bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Submerged Macrophyte Responses to Reduced Phosphorus Concentrations in Two Peri‐Urban Lakes
Authors: Hilt Sabine , Van de Weyer Klaus , Köhler Antje , Chorus Ingrid
Published: September 2009

Eutrophication of two urban temperate dimictic lakes in Berlin (Germany), smaller Schlachtensee (0.4 km2) and larger Lake Tegel (3 km2), caused total phosphorus (TP) concentrations up to 800 μg/L and a complete loss of their diverse submerged vegetation in the 1960s due to poor light conditions. Phosphorus stripping of their inflow began in the 1980s and caused a pronounced decline of their epilimnetic TP concentrations, eventually leading to reduced phytoplankton biomass and turbidity. Despite increased light availability, recovery of abundance as well as species diversity of submerged macrophytes was delayed by more than a decade, especially in the smaller lake. Slow oxidization of sapropelic sediment unsuitable for macrophyte growth, periphyton shading, herbivory, and/or lack of a viable seed bank were potential hampering factors. The present submerged vegetation, however, may already support mechanisms positively influencing water transparency such as providing habitat to enhance the ratio of piscivorous to planktivorous fish. Characeae meadows, typical for both lakes during their former mesotrophic state, so far only reoccurred in smaller Schlachtensee. Neither species composition nor abundance reversed back to the macrophyte community present in the nineteenth century. Although TP concentrations may decline further and some rare species have been detected, reassembly of this plant community will most probably not occur because many submerged macrophyte species have become rare throughout northwest Europe.
Stabilization of Fragments to Enhance Asexual Recruitment in Acropora Palmata, a Threatened Caribbean Coral
Authors: Williams Dana E. , Miller Margaret W.
Published: September 2009

Historically, fragmentation has been a successful life history strategy in Acropora palmata. However, in areas where the population is sparse and degraded, the survivorship of fragments is now compromised. This study aimed to determine whether stabilization of A. palmata fragments could increase their overall performance. Naturally occurring fragments were found and assigned to one of three treatments: stabilized to the natural substrate (1) using cable ties, (2) using epoxy or (3) tethered to the substrate as an unstabilized control. After 44 weeks, the general “performance” of the fragments was ranked based on their change in live tissue cover and formation of tissue connections with the substrate. Stabilized fragments lost less tissue cover and ranked higher in performance than the unstabilized control fragments. Stabilization using cable ties and epoxy were similarly effective. The results indicate that stabilizing fragments will preserve live tissue and enhance growth of fragments and can thus improve the survivorship of fragments.
Atrioventricular Nodal Tachycardia in a Patient with Anomalous Inferior Vena Cava with Azygos Continuation and Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava
Authors: ARIAS MIGUEL A. , CASTELLANOS EDUARDO , PUCHOL ALBERTO , VALVERDE IRENE , PACHÓN MARTA , GARCÍA‐COSÍO MARIA DOLORES , RODRÍGUEZ‐PADIAL LUIS
Published: September 2009

A 39‐year‐old female patient was referred for ablation of recurrent episodes of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. A combination of an anomalous inferior vena cava with azygos continuation and a persistent left superior vena cava was discovered. A nonfluoroscopic navigation system was very useful for catheter ablation of the tachycardia in this unusual case of anomalous venous system of the heart.
The Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Lead: Principles, Progress, and Promises
Authors: HAQQANI HARIS M. , MOND HARRY G.
Published: September 2009

The prognostic benefit of the implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) has been well established in multiple settings and its use is consequently widespread. Modern‐day ICD systems use transvenous high‐voltage leads to act as the interface between the heart and the generator, allowing for the sensing of a cardiac activity and the delivery of both bradycardia and tachycardia therapy, including high‐voltage, high‐current shocks. The ICD lead is in many ways the most fragile and critical component of the ICD system, and is subjected to more stress than any other implanted medical device. It has similar components to a pacing lead including tip and ring electrodes, fixation mechanism, conductors, insulators, and connector pins. In addition, it also contains the high‐voltage shock coils that allow the delivery of defibrillation therapy to the cardiac tissue. The materials used to manufacture each of these components have undergone little evolution from their initial pacing lead‐derived origin, but promising progress in this area is now occurring and better conductors and insulators have been developed. Lead body design continues to be multiluminal rather than coaxial, but various iterations of this basic paradigm continue to be investigated. In addition to miniaturization of the entire ICD lead, new industry standard lead connectors will also be introduced to reduce complexity and pocket bulk. However, long‐term failure rates have been considerable, with lead failure related to both conductor and insulator malfunction. It is hoped that recent improvements in an ICD lead design and manufacture will result in a good functionality with a reliable long‐term performance.
Inadvertent Left Ventricular Pacing through the Pericardium
Authors: SCOTT PAUL A. , BARRY JAMES , TURNER NICHOLAS G. , MORGAN JOHN M.
Published: September 2009

Inadvertent placement of a pacemaker lead in the left ventricle (LV) is a rare complication of pacing. We describe a case of inadvertent LV pacing where the ventricular lead traversed the mediastinum and accessed the heart through the posterior wall of the left atrium. Both transesophageal echo and venography were useful in understanding the course of the misplaced lead, which was removed percutaneously without complication.
Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease: 5‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: JAFFERY ZEHRA , GREENBAUM ADAM B. , SIDDIQUI MOHAMMAD F. , MAHENDRAKER NEETU , GUPTA VIKESH , MOKKALA VIDU , KANAKADANDI UDAY , ROBBINS ANDREW , MCCORD JAMES
Published: September 2009

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with increased mortality. Lower extremity (LE) revascularization improves symptoms, but less is known about long‐term survival benefits of LE arterial revascularization.

Methods: Two hundred and eighty‐three patients with an ankle brachial index (ABI) ≤0.9 were identified at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Danville, Illinois, and rates of LE arterial revascularization and all‐cause mortality were measured at 5 years.

Results: Of 283 patients identified, 42 (15%) underwent LE revascularization including 39 surgical procedures and 18 percutaneous interventions for symptomatic PAD. Eleven (26%) patients underwent repeat procedures over the 5 years of follow‐up. Those undergoing revascularization were more often Caucasian (95% vs. 79%, P = 0.01) and had lower ABIs (ABI ≤ 0.4, 45% vs. 17%, P = <0.001). At 44 ± 19 months follow‐up, there were fewer deaths in patients that underwent revascularization compared to patients who did not undergo revascularization; 10/42 (24%) versus 107/241 (44%) patients, P = 0.012. In a multivariate model LE arterial revascularization was associated with a trend toward lower all‐cause mortality (HR 0.51 [95% CI 0.26–1.02], P = 0.056). Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥65 years (HR 2.42 [95% CI 1.52–3.85], P < 0.001), history of coronary artery disease (HR 1.67 [95% CI 1.13–2.46], P = 0.010), chronic kidney disease (HR 1.75 [95% CI 1.15–2.67], P = 0.010), and an ABI ≤ 0.4 (HR 1.88 [95% CI 1.19–2.96], P = 0.006).

Conclusion: Few patients at this center with LE‐PAD underwent arterial revascularization. After adjusting for baseline differences, there is a trend toward lower 5‐year mortality in those undergoing LE arterial revascularization when compared to those who do not.
Computerized Image Analysis in Differentiation of Skin Lesions Caused by Electrocution, Flame Burns, and Abrasion
Authors: Akyıldız Elif , Uzun Ibrahim , Akif İnanıcı M. , Baloglu Huseyin
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  In the practice of forensic science, sometimes, it is not easy to understand whether skin lesion is due to electrocution and to differentiate the thermal burns and abrasion‐type lesions, especially when electricity source cannot be revealed by death science investigation. Based on the causes of the lesions, cases were classified into three groups. Group 1 included 30 deaths from electrocution. Group 2 included 30 deaths with flame burns. Group 3 included 30 deaths from traffic accident cases, which had abrasions. In this study, epidermal nuclear area, perimeter, nuclear form factor, nuclear minimum axes, nuclear maximum axes, and minimum axes/maximum axes ratio were measured. As a result, we think that computerized image analysis beside light microscopic examination can be useful in the differentiation of the electrocution, flame burn, and abrasion type lesions.
Alcohol‐Related Mortality Risk in Natural and Non‐Natural Death Cases
Authors: Törő Klára , Dunay György , Róna Kálmán , Klausz Gabriella , Fehér Szilvia
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  Determination of the associations between alcohol influence and sudden natural death represents challenges for medicolegal investigations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of alcohol influence in medicolegal autopsies. In our study of natural and non‐natural deaths cases (5496 total: 4045 males, 1451 females) were examined. Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were detected by headspace gas chromatographic method. We investigated the alcohol‐related mortality using hierarchical log‐linear statistical models. Severe BACs were detected among suicidal victims in the oldest age group (>65 years) (InF = 0.442) and among the homicide victims between the age of 40–65 years (InF = 0.234). Correlations we found between manner‐of‐death and sex suggested that the rate of males in accidents (lnF = 0.140) and the rate of females in homicides (lnF = 0.193) were higher. It was concluded that the accurate statistical mortality database may provide a huge support for the determination of alcohol effects on human health and mortality.
Co‐expression of Hif1α and CAIX is associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Eckert A. W. , Lautner M. H. W. , Schütze A. , Bolte K. , Bache M. , Kappler M. , Schubert J. , Taubert H. , Bilkenroth U.
Published: September 2009

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 313–317

Background:  This study investigates the prognostic impact of the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) detected by immunohistochemistry in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods:  Statistical analysis of immunohistochemical results with clinical parameters including survival outcomes was performed for 80 OSCC patients.

Results:  Patients with a low expression of both proteins survived on average 54.8 months, whereas those with an increased expression of Hif1α in their tumors combined with a low expression of CAIX survived on average only 37.6 months (P = 0.026). In multivariate Cox’s regression hazard analysis, again patients with a low expression of Hif1α/CAIX had the best prognosis, whereas patients with increased Hif1α and low CAIX expression carried a 4.97‐fold increased risk of tumor‐related death (P = 0.042).

Conclusion:  A co‐detection of low Hif1α/CAIX expression is significantly correlated with a better prognosis for OSCC patients, which may have implications for therapy options for these patients.
Fracture of the tympanic plate with soft tissue extension into the auditory canal resulting from an unfavorable chewing experience
Authors: Thor Andreas , Birring Eva , Leiggener Christoph
Published: September 2009

Abstract –  We present a case where a patient sustained a tympanic plate fracture of the right side while chewing a sandwich. Intense pain with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms such as restrained painful mouth opening and functional pain in full occlusion followed the incident and the fracture was diagnosed after ocular and CT‐examination of the right external auditory canal. Non‐ruptured soft tissue could be seen protruding into the external auditory canal and the size of the mass changed during movement of the TMJ. Treatment was not needed to resolve the situation and at 3‐year follow‐up the patient has no clinical symptoms.
Esthetic considerations for reshaping of autotransplanted premolars replacing maxillary central incisors: a case report
Authors: Lima Juliana Paiva Marques , Neto José Jeová Siebra Moreira , Beltrão Haroldo César Pinheiro , Borges Fátima Maria Cavalcante , Nogueira Renato Luis Maia , De Araújo Lima Augusto Darwin Moeira
Published: September 2009

Abstract –  Autotransplantation is a safe and currently common procedure in cases of agenesis and tooth loss. Autotransplantation of premolars to replace missing maxillary central incisors has been shown to be an excellent treatment choice, especially in young patients in the 9–12‐year‐old age range. The choice for adequate restorative materials and techniques is also essential, direct composite resin being indicated in most cases. This paper reports the case of two premolars autotransplanted to replace both maxillary central incisors and addresses the esthetic issues involved in the reshaping of these teeth to incisor morphology.
Effect of organic fertilisers on the greening quality, shoot and root growth, and shoot nutrient and alkaloid contents of turf‐type endophytic tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea
Authors: Cheng Z. , Salminen S. O. , Grewal P. S.
Published: September 2009

Increasing concern about the potential negative environmental impact of chemical fertilisers used in urban landscapes has provided impetus to develop organic fertilisers. However, little is known about the effect of organic fertilisers on turfgrass quality, growth and stress resistance. This study compared the effect of 11 organic fertilisers, applied at manufacturer's recommended rates, on greening quality, shoot and root growth, and shoot nutrient (an indication of nutrient uptake) and alkaloid content (an indication of insect resistance) in endophytic (infected with the fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue in the greenhouse. We measured turfgrass greening quality on a 1–9 scale weekly (9 being the highest), shoot and root growth monthly, and shoot contents of macro‐ and micronutrients and of various alkaloids at the end of 4 months. The results show that Corn Gluten and Cockadoodle Doo produce the highest turfgrass greening quality and shoot growth. Nature's Touch with enzymes enhanced root growth, and thus resulted in high root:shoot ratio, especially in third and fourth months after application. Compared with the most commonly used chemical fertiliser, Scott's Turf Builder, the organic fertilisers Cockadoodle Doo, Corn Gluten and Nature's Touch with enzymes generally resulted in better turf greening quality. Although Cockadoodle Doo, Vigoro and Scott's Turf Builder resulted in higher macronutrient contents in turfgrass shoots, there was no significant correlation between the nutrient contents in the fertilisers and in the shoots four months after application. Significant differences were found for all measured alkaloids in turfgrass shoots among the 13 treatments, and these differences varied with fertiliser. Overall, organic fertilisers produced higher turfgrass greening quality, root and shoot growth and insect resistance capacity (alkaloid content) compared with the chemical fertiliser, Scott's Turf Builder. On the basis of the high to excellent turfgrass greening quality ratings, root:shoot ratio, shoot nutrient and alkaloid contents in this study, we conclude that Cockadoodle Doo, Vigoro and Nature's Touch with enzymes are relatively superior organic fertilisers.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PREPARATION AND MEAT PRESERVATION BY REFRIGERATION OR FREEZING OF THE LAND SNAIL (HELIX ASPERSA MÜLLER)
Authors: MEZQUITA PEDRO CEREZAL , MADARIAGA PAULA ESCOBAR , SEGOVIA YANINA MARIN
Published: September 2009

Helix aspersa Müller is one of the few land snails suitable for preparation for human consumption, and constitutes an important potential alternative for mass production of animal protein. High‐quality meat obtained from this snail can compete with cattle, swine and poultry because of its comparatively lower production costs of infrastructure, labor and feeding. The objective of the study is to present information on initial processing steps for this product, where mucus (“slime”) is eliminated from the snails. Concentrations of salt and vinegar over periods of time required for elimination of slime after the purging step were determined, permitting uninterrupted continuation of the preparation process before its refrigeration and freezing storage. Optimal slime elimination was achieved by following a statistical design based on a 23 factorial scheme as a variable response to weight loss, indicating elimination of the slime. The results obtained showed the best concentration of salt to be 7.5% and vinegar 10%, with an immersion time of 45 min. Moreover, some preliminary aspects related to refrigeration and freezing rate process are also delivered.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The results of this study indicate that there is a practical way to eliminate the Helix aspersa Müller slime in order to obtain a cleaner meat, using acid salt solutions at room temperature with low‐cost additives, including common salt and white vinegar, allowing the low‐ and median‐capacity industries to have access to a simple technology in the preliminary operations of the production process. Furthermore, the product obtained could undergo the preservation processes with or without the shell, where the boiling‐in‐water operation could be included or not. Finally, it could be preserved by refrigeration or freezing.
RESEARCH NOTE: A COMPARISON OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ZANDER (SANDER LUCIOPERCA) LIVING IN DIFFERENT LAKES OF TURKEY
Authors: ÖKSÜZ ABDULLAH , KÜÇÜKGÜLMEZ AYGÜL , DİLER ABDULLAH , ÇELİK MEHMET , KOYUNCU ESRA
Published: September 2009

In the present work, the proximate compositions, minerals and trace element contents of zander (Sander lucioperca) caught from two lakes (Beyşehir Lake and Seyhan Dam Lake) of Turkey were compared. There were significant differences between moisture and lipid contents, although there were no statistically significant differences between crude protein and ash contents. The mineral and trace elements determined were Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb and Se. Although Na and Fe contents of zanders in two different lakes were different from each other (P < 0.01), we found no statistically significant differences in terms of Mg, Ca, P, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn contents (P > 0.01). Among the minerals analyzed, K was the highest followed by P, Ca, Na and Mg. The most abundant trace elements were Zn, Fe, Cu, Se followed by Pb, and these elements were below the limits proposed by Turkish Food Codes for human consumption in the meat of zander.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This present study includes information about the nutritional value of zander, which lives in the fresh water lakes of our country and of which people are fond and is being exported. The comparison of the proximate, mineral and trace element contents of the same species which are caught in two different lakes has been made. In the scope of human nutrition, in accordance with the minerals which have got much importance, it involves useful information about what the position of this fish is, and whether it contains any risk due to trace elements. Furthermore, concerning this subject, it will also light the way for studies to be made in the future.
THE EFFECT OF VACUUM AND MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON GROWTH OF LISTERIA IN RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) FILLETS
Authors: YILMAZ MEHTAP , CEYLAN ZIYA GOKALP , KOCAMAN MAHMUT , KAYA MUKERREM , YILMAZ HATICE
Published: September 2009

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets stored at 4 ± 1C were analyzed with respect to properties of microbiological (Listeria monocytogenes, total aerobic mesophilic count, psychrotrophic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae) and chemical (pH, total volatile bases nitrogen) under air (control), vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with various gas mixture (50% CO2 : 50% N2, 80% O2 : 20% CO2 and 2.5% O2 : 7.5% N2 : 90% CO2). The minimum L. monocytogenes counts were determined in the samples packaged with MAP, and no significant differences were found among them. It was determined that the effect of different atmosphere conditions and storage time on total aerobic bacteria count, psychrotrophic bacteria count and Enterobacteriaceae count were significantly different (P < 0.01). The maximum total volatile bases nitrogen value was determined from the control group. The effects of atmosphere condition on pH values were significant (P < 0.05).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Fresh fish are highly susceptible to spoilage due to postmortem microbial growth and biochemical reactions under refrigerated storage conditions. Therefore, the fish‐processing industry has been motivated to investigate methods for maintaining products freshness. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has become a useful preservation technique for prolonging the shelf time of perishable products. MAP is capable of inhibiting aerobic and anaerobic microbial growth and can be explained by the growth profiles of aerobes and anaerobes. Despite the advantages of modified atmosphere packaging, caution should be taken since improper handling and or extended storage might pose a public health hazard due to survival microorganisms, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Considering this fact, the establishment of the gas mixtures related to the target product is very important. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of air (control), vacuum and MAP with various gas mixtures on microbiological and chemical changes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets during storage at 4 ± 1C.
A Model‐Averaging Method for Assessing Groundwater Conceptual Model Uncertainty
Authors: Ye Ming , Pohlmann Karl F. , Chapman Jenny B. , Pohll Greg M. , Reeves Donald M.
Published: September 2009

This study evaluates alternative groundwater models with different recharge and geologic components at the northern Yucca Flat area of the Death Valley Regional Flow System (DVRFS), USA. Recharge over the DVRFS has been estimated using five methods, and five geological interpretations are available at the northern Yucca Flat area. Combining the recharge and geological components together with additional modeling components that represent other hydrogeological conditions yields a total of 25 groundwater flow models. As all the models are plausible given available data and information, evaluating model uncertainty becomes inevitable. On the other hand, hydraulic parameters (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) are uncertain in each model, giving rise to parametric uncertainty. Propagation of the uncertainty in the models and model parameters through groundwater modeling causes predictive uncertainty in model predictions (e.g., hydraulic head and flow). Parametric uncertainty within each model is assessed using Monte Carlo simulation, and model uncertainty is evaluated using the model averaging method. Two model‐averaging techniques (on the basis of information criteria and GLUE) are discussed. This study shows that contribution of model uncertainty to predictive uncertainty is significantly larger than that of parametric uncertainty. For the recharge and geological components, uncertainty in the geological interpretations has more significant effect on model predictions than uncertainty in the recharge estimates. In addition, weighted residuals vary more for the different geological models than for different recharge models. Most of the calibrated observations are not important for discriminating between the alternative models, because their weighted residuals vary only slightly from one model to another.
Trajectories of terrorism
Authors: LaFree Gary , Yang Sue‐Ming , Crenshaw Martha
Published: September 2009

Research Summary

Although researchers began to assemble open‐source terrorism event databases in the late 1960s, until recently most of these databases excluded domestic attacks. This exclusion is particularly misleading for the United States because, although the United States is often perceived to be the central target of transnational terrorism, the domestic attacks of foreign groups targeting the United States are often ignored. We began this article with 53 foreign terrorist groups that have been identified by U.S. State Department and other government sources as posing a special threat to the United States. Using newly available data from the Global Terrorism Database composed of both domestic and transnational terrorist attacks, we examined 16,916 attacks attributed to these groups between 1970 and 2004. We found that just 3% of attacks by these designated anti‐U.S. groups were actually directed at the United States. Moreover, 99% of attacks targeting the United States did not occur on U.S. soil but were aimed at U.S. targets in other countries (e.g., embassies or multilateral corporations). We also found that more than 90% of the non‐U.S. attacks were domestic (i.e., nationals from one country attacking targets of the same nationality in the same country). We used group‐based trajectory analysis to examine the different developmental trajectories of U.S. target and non‐U.S. target terrorist strikes and concluded that four trajectories best capture attack patterns for both. These trajectories outline three terrorist waves—which occurred in the 1970s, 1980s, and the early 21stcentury—as well as a trajectory that does not exhibit wave‐like characteristics but instead is characterized by irregular and infrequent attacks.

Policy Implications

Our results underscore the importance of proximity for terrorist targeting. Terrorists, like ordinary criminals, are likely to choose targets close to their operational base. However, when attacks occur further from the terrorists' home bases, they are more deadly. Approximately half of the terrorist organizations studied here exhibited wave‐like boom and bust attack trajectories. Given that most attacks by groups identified as threats by the U.S. government are in fact aimed at non‐U.S. domestic targets, the United States should pursue efforts to strengthen the capacity of local governments to combat terrorism and to communicate to them our understanding that groups that are anti‐United States are also a threat to local governments. In framing counterterrorism policies, the United States should put threats into perspective by acknowledging that we are the exception and local governments are the rule. Terrorism is not just about us.
Critical events in the life trajectories of domestic extremist white supremacist groups
Authors: Freilich Joshua D. , Chermak Steven M. , Caspi David
Published: September 2009

Research Summary

This study examines the evolution of four domestic far‐right racist organizations: Aryan Nations, National Alliance, Public Enemy Number 1 (PEN1), and Oklahoma Constitutional Militia (OCM). Information about the groups was compiled through open‐source documents, including scholarly, government, watch‐group, and media accounts. We compared the changes that occurred in these organizations and found that they were influenced by contextual and organizational variables. We focused primarily on the rise of the groups. Three organizations experienced growth and longevity because they (1) had able leadership that set forth a clear ideological message and goals, (2) undertook concrete actions to advance their ideology and goals as well as had the finances necessary for this, (3) took advantage of political opportunities, and (4) were internally cohesive. Conversely, the OCM's leader displayed poor judgment, and the group did not set forth a coherent message, conduct successful actions, or take advantage of opportunities. The OCM neither grew nor amounted to an important extremist organization. We also examined the fall of the organizations. Three groups declined because of organizational instability and/or responses by law enforcement and nonstate actors, such as watch groups. PEN1—despite periodic internal debates about its mission—has avoided organizational instability and continues to grow.

Policy Implications

Law‐enforcement analysts must consider how critical incidents affect a group and account for organizational level variables that denote the group's strength. Understanding these organizations is like hitting a moving target. Analysts must engage in dynamic analyses because changes in the factors outlined above may cause a group to increase or decrease in strength and potential to commit violent acts. Although law‐enforcement (and watch‐group) responses can eliminate violent groups, authorities must be conscious of possible backlash effects. Law enforcement should use harsh responses only as a last resort. Simultaneous with police and watch‐group actions, the government should reassure noncriminal movement members that their rights will be protected and encourage them to join the political process. Anti‐extremist strategies should challenge the groups' ideologies and stress that violence will not be tolerated. Strategies that prevent the crimes these groups commit (e.g., situational crime prevention) could disrupt the groups, preempt harsh police responses, and thus avoid possible backlash effects. Finally, the authorities should focus on all criminal activities—including terrorist strikes and nonviolent and nonideological crimes—these organizations commit. This strategy could expand our theoretical explanations for group differences and help law enforcement establish priorities for responding to and preventing future terrorist activities.
Weapon choice and American political violence
Authors: Legault Richard L. , Hendrickson James C.
Published: September 2009

Research Summary

The criminal use of firearms presents a unique challenge to policymakers and is the subject of scientific study in fields such as criminology, public health, sociology, and law. Previous research has described firearm use by terrorists in the United States as uniformly common; however, little systematic attention has been focused on this phenomenon. Although valuable, progress in this area has been hampered by the absence of reliable quantitative information. Using data from the American Terrorism Study and the U.S. Sentencing Commission, we examine the firearm‐offending characteristics of 923 federal felons and 336 terrorists.

Policy Implications

Findings indicate that many systematic differences exist between terrorists and other types of federal felons and that terrorists are more likely than other felons to be convicted of firearm‐related crimes. We recommend that official efforts to monitor weapons sales—such as the Brady Act—continue to include those named on the terrorist watch list and that those named on the list be subject to additional law‐enforcement scrutiny when attempting to purchase firearms. These efforts should be coordinated by federal law‐enforcement agencies to facilitate the effective use of existing antiterrorism mechanisms in both blocking purchases and garnering intelligence on terrorists attempting to obtain firearms.
Third‐Party Patent Challenges in Europe, the United States and Australia: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Rotstein Fiona , Dent Chris
Published: September 2009

Third parties are now playing a key role in the processes leading to the grant, and validation, of patents. This article looks at the key differences between three systems of third‐party challenge, which have the common goal of providing patentees and their competitors with a forum, other than the courts, where issues of patent validity may be challenged and resolved. Those systems are post‐grant opposition before the European Patent Office, pre‐grant opposition in Australia and re‐examination in the United States. Various aspects of the systems are looked at, including an overview of the procedures, avenues of appeal and statistics on their use. Insufficient empirical evidence is available to permit a comprehensive assessment of which system is the most effective; however, the data available do allow some conclusions to be drawn—including the suggestion that one reason for the differences in levels of use of the three systems may be the perceptions of US Patent and Trademark Office examiners and the culture that has built up within the US patent attorney profession. The degree of divergence in the three systems further indicates that more work needs to be carried out if reforms to the procedures are to be based on need rather than supposition.
‘I love nursing, but..’– qualitative findings from Australian aged‐care nurses about their intrinsic, extrinsic and social work values
Authors: Tuckett Anthony , Parker Deborah , Eley Robert M. , Hegney Desley
Published: September 2009

Aim.  The aim of this qualitative analysis – a component of a larger survey study, was to provide insights and understandings about intrinsic and extrinsic work values for nurses in aged‐care.

Background.  Intrinsic and extrinsic work values impact on nurses’ job satisfaction and ultimately nursing retention. This study contributes further to knowledge development in this area by building on a previous work values study in aged‐care nursing.

Methods.  This paper presents the qualitative research findings from the final open‐ended question from a survey of nurses employed in the aged‐care sector in the State of Queensland, Australia in 2007. Data from a cohort of 105 aged care sector nurses was analysed relying on deductive content analysis.

Findings.  Two intrinsic work values emerged – low morale and images of nursing and two extrinsic work values emerged – remuneration and working conditions. The work value ‘working conditions’ comprised four aspects of aged‐care work, specifically staff turnover, workplace violence, care team membership specifically the Assistants‐in‐Nursing and paperwork. A single social workplace value ‘support by management’ is discussed as identified as important to these nurses.

Conclusion.  Qualitative insights into aged‐care nurses’ intrinsic and extrinsic work values suggest that work satisfaction is low. Workforce policy makers and employers of nurses in aged‐care need to comprehend the relationship between job satisfaction, retention and work values.

Relevance to clinical practice.  These findings have implications for recruitment, retention and workforce planning within the aged‐care environment.
Barriers to and facilitators of self‐management adherence in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Song Misoon , Lee Mira , Shim Bomin
Published: September 2009

song m., lee m. & shim b. (2009) Barriers to and facilitators of self‐management adherence in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 211–218 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2009.00189.x

Aim.  The aim of this study was to identify the barriers to and facilitators of self‐management adherence in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Design and methods.  Qualitative data collected from 24 participants in three focus groups who had previously taken part in a diabetes self‐management education programme in a community setting were analyzed using an interpretive method.

Results.  The barriers to adherence to self‐management included ageing‐related physical and psychological changes, restrictions related to specific cultural factors, lack of self‐discipline and poor understanding of self‐management. Facilitators of self‐management were knowing the benefits of and having a system to reinforce self‐management, being the master of oneself by reshaping historical life habits and family support. The perceived barriers and facilitators differed with gender as a result of the characteristics of Korean culture.

Conclusions.  This study identified the major barriers to and facilitators of self‐management adherence specific to Korean older adults with diabetes, which can be used to develop better diabetes self‐management education programmes for this population.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Korean nurses working with Korean older adults with diabetes can utilize the findings of this study to structure better tailored and culturally appropriate self‐management programmes specific to older adults.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux: a prospective analysis of a 34 item symptom questionnaire
Authors: Papakonstantinou L. , Leslie P. , Gray J. , Chadwick T. , Hudson M. , Wilson J.A.
Published: September 2009

Objectives:  Laryngopharyngeal reflux is increasingly diagnosed, but both its symptoms and relationship to gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease remain confused. Aims: (i) To assess symptoms in potential laryngopharyngeal reflux patients according to a comprehensive symptom list based on both a gastro‐oesophageal reflux questionnaire and a laryngopharyngeal reflux questionnaire. (ii) To assess whether there are statistically discrete symptom clusters which might map to specific syndromes e.g. globus pharynges.

Design:  Prospective single cohort questionnaire survey.

Methods:  A 34‐item questionnaire comprising all symptoms identifiable on (i) the original 25‐item Gastroesophageal Symptom Assessment Scale (GSAS) and (ii) the nine Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) items, ‘unbundled’ as necessary, were administered to 62 ENT clinic attenders. Descriptive, correlation and cluster analysis was performed.

Results:  All but two of the combined 34‐symptom list were endorsed by at least 20% of 62 patients. Certain symptoms which the Reflux Symptom Index groups as a single item were only weakly correlated. No specific symptom clusters were identified.

Conclusions:  Neither the most popular ‘lower’ oesophageal (GSAS) nor the ‘throat’ reflux (RSI) questionnaire adequately captures the full range of potential reflux symptoms regularly encountered in otolaryngology patients: inadequate evaluation of patients’ symptoms may have contributed to the ongoing uncertainty about the role of acid or pepsin suppression. A more comprehensive reflux questionnaire is needed to characterise the true reflux correlations of laryngopharyngeal symptoms, and offer a symptom‐specific measure of response to placebo and anti‐reflux therapy.
Evaluation of cost effectiveness for conservative and active management strategies for acoustic neuroma
Authors: Verma S. , Anthony R. , Tsai V. , Taplin M. , Rutka J.
Published: September 2009

Objective: To determine whether economic costs associated with a conservative management strategy for unilateral acoustic neuroma offer an economic advantage over active management options.

Design: Cost and sensitivity analysis on a prospective cohort.

Setting: Single centre study within a tertiary referral centre in Toronto, Canada.

Participants: 72 patients (32 males, 40 females) aged 36 to 78 years with unilateral acoustic neuroma were assigned initially to a conservative management strategy. Entry criteria were small tumour size (less than 15mm in the cerebellopontine angle), patient preference and/or significant co‐morbidity.

Interventions: MRI scanning was performed every 6 months for the first year, annually subsequently and then every 2‐3 years as required. Clinical review occurred every 6 months. Failure of conservative management led to active treatment.

Main outcome measures: Cost analysis was performed to determine the mean total cost per patient for continued conservative management over the follow up period compared to the mean upfront total cost per patient undergoing active intervention.

Results: Cost analysis within the Canadian health care system determined the mean total cost per patient for microsurgical removal at CAD$22,402 (£12,545; 14,561€), for gamma knife radiotherapy at CAD$27659 (£15,489; 17,978€), for LINAC radiotherapy at CAD$9,003(£5,041; 5,852€) and for conservative management at CAD$9,651 (£5,405;6,273€) over the follow‐up timeframe.

Conclusion: An economic advantage can be demonstrated for the conservative management of acoustic neuromas compared to microsurgical removal and gamma knife radiotherapy on the proviso that no increase in active treatment complications arose from continued tumour growth during the period of observation.
Tumors Originating from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Methods for Their Prevention
Authors: Duinsbergen Dirk , Salvatori Daniela , Eriksson Malin , Mikkers Harald
Published: September 2009

Pluripotent stem cells represent an almost unlimited source of most somatic cell types, providing them with great potential for cell‐based therapies. The earliest methods used for generating human pluripotent stem cells as embryonic stem cells from human embryos suffered from ethical and technical drawbacks. These problems have been solved in part through the efficient induction of pluripotency in somatic cells using forced expression of a tetrad of factors. Here, we describe the formation of rhabdomyosarcomas originating from factor‐induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from mouse neural stem cells. This underscores the commonly accepted notion that the use of retroviral delivery methods for inducing pluripotency will not be suited for clinical applications. However, the iPS cell field is developing rapidly. Safer protocols are now available for producing pluripotent stem cells. Here the current state‐of‐the‐art in this field will be discussed.
Perivascular Multipotent Progenitor Cells in Human Organs
Authors: Crisan Mihaela , Chen Chien‐Wen , Corselli Mirko , Andriolo Gabriella , Lazzari Lorenza , Péault Bruno
Published: September 2009

We have identified vascular pericytes in multiple human organs on expression of CD146, NG2, PDGF‐Rβ, and mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105) and absence of blood, endothelial, and myogenic cell markers. Pericytes purified from all tissues were myogenic in culture and in vivo, sustained long‐term culture during which they expressed markers of mesenchymal stem cells, and exhibited, at the clonal level, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic potentials. These results suggest that human capillary and microvessel walls all over the organism harbor a reserve of progenitor cells that are at the origin of the elusive mesenchymal stem cells, so far identified only retrospectively in primary tissue cultures.
Removal of the Spleen in Mice Alters the Cytokine Expression Profile of the Marrow Micro‐environment and Increases Bone Formation
Authors: Martelli Fabrizio , Verrucci Maria , Migliaccio Giovanni , Zingariello Maria , Rana Rosa Alba , Vannucchi Alessandro Maria , Migliaccio Anna Rita
Published: September 2009

Splenectomized mice express progressively increased numbers of platelets in the blood and reduced numbers of megakaryocytes in the marrow with age. The megakaryocytes in the marrow of these animals express reduced levels of Gata1, a transcription factor necessary for their maturation. In addition, the marrow from these animals expresses greater levels of cytokines (TGF‐β, PDGF‐α, and VEGF) known to be produced at high levels by megakaryocytes expressing reduced levels of Gata1. This high level of cytokine expression is in turn associated with active osteoblast proliferation localized to areas of the femur, where megakaryocytes expressing reduced Gata1 levels are also found. These results confirm the role of megakaryocytes as regulator of bone formation in mice and suggest that a cross‐talk between the spleen and marrow may regulate the total numbers of hemopoietic niches present in an animal.
Selected Quality and Shelf Life of Eggs Coated with Mineral Oil with Different Viscosities
Authors: Waimaleongora‐Ek Pamarin , Garcia Karen M. , No Hong Kyoon , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , Ingram Dennis R.
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT:  Selected quality and shelf life of eggs coated with mineral oil having 6 different viscosities (7, 11, 14, 18, 22, and 26 cP) were evaluated during 5 wk of storage at 25 °C. As the storage time increased, weight loss and albumen pH increased whereas Haugh unit and yolk index values decreased. After 5 wk of storage, eggs coated with 11, 14, 18, 22, or 26 cP oil possessed better quality than the control noncoated eggs and eggs coated with 7 cP oil. Oil coating, irrespective of viscosities, did not improve the emulsion capacity. There was an observable trend that coating with 26 cP oil was more effective in preventing weight loss and in maintaining the Haugh unit of eggs compared with coating with other viscosities of mineral oil. Based on the Haugh unit, the grade of noncoated eggs changed from “AA” at 0 wk to “C” after 3 wk whereas that of 26 cP oil‐coated eggs from “AA” at 0 wk to “A” at 3 wk and “B” at 5 wk of storage. Coating with 26 cP oil reduced the weight loss of eggs by more than 10 times (0.85% compared with 8.78%) and extended the shelf life of eggs by at least 3 more weeks compared with the noncoated eggs.
Risk factors for nuisance barking in dogs
Authors: Cross NJ , Rosenthal K , Phillips CJC
Published: September 2009

Objective To determine the key variables related to the environment, animal and owner that influence nuisance barking by dogs in a city with a subtropical climate.

Design and Population A case–control survey of dog owners in Brisbane, Queensland, was conducted using a questionnaire investigating key variables connected to nuisance barking. Owners of dogs exhibiting nuisance barking were obtained from a list of dogs being treated in a Brisbane behaviour clinic, and those of control dogs were selected from a telephone directory.

Results Univariate analysis showed that animal, owner and environmental factors all potentially influence the occurrence of nuisance barking. Multivariate analysis identified the following factors, with the relevant odds ratios (OR) as significant: age of the dog (young dog vs old dog, OR 11.2); multiple dogs in the household vs single (OR 5.6); origin of the dog (home bred vs obtained from breeder or friend, OR 4.0); type of dog, (herding vs other types, OR 3.2) and dog with access to the home vs dog without access (OR 2.5).

Conclusion The greatest risk for nuisance barking occurs with a young dog of the herding type that is home bred and with access to the house in a multiple dog household.
Requirements for the welfare of baboons and pigs used in animal‐to‐animal xenotransplantation experiments
Authors: Cross N , Phillips CJC
Published: September 2009

Objective  Review the welfare requirements of pigs and baboons used for xenotransplantation in research laboratories. Because of the requirements to maintain optimum health status, these animals are often kept in barren enclosures with little or no enrichment. They may also be exposed to procedures causing stress and discomfort. Although animal‐to‐human xenotransplantation is, at the present time, not approved in Australia, research is currently being performed to develop laboratory procedures, using the pig‐to‐baboon model.

Results and conclusion  We make recommendations for the husbandry of baboons and pigs used for xenotransplantation, to increase their welfare and minimise stress during experimental procedures, while attempting to preserve the health status required. It is proposed that novel standards should be devised and implemented for baboons, whereas existing pig welfare appraisal schemes could, with minor changes, be suitable for assessing the welfare of pigs used for xenotransplantation.