bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gender Implications of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Conflict Situations
Authors: Frey Barbara
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the gendered nature of firearm possession, use, and victimhood. It analyzes women’s roles in disarmament processes and the importance of greater female representation in firearms policy processes. The chapter opens with an overview of the current distribution, use, and regulation of small arms and light weapons and the impact that significant numbers of civilian-owned firearms have on broader communities. It then describes the differing experiences of men and women in firearms control and the differing contexts in which men and women become victims of gun violence. The chapter explores situational case studies of female combatants using small arms and light weapons and describes how the use or non-use of female combatants relates to gender roles in conflict settings.
Decolonial Feminism, Gender, and Transitional Justice in Latin America
Authors: Bueno-Hansen Pascha
Published: December 2017

Using Peru as an example, this chapter explores gender-based violence in conflict and transitional justice processes through a lens of decolonial feminism. Beginning with an analysis of colonialism and gender, it provides conceptual and historical context on the complex social relations between race, class, and gender. The chapter then turns to an exploration of community perspectives on sexual violence during the Peruvian internal armed conflict (1980–2000), explained through the metaphor of el patrón. By linking colonial and modern experiences of violence, the chapter illustrates the historical continuity of gender-based violence and challenges assumptions about the nature of victimhood and the benevolence of the state. The chapter examines the complex nature of victimhood in this context and the multipurpose use of sexual violence by the military, suggesting that a decolonial feminist approach is necessary to establish accountable legal systems and effective transitional justice processes.
How Should We Explain the Recurrence of Violent Conflict, and What Might Gender Have to Do with It?
Authors: El-Bushra Judy
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the factors behind the lack of progress in minimizing conflict, building peace, and improving security for women in conflict-affected environments. It reviews how cycles of conflict have been described in mainstream conflict analysis, which often include ill-conceived and temporary approaches to conflict management. The chapter explores where gender has been situated in these analyses, as well as the impact of adding gender data in operationalizing conflict responses, as opposed to engaging in a more thorough feminist analysis. This chapter then offers suggestions for broadening the mainstream approach by integrating a more fruitful gender analysis that addresses integrating holistic understandings of gendered relationships within society as a whole. The chapter ends with a call to conceptualize both conflict and gender as complex and fluid in order to create a more accurate analysis and more nuanced responses.
Kant on Virtue
Authors: Cureton Adam , Hill Thomas E.
Published: December 2017

Immanuel Kant defines virtue as a kind of strength and resoluteness of will to resist and overcome any obstacles that oppose fulfilling our moral duties. Human agents, according to Kant, owe it to themselves to strive for perfect virtue by fully committing to morality and by developing the fortitude to maintain and execute this life-governing policy, despite obstacles. This chapter reviews basic features of Kant’s conception of virtue and then discusses the role of emotions, a motive of duty, exemplars, rules, and community in a virtuous life. Kant thinks that striving to be more virtuous requires not only respect for moral principles and control of our contrary emotions, but also a system of legally enforced rules and communities of good persons. Exemplars and cultivated good feelings and emotions can be useful aids along the way, but Kant warns against attempting to derive one’s moral standards from examples or feelings.
Feminist Approaches to Virtue Ethics
Authors: Dillon Robin S.
Published: December 2017

Feminist ethics addresses the subordination in society of women and women’s interests to men and men’s interests and the devaluation or exclusion in moral philosophy of women’s perspectives. Feminist approaches to virtue ethics draw on and also criticize assumptions, concepts, methods, values, and theories of traditional virtue ethics, thus expanding the resources of feminist ethics for addressing problems in society and philosophy and making virtue ethics more responsive to the lived realities of most human beings. These approaches apply feminist concepts, concerns, methods, and values to issues of virtue ethics; highlight character issues of subordination and domination; identify virtues needed for resisting injustice and living fully human lives; examine vices that reinforce injustice; and develop new analyses and evaluations of traditional virtues and vices. In so doing, they enrich feminist ethics and broaden, reorient, and improve virtue ethics.
Acquiring Aristotelian Virtue
Authors: Athanassoulis Nafsika
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the role of the virtuous agent in the acquisition of virtue. It rejects the view of the virtuous agent as a direct model for imitation and instead focuses on recent research on the importance of phronesis. Phronesis is understood as a type of moral “know-how”—expertise that is supported by a variety of abilities, from emotional maturity, to self-reflection, to an empathic understanding of what moves others, to an ability to see beyond the surface and understand the complexities of human behavior. If we want to acquire virtue, instead of focusing on the virtuous agent as such, we should be trying to understand the abilities exemplified by his phronesis. As part of this project, the author also considers philosophers who seek inspiration from the empirical sciences to shed light on how phronetic expertise is developed and what relevance this may have for moral education.
Communication Ethics and Virtue
Authors: Harden Fritz Janie M.
Published: December 2017

Virtue approaches to communication ethics have experienced a resurgence over the last decades. Tied to rhetoric since the time of Aristotle, virtue ethics offers scholars in the broad field of communication an approach to ethics based on character and human flourishing as an alternative to deontology. In each major branch of communication scholarship, the turn to virtue ethics has followed a distinctive trajectory in response to concerns about the adequacy of theoretical foundations for academic and applied work in communication ethics. Recent approaches to journalism and media ethics integrate moral psychology and virtue ethics to focus on moral exemplars, drawing on the work of Philippa Foot and Rosalind Hursthouse, or explore journalism as a MacIntyrean tradition of practice. Recent work in human communication ethics draws on MacIntyre’s approach to narrative, situating communication ethics within virtue structures that protect and promote particular goods in a moment of narrative and virtue contention.
The Phronimos and the Sage
Authors: Sim May
Published: December 2017

Aristotle’s phronimos and Mencius’s sage are the paragons of virtue. They exemplify practical wisdom, enabling them to perform virtuous actions called for in different situations, and are the concrete models of virtue for all human beings, without whom others would not be able to cultivate their virtues. Aristotle and Mencius are also alike in holding that the virtues of character are based on human nature, and cultivation is key to achieving them. Despite these similarities, they differ in their accounts of human nature, details on the virtues, and how they are cultivated. Whether being the phronimos or the sage is the highest good for a human being, the degree of effectiveness he has on fellow citizens and the rest of the cosmos are issues about which they would disagree. Exploring similarities and differences between the phronimos and the sage will shed light on nature and nurture in their virtue-oriented ethics.
Early Virtue Ethics
Authors: Soloman Wm. David
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines some of the main lines of development of virtue ethics in the early days of its revival, roughly from the mid-1950s until the mid-1980s. The emergence of virtue ethics is linked to other changes in Anglophone academic ethics during this time, including attacks on non-cognitivism, the rejection of the sharp distinction between meta-ethics and normative ethics, and the revival of large-scale normative theories. Among the figures whose contributions to the revival of virtue are discussed most fully are William Frankena, G. H. von Wright, Elizabeth Anscombe, and Alasdair MacIntyre. Focus throughout is on the Aristotelian heart of this revival.
Sentimentalist Virtue Ethics
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: December 2017

Unlike Aristotelian and Platonic virtue ethics, sentimentalist virtue ethics bases morality in feeling rather than in reason/rationality. Historically, we find instances of such virtue ethics in eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century British moral sentimentalism, in Augustine’s agapic ethics, and in both Buddhism and Confucianism. But a reviving sentimentalist virtue ethics needs to deal with philosophical problems that have emerged over the past two centuries and to find a way to plausibly articulate its own conceptions of central present-day philosophical notions. Arguably, sentimentalism can give us accounts of respect, justice, autonomy, and deontology that are both more intuitive in themselves and more adequate to particular cases than what neo-Kantian deontology and neo-Aristotelian virtue tell us about these notions. And sentimentalism can more fully explain the meaning of “right” and “wrong” than anything we find in these other traditions.
Stoic Virtue
Authors: Becker Lawrence C.
Published: December 2017

The Stoics notoriously held that virtue was the perfection of human-scale rational agency; that such perfection was rare but humanly possible; that it was both necessary and sufficient for happiness; that it was, in fact, the only unqualified good for human beings; and that it was an all-or-nothing achievement—there were no intermediate degrees of virtue. The mere recital of that list of Stoic doctrines has often been enough to disqualify Stoicism as a viable form of virtue ethics. This chapter, however, describes Stoic ethics as a systematic and attractive alternative to Aristotelian ethics. The implicit suggestion is that the usual caricatures of Stoicism can be erased, and that contemporary virtue ethics can benefit from working in the Stoic tradition—particularly with its naturalistic account of moral development.
Singing and Invented Song-making in Infants’ and Young Children’s Early Learning and Development
Authors: Barrett Margaret S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter draws on a range of disciplines including music developmental psychology, cultural psychology, ethnomusicology, archeology, aesthetics, and evolutionary theory to illustrate the ubiquitous nature of singing and song-making in human thought and activity. Invented song-making, a phenomenon that emerges in infancy between infant and carer, functions as a cultural tool in children’s engagement in social and cultural settings, plays a role in children’s early learning and development across many dimensions, and lays the foundations for musical parenting. This shared music-making underpins the emergence of children’s independent song-making. The chapter pursues these notions through five questions: What is young children’s invented song-making? When and how does singing and invented song-making emerge? What prompts and supports early singing and invented song-making? What function does early singing and invented song-making have in young children’s early learning and development? How might young children’s early singing and invented song-making be supported and developed?
Intimate and Epic Macbeths in Contemporary Performance
Authors: Prince Kathryn
Published: December 2017

The recent performance history of Macbeth illustrates two tendencies discernible in contemporary Shakespeare performance more widely: the strong, empathic engagement characteristic of theatrical intimacy in the Aristotelian vein and the vast, distancing sweep of epic as theorized by Bertolt Brecht and, later, Walter Benjamin. By considering productions by Punchdrunk, Rift, John Tiffany and Andrew Goldberg, Kenneth Branagh and Rob Ashford, and Grzegorz Jarzyna, this chapter argues that epic theatre as proposed by Brecht and Benjamin is a marked feature of immersive productions, which combine the impression of intimacy with the distancing effect of the epic. Using Elinor Fuchs’s notion of landscape theatre, it concludes that in contemporary apolitical epic theatre, intimacy can be achieved outside Aristotelian catharsis or character and even beyond the notion of humanity.
The Archaeology of Prehistoric Oceania
Authors: Cochrane Ethan E. , Hunt Terry L.
Published: December 2017

The archaeological record of Oceania stretches over one-third of the earth’s surface with the first humans entering Oceania 50,000 years ago and with the last major archipelago settled approximately a.d. 1300. Oceania is often divided into the cultural-geographic regions of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia, but these divisions mask much variation, and they do not always accurately characterize the historical relationships among Oceania’s populations. Since the 1950s, archaeological researchers have investigated Oceania’s human and environmental past and have focused on colonization chronologies and the origins of different populations, the intensity and spatial scale of interaction between groups, and changes in social complexity through time and space with a particular concern for the development of chiefdoms. Oceanic archaeologists often use historical linguistics, human genetics, and cultural evolution models to structure their research on ancient Pacific island populations.
Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Schlumberger Oliver
Published: December 2017

This article first discusses the term “authoritarian regimes” and makes a claim for studying such regimes. An overview of the young but burgeoning research on authoritarian regimes structures the field in eight thematic clusters: (1) typological efforts and regime characteristics such as coalition formation and origins, (2) institutionalist approaches, (3) state-society relations beyond formal institutions, (4) repression, (5) political economy approaches, (6) international dimensions, (7) performance, and (8) linking the concepts of regimes and states. Although this wave of research has been extremely prolific, it still remains unsystematic and disparate in various regards. It is therefore necessary for this field of research to consolidate and thereby to contribute to genuine knowledge accumulation.
Reimagining Our Relationship to the Dancing Body
Authors: Olsen Andrea
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on reimagining our relationship to the dancing body, inviting connection to self, others, and the natural world. Body systems and earth systems are seen as intricately interconnected, and dance as an essential way to experience this connection. Utilizing personal narrative, scientific research, experiential exercises, and visual imagery as modes of inquiry enables one to create the conditions for wellbeing through movement. The goal is to bind subjective experience with a scientific foundation through embodied scholarship. This multifaceted approach enhances the reader’s receptivity to discovery and discernment, encouraging agency in creative projects, intercultural communication, and daily life through dance. Attention is given to the science of perception, including tools for balancing the autonomic nervous system to support healing and creative thinking. Throughout, we foster positive responses to challenging social and environmental conditions through moving, dancing, performing, and writing—celebrating the intrinsic intelligence of the body.
Therapeutic Performance
Authors: Ríos Thania Acarón
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores how the use of choreography, dance technique, and performance in dance/movement psychotherapy (DMP) sessions impact the patient/client’s wellbeing. The inherent cathartic nature of performance proposes a tension between the healing facets of therapeutic material that emerges from dance, and ethical considerations regarding client confidentiality. The therapeutic performance is defined and described using a case study and examples from the author’s practice as an active performer and dance movement psychotherapist. The use of choreographic tools, and specific dance styles in DMP, are explored as potential interventions. The chapter thus focuses on the therapeutic potential of public performances based on movement created during the sessions, suggesting a delicate clinical balance between the private self within the session, and the public self that others witness.
Butoh Dance, Noguchi Taiso, and Healing
Authors: Esposito Paola , Kasai Toshiharu
Published: December 2017

Butoh dance is informed by the principles of Noguchi Taiso, a form of movement training whereby practitioners become accustomed to sensing small movement variations and to perceiving outer forces acting on their bodies, so that their movements result from that particular kinaesthetic engagement. Movement in this butoh appears not to rely on the practitioner’s intention to move, but that he or she is moved by invisible forces. The chapter explores this aspect of butoh through discussion of a set of exercises. It argues that through the enhancing of kinaesthetic sensitivity, the transcending of physical disabilities, and a fostering of connection with other practitioners, the practice potentially transforms conventional notions and experiences of the bodymind: as practitioners of butoh-with-Noguchi taiso seek the ‘origin of movement’ beyond what they would normally consider as physical limits of their bodies, they also cultivate an extended notion of bodymind that is potentially healing.
Pedagogies of Dance Teaching and Dance Leading
Authors: Stevens Jayne
Published: December 2017

The recent expansion in children’s and young people’s participation in dance in the UK has led to increased involvement of dance artists in education. Despite a growing body of evidence that demonstrates the impact that dance can have on young people’s physical, psychological, and social wellbeing, the pedagogy that delivers it is relatively underresearched. This chapter is especially concerned with the pedagogies of dance artists and practitioners in the informal education and youth sectors. It traces pedagogical developments that have integrated aspects of professional, educational, and community dance practices. It suggests aspects of artist-led pedagogy that appear key to enhancing subjective wellbeing.
Touching Disability Culture
Authors: Kuppers Petra , Steichmann Lisa , Gray Jonny , Yergeau Melanie , Cox Aimee Meredith , Simonhjell Nora , Marcus Neil , Currans Elizabeth , DiPietra Amber , Heit Stephanie
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the Tiresias Project by the Olimpias Disability Culture collective. The project invites disabled artists and their allies to play with the portrait camera, to create nude or clothed portraits of themselves, and to explore erotic spaces. We focus on Audre Lorde’s use of eroticism, and apply it to disability culture work: an analysis in connection with joy, a bodily lens that allows us to see ourselves holistically, as bodymindspirits, and as people whose bodies and minds have often been denied sexual and loving pleasure by cultures who see our bodies and minds as abnormal. The essay uses creative writing methods to choreograph multiple voices and perspectives on this community performance project. It explores wellbeing and convivial wholeness through artful shared space.
Dance Movement Therapy in Healthcare
Authors: Bräuninger Iris , Bacigalupe Gonzalo
Published: December 2017

Is dance movement therapy (DMT) a viable treatment modality in health care? It is well established as a form of complementary medicine. More recently, oncology, neurology, and geriatrics—especially dementia treatment— have adopted DMT, and this chapter reviews these applications in preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and promotional healthcare. The current state of relevant research is summarized, and practical vignettes illustrate treatment options in various healthcare settings with a wide range of populations. Opportunities for assessment, treatment documentation, and evaluation are highlighted. The chapter’s summary addresses DMT’s contribution to healthcare in promoting wellbeing.
Attending to the Heartbeat in Dance Movement Psychotherapy
Authors: Mchitarian Mariam , Moutiris Jospeh A. , Karkou Vicky
Published: December 2017

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Interventions to reduce future events in patients with established CHD include, apart from medical and pharmaceutical means, a change in lifestyle, social, and psychological support, and other interventions such as dance movement psychotherapy (DMP). This chapter describes the potential usefulness of DMP as a therapeutic tool in acute and chronic cardiac patients. Data from two studies among CHD patients, conducted in a tertiary hospital and in a rehabilitation centre, are presented. Both of these studies show short-term benefit in the quality of life and psychological status of patients. Although methodological limitations did not allow for the establishment of long-term benefits of this intervention for CHD patients, this chapter hypothesizes that long-lasting benefits are possible.
Dance Movement Therapy and the Possibility of Wellbeing for People with Dementia
Authors: Hill Heather
Published: December 2017

Despite the seeming contradiction between a state of wellbeing and that of dementia, this chapter attempts to show that wellbeing is indeed possible for people with dementia and that dance movement therapy is one of the pathways towards this. The chapter covers different concepts of dementia and of wellbeing within a traditional biomedical framework and a person-centred framework, and introduces other non-dementia-specific theoretical constructs which enrich understandings of wellbeing, such as resilience and flow. Philosophical underpinnings of dance movement therapy and specific aspects of practice within a dementia context are described, providing examples from a phenomenological study. The suggestion is made that the impact of dance movement therapy on wellbeing may not only be in the moment, but may reach beyond the session itself. The chapter concludes that rather than being satisfied with wellbeing, workers and carers should look to the possibility of flourishing for people with dementia.
(Dis-)Embodiment in Schizophrenia
Authors: Koch Sabine C. , Kolter Astrid , Fuchs Thomas , Sattel Heribert , Kelbel Janna
Published: December 2017

A research team from the German National Project Body Language of Movement and Dance conducted a feasibility study on the influence of mirroring interventions on the self-experience and interaction skills of patients with schizophrenia in a psychiatric hospital setting (N = 14). They investigated how a manualized dance movement therapy (DMT) intervention influenced (1) body awareness, (2) the sense of wellbeing, (3) empathy, and (4) social skills in the patients compared to a control group. In this chapter, the authors define the terms, briefly describe the method of therapeutic mirroring, compute the results, and discuss the findings. The results suggest that wellbeing and empathy were strengthened through mirroring in movement. The intervention further increased positive affect (and coping), and decreased depressed affect and anxiety as aspects of wellbeing. Future studies should improve the DMT intervention for schizophrenia, integrate changes in body image, body self-efficacy, embodied intersubjectivity, expression of emotion, and increased numbers of participants.
The 5Rhythms® Movement Practice
Authors: Vargas-Gibson Mati , Wolfaard Sarena , Roberts Emma
Published: December 2017

Gabrielle Roth’s 5Rhythms is an exploration of five different energetic states of being, which come together in the Wave (flowing, staccato, chaos, lyrical, and stillness). The Wave invites each individual to discover their own unique way of moving. In this chapter, the authors show how 5Rhythms supports being at home in the body—moving and becoming intimately aware of the body’s responses, capacities, pleasures, and freedom. What arises from release in the dance often results in wellbeing, although ’wellbeing’ is not defined as a final goal. Experiences from participants in the 5Rhythms community were collected through twenty-six open-ended questionnaires, and the data were approached through a hermeneutic phenomenology perspective. The authors write about the practice from their own experience as 5Rhythms teachers, describing the different rhythms as encountered in their own bodies.
Evidence-Based BIODANZA Programmes for Children (TANZPRO-Biodanza) in Schools and Kindergartens
Authors: Stück Marcus , Villegas Alejandra
Published: December 2017

Biodanza for children was developed in Chile by Cecilia Luzzi, from the model of the BIODANZA method, created by Rolando Toro. Stück and Villegas developed evidence-based and structured Biodanza programmes in conjunction with the Ministry of Health in Germany for children in schools and kindergartens. These programmes—TANZPRO-Biodanza—were introduced in twenty-two locations with around 500 children. Each ten-session programme included dance, movement, encounter, and non-verbal communication with music, aimed at two age groups of 4–6 years and 7–12 years. In this chapter, scientific results are shared about the effects of TANZPRO-Biodanza on cortisol, testosterone, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), change in heart frequency, hypersensitivity of the skin, implications for psychology, and autoregulation in children. The results indicate the potential of the programme to reduce stress and enhance social skills in children, providing a first insight into the effects of dance on the responses and modulation of neurohormones in children.
Flow in the Dancing Body
Authors: Douse Louise
Published: December 2017

This chapter is centred on research on Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of flow, which explores optimal experience from the context of positive psychology. It develops a theory of flow in dance improvisation which draws on the eudaimonic concept of wellbeing. Links are made between flow and the defining characteristics of eudaimonia such as personal expressiveness, self-realization, excellence, and relatedness. The chapter draws on case-study research which proposes a methodology that allows the researcher/spectator to engage with the dancer’s experience of flow. The research employs ‘reflexive embodied empathy’, involving hermeneutic reflection for understanding both the participant’s experience and the researcher’s role in constructing that interpretation. The chapter argues that flow enables the researcher/spectator to connect with the experience of the dancer, informing both their understanding of the dancer’s wellbeing and their own wellbeing in the moment of observation. Flow thus offers a perspective of wellbeing that enhances the spectator–dancer relationship.
Movement Therapy Programme with Children with Mild Learning Difficulties in Primary Schools in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alotaibi Abdulazeem , Karkou Vicky , van der Linden Marietta L. , Irvine Lindesay M.C.
Published: December 2017

Movement therapy, as a body–mind intervention, aims to enable emotional and social changes in children and adults, based on the premise that physical and behavioural changes also facilitate psychological changes and that ultimately further integration is achieved which is the basis of one’s wellbeing. The existence of comorbid difficulties and cognitive delays in children with learning difficulties heighten the need to investigate whether movement therapy can indeed enable physical and emotional integration, as relevant literature suggests. This chapter reports on such an investigation involving children with mild learning difficulties in primary schools in Saudi Arabia. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with a sample of sixty (N = 60) primary school male pupils aged 6–9 years with mild learning difficulties. Although the sample was small, findings suggest that group movement therapy may be a useful intervention in enabling integration between observed emotional/social and physical/behavioural markers in children with mild learning difficulties.
Dance Therapy
Authors: Margariti Alexia , Ktonas Periklis , Paparrigopoulos Thomas , Vaslamatzis Grigoris
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses Primitive Expression—a form of dance therapy— and its effectiveness as a therapeutic tool. It combines physical, neuropsychological, and social aspects, and involves ethologically and socially-based forms which are offered for re-enactment, as well as an incentive for successful performance and a challenge to ‘transcend’. In Primitive Expression, play, rhythm, dance, and song work on a symbolic level. The aim is to alert the participants to act and to express themselves, while orienting their drives in a positive way. In this chapter, the specific tools of Primitive Expression, such as rhythm, percussion, voice, movement, to name a few, are described and discussed. In addition, preliminary results of a Primitive Expression-based protocol with a small group of psychiatric patients are presented. A relatively short duration of Primitive Expression treatment led to observable changes in psychological state, behaviour, and brain physiology.
Introduction
Authors: Karkou Vicky , Oliver Sue , Lycouris Sophia
Published: December 2017

This first part intends to set the scene in its rightful home: the body. As such, it treats the body as the primary ‘location’ of dance, where wellbeing, measured or felt, can be found. The chapters refer to neuroscientific, physiological, psychological, philosophical, and spiritual approaches to movement and dance, and reflect a continuum from objective to subjective experiences and from scientific reasoning to transpersonal discourses. In all cases, contributions are brought together to reflect multiple and comprehensive ways in which dance can contribute to wellbeing.
Listening to the Moving Body
Authors: Steckler Laura-Hope
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes various ways in which movement may be used in the field of body psychotherapy to promote psychological wellbeing. Body-oriented psychotherapy refers to those types of psychotherapy which are based on the belief that working on a bodily level has a direct impact on psychological functioning, since all experiences are stored in the body in various ways. As a body psychotherapist and a dancer, the author draws upon the diverse field of body psychotherapy on the one hand, and on the other, dance practices such as Butoh dance. These can be applied in trauma work, when movement is seen as an expression of the unconscious mind. There are also references to the use of stillness, very slow movement, and the use of ‘movement prescriptions’. All these movement interventions are discussed with relevant theoretical underpinnings, while clinical vignettes illustrate the concepts presented and their practical applications.
Active Learning Strategies to Enhance Nursing Students’ Knowledge of Pharmacology
Authors: Morales Kathleen A.
Published: December 2017

This article presents the author’s experience using gaming and social media to enhance undergraduate nursing students' pharmacology knowledge. Although gaming may help with rote learning, active participation in gaming was not associated with higher exam or final course grades. Active participation in social media, on the other hand, was associated with higher exam and final course grades.
An Innovative and Successful Simulation Day
Authors: Bowling Ann M. , Eismann Michelle
Published: December 2017

This article discusses the development of a creative and innovative plan to incorporate independent activities, including skill reviews and scenarios, into a single eight-hour day, using small student groups to enhance the learning process for pediatric nursing students. The simulation day consists of skills activities and pediatric simulation scenarios using the human patient simulator. Using small student groups in simulation captures the students’ attention and enhances motivation to learn. The simulation day is a work in progress; appropriate changes are continually being made to improve the simulation experience for students.
Impact of a Simulated Clinical Day With Peer Coaching and Deliberate Practice: Promoting a Culture of Safety
Authors: Badowski Donna M. , Oosterhouse Kimberly J.
Published: December 2017

Nursing education is challenged to shift from task-based proficiencies to higher level competencies with patient safety as a priority. Using a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design, a simulation-based, peer-coached, deliberate practice clinical substitution was implemented to compare nursing students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes for promoting safety. Our findings demonstrated improved knowledge and skill acquisition in the intervention and control groups. The former trended toward improved team communication attitudes and enteral medication skill performance. Additional research with larger samples is needed to further investigate this innovative strategy.
Determining Hinge Abduction in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Can We Reliably Make the Diagnosis?
Authors: Shore Benjamin J. , Miller Patricia E. , Zaltz Ira , Schoenecker Perry L. , Sankar Wudbhav N.
Published: December 2017

Background:

Although hinge abduction is recognized as an important finding in children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, variable diagnostic criteria exist. The purpose of this study was (1) to test the interobserver and intraobserver agreement of the current definition of hinge abduction and (2) to develop consensus regarding key diagnostic features that could be used to improve our diagnostic criteria.

Methods:

Four orthopaedic surgeons with subspecialty pediatric hip interest independently assessed 30 randomly ordered cases of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Each case included 2 fluoroscopic images of hip arthrograms (anteroposterior and abduction views). Surgeons graded the cases in a binary manner (hinge/no-hinge) on 2 separate occasions separated by a 4-week interval. Following reliability testing and comprehensive review of the literature, consensus-building sessions were conducted to identify key diagnostic features. Surgeons then regraded a new series of cases. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement between first/second and third/fourth readings were assessed using the Fleiss κ.

Results:

Interobserver κ for hinge abduction between the first and second surveys was 0.52 (with 0.41 to 0.60 considered moderate agreement), compared with 0.56 for the third and fourth surveys. First and second reading intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.59 to 0.83 compared with 0.75 to 1.00 for third and fourth reading. Consensus sessions identified several key diagnostic factors including: adequate visualization of the labral contour and ability of the lateral epiphysis to slip below the chondrolabral complex in abduction. Medial dye pooling, often due to asphericity of the femoral head, was not found to be a useful diagnostic criterion.

Conclusions:

Despite a combined experience of over 70 years among the reviewers, we found just slightly better than 50:50 agreement in what constitutes hinge abduction. Consensus discussions did improve our agreement but these modest changes emphasize how difficult it is to develop reliable diagnostic criteria for hinge abduction. As a result, we caution against using hinge abduction as an inclusion criteria or outcome measure for research purposes, as the diagnostic agreement can be inconsistent.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—diagnostic study.
Reconstruction of the Scapula in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients After Total Scapulectomy. A Report of 10 Patients Treated by Extracorporeal Irradiation and Reimplantation of the Scapula
Authors: El Ghoneimy Ahmed M. , Zaghloul Mohamed S. , Zaky Iman , Taha Hala , Elgammal Ahmed , El Sherbiny Magdy , Kamal Nehal
Published: December 2017

Background:

Ewing sarcoma of the scapula is uncommon. Restoration of shoulder function after total scapulectomy is challenging. Extracorporeal irradiation and reimplantation is a well-known method of biological reconstruction in orthopaedic oncology; yet very few reports in the literature describe its specific use in tumors of the scapula.

Patients and Methods:

Ten patients with the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma of the scapula were surgically treated by total scapulectomy and extracorporeal irradiation and reimplantation of the scapula. The mean age at presentation was 10 years (3 to 15 y). Six patients were male individuals and 4 were female individuals. An extracorporeal single dose of 5000 cGy was applied to each graft. At reimplantation, internal fixation was used in the first 2 cases, whereas, in the following 8 patients, stabilization was carried out by resuturing of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joint capsules without internal fixation. An ipsilateral Latissimus Dorsi muscle flap was used in all patients to cover the irradiated scapula.

Results:

The mean follow-up duration was 29.2 months (13 to 50 m). At the latest follow-up, 8 patients were continuously disease free and 2 patients had systemic relapse. No patient had local recurrence. The mean musculoskeletal tumor society functional score was 87% (66.6% to 100%). Eight of the 10 patients (80%) could actively elevate the upper limb up to and beyond 90 degrees in both the forward and scapular planes. Complications included wound gaping in 2 patients (20%), dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint in 3 patients (30%), and partial resorption of the scapular graft in 5 patients (50%). No patient showed any progressive deterioration of his or her shoulder function throughout the follow-up period.

Conclusions:

The irradiated scapular graft provides a stable biological fulcrum for the reattached muscles of the shoulder joint after total scapulectomy, thereby providing an adequate postoperative range of shoulder elevation. A longer follow-up study is needed to evaluate the progression and effect of graft resorption on the functional outcome.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Combined Laparoscopic and Perineal Approach to Omental Interposition Repair of Complex Rectovaginal Fistula
Authors: de Bruijn Hester , Maeda Yasuko , Murphy Jamie , Warusavitarne Janindra , Vaizey Carolynne J.
Published: December 2017

INTRODUCTION:

Surgical repair of rectovaginal fistula remains a challenge. Complex and recurrent rectovaginal fistula repairs often fail because of scarring and devascularization of the surrounding tissue. Omental interposition may promote healing by introducing bulky vascularized tissue into the rectovaginal septum.

TECHNIQUE:

With the patient in the lithotomy position, the rectovaginal septum was dissected transperineally up to the fistula tract and the openings on both vaginal and rectal sides were closed using interrupted, absorbable sutures. The dissection was continued cranially to meet the laparoscopic dissection from above. The laparoscopic surgeon detached the omentum from the colon, then the anastomotic arterial branches between the Barlow’s arcade and the gastroepiploic arcade were divided and the greater omentum was mobilized, retaining blood supply from the left gastroepiploic artery. The rectum was then mobilized commencing on the right lateral side of the mesorectum and then proceeding anteriorly. The peritoneum between the rectum and the vagina was incised and the anterior mobilization was continued to connect with the perineal dissection. The mobilized omentum was pulled down between the rectum and the vagina.

The perineal operator secured the omentum around the rectal closure and at skin level with absorbable sutures. All of the patients had a defunctioning ileostomy or colostomy before omental repair.

RESULTS:

Patients underwent repair for complex or recurrent rectovaginal fistulas with this novel approach. Fistula healing was evaluated during examination under anaesthesia. All of the patients had completely healed at the latest follow-up (median = 15 mo; range, 8–41 mo). Postoperative complications included 1 superficial wound infection that was treated conservatively and 1 rectovaginal hematoma, which required CT-guided aspiration.

CONCLUSIONS:

Combined laparoscopic omental interposition with perineal rectovaginal fistula repair is a safe and effective treatment for complex rectovaginal fistulas.
Age-Related Changes in Tissue Value Properties in Children
Authors: Lee So Mi , Choi Young Hun , You Sun-Kyoung , Lee Won Kee , Kim Won Hwa , Kim Hye Jung , Lee Sang Yub , Cheon Hyejin
Published: December 2017

Objectives

The properties of brain tissue undergo dynamic changes during maturation. T1 relaxation time (T1), T2 relaxation time (T2), and proton density (PD) are now simultaneously quantifiable within a clinically acceptable time, using a synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence. This study aimed to provide age-specific reference values for T1, T2, and PD in children, using synthetic MRI.

Materials and Methods

We included 89 children (median age, 18 months; range, 34 weeks of gestational age to 17 years) who underwent quantitative MRI, using a multidynamic, multiecho sequence on 3 T MRI, between December 2015 and November 2016, and had no abnormal MRI/neurologic assessment findings. T1, T2, and PD were simultaneously measured in each of the 22 defined white matter and gray matter regions of interest. The measured values were plotted against age, and a curve fitting model that best explained the age dependence of tissue values was identified. Age-specific regional tissue values were calculated using a fit equation.

Results

The tissue values of all brain regions, except cortical PD, decreased with increasing age, and the robust negative association was best explained by modified biexponential model of the form Tissue values = T1 × exp (−C1 × age) + T2 × exp (−C2 × age). The quality of fit to the modified biexponential model was high in white matter and deep gray matter (white matter, R
2 = 97%–99% [T1], 88%–95% [T2], 88%–97% [PD]; deep gray matter, R
2 = 96%–97% [T1], 96% [T2], 49%–88% [PD]; cortex, 70%–83% [T1], 87%–90% [T2], 5%–27% [PD]). The white matter and deep gray matter changed the most dynamically within the first year of life.

Conclusions

Our study provides age-specific regional reference values, from the neonate to adolescent, of T1, T2, and PD, which could be objective tools for assessment of normal/abnormal brain development using synthetic MRI.
An Anatomic Morphological Study of Occipital Spurs in Human Skulls
Authors: Srivastava Monika , Asghar Adil , Srivastava Nitya Nand , Gupta Nandkishore , Jain Anuj , Verma Jayant
Published: December 2017

Occipital spurs are quite common; however, they are also the source of frequent discomfort to the patients. Their role has been implicated in causation of pain at the base of skull, which may extend to shoulder limiting the movement of the shoulder and neck. The present was carried out to find out the prevalence of occipital spur in human skull and to find out the anatomic morphological characteristics of occipital spur. A total of 30 cadaveric skulls were examined in the Department of Anatomy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, for the presence of occipital spur. These skulls were the part of boneset obtained as a part of undergraduate training in the department. All the measurements were taken using a digital Vernier Caliper after taking all necessary precaution to avoid any damage to these spurs. The prevalence of occipital spur in the present study was 10%. The mean width recorded in the present study was 13.40 mm (±6.7) and the mean length recorded was 13.45 mm (±1.05). Similarly, mean thickness noted was 2.43 mm (±0.43). Thus, the present study concludes that occipital spurs are the frequent source of discomfort to patients. The knowledge of this tubercle is of paramount importance to neurosurgeons, sports physicians, and radiologists for the diagnosis of such discomfort.
Shewanella spp. infections in Gran Canaria, Spain: retrospective analysis of 31 cases and a literature review
Authors: Martín-Rodríguez Alberto J. , Martín-Pujol Oriol , Artiles-Campelo Fernando , Bolaños-Rivero Margarita , Römling Ute
Published: December 2017

Introduction.
Shewanella spp. can cause severe skin and soft-tissue infections, gastrointestinal infections, otitis and bacteraemia, generally upon contact with seawater or consumption of raw seafood. Recently, a new condition termed ‘patera foot’ characterized by acute skin and soft-tissue infection has been described in irregular immigrants arriving to the Canary Islands, Spain, in rudimentary boats. Most infections are caused by a single species, Shewanella algae. The improvement of the diagnostic capabilities in clinical microbiology laboratories has resulted in a growing number of cases being reported worldwide, most of them coming from warm regions.

Case presentation. In this work, we reviewed the medical records of all the patients with Shewanella infections in the two university hospitals of Gran Canaria (the Canary Islands, Spain) during the period 2000–2016, resulting in the identification of 31 cases. We also conducted a literature review of Shewanella infections reported worldwide in recent years.

Conclusion. This case series suggests that Shewanella infections are nosocomially acquired more frequently than previously thought. In addition, the unexpectedly high proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates raises concerns.
Latent tuberculosis infection in foreign-born communities: import vs. transmission in the Netherlands derived through mathematical modelling
Authors: Korthals Altes Hester , Kloet Serieke , Cobelens Frank , Bootsma Martin
Published: December 2017

While tuberculosis represents a significant disease burden worldwide, low-incidence countries strive to reach the WHO target of elimination by 2025. Screening for TB in immigrants is an important component of the strategy to reduce the TB burden in low-incidence settings. An important option is the screening and preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Whether this policy is worthwhile depends on the extent of transmission within the country, and introduction of new cases through import. Mathematical transmission models of tuberculosis have been used to identify key parameters in the epidemiology of TB and estimate transmission rates. An important application has also been to investigate the consequences of policy scenarios.

Here, we formulate a mathematical model for TB transmission within the Netherlands to estimate the size of the pool of latent infections, and to determine the share of importation –either through immigration or travel- versus transmission within the Netherlands. We take into account importation of infections due to immigration, and travel to the country of origin, focusing on the three ethnicities most represented among TB cases, excluding those overrepresented in asylum seekers: Moroccans, Turkish and Indonesians. We fit a system of ordinary differential equations to the data from the Netherlands Tuberculosis Registry on (extra-)pulmonary TB cases from 1995-2013.

We find that for all three foreign-born communities, immigration is the most important source of LTBI, but the extent of within-country transmission is much lower (about half) for the Turkish and Indonesian communities than for the Moroccan. This would imply that contact investigation would have a greater yield in the latter community than in the former. Travel remains a minor factor contributing LTBI, suggesting that targeting returning travelers might be less effective at preventing LTBI than immigrants upon entry in the country.