bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congestive heart failure in horses: 14 cases (1984–2001)
Authors: Davis Jennifer L. , Gardner Sarah Y. , Schwabenton Brooke , Breuhaus Babetta A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To identify clinical signs, underlying cardiac conditions, echocardiographic findings, and prognosis for horses with congestive heart failure.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—14 horses.

Procedure—Signalment; history; clinical signs; clinicopathologic, echocardiographic, and radiographic findings; treatment; and outcome were determined by reviewing medical records.

Results—All 14 horses were examined because of a heart murmur; tachycardia was identified in all 14. Twelve horses had echocardiographic evidence of enlargement of 1 or more chambers of the heart. Other common clinical findings included jugular distention or pulsation, crackles, cough, tachypnea, and ventral edema. Nine horses had signs consistent with heart failure for > 6 days. Underlying causes for heart failure included congenital defects, traumatic vascular rupture, pericarditis, pulmonary hypertension secondary to heaves, and valvular dysplasia. Seven horses were euthanatized after diagnosis of heart failure; 5 were discharged but were euthanatized or died of complications of heart disease within 1 year after discharge. The remaining 2 horses were discharged but lost to follow-up.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that congestive heart failure is rare in horses. A loud heart murmur accompanied by either jugular distention or pulsation, tachycardia, respiratory abnormalities (crackles, cough, tachypnea), and ventral edema were the most common clinical signs. Echocardiography was useful in determining the underlying cause in affected horses. The long-term prognosis for horses with congestive heart failure was grave. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1512–1515)
Massive transfusion in dogs: 15 cases (1997–2001)
Authors: Jutkowitz L. Ari , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Moreau Jennifer A. , Rush John E.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine clinical characteristics of dogs that received massive transfusion and identify the underlying diseases, complications, and outcomes.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—15 dogs.

Procedure—Medical records of dogs receiving a massive blood transfusion were evaluated for transfusion volume, underlying disease process or injury, benefits and complications of transfusion, and outcome. A massive transfusion was defined as transfusion of a volume of blood products in excess of the patient's estimated blood volume (90 ml/kg [40 ml/lb]) in a 24-hour period or transfusion of a volume of blood products in excess of half the patient's estimated blood volume in a 3-hour period.

Results—Six dogs had intra-abdominal neoplasia resulting in hemoabdomen, 3 had suffered a traumatic incident resulting in hemoabdomen, and 6 had nontraumatic, non-neoplastic blood loss. Mean volumes of packed RBC and fresh-frozen plasma administered were 66.5 ml/kg (30 ml/lb) and 22.2 ml/kg (10 ml/lb), respectively. All dogs evaluated developed low ionized calcium concentrations and thrombocytopenia. Transfusion reactions were recognized in 6 dogs. Four dogs survived to hospital discharge.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that massive transfusion is possible and potentially successful in dogs. Predictable changes in electrolyte concentrations and platelet count develop. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1664–1669)
Tenoscopic-assisted treatment of open digital flexor tendon sheath injuries in horses: 20 cases (1992–2001)
Authors: Frees Karl E. , Lillich James D. , Gaughan Earl M. , DeBowes Richard M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine history, physical and diagnostic examination findings, medical treatment, and outcome of horses with open injuries to the digital flexor tendon sheath treated with the assistance of tenoscopy.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—20 horses.

Procedure—Medical records of 20 horses with open injuries to the digital flexor tendon sheath were reviewed. Signalment, history, physical and diagnostic examination results, bacteriologic culture and susceptibility testing results, surgical and medical treatments, and follow-up examination results were determined. Outcome was determined by use of telephone interview or physical examination.

Results—All horses were treated with tenoscopicassisted lavage and débridement. Eighteen horses survived, and 2 were euthanatized during treatment. All horses were either grade-4 or grade-5 lame before treatment. Ten horses returned to previous use. Four horses were considered mildly lame and in athletic use. Three horses were considered mechanically lame and are in use with reduced expectations. One horse was lost to follow-up after being sold. One horse was euthanatized for financial reasons and 1 because of complications from regional sepsis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tenoscopy appears to be a useful modality in the treatment of open injury to the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses. Direct viewing, guided débridement, and targeted large-volume lavage are advantages obtained with intrathecal arthroscopy. Tenoscopy, when combined with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory treatment, appears to offer a good chance of survival for affected horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1823–1827)
Enrofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from dogs with urinary tract infections
Authors: Cooke Cara L. , Singer Randall S. , Jang Spencer S. , Hirsh Dwight C.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To assess the strain heterogeneity of
enrofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli associated with
urinary tract infections in dogs at a veterinary medical
teaching hospital (VMTH). In addition, strains from
other veterinary hospitals in California were compared
with the VMTH strains to assess the geographic
distribution of specific enrofloxacin-resistant E coli
isolates.

Design—Bacteriologic study.

Sample Population—56 isolates of E coli from urine
samples (43 isolates from dogs at the VMTH, 13 isolates
from dogs from other veterinary clinics in
California).

Procedures—Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was performed
on 56 isolates of E coli from urine samples from
56 dogs. All 56 isolates were tested for susceptibility to
amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, tetracycline,
trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, cephalexin, and
ampicillin. Enrofloxacin usage data from 1994 to 1998
were obtained from the VMTH pharmacy.

Results—Several strains of enrofloxacin-resistant
E coli were collected from urine samples from the
VMTH, and strains identical to those from the VMTH
were collected from other veterinary clinics in
California. For the isolates that did share similar DNA
banding patterns, variable antibiotic resistance profiles
were observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The
increased occurrence of enrofloxacin-resistant E
coli from urine samples from dogs at the VMTH
was not likely attributable to a single enrofloxacinresistant
clone but may be attributed to a collective
increase in enrofloxacin resistance among uropathogenic
E coli in dogs in general. (J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2002;220:190–192)
Detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically normal neonatal foals
Authors: Cook Anne Grimsley , Maxwell Virginia Buechner , Donaldson Lydia L. , Parker Nikola A. , Ward Daniel L. , Morrow Jennifer K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether antibodies againstSarcocystis neuronacould be detected in CSF from clinically normal neonatal (2 to 7 days old) and young (2 to 3 months old) foals.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—15 clinically normal neonatal Thoroughbred foals.

Procedure—Serum and CSF samples were obtained from foals at 2 to 7 days of age and tested for antibodies against S neurona by means of western blotting. Serum samples from the mares were also tested for antibodies againstS neurona. Additional CSF and blood samples were obtained from 5 foals between 13 and 41 days after birth and between 62 and 90 days after birth.

Results—Antibodies againstS neuronawere detected in serum from 13 mares and their foals; antibodies againstS neuronawere detected in CSF from 12 of these 13 foals. Degree of immunoreactivity in serum and CSF decreased over time, and antibodies againstS neuronawere no longer detected in CSF from 2 foals 83 and 84 days after birth. However, antibodies could still be detected in CSF from the other 3 foals between 62 and 90 days after birth.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that antibodies againstS neuronacan be detected in CSF from clinically normal neonatal (2 to 7 days old) foals born to seropositive mares. This suggests that western blotting of CSF cannot be reliably used to diagnose equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in foals < 3 months of age born to seropositive mares. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:208–211)
Cost of distributing oral raccoon-variant rabies vaccine in Ohio: 1997–2000
Authors: Foroutan Pirouz , Meltzer Martin I. , Smith Kathleen A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—Analysis of the cost of 8 distributions of oral rabies vaccine (ORV) with strains known to infect raccoons in Ohio between 1997 and 2000.

Design—Original study.

Procedure—Fishmeal bait containing ORV was distributed on foot, by vehicle, and by helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft. The cost of personnel, vehicles, and helicopter and aircraft use and other associated expenses were obtained from field records and interviews with personnel and agencies involved in the ORV program.

Results—Each bait distribution lasted approximately 1 week. Areas baited ranged from 1,701 km2to 6,497 km2. Density varied for each distribution, with means of 79 baits/km2for ground baiting and 93 baits/km2for aerial baiting. Typically, 72 people participated in the ground portion of each distribution and 32 in the aerial portion. The cost of ground baiting (mean ± SD, $19.24/km2± $6.35/km2) was consistently less than that for air baiting (mean ± SD, $24.71/km2± $4.65/km2) for each distribution. The total cost of distribution varied from $30,568 to $145,842 (mean, $96,791), and bait cost varied from $150,714 to $1,029,423 (mean, $543,839). The total cost of ORV distributions ranged from $102/km2to $261/km2(mean, $153/km2).

Conclusions—In the United States, rabies strains that infect raccoons have been responsible for the largest increase in rabies in animals in the past 3 decades. Use of ORV is a promising new tool that can be used to control rabies in raccoons. Documenting the estimated cost of implementing an ORV program may lead to more efficient use of resources to control and limit the spread of rabies. In addition, accurately measured distribution costs can be used to perform an economic cost-benefit analysis for an ORV program. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002; 220:27–32)
Outcome of ameroid constrictor occlusion of single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in cats: 12 cases (1993–2000)
Authors: Havig Marc , Tobias Karen M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine postoperative (≤ 6 days), short-term (≤ 90 days), and long-term (≥ 6 months) outcomes of cats undergoing ameroid constrictor occlusion of single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (PSS) and identify factors associated with outcome.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—12 cats.

Procedure—Cats with single congenital PSS that underwent surgical placement of ameroid constrictors were identified. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone interviews and facsimile correspondence with referring veterinarians and owners.

Results—All cats survived the surgery and were discharged from the hospital. One cat had seizures during the postoperative period. Five cats were clinically normal during follow-up evaluations within 90 days after the surgery. Long-term follow-up information was available for 9 cats. Three were clinically normal, 4 had been euthanatized because of progressive neurologic disease, and 2 had neurologic abnormalities that could not be controlled with medication. Four of 7 cats with continued or recurrent neurologic abnormalities 1 or more months after surgery had normal scintigraphic or hepatic function test results 2 to 6 months after surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the long-term outcome of ameroid constrictor occlusion of PSS in cats is poor. Owners of older cats and cats with preexisting neurologic signs should be made aware of the potential for a poor outcome when considering surgical correction of this disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:337–341)
Use of serologic tests to predict resistance to feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, and feline parvovirus infection in cats
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Andrews Janet , Simpson Dan , Jensen Wayne A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether detection of virusspecific serum antibodies correlates with resistance to challenge with virulent feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline parvovirus (FPV) in cats and to determine percentages of client-owned cats with serum antibodies to FHV-1, FCV, and FPV.

Design—Prospective experimental study.

Animals—72 laboratory-reared cats and 276 clientowned cats.

Procedures—Laboratory-reared cats were vaccinated against FHV-1, FCV, and FPV, using 1 of 3 commercial vaccines, or maintained as unvaccinated controls. Between 9 and 36 months after vaccination, cats were challenged with virulent virus. Recombinant-antigen ELISA for detection of FHV-1-, FCV-, and FPV-specific antibodies were developed, and results were compared with results of hemagglutination inhibition (FPV) and virus neutralization (FHV-1 and FCV) assays and with resistance to viral challenge.

Results—For vaccinated laboratory-reared cats, predictive values of positive results were 100% for the FPV and FCV ELISA and 90% for the FHV-1 ELISA. Results of the FHV-1, FCV, and FPV ELISA were positive for 195 (70.7%), 255 (92.4%), and 189 (68.5%), respectively, of the 276 client-owned cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that for cats that have been vaccinated, detection of FHV-1-, FCV-, and FPV-specific antibodies is predictive of whether cats are susceptible to disease, regardless of vaccine type or vaccination interval. Because most client-owned cats had detectable serum antibodies suggestive of resistance to infection, use of arbitrary booster vaccination intervals is likely to lead to unnecessary vaccination of some cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;219:38–42)
Pituitary ACTH and adrenocortical secretion in critically ill dogs
Authors: Prittie Jennifer E. , Barton Linda J. , Peterson Mark E. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Herr Leslie G. , Fox Philip R.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate pituitary-adrenal function in a population of critically ill dogs by measuring serial plasma concentrations of basal cortisol, ACTH-stimulated cortisol, and endogenous ACTH.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—20 critically ill dogs admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU).

Procedure—Basal plasma cortisol, ACTH-stimulated cortisol, and endogenous ACTH concentrations were measured for each dog within 24 hours of admission and daily until death, euthanasia, or discharge from the ICU. Established reference ranges for healthy dogs were used for comparison. Survival prediction index (SPI) scores were calculated for each dog within 24 hours of admission.

Results—No significant difference was found between initial concentrations of basal cortisol, ACTH-stimulated cortisol, and endogenous ACTH in 13 dogs that survived and those in 7 dogs that died. High initial basal endogenous ACTH concentrations were correlated with subsequent high values. Low basal ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations were predictive of higher subsequent values. All basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations were within or above the reference range in the 52 plasma samples collected from the 20 dogs during hospitalization. The SPI scores correlated with outcome (ie, alive or dead), but none of the plasma hormone concentrations correlated with SPI score or outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that none of the critically ill dogs in our study population developed adrenal insufficiency during hospitalization in the ICU. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:615–619)
Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995–2000)
Authors: Kuntsi-Vaattovaara Helena , Verstraete Frank J. M. , Kass Philip H.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate results of root canal treatment in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Sample Population—127 tooth roots in 64 dogs.

Procedure—Radiographs obtained before surgery, immediately after surgery, and during follow-up examinations after surgery were evaluated by 2 individuals. Treatment was considered successful if the periodontal ligament space was normal and possible preoperative root resorption, if present, had ceased. Treatment was considered to show no evidence of failure if possible preoperative root resorption had ceased but a preexisting periapical lesion had remained the same or only decreased in size and not complete resolved. Treatment was considered to have failed if a periapical lesion or root resorption developed subsequent to endodontic treatment, if a preexisting periapical lesion had increased in size, or if possible preoperative root resorption appeared to continue after endodontic treatment.

Results—Follow-up time ranged from 1 to 60 months (mean, 13 months). Treatment was classified as successful for 87 (69%) roots, as showing no evidence of failure for 33 (26%) roots, and as having failed for 7 (6%) roots. The success rate was lower for canine teeth than for maxillary fourth premolar teeth. Roots with a preexisting periapical lucency or preexisting root resorption had lower success rates. The use of intracanal medication and the method and quality of obturation were not associated with outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that root canal treatment offers a viable option for salvage of periodontally sound but endodontically diseased teeth in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:775–780)
Risk factors for Clostridium piliforme infection in foals
Authors: Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Hird David W. , Read Deryck H. , Walker Richard L.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine risk factors forClostridium piliformeinfection in neonatal foals on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in California.

Design—Case-control and retrospective cohort studies.

Animals—322 neonatal Thoroughbred foals either born on the study farm or born elsewhere but traveled to the farm with their dam during the 1998, 1999, and 2000 breeding seasons.

Procedure—Mare and foal records from 1998, 1999, and 2000 were examined, using case-control design methods to determine variables associated with increased risk ofC piliformeinfection in foals. Important risk factors identified in the case-control study were then reevaluated by use of a retrospective cohort design, using data from all neonatal foals present on the farm during the 3-year study period.

Results—Foals born between March 13 and April 13 were 7.2 times as likely to developC piliformeinfection as were those born at any other time of the foaling season. Foals of nonresident (visiting) mares were 3.4 times as likely to develop disease as were foals born to mares that were permanent residents of the study farm. Foals of mares < 6 years of age were 2.9 times as likely to develop disease as were foals born to older mares.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this research can be used to better understand the epidemiologic factors ofC piliformeinfection in horses. High-risk foals can be closely monitored to aid in early diagnosis and treatment, resulting in the best possible clinical outcome for affected individuals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:785–790)
Evaluation of a commercially available immunoassay for assessing adequacy of passive transfer in calves
Authors: Dawes Maisie E. , Tyler Jeff W. , Hostetler Douglas , Lakritz Jeff , Tessman Ronald
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate diagnostic utility of a commercially available immunoassay for assessing adequacy of passive transfer of immunity in neonatal calves.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—123 calves.

Procedure—Blood and serum samples were obtained from the calves prior to 2 weeks of age. The immunoassay was performed, along with refractometry and an 18% sodium sulfite turbidity test. Serum IgG concentration was determined with a radial immunodiffusion assay. Sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay, refractometry, and the sodium sulfite test were calculated by comparing results with results of the radial immunodiffusion assay.

Results—Sensitivity and specificity of the blood IgG immunoassay were 0.93 and 0.88, respectively, compared with 1.00 and 0.53 for the sodium sulfite test. For refractometry, sensitivity and specificity were 0.71 and 0.83, respectively, when a serum total solids concentration of 5.2 g/dl was used as the cutoff between positive and negative test results.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the immunoassayperforms well in detecting calves with inadequate passive transfer of immunity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:791–793)
Breed variations in histopathologic features of chronic severe otitis externa in dogs: 80 cases (1995–2001)
Authors: Angus John C. , Lichtensteiger Carol , Campbell Karen L. , Schaeffer David J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare pathologic changes of the horizontal ear canal associated with chronic severe otitis externa between Cocker Spaniels and dogs of other breeds.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—80 dogs with severe otitis externa that required total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for breed, sex, and age at time of surgery. Histologic specimens from the horizontal ear canal were evaluated by a single examiner for overall tissue response pattern and scored for sebaceous gland hyperplasia, ceruminous gland hyperplasia, ceruminous gland ectasia, fibrosis, pigment-laden macrophages, and osseous metaplasia.

Results—48 of 80 (60%) dogs were Cocker Spaniels. Thirty-five of 48 (72.9%) Cocker Spaniels had a predominately ceruminous tissue response pattern; only 9 of 32 (28.1%) dogs of other breeds had the same pattern. Other breeds most commonly had a pattern dominated by fibrosis (n = 13 [40.6%]); fibrosis was the predominant pattern in only 4 of 48 (8.3%) Cocker Spaniels. Discriminant analysis and K-means clustering of 4 histopathologic criteria correctly classified 75% of the dogs as Cocker Spaniels or all other breeds.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cocker Spaniels are at increased risk for chronic severe otitis externa requiring total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy, indicating that earlier and more aggressive management of the primary otitis externa and secondary inflammation is warranted in this breed. Cocker Spaniels with chronic severe otitis externa have distinct differences in pathologic characteristics of the horizontal ear canal, compared with other breeds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221: 1000–1006)
Sensitivity and specificity of western blot testing of cerebrospinal fluid and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses with and without neurologic abnormalities
Authors: Daft Barbara M. , Barr Bradd C. , Gardner Ian A. , Read Deryck , Bell William , Peyser Karen G. , Ardans Alex , Kinde Hailu , Morrow Jennifer K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine sensitivity and specificity of western blot testing (WBT) of CSF and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses with and without neurologic abnormalities.

Design—Prospective investigation.

Animals—65 horses with and 169 horses without neurologic abnormalities.

Procedure—CSF and serum from horses submitted for necropsy were tested forSarcocystis neuronaspecificantibody with a WBT. Results of postmortem examination were used as the gold standard against which results of the WBT were compared.

Results—Sensitivity of WBT of CSF was 87% for horses with and 88% for horses without neurologic abnormalities. Specificity of WBT of CSF was 44% for horses with and 60% for horses without neurologic abnormalities. Regardless of whether horses did or did not have neurologic abnormalities, sensitivity and specificity of WBT of serum were not significantly different from values for WBT of CSF. Ninety-four horses without EPM had histologic evidence of slight CNS inflammation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The low specificity of WBT of CSF indicated that it is inappropriate to diagnose EPM on the basis of a positive test result alone because of the possibility of false-positive test results. The high sensitivity, however, means that a negative result is useful in ruling out EPM. There was no advantage in testing CSF versus serum in horses without neurologic abnormalities. Slight CNS inflammation was common in horses with and withoutS neurona-specific antibodies in the CSF and should not be considered an indication of CNS infection withS neurona. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1007–1013)
Clinical comparison of xylazine and medetomidine for premedication of horses
Authors: Yamashita Kazuto , Muir William W. , Tsubakishita Sae , Abrahamsen Eric , Lerch Phillip , Hubbell John A. E. , Bednarski Richard M. , Skarda Roman T. , Izumisawa Yasuharu , Kotani Tadao
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare the analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and xylazine when used for premedication of horses undergoing general anesthesia.

Design—Randomized clinical trial.

Animals—40 horses.

Procedure—Twenty horses were premedicated with medetomidine (10 µg/kg [4.5 µg/lb], IM) and the other 20 were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/kg], IM). Horses were then anesthetized with a combination of guaifenesin and ketamine; anesthesia was maintained with halothane. Additional doses of medetomidine or xylazine were given if horses were not sufficiently sedated at the time of anesthetic induction. After induction of anesthesia, sodium pentothal was administered as necessary to prevent limb movements. Hypotension was treated with dobutamine; hypoventilation and hypoxemia were treated with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. The quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery and the quality of the transition to inhalation anesthesia were scored.

Results—Scores for the quality of the transition to inhalation anesthesia were significantly higher for horses premedicated with medetomidine than for horses premedicated with xylazine. However, other scores, recovery times, and numbers of attempts needed to achieve sternal recumbency and to stand were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that medetomidine is suitable for premedication of horses undergoing general anesthesia. Analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine were similar to those of xylazine, except that the transition to inhalation anesthesia was smoother when horses were premedicated with medetomidine, rather than xylazine. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1144–1149)
Infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine in combination with inhalation of sevoflurane versus inhalation of sevoflurane alone for anesthesia of horses
Authors: Yamashita Kazuto , Muir William W. , Tsubakishita Sae , Abrahamsen Eric , Lerch Phillip , Izumisawa Yasuharu , Kotani Tadao
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate effects of infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine in combination with inhalation of sevoflurane versus inhalation of sevoflurane alone for anesthesia of horses.

Design—Randomized clinical trial.

Animals—40 horses.

Procedure—Horses were premedicated with xylazine and anesthetized with diazepam and ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained by infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine and inhalation of sevoflurane (20 horses) or by inhalation of sevoflurane (20 horses). A surgical plane of anesthesia was maintained by controlling the inhaled concentration of sevoflurane. Sodium pentothal was administered as necessary to prevent movement in response to surgical stimulation. Hypotension was treated with dobutamine; hypoxemia and hypercarbia were treated with intermittent positive- pressure ventilation. The quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery and the quality of the transition to inhalation anesthesia were scored.

Results—The delivered concentration of sevoflurane (ie, the vaporizer dial setting) was significantly lower and the quality of transition to inhalation anesthesia and of anesthetic maintenance were significantly better in horses that received the guaifenesin-ketamine-medetomidine infusion than in horses that did not. Five horses, all of which received sevoflurane alone, required administration of pentothal. Recovery time and quality of recovery were not significantly different between groups, but horses that received the guaifenesin-ketamine-medetomidine infusion required fewer attempts to stand.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that in horses, the combination of a guaifenesin-ketamine- medetomidine infusion and inhalation of sevoflurane resulted in better transition and maintenance phases while improving cardiovascular function and reducing the number of attempts needed to stand after the completion of anesthesia, compared with inhalation of sevoflurane. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1150–1155)
Neospora caninum serostatus and culling of Holstein cattle
Authors: Cramer Gerard , Kelton David , Duffield Todd F. , Hobson Jamie C. , Lissemore Kerry , Hietala Sharon K. , Peregrine Andrew S.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether time until culling or risk of culling was associated withNeospora caninumserostatus among Holstein cattle in dairy herds in Ontario.

Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animals—3,412 cows in 56 herds.

Procedure—Blood samples were collected, and serum was tested for antibodies againstN caninum. Information on cows that were culled was collected during the 1- to 2-year period that producers were unaware of serostatus of individual cows in their herds.

Results—Herd prevalence ofN caninum-seropositive cows ranged from 0 to 68.3% (median, 7.0%). During the time of the study, 184 of 359 (51.3%)N caninum-seropositive cows were culled, compared with 1,388 of 3,053 (45.5%) seronegative cows. Mean time from blood sample collection to culling for seronegative cows (289 days; 95% confidence interval, 280 to 299 days) was not significantly different from mean time for seropositive cows (296 days; 95% confidence interval, 269 to 323 days). Survival analysis indicated thatN caninumserostatus was not associated with time to culling or risk of culling.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest thatN caninumserostatus of Holstein cows in Ontario was not significantly associated with either time to culling or risk of culling. Thus,N caninumserostatus alone should not be used to determine whether cows should be culled. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1165–1168)
Doppler echocardiographic effects of medetomidine on dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in cats
Authors: Lamont Leigh A. , Bulmer Barret J. , Sisson David D. , Grimm Kurt A. , Tranquilli William J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effects of medetomidine
on dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT)
obstruction in cats with left ventricular hypertrophy.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—6 domestic shorthair cats with echocardiographic
evidence of dynamic LVOT obstruction.

Procedure—Cats were restrained in lateral recumbency,
and baseline M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic
examinations were performed. An ECG
was recorded continuously, and blood pressure was
measured indirectly with Doppler instrumentation.
Medetomidine (20 µg/kg [9.1 µg/lb]) was then administered
IM, and examinations were repeated 15 minutes
later.

Results—Significant decreases in heart rate, LVOT
velocity, and the LVOT pressure gradient were documented
following medetomidine administration.
After adjusting for the effects of heart rate by
ANCOVA, there were no significant differences in
any other systolic or diastolic indices of left ventricular
function.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that administration of medetomidine to cats with
dynamic LVOT obstruction may result in elimination of
outflow tract obstruction; medetomidine may be a
suitable sedative and analgesic agent in this subpopulation
of cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1276–1281)
Evaluation of urine marking by cats as a model for understanding veterinary diagnostic and treatment approaches and client attitudes
Authors: Bergman Laurie , Hart Benjamin L. , Bain Melissa , Cliff Kelly
Published: January 2006

Objective—To obtain information regarding diagnostic and treatment approaches of veterinarians and attitudes and beliefs of clients about a common clinical problem, urine marking in cats.

Design—Cohort study.

Study Population—70 veterinarians providing care for urine-marking cats and 500 owners of urine-marking cats.

Procedure—Veterinarians were interviewed via telephone regarding criteria for diagnosis of urine marking and recommended treatments. Cat owners who responded to recruitment efforts for a clinical trial for urine-marking cats were interviewed via telephone regarding whether and from what sources they sought help to resolve the marking problem.

Results—Almost a third of veterinarians did not seem to correctly distinguish between urine marking (spraying) and inappropriate urination. Those that did make this diagnostic distinction reported recommending environmental management and prescribing medication significantly more often that those that did not make this distinction. Seventy-four percent of cat owners sought help from their veterinarians for urine marking; other common sources of information were the Internet and friends. Among those who did not consult a veterinarian, the most frequently cited reason was that they did not think their veterinarian could help. Among cat owners who consulted their veterinarians, 8% reported receiving advice on environmental hygiene and 4% on environmental management (limiting intercat interactions), although veterinarians who correctly diagnosed urine marking reported giving such advice 100 and 83% of the time, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results may serve as a model for obtaining information critical to developing veterinary continuing education and public outreach programs for animal owners for various diseases. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1282–1286)
Intranasal infusion of enilconazole for treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs
Authors: Zonderland Jean-Luc , Störk Christoph K. , Saunders Jimmy H. , Hamaide Annick J. , Balligand Marc H. , Clercx Cecile M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine effectiveness of infusion of 1 and 2% enilconazole for treatment of nasal and sinusal aspergillosis, respectively, in dogs.

Design—Case series.

Animals—26 client-owned dogs with aspergillosis.

Procedure—All dogs had typical clinical signs of aspergillosis and rhinoscopically visible intrasinusal or intranasal fungal plaques associated with turbinate destruction. During rhinoscopy, affected nasal cavities and frontal sinuses were debrided meticulously. Nineteen dogs (group A) were treated with 1% enilconazole by use of a modified noninvasive infusion procedure. Seven dogs (group B) were treated with 2% enilconazole via catheters that were placed via endoscopic guidance into the frontal sinuses. All dogs underwent follow-up rhinoscopy for determination of further treatment until cure was established.

Results—Age, disease duration, clinical score, and rhinoscopic score were similar for both groups before treatment. In group A, 17 of 19 dogs were cured; 9, 6, and 2 dogs were cured after 1, 2, or 3 treatments, respectively. The remaining 2 dogs were euthanatized before the end of the treatment protocol. In group B, all dogs were cured; 6 dogs and 1 dog were cured after 1 or 2 treatments, respectively. Only minor adverse effects such as nasal discharge, epistaxis, and sneezing developed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—After extensive rhinoscopic debridement, 1 and 2% enilconazole infused into the nasal cavities and the frontal sinuses, respectively, were effective for treatment of aspergillosis in dogs. Intrasinusal administration via endoscopically placed catheters appeared to require fewer infusions for success. Follow-up rhinoscopy is strongly advised. (J Am Med Vet Assoc2002;221:1421–1425)
Clinical features and outcome in dogs and cats with obsessive-compulsive disorder: 126 cases (1989–2000)
Authors: Overall Karen L. , Dunham Arthur E.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine clinical features and outcome in dogs and cats with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—103 dogs and 23 cats.

Procedures—Records of patients with OCD were analyzed for clinical features, medication used, extent of behavior modification, and outcome.

Results—Most dogs affected with OCD had been obtained from breeders. Male dogs significantly outnumbered females (2:1). Female cats outnumbered male cats by 2:1 in a small sample. Most affected dogs lived in households with 2 or more humans and other dogs or cats, and had some formal training. Client compliance with behavior modification was high. A combination of behavior modification and medication resulted in a large decrease in intensity and frequency of OCD in most animals. Clomipramine was significantly more efficacious for treatment in dogs than was amitriptyline. Only 1 dog and 1 cat were euthanatized because of OCD during the study.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—OCD in dogs does not appear to be associated with lack of training, lack of household stimulation, or social confinement. In cats, OCD may be associated with environmental and social stress. Obsessive-compulsive disorder appears at the time of social maturity and may have sporadic and heritable forms. With appropriate treatment (consistent behavior modification and treatment with clomipramine), frequency and intensity of clinical signs in most dogs and cats may decrease by > 50%. Success appears to depend on client understanding and compliance and the reasonable expectation that OCD cannot be cured, but can be well controlled. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1445–1452)
Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs susceptible to gastric dilatation
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Mahaffey Mary B. , Bement Shannon , Canalis Chanda
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine long-term outcome associated with laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in prevention of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in susceptible dogs and to evaluate use of laparoscopy to correct GDV.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—25 client-owned large-breed dogs.

Procedure—23 dogs susceptible to GDV were referred as candidates for elective gastropexy. These dogs had a history of treatment for gastric dilatation, clinical signs of gastric dilatation, or family members with gastric dilatation. Laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy was performed. One year after surgery, abdominal ultrasonography was performed to evaluate the attachment of the stomach to the abdominal wall. Two dogs with GDV were also treated with laparoscopic-assisted derotation of the stomach and gastropexy.

Results—None of the dogs developed GDV during the year after gastropexy, and all 20 dogs examined ultrasonographically had an intact attachment. Another dog was euthanatized at 11.5 months for unrelated problems. Two dogs with GDV successfully underwent laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy after the stomach was repositioned.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopicassisted gastropexy resulted in a persisting attachment between the stomach and abdominal wall, an absence of GDV development, and few complications. Dogs with a high probability for development of GDV should be considered candidates for minimally invasive gastropexy. Carefully selected dogs with GDV can be treated laparoscopically. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1576–1581)
Comparison of a sidestream capnograph and a mainstream capnograph in mechanically ventilated dogs
Authors: Neto Francisco J. Teixeira , Carregaro Adriano B. , Mannarino Rodrigo , Cruz Mariângela L. , Luna Stelio P. L.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare the ability of a sidestream capnograph and a mainstream capnograph to measure end-tidal CO2(ETCO2) and provide accurate estimates of PaCO2in mechanically ventilated dogs.

Design—Randomized, double Latin square.

Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure—Anesthesia was induced and neuromuscular blockade achieved by IV administration of pancuronium bromide. Mechanical ventilation was used to induce conditions of standard ventilation, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. While tidal volume was held constant, changes in minute volume ventilation and PaCO2were made by changing the respiratory rate. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed and ETCO2measurements were obtained by use of either a mainstream or a sidestream capnographic analyzer.

Results—A linear regression model and bias analysis were used to compare PaCO2and ETCO2measurements; ETCO2measurements obtained by both capnographs correlated well with PaCO2. Compared with PaCO2, mainstream ETCO2values differed by 3.15 ± 4.89 mm Hg (mean bias ± SD), whereas the bias observed with the sidestream ETCO2system was significantly higher (5.65 ± 5.57 mm Hg). Regardless of the device used to measure ETCO2, bias increased as PaCO2exceeded 60 mm Hg.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although the mainstream capnograph was slightly more accurate, both methods of ETCO2measurement correlated well with PaCO2and reflected changes in the ventilatory status. However, ETCO2values > 45 mm Hg may inaccurately reflect the severity of hypoventilation as PaCO2may be underestimated during conditions of hypercapnia (PaCO2> 60 mm Hg). (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1582–1585)
Arthroscopic evaluation of menisci in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injuries: 100 cases (1999–2000)
Authors: Ralphs S. Christopher , Whitney Wayne O.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine prevalence of meniscal injuries by use of arthroscopic examination in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injuries.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—94 dogs with 100 injured CCLs.

Procedure—Records for 94 large dogs (> 20 kg [44 lb]) with 100 naturally occurring CCL injuries that were examined arthroscopically were reviewed. Pathologic findings in the CCL (complete or partial tears), prevalence and type of meniscal injuries, and periarticular osteophytes were recorded.

Results—77% of joints had tears of the lateral meniscus; most were a series of small radial tears of the cranial horn. Fifty-eight percent of joints had tears of the medial meniscus. Positive correlation between complete tears of the CCL and medial meniscal damage was found. No significant relationships were detected between periarticular osteophyte formation and meniscal injury, medial and lateral meniscal injury, or degree of CCL tear and lateral meniscal injury.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—There is a strong association between CCL injury and lateral and medial meniscal injuries in dogs. Clinical importance of lateral meniscal lesions is not known; a much higher percentage of dogs had such injuries than has been reported previously, possibly because of use of arthroscopy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1601–1604)
Risk of abortion associated with Neospora caninumduring different lactations and evidence of congenital transmission in dairy cows
Authors: Hernandez Jorge , Risco Carlos , Donovan Arthur
Published: January 2006

Objective—To examine the relationship between exposure toNeospora caninumand abortion in dairy cows during their first, second, third, and fourth or later lactations and to establish the main mode of transmission in female calves from birth until their first pregnancy was terminated by abortion or parturition.

Design—Prospective observational study.

Animals—460 Holstein cows and 79 female calves.

Procedure—Cows were classified as seropositive or seronegative toN caninumwithin 7 days after calving; incidence of abortion was compared between groups during different lactations. Blood samples were collected from female calves before ingestion of colostrum and every 6 months until their first pregnancy was terminated by abortion or parturition; number of seropositive calves was compared between seropositive and seronegative dams.

Results—During the first pregnancy of their second lactation, risk of abortion for seropositive cows was 2.8 times that of seronegative cows. Among 10 calves born to seropositive cows, 4 were classified as seropositive at birth and thereafter. Among 69 calves born to seronegative cows, all were classified as seronegative at birth; 67 calves remained seronegative thereafter.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Exposure toN caninumalone was not significantly associated with abortion in cows during the first, third, and fourth or later lactations. Seropositive cows that have aborted previously may have subsequent abortions attributable toN caninum. Congenital infection was the main mode ofN caninumtransmission in a cohort of female calves. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1742–1746)
Measurement of body temperature by use of auricular thermometers versus rectal thermometers in dogs with otitis externa
Authors: González A. Michelle , Mann F. A. , Preziosi Diane E. , Meadows Richard L. , Wagner-Mann Colette C.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare measurements of body temperature obtained with auricular thermometers versus rectal thermometers in dogs with otitis externa.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—100 client-owned dogs: 50 with and 50 without clinical evidence of otitis externa.

Procedure—Dogs were evaluated for the presence of otitis externa on the basis of clinical signs, otoscopic examination, and cytologic evaluation of ear exudate. Auricular and rectal temperatures were obtained simultaneously in all dogs prior to and following ear examination.

Results—There was a high correlation between auricular and rectal temperatures in dogs with otitis externa both prior to and after ear manipulation. Significant differences were not detected in temperature measurements among dogs with different degrees of otitis externa.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Auricular temperature readings obtained by use of an auricular thermometer in dogs with otitis externa are accurate measurements of body temperature, compared with rectal temperature measurements. Temperature measurements are reliable before and after examination of the ear canal. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002; 221:378–380)
Serum cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Schober Karsten E. , Cornand Corinna , Kirbach Babett , Aupperle Heike , Oechtering Gerhard
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) are increased in dogs with gastric dilatationvolvulus (GDV) and whether concentrations correlate with severity of ECG abnormalities or outcome.

Design—Prospective case series.

Animals—85 dogs with GDV.

Procedure—Serum cTnI and cTnT concentrations were measured 12 to 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after surgery. Dogs were grouped on the basis of severity of ECG abnormalities and outcome.

Results—cTnI and cTnT were detected in serum from 74 (87%) and 43 (51%) dogs, respectively. Concentrations were significantly different among groups when dogs were grouped on the basis of severity of ECG abnormalities (none or mild vs moderate vs severe). Dogs that died (n = 16) had significantly higher serum cTnI (24.9 ng/ml) and cTnT (0.18 ng/ml) concentrations than did dogs that survived (2.05 and < 0.01 ng/ml, respectively). Myocardial cell injury was confirmed at necropsy in 4 dogs with high serum cardiac troponin concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that concentrations of cTnI and cTnT suggestive of myocardial cell injury can commonly be found in serum from dogs with GDV and that serum cardiac troponin concentrations are associated with severity of ECG abnormalities and outcome. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:381–388)