bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revision and Romantic Authorship
Authors: Leader Zachary
Published: November 2023

The Romantic author is often portrayed as spontaneous, extemporizing, otherworldly, and alone. Zachary Leader argues that this influential fiction is much in need of revision. Romantic attitudes to authorship profess a preference for what comes naturally, with a concomitant devaluing of secondary processes, including second thoughts, yet many Romantic writers such as Wordsworth, Byron, Keats, Coleridge, Clare and Mary Shelly revised their works. Revision and Romantic Authorship looks at the revisionary practices these writers, showing that second thoughts (including those of collaborators) in fact play a crucial role in 'Romantic' compostion. Other attitude compicated by the actual revisionary practices of Romantic writers are those which associate compostion with the organic and with process, or which characterize authors as autonomous agents or figures of coherent and consistent subjectivity. In the first part of the book, Leader shows how revisionary and editorial practices reflect conflicting attitudes to the self or personal identity; in the second, these attitudes are related to the role of collaborators' in the revising process (family, friends, editors, critics, readers).
Wordsworth, Revision, and Personal Identity
Authors: Leader Zachary
Published: November 2023

In 1984 Stephen Gill published a selection of Wordsworth’s poetry and prose in the Oxford Authors series. This series aims to offer ‘authoritative editions of the major English writers for the student and general reader’, an especially welcome prospect in the case of Wordsworth, since in the early r98os inexpensive one-volume alternatives were either too selective or forbiddingly bulky, inclusive, cramped, or unannotated.’ Like other volumes in the series, Gill’s edition claims to print ‘the best texts available’ in a selection that seeks out ‘the essence of a writer’s work and thinking’. But it also has other, and potentially conflicting, aims, ‘Here, for the first time,’ the blurb tells us, Wordsworth’s poems ‘are presented in order of composition and in texts in which their original identity is restored.’ That is, in versions. Wordsworth revised in subsequent editions.
Byron, Revision, and the Stable Self
Authors: Leader Zachary
Published: November 2023

The first point to make about Byron’s revisions is that there are so few of them, at least m comparison with those of Wordsworth. This is a point Byron himself makes much of in his correspondence. As he reminds his publisher, John Murray, in a letter of 6 June I 822, often his poems ‘were written as fast as I could put pen to paper-and printed from the original M.S.S. & never revised but in the proofs’.
Coleridge’s Revisionary Complexity
Authors: Leader Zachary
Published: November 2023

The older or established view of Coleridge’s revisions is that he knew what he was doing when he revised, and that his revisions serve wholeness, coherence, perfection of form-in short, unity, called by Coleridge the ‘ultimate end of human Thought and human Feeling’.’ This, of course, is precisely the aesthetic ideal Coleridge himself championed in his criticism, along with those qualities of mind (control, will, coherence of self both in time and over time) from which it is conventionally thought to derive. One well-known example of a revision which conforms to the established view is the cutting of the last six lines of ‘Frost at Midnight’ (lines ‘marvellously describing Hartley’, according to Richard Holmes), so as to end the poem with the image of ‘silent icicles, I Quietly shining to the quiet moon’/ As Coleridge puts it in a manuscript note, the original ending lacked or obscured ‘the rondo, and return upon itself of the Poem’,1 a comment which recalls not only his remark, quoted earlier in reference to Wordsworth, that the common end or shape of all narrative (‘nay of all, Poems’) 1s circular, ‘the snake with it’s Tail in it’s Mouth’,4 but the remark’s personal or poetical application: the pattern of journey or excursion and return found in so many of his poems, including The Ancient Mariner’, The Eolian Harp’, and This Lime-tree Bower My Prison’.
Infidel Spenceans: George Cannon and rationalist philosophy
Authors: Mccalman Iain
Published: November 2023

Like those of Evans and Wedderburn, George Cannon’s background and early life are obscure, but when he first emerged on the London scene in 1812 he appeared to be a young man of very different cast from his two future associates. He was more than twenty-five years younger, having been born in Middlesex in 1789, and his social standing was superior. At about the time Wedderburn was accused of stealing from a master tailor and Evans of swindling and blackmail, Cannon was admitted to Staple Inn to train as a solicitor. His radical connections were also more respectable: in 1812, the same year that Evans befriended seedy Arthur Thistlewood, Cannon became one of the 100 founder members of Major Cartwright’s Union for Parliamentary Reform. His fellow signatories included wealthy banker-brewer Timothy ‘Equality’ Brown, Horne Tooke’s friend, Colonel William Bosville, and radical notables, Cobbett, Sir Charle:; Wobeley and Burdett.
The ultra-radical march of mind: politics, religion and respectability
Authors: Mccalman Iain
Published: November 2023

In a series of intelligence reports filed towards the end of the 1820s the government’s most reliable and conscientious spy, Abel Hall, pronounced the death of the old Spencean ultra-radical underworld. Hall, a Finsbury tailor and ex-Cato Street conspirator who had been recruited as a spy in prison in 1820, reported that his former ‘dangerous’ associates of ten years earlier had changed their dispositions, opinions and principles. Not only had they become preoccupied with earning a living like everyone else, but they had also ceased plotting ‘revolution or riot’ in the old way. Instead, they met openly in coffee-houses to read and discuss the news of the day.
A Crisis of Love and Faith
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Mary sinclair was in many ways an unlikely candidate for the role of philosopher-poet. In 1886 she was living in obscurity in North Wales with her mother and Reginald, the last brother still at home, and few people knew that she was the author of Nakiketas and Other Poems, published in that year under the pseudonym ‘Julian Sinclair’. In later years Sinclair would he acclaimed as one of the few brilliant women philosophers of her time-one of the only philosophers in England to defend idealist thought against the onslaught of mathematical philosophy and logic.1 But in the late I88os that kind of recognition was far in the future. Sinclair was still not sure of her own view of the world: the intellectual and emotional perplexity that had shaped Nakiketas continued to trouble her as she searched in vain for rational proof of God’s existence.
Experiments in Poetry
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

A few years before the outbreak of the war that affected May Sinclair so profoundly, she received an unexpected early morning call from fellow writers Richard Aldington, H.D., and Ezra Pound. When Sinclair ‘opened the studio apartment door’, H.D. reports, her ‘somewhat Queen Mary bang or fringe was done up in curl papers’. H.D. ‘tugged at Richard’s sleeve to suggest that we go home, but Ezra had already swung on into the studio. May Sinclair made no reference to her early morning appearance.’ Sinclair’s composure in the face of this invasion reveals both her habitual politeness, and the extent to which she felt at home with, and attracted by, her friends’ Bohemian unpredictability. On this occasion Pound whirled through her rooms ‘flinging books from a table in May Sinclair’s studio on to an inaccessible shelf that ran under the high sloping roof’. Pound was indignant on Sinclair’s behalf, telling her ‘people impose on you’.1 The books were all gifts from aspiring young poets and novelists, who had sent them to Sinclair in the hope of securing her advice and support.
The American: Henry James at Work
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

James later believed that he had written The American, the novel which followed Roderick Hudson, too hastily in 1875—6. He had certainly begun at speed. To F. P. Church, editor of the Galaxy where he hoped his novel would appear, he wrote on 1 December 1875 that ‘I have got at work upon one sooner than I expected, and particularly desire it to come out without delay’ (HJL ii. 8—9). On 3 February 1876 he referred to his hurry in a letter to Howells (in whose Atlantic Monthly, after a disagreement with Church, the novel eventually came out), noting that ‘It was the only subject mature enough in my mind to use immediately’ (HJL ii. 22). When he reread the story for the New York Edition, however, thirty years later, the value of the subject struck him as a reason to regret his previous treatment of it.
Perspectives in The Portrait of a Lady
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

James’s cousin Minny Temple died of consumption in America in 1870 while James was at Great Malvern. Ten years later The Portrait of a Lady was unimpededly under way; a work whose germ James recalled in his NYE Preface years later as residing in his ‘grasp of a single character’ (LC ii. rn75). The ‘single character’ in the book is Isabel Archer; but James’s ‘grasp’, his sense of ‘complete possession’ as he calls it, was derived from his knowledge of the remarkable girl dead a decade before.
The Values of The Aspern Papers
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

These hours of backward clearness come to all men and women, once at least, when they read the past in the light of the present, with the reasons of things, like unobserved finger-posts, protruding where they never saw them before. The journey behind them is mapped out and figured, with its false steps, its wrong observations, all its infatuated, deluded geography (The Bostonians).
A Decent Perfection: The Lesson of the Master
Authors: Horne Philip
Published: November 2023

Stories of literary and sexual passion intersect and threaten to frustrate each other in The Lesson of the Master (1888; first book publication 1892), whose hero Paul Overt, an aspiring young writer, seems at the end to consummate his professional aspirations by writing a probably great novel, but to forfeit his personal ones by not proposing to the woman he loves. In so choosing, and most of all in seeing the two questions as a choice, Overt is greatly influenced by the title’s ‘Master’, an older novelist called Henry St George, who confesses in a dramatic scene to having wasted his early promise and attributes his comparative failure to the constraints of non-bohemian marriage, which he represents as incompatible with the discipline and purity of a true artistic career. Yet St George himself, left a widower by his philistine first wife during Oven’s subsequent productive absence on the Continent, becomes engaged to marry the young woman Overt admires—announcing, as if to be consistent with his earlier ‘lesson’, that he has given up the life of writing altogether.
Preface
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

Mrs Oliphant won a name for herself as an exceptionally prolific and accomplished writer in the highly competitive market of Victorian literature’s golden age. Carlyle and Gladstone paid tribute to her non-fiction. Darwin was allegedly an avid reader of her novels, but that, as Mrs Oliphant herself remarked, was a barbed compliment, since he claimed to ‘like all if moderately good, and if they do not end unhappily’.
Women’s Sphere
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

In 1859 Florence Nightingale had privately printed her passionate outburst, Cassandra, on the lot of women of the mid-nineteenth-century leisured classes. Silent suffering, she claimed, had been enshrined by a patriarchal society, as the highest way in which women could emulate the life of Christ. Presenting women with this passive or negative ideal encouraged guilt and self-doubt inasmuch as it refined the moral instincts without providing a sphere in which to exercise them. Women who had been taught to repress and deny their passions wasted their undervalued time in guilty dreams of an Ideal all too often located in a male saviour figure. Marriage did not liberate; it merely completed the systematic robbery and enslavement of women who had been brought up to believe that there was no time they could call their own, without fear of offending or hurting someone. Ironically, Nightingale suffered this bitter denunciation of the psychological deprivations of women, which she had originally assembled as early as 1852, to be silenced by the advice of two male counsellors: J. S. Mill and Benjamin Jowett.
Women in Relationship
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

This vision of a feminist press, expounded only a year before Mrs Oliphant’s own death, was inspired by the death of her old friend Lady Cloncurry, a former society beauty, and noted for her anti-suffragist views. The paradox is informative: on the one hand one could reasonably argue that ‘thoughtless and indifferent men’ had littered the pages of Mrs Oliphant’s fiction from the beginning, but she conceives of ‘these stories’ as a new departure because they would be written for women. She knew that success as a writer had depended upon her capacity to appeal to male as well as female readers, and this had involved muting part of her personal convictions.
A Woman of Letters
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

At the outset of her career as a Maga reviewer Mrs Oliphant drew a whimsical picture that seems to prefigure those brief portraits in which Virginia Woolf often sought to convey her sense of the difficulties against which women writers battled. In this passage Mrs Oliphant conjures up the complexity of the historical transformation she has observed. The Muse of History, a solemn matronly figure on a pedestal, who inspired the long line of male historians descending from Edward Gibbon, has metamorphosed into the woman as historian. The nineteenth-century Muse of History, substituted by Mrs Oliphant, has not just descended from her pedestal of classical privilege, but has quietly taken over and changed the nature of the historian’s profession. The figure serves as a fitting introduction for a chapter discussing the problems and opportunities faced by a professional woman writer conscious of entering a market-place so long dominated by male traditions and practices.
The Woman and her Art: An Assessment
Authors: Jay Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

The novel in which this remark occurs was written in I 872, before her sons were old enough to be judged to have made a lamentable failure ‘in general life’, but Mrs Oliphant was in no doubt that it was in this wider arena that they must make their mark. She was similarly aware that her other creations, her fiction and non-fiction, would achieve a valuation in the general market-place, irrespective of the special circumstances of her own life. Feminist studies have often been accused of evading critical responsibility, either in the interests of the prior task of reclaiming neglected voices, or from a desire to resist the contamination of the male values so firmly imprinted on the traditional tests of literary greatness. Unfortunately, neither of these positions do much credit to their women subjects or to literary studies: rather they imply a view that reduces literature, of whatever calibre, to the status of a useful historical source; and the refusal to engage in critical dialogue only reinforces the suspicions indulged in by those outside the ghetto thus created.
Revival, 1663–1669
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

THERE were relatively few published allusions to Milton during the period we have now reached. His tribute to Shakespeare was reprinted in the third folio edition of the plays (1663-4) with neither his name nor his initials attached, though his initials had appeared in the 1640 Poems. A second edition of James Heath’s A Brief Chronicle of the Late Intestine Warr (1663) made passing reference to the man (‘since stricken with blindness’) who had answered Salmasius and had written Eikonoklastes (‘since deservedly burnt’). ‘Thus’, said the historian, Salmasius ‘triumphed by the pen’. Cabala (1663), a burlesque treatment of the defeated nonconformists, glanced once at Milton and Goodwin, as did also Pierre Nicol’s The Pernicious Consequences of the New Heresie (1666). In Considerations and Proposals in Order to the Regulation of the Press (1663) Roger L’Estrange cited among ‘treasonous and seditious pamphlets’ Milton’s as yet unpunished Tenure of Kings and Magistrates but without naming its author. However, for seven consecutive years beginning in 1664, ‘Blind Milton’ was mentioned as a November joke in Poor Robin, a satiric almanac. In 1668 David Lloyd recalled in pious Memoires that ‘M.’ had questioned the royal authorship of Eikon Basilike, and the following year a reprint of John Wilkins’s Ecclesiastes may have reminded some new readers that Milton was an advocate of divorce. But that was all.
Last Days, 1669–1674
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

ALHOUGH Milton had printed nothing in the six years between 1660 and 1667, during the final six years of his life he published one or more books every year. But this burst of activity was not, for the most part, the product of any new urge to composition. Two factors seem to have been responsible’. First, half a dozen London booksellers were making the discovery that writings by John Milton had commercial value, and they persuaded the blind author to go through his papers with a view to their quite unsuspected needs. They were interested in the manuscripts of his Latin grammar, his little handbook of logic, his unfinished history of Britain, his short history of Russia, his official letters of state, his private letters, even his academic exercises done as a student at Cambridge. They were interested in a possible new edition of his minor poetry (that totally unsuccessful bid for recognition!), and Simmons, of course, was interested in a possible revision of the highly successful epic. Milton himself, aged sixty in 1669, evidently welcomed the inquiries of publishers as a means of setting his literary house in order.
Epilogue
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

LOHN MILTON’s posthumous life-his early crowning as an English classic, his lighthouse stature amidst storms and shifting tides of taste, his powerful literary influence and the influence of some of his ideas-could well be the subject of another book, and, indeed, books and doctoral dissertations have been written on some of these matters. The story of his after-fame can be told bibliographically (a book yet to be written), or as chapters in histories of literature, or criticism, or thought, or pedagogy, or scholarship. It can be told almost dispassionately now, after three hundred years, though perhaps the most conspicuous fact to be reported is that the character and personality of this man have aroused deep admiration and intense dislike in many people from the time of his death to the present day. In 1687 William Winstanley growled, ‘His fame is gone out like a candle in a snuff and his memory will always stink’- and then proceeded to include him in his collection of 147 Most Famous English Poets. Nearly a hundred years later, Dr. Johnson felt, spoke, and acted the same way. The paradox has proved timeless; noisy partisanship is still awed by Paradise Lost. In our own century, while some have been concerned to ‘de-Massonize’ Milton (a Smart expression) and still others have been concerned to dethrone him as a tyrannical influence on poetry, a vigorous, expanding literary scholarship in America has found him an increasingly attractive subject for research and criticism. I have had the strange experience of trying to dissuade one of my own students from praying to Milton every night. She was a Roman Catholic nun, and she had found him a saint, despite his harsh pronouncements on her religion. She was less like Hilaire Belloc, who saw him as a great poet with unfortunate convictions, than like Carlyle, who called him ‘the moral King of authors’. It would seem that both Paradise Lost and Milton the man still have power to move us.
Hellenistic Fortifications From the Aegean to the Euphrates
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P
Published: November 2023

The fortifications built around Greek cities for their defence and protection are among the most impressive of ancient remains. In breadth and detail Anthony McNicoll analysed and illustrated over a score of fortified sites on the basis of personal knowledge and inspection, ranging from Ephesus and Assos on the Aegean to Dura Europus on the Euphrates, and spanning the development from the fourth-century Mausolean great circuit of Halicarnassus to the first-century cross-wall at Miletus. The individual studies provide a valuable publication of some little known material and support not only a technical and architectural history, but an explanation of what was built in broader terms. Anthony McNicoll's Oxford doctoral thesis `Hellenistic Fortifications from Aegean to the Euphrates' was much acknowledged by A. W. Lawrence (the author of Greek Aims in Fortification, OUP 1979), and has been highly praised by a number of scholars who have consulted it. Revised here for publication, it has been updated in the light of recent scholarship in a final chapter by N. P. Milner.
The Attalids And Southern Asia Minor
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P
Published: November 2023

In autumn 190 BC Roman and allied forces defeated the army of Antiochus the Great at the Battle of Magnesia. The initial peace terms laid down by the Scipios involved Seleucid withdrawal from cis-Tauric Asia. This principle was agreed upon by the senate,2 and finally included in the treaty drawn up by the decemvirs in 188 BC.
Boats Of The World
Authors: McGrail Seán
Published: November 2023

Maritime archaeology, the study of man's early encounter with the rivers and seas of the world, only came to the fore in the last decades of the twentieth century, long after its parent discipline, terrestrial archaeology, had been established. Yet there were seamen long before there were farmers, navigators before there were potters, and boat builders before there were wainwrights. In this book Professor McGrail attempts to correct some of the imbalance in our knowledge of the past by presenting the evidence for the building and use of early water transport: rafts, boats, and ships. Professor McGrail presents a history of water transport as it has developed over millennia, from before 40,000 BC to the mid-second millennium AD. The coverage is world-wide: from the Baltic and North Seas to the Bay of Bengal and the Tasman Sea; and from the Gulf of Mexico to the China Seas and the Baring Strait.
Egypt
Authors: McGrail Seán
Published: November 2023

There is no single agreed chronology for Ancient Egypt. Three authors who have recently written about the nautical aspects of Egypt each use a different chronology: Vinson (1994: s) bases his account on one published by Murnane in 1983; D. Jones (1995: 7) uses dates published by Baines and Malik in 1980; whilst Wachsmann (1998: 345) uses a chronology published by Kitchen in 1987. I have chosen to use the chronology published by James (1983) in a widely available text. For the non-specialist there are only minor differences between these four chronologies.
The Mediterranean
Authors: McGrail Seán
Published: November 2023

The Mediterranean probably has a wider range of evidence for early vessels than any other region. It may not have the volume of representational evidence known from Egypt; nor the number of medieval wrecks documented in Atlantic Europe: but it does have extensive documentary and iconographic evidence, which both precedes and is contemporary with an impressive array of excavated material. On the other hand, with some outstanding exceptions, Mediterranean underwater wreck sites (of which there are, at present, nearly 1,200 dating from before AD 1500-Parker, 1992) have, until recently, been primarily investigated for information about the cargo rather than ship’s structure: in this field the full archaeological potential of these sites is not yet being realized.
South-East Asia
Authors: McGrail Seán
Published: November 2023

Away from the Equator, the region has a tropical cli mate, with clearly defined wet and dry seasons, and north-north-east monsoon winds during October April, when it is relatively dry and cool; and south south-west winds during the northern summer months of May-September, when it is hot and wet. Within 5° of the Equator there is an equatorial climate, with a number of prevailing winds: in the Celebes Sea, north-north-west in October-April, and south-south east in May-September; and from the Java Seas to the Banda Seas, from the west in October-April, and from the east in May-September (Bellwood, 1985: 9--15). These seasonal winds, equatorial and tropical, have strongly influenced trading patterns throughout south-east Asia.
Oceania
Authors: McGrail Seán
Published: November 2023

Oceania is defined here as the islands of the southern Pacific Ocean and of the adjacent seas to the west; in cultural/linguistic terms these are the islands of Polynesia, Micronesia, and eastern Melanesia (Fig. 9.1). The Polynesian islands lie within a vast triangle with sides 3,500-4,000 nautical miles in length, and with apexes in New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter island. The east Melanesian islands lie to the west of Polynesia and east south-east of island south-east Asia; whilst Micronesia, with its nearly 3,000 islands, is to the north of Melanesia and east of the Philippines. These islands can be divided into two physical groups by reference to the Jndesite Line’ which runs northwards to the east of New Zealand and Tonga; generally north-westwards between Melanesia and Micronesia, passing to the north of Fiji, the Solomons, and the Bismarck archipelago; then northwards to the west of most of Micronesia (R. Green, 1991: fig. 1, 495; Irwin, 1992: fig. 1).
The North-Western Greek System
Authors: Winter Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Two important sanctuaries at Thermon and Calydon in Aetolia gave birth to a local school of architectural terracottas in north-western Greece during the second half of the seventh century BC, initially influencing also the island of Corfu (Map 3) before that island evolved its own style based on the Western Greek system (see Chapter 12).1The north-western Greek system combines elements which are traditionally separate and distinctive features of the Corinthian and Laconian systems: Corinthian-style flat pan tiles with upward-curving side borders, and pitched cover tiles; Laconian-style semicircular ridge tiles, geison tiles, antefix plaques which overhang below the bottom of the cover tile backer, and tiles which are often painted black or red. Some of these features could have evolved from Protocorinthian roofs (see Chapter 3; Fig. 1a-b). Unique to this system at this time, and possibly of local invention-unless the idea was brought from Sikyon-is the predilection for human heads decorating antefixes, often alternating with waterspouts in the form of lion heads, male heads, or Silen heads, creating the effect of an almost continuous lateral sima along the eaves, set above projecting geison tiles with a painted tongue pattern on the soffit.
Shapes and Materials
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: November 2023

In shapes and materials, Hellenistic gem-engravers introduced a remarkable number of innovative features, being open to various influences which they mainly derived from the East. At the same time, however, the links with Classical glyptic remained visible. The influence of Italiot glyptic can also be traced in several instances.
Body Culture:]. P. Muller’s Gymnastic System and the Ascetic Ideal
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M
Published: November 2023

The ]ugendstil impulse to aestheticize the body was intricately related to another movement, at once complementary and antagonistic to this aestheticization, that sought to vitalize, harden, cleanse, and ‘modernize’ the body. In the Kunstwart’s issue of August 1904, under the title ‘Body Culture’, a certain Heberlin objects to fin-de-siecle ‘decadence’, to the woman ‘who can neither stretch upwards nor bend to the floor’, to the dandy ‘who uses only cars and lifts rather than his legs’, to all creatures physically debilitated by modern forms of urban life (410). He also rails against the deformation of the body brought about by clothing, against the ‘stiffening and crippling of[women’s] hips and feet’, which is only part of a more general, physically inhibiting process of socialization (411). To counteract these symptoms of decadence he recommends to his readers an American exercise manual that sets forth a ‘complete system’ of ‘psychic, aesthetic and physical culture’.
Feudal Links and the Role of Arthur and His Court
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth
Published: November 2023

There is thematic coherence throughout the work, as we have seen, but other means are also used to weave the individual threads of knights’ adventures into a firm texture. At the centre of the web are Arthur and his court, as the examination of the thematic structure in Chapters II and III has already shown. No knight can truly be said to have made his name until he has won a reputation at Arthur’s court and a seat at the Round Table; the inspiration which enables Lancelot to perform the feats which gain him this reputation is also to be found at Arthur’s court in the person of the Queen. Lancelot has lost his father, his land, and his identity because of Arthur’s failure to protect his vassal Ban, but he establishes his identity and re-establishes that of Guinevere through saving Arthur’s person, his kingdom, his Queen, and his Round Table. It is Arthur’s nephew Gauvain, acknowledged leader of the Knights of the Round Table, who sets out to uncover the identity of the Unknown Knight, who provides a measuring-rod for Lancelot’s achievement, and who eventually presents him at court as the greatest knight of all. It is this unifying function of Arthur’s court which we will examine further here.
The Lake and Arthurian magic
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth
Published: November 2023

A certain marvellous element, suggesting a world in which events occur mysteriously, is a necessary part of Arthurian romance even in a work like the PL which, as we have seen, gives particular emphasis to a feudal framework characteristic of human society and tends to keep magic in its place. As one might well expect in a romance in which Lancelot of the Lake is the main hero, this marvellous element is centred in the Lake, and, although by definition it implies mysterious happenings rather than a natural sequence of events, it nevertheless helps to give a certain cohesion to the work.
The Drifter Narratives OF Emergence
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2023

Barthes’s drift is a response to the violence inscribed within meaning: violence and meaning are for him inseparable because of his model of language, in which meaning is generated by binary opposites which function in an apparently value-free way, but which on a deeper level divide up the world in an imperious and surreptitiously evaluative fashion. These were the themes I examined in my last chapter, and I now want to broaden the argument to look at other aspects of drift, notably those that are susceptible to narrativization—how Barthes goes about putting his drift into practice.
Frames And Names
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2023

What is the effect of a frame? The frame opens up and controls a space of representation, positioning the spectator as looking into a field of vision. According to Barthes, representation is defined by its reliance on a geometrical figure rather than by its attempt to copy the real. In ‘Diderot, Brecht, Eisenstein’, he notes: ‘il restera toujours de la “représentation”, tant qu’un sujet (auteur, lecteur, spectateur ou voyeur) portera son regard vers un horizon et y découpera la base d’un triangle dont son reil (ou son esprit) sera le sommet’. This applies to classical painting, theatre, cinema, but also to ‘le di.scours litteraire classique (lisible)’, which, ‘abandonnant depuis longtemps la prosodic, la musique, est un discours représentatif, géométrique, en tant qu’il découpe des morceaux pour les peindre’.
The Scribbler
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2023

Toscribble: to write or draw in a hasty or illegible manner; to make meaningless or illegible marks; and, in derogatory or facetious con¬ texts, to write in general—novels, poems, plays. The etymology of ‘scribble’ is from the medieval Latin scribillare, meaning to write hastily, from Latin scribere, to write. But there is another meaning too: to scribble can be to card (wool, for example). Its etymology in this case is probably from a Low German cognate of schrubben, which gives us the verb to scrub—to rub a surface hard in order to clean it; to remove dirt; and, in informal contexts, to delete or cancel. These etymological notes introduce the theme of this chapter: is writing addition or subtraction, scribbling or scrubbing—or, indeed, the other form of scraping known as sculpting? Barthes’s work plays off these figures of writing against each other.
Excursus Contra Vocem
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2023

The opposition between ‘speech’ and ‘writing’ has been a theme running throughout my discussion. Barthes shares this interest with Derrida. But whereas the latter examines it from a predominantly philosophical point of view, Barthes invests it with a certain existential passion of his own. For he actively dislikes the voice—dislikes it in so far as it says something. Where his theories touch on the voice, he will almost always attempt to free the voice from what it says in order to tum it into yet another organ of writing.
The Trauma
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2023

Jouissance is thus something of a stumbling—block-Barthes attempts to talk about it in a variety of ways in Le Plaisir du texte and elsewhere, but it does not stay conceptually or even metaphorically still. It is an ambiguous phenomenon—sometimes an experience of intense subjective pleasure, sometimes closer to fear; at times immediate and almost mystical, at others quite susceptible to historical and cmi’sal analysis. This ambiguity places jouissance in a strange space—beyond pleasure and pain. And Barthes’s hesitations (or subtleties) in seeing it as historical or (more often) transhistorical, suggests that there may be a link between its wounding and seductive force and a reality that is both historical (timebound) and ecstatic (cutting through time). As Barthes’s texts return again and again to this question of the seductive wound. I have subsumed this theme under the general rubric of what is, for psychoanalysis, the seductive wound par excellence: the trauma. My discussion therefore requires a short presentation of some of the main features of this theory of the trauma.
Poetry And Painting: Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Apollinaire, And Their Painter Friends
Authors: Bowness Alan
Published: November 2023

It is a striking fact that the three men who successively did so much to create modern French poetry—Baudelaire, Mallarme, and Apollinaire—were all deeply responsive to the visual art of their contemporaries, and had many painter friends. There is no precedent for this in any earlier phase of French literature, nor do we find any thing that is comparable in the parallel literary cultures of Germany or England. In England, it is true, one notices another strange particularity, not found elsewhere, that of the painter-poet, equally at home in two arts.
The Khārijites
Authors: Crone Patricia , Zimmermann Fritz
Published: November 2023

Sālim’s account of his own faith is almost entirely concerned with the classification of opponents and the legal consequences which flow there-from.
Sālim and Kitāb Al-Irjā
Authors: Crone Patricia , Zimmermann Fritz
Published: November 2023

Kitāb al-irjā’ is a short tract divided by van Ess into nine paragraphs. The first four paragraphs consist of a wafiyya bi’ l-taqwā and mission topos: the fifth presents the author’s doctrinal stance, while the sixth briefly defends it; the seventh and eighth contain polemics against the Saba‘iyya; and the ninth reiterates that ‘this is our stance’. The component parts, then, are similar to Salim’s.
The Beginnings of Research into Greek Pottery
Authors: Rouet Philippe
Published: November 2023

The efforts of nineteenth-century archaeologists to put together a history of artists had a great deal in common with the way in which vases were received during the neo-classical aesthetic phase.
Pottier and the Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum
Authors: Rouet Philippe
Published: November 2023

This alone would be enough to show that the CVA was produced in response to a real need, although it has of course evolved since its beginnings. In terms of its content the change is quite appreciable, since its creator originally intended that it should publish all the vases of the Mediterranean world and the Near and Far East, the pottery of prehistoric Europe, undecorated vases, and so on.
The Transmission of Truth: The theme of translatio in the later Chroniques
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F
Published: November 2023

The later books of the Chroniques do not cast aside the staple of combat, tournaments, embassies, diplomacy, and royal marriages or ceremonial entries, but the overall topical balance does appear gradually to shift, particularly towards the end of Book III, to allow for a greater prominence to be given to a small number of themes more narrowly related to the issues of kingship and governance. In one sense, this is simply a reflection of the chronicler’s sensitivity to changes in political atmosphere. Events themselves determine, to a greater or lesser extent, what is there to be written about. In the context adopted in this study, however, what should preoccupy us is the manner in which the text articulates or depicts these events. By dint of its unique selection, deletion, and combination of themes or situations, Froissart’s writing presents us with a vision of late medieval aristocratic society in which strong emphasis is given to the tensions prevailing between sovereign and vassal, marmouset, and apanaged prince, all in a generalized context of political danger, intrigue, and turbulence.
The Body Hispanic
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

This is the first book to analyse Spanish and Spanish American literature in the light of modern theories of sexuality. Its aim is twofold: to provide a readable introduction to the varied and complex treatments of sexuality since Freud; and to read, in this context, a representative selection of major texts from different areas of Hispanic studies - Renaissance, modern peninsular, and Spanish American. The writers discussed include Fuentes, Neruda, Lorca, and Galdós.
Writing Women In The Golden Age
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

In the presidential address he delivered to the Modern Language Association of America in 1986 J. Hillis Miller’ notes how the ‘triumph of theory’ has been linked to an additional (and sometimes contradictory) move towards the study of the material base: history, culture, society, politics, and gender (p. 283). This internal cleavage (which cannot be reduced to simple opposition) is reproduced within the most successful of the new critical movements, that of women’s studies. One great contribution made by this field is that it has superseded the old dichotomies of public and private, literary and social, by proposing a politics of the body which cannot be confined within the traditional restraints. There has also been a secondary benefit. Women’s studies have opened up a discursive space in which men can also attempt to examine their own practice as critics.
Galdòs, Valera, Lacan
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

To attempt a reading of the nineteenth-century novel in the light of psychoanalytic theory is to be confronted by a series of obstacles. Would-be psychoanalytic critics often deal in archetypes (the negation of history) and prescription (the normalization of the subject). They seek to dissect the author or character, as if the first were immediately accessible and the second endowed with autonomous existence. And they are frequently tempted by the lure of the allegorical reading, that which substitutes latent for manifest (penis for pen) in the quest for ‘original’ or ‘authentic’ meaning invisible, yet accessible, beneath the surface accident of the text. All of the above tendencies I call ‘psychologist’ rather than ‘psychoanalytical’. That is, they constitute a vulgarized simplification of the enterprise initiated by Freud. In her book Psychoanalytic Criticism: Theory in Practice (London and New York, 1984) Elizabeth Wright suggests an attractive model for the critic who seeks to reconcile history and subjectivity, language and mind, in a properly rigorous manner. She writes: ‘Psychoanalysis explores what happens when primordial desire gets directed into social goals, when bodily needs become subjected to the mould of culture. Through language, desire becomes subject to rules, and yet this language cannot define the body’s experience accurately’ (p. 1). The lack of correlation between desire and culture is stated very clearly here: the linguistic and the somatic intersect (but do not coincide) in the figure of the body.
Neruda, Vallejo, Marx
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

Marxist literary theory is currently unfashionable in Europe and the United States. This is partly the result of the critiques it has suffered at the hands of such thinkers as Foucault and the apostles of post-modernism. But perhaps the most damaging charge made against orthodox Marxism is that it cannot provide an adequate answer to the questions raised by gender and sexuality. Typical of recent criticism is Toril Moi’s claim that while Marxism has proved valuable as a precedent for the (feminist) study of significant gaps or absences in hegemonic texts, there is now no coherent body of Marxist-feminist theory to challenge the dominance of the French and North American schools (Sexual/Textual Politics, pp. 93-4). In the seventies a number of mainly British women did indeed attempt syntheses of Marxism and feminism. Thus Ann Foreman, for example, compares the position of woman to that of the proletariat in Femininity as Alienation (London, 1977):
The Myth of the Seigneur
Authors: Dine Philip
Published: November 2023

Having considered the preoccupation, as much journalistic as artistic, with the elite combat units which formed the cutting edge of the French military presence in Algeria, it is now possible to examine the literary imaging of the men responsible for deploying both these forces and the mass of drafted military manpower: that is to say, the senior officers in charge of the paratroopers’ search and-destroy missions and the conscripts’ quadrillage duties. Of these senior ranks, that of colonel is by far the most important, both in literary and historical terms: a fact which may straightforwardly be understood in terms of the post-ludo-China politicization of the French officer corps, and especially of those colonels commanding the parachute regiments in Algeria.
Anti-Colonialist Commitment: Camus’s Uninvited Guest
Authors: Dine Philip
Published: November 2023

Since Camus’s premature death in 1960, two tendencies have become apparent in critical studies of his work. Most commentators have tended to concentrate on the ‘universal’ novelist and philosopher: the popular perception of Camus as what one of his most memorable characters, Tarrou in La Peste [published as The Plague], describes as ‘un saint sans Dieu’ [a saint without God]. They have consequently played down the properly Algerian dimension of Camus’s writing, and especially the pied-noir specificity of his fiction. Thus it is that an American critic can argue that: ‘The Guest [‘L’Hote’] has nothing to teach about the Algerian conflict, except insofar as its problems were those of all conflicts, in all ages and in all places, between all sorts of people and for all sorts of reasons’.
Identity and Identification
Authors: Wilson Emma
Published: November 2023

In Le Temps retrouvé Proust, meditating on identification and desire, makes reference to the potential of a queer reader. He begins in definite terms: ‘ ’ écrivain ne doit pas s’offenser quel’inverti donneéses héro’ines un visage masculin’. Indeed This statement itself, and the way in which it is framed in the text, are of specific relevance to my argument here. In the chapter that follows I will stress that it is of some considerable significance that Proust should make use of the dislocating ex­perience of the queer reader, who reads against the constraints of a socially and textually coercive heterosexual matrix, in order to develop a theory of reception which undermines authorial intention and authority, and privileges instead the act of the interpreter.
Reading Albertine’s Sexuality; or, ‘Why not Think of Marcel Simply as a Lesbian?’
Authors: Wilson Emma
Published: November 2023

I began the previous chapter by alluding at some length to the model of reading differently offered by Proust in Le Temps retrouvé. In the chapter that follows I will question how far Proust may be seen to engage his own reader in a reading practice which becomes necessarily a performance of destabilized desire. If, in dramatizing the narrator’s deluded quest for knowledge of Albertine, Proust may be seen both to form and reflect the experience of his external reader, what effect may this be said to have on our own construction of desire? What, indeed, are the effects of the proximity posited by Proust between reading and desire? And what is the possible effect of a desiring reader on the text? In a recent study of sexuality in Proust’s A la recherche du temps perdu^ Kaja Silverman asks the leading question: ‘Why not think of Marcel simply as a lesbian?’ This seems effectively a new turn in analyses of desire in Proust. Albertine, the character whose name appears most frequently in Proust’s novel, has long been the focus of intense critical debate where Proust’s analysts seek to answer questions which Proust’s own narrator appears to find insoluble.
Jorge Eduardo Eielson: The Boundaries of the Poem
Authors: Rowe William
Published: November 2023

Eielson’s writings, particularly since 1950, explore what happens when the visual space occupied by a text becomes an inherent part of the work itself and the way it is read, rather than a material support of little importance. In this sense, it forms part of a tradition whose leading exponent is Mallarme. Nevertheless, as will be seen, Eielson extends the role of the visual space in poetry into new areas, radically redefining literary language and establishing a link with the cosmology of the past seventy years.