bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of superhydrophobic titanium dioxide coating on AISI 316L stainless steel by electrophoretic deposition and using trimethoxy(propyl)silane modification
Authors: Emarati Seyed Masoud , Mozammel Mahdi
Published: October 2018

A superhydrophobic TiO2/TMPSi (trimethoxy(propyl)silane) composite coating was deposited on AISI 316L stainless steel using a two-step process: 1) Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of TiO2 nanoparticles (P25) from a colloidal suspension of TiO2 in acetylacetone with the addition of iodine. 2) Dip coating using different concentrations of TMPSi in aqueous ethanol solution. Wettability of the surface was determined by WCA and SA measurements. The WCA and SA of the optimum sample (1.5 vol.% TMPSi) were equal to 160.1° and 3.7° respectively. Surface morphology was investigated by FESEM and nano/micro roughness on the surface was observed and the hydrophobicity can subsequently be related to this roughness. Furthermore, the surface cracks were eliminated by swiped applied potential in the EPD process (from 5 V to 30 V) and drying under controlled temperature. The crack elimination process due to the decrease in surface roughness led to decrease in WCA and SA (i.e. WCA=150°, SA=5.6°).
Nebulin increases thin filament stiffness and force per cross-bridge in slow-twitch soleus muscle fibers
Authors: Kawai Masataka , Karam Tarek S. , Kolb Justin , Wang Li , Granzier Henk L.
Published: October 2018

Nebulin (Neb) is associated with the thin filament in skeletal muscle cells, but its functions are not well understood. For this goal, we study skinned slow-twitch soleus muscle fibers from wild-type (Neb+) and conditional Neb knockout (Neb−) mice. We characterize cross-bridge (CB) kinetics and the elementary steps of the CB cycle by sinusoidal analysis during full Ca2+ activation and observe that Neb increases active tension 1.9-fold, active stiffness 2.7-fold, and rigor stiffness 3.0-fold. The ratio of stiffness during activation and rigor states is 62% in Neb+ fibers and 68% in Neb− fibers. These are approximately proportionate to the number of strongly attached CBs during activation. Because the thin filament length is 15% shorter in Neb− fibers than in Neb+ fibers, the increase in force per CB in the presence of Neb is ∼1.5 fold. The equilibrium constant of the CB detachment step (K2), its rate (k2), and the rate of the reverse force generation step (k−4) are larger in Neb+ fibers than in Neb− fibers. The rates of the force generation step (k4) and the reversal detachment step (k−2) change in the opposite direction. These effects can be explained by Le Chatelier’s principle: Increased CB strain promotes less force-generating state(s) and/or detached state(s). Further, when CB distributions among the six states are calculated, there is no significant difference in the number of strongly attached CBs between fibers with and without Neb. These results demonstrate that Neb increases force per CB. We also confirm that force is generated by isomerization of actomyosin (AM) from the AM.ADP.Pi state (ADP, adenosine diphophate; Pi, phosphate) to the AM*ADP.Pi state, where the same force is maintained after Pi release to result in the AM*ADP state. We propose that Neb changes the actin (and myosin) conformation for better ionic and hydrophobic/stereospecific AM interaction, and that the effect of Neb is similar to that of tropomyosin.
Evaluation of loading and hauling technology for improving andesite mine performance
Authors: Adiansyah J S , Payadi K , Alpiana  , Rahmawati D
Published: October 2018

This paper evaluates the utilization of loading and hauling technology at andesite mine using cycle time and match factor methods. One mine site operated by PT. Anugerah Karya Agra Sentosa was taken as a case study. PT. Anugerah Karya Agra Sentosa located in Mujahiddin Village, Plampang Sub-district, West Sumbawa Regency is an andesite mining using open pit system with quarry type method. Mechanical equipment that operates is one unit Excavator (Kobelco SK 200) capacity 0.9 m3 and five units Dump Truck (Toyota Dyna 130 HT) with bucket capacity 3.6 m3. The analysis results found that the average cycle time for loading equipment was 0.54 minutes while the average cycle time for hauling equipment was 14.58 minutes. Recalculation for match factor (MF=1) resulted in additional of two hauling equipments from five units to seven units (Dump Truck).
Six-Month Comparative Analysis Monitoring the Progression of the Largest Diameter of the Sweating Inhibition Halo of Different Botulinum Toxins Type-A
Authors: da Costa Adilson , Pereira Elisangela Samartin Pegas , de Oliveira Pereira Margareth , dos Santos Felipe Borba Calixto , Fávaro Raquel , de Matos Lissa Sabino , Tannous Thaísa Saddi , Duarte Carla Oliveira Parra , Pereira Caroline Silva
Published: October 2018

Background

Excessive sweating is a clinical condition that can be improved with type-A botulinum toxin (BTX-A).

Objectives

To evaluate and compare the largest diameter of sweating inhibition halo (SIH) of 5 different commercially available BTX-A, in five different doses, in a 6-month-long clinical evaluation.

Methods

Twenty-five adult female volunteers were injected in the dorsal trunk area with both 100 units (100UI) and 500 units (500UI) BTX-A products, reconstituted in a ratio of 1:2.5 IU, respectively. Products were applied in five different concentrations (1:2.5U, 2:5U, 3:7.5U, 4:10U, and 5:12.5U). After 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days, a starch-iodine test was performed to obtain the largest diameter of each SIH.

Results

The higher the number of units used, the larger the SIH p < 0.05 for all BTX-A. However, Botox®, Botulift®, Dysport®, and Prosigne® have pretty likewise SIH along the study, with some few differences for some doses and months between one and another. However, Xeomin® is the BTX-A with the smallest SIH, in comparison with all others, in any dose and period.

Conclusions

Differences were observed among all brands of BTX-As, based on dose and time after injection. Xeomin® provides the smallest SIH in comparison with others BTX-A.

Level of Evidence: 2
Google Trends as a Tool for Evaluating Public Interest in Facial Cosmetic Procedures
Authors: Tijerina Jonathan D , Morrison Shane D , Nolan Ian T , Vail Daniel G , Nazerali Rahim , Lee Gordon K
Published: October 2018

Background

The utility of Google Trends (GT) in analyzing worldwide and regional patient interest for plastic surgery procedures is becoming invaluable to plastic surgery practices. GT data may offer practical information to plastic surgeons pertaining to seasonal and geographic trends in interest in facial cosmetic procedures.

Objectives

The authors sought to analyze geographic and temporal trends between GT search volumes and US surgery volumes using univariate analysis.

Methods

The “related queries” feature of GT generated potential search terms. GT data were compiled for cheek implants, mentoplasty, otoplasty, blepharoplasty, rhytidectomy, forehead lift, hair transplantation, lip augmentation, lip reduction, platysmaplasty, and rhinoplasty from January 2004 to December 2017. Annual volumes for respective procedures were obtained from annual statistics reports of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) from 2006 to 2017 and American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) from 2004 to 2017.

Results

Geographical and temporal variations in search volume were detected during the study. Search volume trends that correlated significantly with both ASPS and ASAPS surgery volume trends were: “eyelid plastic surgery” (ASPS R2 = 0.336, P = 0.048; ASAPS R2 = 0.661, P = 0.001); “facelift” (ASPS R2 = 0.767, P ≤ 0.001; ASAPS R2 = 0.767, P = 0.001); “lip injections” (ASPS R2 = 0.539, P = 0.007; ASAPS R2 = 0.461, P = 0.044); and “rhinoplasty surgery” (ASPS R2 = 0.797, P ≤ 0.001; ASAPS R2 = 0.441, P = 0.01). Several search terms demonstrated no significant relationships or were significant with only one database.

Conclusions

GT may provide a high utility for informing plastic surgeons about the interest expressed by our patient population regarding certain cosmetic search terms and procedures. GT may represent a convenient tool for optimizing marketing and advertising decisions.
A global transcriptomic pipeline decoding core network of genes involved in stages leading to acquisition of drug-resistance to cisplatin in osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Niveditha Divya , Mukherjee Sudeshna , Majumder Syamantak , Chowdhury Rajdeep , Chowdhury Shibasish
Published: October 2018

Motivation

Traditional cancer therapy is focused on eradicating fast proliferating population of tumor cells. However, existing evidences suggest survival of sub-population of cancer cells that can resist chemotherapy by entering a ‘persister’ state of minimal growth. These cells eventually survive to produce cells resistant to drugs. The identifying of appropriate targets that can eliminate the drug-tolerant ‘persisters’ remains a challenge. Hence, a deeper understanding of the distinctive genetic signatures that lead to resistance is of utmost importance to design an appropriate therapy.

Results

In this study, deep-sequencing of mRNA was performed in osteosarcoma (OS) cells, exposed to the widely used drug, cisplatin which is an integral part of current treatment regime for OS. Transcriptomic analysis was performed in (i) untreated OS; (ii) persister sub-population of cells post-drug shock; (iii) cells which evade growth bottleneck and (iv) drug-resistant cells obtained after several rounds of drug shock and revival. The transcriptomic signatures and pathways regulated in each group were compared; the transcriptomic pipeline to the acquisition of resistance was analyzed and the core network of genes altered during the process was delineated. Additionally, our transcriptomic data were compared with OS patient data obtained from Gene Ontology Omnibus. We observed a sub-set of genes to be commonly expressed in both data sets with a high correlation (0.81) in expression pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this study is uniquely designed to understand the series of genetic changes leading to the emergence of drug-resistant cells, and implications from this study have a potential therapeutic impact.

Availability and implementation

All raw data can be accessed from GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) under the GEO accession number GSE86053.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cross-type biomedical named entity recognition with deep multi-task learning
Authors: Wang Xuan , Zhang Yu , Ren Xiang , Zhang Yuhao , Zitnik Marinka , Shang Jingbo , Langlotz Curtis , Han Jiawei
Published: October 2018

Motivation

State-of-the-art biomedical named entity recognition (BioNER) systems often require handcrafted features specific to each entity type, such as genes, chemicals and diseases. Although recent studies explored using neural network models for BioNER to free experts from manual feature engineering, the performance remains limited by the available training data for each entity type.

Results

We propose a multi-task learning framework for BioNER to collectively use the training data of different types of entities and improve the performance on each of them. In experiments on 15 benchmark BioNER datasets, our multi-task model achieves substantially better performance compared with state-of-the-art BioNER systems and baseline neural sequence labeling models. Further analysis shows that the large performance gains come from sharing character- and word-level information among relevant biomedical entities across differently labeled corpora.

Availability and implementation

Our source code is available at https://github.com/yuzhimanhua/lm-lstm-crf.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Study on Senior Managers’ Views of Participation in One Local Authority… a Case of Wilful Blindness?
Authors: Diaz Clive , Aylward Tricia
Published: October 2018

Children in care are one of the most vulnerable groups in our society and senior managers should be committed towards improving their well-being. Empowerment through participation can contribute to this. This study considered the extent to which young people in care were encouraged to participate in decision making, particularly in their review meetings. The paper explores the views of seven senior managers in one local authority in this regard. It formed part of a wider study in which social workers, independent reviewing officers and young people in care were also interviewed. Findings indicate a disconnect between senior managers’ views and other participants. Senior managers were unaware of the challenges that the social workers and independent reviewing officers said they faced. Their understanding of meaningful participation appeared to be limited, their curiosity subdued and their willingness to challenge limited. Senior managers informed that care plans were not up-to-date or considered at the review and were unsure about what opportunities children had to participate and how management could support this. Senior managers reflected that little seemed to have changed in relation to children’s participation in their reviews over the last twenty-five years.
Accuracy of urinary symptoms and urine microscopy in diagnosing urinary tract infection in women
Authors: Tan Ngiap Chuan , Koong Agnes Ying Leng , Ng Lok Pui , Hu Pei Lin , Koh Eileen Yi Ling , Tan Kee Tung , Moey Peter Kirm Seng , Tan Mei Xuan , Wong Chia Siong , Tan Thean Yen , Ho Hanley Jian An , Chen Mark I-Cheng
Published: October 2018

Background

Women with urinary tract infections (UTIs) often present with urinary complaints such as frequency of micturition, dysuria, foul-smelling urine and other non-specific symptoms like fever. Physicians may order urine microscopy to guide empirical antibiotic prescription. However, the performance of this approach has not been assessed.

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the accuracy of UTI symptoms and urine microscopy associated with culture-positive UTI in Asian women.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of adult women who presented with UTI-related symptoms was conducted at three public primary care clinics in Singapore. Demographic data and information on their symptoms were collected, followed by urine microscopy and culture to diagnose UTI. The sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), accuracy (ACC) and area under curve (AUC) of combinations of symptom and urine investigations were analysed in association with culture-positive UTI, which was regarded as a benchmark.

Results

Data on 564 women (73.9% Chinese, 11.5% Malay, 8.2% Indian) were analysed, of which 259 (45.9%) had culture-positive UTI. Frequency and foul-smelling urine, pyuria (WBC ≥10/hpf) and semi-quantitative bacterial count (≥2+) were significantly associated with positive urine culture. The ACC and AUC for single or multiple urinary and/or general symptoms were low. Urine pyuria (minimally >10/hpf) alone or in combination with symptoms and/or semi-quantitative bacterial count achieved high sensitivity (>85%) and PPV, NPV, ACC and AUC of >70%.

Conclusion

Urinary symptoms have limited accuracy in diagnosing culture-positive UTI. Concurrent urine microscopy showing presence of pyuria and/or bacterial count increased the diagnostic accuracy of culture-positive UTI.
Research supervision as a mutual learning process: introducing salutogenesis into supervision using ‘The Collegial Model’
Authors: Eriksson Monica
Published: October 2018

Research using salutogenic factors to promote health is extensive. Salutogenesis, and its core concept ‘sense of coherence’ (SOC), is a resource-oriented theory and framework, applicable in different contexts. Research combining health promotion and doctoral supervision in higher education is scarce. This article places research supervision in a broader context of sustainable working life by focusing on stress management. It is about health promotion in an area of research supervision, a new approach not described earlier. Research on supervision in general is extensive, focusing on co-generative mentoring, counselling and coaching. A new salutogenic model, ‘The Collegial Model’, is presented as an example of practical application. The aim of the present article is to introduce and discuss how the salutogenic theory and model of health can be applied to research supervision of postgraduate students. Knowledge about how SOC impacts health and learning has benefit from a systematic review on salutogenic research covering published papers from 1992 to 2003 and until today. ‘The Collegial Model’ examines fundamental characteristics of supervision related to ethics and sense of coherence: relations, communication, processes, reciprocity, reflection, learning, comprehensibility, manageability, meaningfulness and coherence. Principles for carrying out supervision ‘the salutogenic way’ are suggested. The conclusion is that doctoral supervision involves mutual learning processes between colleagues in the supervisory team. Supervision has to be theory driven, implying that supervisors could benefit from applying a salutogenic way of thinking and working, particularly in development of guidelines for research supervision.
Detecting mortality variation to enhance forage fish population assessments
Authors: Jacobsen Nis S , Thorson James T , Essington Timothy E
Published: October 2018

Contemporary stock assessment models used by fisheries management often assume that natural mortality rates are constant over time for exploited fish stocks. This assumption results in biased estimates of fishing mortality and reference points when mortality changes over time. However, it is difficult to distinguish changes in natural mortality from changes in fishing mortality, selectivity, and recruitment. Because changes in size structure can be indicate changes in mortality, one potential solution is to use population size-structure and fisheries catch data to simultaneously estimate time-varying natural and fishing mortality. Here we test that hypothesis, using a simulation experiment to test performance for four alternative estimation models that estimate natural and fishing mortality from size structure and catch data. We show that it is possible to estimate time-varying natural mortality in a size-based model, even when fishing mortality, recruitment, and selectivity are changing over time. Finally, we apply the model to North Sea sprat, and show that estimates of recruitment and natural mortality are similar to estimates from an alternative multispecies population model fitted to additional data sources. We recommend exploring potential trends in natural mortality in forage fish assessments using tools such as the one presented here.
Population-level mortality benefits of improved blood pressure control in Indonesia: a modelling study
Authors: Sudharsanan Nikkil
Published: October 2018

Background

There are few estimates of the potential gains in adult mortality from population-level improvements in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a major low-and-middle income country (LMIC). Using nationally representative cohort data from Indonesia—the third most populous LMIC— I estimated the gains in adult life expectancy from improving SBP control among adults ages 40 and above and assessed the benefits among richer and poorer subpopulations.

Methods

I used longitudinal data from 10 085 adults ages 40 and above (75 288 person-age observations) enrolled in the 2007 and 2014/15 waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Next, I used Poisson-regression parametric g-formulas to directly estimate age-specific mortality rates under different blood pressure control strategies and constructed period life expectancies using the observed and counterfactual mortality rates.

Results

Fully controlling SBP to a population mean of under 125 mmHg was associated with a life expectancy gain at age 40 of 5.3 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.2, 7.4] for men and 6.0 years (95% CI: 3.6, 8.4) for women. The gains associated with blood pressure control were similar for both rich and poor subpopulations. The life expectancy gains under scenarios with imperfect blood pressure control and coverage were more modest in size and ranged between 1 and 2.5 years for a large fraction of the scenarios.

Conclusions

In Indonesia, elevated SBP carries a large mortality burden, though the results suggest that realistic efforts to address hypertension will likely produce more modest gains in life expectancy. Comparing improvements from different strategies and identifying the most cost-effective ways to introduce and scale up hypertension interventions is a critical focus for both research and policy.
Foods, macronutrients and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: a large UK cohort
Authors: Key Timothy J , Balkwill Angela , Bradbury Kathryn E , Reeves Gillian K , Kuan Ai Seon , Simpson Rachel F , Green Jane , Beral Valerie
Published: October 2018

Background

The role of diet in breast cancer aetiology is unclear; recent studies have suggested associations may differ by estrogen receptor status.

Methods

Baseline diet was assessed in 2000–04 using a validated questionnaire in 691 571 postmenopausal UK women without previous cancer, who had not changed their diet recently. They were followed by record linkage to national cancer and death databases. Cox regression yielded adjusted relative risks for breast cancer for 10 food items and eight macronutrients, subdivided mostly into five categories of baseline intake. Trends in risk across the baseline categories were calculated, assigning re-measured intakes to allow for measurement error and changes in intake over time; P-values allowed for multiple testing.

Results

Women aged 59.9 (standard deviation (SD 4.9)) years at baseline were followed for 12 (SD 3) years; 29 005 were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Alcohol intake had the strongest association with breast cancer incidence: relative risk (RR) 1.08 [99% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.11] per 10 g/day higher intake, P = 5.8 × 10−14. There were inverse associations with fruit: RR 0.94 (99% CI 0.92–0.97) per 100 g/day higher intake, P = 1.1 × 10−6, and dietary fibre: RR 0.91 (99% CI 0.87–0.96) per 5 g/day increase, P = 1.1 × 10−4. Fruit and fibre intakes were correlated (ρ = 0.62) and were greater among women who were not overweight, so residual confounding cannot be excluded. There was no heterogeneity for any association by estrogen receptor status.

Conclusions

By far the strongest association was between alcohol intake and an increased risk of breast cancer. Of the other 17 intakes examined, higher intakes of fruit and fibre were associated with lower risks of breast cancer, but it is unclear whether or not these associations are causal.
Electronic cigarette usage patterns: a case study combining survey and social media data
Authors: Zhan Yongcheng , Etter Jean-François , Leischow Scott , Zeng Daniel
Published: October 2018

Objective

To identify who were social media active e-cigarette users, to compare the use patterns from both survey and social media data for data triangulation, and to jointly use both datasets to conduct a comprehensive analysis on e-cigarette future use intentions.

Materials and Methods

We jointly used an e-cigarette use online survey (n = 5132) and a social media dataset. We conducted analysis from 3 different perspectives. We analyzed online forum participation patterns using survey data. We compared e-cigarette use patterns, including brand and flavor types, ratings, and purchase approaches, between the 2 datasets. We used logistic regression to study intentions to use e-cigarettes using both datasets.

Results

Male and younger e-cigarette users were the most likely to participate in e-cigarette-related discussion forums. Forum active survey participants were hardcore vapers. The e-cigarette use patterns were similar in the online survey data and the social media data. Intention to use e-cigarettes was positively related to e-liquid ratings and flavor ratings. Social media provided a valuable source of information on users’ ratings of e-cigarette refill liquids.

Discussion

For hardcore vapers, social media data were consistent with online survey data, which suggests that social media may be useful to study e-cigarette use behaviors and can serve as a useful complement to online survey research. We proposed an innovative framework for social media data triangulation in public health studies.

Conclusion

We illustrated how social media data, combined with online survey data, can serve as a new and rich information source for public health research.
Unusually High Incidences of Pseudomonas Bacteremias Within Topical Polymyxin–Based Decolonization Studies of Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Benchmarking the Literature
Authors: Hurley James C
Published: October 2018

Background

Topical polymyxin (PM)–based regimens to decolonize patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) have been widely studied. However, paradoxical bacteremia incidences remain unexplained.

Methods

The literature was searched for studies of topical PM–based regimens used to decontaminate MV patients reporting incidences of overall and Pseudomonas bacteremia data. In addition, observational groups without any intervention and trials of various interventions other than topical PM (non-PM studies) served to provide external benchmarks and additional points of reference, respectively. The bacteremia incidences were extracted from the control and intervention (component) groups of these studies and compared with metaregression using generalized estimating equation methods.

Results

The summary odds ratio derived from studies of topical PM–based interventions against overall bacteremia was 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53–0.69). Benchmark incidences per 100 MV patients for overall (mean, 8.9%; 95% CI, 6.9% to 10.9%) and Pseudomonas (mean, 0.7%; 95% CI, 0.5% to 1.1%) bacteremia were derived from 16 observational studies. By contrast, among 17 studies of topical PM, the mean incidences among control groups for overall (mean, 15.3%; 95% CI, 11.5% to 20.3%) and Pseudomonas (mean, 1.6%; 95% CI, 0.9% to 3.1%) bacteremia were both higher, whereas these incidences in the intervention groups for both topical PM and non-PM studies were in each case more similar to the respective benchmarks. These paradoxical incidences cannot readily be explained in metaregression models.

Conclusions

Paradoxically, despite an apparent prevention effect of topical PM–based methods against bacteremia overall, the incidences of Pseudomonas bacteremia within the component groups of these studies are unusually high vs literature-derived benchmarks.
Five Questions About Emotion
Authors: Clore Gerald L. , Robinson Michael D.
Published: October 2018

Emotions are important to personality and social psychology and their relationship. This chapter poses five questions about emotion, contrasting traditional views with recent and emerging perspectives from social–personality psychology. It reaches five conclusions about the nature and origin of emotion and its role in perception, behavior, and cognition: (1) The components of emotion are not sufficiently correlated to implicate underlying affective programs. (2) An iterative reprocessing view of emotion elicitation can accommodate both subcortical, unconscious affect and cognitively rich, conscious emotion. (3) Emotional influences on perception implicate the role of emotion as information about resources. (4) Rather than triggering behavior directly, emotional experience appears to serve a self-teaching function. (5) Positive and negative emotions affect thinking styles by promoting or inhibiting the cognitive orientations that are dominant in particular situations. The chapter is thus both historical and modern, emphasizing new developments and their implications for social–personality psychology.
From Help Giving to Helping Relations
Authors: Nadler Arie
Published: October 2018

This chapter reviews social psychological research on help giving and helping relations from the 1950s until today. The first section considers the conditions under which people are likely to help others, personality dispositions that characterize helpful individuals, and motivational and attributional antecedents of helpfulness. The second section looks at long-term consequences of help and examines help in the context of enduring and emotionally significant relationships. Research has shown that in the long run help can increase psychological and physical well-being for helpers but discourage self-reliance for recipients. The third section analyzes helping from intra- and intergroup perspectives, considering how its provision can contribute to helpers’ reputations within a group or promote the positive social identity of in-groups relative to out-groups. Help is thus conceptualized as a negotiation between the fundamental psychological needs for belongingness and independence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Personality Influences on Group Processes
Authors: Parks Craig D.
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the role of personality traits in group decision-making and performance processes. It begins with a review of the history of interaction between group and personality researchers to show that, at one time, the domains went hand in hand. Methodological concerns in the 1950s, however, led group researchers to move away from personality, resulting in a piecemeal approach to personality influences in groups. Following this historical analysis, modern work in conflict, group performance, group decision-making, and group maintenance is reviewed, with a key theme being that although there are few systematic studies of traits in groups, there is quite a bit of isolated work being done. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the barriers to increased collaboration between the two camps, why such collaboration is important for both, and some ideas about what a Person × Situation interaction within a group might reflect.
The Social Psychology of Personality and Leadership
Authors: van Knippenberg Daan
Published: October 2018

Leadership research has a long history from personality psychological and social psychological perspectives, but integrated treatment of these person–situation influences is scarce. Such an integrated approach is outlined here in a person-in-situation perspective that sees leadership effectiveness as a function of the interaction between leader personality and situation (task, follower, and context characteristics) and that integrates personality psychology and social psychology perspectives. The person-in-situation perspective is less developed than probably it should be, but indications are that it holds more promise for understanding of leadership effectiveness than more one-sided approaches. The chapter aims to capture what can be concluded on the basis of the evidence as well as an associated research agenda for further development of this perspective on the personality and social psychology of leadership interface.
Social Policy
Authors: Omoto Allen M.
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores some historical linkages between personality, social psychology, and social policy, and reviews several issues in integrating personality and social psychology for social policy research, program development, and evaluation. The chapter describes general orientations in personality and social psychology and how they may lead to different understandings and policy solutions. Some differences in orientation are proposed as hindering integration of personality and social psychology, whereas others are complementary and may enhance policy work. Examples are offered of ways to integrate personality and social psychology in policy-relevant research, and other levels and contexts for policy engagement are noted. The chapter also outlines several systemic influences on policy involvement by personality and social psychologists. It concludes with a call for training programs to “rediscover” emphases on social policy and by encouraging personality and social psychologists to more highly value and participate in social policy work of different types.
Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Deaux Kay , Snyder Mark
Published: October 2018

In this concluding chapter of the second edition of the Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology reflects on how the contributions to the handbook illustrate the ways in which personality and social psychology relate to and contribute to each other. As in the first edition, three patterns of relationship between the two approaches are considered: bridges (joining distinct social and personality perspectives on a substantive area), combined territories (with relatively seamless mergers between fields), and ravines (where the distance between fields has been substantial but where developmental opportunities exist). Also assessed are areas of change in these patterns of relationship; evidence of increasing integration between personality and social psychology approaches is indicated. Finally, as in the first edition, the roles played by professional associations, scientific journals and edited collections, departmental structures, funding agencies, and educational and training programs are considered as they facilitate or inhibit integrative work.
Behavior and Behavior Assessment
Authors: Kelly Janice R. , Agnew Christopher R.
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses these questions: What do we mean by “behavior” in personality and social psychology? How can we best assess social behavior? We define behavior as being observable and socially meaningful, but also discuss the dimensions on which behavior varies (e.g., intentional vs. habitual, discrete vs. continuous). We also discuss important variabilities in behavior as they relate to issues of measurement (e.g., behavioral frequency or desirability). For behavior assessment, we focus on some of the practical issues involved (e.g., choosing a coding system, selecting an observational setting), as well as how behavior assessment might intersect with personality and social psychological theory (e.g., manipulating or assessing behavior as it serves as moderator, mediator, or outcome in a theory). We end by discussing some established and emerging technologies that might prove useful for behavioral assessment (e.g., virtual reality), as well as calling for more integration of behavioral measures into future research.
A Social Identity Model for Education
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Houston Diane M. , Masser Barbara M. , McKimmie Blake M.
Published: October 2018

Much of the research on individual attainment in educational settings has focused on individual differences. This chapter sets out the role of groups and group processes. After reviewing evidence for the role of social comparison in the classroom, and theory and research on ethnic group differences, we consider the impact of category memberships, stereotypes, and threat on educational performance. We introduce social identity theory and explain its relevance to educational outcomes. We then offer an integrative social identity model for education (SIME) that incorporates three elements of education research: social comparison, stereotypes, and identity. The model provides a more comprehensive perspective on the role of intergroup and intragroup relations and indicates how (and which) group memberships can present barriers to, or reveal new horizons for, performance and achievement. We describe how these elements may work together in practice and conclude by considering prospects and approaches for future research.
Communication in the Networked Age
Authors: Foucault Welles Brooke , González-Bailón Sandra
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces a theoretical and analytical framework that allows the field of communication to adapt to the research challenges of the digital age. In this framework, we use the term ‘networked communication’ to refer to the ability to leverage digital trace data to advance theoretical and empirical research goals. In particular, new data resources and computational tools allow us to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of communication, spanning levels of analyses that go from the individual to the group and, from there, to organizations, collectives, and societies. The approach we propose here lies at the confluence of network science and computational social science, and it has many different applications as illustrated by the thirty-two chapters that form the Handbook. At the heart of this approach is the principle that we need to embrace the complex and dynamic nature of communication processes. We can only theorize about thoses processes by bringing new empirical light and methodoloigical sophistication to the old questions about the nature, determinants, and outcomes of human communication in an increasingly interconnected environment.
Regulation of CNS Plasticity Through the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Warren Philippa M. , Dickens Stuart M. , Gigout Sylvain , Fawcett James W. , Kwok Jessica C.F.
Published: October 2018

Contrary to established dogma, the central nervous system (CNS) has a capacity for regeneration and is moderately plastic. Traditionally, such changes have been recognized through development, but more recently, this has been documented in adults through learning and memory or during the advent of trauma and disease. One of the causes of such plasticity has been related to changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). This complex scaffold of sugars and proteins in the extracellular space alters functionality of the surrounding tissue through moderation of synaptic connections, neurotransmission, ion diffusion, and modification to the cytoskeleton. This chapter discusses the role of the ECM in CNS plasticity in development and the adult. Further, it determines how the ECM affects normal neuronal functioning in critical processes such as memory. Finally, the chapter assesses how the ECM contributes to adverse CNS changes in injury and disease, concentrating on how this matrix may be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
“Where Dead People Walk”
Authors: Wissler Holly
Published: October 2018

The Quechua community of Q’eros, Peru, is known internationally for their lifestyle steeped in an “Inca” past. While many documentaries, exhibitions, theses, and articles have been published about them, their direct complaint is that they never see these works. In 2010, the ethnomusicologist Holly Wissler digitized and handed over fifty years of audiovisual archives about the Q’eros directly to their communities. This chapter discusses the collection and presentation of the archives via an “ambulatory movie theater”; the triggering of memory and discussion about past customs and deceased community members; one woman’s multiple viewings of footage of her long-deceased mother as integral process in healing; the impact of archive return directly to the community of origin, versus deposit in a public institution; and a stimulation of consciousness about the place of Q’eros in Andean history, and the uniqueness of their customs that is connected to both Inca and current identity.
Anger Expression and Health: The Cultural Moderation Hypothesis
Authors: Park Jiyoung , Kitayama Shinobu
Published: October 2018

Is anger monolithic, or is it a multifaceted experience with variable functions? We address these questions with MIDUS/MIDJA datasets and provide support for the idea that people express anger for different reasons across cultures. Specifically, in Western societies, people may express anger to vent their frustration. In support of this hypothesis, among Americans, anger expression is more pronounced for those with lower social status (who are more vulnerable to frustrating experiences). Moreover, their anger expression is associated with increased biological health risk. In contrast, in Asian societies, people may express anger to display social dominance. In support of this hypothesis, among Japanese, anger expression is more pronounced for those with higher social status (who have social resources to be dominant). Moreover, their anger expression is associated with decreased biological health risk. The chapter concludes with directions for future research.
Perceived Discrimination and Health: Integrative Findings
Authors: Cuevas Adolfo G. , Williams David R.
Published: October 2018

The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study was the first national health study to include a comprehensive battery to measure both major acute and chronic experiences of discrimination. Studies using MIDUS data have made significant contributions to the growing area of research on discrimination and health. This chapter provides an overview of research on discrimination and health, giving special attention to how findings from the MIDUS study have contributed to this literature. It provides a description of the discrimination instruments in MIDUS and summarizes key MIDUS findings that have examined discrimination in relation to health outcomes. This chapter outlines priority areas for future research. With growing recognition of the need to better understand the conditions under which specific aspects of discrimination are pathogenic for particular social groups, this chapter highlights the importance of using MIDUS to reach these goals.
Disparities in Health Between Black and White Americans: Current Knowledge and Directions for Future Research
Authors: Fuller-Rowell Thomas E. , Curtis David S. , Duke Adrienne M.
Published: October 2018

Conceptual frameworks for racial/ethnic health disparities are abundant, but many have received insufficient empirical attention. As a result, there are substantial gaps in scientific knowledge and a range of untested hypotheses. Particularly lacking is specificity in behavioral and biological mechanisms for such disparities and their underlying social determinants. Alongside lack of political will and public investment, insufficient clarity in mechanisms has stymied efforts to address racial health disparities. Capitalizing on emergent findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study and other longitudinal studies of aging, this chapter evaluates research on health disparities between black and white US adults. Attention is given to candidate behavioral and biological mechanisms as precursors to group differences in morbidity and mortality and to environmental and sociocultural factors that may underlie these mechanisms. Future research topics are discussed, emphasizing those that offer promise with respect to illuminating practical solutions to racial/ethnic health disparities.
Work and Family: Pathways to Health
Authors: Smith Amy M. , Longley Kasey E. , Grzywacz Joseph G.
Published: October 2018

Combining work and family is an ongoing challenge for many adults. Research attention on the health-related implications of this challenge has increased substantially over the past 20 years. Inquiries fueled by the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study contributed to this growth, but explanations for “why” meeting the everyday responsibilities of work and family could influence health remain underdeveloped. This chapter elucidates the dominant “pathways” by which day-to-day responsibilities in the worlds of work and family may affect adult health. After defining key concepts and establishing a brief sociohistorical context for work, family, and health research, four pathways and associated metaphors are described for linking everyday work and family life with human health. These pathways are illustrated using the corpus of MIDUS-related research; the chapter concludes with suggestions for studies that could further expand and positively impact the existing work, family, and health literature.
Rhetoric and Affect in Bilingual Latinx Literature
Authors: Figlerowicz Matylda , Sommer Doris
Published: October 2018

Latinx writers cross boundaries between languages, renovating the experience both of language and of literature. This article takes up the invitations of several creative/disruptive artists: Víctor Hernández Cruz, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Ana Lydia Vega, William Carlos Williams, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Tino Villanueva. The analysis shows how bilingualism transforms rhetorical figures and affective structures, arguing that metonymy—understood as contiguity and as desire—is a predominant figure of bilingualism: a figure of almost arbitrary coincidence, an unintended intimacy that writers exploit. Through rhetorical and affective gestures, bilingualism alters genre conventions and opens a new space for aesthetic pleasure and political discussion, which requires and forms an alert audience with new ways of reading. The essay traces the visions of future (and its fantasies) and of past (and its memories) from the perspective of bilingualism, showing how operating between languages allows for new ways of constructing knowledge.
Latinx Midwest Folklore
Authors: Alex Stacey M. , Aldama Frederick Luis
Published: October 2018

This article provides an overview of Latinx folklore studies and the diversity of folkloric expression across US Latinx communities. Through interviews, it examines how Latinx artists engage with folklore in the Midwest as cultural capital for place-making while combating discursive and social erasure including barriers to state arts funding, as well as social and geographic isolation from more widely recognized Latinx cultural centers. Historically, Latinx groups have moved to the Midwest to escape oppression. While often finding more socially benign spaces, they continue to confront racism. The corrido musical form offers nineteenth-century examples of folkloric storytelling as resistance to the racialized dispossession of South Texan Mexicans, while contemporary corridos recount the travails and perseverance of undocumented immigrants. Latinx folkloric music, dance, storytelling, visual arts, and festivals are investigated as vehicles to support social justice and solidarity.
Alienation, or Why Capitalism is Bad for Us
Authors: Swain Dan
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers the significance of Marx’s concept of alienation to his overall criticism of capitalism. At the concept’s core is the idea that while labor is potentially a fulfilling and liberating activity, under capitalism it appears only as a hostile, dominating force. Workers thus experience their own activity, natural and built environments, and fellow human beings as alien and hostile. While this idea has been deeply influential, it has also been the subject of heated controversies, in particular for its apparent dependence on an essentialist or teleological idea of human nature. While important, such controversies were often inflated by their political and intellectual context, and this chapter argues they should be considered alongside the lasting significance of alienation as an explanatory concept. Understood as such, it can still contribute a great deal to understanding and criticizing contemporary society, and provide guidance for how to transcend and replace it.
Primitive Accumulation in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Mandel David
Published: October 2018

Starting from the Marxist concept of “primitive accumulation,” the process by which the toilers are forcefully separated from the means of production in the origins of capitalism, this article analyzes the role of the state in the process of capitalist restoration in Russia following the demise of the Soviet Union. The concrete form that that process assumed, the nature of the bourgeoisie and the type of capitalism the emerged from it, provide in turn the key to understanding the authoritarian nature of the Russian state. This is a so-called “managed democracy”—a state whose executive dominates both the popular classes and the bourgeoisie, even while serving the latter’s economic interests.