bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growths of SiC Single Crystals Using the Physical Vapor Transport Method with Crushed CVD-SiC Blocks Under High Vertical Temperature Gradients
Authors: Sun Ju-Hyeong , Park Jae-Hyeon , Bae Si-Young , Shin Yun-Ji , Kwon Yong-Jin , Lee Won-Jae , Kwon Se-Hun , Jeong Seong-Min
Published: November 2024

A recent study reported the rapid growth of SiC single crystals of ~1.5 mm/h using high-purity SiC sources obtained by recycling CVD-SiC blocks used as materials in semiconductor processes. This method has gained attention as a way to improve the productivity of the physical vapor transport (PVT) method, widely used for manufacturing single crystal substrates for power semiconductors. When recycling CVD-SiC blocks by crushing them for use as sources for growing SiC single crystals, the properties and the particle size distribution of the material differ from those of conventional commercial SiC powders, making it necessary to study their effects. Therefore, in this study, SiC single crystals were grown using the PVT method with crushed CVD-SiC blocks of various sizes as the source material, and the growth behavior was analyzed. Simulation results of the temperature distribution in the PVT system confirmed that using large, crushed blocks as the SiC source material generates a greater temperature gradient within the source compared to conventional commercial SiC powder, making it advantageous for rapid growth processes. Additionally, when the large, crushed blocks were vertically aligned, good crystal quality was experimentally achieved at high growth rates, even under non-optimized growth conditions.
Welding of S960QL High-Strength Steel by the Manual–Automated MAG Technique—A Study of Mechanical Properties, Residual Stresses and Fracture Mechanisms in the Heat-Affected Zone
Authors: Ślęzak Tomasz
Published: November 2024

This paper presents results of investigations of a V-type welded joint made of S960QL high-strength steel made using a mixed technique: the root was welded manually and the face automatically. Although high-strength steels have been available on the market for many years, they are still the subject of research due to their increasingly widespread usage. For this reason, detailed investigations of welded joints of S960QL steel were carried out in terms of microstructure, microhardness, impact toughness and residual stresses, in order to expand knowledge in this area. The obtained results made it possible to determine their changes in heat-affected zone (HAZ) as a function of the distance from the fusion line. One of the most important findings is that during the tensile tests, the rupture occurred in the sub-zone of HAZ, which is characterized by increased strength and low ductility. This was due to the fact that an unfavorable residual stress distribution occurred in this area, causing the highest initial local strain of the material. Furthermore, different fracture mechanisms, both ductile and brittle, as well as mixed, were observed and described in detail for each sub-zone of the HAZ and in the weld.
Efficient Management of Asbestos Waste Through Utilization as Mineral Additives in Portland Cement Production
Authors: Durczak Karol , Pyzalski Michał , Sujak Agnieszka , Juszczyk Michał , Sala Dariusz , Ustinovichius Leonas
Published: November 2024

This article presents research on the effectiveness of utilizing asbestos waste, particularly chrysotile asbestos, in the production of Portland cement. The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of transforming asbestos cement (Eternit) through thermal treatment and its enrichment with mineral additives, enabling its integration into the clinker synthesis process. Differences in the physicochemical properties of types of cement produced from conventional raw materials and those manufactured using asbestos waste were analyzed. The research findings indicate that the presence of asbestos in cementitious materials leads to a significant mass loss of 29.4% due to thermal decomposition. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) at levels of 4.10% and 3.54%, respectively, suggesting the formation of brownmillerite, a phase typical of cement clinker. Furthermore, compressive strength tests on asbestos-modified cements demonstrated comparable mechanical properties to reference cement (CEM I), indicating their potential applicability in construction. This study provides essential insights into the mineralogical composition of asbestos cement, which is crucial for developing effective methods for its safe disposal. It represents a significant step toward sustainable asbestos waste management and the promotion of innovative solutions in the construction industry.
Evaluation of Concrete Compressive Strength Prediction Using the Maturity Method Incorporating Various Curing Temperatures and Binder Compositions
Authors: Ryu Gum-Sung , An Gi-Hong , Yoon Yong-Sik , Kim Ji-Young , Choi Sung
Published: November 2024

This study aims to systematically analyze the effects of different curing temperatures, unit binder content, and the mixture ratios of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash based on ordinary Portland cement in binders on the development of concrete compressive strength. Particularly, the study evaluates strength characteristics by calculating the maturity equivalent to 28 days of curing at 20 °C. A model based on the relationship between maturity and strength was applied to predict the compressive strength, and the experimental data were analyzed to derive strength coefficients for each variable. The results showed that at a low temperature of 5 °C, the actual strength was lower than the predicted strength, leading to higher error rates. In contrast, at temperatures of 20 °C and 40 °C, the coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.90) for the predictive equation was high, and the error rates were reduced to within 10%. The study demonstrates that by combining the maturity method with the strength–maturity relationship, the concrete compressive strength can be effectively predicted under specific curing and binder design conditions.
Coupling Interface Load Identification of Sliding Bearing in Wind Turbine Gearbox Based on Polynomial Structure Selection Technique
Authors: Mao Wengui , Wang Jie , Pei Shixiong
Published: November 2024

Sliding bearings are widely used in wind turbine gearboxes, and the accurate identification of coupling interface loads is critical for ensuring the reliability and performance of these systems. However, the space–time coupling nature of these loads makes them difficult to calculate and measure directly. An improved method utilizing the POD decomposition algorithm and polynomial selection technology is proposed in this paper to identify the sliding bearing coupling interface loads. By using the POD decomposition algorithm, the sliding bearing coupling interface loads can be decomposed into the form of a series of independent oil film time history and spatial distribution functions. Then, it can be converted into space–time independent sub-coupled interface load identification in which oil film time history can be transformed into the recognition of a certain order modal load and the corresponding oil film spatial distribution function can be fitted with a set of Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial. To address the ill-posedness caused by the weak correlation between the modal matrix and polynomial options during the identification process, this paper introduces polynomial structure selection technology. Firstly, displacement responses are collected, and a series of modal loads are identified using conventional concentrated load identification methods. Then, the polynomial structure selection technology is applied to select the effective modal shape matrix, using a specific mode load as the oil film time history function. The load ratios of other mode loads to this reference mode load are compared, and the effective Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials are selected based on the error reduction ratio. Finally, multiplying the identified oil film time histories by the corresponding oil film spatial distribution functions yields the coupling interface load. The results of the numerical examples verify the improved method’s rationality and effectiveness.
Optimizing Ingredient Substitution Using Large Language Models to Enhance Phytochemical Content in Recipes
Authors: Rita Luís , Southern Joshua , Laponogov Ivan , Higgins Kyle , Veselkov Kirill
Published: November 2024

In the emerging field of computational gastronomy, aligning culinary practices with scientifically supported nutritional goals is increasingly important. This study explores how large language models (LLMs) can be applied to optimize ingredient substitutions in recipes, specifically to enhance the phytochemical content of meals. Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plants, which, based on preclinical studies, may offer potential health benefits. We fine-tuned models, including OpenAI’s GPT-3.5-Turbo, DaVinci-002, and Meta’s TinyLlama-1.1B, using an ingredient substitution dataset. These models were used to predict substitutions that enhance the phytochemical content and to create a corresponding enriched recipe dataset. Our approach improved the top ingredient prediction accuracy on substitution tasks, from the baseline 34.53 ± 0.10% to 38.03 ± 0.28% on the original substitution dataset and from 40.24 ± 0.36% to 54.46 ± 0.29% on a refined version of the same dataset. These substitutions led to the creation of 1951 phytochemically enriched ingredient pairings and 1639 unique recipes. While this approach demonstrates potential in optimizing ingredient substitutions, caution must be taken when drawing conclusions about health benefits, as the claims are based on preclinical evidence. This research represents a step forward in using AI to promote healthier eating practices, providing potential pathways for integrating computational methods with nutritional science.
Analysis Time-Delayed SEIR Model with Survival Rate for COVID-19 Stability and Disease Control
Authors: Hassan M. H. , El-Azab Tamer , AlNemer Ghada , Sohaly M. A. , El-Metwally H.
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a mathematical model to examine the transmission and stability dynamics of the SEIR model for COVID-19. To assess disease progression, the model incorporates a time delay for the time delay and survival rates. Then, we use the Routh–Hurwitz criterion, the LaSalle stability principle, and Hopf bifurcation analysis to look at disease-free and endemic equilibrium points. We investigate global stability using the Lyapunov function and simulate the model behavior with real COVID-19 data from Indonesia. The results confirm the impact of time delay on disease transmission, mitigation strategies, and population recovery rates, demonstrating that rapid interventions can significantly impact the course of the epidemic. The results indicate that a balance between transmission reduction and vaccination efforts is crucial for achieving long-term stability and controlling disease outbreaks. Finally, we estimate the degree of disease control and look at the rate of disease spread by simulating the genuine data.
Tetrodotoxin: The State-of-the-Art Progress in Characterization, Detection, Biosynthesis, and Transport Enrichment
Authors: Zhang Xinxin , Qiao Kun , Cui Ruimin , Xu Min , Cai Shuilin , Huang Qilin , Liu Zhiyu
Published: November 2024

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a neurotoxin that binds to sodium channels and blocks sodium conduction. Importantly, TTX has been increasingly detected in edible aquatic organisms. Because of this and the lack of specific antidotes, TTX poisoning is now a major threat to public health. However, it is of note that ultra-low dose TTX is an excellent analgesic with great medicinal value. These contradictory effects highlight the need for further research to elucidate the impacts and functional mechanisms of TTX. This review summarizes the latest research progress in relation to TTX sources, analogs, mechanisms of action, detection methods, poisoning symptoms, therapeutic options, biosynthesis pathways, and mechanisms of transport and accumulation in pufferfish. This review also provides a theoretical basis for reducing the poisoning risks associated with TTX and for establishing an effective system for its use and management to ensure the safety of fisheries and human health.
Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Smolinska Veronika , Klimova Daniela , Danisovic Lubos , Harsanyi Stefan
Published: November 2024

In recent years, numerous potential prognostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been investigated. Despite these advancements, clinical practice primarily relies on autoantibody tests—for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP)—alongside inflammatory markers, such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Expanding the repertoire of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers is critical for improving clinical outcomes in RA. Emerging evidence highlights the significance of synovial fluid biomarkers, including aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinases, glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline, hyaluronic acid, S100 proteins, calprotectin, and various cytokines, as well as immunological markers. Additionally, specific components of extracellular vesicles, such as non-coding RNAs, heat shock proteins, and lipids, are gaining attention. This review focuses on molecular markers found in synovial fluid and extracellular vesicles, excluding clinical and imaging biomarkers, and explores their potential applications in the diagnosis and management of RA.
Assessment of Frailty Scores Among Geriatric Patients Hospitalized in the North-Western Region of Romania: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Avram Lucreția , Ungureanu Marius I. , Crişan Dana , Donca Valer
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: The global demographic trend of population aging is evident across all regions, with a notable increase in the proportion of elderly individuals. Romania exemplifies this phenomenon, as 17% of its population is currently aged 65 years or older—a figure projected to rise to 25% by 2050. This demographic shift underscores the pressing need for comprehensive measures to address the health and social requirements of this growing population segment. This study aims to assess the prevalence of frailty among older adults in Romania and explore its relationship with socioeconomic factors. Materials and Methods: We employed a quantitative approach, by using cross-sectional data from patients hospitalized at the geriatrics ward of the Municipal Clinical Hospital in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Frailty scores were calculated through established frailty assessment tools, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of frailty status. In addition, we compared the socioeconomic characteristics of frail and non-frail patients to identify potential disparities. Statistical analyses were performed to assess associations between frailty and socioeconomic factors, providing insight into the relationship between these variables within the patient population. Results: The prevalence of frailty in our sample is, depending on the frailty scale used, 55% to 79%, which is in line with figures from specialized geriatric wards in other studies. There is moderate to substantial agreement between the scales we compared, and all six scales seem to concurrently agree on the frailty diagnostic in 55% of cases. Additionally, frail patients are more likely to have a low socioeconomic status. Conclusions: A significant limitation in European frailty research has been the absence of comparative frailty prevalence data across several European countries, especially those with lower economic development. Our study fills this gap by providing data on frailty prevalence in the north-western region of Romania.
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations: Updates on Technical Aspects and Functional Outcomes Post-Endovascular Treatment—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fuentes-Redondo Talía , Navia-Álvarez Pedro , Arráez-Aybar Luis-Alfonso
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs) represent the most common vascular malformations of the brain at the pediatric age. Comprehension of its angioarchitecture and clinical features may influence their treatment options and functional outcomes. The aim of this review is to give an update of the anatomical and technical aspects of the management of VGAMs after endovascular treatment. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review of original articles published between 1 January 2014 and 1 February 2024 in Pubmed, Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus databases following PRISMA guidelines. Variables such as age, sex, angioarchitecture of the malformation, clinical presentation, embolization technique, rate of occlusion, post-procedural complications, follow-up time, and mortality were collected. Random-effect meta-analysis of proportions was performed. Results: Fifteen studies on a total of 400 patients with VGAMs were collected. A total of 65.1% was male. The age at diagnosis was 12% prenatal, 35.5% neonates, 34.1% infants, 15.1% children, and 3.3% adults. Clinical presentation included 31.4% increased head size, 25.7% congestive heart failure, 12.9% neurological deficits, 10% seizures, 9.3% prominence of facial veins, and 8.9% developmental delay. A total of 339 patients underwent endovascular treatment (84.8%) with an average of 2.1 procedures per patient. The embolization technique was defined by transarterial access and glue material. Radiological occlusion was complete in 62.3% of the patients. The most frequent periprocedural incidents included hemorrhagic events (28.4%), embolization material migration (25.7%), and death (22%). The functional outcome was good in 68% of the surviving patients. The average follow-up time was 43.18 months. High heterogeneity was found in all outcomes but mortality rate. Conclusions: The angioarchitecture of VGAMs is significantly important when planning endovascular treatment and may have an influence on functional outcomes. More research into endovascular techniques and the risks of periprocedural complications must be performed. Indeed, a homogeneous protocol for the assessment of surviving VGAM patients during follow-up is necessary.
Structure and Properties of Ti-Al Intermetallic Coatings Reinforced with an Aluminum Oxide Filler
Authors: Bogdanov Artem Igorevich , Kulevich Vitaliy Pavlovich , Shmorgun Victor Georgievich , Gurevich Leonid Moiseevich
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the results of a study of the structure and phase composition of the hot-dip aluminizing coatings formed on the commercially pure titanium surface in AW-6063 aluminum alloy melt after heat treatment at 700 and 850 °C are presented. It is shown that as a result of aluminizing on the titanium surface, a homogeneous coating 30–40 µm thick without defects is formed. The hot-dip aluminizing coating consists of aluminum and the intermetallic compound TiAl3, located at the boundary with the substrate. Heat treatment results in the formation of a heterogeneous coating structure: its outer layer has a frame-type structure consisting of TiAl3 particles surrounded by an Al2O3 + TiO2 grid, and the inner continuous layer adjacent to the titanium consists of TiAl2, TiAl, and Ti3Al intermetallic layers. Increasing in the heat treatment temperature and/or holding time results in an increase in the thickness of both the outer and boundary layers of the coating. A mechanism for the formation of the coating structure via heat treatment is proposed. The scratch test method was used to evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of the coatings, and their scratch hardness was determined, which averaged 200 MPa. It was shown that the coating structure formed during heat treatment at 850 °C ensures higher resistance to cohesive failure.
Research on Stability of Removal Function in Figuring Process of Mandrel of X-Ray-Focusing Mirror with Variable Curvature
Authors: Xue Jiadai , Li Yuhao , Gao Mingyang , Gu Dongyun , Wu Yanlin , Liu Yanwen , Fan Yuxin , Zheng Peng , Chen Wentao , Chen Zhigao , Qiao Zheng , Jin Yuan , Ding Fei , Wu Yangong , Wang Bo
Published: November 2024

Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed X-ray-focusing telescopes by employing the principle of total reflection in thin metal films. The Wolter-I focusing mirror with variable-curvature surfaces demands high precision. However, there has been limited investigation into the removal mechanisms for variable-curvature X-ray mandrels, which are crucial for achieving the desired surface roughness and form accuracy, especially in reducing mid-spatial frequency (MSF) errors. It is essential to incorporate flexible control in deterministic small-tool polishing to improve the tool’s adaptability to curvature variations and achieve stable, Gaussian-like tool influence functions (TIFs). In this paper, we introduce a curvature-adaptive prediction model for compliance figuring, based on the Preston hypothesis, using a compliant shaping tool with high slurry absorption and retention capabilities. This model predicts the compliance figuring process of variable-curvature symmetrical mandrels for X-ray grazing incidence mirrors by utilizing planar tool influence functions. Initially, a variable-curvature pressure model was developed to account for the parabolic and hyperbolic optical surfaces’ curvature characteristics. By introducing time-varying removal functions for material removal, the model establishes a variable-curvature factor function, which correlates actual downward pressure with parameters such as contact radius and contact angle, thus linking the variable-curvature surface with a planar reference. Subsequently, through analysis of the residence time distribution across different TIF models, hierarchical filtering, and PSD distribution, real-time correction of the TIFs was achieved to enable customized variable-curvature polishing. Furthermore, by applying a time-varying deconvolution algorithm, multiple rounds of flexible polishing iterations were conducted on the mandrels of a rotationally symmetric variable-curvature optical component, and the experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in form accuracy, surface quality, and the optical performance of the mirror.
A Wide-Angle and PON Fully Polarimetric Retrodirective Array at the X Band
Authors: Zhao Shuangdi , Chen Lei , Pan Jicheng , Zhang Tianling
Published: November 2024

A new type of fully polarimetric retrodirective array (RDA) using a PON-type structure is proposed in this paper. The fully polarimetric property is the result of the proposed phase conjugation circuits, which perform phase conjugation processing on the x, y, and z polarization electric field components of the incident wave when combined with a tri-polarized antenna array. It enables the retrodirective array to receive and retransmit an arbitrary polarized incident wave. The measured results of the monostatic radar cross-section (RCS) show that the −5 dB beam width of the array was greater than 95° at 9.6 GHz for different polarized incident waves. Furthermore, the proposed RDA has better retrodirectivity performance on arbitrary polarized incident waves when using a wide-beam antenna, and if we further incorporate modulation and demodulation into the circuits, it has the potential to be applied to the wireless communications field.
Bacterial Agents for Biocontrol of American Foulbrood (AFB) of Larvae Honey Bee
Authors: Nowotnik Piotr , Chorbiński Paweł , Migdał Paweł , Górski Bogusław
Published: November 2024

Bee colonies are constantly threatened by a bacterial larvae disease called American foulbrood, caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. This is a highly specialized pathogen with only one established host, the honey bee larvae. The current state of legislation throughout the European Union prevents the inclusion of pharmacotherapy treatment, and the only control is based on the physical elimination of infected colonies upon veterinary orders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of selected bacteria with proven probiotic potential with typical characteristics meeting the definition of a probiotic that could reduce the American foulbrood pressure by promoting the development of the larvae microbiome that competes with and blocks the excessive proliferation and production of P. larvae endospores. The antimicrobial activity of inoculants of the following selected strains was studied: Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces narbonensis, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Levilactobacillus brevis, Bacillus megaterium against Paenibacillus larvae ATCC 9545 (formerly Paenibacillus larvae sub sp. larvae), and Paenibacillus larvae CCUG 48973. Analyses were performed by the well diffusion method according to EUCAST standards (clinical breakpoints and dosing of antibiotics) with modifications due to the specificity of the bacteria used. The largest zone of growth inhibition of P. larvae was confirmed with S. narbonensis, B. licheniformis, and B. megaterium, and medium activity was observed with L. brevis and B. pumilus. Negligible activity was shown by L. fusiformis. Differences were noticed in the resistance of indicator strains of P. larvae and between the media and carriers used.
The Fungus Phlebiopsis flavidoalba’s Pathogenicity and Virulence Toward the Fluted Scale (Praelongorthezia acapulcoa) Pest of Rice and Sugarcane Crops
Authors: Hernández-Hernández Silvia , Muñiz-Paredes Facundo , Peña-Chora Guadalupe , Hernández-Velázquez Víctor Manuel
Published: November 2024

Sugarcane is one of the main crops in Morelos State, Mexico. The presence of the insect pest Praelongorthezia acapulcoa (Morrison), commonly known as the fluted scale insect, was observed in sugarcane and rice crops, causing losses of up to 30% of production in both crops. In this work, a fungus isolated from the mycosic cadavers of P. acapulcoa was identified as the basidiomycete Phlebiopsis flavidoalba (Cooke) Hjortstam via morphological and molecular identification using the ITS, tef 1, and 28S regions. Its pathogenicity toward P. acapulcoa was verified in laboratory tests, causing a mortality rate higher than 60%. Its virulence toward P. acapulcoa, estimated as the mean lethal concentration (LC50), was 9.7 × 106 conidia mL−1. This work constitutes the first report about a basidiomycete with direct entomopathogenic activity and biological control of the fluted scale insect, P. acapulcoa.
Comparison of Gut Microbiota in Overwintering Bees: Apis cerana vs. Apis mellifera
Authors: Chen Heng , Gao Lijiao , Liu Jialin , Ji Conghui , Dang Xiaoqun , Zhou Zeyang , Luo Wenhua
Published: November 2024

Bees play important roles in socio-economic development, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem stability. However, during the cold season, resources become limited, leading to significant losses in bee colonies. Although many studies have described the characteristics of winter bees and demonstrated that notable changes occur in their gut microflora, the underlying mechanisms remain yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the gut microbiota dynamics of overwintering bees. Sample acquisition involved randomly selecting ten colonies each from three bee farms containing Apis cerana (AC) and Apis mellifera (AM), followed by dissection for further analysis. DNA was extracted, and 16S rDNA sequencing, along with various bioinformatics tools, was used to assess microbial diversity, functional differences, and species comparisons between AC and AM gut microbiota. AC exhibited lower β diversity in the gut microbiota than AM during winter. Moreover, Gilliamella and Apibacter were relatively more abundant in AC. Regarding microbial functions, key pathways included the phosphotransferase system, galactose metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. These results suggest the presence of microbial diversity differences between AC and AM, with the differential microbial functions mainly enriched in metabolic pathways that facilitate adaptation to cold environmental stress.
Development of Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Strains of Fusarium acuminatum via PEG-Mediated Genetic Transformation
Authors: Ju Fangyi , Qi Zhongqiang , Tan Jiajin , Dai Tingting
Published: November 2024

Fusarium acuminatum is recognized as the causative agent of root rot in many forestry and agricultural plants. In recent years, root rot and foliage blight caused by F. acuminatum have become widespread and severe in China, particularly affecting Dianthus chinensis. The infection mechanism of F. acuminatum remains a pressing area for research. A crucial approach to elucidating its pathogenic mechanisms involves the genetic modification of candidate genes, which necessitates effective transformation systems. Currently, protoplast-mediated transformation (PMT) serves as a valuable tool for studying plant-pathogen interactions and offers several advantages over conventional transformation methods. In this study, we employed the PMT technique to establish a transformation system for the F. acuminatum strain FDCY-5 due to its benefits such as ease of operation, low cost, high conversion efficiency, and broad applicability. We successfully developed a transformation system capable of producing abundant high-quality protoplasts from F. acuminatum and generating green fluorescent protein (GFP) transformants. To verify whether GFP was constitutively expressed, we utilized fluorescence microscopy alongside PCR technology. The results demonstrated that GFP was effectively transformed into the protoplasts of F. acuminatum and expressed successfully. The established protoplast transformation system for F. acuminatum provides a foundational platform for analyzing functional genes within infected host plants as well as understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying host plant infections by F. acuminatum.
Determination of Technological Properties and CRISPR Profiles of Streptococcus thermophilus Isolates Obtained from Local Yogurt Samples
Authors: Coban Hatice Sevgi , Olgun Dicle , Temur İnci , Durak Muhammed Zeki
Published: November 2024

The aim of this study was to obtain data on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) profiles of Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) isolates resulting from acquired immune memory in addition to their technological starter properties for the selection of potential starter cultures from local yogurt samples. A total of 24 S. thermophilus isolates were collected from six local yogurt samples including Afyon/Dinar, Uşak, Konya/Karapınar, and Tokat provinces of Türkiye. Strain-specific CRISPR I-II-III and IV primers were used to determine the CRISPR profiles of the isolates. The isolates commonly had CRISPR II and IV profiles, while only one isolate had a CRISPR III profile. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based and culture-based analyses were also carried out to obtain data on the technological properties of the isolates. The PCR analyses were performed for the prtS gene for protease activity, the ureC gene for urease enzyme, the gdh gene for glutamate dehydrogenase, the cox gene for competence frequency, the csp gene involved in heat-shock stress resistance of the isolates with specific primers. Culture-based analyses including antimicrobial activity and acid-production ability of the isolates were completed, and proteolytic and lipolytic properties were also screened. Native spacer sequences resulting from acquired immune memory were obtained for CRISPR IV profiles of yogurt samples from the Konya-Karapınar and Tokat provinces and CRISPR III profiles of yogurt samples from the Uşak province. In conclusion, our study results suggest that it is possible to select the isolates with the desired level of technological characteristics, prioritizing the ones with the most diverse CRISPR profiles and with native spacers for potential industrial application as starter cultures. We believe that this study provides data for further biological studies on the impact of centuries of human domestication on evolutionary adaptations and how these microorganisms manage survival and symbiosis.
Effects of Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Microbial Communities in Karst Grassland Ecosystems
Authors: Liu Xin , Yang Rong , Zhao Jie , Xiao Dan , He Xunyang , Zhang Wei , Wang Kelin , Chen Hongsong
Published: November 2024

Diverse exogenous nitrogen (N) sources have a considerable impact on microbial community structure in terrestrial ecosystems. Legume plants and N deposition can relieve N limitations and increase net primary productivity. However, the differences in their effects on soil microbial communities remain unclear. Here, the responses of the soil microbial community to a legume-planting system and simulated N deposition were examined in karst grasslands in Southwest China over five years by analyzing soil microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). The experiment included three treatments—legume plant introduction (NL, Indigofera atropurpurea), N deposition (ND, NH4NO3:10 g N m−2 yr−1), and a control with no treatment. The effects of NL and ND on soil microbial community composition differed significantly. ND significantly reduced the biomass of bacteria, actinobacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. NL insignificantly increased the biomass of all microbial groups. However, the total amounts of PLFAs and fungal biomass were significantly higher in NL than in ND. The effect of legume plant introduction on soil microbial community composition was more powerful than that of ND. Overall, the introduction of legume plants is beneficial in terms of increasing the biomass of the soil microbial community and stabilizing the soil microbial community structure in karst grassland ecosystems.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Chronic Pouchitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chun Magnus , Tun Kyaw Min , Vongsavath Tahne , Verma Renuka , Batra Kavita , Limsui David , Jenkins Erin
Published: November 2024

Pouchitis is a common complication after ileal-pouch anal anastomosis in patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis. There has been a lack of high-level evidence focusing on the safety and efficacy outcomes of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). We aim to evaluate outcomes and complications of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for chronic pouchitis. Databases were systematically searched to retrieve English-only, original studies, published from inception to 31 March 2024, investigating chronic pouchitis only. Primary outcomes included overall remission, clinical response, remission, relapse, and complications. Seven studies with 94 patients were included. The pooled overall remission rate was 15% (95% CI: 0–29%, p < 0.001), the clinical response rate was 33% (95% CI: 19–46%, p = 0.14), the clinical remission rate was 14% (95% CI: 19–46%, p < 0.001), and the clinical relapse rate was 36% (95% CI: 16–55%, p = 0.11). The pooled proportion of patients with mild adverse events after FMT treatment was 39% (95% CI: 6–71%, p < 0.001). No severe adverse events or deaths were reported. Although FMT is an effective treatment for chronic pouchitis, there is still a high rate of mild adverse events. High-level evidence for FMT is still sparse, limiting recommendations for clinical use.
Port-a-Cath Infection of Mycobacterium senegalense: First Italian Case Report
Authors: Grassia Giulia , Amisano Francesco , Gaiarsa Stefano , Bagnarino Jessica , Compagno Francesca , Panigari Arianna , Baldanti Fausto , Monzillo Vincenzina , Barbarini Daniela
Published: November 2024

Mycobacterium senegalense is a Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) belonging to the M. fortuitum group, often associated with veterinary diseases, such as bovine farcy. However, it can also cause human infections and appears to be involved in Catheter-Associated Infections in immunocompromised patients. Here, we report the first Italian isolation of a strain of M. senegalense from a 16-year-old oncological female patient being treated at Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia (Italy). Following pain at the Port-a-Cath site, a pus culture was collected and the positivity for the M. fortuitum group revealed the NTM infection. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed and interpreted according to the available CLSI breakpoints. This information allowed us to implement the correct antibiotic therapy that, together with the device removal, led to the patient’s recovery. Finally, due to the increasing number of isolations, the possible presence of NTM infections in prosthetic devices should be among the primary diagnostic questions in a clinical setting.
Characterization and Processing of Low-Grade Middle Group 2 Chromite Ore by Gravity Shaking Table and a Comparative SLon Magnetic Separation: A Case Study
Authors: Sixhuta Inga , Singh Ashma , Khangale Phathutshedzo , Meijboom Reinout , Raphulu Mpfunzeni
Published: November 2024

Chromite is considered a strategic mineral in the global economy. It is mainly used as an essential raw material in the production of stainless steel and other metal alloys due to its corrosion and heat resistance properties. High-grade chromite resources are gradually depleting; with the increasing chromite demand in metallurgical applications, studies have focused on exploring low-grade and alternative chromite sources. This study proposes a cost-effective processing flowsheet for the low-grade middle group 2 (MG2) chromite layer, a poorly explored chromatite seam within the South African bushveld igneous complex (BIC). The study involved mineralogical characterization followed by gravity and magnetic separation of the low-grade MG2 ore at 18.18% Cr2O3. Characterization by XRD and Auto-SEM revealed that the ore mainly consists of pyroxene, chromite, and feldspar, with other minerals in trace quantities. The gravity separation test by shaking table upgraded the chromite (Cr2O3) to 42.0% at high chromite recoveries, whereas the laboratory Slon wet high-intensity magnetic separation method (SLon WHIMS) upgraded the chromite in the feed to 42.95% grade at lower chromite recoveries. Desliming the sample before the gravity and magnetic separation tests significantly improved the separation. The magnetic separation tests further demonstrated that chromite within the MG2 layer is sensitive to magnetic separation due to its high iron content. The adapted flowsheet is proposed as a cost-effective flowsheet for processing the low-grade MG2 layer. The flow sheet can be optimized by conducting the SLon WHIMS tests at high intensities followed by fine gravity tests by spiral circuits to maximize the chromite recovery while achieving commercial chromite grades and a Cr:Fe ratio greater than 1.5.
Influence of Chromite Ore Selection on the Pelletized Oxidative Sintering Process: A South African Case Study
Authors: van Staden Yolindi , du Preez Stephanus Petrus , Beukes Johan Paul , van Zyl Pieter Gideon , Groenewald Jason
Published: November 2024

The smelting of chromite to produce ferrochrome (FeCr) and subsequently, stainless steel, is an energy-intensive carbothermic process. Various countries apply the Outotec FeCr process, which employs oxidative sintering in air to produce mechanically strong chromite pellets. During this process, iron (Fe) is liberated from the chromite spinel due to the elevated temperatures and oxidative nature of the process. It is well understood that oxidatively altered chromite requires less energy to be smelted when compared to non-oxidized chromite. This study showed that sintered pellets obtained from five South African pellet sintering plants had vastly different oxidative alteration penetrations. Additionally, sintered pellets from the same plant may also vary significantly. It was further shown that ores mined from various locations in South Africa had dissimilar sintering behaviors, suggesting that sintered pellets should be characterized before smelting to determine the extent of oxidative alteration. The benefit of a smelter consuming oxidized ore was also demonstrated by comparing the interaction between oxidized and non-oxidized chromite with a carbon (C) source.
Potential Reuse of Ladle Furnace Slag as Cementitious Material: A Literature Review of Generation, Characterization, and Processing Methods
Authors: Ouffa Noureddine , Benzaazoua Mostafa , Trauchessec Romain , Belem Tikou , Taha Yassine , Diliberto Cécile
Published: November 2024

Ladle furnace slag (LFS), a by-product of steel refining, shows a promising reuse pathway as an alternative additive or substitute for Portland cement due to its high alkalinity and similar chemical composition to clinkers. However, LFS is often stored in large, open surface areas, leading to many environmental issues. To tackle waste management challenges, LFS can be recycled as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in many cementitious composites. However, LFS contains some mineral phases that hinder its reactivity (dicalcium silicate (γ-C2S)) and pose long-term durability issues in the cured cemented final product (free lime (f-CaO) and free magnesia (f-MgO)). Therefore, LFS needs to be adequately treated to enhance its reactivity and ensure long-term durability in the structures of the cementitious materials. This literature review assesses possible LFS treatments to enhance its suitability for valorization. Traditional reviews are often multidisciplinary and explore all types of iron and steel slags, sometimes including the recycling of LFS in the steel industry. As the reuse of industrial by-products requires a knowledge of their characteristics, this paper focuses first on LFS characterization, then on the obstacles to its use, and finally compiles an exhaustive inventory of previously investigated treatments. The main parameters for treatment evaluation are the mineralogical composition of treated LFS and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the final geo-composite in the short and long term. This review indicates that the treatment of LFS using rapid air/water quenching at the end-of-refining process is most appropriate, allowing a nearly amorphous slag to be obtained, which is therefore suitable for use as a SCM. Moreover, the open-air watering treatment leads to an optimal content of treated LFS. Recycling LFS in this manner can reduce OPC consumption, solve the problem of limited availability of blast furnace slag (GGBFS) by partially replacing this material, conserve natural resources, and reduce the carbon footprint of cementitious material operations.
Analytical Study of Magnetohydrodynamic Casson Fluid Flow over an Inclined Non-Linear Stretching Surface with Chemical Reaction in a Forchheimer Porous Medium
Authors: Díaz Palencia José Luis
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the steady, two-dimensional boundary layer flow of a Casson fluid over an inclined nonlinear stretching surface embedded within a Forchheimer porous medium. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations through similarity transformations. The analysis incorporates the effects of an external uniform magnetic field, gravitational forces, thermal radiation modeled by the Rosseland approximation, and first-order homogeneous chemical reactions. We consider several dimensionless parameters, including the Casson fluid parameter, magnetic parameter, Darcy and Forchheimer numbers, Prandtl and Schmidt numbers, and the Eckert number to characterize the flow, heat, and mass transfer phenomena. Analytical solutions for the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are derived under simplifying assumptions, and expressions for critical physical quantities such as the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are obtained.
Monitoring the Shelf Life of Hemp Seed Oil Stored at Two Temperatures in Different Materials via Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy
Authors: Bonazza Francesca , Monti Lucia , Povolo Milena , Gasparini Andrea , Pelizzola Valeria , Cabassi Giovanni
Published: November 2024

Hempseed oil (HSO) is extremely rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic (18:2 n-6) and α-linolenic (18:3 n-3) acids, which determine its high sensitivity to oxidative and photo-oxidative degradations that can lead to rancidity despite the presence of antioxidant compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate which material/temperature/light solutions better preserve HSO quality during its shelf life and to test NIR as a rapid, non-destructive technique for monitoring oxidation phenomena. Futura 75 hemp seeds were cold-pressed; the oil was packed into 20 mL vials of four different materials (polypropylene, clear glass, amber glass, and amber glass coated with aluminum foil) and stored for 270 days at 25 °C under diffused light and at 10 °C in dark conditions., Peroxides and conjugated dienes and trienes were evaluated at intervals to monitor oil stability. Moreover, NIR spectra were measured in transmission, and the sample dataset was analyzed using ASCA to test the significance of the experimental factors: the model showed the significance of all factors and of all the simple interactions. Our results demonstrate that oil stored in amber glass vials with aluminum foils at refrigerated temperatures receive the highest protection from environmental conditions, mitigating oxidative changes, and that the NIR technique could be used to rapidly monitor HSO oxidation parameters.
Expression, Purification, and Characterisation of Recombinant Alginate Lyase (Flammeovirga AL2) for the Bioconversion of Alginate into Alginate Oligosaccharides
Authors: Grobler Coleen E. , Mabate Blessing , Prins Alaric , Le Roes-Hill Marilize , Pletschke Brett I.
Published: November 2024

Alginate, a polysaccharide found in brown seaweeds, has regularly gained attention for its potential use as a source of bioactive compounds. However, it is structurally complex with a high molecular weight, limiting its application. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are small, soluble fragments, making them more bioavailable. Alginate hydrolysis by enzymes is the preferred method for AOS production. Commercially available alginate lyases are limited, expensive, and sometimes exhibit unsatisfactory activity, making the search for novel alginate lyases with improved activity indispensable. The aims of this study were to codon-optimise, synthesise, express, purify, and characterise a recombinant alginate lyase, AL2, from Flammeovirga sp. strain MY04 and to compare it to a commercial alginate lyase. Expression was successfully performed using Escherichia coli ArcticExpress (DE3) RP cells, and the protein was purified through affinity chromatography. The recombinant enzyme was characterised by pH optimum studies, and temperature optimum and stability experiments. The optimal reaction conditions for AL2 were pH 9.0 and 37 °C, while for the commercial enzyme, the optimal conditions were pH 8.0 and 37 °C. At optimal reaction conditions, the specific activity of AL2 was 151.6 ± 12.8 µmol h−1 mg−1 protein and 96.9 ± 13.1 µmol h−1 mg−1 protein for the commercial alginate lyase. Moreover, AL2 displayed impressive activity in breaking down alginate into AOS. Hence, AL2 shows potential for use as an industrial enzyme for the hydrolysis of alginate into alginate oligosaccharides. Additional studies should be carried out to further characterise this enzyme, improve its purity, and optimise its activity.