bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis evolution was not modified by multiple infections with Strongyloides venezuelensis
Authors: CHIUSO‐MINICUCCI F. , VAN D. BUI , ZORZELLA‐PEZAVENTO S. F. G. , PERES R. S. , ISHIKAWA L. L. W. , ROSA L. C. , FRANÇA T. G. D. , TURATO W. M. , AMARANTE A. F. T. , SARTORI A.
Published: January 2011

According to the hygiene hypothesis, the increased incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in developed countries is mainly explained by the decreased contact between the human population and certain environmental agents as lactobacillus, mycobacteria and helminths. In this study, we evaluated the effect of multiple infections with Strongyloides venezuelensis on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Multiple infections before EAE induction were not able to change the evolution of the disease. No alterations were observed in weight loss, clinical score and inflammation intensity at the central nervous system. The presence of significant levels of parasite‐specific IgG1 but not IgG2b suggested a Th2 polarization. However, the percentage and absolute number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells were not changed, being their levels in the spleen and lymph nodes of infected rats comparable to the ones found in normal animals. These results suggest that a Th2‐polarized response without concomitant expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells was not able to modify EAE progression. Even though these results do not threaten the hygiene hypothesis, they suggest that this paradigm might be an oversimplification. They also emphasize the need of a study to compare the immunoregulatory ability associated with different helminth spp.
Pruritus: an overview of current concepts
Authors: Metz Martin , Grundmann Sonja , Ständer Sonja
Published: January 2011

Pruritus is an integral part of the patient's symptoms in numerous dermatological and systemic diseases in humans and animals. Comparable to chronic pain, pruritus can have a dramatic impact on the quality of life of the patient. In recent years, pruritus has been defined as an autonomous, pain‐independent sensation, and itch‐specific neurons, mediators, spinal neurons and cortical areas have been identified. These observations have not only improved our understanding of the neurobiology of itch but will also lead to improved diagnosis and to the development of new and more efficient therapeutic options. This article reviews the role of itch fibres and their response to various mediators of pruritus including histamine, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP), and opioids. Substances that may be involved in the induction or modulation of itch may be termed pruritogenic mediators and examples discussed include proteases, lipid mediators, neuropeptides, opioids and various cytokines. There is no single, generally accepted clinical classification of chronic pruritus. In the past pruritus has been classified on the basis of the neuroanatomical origin and on the potential underlying disease. Therapeutic options for the management of pruritus are discussed including topical and systemic therapies, assuming that trigger factors have been eliminated where possible. Topical agents may include capsaicin, the calcineurin inhibitors tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, and cannabinoid agonists such asN‐palmitoyl ethanolamine. Systemic therapies may include antihistamines, anticonvulsants, opiate receptor antagonist or agonists, antidepressants, ciclosporin, and UV light.
Role of the environment in the development of canine atopic dermatitis in Labrador and golden retrievers
Authors: Meury S. , Molitor V. , Doherr M. G. , Roosje P. , Leeb T. , Hobi S. , Wilhelm S. , Favrot C.
Published: January 2011

Canine and human atopic dermatitis are multifaceted diseases whose clinical development may be influenced by several factors, such as genetic background, environment, secondary infections, food and psychological effects. The role of the environment has been extensively examined in humans but remains unclear in dogs. The aim of this study was to examine environmental factors in two genetically close breeds, Labrador and golden retrievers. Using standard criteria, atopic dogs in Switzerland and Germany were selected and compared with healthy individuals. Information on environmental factors was collected using a 46‐question survey encompassing date and place of birth, way of life at the breeder’s and owner’s home, food and treatments. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the association between potential risk factors and disease status. The following parameters were associated with an increased risk of disease development: living in a shed during puppyhood, adoption at the age of 8–12 weeks and washing the dog regularly. In contrast, the following factors were associated with a lower risk: living in a rural environment, living in a household with other animals and walking in a forest. These associations do not prove causality but support the primary hypothesis that certain environmental factors may influence the development of canine atopic dermatitis. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results and conclusions.
In sacco, in vitro and in vivo digestibility and supplementary value of some tropical forage legume hays to sheep feeding on a basal diet of maize stover
Authors: Tolera A. , Said A. N.
Published: January 2011

The potential of Desmodium intortum, Macrotyloma axillare and Stylosanthes guianensis hays for improving the digestibility of a basal diet of maize stover was assessed using in sacco, in vitro and in vivo methods. In sacco degradability results showed that S. guianensis hay had higher potential and effective DM degradability than the other two legume hays. Stylosanthes guianensis hay also had higher (p < 0.05) in vitro DM digestibility compared to maize stover, D. intortum and M. axillare. In vitro DM digestibility was negatively correlated (r = −0.97) with ADF content of the feeds.

The in vivo data showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the different species of legume hay supplements and levels of supplementation in DM and OM digestibility. The NDF, ADF and CP digestibility were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in S. guianensis hay supplemented groups than in groups which were supplemented with the other two forage legume hays. This was associated with lower levels of ADF and lignin and higher CP content in S. guianensis hay than in the other two forage legume species. Thus, S. guianensis was better than the other two forage legumes in improving the nutrient (CP, NDF, ADF and estimated in vitro DM) digestibility of maize stover‐based diets which could be due to low fibre content and increased nitrogen availability and improved rumen microbial activity.

In sacco‐ in vitro‐ und in vivo Verdaulichkeit sowie Futterwert von einigen tropischen Heuarten für Schafe, bei Fütterung von Maishäcksel

Mit Hilfe von in sacco‐, in vitro‐ und in vivo‐Methoden wurde das Fütterungspotential von Desmodium intortum‐, Macrotyloma axillare‐ und Stylosanthes guianensis‐Heu zur Verbesserung von Maishäckselrationen bei Schafen untersucht. Die in sacco Abbaubarkeit lag bei Stylosanthes guianensis höher als bei den anderen erwähnten Heuarten. Im Verglcich zu Maishäcksel wurde für Stylosanthes guianensis cine höhere (P < 0.05) in vitro Verdaulichkeit der Trockensubstanz als für Maishäcksel, D. intortum und M. axillare ermittelt. Die in vitro Trockensubstanz‐Verdaulichkeit war negativ (r = −0.97) mit dem ADF‐Gehalt der Futtermittel korreliert.
Effect of starvation for four days on antipyrine metabolism in calves
Authors: Janus K. , Suszycka J. , Muszczynski Z.
Published: January 2011

The effect of starvation for four days on the metabolism of antipyrine was studied in calves by measuring the antipyrine plasma clearance as well as the excretion of three major metabolites of antipyrine in urine.

The study was carried out on 20 calves, females of the Holstein‐Friesian breed, (10 calves in a control group and 10 in an experimental group), aged 14–15 days. Antipyrine studies were performed in a experimental group before and after the 4 days of starvation.

The starvation for four days was associated with a statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase in the plasma antipyrine elimination half‐life. In the starved calves the systemic clearance of antipyrine was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. The excretion of the three major metabolites of antipyrine: 4‐hydroxyantipyrine, 3‐hydroxymethylantipyrine and norantipyrine in urine was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased after starvation. In the control group no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of antipyrine in 14–15 and 18‐19 day‐old calves were observed and the urinary profiles of antipyrine in calves from the control group did not differ significantly between 14–15 and 18–19 days of age.

The data obtained from this study indicate that starvation for four days inhibits antipyrine elimination in calves.

Der Einfluß einer viertägigen Hungerperiode auf den Antipyrinmetabolismus bei Kälbern

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung sollte der Einfluß einer viertägigen Hungerperiode auf die Antipy‐rinclearance im Plasma, die Ausscheidung über die Nieren und die Nierenclearance von drei Antipyrin‐metaboliten bei Kälbern untersucht werden.

Als Versuchstiere dienten 20 weibliche Holstein‐Friesian Kälber im Alter von 14–15 Tagen. Die Kälber wurden in zwei Grüppen eingeteilt (10 Kälber in der Kontrollgruppe und 10 Kälber in der Versuchsgruppe). Der Antipyrintest wurde 0 Tage und 4 Tage nach Nahrungsentzug durchgeführt.

Nach viertägiger Hungerperiode war die Antipyrinhalbwertszeit (p < 0.01) wesentlich verlängert. Die Plasma‐Antipyrin‐Clearance, die Nierenausscheidung und die Nierenclearance der Antipyrin‐metabolite wurde (p < 0.01) bei viertägigem Nahrungsentzug bei den Kälbern deutlich reduziert. Aus der Kontrollgruppe geht hervor, daß sich hinsichtlich der Antipyrinhalbwertszeit, der Antipyrin‐clearance sowie der Nierenausscheidung keine wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen 14–15 Tage alten und 18–19 Tage alten Kälbern (p > 0.05) zeigen.

Ein viertägiger Nahrungsentzug reduziert demnach den Antipyrin‐Stoffwechsel wesentlich.
Estimation of digestible energy in dry extruded dog foods
Authors: Gröner T. , Pfeffer E.
Published: January 2011

Multiple regression analysis was carried out for the results of digestibility determinations carried out with dogs fed 45 different dry extruded foods in which proximate nutrients, detergent fibre and α‐linked plus free glucose (a‐Glc) had been analysed. The following formula for estimating the digestible energy (DE) was found to be the most accurate:

image

Inclusion of detergent fibre did not improve the accuracy of estimation.

Schätzung der Verdaulichen Energie in extrudiertem Trockenfutter für Hunde

Mittels multipler Regressionsanalyse wurden die Ergebnisse von Verdaulichkeitsbestimmungen mit Hunden ausgewertet, in denen 45 verschiedene extrudierte Trockenfutter untersucht worden waren.

In den Futtern wurden neben den Weender Rohnährstoffen noch NDF, ADF und alpha‐glucosidisch gebundene plus freie Glucose (a‐Glc) bestimmt. Folgende Schätzglcichung für die Verdauliche Energie wurde als empfehlenswert abgeleitet:

image

Hinzunahme von NDF oder ADF führte nicht zu Verbesserungen der Schätzgenauigkeit.
Candida albicansim elektronenoptischen Bild:Candida albicansin electronmicroscopical presentation
Authors: Müller Johannes
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung.Die Fülle der Informationen, welche die Elektronenmikroskopie zur Kenntnis vonCandida albicansund seinen Beziehungen zum menschlichen Wirt beigetragen hat, wird in dieser übersicht in Beispielen dargestellt.

Summary.The multiplicity of information which electronmicroscopy has contributed to our knowledge ofCandida albicansand its relationship to the human host is reviewed and by means of examples presented.
Zur Taxonomie und Ökologie der Gattung Candida: Taxonomy and ecology of the genus Candida
Authors: Schauer Frieder , Hanschke R.
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die imperfekte Hefegattung Candida, die etwa ein Viertel aller derzeit bekannten Hefearten einschließt, ist ein sehr heterogenes Taxon. Sie umfaßt verschiedenartige Organismen, die z. T. kaum miteinander verwandt sind. Neben einer hohen morphologischen und physiologischen Variabilität deutet u. a. das Vorkommen von vier unterschiedlichen Ubichinontvpen sowie die große Variationsbreite des G+ C‐Gehaltes der DNA von 30,0 bis 62,7 mol% auf die Heterogenität der Gattung hin.

Die meisten Candida‐Arten sind mit Pflanzen, verrottenden pflanzlichen Materialien, mit Insekten, die sich von pflanzlichen Substraten ernähren, oder mit Lebensmitteln assoziiert. So können 71% der Arten Xylose verwerten (Holzabbau), 57% nutzen Cellobiose als Substrat (Zellulose‐Abbau), 29% können aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe oxydieren (Bestandteile der Pflanzenkutikula), 27% sind in der Lage, Stärke als pflanzlichen Speicherstoff abzubauen, und 7% können Methanol als alleinige C‐Quelle nutzen (Pektin‐Katabolismus). Darüber hinaus sind 85% der Candida‐Arten von Vitaminen abhängig, die vielfach in pflanzlichen Substraten enthalten sind.

Die Besiedlung von Menschen oder Warmblütern scheint demgegenüber von sekundärer Bedeutung zu sein. So können 65% der Candida‐Arten bei 37°C nicht mchr wachsen. Nur 16% der vorhandenen Typus‐ und Vergleichsstämme aus Stammsammlungen (CSB) wurden aus menschlichem Material isoliert. Etwa 10% der Candida‐Arten sind potentiell humanpathogen, nur 5% der Arten treten häufiger in Erscheinung und sind als humanpathogene Hefen von Bedeutung.

Summary. Candida is a heterogeneous genus which contains about a quarter of all yeast species. It includes not only species of uncertain affiliation but also unrelated strains whose phylogenetic relationships have not been resolved. A great variety of CoQ types are present in the genus, the mol % G+C ranges from 30–63%, and species that were found to sporulate have teleomorphic counterparts in 11 different genera.

Candida species are mainly associated with plants, rotting vegetation, with insects which feed on plants or with food. In line with this, 71% of Candida species utilize xylose (wood degradation), 57 % of species use cellobiose (cellulose degradation), 29% oxidize aliphatic hydrocarbons (components of plant cuticula), 27% of species degrade starch as a plant storage material, and 7% utilize methanol as a possible metabolite from pectin catabolism. 85% of species require individual vitamins produced mainly in plant materials. 65% of Candida species are not able to grow at temperatures of 37 °C.

In comparison only relatively few species occur normally in humans and other warm blooded animals. About 16% of type strains and selected strains for comparative purposes (CBS) were isolated from human specimens. Perhaps up to 10% of Candida species may be of medical importance, though this has so far only been clearly demonstrated for less than 5% of currently known species.
Gastrointestinale Mikroökologie des Menschen und Candida: Gastrointestinal microecology of humans and Candida
Authors: Knoke Manfred
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die Mikroökologie untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen den Mikroorganismen und ihrer natürlichen Umwelt an definierten Standorten und ihre physiologischen und pathologischen Auswirkungen. Im Magen‐Darm‐Kanal des Menschen sind Candida‐Arten von Geburt an häufig, aber nicht immer nachweisbar. Er kann im Falle herabgesetzter Abwehrverhältnisse auch zur Quelle einer Infektion des Makroorganismus werden. Die bei Gesunden gefundene Häufigkeit des Candida‐Nachweises liegt abhängig vom Standort zwischen 23 und 76%, die Menge bei 102 bis 104 CFU/ml bzw. g. Am häufigsten gelingt der Nachweis in der Mundhöhle und in den Fäzes. Im Magen und Duodenum ist die unterschicdliche Säuretoleranz einzelner Candida spp. bedeutsam. Im Alter, bei verschiedenen Erkrankungcn sowie unter exogenen Einflüssen wie Ernährung, Streß und Medikamente kann es zu Änderungen im Auftreten von Candida spp. kommen. In einem endokrinen Streßmodell sahen wir im Duodenalsaft von 7 Probanden vor und nach Streß keine Hefen, jedoch in den Fäzes ihre eindeutige Abnahme. Die Stoffwechselprodukte von Candida spielen im Verhältnis zur Gesamtheit aller mikrobiellen Stoffwechselprozesse im Orointestinaltrakt des Menschen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Kolonisierende Stämme von C. albicans sind normalerweise in kleinen oder mäßigen Mengen vorhanden, und nur sie werden als Teil der residenten gastrointestinalen Mikroflora angesehen.

Summary. Microecology looks for the relationships between microorganims and their natural environment in definite sites and their physiological and pathological effects. From birth Candida spp. are often but not always detectable in the human gastrointestinal tract. In cases of reduced defense the tract may be a source of infection to the macroorganism. In healthy subjects the incidence of Candida is between 23 % and 76% in quantities between 102 — 104 CFU/ml or g dependent on site. Evidence is most frequent in oral cavity and faeces. Tolerance for Candida spp. is different in the stomach and duodenum due to differences in acidity. Changes in the occurrence of Candida spp. are possible depending on age, different diseases and exogenous influences as nutrition, stress and drugs. In an endocrine stress model we found no yeasts in the duodenal juices of 7 subjects before and after stress situation, but a clear decrease of yeasts in the faeces. The formation of metabolic products by Candida is secondary to the whole of microbial fermentation in the human orointestinal tract. Colonizing strains of C. albicans are normally present in small or moderate numbers and only they are regarded as part of the resident gastrointestinal microflora.
Adhärenz von klinischen Candida‐albicans‐Isolaten an bukkalen Epithelzellen: Adherence of clinical Candida albicans isolates to buccal epithelial cells
Authors: Wellmer Andreas
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Adhärenz an menschlichen Schleimhäuten und Dimorphismus werden als wesentliche Virulenzfaktoren von Candida albicans angesehen. Die Adhärenz ist Voraussetzung für Kolonisation und Invasion. Wir haben 11 klinische Isolate (darunter fünf Fälle mit Oesophagussoor) auf die Ausprägung dieser Merkmale hin untersucht und mit klinischen Daten korreliert. Die Adhärenz wurde an bukkalen Epithelzellen bestimmt. Kontinuierliche Kulturen von C. albicans wurden zur Quantifizierung der Keimschlauchbildung verwandt. Die Adhärenz war bei den Stämmen, die von klinisch, kulturell und serologisch definitiven Oesophagussoor‐Fällen gewonnen wurden, deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als bei Isolaten von Patienten mit starker Kolonisation ohne Zeichen der Candidose. Die Stämme mit stärkerer Adhärenz zeigten eine frühere und signifikant stärkere Keimschlauchbildung in der kontinuierlichen Kultur. C.‐albicans‐Stämme, die von Patienten mit Oesophagussoor isoliert wurden, zeigen damit eine stärkere Ausprägung der untersuchten Virulenzmarker. Eine gute Adhärenz ist sehr wahrscheinlich eine Voraussetzung für die Infektion der Oesophagusschleimhaut durch C. albicans. Das bevorzugte Vorkommen von C. albicans (über 90%) in klinischen Isolaten von Oesophagussoor unterstreicht diese Annahme.

Summary. Mucosal adherence and germ tube formation are considered to be important virulence factors of C. albicans. Adherence is a precondition for colonisation and invasion. We investigated 11 clinical isolates (among them 5 cases recovered from oesophageal thrush) for quantification of the two characteristics and correlated the results with clinical data. Adherence was measured on buccal epithelial cells and the continuous flow culture was used for quantification of germ tube formation. Adherence of strains recovered from clinically, culturally and serologically confirmed oesophageal thrush adhered stronger to buccal epithelial cells than isolates from patients with heavy colonisation without signs of candidosis. Strains with stronger adherence showed a significantly faster and an increased germ tube formation in the continuous flow culture. Strains from oesophageal thrush therefore show a more marked expression of the investigated virulence factors. Therefore a good adherence is a necessity for infection of the oesophagus by C. albicans. The preferential isolation of C. albicans from oesophageal thrush (>90%) supports this assumption.
Disseminierte Candidose bei frühgeborenen Zwillingen: Disseminated candidosis in premature twins. Case report
Authors: Schwesinger Gunther
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine disseminierte Candidose bei einem weiblichen Frühgeborenen (Zwilling I) in der 2b. SSW vorgestellt. Alle Organe waren extrem mykotisch befallen, besonders die Nieren. Feingeweblich war sogar eine Manifestation in den Langerhansschen Inseln des Pankreas nachweisbar. Zwilling II erkrankte ebenfalls an einer Candidose und überlebte nach Therapie. Eine Candidose bei Zwillingen ist in der Literatur selten.

Summary. A case of disseminated candidosis in a premature newborn twin I (26th weeks of pregnancy) is reported. A severe mycotic infection of the organs, especially the kidneys was present. Even Candida in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans cells could be demonstrated. Twin II also suffered a Candida infection but in contrast to twin I she survived after therapy. Candida infection of twins is rarely reported in the literature.
Recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), but not rat HGF, elicits glomerular injury and albuminuria in normal rats via an immune complex‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Mizuno Shinya , Ikebuchi Fumie , Fukuta Kazuhiro , Kato Takashi , Matsumoto Kunio , Adachi Kiichi , Abe Tetsushi , Nakamura Toshikazu
Published: January 2011

1. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has the therapeutic potential to improve renal fibrosis and proteinuria in rodents with chronic kidney disease. In contrast, long‐term administration of human HGF to normal rats reportedly elicits proteinuria. Thus, the role of HGF during proteinuria remains contentious. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that human HGF is antigenic to rodents and that immune complex formation causes proteinuria.

2. We administered either human or rat HGF to normal rats for 28 days. Albuminuria was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The renal phenotypes of the two HGF treatments were examined using histological techniques.

3. Administration of human HGF (1 mg/kg per day, i.v.) to rats led to severe albuminuria and glomerular hypertrophy in association with increased blood levels of anti‐human HGF IgG and IgG deposition in mesangial areas. Furthermore, an immune complex between human HGF and anti‐human HGF IgG stimulated the production of proteinuric cytokines (including transforming growth factor‐β) in rat cultured mesangial cells. In contrast, treatment of healthy rats with rat HGF for 4 weeks caused neither mesangial IgG deposition nor elevated anti‐HGF IgG in the blood. Overall, rat HGF did not provoke albuminuria.

4. We conclude that human HGF produces pseudotoxic effects in normal rat kidneys via an immune complex‐mediated pathway, whereas syngenic HGF is safe due to less deposition of glomerular IgG. Our results affirm the safety of the repeated use of syngenic HGF for the treatment of chronic organ diseases, such as renal fibrosis and liver cirrhosis.
Healthy lifestyle behaviour in university students and influential factors in eastern Turkey
Authors: Hacıhasanoğlu Rabia , Yıldırım Arzu , Karakurt Papatya , Sağlam Rabia
Published: January 2011

Hacıhasanoğlu R, Yıldırım A, Karakurt P, Sağlam R. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 43–51

Healthy lifestyle behaviour in university students and influential factors in eastern Turkey

This research was carried out to determine the healthy lifestyle behaviour of university students receiving education in central Erzincan. The population of this descriptive and cross‐sectional research included a total of 4506 students receiving education at Erzincan University in the city centre, and the sampling included 981 students selected by a simple random sampling method from these schools. Data were collected between April and May 2008 by using an identification form and the Health Promotion Life‐Style Profile (HPLP) Scale. Healthy lifestyle behaviour point averages of students were detected to be at medium level (118.41 ± 20.90). It was established that student's grade, educational level of parents, economic status of the family and the student, the place where the student stays and smoking status of the student resulted in a significant difference in HPLP Scale total score average and the mean score of the majority of subscales.
Analysis of falls incidents: Nurse and patient preventive behaviours
Authors: Johnson Maree , George Ajesh , Tran Duong Thuy
Published: January 2011

Johnson M, George A, Tran DT. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 60–66

Analysis of falls incidents: Nurse and patient preventive behaviours

Nurses play an important role in preventing and managing falls in acute hospitals. We analysed 577 hospital falls incidents and found 77% unwitnessed and most resulted in no patient harm (85%). Further qualitative analysis of 40 incidents highlighted a high proportion of falls being related to transferring near the bed unit. Simple messages for nurses working in acute care settings are recommended including ‘high risk activity (transferring, mobilizing) and high risk area (bed unit, toilet/bathroom) is a high risk situation’. A balanced approach emphasizing patient and family education and the use of alarm devices where supervision is not available are suggested. Postfall management by nurses might be contributing to the low occurrence of injury reported in these findings and requires further research.
Evaluation of patient education provided by clinical nurses in Turkey
Authors: Avşar Gülçin , Kaşikçi Mağfiret
Published: January 2011

Avşar G, Kaşikçi M. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 67–71

Evaluation of patient education provided by clinical nurses in Turkey

The purpose of this study was to determine the practices of patient education provided by nurses in hospital clinics. The data were collected using a questionnaire form developed by the researcher in the light of relevant literature. The questionnaire form included questions to help determine descriptive characteristics of nurses and practices of patient education. Statistical analysis was performed using percentages. Most of the nurses (82.4%) did not define a certain place or time for patient education, almost all of the nurses (98.9%) did not record the education process, and patients' family/relatives were not included in the education (82.4%). The results of this study have shown that clinical nurses do not adequately implement the phases of patient education. During nursing education, nurses' knowledge and skills in patient education should be developed, and they should be made to fully internalize their educational role.
A descriptive qualitative review of the barriers relating to breast‐feeding counselling
Authors: Laanterä Sari , Pölkki Tarja , Pietilä Anna‐Maija
Published: January 2011

Laanterä S, Pölkki T, Pietilä A‐M. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 72–84

A descriptive qualitative review of the barriers relating to breast‐feeding counselling

The purpose of this review was to describe barriers in breast‐feeding counselling considering it from the viewpoint of health professionals. CINAHL, MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched from 1950 to 2008. In total, 40 scientific research articles in English, Swedish or Finnish related to breast‐feeding counselling were included and analysed using thematic analysis. The quality of the studies was also assessed. The main barriers were deficits in knowledge, resources, counselling skills and the counsellor's negative attitude. Conflicting advice, lack of guidelines, sufficiency of counselling and perceiving of the personal education needs were examples of the indicated barriers. The most commonly described barriers in breast‐feeding counselling were limitations in breast‐feeding knowledge. Developing of the measurements to assess the barriers in breast‐feeding counselling is needed.
Anxiety and quality of recovery in day surgery: A questionnaire study using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Quality of Recovery Score
Authors: McIntosh Susan , Adams John
Published: January 2011

McIntosh S, Adams J. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 85–92

Anxiety and quality of recovery in day surgery: A questionnaire study using HADS and QoR40

The aims of this study were (i) to examine the association between preoperative and postoperative anxiety, and (ii) to examine the association between preoperative anxiety and postoperative recovery, following day surgery under general anaesthesia. Day surgery has become more commonplace owing to advances in pharmacology, anaesthetic and surgical techniques, as it has recognized benefits, such as lower costs and reduced incidence of infection. Recent years have seen increased complexity of day surgery undertaken on a broader range of patients, but with reduced pre‐surgery contact with the hospital environment. These recent service changes might have had an effect on the preparation of patients for day surgery, and this in turn might have affected their postoperative recovery. This pilot study used survey methods to examine potential associations between preoperative and postoperative anxiety, and between preoperative anxiety and postoperative recovery. Data were collected in 2008 from a convenience sample of 54 day surgery patients. The instruments used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Quality of Recovery Score (QoR‐40). There was a statistically significant relationship between preoperative and postoperative anxiety (χ2 = 11.899, d.f. = 1, P = 0.001). The T‐test showed a statistically significant difference in the mean scores for QoR‐40 score for gender, and for the postoperative anxiety and QoR‐40. A relationship between preoperative anxiety and postoperative recovery was not shown. Although challenging to implement in view of restricted timescales, appraisal and revision of pre‐assessment processes to incorporate an anxiety measurement tool, such as the HADS, should be considered.
Therapeutic effects of cytokine modulator Y‐40138 in the rat alcoholic liver disease model
Authors: Kawaratani Hideto , Tsujimoto Tatsuhiro , Kitazawa Toshiyuki , Yoshiji Hitoshi , Uemura Masahito , Fukui Hiroshi
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), induce liver injury in the rat alcoholic liver disease (ALD) model. Y‐40138 is known to suppress the pro‐inflammatory cytokines and augment the anti‐inflammatory cytokines. We investigated whether or not Y‐40138 may be effective as a novel immunotherapy in the rat ALD model.

Methods:  Male Wistar rats were fed Lieber‐DeCarli ethanol liquid diet. The effects of Y‐40138 treatment in the ALD models were assessed by analyzing the serum and the liver tissues.

Results:  The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ, and the liver levels of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ were significantly higher in the ethanol‐fed group than in the pair‐fed group. The immunohistochemistry of the liver TNF‐α and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4HNE), and the expressions of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ mRNA were increased, too. The gene expressions of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) in the ethanol‐fed group were suppressed as compared with the pair‐fed group. The serum triglyceride (TG) and liver TG were increased, and Oil Red O and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) staining showed greater expression by ethanol‐fed feeding. After administration of Y‐40138, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and real‐time polymerase chain reaction of the liver showed that the increased TNF‐α and IFN‐γ were suppressed, and that IL‐10 was augmented. Moreover, ethanol‐induced lipid accumulation in the liver was suppressed by administering Y‐40138.

Conclusions:  Y‐40138 decreased the inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and lipid synthesis, and augmented the anti‐inflammatory cytokines of the liver. These results indicate that the multiple cytokine production modulator, Y‐40138, is a promising novel therapy for ALD.
Effect of ligustrazine on mice model of hepatic veno‐occlusive disease induced by Gynura segetum
Authors: Chen Zhe , Huo Ji‐Rong , Yang Li , Zhu Hong‐Yi
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  To investigate the therapeutic effect of ligustrazine on hepatic veno‐occlusive disease (HVOD) induced by Gynura segetum and the possible mechanism of it.

Methods:  Female Kunming mice (115) were randomly divided into four groups, gavaged with 30 g/kg per day Gynura segetum (group A), 30 g/kg per day Gynura segetum + 100 mg/kg per day ligustrazine (group B), 30 g/kg per day Gynura segetum + 200 mg/kg per day ligustrazine (group C) or 30 mL/kg per day phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) (group D). Thirty days later, all of the mice were killed. Blood samples and livers were harvested. Histological changes were evaluated by light microscopy. Liver function was measured, and the expression of tissue factor (TF), early growth response factor‐1 (Egr‐1) and nuclear factor‐KBp65 (NF‐KBp65) were determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.

Results:  A total of 24 mice in group A developed HVOD. Compared with the controls, they had increased liver ratio, serum total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), transaminase and decreased albumin (ALB) (P < 0.05). Administration of ligustrazine improved the clinical signs and biochemistry parameters in a dose‐dependent manner. Compared with group A, the expression of TF, Egr‐1 and NF‐KB p65 decreased in groups B and C (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Ligustrazine has a therapeutic effect on HVOD, improving clinical manifestations and liver function. The possible mechanism may be that ligustrazine could reduce the expression of TF by downregulating the expression of transcription factors: Egr‐1 and NF‐KB p65.
Predictors of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhotic patients: A systematic review
Authors: Bai Ming , Qi Xingshun , Yang Zhiping , Yin Zhanxin , Nie Yongzhan , Yuan Shanshan , Wu Kaichun , Han Guohong , Fan Daiming
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a very common complication in patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). The purpose of this study is to determine the most robust predictors of post‐TIPS HE by performing a systematic review of studies that identified the risk factors for patients with post‐TIPS HE.

Methods:  A PUBMED search was performed using the predefined rule. Studies were selected for analysis based on certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted from each study on the basis of predefined items. Meta‐analyses were executed to verify the relevant risk factors.

Results:  Thirty studies were included in this systematic review. In the 30 studies, the numbers of variables evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses were 60 and 32, respectively. The numbers of variables found to be significant in univariate and multivariate analyses were 18 and 14, respectively. According to the accumulated number of studies that identified these variables as significant, the three most vigorous predictors of post‐TIPS HE were age, prior HE and Child–Pugh class/score in both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Our meta‐analysis showed that patients with HE before TIPS or higher Child–Pugh class/score had increased risk of post‐TIPS HE.

Conclusions:  Increased age, prior HE and higher Child–Pugh class/score were the most robust predictors for post‐TIPS HE.
Histopathological Features and Their Association with Steroid Receptors in Women With Breast Cancer in Fukuoka, Japan
Authors: Horie Akio , Nomura Yasuo , Stemmermann Grant N. , Catts Anne , Fukunaga Frank H. , Shigematsu Takao , Hirohata Tomio , Nomura Abraham M.Y.
Published: January 2011

In Fukuoka, Japan, infiltrating duct carcinoma predominated among 213 breast cancer cases, age 45 to 74. Lobular and medullary carcinomas were infrequent. About thirty three percent of the women had marked productive fibrosis, based on the UICC code type. Both rough margin and productive fibrosis of the cancer increased with age of the patients. On the contrary, most of accompanying hyperplastic lesions decreased with age. The difference was significant for cystic formation between 10‐year age groups of 45–54 and 55–64 (b.χ2 = 6.61, p<0.02).

Hormone receptors of 115 of the cases were independently measured and characterized according to histologic patterns manifesting host reaction (stromal cell infiltration and lymph node histiocytosis). Positive estrogen receptors were more frequent among ductal carcinomas with slight or no cellular reaction than those with extensive cellular reaction. The same pattern was also present for progesterone and androgen receptors. The extent of sinus histiocytosis in lymph nodes without metastasis was also inversely correlated with the presence of these homone receptors. The correlation was significant for androgen receptor (b.χ2 = 5.31, p<0.05). Positive estrogen receptor was more common among ductal carcinomas with prominent fibrosis than among those with minimal fibrosis.
On the Histogenesis of Experimental Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors an Immunocytochemical and Electron Microscopical Study
Authors: Morohoshi Toshio , Kanda Mikio , Klöppel Günter
Published: January 2011

In order to identify the early stage of the development of experimental pancreatic endocrine tumors, Wistar rats were treated with streptozotocin and nicotinamide. One to 11 months after the treatment, the pancreata were examined for neoplastic lesions, using immunocytochemistry and electronmicroscopy. The earliest changes consisted of focal adenomatous proliferation of small ducts, occasionally including endocrine cell clusters. They occurred in the same frequency throughout the whole period examined, regardless whether the pancreata contained tumors or not, and were also present, though in lower numbers, in controls. Immunocytochemistry revealed no true budding off of endocrine cells from ductular epithelium. Thus the histogenetic relationship of the ductal proliferations to the endocrine tumors remains unclear. The earliest tumors were recognized at the fourth month. At the eleventh month 31% of the animals beared tumors. Insulin‐positive cells predominated in the tumors, followed by somatostatin‐, glucagon‐ and PP‐positive cells. The multihormonal appearance of the neoplasmas is well comparable with the findings in human insulinomas.
Primary Carcinomas of Urinary Bladder Diverticula
Authors: Shirai Tomoyuki , Arai Masayuki , Sakata Takao , Fukushima Shoji , Ito Nobuyuki
Published: January 2011

Two cases of carcinoma arising from the urinary bladder diverticulum were found at autopsy. Both patients had hematuria as a chief complaint and were found to have a tumor mass in the bladder on cystoscopic examination. However, owing to various difficulties the tumors could not be diagnosed before death. Autopsy revealed that the tumors in both cases had arisen within diverticula and had grown into the orifice of the diverticula giving the appearance of ordinary bladder tumors. Histological examination showed that in Case 1, two carcinomas, a keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and a transitional cell carcinoma, had developed separately in a diverticulum. This may be the first case report of two cancers in a bladder diverticulum. There were no metastases in this case. Case 2 had an undifferentiated carcinoma with metastases to many organs including the lung, liver, and lymph nodes.
Disseminated Atypical Mycobacteriosis
Authors: Yamadori Ichiro , Motoi Makoto , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Tsutsumi Akira , Ogawa Katsuo , Doi Kenji , Hamaya Kazuo
Published: January 2011

Two cases of disseminated infection caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare were reported and discussed.

In the first case, the patient was a fifty‐seven‐year‐old male who complained of general fatigue, weight loss, and fever. Biopsy of the right inguinal lymph nodes and the liver revealed infiltration by histiocytes engulfing many acid‐fast bacilli. At autopsy an egg‐sized abscess was found is the region of the right Iliac lymph nodes. Histological examination showed histiocytic infiltration in the abscess wall, neighboring lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.

In the second case, the patient was a four‐year‐old boy, who had persistent fever and splenomegaly. Splenectomy was performed and histological examination of the spleen revealed multiple nodular infiltration by swollen histiocytes with many acid‐fast bacilli in their cytoplasm. The bone marrow aspirates and liver tissue obtained in the necropsy also showed many histiocytes containing many acid‐fast bacilli.

The authors emphasized the importance of paying special attention to atypical mycobacteriosis in feverish patients having lesions with a proliferation of histiocytes.
Membrane Fusion In Mitochondria Ii. An Ultrastructural Interpretation Of Cristae‐Enriched Megamitochondria Induced By Cuprizone
Authors: Wakabayashi Takashi , Horiuchi Michio , Kawamoto Sachiyo , Onda Hiroyuki
Published: January 2011

Ultrastructure of megamitochondria in mouse hepatocytes induced by cuprizone was analyzed in the light of the fusion of inner mitochondrial membranes. Hepatic parenchymal cells of mice fed with a 0.5% cuprizone‐diet for 7–8 days were characterized by megamitochondria with numerous cristae including disoriented, shorter ones than those of the control and those in vesicular configuration. After feeding the animals with cuprizone for 15–16 days, megamitochondria increased their sizes further and the number of cristae decreased drastically. Numbers of cristae based on a unit‐mitochondrial area were 41.3$pL10.8 for the former type of cristae‐enriched megamitochondria and 3.8 $pL 1.8 for the latter type of megamitochondria with the value of 23.9 $pL 6.2 for the control. Considering the content of cytochromes in megamitochondria previously reported, these results might suggest that the fusion and defusion of inner mitochondrial membrane take place along with the fusion of outer membranes during the megamitochondrial formation. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 481–488, 1984.
Distribution Pattern Of Dna Template Activity In The Developing Cerebellar Cortex In Rats And Its Alteration After Transplacental Administration Of Ethylnitrosourea
Authors: Hara Hiroshi , Moriki Toshiaki , Matsusaki Keisuke , Hiroi Makoto , Hashimoto Machiko , Yamane Toshiko
Published: January 2011

The ultracytochemical acridine orange(AO) method has been employed to demonstrate DNA template activity in the developing cerebellar cortex in rats and its alteration after transplacental administration of ethylnitrosourea (ENU). Electron microscopic studies revealed that AO binds to DNA exclusively within the active extended euchromatin portion of the cell nucleus of the proliferating external granular layer. No or only a few AO reaction products were visible in the non‐proliferating cell nuclei of the internal granular layer and of Purkinje cells. With increasing cellular differentiation of granule cells in the cerebellar cortex the number of AO positive cells as well as the number of AO reaction products per cell showed a progressive decrease. A single i.p. injection of 50 mg/kg of ENU in rats on day 15 to 21 of gestation resulted in occasional cell damage to the proliferating external granule cells of developing cerebellar cortex at 4 and 7 days after birth. Damaged cells of the external granular layer were found to have no or only a small number of AO reaction products in their nuclei. In further development from 14 to 28 days the cerebellar cortex of offspring from ENU‐treated mother showed no abnormality and exhibited no definite alteration in distribution pattern of AO reaction products. ACTA PATHOL JPN. 34: 489–497, 1984.
Restoration Of Antigenicity Of Tissue Antigens, Cell‐Bound Immunoglobulins And Immune Deposits In Paraffin‐Embedded Tissue The Influence Of Fixation And Proteolytic Enzymatic Digestion
Authors: Suzuki Yasuhito , Maesawa Akira , Matsui Katsuyuki , Shimizu Fujio , Oite Takashi , Koda Yutaka , Suzuki Satoru , Ueki Kazuya , Fukagawa Mitsutoshi , Arakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2011

The possibility of preservation and restoration of antigenicity of some antigens in paraffin‐embedded tissue was evaluated by direct immunofluorescent technique on deparaffinized sections. Fixation with 96% ethanol‐1% acetic acid, 10% neutral buffered formalin and p‐formaldehyde was useful for the preservation of tissue antigens and immune deposits, whose antigenicity could be easily restored by trypsin digestion. Neutral buffered formalin was also a satisfactory fixative in immunofluorescent staining on lymphocyte/plasma cell‐bound immunoglobulins. Fixation with alcohol‐Bouin's fluid showed contrast results; feasible for staining of cell‐bound immunoglobulins, but poor for that of glomerular immune deposits. After papain digestion, BSA and lysozyme, antigens of immune complexes, were easily detected in experimental chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis. Pepsin was more efficient than trypsin in restoring the antigenicity of renal tissue antigens such as fibronectin and polyantigenic basement membrane, but the brush border antigen of the proximal renal tubules was frail to the pepsin digestion. In general, the enzymatic digestion time necessary for the restoration of antigenicity was in parallel with fixation time. Results obtained have shown that deparaffinized sections could be used as satisfactory substrate for immunohistochemistry when proper fixation and efficient proteolytic enzymatic pretreatments were performed. ACTA PATHOL JPN. 34: 563–574, 1984.
Synchronous Bilateral Double Primary Lung Cancer Associated With Diffuse Interstitial Fibrosing Pneumonitis (Difp)
Authors: Kuhara Hajime , Wakabayashi Takashi , Kishimoto Hidemasa , Morishita Munehiko , Suzuki Takamoto , Yamamoto Masahiko
Published: January 2011

Double primary lung cancer with diffuse interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis (DIFP) was detected in a 61 year‐old man at autopsy. Histologically, alveolar septa in whole lobes of right and left lungs were thickened diffusely with fibrosis, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Alveolar cavities contained fibrinous exudate. A tumor mass measuring 8×5×5 cm occupying the right hilar portion was epidermoid carcinoma involving the right superior lobar bronchus and hilar lymph nodes. There were no metastatic foci in the right middle and lower lobes. In the lower lobe of the left lung, scattered foci of bronchiolo‐alveolar carcinoma and those of epidermoid carcinoma coexisted. There were no metastatic foci in the left upper, lower lobes, and hilar lymph nodes. Both atypical bronchiolar epithelial proliferation associated with bronchiolo‐alveolar carcinoma and squamous metaplasia associated with epidermoid carcinoma were detected at the same time. The clinical and pathological characteristics among 81 reported cases of lung cancer associated with DIFP are reviewed. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 617–629, 1984.
Prostatic Leiomyosarcoma Revealing Cytoplasmic Virus‐Like Particles And Intranuclear Paracrystalline Structures
Authors: Ohmori Takaaki , Arita Norimasa , Tabei Ryo
Published: January 2011

This report concerns an ultramicroscopic study of an autopsy case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the prostate in a patient who died of widespread blood‐borne metastases after a rapid clinical course. Ultrastructural observation of tumor cells demonstrated some characteristics of leiomyosarcoma and furthermore revealed frequent intranuclear structures in paracrystalline array together with aggregates of interchromatin granules and cytoplasmic viruslike particles. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 631–638, 1984.