bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les effets de la crise 2007‐2009 constituent‐ils une menace pour la stabilité financière des fonds des régimes de sécurité sociale et des fonds de pension privés?
Authors: Pino Ariel , Yermo Juan
Published: June 2010

Les fonds des régimes de sécurité sociale et les fonds de pension ont été touchés de plein fouet par la récente crise financière qui fut d'une brutalité sans précédent. Ils ont subi des moins‐values latentes considérables et leurs mécanismes de gouvernance ont été remis en cause au risque de compromettre leur stabilité financière et de remettre en question leur capacitéà fournir des prestations décentes. L'année 2009 s'est achevée par une reprise des marchés financiers, mais également par des réaménagements des portefeuilles et par une révision des approches traditionnelles de la gestion des risques. Les gouvernements ont réagi à la crise en lançant des plans de relance qui pourraient, à moyen terme, mettre en péril leur situation budgétaire. Les déséquilibres budgétaires pourraient en effet donner lieu à un arbitrage entre la stabilité budgétaire et la réduction des dépenses sociales. Le présent article analyse les effets de la crise sur les fonds des régimes de sécurité sociale et les fonds de pension et aborde l'ensemble des questions susmentionnées.
Soziale Sicherheit in Krisenzeiten
Authors: Bonnet Florence , Ehmke Ellen , Hagemejer Krzysztof
Published: June 2010

Auszug

Um den negativen sozialen Folgen der aktuellen Krise entgegenzuwirken, müssen Staaten Maßnahmen mit dem Ziel ergreifen, betroffenen Arbeitnehmern und ihren Familien Einkommensunterstützung und neue Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten zu bieten. In diesem Artikel betrachten wir Krisenreaktionen in einer Reihe von Ländern in Bezug auf die Unterstützung von Programmen für Leistungen bei Arbeitslosigkeit, dem Zweig der sozialen Sicherheit, der von einer wirtschaftlichen Rezession am stärksten betroffen ist. Wir erörtern auch die Dilemmas, mit denen alle Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit in Wirtschaftskrisen konfrontiert sind, wenn die zur Finanzierung von Programmen eingeplanten Einnahmen aus Beiträgen oder Steuern zurückgehen und die Leistungsausgaben steigen. Diesbezüglich wird der Rentenpolitik besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Der Artikel schließt mit einer Erörterung der von den Vereinten Nationen ins Leben gerufenen Initiative zugunsten einer globalen „sozialen Grundsicherung“, die darauf abzielt, zumindest einen grundlegenden Sozialschutz auf die große Mehrheit der Weltbevölkerung auszuweiten, die derzeit ohne eine solche und nach wie vor anfällig für alle wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Krisen ist.
EGF Decreases the Abundance of MicroRNAs That Restrain Oncogenic Transcription Factors
Authors: Avraham Roi , Sas-Chen Aldema , Manor Ohad , Steinfeld Israel , Shalgi Reut , Tarcic Gabi , Bossel Noa , Zeisel Amit , Amit Ido , Zwang Yaara , Enerly Espen , Russnes Hege G. , Biagioni Francesca , Mottolese Marcella , Strano Sabrina , Blandino Giovanni , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Pilpel Yitzhak , Yakhini Zohar , Segal Eran , Yarden Yosef
Published: June 2010

Some cancers showed decreased abundance of a subset of EGF-regulated microRNAs, which allows the production of oncogenic transcription factors.
Paradoxical Signaling
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: June 2010

The death receptor CD95 (Fas) is required for the growth of tumor cells.
Thymocyte Egress
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: June 2010

Cells that ensheath blood vessels promote exit of the developing T lymphocytes from the thymus.
Defining Defensins’ Mode of Action
Authors: Vinson Valda
Published: June 2010

Some metazoan and fungal host defense peptides are specific inhibitors of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
A NOTE ON SOME QUANTUM SECRET SHARING SCHEMES
Authors: CAO ZHENGJUN , MARKOWITCH OLIVIER
Published: June 2010

We remark that the schemes [S. Gaertner, C. Kurtsiefer, M. Bourennane and H. Weinfurter, Phys. Rev. Lett.98 (2007) 020503; H. Takesue and K. Inoue, Phys. Rev. A74 (2006) 012315; L. Hsu and C. Li, Phys. Rev. A71 (2005) 022321; F. Yan and T. Gao, Phys. Rev. A72 (2005) 012304; L. Xiao, G. Long, F. Deng and J. Pan, Phys. Rev. A69 (2004) 052307; M. Hillery, V. Bužek and A. Berthiaume, Phys. Rev. A59 (1999) 1829] are not secret sharing schemes as claimed.
OCTONIONIZATION OF THREE PLAYER, TWO STRATEGY MAXIMALLY ENTANGLED QUANTUM GAMES
Authors: AHMED ADEN OMAR , BLEILER STEVEN A. , KHAN FAISAL SHAH
Published: June 2010

We develop an octonionic representation of the payoff function for three player, two strategy, maximally entangled quantum games in order to obtain computationally friendly version of this function. This computational capability is then exploited to analyze and potentially classify the Nash equilibria in the quantum games.
THE VOLUME OF A LOCAL NODAL DOMAIN
Authors: MANGOUBI DAN
Published: June 2010

Let M either be a closed real analytic Riemannian manifold or a closed C∞-Riemannian surface. We estimate from below the volume of a nodal domain component in an arbitrary ball, provided that this component enters the ball deeply enough.
PING-PONG AND OUTER SPACE
Authors: KAPOVICH ILYA , LUSTIG MARTIN
Published: June 2010

We prove that, if φ, ψ ∈ Out (FN) are hyperbolic iwips (irreducible with irreducible powers) such that 〈φ, ψ〉 ⊆ Out (FN) is not virtually cyclic, then some high powers of φ and ψ generate a free subgroup of rank two for which all nontrivial elements are again hyperbolic iwips. Being a hyperbolic iwip element of Out (FN) is strongly analogous to being a pseudo-Anosov element of a mapping class group, so the above result provides analogues of "purely pseudo-Anosov" free subgroups in Out (FN).
Mesozoic deep-water carbonate deposits from the southern Tethyan passive margin in Iran (Pichakun nappes, Neyriz area): biostratigraphy, facies sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy
Authors: Robin Cécile , Gorican Spela , Guillocheau François , Razin Philippe , Dromart Gilles , Mosaffa Hamid
Published: June 2010

The objective of this work is to study the Mesozoic turbiditic sediments from the southern Tethys margin in Iran. These sediments are exposed as nappes in the Pichakun Mountains (i.e. the Zagros Mountains in the Neyriz area), which inverted during latest Cretaceous time. Radiolarians are used to both define and date four main lithostratigraphic formations: (1) the Bar Er Formation (undated, probably Late Triassic to Early Jurassic); (2) the Darreh Juve Formation (Aalenian–early Bajocian to middle Callovian–early Oxfordian); (3) the Imamzadeh Formation (middle Callovian–early Oxfordian to Aptian); (4) the Neghareh Khaneh Formation (late Aptian to Turonian–Coniacian). Most of the sediments are deep-sea gravity-flow lobe deposits. Channel deposits occurred during the Bajocian (i.e. the Darreh Juve Fm) and deeply incised channels (canyons?) occurred during the Albian (i.e. the Neghareh Khaneh Fm). Twenty-seven facies, grouped into eight facies associations, are defined. Based on a sequence stratigraphic study (i.e. the stacking pattern), five second-order cycles (10–30 Ma duration), defined between two successive distal facies time-intervals, are characterized: (1) the J2 (Toarcian?–middle Oxfordian, unconformity: Late Toarcian–Aalenian); (2) the J3 (middle Oxfordian–Berriasian, unconformity: middle? Tithonian); (3) the K1.1 (Berriasian–undated top); (4) the K1.2 (undated base–early Aptian, unconformity: late Hauterivian); (5) the K1.3 (early Aptian–at least Turonian–Coniacian, unconformity: Aptian–Albian boundary). The most important tectonic event recorded occurred at the Aptian–Albian boundary (a deposition of olistoliths, from a few metres to 100 m thick, in debris flows; related to Austrian deformations). The Arabian-scale late Toarcian and early Tithonian deformations have been recorded as unconformities. It is expected that another tectonic event occurred during the late Hauterivian. The unconformity of cycle K1.1 could be a late Valanginian eustatic fall of climatic origin.
The influence of Late Cretaceous tectonic processes on sedimentation patterns along the northeastern Arabian plate margin (Fars Province, SW Iran)
Authors: Piryaei Alireza , Reijmer John J. G. , van Buchem Frans S. P. , Yazdi-Moghadam Mohsen , Sadouni Jalil , Danelian Taniel
Published: June 2010

During the Late Cretaceous the northeastern margin of the Arabian plate (Zagros–Fars Area) was characterized by significant variations in sedimentary facies, sedimentation patterns and accommodation space, and by shifting depocentres. A succession of events recording the evolution of the region from a passive to an active margin is documented by the study of eight outcrop sections and one well. This new study uses new age dating (benthic and planktonic foraminifers, nannoplankton and radiolarian biozonations and strontium isotope stratigraphy). The new observations provide a detailed overview of the response of the sedimentary system to changes in the tectonic regime related to obduction processes. These changes are very well shown in regional cross-sections and palaeogeographical maps. Three tectono-sedimentary phases are recognized indicating the evolution from a passive to an active margin: Phase I (Late Albian to Cenomanian, before obduction) comprises three depositional third-order sequences comparable with those of the other parts of the Zagros and Arabian plate. This interval is composed of shallow-water platform carbonates and intra-shelf basins. The platform facies consists of rudist and benthic foraminifer-dominated assemblages, whereas the intra-shelf basins contain an ‘
Oligostegina
’ facies. Eustatic sea-level variations and local differential subsidence controlled sediment deposition during this phase. Phase II (Turonian to Late Campanian, obduction phase) is characterized by major changes in depositional environments and sedimentary facies, as a result of obduction and foreland basin creation. It consists of pelagic and platform carbonates in the south, and a foreland basin with obducted radiolarites, ophiolitic and olistoliths or thrust slices in the north. During this phase, large volumes of turbidites and gravity flows with olistoliths were shed from both the SW and NE into the foreland basin. The age of the tectonic slices increases upward through the section, from Early Cretaceous at the base to Permian at the top. Based on various dating methods used on the far-travelled sediments, the depositional age of the radiolarites can be attributed to the Albian–Cenomanian, whereas the planktonic foraminifers are of Santonian to Campanian age. Phase III (Late Campanian to Maastrichtian, after obduction) shows the development of rudist-dominated carbonates in the NE prograding onto the deep basinal facies in the centre of study area. In the extreme NE no sediments of this age have been recorded, suggesting uplift at that time.
Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems
Authors: Bordenave M. L. , Hegre J. A.
Published: June 2010

In the current Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and in its contiguous offshore, five petroleum systems caused an impressive gathering of oil and gas fields that represent some 8% and 15% of global oil and gas reserves, respectively. Almost all the oil fields are located in the relatively small Dezful Embayment, which extends over 60 000 km
2
, whereas most of the gas fields are concentrated in Central and Coastal Fars and in the contiguous offshore area. This paper describes the functioning of the various petroleum systems through time, each petroleum system having its own specificity, and reconstructs the succession of events that explains the current location of the oil and gas fields and the reservoirs in which oil and/or gas accumulated. In addition to the classical description of the petroleum systems (distribution and organic composition of the source rocks, evolution of their maturity through time, geometry of drains and reservoirs, and trap availability at the time of migration), the influence of tectonic phases (Acadian, Hercynian, Late Cenomanian to pre-Maastrichtian, and Late Miocene to Pliocene Zagros phases) on the various systems are discussed. As the time of oil and/or gas expulsion from the source rocks is necessary to reconstruct migration paths and to locate the traps available at the time of migration, extensive modelling was used. The timing of oil or gas expulsion was compared with the timing of tectonic events. For the older systems, namely the Palaeozoic (Llandovery source rocks), Middle Jurassic (Sargelu), Late Jurassic (Hanifa–Tuwaiq Mountain–Diyab) and Early Cretaceous (Garau), oil and/or gas expulsion occurred before the Zagros folding. Oil migrated over long distances, according to low-angle geometry, towards large-scale low-relief regional highs and salt-related structures. In the current Zagros Fold Belt, oil and gas remigrated later to the closest Zagros anticlines. In contrast, for the prolific Middle Cretaceous to Early Miocene System (Kazhdumi, Pabdeh), oil expulsion occurred almost everywhere in the Dezful Embayment after the onset of the Zagros folding. Oil migrated vertically towards the closest anticlines through a system of fractures. A comparison was made between the oil expelled from the source rocks, as calculated by the model, and the initial oil in place discovered in the fields. Oils were grouped into families based upon isotopic composition (carbon and sulphur), and biomarkers. Correlation between pyrolysates and oils verifies the origin of the oils that was proposed to explain the current location of the oil (and gas) fields.
Straightening out heavy tails
Authors: Savage Neil
Published: June 2010

A better understanding of heavy-tailed probability distributions can improve activities from Internet commerce to the design of server farms.
Privacy by design
Authors: Shapiro Stuart S.
Published: June 2010

Designing privacy into systems at the beginning of the development process necessitates the effective translation of privacy principles, models, and mechanisms into system requirements.
Simplicity betrayed
Authors: Phillips George
Published: June 2010

Emulating a video system shows how even a simple interface can be more complex---and capable---than it appears.
Managing scientific data
Authors: Ailamaki Anastasia , Kantere Verena , Dash Debabrata
Published: June 2010

Needed are generic, rather than one-off, DBMS solutions automating storage and analysis of data from scientific collaborations.
The requisite variety of skills for IT professionals
Authors: Gallagher Kevin P. , Kaiser Kate M. , Simon Judith C. , Beath Cynthia M. , Goles Tim
Published: June 2010

Introduction

IT professionals are beset by ongoing changes in technology and business practices. Some commentators have suggested that, in order to stay competitive, IT professionals should retool themselves to gain competency in specific in-demand technical skills. This article argues that thriving in such a dynamic environment requires competency in a broad range of skills, including not only technical skills, but non-technical skills as well.

Our research shows that IT departments in non-IT companies report that while both technical and non-technical skills are important, the skills most critical to retain in-house and most sought in new mid-level employees are non-technical skills such as project management, business domain knowledge and relationship skills. These skills are critical because they enable IT departments to work effectively with other departments, internal users, and external customers and suppliers. Non-technical skills leverage technical skills to augment the organization's overall effectiveness in designing and delivering solutions to meet an organization's challenges and opportunities.

These findings depart from previous articles emphasizing technical skills as a basis for valuing IT workers and other research recommending business-oriented skills only for those managing IT workers, not for IT professionals themselves. Our findings lead us to the realization that in today's environment of continuous and fast-paced change, a mix of skills is essential for IT professionals.

We believe that the Law of Requisite Variety can help explain the need for greater breadth of knowledge and skills among IT professionals. From cybernetics, the Law of Requisite Variety states that adapting to change requires a varied enough solution set to match the complexity of an environment. In this case, IT workers need a broad enough range of knowledge and skills to meet the demands of their increasingly dynamic and complex profession. Based on our research, we offer a framework outlining six skill categories. We believe that all six skill categories are critically important for the career development of IT professionals.
CSNL
Authors: Vadera Sunil
Published: June 2010

This article presents a new decision tree learning algorithm called CSNL that induces
C
ost-
S
ensitive
N
on-
L
inear decision trees. The algorithm is based on the hypothesis that nonlinear decision nodes provide a better basis than axis-parallel decision nodes and utilizes discriminant analysis to construct nonlinear decision trees that take account of costs of misclassification.

The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by applying it to seventeen datasets and the results are compared with those obtained by two well known cost-sensitive algorithms, ICET and MetaCost, which generate multiple trees to obtain some of the best results to date. The results show that CSNL performs at least as well, if not better than these algorithms, in more than twelve of the datasets and is considerably faster. The use of bagging with CSNL further enhances its performance showing the significant benefits of using nonlinear decision nodes.
Introduction to the special issue on visual analytics and knowledge discovery
Authors: Puolamäki Kai , Bertone Alessio
Published: June 2010

The papers in this Special Issue present the state of the art in Visual Analytics and Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), as well as propose potential extensions and research questions to further advance and integrate these two fields.
Interactive cluster analysis of diverse types of spatiotemporal data
Authors: Andrienko Gennady , Andrienko Natalia
Published: June 2010

We suggest an approach to exploratory analysis of diverse types of spatiotemporal data with the use of clustering and interactive visual displays. We can apply the same generic clustering algorithm to different types of data owing to the separation of the process of grouping objects from the process of computing distances between the objects. In particular, we apply the densitybased clustering algorithm OPTICS to events (i.e. objects having spatial and temporal positions), trajectories of moving entities, and spatial distributions of events or moving entities in different time intervals. Distances are computed in a specific way for each type of objects; moreover, it may be useful to have several different distance functions for the same type of objects. Thus, multiple distance functions available for trajectories support different analysis tasks. We demonstrate the use of our approach by example of two datasets from the VAST Challenge 2008: evacuation traces (trajectories of moving entities) and landings and interdictions of migrant boats (events).
Hierarchical difference scatterplots
Authors: Piringer Harald , Buchetics Matthias , Hauser Helwig , Gröller Eduard
Published: June 2010

Data cubes as employed by On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) play a key role in many application domains. The analysis typically involves to compare categories of different hierarchy levels with respect to size and pivoted values. Most existing visualization methods for pivoted values, however, are limited to single hierarchy levels. The main contribution of this paper is an approach called Hierarchical Difference Scatterplot (HDS). A HDS allows for relating multiple hierarchy levels and explicitly visualizes differences between them in the context of the absolute position of pivoted values. We discuss concepts of tightly coupling HDS to other types of tree visualizations and propose the integration in a setup of multiple views, which are linked by interactive queries on the data. We evaluate our approaches by analyzing social survey data in collaboration with a domain expert.
Design and analysis of the KDD cup 2009
Authors: Guyon Isabelle , Lemaire Vincent , Boullé Marc , Dror Gideon , Vogel David
Published: June 2010

We organized the KDD cup 2009 around a marketing problem with the goal of identifying data mining techniques capable of rapidly building predictive models and scoring new entries on a large database. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a key element of modern marketing strategies. The KDD Cup 2009 offered to participants an opportunity to work on a large marketing database from the French Telecom company Orange. The tasks were to predict the propensity of customers to switch provider (churn), buy new products or services (appetency), or buy upgrades/addons proposed to them to make the sale more profitable (upselling). The challenge, which lasted from March 10 to May 11, 2009, attracted over 450 participants from 46 countries. We attribute its popularity to several factors: (1) A generic problem relevant to the Industry (a classification problem), but presenting a number of scientific and technical challenges, including many missing values (about 60%), a large number of features (15000) and a large number of training examples (50000), unbalanced class proportions (fewer than 10% of the examples of the positive class), noisy data, and the presence of categorical variables with many different values. (2) Prizes (Orange offers 10000 Euros in prizes). (3) A well designed protocol and web site (we benefitted from past experience). (4) An effective advertising campaign using mailings and a teleconference to answer potential participants questions. The results of the challenge were discussed at the KDD conference (June 28, 2009). The principal conclusions are that ensemble methods are very effective and that ensemble of decision trees offer off-the-shelf solutions to problems with large numbers of samples and attributes, mixed types of variables, and lots of missing values. The data and the platform of the challenge remain available for research and educational purposes at http://www.kddcup-orange.com/.
KDD2009 workshop report DMMT'09
Authors: Ding Chris , Li Tao
Published: June 2010

We provide a summary of theWorkshop on Data Mining Using Matrices and Tensors (DMMT'09) held in conjunction with ACM SIGKDD 2009, on June 28th in Paris, France. More than 50 people attended the workshop. We report in detail about the research issues addressed in the talks at the workshop. More information about the workshop can be found at http://www.cs.fiu.edu/~taoli/kdd09-workshop.
Synthesis of Hollow Conductive Polypyrrole Balls by the Functionalized Polystyrene as Template
Authors: Chang Choo Hwan , Son Pyung Soo , Yoon Jeong-Ah , Choi Seong-Ho
Published: June 2010

We report the preparation of hollow spherical polypyrrole balls (HSPBs) by two different approaches. In the first approach, core‐shell conductive balls, CSCBs, were prepared with poly(styrene) as core and polypyrrole (PPy) as shell by in situ polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of polystyrene (PS) latex particles. In the other approach, CSCBs were obtained by in situ copolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of PS(F) with hydrophilic groups like anhydride, boronic acid, carboxylic acid, or sulfonic acid, and then HSPBs were obtained by the removal of PS or PS(F) core from CSCBs. TEM images reveal the spherical morphology for HSPBs prepared from PS(F). The conductivity of CSCBs and HSPBs was in the range of 0.20–0.90 S/cm2.
Multiscale Hybrid Micro‐Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Fibers
Authors: Inam Fawad , Wong Doris W. Y. , Kuwata Manabu , Peijs Ton
Published: June 2010

Amino‐modified double wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT‐NH2)/carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy hybrid micro‐nanocomposite laminates were prepared by a resin infusion technique. DWCNT‐NH2/epoxy nanocomposites and carbon fiber/epoxy microcomposites were made for comparison. Morphological analysis of the hybrid composites was performed using field emission scanning electron microscope. A good dispersion at low loadings of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in epoxy matrix was achieved by a bath ultrasonication method. Mechanical characterization of the hybrid micro‐nanocomposites manufactured by a resin infusion process included three‐point bending, mode I interlaminar toughness, dynamic mechanical analysis, and drop‐weight impact testing. The addition of small amounts of CNTs (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 wt%) to epoxy resins for the fabrication of multiscale carbon fiber composites resulted in a maximum enhancement in flexural modulus by 35%, a 5% improvement in flexural strength, a 6% improvement in absorbed impact energy, and 23% decrease in the mode I interlaminar toughness. Hybridization of carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy using CNTs resulted in a reduction in Tg and dampening characteristics, presumably as a result of the presence of micron‐sized agglomerates.
Solution of Single and Multiobjective Stochastic Inventory Models with Fuzzy Cost Components by Intuitionistic Fuzzy Optimization Technique
Authors: Banerjee S. , Roy T. K.
Published: June 2010

Paknejad et al.'s model is considered in this paper. Itemwise multiobjective models for both exponential and uniform lead-time demand are taken and the results are compared numerically both in fuzzy optimization and intuitionistic fuzzy optimization techniques. Objective of this paper is to establish that intuitionistic fuzzy optimizaion method is better than usual fuzzy optimization technique as expected annual cost of this inventory model is more minimized in case of intuitionistic fuzzy optimization method. As a single objective stochastic inventory model where the lead-time demand follows normal distribution and with varying defective rate, expected annual cost is also measured. Finally the model considers for fuzzy cost components, which make the model more realistic, and numerical values for uniform, exponential, and normal lead-time demand are compared. Necessary graphical presentations are also given besides numerical illustrations.
When Empathy Failed: Using Critical Oral History to Reassess the Collapse of U.S.-Soviet Détente in the Carter-Brezhnev Years
Authors: Blight James G. , Lang janet
Published: June 2010

Drawing on “critical oral history” conferences held after the demise of the Soviet Union, this article seeks to explain why the détente in U.S.-Soviet relations collapsed at the end of the 1970s. Both the U.S. president, Jimmy Carter, and the Soviet Communist Party leader, Leonid Brezhnev, had sought to improve bilateral ties, but instead they found that the relationship deteriorated and then broke down altogether after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The article suggests that neither side had a sufficient appreciation of how the other side perceived the relationship. The authors argue that the critical oral history helped officials on both sides to develop a sense of empathy for how the other side viewed its own interests and objectives. Empathy does not imply any sympathy; instead, it merely entails an effort to understand the other side's perceptions and goals. Presenting excerpts from an oral history conference, the authors argue that greater empathy in the policymaking process might have helped to avoid an outcome that neither side desired.
Cultural Education as Containment of Communism: The Ambivalent Position of American NGOs in Hong Kong in the 1950s
Authors: Chou Grace Ai-Ling
Published: June 2010

This article discusses the ambivalent role of U.S. non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in shaping Hong Kong's institutions of higher education in the 1950s. Cold War concerns about Communist expansion induced the NGOs to pursue ideological goals that were not part of their main mission, even as they continued policy directions that superseded and sometimes unintentionally counteracted Cold War thinking and strategies. Hong Kong, as a site important but marginal to both China and Britain, had strategic value in the Cold War and as such impelled many different forces to contest it. By examining how U.S. NGO educational work in Hong Kong both reinforced and destabilized Cold War ideology, one gains a clearer picture not only of Hong Kong's cultural significance in Cold War politics but also the ambiguity of Cold War intellectual paradigms of culture and education.
Empathy in International Relations: A Commentary
Authors: Matlock Jack F.
Published: June 2010

Six former U.S. State Department officials, all of whom were involved in U.S. foreign policy during the Carter administration, respond to the article by James Blight and janet Lang. Their reactions vary, but one common point of concern is whether Blight and Lang are correct in arguing that “empathy” as an organizing concept or analytical tool will be useful “not just in conferences in which the past is revisited, but also in the present and future, when it really matters.” Even though most of the commentators accept at least some of the points about the U.S.-Soviet détente in the late 1970s, they have questions about the conceptual underpinnings of the article. The forum ends with a response from Blight and Lang.
Negotiating with China in Power Asymmetry: The Case of Sino-British Negotiations on the Handover of Hong Kong
Authors: Wanglai Gao
Published: June 2010

This article describes the process of the Sino-British negotiations over Hong Kong that led to the signing of the Joint Declaration of 1984. It shows how the British, as the weaker party in the asymmetrical negotiations, retreated from their initial proposals and how they came to work within the parameters set by the Chinese side. This then helped them to gain concessions from the other side that were important to them in managing the interim period of their rule, while helping to safeguard the territory after its reversion to China. The article highlights the link between the communications among the top leaders and the conduct of the negotiations, showing how skillfully the British identified the other side's concerns and perspectives and how they were able to use the subtleties of language and pressure of time to their advantage. The British experience has important bearings on the literature of international negotiations.
Time in the Gutter: Temporal Structures in Watchmen
Authors: Barnes David
Published: June 2010

In 1986 writer Alan Moore and illustrator Dave Gibbons produced a graphic novel called Watchmen. In 2005 Time Magazine produced a list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present. To many surprised readers a comic book was among the top ten. It was Watchmen. The story of former crime-fighters brought out of retirement to solve a world destroying mystery is told with a ruthless realism. The style is cinematic with repeating motifs, flashbacks and overlapping subplots. One of the characters in Watchmen, Jon Osterman, as a result of a nuclear accident, receives typical superhuman powers; more importantly to the character he begins to live in a quantum consciousness in which events occur simultaneously rather than sequentially. In chapter four of Watchmen, Moore and Gibbons brilliantly use the sequential art medium to express the subjective and personal nature of that consciousness. This paper will explicate and analyze the way they simulate Jon Osterman's non-temporal consciousness.
The Round-Table. A Social Time Sculpture
Authors: Mayr Albert
Published: June 2010

Interactions happen in time. Most of us will agree, therefore, that interactions benefit from an appropriate temporal structure. And for many activities there exists a more or less stringent set of rules regarding that structure. This article, on the other hand, describes how such a structure for an everyday activity, i.e. a group conversation, may arise not from the application of pre-established rules, but from a collective creative effort. The elements of this co-operative process are individual preferences regarding the principal temporal parameters, the tools are the basic procedures used in musical composition for structuring time.
The trajectory of geomorphology
Authors: Church Michael
Published: June 2010

Modern geomorphology was founded in the nineteenth century as an exercise of historical interpretation of landscapes. After the mid-twentieth century it dominantly became a quest to understand the processes by which landscapes are modified. This focused attention on the measurement of sediment fluxes on synoptic timescales and on a reductionist, Newtonian programme of construction of low-order theories about those fluxes, largely imported from engineering science. The period also saw the emergence of an applied geomorphology. Toward the end of the twentieth century the subject was dramatically transformed by improved technologies for remote sensing and surveying of Earth’s surface, the advent of personal computation and of large-scale computation, and important developments of absolute dating techniques. These technical innovations in turn promoted recognition of geomorphology as a ‘system science’ and facilitated the reintegration of tectonics into geomorphology, opening the way for a renewed consideration of the history of the landscape. Finally, increasing recognition of the dominance of human agency in contemporary modification of Earth’s terrestrial surface has become a significant theme. Important influences on the continuing development of the subject will include the search for physically sound laws for material fluxes; reconciling geomorphological information and process representations across spatial and temporal scales, in both observation and theory; comprehending complexity in geomorphological processes and landform histories; incorporating the geomorphological role of living organisms, particularly micro-organisms; understanding the role of climate in geomorphology, both in the contemporary changing climate and in the long term; and fully admitting the now dominant role of humans as geomorphic agents. Geomorphology is simultaneously developing in diverse directions: on one hand, it is becoming a more rigorous geophysical science — a significant part of a larger earth science discipline; on another, it is becoming more concerned with human social and economic values, with environmental change, conservation ethics, with the human impact on environment, and with issues of social justice and equity.
Geomorphology and Earth system science
Authors: Dadson Simon
Published: June 2010

Earth system science (ESS) is an approach to: ‘obtain a scientific understanding of the entire Earth system on a global scale by describing how its component parts and their interactions have evolved, how they function, and how they may be expected to continue to evolve on all timescales’ (Bretherton, 1998). The aim of this review is to introduce some key examples showing the role of Earth surface processes, the traditional subject of geomorphology, within the interacting Earth system. The paper considers three examples of environmental systems in which geomorphology plays a key role: (1) links between topography, tectonics, and atmospheric circulation; (2) links between geomorphic processes and biogeochemical cycles; and (3) links between biological processes and the Earth’s surface. Key research needs are discussed, including the requirement for better opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, clearer mathematical frameworks for Earth system models, and more sophisticated interaction between natural and social scientists.
Power of Love and Love of Power in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Taha Mohamed , Abd-El-Hameed Mohamed A. , Hassan Maha A. , Kamal Ahmed M. , Mahfouz Refaat
Published: June 2010

This article continues to explore some crucial differences between group analysis (as a western approach to group therapy) and the Minia integrative dynamic model (an approach that was developed in Egypt in the last decade). The article re-emphasizes the assumption that certain socio-cultural factors can grossly affect both the theory and practice of group psychotherapy; so, what can work for western therapists/patients is not necessarily supposed to work for eastern therapists/patients. The article also explores the meaning and power of love in both models of group therapy according to different perceptions, understanding and the functioning of love in different cultures.
Group Analysis as I do It: How I Work with the Social Unconscious
Authors: Punter Jale
Published: June 2010

This article starts with a response to the second article by Taha et al., published here, which further defines the Egyptian Minia model of group psychotherapy. The debate continues as to whether group analysis has as part of the model an inactive conductor and whether this is linked to the social unconscious of the modern West and whether that indeed is a fatherless society. There is a discussion on which different components of therapy are more effective. Methods of group analytic psychotherapy are clarified and the therapist’s role linked to the goal of the therapy. The group analytic therapist keeps in mind, both the personal transference and social unconscious levels and develops the group by facilitating communication at both these levels. Examples from individual and group analytic psychotherapy illustrate work at the level of the social unconscious.
India’s Relations with its Neighbours
Authors: Sibal Kanwal
Published: June 2010

Maintaining good relations with neighbours is the first priority for any country. The credibility of a country’s global posture is undermined if it is seen as embroiled in conflicts with its neighbours. While in theory the need to have a peaceful, stable and friendly neighbourhood is clear, what that means in practical terms is a different question. Can good relations be built unilaterally? Is a smaller neighbour always right in its demands? These are not the only issues that arise in an examination of the conditions in which neighbouring countries relate to each other, the role of external actors in determining those conditions are as critical. In the case of India and its neighbours these considerations matter even more because of historical and geostrategic reasons. How much is India perceived as a regional hegemon and how an external power is inducted into the region to reduce the weight of that perceived hegemon and by whom is the subject of this analysis.
Engaging Pakistan
Authors: Pal Satyabrata
Published: June 2010

This article, which was written in the summer of 2009, when India did not want to resume any sort of structured dialogue with Pakistan, until it got satisfaction on terrorism, argues that this played into the hands of the sponsors of terrorism and was self-defeating. It argues that the principal objective of the Pakistan Army is now not Kashmir, but to arrest India’s growth; it uses terrorism as a cost-effective brake. Growth is our highest national priority, but we cannot concentrate on it, while ignoring Pakistan, because its Army will not let us. Sanctions have not worked in the past, because they immediately ratchet up tensions, as they did in 2002 and lead to economic consequences that are far heavier on India than on Pakistan. We must therefore try to persuade the Pakistan Army that peace has something in it too, and we can only do it through a sustained dialogue and through practical measures of cooperation that prove that peace pays. In all this, we should not insist on a reciprocity that in fact concedes to Pakistan the parity that it craves but does not merit.
China and India
Authors: Bhutani S.K.
Published: June 2010

The globalisation of economies, instant spread of information and shared values across national and regional boundaries ensure that Asia and its constituents cannot be separated from the rest of the world. The global economic crisis of 2008 has brought about China’s recognition as a global economic power. What will be China’s political role in the global setting and more so in the Asian arena is subject of intense debate. More or less same is the case with India. India invests half of what China has been investing, yet its growth rate is 80 per cent of the Chinese rate. Its industry uses less energy than its counterpart in China to generate the same level of growth. Equally significant is the comparison of value-added per worker in manufacturing. The World Development Indicators 2001 suggests that during 1995–99, an Indian worker added value to the extent of US$ 3,118 per year whereas a Chinese worker contributed US$ 2885. The present article makes clear that the policies and processes of growth have been quite dissimilar and reflect their priorities: China’s intense desire to emerge as a superpower and India’s sustained attempt to remove internal divisions through conciliation and economic development.
India and West Asia
Authors: Gharekhan Chinmaya R.
Published: June 2010

The strategic importance of West Asia lies in its geography and an essential natural resource, namely petroleum. The importance of petroleum for world’s economy, and hence the importance of West Asia, has received extensive attention at the hands of analysts and scholars. Petroleum is the single most valuable commodity in world commerce, an indispensable item in time of peace and of critical strategic importance in time of war. India has a big stake in the region. Energy is the most obvious case in point. 70 per cent of India’s imported energy needs come from West Asia and this dependence will only increase as the Indian economy continues to grow at 8 per cent or more. The proposed pipeline with Iran thus makes good economically strategic sense as does the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India pipeline. India would certainly wish the Indian community to live in West Asia in conditions of dignity and self-respect, for which efforts continue to be made and in which the governments in the region are being more and more cooperative. India’s non-oil economic relations with the region are also expanding to mutual benefit. This is true also of Israel. Thus, India’s national interests are directly linked to peace and stability in West Asia.
India at the United Nations
Authors: Sreenivasan T.P.
Published: June 2010

India gives much to the United Nations, but gains very little from it. India is not small and undeveloped enough to benefit from the UN’s altruism nor large or powerful enough to manipulate it to its advantage. India’s commitment to multilateralism and the UN is firm and absolute yet India has very little to show in terms of reciprocal advantages. India’s basic approach of treating the United Nations as an instrument of common good rather than as a body to advance national interests is consistent with India’s faith in multilateralism. In an increasingly interdependent world, global problems require global solutions and as the only universal international organisation UN has the primary role. It may not have rid the world of the scourge of war, but it has certainly made an invaluable contribution to peace and security. Even if the major powers resort to coalitions of the willing to fight their battles, they do so only after trying to enlist the support of the United Nations because unilateral actions are suspect in the eyes of the world.
The relationship between community sport clubs and social capital in Japan: A comparative study between the comprehensive community sport clubs and the traditional community sports clubs
Authors: Okayasu Isao , Kawahara Yukio , Nogawa Haruo
Published: June 2010

Social capital has been emphasized as a way to solve various community problems, and sports are considered one way to build social capital as a catalyst for that purpose. Comprehensive community sport clubs offer not only various sports but also opportunities for communication among club members. However, most traditional community sports clubs are designed for only one type of sport, and their scope is limited in terms of gender, age, and technique. This study compares the varieties of community sport clubs, which can be separated into two types in terms of social capital. To accomplish this, we investigate the relationship between the location of sport clubs and social capital. Data obtained from written questionnaires were analysed using a t-test to determine the different types of sport clubs according to degrees of social capital. This study also examines the effects of the relationship between the type and location of community sport clubs as far as social capital is concerned. One-way ANOVA was chosen for this analysis. The results show that some differences exist in the relationship between types of sport clubs and social capital. The findings also show that the location of community sport clubs is critical to the production of social capital.
Test Match Special and the discourse of cricket: The sporting radio broadcast as narrative
Authors: Watson Cate
Published: June 2010

This article concerns the radio broadcast as mediated sports event. In particular, it has to do with the ways in which meaning is constructed in ball by ball cricket commentary in the BBC broadcast Test Match Special ( TMS). Its central concerns are: the extent to which the live radio broadcast can be considered a narrative; how does TMS narratively construct the Test match; and what is the relationship between this construction and the discourses which frame meaning? The analysis offered in the article centres on the TMS commentary of the final Test match between England and Australia in the 2009 Ashes series.
Silence and its organization in the pragmatics of introspection
Authors: Wooffitt Robin , Holt Nicola
Published: June 2010

In this article we examine periods of silence during introspective reports produced during an experimental laboratory procedure. Drawing from conversation analytic research and Sacks’s observations on silences, we argue that silences are a significant resource by which introspective accounts may be designed for the institutional requirements of the experimental setting. We identify the normative features of silence, and sketch some of the pragmatic or performative functions facilitated by silence. We conclude by considering our findings for the more general use of introspective data in the study of consciousness and cognate disciplines.
Computer-Aided Maxillofacial Surgery: An Update
Authors: Jayaratne Yasas S. N. , Zwahlen Roger A. , Lo John , Tam Stephen C. , Cheung Lim K.
Published: June 2010

Introduction. Recent developments in technology have revolutionized medicine and surgery. This article aims at providing an update on the current trends in computer-aided maxillofacial surgery and illustrates these advances with clinical cases. Methods. The PubMed database was searched for articles published during the past 5 years using the keywords “maxillofacial” and “surgery, computer-assisted.” Full texts of relevant articles were retrieved, and their study details were extracted. Results. Among the 133 articles, most focused on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), stereophotography, surgical panning software, and intraoperative navigation. Stereophotography produces 3D facial photographs with natural color and texture, whereas CBCT generates excellent hard-tissue images with a substantially lower radiation than conventional CT scans. Information gathered from CBCT and stereophotography can be used for accurate diagnosis, virtual planning, and simulation of surgery with the aid of specialized software. The preplanned treatment can be executed accurately via intraoperative surgical navigation. Conclusion. Tremendous potential exists for computer-aided maxillofacial surgery as it moves from research to clinical care.