bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does dopamine synthesis capacity predict individual variation in curiosity?
Authors: van Lieshout Lieke L. F. , van den Bosch Ruben , Hofmans Lieke , de Lange Floris P. , Cools Roshan
Published: October 2020

Curiosity, which can be defined as “intrinsically motivated information-seeking”, is an important driving force in our everyday lives. Based on previous evidence demonstrating a link between information prediction errors and dopamine neuronal firing rates, we asked whether the drive to seek information varies with individual differences in dopamine synthesis capacity. In order to investigate this, we let participants perform a lottery task in which we independently manipulated outcome uncertainty, outcome valence (gains versus losses) and expected value, and asked participants to indicate their curiosity for each presented lottery. In a separate session, participants underwent an [18F]DOPA PET scan to quantify their dopamine synthesis capacity. We replicate previous behavioral results, showing that curiosity is a function of outcome uncertainty as well as outcome valence (gain versus loss). However, we found no evidence that curiosity or the sensitivity to outcome uncertainty, outcome valence and expected value was related to participants’ dopamine synthesis capacity in the ventral striatum, the caudate nucleus or the putamen. These findings stress the need for further studies into the role of dopamine in (different types of) curiosity.
On the role of photoreceptor identity in controlling accurate wiring of theDrosophilavisual circuit
Authors: Ji Weiyue , Wu Lani F. , Altschuler Steven J.
Published: October 2020

During development, neurons extend in search of synaptic partners. Precise control of axon extension velocity can therefore be crucial to ensuring proper circuit formation. How velocity is regulated – particularly by the extending axons themselves – remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate this question in theDrosophilavisual system, where photoreceptors make precise connections with a specific set of synaptic partners that together create a circuit underpinning neural superposition (NSP). We used a combination of genetic perturbations and quantitative image analysis to investigate the influence of cell identity on growth cone velocity and subsequent spatial-temporal coincidence of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Our study provides a case study of how cell autonomous properties of presynaptic axons play a pivotal role in controlling the dynamics of growing axons and determining the formation of a precise neuronal circuit.
Study of corrosion behavior of virgin and recycled Pb anodes used in zinc electrowinning industry
Authors: Nakisa Shima , Parvini Ahmadi Naghi , Moghaddam Javad , Ashassi-Sorkhabi Habib
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The composition and corrosion behaviors of recycled and virgin Pb anode were investigated in industrial zinc electrowinning solution with different methods. The purpose of this study is the illustration of good anticorrosion activity of virgin Pb anodes compared to recycled one in industrial operation, while the compositions of both of them are the same which obtained from quantmetry method.

Design/methodology/approach

Its corrosion properties and electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction were appraised using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic polarization and ionic equilibrium methods. In addition, composition of anodes investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method. The surface composition of samples was studied via X-ray diffractogram (XRD).

Findings

The results indicate that the anodes display different anodic behaviors during the galvanostatic polarization. Virgin Pb anode shows a “potential reduction” about 320 mV lower than recycled Pb anode after 6 h of polarization; also, the stable potential after 72 h for virgin Pb anode is 100 mV lower than recycled Pb anode. Also, The XPS results show a trace amount of Cl in recycled anodes which cause the more corrosion activity. XRD results indicate that virgin Pb anodes have been covered by more oxides than recycled anodes after 72 h of electrowinning.

Originality/value

The treatment of corrosion behavior by virginity has not been detected by any researchers yet. Therefore, it is imperative to study the corrosion behavior and exact composition analysis of virgin and recycled Pb anodes to comprehension of them. This paper fulfills this need.
An improved bootstrap method introducing error ellipse for numerical analysis of fatigue life parameters
Authors: Ge Haiyan , Liu Xintian , Fang Yu , Wang Haijie , Wang Xu , Zhang Minghui
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce error ellipse into the bootstrap method to improve the reliability of small samples and the credibility of the S-N curve.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the bootstrap method and the reliability of the original samples, two error ellipse models are proposed. The error ellipse model reasonably predicts that the discrete law of expanded virtual samples obeys two-dimensional normal distribution.

Findings

By comparing parameters obtained by the bootstrap method, improved bootstrap method (normal distribution) and error ellipse methods, it is found that the error ellipse method achieves the expansion of sampling range and shortens the confidence interval, which improves the accuracy of the estimation of parameters with small samples. Through case analysis, it is proved that the tangent error ellipse method is feasible, and the series of S-N curves is reasonable by the tangent error ellipse method.

Originality/value

The error ellipse methods can lay a technical foundation for life prediction of products and have a progressive significance for the quality evaluation of products.
What’s past is prologue: history, current status and future prospects of library development in Bhutan
Authors: Wangdi Sonam , LeGrand Cathleen , Norbu Phuntsho , Rinzin Sonam
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to outline the history of libraries in Bhutan, to describe the current state of library development and to recommend priority areas for library enhancement.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors have worked extensively as library professionals in Bhutan and share factual details derived from their personal experience. They review the published literature, particularly the fieldwork of two scholars who studied Bhutan’s libraries and library workers. The authors use their own experience to interpret those findings and make suggestions for future development.

Findings

The paper briefly traces the evolution of print culture and the history of libraries, exploring monastic, school, college, public and national libraries. The paper examines government policies regarding education and libraries and discusses the acknowledgment of the value of libraries and the lack of actual support.

Originality/value

There is limited study of the history of reading culture or libraries in Bhutan. The authors document their first-hand experiences and efforts to implement systems for library resource sharing and professional development. The authors hope that this record will serve to illuminate past effort, to describe the unique information environment in Bhutan and to guide future decision-making. The authors recommend many future avenues for study, including reading habits, information-seeking behavior and attitudes toward libraries and librarians.
Review of Powell, Emilia (2020): Islamic Law and International Law: Peaceful Resolution of Disputes, Oxford and others, Oxford University Press
Authors: Niedermeier Alexander
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to critically review the book Islamic Law and International Law by Emilila Powell.

Design/methodology/approach

The book review is undertaken from a comparative legal and political science perspective, including arguments and insights from international relations, international law, Islamic law, Islamic culture, religious studies, legal history and European as well as international political history.

Findings

While the empirical part of Powell’s work (chapters 5, 6 and 7) shows a methodologically veryc well done approach and at the same time highly interesting insights, both foundation and context show several critical points, in particular, a lack of differentiation with respect to the Western politico-legal tradition, its concepts and the resulting implications.

Research limitations/implications

The book represents an excellent starting point that should inspire new, more intensive as well as exhaustive research on this topic.

Practical implications

The book generates valuable insights for practitioners such as judges at international courts dealing with issues involving so-called Islamic law states, as well as politicians or public service officials in the context of international law and international politics.

Originality/value

As the paper is a comprehensive review of the book based upon comparatively based insights from international relations, international law, Islamic law, Islamic culture, religious studies, legal history and European as well as international political history, the arguments of Powell are analyzed and commented upon in a comprehensive, well-founded and fair way. This should give potential readers a good understanding of Powell’s arguments, inspire a critical lecture of the book and contribute to the important discourse on the connex between international law and Islamic law.
Do Firms Strategically Internalize Disclosure Spillovers? Evidence from Cash‐Financed M&As
Authors: KIM JINHWAN , VERDI RODRIGO S. , YOST BENJAMIN P.
Published: October 2020

We investigate whether managers internalize the spillover effects of their disclosure on the stock price of related firms and strategically alter their disclosure decisions when doing so is beneficial. Using data on firm‐initiated disclosures during all‐cash acquisitions, we find evidence consistent with acquirers strategically generating news that they expect will depress the target's stock price. Our results suggest the disclosure strategy leads to lower target returns during the negotiation period when the takeover price is being determined and results in a lower target premium. These findings are robust to a battery of specifications and falsification tests. Our results are consistent with expected spillovers influencing the timing and content of firms’ disclosures in M&A transactions.
Job insecurity, commitment and proactivity towards the organization and one's career: Age as a condition
Authors: Huang Guo‐hua , Zhang Yong , Zhang Xiaomeng , Long Lirong
Published: October 2020

Employees today are faced with increasing levels of job insecurity (JI), which refers not only to the loss of one's job but also the loss of various job features that one desires to keep. We studied how two different aspects of JI perceptions, namely, quantitative JI and qualitative JI, influence employees' commitment and proactivity towards their organizations and careers, and we examined age as a condition of such effects. Time‐lagged data from 236 Chinese employees and their supervisors support most of our hypotheses, that is, qualitative JI affects commitment and, in turn, proactivity towards one's organization, whereas quantitative JI affects commitment and, in turn, proactivity towards one's career. Furthermore, the impact of qualitative JI was found to be stronger for younger employees, while the impact of quantitative JI was found to be stronger for older employees.
A chromosome‐level genome assembly of rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
Authors: Zhao Xianxin , Xu Hongxing , He Kang , Shi Zhenmin , Chen Xi , Ye Xinhai , Mei Yang , Yang Yajun , Li Meizhen , Gao Libin , Xu Le , Xiao Huamei , Liu Ying , Lu Zhongxian , Li Fei
Published: October 2020

The rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Crambidae, Lepidoptera), is an important agricultural pest that causes serious losses to rice production in rice‐growing regions with high humidity and temperature. However, a lack of genomic resources limits in‐depth understanding of its biological characteristics and ecological adaptation. Here, we sequenced the genome of rice leaffolder using the Illumina and PacBio platforms, yielding a genome assembly of 528.3 Mb with a contig N50 of 524.6 kb. A high percentage (96.4%) of Benchmarking Universal Single‐Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs) were successfully detected, suggesting high‐level completeness of the genome assembly. In total, 39.5% of the genome consists of repeat sequences and 15,045 protein‐coding genes were annotated. Comparative phylogenomic analysis showed that some gene families associated with hormone biosynthesis expanded in rice leaffolder. Next, we used the Hi‐C technique to produce a chromosome‐level genome assembly with a scaffold N50 of 16.1 Mb by anchoring 3,248 scaffolds to 31 chromosomes. The rice leaffolder genome showed high chromosomal synteny with the genome of four other lepidopteran insects. By comparing coverage ratios from the genome resequencing of male and female pupae, we identified near intact Z and W chromosomes. The W chromosome is estimated as 20.75 Mb, which is the most complete known W chromosome in Lepidoptera. The protein‐coding genes on the W chromosome were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways. In all, the high‐quality genome assembly and the near‐intact W chromosome of rice leaffolder should be a useful resource for the fields of insect migration, chromosome evolution and pest control.
Archaeometric studies on the petroglyphs and rock varnish at Kilwa and Sakaka, northern Saudi Arabia
Authors: Andreae Meinrat O. , Al‐Amri Abdullah , Andreae Claire M. , Guagnin Maria , Jochum Klaus Peter , Stoll Brigitte , Weis Ulrike
Published: October 2020

We conducted rock varnish measurements at four rock art sites in north‐western Saudi Arabia, including Kilwa and the Camel Site near Sakaka. We determined the areal densities of Mn and Fe in rock varnish that had accumulated on petroglyph surfaces since their creation, complemented by a detailed analysis of varnish samples. We inferred varnish accumulation rates by relating the Mn areal density on inscriptions to their ages estimated based on the type of script used. Applying these rates to the varnish densities on the rock art indicated that the art was produced during two distinct periods, corresponding to the Pre‐Pottery/Late Neolithic and the Bronze/Iron Age, respectively, with different artistic traditions, reflecting distinct socioeconomic and ecological conditions. Our dating approach, while admittedly burdened with substantial uncertainties, yields ages consistent with archaeological and historical evidence and it provides a unique quantitative tool to obtain at least rough ages for otherwise undatable rock art.
Glandular structures in the major interlobular and extrapancreatic ducts in the guinea pig
Authors: Gal Adrian Florin , Rus Vasile , Martonos Cristian , Damian Aurel , Pivariu Dalma , Chende Adriana , Miclăuș Viorel
Published: October 2020

The morphology of the pancreatic duct system did not receive much attention as compared to the microanatomy of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. The histological peculiarities of the excretory duct system are of major importance especially in laboratory animals like guinea pigs. The paper describes the histological peculiarities of the major interlobular and extrapancreatic ducts in guinea pigs. The pancreatic tissue samples were collected from five guinea pigs. For histological investigation, several pancreatic fragments underwent fixation in 10% buffered formalin and were later processed by the standard paraffin technique. Subsequentially, tissue sections were stained by Goldner's trichrome staining. The mucous substances were assessed by Alcian blue and Periodic acid–Schiff staining methods. The interlobular and main pancreatic ducts in the guinea pig present a simple columnar epithelium surrounded by a thick layer of dense connective tissue. The aforementioned epithelium of the main pancreatic ducts includes principal cells, goblet cells and basal cells. Additionally, the ductal epithelium presents occasional unicellular multiloculated intraepithelial mucous glands and prominent extraepithelial glands. The latter adopts a simple or compound tubular feature. The mucus elaborated by the three glandular types is mostly neutral in goblet cells, predominantly acidic in extraepithelial ductal glands, and a similar amount of acidic and neutral mucin in intraepithelial glands. In conclusion, the epithelium‐associated mucous glands in the interlobular and main pancreatic ducts in the guinea pig are restricted not only to goblet cells. A substantial mucous discharge probably with a protecting role against irritative pancreatic juice derives from the main ductal intraepithelial and extraepithelial glands.
How strong is the housing assets pillar of funding for residential aged care?
Authors: Howe Anna L.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To explore reasons for the gap between the perception that high home ownership provides a strong pillar of funding for aged care accommodation and the actuality of half of those in residential care having this cost met by the Accommodation Supplement.

Methods

Review of data from Australian Bureau of Statistics and administrative sources, and recent research studies.

Results

Trends in payment methods show continuing reliance on the Accommodation Supplement. Reasons are found in patterns of home ownership at older ages, changes in tenure and living arrangements over the age range, and increasing use of the exchange value of housing assets. Policy tensions arise between protecting access for low means residents and requiring those who are able to pay to do so.

Conclusions

The housing assets pillar at advanced ages is not as strong as early in retirement and makes it increasingly unreliable as a source of funding.
Validation of registration of pharmacological treatment in the Danish Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Registers
Authors: Schelde Astrid Blicher , Petersen Janne , Jensen Thomas Bo , Gromov Kirill , Overgaard Søren , Olesen Jonas Bjerring , Jimenez‐Solem Espen
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study was to validate registration of pharmacological treatment in the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register (DHR) and Danish Knee Arthroplasty Register (DKR). We conducted a population‐based study in the Capital Region of Denmark, January 2012 to April 2016. Positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for antithrombotic, antihemorrhagic and antibiotic treatment registered in the DHR and DKR using electronic health records as the reference standard. For the DHR, the PPV and sensitivity were 77.9% (95% CI: 77.2‐78.6) and 99.6% (95% CI: 99.4‐99.7) for antithrombotic treatment, 70.9% (95% CI: 70.1‐71.7) and 97.4% (95% CI: 97.1‐97.7) for antihemorrhagic treatment, and 82.9% (95% CI: 82.2‐83.5) and 99.4% (95% CI: 99.3‐99.5) for antibiotic treatment, respectively. For the DKR, the PPV and sensitivity were 80.6% (95% CI: 79.8‐81.4) and 99.6% (95% CI: 99.4‐99.7) for antithrombotic treatment, and 84.4% (95% CI: 83.7‐85.1) and 100.0% (95% CI: 99.9‐100.0) for antibiotic treatment, respectively. The PPV and sensitivity for overall pharmacological treatment registered in the DHR and DKR were generally high and acceptable for use in research.
New insights on the reparative cells in bone regeneration and repair
Authors: Huang Shuo , Jin Min , Su Nan , Chen Lin
Published: October 2020

Bone possesses a remarkable repair capacity to regenerate completely without scar tissue formation. This unique characteristic, expressed during bone development, maintenance and injury (fracture) healing, is performed by the reparative cells including skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and their descendants. However, the identity and functional roles of SSCs remain controversial due to technological difficulties and the heterogeneity and plasticity of SSCs. Moreover, for many years, there has been a biased view that bone marrow is the main cell source for bone repair. Together, these limitations have greatly hampered our understanding of these important cell populations and their potential applications in the treatment of fractures and skeletal diseases. Here, we reanalyse and summarize current understanding of the reparative cells in bone regeneration and repair and outline recent progress in this area, with a particular emphasis on the temporal and spatial process of fracture healing, the sources of reparative cells, an updated definition of SSCs, and markers of skeletal stem/progenitor cells contributing to the repair of craniofacial and long bones, as well as the debate between SSCs and pericytes. Finally, we also discuss the existing problems, emerging novel technologies and future research directions in this field.
Racial inequities in tooth loss among older Brazilian adults: A decomposition analysis
Authors: Bomfim Rafael Aiello , Schneider Ione Jayce Ceola , de Andrade Fabiola Bof , Lima‐Costa Maria Fernanda , Corrêa Vanessa Pereira , Frazão Paulo , Watt Richard Geddie , Bastos João Luiz , de Oliveira Cesar
Published: October 2020

Objective

To determine the extent to which racial inequities in tooth loss and functional dentition are explained by individual socioeconomic status, smoking status and frequency/reason for the use of dental services.

Methods

Data came from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a nationally representative sample of community‐dwelling people aged 50 years and over. Tooth loss and functional dentition (ie 20+ natural teeth) were the outcomes. The main explanatory variable was self‐classified race. Covariates included dental visits in the past 12 months, dental visits for check‐ups only, smoking status, self‐reported chronic conditions, depression and cognitive function. Logistic regression and Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition analysis were used to estimate the share of each factor in race‐related tooth loss inequities.

Results

The analytical sample comprised of 7126 respondents. While the prevalence of functional dentition in White Brazilians was 37% (95% CI: 33.5;40.9), it was 29% (95% CI: 26.4;31.6) among Browns and 30% (95% CI: 25.1;35.4) among Blacks. The average number of lost teeth among Whites, Browns and Blacks were 18.7 (95% CI: 17.8;19.6), 20.4 (95% CI: 19.7;21.1) and 20.8 (95% CI: 19.5;22.0), respectively. Decomposition analysis showed that the selected covariates explained 71% of the racial inequalities in tooth loss. Dental visits in the previous year and smoking status explained nearly half of race‐related gaps. Other factors, such as per capita income, education and cognitive status, also had an important contribution to the examined inequalities. The proportion of racial inequities in tooth loss that was explained by dental visits (frequency and reason) and smoking status decreased from 40% for those 50‐59 years of age to 22% among participants aged 70‐79 years.

Conclusions

Frequency and reason for dental visits and smoking status explained nearly half of the racial inequity in tooth loss among Brazilian older adults. The Brazilian Family Health Strategy Program should target older adults from racial groups living in deprived areas.
The effect of human leukocyte antigen A1 and B35‐Cw4 on sustained BK polyomavirus DNAemia after renal transplantation
Authors: Hosseini‐Moghaddam Seyed M. , Xu Qingyong , Jevnikar Anthony M. , House Andrew A. , Luke Patrick , Campigotto Aaron , Kum Jina J.Y. , Singh Gagandeep , Alharbi Hajed , Speechley Mark R.
Published: October 2020

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I presentation pathway plays a central role in natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T‐cell activities against BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) DNAemia. We determined the risk of sustained BKPyV DNAemia in 175 consecutive renal transplant recipients considering the simultaneous effect of donor/recipient HLA class I antigens and pre‐ or post‐transplant variables. Median (IQR) age was 53 (44‐64) years, and 37% of patients were female. 40 patients (22.9%) developed sustained BKPyV DNAemia [median (IQR) viral load: 9740 (4350‐17 125) copies/ml]. In the Cox proportional hazard analysis, HLA‐A1 (HR: 3.06, 95% CI: 1.51‐6.17) and HLA‐B35‐Cw4 (HR: 4.63, 95% CI: 2.12‐10.14) significantly increased the risk of sustained BKPyV DNAemia, while 2 HLA‐C mismatches provided a marginally protective effect (HR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10‐0.98). HLA‐Cw4 is a ligand for NK cell inhibitory receptor, and HLA‐B35 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the HLA‐Cw4 allele. The association between HLA‐B35‐Cw4 expression and sustained BKPyV DNAemia supports the important role of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that would normally control BKPyV activation through engagement with immunoglobulin‐like killer receptors (KIRs). Further studies are required to investigate the effect of HLA‐C alleles along with NK cell activity against BKPyV DNAemia.
Associated factors of co‐existent pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer: A case‐control study
Authors: Zheng Lijun , Yin Jinfeng , Wang Siyi , Jiang Hui , Hu Puqi , Kang Ziqing , Lv Pingxin , Li Weimin , Cai Chao
Published: October 2020

Background

Although the incidence of co‐existent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and lung cancer in China is increasing, risk factors related to its development are still poorly understood. We aimed to investigate which clinical factors were associated with the odds of co‐existent PTB and lung cancer (PTB‐lung cancer) cases in a case‐control study.

Method

A total of 125 PTB‐lung cancer patients were enrolled by Beijing Chest Hospital as the case group between January 2012 and December 2016. Age‐ and sex‐matched PTB‐only (N = 125) and lung cancer‐only (N = 125) patients were selected as the control groups. Data were collected from the medical records and computed tomography (CT) reports. The case group was further categorized into three sub‐groups according to the diagnosis intervals between previous PTB and lung cancer (<1 year, 1‐10 years, and > 10 years).

Result

Compared with both controls of PTB‐only and lung cancer‐only patients, the PTB‐lung cancer case group had significantly higher proportions of patients with irritant cough, expectoration, hemoptysis, fever and CT features of irregular mass and pleural thickening. For PTB patients, fibrous calcification (OR, 2.193; 95%CI, 1.168‐4.117) was associated with higher odds of lung cancer (P‐value < .05).

Conclusion

Distinct clinical symptoms and CT tests may help with the early diagnosis of PTB‐lung cancer cases. PTB patients with fibrous calcification may have a higher risk of lung cancer. Further multicenter prospective studies are required to validate our findings.
Early indicators of primary brain tumours: a population‐based study with 10 years’ follow‐up
Authors: Marku M. , Rasmussen B. K. , Dalton S. O. , Johansen C. , Hamerlik P. , Andersen K. K. , Meier S. M. , Bidstrup P. E.
Published: October 2020

Background and purpose

To improve diagnoses of primary brain tumours, knowledge about early indicators is needed. Nationwide Danish health registries were used to conduct a population‐based case–control study including all persons diagnosed with a primary brain tumour between 2005 and 2014 in Denmark.

Methods

All 5135 adults diagnosed with a primary brain tumour in the Danish Cancer Registry were matched to 19 572 general population comparisons from the Danish Civil Registration System. Conditional logistic regression analyses were applied to estimate age‐ and multivariable‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the occurrence of a primary brain tumour up to 10 years after hospital diagnoses or prescription of medications related to nervous system diseases and mental and behavioural disorders.

Results

Increased odds for primary brain tumour after nervous system diseases and mental and behavioural disorders manifested up to 10 years before tumour diagnosis were found. Increased odds were seen especially for hospital contacts for inflammatory nervous system diseases [OR 11.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5–19.7], epilepsy (OR 9.0; 95% CI 7.6–10.7) and antiepileptic medications (OR 3.6; 95% CI 3.2–4.0), whilst antidementia medications provided a strong, protective association for primary brain tumours (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3–0.8).

Conclusions

Sub‐groups of patients diagnosed with or being prescribed certain medications targeting nervous system diseases and mental and behavioural disorders may be at increased risk of being diagnosed with a primary brain tumour. Further studies should disentangle the potential underlying common pathogenetic pathways. The results are important for the development of systematic clinical approaches to ensure early diagnosis of primary brain tumours.
Quitters would not prosper: Examining the relationship between online assessment performance and assessment attrition behavior
Authors: Hardy Jay H. , Gibson Carter , Carr Alison , Dudley Nikki
Published: October 2020

Hiring managers are often hesitant to implement online assessments over concerns that higher‐quality candidates are more likely to quit lengthy assessment batteries than lower‐quality candidates. In this paper, we present the results of two studies that collectively challenge this assumption. In Study 1, data from 327,517 job‐seekers spanning eight hiring contexts showed that assessment performance was negatively associated with subsequent assessment attrition behavior. In Study 2, we replicated this pattern of effects in two additional samples comprising 1,844,604 applicants for hourly associate positions, and 18,937 applicants for nursing positions. Collectively, these findings suggest that some degree of attrition may ultimately benefit, rather than harm, organizations using prehire assessments.
Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8‐10
Authors: Aydinoglu Sema , Arslan Ipek , Karan Nazife Begum , Dogan Tugce
Published: October 2020

Background

A reliable measurement tool is needed to gain more knowledge about Turkish children's oral health status that affects the quality of life.

Aim

To develop a translated version of CPQ8‐10 into Turkish language and evaluate its reliability, validity, and reproducibility.

Design

The intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for the test‐retest reliability in the 50 children. For the internal consistency, 418 children aged 8‐10 years were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha Coefficient. Construct validity and discriminant validity were calculated using Spearman's correlation analysis, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was also employed.

Results

The mean CPQ8‐10 score was 13.3 ± 9.2. The translated Turkish version of CPQ8‐10 showed high test‐retest reliability (ICC = 0.90) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the scores of the CPQ8‐10 and oral health and overall well‐being, which revealed good construct validity (r = 0.50; P < .001 and r = 0.47; P < .001, respectively). Seven factors identified from EFA were statistically verified using CFA. Discriminant validity was supported by significant differences between CPQ and OHIS scores (P < .001).

Conclusions

The translated version of CPQ8‐10 to the Turkish language is reliable, valid, and reproducible for use in the Turkish culture in this age group.
Nutritional profile and in vitro immunomodulatory activity of protein extract from goat placenta and fermented extraction residual
Authors: Hou Yinchen , Yang Shengru , Huang Jihong , Xu Qianying , Liao Aimei , Zhong Qiufan , Li Mengxing
Published: October 2020

The goat placenta has exhibited bioactive properties, but it is underutilized. In this study, the protein was extracted from goat placenta and the extraction residual were fermented by Bacillus subtilis. The placenta protein extract and fermented extraction residual were evaluated with their in vitro immunomodulatory activity (characterized by stimulation index [SI]) at different pH and temperature and nutritional profiles. For placenta protein extract, multiple factors were studied and the optimal conditions for maximal SI were obtained under a response surface methodology. The maximal stimulation index reached 132% for placenta protein extract. For fermented extraction residual, the SI reached 19% at 35 hr fermentation. For the stability of immunomodulatory activity, the optimal temperature and pH for protein extract were 30°C and 7. The fermented extraction residual showed higher temperature and pH stability than protein extract. For nutritional profiles, all essential amino acids were present in the placenta protein extract and fermented extraction residual. After extraction, protein extract showed higher amino acid scores than raw placenta. This study provided references for the utilization of goat placenta for producing valuable protein products for application in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Practical applications

China is abundant in goat placenta resources. The annual output of goat in China exceeds 200 million and more than 5 million goat placentas are available. The goat placenta containing more than 80% protein and many kinds of amino acids, possess high nutritional value. However, the lack of deep‐processing technology gives rise to most of the goat placenta being thrown away as garbage, so the utilization rate is less than 3%. It is of great practical significance to fully develop and utilize goat placenta and there will be wide marketing prospects. This study provided references for the utilization of goat placenta for producing valuable protein products for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Assessment of the technique of the anesthetic block of the Brachial Plexus by Supraclavicular approach in Sapajus libidinosus (SPIX, 1823)
Authors: de La Salles Ana Yasha Ferreira , de Andrade Jéssica Kária , Cordeiro Jefferson Farias , Carreiro Artur da Nóbrega , Rodrigues Falcão Brunna Muniz , de Brito Freitas Kelvis , Menezes Danilo José A.
Published: October 2020

Background

The aim of study was to evaluate the efficacy of the supraclavicular brachial plexus block technique in Sapajus libidinosus.

Methods

Were used eight animals, which were sedated, anesthetized, kept under hypnosis, and submitted to plexus block using a neurolocalizer. The physiological parameters, the nociception and response threshold (mA), were evaluated before and after the block. The response to electrical stimulation and cutaneous sensitivity were evaluated. The groups were compared by the Tukey or Friedman test at 5%.

Results

The technique promoted blockage of the plexus, and movement of the thoracic limb in response to electrical stimulation decreased after 10 minutes. The applied milliampere increased after 5 minutes. The cutaneous sensitivity reflex decreased. The average time of return of spontaneous limb movement exceeded 50 minutes.

Conclusions

The use of 5mg/kg of lidocaine 2% promoted loss of cutaneous sensitivity and limb muscle relaxation during the evaluation period.
Anatomy of the paranasal sinuses of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758) and radiographic positioning for diagnosis of these structures
Authors: de Souza Joyce Galvão , Figuerêdo Moana Barbosa dos Santos , Falcão Brunna Muniz Rodrigues , Batista Luan Nascimento , Carreiro Artur da Nóbrega , Araújo Débora Vitória Fernandes de , Neto Temístocles Soares de Oliveira , Medeiros Gildenor Xavier
Published: October 2020

Background

Callithrix jacchus, it is a species highly targeted by wild animal traffickers and, when apprehended, they need veterinary care. For safe therapeutic procedures, knowledge of anatomy is essential, as well as for diagnostic by imaging, good radiographic positioning is essential.

Methods

The anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and the radiographic projections was described using 10 carcasses of common marmosets. Radiographs were taken in two panoramic views of their head: profile and frontal‐naso. For the anatomical study, paramedian and transverse macroscopic sections and microscopic transverse sections were performed.

Results

On the radiographs, it was possible to identify the frontal recess and maxillary sinuses in profile and frontal‐naso incidences. In the anatomical study, the frontal recess and maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid paranasal sinuses were identified.

Conclusions

The ethmoidal sinus could be observed only microscopically and the sphenoidal sinus difficult to see on the radiography due to the overlapping adjoining structures.
Cost‐effectiveness of screening and treatment using direct‐acting antivirals for chronic Hepatitis C virus in a primary care setting in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Mafirakureva Nyashadzaishe , Lim Aaron G. , Khalid Gul Ghuttai , Aslam Khawar , Campbell Linda , Zahid Hassaan , Van den Bergh Rafael , Falq Gregoire , Fortas Camille , Wailly Yves , Auat Rosa , Donchuk Dmytro , Loarec Anne , Coast Joanna , Vickerman Peter , Walker Josephine G.
Published: October 2020

Despite the availability of effective direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) treatments for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, many people remain undiagnosed and untreated. We assessed the cost‐effectiveness of a Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) HCV screening and treatment programme within a primary health clinic in Karachi, Pakistan. A health state transition Markov model was developed to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of the MSF programme. Programme cost and outcome data were analysed retrospectively. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated in terms of incremental cost (2016 US$) per disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) averted from the provider's perspective over a lifetime horizon. The robustness of the model was evaluated using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA). The ICER for implementing testing and treatment compared to no programme was US$450/DALY averted, with 100% of PSA runs falling below the per capita Gross Domestic Product threshold for cost‐effective interventions for Pakistan (US$1,422). The ICER increased to US$532/DALY averted assuming national HCV seroprevalence (5.5% versus 33% observed in the intervention). If the cost of liver disease care was included (adapted from resource use data from Cambodia which has similar GDP to Pakistan), the ICER dropped to US$148/DALY, while it became cost‐saving if a recently negotiated reduced drug cost of $75/treatment course was assumed (versus $282 in base‐case) in addition to cost of liver disease care. In conclusion, screening and DAA treatment for HCV infection are expected to be highly cost‐effective in Pakistan, supporting the expansion of similar screening and treatment programmes across Pakistan.
Evaluation of growth, sex (male proportion; sexual dimorphism), and color segregation in four cross combinations of different strains of XX female and YY male Nile Tilapia
Authors: Novelo Noel D. , Gomelsky Boris , Coyle Shawn D. , Kramer Alexander G.
Published: October 2020

Four cross combinations of different YY male and female Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus strains were evaluated for growth, sex, and color segregation. Red color parental strains included blotched phenotypes. The Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) was the only dark (wild‐type) color parental strain. Fish of the same age and cross were stocked in three replicate tanks for four crosses in one recirculating system for 167 days. Data recorded included feed consumed, body weight, total length, color, sex, and fillet weight. YY males crossed with GIFT females (Cross 2) exhibited superior growth that was significantly different (p < .05) to other three crosses. Male proportions were 79–100%. Only YY males crossed with the LSA female strain (Cross 4) yielded 100% males, but, Cross 4's productivity was inferior to that of Cross 2. Body weight advantage of males over females was 28.7–84.2%. Color segregation indicated that red color trait in Nile Tilapia is autosomal dominant, and black patch coverage was variable. This study showed that different parental strain combinations clearly impact productivity traits, and that YY male technology combined with crossbreeding provide the opportunity for genetic improvement and development of commercially beneficial superior traits in Nile Tilapia.
Reply to Meyers, Cahoone, Colapietro, and Pratt
Authors: Wallace Kathleen
Published: October 2020

This paper responds to four commentators (Diana Tietjens Meyers, Lawrence Cahoone, Vincent Colapietro, and Scott L. Pratt) on my bookThe Network Self: Relation, Process, and Personal Identity(2019). Aspects of the book focused on and about which I respond include reflexive communication (Meyers); identity and integrity (Cahoone); embodiment, self‐deception, and autonomy (Colapietro); and social location and power (Pratt). I also clarify my strategy in the book, namely, to shift the ontological framework away from the dualistic mind/body or psychological/animalist distinction and embrace the idea that as relational processes selves are particular kinds of natural complexes (to use a term from Justus Buchler). In doing so, I aim to avoid metaphysically narrow views of human selves or persons, and to provide a framework for conceptualizing selves in both abstract and practical terms.
Acclimation of leaf respiration temperature responses across thermally contrasting biomes
Authors: Zhu Lingling , Bloomfield Keith J. , Asao Shinichi , Tjoelker Mark G. , Egerton John J.G. , Hayes Lucy , Weerasinghe Lasantha K. , Creek Danielle , Griffin Kevin L. , Hurry Vaughan , Liddell Michael , Meir Patrick , Turnbull Matthew H. , Atkin Owen K.
Published: October 2020

Short‐term temperature response curves of leaf dark respiration (R–T) provide insights into a critical process that influences plant net carbon exchange. This includes how respiratory traits acclimate to sustained changes in the environment.

Our study analysed 860 high‐resolution R–T (10–70°C range) curves for: (a) 62 evergreen species measured in two contrasting seasons across several field sites/biomes; and (b) 21 species (subset of those sampled in the field) grown in glasshouses at 20°C : 15°C, 25°C : 20°C and 30°C : 25°C, day : night.

In the field, across all sites/seasons, variations in R25 (measured at 25°C) and the leaf T where R reached its maximum (Tmax) were explained by growth T (mean air‐T of 30‐d before measurement), solar irradiance and vapour pressure deficit, with growth T having the strongest influence. R25 decreased and Tmax increased with rising growth T across all sites and seasons with the single exception of winter at the cool‐temperate rainforest site where irradiance was low. The glasshouse study confirmed that R25 and Tmax thermally acclimated.

Collectively, the results suggest: (1) thermal acclimation of leaf R is common in most biomes; and (2) the high T threshold of respiration dynamically adjusts upward when plants are challenged with warmer and hotter climates.
Management of systemic fungal infections in the presence of a cardiac implantable electronic device: A systematic review
Authors: Baman Jayson R. , Medhekar Ankit N. , Jain Sandeep K. , Knight Bradley P. , Harrison Lee H. , Smith Brandon , Saba Samir
Published: October 2020

Evidence to inform the management of systemic fungal infections in the setting of a cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), such as a permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator, is scant and limited to case reports and series. The available literature suggests high morbidity and mortality. To better characterize the shared experience of these cases and their outcomes, we performed a systematic review. We investigated all published reports of systemic fungal infections—fungemia and fungal vegetative disease—in the context of CIED, drawing from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, inclusive of patients who received treatment between January 2000 and May 2020. Exclusion criteria included presence of ventricular assist device and concurrent bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, bacterial vegetative infection, or viremia. Among 6261 screened articles, 48 cases from 41 individual studies were identified. Candida and Aspergillus species were the most commonly isolated fungi. There was significant heterogeneity in antifungal medication selection and duration. CIED extraction—either transvenous or surgical—was associated with increased survival to hospital discharge (92%) and clinical recovery at latest follow‐up (81%), compared to cases where CIED extraction was deferred (56% and 40%, respectively). Importantly, there were no prospective data, and the data were limited to individual case reports and one small case series. In summary, CIED extraction is associated with improved fungal clearance and patient survival. Reported antifungal regimens are heterogeneous and nonuniform. Prospective studies are needed to verify these results and define optimal antifungal regimens.
Respiratory surveillance for coal mine dust and artificial stone exposed workers in Australia and New Zealand: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand*
Authors: Perret Jennifer L. , Miles Susan , Brims Fraser , Newbigin Katrina , Davidson Maggie , Jersmann Hubertus , Edwards Adrienne , Zosky Graeme , Frankel Anthony , Johnson Anthony R. , Hoy Ryan , Reid David W. , Musk A. William , Abramson Michael J. , Edwards Bob , Cohen Robert , Yates Deborah H.
Published: October 2020

Coal mine lung dust disease (CMDLD) and artificial stone (AS) silicosis are preventable diseases which have occurred in serious outbreaks in Australia recently. This has prompted a TSANZ review of Australia's approach to respiratory periodic health surveillance. While regulating respirable dust exposure remains the foundation of primary and secondary prevention, identification of workers with early disease assists with control of further exposure, and with the aims of preserving lung function and decreasing respiratory morbidity in those affected. Prompt detection of an abnormality also allows for ongoing respiratory specialist clinical management. This review outlines a medical framework for improvements in respiratory surveillance to detect CMDLD and AS silicosis in Australia. This includes appropriate referral, improved data collection and interpretation, enhanced surveillance, the establishment of a nationwide Occupational Lung Disease Registry and an independent advisory group. These measures are designed to improve health outcomes for workers in the coal mining, AS and other dust‐exposed and mining industries.
Authorities as Enablers in Rural Business Support Policy Regime – Case‐Study Finland
Authors: Kujala Päivi , Virkkala Seija , Lähdesmäki Merja
Published: October 2020

This article focuses on rural business support as a policy regime of the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). We examine the relationships present in the regime to find out how authorities become enablers in the entrepreneurship promotion process. A rural business support regime is considered as a government policy network, consisting of dynamic collaboration and interaction between the European Commission, policymakers, policy implementers and rural entrepreneurs. Based on 38 interviews of rural development actors in Finland, our case‐study identifies four properties in the relationships, namely trust, learning, discretion and creativity that are crucial factors in enabling interactions in the rural business support regime. As a contribution, we develop a model for enabling rural authority. We conclude the article by presenting implications for the legitimacy, coherence and durability of the rural business support regime in Finland and in the EU, as we argue that enabling action affects these policy impacts.