bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attempts to Improve the Subsurface Properties of Horizontally-Formed Cementitious Composites Using Tin(II) Fluoride Nanoparticles
Authors: Krzywiński Kamil , Sadowski Łukasz , Szymanowski Jacek , Żak Andrzej , Piechówka-Mielnik Magdalena
Published: January 2020

This article presents studies that were performed in order to improve the subsurface properties of horizontally-formed cementitious composites using tin(II) fluoride nanoparticles. The main aim of the study was to solve the problem of the decrease in subsurface properties caused by mortar bleeding and the segregation of the aggregate along the height of the overlay. The article also aims to highlight the patch grabbing difficulties that occur during the process of forming horizontally-formed cementitious composites. Four specimens were analyzed: one reference sample and three samples modified with the addition of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of tin(II) fluoride nanoparticles in relation to the cement mass. To analyze the mechanical properties of the specimens, non-destructive (ultrasonic pulse velocity) and destructive tests (flexural tensile strength, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, pull-off strength) were performed. It was indicated that due to the addition of the tin(II) fluoride, it was possible to enhance the subsurface tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the tested cementitious composites. To confirm the obtained macroscopic results, the porosity of the subsurface was measured using SEM. It was also shown that the addition of the tin(II) fluoride nanoparticles did not reduce its flexural and compressive strength. The results show that horizontally-formed cementitious composites with the addition of 1.0% of tin(II) fluoride nanoparticles in relation to the cement mass obtained the most effective mechanical performance, especially with regard to subsurface properties.
Significance of Arrhenius Activation Energy and Binary Chemical Reaction in Mixed Convection Flow of Nanofluid Due to a Rotating Disk
Authors: Alghamdi Metib
Published: January 2020

This article addresses mixed convective 3D nanoliquid flow by a rotating disk with activation energy and magnetic field. Flow was created by a rotating disk. Velocity, concentration and temperature slips at the surface of a rotating disk were considered. Impacts of Brownian diffusion and thermophoretic were additionally accounted for. The non-linear frameworks are simplified by suitable variables. The shooting method is utilized to develop the numerical solution of resulting problem. Plots were prepared just to explore that how concentration and temperature are impacted by different pertinent flow parameters. Sherwood and Nusselt numbers were additionally plotted and explored. Furthermore, the concentration and temperature were enhanced for larger values of Hartman number. However, the heat transfer rate (Nusselt number) diminishes when the thermophoresis parameter enlarges.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Overstory Canopy and Sex-Biased Density Dependence on Reproduction in the Dioecious Shrub Shepherdia canadensis (Elaeagnaceae)
Authors: Bateman Tyler J. , Nielsen Scott E.
Published: January 2020

This study assessed the reproductive success of a temperate dioecious shrub, Canada buffaloberry, Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt., in central Alberta, Canada, by examining the effects of spatial patterns and overstory canopy on flower and fruit production. S. canadensis is more abundant and productive (more fruit) at forest edges and in forest gaps, suggesting a dependence on higher light conditions than is typical of late-seral forests. We used path analysis to demonstrate that flower and fruit production exhibited density-dependent effects at a scale of 50 m2 around focal female plants. Fruit production was positively affected by male intraspecific density (pollen supply) and negatively affected by female intraspecific density (pollen competition), but not correlated with overall intraspecific density. The effects of sex-differentiated density are partly due to pollinator responses to male plant density. Flower production was positively affected by overall intraspecific density. A pollen supplementation trial doubled fruit production relative to a control, demonstrating that local male density (pollen availability) and pollinator activity can limit fruit production in S. canadensis. Canopy cover was negatively related to both flower and total fruit production, with approximately one-third (34%) of the total effect of canopy on fruit production due to the effect of canopy on flower production. The commonly observed negative association between canopy cover and fruit production in buffaloberry, therefore, is partly a result of the reduction first in flower number and second in fruit set. This study clarifies the mechanisms associated with the often-noted observation, but not previously assessed at the level of individuals, that reproductive output in S. canadensis is density dependent, limited by canopy cover through reductions in both flowering and fruit set, and pollinator limited. These findings hold implications for managing animal species that depend on the fruit of S. canadensis and suggest future directions for research on dioecious and actinorhizal species.
Patterns in Alpha and Beta Phytoplankton Diversity along a Conductivity Gradient in Coastal Mediterranean Lagoons
Authors: Stefanidou Natassa , Katsiapi Matina , Tsianis Dimitris , Demertzioglou Maria , Michaloudi Evangelia , Moustaka-Gouni Maria
Published: January 2020

Understanding the diversity patterns of phytoplankton assemblages in coastal lagoons is clearly important for water management. In this study, we explored alpha and beta diversity patterns in phytoplankton communities across five Mediterranean lagoons hydrologically connected to Vistonikos Gulf. We examined the phytoplankton community composition and biomass on a monthly basis from November 2018 to October 2019. For this, water samples were collected from seven inshore, brackish and coastal waters, sampling sites covering a wide range of conductivity. We found significant spatial and temporal differences in phytoplankton alpha diversity and in phytoplankton biomass metrics explained by the high variation of conductivity. Evenness remained low throughout the study period, reflecting significant dominance of several phytoplankton blooms. Harmful algal blooms of Prorocentrum minimum, Alexandrium sp., Rhizosolenia setigera and Cylindrotheca closterium occurred. The system’s species pool was characterized by relatively high phytoplankton beta diversity (average ~0.7) resulting from high temporal species turnover (90%). Overall, alpha and beta diversity components were indicative of rather heterogeneous phytoplankton communities which were associated with the high differences in conductivity among the sampling sites.
The Effects of Habitat Heterogeneity at Distinct Spatial Scales on Hard-Bottom-Associated Communities
Authors: Gallucci Fabiane , A. Christofoletti Ronaldo , Fonseca Gustavo , M. Dias Gustavo
Published: January 2020

For marine benthic communities, environmental heterogeneity at small spatial scales are mostly due to biologically produced habitat heterogeneity and biotic interactions, while at larger spatial scales environmental factors may prevails over biotic features. In this study, we investigated how community structure and β-diversity of hard-bottom-associated meio- and macrofauna varied in relation to small-scale (cm–m) changes in biological substrate (an algae “turf” dominated by the macroalgae Gelidium sp., the macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and the sponge Hymeniacidon heliophile) in a rocky shore and in relation to larger-scale (10’s m) changes in environmental conditions of the same biological substrate (the macroalgae Bostrychia sp) in different habitats (rocky shore vs. mangrove roots). Results showed that both substrate identity and the surrounding environment were important in structuring the smaller-sized meiofauna, particularly the nematode assemblages, whereas the larger and more motile macrofauna was influenced only by larger-scale changes in the surrounding ecosystem. This implies that the macrofauna explores the environment in a larger spatial scale compared to the meiofauna, suggesting that effects of spatial heterogeneity on communities are dependent on organism size and mobility. Changes in taxa composition between environments and substrates highlight the importance of habitat diversity at different scales for maintaining the diversity of the associated fauna.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Dentistry Journal in 2019
Authors:   Dentistry Journal Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...]
Association between Mean Heart Rate and Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Calderón-Juárez Martín , González-Gómez Gertrudis Hortensia , Echeverría Juan C. , Pérez-Grovas Héctor , Lerma Claudia
Published: January 2020

Linear heart rate variability (HRV) indices are dependent on the mean heart rate, which has been demonstrated in different models (from sinoatrial cells to humans). The association between nonlinear HRV indices, including those provided by recurrence plot quantitative analysis (RQA), and the mean heart rate (or the mean cardiac period, also called meanNN) has been scarcely studied. For this purpose, we analyzed RQA indices of five minute-long HRV time series obtained in the supine position and during active standing from 30 healthy subjects and 29 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients (before and after hemodialysis). In the supine position, ESRD patients showed shorter meanNN (i.e., faster heart rate) and decreased variability compared to healthy subjects. The healthy subjects responded to active standing by shortening the meanNN and decreasing HRV indices to reach similar values of ESRD patients. Bivariate correlations between all RQA indices and meanNN were significant in healthy subjects and ESRD after hemodialysis and for most RQA indices in ESRD patients before hemodialysis. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that RQA indices were also dependent on the position and the ESRD condition. Then, future studies should consider the association among RQA indices, meanNN, and these other factors for a correct interpretation of HRV.
Linear Programming and Fuzzy Optimization to Substantiate Investment Decisions in Tangible Assets
Authors: Boloș Marcel-Ioan , Bradea Ioana-Alexandra , Delcea Camelia
Published: January 2020

This paper studies the problem of tangible assets acquisition within the company by proposing a new hybrid model that uses linear programming and fuzzy numbers. Regarding linear programming, two methods were implemented in the model, namely: the graphical method and the primal simplex algorithm. This hybrid model is proposed for solving investment decision problems, based on decision variables, objective function coefficients, and a matrix of constraints, all of them presented in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers. Solving the primal simplex algorithm using fuzzy numbers and coefficients, allowed the results of the linear programming problem to also be in the form of fuzzy variables. The fuzzy variables compared to the crisp variables allow the determination of optimal intervals for which the objective function has values depending on the fuzzy variables. The major advantage of this model is that the results are presented as value ranges that intervene in the decision-making process. Thus, the company’s decision makers can select any of the result values as they satisfy two basic requirements namely: minimizing/maximizing the objective function and satisfying the basic requirements regarding the constraints resulting from the company’s activity. The paper is accompanied by a practical example.
Entropy 2019 Best Paper Award
Authors: Entropy Editorial Office Entropy
Published: January 2020

On behalf of the Editor-in-Chief, Prof [...]
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Education Sciences in 2019
Authors:   Education Sciences Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...]
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Electronics in 2019
Authors: Electronics Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

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Maximized Privacy-Preserving Outsourcing on Support Vector Clustering
Authors: Ping Yuan , Hao Bin , Hei Xiali , Wu Jie , Wang Baocang
Published: January 2020

Despite its remarkable capability in handling arbitrary cluster shapes, support vector clustering (SVC) suffers from pricey storage of kernel matrix and costly computations. Outsourcing data or function on demand is intuitively expected, yet it raises a great violation of privacy. We propose maximized privacy-preserving outsourcing on SVC (MPPSVC), which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first all-phase outsourceable solution. For privacy-preserving, we exploit the properties of homomorphic encryption and secure two-party computation. To break through the operation limitation, we propose a reformative SVC with elementary operations (RSVC-EO, the core of MPPSVC), in which a series of designs make selective outsourcing phase possible. In the training phase, we develop a dual coordinate descent solver, which avoids interactions before getting the encrypted coefficient vector. In the labeling phase, we design a fresh convex decomposition cluster labeling, by which no iteration is required by convex decomposition and no sampling checks exist in connectivity analysis. Afterward, we customize secure protocols to match these operations for essential interactions in the encrypted domain. Considering the privacy-preserving property and efficiency in a semi-honest environment, we proved MPPSVC’s robustness against adversarial attacks. Our experimental results confirm that MPPSVC achieves comparable accuracies to RSVC-EO, which outperforms the state-of-the-art variants of SVC.
Discrete Sliding Mode Speed Control of Induction Motor Using Time-Varying Switching Line
Authors: Tarchała Grzegorz , Orłowska-Kowalska Teresa
Published: January 2020

Sliding mode control (SMC) of electric drives constitutes a very popular control method for nonlinear multivariable and time-varying systems, e.g., induction motor (IM) drives. Nowadays, IM are the most popular electrical machines (EM) applied in many industrial applications as motion control devices, including electrical and hybrid vehicles. Nowadays, the control systems of EM are mostly realized using digital techniques (microprocessors and microcontrollers). Therefore, all control algorithms should be discretized or the whole control system should be designed in the discrete-time domain. This paper deals with a discrete-time sliding mode control (DSMC) for IM drives. The discrete algorithms for sliding mode control of the motor speed and rotor flux are derived in detail and next tested in simulation research. The simulation tests include the discrete nature of the power converter supplying the IM and present excellent performance of the developed control structure. To obtain the rotor speed regulation invariant to external disturbances, like load torque or inertia, especially during the reaching phase of the switching line, the discrete version of a time-varying switching line was introduced. It is shown that the assumed dynamics of the IM flux and speed is achieved and the proposed control algorithm can be realized using commonly available microcontrollers. The paper is illustrated with comprehensive simulation results for 1.5 kW IM drive, which are verified by experimental tests.
Fusion High-Resolution Network for Diagnosing ChestX-ray Images
Authors: Huang Zhiwei , Lin Jinzhao , Xu Liming , Wang Huiqian , Bai Tong , Pang Yu , Meen Teen-Hang
Published: January 2020

The application of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) in the field of medical image processing has attracted extensive attention and demonstrated remarkable progress. An increasing number of deep learning methods have been devoted to classifying ChestX-ray (CXR) images, and most of the existing deep learning methods are based on classic pretrained models, trained by global ChestX-ray images. In this paper, we are interested in diagnosing ChestX-ray images using our proposed Fusion High-Resolution Network (FHRNet). The FHRNet concatenates the global average pooling layers of the global and local feature extractors—it consists of three branch convolutional neural networks and is fine-tuned for thorax disease classification. Compared with the results of other available methods, our experimental results showed that the proposed model yields a better disease classification performance for the ChestX-ray 14 dataset, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve and area-under-the-curve score. An ablation study further confirmed the effectiveness of the global and local branch networks in improving the classification accuracy of thorax diseases.
Vehicular Navigation Based on the Fusion of 3D-RISS and Machine Learning Enhanced Visual Data in Challenging Environments
Authors: Sun Yunlong , Guan Lianwu , Wu Menghao , Gao Yanbin , Chang Zhanyuan
Published: January 2020

Based on the 3D Reduced Inertial Sensor System (3D-RISS) and the Machine Learning Enhanced Visual Data (MLEVD), an integrated vehicle navigation system is proposed in this paper. In demanding conditions such as outdoor satellite signal interference and indoor navigation, this work incorporates vehicle smooth navigation. Firstly, a landmark is set up and both of its size and position are accurately measured. Secondly, the image with the landmark information is captured quickly by using the machine learning. Thirdly, the template matching method and the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) are then used to correct the errors of the Inertial Navigation System (INS), which employs the 3D-RISS to reduce the overall cost and ensuring the vehicular positioning accuracy simultaneously. Finally, both outdoor and indoor experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the 3D-RISS/MLEVD integrated navigation technology. Results reveal that the proposed method can effectively reduce the accumulated error of the INS with time while maintaining the positioning error within a few meters.
The Use of Plant Biomass Pellets for Energy Production by Combustion in Dedicated Furnaces
Authors: Greinert Andrzej , Mrówczyńska Maria , Grech Radosław , Szefner Wojciech
Published: January 2020

Biomass combustion is technologically difficult. It is also problematic because of the necessity to manage the ash that is generated in the process. The combustion of biomass pellets is optimum when their moisture is 6–8%. The calorific value of pellets made from straw and willow wood (4:1) was 17.3–20.1 MJ∙kg−1. There were serious problems with burning this material caused by the accumulation and melting of bottom ash on the grate, which damaged the furnace. These problems with optimizing the biomass combustion process resulted in increased CO emissions into the atmosphere. It was shown that pelletization could also be used to consolidate the ash generated during the combustion process, which would eliminate secondary dust during transport to the utilization site. For this purpose, it was suggested to add binding substances such as bentonite and bran. The analysis showed that an optimum material for pelletization should contain, on average, 880 g of ash, 120 g of bentonite, 108 g of bran, and 130 g of water.
Multileg Interleaved Buck Converter for EV Charging: Discrete-Time Model and Direct Control Design
Authors: Cuoghi Stefania , Mandrioli Riccardo , Ntogramatzidis Lorenzo , Gabriele Grandi
Published: January 2020

This paper presents the modeling and the implementation of the digital control of a multileg interleaved DC-DC buck converter for electrical vehicle (EV) charging. Firstly, we derive a discrete averaged model of an n-leg interleaved buck converter (IBC). Secondly, we present a direct tuning procedure for one primary discrete PIDF (PID + filter) and multiple secondary PI controller. The objective of the control system is to regulate the current flow in each leg of the converter. This task is accomplished by introducing a novel control paradigm that simultaneously addresses two aims: on the one hand, the control scheme must guarantee an acceptable level of robustness under load variations; while on the other, an even distribution of power on each leg must be ensured at any operational condition. The proposed strategy hinges on a technique that combines simplicity and precision in the fulfillment of design frequency specifications. We use simulations and a digital signal processor (DSP) based experimental implementation of the design technique to validate the proposed methodology.
Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of a Wavy Airfoil for Ultra-Low Reynolds Number Regime in Gliding Flight
Authors: Tang Hui , Lei Yulong , Li Xingzhong , Gao Ke , Li Yanli
Published: January 2020

The effect of the number of waves and the width of the ridge and valley in chord direction for a wavy airfoil was investigated at the angle of attack of 0 ∘ and Reynolds number of 10 3 through using the two-dimensional direct numerical simulation for four kinds of wavy airfoil shapes. A new method for parameterizing a wavy airfoil was proposed. In comparison with the original corrugated airfoil profile, the wavy airfoils that have more distinct waves show a lower aerodynamic efficiency and the wavy airfoils that have less distinct waves show higher aerodynamic performance. For the breakdown of the lift and drag concerning the pressure stress and friction stress contributions, the pressure stress component is significantly dominant for all wavy airfoil shapes concerning the lift. Concerning the drag, the pressure stress component is about 75 % for the wavy airfoils that have more distinct waves, while the frictional stress component is about 70 % for the wavy airfoils that have less distinct waves. From the distribution of pressure isoline and streamlines around wavy airfoils, it is confirmed that the pressure contributions of the drag are dominant due to high pressure on the upstream side and low pressure on the downside; the frictional contribution of the drag is dominant due to large surface areas of the airfoil facing the external flow. The effect of the angle of attack on the aerodynamic efficiency for various wavy airfoil geometries was studied as well. Aerodynamic shape optimization based on the continuous adjoint approach was applied to obtain as much as possible the highest global aerodynamic efficiency wavy airfoil shape. The optimal airfoil shape corresponds to an increase of 60 % and 62 % over the aerodynamic efficiency and the lift from the initial geometry, respectively, when optimal airfoil has an approximate drag coefficient compared to the initial geometry. Concerning an fixed angle of attack, the optimal airfoil is statically unstable in the range of the angle of attack from − 1 ∘ to 6 ∘ , statically quasi-stable from − 6 ∘ to − 2 ∘ , where the vortex is shedding at the optimal airfoil leading edge. Concerning an angle of attack passively varied due to the fluid force, the optimal airfoil keeps the initial angle of attack value with an initial disturbance, then quickly increases the angle of attack and diverges in the positive direction.
Coupling of CH4 to C2 Hydrocarbons in a Packed Bed DBD Plasma Reactor: The Effect of Dielectric Constant and Porosity of the Packing
Authors: Taheraslani Mohammadreza , Gardeniers Han
Published: January 2020

The conversion of methane was investigated in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor operated at ambient conditions. High dielectric BaTiO3 was utilized as packing in comparison with γ-alumina, α-alumina, and silica-SBA-15. Results show a considerably lower conversion of CH4 and C2 yield for the BaTiO3 packed reactor, which is even less than that obtained for the nonpacked reactor. In contrast, the low dielectric alumina (γ and α) packed reactor improved the conversion of CH4 and C2 yield. Additionally, the alumina packed reactor shifted the distribution of C2 compounds towards C2H4 higher than that obtained for the nonpacked reactor and resulted in a higher energy efficiency compared to the BaTiO3 packed reactor. This is attributed to the small pore size of BaTiO3 (10–200 nm) and its high dielectric constant, whereas the polarization inside small pores does not lead to the formation of an overall strong electric field.
A Novel Harmonic Suppression Traction Transformer with Integrated Filtering Inductors for Railway Systems
Authors: Liu Yuxing , Xu Jiazhu , Shuai Zhikang , Li Yong , Peng Yanjian , Liang Chonggan , Cui Guiping , Hu Sijia , Zhang Mingmin , Xie Bin
Published: January 2020

This study analyzes and evaluates the feasibility of a harmonic suppression traction transformer (HSTT) for harmonic reduction in railway systems. This new type of transformer can improve the power quality of railway systems by preventing high-frequency harmonic currents from injecting into the traction grid. As the physical size of available space in high-speed trains is strictly limited, low space-occupying filtering techniques are needed. Therefore, an HSTT with integrated filtering inductors (IFIs) capable of being implemented in regular trains is proposed. Taking advantage of the HSTT, a specially constructed inductive-capacitive-inductive (LCL)-type filter is used for harmonic suppression instead of a regular LCL-type filter. The proposed filter is composed of an integrated inductor, leakage inductor of the traction transformer, and an external filter capacitor. In this paper, we analyze the topology of the proposed system, construct a mathematical model to reveal the magnetic decoupling theory of IFIs, and discuss the design and calculation procedures of the HSTT with IFIs. The field circuit coupling simulation of the HSTT with IFIs is performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system. Finally, the practical operation based on a 10 kVA prototype shows that the proposed scheme can not only suppress the high-order frequency harmonics but also decrease the installed space of filter devices.
Factors Affecting the Performance of Membrane Osmotic Processes for Bioenergy Development
Authors: Chia Wen Yi , Khoo Kuan Shiong , Chia Shir Reen , Chew Kit Wayne , Yew Guo Yong , Ho Yeek-Chia , Show Pau Loke , Chen Wei-Hsin
Published: January 2020

Forward osmosis (FO) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) have gained attention recently as potential processes to solve water and energy scarcity problems with advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes. These processes can be designed to produce bioenergy and clean water at the same time (i.e., wastewater treatment with power generation). Despite having significant technological advancement, these bioenergy processes are yet to be implemented in full scale and commercialized due to its relatively low performance. Hence, massive and extensive research has been carried out to evaluate the variables in FO and PRO processes such as osmotic membrane, feed solutions, draw solutions, and operating conditions in order to maximize the outcomes, which include water flux and power density. However, these research findings have not been summarized and properly reviewed. The key parts of this review are to discuss the factors influencing the performance of FO and PRO with respective resulting effects and to determine the research gaps in their optimization with the aim of further improving these bioenergy processes and commercializing them in various industrial applications.
Optimal Design of a Multibrid Permanent Magnet Generator for a Tidal Stream Turbine
Authors: Touimi Khalil , Benbouzid Mohamed , Chen Zhe
Published: January 2020

Tidal stream energy is acquiring more attention as a future potential renewable energy source. Considering the harsh submarine environment, the main challenges that face the tidal stream turbine (TST) industry are cost and reliability. Hence, simple and reliable technologies, especially considering the drivetrain, are preferred. The multibrid drivetrain configuration with only a single stage gearbox is one of the promising concepts for TST systems. In this context, this paper proposes the design optimization of a multibrid permanent magnet generator (PMG), the design of a planetary gearbox, and afterwards analyzes the multibrid concept cost-effectiveness for TST applications. Firstly, the system analytical model, which consists of a single-stage gearbox and a medium speed PMG, is presented. The optimization methodology is afterwards highlighted. Lastly, the multibrid system optimization results for different gear ratios including the direct-drive topology are discussed and compared where the suitable gear ratio (topology) is investigated. The achieved results show that the multibrid concept in TST applications seems more attractive than the direct-drive one especially for high power ratings.
Enhanced Biogas Production of Cassava Wastewater Using Zeolite and Biochar Additives and Manure Co-Digestion
Authors: Achi Chibueze G. , Hassanein Amro , Lansing Stephanie
Published: January 2020

Currently, there are challenges with proper disposal of cassava processing wastewater, and a need for sustainable energy in the cassava industry. This study investigated the impact of co-digestion of cassava wastewater (CW) with livestock manure (poultry litter (PL) and dairy manure (DM)), and porous adsorbents (biochar (B-Char) and zeolite (ZEO)) on energy production and treatment efficiency. Batch anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted, with 16 treatments of CW combined with manure and/or porous adsorbents using triplicate reactors for 48 days. The results showed that CW combined with ZEO (3 g/g total solids (TS)) produced the highest cumulative CH4 (653 mL CH4/g VS), while CW:PL (1:1) produced the most CH4 on a mass basis (17.9 mL CH4/g substrate). The largest reduction in lag phase was observed in the mixture containing CW (1:1), PL (1:1), and B-Char (3 g/g TS), yielding 400 mL CH4/g volatile solids (VS) after 15 days of digestion, which was 84.8% of the total cumulative CH4 from the 48-day trial. Co-digesting CW with ZEO, B-Char, or PL provided the necessary buffer needed for digestion of CW, which improved the process stability and resulted in a significant reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD). Co-digestion could provide a sustainable strategy for treating and valorizing CW. Scale-up calculations showed that a CW input of 1000–2000 L/d co-digested with PL (1:1) could produce 9403 m3 CH4/yr using a 50 m3 digester, equivalent to 373,327 MJ/yr or 24.9 tons of firewood/year. This system would have a profit of $5642/yr and a $47,805 net present value.
Internet of Things (IoT) and the Energy Sector
Authors: Hossein Motlagh Naser , Mohammadrezaei Mahsa , Hunt Julian , Zakeri Behnam
Published: January 2020

Integration of renewable energy and optimization of energy use are key enablers of sustainable energy transitions and mitigating climate change. Modern technologies such the Internet of Things (IoT) offer a wide number of applications in the energy sector, i.e, in energy supply, transmission and distribution, and demand. IoT can be employed for improving energy efficiency, increasing the share of renewable energy, and reducing environmental impacts of the energy use. This paper reviews the existing literature on the application of IoT in in energy systems, in general, and in the context of smart grids particularly. Furthermore, we discuss enabling technologies of IoT, including cloud computing and different platforms for data analysis. Furthermore, we review challenges of deploying IoT in the energy sector, including privacy and security, with some solutions to these challenges such as blockchain technology. This survey provides energy policy-makers, energy economists, and managers with an overview of the role of IoT in optimization of energy systems.
Parameter Estimation of Three Diode Photovoltaic Model Using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Elazab Omnia S. , Hasanien Hany M. , Alsaidan Ibrahim , Abdelaziz Almoataz Y. , Muyeen S. M.
Published: January 2020

While addressing the issue of improving the performance of Photovoltaic (PV) systems, the simulation results are highly influenced by the PV model accuracy. Building the PV module mathematical model is based on its I-V characteristic, which is a highly nonlinear relationship. All the PV cells’ data sheets do not provide full information about their parameters. This leads to a nonlinear mathematical model with several unknown parameters. This paper proposes a new application of the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) for parameter extraction of the three-diode PV model of a PV module. Two commercial PV modules, Kyocera KC200GT and Solarex MSX-60 PV cells are utilized in examining the GOA-based PV model. The simulation results are executed under various temperatures and irradiations. The proposed PV model is evaluated by comparing its results with the experimental results of these commercial PV modules. The efficiency of the GOA-based PV model is tested by making a fair comparison among its numerical results and other optimization method-based PV models. With the GOA, a precise three-diode PV model shall be established.
Dynamics of Swimmers in Fluids with Resistance
Authors: Jeznach Cole , Olson Sarah D.
Published: January 2020

Micro-swimmers such as spermatozoa are able to efficiently navigate through viscous fluids that contain a sparse network of fibers or other macromolecules. We utilize the Brinkman equation to capture the fluid dynamics of sparse and stationary obstacles that are represented via a single resistance parameter. The method of regularized Brinkmanlets is utilized to solve for the fluid flow and motion of the swimmer in 2-dimensions when assuming the flagellum (tail) propagates a curvature wave. Extending previous studies, we investigate the dynamics of swimming when varying the resistance parameter, head or cell body radius, and preferred beat form parameters. For a single swimmer, we determine that increased swimming speed occurs for a smaller cell body radius and smaller fluid resistance. Progression of swimmers exhibits complex dynamics when considering hydrodynamic interactions; attraction of two swimmers is a robust phenomenon for smaller beat amplitude of the tail and smaller fluid resistance. Wall attraction is also observed, with a longer time scale of wall attraction with a larger resistance parameter.
Ruminant Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Introduced Post-Collection in Rural Kenyan Households
Authors: Hamzah Latifah , Boehm Alexandria B. , Davis Jennifer , Pickering Amy J. , Wolfe Marlene , Mureithi Maryanne , Harris Angela
Published: January 2020

In sub-Saharan Africa, many families travel to collect water and store it in their homes for daily use, presenting an opportunity for the introduction of fecal contamination. One stored and one source water sample were each collected from 45 households in rural Kenya. All 90 samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) and species-specific contamination using molecular microbial source tracking assays. Human (HF183), avian (GFD), and ruminant (BacR) contamination were detected in 52, two, and four samples, respectively. Stored water samples had elevated enterococci concentrations (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon matched pairs test) and more frequent BacR detection (89% versus 27%, p < 0.01, McNemar’s exact test) relative to source water samples. fsQCA (fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis) was conducted on the subset of households with no source water BacR contamination to highlight combinations of factors associated with the introduction of BacR contamination to stored water supplies. Three combinations were identified: (i) ruminants in the compound, safe water extraction methods, and long storage time, (ii) ruminants, unsafe water extraction methods, and no soap at the household handwashing station, and (iii) long storage time and no soap. This suggests that multiple pathways contribute to the transmission of ruminant fecal contamination in this context, which would have been missed if data were analyzed using standard regression techniques.
Small Successes Make Big Wins: A Retrospective Case Study towards Community Engagement of Low-SES Families
Authors: Prevo Lotte , Kremers Stef , Jansen Maria
Published: January 2020

In health-promoting interventions, a main difficulty is that low socioeconomic status (SES) groups especially seem to experience barriers to participation. To overcome this barrier, the current study focused on the success factors and obstacles in the process of supporting low-SES families in becoming partners, while carrying out small-scale activities based on their needs. A retrospective case study design was used to construct a timeline of activities organized by and together with low-SES families based on mainly qualitative data. Next, key events were grouped into the four attributes of the resilience activation framework: human, social, political, and economic capital. The following key lessons were defined: professionals should let go of work routines and accommodate the talents of the families, start doing, strive for small successes; create a functional social network surrounding the families, maintaining professional support over time as back-up; and create collaborative governance to build upon accessibility, transparency and trust among the low-SES families. Continuous and flexible ‘navigating the middle’ between bottom-up and top-down approaches was seen as vital in the partnership process between low-SES families and local professional partners. Constant feedback loops made the evaluation points clear, which supported both families and professionals to enhance their partnership.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Severe Dehydration in Hospitalized Children in Ujjain, India
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Mathur Aditya , Stålsby Lundborg Cecilia , Pathak Ashish
Published: January 2020

Diarrhoea contributes significantly to the under-five childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in Ujjain, India from July 2015 to June 2016. Consecutive children aged 1 month to 12 years having “some dehydration” and “dehydration” according to World Health Organization classification were eligible to be included in the study. Other signs and symptoms used to assess severe dehydration were capillary refill time, urine output, and abnormal respiratory pattern. A questionnaire was administered to identify risk factors for severe dehydration, which was the primary outcome. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to detect independent risk factors for severe dehydration. The study included 332 children, with mean ± standard deviation age of 25.62 ± 31.85 months; out of which, 70% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65 to 75) were diagnosed to have severe dehydration. The independent risk factors for severe dehydration were: child not exclusive breastfed in the first six months of life (AOR 5.67, 95%CI 2.51 to 12.78; p < 0.001), history of not receiving oral rehydration solution before hospitalization (AOR 1.34, 95%CI 1.01 to 1.78; p = 0.038), history of not receiving oral zinc before hospitalization (AOR 2.66, 95%CI 1.68 to 4.21; p < 0.001) and living in overcrowded conditions (AOR 5.52, 95%CI 2.19 to 13.93; p < 0.001). The study identified many risk factors associated with severe childhood dehydration; many of them are modifiable though known and effective public health interventions.
Kinesiophobia and Pain Intensity Are Increased by a Greater Hallux Valgus Deformity Degree- Kinesiophobia and Pain Intensity in Hallux Valgus
Authors: Palomo-López Patricia , Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo Ricardo , Losa-Iglesias Marta Elena , López-López Daniel , Rodríguez-Sanz David , Romero-Morales Carlos , Calvo-Lobo César , Mazoteras-Pardo Victoria
Published: January 2020

Background: Hallux valgus (HV) has been previously associated with psychological disorders. Thus, the purposes of this study were to associate kinesiophobia and pain intensity with HV deformity degrees, as well as predict kinesiophobia and pain intensity based on HV deformity and demographic features. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out recruiting 100 subjects, who were divided into HV deformity degrees, such as I-no HV (n = 25), II-mild (n = 25), III-moderate (n = 25), and IV-severe (n = 25) HV. Kinesiophobia total and domains (activity avoidance and harm) scores and levels were self-reported by the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11). Pain intensity was self-reported by the numeric rating scale (NRS). Results: Statistically significant differences (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.132–0.850) were shown for between-groups comparison of kinesiophobia total and domain scores (activity avoidance and harm) and levels, as well as pain intensity among HV deformity degrees. Post hoc comparisons showed statistically significant differences with a large effect size (p < 0.05; d = 0.85–4.41), showing higher kinesiophobia symptoms and levels and pain intensity associated with greater HV deformity degrees, especially for III-moderate and/or IV-severe HV deformity degrees versus I-no HV and/or II-mild deformity degrees. Both statistically significant prediction models (p < 0.05) for kinesiophobia (R2 = 0.300) and pain intensity (R2 = 0.815) were predicted by greater HV deformity degree and age. Conclusions: Greater kinesiophobia symptoms and levels and pain were associated with higher HV deformity degrees, especially severe and/or moderate HV with respect to no and/or mild HV. The kinesiophobia and pain intensity were predicted by greater HV deformity degree and age.
Substance Use among Spanish Adolescents: The Information Paradox
Authors: Belzunegui-Eraso Angel , Pastor-Gosálbez Inma , Raigal-Aran Laia , Valls-Fonayet Francesc , Fernández-Aliseda Sonia , Torres-Coronas Teresa
Published: January 2020

This aim of this paper is to determine the relationship between the consumption of tobacco, cannabis, and alcohol (including drunkenness and binge drinking consumption patterns) in the previous 30 days by Spanish adolescents and the information that is available to adolescents on drug consumption. This cross-sectional study employed data from the Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education in Spain (ESTUDES 2016), which was conducted on students aged 14 to 18 (n = 35,369). Contingency tables, mean comparison tests, and logistic regression analyses were conducted and prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained. The results show that the probability that an adolescent will smoke tobacco is associated with whether their mother and/or father smoke (PR: 1.30), whether some of their friends smoke (PR: 14.23), whether the majority of their friends smoke (PR: 94.05) and how well informed they perceive themselves to be (PR: 1.30). Cannabis use is mainly associated with whether most of their friends also use cannabis (PR: 93.05) and whether they are sufficiently informed regarding this consumption (PR: 1.59). Alcohol consumption is associated with whether their mothers drink regularly (PR: 1.21), whether most of their friends drink (PR: 37.29), and whether they are well informed (PR: 1.28). Getting drunk and binge drinking are associated with whether their friends have these behaviors (PR: 44.81 and 7.36, respectively) and whether they are sufficiently informed (PR: 1.23 for both behaviors). In conclusion, the consumption of these substances is more frequent among Spanish adolescents who believe that they are better informed and whose friends have similar patterns of consumption.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Device-Measured Sedentary Behaviour are Associated with Sickness Absence in Office Workers
Authors: Drake Emma , Ekblom Maria M. , Ekblom Örjan , Kallings Lena V. , Blom Victoria
Published: January 2020

Physical activity reduces the risk of several noncommunicable diseases, and a number of studies have found self-reported physical activity to be associated with sickness absence. The aim of this study was to examine if cardiorespiratory fitness, device-measured physical activity, and sedentary behaviour were associated with sickness absence among office workers. Participants were recruited from two Swedish companies. Data on sickness absence (frequency and duration) and covariates were collected via questionnaires. Physical activity pattern was assessed using ActiGraph and activPAL, and fitness was estimated from submaximal cycle ergometry. The sample consisted of 159 office workers (67% women, aged 43 ± 8 years). Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with a lower odds ratio (OR) for both sickness absence duration (OR = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.96) and frequency (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.90–0.97). Sedentary time was positively associated with higher odds of sickness absence frequency (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.99–1.08). No associations were found for physical activity at any intensity level and sickness absence. Higher sickness absence was found among office workers with low cardiorespiratory fitness and more daily time spent sedentary. In contrast to reports using self-reported physical activity, device-measured physical activity was not associated with sickness absence.
New Opportunities to Mitigate the Burden of Disease Caused by Traffic Related Air Pollution: Antioxidant-Rich Diets and Supplements
Authors: Barthelemy Jillian , Sanchez Kristen , Miller Mark R. , Khreis Haneen
Published: January 2020

Air pollution is associated with premature mortality and a wide spectrum of diseases. Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is one of the most concerning sources of air pollution for human exposure and health. Until TRAP levels can be significantly reduced on a global scale, there is a need for effective shorter-term strategies to prevent the adverse health effects of TRAP. A growing number of studies suggest that increasing antioxidant intake, through diet or supplementation, may reduce this burden of disease. In this paper, we conducted a non-systematic literature review to assess the available evidence on antioxidant-rich diets and antioxidant supplements as a strategy to mitigate adverse health effects of TRAP in human subjects. We identified 11 studies that fit our inclusion criteria; 3 of which investigated antioxidant-rich diets and 8 of which investigated antioxidant supplements. Overall, we found consistent evidence that dietary intake of antioxidants from adherence to the Mediterranean diet and increased fruit and vegetable consumption is effective in mitigating adverse health effects associated with TRAP. In contrast, antioxidant supplements, including fish oil, olive oil, and vitamin C and E supplements, presented conflicting evidence. Further research is needed to determine why antioxidant supplementation has limited efficacy and whether this relates to effective dose, supplement formulation, timing of administration, or population being studied. There is also a need to better ascertain if susceptible populations, such as children, the elderly, asthmatics and occupational workers consistently exposed to TRAP, should be recommended to increase their antioxidant intake to reduce their burden of disease. Policymakers should consider increasing populations’ antioxidant intake, through antioxidant-rich diets, as a relatively cheap and easy preventive measure to lower the burden of disease associated with TRAP.