bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quercetin administration post‐weaning attenuates high‐fructose, high‐cholesterol diet‐induced hepatic steatosis in growing, female, Sprague Dawley rat pups
Authors: Donaldson Janine , Ngema Mandisa , Nkomozepi Pilani , Erlwanger Kennedy
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

Fructose and cholesterol‐rich diets have been implicated in the upsurge of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Phytochemicals are being explored as alternatives for the prevention and management of MetS. Thirty‐six 21‐day‐old, female Sprague Dawley rats fed a high‐fructose, high‐cholesterol diet post‐weaning were used to investigate the prophylactic potential of quercetin. Group 1 was given standard rat chow (SRC); Group 2: SRC and quercetin (75 mg kg−1 daily); Group 3: SRC and fenofibrate (100 mg kg−1 daily); Group 4 was given a high cholesterol diet (HCD) (2% added dietary cholesterol in SRC), 20% fructose drinking solution (FS); Group 5 was given HCD, 20% FS and quercetin (75 mg kg−1 daily); Group 6: HCD, 20% FS and fenofibrate (100 mg kg−1 daily). Rats were fed ad libitum for 8 weeks, euthanized, and blood and liver samples were collected.

RESULTS

The HCD and FS significantly increased (P < 0.05) absolute and relative liver masses and serum cholesterol. Fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides, alanine transaminase, creatinine, and urea were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between groups. The HCD and FS significantly increased liver lipid yield compared to the SRC and rats receiving SRC with fenofibrate (P < 0.05). Quercetin or fenofibrate together with HCD and FS attenuated the diet‐induced increase in liver lipids by approximately 50%, although this was not statistically significant. Liver macro‐ and micro‐steatosis scores were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in rats receiving HCD and FS. Quercetin or fenofibrate administration together with HCD and FS significantly decreased (P < 0.05) liver macro‐steatosis scores.

CONCLUSION

The prophylactic effect of quercetin on fructose and cholesterol diet‐induced liver lipid accumulation may be exploited in the fight against non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Macronutrient deprivation eustress elicits differential secondary metabolites in red and green‐pigmented butterhead lettuce grown in a closed soilless system
Authors: El‐Nakhel Christophe , Pannico Antonio , Kyriacou Marios C , Giordano Maria , De Pascale Stefania , Rouphael Youssef
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

Through precise control of the nutrient solution (NS), closed soilless systems enable targeted manipulation of plant secondary metabolites, which constitute health‐promoting components of the human daily diet. A nutrient film technique (NFT) system was employed to assess the effect of NS macronutrient‐based concentration (full, half‐, and quarter‐strength corresponding to electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.5, 0.75, and 0.5 dS m−1) on the bioactive profile of red and green‐pigmented Salanova® butterhead lettuce.

RESULTS

Half‐strength NS reduced fresh biomass of both cultivars by 14%, whereas quarter‐strength NS reduced the fresh biomass of green and red Salanova by 24% and 38%, respectively. However, moderate nutrient stress (half‐strength NS) boosted red Salanova total ascorbic acid, chlorogenic, chicoric, caffeoyl‐meso‐tartaric, total phenolic acids, and anthocyanins concentrations by 266%, 199%, 124%, 251%, 162%, and 380%, respectively compared with the control, full‐strength NS.

CONCLUSIONS

Nutritional eustress and appropriate cultivar selection are effective means to increase phytochemical content and optimize year‐round production of lettuce in closed soilless systems. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Tourism attractiveness in Italy: Regional empirical evidence using a pairwise comparisons modelling approach
Authors: Giambona Francesca , Grassini Laura
Published: August 2019

This paper aims at deriving a ranking for the Italian regions by modelling domestic (interregional) tourist flows, in order to compare their tourism attractiveness. To this aim, a Bradley–Terry modelling approach was used to make pairwise comparisons of competing territories. This approach allows the inclusion of covariates that are, in this case, factors that likely affect domestic tourism flows across competing territories. Consequently, we consider a wide range of determinants within the theoretical framework of destination attractiveness. Furthermore, the empirical findings have been used to assign an attractiveness score to each region on the basis of which a ranking can be done, together with a measure of variability.
Threat or treat for tourism organizations? The Copenhagen Zoo social media storm
Authors: Rydén Pernille , Kottika Efthymia , Hossain Muhammad , Skare Vatroslav , Morrison Alastair M.
Published: August 2019

Social media have emerged as a game changer for tourism by empowering consumers to collectively approve or oppose organizational behaviors. When consumers rise against organizations, social media storms (SMSs) can be an outcome. This research proposes a conceptual framework to help tourism organizations understand SMSs and to guide more effective decision making. Contextualized by a case study of the Copenhagen Zoo, it is shown how and why SMSs are an expression of negative consumer empowerment that brings challenges as well as opportunities. As demonstrated, an SMS can lead to a helix for value creation for the organization, consumers, and society.
Recent changes in soil properties and carbon stocks in fen peatlands adjacent to open‐pit lignite mines
Authors: Glina Bartłomiej , Gajewski Piotr , Mendyk Łukasz , Zawieja Bogna , Kaczmarek Zbigniew
Published: August 2019

The simultaneous impact of climate change and human activities on soil organic carbon content (SOC) in peatlands is insufficiently recognized, especially in relation to peatlands affected by open‐pit lignite mining. Given their importance in climate change feedback loops, long‐term observations of SOC changes in peatlands are essential. The aim of the study was to determine recent changes in the properties and SOC content/stock of agro‐managed fen peatlands located adjacent to open‐pit lignite mines. We studied two soil layers (0–20 and 20–40 cm) within 12 sampling plots in the Grójec Valley (Central Poland). Soil sample collection and field measurements took place in 2005 and again in 2015. The largest negative changes in soil properties (e.g. SOC content drop from 208 to 318 g kg−1 in 2005 to 125–263 g kg−1 in 2015 and SOC stock decrease from 12.1–16.2 kg m−2 in 2005 to 9.22–14.5 kg m−2 in 2015), as well as the largest variability of watertable level were recorded in the northern part of the study area, affected by long‐term lignite mining (1982–2009). While such a strong changes were not observed in the plots from central and southern part of the valley (230–439 g kg−1 in 2005 and 228–396 g kg−1 in 2015; 11.5–29,2 kg m−2 in 2005 and 13.4–36.1 kg m−2, respectively). Our results showed that depletion of SOC content in lowland peatlands in the temperate climate zone (due to human activity and changeable weather conditions) will proceed unless we implement sustainable management practices or apply restoration plans at these sites.
Endogenous timing of managerial delegation contracts in a unionized duopoly
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Meccheri Nicola
Published: August 2019

In a multiple‐stage duopoly game with strategic delegation and unionized labor market, this paper analyzes whether firms' owners decide managerial incentive contracts sequentially or simultaneously. When firms compete in quantities, firms' owners can choose incentive contracts simultaneously or sequentially, depending on the unions' relative bargaining power and the degree of product differentiation. Instead, when firms compete in prices, firms' owners set incentive contracts sequentially with substitute goods and simultaneously with complement goods.
Association between an indel polymorphism within the distal promoter of EGLN2 and cancer risk: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Shulong , Zhu Kaihua , Zhang Zuoliang , Wang Hui , Wang Xiaolong
Published: August 2019

Background

The association between a 4‐bp indel polymorphism (rs10680577) within the distal promoter of EGLN2 and cancer risk has been investigated by several case–control studies in recent years, but investigation results were inconsistent. Thus, a systematic assessment of the association was performed based on a literature review and pooled analysis.

Methods

Two investigators independently retrieved relevant studies from PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Embase, and Google Scholar. The fixed or random effects model was selected to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on heterogeneity level. All analyses including heterogeneity assessment, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias assessment were performed using RevMan 5.3 software and Stata 12.0 software.

Results

A total of six relevant studies with 3,406 cases and 5,147 controls were included in the final analysis. The overall pooled analysis showed that EGLN2 rs10680577 polymorphism was significantly associated with cancer risk under all genetic models. However, subgroup analysis based on cancer type showed that the polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of digestive system cancer under all genetic models, and with the risk of lung cancer under dominant model, heterozygote comparison model, and allele comparison model. Subgroup analysis based on population sources showed a significant association in Chinese population under all genetic models.

Conclusion

The present result suggests that EGLN2 rs10680577 polymorphism is associated with cancer risk, and may act as a promising predictive biomarker for cancer risk, especially in Chinese population. However, further well‐designed studies are warranted to confirm these results.
Digital measurement of 2D and 3D cracks in sandstones through improved pseudo color image enhancement and 3D reconstruction method
Authors: Zhao Zhi , Zhou Xiao‐Ping
Published: August 2019

An integrated approach of improved pseudo color image enhancement (IPCE) method and three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction technology is proposed. The evolution characteristics of two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D spatial cracks in X‐ray computed tomography (CT) images of sandstones subjected to triaxial compression with confining pressure of 10, 20, and 30 MPa are investigated. The equations of crack width, length, and dip angle are established based on the proposed digital damage ratio. Based on the pseudo color images, point cloud maps with roughness and spatial images of cracks are investigated. The numerical results show that this proposed method is effective to study and understand the fracturing properties of rocks.
Similarities and differences of motivations of giving time and money: Giving to individuals versus humanitarian organizations in an emerging market
Authors: Tiltay Muhammet Ali , Torlak Ömer
Published: August 2019

This paper provides the first empirically based study of the formal and informal money and time giving motivations together in an emerging market (Turkey) context. Drawing on empathy–altruism hypothesis and social exchange theory, this study aims to examine relationships between internal charitable motivations and the donation of money and time giving to individuals and humanitarian organizations in the context of a Turkish sample. Empathy and altruism, religious values, social impact, materialism, and conspicuous giving motivations are examined in this study. The results indicate that giving motivations change by giving type. Empathy and altruism motivations effect on all types of giving. Persons tend to be more motivated to give money and time interpersonally than through organizations. Furthermore, money and time given to individuals explained by more motivation in the context of a Turkish sample. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are considered, and future research opportunities are discussed.
Analytical methods to derive the elastic modulus of soft and adhesive materials from atomic force microcopy force measurements
Authors: Fujinami So , Ueda Eijun , Nakajima Ken , Nishi Toshio
Published: August 2019

We present new DMT‐based and JKR‐based methods to derive the elastic modulus of sample surfaces from an atomic force microscope force‐distance curve (DMT: Derjaguin‐Muller‐Toporov, JKR: Johnson–Kendall–Roberts). Application of the methods to the Maugis–Dugdale curves revealed that the JKR‐based method determines very accurate moduli for Maugis' transitional parameter λ > 0.3; however, the DMT‐based method generally estimates much less accurate moduli. The new JKR‐based method has advantages over the two‐point method, which has been often used for the JKR analysis, in capabilities to select the fitting range and to involve more than two points in curve fitting. Utilizing the advantages, for example, one can limit the fitting range to the attractive force zone to reduce the contact area of soft and adhesive materials. The method consists of algebraical calculation and optionally linear fitting; hence, the computational cost is low enough to be applicable to a real‐time JKR analysis method of fast force mapping. The detailed procedure of the method is explained using a force‐distance curve on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) surface. The advantages of the method are demonstrated using a force mapping data on a vulcanized rubber blend. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1279–1286
Field efficacy of soil insecticides on pyrethroid‐resistant western corn rootworms (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)
Authors: Souza Dariane , Peterson Julie A , Wright Robert J , Meinke Lance J
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

Field‐evolved pyrethroid resistance has been confirmed in western corn rootworm (WCR) populations collected from the United States (US) western Corn Belt. Resistance levels of WCR adults estimated in lab bioassays were confirmed to significantly reduce the efficacy of foliar‐applied bifenthrin. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of WCR pyrethroid resistance levels on the performance of common soil‐applied insecticide formulations (23.4% tefluthrin, 17.15% bifenthrin, and 0.1% cyfluthrin + 2.0% tebupirimphos). Field trials were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in three Nebraska, US, counties (Saunders, Clay, and Keith) where distinct levels of WCR susceptibility to pyrethroids (susceptible, moderately resistant, and highly resistant) had been previously reported in adult and larval bioassays.

RESULTS

All soil insecticide treatments effectively protected maize roots from a pyrethroid‐susceptible WCR population at Saunders. In contrast, the efficacy of bifenthrin and tefluthrin soil insecticides was significantly reduced at Clay and Keith, where pyrethroid‐resistant WCR populations were reported. At Keith, where an additional failure of the cyfluthrin + tebupirimphos soil insecticide was observed, WCR laboratory dose–response bioassays showed a consistent ∼5‐fold resistance level to the active ingredients bifenthrin, tefluthrin, and cyfluthrin.

CONCLUSION

The efficacy of common soil insecticides used in the US for WCR management was significantly reduced in populations exhibiting relatively low levels of WCR pyrethroid resistance. Using a multitactical approach to manage WCR within an integrated pest management framework may mitigate resistance evolution and prolong the usefulness of WCR insecticides within the system. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
First‐principles calculation of temperature‐dependent electronic transitions mechanism in V or Nb substituted BiFeO3
Authors: Li Hai‐long , Bian Liang , Dong Fa‐qin , Song Mian‐xin , Li Wei‐min , Riehle Frank S. , Jiang Xiao‐qiang , Lin Yan‐hui , Wang Cheng‐xia , Li Yu , Luo Wei‐hui
Published: August 2019

Here, we present a simulation study of temperature‐dependent electronic transitions in BiVO3 (BVO) and BiNbO3 (BNO) using density functional theory (DFT) together with generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and two‐dimensional correlation analysis (2D‐CA). The results indicate that heat accumulation can accelerate the degeneracy of V‐3d orbital in BVO and the splitting of Nb‐4d orbital in BNO at 750 K. We found changes in the type of d–p hybrid orbital as follows, for BVO: V‐dx2+y2 + dZ2‐O‐2pz → V‐dx2+y2‐O‐2pz; and for BNO: Nb‐dx2+y2‐O‐2pz → Nb‐dx2+y2 + dZ2‐O‐2pz. Furthermore, we found changes in the type of hybrid orbital leading to the following electron–electron interactions, for BVO: t2g (V‐dZ2‐O‐2pz) + eg (V‐dx2+y2‐O‐2pz) → t2g (V‐dx2+y2‐O‐2pz); and for BNO: t2g + eg (Nb‐dx2+y2 + dZ2‐O‐2pz) → t2g (Nb‐dx2+y2‐O‐2pz) + eg (Nb‐dz2‐O‐2pz). The electronic transitions are determined by a charge‐transfer from the occupied O‐2p4 orbitals to the unoccupied V‐3d3 (or Nb‐4d3) and Bi‐6p3 orbitals. Due to the temperature‐dependent electronic structure closely related to these electronic transitions, this study provides a new perspective for the design and improvement of BFO‐based temperature‐sensitive devices.
Floral volatiles identification and molecular differentiation of Osmanthus fragrans by neutral desorption extractive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Xiaoping , Liu Jianchuan , Wang Yanan , Chingin Konstantin , Hua Rong , Zhu Liang , Rahman Md. Matiur , Frankevich Vladimir , Chen Huanwen
Published: August 2019

Rationale

Floral volatiles are commonly present only at trace amounts and can be degraded or lost during vapor collection, which is often challenging from the analytical standpoint. Osmanthus fragrans Lour. is a widely cultivated plant known for the highly distinct fragrance of its flowers. The identification of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and molecular differentiation of O. fragrans without any chemical pretreatment and VOC collection are important.

Methods

Twenty‐eight VOCs released by the flowers from ten different cultivars of O. fragrans were identified using neutral desorption extractive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ND‐EAPCI‐MS) without any chemical pretreatment or VOC collection. Chemical identification was performed by high‐resolution MSn analysis and whenever possible was confirmed by the analysis of standards.

Results

According to our literature search, nine of the identified VOCs, 3‐buten‐2‐one, cyclohexadiene, 2‐methylfuran, 3‐allylcyclohexene, cuminyl alcohol, hotrienol oxide, epoxy‐linalool oxide, N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) octanamide, and 3‐hydroxy‐dihydro‐β‐ionone, have not been reported in O. fragrans in earlier studies. Confident differentiation between ten different cultivars of O. fragrans was achieved by the principal component analysis of the mass spectrometric results.

Conclusions

The results of our ND‐EAPCI‐MS analysis substantially increase our knowledge about the chemistry of the O. fragrans floral fragrance and demonstrate the power of this technique for direct molecular profiling for plant recognition or in biotechnological applications.
Disturbance observer–based adaptive boundary layer sliding mode controller for a type of nonlinear multiple‐input multiple‐output system
Authors: Gandikota Gurumurthy , Das Dushmanta Kumar
Published: August 2019

In this paper, a disturbance observer–based adaptive boundary layer sliding mode controller (ABLSMC) is proposed to compensate external disturbance and system uncertainty for a class of output coupled multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) nonlinear systems. To show the effectiveness of the proposed ABLMSC, a traditional adaptive sliding mode controller (ASMC) is also designed. The stability of the closed‐loop system is examined by using the Lyapunov stability approach. The proposed control approach is implemented for a class of nonlinear output coupled MIMO systems. For real‐time validation, a coupled tank system is considered for study. Finally, simulation and real‐time results show that the proposed ABLMSC gives better performance such as reduced chattering and energy efficiency than that of the ASMC and some reported works in the literature.
A novel approach to L1 filter design for asynchronously switched positive linear systems with dwell time
Authors: Li Yang , Du Wenju , Xu Xiaozeng , Zhang Hongbin , Xia Jianwei
Published: August 2019

In this paper, the L1 filtering problem is studied for continuous‐time switched positive linear systems (SPLSs) with a small delay existing in the switching of the filter and the subsystem. Unlike the existing literature concerned with asynchronous problems of SPLSs, the synchronous and asynchronous filters will be designed separately, which implies less conservative results. By introducing a class of clock‐dependent Lyapunov function (CDLF), which jumps down when the modes of the filter or the subsystem change and may increase or decrease during the asynchronous interval, clock‐dependent sufficient conditions characterizing a nonweighted L1‐gain performance of the filter error systems are established. Then, based on the L1 analysis results, a pair of error‐bounding filters are designed to estimate the outputs of SPLSs. The filter gains can be obtained by solving a set of linear programming. Finally, two numerical examples are presented to show the effectiveness and advantages of the results.
Input/output‐to‐state stability of impulsive switched delay systems
Authors: Hong Shanshan , Zhang Yu
Published: August 2019

This paper investigates the input/output‐to‐state stability (IOSS) and integral IOSS (iIOSS) of nonlinear impulsive switched delay systems where the switching moments and impulsive moments do not necessarily coincide with each other. Some Razumikhin‐type criteria are presented to guarantee the IOSS and iIOSS of the systems, where both destabilizing and stabilizing effects of switching behavior and impulses are considered simultaneously. The counterpart results for impulsive switched systems without delay can be naturally obtained. Several examples are provided to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed results.
Pulses of seed release in riparian Salicaceae coincide with high atmospheric temperature
Authors: Bourgeois Bérenger , González Eduardo
Published: August 2019

Riparian shrubs and trees in the Salicaceae family release their seeds when floods that create nursery sites for germination are more frequent, but little is known about the factors controlling temporal variations in seed release within the seed release period. The seed release of three riparian tree species dominating European floodplain forests (Populus alba L., Populus nigra L., and Salix alba L.) was monitored in spring 2007 and 2008 using seed traps placed along the Middle Ebro River, NE Spain. Correlations relating biweekly seed rain intensity (seeds trapped per square meter) to meteorological (atmospheric temperature, cumulative precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation, mean wind speed) and hydrological (river discharge) variables were investigated. The best combination of environmental variables explaining seed rain intensity was identified using an Akaike information selection criterion‐based backward selection, after accounting for temporal autocorrelation both in seed rain intensity and environmental variables. Seed rain correlated positively with temperature for P. alba, P. nigra, and S. alba, though its effect decreased with relative humidity for P. nigra. Our results can help fine‐tune the design of environmental flows to promote sexual recruitment of Salicaceae trees: Planning water releases during the hottest days of the seed dispersal period, when seed rain peaks, should maximize seed germination density and thus increase the potential for successful seedling establishment.
Changes in the flow regimes associated with climate change and human activities in the Yangtze River
Authors: Cheng Junxiang , Xu Ligang , Fan Hongxiang , Jiang Jiahu
Published: August 2019

Hydrologic regimes are increasingly altered under the impacts of climate change and human activities. Streamflow data from 1960 to 2014 were analysed to investigate changes in the flow regimes in the Yangtze River using multiple hydrologic metrics and the Budyko framework. The long‐term data were separated into two periods: the preimpact period (1960–2002) and the postimpact period (2003–2014), according to the year the Three Gorges Dam began operation. The results showed that both indicators of hydrologic alteration and ecoflow metrics were clearly altered. The highly changed indicators included flow in February, annual minimum 1‐, 3‐, 7‐, 30‐, and 90‐day flows, base flow index, date of annual minimum flow, and low pulse duration. The integrated degree of hydrologic alteration ranged from 41% to 61%, indicating a moderate alteration of the flow regimes in the Yangtze River. The regulation of the Three Gorges Dam increased low flow and weakened peak flow, which resulted in autumn ecodeficit and winter ecosurplus increasing dramatically since the 2000s. The ecoflow metrics were more sensitive to precipitation than to potential evapotranspiration. The joint effects of human activities and climate change varied among the river reaches in the different decades. The streamflow was mainly affected by human activities in the upper reach during the 1970s–1990s, with a contribution ratio ranging from 63% to 77%. Climate change shifted to a major contributor in the middle and lower reaches since the 1980s as well as in the upper reach in 2000–2014, accounting for 50–82% of the streamflow changes. These different responses were primarily caused by the variations of precipitation and intensive human activities, particularly the rapid growth of reservoirs and other large projects since the 1970s in the upper Yangtze River. These results provide interesting insights into the spatio‐temporal hydrologic alteration across the Yangtze River.
Myometrial Cells Stimulate Self-Renewal of Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem-Like Cells Through WNT5A/β-Catenin Signaling
Authors: Cao Mingzhu , Chan Rachel W. S. , Cheng Fiona H. C. , Li Jiangxue , Li Tianqi , Pang Ronald T. K. , Lee Cheuk-Lun , Li Raymond H. W. , Ng Ernest H. Y. , Chiu Philip C. N. , Yeung William S. B.
Published: August 2019

Human endometrium undergoes cycles of proliferation and differentiation throughout the reproductive years of women. The endometrial stem/progenitor cells contribute to this regenerative process. They lie in the basalis layer of the endometrium next to the myometrium. We hypothesized that human myometrial cells provide niche signals regulating the activities of endometrial mesenchymal stem-like cells (eMSCs). In vitro coculture of myometrial cells enhanced the colony-forming and self-renewal ability of eMSCs. The cocultured eMSCs retained their multipotent characteristic and exhibited a greater total cell output when compared with medium alone culture. The expression of active β-catenin in eMSCs increased significantly after coculture with myometrial cells, suggesting activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Secretory factors in spent medium from myometrial cell culture produced the same stimulatory effects on eMSCs. The involvement of WNT/β-catenin signaling in self-renewal of eMSCs was confirmed with the use of WNT activator (Wnt3A conditioned medium) and WNT inhibitors (XAV939 and inhibitor of Wnt Production-2 [IWP-2]). The myometrial cells expressed more WNT5A than other WNT ligands. Recombinant WNT5A stimulated whereas anti-WNT5A antibody suppressed the colony formation, self-renewal, and T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (TCF/LEF) transcriptional activities of eMSCs. Moreover, eMSCs expressed FZD4 and LRP5. WNT5A is known to activate the canonical WNT signaling in the presence of these receptor components. WNT antagonist, DKK1, binds to LRP5/6. Consistently, DKK1 treatment nullified the stimulatory effect of myometrial cell coculture. In conclusion, our findings show that the myometrial cells are niche components of eMSCs, modulating the self-renewal activity of eMSCs by WNT5A-dependent activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Stem Cells  2019;37:1455–1466
The origin of Humboldt and Bonpland's holotype of Oncidium ornithorhynchum, clarified using +200‐year‐old DNA
Authors: Contreras‐Ortiz Natalia , Rodríguez‐García Teresa , Quintanilla Sonia , Bernal‐Villegas Jaime , Madriñán Santiago , Gómez‐Gutiérrez Alberto
Published: August 2019

Oncidium ornithorhynchum, an epiphytic orchid characterized by erect, pyramidal inflorescences and small yellow flowers, is found in the northern Andes. However, according to the protologue, the type was collected in Mexico during Humboldt and Bonpland's American expedition (1800–1804). To clarify this problem, we extracted DNA from the ancient holotype. Short‐range PCRs for plastid (matK‐trnK, trnH‐psbA, ycf1) and nuclear (nrITS) markers were established and used to infer its phylogenetic placement with several related Central American and Andean orchid species. This provided well‐supported and close relationships of the holotype with other North Andean orchids, proving that the locus classicus was confounded. Also O. sotoanum from Mexico, with which O. ornithorhynchum has often been confused, was only distantly related.
Titanium Dioxide and Gamma Irradiation Induced Changes in the Structural, Morphology, and Mechanical Behavior of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer
Authors: Abdeldaym A. , Magida M.M. , Elnahas H.H.
Published: August 2019

Some composites were prepared depending on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer with 18% VA content and titanium dioxide (TiO2). These composites were prepared in the ratios of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40 by melt mixing method. Gamma radiation at differing doses was applied on pure EVA and composites to investigate the impact on modification of composites. Gel percentage and the Charlesby‐Pinner equation were used to confirm crosslinking increases. X‐Ray diffraction measurement (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and mechanical testing were all used to investigate the varying effects of the different processes on the structure, morphology, and mechanical behavior of EVA. It was observed that the addition of TiO2 and gamma irradiation both have a significant effect on the structure and, therefore, the composites' surface morphology. Notable changes of the lattice structure were revealed by the XRD results for both unirradiated and irradiated composites, which were also confirmed by examination of the samples' surface morphology. It was found that the presence and amount of TiO2 along with the irradiation process has a significant influence upon the EVA's mechanical behavior. When compared with the pure EVA, the results demonstrated a significant enhancement in the mechanical parameters of both unirradiated and irradiated composites, except elongation at break. The mechanical results were in line with gel content analysis. The reliability of gamma radiation as an applied method for controlling long‐term properties is clearly demonstrated. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 26:224–235, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nutrients, eutrophication and harmful algal blooms along the freshwater to marine continuum
Authors: Wurtsbaugh Wayne A. , Paerl Hans W. , Dodds Walter K.
Published: August 2019

Agricultural, urban and industrial activities have dramatically increased aquatic nitrogen and phosphorus pollution (eutrophication), threatening water quality and biotic integrity from headwater streams to coastal areas world‐wide. Eutrophication creates multiple problems, including hypoxic “dead zones” that reduce fish and shellfish production; harmful algal blooms that create taste and odor problems and threaten the safety of drinking water and aquatic food supplies; stimulation of greenhouse gas releases; and degradation of cultural and social values of these waters. Conservative estimates of annual costs of eutrophication have indicated $1 billion losses for European coastal waters and $2.4 billion for lakes and streams in the United States. Scientists have debated whether phosphorus, nitrogen, or both need to be reduced to control eutrophication along the freshwater to marine continuum, but many management agencies worldwide are increasingly opting for dual control. The unidirectional flow of water and nutrients through streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries and ultimately coastal oceans adds additional complexity, as each of these ecosystems may be limited by different factors. Consequently, the reduction of just one nutrient upstream to control eutrophication can allow the export of other nutrients downstream where they may stimulate algal production. The technology exists for controlling eutrophication, but many challenges remain for understanding and managing this global environmental problem.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water Quality

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
Climate change and the far right
Authors: Forchtner Bernhard
Published: August 2019

In recent years two crises have populated the imagination of publics: environmental crises, ranging from, for example, water and air pollution to climate change, and the crisis of liberal democracy, illustrated by the rise of far‐right actors across Europe, the United States and beyond. While these environmental and political crises have been analyzed on their own, little research has been done on their nexus. Against this background, this focus article reviews existing academic literature on far‐right climate‐change communication by European party and nonparty actors, that is, climate‐change communication from a distinctively ethno‐nationalist and authoritarian perspective. The far right is not a homogenous entity but best viewed as a continuum, ranging from radical‐right, anti‐liberal democracy actors to extreme‐right, anti‐democracy ones. This contribution to WIREs Climate Change argues that many, though not all, far‐right party and nonparty actors are skeptical towards (anthropogenic) climate change and/or responses to it, at least in comparison to the European mainstream. The article does so by reviewing existing research before formulating areas for further research.

This article is categorized under:

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Social Movements
RNA mimicry in post‐transcriptional regulation by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
Authors: Levi Ofri , Garin Shahar , Arava Yoav
Published: August 2019

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are well studied for their roles in tRNA charging with cognate amino acid. Nevertheless, numerous lines of evidence indicate that these proteins have roles other than tRNA charging. These include coordination of cellular signaling cascades, induction of cytokines outside the cell and transcription regulation. Herein, we focus on their roles in post‐transcriptional regulation of mRNA expression. We describe functions that are related to antitermination of transcription, RNA splicing and mRNA translation. Cases were recognition of mRNA by the aaRS involves recognition of tRNA‐like structures are described. Such recognition may be achieved by repurposing tRNA‐binding domains or through domains added to the aaRS later in evolution. Furthermore, we describe cases in which binding by aaRS is implicated in autogenous regulation of expression. Overall, we propose RNA‐mimicry as a common mode of interaction between aaRS and mRNA which allows efficient expression regulation.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > tRNA Processing

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

Translation > Translation Regulation
Tetraethylammonium Hexafluoro Uranate(IV), Hafnate(IV), and Cerate(IV) Salts: Preparation and Solid‐state Structure
Authors: Balasekaran Samundeeswari Mariappan , Hagenbach Adelheid , Lentz Dieter , Poineau Frederic
Published: August 2019

The {N(C2H5)4}2[UF6]·2H2O (1), {N(C2H5)4}2[HfF6]·2H2O (2), and {N(C2H5)4}2[CeF6]·6H2O (3) salts were prepared in high yield (ca. 80 %) from the reaction of MF4 with tetraethylammonium fluoride in propylene carbonate and for the first time their solid‐state structures characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The compounds 1, 2 and 3 crystallize in the space groups Pcca, P21/n1 and Pca21, respectively. In 1, 2, and 3 the MF62– anions are almost octahedral with average M–F distances of 2.16, 1.999, and 2.148 Å.
Introduction: Why Entrepreneurship?
Authors: Elert Niklas , Henrekson Magnus , Sanders Mark
Published: August 2019

The European Union suffers from an innovation deficit, which must be remedied if the EU is to improve the quality of life of its citizens and remain competitive in the global marketplace. We explain why productive entrepreneurship is a way towards restoring inclusive, innovative, and sustainable growth in Europe before presenting the theoretical framework of the experimentally organized economy, a perspective stressing the collaborative nature of productive entrepreneurial venturing. The perspective helps us outline an entrepreneurial reform strategy, which acknowledges the substantial cross-country differences across the union. Since each EU member state has evolved its particular bundle of institutions, many of which are complementary to one another, a one-size-fits-all approach to reforming institutions is likely to fail. Finally, we summarize the six reform areas which will be addressed in subsequent chapters, and formulate six guiding principles—neutrality, transparency, moderation, contestability, legality, and justifiability—for developing tailored reform strategies for the European Union, its member states, and regions.
Savings, Finance, and Capital for Entrepreneurial Ventures
Authors: Elert Niklas , Henrekson Magnus , Sanders Mark
Published: August 2019

To promote an entrepreneurial society, many of the institutions that mobilize and allocate savings and financial resources in the European Union must be reformed. The proposals in this area seek to address the bias against small, innovative, and young ventures in Europe’s financial markets, dominated by banks and large pension funds. These intermediaries tend to prefer large debt-based investments over the small equity investments that young ventures need, and the problem is exacerbated by perverse tax incentives. In addition, we discuss reforms that can support the emergence of new, platform-based intermediation in financial markets. Competencies for reform are divided among member states and the Union, but often fall outside the traditional scope of entrepreneurship policy.
Labor Markets and Social Security in the Entrepreneurial Society
Authors: Elert Niklas , Henrekson Magnus , Sanders Mark
Published: August 2019

Increasing the availability of skilled labor to small and innovative ventures is imperative if entrepreneurship and innovation are to flourish within the European Union. Building up a qualitatively and quantitatively fitting labor force is always a challenge for new, growing ventures, but Europe’s labor market and social security systems tend to create specific barriers to such growth. By aiming for neutrality and portability in social security systems, we propose reforms that will increase the mobility and flexibility of labor, while maintaining a generous level of social security and labor protection. As competencies in labor markets and social security are concentrated at the member state level, the proposals made in this chapter mainly speak to policymakers at that level. Moreover, our proposals extend the scope of what is traditionally considered entrepreneurship policy.
Making Entrepreneurship Policy or Entrepreneurial Policymaking
Authors: Elert Niklas , Henrekson Magnus , Sanders Mark
Published: August 2019

To promote innovation and economic growth in the European Union, we have outlined a reform strategy with respect to the institutions and policies that matter the most for fostering a productive entrepreneurial economy. Here, we conclude by summarizing all the previous chapters and discussing how the 50 proposals presented can be used as building blocks but should not be considered a blueprint for institutional reform in the European Union. Rather, implementing reforms for an entrepreneurial society in Europe will have to involve policymaking which is itself entrepreneurial. That is, fast cycles of trial and error will be required to carefully tailor a reform strategy to local conditions and institutional preconditions. But policymakers should not lose sight of the long-term goal of institutional reform to promote entrepreneurship, innovation, and growth across Europe and extend their ambitions to do so beyond the traditional domain of entrepreneurship policy.
Entanglement entropy in generalised quantum Lifshitz models
Authors: Angel-Ramelli J. , Puletti V. Giangreco M. , Thorlacius L.
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We compute universal finite corrections to entanglement entropy for generalised quantum Lifshitz models in arbitrary odd spacetime dimensions. These are generalised free field theories with Lifshitz scaling symmetry, where the dynamical critical exponent z equals the number of spatial dimensions d, and which generalise the 2+1-dimensional quantum Lifshitz model to higher dimensions. We analyse two cases: one where the spatial manifold is a d-dimensional sphere and the entanglement entropy is evaluated for a hemisphere, and another where a d-dimensional flat torus is divided into two cylinders. In both examples the finite universal terms in the entanglement entropy are scale invariant and depend on the compactification radius of the scalar field.
Neutrophil proteome shifts over the myocardial infarction time continuum
Authors: Daseke Michael J. , Valerio Fritz M. , Kalusche William J. , Ma Yonggang , DeLeon-Pennell Kristine Y. , Lindsey Merry L.
Published: August 2019

In response to myocardial infarction (MI), neutrophils (PMNs) are early responders that initiate the inflammatory reaction. Because macrophages and fibroblasts show polarization states after MI, we hypothesized PMNs also undergo phenotypic changes over the MI time course. The objective of the current study was to map the continuum of polarization phenotypes in cardiac neutrophils over the first week of MI. C57BL/6J male mice (3–6 months old) underwent permanent coronary artery ligation to induce MI, and PMNs were isolated from the infarct region at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after MI. Day 0 served as a no MI negative control. Aptamer proteomics was performed on biological replicates (n = 10–12) for each time point. Day (D)1 MI neutrophils had a high degranulation profile with increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. D3 MI neutrophil profiles showed upregulation of apoptosis and induction of extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. D5 MI neutrophils further increased their ECM reorganization profile. D7 MI neutrophils had a reparative signature that included expression of fibronectin, galectin-3, and fibrinogen to contribute to scar formation by stimulating ECM reorganization. Of note, fibronectin was a key modulator of degranulation, as it amplified MMP-9 release in the presence of an inflammatory stimulus. Our results indicate that neutrophils selectively degranulate over the MI time course, reflective of both their intrinsic protein profiles as well as the ECM environment in which they reside. MMPs, cathepsins, and ECM proteins were prominent neutrophil degranulation indicators.
Multiple Stressors Influence Salt Marsh Recovery after a Spring Fire at Mugu Lagoon, CA
Authors: Brown Lauren N. , Rosencranz Jordan A. , Willis Katherine S. , Ambrose Richard F. , MacDonald Glen M.
Published: August 2019

This paper presents the first record of fire in Pacific coast salt marshes; the 1993 Green Meadows Fire and the 2013 Camarillo Springs Fire burned an area of Salicornia-dominated salt marsh at Point Mugu, CA. These fires inspire concern about resiliency of ecosystems not adapted to fire, already threatened by sea-level rise (SLR), and under stress from extreme drought. We monitored vegetation percent cover, diversity, and soil organic carbon (SOC) in burned and unburned areas of the salt marsh following the 2013 Camarillo Springs Fire and used remotely sensed Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) analysis to verify the in situ data. Two years following the fire, vegetation percent cover in burned areas was significantly lower than in unburned areas, with dominant-species change in recovered areas, and NDVI was lower than pre-fire conditions. Multi-year disturbance, such as fire, presents challenges for salt marsh resilience and dependent species, especially in sites facing multiple stressors. With anticipated higher temperatures, increased aridity, extreme drought, and higher frequency fires becoming a reality for much of the Pacific coast, this study indicates that fire in Salicornia-dominated marshes is a vulnerability that will need to be addressed differently from other grass- or reed-dominated marsh systems.
Acculturation
Authors: Berry John W.
Published: August 2019

Acculturation is the process of group and individual changes in culture and behaviour that result from intercultural contact. These changes have been taking place forever, and continue at an increasing pace as more and more peoples of different cultures move, meet and interact. Variations in the meanings of the concept, and some systematic conceptualisations of it are presented. This is followed by a survey of empirical work with indigenous, immigrant and ethnocultural peoples around the globe that employed both ethnographic (qualitative) and psychological (quantitative) methods. This wide-ranging research has been undertaken in a quest for possible general principles (or universals) of acculturation. This Element concludes with a short evaluation of the field of acculturation; its past, present and future.
Willingness to Pay for Rose Attributes: Helping Provide Consumer Orientation to Breeding Programs
Authors: Chavez Daniel E. , Palma Marco A. , Byrne David H. , Hall Charles R. , Ribera Luis A.
Published: August 2019

Floriculture value exceeds $5.8 billion in the United States. Environmental challenges, market trends, and diseases complicate breeding priorities. To inform breeders’ and geneticists’ research efforts, we set out to gather consumers’ preferences in the form of willingness to pay (WTP) for different rose attributes in a discrete choice experiment. The responses are modeled in WTP space, using polynomials to account for heterogeneity. Consumer preferences indicate that heat and disease tolerance were the most important aspects for subjects in the sample, followed by drought resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify breeding priorities in rosaceous plants from a consumer perspective.