bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Protein Content and Size of Bean Seed with Growth and Yield
Authors: Ries S. K.
Published: August 2022

Phenotypic differences in seed size and protein content were expressed in one cultivar of snap beans by growing them at 2 Michigan locations under 3 N regimes (1969). Each trait was increased by supplemental N applications. Greenhouse studies with ungraded seed of these different phenotypes showed that both seedling size and protein per seedling were positively correlated with seed size and the quantity of protein per seed. When seedlings were grown from small (175 mg) seed and large (275 mg) seed of different protein content there was a correlation between protein content per seed and the size of plants for each size of seed.

Field studies in Central and Northern Michigan (1970) supported the greenhouse findings. Seedling size, yield and number of fruit were more highly correlated with protein per seed than with seed size. When the factor of seed size was eliminated by correlating the percent protein with growth or yield, there were significant correlations for all but one of the field parameters.

Most importantly there was also, with one exception, a significant increase in seedling size, yield and number of fruit from high protein seeds, obtained by supplemental N applications the previous year. These studies provide both correlative, and cause and effect evidence that within a genotype, seedling vigor and yield are related to the protein content or some factor related to protein in snap bean seed.
Effects of Time of Application of N and K and of N Rate on Performance of Nucellar ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees on Two Stocks1
Authors: Smith Paul F.
Published: August 2022

Yield of fruit, fruit quality, and mineral composition of the leaves of ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] were essentially unchanged by widely different schedules of applying N and K. Single annual applications of NH4NO3 were made in fall, spring, or summer. Applications of KCl were made twice yearly, annually in fall or spring, or biennially in alternate springs. Two rates of N maintained average leaf levels of about 2.6 and 2.7%. A yield increase accompanied the higher level of N. Similar responses occurred on ‘Rough’ lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) rootstocks.
Changes in Chlorophylls and Carotene Contents of Green and Bleached Lima Bean Seeds During Development and Maturation1
Authors: Abdul-Baki Aref A.
Published: August 2022

Green seeds from lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) cvs. G 2 and Green Fordhook 861, contain chlorophylls a and b in a ratio of about 2:1. Chlorophyll content per seed increases during development, reaches a max about 5 weeks after pod formation, then declines sharply during maturation. Bleached seeds have less chlorophyll, especially chlorophyll a, and carotene than non-bleached seeds.

In developing and mature lima bean seeds max chlorophyllase activity appears during the stage which corresponds with max chlorophyll content rather than the stage of most rapid loss of chlorophyll. The enzyme is particulate, located in the chloroplast membranes, and has an optimum pH of 8.5 ± 0.2.

The low carotene content of seeds of green-seeded commercial cultivars might contribute to their sensitivity to light. Several cultivars that were obtained from other countries. (Plant Introductions) contain 10 to 20 times as much carotene as the commercial cultivars tested. These “Introductions” provide genetic material for increasing the carotene content of lima bean seeds. High carotenes would improve nutritional value of beans and might reduce or prevent bleaching.
Translocation of Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide in Apple and Peach Trees Following Foliar Application1
Authors: Schonherr J. , Bukovac M. J.
Published: August 2022

Translocation of SADH was studied in young apple (Malus domestica Bork.) and peach (Prunus persica L.) trees using inhibition of shoot extension and distribution of 14C from foliar-applied 14C-SADH as indices of translocation. Two shoots were allowed to develop on each tree approximately 15 cm apart and orientated; in opposite directions. SADH (5000 ppm) inhibited elongation of the treated shoot but had not significant effect on elongation of the nontreated shoot. This response was independent of whether the upper or lower shoot was treated. In peaches, growth (dry wt) of the non treated shoot was greater than comparable shoots on control trees. These data suggest that SADH was not translocated into neighboring shoots. The absence of translocation of 14C from labeled SADH from treated to nontreated shoots was confirmed by radioautography.
The Fate of 14C(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid in Summer Squash, Cucumber, and Tomato1,2
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Chu Celia Wang , Yang S. F.
Published: August 2022

Radioactive (2–chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was applied to leaves and fruits of ‘Tiny Tim’ tomato and ‘Pioneer’ cucumber and to seedlings of ‘Yellow Crookneck’ summer squash. During the first day, slightly over 21% of the applied 14C-ethephon was converted to 14C-ethylene by the squash plants, and 10 to 15% was converted by the tomato plants. A week after treatment the rate of 14C-ethylene production decreased rapidly to less than 1% per day. Increases in rates of production of total ethylene following treatment were attributed to the decomposition of ethephon. Radioactive CO2 production was small, amounting to about 0.1% of the 14C applied.

Seven days following treatment of tomato leaves, about 15% of the 14C was translocated to developing fruits and lesser amounts to other parts of the plant. In the squash seedling, from 3 to 9% was translocated after 2 days from the site of application to other tissues. Twenty–five days after application to cucumber leaves, the fruits containted only 0.3% of the applied 14C–ethephon. In the tomato tissue the radioactivity was present as 14C–ethephon, but in the squash seedling tissue much of the radioactivity was present in a new compound.
Effects of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid and Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide on Sex Expression in Muskmelon1
Authors: Loy J. B.
Published: August 2022

The effects of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) on sex expression in muskmelon were tested through a series of greenhouse and field experiments employing 2 experimental monoecious hybrids and 1 andromonoecious cultivar. Plants treated with 4,000 to 5,000 ppm SADH were severely dwarfed and produced fewer male, and in monoecious hybrids, fewer female flowers than untreated controls. Ethephon treatments at 240 or 480 ppm in the greenhouse and 500 ppm in the field completely inhibited male flowering and promoted female flower initiation for an extended period. The combination of SADH and ethephon affected flowering in a manner similar to ethephon alone. Ethephon induction of a temporary gynoecious condition in monoecious muskmelons has potential for development of hybrid muskmelons. The results do not support the contention that ethylene, the active product of ethephon, acts as a gibberellin antagonist in regulating sex expression. It is suggested that natural endogenous levels of ethylene might be involved in sex expression in cucurbits, and that applied ethephon would augment that involvement.
The Distribution of Roots, Water and Minerals as a Result of Trickle Irrigation1
Authors: Goldberg D. , Gornat B. , Bar Y.
Published: August 2022

The effect of trickle irrigation on the distribution of roots, water and minerals was studied in a 3-dimensional soil profile. Root exploration was shallow, mainly to a depth of 10 cm and coned close to the nozzles. The content of soluble salts, including those added as fertilizer, was high in the upper 3 cm, especially midway between adjacent nozzles. When P and N were added with the irrigation water, P tended to accumulate beside and below the nozzles, while the N was leached below the nozzles and also accumulated in the area between them.
The Influence of Increased Ionic Concentrations on Carnation Growth1
Authors: Schekel Kurt A.
Published: August 2022

Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), grown in an inert medium, were irrigated with solutions containing various concentrations of Ca++, Na+, NH4+, Cl−, HCO3−, and SO4=. Ion absorption patterns and interactions were determined and correlated with carnation growth and yield. Results indicated that increasing concentrations of all ions studied except NH4+ had little effect on yield, provided total concentration was minimal. Contrary to previous research, increasing NH4+ concentrations to 4 meq liter−1 produced significantly higher carnation yields. Ion uptake interactions between K+ and Na+, Ca++ and K+ or Na+, and NH4+ and Cl− were observed. However, no decreased yields, due to the interactions, were observed over the range of concentrations studied.
Seed Germination of Six Kalmia Species1
Authors: Jaynes Richard A.
Published: August 2022

There are differences among Kalmia species in their requirements for germination: pregermination treatments are effective with 3 of the species. Kalmia hirsuta seeds require a heat-humidity treatment, whereas those of K. latifolia and K. cuneata respond to stratification. Gibberellin (GA) can substitute for stratification. Soaking seed for 24 hr in 100 ppm of GA is sufficient for K. latifolia, where dormancy is partial, but for K. cuneata 1,000 ppm GA is required. The dormancy of fresh K. latifolia seed disappeared following storage for a year or more; seeds remained viable for 9 years. Seed of K. angustifolia, K. polifolia, and K, microphylla germinated well in three weeks at 22°C without pretreatment. Germination of K. angustifolia, K. polifolia, and K. cuneata was good between 18 and 30°C, but K. latifolia was sensitive to temperatures above 26°. Light was required for germination of K. hirsuta, K. angustifolia, K. polifolia, and K. latifolia and is probably a requirement of the other species. This information about germination should facilitate the growing and testing of Kalmia seedlings for ornamental and other purposes.
Polyploid Carnations: Five Quantitative Character Estimates for Nine Hybrid Populations1
Authors: Howard Gene S.
Published: August 2022

Mean height of the ‘Sims’ carnation was exceeded significantly in 1 and equalled in 2 of 7 tetraploid carnation seedling populations. Parental lines used in the crosses were shorter than ‘Sims’ (the control), a tall, diploid, commercial, carnation cultivar. Mean flower diam significantly exceeded that of ‘Sims’ in 2 and equalled it in 4 of 7 seedling populations. The commercially desirable features, heavy fragrance, adequate numbers of lateral shoots, and genotypes for large or bract-supported calyces were found in some of the seedlings. These results indicate that further breeding and selection among these tetraploid lines may be desirable and productive.
Analytical Procedures for Detecting Carotenoids of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Roots and Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) Fruits1
Authors: Umiel Nakdimon , Gabelman W. H.
Published: August 2022

A procedure for carotenoid analysis which has practical application to genetic and breeding research is outlined. It includes extraction, separation of total carotenoids by partition on a silica column into carotene and xanthophylls, and the separation of the carotene fraction into specific pigments using thin-layer chromatography. The relative concn of specific pigments in the carotene fraction was measured using a semi-quantitative technique: Four genetic lines of carrot and four tomato cultivars were analyzed. Wide differences between carrot lines were detected in total carotenoids and the relative concn of the various pigments. The tomato cultivars differed considerably in total carotenoids. The ratios of pigments (pigment pattern) of red tomato were almost identical to that of the red carrot cultivar, Kintoki.
Effect of Growth Regulators on Citrus Seedling Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Young Roger
Published: August 2022

Citrus seedlings sprayed with chemicals which influence the cold hardiness of other plants were hardened in controlled conditions. Maleic hydrazide (MH-30) increased cold hardiness; however, growth retardants (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammoniumchloride (chlormequat) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), and growth inhibitor abscisic acid (ABA) did not. ABA at high concns decreased cold hardiness as did gibberellic acid (GA3). Benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KN), decenylsuccinic acid (DSA), and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) had little or no effect on cold hardiness. These results are consistent with tests on citrus conducted under field conditions.
Induction of Root-Promoting Substances in Euonymus alatus ‘Compactas’ by Intermittent Mist1
Authors: Lee Choong Il , Tukey H. B.
Published: August 2022

When Euonymus alatus Sieb. ‘Compactus’ plants were grown under intermittent water mist during September, leaf senescence and onset of dormancy were delayed and natural root-inducing phenolic and flavonoid compounds accumulated in the leaf tissues. Consequently, stem cuttings taken from Euonymus grown under intermittent water mist rooted easily, whereas cuttings from non-misted Euonymus rooted with greater difficulty. In addition, cuttings from misted stock plants rooted better in October than did cuttings from non-misted plants in early summer. When rutin, a flavonol similar to those which accumulated in misted leaves, was supplied exogenously with IBA to stem cuttings taken from non-misted Euonymus, the cuttings rooted as well as cuttings from misted plants. The results provide an additional explanation for the great success of modern mist propagation techniques and emphasize that many substances in addition to auxins and rooting cofactors may play a significant role in root initiation.
Location of Fruit on Grapevines in Relation to Cluster Size and Chemical Composition1
Authors: Fisher D. V. , Trussell F. M. , Meheriuk M.
Published: August 2022

This paper reports an extensive study on fruiting habit of 15 grape cultivars representing different species and interspecific hybrids. Blossom records of 4 cultivars showed highly significant differences of up to 3.5 days between full bloom dates of the 1st and 4th flower clusters on a node. Significantly more crop was produced on the 9th node than on the 1st node and also on the 5th node than on the 1st node for 13 out of 14 cultivars. Only slight and generally nonsignificant differences in acid and solids content were found between fruit on the 1st, 5th and 9th nodes. With most cultivars there were significantly fewer fruit clusters on the 1st and 2nd than on the 4th to 8th nodes on a 10-node cane; numbers of fruit clusters tended to be constant from the 4th to the 9th node on a cane. Characteristic numbers of flower clusters per node are reported for different cultivars. With 8 out of 14 cultivars, wt of fruit on an individual node decreased significantly from proximal to distal cluster, in some cases the 1st cluster was more than twice the wt of the 4th. Significant decreases in solids and increases in acid content were found between proximal and distal clusters only in 4 cultivars.
Relation of Petiole Nitrogen Levels to Nitrogen Fertilization and Yield of Papaya1
Authors: Awada M. , Long C.
Published: August 2022

Nitrogen fertilizers as urea and ammonium-nitrate-sulphate were supplied at 2 rates to fruiting papaya trees. Control trees were untreated. Concentrations of petiole N and fruit yield increased with N applications. Petiole N and petiole water affected fruit yield in June. In December tree size and petiole N affected yield. Although N application rate was the dominant variable which affected the concn of petiole N in both June and December, petiole K also affected petiole N in June. The December data were used to determine the petiole N level (1.45% N) which gave max yield. This N level can be used as a basis for applying N fertilizers to fruiting papaya trees in Hawaii.
Influence of Potassium on Carotenoid Content of Tomato Fruit1,2
Authors: Trudel M. J. , Ozbun J. L.
Published: August 2022

Tomato plants were grown in sand culture at 8 levels of K ranging from 0 to 10 meq per liter of nutrient solution. Fully ripened fruit were picked and rated internally and externally for abnormal pigmentation. Total carotenoids were analyzed and the extract fractionated into 3 groups: hydrocarbon, monohydroxy and polyhydroxy. The hydrocarbon fraction was further separated chromatographically into 6 individual pigments. Most of the carotenoids, lycopene in particular, generally increased with increasing K concn. A notable exception to this pattern was β-carotene which decreased with increasing K concn. Possible modes of action of K are discussed.
Effect of pH and Concentration of the Anthocyanin-Flavonol Co-Pigment Complex on the Color of ‘Better Times’ Roses1
Authors: Asen S. , Norris K. H. , Stewart R. N.
Published: August 2022

Flavonoids isolated from ‘Better Times’ rose petals were cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, the 3-rhamnoside, 3-glucoside, 3-arabinoside, 3-glucuronide of quercetin and the 3-glucoside, and 3-xyloside of kaempferol. The rose pigment, a co-pigment complex of cyanindin 3,5-diglucoside (2.0-2.8 × 10-2M) and quercetin or kaempferol glycosides, (0.8-1.4 × 10-1M, expressed as quercitrin) was present only in epidermal cells. At the pH of freshly harvested tissue (3.70 to 4.15) this pigment was red with a λmax of 539 nm. As the tissue aged the pH increased (4.40 to 4.50) and the pigment became more blue with a λmax of 543 nm. Cornell preservative prevented the increase in pH of commercial cut roses and maintained their original color. The high pigment concn and the phenomenon of co-pigmentation explain the intense color of ‘Better Times’ roses in a pH range where anthocyanins alone are virtually colorless.
Effect of Environmental Factors on Response of Vegetative Buds of Rhododendron to Chemical Pinching1
Authors: Brabson William E. , Lindstrom Richard S.
Published: August 2022

Off-Shoot-O (emulsified methyl esters of fatty acids) applied to azalea plants (Rhododendron indicum Sweet and R. obtusum Plauch cvs. Coral Bells, Red Wing, and Gloria) induced a chemical pinch to replace the hand pinching operation. There was no evidence which directly related air movement to a positive pinch, although there were trends which indicated differences from one season of the year to another. There were no differences in pinching action due to light intensity regimes.

Temperature was the major factor determining a positive chemical pinch. Plants pre-conditioned at low temp were more sensitive to the chemical pinching agent than were plants pre-conditioned at high temp.
Relation of Post-Bloom Temperatures to ‘Bartlett’ Pear Maturation1
Authors: Lombard P. B. , Cordy C. B. , Hansen E.
Published: August 2022

Temperatures for several post-bloom periods were correlated with days from full bloom to ‘Bartlett’ pear maturity. Date of maturity based on pressure test showed a high negative correlation (r = -.88) with mean temp above 40°F for the 36 days following bloom. The peak thermal period occurred 26-30 days after bloom, with the highest correlation on the 28th day. Days to maturity had a higher correlation with accumulated mean temp above 45°F than with degree hr above 45°F for the same periods. Base temp of 38.5°F to 50°F gave r values greater than -.85 in this prediction method. Mean temp between 41.5°F and 68.5°F on the 28th day had a linear correlation r of -.71 with days to maturity. Equal temp increments were more effective at min levels than at max levels for accelerating maturity. The post-bloom thermal period affecting maturation coincides with the stage of cell division and most effective time for application of chemical thinning sprays.
Ethylene and the Appearance of an Albedo Macerating Factor in Citrus1
Authors: Rogers B. J. , Hurley C.
Published: August 2022

Stem and fruit tissues of ‘Valencia’ and navel oranges were treated with ethylene via the decomposition of applied (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). Ethephon applications were sufficient to cause uniform loosening of the fruit from the tree. The tissues then were extracted and the extracts assayed by a citrus albedo tissue maceration test for enzyme activity. Maceration activity increased with time after ethylene treatment.
Effect of Night Temperature on Shape and Size of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)1
Authors: Rylski Irena
Published: August 2022

The correlation of fruit size with seed no. was high (r = 0.96 to 0.99) in fruit growing at high or low night temperatures.

The proportionate wt of fruit per seed decreased with increasing seed no., and was higher in fruit growing under low temp than under high temp. The night temp prevailing before anthesis was not significant for parthenocarpic fruit development, but low temp after anthesis did enable such fruit to develop. High (18-20°C) temp during flower development is a prerequisite for the formation of good-shaped, elongated fruit. The highest length/diam ratio in both fertilized and non-fertilized fruit was obtained with high night temp up to anthesis and low (8-10°C) thereafter.
Effect of pH, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoid Co-pigments on the Color of Statice Flowers
Authors: Asen S. , Norris K. H. , Stewart R. N. , Semeniuk P.
Published: August 2022

The anthocyanin isolated from flowers of Limonium cvs. Twilight Lavender and Midnight Blue was delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, and that from ‘Blue Bonneť and ‘American Beauty’ was delphinidin 3-glucoside. The major flavonoid co-pigments in all 4 cvs. were luteolin and its 6-C-glucoside (iso-orientin). These co-pigments were also present in white ‘Iceberg’ and yellow ‘Gold Coast’. The range of colors from reddish-purple to blue for the various cvs. was directly related to the pH of the tissue.
Temperature, Fruit Set, and Embryo Sac Development in ‘Italian’ Prune1
Authors: Thompson M. M. , Liu L. J.
Published: August 2022

Initial fruit set in 6 ‘Italian’ prune orchards for 2 years was markedly influenced by post-bloom temperature. In the warm year initial sets ranged from 36 to 64%; in the cool year initial sets were 1 to 13%. Visible frost damage occurred in only 1 orchard and was not responsible for the general failure in the cool year.

Embryo sacs were studied in pistils from the same orchards in the 2 years. The cause of erratic fruit setting in ‘Italian’ prune is attributed to its genetically determined sensitivity to cool weather in the post-bloom period. Cool temperature delays pollen tube growth, fertilization, and early embryo and endosperm development so long that the ovule begins to degenerate. Ovule breakdown begins in the nucellus at the chalazal end, so that even if fertilization is finally accomplished, fruit set is not stimulated.
Effect of Rootstocks and Interstocks on Nutrient Levels in ‘Bartletť Pear Leaves, on Tree Growth, and on Fruit1
Authors: Woodbridge C. G.
Published: August 2022

Leaves of ‘Bartlett’ pear trees on seedling roots generally had higher levels of N, P, K, and Cu but lower Mg than leaves from trees on quince roots. Differences in Ca, S, B, Fe, Mn, and Zn levels were variable. The trunk cross-sectional areas of interstocks on seedling roots were larger than those of ‘Bartlett’ scions on seedling roots. No differences in bloom dates or fruit quality and characteristics were associated with rootstocks.
Watercore Development in Apple Fruits as Related to Sorbitol Levels in the Tree Sap and to Minimum Temperatures1
Authors: Williams M. W. , Billingsley H. D.
Published: August 2022

In 3 different seasons watercore began to develop in ‘Delicious’ fruit as the minimum temperatures dropped to near 4°C. In 1970 and 1971 watercore started to appear just before a sharp rise in sorbitol level occurred in the limb sap. In 1972 considerable watercore developed in the fruit before a significant increase in sorbitol was observed in the sap.
Effect of Water Table Depth on Yield of Cabbage, Squash, and Tendergreen
Authors: Williamson R. E. , Gray T. N.
Published: August 2022

Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, var. Capitata L.; squash, Cucurbita pepo Alef.; and tendergreen, Brassica perviridis Bailey were grown at various water table depths in sheltered soil tanks on a fine sandy loam and a loam soil to evaluate the effects of high water table and soil type on growth and yield of these vegetable crops. Yields of the 3 species increased with water table depth to a depth of 76 to 102 cm. On both soil types the 15-cm water table depth caused considerable yield reduction and chlorosis for the 3 species. For maximum yields deeper water table depths were needed with loam than with sandy loam soil. Yield of cabbage was not significantly increased at water table depths greater than 30 cm in either soil. Squash yield was highest at water table depths of 61 to 76 cm in the fine sandy loam and 91 to 102 cm in the loam soil. Tendergreen yield was not significantly increased by water table depths greater than 61 cm in either soil.
Stimulation of Lettuce Seed Germination at High Temperatures by Ethephon and Kinetin1
Authors: Sharpies G. C.
Published: August 2022

‘GL 659’ and ‘Vanguard’ lettuce seed lots germinated almost completely at 30°C when treated with ethephon (100 mg/liter). Similar treatment at 35°C failed to release seeds from dormancy. Kinetin treatment (10 mg/liter) at 35°C was only moderately effective in breaking heat dormancy, but when ethephon and kinetin were combined at this temperature, the interaction was synergistic and germination was almost complete. The preincubation time requirement at 25°C before maximum germination could occur after transferring to 35°C was nearly eliminated by treating seeds with the ethephon-kinetin mixture. ‘Calmar’ seeds, which had a lower heat tolerance, could not be induced to germinate completely at high temperature by any treatment.
Degreening Citrus Fruit with Postharvest Applications of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid (Ethephon)1
Authors: Jahn Otto L.
Published: August 2022

Ethephon2 was applied as a postharvest fruit dip to ‘Bearss’ lemons, ‘Robinson’ and ‘Dancy’ tangerines, ‘Hamlin’ oranges, and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit. Concentration as high as 8,000 ppm were used, and samples were held at 16, 21, and 27°C. Responses differed among cultivars, but were greater and more rapid as the temperature increased. Untreated fruit degreened more completely at 16° than at higher temperatures. At 21 and 27°, degreening usually was maximum with concentrations of 500 to 1,000 ppm. ‘Robinson’ tangerines responded to lower concentrations and showed increasing inhibition at levels from 2,000 to 8,000 ppm ethephon. In tangerines and grapefruit, degreening with ethephon approached that obtained with ethylene. Stem-end rot was increased by ethephon applications. These losses were greatest at the higher concentrations and temperatures, but they were lower and later than from ethylene degreening.
The Effect of Hydrogen Fluoride on Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth in Prunus avium L. cv. ‘Royal Ann’1,2
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Wang S. Y. , Rowe K. E.
Published: August 2022

Increased flouride (F) fumigation levels resulted in decrease in percent ‘Royal Ann’ pollen germination and pollen tube growth. As dose (hour x concentration in μgF/m3) increased, ‘Van’ pollen tube growth in vivo decreased. A linear relationship between increased dose and flouride residue in the flowers was shown.
Isolation and Identification of a Growth Inhibitor in Tung Bud Scales1
Authors: Spiers J. M.
Published: August 2022

Authentic abscisic acid (ABA) and dormant tung (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) bud-scale extract had similar Rf values in the 4 solvents tested. Corresponding inhibition of lettuce-seed germination and equal retention times of methylated derivatives on gas-liquid chromatograms also indicated the similarity of the isolated inhibitor to ABA.
Inheritance of Resistance to Downy Mildew (Bremia Lactucae Reg.) in Lettuce1
Authors: Zink F. W.
Published: August 2022

The inheritance of resistance to California race(s) of downy mildew in lettuce was studied in cvs. Bourguignonne, Meikoningin, Proeftuin’s Blackpool, Red Salad Bowl, Salad Trim, Ventura, and PI 164937. Resistance in cvs. Bourguignonne, Red Salad Bowl, and Salad Trim is conferred by a single dominant allele. This is the same allele found in resistant cvs. Calicel, Calmar, E-4, Imperial 410, Valrio, Valtemp, and Valverde, and is derived from resistant PI 91532. Resistance in ‘Meikoningin’ is controlled by a single dominant allele different from the one derived from PI 91532. Allelism tests indicate that the 2 alleles are independently inherited. ‘Proeftuin’s Blackpool’ and ‘Ventura’ each have 2 dominant alleles for resistance that are different from the single dominant allele derived from PI 91532. Allelism tests of ‘Proeftuin’s Blackpool’ and ‘Ventura’ indicate resistance is conferred by the same 2 dominant alleles. The 2 alleles in cvs. Proeftuin’s Blackpool or Ventura and the single allele derived from PI 91532 are independently inherited. Resistance in PI 164937 is conferred by 2 dominant alleles, one of which is the same as the single dominant allele derived from PI 91532.
Influence of Photoperiod, Temperature, and Node Position on Vegetative Shoot Growth of Greenhouse Azaleas, Rhododendron cv.1
Authors: Barrick William E. , Sanderson Kenneth C.
Published: August 2022

An increase in shoot length and shoot dry weight and a decrease in number of shoots per lateral branch, with no effect on number of leaves per shoot, was observed on sheared azaleas grown under increased daylengths in environmental chambers or greenhouses. Plants grown at low (24-19°C) temperatures in environmental chambers had greater shoot lengths, higher numbers of shoots, more leaves per shoot, and decreased shoot dry weight. Decreases in shoot length, number of shoots, number of leaves per shoot, and shoot dry weight occurred as node position for shearing increased (counting from the shearing point). Thus, an inverse relationship apparently exists between node position for shearing and shoot growth in greenhouse azaleas.
Path-Coefficient Analysis of Correlation Between Honey Bee Activity and Seed Yield in Allium cepa L.1
Authors: Shasha’a N. S. , Nye W. P. , Campbell W. F.
Published: August 2022

A path-coefficient analysis was used to furnish information on the inter-relationships of pollinating insect activity and components of seed yield in inbreds of Allium cepa L. The inbreds differed very significantly in their attractiveness to pollinating insects. Only one inbred exhibited a significant correlation (P <0.05 positive) between numbers of honey bees and seed yields. Separating the correlation coefficients into components of direct and indirect effects indicated that pollination attractiveness was not the limiting factor in seed set for inbreds in the experiment. Moreover, most of the variation in seed yield could be attributed to indirect effects on the components of yield, umbels per plant, flowers per umbel, percent per fertilized flower, and seeds per fertilized flower.
Effects of Rootstock on Growth, Bloom, Yield, Maturity, and Fruit Quality of Prune (Prunus domestica L.)1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Chaplin M. H. , Roberts A. N.
Published: August 2022

Tests in 11 plots of ‘Italian’, ‘Early Italian’, and ‘Brooks’ prunes showed several influences of rootstock on tree growth, flowering, yield, fruit size, maturity, and quality. Of the 6 Prunus species represented by the 19 rootstocks tested, myrobalan roots usually resulted in larger trees, heavier bloom, but lower yield efficiency than did peach roots. Trees on Marianna and several P. domestica L. roots varied in size and yield, but most of them had greater bloom density than trees on peach root. ‘Italian’ fruit firmness varied inconsistently with rootstock. ‘Early Italian’ fruits were firmer on peach than on other roots, but ‘Brooks’ fruits were less firm on peach than on other roots. The tendency for internal fruit browning of ‘Italian’ was greater on plums than on peach roots. Other fruit maturity and quality factors varied by cultivar and by individual rootstock. Fewer trees on peach root died from trunk canker (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall) than did those on several clonal plum roots, but some plum-rooted trees outgrew the canker and survived as well as trees on peach stock.
Comparative Growth of Birch Seedlings Grown in the Greenhouse and Growth Chamber1,4
Authors: Krizek Donald T. , Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: August 2022

The growth of paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) seedlings was greatly accelerated by high light intensity applied in a growth chamber at the cotyledon stage and continued for the next 8 weeks. At the end of the 8-week period, seedlings grown in a growth chamber under 2500 ft-c (26.9 klx) of cool-white fluorescent and supplemental incandescent light, a 16-hour photoperiod, and 25/18°C day/night temperature weighed over 40 times more than those grown in the greenhouse under natural daylight supplemented by 200 ft-c (2.16 klx) of cool-white fluorescent light, a 16-hour photoperiod, and 24/18°C day/night temperature. Compared with plants grown under low light intensity, plants grown for 8 weeks under high light intensity were 6 times taller, had twice as many leaves, and produced lateral shoots containing 17 times as much dry matter. These findings indicate the feasibility of using high light intensity alone at the seedling stage in the commercial production of planting stock of this species.
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Free Amino Acids, Indoles, and Phenols of Double and Single Flowered Petunias1
Authors: Natarella N. J. , Sink K. C.
Published: August 2022

An investigation of free amino acids, phenols, and indoles from various plant parts of double (DD and Dd) and single (dd) flowered petunia plants was made to determine if a relationship exists between these substances and flower genotype. There was no difference between genotypes in total free amino acid concentration from shoot tips or anthers. Flower buds with the DD genotype and leaves with the Dd genotype were significantly different in total amino acid concentration from similar tissue of the other genotypes. TLC analysis of amino acid extracts from shoot tips, buds, or leaves failed to resolve any qualitative differences between the 3 genotypes. Anthers directly squashed on TLC plates and developed in several solvent systems did not resolve any differences between genotypes. TLC analyses of phenols and indoles indicated they were very similar for the 3 genotypes.
Inheritance of Tolerance to Chloramben Methyl Ester in Cucumber1
Authors: Miller J. C. , Baker L. R. , Penner Donald
Published: August 2022

Two tolerant and 2 susceptible lines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and their progenies were evaluated for tolerance to the herbicide methyl 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben methyl ester). Gene action was primarily additive; however, partial dominance of genes controlling tolerance was noted. Evidence for transgressive segregation was observed in segregating populations of the cross tolerant x tolerant. The minimum number of effective factor pairs varied from 1 to 5 depending on the evaluation criterion and the method of calculation employed. Heritability estimates from crosses involving tolerant MSU 0612 were consistently higher than those involving tolerant MSU 3207, suggesting that the tolerance of these 2 lines may be conditioned by different genes. Estimates of heritability indicated that considerable progress can be made in selection for tolerance when the criterion used is epinasty or reduction in plant dry weight and height.
Effect of Soil Incorporation on Selectivity, Movement, and Persistence of Herbicides in Onion Plantings1
Authors: Menges R. M. , Tamez S.
Published: August 2022

The performances of 3 herbicides non-incorporated and incorporated to depths of 3.8 and 7.6 cm in sandy loam were studied in onion plantings in 3 field experiments. Herbicidal activity of 4.5 kg/ha of O,Odiisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) was outstanding and controlled redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmen S. Wats.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] without reducing yields in onions (Allium cepa L., ‘Yellow Granex’). The herbicide was more efficient when soil-incorporated. Bensulide failed to control ridgeseed spurge (Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm.) and London rocket (Sisymbrium irio L.). 2-Chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor) controlled ridgeseed spurge without reducing the yield of onions. Soil-incorporated dimethyl tetra-chloroterephythalate (DCPA) reduced the yield of onions.

Laboratory bioassays indicated that regardless of rainfall, bensulide remained within the original zones of incorporation. Persistence of the herbicide increased with soil incorporation and rate of application. Considerable activity persisted for 6 months but only a trace persisted 12 months after 4.5 and 9.0 kg/ha of bensulide were soil incorporated. DCPA and propachlor persisted less than 6 months. Field bioassays agreed with data from laboratory bioassays.
Effects of an Antitranspirant on Water Use by Highway Oleander (Nerium oleander L.) Plantings1
Authors: Davenport D. C. , Martin P. E. , Hagan R. M.
Published: August 2022

The transpiration rate of potted oleanders (Nerium oleander L.) in a greenhouse was reduced 25-35% for 2 weeks after being sprayed with a film-forming antitranspirant. Measurements of moisture changes in a heterogeneous soil in the median strip of a major freeway indicated that the antitranspirant slowed the depletion of soil water. This was confirmed when detailed measurement of moisture in a more uniform field soil showed a 40% reduction in water use by oleanders. These studies suggest that an antitranspirant could delay irrigation of highway oleander plantings by at least 2 weeks, reducing the costs and hazards associated with irrigation of ornamental plantings along highways.
Ripening Processes in Avocados Stored in Ethylene Atmosphere in Cold Storage1,2
Authors: Zauberman G. , Fuchs Y.
Published: August 2022

Continuous ethylene treatment (100 ppm) of avocado fruit stored at 6°C, for 13 days, caused acceleration in respiration rate for the duration of the treatment. At the end of the low temperature treatment and, also, after transfer of the fruit to 20°C, polygalacturonase activity and softening of the fruit were enhanced by ethylene treatment in comparisons with non-treated fruit. Endogenous ethylene production of ethylene-treated fruit was suppressed markedly after transfer to 20°C. Fruit treated 24 hours with ethylene at 6°C at the beginning of the storage period, ripened similarly to untreated control fruits.

For avocado we suggest that in cold storage (6°C) the presence of ethylene should be avoided so that the shelf-life period of the fruit will not be reduced.
Reproductive System of ‘Concord’ and Two Sports (Vitis labruscana Bailey)1
Authors: Pratt Charlotte
Published: August 2022

In ‘Concord’ (Vitis labruscana Bailey), a hermaphroditic, self-fertilized, and seeded grape cultivar, the development of pollen and the growth of pollen tubes in the style were adequate for fertilization. Seed formation was limited by 1) the arrested development of many ovules before bloom and 2) the post-bloom dropping of many ovaries containing 1 or more fertilized but retarded ovules. The abscission zone at the base of the pedicel was most distinct during drop. An average of 2 seeds per berry was necessary for berry adherence. Two poorly setting, seeded variants differed quantitatively from ‘Concord’. One had more pre-meiotic ovule abortion and the other more abortion of mature and fertilized ovules. Both had an average of 1 seed per adhering berry. Since they showed neither different chromosome numbers nor transmissible viruses, they were thought to be mutants.
Calcium Nutrition of Peach and Prune Relative to Growth, Fruiting, and Fruit Quality1,2
Authors: Abdalla Dennis A. , Childers Norman F.
Published: August 2022

‘Redhaven’ peach and ‘Stanley’ prune trees budded on dwarfing Prunus besseyi Bailey rootstocks were grown and fruited in greenhouse sand culture under 2, 90, 180 (control), 270, and 400 ppm Ca to study growth, fruiting, and fruit quality, 1970-72. Peach fruits were smaller, greener, and firmer and had less soluble solids and red blush at 2 and 90 ppm than at higher concentrations, and had poorer flavor at 2 ppm. Peach leaf Ca increased and fruit Ca decreased (except at 2 ppm) as Ca treatment levels increased. Optimum peach fruit quality was obtained when the Ca supply was 180 to 270 ppm and leaf Ca was above 2.00% dry weight. Prunes were little affected by Ca treatments, except that at 2 ppm most fruits dropped after fruit set and the few that remained were smaller and misshapen. Calcium accumulated to a higher level at a given treatment in prune leaves than in peach leaves.
The Upward and Lateral Translocation of Urea Supplied to Roots of Apple Trees1
Authors: Shim K. K. , Titus J. S. , Splittstoesser W. E.
Published: August 2022

Urea-14C was supplied to the roots of stem-ringed 1-year-old apple trees on which bark segments were isolated above and below the ring. Unmetabolized urea was translocated to shoots and leaves although considerable metabolism occurred especially in bark tissues. Most of the 14C in wood tissue was associated with urea. In bark tissues, 20% to 30% of the 14C was in amino acids and sugars by 120 minutes. The accumulation of urea-14C and products of its metabolism in isolated bark segments indicated that the occurrence of these materials in this tissue was via radial translocation from xylem tissue, and that the main upward translocation pathway of urea supplied to roots is through the xylem.
Effect of Four Management Systems on Parameters Associated with Growth and Yield of Pecan1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Carter R. L.
Published: August 2022

Mature pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) Koch., grove management systems of 1) rotational summer grazing, 2) clean cultivation + winter legume, 3) winter or spring intercropping + summer cultivation, and 4) closely mowed sod affected yields differently in different years, but did not affect total yield or tree growth significantly over a 10-year period. Kernel quality, nuts/kg count, nut size, and tree growth were not affected consistently by management systems. Extra fertilization, particularly N, applied to grazed and intercropped plots reduced soil pH and residual soil K; but treatments affected soil P very little. Leaf Zn and Mn were also high for these treatments. Applied N, or N from legumes, was reflected in higher leaf N. Leaf K, Mg, Fe, B, Cu, Al, Mo, and Sr were not affected significantly by management treatment.
Orientation, Anatomical, and Breeding Behavior Studies of the Crookneck Rogue Fruit in ‘Butternut’ Squash (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.)1
Authors: Ibrahim Aly M. , Coyne Dermot P. , Lommasson R. C. , Davies Eric
Published: August 2022

Plants of the ‘Crookneck 67-1-7’ rogue, derived from ‘Butternut’ squash, developed straight fruits when grown on a fence; those grown on the ground produced crookneck fruit. Length of neck and bulb circumference were greater in ground-grown crookneck fruit. The outer-curved part of crookneck fruit on the ground had the lowest width of hypodermal zone cells and this was due to an elongation of the cells in the direction of fruit length, while in fence-grown straight fruit, the cells were near-isodiametric. Cell number of the hypodermal zone was the same in all fruits. ‘Crookneck 67-1-7’ ground-grown fruit, oriented horizontally and level with the soil surface, and also vertically, blossom-end up or down, did not show any crooking. Crooking of fruit is due to the interaction of genotype and an impediment causing differential pressure on the cells on each side of the squash. Straightneck fruit, including ‘Butternut’ type, occurred in the F2 and BC generation of the cross of 2 crookneck types, ‘Crookneck 67-1-7’ × ‘Golden Cushaw’, indicating that different genes controlled the crookneck fruit trait in the parents.
Abscission of Pistachio Inflorescence Buds as Affected by Leaf Area and Number of Nuts1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Al-Shalan Ismat , Carlson R. M.
Published: August 2022

Abscission of inflorescence buds increased progressively as leaf area decreased or number of nuts per branch increased. The data strongly indicate that dominance of the developing seed over the inflorescence buds in competition for carbohydrates might be responsible for bud abscission. However, the possible involvement of a hormone(s) originating in the leaves should not be overlooked.
Phosphorus Concentration in Tomato Fruits: Inheritance and Maturity Effects1
Authors: Stevens M. A. , Paulson K. N.
Published: August 2022

Phosphorus concentration is an important factor in quality of tomato fruits because of its effect on the relationship between pH and titratable acidity. There was no significant change in P concentration of fruits from 4 to 10 weeks (cannery ripe) after anthesis in cultivar VF 145-7879. The P concentration was relatively high at 2 weeks and decreased during senescence. The inheritance of P concentration was studied with ‘Best of All’, ‘STEP 375’ and their F1, B1, B2, and F2 progeny. The data indicate a significant genotype-environment interaction. Partition of the genetic variance revealed that additive and dominant effects and additive × additive interaction are important in determining P concentration. There is evidence that 2 major genes are involved.
Investigation of education value perception scale's psychometric properties according to CTT and IRT
Authors: DİLEK Harun , AKBAŞ Ufuk
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study is to develop Education Value Perception Scale (EVPS) based on Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory and to investigate its psychometric properties according to Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The data were collected from 2872 secondary school students by stratified purposeful sampling method. Measurement invariance of EVPS was tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis based on gender, and scalar invariance was observed to have been provided. The estimations based on IRT were conducted based on Graded Response Model. While high positive correlations were found between the item discriminations estimated according to different test theories, high negative correlations were identified between item means. McDonald’s Omega was calculated to be .79 according to CTT from reliability estimation methods, marginal reliability coefficient was determined to be .77 according to IRT. In the test-retest applications performed at 20-day intervals, the stability coefficient was found to be.81.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF DONAR ANKLE SITE MORBIDITY AFTER HARVESTING PERONEUS LONGUS TENDON GRAFT FOR ARTHROSCOPIC ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Shantilal Varma Hashmukh , Singh Lodhi Jeetendra , Vidyarthi Ashok
Published: August 2022

Background: . The goal of this study was to assess ankle and foot functions using clinical examination and functional scores after harvesting autogenous peroneus longus tendon graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, with a 6 month follow-up period, with a focus on donor site morbidity. Due to the synergistic action of peroneus longus and peroneus brevis, peroneus longus graft harvest is possible. Material and Method: The study included 45 patients who underwent ACL reconstructionusing peroneus longus autograft and endobutton fixation. Donor site morbidity of the foot and ankle after tendon-harvesting was assessed using VAS-FA. Results: Total of 45 cases were operated out of which 34 patients were male and 11 patients were female. Average thickness of Peroneus longus tendon graft obtained was 8.6mm. Average length of Peroneus longus graft harvested in the study was 283mm. None of the patient had any sign of infection or wound dehiscence at donor ankle site. None of the patient had gait abnormality or ankle instability. Our study showed progressive increase in VAS- FA score 99.71 Â± 0.75 at 6 months. Conclusion: We found that there was no significant worsening of ankle function via the examination of ankle scores based on the overall findings of the current study. There was no substantial donor site morbidity, and ankle motions were comparable to those on the contralateral healthy side.