bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective function and durability of mouse lymph node-resident memory CD8+ T cells
Authors: Anthony Scott M , Van Braeckel-Budimir Natalija , Moioffer Steven J , van de Wall Stephanie , Shan Qiang , Vijay Rahul , Sompallae Ramakrishna , Hartwig Stacey M , Jensen Isaac J , Varga Steven M , Butler Noah S , Xue Hai-Hui , Badovinac Vladimir P , Harty John T
Published: June 2021

Protective lung tissue-resident memory CD8+T cells (Trm) form after influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We show that IAV infection of mice generates CD69+CD103+and other memory CD8+T cell populations in lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (mLNs) from circulating naive or memory CD8+T cells. Repeated antigen exposure, mimicking seasonal IAV infections, generates quaternary memory (4M) CD8+T cells that protect mLN from viral infection better than 1M CD8+T cells. Better protection by 4M CD8+T cells associates with enhanced granzyme A/B expression and stable maintenance of mLN CD69+CD103+4M CD8+T cells, vs the steady decline of CD69+CD103+1M CD8+T cells, paralleling the durability of protective CD69+CD103+4M vs 1M in the lung after IAV infection. Coordinated upregulation in canonical Trm-associated genes occurs in circulating 4M vs 1M populations without the enrichment of canonical downregulated Trm genes. Thus, repeated antigen exposure arms circulating memory CD8+T cells with enhanced capacity to form long-lived populations of Trm that enhance control of viral infections of the mLN.
Interneuron-specific gamma synchronization indexes cue uncertainty and prediction errors in lateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Banaie Boroujeni Kianoush , Tiesinga Paul , Womelsdorf Thilo
Published: June 2021

Inhibitory interneurons are believed to realize critical gating functions in cortical circuits, but it has been difficult to ascertain the content of gated information for well-characterized interneurons in primate cortex. Here, we address this question by characterizing putative interneurons in primate prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex while monkeys engaged in attention demanding reversal learning. We find that subclasses of narrow spiking neurons have a relative suppressive effect on the local circuit indicating they are inhibitory interneurons. One of these interneuron subclasses showed prominent firing rate modulations and (35–45 Hz) gamma synchronous spiking during periods of uncertainty in both, lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In LPFC, this interneuron subclass activated when the uncertainty of attention cues was resolved during flexible learning, whereas in ACC it fired and gamma-synchronized when outcomes were uncertain and prediction errors were high during learning. Computational modeling of this interneuron-specific gamma band activity in simple circuit motifs suggests it could reflect a soft winner-take-all gating of information having high degree of uncertainty. Together, these findings elucidate an electrophysiologically characterized interneuron subclass in the primate, that forms gamma synchronous networks in two different areas when resolving uncertainty during adaptive goal-directed behavior.
Fake news detection: a survey of evaluation datasets
Authors: D’Ulizia Arianna , Caschera Maria Chiara , Ferri Fernando , Grifoni Patrizia
Published: June 2021

Fake news detection has gained increasing importance among the research community due to the widespread diffusion of fake news through media platforms. Many dataset have been released in the last few years, aiming to assess the performance of fake news detection methods. In this survey, we systematically review twenty-seven popular datasets for fake news detection by providing insights into the characteristics of each dataset and comparative analysis among them. A fake news detection datasets characterization composed of eleven characteristics extracted from the surveyed datasets is provided, along with a set of requirements for comparing and building new datasets. Due to the ongoing interest in this research topic, the results of the analysis are valuable to many researchers to guide the selection or definition of suitable datasets for evaluating their fake news detection methods.
An amalgamation of YOLOv4 and XGBoost for next-gen smart traffic management system
Authors: Dave Pritul , Chandarana Arjun , Goel Parth , Ganatra Amit
Published: June 2021

The traffic congestion and the rise in the number of vehicles have become a grievous issue, and it is focused worldwide. One of the issues with traffic management is that the traffic light’s timer is not dynamic. As a result, one has to remain longer even if there are no or fewer vehicles, on a roadway, causing unnecessary waiting time, fuel consumption and leads to pollution. Prior work on smart traffic management systems repurposes the use of Internet of things, Time Series Forecasting, and Digital Image Processing. Computer Vision-based smart traffic management is an emerging area of research. Therefore a real-time traffic light optimization algorithm that uses Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques to predict the optimal time required by the vehicles to clear the lane is presented. This article concentrates on a two-step approach. The first step is to obtain the count of the independent category of the class of vehicles. For this, the You Only Look Once version 4 (YOLOv4) object detection technique is employed. In the second step, an ensemble technique named eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for predicting the optimal time of the green light window is implemented. Furthermore, the different implemented versions of YOLO and different prediction algorithms are compared with the proposed approach. The experimental analysis signifies that YOLOv4 with the XGBoost algorithm produces the most precise outcomes with a balance of accuracy and inference time. The proposed approach elegantly reduces an average of 32.3% of waiting time with usual traffic on the road.
Chemical defense in developmental stages and adult of the sea starEchinaster(Othilia)brasiliensis
Authors: Pereira Renato Crespo , Sudatti Daniela Bueno , Moreira Thaise S.G. , Ventura Carlos Renato R.
Published: June 2021

To date, evidence regarding the performance of secondary metabolites from larval stages of sea stars as an anti-predation defense relates only to a few species/specimens from a few geographic ranges. Unfortunately, this hinders a comprehensive global understanding of this inter-specific predator-prey interaction. Here, we present laboratory experimental evidence of chemical defense action in the early developmental stages and adults of the sea starEchinaster(Othilia)brasiliensisfrom Brazil against sympatric and allopatric invertebrate consumers. Blastulae, early and late brachiolarias ofE. (O.)brasiliensiswere not consumed by the sympatric and allopatric crabsMithraculus forceps. Blastulae were also avoided by the sympatric and allopatric individuals of the anemoneAnemonia sargassensis, but not the larval stages. Extracts from embryos (blastula) and brachiolarias ofE. (O.)brasiliensisfrom one sampled population (João Fernandes beach) significantly inhibited the consumption by sympatricM. forceps, but not by allopatric crabs andA. sargassensianemone. In this same site, extracts from adultsE. (O.)brasiliensissignificantly inhibited the consumption by sympatric and allopatric specimens of the crab in a range of concentrations. Whereas equivalent extract concentrations ofE. (O.)brasiliensisfrom other population (Itaipu beach)inhibited the predation by allopatricM. forceps, while sympatric individuals of this crab avoided the only the higher level tested. Then, early stages and adult specimens ofE. (O.)brasiliensiscan be chemically defended against consumers, but this action is quite variable, depending on the type (anemone or crab) and the origin of the consumer (sympatric or allopatric).
Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan
Authors: Fang Wei-Ta , Ng Eric , Liu Shu-Mei , Chiang Yi-Te , Chang Mei-Chuan
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Although there is evidence linking the relationships between smartphone usage with health, stress, and academic performance, there is still inadequate knowledge about the influence on pro-environmental behaviors. This study seeks to bridge this gap by adapting the theory of attribution framework to examine the effects of personal norms, social norms, perceived behavioral control on pro-environmental behavior of smartphone usage in children.

Methods

A total of 225 children aged between 11 to 12 from eight selected public primary schools at the Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park in Taiwan were surveyed. Two distinct groups (excessive versus moderate usage) were purposefully selected for comparison, of which 96 participants were excessive smartphone users while the remaining 129 were moderate smartphone users.

Results

Findings revealed significant differences between excessive and moderate smartphone usage children groups in personal norms (p < 0.001), social norms (p = 0.002), perceived behavioral control (p = 0.001), and pro-environmental behavior (p = 0.001). Findings for excessive smartphone usage children showed that social norms (β = 0.428,t = 4.096***,p < 0.001) had a direct predictive impact on pro-environmental behavior. In contrast, while there was no direct path established between personal norms and pro-environmental behavior (β = 0.177,t = 1.580,p > 0.05), as well as social norms and pro-environmental behavior for moderate smartphone usage children (β = 0.181,t = 1.924,p > 0.05), but such a relationship could be developed through the mediating effect of perceived behavioral control (β = 0.497,t = 4.471***,p < 0.001).

Discussion

The results suggested that excessive smartphone usage children lack positive perceived behavioral control, and their pro-environmental behavior could only be predicted through explicit social norms, whereas pro-environmental behavior of moderate smartphone usage children was implicitly influenced by personal norms through perceived behavioral control.
The Influence of Idea Generation on Business Growth: Evidence from Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Obialo Felix-Kingsley , Akinjo Oluwatobi Janet
Published: June 2021

Idea generation (ideation) is at the root of creative and innovative endeavours as creative ideas lead to innovative outcomes. Identifying creative ideas is a function of knowledge and practice, whether individually, in a group or outside of those sources. Entrepreneurial practice reveals that ideas can be sourced from entrepreneurs, their employees and customers thus impacting business growth, especially in an emerging entrepreneurial society like Nigeria. This study aimed to reveal how three different sources of idea generation influence business growth in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. The survey purposively sampled 195 entrepreneurs, 71 males (36%) and 124 females (64%), judged to engage in creative businesses. The age range is as follows: 20-25 years (14), 26-30 years (69), 31-35 years (52), 41-45 years (18), 46-50 years (4) and 51 years and above (3). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results revealed a significant number of the sample agreeing that there is a significant influence between individual, corporate and customer-centred ideation on business growth of the sampled entrepreneurs and consequently seek ideas from these sources. This study suggests the creation of awareness of the import of ideational skills among current and budding entrepreneurs and their employees through training to engender continuous creative and innovative growth in Nigerian businesses. Government and policy makers are to provide incentives and policies for business growth around the power of ideation. Limitations are also discussed.
Chemical Understanding of Actinide Separations
Authors: Servis Anna G. , Servis Michael J. , McCann Kevin P. , Jensen Mark P. , Shafer Jenifer C.
Published: June 2021

This article provides a broad overview of the separation processes used to isolate actinides and the experimentally and computationally determined chemical characteristics that define those separations. The redox chemistry of the actinides plays a pivotal role in both aqueous and pyrochemical processing separations. The near‐overlapping energies of the 6d and 5f orbitals in the light actinides allow for facile adjustment of actinide oxidation states, which is used in many established separation methods. In contrast, the stable, generally 3+ oxidation states of the mid‐ and heavy actinides can make it difficult to separate them from the similarly lanthanides(III). In aqueous separations, the tendency of the actinides to form anionic and neutral aqueous complexes with a variety of complexants (especially soft donors) is used to achieve high separation factors between chemically similar elements in both solid–liquid separations and liquid–liquid extraction. This selectivity can be further tuned through the use of specialized organic or solid‐phase ligands. Pyroprocessing separations utilize the unique redox behavior of the actinides to adjust their distribution between a molten salt electrolyte and either a solid electrode or molten metal phase. Atomic‐level insights into the mechanisms underlying actinide separation processes, with the ultimate goal of predicting separation behavior, can be provided by electronic structure and statistical mechanical‐based calculation methods.
Single‐Shot Fabrication of Semiconducting–Superconducting Nanowire Devices
Authors: Borsoi Francesco , Mazur Grzegorz P. , van Loo Nick , Nowak Michał P. , Bourdet Léo , Li Kongyi , Korneychuk Svetlana , Fursina Alexandra , Wang Ji‐Yin , Levajac Vukan , Memisevic Elvedin , Badawy Ghada , Gazibegovic Sasa , van Hoogdalem Kevin , Bakkers Erik P. A. M. , Kouwenhoven Leo P. , Heedt Sebastian , Quintero‐Pérez Marina
Published: June 2021

Semiconducting–superconducting hybrids are vital components for the realization of high‐performance nanoscale devices. In particular, semiconducting–superconducting nanowires attract widespread interest owing to the possible presence of non‐abelian Majorana zero modes, which are quasiparticles that hold promise for topological quantum computing. However, systematic search for Majoranas signatures is challenging because it requires reproducible hybrid devices and reliable fabrication methods. This work introduces a fabrication concept based on shadow walls that enables the in situ, selective, and consecutive depositions of superconductors and normal metals to form normal‐superconducting junctions. Crucially, this method allows to realize devices in a single shot, eliminating fabrication steps after the synthesis of the fragile semiconductor/superconductor interface. At the atomic level, all investigated devices reveal a sharp and defect‐free semiconducting–superconducting interface and, correspondingly, a hard induced superconducting gap resilient up to 2 T is measured electrically. While the cleanliness of the technique enables systematic studies of topological superconductivity in nanowires, it also allows for the synthesis of advanced nano‐devices based on a wide range of material combinations and geometries while maintaining an exceptionally high interface quality.
FeNC Electrocatalysts with Densely Accessible FeN4 Sites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhou Yazhou , Chen Guangbo , Wang Qing , Wang Ding , Tao Xiafang , Zhang Tierui , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus
Published: June 2021

The development of iron and nitrogen co‐doped carbon (FeNC) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a grand challenge due to the low density of accessible FeN4 sites. Here, an in situ trapping strategy using nitrogen‐rich molecules (e.g., melamine, MA) is demonstrated to enhance the amount of accessible FeN4 sites in FeNC electrocatalysts. The melamine molecules can participate in the coordination of Fe ions in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks to form FeN6 sites within precursors. These FeN6 sites are then converted into atomically dispersed FeN4 sites during a pyrolytic process. Remarkably, the FeNC/MA exhibits a high single‐atom Fe content (3.5 wt.%), a large surface area (1160 m2 g−1), and a high density of accessible FeN4 sites (45.7 × 1019 sites g−1). As a result, FeNC/MA shows a much enhanced ORR activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.83 V (vs the reversible hydrogen electrode) in a 0.5 m H2SO4 electrolyte solution and a good performance in a PEMFC system with an activity of 80 mA cm−2 at 0.8 V under 1.0 bar H2/air. This work offers a promising approach toward high‐performance carbon‐based ORR electrocatalysts.
Surface Reconstruction Engineering with Synergistic Effect of Mixed‐Salt Passivation Treatment toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Suo Jiajia , Yang Bowen , Mosconi Edoardo , Choi Hyeon‐Seo , Kim YeonJu , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , De Angelis Filippo , Grätzel Michael , Kim Hui‐Seon , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: June 2021

Surface passivation treatment is a widely used strategy to resolve trap‐mediated nonradiative recombination toward high‐efficiency metal‐halide perovskite photovoltaics. However, a lack of passivation with mixture treatment has been investigated, as well as an in‐depth understanding of its passivation mechanism. Here, a systematic study on a mixed‐salt passivation strategy of formamidinium bromide (FABr) coupled with different F‐substituted alkyl lengths of ammonium iodide is demonstrated. It is obtained better device performance with decreasing chain length of the F‐substituted alkyl ammonium iodide in the presence of FABr. Moreover, they unraveled a synergistic passivation mechanism of the mixed‐salt treatment through surface reconstruction engineering, where FABr dominates the reformation of the perovskite surface via reacting with the excess PbI2. Meanwhile, ammonium iodide passivates the perovskite grain boundaries both on the surface and top perovskite bulk through penetration. This synergistic passivation engineer results in a high‐quality perovskite surface with fewer defects and suppressed ion migration, leading to a champion efficiency of 23.5% with mixed‐salt treatment. In addition, the introduction of the moisture resisted F‐substituted groups presents a more hydrophobic perovskite surface, thus enabling the decorated devices with excellent long‐term stability under a high humid atmosphere as well as operational conditions.
3D Heterogeneous Device Arrays for Multiplexed Sensing Platforms Using Transfer of Perovskites
Authors: Jang Jiuk , Park Young‐Geun , Cha Eunkyung , Ji Sangyoon , Hwang Hyunbin , Kim Gon Guk , Jin Jungho , Park Jang‐Ung
Published: June 2021

Despite recent substantial advances in perovskite materials, their 3D integration capability for next‐generation electronic devices is limited owing to their inherent vulnerability to heat and moisture with degradation of their remarkable optoelectronic properties during fabrication processing. Herein, a facile method to transfer the patterns of perovskites to planar or nonplanar surfaces using a removable polymer is reported. After fabricating perovskite devices on this removable polymer film, the conformal attachment of this film on target surfaces can place the entire devices on various substrates by removing this sacrificial film. This transfer method enables the formation of a perovskite image sensor array on a soft contact lens, and in vivo tests using rabbits demonstrate its wearability. Furthermore, 3D heterogeneous integration of a perovskite photodetector array with an active‐matrix array of pressure‐sensitive silicon transistors using this transfer method demonstrates the formation of a multiplexed sensing platform detecting distributions of light and tactile pressure simultaneously.
2D Materials for Nonlinear Photonics and Electro‐Optical Applications
Authors: Yin Peng , Jiang Xiantao , Huang Rui , Wang Xin , Ge Yanqi , Ma Chunyang , Zhang Han
Published: June 2021

2D materials have received significant attention from the scientific community due to their unique structures and excellent physical properties. A lot of applications are explored based on graphene, topological insulators, and transition metal dichalcogenides. With further development of 2D materials, other Group‐VA materials such as titanium carbide and MXenes also show potential advantages in several important applications. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate the properties and applications of 2D materials comprehensively. In this review, the fabrication methods of 2D materials are introduced systematically. The nonlinear optical properties of 2D materials including Kerr effect, saturable absorption, carrier dynamics, and other nonlinear effects are summarized in detail. Based on this, several electro‐optical applications are reviewed. Finally, future perspectives of 2D materials in electro‐optics are presented.
Electrical and Mechanical Properties Enhancement in Superlattice‐Like GaSb/Ge2Sb2Te5 Phase Change Thin Films
Authors: Yin Qixun , Wang Ming , Xu Xiulan , Yu Guanghua , Chen Leng
Published: June 2021

A promising phase change materials based on a distinct nanoscale structure called superlattice is applied in lateral phase change memory (PCM) due to comprehensive performances. In this work, superlattice‐like structure of [GaSb(x)/Ge2Sb2Te5 (y)]n (x = 6,9,12,18 nm; y = 12,18 nm; n = 3,6) thin films is proposed and alternatively deposited with GaSb and Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) layers by magnetron sputtering method. The experimental results show that [GaSb(x nm)/GST(12 nm)]3 thin films possess higher crystallization temperature and less volume change than that of monolayer GST. Moreover, [GaSb(x)/GST(12)]3 thin films show super‐hardness and super‐modulus effect. The hardness enhancement mechanism is discussed and the critical thickness of GST layer is calculated as ≈18.1 nm, thus the interfaces are coherent without dislocation threading in critical condition. Therefore, the higher thermal stability and increased hardness values reflect great potential in practical application of superlattice‐like [GaSb(x)/GST(12)]n thin films.
Organic THz Generators: A Design Strategy for Organic Crystals with Ultralarge Macroscopic Hyperpolarizability
Authors: Seok Jin‐Hong , Kim Deokjoong , Kim Won Tae , Kim Seung‐Jun , Yoon Woojin , Yoon Ga‐Eun , Yu In Cheol , Jazbinsek Mojca , Kim Sang‐Wook , Yun Hoseop , Kim Dongwook , Rotermund Fabian , Kwon O‐Pil
Published: June 2021

Newly designed halogenated organic quinolinium crystals proposed in this work provide fully optimized molecular ordering for maximizing the optical nonlinearity and high‐performance broadband terahertz (THz) wave generation. The ultralarge diagonal optical nonlinearity (almost 300 × 10−30 esu) of the new halogenated crystals is approximately two times larger than that of state‐of‐the‐art pyridinium‐based crystals. In contrast, nonhalogenated analogous crystals exhibit very low (or vanishing) diagonal optical nonlinearity. This is attributed to halogen‐induced unique interionic interactions and fine‐tuning of the space‐filling characteristics. In addition, the halogenated crystals show a good ability for bulk crystal growth of few millimeters lateral size with plate‐like morphology and high thermal stability that are finally required for real‐world applications. The new halogenated quinolinium crystals exhibit excellent THz wave generation characteristics, significantly surpassing the limit of conversion efficiency and spectral bandwidth of inorganic benchmark crystals. A 0.16 mm thick chlorinated crystal generates a 29‐times larger THz field than 1.0 mm thick inorganic ZnTe crystals at 1500 nm pump wavelength with a flat and broadband spectrum extending up to ≈8 THz. Therefore, introducing halogen substituents is a potential design strategy for designing new organic crystals showing ultralarge macroscopic hyperpolarizability and high‐performance THz wave generation.
Stable and Efficient White Photoluminescence from Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals/Polyfluorene Organogel Composite by Suppressing of Halide Ion Migration
Authors: Muthu Chinnadurai , Pious Johnpaul K. , Thankachan Tino , Krishna Nayana , Vijayakumar Chakkooth
Published: June 2021

Luminescent perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) receive great attention in recent years due to their sharp, intense, and easily tunable photoluminescence, suitable for optoelectronic applications. However, in reality, the emission bandgap tunability is limited due to rapid halide ion migration, commonly occurring in mixed halide perovskites. Consequently, it is challenging to produce white‐light emission by mixing PNCs having different emission colors. In this work, using a blue‐emitting polyfluorene (PF) to passivate the surface of yellow‐emitting CsPbBr1.5I1.5 based mixed halide PNC is reported not only to suppress the halide ion migration but also to generate stable and efficient white‐light emission through controlled excitation energy transfer from the former to the latter. PF gel arrests the detachment of capping ligands from the surface of nanocrystals, thereby hinders the halide ion migration and prevents the generation of related trap states. Consequently, the nonradiative recombination of photogenerated charge carriers has significantly reduced, resulting in the overall enhancement of the luminescence characteristics of the nanocrystals.
Recent Progress on Formamidinium‐Dominated Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Huang Yanmin , Lei Xiaojuan , He Tingwei , Jiang Yuanzhi , Yuan Mingjian
Published: June 2021

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have attracted widespread attention in the photovoltaic field. The best‐certified perovskite single‐junction photovoltaics have achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency of 25.5%. Particularly, formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) perovskite material has been considered to be one of the most promising materials for fabricating highly efficient single‐junction solar cells due to its suitable bandgap (1.43 eV). However, the metastable α‐FAPbI3 perovskite phase, which can spontaneously transform into the undesirable δ phase, limits their further applications. Accordingly, stabilizing the α phase and achieving high‐quality films are keys for achieving high‐efficiency and long‐term operational perovskite photovoltaics. In this review, strategies for stabilization of α‐FAPbI3 are discussed in detail, and the corresponding thermodynamic mechanisms are also summarized. Moreover, the methods to eliminate defects and improve carrier transport are thoroughly reviewed, which is important for achieving high‐performance photovoltaic devices with outstanding long‐term operational stability. Finally, possible the future research directions of FAPbI3 photovoltaics toward commercialization are discussed.
Novel methyl‐orange assisted core‐shell polyaniline‐silver nanosheets for highly sensitive ammonia chemiresistors
Authors: Chaudhary Vishal , Chavali Murthy
Published: June 2021

A cost‐effective, eco‐friendly, one‐pot synthesis of a new class of homogenous core‐shell polyaniline‐silver nanocomposite was fabricated with the assistance of supramolecular aggregates of amphiphilic methyl‐orange (MO) and oxidant ions of silver nitrate (AgNO3). The morphology of nanocomposite transforms from spherical (core‐shell type: PA‐1) to plate‐like polygonal particles (PA‐2) with surge in concentration of AgNO3. The strong contrast of the TEM images depicts the presence of silver (Ag) at core and polyaniline (PAN) at the shell. The core‐shell structure of the synthesized nanocomposite was confirmed using KCN washing technique. The SAED pattern reveals the hexagonal nature of PAN‐Ag hybrid nanosheets with [111] orientation with interplanar spacing around 2.4 Å corresponding to face‐centered‐cubic structure of Ag. The X‐ray diffraction spectra reveal the crystalline nature of the hybrid. Furthermore, the chemiresistors fabricated using the PA nanocomposite was analyzed for ammonia (NH3) monitoring behavior. The fabricated room temperature chemiresistor was found to be highly sensitive (~47.1% sensitivity) towards low concentration (as low as 1 ppm) of NH3 with high selectivity and stability, which opens a new window for fabricating cost‐effective commercial sensors.
NOMENs land: The place of eponyms in the anatomy classroom
Authors: McNulty Margaret A. , Wisner Rebecca L. , Meyer Amanda J.
Published: June 2021

The law of Non‐Original Malappropriate Eponymous Nomenclature (NOMEN) states that no phenomenon is named after its discoverer. However, eponymous terms are rife in the anatomical and medical literature. In this viewpoint commentary, the authors discuss the history of anatomical eponyms, explain the additional cognitive load imposed by eponyms that can negatively impact student learning and explore the view that eponyms are “pale, male and stale” in the socially conscious 21st century. The authors probe two of the most common arguments used to keep eponyms in anatomy education: (1) clinicians use them because they are easy, and (2) eponyms remind us of anatomy's history. Educators, clinicians and students need to work together to progress this movement and bring a modern lens to this discussion. Based on the arguments presented in this commentary, the authors propose that eponyms should be removed from anatomy curricula, textbooks and have no place in the anatomy classroom.
Regulation of Multicolor Fluorescence Changes Found in Donor‐acceptor‐type Mechanochromic Fluorescent Dyes
Authors: Ishi‐i Tsutomu , Tanaka Honoka , Kichise Rihoko , Davin Christopher , Matsuda Takaaki , Aizawa Naoya , Park In Seob , Yasuda Takuma , Matsumoto Taisuke
Published: June 2021

The regulation of multicolor fluorescence changes in mechanochromic fluorescence (MCF) remains a challenging task. Herein, we report the regulation of MCF using a donor‐acceptor structure. Two crystal polymorphs, BTD‐pCHO(O) and BTD‐pCHO(R) produced by the introduction of formyl groups to an MCF dye, respond to a mechanical stimulus, allowing a three‐color fluorescence change. Specifically, the orange‐colored fluorescence of the metastable BTD‐pCHO(O) polymorph changed to a deep‐red color in the amorphous‐like state to finally give a red color in the stable BTD‐pCHO(R) polymorph. This change occurred by mechanical grinding followed by vapor fuming. The two different crystal packing patterns were selectively regulated by the electronic effect of the introduced functional groups. The two types of selectively formed crystals in BTD(F)‐pCHO bearing fluorine atoms, and BTD(OMe)‐pCHO bearing methoxy groups, respond to mechanical grinding, allowing for the regulation of multicolor MCL from a three‐color change to two different types of two‐color changes.
Different‐factor compact‐form model‐free adaptive control with neural networks for MIMO nonlinear systems
Authors: Chen Chen , Lu Jiangang
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a different‐factor structure‐based compact‐form model‐free adaptive control method with neural networks (DF‐CFMFAC‐NN) is proposed for a class of general multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) nonlinear systems. Its novelty lies in that it is a pure data‐driven control method using merely input/output data without any model information involved. Moreover, by virtue of the different‐factor structure, it addresses the problem in the prototype CFMFAC that mainly deals with a class of MIMO systems with similar channel characteristics under a fixed topology. Aiming at different characteristics between control channels, widely existing in MIMO systems, DF‐CFMFAC‐NN with learning parameters shows powerful tracking ability and flexible design for each control channel, and learning parameters are auto‐tuned by back propagation neural networks (BPNNs) online based on their self‐learning and self‐adapting properties. In the tuning process, a one‐step‐ahead partial derivative is directly derived by the dynamic linearization technique utilized in DF‐CFMFAC, which greatly improves the prediction accuracy of parameters. The convergence of tracking error and the stability of the tuning process are guaranteed by rigorous theoretical analysis. A coal mill system is provided to demonstrate its effectiveness and practicability, demonstrating it to be a promising control method for MIMO nonlinear systems.
The axonal radial contractility: Structural basis underlying a new form of neural plasticity
Authors: Pan Xiaorong , Zhou Yimin , Hotulainen Pirta , Meunier Frédéric A. , Wang Tong
Published: June 2021

Axons are the longest cellular structure reaching over a meter in the case of human motor axons. They have a relatively small diameter and contain several cytoskeletal elements that mediate both material and information exchange within neurons. Recently, a novel type of axonal plasticity, termed axonal radial contractility, has been unveiled. It is represented by dynamic and transient diameter changes of the axon shaft to accommodate the passages of large organelles. Mechanisms underpinning this plasticity are not fully understood. Here, we first summarised recent evidence of the functional relevance for axon radial contractility, then discussed the underlying structural basis, reviewing nanoscopic evidence of the subtle changes. Two models are proposed to explain how actomyosin rings are organised. Possible roles of non‐muscle myosin II (NM‐II) in axon degeneration are discussed. Finally, we discuss the concept of periodic functional nanodomains, which could sense extracellular cues and coordinate the axonal responses. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/ojCnrJ8RCRc
A new method for detecting Na+, K+‐ATPase activity by ICP–MS: Quantitative analysis on the inhibitory effect of rhein on Na+, K+‐ATPase activity by ICP–MS in HCT116 cells
Authors: Dai Hui , Wang Yulin , Ren Chenchen , Ji Xiaojun , Zhou Yueke , Zhang Xinyue , Yin Fangzhou , Yin Wu , Tao Zhonghua
Published: June 2021

Rhein is an active component from Chinese herbal medicine. It can cause diarrhea by inhibiting Na+, K+‐ATPase activity on intestinal epithelial cells, thus decreasing the re‐absorption of Na+ from intestinal tract to blood. However, when this Na+, K+‐ATPase inhibition was quantitated by a colorimetric method that measures ATPase‐catalyzed release of inorganic phosphorus, the data obtained were inconsistent and showed great variation. We developed a novel method using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) to quantitate the amount of intracellular Rb+. This method largely mimics the 86RbCl tracer flux assay, but it uses non‐radioactive RbCl as a flux substrate. The results demonstrated that this method has better precision and accuracy than the conventional colorimetric method. More importantly, this method is free from radioactive substances, which is expected to make it safer and more convenient than the radioactive 86RbCl tracer flux method. In conclusion, the ICP–MS method for Na+, K+‐ATPase activity determination is novel and accurate. It can also provide a reference for studying the transport of other metal ions across membranes under biological conditions.
Using functional connectivity models to characterize relationships between working and episodic memory
Authors: Stark Gigi F. , Avery Emily W. , Rosenberg Monica D. , Greene Abigail S. , Gao Siyuan , Scheinost Dustin , Todd Constable R. , Chun Marvin M. , Yoo Kwangsun
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Working memory is a critical cognitive ability that affects our daily functioning and relates to many cognitive processes and clinical conditions. Episodic memory is vital because it enables individuals to form and maintain their self‐identities. Our study analyzes the extent to which whole‐brain functional connectivity observed during completion of an N‐back memory task, a common measure of working memory, can predict both working memory and episodic memory.

Methods

We used connectome‐based predictive models (CPMs) to predict 502 Human Connectome Project (HCP) participants' in‐scanner 2‐back memory test scores and out‐of‐scanner working memory test (List Sorting) and episodic memory test (Picture Sequence and Penn Word) scores based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected both during rest and N‐back task performance. We also analyzed the functional brain connections that contributed to prediction for each of these models.

Results

Functional connectivity observed during N‐back task performance predicted out‐of‐scanner List Sorting scores and to a lesser extent out‐of‐scanner Picture Sequence scores, but did not predict out‐of‐scanner Penn Word scores. Additionally, the functional connections predicting 2‐back scores overlapped to a greater degree with those predicting List Sorting scores than with those predicting Picture Sequence or Penn Word scores. Functional connections with the insula, including connections between insular and parietal regions, predicted scores across the 2‐back, List Sorting, and Picture Sequence tasks.

Conclusions

Our findings validate functional connectivity observed during the N‐back task as a measure of working memory, which generalizes to predict episodic memory to a lesser extent. By building on our understanding of the predictive power of N‐back task functional connectivity, this work enhances our knowledge of relationships between working memory and episodic memory.
Hand preference in referential gestures: Relationships to accessing words for speaking in monolingual and bilingual children
Authors: Nicoladis Elena , Dueck Bryce S. , Zarezadehkheibari Shiva
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Infants’ right‐hand preference for pointing is associated with higher vocabulary. It is not clear whether the link between right‐hand preference for gesturing and language persists into the preschool years. The primary purpose of the present study was to test whether preschool children's hand preference for referential gestures was associated with their language abilities. Secondarily, we predicted that the children's right‐hand preference would be negatively associated with their visuospatial abilities. We also predicted that monolingual children would show a strong right‐hand preference while bilinguals might show a reduced right‐hand preference.

Methods

Monolingual and bilingual children between the ages of four and six years did a storytelling task. Their referential gestures were coded for hand use (right, left, both). We measured language skills (receptive vocabulary, semantic fluency).

Results

We found no difference between bilinguals and monolinguals on hand preference. Semantic fluency was a positive predictor and vocabulary a negative predictor of right‐hand preference. Children's visuospatial abilities were not a predictor of right‐hand preference.

Conclusion

These results suggest that right‐hand preference may help children select semantically appropriate words out of their existing vocabulary. In other words, this preference may be related to children's construction of the message that they would like to produce. The association between hand preference and language skills persists into the preschool years.
External validity of randomized clinical trial studying preventing depressive symptoms following acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Madsen Michael Tvilling , Juel Knud , Simonsen Erik , Gögenur Ismail , Zwisler Ann Dorthe Olsen
Published: June 2021

Objective

The objective of the current study was to quantitatively explore aspects of external validity, both researcher's choices (eligibility) and patient's choices (consent), of a recently conducted clinical trial.

Methods

A cohesive comparison between the MEDACIS trial (NCT02451293) database and a national quality and research database was conducted. Comparisons between both participants and nonconsenting patients (patient consent) and participants and noneligible patients (researcher selection) were performed. Comparisons of outcomes were depressive and anxiety symptoms, demographics, and somatic or psychiatric comorbidity.

Results

Noneligible patients had significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety and were older and more likely to suffer from unstable angina pectoris. Furthermore, noneligible patients were less likely to be married, had a lower educational level, used more medication, and had a higher frequency of comorbidity. Nonconsenting patients had significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety and were older and more likely to be females compared to participants.

Conclusion

Significant differences were present between noneligible patients and participants; however, more troublingly significant differences were shown between nonconsenting patients and participants. The presence of depressive symptoms and anxiety has a significant impact on patients’ willingness to give informed consent in clinical trials in cardiology with a focus on psychological outcomes.
Validation of the multidimensional WHOQOL‐OLD in Ghana: A study among population‐based healthy adults in three ethnically different districts
Authors: Anum Adote , Adjorlolo Samuel , Akotia Charity S. , de‐Graft Aikins Ama
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Study of well‐being of older adults, a rapidly growing demographic group in sub‐Saharan Africa, depends on well‐validated tools like the WHOQOL‐OLD. This scale has been tested on different populations with reasonable validity results but has limited application in Africa. The specific goal of this paper was to examine the factor structure of the WHOQOL‐OLD translated into three Ghanaian languages: Ga, Akan, and Kasem. We also tested group invariance for sex and for type of community (distinguished by ethnicity/language).

Methods

We interviewed 353 older adults aged 60 years and above, selected from three ethnically and linguistically different communities. Using a cross‐sectional design, we used purpose and convenience methods to select participants in three geographically and ethnically distinct communities. Each community was made up of selected rural, peri‐urban, and urban communities in Ghana. The questionnaire was translated into three languages and administered to each respondent.

Results

The results showed moderate to high internal consistency coefficient and factorial validity for the scale. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we found that the results supported a multidimensional structure of the WHOQOL‐OLD and that it did not differ for males and females, neither did it differ for different ethnic/linguistic groups.

Conclusions

We conclude that the translated versions of the measure are adequate tools for evaluation of quality of life of older adults among the respective ethnic groups studied in Ghana. These results will also enable comparison of quality of life between older adults in Ghana and in other cultures.
Ppp6c deficiency accelerates K‐rasG12D‐induced tongue carcinogenesis
Authors: Kishimoto Kazuhiro , Kanazawa Kosuke , Nomura Miyuki , Tanaka Takuji , Shigemoto‐Kuroda Taeko , Fukui Katsuya , Miura Koh , Kurosawa Koreyuki , Kawai Masaaki , Kato Hiroyuki , Terasaki Keiko , Sakamoto Yoshimi , Yamashita Yoji , Sato Ikuro , Tanuma Nobuhiro , Tamai Keiichi , Kitabayashi Issay , Matsuura Kazuto , Watanabe Toshio , Yasuda Jun , Tsuji Hiroyuki , Shima Hiroshi
Published: June 2021

Background

Effective treatments for cancer harboring mutant RAS are lacking. In Drosophila, it was reported that PP6 suppresses tumorigenicity of mutant RAS. However, the information how PP6 regulates oncogenic RAS in mammals is limited.

Methods

We examined the effects of PP6 gene (Ppp6c) deficiency on tongue tumor development in K (K‐rasG12D)‐ and KP (K‐rasG12D + Trp53‐deficient)‐inducible mice.

Results

Mice of K and KP genotypes developed squamous cell carcinoma in situ in the tongue approximately 2 weeks after the induction of Ppp6c deficiency and was euthanized due to 20% loss of body weight. Transcriptome analysis revealed significantly different gene expressions between tissues of Ppp6c‐deficient tongues and those of Ppp6c wild type, while Trp53 deficiency had a relatively smaller effect. We then analyzed genes commonly altered by Ppp6c deficiency, with or without Trp53 deficiency, and identified a group concentrated in KEGG database pathways defined as ‘Pathways in Cancer’ and ‘Cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction’. We then evaluated signals downstream of oncogenic RAS and those regulated by PP6 substrates and found that in the presence of K‐rasG12D, Ppp6c deletion enhanced the activation of the ERK‐ELK1‐FOS, AKT‐4EBP1, and AKT‐FOXO‐CyclinD1 axes. Ppp6c deletion combined with K‐rasG12D also enhanced DNA double‐strand break (DSB) accumulation and activated NFκB signaling, upregulating IL‐1β, COX2, and TNF.
Peri‐Implant Bone Augmentation by the Sub‐Periosteal Peri‐Implant Augmented Layer Technique and a Bovine‐Derived Bone Block: A Case Report
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Severi Mattia , Ortensi Luca , Farina Roberto
Published: June 2021

Background

When used with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) delivered as a particulate, the sub‐periosteal peri‐implant augmented layer (SPAL) technique was effective in completely correcting up to 92% of peri‐implant buccal bone dehiscences. The use of a DBBM block (bDBBM), however, may result in an improvement of the peri‐implant bone dehiscence as well as a relevant lateral bone augmentation since its mechanical properties may ensure a better dimensional stability at flap manipulation than particulate DBBM. The aim of the present a proof‐of‐principle case report is to investigate if SPAL may be successfully used to obtain bone augmentation at peri‐implant dehi scence sites when used with bDBBM.

Case presentation

Lateral bone augmentation was performed using the SPAL technique at two implants showing a buccal peri‐implant bone dehiscence immediately after their placement. A partial‐thickness flap was elevated, leaving the periosteal layer on the buccal cortical bone plate. The periosteal layer was, in turn, elevated to create a pouch, which was used to stabilize a bDBBM graft at the peri‐implant buccal bone dehiscences. At re‐entry, exposed implant surfaces were completely covered by new thick hard tissue up to their most coronal portion. A free epithelial‐connective tissue graft was used to augment the peri‐implant soft tissue phenotype.

Conclusion

When used to accommodate bDBBM over the most coronal portion of an exposed implant, SPAL may successfully lead to an increase in peri‐implant buccal tissue thickness.