bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward Training for Competence in Multicultural Counselor Education
Authors: McRAE MARY B. , JOHNSON SAMUEL D.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the literature on multicultural counselor education. Counselor training models from social‐organizational and counseling psychology are reviewed in terms of their focus on sensitizing counselors to cultural difference. It is recommended that counselor training programs place more emphasis on assessment of counselors' cultural values and attitudes, the therapeutic relationship between counselors, and clients' and counselors' application of cultural knowledge in counseling sessions.

Este artículo revisa la literatura sobre la educación de consejeros multi‐culturales. Se revisan los modelos de entrenamiento de consejeros sacados de la psicología social/organizational y consejerial en términos de su enfoque en la sensibilización de consejeros a las diferencias culturales. Se recomienda que los programas de entrenamiento de consejeros pongan más énfasis en la estimación de los valores y actitudes culturales de los consejeros, la relacion terapéutica entre consejeros y clientes, y la aplicación del conocimiento cultural por el consejero en las sesiones de consejería.
Gender, Ethnicity, and College Students' Responses to the Strong‐Campbell Interest Inventory
Authors: TOMLINSON SAUNDRA M. , EVANS‐HUGHES GWENDOLYN
Published: December 2011

In this study we investigated the career interest patterns of White American, African American, and Hispanic students attending a summer orientation program at a predominantly White university. A total of 77 students completed the Strong‐Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII). Responses were analyzed by gender and ethnicity. The results indicated a gender effect for the Realistic theme. There were no ethnic differences in responses; there was, however, an interaction effect for gender and ethnicity on the Artistic theme and on the two special scales of the SCII: Academic Comfort (AC) and Introversion‐Extroversion (I‐E). Implications of the findings are discussed.

Este estudio investiga la distribución del interés por una carrera de estudiantes Anglo‐Americanos, Afro‐Americanos, e Hispanos que as‐isten a un programa de orientación durante el verano en una universidad que es en su mayor parte anglo‐sajona. Setenta y siete estudientes respondieron a el inventorio Strong‐Campbell Interest. Se analizaron las respuestas según género y etnia. Los resultados indicaron un efecto de genero para el Tema Realista. No había diferencias étnicas en las respuestas, a pesar de eso, había un efecto de interacción entre género y etnia en el Tema Artístico, y en las dos Escalas Especiales de SCII: Academic Confort e Introversión‐Extroversión. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados.
Cultural Values: A Review of Empirical Research and Implications for Counseling
Authors: CARTER ROBERT T.
Published: December 2011

In this review, empirical investigations that followed the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck model of value‐orientations are presented. The review finds between‐group as well as within‐group variations in cultural values. The author also discusses how an understanding of cultural values can enrich cross‐cultural effectiveness.

En este repaso se presenta las investigaciones que utilizaron el modelo Kluckhohn y Strodtbeck de evaluación orientativa. Se encuentran variaciones de valores culturales inter e intra grupo. Elautor también discute la manera en que el conocimiento de valores culturales puede mejorar la efectividad intercultural.
Racism and Prejudice as Negative Impacts on African American Clients in Therapy
Authors: PRIEST RONNIE
Published: December 2011

The effects of racism on African Americans may have deleterious consequences that necessitate their seeking counseling. This article addresses cultural considerations, economic factors, historical factors, and client expectations that may be salient when engaging African American clients in counseling. The article also discusses the possible need for counselors to be proactive when working with African American clients.

Puede ser que los efectos del racismo en afro‐americanos tenga consecuencias deletereas que hacen necesario que busquen consejería. Este artículo habla de las consideraciones culturales, factores económicos, factores históricos y las expectativas del cliente que pueden ser destacados cuando afro‐americanos están en consejería. Se discute también la posible necisidad de que los consejeros sean proactivos cuando trabajan con clientes afro‐americanos.
A Study of Explosive Rage in Male Spouses Counseled in an Appalachian Mental Health Clinic
Authors: WESNER DAVID , PATEL CHANDU , ALLEN JOHN
Published: December 2011

A total of 51 cases of “explosive rage” were examined, which were culled from records at a rural mental health center in Appalachian (southeastern) Ohio. Some battering of the men's partners was involved, but a dichotomy was discovered between men who battered and men who destroyed or damaged property. A typology of the phenomenon is discussed along with implications for counseling and guiding these men back to temper control and more stable marital/interpersonal relationships.

Se examinaron 51 casos de “violencia explosiva” que se tomaron de los archivos de una clínica rural de salud mental en Ohio apalache (en la parte sudeste del estado). Se incluyeron unos casos de violencia contra el elemento femenino de la pareja, pero se descubrió una diferencia entre hombres que golpean y hombres que destruyen propiedades. Se discute una tipología del fenomeno y las implicaciones para la consejería y la ayuda a estos hombres a controlar su violencia y mantener una relación matrimonial/interpersonal más estable.
Chuck Warnath: Visionary Gadfly of Professional Counseling
Authors: MALLINCKRODT BRENT , SPRINKLE MARY ANN
Published: December 2011

Charles F. “Chuck” Warnath, professor emeritus and former university counseling center director, was interviewed about his personal life, early training with Donald Super, counseling center experiences, convictions about professional counseling, dedication to issues of equality, and current struggles with the progressive effects of retinitis pigmentosa.
Relationships Between Contraceptive Behavior and Love Attitudes, Sex Attitudes, and Self‐Esteem
Authors: ADLER NANCY L. , HENDRICK SUSAN S.
Published: December 2011

The current research took into account two previously developed models of effective contraceptive behavior, a model emphasizing interpersonal variables and a model emphasizing intrapersonal variables. The purpose was to identify variables related to contraception that could be addressed during contraceptive counseling and to aid persons in deciding the most effective contraceptive method within the context of an intimate relationship. The research used questionnaire responses from 350 male and female college undergraduates. Results indicated some support for aspects of both models, with modest relationships between contraceptive behavior and attitudes toward both love and sex, and self‐esteem. The difficulties of developing a comprehensive model of contraceptive behavior are discussed, as are some practical implications of this research.
Developing Instruments for Use in Counseling
Authors: OSIPOW SAMUEL H.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the author's experiences and roles in developing four career‐oriented measures. The first effort, translating the Ramak into English, proved to be a failure. The second and third efforts, the development of the Career Decision Scale and the Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI), have been more successful. The fourth, the Task Specific Scale of Occupational Self‐Efficacy, is still underway, and its usefulness remains to be seen. In sketching these experiences, an attempt is made to show both how proper test development steps are to be followed as well as to indicate that research and development activities can logically grow out of one's personal experience.
Being Jewish in America: A Response to Weinrach
Authors: GOLDBERG ALAN D.
Published: December 2011

These comments present a response to Weinrach (1990) and an alternative view of how a Jewish counselor educator responds to tension created by membership in multiple communities with multiple and often competing ritual systems.
Counselors With Disabilities: A Comment on the Special Feature
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

The aim of this comment is to focus more attention on the topic of counseling and disabilities. A literature review is presented on the question of whether clients perceive counselors with disabilities more positively or more negatively than they perceive counselors with no obvious physical disabilities. The results of the review provide tentative implications for counselors.
The Development and Evaluation of a Sexual Harassment Inventory
Authors: LEE LUCIENNE A. , HEPPNER P. PAUL
Published: December 2011

This study represents a beginning in the development of a questionnaire designed to measure sensitivity to the impact of sexual and nonsexual harassment. Specifically, the Harassment Sensitivity Inventory (HSI) is an 18‐item inventory developed to assess sensitivity to the negative effects of male to female sexual and nonsexual harassment in a work setting. This article describes the development of the HSI and discusses initial psychometric data collected with a sample of managers and supervisors employed by a midwestern municipality. Although additional research is needed to further clarify the validity and reliability of the HSI, the instrument holds promise as a mechanism for exploring attitudes of individuals who may perpetrate, permit, or experience harassing behaviors. The HSI may have a future role in the development and evaluation of programs designed to prevent or alleviate harassing behaviors.
Enhancing Consultation by Matching the Consultee's Perspectives
Authors: CONOLEY COLLIE W. , CONOLEY JANE CLOSE , IVEY DAVID C. , SCHEEL MICHAEL J.
Published: December 2011

A concern in consultation is the consultee's failure to implement an intervention due to the intervention's lack of acceptability. This study investigated a consultation technique designed to increase the acceptability of an intervention. It was hypothesized that intervention acceptability would be increased by using individualized intervention rationales that match the consultee's perceptions. Matched rationales were congruent with perceptions that consultees expressed about themselves, the target problem, and their theory. Three rationale conditions were used: matching the consultee's perceptions, mismatching the perceptions, or using no rationale. The results suggested that a matching rationale was associated with greater acceptance of the intervention than was a mismatched rationale.
The Male‐to‐Male Embrace: Breaking the Touch Taboo in a Men's Therapy Group
Authors: RABINOWITZ FREDRIC E.
Published: December 2011

Because traditional male gender‐role socialization prohibits male‐to‐male touching except in specific situations, many men in North American culture rarely have the chance to use physical contact to convey caring or closeness in male relationships. The author describes a men's therapy group in which touch seems to facilitate self‐disclosure and interpersonal communication.
Using Family Systems and Birth Order Dynamics as the Basis for a College Career Decision‐Making Course
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD W. , MIMS GRACE ANN
Published: December 2011

This article shows how family systems, birth order, and sibling dynamics ideas can be used as the foundation of a college career planning course.
First‐Order and Second‐Order Change in Rational‐Emotive Therapy: A Reply to Lyddon
Authors: ELLIS ALBERT
Published: December 2011

Lyddon (1990) claimed that rational‐emotive therapy (RET) and other kinds of cognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT) are in “the rationalist camp,” are realistic rather than constructivist, and focus on the elimination of emotional responses to irrational cognitions. His allegations about CBT practices are questionable, and he ignores the fact that RET is not merely realistic and empirical in disputing clients' irrational beliefs but is in several respects one of the most constructivist of the psychotherapies.
Rumblings of a Distant Drum
Authors: McARTHUR CHARLES
Published: December 2011

The Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) was showing great evocative validity during career counseling, decades‐long predictive validity, and wide relational fertility, opening the door to theories describing the social mechanisms that bring about an assortative mating between individuals and occupational fates when, out of the blue, the SVIB was suppressed. First the Strong‐Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and then today's Strong Interest Inventory (SII) were offered as its increasingly inadequate replacements. Apparently, sales had replaced science as the value guiding the changes made with each new test. Even so, why the classic SVIB was made the object of a book‐burning by a university press remains an inexplicable atrocity. Can this outrage be now, belatedly, undone?
Black Child in a White Place
Authors: CHAMBERS TONY
Published: December 2011

Personally Speaking provides a forum for readers to describe important issues or events in their lives and the role, if any, counseling has played. Guidelines for submitting manuscripts may be obtained from Stephen G. Weinrach, 303 Falvey Hall, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085–1699.
Bias in the Counseling Process: How to Recognize and Avoid It
Authors: MORROW KELLY A. , DEIDAN CECILIA T.
Published: December 2011

Counselors' vulnerability to inferential bias during the counseling process may result in misdiagnosis and improper interventions. This article provides readers with information regarding inferential bias. The inferential biases discussed include (a) availability and representativeness heuristics; (b) fundamental attribution error; (c) anchoring, prior knowledge, and labeling; (d) confirmatory hypothesis testing; and (e) reconstructive memory. Each bias is described and illustrated through fictitious case vignettes, and suggestions concerning what precautions counselors may do to avoid each type of bias are presented.
Qualitative Assessment: An Approach for Counselors
Authors: GOLDMAN LEO
Published: December 2011

Qualitative assessment offers the counselor methods of helping clients to know and understand themselves better—methods that are flexible, open‐ended, holistic, and nonstatistical. The methods are diverse and include card sorts, simulations, exercises and games, worksamples, and others. Many of the methods may be considered projective in nature and thereby tap values, interests, and needs in ways that standardized tests do not. Because these activities involve the client actively, they can flow directly out of and back into the counseling relationship rather than being a discrete element.
Creating Options: A Career Development Training Program for Minorities
Authors: CAMPBELL NANCY K. , HADLEY GAY B.
Published: December 2011

The lack of minority counselors in the field of career planning and placement often leaves minority students without the option of seeing a counselor of the same race. This article describes a training program designed to introduce minority staff to the field of career planning and placement as a possible career choice. The program goals, recruitment and selection strategies, training design, and implications for other institutions are discussed.
Three Strikes and You're Out: Child Loss
Authors: SIEHL PETERANN M.
Published: December 2011

Personally Speaking provides a forum for readers to describe important issues or events in their lives and the role, if any, counseling has played. Guidelines for submitting manuscripts may be obtained from Stephen G. Weinrach, 303 Falvey Hall, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085–1699.
An Assessment of the Perceived Relevance of the CACREP Standards
Authors: VACC NICHOLAS A.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the extent to which the 1988 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) Standards were judged by counselor educators as relevant to the preparation of counselors. A majority of the 102 institutional representatives, regardless of whether they represented CACREP‐accredited or nonaccredited programs that offered a master's degree only or a master's degree and doctorate and had few or many faculty members, judged the CACREP Standards to be crucial or important to accreditation. Respondents' judgments of the relevance of the CACREP Standards, however, differed significantly (p<.05) by numerical size of program faculty and by whether the program was CACREP‐accredited or non‐CACREP‐accredited.
An Overview of Four Measures Developed to Test the Hill Process Model: Therapist Intentions, Therapist Response Modes, Client Reactions, and Client Behaviors
Authors: HILL CLARA E.
Published: December 2011

The author presents a brief history of process research leading to the development of a process model, which guided the development of four measures: therapist intentions, therapist response modes, client reactions, and client behaviors. A description and information about format for data collection, validity, reliability, and research findings is presented for each of the measures. Future directions in terms of methodological issues, measurement development, and research areas are also presented.
Sexual Abuse Survivors: Identifying Symptoms and Special Treatment Considerations
Authors: Ratican Kathleen L.
Published: December 2011

Because of the prevalence of child sexual abuse, many adult counseling clients will have sexual abuse in their histories. Counselors should familiarize themselves with the symptoms of sexual abuse survivors to assist with disclosure. Failure to address the abuse will interfere with the success of the counseling process. Special sensitivity is required of counselors to provide a safe environment in which survivors can examine the pervasive impact of the abuse on their lives, explore and ventilate their feelings, and resolve the trauma so it ceases to block their development. An eclectic approach, including group counseling, is recommended.
The Mini‐Conference: Teaching Professionalism Through Student Involvement
Authors: Borders L. DiAnne , Benshoff James M.
Published: December 2011

Professional orientation courses typically provide important knowledge about professional organizations, standards, credentials, and roles. Knowledge alone, however, may not instill a sense of professionalism in counseling students. This article describes one teaching method that seems to foster behaviors and attitudes that characterize professionalism.
Worldview and Counseling Preference: An Analogue Study
Authors: Lyddon William J. , Adamson Lee Anne
Published: December 2011

A 2 × 3 mixed factorial design was used to study the relationship between a person's dominant worldview (mechanism or organicism) and preference for three counseling approaches (behavioral, rationalist, and constructivist). A total of 90 undergraduate participants completed the Organicism‐Mechanism Paradigm Inventory and subsequently evaluated three audiotaped presentations designed to depict counselors who were introducing their counseling approaches to a new client. Results revealed a significant interaction between worldview and counseling approach—organicists exhibited a significant self‐preference for constructivist counseling, whereas mechanists significantly preferred behavioral counseling for themselves and others. Implications of these findings for counseling and psychotherapy are discussed.
Client Gender and Sex Role: Predictors of Counselors' Impressions and Expectations
Authors: Simon Lorna , Gaul Robin , Friedlander Myrna L. , Heatherington Laurie
Published: December 2011

Researchers of this study questioned: Are clients (male or female) with self‐reported “masculine” versus “feminine” role orientations viewed more favorably by counselors? Which is more predictive of the counselor's impressions: the client's gender or his or her sex role orientation? Results suggested that highly masculine and highly feminine clients (regardless of gender) are perceived as more socially skilled and likely to experience a positive therapeutic outcome. Gender did not uniquely predict counselors' impressions. Highly feminine women clients, however, were viewed as more socially skilled than were highly feminine men. On average, clients were viewed as friendly and submissive.
Developmental Career Assessment and Counseling: The C‐DAC Model
Authors: Super Donald E. , Osborne W. Larry , Walsh Donna J. , Brown Steve D. , Niles Spencer G.
Published: December 2011

The C‐DAC model seeks to implement current development theory and to use innovative assessment measures together with improved counseling methods to improve vocational and life career counseling. At this stage, the project pays more attention to assessment, partly because if one is to counsel with career maturity in mind, one must understand the developmental status of the counselee. In career counseling, facts as well as feelings are important. Therefore, in this article the authors deal with the assessment of career development in detail, treating interests (measured by the Strong) and expressed preferences as basic status data to be viewed in the light of career maturity, the salience of life roles, and the values sought in life as moderator variables. The instruments are described and their use shown in a sample profile for assessment and checking by the reader in another readily available published source.
Campus in Crisis: Coping With Fear and Panic Related to Serial Murders
Authors: Archer James
Published: December 2011

The university and community response to the serial murders of five students is described in this article. The campus crisis management efforts, early crisis intervention activities, rumor control, role of the media, and many other aspects of the crisis are discussed.
Promoting Wellness Among Elementary School Children
Authors: Omizo Michael M. , Omizo Sharon A. , D'Andrea Michael J.
Published: December 2011

In this article the authors (a) discuss wellness for children from a developmental perspective and (b) present results of a research study investigating the effects of wellness promotion guidance activities among fifth‐grade children. Results reveal enhanced self‐esteem and higher knowledge of wellness information among children in the experimental group.
Promoting Successful Aging: Problems, Opportunities, and Counseling Guidelines
Authors: Ponzo Zander
Published: December 2011

In this article the author presents an overview of problems, opportunities, and guidelines related to promoting successful aging. We are living longer, but not necessarily with high levels of health or wellness. Counseling interventions prior to the elder years could promote higher levels of health and wellness that would persist well into old age. This would benefit the individual and society. The purpose of this article is to motivate counselors to become more active in helping individuals and society to age more successfully.
Psychometric Properties of Wellness Instruments
Authors: Palombi Barbara J.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to fill a void with respect to the psychometric properties of wellness inventories. Three instruments were examined in this study: The Wellness Inventory, The Lifestyle Assessment Questionnaire—Wellness Inventory Section, and the Lifestyle Coping Inventory.
Prevention Activities for Older Adults: Social Structures and Personal Competencies That Maintain Useful Social Roles
Authors: Heller Kenneth
Published: December 2011

A conceptual reorientation for providing responsive psychological services to older adults is presented, focusing on the need to develop prevention programs for older adults that encourage the maintenance of useful social roles. Changes in social structures that encourage more active social engagement are discussed, with examples drawn from housing options, part‐time employment, and ways to develop more supportive social ties for older adults faced with network losses. Counselors and other mental health specialists can play a useful role in helping the public understand the social dilemmas faced by older adults and the value of their continued integration as useful citizens.
Putting Organizational Effectiveness Into Practice: The Preeminent Consultation Task
Authors: Ridley Charles R. , Mendoza Danielle W.
Published: December 2011

Successful consultation relies on the consultant's ability to conceptualize the operations of the total organization. An overview of the theoretical and practical applications of the construct “organizational effectiveness” (OE) is presented in relation to consultation. Barriers limiting earlier conceptualizations and applications of the construct are identified and discussed. A model of OE that melds open systems, organizational, and consultation theories is presented as a tool for guiding maximally beneficial consultation interventions. The implications of this model for consultation practice, advancing theory and research, and professional ethics are discussed.
Social and Cultural Sensitivity in Group‐Specific HIV and AIDS Programming
Authors: Croteau James M. , Nero Charles I. , Prosser Diane Johnson
Published: December 2011

In this article the authors encourage counselors and other human development professionals to provide HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) prevention programming that is sensitive to the social and cultural contexts of the specific group(s) addressed. The focus is on four groups that have been both the target for societal oppression and dramatically affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic: women, gay and bisexual men, African Americans, and Latinos. First, information is provided to help professionals become more aware of the social and cultural contexts of behavior related to HIV and AIDS prevention in the four groups named. Second, four recommendations are made to assist professionals to sensitively apply that awareness to the planning and implementing of HIV and AIDS prevention programming. Four exemplar programs illustrate the implementation of these recommendations.
Confidentiality Limits With Clients Who Have HIV: A Review of Ethical and Legal Guidelines and Professional Policies
Authors: Harding Anna K. , Gray Lizbeth A. , Neal Marianne
Published: December 2011

The publication of the first counseling articles addressing confidentiality limits of clients who have HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and continue to be sexually active with an uninformed partner occurred 4 years ago. Since that time, dialogue about whether a helping professional may ethically and legally breach confidentiality has not resolved the dilemma but instead has created more questions and controversy for counselors. In this article the authors highlight the barrage of ethical issues regarding HIV and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AlDS), review ethical and legal guidelines pertaining to HIV and AIDS and confidentiality, summarize HIV and AIDS confidentiality policies of the major helping professional organizations, articulate questions that contribute to the confidentiality dilemmas, and challenge the American Counseling Association (ACA), formerly the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD), to develop specific guidelines for counselors.
Behavioral and Attitudinal Correlates of Masculinity: A National Survey of Male Counselors
Authors: Thoreson Richard W. , Shaughnessy Peter , Cook Stephen W. , Moore Dwight
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors investigated the relationship between the Male Role Norm Scales (MRNS; Thompson & Pleck, 1987) and gender‐related attitudes and behaviors in a sample of 367 male counselors drawn from American Counseling Association (ACA), formerly the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD), members. Results indicated that this group of men did not, in general, endorse traditional male roles as measured by the MRNS. When a degree of affiliation with these roles was found, however, it was predictive of violence proneness, intimacy style, and degree of perceived similarity to father. Implications for training and counseling are discussed.
Interactions Between Goal Instability and Social Support on College Freshman Adjustment
Authors: Robbins Steven B. , Lese Karen P. , Herrick Stephen M.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the moderating effect of goal instability on the benefits of components of perceived social support on entering freshmen's academic and personal adjustment. A significant interaction was identified between goal instability and two components of social support: appraised and belonging. Low goal‐directed individuals reporting low appraised social support reported lower levels of personal adjustment than did high goal‐directed individuals with the same level of appraised social support. In addition, high goal‐directed individuals reporting a high sense of belonging reported greater personal adjustment than did high goal‐directed individuals with low reported sense of belonging. Implications for the role of goal directedness and social support on improving college adjustment are discussed.
Relational Needs in Late Adolescent Separation‐lndividuation
Authors: Quintana Stephen M. , Kerr Jeffrey
Published: December 2011

In this article the authors critically examine empirical and conceptual research suggesting that adolescent separation‐individuation progresses linearly from dependence to independence, without including adaptive forms of connectedness and maladaptive forms of separateness. An investigation of 87, mostly first‐ and second‐year and primarily White, college students demonstrated that participation in relationships that supported separateness, mirroring, and nurturance needs was associated with freedom from depressive complaints. Conversely, engulfment anxiety, separation anxiety and denial of dependency were associated with such complaints. Results suggested that some forms of connectedness and separateness were associated with adaptiveness, whereas other forms of connectedness and separateness were associated with distress.
A Comparison of Feminist and Nonfeminist Women's and Men's Reactions to Nonsexist and Feminist Counseling: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Enns Carolyn Zerbe , Hackett Gail
Published: December 2011

In Study 1 the authors examined the reactions of 159 feminist and nonfeminist college women to videotaped versions of nonsexist‐humanistic, liberal feminist, and radical feminist approaches to counseling. College women rated all counselors similarly on the dimensions of attractiveness, expertness, and trustworthiness and on other measures of counselor preference. Feminist counselors, however, were rated as more likely than were nonsexist counselors to pursue various feminist goals. In Study 2 the authors used the same methods to examine the reactions of 123 men to nonsexist, liberal, and radical feminist counselors. In general, men's responses were similar to those of women.
The Role of Epistemic Style in Counseling Preference and Orientation
Authors: Neimeyer Greg J. , Prichard Shawn , Lyddon William J. , Sherrard Peter A. D.
Published: December 2011

Recent work has suggested that philosophical commitments play a part in directing preferences for different types of counseling, and in this article the authors extend that work with a series of four studies. Study 1 provides partial support for the relationship between epistemic commitments (rational, empirical, or metaphorical) and preferences for particular types of counseling (behavioral, rational emotive, constructivist). Studies 2 and 3 extend these findings by noting differences in how individuals gather, process, and respond to self‐relevant feedback as a result of epistemic style. Finally, Study 4 provides tentative support for the possibility that counselor trainees gravitate toward preferring counseling theories that are consistent with their own epistemic orientations. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
Self‐Perceived Effective and Ineffective Problem Solvers' Differential Views of Their Partners' Problem‐Solving Styles
Authors: Larson Lisa M. , Allen Sarah J. , Imao Rosalie A. K. , Piersel Wayne C.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to investigate if self‐perceived ineffective problem solvers (SPIPS; high scorers on the Problem Solving Inventory [PSI; Heppner, 1988]) as compared with self‐perceived effective problem solvers (SPEPS; low scorers on the PSI) would view their significant others' problem‐solving style and level of problem solving more negatively. Participants included 101 SPIPS and SPEPS and their 101 respective partners. Results indicate that SPIPS as compared with SPEPS perceived their partners' problem‐solving style more negatively. Likewise, the former compared with the latter and men compared with women rated their partners' level of problem solving as less effective. Implications for counselors are discussed.
Cognitive Assessment: Clinical Applications of Self‐Statement Assessment
Authors: Merluzzi Thomas V.
Published: December 2011

The author presents an overview of cognitive assessment, with an emphasis on self‐statement assessment. The overview includes the historical underpinnings of cognitive assessment and their connection with cognitive science. The author reviews clinically useful methods of cognitive assessment and presents the States of Mind model to illustrate an interpretive framework for thought data and their relationship to psychopathology. Next, the author presents two case studies to illustrate the specific techniques of self‐statement assessment and the clinical utility of that information in the counseling process. Finally, the author reviews some issues that may provoke thought concerning the future of cognitive assessment.
The Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory
Authors: Millon Theodore , Davis Roger D.
Published: December 2011

The theoretical grounds, purposes, and features of the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI; Millon, Green, & Meagher, 1982) and its forthcoming replacement the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI; Millon, in press) are reviewed. The rationale and procedure for the construction of the component scales are briefly explained, and the logic of configural or profile interpretation is examined and recommended. Uses and limitations of the MAPI and MAC1 are considered. Evaluative research, although limited in scope, points to the general utility of the MAPI and MACI as clinical tools, and to areas where further study may enhance their applicability in a counseling context.
A Primer on Consultation Theory: Building a Flexible Worldview
Authors: Brack Greg , Jones Edith S. , Smith Richard M. , White JoAnna , Brack Catherine J.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to provide potential consultants with a broad introduction to the learning, gestalt, systems, organizational, psychoanalytic, and chaos theories of consultation. The goal of this article is to demonstrate how the consultant can map each of these theories onto the consultation environment to produce a unique perspective that each theory alone cannot provide. Each theory is described as to how it views and frames the consultation problem and how interventions are then based on these frames. Additionally, each theory is examined as to its view of process difficulties and when termination is deemed appropriate.
Peter Block's Flawless Consulting and the Homunculus Theory: Within Each Person Is a Perfect Consultant
Authors: Ross Gloria J.
Published: December 2011

Authenticity on the part of the consultant is significant to the process of consulting, according to Peter Block (1981). As the consultant acknowledges feelings and thoughts when they surface, client commitment and trust develop. By defining five phases to consulting and by detailing the work that must be completed in each phase, Block (1981) has provided a step‐by‐step procedure for consulting without errors.
Transforming Context and Developing Culture in Schools
Authors: Burrello Leonard C. , Reitzug Ulrich C.
Published: December 2011

The major premise of this research was that significant cultural change occurs when school leaders and their staff use their external and internal context to shape innovations that affect the “program regularities” of schooling. The authors conducted interviews, made observations, and studied existing documents prepared by school staff to get a descriptive peek into their school lives. The data were analyzed within and between sites to develop a cross‐site summary of factors. Four factor clusters emerged and are described in terms of context, school responses, and the resultant cultural change. Five propositions were constructed on the effect of context and culture on school people at work.
Counselor Awareness of the Consequences of Certification and Licensure
Authors: Alberding Beverly , Lauver Philip , Patnoe Jerry
Published: December 2011

In the decade since professional counselor regulation was widely debated, more than half of the states have legislated regulation, and it is sought in others. The extent to which counselors in a state currently pursuing legislation are familiar with potential consequences of legislated regulation was examined. Most counselors were found to be unfamiliar with potential negative consequences of regulation, and most were desirous of more information regarding these issues. Implications of the findings for the profession are presented.
The Effects of Psychological Trauma on Children and Adolescents
Authors: Armsworth Mary W. , Holaday Margot
Published: December 2011

In this review the authors examine the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and somatic‐physiological effects documented in the literature as sequelae of overwhelming life events in children and adolescents. Findings from the literature are compared with the current formulations of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, revised (DSM‐III‐R, American Psychiatric Association, 1987) as this diagnostic category applies to children. Responses likely to be observed in children and adolescents who have been exposed to traumatic events are discussed. Suggestions for future research and counseling practice are presented
Group Counseling Approaches With Persons Who Have Sustained Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Livneh Hanoch , Sherwood‐Hawes Ardis
Published: December 2011

In this article the authors describe the application of group counseling strategies for working with clients who have sustained myocardial infarction or a heart attack. The advantage of group counseling with this population, the primary goals inherent in this approach, and the most commonly encountered topics during sessions are discussed. In addition, the function of the group leader and specific practical issues to be considered are presented.
Morita‐Based Therapy and Its Use Across Cultures in the Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: LeVine Peg
Published: December 2011

In this article the author presents an overview of classical inpatient Morita therapy, contrasts it with features of rational emotive therapy (RET), and illustrates an intervention program (based on Shoma Morita's theory and practice) for women suffering from bulimia nervosa. Given that Morita therapy is scantly documented in the literature as an outpatient treatment outside Japan, a session‐to‐session short‐term treatment methodology that was used for a pilot study in Australia is provided. A case example is presented with direct dialogue from treatment sessions.
Assessing Adolescent and Adult Attachment: A Review of Current Self‐Report Measures
Authors: Lyddon William J. , Bradford Evan , Nelson Jeanne P.
Published: December 2011

Increased interest in attachment theory among counseling researchers and practitioners has led to the development of several measures of attachment‐related constructs. Following a brief overview of the theoretical foundations of attachment theory as conceptualized by Ainsworth (1989) and Bowlby (1988), the authors of this article review four self‐report measures of adolescent and adult attachment. Many considerations for the selection and use of these instruments in future counseling research and assessment are discussed.
A Content Analysis of Opinions About the National Counselor Examination
Authors: Vacc Nicholas A. , Loesch Larry C.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the degree of professional satisfaction among candidates taking the National Counselor Examination (NCE) between 1986 and 1990. A total of 383 written evaluative responses were analyzed and categorized using content analysis through a word‐based frequency computer for the analysis of narrative responses.
Sex Differences on Affective Dimensions: Continuing Examination
Authors: Fischer Pamela C. , Smith Randy J. , Leonard Elizabeth , Fuqua Dale R. , Campbell James L. , Masters Mark A.
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to explore sex differences along several affective dimensions. A sample of 455 undergraduate students was administered several affective scales. A discriminant analysis was performed using the affective scales as discriminating variables and sex as the group variable. Significant sex differences were found on only two of nine affective scales, and the substantive significance of these differences seems to he minimal. The authors concluded that the promotion of faulty stereotypical beliefs should be abandoned in favor of increasingly complex inquiry in this area.
Differences in Supervisory Needs and Expectations by Trainee Experience, Cognitive Style, and Program Membership
Authors: Swanson Jane L. , O'Saben Carol L.
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors examined relationships between trainees' cognitive style, program membership, amount of practicum experience, and needs and expectations for supervision. Participants were 57 trainees in three graduate programs at a midwestern university. All respondents completed the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; Myers & McCaulley, 1985), the trainee version of the Supervisor Perception Form (SPF‐T; Heppner & Roehlke, 1984), and the Supervisory Needs subtest of the Counselor Development Questionnaire (CDQ‐SN; Reising & Daniels, 1983). Results suggested that trainees' expectations and needs regarding the supervisory experience differed by amount of practicum experience, cognitive style, and program membership. Differences due to amount of experience were more prevalent than were those due to cognitive style or to program membership.
A Comment on Gonzalez's “Effects of a Theory‐Based, Peer‐Focused Drug Education Course”
Authors: Asher J. William
Published: December 2011

Gonzalez (1990), in an unequal‐groups quasiexperiment drug education study, stated that because he used the statistical procedure of analysis of covariance, any differences that existed in the pretest scores have been controlled. Not true. This makes his results difficult to interpret. Furthermore, no standard deviations or pretest means are reported, and, thus, no effect size can be calculated to include the results of this study in a meta‐analysis.
The Relationship Between Racism and Racial Identity Among White Americans: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Pope‐Davis Donald B. , Ottavi Thomas M.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of White racial identity attitudes on racism. A total of 234 White undergraduate students participated in this investigation. The students completed the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Helms & Carter, 1990) and the New Racism Scale (Jacobson, 1985). Consistent with findings in previous research, White racial identity attitudes were predictive of racism. We also found gender and age differences in White racial identity attitudes. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the role of counselors in addressing racial awareness on college campuses.
Assessing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Review of Instrumentation
Authors: Ponterotto Joseph G. , Rieger Brian P. , Barrett Ann , Sparks Rickey
Published: December 2011

The authors review four new instruments designed to assess multicultural counseling competence in trainees and practicing professionals. The Cross‐Cultural Counseling Inventory—Revised (CCCI‐R), the Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale—Form B (MCAS:B), the Multicultural Counseling Inventory (MCI), and the Multicultural Awareness‐Knowledge‐and Skills Survey (MAKSS) were each critically reviewed in terms of item development, psychometric properties, and pragmatic utility. Specific research suggestions for continued empirical validation on the instruments are posited, and strong cautions regarding their current use in training are leveled.
The Multidimensional Assessment of Career Decision Problems: The Career Decision Diagnostic Assessment
Authors: Larson Jeffry H. , Busby Dean M. , Wilson Stephan , Medora Nilufer , Allgood Scot
Published: December 2011

The multidimensional assessment of career decision problems as measured by the Career Decision Diagnostic Assessment (CDDA; Bansberg & Sklare, 1986) is described, and the CDDA is evaluated for reliability, validity, and factor structure with a sample of 844 students from three universities. Results supported the reliability and validity of the CDDA as a measure of psychological blocks to career decision making. Preliminary normative scores for university students are presented. Recommendations for improving the CDDA and for using the CDDA in career counseling are discussed.
Showing Clients What Their Profiles Mean
Authors: Strahan Robert F. , Kelly Anita E.
Published: December 2011

This article suggests that counselors might profitably investigate new graphic approaches to showing clients what their multivariate profiles mean. An illustration is given in terms of Holland's RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional; 1985) model of vocational interests.
Guidelines for Professional Referral to Alcoholics Anonymous and Other Twelve Step Groups
Authors: Riordan Richard J. , Walsh Lani
Published: December 2011

In working with clients who have addiction issues in addition to the presenting problem, counselors often consider support groups as adjuncts to treatment. “Twelve step” groups have been useful for this purpose. In this article the authors review Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), the oldest and largest twelve step group. They explore some criticisms of AA, describe its components and mechanics, and provide guidelines for client referral.
Counseling Older Japanese American Clients: An Overview and Observations
Authors: Itai Goro , McRae Cynthia
Published: December 2011

Older Japanese American clients bring a unique set of historical and cultural characteristics to the counseling setting. Several important aspects of providing counseling to this group are discussed, including ethical issues based on cultural differences and nontraditional approaches to counseling.
A Family Strengths Model of Adjustment to Disability for African American Clients
Authors: Alston Reginald J. , Turner William L.
Published: December 2011

Sociocultural factors germane to African American families need to be recognized and incorporated into the counseling process of African Americans with disabilities. It is imperative that counseling professionals develop a thorough understanding of the family, community, and cultural ecologies of African Americans who are disabled. This article includes an analysis of the African American family system and its inherent strengths. A family strengths model of adjustment to disability for African American clients is presented, and potential applications of the model to the adjustment process are provided.
Play Therapy With Abused Children: A Review of the Literature
Authors: White JoAnna , Allers Christopher T.
Published: December 2011

The authors present a review and critique of the play therapy literature related to abused and neglected children, and they discuss seven characteristic play behaviors of maltreated children along with two common play themes. Recommendations for future research are also presented.