bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copepods from the Interstitial Fauna of a Sandy Beach
Authors: Nicholls A. G.
Published: May 2009

Attention was first drawn by Wilson (1932) to the large copepod fauna which can be found in an ordinary sandy beach. In his introduction he describes his method of collecting these copepods (p. 7) and in the course of the paper describes a number of new genera and species thus obtained.

Sand-dwelling animals, particularly Crustacea and worms (excluding sessile forms), are usually regarded as burrowers, since in their migrations they displace the particles of their environment. The fauna opened up by Wilson's discovery is of a quite different type. In contrast to true sand-burrowing animals, these copepods do not displace the particles of the sand through which they move but crawl over the surface of the grains, which, by capillarity, always hold more or less water, even high up on the beach at low tide. Such copepods, together with nematodes, rotifers, protozoa and other animals sufficiently small, may be regarded as part of an “interstitial” fauna.
Plankton Production and its Control
Authors: Harvey H. W. , Cooper L. H. N. , Lebour M. V. , Russell, F. S.
Published: May 2009

Vertical hauls between surface and 45 metres depth were made with a measuring net, throughout 1934, at a position 5 miles S.W. of Plymouth Breakwater incirca50 metres depth of water.

The phytoplankton organisms were counted and also assessed from their content of plant pigments.

A close relation was found between numbers of diatoms and their pigment contents after making allowance for the small size of three species.

The phosphorus content of the phytoplankton was estimated on several occasions.

The zooplankton organisms per cubic metre of sea were counted and estimations were made of their phosphorus content.

The diatom population differed from that found in 1933, in which year the spring outburst was shorter but more intense, the sporadic summer outbursts were more intense, the autumn one lasted longer; and more phosphate was utilised by the plants during the first half of the year.
Seasonal Changes in the Ovary of the Immature Hake, Merlucius merluccius L.
Authors: Hickling C. F.
Published: May 2009

A seasonal variation is found in the ovaries of immature hake (Merlucius merluccius L.).

There appears to be a seasonal change in the rate at which young eggs are formed from resting oocytes, as indicated (1) by the change in the relative abundance of nuclei in synapsis, and (2) by the change in the average diameter of the eggs in the egg-stock in the ovary. These processes show considerable correspondence in their season of incidence with the ovarian cycle of the mature and adolescent fish.

A physiological rhythm has now been detected in both somatic tissues and gonad in the immature hake, which foreshadows the physiological rhythm associated with the spawning cycle in the mature hake. The implication of this on the question of the formation of “growth-rings” in the skeletal structures is briefly discussed.
The larvae of the British species of Spirontocaris and their relation to Thor (Crustacea Decapoda)
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: May 2009

The general larval characters of the genus Spirontocaris are summarized by Gurney (1937b), but since his paper was written there have been published descriptions of S. spinus var. lilljeborgi (see Lebour, 1937) and of S. pusiola (see Bull, 1938). The four British Columbian species described by Needler (1933) must also be taken into consideration. With our present knowledge of all these species the description must be slightly modified. We now know the larvae of all the British species of this genus with the exception of the typical form of S. spinus. The specimen from which the larvae were hatched was intermediate between the typical S. spinus and the var. lilljeborgi and was regarded as the latter. The following species are British: S. polaris, S. spinus and its var. lilljeborgi, S. gaimardi, S. pusiola, S. occulta and S. cranchi. S. polaris is a northern form, the only British records being from the Shetlands. It has an abbreviated development, described by Stephensen (1912b, 1916, 1935).
On the nematocysts of Hydromedusae. III
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

The nematocysts of five species of Anthomedusae, six species of Leptomedusae, and one Trachymedusa are described.

In view of the additional support supplied by characters of its nematocysts it is suggested that the genus Chromatonema should be placed with Tiaranna in a new family, the Tiarannidae, in the Anthomedusae.

Evidence on the possible evolution of microbasic euryteles from stenoteles is afforded by the nematocysts of Aglantha.
The occurrence of a marine leech, Abranchus blennii n.sp., resembling A. sexoculatus (Malm), in North Wales
Authors: Knight Jones E. W.
Published: May 2009

Several specimens of an ichthyobdellid leech were found on Blennius pholis collected on the coast of Anglesey.

The leech resembles Abranchus sexoculatus (Malm), a rare form only recorded previously from Sweden and not yet adequately described. Slight differences, however, indicate that it may be a distinct species and the name Abranchus blennii is provisionally put forward for it.

A short review of the genus Abranchus and a description of the appearance and structure of the leech follow.

My thanks are due to Prof. F. W. Rogers Brambell for his encouragement and advice; and to Mr W. H. Leigh-Sharpe for advice regarding the literature.
Sand and mud communities in the Dovey estuary
Authors: Beanland F. Louise
Published: May 2009

This paper presents results of an ecological study towards high-tide level near the mouth of the Dovey estuary, carried out in 1925–6. The area was treated as an extension of the sea floor, the only comparable work at that time being submarine. Petersen (1918) showed that on the bed of shallow seas the fauna could be grouped into “animal communities”, whose constitution was determined by depth, distance from shore, shelter and salinity. Analysed with regard to distance from high-water mark, and degree of shelter, the fauna of this part of the estuary shows Petersen's Macoma community over most of the area, with a Corophium community at high tide in the more sheltered part. Davis (1925), in the North Sea, substituted “soil associations” as an alternative ecological unit, a certain grade of soil carrying its typical fauna wherever it might be found. The two groupings already found in the Dovey estuary clearly emerged as soil associations, after adoption of a reliable method for analysis of fine-grade soils. Up to the present, oceanographers have used sieves or elutriation for soil analysis. Up to the present, oceanographers have used sieves or elutriation for soil analysis. These methods are unsatisfactory for examinations of estuarine soils, with their large proportion of fine material.
Cell-free benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity in marine zooplankton
Authors: Walters J. M. , Cain R. B. , Higgins I. J. , Corner E. D. S.
Published: May 2009

There is now considerable evidence that benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase: AHH) is involved in the metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons by several species of marine fish (see review by Varanasi & Malins, 1977), as well as by certain species of marine invertebrates, including crabs and lobsters (Payne, 1977). Several workers (Payne & Penrose, 1975; Payne, 1976, 1977; Bend, James & Dansette, 1977) have found increased activities of this enzyme in fish previously exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds: similar findings have been made in a study using two species of polychaete (Lee, Furlong & Singer, 1977 a). No evidence of such enhanced activity, however, has been found in experiments with crabs and lobsters (Payne, 1977).
The ultrastructure of the byssus and the byssus Glands in Chlamys varia L. (Lamellibranchia)
Authors: Gruffydd Ll. D. , Budiman Arie , Nott J. A.
Published: May 2009

The glands which secrete the byssus in bivalve molluscs are located in the foot. Some glands discharge into a duct at the proximal end of the foot whilst others discharge into a ventral groove which runs forward from the opening of the duct for about two thirds of the length of the foot. In Mytilus edidis a stem or ‘rachis’ is formed by the gland which surrounds the duct (Brown, 1952). The secretions of this gland are formed into flat sheets or ribbons as a result of being discharged between numerous lamellae which occupy the blind end of the duct. The secretions are derived from two types of secretory cell. One produces large granules, packed with banded filaments, which are secreted into the crypts formed by the lamellae (Tamarin, 1975). The other produces smaller, cylindroid shaped granules which are secreted along the two faces of each lamella. The stem serves as a point of attachment for collagenous threads, produced in the groove (Mercer, 1952; Pujol, 1967 a, b) by the collagen gland which secretes globules displaying regular banding (Pujol, Houvenaghel & Bouillon, 1972). The proximal end of each thread is attached to the stem by means of a collagenous cuff, each one overlapping the previous one to form a concentric arrangement of cuffs around the stem. The distal ends of the threads are attached to the substratum by a holdfast.
A behaviour pattern in Pagurus bernhardus L. towards its symbiotic actinian Calliactis parasitica (Couch)
Authors: Ross D. M.
Published: May 2009

In earlier behavioural studies carried out at the Plymouth Laboratory, Pagurus bernhardus L. displayed no activity towards its symbiotic actinian, Calliactis parasitica (Couch) (Ross, 1960; Ross & Sutton, 1961 a). This was in marked contrast to other familiar pagurid/actinian associations, e.g. with Dardanus spp., in which the pagurid participates actively in the transfer of Calliactis to its shells (Brunelli, 1910; Faurot 1910; Ross & Sutton, 1961 b; Ross, 1970, 1974). In the case of P. bernhardus and C. parasitica, laboratory trials showed that contact of the anemone's tentacles with a shell, even an unoccupied shell or one of a living gastropod, releases a sequential behaviour pattern in which the anemone frees its pedal disc and somersaults to the shell. It has been argued (Ross, 1967) that this association exists solely because of the behaviour pattern by which C. parasitica climbs on shells.
The general morphology and fine structure of the antennary gland ofCorophium volutator(Amphipoda: Crustacea)
Authors: Icely J. D. , Nott J. A.
Published: May 2009

The general morphology of the antennary and maxillary glands, which form the major renal system of adult Crustacea, has been described and reviewed by Goodrich (1945). However, studies on the fine structure are restricted mainly to the antennary glands of decapods, includingOrcotiectessp. (formerlyCambarussp.) (Anderson & Beams, 1956; Beams, Anderson & Press, 1956),Orconectes affinis(Kümmel, 1964),Procambarus clarkii(Miyawaki & Ukeshima, 1967; Schaffner & Rodewald, 1978),Procambarus blandingi(Peterson & Loizzi, 1974),Austropotomobius pallipes pallipes(Riegel & Cook, 1975) andUca mordax(Schmidt-Nielsen, Gertz & Davis, 1968). The maxillary gland ofArtemia salinais the only excretory system of a non-decapod which has been studied in detail (Tyson, 1968, 1969a,b). Morelli & Tobolla worked independently on the antennary glands of amphipods,Gammarussp. (cited Kümmel, 1973), but their studies were restricted to the site of filtration.
Zinc concentrations in juvenile flatfish
Authors: Milner N. J.
Published: May 2009

In most demersal and some pelagic marine fish O- and I-group stages are found on inshore nursery grounds which are often situated in coastal indentations and estuaries

where flushing rates are low and the build up of persistent pollutants can be correspondingly high. Their movements are restricted, only leaving the nursery areas towards the end of their second year (Lockwood, 1974; Riley, 1973). This, coupled with the fact that juveniles may be more susceptible than adults to pollutants, makes them particularly vulnerable to the potential hazards of inshore pollution.

The physico-chemical properties of most trace metals, however, generally preclude their occurrence at high concentrations in sea water itself. Instead, most of the metal is transferred to the particulate phase of the water mass and to sedimentary reservoirs (Renfro, 1973) so that concentrations of metals in sea water very rarely reach levels which are known to be acutely toxic to fish. The main risk from direct effects of metals lies in poisoning resulting from internal accumulation.

Little information is available on metal concentrations occurring in young fish. Hardisty et al. (1974) and Hardisty, Kartar & Sainsbury (1974) have examined zinc, cadmium and lead levels in O-group and older flounders from the Bristol Channel. Andersen, Dommasnes & Hesthagen (1973) found high concentrations of zinc in O- and I-group herring and sprat from Oslo Fjord, Cross & Brooks (1973) reported on manganese, iron and zinc concentrations in juvenile estuarine fish. Pentreath (1973 b) has reported on zinc concentrations in the organs of I-group plaice.
Ultrastructure of cells associated with excavation of calcium carbonate substrates by boring sponges
Authors: Pomponi Shirley A.
Published: May 2009

Boring sponges excavate calcium carbonate substrates by chemical and mechanical methods. The chemical phase of excavation is accomplished at the cellular level by a localized secretion (possibly an acid or an enzyme) at the cell-substrate interface (Cotte, 1902; Nassonow, 1883, 1924; Warburton, 1958; Rützler & Rieger, 1973; Cobb, 1969, 1971, 1975). Chemical etching detaches a chip of calcium carbonate (about 40–60 µm diameter) which is then mechanically removed from the substrate through the sponge tissue and out through the excurrent canal system. Only 2–3% of the substrate is dissolved by the etching cells (Rützler & Rieger, 1973), while the rest is removed as characteristically shaped chips. Recent studies of the mechanism of sponge boring have denned (using light microscopy) the spatial relationships sponge cells establish with the substrate (Cobb, 1971), identified (using transmission electron microscopy) the cell type (etching cell) responsible for chemical etching (Rützler & Rieger, 1973), and described (using scanning electron microscopy) the architectural nature of substrate destruction by sponges (Cobb, 1969, 1971, 1975; Rützler & Rieger, 1973; Pomponi, 1976, 1977, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Miami).
Trophic activity of planktonic foraminifera
Authors: Anderson O. R. , Spindler M. , Bé A. W. H. , Hemleben Ch.
Published: May 2009

Few studies have been reported on the predatory habits of planktonic foraminifera or on their position in marine food webs. Planktonic foraminifera are large marine Sarcodina possessing a calcium carbonate shell (usually < 1 mm diam.) surrounded by a dense halo of rhizopodia that in some species may increase the cell diameter to 20 mm. Food organisms are snared by the sticky rhizopodia which entangle the prey and draw it into a dense layer of cytoplasm near the shell where digestion occurs (Anderson & Bé, 1976). Clearly species survival, their abundance, and their distribution in a region are deter-mined by the availability of food organisms, so that species that prey on a wide variety of organisms have greater survival advantage than those with a more restricted range of prey. Hence, many of the traditionally studied topics in foraminiferal research such as species abundance, survival time, geographical distribution and contribution to calcium carbonate sediments may be significantly determined by foraminiferal trophic activity. A clearer understanding of foraminiferal predation may help to explain ancient and modern assemblages of species and thus contribute to a more systematic interpretation of foraminiferal ecology.
Cylinder-scales in marine flagellates from the genus Chrysochromulina (Haptophyceae = Prymnesiophyceae): further observations from C. microcylindra Leadbeater and C. cyathophora Thomsen
Authors: Manton I. , Oates K. , Sutherland J.
Published: May 2009

As aids to the phyletic interpretation of the newly described Chrysochromulina pachycylindra Manton et al., some hitherto unrecorded gatherings of C. microcylindra Leadbeater and C. cyathophora Thomsen, from South Africa and South Alaska respectively, are introduced, thereby amplifying the type descriptions of both species, which were previously known only from Europe. Characters shared between C. pachycylindra and C. microcylindra are numerous, including a capacity for transverse fracture of their cylinders not previously noted in the latter. This suggests an exceptional degree of affinity between these two species in spite of gross differences in relative dimensions of different parts of their respective cylinder scales. On the other hand the general resemblance between C. microcylindra and C. megacylindra (Leadbeater, 1972), previously noted, is unaffected by these findings and it is concluded that all three species could be treated as a closely related subgroup within the genus Chrysochromulina. In contrast, C. cyathophora is shown to be so different as to be interpretable only in terms of parallel evolution from a separate prototype source, the plate-scales in particular being so far unique in the genus in being thin, rimless, peculiarly patterned and convex when seen in section. The mere presence of cylinder-scales is thus seen to be insufficient evidence of phyletic affinity unless confirmed by other characters, among which the details of the plate-scales are probably the most important.
Reproductive, genetic and ecological evidence thatActinia equinavar.mesembryanthemumand var.fragaceaare not conspecific
Authors: Carter M. A. , Thorpe J. P.
Published: May 2009

The intertidal distributions of the two varieties ofActinia equinaL. defined by Stephenson (1935), varmesembryanthemumand vai.fragacea, have been studied on several shores of the English Channel. The reproductive physiology and iso-enzyme genetics of sympatric populations of the two taxa have been investigated in greater detail on one shore. The genetic results show that the two taxa are reproductively isolated and, overall, the evidence indicates that they are separate species.
Epithelial sensory structures of trochids
Authors: Crisp Mary
Published: May 2009

The ciliated epithelial sensory cells of the tentacle papillae and of the concave epipodial sense organ (e.s.o.) surface of the trochids Margaretes helicinus, Gibbula cineraria, G. umbilicalis, Monodonta lineata, Diloma nigerrima and D. zealandica are primary sensory cells with intra-epithelial nuclei. The 5–7 cells of a single papilla bear many cilia. Each e.s.o. cell has one cilium surrounded by 8–9 specialized microvilli. Both kinds of sensory cell show structural similarities with known mechanoreceptors.
Underwater television observations on the intertidal movements of shore crabs,Carcinus maenas, across a mudflat
Authors: Dare P. J. , Edwards D. B.
Published: May 2009

Closed circuit underwater television observations showed that, in summer, large numbers ofCarcinus maenasperformed daytime tidal migrations up and down a small mudflat in the Menai Strait, North Wales. At the observation point, 25 m above mean low water mark of spring tides, numbers of crabs moving upshore on flood tides averaged 84 m—1of tideline, ranging from 48 to 126 m—1. Most crabs were of 20–50 mm carapace width (1 and 11 groups); none smaller than 15 mm was seen. Peak movements occurred in at least 0.5 m depth of water. Over the high tide period, most crabs were dispersed over the upper half of the mudflat where crab population densities of 1·8–2·5 m—2were indicated by diving observations.
The provision of oxygen to developing eggs by female shore crabs(Carcinus maenas)
Authors: Wheatly Michele G.
Published: May 2009

In shallow hypoxic sea water female shore crabs (Carcinus maenas(L.)) incubating eggs on their abdominal pleopods reverse the direction of normal ventilation, taking air in at the normally exhalant opening and bubbling it out via apertures at the base of the posteriormost pair of walking legs and hence over the developing egg mass. The ambient oxygen tension at which the behaviour is elicited and the percentage of total time it is performed are both dependent upon acclimation temperature. The oxygen tension at which the behaviour is first observed coincided at different acclimation temperatures with the critical oxygen tension below which oxygen consumption of the developing eggs became dependent on further reduction in. The bubbling of air during the emersion response is sufficient to raise the oxygen tension of the water surrounding the eggs and is thus an attempt by the parent animal to maintain the oxygen uptake of the developing young. If left in a standing body of hypoxic sea water release of larvae is deferred until well-aerated conditions next prevail. Thus if the berried female is trapped in a rock pool the encroaching tide may act as a releasing stimulus which is of adaptive significance to the dispersal and survival of the larvae. When female crabs submerged in warm water (25 °C) bubbled cool air past the egg mass this had no significant cooling effect. The thermal tolerance of the developing eggs was low, rate of oxygen uptake being limited by temperature rises above 25 °C.
A scanning electron microscope study of notum structures in some dorid nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)
Authors: Kress Annetrudi
Published: May 2009

Skin structures of nine different species of dorid nudibranchs were examined at the scanning electron microscope and the light microscope levels. From these observations the animals are grouped into three categories.

1. Dorids with spicule-supported tubercles carrying a sensory knob (Rostanga rubra, Jorunna tomentosa, Onchidoris sparsa, Onchidoris pusilla).

2. Dorids with small sensory papillae set in pits and distributed randomly between projecting spicules (Aegires punctilucens).

3. Dorids with tubercles differing in shape from one species to another, invested with numerous spicules but without conspicuous sensory structures. The tips of the tubercles do, however, contain single sensory epithelium cells (Archidoris pseudoargus, Acanthodoris pilosa, Onchidoris muricata, Onchidoris bilamellata).
The natural history and taxonomy of shell variation in the periwinklesLittorina saxatilisandLittorina rudis
Authors: Smith J. E.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of the variations of shape, colour and patterns of surface sculpture of the shells of ovoviviparous, upper-shore periwinkles of theLittorina ‘saxatilis’speciescomplex from the sea-coasts and estuaries of south-west England. Variations of shell shape derive from the differing geometries of the helically coiled shell cone. The rate of expansion of the cone is constant in each individual shell, but varies in the component shells of a population and (more widely) between one population and another. The area of the shell aperture is a measure of the expansion rate. Samples of ‘saxatilis’ were taken from some 65 localities covering a wide range of shore environments and, whenever possible, at closely comparable tidal levels (thePelvetia(P) belt/approx. to M.H.W.S.) and aperture measurements made of shells of all lengths from 1–10 mm (ageca.0·1–2 years). The apertures of pre-emergent shells teased from the brood pouches of mature females, and ofca. 0·4–0·6 mm length, were also measured. Population aperture-size comparisons were founded primarily on subsamples of shells 10 ± 0.5 mm long - the P-10 aperture-size statistic; and the possible adaptive value of aperture (and foot) size variations were sought through matching relationships with varying conditions of wave attack, shore gradient, platform structure and other features, of which assessments were made in the field. Logarithmic plots of the sequences of aperture-size/shell-length measurements of pre-emergent and post-emergent shells show that the cone geometries are genetically determined, and there is some evidence of the adaptive selection of some geometries and ranges of aperture size in preference to others, mostly in the early post-emergent stages of growth
Bivalve production and food chain efficiency in an experimental nursery system
Authors: Rodhouse P. G. , Ottway B. , Burnell G. M.
Published: May 2009

An experiment was performed to assess the productivity, food chain efficiency and nitrogen conversion efficiency of a semi-closed nursery system for bivalve spat held in upwelling columns. Algal blooms were encouraged by nutrient enrichment of onshore tanks and maintained for short periods under grazing pressure from bivalves.
Effects of feeding frequency on life processes of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer in laboratory culture
Authors: Bé A. W. H. , Caron D. A. , Anderson O. R.
Published: May 2009

Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady), a common planktonic foraminifer collected by SCUBA off Barbados, was maintained under six feeding regimes at constant light and temperature conditions. Five groups of 63 specimens each were fed 1-day-old Anemia at the rate of one nauplius per specimen every 1, 2, 3, 4 or 7 days. A starved control group received no Anemia. The rate of chamber formation and shell size increased proportional to the feeding frequency. However, an inverse correlation existed between survival time and feeding frequency. Normally, survival time ends with gametogenesis which terminates the life of the mother cell. Organisms fed more frequently reached maturity and underwent gametogenesis more rapidly than those fed less frequently. The average survival time of G. sacculifer in culture ranged from 7 days for the daily-fed group to 11 days for the group fed every 7 days. While the latter grew more slowly they eventually reached maturity. Starved individuals rarely formed chambers and often died without undergoing gametogenesis. Symbiotic zooxanthellae presumably prolonged survival of starved organisms. Extrapolation of survival data suggests G. sacculifer has a variable life span of 2 to 4 weeks depending on food availability.
The herring swimbladder as a gas reservoir for the acousticolateralis system
Authors: Blaxter J. H. S. , Denton E. J. , Gray J. A. B.
Published: May 2009

The herring, Clupea harengus, in common with other clupeoids, has ducts between the swimbladder and the exterior and has no apparent gas secretion organs. Experiments under pressure show that the central regions of the swimbladder wall are very compliant and collapse as the fish moves deeper in the sea, leaving the end sections patent. Gas is thus always held where it is available to maintain the gas-filled bulla system.
The mechanics of the clupeid acoustico-lateralis system: low frequency measurements
Authors: Gray J. A. B. , Denton E. J.
Published: May 2009

The information received by a fish about a vibrating source will depend on the patterns of excitation of various groups of receptors. Sprats, herrings and other clupeoids have bullae containing gas which are closely related to the sense organs of the utriculi, sacculi and the lateral lines. Structures of particular relevance to the functioning of this
system are described and an account of their mechanical responses to low frequency pressure stimuli is given.
A comparison of traditional and novel ways of estimating growth rates from scales of natural populations of young bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Authors: Ottaway E. M. , Simkiss K.
Published: May 2009

Traditional scale reading methods have been compared with [C]glycine uptake data to study scale growth in bass.

Both methods are capable of being used to age young fish and determine their rate of growth. The glycine incorporation rate is, however, of more value in studying shortterm changes in fish growth. When applied in this way, it indicates that the apparent isometric relationship between scale and body length is actually the sum of a number of allometric interactions. Some of the errors that can occur in scale reading are demonstrated by the application of these methods.
The isolation response of mussels (Mytilus edulisL.) exposed to falling sea-water concentrations
Authors: Davenport John
Published: May 2009

The salinity of the water retained within the mantle cavity of mussels after the shell valves have closed in response to falling environmental salinities is influenced by the rate of external salinity change. At high rates of salinity change the retained water salinity is significantly higher than in animals exposed to slowly changing salinities. However, the mantle fluid salinity is not primarily determined by the timing ofx shell valve adduction, but by closure of the exhalant siphon.
Further experiments on the value of dissolved organic matter as food forSiboglinum fiordicum(Pogonophora)
Authors: Southward A. J. , Southward Eve C. , Brattegard T. , Bakke T.
Published: May 2009

Adult and larval stages ofSiboglinum fiordicum,collected from 32 to 35 m depth, accumulate measurable quantities of amino acids and glucose from low concentrations. The amino acids are absorbed against a considerable gradient. The glucose and the amino acids are metabolized in the tissues and substantial amounts are respired to give carbon dioxide or volatile organic acids. Under the experimental conditions almost all the metabolism follows aerobic pathways.
The distribution of the coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) [L. prolifera (Pallas)] in the north-east Atlantic
Authors: Wilson J. B.
Published: May 2009

A compilation has been made of new data on the distribution of the deep-water coralLophelia pertusa(L.) derived from trawling records, grab and dredge stations and submersible dives, together with the few published records. The coral is widely distributed and occurs on all the offshore banks of the north-east Atlantic, with some records from the deepest water of the Minches and Sea of the Hebrides.
‘Patch’ development of the deep-water coral Lophelia Pertusa (L.) on Rockall Bank
Authors: Wilson J. B.
Published: May 2009

Submersible observations have been made on‘ patches’ of the deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) occurring on Rockall Bank, north-east Atlantic. It is suggested that an initial colony gives rise to a ring of younger colonies. These in turn give rise to further rings of colonies, thus enlarging the ‘patch’. The transition from stage to stage depends on portions of living colonies, weakened by clionid sponge attacks, breaking off and falling away from the colony so providing the substrate for the development of later colonies, thus enabling lateral increase in the size of the ‘patch’ to take place.
Observations on the theca of the motile phase of free-living and symbiotic isolates ofZooxanthella microadriatica(Freudenthal) comb.nov.
Authors: Loeblich Alfred R. , Sherley James L.
Published: May 2009

A strain ofZooxanthella microadriatica(Freudenthal) comb.nov. has been isolated from decaying Chondrus crispus (L.) Stackh. The ultrastructure of this isolate has been compared to that of Z.microadriatica inhabiting Cassiopea Peron and Lesueur, 1809, sp. In an aqueous medium the cell cycle of both isolates consists of a coccoid non-motile phase alternating with a thecate motile phase.
A northern outpost of Convoluta roscoffensis in South wales
Authors: Mettam C.
Published: May 2009

The small acoele Convoluta roscoffensis Graff occurs locally in abundance in suitable intertidalareas of wet sand from the Channel Islands and the coast of Brittany southwards along the westcoast of France (Holligan and Gooday, 1975). The species is well known for its uniquely intimate symbiosis with Platymonas convolutae Parke et Manton: after initial ingestion of the living alga by hatching ‘ white’ worms the animal comes to depend entirely on the algal cells contained in its tissues for its nutrition (Holligan and Gooday, 1975).
Observations on the Microanatomy ofCoccolithus PelagicusandCricosphaera Carterae, With Special Reference to the Origin and Nature of Coccoliths and Scales
Authors: Manton I. , Leedale G. F.
Published: May 2009

Coccolith structure, mode of origin and arrangement on the cell surface have been investigated in two marine coccolithophorids,Coccolithus pelagicus(Wall.) Schiller andCricosphaera carterae(Braarud et Fagerland) Braarud, by means of light microscopy and electron microscopy of whole mounts and sections. The presence of flagellar bases inCoccolithus pelagicusis also demonstrated in spite of the fact that the cells of this phase of the life-history are non-motile. In both organisms the coccoliths are shown to be accompanied by unmineralized scales, details of which are illustrated; in particular, each coccolith is attached to the margin of an unmineralized oval plate which completely covers the central ‘pore’ on the side towards the subtending cell. Scales and coccoliths arise within the cisternae of the single Golgi body in a manner closely resembling the origin of scales in species ofChrysochromulina.It is therefore suggested that the coccoliths of the two taxa investigated can be interpreted as modified (and calcined) scale rims.
Growth, Metamorphosis and Energy Conversion in the Larvae of the Prawn,Palaemon Serratus
Authors: Reeve M. R.
Published: May 2009

The life-history of the larva of the prawnPalaemon serratus(Pennant) was studied in the laboratory and found to comprise a variable number of stages, dependent on feeding level and other factors. Larval moulting frequency was relatively constant at 3-day intervals, and could be followed in a population by daily examination for exuvia moult-casts. Length increase at each moult progressed arithmetically, and the highest mortalities occurred during metamorphosis. Consumption ofAnemianauplii by each larva rose from 30 to 400 per day. Populations of isolated animals (i.e. when cannibalism was excluded) were inspected daily and the exact number and duration of larval stages determined. Survival through metamorphosis was very high (over 85%) at both high and low feeding levels, although at the latter the larvae passed through more stages with more erratic duration times. At the end of the experiment, when all the larvae had metamorphosed, the mean dry weights at the high and low feeding levels were 7.7 and o.6 mg respectively. Larval stages could not be positively identified morphologically after stage III unless the history of the individual in question was known. It is suggested that the number of larval stages in the sea may also be very variable and difficult to determine.

Energy-conversion efficiency was calculated from food uptake measurements and larval growth estimations, and was found to be 50–60% during most of the larval life, falling to 35% when the early post-larvae were taken into account.
Lactate Metabolism in Fish
Authors: Dando P. R.
Published: May 2009

The activity of lactate dehydrogenase was measured in the livers of 36 species of fish. These species could be divided into two groups, those with liver activities of more than 1000 mU/mg protein and those with activities of less than 100 mU/ mg protein. The lactate and pyruvate of samples of blood, muscle and liver from cod, plaice, bass and mackerel were determined. Samples were taken from ‘rested’ and trawled fish and from fish allowed to recover for 3 h after trawling. The rate of removal of lactate from the white muscle after capture in the trawl was not related to high blood and liver activities of lactate dehydrogenase. There was no relationship between the activities of nine of the glycolytic enzymes in the white muscle of cod and plaice and the liver lactate dehydrogenase activity. Little blood lactate appears to be taken up by the liver. It is concluded that the liver of cod, plaice and bass has a negligible role in metabolizing blood lactate.
The Effects of Temperature Upon the Flash-Stimulated Luminescence of the Euphausiid Thysanoessa Raschi
Authors: Tett P. B.
Published: May 2009

The flash-stimulated luminescent response (FSLR) of euphausiids is a useful tool for the investigation of their bioluminescent behaviour. This paper describes the investigation of the effects of temperature upon a series of such FSLRs produced in individuals of Thysanoessa raschi (M. Sars) by three stimulations with an electronic photofiash at 20 min intervals. The following parameters of the response were measured: responsedelay, responseduration, the sum of these two {delay + duration) and the proportion of stimulations which produced a response. Initial experiments showed that all response delays were significantly different at 10°C and at 5°C, while second andthird response delays were not different from each other. The effect of a range of temperatures from 0° to 20°C on FSLR delay and duration is described. Regression lines based on the Arrhenius equation were fitted to the results. These showed that all response parameters decreased with increasing temperature, although Q10 varied from — 7.8 in the case of thefirst response delay to — 1.3 in the case of second/third response delay. This difference was the most marked effect of the second stimulation; the third stimulation caused no additional change. Below 10°C the second delay was shorter than the first delay. The independent response parameters were found to be delay and delay + duration. Duration resulted from the interaction of these two. These results are discussed and compared with the interpretation of the results of similar experiments by Kay (1965, 1966) onMeganyctiphanes norvegica.
A Short Investigation into the Habits, Abundance, and Species of Seals on the North Cornwall Coast
Authors: Steven G. A.
Published: May 2009

1. In the course of three trips to the herring grounds in the vicinity of St. Ives five seals were sighted. Seven others were also seen at various other times and places in the course of five days spent in that locality.

2. During a single night at sea in Port Isaac Bay eight seals were sighted.

3. It was obvious from the movements of certain of the seals observed on the fishing grounds that they were attracted to the herring nets.

4. Direct evidence that the seals actually remove fish from the nets was not obtained.

5. Damage done to drift nets by seals is negligible.

6. Grey Seals (Halichœrus grypus) are present in considerable numbers, and are probably the commonest seals in Cornish waters.

7. Brown Seals (Phoca vitulina) appear to be few—they may even be rare—around Cornwall.

8. There is at least one seal colony of considerable size in certain caves near Boscastle. This appears to consist of Grey Seals. Probably other such colonies exist on the Cornish coast.

9. Clupeoid remains have been found in two out of the three Grey Seal stomachs which have been examined.

10. Further and more exact knowledge of the habits and relative abundance of Grey and Brown Seals around the Cornish coast is desirable.
Development of Scolecolepis fuliginosa (Claparède)
Authors: Day J. H.
Published: May 2009

1. The development of Scolecolepis fuliginosa (Claparède) is described from the egg to the young worm for the first time.

2. Comparison of reared larvæ with larvse from the plankton did not reveal any important difference.

3. The eggs are pelagic, and are similar to those of Nerine.

4. A description is given of the histological structure of a ciliated pit which arises in early larval existence and disappears at metamorphosis. The structure of the glandular region of the pygidium is also described.

5. It is apparent that from the attainment of the fourth setiger onwards, the centre of differentiation is located in the third setiger, so that segmental structures arise first in this segment and then appear in the first and second setigers as well as in the succeeding ones.

6. The larva of Scolecolepis has three pairs of eyes, the third pair disappearing in the young worm long after metamorphosis is otherwise complete.
Two Parasites of the Common Cockle Cardium edule; a Rhabdocoele Paravortex cardii Hallez and a Copepod Paranthessius rostratus (Canu)
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

In view of the serious mortality reported among Cardium edule in the summer of 1933 (Orton) the following account of British parasites of this species may be of interest.
Studies in Sublittoral Ecology. I. A Submarine Gully in Wembury Bay, South Devon
Authors: Kitching J. A. , Machan T. T. , Gilson H. Cary
Published: May 2009

1. A diving helmet can be used successfully on British coasts.

2. An ecological survey, extending to a depth of 10 feet below low water of ordinary spring tides, has been made of a small area in Wembury Bay, S. Devon.

3. Below low water of ordinary spring tides upward facing rock surfaces were occupied by a “Laminaria forest association.”

4. Below L.W.O.S.T. vertical or overhanging rock surfaces were occupied by a “Distomus-Halichondria association.”

5. Large brown Algæ are excluded from the Distomus-Halichondria association by some factor connected with the slope of the rock surface, other than inadequate illumination.

6. Freedom from silt deposition may be responsible for many of the peculiarities of the Distomus-Halichondria association,—in particular for the importance of sponges, cœlenterates, and tunicates.

7. Barnacles play an important part in the recolonisation of bare rock surfaces.
Studies on Stylonethes sterkii sp. nov. I. Morphology and Systematic Position
Authors: Garnjobst Laura
Published: May 2009

While studying some of the ciliates found in the region of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth, England, from January to May, 1929, the author collected from Chelson Meadow a hypotrich which undergoes binary fission only during encystment. This interesting behaviour, which appears to be rare among the Hypotrichida, led to a study of the morphology of the free-swimming form; preliminary to further investigations, including a study of both protective and reproductive cysts.
Measurement of Phytoplankton Population
Authors: Harvey H. W.
Published: May 2009

A meter is described which measures the volume of water which has passed through a silk net which may be either towed or lowered and raised vertically.

A double release gear and throttling arrangement allows the net to be opened and, later, closed at any desired depths.

The catch of phytoplankton, from a volume of water which has been measured by the meter, may be assessed from its content of yellow-green pigments, which readily dissolve in acetone.

A rapid method of measuring the pigment content of the catch in terms of arbitrary units of plant pigment is described. The arbitrary unit is related to numbers of two species of diatoms.

The irregular distribution of phytoplankton in the sea is considered in connexion with representative sampling with this measuring net.
Annual Variation of Planktonic Vegetation, 1933
Authors: Harvey H. W.
Published: May 2009

Vertical hauls were made with a very fine silk net having a meter attached, which measured the volume of water filtered, at positions off Plymouth throughout the year 1933.

The quantity of phytoplankton was assessed from its content of yellowgreen colouring matter, and expressed in terms of “units of plant pigments” per cubic metre of water filtered.

The diatom population per cubic metre at Station L4 on March 28th was estimated to contain phosphorus amounting to 2 mg. P2O5, whereas dissolved phosphate amounting to some 15 mg. P2O5 had been used from each cubic metre of water by the diatoms during the previous six weeks.

It is concluded that the production of phytoplankton during this period greatly exceeded the quantity found at the height of the spring outburst, and that the excess had been eaten by the herbivorous zooplankton.
A Comparison of the Biology ofEchinus esculentusin Different Habitats
Authors: Moore Hilary B.
Published: May 2009

There are two types of ground at Port Erin, differing widely in the general environmental conditions, and each with a characteristic type of urchin on it. The difference is sufficiently well marked for the local fishermen, who collect the urchins for sale to summer visitors, to distinguish them as different types. The littoral urchins from the Breakwater are larger and thicker shelled than those from the Breast. Their gonads reach a greater maximum size, and, in fact, never fall as low even as the maximum volume for the Breast urchin gonads. This difference is probably correlated with the much greater food supply on the Breakwater, since the gonad is the one organ of the body in which the animal can store reserve food material. Spawning commences in March or April and lasts for about two months, but is slightly earlier on the Breakwater than on the Breast. Ripening also takes place considerably earlier in both sexes on the littoral ground. Spawning seems to set in at a temperature of about 7° C., and the colder winter of 1931, compared with 1932, was associated with a later ripening and spawning, i n the former year. Similarly it is suggested that the slightly later spawning on the Breast than on the Breakwater is correlated with the slightly later rise in the temperature of the water on the deeper water ground in the spring.
Observations on the Growth of the Claspers and Cloaca in Raia clauata Linnaeus
Authors: Steven G. A.
Published: May 2009

In the course of work on the life-history and biology of the Raiidæ in the English Channel, and especially of R. clavata, the most important species commercially (4, p. 9 et seq.), it has been found necessary to attempt to disentangle the migrations of sexually mature fishes from those of juvenile individuals by means of marking experiments. In both sexes sufficiently small individuals could with safety be written down as juveniles and the largest of both sexes as adults. There remained, however, a considerable but ill-defined range of sizes (different in the two sexes) within which might be found fishes of all stages—juveniles, adolescents and adults.
Recent occurrences of blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, and Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii, in the English Channel and southern North Sea
Authors: Blacker R. W.
Published: May 2009

Large numbers of Micromesistius poutassou were caught in the English Channel during the spring of 1979. Later in 1979 and in the early months of 1980 smaller numbers were recorded from the southern North Sea where this species has rarely been recorded before. The M. poutassou were accompanied by small numbers of T. esmarkii in the eastern English Channel but no T. esmarkii were found in the southern North Sea. T. esmarkii were taken off Plymouth on two occasions in 1977 and more regularly since 1979. M. poutassou has been recorded there sporadically since 1957. Both species were caught in considerable numbers around the Scillies in 1977 and 1978. The invasion of the English Channel by M. poutassou in 1979 may have come from the Bay of Biscay rather than the Celtic Sea, but the appearance of T. esmarkii in the Plymouth area since 1977 may be a result of changes in the ecosystem since 1964.
The auditory bullae–swimbladder system in late stage herring larvae
Authors: Blaxter J. H. S. , Denton E. J. , Gray J. A. B.
Published: May 2009

Herring larvae, when they are about 30 mm long, swallow air and fill their auditory bullae with gas. It has been shown earlier that this is associated with a great increase in sensitivity to changes in hydrostatic pressure. Here we show that it is also associated with the appearance of a startle response to noises.

At this stage of development, the utricular maculae are fully developed. However, the bullae are bounded by thin walls which are poorly calcified and the bulla membranes are thin and contain little elastic tissue. None the less the high-frequency cut-off in the mechanical responses to oscillating pressures is as high as that of the adult.