bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixture Method
Authors: Peterson Arthur V. , Kronmal Richard A.
Published: June 2015

The mixture method is one of several fundamental tools used in constructing efficient exact algorithms for generating repeated realizations of random variables on a computer. Its key feature is that it generates with high probability a realization from a simple distribution that is close to the desired one.

The mixture method is applicable and useful for both continuous and discrete (probability) distributions. Similar to other tools (e.g., acceptance–rejection method and inverse‐distribution method), it may be used alone or in combination with other tools. Similar to almost all methods currently used for generating random variables, it is designed to use uniform random numbers, which are available and efficiently generated on most computers.
Ruin Theory
Authors: Landriault David , Lin X. Sheldon , Willmot Gordon E.
Published: June 2015

This article gives an overview of ruin theory. It briefly discusses the probability models for the surplus process of an insurance portfolio and the mathematical tools used for the investigation of these models. An extensive list of references is provided.
Normality Tests: Comparisons
Authors: Koning Alex J.
Published: June 2015

For testing normality with unknown parameters and , extensive simulation studies have shown the superiority of the Shapiro–Wilk test and variants. The Shapiro–Francia test is a simplified version of the Shapiro–Wilk test, which uses the squared normal probability plot correlation as a test statistic. The Cramér–von Mises and Anderson–Darling tests with plug‐in estimators for and perform slightly worse than the Shapiro–Wilk test.
Nonparametric Tests
Authors: Koning Alex J.
Published: June 2015

Nonparametric tests do not rely on restrictive distributional assumptions, and hence are also known as
distribution‐free tests
. Examples are permutation methods, rank tests, and bootstrap tests.
Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Rydén Tobias
Published: June 2015

The distribution or dynamics of a stochastic process is often influenced by another, not fully observable process. For example, a financial time series depends on the hidden state of the market, the distribution of nucleotides depends on whether the DNA sequence considered is an intron or an exon. In many cases, this hidden process is taken to be a Markov chain and then the complete model is referred to as ahidden Markov model. We review the probabilistic modeling of such processes and the resulting statistical procedures.
Branching Processes
Authors: Jagers Peter
Published: June 2015

Branching processes are stochastic population models based on explicit descriptions of individual life and reproduction. The basic assumption is that individuals live and multiply independently. This can, however, be relaxed. Individuals may be of various types and have varying life spans. In the simple branching processes, there is only one type of individual and life span is deterministic (1 year or season) or exponentially distributed, yielding Markov processes, and as simple special cases, birth‐and‐death processes. However, more general, branching processes allow complex reproduction patterns and arbitrary life distributions. Recent advances yield results where individual reproduction may be influenced by population size.
Propensity Score
Authors: Rosenbaum Paul R.
Published: June 2015

The propensity score is the conditional probability of exposure to treatment rather than control given observed covariates, or more generally, the conditional probability of selection into a group given observed covariates. It is used in an effort to adjust for nonrandom treatment assignment or nonrandom selection. Matching or stratifying on the scalar propensity score tends to balance the many observed covariates used to construct the score. If it suffices to adjust for the observed covariates, then it also suffices to adjust for the propensity score.
Administrative Databases
Authors: Roos Leslie L. , Nickel Nathan C. , Romano Patrick S. , Fergusson Patricia
Published: June 2015

Administrative databases are often used to manage systems or to investigate research questions. The data may be derived from population registries, vital statistics or other records of life events, or from information on services. Questions that may be addressed by administrative datasets include the determinants of variation in utilization, costs, and outcomes of different services. Factors associated with individuals, types of organization, or geography may all be studied. Strengths and weaknesses of this approach are reviewed, and several new directions identified.
Incubation Period of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron
Published: June 2015

The incubation period of an infectious disease is the time interval between the exposure to a disease‐causing infectious agent and the onset of symptomatic (clinical) disease. The incubation period of a disease can be very variable among individuals and a single number, such as the mean or median incubation period, does not reveal the significant heterogeneity in incubation periods in a population. Estimating the distribution of incubation periods is important for a multitude of reasons including modeling the current and future scope of epidemics and evaluating disease control strategies. Important statistical issues arise in estimating incubation period distributions because of incomplete data and selection biases in epidemiological studies. Statistical methods for censored and truncated data are important for addressing those issues in the analyses of incubation periods. Syntheses of data from multiple studies of incubation periods can help overcome the limitations of any single study.
Epidemic Curve
Authors: Rosenberg Philip S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract

An epidemic curve is a plot of time trends in the occurrence of a disease or any other health‐related event for a defined population and time period. The event rate that is plotted may measure the number of cases per unit time, or it may express the numbers of events relative to the number in the study population (incidence rates). In infectious disease epidemiology, the epidemic curve is used to document the scope and duration of an epidemic, to help determine the source of the infection and the modes of transmission or exposure, and to glean information about the incubation period of the disease. In other settings, including behavioral and chronic disease epidemiology, epidemic curves are used to document the scope of public health problems.
Critical Care
Authors: Corwin Howard L.
Published: June 2015

The randomized controlled trial (
RCT
) has become the “gold” standard for clinical research. However, the complex nature of critical illness has made the design and conduct of
RCTs
difficult. The past few years have seen the publication of the results of
RCTs
that have had a major impact on the practice of critical care. Many of these trials are notable in that they impacted care for large segments of the critically ill by demonstrating the benefit of interventions that involved relatively simple changes in clinical practice rather than novel therapeutic agents. Several examples of the impact of these trials are presented.
Adaptive Sampling
Authors: Seber George A. F. , Mohammad Salehi M.
Published: June 2015

Animal populations are often highly grouped. For example, fish can form large, widely scattered schools with few fish in between. Even rare species of animals may form small groups that are hard to find. Applying standard sampling methods such as simple random sampling of plots to such a population could yield little information, with most of the plots being empty. Density estimation and physiological information based on this meagre information will have poor precision. Adaptive sampling is a method of unequal probability sampling based on the simple idea that when some animals are located on a sample plot, the neighboring plots (and possibly their neighbors as well) are added to the sample; in this way, the whole group can be sampled. The scheme lends itself to a variety of modifications, for example, sampling with and without replacement, sequential and inverse sampling, stratified sampling, two‐stage sampling, and the so‐called adaptive allocation, as well as extensions to order statistics, multivariate data, incomplete detectability, and super‐population models.
Sufficiency
Authors: Strawderman William E.
Published: June 2015

According to the principle of sufficiency, introduced by R.A. Fisher in 1922, a “sufficient statistic” is equivalent, for all purposes of estimation, to the original data. Connections with the likelihood principle are noted, as is the case for using robust methods, which do not demand full confidence in the proposed statistical model.
M
onte
C
arlo Simulation
Authors: Gentle James E.
Published: June 2015

Monte Carlo simulation is one of the most important tools in all fields of science. Monte Carlo methods use samples of numbers that appear to be random, although the numbers are generated by deterministic computer algorithms. These “pseudorandom” samples can be used in solving a wide range of problems, including both deterministic problems such as evaluating a definite integral and problems in which there is a random component such as studying and comparing the performance of statistical procedures under various assumptions about the underlying distribution.
Software for Statistical Analyses
Authors: Clayton Silver N.
Published: June 2015

This article describes general‐purpose statistical software packages and special‐purpose packages for hierarchical linear modeling, meta‐analysis, power analyses, qualitative data, and structural equation modeling. The packages are compared and the problems are identified. Additional sources of statistical software are listed and future improvements in statistical software are addressed.
Three‐Mode Component and Scaling Models
Authors: Kroonenberg Pieter M.
Published: June 2015

In this article, the basic principles and rationale for three‐mode analysis of three‐way data are introduced. The wealth of the three‐mode world is sketched, and the power of its methods is illustrated with a three‐mode component analysis of the way children cope in several school‐related situations and an individual difference scaling analysis of the perception of pain.
Unidimensional Scaling
Authors: Mair Patrick , Leeuw Jan De
Published: June 2015

We discuss the one‐dimensional special case of multidimensional scaling, and the various algorithms that have been proposed to solve the corresponding computational problem. We concentrate on least squares unidimensional scaling and on the combinatorial nature of finding the best scaling.
Multidimensional Unfolding
Authors: Mair Patrick , Leeuw Jan De , Wurzer Marcus
Published: June 2015

Multidimensional unfolding applies distance models and scaling techniques to rectangular matrices of preference and attitude data. We discuss metric and nonmetric variants with optional restrictions on the configurations.
Telephone Surveys
Authors: Bateman Driskell Robyn
Published: June 2015

Telephone survey methodology is often the preferred approach to surveying, as it is a valid and reliable means of collecting data. The advantages of telephone surveys include cost efficiency, reduced survey time, and the ability to reach a large, representative sample. With the recent technologies of random‐digit dialing and computer‐assisted telephone interviewing, telephone survey methodologies have been enhanced and improved. While some limitations exist in telephone surveys, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, resulting in an efficient and effective method for collecting data.
Case Studies
Authors: Onghena Patrick , Struyve Charlotte
Published: June 2015

A case study is an in‐depth and rigorous empirical investigation of a particular phenomenon in which one identified case is studied within its context. Case study research as a deliberate research methodology can be traced back to nineteenth and twentieth century developments in many different scientific disciplines, including medicine, psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Partly owing to their roots in these diverse disciplines, there are many types of case studies, but case studies also vary considerably in the kind of research questions that are addressed within disciplines and in the reasons for selecting or studying the case. Although there are serious challenges to conducting sound case study research, validity can be improved by connecting closely to theory; collecting data in a systematic and replicable way; using continuous assessment or observations during an extended period of time; using multiple sources of information, such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documents for the purpose of triangulation, looking at multiple cases to test tentative hypotheses; and applying formal data‐analytic techniques. In this article, some common pitfalls in conducting case study research are described and references to good practice are given.
Interrupted Time Series Design
Authors: Ferron John , Rendina‐Gobioff Gianna
Published: June 2015

Interrupted time series designs are based on repeated measurements before and after the implementation of an intervention. The observations gathered before the intervention establish a baseline that is used to project what would be expected in the absence of intervention. Intervention effects are demonstrated when the observations gathered after the intervention deviate from the expectations derived from the baseline projections.
Dermatology Trials
Authors: Tuchayi Sara Moradi , Feldman Steven R.
Published: June 2015

One characteristic of many skin disease clinical trials is that they involve topical treatments. The direct application of potent topical medications can have excellent efficacy, while minimizing the potential for systemic side effects. A limitation of trials in dermatology is that topical treatment tends to be more difficult for patients to use than oral medications. An advantage of dermatologic trials is that the outcomes are readily visible on the skin. Investigator‐ and patient‐assessed outcomes can be used. A trial of a topical clobetasol illustrates the rapid effects of the drug and the relative safety over the short term.
Electromagnetic Radiation: Emission and Propagation
Authors: Ford George W.
Published: June 2015

The basic phenomena of classical electromagnetic radiation are described. After a brief introduction of the equations of Maxwell and Lorentz for electromagnetism in vacuum, the general theory of integration of these equations is discussed. Applications include the Larmor formula for radiation by a Hertzian dipole, radiation by a confined source, multipole radiation, radiation by an arbitrarily moving point charge, synchrotron radiation, and radiation reaction. The Maxwell equations of electromagnetism in the presence of matter are then introduced together with a brief discussion of their integration. Waves in isotropic and anisotropic material media are described together with their propagation in layered media and waveguides. Applications include radiation by a dipole above a half‐space, Cherenkov radiation, and energy loss by charged particles traversing matter.
Nonimaging Optics
Authors: Miñano Juan C. , Mohedano R. , Benítez P.
Published: June 2015

In illumination and other applications, light must be transferred from a source to a target by optical means, without the need to form an image of such source. Moreover, there is often the need to explicitly avoid image formation, and accomplish with additional goals such as maximum transfer of light (high efficiency), reduced optics size and costs, precribed illuminance patterns or uniformity in the delivered light beams.

The branch of optics that specializes in these types of problems is called nonimaging optics, and was initiated in the mid 1960s. Since then it has progressed in the development of methods and devices and widened its applications enormously. This chapter explains nonimaging optics theoretical background first, and then proceeds with the explanation of main types of design problems and design methods utilized in this expertise field. Some practical applications for nonimaging designs are shown in the last section.
Almost invariant manifold approach for adaptive estimation of periodic and aperiodic unknown time‐varying parameters
Authors: Moshksar E. , Guay M.
Published: June 2015

This paper provides a novel identification technique for the estimation of time‐varying parameters in a class of nonlinear dynamical systems. The concept of almost invariant manifold is used to find an implicit mapping from known variables of the system to the unknown variables. A parameter estimation update law is generated from the proposed mapping. The exponential convergence of parameter estimation error to a small neighbourhood of the origin is achieved. The algorithm is extended to estimate the uncertain periodic parameters. An upper bound estimation of the unknown periodic parameters and their time derivatives are obtained. Unlike most periodic time‐varying parameter estimation techniques, only the knowledge of the number of distinctive frequencies is assumed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated with two simulation examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schwann Cell Contact Guidance versus Boundary ­Interaction in Functional Wound Healing along Nano and Microstructured Membranes
Authors: Tonazzini Ilaria , Jacchetti Emanuela , Meucci Sandro , Beltram Fabio , Cecchini Marco
Published: June 2015

Peripheral nerve transection is often encountered after trauma and can lead to long‐term/permanent loss of sensor/motor functionality. Here, the effect of pure contact interaction of nano/microgrooved substrates on Schwann cells (SCs) is studied in view of their possible use for nerve‐repair applications. Elastomeric gratings (GRs; i.e., alternating lines of ridges and grooves) are developed with different lateral periods (1–20 μm) and depths (0.3–2.5 μm), leading to two distinct cell–material interaction regimes: contact guidance (grating period < cell body diameter) and boundary guidance (grating period ≥ cell body diameter). Here, it is shown that boundary guidance leads to the best single‐cell polarization, actin organization, and single‐cell directional migration. Remarkably, contact guidance is instead more effective in driving collective SC migration and improves functional wound healing. It is also demonstrated that this behavior is linked to the properties of the SC monolayers on different GRs. SCs on large‐period GRs are characterized by N‐Cadherin downregulation and enhanced single‐cell scattering into the wound with respect to SCs on small‐period GRs, indicating a less compact monolayer characterized by looser cell–cell junctions in the boundary guidance regime. The present results provide information on the impact of specific sub­micrometer topographical elements on SC functional response, which can be exploited for nerve‐regeneration applications.
Diperfluorophenyl Fused Thiophene Semiconductors for n‐Type Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs)
Authors: Youn Jangdae , Vegiraju Sureshraju , Emery Jonathan D. , Leever Benjamin J. , Kewalramani Sumit , Lou Silvia J. , Zhang Shiming , Prabakaran Kumaresan , Ezhumalai Yamuna , Kim Choongik , Huang Peng‐Yi , Stern Charlotte , Chang Wen‐Chung , Bedzyk Michael J. , Chen Lin X. , Chen Ming‐Chou , Facchetti Antonio , Marks Tobin J.
Published: June 2015

Three new fused thiophene semiconductors, end‐capped with diperfluorophenylthien‐2‐yl (DFPT) groups (DFPT‐thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐b]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene (TTA), DFPT‐dithieno[2,3‐b:3′,2′‐d]thiophenes (DTT), and DFPT‐thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (TT)), are synthesized and characterized in organic thin film transistors. Good environmental stability of the newly developed materials is demonstrated via thermal analysis as well as degradation tests under white light. The molecular structures of all three perfluorophenylthien‐2‐yl end‐functionalized derivatives are determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. DFPT‐TTA and DFPT‐TT exhibit good n‐type TFT performance, with mobilities up to 0.43 and 0.33 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. These are among the best performing n‐type materials of all fused thiophenes reported to date. The best thin film transistor device performance is achieved via an n‐octadecyltrichlorosilane dielectric surface treatment on the thermally grown Si/SiO2 substrates prior to vapor‐phase semiconductor deposition. Within the DFPT series, carrier mobility magnitudes depend strongly on the semiconductor growth conditions and the gate dielectric surface treatment.
Understanding the natural history of Gaucher disease
Authors: Mistry Pramod K. , Belmatoug Nadia , vom Dahl Stephan , Giugliani Roberto
Published: June 2015

Gaucher disease is a rare and extraordinarily heterogeneous inborn error of metabolism that exhibits diverse manifestations, a broad range of age of onset of symptoms, and a wide clinical spectrum of disease severity, from lethal disease during infancy to first age of onset of symptoms in octogenarians. Before the advent of the International Collaborative Gaucher Group (ICGG) Gaucher Registry, the understanding of the natural history and phenotypic range of Gaucher disease was based on isolated case reports and small case series. Limited data hindered understanding of the full spectrum of the disease leading to some early misconceptions about Gaucher disease, notably, that nonneuronopathic (type 1) disease was a disease of adults only. The global scope of the ICGG Gaucher Registry, with its vast body of longitudinal data, has enabled a real appreciation of both the phenotypic spectrum of Gaucher disease and its natural history. This body of evidence represents the foundation for accurate assessment of the response to specific therapies for Gaucher disease and to the development of standard‐of‐care to monitor disease activity. Here, we outline the key developments in delineating the natural history of this highly complex disease and role of the ICGG Gaucher Registry in this effort. Am. J. Hematol. 90:S6–S11, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term treatment outcomes in Gaucher disease
Authors: Charrow Joel , Scott C. Ronald
Published: June 2015

Following the treatment of the first Gaucher disease patient with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), it was clear that ERT had the potential to be transformative with dramatic improvements in systemic manifestations of the disease within 2 years. Following over 20 years existence of the International Collaborative Gaucher Group Gaucher Registry and evidence from ∼6000 patients, the long‐term effects of therapy have been documented. It has been shown that ERT can result in improvements in all clinical and laboratory parameters of nonneuronopathic disease. However, different aspects of the disease, such as hematologic parameters, organ volumes and bone disease do not necessarily respond to therapy at the same rate or to the same extent, and this has had major implications for disease monitoring and for the establishment of therapeutic goals for ERT. Response may be affected by factors such as the timing of therapy initiation, the presence of irreversible complications such as osteonecrosis, and by enzyme dose. It is also apparent that ERT has no impact on neurological aspects of disease and highlights the need for additional or alternative treatment strategies able to meet the needs of patients with neuronopathic disease. Am. J. Hematol. 90:S19–S24, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gaucher disease and comorbidities: B‐cell malignancy and parkinsonism
Authors: Cox Timothy M. , Rosenbloom Barry E. , Barker Roger A.
Published: June 2015

Data emerging from the International Collaborative Gaucher Group (ICGG) Gaucher Registry together with other contemporary clinical surveys have revealed a close association between Gaucher disease and non‐Hodgkin's B‐cell lymphoma and myeloma and Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. Several possible explanations for increased B‐cell proliferation and neoplasia in Gaucher disease have been proposed, including the possible influence of sphingosine (derived from the extra lysosomal metabolism of glucosylceramide), gene modifiers, splenectomy and immune system deregulation induced by cytokines, chemokines, and hydrolases released from Gaucher cells. Parkinson's disease is frequently seen in the otherwise‐healthy relatives of Gaucher disease patients leading to the finding that GBA mutations represent a genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. The mechanism of the association between GBA mutations and Parkinson's disease has yet to be elucidated but the pathogenesis appears distinct from that of Gaucher disease. Several pathogenic pathways have been proposed including lysosomal and/or mitochondrial dysfunction. The effect of Gaucher disease specific therapies on the incidence of cancer or Parkinson's disease are not clear and will likely be evaluated in future ICGG Gaucher Registry studies. Am. J. Hematol. 90:S25–S28, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal and mechanical properties of liquid silicone rubber composites filled with functionalized graphene oxide
Authors: Zhao Xiong‐wei , Zang Chong‐guang , Wen Yu‐quan , Jiao Qing‐jie
Published: June 2015

To improve the thermal and mechanical properties of liquid silicone rubber (LSR) for application, the graphene oxide (GO) was proposed to reinforce the LSR. The GO was functionalized with triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS) by dehydration reaction to improve the dispersion and compatibility in the matrix. The structure of the functionalized graphene oxide (TEVS‐GO) was evaluated by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). It was found that the TEVS was successfully grafted on the surface of GO. The TEVS‐GO/LSR composites were prepared via in situ polymerization. The structure of the composites was verified by FTIR, XRD, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties of the composites were characterized by TGA and thermal conductivity. The results showed that the 10% weight loss temperature (T10) increased 16.0°C with only 0.3 wt % addition of TEVS‐GO and the thermal conductivity possessed a two‐fold increase, compared to the pure LSR. Furthermore, the mechanical properties were studied and results revealed that the TEVS‐GO/LSR composites with 0.3 wt % TEVS‐GO displayed a 2.3‐fold increase in tensile strength, a 2.79‐fold enhancement in tear strength, and a 1.97‐fold reinforcement in shear strength compared with the neat LSR. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42582.
The need for biofuels as part of a low carbon energy future
Authors: Fulton Lewis M. , Lynd Lee R. , Körner Alexander , Greene Nathanael , Tonachel Luke R.
Published: June 2015

The question of whether the world needs biofuels is approached by examining the feasibility of doing without them. Even with aggressive reductions in travel growth, shifts to mass transport modes, strong efficiency improvements, and deep market penetration by vehicles running on electricity and hydrogen, there remains a large demand for dense liquid fuels in 2050 (80% of transportation fuel) and even in 2075 (50%). This demand is due largely to aviation, ocean shipping, and long‐haul trucking. Acknowledging the significant uncertainties involved in such projections and the challenges faced by all candidate technologies and fuels, we conclude that it will likely be difficult to achieve a low‐carbon transport sector without widespread use of biofuels, and that aggressive efforts to develop sustainable, low‐carbon biofuels alongside other options are warranted. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Maximizing the utilization of Laminaria japonica as biomass via improvement of alginate lyase activity in a two‐phase fermentation system
Authors: Oh Yuri , Xu Xu , Kim Ji Young , Park Jong Moon
Published: June 2015

Brown seaweed contains up to 67% of carbohydrates by dry weight and presents high potential as a polysaccharide feedstock for biofuel production. To effectively use brown seaweed as a biomass, degradation of alginate is the major challenge due to its complicated structure and low solubility in water. This study focuses on the isolation of alginate degrading bacteria, determining of the optimum fermentation conditions, as well as comparing the conventional single fermentation system with the two‐phase fermentation system which is separately using alginate and mannitol extracted from Laminaria japonica. Maximum yield of organic acids production and volatile solids reduction obtained were 0.516 g/g and 79.7%, respectively, using the two‐phase fermentation system in which alginate fermentation was carried out at pH 7 and mannitol fermentation at pH 8. The two‐phase fermentation system increased the yield of organic acids production by 1.14 times and led to a 1.45‐times reduction of VS when compared to the conventional single fermentation system at pH 8. The results show that the two‐phase fermentation system improved the utilization of alginate by separating alginate from mannitol leading to enhanced alginate lyase activity.
Personal recovery within forensic settings – Systematic review and meta‐synthesis of qualitative methods studies
Authors: Shepherd Andrew , Doyle Michael , Sanders Caroline , Shaw Jenny
Published: June 2015

Background

Many mental health services now explicitly aim to support personal recovery. Are there special ethical and practical considerations for application of this model in forensic mental health services? Is there, for example, any conflict in this context between personal empowerment and risk management?

Aim

Our aim was to develop a model of the personal recovery processes for people needing forensic mental health services.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted and meta‐synthesis applied to data from relevant papers.

Results

Five studies were identified through the search process and combined through meta‐synthesis. Three key overarching themes were synthesised: safety and security as a necessary base for the recovery process, the dynamics of hope and social networks in supporting the recovery process and work on identity as a changing feature in the recovery process.

Conclusions

The themes identified provide for theoretically informed and testable developments in care that could enhance the quality of recovery and rehabilitation for offender patients through explicitly enhancing personal sense of safety, understanding the patient's sense of personal identity and their social networks and transitioning between institutional and community support. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building a better literature review: Looking at the nomological network of the country‐of‐origin effect
Authors: Durand Aurelia
Published: June 2015

Due to a rising pace of knowledge production, reviewing extant knowledge on mature topics has become increasingly challenging. Researchers often need to account for hundreds of references with little guidance on how to proceed. Taking the phenomenon of the country‐of‐origin effect (COE) as an example, this paper proposes a solution to tackle this challenge. By adopting the principles of integrative literature reviews and using online databases, bibliography management software, and literature‐mapping techniques, I organize 355 papers about the COE. As a result, the nomological network of the COE is drawn while establishing links between the phenomenon, its antecedents, and its outcomes. This methodological article contributes to building better literature reviews. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unpacking the effect of exploration during environmental uncertainty: Evidence from the information technology sector
Authors: Shrivastava Samir , Pazzaglia Federica , Sonpar Karan , McNamara Peter
Published: June 2015

Environmental uncertainty can render managerial decision‐making about resource deployment particularly difficult. Integrating the knowledge‐based view of the firm and the organizational learning literature, we make a case for deploying specific knowledge‐based resources to cope with specific types of environmental uncertainty. We unbundle knowledge‐based resources into technology‐based and social‐network‐based resources and, using Milliken's (1987) typology of environmental uncertainty, we hypothesize that (a) technological exploration will be more effective during state uncertainty and (b) while being generally beneficial, social exploration will prove more effective during response uncertainty. An analysis of the financial performance of information technology (IT) firms in the United States over the period 1995–2004 generally supports our hypotheses. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental Management Systems and Firm Performance: Improving Firm Environmental Policy through Stakeholder Engagement
Authors: Martín‐de Castro Gregorio , Amores‐Salvadó Javier , Navas‐López José E.
Published: June 2015

Recent contributions to firm environmental policy claim that the link between environmental management systems (EMS) and firm performance still remains unanswered. From a natural‐resource‐based view (NRBV), the effective implementation of EMS inside the firm requires complementary organizational capabilities and resources to deploy proactive environmental strategies. In this research, we develop an empirical model using an improved measurement of EMS, which considers not only ISO 14001/EMAS certification but also its maturity (time elapsed since certification or verification), and propose an indirect effect on firm financial performance through the mediating role of green corporate image. Empirical results tested in a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms offer new insights into the NRBV and EMS literature debates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Transparency of Global Apparel Supply Chains: Quantitative Analysis of Corporate Disclosures
Authors: Ma Yoon Jin , Lee Hyun‐Hwa , Goerlitz Kylie
Published: June 2015

As the globalization of the apparel industry has increased, many issues have emerged regarding the management of supply chains overseas. Significantly low contract prices, which are offered in an effort to remain competitive in global trade, often lead to labor exploitation. The California Transparency in Supply Chains Act went into effect in 2012 to eradicate slavery and human trafficking from supply chains of manufacturing and retail companies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of implementation of this Act in the apparel industry. A quantitative content analysis was conducted to analyze the website disclosures of 204 US‐based apparel retail and manufacturing companies, focusing on the presence, type, length, accessibility, and content of their disclosures. The findings of this study provide insights for manufacturers, retailers, and marketers regarding how they can publicize their socially responsible efforts, particularly regarding slavery and human trafficking issues in their supply chains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Polystyrene‐Templated Aerosol Synthesis of MoS2–Amorphous Carbon Composite with Open Macropores as Battery Electrode
Authors: Choi Seung Ho , Kang Yun Chan
Published: June 2015

MoS2–amorphous carbon (MoS2–AC) composite microspheres with macroporous structure were fabricated by one‐pot spray pyrolysis. Single‐ or few‐layered MoS2 were uniformly dispersed and oriented in random directions in the amorphous carbon microsphere with macropores sizes between 50 and 90 nm. The macroporous microspheres having a high contact area with liquid electrolyte exhibited overall superior Li‐ and Na‐ion storage properties compared with those of the dense microspheres. After 250 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 1.5 A g−1, the discharge capacities of the MoS2–AC microspheres with dense and macroporous structures for Li‐ion storage were 694 and 896 mAh g−1, respectively. In the case of Na‐ion storage, discharge capacities of 336 and 425 mAh g−1 were achieved for the dense and macroporous microspheres, respectively, after 100 cycles at 0.3 A g−1.
A step‐up PWM DC–DC converter for renewable energy applications
Authors: Patidar Keshav , Umarikar Amod C.
Published: June 2015

A step‐up pulse width modulation (PWM) direct current (DC)–DC converter is presented in this paper, which has its origin in quasi Z‐source inverter. Analysis of this converter in steady state is presented, and relevant expressions are derived for the proposed converter operating in continuous conduction mode. The power loss expressions for each component of the converter are derived, and thereby, obtained expressions for overall converter efficiency are presented. Further, a dynamic model is derived to design an appropriate controller for this converter. The simulation and experimental results are presented to support the theoretical analysis. The advantages such as continuous input current, high step‐up gain at lower duty ratio, and common ground for source, load, and switch makes the converter suitable for renewable energy applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hair analysis for Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA‐A) and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) after handling cannabis plant material
Authors: Moosmann Bjoern , Roth Nadine , Auwärter Volker
Published: June 2015

A previous study has shown that Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA‐A), the non‐psychoactive precursor of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the cannabis plant does not get incorporated in relevant amounts into the hair through the bloodstream after repeated oral intake. However, THCA‐A can be measured in forensic hair samples in concentrations often exceeding the detected THC concentrations. To investigate whether the handling of cannabis plant material prior to consumption is a contributing factor for THC‐positive hair results and also the source for THCA‐A findings in hair, a study comprising ten participants was conducted. In this study, the participants rolled a marijuana joint on five consecutive days and hair samples of each participant were obtained. Urine samples were taken to exclude cannabis consumption prior to and during the study. THCA‐A and THC could be detected in the hair samples from all participants taken at the end of the exposure period (concentration range: 15–1800 pg/mg for THCA‐A and < 10–93 pg/mg for THC). Four weeks after the first exposure, THCA‐A could still be detected in the hair samples of nine participants (concentration range: 4–57 pg/mg). Furthermore, THC could be detected in the hair samples of five participants (concentration range: < 10–17 pg/mg). Based on these results, it can be concluded that at least parts of the THC as well as the major part of THCA‐A found in routine hair analysis derives from external contamination caused by direct transfer through contaminated fingers. This finding is of particular interest in interpreting THC‐positive hair results of children or partners of cannabis users, where such a transfer can occur due to close body contact. Analytical findings may be wrongly interpreted as a proof of consumption or at least passive exposure to cannabis smoke. Such misinterpretation could lead to severe consequences for the people concerned. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AIDing cancer treatment: Reducing AID activity via HSP90 inhibition
Authors: Rebhandl Stefan , Geisberger Roland
Published: June 2015

The activation induced deaminase (AID) catalyses the two key events underlying humoral adaptive immunity: class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of antibody genes in B lymphocytes. AID accomplishes this task by directly deaminating cytosines within the genomic immunoglobulin locus, thereby triggering a complex mutagenic process eventually leading to improved effector function of antibodies. However, it has long been noticed that AID can be aberrantly expressed in cancer and that its activity is not absolutely restricted to antibody genes, as substantial genome‐wide off‐target mutations have been observed, which contribute to tumorigenesis and clonal evolution of AID‐expressing malignancies. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Montamat‐Sicotte et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 2365–2376] investigate the feasibility and efficacy of in vivo inhibition of AID with HSP90 inhibitors in a mouse model of B‐cell leukemia and in vitro with a human breast cancer cell line, thereby demonstrating that cancer patients may benefit from preventing noncanonical AID functions.
Uniform Poly(acrylic acid)‐Functionalized Lanthanide‐Doped LaVO4 Nanophosphors with High Colloidal Stability and Biocompatibility
Authors: Nuñez Nuria O. , Zambrano Paola , García‐Sevillano Jorge , Cantelar Eugenio , Rivera‐Fernández Sara , de la Fuente Jesús M. , Ocaña Manuel
Published: June 2015

Ln‐doped (Ln = Eu or Nd) LaVO4 nanoparticles functionalized with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were prepared from lanthanide and vanadate precursors in the presence of PAA by a simple one‐pot method that consists of a homogeneous precipitation reaction in ethylene glycol/water at a moderate temperature (120 °C). The size of the nanoparticles could be modified in the 40–70 nm range by adjusting the amount of PAA added. The effects of the Eu and Nd contents of these nanomaterials on theirs optical properties (emission intensity and lifetime) were also analyzed to find the optimum nanophosphors. Finally, the nanoparticles showed negligible cytotoxicity for Vero cells at concentrations up to 0.05 mg mL–1 and a high colloidal stability in physiological buffer solutions; therefore, they satisfy the most important requirements for in vitro biotechnological applications.
Cyclometalation of Phosphanes at Iridium(I): Interplay with Intramolecular Reductive Elimination Induced by the Strong π‐Acceptor Ligands CO and NO+
Authors: Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Junk Merlin , Mayer Peter , Beck Wolfgang
Published: June 2015

Reaction of [{Ir(μ‐Cl)(coe)2}2] (1; coe = cis‐cyclooctene) with 4 equiv. of PtBu2Ph in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature resulted in oxidative addition of one phosphane ligand affording the known cyclometalated IrIII complex [IrCl(H)(PtBu2C6H4‐κ2P,C)(PtBu2Ph)] (2) in high yield. Compound 2 exhibits a coordinatively unsaturated five‐coordinate 16 VE species, and its reactivity towards strong π‐acceptor ligands is investigated. Reaction of 2 with CO resulted in addition of the CO ligand and inversion of cyclometalation to give known IrI complex trans‐[IrCl(CO)(PtBu2Ph)2] (3). In a similar manner, 1 reacted with nitrosonium tetrafluoridoborate affording the new complex salt [IrCl(NO)(PtBu2Ph)2][BF4] (4), which is isoelectronic with 3. Compounds 2 and 4 were characterized by spectroscopic methods as well as by X‐ray crystallography confirming their molecular structures.
Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐1,2‐oxazines and Pyrrolidines via Cycloadditions of Donor–Acceptor Cyclobutanes and Nitrosoarenes
Authors: Vemula Naresh , Pagenkopf Brian L.
Published: June 2015

During efforts to expand the scope of Lewis‐acid‐catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition between donor–acceptor cyclobutanes and nitrosoarenes, an unexpected formation of pyrrolidine products was discovered when 50 mol‐% of MgI2 was used as a Lewis acid. It was also observed that the electronics of the nitrosoarene and judicious selection of the Lewis acid catalyst have a profound effect on the regioselectivity of the reaction.
Introduction of Ether Groups onto Electron‐Deficient Nitrogen‐Containing Heteroaromatics Using Radical Chemistry under Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Okugawa Naoki , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: June 2015

Electron‐deficient nitrogen‐containing heteroaromatics, such as quinoline, isoquinoline, and pyridine, were treated with benzoyl peroxide in dioxane, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and dipropyl ether at 80 °C to form alkylated nitrogen‐containing heteroaromatics in good yields under transition‐metal‐free conditions. This method was successfully applied to the preparation of lariat aza‐crown ethers using 18‐crown‐6 or 15‐crown‐5 with quinoline and isoquinoline in the presence of benzoyl peroxide in good yields under irradiation conditions with a Hg lamp.
Acid‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethylthiolated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Alazet Sébastien , Ismalaj Ermal , Glenadel Quentin , Le Bars Didier , Billard Thierry
Published: June 2015

The α‐trifluoromethylthiolation of carbonyl compounds in soft acidic conditions has been developed. With this method only mono‐trifluoromethylthiolation was selectively observed. Base‐sensitive ketones can then be trifluoromethylthiolated. More sensitive aldehydes are also trifluoromethylthiolated under these conditions with good yields. This work provides a new route towards the synthesis of various valuable trifluoromethylthiolated molecules.
Characterization and effects of two algicidal isolates on antioxidase activities of Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Authors: Liao Chunli , Liu Xiaobo , Liu Ruifang , Shan Linna
Published: June 2015

With increasing water pollution, algal bloom becomes more and more frequent. To manage algal blooms, the exploitation and study of novel algae‐lysing strains are extremely urgent. In this study, two algicidal isolates (NP23 and AM11) against Chlorella pyrenoidosa were obtained from the Baiguishan reservoir in China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences revealed that isolates NP23 and AM11 were closely related to Enterobacter cloacae and Gibberella moniliformis, respectively. Moreover, to determine the effects of these two algicidal isolates on antioxidase activities of C. pyrenoidosa, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were investigated in cultures of their host algae. The results showed that NP23 and AM11 were able to promote the activity of these three antioxidases soon after inoculation (1–3 days) but significantly inhibited antioxidase activities after the third day. These results provide a strong foundation for further research of the algicidal mechanism. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1647–1651, 2015
Decolorization of reactive blue 171 dye using ozonation and UV/H2O2 and elucidation of the degradation mechanism
Authors: Patil Namata N. , Shukla Sanjeev R.
Published: June 2015

In this report, the degradation of a commercially important dye C. I. Reactive Blue 171 (RB 171) has been investigated using peroxidation under UV light and ozone. The effect of operational conditions such as the dye concentration, operating pH and use of the oxidants such as ozone and UV/H2O2 was studied. Complete decolorization of RB 171 (50 mg/L) was obtained using ozonation, while UV/H2O2 showed poor decolorization efficiency. The COD removal by ozone was fair enough at 33%, whereas with UV/H2O2 it was lower than 2%. Characterization using TLC, FTIR and HPLC indicated degradation of the organic bonds of the dye. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time a possible fate of metabolism of intact dye molecule by ozone has been proposed using GC/MS analysis, which showed the production of benzene and aliphatic/aromatic sulfonate derivatives. Phytotoxicity studies revealed extensive reduction in toxicity of RB 171 with ozone. It may be concluded that the ozonation is a promising way of rapid decolorization along with effective mineralization. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1652–1661, 2015