewhere. The publication of it by Tilton at the beginning of this century certainly does not do justice either to the interest of its design or to the quality of its workmanship, and a complete republication of the existing remains would be well worth while. The present paper does not attempt to fulfil this need, however; it is directed instead to two interrelated features of the stoa which, it appears, were not fully understood by Tilton, the roof structure and the outer colonnade, and to a brief consideration of their significance.
Two-and-a-half Corinthian Dipinti
Authors: Johnston Alan
Published: September 2013

None of the inscriptions discussed here is as complete as one would like, but by the end I expect that the reader will consider the title justified. Whether he will be much the wiser is another matter, since questions are raised to which there are no ready answers. Modern graffiti (or dipinti?—I do not wish to argue terminology here) are often more explicit, though perhaps usually less deliberate.
Pentelethen
Authors: Wycherley R. E.
Published: September 2013

One might give as sub-title ‘Attic Marble: Science and Common Sense’. The names by which Greek marbles are usually known have been gravely questioned in recent years. In a very important article in the Annual for 1968, Mr. Colin Renfrew and Mr. J. Springer Peacey emphasized the need for more scientific research and further development of new methods before one could safely attach the common labels—‘Pentelic’, ‘Hymettan,’ ‘Parian,’ ‘Naxian,’ or ‘Island’. ‘Most of the attributions hitherto made’, they said, ‘and hence the various observations based on them, are not well founded’; and later, ‘If “Hymettan” merely means “finegrained grey”, and “Naxian” simply “coarse-grained white” there seems little point in using the geographic terms. Such a usage denies the hope that the origin of the various marble used for Greek sculpture may one day be better understood.’
Architectural pieces in stone in the collection of the British School at Athens
Authors: Tomlinson R. A.
Published: September 2013

The 29 pieces are described and illustrated. Apart from the Ionic capital fragment excavated by the School at Kynosarges, they probably come from a collection made in the nineteenth century by George Finlay, as older Turkish buildings in Athens were demolished. Most are of minor importance, but parallels are adduced from Corinthian capitals in Athens and Corinth. Later capitals belonged to a Turkish house recorded by Danish architects in 1835 and 1851.
Reflections on the shield at Marathon
Authors: Hodge A. Trevor
Published: September 2013

Nobody flashed a shield at the Battle of Marathon, for it is scientifically impossible: hoplite shields were curved, and you cannot reflect a flash from a curved surface. The shield can only have been waved (as Herodotus says), making it a short range signal, not from far-off traitors in Athens but traitors at Marathon, signalling the movements of their own army to the enemy. The Persians' voyage round Sounion was long and tedious, and the quickest way to Athens would be to land as soon as possible after Marathon, at Loutsa, and for the cavalry to dash for the city. The signal warned that this route was blocked, hence Plan B—Sounion.
‘Working women’: female professionals on Classical Attic gravestones
Authors: Kosmopoulou Angeliki
Published: September 2013

Figured gravestones commemorating female professionals constitute a distinct group among Attic memorials of the Classical period. Gravestones of this group honour the dead women by emphasizing their occupations and professional accomplishments, concentrating on the professional rather than the familial or social persona of the dead in order to preserve their memory in posterity. Despite their relative infrequence, such memorials shed light on the place of women in Athenian society and may serve as an additional source of evidence for the perception of the female role at the time. Deviating from the set modes of female funerary commemoration and the typical emphasis on domestic scenes, which sustains the contemporary ideal of secluded Athenian women, the memorials under consideration register a ‘public persona’ for the women they honour, making us aware of the complexities of the role of women in ancient Greek society.
Phylakopi 1911 and the History of the Later Cycladic Bronze Age
Authors: Barber R.
Published: September 2013

For many years, interpretation of the history of the Middle and Late Bronze Age in the Cyclades has depended almost entirely on the late nineteenth-century excavations of the British School at Phylakopi on Melos. This site has been especially significant as the only one with a comprehensive stratigraphie sequence.

Recent major excavations on Kea (Ayia Irini) and Thera (Akrotiri) have vastly increased our knowledge of the second-millennium Cyclades, but Phylakopi remains of outstanding importance. From the publication and from the Daybooks kept by Duncan Mackenzie it is clear that the technical standards of the excavation were extremely high for their time. It is unfortunate, however, that precise details about the contexts of individual finds are lacking from Phylakopi. Such details are vital if we are to make any useful reassessment of the history and external relations of the site in terms of subsequent excavations and studies.
The Mausoleum Frieze: Membra Disjectanda
Authors: Cook B. F.
Published: September 2013

Coming as they do from one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the frieze-blocks of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus are among the most celebrated sculptures in the British Museum. In the century since their acquisition, many mutually contradictory attempts have been made to attribute the various slabs to the four sculptors of the Mausoleum as named by Pliny: Skopas, Bryaxis, Timotheos, and Leochares. Most of these attributions have been made by scholars working away from London, apparently chiefly from photographs. A new study of the slabs themselves suggests that the establishment of the integrity of the sculpture is an essential preliminary to the ‘higher criticism’ that has been practised so assiduously. It is therefore the purpose of this note to examine the various fragments that have been attached to the slabs from time to time, and to try to determine whether these joins can be accepted. As Curtius said, ‘Primum monumenta, deinde philosophia’.
A Find of Roman Marble Statuettes at Knossos
Authors: Waywell G. B. , Catling H. W.
Published: September 2013

The material described below was found in November 1974 in a building plot in Knossos, property of Mr. Constantinos Vlachakis. The initial discovery consisted of six marble sculptures (S.6, 8–11 and 19) and a base (S.22) found in digging Foundation Pit 1 (Fig. 2). The Antiquities Service guard, Mr. Mitsos, who supervised the opening of the pits, stopped the work and reported the find to Dr. St. Alexiou in the Herakleion Museum. On the latter's request, H. W. Catling immediately undertook a limited investigation, in the course of which nineteen more fragments of sculpture came to light, and the structural features described below. The work lasted three days (11–13 Nov. 1974) with the help of two workmen. At its completion, approval was given for the continuation of the building.
The Bronze Age Demography of Crete and Greece—A Note
Authors: Halstead Paul
Published: September 2013

One of the specialist contributions often appended to an archaeological report is the analysis of human skeletal material. Such an analysis is rarely of sufficient interest to be included in the main report, largely because the excavator has not set pertinent and soluble problems for the analyst. The time of specialists has been wasted measuring morphological minutiae in a vain attempt to track down quasi-tribal entities in which archaeologists no longer believe. The assessment of the age and sex of a skeleton, however, follows a firm methodology, is far less time-consuming, and yields relevant information.
The Upper Terraces at Perachora
Authors: Tomlinson R. A.
Published: September 2013

The ancient remains in the Heraion Valley at Perachora are arranged in three groups. Firstly, by the little harbour the group including the West Court, the sixth-century temple of Hera Akraia (and, before that, the earliest temple), the altar, and the angled stoa. Secondly, above the first, rather steep section of the valley, and partly concealed behind a spur of the hill to the south, the double apsidal cistern and the hestiatorion. Thirdly, some distance behind this, and preceded by the ‘sacred pool’, the series of terraces, on the uppermost of which is the building identified as the Temple of Hera Limenia. This identification has led to the idea that there were, in effect, two sanctuaries; in publishing the double apsidal cistern and the hestiatorion I include them in ‘remains outside the two sanctuaries’
The Trefoil Style and second-century Hadra Vases
Authors: Callaghan P.
Published: September 2013

The Hellenistic period in the Aegean is one notoriously devoid of firmly established chronological markers with more than local significance and which might be used to divide the cultural material into smaller groupings. This is especially true for pottery. The Aegean basin was parcelled out among numerous ceramic provinces which, though all were obviously heirs to the traditions established in the Classical period, yet managed to interpret any new ideas in their own way and at their own speed. These apparently newly emerged styles were in fact of hoary antiquity. They represent the resurgence of local mores and traditions in pottery manufacture whose existence in the Classical and Archaic periods had been well-nigh overlooked by the excessive concentration on the study of the products of Corinth and Athens. Their re-emergence was occasioned by two factors consequent on the establishment of the Hellenistic kingdoms. The first was the collapse of Attic pottery production as a result of a series of disastrous wars and defeats in the later fourth and early third centuries B.C. The second was the very real prosperity enjoyed by the provincial centres in the newly Hellenised world.
Some Early and Middle Helladic Pottery from Boeotia
Authors: Mountjoy P. A.
Published: September 2013

The pottery illustrated below was found by the author in Thebes Museum boxed together with the material from Dramesi-Hyria, with that from Scimatari and with a large amount of post-Mycenaean material. It was brought from Scimatari Museum to Thebes in the early part of the decade for restoration. A search for its provenance has been fruitless, although it is probable that the MH III-LH I material belongs to the Dramesi-Hyria deposit: Blegen illustrates an askos of this period and a second Middle Helladic vase as well as the early Mycenaean ones and mentions the presence of other vases not illustrated. These vases are published here together with the earlier material in order to add to our knowledge of the Early and Middle Helladic periods in Boeotia.
George Finlay in Perspective—A Centenary Reappraisal
Authors: Hussey J. M.
Published: September 2013

George Finlay died at the age of seventy-five on 24 January a hundred years ago and I am honoured to pay tribute to this distinguished Scottish scholar and philhellene on the occasion of his centenary. It is indeed fitting that this should take place in the School which possesses many of his books and papers.

It might well be asked why there has as yet—to the best of my knowledge—been no full biography of Finlay. A glance at the available material may suggest the answer. What are usually known as the Finlay Papers housed in the British School comprise a formidable collection. Perhaps the best-known items are the so-called Journals. They are in part genuine journals in the sense of a day to day record, particularly of Finlay's experiences when travelling round the Aegean, or in Turkey, or on a visit to Scotland, journeying via Malta and France or Switzerland.
Rhodian Readings
Authors: Johnston Alan
Published: September 2013

My main purpose in this article is to present a corpus of graffiti and dipinti on pots found on Rhodes dating down to the end of the fifth century B.C. About one hundred such inscriptions have been overlooked in previous publications or remain unpublished. I discuss the problems of interpreting these short graffiti and the commercial aspects of some of them. In so doing I comment on certain aspects of the alphabet in use on the island, but I have to deal with the complicating factor, whether or not the several marks were inscribed by a Rhodian or, for instance, by an outside trader. I hope to avoid circularity of argument (‘this letter is not Rhodian, therefore the inscriber was a foreigner’ or ‘this inscription should have been cut on Rhodes, therefore the lettering must be Rhodian’) by the application of various independent criteria which I outline below.
Some Early Evidence for the Use of the Running Drill
Authors: Stewart A. F.
Published: September 2013

The publication of Sheila Adam's lively and closely argued study of the technique of Greek sculpture has aroused considerable controversy; not the least disputed of her views was that the running drill, ‘the only major technical change which occurs in Greek sculpture of the Classical Period’, was not introduced until the second quarter of the fourth century B.C., a full seventy years or more after Blümel's date for its invention. Although such examination as I have been able to make of extant Greek originals from this period suggests to me that Adam was correct in concluding that the tool was not in general use until after c. 370, there does seem to be some evidence that sculptors were experimenting with it for about twenty to thirty years beforehand.
Provenance and Firing Techniques of Geometric Pottery from Veii: A Mössbauer Investigation
Authors: Boitani Francesca , Ridgway David , Deriu Antonio
Published: September 2013

Samples of seventeen painted Geometric vases from Veii in southern Etruria were subjected to Mössbauer analysis, a technique that has recently achieved the notoriously elusive distinction between LG made at and imported to Pithekoussai. The two main groups (A, B) and three subgroups (B-i, B-ii, B-iii) established analytically at Veii are compared with the identifications proposed on stylistic grounds for the same pieces by J.-P. Descœudres and R. Kearsley in BSA 78 (1983) 9–53. Only the five non-calcareous samples in group A appear to qualify for imported Euboean status; of the calcareous subgroups, B-i (four samples) is tentatively equated with Veii itself and B-ii (four samples) with mainland Campania; no provenance can as yet be assigned to B-iii (two samples); there are two ‘rogues’. Agreement with Descœudres and Kearsley is possible on six samples, and partially so on three more; disagreement is total in the six cases where the origin is defined stylistically as Greek and analytically as Italian (or vice versa). In view of the current shortage of comparable Mössbauer analyses, the authors stress the need for caution in interpreting the present results, and refer briefly to the circumstances in which some ‘Euboean Geometric’ from western sites might have been made by immigrant potters.
Zeuxippus Ware
Authors: Megaw A. H. S.
Published: September 2013

Trench V of the 1927 excavations of the British Academy in the Hippodrome of Constantinople was located just beyond the tomb of Ahmet I, in the direction of St. Sophia. With two extensions (VA and VE) it became a considerable excavation, which uncovered a series of massive piers of brick interrupted by occasional courses of stone. These the excavators identified as part of the Baths of Zeuxippus. In 1928 they uncovered more of the building and, to the south-east of it, part of a separate portico with a large exedra. This second building fitted the identification, as part of the connected gymnasium, particularly when two pedestals were found inscribed with the names of Hecuba and Aeschines, both of whom are known to have had statues there.

Objections to the identification have been raised; notably on the grounds that the excavators found no water-tanks or hypocausts. This particular objection was removed in 1952 by the discovery near by, during the laying of a sewer, of connected structures; for these included a plastered cistern and basins. In a recent review of the topography of the approaches to the Great Palace the identification is accepted; nor does it appear to be invalidated by any of the testimonia relating to the Baths of Zeuxippus which have lately been collected.
A newly discovered Aulos
Authors: Landels J. G.
Published: September 2013

An ancient reed-blown pipe (αὐλός) has recently been acquired by the Museum of Greek Archaeology in Reading University. This article contains a full descriptive account of the instrument, and a brief discussion of its relationship to other surviving auloi.

The instrument is designed to be played with one hand, and must therefore have been one of a pair; its especial value as evidence for ancient auloi lies in the fact that it is more nearly complete than almost any other surviving ancient instrument. Two losses, however, are particularly to be regretted; as with all other ancient instruments, the reed has been lost, and (so far as I know) the other pipe of the pair does not survive. So we cannot gain any new information on two of the most vexed questions regarding the aulos—the size and structure of the reed, and the method of playing two pipes together.

For convenience of description, this instrument may be divided into seven sections (see Plate 55). Some of these have been put together, not very expertly, in modern times; in particular, the joins at each end of the sixth section (F and G) are badly out of alignment. These divisions have been chosen because they are externally visible; the method of construction will be examined more closely later.
The Prehistoric Settlement by Lake Vouliagmeni, Perachora
Authors: Fossey J. M.
Published: September 2013

A Survey carried out in 1964 revealed that this site, briefly reported by Payne as ‘a very small village doubtless inhabited by fishermen’, was more extensive than had been realized. It covers the flatter ground on the low ridge that separates lake from sea, for a length of 570 m. and a maximum width of 100 m. or so. The canal connecting the lake with the sea cuts through the middle of the site and gives a good cross-section of its stratification. There seems to have been some fluctuation in the lake level since prehistoric times, for sherds and traces of walling can be observed in the hardened limestone concretions beneath the present lake's surface.

In 1965 a trial trench 2 m. × 16 m. was opened, almost parallel to the canal and running inland from a point 39 m. to the west of the canal's entrance to the lake. This trench was not taken down to the earliest occupation levels. Four phases of occupation were revealed (Fig. 1), the last being of the seventh century B.C. The other three, all of the Early Helladic period, are designated ‘X’, ‘Y’, and ‘Z’, X being the earliest yet reached. There is absolutely no trace of subsequent occupation until the seventh century B.C., the remains of which occur directly above those of the latest E.H. level.
A Group of Late Helladic IIIB 1 Pottery from within the Citadel at Mycenae
Authors: Wardle K. A.
Published: September 2013

This deposit is one of a series of stratified groups from the recent excavations at Mycenae' which should form the basis for a closer definition of the pottery sequence there than has been possible before; it should also help with the identification of the sequence elsewhere, particularly in the Argolid.

It was found in a room in the ‘House with the Idols’ (Citade lHouse) constructed at or very near the beginning of the period defined as L.H. IIIB 1, and seems to be household rubbish which accumulated during a span of some years; subsequently it was covered by an inserted wall before the conflagration during the period L.H. IIIB 2 which destroyed so many of the buildings at Mycenae. The deposit consists of a small but distinctive quantity of painted wares, largely open shapes, and a large group of unpainted pottery including many whole profiles. Its date is clearly within L.H. IIIB 1, with ‘Zygouries’ type kylikes, ‘open style’ deep bowls, and only slight evidence for the presence of deep bowls with monochrome interiors and none for ‘rosette’ bowls, two of the main criteria for the subsequent period. In my opinion it represents, when viewed as a whole, a slightly later stage of development than the group published in BSA lxi by Mrs. French, there seem to be fewer of the elements surviving from earlier, and a rather more limited range of patterns. The various stages of deposition cover an unknown period of time, ending perhaps as late as the beginning of L.H. IIIB 2. Despite the small number of pieces it may be that this is a more typical selection of L.H. IIIB 1 pottery than the group previously published.
The Archetypal Doric Temple
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: September 2013

Doric architecture seems to have arisen suddenly in Greece. Till the beginning of the seventh century, to judge by excavated remains and models, masonry was rough, roofs were either of thatch and high-pitched or of mud and flat, plans were imprecise, and style was nondescript or non-existent without any hint of the characteristic components of the Doric order. Yet by 630 in the artistically peripheral region of Aetolia the new temple of Apollo at Thermon shows carefully squared stonework (or so it may be inferred), a tiled and therefore low-pitched roof and exact planning; and there are remains of metopes, cornice, simas, and perhaps acroteria—the metopes at least being properly Doric. It is a fair conclusion that improved technique and materials and the consequent transformation of the aspect and proportions of the temple came in about the middle of the seventh century and that the Doric order was invented for this incipient architecture. Certainly there was little time for evolution.
Vitruvian Studies
Authors: Plommer Hugh
Published: September 2013

The interpretations that I offer in the following pages are very tentative, though not, I hope, obscure; and I feel myself wide open to further persuasion on any of them. But unless someone worries some of Vitruvius' more difficult passages and reaches conclusions that are fairly clear, however provisional, we shall make little progress at this stage. His actual text is now surprisingly well known, and Soubiran and Fensterbusch are pushing their labours on it as far as is humanly possible. It is his architecture that now needs discussion. I begin, however, with a small textual question.

I. Vitruvius v. xi. 2

‘In palaestra peristylia, quemadmodum supra scripturm est, ita debent esse perfecte distributa’ (Rose's text). ‘Perfecte’ edd., ‘Perfecta’ GH.

C. Ruffel and J. Soubiran, on p. 29 of their ‘Recherches sur la tradition manuscrite de Vitruve’ in Pallas ix (Toulouse, 1960), suggested that ‘perfecta distributa’ could be a tautology, one word glossing the other.

It does not seem a very obvious gloss to me, and I wonder if the right reading could be ‘perpetua’, in the common Vitruvian sense of ‘continuous’. For this see, e.g., v. i. 10—‘ipsae vero columnae in altitudine perpetua sub trabes’, or ‘the carrying of the columns themselves in unbroken height directly up to the beams’, as Morgan translates it. Or take the Greeks with their ‘emplecton’ wall in II. viii. 7: ‘e suis frontibus perpetuam et unam crassitudinem parietum consolidant. Praeterea interponunt singulos crassitudine perpetua utraque parte frontatos, quos diatonous appellant’, etc.
Excavations at Palaikastro VII
Authors: Sackett L. H. , Popham Mervyn
Published: September 2013

The scope and a summary of the results of the 1962–3 excavations at Palaikastro and their relation to the earlier work of 1902–6 were set out in Part I (BSA lx (1965) 249–52). There is no call to repeat those findings here, nor has further study made it necessary to make any significant revisions.

In this article we publish the Late Minoan IB and reoccupation pottery from Block N (excavation report in PK VI. 252) and from other tests, along with an account of work undertaken in the main area of the town at Palaikastro (Roussolakkos).

As before, the excavation report was written by L. H. Sackett, while M. R. Popham contributed the sections on the L.M. pottery. We are grateful to P. M. Warren for notes on the stone objects and to V. E. G. Kenna for a note on one sealstone.

The material still awaiting final study and publication consists principally of Early and Middle Minoan pottery from Kastri, tests in Block Χ, Block Γ, and Square H3.
Late bronze age Greece and the Balkans: a review of the present picture
Authors: Bouzek J.
Published: September 2013

This article brings a reassessment of the survey of relations published in the author's 1985 book. The discrepancy in chronology seems now to be much nearer to a solution: more material evidence is known from the frontier area and from the Balkans in general, thus enlarging the documentation of the extent of Mycenaean influence in the north, and also clarifying the situation in Late Mycenaean times, when various northern influences were felt in Mycenaean Greece. The crisis at the end of the Aegean Bronze Age was connected with an influx of new populations, though substantial local traditions were also retained. The joint efforts of tradition and innovation prepared the further development of Greece.
The building and industrial remains at Agrileza, Laurion (fourth century BC) and their contribution to the workings at the site
Authors: Photos-Jones E. , Jones J. Ellis
Published: September 2013

A detailed programme of sample collection and laboratory analysis was undertaken at Agrileza, an ore-dressing installation in the Laurion. The site consists of three compounds with associated washeries (Agrileza A, B, and C), some excavated partially, others in full, in the late 1970s and early 1980s and dating to the last quarter of the 4th cent. BC. The particular functions of some of the rooms in compound C are tentatively put forward. The main part of the paper is concerned with the nature, composition, and particle size distribution of the tailings recovered both from washeries A and C and from elsewhere in compound C. The silver-to-lead ratios and particle size distribution of the tailings may suggest that the series of basins and channels making up each washery served not merely as a water purification device, but as a means of trapping ore that had escaped the first washing, for the purpose of dressing it further.
Sub-Mycenaean and Protogeometric Vases in the Museum of the British School at Athens
Authors: Catling R.W.V.
Published: September 2013

Eleven Sub-Mycenaean and Protogeometric vases from the museum of the British School at Athens are published. Five are treated in Desborough's Protogeometric Pottery but the remainder are presented for the first time. Although none has a reliable provenance, all but one seem to be of Attic origin and were probably found in Athens. The other one comes from the Thessalo-Euboian region, most likely from Euboia itself.
From Delos to Melos: A New Fragment ofI Delos1562
Authors: Sanders G.D.R. , Catling R.W.V.
Published: September 2013

An inscribed block of marble re-used as a threshold in the monastery of Agios Sabbas on Melos is shown to be the missing left-hand architrave block from the monument of Mithradates on Delos. In general the text restored by Chapouthier is confirmed, with minor modification, but a new text for the third line of the inscription is added.
Bronze to iron: agricultural systems and political structures in late bronze age and early iron age Greece
Authors: Foxhall Lin
Published: September 2013

This paper surveys farming practices and their associated administrative structures in Mycenaean Greece, and outlines the kinds of changes which might have occurred in regional farming systems during the dark ages. It is postulated that the underlying subsistence basis of Greek agriculture remained substantially the same, although the structural position of élites in regional agrarian economies (as well as the constitution of élite groups) may have changed considerably. The type and degree of changes that occurred during the dark ages in any particular region seem to correlate with their earlier relationships to Mycenaean palace centres.
Early Lesbos between east and west: a ‘grey area’ of Aegean archaeology
Authors: Spencer Nigel
Published: September 2013

Many previous studies of early Lesbos have tended to emphasize the famous historical figures—Alkaios, Sappho, and Pittakos—and the events surrounding them that are known from literary sources; there has been much less discussion of archaeology, and this has led to a one-dimensional picture. The sources have tended to encourage an emphasis on features of the island's archaic history which are traditionally thought of as ‘Greek’, and the true context of early civilization in the island, which had strong links to Anatolia and the east, has largely been ignored. This paper corrects the imbalance, acknowledging more fully the eastern links in the island's culture from the Bronze Age to the Archaic period and indicating that during this period Lesbos was as much an extension of Anatolia as a ‘Greek’ island.
The Identification of pastoralist sites Within the context of estate-based agriculture in ancient Greece: beyond the ‘Transhumance versus agro-pastoralism’ debate
Authors: Forbes Hamish
Published: September 2013

The present ‘transhumance versus agro-pastoralism’ debate is here set within the context of a broadly based anthropological approach to pastoralism. Certain constant features of the relationship of pastoralists to their landscape are identifiable, although many aspects of pastoral strategies are variable over time and space and across socio-economic groups. The control of much of the pastoral exploitation of the landscape in antiquity by wealthy estate owners is one important difference from the present day. The resulting observations are applied to the archaeological record of isolated rural sites now widely known from surface survey projects. It is argued that the tendency to assume that pastoralists are archaeologically invisible has meant that these very visible sites have been ignored as possible pastoral bases. The location of a number of these sites suggests that pastoralism was a major element in the activities focused on them in antiquity.
Aššuwa and the Achaeans: the ‘Mycenaean’ sword at Hattušas and its possible implications
Authors: Cline E. H.
Published: September 2013

It has been suggested that the inscribed bronze sword found at Hattušas in 1991 is a Mycenaean type B sword which may be used as evidence for Hittites fighting in the Trojan war against the Mycenaeans and for a historical background to the Trojan war. The present independent investigation of the sword indicates that it may well be a variant of an Aegean type B sword, but might reflect Mycenaean influence rather than outright manufacture. Moreover, a variety of evidence suggests that the sword must be interpreted in the light of events occurring not during the Trojan war, but some two hundred years prior to that war. It is possible that Mycenaean involvement in the Aššuwa rebellionc.1430 BC was recorded in contemporary Hittite documents and remembered in later Greek tradition as the legendary pre-Trojan war exploits of Achilles and other Achaean heroes in NW Anatolia.
Furniture from the shaft graves: the occurrence of wood in Aegean burials of the Bronze Age
Authors: Muhly Polymnia
Published: September 2013

Certain wooden fragments from tomb V at Mycenae are identified as parts of two small tripod tables, which constitute the best-preserved furniture from the prehistoric Aegean. As the epigraphic, iconographic, and archaeological evidence demonstrates, wooden furniture was not common in the Aegean area and belonged chiefly to prosperous persons, who rarely provided it to the dead. Statistically rare, though more widely known, are the wooden structures used from the end of MM III to the LH/LM III A2 period for burials, nearly all richly endowed (with weapons, metal vessels, ornaments, even with furniture). In tombs with multiple burials the dead person, placed on a bed or a bier, is isolated and raised above the others. Burial in a coffin, of whatever material, constitutes a means of individualizing the dead: the wooden coffin has additional value. Thus these modes of burial are explained as one of the customs adopted during the New Palace and Early Mycenaean period, in order to demonstrate the social and economic status of the prominent dead.
The West Magazines VI to XII of the Bronze Age Palace at Knossos
Authors: Boskamp Anton
Published: September 2013

Evans excavated the West Magazines in 1900 and 1901. The entrances of the rooms, flanked by huge antae, were wide and it was apparent that reductions in their width were generally late in date. In supplementary excavations in 1904, a further entrance system was uncovered in Magazines VII–X and it was then obvious that Magazines XI–XIII had the same arrangement. In Evans's opinion, these door-jambs were inserted later than the antae, but subsequently fell into disuse, so that the magazines once again had wide entrances. In a guide to the Palace of Knossos, Alexiou pointed out that this procedure was so complicated that he preferred another sequence, the door-jambs being earlier than the antae. In 1994 the author studied the evidence still available in the magazines and arrived at the conclusion that this solution is the more plausible.
Achaean pottery of the Late Geometric period: the Impressed Ware workshop
Authors: Gadolou Anastasia
Published: September 2013

The technical and morphological features of the products of the Late Geometric Achaean Impressed Ware workshop as well as its connection with the contemporary fine painted ware and Thapsos ware are presented in the present article.

Apart from Ano Mazaraki, where the products of the workshop form one of the most important categories of dedications to the goddess, impressed pottery so far has been found at two other sites in Achaea: Aigio and Trapeza Hill in the village of Koumari near Aigio. Outside Achaea, products of the impressed pottery workshop have come to light at the sanctuary of Artemis at Lousoi (ancient Arcadia) and also at Delphi.

The characteristic shapes produced by the Impressed Ware workshop are handleless cylindrical and biconical vases, pyxides, small skyphoi and also models of granaries and possibly tables, tripod legs and human figurines.

The recognition and identification of the unique Impressed Ware workshop reflect the skills and productivity of Achaean potters during the Late Geometric period. The study of the products of this workshop has led to the recognition of its Achaean identity and its direct relations with the contemporary Achaean fine painted-ware. Furthermore comparison of Impressed Ware with the Thapsos Class vases found so far in Achaea has led us to identify important issues of fabric similarity, close contextual associations, motifs, and decorative syntax which link the above wares, and allow Impressed Ware pottery to make a significant contribution to the argument for an Achaean Thapsos Class production centre.
The Acropolis Basilica Project, Sparta: a preliminary report for the 2000 season
Authors: Sweetman Rebecca , Katsara Evi
Published: September 2013

The Acropolis Basilica, Sparta, was first excavated by G. Guttle, under the auspices of the British School at Athens, in the 1920s. Two further campaigns were carried out by members of the Athens Archaeological Society, who were not privy to the unpublished excavation daybooks of the British campaign. As a result, 80 years on, the church is still poorly understood; its date and chronological development have been the subject of much scholarly debate, as has its attribution to Osios Nikon. The first phase of a new study of the basilica is now well underway. This consists of non-intrusive study and recording to reach a better understanding of the monument and the previous investigations before new excavations are carried out. The aims of the first phase of the project are to undertake archaeological cleaning of the basilica and its associated buildings to facilitate the production of an accurate ground plan of monuments, the creation of stone by stone elevations of the exterior walls of all the buildings, and the detailed photography of every aspect of the entire basilica complex. Detailed recording of the features exposed in the basilica has been carried out in order to assess chronological phasing (both through context and architecture), use of space within the basilica and potential reconstructions of the edifices. Following the first season of the project, we have a number of preliminary ideas regarding the phasing of the basilica and use of architectural space. In this article we present these ideas, our methodology, a new plan of the monument and its associated buildings and, for the first time, a resume of Cuttle's excavations.
Post-Minoan Terracottas from Knossos
Authors: Higgins R. A.
Published: September 2013

With one exception (no. 36) these terracottas all come from excavations in the neighbourhood of the Royal Road conducted between 1957 and 1961. They are a mixed lot, and the stratigraphy, although carefully observed, is seldom very helpful. They range from the Geometric to the Roman period. Apart from a few correspondences with pieces from the Demeter Sanctuary on Gypsades at Knossos, these figurines find few parallels in Crete or elsewhere, and serve to underline our essential ignorance of post-Minoan Cretan terracottas.