bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching of direct composite restoration repair in undergraduate dental schools in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Blum I. R. , Lynch C. D. , Wilson N. H. F.
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To investigate aspects of the teaching of restoration repair as a minimally invasive alternative to the replacement of defective direct composite restorations in teaching programmes in undergraduate curricula in dental schools in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Methods:  An online questionnaire which sought information in relation to the current teaching of composite restoration repair was developed and distributed to the 17 established UK and Irish dental schools with undergraduate teaching programmes in Spring 2010.

Results:  Completed responses were received from all 17 schools (response rate= 100%). Fifteen schools reported that they included teaching of repair techniques for defective direct composite restorations in their programme. Of the two remaining schools, one indicated that it would introduce teaching of repair techniques during the next five years. The most common indication for a composite repair was that of ‘tooth substance preservation’ (15 schools). The defects in restorations considered appropriate for repair rather than replacement by the largest number of schools included partial loss of restoration (13 schools) and marginal defects (12 schools). The most commonly taught surface treatment when performing a repair was mechanical roughening of the existing composite with removal of the surface layer (14 schools). Thirteen schools taught etching and the application of an adhesive bonding agent to the prepared surfaces, while the most commonly taught material for completing the repair was a hybrid composite resin (12 schools). Popular finishing implements included diamond finishing instruments (13 schools) and finishing discs (11 schools).

Conclusion:  Not withstanding reluctance amongst general dental practitioners, the teaching of repair of a defective composite restoration, rather than total restoration replacement, is firmly established within UK and Irish dental school programmes. Repair techniques have clear advantages for patients, not least including a minimally invasive approach to treatment and avoidance of unnecessary loss of tooth tissue and pulpal damage. Dental practitioners should look more to repair techniques when managing defective composite restorations and clinical dental teachers should continue to research and refine composite repair techniques.
Natural pathology of the Baboon (Papio spp.)
Authors: Bommineni Yugendar R. , Dick Jr Edward J. , Malapati Adinarayana R. , Owston Michael A. , Hubbard Gene B.
Published: January 2011

Background  Baboons are useful animal models for biomedical research, but the natural pathology of the baboon is not as well defined as other non‐human primates.

Methods  A computer search for all morphologic diagnoses from baboon necropsies at the Southwest National Primate Research Center was performed and included all the natural deaths and animals euthanized for natural causes.

Results  A total of 10,883 macroscopic or microscopic morphologic diagnoses in 4297 baboons were documented and are presented by total incidence, relative incidence by sex and age‐group, and mean age of occurrence. The most common diagnoses in descending order of occurrence were hemorrhage, stillborn, amyloidosis, colitis, spondylosis, and pneumonia. The systems with the most diagnoses were the digestive, urogenital, musculoskeletal, and respiratory.

Conclusion  This extensive evaluation of the natural pathology of the baboon should be an invaluable biomedical research resource.
Relevance of the directionality of skin elasticity to aging and sagging of the face
Authors: Ohshima Hiroshi , Tada Akihiro , Kanamaru Akiko , Akamatsu Hisashi , Sakai Yuji , Itoh Masatoshi , Kanto Hiromi
Published: January 2011

Background: Forces acting in facial skin have been suggested to show directionality. Non‐invasive methods of measuring this directionality may thus provide information related to aging processes. The Reviscometer® RVM600 device is capable of measuring directionality of forces on the skin. This device has not been used previously in a published study to evaluate changes in directionality of forces on facial skin with aging.

Aim: The first objective of this pilot study was to investigate relationships between mechanical directionality using the Reviscometer® RVM600, the Cutometer® MPA580, and aging of the facial skin in a supine position. In addition, the study investigated relationships between mechanical directionality and ‘skin sagging,’ which may be caused by gravity. To validate this as a new measurement of mechanical directionality, we also performed double‐blinded trials on two groups of subjects, with one group using a product containing an anti‐aging substance and the other group using a placebo product without an anti‐aging substance.

Methods: We examined 91 healthy Japanese women with a mean age of 48.5 years (range, 20–79 years) at the three sites on the face using the Reviscometer® RVM600 and the Cutometer® MPA580, and evaluation was performed for skin sagging in September and November 2008, and January 2009. The Reviscometer® RVM600 was used to measure resonance‐running time (RRT) every 10° from 0° to 350°. Evaluation of skin sagging was undertaken by making marks on the face and using face photographs taken in both sitting and supine positions to calculate the sagging index. Usage testing was conducted on 38 healthy Japanese women in a double‐blinded study with one group, using a preparation containing Yomogi AGEs Clearing (YAC) extract and another group using the same preparation without the YAC extract from October 2008 to April 2009. Mean age of these subjects was 44.0 years (range, 30–60 years). Measurements were taken at the three sites on the face using the Reviscometer® RVM600 and the Cutometer® MPA580 and sagging index.

Results: A significant correlation was identified between RRT parameters and subject age at all three measurement sites. Significant correlations between sagging index and RRT values were found for 110–170° and 290–350° only at the center of the cheek. Significant differences in RRT values were noted for 110–150° and 300–350° at this site between subjects with and without the use of YAC extract. A similar trend was found in sagging index for this site alone between subjects with and without YAC extract.

Conclusion: The use of non‐invasive procedures to measure skin mechanical parameters on the face in all directions may evaluate aging and effective preventive and restorative support.
Effect of procyandin oligomers on oxidative hair damage
Authors: Kim Moon‐Moo
Published: January 2011

Background: Procyanidins are a subclass of flavonoids and consist of oligomers of catechin that naturally occur in plants and are known to exert many physiological effects, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory effects. These possible inhibitory effects of the procyanidins were known to involve metal chelation, radical trapping, or direct enzyme binding.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of procyandin oligomers on hair damage induced by oxidative stress.

Results: In this study, several methods for evaluating oxidative damage in bleached hair are utilized to analyze the protective effect of procyandin oligomers against oxidative hair damage. It was observed that procyanidin oligomers strongly bind to keratin in hair and inhibit the breakdown of hair caused by oxidative damage in an analysis of hair using electrophoresis, transmission electron microscope, and fluorescence dye.

Conclusion: These results confirm that procyanidin oligomers can be applicable as a potential candidate to the development of hair care with protective effect on hair damage.
Elucidated lipid structures of various human stratum corneum investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Nakagawa Kouichi
Published: January 2011

Background: Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in conjunction with a slow‐tumbling simulation is useful for defining stratum corneum (SC) lipid structure. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate and elucidate the lipid structure of various human SC as a function of the depth.

Methods: The SC from mid‐volar forearms of human volunteers and a cadaver was stripped consecutively from one to three times using a glass plate coated with a cyanoacrylate resin. Spin probes were used to monitor SC ordering. EPR spectra were analyzed by an EPR slow‐tumbling simulation. Keratin solution from human epidermis was mixed with 5‐doxylstearic acid (5‐DSA) aqueous solution.

Results: EPR analyses of 5‐DSA and CHL probes showed immobilized and mobile spectra, respectively. The simulation for 5‐DSA spectra showed differences in ordering values of the SC as a function of depth. EPR of keratin/5‐DSA showed mobile spectral pattern. In addition, EPR of CHL showed a weak and a broad signal.

Conclusions: The keratin/5‐DSA results imply that the most likely location of 5‐DSA probe is in SC lipid. CHL probe may not easily permeate the SC. The EPR results along with the simulation analysis provide elucidated SC lipid structure.
Mitochondrial oxidative stress causes mitochondrial fragmentation via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission–fusion proteins
Authors: Wu Shengnan , Zhou Feifan , Zhang Zhenzhen , Xing Da
Published: January 2011

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo continual fusion and fission to maintain their morphology and functions, but the mechanism involved is still not clear. Here, we investigated the effect of mitochondrial oxidative stress triggered by high‐fluence low‐power laser irradiation (HF‐LPLI) on mitochondrial dynamics in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC‐a‐1) and African green monkey SV40‐transformed kidney fibroblast cells (COS‐7). Upon HF‐LPLI‐triggered oxidative stress, mitochondria displayed a fragmented structure, which was abolished by exposure to dehydroascorbic acid, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, indicating that oxidative stress can induce mitochondrial fragmentation. Further study revealed that HF‐LPLI caused mitochondrial fragmentation by inhibiting fusion and enhancing fission. Mitochondrial translocation of the profission protein dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) was observed following HF‐LPLI, demonstrating apoptosis‐related activation of Drp1. Notably, overexpression of Drp1 increased mitochondrial fragmentation and promoted HF‐LPLI‐induced apoptosis through promoting cytochrome c release and caspase‐9 activation, whereas overexpression of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), a profusion protein, caused the opposite effects. Also, neither Drp1 overexpression nor Mfn2 overexpression affected mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial depolarization, or Bax activation. We conclude that mitochondrial oxidative stress mediated through Drp1 and Mfn2 causes an imbalance in mitochondrial fission–fusion, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation, which contributes to mitochondrial and cell dysfunction.
TNFR1‐induced activation of the classical NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Wajant Harald , Scheurich Peter
Published: January 2011

The molecular mechanisms underlying activation of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex are presumably best understood in the context of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor‐1 (TNFR1) signaling. In fact, it seems that most, if not all, proteins relevant for this process have been identified and extensive biochemical and genetic data are available for the role of these factors in TNF‐induced IKK activation. There is evidence that protein modification–independent assembly of a core TNFR1 signaling complex containing TNFR1‐associated death domain, receptor interacting kinase 1, TNF receptor‐associated factor 2 and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 and 2 starts a chain of nondegrading ubiquitination events that culminate in the recruitment and activation of IKK complex‐stimulating kinases and the IKK complex itself. Here, we sum up the known details of TNFR1‐induced IKK activation, address arising contradictions and discuss possible explanations resolving the apparent discrepancies.
Body dissatisfaction in California adolescents
Authors: Wilkosz Mary Ellen , Chen Jyu‐Lin , Kenndey Christine , Rankin Sally
Published: January 2011

Purpose: Factors that contribute to body dissatisfaction among adolescents from ethnically diverse California were examined to determine if the factors vary with gender and race.

Data sources: Data from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey were used; 1807 White, Latino, and Asian American adolescents from 12 to 17 years old were included.

Conclusions: Ordinal multiple logistic regression with gender and ethnicity controlled for revealed two major factors (high body mass index and poor/fair general health status) contribute to body dissatisfaction across gender and ethnicity in California adolescents. Other factors related to body dissatisfaction varied with ethnicity and gender.

Implications for practice: Gender‐ and ethnicity‐specific interventions to improve body image in adolescents must be developed.
Does Inflammation Predispose to Recurrent Vascular Events after Recent Transient Ischaemic Attack and Minor Stroke? the North West of England Transient Ischaemic Attack and Minor Stroke (NORTHSTAR) Study
Authors: Selvarajah Johann R. , Smith Craig J. , Hulme Sharon , Georgiou Rachel , Sherrington Charles , Staniland John , Illingworth Karen J. , Jury Francine , Payton Antony , Ollier William E. , Vail Andy , Rothwell Nancy J. , Hopkins Stephen J. , Tyrrell Philippa J.
Published: January 2011

Background and hypothesis

Inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis and outcome of ischaemic injury. Poststroke inflammation is associated with outcome but it remains unclear whether such inflammation precedes or results from ischaemic injury. We hypothesised that inflammatory markers are associated with an increased risk of recurrent vascular events soon after transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke.

Methods

This was a multicentre, prospective, nested case–control study. Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-1-receptor antagonist and fibrinogen, leucocyte counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and inflammatory gene allele frequencies were analysed in 711 patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Cases were defined by the incidence of one or more recurrent vascular events during the three-month follow-up. Association of inflammatory markers with case-status was determined using conditional logistic regression.

Results

Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin-1-receptor antagonist and interleukin-6 were not associated with case-status. In secondary analyses, only erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly associated with case-status (odds ratio 1·39, 95% confidence interval 1·03–1·85; P=0·03), but this effect did not persist after adjustment for smoking and past history of transient ischaemic attack or stroke. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in four inflammatory genes (interleukin-6, fibrinogen, P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) were nominally associated with case-status.

Conclusions

Circulating inflammatory markers were not associated with recurrent vascular events. Nominally significant associations between genetic markers and case-status will require replication. These data provide little evidence for an inflammatory state predisposing to stroke and other vascular events in a susceptible population.
An evidence based review of Periorbital Cellulitis
Authors: Baring D.E.C. , Hilmi O.J.
Published: January 2011

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2011, 36, 57–64
Wild Mediterranean Plants as Traditional Food: A Valuable Source of Antioxidants
Authors: Vanzani Paola , Rossetto Monica , De Marco Veronica , Sacchetti Linda E. , Paoletti Maurizio G. , Rigo Adelio
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Some wild Mediterranean plants used as traditional food are an extraordinary source of antioxidants. We tested some properties of 10 of these herbaceous plants, used in Liguria (Northwest Italy) to prepare a traditional dish known as “prebuggiun.” A total of 9 of them were found to have a polyphenol content and antioxidant properties similar or better than those of red chicory and blueberry, which are, in the case of vegetables and fruits, among the richest of antioxidants.

Practical Application:  In this article, we reported a study on wild plants growing in the Mediterranean area. These herbs have been neglected and this study aimed to revalue these plants because they are an extraordinary source of antioxidants. The increasing demand for natural antioxidants (additives in the food industry too) justifies the search for new sources of natural antioxidants. The revaluation of these plants will be interesting for: (1) consumer health, rediscovering a vegetable source of high antioxidant power; (2) possibility of producing new commercial products, such as food supplements of high quality and low cost; (3) pharmacological applications.
Analysis of Caecal Microbiota in Rats Fed with Genetically Modified Rice by Real‐Time Quantitative PCR
Authors: Xu Wentao , Li Liting , Lu Jiao , Luo YunBo , Shang Ying , Huang Kunlun
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The effect of genetically modified rice (GMR) on bacterial communities in caecal content was analyzed in a 90‐d feeding rat model. A total of 12 groups of rats, which included male and female, were fed with the basal diets containing 30%, 50%, 70% GMR (B1, B2, B3) or 30%, 50%, 70% non‐GMR (D1, D2, D3). The structure of intestinal microflora was estimated by real‐time quantitative PCR (RQ‐PCR) based on genus‐specific 16s rDNA primers. SYBR Green was used for accurate detection and quantification of 6 kinds of major bacteria shared by humans and rats. According to RQ‐PCR, the genome copies of Lactobacillus group from the cecum of male rats fed with 70% non‐GMR was higher than those fed with 70% GMR and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus group also higher for group D. This result was in contrast with the E. coli subgroup, which was more numerous in proportion of group B, except D2 and B2 for male rats. The Clostridium perfringens subgroup was numerically more abundant in group D than group B of the same level, also except D2 and B2 for male rats. These results suggested that GMR had a complex effect on caecal microflora that may be related to the health of the host.
The Influence of Douchi Starter Cultures on the Composition of Extractive Components, Microbiological Activity, and Sensory Properties of Fermented Fish Pastes
Authors: Kasankala Ladislaus M. , Xiong Youling L. , Chen Jie
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that douchi cultures could serve as a potential starter for enhancing the quality attributes of fermented silver carp meat. In experiment 1, an active, prefermented douchi culture was incorporated into a fish paste to aid in the fish fermentation (30 d) and facilitate biochemical production of extractive flavor components (PRF). In experiment 2, a fully fermented (30 d) douchi was added to a fish paste and the mixture was fermented for 30 d (PSF). In experiment 3, a fish paste without the douchi culture was fermented for 30 d (CF). Total extracted free amino acids increased by 68.0, 68.6, and 78.8% (P < 0.05) from their initial levels to 2930, 2422, and 1573 mg/mL after 30 d of fermentation for PRF, PSF, and CF fish pastes, respectively, of which, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, lysine, and leucine were the major amino acids (>100 mg/mL). The concentrations of both formaldehyde‐reactive nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen extractives increased significantly (P < 0.05) during fermentation, following the order of PRF > PSF > CF. Low amounts of biogenic amines (<25 ppm) were produced in all samples. Sensory panel evaluation showed that PRF fish pastes had desirable aroma and taste. The douchi‐inoculated fermentation could be a novel technique for expanding the utilization, consumption, and the economic values of silver carp meats.

Practical Application:  Douchi, a fermented soybean product, is a traditional food flavoring ingredient commonly used in China, Japan, and other Asian countries. It is also used in many Chinese cuisines in the United States. On the other hand, fermented seafood made from freshwater fish such as silver carp is known to contain bioactive components believed to promote health. The findings from the present study indicated that douchi as a novel starter can be used to produce fermented silver carp fish pastes with excellent flavor and consumer acceptability. The results may be applicable to other fish species to produce similar fermentation products.
Prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter spp. in Feral Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and Masked Palm Civets (Paguma larvata) in Japan
Authors: Lee K. , Iwata T. , Nakadai A. , Kato T. , Hayama S. , Taniguchi T. , Hayashidani H.
Published: January 2011

To estimate the public and animal health risk that alien species pose, the prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter spp. in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor, n = 459) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata, n = 153), which are abundant alien species in Japan, was investigated in urban and suburban areas of Japan. Salmonella enterica was detected from 29 samples [26 raccoons, 5.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8–3.5%; three masked palm civets, 2.0%, 95% CI 4.2–0%]. Many of the isolates belonged to serovars that are commonly isolated from human gastroenteritis patients (e.g. S. Infantis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Thompson). The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 26.9 % of the isolates from raccoons were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, whereas none of the isolates from masked palm civets were resistant. Yersinia sp. was detected from 193 samples (177 raccoons, 38.6%, 95% CI 43.0–34.1%; 16 masked palm civets, 10.5%, 95% CI 15.3–5.6%). All virulent Yersinia strains belonged to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which was isolated from seven (1.5%, 95% CI 2.6–0.4%) raccoons and six (3.9%, 95% CI 7.0–0.8%) masked palm civets. According to the detection of virulence factors, all the Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates belonged to the Far Eastern systemic pathogenicity type. Campylobacter spp. was detected from 17 samples (six raccoons, 1.3%, 95% CI 2.3–0.3%; 11 masked palm civets, 7.2%, 95% CI 11.3–3.1%). Among these, three isolates from raccoons were identified as C. jejuni. These results showed that these pathogens can be transmitted by human activities, other wild animals, and the environment to feral raccoons and masked palm civets, and vice versa. As these animals have omnivorous behaviour and a wide range of habitats, they can play an important role in the transmission of the enteric pathogens.
INDUCED OSCILLATIONS GENERATED BY PROTECTIVE THRESHOLD POLICIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOITED POPULATIONS
Authors: DA SILVEIRA COSTA MICHEL ISKIN , DEL BIANCO FARIA LUCAS
Published: January 2011

AbstractManagement and conservation of exploited populations have been a central issue in theoretical and empirical studies. In this work, it is shown that threshold policies can induce cyclic behavior in an otherwise exploited stable population as a consequence of the combination of harvest pressure and excessively protective threshold densities. Moreover, the dynamical outcomes generated by these extremely protective policies may vary according to the initial densities. These results may be of significant concern in conservation as well as in management of exploited population.
Book Reviews
Authors: Serpell Lucy
Published: January 2011

Perfectionism: Theory, research and treatment

Edited by Flett Gordon L. and Hewitt Paul L. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association 2002, Pp.435, Hardcover, $49.95, ISBN 1557988420
Performance‐approach and performance‐avoidance classroom goals and the adoption of personal achievement goals
Authors: Schwinger Malte , Stiensmeier‐Pelster Joachim
Published: January 2011

Background. Students’ perceptions of classroom goals influence their adoption of personal goals. To assess different forms of classroom goals, recent studies have favoured an overall measure of performance classroom goals, compared to a two‐dimensional assessment of performance‐approach and performance‐avoidance classroom goals (PAVCG).

Aims. This paper considered the relationship between students’ perceptions of classroom goals and their endorsement of personal achievement goals. We proposed that three (instead of only two) classroom goals need to be distinguished. We aimed to provide evidence for this hypothesis by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and also by divergent associations between the respective classroom goal and students’ personal goal endorsement.

Sample. A total of 871 (474 female) 10th grade students from several German high schools participated in this study.

Method. Students responded to items assessing their perception of mastery, performance‐approach, and performance‐avoidance goals in the classroom. Additionally, the students reported how much they personally pursue mastery, performance‐approach, and performance‐avoidance goals. All items referred to German as a specific school subject.

Results. A CFA yielded empirical support for the proposed distinction of three (instead of only two) different kinds of classroom goals. Moreover, in hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) analyses all three classroom goals showed unique associations with students’ personal goal adoption.

Conclusions. The findings emphasized the need to distinguish performance‐approach and PAVCG. Furthermore, our results suggest that multiple classroom goals have interactive effects on students’ personal achievement strivings.
Peer relationships and adolescents’ academic and non‐academic outcomes: Same‐sex and opposite‐sex peer effects and the mediating role of school engagement
Authors: Liem Gregory Arief D. , Martin Andrew J.
Published: January 2011

Background. The literature has documented theoretical/conceptual models delineating the facilitating role of peer relationships in academic and non‐academic outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which peer relationships link to those outcomes is an area requiring further research.

Aims. The study examined the role of adolescents’ perceptions of their relationships with same‐sex and opposite‐sex peers in predicting their academic performance and general self‐esteem and the potentially mediating role of school engagement in linking these perceived peer relationships with academic and non‐academic outcomes.

Sample. The sample comprised 1,436 high‐school students (670 boys, 756 girls; 711 early adolescents, 723 later adolescents).

Method. Self‐report measures and objective achievement tests were used. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was performed to test the hypothesized model and its invariance across gender and age groups.

Results. Perceived same‐sex peer relationships yielded positive direct and indirect links with academic performance and general self‐esteem. Perceived opposite‐sex peer relationships yielded positive direct and indirect links with general self‐esteem and an indirect positive link with academic performance, but mediation via school engagement was not as strong as that of perceived same‐sex peer relationships. These findings generalized across gender and age groups.

Conclusion. Adolescents’ same‐sex and opposite‐sex peer relationships seem to positively impact their academic performance and general self‐esteem in distinct ways. It appears that school engagement plays an important role in mediating these peer relationship effects, particularly those of same‐sex peer relationships, on academic and non‐academic functioning. Implications for psycho‐educational theory, measurement, and practice are discussed.
Clarifying the role of mean centring in multicollinearity of interaction effects
Authors: Shieh Gwowen
Published: January 2011

Moderated multiple regression (MMR) is frequently employed to analyse interaction effects between continuous predictor variables. The procedure of mean centring is commonly recommended to mitigate the potential threat of multicollinearity between predictor variables and the constructed cross‐product term. Also, centring does typically provide more straightforward interpretation of the lower‐order terms. This paper attempts to clarify two methodological issues of potential confusion. First, the positive and negative effects of mean centring on multicollinearity diagnostics are explored. It is illustrated that the mean centring method is, depending on the characteristics of the data, capable of either increasing or decreasing various measures of multicollinearity. Second, the exact reason why mean centring does not affect the detection of interaction effects is given. The explication shows the symmetrical influence of mean centring on the corrected sum of squares and variance inflation factor of the product variable while maintaining the equivalence between the two residual sums of squares for the regression of the product term on the two predictor variables. Thus the resulting test statistic remains unchanged regardless of the obvious modification of multicollinearity with mean centring. These findings provide a clear understanding and demonstration on the diverse impact of mean centring in MMR applications.
Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transform for Time Resolved Thermal Characterization Experiment
Authors: Toutain J. , Battaglia J.-L. , Pradere C. , Pailhes J. , Kusiak A. , Aregba W. , Batsale J.-C.
Published: January 2011

The aim of this technical brief is to test numerical inverse Laplace transform methods with application in the framework of the thermal characterization experiment. The objective is to find the most reliable technique in the case of a time resolved experiment based on a thermal disturbance in the form of a periodic function or a distribution. The reliability of methods based on the Fourier series methods is demonstrated.
An Approach to Masonry Structural Analysis by the No-Tension Assumption—Part I: Material Modeling, Theoretical Setup, and Closed Form Solutions
Authors: Baratta Alessandro , Corbi Ottavia
Published: January 2011

The prevalent feature that characterizes masonry structures and makes them dissimilar from modern reinforced concrete and steel structures is quite definitely their inability to resist tensile stresses. Therefore, it is natural that the material model that is intended to be an “analog” of real masonry cannot resist tensile stress but possibly behaves elastically under pure compression, opening a perspective on the adoption of the no-tension (NT) material constitutive assumption. Founded on the NT theory, the basic direction and aim of the present work is to propose a unified treatment of masonry structures presenting an overall and comprehensive up-to-date insight in the analysis of masonry constructions while providing basic and advanced concepts and tools already available or original. The note is intended to lead to several notable results including, just to mention some of the outcomes, that the St. Venant’s postulate does not hold in NT solids, no energy is dissipated by fracture, special accommodations for discontinuous loads are needed, and the relevant developments are provided, among other significant outcomes such as the identification of operative procedures for engineering solutions of structural problems. In the first part of the paper, the basics for the foundation of a NT material theory are illustrated, and the relevant principles for structural analysis, mainly identified in the classic energy theorems and suitably adapted to the material at hand, are formulated. In (apparently) simple cases, closed-form solutions can be obtained, or, at least, the solution process can be prepared after a preliminary screening of the equilibrium scenario. The application to two-dimensional no-tension elasticity is then illustrated in the last section, with reference to two sample cases. The first example proves that the solution in a NT panel acted on by vertical loads on the top is clearly identified in terms of stress, but if discontinuities are present in the load pattern, these reflect in some strong singularities in the deformation field that requires to deepen the problem. The second example is concerned with a NT-elastic half-plane, and a technique to find approximate solutions is outlined and carried on in detail. In Part II of the note, it is demonstrated that discontinuous or lumped load patterns can be looked at as frontier cases: They are not in contrast, but in some sense they are not natural to NT solids. Still in Part II, it is shown how the equilibrium problem can be managed both through the strain and the stress approach.
Flow Within a Pipe Annulus With Injection and Suction Through a Porous Wall With High Wall Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Moussy Y. , Snider A. D.
Published: January 2011

An approximate solution to the Navier–Stokes equations was found for the case describing two-dimensional steady-state laminar flow over an array of porous pipes with high wall Reynolds number. The Navier–Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates reduced to a fourth-order nonlinear differential equation, which was solved for high wall Reynolds number flows through the porous wall using a zeroth- and first-order singular perturbation method. Our analytic solution for the high wall Reynolds number case is consistent with solutions found from the low Reynolds number case and that found using finite element analysis.
Demonstration and Validation of a 3D CFD Simulation Tool Predicting Pump Performance and Cavitation for Industrial Applications
Authors: Ding H. , Visser F. C. , Jiang Y. , Furmanczyk M.
Published: January 2011

Due to complexities in geometry and physics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) pump simulation has historically been very challenging and time consuming, especially for cases with cavitation. However, with the evolution and innovation of CFD technologies, pump cavitation simulation has improved significantly in recent years. In view of these developments, this paper will discuss a new generation CFD tool for pump cavitation simulation, using an axial flow water pump as a demonstration case. A novel CFD methodology and advanced cavitation model will be presented and discussed. Key components that are relevant to the improvement of accuracy and CFD simulation speed will be discussed in detail. An axial flow water pump is chosen as the test case to demonstrate and validate the capability and accuracy of the code discussed. Simulation results include pump head, hydraulic efficiency, and cavitation characteristic in terms of incipient net positive suction head for the whole pump flow passages using both multiple reference frame and transient approaches. Multiple operation conditions, from 70% to 120% of duty flow rate, have been evaluated and will be projected against experimental data. Furthermore, simulated cavitation patterns will be compared with video images recorded during the experiments.
Oscillatory Flow Through a Channel With Stick-Slip Walls: Complex Navier’s Slip Length
Authors: Ng Chiu-On , Wang C. Y.
Published: January 2011

Effective slip lengths for pressure-driven oscillatory flow through a parallel-plate channel with boundary slip are deduced using a semi-analytic method of eigenfunction expansions and point matching. The channel walls are each a superhydrophobic surface micropatterned with no-shear alternating with no-slip stripes, which are aligned either parallel or normal to the flow. The slip lengths are complex quantities that are functions of the oscillation frequency, the channel height, and the no-shear area fraction of the wall. The dependence of the complex nature of the slip length on the oscillation frequency is investigated in particular.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of a Turbulent Flow Behavior in Isolated and Nonisolated Conical Diffusers
Authors: Aloui F. , Berrich E. , Pierrat D.
Published: January 2011

In some industrial processes, and especially in agrofood industries, the cleaning in place mechanism used for hydraulic circuits plays an important role. This process needs a good knowledge of the hydrodynamic flows to determinate the appropriate parameters that assure a good cleaning of these circuits without disassembling them. Generally, different arrangements are present in these hydraulic circuits, such as expansions, diffusers, and elbows. The flow crossing these singularities strongly affects the process of cleaning in place. This work is then a contribution to complete recent studies of “aliments quality security” project to ameliorate the quality of the cleaning in place. It presents experimental and numerical investigations of a confined turbulent flow behavior across a conical diffuser (2α=16 deg). The role of a perturbation caused by the presence of an elbow in the test section, upstream of the progressive enlargement, was studied. The main measurements were the static pressure and the instantaneous velocity fields using the particle image velocimetry (PIV). Post-processing of these PIV measurements were adopted using the Γ2 criterion for the vortices detection and the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique to extract the most energetic modes contained in the turbulent flow and to the turbulent flow filtering. A database has been also constituted and was used to test the validity of the most models of turbulence, and in particular, a variant of the shear stress transport (SST) model.
Observation of Half-Height Magnetization Steps in Sr
2
RuO
4
Authors: Jang J. , Ferguson D. G. , Vakaryuk V. , Budakian R. , Chung S. B. , Goldbart P. M. , Maeno Y.
Published: January 2011

The magnetic response of an exotic superconductor suggests that vortices with half a quantum of flux are present.
The Deglacial Evolution of North Atlantic Deep Convection
Authors: Thornalley David J. R. , Barker Stephen , Broecker Wallace S. , Elderfield Henry , McCave I. Nick
Published: January 2011

Radiocarbon data reveal changes in the timing and strength of deep ocean convection during the last glacial termination.
Light-Induced Superconductivity in a Stripe-Ordered Cuprate
Authors: Fausti D. , Tobey R. I. , Dean N. , Kaiser S. , Dienst A. , Hoffmann M. C. , Pyon S. , Takayama T. , Takagi H. , Cavalleri A.
Published: January 2011

Laser pulses are used to enable coherent transport between the copper oxide planes of a cuprate superconductor.
In Situ Studies of Chemistry and Structure of Materials in Reactive Environments
Authors: Tao Franklin (Feng) , Salmeron Miquel
Published: January 2011

Most materials and devices typically operate under specific environmental conditions, many of them highly reactive. Heterogeneous catalysts, for example, work under high pressure of reactants or in acidic solutions. The relationship between surface structure and composition of materials during operation and their chemical properties needs to be established in order to understand the mechanisms at work and to enable the design of new and better materials. Although studies of the structure, composition, chemical state, and phase transformation under working conditions are challenging, progress has been made in recent years in the development of new techniques that operate under a variety of realistic environments. With them, new chemistry and new structures of materials that are only present under reaction conditions have been uncovered.
Solvent-Free Oxidation of Primary Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds in Toluene Using Au-Pd Alloy Nanoparticles
Authors: Kesavan Lokesh , Tiruvalam Ramchandra , Rahim Mohd Hasbi Ab , bin Saiman Mohd Izham , Enache Dan I. , Jenkins Robert L. , Dimitratos Nikolaos , Lopez-Sanchez Jose A. , Taylor Stuart H. , Knight David W. , Kiely Christopher J. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: January 2011

A gold- and palladium-based catalyst can be used to oxidize toluene and form a commercially useful ester.
A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea
Authors: Martinez Ricardo N. , Sereno Paul C. , Alcober Oscar A. , Colombi Carina E. , Renne Paul R. , Montañez Isabel P. , Currie Brian S.
Published: January 2011

Two hundred thirty million years ago, in what is now Argentina, dinosaurs could be found as the dominant carnivores or as small herbivores.
When Continents Formed
Authors: Dhuime Bruno , Hawkesworth Chris , Cawood Peter
Published: January 2011

Island arc rocks provide a better constraint on when the continental crust was generated.
Weathering Defeats
Fixing the Sky
The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control

by James Rodger Fleming

Columbia University Press, New York, 2010. 341 pp. $27.95, £19.95. ISBN 9780231144124.
Authors: McCray W. Patrick
Published: January 2011

Fleming discusses scientific, technological, cultural, and political aspects of attempts to manipulate weather and climate over the past century.
New High-Tech Screen Takes Carrier Testing to the Next Level
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: January 2011

Bioinformaticists describe in a paper published online this week by
Science Translational Medicine
a new technology that looks for mutations in the genes behind 448 childhood recessive diseases.
Transgenic Chickens Could Thwart Bird Flu, Curb Pandemic Risk
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: January 2011

U.K. scientists report in this week's issue of
Science
(p.
223
) that they have created transgenic chickens that can't pass on avian influenza, a disease that decimates poultry flocks and that flu scientists fear could spawn an influenza pandemic among humans.
Japan Boosts Competitive Grants at Expense of Big Science
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: January 2011

Under what Prime Minister Naoto Kan calls "a budget for the reinvigoration of Japan," the country's main research grants program is slated for a whopping 32% increase to $3.2 billion in the coming year.
Greenhouse–Power Plant Hybrid Set To Make Jordan's Desert Bloom
Authors: Clery Daniel
Published: January 2011

A novel combination of technologies that has the potential to turn large areas of desert green, producing commercial quantities of food and energy crops, fresh water, and electricity, looks set to have its first large-scale demonstration in Jordan.
Snapshots From the Meeting
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: January 2011

Snapshots from the meeting include new evidence showing that the Sierra Nevada mountains of east-central California are rising at the rate of about 1 millimeter per year and geophysical quirks that worsened the air-traffic disruption caused by the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano.
The Science Hall of Fame
Authors: Bohannon John
Published: January 2011

The Gonzo Scientist uses "culturomics"—a new field of study, launched in a recent
Science
paper, that quantitatively explores massive data sets of digitized culture—to create a Science Hall of Fame.
Mucosal IgA Responses in Healthy Adult Volunteers following Intranasal Spray Delivery of a Live Attenuated Measles Vaccine
Authors: Simon Jakub K. , Ramirez Karina , Cuberos Lilian , Campbell James D. , Viret Jean F. , Muñoz Alma , Lagos Rosanna , Levine Myron M. , Pasetti Marcela F.
Published: January 2011

Measles remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children in the developing world. The goal of this study was to examine measles virus-specific mucosal immune responses in healthy immune (
n
= 24; plaque reduction neutralization [PRN] titers of ≥200 mIU/ml) and nonimmune (
n
= 24) young adult volunteers who received the monovalent Moraten measles vaccine via intranasal (spray delivery) or subcutaneous immunization. Serum, oral fluid, and nasal wash samples were examined for measles virus-specific and total IgG and IgA on day 0 (prior to vaccination) and on days 14, 28, and 90 after vaccination. Nonimmune subjects vaccinated subcutaneously developed high levels of measles virus PRN, IgG, and IgA antibodies in serum, oral fluid, and nasal washes. Total IgG and secretory IgA (sIgA) titers were increased in nasal washes, and total IgG was increased in oral fluid specimens. There was a strong correlation between PRN and measles virus-specific IgG titers measured in serum, oral fluid, and nasal washes, whereas a weak correlation was found between PRN and measles virus-specific IgA titers. Notably, intranasal measles vaccination resulted in increased production of measles virus-specific sIgA in oral fluid and nasal washes in nonimmune individuals, without evidence of a systemic immune response. In contrast, no significant vaccine-induced responses were observed in immune subjects, regardless of the route of immunization. These results demonstrate that (i) intranasal measles immunization can elicit a mucosal response independent of the induction of serum antibodies and (ii) both mucosal and systemic antibody responses following nasal or subcutaneous immunization are blunted by preexisting measles immunity.
Baseline Meningococcal Carriage in Burkina Faso before the Introduction of a Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Kristiansen Paul A. , Diomandé Fabien , Wei Stanley C. , Ouédraogo Rasmata , Sangaré Lassana , Sanou Idrissa , Kandolo Denis , Kaboré Pascal , Clark Thomas A. , Ouédraogo Abdoul-Salam , Absatou Ki Ba , Ouédraogo Charles D. , Hassan-King Musa , Thomas Jennifer Dolan , Hatcher Cynthia , Djingarey Mamoudou , Messonnier Nancy , Préziosi Marie-Pierre , LaForce Marc , Caugant Dominique A.
Published: January 2011

The serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine MenAfriVac has the potential to confer herd immunity by reducing carriage prevalence of epidemic strains. To better understand this phenomenon, we initiated a meningococcal carriage study to determine the baseline carriage rate and serogroup distribution before vaccine introduction in the 1- to 29-year old population in Burkina Faso, the group chosen for the first introduction of the vaccine. A multiple cross-sectional carriage study was conducted in one urban and two rural districts in Burkina Faso in 2009. Every 3 months, oropharyngeal samples were collected from >5,000 randomly selected individuals within a 4-week period. Isolation and identification of the meningococci from 20,326 samples were performed by national laboratories in Burkina Faso. Confirmation and further strain characterization, including genogrouping, multilocus sequence typing, and
porA
-
fetA
sequencing, were performed in Norway. The overall carriage prevalence for meningococci was 3.98%; the highest prevalence was among the 15- to 19-year-olds for males and among the 10- to 14-year-olds for females. Serogroup Y dominated (2.28%), followed by serogroups X (0.44%), A (0.39%), and W135 (0.34%). Carriage prevalence was the highest in the rural districts and in the dry season, but serogroup distribution also varied by district. A total of 29 sequence types (STs) and 51
porA
-
fetA
combinations were identified. The dominant clone was serogroup Y, ST-4375, P1.5-1,2-2/F5-8, belonging to the ST-23 complex (47%). All serogroup A isolates were ST-2859 of the ST-5 complex with P1.20,9/F3-1. This study forms a solid basis for evaluating the impact of MenAfriVac introduction on serogroup A carriage.