bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ordnung in die Anorganik
Authors: Wild Ferdinand , Studer‐Rohr Irene , Zerbe Oliver , Alberto Roger
Published: October 2015

Im Dezember jährt sich die Verleihung des Chemienobelpreises an Alfred Werner zum hundertsten Mal. Wer war der Mann, der die theoretischen Grundlagen der anorganischen Koordinationschemie legte?
Biobasiert, bioabbaubar oder beides
Authors: Ißbrücker Constance , von Pogrell Hasso
Published: October 2015

Immer häufiger werden Biokunststoffe eingesetzt. Sie stören weder die etablierten Entsorgungswege anderer Kunststoffe noch den Anbau von Nahrungsmittelpflanzen.
Equivalent accelerated life testing plans for log‐location‐scale distributions
Authors: Liao Haitao , Elsayed Elsayed A.
Published: October 2015

Accelerated life testing (ALT) is widely used to determine the failure time distribution of a product and the associated life‐stress relationship in order to predict the product's reliability under normal operating conditions. Many types of stress loadings such as constant‐stress, step‐stress and cyclic‐stress can be utilized when conducting ALT. Extensive research has been conducted on the analysis of ALT data obtained under a specified stress loading. However, the equivalency of ALT experiments involving different stress loadings has not been investigated. In this article, a log‐location‐scale distribution under Type I censoring is considered in planning ALT. An idea is provided for the equivalency of various ALT plans involving different stress loadings. Based on this idea, general equivalent ALT plans and some special types of equivalent ALT plans are explored. For demonstration, a constant‐stress ALT and a ramp‐stress ALT for miniature lamps are presented and their equivalency is investigated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Generalized elastic flow rerouting scheme
Authors: Fouquet Yoann , Nace Dritan , Pióro Michał , Poss Michael , Żotkiewicz Mateusz
Published: October 2015

The present study deals with Elastic Flow Rerouting (EFR)—an original traffic restoration strategy for protecting traffic flows in communication networks (including wireless networks) against multiple link failures. EFR aims at alleviating the trade‐off between practicability of traffic restoration and the cost of network resources observed in existing networking solutions. We present an extension of EFR capable of managing multiple partial link failures. We describe EFR and its extension, formulate the EFR related optimization problems, and discuss approaches for their resolution. We also discuss numerical results illustrating effectiveness of EFR in terms of the link capacity cost. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 66(4), 267–281 2015
How to identify same‐name patients to improve safety
Authors: Longridge Ed
Published: October 2015

It is important to have warnings in place for patients with the same or similar names in order to improve prescribing safety. Here, the author describes a method for identifying patients with the same name and generating a warning for when their record is accessed.
Racecadotril: new acute diarrhoea treatment for adults and children
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Al‐Hilou Hossam , Patel Kamal , Wilkinson Mark
Published: October 2015

Racecadotril (Hidrasec) is a new class of drug for the treatment of acute diarrhoea. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse events, and Drs Al‐Hilou, Patel and Wilkinson discuss its place in therapy.
Guidance on CCG quality premium payments
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: October 2015

Quality premium payments reward CCGs for improvements in services provision and patient outcomes, while requiring them to deliver good financial management. Here we examine the guidance from NHS England on achieving this.
Treating status epilepticus in the community
Authors: Shah Apeksha , Kelso Andrew
Published: October 2015

Early treatment of status epilepticus is vital so it is important to identify those patients at risk. Carers can then be trained to use buccal midazolam where possible for early intervention.
Managing hypertension and meeting targets
Authors: Lewis Philip
Published: October 2015

Despite constantly updated guidelines and a wide choice of drugs for hypertension only 37 per cent of patients have their blood pressure (BP) adequately controlled. This article give practical tips on how best to achieve the targets for BP control using current guidelines.
Xultophy: combination therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Patel Vinod
Published: October 2015

Xultophy is the first product to combine a basal insulin and an incretin mimetic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Here Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse events and Vinod Patel outlines its place in therapy.
Trends in primary care prescribing, 2004–2014
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: October 2015

Statistics from the Health and Social Care Information Centre give an overview of tends in prescribing over the past 10 years. Here we outline the main shifts in practice.
New treatment for tackling plaque psoriasis
Authors: Chaplin Steve , O'Gorman Susan , Markham Trevor
Published: October 2015

Secukinumab (Cosentyx) is licensed for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Here, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and Drs Susan O'Gorman and Trevor Markham discuss its place in therapy.
Evaporated and solution deposited planar Sb2S3 solar cells: A comparison and its significance
Authors: Osorio Mayon Yahuitl , White Thomas P. , Wang Rongping , Yang Zhiyong , Catchpole Kylie R.
Published: October 2015

Sb2S3 is an alternative emerging material for chalcogenide solar cells. In this paper, we compare planar solar cells in which the Sb2S3 absorber was deposited by either thermal evaporation or a solution based process. The planar inorganic solar cell with evaporated Sb2S3 has an efficiency of 1.7%. This is much higher than the efficiency of 0.8% for solution deposited Sb2S3, and the highest known reported efficiency for a planar Sb2S3 solar cell with a CuSCN hole conducting layer. The evaporated Sb2S3 film is sulfur‐rich, which results in flattening of the film surface after annealing at 300 °C, thereby reducing the likelihood of contact between the Sb2S3 and gold contact. In addition, the crystal size of the evaporated Sb2S3 film is about 30% larger than that of the solution deposited Sb2S3 and has different preferential crystal planes. These features make evaporation a promising deposition method for flat solar cells made from sulfur‐based semiconducting materials.

Cross section image of the evaporated Sb2S3 solar cell with labels for each layer.
Impact of acceptor concentration on the resistivity of Ni/Au p‐contacts on semipolar (20–21) GaN:Mg
Authors: Rychetsky M. , Koslow I. L. , Wernicke T. , Rass J. , Hoffmann V. , Weyers M. , Kneissl M.
Published: October 2015

The p‐type doping of GaN with Mg, in particular doping of p++ cap layers and its influence on the resistivity of Ni/Au contacts on semipolar (20–21) GaN, has been investigated. For this purpose, we have compared GaN:Mg grown on several semipolar and polar orientations with respect to the acceptor concentration NA measured by electrochemical capacitance voltage techniques. For the same Mg precursor flow and Mg/III ratio, we observe very similar acceptor densities NA of up to 1 × 1019 cm−3 for (0001), (20–21), (20–2–1), and (11–22) GaN:Mg. Furthermore, the impact of the II/III ratio for the p++ cap layer (NA > 1 × 1019 cm−3) on I–V characteristics of Ni/Au (20 nm/30 nm) contacts on (20–21) oriented GaN:Mg has been investigated. Ohmic I–V characteristics were observed for Mg/III ratios >1 × 10−2. Specific contact resistivities as low as 2.4 × 10−3 Ω cm2 could be achieved. Inclusion of this p++ cap layer resulted in reduced turn on voltages in light emitting diodes with 450 nm emission wavelength.
Zinc Oxide and Related Materials
Authors: Morhain Christian , Feuillet Guy , Santailler Jean‐Louis , Chauveau Jean‐Michel , Sallet Vincent
Published: October 2015

The 7th International Workshop on Zinc Oxide and Related Materials (IWZnO 2012) was held in France at the ACROPOLIS conference center in Nice on 11–14 September 2012. This workshop was organized by three different French laboratories: GEMAC in Versailles, LETI in Grenoble and CRHEA in Sophia Antipolis.

Let us recall that the IWZnO international workshops are held every two years, and alternated so far between America, Asia and Europe. The last workshops took place in Dayton, USA (1999, 2002), Sendai, Japan (2004), Giessen, Germany (2006), Ann Arbor, USA (2008), Changchun, China (2010), and Nice, France (2012).

Despite the global economic slowdown, a great number of high quality, varied and creative abstracts from 37 different countries were submitted for this workshop. We would like to warmly thank the International Program Committee of IWZnO 2012 for having undertaken the most challenging task of selecting papers. As a result, the workshop offered 13 oral sessions and 2 poster sessions, covering all aspects of ZnO, from basic to applied research, clearly emphasizing the unique physical and material properties of ZnO. Therefore, this workshop was the leading international forum for announcing and discussing advances in challenging scientific and technological issues related to ZnO, such as progress gained on growth, optical and electric properties, nanostructures, doping, theory, spintronics, and devices.

This issue of physica status solidi contains 27 papers that were presented as oral and poster contributions, and 2 invited papers written by Professors Lambrecht and Shan. The proceedings have been divided in four sessions: “doping and applications”, “growth and heterostructures”, “nanostructures” and “magnetism”. We wish that the reader would appreciate to rediscover some of the best presented results at the workshop.

We are very grateful to all the participants, contributors, our sponsors, the international committees as well as the referees, who made this workshop and proceedings a success. Finally, we hope that all of you keep a great memory of your stay in Nice, this famous historical old town sandwiched between the Mediterranean and the Alps.

Nice, September 2013
Modeling of transient photocurrent in X‐ray detectors: application to a‐Se
Authors: Siddiquee Sinchita , Kabir M. Z.
Published: October 2015

A mathematical model for transient photocurrent in X‐ray imaging detectors has been developed by considering charge carrier trapping under exponentially distributed carrier generation across the photoconductor. The model for the transient and steady‐state carrier distributions and hence the photocurrent has been developed by solving the carrier continuity equation for both holes and electrons. The model is applied to amorphous selenium (a‐Se) detectors for both chest radiography and mammography. We analyze the transient rise and decay of the photocurrent profile as a function of time. The quick rise and decay parts, and then the slow rise and decay parts of the photocurrent profile are due to the hole and electron transports, respectively. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
FDA Warning Letter: Avoidance and Advice
Authors: Winchell T.
Published: October 2015

This article provides an advisory approach regarding how to avoid an FDA Warning Letter following the receipt of a significant Form FDA 483. The focus is on the 483 response as it applies to GCP but can be applied to the response to the Warning Letter itself as well as a wider scope of GXP (GMP, GLP, GCP) inspection and audit responses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing the Periodic Inspection Interval for a 1‐out‐of‐2 Cold Standby System Using the Delay‐Time Concept
Authors: Lu Xiaofei , Wang Wenbin , Yang Hongbing , Zuo Ming J. , Zhou Donghua
Published: October 2015

In this article, we deal with a 1‐out‐of‐2 system with a cold‐standby component. The failure process of these two components is statistically identical and characterized by the delay‐time concept, which divides the component's life into a two‐stage process with a normal stage from new to a defect initiation point and a following failure delay stage from this point to failure. A fixed interval periodic inspection is carried out to check whether the working component is defective or not. If a defect is identified, the working component is shut down and sent to be repaired. The repair shop capacity is limited for repairing one component only. If the repair shop is occupied by the standby component (under repair) when the working one is failed, the system is shut down. There are five scenarios of the state of the system at an inspection epoch, which are derived analytically. The expected total cost per unit time of the system consists of the expected cost caused by preventive repair, unplanned failure repair, and system downtime. In this article, these three costs are determined and the optimal inspection interval with respect to the minimum of the expected total cost per unit time is found. To incorporate a nonexponential distribution for the normal time, delay stages, and repair time of the components, the elapsed time in the normal time, delay stages, and repair time at inspection is taken into consideration. A stationary distribution of the elapsed time exists, and it is calculated by an iteration method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dataset of highly accurate homolytic NBr bond dissociation energies obtained by Means of W2 theory
Authors: O'Reilly Robert J. , Karton Amir
Published: October 2015

Homolytic NBr bond dissociation constitutes the initial step of numerous reactions involving N‐brominated species. However, little is known about the strength of NBr bonds toward homolytic cleavage. We herein report accurate bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for a set of 18 molecules using the high‐level W2 thermochemical protocol. The BDEs (at 298 K) of the species in this set range from 162.2 kJ mol−1 (N‐bromopyrrole) to 260.6 kJ mol−1 ((CHO)2NBr). In order to compute BDEs of larger systems, for which W2 theory is not applicable, we have benchmarked a wide range of more economical theoretical procedures. Of these, G3‐B3 offers the best performance (root‐mean‐square deviations = 2.9 kJ mol−1), and using this method, we have computed NBr BDEs for four widely used N‐brominated compounds. These include (BDEs are given in parentheses): N‐bromosuccinimide (281.6), N‐bromoglutarimide (263.2), N‐bromophthalimide (274.7), and 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (218.2 and 264.8 kJ mol−1). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory insight into the cocrystal explosive of hexaazaisowurtzitane/nitroguanidine
Authors: Ding Xiong , Gou Rui‐Jun , Ren Fu‐De , Liu Fa , Zhang Shu‐Hai , Gao Hong‐Fei
Published: October 2015

Theoretical methods involving molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory were performed to investigate the different molecular ratios, mechanical Properties, structure, trigger bond, and intermolecular interaction of hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20)/nitroguanidine (NQ) cocrystal explosive. Results of MD simulation show that CL‐20 and NQ packed in ratios of 1:1 present the larger binding energy and better mechanical properties than any other molecular ratios, which indicates 1:1 cocrystal can form the stable crystal structure. Shorter length and larger dissociation energy of trigger bond in composite structure than in isolated CL‐20 component suggests that the cocrystal may exhibit less sensitive than CL‐20. Analyses of atoms in molecules, reduced density gradient, and natural bond orbital confirm that intermolecular interactions are mainly derived from a series of weak hydrogen bond and strong vdW forces, involving of NH···O, CH···O, CH···N, O···N, and O···O. Additionally, composite structures of 2 and 3 bringing us more attractive performance will act as a key role in constructing of CL‐20/NQ cocrystal explosive. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sulfate migration in oligosaccharides induced by negative ion mode ion trap collision‐induced dissociation
Authors: Kenny Diarmuid T. , Issa Samah M. A. , Karlsson Niclas G.
Published: October 2015

Migration of sulfate groups between hydroxyl groups was identified after collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of sulfated oligosaccharides in an ion trap mass spectrometer in negative ion mode. Analysis of various sulfated oligosaccharides showed that this was a common phenomenon and was particularly prominent in sulfated oligosaccharides also containing sialic acid. It was also shown that the level of migration was increased when the sulfate was positioned on the flexible areas of the oligosaccharides not involved in the pyranose ring, such as the extra‐cyclic C‐6 carbon of hexoses or N‐acetylhexosamines, or on reduced oligosaccharide. This suggested that migration is dependent on the spatial availability of the sulfate in the ion trap during collision. It is proposed that the migration is initiated when the negatively charged ‐SO3– residue attached to the oligosaccharide precursor becomes protonated by a CID‐induced proton transfer. This is supported by the CID fragmentation of precursor ions depleted of acidic protons such as doubly charged [M – 2H]2– ions or the sodiated [M + Na – 2H]– ions of oligosaccharides containing one sulfate and one sialic acid in the same molecule. Compared to the CID fragmentation of their monocharged [M – H]– ions, no migration was observed in CID of proton depleted precursors. Alternative fragmentation parameters to suppress migration of sulfated oligosaccharides also showed that it was not present when sulfated oligosaccharides were fragmented by HCD (High‐Energy C‐trap Dissociation) in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unexpected linear ion trap collision‐induced dissociation and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance infrared multi‐photon dissociation fragmentation of a hydrated C‐glycoside of 5‐fluorouridine formed by the action of the pseudouridine synthases RluA and TruB
Authors: Miracco Edward J. , Bogdanov Bogdan , Mueller Eugene G.
Published: October 2015

As part of the investigation of the pseudouridine synthases, 5‐fluorouridine in RNA was employed as a mechanistic probe. The hydrated, rearranged product of 5‐fluorouridine was isolated as part of a dinucleotide and found to undergo unusual fragmentation during mass spectrometry, with the facile loss of HNCO from the product pyrimidine ring favored over phosphodiester bond rupture. Although the loss of HNCO from uridine and pseudouridine is well established, the pericyclic process leading to their fragmentation cannot operate with the saturated pyrimidine ring in the product of 5‐fluorouridine. Based on the MSn results and calculations reported here, a new mechanism relying on the peculiar disposition of the functional groups of the product pyrimidine ring is proposed to account for the unusually facile fragmentation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A metabonomic analysis of urine from rats treated with rhizoma alismatis using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Yu Yue , Ma Chao , Bi Kaishun , Yang Guoguang , Xie Pu , Wang Jie , Chen Xiao‐Hui
Published: October 2015

A metabonomic approach based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was used to study the nephrotoxicity of rhizoma alismatis (RA) in rats. Potential biomarkers of RA toxicity were identified and the toxicological mechanism is discussed. Urine samples were collected from control and treated rats at various stages and analyzed by UPLC/MS in positive ionization mode. Histopathological analysis was used to evaluate renal function. The differences in the metabolic profiles of the control and treated rats were clearly distinguishable with principal components analysis (PCA) of the chromatographic data, and significant changes in 13 metabolite biomarkers were detected in the urine. This metabonomic method combined with PCA could discriminate the treated rats from the control rats on days 60, 120, and 180 after treatment, before serious organic renal damage was apparent on day 180 with histopathology. This research indicates that UPLC/MS‐based metabonomic analysis of urine samples can be used to predict the chronic nephrotoxicity induced by rhizoma alismatis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic di‐ and triphosphate cyclisation in the negative ion electrospray mass spectra of phosphoSer peptides
Authors: Wang Tianfang , Nha Tran T. T. , Scanlon Denis , Andreazza Hayley J. , Abell Andrew D. , Bowie John H.
Published: October 2015

It has been shown previously that [M–H]– anions of small peptides containing two phosphate residues undergo cyclisation of the phosphate groups, following collision‐induced dissociation (CID), to form a characteristic singly charged anion A (H3P2O7–, m/z 177). In the present study it is shown that the precursor anions derived from the diphosphopeptides of caerin 1.1 [GLLSVLGSVAKHVLPHVVPVIAEHL(NH2)] and frenatin 3 [GLMSVLGHAVGNVLGGLFKPKS(OH)] also form the characteristic product anion A (m/z 177). Both of the precursor peptides show random structures in water, but partial helices in membrane‐mimicking solvents [e.g. in d3‐trifluoroethanol/water (1:1)]. In both cases the diphosphopeptide precursor anions must have flexible conformations in order to allow approach of the phosphate groups with consequent formation of A: for example, the two pSer groups of 4,22‐diphosphofrenatin 3 are seventeen residues apart. Finally, CID tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) data from the [M–H]– anion of the model triphosphoSer‐containing peptide GpSGLGpSGLGpSGL(OH) show the presence of both product anions A (m/z 177) and D (m/z 257, H4P3O10–). Ab initio calculations at the HF/6‐31+G(d)//AM1 level of theory suggest that cyclisation of the three phosphate groups occurs by a stepwise cascade mechanism in an energetically favourable reaction (ΔG = −245 kJ mol–1) with a maximum barrier of +123 kJ mol–1. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The genomic sequences near the mir‐23b‐27b‐24‐1 cluster form G‐quadruplexes and are selectively bound by the natural alkaloid tetrandrine
Authors: Qi Yanchao , Chen Han , Tan Wei , Li Yanyan , Yuan Gu , Xu Ming
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Although the microRNAs miR‐23b, miR‐27b and miR‐24 are located in the same cluster, their expressions in various pathological states are not always comparable. By searching the genomic sequence around mir23b‐27b‐24‐1 in rat, we identified three potential G‐quadruplex sequences (PQS) which can fold into different types of G‐quadruplexes, including parallel or antiparallel. Natural alkaloids, tetrandrine (TET), displayed different binding affinity with the three G‐quadruplexes which may potentially regulate the expression of mir23b‐27b‐24‐1 cluster members.

Methods

Both electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were utilized to detect the formation of G‐quadruplexes. Six small molecules were screened by ESI‐MS for their binding affinity with three G‐quadruplexes, which were evaluated by their IRa values.

Results

The results of ESI‐MS and CD experiments confirmed the formation of three G‐quadruplexes neighboring the mir23b‐27b‐24‐1 cluster; two of them adopted antiparallel G‐quadruplexes, another adopted a parallel G‐quadruplex. Screening of small molecules by ESI‐MS showed tetrandrine had selective binding affinity for the parallel G‐quadruplex. G‐quadruplex stabilization by tetrandrine was verified by CD variable temperature measurements.

Conclusions

The gene of the mir23b‐27b‐24‐1 cluster harbors three G‐quadruplexes with typical sequences and structures. Tetrandrine had a selective binding affinity to the parallel G‐quadruplex and stabilized it significantly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry to screen for plasticisers in gaskets used in contact with foods
Authors: Driffield Malcolm , Bradley Emma , Castle Laurence , Lloyd Antony , Parmar Mita , Speck Dennis , Roberts Dominic , Stead Sara
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Plasticisers are used in the PVC gaskets of metal closures on glass jars and bottles used for foods and beverages. They may migrate and so contaminate the packed foodstuff. The plasticisers are present in a high proportion and are often a complex mixture of substances leading to time‐consuming analytical methodologies. This work describes a rapid screening method to identify the plasticisers used.

Methods

Analysis was carried out by direct sampling of the gaskets using atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP) with time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) using a SYNAPT G2 HDMS system. The accurate mass information collected was then compared to a user‐prepared database of plasticisers to aid identification.

Results

The rapid identification approach was shown to be successful for 24 gasket samples previously analysed by alternative more lengthy gas chromatographic (GC) methods. Quantification by dissolution followed by standard addition was also demonstrated to be reliable.

Conclusions

The ASAP‐TOFMS method is a useful technique for rapidly screening gaskets for the presence of plasticisers. It can be used to identify specific gaskets deserving of further quantitative analysis by chromatographic methods, saving time and money by avoiding unnecessary analyses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating the Impact of Cover Degradation on RCRA Landfill Performance
Authors: Worthy Roneisha W. , Clarke James H. , Abkowitz Mark D.
Published: October 2015

The ability of near‐surface disposal facility cover designs to meet percolation performance criteria is influenced by degradation occurring over long periods of time. This study was conducted to determine the effect of degradation on percolation based on probabilistic distributions derived from historical climate data. Water‐balance predictions were evaluated using the HELP model, employing several variations of degradation in a traditional Resource Conservation and Recovery Act disposal facility cover design over a 100‐year simulation period. Analysis results were evaluated relative to two different selected thresholds for annual percolation (1 mm and 3 mm). Approximately 20 percent of the results did not exceed both the 1‐mm and 3‐mm thresholds, while 10 percent of the realizations exceeded the 1‐mm threshold but not the 3‐mm threshold, with remaining cases exceeding the 3‐mm threshold. These results demonstrate the importance of considering degradation in designing near‐surface disposal facilities, especially given the very long performance periods desired by different regulators. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supramolecular Glyco‐nanoparticles Toward Immunological Applications
Authors: Lin Mingchang , Zhang Yufei , Chen Guosong , Jiang Ming
Published: October 2015

Glyco‐mimicking nanoparticles (glyco‐NPs) with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor and acceptor groups formed via dynamic covalent bond of benzoboroxole and sugar from two complementary polymers are prepared. The glyco‐NPs are proved to be quite stable under physiological conditions but sensitive to pH. So the glyco‐NPs can be internalized by dendritic cells with integrity and nontoxicity and then dissociate within the acidic organelles. This particle dissociation is directly observed and visualized in vitro, for the first time via the FRET measurements and fluorescent microscopy. This feature makes controlled release of drug or protein by glyco‐NPs possible, i.e., when model antigen Ovalbumin is loaded in the glyco‐NPs, the released Ovalbumin in dendritic cells stimulates T cells more efficiently than the free Ovalbumin itself as a result of the enhanced antigen processing and presentation. Thus, the results enlighten a bright future of the glyco‐NPs in immunotherapy.
Evidence‐based practice in sonography – the basics
Authors: Milanese Steven , Grimmer Karen
Published: October 2015

Background

Evidence‐based practice (EBP) has become increasingly popular as a framework for facilitating clinical decision‐making across all health and medical professions.

Aims

This paper is the first of two papers exploring EBP for sonographers and presents a general framework of the EBP philosophy.

Conclusion

The EBP provides a framework to maximise the quality and safety of patient care and ensures that clinicians are well‐informed consumers of the evidence.
Appreciative Inquiry in Teaching and Learning
Authors: Harrison Laura M. , Hasan Shah
Published: October 2015

This chapter challenges the contemporary narrative that suggests higher education and student learning are in decline. Prescriptions for strengthening pedagogical processes by adapting principles from appreciative inquiry are also discussed.
Preparing Student Affairs Educators
Authors: Ortiz Anna M. , Filimon Ilinca , Cole‐Jackson Monica
Published: October 2015

Changes in the preparation of student affairs educators are described and discussed in this chapter.
Peering Into the Future
Authors: Whitt Elizabeth J. , Schuh John H.
Published: October 2015

Based on experiences over the past 2 decades, the authors look at some of the challenges of making predictions and then offer some thoughts about student affairs practice in the foreseeable future.
Stress analysis in mitre bends embedded in rock – new derivation and extension of existing formulae for use in penstocks
Authors: Lechner Andreas , Krüger Klaus , Greiner Richard
Published: October 2015

In the construction of pressurized conduits for hydropower plants, segmented bends (mitre bends) are widely used where ducts change direction. In practical applications, different approaches are used to consider the effects for exposed mitre bends in structural steel design. However, formulae for mitre bends embedded in rock or concrete for penstocks in underground installations have not been available so far.

In view of these restrictions on the calculation of underground mitre bends, the authors have developed analytical formulae for mitre bends embedded in rock by introducing terms for the elastic foundation of the rock mass to extend the classical differential equation for cylindrical shells. These formulae allow the whole local stress state in the bend to be calculated, in particular for the stress concentrations at the intersection of the mitre. The formulae were then validated by comparing them with the results of non‐linear FE analyses.
Reading and Writing for Critical Reflective Thinking
Authors: Chittooran Mary M.
Published: October 2015

This chapter examines the use of reading and writing activities to promote critical reflection among Asian students in higher education settings.
Assessing Ecological Risk From Mercury in Little Bay Estuary: A Study From Fort Totten in New York
Authors: Goldblum David K. , Cora Mario G. , Rak Andrew
Published: October 2015

Inside an ecological risk assessment: Examining receptors, exposure pathways, and media
Simulation of Crop Responses and Fertilizer Solute Transport for Rice Crop Using CERES‐Rice and HYDRUS‐1D
Authors: Behera S. K. , Panda R. K.
Published: October 2015

Use of validated simulation models increases crop yields while protecting the environment
Ambient Air Quality in the Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area: Assessment of Practices and Policies From 2003 to 2010 With Recommendations for Air Quality Improvements
Authors: Mandal Prasun Kumar , Bandyopadhyay Amitava
Published: October 2015

Measuring the effects of environmental policies in rapidly changing urban settings
Improving outcomes in uro‐oncology
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: October 2015

This issue of Trends focuses on tumours of the penis, testis, kidney, bladder and prostate, and addresses the question of how outcomes can be improved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Kacker Ravi , O'Leary Michael P.
Published: October 2015

Erectile dysfunction remains a common complication after radical prostatectomy. Natural recovery of erectogenic stimulus may take years after nerve‐sparing surgery, during which time the penis undergoes physiological and structural changes that are harmful to erectile function. The goals of penile rehabilitation are to prevent these changes and thereby produce a faster and better return of erections and sexual function. In this article, the authors discuss current approaches to penile rehabilitation after prostatectomy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Diagnosis and management of small renal masses: the new PSA?
Authors: Joji Nikita , Challacombe Ben
Published: October 2015

The authors provide an overview of recent management modalities for small renal masses and highlight the role of developing diagnostic tools such as percutaneous renal biopsy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Not a Novice, Not Yet a Guru
Authors: Kelly Katie
Published: October 2015

View From the Chalkboard essays share readers’ reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
Complementation analysis reveals a potential role of human ARV1 in GPI anchor biosynthesis
Authors: Ikeda Atsuko , Kajiwara Kentaro , Iwamoto Kunihiko , Makino Asami , Kobayashi Toshihide , Mizuta Keiko , Funato Kouichi
Published: October 2015

ARV1 is involved in regulating lipid homeostasis but also in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we examined whether human ARV1 can complement the role of yeast ARV1 in GPI biosynthesis. Overexpression of human ARV1 could rescue the phenotypes associated with GPI anchor synthesis defect in the yeast arv1Δ mutant. The results suggest that Arv1 function in GPI biosynthesis may be conserved in all eukaryotes, from yeast to humans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the late-time behaviour of a bounded, inviscid two-dimensional flow
Authors: Dritschel David G. , Qi Wanming , Marston J. B.
Published: October 2015

Using complementary numerical approaches at high resolution, we study the late-time behaviour of an inviscid incompressible two-dimensional flow on the surface of a sphere. Starting from a random initial vorticity field comprised of a small set of intermediate-wavenumber spherical harmonics, we find that, contrary to the predictions of equilibrium statistical mechanics, the flow does not evolve into a large-scale steady state. Instead, significant unsteadiness persists, characterised by a population of persistent small-scale vortices interacting with a large-scale oscillating quadrupolar vorticity field. Moreover, the vorticity develops a stepped, staircase distribution, consisting of nearly homogeneous regions separated by sharp gradients. The persistence of unsteadiness is explained by a simple point-vortex model characterising the interactions between the four main vortices which emerge.
Microstructured optical fibre drawing with active channel pressurisation
Authors: Chen Michael J. , Stokes Yvonne M. , Buchak Peter , Crowdy Darren G. , Ebendorff-Heidepriem Heike
Published: October 2015

The use of channel pressurisation in drawing microstructured optical fibres (MOFs) potentially allows for fine control of the internal structure of the fibre. By applying extra pressure inside the channels it is possible to counteract the effect of surface tension which would otherwise act to close the channels in the fibre as it is drawn. This paper extends the modelling approach of Stokes et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 755, 2014, pp. 176–203) to include channel pressurisation. This approach treats the problem as two submodels for the flow, one in the axial direction along the fibre and another in the plane perpendicular to that direction. In the absence of channel pressurisation these models decoupled and were solved independently; we show that they become fully coupled when the internal channels are pressurised. The fundamental case of a fibre with an annular cross-section (containing one central channel) will be examined in detail. In doing this we consider both a forward problem to determine the shape of fibre from a known preform and an inverse problem to design a preform such that when drawn it will give a desired fibre geometry. Criteria on the pressure corresponding to fibre explosion and closure of the channel will be given that represent an improvement over similar criteria in the literature. A comparison between our model and a recent experiment is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the modelling approach. We make use of some recent work by Buchak et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 778, 2015, pp. 5–38) to examine more complicated fibre geometries, where the cross-sectional shape of the internal channels is assumed to be elliptical and multiple channels are present. The examples presented here demonstrate the versatility of our modelling approach, where the subtleties of the interaction between surface tension and pressurisation can be revealed even for complex patterns of cross-sectional channels.
Twinning Rate in a Southeastern Brazilian Population
Authors: Beiguelman B. , Franchi-Pinto C. , Krieger H. , Magna L.A.
Published: October 2015

The twinning incidence from 1984 to 1993 was investigated in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, and the analyzed data were combined with previous series from the same population. This study has shown that the mean annual incidences and the standard deviations for DZ, MZ and DZ plus MZ twins for the period of 1984 to 1993 are estimated respectively as 4.7 ± 0.92, 4.1 ± 1.11, and 8.8 ± 0.87 per 1,000. In the same period the mean annual incidence of triplets was 0.15 ± 0.16. It was also shown that the incidence of DZ twins is steadily decreasing since 1925, while the incidence of MZ pairs, after a period of decline is increasing since the sixties, due perhaps to the widespread use of oral contraceptives. Concerning the twinning rate as a whole, it has been shown that its declining trend has disappeared over the last few years.
A social prehistory of European languages
Authors: Robb John
Published: October 2015

Consistent to most views of Indo-European in later European prehistory is a genetic focus. The blanket of related languages across Europe marks an equal human spread – whether of steppe warriors, Beaker burialists or slashing-and-burning farmers. What if the languages are reconstructed using other premisses than this ‘genealogical’ view?
Genetic variability in the natural populations ofLasioderma serricorne(F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), detected by RAPD markers and by esterase isozymes
Authors: Coelho-Bortolo T. , Mangolin C.A. , Lapenta A.S.
Published: October 2015

Lasioderma serricorne(F.) is a small cosmopolitan beetle regarded as a destructive pest of several stored products such as grains, flour, spices, dried fruit and tobacco. Chemical insecticides are one of the measures used against the pest. However, intensive insecticide use has resulted in the appearance of resistant insect populations. Therefore, for the elaboration of more effective control programs, it is necessary to know the biological aspects ofL. serricorne.Among these aspects, the genetic variability knowledge is very important and may help in the development of new control methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of 11 natural populations ofL. serricornecollected respectively in three and four towns in the states of Paraná and São Paulo, Brazil, using 20 primers random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and polymorphisms of esterases. These primers produced 352 polymorphic bands. Electrophoretic analysis of esterases allowed the identification of four polymorphic loci (Est-2, Est-4, Est-5andEst-6) and 18 alleles. Results show that populations are genetically differentiated and there is a high level of genetic variability within populations. The high degree of genetic differentiation is not directly correlated to geographical distance. Thus, our data indicate that movement of infested commodities may contribute to the dissemination ofL. serricorne, facilitating gene flow.
Carcass composition and eating quality of meat in ram and ewe lambs
Authors: Butler-Hogg B. W.
Published: October 2015

Improving the efficiency of lean meat production is a major objective of producers. With cattle and, particularly, pigs, this has resulted in an increase in the use of entire male animals but not apparently so in the sheep sector, despite similar advantages. Ram lambs have traditionally been castrated for ease of management, particularly when they are ‘stored’ during winter. However, in early maturing breeds which can be finished off grass, considerable advantages may be gained from leaving ram lambs intact.

In a trial which examined growth, composition and the eating quality of meat in 15 rams and 15 ewes of the Dorset Down breed (noted for early maturity), there were clear advantages in favour of the rams. In particular, ram lambs grew 28g/day faster on average than ewes, taking 2 weeks less to achieve 35 kg live weight. At the mean carcass weight of 16.8 kg, rams contained more lean (42 g) and bone (20 g) per kg carcass weight but less subcutaneous fat (33 g), intermuscular fat (28 g) and KKCF (kidney knob and channel fat) (13 g).
Microhabitat availability and seedling recruitment ofLobelia urens: a rare plant species at its geographical limit
Authors: Dinsdale J.M. , Dale M.P. , Kent M.
Published: October 2015

In Britain,Lobelia urens(L.) (the heath lobelia) occurs in rough grassland, is rare and only found in southern England, where it is at the northern limit of its range. Emergence and survival ofL. urenswas investigated at six locations in two geographically distinct sites experiencing spring, autumn or no grazing in two consecutive years. Four factors were evaluated qualitatively, as a means of characterizing microhabitats for germination and survival: all permutations of higher plant cover, bryophytes, plant litter and surface depressions. The potential effect of adjacent plants on recruitment was also assessed using the nearest neighbour distance (NND). Grazing created depressions, removed plant litter and increased the proportion of sites with higher plant cover. It also resulted in a more open sward with higher NNDs. None of these changes stimulated recruitment. Instead, small increases in the frequency of some rare or very rare microhabitat types were vital in making grazed rough grassland more suitable for emergence. Reduced litter loads and a greater quantity of moss were two key responses. Overall, survival ofL. urenswas less than 1% and was particularly favoured by moss and an increase in NNDs. Shading from higher plants, with or without plant litter, decreased emergence, but the precise role of litter was complex and most probably related to its quantity. In an experimental seed bed, only empty depressions favoured emergence. The microhabitat relationships ofL. urenswere unusually consistent among locations and consecutive years.L. urensrequires high soil surface temperatures but also adequate water for large scale recruitment, and such conditions are encouraged by grazing. The particular problems of experimental design and statistical analysis of data from recruitment experiments are also discussed.
Is Monsanto Leaving Money on the Table? Monopoly Pricing and Bt Cotton Value with Heterogeneous Adopters
Authors: Oehmke James F. , Wolf Christopher A.
Published: October 2015

We examine the allocation of technology rents between a price-setting, innovating monopolist and heterogeneous technology adopters. A model of monopoly pricing in the presence of heterogeneous adopters is used to examine conditions under which greater producer (farmer) heterogeneity leads to greater producer benefit from innovation in noncompetitive markets. An application to Bt cotton determines the profit-maximizing price of Bt cotton seed and reveals that Monsanto and Delta and Pine Land are indeed leaving money on the table in the form of unexploited profit opportunities. However, we estimate that the presence of heterogeneous adopters explains over 80% of the rents that accrue to the farmers.
Un caso di destrocardia con Situs Viscerum Inversus Totalis concordante in coppia di gemelle DZ
Authors: W. Bondavalli , G. Bondavalli , G. La Bella , A. Nizzoli
Published: October 2015

The authors describe a case of « situs viscerum inversus totalis » in two DZ twin-sisters.

They debate, on the basis of the elements in their possession, whether they have to do with DZ or MZ twin-sisters, and declare in favour of the former hypothesis. Accordingly, this is the fifth case described of such anomaly in twins, after the cases of Reinhardt, Pezzi and Carugati, Boccia and Maglione, Kean, and it is the first case in DZ twins.

The authors think the case described will contribute in winning for DZ twinship an acknowledgement of real twinship, according to Gedda's statements.
A survey of graphs in natural language processing
Authors: NASTASE VIVI , MIHALCEA RADA , RADEV DRAGOMIR R.
Published: October 2015

Graphs are a powerful representation formalism that can be applied to a variety of aspects related to language processing. We provide an overview of how Natural Language Processing problems have been projected into the graph framework, focusing in particular on graph construction – a crucial step in modeling the data to emphasize the phenomena targeted.
FROM THE FUNCTION-SHEAF DICTIONARY TO QUASICHARACTERS OF -ADIC TORI
Authors: Cunningham Clifton , Roe David
Published: October 2015

We consider the rigid monoidal category of character sheaves on a smooth commutative group scheme $G$ over a finite field $k$, and expand the scope of the function-sheaf dictionary from connected commutative algebraic groups to this setting. We find the group of isomorphism classes of character sheaves on $G$, and show that it is an extension of the group of characters of $G(k)$ by a cohomology group determined by the component group scheme of $G$. We also classify all morphisms in the category character sheaves on $G$. As an application, we study character sheaves on Greenberg transforms of locally finite type Néron models of algebraic tori over local fields. This provides a geometrization of quasicharacters of $p$-adic tori.
Parental relationships beyond the grave: Adolescents' descriptions of continued bonds
Authors: Hansen Dana M. , Sheehan Denice K. , Stephenson Pamela S. , Mayo M. Murray
Published: October 2015

Objective:

Many people experience an ongoing relationship with a deceased loved one. This is called a “continued bond.” However, little is known about the adolescent experience with continued bonds once a parent has died. This study describes three ways that adolescents continue their relationship with a parent after that parent's death.

Method:

Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with nine adolescent children of deceased hospice patients from a large hospice in northeastern Ohio as part of a larger grounded-theory study. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a conventional content analysis approach.

Results:

Adolescents continued their bonds with deceased parents in one of three ways: experiencing encounters with the deceased parent, listening to the inner guide of the parent, and keeping mementos to remind them of the parent.

Significance of results:

The ways that the adolescents continued their bond with a deceased parent assisted them in creating meaning out of their loss and adjusting to life without that parent. Our results can be used by health professionals and parents to help adolescents after a parent has died.