bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Surgical Site Infection in a Community Hospital Network
Authors: Baker Arthur W. , Dicks Kristen V. , Durkin Michael J. , Weber David J. , Lewis Sarah S. , Moehring Rebekah W. , Chen Luke F. , Sexton Daniel J. , Anderson Deverick J.
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

To describe the epidemiology of complex surgical site infection (SSI) following commonly performed surgical procedures in community hospitals and to characterize trends of SSI prevalence rates over time for MRSA and other common pathogens

METHODS

We prospectively collected SSI data at 29 community hospitals in the southeastern United States from 2008 through 2012. We determined the overall prevalence rates of SSI for commonly performed procedures during this 5-year study period. For each year of the study, we then calculated prevalence rates of SSI stratified by causative organism. We created log-binomial regression models to analyze trends of SSI prevalence over time for all pathogens combined and specifically for MRSA.

RESULTS

A total of 3,988 complex SSIs occurred following 532,694 procedures (prevalence rate, 0.7 infections per 100 procedures). SSIs occurred most frequently after small bowel surgery, peripheral vascular bypass surgery, and colon surgery. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen. The prevalence rate of SSI decreased from 0.76 infections per 100 procedures in 2008 to 0.69 infections per 100 procedures in 2012 (prevalence rate ratio [PRR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82–1.00). A more substantial decrease in MRSA SSI (PRR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54–0.89) was largely responsible for this overall trend.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of MRSA SSI decreased from 2008 to 2012 in our network of community hospitals. This decrease in MRSA SSI prevalence led to an overall decrease in SSI prevalence over the study period.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:519–526
Effect of a Clostridium difficile Infection Prevention Initiative in Veterans Affairs Acute Care Facilities
Authors: Evans Martin E. , Kralovic Stephen M. , Simbartl Loretta A. , Jain Rajiv , Roselle Gary A.
Published: February 2016

Rates of clinically confirmed hospital-onset healthcare facility-associated Clostridium difficile infections from July 1, 2012, through March 31, 2015, in 127 acute care Veterans Affairs facilities were evaluated. Quarterly pooled national standardized infection ratios decreased 15% from baseline by the final quarter of the analysis period (P=.01, linear regression).

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:720–722
Thermal convection in inclined cylindrical containers
Authors: Shishkina Olga , Horn Susanne
Published: February 2016

By means of direct numerical simulations (DNS) we investigate the effect of a tilt angle ${\it\beta}$, $0\leqslant {\it\beta}\leqslant {\rm\pi}/2$, of a Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC) cell of aspect ratio 1, on the Nusselt number $\mathit{Nu}$ and Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}$. The considered Rayleigh numbers $\mathit{Ra}$ range from $10^{6}$ to $10^{8}$, the Prandtl numbers range from 0.1 to 100 and the total number of the studied cases is 108. We show that the $\mathit{Nu}\,({\it\beta})/\mathit{Nu}(0)$ dependence is not universal and is strongly influenced by a combination of $\mathit{Ra}$ and $\mathit{Pr}$. Thus, with a small inclination ${\it\beta}$ of the RBC cell, the Nusselt number can decrease or increase, compared to that in the RBC case, for large and small $\mathit{Pr}$, respectively. A slight cell tilt may not only stabilize the plane of the large-scale circulation (LSC) but can also enforce an LSC for cases when the preferred state in the perfect RBC case is not an LSC but a more complicated multiple-roll state. Close to ${\it\beta}={\rm\pi}/2$, $\mathit{Nu}$ and $\mathit{Re}$ decrease with increasing ${\it\beta}$ in all considered cases. Generally, the $\mathit{Nu}({\it\beta})/\mathit{Nu}(0)$ dependence is a complicated, non-monotonic function of ${\it\beta}$.
What about ‘MEE’: A Measure of Employee Entitlement and the impact on reciprocity in the workplace
Authors: Westerlaken Kristie M , Jordan Peter J , Ramsay Sheryl
Published: February 2016

A basic underlying assumption of the psychological contract is that both parties come to a mutual agreement about the expectations and obligations of a contract of employment. Recent research provides evidence of the potential for employees to develop unrealistic expectations from this contract and this has been described as a sense of entitlement. In this article, we outline two studies. In the first study, we test the internal structure and reliability of a scale we developed and named the Measure of Employee Entitlement. In the second study, we test the predictive validity of the Measure of Employee Entitlement against a measure of reciprocity. The development and validation of the Measure of Employee Entitlement extends our knowledge of sense of entitlement in the workplace and situates entitlement as a factor that may impact on the development of psychological contracts. This research provides a platform from which researchers and practitioners can continue to coherently and consistently investigate the phenomenon of employee entitlement.
Trust and manipulation in social networks
Authors: FÖRSTER MANUEL , MAULEON ANA , VANNETELBOSCH VINCENT J.
Published: February 2016

We investigate the role of manipulation in boundedly rational opinion dynamics. Agents are subject to persuasion bias and repeatedly communicate with their neighbors in a social network. They can exert effort to manipulate trust in the opinions of others in their favor and update their opinions about some issue of common interest by taking weighted averages of neighbors' opinions. We show that manipulation can connect a segregated society and thus lead to mutual consensus. Second, we show that manipulation fosters opinion leadership; and surprisingly agents with low trust in their own opinion might get more influential even by being manipulated. Finally, comparative simulations reveal that manipulation is beneficial to information aggregation when preferences and abilities for manipulation are homogeneous, but detrimental in case abilities are concentrated at few powerful agents.
The dipnoan buccal pump reconstructed in 3D and implications for air breathing in Devonian lungfishes
Authors: Clement A. M. , Long J. A. , Tafforeau P. , Ahlberg P. E.
Published: February 2016

Lungfishes are known for, and indeed take their name from, their bimodal respiratory abilities. All three extant genera can use their lungs to extract oxygen from the atmosphere, although their reliance upon this capability differs among taxa. Lungs are considered primitive for the Osteichthyes, however the distinctive buccal pump mode of air gulping exhibited by extant lungfishes appears to be a specialization. It is associated with a number of derived skeletal characters (cranial ribs, long parasphenoid stalk, midline gap between palatal tooth plates) that first appeared during the Devonian. These have been described individually, but in no Devonian lungfish has their three-dimensional (3D) spatial relationship been reconstructed and analyzed. Here we present the 3D morphology ofRhinodipterus, a Mid-Late Devonian lungfish from Australia and Europe, based on synchrotron tomography and conventional microtomography scans.

Unlike less crownward contemporaneous lungfishes such asGriphognathusandChirodipterus,Rhinodipterushas a full set of skeletal buccal pump components that can be directly compared to those of extant lungfishes, suggesting that it made more extensive use of air breathing than other Gogo or Bergisch Gladbach genera. This is interesting in relation to the environmental context as Gogo and Bergisch Gladbach are both marine, contrasting with the frequently hypoxic tropical to subtropical fresh water environments inhabited by modern lungfishes. The evolution of buccal pump-supported lung ventilation was evidently not necessarily associated with a transition to non-marine habitats.
Children’s school-breakfast reports and school-lunch reports (in 24-h dietary recalls): conventional and reporting-error-sensitive measures show inconsistent accuracy results for retention interval and breakfast location
Authors: Baxter Suzanne D. , Guinn Caroline H. , Smith Albert F. , Hitchcock David B. , Royer Julie A. , Puryear Megan P. , Collins Kathleen L. , Smith Alyssa L.
Published: February 2016

Validation-study data were analysed to investigate retention interval (RI) and prompt effects on the accuracy of fourth-grade children’s reports of school-breakfast and school-lunch (in 24-h recalls), and the accuracy of school-breakfast reports by breakfast location (classroom; cafeteria). Randomly selected fourth-grade children at ten schools in four districts were observed eating school-provided breakfast and lunch, and were interviewed under one of eight conditions created by crossing two RIs (‘short’ – prior-24-hour recall obtained in the afternoon and ‘long’ – previous-day recall obtained in the morning) with four prompts (‘forward’ – distant to recent, ‘meal name’ – breakfast, etc., ‘open’ – no instructions, and ‘reverse’ – recent to distant). Each condition had sixty children (half were girls). Of 480 children, 355 and 409 reported meals satisfying criteria for reports of school-breakfast and school-lunch, respectively. For breakfast and lunch separately, a conventional measure – report rate – and reporting-error-sensitive measures – correspondence rate and inflation ratio – were calculated for energy per meal-reporting child. Correspondence rate and inflation ratio – but not report rate – showed better accuracy for school-breakfast and school-lunch reports with the short RI than with the long RI; this pattern was not found for some prompts for each sex. Correspondence rate and inflation ratio showed better school-breakfast report accuracy for the classroom than for cafeteria location for each prompt, but report rate showed the opposite. For each RI, correspondence rate and inflation ratio showed better accuracy for lunch than for breakfast, but report rate showed the opposite. When choosing RI and prompts for recalls, researchers and practitioners should select a short RI to maximise accuracy. Recommendations for prompt selections are less clear. As report rates distort validation-study accuracy conclusions, reporting-error-sensitive measures are recommended.
Rapid extensional unroofing of a granite–migmatite dome with relics of high-pressure rocks, the Podolsko complex, Bohemian Massif
Authors: ŽÁK JIŘÍ , SLÁMA JIŘÍ , BURJAK MIROSLAV
Published: February 2016

The Podolsko complex, Bohemian Massif, is a high-grade dome that is exposed along the suprastructure–infrastructure boundary of the Variscan orogen and records snapshots of its protracted evolution. The dome is cored by leucocratic migmatites and anatectic granites that enclose relics of high- to ultrahigh-pressure rocks and is mantled by biotite migmatites and paragneisses whose degree of anatexis decreases outwards. Our new U–Pb zircon ages indicate that the leucocratic migmatites were derived from Early Ordovician (c.480 Ma) felsic igneous crust; the same age is inferred for melting the proto-source of the metapelitic migmatites. The relics of high- to ultrahigh-pressure rocks suggest that at least some portions of the complex witnessed an early Variscan subduction to mantle depths, followed by high-temperature anatexis and syntectonic growth of the Podolsko dome in the middle crust atc.340–339 Ma. Subsequently, the dome exhumation was accommodated by crustal-scale extensional detachments. Similarc.340 Ma ages have also been reported from other segments of the Variscan belt, yet the significance of this tectonothermal event remains uncertain. Here we conclude that the 340 Ma age post-dates the high-pressure metamorphism; the high temperatures required to cause the observed isotopic resetting and new growth of zircon were probably caused by heat input from the underlying mantle and, finally, the extensional unroofing of the complex requires a minimum throw of about 8–10 km. We use this as an argument for significant early Carboniferous palaeotopography in the interior of the Variscan orogen.
Simulation of crop production in weed-infested fields for data-scarce regions
Authors: VAN GAELEN H. , DELBECQUE N. , ABRHA B. , TSEGAY A. , RAES D.
Published: February 2016

Weed infestation is a major yield-reducing factor that also decreases crop water productivity. Yet weeds are often neglected in crop productivity simulation studies, because existing empirical equations and mechanistic models are not widely applicable or have a high demand for input data and calibration. For that reason, AquaCrop, a widely applicable crop water productivity model, was expanded with a weed management module which requires only two easily obtainable input variables: (i) relative leaf cover of weeds, and (ii) weed-induced increase of total canopy cover. Using these inputs, AquaCrop directly simulates soil water content, crop canopy development and production as it is observed in weed-infested fields. Despite this simple approach, AquaCrop performed well to simulate soil water content in the root zone (relative root-mean-square error (RRMSE) of 5–13%), canopy cover (RRMSE of 15–22%), dry above-ground crop biomass during the season (RRMSE of 21–39%) and at maturity (RRMSE of 5–6%) and yield (RRMSE of 11–25%) of barley and wheat grown under different weed infestation levels and environments. The current study illustrates that the AquaCrop model can be used to assess the effect of weed infestation on crop growth and production, using a simple approach that is applicable to diverse environmental and agronomic conditions, even in data-scarce regions.
Changes in soil organic carbon stocks under 10-year conservation tillage on a Black soil in Northeast China
Authors: LIANG A. Z. , YANG X. M. , ZHANG X. P. , CHEN X. W. , MCLAUGHLIN N. B. , WEI S. C. , ZHANG Y. , JIA S. X. , ZHANG S. X.
Published: February 2016

Biased assessment of tillage impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration are often associated with a lack of information on the initial level of SOC stocks. The present study reported the changes in SOC concentrations and stocks following 10-year different tillage practices relative to the initial SOC levels. The tillage trial included no tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT) and mouldboard plough (MP) on a Black soil (Hapludolls) in Northeast China. Results showed that tillage, soil depth and time significantly affected SOC concentration and SOC stock. Tillage and crop residue retention had great impacts on the SOC concentrations in the top 0·1 m layer. Compared with MP and NT, RT resulted in higher SOC concentration and SOC stock in the plough layer (0–0·2 m), which became more obvious with time. The soil under NT and RT had higher stratification ratios (SR) of SOC (SR, the ratio of SOC concentration in 0–0·05 m to that in 0·1–0·2 m) than under MP. Significant positive and nearly identical linear relationships between the SR of SOC and the duration of tillage practices occurred for both NT and RT soils; the increased SR in NT resulted from both SOC increase in surface and SOC decrease in subsurface soils, but in RT, the increased SR was only from a substantial SOC increase in surface soil. Accordingly, the present study highlights that RT was more helpful than NT in carbon sequestration for the studied Black soil in Northeast China.
“Lying about a Lie”: Racial Passing in US History, Literature and Popular Culture
Authors: MOYNIHAN SINÉAD
Published: February 2016

In June 2015, the parents of Rachel Dolezal, president of the Spokane, Washington chapter of the NAACP, claimed that their daughter was passing as black. While she professed to be of mixed (white, African American) racial heritage, her parents asserted that she was of white European descent, with some remote Native American ancestry. The revelations precipitated Dolezal's resignation from her role at the NAACP and a flurry of articles about the story that were disseminated around the world on Twitter under the “Rachel Dolezal” hashtag. Much of the media coverage attempted to account for the fact that this story should elicit such impassioned reactions given that race has long been acknowledged as a performance. As Jelani Cobb wrote in the New Yorker, Dolezal had dressed herself in “a fictive garb of race whose determinations are as arbitrary as they are damaging.” This does not mean that Dolezal “wasn't lying about who she is.” It means that “she was lying about a lie.” Meanwhile, in the New York Times, Daniel J. Sharfstein pointed out that the kind of passing we saw in Dolezal's case – passing from white to black; so-called “reverse passing” – was not as historically uncommon as other writers had claimed. What is unusual is that Dolezal should feel the need to pass as black when there were no legal (and comparatively few social) obstacles to her forming “meaningful relationships with African-Americans, study[ing], teach[ing] and celebrat[ing] black history and culture and fight[ing] discrimination.” For Sharfstein, the explanation lies in the fact that “when blackness means something very specific – asserting that black lives matter – it follows for many people that categorical clarity has to matter, too.” The pervasive media and public interest in the Dolezal story confirms the ongoing fascination with racial passing within and beyond the United States, a popular interest that has its counterpart in the proliferation of academic studies of the subject that have been published in the past twenty years. The scholarly attention paid to racial passing inaugurated, arguably, by Elaine K. Ginsberg in her edited volume Passing and the Fictions of Identity (1996) continues unabated in two recent works on the subject. Julie Cary Nerad's edited volume Passing Interest is concerned with cultural representations of passing, while Allyson Hobbs's A Chosen Exile grapples with its history.
SIBLING CONFLICTS IN FULL- AND HALF-SIBLING HOUSEHOLDS IN THE UK
Authors: Tanskanen Antti O. , Danielsbacka Mirkka , Jokela Markus , Rotkirch Anna
Published: February 2016

Sibling relations are by nature ambivalent with high levels of both altruistic helping and competition. Higher relatedness is often assumed to reduce the occurrence of conflicts between siblings, but evidence of this has been scarce and mixed. Siblings typically compete over resources and parental attention, and parental constellations vary with sibship types. Since full-siblings compete over the same two biological parents, while half-siblings have only one shared biological parent and often a higher number of parents overall, it is hypothesized that conflicts are more common between full- than half-siblings. This study tested this assumption using the British Millennium Cohort Study (n=7527 children at age 11). Conflicts were measured as children’s reports of how much siblings picked on and hurt each other. Households with full-siblings only, maternal half-siblings only, and both full- and maternal half-siblings were compared. The results show that children who were living with only their full-siblings were more likely to experience sibling conflicts compared with children living with their maternal half-siblings only. This was the case also after controlling for several potentially confounding variables. The results suggest that differential access to parental resources of available biological and step-parents may explain the higher amount of sibling conflict between full- compared with maternal half-siblings.
A new forecasting kinematic algorithm of automatic navigation for a laparoscopic minimally invasive surgical robotic system
Authors: Yu Lingtao , Wang Zhengyu , Sun Liqiang , Wang Wenjie , Wang Lan , Du Zhijiang
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a novel forecasting kinematic algorithm for autonomously navigating the 3D visual window of laparoscopic minimally invasive surgical robotic system (LMISRS). By the application of the proposed technique, a constant distribution area ratio of the micro devices can be guaranteed in the visual window; real-time concurrency motion of the visual window of the laparoscope and the mark points of the instruments is realized, i.e. the visual window can keep tracking the movement of the marks automatically, so that the user does not have to switch between the master-slave controlling targets. The implementation of the new technique is summarized as follows: the robotic kinematics and space analytic geometry are thoroughly analyzed and modeled, and a “following kinematic algorithm” is proposed for the visual window of the laparoscope, which tracks the mark points of the instrument arms; a “forecasting kinematic algorithm” is established by using a combination of the “following kinematic algorithm”, the basic visual parameters of 3D visual field, the Verhulst Grey Model and the filtered amendment method. The proposed technique is verified by a series of simulations by using two groups of marks' motion trails with different sampling times, indicating that the technique is accurate, feasible and robust.
An approach for real-time motion planning of an inchworm robot in complex steel bridge environments
Authors: Pagano David , Liu Dikai
Published: February 2016

Path planning can be difficult and time consuming for inchworm robots especially when operating in complex 3D environments such as steel bridges. Confined areas may prevent a robot from extensively searching the environment by limiting its mobility. An approach for real-time path planning is presented. This approach first uses the concept of line-of-sight (LoS) to find waypoints from the start pose to the end node. It then plans smooth, collision-free motion for a robot to move between waypoints using a 3D-F2algorithm. Extensive simulations and experiments are conducted in 2D and 3D scenarios to verify the approach.
REASON-BASED CHOICE AND CONTEXT-DEPENDENCE: AN EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK
Authors: Dietrich Franz , List Christian
Published: February 2016

We introduce a ‘reason-based’ framework for explaining and predicting individual choices. The key idea is that a decision-maker focuses on some but not all properties of the options and chooses an option whose ‘motivationally salient’ properties he/she most prefers. Reason-based explanations can capture two kinds of context-dependent choice: (i) the motivationally salient properties may vary across choice contexts, and (ii) they may include ‘context-related’ properties, not just ‘intrinsic’ properties of the options. Our framework allows us to explain boundedly rational and sophisticated choice behaviour. Since properties can be recombined in new ways, it also offers resources for predicting choices in unobserved contexts.
Editorial: Begin, Again
Authors: RAE PAUL
Published: February 2016

This is my first issue as senior editor of Theatre Research International. That the journal and I are almost exactly the same age is at once thrilling and a little unsettling. One feels both the weight of tradition, and the sense of mission and possibility that contemporaries can share. Indeed, looking through back issues, I am struck by how integrally TRI has both reflected and driven changes in performance practice and scholarship that I recognize from my own intellectual development. I began my undergraduate studies at Bristol University Drama Department – publisher, from 1959 to 1974, of one of TRI's two precursors, New Theatre Magazine (the other being Theatre Research/Recherches théâtrales). That was in 1992, in the same year an editorial by Claude Schumacher highlighted a reorientation of the journal away from text-based drama towards ‘the theory of theatre practice’. I left the UK to make theatre (and a life) in Singapore in 1996, just as the journal began notably to expand its international scope. And I commenced my PhD on cosmopolitanism and performance in 2001, at the same time as Brian Singleton's overhaul of the journal's structure and focus set the internationalizing standard for the publication that exists today. That year, I made my first trip to Australia, to present on a panel for emerging scholars at a conference of the International Federation for Theatre Research (IFTR, the organization with which this publication is affiliated), hosted by the University of New South Wales. Subsequent conference participation brought me into contact with TRI editors Christopher Balme, Freddie Rokem, Elaine Aston and Charlotte Canning, and, courtesy of the IFTR member's subscription, the material they were publishing.
The Ethics of Allocating Uterine Transplants
Authors: BAYEFSKY MICHELLE J. , BERKMAN BENJAMIN E.
Published: February 2016

In September 2014, a healthy male child was born in Sweden following a successful uterine transplantation (UTx). The event brought hope to many women without functional uteruses around the world. Having a child with a transplanted uterus is now possible, and as knowledge of the procedure proliferates and interest in UTx grows, it is important to begin thinking about how a scarce supply of uteruses will be allocated. This article represents a first discussion of the range of factors that must be considered in answering the allocation question. The primary issues addressed are (1) the motivation to seek treatment, (2) allocation by age, (3) child-rearing capacity, and (4) the amount of infertility treatment required. A set of eligibility and ranking criteria are presented. These criteria are not exhaustive but are intended to spark discussion about how uteruses can be allocated in a just manner.
Code-switching and language control
Authors: GREEN DAVID W. , WEI LI
Published: February 2016

Bilingual speakers can use one of their languages in a given interactional context or switch between them when addressing different speakers during the same conversation. Depending on community usage bilingual speakers may insert single lexical forms from one language into the morphosyntactic frame of another or alternate between languages at clause boundaries. They may also engage in dense code switching with rapid changes of language within a clause during a conversational turn (Green & Li, 2014). These varieties of language use configure the same speech production mechanism and so a theory of code-switching must be part of a theory that accounts for the range of bilingual speech. Does the proposal described in Goldrick, Putnam and Schwartz (2016) meet these criteria?
Bilingual complexes: the perspective of the Gradient Symbolic Computation framework
Authors: MUYSKEN PIETER
Published: February 2016

The paper to which this commentary responds (Goldrick, Putnam & Schwarz, 2016) represents a big step forward in a field which was showing signs of stasis – the study of the grammatical properties of intra-sentential code-switching or code-mixing – and this for two reasons. First of all, it explicitly links the insights from the grammatical study of code-mixing to the rich array of results from psycholinguistic research in the domain of bilingual language processing, making use of the Gradient Symbolic Computation framework (GSC; Smolensky, Goldrick & Mathis, 2014). Second, it provides a set of tools to handle problems in the domain of code-mixing having to do with simultaneous representations in the domain of bilingual complexes.
Fusing languages in the bilingual cognitive architecture
Authors: BOBB SUSAN C. , HOSHINO NORIKO
Published: February 2016

Research on bilingualism has documented profound brain plasticity by which the bilingual experience reconfigures the cognitive system. These effects include temporary as well as more enduring ones, and parallel activation of a bilingual's two languages may well be a key factor at the root of these observed changes. Recent recommendations (Green, 2011) have emphasized that research on code-switching in particular could provide a fruitful avenue for investigating the nature of how a bilingual speaker selects words and ultimately produces an utterance. Findings to date illustrate that if anything, the reach of co-activation is more extensive than previously thought, extending to the phonology and syntax of languages. While the degree of permeability may compound the perceived difficulty of the selection process, it is also a testament to the documented mental agility of bilinguals.
A comprehensive comparison between GaN MMIC Doherty and combined class-AB power amplifiers for microwave radio links
Authors: Giofrè Rocco , Colantonio Paolo , Giannini Franco , Ramella Chiara , Camarchia Vittorio , Iqbal Mustazar , Pirola Marco , Quaglia Roberto
Published: February 2016

A combined class-AB and a Doherty power amplifier conceived for microwave backhaul in the 7 GHz frequency band are here presented and compared. They are fabricated in the same GaN monolithic process and have identical total active device periphery. For the given application, the linearity-efficiency trade-off for the two architectures is discussed. The two modules have been thoroughly characterized in linear and non-linear continuous wave conditions. Then, to evaluate linearity under the actual operative conditions, a system level characterization has been carried out, applying a modulated input signal and comparing the spectral responses of the two amplifiers with and without digital predistortion. A saturated output power of 40 dBm has been achieved by both circuits. At 6 dB of output back-off, the Doherty amplifier shows an efficiency of 33%, 10 points higher than that of the class-AB module. On the other hand, system level measurements show that, adopting the same predistorter complexity to comply with the reference standard emission masks, the Doherty amplifier needs at least 1 dB of extra back-off. This negatively affects its efficiency, therefore reducing the advantages it can claim with respect to the class-AB amplifier in continuous wave condition.
Suizid und Suizidalität unter adoleszenten Häftlingen
Authors: Radeloff Daniel , Lempp Thomas , Rauf Amna , Bennefeld-Kersten Katharina , Kettner Mattias , Freitag Christine M.
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. Suizid ist nach dem Unfalltod die zweithäufigste Todesursache in der Adoleszenz. Das Jugendalter ist der Lebensabschnitt mit der höchsten Rate an Suizidversuchen. Neben psychisch kranken Jugendlichen und Heranwachsenden stellen Delinquente eine Risikopopulation für suizidales Verhalten und für Suizid dar. Insbesondere die Gruppe der Inhaftierten weist als Extremform der Jugenddelinquenz ein hohes Suizidrisiko auf, das verglichen mit der Allgemeinbevölkerung gleichen Alters 16- bis 18-fach erhöht ist. Da sich die Insassenstruktur im Jugend- und Erwachsenenhaftvollzug erheblich unterscheidet, sind altersspezifische Forschungsansätze und Präventionsprogramme nötig. Diese Aufgabe kann nicht von Jugendhaftanstalten alleine geleistet werden. Eine enge interdisziplinäre Kooperation von Ärzten der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, von Psychologen, Gefängnismedizinern, Juristen und Justizvollzugsbeamten ist erforderlich, um die Chance, die der Jugendhaftvollzug für die Suizidprävention mit sich bringt, zu nutzen.
Kinder an die Macht? – Machiavellismus im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Allroggen Marc , Back Mitja D. , Plener Paul L.
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. Der Wunsch nach Macht und sozialer Dominanz spielt bei der Entstehung von sozialer Aggression bei Kindern und Jugendlichen eine bedeutsame Rolle. Obwohl das Konstrukt Machiavellismus diese Aspekte gut abbildet, hat es im deutschsprachigen Raum kaum Verbreitung gefunden. In diesem Übersichtsartikel wird daher das Konstrukt Machiavellismus dargestellt. Bisherige Untersuchungen zum Zusammenhang von Machiavellismus und insbesondere aggressivem Verhalten werden kritisch diskutiert und Implikationen für zukünftige Studien abgeleitet.
Unterbringung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit freiheitsentziehenden Maßnahmen
Authors: Kölch Michael , Vogel Harald
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. Sowohl in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie als auch in der Jugendhilfe können Kinder und Jugendliche gegen ihren Willen durch gesetzliche Vertreter freiheitsentziehend untergebracht werden. Dies bedarf der familiengerichtlichen Genehmigung nach § 1631b BGB. Genauere repräsentative Untersuchungen zu Anzahl, Gründen und zu den Charakteristika der untergebrachten Minderjährigen sind rar. Ziel der Arbeit war es, eine genauere Analyse in einem Amtsgerichtsbezirk durch eine Vollerhebung aller Verfahren nach § 1631b BGB über mehrere Jahre hinsichtlich soziodemografischer Charakteristika und der Unterbringungsgründe sowie der inhaltlichen Aspekte des Verfahrens, wie Beteiligung der Minderjährigen und der Eltern, durchzuführen. Von 474 Verfahren in den Jahren 2008 bis 2011 blieben nach Bereinigung um Verfahren z. B. zu Inobhutnahmen nach § 42 SGB VIII, 376 Verfahren übrig. Von diesen Verfahren wiederum erledigten sich 249 aufgrund z. B. Abweisung oder Rücknahme bzw. Aufhebung des Beschlusses. Die meisten der verbleibenden 127 Verfahren betrafen Mädchen (n = 68), die zum Verfahrenszeitpunkt etwas jünger waren als die Jungen (14.5 Jahre vs. 15.1 Jahre). Zwei Drittel der Verfahren betrafen deutsche Staatsangehörige. In der Mehrzahl der Verfahren lebten die Jugendlichen zum Zeitpunkt des Verfahrens im familiären Kontext, bei 15 % aller Verfahren lebten die Jugendlichen aber auf der Straße. Die meisten Unterbringungen fanden in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie statt, die häufigsten Unterbringungsgründe waren Substanzmissbrauch, Suizidalität und Weglaufen von zu Hause/Auf-der-Straße-Leben.
Verlauf psychischer Auffälligkeiten von Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Klasen Fionna , Petermann Franz , Meyrose Ann-Katrin , Barkmann Claus , Otto Christiane , Haller Anne-Catherine , Schlack Robert , Schulte-Markwort Michael , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. Psychische Auffälligkeiten sind in der Kindheit und Jugend häufig und weisen geschlechts- und altersbedingte Unterschiede auf. Aktuelle, bundesweit repräsentative Daten über den Verlauf von psychischen Auffälligkeiten fehlen bisher. Anhand der Angaben von 3 256 Teilnehmern (7 – 19 Jahre) der prospektiven und für Deutschland repräsentativen BELLA-Kohortenstudie wurde mit Mehrebenenmodellen der Verlauf von Depression (CES-DC), Angst (SCARED-5), ADHS (Conners 3) und Störungen des Sozialverhaltens (CBCL) untersucht. Insgesamt zeigten im Elternbericht 11.2 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen klinisch bedeutsame Anzeichen für Depression, 10.6 % für Angst, 5.7 % für ADHS und 12.2 % für Störungen des Sozialverhaltens. Im Selbstbericht wiesen 16.1 % klinisch bedeutsame Symptome für Depression, 15.1 % für Angst und 2.0 % für ADHS auf. Mit zunehmendem Alter nahmen Symptome von ADHS und Störungen des Sozialverhaltens ab, während internalisierende Auffälligkeiten zunahmen. Symptome von Depression und Angst traten häufiger bei Mädchen auf, Symptome von ADHS und Störungen des Sozialverhaltens häufiger bei Jungen. Eltern schätzten die internalisierenden Auffälligkeiten ihrer Kinder niedriger ein als diese selbst. Für die klinische Praxis sind eine störungsspezifische, entwicklungs- und geschlechtssensitive Diagnostik und Behandlung von großer Bedeutung.
Faktoren der Gesunderhaltung bei Kindern psychisch belasteter Eltern
Authors: Plass Angela , Haller Anne-Catherine , Habermann Karoline , Barkmann Claus , Petermann Franz , Schipper Marc , Wiegand-Grefe Silke , Hölling Heike , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike , Klasen Fionna
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. Kinder psychisch belasteter Eltern bilden eine Hochrisikogruppe für die Entwicklung psychischer Auffälligkeiten und weisen im Vergleich zur Gesamtbevölkerung eine geringere gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität auf. Für die Entwicklung spezifischer präventiver und therapeutischer Unterstützungsprogramme wurden veränderungssensitive Faktoren der psychischen Gesunderhaltung in einer Stichprobe von psychisch belasteten Eltern und ihren 13- bis 17-jährigen Kindern untersucht. Es wurden signifikante Prädiktoren aus den drei Bereichen personale, familiäre und soziale Ressourcen sowohl für die psychische Gesundheit als auch für die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität identifiziert. Für psychische Gesundheit waren dies soziale Kompetenz, familiäre Unterstützung und Schulklima, für Lebensqualität Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, Optimismus, Familienklima und Schulklima. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass personale, familiäre und soziale Ressourcen für Kinder psychisch belasteter Eltern von großer Bedeutung sind für die psychische Gesunderhaltung. Sie profitieren insbesondere von Ressourcen, die außerhalb der Familie angesiedelt sind, wie einer guten schulischen Integration. Spezifische Interventionsprogramme für Kinder psychisch belasteter Eltern sollten neben der persönlichen und familiären deshalb unbedingt auch die schulische Situation berücksichtigen.
Verlauf gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität
Authors: Barkmann Claus , Petermann Franz , Schlack Robert , Bullinger Monika , Schulte-Markwort Michael , Klasen Fionna , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität (gLQ) als Parameter zur Beschreibung der subjektiven Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen wird zunehmend auch in der Gesundheitsberichterstattung berücksichtigt. In der vorliegenden prospektiven Kohortenstudie wurde der zweijährige Verlauf bei N = 1 597 repräsentativ aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung rekrutierten 11- bis 17-Jährigen im Selbstbericht untersucht und durch gesundheitsbezogene und soziodemographische Merkmale vorhergesagt. Die gLQ wurde mit Hilfe des mehrdimensionalen KIDSCREEN-27 gemessen. Die gLQ sank mit zunehmendem Alter auf allen Skalen außer bei der Skala Gleichaltrige und soziale Unterstützung leicht und Mädchen hatten meist etwas niedrigere Werte als Jungen. Signifikante Prädiktoren der gLQ waren psychische Auffälligkeiten und körperliche Probleme des Kindes, psychische Auffälligkeiten der Eltern sowie Alter, Geschlecht, Migrationshintergrund und sozioökonomischer Status. Die Ergebnisse bieten eine Orientierung zur Beurteilung der Verläufe von einzelnen Patienten und Patientengruppen und geben Hinweise auf mögliche Zielgrößen zur Verbesserung der gLQ durch präventive Maßnahmen.
California Is the Driest It's Been in 2000 Years
Authors: Strelich Lily
Published: February 2016

Scientists reconstruct the paleohydrology of Tulare Lake to unravel the region's long-term drought history.
Aerosols Make Cumulus Clouds Brighter but Shorter Lived
Authors: Shultz David
Published: February 2016

Computer simulations show that although adding aerosol particles to clouds can make them more reflective, the cooling effect from clouds is largely counterbalanced by a reduction in overall cloud cover.
A dilation-driven vortex flow in sheared granular materials explains a rheometric anomaly
Authors: Krishnaraj K. P. , Nott Prabhu R.
Published: February 2016

Granular flows occur widely in nature and industry, yet a continuum description that captures their important features is yet not at hand. Recent experiments on granular materials sheared in a cylindrical Couette device revealed a puzzling anomaly, wherein all components of the stress rise nearly exponentially with depth. Here we show, using particle dynamics simulations and imaging experiments, that the stress anomaly arises from a remarkable vortex flow. For the entire range of fill heights explored, we observe a single toroidal vortex that spans the entire Couette cell and whose sense is opposite to the uppermost Taylor vortex in a fluid. We show that the vortex is driven by a combination of shear-induced dilation, a phenomenon that has no analogue in fluids, and gravity flow. Dilatancy is an important feature of granular mechanics, but not adequately incorporated in existing models.
Microbially assisted recording of the Earth’s magnetic field in sediment
Authors: Zhao Xiangyu , Egli Ramon , Gilder Stuart A. , Müller Sebastian
Published: February 2016

Sediments continuously record variations of the Earth’s magnetic field and thus provide an important archive for studying the geodynamo. The recording process occurs as magnetic grains partially align with the geomagnetic field during and after sediment deposition, generating a depositional remanent magnetization (DRM) or post-DRM (PDRM). (P)DRM acquisition mechanisms have been investigated for over 50 years, yet many aspects remain unclear. A key issue concerns the controversial role of bioturbation, that is, the mechanical disturbance of sediment by benthic organisms, during PDRM acquisition. A recent theory on bioturbation-driven PDRM appears to solve many inconsistencies between laboratory experiments and palaeomagnetic records, yet it lacks experimental proof. Here we fill this gap by documenting the important role of bioturbation-induced rotational diffusion for (P)DRM acquisition, including the control exerted on the recorded inclination and intensity, as determined by the equilibrium between aligning and perturbing torques acting on magnetic particles.
Discovery and enantiocontrol of axially chiral urazoles via organocatalytic tyrosine click reaction
Authors: Zhang Ji-Wei , Xu Jin-Hui , Cheng Dao-Juan , Shi Chuan , Liu Xin-Yuan , Tan Bin
Published: February 2016

Axially chiral compounds play an important role in areas such as asymmetric catalysis. The tyrosine click-like reaction is an efficient approach for synthesis of urazoles with potential applications in pharmaceutical and asymmetric catalysis. Here we discover a class of urazole with axial chirality by restricted rotation around an N–Ar bond. By using bifunctional organocatalyst, we successfully develop an organocatalytic asymmetric tyrosine click-like reaction in high yields with excellent enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. The excellent remote enantiocontrol of the strategy originates from the efficient discrimination of the two reactive sites in the triazoledione and transferring the stereochemical information of the catalyst into the axial chirality of urazoles at the remote position far from the reactive site.
Advanced intermediate temperature sodium–nickel chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density
Authors: Li Guosheng , Lu Xiaochuan , Kim Jin Y. , Meinhardt Kerry D. , Chang Hee Jung , Canfield Nathan L. , Sprenkle Vincent L.
Published: February 2016

Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar sodium–nickel chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg−1, higher than that of conventional tubular sodium–nickel chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar sodium–nickel chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar sodium–nickel chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.
Rapid Urine LAM Testing Improves Diagnosis of Expectorated Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an HIV-endemic Region
Authors: Drain Paul K. , Gounder Lilishia , Sahid Faieza , Moosa Mahomed-Yunus S.
Published: February 2016

We sought to determine if urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) would improve diagnosis of pulmonary TB. We enrolled consecutive adults presenting with ≥2 TB-related symptoms, obtained one induced sputum sample for smear microscopy (AFB) and mycobacterial culture and performed urine LAM testing (DetermineTM TB LAM, Alere). We used culture-confirmed pulmonary TB as the gold standard and compared accuracy with area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC). Among 90 participants, 82 of 88 tested (93%) were HIV-infected with a median CD4 168/mm3 (IQR 89–256/mm3). Diagnostic sensitivities of urine LAM and sputum AFB were 42.1% (95% CI 29.1–55.9%) and 21.1% (95% CI 11.4–33.9%) and increased to 52.6% (95% CI 39.0–66.0%) when combined. Sensitivity of LAM increased significantly among participants with a lower Karnofsky Performance score, anemia, hypoalbuminemia and higher C-reactive protein. Combining LAM with AFB had an AUROC = 0.68 (95% CI 0.59–0.77), significantly better than AFB alone (AUROC=0.58; 95% CI 0.51–0.64). The combination of LAM and AFB was significantly better than AFB alone among patients with Karnofsky Performance score ≤90, hemoglobin ≤10 g/dL, albumin ≤25 g/L, C-reactive protein ≥25 mg/L, or CD4 <200/mm3. Urine LAM testing may be most beneficial among patients with functional impairment, elevated inflammatory markers, or greater immunosuppression.
Tofla virus: A newly identified Nairovirus of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever group isolated from ticks in Japan
Authors: Shimada Satoshi , Aoki Kotaro , Nabeshima Takeshi , Fuxun Yu , Kurosaki Yohei , Shiogama Kazuya , Onouchi Takanori , Sakaguchi Miako , Fuchigami Takeshi , Ono Hokuto , Nishi Kodai , Posadas-Herrera Guillermo , Uchida Leo , Takamatsu Yuki , Yasuda Jiro , Tsutsumi Yutaka , Fujita Hiromi , Morita Kouichi , Hayasaka Daisuke
Published: February 2016

Ixodid ticks transmit several important viral pathogens. We isolated a new virus (Tofla virus: TFLV) from Heamaphysalis flava and Heamaphysalis formsensis in Japan. The full-genome sequences revealed that TFLV belonged to the genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae. Phylogenetic analyses and neutralization tests suggested that TFLV is closely related to the Hazara virus and that it is classified into the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever group. TFLV caused lethal infection in IFNAR KO mice. The TFLV-infected mice exhibited a gastrointestinal disorder and positron emission tomography-computed tomography images showed a significant uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the intestinal tract. TFLV was able to infect and propagate in cultured cells of African green monkey-derived Vero E6 cells and human-derived SK-N-SH, T98-G and HEK-293 cells. Although TFLV infections in humans and animals are currently unknown, our findings may provide clues to understand the potential infectivity and to develop of pre-emptive countermeasures against this new tick-borne Nairovirus.
An Ultra-wideband and Polarization-independent Metasurface for RCS Reduction
Authors: Su Pei , Zhao Yongjiu , Jia Shengli , Shi Wenwen , Wang Hongli
Published: February 2016

In this paper, an ultra-wideband and polarization-independent metasurface for radar cross section (RCS) reduction is proposed. The unit cell of the metasurface operates in a linear cross-polarization scheme in a broad band. The phase and amplitude of cross-polarized reflection can be separately controlled by its geometry and rotation angle. Based on the diffuse reflection theory, a 3-bit coding metasurface is designed to reduce the RCS in an ultra-wide band. The wideband property of the metasurface benefits from the wideband cross polarization conversion and flexible phase modulation. In addition, the polarization-independent feature of the metasurface is achieved by tailoring the rotation angle of each element. Both the simulated and measured results demonstrate that the proposed metasurface can reduce the RCS significantly in an ultra-wide frequency band for both normal and oblique incidences, which makes it promising in the applications such as electromagnetic cloaking.