bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Immunophenotyping of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cells in Patients with Neuroimmunological Diseases
Authors: Han Sungpil , Lin Yen Chih , Wu Tianxia , Salgado Alan D. , Mexhitaj Ina , Wuest Simone C. , Romm Elena , Ohayon Joan , Goldbach-Mansky Raphaela , Vanderver Adeline , Marques Adriana , Toro Camilo , Williamson Peter , Cortese Irene , Bielekova Bibiana
Published: February 2014

We performed unbiased, comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood leukocytes in 221 subjects referred for the diagnostic work-up of neuroimmunological disorders to obtain insight about disease-specific phenotypes of intrathecal immune responses. Quantification of 14 different immune cell subsets, coupled with the assessment of their activation status, revealed physiological differences between intrathecal and systemic immunity, irrespective of final diagnosis. Our data are consistent with a model where the CNS shapes intrathecal immune responses to provide effective protection against persistent viral infections, especially by memory T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD56bright NK cells. Our data also argue that CSF immune cells do not simply reflect cells recruited from the periphery. Instead, they represent a mixture of cells that are recruited from the blood, have been activated intrathecally and leave the CNS after performing effector functions. Diagnosis-specific differences provide mechanistic insight into the disease process in the defined subtypes of multiple sclerosis (MS), neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, and Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. This analysis also determined that secondary-progressive MS patients are immunologically closer to relapsing–remitting patients as compared with patients with primary-progressive MS. Because CSF immunophenotyping captures the biology of the intrathecal inflammatory processes, it has the potential to guide optimal selection of immunomodulatory therapies in individual patients and monitor their efficacy. Our study adds to the increasing number of publications that demonstrate poor correlation between systemic and intrathecal inflammatory biomarkers in patients with neuroimmunological diseases and stresses the importance of studying immune responses directly in the intrathecal compartment.
Arrhythmia susceptibility in senescent rat hearts
Authors: Rossi Stefano , Baruffi Silvana , Corradi Domenico , Callegari Sergio , Musso Ezio , Sgoifo Andrea , Carnevali Luca , Miragoli Michele , Macchi Emilio
Published: February 2014

Cardiovascular disease increases with age as well as alterations of cardiac electrophysiological properties, but a detailed knowledge about changes in cardiac electrophysiology relevant to arrhythmogenesis in the elderly is relatively lacking. The aim of this study was to determine specific age-related changes in electrophysiological properties of the ventricles which can be related to a structural-functional arrhythmogenic substrate. Multiple epicardial electrograms were recorded on the ventricular surface of in vivo control and aged rats, while arrhythmia vulnerability was investigated by premature stimulation protocols. Single or multiple ectopic beats and sustained ventricular arrhythmias were frequently induced in aged but not in control hearts. Abnormal ventricular activation patterns during sinus rhythm and unchanged conduction velocity during point stimulation in aged hearts suggest the occurrence of impaired impulse conduction through the distal Purkinje system that might create a potential reentry substrate.
Marine Jurassic rocks in Nelson and Salmo areas, southern British Columbia
Authors: Frebold H
Published: February 2014

The marine fossils hitherto found in Nelson, Salino ancl Caribou Creek areas (see Figures 1 and 2) indicate the presence of three subdivisions
of the Jurassic system. The anmonites (Arnioceratids) found in Archibald Creek, jn the coquina bed on the ridge noi%heast of Parks,
Beaver Creek, and in the Caribou Creek area 6 miles northeast of Burton, Lower Arrow Lake, a11 indicate a Sinemurian (early Lower Jurassic) age for the rocks concerned. The Harpoceratids in the upper part of the Elise formation, found between Hall and Porto Rico, suggest a Toarcian
(late 1,ower Jurassic) age, and the cluestionable Sonninia and other Harpoceratids found in the Hall format.ion, 2.7 miles sout.hwest ,of Porto Rico station, probably belong to the Bajocian (lower Micldle Jursssic). The conela,tions based on these fossils are summarized on Table I, p. 12.
The presence of rnarine Jurassic roclts in Nelson, Salnlo and Caribou Creek areas, and the great thickness of the formations concerned, prove
the existence of a Jurassic geosynclinal sea in this ares which was previously considered to be part of a geanticlinal landmass 'Jurozephyria'.
The writer has shown (1957) that reasons previously given in favour of such a landmass do not hold. Volcanic islands, liowever, probably
existed in this ares at different times during the Jurassic period. The near-shoreline or shallow-water character of some ,of the sediments, for
instance the coquiila bed northeast of Parks, may be explained by the presence of such islands.
The distribution of these thick marine deposits is, as shown by Little (1949, 1950, 1956) and others, restricted. This may be explained, at least partly, by the transition of these deposits into more highly metamorphosed rocks. Thus, Little considered it possible that the Hall
formation is replaced northeastward by gneisses.
Rocks and minerals for the collector Ottawa to North Bay, Ontario; Hull to Waltham, Quebec
Authors: Sabina A P
Published: February 2014

Occurrences of minerals, rocks, and fossils are described from about two hundred easily accessible localities on either side of the Ottawa River from Ottawa - Hull to North Bay. They are reached by following Highway 17 in Ontario and Highway 8 in Quebec. Most of
the collecting localities are in Renfrew County. Ontario. A wide variety of minerals are found in this area, and some localities are known for the museum-type specimens collected from them. The earliest mines were the apatite and iron mines that were operated in the 1880s. Other deposits that were
subsequently worked include corundum, molybdenite, zinc, celestite, garnet, pyrite, beryl, marble, limestone, feldspar, rare element minerals, and dolomite. The only mine currently in operation is that of Dominion Magnesium Limited at Haley Station. In the Nipissing District there are numerous
former feldspar mines as well as deposits of kyanite, garnet, muscovite, niobium, and brucite. Some of these deposits are accessible only by boat. The region north of the Ottawa River was formerly mined for mica, apatite, uranium, lead-zinc, feldspar, molybdenite, and limestone. The Hilton iron mine
is the only current producer. In addition, there are occurrences of brucite, pyroaurite, szajbelyite, cordierite, and asbestos. Minerals and/or rocks that could possibly be used for lapidary purposes include: feldspar (peristerite, sun-stone), rose quartz, graphic granite, and corundum from Renfrew
County; feldspar (peristerite, amazonite), jaspilite, and graphic granite from the North Bay area; peristerite and cordie rite from the Quebec side of the Ottawa River. Ordovician fossils may be collected from numerous road-cuts and quarries in the Ottawa Pembroke and Aylmer
areas.
Geochronological studies of Precambrian rocks from the southern District of Keewatin
Authors: Loveridge W D , Eade K E , Sullivan R W
Published: February 2014

Results and conclusions are presented of U-Pb, Rb-Sr and K-Ar studies in three areas of south­ern District of Keewatin. The results of U-Pb studies on zircrm are generally complex and age inter­pretations are not necessarily unique. The geology, more fully
described elsewhere, is summarized in this report. Angikuni-Yathkved lakes area. U-Pb age results on zircon indicate that the age of the volcanic­granitoid basement is in the range 2650 to 2680 Ma. K-Ar ages on hornblende and biotite in the Archean basement rocks are commonly ca. 1700 Ma, typical of
ages re-set by the Hudsonian Orogeny. There is, however an area of at least 7000 km2 where K-Ar ages on hornblende approx­imate 2450 Ma and K-Ar ages on biotite rangelrom 2425 to l975 Ma, indicating minor or no effect of the Hudsonian Orogeny. The age of the Christopher Island formation of the
Dubawnt Croup is bracketed by a previously published U-Pb zircon age of 17 53 + 3l-2 Ma on granite intrusive into the formation and by a K-Ar age of l984 ± 78 Ma on hornblendelrom a pre-Dubawnt Croup quartz monzonite pluton. Edehon-Hvde lakes area. U-Pb age results on zircon from the granulite
terrane are interpreted as follows. I. Cranodiorite gneiss, age of emplacement of plutonic precursor to gneiss, 2544 + I ll-8 Ma. 2. Cranodiorite gneiss 2 km northeast, age of plutonic predecessor to gneiss, possibly 3l90 Ma (minimum age 2702 Ma). 3. Well banded paragneiss adjacent to granodiorite
gneiss (2, above}, age of migmatization of paragneiss, 2786 ± 41 Ma. North of the granulite terrane, weakly foliated granodiorite gneiss yields a U-Pb zircon age of 27 37 + I 3l-9 Ma. Rb-Sr measurements on the Archean rocks did not generally provide diagnostic results. A Rb-Srisochron age of
19l 2 ± 42 Ma was obtained on granite to quartz monzonite stocks intrusive into the basement rocks. K-Ar ages on the Archean rocks in this region are generally in the range 1700 to 1785 Ma. Kasba gneiss areCJ.c East of Kasba Lake, U-Pb measurements on zircon from two locations of Kasba gneiss,
supported by Rb-Sr whole-rock model ages, provide an early Archean age ca. 3270 Ma. Less than 20 km distant, two additional specimensfrom the same unit yield less reliable zircon ages ca. 2780 Ma, and Rb-Sr whole-rock model ages of 2037 and 2457 Ma suggesting rejuvenation by Proterozoic events.
Biotite and hornblende K-Ar ages range from 17 40 to 1891 Ma.
Geology of the Clyde-Cockburn Land map area, north-central Baffin Island, Nunavut
Authors: Jackson G D
Published: February 2014

Remnants of a dissected peneplain, tilted up to the northeast, cap low, hummocky to mountainous ice-capped terrane. At least 90% of the map area is an Archean-Aphebian crystalline complex in which at least three episodes of granitic intrusion, each probably
accompanied by anatexis, are represented. The oldest recognized major unit is nebulitic granitic migmatite (ca. 3.7-2.85 Ga). The migmatite, foliated granitic intrusions (ca. 2.85 Ga), and deformed amphibolite dykes are overlain unconformably by the Archean Mary River Group (2.74-2.72 Ga), a bimodal
greenstone sequence containing komatiite and mafic and ultramafic intrusions. Slightly younger (2.71 Ga) massive monzogranite and late Aphebian granite and charnockite, and the older foliated granitic intrusions represent melts formed from older crust. Most of the granitic intrusions, including the
1.9-1.8 Ga Cumberland Batholith to the south, and the Mary River Group and associated igneous rocks, were emplaced in volcanic arc environments of active continental margins. The charnockites may include both metamorphosed Archean plutons and late synorogenic dry-melt, late Aphebian plutons. The
late Aphebian Piling Group (1.9 Ga) contains a thin lower quartzite-dolostone shelf sequence, and a thick upper greywacke-shale turbidite sequence (with a basal mafic-ultramafic unit) deposited in a foredeep or back arc basin. The Neohelikian Bylot Supergroup (1.27-1.23 Ga) is chiefly fluvial quartz
arenite, basinal shale, and shelf dolostone deposited in coarsening- and shallowing-up cycles. Northwest- trending Franklin (723 Ma) diabase dykes have slight chemical differences which may have resulted in selective magnetic overprinting of specific (Borden) dykes. Thin Cambro-Ordovician shelf
carbonate and quartz arenite blanket the western margin of the area. Metamorphic grade ranges from subgreenschist to granulite (about 0.8 GPa, 775°C
Seven of the eight major structural domains recognized in the Committee and Baffin orogens on Baffin Island are represented in the map area. Both orogens extend into Melville Peninsula and western and northwestern Greenland; the Baffin Orogen also extends into northern Quebec-Labrador. Related major
shear zones probably include some sutures. The Milne Inlet Trough (domain 8) is the southeast extension of the Neohelikian Borden Rift Basin, which developed as an aulacogen along the western boundary of domain 7 during the opening of the Poseidon Ocean to the northwest. Large high grade iron
deposits occur at Mary River, and smaller ones are present chiefly in the western part of the map area. Lead-zinc mineralization occurs in the Bylot Supergroup along the north edge of the map area and in the Piling Group just south of the map area. Traces of lead-zinc-copper, molybdenum, nickel,
silver, and gold occur locally.
On periodic homogenization in perfect elasto-plasticity
Authors: Francfort Gilles A. , Giacomini Alessandro
Published: February 2014

The limit behavior of a periodic assembly of a finite number of elasto-plastic phases is investigated as the period becomes vanishingly small. A limit quasi-static evolution is derived through two-scale convergence techniques. It can be thermodynamically viewed as an elasto-plastic model, albeit with an infinite number of internal variables.
Generalized holomorphic analytic torsion
Authors: Burgos Gil José Ignacio , Freixas i Montplet Gerard , Liţcanu Răzvan
Published: February 2014

In this paper we extend the holomorphic analytic torsion classes of Bismut and Köhler to arbitrary projective morphisms between smooth algebraic complex varieties. To this end, we propose an axiomatic definition and give a classification of the theories of generalized holomorphic analytic torsion classes for projective morphisms. The extension of the holomorphic analytic torsion classes of Bismut and K¨ohler is obtained as the theory of generalized analytic torsion classes associated to

–R=2

,

R

being the

R

-genus. As an application of the axiomatic characterization, we give new simpler proofs of known properties of holomorpic analytic torsion classes, we give a characterization of the

R

-genus, and we construct a direct image of hermitian structures for projective morphisms.
Finiteness problems on Nash manifolds and Nash sets
Authors: Fernando José F. , Gamboa José Manuel , Ruiz Jesús M.
Published: February 2014

We study here several
finiteness
problems concerning
affine
Nash manifolds

M

and Nash subsets

X

. Three main results are: (i) A Nash function on a semialgebraic subset

Z

of

M

has a Nash extension to an open
semialgebraic
neighborhood of

Z

in

M

, (ii) A Nash set

X

that has only normal crossings in

M

can be covered by
finitely many
open semialgebraic sets

U

equipped with Nash diffeomorphisms

(u_1,\dots,u_m):U\to\mathbb R^m

such that

U\cap X=\{u_1\cdots u_r=0\}

, (iii) Every affine Nash manifold with corners

N

is a closed subset of an affine Nash manifold

M

where the Nash closure of the boundary

\partial N

of

N

has only normal crossings and

N

can be covered with
finitely many
open semialgebraic sets

U

such that each intersection

N\cap U=\{u_1\ge0,\dots u_r\ge0\}

for a Nash diffeomorphism

(u_1,\dots,u_m):U\to\mathbb R^m

.
Gradient regularity via rearrangements for $p$-Laplacian type elliptic boundary value problems
Authors: Cianchi Andrea , Maz'ya Vladimir G.
Published: February 2014

A sharp estimate for the decreasing rearrangement of the length of the gradient of solutions to a class of nonlinear Dirichlet and Neumann elliptic boundary value problems is established under weak regularity assumptions on the domain. As a consequence, the problem of gradient bounds in norms depending on global integrability properties is reduced to one-dimensional Hardy-type inequalities. Applications to gradient estimates in Lebesgue, Lorentz, Zygmund, and Orlicz spaces are presented.
Practices to Reduce Milk Carbon Footprint on Grazing Dairy Farms in Southern Uruguay: Case Studies
Authors: Lizarralde Carolina , Picasso Valentin , Rotz C. Alan , Cadenazzi Monica , Astigarraga Laura
Published: February 2014

Carbon footprint (CF) is an increasingly important indicator of the impact of a product on climate change. This study followed international guidelines to quantify the CF of milk produced on 24 grazing-based dairy farms in southern Uruguay. Cows grazed all year-round and were supplemented with concentrate feeds. Dairy farms varied in annual milk yield per cow (5672 ± 1245 kg fat and protein corrected milk [FPCM]), milk production per ha (4075 ± 1360 kg FPCM/ha), cow stocking rate (0.71 ± 0.12 cows/ha), feed intake (13.3 ± 2.2 kg dry matter [DM]/cow/day) and percentage of concentrate in the diet (36 ± 12% DM) giving an average CF of 0.99 ± 0.10 kg CO2 (equivalent [eq]/kg FPCM) over all farms. Total milk production per ha, milk yield per cow and dry matter intake explained most of the variation in CF. Strategies that provide the highest milk production per ha using high yielding cows and a high portion of lactating cows in the herd were identified as the best management practices for reducing CF. Low forage intake in Uruguay is often a consequence of low yielding pastures and high stocking rates. Overall, this study concluded that a reduction in CF is not achieved through increased concentrate intake unless forage consumption is also unconstrained. Improved pasture and feeding management can be used to reduce the CF of milk produced in Uruguay.
Is Formal Ethics Training Merely Cosmetic? A Study of Ethics Training and Ethical Organizational Culture
Authors: Warren Danielle E. , Gaspar Joseph P. , Laufer William S.
Published: February 2014

U.S. Organizational Sentencing Guidelines provide firms with incentives to develop formal ethics programs to promote ethical organizational cultures and thereby decrease corporate offenses. Yet critics argue such programs are cosmetic. Here we studied bank employees before and after the introduction of formal ethics training—an important component of formal ethics programs—to examine the effects of training on ethical organizational culture. Two years after a single training session, we find sustained, positive effects on indicators of an ethical organizational culture (observed unethical behavior, intentions to behave ethically, perceptions of organizational efficacy in managing ethics, and the firm’s normative structure). While espoused organizational values also rose in importance post-training, the boost dissipated after the second year which suggests perceptions of values are not driving sustained behavioral improvements. This finding conflicts with past theory which asserts that enduring behavioral improvements arise from the inculcation of organizational values. Implications for future research are discussed.
Bodily Presence, Absence, and their Ethical Challenges
Authors: Maggini Golfo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2014

In this paper I deal with Hubert Dreyfus’s phenomenological ethics regarding information technologies and the use of the Internet. From the 1990s on, Dreyfus elaborates a multi-faceted model of ethical expertise which may find a paradigmatic field of application in the ways in which information technologies transform our sense of personal identity, as well as our view of ethical integrity and commitment. In his 2001 On the Internet, Dreyfus investigates further several of the ideas already present in his groundbreaking 1997 Disclosing New Worlds. A phenomenological ethics of the virtual aims at going beyond both the objectivist ideal of moral universalism, which departs from the dominant Cartesianism both in epistemology and in ethics, as well as from the postmodernist, Nietzsche-inspired moral relativism. By referring back to existentialism, especially to Kierkegaard, and to phenomenology, especially to Heidegger’s hermeneutic phenomenology, Dreyfus sketches a model of ethical expertise which can be particularly useful for internet users and researchers, as it combines a phenomenological anthropology of the virtual with a theory of cultural innovation and change. In my view, Dreyfus’s model may help overcome the strict either determinist or relativist accounts of the ethical challenges posed by information technologies. By endorsing a strongly anti-intellectualist view of information technologies, Dreyfus poses the necessity of identity and ethical integrity not only as abstract principles that require rational justification, but also as context-bound everyday practices that are in conformity with the “style” of a culture and several disclosive activities within it.
A Niche-Like Culture System Allowing the Maintenance of Primary Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Initiating Cells: A New Tool to Decipher Their Chemoresistance and Self-Renewal Mechanisms
Authors: Griessinger Emmanuel , Anjos-Afonso Fernando , Pizzitola Irene , Rouault-Pierre Kevin , Vargaftig Jacques , Taussig David , Gribben John , Lassailly François , Bonnet Dominique
Published: February 2014

Acute myeloid leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) are responsible for the emergence of leukemia and relapse after chemotherapy. Despite their identification more than 15 years ago, our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for their self-renewal activity and their chemoresistance remains poor. The slow progress in this area is partly due to the difficulty of studying these cells ex vivo. Indeed, current studies are reliant on xenotransplantation assays in immunodeficient mice. In this paper, we report that by modeling key elements of the bone marrow niche using different stromal feeder layers and hypoxic culture conditions, we can maintain LICs over at least 3 weeks and support their self-renewal properties demonstrated through primary and secondary successful xenograft. We provide a proof of principle that this niche-like culture system can be used to study LIC chemoresistance following in vitro cytarabine treatment similarly to the xenograft chemotherapy model. We found that although LICs are believed to be more chemoresistant than non-LICs, functionally defined LICs are not enriched after cytarabine treatment, and heterogeneity in their resistance to treatment can be seen between patients and even within the same patient. We present a culture system that can be used as an in vitro surrogate for xenotransplantation and that has the potential to dramatically increase the throughput of the investigation of LICs. This would further provide the means by which to identify and target the functionality of the different signaling pathways involved in the maintenance and resistance of LICs to improve acute myeloid leukemia treatments.
Up all night on a redeye flight
Authors: Griffith Leslie C
Published: February 2014

A protein called RYE has a central role in the regulation of sleep.
A network approach to mixing delegates at meetings
Authors: Vaggi Federico , Schiavinotto Tommaso , Lawson Jonathan LD , Chessel Anatole , Dodgson James , Geymonat Marco , Sato Masamitsu , Carazo Salas Rafael Edgardo , Csikász-Nagy Attila
Published: February 2014

Delegates at scientific meetings can come from diverse backgrounds and use very different methods in their research. Promoting interactions between these ‘distant’ delegates is challenging but such interactions could lead to novel interdisciplinary collaborations and unexpected breakthroughs. We have developed a network-based ‘speed dating’ approach that allows us to initiate such distant interactions by pairing every delegate with another delegate who might be of interest to them, but whom they might never have encountered otherwise. Here we describe our approach and its algorithmic implementation.
Influence of lithium fluoride thickness on electrical switching behavior in a cross-point structure using self-assembly molecules
Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Qijing , Chen Lan , Sun Huabin , Zhang Mingxiao , Shi Yi , Li Yun
Published: February 2014

A cross-point structure using an n-type organic semiconductor and a self-assembly molecule (SAM) layer was fabricated. The structure featured electrical switching behavior attributed to the charge trapping at the organic/SAM interface. We found that such an electrical transition was influenced by the thickness of a passivation layer of lithium fluoride (LiF) that led to different electrical behaviors, especially regarding the on/off ratio and stability/reversibility of the transition levels. Investigations revealed that the morphology of LiF layer changed based on its thickness, thereby influencing the subsequent deposition of organic materials and resulting in different charge trapping properties at the organic/SAM interfaces.
Mid-infrared photoresponse of graphene nanoribbon bolometer
Authors: Arai Miho , Onuki Masahiro , Masubuchi Satoru , Moriya Rai , Machida Tomoki
Published: February 2014

We demonstrate mid-infrared (MIR) photodetection by using a graphene nanoribbon (GNR) bolometer. Graphene is patterned into a GNR structure to open the transport gap (TG). Within the TG, the GNR exhibits Coulomb oscillation (CO), and the conductance peak in the CO exhibits electron temperature dependence. MIR photoirradiation induces electron heating of the GNR and thus enables us to detect the MIR light through the conductance change of the GNR.
Glaucoma in Childhood
Authors: Kaur Savleen , Kaushik Sushmita , Pandav Surinder S
Published: February 2014

Glaucoma in childhood is a potentially blinding condition, yet, there is a lack of epidemiologic and clinical data regarding this pathology. Unlike glaucoma in adults, which is notoriously difficult to detect since there are no symptoms, glaucoma in children does present with signs and symptoms which can be detected by pediatricians and even parents, who are usually the first contacts of these children. Due to the difficulty faced in examining children, glaucoma in the pediatric population is at risk of being misdiagnosed or sub optimally treated, allowing irreversible corneal and optic nerve damage to occur. The childhood glaucoma research network (CGRN) has provided a new classification system of pediatric glaucomas. Careful diagnosis and timely intervention leads to the most promising outcome and gives these children a long morbidity free life.
Isolation and Analysis of Mouse Microglial Cells
Authors: Garcia Jenny A. , Cardona Sandra M. , Cardona Astrid E.
Published: February 2014

Microglia are mononuclear phagocytes that make up about 10% of the central nervous system (CNS). They are known for their surveillant behavior, which involves continuous monitoring of neural tissue by extending and retracting their processes. Microglial cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells and play important roles in homeostasis as well as inflammatory and immune responses in the brain. This unit describes several microglial cell isolation protocols that can be easily adapted for projects requiring a rapid and efficient analysis of mouse microglial cells by flow cytometry. Methods for visualizing microglial cells using in situ immunohistochemistry and immunochemistry in free‐floating sections are also included. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 104:14.35.1‐14.35.15. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differentiation and Characterization of Myeloid Cells
Authors: Gupta Dipti , Shah Hetavi Parag , Malu Krishnakumar , Berliner Nancy , Gaines Peter
Published: February 2014

Ex vivo differentiation of myeloid cells begins with an enriched population of bone marrow–derived hematopoietic stem cells generated by lineage depletion and/or positive selection for CD34+ antigen (human) or Sca‐1+ (mouse) cells, which are then expanded and subsequently induced in vitro in a process that recapitulates normal myeloid development. Myeloid cell lines include two human leukemic cell lines, NB‐4 and HL‐60, which have been demonstrated to undergo retinoic acid–induced myeloid development; however, both cell lines exhibit defects in the up‐regulation of late‐expressed neutrophil‐specific genes. Multiple murine factor–dependent cell models of myelopoiesis are also available that express the full range of neutrophil maturation markers, including: 32Dcl3 cells, which undergo G‐CSF‐induced myeloid maturation; EML/EPRO cells, which develop into mature neutrophils in response to cytokines and retinoic acid; and ER‐Hoxb8 cells, which undergo myeloid maturation upon removal of estradiol in the maintenance medium. In this unit, the induction of myeloid maturation in each of these model systems is described, including their differentiation to either neutrophils or macrophages, if applicable. Commonly used techniques to test for myeloid characteristics of developing cells are also described, including flow cytometry and real time RT‐PCR. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 104:22F.5.1‐22F.5.28. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling the seismic cycle in subduction zones: The role and spatiotemporal occurrence of off‐megathrust earthquakes
Authors: van Dinther Y. , Mai P. M. , Dalguer L. A. , Gerya T. V.
Published: February 2014

Shallow off‐megathrust subduction events are important in terms of hazard assessment and coseismic energy budget. Their role and spatiotemporal occurrence, however, remain poorly understood. We simulate their spontaneous activation and propagation using a newly developed 2‐D, physically consistent, continuum, viscoelastoplastic seismo‐thermo‐mechanical modeling approach. The characteristics of simulated normal events within the outer rise and splay and normal antithetic events within the wedge resemble seismic and seismological observations in terms of location, geometry, and timing. Their occurrence agrees reasonably well with both long‐term analytical predictions based on dynamic Coulomb wedge theory and short‐term quasi‐static stress changes resulting from the typically triggering megathrust event. The impact of off‐megathrust faulting on the megathrust cycle is distinct, as more both shallower and slower megathrust events arise due to occasional off‐megathrust triggering and increased updip locking. This also enhances tsunami hazards, which are amplified due to the steeply dipping fault planes of especially outer rise events.
Topographic vorticity waves forced by Antarctic dense shelf water outflows
Authors: Marques Gustavo M. , Padman Laurie , Springer Scott R. , Howard Susan L. , Özgökmen Tamay M.
Published: February 2014

We use numerical simulations to investigate excitation of topographic vorticity waves (TVWs) along the Antarctic continental slope by outflows of dense shelf water through troughs. Idealized models show that wave frequency depends on the amount of stretching in the ambient fluid over the outflow and on background along‐slope mean flow. Frequency is higher for steeper bottom slope, larger outflow density anomaly, and stronger westward mean flow. For weak stratification and weak westward along‐slope flows typical of the Antarctic slope, wave energy propagates eastward, in the opposite direction from phase velocity. Our results are consistent with recent observations of TVWs in the southern Weddell Sea. In a realistic simulation of the Ross Sea, TVW properties are modulated on seasonal and shorter time scales as background ocean state varies. We expect these waves to affect mixing, cross‐slope exchanges, and sea ice concentration in the vicinity of sources of dense water outflows.
BV technique for investigating 1‐D interfaces
Authors: Dorville Nicolas , Belmont Gérard , Rezeau Laurence , Aunai Nicolas , Retinò Alessandro
Published: February 2014

To investigate the internal structure of the magnetopause with spacecraft data, it is crucial to be able to determine its normal direction and to convert the measured time series into spatial profiles. We propose here a new single‐spacecraft method, called the BV method, to reach these two objectives. Its name indicates that the method uses a combination of the magnetic field (B) and velocity (V) data. The method is tested on simulation and on Cluster data, and a short overview of the possible products is given. We discuss its assumptions and show that it can bring a valuable improvement with respect to previous methods.
NOx production due to energetic particle precipitation in the MLT region: Results from ion chemistry model studies
Authors: Nieder Holger , Winkler Holger , Marsh Daniel R. , Sinnhuber Miriam
Published: February 2014

Production of neutral species such as NOx(N, NO, and NO2) during particle‐induced ionization events plays an important role in the chemistry of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region, especially in high latitudes. The effective production rate of NOx is composed of the direct production in reactions associated with the ionization or dissociation process and of indirect production during subsequent ionic reactions and recombination. A state of the art ion chemistry model is used to study the dependence of the effective production rate of NOx on several atmospheric parameters such as density, temperature, and abundance of atmospheric constituents and trace gases. The resulting effective production rates vary significantly, depending on the atmospheric state, and reach values between 1.2 NOx per ion pair in the lower mesosphere and 1.9 NOx per ion pair in the lower thermosphere. In this paper, an alternative approach to obtain realistic NOx production rates without running a full ion chemistry model is discussed; a database setup and readout system is used to replace ion chemistry calculations. It is compared to the full ion chemistry model and to a thermospheric reduced ion chemistry model combined with constant rate estimation below the mesopause. Database readout performs better than the constant estimate at all altitudes, where above 100km reduced ion chemistry better reproduces full ion chemistry, but database readout performs better in terms of numerical cost.
Comment on “Electron demagnetization and heating in quasi‐perpendicular shocks” by Mozer and Sundkvist
Authors: Schwartz Steven J.
Published: February 2014

In their paper, Mozer and Sundkvist (2013) present important observations of large‐amplitude high‐frequency electric field fluctuations in the vicinity of the ramp region of the Earth's bow shock. In common with other recent work, they emphasize the role of electron scattering by such fluctuations in the problem of electron heating at collisionless shocks, relegating the DC fields to providing a reservoir of energy which can be tapped apparently to whatever degree is required. While the historical approach of attributing the zeroth‐order electron heating to adiabatic motion in those DC fields has always required some unspecified scattering process, key elements of those DC processes have been lost or misinterpreted. In particular, particle motion parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field are coupled to one another. More importantly, an O(1/2) fraction of the electron population traverses the shock from downstream to upstream or are trapped downstream. Thus, the concept of irreversible heating proceeding from the solar wind through the shock into the magnetosheath, implicit in Mozer and Sundkvist (2013), needs to be reconsidered. A highly simplified calculation illustrates these points.
Timescale and morphology of Martian mantle overturn immediately following magma ocean solidification
Authors: Scheinberg A. , Elkins‐Tanton L. T. , Zhong S. J.
Published: February 2014

Energy of accretion in terrestrial planets is expected to create liquid silicate magma oceans. Their solidification processes create silicate differentiation and set the initial mantle structure for the planet. Solidification may result in a compositionally unstable density profile, leading to cumulate Rayleigh‐Taylor overturn if a sluggish rather than stagnant lithosphere existed in the early stages of planetary history. The pattern and timescale of overturn, in which cold, dense surface material sinks to the core‐mantle boundary, have implications for core dynamo production, volatile escape, and fundamental differences between differently sized bodies. Our fully spherical mantle models reaffirm previous work suggesting that harmonic degree of overturn is dependent on viscosity contrast and layer thickness. We find that cumulate overturn would likely have occurred with short wavelengths. In an isoviscous model, thermal convection ensues rapidly after overturn; however, when viscosity is temperature dependent, compositional stability in the mantle suppresses the onset of whole‐mantle thermal convection. For a viscosity of 1018 Pa s, the mantle could fully overturn in as little as 3 Ma.
Meeting People Where They Are: Thriving Earth Exchange
Authors: Galkiewicz Julia , Pandya Raj
Published: February 2014

As AGU develops the Thriving Earth Exchange, a new initiative to help scientists work with communities from all over the world to tackle local challenges, the main questions asked by AGU members and scientists are: How can I contribute to community‐inspired science when my research is about something totally unrelated? I know that my basic research will be important, but what if I want to make a difference right now?
Rapping, Blogging, and Plain Language: The Stars of Science Communication Events
Authors: Adams Mary Catherine
Published: February 2014

“What you heard in the poetry, what you heard in the stories and the songs here tonight—there are people in the world who will get that a lot better than our posters,” said Richard Alley to a packed crowd of Earth and space scientists at the Fall Meeting's second annual Open Mic Night. “Not only are they going to be happier because of it, but so are we.”
Reception for 25‐ and 50‐Year Members
Authors: Burman Robert
Published: February 2014

AGU leadership and staff had the pleasure of hosting a 12 December 2013 reception to honor those celebrating their 25th and 50th years of AGU membership. Fifty‐two members with more than 1500 years of collective AGU membership were in attendance and were awarded gold and silver lapel pins commemorating their many years of involvement with AGU. Members who were unable to attend will receive their pins in the mail shortly. Having the opportunity to meet with members and hear firsthand about their accomplishments was inspirational for the staff and affirmed how gratifying it is to work with such an incredible group of people.
New Opportunities and Fun Events for Students
Authors: Smedley Kara
Published: February 2014

In total, 6944 students, from high school students to graduate students, attended the 2013 Fall Meeting. Several activities and services were geared toward them, with some even organized spontaneously to meet student needs. Here are some highlights:
Perspectives From Hong Kong High School Students
Authors: Ibarra Diana
Published: February 2014

School activities that involve international travel are rare events for high school students. School activities involving science and international travel are even rarer.
Ethics Workshop Sheds Light on Gray Areas
Authors: Townsend Randy , Williams Billy
Published: February 2014

AGU's Scientific Integrity and Professional Ethics Workshop at the 2013 Fall Meeting, held on 9 December, highlighted the courageous conversations necessary to navigate through questions of scientific integrity and professional ethics. Participants debated real‐world scenarios surrounding authorship, data management, plagiarism, and conflicts of interest. These discussions emphasized the importance of preserving scientific integrity and the responsibility of each member to uphold the standards of scientific conduct.
Recognize Excellence— Submit an AGU Honors Nomination
Authors: McKenzie Judith Ann
Published: February 2014

AGU's diverse awards program recognizes individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of the geophysical sciences, to the service of the community, and to the public's understanding of Earth and space science. From students and early‐career scientists to established leaders in their fields, the AGU Honors and Recognition Program highlights the value of their contributions to and impact on the geophysical sciences.
The role of ring current particle injections: Global simulations and Van Allen Probes observations during 17 March 2013 storm
Authors: Yu Yiqun , Jordanova Vania , Welling Dan , Larsen Brian , Claudepierre Seth G. , Kletzing Craig
Published: February 2014

We simulate substorm injections observed by the Van Allen Probes during the 17 March 2013 storm using a self‐consistent coupling between the ring current model RAM‐SCB and the global MHD model BATS‐R‐US. This is a significant advancement compared to previous studies that used artificially imposed electromagnetic field pulses to mimic substorm dipolarization and associated inductive electric field. Several substorm dipolarizations and injections are reproduced in the MHD model, in agreement with the timing of shape changes in the AE/AL index. The associated inductive electric field transports plasma sheet plasma to geostationary altitudes, providing the boundary plasma source to the ring current model. It is found that impulsive plasma sheet injections, together with a large‐scale convection electric field, are necessary to develop a strong ring current. Comparisons with Van Allen Probes observations show that our model reasonably well captures dispersed electron injections and the global Dst index.
Work Productivity Loss in Early Arthritis During the First 3 Years of Disease: A Study From a French National Multicenter Cohort
Authors: Dadoun Sabrina , Guillemin Francis , Lucier Sandy , Looten Vincent , Saraux Alain , Berenbaum Francis , Durand‐Zaleski Isabelle , Chevreul Karine , Fautrel Bruno
Published: February 2014

Objective

To assess work productivity (WP) loss during the first 3 years of disease in a cohort of patients with early arthritis (EA) diagnosed between 2002 and 2005.

Methods

The ESPOIR (Etude et Suivi des Polyarthrites Indifférenciées Récentes) cohort included 813 EA patients; we included those of working age at baseline in the present study. WP loss was assessed by 3 components: sick leave, permanent disability, and early retirement. The proportion of affected patients and the mean number of days off work were assessed for each component. WP costs were estimated and determinants of positive and extreme costs were assessed by logistic regression models.

Results

Among the 664 patients included, 81.6% were in the workforce at baseline. During the first 3 years of disease, 45% reported at least 1 sick leave day and 11% reported permanent disability. Only a few patients (1%) reported early retirement. The mean number of days on sick leave due to EA decreased regularly from 44 to 13, whereas the mean number of days on permanent disability tripled from 10 to 33. The mean annual cost was 荤1,333 (95% confidence interval 荤1,075–1,620). Sick leave longer than 30 days due to EA before inclusion and a decrease in mental and physical scores of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 at inclusion were independent determinants of positive and extreme costs in multivariate models.

Conclusion

WP loss is substantial in EA patients and is due to permanent disability before the third year of disease. Work absence and poor mental and physical health status at baseline are major determinants of WP costs.
Changes in Quality of Life in the First 5 Years of Disease in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Urowitz M. , Gladman D. D. , Ibañez D. , Sanchez‐Guerrero J. , Bae S. C. , Gordon C. , Fortin P. R. , Clarke A. , Bernatsky S. , Hanly J. G. , Wallace D. J. , Isenberg D. , Rahman A. , Merrill J. , Ginzler E. , Alarcón G. S. , Fessler B. , Khamashta M. , Steinsson K. , Petri M. , Dooley M. , Bruce I. N. , Manzi S. , Sturfelt G. , Nived O. , Ramsey‐Goldman R. , Zoma A. , Maddison P. , Kalunian K. , van Vollenhoven R. , Aranow C. , Romero Diaz J. , Stoll T.
Published: February 2014

Objective

The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36) is recommended to assess quality of life (QOL) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of the current study was to assess QOL over time in the first 5 years of a multicenter inception cohort of patients with SLE.

Methods

An inception SLE cohort was assembled according to a standardized protocol between 2000 and 2012. In addition to clinical and laboratory assessments, patients completed the SF‐36 at yearly intervals. Only patients who had ≥5 completed QOL questionnaires were included in these analyses. Generalized estimating equation models were run separately for each of the 8 subscales and for the physical and mental component summary scores, adjusting for repeated measures by patients.

Results

A total of 495 patients were included. The mean ± SD disease duration at the first visit was 5.3 ± 4.1 months. The mean ± SD age at enrollment was 35.8 ± 13.2 years. All 8 subscales and the 2 summary scores showed improvement in the first 2 years from enrollment. Between years 2 and 5, none of the subscales or summary scores showed any change. Minimum clinically important improvement was achieved by 35–56% of the patients and was influenced by demographic and disease factors.

Conclusion

Unlike late‐stage lupus, where QOL is stable over time, in patients with early disease, all subscales improve in early followup up to 2 years. Therefore, the SF‐36 may be a sensitive outcome measure in early disease in patients with SLE.
Polysymptomatic Distress in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Understanding Disproportionate Response and Its Spectrum
Authors: Wolfe Frederick , Michaud Kaleb , Busch Ruth E. , Katz Robert S. , Rasker Johannes J. , Shahouri Shadi H. , Shaver Timothy S. , Wang Shirley , Walitt Brian T. , Häuser Winfried
Published: February 2014

Objective

Fibromyalgia (FM) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can cause consternation because symptoms are seen to be out of proportion to physician and laboratory assessments, and composite RA activity scores such as the 28 joint Disease Activity Score, Clinical Disease Activity Index, and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID‐3) can yield apparently “wrong” results. We explored the effect of polysymptomatic distress (PSD), a measure of fibromyalgianess and a quantity derived from the American College of Rheumatology 2010 FM diagnostic criteria, to explain the relationship of patient to physician variables.

Methods

We obtained PSD scores on 300 RA patients prior to ordinary clinical care, and assessed the associations of PSD with tender and swollen joints, physician global estimate of RA activity, pain, Health Assessment Questionnaire score, and composite RA activity measures during routine clinic assessments.

Results

PSD scores greater than the sample mean (8.8) were associated with increased patient symptoms regardless of the presence or absence of FM, while scores below the mean were associated with better patient outcomes. PSD scores predicted all patient outcomes and less strongly predicted physician outcomes. The discrepancy between patient and physician measures was greatest at low levels of physician‐estimated disease activity.

Conclusion

PSD rather than FM diagnosis more usefully identifies and predicts disproportionate responses. Just as there are patients who lean disproportionately toward greater severity, there are also patients who disproportionately report milder symptoms. Composite measures used to assess RA are flawed, as they confound RA inflammation and patient distress, and more consideration should be given to disaggregated assessments. PSD also appears to be influenced weakly by RA disease activity.