bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an electronic health record-integrated patient-reported outcome-based shared decision-making dashboard in oncology
Authors: Mohindra Nisha A , Garcia Sofia F , Kircher Sheetal , Barnard Cynthia , Perry Laura M , Lyleroehr Madison , Coughlin Ava , Morken Victoria , Chmiel Ryan , Hirschhorn Lisa R , Cella David
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) describe a patient’s unique experiences with disease or treatment, yet effective use of this information during clinical encounters remains challenging. This project sought to build a PRO based dashboard within the electronic health record (EHR), prioritizing interpretability and utility of PROs for clinical decision-making.

Materials and Methods

Codesign principles were used to define the goal, features, and visualization of the data elements on the dashboard. Codesign sessions occurred between February 2019 and May 2020 and involved a diverse group of stakeholders. Pilot evaluation of dashboard usability was performed with patients and clinicians not involved in the codesign process through qualitative interviews and the Systems Usability Scale.

Results

The dashboard was placed into a single tab in the EHR and included select PROM scores, clinical data elements, and goals of care questions. Real-time data analytics and enhanced visualization of data was necessary for the dashboard to provide meaningful feedback to clinicians and patients for decision-making during clinic visits. During soft launch, the dashboard demonstrated “good” usability in patients and clinicians at 3 and 6 months (mean total SUS score >70).

Discussion

The current dashboard had good usability and made PRO scores more clinically understandable to patients and clinicians. This paper highlights the development, necessary data elements, and workflow considerations to implement this dashboard at an academic cancer center.

Conclusion

As the use of PROs in clinical care is increasing, patient- and clinician-centered tools are needed to ensure that this information is used in meaningful ways.
Near-field electron ptychography using full-field structured illumination
Authors: Tamaki Hirokazu , Saitoh Koh
Published: July 2024

A new configuration for near-field ptychography using a full-field illumination with a structured electron beam is proposed. A structured electron beam illuminating the entire field of view is scanned over the specimen, and a series of in-line holograms formed in the near-field region below the specimen are collected. The structured beam is generated by a conductive film with random openings, which ensures high stability and coherence of the beam. Observation in the near-field region reduces the beam concentration that occurs in the far-field region, which contributes to accurate recording of the beam intensity with a finite dynamic range of the detectors. The use of full-field illumination prevents the accumulation of errors caused by concatenating the local structures, which is the method used in conventional reconstruction. Since all holograms are obtained from the entire field of view, they have uniform multiplicity in terms of specimen information within the field of view. This contributes to robust and efficient reconstruction for a large field of view. The proposed method was tested using both simulated and experimental holograms. For the simulated holograms, the reconstruction of the specimen transmission function was achieved with an error less than 1/3485 of the wavelength. The method was further validated using experimental holograms obtained from MgO particles. The reconstructed phase transmission function of the specimen was consistent with the specimen structure and was equivalent to a mean inner potential of 13.53±0.16 V on the MgO particle, which is in close agreement with previously reported values.
Neighborhood-level social determinants of health burden among adolescent and young adult cancer patients and impact on overall survival
Authors: Rodriguez Elizabeth R , Tonn Tori , Jafry Midhat , Ahmed Sairah , Cuglievan Branko , Livingston J Andrew , Flowers Christopher R , Aune Gregory J , Albritton Karen H , Roth Michael E , Xiao Qian , Hildebrandt Michelle A T
Published: July 2024

Background

Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation has been linked to adverse health outcomes, yet it is unclear whether neighborhood-level social determinants of health (SDOH) measures affect overall survival in adolescent and young adult patients with cancer.

Methods

This study used a diverse cohort of adolescent and young adult patients with cancer (N = 10 261) seen at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Zip codes were linked to Area Deprivation Index (ADI) values, a validated neighborhood-level SDOH measure, with higher ADI values representing worse SDOH.

Results

ADI was statistically significantly worse (P < .050) for Black (61.7) and Hispanic (65.3) patients than for White patients (51.2). Analysis of ADI by cancer type showed statistically significant differences, mainly driven by worse ADI in patients with cervical cancer (62.3) than with other cancers. In multivariable models including sex, age at diagnosis, cancer diagnosis, and race and ethnicity, risk of shorter survival for people residing in neighborhoods with the least favorable ADI quartile was greater than for individuals in the most favorable ADI quartile (hazard ratio = 1.09, 95% confidence interval = 1.00 to 1.19, P = .043).

Conclusion

Adolescent and young adult patients with cancer and the worst ADI values experienced a nearly 10% increase in risk of dying than patients with more favorable ADI values. This effect was strongest among White adolescent and young adult survivors. Although the magnitude of the effect of ADI on survival was moderate, the presence of a relationship between neighborhood-level SDOH and survival among patients who received care at a tertiary cancer center suggests that ADI is a meaningful predictor of survival. These findings provide intriguing evidence for potential interventions aimed at supporting adolescent and young adult patients with cancer from disadvantaged neighborhoods.
PAMAM dendrimers as mediators of dermal and transdermal drug delivery: a review
Authors: Kirkby Melissa , Sabri Akmal Hidayat Bin , Holmes Amy , Moss Gary P J , Scurr David
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers have been widely investigated as potential nanomaterials that can enhance the skin permeation of topically applied drugs. This article reviews the studies that have used dendrimers as penetration enhancers and examines the mechanisms by which enhancement is claimed.

Key findings

A wide range of studies have demonstrated that, in certain circumstances and for certain drugs, the incorporation of dendrimers into a topically applied formulation can significantly increase the amount of drug passing into and through the skin. In some cases, dendrimers offered little or no enhancement of skin permeation, suggesting that the drug-dendrimer interaction and the selection of a specific dendrimer were central to ensuring optimal enhancement of skin permeation. Significant interactions between dendrimers and other formulation components were also reported in some cases.

Dendrimers offer substantial potential for enhancing drug delivery into and across the skin, putatively by mechanisms that include occlusion and changes to surface tension. However, most of these studies are conducted in vitro and limited progress has been made beyond such laboratory studies, some of which are conducted using membranes of limited relevance to humans, such as rodent skin. Thus, the outcomes and claims of such studies should be treated with caution.
Hydroalcoholic extract of Araucaria sp. brown propolis alleviates ulcerative colitis induced by TNBS in rats by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative damage
Authors: Cury Benhur Judah , Jerônimo Daniele Teixeira , da Silva Levy Mota , Farias de Queiroz e Silva Thiago , França Tauani Caroline Santos , Dos Santos Ana Caroline , Andriolo Ian Richard Lucena , Santin José Roberto , Benvenutti Larissa , Vaz Carlos Rafael , Santos Mario Ferreira Conceição , Kenupp Jairo Bastos , da Silva Luisa Mota
Published: July 2024

Objective

To investigate the effects of Araucaria sp. brown propolis (ABP) against trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats.

Methods

Animals received vehicle (1% DMSO, 1 ml/kg) or hydroalcoholic extract of ABP (hydroalcoholic extract of Araucaria sp. brown propolis (HEABP), 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) orally, or dexamethasone (25 mg/kg, s.c.) for 5 days. On day 4, the animals received intracolonic TNBS (150 mg/kg), on day 6 they were euthanized. The weight of the animals, the macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in colon homogenate. The action of HEABP and two isolated compounds in neutrophil migration was recorded.

Key findings

HEABP (100 and 300 mg/kg), but not dexamethasone, decreased colonic lesion, and increased colonic mucin staining. In parallel, HEABP decreased MDA and restored GSH levels and the activity of SOD, CAT, and GST in the colon. A dose-dependent inhibition of MPO activity was observed (LogIC50 = 1.9). Moreover, HEBPA and the junicedric and abietic acids inhibited the neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro and HEBPA reduced neutrophil migration in vivo.

Conclusion

HEABP may be promising in the therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases, reducing oxidative and inflammatory damage, especially mediated by neutrophils.
Haemorrhoids
Authors: Rai Vinay , Mishra Aditi , Mishra Nitin
Published: July 2024

Symptomatic haemorrhoids are common but their true prevalence is difficult to establish. As many anorectal complaints are attributed to haemorrhoids, it is important to rule out malignancy by a detailed history, examination, and endoscopy as indicated. Constipation, poor defaecatory habits such straining and spending a long time on the commode contribute to development of symptomatic haemorrhoids. Most patients with symptoms can be managed by changing their dietary and defaecation habits. As a rule, one should initially manage symptomatic haemorrhoids with non-operative treatment including dietary modification and rubber-band ligation etc. In severe cases, haemorrhoidectomy should be considered. Complications are rare, but patients should be appropriately counselled regarding its complications and severe postoperative pain.
Esophagus
Authors: Morchi Ravi
Published: July 2024

A guide for residents to navigate through benign and malignant esophageal pathology for both clinical application and examination purposes. It starts with anatomy and physiology of the esophagus as primarily an organ for transit. Then proceeds to the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of motility disorders and gastroesophageal reflux, including associated conditions such as esophagitis, Barrett’s metaplasia, and strictures. The types of esophageal diverticula and hiatal hernias follows. Commonly tested diagnostic and management principles of caustic injury, obstruction, and perforation are delineated. The chapter closes with a review of medical and surgical treatment of benign neoplasia, pre-malignant, and malignant esophageal disease.
Small Bowel
Authors: Morchi Ravi
Published: July 2024

An overview of the structure and function of each segment of the small bowel lays the foundation for the subsequent description of locale specific pathologic entities. The diagnosis and management of duodenal ulcers, Crohn’s disease, and malignant and benign small bowel lesions are detailed for maximum benefit in the clinical and test-taking setting. Commonly encountered problems like small bowel obstruction, ileus, enterocutaneous fistula, and mesenteric ischemia are the focus of the mid-portion of the chapter. Less common, but often tested, pathology like short bowel syndrome, small bowel diverticula, chylous ascites, radiation enteritis, small bowel hemorrhage, and intussusception are succinctly summarized for examination purposes.
Thyroid
Authors: Morchi Ravi
Published: July 2024

Architecture and the cellular and molecular mechanics of the thyroid gland are first outlined. The workup and treatment of a single thyroid nodule is reviewed thereafter. Then a summary is presented on different types of goiter and thyroiditis, including clinically relevant tenets of management. The various types of thyroid cancer are described, with their surgical and medical treatment options. The chapter closes with operative detail for thyroidectomy.
Cardiac
Authors: Morchi Ravi
Published: July 2024

This is a brief review of cardiac pathology for the general surgery board exam. It starts with coronary artery anatomy, pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, and indications for coronary artery bypass grafting. Then a review of aortic and mitral valve disease, as well as testable facts about endocarditis. The chapter moves on to familiarize the reader with basic congenital cardiac anomalies, pericardial pathology, and principles of cardiac transplantation. Ascending aorta and arch disease are not covered here, but are included in Chapter 30.
MCQs on general anatomy
Authors: Koshi Rachel
Published: July 2024

The multiple-choice questions provide 10 self-assessment questions to test understanding of the content covered in the chapter on general anatomy. Each question has a single most correct answer from four options given. The questions and answers have been designed to aid revision.
The joints of the upper limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel
Published: July 2024

This chapter describes the elbow joint, wrist joint, radioulnar joints, carpometacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints. The bones taking part in the joints, the muscles acting on the joints, blood and nerve supply to the joints, movements of the elbow, movements of the wrist, and movements of the digits are discussed. Pronation and supination are also discussed. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided to dissect the elbow, wrist, and radioulnar joints. Descriptions and dissections are well illustrated with drawings, X-rays, and magnetic resonance imaging scans. The origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of the muscles acting on the joints are shown in tabular form. The muscles responsible for each of the movements are also tabulated. The anatomy of the claw hand with high and low damage to the ulnar nerve is discussed.
MCQs on the upper limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel
Published: July 2024

The multiple-choice questions provide 15 self-assessment questions to test understanding of the content covered in the chapters on the upper limb. Each question has a single most correct answer from four options given. The questions and answers have been designed to aid revision.
The joints of the lower limb
Authors: Koshi Rachel
Published: July 2024

This chapter describes the knee joint, ankle joint, tibiofibular joint, subtalar joint, talocalcaneonavicular joint, and small joints of the foot. The capsule of the knee joint, patella tendon, and medial and lateral collateral ligaments are described. Intracapsular structures, including the menisci and cruciate ligaments of the knee, and extracapsular ligaments, such as the deltoid ligament of the ankle, the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, and other ligaments strengthening the ankle and foot joints, are also described. The importance and formation of the arches of the foot and the structures maintaining the arches are discussed. Detailed, stepwise instructions are provided for dissecting the knee and ankle joint. All descriptions and dissections are well illustrated. The movements at the joints and the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of the muscles producing them are tabulated. Common knee injuries and the anatomy of the flat foot are discussed.
Review of EmPATH Units for Behavioral Health Casualties in Prolonged Field Care Environments
Authors: Garces Jeunesse D , McElroy Mathew L , Salmond Lauren L , Taylor Douglas A
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Psychiatric conditions are one of the leading non-battle injury diseases resulting in medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) from combat environments. The challenge of limited MEDEVAC capability necessitating prolonged field care in future large-scale combat operations must be addressed. Therefore, a robust program is needed to address frontline care of behavioral health (BH), maximizing service members returning to duty and minimizing MEDEVAC. This review summarizes the literature on the impacts of the Emergency Psychiatric Assessment, Treatment, and Healing (EmPATH) Unit program as a solution to the challenges of treating behavioral health in future wars.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search and review, and a non-systematic literature critique. We then used the Johns Hopkins evidence appraisal tool to appraise the strength and quality of the evidence. The following electronic databases were utilized for the search: Google Scholar, Embase, CINAHL, and PubMed. Search terms included: included “EmPATH,” “prolonged field care,” and “operational,” alone and combined.

Results

The literature review found that the EmPATH unit, a recently developed civilian hospital-based program, can work with higher acuity psychiatric crisis patients who would otherwise be admitted to an inpatient unit, showing promising results in avoiding the need for inpatient hospitalization. EmPATH units help decrease hospitalization rates, reduce restraints and violence, and shorten the patients’ boarding time in a holding area. Such findings support the use of the EmPATH unit as a tactic for prolonged field care of psychiatric patients in a combat operational environment.

Conclusions

This is the first literature review to consider EmPATH units for psychiatric prolonged field care based on its advantages demonstrated in the civilian sector. Studies have yet to be done on EmPATH units’ usefulness in the military, showing a knowledge gap in current evidence supporting its suitability. Thus, this review recommends further studies of EmPATH units in military settings, especially prolonged field care environments.
Religious Coping, Resilience, and Military Spouse Mental Health
Authors: Knobloch Sharita G , Volk Fred , Gopaul Margaret , Murch Hannah
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Military spouses play a key role in the military family and contribute to military readiness. Despite their influence, they are an understudied population. Previous research has identified military spouses as a vulnerable group considering their unique life stressors and high mental distress; thus, it is critical to identify potential protective factors for military spouses. However, there is a lack of research exploring the role of religious coping and resilience in mental health outcomes of military spouses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of religious coping on depression, anxiety, and stress, and the extent to which the effect is mediated by resilience.

Materials and Methods

A total of 1,079 military spouses completed self-administered surveys online. The questionnaires assessed demographic factors, depression, anxiety, stress, religious coping, and resilience. Zero-order correlations and descriptive statistics were analyzed. Additionally, multiple linear regression was utilized to investigate the extent to which resilience mediated the relationship between religious coping and mental health outcomes.

Results

The results indicate high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among military spouses. Religious coping had significant effects on mental distress, such that increases in religious coping corresponded to decreases in depression (β = −3.30), anxiety (β = −1.89) and stress (β = −1.58). Mediation analyses indicated resilience significantly mediated the relationship between religious coping and depression (95% CI [−1.38, −.431]), anxiety (95% CI [−1.23, −.376]), and stress (95% CI [−1.328, −0.420]). For military spouses, religious coping was associated with increased resilience, which was subsequently associated with reduced mental distress.

Conclusions

This study draws attention to the role of religious coping and resilience in mental health outcomes for military spouses. Considering the role of military spouses in supporting service members, future research should explore how to strengthen military spouses’ religious coping and resilience to mitigate mental distress, thereby facilitating service member success and military readiness.
Polar cap region and plasma drift in pulsars
Authors: Szary Andrzej , van Leeuwen Joeri
Published: July 2024

Pulsars often display systematic variations in the position and/or intensity of the subpulses, the components that comprise each single pulse. Although the drift of these subpulses was observed in the early years of pulsar research, and their potential for understanding the elusive emission mechanism was quickly recognized, there is still no consensus on the cause of the drift. We explore the electrodynamics of two recently proposed or refined drift models: one where plasma lags behind corotation, connecting the drift with the rotational pole; and another where plasma drifts around the electric potential extremum of the polar cap. Generally, these are different locations, resulting in different drift behaviours, that can be tested with observations. In this study, however, we specifically examine these models in the axisymmetric case, where the physics is well understood. This approach seems counter-intuitive as both models then predict similar large-scale plasma drift. However, it allows us to show, by studying conditions within the sparks for both models, that the lagging behind corotation model is inconsistent with Faraday’s law. The modified carousel (MC) model, where plasma drifts around the electric potential extremum, not only aligns with Faraday’s law, but also provides a future direction for developing a comprehensive model of plasma generation in the polar cap region. Unlike previous models, which considered the drift only inside the discharging regions, the MC model reveals that the electric field between the discharges is not completely screened, and plasma drifts there – a paradigm shift for the drifting subpulse phenomenon.
A warm dark matter cosmogony may yield more low-mass galaxy detections in 21-cm surveys than a cold dark matter one
Authors: Oman Kyle A , Frenk Carlos S , Crain Robert A , Lovell Mark R , Pfeffer Joel
Published: July 2024

The 21-cm spectral line widths, $w_{50}$, of galaxies are an approximate tracer of their dynamical masses, such that the dark matter halo mass function is imprinted in the number density of galaxies as a function of $w_{50}$. Correcting observed number counts for survey incompleteness at the level of accuracy needed to place competitive constraints on warm dark matter (WDM) cosmological models is very challenging, but forward-modelling the results of cosmological hydrodynamical galaxy formation simulations into observational data space is more straightforward. We take this approach to make predictions for an ALFALFA-like survey from simulations using the EAGLE galaxy formation model in both cold (CDM) and WDM cosmogonies. We find that for WDM cosmogonies more galaxies are detected at the low-$w_{50}$ end of the 21-cm velocity width function than in the CDM cosmogony, contrary to what might naïvely be expected from the suppression of power on small scales in such models. This is because low-mass galaxies form later and retain more gas in WDM cosmogonies (with EAGLE). While some shortcomings in the treatment of cold gas in the EAGLE model preclude placing definitive constraints on WDM scenarios, our analysis illustrates that near-future simulations with more accurate modelling of cold gas will likely make strong constraints possible, especially in conjunction with new 21-cm surveys such as WALLABY.
Study of consecutive eclipses of pulsar J0024-7204O
Authors: Abbate F , Possenti A , Ridolfi A , Buchner S , Geyer M , Kramer M , Zhang L , Corongiu A , Camilo F , Bailes M
Published: July 2024

The eclipses seen in the radio emission of some pulsars can be invaluable to study the properties of the material from the companion stripped away by the pulsar. We present a study of six consecutive eclipses of PSR J0024–7204O in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae as seen by the MeerKAT radio telescope in the UHF (544–1088 MHz) band. A high scintillation state boosted the signal during one of the orbits and allowed a detailed study of the eclipse properties. We measure significant dispersion measure (DM) variations and detect strong scattering that seems to be the dominating mechanism of the eclipses at these frequencies. A complete drop in the linear polarization together with a small increase in the rotation measure suggests the presence of a magnetic field of $\sim 2$ mG. The study of multiple eclipses allowed us to measure difference in the lengths of the eclipses and DM differences of $\sim 0.01$ pc cm$^{-3}$ in consecutive orbits. One orbit, in particular, shows a delay in recovery of the linear polarization and a visible delay in the arrival of the pulses caused by a stronger scattering event. We suggest that these are caused by a higher variance of density fluctuations during the event.
Observational clues to the magnetic evolution of magnetars
Authors: Makishima Kazuo , Uchida Nagomi , Enoto Teruaki
Published: July 2024

Utilizing four archival X-ray data sets taken with the Hard X-ray Detector onboard Suzaku, timing studies were performed on three magnetars, 1E 1841−045 (observed in 2006), SGR 0501+4516 (2008), and 1RXS J170849.0−400910 (2009 and 2010). Their pulsations were reconfirmed, typically in an energy range of 12–50 keV. The 11.783 s pulses of 1E 1841−045 and those of SGR 0501+4516 at 5.762 s were periodically phase modulated, with a long period of $\approx 23.4$ and $\approx 16.4$ ks, respectively. The pulse-phase modulation was also observed, at $\approx 46.5$ ks, from two data sets of 1RXS J170849.0−400910. In all these cases, the modulation amplitude was 6 per cent to 16 per cent of the pulse cycle. Including previously confirmed four objects, this characteristic timing behaviour is now detected from seven magnetars in total, and interpreted as a result of free precession of neutron stars that are deformed to an asphericity of $\sim 10^{-4}$. Assuming that the deformation is due to magnetic stress, these magnetars are inferred to harbour toroidal magnetic fields of $B_{\rm t}\sim 10^{16}$ G. By comparing the estimated $B_{\rm t}$ of these objects with their poloidal dipole field $B_{\rm d}$, the $B_{\rm t}/B_{\rm d}$ ratio is found to increase with their characteristic age. Therefore, the toroidal fields of magnetars are likely to last longer than their poloidal fields. This explains the presence of some classes of neutron stars that have relatively weak $B_{\rm d}$ but are suspected to hide strong $B_{\rm t}$ inside them.
Different spectra of cosmic ray H, He, and heavier nuclei escaping compact star clusters
Authors: Blasi Pasquale , Morlino Giovanni
Published: July 2024

Cosmic ray acceleration at the termination shock of compact star clusters has recently received much attention, mainly because of the detection of gamma-ray emission from some of such astrophysical sources. Here we focus on the acceleration of nuclei at the termination shock and we investigate the role played by proton energy losses and spallation reactions of nuclei, especially downstream of the shock. We show that for a reasonable choice of the mean gas density in the cavity excavated by the cluster wind, dominated by the presence of dense clouds, the spectrum of He nuclei escaping the bubble is systematically harder than the spectrum of hydrogen, in a manner that appears to be qualitatively consistent with the observed and yet unexplained phenomenon of discrepant hardening. We also find that, in this scenario, the spallation reactions of heavier nuclei are likely to be so severe that their spectra becomes very hard and with a low normalization, meaning that it is unlikely that heavy nuclei escaping star clusters can provide a sizeable contribution to the spectrum of cosmic rays at the Earth. Limitations and implications of this scenario are discussed.
The thermalization of γ-rays in radioactive expanding ejecta: a simple model and its application for Kilonovae and Ia SNe
Authors: Guttman Or , Shenhar Ben , Sarkar Arnab , Waxman Eli
Published: July 2024

A semi-analytic approximation is derived for the time-dependent fraction $f_\gamma (t)$ of the energy deposited by radioactive decay $\gamma$-rays in a homologously expanding plasma of general structure. An analytic approximation is given for spherically symmetric plasma distributions. Applied to Kilonovae (KNe) associated with neutron stars mergers and Type Ia supernovae, our semi-analytic and analytic approximations reproduce, with a few per cent and 10 per cent accuracy, respectively, the energy deposition rates, $\dot{Q}_{\rm dep}$, obtained in numeric Monte Carlo calculations. The time $t_\gamma$ beyond which $\gamma$-ray deposition is inefficient is determined by an effective frequency-independent $\gamma$-ray opacity $\kappa _{\gamma ,\text{eff}}$, $t_\gamma = \sqrt{\kappa _{\gamma ,\text{eff}}\langle \Sigma \rangle t^2}$, where $\langle \Sigma \rangle \propto t^{-2}$ is the average plasma column density. For $\beta$-decay dominated energy release, $\kappa _{\gamma ,\text{eff}}$ is typically close to the effective Compton scattering opacity, $\kappa _{\gamma ,\text{eff}} \approx 0.025$ cm$^{2}$ g$^{-1}$ with a weak dependence on composition. For KNe, $\kappa _{\gamma ,\text{eff}}$ depends mainly on the initial electron fraction $Y_e$, $\kappa _{\gamma ,\text{eff}} \approx 0.03(0.05)$ cm$^{2}$ g$^{-1}$ for $Y_e \gtrsim (\lesssim) 0.25$ (in contrast with earlier work that found $\kappa _{\gamma ,\text{eff}}$ larger by 1–2 orders of magnitude for low $Y_e$), and is insensitive to the (large) nuclear physics uncertainties. Determining $t_\gamma$ from observations will therefore measure the ejecta $\langle \Sigma \rangle t^2$, providing a stringent test of models. For $\langle \Sigma \rangle t^2=2\times 10^{11}~{\rm g\, {cm}^{-2}\, s^2}$, a typical value expected for KNe, $t_\gamma \approx 1$ d.
Atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances within 100 pc: a sample of G, K, and M main-sequence stars
Authors: López-Valdivia Ricardo , Adame Lucía , Zagala Lagunas Eduardo , Román-Zúñiga Carlos G , Hernández Jesús , Sánchez Edilberto , Fernández-Trincado José G , Carigi Leticia , Kounkel Marina , Lane Richard R , Stassun Keivan G , Villanova Sandro
Published: July 2024

To date, we have access to enormous inventories of stellar spectra that allow the extraction of atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances essential in stellar studies. However, characterizing such a large amount of data is complex and requires a good understanding of the studied object to ensure reliable and homogeneous results. In this study, we present a methodology to measure homogenously the basic atmospheric parameters and detailed chemical abundances of over 1600 thin disc main-sequence stars in the 100 pc solar neighbourhood, using APOGEE-2 infrared spectra. We employed the code tonalli to determine the atmospheric parameters using a prior on $\log {g}$. The $\log {g}$ prior in tonalli implies an understanding of the treated population and helps to find physically coherent answers. Our atmospheric parameters agree within the typical uncertainties (100 K in $\mathrm{T_{eff}}$, 0.15 dex in $\log {g}$ and [M/H]) with previous estimations of ASPCAP and Gaia DR3. We use our temperatures to determine a new infrared colour–temperature sequence, in good agreement with previous works, that can be used for any main-sequence star. Additionally, we used the bacchus code to determine the abundances of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, and Fe in our sample. The five elements (Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Fe) studied have an abundance distribution centred around slightly subsolar values in agreement with previous results for the solar neighbourhood. The over 1600 main-sequence stars’ atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances presented here are useful in follow-up studies of the solar neighbourhood or as a training set for data-driven methods.
Nebular nitrogen line emission in stripped-envelope supernovae – a new progenitor mass diagnostic
Authors: Barmentloo Stan , Jerkstrand Anders , Iwamoto Koichi , Hachisu Izumi , Nomoto Ken’ichi , Sollerman Jesper , Woosley Stan
Published: July 2024

Nitrogen is produced by CNO-cycling in massive stars, and can be ejected in significant amounts in supernova explosions. While in H-rich SNe, its [N ii] 6548, 6583 emission becomes obscured by strong H$\alpha$, in explosions of He stars, this nitrogen emission becomes more visible. We here explore the formation of this line, using the sumo code to compute spectra for a grid of 1D models with parametrized mixing informed from new 2D simulations. Because the mass fraction of nitrogen in the ejecta decreases with larger He-core masses, as more of the He/N zone gets processed by shell helium burning and is lost to winds, the [N ii] luminosity relative to the overall optical flux probes the He-core mass. By comparing to large samples of data, we find that low-mass He cores ($M_{\rm preSN}\lesssim \ 3\ \mathrm{ M}_\odot$) are exclusively associated with Type IIb SNe, with the exception of Type Ib SN 2007Y. Seeing no strong nitrogen emission in other Type Ib SNe, the implication is either an origin from low-mass stars with the He/N layer (but not the He/C) layer peeled away, or from higher mass He cores. We also see no clear nitrogen emission in Type Ic SNe. We discuss the diagnostic potential of this new line metric, and also dependencies on mass-loss rate and metallicity.
Imaging and quantification of human and viral circular RNAs
Authors: Jaijyan Dabbu Kumar , Yang Shaomin , Ramasamy Santhamani , Gu Alison , Zeng Mulan , Subbian Selvakumar , Tyagi Sanjay , Zhu Hua
Published: July 2024

We present a robust approach for cellular detection, imaging, localization, and quantification of human and viral encoded circular RNAs (circRNA) using amplified fluorescence in situ hybridization (ampFISH). In this procedure, a pair of hairpin probes bind next to each other at contiguous stretches of sequence and then undergo a conformational reorganization which initiates a target-dependent hybridization chain reaction (HCR) resulting in deposition of an amplified fluorescent signal at the site. By harnessing the capabilities of both ampFISH and single-molecule FISH (smFISH), we selectively identified and imaged circular RNAs and their linear counterparts derived from the human genome, SARS-CoV-2 (an RNA virus), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV, a DNA virus). Computational image processing facilitated accurate quantification of circular RNA molecules in individual cells. The specificity of ampFISH for circular RNA detection was confirmed through an in situ RNase R treatment that selectively degrades linear RNAs without impacting circular RNAs. The effectiveness of circular RNA detection was further validated by using ampFISH probes with mismatches and probe pairs that do not bind to the continuous sequence in their target RNAs but instead bind at segregated sites. An additional specificity test involved probes against the negative strands of the circular RNA sequence, absent in the cell. Importantly, our technique allows simultaneous detection of circular RNAs and their linear counterparts within the same cell with single molecule sensitivity, enabling explorations of circular RNA biogenesis, subcellular localization, and functions.
HYENA detects oncogenes activated by distal enhancers in cancer
Authors: Yu Anqi , Yesilkanal Ali E , Thakur Ashish , Wang Fan , Yang Yang , Phillips William , Wu Xiaoyang , Muir Alexander , He Xin , Spitz Francois , Yang Lixing
Published: July 2024

Somatic structural variations (SVs) in cancer can shuffle DNA content in the genome, relocate regulatory elements, and alter genome organization. Enhancer hijacking occurs when SVs relocate distal enhancers to activate proto-oncogenes. However, most enhancer hijacking studies have only focused on protein-coding genes. Here, we develop a computational algorithm ‘HYENA’ to identify candidate oncogenes (both protein-coding and non-coding) activated by enhancer hijacking based on tumor whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data. HYENA detects genes whose elevated expression is associated with somatic SVs by using a rank-based regression model. We systematically analyze 1146 tumors across 25 types of adult tumors and identify a total of 108 candidate oncogenes including many non-coding genes. A long non-coding RNA TOB1-AS1 is activated by various types of SVs in 10% of pancreatic cancers through altered 3-dimensional genome structure. We find that high expression of TOB1-AS1 can promote cell invasion and metastasis. Our study highlights the contribution of genetic alterations in non-coding regions to tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
DNA abasic sites act as rational therapeutic targets to synergize temozolomide response in both MMR-proficient and deficient cancer
Authors: Bora Achyut , Pal Ritesh , Mandi Chandra Sova , Dutta Sanjay
Published: July 2024

Temozolomide (TMZ) is widely used in cancer treatment, yet resistance to this agent limits its therapeutic effectiveness, particularly in mismatch-repair (MMR) deficient cancer. Concurrently, the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway exerts a mitigating role. Our results demonstrated that the increasing TMZ concentrations correlate with an elevated accumulation of DNA abasic sites via the BER pathway in both MMR-proficient and deficient cancer cells, implicating abasic sites as promising targets to enhance the TMZ response. Amino-quinoxaline small molecules (RA-1) have been developed, whose hydrophobic core facilitates selective binding to apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, particularly adenine as the complementary nucleobase opposite to the AP-sites via base stacking. RA-1 effectively cleaves TMZ-induced DNA abasic sites in-vitro at minimal concentrations through Schiff-base formation. Remarkably, the combination of TMZ and RA-1 exerts a notable synergistic effect on both types of cells. The underlying mechanism of this synergy is rooted in the cleavage of TMZ-induced DNA abasic sites, which impairs the BER pathway, leading to the formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Consequently, the ATM-Chk2/ATR-Chk1 signalling pathways are activated, prompting S-phase arrest and ultimately driving apoptosis. These findings provide a compelling rationale for targeting DNA abasic sites to synergistically augment TMZ responses in both MMR-proficient and deficient cancer cells.
The Long-Term Impact of the Tips From Former Smokers® Campaign on Calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW, 2012–2023
Authors: Mann Nathan H , Murphy-Hoefer Rebecca L , Davis Kevin C , Von Jaglinsky Annette S , Rodes Robert M , Beistle Diane M
Published: July 2024

Introduction

There is substantial evidence that mass media campaigns increase calls to quitlines as well as smoking cessation. In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention launched the first federally funded national tobacco education campaign, Tips From Former Smokers® (ie, Tips). From 2012 through 2023, Tips aired advertisements on television. To date, no studies have examined the long-term effect of a national smoking cessation campaign on quitline calls. This study examined the long-term impact of Tips television ads on calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW from 2012 through 2023.

Methods

Exposure to the Tips campaign was measured using weekly gross rating points (GRPs) for television ads in each U.S. designated market area. We obtained data on calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW from the National Cancer Institute and used linear regression to model calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW, from 2012 through 2023, as a function of weekly media market-level GRPs for Tips television ads. Using the regression model results, we calculated predicted values of calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW across observed GRP values to determine the total calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW that were attributable to the Tips campaign during 2012–2023.

Results

Tips GRPs were positively and significantly associated with calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW across all years (b = 39.94, p < .001). Based on this association, we estimate the Tips campaign generated nearly 2.1 million additional calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW during 2012–2023.

Conclusions

Exposure to the Tips campaign has consistently and significantly increased calls to tobacco quitlines.

Implications

Quitlines provide evidence-based support to help people quit smoking. They have been shown to increase the likelihood of successfully quitting. Mass media campaigns have promoted quitlines, and quitline calls have increased significantly with media promotion. The long-term effect of campaigns—like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Tips From Former Smokers® (ie, Tips)—on quitline calls has not been determined. From 2012 through 2023, exposure to the Tips campaign is estimated to have generated nearly 2.1 million additional calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW. This study supports the continued use of mass media to promote quitlines.
Put the Vanc Down, Flip It and Reverse It: Comparison of Vancomycin and Daptomycin Health Care Utilization and Cost in Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Streifel Amber C , Luis Katie , Nakrani Monark , Yu Diana , Sikka Monica K , Varley Cara D , Douglass Alyse , Mayer Heather , Young Kathleen , Lewis James S
Published: July 2024

Vancomycin and daptomycin are frequently used in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT). We analyze health care utilization and cost to the health care system for vancomycin vs daptomycin in the outpatient setting and find that vancomycin results in significantly higher health care utilization and similar cost per course compared with daptomycin in OPAT.
A kinematic analysis of the giant molecular complex W3: Possible evidence for cloud–cloud collisions that triggered OB star clusters in W3 Main and W3(OH)
Authors: Yamada Rin I , Sano Hidetoshi , Tachihara Kengo , Enokiya Rei , Nishimura Atsushi , Fujita Shinji , Kohno Mikito , Bieging John H , Fukui Yasuo
Published: July 2024

W3 is one of the most outstanding regions of high-mass star formation in the outer solar circle, and includes two active star-forming clouds: W3 Main and W3(OH). Based on a new analysis of the ${^{12}\text{CO}(J = 2-1)}$ data obtained at $38^{\prime \prime }$ resolution, we have found three clouds that have molecular masses from 2000 to $8000\, {M_\odot }$ at velocities $-50\:\rm{km\: s^{-1}}$, $-43\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$, and $-39\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$. The $-43\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud is the most massive one, overlapping with the $-39\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud and the $-50\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud toward W3 Main and W3(OH), respectively. In W3 Main and W3(OH), we have found typical signatures of a cloud–cloud collision, i.e., the complementary distribution with/without a displacement between the two clouds and/or a V-shape in the position–velocity diagram. We frame a hypothesis that a cloud–cloud collision triggered the high-mass star formation in each region. The collision in W3 Main involves the $-39\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud and the $-43\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud. The collision likely produced a cavity in the $-43\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud that has a size similar to the $-39\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud and triggered the formation of young high-mass stars in IC 1795 $2\:$Myr ago. We suggest that the $-39\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud is still triggering the high-mass objects younger than $1\:$Myr currently embedded in W3 Main. On the other hand, another collision between the $-50\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud and the $-43\:\rm{km\:s^{-1}}$ cloud likely formed the heavily embedded objects in W3(OH) within $\sim\! 0.5\:$Myr ago. The present results favour an idea that cloud–cloud collisions are common phenomena not only in the inner solar circle but also in the outer solar circle, where the number of reported cloud–cloud collisions is yet limited (Fukui et al. 2021, PASJ, 73, S1).
Partisans neither expect nor receive reputational rewards for sharing falsehoods over truth online
Authors: Ghezae Isaias , Jordan Jillian J , Gainsburg Izzy B , Mosleh Mohsen , Pennycook Gordon , Willer Robb , Rand David G
Published: July 2024

A frequently invoked explanation for the sharing of false over true political information is that partisans are motivated by their reputations. In particular, it is often argued that by indiscriminately sharing news that is favorable to one's political party, regardless of whether it is true—or perhaps especially when it is not true—partisans can signal loyalty to their group, and improve their reputations in the eyes of their online networks. Across three survey studies (total N = 3,038), and an analysis of over 26,000 tweets, we explored these hypotheses by measuring the reputational benefits that people anticipate and receive from sharing different content online. In the survey studies, we showed participants actual news headlines that varied in (ⅰ) veracity, and (ⅱ) favorability to their preferred political party. Across all three studies, participants anticipated that sharing true news would bring more reputational benefits than sharing false news. Critically, while participants also expected greater reputational benefits for sharing news favorable to their party, the perceived reputation value of veracity was no smaller for more favorable headlines. We found a similar pattern when analyzing engagement on Twitter: among headlines that were politically favorable to a user's preferred party, true headlines elicited more approval than false headlines.
Discordance between taxonomy and population genomic data: An avian example relevant to the United States Endangered Species Act
Authors: Black Andrew N , Mularo Andrew J , Jeon Jong Yoon , Haukos David , Bondo Kristin J , Fricke Kent A , Gregory Andy , Grisham Blake , Lowe Zachary E , DeWoody J Andrew
Published: July 2024

Population genomics can reveal cryptic biological diversity that may impact fitness while simultaneously serving to delineate relevant conservation units. Here, we leverage the power of whole-genome resequencing for conservation by studying 433 individual lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus; LEPC, a federally endangered species of conservation concern in the United States) and greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido; GRPC, a legally huntable species throughout much of its range). The genomic diversity of two formally recognized distinct population segments (DPSs) of LEPCs is similar, but they are genetically distinct. Neither DPS is depleted of its genomic diversity, neither is especially inbred, and temporal diversity is relatively stable in both conservation units. Interspecific differentiation between the two species was only slightly higher than that observed between LEPC DPSs, due largely to bidirectional introgression. The high resolution provided by our dataset identified a genomic continuum between the two species such that individuals sampled from the hybrid zone were imperfectly assigned to their presumptive species when considering only their physical characteristics. The admixture between the two species is reflected in the spectrum of individual ancestry coefficients, which has legal implications for the “take” of individuals under the Endangered Species Act. Overall, our data highlight the recurring dissonance between static policies and dynamic species boundaries that are increasingly obvious in the population genomic era.