bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insect Infestation of West African Produce imported into Britain
Authors: Howe R. W. , Freeman J. A.
Published: July 2009

An analysis is made of the records of inspections for infestation by insects of cargoes imported into Britain from West Africa. The exporting territories extend from Angola to Senegal but the bulk of cargoes were produce of the four British colonies.

The ready spread of insects from one cargo to another causes infestation to be similar for all cargoes but a few species are especially associated with a particular crop. Groundnuts in shell are normally shipped alone and therefore relatively protected from cross-infestation.

The three major cargoes are cocoa, palm kernels and groundnuts which form four-fifths of the inspected shipments. Fifteen other kinds of produce are also considered.

Twelve species were found on more than ten per cent. of cargoes of cocoa beans. Of these five were probably acquired from groundnuts and one from palm kernels by cross-infestation. Ephestia cautella (Wlk.), Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) (from groundnuts), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Necrobia rufipes (Deg.) (from palm kernels) and Araecerus fasciculatus (Deg.) all infested over 40 per cent. of cargoes.

The fluctuations of infestation year by year are examined, and it is shown that these are similar for all the species acquired from groundnuts except T. castaneum. Variations in frequency of other species appear to be unrelated.
Responses of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to host odours and convection currents using an olfactometer bioassay
Authors: Eiras Alvaro E. , Jepson P. C.
Published: July 2009

The responses of female Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) to a variety of stimuli were studied using an olfactometer bioassay. Mosquitoes responded significantly to convection currents produced by a human hand. The addition of water vapour to convection currents enhanced significantly the mosquitoes' response. Lactic acid, either alone or in combination with water vapour or/and convection currents however, did not increase the response level. Sweat extract elicited higher response than convection currents, water vapour and lactic acid. Human hands elicited significantly higher responses than any other stimuli. The presence of active chemicals other than lactic acid in human odour extract is discussed.
Effects of contamination with wild-type males, virgin females or mated females, on the stability of the T:Y(ωp†)30C genetic sexing strain of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Kafu A.A. , Busch-Petersen E. , Wood R.J.
Published: July 2009

The T:Y(ωp†)30c genetic sexing strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), which is designed to generate males with brown (wild-type) pupae and females with white pupae, was contaminated artificially in a series of population experiments, to investigate the pattern of breakdown of the strain. The frequency of brown female pupae increased whether contamination was with males, unmated females or mated females, but the frequency of white male pupae increased only after male or mated female contamination. Contamination with either sex, mated or unmated, caused a rise in the overall frequency of brown pupae. A fitness advantage of the ωp† gene, when not attached to the Y chromosome, seemed to be indicated. The sex ratio became distorted in favour of females after contamination with females, mated or unmated, but not after male contamination which caused a temporary increase in males. The experiments revealed evidence of a low frequency of natural recombination between ωp† and the translocation breakpoint on the Y chromosome, shown by the appearance of a small number of white males that could not be attributed to the experimental procedure. These findings are shown to be relevant in determining whether wild type contamination has taken place in mass rearing of this strain for sterile male release.
Spatial sampling of insects, plant parts and insect attacks in the soil of potato crops
Authors: Matthiessen J.N. , Learmonth S.E.
Published: July 2009

A method was devised for spatial sampling within the soil in potato crops where the soil insects African black beetle, Heteronychus arator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and whitefringed weevil, Graphognathus leucoloma (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are pests. The number and position of potato plant parts, the soil insects, and their attacks on potatoes were defined within the hilled-up soil profile of sections of the planting rows. Neither potato tubers, nor insects nor insect attacks were uniformly distributed. Tubers occurred mainly in the middle of the hill, while the insects contrasted in their distribution in the soil. Most of the damaging H. arator adults and larvae occurred in upper middle areas; the damaging G. leucoloma larvae occurred deeper and were more damaging on the under-side of tubers. The method provides a means of simultaneously sampling soil insect populations in a crop and obtaining a direct assessment of their damage and the effectiveness of control measures.
A study of the breeding distribution of Glossina morsitans Westw. in northern Botswana
Authors: Atkinson P. R.
Published: July 2009

A year-long survey of the breeding of Glossina morsitans Westw. in the Moremi Game Reserve, northern Botswana, was based on transect counts of pupae and empty puparial cases under logs. Levels of breeding were lowest during the hot dry months, and were similar in riverine woodland and mopane even when the latter was leafless: mopane contributed most pupae (65.7%) to the total population because of its greater area. Pupae to cases ratios decreased between February and November due to accumulation of cases, which apparently were largely destroyed in the rains. Comparison of holes, scattered sites and logs in a second survey showed that holes were important breeding sites during the hot dry season, possibly due to their higher humidity, but that at other times most breeding occurred in scattered sites. During the rains scattered sites contained the fewest dead pupae, and holes the most. There was a preference by G. morsitans for shaded sites. Breeding appeared to be depressed during the rains, possibly due to reduced availability of food hosts, particularly warthog.
Form and function of the spermatophore in Culicoides melleus (Coq.) (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Linley J. R. , Adams G. M.
Published: July 2009

Sperm-transfer in Culicoides melleus (Coq.) is achieved by means of an intermediary spermatophore. The form of the spermatophore, only the second to be observed in a species of Culicoides, is described and illustrated. Though generally similar to others reported in Diptera, the spermatophore of C. melleus is distinguished by the presence of a long neck attached to the main capsule. Formation of the spermatophore occurs after sexual union has been achieved, and throughout mating the capsule remains held in the male apparatus. The distinguishing functional feature is that the entire length of the neck lies within the common duct of the spermathecae. The presence of an appendage of the spermatophore inside the spermathecal duct is a hitherto unknown phenomenon in Nematocera.
Observations on the breeding sites of mosquitoes in Lake Manyara, a saline lake in the East African Rift Valley
Authors: Njogu A. R. , Kinoti G. K.
Published: July 2009

Larvae of 18 species of mosquitoes were found in the region of Lake Manyara, a saline lake in Tanzania.Aedes natroniusEdw.,Culex tenagiusvan Som. andC. nakuruensisMattingly bred in salinities ranging from 0 to over 8% NaCl; five species, includingAnopheles gambiaeGiles, bred only in fresh and brackish waters, while the remainder were found only in fresh water. The saline habitats were also alkaline.C. tenagiusoccurs only in association with hot springs throughout East Africa, but larvae were found in salinities of 0- > 8% NaCl, alkalinities of 0.05–0.32N, pH 7.8- > 11 and at temperatures of 22–42 C.C. tenagius,C. nakuruensisandC. telesillaDe Meillon & Lavoipierre were new records for Tanzania, as wasAe. lineatopennis(Ludl.) collected from a nearby settlement. It is considered that the species able to breed in both fresh and salt water, namely,Ae. natronius,C. tenagiusandC. nakuruensis, may comprise a complex of fresh-water and salt-water races, or even species.
On a Bruchid Seed-borer in Acacia arabica
Authors: Peake F. G. G.
Published: July 2009

Bruchus baudoni (Caillol) infests the seed of Acacia arabica in the Sudan and renders it largely infertile. Attack is not only in stored seed but also in the green pods before these have fallen from the trees. The life-history was studied and the newly hatched larva found to move freely about amongst the seed before boring. As this vulnerable stage occurred only once every six weeks with each new generation, a contact insecticide rather than a fumigant would be more likely to give satisfactory control. Parasites were found of the Bruchids of other Acacia species but not on B. baudoni. The search for a parasite is being extended to east, central and west Africa as the Acacia arabica of these countries is widely separated from that of the Sudan.
Observations on the Larval Diapause of the Pink Bollworm, Platyedra gossypiella, Saund.
Authors: Squire F. A.
Published: July 2009

As cotton crops in many parts of the world end either with the onset of winter or of the dry season, it is natural that the larval diapause which becomes more and more conspicuous as the crop ripens should have come to be regarded as an instance of either hibernation or aestivation; yet in the West Indies where the following observations were made, there is no winter, nor does the ripe boll phase of the crop necessarily fall in the dry season. The latter moreover is not one of complete drought but rather dry only by comparison. Indeed in some islands, such as Montserrat and St. Kitts, the crop is harvested in the wet season. Yet long-cycle or resting larvae are regularly found in all of these islands.
Notes on the Variegated Grasshopper, Zonocerus Variegatus, L., in Nigeria
Authors: Golding F. D.
Published: July 2009

The object of the present paper is to describe the results of some cage experiments with Zonocerus variegatus, L., carried out at Ibadan between March 1932 and December 1937.

The cages used for the breeding experiments were about 2-05 metres in height and were filled with soil to a depth of about 51 cm. The upper part of each cage was made of wire gauze and had a cubic capacity of about 1-43 cubic metres (154 cm. high by 102 cm. by 91 cm.). The grasshoppers were fed on the leaves of sweet cassava (Manihot utiHssima) and water was sprinkled on the food.
Surgical inhibition of ovulation and gestation in the tsetse flyGlossina austeniNewst. (Dipt., Glossinidae)
Authors: Foster Woodbridge A.
Published: July 2009

To determine whether the brain medial neurosecretory cells (MNC) provide a hormone regulating ovulation and larviposition in females ofGlossina austeniNewst., the effects of MNC ablations, sham operations, MNC implantations, and MNC extract injections were investigated. Ablation almost always inhibited ovulation and interfered with larval development and larviposition; it did not appreciably influence blood feeding, digestion or egg maturation. However, surgical brain trauma and even general stress also inhibited ovulation in control flies to some extent, though inhibition was more frequent and prolonged after greater trauma or incisions closer to MNC. A similar relationship existed between proximity of incisions to MNC and success of larval development and larviposition. MNC implants and extracts failed to induce ovulation in ablated flies. Most evidence indicates that MNC ablation affects ovulation and larviposition, not by removing a source of stimulatory hormone, but by interfering with nervous pathways necessary either for hormone release at some other site or for direct stimulation of the reproductive tract musculature.
Mating disruption of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with Shin Etsu twist-tie ropes in Israel
Authors: Nakache J. , Dunkelblum E. , Kehat M. , Anshelevich L. , Harel Miriam
Published: July 2009

Shin Etsu twist-tie ropes containing the spiny bollworm (Earias insulana(Boisduval)) pheromone were tested for mating disruption in a cotton field in Israel during 1991. Two applications of the Shin Etsu rope formulation (1000 ropes/ha), containing 50 mg pheromone per rope, effectively disrupted mating of E. insulana, reduced damage to cotton bolls, and minimized the number of chemical treatments needed. The success of the mating disruption, which lasted for more than 3.5 months, was indicated by the following: 1. Reduction of trap catches in the pheromone-treated plot as compared with the control plot (commercially treated with insecticides). 2. Lower infestation of cotton bolls in the pheromone-treated as compared with the control plot. 3. Over 90% reduction in mating success in the pheromone-treated plot, as indicated by the number of mating pairs collected at night in the two plots. 4. Reduced number of insecticidal treatments applied in the pheromone-treated plot. The release rate of the pheromones was monitored by periodical gas chromatography analyses of the remaining pheromone in ropes. The half lives of the E. insulana and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) formulations were similar, with t1/2=45-60 days. In Israel, E. insulana and P. gossypiella infest cotton fields almost simultaneously and are controlled by the same insecticides. Therefore, the control of E. insulana with pheromones is essential in order to give reasonable meaning to the commercial application of pheromones for the control of P. gossypiella, as is practised today in many cotton fields. The present study indicates that control of E. insulana by the mating disruption technique is viable.
Larval responses of three vegetable root fly pests of the genus Delia (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) to plant volatiles
Authors: Ross K.T.A. , Anderson M.
Published: July 2009

Larval responses of Delia radicum (Linnaeus), D. floralis (Fallén) and D. antiqua (Meigen) to plant volatiles were measured using a behavioural assay. Larvae were attracted to their host-plant, but non host-plants either had no effect or were repellent. Testing of individual secondary plant volatiles indicated that larvae were attracted to secondary plant volatiles from their host-plant, but were neither attracted nor repelled by secondary plant volatiles from non host-plants. A general plant volatile did not have this effect.
Electrophoretic study of five aphid parasitoid species of the genus Aphidius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), including evidence for reproductively isolated sympatric populations and a cryptic species
Authors: Atanassova P. , Brookes C.P. , Loxdale H.D. , Powell W.
Published: July 2009

Four polymorphic enzymes (PEP, PGI, PGM and IDH) were separated from adult individuals of five aphid parasitoid species of the genus Aphidius Nees (A. ervi Haliday, A. microlophii Pennacchio & Tremblay, A. eadyi Starý, Gonzalez & Hall, A. picipes Nees and A. urticae Haliday) using horizontal cellulose acetate plate electrophoresis. These markers were used to investigate the genetic relationships, including reproductive isolation and host adaptation/specificity, in laboratory and field populations. Samples were collected from the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and/or the nettle aphid, Microlophium carnosum (Buckton) in the UK and Bulgaria between 1991 and 1994. Whilst all loci discriminated between some species, PGM discriminated all five species, one species (A. eadyi) bearing two unique alleles (PGMa and PGMc). Aphidius microlophii (from nettle aphid) and A. ervi (from pea aphid), which are difficult to separate morphologically, possessed unique PGM alleles – PGMb and PGMe, respectively. Both parasitoids occur sympatrically, and whilst hybrids heterozygous for PGM were produced in the laboratory (PGMb,e), such genotypes were not observed in the field populations sampled. Hence, the species appear to be reproductively isolated. Most parasitoid populations studied showed mean heterozygote deficiencies per locus (homozygote excess) compared with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. In particular, A. eadyi bearing PGMa alleles were always homozygous whilst additionally, many were homozygous for another allele, PGIb. This is evidence for the existence of one or more morphologically-indistinguishable ‘cryptic’ species occurring sympatrically within European field populations. A dendrogram of relatedness was produced following calculation of Nei's genetic identity coefficient, I from the parasitoid population allele frequency data. All species showed very high similarity between populations at the intraspecific level (>0.9), but fewer interspecific similarities (0.23–0.63). These values compare well with previously published values for Aphidius populations and for other insects.
Host size-dependent sex allocation behaviour in a parasitoid: implications forCatolaccus grandis(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) mass rearing programmes
Authors: Heinz K.M.
Published: July 2009

An often encountered problem associated with augmentative and inundative biological control programmes is the high cost of producing sufficient numbers of natural enemies necessary to suppress pest populations within the time constraints imposed by ephemeral agroecosystems. In many arrhenotokous parasitoids, overproduction of males in mass-rearing cultures inflates costs (per female) and thus limits the economic feasibility of these biological control programmes. Within the context of existing production technologies, experiments were conducted to determine if the sex ratio ofCatolaccus grandis(Burks), an ectoparasitoid of the boll weevilAnthonomous grandisBoheman, varied as a function of boll weevil larval size. Results from natural and manipulative experiments demonstrate the following behavioural characteristics associated with C.grandissex allocation behaviour: (i) femaleC. grandisoffspring are produced on large size hosts and male offspring are produced on small hosts; (ii) whether a host is considered large or small depends upon the overall distribution of host sizes encountered by a female parasitoid; and (iii) female parasitoids exhibit a greater rate of increase in body size with host size than do male parasitoids. The observed patterns cannot be explained by sex-specific mortality of immature parasitoids developing on the different host size categories. In subsequent experiments, laboratory cultures ofC. grandisexposed daily to successively larger sizes ofA. grandislarvae produced successively greater female biased offspring sex ratios, cultures exposed daily to successively smaller sizes of host larvae produced successively greater male biased offspring sex ratios, and cultures exposed daily to equivalent host size distributions over time maintained a uniform offspring sex ratio. By increasing the average size ofA. grandislarval hosts exposed toC. grandisby 2.5 mg per day in mass rearing cultures, the percentage of male progeny can be reduced from 33% to 23% over a period of four consecutive exposure days.
The effect of leguminous plant species onCallosobruchus maculatus(Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its egg parasitoidUscana lariophaga(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: van Huis A. , de Rooy M.
Published: July 2009

The performance of the egg parasitoidUscana lariophagaSteffan was studied when reared on eggs of the bruchid storage pest,Callosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius) developing in seeds of cowpea, chickpea and pigeonpea. The beetle laid more and larger eggs on pigeonpea than on cowpea and chickpea, indicating that there was not a trade-off between number and size of the eggs. The bruchid larvae reared on pigeonpea exhibited a longer development time and a higher mortality than those reared on cowpea and chickpea. The resulting males weighed less than those reared on cowpea and chickpea. The trichogrammatidU. lariophagaparasitized more eggs whenC. maculatuswas reared on chickpea than when reared on the other hosts. Parasitoid larvae developed slowest and had the highest mortality in eggs ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea compared to those reared on cowpea and chickpea; the sex ratio (% of females) of the resulting adults was also higher. The high mortality and long development time ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea indicated that this legume was less favourable toC. maculatusthan chickpea or cowpea. This was probably also true for the parasitoid since the mortality was higher and development longer in eggs ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea compared to those reared on cowpea and chickpea. Therefore, when host eggs were larger and of lower nutritional quality, the proportion of female egg parasitoids was greater.
The biology and host specificity of Pareuchaetes aurata aurata (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), a ‘new association’ biological control agent for Chromolaena odorata (Compositae)
Authors: Kluge R.L. , Caldwell P.M.
Published: July 2009

Pareuchaetes aurata aurata (Butler) from Chromolaena jujuensis in northern Argentina was tested as a biological control candidate for the composite weed C. odorata. The larvae feed voraciously and complete their development on C. odorata. The host-plant feeding range of P. a. aurata is limited to the genus Chromolaena. It is suggested that the egg-laying behaviour of P. a. aurata, which scatters its eggs around the base of the host-plant, will help to overcome the problem of ant predation which prevented the establishment of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros, which lays its eggs in batches, in South Africa. Any possible benefits of the new association between P. a. aurata and C. odorata may also contribute to the success of this biological control programme.
First recording of the sound produced by the black citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boy.)
Authors: Broughton W. B. , Harris K. M.
Published: July 2009

The black citrus aphid, Toxaptera aurantii (Boy.), produces a distinct scraping sound by rhythmic movements of whole colonies. It is the only species of aphid known to produce audible sounds and the acoustical content of a preliminary recording of these sounds is reported in detail. During one recording the aphids stridulated 15 times in 21 seconds, giving an average period of 1–4 seconds between emissions and this rate remained virtually constant for at least an hour. Analysis of the recording established a clear peak frequency band at about 4–6 kHz with another around 800 Hz-1 kHz and possibly another in the ultra-sonic range above 18 kHz. Morphological adaptations of the abdominal cuticle and of the hind tibiae to form a stridulatory apparatus are illustrated and possible functions of stridulation as a defence mechanism or as a means of intraspecific communication are briefly discussed.
Feeding behaviour and host preferences of British mosquitoes
Authors: Service M. W.
Published: July 2009

The arrival of mosquitoes at human bait under natural conditions could be divided into three behavioural phases, the exploratory, the penetration and feeding periods. The duration of these periods was recorded in Mansonia richiardii (Fie), Anopheles plumbeus Steph., Aedes punctor (Kby.), Ae. detritus (Hal.), Ae. cinereus Mg. and Ae. cantans (Mg.). Adults of M. richiardii took the longest (about 4 min) and those of Ae. cinereus the shortest (about 2 min) time to obtain a blood-meal. Penetration by the mosquitoes' mouthparts was felt in about 17% of the feeds, and irritation was caused by about 18% of the mosquitoes during feeding. The natural host preferences of these, and 11 other species, were determined by precipitin tests on blood engorged mosquitoes. Adults of Culex pipiens L., C. torrentium Mart, Culiseta morsitans (Theo.) and C. litorea (Shute) were essentially avian feeders; three adults of the latter two species had also fed on unidentified reptiles. Most adults of the other species had fed mainly on mammals. There were few multiple feeds. Although the ability of a mosquito to take a blood-meal quickly from a host was recognised as important, other phenomena such as uninterrupted feeding, simultaneous feeding by large numbers of mosquitoes and host desensitisation to bites were also considered important in contributing to the success or failure of a mosquito in obtaining a blood-meal.
A Mealy Bug injurious to the Lebbek trees of Cairo
Authors: Willcocks F. C. , Newstead Robert , Hughes Frank
Published: July 2009

In a sub-tropical city like Cairo it is most important that, so far as possible, the main streets be protected from the direct rays of a powerful sun by numerous and healthy shade-giving trees. For this purpose, the Lebbek (Albizzia lebbek) has been very extensively employed in Cairo, where it affords a welcome shade, as well as adding very considerably to the appearance of the streets. Until the summer of 1909, these trees have, on the whole, filled their parts quite satisfactorily. They had only one serious insect enemy to contend against, in the form of a longicorn beetle—Xystrocera globosa, Oliv. Hitherto this “borer” has been considered by far the most important pest of the lebbek, since its attacks, although comparatively slow in their effects on the life of the tree, are yet sure, and when extended over a period of years have caused no little mortality amongst the shade-trees of this city. During the past year the importance of this beetle has been, so far as Cairo is concerned, somewhat eclipsed by the depredations of a comparatively new pest—a mealy bug. This insect proves to be new to science, and is described for the first time in the appendix to this paper under the name of Dactylopius pertiiciosus, sp. n.
Notes on the habits of Glossina fusca
Authors: Davey J. B.
Published: July 2009

Much attention has recently been devoted to the habits of Glossina palpalis, but G. fusca, which I have had the opportunity of observing and collecting in several localities in Nyasaland, has received little notice; the latter has long been known to be most active in the evening, but further points in its habits have come to my notice, and they appear to be worth recording.
New synonymy in Oriental Culicidae
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

For the past two years the writer has studied the Oriental CULICIDAB at intervals, with a view to preparing a tabular synopsis of the species. During this time it has become evident that a large number of names will have to be rejected or changed in some way, and it seems desirable to call attention at once to some of these proposed changes, as it will inevitably be a considerable time before the thorough revision of the Oriental mosquitos which the writer has in view can be published. The present paper is intended merely to deal with nomenclatorial questions, points of systematic interest being introduced only in so far as they are necessary to explain or justify the writer's conclusions. The classification here indicated may be taken as approximately final, but the limits of certain genera and their arrangement may ultimately require modification, while their number may not improbably have to be reduced. Over 80 specific names are here for the first time definitely sunk, while the probable synonymy of 8 or 10 others is suggested. On the other hand two new names are proposed owing to the preoccupation of the original designation of the species.
Notes on Coccidae collected by F. P. Jepson, Government Entomologist, Fiji
Authors: Green E. E.
Published: July 2009

The collection contained no new species; but, as little is known of the COCCIDAE inhabiting the Fiji Islands, it will be useful to place the names on record.
Notes on African Chalcidoidea—III
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

It cannot be said that any satisfactory division of the Tetrastichini has yet been proposed. With the exception of one or two easily recognised groups like Melittobia, Westw., Crataepus, Först., and Hyperteles. Först., the genera are ill-defined, and this is specially the case with Tetrastichus, Hal., and its immediate allies. It has become evident that the mesonotal furrows or impressed lines have not the value for diagnosis that many writers have assigned to them. Recently Kurdjumov (Revue Russe d'Entomologie, xiii, p. 246, 1913) has separated Tetrastichus from Geniocerus, Ratz., by the chaetotaxy of the submarginal, assigning to the former genus those species which have one, and to the latter, species with more than one bristle in this position. Such a division, I believe to be unnatural, as it is certainly inconvenient.* In the following descriptions I have included one species in Tetrastichus though it has more than one bristle on the submarginal. I think it impossible, in the present state of our knowledge of the Tetrastichines, to say what characters are of basal importance. For grouping species, the funicle (shape, segments and chaetotaxy), the position of the scrobes, the shape of the pronotum (especially whether straight-edged or emarginate posteriorly), the chaetotaxy of the mesonotum and the propodeon, give generally the most reliable clues, while specific characters appear to lie in colour, proportions and chaetotaxy of the wings. How far the ring joint can or should be used is doubtful. When consisting of a number of equal rings it may be of some assistance, but in other cases, the basal ring is much the greatest, and it is almost impossible to say whether the succeeding lamina is distinct or not. Even with an oil immersion difficulty may be felt, and there is the further question of the morphological equivalence of these laminae. In the present paper four species assigned to Tetrastichus are described; of these, three are grouped together, mainly on account of antennal and propodeal characters, the fourth I have placed with some others described from dipterous hosts, but if the absence of whorls of hair from the male funicle proves to be more fundamental than the antennal coloration and the propodeal sculpture, possibly all four should go together. In describing the antennae, details are given of the sensoria, which, though rather variable in number on any individual joint, are more constant for the funicle and club as a whole.
A butterfly injurious to coconut palms in British Guiana
Authors: Cleare Laurence D.
Published: July 2009

During the past year (1914) the coconut palms in the city of Georgetown have been rather severely attacked hy the larvae of the Coconut Butterfly, Brassolis sophorae, L.
Eight new mosquitos in the British Museum collection
Authors: Edward F. W.
Published: July 2009

♀ Head: sides clothed with flat white scales, interrupted by a rather narrow horizontal band of flat black ones; two large patches of flat black scales on the top, separated by a rather narrow band of narrow white scales extending from the nape on to the front; a narrow line of narrow white scales bordering the upper part of the eyes. Eyes well separated. Proboscis and palpi black. First antennal joint blackish, greypruinose. Thorax: integument blackish, except for the reddish scutellum and a small pale spot on each side at the base of the postnotum. Prothoracic lobes and the space behind them clothed with flat white scales. Scutum clothed with narrow yellowish-white and blackish scales, the former arranged in definite narrow lines as follows: a median line extending from the front margin to a little in front of the scutellum, where it forks into two; a line on each side of this extending the whole length of the scutum, enlarged a little in front of the middle and sending a branch obliquely forwards from this point to the lateral angle of the thorax; and another line forming a border to the scutum. Scutellum with narrow scales, mostly yellowishwhite, but some black ones on each side of the middle lobe. Pleurae with several patches of flat white scales. Abdomen black, above with conspicuous pure white basal lateral patches and traces of yellowish-white basal bands on all the segments; venter black, all the segments with pure white basal bands. Eighth segment welldeveloped, only partly retractile; cerci short, rather broad and rounded at the tip.
Some injurious Indian weevils (Curculionidae)—II
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

Among some weevils forwarded for identification by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomologist, Pusa, Bengal, certain species were indicated as causing damage of economic importance; of these the following six species proved to be undescribed.
Report on some Coccidae from Zanzibar, collected by Dr. W. M. Aders.
Authors: Green E. Ernest
Published: July 2009

The collection contains no novelties or species of special interest. The enumeration of them will, however, contribute to a knowledge of the local fauna of the country, of the distribution of the several species, and of the plants that they affect.
On a Coccid injurious to pine trees in the Himalayas
Authors: Green E. E.
Published: July 2009

Adult female (as observed in specimens preserved in alcohol) broadly oval (fig. 1, b, c), strongly convex (fig. 1, a), circular under compression; divisions of segments indicated on the dorsum by moderately deep transverse furrows: marginal area tumescent, overlapping the ventral area (fig. 1, b). Colour (of alcoholic material) ochreous, brownish, or olivaceous, very thinly powdered with white mealy secretion.
Two new species of Haematopota from the Federated Malay States
Authors: Ricardo Gertrude
Published: July 2009

Type (female) and two other females from Kuala Lumpur (Dr. A. T. Stanton) and one female from Selangor, Malacca (H. N. Ridley, 1896), this last being in the British Museum collection.
A new Australian species ofRioxa, with a remarkable Life-habit (Dipt.; Trypaneidae)
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall has recently submitted to me a Trypaneid, discovered in Northern Australia by Mr. G. F. Hill. The fly is said to have been bred from larvae having habits very different from those of the related members of the family; and being moreover interesting from a morphological and biogeographical standpoint, it forms the object of the present note.
An Enquiry into the Relations of Glossina morsitans and Ungulate Game, with special reference to Rinderpest
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: July 2009

In the course of a conversation in November 1917, Mr. E. Hutchins, the Chief Veterinary Officer, Uganda Protectorate, drew my attention to an outbreak of rinderpest in the Northern Province of the Protectorate, which first manifested itself in the buffalo of the Chopi Country. The disease was then rapidly spreading through the game in the Glossina morsitans area between Masindi Station and the Kafu River. He pointed out the excellence of the opportunity for investigating the alleged relationship between rinderpest and fly. As I had worked from May till September 1914 in the Northern Province fly belt in association with Mr. W. F. Fiske, I was in a particularly advantageous position to estimate any alteration in the fly distribution which might have occurred as a result of the epidemic. The question had a special local significance, as, should the disease prove fatal to the fly, the introduction of rinderpest among the situtunga on the Islands of Lake Victoria would simultaneously remove the reservoir and the carrier of the mammalian trypanosomes. My release from military duties was duly sanctioned in November 1917, but unfortunate circumstances over which I had no control postponed its fulfilment until April 1918. By this time the disease had almost worked itself out in the fly area, and, what is more to be regretted, the long-deferred rains had commenced throughout the district. The heart of a unique opportunity was thus lost.
Mosquito Notes
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

The salient points in Pallas's brief description are as follows:—“Cinereus … Frons hirtella. Antennae triarticulatae; extremum trinode, basis vero pilis nigris subpennata. Palmi [? palpi] nulli: ensis nudus … basi pilosus. Pedes longissimi, grisei, posticis corporis fere tripla longitudine, praesertim tarsi, elongati. Alae lanceolatae, cinerascentes, venis hirsutis ad crassiorem marginem nigro maculatae … Comes prioris [C.caspius, = O.dorsalis, Mg.], rarior red ferocior.”
On a New Mutillid Parasite of Glossina morsitans
Authors: Turner Rowland E.
Published: July 2009

♀ Nigra; thorace brevissimo, fusco-ferrugineo; tergitis tribus basalibus fascia apicali angusta pallide aureo-sericea; area pygidiali nulla.
The Coccidae of South Africa—V.
Authors: Brain Chas. K.
Published: July 2009

This subfamily comprises a large number of genera, which are, as a rule, easily distinguished by the presence or absence of secretionary matter in one form or another. All agree, however, in having the anal ring with a number of hairs and, further, in having the hind margin cleft. The anal ring is covered above by a pair of more or less triangular plates which are usually densely chitinised. The eighteen genera known to be represented in South Africa are tabulated.
The synonymy of Anopheles christophersi, Theo., and A. indefinita, Ludl.
Authors: Ludlow C. S.
Published: July 2009

For some time an Anopheline found in the eastern tropics has been accumulatingnames in a most unfortunate way, and as the mosquito has proven to be a very activecarrier of malaria, and I myself am partly to blame for this multiplication of names, it seems fit that I should try to untangle the synonymy.
Notes on Blood-sucking Flies in North Russia during the Summer of 1919
Authors: Fraser A. D.
Published: July 2009

Most of the following observations were made in the vicinity of Obozerskaya, a small village on the Archangel-Vologda Railway, 474 versts from Vologda or roughly 80 miles due south of Archangel. I arrived at Obozerskaya and reported to the Headquarters of the Vologda Force on 14th June 1919, a few days after disembarking at Archangel.
The Entomological Aspects of an Outbreak Of Sleeping Sickness near Mwanza, Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Swynnerton C. F. M
Published: July 2009

Information volunteered by Salim, the native headman of Basheshi, near Maswa, drew attention to the outbreak of sleeping sickness here described late in February 1922.
Notes on the Hibernation of Anopheles Mosquitos in Palestine
Authors: Kligler I. J.
Published: July 2009

During the months of January to April, 1923, a study was undertaken of the hibernation of Anopheline mosquitos in Palestine. Previous experience indicated that the activity of these mosquitos was greatly redused during the winter months. It remained, however, to determine whether this inactivity was relative or absolute, that is, whether it was due to real hibernation or only to either retarded development of the immature stages or inhibited activity of the adults. Such information is, of course, of first importance in any attempt at intelligent control of malaria.
A new Biting Ceratopogonid from New Zealand
Authors: Tonnoir A. L.
Published: July 2009

When engaged on some entomological research in the extreme north of New Zealand, Mr. J. G. Myers, of the Biological Laboratory, Wellington, was attacked by a large number of small biting flies, specimens of which he was kind enough to send me for study. I am much obliged to him for having thus given me the opportunity of making known a new biting species of Ceratopogoninae, and I have much pleasure in dedicating it to him.
On a new Cixiid attacking Coconut Palms (Homopt.)
Authors: Muir F.
Published: July 2009

Stramineous; lightest over lateral portion of frons and clypeus, mesonotum slightly fuscous or darker stramineous. Tegmina stramineous, lightest over costal cell; apical veins and cross-veins fuscous, on the last apical M and the apical Cu veins the infuscation stretching to cross-vein, where there is an irregular dark mark; the rest of the veins of the same colour as the membrane. Wings hyaline, slightly stramineous, with darker veins.
Prevalence of Sitobion fragariae (Walker) over S. avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on wild cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) in south-east England
Authors: Loxdale H. D. , Brookes C. P.
Published: July 2009

Individual cereal aphids of the species Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and S. fragariae (Walker) were differentiated by their peptidase electrophoretic banding patterns; S. avenae has three diagnostic isoenzyme bands (PEP-3 to -5), whereas S. fragariae has one (PEP-1). Over 90% of 5389 individuals of these two species, collected from the grass Dactylis glomerata within 50 km of Rothamsted over the course of several years, were S. fragariae. The importance of D. glomerata and other non-cereal Gramineae species as alternative summer and overwintering hosts for S. avenae is discussed in relation to this finding.
Telenomus species (Hymenopetra: Scelionidae) attacking eggs of pyralid pests (Lepidoptera) in Africa: a review and guide to identification
Authors: Polaszek Andrew , Kimani Susan W.
Published: July 2009

The taxonomy and host-records of 11Telenomusspecies recorded from eggs of ten species of pyralid pests in Africa are reviewed. Three species,T. bini,T. creusaandT. nemesis, are described as new. Primary type material of nine previously described species was examined:T. applanatusBin & Johnson,T. etielliphaga(Risbec) (comb. n.),T. nepheleNixon,T. procasNixon,T. soudanensis(Risbec),T. thestorNixon,T. tolliRisbec,T. ullyettiNixon andT. versicolorBin & Johnson. A lectotype is designated forT. etielliphaga(Risbec), which is transferred toTelenomusfromMicromymar. Lectotypes are also designated forT. soudanensisandT. tolli. The monotypic genusMicromymarRisbec is synonymized withTelenomus. A method for the preparation, mounting and identification ofTelenomusspecimens reared from eggs of African pyralid pests is given. Host-records based on previously misidentifiedTelenomusspp. are corrected, and records in which the host has been apparently misidentified are commented upon. The relevance ofTelenomusspp. to biological control and integrated pest management of African pyralid pests is discussed.
Responses ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood andG. pallidipesAusten (Diptera: Glossinidae) to the skin secretions of oxen
Authors: Warnes M.L.
Published: July 2009

In Zimbabwe, catches ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood and G.pallidipesAusten at odour baited traps were increased in the presence of residues of a solution of the skin secretions of oxen (hereafter sebum) by 80% and 29% respectively, and catches at F3 traps were significantly increased when sebum was presented on adjacent screens. Testing of fractions of sebum revealed active components(s) in the phenolic and non-acidic fractions but not in the acidic fraction. Furthermore, the activity of the phenolic fraction could not be explained by the presence of the known phenolic tsetse attractants. The effect of sebum was to attract more flies to the target rather than to induce a landing response in a higher proportion of attracted flies. Whether or not tarsal contact responses are involved remains conjectural. However, targets that were electrified over only one quarter of the surface caught more than one quarter the catch of targets electrified over all the surface both with and without sebum, indicating that many tsetse habitually alight more than once on baited targets. Data on the catches of other Diptera are also presented
On some Egyptian Certopogoninae
Authors: Macfie J. W. S.
Published: July 2009

The small collection of CERATOPOGONINAE described in this note was made by me last December (1923) during a short voyage on the Nile from Cario to Assuan and back. The steamer on which the voyage was made anchored at night, and being brightly lit, attracted large numbers of midges which congregated on the woodwork in the neighbourhood of lamps and were thus easily secured. The collection, which was brought home to England before being examined, was not rich in CERATOPOGONINAE, but an account of such species as were contained in it may be of some interest, because little appears to be known about the occurrence of these midges in Egypt.
Further Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies, with Keys to all the Known Genera and Species
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

With the new material received from the Imperial Bureau of Entomology through the courtesy of Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, I am now able to complete my previous notes on the Ethiopian Trypaneidae.
Mosquito Populations at Ibadan in Nigeria
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: July 2009

Mosquito larvae derived from eggs laid in earthenware pots in various habitats on the site of University College, Ibadan, in Nigeria were collected over a period of 26 months.

Anopheles gambiae Giles, Aëdes aegypti (L.) and Culex (Lutzia) tigripes Grp. were the species most frequently collected.

The relation of these results to the fluctuation in the populations of the species concerned is discussed. It seems unlikely that pot collections give results which can be directly related to the numbers of mosquitos in the field, but they can elucidate questions of mosquito biology and behaviour.
Delayed Oviposition in the Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia sericata (MG.)
Authors: Hobart J.
Published: July 2009

Lucilia sericata (Mg.) has been bred successfully in small cages having a volume of about 1/60 cubic metre.

Female flies that contain ripe eggs, if given only sugar and water, will withhold their eggs for periods up to 24 days. There appears to be no decrease in the numbers of eggs laid or in the percentage of young larvae hatched, providing the delay in oviposition is not longer than ten days. If the meat is withheld for longer periods then there is a reduction in the daily egg production.
A Note on the Parasitisation of the Oöthecae of Periplaneta americana (L.) by the Chalcid, Syntomosphyrum glossinae Wtstn. —a Correction
Authors: Jordan A. M.
Published: July 2009

A correction is made to a paper by Nash (1955) in which Syntomosphyrum glossinae Wtstn., a Chalcid parasite of the pupae of tsetse flies, was wrongly recorded as parasitising the oöthecae of Periplaneta americana (L.). The parasite in question was almost certainly the very similar Tetrastichua hagenowii (Ratz.)which is a world-wide parasite of P. americana. There is no evidence that eitherparasite can attack both P. americana and Glossina palpalis (R.-D.).
Responses of Pests to Fumigation. VI.—Water Losses and the Mortality ofCalandraSpp. at reduced Pressures
Authors: Bhambhani H. J.
Published: July 2009

The water loss and mortality ofCalandra granaria(L.) andC. oryzae(L.) have been studied at low pressures in controlled humidities. The mortality of both species is closely associated with the loss of water under these conditions, a loss which is prevented by a high humidity in the surrounding air.C. oryzaeis consistently more susceptible thanC. granaria. Substantially linear relations were observed between water loss and decreasing relative humidity (range 0–85%), increasing period of exposure (range 4–16 hr.), and decreasing pressure (range 2–8 cm. mercury). At lower pressures (3–4 mm. mercury), the Water loss and mortality of both species were greatly reduced, suggesting that some physical change had occurred in the insects. A covariance analysis of the mortality response, using the loss of water as a concomitant variate, showed that there was no significant part of the mortality that was not accounted for by the water loss from the insects.