bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geochronology and Geochemical Properties of Mid-Pleistocene Sediments on the Caiwei Guyot in the Northwest Pacific Imply a Surface-to-Deep Linkage
Authors: Yi Liang , Wang Haifeng , Deng Xiguang , Yuan Haifan , Xu Dong , Yao Huiqiang
Published: February 2021

Seamounts are ubiquitous topographic units in the global ocean, and their effects on local circulation have attracted great research attention in physical oceanography; however, fewer relevant efforts were made on geological timescales in previous studies. The Caiwei (Pako) Guyot in the Magellan Seamounts of the western Pacific is a typical seamount and oceanographic characteristics have been well documented. In this study, we investigate a sediment core by geochronological and geochemical studies to reveal a topography-induce surface-to-bottom linkage. The principal results are as follows: (1) Two magnetozones are recognized in core MABC–11, which can be correlated to the Brunhes and Matuyama chrons; (2) Elements Ca, Si, Cl, K, Mn, Ti, and Fe are seven elements with high intensities by geochemical scanning; (3) Ca intensity can be tuned to global ice volume to refine the age model on glacial-interglacial timescales; (4) The averaged sediment accumulation rate is ~0.73 mm/kyr, agreeing with the estimate of the excess 230Th data in the upper part. Based on these results, a proxy of element Mn is derived, whose variability can be correlated with changes in global ice volume and deep-water masses on glacial-interglacial timescales. This record is also characterized by an evident 23-kyr cycle, highlighting a direct influence of solar insolation on deep-sea sedimentary processes. Overall, sedimentary archives of the Caiwei Guyot not only record an intensified abyssal ventilation during interglaciations in the western Pacific, but also provide a unique window for investigating the topography-induced linkage between the upper and bottom ocean on orbital timescales.
Local Tree Diversity Suppresses Foliar Fungal Infestation and Decreases Morphological but Not Molecular Richness in a Young Subtropical Forest
Authors: Saadani Mariem , Hönig Lydia , Bien Steffen , Koehler Michael , Rutten Gemma , Wubet Tesfaye , Braun Uwe , Bruelheide Helge
Published: February 2021

Leaf fungal pathogens alter their host species’ performance and, thus, changes in fungal species composition can translate into effects at the tree community scale. Conversely, the functional diversity of tree species in a host tree’s local neighbourhood can affect the host’s foliar fungal infestation. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect fungal infestations is important to advance our understanding of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships. Here we make use of the largest BEF tree experiment worldwide, the BEF-China experiment, where we selected tree host species with different neighbour species. Identifying fungal taxa by microscopy and by high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region, we analysed the fungal richness and infestation rates of our target trees as a function of local species richness. Based on the visual microscopic assessment, we found that a higher tree diversity reduced fungal richness and host-specific fungal infestation in the host’s local neighbourhood, while molecular fungal richness was unaffected. This diversity effect was mainly explained by the decrease in host proportion. Thus, the dilution of host species in the local neighbourhood was the primary mechanism in reducing the fungal disease severity. Overall, our study suggests that diverse forests will suffer less from foliar fungal diseases compared to those with lower diversity.
Targeted Physical Therapy Combined with Spasticity Management Changes Motor Development Trajectory for a 2-Year-Old with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Stuyvenberg Corri L. , Brown Shaaron E. , Inamdar Ketaki , Evans Megan , Hsu Lin-ya , Rolin Olivier , Harbourne Regina T. , Westcott McCoy Sarah , Lobo Michele A. , Koziol Natalie A. , Dusing Stacey C.
Published: February 2021

Therapies for children with cerebral palsy (CP) often fail to address essential components of early rehabilitation: intensity, child initiation, and an embodied approach. Sitting Together And Reaching To Play (START-Play) addresses these issues while incorporating intensive family involvement to maximize therapeutic dosage. While START-Play was developed and tested on children aged 7–16 months with motor delays, the theoretical construct can be applied to intervention in children of broader ages and skills levels. This study quantifies the impact of a broader START-Play intervention combined with Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) and phenol on the developmental trajectory of a 24 month-old child with bilateral spastic CP. In this AB +1 study, A consisted of multiple baseline assessments with the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 and the Assessment of Problem Solving in Play. The research participant demonstrated a stable baseline during A and changes in response to the combination of BoNT-A/phenol and 12 START-Play sessions during B, surpassing the minimal clinically important difference on the Gross Motor Function Measure-66. The follow-up data point (+1) was completed after a second round of BoNT-A/phenol injections. While the findings suggest the participant improved his gross motor skills with BoNT-A/phenol and START-Play, further research is needed to generalize these findings.
Effects of Nearby Construction Work on the Behavior of Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica)
Authors: Williams Leah J. , Finch Katherine , Agnew Rose , Holmes Lisa
Published: February 2021

In order to be successful and have high standards of animal welfare, modern zoos strive to regularly modify, improve, and build animal enclosures and visitor areas. However, these periods of development could result in temporary durations of sub-optimal welfare for animals housed nearby. In this study, we monitored the behavior of three Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) prior to, during, and following a period of construction on a nearby building. Our results provide evidence that welfare may have been temporarily reduced during the construction period. Compared to the pre-construction period, the male exhibited an increase in pacing behavior and all three lions reduced the time they spent resting. We infer that the most significant negative stimulus related to the construction was sound and/or ground vibrations, as a physical barrier ruled out stress from visual stimuli. The behavioral response to the construction work was relatively short-lived and no long-term changes were observed one year on. This research highlights the importance of measuring animal behavior around events outside routine husbandry, and considering animal welfare on an individual basis. Finally, this work adds to the body of literature surrounding the impacts of construction on animal wellbeing and outlines some suggestions for potential mitigation.
Understanding Heritage Language Learners’ Critical Language Awareness (CLA) in Mixed Language Programs
Authors: Gasca Jiménez Laura , Adrada-Rafael Sergio
Published: February 2021

Despite the prevalence of mixed language programs across the United States, their impact on the unique socio-affective needs of heritage language (HL) students has not been researched sufficiently. Therefore, the present study examines HL learners’ critical language awareness (CLA) in a mixed Spanish undergraduate program at a small private university in the eastern United States. Sixteen HL learners enrolled in different Spanish upper-level courses participated in the study. Respondents completed an existing questionnaire to measure CLA, which includes 19 Likert-type items addressing different areas, such as language variation, language ideologies, bilingualism, and language maintenance. Overall, the results show that learners in the mixed language program under study have “somewhat high” and “high” levels of CLA. The increased levels of CLA in learners who had completed three courses or more in the program, coupled with their strong motivation, suggests that this program contributes positively toward HL students’ CLA. However, respondents’ answers also reveal standard language ideologies, as well as the personal avoidance of code-switching. Based on these findings, two areas that could benefit from a wider representation in the curriculum of mixed language programs are discussed: language ideologies and plurilingual language practices.
Overview of Immunological Responses and Immunomodulation Properties of Trichuris sp.: Prospects for Better Understanding Human Trichuriasis
Authors: Darlan Dewi Masyithah , Rozi Muhammad Fakhrur , Yulfi Hemma
Published: February 2021

Trichuris sp. infection has appeared as a pathological burden in the population, but the immunomodulation features could result in an opportunity to discover novel treatments for diseases with prominent inflammatory responses. Regarding the immunological aspects, the innate immune responses against Trichuris sp. are also responsible for determining subsequent immune responses, including the activation of innate lymphoid cell type 2 (ILC2s), and encouraging the immune cell polarization of the resistant host phenotype. Nevertheless, this parasite can establish a supportive niche for worm survival and finally avoid host immune interference. Trichuris sp. could skew antigen recognition and immune cell activation and proliferation through the generation of specific substances, called excretory/secretory (ESPs) and soluble products (SPs), which mainly mediate its immunomodulation properties. Through this review, we elaborate and discuss innate–adaptive immune responses and immunomodulation aspects, as well as the clinical implications for managing inflammatory-based diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, allergic, sepsis, and other autoimmune diseases.
The Role of Autophagy in Eye Diseases
Authors: Fernández-Albarral José A. , de Julián-López Esther , Soler-Domínguez Carmen , de Hoz Rosa , López-Cuenca Inés , Salobrar-García Elena , Ramírez José M. , Pinazo-Durán María D. , Salazar Juan J. , Ramírez Ana I.
Published: February 2021

Autophagy is a catabolic process that ensures homeostasis in the cells of our organism. It plays a crucial role in protecting eye cells against oxidative damage and external stress factors. Ocular pathologies of high incidence, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are of multifactorial origin and are associated with genetic, environmental factors, age, and oxidative stress, among others; the latter factor is one of the most influential in ocular diseases, directly affecting the processes of autophagy activity. Alteration of the normal functioning of autophagy processes can interrupt organelle turnover, leading to the accumulation of cellular debris and causing physiological dysfunction of the eye. The aim of this study is to review research on the role of autophagy processes in the main ocular pathologies, which have a high incidence and result in high costs for the health system. Considering the role of autophagy processes in cell homeostasis and cell viability, the control and modulation of autophagy processes in ocular pathologies could constitute a new therapeutic approach.
Gene Expression Meta-Analysis of Cerebellum Samples Supports the FKBP5 Gene-Environment Interaction Model for Schizophrenia
Authors: Hertzberg Libi , Zohar Ada H. , Yitzhaky Assif
Published: February 2021

Background: One of the most studied molecular models of gene-environment interactions is that of FKBP5, which has been shown to interact with childhood adversity to increase the risk of psychiatric disorders, and has been implicated in schizophrenia. While the model predicts up-regulation of FKBP5, previous brain samples gene expression studies yielded inconsistent results. Methods: We performed a systematic gene expression meta-analysis of FKBP5 and NR3C1, a glucocorticoid receptor inhibited by FKBP5, in cerebellum samples of patients with schizophrenia. The gene expression databases GEO, SMRI and those of NIMH were searched, and out of six screened datasets, three were eligible for the meta-analysis (overall 69 with schizophrenia and 78 controls). Results: We detected up-regulation of FKBP5 and down-regulation of NR3C1 in schizophrenia, and a negative correlation between their expression patterns. Correlation analysis suggested that the detected differential expression did not result from potential confounding factors. Conclusions: Our results give significant support to the FKBP5 gene-environment interaction model for schizophrenia, which provides a molecular mechanism by which childhood adversity is involved in the development of the disorder. To explore FKBP5’s potential as a therapeutic target, a mapping of its differential expression patterns in different brain regions of schizophrenia patients is needed.
Interband Cascade Active Region with Ultra-Broad Gain in the Mid-Infrared Range
Authors: Ryczko Krzysztof , Zielińska Agata , Sęk Grzegorz
Published: February 2021

The optical gain spectrum has been investigated theoretically for various designs of active region based on InAs/GaInSb quantum wells—i.e., a type II material system employable in interband cascade lasers (ICLs) or optical amplifiers operating in the mid-infrared spectral range. The electronic properties and optical responses have been calculated using the eight-band k·p theory, including strain and external electric fields, to simulate the realistic conditions occurring in operational devices. The results show that intentionally introducing a slight nonuniformity between two subsequent stages of a cascaded device via the properly engineered modification of the type II quantum wells of the active area offers the possibility to significantly broaden the gain function. A −3 dB gain width of 1 µm can be reached in the 3–5 µm range, which is almost an order of magnitude larger than that of any previously reported ICLs. This is a property strongly demanded in many gas-sensing or free-space communication applications, and it opens a way for a new generation of devices in the mid-infrared range, such as broadly tunable single-mode lasers, mode-locked lasers for laser-based spectrometers, and optical amplifiers or superluminescent diodes which do not exist beyond 3 µm yet.
Effect of Various Type of Nanoparticles on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Wear-Resistant PEEK + PTFE-Based Composites
Authors: Panin Sergey V. , Nguyen Duc A. , Buslovich Dmitry G. , Alexenko Vladislav O. , Pervikov Aleksander V. , Kornienko Lyudmila A. , Berto Filippo
Published: February 2021

The mechanical and tribological properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK)- and PEEK + PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)-based composites loaded with and four types of nanoparticles (carbonaceous, metallic, bimetal oxide, and ceramic) under metal- and ceramic-polymer tribological contact conditions were investigated. It was found that loading with the nanofillers in a small content (0.3 wt.%) enabled improvement of the elastic modulus of the PEEK-based composites by 10–15%. In the metal–polymer tribological contact, wear resistance of all nanocomposites was increased by 1.5–2.3 times. In the ceramic-polymer tribological contact, loading PEEK with metal nanoparticles caused the intensification of oxidation processes, the microabrasive counterpart wear, and a multiple increase in the wear rate of the composites. The three component “PEEK/10PTFE/0.3 nanofillers” composites provided an increase in wear resistance, up to 22 times, for the metal–polymer tribological contact and up to 12 times for the ceramic-polymer one (with a slight decrease in the mechanical properties) compared to that of neat PEEK. In all cases, this was achieved by the polymer transfer film formation and adherence on the counterparts. The various effects of the four types of nanoparticles on wear resistance were determined by their ability to fix the PTFE-containing transfer film on the counterpart surfaces.
Preparation of a Novel Millet Straw Biochar-Bentonite Composite and Its Adsorption Property of Hg2+ in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bai Yanzhen , Hong Jianping
Published: February 2021

The remediation of mercury (Hg) contaminated soil and water requires the continuous development of efficient pollutant removal technologies. To solve this problem, a biochar–bentonite composite (CB) was prepared from local millet straw and bentonite using the solution intercalation-composite heating method, and its physical and chemical properties and micromorphology were then studied. The prepared CB and MB (modified biochar) had a maximum adsorption capacity for Hg2+ of 11.722 and 9.152 mg·g−1, respectively, far exceeding the corresponding adsorption value of biochar and bentonite (6.541 and 2.013 mg·g−1, respectively).The adsorption of Hg2+ on the CB was characterized using a kinetic model and an isothermal adsorption line, which revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isothermal model well represented the adsorption of Hg2+ on the CB, indicating that the adsorption was mainly chemical adsorption of the monolayer. Thermodynamic experiments confirmed that the adsorption process of Hg2+ by the CB was spontaneous and endothermic. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that after Hg2+ was adsorbed by CB, functional groups, such as the –OH group (or C=O, COO–, C=C) on the CB, induced complexation between Hg and –O–, and part of Hg (ii) was reduced Hg (i), resulting in the formation of single or double tooth complexes of Hg–O– (or Hg–O–Hg). Therefore, the prepared composite (CB) showed potential application as an excellent adsorbent for removing heavy metal Hg2+ from polluted water compared with using any one material alone.
Automotive Steel with a High Product of Strength and Elongation used for Cold and Hot Forming Simultaneously
Authors: Huang Fei , Chen Qiwei , Ding Hanlin , Wang Yongqiang , Mou Xiuting , Chen Jian
Published: February 2021

A low-cost and easy-to-produce C–Mn–Cr automotive steel for both cold and hot forming is presented in this paper. The alloying element Cr was used to replace Mn in medium-Mn steel and instead of B in hot-formed steel, in order to achieve microstructure control and hardenability improvement, replacing the residual austenite-enhanced plasticization with multidimensional enhanced plasticization through multiphase microstructure design, grain refinement, and dispersion enhancement of second-phase particles. The products of strength and elongation for the cold-formed and hot-formed steel were 20 GPa·% and 18 GPa·%, respectively, while the tensile strengths were more than 1000 MPa and 1500 MPa, respectively. This new automotive steel was also characterized by good oxidation resistance. The mechanisms of strength and plasticization of the experimental automotive steel were analyzed.
Synthesis, Characterization and Testing of Antimicrobial Activity of Composites of Unsaturated Polyester Resins with Wood Flour and Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Pączkowski Przemysław , Puszka Andrzej , Miazga-Karska Malgorzata , Ginalska Grażyna , Gawdzik Barbara
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the properties of the wood-resin composites. For improving their antibacterial character, silver nanoparticles were incorporated into their structures. The properties of the obtained materials were analyzed in vitro for their anti-biofilm potency in contact with aerobic Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis; and aerobic Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These pathogens are responsible for various infections, including those associated with healthcare. The effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation on mechanical and thermomechanical properties as well as gloss were investigated for the samples of composites before and after accelerating aging tests. The results show that bacteria can colonize in various wrinkles and cracks on the composites with wood flour but also the surface of the cross-linked unsaturated polyester resin. The addition of nanosilver causes the death of bacteria. It also positively influences mechanical and thermomechanical properties as well as gloss of the resin.
Sustainable End-of-Life Management of Wind Turbine Blades: Overview of Current and Coming Solutions
Authors: Mishnaevsky Leon
Published: February 2021

Various scenarios of end-of-life management of wind turbine blades are reviewed. “Reactive” strategies, designed to deal with already available, ageing turbines, installed in the 2000s, are discussed, among them, maintenance and repair, reuse, refurbishment and recycling. The main results and challenges of “pro-active strategies”, designed to ensure recyclability of new generations of wind turbines, are discussed. Among the main directions, the wind turbine blades with thermoplastic and recyclable thermoset composite matrices, as well as wood, bamboo and natural fiber-based composites were reviewed. It is argued that repair and reuse of wind turbine blades, and extension of the blade life has currently a number of advantages over other approaches. While new recyclable materials have been tested in laboratories, or in some cases on small or medium blades, there are remaining technological challenges for their utilization in large wind turbine blades.
Phase Composition of Al-Si Coating from the Initial State to the Hot-Stamped Condition
Authors: Kucera Vojtech , Cabibbo Marcello , Prusa Filip , Fojt Jaroslav , Petr-Soini Jaroslav , Pilvousek Tomas , Kolarikova Marie , Vojtech Dalibor
Published: February 2021

The chemical and phase composition of the coating and the coating/substrate interface of an Al-Si-coated 22MnB5 hot stamped steel was investigated by means of SEM-EDS, XRD, micro-XRD and electron diffraction. Moreover, the surface profile was analyzed by XPS and roughness measurements. The XPS measurements showed that the thickness of the Si and Al oxide layers increased from 14 to 76 nm after die-quenching, and that the surface roughness increased as well as a result of volume changes caused by phase transformations. In addition to the FeAl(Si) and Fe2Al5 phases and the interdiffusion layer forming complex structures in the coating, electron diffraction confirmed the presence of an Fe2Al5 phase, and also revealed very thin layers of Fe3(Al,Si)C, Fe2(Al,Si)5 and Al-bearing rod-shaped particles in the immediate vicinity of the steel interface. Moreover, the scattered nonuniform layer of the Fe2Al8Si phase was identified in the outermost layer of the coating. Despite numerous studies devoted to researching the phase composition of the Al-Si coating applied to hot stamped steel, electron diffraction revealed very thin layers and particles on the coating/substrate interface and outermost layer, which have not been analyzed in detail.
The Effect of Welding Current and Electrode Force on the Heat Input, Weld Diameter, and Physical and Mechanical Properties of SS316L/Ti6Al4V Dissimilar Resistance Spot Welding with Aluminum Interlayer
Authors: Taufiqurrahman Iqbal , Ahmad Azlan , Mustapha Mazli , Lenggo Ginta Turnad , Ady Farizan Haryoko Luthfi , Ahmed Shozib Imtiaz
Published: February 2021

Welding parameters obviously determine the joint quality during the resistance spot welding process. This study aimed to investigate the effect of welding current and electrode force on the heat input and the physical and mechanical properties of a SS316L and Ti6Al4V joint with an aluminum interlayer. The weld current values used in this study were 11, 12, and 13 kA, while the electrode force values were 3, 4, and 5 kN. Welding time and holding time remained constant at 30 cycles. The study revealed that, as the welding current and electrode force increased, the generated heat input increased significantly. The highest tensile-shear load was recorded at 8.71 kN using 11 kA of weld current and 3 kN of electrode force. The physical properties examined the formation of a brittle fracture and several weld defects on the high current welded joint. The increase in weld current also increased the weld diameter. The microstructure analysis revealed no phase transformation on the SS316L interface; instead, the significant grain growth occurred. The phase transformation has occurred on the Ti6Al4V interface. The intermetallic compound layer was also investigated in detail using the EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analyses. It was also found that both stainless steel and titanium alloy have their own fusion zone, which is indicated by the highest microhardness value.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on C/SiC Composite Z-Pinned/Bonded Hybrid Single-Lap Joints
Authors: Wang Yao , Wang Xiaodong , Guan Zhidong , Xu Jifeng , Guo Xia
Published: February 2021

Z-pinned/bonded joints are great potential connection components that have been used in the 2D C/SiC composite structures; however, the hybrid joints present complex failure mechanism considering the secondary deposited SiC matrix in the clearance. Therefore, the mechanical performance and failure mechanism of the joints are investigated through experimental and numerical methods in this paper. Experiment results show that two peaks exist in the load–displacement curves. The first load peak is 2891–4172 N with the corresponding displacement of 0.10–0.15 mm, and the second load peak is 2670–2919 N with the corresponding displacement of 0.21–0.25 mm. Besides that, the secondary deposited SiC matrix exhibits discrete distribution, and it has significant effects on the failure mechanism. Validated by experimental data, the proposed three-dimensional numerical model based on modified Hashin’s criterion and fastener element can predict the mechanical performance and failure process. The numerical results indicate that the first load peak is dominated by the deposited SiC matrix near the edge, while the second peak is dominated by the z-pin and the SiC matrix near the z-pin. Moreover, the effects of the deposited SiC matrix’s strength and distribution are discussed, which is meaningful to the optimal design of C/SiC composite z-pinned/bonded hybrid single-lap joints.
Antimicrobial Active Bioplastics Using Triangular Silver Nanoplate Integrated Polycaprolactone and Polylactic Acid Films
Authors: Garcia Eduardo Lanzagorta , Attallah Olivia A. , Mojicevic Marija , Devine Declan M , Brennan Fournet Margaret
Published: February 2021

An innovative antimicrobial technology for plastic surfaces is presented. We report the synthesis and scale-up of triangular silver nanoplates (TSNPs) and their integration into polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA) polymers through a solvent-casting technique. The TSNPs have a high geometric aspect ratio and strong local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) response, which provides an effective tool for monitoring their integrity during processing and integration with the biodegradable plastics. An aqueous-based seed-mediated chemical method was used to synthesize the TSNPs, and characterisation was carried out using TEM and UV (Ultraviolet)-VIS (Visible) spectroscopy to measure LSPR profiles. The UV-VIS spectra of silver seeds and TSNPs exhibited characteristic peaks at 395 and 600 nm respectively. Synthesized TSNPs were coated with thiol-terminated polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG) and transferred into chloroform in order to effect compatibility with PCL and PLA. TSNP/PCL and TSNP/PLA composite films were prepared by solvent casting. The morphological structure, thermal, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of the TSNP-incorporated composite films were evaluated. Results showed the TSNP-treated films had a rougher surface than the bare films. Insignificant changes in the thermal properties of TSNP-treated films compared to bare ones were also observed, which indicated the thermal stability of the composite films. The tensile strength and antimicrobial properties of the composite films were increased after TSNP incorporation. TSNP/PCL and TSNP/PLA films exhibited improved antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with antimicrobial effect (AE) values ranging between 0.10 and 0.35. The obtained results and demonstrated TSNP production scalability validate the TSNP treated PCL and PLA films as a composite material with desirable antimicrobial effect for wide-ranging surface applications.
Mathematical Analysis of the Process Forces Effect on Collet Chuck Holders
Authors: Soriano-Heras Enrique , Rubio Higinio , Bustos Alejandro , Castejon Cristina
Published: February 2021

Chuck holders are widely used for jobs with high precision. A chuck holder consists of a nut with a tapered surface and a thin-slotted clamping sleeve typically made of hardened steel and named a collet. Chuck holders are, essentially, wedge mechanisms. In this paper, we investigated the reactions and strains due to the forces during the chip removal process in the contact elements or jaws of the collet by means of mathematical analysis. Deflections in the jaws of the collet arise with a high influence from the precision of the workpieces. The cutting or process forces cause an axial force, a radial force, a torsional moment, and a bending moment on the chuck collet, and, consequently, displacements and inclinations of the clamping system are caused. Therefore, the proposed analytical models are based on elasticity and contact theories. The mathematical model for determining the deflections of the clamping system force was developed and implemented using MATLAB. The results showed that the variation in the clamping force during rotation in a collet chuck holder mainly depends on the stiffness of the collet chuck holder and the stiffness of the workpiece. The results indicated that the collet should be vulcanized to minimize the deformations that affect the final product. The deflections of a collet chuck holder due to process forces depend strongly on the clearances, wedge angle, and stiffness of the collet.
On Graded 2-Prime Ideals
Authors: Bataineh Malik , Abu-Dawwas Rashid
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of graded 2-prime ideals as a new generalization of graded prime ideals. We show that graded 2-prime ideals and graded semi-prime ideals are different. Furthermore, we show that graded 2-prime ideals and graded weakly prime ideals are also different. Several properties of graded 2-prime ideals are investigated. We study graded rings in which every graded 2-prime ideal is graded prime, we call such a graded ring a graded 2-P-ring. Moreover, we introduce the concept of graded semi-primary ideals, and show that graded 2-prime ideals and graded semi-primary ideals are different concepts. In fact, we show that graded semi-primary, graded 2-prime and graded primary ideals are equivalent over Z-graded principal ideal domain.
Fucoxanthin Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis via Modulation of MAP Kinase and Nrf2 Signaling
Authors: Ha You-Jung , Choi Yong Seok , Oh Ye Rim , Kang Eun Ha , Khang Gilson , Park Yong-Beom , Lee Yun Jong
Published: February 2021

Fucoxanthin (FX), a natural carotenoid present in edible brown seaweed, is known for its therapeutic potential in various diseases, including bone disease. However, its underlying regulatory mechanisms in osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of FX on osteoclast differentiation and its regulatory signaling pathway. In vitro studies were performed using osteoclast-like RAW264.7 cells stimulated with the soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand or tumor necrosis factor-alpha/interleukin-6. FX treatment significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption ability, and downregulated the expression of osteoclast-specific markers such as nuclear factor of activated T cells 1, dendritic cell-specific seven transmembrane protein, and matrix metallopeptidase 9. Intracellular signaling pathway analysis revealed that FX specifically decreased the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 kinase, and increased the nuclear translocation of phosphonuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Our results suggest that FX regulates the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Nrf2. Therefore, FX is a potential therapeutic agent for osteoclast-related skeletal disorders including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Influences of pH and EDTA Additive on the Structure of Ni Films Electrodeposited by Using Bubble Templates as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yu Xiangtao , Yang Jun , Ren Xiangyu , Sui Zhuyin
Published: February 2021

The structure of Ni films is essential to their electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The pH value and EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) additive are important factors for the structure control of electrodeposited metal films due to their adjustment of metal electrocrystallization and hydrogen evolution side reactions. The structures of Ni films from 3D (three-dimensional) porous to compact and flat structure are electrodeposited by adjusting solution pH values or adding EDTA. It is found that when pH value increases from 7.7 to 8.1, 3D porous films change to compact films with many protrusions. Further increasing the pH value or adding 0.1 M EDTA causes compact and flat films without protrusions to appear. When pH ≤ 7.7, hydrogen bubbles with large break-off diameter are easily adsorbed on film surface acting as porous structure templates, and the electroactive ion species, Ni2+ and Ni(NH3)n2+ complexes with low coordination number (n ≤ 3), possess high reduction overpotential, which is beneficial to forming protrusions and smaller particles. So, porous Ni films are electrodeposited. In solutions with pH ≥ 8.1 or 0.1 M EDTA, Ni(NH3)n2+ complexes with high coordination number (6 ≥ n ≥ 3) and hexadentate chelate are formed. Due to the improved wettability, bubbles with a small break-off diameter rapidly detach the film surface resulting in strong stirring. The reduction overpotential is reduced, leading to the formation of larger particles. Therefore, the solution leveling ability increases, and it is difficult to form protrusions, thus it forms a compact and flat film. The 3D porous film exhibits excellent catalytic performance for HER due to the large catalytic activity area.
Assessing Pretreatment Effectiveness for Particulate, Organic and Biological Fouling in a Full-Scale SWRO Desalination Plant
Authors: Abushaban Almotasembellah , Salinas-Rodriguez Sergio G. , Pastorelli Delia , Schippers Jan C. , Mondal Subhanjan , Goueli Said , Kennedy Maria D.
Published: February 2021

In this study, the removal of particulate, organic and biological fouling potential was investigated in the two-stage dual media filtration (DMF) pretreatment of a full-scale seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant. Moreover, the removal of fouling potential in two-stage DMF (DMF pretreatment) was compared with the removal in two-stage DMF installed after dissolved air floatation (DAF) (DAF-DMF pretreatment). For this purpose, the silt density index (SDI), modified fouling index (MFI), bacterial growth potential (BGP), organic fractions and microbial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were monitored in the pretreatment processes of two full-scale SWRO plants. Particulate fouling potential was well controlled through the two stages of DMF with significant removal of SDI15 (>80%), MFI0.45 (94%) and microbial ATP (>95%). However, lower removal of biological/organic fouling potential (24–41%) was observed due to frequent chlorination (weekly) of the pretreatment, resulting in low biological activity in the DMFs. Therefore, neutralizing chlorine before media filtration is advised, rather than after, as is the current practice in many full-scale SWRO plants. Comparing overall removal in the DAF-DMF pretreatment to that of the DMF pretreatment showed that DAF improved the removal of biological/organic fouling potential, in which the removal of BGP and biopolymers increased by 40% and 16%, respectively. Overall, monitoring ATP and BGP during the pretreatment processes, particularly in DMF, would be beneficial to enhance biological degradation and lower biofouling potential in SWRO feed water.
Outcome Prediction in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation—A Retrospective International Multicenter Study
Authors: Supady Alexander , DellaVolpe Jeff , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Scharpf Dominik , Ulmer Matthias , Lepper Philipp M. , Halbe Maximilian , Ziegeler Stephan , Vogt Alexander , Ramanan Raj , Boldt David , Stecher Stephanie-Susanne , Montisci Andrea , Spangenberg Tobias , Marggraf Olivier , Kunavarapu Chandra , Peluso Lorenzo , Muenz Sebastian , Buerle Monica , Nagaraj Naveen G. , Nuding Sebastian , Toma Catalin , Gudzenko Vadim , Stemmler Hans Joachim , Pappalardo Federico , Trummer Georg , Benk Christoph , Michels Guido , Duerschmied Daniel , von zur Muehlen Constantin , Bode Christoph , Kaier Klaus , Brodie Daniel , Wengenmayer Tobias , Staudacher Dawid L.
Published: February 2021

The role of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy (V-V ECMO) in severe COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is still under debate and conclusive data from large cohorts are scarce. Furthermore, criteria for the selection of patients that benefit most from this highly invasive and resource-demanding therapy are yet to be defined. In this study, we assess survival in an international multicenter cohort of COVID-19 patients treated with V-V ECMO and evaluate the performance of several clinical scores to predict 30-day survival. Methods: This is an investigator-initiated retrospective non-interventional international multicenter registry study (NCT04405973, first registered 28 May 2020). In 127 patients treated with V-V ECMO at 15 centers in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, and the United States, we calculated the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) Score, Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction (RESP) Score, Predicting Death for Severe ARDS on V-V ECMO (PRESERVE) Score, and 30-day survival. Results: In our study cohort which enrolled 127 patients, overall 30-day survival was 54%. Median SOFA, SAPS II, APACHE II, RESP, and PRESERVE were 9, 36, 17, 1, and 4, respectively. The prognostic accuracy for all these scores (area under the receiver operating characteristic—AUROC) ranged between 0.548 and 0.605. Conclusions: The use of scores for the prediction of mortality cannot be recommended for treatment decisions in severe COVID-19 ARDS undergoing V-V ECMO; nevertheless, scoring results below or above a specific cut-off value may be considered as an additional tool in the evaluation of prognosis. Survival rates in this cohort of COVID-19 patients treated with V-V ECMO were slightly lower than those reported in non-COVID-19 ARDS patients treated with V-V ECMO.
Influence of CFRC Insulating Plates on Spark Plasma Sintering Process
Authors: Laptev Alexander M. , Hennicke Jürgen , Ihl Robert
Published: February 2021

Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is a technology used for fast consolidation of metallic, ceramic, and composite powders. The upscaling of this technology requires a reduction in energy consumption and homogenization of temperature in compacts. The application of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Carbon (CFRC) insulating plates between the sintering setup and the electrodes is frequently considered as a measure to attain these goals. However, the efficiency of such a practice remains largely unexplored so far. In the present paper, the impact of CFRC plates on required power, total sintering energy, and temperature distribution was investigated by experiments and by Finite Element Modeling (FEM). The study was performed at a temperature of 1000 °C with a graphite dummy mimicking an SPS setup. A rather moderate influence of CFRC plates on power and energy demand was found. Furthermore, the cooling stage becomes considerably longer. However, the application of CFRC plates leads to a significant reduction in the axial temperature gradient. The comparative analysis of experimental and modeling results showed the good capability of the FEM method for prediction of temperature distribution and required electric current. However, a discrepancy between measured and calculated voltage and power was found. This issue must be further investigated, considering the influence of AC harmonics in the DC field.
Solanum lycopersicum Seedlings. Metabolic Responses Induced by the Alkamide Affinin
Authors: Campos-García Tonatiu , Molina-Torres Jorge
Published: February 2021

Alkamides have been observed to interact in different ways in several superior organisms and have been used in traditional medicine in many countries e.g., to relieve pain. Previous studies showed that affinin when applied to other plant species induces prominent changes in the root architecture and induces transcriptional adjustments; however, little is known about the metabolic pathways recruited by plants in response to alkamides. Previous published work with Arabidopsis seedlings treated in vitro with affinin at 50 µM significantly reduced primary root length. In tomato seedlings, that concentration did not reduce root growth but increase the number and length of lateral roots. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis by Gas Chromatography couplet to Mass Spectrometry (GC/EIMS) showed that, in tomato seedlings, affinin increased the accumulation of several metabolites leading to an enrichment of several metabolic pathways. Affinin at 100 µM alters the accumulation of metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids. Finally, our results showed a response possibly associated with nitrogen, GABA shunt and serine pathways, in addition to a possible alteration in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), interesting topics to understand the molecular and metabolic mechanisms in response to alkamide in plants.
Non-Target Site Mechanisms of Fungicide Resistance in Crop Pathogens: A Review
Authors: Hu Mengjun , Chen Shuning
Published: February 2021

The rapid emergence of resistance in plant pathogens to the limited number of chemical classes of fungicides challenges sustainability and profitability of crop production worldwide. Understanding mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance facilitates monitoring of resistant populations at large-scale, and can guide and accelerate the development of novel fungicides. A majority of modern fungicides act to disrupt a biochemical function via binding a specific target protein in the pathway. While target-site based mechanisms such as alternation and overexpression of target genes have been commonly found to confer resistance across many fungal species, it is not uncommon to encounter resistant phenotypes without altered or overexpressed target sites. However, such non-target site mechanisms are relatively understudied, due in part to the complexity of the fungal genome network. This type of resistance can oftentimes be transient and noninheritable, further hindering research efforts. In this review, we focused on crop pathogens and summarized reported mechanisms of resistance that are otherwise related to target-sites, including increased activity of efflux pumps, metabolic circumvention, detoxification, standing genetic variations, regulation of stress response pathways, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations. In addition, novel mechanisms of drug resistance recently characterized in human pathogens are reviewed in the context of nontarget-directed resistance.
Contribution of ERT on the Study of Ag-Pb-Zn, Fluorite, and Barite Deposits in Northeast Mexico
Authors: Batista-Rodríguez José Alberto , Pérez-Flores Marco Antonio
Published: February 2021

The results on the effectiveness of five 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey profiles for Ag-Pb-Zn, fluorite, and barite exploration Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) and on the magmatic deposits of northeast Mexico, are presented. The profiles were made in areas with mining activities or mineralization outcrops. Schlumberger, dipole-dipole, and Wenner array configurations were used on the measurements. The results showed that electric resistivity can be used to distinguish between mineralized zones. In magmatic-type Pb-Zn and MVT Pb-Zn deposits, resistivity values are shown as low. In magmatic-type fluorite and MVT fluorite deposits, as well as the MVT barite deposit, low-resistivity values are related to Fe sulfides and clays. With these results it is possible to connect observed surface mineralization with underground mineralization. New mineralized zones are also found and their geometries, extensions, and dipping are reported. Therefore, lower resistivity values can be linked to mineral bodies with higher Ag-Pb-Zn contents, as well as bodies enriched in Fe sulfides, Fe oxides, and clays in the fluorite and barite mineralizations. In most ERT models, fractures and faults are identified, indicating a structural control on mineralization. From the geoelectric patterns we can infer the magmatic and MVT origin of these mineral deposits.
The Potential Effect of β-Ionone and β-Damascenone on Sensory Perception of Pinot Noir Wine Aroma
Authors: Tomasino Elizabeth , Bolman Shiloh
Published: February 2021

Volatile compounds are responsible for driving the aroma of wine. Because of their low perception thresholds, norisoprenoids may play an important role in wine aroma. Studies have shown that β-damascenone may act as an aroma enhancing compound. However, the direct impact on wine aroma is unclear. Our study examined the direct impact of β-ionone and β-damascenone on the aroma sensory perception of Pinot noir wines. Triangle tests were used to determine if assessors could distinguish between wines with varying concentrations of β-ionone and β-damascenone in three different Pinot noir wine matrixes. Descriptive analysis was performed on these treatments, perceived as different in triangle tests. Results show that β-ionone acts as a significant contributor to aromas in Pinot noir wine, as individuals could differentiate both the low and high concentration wines from the control. How β-ionone impacted wine aroma depends on the wine matrix, as different aroma descriptors were affected based on the model wine used, resulting in floral, red berry or dark berry aromas. The effect of β-damascenone on Pinot noir aroma was less clear, as perception seems to be heavily influenced by wine matrix composition. This study contributes to our understanding of the complex chemical causation of fruity aromas in Pinot noir wine.