bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multi-omics study links TNS3 and SEPT7 to long-term former smoking NSCLC survival
Authors: Shen Sipeng , Wei Yongyue , Li Yi , Duan Weiwei , Dong Xuesi , Lin Lijuan , You Dongfang , Tardon Adonina , Chen Chu , Field John K. , Hung Rayjean J. , Liu Geoffrey , Zhu Dakai , Amos Christopher I. , Su Li , Zhao Yang , Hu Zhibin , Shen Hongbing , Zhang Ruyang , Chen Feng , Christiani David C.
Published: May 2021

The genetic architecture of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is relevant to smoking status. However, the genetic contribution of long-term smoking cessation to the prognosis of NSCLC patients remains largely unknown. We conducted a genome-wide association study primarily on the prognosis of 1299 NSCLC patients of long-term former smokers from independent discovery (n = 566) and validation (n = 733) sets, and used in-silico function prediction and multi-omics analysis to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on prognostics with NSCLC. We further detected SNPs with at least moderate association strength on survival within each group of never, short-term former, long-term former, and current smokers, and compared their genetic similarity at the SNP, gene, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), enhancer, and pathway levels. We identified two SNPs, rs34211819TNS3 at 7p12.3 (P = 3.90 × 10−9) and rs1143149SEPT7 at 7p14.2 (P = 9.75 × 10−9), were significantly associated with survival of NSCLC patients who were long-term former smokers. Both SNPs had significant interaction effects with years of smoking cessation (rs34211819TNS3: Pinteraction = 8.0 × 10−4; rs1143149SEPT7: Pinteraction = 0.003). In addition, in silico function prediction and multi-omics analysis provided evidence that these QTLs were associated with survival. Moreover, comparison analysis found higher genetic similarity between long-term former smokers and never-smokers, compared to short-term former smokers or current smokers. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated a unique pattern among long-term former smokers that was related to immune pathways. This study provides important insights into the genetic architecture associated with long-term former smoking NSCLC.
Role of Alcohols in Colloidal Nanoparticle Synthesis
Authors: Pitchumani Kasi , Kumarraja Mayilvasagam
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the functions and versatility of monohydric alcohols in synthesis of fine colloidal nanoparticles, where they perform dual roles as a solvent as well as a reductant but may also provide stabilizing effects. During the synthetic process, nanoparticles with a variety of sizes and shapes can be fabricated by fine-tuning the nature of the alcohol through modification of its chain length and other reaction conditions. Other factors such as the influence of alcohol concentration on internal structure, particle size, morphology and mechanism of nanoparticle formation (using spectral investigations, particularly microscopic and X-ray techniques) are also described in detail. The role of green reaction conditions, namely microwave, sonication and heterogeneous media such as zeolites, in controlling the solvent ability and reducing power of alcohols are also discussed.
Acids
Authors: Mhaske S. T. , Mestry S. U. , Borse P. Y.
Published: May 2021

The chapter overviews the different types of acids used in the synthesis of nanoparticles particularly classified as carboxylic acids, phenolic acids and amino acids. The mechanisms involved in the synthesis of various nanoparticles such as iron, copper, gold, silver, etc., are discussed in detail. The effects on the mode of aggregation of metal atoms and the particle size of colloidal nanoparticles due to the presence of acids have been discussed as a function of the varying degrees of concentrations of the reagents involved.
Hydrides
Authors: Comesaña-Hermo Miguel , Sequestra Rémy , Piquemal Jean-Yves
Published: May 2021

Hydrides are compounds in widespread use as reducing agents for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Importantly, the formation of high yields of small noble metal nanoparticles with high crystallinity and monodisperse size distributions has been developed in part thanks to the use of such chemical species. In this Chapter we will give a broad overview on the use of hydrides as reducing agents for the synthesis of inorganic crystals with different chemical compositions (metals, ceramics, alloys), paying particular attention to the different applications derived.
Polysaccharides
Authors: Ogundare Segun A. , van Zyl Werner E.
Published: May 2021

The diverse natural abundance of polysaccharides provides a rich source for the green synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) at a relatively cheap cost and at a sustainable level. This chapter describes polysaccharides as reducing agents in the synthesis of colloidal NPs. It is pertinent to note that polysaccharides act not only as reducing agents but also as stabilizing and structural directing agents under suitable reaction conditions. These roles are strongly influenced by the chemical composition and the sequence of ordering of the repeating units into macromolecules, as well as the molecular weight. Ionic polysaccharides show an improved stabilizing effect, but the reducing capacity is limited to an increase in the number of ionic functionality and is sensitive to the tuning of reaction conditions to stimulate electron transfer. This chapter also highlights the potential applications of the synthesized colloidal NPs in medicine, catalysis and sensing. The contributions of polysaccharides to these applications are significant, as they provide biocompatibility and large surface area for interaction of the NPs. Looking to the future, polysaccharides are a potential game changer in the synthesis of green colloidal NPs once reaction conditions are optimized toward obtaining NPs with uniform size and morphology with a substantial market value.
Other Polymers
Authors: Çavuşlar O. , Acar H. Yagci
Published: May 2021

The dual function of polymers as both a reducing and a stabilising agent in the production of colloidal metal nanoparticles (MNPs) offers a simple, low-cost, greener synthesis for MNPs. In this chapter, efforts directed towards the successful production of colloidal MNPs by the exploitation of both ionic and non-ionic polymers will be discussed. Since polymers are weak reducing agents, the reduction potential of the metal salt is critical as well; therefore, most reported examples are regarding gold and silver NPs. Reduction rate, size and particle morphology depend on the molecular weight of the polymer, polymer/metal salt ratio, concentration, pH, temperature and the type of the electron-donating group to metal ions. Ionic polymers, namely polyelectrolytes, are the most successful ones, with good reducing power and enhanced stabilisation of the MNPs through electrosteric effects, and hence will be discussed in detail. Non-ionic polymers are usually considered less effective, and hence examples are scarce. However, such polymers, e.g. poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), allow the production of MNPs with different morphologies in kinetically controlled nucleation and growth processes. Possible mechanisms of oxidation/reduction will also be discussed.
Simultaneous screening of multiple substrates with an unspecific peroxygenase enabled modified alkane and alkene oxyfunctionalisations
Authors: Knorrscheidt Anja , Soler Jordi , Hünecke Nicole , Püllmann Pascal , Garcia-Borràs Marc , Weissenborn Martin J.
Published: May 2021

Protein engineering of an unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) was performed with three substrates and six products in parallel by a high throughput GC-MS setup. Modified chemo- and regioselective variants were identified for aliphatic substrates.
Nanocrystalline silicon thin film growth and application for silicon heterojunction solar cells: a short review
Authors: Sharma Mansi , Panigrahi Jagannath , Komarala Vamsi K.
Published: May 2021

Doped nanocrystalline silicon thin films, in which silicon nanocrystallites are embedded in an amorphous silicon matrix, are emerging as carrier-selective contacts for next-generation silicon heterojunction solar cells.
Nanomechanics of self-assembled DNA building blocks
Authors: Penth Michael , Schellnhuber Kordula , Bennewitz Roland , Blass Johanna
Published: May 2021

Massive parallel force spectroscopy reveals a surprisingly high flexibility for DNA constructs used in DNA origami. The high flexibility is attributed to the structural dynamics of DNA self-assemblies.
A nucleus targetable fluorescent probe for ratiometric imaging of endogenous NO in living cells and zebrafishes
Authors: Zhao Liang , Huang Zhenlong , Ma Daqing , Yan Yu , Zhang Xinfu , Xiao Yi
Published: May 2021

A nucleus targetable fluorescent probe is developed based on a Hoechst and rhodamine dyad for ratiometric imaging of endogenous NO in living cells and zebrafishes.
Colorimetric detection of water content in organic solvents via a smartphone with fluorescent Ag nanoclusters
Authors: Kong Ningxin , Yuan Hao , Zhou Huangmei , Zhao Yu , Zhang Sanjun
Published: May 2021

This work reports colorimetric and ratiometric detection of water content in organic solvents via a smartphone based on Ag nanoclusters with aggregation induced emission enhancement.
Enhanced adsorption of malathion and phoxim by a three-dimensional magnetic graphene oxide-functionalized citrus peel-derived bio-composite
Authors: Cao Shurui , Zhou Yue , Xi Cunxian , Tang Tiantian , Chen Zhiqiong
Published: May 2021

By integrating direct magnetization and one-pot pyrolysis, a 3D magnetic graphene oxide-functionalized citrus peel-derived bio-composite (mGOBC) was synthesized and characterized successfully, and it was proved to possess a 3D porous architecture and graphitic structure.
Ultrasensitive immunochromatographic strip for the detection of cyhalothrin in foods
Authors: Lin Lu , Song Shanshan , Wu Xiaoling , Liu Liqiang , Kuang Hua , Xu Chuanlai
Published: May 2021

A quantitative immunochromatographic strip assay has been developed for rapid screening of lambda-cyhalothrin in foods.
The efficient enrichment of marine peptides from the protein hydrolysate of the marine worm Urechis unicinctus by using mesoporous materials MCM-41, SBA-15 and CMK-3
Authors: Li Xinwei , Ma Yueyun , Zuo Yijin , Liu Zonghao , Wang Qiukuan , Ren Dandan , He Yunhai , Cong Haihua , Wu Long , Zhou Hui
Published: May 2021

Silica MCM-41 and SBA-15 and carbon CMK-3 exhibited evident enrichment ability for peptides of the protein hydrolysate of the marine worm Urechis unicinctus.
Determination of modifications in rat liver due to phthalate uptake by SAM, RS, and ICP-OES
Authors: Tanoren Bukem , Parlatan Ugur , Parlak Melita , Selcuk Berzem , Ates Alkan Fatma , Pastaci Ozsobaci Nural , Albeniz Gurcan , Turker Sener Leyla , Albeniz Isil , Unlu Mehmet Burcin
Published: May 2021

Scanning acoustic microscopy determined modifications by providing mechanical information, while, Raman spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry determined changes in the chemical structure.
BODIPY–vinyl dibromides as triplet sensitisers for photodynamic therapy and triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion
Authors: Dartar Suay , Ucuncu Muhammed , Karakus Erman , Hou Yuqi , Zhao Jianzhang , Emrullahoglu Mustafa
Published: May 2021

BODIPY–vinyl dibromides as triplet sensitisers with a fine balance between fluorescence emission and singlet oxygen generation. A promising tool for imaging-guided photodynamic therapy.
Conversion of methanol on rutile TiO2 (110) and tungsten oxide clusters: 1. population of defect-dependent thermal reaction pathways
Authors: Mohrhusen Lars , Al-Shamery Katharina
Published: May 2021

Tungsten oxide clusters deposited on rutile TiO2 (110) single crystals were examined as a model system for the defect-dependent thermal conversion of methanol on heterogenous oxide-oxide bifunctional catalysts.
Conversion of methanol on rutile TiO2(110) and tungsten oxide clusters: 2. The role of defects and electron transfer in bifunctional oxidic photocatalysts
Authors: Mohrhusen Lars , Kräuter Jessica , Al-Shamery Katharina
Published: May 2021

The photochemical conversion of methanol on bifunctional oxidic model catalysts based on rutile TiO2 (110) was investigated under special consideration of the role of point defects in the titania sample.
Tuning the degradation activity and pathways of chlorinated organic pollutants over CeO2 catalyst with acid sites: synergistic effect of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites
Authors: Lv Xuelong , Cai Songcai , Chen Jin , Yan Dongxu , Jiang Mingzhu , Chen Jing , Jia Hongpeng
Published: May 2021

The synergistic effect of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites can promote the effective degradation of chlorobenzene following the hydrolysis pathway of producing less toxic by-products.
Characterization of landfill leachate molecular composition using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Martin Katherine R. , Robey Nicole M. , Ma Shirley , Powers Leanne C. , Heyes Andrew , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe , Cooper William J. , Townsend Timothy G. , Gonsior Michael
Published: May 2021

Landfill leachate organic matter was molecularly characterized by FT-ICR-MS, revealing a significant and previously unidentified organochlorine signature.
Capsaicin stability and bio-accessibility affected by complexation with high-amylose corn starch (HACS)
Authors: Isaschar-Ovdat Sivan , Shani-Levi Carmit , Lesmes Uri
Published: May 2021

Delivery of pungent bioactives such as capsaicin from hot peppers can be achieved with starch architectures.
Isotope analysis of iron on structural materials of nuclear power plants using double-pulse laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry
Authors: Choi Sung-Uk , Han Sol-Chan , Lee Jun-Yeop , Yun Jong-Il
Published: May 2021

The isotope analysis of iron was performed using laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS) for the detection of radioactive hotspots in nuclear power plant (NPPs).
Functionalized germanane/SWCNT hybrid films as flexible anodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wu Bing , Šturala Jiří , Veselý Martin , Hartman Tomáš , Kovalska Evgeniya , Bouša Daniel , Luxa Jan , Azadmanjiri Jalal , Sofer Zdeněk
Published: May 2021

SWCNTs were introduced to develop hybrid SWCNT/germanane electrodes for lithium storage, endowing the hybrid electrodes with structural stability and enhanced electrochemical performance.
A novel site-induced biomolecule anchoring strategy based on solid superacid ZrO2/SO42- for fabricating label-free IgG electrochemical immunosensors
Authors: Chen Xiaoyan , Song Lin , Zhu Guanyang , Ma Jing , Xu Ajing , Zhao Wenya , Gu Yingying , An Yarui , Miao Yuqing
Published: May 2021

In this work, a unique zirconium dioxide solid superacid (ZrO2/SO42−) was utilized for the fabrication of an IgG electrochemical immunosensor.
Transition metal-mediated dinitrogen functionalisation with boron
Authors: Simonneau Antoine
Published: May 2021

An overview of the available methods to functionalize dinitrogen with boron reagents using transition metal complexes is given.
A computational approach for designing novel SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors: combined QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation techniques
Authors: Tong Jian-Bo , Luo Ding , Xu Hai-Yin , Bian Shuai , Zhang Xing , Xiao Xue-Chun , Wang Jie
Published: May 2021

The promising compound T21 for treating COVID-19 at the active site of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
Surface polymerization induced locomotion
Authors: Ramos-Docampo Miguel A. , Brodszkij Edit , Ceccato Marcel , Foss Morten , Folkjær Mads , Lock Nina , Städler Brigitte
Published: May 2021

We report an alternative type of motor that has enhanced locomotion due to surface polymerization, that is more pronounced when Janus motors are considered. Further, indications of collective behavior are observed for high motor densities.
In situ STEM study on the morphological evolution of copper-based nanoparticles during high-temperature redox reactions
Authors: Sharna Sharmin , Bahri Mounib , Bouillet Corinne , Rouchon Virgile , Lambert Arnold , Gay Anne-Sophie , Chiche David , Ersen Ovidiu
Published: May 2021

Direct observation of the phase and morphological evolution of copper nanoparticles during oxidation (O2) and reduction (H2) reactions, as a function of temperature, using in situ STEM under atmospheric pressure.
Synthesis of well-defined di- and triblock acrylic copolymers consisting of hard poly(dicyclopentanyl acrylate) and soft poly(alkyl acrylate) segments by organocatalyzed group transfer polymerization and their glass transition behavior
Authors: Jia Qun , Yan Zhi-Chao , Li Yanan , Liu Junfeng , Ding Yuansheng , Liu Yujian , Li Jian , Chen Yougen
Published: May 2021

Well-defined acrylic block copolymers with hard poly(dicyclopentanyl acrylate) and soft poly(n-alkylacrylate) blocks prepared by GTP are observed to undergo microphase separation by rheometry except for the crystallizable poly(n-dodecyl acrylate) series.
A review of the properties and applications of bioadhesive hydrogels
Authors: Xiong Yingshuo , Zhang Xiaoran , Ma Xintao , Wang Wenqi , Yan Feiyan , Zhao Xiaohan , Chu Xiaoxiao , Xu Wenlong , Sun Changmei
Published: May 2021

Due to their outstanding properties, bioadhesive hydrogels have been extensively studied by researchers in recent years.
Synthesis of highly crystalline LaFeO3 nanospheres for phenoxazinone synthase mimicking activity
Authors: Khairy Mohamed , Mahmoud Abdelrahman H. , Khalil Kamal M. S.
Published: May 2021

LaFeO3 nanospheres were synthesized by a facile sol–gel autocombustion method and explored for the photocatalytic transformation of o-aminophenol to 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one.
Highly-efficient red-to-yellow/green upconversion sensitized by phthalocyanine palladium with high triplet energy-level
Authors: Wang Kai , Huang Suqin , Ding Ping , Liang Zuoqin , Chen Shuoran , Li Lin , Ye Changqing , Wang Xiaomei
Published: May 2021

Soluble phthalocyanine palladium derivatives were synthesized and employed as sensitizers to achieve red-to-yellow/green upconversion, when doped with different annihilators.
Morphology and surface analyses for CH3NH3PbI3perovskite thin films treated with versatile solvent–antisolvent vapors
Authors: Awol Nasir , Amente Chernet , Verma Gaurav , Kim Jung Yong
Published: May 2021

Organometal halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) semiconductors have been promising candidates as a photoactive layer for photovoltaics.
Single-atom catalysts for high-energy rechargeable batteries
Authors: Tian Hao , Song Ailing , Tian Huajun , Liu Jian , Shao Guangjie , Liu Hao , Wang Guoxiu
Published: May 2021

Single-atom catalysts are reviewed, aiming to achieve optimized properties to boost electrochemical performances of high-energy batteries.
Recent progress in the improvement of hydrothermal stability of zeolites
Authors: Simancas Raquel , Chokkalingam Anand , Elangovan Shanmugam P. , Liu Zhendong , Sano Tsuneji , Iyoki Kenta , Wakihara Toru , Okubo Tatsuya
Published: May 2021

This review attempts to summarize the recently developed strategies to improve the hydrothermal framework stability of zeolites.
Room-temperature ferroelectric and ferroelastic orders coexisting in a new tetrafluoroborate-based perovskite
Authors: Chen Xiao-Xian , Zhang Xiao-Yue , Liu De-Xuan , Huang Rui-Kang , Wang Sha-Sha , Xiong Li-Qun , Zhang Wei-Xiong , Chen Xiao-Ming
Published: May 2021

An unprecedented tetrafluoroborate-based perovskite reveals the coexistence of ferroelastic and ferroelectric transitions arising from delicate interplay between stepwise frozen organic cations and cooperative deformation of the framework.
Carbene-catalyzed enantioselective annulation of dinucleophilic hydrazones and bromoenals for access to aryl-dihydropyridazinones and related drugs
Authors: Mondal Bivas , Maiti Rakesh , Yang Xing , Xu Jun , Tian Weiyi , Yan Jia-Lei , Li Xiangyang , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: May 2021

Polarity inversion of arylidene hydrazones to react with bromoenals via carbene organic catalysis is disclosed. The reaction enantioselectively affords 6-aryl-4,5-dihydropyridazinones and related drugs with proven commercial applications.
Energy production by salinity exchange in polyelectrolyte-coated electrodes. Temperature effects
Authors: Ahualli S. , Jiménez M. L. , Amador Z. , Fernández M. M. , Iglesias G. R. , Delgado A. V.
Published: May 2021

Increasing the temperature of the fresh water produces a significant increase in power production by coated electrodes.
Rational synthesis of novel biocompatible thermoresponsive block copolymer worm gels
Authors: Beattie Deborah L. , Mykhaylyk Oleksandr O. , Ryan Anthony J. , Armes Steven P.
Published: May 2021

Judicious control over the mean degree of polymerization of each block in a amphiphilic diblock copolymer ensures that the corresponding worm gel exhibits thermoreversible (de)gelation behavior, as judged by TEM, SAXS and rheology studies.
Giant power density produced by PIN–PMN–PT ferroelectric single crystals due to a pressure induced polar-to-nonpolar phase transformation
Authors: Shkuratov Sergey I. , Baird Jason , Antipov Vladimir G. , Lynch Christopher S. , Zhang Shujun , Chase Jay B. , Jo Hwan R.
Published: May 2021

The search for ferroelectric materials capable of producing high electric charge and power densities is important for developing a new generation of ultrahigh-power-density ferroelectric energy storage devices and autonomous megawatt power supplies.
Polyethylenimine-modified bimetallic Au@Rh core–shell mesoporous nanospheres surpass Pt for pH-universal hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Mei , Xu You , Wang Shengqi , Liu Mengying , Wang Lianbang , Wang Ziqiang , Li Xiaonian , Wang Liang , Wang Hongjing
Published: May 2021

Polyethylenimine-modified bimetallic Au@Rh mesoporous nanospheres are constructed via a two-step strategy and exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity towards pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction.
PEDOT:Tos electronic and thermoelectric properties: lessons from two polymerization processes
Authors: Perrot Solène , Pawula Florent , Pechev Stanislav , Hadziioannou Georges , Fleury Guillaume
Published: May 2021

Electronic spectra, transport properties and multiscale structure comparison between PEDOT:Tos thin films made by two polymerization processes.
Study of configuration differentia and highly efficient deep-red thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes based on phenanthro[4,5-fgh]quinoxaline derivatives
Authors: Shang Anqi , Lu Tong , Liu Hui , Du Chunya , Liu Futong , Jiang Dongyan , Min Jiarui , Zhang Haiquan , Lu Ping
Published: May 2021

A series of structural isomers are successfully obtained. Trans-PyCNTPA exhibits a smaller ΔEST and 4-folded higher ΦPL than cis-PyCNTPA, and its doped OLED shows deep-red emission at 668 nm with the maximum EQE of 15.5%.
The Impact of Pass/Refer Criteria in the Use of Otoacoustic Emission Technology for Newborn Hearing Screening
Authors: Kanji Amisha , Naudé Alida
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The current study aimed to compare the specificity of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in isolation and in combination, with varying pass/refer criteria for DPOAE technology.

Method

A longitudinal, repeated-measures design was employed. The current study sample comprised 91 of the initial 325 participants who returned for the repeat screening and diagnostic audiological assessment within a risk-based newborn hearing screening program.

Results

TEOAE screening had the highest specificity in comparison to DPOAE screening at the initial and repeat screening, irrespective of differences in DPOAE pass/refer criteria. DPOAE screening had a slightly higher specificity, with a three out of six rather than the four out of six frequency pass criteria.

Conclusions

Pass/refer criteria alone do not influence referral rates and specificity. Instead, consideration of other factors in combination with these criteria is important. More research is required in terms of the sensitivity and specificity of OAE screening technology using repeated-measures and diagnostic audiological evaluation as the gold standard.
English Narrative Macrostructure Development of Spanish–English Bilingual Children From Preschool to First Grade
Authors: Bitetti Dana , Hammer Carol Scheffner
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This longitudinal study examined the development of seven macrostructure features in the English narratives of Spanish–English bilingual children from the beginning of preschool to the end of first grade and examined whether the timing of English exposure impacted this development.

Method

Narratives were collected over 4 years for 103 children of Puerto Rican descent. Narratives were elicited in the fall and spring of each year and coded for macrostructure using the Narrative Scoring Scheme, which generates a score for each macrostructure feature. Using parent report of the timing of English exposure, the children were grouped according to whether they had learned Spanish and English from birth (home English communication) or whether they had been primarily exposed to English in Head Start (school English communication [SEC]).

Results

Growth curve models revealed that the children's production of all seven narrative features demonstrated growth over the 4 years. Some features demonstrated slowed growth during the school years. Though the children in the SEC group began Head Start with significantly lower macrostructure scores than the children in the home English communication group, the SEC children demonstrated faster growth rates for a majority of features once schooling began.

Conclusions

The results provide information about the unique developmental progression of each macrostructure feature in the English narratives of bilingual children. The findings suggest that individual macrostructure features were susceptible to the effects of the timing of English exposure. The preschool years mark an important time to promote bilingual children's narrative production, especially for children exposed primarily to Spanish at home.
A comparative study of switched reluctance motors with a single‐phase and a novel Synchronous double‐phase excitation mode
Authors: Zhu Yueying , Zhao Chengwen , Yin Liliang , Zhou Hao , Xing Chao
Published: May 2021

To obtain a short flux path and improve the torque performance, a double‐phase excitation (DE) was generally used for switched reluctance motor (SRM). But the torque ripple of the SRM working under DE with traditional winding distribution increases because of the inconsistent electromagnetic field. To deal with this problem, an 8/6 SRM working under DE with novel winding distribution (DESRM) is proposed here. In order to comprehensively analyse the electromagnetic performance of DESRM, it is compared with a traditional single‐excitation SRM and double‐excitation SRM with traditional winding, in terms of air flux density, radial and tangential force components, inductance, torque, and losses. The theoretical and finite element analysis results reveal the cause of differences on torque and vibration of the motor as well as the mechanism of generating different motor performance. In addition, the analysis shows that the proposed DESRM generates a higher torque with a reduced torque ripple. Finally, a pair of prototypes with different winding configurations is designed and used to verify the theoretical analysis.
Impact of Pre- and Intraoperative Factors on Endothelial Cell Density in the Early and Late Stage after Penetrating Keratoplasty
Authors: Brand Jessica , Langenbucher Achim , Zemova Elena , Stachon Tanja , Weber Melanie , Rebmann Jerome , Seitz Berthold , Szentmáry Nóra
Published: May 2021

Aim This retrospective investigated the impact of donor age, recipient age, donor endothelial cell density, vis-à-tergo, and additional intraoperative lens exchange (triple-procedure) on overall early and late phase postoperative endothelial cell density (ECD) following penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in various diagnosis groups.

Patients and Methods In 590 cases with diagnosed keratoconus (KC), Fuchs dystrophy (FD) and herpes simplex virus infection (HSV) who underwent PKP or triple surgery, the ECD in cells/mm2 was analysed, both preoperatively, with all-sutures-in (early postoperative stage), and after last suture removal. The factors were tested by Mann-Whitney U-test, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis.

Outcome Correlation analysis demonstrated a weak negative correlation between the patientʼs ECD and donor age (early postoperative stage: r = − 0.25, p < 0.001; after last suture removal: r = − 0.16; p = 0.003). Regression analysis revealed that donor age did not impact postoperative patient ECD. There was a weak negative correlation between postoperative ECD and recipient age (early postoperative stage: r = − 0.31, p < 0.001; after last suture removal: r = − 0.34, p < 0.001). Regression analysis confirmed the negative impact of recipient age on patient ECD (early postoperative stage: β = − 13.2, p = 0.001; after last suture removal: β = − 4.6, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis determined a weak positive correlation between postoperative ECD and donor endothelial cell density (early postoperative stage: r = 0.37, p < 0.001; after last suture removal: r = 0.32, p < 0.001). Regression analysis also determined that donor endothelial cell density had
a positive impact on postoperative ECD following last suture removal (β = 0.4, p < 0.001). Vis-à-tergo and additional lens exchange (triple procedure) had no significant effect on postoperative ECD (p > 0.05). This was also confirmed by the results of the regression analysis after last suture removal.

Conclusion Recipient age and donor endothelial cell density have a significant impact on postoperative ECD following PKP. Not all of the statistical tests proved donor age to be a significant influencing factor. Vis-à-tergo and additional lens exchange (triple procedure) had no significant effect on postoperative ECD following PKP.
Influence of Mitomycin C on the Therapeutic Success of Stand-Alone Xen45 Gel Stents and Its Combination with Cataract Surgery in Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Denkel Laura , Hohberger Bettina , Lämmer Robert
Published: May 2021

Purpose Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS), like Xen45 gel stents, is known as effective therapy in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP); however, fibrotic reactions are a common problem in postoperative management. It was the aim of this study to investigate the therapeutic success of Xen45 gel stents as a stand-alone technique (Xen) and combined with cataract surgery (XenPhaco), and with antimetabolites (mitomycin C, MMC) in open-angle glaucoma patients.

Methods Retrospective analysis was performed of 199 eyes of 177 glaucoma patients of the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen Nürnberg, and from the Erlangen Glaucoma Registry (NCT00494923; ISSN 2191-5008, CS-2011) who underwent implantation of a Xen45 gel stent. Therapeutic success was defined as IOP reduction of ≥ 20% on the same or less anti-glaucomatous medication after 12 months compared to preoperative and without any additional glaucoma-related surgery (except bleb needling). IOP reduction, reduction in local anti-glaucomatous eye drops, and intra- and postoperative complications were monitored.

Results Stand-alone Xen45 gel stent: therapeutic success was reached in 39% (–MMC) and 55% (+MMC). Failure rate was 61% (–MMC) and 45% (+MMC). XenPhaco: therapeutic success was achieved in 57% (–MMC) and 46% (+MMC). Failure rate was 43% (-MMC) and 54% (+MMC). Data were not different for group and subgroup analyses (p > 0.05).

Conclusions The use of MMC seemed to increase the therapeutic success rate after stand-alone Xen45 gel stent implantation and combined with cataract surgery, yet statistical significant was not reached.
Entwöhnung von der Beatmung (Weaning) nach Langzeitbeatmung infolge SARS-CoV-2-Infektion
Authors: Schäfer H. , Michels I. C. , Bucher B. , Dock-Rust D. , Hellstern A.
Published: May 2021

Ziel Es sollte untersucht werden, ob Unterschiede im Weaning bei Langzeitbeatmung infolge einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion bestehen.

Methode Es wurden für den Zeitraum Januar bis Juli 2020 Patientendaten aus dem Weaning-Register des Institutes für Lungenforschung (ILF) ausgewertet. Hierbei wurden nur abgeschlossene Weaning-Fälle aus dem eigenen Zentrum berücksichtigt.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt konnten 28 Patienten ausgewertet werden, 11 wurden wegen Langzeitbeatmung nach SARS-CoV-2-Infektion behandelt, 17 Patienten hatten keine SARS-CoV-2-Infektion. 81,2 % der SARS-CoV-2-Patienten und 76,4 % der SARS-CoV-2-negativen Patienten konnten erfolgreich von der Beatmung entwöhnt werden. Die Mortalität lag bei 18,2 % in der SARS-CoV-2-positiven Gruppe und 11,8 % in der SARS-CoV-2-negativen Gruppe. Bei den Patienten mit SARS-CoV-2-Infektion handelte es sich hauptsächlich um Männer mit kardiovaskulären Begleiterkrankungen und Raucheranamnese. Ein ARDS war hier die häufigste Ursache der akuten respiratorischen Insuffizienz.

Schlussfolgerung Patienten mit Langzeitbeatmung im Rahmen einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion können erfolgreich vom Respirator entwöhnt werden. Männliche Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Begleiterkrankungen und Raucheranamnese scheinen häufiger von einer prolongierten Entwöhnung vom Respirator betroffen zu sein.
Synthesis of Spiro[indazole-3,3′-indolin]-2′-ones and Indazolo [2,3-c]quinazolin-6(5H)-ones from Arynes and Isatin-Derived N-Tosylhydrazones
Authors: Cheng Bin , Wang Taimin , Zhai Hongbin , He Yixuan , Zhang Xinping , Li Hui , Ding Zijie , Feng Lizhe , Sun Haiyan
Published: May 2021

A formal (3+2) annulation reaction between isatin-derived N-tosylhydrazones and o-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates allows facile synthesis of spiro[indazole-3,3′-indolin]-2′-ones in high to excellent yields. Furthermore, indazolo[2,3-c]quinazolin-6(5H)-ones could be accessed from the same starting materials in one-pot fashion via an annulation/rearrangement pathway.
Visible Light as the Key for the Formation of Carbon–Sulfur Bonds in Sulfones, Thioethers, and Sulfonamides: An Update
Authors: Renzi Polyssena , Azzi Emanuele , Lanfranco Alberto , Moro Riccardo , Deagostino Annamaria
Published: May 2021

This review summarizes the most relevant advancements made in the photocatalyzed synthesis of sulfones, thioethers, and sulfonamides from 2017 to the beginning of 2021. Synthetic strategies towards the construction of sulfur–carbon bonds are discussed together with the proposed reaction mechanisms. Interestingly, sulfur-based functional groups, which are of fundamental importance for the pharmaceutical field, can be assembled by photocatalysis in an easy and straightforward way under milder reaction conditions employing less toxic and expensive sulfur sources in comparison with common strategies.

1 Introduction

2 Sulfones

2.1 Sodium Sulfinates and Sulfinic Acids

2.2 Sulfonyl Halides

2.3 Sulfonyl Hydrazones

2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Surrogates

2.5 Miscellaneous

3 Thioethers

4 Sulfonamides

5 Conclusions
Aldol–Tishchenko Reaction of α-Oxy Ketones: Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triol Derivatives
Authors: Sanz Roberto , Sedano Carlos , Virumbrales Cintia , Suárez-Pantiga Samuel
Published: May 2021

α-Oxy ketones, easily accessible by conventional routes, can be selectively deprotonated generating an enolate intermediate, which upon treatment with paraformaldehyde undergoes an aldol–Tishchenko reaction, leading to relevant 1,2,3-triol fragments in a totally diastereoselective manner. The excellent stereocontrol in the generation of a quaternary stereocenter is attributed to stereoelectronic effects in the Evans intermediate. This methodology allows overcoming some limitations of our previously reported strategy, based on the reaction of α-lithiobenzyl ethers with esters and paraformaldehyde, broadening the scope of the obtained polyols. Synthetic applications of this process include the preparation of a new dilignol model and some functionalized oxetanes.
Base-Free Catalytic Wittig-/Cross-Coupling Reaction Sequence as Short Synthetic Strategy for the Preparation of Highly Functionalized Arylbenzoxepinones
Authors: Werner Thomas , Grandane Aiga , Pudnika Linda , Domraceva Ilona , Zalubovskis Raivis
Published: May 2021

The facile synthesis of highly functionalized building blocks with potential biological activity is of great interest to medicinal chemistry. The benzoxepinone core structures commonly exhibit biological activity. Thus, a short and efficient synthetic route towards benzoxepine containing scaffold, which enables late stage modification was developed. Namely, base-free catalytic Wittig reactions enabled the synthesis of bromobenzoxepinones from readily available starting materials. Subsequent, Suzuki–Miyaura and Stille reactions proved to be suitable methods to access a variety of benzoxepinone diaryl derivatives by late stage modification in only three steps. This three-step reaction sequence is suitable for high throughput applications and gives facile access to highly complex molecular structures, which are suitable for further functionalization. The antiproliferative properties of selected arylbenzoxepinones­ were tested in vitro on monolayer tumor cell line A549. Notably, in this initial screening, these compounds were found to be active in the micromolar range.
Direct Approach to 3-Fluoroindoles and 3,3-Difluoroindolines from 2,2-Difluoro-2-phenylethan-1-amines via C–H/N–H Coupling
Authors: Cui Yongmei , Yang Chunhao , Zhang Lanfei , Zhang Xiaofei
Published: May 2021

Herein, a direct method for the synthesis of 3-fluoroindoles and 3,3-difluoroindolines from easily accessible 2,2-difluoro-2-phenyl­ethan-1-amines is presented. This protocol was performed by Pd-catalyzed direct C–H/N–H coupling and employed picolinamide as a directing group. By controlling the temperature for this transformation, various 3,3-difluoroindolines and 3-fluoroindoles could be isolated with moderate to good yields.
A Single-Step Asymmetric Phosphodiester Synthesis from Alcohols with Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphodiester
Authors: Yamatsugu Kenzo , Kanai Motomu , Fujiyoshi Kohei , Kawashima Shigehiro A.
Published: May 2021

Phosphodiesters are important structural motifs observed in a diverse field of molecular science. It is, thus, important to develop a simple and robust way to synthesize them from corresponding alcohols. Here we report a single-step asymmetric phosphodiester synthesis from alcohols with phosphoenolpyruvate phosphodiesters as phosphoryl donors. This transformation allows for the use of various functionalized alcohols as substrates and would be useful for diverse fields including biology and medicine.
Telomere and Telomerase: Biological Markers of Organic Vital Force State and Homeopathic Treatment Effectiveness
Authors: Teixeira Marcus Zulian
Published: May 2021

Background Philosophical–scientific correlations described in previous studies suggest that the genome can be the biological representation of the vital force, whilst the disease-promoting epigenetic alterations would be the biological representation of the chronic miasmas. In this study, we expand the functional correlation between vital force and chromosomes, describing the mechanism of action of the telomere–telomerase complex in the context of physiological balance.

Aims The aim of the work is to study the role of the telomere–telomerase complex in cell vitality, biological aging, and the health-disease process, with the goal of proposing the use of telomere length as a biomarker of the vital force state and the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment.

Results Similar to the vital force, telomere length and telomerase enzyme activity play an important role in maintaining cellular vitality, biological longevity, and physiological homeostasis. Telomere shortening functions as a biomarker of vital imbalance and is associated with numerous diseases and health disorders. On the other hand, health-promotion practices neutralize the pathological shortening of the telomeres, acting therapeutically in diseases or age-dependent health disorders.

Conclusions As a hypothetical biomarker of the vital force state, an intra-individual analysis of the mean leukocyte telomere length before, during, and after homeopathic treatment can be used as a biomarker of therapeutic effectiveness.
Clinoidal Meningioma with Cavernous Sinus Invasion
Authors: Abrao Adriana Azeredo Coutinho , da Silva Carlos Eduardo
Published: May 2021

We present a-49-year old female presenting headache and progressive right eye visual loss in the last 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large clinoidal meningioma on the right side, invading the superior, lateral and medial aspects of the cavernous sinus, the optic canal, and the clinoidal segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA).

A cranio-orbital approach was performed. The anterior clinoid process was removed extradurally to achieve devascularization of the anterior clinoidal meningioma, followed by the peeling of the middle fossa to decompress V2 and open the superior orbital fissure. We open the dura in a standard fronto-temporal flap to access the lower portion of the skull base allowing retractorless dissection. We complete the removal of the anterior clinoid process and optic strut through an intradural approach. It allows safer dissection of the clinoidal segment of the ICA and avoids its injury by adherent and hard consistency tumor.

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, sharp dissection, and avoiding the use of bipolar coagulation when dissecting the cavernous sinus are essential to minimize the risk of cranial nerve injury. We also like to point that cranial nerve deficit caused by surgical manipulation without primary lesion of the nerve can be recovered postoperatively.

The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/ozUCsnUGxyM.
Three heavy water models are developed for different scenarios
Authors: Yiu Yuen
Published: May 2021

Researchers present three heavy water models modified from established light water models for simulating experiments that use deuterated water.
Neural network model enables rapid 3-D image reconstruction from diffraction patterns
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: May 2021

The trained neural network can predict the shape and strain features of a sample without the need for time-consuming iterative steps.
Using body heat to power wearable devices can eliminate lapses in uninterrupted operation
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: May 2021

Though harvesting body heat for these devices may seem obvious, innovative solutions are needed to address challenges in size and flexibility.
The thermal expansion coefficient of monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene derived from the strain induced by cooling to cryogenic temperatures
Authors: McQuade Gregor A. , Plaut Annette S. , Usher Alan , Martin Jens
Published: May 2021

While thermally cycling monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene between 5 K and 300 K, Raman spectroscopy has shown that cooling to 5 K induces a strain in these graphene flakes of −0.081 ± 0.003%. This strain was used to measure the graphene thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), which was found to be (−3.2 ± 0.2)×10−6 K−1 for monolayers, (−3.4 ± 0.4)×10−6 K−1 for bilayers, and (−3.8 ± 0.6)×10−6 K−1 for trilayers at room temperature. The TEC showed a similar temperature dependence across all graphene thicknesses and was found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This study, thus, represents the first measurement of the TEC of bilayer and trilayer graphene. Modification of graphene flakes of all thicknesses with various electrical contact designs was found to have no significant impact on the resulting strain, and thus the TEC, compared to the pristine graphene.
Influence of growth oxygen pressure on the electrical properties and phase transformation of the epitaxial (K,Na)NbO3-based lead-free ferroelectric films
Authors: Chen Xinyan , Jin Feng , Li Teng , Xu Liqiang , Huang Zhen , Wang Ke , Chen Feng
Published: May 2021

The influence of the growth oxygen pressure (GPO2) on the performance of the epitaxial 0.95(K0.49Na0.49Li0.02)(Ta0.2Nb0.8)O3–0.05CaZrO3 with 2 wt. % MnO2 addition (KNNLT-CZM) lead-free ferroelectric films grown on the La0.07Ba0.93SnO3-coated SrTiO3 (001) substrates is investigated. The x-ray diffraction results show that the tetragonality of the KNNLT-CZM films is dependent on GPO2, which varies from 0.999 at 15 Pa to 1.006 at 35 Pa. Since the polarization direction with applied electrical field of the (010)-oriented KNN-based film is along [110]/[011], the relationship between the ferroelectricity and GPO2 is well explained from the perspective of the tetragonality change. The leakage current density of the KNNLT-CZM films is suppressed and the dielectric constant is enhanced from 427 to 1538 at 1 kHz with increasing the GPO2. Moreover, the orthorhombic to tetragonal phase transition temperature (TO-T) of the KNNLT-CZM films grown at 15 Pa is ∼180 °C, which is much lower than ∼210 °C of those grown at 25/35 Pa. GPO2 is proven to be an important factor that regulating the ferroelectricity and TO-T of the epitaxial KNNLT-CZM films.
Reduced-order models for coupled dynamical systems: Data-driven methods and the Koopman operator
Authors: Santos Gutiérrez Manuel , Lucarini Valerio , Chekroun Mickaël D. , Ghil Michael
Published: May 2021

Providing efficient and accurate parameterizations for model reduction is a key goal in many areas of science and technology. Here, we present a strong link between data-driven and theoretical approaches to achieving this goal. Formal perturbation expansions of the Koopman operator allow us to derive general stochastic parameterizations of weakly coupled dynamical systems. Such parameterizations yield a set of stochastic integrodifferential equations with explicit noise and memory kernel formulas to describe the effects of unresolved variables. We show that the perturbation expansions involved need not be truncated when the coupling is additive. The unwieldy integrodifferential equations can be recast as a simpler multilevel Markovian model, and we establish an intuitive connection with a generalized Langevin equation. This connection helps setting up a parallelism between the top-down, equation-based methodology herein and the well-established empirical model reduction (EMR) methodology that has been shown to provide efficient dynamical closures to partially observed systems. Hence, our findings, on the one hand, support the physical basis and robustness of the EMR methodology and, on the other hand, illustrate the practical relevance of the perturbative expansion used for deriving the parameterizations.
Numerical simulation of vortex instabilities in the wake of a preswirl pumpjet propulsor
Authors: Qin Denghui , Huang Qiaogao , Pan Guang , Han Peng , Luo Yang , Dong Xinguo
Published: May 2021

A numerical analysis based on detached eddy simulations is conducted to investigate vortex instabilities in the wake of a preswirl pumpjet propulsor. Three models are established to separate the roles that the rotor, stator, and duct play in the vortex structure of the pumpjet propulsor. In this paper, only the vortex structure of the rotor is considered. The results show that the vortex system of the rotor is mainly composed of the tip vortices, a hub vortex, the trailing tip vortices, and the trailing root vortices. The trailing tip vortices are generated by the premature shedding of the tip vortices in the rotor model compared with a normal single propeller. The existence of trailing root vortices increases the stability of the hub vortex. Furthermore, a unique multi-inductance instability mode of the tip vortex, called the “overlap–forward” phenomenon, is found for low values of the advance coefficient J. It is found that the instability of the tip vortex depends not only on the spiral-to-spiral distance but also on the highest-efficiency point of the propeller. The instability inception point of the tip vortex moves farther downstream with increasing J, whereas when J is greater than the highest-efficiency point of the propeller, the stable length of the tip vortices drops sharply. The energy transfer process from blade harmonics to shaft harmonics of the tip vortices depends on J and is related to the spatial evolution of the tip vortices.