bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should Student Evaluation of Teaching Play a Significant Role in the Formal Assessment of Dental Faculty? Two Viewpoints
Authors: Rowan Susan , Newness Elmer J. , Tetradis Sotirios , Prasad Joanne L. , Ko Ching-Chang , Sanchez Arlene
Published: November 2017

Student evaluation of teaching (SET) is often used in the assessment of faculty members’ job performance and promotion and tenure decisions, but debate over this use of student evaluations has centered on the validity, reliability, and application of the data in assessing teaching performance. Additionally, the fear of student criticism has the potential of influencing course content delivery and testing measures. This Point/Counterpoint article reviews the potential utility of and controversy surrounding the use of SETs in the formal assessment of dental school faculty. Viewpoint 1 supports the view that SETs are reliable and should be included in those formal assessments. Proponents of this opinion contend that SETs serve to measure a school's effectiveness in support of its core mission, are valid measures based on feedback from the recipients of educational delivery, and provide formative feedback to improve faculty accountability to the institution. Viewpoint 2 argues that SETs should not be used for promotion and tenure decisions, asserting that higher SET ratings do not correlate with improved student learning. The advocates of this viewpoint contend that faculty members may be influenced to focus on student satisfaction rather than pedagogy, resulting in grade inflation. They also argue that SETs are prone to gender and racial biases and that SET results are frequently misinterpreted by administrators. Low response rates and monotonic response patterns are other factors that compromise the reliability of SETs.
An Emergency Simulation Course in a Postdoctoral General Dentistry Program: The New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine Experience
Authors: Rubin Marsha E. , Hansen Heidi J.
Published: November 2017

Dentists can encounter life‐threatening medical emergencies during the provision of routine dental care and must therefore be comfortable with the management of these emergencies. High‐fidelity simulation has been used routinely in medical and surgical training and is a recognized and effective educational and assessment tool. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a new high‐fidelity simulation training course in medical emergency management for residents in the General Practice Residency program at New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine. In academic years 2014–16, first‐year GPR residents were required to take a simulation course covering medical emergency scenarios that are commonly encountered in the dental office. The course involved a team approach to emergency management with active participation by faculty and residents and with each training session followed by feedback and a formal review of the emergencies covered. Evaluation was achieved through completion of questionnaires by the residents following each session. A total of 14 residents (seven in each year) participated, completing 78 questionnaires in the two‐year period. They gave the course an overall rating of 4.91 on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating strong agreement with the utility of the course as a learning tool in medical emergency management training. This course is now fully integrated into the GPR educational program at this institution and is a successful component of the emergency medicine curriculum.
Developing Prosthodontic Residents’ Communication Strategies with Edentulous Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Murthy Varsha , Sethuraman KR , Choudhury Sunayana , Shakila P.
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate whether prosthodontic residents’ attitudes toward provider‐client communication would be shaped by a tailor‐made communications skills course. In 2016, the pre‐intervention attitudes of all six second‐ and third‐year prosthodontic residents in a three‐year residency at an academic dental institution in India were assessed using the Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS). The residents’ performance was then video‐recorded while they treated complete denture patients and was analyzed using the Kalamazoo scale, a validated scale for communication skills assessment. The residents’ weaknesses were identified, and a custom‐made generic module was designed along with individual guidance counseling for addressing aspects relevant to complete denture patients. The residents’ attitudes were again assessed immediately after they completed the training using CSAS, as well as after two and four months using Balint sessions. Analysis of the recordings showed that few of the deficiencies during intraoral procedures were contextual, and the Kalamazoo scale did not address them: these were noted as being “beyond Kalamazoo.” After the training, the residents reported awareness of their weaknesses and feeling motivated to practice their newly acquired skills. The Balint sessions showed that they had started valuing patients’ agendas and the rapport‐building process, and they reported transfer of skills when treating other types of prosthodontic patients. In this study, a customized communication skills module brought about a positive change in residents’ attitudes, which was sustained over four months. Similar training could be implemented in other dental specialties.
TINOSPORA EXTRACT (TINOSPORA CRISPA (L.) MIERS.) ENCAPSULATION WITH SODIUM ALGINATE ISOLATED FROM BROWN ALGAE (SARGASSUM ILICIFOLIUM)
Authors: Amatrejo Samran , Hr Tanjung
Published: November 2017

Objective: Brotowali (Tinospora crispa) is well known as a bitter medicinal plant and traditionally has been used to treat rheumatism, gout, bruise, and fever and also to stimulate appetite. The bitter flavor of Tinospora extract has influenced the patient’s compliance in using the Tinospora extract, especially for the pediatric patients. Encapsulation was a coated process of drug using solid or liquid form of thin layer. The encapsulation process was used at the pharmaceutical and food industry to mask the bitter taste of product and protect the active ingredients from oxidation process. The study aims were to encapsulate the Tinospora extract with sodium alginate by drips method.Methods: Brown algae (Sargassum ilicifolium) were a resource of alginate acid. Brown algae were macerate using HCl 5% to produced alginate acid, and sodium alginate was obtained by adding Na2CO3 5% to alginate acid solution. The study revealed that sodium alginate resulted from brown algae isolation process was 19.98% of the wet weight of brown algae. The formula of Tinospora extract microencapsulation was design into three formulas with different sodium alginate concentrations (F1=0.5%, F2=1%, and F3=1.5%).Results: The microcapsule resulted from three formulas had the various weight of xerogel alginate but with similar diameter. Xerogel alginate weight of F1 was 1.98 g, F2 was 2.15 g, and F3 was 3.21 g. It can be concluded that the weight of xerogel alginate microcapsule and form of microcapsule were depended on the sodium alginate concentration.Conclusions: The xerogel alginate microcapsule was evaluated for pre-formulation test, and the results showed that the microcapsule met the requirements of pre-formulations parameters without the adding of lubrication compound. The hedonic organoleptics test revealed that the microencapsulation process was able to cover the bitter taste and odor of Tinospora extract.
EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SEMI-ARID REGION
Authors: Padalia Hemali , Rathod Tejas , Chanda Sumitra
Published: November 2017

Objective: Infections caused by microorganisms that have become resistant to commonly used antibiotics have become a major nuisance globally. The problem of microbial resistance is increasing rapidly, and therefore there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial agents from a natural source. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of aerial part of Alysicarpus procumbens, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Saccharum spontaneum, Suaeda nigra, and Typha angustifolia against pathogenic microorganisms.Methods: The extraction was done by individual cold percolation method using five solvents of different polarity, viz., petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water (aqueous). The antimicrobial activity was done by agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi.Results: All the plant solvent extracts showed varied level of antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms. All extracts of five plants showed better antibacterial activity than antifungal activity; Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion: The polarity of solvent greatly influences extractive yield and antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants. The best activity was shown by solvent extracts of S. nigra. Hence, it can be considered as good source of antimicrobial agents.
CORRELATION STUDY OF SERUM CALCIUM LEVELS AND SERUM CARTILAGE OLIGOMERIC MATRIX PROTEIN LEVELS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA
Authors: Saptarini Nyi Mekar , Wibowo Marlia Singgih , Gusdinar Tutus
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study was designed is to determine the correlation between serum calcium level and serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) level in Indonesian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Subjects and Methods: The subjects are patients who visit the rheumatology clinic at a government hospital in Bandung, Indonesia. Serum calcium level was determined by a complexometric method, and the serum COMP level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed with R software.Results: The serum calcium level was 82.24±44.82 mg/mL in RA patients and 99.04±60.56 mg/mL in normal controls. The serum COMP level was 843.80±35.79 ng/ml in RA patients and 830.00±48.92 ng/ml in normal controls.Conclusion: There is no correlation between serum calcium level and serum COMP levels in RA patients (p=0.967 and rho=0.006).
IMPACT OF DELETERIOUS NON-SYNONYMOUS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS OF CYTOKINE GENES ON NON-CLASSICAL HYDROGEN BONDS PREDISPOSING TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: AN IN SILICO APPROACH
Authors: A Sai Ramesh , Sethumadhavan Rao , Thiagarajan Padma
Published: November 2017

Objective: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Malfunctioning of genes that are responsible for several inflammatory processes is the major cause for its initiation. Cytokine genes are one such group of genes that are involved in the development of CVD. Hence, the prediction of potential point mutations in these genes is important for diagnostic purposes. Such mutations result in altered protein structure and function when compared to neutral ones.Methods: In this study, interleukin factor 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin factor 4 (IL4), and interferon gamma have been analyzed using sorting intolerant from tolerant and PolyPhen 2.0 tools.Results: Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in IL6, TNF-α, and IL4, are found to be potentially deleterious. In addition, bond analysis has also been performed on these SNPs. It has been predicted that L119P and R196H of IL6 as well as K87T and T181N of TNF-α are potential ns-SNP’s that may cause structural and functional variations in the corresponding proteins. The hydrogen and Cation-Pi bond analysis performed in this study provides molecular-based evidence that support the predicted deleterious potential of such SNPs for these CVD candidate genes along with other conventional in silico tools.Conclusion: The study testifies the importance of adopting a computational approach to narrow down potential point mutants for disease predictions.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM SILVER NANOPARTICLES: IN VITRO AND IN SILICO STUDY
Authors: Varghese Reslee Elsa , D Ragavan , Sivaraj Saranya , Gayathri Dasararaju , Kannayiram Gomathi
Published: November 2017

Objective: In the present study, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) silver nanoparticles (clove AgNP’s) was evaluated.Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was used to identify the compounds present in the aqueous extract of clove. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis was done to characterize the clove silver AgNP’s. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was performed to evaluate the antioxidant property of nanoparticles (0.05 and 0.25 mg/ml) and aqueous extracts (0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 mg/ml) of clove. The anti-inflammatory property of the clove AgNP’s was determined by inhibition of protein denaturation and downregulation of interleukin-1 beta. In silico molecular docking studies was performed using Schrodinger Maestro software.Results: Eugenol was found to be highest with 16.27%. The AgNP’s exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant property. AgNP’s scavenged 80% of radical at the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The scavenging activity of AgNP’s markedly increased when compared to aqueous extract at the same concentration. Inhibition of protein denaturation assay also revealed AgNP’s showing the highest activity (66%) when compared with drug aspirin (55%) and aqueous extract (56%). In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, AgNP’s showed better inhibition (80%) when compared to aqueous extract (60%). Among 15 compounds, two compounds (eugenol and methyl 14-methylpentadecanoate) showed good glide energy, docking score, and hydrogen-bonded active site interactions with the protein interleukin-1 beta.Conclusion: As AgNP’s were more active than the aqueous extract, it may be considered for pharmacological activity against inflammatory disorders.
BIDIL: A RACE-TARGETED DRUG FOR BLACK AMERICAN’S ONLY
Authors: Talniya Naveen Chandra
Published: November 2017

It has been noted that pharma research toward race-targeted medicine and it criticism is going on simultaneously over the past few years. Some argued that drugs specifically target to cure particular racial groups could play a vital role against racial disparities in health. While others claimed that race-targeted medicine inappropriately treats race as a biological reason for racial disparities when broader social and environmental factors may offer better descriptions. Much of this debate includes the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of drug BiDil in 2005, which became the first drug to be marked for a specific racial group black Americans who suffers from heart failure (HF). This controversial drug was declared failed due to less attention of physician’s as well as its high cost in market. The highlighted part of this review is that besides much criticism still this drug prescribed by majority of physicians. Moreover, BiDil is not only one which is race specific but also there are more drugs which have been claimed to have different effects in different racial or ethnic groups.
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS DEFECTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL TABLETS USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Karthik Durga , K Vijayarekha , S Saranya
Published: November 2017

Objective: Our aim is to identify the damaged tablets from the manufacturing line using image processing techniques and remove them before packaging.Methods: The various problems posed during inspection are broken tablets, corner chips, black or other color spots in tablets, empty blisters (without one or more tablets or capsules), foreign particles/color variation in the tablets/capsules, improper sealing, etc., Image processing techniques will be used for defect detection.Results: Tablets are available in packed forms that are usually transparent, semi-transparent or opaque. Euclidean distance was employed for detecting defects, during testing that had a similarity of 100 for tablets with no defects, for defective blisters had similarity ranging from 98 to 41. Empty blisters had a similarity of 0 on comparing with trained images.Conclusion: Similarity measuring based technique can accurately detect defects in the pharmaceutical tablets, hence can be adopted for removing such blisters from the manufacturing line itself.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF IMPLANTABLE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF TEMOZOLOMIDE BY USING HYDROPHILIC POLYMER
Authors: Vemula Sindhu , S Bhavya , P Suresh Kumar , M Jeyabaskaran , T Praveenkumar , Sulthana Sd. Yasmin
Published: November 2017

Objective: The present research study was carried out to formulate and evaluate the implants of temozolomide using hydrophilic polymer.Methods: Temozolomide implants were formulated using extrusion method with different grades of carbopol. The powdered blend was evaluated for micromeritic properties such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio. The formulated implants were analyzed for drug content uniformity, thickness, weight variation, and short-term stability study. In vitro release study of implants was performed using 0.1N hydrochloric acid, and it is maintained at 37°C±0.5°C.Results: In vitro release study demonstrated that the release rate of temozolomide from the implant matrix was a function of concentration of the polymer. As the concentration of polymer was increased, drug release from the matrix was extended. The release of drug from all implant formulations was found to be uniform and was extended over a period of 12 hrs. The implant formulations were found sterile, uniform in weight and size. The drug content was found to be in the range of 97.2-101.33%.Conclusion: Drug interaction studies revealed that there were no chemical interactions between temozolomide and polymers used in the study. Short-term stability studies of implants revealed that implants were stable, and there were no significant changes in the physical appearance and drug content of the implant formulations. The results of the study demonstrated that implantable drug delivery system of temozolomide can be formulated using hydrophilic polymer.
BIOINFORMATICS: INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND ATTENUATION OF DIABETES HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA-INDUCED RENAL INJURY USING MORNING GLORY AND NECKLACE POD EXTRACTS
Authors: F Aly Hanan , Abd-alla Howaida I , Abd-alla Howaida I , Ali Sanaa A , Ali Sanaa A , Alez Reda Aba , Alez Reda Aba , Abu-krisha Mohammed T , Abu-krisha Mohammed T , Mamdouh Mohamed M , Mamdouh Mohamed M
Published: November 2017

Objective: The present research in bioinformatics focuses on pharmacological effects of morning glory and necklace pod ethanolic extracts (MGE and NPE) on some biochemical parameters in high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in rats.Methods: Compared to atorvastatin; an anti-hypercholesterolemic (HC) and glibenclamide; an antidiabetic drug. Endothelium activation markers of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Creatinine, urea, and inflammatory biomarkers; C-reactive protein (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-10 levels were also measured in serum of different therapeutic groups.Results: Significant decrease in ICAM-1 level with MGE and NPE supplemented to normal rats as compared to untreated control with percentages decrease 17.80 and 12.00% was observed. Insignificant change was detected in VCAM-1 level. Profound amelioration in CRP, total urea and creatinine levels by NPE treatment. Creatinine, urea, CRP, and TNF-α level were significantly increased in hyperglycemic (HG)-HC rats. However, IL-10 level showed a significant decrease. Meanwhile, histopathological investigation of the kidney and heart was carried out. Image recognition system for kidney and heart images was developed to diagnose their diseases. Tested extract attenuated creatinine, urea, CRP, and TNF-α level. Hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia linked kidney disorders were relieved.Conclusion: In vivo oral administration with each extract declared suppression of cytokines mediated inflammation, vascular function leading to infiltration reduction of renal macrophage together with lowering in kidney indices and ameliorate renal tissues architectures in HG-HC rats.
INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS USEFUL IN TREATMENT OF GOUT: A REVIEW FOR CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE
Authors: Kapoor Bhupinder , Kaur Gagandeep , Gupta Mukta , Gupta Reena
Published: November 2017

Objective: The objective of this review is to collect and document information on the Indian medicinal plants with anti-gout potential.Methods: Bibliographic investigation was carried out by consulting worldwide scientific databases, analyzing Ayurvedic text books and research journals. The search terms were “gout,” “uric acid,” “hyperuricemia,” “xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor and uricosuric.” Herbal keywords included “herbal medicine,” “medicinal plant,” “natural products,” “phytomedicine” and “phytotherapy.”Result and Conclusion: Medicinal plants have been used to treat various ailments since ancient times; hence, ethnobotanical investigations play an important role in pharmacological studies. In India, traditional medicines are being practiced for the treatment of gout and other rheumatic disorders from ancient time. This review provides a comprehensive summary of 130 Indian plants which have been mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for the treatment of gout. Out of these, 41 plants have been reported to possess XO inhibitory activity. Further, isolated phytoconstituents having promising XO inhibitor activity are also included in this review. Although a variety of medicinal plants with anti-gout potential have been found in the literature, there is limited information on evaluation of anti-gout activity of isolated phytoconstituents. The current review contains a detailed discussion of the potential of medicinal plants for treatment of gout.
IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC AND APOPTOTIC EFFECT OF PASSIFLORA FOETIDA AGAINST CERVICAL CANCER CELLS AND ITS FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED PROFILING
Authors: Shankar Dheeban , S Basker , S Karthik
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study was aimed on the analysis of cytotoxic and apoptotic action of Passiflora foetida followed by identification of the functional groups responsible for the activity.Methods: In this study, cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of methanol extract of P. foetida were analyzed by treating HeLa cell line cultures with different concentrations of the extract (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 μg/ml), and thereby the activity was ratified by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and propidium iodide staining. The functional groups of the bioactive compounds for the effectiveness of the treatment were known by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR).Results: The cytotoxic activity was found to be increased in a dose-dependent manner with inhibitory concentration value of 21.55 μg/ml and showed an effective apoptosis. Further, FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, phenols and cardiac glycosides which might be responsible for the aforesaid activity.Conclusion: The cytotoxic and apoptotic action of P. foetida was proved to be very effective, and the tenable functional groups were identified.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA FRUIT AGAINST ETHANOL INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: Vuyyala Balakrishna , Thakkalapally Lakshmi
Published: November 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Terminalia chebula fruit extract on liver antioxidant enzymes in ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Method: Rats were divided into six different groups each having six. Group 1 served as a control, Group 2 received 40% ethanol (2 ml/100 g, oral), in sterile water, Groups 4, 5, and 6 served as extract treatment groups and received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, orally, ethanolic fruit extract of T. chebula (TCE) and Group 3 served as standard group and received silymarin 25 mg/kg orally. All the treatment protocols followed 21 days, and after which rats were sacrificed, the liver was taken for antioxidant and histological studies, respectively.Results: The ethanol-treated group rats (G2) showed variable decrease in antioxidant parameter (catalase, glutathione, and glutathione reductase) levels. Administration of ethanolic TCE significantly prevented ethanol-induced elevation in the levels of malondialdehyde lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant parameters in experimental groups of rats. The effect of extract was compared with a standard drug, silymarin. The changes in antioxidant parameters were supported by histological profile.Conclusion: It is concluded that the ethanolic fruit TCE protects against ethanol-induced oxidative liver injury in rats.
CROSS–SECTIONAL STUDY OF SURGICAL PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION IN MARZOEKI MAHDI HOSPITAL, BOGOR, INDONESIA
Authors: Rokhmah Nisa Najwa , Andrajati Retnosari , Radji Maksum
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic antibiotic administration in the surgical clinic of Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital, Bogor, Indonesia.Methods: The data were assessed from the medical records of all patients who underwent surgery from January to December 2013 retrospectively. Antibiotic prophylaxis was assessed based on the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines and the National Guidelines of Antibiotic Usage, which includes the type, time, and duration of prophylactic administration of antibiotics.Results: A total of 577 patients were included in this study, consisting of 202 men and 375 women. The most frequently performed surgery is a common surgery 347 (60.1%), followed by obstetric operations 176 (30.5%), and orthopedic surgery 54 (9.4%). In this study, all patients received prophylactic antibiotics before surgery. Cefotaxime (87.8%) was the most commonly used antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis. Of the 577 patients, only 1.1% of patients reported with surgical site infection (SSI).Conclusion: This study shows that adherence to the guidelines of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is still very low. Therefore, efforts should be made to increase the compliance of using antibiotic prophylaxis in accordance with standard guidelines to improve the rational use of antibiotics.
IN SILICO STUDY OF APIGENIN AND APIGETRIN AS INHIBITOR OF 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYL-GLUTAYL-COENZYME A REDUCTASE
Authors: Lestari Dwintha , Sukandar Elin Yulinah , Fidrianny Irda
Published: November 2017

Objective: The objectives of this research were to investigate in silico interaction between apigenin and apigetrin with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutayl-coenzyme A (HMG Co-A) reductase, to find the most favorable binding site as well as to predict the binding mode.Materials and Methods: Docking calculation was performed by branded Sony Vaio PC Linux Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. The binding process based on the best docking result with HMG Co-A reductase was presented in two-dimensional diagram. Statin, atorvastatin, and R-mevalonate were used as standard.Results: Binding affinity and inhibition constant of R-mevalonate were Ei=−4.2 kcal/mol, Ki=836.78 μM; apigenin Ei=−7.0 kcal/mol, Ki=7.43 μM; apigetrin Ei=−5.9 kcal/mol, Ki=47.53 μM; simvastatin Ei=−8.2 kcal/mol; Ki=0.98 μM; atorvastatin Ei=−8.4 kcal/mol; Ki=0.7 μM. Apigenin had better binding interaction than apigetrin.Conclusion: Apigenin could be developed as anticholesterol.
COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING DENTAL TREATMENT UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA WITH PROPOFOL AND SEVOFLURANE - A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Authors: Govindaraju Lavanya , Gurunathan Deepa , Krishnan Navaneetha
Published: November 2017

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of these drugs on the blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate during induction of anesthesia in children undergoing full mouth rehabilitation.Methods: Data were collected from the records maintained for the children <6 years who underwent full mouth rehabilitation under general anesthesia (GA). The drugs used for induction, the changes seen in the BP, pulse rate were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using Mann–Whitney test with p<0.05, significant.Results: Of 64 children treated under GA, 31 children were induced with propofol and by sevoflurane in the remaining 33 children. The induction time with 2 mg/kg dosage of propofol was approximately 12 seconds while it was variable with 8% sevoflurane. The mean systolic and diastolic BP and pulse rate were found to be within the normal levels under both the drugs.Conclusion: In children, sevoflurane and propofol can be safely used for inducing anaesthesia.
DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AN OBVIOUS COMPLICATION IN LONG TERM TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Islam Mohammad Jahidul , Chigurupati Sridevi , Othman Azli Shahril , Zahid Iqbal Muhammad
Published: November 2017

Most overwhelming complications of Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients are responsible for complications related to the microvascular system most likely with kidney. In the kidney, hyperglycemia induced microangiopathy resulting not only thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane but also to the proliferation of the mesangial matrix and solidifying of the tubular basement membrane. Several biochemical and pathological, factors are concerned for the development of diabetic renal microangiopathy. These include the glomerular hyperperfusion and hyperfiltration, transformed morphology of podocytes accompanies these basement membrane modifications, Type IV collagen augmented synthesis following the hyperglycemia, and increased expression of tissue matrix metalloproteinase. The aim of this case review is to highlight the recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, the overview and the potential renoprotective therapeutic agents that would prevent the development or the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RED PIPER BETEL LEAF ETHANOL EXTRACT (PIPER CROCATUM RUIZ AND PAV.) AGAINST TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TROPHOZOITES IN VITRO
Authors: Kusuma Sri Agung Fitri , Manan Widyastuti S , Budiman Fajar
Published: November 2017

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of red betel leaf ethanol extract against Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites.Materials and Methods: The samples of red piper betel leaf were extracted with 70% ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using the standard procedures. Isolation of T. vaginalis trophozoites from vaginal secretions was conducted using swab method, then suspending it into a saline solution sterile and followed by observing trophozoites motility using a microscope. While the anti-leucorrhea activity test and determination of MIC extract was done using macrodillution method. The inhibitory effect of each extract concentration to trichomonas trophozoites’ morphology was observed under a microscope using staining techniques by adding Giemsa dyes.Results: The extract of red piper betel leaves contains several secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, quinones, and saponins. Of the six vaginal secretions, four positive trichomoniasis secretions were obtained. The results of anti-leucorrhea activity of red piper betel ethanol extract showed that the number of inactive trophozoites was proportional to the increasing of extract concentration. The inactive trophozoites were characterized by the absence of its motility under microscope observation. The MIC value of red piper betel extract of T. vaginalis trophozoites was 5% w/v.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of red piper betel leaves could be contribute as a natural and safe anti-leucorrhea candidate for in vivo study on trichomoniasis in the future.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CHENOPODIUM QUINOA SEED AGAINST CCL4-INDUCED LIVER TOXICITY IN SWISS ALBINO MALE MICE
Authors: Saxena Sneha , Shahani Lata , Bhatnagar Pradeep
Published: November 2017

Objective: To study the effect of Quinoa seed on carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver toxicity in Swiss albino male mice.Methods: Swiss albino male mice were divided into three groups: Group 1 served as control group; Group 2 served as hepatotoxic group (CCl4 treated); and Group 3 served as combination of Quinoa seed powder (20 mg/kg) + CCl4-treated group. The effect of these groups on liver tissue was studied after three different periods of 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Liver marker enzyme level of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase and liver antioxidant enzyme level of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione were measured. Further, histopathological analysis of liver was also conducted.Results: The results showed that the treatment with Quinoa seed powder significantly reduced CCl4-induced elevated serum level of hepatic enzymes and restored the level of liver antioxidant enzymes toward the normal levels, which was also confirmed by histopathological studies.Conclusion: Results of the present study concluded that the Quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa) showed hepatoprotective effect against CCl4-induced liver damage in Swiss albino male mice.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PARIS POLYPHYLLA SM.
Authors: Mayirnao Homsingli , Bhat Arbeen Ahmad
Published: November 2017

Objectives: Paris polyphylla Sm. is a very important anti-cancerous plant species found in the Himalayan region of India. The present study was carried out to determine the phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of its rhizome.Methods: Antioxidant activity of rhizome extract was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated through disc diffusion assay against two bacterial and two fungal strains. The bacterial species used in the present study were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and the fungal strains used were Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei. Results: The standard curve of Gallic acid revealed that the phenolic content of our sample is 43.01±0.17 mg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW). Similarly, flavonoids were obtained as 28±0.12 mg quercetin equivalent/g DW of the sample. It was observed that the methanolic rhizome extract showed higher antioxidant potential than water extract with the IC50 value of 1.09 mg/ml. Further, the rhizome extract of P. polyphylla species exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and it was observed that at concentration of 5 mg/ml of the sample, the percentage inhibition was 95-97% in E. coli, S. aureus and A. niger whereas in case of T. reesei it was 74%.Conclusion: This study is first of its kind in the Indian subcontinent on this plant species and these findings indicate the tremendous and promising potential of this wonder herb. A lot of work has already been done in China on this species, therefore, further studies are required for the conservation and sustainable use in Indian subcontinent before this species is thrown into extinction as it has already been declared vulnerable.
ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA METHANOLIC EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-NICOTINAMIDE INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Kumar Issac Praveen , Malhotra Ishan , Sundaresan Sujatha , Dev Alwin
Published: November 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study is to explore the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of Jatropha gossypifolia methanolic extract (ME) in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NIC) induced diabetic model.Methods: Type II diabetes was induced by a single dose of NIC (110 mg/kg) and STZ (50 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally. The diabetic animals were treated with ME (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg b.w.) of J. gossypifolia. At the end of experimental period, the effect of the ME on creatinine level, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL (VLDL) were analyzed. Liver function parameters such as glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were analyzed and liver glycogen content was estimated spectrophotometrically. After scarification of animals, the liver was collected and subjected to histopathology analysis. Glycogen content was estimated spectrophotometrically.Results: The ME treated diabetic rats showed a significant increase in HDL level and a decrease in creatinine, TG, TC, and VLDL levels. The treated group showed a significant decrease in liver function parameters such as GOT and GPT levels and significantly increased the liver glycogen content.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that ME possess antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity against STZ - NIC induced diabetic rats.
PREDICTING THE BIODEGRADABILITY NATURE OF IMIDAZOLE AND ITS DERIVATIVES BY MODULATING TWO HISTIDINE DEGRADATION ENZYMES (UROCANASE AND FORMIMINOGLUTAMASE) ACTIVITIES
Authors: Veeraragavan Vijayakumar , Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan , Chidambaram Rameshkumar
Published: November 2017

Objectives: The biodegradation pathway of substituted imidazole ring compounds has been reported to have close analogy to the histidine degradation pathway. This prompted the present study to be carried out on 12 selected imidazole and its derivatives which are 1-imidazole, 1, 2-dimethylimidazole, 1-ethyl imidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole, 2-isopropylimidazole, 2-Isopropyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, 2-methyl-1-vinylimidazole, 1-nitro imidazole, 1-phenyl imidazole, and 1-vinylimidazole.Methods: The imidazole and its derivatives were evaluated on the docking behavior of urocanase and formiminoglutamase using PatchDock. In addition, molecular physicochemical, drug-likeness, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion analyses (ADME) were done.Results: The molecular physicochemical analysis revealed that all the tested ligands showed nil violation and complied well with the Lipinski’s rule of five. ADME analysis showed that 1-phenylimidazole alone predicated to have cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibition effect. Docking studies revealed that 1-nitroimidazole showed the least atomic contact energy with both targeted enzymes (urocanase and FIGase).Conclusion: Inhibition of both enzymes (urocanase and FIGase) might show poor biodegradability nature. Thus, we can predict biodegradability nature of imidazloe and its derivatives by modulating two histidine degradation enzymes activities.
IN-SILICO STUDY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF NATURAL MATERIALS AS A JAK- SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION INHIBITOR FOR ANTI-ALOPECIA
Authors: Mustarichie Resmi , Megantara Sandra , Saptarini Nyi Mekar
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study aims to examine the compounds contained in herbs for the treatment of anti-alopecia by in-silico computation.Methods: JAK (Janus Kinase) regulates the activation of key hair follicle populations such as the hair germ and improves the inductivity of cultured human dermal papilla cells by controlling a molecular signature enriched in intact, fully inductive dermal papillae. JAK2 which was a member of Janus family was used in this study as a receptor (PDB code: 4C61) and 15 compounds normally found in five herbals traditionally used as hair growth as ligands. Molecular modeling of bioactive compounds was performed using MarvinSketch and Prediction of physicochemical properties by ligand scout software. Molecular docking was performed using ligand scout, AutoDock Vina, and PyMOL. Binding affinity (Ei), inhibition constant (Ki), hydrogen bond interaction, and hydrophobic interaction were evaluated to find which of herbs potentially for anti-alopecia.Results: Among 15 compounds studied three of them, 6-hydroxy genistein, coreximine, and scoulerine interacted well with JAK2’s active pocket so it can inhibit JAK- signal transducer and activator of transcription. 6-hydroxy genistein interacted with Asp994, Gly993 Met929, Val863, Leu983, Ala880, and Leu855 whereas coreximine and scoulerine interacted with Leu932, Pro933, Tyr931 and Pro933, Tyr931, Ala880, Val863, Leu983, Leu855, respectively.Conclusion: These results predicted that three compounds, namely, 6-hydroxy genistein, coreximine, and scoulerine which come from Dadap leaves (Erythrina variegata var. orientalis (L.) Merr.) were strongly had the link with JAK2 indicating that this plant extract may be used as hair growth agent/ anti-alopecia. As compounds studied was based on the literature survey, our results suggest compounds from six herbals studied should firstly be tested in-vivo for its anti-alopecia activity, fractionated, elucidated, to check as to whether their compounds responsible for anti-alopecia using the method developed in this paper.
CHARACTERISTICS AND ALOPECIA ACTIVITY OF PAKIS GAJAH (ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA (G.FORST) HOFFM.) GROWING IN GALUNGGUNG MOUNTAINSIDE, WEST JAVA
Authors: Mustarichie Resmi , Ramdhani Danni , Iskandar Yopie
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study aims to determine characteristics and alopecia activity of Pakis Gajah (Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst) Hoffm.) growing in Galunggung mountainside, West Java.Methods: A. evecta was collected, determined and extracted using ethanol 95% by maceration. The extract was characterized based on Farmakope Indonesia method. Phytochemical screening was applied based on Farnsworth’s method. Its alopecia activity was determined by Tanaka method on male Angora rabbits.Results: The results showed that A. evecta simplicia had dried shrinkage characteristics of 3.35%; ash content 4.73%; water soluble sari content 20.11%; ethanol soluble concentration 5.94%; density 0.820; pH of extract 5.33; microchemical examination with H2SO4 gives a dark brown color, with 2N NaOH giving a bright yellow color, with the alkaline solution giving fluorescence, with FeCl3 giving a greenish-green color; its chemical contents were polyphenols, flavonoid, steroids, triterpenoids, quinones, monoterpenoid, and sesquiterpenoids. Alopecia activity showed that the water fraction and n-hexane had hair growth stimulating activity and water fraction was the fraction that had the most excellent activity, while ethyl acetate did not have such activities. The alopecia results were compared with minoxidil standards.Conclusion: These results indicated that the water fractions A. evecta had the most alopecia activity on research animal. Our results suggest before it can be used in humans, it is necessary to do further research on the bald volunteers.
A STUDY ON FORCED DEGRADATION AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE IN AZELASTINE HYDROCHORIDE PHARMACEUTICAL OPHTHALMIC FORMULATION
Authors: Gupta Pratik Kumar , Chaturvedi Vibha
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study was designed to conduct forced degradation and validation studies for determination the benzalkonium chloride (BKC) as major homologues form in azelastine hydrochloride pharmaceutical ophthalmic formulation by a novel stability indicating reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC).Methods: Forced degradation study and validation were carried out with a analytical approach of reverse phase chromatographic analysis with C18, cosmosil (250mm x 4.6mm i.d. x 5μm) column using mobile phase consisting acetonitrile – buffer of pH 5.0 with 5N NaOH (45:55 %v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml per minute. Column temperature was maintained at 25°C and detection wavelength was 210nm.By using these chromatographic conditions of method, two major homologues of benzalkonium chloride were separated without any interference of drug components and exciepients.Results: Forced degradation studies were carried out as per ICH guidelines and established a stability indicating property of a method .The method was found linear in concentration range 40μg/ml to 60μg/ml (50μg/ml±20%), correlation coefficient was found 0.999. The recovery was found to be 99.2%, 100.7% and 101.4% at ±30% of target concentration. The %RSD for method precision and intermediate precision were found 0.28% and 0.30 % respectively. The method was found specific, selective, precise, accurate, linear, robust and stability indicating for quantification benzalkonium chloride in azelastine pharmaceutical ophthalmic formulation.Conclusion: The method has been found successful for determination of BKC pharmaceutical formulation and validated for all the parameters of validation and found within the acceptance criteria as per ICH guideline Q2R1.
INFLUENCE OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT SOLUTION ON MICROLEAKAGE BETWEEN COMPOSITE RESIN AND DENTIN
Authors: Wardojo Sonny Prasetyo , Meidyawati Ratna , Usman Munyati
Published: November 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of grape seed extract (GSE) solution as dentin biomodification on microleakagebetween composite resin and dentin.Methods: A total of 52 dentin specimens were divided into two groups. Group 1 involved the application of GSE solution for 30 seconds after etching.Group 2 served as the control group.Results: The GSE solution group significantly increases microleakage between the composite resin and dentin compared to the control group.Conclusions: The application of GSE solution after etching can increase microleakage between composite resin and dentin.
THE EFFECT OF CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA - ETHANOL EXTRACT TO BIOFILM FORMATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS (DENTAL BIOFILM RESEARCH: IN VITRO STUDY)
Authors: . Fidhianissa . , Joenoes Hedijanti , Djais Ariadna A
Published: November 2017

Objective: This in vitro study aimed to analyze the mass ratio of single- and dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans biofilm after exposure to Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract (Xan).Methods: A bacterial suspension in brain heart infusion medium, enriched with 0.2% sucrose, was exposed to the Xan, incubated for 18 hrs, andanalyzed using a crystal violet assay.Results: This research concluded that the minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanol-temulawak extract against S. mutans was 5%, while theminimum bactericidal concentration was 15%.Conclusions: Xan prevented biofilm formation of single-species S. mutans and dual-species S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans more effectivelythan it did single-species A. actinomycetemcomitans.
TRANSFERSOME GEL FORMULATION OF AN ETHANOL EXTRACT OF APPLES (MALUS DOMESTICA MILL) CONTAINING ANTIOXIDANTS AND IN VITRO PENETRATION TESTING USING FRANZ DIFFUSION CELLS
Authors: Zesiorani Nurarita Fadila , Anwar Effionora
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study aims to formulate and characterize a transfersome apple peel extract, formulate it into a gel, and compare it with a control gelmade without transfersome.Methods: Both gels were evaluated, stability tested, and penetration tested using Franz diffusion cells on the skin of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Thetransfersome preparations were formulated with different concentrations of the active substance, quercetin: 0.5% (F1); 0.7% (F2), and 1.0% (F3).Results: Based on the characterization results, F1 was selected as the optimum gel formulation because it had spherical morphology, a Dmean volume of106.44±2.70 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.078±0.01, a zeta potential of −49.96±2.05 mV, and a drug efficiency entrapment percentage of 78.78±0.46%.The cumulative amount of quercetin that was penetrated with the transfersome gel was 1514.41±26.31 μg/cm2, whereas the penetration with thecontrol gel extract was 1133.62±18.96 μg/cm2. The cumulative percentages of the penetrated gel transfersome and gel extract were 78.40±1.89%and 49.89±0.88%, respectively. The fluxes of transfersome gel and control gel extract were 52.33±0.11 μg/cm²/hrs and 40.89±0.68 μg/cm²/hrs,respectively.Conclusions: Based on these results, it can be concluded that the gel with transfersome exhibited better penetration than the gel extract alone.