bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of jasmonate-mediated plant defences by the fungal metabolite higginsianin B
Authors: Dallery Jean-Félix , Zimmer Marlene , Halder Vivek , Suliman Mohamed , Pigné Sandrine , Le Goff Géraldine , Gianniou Despoina D , Trougakos Ioannis P , Ouazzani Jamal , Gasperini Debora , O’Connell Richard J
Published: January 2020

Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by the ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum is characterized by an early symptomless biotrophic phase followed by a destructive necrotrophic phase. The fungal genome contains 77 secondary metabolism-related biosynthetic gene clusters, whose expression during the infection process is tightly regulated. Deleting CclA, a chromatin regulator involved in the repression of some biosynthetic gene clusters through H3K4 trimethylation, allowed overproduction of three families of terpenoids and isolation of 12 different molecules. These natural products were tested in combination with methyl jasmonate, an elicitor of jasmonate responses, for their capacity to alter defence gene induction in Arabidopsis. Higginsianin B inhibited methyl jasmonate-triggered expression of the defence reporter VSP1p:GUS, suggesting it may block bioactive jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) synthesis or signalling in planta. Using the JA-Ile sensor Jas9-VENUS, we found that higginsianin B, but not three other structurally related molecules, suppressed JA-Ile signalling by preventing the degradation of JAZ proteins, the repressors of jasmonate responses. Higginsianin B likely blocks the 26S proteasome-dependent degradation of JAZ proteins because it inhibited chymotrypsin- and caspase-like protease activities. The inhibition of target degradation by higginsianin B also extended to auxin signalling, as higginsianin B treatment reduced auxin-dependent expression of DR5p:GUS. Overall, our data indicate that specific fungal secondary metabolites can act similarly to protein effectors to subvert plant immune and developmental responses.
‘Turn it Over and Over’ (Avot 5:22): American Jewish Women’s Poetry on Lot’s Wife
Authors: Koplowitz-Breier Anat
Published: January 2020

Although mentioned only twice in Genesis (19:17, 26), Lot’s wife has been a topic of much discussion amongst both traditional and modern commentators and exegetes. However, as opposed to the androcentric traditional midrash, the Jewish American women poets, who write midrashic-poetry, re-read the biblical story with a feminine/feminist lens, making what Alicia Ostriker calls ‘revisionist mythmaking.’ In this article, I shall focus on seven poems written from the 1980s through to 2014. I shall endeavor to evince the way(s) in which they make use of the biblical text, dealing with themes raised in the traditional midrash or re-reading the latter. I will show how by adducing to her emotions, longings and memories and even fear of the future, the poets portray Lot’s wife first and foremost as a woman.
Unveiling Vela – variability of interstellar lines in the direction of the Vela supernova remnant – III. Na D and Ca ii K
Authors: Kameswara Rao N , Lambert David L , Reddy Arumalla B S , Gupta Ranjan , Muneer S , Varghese Baba , Singh Harinder P
Published: January 2020

High-resolution optical spectra were obtained in 2017–2019 with The Southern African Large Telescope of 15 stars in the direction of the Vela supernova remnant. Interstellar Ca ii H & K and Na i D lines are discussed in this paper. In particular, the line profiles are compared with profiles at a comparable spectral resolution obtained in 1993–1996 by Cha and Sembach. Ten of the lines of sight show changes to one or more of the components in that line of sight. Changes include small changes (1–2 km s−1) in radial velocity and/or increases/decreases in equivalent width over the two decades between the periods of observation. Changes are more obvious in the Ca K line than in the Na D lines. These changes are attributed to gas disturbed by interactions between the supernova ejecta and the surrounding interstellar medium. A representative time-scale may be 20–50 yr. Small-scale variations in line profiles across the face of the remnant suggest, as previously remarked, that a linear scale for interactions is a small fraction of the 40 pc size of the present remnant.
Do dense molecular cores with broad emission spectra at |l| ≈ 5.4°, |b| ≈ 0.4° trace the Galactic bar? A multimolecular line study from HOPS
Authors: Akhter Shaila , Cunningham Maria R , Harvey-Smith Lisa , Nawaz Mohammad Ali , Jones Paul A , Walsh Andrew , de Gouveia Dal Pino Elisabete M , Falceta-Gonçalves Diego
Published: January 2020

We used NH$\rm _3$(1,1) data from the H$\rm _2$O Southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS) between −60° < l < −2.7° and 3.9° < l < 30° and |b| < 0.5° to identify dense molecular regions/clumps of the Milky Way Galaxy that are likely to form high-mass stars. We identified ∼500 such clumps and in this paper we report on 14 of these clumps near the Central Molecular Zone that show broad emission spectral lines (with observed velocity widths between 19.8 and 47.6 km s−1 corresponding to intrinsic velocity widths between 7.1 and 25.2 km s−1). We find that these clumps are grouped into three clusters of dense molecular cores centred at l ≈ 5.4°, −5.4°, and −10°. We name them ‘Cluster-1’, ‘Cluster-2’ (also known as ‘Bania’s Clump 1’), and ‘Cluster-3’. We find that the same clumps exhibit broad emission spectra for other molecular lines – NH$\rm _3$(2,2), (3,3), and HC3N(3 − 2). The antisymmetry of Cluster-1 and Cluster-2 in the l − b plane, and the large velocity dispersion of each clump in these two clusters suggest that clusters 1 and 2 may be associated with the Galactic bar potential x−1 orbits. Our assessments show that the clumps of these three clusters host hot gases and their emission-line broadening are associated with shock heating. We find that Cluster-3 is likely to be undergoing high-mass star formation, as suggested by the presence of emission from H$\rm _2$O maser and radio recombination line (H69α) from HOPS.
Modelling the AGN broad-line region using single-epoch spectra − II. Nearby AGNs
Authors: Raimundo S I , Vestergaard M , Goad M R , Grier C J , Williams P R , Peterson B M , Treu T
Published: January 2020

The structure of the broad-line region (BLR) is an essential ingredient in the determination of active galactic nucleus (AGN) virial black hole masses, which in turn are important to study the role of black holes in galaxy evolution. Constraints on the BLR geometry and dynamics can be obtained from velocity-resolved studies using reverberation mapping data (i.e. monitoring data). However, monitoring data are observationally expensive and only available for a limited sample of AGNs, mostly confined to the local Universe. Here, we explore a new version of a Bayesian inference, physical model of the BLR that uses an individual spectrum and prior information on the BLR size from the radius–luminosity relation, to model the AGN BLR geometry and dynamics. We apply our model to a sample of 11 AGNs, which have been previously modelled using monitoring data. Our single-epoch BLR model is able to constrain some of the BLR parameters with inferred parameter values that agree within the uncertainties with those determined from the modelling of monitoring data. We find that our model is able to derive stronger constraints on the BLR for AGNs with broad emission lines that qualitatively have more substructure and more asymmetry, presumably as they contain more information to constrain the physical model. The performance of this model makes it a practical and cost-effective tool to determine some of the BLR properties of a large sample of low- and high-redshift AGNs, for which monitoring data are not available.
Aging haloes: implications of the magnitude gap on conditional statistics of stellar and gas properties of massive haloes
Authors: Farahi Arya , Ho Matthew , Trac Hy
Published: January 2020

Cold dark matter model predicts that the large-scale structure grows hierarchically. Small dark matter haloes form first. Then, they grow gradually via continuous merger and accretion. These haloes host the majority of baryonic matter in the Universe in the form of hot gas and cold stellar phase. Determining how baryons are partitioned into these phases requires detailed modelling of galaxy formation and their assembly history. It is speculated that formation time of the same mass haloes might be correlated with their baryonic content. To evaluate this hypothesis, we employ haloes of mass above $10^{14}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ realized by TNG300 solution of the IllustrisTNG project. Formation time is not directly observable. Hence, we rely on the magnitude gap between the brightest and the fourth brightest halo galaxy member, which is shown that traces formation time of the host halo. We compute the conditional statistics of the stellar and gas content of haloes conditioned on their total mass and magnitude gap. We find a strong correlation between magnitude gap and gas mass, BCG stellar mass, and satellite galaxies stellar mass, but not the total stellar mass of halo. Conditioning on the magnitude gap can reduce the scatter about halo property–halo mass relation and has a significant impact on the conditional covariance. Reduction in the scatter can be as significant as 30 per cent, which implies more accurate halo mass prediction. Incorporating the magnitude gap has a potential to improve cosmological constraints using halo abundance and allows us to gain insight into the baryon evolution within these systems.
An analysis of galaxy cluster mis-centring using cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
Authors: Yan Z , Raza N , Van Waerbeke L , Mead A J , McCarthy I G , Tröster T , Hinshaw G
Published: January 2020

The location of a galaxy cluster’s centroid is typically derived from observations of the galactic and/or gas component of the cluster, but these typically deviate from the true centre. This can produce bias when observations are combined to study average cluster properties. Using data from the BAryons and HAloes of MAssive Systems (BAHAMAS) cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, we study this bias in both two and three dimensions for 2000 clusters over the 1013–1015 M⊙ mass range. We quantify and model the offset distributions between observationally motivated centres and the ‘true’ centre of the cluster, which is taken to be the most gravitationally bound particle measured in the simulation. We fit the cumulative distribution function of offsets with an exponential distribution and a Gamma distribution fit well with most of the centroid definitions. The galaxy-based centres can be seen to be divided into a mis-centred group and a well-centred group, with the well-centred group making up about $60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of all the clusters. Gas-based centres are overall less scattered than galaxy-based centres. We also find a cluster-mass dependence of the offset distribution of gas-based centres, with generally larger offsets for smaller mass clusters. We then measure cluster density profiles centred at each choice of the centres and fit them with empirical models. Stacked, mis-centred density profiles fit to the Navarro–Frenk–White dark matter profile and Komatsu–Seljak gas profile show that recovered shape and size parameters can significantly deviate from the true values. For the galaxy-based centres, this can lead to cluster masses being underestimated by up to $10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$.
CellCoal: Coalescent Simulation of Single-Cell Sequencing Samples
Authors: Posada David
Published: January 2020

Our capacity to study individual cells has enabled a new level of resolution for understanding complex biological systems such as multicellular organisms or microbial communities. Not surprisingly, several methods have been developed in recent years with a formidable potential to investigate the somatic evolution of single cells in both healthy and pathological tissues. However, single-cell sequencing data can be quite noisy due to different technical biases, so inferences resulting from these new methods need to be carefully contrasted. Here, I introduce CellCoal, a software tool for the coalescent simulation of single-cell sequencing genotypes. CellCoal simulates the history of single-cell samples obtained from somatic cell populations with different demographic histories and produces single-nucleotide variants under a variety of mutation models, sequencing read counts, and genotype likelihoods, considering allelic imbalance, allelic dropout, amplification, and sequencing errors, typical of this type of data. CellCoal is a flexible tool that can be used to understand the implications of different somatic evolutionary processes at the single-cell level, and to benchmark dedicated bioinformatic tools for the analysis of single-cell sequencing data. CellCoal is available at https://github.com/dapogon/cellcoal.
A Systematic Literature Review of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Therapies for the Treatment of Pain
Authors: Deer Timothy R , Esposito Michael F , McRoberts W Porter , Grider Jay S , Sayed Dawood , Verrills Paul , Lamer Tim J , Hunter Corey W , Slavin Konstantin V , Shah Jay M , Hagedorn Jonathan M , Simopoulos Tom , Gonzalez David Abejon , Amirdelfan Kasra , Jain Sameer , Yang Ajax , Aiyer Rohit , Antony Ajay , Azeem Nomen , Levy Robert M , Mekhail Nagy
Published: January 2020

Objective

To conduct a systematic literature review of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for pain.

Design

Grade the evidence for PNS.

Methods

An international interdisciplinary work group conducted a literature search for PNS. Abstracts were reviewed to select studies for grading. Inclusion/exclusion criteria included prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with meaningful clinical outcomes that were not part of a larger or previously reported group. Excluded studies were retrospective, had less than two months of follow-up, or existed only as abstracts. Full studies were graded by two independent reviewers using the modified Interventional Pain Management Techniques–Quality Appraisal of Reliability and Risk of Bias Assessment, the Cochrane Collaborations Risk of Bias assessment, and the US Preventative Services Task Force level-of-evidence criteria.

Results

Peripheral nerve stimulation was studied in 14 RCTs for a variety of painful conditions (headache, shoulder, pelvic, back, extremity, and trunk pain). Moderate to strong evidence supported the use of PNS to treat pain.

Conclusion

Peripheral nerve stimulation has moderate/strong evidence. Additional prospective trials could further refine appropriate populations and pain diagnoses.
Unemployment Fluctuations, Match Quality, and the Wage Cyclicality of New Hires
Authors: Gertler Mark , Huckfeldt Christopher , Trigari Antonella
Published: January 2020

We revisit the issue of the high cyclicality of wages of new hires. We show that after controlling for composition effects likely involving procyclical upgrading of job match quality, the wages of new hires are no more cyclical than those of existing workers. The key implication is that the sluggish behaviour of wages for existing workers is a better guide to the cyclicality of the marginal cost of labour than is the high measured cyclicality of new hires wages unadjusted for composition effects. Key to our identification is distinguishing between new hires from unemployment versus those who are job changers. We argue that to a reasonable approximation, the wages of the former provide a composition-free estimate of the wage flexibility, while the same is not true for the latter. We then develop a quantitative general equilibrium model with sticky wages via staggered contracting, on-the-job search, and heterogeneous match quality, and show that it can account for both the panel data evidence and aggregate evidence on labour market volatility.
APPLICATION OF THE MCNP6.1 CODE TO ESTIMATE THE DIRECTIONAL DEPENDENCE OF RADIATION PROTECTION FACTOR VALUES FOR A SIMPLE SURROGATE VEHICLE
Authors: McHale Stephen R , Decker Andrew W , Huff Blake K
Published: January 2020

Radiation protection factor (RPF) values are relevant to various US defense and civil support organizations. An equation was developed to quantify the angular-dependent protection of a shielding configuration in the presence of a mono-energetic radiation field. Values of ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), were computed with version 6.1 of the Monte Carlo N-Particle Code (MCNP6.1) for more than 70 distinct, mono-energetic, planar photon and neutron fields using both the kerma approximation and energy deposition from primary and secondary radiations. The two computational approaches were compared, and the MCNP6.1 models were then modified to simulate the same radiation fields and compute values of directional dose equivalent, H′(10,α), in a tissue sphere centered inside a surrogate vehicle for 13 angles of incidence. Values of H*(10) and H′(10,α) were recast as energy- and angular-dependent RPF values for the incident field–shielding geometries and tabulated. Examples of implementation are provided, and limitations are discussed.
Age and time-of-day differences in the hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular, and adrenal, response to total overnight sleep deprivation
Authors: Liu Peter Y , Takahashi Paul Y , Yang Rebecca J , Iranmanesh Ali , Veldhuis Johannes D
Published: January 2020

Study Objectives

In young men, sleep restriction decreases testosterone (Te) and increases afternoon cortisol (F), leading to anabolic–catabolic imbalance, insulin resistance, and other andrological health consequences. Age-related differences in the hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular/adrenal response to sleep restriction could expose older individuals to greater or lesser risk. We aimed to evaluate and compare the 24-h and time-of-day effect of sleep restriction on F, luteinizing hormone (LH), and Te in young and older men.

Methods

Thirty-five healthy men, aged 18–30 (n = 17) and 60–80 (n =18) years, underwent overnight sleep deprivation (complete nighttime wakefulness) or nighttime sleep (10 pm to 6 am) with concurrent 10-min blood sampling in a prospectively randomized crossover study. F, LH, and Te secretion were calculated by deconvolution analysis.

Results

Sleep deprivation had multiple effects on 24-h Te secretion with significant reductions in mean concentrations, basal, total and pulsatile secretion, and pulse frequency (each p < 0.05), in the absence of detectable changes in LH. These effects were most apparent in older men and differed according to age for some parameters: pulsatile Te secretion (p = 0.03) and Te pulse frequency (p = 0.02). Time-of-day analyses revealed that sleep restriction significantly reduced Te in the morning and afternoon, reduced LH in the morning in both age groups, and increased F in the afternoon in older men.

Conclusions

These data suggest a time-of-day dependent uncoupling of the regulatory control of the testicular axis and of F secretion. Future studies will need to directly verify these regulatory possibilities specifically and separately in young and older men.

Clinical Trial

Not applicable.
Narcolepsy Severity Scale: a reliable tool assessing symptom severity and consequences
Authors: Dauvilliers Yves , Barateau Lucie , Lopez Regis , Rassu Anna Laura , Chenini Sofiene , Beziat Severine , Jaussent Isabelle
Published: January 2020

Study Objectives

To define clinically relevant Narcolepsy Severity Scale (NSS) score ranges, confirm its main performances and sensitivity to medications, and determine whether items need to be weighted.

Methods

One hundred and forty-three consecutive untreated and 238 treated adults with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) completed the NSS, a 15-item self-administered questionnaire (score: 0–57) that assesses the severity and consequences of the five major narcolepsy symptoms such as daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and disturbed nighttime sleep (DNS). They also completed the Epworth Sleepiness scale (ESS; daytime sleepiness), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; depressive symptoms), and EQ5D (quality of life).

Results

The mean symptom number (4.3 vs 3.5), NSS total score (33.3 ± 9.4 vs 24.3 ± 10.2), and number of narcolepsy symptoms (five symptoms: 53.1% vs 24.8%; four symptoms: 26.6% vs 22.7%; three symptoms: 15.4% vs 32.4%; two symptoms: 4.9% vs 20.2%) were significantly different between untreated and treated patients (p < 0.0001). DNS was often the third symptom (95.5 per cent). The symptom number was associated with diagnosis delay, age at onset, and ESS and BDI scores. Comparisons with ESS, BDI and EQ5D showed that NSS item weighting was not necessary to highlight between-group differences. Four NSS severity levels were defined (mild, moderate, severe, and very severe) with between-group differences related to treatment. The probability of having ESS ≥ 16, BDI ≥ 20, and EQ-5D < 60 increased with the severity level.

Conclusion

NSS is valid, reliable, and responsive to treatment in patients with NT1, with four clinically relevant severity score ranges provided. NSS has adequate clinimetric properties for broadening its use for both clinic and research.
Complex Colorblindness in Police Processes and Practices
Authors: Welsh Megan , Chanin Joshua , Henry Stuart
Published: January 2020

Racial disparities in police-community encounters are well documented, with people of color experiencing higher levels of police scrutiny. Far less is known about how police officers perceive the racial dynamics at play in their work. As part of a 2016 study of traffic stops in San Diego, we conducted in-depth interviews with 52 city police officers. Despite evidence of racial disparities in SDPD practices related to post-stop outcomes, officers denied, minimized, or even condemned racial profiling during traffic stops; officers described operating under a neutral policy of “colorblindness.” Our analysis identifies cognitive and discursive mechanisms which explain this complex and contradictory picture. We find that officers’ accounts excuse, justify, or otherwise negate the role of race in routine police work, yet officers’ thoughts and actions are based on racialized and, at times, dehumanizing narratives about people and communities of color. These morally neutral accounts form a pattern of micro-racialized discourse, constituting a layering of racialized processes and practices that cumulatively produce racially disparate outcomes. We argue that rejection of explicit racism alone is insufficient to address the progressive micro-racial aggression that emerges at key points during police-community encounters. We discuss the implications for law enforcement policy and practice.
Beyond Wallace: a new lineage of Chrysorthenches (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Glyphipterigidae) reveals a journey tracking its host-plants, Podocarpus (Pinopsida: Podocarpaceae)
Authors: Sohn Jae-Cheon , Kobayashi Shigeki , Yoshiyasu Yutaka
Published: January 2020

A northward trans-Wallacean radiation is demonstrated for Chrysorthenches, a member of the Orthenches group. Here we review Chrysorthenches and allied genera resulting in a generic transfer of Diathryptica callibrya to Chrysorthenches and two new congeners: C. muraseaeSohn & Kobayashisp. nov. from Japan and C. smaragdinaSohnsp. nov. from Thailand. We review morphological characters of Chrysorthenches and allied genera, and find polyphyly of Diathryptica and the association of the Orthenches-group with Glyphipterigidae. These findings were supported in a maximum likelihood phylogeny of DNA barcodes from ten yponomeutoids. We analysed 30 morphological characters for 12 species of Chrysorthenches, plus one outgroup, via a cladistic approach. The resulting cladogram redefined two pre-existing Chrysorthenches species-groups and identified one novel lineage: the C. callibrya species-group. We review the host associations between Chrysorthenches and Podocarpaceae, based on mapping the working phylogenies. Our review suggests that ancestral Chrysorthenches colonized Podocarpus and later shifted to other podocarp genera. Biogeographical patterns of Chrysorthenches show that they evolved long after the Podocarpaceae radiation. Disjunctive trans-Wallacean distribution of the C. callibrya species-group is possibly related to the tracking of their host-plants and the complicated geological history of the island-arc system connecting Australia and East Asia.
Exogenous Melatonin Enhances Rice Plant Resistance Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Chen Xian , Laborda Pedro , Liu Fengquan
Published: January 2020

Rice bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the most serious diseases of rice. In this study we found that exogenous melatonin can increase rice resistance to BB. Treatment of rice plants with exogenous melatonin (20 µg/ml) increased nitrate reductase, nitric oxide synthase, and peroxidase activity, enabling high intracellular concentrations of melatonin, nitric oxide, and H2O2. The expression of NPR1, a key regulator in the salicylic acid signaling pathway, was upregulated more than 10-fold when the plants were challenged with melatonin. Similarly, the messenger RNA level of PDF1.2, a jasmonic acid–induced defense marker, was 15 times higher in the treated plants than in the control plants. Moreover, three pathogenesis-related proteins, PR1b, PR8a, and PR9, were upregulated 20-fold in the presence of melatonin. The application of melatonin (100 µg/ml) to soil-grown rice reduced the incidence of BB by 86.21%. Taken together, these results not only provide a better understanding of melatonin-mediated innate immunity to X. oryzae pv. oryzae in rice but also represent a promising cultivation strategy to protect rice against X. oryzae pv. oryzae infection.
Effect of Maternal Distress on Perceptions of Infant Behavior May Differ in Chinese-American and European-American Mothers and Infants
Authors: Liu Cindy H. , Snidman Nancy , Kagan Jerome , Tronick Ed
Published: January 2020

Objective:

This study examined the associations between maternal distress (symptoms of depression and anxiety) and observer and maternal ratings of infant temperament in Chinese-American (CA) and European-American (EA) 4-month-old infants (N = 114 dyads).

Methods:

Maternal distress was obtained through self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Mothers reported infant temperament (distress at limitations, soothability, and fear) through the short form of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire—Revised. To obtain observer-rated infant reactivity, infants were administered a battery of visual and auditory stimuli in the laboratory, in which infant behaviors (fret/cry, limb activity, and arching of the back) were coded.

Results:

Maternal distress accounted more for the maternal perception of her infant among EA mothers than among CA mothers, but the relation was only observed for soothability. Higher maternal distress was associated with maternal report of lower soothability for EA mothers. Observer-rated infant reactivity, but not maternal distress, was positively associated with EA and CA maternal report of distress at limitations. Observer-rated infant negativity was associated with somewhat higher ratings of infant fear for EA mothers, although this association for EA mothers was not significantly different from CA mothers.

Conclusions:

Potential biases in maternal report of infant behavior due to effects from maternal distress may not be generalizable across cultures but may vary because of cultural norms for emotional experience and expectations for infant behavior. EA mothers' ratings of infant distress and soothability, but not fear, may be influenced by maternal distress.
Combined Treatment for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Brief History, the Multimodal Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Study, and the Past 20 Years of Research
Authors: Pelham William E. , Altszuler Amy R.
Published: January 2020

Decades of research support 3 interventions for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): behavioral intervention, stimulant medication, and their combination. However, professional organizations have long disagreed regarding the best approach for implementing evidence-based interventions for ADHD in practice. The accompanying Society of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics guidelines for complex ADHD provide a framework for initiating treatment with behavioral intervention and adding stimulant medication as necessary, resulting in combined/multimodal treatment for many, if not most, children. In this special article, we review the extant literature on combined treatment, with special emphasis on the past 15 years of research that have led to the recommendation for this approach. Specifically, we review the literature on dosing and sequencing of multimodal treatment for youth with ADHD and the impact of multimodal interventions on areas of functional impairment. The extant research provides clear support for a psychosocial-first approach in treating youth with complex ADHD.
Psychosocial Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Systematic Review with Evidence and Gap Maps
Authors: Schatz Nicole K. , Aloe Ariel M. , Fabiano Gregory A. , Pelham William E. , Smyth Alyssa , Zhao Xin , Merrill Brittany , Macphee Fiona , Ramos Marcela , Hong Natalie , Altszuler Amy R.
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To inform the scope of future systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and treatment outcome studies, this review aims to describe the extent of the evidence for psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, with particular attention to specific types of interventions, targets of outcome assessment, and risk of bias.

Method:

A comprehensive search of relevant databases (i.e., Medline, PsychInfo, Education Resources Information Center, and ProQuest Dissertation Database) was conducted. Detailed information related to treatment type, outcome assessment, study design, and risk of bias was extracted by trained coders. Evidence and gap maps were created to summarize evidence within types of treatments and targets of outcome assessment. Indicators of risk of bias were assessed for selected combinations of treatments and outcome assessment.

Results:

We identified 185 eligible individual studies and 3817 effect sizes. Behavioral parent training and cognitive training (COG) were the most commonly studied stand-alone interventions. Treatment versus control comparisons for stand-alone interventions (s = 70) were less common than for complex interventions involving combinations of psychosocial interventions (s = 100). Combinations of behavioral and child training (e.g., COG, organizational training) interventions were the most frequently studied.

Conclusion:

There is a considerable variability within this literature regarding combinations of treatments across outcome assessment targets. To address gaps in existing evidence, more primary studies assessing direct comparisons of isolated and combined treatment effects of specific types of psychosocial treatments relative to control and other treatments are needed. Future meta-analyses should take into account the complexity and breadth of available evidence.
Ilkka Aulis Hanski. 14 February 1953—10 May 2016
Authors: Simberloff Daniel , Ovaskainen Otso
Published: January 2020

Professor Ilkka Hanski made seminal contributions to both empirical and theoretical ecology and evolutionary biology, in particular metapopulation biology, throughout his scientific career. He started his career with dung beetle ecology, earning his doctorate at University of Oxford in 1979. He developed the rest of his career at University of Helsinki, where he was appointed professor in ecology in 1993 and academy professor in 2006. Hanski's most influential research was based on empirical work on the Glanville fritillary metapopulation in the Åland Islands, started in 1991, and continued until his death. His early research focused on ecological aspects of metapopulation biology, such as how the spatial structure of a landscape influences extinction thresholds, whereas his later work focused on genetic and evolutionary processes, such as maintenance of genetic variation by selection pressures varying with landscape structure. During the last years of his career, Hanski was a pioneer in the field of eco-evolutionary dynamics, showing how molecular-level underpinnings of trait variation can explain rapid evolutionary changes in natural populations. Hanski actively applied his research findings to conservation biology, involving himself in debates ranging from forest conservation in Finland to the links between human health and biodiversity. He was an exceptionally devoted group leader and mentor of younger researchers. His Metapopulation Research Centre grew gradually from a group consisting of Hanski and a few PhD students into a centre of 70 researchers.
Howard Harry Rosenbrock. 16 December 1920—21 October 2010
Authors: Glover Keith
Published: January 2020

Howard H. Rosenbrock was a major figure in automatic control. His career started in R&D in post-war industry, working on diverse challenging applications. He then moved to research in universities, where he made fundamental contributions to algebraic systems theory and to control design methods assisted by interactive computing. He established the Control Systems Centre at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, which became a centre of excellence under his leadership.
Estimation of absolute states of human skeletal muscle via standard B-mode ultrasound imaging and deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Cunningham Ryan J. , Loram Ian D.
Published: January 2020

The objective is to test automated
in vivo
estimation of active and passive skeletal muscle states using ultrasonic imaging. Current technology (electromyography, dynamometry, shear wave imaging) provides no general, non-invasive method for online estimation of skeletal muscle states. Ultrasound (US) allows non-invasive imaging of muscle, yet current computational approaches have never achieved simultaneous extraction or generalization of independently varying active and passive states. We use deep learning to investigate the generalizable content of two-dimensional (2D) US muscle images. US data synchronized with electromyography of the calf muscles, with measures of joint moment/angle, were recorded from 32 healthy participants (seven female; ages: 27.5, 19–65). We extracted a region of interest of medial gastrocnemius and soleus using our prior developed accurate segmentation algorithm. From the segmented images, a deep convolutional neural network was trained to predict three absolute, drift-free components of the neurobiomechanical state (activity, joint angle, joint moment) during experimentally designed, simultaneous independent variation of passive (joint angle) and active (electromyography) inputs. For all 32 held-out participants (16-fold cross-validation) the ankle joint angle, electromyography and joint moment were estimated to accuracy 55 ± 8%, 57 ± 11% and 46 ± 9%, respectively. With 2D US imaging, deep neural networks can encode, in generalizable form, the activity–length–tension state relationship of these muscles. Observation-only, low-power 2D US imaging can provide a new category of technology for non-invasive estimation of neural output, length and tension in skeletal muscle. This proof of principle has value for personalized muscle assessment in pain, injury, neurological conditions, neuropathies, myopathies and ageing.
The moth specialist spider
Cyrtarachne akirai
uses prey scales to increase adhesion
Authors: Diaz Candido , Maksuta Daniel , Amarpuri Gaurav , Tanikawa Akio , Miyashita Tadashi , Dhinojwala Ali , Blackledge Todd A.
Published: January 2020

Contaminants decrease adhesive strength by interfering with substrate contact. Spider webs adhering to moths present an ideal model to investigate how natural adhesives overcome contamination because moths' sacrificial layer of scales rubs off on sticky silk, facilitating escape. However, Cyrtarachninae spiders have evolved gluey capture threads that adhere well to moths.
Cyrtarachne
capture threads contain large glue droplets oversaturated with water, readily flowing but also prone to drying out. Here, we compare the spreading and adhesion of
Cyrtarachne akirai
glue on intact mothwings, denuded cuticle and glass to the glue of a common orb-weaving spider,
Larinioides cornutus,
to understand how
C. akirai
glue overcomes dirty surfaces. Videos show that
C. akirai
's glue spreading accelerates along the underlying moth cuticle after the glue seeps beneath the moth scales—not seen on denuded cuticle or hydrophilic glass.
Larinioides cornutus
glue droplets failed to penetrate the moth scales, their force of adhesion thus limited by the strength of attachment of scales to the cuticle. The large size and low viscosity of
C. akirai
glue droplets function together to use the three-dimensional topography of the moth's scales against itself via capillary forces. Infrared spectroscopy shows
C. akirai
glue droplets readily lose free-flowing water. We hypothesize that this loss of water leads to increased viscosity during spreading, increasing cohesive forces during pull-off. This glue's two-phase behaviour shows how natural selection can leverage a defensive specialization of prey against themselves and highlights a new design principle for synthetic adhesives for adhering to troublesome surfaces.
The origin and evolution of vertebrate neural crest cells
Authors: York Joshua R. , McCauley David W.
Published: January 2020

The neural crest is a vertebrate-specific migratory stem cell population that generates a remarkably diverse set of cell types and structures. Because many of the morphological, physiological and behavioural novelties of vertebrates are derived from neural crest cells, it is thought that the origin of this cell population was an important milestone in early vertebrate history. An outstanding question in the field of vertebrate evolutionary-developmental biology (evo-devo) is how this cell type evolved in ancestral vertebrates. In this review, we briefly summarize neural crest developmental genetics in vertebrates, focusing in particular on the gene regulatory interactions instructing their early formation within and migration from the dorsal neural tube. We then discuss how studies searching for homologues of neural crest cells in invertebrate chordates led to the discovery of neural crest-like cells in tunicates and the potential implications this has for tracing the pre-vertebrate origins of the neural crest population. Finally, we synthesize this information to propose a model to explain the origin of neural crest cells. We suggest that at least some of the regulatory components of early stages of neural crest development long pre-date vertebrate origins, perhaps dating back to the last common bilaterian ancestor. These components, originally directing neuroectodermal patterning and cell migration, served as a gene regulatory ‘scaffold' upon which neural crest-like cells with limited migration and potency evolved in the last common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates. Finally, the acquisition of regulatory programmes controlling multipotency and long-range, directed migration led to the transition from neural crest-like cells in invertebrate chordates to multipotent migratory neural crest in the first vertebrates.
Functional differences in seasonally absorbed nitrogen in a winter-green perennial herb
Authors: Nishitani Satomi , Ishida Atsushi , Nakamura Toshie , Kachi Naoki
Published: January 2020

Nitrogen (N) uptake in response to its availability and effective N-use are important for determining plant fitness, as N is a major limiting resource and its availability changes both seasonally and annually. Storage organs such as bulbs are considered an adaptive trait with respect to plant N-use strategies. It is well known that N is remobilized from storage organs to satisfy the high demand for new growth that is not completely satisfied by external uptake alone. However, little is known about how this N absorbed during different seasons contributes to plant performance. By manipulating seasonal N availability in potted
Lycoris radiata
var.
radiata
(Amaryllidaceae), a winter-green perennial, we found that the N absorbed during different seasons had different effects on leaf growth and leaf N concentrations, effectively increasing the growth and survival of the plants. N absorbed during the summer (leafless period; N was thus stored in the bulb) enhanced plant growth by increasing leaf growth. Compared with the plants supplied with N during autumn (leaf flush period), the leafy plants also showed greater growth per unit leaf area despite the lower area-based photosynthetic capacity of the latter. By contrast, N absorbed during the autumn increased the leaf N concentration and thus the photosynthetic capacity, which was considered to enhance survival and growth of the plant during winter by reducing the potentially fatal risk caused by the absorption of photons under low temperature. Our findings have important implications for estimating plant responses to environmental changes. We predict that changes in seasonal N availability impact the performance of plants, even that of perennials that have large storage organs, via an altered relative investment of N into different functions.
Facile preparation of high conductive silver electrodes by dip-coating followed by quick sintering
Authors: Chen Tianrui , Yang Hui , Bai Shengchi , Zhang Yan , Guo Xingzhong
Published: January 2020

With polyol-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as raw materials, the silver electrodes with high conductivity were fabricated via a dip-coating method followed by sintering process, and the effects of the dip-coating and sintering process on the conductivity and surface roughness of silver electrodes were investigated in detail. The silver film with a thickness of 1.97 µm and a roughness of about 2 nm can be prepared after dip-coating at a pulling rate of 500 µm s
−1
for 40 coating times. The non-conductive dip-coated silver films are transformed into conductive silver electrodes after conventional sintering in a muffle oven, infrared sintering and microwave sintering, respectively. Compared with high sintering temperature and long sintering time of conventional sintering and infrared sintering, microwave sintering can achieve quick sintering of silver films to fabricate high conductive silver electrodes. The silver electrodes with a sheet resistance of 0.75 Ω sq
−1
and a surface roughness of less than 1 nm can be obtained after microwave sintering at 500 W for 50 s. The adjustable dip-coating method followed by quick microware sintering is an appropriate approach to prepare high conductive AgNPs-based electrodes for organic light-emitting diodes or other devices.
The role of topology and mechanics in uniaxially growing cell networks
Authors: Erlich Alexander , Jones Gareth W. , Tisseur Françoise , Moulton Derek E. , Goriely Alain
Published: January 2020

In biological systems, the growth of cells, tissues and organs is influenced by mechanical cues. Locally, cell growth leads to a mechanically heterogeneous environment as cells pull and push their neighbours in a cell network. Despite this local heterogeneity, at the tissue level, the cell network is remarkably robust, as it is not easily perturbed by changes in the mechanical environment or the network connectivity. Through a network model, we relate global tissue structure (i.e. the cell network topology) and local growth mechanisms (growth laws) to the overall tissue response. Within this framework, we investigate the two main mechanical growth laws that have been proposed: stress-driven or strain-driven growth. We show that in order to create a robust and stable tissue environment, networks with predominantly series connections are naturally driven by stress-driven growth, whereas networks with predominantly parallel connections are associated with strain-driven growth.
Symmetry determination and nonlinearization of a nonlinear time-fractional partial differential equation
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Yong
Published: January 2020

We first show that the infinitesimal generator of Lie symmetry of a time-fractional partial differential equation (PDE) takes a unified and simple form, and then separate the Lie symmetry condition into two distinct parts, where one is a linear time-fractional PDE and the other is an integer-order PDE that dominates the leading position, even completely determining the symmetry for a particular type of time-fractional PDE. Moreover, we show that a linear time-fractional PDE always admits an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of an infinitesimal generator, just as the case for a linear PDE and a nonlinear time-fractional PDE admits, at most, finite-dimensional Lie algebra. Thus, there exists no invertible mapping that converts a nonlinear time-fractional PDE to a linear one. We illustrate the results by considering two examples.
A simple and quantum-mechanically motivated characterization of the formally real Jordan algebras
Authors: Niestegge Gerd
Published: January 2020

Quantum theory’s Hilbert space apparatus in its finite-dimensional version is nearly reconstructed from four simple and quantum-mechanically motivated postulates for a quantum logic. The recon- struction process is not complete, since it excludes the two-dimensional Hilbert space and still includes the exceptional Jordan algebras, which are not part of the Hilbert space apparatus. Options for physically meaningful potential generalizations of the apparatus are discussed.
Fragmentation mediates thermal habitat choice in ciliate microcosms
Authors: Laurent Estelle , Schtickzelle Nicolas , Jacob Staffan
Published: January 2020

Habitat fragmentation is expected to reduce dispersal movements among patches as a result of increased inter-patch distances. Furthermore, since habitat fragmentation is expected to raise the costs of moving among patches in the landscape, it should hamper the ability or tendency of organisms to perform informed dispersal decisions. Here, we used microcosms of the ciliate
Tetrahymena thermophila
to test experimentally whether habitat fragmentation, manipulated through the length of corridors connecting patches differing in temperature, affects habitat choice. We showed that a twofold increase of inter-patch distance can as expected hamper the ability of organisms to choose their habitat at immigration. Interestingly, it also increased their habitat choice at emigration, suggesting that organisms become choosier in their decision to either stay or leave their patch when obtaining information about neighbouring patches gets harder. This study points out that habitat fragmentation might affect not only dispersal rate but also the level of non-randomness of dispersal, with emigration and immigration decisions differently affected. These consequences of fragmentation might considerably modify ecological and evolutionary dynamics of populations facing environmental changes.