bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversifying Effective Altruism’s Long Shots in Animal AdvocacyAn Invitation to Prioritize Black Vegans, Higher Education, and Religious Communities
Authors: Halteman Matthew C.
Published: February 2023

Long Shots, this chapter acknowledges the value of certain aspects of Effective Altruism’s methods but considers two potential critical concerns. First, it isn’t always clear that EA succeeds in doing the most good, especially where long shots like foiling misaligned AI or producing meat without animals are concerned. Second, one might worry that investing large sums of money in long shots like these, even if they do succeed, has the opportunity cost of failing adequately to combat systemic injustice in the shorter term. This chapter explains each of these reservations and goes on to suggest some exciting new initiatives—institution-building in Black veganism, higher education, and religious communities—that could mitigate these reservations, energize and diversify the movement, and remain true to the EA method of supporting underexploited but potentially high-impact causes that produce nonfungible goods otherwise unlikely to be funded.
Coda
Authors: Adams Carol J. , Crary Alice , Gruen Lori
Published: February 2023

The Coda offers a critique of longtermism, a particular application of Effective Altruism (EA). Concern for future generations is not new within ethics and social thought, but longtermism rehearses EA’s familiar “utilitarianesque” moves, now with regard to future generations, in ways that replicate EA’s current threats to crucial social justice work, bringing the threats into the future. Longtermism is perhaps at its most objectionable with regard to nonhuman animals. By developing core themes of EA in reference to the future, longtermism brings out yet more luridly the moral bankruptcy of a tradition that, with its deceptive talk of doing the “most good,” silences marginalized voices.
The Village
Authors: Li Ji
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the formation of Santaizi’s Catholic community and its everyday life. In the early nineteenth century, the community was established by Catholic immigrants from other parts of China and survived dramatic political changes to endure to the present. By describing the village’s multigenerational Catholic families and their everyday practice of faith and identity, this chapter shows that maintaining close family and community relations was key to the spiritual and emotional rehabilitation of the traumatized villagers after the Boxer Uprising. It helped them survive the hostility directed at Chinese Catholics in the subsequent decades. Through interrogating the many riveting details of everyday life in Caubrière’s work, this chapter explores the negotiation of faith and identity in rural society, providing a crosscultural and intimate angle on daily life in a turbulent time.
The Bandits
Authors: Li Ji
Published: February 2023

This chapter investigates ground-level encounters between missionaries and “bandits” (unsettled migrants, outlaws, rebels, revolutionaries, and members of secret societies, all of whom Caubrière tended to put into the same category) to illustrate how marginal groups reacted to and were affected by grand political changes and the religion of Catholicism. These interactions redrew social and political boundaries in the emerging modern Manchurian society and created surprising crosscurrents in the politics of church and state. The chapter’s focus on marginalized populations and peripheral regions affords a novel perspective on the interplay of church and imperial power in the local society in early twentieth century China.
Ancestry Reimagined
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas
Published: February 2023

Recent social and psychological research indicates that increased access to ancestry testing has strengthened the notion of genetic essentialism among some groups, or the idea that our biology ties us to particular ethnic identities. This can boost a sense of cultural pride and prosocial behaviors among communities that are perceived to be similar. In the worst-case scenarios, however, this phenomenon can contribute to deeper social woes like misinformation, anti-science agendas, and even social hatred among those who believe in racial superiority. Using research from both the social sciences and the genetics literature as support, Ancestry Reimagined establishes realistic expectations about what we can learn from our DNA as a foundation for examining the psychological impact of ancestry testing, including the differences between how this information is perceived versus its reality. Kampourakis argues that DNA ancestry testing cannot reveal a person’s true ethnic identity because ethnic groups are socially and culturally constructed. In 10 accessible chapters, he explains the assumptions underlying the scientific study of ancestry, and the resulting paradoxes that are often overlooked. What the study of human DNA mostly shows is that human DNA variation is continuous, and it is not possible to clearly delimit ethnic groups based on DNA data. As a result, we are all members of a huge, extended family, and not of genetically distinct ethnic groups.
The State and Internal Security in India
Authors: Ahuja Amit , Kapur Devesh
Published: February 2023

Internal security is a core responsibility of all states. This chapter first characterizes its constitutive elements. It then outlines and contextualizes a wide array of internal security threats faced by the Indian state and examines the empirical trends regarding different forms of public violence. Subsequently, it discusses the role and record of an expanding range of state instruments created for establishing order and controlling violence. Finally, the chapter reflects on the implications of the state’s internal security approach for individual freedoms, democratic institutions, and state building.
Contraception Outside of the Clinic
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie
Published: February 2023

Despite the low uptake of biomedical contraception in Niger, women share with one another practical knowledge of a variety of other techniques. The variety of these natural, traditional, and magico-religious methods gives evidence of women’s sometimes hidden desire to regulate their fertility. For some, economic concerns contribute to their pursuit of such techniques, while for others birth spacing to protect the existing children is their concern. Closely spaced births, giving evidence to unconstrained marital sexuality, can provoke shame and ridicule. Pregnancy while nursing is particularly shameful, contributing to a pattern of early weaning. Infant mortality is associated in popular thinking with close pregnancies. Contraceptive charms, lactational amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, withdrawal, the calendar method, and post-coital baths are among the tools women and sometimes their partners rely upon to regulate their pregnancies. Some women call upon unregulated itinerant street pharmacies for discreet access to contraceptive pills. Popular knowledge of abortifacient substances may be drawn upon to eliminate an undesired pregnancy.
The Realities of Abortion
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores how abortion is understood in popular discourse, the reasons married women seek abortions, and the range of methods they draw upon. Abortion is illegal in Niger and is associated in popular discourse with the illicit sexuality of unmarried women. Married women use abortion to resolve the inconvenience, failure, or rejection of contraception; and they do not necessarily distinguish it from contraception. Some women seek birth spacing, some want to end their childbearing years, and some want to terminate a failed marriage. While the loss of a pregnancy can be disguised as a miscarriage, in-laws scrutinize married women closely. Women seek the return of their menses through a variety of ingredients known or thought to be dangerous to pregnant women. They may engage in activities thought to be dangerous such as carrying heavy weights or violate taboos understood to protect fertility. Married women may ask for assistance from friends in the medical profession who can administer drugs to induce labor or who can perform curettage. Some travel in search of abortion specialists in neighboring countries.
Leveraging Latency
Authors: Volpe Tristan A.
Published: February 2023

Over the last seven decades, some states successfully leveraged the threat of acquiring atomic weapons to compel concessions from superpowers. For many others, however, this coercive gambit failed to work. When does nuclear latency—the technical capacity to build the bomb—enable states to pursue effective coercion? In Leveraging Latency, Tristan A. Volpe argues that having greater capacity to build weaponry doesn’t translate to greater coercive advantage. Volpe finds that there is a trade-off between threatening proliferation and promising nuclear restraint. States need just enough bomb-making capacity to threaten proliferation, but not so much that it becomes too difficult for them to offer nonproliferation assurances. The boundaries of this sweet spot align with the capacity to produce the fissile material at the heart of an atomic weapon. To test this argument, Volpe includes comparative case studies of four countries that leveraged latency against superpowers: Japan, West Germany, North Korea, and Iran. In doing so, Volpe identifies a generalizable mechanism—the threat-assurance trade-off—that explains why more power often makes compellence less likely to work. This framework illuminates how technology shapes broader bargaining dynamics and helps to refine policy options for inhibiting the spread of nuclear weapons. As nuclear technology continues to cast a shadow over the global landscape, Leveraging Latency provides a systematic assessment of its coercive utility.
Introduction
Authors: Volpe Tristan A.
Published: February 2023

When does compellence with nuclear latency work? The conventional wisdom is that leveraging latency is most effective when states are close to the bomb. Contrary to this prevalent belief, this chapter introduces the argument that more nuclear latency does not always translate into greater bargaining advantages. In a merger of coercion theory with nuclear proliferation scholarship, the book presents a new framework for explaining how states leverage latency as an effective coercive instrument.Chapter 1 makes explicit assumptions about how compellence with nuclear latency works, scopes out the main actors, and reviews the historical track record to identify trends over time. The chapter summarizes the main argument about the sweet spot for bargaining with nuclear latency and previews the empirical research strategy for the rest of the book.
Japan
Authors: Volpe Tristan A.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 focuses on Japan: an ally hedger who leveraged latency against the United States in the early atomic age. On several occasions from 1957 to 1970, Japanese leaders attempted to shore up defense commitments and wrest back territorial control of Western Pacific islands from the United States. Despite the peaceful nature of Japan’s nuclear energy program, Japanese leaders put pressure on Washington by making implicit proliferation threats and entangling nonproliferation promises with the fate of Okinawa and the alliance. Japan’s nuclear program lacked the capacity to produce fissile material during the first episode (1957–1960). But it quickly moved into the sweet spot by the start of the second episode (1964–1970). Japan therefore provides two subcases to assess how variation in latency shaped its bargaining leverage over time.
Conclusion
Authors: Volpe Tristan A.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 7 summarizes the book’s results and considers its implications for scholars and policy practitioners. The chapter identifies a generalizable mechanism—the threat-assurance trade-off—that can explain why more power often makes compellence less likely to work in other situations beyond the nuclear realm. In addition, the chapter focuses on the surprising result that the fissile material sweet spot remained remarkably stable over the last seven decades. However, emerging technologies have not fundamentally reshaped the bargaining tactics states employ to send signals and make commitments with their nuclear programs. This augurs well for the future of nonproliferation policy. But the United States must be ready to “buy out” the fissile material aspirations of nuclear aspirants, especially allies and partners who are increasingly interested in hedging with nuclear latency.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

References to siblings are everywhere, from the Bible to fairy tales to novels. Yet no professional papers were written about siblings until 1980. Since then, there have been numerous studies about the sibling relationship. While clinicians today understand that the sibling relationship is important, even powerful, the influence brothers and sisters have on each other’s lives goes far beyond their own interactions. Includes examples of three types of therapy showing how your clients may be affected by their sibling relationships: individual, married couple, and family. The common theme is their unresolved childhood sibling issues. While clients may be aware of the impact of parental transference, they probably have not considered sibling transference. Describes the four concepts (ghosts) that cause current sibling problems: frozen images, crystalized roles, unhealthy loyalty, and sibling transference. Ends with brief description of each chapter and the appendices.
Ghosts Appear in Times of Crisis
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

With aging or ill parents, siblings must contend with a range of mixed feelings while working with their siblings—and their ghosts. The past, present, and future merge. Therapists must grapple with which time frame they are dealing with when intervening—the past or the present—and how to look for clues that ghosts are appearing. Other topics covered include poignant and potentially toxic subjects like money and inheritances, how not recognizing the differences in the ways sisters and brothers deal with grief can cause conflict, and how to help siblings identify a primary caretaker while allowing the other siblings to find their own roles in helping parents. Tips for good teamwork are included. This chapter includes a clinical example of two 90-year-old squabbling sisters.
Clinical Toolbox for Exorcising Ghosts
Authors: Lewis Karen Gail
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides a therapist’s clinical toolbox that includes techniques and exercises used to help clients in dealing with negative behavior patterns. Included are 10 tools for working with sibling clients; examples include the anger continuum, letters to a sibling, distancer and pursurer, grief circle, the invisible elephant, odd day/even day, processing speeds, use of absolute words, “ouch,” and a taboo list. Also included are tips for helping a client prepare for a sibling meeting on their own when the therapist won’t be present.
The Individual Focus
Authors: Cate Sarah D.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 looks closely at the philosophy that undergirds community-based programs in the current reform movement, what they provide for youth, and how and by whom they are administered. The focus on fixing the individual in order to fix the system continues to animate the community-based reform movement with negative consequences for youth. Juvenile justice policy has long operated within a paradigm of individual behavioral approaches to antidelinquency. Both punitive and treatment-based solutions to delinquency are rooted in a belief that the behavior of youth can and should be changed in order to prevent delinquency and reduce youth incarceration rates. This paradigm has failed in many previous iterations to curtail carceral growth. The foundation-led community-based reform movement does not depart from this long-established individualistic paradigm. This chapter demonstrates how youth continue to be stigmatized and positioned as the problem in need of solving while the highly unequal social context they inhabit continues to be naturalized.
Still Punitive
Authors: Cate Sarah D.
Published: February 2023

Drawing from an analysis of national and state developments in sentencing laws, Chapter 5 details the ways in which punitive policies persist in a devolved, privatized, and individually focused juvenile justice system. Since the community-based reform movement is largely aimed at exempting particular youth from punitive policies rather than directly challenging the policies, the reforms have left in place the use of juvenile life without parole sentences, draconian sex offender laws, gang sentencing enhancements, and the harsh conditions of juvenile prisons. There continues to be bipartisan support for punitive approaches to “serious” offenders occurring alongside the support for the community-based reform movement. The idea that an investment in individual behavioral solutions to delinquency will prevent youth from becoming involved in the system and ending up subjected to punitive policies often serves to legitimize rather than challenge these very policies. All three states have continued to levy some of the most punitive policies in the world on youth caught up in the juvenile justice system.
Strand 3
Authors: Goff James
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses the clues hidden in the microscopic evidence left behind within the tsunami deposits themselves. It reviews microfossils such as diatoms, using an example from New Zealand. The chapter also considers signs from the wider environment and how both very small and very large changes add immense value to our understanding of events and to the search for tsunamis. Trees, dendrochronology, geomorphology, and LiDAR are all shown to provide essential contextual information that is invaluable to the tsunami researcher. All this builds to show the power of the shape of the landscape to reveal evidence for past tsunamis, using case study examples and personal experiences from Indonesia, Chile, and New Zealand.
Strand 5
Authors: Goff James
Published: February 2023

The identification of ancient tsunamis requires thinking that extends beyond any one site. Tsunamis are part of a much larger environmental response to driving mechanisms such as earthquakes. By looking at other environmental responses therefore, it is possible to know that there has been a past tsunami without actually finding physical evidence for the event itself. This thinking is charted initially through the environmental responses to a large historical earthquake in Peru. Immediate responses to an earthquake can be a tsunami (what we are looking for) and landslides, followed later by new coastal dunes forming, and later still, vast quantities of sediment accumulating in rivers. All of these responses can be dated—radiocarbon dating and other dating techniques are discussed. After a detailed discussion on southwestern New Zealand the vagaries of these environmental responses are discussed from two entirely different environments, eastern New Zealand and eastern Japan.
Introduction: Jews, Communism, and Post-Communism: Short- and Long-term Aftereffects
Authors: Lederhendler Eli
Published: February 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the aftermath of the Jewish encounter with communism. This is viewed through the prism of the fall of state socialism in Russia and Eastern Europe just over three decades ago. One salient subject in the study of the ramifications of post-communist life for Jewish history is the large-scale Jewish emigration from the former Soviet Union (FSU) and other former Eastern-bloc countries. Apart from treating the post-communist realm as a habitat for Jews and a space in which Jewish heritage can be explored, this book also highlights the ubiquitous attention that is paid to the image and figure of “the Jew(s),” as this is manifested in popular and political discourse, particularly within the larger sphere of the politics of memory. Jews and their relation to communism in the past, as well as Jewish victimhood during the Holocaust, have become staple items in the process of reconstruction and realignment of new national civic ideologies, summoned to redefine and defend the restored boundaries of collective identity.
Idealism and the Harmony of Thought and Reality
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

Do human beings have a special and distinguished place in reality? In this book Thomas Hofweber defends that they do. We are special, since there is an intimate connection between our human minds and reality itself. Hofweber thus defends a form of idealism, in particular one which holds that our human minds constrain, but do not construct, reality as the totality of facts. Reality as the totality of facts is thus not independent of our minds, and our minds play a metaphysically special role in all of reality. But reality as the totality of things is taken to be completely independent of us. The proposed form of idealism – conceptual idealism – is formulated via the notion of a harmony between our minds and reality. And that this harmony obtains is defended from considerations in the philosophy of language. A good part of the book is concerned with how it could possibly be that one can defend a metaphysical thesis like idealism from considerations about our o– wn representations. A key step in this defense is to consider a special class of concepts – inescapable concepts – which we cannot rationally replace with different ones. All this leads to an approach for making progress in metaphysics – immanent metaphysics – which is broadly neo-Kantian in spirit. Besides a defense of conceptual idealism and of immanent metaphysics, this book also critically discusses several other versions of idealism that are good candidates for being live options in contemporary metaphysics.
Artisans Abroad
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice
Published: February 2023

Between 1815 and 1870, when European industrialisation was in its infancy and Britain enjoyed a technological lead, thousands of British workers emigrated to the Continent. They played a key role in several sectors such as textiles, iron, mechanics, and the railways. These men and women thereby contributed significantly to the industrial take-off in continental Europe. This book examines the lives and trajectories of these workers, who emigrated from manufacturing centres in Britain to France, Belgium, Germany, and other countries. It is interested in their mobilities, their culture, their politics, and their relations with the local populations. It reminds us that the British economy was not just orientated towards the Empire and the United States, but also towards the Continent, long before the European Union and Brexit. It shows how critical the part played by migrant workers in the industrial revolution was. Artisans Abroad is the first social and cultural history of this forgotten migration.
Personal Liberty
Authors: Volk Kyle G.
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the contested concept of personal liberty in American public life during the long nineteenth century. A set of legal protections inherited from England and enshrined by American revolutionaries in state and federal constitutions, personal liberty over time became a powerful language that stirred and structured Americans’ struggles over the democratic state. Focusing on conflicts over impressment, fugitive slave laws, and prohibitory liquor laws, this essay reveals how politicos, reformers, antireformers, and others trumpeted personal liberty to legitimate the extension and limitation of state power and mobilize public support for their legal and political agendas. In these ways, personal liberty became an essential language fueling American democracy in its most formative period.
Sentimentalism versus Cognitivism
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson
Published: February 2023

Although the cogntivist theory of emotion faces familiar and compelling objections, moral philosophers retain a default tendency to define emotions in terms of response-independent evaluative thoughts. Philippa Foot’s argument against sentimentalism presupposes a cognitivist theory of emotions. This chapter responds to Foot’s argument and explains the incompatibility between cognitivism and sentimentalism. It argues that the evaluative content of emotions is response-dependent, and that cognitivist taxonomies of emotion obscure that content in ways that lead to significant errors. Bernard Williams’s discussion of agent-regret displays some of these mistakes, due to his implicit adoption of cogntivist methodology. The impulse to embrace cognitivism is understandable, however, because it offers a tidy explanation of how emotions can be fitting or unfitting. Sentimentalism requires an alternative account.
Emotional Fittingness for Sentimentalists
Authors: Justin D’Arms , Daniel Jacobson
Published: February 2023

Sentimentalism requires a theory of emotion that is not cognitivist. A compatible theory of emotion cannot invoke beliefs (or thoughts) involving the evaluative concepts it aspires to explain, as cognitivism does. Yet rational sentimentalism requires emotions to be assessable for their fittingness, and cognitivism has the most straightforward account: an emotion is fitting when its constitutive thought is true. But the attractiveness of the cognitivist account is specious. It is argued that the natural emotions must be interpreted holistically, such that each can be understood as appraising an object in a distinctive way. This approach allows for assessments of emotional fittingness without a cognitivist theory of emotion, as illustrated with the examples of pride and shame. The appraisals attributed to emotions are shown to be informative, because they constrain arguments about when these emotions are fitting.
Education Hubs in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Olds Kris
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores a range of issues associated with the phenomenon of “education hubs” in the Asia-Pacific region. The chapter is structured around four key “Ps”—patterns, processes, politics, and policies. Following an introduction, the chapter provides a broad overview of how education hubs have been defined, to date. It discusses processes associated with education hubs, with a focus on historical foundations of contemporary hubs, the nature of contemporary economic development, and the role of universities in city-region development during an era of planetary urbanization. The chapter then shifts tack and focuses on the politics and policies associated with education hubs, with attention to relevant public policy matters, and associated programs. Finally, the conclusion highlights key implications of education hubs, including uneven development and territorial fragmentation.
STEM Field Demand and Educational Reform in Asia-Pacific Countries
Authors: Yamada Aki
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides an overview of how countries in the Asia-Pacific region are dealing with the rising demand for STEM expertise worldwide. First, a review of historical trends and cultural factors of STEM education in several countries reveals an optimistic outlook for STEM workforce development. Yet, to maximize economic potential, there is a need to increase the quantity and quality of its STEM graduates and workforce, including addressing the significant underrepresentation of women in STEM fields. As globalization and international mobility have increased, many of the region’s education systems are exploring ways to attract international students, faculty, and researchers while countering the historical “brain drain” of their domestic talent. Lastly, this chapter examines the reforms that these education systems are pursuing to meet the demand for talent with the soft skills and global competencies needed to compete in the context of a global knowledge-based society.
On the Problem of the Interpretation of Symbols and Symbolism in Archaeology
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. , Overmann Karenleigh A. , Wynn Thomas
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses the use of the terms symbols, symbolism, and symboling in the archaeological literature. The lack of definition and any grounding in cognitive theory makes identifying prehistoric symbols and symboling more art than science. A multiplicity of claims from the literature highlight the tendency to claim almost any form from any period of prehistory as symbolic. After the problem is defined, an alternative approach is proposed. The alternative suggests grounding symbols and symboling in contemporary cognitive theory; this would permit the construct to be operationalized as qualities potentially discernable in prehistoric material forms. A multi-level construct is also proposed, one that is not only capable of differentiating symbolic cognition as exhibited by the human species today from the presumably non-symbolic cognition of contemporary non-human primates but which is also able to differentiate both from the emergent symboling capacities of ancestral hominins.
Maintaining Multipartner Relationships
Authors: Mogilski Justin K. , Rodrigues David L. , Lehmiller Justin J. , Balzarini Rhonda N.
Published: February 2023

Humans maintain romantic relationships for sexual gratification, child care assistance, intimate friendship, and a host of other interpersonal benefits. In monogamous relationships (i.e., exclusive courtship between two people), individuals agree that certain benefits of the relationship (i.e., sexual contact, material resources, and emotional support) may only be shared within the pair-bond. That is, each partner is expected to maintain the relationship by provisioning sufficient benefits to satisfy the needs and desires of their partner. By comparison, consensual nonmonogamy (CNM) is a collection of relationship practices and structures whereby partners agree that it is permissible to have sexual contact or form intimate attachments with other people to satisfy these interpersonal needs and desires. In this chapter, we review literature examining who pursues CNM, how people who practice CNM derive and maintain satisfaction within their relationship(s), and when and how these relationships persist. We consider the role of CNM relationship maintenance practices, personality features that predispose people to CNM, and psychological and social barriers (e.g., jealousy, interpersonal conflict, sexual health anxiety, and condemnation) that prevent people from pursuing or maintaining CNM. Throughout, we consider how CNM compares to infidelity as an alternative strategy for pursuing multiple, concurrent romantic or sexual relationships. We close by discussing current directions in the scientific study of CNM and highlight which gaps in the literature are most pressing to address.
Hormonal Mechanisms of Partnership Formation
Authors: Makhanova Anastasia
Published: February 2023

People are motivated to form romantic partnerships, and this motivation is underpinned by biological processes that facilitate sexual drive and mating motives. Gonadal steroid hormones—testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone—regulate many sexual behaviors in humans and nonhuman animals. Testosterone, for example, is positively associated with sexual desire, mate seeking, sexual behavior, and intrasexual competition. Although testosterone seems to be important for sexual processes in men and other male animals, some evidence suggests that testosterone is also important for women. Estrogen and progesterone, on the other hand, seem to be especially important for regulating sexual processes in women and other female animals. These hormones promote cyclical fluctuations in sexual desire and mating-relevant behavior across the menstrual or estrus cycle. Contrary to lay beliefs that female animals are passive in their sexual encounters, research in psychoneuroendocrinology demonstrates the active role of female animals in pursuing and regulating sexual interactions to increase their reproductive success. This chapter thus highlights the hormonal mechanisms that promote partnership formation, clarifies appropriate methodological practices for assessing these mechanisms in humans, and outlines current and future directions for research on contemporary romantic partnerships.
Self-Determination Theory in Health Professions Education Research and Practice
Authors: Kusurkar Rashmi A.
Published: February 2023

Self-determination theory (SDT) is currently one of the most popular theories in health professions education (HPE). Over the past decade, SDT has witnessed an exponential growth in HPE, which includes all studies that produce practitioners in the healthcare field: the professions of medicine, nursing, dentistry, physical therapy, and so on. This chapter provides an overview of research and practice using SDT in HPE, while identifying gaps in the current HPE literature, avenues for new research questions, and new applications. This attempt is critical and not exhaustive; it includes the most important but not all the relevant literature. Investigations of associations between motivation and academic performance have resulted in inconsistent findings. Outcomes of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration have scope for further investigation. The new research possibilities include the level of autonomy support provided in clinical supervision and the association between motivation and professional identity formation, among other topics.
Captivated by Meaning
Authors: Adachi Paul J. C. , Rigby C. Scott
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews how self-determination theory (SDT) clarifies the motivational dynamics of entertainment media and informs moral questions of its impact. A growing body of SDT research has gone behind the flash and spectacle on the screen to assess the psychological fulfillments and key experiences that account for much of its motivational pull. This work provides a blueprint of the specific experiences, content, and features that deepen fulfillment. As important, SDT offers a process model of how fulfilling experiences predict sustained engagement over time. The chapter beings with a review of the research on the motivational pull of video games, whose immersive contexts can provide rich satisfactions of basic psychological needs enhancing intrinsic motivation to play. It then turns to more traditional forms of entertainment media, discussing the recent work applying SDT to investigate a process model of engagement with TV shows, exploring how basic need fulfillments in narratives impact engagement. Finally, practical considerations as well as directions for future research are discussed.
The Historical Political Economy of Nationalism
Authors: Boix Carles
Published: February 2023

The canonical literature on nationalism traces the formation of modern national identity back to broad processes of economic and cultural modernization. By contrast, this chapter emphasizes its political origins and dynamics of modern national identity formation. This new perspective allows us to account for the emergence of three main classes of nationalism. First, a “liberal” nationalism embedded within the emancipatory political project of the Atlantic revolutions of the late eighteenth century that, when successful, led to a unified nation state. Second, a “conservative” nationalism that, reacting against liberal nationalists, employed a set of premodern attributes, such as a particular religion or ethnicity, as the building blocks for its concept of nation. Finally, a multiplicity of “periphery” or territorially circumscribed nationalisms, ranging from Zionism to anticolonial movements, which generally formed in response to the conservative variety of nationalism.
Networks in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Slez Adam
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses the use of network analysis in the study of historical political economy. Whereas conventional approaches to quantitative research such as regression focus on the relationships between variables, network analysis focuses on the relationships between cases. Drawing on historical records capturing the relationship between places, people, organizations, and even symbols, network analysis has been used to examine the processes surrounding the transition to economic and political modernity. These include the rise of the market economy, the expansion of centralized authority, and the proliferation of mass mobilization through political parties and social movement organizations. Despite the considerable progress on this front, the adoption of network analysis is complicated by methodological hurdles arising from the nonindependence of observations. Causal inference is especially challenging, though recent innovations in inferential network analysis may provide a way forward.
Procedural Justice Theory
Authors: Bradford Ben , Kyprianides Arabella , Yesberg Julia A.
Published: February 2023

Understanding why and on what basis people cooperate with police and comply with the law is vital for the formulation of legal policy and, indeed, the functioning of the justice system. Procedural justice theory (PJT) has emerged as arguably the dominant account in this area. Stressing the centrality of fairness judgments in police-public relations, PJT provides a detailed account of the ways trust and legitimacy are formed, are reproduced, and feed into cooperation and compliance. In this chapter, we outline the existing evidence base for PJT, consider recent critiques of the theory, and explore some new developments and avenues for future research and practice. We conclude that although PJT has contributed enormously to our understanding of police-public relations, to demonstrate its applicability where it really counts for policing, those working within the paradigm need to develop a more expansive theoretical and methodological framework.
Investigative Interviewing
Authors: Meissner Christian A. , Kleinman Steven M. , Mindthoff Amelia , Phillips Erik P. , Rothweiler Jesse N.
Published: February 2023

Investigative interviews are an essential tool for any criminal investigation and are conducted across a variety of contexts and subject populations. In each context, key psychological processes function to regulate communication between an interviewer and a subject—from developing rapport and trust to facilitating memory retrieval to assessing credibility. Research on investigative interviewing has dramatically increased to include assessing cooperative interviews with witnesses/victims, interviews with more resistant suspects and sources, and interviewing to detect deception. We review the extant research and discuss three fundamental challenges to eliciting the truth: (1) investigative biases, (2) the frailty of human memory, and (3) resistance to providing information. We then introduce a model of science-based investigative interviewing that encompasses both relational and informational tactics shown to be effective in developing rapport and trust, eliciting accurate information, and facilitating judgments of credibility. Finally, we discuss the policy and practice implications of this research.
Emerging Issues in Competence to Stand Trial Evaluation
Authors: Zapf Patricia A. , Beltrani Amanda
Published: February 2023

Recent data indicate that at least 90,000 evaluations of competency to stand trial are conducted each year in the United States, making this the most prevalent type of forensic evaluation ordered by the courts. A robust literature exists regarding the evaluation of competency to stand trial, but less work has been done on issues related to the restoration of competency, with researchers calling for more evidence regarding effective techniques for improving competence-related functioning. This chapter discusses the topic of emerging issues in competency evaluation, specifically addressing the use of videoconferencing technology and the issue of bias and unreliability in competency evaluation. The available research and commentary on these two emerging issues is reviewed and suggestions for a path forward are provided, with a focus toward a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between evaluator characteristics, evaluation methods, and training.
Loss of OPT3 function decreases phloem copper levels and impairs crosstalk between copper and iron homeostasis and shoot-to-root signaling inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chia Ju-Chen , Yan Jiapei , Rahmati Ishka Maryam , Faulkner Marta Marie , Simons Eli , Huang Rong , Smieska Louisa , Woll Arthur , Tappero Ryan , Kiss Andrew , Jiao Chen , Fei Zhangjun , Kochian Leon V , Walker Elsbeth , Piñeros Miguel , Vatamaniuk Olena K
Published: February 2023

Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) are essential micronutrients that are toxic when accumulating in excess in cells. Thus, their uptake by roots is tightly regulated. While plants sense and respond to local Cu availability, the systemic regulation of Cu uptake has not been documented in contrast to local and systemic control of Fe uptake. Fe abundance in the phloem has been suggested to act systemically, regulating the expression of Fe uptake genes in roots. Consistently, shoot-to-root Fe signaling is disrupted in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the phloem companion cell-localized Fe transporter, OLIGOPEPTIDE TRANSPORTER 3 (AtOPT3). We report that AtOPT3 also transports Cu in heterologous systems and contributes to its delivery from sources to sinks in planta. The opt3 mutant contained less Cu in the phloem, was sensitive to Cu deficiency and mounted a transcriptional Cu deficiency response in roots and young leaves. Feeding the opt3 mutant and Cu- or Fe-deficient wild-type seedlings with Cu or Fe via the phloem in leaves downregulated the expression of both Cu- and Fe-deficiency marker genes in roots. These data suggest the existence of shoot-to-root Cu signaling, highlight the complexity of Cu/Fe interactions, and the role of AtOPT3 in fine-tuning root transcriptional responses to the plant Cu and Fe needs.
A patient with untreated preeclampsia and peripartum cardiomyopathy
Authors: Prickett Mara A. , Howell Christopher M.
Published: February 2023

The pathophysiologic process of peripartum cardiomyopathy, a rare and potentially life-threatening condition, is not completely understood. One theory is a possible link between the development of preeclampsia and peripartum cardiomyopathy. These two conditions have been linked to significant mortality in peripartum or postpartum patients. Clinicians must be able to identify the two, their differences, and start appropriate therapies immediately.
Medical–Surgical Nursing
Authors: Trias Ryan , Velasco Roque Anthony
Published: February 2023

This specialty provides fertile ground for professional development.
Nurse–Engineer Partnerships in Academia
Authors: Landsman Kelly , Giuliano Karen K.
Published: February 2023

This is the fourth article in a series on nurse innovators, which focuses whenever possible on nurse–engineer partnerships and outlines working, replicable models of collaboration between the two disciplines. In this installment, we explore the work of four engineers who are forging a path to strengthen nurse–engineer partnerships through their work in academia. Their experiences exemplify the work of nurse–engineer teams, inform ways to employ these teams, and reveal the insights that result when these disciplines collaborate in real time to solve health care problems.
Efficacy Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Capili Bernadette , Anastasi Joyce K.
Published: February 2023

Editor's note: This is the 14th article in a series on clinical research by nurses. The series is designed to be used as a resource for nurses to understand the concepts and principles essential to research. Each column will present the concepts that underpin evidence-based practice—from research design to data interpretation. To see all the articles in the series, go to https://links.lww.com/AJN/A204.
The basics of mechanical ventilation in adults
Authors: Pruitt Bill
Published: February 2023

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a complex, labor-intensive, often life-saving process that requires a knowledgeable team to manage. Nurses play a critical role in caring for adults receiving MV. Therefore, they need to know about all aspects of providing ventilatory support. This article reviews the basics of MV, describes how mechanical ventilators operate, and discusses mechanical ventilator management and the practical aspects of caring for adults requiring MV.
Implementing a patient acuity tool
Authors: Johnson Kari , Haines Jamie , Woock Lisa , Madden Brittany , Sundstrom Gina , Razo Sherry
Published: February 2023

Purpose:

This study aimed to assess the acceptability, relevance, and effectiveness of a patient acuity tool (PAT) among part-time and full-time RNs.

Methods:

A pre- and post-test intervention was used to evaluate a PAT among part-time and full-time RNs on a 28-bed telemetry unit at a Magnet®-designated hospital. An eight-item PAT questionnaire measured nurse acceptability. Relevance was evaluated using the RN Opinion of Relevance of Concepts of the PAT Questionnaire, and effectiveness was evaluated using the RN Opinion of Effectiveness of the PAT Questionnaire.

Results:

A total of 22/33 (66.6%) RNs participated and completed the PAT questionnaire that measured nurse acceptability of the PAT assessment process. Statistically significant differences were demonstrated between two out of eight variables pre-post intervention; “the way we currently evaluate patient acuity assists the charge nurse in making nurse-patient assignments” (t 3.070, df 22, P = .006), “the way we currently evaluate patient acuity is an accurate assessment of acuity” (t 2.390, df 22, P = .026).

Conclusion:

Acuity tools should be specific for a nursing unit and adapt to staffing and patient needs, which can include a change in a patient's condition, unexpected discharges and/or admissions, and psychosocial components.
Resource allocation
Authors: McConnell Paul , Einav Sharon
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and recent global recessions have brought to the forefront of the medical-political discussion the fact that medical resources are finite and have focused a spotlight on fair allocation and prioritization of healthcare resources describe why this review is timely and relevant.

Recent findings

This review presents past and present concepts related to the ethics of resource allocation. Included are discussions regarding the topics of who should determine resource allocation, what types of research require allocation, methods currently in use to determine what resources are appropriate and which should be prioritized.

describe the main themes in the literature covered by the article.

Models for resource allocation must differentiate between different types of resources, some of which may require early preparation or distribution. Local availability of specific resources, supplies and infrastructure must be taken into consideration during preparation. When planning for long durations of limited resource availability, the limitations of human resilience must also be considered. Preparation also requires information regarding the needs of the specific population at hand (e.g. age distributions, disease prevalence) and societal preferences must be acknowledged within possible limits.