bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of ultrasound-guided tissue sampling techniques in the management of extra-ocular orbital lesions
Authors: Timmis Antonia , Touska Philip , Uddin Jimmy , Pilcher James
Published: March 2018

Background

Multiple disease processes may arise within the orbit and imaging plays a vital role in the evaluation of such lesions. The anterior orbital contents are readily amenable to evaluation by ultrasonography. Furthermore, the modality can be used to guide tissue sampling (fine needle aspiration or core biopsy) and may obviate the requirement for invasive surgical biopsy.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective review of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations/core biopsies of extra-ocular orbital lesions undertaken at our institution. The anatomical locations, sonographic appearances and sampling techniques were analysed.

Results

There were 7 fine needle aspirations and 1 core biopsy carried out during the period analysed. Multimodality imaging was available in all cases. The majority of lesions were located in the region of the lacrimal gland. All procedures were well-tolerated and there were no post-procedure complications.

Conclusion

Many extra-ocular, orbital neoplasms are amenable to ultrasound-guided tissue sampling and the procedure is well tolerated. However, a clear understanding of orbital anatomy, differential diagnosis and technique is required to enable safe sampling. Furthermore, a collaborative, multimodality approach is imperative for optimal patient management.
Well-Being With Soul: Science in Pursuit of Human Potential
Authors: Ryff Carol D.
Published: March 2018

This essay examines core contributions of a model of psychological well-being that has had widespread scientific impact. It drew on distant formulations to identify new dimensions and measures for assessing what it means to be well. Key themes among the more than 750 studies using the model are sketched, followed by reflections about why there has been so much interest in this eudaimonic approach to well-being. A final section looks to the future, proposing new directions to illuminate the forces that work against the realization of human potential as well as those that nurture human flourishing and self-realization.
The framing effect in a monetary gambling task is robust in minimally verbal language switching contexts
Authors: Korn Christoph W , Heekeren Hauke R , Oganian Yulia
Published: March 2018

Decision-making biases, in particular the framing effect, can be altered in foreign language settings (foreign language effect) and following switching between languages (the language switching effect on framing). Recently, it has been suggested that the framing effect is only affected by foreign language use if the task is presented in a rich textual form. Here, we assess whether an elaborate verbal task is also a prerequisite for the language switching effect on framing. We employed a financial gambling task that induces a robust framing effect but is less verbal than the classical framing paradigms (e.g., the Asian disease problem). We conducted an online experiment ( n = 485), where we orthogonally manipulated language use and language switching between trials. The results showed no effects of foreign language use or language switching throughout the experiment. This online result was confirmed in a laboratory experiment ( n = 27). Overall, we find that language switching does not reduce the framing effect in a paradigm with little verbal content and thus that language switching effects seem contingent on the amount of verbal processing required.
Effect of Head Impact Exposures on Changes in Cognitive Testing
Authors: Diakogeorgiou Eleni , Miyashita Theresa L.
Published: March 2018

Background:

Gaining a better understanding of head impact exposures may lead to better comprehension of the possible effects of repeated impact exposures not associated with clinical concussion.

Purpose:

To assess the correlation between head impacts and any differences associated with cognitive testing measurements pre- and postseason.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 34 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men’s lacrosse players wore lacrosse helmets instrumented with an accelerometer during the 2014 competitive season and were tested pre- and postseason with the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT 3) and Concussion Vital Signs (CVS) computer-based neurocognitive tests. The number of head impacts >20 g and results from the 2 cognitive tests were analyzed for differences and correlation.

Results:

There was no significant difference between pre- and postseason SCAT 3 scores, although a significant correlation between pre- and postseason cognitive scores on the SCAT 3 and total number of impacts sustained was noted ( r = –0.362, P = .035). Statistically significant improvements on half of the CVS testing components included visual reaction time ( P = .037, d = 0.37), reaction time ( P = .001, d = 0.65), and simple reaction time ( P = .043, d = 0.37), but no correlation with head impacts was noted.

Conclusion:

This study did not find declines in SCAT 3 or CVS scores over the course of a season among athletes who sustained multiple head impacts but no clinical concussion. Thus, it could not be determined whether there was no cognitive decline among these athletes or whether there may have been subtle declines that could not be measured by the SCAT 3 or CVS.
Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by combined molecular and immunological methods
Authors: Jafari Claudia , Olaru Ioana D. , Daduna Franziska , Ernst Martin , Heyckendorf Jan , Lange Christoph , Kalsdorf Barbara
Published: March 2018

Diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) may be delayed until culture results become available.

We ascertained the accuracy of a stepwise diagnostic algorithm for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary TB by GeneXpert from sputum and/or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) followed by aMycobacterium tuberculosis-specific BAL ELISPOT assay in patients with a suspected diagnosis of pulmonary TB at a clinical referral centre in Germany.

Among 166 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of pulmonary TB, 81 cases were confirmed byM. tuberculosisculture from sputum and/or BAL. In 66 out of 81 (81.5%) cases, patients initially hadM. tuberculosisdetected by GeneXpert from sputum; in addition, six out of 81 (7.4%) cases were diagnosed by GeneXpert on BAL fluid (together 72 out of 81 (88.9%) patients). Out of the remaining nine patients with negative GeneXpert results from sputum and BAL, BAL ELISPOT identified eight patients with culture-confirmed TB correctly (median time to culture positivity 26 days). At a cut-off of >4000 early secretory antigenic target-6- or culture filtrate protein-10-specific interferon-γ-producing lymphocytes per 1 000 0000 lymphocytes, the specificity of the BAL ELISPOT for active TB was 97%.

In low TB incidence countries, nearly all patients with active pulmonary TB can be identified within the first few days of clinical presentation using a stepwise strategy with GeneXpert and BAL ELISPOT.
Diving-wave FWI methodology applied to a Colombian Caribbean data set
Authors: Abreo Sergio , Ramirez Ana , Vivas Flor , Gonzalez Herling , Wiarda Edward , Martinez Robiel , Serrano Jheyston Omar , Gonzalez Camilo
Published: March 2018

Building accurate velocity models is of major interest for oil and gas companies because it improves the prospect evaluation and reduces the risk of geohazards. Full-waveform inversion (FWI) has become a popular method for finding high-resolution and accurate velocity and has been successfully applied to several offshore case studies. We develop a methodology that allows us to apply diving-wave FWI to a case study from the Colombian Caribbean area. The proposed diving-wave FWI methodology includes the wavelet estimation, velocity updates, and quality control (QC) processes. The QC is performed using the cost function, the crosscorrelation of the observed and synthetic gathers, and the analytical trace information. The first QC tool indicates the difference between observed and synthetic gathers; the other two verify that the observed and synthetic data are not cycle skipped. The velocity model obtained with the proposed methodology is the first successful case study performed in the Colombian Caribbean region. From the obtained model, we conclude that FWI is able to build a velocity model with better-resolved shallow depth areas that assist the subsequent pore pressure prediction and imaging processes.
Memorial
Authors: Amundsen Lasse , James Huw , Weglein Arthur B.
Published: March 2018

Bruce Gill Secrest 1936–2017
Hepatic Production of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Bienaimé Frank , Ambolet Ariane , Aussilhou Béatrice , Brazier François , Fouchard Marie , Viau Amandine , Barre Pauline , Tissier Anne-Marie , Correas Jean-Michel , Paradis Valérie , Terzi Fabiola , Friedlander Gérard , Knebelmann Bertrand , Joly Dominique , Prié Dominique
Published: March 2018

Context

The bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 controls phosphate homeostasis and urinary phosphate excretion. FGF23 plasma levels increase in the early stage of renal insufficiency to prevent hyperphosphatemia. Recent evidence suggests that this increase has effects on cardiac and immune cells that compromise patients’ health. Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) have been reported to have higher FGF23 concentrations than other patients with similar renal function. The significance of this finding has remained unknown.

Methods and Results

Analyzing the FGF23 plasma levels in 434 patients with ADPKD and 355 control subjects with a measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) between 60 and 120 mL/min per 1.73 m2, we confirmed that patients with ADPKD had higher FGF23 plasma concentrations than controls. Remarkably, this difference did not translate into renal phosphate leakage. Using different assays for FGF23, we found that this discrepancy was explained by a predominant increase in the cleaved C-terminal fragment of FGF23, which lacks phosphaturic activity. We found that FGF23 plasma concentration independently correlated with the severity of cystic liver disease in ADPKD. We observed that, in contrast to control liver tissues, the cystic liver from patients with ADPKD markedly expressed FGF23 messenger RNA and protein. In line with this finding, the surgical reduction of polycystic liver mass was associated with a decrease in FGF23 plasma levels independently of any modification in mGFR, phosphate, or iron status.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that severely polycystic livers produce FGF23 and increase levels of circulating FGF23 in patients with ADPKD.
Evidence Basis for Regional Anesthesia in Ambulatory Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Part I—Femoral Nerve Block
Authors: Vorobeichik Leon , Brull Richard , Joshi Girish P. , Abdallah Faraj W.
Published: March 2018

The optimal management of pain after ambulatory anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is unclear. Femoral nerve block (FNB) is purported to enhance postoperative analgesia, but its effectiveness in the setting of modern multimodal analgesia is unclear. This systematic review examines the effect of adding FNB to multimodal analgesia on analgesic outcomes after ACLR, whether or not the analgesic regimen used included local instillation analgesia (LIA). We retrieved randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of adding FNB to multimodal analgesia on analgesic outcomes after ACLR, compared to multimodal analgesia alone (control). We designated postoperative opioid consumption at 24 hours as our primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included postoperative opioid consumption at 24–48 hours, rest, and dynamic pain severity between 0 and 48 hours, time to analgesic request, postanesthesia care unit and hospital stay durations, patient satisfaction, postoperative nausea and vomiting, functional outcomes, and long-term (>1 month) quadriceps strength. Eight randomized controlled trials (716 patients) were identified. Five trials compared FNB administration to control, and another 3 compared the combination of FNB and LIA to LIA alone. Compared to control, adding FNB resulted in modest reductions in 24-hour opioid consumption in 2 of 3 trials, and improvements in rest pain at 1 hour in 1 trial and up to 24 hours in another. In contrast, the combination of FNB and LIA, compared to LIA alone, did not reduce opioid consumption in any of the trials, but it did improve pain scores at 20 minutes only in 1 trial. The effect of FNB on long-term quadriceps strength or function after ACLR was not evaluated in the reviewed trials. Contemporary evidence suggests that the benefits of adding FNB to multimodal analgesia for ACLR are modest and conflicting, but there is no incremental analgesic benefit if the multimodal analgesic regimen included LIA. Our findings do not support the routine use of FNB for analgesia in patients having ACLR.
Determination of Geolocations for Anesthesia Specialty Coverage and Standby Call Allowing Return to the Hospital Within a Specified Amount of Time
Authors: Epstein Richard H. , Dexter Franklin , Diez Christian , Potnuru Paul
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND:

For emergent procedures, in-house teams are required for immediate patient care. However, for many procedures, there is time to bring in a call team from home without increasing patient morbidity. Anesthesia providers taking subspecialty or backup call from home are required to return to the hospital within a designated number of minutes. Driving times to the hospital during the hours of call need to be considered when deciding where to live or to visit during such calls. Distance alone is an insufficient criterion because of variable traffic congestion and differences in highway access. We desired to develop a simple, inexpensive method to determine postal codes surrounding hospitals allowing a timely return during the hours of standby call.

METHODS:

Pessimistic travel times and driving distances were calculated using the Google distance matrix application programming interface for all N = 136 postal codes within 60 great circle (“straight line”) miles of the University of Miami Hospital (Miami, FL) during all 108 weekly standby call hours. A postal code was acceptable if the estimated longest driving time to return to the hospital was ≤60 minutes (the anesthesia department’s service commitment to start an urgent case during standby call). Linear regression (with intercept = 0) minimizing the mean absolute percentage difference between the distances (great circle and driving) and the pessimistic driving times to return to the hospital was performed among all 136 postal codes. Implementation software written in Python is provided.

RESULTS:

Postal codes allowing return to the studied hospital within the specified interval were identified. The linear regression showed that driving distances correlated poorly with the longest driving time to return to the hospital among the 108 weekly call hours (mean absolute percentage error = 25.1% ± 1.7% standard error [SE]; N = 136 postal codes). Great circle distances also correlated poorly (mean absolute percentage error = 28.3% ± 1.9% SE; N = 136). Generalizability of the method was determined by successful application to a different hospital in a rural state (University of Iowa Hospital).

CONCLUSIONS:

The described method allows identification of postal codes surrounding a hospital in which personnel taking standby call could be located and be able to return to the hospital during call hours on every day of the week within any specified amount of time. For areas at the perimeter of the acceptability, online distance mapping applications can be used to check driving times during the hours of standby call.
Changes in International Normalized Ratios After Plasma Transfusion of Varying Doses in Unique Clinical Environments
Authors: Warner Matthew A. , Hanson Andrew C. , Weister Timothy J. , Higgins Andrew A. , Madde Nageswar R. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Kreuter Justin D. , Kor Daryl J.
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND:

Plasma transfusion is commonly performed for the correction of abnormal coagulation screening tests. The goal of this investigation was to assess the relationship between the dose of plasma administered and changes in coagulation test results in a large and diverse cohort of patients with varying levels of coagulation abnormalities and comorbid disease and in a variety of clinical settings.

METHODS:

In this single-center historical cohort study, all plasma transfusion episodes in adult patients with abnormal coagulation screening tests were extracted between 2011 and 2015. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients attaining normal posttransfusion international normalized ratio (INR ≤ 1.1) with secondary outcomes including the proportion of patients attaining partial normalization of INR (INR ≤ 1.5) or at least 50% normalization in pretransfusion values with respect to an INR of 1.1.

RESULTS:

In total, 6779 unique patients received plasma with a median (quartiles) pretransfusion INR of 1.9 (1.6–2.5) and a median transfusion volume of 2 (2–3) units. The majority (85%) of transfusions occurred perioperatively, with 20% of transfusions administered prophylactically before a procedure. The median decrease in INR was 0.4 (0.2–0.8). Complete INR normalization was obtained in 12%. Reductions in INR were modest with pretransfusion INR values <3. Patients receiving ≥3 units of plasma were more likely to achieve at least 50% normalization in INR than those receiving ≤2 units (68% vs 60%; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Changes in INR after plasma transfusion were modest at typically used clinical doses, particularly in those with less severely deranged baseline coagulation screening tests. Further studies are necessary to assess the relationships between plasma-mediated changes in INR and clinical outcomes.
Recent advances in understanding the roles of whole genome duplications in evolution
Authors: MacKintosh Carol , Ferrier David E.K.
Published: March 2018

Ancient whole-genome duplications (WGDs)—paleopolyploidy events—are key to solving Darwin’s ‘abominable mystery’ of how flowering plants evolved and radiated into a rich variety of species. The vertebrates also emerged from their invertebrate ancestors via two WGDs, and genomes of diverse gymnosperm trees, unicellular eukaryotes, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians and even a rodent carry evidence of lineage-specific WGDs. Modern polyploidy is common in eukaryotes, and it can be induced, enabling mechanisms and short-term cost-benefit assessments of polyploidy to be studied experimentally. However, the ancient WGDs can be reconstructed only by comparative genomics: these studies are difficult because the DNA duplicates have been through tens or hundreds of millions of years of gene losses, mutations, and chromosomal rearrangements that culminate in resolution of the polyploid genomes back into diploid ones (rediploidisation). Intriguing asymmetries in patterns of post-WGD gene loss and retention between duplicated sets of chromosomes have been discovered recently, and elaborations ofsignal transductionsystems are lasting legacies from several WGDs. The data imply that simpler signalling pathways in the pre-WGD ancestors were converted via WGDs into multi-stranded parallelised networks. Genetic and biochemical studies in plants, yeasts and vertebrates suggest a paradigm in which different combinations of sister paralogues in the post-WGD regulatory networks are co-regulated under different conditions. In principle, such networks can respond to a wide array of environmental, sensory and hormonal stimuli and integrate them to generate phenotypic variety in cell types and behaviours. Patterns are also being discerned in how the post-WGD signalling networks are reconfigured in human cancers and neurological conditions. It is fascinating to unpick how ancient genomic events impact on complexity, variety and disease in modern life.
New technology to assess sleep apnea: wearables, smartphones, and accessories
Authors: Penzel Thomas , Schöbel Christoph , Fietze Ingo
Published: March 2018

Sleep medicine has been an expanding discipline during the last few decades. The prevalence of sleep disorders is increasing, and sleep centers are expanding in hospitals and in the private care environment to meet the demands. Sleep medicine has evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. However, the number of sleep centers and caregivers in this area is not sufficient. Many new methods for recording sleep and diagnosing sleep disorders have been developed. Many sleep disorders are chronic conditions and require continuous treatment and monitoring of therapy success. Cost-efficient technologies for the initial diagnosis and for follow-up monitoring of treatment are important. It is precisely here that telemedicine technologies can meet the demands of diagnosis and therapy follow-up studies. Wireless recording of sleep and related biosignals allows diagnostic tools and therapy follow-up to be widely and remotely available. Moreover, sleep research requires new technologies to investigate underlying mechanisms in the regulation of sleep in order to better understand the pathophysiology of sleep disorders. Home recording and non-obtrusive recording over extended periods of time with telemedicine methods support this research. Telemedicine allows recording with little subject interference under normal and experimental life conditions.
Recent advances in biologic therapy of asthma and the role in therapy of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Divekar Rohit , Lal Devyani
Published: March 2018

Great strides have been made in the last five years in understanding the pathology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). CRS is now accepted to be the end-stage manifestation of inflammation resultant from various pathogenetic mechanisms. This has resulted in increasing recognition of distinct CRS endotypes. Such endotypes encompass a cluster of patients with similar pathogenic mechanisms that may have common therapeutic targets and responsiveness to interventions. The elucidation of mechanisms leading to the development of chronic upper (sino-nasal) airway inflammation has to some extent paralleled investigations of aberrant pathways operant in asthma. In this review, we focus on recent developments in understanding the innate immune pathways as well as adaptive (late) immune responses in CRS and asthma and their implication as potentially modifiable targets in CRS. Specific biologic therapy (that is, monoclonal antibodies targeting cytokines, cytokine receptors, or specific key molecules targeting inflammation) is an exciting proposition for the future of medical management of CRS. As of the writing of this article, the agents described are not approved for use in CRS; many have partial approval for use in asthma or are considered experimental.
Intensity of emission lines of the quiescent solar corona: comparison between calculated and observed values
Authors: Криссинель Борис , Krissinel Boris
Published: March 2018

The paper reports the results of calculations of the center-to-limb intensity of optically thin line emission in EUV and FUV wavelength ranges. The calculations employ a multicomponent model for the quiescent solar corona. The model includes a collection of loops of various sizes, spicules, and free (inter-loop) matter. Theoretical intensity values are found from probabilities of encountering parts of loops in the line of sight with respect to the probability of absence of other coronal components. The model uses 12 loops with sizes from 3200 to 210000 km with different values of rarefaction index and pressure at the loop base and apex. The temperature at loop apices is 1 400 000 K. The calculations utilize the CHIANTI database. The comparison between theoretical and observed emission intensity values for coronal and transition region lines obtained by the SUMER, CDS, and EIS telescopes shows quite satisfactory agreement between them, particularly for the solar disk center. For the data acquired above the limb, the enhanced discrepancies after the analysis refer to errors in EIS measurements.
Electron radiation belt dynamics during magnetic storms and in quiet time
Authors: Лазутин Леонид , Lazutin Leonid , Дмитриев Алексей , Dmitriev Aleksey , Суворова Алла , Suvorova Alla
Published: March 2018

The paper discusses the dynamics of the outer electron belt, adiabatic and nonadiabatic mechanisms of replenishment and losses of energetic electrons. Under undisturbed conditions, the outer electron belt gradually empties: in the inner magnetosphere due to electron precipitation in the atmosphere and in the quasi-trapping region due to losses at the magnetopause because drift shells of electrons are not closed there. The latter process does not occur in normal years due to the masking replenishment by freshly accelerated particles, but in years of extremely low activity it leads to a significant decrease in the electron population of the belt. During the magnetic storm main phase, the first reason for the decrease in the electron flux intensity is the adiabatic cooling associated with conservation of adiabatic invariants and complemented by precipitation of electrons into the atmosphere and their dropout at the magnetopause. Electron flux increases involve EB electron injection by the induction electric field of substorm activation and by the large-scale solar wind electric field, with pitch energy diffusion along with adiabatic heating in the recovery phase. The rate of electron flux recovery after a storm is determined by the ratio of nonadiabatic increases and losses; hence the electron flux represents a continuous series from low to very high values. The combination of these processes determines the individual character of radiation belt development during each magnetic storm and the behavior of the belt in the quiet time.
Electron density at F1-layer heights in the last solar minimum (2007–2009)
Authors: Кушнаренко Галина , Kushnarenko Galina , Яковлева Ольга , Yakovleva Olga , Кузнецова Галина , Kuznetsova Galina
Published: March 2018

We present the results of the analysis of annual variations in daily electron density (N) at heights 140–160 km for the last solar minimum (2007–2009) obtained from digisonde measurements at the ionospheric station Irkutsk (52 °N, 104 °E). New coefficients of the known semi-empirical model (SEM) describing the connection between N and thermospheric characteristics are calculated to identify regularities of these variations. We have revealed that a characteristic feature of the annual N variations during the solar minimum is a change in their phase by 180° in a relatively narrow altitude interval (170–180 km). These results and the new SEM coefficients are original and important for atmospheric and ionospheric physics.
The Syrian Civil War in the Years 2011-2013. Analysis of the Conflict and Its Impact on the Global Security System
Authors: Szmagier Marta
Published: March 2018

The ongoing Syrian Civil War is one of the most arresting issues in the international area in the 21st century. This article examines it on Kenneth Waltz’s levels of analysis: the individual, the state and the international level. The author argues that the case of this Middle Eastern state symbolizes the struggle for influence in the contemporary international relations, during which the decline of US hegemony and the rise of the multipolar world are observable. The case of the Syrian Civil War also proves that the global security system, established after World War II and the Cold War, is no longer adequate.
The Reasons of Non-Institutional Character of the Early Visegrad Cooperation in the View of Neorealist and Neoliberal Theories in International Relations
Authors: Chruściel Marcin
Published: March 2018

This article examines the reasons for adopting a non‑institutional character of the Visegrad cooperation in the years 1991‑1992. Its focus concerns two causes of the initial reluctance to institutionalise the Visegrad Group: the high level of unpredictability in Central Europe after the collapse of Communism and the symbolic role the Group was expected to play outside the region. These issues are considered through the prism of two theories in International Relations: neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism. Both provide theoretical grounds to support the research hypothesis which assumes that the informal character of the Visegrad cooperation was a pragmatic choice of its founding members. However, neorealist and neoliberal explanations of how the political background and security issues could have influenced their decision vary. The article concludes that the neorealist approach holds more explanatory power in this regard, suggesting that the choice of the Visegrad states was dictated by the preservation of their national interests and subjected to external limitations, rather than motivated by a common intention to facilitate their regional cooperation.
Instability of Solomon Islands. Implications and Policy Options for Australia
Authors: Magdoń Michał
Published: March 2018

The paper presents the case for the thesis that Solomon Islands’ instability infringes on Australia’s interests. A combination of ineffective government, poverty and conflict destabilized the country and caused a civil war (1998‑2003). However, in the late 1990s, it was recognized that similar problems affect almost all of Australia’s neighbours. The result was the emergence of the concept of the Australian arc of instability. The main assumption is that states to the north (Indonesia, Timor‑Leste, Papua New Guinea) and north‑east (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu) of Australia can be characterized as fragile. Persistence of instability in Solomon Islands and other countries in the immediate neighbourhood poses several challenges to Australia’s interests: favourable environment for transnational crime to thrive, increased burden on forces responsible for border protection, danger for Australians living in unstable countries, damage to Australia’s role as Oceania’s leading power and missed opportunities for Australian businesses. Canberra has the following policy options: firstly, structuring the defence forces so they are capable of protecting vast approaches and conducting stabilization missions in Solomon Islands and other neighbouring countries. Secondly, addressing the underlining causes of instability through Australia’s foreign aid. Thirdly, encouraging and supporting initiatives which promote regional cooperation.
Ludobójstwo w Rwandzie i jego polityczne konsekwencje
Authors: Głowacka Katarzyna
Published: March 2018

The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 and its political consequences
In April 2014, the international community commemorated the 20th Anniversary of the Genocide in Rwanda. A series of events took place in Rwanda and around the World to honour the memory of those who died in this act of ethnic violence. Dramatic events from 1994 were undoubtedly a turning point in the history of this small African country. For the last two decades, Rwanda was on the path of significant political, social and economic changes. The main aim of this article is to reconstruct the course of the Genocide and to provide a description of changes that have occurred in Rwanda during the past twenty years. The author focuses mainly on changes in the political sphere. The article presents the socio‑political structure of Rwanda until and after gaining independence. It explains how the events of 1994 shaped the current structure of the Rwandan state. The article identifies the international dimension of the effects of the Genocide – deterioration of bilateral relations with France, destabilization in the African Great Lakes region and development of international justice instruments.
Zagadnienia ustrojowe w myśli politycznej Jana Bobrzyńskiego
Authors: Derwisz Przemysław
Published: March 2018

Political system issues in the political thought of Jan Bobrzyński

The article elaborates on political thought of Jan Bobrzyński (1882‑1951), the Polish conservative politician, journalist, writer and philosopher. The paper is divided into three main sections. The first chapter provides biographical information. The second chapter describes the development of Bobrzyński’s ideas in the period of 1925‑1929. The third is devoted to the 1930s. One of the crucial themes of Bobrzyński’s journalism was a critique of democracy. In the 1920s, he became disappointed with an unstable parliament and supported the idea of a strong head of state. To a large extent, it was a result of his fascination with fascism. Bobrzyński was also involved in organising the Polish monarchist movement. He was promoting his ideas especially through his monthly magazine, „Nasza Przyszłość”. Moreover, his views on the political system can be gauged from the two projects of the Polish constitution he has published. The article shows how various views can be combined within the political views of one philosopher.
Idealizm czy realizm? Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki wobec państw objętych przemianami Arabskiej Wiosny
Authors: Kozłowski Piotr
Published: March 2018

Idealism or realism? U.S. Policy Towards Countries Affected by the Arab SpringA dispute between idealism and realism in International Relations theory is both widely known and still unresolved. Although one can find more arguments in favour of the latter perspective, once in a while the proponents of idealism – backed with solid evidence from international politics – raise justified objections. This phenomenon applies especially to the American foreign policy which provides many examples of the continuous rivalry between both paradigms. The article refers to that discourse and conducts an analysis of the U.S. policy towards the Arab Spring, where noble (and idealistic) values clashed with hard (and realist) interests. While addressing the question – idealism or realism? – the paper offers a slightly different approach to the subject. It distinguishes the “instrumental idealism” (which in fact is a disguised realism) and the “pure idealism” (which truly pursues its goals). Six countries, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Bahrain and Syria, serve as case studies for the analysis. The article argues that the U.S. conducted a heterogeneous policy towards the Arab Spring, employing three approaches – realism in Yemen and Bahrain, idealism in Libya, and the combination of both in Tunisia, Egypt and Syria.
A Dynamic Model of Repositioning
Authors: Villas-Boas J. Miguel
Published: March 2018

Consumer preferences change through time and firms must adjust their product positioning for their products to continue to be appealing to consumers. These changes in product positioning require fixed investments such that firms reposition only occasionally. I construct a model that can include predictable and unpredictable consumer preference changes, and where a firm optimally repositions its product given the current market conditions, and expected future repositionings. When unpredictable consumer preferences evolve away from a current firm’s positioning, the decision to reposition is like exercising an option to be closer to current consumer preferences, or waiting to reposition later or for those preferences to return so as to be closer to the firm’s current position. We characterize this optimal repositioning strategy, how it depends on the discount factor, variance of preferences, and repositioning costs. I compare the optimal policy of the firm with what could be optimal from a social welfare point of view, and find that the firm repositions more frequently than is efficient when there is full market coverage. With predictable changes in consumer preferences, the optimal repositioning strategy involves overshooting and asymmetric repositioning thresholds.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017.1075 .
Tight budgets threaten learning in the early years
Authors: Lee Maureen
Published: March 2018

Maureen Lee of Best Practice Network examines a number of different approaches to providing ongoing opportunities for professional development in times of financial constraint for settings.
When you are riding an emotional rollercoaster
Authors: Brown Paula
Published: March 2018

From politicians crying during campaigns and Japanese baby sumo crying contests, to debates about the professionalism of crying at work, tears are everywhere, but why do we do it and is it good to cry?
A tale of being two – when Emilia gained a brother
Authors: Solly Kathryn
Published: March 2018

We continue our series of articles that have been tracking the developmental progress of Emilia. Our latest instalment finds Emilia having turned two-years-old and coping with the arrival of a brother.
Grow your childminder business
Authors: McVay Sue
Published: March 2018

There are a number of business models and a range of options available that can help you to keep business buoyant, such as taking on staff, working in partnership with others, and the 50/50 legislation.
Proof that the figures don't add up
Authors: Leitch Neil
Published: March 2018

At the end of January, chief secretary to the Treasury, Elizabeth Truss MP, and director general of tax and welfare, Beth Russell, may have admitted that childcare funding levels are not high enough.
Getting to know you better
Authors: Chapman Ailsa
Published: March 2018

We resume our series of articles that look at the possibilities for play and learning inherent in certain popular and common early years resources and materials – this month, families.
Garlands and green queens
Authors: Davies Sarah
Published: March 2018

May Day is an amalgamation of thousands of year's worth of traditions from across the United Kingdom, celebrating the fertility of the land and the communities it supports, and welcoming the start of summer.
From the trees to infinity
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: March 2018

Jenni Clarke explores ways to keep things simple in the early years. Our article looks at the everyday resources and materials you can use to stimulate complex play – this month, we explore sticks.
The chicken and the egg
Authors: Chalmers Debbie
Published: March 2018

Providing a selection of activities with a spring theme can provide plenty of creative fun and learning opportunities for all children during the months of April and May. Here are some starting points.
Talar process fractures
Authors: Majeed Haroon , McBride Donald J.
Published: March 2018

Fractures of the lateral and the posterior processes of the talus are uncommon and frequently missed because of a low level of suspicion and difficulty in interpretation on plain radiographs. Missed fractures can lead to persistent pain and reduced function. Lateral process fractures are usually a consequence of forced dorsiflexion and inversion of fixed pronated foot. These are also commonly known as snowboarder’s fractures. The posterior process of the talus is composed of medial and lateral tubercles, separated by the groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon. The usual mechanism of injury is forced hyperplantarflexion and inversion causing direct compression of the posterior talus, or an avulsion fracture caused by the posterior talofibular ligament. CT scans are helpful in cases of high clinical suspicion. There is a lack of consensus regarding optimal management of these fractures; however, management depends on the size, location and displacement of the fragment, the degree of cartilage damage and instability of the subtalar joint. Non-operative treatment includes immobilization and protected weight-bearing for six weeks. Surgical treatment includes open reduction and internal fixation or excision of the fragments, depending on the size. Fractures of the lateral and the posterior processes of the talus are uncommon but important injuries that may result in significant disability in cases of missed diagnosis or delayed or inadequate treatment. Early diagnosis and timely management of these fractures help to avoid long-term complications, including malunion, nonunion or severe subtalar joint osteoarthritis.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:85-92. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170040
Ulysses and I: Joyce as a catalyst for graphic practice
Authors: Gregory Helena
Published: March 2018

This article will focus on elements of my graphic design practice that consider how text can inspire, be used with and act as imagery. I discuss my master’s project, an investigation into a reader’s response to text and a traditional graphic application of that research. This second project was made in collaboration with Joseph Haigh, a fellow student at Manchester Metropolitan University whose research is concerned with typographic landscapes. I consider how my haptic perception of the book has influenced this later work and how it continues to inspire my recent image-based responses.
Contingency as video research strategy
Authors: Hertzog Nickk
Published: March 2018

This article outlines the potential for contingency to operate as a methodological strategy in video practice using the examples of my own research into appropriation. My approach repositions appropriation practice away from gestures of critique and towards more nuanced strategies that focus on questions of meaning and extend ambiguity into practicable artistic methods. This is outlined in the network of influences and involvement and materials that formed my video project, Poor Old Horse (2016). Accordingly, contingency is positioned as a network of potential from which meaning forms precarious alignments and is accelerated through contemporary conditions of digital exchange.
Interview with Nik Wakefield
Authors: Wakefield Nik
Published: March 2018

Our guest editorial takes the form of an interview between the JAWS editorial team and senior lecturer at the University of Portsmouth, Dr Nik Wakefield. A lot of time is dedicated each issue to discussing how we can peer review and publish practicebased work, and Dr Wakefield has allowed us great insight in to these issues through the discussion of his practice below.
CARACTERÍSTICAS SENSORIAIS E INSTRUMENTAIS DO LEITE PASTEURIZADO INTEGRAL
Authors: Bonacina Marlice Salete , Baccin Marina Andréa , Rosa Leonardo Souza da
Published: March 2018

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o perfil sensorial do leite pasteurizado integral, e relacionar os resultados sensoriais e instrumentais. Foram coletadas, aleatoriamente, cinco amostras de marcas diferentes de leite pasteurizado integral (marcas A, B, C, D e E), comercializadas no município de Erechim, RS, das quais duaseram homogeneizadas e três não homogeneizadas. As medidas de cor instrumental foram realizadas através da escala CIELAB (L*, a*, b*). Os atributos sensoriais foram avaliados através da análise descritiva de perfil livre e o teste de aceitação foi realizado por 44 consumidores utilizando uma escala hedônica hibrida de 9cm. A partir dos resultados foi possível verificar que as amostras de leite que foram submetidas aetapa de homogeneização, durante o processo de fabricação do leite pasteurizado, apresentaram uma coloração mais branca e uma aparência mais homogênea, quando comparada com as amostras de leite que não foram submetidas a homogeneização. No entanto, estes termos sensoriais não influenciaram na aceitação dos leites, uma vez que a amostra que apresentou menor valor médio (3,8) para aceitação foi a marcade leite submetida a etapa de homogeneização. Através da análise da relação obtida entre os resultados das variáveis estudadas, foi possível observar uma forte correlação entre as medidas sensoriais e instrumentais realizadas nas diferentes amostras de leite, demonstrando a importância da realização da correlação entre estas medidas para a indústria de alimentos e pesquisadores, uma vez que as análises sensoriaisdescritivas são obtidas com maior demanda de tempo e custo.
The role of universities in regional economic development based on tourism in Lampung
Authors: Singagerda Faurani Santi , Sanusi Anuar
Published: March 2018

This study aims to analyze the role of universities in economic development in the areas of tourism-based communities in Lampung. This study uses secondary data related to tourism, higher education, and macroeconomics of Lampung Province during the period of 2000-2016. The analysis is done by using panel regression method. The results show that Higher Education plays an enormous role in the economic development of the economy in the blood-based areas of tourism and which has tourism potential in Lampung. Most of the villagers who are in tertiary education but work in urban areas as a weakness of their contribution and domino effect on low investment, welfare, and lack of employment. This is why they are wandering to the big city. There is also a social gap which has significant economic disparities. They have access to education, health, and supporting infrastructure. In terms of the number of existing universities, it was found that they have not been able to optimally improve economic development in these areas.
Consumersâ€™ preferences on the use of eco-friendly bags: a green marketing perspective
Authors: Gano-an Jonathan Camana
Published: March 2018

There has been a radical shift in consumer behavior towards a green lifestyle. Environmentalists were involved in massive green marketing campaigns trying to reduce the impact of plastic products to the environment. However, the problem is prevalent and evolved continuously. This paper furnishes a vital overview on the current environmental issues caused by plastic bags being used by hypermarkets and supermarkets. Consumer preferences and their perceptions on the use of eco bags were the highlights of this research. A total of 230 respondents were surveyed who are the local consumers in the City of Tagum. A quantitative research design was used in this paper. The study revealed that consumers have the highest perception on the use of Eco Bags in terms of environmental benefits. High level of consumer awareness about Eco Friendly bags as part of the green marketing campaign was found out. Further, research showed that consumers have no doubts of accepting the new marketing campaign as public acceptance exhibited a result of high level. The green marketing efforts of businesses generates substantive insights from the perspective of the consumers, as such, it is imperative that these efforts be intensively carried out and endlessly promote the green marketing efforts as the consumers affirmed their support by putting a greener value to it.
The Impact of Knowledge Management on Work Performance through the Employeesâ€™ Competence: A Case Study of â€œMPâ€ Bank
Authors: Nasikhin Muhammad Annasrudin , Danila Nevi
Published: March 2018

Since it was established in 2003 until 2014, the â€œMPâ€ bank had never provided its human resources development training. As a result, it decreased its employeesâ€™ performance which ultimately gave a bad impact on the bank. This was a serious concern for the management in 2015. This study aimed to determine and analyze the impact of knowledge management variables consisting of socialization, externalization, combination, and Internalisation on the employees performance indirectly through their competence. The path analysis was used to determine the indirect impact of knowledge management on the wmployessâ€™ performance, with theÂ  samples of 140 people. The data analysis and hypothesis testing proved that knowledge management had significant effect on the employees performance indirectly through the employees competence. The R-square of socialization, externalization, combination, and internalisation of the employees competence were 70.5%; and the R-square of competence variable to the performance was 52%. This showed that knowledge management played an important role in improving the employees performance through their competence. It implies that the bank needs to provide in-house training for its employees resource development because only relying on the quality the employees get from the college was not enough