bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the emission from TeO2 nanorods by encapsulation with ZnO
Authors: Jin Changhyun , Kim Hyunsu , Lee Chongmu
Published: July 2011

TeO2‐core/ZnO‐shell nanorods were synthesized by a two–step process comprising thermal evaporation of Te powders and atomic layer deposition of ZnO. Scanning electron microscopy images exhibit that the core‐shell nanorods are 50 ‐ 150 nm in diameter and up to a few tens of micrometers in length, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the cores and shells of the core‐shell nanorods were polycrystalline simple tetragonal TeO2 and amorphous ZnO with ZnO nanocrystallites locally, respectively. Photoluminescence measurement revealed that the TeO2 nanorods had a weak broad violet band at approximately 430 nm. The emission band was shifted to a yellowish green region (∼540 nm) by encapsulation of the nanorods with a ZnO thin film and the yellowish green emission from the TeO2‐core/ZnO‐shell nanorods was enhanced significantly in intensity by increasing the shell layer thickness. The highest emission was obtained for 125 ALD cycles (ZnO coating layer thickness: ∼15 nm) and its intensity was much higher than that of the emission from the uncapsulated TeO2 nanorods. The origin of the enhancement of the emission by the encapsulation is discussed in detail. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Minimizing multiplayer interactive delay in multihop wireless networks
Authors: Liu Kun‐Hsuan , Li Jung‐Shian , Wang Chun‐Yen , Chilamkurti Naveen , Vasilakos Athanasios V.
Published: July 2011

Minimizing the schedule frame length in spatial time division multiple access networks is essential in enhancing the performance of multiplayer interactive applications in multiple‐group multicasting environments. In this paper, the joint link scheduling and multiple‐group communication problem in such networks is referred to as a real‐time multiple‐group communication tree scheduling (RMGCTS) problem in which the objective is to minimize the total schedule frame length. It is shown that the RMGCTS problem can be represented as an integer linear programming problem. Two particular RMGCTS problems are considered, namely, back‐to‐back RMGCTS for applications with a receiving‐jitter constraint, and general RMGCTS for applications with a delay constraint. Two heuristic algorithms, designated as back‐to‐back scheduling and level‐by‐level scheduling, are proposed to provide efficient solutions of the back‐to‐back and general RMGCTS problems by maximizing the spatial reuse capability within each time slot, thereby minimizing the schedule frame length. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes yield an effective reduction in the length of the multicast schedule frame compared to that obtained from existing tree‐based or pure‐color scheduling algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of the Regio‐ and Diastereoselectivity for the Preparation of Highly Functionalized Terpenic Cyclopentanes through Radical Cyclization
Authors: Arteaga Jesús F. , Diéguez Horacio R. , González‐Delgado José A. , Quílez del Moral José F. , Barrero Alejandro F.
Published: July 2011

The titanocene‐mediated cyclization of suitably functionalized acyclic C10 epoxy‐polyprenes leads, with moderate stereoselectivity, to high yields of functionalized terpenic cyclopentanes with three contiguous stereogenic centers. These highly functionalized cyclopentanes are useful intermediates for the synthesis of several natural compounds that include this interesting subunit in their structure. Both the regioselectivity of the process leading to cyclopentanes and the stereoselectivity of the cyclization could be controlled by using malonyl derivatives or α,β‐unsaturated nitriles as radical acceptors.
Synthesis of Calixarene‐Linked Discotic Triphenylene
Authors: Yang Fafu , Guo Hongyu , Xie Jianwei , Lin Jianrong
Published: July 2011

The syntheses of new macrocyclic molecules containing calixarene and discotic triphenylene units in good yields are reported. Structural and conformational characterization of these new compounds was achieved by UV/Vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy; mass spectrometry; and elemental analysis. The liquid‐crystalline behavior was studied by polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The symmetrical calix[4]arene‐linked triphenylene dimer with a C10 chain (2b) exhibited the liquid‐crystalline behavior of a calixarene bowlic column with two triphenylene units as ancillary lateral columns.
Bu4N[Fe(CO)3(NO)]‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Dieskau André P. , Begouin Jeanne‐Marie , Plietker Bernd
Published: July 2011

The nucleophilic Fe complex Bu4N[Fe(CO)3(NO)] (TBAFe) has been used as a highly active catalyst for the mild hydrosilylation of a variety of functionalized aldehydes and ketones using inexpensive PMHS as stoichiometric reductant. The corresponding alcohols were obtained in good‐to‐excellent yields at low catalyst loadings of only 1 mol‐% and reaction temperatures of 30–50 °C.
Testing for space–time interaction in conditional autoregressive models
Authors: Ugarte M.D. , Goicoa T. , Etxeberria J. , Militino A.F.
Published: July 2011

Data on disease incidence or mortality over a set of contiguous regions have been commonly used to describe geographic patterns of disease, helping epidemiologists and public health researchers to identify possible etiologic factors. Nowadays, the availability of historical mortality registers offers the possibility of going further, describing the spatio‐temporal distribution of risks. The literature on spatio‐temporal modeling of risks is very rich, and it is mainly focused on the use of conditional autoregressive models from a fully Bayesian perspective. The complexity of the estimation procedure makes the Empirical Bayes approach a plausible alternative. In this context, it is of interest to test for interaction between space and time, as an absence of space–time interactions simplifies modeling and interpretation. In this work, a score test is derived as well as a bootstrap approximation of its null distribution. A parametric bootstrap test is also provided for comparison purposes. Results are illustrated using brain cancer mortality data from Spain in the period 1996–2005. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inelastic displacement demands in steel structures and their relationship with earthquake frequency content parameters
Authors: Málaga‐Chuquitaype C. , Elghazouli A. Y.
Published: July 2011

This paper deals with the estimation of peak inelastic displacements of SDOF systems, representative of typical steel structures, under constant relative strength scenarios. Mean inelastic deformation demands on bilinear systems (simulating moment resisting frames) are considered as the basis for comparative purposes. Additional SDOF models representing partially‐restrained and concentrically‐braced (CB) frames are introduced and employed to assess the influence of different force‐displacement relationships on peak inelastic displacement ratios. The studies presented in this paper illustrate that the ratio between the overall yield strength and the strength during pinching intervals is the main factor governing the inelastic deformations of partially‐restrained models and leading to significant differences when compared with predictions based on bilinear structures, especially in the short‐period range. It is also shown that the response of CB systems can differ significantly from other pinching models when subjected to low or moderate levels of seismic demand, highlighting the necessity of employing dedicated models for studying the response of CB structures. Particular attention is also given to the influence of a number of scalar parameters that characterise the frequency content of the ground motion on the estimated peak displacement ratios. The relative merits of using the average spectral period Taver, mean period Tm, predominant period Tg, characteristic period Tc and smoothed spectral predominant period To of the earthquake ground motion, are assessed. This paper demonstrates that the predominant period, defined as the period at which the input energy is maximum throughout the period range, is the most suitable frequency content scalar parameter for reducing the variability in displacement estimations. Finally, noniterative equivalent linearisation expressions based on the secant period and equivalent damping ratios are presented and verified for the prediction of peak deformation demands in steel structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MMP9 deficiency does not decrease blood–brain barrier disruption, but increases astrocyte MMP3 expression during viral encephalomyelitis
Authors: Savarin Carine , Stohlman Stephen A. , Rietsch Anna M. , Butchi Niranjan , Ransohoff Richard M. , Bergmann Cornelia C.
Published: July 2011

Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP9 correlates with blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption during many neuroinflammatory diseases. During neurotropic coronavirus virus (JHMV) induced encephalomyelitis, MMP9 activity is restricted to neutrophils. Furthermore, myeloid cell depletion implicated MMP9 in facilitating leukocyte central nervous system (CNS) infiltration via loss of BBB integrity. The requirement of MMP9 in BBB disruption was thus assessed in JHMV infected MMP9 deficient (MMP9−/−) mice. Depletion of neutrophils reduced CNS accumulation of monocytes and T cells, albeit without affecting overall pathogenesis. By contrast, infected MMP9−/− mice revealed no differences in CNS leukocyte infiltration, composition or localization, consistent with BBB disruption similar to wild‐type (WT) mice. Unimpaired T cell mediated virus control supported an unexpectedly redundant role of MMP9 in promoting leukocyte access to the brain parenchyma. Although MMP9 deficiency did not expand the overall limited pattern of MMP expression during JHMV infection, it coincided with MMP3 upregulation. MMP3 expression remained largely confined to astrocytes, similar to WT mice. These data demonstrate that neutrophil‐derived MMP9 is not the sole mediator facilitating parenchymal leukocyte entry via BBB disruption during viral encephalomyelitis. Moreover, significantly enhanced MMP3 expression by astrocytes in infected MMP9−/− mice suggests an active role of resident cells in participating and potentially collaborating with infiltrating cells in regulating BBB permeability. Overall, these results highlight the complexity of targeting individual MMPs as a strategy to regulate inflammation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH RISK AND SMOKING DECISIONS OF YOUNG PEOPLE
Authors: Gerking Shelby , Khaddaria Raman
Published: July 2011

Using the Annenberg Perception of Tobacco Risk Survey 2, this paper finds that perceived risk deters smoking among persons aged 14–22 years who think that it is relatively difficult to quit smoking and that onset of deleterious health effects occurs relatively quickly. Perceived health risk, however, does not affect the smoking status of young people who hold the opposite beliefs. These results are consistent with predictions of rational addiction models and suggest that young people, who view smoking as more addictive and health effects as more immediate, may have greater incentive to consider long‐term health effects in their decision to smoke. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical illness evokes elevated circulating bile acids related to altered hepatic transporter and nuclear receptor expression
Authors: Vanwijngaerden Yoo-Mee , Wauters Joost , Langouche Lies , Vander Perre Sarah , Liddle Christopher , Coulter Sally , Vanderborght Sara , Roskams Tania , Wilmer Alexander , Van den Berghe Greet , Mesotten Dieter
Published: July 2011

Hyperbilirubinemia is common during critical illness and is associated with adverse outcome. Whether hyperbilirubinemia reflects intensive care unit (ICU) cholestasis is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze hyperbilirubinemia in conjunction with serum bile acids (BAs) and the key steps in BA synthesis, transport, and regulation by nuclear receptors (NRs). Serum BA and bilirubin levels were determined in 130 ICU and 20 control patients. In liver biopsies messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of BA synthesis enzymes, BA transporters, and NRs was assessed. In a subset (40 ICU / 10 controls) immunohistochemical staining of the transporters and receptors together with a histological evaluation of cholestasis was performed. BA levels were much more elevated than bilirubin in ICU patients. Conjugated cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were elevated, with an increased CA/CDCA ratio. Unconjugated BA did not differ between controls and patients. Despite elevated serum BA levels, CYP7A1 protein, the rate-limiting enzyme in BA synthesis, was not lowered in ICU patients. Also, protein expression of the apical bile salt export pump (BSEP) was decreased, whereas multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 3 was strongly increased at the basolateral side. This reversal of BA transport toward the sinusoidal blood compartment is in line with the increased serum conjugated BA levels. Immunostaining showed marked down-regulation of nuclear farnesoid X receptor, retinoid X receptor alpha, constitutive androstane receptor, and pregnane X receptor nuclear protein levels. Conclusion: Failure to inhibit BA synthesis, up-regulate canalicular BA export, and localize pivotal NR in the hepatocytic nuclei may indicate dysfunctional feedback regulation by increased BA levels. Alternatively, critical illness may result in maintained BA synthesis (CYP7A1), reversal of normal BA transport (BSEP/MRP3), and inhibition of the BA sensor (FXR/RXRα) to increase serum BA levels. (Hepatology 2011;)
AR4 climate model performance in simulating snow water equivalent over Catskill Mountain watersheds, New York, USA
Authors: Anandhi Aavudai , Frei Allan , Pradhanang Soni M. , Zion Mark S. , Pierson Donald C. , Schneiderman Eliot M.
Published: July 2011

In this study, we evaluate the ability of GCMs participating in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) to simulate variability in the snow water equivalent (SWE) in New York City Water Supply watersheds located northwest of NYC in the Catskill Mountains. SWE is estimated using an empirical temperature‐based degree day model. Inputs to this model are either measured with historical meteorological (1961–2000) data or a GCM model output for the same historical period. The evaluation of the GCMs is based on a skill score developed using probability distribution functions derived from the time series of simulated snowpack. From the skill scores (SS) calculated, the GCMs are ranked based on their ability to simulate the snowpack. These results have implications for selecting a subset of GCM simulations for climate change impact assessments in New York City's water supply.

Results show that the GFDL 2·0 (gf001) model has the highest SS (0·93) and CCSM (ncc09) model has the lowest SS (0·26). On the basis of the SS, the GCM ensemble members are classified into three categories: high, medium and low performance. The probability density functions for the three performance classes show the largest between‐model variability for models in low performance class. Differences between the means and medians of observation‐based model simulation and GCM‐based simulation were greatest in the low‐performance class. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Craniofacial defect regeneration using engineered bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Yang Yi , Hallgrimsson Benedikt , Putnins Edward E.
Published: July 2011

Large craniofacial bony defects remain a significant clinical challenge. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) constitute a multipotent population. Previously, we developed a novel approach for BM‐MSC expansion on 3D CultiSpher‐S gelatin microcarrier beads in spin culture with preservation of their multipotentiality, reduction of apoptosis, and enhancement of bone formation in vivo. Here, we hypothesized that such cultured BM‐MSCs without exogenous growth factors would respond to the orthopedic microenvironment, thus promoting craniofacial defect regeneration. BM‐MSCs isolated from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats were ex vivo expanded and transplanted into critical‐sized (5‐mm diameter) rat calvaria defects. Gelatin beads or defect alone served as controls. By 28 and 42 days, rats were sacrificed for microcomputed tomography (microCT), histologic, and immunohistochemistry examination. MicroCT results demonstrated that BM‐MSCs were a statistically significant factor contributing to new bone volume regeneration. Histologic assessment showed that the BM‐MSCs group produced more and higher quality new bone compared with beads or defect‐alone groups in both osteoinductive and osteoconductive manners. Specifically, immunohistochemical staining identified GFP+ cells residing in new bone lacunae in conjunction with non‐GFP+ cells. Therefore, ex vivo expanded BM‐MSCs at least in part regenerated critical‐sized calvaria defects by osteogenic differentiation in vivo. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 99A: 74–85, 2011.
Effects of laminin‐coated carbon nanotube/chitosan fibers on guided neurite growth
Authors: Huang Yi‐Cheng , Hsu Sung‐Hao , Kuo Wen‐Chun , Chang‐Chien Cheng‐Lun , Cheng Henrich , Huang Yi‐You
Published: July 2011

This study assesses the ability and potential of carbon nanotube (CNT)/chitosan to guide axon re‐growth after nerve injuries. The CNT/chitosan fibers were produced via the coagulation and hydrodynamic focusing method. Fiber width and morphology were adjusted using such parameters as syringe pumping rate and the coagulant used. The CNT/chitosan fiber diameters were 50–300 μm for syringe pumping rates of 6–48 mL/h. Polyethylene glycol/NaOH (25%, w/w) solution was a suitable coagulant for forming fibers with small diameters. Physical property tests demonstrate that the CNT/chitosan composites had superior tensile strength and electrical conductivity compared with those of chitosan alone. The MTT and LDH tests reveal that CNT/chitosan composites were not cytotoxic. To improve the neural cell affinity of CNT/chitosan fibers, laminin was incorporated onto fiber surfaces via the oxygen plasma technique; cell adhesion ratio increased significantly from 3.5% to 72.2% with this surface modification. Immunofluorescence staining and SEM imaging indicate that PC12 cells adhered successfully and grew on the laminin (LN)‐coated CNT/chitosan films and fibers. Experimental results show that PC12 grown on LN‐coated CNT/chitosan fibers in vitro extend longitudinally oriented neurites in a manner similar to that of native peripheral nerves. With the inherent electrical properties of CNTs, oriented CNT/chitosan fibers have a potential for use as nerve conduits in nerve tissue engineering. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 99A: 86–93, 2011.
Dose of 3‐methylcholanthrene enhances vitamin C accumulation and mRNA expression of its transporter in the liver of ODS rats and in HepG2 cells
Authors: Sone Yasuko , Ueta Etsuko , Sannomaru Yasuko , Miyake Noriko , Sone Hirohito , Otsuka Yuzuru , Kondo Kazuo , Kurata Tadao , Suzuki Emiko
Published: July 2011

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds including 3‐methylcholanthrene induce harmful reactive intermediates and reactive oxygen species. This study reports the effect of 3‐methylcholanthrene on the accumulation of vitamin C and the expression of vitamin C transporters. ODS rats were given l‐ascorbic acid daily and intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg 3‐methylcholanthrene in total. On day 10, vitamin C concentrations and the expression of vitamin C transporter in the tissues were measured. As a result, the levels of sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCTs) 1 and the l‐ascorbic acid concentration in 3‐methylcholanthrene‐treated livers and hepatocytes have increased significantly. However, the content of vitamin C in the urine and TBARS in the liver have not changed. These results suggest that the administration of 3‐methylcholanthrene elevates the requirement for vitamin C via (SVCTs) 1 due to xenobitics‐metabolizing, such as the induction of cytochrome P450 family. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:369–376 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20403
A journal for our challenging, changing times: an editorial vision for the next five years of the Journal of Clinical Psychology
Authors: R. Elliott Timothy
Published: July 2011

The Journal of Clinical Psychology now features articles accepted by the new editorial team that will direct the journal over the next 5 years. Timothy R. Elliott serves as editor‐in‐chief and James Overholser is the senior associate editor. Associate editors are Linda Castillo, Kathleen Chwalisz, Stephanie Felgoise, and Bruce Rybarczyk. This editorial presents the editorial vision for the journal over the next 5 years, and presents changes in journal content. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–7, 2011.
Noninvasive detection of coronary artery wall thickening with age in healthy subjects using high resolution MRI with beat‐to‐beat respiratory motion correction
Authors: Scott Andrew D. , Keegan Jennifer , Mohiaddin Raad H. , Firmin David N.
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To demonstrate coronary artery wall thickening with age in a small healthy cohort using a highly efficient, reliable, and reproducible high‐resolution MR technique.

Materials and Methods:

A 3D cross‐sectional MR vessel wall images (0.7 × 0.7 × 3 mm resolution) with retrospective beat‐to‐beat respiratory motion correction (B2B‐RMC) were obtained in the proximal right coronary artery of 21 healthy subjects (age, 22–62 years) with no known cardiovascular disease. Lumen and outer wall (lumen + vessel wall) areas were measured in one central slice from each subject and average wall thickness and wall area/outer wall area ratio (W/OW) calculated.

Results:

Imaging was successful in 18 (86%) subjects with average respiratory efficiency 99.3 ± 1.7%. Coronary vessel wall thickness and W/OW significantly correlate with subject age, increasing by 0.088 mm and 0.031 per decade respectively (R = 0.53, P = 0.024 and R = 0.48, P = 0.046). No relationship was found between lumen area and vessel wall thickness (P = NS), but outer wall area increased significantly with vessel wall thickness at 19 mm2 per mm (P = 0.046). This is consistent with outward vessel wall remodeling.

Conclusion:

Despite the small size of our healthy cohort, using high‐resolution MR imaging and B2B‐RMC, we have demonstrated increasing coronary vessel wall thickness and W/OW with age. The results obtained are consistent with outward vessel wall remodeling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of ricin by nano liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry after extraction using lactose‐immobilized monolithic silica spin column
Authors: Kanamori‐Kataoka Mieko , Kato Haruhito , Uzawa Hirotaka , Ohta Shigenori , Takei Yoshiyuki , Furuno Masahiro , Seto Yasuo
Published: July 2011

Ricin is a glycosylated proteinous toxin that is registered as toxic substance by Chemical Weapons convention. Current detection methods can result in false negatives and/or positives, and their criteria are not based on the identification of the protein amino acid sequences. In this study, lactose‐immobilized monolithic silica extraction followed by tryptic digestion and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was developed as a method for rapid and accurate determination of ricin. Lactose, which was immobilized on monolithic silica, was used as a capture ligand for ricin extraction from the sample solution, and the silica was supported in a disk‐packed spin column. Recovery of ricin was more than 40%. After extraction, the extract was digested with trypsin and analyzed by LC/MS. The accurate masses of molecular ions and MS/MS spectra of the separated peptide peaks were measured by Fourier transform–MS and linear iontrap–MS, respectively. Six peptides, which were derived from the ricin A‐(m/z 537.8, 448.8 and 586.8) and B‐chains (m/z 701.3, 647.8 and 616.8), were chosen as marker peptides for the identification of ricin. Among these marker peptides, two peptides were ricin‐specific. This method was applied to the determination of ricin from crude samples. The monolithic silica extraction removed most contaminant peaks from the total ion chromatogram of the sample, and the six marker peptides were clearly detected by LC/MS. It takes about 5 h for detection and identification of more than 8 ng/ml of ricin through the whole handling, and this procedure will be able to deal with the terrorism using chemical weapon. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maslinic acid, a natural inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase, reduces cerebral ischemic injury in hyperglycemic rats by GLT‐1 up‐regulation
Authors: Guan Teng , Qian Yisong , Tang Xuzhen , Huang Menghao , Huang Longfei , Li Yunman , Sun Hongbin
Published: July 2011

Maslinic acid (MA), a natural triterpene from Olea europaea L., is a well‐known inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase and elicits multiple biological activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of MA on focal cerebral ischemia in hyperglycemic rats. Adult rats were made hyperglycemic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and were given MA (50 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) intragastrically for 14 consecutive days. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion was then induced by a suture insertion technique. Results showed that diabetic rats pretreated with high‐dose MA had lower blood glucose levels, but both doses reduced infarct volumes and improved neurological scores. Less glutamate overflow was also observed in MA‐treated rats after 2 hr of ischemia followed by 24 hr and 72 hr reperfusion. In addition, MA treatment enhanced the glial glutamate transporter GLT‐1 expression at the protein and mRNA levels. However, the injection of dihydrokainate, a GLT‐1 glutamate transporter inhibitor, reversed the effect of MA. Previous studies have shown that suppression of glutamate uptake via nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation is an important contributory factor in ischemia‐triggered glutamate excitotoxicity, and inhibition of NF‐κB could prevent ischemic suppression of glutamate uptake and GLT‐1 expression. In the present study, we showed that MA pretreatment attenuated ischemia‐induced translocation of NF‐κB p65 subunit to the nucleus. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that, in addition to showing promising antidiabetic properties, MA has a direct beneficial effect in cerebral ischemic injury, which may be correlated with the promotion of glutamate clearance by NF‐κB‐mediated GLT‐1 up‐regulation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and quantification of full‐length BK channel variants in the developing mouse cochlea
Authors: Sakai Yoshihisa , Harvey Margaret , Sokolowski Bernd
Published: July 2011

Maxi‐K+ (BK) channel diversity is attributed to alternative splicing in the kcnma1 gene. The resultant variants manifest themselves in different cell types, tissues, and functions, such as excitation, metabolism, and signaling. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed immunogold particle labeling of BK in apical and basal regions of inner and outer hair cells, respectively. Additional labeling occurs in Deiters' cells and the inner mitochondrial membrane. Identification of full‐length sequences reveals 27 BK variants from embryonic and postnatal mouse inner ear, per classification by tail motif, VYR, DEC, and ERL, and by exon usage. Three predicted start codons are found encoding MAN, MSS, and MDA, of which MDA shows the greatest expression through all stages in development, whereas MAN is undetectable. Complex splice sites occur between exons 9 and 10 and between 21 and 23. Spliced‐in/out exons between 8 and 10 reveal a short fragment composed of exons 8 + 10, detectable on postnatal day (PD) 14 and PD30, and a longer fragment composed of exons 8 + 9 + 10 that is upregulated on embryonic day (ED) 14. Spliced‐in exons 22 or 23 are expressed on ED14 but decrease over time; however, exon 22 increases again on PD34. Using tail‐specific primers, qRT‐PCR from ED14, PD4, ‐14, and ‐30 shows that BK‐VYR and ‐ERL dominate expression on ED14, whereas DEC dominates after birth in all cochlear regions. The localization of BK and the changes in expression of its exons and tail types, by alternative splicing during development, may contribute to cochlear organization, acquisition of hearing, and intracellular signaling. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adamts5 (aggrecanase‐2) is widely expressed in the mouse musculoskeletal system and is induced in specific regions of knee joint explants by inflammatory cytokines
Authors: Wylie James D. , Ho Jason C. , Singh Shweta , McCulloch Daniel R. , Apte Suneel S.
Published: July 2011

ADAMTS5 (aggrecanase‐2) is an extracellular matrix‐degrading protease implicated in cartilage destruction in arthritis. Our goals were to determine expression sites of Adamts5 in the murine musculoskeletal system and in an ex vivo joint inflammation model. In mice with an intragenic LacZ reporter controlled by the Adamts5 promoter, β‐galactosidase staining was used to identify Adamts5 expressing cells. Mice expressing one wild‐type Adamts5 allele were used to determine distribution of Adamts5 mRNA, cleaved aggrecan and versican, and the ADAMTS5 activating enzymes furin and PACE4. Quantitative RT‐PCR and immunoblotting were used to validate the immunohistochemistry results. Adamts5 was expressed in mouse synovium, tenosynovium, bone marrow sinusoids, tendons, ligaments, ligament insertions, periosteal cells, and bone vasculature. In knee joint explants treated with IL‐1α and TNFα, Adamts5 expression was induced in tenocytes, synovium, and in patellar, but not femoral or tibial articular cartilage. In contrast, increased proteoglycan breakdown in tibial and femoral articular cartilage was associated with increased immunohistochemical staining of PACE4 and furin. These studies identify diverse cell types in the musculoskeletal system that express Adamts5. They also suggest that Adamts5 induction in joint components other than cartilage, and its post‐translational activation by PACE4 and/or furin may be important in the pathophysiology of arthritis. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:226–233, 2012
Salt effects on Origanum majorana fatty acid and essential oil composition
Authors: Baâtour Olfa , Kaddour Rym , Mahmoudi Hela , Tarchoun Imen , Bettaieb Iness , Nasri Nawel , Mrah Sabah , Hamdaoui Ghaith , Lachaâl Mokhtar , Marzouk Brahim
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND: The effects of salt on the essential oil yield and fatty acid composition of aerial parts of two marjoram varieties were investigated. Plants with 6 leaves were treated with NaCl (75mM).

RESULTS: Salt treatment led to a reduction in aerial part growth. Salinity increased the fatty acid content more significantly in Tunisian variety (TV) than in Canadian variety (CV). CV showed an increase in double‐bond index (DBI) and a decrease in malondialdehyde content under salt stress, while the opposite was observed in TV. The DBI was mainly affected by a strong reduction in oleic and linoleic acids in TV, whereas a strong stimulation of linoleic acid in CV was observed. Salt decreased and increased the essential oil yield in TV and CV respectively. The main constituents of the essential oil of TV were trans‐hydrate sabinene and terpinen‐4‐ol, which showed a significant decrease under salt stress. In contrast, the main constituents of the essential oil of CV were sabinene and trans‐hydrate sabinene, which showed a significant decrease and increase respectively under salt stress.

CONCLUSION: Marjoram oil is a rich source of many compounds such as essential oils and fatty acids, but the distribution of these compounds differed significantly between the two varieties studied. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensory profiles of breast meat from broilers reared in an organic niche production system and conventional standard broilers
Authors: Horsted Klaus , Allesen‐Holm Bodil H , Hermansen John E , Kongsted Anne G
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND: Breast meat from broilers produced in very different production systems may vary considerable in sensory profile, which may affect consumer interests. In this study the aim was to evaluate differences in the sensory profiles of breast meat from five broiler products: two conventional standard products (A and B) and three organic niche genotypes (I657, L40 and K8) reared in an apple orchard.

RESULTS: Thirteen out of 22 sensory attributes differed significantly between the products. The aroma attributes ‘chicken’, ‘bouillon’ and ‘fat’ scored highest and the ‘iron/liver’ aroma lowest for the niche products. The meat was more ‘tender’, ‘short’ and ‘crumbly’ and less ‘hard’ and ‘stringy’ in the standard products than in one or more of the niche products. Product ‘I 657’ was less ‘juicy’ than the rest. Products ‘I 657’ and ‘L 40’ were more ‘cohesive’ and tasted more ‘sourish’ and less of ‘sweet/maize’ than the standard products. The ‘overall liking’ score was significantly higher for the ‘K 8’ product than for the ‘Standard A’ and ‘L 40’ products. The ‘overall liking’ score was significantly correlated with the scores for aroma and taste of ‘chicken’, ‘umami/bouillon’, ‘iron/liver’ and ‘fat’ aroma.

CONCLUSION: The sensory profiles differed particularly between conventional standard broilers and organic niche broilers, although differences were also found between breeds. The present study indicates that aroma and taste attributes were more important for the assessors than meat ‘tenderness’ for the overall liking of broiler meat. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Diversity of lactic acid bacteria in sian‐sianzih (fermented clams), a traditional fermented food in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yi‐sheng , Wu Hui‐chung , Li Ya‐han , Leong Kun‐hon , Pua Xiao‐hui , Weng Ming‐kai , Yanagida Fujitoshi
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND: Sian‐sianzih (fermented clams) is a popular traditional fermented food in Taiwan. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) microflora in sian‐sianzih have not been studied in detail. In this study, LAB from sian‐sianzih were isolated, characterized and identified.

RESULTS: A total of 186 cultures of LAB were isolated from seven sian‐sianzih samples and 29 cultures were isolated from its main raw substrate: clams. The identification results revealed up to 11 distinct bacterial species belonging to five genera in sian‐sianzih, and three species belonging to two genera in clams. The most common bacterial genera in sian‐sianzih were Lactobacillus and Weissella, followed by Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Lactococcus. A regional similarity in LAB, with differences in diversity, was observed in the current study. On the other hand, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis was the most common species found in raw clam samples. The results also suggested that greater LAB diversity could be observed in wild clams than in cultured ones. Furthermore, antibacterial activities of the isolates were determined, and one Weisella hellenica strain showed inhibitory activity against the indicator strain Lactobacilluas sakei JCM 1157T. A sensory assessment of seven sian‐sianzih samples was also performed and the results indicated that diversity of LAB has a great effect on its aroma and taste formation.

CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that various LAB species are distributed in sian‐sianzih and have a great effect on the flavor of sian‐sianzih. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Monolithic poly(butyl methacrylate–ethylene dimethacrylate–methacrylic acid) column for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Ohyama Kaname , Horiguchi Daisuke , Kishikawa Naoya , Kuroda Naotaka
Published: July 2011

A butyl methacrylate–ethylene dimethacrylate–methacrylic acid (MAA) monolithic column was prepared for capillary electrochromatography. The effect of MAA weight percentage on the EOF mobility and column efficiency was studied. BMA–EDMA–MAA monolith with higher content of MAA provided higher EOF mobility as well as higher efficiency. The effect of mobile‐phase composition and buffer pH was also investigated. The monolithic columns exhibited a good repeatability and reproducibility of column preparation with relative standard deviation values below 16% in the studied chromatographic parameters.
Separation and sweeping of metal ions with EDTA in CZE‐ESI‐MS
Authors: Quirino Joselito P. , Haddad Paul R.
Published: July 2011

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the background electrolyte (BGE) of capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer is presented as an approach for the determination of metal ions. Significant signals for the metal–ligand complexes were observed even when EDTA was continually eluted from the capillary during the entire electrophoretic run. The signal‐to‐noise ratio was improved by the addition of ammonia to the sheath liquid and by using an acquisition m/z range above the m/z of EDTA. The LODs for the test metal ions (i.e. calcium(II), manganese(II), and zinc(II)) with conventional injection were around 1–2 mg/L with corrected peak areas that are linear from 8 to 100 mg/L. The presence of EDTA in the BGE was critical not only for the separation but also for sweeping via complexation as an on‐line sample concentration technique. The peak height of the test metal ions was improved at least tenfold with sweeping via EDTA complexation and yielded LODs in the μg/L range.
Use of tube radial distribution of ternary mixed carrier solvents for introduction of absorption reagent for metal ion separation and online detection into capillary
Authors: Fujinaga Satoshi , Jinno Naoya , Hashimoto Masahiko , Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko
Published: July 2011

When ternary mixed solvents consisting of water‐hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic solvents are fed into a micro‐space under laminar flow conditions, the solvent molecules are radially distributed in the micro‐space. The specific fluidic behavior of the solvents is called the “tube radial distribution phenomenon (TRDP)”. A novel capillary chromatography method was developed based on the TRDP that creates the inner major and outer minor phases in a tube, where the outer phase acts as a pseudo‐stationary phase. This is called “tube radial distribution chromatography (TRDC)”. In this study, Chrome Azurol S as an absorption reagent was introduced into the TRDC system for metal ion separation and online detection. The fused‐silica capillary tube (75 μm id and 110 cm length) and water–acetonitrile–ethyl acetate mixture (3:8:4 volume ratio) including 20 mM Chrome Azurol S as a carrier solution were used. Metal ions, i.e. Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Al(III), and Fe(III), as models were injected into the present TRDC system. Characteristic individual absorption characteristics and elution times were obtained as the result of complex formation between the metal ions and Chrome Azurol S in the water–acetonitrile–ethyl acetate mixture solution. The elution times of the metal ions were examined based on their absorption behavior; Co(II), Ni(II), Al(III), Fe(III), and Cu(II) were eluted in this order over the elution times of 4.7–6.8 min. The elution orders were determined from the molar ratios of metal ion to Chrome Azurol S and Irving–Williams series for bivalent metal ions.
Size separation and size determination of liposomes
Authors: Sakai‐Kato Kumiko , Ota Shigenori , Hyodo Kenji , Ishihara Hiroshi , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Kawanishi Toru
Published: July 2011

We developed a method for separating liposomes by size and determining their average diameters. Liposomes with different average diameters were separated on a monolithic silica capillary column, and the size of the liposomes corresponding to each peak was determined online with a dynamic light scattering detector coupled to the capillary liquid chromatography system. The calculated diameters for the separated liposomes were similar to the diameter values measured in batch mode. We demonstrate that this combination of a monolithic capillary column and light scattering detection could be used for size separation of liposomes and could provide more details about average diameters than batch‐mode analysis.
Simultaneous concentration enrichment and electrophoretic separation of weak acids on a microchip, using in situ photopolymerized carboxylate‐type polyacrylamide gels as the permselective preconcentrator
Authors: Yamamoto Sachio , Watanabe Yuki , Nishida Noriaki , Suzuki Shigeo
Published: July 2011

A method for the simultaneous concentration and separation of weak acids using an acidic polyacrylamide gel, fabricated in the microfluidic channel of a commercial poly(methyl methacrylate)‐made microchip, is reported. This approach is based on simple photochemical copolymerization for the fabrication of a permselective preconcentrator. The intersection of the poly(methyl methacrylate)‐made microchip was filled with a gel solution comprising acrylamide, N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide, and 2‐acrylamidoglycolic acid, with riboflavin as a photocatalytic initiator. In situ polymerization, near the cross of the sample outlet channel, was performed by irradiation with an argon ion laser beam that is also used as the light source for fluorimetric detection. The electrokinetic properties, combined with electrostatic repulsion between sample components and the anionic groups on the polyacrylamide gel, enable the entrapment and concentration of weak acids at the interface of the cathodic side of the gel plug. This method displays concentration factors of up to 105 within 3 min. The effectiveness of the ionic preconcentrator was demonstrated by the sensitive analysis of fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled amino acids.
Determination of organophosphorous pesticides in the ppq range using a simple solid‐phase extraction method combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
Authors: Alves Andreia Cristina Henriques , Gonçalves Maria Margarida Pontes Boavida , Bernardo Maria Manuel Serrano , Mendes Benilde Simões
Published: July 2011

Solid‐phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (SPE‐DLLME) was applied for the extraction of six organophosphorous pesticides (OPPs) in water samples. The analytes considered in this study were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and included prophos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos methyl, methyl parathion, fenchlorphos and chlorpyrifos. Several extraction conditions (extraction solvent and elution/dispersion solvents nature, extraction solvent volume, elution solvent volume, water volume and sample volume) were tested for SPE‐DLLME with these analytes and the best results were obtained using carbon tetrachloride as the extraction solvent and acetone as the elution/dispersion solvent. Calibration curves for the determination of OPPs in water samples were constructed in the concentration range of 10–100 ng/L. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 38 to 230 pg/L values that are below the maximum admissible level for drinking water (100 ng/L). Relative standard deviations (RSD) were between 8.6 and 10.4% for a fortification level of 100 ng/L. At the same fortification level, the relative recoveries (R.R.) of tap, well and irrigation water samples were in the range of 30.2–97.1%.
Contributors to traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in juvenile justice youths
Authors: Wasserman Gail A. , McReynolds Larkin S.
Published: July 2011

This study considers demographic, offense, and disorder contributors to exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a large (N = 9,611) dataset of standardized psychiatric assessments resulting from nationwide collaborations with justice agencies. Youths' antisocial history may elevate risk for traumatic exposure and PTSD; additionally, traumatic victimization increases risk for externalizing behavior. Rates of all types of traumatic exposure and PTSD were clearly elevated and expectably related to disorder and antisocial behavior. Males were significantly more likely than females to report assaultive violence, whereas females were significantly more likely than males to report forced sexual activity. Gender interactions with disorder and antisocial behavior were contributory only in predicting forced sexual activity: females' exposure was not conditional on features characterizing males' exposure. Findings highlight the high levels of trauma exposure at all levels of juvenile justice processing, and the particular vulnerability of males with internalizing psychopathology. Consistent with increased recent interest in the diagnosis of developmental trauma disorder, and given the likely interconnectedness between traumatic exposure and externalizing symptoms, treatment approaches for justice youths should address their co‐occurrence.
Energy‐Independent Intracellular Gene Delivery Mediated by Polymeric Biomimetics of Cell‐Penetrating Peptides
Authors: Chae Su Young , Kim Hyun June , Lee Min Sang , Jang Yeon Lim , Lee Yuhan , Lee Soo Hyeon , Lee Kyuri , Kim Sun Hwa , Kim Hong Tae , Chi Sang‐Cheol , Park Tae Gwan , Jeong Ji Hoon
Published: July 2011

Efficient gene transfer into mammalian cells mediated by small molecular amphiphile‐polymer conjugates, bile acid‐polyethylenimine (BA‐PEI), is demonstrated, opening an efficient transport route for genetic materials across the cell membrane. This process occurs without the aid of endocytosis or other energy‐consuming processes, thus mimicking macromolecular transduction by cell‐penetrating peptides. The exposure of a hydrophilic face of the amphiphilic BA moiety on the surface of BA‐PEI/DNA complex that mediates direct contact of the BA molecules to the cell surface seems to play an important role in the endocytosis‐ and energy‐independent internalization process. The new modality of the polymeric biomimetics can be applied to enhanced delivery of macromolecular therapeutics.

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Surface Property Modification of Epoxy Coatings by Polydimethylsiloxanes
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Sordo Federica , Messori Masismo
Published: July 2011

Surface properties of epoxy coatings are modified by PDMS additives in cationic UV curing of a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. The cured films show a very high hydrophobicity that does not depend on PDMS concentration, indicating that a threshold is reached even at 0.3 wt% additive. A slight increase of the water contact angle as a function of PDMS molecular weight is observed. The additive selectively modified the air‐side of the film, while the glass‐side retains the surface properties of the pure resin. This segregation phenomenon permits to obtain highly hydrophobic films with still good adhesion properties on polar substrates, which is an important advantage over common surface‐modified resins.

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A note on groups of colour preserving automorphisms
Authors: Baumann Ulrike , Holthaus Ute
Published: July 2011

A perfect edge colouring of a graph is defined by the property that all colour matchings are perfect matchings. Every edge‐coloured graph determines a group of graph automorphisms which preserve the colours of the edges. If the graph is connected, then this group of colour preserving automorphisms is a semiregular permutation group. The question which semiregular permutation groups with exactly one orbit or with an even number k of orbits arise as groups of colour preserving automorphisms of graphs with perfect edge colourings has been answered in 1,2. The present paper deals with the problem for semiregular permutation groups with an odd number of orbits.