bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological Aspects of Childhood Poisonings in Ankara: A 10-Year Survey
Authors: Hincal F. , Hincal A.A. , Müftü Y. , Sarikayalar F. , Özer Y. , Çevik N. , Kinik E.
Published: April 2009

1 In the 10-year period 1975-1984, 1188 children were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Hacettepe University in Ankara with a diagnosis of poisoning.

2 Retrospective analysis of their medical records showed that the incidence of poisoning with medicinal drugs was 64.0%, while pesticides accounted for 17.8% and plants for 6.7% of total cases.

3 The majority (69.9%) of cases were due to accidental poisoning, 70.6% of which occurred in children under 5 years of age; 15.1% of the poisonings were diagnosed as therapeutic mishaps of which 68.3% involved children under 5 years of age.

4 Analgesics (186 cases), barbiturates (176 cases) and tranquilizers (37 cases) were the most common drugs encountered, however, the two drugs most frequently overused were aspirin (146 cases) and Optalidon (175 cases).

5 Overall mortality was 4.9% (58 cases). Fifty per cent of fatalities were due to accidental poisoning while 41.4% (24 cases) were due to therapeutic mishaps.

6 This study is presented as a background to the need for the development of a Poison Information Service for Ankara.
Formation and Persistence of Isoniazid-DNA Adducts in Mouse Tissues
Authors: Maru G.B. , Bhide S. , Saffhill R. , O'Connor P.J.
Published: April 2009

Further confirmation is provided to support the identity of the product formed by the in vitro eaction of isoniazid (INH) with cytosine as 4-deamino-4-isoniazidocytosine (INH-cytosine).

Use of INH-treated mice, in which the tissue DNA is prelabelled by the neonatal administration of [3H]-deoxycytidine, has revealed the presence of two other DNA products in addition to INHytosine.

Tissue differences in the persistence of these three DNA products suggest the presence of repair eactions for certain adducts. These processes and the effects of hepatotoxicity lead to a selective etention of adducts in the DNA of lung which is the target tissue for INH-carcinogenicity in mice. INH-modified DNA templates are weakly promutagenic during in vitro DNA synthesis.

The implications of these observations for the role of INH as an initiating agent and for the pecies differences in its carcinogenicity are discussed.
Legal Autonomy and Reflexive Rationality in Complex Societies
Authors: Capps Patrick , Olsen Henrik Palmer
Published: April 2009

Proponents of the idea that law has assumed an endemically closed character consider that there are severe limits to the possibility of successful legal regulation in highly complex and socially differentiated societies. This idea reaches its most radical form in the theory of law as an autopoietic system which suggests that the autonomous individual at the core of most traditional legal theory should be replaced by the self-creating and self-maintaining legal system. Advocates of this theory suggest that legal scientists and practitioners should reject traditional rationales of legal regulation and adopt a new, and more modest, mode of legal rationality called reflexive law. In this article, we argue, first, that the idea that specialized autopoietic subsystems have epistemic primacy is flawed and, second, that this initial argument coupled to a conception of the function of law which is held in both autopoietic theory and more traditional conceptions of law reveals an insight into the possibility of effective legal regulation in complex societies. Specifically, effective legal regulation in complex societies requires a reformulation of reflexive law so that basic principles of political morality are incorporated within its autonomous domain.
Justice as Integrity: Objectivity and Social Meaning in Legal Theory
Authors: Fagelson David
Published: April 2009

While Dworkin views law as the embodiment of moral principles, the sources of those principles that he identifies do not supply the justification of force he ascribes to them. In this article I propose that judges interpret justice from what I call the social forms of society. I call this method justice as integrity and propose it as the foundation of law as integrity. By showing how social meanings are necessarily part of our understanding of social and natural phenomena, I hope to show that Dworkin’s political theory, and hence his legal theory, are tenable only upon a constructivist foundation of justice closer to Michael Walzer’s than his own. While this methodology better explains the moral foundations of law, I reject the metaphysical implications that both he and Dworkin ascribe to it. Constructivism does not imply ethical relativism nor does it provide any moral or epistemological barriers to criticism of social practice in one’s own society or elsewhere. I hope to make Dworkin’s constitutional theory more viable by reconceiving the objectivist pedigree of social and empirical meanings. Social meanings can create clear, objective principles that apply across a pluralistic community and permit judges to interpret justice as insiders of the social forms of their community.
New Modes of Governance and the Commodification of Criminological Knowledge
Authors: Walters Reece
Published: April 2009

This article explores the influence of new modes of governance on the production of criminological knowledge. In doing so, it examines the rise of discourses on risk and critiques the ways in which academic environments are changing under new managerialist philosophies. The article further explores the increasing ‘commodification of criminological knowledge’ and analyses its effect on contemporary criminological scholarship. Finally, this article examines the contours of critical criminological scholarship and advocates for a criminology of resistance.
Relational Consumer Contracts: New Challenges for Brazilian Consumer Law
Authors: Macedo Ronaldo Porto
Published: April 2009

This article outlines the main features of relational contracts, and argues for their importance in modern service-oriented societies. It then examines the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code, suggesting that it opens up prospects for the legal acknowledgement of relational characteristics of contracts in general and of consumer contracts in particular. The article also examines the impact of the Code on private pension fund contracts and banking contracts. Finally, the article discusses the importance for consumers of the duty to inform in the context of market defects, and the extent to which the duty to inform is advanced in the Brazilian Code.
Mom and Little Richard: The Benefits of Contrast-and-Compare Activities
Authors: Miller Beth Ann
Published: April 2009

This article discusses the numerous benefits of employing contrast-and-compare lessons in music education settings. Such activities focus on the elements of music through the higher-order thinking processes of analyzing, comparing, organizing, and evaluating.They also integrate with the teaching goals and practices of many general educators in other subject areas. By posing interesting and open-ended questions, contrast-and-compare lessons promote engagement by students of all ability levels. Finally, this technique offers opportunities for authentic formative and summative student assessment. Readers will be given carefully reasoned rationale, supporting references, and suggestions for specific lesson designs.
Writing as an Embodied Practice
Authors: Haas Christina , Witte Stephen P.
Published: April 2009

This article explores the role of embodied knowledge and embodied representation in the joint revision of a small section of a large technical document by personnel from two organizations: a city government and a consulting engineering firm. The article points to differences between the knowledge and the representation practices of personnel from the two organizations as manifested in their words and gestures during the revision task, and it points to the gestures of the city personnel as a principal means by which their greater embodied knowledge of channel easements becomes distributed across the group as a whole. The article concludes by pointing to some advantages of considering acts of writing as embodied practices and by indicating a number of related questions that should be pursued in subsequent investigations of literacy in modern workplaces.
Resilience in a Multicultural Sample of Community-Dwelling Women Older Than Age 85
Authors: Felten Beverly Sigl
Published: April 2009

Resilience in women older than age 85 is defined as the response of rebound and improvement in function after devastating illness. Using a snowball recruitment method, 7 women from a midwestern U.S. city participated (mean age = 88.625 years), representing various ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Responses from these women related to resilience after illness late in life included their experiences with frailty, determination to overcome adversity, previous experience with hardship, ability to access care, cultural influences, family support, caring for self, caring for others, and descriptions of functioning similar to an efficient machine. Further research is needed to explore resilience in older women; however, specific nursing interventions are suggested related to these themes.
A Quantitative Use of the NIDCAP® Tool
Authors: Pressler Jana L. , Hepworth Joseph T.
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how the check sheet of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program® (NIDCAP® ) can be quantified and used in research. Using the quantified NIDCAP® measures, the hypothesis that Caucasian male infants are less behaviorally competent while in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was explored. Participants included 42 very preterm NICU infants. Eighty-five NIDCAP® behaviors were quantified into scores ranging from 0 to 1, indicating the percentage of time each behavior was observed. Multivariate analyses were used in grouping the 85 NIDCAP® behaviors into three subsystems of functioning. The hypothesis that Caucasian male infants were less competent was not supported; neither were gender differences found. Contrary to this hypothesis, African American infants were identified as more vulnerable on several behaviors. NIDCAP® assessments were easily quantified. Once the entire NIDCAP® exam has been quantified, practice applications may involve automated development of individualized care plans.
Skin Protection and Breakdown in the ELBW Infant
Authors: Maguire Denise Poirier
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to learn how neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses describe the problem of skin breakdown in the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant, examine interventions currently used to prevent and treat ELBW infant skin breakdown, and to learn how nurses describe and measure skin breakdown. Questionnaires were sent to 482 NICUs in the United States, and a response was requested from a registered nurse with at least 2 years NICU experience currently employed in the NICU who regularly managed ELBW infants. Questionnaires were returned from 215 NICUs (45%). Analysis revealed that an average of 21% of ELBW infants suffered skin breakdown during the 1st week of life. Nurses who reported the least problems with ELBW infant skin breakdown followed skin-care protocols that limited use of tape and made liberal use of Aquaphor® to protect fragile skin. Recommendations from this study include the development of an objective tool to rate skin breakdown and further study of product efficacy used in the treatment of skin breakdown.
A New Model for Void Coalescence by Internal Necking
Authors: Scheyvaerts F. , Pardoen T. , Onck P.R.
Published: April 2009

A micromechanical model for predicting the strain increment required to bring a damaged material element from the onset of void coalescence up to final fracture is developed based on simple kinematics arguments. This strain increment controls the unloading slope and the energy dissipated during the final step of material failure. Proper prediction of the final drop of the load carrying capacity is an important ingredient of any ductile fracture model, especially at high stress triaxiality. The model has been motivated and verified by comparison to a large set of finite element void cell calculations.
Does Parental Investment Increase Wealth, or Does Wealth Increase Parental Investment?
Authors: Barber Nigel
Published: April 2009

Possible causal relationships between parental investment and economic growth and productivity were investigated cross-nationally. Composite variables were constructed to measure parental investment (PI), human capital (HC), national health, government effectiveness, and economic development for 148 countries. Some composites were highly intercorrelated, particularly PI, HC, and health, and all predicted absolute (dollar value) annual growth (1990-1998) as well as GNP (1996). Regression analysis showed that PI strongly predicts wealth, but not growth, when government stability and level of economic development are controlled. Results suggest that PI (and health, HC) is more a product than a cause of national wealth.
Religion and Intragroup Cooperation: Preliminary Results of a Comparative Analysis of Utopian Communities
Authors: Sosis Richard
Published: April 2009

Several authors have argued that religious beliefs are a way of communicating commitment and loyalty to other group members. The advantage of commitment signals is that they can promote intragroup cooperation by overcoming the free-rider problems that plague most cooperative pursuits. In this article, the author tests this idea using a database on 19th century utopian communes. The economic success and survival of utopian communes is dependent upon solving the collective-action problem of cooperative labor. If religious beliefs foster commitment and loyalty among individuals who share those beliefs, communes formed out of religious conviction should survive longer than communes motivated by secular ideologies such as socialism. Preliminary results from survivorship analysis support this hypothesis; religious communes are more likely than secular communes to survive at every stage of their life course. These results are discussed with reference to a modern communal movement, the Israeli kibbutz.
Social Expectations Among African American, Hispanic, and European American Adolescents
Authors: Yager Thomas J. , Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane
Published: April 2009

Ethnic, gender, and developmental differences in the social expectations of African American, Hispanic, and European American high school students (n = 277) were assessed. Students' responses to 16 brief videotaped scenes of everyday social encounters were categorized to represent four domains: group orientation, expressiveness, assertiveness, and aggressiveness. Significant ethnic differences emerged in each domain: Group-oriented responses were given significantly more often by Hispanic and European American students; expressive and aggressive responses were significantly more frequent among African American and Hispanic students; and assertive responses were more frequent among European Americans compared to African Americans. Males' social expectations were less group oriented and assertive and more expressive and aggressive. Females' expectations for assertiveness increased with grade level. Ethnic and gender differences were similar across youth of different ages. The observed differences are discussed as potential sources of cross-ethnic conflict among high school students.
Outline of a Framework for a Theory of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Goodenough Ward H.
Published: April 2009

Cultural traditions (including languages) are transmitted across generations through learning by individuals in interaction with other members of the social groups to which they belong. Such groups are analogous to biological demes whose genetic heritage is transmitted across generations by the procreative interactions of their members. Cultural traditions and human biological demes coevolve like symbionts in mutual interdependency. There are many parallel processes, outlined here, in biological and cultural evolution. Basic in the content of cultures are understandings about the conduct of activities as the units of coordinated purposeful social behavior that provide the contexts for the emergence, maintenance, and modification of cultural traditions. Students of culture have yet to set necessary standards for controlled, systematic ethnographic research of a kind that will provide the database needed for a developed theory of cultural evolution.
Origins and Age of Deterrence: Comparative Research on Old World and New World Systems
Authors: Cioffi-Revilla Claudio
Published: April 2009

Is deterrence a recent or ancient phenomenon? Long-range analysis from political science, supported by key advances in archaeology and epigraphy, now permit social scientists to measure and compare systematically the ancient origins of deterrence as a strategy of defense. The data reported in this article, based directly on primary sources, demonstrate that deterrence is at least thousands of years old and was invented independently in the Old World (Eastern Hemisphere) and the New World (Western Hemisphere), by“pleogenesis” and with neolithic technologies, as opposed to being only decades old and the product of Cold War nuclear weapons strategy. The millenarian age of deterrence implies that it is a deeply rooted behavioral pattern manifested since the earliest pre-state polity systems (chiefdoms), similar to government, warfare, and other fundamental behavioral patterns, and not one that is ephemeral or easily modified.
Climatic Instability, Food Storage, and the Development of Numerical Counting: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Divale William
Published: April 2009

A model is proposed that explains the variability in counting systems found in traditional societies. Societies that live in areas of climatic instability, in terms of temperature and precipitation extremes, tend to have periodic starvation and famine, which in turn stimulates societies to store and preserve food. The need to store and preserve food during one season for use in another stimulates societies to develop abilities to count to higher numbers in order to accurately estimate food storage requirements. This model is successfully tested cross-culturally on two separate worldwide samples (N= 69 andN = 136 respectively).
Effects of Language and Meaningfulness on the Use of Extreme Response Style by Spanish-English Bilinguals
Authors: Gibbons Judith L. , Zellner Jennifer A. , Rudek David J.
Published: April 2009

Response style, specifically the tendency to use response categories that are distant from the midpoint of a Likert-type scale, has been linked to culture and to the personal meaningfulness of the item. In this study, 58 Spanish-English bilinguals completed two gender role attitudes scales—the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) and the Historic-Sociocultural Premises Scale (HSCP)—with items randomly assigned to be presented in English or Spanish. The HSCP was rated as more meaningful, and participants used more extreme categories in Spanish. Participants rated items on the AWS as more meaningful and used more extreme categories when items were presented in their first language; meaningfulness did not completely account for the latter effect. The results suggest that both language and meaningfulness affect response style. Response style is important not only as a confounding variable in crosscultural research but as an indicator of personal meaning and other culturally related phenomena such as language.
Environment and Security: Improving the Interaction of Two Science Fields
Authors: Noorduyn Ruth E. , De Groot Wouter T.
Published: April 2009

With the growing insight that outbreaks of violent conflict may be linked to environmental degradation and scarcity, “environment and security” has become an object of interest to both political and environmental science. The road to mutually reinforcing activities is blocked by several antagonisms, however, and the heavy emphasis on the national level has precluded the tapping of the wealth of conflict knowledge in anthropology. An improved relationship between the security and environment science fields is suggested by clarifying and linking the generalized “causal stories” that security and environmental scientists tell around their core concepts (security and sustainability, respectively). On that basis, and if focusing on a (subnational) scale that facilitates the involvement of anthropology too, joint research projects can yield a balanced understanding of the links between environment and security.
Indonesia's Fiery Crises
Authors: Marinova Nadja
Published: April 2009

Since the summer of 1997, Indonesia has been engulfed in the worst economic crisis witnessed in Southeast Asia. Simultaneously, a second—environmental—crisis is taking place in the shadow of currency devaluations and stock market crashes. The latter signals the negative consequences of rapid, poorly regulated economic development for the region's environment and is exemplified by the raging forest fires in Indonesia spreading out of control and enveloping neighboring countries in a thick harmful haze. This article explores the multiple links between the two crises in Indonesia and their underlying causes. It shows that the International Monetary Fund-backed Indonesian structural reform program leaves the problem of forest fires unresolved and is likely to result in further environmental degradation. The very fate of these reforms is assessed in light of the prevailing political uncertainty. Finally, alternative solutions that begin to deal with both the environmental and the financial crises are proposed.
Numerical Modelling and Analysis of Automotive Transmission Rattle
Authors: Wang Michael Yu , Zhao Weijie , Manoj Radhakrishnan
Published: April 2009

This paper describes a research work on modelling and numerical analysis of torsional vibration in automotive manual transmissions. The focus of the effort is on a decoupling procedure for the numerical analysis of gear rattle. The power train model is specified into a linear sub-system and a non-linear sub-system that includes the strong nonlinearities of gear backlash and multi-stage clutch stiffness. The weak coupling of the sub-systems is then exploited for efficient numerical analysis. It is shown that the decoupled model yields an acceptable accuracy with a significant gain in computational efficiency when using an algorithm of numerical integration of stiff differential equations or a finite element in time algorithm. Numerical simulation results for a Daimler-Chrysler vehicle power train are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Effect of Boundary Conditions on Free Vibration of Thick Isotropic Spherical Shells
Authors: Buchanan George R. , Rich Brian S.
Published: April 2009

A nine-node Lagrangian finite element is formulated in spherical coordinates and used to study the vibration of thick isotropic spherical shells. The accuracy of the proposed analysis is verified by way of comparison with existing solutions. A comparative study of frequencies of vibration for thick spherical shells for several definitions of a simple support is presented in both tabular and graphical format. The analysis is expanded by including additional results for both free and fixed boundary conditions. An important conclusion is that the manner in which the boundary condition is defined can modify and possibly control the frequency of free vibration.
Using Orthogonal Functions for Identification and Sensitivity Analysis of Mechanical Systems
Authors: Pacheco R. P. , Steffen V.
Published: April 2009

Differential equations can be transformed into algebraic equations by using an integration property of the orthogonal functions and the so-called operational matrix of integration. In this way, the calculation effort performed by the identification process or sensitivity analysis of mechanical systems can be reduced. For this purpose, mechanical systems are represented by state-space equations and the input and output signals are developed in series of orthogonal functions. After the integration of these equations a simple set of algebraic equations is obtained, which leads to the determination of the unknown parameters, such as modal and structural parameters, excitation forces, initial conditions and sensitivity functions. Different orthogonal functions were tested in numerical and experimental applications, including gyroscopic systems.
Optimal Active Control of Vehicle Suspension System Including Time Delay and Preview for Rough Roads
Authors: Marzbanrad Javad , Ahmadi Goodarz , Hojjat Yousef , Zohoor Hassan
Published: April 2009

An optimal preview control of a vehicle suspension system traveling on a rough road is studied. A three-dimensional seven degree-of-freedom car-riding model and several descriptions of the road surface roughness heights, including haversine (hole/bump) and stochastic filtered white noise models, are used in the analysis. It is assumed that contact-less sensors affixed to the vehicle front bumper measure the road surface height at some distances in the front of the car. The suspension systems are optimized with respect to ride comfort and road holding preferences including accelerations of the sprung mass, tire deflection, suspension rattle space and control force. The performance and power demand of active, active and delay, active and preview systems are evaluated and are compared with those for the passive system. The results show that the optimal preview control improves all aspects of the vehicle suspension performance while requiring less power. Effects of variation of preview time and variations in the road condition are also examined.
Disc Brake Ring-Element Modeling Involving Friction-Induced Vibration
Authors: Pilipchuk V. N. , Ibrahim R. A. , Blaschke P. G.
Published: April 2009

This paper presents the analytical modeling and dynamic characteristics of disc brake systems under equal contact loads on both sides of the disc. The friction force acting on the pad is assumed to be concentrated along its trailing edge due to the moment arising from the friction force, and thus results in a redistribution of normal forces. In view of equal contact forces, the disc will not experience transverse motion but only tangential and radial vibrations. The only nonlinearity involved in the model arises mainly from contact forces. The dependence of the friction coefficient between the pad and disc is smoothed at zero relative velocity to avoid the problem of differential inclusion. Some preliminary numerical results of the disc and pad are obtained. The results exhibit the occurrence of stick-slip with a relatively small high frequency component during the sliding regime. The later component is mainly due to higher elastic in-plane modes of the disc, whereas the stick-slip component is a global disc-pad motion involving the lowest pad mode.
Survival and Treatment for Colorectal Cancer Medicare Patients in Two Group/Staff Health Maintenance Organizations and the Fee-for-Service Setting
Authors: Merrill Ray M. , Brown Martin L. , Potosky Arnold L. , Riley Gerald , Taplin Stephen H. , Barlow William , Fireman Bruce H.
Published: April 2009

The current study compares treatment use and long-term survival in colorectal cancer patients between Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in two large prepaid group/staff health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and the fee-for-service (FFS) setting. The study is based on 15,352 colorectal cancer cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1992 and followed through 1995. Survival differences between the HMO and FFS cases were assessed using Cox regression. Treatment differences were evaluated using logistic regression. HMO cases had a lower overall mortality than did FFS cases but not a significantly lower colorectal cancer-specific mortality. Use of surgical resection was similar between HMO and FFS cases. However, rectal cancer cases in the HMOs were more likely to receive postsurgical radiation therapy than FFS cases. Superior overall survival in the HMOs may be the result of increased colorectal cancer screening, greater use of adjuvant therapies, and selection of healthier individuals.
On Narratives and the Sense of Self
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: April 2009

A case is made that encountering the narrative of another person is one of the ways the Self discovers itself. In finding traces of another within oneself, as one does in encountering the narrative of another, the Self is able to appreciate its own meaning. But the narrative represents more than merely capturing another’s story. In meeting the eyes and hearing the story of another, one not only takes responsibility for the Other; one begins to assume responsibility for oneself. The encounter inherent in the narrative, therefore, gives birth to the devotion of one person to another and makes possible the discovery of what one defines as being human.
The Biographical Illusion: Constructing Meaning in Qualitative Interviews
Authors: Järvinen Margaretha
Published: April 2009

This article deals with qualitative interviews in a research project on alcohol abusers and with some of the negotiations—about the cause and effect, guilt, and responsibility—involved in these interviews. The aim of this article is to show that interviews are sites of knowledge production and that interviewees fashion their stories according to more or less distinct interpretive frameworks. To illustrate the processes of assigning competence to interviewees, three unsuccessful narratives are presented. One thesis of the article is that the assignment of competence to interviewees reflects the degree of correspondence between the narrator’s interpretive framework and the theoretical preunderstanding of the researcher.
The Screenplay as Postmodern Literary Exemplar: Authorial Distraction, Disappearance, Dissolution
Authors: Kohn Nathaniel
Published: April 2009

The article focuses on the how of writing for the screen, examining it as a text-making practice that might help us, by example, to learn new ways of writing that make meaning through polyphony, juxtaposition, dialogical interaction, and the dissolution of the author function. As multiple writers disappear into the screenplays they write, albeit unknowingly and without community, they are doing more than manufacturing homogeneous clones, more than merely participating in a reified ritual of rote iteration in service to Theodor Adorno’s relentlessly commodifying culture industry. They are making a newly engaging literary thing, something epistemologically diverse, unanchored, free flowing, floating, and authorless—an exemplar of how to make what Barthes calls “writerly texts” in the contemporary moment.
Ghostwriting Research: Positioning the Researcher in the Interview Text
Authors: Rhodes Carl
Published: April 2009

This article reviews the practice of interview-based research through the metaphor of researcher as ghostwriter. What is suggested is that research can be examined as a form of textual practice in which researchers create images of others and also enter those images. In such a practice, research can be understood as a dialogic process where researchers are never neutral in their attempts to write about the lives of other people. This then leads to a need for researchers to account for their textual choices and their role in producing accounts of the experience of others. The article concludes that the ghostwriter metaphor is a way of understanding research that enables researchers to acknowledge their role in the production of textual representations of their research participants.
Pahala’s Last (Bon) Dance: The Dead Are Not Dead
Authors: Akindes Fay Yokomizo
Published: April 2009

Based on conversations, excavated memories, and family stories, this autoethnographic narrative represents an evocative account of spirituality, loss, identity, and home. The author’s summer visit to Pahala, a former sugar plantation town on the Big Island of Hawai’i and the hometown of her parents, conjures unexpected memories of death comingling with life. The highlight of her visit was experiencing the town’s last bon dance, an annual Buddhist ritual to entertain ancestral spirits that return home during the summer months. Consequently, the author experiences a memory dance with her dead father.
“Do Whatever You Want”: Audience(s) Created, Creating, Recreating
Authors: Olesen Virginia
Published: April 2009

Drawing on the author’s witnessing 12 years of experimental presentations at cultural studies sessions in various venues, the account goes back and forth in time as a double-voiced text as (a) a narrative of the development and maturation of these presentations and (b) a reflexive account of the questions and problems the author faced in creating an experimental text. Underlying the voices is a problematic about the worth of sociology.
Rapport Is Overrated: Southwestern Ethnic Art Dealers and Ethnographers in the “Field”
Authors: Wood W. Warner
Published: April 2009

Approaches to issues of how, why, and with whom ethnographers establish and maintain “rapport” have often assumed that gaining entry, establishing trust, and maintaining relations with informants would reveal other worlds through the “truth” of their words. But what of contested social worlds where the contradictions and contestations between others’ words reveal other worlds? If ethnography reveals contested and competing constructions of social and cultural realities in process and contradictory multiple truths in creation, then what of rapport? This article explores the nonimportance of establishing and maintaining “traditional” versions of rapport with wholesale and retail ethnic art dealers who navigate a “field” of transnational cultural and social spaces, informing the production, marketing, and consumption of Zapotec textiles. Alternatively, rapport is understood as an expression of a pattern of connections that reveals other worlds through the nuanced, contradictory, and competing nature of assertions about the truth.
Analyzing the Researcher's Work in Generating Data: The Case of Complaints
Authors: Roulston Kathryn J. , Baker Carolyn D. , Liljestrom Anna
Published: April 2009

This article investigates the researcher's work in the coproduction (or not) of complaint sequences in research interviews. Using a conversation analytic approach, we show how the interviewer's management of complaint sequences in a research setting is consequential for subsequent talk and thus directly affects the data generated. In the examples shown here, researchers sharing cocategorial incumbency with respondents may well provide spaces for research participants to formulate complaints. This article examines sequences of talk surrounding complaints to show how researchers generate complaints (or not) and handle unsafe complaints. Researchers are able to provoke specific types of accounts from respondents, whereas their respondents may actively resist the researchers’ direction. For researchers using the interview as a method of data generation, examination of complaint sequences and how these appear in interview data provides insight into how interview talk is coproduced and managed within a socially situated setting.
From Walkabout to Meditation: Craft and Ethics in Field Inquiry
Authors: Liberman Kenneth
Published: April 2009

Craft and ethics in qualitative field research are vitally related to each other in that the satisfaction of the demands of each is closely dependent on an honest engagement with the local contingencies of fieldwork, which includes a willingness to keep oneself and one’s research agenda open to transformation by these contingencies. Similarly, craft and ethics in fieldwork compel the researcher to provide considerable epistemological space to one’s subjects; when these epistemological obligations are fulfilled, a sound moral relationship with one’s field subjects can develop. Three professional obligations are discussed—an obligation to the integrity of the corporate life of the people one is investigating, to the individual persons one is researching, and to the value of one’s own research. Certain distinguishing features of ethnographic craft are identified.
Mystories About Alternative Discourses in a Qualitative Inquiry Seminar
Authors: Magolda Peter M.
Published: April 2009

This autoethnographic text reports on an investigation that infused academic, personal, and popular culture discourses in a graduate-level qualitative inquiry seminar. Gregory Ulmer’s mystory scholarship influenced the theoretical analysis and writing style of this undertaking. Following an introduction and theoretical overview, the author presents three mystories that invite readers to reexamine tacit assumptions about appropriate classroom discourses in teaching qualitative inquiry. The author advocates pedagogical and writing experimentation that encourages intellectual and theoretical curiosity and deconstructs and challenges dominant relations of power and knowledge legitimated in college classrooms.
Environmental Constraints and Organizational Outcomes: Modeling Communities of Municipal Police Departments
Authors: Davenport Douglas R.
Published: April 2009

Strategic management argues that administrators can significantly affect agency performance. This article examines the role of the organizational environment in determining agency effectiveness, arguing that performance is in part constrained by external conditions that cannot be altered by managers. Factor analysis is used to identify relevant community characteristics and create a multidimensional model of the public sector environment that is parsimonious and theoretically grounded. This model is used to examine the performance of 170 Texas municipal police departments over an extended time period. As expected, environmental characteristics produced significant negative effects on performance and demonstrates the value of modeling the agency environment in this way.
The Fame of Trinis: Websites as Traps
Authors: Miller Daniel
Published: April 2009

This article attempts to demonstrate the value and insightful nature of the recent work of Alfred Gell through an application of his theoretical ideas on both Art and Agency to the study of Trinidadian websites. It examines both personal and commercial websites produced by Trinidadians and explores how their contents and aesthetic forms strive to attract and trap certain surfers while escaping the attention of those surfers who are not its intended viewers. Websites create an expanded space-time in which on analogy with Kula operators, their owners seek to create their fame and disperse their social efficacy.
Personhood and Social Relations in the British Neolithic with a Study from the Isle of Man
Authors: Fowler Chris
Published: April 2009

Studies of collective or corporate burial in the British Neolithic have focused largely on ancestors, clans and lineages, or the production of a microcosm of reality. Social relations are often described as egalitarian, or egalitarianism is taken to be the ideological impetus for corporate burial, belying inequalities in life. Studies of individual burial focus more on concepts of individual power, autonomous agency, status and possession. In this contribution acts of depositing Neolithic bones are interpreted as citations of social relations. The possibilities for studying Neolithic social relations between different aspects of life (human, animal, object, place) are explored using theories developed to understand how persons - and their worlds - are produced through activity. Such activities are considered as struggles with different kinds of ideological regulatory fictions about personal identity and social relations. The study starts with a consideration of ethnographic approaches to personhood, reviews recent work on British Neolithic mortuary practices, and concludes with a case study from the Isle of Man.
Classifying the Material
Authors: Bolton Lissant
Published: April 2009

The analytical category ‘material culture’, and in particular the ways in which different kinds of material culture are classified museologically, need critical examination in the light of specific ethnographic data. In this article, the categories ‘food’ and ‘textiles’ are considered in the context of status-alteration systems in east Ambae, Vanuatu. An analysis of the women’s status-alteration system huhuru, reveals a categorical association between certain textiles and ritual food, which undercuts the distinction between these two object types as essentially different.
‘Washing Machines Make Lazy Women’
Authors: Meintjes Helen
Published: April 2009

This article explores the multiple symbolic associations of two domestic appliances - the washing machine and the coal stove - in a neighbourhood in Soweto, South Africa, and examines the ways in which these appliances as symbolic objects are integral in the construction and negotiation of women’s ‘proper’ roles and relations. The (in some cases incoherent) multivalence of the appliances sets them up as ideal sites for contestation over the definition of desirable gender roles and identity. An examination of people’s attitudes towards, and actions around, these two appliances is thus revealing of their own notions of gender propriety.
The Liberty Bell
Authors: Callahan Robey
Published: April 2009

The Liberty Bell stands today as one of the most prominent and widely recognized symbols of America. As a cultural biography of this national artifact, this paper focuses on the four main media through which the Bell has over time gained the exposure needed for its consecration in the public mind. The media of presenting the Bell include (1) the changing ways in which it has been exhibited in Philadelphia for the public and (2) the many train journeys across the United States the Bell took from 1885 to 1915 to visit various industrial expositions. The media of representing the Bell include (3) the many mid- to late-19th-century mythic stories that portray it as a key figure in both the American Revolution and the early 19th-century antislavery movement in the United States and (4) the post-1876 growth of the use of its image in advertising and tourism.
Capturing cultural identity/creating community
Authors: Mayer Vicki
Published: April 2009

The author investigates a grassroots video project in San Antonio, Texas, and the ways it has incorporated two residual cultural identities in the largely working-class Mexican American community, Chicano nationalism and Catholic humanism, to create an emergent culture based on communitarian values and creative expression. Using ethnographic field research, the author traces one video’s conceptualization, production and exhibition to illustrate the tensions and negotiations involved in creating this emergent culture. The author shows that the video project process is double-edged; the video reinforced a Mexican American community based on mutual respect, tolerance and self-esteem, while also unavoidably privileging certain cultural identities over others.
Manufacturing dissent
Authors: Lewis Jeff
Published: April 2009

Modern democracy has emphasized the institutional and legal processes which protect the rights of individual citizens through homogenizing structures and processes. Contemporary cultural politics attempts to reach beyond structuralist democracy which inevitably overrides the freedom of the individual. A number of theorists have attached this ‘new’ democracy to various forms of electronic mediation, including computer-networked communication. These theories, however, deny important aspects of ‘language war’, and the limits of computers and the politics of individualism. The relationship between new democracy and computers needs to be considered in terms of an emancipation that relativizes individualism and collectivism, and which conceives of computers in terms of belligerent language formations or ‘heterodictions’.
The need for radio theory in the digital age
Authors: Tacchi Jo
Published: April 2009

This article makes an argument for connecting old and new technologies in our efforts to create a coherent field that we might call ‘radio studies’. The lack of academic work to date on radio - the ‘secondary medium’ (Lewis, this issue) - has left us with a void in media and cultural studies. Radio’s pervasive nature in everyday lives is less apparent in precisely those settings (the developed world in particular) where it has become a part of the everyday fabric of life. Currently there is a revival of interest in radio studies, which coincides (perhaps not accidentally) with the growth of new digital media technologies. The ‘Radiocracy’ conference at Cardiff demonstrated not only the resurgence of interest in academic studies of radio, but also the many and innovative ways in which radio is used (and sometimes abused) globally. In each location the medium is used differently, demonstrating not only that a global definition of the meanings and uses of ‘radio’ cannot be assigned, but also that new evolutions of ‘radiogenic’ technologies should not be dismissed as being different from ‘radio’ and therefore not a part of the remit of ‘radio studies’. Many net.radio initiatives seek to circumvent governmental restrictions on analogue radio broadcasting by incorporating and developing new ‘radiogenic’ technologies. Examples are given to illustrate the arguments in this article; a small-scale net.radio operation in London is contrasted with a large commercial net.radio company located in the USA, and a development initiative in India is also considered.
Custom-building the fictions of the nation
Authors: Civantos Christina
Published: April 2009

This article addresses the discursive relationship and intersecting construction of identities between Arabs and Argentines by examining how Arab immigrants in Argentina make use of the invocations and representations of the gaucho and the Arab, produced by canonical Euro-Argentine writers at the turn of the last century. Whereas Sarmiento and Lugones, prominent Argentine intellectuals, pair the figures of the Arab and the gaucho to further their exclusivist nationalist projects, the Arab Argentines Hallar and Yaser make use of these correlations between Arabs and gauchos to write alternative histories that create a deep connection between Arab immigrants and Argentina. These writers turn the gesture of rejection of ethnic immigrants - that is, the elevation of the gaucho to national hero - into an entry point for Arab immigrants into Argentine subjecthood. Moreover, even the Arab Argentine writers’ narratives participate in orientalism, leading to a reevaluation of theorizations of both orientalism and counterrepresentation.
The International Year for the Culture of Peace
Authors: Page James S.
Published: April 2009

A major initiative of the United Nations system at the present time is the promotion of a culture of peace, and this found a specific expression in the millennial year (2000) being designated and commemorated by the UN as the International Year for the Culture of Peace. There were a range of activities to publicize the International Year. However, two specific initiatives associated with the UN were the Manifesto 2000 Project and the Culture of Peace News Network (CPNN), a UNESCO initiative to establish locally based websites on which individuals can post reports of local initiatives for peace or respond to media events supporting a culture of peace. The Manifesto 2000 Project involved the collection of signatures in support of a culture of peace, and in September 2000 some 50 million signatures were presented to the Millennial Session of the UN General Assembly in New York. This article examines the dimensions of the concept of a culture of peace and asks whether the International Year for the Culture of Peace was worthwhile.