bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Small-Scale Variability of Raindrop Size Distribution
Authors: Tokay Ali , Bashor Paul G.
Published: June 2010

An experimental study of small-scale variability of raindrop size distributions (DSDs) has been carried out at Wallops Island, Virginia. Three Joss–Waldvogel disdrometers were operated at a distance of 0.65, 1.05, and 1.70 km in a nearly straight line. The main purpose of the study was to examine the variability of DSDs and its integral parameters of liquid water content, rainfall, and reflectivity within a 2-km array: a typical size of Cartesian radar pixel. The composite DSD of rain events showed very good agreement among the disdrometers except where there were noticeable differences in midsize and large drops in a few events. For consideration of partial beam filling where the radar pixel was not completely covered by rain, a single disdrometer reported just over 10% more rainy minutes than the rainy minutes when all three disdrometers reported rainfall. Similarly two out of three disdrometers reported 5% more rainy minutes than when all three were reporting rainfall. These percentages were based on a 1-min average, and were less for longer averaging periods. Considering only the minutes when all three disdrometers were reporting rainfall, just over one quarter of the observations showed an increase in the difference in rainfall with distance. This finding was based on a 15-min average and was even less for shorter averaging periods. The probability and cumulative distributions of a gamma-fitted DSD and integral rain parameters between the three disdrometers had a very good agreement and no major variability. This was mainly due to the high percentage of light stratiform rain and to the number of storms that traveled along the track of the disdrometers. At a fixed time step, however, both DSDs and integral rain parameters showed substantial variability. The standard deviation (SD) of rain rate was near 3 mm h−1, while the SD of reflectivity exceeded 3 dBZ at the longest separation distance. These standard deviations were at 6-min average and were higher at shorter averaging periods. The correlations decreased with increasing separation distance. For rain rate, the correlations were higher than previous gauge-based studies. This was attributed to the differences in data processing and the difference in rainfall characteristics in different climate regions. It was also considered that the gauge sampling errors could be a factor. In this regard, gauge measurements were simulated employing existing disdrometer dataset. While a difference was noticed in cumulative distribution of rain occurrence between the simulated gauge and disdrometer observations, the correlations in simulated gauge measurements did not differ from the disdrometer measurements.
Effect of Aerosol on the Susceptibility and Efficiency of Precipitation in Warm Trade Cumulus Clouds
Authors: Jiang Hongli , Feingold Graham , Sorooshian Armin
Published: June 2010

Large-eddy simulations of warm, trade wind cumulus clouds are conducted for a range of aerosol conditions with a focus on precipitating clouds. Individual clouds are tracked over the course of their lifetimes. Precipitation rate decreases progressively as aerosol increases. For larger, precipitating clouds, the polluted clouds have longer lifetimes because of precipitation suppression. For clean aerosol conditions, there is good agreement between the average model precipitation rate and that calculated based on observed radar reflectivity Z and precipitation rate R relationships. Precipitation rate can be expressed as a power-law function of liquid water path (LWP) and Nd, to reasonable accuracy. The respective powers for LWP and Nd are of similar magnitude compared to those based on observational studies of stratocumulus clouds. The time-integrated precipitation rate represented by a power-law function of LWP, Nd, and cloud lifetime is much more reliably predicted than is R expressed in terms of LWP and Nd alone. The precipitation susceptibility (So = −dlnR/dlnNd) that quantifies the sensitivity of precipitation to changes in Nd depends strongly on LWP and exhibits nonmonotonic behavior with a maximum at intermediate LWP values. The relationship between So and precipitation efficiency is explored and the importance of including dependence on Nd in the latter is highlighted. The results provide trade cumulus cloud population statistics, as well as relationships between microphysical/macrophysical properties and precipitation, that are amenable for use in larger-scale models.
On the Potential Causes of the Nonstationary Correlations between West African Precipitation and Atlantic Hurricane Activity
Authors: Fink Andreas H. , Schrage Jon M. , Kotthaus Simone
Published: June 2010

For years, various indices of seasonal West African precipitation have served as useful predictors of the overall tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic Ocean. Since the mid-1990s, the correlation unexpectedly deteriorated. In the present study, statistical techniques are developed to describe the nonstationary nature of the correlations between annual measures of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and three selected West African precipitation indices (namely, western Sahelian precipitation in June–September, central Sahelian precipitation in June–September, and Guinean coastal precipitation in the preceding year’s August–November period). The correlations between these parameters are found to vary over the period from 1921 to 2007 on a range of time scales. Additionally, considerable year-to-year variability in the strength of these correlations is documented by selecting subsamples of years with respect to various meteorological factors. Broadly, in years when the environment in the main development region is generally favorable for enhanced tropical cyclogenesis (e.g., when sea surface temperatures are high, when there is relatively little wind shear through the depth of the troposphere, or when the relative vorticity in the midtroposphere is anomalously high), the correlations between indices of West African monsoon precipitation and Atlantic tropical cyclone activity are considerably weaker than in years when the overall conditions in the region are less conducive. Other more remote climate parameters, such as the phase of the Southern Oscillation, are less effective at modulating the nature of these interactions.
Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing Uncertainty Based on a Radiative Perturbation Analysis
Authors: Loeb Norman G. , Su Wenying
Published: June 2010

To provide a lower bound for the uncertainty in measurement-based clear- and all-sky direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF), a radiative perturbation analysis is performed for the ideal case in which the perturbations in global mean aerosol properties are given by published values of systematic uncertainty in Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol measurements. DARF calculations for base-state climatological cloud and aerosol properties over ocean and land are performed, and then repeated after perturbing individual aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, scale height, and anthropogenic fraction) from their base values, keeping all other parameters fixed. The total DARF uncertainty from all aerosol parameters combined is 0.5–1.0 W m−2, a factor of 2–4 greater than the value cited in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC’s) Fourth Assessment Report. Most of the total DARF uncertainty in this analysis is associated with single-scattering albedo uncertainty. Owing to the greater sensitivity to single-scattering albedo in cloudy columns, DARF uncertainty in all-sky conditions is greater than in clear-sky conditions, even though the global mean clear-sky DARF is more than twice as large as the all-sky DARF.
Relationships between Barrier Jet Heights, Orographic Precipitation Gradients, and Streamflow in the Northern Sierra Nevada
Authors: Lundquist Jessica D. , Minder Justin R. , Neiman Paul J. , Sukovich Ellen
Published: June 2010

The rate of precipitation increase with elevation, termed the orographic precipitation gradient (OPG), is critically important for hydrologic forecasting in mountain basins that receive both rain and snow. Here, the following are examined to see how well they are able to predict the OPG and how it changes between storms and years: 1) a linear model of orographic precipitation forced by upstream radiosonde data, 2) monthly Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) precipitation data, and 3) seven years of hourly wind profiler data used to identify characteristics of the Sierra barrier jet (SBJ). These are compared against 124 daily resolution (four of which also had quality controlled, hourly resolution) precipitation gauge records in the northern Sierra Nevada. All methods represent the OPG well in the mean and during a year when less than 30% of the precipitation occurred on days with SBJs. However, the linear model and PRISM do not adequately capture annual variations in the OPG during years when more than 70% of the precipitation occurred on days with SBJs. Throughout all of the years, wind profiler data indicating the height of the SBJ provided additional, and necessary, information. The OPG is negatively correlated with the height of the SBJ. The SBJ height is lower, and hence, the OPG greater when the westerly winds are stronger, with more vertical wind shear. These westerly storms result in greater increases of precipitation with elevation, which act to increase snow storage in most storms but also to increase storm runoff during warmer-than-average storms.
On Turbulence Production by Swimming Marine Organisms in the Open Ocean and Coastal Waters
Authors: Rousseau Shani , Kunze Eric , Dewey Richard , Bartlett Kevin , Dower John
Published: June 2010

Microstructure and acoustic profile time series were collected near Ocean Station P in the eastern subarctic North Pacific and in Saanich Inlet at the south end of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, to examine production of turbulent dissipation by swimming marine organisms. At Ocean Station P, although a number of zooplankton species are large enough to generate turbulence with Reynolds numbers Re > 1000, biomass densities are typically less than 103 individuals per cubic meter (<0.01% by volume), and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates ɛ were better correlated with 16-m vertical shear than acoustic backscatter layers. In Saanich Inlet, where krill densities are up to 104 individuals per cubic meter (0.1% by volume), no dramatic elevation of dissipation rates ɛ was associated with dusk and dawn vertical migrations of the acoustic backscatter layer. Dissipation rates are a factor of 2 higher [〈ɛ〉 = 1.4 × 10−8 W kg−1, corresponding to buoyancy Re = 〈ɛ〉/(νN 2) ∼ 140] in acoustic backscatter layers than in acoustically quiet waters, regardless of whether they are vertically migrating. The O(1 m) thick turbulence patches have vertical wavenumber spectra for microscale shear commensurate with the Nasmyth model turbulence spectrum. However, the turbulence bursts of O(10−5 W kg−1) proposed to occur in such dense swarms appear to be rare. Thus far, intense turbulent bursts have been found infrequently, even in very dense aggregations O(104 individuals per cubic meter) characteristic of coastal and high-latitude environs. Based on sampling to date, this corresponds to a frequency of occurrence of less than 4%, suggesting that turbulence production by the marine biosphere is not efficient.
Eastern-Boundary Contribution to the Residual and Meridional Overturning Circulations
Authors: Cessi Paola , Wolfe Christopher L. , Ludka Bonnie C.
Published: June 2010

A model of the thermocline linearized around a specified stratification and the barotropic linear wind-driven Stommel solution is constructed. The forcings are both mechanical (the surface wind stress) and thermodynamical (the surface buoyancy boundary condition). The effects of diapycnal diffusivity and of eddy fluxes of buoyancy, parameterized in terms of the large-scale buoyancy gradient, are included. The eddy fluxes of buoyancy are especially important near the boundaries where they mediate the transport in and out of the narrow ageostrophic down-/upwelling layers. The dynamics of these narrow layers can be replaced by effective boundary conditions on the geostrophically balanced flow. The effective boundary conditions state that the residual flow normal to the effective coast vanishes. The separate Eulerian and eddy-induced components may be nonzero. This formulation conserves the total mass and the total buoyancy while permitting an exchange between the Eulerian and eddy transport of buoyancy within the down-/upwelling layers. In turn, this exchange allows buoyancy gradients along all solid boundaries, including the eastern one. A special focus is on the buoyancy along the eastern and western walls since east–west buoyancy difference determines the meridional overturning circulation.

The inclusion of advection of buoyancy by the barotropic flow allows a meaningful distinction between the meridional and the residual overturning circulations while retaining the simplicity of a linear model. The residual flow in both meridional and zonal directions reveals how the subsurface buoyancy distribution is established and, in particular, how the meridional buoyancy gradient is reversed at depth. In turn, the horizontal buoyancy gradient maintains stacked counterrotating cells in the meridional and residual overturning circulations. Quantitative scaling arguments are given for each of these cells, which show how the buoyancy forcing, the wind stress, and the diapycnal and eddy diffusivities, as well as the other imposed parameters, affect the strength of the overturn.
Numerical Simulations of Effects of Soil Moisture and Modification by Mountains over New Zealand in Summer
Authors: Yang Yang , Uddstrom Michael , Revell Mike , Andrews Phil , Oliver Hilary , Turner Richard , Carey-Smith Trevor
Published: June 2010

Historically most soil moisture–land surface impact studies have focused on continents because of the important forecasting and climate implications involved. For a relatively small isolated mountainous landmass in the ocean such as New Zealand, these impacts have received less attention. This paper addresses some of these issues for New Zealand through numerical experiments with a regional configuration of the Met Office Unified Model atmospheric model. Two pairs of idealized simulations with only contrasting dry or wet initial soil moisture over a 6-day period in January 2004 were conducted, with one pair using realistic terrain and the other pair flat terrain.

For the mean of the 6 days, the differences in the simulated surface air temperature between the dry and moist cases were 3–5 K on the leeside slopes and 1–2 K on the windward slopes and the central leeside coastal region of the South Island in the afternoon. This quite nonuniform response in surface air temperature to a uniformly distributed soil moisture content and soil type is mainly attributed to modification of the effects of soil moisture by mountains through two different processes: 1) spatial variation in cloud coverage across the mountains ranges leading to more shortwave radiation at ground surface on the leeside slope than the windward slope, and 2) the presence of a dynamically and thermally induced onshore flow on the leeside coast bringing in air with a lower sensitivity to soil moisture.

The response of local winds to soil moisture content is through direct or indirect effects. The direct effect is due to the thermal contrast between land and sea/land shown for the leeside solenoidal circulations, and the indirect effect is through the weakening of the upstream blocking of the South Island for dryer soils shown by the weakening and onshore shift of the upstream deceleration and forced ascent of incoming airflow.
Relationship between System Slope and Updraft Intensity in Squall Lines
Authors: Parker Matthew D.
Published: June 2010

In recent years there has been debate about whether squall lines have an “optimal state.” It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the slope of a squall line’s convective region is related to the comparative magnitudes of the squall line’s cold pool and the base-state vertical wind shear. The present work addresses a related assertion, that squall-line intensity ought to be maximized for an upright updraft zone. A simple demonstration shows that upright systems realize more of their buoyancy because their attendant downward-directed perturbation pressure gradient accelerations are weaker.
Putting Practice Into Theory: Making the Training Analyst System Coherent
Authors: Wilson Mitchell
Published: June 2010

The question of the training analysis demands a complicated set of answers that engage the issue at different levels of human organization. Historically, the training analysis has been the central feature of the tripartite model of psychoanalytic education. Internal and external pressures have burdened the training analysis and called its legitimacy into question. This problem of legitimacy amounts to a lack of coherence in the training analyst (TA) system. This lack engenders idealized fantasies of the role of the TA, in which the TA embodies special talents and attributes, and of the system that sanctions that role. This idealization is haunted by its opposite: a melancholic devaluation of psychoanalysis and a fear that it will collapse. Recent literature on the analyst’s position in the psychoanalytic process emphasizes the analyst’s position as decentered and conflicted. The analyst’s decentered, conflicted status goes against this idealizing impulse. An attempt is made to wed analytic values, and what we know about the analyst’s role in the analytic process, into a more coherent, consistent position regarding the analysis of candidates.
Paradoxes of the Self: the Contrapuntal Style of Arnold Modell
Authors: Kirshner Lewis A.
Published: June 2010

The work of Arnold Modell over the past forty years constitutes a major contribution to contemporary psychoanalytic thought. Of particular note are his efforts to sustain a paradoxical conception of the self as both an evolving, contingent product and an enduring core. Moving back and forth between celebration of the private self and articulation of the impossibility of a one-person psychoanalysis, Modell’s quest to define the nature of the self has taken him from classical analytic theory, through Winnicott and object relations, to the philosophy of intersubjectivity and, in later years, to the work of infant researchers and neuroscientists. In doing so, he has placed the continuity of the self and the making of personal meaning at the center of psychoanalytic practice. The evolution of his thinking reflects a turn toward a protean and transitional conception of the self, away from the notion of an enduring or superordinate core self.
Against Understanding: Why Understanding Should Not Be Viewed as an Essential Aim of Psychoanalytic Treatment
Authors: Fink Bruce
Published: June 2010

The current emphasis on understanding in psychoanalysis—on the analysand’s part as well as on the analyst’s—is excessive if we assume that the most essential aim of psychoanalytic treatment is change. Situated within the Lacanian register or dimension of the imaginary, the process of understanding can be seen to reduce the unfamiliar to the familiar, to transform the radically other into the same, and to render the analyst hard of hearing. Our ability as analysts to detect the unconscious via slips of the tongue, slurred words, mixed metaphors, and the like is compromised by our emphasis on understanding and can be rectified only by taking as our fundamental premise that we do not understand what our analysands are saying. The emphasis on understanding can also do a disservice to analysands, who learn to observe themselves and to explain their feelings and behaviors to themselves and others in sophisticated terms without necessarily changing. But change can perfectly well occur in the absence of understanding, which in fact often impedes change.
Clinical Implications of Contemporary Gender Theory
Authors: Kulish Nancy
Published: June 2010

The current intellectual scene in psychoanalysis is marked by vigorous theoretical controversies about gender. The ideas being debated have important implications for clinical work, which have not been thoroughly explicated or integrated into common practice. These implications include the following: gender can accrue idiosyncratic meanings; gender identity is considered fluid and rigidity of gender identity deemed problematic; gender-related conflicts are typically described as divergent; analysis of superego conflicts related to gender becomes particularly important; and, finally, gender-related biases are seen as inevitable and must be taken into account in the clinical situation. A detailed clinical example illustrates the application of these ideas. While the more dramatic cases related to gender have been more frequent subjects of study, conflicts about gender are everyday occurrences for our patients and deserve further attention.
The Primal Vision: The Psychological Effects of Creation Myth
Authors: Dillon James J.
Published: June 2010

This article examines the structure and psychological effects of a three-part primal vision monomyth. This monomyth is a common pattern at the heart of many of the world’s creation stories. The primal vision paints a vivid picture of cosmic harmony, gives an account as to why this original harmony was disrupted, and describes a concrete path toward the restoration of the original universal order. The article then explores the principal psychological effects of the primal vision monomyth on those who actively participate in it. The article concludes with a comparative analysis of modern versus pre-modern approaches to myth and then provides suggestions for how modern psychologists might use the primal vision structure in their own work.
The Liberal Divide over Trade, Peace and War
Authors: van de Haar Edwin
Published: June 2010

In IR it is almost common knowledge that a strong relation exists between liberalism and the idea that trade promotes peace. This paper shows that this is based on an incomplete view of the liberal tradition. The trade-leads-to-peace hypothesis does not originate in liberalism, while some of the most important liberal thinkers, notably Smith, Hume and Locke, never predicted trade to have a positive influence on peace. The two Scots actually saw a strong relation between trade and war. This has been widely overlooked in IR, largely due to one-sided interpretations of their writings from the early nineteenth century onwards. This article seeks to improve on the disciplinary historiography, calls on IR theorists to reappraise liberalism in relation to the trade-leads-to-peace thesis, and suggests that scholars working on trade and peace follow up on a number of important insights put forward by Hume and Smith.
Past Masters and Modern Inventions: Intellectual History as Critical Theory
Authors: Vigneswaran Darshan , Quirk Joel
Published: June 2010

In this article, we explore the relationship between past and present international relations (IR) scholarship, paying particular attention to the way in which various representations, interpretations and classifications of past works can collectively influence how modern scholars ask and answer questions. This serves two main purposes. On the one hand, we seek to contribute to a growing literature interrogating misleading and simplistic depictions of past authors and eras. On the other, we explore how the history of ideas can be utilized as a critical resource, which offers a compelling platform from which to refine and re-evaluate prevailing notions of the purposes of intellectual inquiry.
International Actors and Democratisation: Can USAID Deliver a Democratic Culture to Afghanistan?
Authors: Hill Matthew Alan
Published: June 2010

Externally driven state-building is a complicated task that rarely fulfils the declared objectives of the international actors or the local state and society. This paper critiques the international dimension to state-building by examining USAID in Afghanistan and identifying the theoretical and practical explanations for its failure to aid democratic consolidation. Arguing that the Bush administration’s democratisation efforts have had a negative impact on consolidating democracy, this paper identifies the democratic product of Afghanistan as characterised, at most, by having the formal institutions, routines and procedures of a democracy. I suggest that this merely ‘formal’ democratic product is too short-term and fails to take fully into account the need to develop a political and social culture capable of supporting democratic institutions. In terms of the future of democracy promotion in US foreign policy, I suggest that a change of emphasis may be occurring in the Obama administration.
Morales’s MAS Government
Authors: Postero Nancy
Published: June 2010

At his 2006 inauguration, Bolivia’s President Evo Morales claimed a lineage that included Andean indigenous insurrectional struggles, Simón Bolívar’s nationalism, and Che Guevara’s socialism. He and his MAS party have been attempting to articulate three very different lines of struggle, focusing on indigenous rights, economic justice, and popular democracy. They mediate these contradictions by adopting a core agenda that might be called “indigenous nationalism.” Comparison of the strategies of Morales and Vice President García Linera illuminates the productive tensions of different approaches to dealing with the violent counterrevolution from the eastern lowlands. Despite having to confront serious obstacles and multiple critiques, this “unstable confederation” appears to be holding, allowing the government to continue on its path to long-term change refounding the nation and decolonizing society.
Political Processes and the Reconfiguration of the State in Bolivia
Authors: Regalsky Pablo
Published: June 2010

The indigenous social movements that propelled Evo Morales and the Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement Toward Socialism—MAS) into power in Bolivia questioned the legitimacy of the nation-state, its territorial configuration, and its system of political representation. The MAS, rather than responding to these concerns, is attempting to balance indigenous demands with those of the dominant and still powerful landowning class in a new configuration of the state. As part of this process indigenous leaders have been co-opted into municipal administration, which has subordinated their organizations to the state and the established system of party politics. The constituent assembly that created the constitution adopted in 2009 failed to democratize property and control over natural resources as indigenous peoples have been demanding since 2000.
Carlos Mesa, Evo Morales, and a Divided Bolivia (2003—2005)
Authors: Webber Jeffery R.
Published: June 2010

During the short-lived government of Carlos Mesa (October 17, 2003—June 6, 2005), Bolivian society was intensely divided along the lines of class, race, and region. Out of this context, two social blocs emerged: a left-indigenous bloc, constituted by worker and peasant organizations based in La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, and Chuquisaca, and an eastern-bourgeois bloc, constituted by groups representing agro-industrial, financial, and petroleum capital in the Departments of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Pando, and Beni. The Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement Toward Socialism—MAS) party and fractions of the middle class were oscillating forces that belonged to neither side. Mesa attempted to play a mediating, Bonapartist role between the social blocs but ultimately failed, and his government collapsed. Thus the stage was set for Evo Morales’s successful bid to become the country’s first indigenous president in the elections of December 2005. Understanding this decisive interval in Bolivian history is crucial for fully coming to terms with the reformist character of the Morales government today. The nonrevolutionary trajectory of the MAS administration since 2005 should not have come as a surprise given the extensive collaboration between Morales and the neoliberal regime of Mesa directly prior to the former’s ascent to office.
Evo Morales and the Altiplano
Authors: Oviedo Obarrio Fernando
Published: June 2010

Without a doubt, the surprising electoral performance of the Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement Toward Socialism—MAS) and of its leader, Evo Morales Ayma, between 2002 and 2008 has transformed the Bolivian political landscape. Its activity has changed not only the physical hub of the country’s politics but also the practices of local political culture and philosophies of power building. A spatial-analytical description of the MAS electoral results and a breakdown of the vote into its various components reveals that the nucleus of its support began in the Chapare of Cochabamba, where Morales has become a true icon of the original Andean world, and that the middle-class urban sectors of the lowlands view him as the purest example of “Andean imperialism.” Given the 2008 results, there were few doubts that he would win by a landslide in the December 2009 elections, and there is no immediate danger to the MAS’s political hegemony.
Bolivia under Morales
Authors: Kohl Benjamin
Published: June 2010

Evo Morales assumed office in January 2006 with a resounding mandate from marginalized indigenous peoples to reinvent Bolivia. Five hundred years of colonial and republican rule, combined with 20 years of neoliberal economic policy in this poorly consolidated democracy, constrained his ability to reshape the country during his first term in office. Morales still faces the fundamental challenges of (1) national oligarchies, (2) limited administrative capacity, (3) rent seeking and institutionalized corruption, (4) social movements, and (5) transnational actors. Rather than being distinct, these challenges are overdetermined: the economic challenges of transforming an extractive economy are intertwined with the lack of government capacity that is the legacy of exclusionary social and political processes since the Spanish conquest. Armed with the firm political will embodied in the new constitution, he has consolidated his support, and this has allowed his government to begin its second administration in a better position than almost all its predecessors as it attempts to create a more equitable society.
A Neoliberal Nationalization?
Authors: Kaup Brent Z.
Published: June 2010

Moving from a neoliberal ideological testing ground to part of the purported new wave of Latin American socialism, the current Bolivian state has attempted to exercise greater control over its number-one-grossing export—its natural gas—and use the sector’s profits to drive its program of socioeconomic change. While the state has been able to increase the government’s take of the country’s hydrocarbon rents, its ability to use its natural gas and associated rents to alter the country’s socioeconomic trajectory has been limited by the path-dependent effects of Bolivia’s neoliberal turn and the sociomaterial constraints of natural-gas extraction, transport, and use.
Decolonization and Its Paradoxes
Authors: Johnson Brian B.
Published: June 2010

In one of the most traditionally hierarchical and “colonial” of the Bolivian state apparatuses, the official health sector, attempts since 2006 by Evo Morales and the MAS government at radical restructuring have proved innovative but inconclusive and divisive. Reflecting a series of conflicts and contradictions, a number of often fundamentally competing scenarios are at work: the institutionalization of traditional medicine, the reinterpretation of previous primary health care and community participation models, social and “socialized” medicine, and the durability of a deeply ingrained vertical health system. The challenges and risks inherent in what at heart may be a struggle between cultural and political factions and ideologies among the government’s public health authorities and planners are emblematic of many paradoxes in the effort to decolonize the Bolivian state as a whole.
The Localism of Bolivian Science
Authors: McGurn Centellas Katherine
Published: June 2010

State-sponsored science and technology projects are increasingly prominent in Bolivia. Evo Morales has implemented a series of new legal and infrastructure programs to foster the growth of these fields because of the promise they hold for fostering Bolivian development using local materials and methods. The content of and justification for these projects differ from those of earlier positivist or desarrollista models. Morales’s emphasis on scientific research is congruent with the preexisting ideological and practical commitments of the Bolivian bioscientific and biomedical community. Because of the localism integral to scientific practice in Bolivia, these research projects are “Bolivian science,” not “science in Bolivia.” Bolivian science challenges common assumptions in the science-studies and philosophy-of-science literature regarding who does science, what the appropriate venues for it are, and how its practice is justified.
Language, Signs, and the Performance of Power
Authors: Howard Rosaleen
Published: June 2010

The spread of the term “decolonization” in Bolivian political discourse since the coming to power of Evo Morales is an example of the ways in which shifts in the use of language may constitute the processes of change of which they are part. Opposing ideologies are being expressed through various channels (language, dress, symbolism, and ritual) in the struggle for dominance in the public sphere. The mass media play a dual role, both providing illustrations of the discursive processes at work and discursively countering decolonization. Despite media opposition, Morales and the Movimiento al Socialismo are developing the structural conditions necessary for previously marginalized voices to be heard.
Effect of Omega-3 Fish Oil on Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
Authors: McEwen Brad , Morel-Kopp Marie-Christine , Tofler Geoffrey , Ward Christopher
Published: June 2010

Purpose

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease are major public health concerns worldwide and are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. People with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Diet has a substantial affect on the progression of many diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [LC-PUFA]) have long been attributed to the maintenance of health and may be of benefit in reducing cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this review is to investigate the possible roles of omega-3 in reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes.

Methods

A literature search was conducted from the Medline, EBSCO, and EMBASE databases. Articles that addressed diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or omega-3 were included.

Results

Reviews and studies reported an association with fish and omega-3 LC-PUFA consumption and decreased total cardiovascular mortality (approximately 15%-19%), along with decreased platelet activation and aggregation, improved lipid profiles, including reduction of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), decreased inflammation, and lowered blood pressure.

Conclusion

Diets higher in fish and omega-3 LC-PUFA may reduce cardiovascular risk in diabetes by inhibiting platelet aggregation, improving lipid profiles, and reducing cardiovascular mortality. Fish and omega-3 LC-PUFA can be recommended to people with diabetes and included into a diabetes management program.
What Is This “Post-” in Postracial, Postfeminist… (Fill in the Blank)?
Authors: Squires Catherine , King Watts Eric , Douglas Vavrus Mary , Ono Kent A. , Feyh Kathleen , Calafell Bernadette Marie , Brouwer Daniel C.
Published: June 2010

The events of the 2008 election continue to spark prognostications that we live in a world that is postracial/feminist, and so on. At the 2009 NCA (National Communication Association) convention, a panel of communication scholars discussed how to approach questions of identity and communication over the next 5 years. Participants suggested ways to be critical of assertions of “post” and elaborated ways to encounter new dimensions of identification in an era of immense sociopolitical challenges. This forum revisits the exchanged dialogues among the participants at the roundtable and further explores the meaning of post- in post-America.
Consumer Risks and New Food Systems in Urban China
Authors: Veeck Ann , Hongyan Yu  , Burns Alvin C.
Published: June 2010

Informed by sociocultural theories of risk, this research explores the responses of urban consumers to the globalization and liberalization of food marketing systems in China. Based on food shopping observations and focus groups in four major cities, the study investigates how consumers identify and navigate risk in a rapidly changing marketplace. The findings suggest that, while consumers have legitimate worries related to the safety of their food supply in the marketizing economy, the newly diverse food retail and product options also provide new strategies to actively manage risk. The findings substantiate the importance of geographical, political, and historical contexts for understanding how consumers interpret risks in the face of transitional marketing systems.
‘This excellent observer …’: the correspondence between Charles Darwin and James Crichton-Browne, 1869-75
Authors: Pearn Alison M
Published: June 2010

Between May 1869 and December 1875, Charles Darwin exchanged more than 40 letters with James Crichton-Browne, superintendent of the West Riding Pauper Lunatic Asylum, Wakefield, Yorkshire. This paper charts their relationship within the context of Darwin’s wider research networks and methods; it analyses the contribution that Crichton-Browne made to the writing of Expression, arguing that the information he provided materially affected Darwin’s thesis, and that it was partly the need to assimilate this that led Darwin to publish Expression separately from Descent. The letters help to reconstruct Crichton-Browne’s early research interests, and document Darwin’s little-explored role as a patron. Both men are revealed within a collaborative scientific network, with each of them at various times a beneficiary or a promoter.
‘Racial differences have to be considered’: Lauretta Bender, Bellevue Hospital, and the African American psyche, 1936-52
Authors: Doyle Dennis
Published: June 2010

This paper examines one US psychiatrist’s engagement between 1936 and 1952 with a racialist strain of evolutionary thought. When Lauretta Bender began working with Bellevue Hospital’s disproportionately black population, the psychiatric literature still circulated the crude evolutionary proposition that blacks remained stuck at a more primitive stage of development. In the 1930s, drawing insights from holistic, mechanistic and environmentalist thinking on the relationship between mind and body, Bender developed her own more circumspect racialist position. Although she largely abandoned her underdetermined version of racialism in the 1940s for an approach that left out race as an active factor of analysis, this paper contends that she probably never wrote off black primitivity as a theoretical possibility.
‘Birdwatching and baby-watching’: Niko and Elisabeth Tinbergen’s ethological approach to autism
Authors: Silverman Chloe
Published: June 2010

Biographers have largely dismissed Nikolaas ‘Niko’ Tinbergen’s late research into the causes and treatment of autism, describing it as a deviation from his previous work, influenced by his personal desires. They have pointed to the incoherence of Tinbergen’s assertions about best practices for treating autism, his lack of experience with children with autism, and his apparent embracing of psychogenic theories that the medical research community had largely abandoned. While these critiques have value, it is significant that Tinbergen himself saw his research as a logical extension of his seminal findings in the field of ethology, the science of animal behaviour. The reception of his theories, both positive and negative, was due less to their strengths or faults than to the fact that Tinbergen had inserted himself into a pre-existing and acrimonious debate in the autism research community. Debates about the relative role of environmental and hereditary factors in the aetiology of autism, and the implications of both for the efficacy of different treatments, had political and material significance for the success of parent organizations’ lobbying efforts and financial support for research programmes. Tinbergen’s approach was welcomed and even championed by a significant minority, who saw no problem with his ideas or methods.
The evolution of Harry Harlow: from the nature to the nurture of love
Authors: Vicedo Marga
Published: June 2010

Harlow deserves a place in the early history of evolutionary psychiatry but not, as he is commonly presented, because of his belief in the instinctual nature of the mother-infant dyad. Harlow’s work on the significance of peer relationships led him to appreciate the evolutionary significance of separate affectional systems. Over time, Harlow distanced himself from the ideas of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth as well as from Konrad Lorenz’s views about imprinting and instincts. Harlow’s work did not lend support to Bowlby’s belief in an innate need for mother love and his thesis that the mother was the child’s psychic organizer. Nor did Harlow agree with Lorenz’s view of instincts as biological, unmodifiable innate needs, unaffected by learning.
Cutaneous challenge with chemical warfare agents in the SKH-1 hairless mouse (II): Effects of some currently used skin decontaminants (RSDL and Fuller’s earth) against liquid sulphur mustard and VX exposure
Authors: Taysse L. , Dorandeu F. , Daulon S. , Foquin A. , Perrier N. , Lallement G. , Breton P.
Published: June 2010

Using the hairless mouse screening model presented in the companion paper1 the aim of this study was to assess two skin decontaminating systems: Fuller’s earth (FE) and Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) against two extremely toxic chemical warfare agents that represent a special percutaneous hazard, sulphur mustard (SM) and O-ethyl-S-(2[di-isopropylamino]ethyl)methyl-phosphonothioate (VX). Five minutes after being exposed on the back to either 2 µL of neat sulphur mustard or 50 µg.kg-1 of diluted VX, mice were decontaminated. Both systems were able to reduce blisters 3 days after SM exposure. However, RSDL was found to be more efficient than FE in reducing the necrosis of the epidermis and erosion. In the case of VX exposure, RSDL, whatever the ratio of decontaminant to toxicant used (RSDL 10, 20, 50), was not able to sufficiently prevent the inhibition of plasma cholinesterases taken as a surrogate marker of exposure and toxicity. Only FE reduced significantly the ChE inhibition. Some of these observations are different from our previous results obtained in domestic swine and these changes are thus discussed in the perspective of using SKH-1 hairless mice for the initial in vivo screening of decontaminants.
Oxidative stress and bone markers in plasma of patients with long-bone fixative surgery: Role of antioxidants
Authors: Sandukji A. , Al-Sawaf H. , Mohamadin A. , Alrashidi Y. , Sheweita SA
Published: June 2010

It is well known that bone markers (e.g. osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase) play a significant role in healing of bone fractures, whereas oxidative stress delay such healing. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a mixture of antioxidants (vitamins A, C, E, and selenium) on oxidative stress parameters, and the levels of bone healing markers in the plasma of male patients following fixative surgery of long bones. Antioxidant tablets (300 µg vitamin A, 10 mg vitamin E, 60 mg vitamin C, and 75 µg selenium) were administered to groups 3 and 4 (10 patients in each) for 1 and 2 weeks, respectively, in addition to the regular postoperative treatment. Groups 1 (25 patients) and 2 (10 patients) received the regular post-operative treatment consisting of intravenous (I.V.) second generation of cephalosporin 1000 mg/day for 3 days, oral diclofenac 50 mg, and paracetamol 500 mg twice daily for 15 days. Osteocalcin level and alkaline phosphatase activity as well as antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), as well as glutathione (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as indices of oxidative stress, were determined in the plasma of all patients after 1 or 2 weeks of long-bone fixative surgery. The results revealed that osteocalcin level and the activity of alkaline phosphatase were markedly increased in the plasma of patients who received antioxidants for 2 weeks. In addition, after 1 and/or 2 weeks, the levels of TBARS were significantly lower in the antioxidant-treated patients compared with those who did not receive antioxidants. On the other hand, the activities of SOD and GR were markedly elevated in plasma of patients who received antioxidants after 1 or 2 weeks compared with patients who received regular therapy. Moreover, the level of plasma GSH was markedly increased only after 2 weeks in patients who received antioxidants. It is concluded that administration of antioxidant vitamins A, E, and C in addition to selenium could accelerate bone healing after long-bone fixative surgery. Therefore, antioxidants should be considered in designing therapeutic protocols in post-operative bone surgery.
Polyphenols from Juglans regia L. (walnut) kernel modulate cigarette smoke extract induced acute inflammation, oxidative stress and lung injury in Wistar rats
Authors: Qamar Wajhul , Sultana Sarwat
Published: June 2010

The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Juglans regia kernel extract against cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced lung toxicities in Wistar rats. Prophylactic treatment of methanolic extract of J. regia kernel at the doses of 50 mg/kg b.wt. and 100 mg/kg b.wt was given by gavage to Wistar rats for 1 week prior to CSE exposure. Female Wistar rats were administered with single dose (1.3 mL/kg b.wt.) of CSE through intratracheal instillation. Lung injury markers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, total cell count, total protein and reduced glutathione (GSH) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated. Glutathione reductase (GR), xanthine oxidase (XO) and catalase activities were measured in lung tissue. J. regia extract significantly decreased the levels of LDH, total cell count, total protein and increased the GSH level in BALF, it also significantly restored the levels of GR, catalase and reduced the XO activity in lung tissue. Total polyphenolic content of J. regia kernel extract was found to be 96 ± 0.81 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight of extract. In DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) assay, the extract shows high free radical scavenging potential. On the basis of these results, protective role of J. regia extract against CSE-induced acute lung toxicity in Wistar rats is suggested.