bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐money laundering regulations and financial sector development
Authors: Ofoeda Isaac , Agbloyor Elikplimi K. , Abor Joshua Y. , Osei Kofi A.
Published: December 2020

This paper is aimed at establishing the effect of anti‐money laundering regulations on financial sector development across the globe. Using data from 2012 to 2018 across 165 economies across different continents, income levels and regulatory environments, we test a number of complex and related hypotheses. (a) We examine the effect of anti‐money laundering regulations on financial sector development. (b) We examine if this effect differs across developing and developed economies. (c) We examine the nonlinearities in the anti‐money laundering regulations‐financial sector development nexus. We use the Prais‐Winsten approach and the panel threshold estimation approaches to test our hypothesized relationships. We find evidence that anti‐money laundering regulations generally promote financial sector development; however, this positive effect is concentrated in developing economies. We also find evidence of threshold effects of anti‐money laundering regulations for our sample. Consistent with the earlier findings, the positive effect of anti‐money laundering regulations on financial development is concentrated in countries below the threshold value of anti‐money laundering regulations. These countries are mostly developing countries. Our findings suggest that strengthening anti‐money laundering regulations will be beneficial to developing countries.
Chemerin/ChemR23 regulates cementoblast function and tooth resorption in mice via inflammatory factors
Authors: Ye Yusi , Fang Lingli , Li Jun , Wu Hongyan , Tan Xi , Luo Hong , Li Xi , Huang Lan
Published: December 2020

Background

Periodontitis and orthodontic treatment can lead to inflammatory root resorption (IRR) through an unclear mechanism. Chemerin, a novel chemoattractant protein, is closely associated with inflammation, affects osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, and may play a role in IRR. We aimed to explore possible roles of the chemerin/ChemR23 interaction in cementoblast function and IRR and reveal a new IRR therapeutic target.

Methods

Cementoblast function‐related gene and protein expression in the immortalized murine cementoblast cell line OCCM‐30 after treatment with chemerin and siChemR23 was examined by qRT‐PCR and Western blotting. The roles of the MAPK and PI3K‐Akt signaling pathways were studied using specific inhibitors. Cementoblast cytokine production under different treatment conditions was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and qRT‐PCR. Additionally, we modeled IRR in wild‐type and chemerin‐overexpressing mice and injected transgenic mice with anti‐ChemR23 antibody to block ChemR23. We then calculated the root resorption volume and examined periodontal tissue cathepsin K, Runx2, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) expression.

Result

Chemerin suppressed cementoblast differentiation and mineralization and exerted a proinflammatory effect on cementoblasts. These effects were partially reversed by siChemR23 and reversed to different extents by p38, Erk1/2 and PI3K‐Akt pathway inhibition, suggesting p38, Erk1/2 and PI3K‐Akt pathways as signaling pathways downstream of chemerin/ChemR23. In vivo, chemerin overexpression worsened IRR. Moreover, chemerin expression was positively correlated with TNF‐α, IL‐6, and cathepsin K expression and negatively correlated with Runx2 expression. ChemR23 downregulation reversed these effects.

Conclusion

Chemerin/ChemR23 induced TNF‐α and IL‐6 expression dependent on Erk1/2, p38 MAPK, and PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway activation, thereby regulating cementoblast function and affecting IRR.
Dynamics for a tritrophic impulsive periodic plankton–fish system with diffusion in lakes
Authors: Liu Guodong , Meng Xinzhu , Liu Siyu
Published: December 2020

Impulsive reaction–diffusion system is a novel assemblage of tools for better understanding ecological dynamics. This paper is devoted to mathematical and biological analysis of an impulsive tritrophic periodic plankton–fish system with diffusion and Beddington–DeAngelis functional response in lakes. On the basis of comparison theory and method of upper and lower solution, we have rigorously analyzed ultimate boundedness and permanence of the reaction–diffusion system under impulsive effects. Significantly, the existence and globally asymptotic stability of a unique positive periodic solution are verified by Brouwer's fixed point theorem and auxiliary function method. Additionally, two particular scenarios are chosen to illustrate our results. It is found that impulsive effects can influence lake ecological dynamics and regulate lake biological structure.
Field investigation on the influence of periglacial processes on pile foundations on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau
Authors: Guo Lei , You Yanhui , Yu Qihao , Shi Zhaoyun , Li Hongbi , Wang Xinbin
Published: December 2020

Periglacial processes can threaten the operation of engineering infrastructure. Based on field observations, the influence of four types of periglacial processes on tower foundations along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor were investigated. These periglacial processes change the local thermal and hydraulic processes in soils around the pile foundations, thereby threatening their stability. Frost heaving‐related periglacial phenomena and fast mass wasting are major threats for the operation of pile foundations. The long‐term stability of pile foundations is also threatened by thermokarst‐related periglacial processes and slow mass wasting under the evolving climate change scenario on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Frost weathering has a slight impact on the stability of concrete pile heads, and the long‐term effects of this cannot be ignored. In addition to the impacts of periglacial processes, piles are also affected by engineering problems in areas with shallow artesian ground water, where the use of thermosyphons is associated with frost jacking of the foundations. Further studies are needed on the thermal and hydraulic regimes in soils under the influence of artesian ground water and thermokarst lakes/ponds.
Mesenchymal stromal cells in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with discordant immune response: Early results of a phase I/II clinical trial
Authors: Trujillo-Rodríguez María , Viciana Pompeyo , Rivas-Jeremías Inmaculada , Álvarez-Ríos Ana I. , Ruiz-García Antonio , Espinosa-Ibáñez Olga , Arias-Santiago Salvador , Martínez-Atienza Juliana , Mata Rosario , Fernández-López Olga , Ruiz-Mateos Ezequiel , Gutiérrez-Valencia Alicia , López-Cortés Luis F.
Published: December 2020

Between 15% and 30% of HIV-infected subjects fail to increase their CD4+ T-cell counts despite continuous viral suppression (immunological nonresponders [INRs]). These subjects have a higher morbidity and mortality rate, but there are no effective treatments to reverse this situation so far. This study used data from an interrupted phase I/II clinical trial to evaluate safety and immune recovery after INRs were given four infusions, at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 20, with human allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs). Based on the study design, the first 5 out of 15 INRs recruited received unblinded Ad-MSC infusions. They had a median CD4+ nadir count of 16/μL (range, 2-180) and CD4+ count of 253 cells per microliter (171-412) at baseline after 109 (54-237) months on antiretroviral treatment and 69 (52-91) months of continuous undetectable plasma HIV-RNA. After a year of follow-up, an independent committee recommended the suspension of the study because no increase of CD4+ T-cell counts or CD4+/CD8+ ratios was observed. There were also no significant changes in the phenotype of different immunological lymphocyte subsets, percentages of natural killer cells, regulatory T cells, and dendritic cells, the inflammatory parameters analyzed, and cellular associated HIV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, three subjects suffered venous thrombosis events directly related to the Ad-MSC infusions in the arms where the infusions were performed. Although the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest that allogeneic Ad-MSC infusions are not effective to improve immune recovery in INR patients or to reduce immune activation or inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT0229004. EudraCT number: 2014-000307-26.
Who is obliged when many are involved? Labelled transition system modelling of how obligation arises
Authors: Kulicki Piotr , Trypuz Robert , Sergot Marek
Published: December 2020

The paper tackles the problem of the relation between rights and obligations. Two examples of situations in which such a relation occurs are discussed. One concerns the abortion regulations in Polish law, the other one—a clash between freedom of expression and freedom of enterprise occurring in the context of discrimination. The examples are analysed and formalised using labelled transition systems in the$$n\mathcal {C}+$$nC+framework. Rights are introduced to the system as procedures allowing for their fulfilment. Obligations are based on the requirement of cooperation in the realisation of the goals of the agent that has a right. If the right of an agent cannot be fulfilled without an action of another agent, then that action is obligatory for that agent. If there are many potential contributors who are individually allowed to refuse, then the last of them is obliged to help when all the others have already refused. By means of formalisation this account of the relation under consideration is precisely expressed and shown consistent.
A probabilistic approach to estimating residential losses from different flood types
Authors: Paprotny Dominik , Kreibich Heidi , Morales-Nápoles Oswaldo , Wagenaar Dennis , Castellarin Attilio , Carisi Francesca , Bertin Xavier , Merz Bruno , Schröter Kai
Published: December 2020

Residential assets, comprising buildings and household contents, are a major source of direct flood losses. Existing damage models are mostly deterministic and limited to particular countries or flood types. Here, we compile building-level losses from Germany, Italy and the Netherlands covering a wide range of fluvial and pluvial flood events. Utilizing a Bayesian network (BN) for continuous variables, we find that relative losses (i.e. loss relative to exposure) to building structure and its contents could be estimated with five variables: water depth, flow velocity, event return period, building usable floor space area and regional disposable income per capita. The model’s ability to predict flood losses is validated for the 11 flood events contained in the sample. Predictions for the German and Italian fluvial floods were better than for pluvial floods or the 1993 Meuse river flood. Further, a case study of a 2010 coastal flood in France is used to test the BN model’s performance for a type of flood not included in the survey dataset. Overall, the BN model achieved better results than any of 10 alternative damage models for reproducing average losses for the 2010 flood. An additional case study of a 2013 fluvial flood has also shown good performance of the model. The study shows that data from many flood events can be combined to derive most important factors driving flood losses across regions and time, and that resulting damage models could be applied in an open data framework.
How have the European central bank’s monetary policies been affecting financial markets in CEE-3 countries?
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech , Stawasz-Grabowska Ewa
Published: December 2020

This paper aims to contribute to the growing pool of literature on the spillover effects of the European Central Bank’s (un)conventional monetary policies on the exchange rate, sovereign bond and equity markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland (CEE-3 countries), which are collectively known as the CEE-3 countries. The study is conducted using daily data from January 2010 to September 2019. Our results indicate that the financial markets of the CEE-3 countries have been strongly influenced by the nonstandard measures enacted by the European Central Bank, particularly those involving purchases of euro-area sovereign debt. The strongest spillover effects were identified for the Securities Markets Program, while the effects from the Outright Monetary Transactions program turned out to be the most durable. At the same time, the financial markets of the CEE-3 countries were found to have been largely unaffected by interest rate changes enacted by the European Central Bank.
Gabrielle Jackson, 'Pain and Prejudice: A Call to Arms for Women and Their Bodies', Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2019, 360 pp., ISBN: 9 7817 6052 9093, A$29.99.
Authors: Heyman Leith
Published: December 2020

Gabrielle Jackson, Pain and Prejudice: A Call to Arms for Women and Their Bodies, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2019, 360 pp., ISBN: 9 7817 6052 9093, A$29.99.
Interspeaker code-switching use in school-aged bilinguals and its relation with affective factors and language proficiency
Authors: Quirk Erin
Published: December 2020

Bilingual children may choose to reply to utterances in one language with another language. This behavior, which we call interspeaker code-switching, reportedly varies in frequency across children yet the sources of such variation are not well understood. While its use has been linked to variation in proficiency both concurrently and longitudinally, quantitative analyses of this relationship are limited. Here we measure frequency of interspeaker code-switching in a new population, French–English bilinguals in France (ages 5–8), using parental report and relate it to children’s self-reported language attitudes and perceptions of dominance, English receptive and expressive vocabulary, and sentence repetition ability. These children use interspeaker code-switching infrequently and nearly exclusively in the direction of French. Use is predicted by children’s expressive lexical and grammatical proficiency but not their attitudes toward English and French and exhibits only a marginally significant relationship with self-reported dominance. It shows a closer relationship with proficiency than other more well studied experience variables such as current exposure and output, especially for children with lesser English use. These results support a strong link between interspeaker code-switching and proficiency but not for children’s attitudes in a context where they are generally favorable.
Social movements, reframing investment relations, and enhancing the application of human rights norms in international investment law
Authors: Hirsch Moshe
Published: December 2020

The recent moderate trend to increasingly apply human rights law in investment awards is accompanied by certain new investment treaties which include expressed human rights provisions. An analysis of recent investment awards indicates that though there are some ‘winds of change’ in this field, it is equally noticeable that human rights law is far from being mainstreamed in international investment law. Investment arbitration procedural law is also undergoing a process of change, and the new procedural rules tend to enhance public elements in the investment arbitral system. This study is aimed at explaining these recent legal changes, highlighting the role of social movements in reframing investment relations as well as increasing public pressure to apply human rights law. These framing changes concern broadening the frame of investment arbitration (beyond the foreign investor–host state dyad), reversing the perceived balance of power between investors and host states, and zooming-in on local individuals and communities residing in host states. The discussion on factors impeding legal change in this field emphasizes the role of the private legal culture prevalent in the investment arbitration system, which is reflected and reinforced by certain resilient socio-legal frames. Informed by this analysis, the study suggests some legal mechanisms which can mitigate the inter-partes frame, and increase the application of human rights law in investment arbitration; inter alia, rigorous transparency rules that are likely to facilitate increased public pressure on tribunals and increase the participation of social movements representing local actors in arbitral processes.
Diagnosis and management of congenital umbilical arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Bakhru Shweta , Jamalpuri Vijayanand , Koneti Nageswara Rao
Published: December 2020

An 8-day-old neonate was presented with severe respiratory distress and diagnosed as primary pulmonary hypertension of the newborn on functional echocardiogram. Evaluation showed bounding pulse, enlarged umbilical cord, and bruit over the periumbilical region. Transthoracic echocardiography and CT angiogram showed a large fistulous communication between the umbilical vein and artery suggestive of congenital umbilical arteriovenous malformation leading to high-output cardiac failure and pulmonary artery hypertension. The patient was stabilised with medications and ventilation. Transcatheter closure of communication was done using coils, vascular plug, and KONAR-MFTM device. The patient improved from heart failure soon after the procedure and thriving normally at 6 months of follow-up.
Genomics: the host's genotype and its relevance to bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Neibergs Holly
Published: December 2020

Genomic variation exists in cattle that affects their susceptibility to the complex of pathogens responsible for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Heritability estimates and genome-wide association analyses (GWAA) support the role of host genomic variation in BRD susceptibility. Heritability estimates for BRD susceptibility range from 0.02 to 0.29 depending on the population, the definition of the disease, and the accuracy of diagnosis. GWAA have identified genomic regions (loci) associated with BRD in beef and dairy cattle based on a variety of BRD diagnostic criteria. National standards need to be developed for BRD diagnostics and reporting to facilitate selection. Commercial genotyping is available to predict BRD susceptibility in dairy cattle and for the selection of replacement animals. Disease pathogen profiles vary by region and can result in genetic heterogeneity where different loci are important for susceptibility to different BRD pathogens. Although the identification of the BRD pathogens may not be critical for treatment, it is of paramount importance in identifying loci that render cattle susceptible to the disease. Identification of loci associated with host susceptibility to BRD provides a foundation for genomic selection to reduce disease and opens the possibilities to a better understanding of how the host defends itself.
The burden of anthropometric failure and child mortality in India
Authors: Khan Junaid , Das Sumit Kumar
Published: December 2020

The public health burden of nutritional deficiency and child mortality is the major challenge India is facing upfront. In this context, using National Family Health Survey, 2015–16 data, this study estimated rate of composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) among Indian children by their population characteristics, across states and examined the multilevel contextual determinants. We further investigated district level burden of infant and child mortality in terms of multiple anthropometric failure prevalence across India. The multilevel analysis confirms a significant state, district and PSU level variation in the prevalence of anthropometric failures. Factors like- place of residence, household’s economic wellbeing, mother’s educational attainment, age, immunization status and drinking water significantly determine the different forms of multiple anthropometric failures. Wealth status of the household and mother’s educational status show a clear gradient in terms of the estimated odds ratios. The district level estimation of infant and child mortality demonstrates that districts with higher burden of multiple anthropometric failures show elevated risk of infant and child mortality. Unlike previous studies, this study does not use the conventional indices, instead considered the CIAF to identify the exact and severe form of undernutrition among Indian children and the associated nexus with infant and child mortality at the district level.
Emergence of Prevocalic Stop Consonants in Children With Repaired Cleft Palate
Authors: Zajac David J. , Vallino Linda D. , Baylis Adriane L. , Adatorwovor Reuben , Preisser John S. , Vivaldi Daniela
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This study determined the time course of the emergence of prevocalic stop consonants in young children with cleft palate following surgical repair.

Method

A total of 120 children in four cohorts from three institutions were followed from 12 to 24 months of age: (a) 24 with repaired cleft lip and palate (CLP), (b) 36 with repaired cleft palate only (CP), (c) 33 without clefts but with histories of frequent otitis media and ventilation tubes (OM), and (d) 27 typically developing (TD) children without clefts or OM. Emergence of prevocalic stops and symbolic language skills were determined during administration of the Communication and Symbolic Behavioral Scales Developmental Profile. Parametric survival models were fitted with and without covariates—recruitment site, gender, maternal education level, middle ear status, language ability, and age at surgery for children with clefts—to describe the time course of the emergence of prevocalic stops.

Results

The estimated age at which 80% of children demonstrated prevocalic stop emergence was 15.0, 15.3, 18.9, and 21.8 months for TD, OM, CP, and CLP groups, respectively (p< .001, unadjusted model). Both CP and CLP cohorts had a significantly longer time to stop emergence than either the TD or OM cohorts, even after adjusting for covariates. Abnormal middle ear status, lower symbolic language ability, and older age at palatal surgery were significantly associated with delayed stop emergence.

Conclusions

Survival model estimates show that four out of five children with repaired cleft palate will achieve emergence of prevocalic stop consonants by 19–22 months of age, corresponding to 9–12 months following palate repair. Clinical implications are discussed.
Study of awareness of food labeling among consumers in North-West Russia
Authors: Shamtsyan Mark , Kolesnikov Boris , Pushkarev Mikhail , Gaceu Liviu , Oprea Oana Bianca , Iatco Iulia , Mnerie Dumitru , Mnerie Gabriela , Tita Ovidiu , Tita Mihaela , Georgescu Checilia , Mironescu Monica , Stefanov Stefan , Damianova Stanka
Published: December 2020

A survey among the consumers of North-Western region of Russia (St. Petersburg and Leningradskaya oblast) was carried out, to determine awareness and understanding of food labeling, as well as usefulness of various elements of food labeling.
Cost-benefit analysis of smoking in Latvia
Authors: Kokarevica Anita , Ludzeniece Anastasija
Published: December 2020

One of 3 persons in Latvia is a smoker. Smoking has been proved to be linked to different cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The overall purpose of the study addresses smoking as a cost-benefit subject in Latvian state economy. A model to perform evidence-based cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was developed highlighting direct and indirect costs borne by the state, smokers and second-hand smokers. The paper envisages the approach to building the model. As the first study on economic impact of smoking in Latvia, the CBA results demonstrate substantial excess of financial benefits from smoking citizens in Latvia. Authors discuss the smoking attributable fraction (SAF) eligibility and needs in data to discover the full impact of smoking on health and non-health aspects.
Need for integrated care to homeless people in community
Authors: Zakova Martina , Stryckova Daniela
Published: December 2020

This paper focuses on marginalized clients who are often condemned for their lifestyle. Because of their way of life and community approach, they need help from several experts to solve their living or social situation. Interdisciplinary cooperation is therefore highly beneficial for the clients. However, it is more effective if integrated care exists in the community where these clients live. The aim of this paper is to find out the situation with the integrated care for homeless people in communities. We used semi-structured interviews. We interviewed 7 social workers who work with homeless people directly in the community where these clients live. We also discuss what experts are needed in this field, and we justify their necessity. Research results show that social workers' opinion is that integrated care directly in the community, where homeless people are, would be very helpful since homeless people are afraid to ask for services. Social workers would welcome if experts were willing to work with them directly with clients in the community. They also consider that their clients need hygiene centres and leisure activities. Conclusions – integrated care for homeless people is needed in communities. The results can serve as a description of integrated care in community to provide the best care for people who need their help.
Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyl Acetates
Authors: Yamaguchi Eiji , Itoh Akichika , Suzuki Hiroyuki
Published: December 2020

Carbonyl allylation reactions constitute an important step in the formation of carbon–carbon reactions, and involve various related reactions that chiefly use allylmetal reagents. This report presents a nickel-catalyzed carbonyl allylation reaction using allyl acetate, which produces homoallyl alcohols in moderate to good yields, as an efficient methodology under reductive coupling conditions.
An inverse space-dependent source problem for a multi-term time fractional diffusion equation
Authors: Jiang Suzhen , Wu Yujiang
Published: December 2020

In the present paper, we consider an inverse problem of recovering the space-dependent source for a multi-term time fractional diffusion equation from noisy final data. First, we proved that the direct problem has a unique solution. Second, we proved the existence and uniqueness for the inverse space-dependent source problem. We also prove the ill-posedness of the inverse problem by compactness of input–output mapping. Then, we use a non-stationary iterative Tikhonov regularization method combined with a finite dimensional approximation to find a stable source. Four different examples are presented to show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.
Modeling thermodynamic trends of rotating detonation engines
Authors: Koch James , Kutz J. Nathan
Published: December 2020

The formation of a number of co- and counter-rotating coherent combustion wave fronts is the hallmark feature of the Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE). The engineering implications of wave topology are not well understood nor quantified, especially with respect to parametric changes in combustor geometry, propellant chemistry, and injection and mixing schemes. In this article, a modeling framework that relates the time and spatial scales of the RDE to engineering performance metrics is developed and presented. The model is built under assumptions of backpressure-insensitivity and nominally choked gaseous propellant injection. The Euler equations of inviscid, compressible fluid flow in one dimension are adapted to model the combustion wave dynamics along the circumference of an annular-type RDE. These adaptations provide the necessary mass and energy input and output channels to shape the traveling wave fronts and decaying tails. The associated unit processes of injection, mixing, combustion, and exhaust are all assigned representative time scales necessary for successful wave propagation. We find that the separation, or lack, of these time scales is responsible for the behavior of the system, including wave co- and counter-propagation and bifurcations between these regimes and wave counts. Furthermore, as there is no imposition of wave topology, the model output is used to estimate the net available mechanical work output and thermodynamic efficiency from the closed trajectories through pressure–volume and temperature–entropy spaces. These metrics are investigated with respect to variation in the characteristic scales for the RDE unit physical processes.
A stochastic approach to unitary coupled cluster
Authors: Filip Maria-Andreea , Thom Alex J. W.
Published: December 2020

Unitary coupled cluster (UCC), originally developed as a variational alternative to the popular traditional coupled cluster method, has seen a resurgence as a functional form for use on quantum computers. However, the number of excitors present in the Ansatz often presents a barrier to implementation on quantum computers. Given the natural sparsity of wavefunctions obtained from quantum Monte Carlo methods, we consider here a stochastic solution to the UCC problem. Using the coupled cluster Monte Carlo framework, we develop cluster selection schemes that capture the structure of the UCC wavefunction, as well as its Trotterized approximation, and use these to solve the corresponding projected equations. Due to the fast convergence of the equations with order in the cluster expansion, this approach scales polynomially with the size of the system. Unlike traditional UCC implementations, our approach naturally produces a non-variational estimator for the energy in the form of the projected energy. For unitary coupled cluster singles and doubles (UCCSD) in small systems, we find that this agrees well with the expectation value of the energy and, in the case of two electrons, with full configuration interaction results. For the larger N2 system, the two estimators diverge, with the projected energy approaching the coupled cluster result, while the expectation value is close to results from traditional UCCSD.
Role of interplay of austenite and martensite phase fractions on the magnetocaloric and magnetoresistance effects across the martensite transition in Ni45Mn44Sn7In4 Heusler alloy near room temperature
Authors: Chabri T. , Ghosh Kartik , Mukherjee D. , Nath T. K.
Published: December 2020

The influence of martensite and austenite phase fractions on the magnetocaloric and magnetoresistance (MR) properties has been studied across the first-order magneto-structural martensite transition in the polycrystalline Ni45Mn44Sn7In4 Heusler alloy near room temperature. Here, we have studied in detail the structural, calorimetric, magnetic, magnetocaloric, and magneto-resistance properties of the Ni45Mn44Sn7In4 Heusler alloy. The detailed investigation of thermal and magnetic field path dependent magnetization and resistivity reveals that In incorporation in the alloy increases the martensite transition (MT) temperature, magnetocaloric effect (MCE), and MR properties of the sample at relatively low magnetic fields near the room temperature. The temperature and magnetic field path dependent austenite phase fraction have been calculated using a theoretical model. A strong correlation between observed MR and field induced austenite phase fraction (fFIA) has been established, which reveals that MR does not depend on the parent austenite and martensite phases. This work explores the fundamental phenomena of the interplay of austenite and martensite phase fractions that contribute to the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and MR properties in In doped Ni-Mn-Sn compounds very close to room temperature. The maximum MR is found to be −36.2% for the change in the 8 T magnetic field, when fFIA is 73.9% at 313 K. The isothermal magnetic entropy change, refrigeration capacity, and adiabatic temperature change are found to be 17.5 J kg−1 K−1, 100.8 J/kg, and −7.2 K, respectively, for the change in the 5 T magnetic field near 315 K.
Numerical study of bubbly flow in a swirl atomizer
Authors: Laurila Erkki , Izbassarov Daulet , Järvinen Mika , Vuorinen Ville
Published: December 2020

In this work, we extend our previous research on swirl nozzles by introducing bubbles at the nozzle inlet. A large-scale hollow cone pressure-swirl atomizer is studied using scale-resolving simulations. The present flow conditions target a Reynolds number range of 600 ≤ Re ≤ 910 and gas-to-total volumetric flow rate ratios between 0.07 ≤ β ≤ 0.33 with β = 0 as an experimental and computational reference. The computational setup has relevance to high-viscosity bio-fuel injection processes. The flow rate ratio and bubble diameter sweeps are carried out to study their effect on the inner-nozzle flow and the liquid film characteristics outside the nozzle. The present flow system is shown to pose highly versatile physics, including bubble coalescence, bubble–vortex interaction, and faster liquid film destabilization relative to β = 0 case. The main results are as follows: (1) β is found to have a significant effect on the bimodal bubble volume probability density function inside the swirl chamber. In addition, the total resolved interfacial area of the near-orifice liquid film increases with β. (2) At the representative value of β = 0.2, the exact bubble size at the inlet is observed to have only a minor effect on the swirl chamber flow and liquid film characteristics. (3) The bubble-free (β = 0) and bubbly (β > 0) flows differ in terms of effective gas core diameter, core intermittency features, and spray uniformity. The quantitative analysis implies that bubble inclusion at the inlet affects the global liquid film characteristics with relevance to atomization.
On the performance of harmonic balance method for unsteady flow with oscillating shocks
Authors: Zhou Di , Lu Zhiliang , Guo Tongqing , Chen Guoping
Published: December 2020

The harmonic balance method (HBM) is a promising alternative for simulating time-periodic unsteady flows; however, its performance in strong nonlinear problems has not been fully investigated. In this paper, we focus on the unsteady flow with oscillating shocks through which several unique aspects regarding the accuracy and efficiency of the HBM are addressed. First, different from most existing studies, influences of the number of harmonics and the number of time samples on the solution are separately analyzed. It is found that the mode factor plays a role in accurately describing the unsteady physics, while the sampling factor is associated with the numerical oscillations in shock oscillation regions. Second, based on the recently developed Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov method with a simplified preconditioner and comparison with other methods, the efficiency of the present HBM and its relationship with the two factors are studied. The computational cost is found to increase almost linearly with the increase of the number of harmonics, but nonlinearly with the number of time samples. Finally, noticing the fact that fewer harmonics (time samples) can ensure accurate solutions in smooth regions, while many more are required in shock oscillation regions, a non-uniform HBM is developed by adopting various numbers of harmonics (time samples) throughout the whole flow domain. The superiority of this method compared with the traditional uniform HBM is demonstrated, showing a good application prospect in large-scale unsteady flows with strong nonlinearities.
Electrohydrodynamic analysis of bubble burst in large Leidenfrost droplets
Authors: Ozkan Onur , Bahadur Vaibhav
Published: December 2020

A thin vapor gap forms underneath a liquid drop on a sufficiently hot surface, which prevents solid–liquid contact (the Leidenfrost effect). This vapor gap can be partly eliminated by applying an electrical potential difference across the vapor gap to electrostatically suppress the Leidenfrost state. An interesting hydrodynamics-related phenomenon that can occur in Leidenfrost droplets is the formation of a vapor dome and subsequent bubble burst at the center of the droplet. This work reports a comprehensive study of vapor dome formation and bubble burst in large Leidenfrost droplets under the influence of an electric field. First, a detailed numerical model (non-linear thin film lubrication equation) is developed to analyze the evolution of the vapor dome and bubble burst. Second, a simplified stability analysis is conducted to analytically estimate the critical droplet diameter (for bubble burst) under the influence of an electric field. Third, experiments are conducted to measure the critical diameter of Leidenfrost droplets for bubble burst under the influence of electric fields. The results from the numerical modeling and stability analysis show very good agreement with experimental measurements. The critical diameter for bubble burst and the time period between consecutive vapor bursts reduce with the applied electric field. Comparisons are made between the presently studied vapor burst and film boiling; similarity in the underlying hydrodynamic phenomena results in the length and time scales for bubble burst being similar to those encountered in film boiling.
Functional antiferromagnets for potential applications on high-density storage and high frequency
Authors: Bai Hua , Zhou Xiaofeng , Zhou Yongjian , Chen Xianzhe , You Yunfeng , Pan Feng , Song Cheng
Published: December 2020

Antiferromagnets have drawn increasing attention in the last decade, for their advantages such as no stray field and ultrafast spin dynamics, giving rise to potential applications on high-density storage and high frequency. We summarize the recent progress on the control of antiferromagnetic moments by electrical methods, including both electric current and electric field, which are important steps for the integration of antiferromagnets toward high-density data storage. Several methods for distinguishing antiferromagnetic moments switching and artifacts are mentioned here. Then, we focus on the explorations of antiferromagnetic spin pumping and ultrafast spin dynamics. Such investigations would pave the way for applications with high frequency. Besides, the magnon transport in antiferromagnets is briefly introduced, which might be a basis of the antiferromagnetic logic. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and future prospects in antiferromagnetic spintronics, which would stimulate in-depth studies and advance practical applications.
Coalescence speed of two equal-sized nanobubbles
Authors: Bird Eric , Zhou Jun , Liang Zhi
Published: December 2020

In this work, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with continuum-based theoretical analysis to study the coalescence dynamics of two equal-sized nanobubbles (NBs). We first derive a governing equation for the evolution of the capillary bridge radius between two coalescing NBs from the axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equation. To verify the prediction from the governing equation, we carry out MD simulations of the coalescence of two NBs in a Lennard-Jones fluid system and directly measure the bridge radius, rb, as a function of time, t. By varying the bubble diameter, we change the NB Ohnesorge number from 0.46 to 0.33. In all cases, we find the theoretical prediction overestimates the expansion speed of the capillary bridge at early time of NB coalescence. However, once we take into account the curvature-dependent surface tension and restrict the minimum principal radius at the capillary bridge to the size of the atom in the model liquid, the theoretical prediction agrees with the MD data very well in both early time and later time of the coalescence process. From the theoretical model, we find neither liquid viscous force nor liquid inertial force dominates at later time of coalescence of the model NBs. In this case, the MD simulation results show rb(t) ∝ t0.76 ± 0.04 with the scaling exponent considerably higher than that in the scaling law rb(t) ∝ t0.5 for the viscous and inertial dominated regimes. The diameter ratio of fully merged NB to that of the original NB is about 2, which is different from 23 for the coalescence of millibubbles and microbubbles.
Non-local linear-response functions for thermal transport computed with equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulation
Authors: Fernando Kevin M. , Schelling Patrick K.
Published: December 2020

We establish an approach to compute linear-response functions to elucidate heat waves and non-local thermal transport. The theory is able to describe the response of a system to external heat sources that are nonuniform in space and time. The response functions are computed using equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations of an Ar crystal modeled using the standard Lennard–Jones potential. It is shown that for low temperatures and short length scales, transport can be partially or even completely ballistic, with the response primarily limited by the group velocity of lattice waves. By contrast, at longer length scales and higher temperatures, the response functions correspond more closely to diffusive transport characteristic of Fourier’s law. It is also shown how the effective thermal conductivity can be determined in a partially ballistic regime. The results demonstrate the known reduction in the effective thermal conductivity observed when system dimensions are smaller than the mean-free path for lattice waves. Finally, we show how the determination of relevant response functions can be used to model heating of a crystal without requiring additional atomic-scale simulations. Differences between computed results and predictions from Fourier’s law represent wave-like, partially ballistic transport.
Interferences of electrostatic moiré potentials and bichromatic superlattices of electrons and excitons in transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Tong Qingjun , Chen Mingxing , Xiao Feiping , Yu Hongyi , Yao Wang
Published: December 2020

Recent experimental progresses have demonstrated the great potential of electronic and excitonic moiré superlattices in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) for quantum many-body simulations and quantum optics applications. Here we reveal that the moiré potential landscapes in the TMDs heterostructures have an electrostatic origin from the spontaneous charge transfer across the heterointerfaces dependent on the atomic registry. This allows engineering tunable multi-chromatic superlattices through the interference of moiré potentials from independently configurable heterointerfaces in multilayers. We show examples of bichromatic moiré potentials for valley electrons, holes, and interlayer trions in MX2/M’X’2/MX2 trilayers, which can be strain switched from multi-orbital periodic superlattices to quasi-periodic disordered landscape. The trilayer moiré also hosts two independently configurable triangular superlattices of neutral excitons with opposite electric dipoles. These findings greatly enrich the versatility and controllability of TMDs moiré as a quantum simulation platform.
Changes in Hypertension Control in a Community-Based Population of Older Adults, 2011–2013 to 2016–2017
Authors: Foti Kathryn , Matsushita Kunihiro , Koton Silvia , Walker Keenan A , Coresh Josef , Appel Lawrence J , Selvin Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

2014 hypertension guidelines raised treatment goals in older adults. The objective was to examine changes in blood pressure (BP) control (<140/90 mm Hg) from 2011–2013 to 2016–2017 among Black and white older adults with treated hypertension.

METHODS

Participants were 1,600 white and 650 Black adults aged 71–90 years in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study with treated hypertension in 2011–2013 (baseline) who had BP measured in 2016–2017 (follow-up). Predictors of changes in BP control were examined by race.

RESULTS

BP was controlled among 75.3% of white and 65.7% of Black participants at baseline and 59.0% of white and 56.5% of Black participants at follow-up. Among those with baseline BP control, risk factors for incident uncontrolled BP included age (relative risk [RR] 1.15 per 5 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–1.25), female sex (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.16–1.60), and chronic kidney disease (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.40) among white participants, and hypertension duration (RR 1.14 per 5 years, 95% CI 1.03–1.27) and diabetes (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.15–1.91) among Black participants. Among those with uncontrolled BP at baseline, white females vs. males (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46–0.78) and Black participants with chronic kidney disease vs. without (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36–0.93) were less likely to have incident controlled BP.

CONCLUSIONS

BP control decreased among white and Black older adults. Black individuals with diabetes or chronic kidney disease were less likely to have controlled BP at follow-up. Higher treatment goals may have contributed to these findings and unintended differences by race.
Improving 3-methylphenol (m-cresol) production in yeast via in vivo glycosylation or methylation
Authors: Hitschler Julia , Boles Eckhard
Published: December 2020

Heterologous expression of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (MSAS) together with 6-MSA decarboxylase enables de novo production of the platform chemical and antiseptic additive 3-methylphenol (3-MP) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, toxicity of 3-MP prevents higher production levels. In this study, we evaluated in vivo detoxification strategies to overcome limitations of 3-MP production. An orcinol-O-methyltransferase from Chinese rose hybrids (OOMT2) was expressed in the 3-MP producing yeast strain to convert 3-MP to 3-methylanisole (3-MA). Together with in situ extraction by dodecane of the highly volatile 3-MA this resulted in up to 211 mg/L 3-MA (1.7 mM) accumulation. Expression of a UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT72B27) from Vitis vinifera led to the synthesis of up to 533 mg/L 3-MP as glucoside (4.9 mM). Conversion of 3-MP to 3-MA and 3-MP glucoside was not complete. Finally, deletion of phosphoglucose isomerase PGI1 together with methylation or glycosylation and feeding a fructose/glucose mixture to redirect carbon fluxes resulted in strongly increased product titers, with up to 897 mg/L 3-MA/3-MP (9 mM) and 873 mg/L 3-MP/3-MP as glucoside (8.1 mM) compared to less than 313 mg/L (2.9 mM) product titers in the wild type controls. The results show that methylation or glycosylation are promising tools to overcome limitations in further enhancing the biotechnological production of 3-MP.
The Concept of Mind in Hindu Tantrism
Authors: Flood Gavin
Published: December 2020

This article presents an account of the mind as found in pre-philosophical and philosophical Śaiva and Śaiva-Śākta literature and examines some important terms that the English word translates, notably, citta, cit, and manas, although there are others, mostly in the medieval or post-Gupta period. Through such inquiry, we see an ambivalent attitude towards the category mind, on the one hand, being a cause of bondage, while, on the other, being elevated to the highest ontological category. Such an examination raises interesting historical questions about influences on the Śaiva and Śaiva-Śākta material and interesting philosophical questions about the category mind in relation to the category of the person.
Ageism as a Hate Crime: The Case for Extending Aggravated Offences to Protect Age Groups
Authors: Goosey Stuart
Published: December 2020

This article argues that hate crime laws in England and Wales should be extended to protect age groups by aggravating offences that are based on or motivated by hostility to age groups. I critically assess the following arguments for this: that age-related hate crime can impose greater psychological distress than equivalent non-hate crime and this justifies the increased punishments that aggravated offences offer; that hate crime laws can justifiably protect older people because older people are relatively vulnerable to crime; that extending aggravated offences to protect age groups can justifiably punish hate crime offenders for their increased culpability in contributing to marginalisation of age groups; and creating distinct aggravated offences for age-hostile crimes has symbolic value to reflect the grave moral wrong of these crimes and to communicate that the state is committed to eradicating discrimination against age groups.