bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rational use of deltamethrin on potato against Leptinotarsa decemlineata and other significant pests1
Authors: HELLER J. J. , ROÂ L. , BECHMANN G.
Published: April 2008

In trials of deltamethrin against Leptinotarsa decemlineata on potato crops in several European and Mediterranean countries, high levels of efficacy were obtained. Recommendations are accordingly presented for rational use of this insecticide to control L. decemlineata, and also several other important insect pests of potato, taking due account of results on the safety of deltamethrin for the user, consumer and environment.
Managing potato cyst nematodes to minimize nematicide use1
Authors: SPAULL A. M.
Published: April 2008

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, are widespread in the ware potato‐growing areas of the UK. Traditionally they were controlled by rotation but more intensive production methods have increased the PCN threat, especially from G. pallida. G. rosrochiensis has become less important since cultivars fully resistant to it were introduced but, where both species are present in a mixture, the G. pallida portion comes to dominate. It is possible to control G. pallida as effectively as G. rostochiensis if cultivars partially resistant to G. pallida are grown with nematicide treatment. Where nematicide is not used, control of G. pallida is more variable. In some years, some cultivars achieve good control but the results are not consistent. In general, G. pallida has increased on untreated plots about 5‐fold in trials in the last 3 years.
Effect of crop rotation on Globodera rostochiensis and on potato yield1
Authors: TIILIKKALA K.
Published: April 2008

A crop rotation field study was conducted in 1981–1989 to assess the effect of six crop rotation sequences on a soil population of potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis, and on potato yield. In the plots with potato monoculture, the tuber yield decreased from 35 to 4.6 t ha−1. All other cropping systems maintained the yield at the original or an even higher level. In monoculture, the population density of the nematode was raised during the first 3 years from 0.1 to 265 larvae g−1 soil, and the density fluctuated afterwards between 30 and 136 larvae g−1 soil. Three of the cropping systems, (1) susceptible potato once in 5 years, (2) susceptible potato once in 4 years, and (3) potato once in 3 years using resistant (H1) and susceptible cultivars alternately, decreased the nematode density under the economic threshold or even under the level of detection. The nematicide treatments (oxamyl) did not control nematode multiplication but prevented yield losses. No nematicide is currently registered nor needed for the control of PCN in Finland. The nematode can be controlled effectively with crop rotation, resistant cultivars and early harvesting.
Lutte contre le mildiou de la pomme de terre en France: modèles de prévision pour les avertissements agricoles et stratégie d'utilisation des spécialités contenant des matières actives systémiques face à la résistance1
Authors: DUVAUCHELLE S.
Published: April 2008

Le mildiou de la pomme de terre reste l'une des maladies les plus graves dans le nord‐ouest de la France. Les agents du Service de la Protection des Végétaux utilisent pour leurs conseils en avertissements agricoles un modéle de prévision appelé Guntz Divoux qui définit des périodes de risques: contamination à partir de l'humidité relative et de la température, incubation à partir des températures moyennes journalières. Depuis la campagne de 1989, le modéle MILSOL quantitatif est testé: il évalue l'importance de la contamination et de la sporulation. Les campagnes de 1989 et de 1990 n'ont pas permis une validation compléte et l'étude se poursuit. En plus des modéles, le Service de la Protection des Végétaux conseille une stratégie rigoureuse quant á l'emploi des spécialités commerciales: spécialités a base de matiére active de contact en début et fin de saison; spécialités á base de matiére active pénétrante en période d'orage; spécialités á base de matiére active systémique en période de croissance active de la végétation. La résistance aux phénylamides est constatée dans 50% des parcelles testées. Aussi la conception du produit (3 voies = systémique + contact + pénétrant, ou 2 voies = pleine dose de contact + systémique) doit s'accompagner d'une stratégie d'application trés rigoureuse: traitement préventif, 2 á 3 applications au maximum par an, intervalle entre deux interventions adapté au produit et aux conditions épidémiologiques.
Chemical late blight control in Sweden1
Authors: OLOFSSON B.
Published: April 2008

The climatological conditions for attack of late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans vary considerably in different parts of Sweden. This is due to the fact that the country is long from south to north covering 14 degrees of latitude from 55 to 69°. One important factor for blight development in Sweden is that potato production is dominated by cultivars susceptible to P. infestans. Approximately 80% of table potatoes are of cvs Bintje and King Edward VII. Cultivars with race‐specific resistance such as Bellona, Ukama and Provita are attacked in the whole country. During recent years, many experiments have been carried out to investigate possible reductions in the usage of chemical agents for late blight control. These experiments include choice of fungicide, number of applications, dose rates and treatments according to blight warning systems.
Tissue culture and international phytosanitary controls1
Authors: ELHANAN S.
Published: April 2008

The growing importance of micropropagation has led to the appearance of micropropagated material in international trade. Plant quarantine services have to decide whether this material should be handled like any other plants (phytosanitary certificate) or whether special inspection and certification systems, at source, can be developed to simplify the phytosanitary handling of this material.
PQ—the EPPO data base on plant quarantine pests
Authors: SMITH I. M. , SMITH B. C.
Published: April 2008

PQ is a relational data base, in dBase IV, composed of files PESTFILE (of plant pest names), HOSTFILE (of host plant names), GEOGFILE (of names of countries and geographical areas), GEOGLINK (of relationships between geographical entities), PQATTACK (of host/pest combinations) and PQOCCUR (of country/pest combinations). It holds all the relevant information from EPPO data sheets on quarantine organisms, together with equivalent information from FAO and from other Regional Plant Protection Organizations, whose data bases are of the same origin and fully compatible with PQ. PQR is a menu‐driven on‐screen system for consulting the data base, to be made available to Member Governments as a compiled run‐time version. Other EPPO systems (for fruit‐tree viruses, for the European Handbook of Plant Diseases, for intercepted consignments) also use the central files PESTFILE, HOSTFILE and GEOGFILE.
Environmental risk assessment of plant protection products: an approach to the development of guidelines
Authors: GREIG‐SMITH P. W.
Published: April 2008

To aid the assessment of potential environmental side‐effects arising from the use of plant protection products, a general framework for decision‐making schemes is proposed. This should provide a consistent basis for the evaluation of different products, affecting the environment in different ways. Schemes constructed by this approach should indicate areas of uncertainty, highlight aspects on which expert knowledge is essential, and identify the data needed and how to interpret them. The proposed framework is sequential, comprising a series of stages, from the pattern of use of the product and its properties, to exposure of wildlife, calculation of the probability that adverse effects will occur, and judgements about their acceptability. This can be applied separately to effects on various components of the environment. A convenient format for decision‐making schemes is a sequence of linked questions leading to a classification of the environmental consequences. This is adaptable to more complex versions (e.g. a computer‐based expert system) or simpler, abbreviated evaluation using safety factors.
High resolution weather information for plant protection1
Authors: SEEM R. C. , MAGNUS H. A. , HJÖNNEVAAG V.
Published: April 2008

Data collected at weather stations are usually used to represent the environmental conditions over the surrounding area (often in the order of 10s or 100s of km2), in spite of differences in elevation, terrain, and other major geophysical factors. We report a method of extending the useful domain of weather data by incorporation of digital terrain data into a model that distributes recorded data over the area surrounding a recording location. Temperature was estimated for each 0.1 km2 witnin a 320 km2 study area comprising Vestfold county in southern Norway. Estimates were based on correlation analysis and models resulting from comparisons of temperature data from 16 farm locations and temperature recorded at three automatic weather stations, elevation, slope, aspect, proximity to the ocean, and proximity to automatic weather stations. Analysis revealed that local weather could be estimated with greater accuracy than by simply using the values recorded at the automatic stations. Calculation and presentation of the model output can be accomplished with a geographic information system (GIS).
Sprinkler irrigation and plant disease under semi‐arid climatic conditions1
Authors: LOMAS J.
Published: April 2008

The effect of overhead irrigation on plant disease can conveniently be discussed under the following headings. Spore dispersal: irrigation effects splash dispersal and provides the necessary moisture. Under semi‐arid conditions, spore dispersal takes place during the morning hours. Irrigation early in the day will aid spore dispersal. Spore resistance: irrigation will modify microclimatic conditions and reduce the stress of exposed spores to radiation, heat and dryness. Moisture period required for infection: leaf surface temperatures will determine the moisture period required for infection. Irrigation timing in relation to moisture provided by rainfall or dew may be critical. The macroclimate: the less favourable the macroclimate, the greater is the importance of microclimatic modifications, and its effect on epidemiology. Microclimatic modifications: the lower the relative humidity during the day and the shorter the period of leaf wetness (dew), the greater will be the impact of sprinkling. Foliar density interacts in determining the microclimate. The later the spore dispersal during the morning, the smaller will the effect of sprinkling be. The greater the resistance of the spores to stress conditions during the day, the smaller the effect of sprinkling. The shorter the period required for host penetration, the more pronounced will be the effect of overhead irrigation.
The sensitivity of simulation models to temperature changes1
Authors: MORGAN D.
Published: April 2008

Insect population processes, such as development and reproduction, are dependent upon temperature. Accurate predictions of the phenology and population dynamics of insect pests require accurate recording of the temperatures experienced by the organisms. Any errors in the temperature measurements may result in spurious estimates of the pest population and, therefore, poor quality advice on the necessary control strategies. A simulation model predicting the phenology and population dynamics of the summer fruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana, will be described. Output from the model closely resembled field observations of the population dynamics of the pest. Experimentation with the model revealed its sensitivity to small changes of temperature. The results illustrate the importance of using input recorded realistically with respect to the biology of the pests.
Rouille brune du blé: prévision des risques et des dates de traitement. Présentation de deux modèles opérationnels1
Authors: de la ROCQUE B.
Published: April 2008

La mise au point de deux modèles de prévision de la phase aérienne d'une épidémie de rouille brune (SPIKOUIL) et d'évolution de cette épidémie (EPURE) par les stations d'avertissements agricoles de Bordeaux et de Toulouse du Service français de la Protection des Végétaux doit permettre de préciser suffisamment à l'avance la tendance régionale de l'année, les périodes de premier traitement à l'échelle de micro‐régions ou zones de culture bien typées, et le raisonnement de ces traitements à l'échelle de la parcelle. Ces modèles utilisent des données essentiellement climatiques (spirouil) mais aussi agronomiques et phénologiques (epure). Ils sont parfaitement complémentaires, déjà utilisés depuis 5 ans pour la redaction d'avertissements agricoles dans le Sud‐Ouest. Ils font I'objet, depuis 1988, d'une validation dans diverses régions françises ainsi que d'une validation à caractère démonstratif dans des parcelles d'essais du sud‐ouest atlantique ou les résultats techniques et économiques obtenus sont très encourageants.
Meteorological contribution to forecasts of cereal pest occurrence in Finland1
Authors: KURPPA S.
Published: April 2008

Weather is defined as the key factor in occurrence of the two major insect pests of cereals in Finland: Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitodiplosis mosellana. Weather data can be used for producing long‐term forecasts about the annual occurrence of R. padi in Finland. The direction of air currents can also be used as a warning about the possibility of long‐distance migration of the aphid and the spread of aphid‐borne virus diseases. The daily cumulative temperature has been applied to predict the time of the appearance of S. mosellana, and also of the appearance of Oscinella frit in the field. The appearance of R. padi in cereals is regulated by the size of the population, by the physiological stage of the host plant and by the weather.
A dynamic model of the interactions between the potato crop and Phytophthora infestans1
Authors: MICHAELIDES S. C.
Published: April 2008

The onset of Phytophthora infestans attack on potato plants and the further spread of the fungus are largely controlled by the prevailing weather conditions. Mathematical functions have been fitted to numerous experimental results in order to model the effect of meteorological elements on each of the various phases of the fungus' life cycle. By linking the relationships so established in a logical way, a computer sub‐model has been constructed which simulates the behaviour of the disease. A potato crop growth sub‐model has also been developed, using radiation interception principles. These two sub‐models have been merged, forming a joint model which simulates the host/pathogen interaction and provides estimates of both disease progress and crop production under blight attack conditions.
A computer‐based system for the management of the rust disease of French prunes1
Authors: KABLE P. F. , MILLIGAN M. J. , WILSON P. , SLACK J. M. , ELLISON P. J. , WATSON A. , HANNAH R. S.
Published: April 2008

Rust (Tranzscheliu discolor) is the most important disease of French prunes in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Infection by this fungus occurs only when leaves are wet. The length of time for which the leaves are wet and the temperature during such periods are major determinants of whether infection occurs and its likely severity. The use by prune growers of new rust management strategies depends on knowledge of infection events and therefore requires ready access to environmental data from orchards. To satisfy this need, microprocessor‐based device called a Prune Rust Infection Predictor (PRIP) was developed. The instrument measures air temperature, rainfall, and the presence or absence of free water tree canopies. Measurements are taken at 5‐min intervals during wet periods. The instrument calculates whether or not conditions have been suitable for rust infection and potential severity of infection. The system has been operated by advisory staff of NSW Agriculture Fisheries since the 1988/1989 growing season. Potential infection period and related environmental data are collected by personal computers via permanently installed telephone lines from PRIPs located within prune orchards. Prune growers are then advised by recorded telephone messages and given appropriate disease mangement advice. Cumulative potential infection period values are used to provide a prognosis of current‐season rust epidemic severity. An expert system is also being developed to assist growers in making decisions on specific rust management options.
Use of information from automatic weather stations for the agricultural weather service in Finland1
Authors: NORDLUND A. , PIRINEN P.
Published: April 2008

In Finland, the importance of the agricultural weather service is enormous. The farmer's financial returns are tens of times higher than the cost of the service to him. Crop yields and quality can be improved, production costs cut and agricultural pollution minimized. Agricultural research and the weather service permit the best possible use to be made of pesticide sprays. When the need for such measures is marginal, ‘just‐in‐case’ sprayings can be omitted. Thus we can be sure of clean food, a cleaner environment and cleaner countryside.
Ecological aspects of pest risk assessment1
Authors: HOPPER B. E.
Published: April 2008

The primary purpose of a national plant protection organization is to prevent the spread of quarantine pests. Such pests are characterized according to their predicted capability to be of economic importance in new areas. The determination of the potential of an exotic pest to cause crop losses is a preliminary component in a pest risk assessment (PRA) process. The initial PRA step includes two distinct ecological analyses. The first must predict the expected extent and frequency to which a new pest population will attain and/or surpass the economic injury level. This is necessary to justify the classification of an exotic pest as being of quarantine significance. Secondly, a PRA must estimate the likelihood of establishment for those quarantine pests for which an entry pathway exists. Both require that bioclimatic comparisons be made between the areas of origin and distinct target destinations. The bioclimatic methodologies of the past are currently being enhanced to specify more precisely‘quarantine pest zones of ecological equivalency’, i.e. areas within which the behavior of a specific quarantine pest can be expected to be the same. The information derived from studies that provide a basis for forecasting the behavior of indigenous pests can also be used in PRA.
The validation and use of a life‐cycle simulation model for risk assessment of insect pests1
Authors: BAKER C. R. B.
Published: April 2008

Progress in validating a computer model for simulating pest life cycles is described. Validation tests were done using the emergence times of four species of Tortricidae. The uses of the model in risk assessment of insect pests are discussed in relation to strengthening and reassessment of phytosanitary regulations as well as in eradication campaigns.
Using weather records and available models to predict the severity of fireblight should it enter and establish in Australia1
Authors: ROBERTS W. P.
Published: April 2008

Australia is free from fireblight, a serious apple and pear disease. Published models and weather data from all major apple and pear‐producing areas of Australia were used to predict the possible severity of the disease and losses in production should the disease enter and establish in Australia. The results suggest that fireblight could be severe in most areas in most seasons. In the worst case, with every area affected, this could result in up to 20% losses in apple production and up to 50% losses in pear production.
Ground‐based remote‐sensing measurements for early detection of plant stresses
Authors: BACCI L. , BENINCASA F. , MARACCHI G. , ZIPOLI G.
Published: April 2008

Biotic and a biotic stresses are responsible for significant yield reduction and qualitative depreciation of agricultural products. In planning plant protection, one of the first elements needed is early and accurate detection of the presence and extent of damage. Remote sensing is a viable technique for such detection, since biotic and a biotic agents modify the electromagnetic characteristics of leaf and canopy surfaces. Damage can be detected at an appropriate wavelength, according to the nature of the anatomical or physiological alteration produced. The objective of this paper is to outline the potentialities of remote‐sensing techniques in this field. At the leaf scale, laboratory devices were able to register leaf tissue alterations before they were visually detectable, by measuring spectral reflectance in the 0.4‐1.1 μm interval and emittance in the thermal infrared band. At field scale, whole canopy modifications can be successfully detected by means of multispectral radiometers (in the visible and near‐infrared bands) or using thermal infrared sensors.
Side‐effects of 100 pesticides on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis, collected and evaluated according to the EPPO Guideline
Authors: OOMEN P. A. , ROMEIJN G. , WIEGERS G. L.
Published: April 2008

A sequential decision‐making scheme for classifying the side‐effects of pesticides on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis has been published recently as an EPPO Guideline. Practical experience with the use of this guideline is reported in this paper. One hundred commercially available plant protection products were tested on the organophosphateresistant P. persimilis population now predominant in Europe. Test results and hazard classifications of these 51 insecticides/acaricides, 33 fungicides, 12 herbicides and 4 growth regulators are given. Criteria for classification are those recommended by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’. The use of the scheme appeared to be practical and efficient.
Recherche du feu bactérien dûàErwinia amylovora sur Poirier dans I'Algérois
Authors: AGHA N. NASSAN , ANKI N.
Published: April 2008

La recherche du feu bactérien, maladie bactéerienne redoutable pour les Rosaceae fruitiéres à pépins et ornementales, a été entreprise dans I'Algérois. Un total de 196 échantillons a été soigneusement collecté dans sept vergers de poiriers, réguliérement prospectés. Ils représentent dans I'ensemble une superficie de 35, 76 ha et 150.023 arbres. Ainsi, 107 isolements ont pu être réalisés. Aucune souche d'Erwinia amylovora n'a été isolée. Toutefois, 24 souches appartenant au genre Erwinia ont été obtenues: 13 E. chrysanthemi, 9 Erwinia‐like et 2 E. carotovora caratovora. Cette étude s'est limitée à une seule région et il serait intéressant de la poursuivre dans toutes les régions à haute densité fruitiére sensibles.
developed by the Phenylamide Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (PA‐FRAC) of GIFAP
Authors: GISI U.
Published: April 2008

Methods are presented for monitoring the sensitivity to phenylamide fungicides of plant pathogenic fungi belonging to the Peronosporales, e.g. Phytophthora infestans, Plasmopara viticola, Peronospora tabacina, Pseudoperonospora cubensis and soil‐borne Phytophthora and Pythium species. The methods are intended for practical use in the implementation of anti‐resistance strategies. Methods for sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), benzimidazoles and dicarboximides have already been published in Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 21, 291–354 (1991)
Reducing pesticide inputs in glasshouses1
Authors: ROOSJEN M. G.
Published: April 2008

People in The Netherlands have become more and more aware of the fact that current agricultural production practice negatively influences the environment. Therefore, the government (Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries) has initiated a plan to reduce the use of chemicals drastically. This so‐called Multi‐Year Crop Protection Plan is aiming at the following: reduction of the use of chemicals, quantitatively as well as qualitatively (less dependence on chemical treatments); minimum release to the environment. For protected crops, this plan lays down a pesticide reduction of 50% of current use by 1995 and 65%) by 2000. The plan will be realized mainly by: use of healthy young propagating material (free from harmful organisms, beginning from the country of origin); extension of diagnostic knowledge of the growers; intensification of import inspections, followed by inspection of nurseries after import; separate cultivation of young plant material and crops for consumption; ‘closed‐systems’ in glasshouses to prevent release (by keeping crops separated from the ground, probably not in artificial systems, but in soil which has been separated from the ground), and preventing the introduction of insects by using insect screens; in any case. biological control (also in ornamentals). Moreover, the Multi‐Year Crop Protection Plan is a challenge to research workers, advisers, inspectors and growers to try to find, in close cooperation, practical and workable solutions.
Experience of polyphagous alien pests of protected crops in Great Britain1
Authors: BARTLETT P. W.
Published: April 2008

It is government policy in Britain to prevent the introduction of alien pests and to eradicate any of economic importance as soon as possible, should they be found in Britain. In recent years a series of polyphagous pests have been introduced into glasshouses in Britain, including Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis, Frankliniella occidentalis, Opogona sacchari, Bemisia tabaci and Spodoptera littoralis. Of these, only F. occidentalis is no longer subject to eradication and is now established in Britain. The measures taken to eradicate these pests are discussed. Emphasis is given to the unusual technical problems presented by each pest. These problems include the differing pest life histories and the tolerance of pesticides. Crop husbandry and pesticide approval can affect the choice of eradication strategy. Where possible, the eradication strategy is integrated with biological control.
Some new pests of glasshouse crops in Bulgaria and their control by an IPM programme1
Authors: LOGINOVA E.
Published: April 2008

Growing of vegetables and ornamentals in the open or as protected crops all the year round is a factor responsible for changes in the biology and ecology of some insects and mites, which can be summarized as follows: (1) the life cycle closes and development occurs all the year round; (2) pests adapt and new strains and populations appear (anholocyclic forms of Aphis naslurtii on capsicum; (3) northwards movement of distribution limits (Peridroma saucia, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Aculops lycopersici, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Empoasca decipiens); (4)indifferent organisms become pests (Udea ferrugalis). From this point of view, the idea of a new pest must be given a wider interpretation. Details are given on P. latus, E. decipiens, U. ferrugalis and C. chalcites and their control. The following treatments are suitable for IPM programmes: seedling treatment with the systemic insecticide oxamyl, spraying with Thiozol 80 (a.i. 80% wettable sulphur) and Morestan (a.i. 25% quinomethionate) against P. latus; use of light traps and electric killers against Lepidoptera and spraying with Lepidocide (Bacillus thuringzensis) against caterpillars.
Occurrence and host plants of Frankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyza huidobrensis in Belgium1
Authors: DE CLERCQ R. , CASTEELS H.
Published: April 2008

Increasing international trade in plants has resulted in repeated import of foreign pests into Belgium; Opogona sacchari and Coccotrypes dactyliperda are well known examples. Recently two new pests have been introduced into Belgium, Frankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyza huidobrensis. The thrips F. occidentalis appeared in the summer of 1987, and was first found in chrysanthemums. At present, this insect can be observed in floriculture, as well as in vegetable growing, where it occurs on a wide range of host plants. F. occidentalis is now considered definitely established in glasshouses in Belgium. At the end of 1989, the leafminer L. huidobrensis was found for the first time in Belgium. The damage was observed on chrysanthemums and lettuce. In 1990, this leafminer also attacked other crops, especially tomatoes and celery. Its distribution is still limited, as is the damage it causes.
Frankliniella occidentalis on ornamental crops in Poland and its control1
Authors: LABANOWSKI G. S.
Published: April 2008

Best results in Frankliniella occidentulis control on gerbera, with very good long‐term effects, were obtained only with the following plant protection products: Tamaron LC 600 (0.1 %) among organophosphorus compounds, Marshal 25 EC (0.15%) and Mesurol 500 FS (0.1%) among carbamates, Baythroid 0.35 SC (0.05%) and Rufast 15 EC (0.1%) among pyrethroids, Applaud 25 WP (0.05%), Cascade 5 EC (0.3%), GR‐572 10 EC (0.1 and 0.25%) and Konfidor 200 EC (0.08%) among insect growth regulators.
Developments in the integrated control of Frankliniella occidentalis in capsicum and cucumber1
Authors: RAVENSBERG W. J. , DISSEVELT M. , ALTENA K. , SIMONSE M. P.
Published: April 2008

Since the appearance of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, in European glasshouses, many attempts have been made to improve the biological methods for thrips control, originally based on the control of Thrips tabaci. Introductions of Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) cucumeris have been increased with respect to both numbers per introduction and number of releases. So‐called slow‐release systems have been developed to ensure better establishment of the predator on the plant. New control agents have been tested: the predatory bug Orius insidiosus and the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii. Additional control methods are: 1) the use of polybutenes as an insect glue on yellow polythene covers of the rock‐wool mat; 2) newly developed blue sticky traps. These new developments and prospects are discussed.
Research on and use of biological methods of pest control in glasshouse crops in Poland1
Authors: PRUSZYŃSKI S.
Published: April 2008

In 1966/1967, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the hymenopteran parasite Encarsia formosa were introduced into Poland. This introduction led to extensive research on the principles and practical use of biological and integrated programmes of pest control in glasshouse crops. Additional species were later introduced (Macrolophus costalis, Amblyseius mckenziei, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Cycloneda limbifer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri), and research was also undertaken on local species such as Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Aphidius matricariae. At present, after 25 years of research, modem and effective mass rearing of natural enemies has been organized, and they are applied over 600 ha of glasshouse crops. For correct development of biological methods in glasshouses, new introductions, research, and mass rearing of new species are necessary.
Situation of glasshouse pests in Hungary1
Authors: HATALA‐ZSELLÉR I.
Published: April 2008

The area of protected crops in Hungary is about 5300 ha. Most of it is under plastic, the area under glass being only about 250 ha. Vegetable growing makes up 80%, mostly on private farms. The main crops are capsicum, tomato and cucumber. On relatively small areas, ornamentals, principally cut flowers, are produced: carnation, gerbera, rose and chrysanthemum. The three most important, commonly occurring pests are Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Tetranychus urticae and aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, A. nasturtii). Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Liriomyza trifolii and Aculops lycopersici caused considerable economic damage during the eighties. However, in the last few years these pests have not been observed in any crops. Two new glasshouse pests have been described from ornamentals during the last 2 years in Hungary: Frankliniella occidentalis and Bemisia tabaci. Their accidental appearance in vegetable crops could lead to direct economic loss, besides endangering biological control systems.
A comparative study of the biology and ecology of Amblyseius barkeri and Neoseiulus cucumeris1
Authors: BAIER B.
Published: April 2008

In recent years the efficacy of the oligophagous predatory mites Amblyseius barkeri and Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) cucumeris has been very variable, especially in the control of thrips in vegetable and Ornamental crops. Laboratory investigations of the biology and ecology of these two species showed that A. barkeri needed a higher RH for its development than N. cucumeris. Adult longevity and egg‐laying capacity required a higher RH for female A. barkeri than for female N. cucumeris.
Biological control in protected strawberry in northern Italy1
Authors: BENUZZI M. , MANZAROLI G. , NICOLI G.
Published: April 2008

Biological control is currently being used in 100 ha of tunnel‐grown strawberry in northern Italy. Second‐instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea are released (18 larvae per m2) against aphids when more than 30% of leaflets are infested. Releases of Phytoseiulus persimilis (4–6 predatory mites per m2) are also being used in IPM strategies against Tetranychus urticae; wild P. persimilis populations also occur in the test area, which is near the Adriatic coast. Releases of predators are also successful in the field.
Use of Aphidius matricariae in integrated control of Myzus persicae on capsicum in glasshouses1
Authors: DOMAGAŁA T.
Published: April 2008

Aphids are the most important pests of capsicum, and Myzus persicae is the predominant species. The most promising prospect for biological control of this species is use of the parasite Aphidius matricariae. The results of research on the use of the parasite in glasshouses are presented, with special regard to the toxicity of pesticides to the pupae and adults of the parasite.
Pyrethroid resistance in the predacious mite Amblyseius barkeri1
Authors: PETRUSHOV A. Z.
Published: April 2008

By successive generations of exposure to Ripcord (cypermethrin) at concentrations ensuring about 50% mortality, a cypermethrin‐resistant strain of Amblyseius barkeri has been selected, with a resistance factor of 73. The strain showed cross resistance to other pyrethroids.
Integrated pest management in protected ornamentals in England1
Authors: WARDLOW L. R. , BROUGH W. , NEED C.
Published: April 2008

During the past 2 years, there has been a rapid expansion of integrated pest management (IPM) in the ornamental sector of the glasshouse industry. Most of this expansion has resulted from improved availability of Amblyseius spp. for the control of thrips, although there is little information on the likelihood of success with this predator. IPM was done on 20 plant species on 21 nurseries in south‐east England and there were many successes with crops that would normally receive intensive insecticide programmes to control thrips. Each plant species required its own IPM programme to be devised according to its pest complex. Techniques, particularly to monitor IPM, were devised and some staff were trained to assist in the monitoring. IPM is generally twice as expensive as routine insecticide programmes but has other advantages such as a safer environment for staff and better crop quality.
Two years of trials with biological control programmes in all ‐year‐round chrysanthemums1
Authors: BUXTON J. , WARDLOW L.
Published: April 2008

In trials conducted in 1989 and 1990 in Kent and Worcestershire (England), an IPM programme for the range of pests of chrysanthemums was evaluated. The main target pest was Frankliniella occidentalis but biocontrols for Trialeurodes vaporariorum, aphids (mainly Myzus persicae) and Tetranychus urticae were also used. Anthocoris nemorum adults and nymphs collected from the wild gave good control of F. occidentalis in Kent in 1989 at the rate of 1 per 10 m2 per week. In 1990 trials, A. nemorum also gave good thrips control at 1 per 20 m2 per week, providing that thrips numbers were low at the start of the trial. Anthocorids also preyed on aphids, spider mites and whitefly scales. Lygocoris pabulinus was not affected by A. nemorum and caused some flower damage in the IPM trial. In the 1990 trial in Worcestershire, a combination of Verticillium lecanii (Mycotal) weekly sprays at 1 g litre−1 of water and Neoseiulus cucumeris predators applied weekly at 50 per m2 also gave good control of F. occidentalis. Conditions for the use of Mycotal were excellent, with humidity in the crop normally above 85% once the blackout screens were drawn. The effect of Mycotal was seen within 2 weeks on the whitefly population, as many infected adults and scales were found. No infected thrips were seen at any time, but it is thought that the Mycotal did have a significant effect upon the thrips population. N. cucumeris (Thripex‐Koppert) did not establish well on chrysanthemums when applied in bran from a shaker bottle. However, this predator may establish in larger numbers when slow‐release bags are used. Further work on this aspect is needed. The commercial availability of predatory bugs such as anthocorids or Orius spp. would undoubtedly increase the uptake of IPM methods by growers.
Viruses of grapevine in Malta
Authors: MARTELLI G. P. , SOUCHET H. GALEA , BOSCIA D. , SAVINO V.
Published: April 2008

Grapevines of the Maltese islands were surveyed for the presence of virus diseases. Symptoms of fanleaf degeneration, leafroll, rugose wood and fleck were observed in the main grape‐growing areas. The occurrence of these diseases was experimentally confirmed by graft transmission to woody indicators, which also revealed the presence of vein necrosis, a latent virus‐like disorder. Viruses identified were grapevine fanleaf nepovirus, grapevine fleck virus, grapevine A closterovirus, grapevine leafroll‐associated closteroviruses I and III. ELISA tests showed that 86% of 322 vines individually checked were infected by one or more viruses.
Audiotex system for monitoring and control of pests in field crops1
Authors: MURALI N. S.
Published: April 2008

A telephone‐based interactive voice response system (audiotex) integrated to a relational database has been implemented in Denmark for monitoring and control of pests in spring barley, winter barley, winter wheat, field pea and sugar beet. The system has been implemented using Powerline II Voice Response System and Inforniix‐SQL RDBMS on a Commodore 486–25C PC under MS‐DOS 5.0. The system is programmed in Microsoft C Version 6.0 with Informix ESQL/C Version 2.10 and Powerline II C Commando Version 1.2 programming interfaces. The database contains information pertaining to the farmer, the agronomic conditions of the field, individual field observations, recommendation model constants and the weather data. The user enters the field observations using a touch‐tone telephone and prerecorded messages are used to guide the user during the data entry and for advising control measures. From the beginning of June to the end of July 1992, 129 farmers with 486 fields were offered the audiotex service. Usability analysis of the system showed that the system was simple to use and provided timely advice on control measures. Farmers indicated that they would continue to use the audiotex. Compared to an earlier recommendation service, which required 24–36 h for control recommendations to reach the farmers through postal services, the audiotex provides control recommendations immediately after data entry on the telephone.
PC‐Plant Protection: optimizing chemical weed control1
Authors: RYDAHL P. , THONKE K. E.
Published: April 2008

In Denmark, a political decision was taken to achieve, before 1997, a 50% reduction in the bulk of active ingredients in pesticides consumed, compared with average consumption in the period 1981/1985. To meet this requirement, a computer‐based decision support system has been developed. In order to minimize doses, the system combines the concept of factor adjusted doses and expert knowledge. Herbicide doses are adjusted on the basis of the sensitivity of different weed species and their growth stages. Based on actual field observations, the system suggests suitable herbicides, the normal dose, the actual dose, prices per ha, etc. In future, doses will probably also be factor‐adjusted according to climatic conditions, competitive ability of cereal cultivars and soil type. The need for control of individual weed species (thresholds) is based on expert knowledge. Ongoing long‐term studies on seed production by weeds, competition studies etc. will hopefully help to establish more exact models for economic thresholds. After satisfactory validation through field trials, the system will be continuously updated with new findings in weed research. The system has been on the market in Denmark since spring 1991.
The Danish Integrated Farm Management System—sector module for plant production1
Authors: ANDREASEN F. M. , FREDENSLUND E.
Published: April 2008

The Danish Integrated Farm Management System is a PC‐based system developed by the Danish agricultural advisory service covering all management and control aspects of a farm. It consists of a joint module linking a number of sector modules (cattle production, plant production, economy, pig production and buildings/machinery). The sector module for plant production provides facilities for detailed planning, decision support and control, including all subjects of a complete cultivation plan for each individual field. The fertilizer plan and the crop protection plan provide detailed specifications within the overall cultivation plan. For decision support there are advanced sub‐modules for fertilization, crop protection and grassland management. PC‐Plant Protection is an optional and fully integrated sub‐module of The Integrated Farm Management System, or a self‐contained program product.
The use of a computer‐based decision support system to evaluate new parameters in crop protection research1
Authors: SECHER B. J. M. , MURALI N. S.
Published: April 2008

In Denmark, a computer‐based decision support system for control of pests in cereals has been developed. This ‘DSS‐CP’ has been tested and validated in field trials for 3 years and has been evaluated by farmers and agricultural advisers. In addition to this use, DSS‐CP has proved to be of additional use in the other fields of crop production research. It has been used as a decision maker in situations where standardized decisions have to be made without the bias of technicians. The system has been used to evaluate new parameters in plant protection research related to the decision process, e.g. to quantify variations in treatment needs of barley cultivars, and as a tool to calculate indicators for annual treatment needs in relation to pesticide consumption and annual variations.
PHYTOMET: un logiciel de contrôle des données climatiques pour la prédiction des risques parasitaires1
Authors: JUHEL A. , FROIDEFOND G. , CLERJEAU M. , VIROLLEAUD J.
Published: April 2008

Le bon fonctionnement des modèles de prévision des risques phytosanitaires exige des données validées. Le STEFCE a déeveloppée, en étroite collaboration avec le Laboratoire de pathologie végétale de l'INRA‐Bordeaux (FR), un logiciel permettant un contrôle spatiotemporel des données issues d'une ou de plusieurs stations agrométéorologiques. Ce logiciel d'apprentissage quasiment nul, occupant une faible place mémoire (moins de 90 ko), réalise une représentation graphique de l'évolution quotidienne ou horaire des paramètres climatiques permettant au responsable d'un réseau agrométéorologique de corriger les données aberrantes. Ce système offre des possibilitées d'intégrer des avertissements basés sur des dépassements de seuil (somme de températures, etc.).
Field trials to study the within‐season effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods in cereals in summer
Authors: CARTER N.
Published: April 2008

Two field trial protocols which assess the effects of pesticides on arthropod natural enemies are described. One approach uses large plots (≥ 1 ha) while the other uses small plots (≥100 m2) surrounded by plastic barriers, to prevent re‐invasion of treated areas. The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed and sampling programmes for both described. The analysis and interpretation of the results are discussed in relation to risk classification which determines risk management practices to be undertaken.
Research on olive leaf spot, olive knot and verticillium wilt of olive in Turkey1
Authors: AZERI T.
Published: April 2008

In Turkey, studies on olive pathology have concerned spore release, overwintering and control of Spilocaea oleagina, control of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi by antibiotic drench, and isolation and host range of strains of Verticillium dahliae from olive.
La maladie du pourridié‐agaric observée dans des oliveraies tunisiennes1
Authors: BOULILA M. , MAHJOUB M. , ROMDHANI M. S. , OTHMAN M. N. BEN
Published: April 2008

Des investigations ont été menées dans des oliveraies atteintes de jaunissement foliaire et de dépérissement, situées dans le nord, le centre et le sud de la Tunisie. Les observations au champ et au laboratoire ont permis de mettre en évidence le champignon basidiomycète Armillaria mellea, agent du pourridié‐agaric. Une description somrnaire de cet agent pathogène et des symptômes qu'il provoque, ainsi que des moyens de lutte à mettre en oeuvre, est passée en revue.
Immunodiagnosis of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus in different olive cultivars1
Authors: REI F. T. , HENRIQUES M.‐I. E. C. , LEITÃO F. A. , SERRANO J. F. , POTES M. F.
Published: April 2008

DAS‐ELISA was applied to the detection of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) in tissues from olive trees of 25 cultivars in Portugal. The virus was detected in young leaves and roots of cuttings that had been hormone‐treated and subjected to rapid growth conditions in the glasshouse, and in fruits and leaves of field‐grown trees. Analysis by DAS‐ELISA of 222 samples revealed that approximately 10% were CMV‐infected and that some were also infected by another virus, strawberry latent ringspot nepovirus. The cultivars that were shown to be CMV‐positive were the following: Branquita, Cordovil de Serpa, Galega, Maçnilha Carrasquenha de Almendralejo, Maçnilha Fina, Madural, Negral de Calatayud, Negrinha, Picual and Redondil.
Prospects and strategies in controlling verticillium wilt of olive1
Authors: TJAMOS E. C.
Published: April 2008

Control of verticillium wilt of olive currently depends on preventive measures. Since systemic fungicides are unable to prevent or control the disease, its control should primarily be based on cultural methods, including irrigation systems which restrict dissemination of Verticillium dahliae propagules by irrigation water and avoidance of intercropping with hosts susceptible to V. dahliae. Since leaves from affected olive trees contribute, through formation of microsclerotia, to the inoculum in the soil, pruning should be practised prior to branch defoliation. As for resistant olive rootstocks or cultivars, promising verticillium‐wilt resistance has been found in two rootstocks selected in California (US). However, these have to be tested under local conditions before they can be released to Mediterranean growers, while further search for other resistant rootstocks is needed. Soil solarization applied to individual diseased trees in established olive groves could substantially contribute to recovery or long‐lasting symptom remission in the treated trees. This effect is mainly attributed to the decrease or eradication of V. dahliae microsclerotia in the treated soil but also to heat‐tolerant fungal antagonists of the pathogen. Using herbicides to control weeds, and limiting soil rotovation, can restrict symptom development. Biological control can also be considered as a promising trend in controlling the disease by searching, testing and exploiting potential fungal or bacterial antagonists.