bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution and biogeography of alpine species in Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae): A global comparison
Authors: Hörandl Elvira , Emadzade Khatere
Published: February 2019

The origin and evolution of alpine floras potentially can be shaped by immigration via long‐distance dispersal or migration over mountain chains. Alternatively, origins of alpine species may be referred to regional speciation via origins from lowland ancestors and adaptation to high altitudes. Moreover, evolutionary histories of alpine species have also been influenced by Quaternary glaciations. Range fluctuations due to climatic oscillations have caused vicariant speciation and secondary con‐ tact hybridization. However, comparative phylogenetic studies on alpine floras from mountain systems of different continents are scarce. Here we review the phylogenetic relationships of alpine species of Ranunculus, an almost cosmopolitan genus with alpine representatives in all major mountain systems of the world. Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of 245 alpine and lowland species (based on a combined dataset of ITS, matK, trnK and psbJ‐petA sequences), we try to elucidate origins of alpine buttercups. Results suggest that most major mountain systems (European Alpine System, Irano‐Turanian mountains, Himalayas, Central Asian mountains, African mountains, and Andes) have been colonized multiple times independently; only the North American alpine species fall all into one clade. In the European and Irano‐Turanian mountains, recruitment of alpine species from lower altitudes of the same area, and migration within the Tethyan area might have played a major role. The alpine species of the Himalayas, the Central Asian mountains, the North American alpine species and the Arctic species fall into another, distinct clade, which may suggest a northern migration route. The North American alpine clade comprises many lowland species and might have diversified via adaptive radiation. In contrast, the Himalayan species have no lowland source flora and might have originated from immigrants of the Central Asian mountains. Tropical alpine Ranunculi in the mountains of Eastern Africa and in Taiwan have originated after long‐distance dispersal from other continents. The origin of the New Zealand alpines could have been referred to long‐distance dispersal, probably following southern migration routes via the Antarctic and South America. The Andes have been colonized multiple times by related genera of Ranunculus. We conclude that autochthonous origins and regional diversification of buttercups play a major role in northern hemispheric mountain systems, where alpine species could have evolved from rich lowland source floras. In subtropical to tropical mountain systems, and in the Southern Hemisphere, alpine species have been rather recruited via immigration, including long‐distance dispersal from other continents. A high adaptive potential of Ranunculus to alpine habitats might have helped to evolve alpine species all over the world.
Systematics of the Arctioid group: Disentangling Arctium and Cousinia (Cardueae, Carduinae)
Authors: López-Vinyallonga Sara , Romaschenko Kostyantyn , Susanna Alfonso , Garcia-Jacas Núria
Published: February 2019

We investigated the phylogeny of the Arctioid lineage of the Arctium‐Cousinia complex in an attempt to clarify the conflictive generic boundaries of Arctium and Cousinia. The study was based on analyses of one nuclear (ITS) and two chloroplastic (trnL‐trnT‐rps4, rpl32‐trnL) DNA regions of 37 species and was complemented with morphological evidence where possible. Based on the results, a broadly redefined monophyletic genus Arctium is proposed. The subgenera Hypacanthodes and Cynaroides are not monophyletic and are suppressed. In contrast, the traditional sectional classification of the genus Cousinia is maintained. The genera Anura, Hypacanthium and Schmalhausenia are reduced to sectional level.
A nomenclatural treatment for Logfia Cass. and Filago L. (Asteraceae) as newly circumscribed: Typification of several names
Authors: Andrés-Sánchez Santiago , Galbany-Casals Mercè , Rico Enrique , Martínez-Ortega Montserrat M.
Published: February 2019

A complete nomenclatural treatment of the genera Filago L. and Logfia Cass. is provided, as well as a list of the species included in each genus and subgenus, as they have been newly circumscribed. Nomenclatural types for eleven validly published species names are designated, which correspond to (1) the types of names of widely used and long‐established gen‐ era or subgenera, (2) the names of species that have been chosen as types of the names of newly described or newly delimited subgenera, or (3) recently proposed new combinations at the specific level. In total, one subgeneric name is typified and eleven lectotypes, five epitypes and one neotype are chosen. Among those, a previous attempted typification of F. pygmaea L. is shown to be inadmissible and a new lectotype is chosen and an epitype is selected to support interpretation of a previously designated lectotype. The need to conserve the name F. vulgaris to preserve current usage is documented.
Notes on the typification of Beilschmiedia xizangensis (Lauraceae)
Authors: Yang Yong , Zhang Xue-Wei , Wiersema John H.
Published: February 2019

Errors in the type citation of Beilschmiedia xizangensis H. P. Tsui are discussed. As originally intended, the holotype collection should be Cheng Shu-zhi & Li Bo-sheng 4694 (PE), not Cheng Shu-zhi & Li Bo-sheng 4649 (PE) or Department of Ecology, Section of Plateau 11052 (PE). The name thus applies to a species of Beilschmiedia distinct from B. robusta.
Atlas Florae Europaeaenotes 17: Typification ofCotoneastertomentosus(Rosaceae) and its synonyms
Authors: Sennikov Alexander N. , Somlyay Lajos
Published: February 2019

The nameCotoneaster tomentosusand its basionymMespilus tomentosaare shown to be illegitimate because when published both included the earlier legitimate name,M. orientalis. The original circumscription ofM. coccineawas based mostly on the material ofC.tomentosuswith misadditions ofC.nigerandC.integerrimuss. l. Fruit characters of the latter taxon pro vided the species epithet. The previous intended lectotypes ofM.orientalisandM.coccineaare superseded because they were selected from non‐original material; the new lectotypes are designated here. The history of Pál Kitaibel's material ofCotoneasteris traced, and its identity is established.Cotoneaster coccineusis the earliest name available for the red‐fruited cotoneaster with hairy hypanthia native in Europe and would have to be adopted ifM.tomentosais not conserved againstM.orientalis.
Mid‐Miocene divergence of Ionopsidium and Cochlearia and its impact on the systematics and biogeography of the tribe Cochlearieae (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Koch Marcus A.
Published: February 2019

Tribe Cochlearieae is among few isolated evolutionary lineages in the mustard family and comprises only about 30 species. Earlier taxonomic concepts recognised five genera that might belong with Cochlearia in this tribe (Bivonaea, Ionopsidium, Minaea, Pastorea, Thlaspi), though Pastorea and Minaea have already been reduced to synonymy of Ionopsidium. Focusing on DNA sequence information from the nuclear‐encoded internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 and the plastid trnL‐F region, the phylogenetic position of all Ionopsidium species is evaluated within a detailed phylogenetic framework of tribe Cochlearieae. It is shown that the tribe can be divided into two major groups: (i) a central European Cochlearia clade extending its distribution far into northern and arctic regions, and (ii) a western Mediterranean clade comprising all six Ionopsidium species and three Cochlearia species from the Iberian Peninsula nested within Ionopsidium. Consequently, neither Cochlearia nor Ionopsidium represent monophyletic genera. The deep split between the two clades dates back to the middle Miocene, approximately 13.8 million years ago. The divergence times between the different major groups within the Ionopsidium clades predate or are associated with the Messinian salinity crisis in the late Miocene which also agrees with the relictual and phylogenetically isolated status of the tribe. Only taxa of Cochlearia sect. Cochlearia (Cochlearia clade) underwent a rapid and very recent radiation in the mid or late Pleistocene. Four new taxonomic combinations (Ionopsidium aragonensis (H.J. Coste & Soulié) M. Koch, I. aragonensis subsp. navarranum (P. Monts.) M. Koch, I. glastifolium (L.) M. Koch, and I. megalospermum (Maire) M. Koch) and the new tribe Bivonaeeae are proposed to reflect the deep evolutionary split within the group, which is further supported by DNA sequence variation of the nuclear‐encoded, single‐copy gene chalcone synthase (chs).
Phylogenetic inference of New Caledonian lineages of Sapindaceae: Molecular evidence requires a reassessment of generic circumscriptions
Authors: Buerki Sven , Forest Félix , Callmander Martin W. , Lowry II Porter P. , Devey Dion S. , Munzinger Jérôme
Published: February 2019

Sapindaceae (Sapindales) are a conspicuous and diversified element of the New Caledonian flora, with ca. 67 species (ca. 90 % endemic) in 13 genera (four endemic: Gongrodiscus, Loxodiscus, Podonephelium, Storthocalyx). The phylogeny of New Caledonian Sapindaceae is inferred by adding 97 new samples, encompassing the full distributional and morphological range of the archipelago's genera, to a broad plastid and nuclear DNA sequence dataset that is representative of the family worldwide. Results from phylogenetic analyses indicate that members of the family on New Caledonia belong to two major clades, the Dodonaea group (placed within subfamily Dodonaeoideae) and the Cupania group (subfamily Sapindoideae), which exhibit strikingly different species diversities (ca. 89% of the species on New Caledonia belong to the Cupania group). Results support the monophyly of all four endemic genera and most of those that also occur elsewhere, with the exception of the morphologically similar Austro‐Pacific genera Arytera and Cupaniopsis, both of which have representatives in each of two well‐supported subclades within the Cupania group, suggesting at least two dispersals to New Caledonia (most likely from Australia). The results provide a robust phylogenetic framework for ongoing taxonomic revisions of Sapindaceae genera on New Caledonia and for investigating the spatio‐temporal history of the family in this biogeographically intriguing archipelago, although expanded sampling (including from other areas) and further analyses will be required to resolve generic limits among the taxa currently placed in Arytera and Cupaniopsis.
Phylogenetics of the Chiliotrichum group (Compositae: Astereae): The story of the fascinating radiation in the paleate Astereae genera from southern South America
Authors: Bonifacino José M. , Funk Vicki A.
Published: February 2019

The Chiliotrichum group (Compositae: Astereae) is an informal taxonomic group consisting of shrubby daisies that grow mainly in the Andean and Patagonian regions of South America; it is composed of 31 species in 11 genera: Aylacophora, Cabreraea, Chiliotrichiopsis, Chiliophyllum, Chiliotrichum, Haroldia, Katinasia, Lepidophyllum, Llerasia, Nardophyllum, and Ocyroe. We analyzed phylogenetic relationships in the Chiliotrichum group using five DNA regions from two plant genomes: the plastid trnL‐trnF and rpl32‐trnL(UAG) spacers, the rpl16 intron, and the nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacers, ITS and ETS respectively. The dataset includes 21 ingroup species representing all the genera, and 10 outgroup species belonging to six genera. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses performed on the chloroplast and nuclear data support the monophyly of the group. The four major clades recovered on the basis of the combined nuclear evidence (ITS+ETS) are: (1) Llerasia clade, (2) Nardophyllum clade, (3) Chiliotrichum clade, and (4) a clade formed by Nardophyllum+Llerasia clades. As regards the status of the four non‐monospecific genera, Chiliotrichum (2 spp.) and Llerasia (14 spp.) were recovered as monophyletic, whereas the other two, Nardophyllum (5 spp.) and Chiliotrichiopsis (3 spp.), were not recovered as monophyletic. These two are nonetheless recognized as distinct genera because of robust morphological support despite the lack of resolution in the phylogeny based solely on sequence data. The rest of the genera composing the group are monospecific, and they are scattered among the major clades in the group. The only genus with no clear position is Haroldia. An analysis of the morphological data shows that the presence of paleae, believed to function as a defensive structure for the protection of the achenes, is well correlated with other derived head and floret traits such as the number of florets per head and the type of pappus.
Phylogeny, biogeography, and chromosome evolution of the amphitropical genus Grindelia (Asteraceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast sequence data
Authors: Moore Abigail J. , Bartoli Adriana , Tortosa Roberto D. , Baldwin Bruce G.
Published: February 2019

Grindelia is among the most taxonomically challenging groups of North American composites. The genus as a whole has an amphitropical distribution, with approximately half of the species native to North America and Mexico and the remainder native to South America. We used DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS and chloroplast psaI‐accD regions to revisit hypotheses on biogeographic history across the genus. Grindelia as a whole is well‐supported and is composed of two sister clades, one native to South America and the other native to North America including Mexico. The North American taxa constitute two clades that largely occur on different sides of the Continental Divide. The diverse radiation of Grindelia in the California Floristic Province appears to be most closely related to species from the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau and evidently descended from drought‐adapted ancestors. Although Steyermark's hypotheses about the relationships of North American Grindelia are not all supported, we did recover a clade corresponding to his Pacific radiation and many of the Mexican and Texan species that he hypothesized to be basal in the genus represent early diverging lineages in our trees. Dunford's cytogenetic data on the North American species of Grindelia were also examined in a phylogenetic context.
Phylogeny of the Dorotheantheae (Aizoaceae), a tribe of succulent annuals
Authors: Klak Cornelia , Bruyns Peter V.
Published: February 2019

Dorotheantheae (Aizoaceae) is a small tribe of succulent annual herbs with flat leaves belonging to the generaAethephyllum, Cleretum and Dorotheanthus, which are endemic to the winter–rainfall region of South Africa. Several species are well–known for their conspicuous and striking flowers but others possess very inconspicuous flowers. Analysis of molecular data from combined plastid and nuclear sequences shows that Dorotheanthus is monophyletic while Cleretum is diphyletic, since the two species of Cleretum with lyrate leaves are most closely related to the vegetatively similar, monotypic Aethephyl–lum. In the absence of clear, diagnostic characteristics for separating Cleretum and Dorotheanthus, a revised classification for the Dorotheantheae is proposed in which the tribe consists of a single genus, Cleretum. Within Cleretum, we recognize 14 species, by raising/re–instating two subspecies to species rank and including two that are still undescribed. The major clades occupy distinct climatic and edaphic niches. Repeated shifting from large to small flowers may indicate changes in the breeding system. Since succulence in annuals is rare in the winter–rainfall region of southern Africa, we compare patterns of distribution between Dorotheantheae and the other leaf–succulent annuals in the region, namely in Mesembryanthemum (Aizoaceae) and in Crassula (Crassulaceae). We find that similar to the non–succulent annuals of the Poaceae and the Brassicaceae in this region, the annual species of Mesembryanthemum show a preference for arid areas. In contrast, in Dorotheantheae and in Crassula the hot–spots of diversity lie mainly in the wetter parts of the winter–rainfall area, with a decrease in the number of annual species northwards to the arid, winter–rainfall areas of the Richtersveld and the southern Namib.
Phylogenetic relationships in the species–rich Irano–Turanian genus Alcea (Malvaceae)
Authors: Escobar García Pedro , Pakravan Maneezheh , Schönswetter Peter , Aguilar Javier Fuertes , Schneeweiss Gerald M.
Published: February 2019

The genus Alcea (Malvaceae) includes approximately 50 species of mainly Irano–Turanian distribution and is considered one of the most challenging genera of the Middle East, due to its uniformity and pronounced plasticity in morphological traits. Here, using three molecular markers (nrDNA ITS and the plastid spacers psbA–trnH and trnL–trnF), we present a phylogeny of Alcea and test previous infrageneric taxonomic hypotheses as well as its monophyly with respect to Althaea, a genus with which it has often been merged. We additionally discuss morphological variation and the utility of morphological characters as predictors of phylogenetic relationships. Our results show that while molecular data unambiguously support the circumscription of Alcea inferred from morphology, they prove to be of limited utility in resolving interspecific relationships, suggesting that Alcea,s high species diversity is due to rapid and recent radiation. Our work provides the first phylogeny of Alcea and aims to set the scene for the study of processes underlying species radiation in the Irano–Turanian region, a main centre of species diversity for many medium–sized to large genera that remains greatly understudied.
Phylogeny of Lundia (Bignoniaceae) based on ndhF and PepC sequences
Authors: Kaehler Miriam , Michelangeli Fabián A. , Lohmann Lúcia G.
Published: February 2019

The circumscription of genera belonging to tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) has traditionally been complex, with only a few genera having stable circumscriptions in the various classification systems proposed for the tribe. The genus Lundia, for instance, is well characterized by a series of morphological synapomorphies and its circumscription has remained quite stable throughout its history. Despite the stable circumscription of Lundia, the circumscription of species within the genus has remained problematic. This study aims to reconstruct the phylogeny of Lundia in order to refine species circumscriptions, gain a better understanding of relationships between taxa, and identify potential morphological synapomorphies for species and major clades. We sampled 26 accessions representing 13 species of Lundia, and 5 outgroups, and reconstructed the phylogeny of the genus using a chloroplast (ndhF) and a nuclear marker (PepC). Data derived from sequences of the individual loci were analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian inference, and the combined molecular dataset was analyzed with Bayesian methods. The monophyly of Lundia nitidula, a species with a particularly complex circumscription, was tested using Shimodaira–Hasegawa (SH) test and the approximately unbiased test for phylogenetic tree selection (AU test). In addition, 40 morphological characters were mapped onto the tree that resulted from the analysis of the combined molecular dataset in order to identify morphological synapomorphies of individual species and major clades. Lundia and most species currently recognized within the genus were strongly supported as monophyletic in all analyses. One species, Lundia nitidula, was not resolved as monophyletic, but the monophyly of this species was not rejected by the AU and SH tests. Lundia sect. Eriolundia is resolved as paraphyletic in all analyses, while Lundia sect. Eulundia is monophyletic and supported by the same morphological characters traditionally used to circumscribe this section. The phylogeny of Lundia contributed important information for a better circumscription of species and served as basis the taxonomic revision of the genus.
A plastid DNA phylogeny ofDasymaschalon(Annonaceae) and allied genera: Evidence for generic non–monophyly and the parallel evolutionary loss of inner petals
Authors: Wang Jing , Thomas Daniel C. , Su Yvonne C.F. , Meinke Svenja , Chatrou Lars W. , Saunders Richard M.K.
Published: February 2019

Dasymaschalonand the closely related generaDesmos, FriesodielsiaandMonanthotaxistogether comprise ca. 170 species of trees, shrubs and woody climbers distributed in tropical Africa and tropical Asia. These genera form the desmoid clade, which, because of the presence of diverse flower and fruit syndromes including different types of pollination chambers and moniliform monocarps, offers an opportunity to investigate potentially ecologically significant shifts in flower and fruit characters. Despite its morphological diversity, however, generic delimitation within the desmoid clade is problematic and the intergeneric relationships of the constituent genera are only poorly understood. Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses of plastid DNA sequence data (matK, psbA–trnH, ndhF, rbcL, trnL–F; ca. 5.4 kb; 52 taxa) were used to clarify phylogenetic relationships within the desmoid clade. The evolution and taxonomic utility of selected fruit and flower characters was investigated with likelihood and parsimony ancestral character reconstructions. The results indicate problems in the current delimitations ofDasymaschalonandFriesodielsia. Friesodielsiaas currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, with AfricanFriesodielsiaspecies allied to the African genusMonanthotaxis, and only distantly related to Asian representatives. The majority ofDasymaschalonspecies form a strongly supported clade, but three species are more closely related to Asian species ofFriesodielsia. Ancestral character reconstructions indicate that seed number and monocarp shape are of limited value in generic circumscriptions, and that the three–petalled corolla characteristic ofDasymaschalonevolved independently twice within the desmoid clade. Disruptions to homeotic gene expression or strong selective pressure for a partial enclosure of the mature stamens and carpels by the corolla are hypothesised to underlie the parallel evolution of pollination chambers formed by outer petal homologues subsequent to inner petal loss.
Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of theMeiogyne–Fitzalaniaclade (Annonaceae): Generic paraphyly and late Miocene–Pliocene diversification in Australasia and the Pacific
Authors: Thomas Daniel C. , Surveswaran Siddharthan , Xue Bine , Sankowsky Garry , Mols Johan B. , Keßler Paul J.A. , Saunders Richard M.K.
Published: February 2019

Meiogyne(Annonaceae) comprises 15 species of trees and shrubs distributed in India, Indomalaya and Australasia–Pacific. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on limited taxon sampling, have indicated that the small genusFitzalania(2 spp.) is nested withinMeiogyne. The centre of diversity of theMeiogyne–Fitzalaniagroup lies in Australia (6 spp.) and New Caledonia (4 spp.); this is unique in Annonaceae, some of whose Australian and New Caledonian lineages have been hypothesised to have originated in situ from Gondwanan ancestors. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on chloroplast DNA sequence data of 19 accessions, representing 14 of the 17 species in theMeiogyne–Fitzalaniagroup (ca. 8.6 kb) as well as 67 representatives of all major clades of Annonaceae (ca. 5.1 kb), were performed to clarify the phylogenetic relationships ofMeiogyneandFitzalania. The results show that Fitzalania is deeply nested within an Australasian–Pacific clade ofMeiogynespecies. The inclusion of species assigned toChieniodendronandOncodostigmainMeiogyne, as proposed in the most recent revision of Meiogyne, is also corroborated. Fossil–calibrated molecular divergence estimates under an uncorrelated–rates relaxed molecular clock model were used to investigate the timing of the crown group diversification. TheMeiogynecrown group was inferred to have originated in the late Oligocene or Miocene, and initially diversified in continental Southeast Asia, western Malesia and the Philippines. All Australasian–Pacific taxa formed a single derived clade, and most diversification within this clade occurred in the late Miocene and Pliocene. A complex combination of factors such as fragmentation of once wider distribution areas due to climate fluctuations and subsequent vicariance, range expansion by dispersal to Pacific islands and subsequent differentiation, and ecological adaptation to local climatic and edaphic habitat conditions is hypothesised to underlie the diversification ofMeiogynein Australasia and the Pacific.
Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Danaideae (Rubiaceae: Rubioideae): Another example of out–of–Madagascar dispersal
Authors: Krüger Åsa , Razafimandimbison Sylvain G. , Bremer Birgitta
Published: February 2019

Extensive efforts have been made to resolve the phylogeny of the large coffee family (Rubiaceae) based on molecular data. As a result, several small tribes have been described, but the phylogenies and generic delimitations for many of these groups remain unclear. This study focuses on the small tribe Danaideae that belongs to subfamily Rubioideae and whose generic limits have not previously been addressed with molecular data. It is the sole rubiaceous tribe distributed almost entirely in the Western Indian Ocean region, with the exception of the East AfricanDanais xanthorrhoea. The tribe consists of three genera:Danais, Payera(including the monotypic genusCoursiana), andSchismatoclada. We present the first molecular phylogenetic study of Danaideae including representatives from all three genera and using Bayesian and maximum parsimony methods and sequence data from nuclear DNA (nrITS) and chloroplast DNA(petD, psbA-trnH, rpl32-trnLUAG,rpsl6). Our main objectives were to rigorously test the monophyly of Danaideae as currently circumscribed and assess phylogenetic relationships within the tribe. The findings of this study shed light on the colonization history of the tribe. Our analyses reaffirm the monophyly of Danaideae andDanaisbut reveal the paraphyly ofPayeraandSchismatoclada. The close relationship between the three Danaideae genera andCoursianais supported. However, we found very little support for the inclusion of the latter genus inPayeraas proposed earlier. The tribe is resolved in two morphologically distinct major lineages, the highly supportedDanaisclade with lianescent habit (=Danaissensu Buchner & Puff) and thePayera-Schismatocladaclade with arborescent habit. The Malagasy and Mauritian specimens ofDanais fragransare not closely related, and we restrictD. fragransto the Mauritian taxa and resurrectDanais lyalliiBaker to accommodate the MalagasyD. fragrans. According to our analysis, Madagascar is the origin of all species of Danaideae occurring in the Comoro archipelago, East Africa, and Mauritius. The Mauritian and East AfricanDanaiseach is the result of a single colonization event, while there were at least two independent colonization events to the Comoros.
Phylogenetic placement, delimitation, and relationships among genera of the enigmatic Nelsonioideae (Lamiales: Acanthaceae)
Authors: McDade Lucinda A. , Daniel Thomas F. , Kiel Carrie A. , Borg Agneta Julia
Published: February 2019

We took a two–tiered approach to test monophyly of Nelsonioideae and place the group within Lamiales, and to determine relationships among taxa within the group. Phylogenetic analysis of a molecular dataset (ndhF+trnL–F) for a broad sample of Lamiales supports monophyly of Nelsonioideae and places the clade with strong support as sister to a lineage composed of all other plants treated as Acanthaceae (Avicennia, Thunbergioideae, Acanthoideae). We propose to treat this entire group as Acanthaceae s.l. and hypothesize that indurate, explosively dehiscent capsules are a synapomorphy for the family, albeit with autapomorphic fruit types in Avicennia and Mendoncia. These results further support monophyly of family–level groups that have emerged from recent studies of Lamiales but are largely unsuccessful in resolving relationships among these groups, as also encountered by other workers. Our results contradict some aspects of relationships that have seemed resolved by earlier studies, notably among Byblidaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Thomandersia, and other Lamiales. Among Nelsonioideae, analysis of sequence data from rapidly evolving genic regions (trnS–G, ndhF–rpl32+rpl32–trnL(UAG), nrITS) and a larger sample of nelso–nioids (i.e., all genera and multiple taxa to represent the diversity of species–rich genera) indicates that Nelsonia and Elytraria are monophyletic with strong support, but with only moderate support for Nelsonia as the first branching clade and Elytraria sister to the remaining nelsonioids. An African clade comprising monospecific Saintpauliopsis sister to Anisosepalum (two of three species sampled) is sister to a clade that includes all sampled members of pantropical Staurogyne plus New World Gynocraterium and Asian Ophiorrhiziphyllon. Gynocraterium is sister to all sampled members of New World Staurogyne; this last clade is sister to a clade comprising the other sampled Staurogyne plus Ophiorrhiziphyllon, which is nested among Asian Staurogyne. The taxonomic implications of these patterns of relationship are discussed. Our results suggest that Nelsonioideae have a complex history of inter–continental dispersals compared to other lineages of Acanthaceae of similar to much larger size in terms of number of species, making it an interesting group for biogeographic study.
Polyploidy and other changes at chromosomal level and in genome size: Its role in systematics and evolution exemplified by some genera of Anthemideae and Cardueae (Asteraceae)
Authors: Vallès Joan , Pellicer Jaume , Sánchez-Jiménez Ismael , Hidalgo Oriane , Vitales Daniel , Garcia Sònia , Martín Joan , Garnatje Teresa
Published: February 2019

Polyploidy is one of the major evolutionary forces in plants and in particular in the largest angiosperm family, the Asteraceae. This chromosome set multiplication directly impacts the nuclear DNA contents, in terms of variation at holoploid and monoploid levels. Other karyological changes such as aneuploidy or dysploidy might produce genome size alterations as well, therefore playing also a relevant role as evolutionary forces. All these factors may promote speciation, thus having systematic implications. In this paper we review the mechanisms associated with genome size variation, as well as their evolutionary consequences at phylogenetic, systematic and even taxonomic levels. To do so, C–values and chromosome numbers have been compiled and complemented with other molecular cytogenetic data to be discussed within their respective molecular phylogenetic frameworks. The case studies come from several genera of the Asteraceae belonging to tribes Anthemideae (Artemisia) and Cardueae (Cheirolophus, Echinops and members of Rhaponticum group), which cover a wide range of life strategies (e.g., life cycles, ecology, geographical distribution).
Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Carpinus ostrya L. (Betulaceae)
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , Reveal James L.
Published: February 2019

The name Carpinus ostrya L. is lectotypified on a specimen from the Linnaean Herbarium.
A fully resolved chloroplast phylogeny of the brassica crops and wild relatives (Brassicaceae: Brassiceae): Novel clades and potential taxonomic implications
Authors: Arias Tatiana , Pires J. Chris
Published: February 2019

Brassicas boast an enormous diversity of economically important products. Strikingly, relationships among main lineages are still unknown. The phylogeny of the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae) was reconstructed for 89 species using four plastid regions (rpl32­trnL, atpI­atpH,psbD­trnT,ycf6­psbM). Representatives of almost all genera were sampled, covering the entire natural range of the tribe from Central Asia to the western Mediterranean, including four previously unsampled genera (Ammosperma,Eremophyton,Fezia,Pseudofortuynia). Phylogenetic analysis recovered eight well­supported clades in the tribe including a new African clade (Henophyton) comprised of genera that have not been previously sampled. Relationships within and between the eight major clades are strongly supported for the first time. The earliest­divergent lineages in the tribe are the clades Vella and Zilla. Henophyton is sister to the clade that includes the lineages Nigra, Crambe, Cakile, Savignya, and Oleracea. Core Brassiceae—a new clade defined here—is comprised of two subclades: (1) Nigra, Crambe, and Cakile and (2) Savignya and Oleracea. Within the Oleracea lineage, a new Core Oleracea clade is defined. Several genera were confirmed to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic, including Brassica, Erucastrum, Sinapis, Diplotaxis and Cakile. Economically important species belonging to the genera Brassica were primarily distributed across the two most species­rich lineages, Nigra or Oleracea. Collectively, the finding of these novel clades has numerous taxonomic implications.
The realignment of Acosmium sensu stricto with the Dalbergioid clade (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) reveals a proneness for independent evolution of radial floral symmetry among early­branching papilionoid legumes
Authors: Cardoso Domingos , de Lima Haroldo Cavalcante , Rodrigues Rodrigo Schütz , de Queiroz Luciano Paganucci , Pennington R. Toby , Lavin Matt
Published: February 2019

The genus Acosmium s.l. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) traditionally included up to 20 tree species mostly from South America. Due mainly to radial floral symmetry, the taxonomy of Acosmium has been historically confounded with four other Papilionoideae genera: Dicraeopetalum, Guianodendron,Leptolobium, and Sweetia. We used comprehensively sampled molecular data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS/5.8S) and two plastid DNA (matK, trnL intron) regions in order to evaluate the monophyly of Acosmium s.l. and to shed light on the relationships of its distinct lineages in the context of the Papilionoideae phylogeny. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of all data concurred in resolving a polyphyletic Acosmium s.l. Our data agreed with previous molecular phylogenetic analyses that resolved Dicraeopetalum and Sweetia apart from Acosmium s.l. Unexpectedly, Acosmium s.str., thought to belong to the Genistoid clade, is here strongly resolved within the Dalbergioid Pterocarpus clade. Despite being classified until recently as different sections of Acosmium s.l., Leptolobium and Guianodendron were resolved within the Genistoid clade as part of a Bowdichia clade with the genera Diplotropis and Bowdichia. Our results reveal that radial floral symmetry has evolved independently in all Acosmium segregates and strongly suggest that the primacy given to floral characters involving corolla symmetry and petal differentiation in traditional legume classification has often obscured phylogenetic relationships.
The Bowdichia clade of Genistoid legumes: Phylogenetic analysis of combined molecular and morphological data and a recircumscription of Diplotropis
Authors: Cardoso Domingos , de Lima Haroldo Cavalcante , Rodrigues Rodrigo Schütz , de Queiroz Luciano Paganucci , Pennington R. Toby , Lavin Matt
Published: February 2019

The Neotropical Bowdichia clade (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) comprises four genera, Bowdichia, Diplotropis, Guianodendron, and Leptolobium, which are sister to the core Genistoid clade. Bowdichia and Diplotropis at one time were treated as a single genus, whereas Guianodendron and Leptolobium have been synonymized with the distantly related Dalbergioid genus Acosmium because of shared radial floral symmetry. We combined and analysed morphological and molecular data including the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS; including ITS1/5.8S/ITS2) and two chloroplast DNA (matK, trnL intron) regions in order to evaluate the monophyly of each genus and the Bowdichia clade. A combined parsimony analysis strongly supported the monophyly of Bowdichia, the paraphyly of Diplotropis, and the independent evolution of radial floral symmetry in Guianodendron and Leptolobium. Leptolobium is sister to Bowdichia and Guianodendron is nested within Diplotropis s.l. Diplotropis is here recircumscribed as to encompass the monophyletic Diplotropis sect. Diplotropis and it is suggested that D. sect. Racemosae deserves segregation into a new genus. Radial floral symmetry has been overemphasised in previous classifications by taxonomists who did not recognize its evolutionary lability. This has resulted in non­monophyletic circumscriptions of genera such as Acosmium.
Embryopsida, a new name for the class of land plants
Authors: Pirani José Rubens , Prado Jefferson
Published: February 2019

“Embryophyceae” and Equisetopsida have been used recently to designate the land plants at the rank of class. The former was never validly published. In this paper we propose a new name in the rank of class—Embryopsida Engler ex Pirani & J. Prado—, to replace Equisetopsida C. Agardh, which was used by Chase & Reveal (2009) to apply to all land plants. The new name here proposed follows Art. 16.1(b) of both the Vienna Code and the Melbourne Code and recognizes Adolf Engler’s use of the term “Embryophyta” to name the land plants, i.e., all plants provided with an embryo.
Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Anabasis foliosa L. (Chenopodiaceae)
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , Sukhorukov Alexander P. , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2019

The typification of the name Anabasis foliosa L. (≡ Neocaspia foliosa (L.) Tzvelev) (Chenopodiaceae) is discussed. A specimen from LINN is designated as the lectotype.
Partial generic revision of Barbula (Musci: Pottiaceae): Re–establishment of Hydrogonium and Streblotrichum, and the new genus Gymnobarbula
Authors: Kučera Jan , Košnar Jiří , Werner Olaf
Published: February 2019

Large genera, that were defined using a restricted suite of morphological characters, are particularly prone to be polyphyletic. We analysed a representative selection of species traditionally assigned to the genus Barbula, believed to represent the largest genus of the moss family Pottiaceae, but which recently was suggested to be polyphyletic. Special attention was paid to species traditionally assigned to Barbula sect. Hydrogonium and sect. Convolutae, in which phylogenetic relationships are likely to be incongruent with morphological traits, which could have evolved in adaptation to hydric and otherwise extreme habitats. Our phylogenetic analysis was based on nrITS and chloroplast rps4 and trnM–trnV sequence data and resolved only the type of the genus, B. unguiculata, plus B. orizabensis, in subfamily Pottioideae, while most of the species occurring in the Northern Hemisphere are part of Trichostomoideae and need to be recognized within the re–established and partly re–defined genera Hydrogonium and Streblotrichum. The phylogenetically and morphologically divergent B. bicolor needs to be removed from Streblotrichum to a newly described genus, Gymnobarbula. Numerous taxonomic changes and nomenclatural novelties, resulting from the molecular, morphological and nomenclatural studies are proposed for taxa of Hydrogonium, particularly within the H. consanguineum clade. Lectotypes are selected for Tortula angustifolia Hook. & Grev. (≡ Hydrogonium angustifolium (≡ Hook. & Grev.) Jan Kučera, comb. nov.), Tortula consanguinea Thwaites & Mitt. (≡ Hydrogonium consanguineum (Thwaites & Mitt.) Hilp.) and Tortula flavescens Hook. & Grev. (= Hydrogonium consanguineum (Thwaites & Mitt.) Hilp.).
Comparative fruit structure in Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales) reveals specialized pericarp dehiscence in some early–divergent angiosperms with ascidiate carpels
Authors: Sokoloff Dmitry D. , Remizowa Margarita V. , Macfarlane Terry D. , Conran John G. , Yadav Shrirang R. , Rudall Paula J.
Published: February 2019

We provide the first detailed description of specialized anatomical mechanisms of fruit dehiscence in two sections of Trithuria (Hydatellaceae), a basal angiosperm lineage with a markedly ascidiate carpel. The dehiscent fruits of Hydatellaceae are unique among angiosperms. Earlier studies suggested the follicle as a primitive type of dehiscent angiosperm fruit, developing from a conduplicate carpel. In contrast with follicles, the single–seeded apocarpous (or unicarpellate) dehiscent fruits of Hydatellaceae dehisce by three equally spaced valves separating from three fruit ribs. There is no evidence of pseudomonomery. In mature fruits, all cell layers except the outer epidermis of the ovary are obliterated, so that only one pericarp layer (the exocarp) remains, except in the regions around the vascular bundles and at the fruit apex and base. Morphological cladistic analyses reveal data incongruence between characters describing fruit morphology and other morphological features of Hydatellaceae, including those linked with dioecy/monoecy. As a result, strict consensus trees inferred from maximum parsimony analyses based on each of the two sub–sets of morphological data are more resolved than ones inferred from the analysis of the entire morphological dataset. Fruit characters correspond closely with the recently published molecular phylogeny of the sole genus, Trithuria. The occurrence of an apparently rudimentary mechanical tissue at the fruit apex of most Hydatellaceae with indehiscent fruits suggests that the stem group of Hydatellaceae was characterized by dehiscent fruits with lignified endocarp fibres. The occurrence of Strelitzia–type surface waxes characteristic of Trithuria sect. Trithuria provides further evidence of the homoplasy of this epicuticular wax type at the scale of seed plants.
Zhengyia shennongensis: A new bulbiliferous genus and species of the nettle family (Urticaceae) from central China exhibiting parallel evolution of the bulbil trait
Authors: Deng Tao , Kim Changkyun , Zhang Dai-Gui , Zhang Jian-Wen , Li Zhi-Ming , Nie Ze-Long , Sun Hang
Published: February 2019

Zhengyia shennongensis is described here as a new genus and species of the nettle family (Urticaceae) from Hubei province, central China. The phylogenetic position of Z. shennongensis is determined using DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal ITS and three plastid regions (rbcL, psbA–trnH, trnL–F). Zhengyia shennongensis is readily distinguished from the related genera Urtica, Hesperocnide, and Laportea in the tribe Urticeae by its seed (oblong–globose or subglobose and not compressed achenes, surface densely covered with nipple–shaped protuberances) and stipule morphology (large leaf–like stipules with auriculate and amplexicaulous base and united with stem). Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Zhengyia is a distinct group related to Urtica (including Hesperocnide) species and Laportea cuspidata in tribe Urticeae. The bulbiliferous species of the tribe (L. bulbifera, L. cuspidata, Z. shennongensis) do not form a clade. This result indicates that the bulbil trait evolved in parallel within Urticeae. Our findings highlight the importance of shady and moist habitats in promoting species diversification and the parallel evolution of morphological traits that are likely to be adaptive.
Jaguariba wiersemana gen. nov. et sp. nov., an Early Cretaceous member of crown group Nymphaeales (Nymphaeaceae) from northern Gondwana
Authors: Coiffard Clément , Mohr Barbara A.R. , Bernardes-de-Oliveira Mary E.C.
Published: February 2019

Morphology and anatomy of a fossil nymphaealean plant, Jaguariba wiersemana gen. nov. et sp. nov. from the late Early Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil, and extant aquatic flowering plants are comparatively studied. Characteristic features indicate that Jaguariba gen. nov. is a member of Nymphaeaceae, and may belong to Nymphaeoideae. The occurrence of both Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae (e.g., Pluricarpellatia peltata) in the Lower Cretaceous contradicts recent molecular dating implying a Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary divergence for those families. Furthermore, the morphology of the fossil and sedimentologic and taphonomic data indicate that Jaguariba gen. nov. had an aquatic ecology similar to living Nymphaeaceae. Thus the taxon was part of the aquatic vegetation of the Crato lake in association with Pluricarpellatia peltata, an earlier described cabombaceaen aquatic angiosperm.
Robinson a century on: The nomenclatural relevance of Roxburgh's Hortus Bengalensis
Authors: Turner I.M.
Published: February 2019

In 1912, C.B. Robinson published an analysis of the Hortus Bengalensis. This work by William Roxburgh consists of a listing of the plant species growing in the East India Company Botanic Garden in Calcutta, and the new species Roxburgh was intending to publish in his Flora Indica. No descriptions are included in the Hortus Bengalensis, but as Robinson pointed out, a minority of names included are validated by citation of descriptions published elsewhere. The current paper reviews these names, particularly in terms of their application and typification. The identity of Laurus nitida Roxb. is clarified, and Cinnamomum nitidum (Roxb.) Hook. is shown to be the correct name for C. burmanni (Nees & T. Nees) Blume. A proposal to reject the name Laurus nitida Roxb., in order to maintain the accepted nomenclature of this important spice plant has been submitted. A number of cases are highlighted where later application of names first validated in the Hortus Bengalensis conflicts with their typification. These include Bambusa baccifera Roxb. (≡ Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz), Calamus latifolius Roxb., Arum gracile Roxb. and Morinda bracteata Roxb. Proposals to conserve Bambusa baccifera Roxb. and Calamus latifolius Roxb. with conserved types have been made in order to maintain the current application of these and other important bamboo and rattan names. Despite the work of Robinson, and subsequent analyses of Merrill and others, certain names validated by Roxburgh are still not always recognised as the correct ones, e.g. Holostemma annularium (Roxb.) K. Schum. for H. ada–kodien Schult., Bambusa spinosa Roxb. for B. blumeana Schult. f., Ficus racemifera Roxb. for F. nodosa Teijsm. & Binnend. A number of nomenclatural changes are required based on the current investigation: Typhonium harpung Srib., J. Murata, K. Iwats. & I.M. Turner, replaces T. gracile (Roxb.) Schott excluding its nomenclatural type; Aganosma heynei (Spreng.) I.M. Turner, comb. nov., replaces A. dichotoma K. Schum., Hibiscus tortuosus Roxb. (≡ Talipariti tortuosum (Roxb.) Fryxell) is a synonym of Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell, Diospyros nigra (J.F. Gmel.) Perr. is the correct name for D. digyna Jacq., the Nicobar breadfruit is correctly Pandanus leram Jones ex R. Millar, Sesbania aculeata (Schreb.) Pers. is the correct name for Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) Spreng. ex Steud., Asclepias senecionifolia M.E. Jones is the correct name for A. rosea Kunth and Salvia cana Wall. ex Benth. is correct for what has been called S. lanata Roxb. or S. mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada. Lectotypes are designated for 46 names and neotypes are designated for two names. Epitypes are designated for three names in which the identity of the lectotype is demonstrably ambiguous.