bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a Geriatrics Team Intervention for Residents in Dementia‐Specific Assisted Living Facilities: Effect on Unanticipated Transitions
Authors: Bellantonio Sandra , Kenny Anne M. , Fortinsky Richard H. , Kleppinger Alison , Robison Julie , Gruman Cynthia , Kulldorff Martin , Trella Patricia M.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a multidisciplinary team intervention minimizes unanticipated transitions from assisted living for persons with dementia.

DESIGN: Randomized trial.

SETTING: Two dementia‐specific assisted living facilities in Connecticut owned and managed by the same corporation.

PARTICIPANTS: One hundred older adults with dementia who relocated to assisted living.

INTERVENTION: Four systematic multidisciplinary assessments by a geriatrician, geriatrics advanced practice nurse, physical therapist, dietitian, and social worker during the first 9 months of relocation to assisted living.

MEASUREMENTS: Permanent relocation to a nursing facility, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalization, and death.

RESULTS: Fifty‐five residents experienced any unanticipated transition out of assisted living, on average 84 ± 74 days after relocation; falls were the primary reason for transition. The intervention reduced the risk of any unanticipated transitions (13%), permanent relocation to a nursing facility (11%), ED visits (12%), hospitalization (45%), and death (63%), but the results did not meet statistical significance. In secondary analysis, more men experienced any unanticipated transition (P<.001), hospitalization (P<.001), or death (P<.001) than women.

CONCLUSION: Although an untargeted multidisciplinary intervention did not significantly reduce the risk of transitions for individuals with dementia relocating to assisted living in this small sample, trends for decreasing hospitalization and death were found. The data further suggest that those at risk for falls and men may benefit from targeted clinical interventions to prevent unanticipated transitions, especially during the first 3 months after relocation.
Reaction to a Dementia Diagnosis in Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Carpenter Brian D. , Xiong Chengjie , Porensky Emily K. , Lee Monica M. , Brown Patrick J. , Coats Mary , Johnson David , Morris John C.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine short‐term changes in depression and anxiety after receiving a dementia diagnosis.

DESIGN: Pre/post survey design.

SETTING: Alzheimer's Disease Research Center.

PARTICIPANTS: Ninety individuals and their companions.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen‐item Geriatric Depression Scale and 20‐item “state” version of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory.

RESULTS: Sixty‐nine percent of the individuals were diagnosed with dementia; two‐thirds of those were in the earliest symptomatic stages of dementia that, in other settings, is considered to represent mild cognitive impairment. No significant changes in depression were noted in individuals or their companions, regardless of diagnostic outcome or dementia severity. Anxiety decreased substantially after diagnostic feedback in most groups.

CONCLUSION: Disclosure of a dementia diagnosis does not prompt a catastrophic emotional reaction in most people, even those who are only mildly impaired, and may provide some relief once an explanation for symptoms is known and a treatment plan is developed.
The Association Between Vitamin D and Inflammation with the 6‐Minute Walk and Frailty in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Boxer Rebecca S. , Dauser Deborah A. , Walsh Stephen J. , Hager W. David , Kenny Anne M.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To identify relationships between anabolic hormones, inflammatory markers, and physical function.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.

SETTING: Outpatient university heart failure program in Connecticut.

PARTICIPANTS: Sixty patients with an ejection fraction of 40% or less.

MEASUREMENTS: The 6‐minute walk distance and frailty phenotype were measured. The relationship between physical measures of hormones and inflammatory mediators were examined. Linear and ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed for the physical measures.

RESULTS: Forty‐three men (mean age 77 ± 9) and 17 women (mean age 78 ± 12) participated. Longer 6‐minute walk distance was correlated with higher 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) level, and a shorter walk was correlated with higher cortisol: dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) ratio, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin‐6 (IL6), and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) (all P<.05). Percentage of free testosterone, DHEAS alone, and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NTpro‐BNP) did not correlate with 6‐minute walk distance. Higher frailty phenotype score (more frail) was correlated with higher high‐sensitivity CRP, higher IL6, and lower 25OHD levels (all P<.05). Linear regression with the 6‐minute walk distance as the dependent variable and independent variables of age, sex, percentage of free testosterone, DHEAS, 25OHD, intact PTH, hsCRP, IL6, cortisol/DHEAS ratio, and NTpro‐BNP, revealed age, sex, 25OHD and hsCRP to be significant (coefficient of determination=53.5%). Ordinal logistic regression with the frailty phenotype and hormonal levels revealed that age, 25OHD, and hsCRP also predicted frailty status.

CONCLUSION: Twenty‐five‐hydroxyvitamin D and hsCRP levels may contribute to lower aerobic capacity and frailty in patients with heart failure. A longitudinal study will further define the role of 25OHD and hsCRP on muscle strength and functional decline.
Tooth Loss and Subsequent Disability and Mortality in Old Age
Authors: Holm‐Pedersen Poul , Schultz‐Larsen Kirsten , Christiansen Niels , Avlund Kirsten
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether tooth loss at age 70 is associated with onset of disability at 5‐, 10‐, 15‐, and 20‐year follow‐up and to mortality at 21‐year follow‐up.

SETTING: Community‐based population in Copenhagen.

DESIGN: A baseline study of a random sample of 70‐year‐old people born in 1914 and follow‐up 5, 10, 15, and 20 years later.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 573 nondisabled individuals participated in the study of 70‐year‐olds in 1984, 460 participated in the 5‐year follow‐up, 292 in the 10‐year follow‐up, 150 in the 15‐year follow‐up, and 78 in the 20‐year follow‐up.

MEASUREMENTS: Data from interviews and a medical and oral examination. Oral health was measured according to number of teeth (0, 1–9, 10–19, ≥20). Disability was measured using the Avlund Mob‐H scale at age 75, 80, 85, and 90. Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Register.

RESULTS: Being edentulous or having one to nine teeth was associated with onset of disability at age 75 and 80. Health‐related variables and education attenuated the associations between edentulism and onset of disability, although they remained marginally significant, whereas the association between having one to nine teeth and onset of disability remained unchanged and statistically significant at 10‐year follow‐up (odds ratio=3.02, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.26–7.24). Persons who were edentulous at age 70 were at significantly higher risk of mortality 21 years later, also in the adjusted analysis (hazard ratio=1.26, 95% CI=1.03–1.55).

CONCLUSION: Tooth loss is independently associated with onset of disability and mortality in old age. The findings indicate that tooth loss may be an early indicator of accelerated aging.
Hypothermia, Torpidation, Kamongo and Antabolone
Authors: MARK W. ALLAM DEAN , SWAN HENRY
Published: February 2008

I am very proud and pleased to be in this very room tonight to deliver the Second Annual Mark Allam Lecture. I take it to be a great honor that you invited a member of a sister profession rather than one from your own ranks to give this lecture. You will recall last year on this occasion Dean Armistead prophesized that M.D.'s and D.V.M.'s would come closer together. I hope that my presence here tonight is a good omen for that very worthwhile goal.
ON THE RELIABILITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF UPPER AND LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES
Authors: Suter Peter F.
Published: February 2008

In veterinary medicine more so than in human medicine a rather close personal and spatial relationship has existed and often still exists between surgery and radiology. Traditionally the close association with surgery has often resulted in an overemphasis on orthopedic problems, and morphologic changes were always put before physiopathologic abnormalities. As a result Veterinary Radiology has been slow in developing as a major tool for the diagnosis of internal medical disorders such as pulmonary or cardiac disease. This occurred in sharp contrast to human medicine where radiography of the chest was considered an indispensable part of a complete examination and had rapidly become a logical starting point in the differentiation of diseases of the chest.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE PLEURA, MEDIASTINUM AND THORACIC CAGE
Authors: Knecht Charles D.
Published: February 2008

The pleura, mediastinum and thoracic cage are rarely the center of attention for disease in the dog and the cat. Most often these structures are viewed as the wrappings for vital structures; their presence appears most often to interfere with visualization and palpation and impede surgical repair.
INTRATHORACIC SURGERY IN LARGE ANIMALS
Authors: Fowler Murray E.
Published: February 2008

The techniques for successful intrathoracic surgery are similar in all species. Basic surgical and anesthetic principles apply in large animals, but special consideration must be given to mechanical problems.
SINUS SURGERY IN THE HORSE
Authors: Wheat J. D.
Published: February 2008

Infection in the maxillary sinus occurs frequently in the horse. It is possible to have primary maxillary sinusitis often caused by Streptococcus equi, however the most common cause of sinus infection is extension of infection from a diseased tooth or as an aftermath to tooth repulsion. The involved tooth can be a split tooth, an open infundibulum caused by a congenital defect, and in older horses, paradontal disease.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, SIGNIFICANT SPECIES DIFFERENCES, MEASUREMENTS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION, NORMAL VALUES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATIONS FROM NORMAL
Authors: Gillespie J.R.
Published: February 2008

The respiratory system of animals can be divided for evaluation into pulmonary system and circulatory system. The pulmonary system is involved in external respiration whereas the circulatory system is involved in internal respiration. External respiration is the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the environment and circulating blood by way of the lungs and internal respiration is the transport of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the metabolic machinery of the body cells.
CLINICAL EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION FOR RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Hill J. Donald
Published: February 2008

There is today a large group of patients who die for the simple reason that their lungs can no longer transport sufficient oxygen to meet the demands of the body. The projected number of deaths resulting from acute respiratory insufficiency in 1977, in the United States is 86,000. The average age of these patients will be 46 years.1 This establishes a rather high priority for developing newer methods of prevention and treatment of this syndrome. Prevention is the most important facet of this syndrome and many of its contributing etiological factors will be better clarified and, subsequently, better managed in the next decade.
PNEUMONIA, BRONCHITIS AND PULMONARY CHANGES WITH AGE: POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Dungworth Donald L.
Published: February 2008

Successful pulmonary defense against inhaled irritants depends on a positive balance between rate of clearance or inactivation of injurious particles and their rate of deposition. Deposition is governed by numbers of particles, their aerodynamic size and density, and geometry of airways. Clearance and inactivation depend largely on the mucociliary blanket in the airways and alveolar macrophages at the alveolar level. The function of both is depressed by many deleterious influences, some of which relate directly to surgery.
INTRAMEDULLARY PINS IN FIXATION OF FRACTURES OF LONG BONES
Authors: Rudy Richard L.
Published: February 2008

The round Steinmann pin alone or in combinations with additional pins, orthopedic wire, Kirschner splint is a very versatile method of skeletal fixation which is applicable to tiny or large breeds and to the very young or mature animals. The objective of rigid skeletal fixation can be achieved if principles of auxiliary skeletal fixation are used in complicated fractures.

For uniform success with each of the three types of intramedullary nailing described (Kuentscher, Rush, Steinmann) it is essential that the principles of accurate reduction and rigid fixation be followed. The method of Kuentscher is most limited in application to the dog. Rush pins are somewhat more versatile. The pins can be used singly or in pairs for shaft fractures but have a specific advantage for firm fixation of fractures in the cancellous bone near the ends of the shaft. The Steinmann (round) intramedullary pin is the most versatile, however it is frequently necessary to use auxiliary pins, orthopedic wire, or half Kirschner to achieve rigid fixation.
SURGERY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE IN THE HORSE
Authors: Meagher D. M.
Published: February 2008

The common conditions which cause obstruction in the large intestine of the horse are presented. The etiology, diagnostic features, surgical treatment, and prognosis are discussed. The clinical workup, management of fluid therapy and anesthesia, surgical approaches, and post‐operative care have been presented in other papers at this surgical forum and are not included here.
RADIOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Cawley Allan J.
Published: February 2008

The radiological examination of the gastrointestinal tract permits visualization of some structures by virtue of their normal densities. Other structures have to be visualized by virtue of including contrast medium within the lumen of the digestive tract. In addition to demonstrating the hollow portion of the organ in question, contrast medium can be used to demonstrate: (a) position of the structure, (b) the size of the lumen, (c) the function of such structures, and (d) the relative shape of adjacent structures.
THE USE OF HYPOTHERMIA IN SPINAL CORD DECOMPRESSION
Authors: Brasmer Timothy H.
Published: February 2008

In 1970 and in 1972 we reported on the use of local hypothermia as an aid in spinal surgery of the dog (Lumb and Brasmer, J.A.V.M.A., Aug. 1, 1970 and Brasmer and Lumb, Am. J. Vet. Res., March, 1972). These reports developed from a purely research project which involved extensive manipulation of the lumbar spinal cord. Preliminary studies had led us to expect a long period of postoperative paraparesis or paraplegia. We were aware of the work of Negin, Albin, White and others which indicated that hypothermia, both general and local, reduced the sensitivity of the spinal cord to trauma. In fact, their work strongly indicated that cooling even after trauma was highly desirable.
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES UTILIZED IN THE PRESENCE OF INFECTION
Authors: Jennings Paul B.
Published: February 2008

The infected wound must be cleaned physically and appropriate antimicrobial therapy instituted, based on the results of culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Where fluid or necrotic debris is still present, proper drainage should be utilized. Adequate immobilization, physiological dressings, and overall support of patient defense mechanisms will enhance healing and shorten the patient's recovery period.
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING IN SURGICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Authors: McCarthy Mary
Published: February 2008

Bacterial infections are not infrequent problems in the surgical patient. Until recently, it was not economically feasible for most practicing veterinarians to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the organisms causing infections. The treatment regimen of such infections was based on experience and the use of antibiotic combinations or broad‐spectrum antibiotics. A number of recent reports have shown the multiple resistance of bacterial isolates from animals, especially to Streptomycin, Tetracycline and Penicillin.5, 14, 15, 20, 21 Since these antimicrobials are some of the most liberally used in veterinary medicine, it appears that the incorporation of susceptibility testing into the evaluation and treatment of the infected patient would be helpful.
EVERSION AND INVERSION OF THE MEMBRANA NICTITANS
Authors: Vierheller Ralph V.
Published: February 2008

Eversion of the membrana nictitans occurs in a number of large breeds of dogs including Great Danes, Weimaraners, German shepherds, akitas and springer spaniels. Inversion also occurs, but less frequently. These anomalies commonly appear early in the dog's life, usually without antecedant disease; thus suggesting a congenital predisposition. The central shaft of the T‐shaped cartilage of the nictitating membrane becomes curled, giving the membrana a rolled appearance. The effect is more damaging cosmetically than physically. However, an increase in tearing and mucus secretion may be noted.
ESOPHAGEAL DISEASE AS A RESULT OF IMPROPER PATIENT POSITIONING
Authors: Grier Ronald L.
Published: February 2008

Three cases of esophageal reflux occurred, one case resulting in perforation of the esophagus. Diagnosis was based on dysphagia, excessive drooling, contrast radiography and surgical findings. Based on known pathophysiological information, it is suggested that the combination of preoperative fast, general anesthesia, dorsal recumbency with head lowered and ovariohysterectomy can all contribute towards reflux of gastric juice into the esophagus. The surgeon can best avoid this rare surgical complication by maintaining the patient in the horizontal supine position.
DISEASES OF BONE AND DISEASES AFFECTING BONE
Authors: Knecht Charles D.
Published: February 2008

Diseases of bones and diseases affecting bone are frequently related to breed, age, and limb involvement. The following checklist of diseases which may result in lameness are presented as a summation of the disease conditions likely to result in lameness in dog.
COMPLICATIONS IN EQUINE LARYNGEAL SURGERY
Authors: Johnson Jerry H. , Garner Harold E.
Published: February 2008

Surgery on the larynx as is seen in most cases today is either a laryngotomy in which the laryngeal saccules are removed or a laryngoplasty procedure in which the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage is sutured to the cricoid cartilage or the combination of both. Continued research in this area might lead to a better surgical technique than laryngoplasty. At this time laryngoplasty has apparently increased the efficacy of surgery treatment on the larynx by at least 20% over the long advocated laryngeal saccule removal.

It is of interest to note that in comparing the larynx of man and the horse that innervation and musculature are very similar. Perhaps in viewing laryngeal paralysis in man better understanding of the etiology and perhaps the surgical approach may be obtained. But, as pointed out by Cook1, man is not judged by how fast he can run a mile as opposed to the horse.
SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OF DOGS UNDER HALOTHANE ANESTHESIA
Authors: Donald H. , Lee Myung O. , Lee Do Chil
Published: February 2008

Evidence of sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system has been obtained in dogs under halothane anesthesia following acupuncture. Acupuncture at Jen Chung (Go‐26), which is located on the phithrum, results in sympathetic input and an increase in cardiac output, heart rate and mean arterial pressure. These effects can be inhibited by the beta adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol.

Acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St‐36), which is located distal to the lateral condyle of the tibia, results in parasympathetic input and decrease in cardiac output. This effect is inhibited by atropine.
A POROUS SURFACE PROSTHESIS STABILIZATION SYSTEM
Authors: Henderson R.A.
Published: February 2008

Synthesis of polymeric alloplasts capable of assimilation or integration with living tissues has become the newest concept in biomaterials research. A prosthesis coating material composed of polytetrafluroethylene and pyrolytic graphite has been synthesized according to biochemical and biomechanical tissue/prosthesis interface requirements. Molecular composition, surface chemistry, static geometry, and modulus of elasticity were the most important considerations in the design of this material.

The coating material has high surface energy, 70 to 90% porosity with pore size ranging from 100 to 500 microns, and a modulus of elasticity comparable to that of fibrous connective tissue which actively invades and absorbs to the material. It has been used as a surface coating for prostheses in clinical and experimental surgery including femoral head prostheses, cruciate ligament appliances, augmenting devices of the alveolar ridge, zygomatic process and mental bone, heart valve stabilization, and tracheal ring prostheses. It has been used both in dogs and human beings. The success of the material has been dependent upon antisepsis, patient status, and consideration of biomechanical stressstrain restrictions.
LABORATORY EVALUATION METHODS IN SURGICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Authors: Crumrine Martin H.
Published: February 2008

There are several techniques that should be used to maximize the results you obtain from your laboratory. Reducing the number of contaminating organisms in samples submitted for microbiological evaluation is essential. Ideally there should be no contaminants and collection techniques should be directed toward this ideal. Laboratory requests should include a short clinical description of the specimen which enables the laboratory to give better service. Finally, the gram stain is a very useful tool especially when used in conjunction with good culture techniques. It can be used in the initial evaluation of the patient and in subsequent evaluations as well.
The Certifying Examination of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons
Authors: Grier R.L. , Donawick W.J. , Griener T.P. , Keown G.H. , McCurnin D.M. , Nelson A.W.
Published: February 2008

The admission requirements and the examining process for applicants for admission to the American College of Veterinary Surgeons are described. Sample questions from the 1976 written examination are included along with the areas of veterinary surgery covered by the examination.
Dorsal Diaphragmatic Hernias in the Dog: Surgical Repair
Authors: Boothe Harry W. , Hobson H.P. , Stavern Neil Van , Hurov L.I.
Published: February 2008

Three cases of tearing of the dorsal aspect of the diaphragm are described. Comparisons have been drawn between dorsal diaphragmatic hernias. In all three cases the right dorsal aspect of the diaphragm was involved in the tear. Two cases also had the right diaphragmatic crus torn. The paracostal abdominal approach is recommended to enable adequate visualization and repair of the dorsal aspect of the diaphragm.
IN VIVO STRAIN ANALYSIS OF CANINE LONG BONES AND ITS APPLICATION TO INTERNAL FIXATION
Authors: Daly W.R. , Mills E.I. , Hohn R. Bruce
Published: February 2008

Single element foil type strain gages have been bonded to the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral aspects of the canine femur, tibia, and humerus at mid‐diaphysis. When clinically normal locomotion had returned following surgery, recordings of the characteristic deformation patterns were made. Analysis of the data indicated that the tension band sides of the femur and tibia are anterolateral and that of humerus is anteromedial. The limitations of using foil type strain gages in making these assumptions have been discussed.
Ventricular Septal Defect Repair
Authors: WEIRICH WALTER E. , BLEVINS WILLIAM E.
Published: February 2008

Twelve dogs and one cat were operated to close a ventricular septal defect. The method of patient selection, associated lesions, techniques used to correct the defect and significance to the total population of small animals with congenital lesions is discussed. Ten of 13 animals survived surgery. When indicated, this procedure can be safely performed to correct ventricular septal defect.
Studies on the Pathophysiology of Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture in the Dog
Authors: PETTIT GHERY D. , CHATBURN CECILY C. , HEGREBERG GERALD A. , MEYERS KENNETH M.
Published: February 2008

Contracture of the infraspinatus muscle has been recognized as a cause of shoulder lameness in hunting dogs. Electrophysiologic studies of four affected dogs indicated that infraspinatus contracture was a primary muscle disorder rather than a neuropathy. Histologically, affected tissues from six dogs showed degeneration and atrophy of skeletal muscle with fibrous tissue replacement. These findings supported the hypothesis that an acute traumatic event caused incomplete rupture of the infraspinatus muscle, leading to fibrosis and contracture. Seven dogs were successfully treated by infraspinatus tenotomy.
Ventral Decompression of the Canine Spinal Cord Using the 3–M Perforator
Authors: EGGER E. L. , BOJRAB M. J.
Published: February 2008

The use of an air powered automatic trephine (3‐M Perforator) for performing ventral decompression of the canine spinal cord was evaluated based on its use in 5 experimental dogs. The problems of hemorrhage and spinal cord trauma encountered in this study are discussed and indicate little practical application of the instrument in decompression from the ventral approach.
Considerations for Selection of Suture Materials
Authors: STASHAK TED S. , YTURRASPE DANIEL J.
Published: February 2008

The selection of a suture material, in the past, was based primarily on habit, guesswork and physical properties. This is understandable because there was a limited number of materials to select from and the interaction of suture material with tissues was not understood.
Primary Gastric Carcinoma of the Dog: Review and Case Report
Authors: MCDONALD ANNE E.
Published: February 2008

A case of a gastric adenocarcinoma in a ten year old neutered female Terrier of mixed breeding is presented. History, signs and pathology were typical of gastric carcinoma. However, the tumor was located in the distal one‐third of the body of the stomach along the greater curvature rather than the more commonly involved pyloric antrum. The tumor was treated by surgical excision with a 7 month survival time. The surgical technique utilized is described and a discussion of canine gastric carcinoma is given.
The Use of a Tendon Transfer for the Treatment of a Traumatic Sciatic Nerve Paralysis in the Dog
Authors: LESSER ARNOLD S.
Published: February 2008

A case of a traumatic sciatic nerve paralysis was successfully treated with the transfer of the long digital extensor tendon of origin to the vastus lateralis muscle after a portion of the latter had been separated from its insertion on the patella. A second procedure was necessary to shorten the distal tendon of the long digital extensor muscle to create the proper tension needed to fully extend the digits. Within 11 weeks after surgery the dog was successfully returned to training and field trial competition. Viability of the transfer was further demonstrated by electrical stimulation of the vastus lateralis one year later.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Canine Urethra: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: D.V.M J. W. ALEXANDER , ROBERTS R. E. , McGAVIN M. D.
Published: February 2008

PRIMARY neoplasms of the lower urinary tract of the dog are relatively uncommon. These neoplasms occur most frequently in older dogs and, while they can originate anywhere along the urinary tract, the urinary bladder is by far the most common site. Reports in the literature indicate that neoplasms of the urinary bladder account for approximately 0.5% of all tumors in dogs.1
Halothane Hepatitis: A Review
Authors: TEAGUE H. D.
Published: February 2008

The literature relating to hepatic disease following halothane anesthesia is reviewed. Evidence in support of a direct hepatotoxic effect by halothane is lacking, but the rare occurrence of a hypersensitivity reaction after repeated halothane exposure is well documented. This information is of significance for veterinarians repeatedly exposed to trace amounts of halothane.
Effect of Osteotomy of the Greater Trochanter with Tension Band Fixation on Femorai Conformation in Beagle Dogs
Authors: HAUPTMAN JOE , BUTLER HUGH C.
Published: February 2008

Osteotomy of the greater trochanter with tension band fixation was performed on 14‐, 20‐, and 26‐week‐old Beagle dogs. Physeal growth of the greater trochanter was retarded, as determined by tetracycline labeling. The trochanteric‐condylar distance was reduced and the articulotrochanteric distance was increased. There was no shortening of femoral leg length. There were mild increases in the length of the femora and tibiae of the experimental hindlimbs. The angles of inclination and anteversion of the femoral neck were measured. The experimental operations resulted in insignificant changes in these angles. There was no histologic or clinical evidence of coxarthropathy. All dogs were clinically normal at the termination of the study (38 weeks). It was concluded that osteotomy of the greater trochanter with tension band fixation could be performed on growing Beagle dogs without producing adverse effects.
A Single‐Stage Technique for Repair of Rectovestibular Lacerations in the Mare
Authors: STICKLE R. L. , FESSLER J. F. , ADAMS S. B.
Published: February 2008

Delayed reconstructive surgery was performed as a one‐stage procedure on 10 mares with rectovestibular lacerations, using monofilament nonabsorbable suture in a 3‐layer closure, with all internal sutures buried. Primary healing was obtained in 9 cases. One case was complicated by severe postoperative straining, resulting in dehiscence of the rectum, which healed by second intention. A small rectovestibular fistula formed in this case and was later repaired. Recurrence of injury at subsequent foalings appears to be a significant problem.
Orthotopic Osteochondral Transplantation of the Canine Proximal Femur
Authors: STOLOFF DAVID , BUTLER HUGH C. , GUFFY MARK M. , LEIPOLD HORST W.
Published: February 2008

An 18‐week study was conducted to evaluate orthotopic osteochondral transplantation of the proximal femur in the dog. Eighteen dogs were divided into 3 groups of 6 each. The first group received autografts, the second received fresh allografts, and the third received grafts that had been frozen in a bone bank for 24–28 days. The grafts were fixed in position using dynamic compression plates. The grafted limbs were maintained in a sling and thus were nonfunctional and non‐weight bearing throughout the 18‐week study. Postoperatively the dogs were given oral tetracycline to assess osteo‐cyte viability. The dogs were radiographed at 2–week intervals and 1 dog in each group was euthanatized every 3 weeks. The femurs were examined using standard histopathologic and fluorescent labeling techniques. All femoral heads were luxated by the 2nd postoperative week. The bones of all the femoral heads underwent avascular necrosis and degenerative changes were present in the transplanted cartilage by the 6th postoperative week. During the first 18 weeks following transplantation there was little radiographic and histologic difference among the 3 types of grafts regarding the nature and rate of bone healing. Based on the data obtained from techniques utilized in this study, the femoral head, neck, and articular cartilage did not survive, while the femoral diaphysis did survive the transplantation process. Different techniques may alter to some degree the results obtained.
Medial Approach to Elbow Joint with Osteotomy of Medial Epicondyle
Authors: HENRY W. B. , WADSWORTH P. L. , MEHLHAFF C.J.
Published: February 2008

THE recent recognition of lesions involving the articular surfaces of the medial humeral condyle and ulnar coronoid processes has stimulated interest in a surgical approach to these structures.1–4
Canine Vesicourachal Diverticula
Authors: WILSON JAMES W. , KLAUSNER JEFFREY S. , STEVENS JERRY B. , OSBORNE CARL A.
Published: February 2008

Nine cases of canine vesicourachal diverticula associated with symptoms of lower urinary tract infection were evaluated. Proteus sp urinary tract infection was identified in 6 of 7 cases in which urine cultures were performed. A diverticulum was demonstrated in all cases by contrast urocystography. Surgical excision of the diverticula followed by administration of antimicrobial agents for an appropriate period usually produced eradication of clinical symptoms. Resolution of recurrent urinary tract infection following excision of the urachal diverticula would indicate that these anomalous structures are a predisposing cause of bacterial infection of the urinary tract.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Ponies with Surgically Induced Strangulation Obstruction of the Small Intestine
Authors: McCLURE J. RAYMOND , McCLURE JILL J. , USENIK E. A.
Published: February 2008

Total strangulation obstruction (S/O) of the jejuno‐ileum was produced in a group of randomly selected ponies. Peripheral blood samples were collected prior to surgery and at 3‐hour intervals following obstruction. A coagulation profile consisting of platelet count, fibrinogen titer (FT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and serial dilution protamine sulfate test (SDPS) for fibrin monomers (FM) and/or early fibrin degradation products (fdp) was evaluated. The packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein (TPP) were also determined. Concurrent peritoneal fluid samples were assessed grossly. Sham‐operated (sham) ponies were treated in a similar manner, excluding the production of a strangulation obstruction of the small intestine. Notable coagulopathies occurred in the S/O group. PT and APTT were increased significantly in samples collected within 6 hours of death. All S/O horses developed strongly positive SDPS reactions, while sham ponies, presurgical S/O ponies, and early S/O postsurgical samples were unremarkable. There were no significant shifts in the fibrinogen titer. Platelet counts were significantly decreased during the final 10% of sampling time in S/O horses. The coagulopathies observed in the S/O ponies appear to be secondary to the pathophysiologic changes produced by the S/O and not related to surgical trauma.
Complications of Elective Ovariohysterectomies in the Dog and Cat at a Teaching Institution: Clinical Review of 853 Cases
Authors: BERZON J. L.
Published: February 2008

DURING 1975–1978, 853 dogs and cats were presented to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine (NYSCVM) at Cornell University for elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH). These cases did not include any surgery performed for pathologic reasons (such as pyometra or uterine injury). All the procedures were performed by fourth‐year veterinary students under the direct supervision of attending interns or residents.
Repair of Comminuted Fractures of the Proximal Ulna and Olecranon in Young Horses Using Tension Band Plating
Authors: COLAHAN PATRICK T. , MEAGHER DENNIS M.
Published: February 2008

A report of the successful surgical repair of 3 ulnar fractures in young horses is presented and the adaptation of dynamic compression plating to the treatment of these fractures is discussed.
Canine Thyroid Carcinomas: Clinical Occurrence, Staging by Means of Scintiscans, and Therapy of 15 Cases
Authors: MITCHELL M. , HUROV L. I. , TROY G. C.
Published: February 2008

Tumor characteristics and degree of metastatic disease are outlined for 15 cases of canine thyroid carcinoma based on physical, laboratory, and radiographic examinations. Results of thyroid scintiscans using sodium pertechnetate are discussed in relation to clinical staging. Surgical resection was the primary therapy. Adjuvant therapy included thyroid replacement therapy, and 131I and 60Co radiotherapy.
Comparison of Hypothermic and Normothermic Spinal Cord Perfusion in the Dog
Authors: SWAIM STEVEN F. , VANDEVELDE MARC , SAMMONS WILLIAM C. , BAINE LINDA , McGUIRE JOHN A.
Published: February 2008

Lumbar dorsal laminectomies were performed on 24 dogs, and exposed spinal cords were subjected to various time‐temperature combinations of perfusion according to the following schedule: 1) 30 minutes of hypothermic perfusion—6 dogs; 2) 30 minutes of normothermic perfusion—6 dogs; 3) 120 minutes of hypothermic perfusion—6 dogs; and 4) 120 minutes of normothermic perfusion—6 dogs.

Surgery, cord perfusion, and exposure of the dorsal aspects of the spinal cord to the epaxial musculature for 5 days following surgery produced histopathologic changes in the dorsal aspects of the cord, especially around the dorsal root area. Hypothermic spinal cord perfusion for 120 minutes produced a marked deleterious effect on normal spinal cord function and spinal cord tissue. Spinal cords exposed to 30 minutes of hypothermic or normothermic perfusion or 120 minutes of normothermic perfusion had less severe clinical and histopathologic changes than those exposed to 120 minutes of hypothermic perfusion. Hypothermic perfusion for 30 minutes and 120 minutes affected not only dorsal aspects of the cord, but also the grey matter. The most severe change in grey matter occurred in cords perfused for 120 minutes.
Surgical Repair of Congenital Lateral Luxation of the Patella in the Foal and Calf
Authors: LEITCH MIDGE , KOTLIKOFF MICHAEL
Published: February 2008

Repair of lateral luxation of the patella in horses and cows has consistently produced poor results; reluxation, muscle atrophy, septic arthritis, and degenerative joint disease are frequent postoperative complications of the techniques previously described. A new technique for repair of congenital lateral luxation of the patella in foals and calves is described; it includes lateral release of the patella followed by imbrication of the medial aspect of the joint capsule. Postoperative evaluation, up to 1½ years, confirmed the efficacy of the technique with retention of normal patellar position and range of motion. Muscle atrophy and lameness disappeared completely in 2 animals, which showed no radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease at the time of surgical repair. Since the preparation of this article, 3 more calves have been successfully repaired with excellent clinical results up to 12 weeks postoperatively.
A Clinical Study of Canine Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: LEWIS RALPH H. , JONES JOHN PAUL
Published: February 2008

Our intent was to evaluate clinically total hip arthroplasty in the dog using the same procedures and prostheses. We replaced 20 hips in 15 dogs of both sexes and various breeds, weights, and ages. All animals exhibited pain caused by degenerative joint disease of one or both coxofemoral joints. Using Amstutz's system of grading at a minimum of 12 months post‐operatively, none of the hips replaced were graded poor, 12.5% were graded fair, 12.5% good, and 75% excellent. Loosening of prosthetic components was by far the most common problem encountered in this study. Luxations were virtually eliminated by the use of the Richards Canine II total hip replacement system. Infections were found to be directly proportional to surgery time, number of operations performed, or both. Component failure occurred only when the size of the prosthesis was not properly matched to the size of the dog. Although these problems still must be overcome, we conclude that total hip arthroplasty is a valuable adjunct to veterinary medicine in selected cases.
Electrosurgery: A Review
Authors: GREENE JERRY A. , KNECHT CHARLES D.
Published: February 2008

This article presents a review of hemostasis and electrosurgery. The principles of electrosurgery, including the effect on tissue, vessels, and wound healing, are presented, as are the advantages and disadvantages of its use.
Measurements of Femoral Neck‐Shaft Angle in the Growing Beagle
Authors: HAUPTMAN JOE , BUTLER HUGH C.
Published: February 2008

The angles of inclination and anteversion were measured radiographically in 8 beagles, at 4‐week intervals from 14 to 38 weeks of age, the time of radiographic physeal closure. Minimal changes in the femoral neck‐shaft angles were observed during this observation period. The results indicate that surgical correction of altered femoral neck‐shaft angles could be proposed at any time after 3 months of age in the beagle breed.
Healing of Sharp Incisions and Electroincisions in Dogs: A Comparative Study
Authors: GREENE JERRY A. , KNECHT CHARLES D.
Published: February 2008

Healing of incisions made by sharp blade and of those made by electroincision was compared. The electrosurgical unit used generated a wave form that closely resembled a square wave. Six paired incisions were made in the skin and external abdominal muscle fascia of 8 dogs by sharp blade and electroincision, and were sutured. One pair of incisions was made every other day in each dog; fascia and skin were examined at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days after incision. The presence of certain microscopic features was graded on an arbitrary scale of 0, 1, 2, and 3 for none, slight, moderate, and heavy, respectively; the grades were then averaged and compared. No differences were observed in the quantity of hemorrhage, capillaries, fibroblasts, and collagen and mature fibroblasts. More fibrin, necrosis, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were observed following electroincision at 4, 6, 12, and 8 to 10 days, respectively. Considerably more edema was present following sharp incision from 4 to 12 days. The strength of wounds made by sharp incision was greater than the strength of those made by electroincision after day 6, but the two were almost identical by day 12. The data suggest that suture removal should be delayed until the 10th postoperative day, approximately 3 days later than is advised for sharp incision.
Orbital Surgery in Two Horses
Authors: KOCH DOUGLAS B. , LEITCH MIDGE , BEECH JILL
Published: February 2008

The case histories of 2 horses that required surgery within the orbit are described. In 1 horse, severely comminuted fractures of the left facial area and orbit were repaired in 2 stages, the first consisting of elevation and wiring of the depressed fractures. In the second stage, an autogenous tendon graft from the lateral digital extensor tendon of the left front leg was used to reconstruct the orbital floor and elevate the globe in the orbit. In the second horse, a retrobulbar tumor causing exophthalmos and prolapse of the nictitans was removed by creating a bone flap of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone for exposure.
Eversion of the Urinary Bladder: A Sequel to Third‐Degree Perineal Laceration in the Mare
Authors: HAYNES PETER F. , McCLURE J. RAYMOND
Published: February 2008

Two cases of urinary bladder eversion are described in association with third‐degree perineal lacerations in the mare. One case of eversion followed surgical repair of the perineal defect. The other occurred spontaneously in a 5‐month postpartum mare awaiting repair of a third‐degree perineal laceration. Both everted bladders contained the pelvic flexure of the large colon, and in 1 case a bladder rent allowed evisceration. Surgical intervention was required, and was successful in one case.
Experimental Evaluation of Tendon Transfer for the Treatment of Sciatic Nerve Paralysis in the Dog
Authors: LESSER ARNOLD S. , SOLIMAN SELIM SALIB
Published: February 2008

The sciatic nerve was surgically transected in 6 dogs. The resulting dysfunction and the positive effects of a transfer of the tendon of the vastus lateralis muscle to the long digital extensor muscle were evaluated, alone and in combination with a talocrural arthrodesis. Two dogs that received both arthrodesis and tendon transfer showed the greatest improvement in gait.
Osteoarticular Allogeneic Bone Grafting in Dogs
Authors: HELPHREY MELVIN L. , STEVENSON SHARON
Published: February 2008

A review of the clinical and pathologic evaluation of allogeneic bone grafts is presented with particular emphasis upon partial joint replacement. The histologic evaluation of cortical bone transplantation is reviewed. Radiographic evaluation of cortical bone transplants is presented in an attempt to understand the normal events that take place in incorporation of the graft by the host. The histologic and radiographic correlation is related to the healing process. Current methods of graft collection and storage are reviewed. While collection of the graft is fairly uniform, there are many varied treatment and storage procedures. General surgical procedures used in performing full cortical bone grafts are reviewed. The clinical use of an osteoarticular allogeneic bone graft in the elbow of a dog is presented, with a review of the operative and postoperative evaluation of the clinical patient.
Experimental Coxofemoral Replacement Hemiarthroplasty in the Pony
Authors: von RECUM ANDRES F. , PARCHINSKI THOMAS J. , LUNCEFORD EMMET M. , DESAI VIMALKUMAR H. , ROWLEY JANE , GIMENEZ THOMAS , KENNER GERRY H. , COOKE FRANCIS W.
Published: February 2008

For the in vivo evaluation of hip joint prostheses that are developed for man, the suitability of the pony as an animal model has been studied. Human and custom made prostheses were implanted into 1 femur in each of 7 ponies to replace the femoral head. The surgical approach was through a caudolateral incision. The prosthesis was fixed in the femur with bone cement. Because of errors in the implantation technique and resulting lack of sufficient fixation 2 ponies as well as 1 control animal with an excision arthroplasty were unwilling or unable to stand. Rigid fixation of the implant was achieved in 3 ponies. They were returned to pasture after 8 days. A full return to a normal gait did not occur within an observation period of up to 3 months. All 3 ponies developed a dorsolateral coxofemoral luxation and pseudarthrosis within the first 10 days. A mismatch between the equine anatomy and human prosthesis geometry was thought to be the cause. We, therefore, believe that the pony does not provide a suitable model for the testing of human femoral joint implants. The results, however, indicate that coxofemoral surgery can be performed in the adult pony. For clinical reconstruction of joint function, a custom made total artificial hip joint might provide better results.
Folding of the Caudal Horn of the Medial Meniscus Secondary to Severence of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament
Authors: STONE E. A. , BETTS C. W. , RUDY R. L.
Published: February 2008

Folding of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus after surgical severence of the cranial cruciate ligament was investigated. When the stifle was flexed and the tibia was placed in a cranial position, the caudal horn of the medial meniscus could move forward without damaging the meniscus or the caudal joint capsule. Forward movement of the tibia with the stifle extended could damage the meniscus and/or the joint capsule. Abnormal position of the meniscus did not necessarily indicate meniscal damage.
Bi‐Phase External Skeletal Splint Fixation of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs
Authors: GREENWOOD K. M. , CREAGH G. B.
Published: February 2008

The technique for stabilizing the mandible using the bi‐phase external splint is described. Considerations for the use of external skeletal fixation on the mandible are reviewed. Two severe mandibular fracture cases and 1 case of unilateral mandibular body excision for the treatment of oral neoplasia are presented. Excellent results have been obtained by using the bi‐phase splint in dogs of moderate to large size.
A Technique for Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in the Dog: Preliminary Report
Authors: HULSE DONALD A. , MICHAELSON FRED , JOHNSON CHARLES , ABDELBAKI Y. Z.
Published: February 2008

Management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in the dog continues to be a difficult problem in veterinary orthopedics. This experimental study evaluated a reconstructive technique for ACL injury. The technique evaluated was an over‐the‐top procedure using the fascia lata, lateral retinacular tissue, and the lateral one‐third of the patellar tendon as a substitute for the ACL. The results of clinical and pathologic evaluation indicate the technique can be used for reconstruction of the stifle joint following ACL injury.