bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laminar organization of peptide‐like immunoreactivity in the anuran optictectum
Authors: Kuljis Rodrigo O. , Karten Harvey J.
Published: December 2004

Peptide‐ 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)‐, tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH)‐, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐like immunoreactivity was studied in the optic tectum of Rana pipiens. Peroxidase‐antiperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescence single‐ and double‐labeling methods were used to compare differential laminar distribution of each of these substances.

Substance P (SP), leucine‐enkephalin (LENK), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8), bombesin (BOM), avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), and possibly neurotensin display unique individual patterns of laminar distribution of processes and cell bodies throughout the tectum. A correlative analysis of the topographical distribution of SP, LENK, BOM, and APP on the basis of double‐labeled sections shows a pretise laminar segregation of these substances. Vasoactive intestinal peptide‐, β‐endorphin‐, and rana‐tensinlike immunoreactivity is consistently absent from our material. 5HT‐and TOH‐like immunoreactivity discloses a reticular array of fibers without clear evidence of laminar organization. This peptide‐like laminar organization is particularly elaborate throughout the superficial neuropil of the optic tectum, the major retinorecipient zone. The pattern of lamination demonstrated in the present study differs in several important features from that previously described on the basis of several histological methods.

The cells of origin of processes(axons and/or dendrites) in the superficial tectal neuropil may be either intrinsic or extrinsic to the tectum. Special reference is made to conflicting evidence regarding the possibility of a recinal contribution to peptide‐like tectal lamination.
The development of pyramidal neurons after eye opening in the visual cortex of hooded rats: A quantitative study
Authors: Juraska Janice M.
Published: December 2004

Dendritic maturation of pyramidal neurons in layers III and V of the rat visual cortex was quantified in rapid Golgi‐stained tissue from socially housed hooded rats at ages 15, 30, and 60 days. A complex pattern of changes emerged. Dendritic branching analyses revealed that in layer III both bifurcating and terminal basilar branches increased in length over the sampled days. Likewise, total dendritic length increased in the layer III basilar dendritic tree between 15 and 30 days of age and peaked at 30 days of age in the layer III apical oblique branches. No changes in dendritic length were observed in layer V pyramidal neurons. Neither layer III nor layer V neurons exhibited any changes in the number of basilar or apical oblique branches over the time period studied.

Dendritic spine density increased on terminal basilar branches in both cell populations between 15 and 30 days. There also was an increase in spine density on the layer V pyramidal apical shaft between 15 and 30 days, while on layer III bifurcating basilar branches, spine density fell between 30 and 60 days. These data indicate that while dendrites may continue to grow longer, pyramidal neurons do not on average generate additional branches after day 15. However, the pattern of spine density is still changing between 15 and 60 days of age. Thus no single developmental pattern holds for all cell populations or even across areas of the dendritic field within a population.
Distribution and structural characterization of neurons giving rise to descending spinal projections in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans
Authors: Woodson W. , Künzle H.
Published: December 2004

Descending spinal projections were investigated in the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans following injections of horseradish peroxidase and/or radioactive wheat germ agglutinin into the spinal cord at various levels. Using various planes of section the cells of origin in the brainstem, cerebellum, and diencephalon were characterized according to their size, dendritic tree, and precise location.

Projections to levels as far caudal as the lumbar spinal cord were found to arise from medial and lateral rhombencephalic reticular fields, including the perihypoglossal complex, the nucleus raphe inferior, and the locus coeruleus; from certain subdivisions of the vestibular complex (ipsi‐lateral subnucleus (subn.) ventrolateralis, contralateral subn. veritrome‐dialis, and possibly subn. tangentialis); from the motor trigeminal nucleus; from the contralateral red nucleus, the ipsilateral nucleus (n.) interstitialis of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis (flm) and from the hypothalamus. Fibers to high cervical levels arose from neurons within the dorsolateral and superior vestibular nuclei, the lateral cerebellar nucleus, the mesen‐cephalic trigeminal nucleus, and from neurons of the optic tectum. Low cervical and thoracic spinal levels were reached by fibers from the torus semicircularis n. laminaris, the n. of the flm, the medial cerebellar nucleus as well as from the n. vestibularis inferior and the principal and descending trigeminal nuclei.
Corticothalamic projections from postcruciate area 4 in the dog
Authors: Tanaka Duke , Sakai Sharleen T. , Görska Teresa
Published: December 2004

Corticothalamic projections from postcruciate area 4, located on the rostral part of the posterior sigmoid gyms, were traced with the autora‐diographic technique in the dog. Injections of tritiated amino acids were made into the lateral and medial parts of area 4 in regions corresponding to the forelimb and hindlimb areas of the primary motor cortex, respectively. In cases with injections placed in the lateral part of areas, dense accu‐mulations of label were present in the lateral part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VA), the central part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VL), the ventral half of the ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI), the caudal part of the central lateral nucleus (CL), and the centrum medianum (CM). Lighter label was also present in the lateral part of the cytoarchitectonically distinct VL region bordering the ventrobasal complex (VB), as well as in the ventro‐lateral part of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), and in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP). In one case in which the injection site involved an adjacent part of area 3a, label was also seen ventrally in the medial division of the posterior nuclear group (POm). However, no detectable differences in VL, MD, or intralaminar labeling patterns were noted between this case and the four other cases with injections confined to the lateral part of area 4. In two cases with injections restricted to the medial part of area 4, dense label was present in the lateralmost part of VL, the ventral part of VPI, the caudal part of CL, and CM. Lighter label was also present in the VL region bordering the dorsolateral edge of VB and in LP. An additional case in which the injection also involved the rostral border of area 3a showed a similar pattern cf thalamic labeling. Projections from both the lateral and medial parts of area 4 were also noted in the subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, and nucleus of Darkschewitsch.

These results suggest that Corticothalamic projections from postcruciate area 4 to VL are organized topographically such that projections from the lateral part of area 4 project centrally within VL while those from the medial part of area 4 project more laterally. Both parts of area 4 also project top‐ographically to a cytoarchitectonically distinct region of VL located im‐mediately adjacent to VB, In contrast, the projections to the intralaminar nuclei do not appear to be topographically organized. The data from cases involving spread of the injection into area 3a suggest that projection pat‐terns from area 3a to ventral, intralaminar, and medial thalamic nuclei are similar to those from area 4. However, it appears that at least the lateral part of area 3a also projects to POm.
The cell bodies of origin of sympathetic and sensory axons in some skin and muscle nerves of the cat hindlimb
Authors: McLachlan Elspeth M. , Jänig W.
Published: December 2004

Cell bodies of sensory and sympathetic axons projecting to skin and skeletal muscle of the cat hindlimb have been labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study location, size, and numbers of the somata of these neurons. HRP was applied to the freshly transected axons of nerves supplying hairy skin (superficial peroneal, SP; sural, Su), hairy and hairless skin of the paw (medial plantar, MP), or skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius‐soleus, GS). Serial sections of lumbosacral dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia were studied after standard histochemical processing. Additionally, the numbers of myelinated fibers in the same nerves were determined.

All sensory somata and 99.4% of sympathetic cell bodies were located ipsilaterally. Sensory somata were commonly restricted to two adjacent dorsal root ganglia (usually L6–7 for SP, MP; L7‐S1 for Su, GS). Although sympathetic somata were more widely distributed rostrocaudally, their maximum frequency always occurred in the segmental ganglia immediately rostral to the sensory outflows, i.e., corresponding to rami communicantes grisei.

Dimensions of sympathetic somata varied little between populations projecting to different tissues and were unimodally distributed. The size distributions of sensory somata were characterized by a peak between 10 and 20 μm radius, similar to sympathetic somata, and a varying smaller number of cells ranging up to 60 μm radius. Each nerve had a characteristic distribution profile of afferent somata. A population of very small cells was only present in GS, while the largest sensory somata in GS and MP were bigger than those in SP and Su.

Numerical analysis of the data disclosed the characteristic composition of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in each nerve studied.
The morphology, ultrastructure, and distribution of synapses on an intersegmental interneurone of the locust
Authors: Watson A. H. D. , Burrows M.
Published: December 2004

The structure and synaptic relationships of an intersegmental inter‐neurone in the mesothoracic ganglion of the locust were studied by intra‐ccllular labelling for light and electron microscopy. Before labelling, the interneurone was characterized physiologically. It is depolarized and pro‐duces spikes when either of the two forewings are elevated, and by sensory inputs from the tarsi of the middle legs. The gross morphology of the in‐terneurone is quite distinctive. Its cell body is on the ventral surface of the ganglion near the midline and its primary neurite lies in the T‐tract. Its axon performs a characteristic lateral loop around the lateral dorsal tract before entering an anterior connective and ascending at least as far as the prothoracic ganglion. Within the mesothoracic ganglion, the interneurone gives rise to a profusion of branches. Ultrastructural examination and re‐construction of three regions of the interneurone from serial sections shows that input and output synapses are present in approximately equal num‐bers, and often are close to each other. There is no evidence for separate input and output regions. Output synapses are characterized by the presence of a presynaptic bar and a population 500‐2,000 round, electron‐lucent vesicles. Most of the estimated 105‐10 6 synapses occur on the smaller di ameter processes or on spines. The spines are of uniform diameter along their lengths, and are pre‐ or postsynaptic or both, but the postsynaptic spines are of smaller diameter than the others.
A quantitative electron microscope study of the perikaryal projections of sensory ganglion neurons. I. Cat and rabbit
Authors: Pannese Ennio , Gioia Magda , Carandente Orazio , Ventura Raoul
Published: December 2004

With a quantitative method and serial sections a study was carried out under the electron microscope of the perikaryal projections of the neurons in the thoracic spinal ganglia of cat and rabbit. These projections usually appear as finger‐shaped evaginations which run roughly parallel to the surface of the nerve cell body. Their length ranges between 0.3 and 3.25 μm, and they show a nearly circular cross section with a rather uniform transverse diameter having an average value of about 0.2 μm.

Both in cat and rabbit a very high correlation was found between the surface area of perikaryal projections and both the volume and smoothed surface area of the corresponding nerve cell body. Perikaryal projections increase the surface area of the nerve cell body by 43% in cat and 39.5% in rabbit.

These findings support the idea that perikaryal projections in sensory ganglion neurons are normal formations, which maintain the surface‐to‐volume ratio above the critical level for metabolic exchanges.
Reorganization in granuloprival cerebellar cultures after transplantation of granule cells and glia. I. Light microscopic and electrophysiological studies
Authors: Seil Fredrick J. , Leiman Arnold L. , Blank Nathan K.
Published: December 2004

Granuloprival cerebellar cultures were transplanted after 9 or 16 days in vitro with cerebellar explants that had been exposed to kainic acid. The latter contained granule cells and differentiated glia, elements lacking in granuloprival cultures. Changes induced by transplantation observed by light microscopy included interposition of granule cells among the large cortical neurons of host explants; a reduction of the excess neurites of the Purkinje cell axon collateral system that is characteristic of granuloprival explants; and the appearance of myelinated fibers in previously unmyeli‐nated cultures. The most notable electrophysiologic consequence of transplantation was the disappearance of inhibition of cortical spontaneous activity in response to antidromic stimulation of Purkinje cell axons, correlating with the disappearance of excess neurites, and suggesting that Purkinje cell recurrent collateral inhibition was no longer the dominant mode of cortical inhibition. Restoration of missing elements in granuloprival cultures incited development of structural and functional characteristics resembling those of normal cerebellar explants.
Connections of the bullfrog striatum: Afferent organization
Authors: Wilczynski Walter , Northcutt R. Glenn
Published: December 2004

Afferents to the dorsal and ventral striatum of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were revealed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry. Anterograde tracing techniques (autoradiography and anterograde HRP transport) were then used to confirm the projections and to describe their terminal fields within the striatum. The major input arises from the ipsi‐lateral lateral anterior and central thalamic nuclei, which receive tectal (Rubinson, ′68) and toral (Neary, ′74) input, respectively. These projections terminate in a dense, homogeneous field within the striatal neuropil adjacent to the cell plates of both striatal divisions. A second heavy input arises from the anterior entopeduncular nucleus bilaterally, with axons from the contralateral side crossing in the anterior commissure. This input terminates in both striatal divisions but is heaviest ventrally, Sparser inputs are present from the ipsilateral lateral and medial amygdalar nuclei, the preoptic area (mainly from the very caudal suprachiasmatic division), the posterior tuberculum, and the ipsilateral superficial isthmal reticular nucleus of the tegmentum. All these afferents, with the possible exception of the preoptic input, ascend to the striatum via the lateral forebrain bundle, and all innervate both striatal divisions. The preoptic input terminates within the cell plates, as well as subpially in a pattern similar to that described for tubercular input (Neary and Wilczynski, ′77). The tegmental input is very sparse and is most apparent superficially. Afferents from pallial telencephalic areas are not present, suggesting that although an‐urans receive striatal input from the diencephalon and mesencephalon, they do not possess a homolog of the mammalian corticostriatal system. Further, the extremely heavy input from the middle dorsal thalamic zone suggests that a major function of the anuran striatum involves processing sensory information from the midbrain roof.
The process of reinnervation in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: A quantitative electron microscopic analysis of terminal proliferation and reactive synaptogenesis
Authors: Steward Oswald , Vinsant Sharon L.
Published: December 2004

The present study defined the time course of terminal proliferation (the growth of presynaptic processes) and reactive Synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. Quantitative electron microscopic analyses were carried out in the dentate gyrus 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 days and 7 months after destruction of the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex and in the contralateral (control) dentate gyrus. At each survival interval, counts were made from photographic montages of (1) terminals (presynaptic processes with or without contacts with postsynaptic elements), (2) intact synapses, (3) degenerating synapses, (4) degeneration (degenerating presynaptic processes), and (5) multiple synapses (terminals making more than one synaptic contact). Terminal density was initially reduced to about 13% of control in the middle molecular layer at 2 and 4 days postlesion, and to about 26% of control in the outer. The density of terminals began to increase between 4 and 6 days postlesion, reaching a plateau by day 12. Synapse density was reduced to about 8% and 12% of control in the middle and outer molecular layer respectively. Synapse density increased about 5‐fold between 8 and 12 days postlesion, but continued to increase in the period between 14 days and 7 months postlesion. At 2 days postlesion, the number of intact terminals that are lost corresponds to the number of degenerating presynaptic processes. This correspondence is not present at 4 days postlesion, however, suggesting a rapid removal of degenerating terminals. In contrast, even at 2 days post‐lesion, the number of intact synapses that are lost does not correspond to the number of degenerating synapses. Between 2 and 10 days postlesion, the number of postsynaptic specializations is about 60% of control, but recovers slightly by 12‐14 days postlesion. Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggested a collapse of spines into configurations that resembled shaft synapses. There appeared to be a deformation of degenerating presynaptic processes resulting in the appearance of multiple synapse configurations prior to reinnervation. The combined results suggest that terminal proliferation precedes reactive Synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus by 2‐4 days, that terminal proliferation is essentially complete by 12 days while reactive Synaptogenesis continues, and that multiple synapses arise at least in part as a result of a deformation of degenerating presynaptic processes rather than as a consequence of the induction of additional contacts on existing presynaptic terminals.
Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the olfactory system of the hamster
Authors: Davis Barry J. , Macrides Foteos
Published: December 2004

Tyrosine hydroxylaselike immunoreactivity is associated with several different classes of neurons in the main olfactory bulb of the hamster. Most of the tyrosine hydroxylaselike immunoreactive (THLI) neurons are located in the glomerular layer and in the outer two‐thirds of the external plexiform layer. The majority of THLI neurons in the glomerular layer have somal sizes and dendritic features which correspond to those of external tufted cells. A small population of THLI periglomerular cells also is present. The majority of THLI neurons in the external plexiform layer have the morphological characteristics of middle tufted cells. A small population of THLI neurons which appear to be Van Gehuchten cells is distributed throughout the external plexiform layer and in the mitral body layer. Small populations of THLI deep short‐axon cells are distributed throughout the mitral body, internal plexiform, and granule cell layers. Tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive fibers of central origin also are observed in the main olfactory bulb. They may originate from THLI neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus, ventral hippocampal rudiment, dorsal peduncular cortex, septal and basal portions of the vertical limb and nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, dorsal and median raphe nuclei, and locus ceruleus. The frontal neocortex, infralimbic and anterior cingulate cortex, and medial amygdaloid nucleus also contain THLI neurons.

In contrast to the widespread distribution of tyrosine hydroxylaselike immunoreactivity in the main olfactory bulb, substance P‐like immunoreactivity is restricted to external tufted cells and to centrifugal afferents which may originate in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Both types of immunoreactivity appear to be present in centrifugal afferents to the accessory olfactory bulb, but THLI neurons are extremely rare and no neurons with substance P‐like immunoreactivity have been observed in the accessory olfactory bulb. Intraventricular injections of colchicine which were expected to enhance the labeling of neuronal somata did not alter the relative incidences of labeling among the various classes of neurons in the olfactory bulbs.

These findings provide immunocytochemical evidence that populations of superficially situated tufted cells in the main olfactory bulb are functionally distinct from the deeper‐lying output neurons and from output neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb, that populations of catecholami‐nergic neurons are present within several olfactory and related cortical structures in addition to the olfactory bulbs, that the medical septum‐diagonal band complex also contains catecholaminergic neurons, and that a substantial population of neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus is capable of vatechol synthesis.
The sources of supraspinal afferents to the spinal cord in a variety of limbed reptiles. I. Reticulospinal systems
Authors: Newman Donald B. , Cruce William L. R. , Bruce Laura L.
Published: December 2004

Horseradish peroxidase was injected into various levels of the spinal cord of turtles (Pseudemys and Chrysemys), lizards (Tupinambis, Iquana, Gekko, Sauromelus, and Gerrhonotus), and a crocodilian (Caiman). The results suggest that brainstem reticulospinal projections in limbed reptiles rival mammalian reticulospinal systems in complexity. The reptilian mye‐lencephalic reticular formation can be divided into four distinct reticulospinal nuclei. Reticularis inferior pars dorsalis (RID) contains multipolar neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal cord. Reticularis inferior pars ventralis (RIV), which is only found in lizards and crocodilians, contains fusiform neurons with horizontally running dendrites and it projects ipsi‐laterally to the spinal cord. Reticularis ventrolateralis (RVL), which is found only in teiid lizards, contains triangular neurons whose dendrites parallel the ventrolateral edge of the brainstem and it projects ipsilaterally to the spinal cord. The myelencephalic raphe (Ral) varies considerably. Ral of turtles contains large reticulospinal neurons which form a continuous population with more laterally situated RID cells. Ral of lizards contains a few small reticulospinal neurons. Ral of the crocodilian Caiman contains giant reticulospinal neurons with laterally directed dendrites.

The caudal metencephalic reticular formation of reptiles can be divided into two distinct reticulospinal nuclei. Reticularis medius (RM) contains large neurons with long, ventrally directed dendrites; it projects ipsilaterally to the spinal cord. Reticularis medius pars lateralis (RML) contains small neurons with laterally directed dendrites; it projects contralaterally to the spinal cord.

The rostral metencephalic and caudal mesencephalic reticular formation of reptiles can be divided into three distinct reticulospinal nuclei. Reticularis superior pars medialis (RSM) consists mostly of small, spindle‐shaped neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal cord. In the lizard Tupinambis, however, large multipolar, ipsilaterally projecting neurons are occasionally seen in RSM. Reticularis superior pars lateralis (RSL) contains large, bilaterally projecting neurons with long, ventrolaterally directed dendrites. RSL in lizards can be divided into a dorsomedial portion, which projects ipsilaterally to the spinal cord, and a ventrolateral portion which projects contralaterally. The locus ceruleus‐subceruleus field (LC‐SC) contains small spindle‐shaped neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal cord.

Labeled reticulospinal neurons were also observed in the rostral metencephalic raphe (RaS) of the turtle brainstem. These cells are small, spindle‐shaped neurons which resemble the small cells of the adjacent RSM field.
The superior vestibular nucleus: An intracellular hrp study in the cat. II. Non‐vestibulo‐ocular neurons
Authors: Mitsacos Ada , Reisine Harvey , Highstein Stephen M.
Published: December 2004

Superior vestibular neurons were penetrated with horseradish perox‐idase (HRP)‐loaded glass microelectrodes in anesthetized cats and identified electrophysiologically following electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerves and oculomotor complex. Neurons that were not antidromically activated from the oculomotor complex were stained by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase.

Three types of neurons are identified according to their initial axonal trajectories into the cerebellum, the dorsal pontine reticular formation, or the brachium conjunctivum. Ipsilateral vestibular nerve input to all neurons is primarily monosynaptic and excitatory, whereas the contralateral is inhibitory.

The neurons are located in the periphery of the superior vestibular nucleus. Soma diameters range from 20.5 μm to 44 μm. Most neurons exhibit globular and ovoid cell bodies. The dendritic arbors are intermediate between iso‐ and allodendritic branching patterns. The few spines and dendritic appendages present are distributed mainly distally on the dendrites. Soma size does not correlate with axon diameter, number of dendrites, or dendritic territories.
Morphometric analysis of granule cell dendrites in the mouse dentate gyrus
Authors: Williams Roger S. , Matthysse Steven
Published: December 2004

We devised a computer program to analyze the dendritic geometry of dentate granule cells as seen in rapid Golgi impregnations from the mouse. Three dimensional coordinates were recorded by using a computer‐assisted microscope. Geometric parameters are of two general types: (1) LINEAR parameters include the number of dendritic segments per branch order and their individual and aggregate lengths. (2) ANGULAR parameters define the spatial relationships of branch points and segment terminals with each other and with the axis of symmetry derived for all the dendrites. We find that values for linear parameters are highly variable and more susceptible to artifacts. Values for most angular parameters are more highly constrained and are presumably the best descriptors of the class‐characteristic conical shape of granule cell dendrites. Additional features which are necessary to describe granule cell dendrites fully are: (1) Branching frequency is highest proximal to the cell soma, (2) deviant segments are kept “on course” to ensure axial symmetry, and (3) terminal segments end at the plane of the cortical surface. A critical analysis of the various parameters suggests the hypothesis that the characteristic and uniform geometry of granule cell dendrites is controlled largely by factors residing in the molecular layer where growth and differentiation are sustained. An additional finding of potential interest is that there are two subpopulations of granule cells with a twofold difference in spine density.
Cerebellar corticonuclear projections in the red‐eared turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans
Authors: Bangma G. C. , Donkelaar H. J. Ten , Pellegrino A.
Published: December 2004

In the present study the organization of the corticonuclear projections of the cerebellum in the red‐eared turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans was investigated. To find out whether a zonal pattern exists in the cerebellar cortex, a topological analysis was made of the Purkinje cell layer of a Nissl‐stained series of the cerebellum. This analysis showed a distinct, longitudinally oriented zonal pattern of Purkinje cells. In each cerebellar half a medial, an intermediate, and a lateral zone could be distinguished. This pattern appeared to correspond in part to an earlier subdivision of the reptilian cerebellum suggested by Larsell (1926, 1932, 1967).

In the experimental part of this study, the corticonuclear projections to the cerebellar nuclei and the vestibular nuclear complex were demonstrated with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. All projections of the Pur‐kinje cells appeared to be strictly ipsilateral. After HRP slow‐release gel implantations at various levels of the vestibular nuclear complex, longitudinally oriented areas of labeled Purkinje cells were found in the lateal part of the medial zone, the intermediate zone, and the lateral zone. Two strips of Purkinje cells remained unlabeled: One in the rostrolateral part of the intermediate zone, and another in the medial part of the medial zone. After HRP gel implantations in the cerebellar peduncle aimed at the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei, respectively, Purkinje cells in the latter two strips were labeled. The present results indicate that the corticonuclear projections to the medial cerebellar nucleus arise in the medial part of the medial zone and those to the lateral cerebellar nucleus in the rostrolateral part of the intermediate zone.

It can be concluded that cerebellar zones, as demonstrated in the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans, are phylogenetically very old and may represent the basic functional circuit of the cerebellum.
Lesion‐induced mossy fibers to the molecular layer of the rat fascia dentata: Identification of postsynaptic granule cells by the Golgi‐EM technique
Authors: Frotscher Michael , Zimmer Jens
Published: December 2004

The axons of the dentate granule cells, the hippocampal mossy fibers, sprout “backward” into the dentate molecular layer when this is heavily de‐nervated. Using the combined Golgi‐electron microscopy (EM) technique we now demonstrate that these aberrant supragranular mossy fibers at least in part terminate on granule cell dendrites.

Sprouting of mossy fibers into the dentate molecular layer was induced in adult rats by simultaneous surgical removal of the commissural and ento‐rhinal afferents to the fascia dentata. After at least 7 weeks survival, the presence of mossy fiber terminals in the inner part of the dentate molecular layer was demonstrated by light microscopy of Timm‐stained cryostat sections and by electron microscopy. In the electron microscope the mossy fiber terminals were identified by their unique structural characteristics, namely, the unusually large size of the terminals, the dense packing of clear synaptic vesicles with a few dense core vesicles intermingled, the presence of asymmetric synaptic contacts with spines and desmosome‐like contacts with dendritic shafts, and the continuity with a thin unmyelinated preterminal axon.

Golgi‐stained granule cells were first identified in the light microscope, and then, after deimpregnation, the same cells were examined in the electron microscope. In ultrathin, serial sections lesion‐induced mossy fiber terminals were found in synaptic contact with spines on proximal dendritic segments of such identified Golgi‐impregnated granule cells. From this we conclude that the aberrant, supragranular mossy fibers can innervate dendrites of the parent cell group, the dentate granule cells. The results, moreover, provide an example of reactive synaptogenesis where both the sprouted afferents and its postsynaptic element have been identified.
Cloned microglial cells but not macrophages synthesize β‐endorphin in response to CRH activation
Authors: Sacerdote Paola , Denis‐Donini Suzanne , Paglia Paola , Granucci Francesca , Panerai Alberto E. , Ricciardi‐Castagnoli Paola
Published: December 2004

The properties of microglial cell clones, obtained from embryonic mouse brain primary cultures immortalized with recombinant retroviruses, have been investigated and compared with the properties of macrophage clones similarly obtained. Macrophage clones differed from microglial clones in some functions but shared most of the immunological properties. Interestingly, microglial cells were able to produce β‐endo‐rphin, and this production was regulated differently in microglial cell clones when compared with macrophage clones. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment induces an increase in β‐endorphin concentration in both cell types, only microglial clones and primary microglial cell cultures respond to the neuroendocrine stimulus corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). In addition, in these cells, β‐endorphin release is regulated by a classical neurotransmitter, such as noradrenaline, adding some evidence of communication between neurons and microglial cells. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional analysis of clustered voxels in 15O‐butanol brain activation images
Authors: Roland P. E. , Levin B. , Kawashima R. , Åkerman S.
Published: December 2004

Changes in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) are often used as an indicator of changes in local neuronal activity of the brain. We present here quantitative measurements with positron emission tomography (PET) of rCBF with a freely diffusible flow tracer 15O‐butanol in control and activation states, and a pixel‐by‐pixel statistical parametric analysis of the rCBF changes combined with a cluster analysis. Anatomically standardized rCBF activation data from 39 normal subjects were analyzed for the occurrence of clustered voxels. Noise data was obtained from repeat measurements of rCBF with the brain in the activated state and from simulations. The variance in test‐control images was largest outside the skull, and large in soft tissue regions around the brain. It was moderate but inhomogenous in gray matter, and low and homogenous in white matter. A special picture was generated of the conformation of sampled data with a normal distribution. In the gray and white matter, the pixel values were fount to conform to a normal distribution, permitting calculation of Student's t‐images. In the cluster analysis, activations are detected as clusters of voxels with high t‐values. The clusters in activated regions, however, were considerably larger than the full width half‐maximum of spatial autocorrelation function and were easily detected. Tables of the empirical Poisson‐like distributions of the number of clusters of different sizes are provided, from which P values of the significance of the occurrence of clusters of different sizes can be estimated. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐dependent changes in effective connectivity measured with PET
Authors: Friston K. J. , Frith C. D. , Frackowiak R. S. J.
Published: December 2004

A voxel‐based method of measuring the effective connectivity between brain regions is presented. The approach is based on electrophysiological concepts and is applied to neurophysiological data obtained with [positron emission tomography (PET)] functional imaging. Time‐dependent changes in effective connectivity were assessed during a verbal fluency activation paradigm using 12 consecutive measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The changes observed were predicted by an associative (Hebbian) model of plasticity, applied to cortical activity, measured in terms of rCBF. The main finding was, in most regions, a selective enhancement of effective connections from the distributed brain regions exhibiting the dominant pattern of correlated activity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Konstitution des Molybdänblaus
Authors: Treadwell W. D. , Schaeppi Yvonne
Published: December 2004

1. Elektrolytisch hergestelltes Molybdänblauoxydhydrat wurde oxydimetrisch und konduktometrisch titriert. Der Gefrierpunkt der sulfatfreien Lösung wurde bestimmt. Aus diesen Messungen ergab sich, dass die wässrige Lösung des Molybdänblauoxydhydrats 1 H·‐Ion pro ½ Mo2O5·2 MoO3 enthält. Es wurde eine Konstitutionsformel für das Blau vorgeschlagen, welche die tiefe Färbung und die Tendenz zur Bildung eines negativen Sols verständlich macht.
Le dosage de l'alcool éthylique sanguin: Une modification de la méthode de Nicloux
Authors: Rochat J.
Published: December 2004

1. La technique de dosage de l'alcool sanguin, décrite dans ce travail, est basée sur l'ancien procédé de Nicloux, modifié à deux points de vue: a) détermination de l'excès de K2Cr2O7 par manganimétrie; b) interversion de l'ordre d'addition des réctifs et augmentation de la proportion d'acide sulfurique.
Über adaptive Enzyme bei parasitischen Pilzen I
Authors: Gäumann Ernst , Böhni Erika
Published: December 2004

Es wurde die Frage geprüft, ob und in welchem Umfange bei Botrytis cinerea Pers. die Bildung von Pektinase und von Pektase durch den Pektingehalt einer bestimmten Nährlösung beeinflusst wird. Die Pektinase, welche die Pektatkette aufspaltet, erwies sich dabei als ein konstitutives Enzym, das unabhängig von der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Nährlösung entsteht. Die unspezifische Pektase, welche die Pektine demethoxyliert, erwies sich dagegen als ein weitgehend adaptives Enzym, das nur in Gegenwart von Pektin reichlich, ohne Pektin dagegen bloss in Spuren gebildet wird.
Relaxationszeitspektrum, Elastizität und Viskosität von Kautschuk I
Authors: Kuhn W. , Künzle O. , Preissmann A.
Published: December 2004

Bei rascher Deformation eines Mediums, in welchem sich Fadenmolekel befinden, werden an den letzteren gleichzeitig verschiedene Änderungen hervorgebracht. Die Änderungen sind voneinander mehr oder weniger unabhängig und können durch Neuordnung der Abstands‐ und Winkelverteilung ganz oder teilweise rückgängig gemacht werden. Zufolge solcher Relaxationsvorgänge verschwindet ein Teil der bei rascher Deformation zunächst entstandenen Spannungen, jedoch mit einem für die verschiedenen Spannungsanteile wechselnden Zeitbedarf. Es entsteht ein Relaxationszeitspektrum.
Über die polarographische Reduktion der aliphatischen Aldehyde. II. Oszillographisch‐polarographische Untersuchungen am Formaldehyd
Authors: Bieber R. , Trümpler G.
Published: December 2004

1. Die von Heyrovsky und Forejt eingeführte oszillographische Messung der polarographischen Potential‐Zeit‐Kurven wurde in ausführlicherer Weise dargestellt. Das Entstehen und die Auswertung der dabei beobachtbaren Effekte wurde speziell für organische Depolarisatoren erläutert.
Über Pterinchemie. 57. Mitteilung. Zur Konfiguration und Konformation von 6,7‐Dimethyl‐und 5,6,7‐Trimethyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropterin
Authors: Weber Rudolf , Viscontini Max
Published: December 2004

Configuration and conformation of 6,7‐Dimethyl‐ and 5,6,7‐Trimethyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropterines.

During the hydrogenation of 6,7‐dimethylpterine, cis‐6,7‐dimethyl‐tetrahydropterine is formed. A possible conformation for this substance and for the 5,6,7‐trimethyl derivative, which is obtained from it, is discussed, taking the 1H‐NMR. spectra of both tetrahydropterines into consideration.
Adducts of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) halides. XIV. Structure and relative stability of the adducts with some phosphoryl compounds
Authors: Favez Christian M. P. , Rollier Henri , Merbach André E.
Published: December 2004

The adducts of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) halides with some phosphoryl compounds have been studied in chloroform solution by 1H‐ and 19F‐FT‐NMR. spectroscopy. These octahedral adducts of general formula MX5 · L (M = Nb, Ta; X = F, Cl, Br; L = phosphoryl ligand) are monomeric and neutral. Their relative stability constants have been determined at −60°. The stabilities are controlled by electronic effects of substituents on the phosphoryl group.
The Crystal Structure of (1, 1′‐ferrocenediyl)diphenylsilane
Authors: Stoeckli‐Evans Helen , Osborne Anthony G. , Whiteley Richard H.
Published: December 2004

The crystal structure of (1,1′‐ferrocenediyl)diphenylsilane has been determined from analysis of photographic X‐ray data. The crystal system is orthorhombic, a = 14.18(2), b = 12.54(2), c = 9.28(1) Å, space group Pnma with four formula units. The molecule has crystallographic m (Cs) symmetry with atoms Fe and Si lying in the mirror plane, which bisects the two phenyl groups. The planar cyclopentadienyl rings are bridged by a single silicon atom, and are tilted 19.2° with respect to one another. The Fe—C(Cp) distances vary from 2.01(1) to 2.11(1) Å. The bridging angle C(1)—Si—C(1′) is 99.1°, while the Si—C(sp2) bond lengths range from 1.86 to 1.88 Å. The exocyclic C(1)—Si bond makes an angle of 40° with respect to the plane of the cyclopentadienyl ring.
Contribution à la phytochimie du genre Gentiana, XVIII. Structure du gentiabavarutinoside, un nouveau glycoside xanthonique acylé isolé de Gentiana bavaricaL
Authors: Hostettmann Kurt , Jacot‐Guillarmod André , Chari Vedantha M.
Published: December 2004

Phytochemistry of genus Gentiana, XVIII: Structure of gentiabavarutinoside, a new acylated xanthone glycoside from Gentiana bavarica L.

In a previous work [1], we isolated from Gentiana bavarica L. an acylated xanthone glycoside (1,8‐dihydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐xanthone‐7‐O‐acetylrutinoside 1 or gentiabavarutinoside) without locating the acetyl group. By 13C‐NMR. spectroscopy, the attach position of the acetyl is now shown to be at 4 of the rhamnose moiety. In addition, a new compound (2), the desacetyl derivative of 1, has also been isolated and identified.
Contribution à la phytochimie du genre Gentiana, XIX. Identification de nouveaux C‐glucosides flavoniques dans Gentiana pyrenaicaL
Authors: Marston Andrew , Hostettmann Kurt , Jacot‐Guillarmod André
Published: December 2004

Phytochemistry of genus Gentiana, XIX: Identification of new C‐glycosylflavones in Gentiana pyrenaica L.

Five flavone C‐glucosides [6‐C‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐tricine (1) or isopyrenine; 7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐6‐C‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyltricine (2) or isopyrenine‐7‐O‐glucoside; isoscoparine‐7‐O‐glucoside (3); 7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐6‐C‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylacacetine (4) and isovitexine‐7‐O‐glucoside (5) or saponarine] as well as the flavonol glucoside isoquercitrine (9) have been isolated chromatographically, using polyamide and cellulose columns, from the aerial parts of Gentiana pyrenaica L. 1 and 2 are new compounds and the first glycoflavones trisubstituted on cycle B. Compound 4 is also encountered for the first time in nature.
1,2‐Epoxycarotenoids. Synthesis of the 1′,2′‐Epoxides of β,ψ‐ and ε,ψ‐Carotene (= γ‐ and δ‐Carotene, respectively)
Authors: Pfander Hanspeter , Kamber Matthias
Published: December 2004

The synthesis of the naturally occurring 1′,2′‐epoxy‐1′,2′‐dihydro‐β, δ‐carotene and 1′,2′‐epoxy‐1′,2′‐dihydro‐ε, ψ‐carotene is described.
Effect of Mass Diffusion on Nitration Rates of Moderately Reactive Aromatic Substrates
Authors: Fujiwara Kenji , Tamura Masamitsu , Yoshida Tadao
Published: December 2004

Competitive nitrations of two pairs of aromatic substrates were carried out in order to clarify the effect of several methods of mixing on the observed relative rates. The experimental results indicate that a commercially available four‐jet mixer for rapid reaction could not achieve homogeneous mixing in the competitive nitration of aromatic substrates in aqueous sulfuric acid.
Die heterolytische Fragmentierung von Benzoin‐O‐(carbamoyl)oximen
Authors: Pfoertner Karl‐Heinz , Foricher Joseph , Meister Walter
Published: December 2004

The Heterolytic Fragmentation of Benzoin‐O‐(carbamoyl)oximes

While the known heterolytic fragmentation reactions give only three, thermal decomposition of benzoin‐O‐(carbamoyl)oximes results in at least four fragments: nitrile or isocyanide, carbonyl compound, CO2 and amine. This exception is due to the transformation of the nucleofugal group 3 into the unstable carbamic acid and its decomposition (s. Scheme 1). Since only the configuration of benzoin (E)‐O‐(carbamoyl)oximes is satisfactory for concerted reactions, we conclude that the nitrile producing fragmentation of these (E)‐compounds is concerted, whereas in the isocyanide producing fragmentation of the corresponding (Z)‐compounds several steps are involved. – In contrast to the benzoin‐O‐(carbamoyl)oximes the pyrolysis of benzil‐(E)‐O‐(methylcarbamoyl)oxime starts with the elimination of methyl isocyanate and the following fragmentation is that of the oxime.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐3‐Deoxy‐7,8‐dihydromorphine. Preliminary Communication
Authors: Hsu Fu‐Lian , Rice Kenner C. , Brossi Arnold
Published: December 2004

(±)‐3‐Desoxy‐7, 8‐dihydromorphin ((±)‐1) wurde aus 3,5‐Dihydroxyphenylessigsäure und 3‐Methoxyphenäthylamin über elf isolierte Zwischenstufen totalsynthetisiert. Als Schlüsselverbindung diente dabei (±)‐N‐Formyl‐2, 4‐dihydroxymorphinan‐6‐on (3). Das daraus über mehrere Zwischenstufen erhaltene (±)‐3‐Desoxy‐6, O‐didehydro‐7, 8‐dihydromorphin ( = N‐Methyl‐4, 5a‐epoxymorphinan‐6‐on, 12), ergab bei der Reduktion mit Lithiumselectrid stereospezifisch das gewünschte (±)‐1, während bei der katalytischen Reduktion und unter energischeren Bedingungen (±)‐4‐Hydroxy‐N‐methylmorphinan‐6‐on ((±)‐2) anfiel. Damit ist die Totalsynthese von 2 realisiert worden.
An Investigation of Charge Effects on NMR. Coupling Constants. The Charge Induced Variation of s‐Densities at the Nucleus
Authors: Kunz Roland W.
Published: December 2004

The dependence of the ns‐density at the nucleus, | ψ ns (0) | 2, on atomic number and charge is examined for the elements helium to radon. The validity of the widely used assumption of a constant valence s‐density at the nucleus, as well as the statement that metal‐phosphorus NMR. coupling constants, 1J (M,P), are strongly influenced by contraction of the phosphorus 3 s orbital is critisized. A possible explanation by rehybridisation within an MO‐framework is offered instead.
The trans‐Influence in Platinum (II) Complexes. 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR. and X‐ray structural studies of tridentate Schiff's base complexes of platinum (II)
Authors: Motschi Herbert , Nussbaumer Cornelius , Pregosin Paul S. , Bachechi Fiorella , Mura Pasquale , Zambonelli Luigi
Published: December 2004

1H‐ and 13C‐NMR. data are reported for the complexes [Pt(1)L] and [Pt(2)L]; 1 = OC6H4CH  NCH2CH2O, 2 = OC6H4CH  NC6H4O; L = PR3, AsR3, C  N (cyclohexyl), DMSO, pyridine, secondary amine. The molecular structures of [Pt (2) (NHEt2)] (I) and [Pt (2) (PPh3)] (II) have been determined by X‐ray analysis. Relevant bond distances for I: Pt‐N (amine) = 2.076 Å, Pt‐N (imine) = 2.017 Å, Pt‐O = 1.992 Å and 2.002 Å; for II: Pt‐P = 2.248 Å, Pt‐N = 2.064 Å, Pt‐O = 1.964 and 2.005 Å. Both the solid and solution state data are interpreted in terms of differences in the trans influence of the ligand L. The question of metal‐ligand d‐p π back bonding to the imine is discussed.
Molecular Receptors. Functionalized and chiral macrocyclic polyethers derived from tartaric acid
Authors: Behr Jean‐Paul , Girodeau Jean‐Marc , Hayward Rodney C. , Lehn Jean‐Marie , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2004

A number of functionalized and chiral macrocyclic polyethers have been synthesized by condensation of the dithallium alcoholate of (R,R)‐(+)‐tartaric acid derivatives with α, ω‐dihalides. In this way for instance, the tetracarboxylic [18]‐O6 macrocycle 3c and its derivatives become readily available. They form complexes with various cationic substrates. NMR. and crystal‐structure data provide information about the orientation of the side chains X in 3 with respect to the macrocycle. It is concluded that in the secondary amides like 3b and in their complexes the four X‐groups are preferentially in an axial orientation on the average. This property is of much significance for the design of molecular receptors and catalysts based on this macrocyclic structure. The preparation of a number of other macrocycles is also described.
Stereoselective Syntheses of (±)‐epi‐β‐Santalene and (±)‐epi‐β‐Santalol
Authors: Snowden Roger L. , Sonnay Philippe , Ohloff Güunther
Published: December 2004

Stereoselective syntheses of (±)‐epi‐β‐santalene (1) and (±)‐epi‐β‐santalol (2), minor constituents of East Indian sandalwood oil, are described. The starting material for both syntheses is the tricyclic hemiacetal 4, readily accessible in two steps from norbornene.