bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of strong light-trapping nano- and microscale structures on a spherical metal surface by femtosecond laser filament
Authors: Tao Haiyan , Lin Jingquan , Hao Zuoqiang , Gao Xun , Song Xiaowei , Sun Changkai , Tan Xin
Published: May 2012

Nano- and microscale structures on a material surface formed by femtosecond laser processing have greatly changed optical characteristics, wettability, as well as other properties of the material. In this work, we report the formation of nano- and microscale structures on a spherical Al surface with femtosecond laser filament, and find that the filament-processed surface has a strong light-trapping ability from UV to IR (0.2–2.5 μm). Our result demonstrates that this method can be used to process a spherical surface without the complexity of a 4-axis sample control, and in principle, it is applicable to any non-planar sample.
The importance of vortex bundles in quantum turbulence at absolute zero
Authors: Baggaley A. W.
Published: May 2012

This study is concerned with the existence of coherent bundles of quantized vortices, and their importance in creating a flow with the classical Kolmogorov scaling and energy cascade. We show that at finite (non-zero) temperatures, in the presence of turbulent normal fluid, quantized vortices are organized into coherent bundles. We also performed a number of simulations at zero temperature and demonstrate that for a Kolmogorov scaling, and hence a hydrodynamical energy cascade, vortices must be organized into coherent bundles. Finally we analyze the polarization of the vortex tangle and find good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Laterally aligned quantum rings: From one-dimensional chains to two-dimensional arrays
Authors: Wu Jiang , Wang Zhiming M. , Holmes Kyland , Marega Euclydes , Zhou Zhihua , Li Handong , Mazur Yuriy I. , Salamo Gregory J.
Published: May 2012

We present the fabrication of ordered quantum rings by the conversion of partially capped quantum dots. Morphological transformation of quantum dots to quantum rings is demonstrated by partially capping self-assembled quantum dots. Quantum rings have been fabricated on high index surfaces by this growth technique. The lateral ordering of quantum rings is introduced by engineering the strain field of a multi-layer InGaAs superlattice template. By using high index surfaces, the one-dimensional ordering of quantum rings on GaAs (100) surface was observed to evolve into two-dimensional aligned quantum ring arrays.
Efficiency enhancement for bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells via incorporation of alcohol soluble conjugated polymer interlayer
Authors: Chen Yu , Jiang Zhitao , Gao Mei , Watkins Scott E. , Lu Ping , Wang Haiqiao , Chen Xiwen
Published: May 2012

Three dimensional conjugated polymers with pendant ionic ammoniums or polar amines and their linear analogues as cathode interfacial layers were used for organic photovoltaic cells based on blends of poly [(9,9-di-n-octyl-2,7-fluorene)-alt-(5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl)-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PFOTBT) or poly(3-hexylthiophene) as the donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) as the acceptor. The alcohol soluble conjugated polymer interlayers can improve the device performance significantly by simultaneous enhancements of the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor. An increase of the power conversion efficiency from 2.62% to 4.67% by 78% was observed with poly[(2,7,2′,7′-spirobifluorene-co-(9,9-bis(6′-((N,N,N-trimethyl) ammonium) hexyl)-2,7-fluorene) dibromide)] based on PFOTBT-PC61BM blend.
Ultra-low resistance ohmic contacts in graphene field effect transistors
Authors: Moon J. S. , Antcliffe M. , Seo H. C. , Curtis D. , Lin S. , Schmitz A. , Milosavljevic I. , Kiselev A. A. , Ross R. S. , Gaskill D. K. , Campbell P. M. , Fitch R. C. , Lee K.-M. , Asbeck P.
Published: May 2012

We report on an experimental demonstration of graphene-metal ohmic contacts with contact resistance below 100 Ω µm. These have been fabricated on graphene wafers, both with and without hydrogen intercalation, and measured using the transmission line method. Specific contact resistivities of 3 × 10−7 to 1.2 × 10−8 Ω cm2 have been obtained. The ultra-low contact resistance yielded short-channel (source-drain distance of 0.45 µm) HfO2/graphene field effect transistors (FETs) with a low on-resistance (Ron) of 550 Ω µm and a high current density of 1.7 A/mm at a source-drain voltage of 1 V. These values represent state-of-the-art (SOA) performance in graphene-metal contacts and graphene FETs. This ohmic contact resistance is comparable to that of SOA high-speed III–V high electron mobility transistors.
Efficient terahertz generation by optical rectification in Si-LiNbO3-air-metal sandwich structure with variable air gap
Authors: Bodrov Sergey B. , Ilyakov Igor E. , Shishkin Boris V. , Stepanov Andrey N.
Published: May 2012

A record high optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency of 0.25% was realized with femtosecond laser pulses propagated in a planar Si-LiNbO3-air-metal structure. Terahertz spectrum tuning was demonstrated by adjusting an air gap between the LiNbO3 layer and the metal plate. The influence of optical pulse chirp on the efficiency of terahertz generation was investigated.
Radiative damping suppressing and refractive index sensing with elliptical split nanorings
Authors: Liu Shao-Ding , Yang Zhi , Liu Rui-Ping , Li Xiu-Yan
Published: May 2012

Radiative damping and refractive index sensing performances of elliptical split nanorings are investigated. The third order resonance can be viewed as two electric dipoles in opposite directions, leading to a cancellation of their dipole moments. The scattering quantum yield decreases from 0.647 to 0.183 by adjusting the outer radii, and the corresponding largest figure of merit of sensing performance is 10.6, which is 61% and 86% larger than the split and perfect rings, respectively. Radiative damping can be further suppressed by increasing the gap size; the scattering quantum yield is decreased to 0.138 when the gap size is 35 nm.
Collective sub-diffusive dynamics in bacterial carpet microfluidic channel
Authors: Hsiao Yi-Teng , Wang Jing-Hui , Hsu Yi-Chun , Chiu Chien-Chun , Lo Chien-Jung , Tsao Chia-Wen , Yen Woon Wei
Published: May 2012

We experimentally investigate the collective dynamics in bacterial carpet microfluidic channel. The microfluidic channel is composed of single polar flagellated Vibrio alginolyticus deposited glass substrates. The individual flagellum swimming speed is tuned by varying buffer sodium concentration. Hydrodynamic coupling strength is tuned by varying buffer viscosity. The attached bacteria constantly perform two major modes in flagellum motion, namely, the local rotation and large angle flick. Particle tracking statistics shows high flagellum rotational rate and strong hydrodynamic coupling strength lead to collective sub-diffusive dynamics. The observed effect is strongly correlated to hydrodynamic coupling of flick motions between nearby bacteria.
High sensitivity detection of NO2 and NH3 in air using chemical vapor deposition grown graphene
Authors: Yavari Fazel , Castillo Eduardo , Gullapalli Hemtej , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Koratkar Nikhil
Published: May 2012

We show that graphene films synthesized by chemical-vapor-deposition enables detection of trace amounts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3) in air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The gas species are detected by monitoring changes in electrical resistance of the graphene film due to gas adsorption. The sensor response time was inversely proportional to the gas concentration. Heating the film expelled chemisorbed molecules from the graphene surface enabling reversible operation. The detection limits of ∼100 parts-per-billion (ppb) for NO2 and ∼500 ppb for NH3 obtained using our device are markedly superior to commercially available NO2 and NH3 detectors.
Scaling analysis: Equivalence of convective and radiative heating of levitated droplet
Authors: Saha Abhishek , Basu Saptarshi , Kumar Ranganathan
Published: May 2012

This letter develops theoretical relationships for equilibrium timescale and temperature scale of a vaporizing droplet in a convective and a radiative environment. The transient temperature normalized by the respective scales exhibits a unified profile for both modes of heating. The analysis allows for the prediction of the required laser flux to show its equivalence in a corresponding heated gas stream. The theoretical equivalence shows good agreement with experiments across a range of droplet sizes. Simple experiments can be conducted in a levitator to extrapolate information in realistic convective environments like combustion and spray drying.
Defects and dc electrical degradation in CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics: Role of oxygen vacancy migration
Authors: Li Jianying , Zhao Xuetong , Gu Fang , Li Shengtao
Published: May 2012

An energy level of 1.12 eV is found in this paper, which is proposed to dominate the dc degradation process of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics at high temperature and originated by the migration of oxygen vacancy. In addition, the levels of 0.09 eV and 0.51 eV are suggested to be bulk and domain boundary relaxations, respectively, which show no apparent change after dc electrical degradation. The level of 0.66 eV is proposed to be grain boundary relaxation, which cannot be observed after degradation. The increment of permittivity after dc electrical degradation is resulted from the charges accumulation near the electrodes.
In situ pressure measurement within deformable rectangular polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices
Authors: Cheung Perry , Toda-Peters Kazumi , Shen Amy Q.
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we present a simple procedure to incorporate commercially available external pressure transducers into existing microfluidic devices, to monitor pressure-drop in real-time, with minimal design modifications to pre-existing channel designs. We focus on the detailed fabrication steps and assembly to make the process straightforward and robust. The work presented here will benefit those interested in adding pressure drop measurements in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microchannels without having to modify existing channel designs or requiring additional fabrication steps. By using three different devices with varying aspect ratio channels (wh0, width/depth), we demonstrate that our approach can easily be adapted into existing channel designs inexpensively. Furthermore, our approach can achieve steady state measurements within a matter of minutes (depending on the fluid) and can easily be used to investigate dynamic pressure drops. In order to validate the accuracy of the measured pressure drops within the three different aspect ratio devices, we compared measured pressure drops of de-ionized water and a 50 wt. % glycerol aqueous solution to four different theoretical expressions. Due to the deformability of PDMS, measured pressure drops were smaller than those predicted by the rigid channel theories (plate and rectangular). Modification of the rigid channel theories with a deformability parameter α provided better fits to the measured data. The elastic rectangular expression developed in this paper does not have a geometric restriction and is better suited for microchannels with a wider range of aspect ratios.
Note: How to design Gaussian filter with eccentricity and probe offset taken into account for roundness measurement of small radius
Authors: Wang Lei , Liu Pei , Tan Jiubin , Wang Long , Ding Xiaohui
Published: May 2012

A Gaussian filter is designed using circular convolution with eccentricity and probe offset taken into account for roundness measurement. It is found through analyses and experiments that the newly designed filter can perform as well as a fast Fourier Gaussian filter for high precision calibration in laboratory, and it can be better used for roundness measurement of small radius with high eccentricity and probe offset as well.
Dielectric dynamics of epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films
Authors: Ren Peng , Liu Peng , Xia Bin , Zou Xi , You Lu , Wang Junling , Wang Lan
Published: May 2012

We report the detailed study on the low temperature dielectric dynamics of the epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films grown on Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrate. The results indicate that the contributions from the thin film dominate the dielectric response, although it comes from both the thin film and the electrode interface. Furthermore, the origins of the low temperature dielectric anomalies are investigated with electric circuit fittings. A possible phase transition at 210 K is revealed from analysis with dielectric loss tangent. The dielectric constants obtained from the constant phase elements (CPEs) are more than 400 even at low temperatures. Finally, the physical significances of the CPE model are discussed.
Structure of the phage TP901-1 1.8 MDa baseplate suggests an alternative host adhesion mechanism
Authors: Veesler David , Spinelli Silvia , Mahony Jennifer , Lichière Julie , Blangy Stéphanie , Bricogne Gérard , Legrand Pierre , Ortiz-Lombardia Miguel , Campanacci Valérie , van Sinderen Douwe , Cambillau Christian
Published: May 2012

Phages of the
Caudovirales
order possess a tail that recognizes the host and ensures genome delivery upon infection. The X-ray structure of the approximately 1.8 MDa host adsorption device (baseplate) from the lactococcal phage TP901-1 shows that the receptor-binding proteins are pointing in the direction of the host, suggesting that this organelle is in a conformation ready for host adhesion. This result is in marked contrast with the lactococcal phage p2 situation, whose baseplate is known to undergo huge conformational changes in the presence of Ca
2+
to reach its active state. In vivo infection experiments confirmed these structural observations by demonstrating that Ca
2+
ions are required for host adhesion among p2-like phages (936-species) but have no influence on TP901-1-like phages (P335-species). These data suggest that these two families rely on diverse adhesion strategies which may lead to different signaling for genome release.
Distinct perturbation of the translatome by the antidiabetic drug metformin
Authors: Larsson Ola , Morita Masahiro , Topisirovic Ivan , Alain Tommy , Blouin Marie-Jose , Pollak Michael , Sonenberg Nahum
Published: May 2012

Metformin has been reported to lower cancer incidence among type II diabetics. Metformin exhibits antiproliferative and antineoplastic effects associated with inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), but the mechanisms are poorly understood. We provide a unique genome-wide analysis of translational targets of canonical mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin and PP242) compared with metformin, revealing that metformin controls gene expression at the level of mRNA translation to an extent comparable to that of canonical mTOR inhibitors. Importantly, metformin's antiproliferative activity can be explained by selective translational suppression of mRNAs encoding cell-cycle regulators via the mTORC1/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein pathway. Thus, metformin selectively inhibits translation of mRNAs encoding proteins that promote neoplastic proliferation, which should facilitate studies on metformin and related biguanides in cancer prevention and treatment.
Topographical and electrochemical nanoscale imaging of living cells using voltage-switching mode scanning electrochemical microscopy
Authors: Takahashi Yasufumi , Shevchuk Andrew I. , Novak Pavel , Babakinejad Babak , Macpherson Julie , Unwin Patrick R. , Shiku Hitoshi , Gorelik Julia , Klenerman David , Korchev Yuri E. , Matsue Tomokazu
Published: May 2012

We describe voltage-switching mode scanning electrochemical microscopy (VSM-SECM), in which a single SECM tip electrode was used to acquire high-quality topographical and electrochemical images of living cells simultaneously. This was achieved by switching the applied voltage so as to change the faradaic current from a hindered diffusion feedback signal (for distance control and topographical imaging) to the electrochemical flux measurement of interest. This imaging method is robust, and a single nanoscale SECM electrode, which is simple to produce, is used for both topography and activity measurements. In order to minimize the delay at voltage switching, we used pyrolytic carbon nanoelectrodes with 6.5–100 nm radii that rapidly reached a steady-state current, typically in less than 20 ms for the largest electrodes and faster for smaller electrodes. In addition, these carbon nanoelectrodes are suitable for convoluted cell topography imaging because the RG value (ratio of overall probe diameter to active electrode diameter) is typically in the range of 1.5–3.0. We first evaluated the resolution of constant-current mode topography imaging using carbon nanoelectrodes. Next, we performed VSM-SECM measurements to visualize membrane proteins on A431 cells and to detect neurotransmitters from a PC12 cells. We also combined VSM-SECM with surface confocal microscopy to allow simultaneous fluorescence and topographical imaging. VSM-SECM opens up new opportunities in nanoscale chemical mapping at interfaces, and should find wide application in the physical and biological sciences.
Communication linguistique
Authors: Piron Claude
Published: May 2012

Les quatre régimes linguistiques qu’il est actuellement possible d’observer dans la réalité à l’échelon international (ceux qu’appliquent l’ONU, les multinationales, l’Union européenne et les organisations espérantophones) ont été comparés pour toute une série de critèresþ: durée de l’apprentissage linguistique exigé des participants, investissement préalable de l’État, investissement préalable de l’institution où la communication doit avoir lieu, inégalité et discrimination, coût linguistique d’une séance, coût de la production d’un document, délai à prévoir pour qu’un document devienne disponible pour tous, déperditions et distorsions de l’information, fréquence et importance du handicap linguistique en séance, handicap linguistique à la lecture, limitations et inconvénients du système adopté, et augmentation probable des inconvénients au cours des 20 prochaines années. Il ressort de cette recherche que les systèmes unilingues (anglais employé seul, espéranto) sont ceux qui présentent le maximum d’avantages et le minimum d’inconvénients pour la majorité des critères. Cependant, si l’on tient compte de certains facteurs, comme l’égalité entre pays ou un temps d’apprentissage linguistique raisonnable, la formule la plus intéressante se révèle être l’espéranto.
Etimologia in una lingua pianificata
Authors: Minnaja Carlo
Published: May 2012

Il vocabolario Etimologia vortaro de Esperanto di Ebbe Vilborg, di cui è appena uscito il quinto ed ultimo volume, tratta con grande ampiezza l’etimologia delle parole esperanto “ufficiali”, cioè figuranti nel Fundamento e nelle otto aggiunte fissate dall’Accademia di Esperanto, istituzione che controlla l’evoluzione della lingua. La limitatezza delle radici scelte (poche migliaia rispetto alle 15.000 che compaiono nel più grande dizionario esperanto, il Plena ilustrita vortaro) non infirma affatto la validità dell’opera, che supera ampiamente ogni opera precedente dello stesso tipo; in particolare viene data non solo l’etimologia della parola esperanto in quanto scelta da Zamenhof da una data lingua, ma anche l’etimologia delle parole in lingue etniche da cui Zamenhof ha derivato i termini esperanto. Come esempio sono esaminate le radici anonc- e ŝajn-. Quasi ad ogni voce sono esposti i motivi, già noti o ricostruiti, che hanno indotto Zamenhof a fare quella scelta piuttosto che un’altra. Un paragone con il più voluminoso dizionario etimologico italiano, il Cortelazzo-Zolli, è in più punti favorevole al Vilborg.
Arabic language planning in the age of globalization
Authors: Elkhafaifi Hussein M.
Published: May 2012

Language planning is an issue of contemporary concern around the globe. Every sovereign nation wishes to preserve its national tongue and maintain its status as a preferred medium of communication. However, the phenomenon of globalization, coupled with the increasing hegemony of English, has motivated many nations to revisit their language planning policies with a view to ensuring and strengthening the pre-eminence of their own languages, not only within their national borders, but within their geographical and commercial reach as well. The Arabic-speaking countries, while recalling with pride their historical dominance in the medieval scientific arena, are now struggling to prevent the language from an inundation of modern foreign terminology. The Arabic language-planning agencies, whose efforts to date, despite their excellent intentions, have not exhibited stellar success, must closely examine the work of other planning organizations which have succeeded in achieving many of their goals. Efforts by linguistically and ethnically diverse Scandinavian countries to promote unified technical and scientific terminology deserve close examination by the Arab nations, along with adaptation of their flourishing endeavors to the problems that beset Arabic language planning.
In quest of the universal language
Authors: Stillman Robert E.
Published: May 2012

The new English translation of Paolo Rossi’s now classic study, Logic and the Art of Memory, presents a useful opportunity to examine contemporary efforts to understand what its subtitle calls “the quest for a universal language.” At the same time, an old seventeenth-century philosophical romance, Thomas Urquhart’s Jewel, affords a good test case for evaluating the success of those contemporary critical efforts — including Rossi’s own. First among contemporary scholars, Rossi made it possible to study seriously the seventeenth-century universal language movement by recovering the history of an idea — the pursuit of the so-called clavis universalis, the universal key to knowledge, from the ancient arts of memory to the Enlightenment’s philosophical language projects. While Rossi’s study has clearly withstood the test of time, since it still has much to teach us about the history of an idea — what Urquhart would call “pure eloquence” — his study has less utility in clarifying the status of that idea in history. Understanding Urquhart’s Jewel requires, I argue, two different forms of history whose interplay is always complicated: the history of ideas and the history of those politically charged engagements with ideas by authors whose situation at a specific time and a specific place brings meanings to their work that transcend epistemological concerns alone.
The role of randomised controlled trials in developing an evidence‐base for counselling and psychotherapy
Authors: Cooper Mick , Reeves Andrew
Published: May 2012

Background: Representatives of counselling and person‐centred organisations indicate many of their members feel their profession and orientation is under threat, with counselling services being decommissioned in NHS settings. Aims: To understand the views of key figures in the psychological therapies field (policy makers, researchers and representatives of the counselling community) towards randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and their present and future role in developing the evidence‐base for counselling and psychotherapy. Method: Interviews (phone, Skype or face‐to‐face) were conducted with 24 authorities in the field. Relevant practitioner and academic networks were also contacted and key documents in the field were reviewed. Results: Key figures believe that RCTs will continue to play a decisive role in determining which psychological interventions are recommended and commissioned within the NHS for the foreseeable future. Other methods are seen as having some validity, but are generally considered supplementary to RCTs and not a replacement for them. Discussion: Although many members of the counselling community are critical of RCTs, they are likely to remain the mainstay of commissioning policy for some years to come. This means, in the coming years, members of the counselling community may face difficult choices in how to promote their work, while maintaining their core principles and values.
PyKnot: a PyMOL tool for the discovery and analysis of knots in proteins
Authors: Lua Rhonald C.
Published: May 2012

Summary: Understanding the differences between knotted and unknotted protein structures may offer insights into how proteins fold. To characterize the type of knot in a protein, we have developed PyKnot, a plugin that works seamlessly within the PyMOL molecular viewer and gives quick results including the knot's invariants, crossing numbers and simplified knot projections and backbones. PyKnot may be useful to researchers interested in classifying knots in macromolecules and provides tools for students of biology and chemistry with which to learn topology and macromolecular visualization.

Availability: PyMOL is available at http://www.pymol.org. The PyKnot module and tutorial videos are available at http://youtu.be/p95aif6xqcM.

Contact:  rhonald.lua@gmail.com
Efficient RNA pairwise structure comparison by SETTER method
Authors: Hoksza David , Svozil Daniel
Published: May 2012

Motivation: Understanding the architecture and function of RNA molecules requires methods for comparing and analyzing their 3D structures. Although a structural alignment of short RNAs is achievable in a reasonable amount of time, large structures represent much bigger challenge. However, the growth of the number of large RNAs deposited in the PDB database calls for the development of fast and accurate methods for analyzing their structures, as well as for rapid similarity searches in databases.

Results: In this article a novel algorithm for an RNA structural comparison SETTER (SEcondary sTructure-based TERtiary Structure Similarity Algorithm) is introduced. SETTER uses a pairwise comparison method based on 3D similarity of the so-called generalized secondary structure units. For each pair of structures, SETTER produces a distance score and an indication of its statistical significance. SETTER can be used both for the structural alignments of structures that are already known to be homologous, as well as for 3D structure similarity searches and functional annotation. The algorithm presented is both accurate and fast and does not impose limits on the size of aligned RNA structures.

Availability: The SETTER program, as well as all datasets, is freely available from http://siret.cz/hoksza/projects/setter/.

Contact:  hoksza@ksi.mff.cuni.cz, or svozild@vscht.cz

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Thrombo‐embolism and antithrombotic therapy for heart failure in sinus rhythm. A Joint Consensus Document from the ESC Heart Failure Association and the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis
Authors: Lip Gregory Y.H. , Ponikowski Piotr , Andreotti Felicita , Anker Stefan D. , Filippatos Gerasimos , Homma Shunichi , Morais Joao , Pullicino Patrick , Rasmussen Lars H. , Marin Francisco , Lane Deirdre A. , Lip Gregory Y.H. , Ponikowski Piotr , Andreotti Felicita , Anker Stefan D. , Filippatos Gerasimos , Homma Shunichi , Morais Joao , Pullicino Patrick , Rasmussen Lars H. , Marin Francisco , Lane Deirdre A. , McMurray John , Hoes Arno , Ten Berg Jurrien , De Caterina Raffaele , Kristensen Steen , Zeymer Uwe
Published: May 2012

Chronic heart failure (HF) with either reduced or preserved ejection fraction is common and remains an extremely serious disorder with a high mortality and morbidity. Many complications related to HF can be related to thrombosis. Epidemiological and pathophysiological data also link HF to an increased risk of thrombosis, leading to the clinical consequences of sudden death, stroke, systemic thrombo‐embolism, and/or venous thrombo‐embolism. This consensus document of the Heart Failure Association (EHFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis reviews the published evidence and summarizes ‘best practice’, and puts forward consensus statements that may help to define evidence gaps and assist management decisions in everyday clinical practice. In HF patients with atrial fibrillation, oral anticoagulation is recommended, and the CHA2DS2‐VASc and HAS‐BLED scores should be used to determine the likely risk–benefit ratio (thrombo‐embolism prevention vs. risk of bleeding) of oral anticoagulation. In HF patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction who are in sinus rhythm there is no evidence of an overall benefit of vitamin K antagonists (e.g. warfarin) on mortality, with risk of major bleeding. Despite the potential for a reduction in ischaemic stroke, there is currently no compelling reason to use warfarin routinely for these patients. Risk factors associated with increased risk of thrombo‐embolic events should be identified and decisions regarding use of anticoagulation individualized. Patient values and preferences are important determinants when balancing the risk of thrombo‐embolism against bleeding risk. New oral anticoagulants that offer a different risk–benefit profile compared with warfarin may appear as an attractive therapeutic option, but this would need to be confirmed in clinical trials.
A prey-related shift in the abundance of small pelagic fish in eastern Tasmania?
Authors: McLeod David J. , Hobday Alistair J. , Lyle Jeremy M. , Welsford Dirk C.
Published: May 2012

McLeod, D. J., Hobday, A. J., Lyle, J. M., and Welsford, D. C. 2012. A prey-related shift in abundance of small pelagic fish in eastern Tasmania? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 953–960. Shifts in the relative abundance of small pelagic fish species have signalled a change in the ocean environment in a number of locations. Here we show that the replacement of jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis, with redbait, Emmelichthys nitidus, as the dominant small pelagic species from eastern Tasmania, following a period of high fishing pressure on jack mackerel, is consistent with altered zooplankton communities and long-term climate change. Stomach contents analysis and morphology measurements were conducted on both species to determine if they were functionally equivalent with regard to zooplankton prey. Diet varied between species and with fish size. Krill (Nyctiphanes australis) was consumed by both species, with redbait feeding more heavily on small copepods. The diet overlap and morphometric characteristics indicated that these species are not equivalent with regard to prey and therefore changes in prey availability may have contributed to the observed shifts in relative abundance. The continued poleward extension of the East Australian Current is expected to favour small warm-water copepods; thus, redbait may have an advantage over jack mackerel due to prey preferences. An increase in relative abundance of redbait has decreased effort in surface fisheries and may impact on surface-feeding higher predators in this region.
Abundance, composition, and development of zooplankton in the Subarctic Iceland Sea in 2006, 2007, and 2008
Authors: Gislason Astthor , Silva Teresa
Published: May 2012

Gislason, A., and Silva, T. 2012. Abundance, composition, and development of zooplankton in the Subarctic Iceland Sea in 2006, 2007, and 2008. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . A large-scale study of zooplankton from surface waters and depth-stratified sampling at selected sites in the Iceland Sea was conducted during the years 2006–2008. The abundance of mesozooplankton was low during winter, when animals were mostly confined to the colder (∼0°C) and deeper (∼200–1000 m) layers, and peaked during late summer (∼11–18 g dry weight m−2, ∼300 000–400 000 ind. m−2), when animals resided mainly above the 50–100-m depth range. Diversity was greatest near the shelf edges and least in the central Iceland Sea. Around 32% of mesozooplankton variability was explained by six variables [longitude, year 2008, temperature, bottom depth, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and salinity]. Three main mesozooplankton communities were identified: (i) an Atlantic community in the east, with Calanus finmarchicus and Pseudocalanus spp. most abundant, (ii) an Arctic community at high latitudes, with large numbers of C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis, and (iii) a community with coastal affinities at lower latitudes, with large numbers of Temora longicornis and Acartia spp. Longitude and Chl a explained ∼43% of macrozooplankton variability (euphausiids and amphipods). Results show that the region is a meeting place of Arctic and Atlantic species, with the copepods C. finmarchicus and C. hyperboreus, the amphipod Themisto abyssorum, and the euphausiid Thysanoessa longicaudata the key players.
Interannual changes in zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf in relation to hydrography and their consequences for the diet of planktivorous seabirds
Authors: Kwasniewski Slawomir , Gluchowska Marta , Walkusz Wojciech , Karnovsky Nina J. , Jakubas Dariusz , Wojczulanis-Jakubas Katarzyna , Harding Ann M. A. , Goszczko Ilona , Cisek Malgorzata , Beszczynska-Möller Agnieszka , Walczowski Waldemar , Weslawski Jan M. , Stempniewicz Lech
Published: May 2012

Kwasniewski, S., Gluchowska, M., Walkusz, W., Karnovsky, N. J., Jakubas, D., Wojczulanis-Jakubas, K., Harding, A. M. A., Goszczko, I., Cisek, M., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Walczowski, W., Weslawski, J. M., and Stempniewicz, L. 2012. Interannual changes in zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf in relation to hydrography and their consequences for the diet of planktivorous seabirds. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 890–901. The purpose of the work was to determine how atmospheric and oceanic processes (the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Ocean Oscillation (AOO)) influence hydrography and zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf (WSS), and the impacts of the processes on chick meals of zooplanktivorous little auks Alle alle. There were distinct Atlantic and Arctic oceanographic domains on the shelf resulting from the presence of the West Spitsbergen Current and the Sørkapp Current, which contain different proportions of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis. The abundance of warm- and cold-water species varied as a result of an interplay between processes in the atmosphere and ocean. In the Arctic domain, on which the study focused, the NAO impacted oceanography, zooplankton, and consequently little auk chick meals, with time-lags of 4–7 years. The diet of little auk chicks was more energy-rich when C. glacialis stage 5 in the Arctic community were more easily available. To date, the changes in zooplankton abundance on the WSS have not posed a threat to the ability of little auks to feed their chicks lipid-rich Arctic copepods.
Half a century of decadal symposia by NAFO and ICES
Authors: Mälkki Pentti
Published: May 2012

Mälkki, P. 2012. Half a century of decadal symposia by NAFO and ICES – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 703–705. During the establishment of ICES, it was stated “that in all researches, whether hydrographical or biological … it be recognized as a primary object to estimate the quantity of fish available for the use of man, to record the variations in its amount from place to place and from time to time, to ascribe natural variations to their natural causes, and to determine whether or how far variations in the available stock are caused by the operation of man.” ICES addressed these obligations, among others, by publishing annual volumes of Annales Biologiques, a series terminated in 1987, and in 1988 replaced by symposia on decadal variability of hydrobiological conditions. A corresponding series was started by ICNAF (later NAFO) in 1964. A brief summary of these events is presented and a comparison made of the two series.
Regional-scale benthic monitoring for ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
Authors: Smale Dan A. , Kendrick Gary A. , Harvey Euan S. , Langlois Timothy J. , Hovey Renae K. , Van Niel Kimberly P. , Waddington Kris I. , Bellchambers Lynda M. , Pember Matthew B. , Babcock Russ C. , Vanderklift Mathew A. , Thomson Damian P. , Jakuba Michael V. , Pizarro Oscar , Williams Stefan B.
Published: May 2012

Smale, D. A., Kendrick, G. A., Harvey, E. S., Langlois, T. J., Hovey, R. K., Van Niel, K. P., Waddington, K. I., Bellchambers, L. M., Pember, M. B., Babcock, R. C., Vanderklift, M. A., Thomson, D. P., Jakuba, M. V., Pizarro, O., and Williams, S. B. 2012. Regional-scale benthic monitoring for ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1108–1118. Monitoring marine habitats and biodiversity is critical for understanding ecological processes, conserving natural resources, and achieving ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). Here, we describe the application of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technology to conduct ongoing monitoring of benthic habitats at two key locations in Western Australia. Benthic assemblages on rocky reefs were sampled with an AUV, which captured >200 000 geo-referenced images. Surveys were designed to obtain 100% coverage of 25 × 25 m patches of benthic habitat. In 2010, multiple patches were surveyed at 15–40-m depths at three reference sites at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands and at six reference sites at Rottnest Island. The following year, repeat surveys of the same geo-referenced patches were conducted. Benthic assemblages at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands were varied in that one reference site was dominated by hard corals, whereas the other two were macroalgae dominated. Conversely, assemblages at Rottnest Island were dominated by the kelp Ecklonia radiata. The AUV resurveyed each patch with high precision and demonstrated adequate power to detect change. Repeated observations at the reference sites will track natural variability in benthic habitat structure, which in turn will facilitate the detection of ecological change and ultimately feed back into EBFM processes.
Treatment With Pamidronate for Osteoporosis Complicating Long‐term Intestinal Failure
Authors: Pastore S. , Londero M. , Barbieri F. , Di Leo G. , Paparazzo R. , Ventura A.
Published: May 2012

Long‐term home parenteral nutrition (PN) is a potential risk for developing osteoporosis. Various attempts have been made to treat bone disease both by modifying the composition of PN and by administering hormones, such as calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and sexual hormones. Bisphosphonates are recognized as a medication useful for the treatment of several bone disorders associated with excessive reabsorption. Nevertheless, there have been no paediatric studies on bisphosphonates use for intestinal failure–associated bone disease. Our study includes 6 paediatric patients receiving extremely long‐term home PN (at least 3 years) who showed radiological and clinical signs of osteoporosis. Diagnosis of bone disease was made after a median period of 127.5 PN months. Treatment consisted in 2 cycles of intravenous pamidronate, 30 mg/m2 once per month for 6 months consecutively. They all showed a significant improvement in bone mineral density, evaluated after 6 and 12 months of pamidronate treatment. In our sample anthropometrical variables (weight, height, and body mass index) are not related with the z‐score trend. Our patients had normal levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, and proper nutrient intake. At the last follow‐up, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry scan showed that no patients had a z‐score lower than −2.5; moreover, nobody developed bone fractures during the 108‐month follow‐up. The patients did not have any prominent adverse effect. Finally, in our experience, pamidronate is effective for improving bone mineral density and safe in patients with intestinal failure–associated bone disease.
Halobaculum magnesiiphilum sp. nov., a magnesium-dependent haloarchaeon isolated from commercial salt
Authors: Shimoshige Hirokazu , Yamada Tomoaki , Minegishi Hiroaki , Echigo Akinobu , Shimane Yasuhiro , Kamekura Masahiro , Itoh Takashi , Usami Ron
Published: May 2012

Two extremely halophilic archaea, strains MGY-184T and MGY-205, were isolated from sea salt produced in Japan and rock salt imported from Bolivia, respectively. Both strains were pleomorphic, non-motile, Gram-negative and required more than 5 % (w/v) NaCl for growth, with optimum at 9–12 %, in the presence of 2 % (w/v) MgCl2 . 6H2O. In the presence of 18 % (w/v) MgCl2 . 6H2O, however, both strains showed growth even at 1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Both strains possessed two 16S rRNA genes (rrnA and rrnB), and they revealed closest similarity to

Halobaculum gomorrense

JCM 9908T, the single species with a validly published name of the genus

Halobaculum

, with similarity of 97.8 %. The rrnA and rrnB genes of both strains were 100 % similar. The rrnA genes were 97.6 % similar to the rrnB genes in both strains. DNA G+C contents of strains MGY-184T and MGY-205 were 67.0 and 67.4 mol%, respectively. Polar lipid analysis revealed that the two strains contained phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester derived from C20C20 archaeol. The DNA–DNA hybridization value between the two strains was 70 % and both strains showed low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness (48–50 %) with

Halobaculum gomorrense

JCM 9908T. Physiological and biochemical characteristics allowed differentiation of strains MGY-184T and MGY-205 from

Halobaculum gomorrense

JCM 9908T. Therefore, strains MGY-184T and MGY-205 represent a novel species of the genus

Halobaculum

, for which the name Halobaculum magnesiiphilum sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is MGY-184T ( = JCM 17821T = KCTC 4100T).
Pelagimonas varians gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the southern North Sea
Authors: Hahnke Sarah , Tindall Brian J. , Schumann Peter , Simon Meinhard , Brinkhoff Thorsten
Published: May 2012

A heterotrophic, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated strain SH4-1T, was obtained from a seawater sample collected from the southern North Sea during a phytoplankton bloom. The 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed affiliation to the

Roseobacter

clade (class

Alphaproteobacteria

) with

Sulfitobacter marinus

SW-265T as the most closely related characterized strain, showing 97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Calculation of phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated, however, that members of the genus

Roseobacter

, Roseobacter denitrificans Och 114T and Roseobacter litoralis Och 149T (95 % and 96 % sequence similarity, respectively) fall between strain SH4-1T and the

Sulfitobacter

cluster including

Oceanibulbus indolifex

HEL-45T (≥95.4 % sequence similarity). Cells of strain SH4-1T are irregular rods with at least one flagellum. Optimal growth occurred between 28 and 32 °C and at a pH between 7.0 and 8.5. Cells require the vitamin nicotinic acid amide as well as sodium ions for growth. The DNA G+C content was 55.1 mol%. The fatty acids (>1 %) comprised C10 : 0 3-OH, C12 : 1, C14 : 1 3-OH, C16 : 0, C18 : 0, C18 : 2, C18 : 1ω7c and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and one other unidentified lipid. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic differences, strain SH4-1T represents a novel species in a new genus within the family

Rhodobacteraceae

, for which we propose the name Pelagimonas varians gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is SH4-1T ( = DSM 23678T = LMG 26343T = CIP 110297T).
On the Origin of the Air between Multiple Tropopauses at Midlatitudes
Authors: Añel Juan Antonio , de la Torre Laura , Gimeno Luis
Published: May 2012

Multiple tropopauses are structures that regularly recur in the midlatitudes. Recent studies have relied on the notion of the excursion of tropical air from the upper troposphere into higher latitudes, thereby overlaying the tropopause of the midlatitudes. We herein analyse the origin and characteristics of the air at the Boulder radiosonde station, between the first and second tropopauses combining an analysis of radiosonde data with a Lagrangian approach based on the FlexPart model and ERA-40 analysis data. Our results show that the air between both tropopauses has its origin in midlatitudes.
The case for open source software in aeronautics
Authors: Ziemer Sven , Stenz Gernot
Published: May 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to promote the opportunities of open source software (OSS) development in aeronautics. Using the development of an open source framework for conceptual aircraft design as an example, this paper discusses how an inter‐organizational collaboration between industry and academia can build an environment for multi‐disciplinary aircraft design projects.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper takes the form of a literature study and comparison of software tools.

Findings

The open source model can facilitate the emergence of a large inter‐organizational community in aeronautics for developing a comprehensive software framework.

Practical implications

Developing a general OSS framework for conceptual aircraft design has the potential of attracting a large community for inter‐organizational collaboration on software tools for a multi‐disciplinary optimization (MDO) environment.

Originality/value

Using the concepts of open source in aeronautics has the potential to improve the collaboration among industry and academia on developing software tools for an MDO environment.
The new logic in building isomorphic theory of management decision realities
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Ko Eunju , Huan Tzung‐Cheng (T.C.)
Published: May 2012

Purpose

This article aims to describe ethnographic theory and research that maintains the integrity of the individual case while generalizing to multiple cases in research on management decisions. The study aims to provoke and prod management decision researchers to employ ethnographic research tools rather than relying only or mainly on the dominant logic of variable‐based empirical positivism.

Design/methodology/approach

Details of two studies of multiple cases in two task environments inform explicit statements of the principles necessary for bridging the gap between management decision practice and research. Six principles serve as pillars for this bridge.

Findings

Averages mislead. Partial regression coefficients inform about the impact of variables but mislead in hinting at the sufficiency of individual variables for all cases when high or low values on any one variable are not sufficient or necessary for a high or low outcome on a dependent variable. Research on management decisions must maintain the integrity of the individual case in analyzing and reporting findings on management decisions. Research tools are available now to accomplish these principles.

Research limitations/implications

Get out and into task environments of management decision makers and collect multiple rounds of emic‐etic‐emic‐etic interpretations of management decision processes and outcomes. Go to fsQCA.com to learn how to do qualitative comparative analysis of alternative causal recipes leading to relevant management decision outcomes.

Originality/value

This article describes and calls for a paradigm shift from the current empirical‐positivistic matrix‐algebra dominant logic to a new case‐based Boolean‐algebra logic for management decision researchers.