bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracking the development of co-management: using network analysis in a case from the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Kocho-Schellenberg John-Erik , Berkes Fikret
Published: August 2014

To understand the interplay of factors that shape changes in management strategies, we tracked the evolution of beluga whale co-management involving the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC), and the Tuktoyaktuk Hunter and Trapper Committee from its beginnings in the mid-1980s to the present. The objective was to analyse changes over time in the communication network involved in dealing with the Husky Lakes beluga entrapment issue, using social network analysis (SNA). Along with qualitative information, the use of SNA provided quantitative data to document the development of co-management over time. According to both government and indigenous parties, a fully functional problem-solving partnership developed over the course of two decades. Using the beluga case as the illustration, we traced the development of joint management processes, overcoming some of the initial obstacles and accommodating the needs of the various parties. This case demonstrates the importance of legal arrangements (the indigenous land claims agreement), the role of key individuals and the bridging organisation (FJMC) created by the agreement, and the maturation of co-management over time.
Neuroplasticity as a model for bilingualism: Commentary on Baum and Titone
Authors: Bialystok Ellen
Published: August 2014

The inevitable decline of cognitive function with aging and the high incidence of clinical impairment make understanding the process of cognitive decline and the search for remediation an urgent priority. However, in spite of massive efforts in research and development, the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for cognitive impairment remains extremely limited (Zhu et al., in press). Therefore, there is growing interest in the set of lifestyle factors that serve to maintain cognitive function even in the presence of neuropathology. These factors, called cognitive reserve (Stern, 2002), include education, occupational status, socioeconomic class, and involvement in physical, intellectual, and social activities (Bennett, Schneider, Tang, Arnold, & Wilson, 2006; Stern et al., 1994). Bilingualism appears to be another potent source of cognitive reserve (Bialystok, Craik, Green, & Gollan, 2009). For these reasons, a comprehensive review of the small but growing literature on bilingualism and cognition in aging is timely and scientifically important.
How much bilingual experience is needed to affect executive control?
Authors: van Hell Janet G. , Poarch Gregory J.
Published: August 2014

A wealth of research on experience-related plasticity has shown that specific experiences, such as musical training (Herholz & Zatorre, 2012) or juggling (Draganski et al., 2004), can modify brain function and structure and induce long-term changes in cognitive behavior throughout the life span. In their comprehensive Keynote Article, Baum and Titone focus on the neural and cognitive implications of lifelong experience with multiple languages. They discuss empirical studies on bilingualism, executive control, and aging to enhance our understanding of the frequently observed executive control advantages in bilinguals and how lifelong bilingualism may contribute to the development of cognitive reserve and buffer age-related declines in executive control functions. In reframing these issues in terms of neuroplasticity, Baum and Titone propose to “embrace the inherent individual variability among bilinguals in all its glory” and identify key issues related to individual variability to pave the way to new avenues of research. We fully concur with Baum and Titone's general recommendation to embrace variability among bilinguals to advance our understanding of bilingualism, aging, and neuroplasticity, but we would like to particularly highlight the importance of the earlier stages of second language (L2) learning and the emergence of executive control advantages, a topic we believe has been understudied in this domain. How much bilingual experience is needed to affect executive control?
Sunny review casts a foreboding shadow over status quo bilingual advantage research
Authors: Morton J. Bruce
Published: August 2014

For several years now, headlines around the world have been trumpeting the cognitive control advantages enjoyed by bilinguals. As the story goes, a lifetime of experience selecting between two competing languages leads to improvements in control that generalize beyond the domain of language. It even protects the brain from the untoward effects of aging.
Optimal power loss motion planning in legged robots
Authors: Potts Alain Segundo , da Cruz José Jaime
Published: August 2014

An iterative algorithm to minimize energy loss in kinematic chains is proposed. This algorithm is designed to low level of control where variables such as terminal states, runtime, and physical and electrical parameters of the movement are given by higher levels of control. An original complex problem of optimization is transformed into a simple quadratic programming problem subject to linear constraints by discretizing all dynamic system variables. The whole system is then converted into a recursive matrix equation that is solved iteratively. A proof of convergence is suggested. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated by using it in the motion planning of a quadruped robot.
No evidence of genetic variation in microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers among remaining populations of the Strange-tailed TyrantAlectrurus risora, an endangered grassland species
Authors: DI GIACOMO ADRIAN S. , DI GIACOMO ALEJANDRO G. , KLIGER RAFI , REBOREDA JUAN C. , TIEDEMANN RALPH , MAHLER BETTINA
Published: August 2014

The Strange-tailed TyrantAlectrurus risora(Aves: Tyrannidae) is an endemic species of southern South American grasslands that suffered a 90% reduction of its original distribution due to habitat transformation. This has led the species to be classified as globally Vulnerable. By the beginning of the last century, populations were partially migratory and moved south during the breeding season. Currently, the main breeding population inhabits the Iberá wetlands in the province of Corrientes, north-east Argentina, where it is resident all year round. There are two remaining small populations in the province of Formosa, north-east Argentina, and in southern Paraguay, which are separated from the main population by the Parana-Paraguay River and its continuous riverine forest habitat. The populations of Corrientes and Formosa are separated by 300 km and the grasslands between populations are non-continuous due to habitat transformation. We used mtDNA sequences and eight microsatellite loci to test if there were evidences of genetic isolation between Argentinean populations. We found no evidence of genetic structure between populations (ΦST= 0.004,P= 0.32;Fst = 0.01,P= 0.06), which can be explained by either retained ancestral polymorphism or by dispersal between populations. We found no evidence for a recent demographic bottleneck in nuclear loci. Our results indicate that these populations could be managed as a single conservation unit on a regional scale. Conservation actions should be focused on preserving the remaining network of areas with natural grasslands to guarantee reproduction, dispersal and prevent further decline of populations.
Rubble and ruin: Walter Benjamin, post-war urban renewal and the residue of everyday life on LeBreton Flats, Ottawa, Canada (1944–1970)
Authors: PICTON ROGER M.
Published: August 2014

Taking a cue from Walter Benjamin, this article exposes the wreckage of urban renewal on LeBreton Flats – a mixed industrial and working-class neighbourhood in Ottawa, Canada. Photographic and textual fragments of urban life retrieved from government expropriation files are used to expose the spell of progress embodied in the urban renewal plan for the neighbourhood. This article shows how urban historians can deploy Benjamin's methodological approach to reclaim the memory of everyday life on LeBreton Flats from the realm of official planning documents. This article shows how despite an official narrative of decline scrap-dealers, craft-workers and residents continued to value the Flats and participate in an imaginative urban life.
A longer diagnostic interval is a risk for depression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Caga Jashelle , Ramsey Eleanor , Hogden Anne , Mioshi Eneida , Kiernan Matthew C.
Published: August 2014

Objective:

Recognizing depressive symptoms in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains problematic given the potential overlap with the normal psychological responses to a terminal illness. Understanding mental health and disease-related risk factors for depression is key to identifying psychological morbidity. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in ALS and to explore mental health and disease-related risk factors for depression.

Method:

Structured medical and psychiatric history questionnaires and a validated depression scale (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale–21) were completed by 27 ALS patients (60% female; 59% limb onset; age 65.11 ± SE 2.21) prior to their initial review at a multidisciplinary clinic. Physical function was assessed with the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS–R).

Results:

At the time of initial assessment, 44% of patients had a previous psychiatric history, although the majority (62%) reported no symptoms of depression. The mean ALSFRS–R score was 37.78 ± SE 1.22, with an average diagnostic interval of 16.04 ± SE 2.39 months. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the length of the diagnostic interval alone predicted depressive symptoms (χ2(3, n = 26) = 9.21, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.12, p < 0.05.

Significance of Results:

The illness experiences of ALS patients rather than established mental health risk factors influence the manifestation of depressive symptoms in the early stages of the disease, with clinical implications for the assessment and treatment of psychological morbidity. Patients with lengthy diagnostic intervals may be prime targets for psychological assessment and intervention, especially in the absence of ALS-specific tests and biomarkers.
ON HORACE'S PYRAMIDS (C. 3.30.1–2)
Authors: Sullivan Michael B.
Published: August 2014

This paper contends that Horace's comparison of his completed poetic monument to pyramids at the end ofOdes1–3 is both figurative and literal insofar as we possess ample art historical, literary and papyrological evidence from antiquity for the stacking of an appropriate number of book (sc)rolls in ‘pyramidal’ form. Most notable in this regard is the dedication to Delian Apollo of a triangular casket containing the ten books of Aristarchus' edition of Alcaeus, whose resonances with the Pythagorean τετρακτύς, and implications for Horace's own oeuvre, are duly explored.
Temporal spying and concealing process in fibre-optic data transmission systems through polarization bypass
Authors: Bony P.Y. , Guasoni M. , Morin P. , Sugny D. , Picozzi A. , Jauslin H.R. , Pitois S. , Fatome J.
Published: August 2014

Recent research has been focused on the ability to manipulate a light beam in such a way to hide, namely to cloak, an event over a finite time or localization in space. The main idea is to create a hole or a gap in the spatial or time domain so as to allow for an object or data to be kept hidden for a while and then to be restored. By enlarging the field of applications of this concept to telecommunications, researchers have recently reported the possibility to hide transmitted data in an optical fibre. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of perpetual temporal spying and blinding process of optical data in fibre-optic transmission line based on polarization bypass. We successfully characterize the performance of our system by alternatively copying and then concealing 100% of a 10-Gb s−1 transmitted signal.
A two-qubit photonic quantum processor and its application to solving systems of linear equations
Authors: Barz Stefanie , Kassal Ivan , Ringbauer Martin , Lipp Yannick Ole , Dakić Borivoje , Aspuru-Guzik Alán , Walther Philip
Published: August 2014

Large-scale quantum computers will require the ability to apply long sequences of entangling gates to many qubits. In a photonic architecture, where single-qubit gates can be performed easily and precisely, the application of consecutive two-qubit entangling gates has been a significant obstacle. Here, we demonstrate a two-qubit photonic quantum processor that implements two consecutive CNOT gates on the same pair of polarisation-encoded qubits. To demonstrate the flexibility of our system, we implement various instances of the quantum algorithm for solving of systems of linear equations.
Nanoparticle Technologies in Detection Science
Authors: Gilmartin Niamh , Crean Carol
Published: August 2014

Over the past two decades, the synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles for sensing applications (environmental and biomedical) has garnered considerable attention in the scientific community and in industry. Advances in nanoparticle technologies in detection science has permitted the development of sensors with enhanced sensitivities and improved response times. This chapter aims to review research in this area, with a particular focus on biosensors. A description of the most commonly used nanoparticles in detection science and a synopsis of the bioanalytical detection techniques using these types of nanoparticles is provided. Essential to enhanced sensitivities in detection science and biosensor development is the successful attachment of nanoparticles to relevant biomolecules and a summary of functionalization approaches to achieve this are discussed. While nanoparticle technologies offer many advantages, one of the key benefits of nanoparticle-based device performance is signal amplification. Detection techniques in both optical and electrical systems highlighting this benefit are described. Finally, the acceptance of nanoparticles in biomedical applications depends strongly on nanoparticle biocompatibility and toxicity. Current studies outlining the toxic effects of nanoparticles and the potential of harnessing these toxic effects as antimicrobial agents are therefore discussed at the end of the chapter.
Multivariate statistical analysis based on a chromatographic fingerprint for the evaluation of important environmental factors that affect the quality of Angelica sinensis
Authors: Song Xin-Yue , Jin Ling , Shi Yan-Ping , Li Ying-Dong , Chen Juan
Published: August 2014

A holistic strategy combining chromatographic fingerprint and multivariable statistical analysis was developed to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the quality of A. sinensis and choose the optimum level.
Co-molten solvothermal method for synthesizing chalcopyrite CuFe1−xCrxS2 (x ≤ 0.4): high photocatalytic activity for the reduction of nitrate ions
Authors: Yang Jia , Yue Mufei , Ju Jing , Cong Rihong , Gao Wenliang , Yang Tao
Published: August 2014

CuFe1−xCrxS2 prepared by a thiourea–oxalic acid co-molten solvothermal method show superior UV-light photocatalytic activities toward nitrate ions reduction.
On rechargeability and reaction kinetics of sodium–air batteries
Authors: Yadegari Hossein , Li Yongliang , Banis Mohammad Norouzi , Li Xifei , Wang Biqiong , Sun Qian , Li Ruying , Sham Tsun-Kong , Cui Xiaoyu , Sun Xueliang
Published: August 2014

Chemical composition of the discharge products as well as charging overpotential of the Na–air cell is correlated with the kinetic parameters.
Genetically-encoded FRET-based sensors for monitoring Zn2+ in living cells
Authors: Hessels Anne M. , Merkx Maarten
Published: August 2014

We discuss the development and application of genetically-encoded FRET sensors as attractive tools to study intracellular Zn2+ homeostasis and signaling.
Evolution of a strategy for preparing bioactive small molecules by sequential multicomponent assembly processes, cyclizations, and diversification
Authors: Sahn James J. , Granger Brett A. , Martin Stephen F.
Published: August 2014

Multicomponent assembly processes are key steps in the synthesis of diverse polycyclic heterocycles with a broad array of biological activities.
The 2-phosphaethynolate anion: convenient synthesis and the reactivity
Authors: Quan Zheng-Jun , Wang Xi-Cun
Published: August 2014

New members in the family of organophosphorus compounds: convenient synthesis and reactivity of the 2-phosphaethynolate anion are highlighted.
Generation of 1-amino-isoquinoline-N-oxides via a tandem reaction of 2-alkynylbenzaldoxime with secondary amines in the presence of silver(i) and copper(i)
Authors: Song Junjie , Fan Congbin , Liu Gang , Qiu Guanyinsheng
Published: August 2014

1-Amino-isoquinoline-N-oxides are generated under mild conditions in good yields through a silver(i) and copper(i) catalyzed reaction of 2-alkynylbenzaldoxime with secondary amines.
Understanding the stability, bonding nature and chemical reactivity of 3d-substituted heterofullerenes C58TM (TM = Sc–Zn) from DFT studies
Authors: Du Jiguang , Sun Xiyuan , Chen Jun , Jiang Gang
Published: August 2014

A systematic DFT study for the stability, bonding nature and reactivity of 3d-substituted heterofullerenes C58TM (TM = Sc–Zn).
Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical studies of visible-light active α-Fe2O3–g-C3N4 nanocomposites
Authors: Theerthagiri J. , Senthil R. A. , Priya A. , Madhavan J. , Michael R. J. V. , Ashokkumar Muthupandian
Published: August 2014

Synergistic enhancement in photocatalytic degradation of α-Fe2O3–g-C3N4 due to an increase in visible-light absorption efficiency and rapid photoinduced charge separation.
Pentakis(trifluoromethyl)phenol from Nitrobenzene
Authors: Kütt Agnes , Koppel Ilmar A.
Published: August 2014

Pentakis(trifluoromethyl)phenol, a long requested compound, is now available within a two-step foolproof method from commercially available starting materials with a reasonably high yield (58%).
Efficient multiphoton upconversion and synthesis route dependent emission tunability in GdPO4:Ho3+, Yb3+ nanocrystals
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Rani Poonam , Singh Dinesh , Chawla Santa
Published: August 2014

Tunable upconversion emission in GdPO4:Ho3+, Yb3+ nanocrystals.
Ionic liquids with dual pesticidal function
Authors: Pernak J. , Markiewicz B. , Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. , Chrzanowski Ł. , Gwiazdowski R. , Marcinkowska K. , Praczyk T.
Published: August 2014

Novel ionic liquids with dual pesticidal function were obtained and characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, biological activity and biodegradability.
Gold nanoparticle supported on ionic liquid-modified graphene oxide as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for one-pot oxidative A3-coupling reaction of benzyl alcohols
Authors: Movahed Siyavash Kazemi , Lehi Noushin Farajinia , Dabiri Minoo
Published: August 2014

A novel gold nanoparticle supported on graphene oxide with ionic liquid framework was used as a highly active and recyclable catalyst for novel domino oxidative A3-coupling reaction.
Solvent effect on electron and proton transfer in the excited state of a hydrogen bonded phenol–imidazole complex
Authors: Kang Baotao , Shi Hu , Yan Shihai , Lee Jin Yong
Published: August 2014

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out for the ground state (S0) and the first excited state (S1) of the H-bonded phenol and imidazole complex as a model system for the active site of photosystem II.
Facile low temperature solid state synthesis of iodoapatite by high-energy ball milling
Authors: Lu Fengyuan , Yao Tiankai , Xu Jinling , Wang Jingxian , Scott Spencer , Dong Zhili , Ewing Rodney C. , Lian Jie
Published: August 2014

High energy ball milled iodoapatite in the form of an amorphous matrix embedded with nanocrystals can be readily crystallized by subsequent low temperature thermal annealing, which greatly improves the thermal stability and iodine confinement.
Recent developments in one-pot tandem oxidation process coupling reactions
Authors: Jeena Vineet , Robinson Ross S.
Published: August 2014

The recent additions to the tandem oxidation process (TOP) research area are reviewed.
Synthesis of conjugated dienes and polyenes via diethyl phosphite promoted carbonyl olefination
Authors: Wang Ru , Zhang Songlin
Published: August 2014

A convenient one-pot protocol involving the transfer of carbon–carbon double bonds to obtain conjugated dienes and polyenes has been developed.
Formation of 3D interconnectively macro/mesoporous TiO2 sponges through gelation of lotus root starch toward CO2 photoreduction into hydrocarbon fuels
Authors: Wang Fang , Zhou Yong , Li Ping , Li Haijin , Tu Wenguang , Yan Shicheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: August 2014

3D interconnectively macro/mesoporous TiO2 sponges exhibiting a high photocatalytic activity for reduction of CO2 into CH4 were synthesized through the gelation of lotus root starch.
Degradable, silyl ether thiol–ene networks
Authors: Ware Taylor , Jennings Abby R. , Bassampour Zahra S. , Simon Dustin , Son David Y. , Voit Walter
Published: August 2014

The polymerization of silyl ether containing thiols and alkenes results in tunable, degradable thermosets with potential in implantable electronics.
A simple and efficient mechanochemical route for the synthesis of 2-aryl benzothiazoles and substituted benzimidazoles
Authors: Banerjee Mainak , Chatterjee Amrita , Kumar Vikash , Bhutia Zigmee T. , Khandare Dipratn G. , Majik Mahesh S. , Roy Biswajit Gopal
Published: August 2014

An efficient, catalyst free mechanochemical route to 2-aryl benzothiazoles and both 2- and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles has been developed via a simple mortar–pestle grinding method.
The local environment of Dy3+in selenium-rich chalcogenide glasses
Authors: Barney Emma R. , Tang Zhuoqi , Seddon Angela , Furniss David , Sujecki Slawomir , Benson Trevor , Neate Nigel , Gianolio Diego
Published: August 2014

The environment of Dy3+is investigated when it is added as DyCl3or Dy foil into two base glasses, Ge16.5As19−xGaxSe64.5, wherex= 3 or 10 at%, at doping levels between 0 and 3000 parts per million by weight (ppmw) Dy3+.
Synthesis of iron(iii)-based metal–organic framework/graphene oxide composites with increased photocatalytic performance for dye degradation
Authors: Wu Yan , Luo Hanjin , Wang Hou
Published: August 2014

Iron(iii)-based metal–organic framework/graphene oxide composites were prepared and afforded fast degradation performance and high catalytic efficiency for dyes.
Evidence for equilibrium gels of valence-limited particles
Authors: Dudukovic Nikola A. , Zukoski Charles F.
Published: August 2014

Fmoc–diphenylalanine gels provide experimental evidence for the formation of equilibrium gels predicted in simulations of patchy particles.
High temperature and water-based evaporation-induced self-assembly approach for facile and rapid synthesis of nanocrystalline mesoporous TiO2
Authors: Wang Wei , Nguyen Dongthanh , Long Haibo , Liu Guoqiang , Li Song , Yue Xinyan , Ru Hongqiang
Published: August 2014

Through a high-temperature and water-based EISA (HW-EISA) approach, mesoporous TiO2 with high surface areas, ultra-large mesopores/pore volumes and tuneable bi-crystallinity (anatase plus rutile) can be facilely prepared in a ternary templating system (peroxotitanic acid/P123/H2O).
Nickel phosphide: the effect of phosphorus content on hydrogen evolution activity and corrosion resistance in acidic medium
Authors: Kucernak Anthony R. J. , Naranammalpuram Sundaram Venkata N.
Published: August 2014

The activity and stability of nickel phosphides including electrodeposited nickel phosphide, Ni12P5 and Ni2P are tested. Under acid conditions activity and stability improves with phosphorus content. Surface treatment of Ni2P is shown to lead to further activity improvements.
Simultaneously enhancing up-conversion fluorescence and red-shifting down-conversion luminescence of carbon dots by a simple hydrothermal process
Authors: Cui Yanyan , Hu Zhongbo , Zhang Chunfang , Liu Xiangfeng
Published: August 2014

Simultaneously enhancing up-conversion fluorescence and red-shifting down-conversion luminescence of carbon dots has been achieved by a simple hydrothermal process.
Water-soluble ribbon-like graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4): green synthesis, self-assembly and unique optical properties
Authors: Yuan Bo , Chu Zengyong , Li Gongyi , Jiang Zhenhua , Hu Tianjiao , Wang Qinghua , Wang Chunhua
Published: August 2014

Water-soluble ribbon-like g-C3N4and various special assemblies were obtained from dicyandiamide using NaCl crystals as a hard template.
TRPC1 contributes to the Ca2+-dependent regulation of adenylate cyclases
Authors: Willoughby Debbie , Ong Hwei Ling , De Souza Lorena Brito , Wachten Sebastian , Ambudkar Indu S. , Cooper Dermot M. F.
Published: August 2014

SOCE (store-operated Ca2+ entry) is mediated via specific plasma membrane channels in response to ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Ca2+ store depletion. This route of Ca2+ entry is central to the dynamic interplay between Ca2+ and cAMP signalling in regulating the activity of Ca2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase isoforms (AC1, AC5, AC6 and AC8). Two proteins have been identified as key components of SOCE: STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1), which senses ER Ca2+ store content and translocates to the plasma membrane upon store depletion, where it then activates Orai1, the pore-forming component of the CRAC (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+) channel. Previous studies reported that co-expression of STIM1 and Orai1 in HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney 293) cells enhances Ca2+-stimulated AC8 activity and that AC8 and Orai1 directly interact to enhance this regulation. Nonetheless, the additional involvement of TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) channels in SOCE has also been proposed. In the present study, we evaluate the contribution of TRPC1 to SOCE-mediated regulation of Ca2+-sensitive ACs in HEK-293 cells stably expressing AC8 (HEK-AC8) and HSG (human submandibular gland) cells expressing an endogenous Ca2+-inhibited AC6. We demonstrate a role for TRPC1 as an integral component of SOCE, alongside STIM1 and Orai1, in regulating Ca2+ fluxes within AC microdomains and influencing cAMP production.
Principles of App Selection and Training After Brain Injury
Authors: Wild Michelle R.
Published: August 2014

The growing popularity of using mainstream smart devices as assistive technology for cognition (ATC) is having a significant impact in the daily lives of individuals living with brain injury. With more than 60 percent of the mobile market using smart devices, it is becoming more common for individuals to have their own smart devices. However, the devices are often underutilized and are not being used in a way conducive to benefiting individuals postinjury. Although brain injury professionals play a significant role in the selection and training of devices and apps, the sheer number of apps and the time required to select and train others to use them present major obstacles to the broad adoption of these devices in the therapeutic environment. The purpose of this article is to provide a framework for selecting and training the use of apps that helps clients with cognitive impairments function more optimally in their day-to-day lives. We present 4 questions to help identify training and instructional needs of clients. In addition, we discuss training templates and learning tools that can be used by therapists to facilitate app training within clinical sessions as well as by clients and/or caregivers outside the clinical environment.
Structure, Movement, Sound, and Perception
Authors: Story Brad H.
Published: August 2014

Models that take the form of artificial talkers and speech synthesis systems have long been used as a means of understanding both speech production and speech perception. The article begins with a brief history of two artificial speaking devices that exemplify the representation of speech production as a system of modulations. The development of a recent airway modulation model is then described that simulates the time-varying changes of the vocal tract and acoustic wave propagation. The result is a type of artificial talker that can be used to study various aspects of how sound is generated by humans and how that sound is perceived by a listener.
Finite dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili τ-functions. I. Finite Grassmannians
Authors: Balogh F. , Fonseca T. , Harnad J.
Published: August 2014

We study τ-functions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy in terms of abelian group actions on finite dimensional Grassmannians, viewed as subquotients of the Hilbert space Grassmannians of Sato, Segal, and Wilson. A determinantal formula of Gekhtman and Kasman involving exponentials of finite dimensional matrices is shown to follow naturally from such reductions. All reduced flows of exponential type generated by matrices with arbitrary nondegenerate Jordan forms are derived, both in the Grassmannian setting and within the fermionic operator formalism. A slightly more general determinantal formula involving resolvents of the matrices generating the flow, valid on the big cell of the Grassmannian, is also derived. An explicit expression is deduced for the Plücker coordinates appearing as coefficients in the Schur function expansion of the τ-function.
Optimizing the performance of the entropic splitter for particle separation
Authors: Motz T. , Schmid G. , Hänggi P. , Reguera D. , Rubí J. M.
Published: August 2014

Recently, it has been shown that entropy can be used to sort Brownian particles according to their size. In particular, a combination of a static and a time-dependent force applied on differently sized particles which are confined in an asymmetric periodic structure can be used to separate them efficiently, by forcing them to move in opposite directions. In this paper, we investigate the optimization of the performance of the “entropic splitter.” Specifically, the splitting mechanism and how it depends on the geometry of the channel, and the frequency and strength of the periodic forcing is analyzed. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate that a very efficient and fast separation with a practically 100% purity can be achieved by a proper optimization of the control variables. The results of this work could be useful for a more efficient separation of dispersed phases such as DNA fragments or colloids dependent on their size.
Wertheim and Bjerrum-Tani-Henderson theories for associating fluids: A critical assessment
Authors: Fantoni Riccardo , Pastore Giorgio
Published: August 2014

Two theories for associating fluids recently used to study clustering in models for self-assembling patchy particles, Wertheim's and Bjerrum-Tani-Henderson theories, are carefully compared. We show that, for a fluid allowing only for dimerization, Wertheim theory is equivalent to the Bjerrum-Tani-Henderson theory neglecting intercluster correlations. Nonetheless, while the former theory is able to account for percolation and condensation, the latter is not. For the Bjerrum-Tani-Henderson theory we also rigorously prove the uniqueness of the solution for the cluster's concentrations and the reduction of the system of equations to a single one for a single unknown. We carry out Monte Carlo simulations of two simple models of dimerizing fluids and compare quantitatively the predictions of the two theories with the simulation data.
Conduction mechanism and bandgap engineering in pulsed laser deposited Cd1−xPbxS films
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Kumar Ashvani , Kumar Naresh , Goswami Amarjyoti , Chandra Ramesh
Published: August 2014

Effect of the doping concentration (Pb2+) on structural, electrical, and optical properties of the Cd1−xPbxS thin films synthesized using pulsed laser deposition was investigated. The main focus of the present study was to inspect the conduction mechanism and tailoring of optical bandgap to enhance their utilization for photo conducing and photovoltaic devices. Study revealed that increased faction of PbS phase leads to formation of ohmic contact. However, electrical conduction is governed by thermo-ionic emission at low fraction of PbS. Optical properties suggest that optical constants and band gap of Cd1−xPbxS films can be tailored by varying “Pb” content.
Exchange bias: The antiferromagnetic bulk matters
Authors: Basaran Ali C. , Saerbeck T. , de la Venta J. , Huckfeldt H. , Ehresmann A. , Schuller Ivan K.
Published: August 2014

Using controlled ion bombardment, the contribution of interface and bulk antiferromagnetic spins to exchange bias (EB) is investigated. Several sets of ferromagnetic (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AFM) (Ni/FeF2) bilayers capped with a nonmagnetic and inert Au layer of varying thickness were grown simultaneously. He-ion bombardment was employed to selectively create defects in the EB structure at the FM/AFM interface or in the AFM bulk. Numerical simulations provide the depth profile of the ion damage. Quantitative structural and magnetic characterizations were compared before and after the bombardment revealing the relationship between interfacial and bulk located defects. These studies show that the creation of defects in the bulk of the antiferromagnet crucially affects the magnitude of EB.
Modelling of optical transport behavior of organic photovoltaic devices with nano-pillar transparent conducting electrodes
Authors: Jagdish A. K. , Ramamurthy Praveen C. , Mahapatra D. Roy , Hegde Gopalkrishna
Published: August 2014

Optical transport behavior of organic photo-voltaic devices with nano-pillar transparent electrodes is investigated in this paper in order to understand possible enhancement of their charge-collection efficiency. Modeling and simulations of optical transport due to this architecture show an interesting regime of length-scale dependent optical characteristics. An electromagnetic wave propagation model is employed with simulation objectives toward understanding the mechanism of optical scattering and waveguide effects due to the nano-pillars and effective transmission through the active layer. Partial filling of gaps between the nano-pillars due to the nano-fabrication process is taken into consideration. Observations made in this paper will facilitate appropriate design rules for nano-pillar electrodes.
Nitrogen vacancy center fluorescence from a submicron diamond cluster levitated in a linear quadrupole ion trap
Authors: Kuhlicke Alexander , Schell Andreas W. , Zoll Joachim , Benson Oliver
Published: August 2014

We report the observation of nitrogen vacancy fluorescence from a diamond cluster levitating in a linear quadrupole ion trap. Single clusters with diameters from micro- down to a few hundred nanometers can be trapped and characterized. We investigate the influence of the surface charge on the fluorescence and show how trapping stability can be increased. Subsequently, clusters are deposited on fiber facets. The presented method is an important first step towards optomechanical cooling of a single isolated nanodiamond.
Are We There Yet? Exploring Empowerment at the Microscale in the South African Wine Industry
Authors: Herman Agatha
Published: August 2014

Empowerment is a standard but ambiguous element of development rhetoric and so, through the socially complex and contested terrain of South Africa, this paper explores its potential to contribute to inclusive development. Investigating microlevel engagements with the national strategy of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) in the South African wine industry highlights the limitations, but also potential, of this single-domain approach. However, latent paternalism, entrenched interests, and a ‘dislocated blackness’ maintain a complex racial politics that shapes both power relations and the opportunities for transformation within the industry. Nonetheless, while B-BBEE may not, in reality, be broad-based its manifestations are contributing to challenging racist structures and normalising changing attitudes. This paper concludes that, to be transformative, empowerment needs to be reembedded within South Africa as a multiscalar, multidimensional dialogue and, while recognising the continuation of structural constraints, positions the local as the critical scale at which to initiate broader social change.
Inversion Improves the Recognition of Facial Expression in Thatcherized Images
Authors: Psalta Lilia , Andrews Timothy J
Published: August 2014

The Thatcher illusion provides a compelling example of the face inversion effect. However, the marked effect of inversion in the Thatcher illusion contrasts to other studies that report only a small effect of inversion on the recognition of facial expressions. To address this discrepancy, we compared the effects of inversion and thatcherization on the recognition of facial expressions. We found that inversion of normal faces caused only a small reduction in the recognition of facial expressions. In contrast, local inversion of facial features in upright thatcherized faces resulted in a much larger reduction in the recognition of facial expressions. Paradoxically, inversion of thatcherized faces caused a relative increase in the recognition of facial expressions. Together, these results suggest that different processes explain the effects of inversion on the recognition of facial expressions and on the perception of the Thatcher illusion. The grotesque perception of thatcherized images is based on a more orientation-sensitive representation of the face. In contrast, the recognition of facial expression is dependent on a more orientation-insensitive representation. A similar pattern of results was evident when only the mouth or eye region was visible. These findings demonstrate that a key component of the Thatcher illusion is to be found in orientation-specific encoding of the features of the face.
Effect of woody-plant encroachment on livestock production in North and South America
Authors: Anadón José D. , Sala Osvaldo E. , Turner B. L. , Bennett Elena M.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Grasslands all over the world are undergoing a rapid shift from herbaceous to woody-plant dominance, a phenomenon known as woody-plant encroachment. The impact of this global phenomenon on livestock production (LP), the main ecosystem service provided by grasslands, remains largely unexplored. We quantified, for the first time, the impact of woody-plant encroachment on LP at a large scale, finding a reduction of between 0.6 and 1.6 reproductive cows per square kilometer for each 1% increase in tree cover. By comparing the largest rangelands of the Americas (United States and Argentina), we also showed how the impact of woody-plant encroachment is mediated by social–economic factors. Our paper represents a significant advance in our understanding of grasslands as complex social–ecological systems.
Loss of Miro1-directed mitochondrial movement results in a novel murine model for neuron disease
Authors: Nguyen Tammy T. , Oh Sang S. , Weaver David , Lewandowska Agnieszka , Maxfield Dane , Schuler Max-Hinderk , Smith Nathan K. , Macfarlane Jane , Saunders Gerald , Palmer Cheryl A. , Debattisti Valentina , Koshiba Takumi , Pulst Stefan , Feldman Eva L. , Hajnóczky György , Shaw Janet M.
Published: August 2014

Significance

This report probes the physiological roles of mammalian mitochondrial Rho 1 (
Miro1
), a calcium-binding, membrane-anchored GTPase necessary for mitochondrial motility on microtubules. Using two new mouse models and primary cells, the study demonstrates a specific role for
Miro1
in upper motor neuron development and retrograde transport of axonal mitochondria. Unexpectedly,
Miro1
is not essential for calcium-regulated mitochondrial movement, mitochondrial-mediated calcium buffering, or maintenance of mitochondrial respiratory activity. Nevertheless, a neuron-specific Miro1 KO mouse model displays physical hallmarks of neurological disease in the brainstem and spinal cord and develops rapidly progressing upper motor neuron disease symptoms culminating in death after approximately 4 wk. These studies demonstrate that defects in mitochondrial motility and distribution alone are sufficient to cause neurological disease.
Adaptive, convergent origins of the pygmy phenotype in African rainforest hunter-gatherers
Authors: Perry George H. , Foll Matthieu , Grenier Jean-Christophe , Patin Etienne , Nédélec Yohann , Pacis Alain , Barakatt Maxime , Gravel Simon , Zhou Xiang , Nsobya Sam L. , Excoffier Laurent , Quintana-Murci Lluis , Dominy Nathaniel J. , Barreiro Luis B.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Tropical rainforest hunter-gatherer populations worldwide share the pygmy phenotype, or small human body size. The evolutionary history of this phenotype is largely unknown. Here we studied DNA from the Batwa, a rainforest hunter-gatherer population from east central Africa, to identify regions of the Batwa genome that underlie the pygmy phenotype. We then performed population genomic analyses to study the evolution of these regions, including comparisons with the Baka, a west central African rainforest hunter-gatherer population. We conclude that the pygmy phenotype likely arose due to positive natural selection and that it arose possibly multiple times within Africa. These results support longstanding anthropological hypotheses that small body size confers an important selective advantage for human rainforest hunter-gatherers.
Vaccines, new opportunities for a new society
Authors: Rappuoli Rino , Pizza Mariagrazia , Del Giudice Giuseppe , De Gregorio Ennio
Published: August 2014

Vaccination is the most effective medical intervention ever introduced and, together with clean water and sanitation, it has eliminated a large part of the infectious diseases that once killed millions of people. A recent study concluded that since 1924 in the United States alone, vaccines have prevented 40 million cases of diphtheria, 35 million cases of measles, and a total of 103 million cases of childhood diseases. A report from the World Health Organization states that today vaccines prevent 2.5 million deaths per year: Every minute five lives are saved by vaccines worldwide. Overall, vaccines have done and continue to do an excellent job in eliminating or reducing the impact of childhood diseases. Furthermore, thanks to new technologies, vaccines now have the potential to make an enormous contribution to the health of modern society by preventing and treating not only communicable diseases in all ages, but also noncommunicable diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The achievement of these results requires the development of novel technologies and health economic models able to capture not only the mere cost–benefit of vaccination, but also the value of health per se.
UV damage-induced RNA polymerase II stalling stimulates H2B deubiquitylation
Authors: Mao Peng , Meas Rithy , Dorgan Kathleen M. , Smerdon Michael J.
Published: August 2014

Significance

It is unknown how (or if) the chromatin landscape responds to transcription stalling to signal rescue of arrested RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). This study identifies a chromatin response to DNA damage-induced RNAPII arrest, the rapid deubiquitylation of histone H2B. This response is an important step for fine-tuning the chromatin landscape to allow the occurrence of DNA repair while avoiding excess RNAPII degradation. Our finding sheds light on the rescue of stalled RNAPII in the context of chromatin, illuminating the involvement of H2B deubiquitylation in coordinating different rescue pathways. Importantly, defects in RNAPII rescue are a phenotype of the human disease Cockayne syndrome, which is characterized by photosensitivity, neurological degeneration, and premature aging.
Trachyandesitic volcanism in the early Solar System
Authors: Bischoff Addi , Horstmann Marian , Barrat Jean-Alix , Chaussidon Marc , Pack Andreas , Herwartz Daniel , Ward Dustin , Vollmer Christian , Decker Stephan
Published: August 2014

Significance

Volcanism is a fundamental geological process on planets and was substantial during crustal growth on planetary bodies in the early Solar System, as witnessed by ubiquitous rocks of basaltic composition, e.g., on Earth, Moon, Mars, and asteroids. Besides basaltic volcanism, trachyandesite lavas are generated on Earth. The first occurrence of a trachyandesite lava in the meteorite collections demonstrates that trachyandesitic, alkali-, and silica-rich volcanism takes place not only on Earth today but already occurred on a small planetesimal ∼4.56 billion years ago. It sets new constraints on mechanisms and styles of early Solar System volcanism.
TIM-family proteins inhibit HIV-1 release
Authors: Li Minghua , Ablan Sherimay D. , Miao Chunhui , Zheng Yi-Min , Fuller Matthew S. , Rennert Paul D. , Maury Wendy , Johnson Marc C. , Freed Eric O. , Liu Shan-Lu
Published: August 2014

Significance

TIM-family proteins have been recently shown to promote viral entry into host cells. Unexpectedly, we discovered that human TIM-1, along with TIM-3 and TIM-4, potently inhibits HIV-1 release. We showed that TIM-1 is incorporated into HIV-1 virions and retains HIV-1 particles on the plasma membrane via phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid that is exposed on the cellular plasma membrane and the viral envelope. Expression of TIM-1 inhibits HIV-1 replication in CD4
+
T cells, and knockdown of TIM-3 in monocyte-derived macrophages enhances HIV-1 production. We extended this function of TIMs to other PS receptors, and demonstrated that they also inhibited release of additional viruses, including murine leukemia virus and Ebola virus. The novel role of TIMs in blocking viral release provides new insights into viral replication and AIDS pathogenesis.
Gyrification from constrained cortical expansion
Authors: Tallinen Tuomas , Chung Jun Young , Biggins John S. , Mahadevan L.
Published: August 2014

Significance

The convolutions of the human brain are a symbol of its functional complexity and correlated with its information-processing capacity. Conversely, loss of folds is correlated with loss of function. But how did the outer surface of the brain, the layered cortex of neuronal gray matter, get its folds? Guided by prior experimental observations of the growth of the cortex relative to the underlying white matter, we argue that these folds arise due to a mechanical instability of a soft tissue that grows nonuniformly. Numerical simulations and physical mimics of the constrained growth of the cortex show how compressive mechanical forces sculpt it to form characteristic sulci and gyri, consistent with observations across species in both normal and pathological situations.
Adaptive growth factor delivery from a polyelectrolyte coating promotes synergistic bone tissue repair and reconstruction
Authors: Shah Nisarg J. , Hyder Md. Nasim , Quadir Mohiuddin A. , Dorval Courchesne Noémie-Manuelle , Seeherman Howard J. , Nevins Myron , Spector Myron , Hammond Paula T.
Published: August 2014

Significance

A critical challenge in the field of tissue repair is effective bone repair and reconstruction. The clinical standard of extracting bone from another area in the body or from donors is severely hampered by short supply, pain, and concerns about disease transmission. In this study, we developed a polymer-based nanolayered coating that carries active biological drugs in physiologically relevant amounts for tissue repair, with tunable release properties to induce bone repair. Using a rodent model, we observed that these coatings yield mature, mechanically stable bone that bridges large defects and restores the native form. This system is a potent strategy for safe and precise tissue repair and has the potential to significantly boost successful outcomes for bone repair.