bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bronchial asthma induced by chick pea and lentil
Authors: Martin J. A. , Compaired J. A. , de la Hoz B. , Quirce S. , Alonso M. D. , Igea J. M. , Losada E.
Published: May 2007

Martin JA, Compaired JA, dc la Hoz B, Quirce S, Alonso MD, Igca JM, Losada E. Bronchial asthma induced by chick pea and lentil.

Allergic reactions to legumes through inhalation have rarely been described. We report the case of a 20‐year‐old man who experienced asthmatic attacks when exposed to the steam from cooking either chick pea or lentil. Type I hypersensitivity to the antigens in these legumes was demonstrated by means of immediate skin reactivity, histamine release tests, RAST and RAST inhibition. Specific bronchial challenges with the heated (75° for 30 min) extracts of chick pea and lentil elicited isolated immediate responses.
Development of increased airway responsiveness in two nurses performing methacholine and histamine challenge tests
Authors: Lundgren R. , Söderberg M. , Rosenhall L. , Norrman E.
Published: May 2007

Lundgren R, Söderberg M, Rosenhall L, Norrman E. Development of increased airway responsiveness in two nurses performing methacholine and histamine challenge tests.

Two nurses who frequently examined patients with methacholine or histamine challenge tests developed increased airway responsiveness and symptoms of asthma. It is important to use a good system for evacuating the test aerosol during challenge tests.
Occupational asthma in the confectionary industry caused by sensitivity to egg
Authors: Carmona J. G. Blanco , Picón S. Juste , Sotillos M. Garcés , Gastón P. Rodriguez
Published: May 2007

Blanco Carmona JG, Juste Picón S, Garcés Sotillos M, Rodriguez Gaston P. Occupational asthma in the confectionary industry caused by sensitivity to egg.

We report on a patient with asthma induced by occupational exposure to egg used to spray cakes before baking. A type I hypersensitivity to egg white was demonstrated by means of skin test, immunoassay for specific IgE, and immediate bronchial provocation test response to an egg white extract.
Allergens from rye pollen (Secale cereale)
Authors: Montero M. T. , Alonso E. , Sainz T.
Published: May 2007

Rye pollen was incubated for 30 min and proteins extracted at this time were collected as extract A (EA). The same pollen grains were resuspended in buffer and incubated for 18.5 h. Proteins extracted in this period were designated extract B (EB), Both extracts were subfractionated by DEAE ion‐exchange chromatography and allergen presence in peaks detected by the dot‐immnunobinding technique. The results reveal that unretained proteins (peaks 1 and 2) and proteins eluted at 0.2 M NaCl from extract B contain the highest proportion of allergens, SDS‐PAGE of chromatographic peaks showed that peak 2 from extract B contains a highly purified 28 kDa band. On the skin of allergic patients this band gave a stronger positive prick test than for the crude extract.
Allergy to honey: relation to pollen and honey bee allergy
Authors: Helbling A. , Peter Ch. , Berchtold E. , Bogdanov S. , Müller U.
Published: May 2007

To identify the allergenic components of honey we studied 22 patients with a history of systemic allergic symptoms following honey ingestion. The group of honey‐allergic patients was compared with three control groups: 10 subjects sensitized to artemisia, 10 with honey bee venom allergy and 10 without a history of atopy or bee sting reactions. The allergological tests included skin tests and RAST with three different kinds of Swiss honey (dandelion, forest and rape), pollen of compositae species, celery tuber, extract of bee pharyngeal glands, honey bee venom and bee whole body extract. The results show that 3/4 of honey‐allergies are sensitive to dandelion honey and 13 of 22 also to compositae pollen. Nine of the honey allergic patients were sensitized to honey bee venom, 3 also to bee pharyngeal glands and to bee whole body extract. Analysis of diagnostic tests and RAST inhibition studies suggest that besides compositae pollen other allergens, most likely of bee origin are important. In honey allergies primary sensitization may be due either to the honey itself, to airborne compositae pollen or even to cross‐reacting bee venom components.
PAF acether release on antigenic challenge
Authors: Dunoyer‐Geindre S. , Ludi F. , Perez T. , Terki N. , Gumowski P. I. , Girard J. P.
Published: May 2007

This study describes an in vitro method to evaluate a PAF acether release test (PART) from white blood cells after antigenic challenge. PAF acether activity of the supernatant was tested by platelet aggregation. The aggregating power was abolished by using SRI 63‐441 (Sandoz), a PAF acether inhibitor. This method was applied to 57 patients with allergic or pseudo‐allergic reactions to drugs by using different drug protein conjugates. The results of PART were evaluated in relation to the clinical history (score of imputability) and to other tests (skin tests, lymphocyte transformation tests (LTT), igE‐RAST). A good correlation was found between the release of PAF acether and a high predictability score: sensitivity 75%, specificity 83.8%. PART also correlated with skin tests (75% agreement, n= 60), with LTT (67.7% agreement, n= 74) and in 65.6% of cases with positive penicillin IgE‐RAST (n= 32). This method brings a new possibility for the investigation of drug‐allergic and pseudo‐allergic reactions.
Concentration of airborne mite allergens (Der I and Der II) during sleep
Authors: Sakaguchi M. , Inouye S. , Yasueda H. , Shida T.
Published: May 2007

Using a low‐noise air sampler and a sensitive radioimmunoassay, we measured the concentration of mite allergens in the air during sleeping with Japanese bedquilts (futon). The airborne allergen levels of Der I (Der p I plus Der f I) and Der II during sleep were 223 and 87.1 pg/m3 of air, respectively. These levels were about 10‐fold higher than those during usual domestic life in the living room of the same houses. When the bedquilts were changed to new ones free of mite allergens, the airborne allergen levels of Der I and Der II were decreased to 11.5 and 12.0 pg/m3, respectively. This indicated that the mite airborne allergens during sleep were generated from the used bedding, not from the floor. We believe that exposure to airborne mite allergens during sleep might be an important factor in the development of mite allergies.
The impact of pollution on allergic disease
Authors: Rusznak C. , Devalia J. L. , Davies R. J.
Published: May 2007

Evidence suggests that allergic disease is becoming more common, particularly in industrialized societies. Two studies of schoolchildren from Aberdeen, Scotland aged 8–13 years were undertaken in 1964 and 1989 using identical questionnaires, and found that the reported prevalence of asthma had risen from 4.1% to 10.2% during this period, hay fever from 3.2% to 11.9% and eczema from 5.3% to 12%. Indication that air pollution may contribute to this increase has come from several studies. In Japan, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was found to be more prevalent in individuals living near motorways than in cedar forests. Severe asthma also occurs more commonly than mild asthma in children living in polluted areas. Exercise‐induced asthma and the use of asthma medication were twice as high in a town near two power stations compared with a non‐polluted town. A recent study in Finland showed that admissions to hospital with severe asthma correlated with atmospheric levels of nitrogen dioxide. Deterioration in peak flow recordings in asthmatics and exacerbations of symptoms in hay fever sufferers correlate with ambient levels of ozone. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which exposure to air pollutants may influence the frequency of allergic disease or exacerbate symptoms has come from in vitro and in vivo experiments in animals and man. Animals exposed to ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particles from diesel exhaust, together with allergens, show more ready development of allergic sensitization compared with those exposed to allergen alone. The dose of allergen necessary to produce a 20% fall in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) in mild asthmatics is reduced by previous exposure to ozone or a mixture of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. It has also been suggested that the allergic potency of pollen grains may be increased when they are coated in pollutants. Bronchial and nasal lavage studies have shown that air pollutants can induce an influx of inflammatory cells and proinflammatory cytokines into the respiratory tract. Studies on human epithelial cells cultured to confluence in vitro have indicated that exposure to nitrogen dioxide can decrease ciliary beat frequency which would, in theory, reduce allergen clearance and increase the risk of sensitization. Further, exposure of these cells to either ozone or nitrogen dioxide induces the release of inflammatory mediators, such as leukotriene C4, and proinflammatory cytokines, including granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐8. This effect can be attenuated by the use of anti‐inflammatory drugs.
Current trends in the management of allergic diseases
Authors: Bousquet J. , Dhivert H. , Michel F‐B.
Published: May 2007

Treatment strategies for allergic diseases are based on allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy. Allergen avoidance should always be attempted, even if it is rarely complete and needs several days or weeks to be effective. Pharmacotherapy is aimed at reducing symptoms arising from allergen triggers and inflammation. In seasonal allergic diseases, a short treatment course is sufficient to reverse nonspecific hyperreactivity and symptoms. In chronic allergic diseases, however, inflammation is of major importance and symptoms are not always readily controlled. Moreover, the treatment should be prolonged as proposed by Guidelines for the Management of Asthma and Rhinitis (1, 2). Effective and well‐tolerated drugs are now available and some may be combined for rhinitis or asthma therapy. In rhinitis, first‐line therapy is still based on non‐sedating antihistamines and topical corticosteroids. Cromoglycate and other drugs may also be used. For asthma, antiinflammatory therapy is the first‐line treatment. In mild sufferers, cromoglycate, nedocromil or low‐dose inhaled steroids can be used. For more severe disease, high doses of inhaled corticosteroids are proposed. Bronchodilators are used as ‘rescue’ medications, though many patients with severe symptoms need regular bronchodilator therapy. Long‐acting β‐agonists have been introduced recently, but their exact place in the management of asthma is not yet fully established. Immunotherapy was first introduced in 1911 and was based on decades of physicians' experience, rather than on rational thought. Standardized allergens have improved the efficacy of immunotherapy, but the safety of this treatment needs to be improved. New research on immunotherapy is underway which shows promise. A major problem for both pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy in allergic disease is poor compliance.
The effect of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray on nasal mucosal inflammation in perennial allergic rhinitis
Authors: Godthelp T. , Holm A. F. , Blom H. , Klein‐Jan A. , Rijntjes E. , Fokkens W. J.
Published: May 2007

Mast cell degranulation, and the subsequent recruitment of infiltrating inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, into the nasal mucosa has long been considered the most important model to explain allergic rhinitis. Several studies show a decrease in the number of eosinophils and possibly also mast cells during local corticosteroid treatment. Over the last decade, a new model to explain allergic inflammation has evolved. In this model, Langerhans’cells and T‐cells play an important role. Langerhans’cells possess a high affinity receptor for IgE. In patients with allergic rhinitis, allergen provocation results in stimulation of T‐cells by the IgE‐positive Langerhans’cells. The T‐cells produce a number of cytokines which stimulate IgE production as well as the inflammatory reaction. The number of T‐cells is not usually influenced by corticosteroid treatment; however, the function of the T‐cells, shown by the spectrum of cytokines produced, is clearly influenced. The cells that are most dramatically affected by local corticosteroid treatment are the Langerhans’cells, which completely disappear during treatment. This decrease suggests that there is a reduction in antigen presentation. The subsequent decrease in T‐cell stimulation may result in a reduction of the reactions that are dependent on T‐cell‐derived mediators.
Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray: review of comparator studies
Authors: Storms W.W.
Published: May 2007

Studies have been conducted in the USA comparing fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray 200 μg once daily with beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray 168 μg twice daily, oral terfenadine 60 mg twice daily, or oral astemizole 10 mg once daily given for 2 or 4 weeks during tree, grass or ragweed pollen seasons. All six were multicentre, randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel‐group studies. Eflicacy was evaluated by patient and clinician assessments of individual nasal symptoms and overall response to therapy. Fluticasone propionate was superior to beclomethasone dipropionate in one trial according to patient evaluations of symptoms, but response to fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate was similar in the second study. Comparisons with antihistamines showed fluticasone propionate to have greater eflicacy. It was more eflective than terfenadine in both trials according to evaluations by clinicians and patients. Similar findings were observed in the first astemizole trial. The second astemizole study showed superiority of fluticasone propionate over astemizole in terms of patient and clinician evaluations of overall response to therapy and occasionally in terms of symptom evaluations. There were no significant adverse eflects, including eflects on plasma cortisol concentrations, noted in any of these comparator studies.
Comparative Therapeutic Studies with Tilavist
Authors: Alexander Michael
Published: May 2007

Comparative clinical trials which include known therapies as well as placebos are essential in constructing a solid basis from which to ‘launch’ any new drug. This applies especially to eye drops for treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, where the symptomatology, already dependent on the vagaries of the natural pollen challenge season, is further influenced by a positive washing action of the placebo eye drops. Tilavist (2% nedocromil sodium ophthalmic solution) has therefore been compared with sodium cromoglycate eye drops and non‐sedating antihistamine tablets, both mainstays in the treatment of seasonal allergy, in a series of double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, mainly multicentre studies. Nedocromil sodium, twice or four times daily, proved as effective overall as sodium cromoglycate (2% or 4% four times daily) in three seasonal trials, and was the more effective treatment in a study of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Its efficacy was most evident during peak periods of pollen challenge, when neither placebo nor sodium cromoglycate eye drops controlled breakthrough symptoms. Three further seasonal studies showed nedocromil sodium eye drops to be as effective as standard oral doses of astemizole and terfenadine, whilst a faster onset of action than terfenadine was reported in one multicentre study.
SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH REGIONAL OUTPUT INDEX NUMBERS
Authors: NICHOLSON R. J.
Published: May 2007

The article describes how output index numbers for manufacturing industries have been calculated for the Administrative Regions of Great Britain from Census of Production data. Two sets of index numbers are given and their consistency is examined. The pattern of national production trends is considered in the light of the results.
ESTIMATION ERROR IN SECTORAL EMPLOYMENT REQUIREMENTS IN THE ABSENCE OF A DOMESTIC COEFFICIENTS MATRIX IN THE INPUT‐OUTPUT ANALYSIS
Authors: Parikh A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract

The objective of the paper is to develop various estimation methods for allocating imports according to their end‐use and to make use of the derived domestic transactions for the estimation of gross domestic output and employment by sectors. The standard design in the construction of input‐output tables is to provide imports of a sector in the form of a column. These imports are not allocated according to their final use and therefore, total intermediate inputs consist of both domestic and imported inputs. The input‐output tables for 12 European countries distinguish three types of transactions: (a) domestically produced inputs; (b) imported inputs; and (c) total inputs. We have made use of these tables assuming that the information on import allocation by end‐use and domestically produced and imported inputs separately are not available. The allocations of imports are made under various assumptions and a comparison is made of employment based on artificially generated domestic coefficients with employment based on actual coefficients. The sectors are ranked on the basis of both sets of results. In addition, the ratio of indirect to direct employment for the estimators and actual is derived. The sectors are ranked and the rank correlations between alternative estimators and actual are calculated. Although the ratios differ markedly from method to method, the ranks do not alter.
THE DETERMINANTS OF THE INTER‐INDUSTRY PATTERN OF DIVERSIFICATION BY U.K. MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES*
Authors: Grant R. M.
Published: May 2007

Evidence of the diversity of output of larger U.K. manufacturing enterprises’in 1958, 1963 and 1968 is provided in the Reports on the Census of Production. The Censuses show that between 1958 and 1968 diversification was a significant and general trend in manufacturing industries and an important element in the growth of firms during the period. Moreover diversification seems to be part of a longer term trend in U.K. industry and part of the typical development pattern of the large firm. A theory of the firm's diversification decision is proposed and from this theory predictions are made of the structural features both of a firm's primary industry and of outside industries which are likely to encourage diversification from the one industry to the other. The power of the model in explaining the pattern of diversification between SIC manufacturing orders in the period 1963–68 is weak, due in part to the wide variety of factors influencing diversification and to the aggregated form of the data. Nevertheless, the results show the importance of research and development effort in encouraging diversification and the stimulus to diversification given by profitability and risk in firms’primary industries and high rates of output growth in outside industries. While the findings offer no clear conclusions regarding the impact of diversification upon economic performance, the results are consistent with the propositions that (i) diversification encourages technical progress in industry and (ii) diversification increases the efficiency with which resources are allocated between industries.
GENERALIZED OLIGOPOLY DERIVED DEMAND WITH AN APPLICATION TO TAX INDUCED ENTRY*
Authors: de MezaHolly David
Published: May 2007

Equations are derived for the factor demand of an N firm oligopoly for fairly general market demand curves and production functions. Free‐entry is then introduced and it is shown that this may either raise or lower derived demand elasticity. This result is then applied to show that a unit production tax may encourage entry and so cause larger changes in price and quantity in the short run than the long run.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN HICKSIAN SURPLUS AND TRUE COST‐OF‐LIVING INDICES
Authors: Dodgson J. S.
Published: May 2007

This note demonstrates how recent results in the literature on true cost‐of‐living indices are of direct relevance to attempts to measure Hicks’compensating and equivalent variations because of the close inter‐relationship between the Hicksian surplus measures and true (or constant‐utility) price indices.
ENDOGENOUS POPULATION GROWTH IN AN OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS MODEL WITH INTERNATIONAL LENDING AND BORROWING*
Authors: Vicary Simon
Published: May 2007

In this paper population growth is the outcome of a utility maximizing process undertaken by each working generation. This is distinct from the usual treatment of population growth as an exogenous variable. Steady state growth paths are analysed, and the model is extended to allow for international lending and borrowing. The results obtained broadly correspond to the case of a given rate of increase of population, but under certain assumptions it is found that a capital importing country will have a faster rate of growth as a result of being able to borrow on international capital markets.
LEMONS AND SUPERGAMES*
Authors: Dolton Peter J.
Published: May 2007

This paper generalizes an earlier paper by Heal (1976) in which the‘lemons problem’is analysed in an exchange framework over time. Heal showed that the Akerlof (1970) rule that bad goods (lemons) always drive out good may not always be a valid one. Heal's anti‐lemons result is also shown to be a Balanced Tempta‐Equilibrium (B.T.E.) in the supergame. But it is also shown, paradoxically, that the B.T.E. can itself be dominated by certain strategies, hence there is a direct counterpart to the constituent version of the Lemons Game in its supergame analogue.
OPTIMAL SEARCH FOR OVERTIME WORK1
Authors: McKenna Chris
Published: May 2007

A search problem frequently encountered by workers is one in which wage and normal hours elements of employment contracts are uniform across firms in an industry, but opportunities for overtime working vary. Under these circumstances workers, in general, will not be indifferent between alternative contracts and may wish to exercise utility‐maximizing choice by searching out acceptable overtime opportunities. This paper discusses the nature of this decision problem, and the worker's response to various changes in the market environment.
THE SHORT‐RUN EFFECTS OF FISCAL POLICY WITH USEFUL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
Authors: Groenewold Nicolaas
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the short‐run effects of changing government expenditure on output, consumption and employment. It attempts to combine the Public‐Finance and macroeconomic approaches to the analysis of fiscal policy by introducing government expenditure which is ‘useful’ in consumption into an ISLM‐type macro model which is derived from the singleperiod maximizing decisions of households and firms and which includes a government budget constraint.

The principal conclusion is that the effects of fiscal policy on output and employment depend on the ‘efficiency’ of government expenditure. The more efficiently government expenditure meets consumption needs, the less effective is fiscal policy to the point where the fiscal‐policy multiplier may be negative.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNFILLED VACANCIES IN GREAT BRITAIN: AN EXTENDED JOB‐SEARCH, LABOUR TURNOVER VIEW
Authors: Duffy Martyn H.
Published: May 2007

This paper develops a model of the equilibrium unemploymentvacancy relationship, drawing upon concepts in the job searchlabour turnover literature, and uses that model to explain recent shifts in the uv curve for Great Britain. The analysis involves two stages: the estimation of a dynamic employment adjustment equation, and then the solution of the estimated form for the implicit, equilibrium uv relationship at different points in time. In this approach it is possible to attribute shifts in the uv curve to various exogenous factors such as the movement in real wages relative to productivity, external competitiveness, mismatching between jobs and workers, and the replacement ratio.
REDUNDANCY, NATURAL TURNOVER AND THE PARADOX OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE
Authors: Jones D. R.
Published: May 2007

The properties of the labour market are such that moderate employment shifts can be accommodated by, and might even encourage, the natural movement of labour between jobs. But the scale and extent of employment adjustments in recent years has produced an altogether different response. Voluntary movement has fallen dramatically as unemployment has risen. Redundancies have increased in importance in absolute and relative terms. The pace of adjustment in recent years has reduced the natural flexibility of the labour market and has created a serious impediment to the optimal distribution of labour. Moreover, an economic doctrine which emphasizes the importance of flexibility and personal choice in the labour market, has effectively reduced both.
A DISEQUILIBRIUM INTERPRETATION OF KALDOR'S TECHNICAL PROGRESS FUNCTION*
Authors: Ghosh Dipak
Published: May 2007

This note examines the nature of underlying production function to Kaldor's technical progress function. It has been found that in the context of disequilibrium between planned savings and investment the history of capital accumulation becomes crucial.
THE SIMPLE ANALYTICS OF IMPLICIT LABOUR CONTRACTS
Authors: Taylor Mark P.
Published: May 2007

This paper outlines the development and exposits some of the central ideas of implicit contract theory using only basic mathematics (mainly Lagrangeans) and diagrams.
GIFFEN'S PARADOX REVISITED
Authors: Berg Morten
Published: May 2007

The main argument of this paper is that the theoretical definition of Giffen's paradox is ambiguous to the extent that it ignores the initial endowments of the consumer. A Slutsky equation incorporating positive initial endowments is used to discuss the Irish demand for potatoes in 1845‐49, and some conditions to test whether or not the Irish potato was a Giffen good are deduced.
FINANCIAL INNOVATION, INFLATION AND THE STABIHTY OF THE DEMAND FOR BROAD MONEY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Taylor Mark P.
Published: May 2007

This note presents an estimate of a demand function for broad money (£M3) for the UK, 1964ii–1985iv. It shows no sign of structural instability due to Competition and Credit Control, and forecasts well for twenty quarters post‐sample (1981i‐1985iv). A key innovation is the allowance made for financial innovation by including the interest rate available on new, high‐interest chequing accounts in the equation.
THE MIGRATION MULTILIER
Authors: de Meza David
Published: May 2007

In the presence of sticky wages, the emigration of skilled workers from an area will directly reduce the number of unskilled jobs available. Demand for locally produced and sold goods will consequently fall and this may trigger further rises in unemployment and declines in income.
DUAL ECONOMY MODELS: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
Authors: Kanbur S. M. R. , McIntosh J.
Published: May 2007

The paper surveys recent work on dual economy models starting from the famous 1961 Jorgenson paper and ending with some of the new contributions to the literature on North‐South trade which have the same analytical structure as the dual economy model. Various models are compared with respect to assumptions about asymmetries, speeds of adjustment and factor immobilities. Two important conclusions are noted: dynamic behaviour is often quite sensitive to the ranking of adjustment speeds and the direction of further research should be toward further disaggregation.
AN ILLUSTRATIVE PRODUCTION FUNCTION FOR LABOUR‐MANAGED FIRMS*
Authors: Ireland Norman J.
Published: May 2007

An illustration of the ambiguities in the behaviour of a labour‐managed firm in the long run when both capital and labour are variable is provided by means of an example which can be completely solved. Input demand and output supply functions are derived from a suggested production function. The special case of a homothetic production function is yielded by one of five parameter sets identified.
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE DEMAND FOR ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO
Authors: Jones Andrew M.
Published: May 2007

This paper adopts a systems approach to estimate budget share equations for four categories of alcoholic drinks and for tobacco, using quarterly expenditure data for the period 1964 to 1983. The emphasis is on the importance of the tolerance effects of addiction and on the smoker's participation decision in correctly specifying the model of demand. The model makes explicit recognition of a separate participation decision and the estimates suggest that there is something to be gained by introducing variables to indicate changes in the distribution of income and the demographic structure of the population.
UNCERTAINTY AND THE POSITIVE THEORY OF THE PUBLIC ENTERPRISE*
Authors: Fraser R. W.
Published: May 2007

This paper extends the analysis of Rees (1984a) of a public enterprise pursuing a size‐related objective in the face of uncertain demand to a situation where its managers may be risk neutral or risk averse and where the public enterprise may produce more than one output. The optimal pricing policy of the public enterprise is analysed and the importance of not only the expected profit constraint but also the attitude to risk of the public enterprise in determining its relative prices is demonstrated.
USLNG FUTURES INSTRUMENT PRICES TO TARGET NOMINAL INCOME
Authors: Sumner Scott
Published: May 2007

Nominal GNP targeting offers the advantage of allowing monetary policymakers to offset velocity shocks and cushion the impact of autonomous price shocks. Instability associated with the recognition lag can be minimized by fixing a futures instrument price linked to nominal GNP. In fact, if financial markets arc efficient, then a policy of fixing futures instrument prices would seem preferable to a policy feedback mechanism for any economic aggregate target which involves a recognition lag. This conclusion is robust with respect to a wide range of macroeconomic models.
ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION
Authors: Segerson Kathleen , Ray Subhash C.
Published: May 2007

This paper provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the equivalence of three alternative measures of the elasticity of factor substitution: the Allen‐Uzawa partial elasticity, the shadow elasticity and the general two‐factor two‐price elasticity.
SELF EMPLOYMENT AMONG GRADUATES
Authors: Dolton P. J. , Makepeace G. H.
Published: May 2007

An econometric model of the self employment decision is estimated for a large sample of UK graduates. Although the earnings distributions suggest that there are incentives to be self employed, the difference in the predicted earnings that an individual receives in the self employed and employed sectors is not a significant influence on the choice of sector and the decision depends on personal and social factors. Policies based on changing the pecuniary returns may not encourage the growth of self employment among graduates. The econometric results also suggest that the self employed are a non‐random subset of the graduate workforce., revision accepted August 1989
FACTOR MIGRATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Clark Don P. , Thompson Henry
Published: May 2007

A three factor, two sector general equilibrium model is used to determine long run income distributional impacts of factor supply changes associated with international migration in developing and newly industrializing countries. Factor intensity rankings among three factors (capital, skilled and unskilled labor) between two industries (agriculture and manufacturing‐services) play a critical role in determining which factors are natural friends with respect to migration. A result common to all countries is observed friendship between capital and unskilled labor: reducing (increasing) the supply of one will lower (raise) payments to the other.
ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND THE SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION
Authors: Quibria M. G.
Published: May 2007

In defining optimum population, economists have used two distinct concepts of the social welfare function: the Millian and the Benthamite. Although analytically the issue of the welfare impact of international migration is closely related to the concept of optimum population, the migration analysis has been based almost exclusively on the Benthamite welfare function. As its point of departure, the present note explores the implications of the alternative Millian welfare function for migration analysis.

An interesting aspect of the results derived from the present exercise is that they are in sharp contradiction with the results based on the Benthamite social welfare function. This highlights the sensitivity of the results to the welfare criteria used and the need for greater caution in policy formulation.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE: ASSESSING APPROPRIATE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
Authors: Webster Allan
Published: May 2007

This note considers the impact of recent generalizations of trade theory upon indices of‘revealed’comparative advantage. In particular, defining economic activities in terms of net output meets some of the theoretical objections to such measures. For two types of measure — trade/production and net export indices — such a basis for calculation has only slight consequences and, therefore, suggests such objections to not be significant in practice. For a third type of measure — export share based indices — these theoretical objections have more force in practice.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL DEBT
Authors: Cameron S. , Golby D.
Published: May 2007

The treatment of debt in conventional economic theory is considered and compared with recent writings on the economics of self‐control and cognitive dissonance. The paper considers factors influencing the level of debt, conditional on debt being greater than zero and goes on to report a multivariate analysis of a sample of individuals in this position. The data comes from the case records of money advisers in Citizens Advice Bureaux (CABS) in Staffordshire. The amount of debt is found to be correlated with indicators of life cycle and a measure of the exercise of self‐control.
REASSESSING THE IRISH POUND REPORT OF 1804 1
Authors: Gráda Cormac Ó
Published: May 2007

The 1804 report of the Select Committee on the Irish Currency remains a somewhat neglected classic in the history of economics. Its forceful statement of the classical monetary approach towards exchange rate determination and the balance of payments anticipates the main findings of the more famous Bullion Report of 1810. This paper reassesses the empirical underpinnings of the Report and associated literature.

Your Committee must refer to the confirmation and sanction which all their reasonings receive from the labours of the Committee…appointed…to examine into the causes of the great depreciation of the Irish exchange with England in 1804. [The Bullion Report, 1810]
A TALE OF TWO REVOLUTIONS: INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS 1789–1819 *
Authors: Neal Larry
Published: May 2007

One of the phenomena that accompanied the advance of the French Revolution and its armies throughout the European Continent in the 1790s was the flight of capital. Merchants and guild artisans, as well as aristocrats, had to turn to merchant bankers and use the existing international capital markets to remove the liquid part of their property beyond the reach of Revolutionary arms. There is good reason to believe that they were successful to a much greater degree than previously suspected, largely because the international capital markets of the time were larger and better organized than previously thought. Moreover, these capital movements from the Continent to Britain explain succinctly why the British Industrial Revolution took place during this period despite the large pressures of war expenditures and British government subsidies to Continental allies taking place at the same time. The repatriation of capital to the Continent from England after peace also helps explain the depression of British industry and incomes from 1815 through the financial crisis of 1825, although the role of British speculators was important too.
DIFFERENCES IN NEEDS AND ASSESSMENT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS*
Authors: Coulter Fiona A. E. , Cowell Frank A. , Jenkins Stephen P.
Published: May 2007

The literatures on the assessment of income distributions and on differences in needs are not well integrated. The theoretical literature providing results about evaluations and comparisons of income distributions does not, in the main, consider the implications of non‐income differences between income‐receiving units, while the equivalence scale literature providing results about the relationship between living standards, incomes and household composition does not consider distributional implications. The aim of this survey is to go some way towards integrating these separate literatures; to consider how to evaluate and compare income distributions while at the same time taking explicit account of differences in household composition.
POMME: a computer‐based consultation system for apple orchard management using Prolog
Authors: ROACH J.W. , VIRKAR R.S. , WEAVER M.J. , DRAKE C.R.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Direct dissemination of expert knowledge to agricultural producers through computer programs will increase product quality as well as the profit margin. The construction of an expert system, called POMME, to help farmers manage apple orchards is reported here. The system provides advice regarding specific pest management, treatment of winter injuries, drought control and general pesticide selection. A sample interaction is provided, and the knowledge structures employed in the construction of the system are explained. A model of the apple scab disease cycle is incorporated into POMME to give the system a more fundamental reasoning capability than available from typical rule‐based systems.
Studies on an Astomatous Ciliate From a Fresh‐water Limpet, Ferrissia peninsulae
Authors: KOZLOFF EUGENE N.
Published: May 2007

An astomatous holotrichous ciliate inhabiting the excretory tubule of the freshwater gastropod Ferrissia peninsulae is believed to be conspecific with Dogielella renalis Kay, found originally in the renal organ of an unidentified species of another pulmonate genus, Physa. The organization of the ciliary system and the arrangement of the contractile vacuole pores suggest that it is closely related to members of the hymenostomatous genus Tetrahymena, and that it has evolved from a ciliate of this general type through loss of the cytostome and cytostomal membranelles.

Because it is not possible at present to state with certainty that this ciliate is congeneric with D. sphaerii, the genotype of the genus Dogielella Poljanskij, a new genus, Curimostoma, is established for it. Curimostoma is referred provisionally to the family Tetrahymenidae.
Enzyme Systems in Tetrahymena pyriformis S. VI. Urea Formation and Breakdown*
Authors: SEAMAN GERALD R.
Published: May 2007

Cell‐free extracts of Tetrahymena pyriformis S synthesize citrulline from ornithine, and arginine from citrulline. The extracts also show arginase activity.

Urease activity at various pH values has maxima at both pH 5.6 and 7.4. This points to two distinct enzymes. The presence of urea in ciliate cultures during early stages of growth, and its absence during the stationary phase of cultures, correlate with the shift in pH of the culture media and with the activity of the “alkaline” urease at various pH values.
The Ecology, Life History and Parasitism of Tetrahymena [Paraglaucoma] rostrata (Kahl) Corliss
Authors: STOUT J. D.
Published: May 2007

Tetrahymena [Paraglaucoma] rostrata (Kahl, 1926) Corliss, 1952 occurs commonly in litter and occasionally in soil. It has previously been recorded from moss. In nature it feeds on cytolyzed or moribund tissue, but feeds on bacteria and flagellates in the presence of peptone. It is a facultative parasite of enchytraeid worms which it infects through degenerate setal follicles. It may also infect accidentally injured worms. The ciliates are attracted by histolysis and by peptone. Resistant cysts are formed regularly in the absence of food and encystment appears to be accelerated by crowding. Excystment is readily obtained with hypotonic salt solution. Theront, trophont, tomont and tomite stages are recognizable in the life cycle. Conjugation has never been observed.
Transfaunation Studies on the Host Specificity of the Enteric Protozoa of Rodents*
Authors: SAXE L. H.
Published: May 2007

Breeding colonies of protozoa‐free laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were established by early weaning or by drug treatment. Attempts were made to transfaunate the enteric protozoa of various rodents to protozoa‐free progeny of these colonies. Efforts to transfer the fauna of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) to rats and hamsters have failed and indicate that this fauna is physiologically isolated as well as morphologically distinct from that of other laboratory rodents. The faunas of rats and hamsters appear to be morphologically identical and freely interchangeable. That certain of the species found in rats and hamsters also occur in the mouse (Mus musculus) is indicated by successful transfaunations: mouse to rat and hamster. The suggestion is made that the fauna of the mouse and rat is indigenous but that the fauna of laboratory hamsters may have been acquired since domestication.

Hexamastix muris from Neotoma fuscipes and Trichomonas microti from Microtus pennsylvanicus have been transfaunated to rats. Other enteric protozoa from these hosts and also from Marmota monax and Dipodomys merriami have not established themselves in rats and, if morphological differences cannot be found, should be considered biological races of their counterparts in the fauna of laboratory rodents.

Species of lumen‐dwelling enteric protozoa should be based upon morphological distinctions and not upon host specificity. The latter, as demonstrated by these experiments, is not rigidly determined.
Entamoeba bubalus, n.sp., from Carabao
Authors: NOBLE GLENN A.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. Twelve carabao in the Philippines were found to be lightly infected with intestinal amoebae. Trophic forms (12 microns in diameter) of this protozoan possessed a definite ectoplasm and a homogeneous endoplasm. They were found only in stained preparations. The nucleus was similar to that of the cyst. All unconcentrated fecal smears contained at least a few cysts (8 microns in diameter). In these forms the cytoplasm usually contained a large vacuole and one or more irregular chromatoidal bodies. The nucleus (2.6 microns in diameter) possessed a pronounced, deeply staining, uniform peripheral ring and a large irregular endosome. There was no periendosomal ring. This amoeba is designated as Entamoeba bubalus, n.sp.
Schellackia occidentalis n.sp., a Blood‐inhabiting Coccidian Found in Lizards in Southern California
Authors: BONORRIS JIM S. , BALL GORDON H.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. Schellackia occidentalis n. sp., is described from the following lizards from southern California: Sceloporus occidentalis becki, S. o. biseriatus, and Uta stansburiana hesperis. Evidence is presented to show that lizards become infected by ingestion of the lizard mite Geckobiella texana. The mite acts as a passive vector by swallowing infected erythrocytes. After ingestion of the mites carrying parasitized red cells, the lizard is infected by migration of the sporozoites into the lizard's intestinal epithelial cells. Schizogony and sporogony occur in the intestinal wall of the lizard. Sporozoites appear in the peripheral blood from 30 to 45 days after ingestion of infected mites. This is the first species of the genus Schellackia to be described in the Western Hemisphere.
The Genus Polytomella*
Authors: PRINGSHEIM E. G.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. Six species of Polytomella were isolated in pure culture from ecologically very different places where they may have only survived as cysts, but one of them was found in enormous numbers between rotting hemp in Italy. This shows that apparent rarity of the members of the genus may be caused by the restricted occurrence of suitable conditions which are characterized by abundance of organic nutrients and a certain low degree of acidity.

The species differ only in minor morphological features, except for one of them which has for instance an eye‐spot. This is also the only one the nutrition of which deviates from that of the rest.

Under auxotrophic conditions with acetate as the only organic nutrient except thiamine, and in media containing acetate, peptone and yeast extract, growth is satisfactory, but it becomes luxuriant in yeast digest even without addition of an independent energy and carbon source. Starch is then still deposited but to some extent replaced by oil.

The production of cysts, which survive desiccation, is an important ecological feature.
A New Schizogregarine Triboliocystis garnhami n.g., n.sp., and a New Microsporidian Nosema buckleyi n.sp., from the Fat Body of the Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum
Authors: DISSANAIKE A. S.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The various stages of a new genus of schizogregarine Triboliocystis garnhami are described in detail. This parasite was found in the fat bodies of the larvae of a culture of Tribolium castaneum and caused death of the larvae when infection was heavy. The systematic position of T. garnhami is discussed, and a short description is given of a new microsporidian Nosema buckleyi found in a single pupa of Tribolium.
Carbon Sources for Polytomella caeca
Authors: WISE DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The colorless phytomonad, Polytomella caeca, has been grown in simple media with each of the following as the sole energy source: propionate, butyrate, valerate; butyl and amyl alcohols; DL‐glyceraldehyde, and alpha‐ketoglutaric acid. These compounds did not support growth in simple media: caproate, caprylic acid, isobutyrate, propyl, isopropyl and isobutyl alcohols. At present, C5, seems to be the limit of length of the fatty acids that are suitable carbon and energy sources. Iso compounds were not utilized. The pH in the acid media increased during incubation; that in alcohol media decreased.
Cytological Studies on Pelomyxa carolinensis with Special Reference to the Mitochondria*
Authors: TORCH REUBEN
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The mitochondria of living, unstained Pelomyxa carolinensis are homogeneous, nonrefractile bodies and occur as spheres, short rods, dumbbell forms or elongated rods. All forms are distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm, except for characteristic accumulations around the contractile vacuoles and small food vacuoles. Mitochondria were never observed within food vacuoles, nor in intimate contact with large food vacuoles containing recently ingested paramecia.

Aqueous solutions (1:200,000) of Janus green B, Janus blue, and Janus red stained the mitochondria. After 12 hours in Janus green B and Janus blue or 24 hours in Janus red, the mitochondrion appears as a differentiated structure with the stain localized in eccentric granules or crescentic areas. Aqueous solutions of Janus black (1:200,000), amethyst violet (1:200,000) and Rhodamine B (1:50,000) stained only food vacuoles within the organisms.

Dumbbell forms and elongated rods, often interpreted as division stages, were continuously observed in the living organism. These observations failed to reveal any division process.

Sectioned material was prepared from animals fixed in Champy's, Regaud's, Altmann's and Helly's fluids, as well as in a fixative composed of equal parts of 1% (w/v) chromic acid and 2% (w/v) osmium tetroxide. Excellent results were obtained with Champy and chrom‐osmic fixation, while the other fixatives proved to be of little value.