bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SUBGENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF CLEMATIS (RANUNCULACEAE) IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Keener Carl S. , Dennis W. Michael
Published: April 2006

Within North America north of Mexico, Clematis (Ranunculaceae) consists of 30 native or introduced species which are classified into four subgenera, viz., Clematis (9 species), Atragene (L.) Torrey & Gray (2 species, Viorna A. Gray (17 species), and Viticella (Moench) Keener & Dennis, stat. nov. (2 species). In particular, the history of the names “Atragene” and “Viorna” is reviewed with special attention to the major infrageneric rank (subgenus) in Asa Gray's publications.
2. WOOD ANATOMY
Authors: Philipson W. R. , Butterfield B. G.
Published: April 2006

The wood of Aralidium pinnatifidium Miq. is diffuse‐porous with the vessels mainly in groups; the perforation plates exclusively scalariform with numerous bars; the parenchyma paratracheal; the rays multiseriate heterogeneous; and the fibres with simple pits and frequently septate. On balance, the wood is, therefore, more like that of the Araliaceae than of the Cornaceae.

A number of differences have been recorded between the secondary xylem in the Araliaceae and the Cornaceae (in the broad sense) (Hoar, 1915; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1957). It was hoped, therefore, that an investigation of the wood anatomy of Aralidium would provide evidence of the relationships of that genus.
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION UNDER THE CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
Authors: Weresub L.K. , McNeill J.
Published: April 2006

The problems of defining “printed matter” for the purposes of effective publication under the Code of Botanical Nomenclature are discussed. Modern techniques have blurred the distinction between traditional printing and reproduction from typescript. It is concluded, however, that the precise method of reproduction is less important than the accessibility of the printed matter to the botanical community. The present rules imply that publication is effected by distributing a copy of almost any non‐autographic material to each of only two botanical institutions. Some further restrictions seem desirable and, with increasing use of modern methods of reproduction, a decision on this has become urgent. A proposal is made to restrict effective publication, in future, to established journals and to such other works as explicitly claim to be media for such publication and also indicate that specified minimal distributional requirements have been met. Two further proposals are made: one dealing with an editeral matter and the other establishing a committee to review those problems of effective publication that are not dealt with in the first proposal.
FLORISTIC SIMILARITIES AMONG 51 REGIONS OF THE SOVIET UNION BASED ON THE BRASSICACEAE
Authors: Crovello Theodore J. , Miller Douglas C.
Published: April 2006

Floristic similarities among 51 geographic regions in 7 superregions of the Soviet Union were analyzed using distributonal data of 736 species of the Brassicaceae. Due to the high number of species, they were grouped into 9 tribes before analysis. Principal components revealed that different superregions occupied different but understandable parts of reduced character space, and possessed different shapes in that space. Floristic form, analogous to organic form and its components of size and shape, was introduced as a useful concept. Finally, similarities (based on their geographic distributions) among the 9 tribes of the Brassicaceae were presented and discussed.
MARIA SIBYLLA MERIAN (1647‐1717) AS A BOTANICAL ARTIST
Authors: Stearn William T.
Published: April 2006

An outline of the life of Maria Sibylla Merian, better known as an entomological than as a botanical artist, with identifications of the wild and cultivated plants of Surinam, northern South America, illustrated in her Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705).
SEROLOGICAL ASPECTS AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MAGNOLIIDAE
Authors: Jensen U. , Greven B.
Published: April 2006

Serological comparison of the major seed proteins from angiosperms, i.e. the legumin‐like proteins, indicate close phylogenetic connections between Magnoliidae, Hamamelididae and Corniflorae (sensu Dahlgren, 1980) and refute the idea of their independent evolution. These proteins also confirm the homogeneity of the iridoid producing Corniflorae, and advocate the inclusion of the Gentianaceae within the Corniflorae.
REDUCTION OF THE GEOCARPIC FACTOROVSKYA TO MEDICAGO
Authors: Small Ernest , Brookes Brenda S.
Published: April 2006

Factorovskya (Trigonella) aschersoniana (Urb.) Eig is shown on the basis of a variety of features to be appropriately placed in Medicago, and is recognized as M. hypogaea E. Small. As with some other geocarpic legumes once recognized as monotypic genera, the presence of geocarpic adaptations has obscured close affinities apparent in other characteristics.
NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE WITHIN PETRORHAGIA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: Rabeler Richard K.
Published: April 2006

In their revision of Petrorhagia, Ball and Heywood (1964) recognized five sections, four noted as new combinations. An examination of the Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum of Post and Kuntze (1903) reveals that they recognized six sections of Petrorhagia. Three of the combinations noted by Post and Kuntze are legitimate; two predate similar combinations made by Ball and Heywood in 1964. Petrorhagia kennedyae (A. K. Jackson & Turrill) Meikle is determined to be a later isonym.
TYPIFICATION OF LINNAEAN NAMES NOW IN ANTHRISCUS (APIACEAE)
Authors: Spalik Krzysztof , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: April 2006

Three Linnaean species names now recognized in the genus Anthriscus, Scandix anthriscus, Scandix cerefolium, and Chaerophyllum sylvestre, are lectotypified on material in Linnaeus' herbarium (LINN).
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY AND THE RELATIONSHIPS OF HOPLESTIGMATACEAE
Authors: Nowicke Joan W. , Miller James S.
Published: April 2006

The pollen of the ditypic family Hoplestigmataceae was examined in LM, SEM, and TEM, and in conjunction with floral morphology compared with the orders Boraginales, Ebenales, and Violales, to which this family has been assigned. Hoplestigma has pollen with 3‐colporate apertures bordered by (six) meridional ridges that are separated by (three) intercolpar concavities. Pollen similar in SEM and TEM is found in Bourreria and Ehretia of the Boraginaceae, and is also common in the Myrtales. However, this pollen type is not known to occur in either the Violales or Ebenales; in addition the bicarpellate ovary with few ovules and sympetalous corolla of Hoplestigma are not really typical of the Violales, nor is the parietal placentation of Hoplestigma typical of the Ebenales. Although Hoplestigma shares similar pollen, numerous stamens, and many characteristics of the gynoecium with the Myrtales, it differs in having the petals united basally and unitegmic ovules versus distinct petals and bitegmic ovules in Myrtales. Until Hoplestigmataceae is examined for the presence of internal phloem, one of the more definitive characters for Myrtales, we defer to Takhtajan's placement in the Boraginales.
PHYTOLACCA DODECANDRA (PHYTOLACCACEAE) IN AFRICA: GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Adams R. P. , Neisess K. R. , Parkhurs R. M. , Makhubu L. P. , Yohannes L. Wolde
Published: April 2006

The morphology of Phytolacca dodecandra, locally called endod, was examined using herbarium specimens from throughout its natural range in Africa and analyzed by principal component and principal coordinate analyses as well as contour mapping of the coordinate scores. Phytolacca dodecandra was also compared to P. dioica (introduced), P. goudotii, P. nutans, and P. octandra (introduced). Phytolacca goudotii was found to be scarcely distinct from P. dodecandra. The status of P. nutans remains questionable since only the type specimen had extremely long male flower pedicels and no other specimens have been found from throughout Africa with such long pedicels. Examination of P. dodecandra from throughout its range in Africa revealed that a few pubescent‐leaved plants were found from Ethiopia. These plants include a strain (Type 44) previously selected for agronomic research. Phytolacca dodecandra was found to be very variable in its morphology, both within a region and among regions. Major regional trends discovered were differentiation of: 1) the east and west Africa populations; 2) Madagascar plants from the mainland populations; 3) the Gabon plants from other West African plants; and 4) the Uganda, Burundi, Zimbabwe, and South African plants from other regions. No evidence was found to support the recognition of varieties apiculata Engl. and brevipedicellata H. Walt.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF COLOMBIAN PALMS COLLECTED BY W. KALBREYER
Authors: Bernal Rodrigo G. , Galeano‐Garcés Gloria , Henderson Andrew
Published: April 2006

Forty‐one neotypes and one lectotype are designated for palms described from Colombia, the types of which were destroyed at B. Most neotypes come from the original type localities. Three new combinations, with basionyms in Euterpe, are made: Prestoea brachyclada, P. dasystachys and P. latisecta. Comments on synonymy are given for most species.
PSEUDARTHRIINAE, A NEW STATUS FOR TRIBE PSEUDARTHRIEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Pramanik A. , Thothathri K.
Published: April 2006

The status of the tribe Pseudarthrieae Hutch. reduced by Ohashi et al., is reviewed and recognised as a subtribe of Desmodieae (Benth.) Hutch.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF BAUHINIA L. (CAESALPINIACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G.
Published: April 2006

Bauhinia roxburghiana Voigt (1845), proposed as a nom. nov. for B. emarginata Roxb. ex G. Don (1832), non P. Miller (1768), nec Jack (1822), is established as taxonomically and nomenclaturally distinct from Bauhinia semla Wunderlin (1976) (≡B. retusa Roxb. 1832, non Poiret 1811), notwithstanding Larsen and Larsen (1979) who treated B. semla Wunderlin as a superfluous illegitimate name for B. roxburghiana Voigt. Since B. retusa Roxb. ex DC. (1825) is conspecific with B. retusa Roxb. (1832) (although heterotypic), B. retusa DC., non Poiret, is reduced as a taxonomic synonym of B. semla Wunderlin.
PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GUIANAN FORESTS
Authors: de Granville Jean‐Jacques
Published: April 2006

In a brief introduction to the Guianan area (location, geomorphology and climate), the author gives a short description of the main forest types occurring in the Guianas: upland moist forest, montane and lower montane forest, inundated forests, transition forests, and forests on white sand soils. Then, the distribution patterns of selected plant groups represented in the Guianan lowland forest region (Meliaceae, Caryocaraceae, Tabernaemontanoideae, Musaceae, Zingiberaceae, Arecaceae, Passifloraceae, Lindsaea, Ochnaceae) are analyzed. The endemism and floristic affinities of the Guianan forests are briefly discussed in relation to the theory of the South American forest refugia.
SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF RAIN FOREST TREES
Authors: Ashton Peter S.
Published: April 2006

The case is made that ecological characteristics can provide valuable evidence for species delimitation in complex floras such as those of tropical rain forests. Differences between sympatric populations of morphologically similar entities in such aspects as edaphic range, reproductive phenology, pollination biology, combined with evidence for outbreeding, and for interspecific hybridization in nature assist in evaluating whether such entities behave as biological species. Current evidence on the biological nature of rain forest tree species is discussed.
AN INTERACTIVE PROGRAM FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTIFICATION KEYS
Authors: Pankhurst R. J.
Published: April 2006

An interactive computer program is described for the construction and revision of diagnostic identification keys. As far as possible, all the mechanical aspects of writing and organising the key are left to the computer, while the user contributes subjective taxonomic skills. The program can also provide advice to the user on how best to proceed. It represents a synthesis between older more or less automatic algorithms for key construction and interactive identification (expert) programs which do not involve keys.
THE PREHISTORY AND HISTORY OF IAPT
Authors: Stafleu Frans A.
Published: April 2006

An account of the pre‐1950 attempts to set up an international organization to deal with “urgent taxonomic needs” such as the coordination of the work on botanical nomenclature, the provision of guides to herbaria, collections and literature, the organization of international meetings, and the publication of a journal as the main tool to achieve these goals. The history of IAPT, founded 1950, is briefly treated, highlighting the role of the journal Taxon and the publication of the Index herbariorum, the Index nominum genericorum, and Taxonomic literature in realizing the pre‐1950 as well as several of the current needs of plant taxonomy with an emphasis on the importance of maintaining the IAPT and its Bureau for the implementation of these projects.
POLLEN AND POLLINATION: A HISTORICAL REVIEW
Authors: Ducker Sophie C. , Knox R. Bruce
Published: April 2006

The nineteenth century history of the discovery of pollen structure and function in flowering plants is reviewed, with special reference to aquatic forms.

Um die Geschichte der Wissenschaften aufzuklären, um den Gang derselben genau kennen zu lernen, pflegt man sich sorgfältig nach ihren ersten Anfangen zu erkundigen; man bemüht sich zu forschen: wer zuerst irgendeinem Gegenstand seine Aufmerksamkeit zugewendet, wie er sich dabei benommen, wo und zu welcher Zeit man zuerst gewisse Erscheinungen in Betracht gezogen, dergestalt, dass von Gedanke zu Gedanken neue Ansichten sich hervorgetan, welche durch Anwendung allgemein bestätigt endlich die Epoche bezeichnen, worin das, was wir eine Entdeckung, eine Erfindung nennen, unbezweifelt zutage gekommen: eine Erörterung, welche den mannigfachsten Anlass gibt, die menschlichen Geisteskräfte zu kennen und zu schätzen.

Morphologie. Goethe, 1831.
FAMILY STATUS FOR THE MONOTOIDEAE GILG AND THE PAKARAIMOIDEAE ASHTON, MAGUIRE AND DE ZEEUW (DIPTEROCARPACEAE)
Authors: Kostermans A. J. G. H.
Published: April 2006

The Monotoideae are re‐examined in detail in comparison with the Dipterocarpaceae. It is concluded that the Monotoideae, including Pakaraimaea, are more closely allied to the Tiliaceae.
NOMENCLATURAL ASSESSMENT OF GONIOTRICHUM KÜTZING, ERYTHROTRICHIA ARESCHOUG, DICONIA HARVEY, AND STYLONEMA REINSCH (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Wynne Michael J.
Published: April 2006

Goniotrichum Kützing (1843) and Erythrotrichia Areschoug (1850), both being based on Conferva ceramicola Lyngbye (1819), must be regarded as nomenclatural synonyms. Since Erythrotrichia is a conserved name, Goniotrichum is automatically rejected. Diconia Harvey (1849), a taxonomic synonym of Goniotrichum, is rejected as invalid. Stylonema Reinsch (1875) becomes available to accommodate species formerly placed in Goniotrichum: S. cornu‐cervi Reinsch, S. alsidii (Zanard.) Drew, and S. subcoeruleum (Dangeard) Wynne, comb. nov.
NOMENCLATURE OF ENDOSYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATES
Authors: Blank Rudolf J. , Trench Robert K.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclature of symbiotic dinoflagellates harboured by animal hosts is reviewed with regard to its history and employment. Zooxanthella, Philozoon, Zoorhabdella, and Endodinium may be regarded as synonyms of Amphidinium which has priority. Gymnodinium is considered to be incorrectly employed instead of Symbiodinium when applied to S. microadriaticum. Chrysidella is illegitimate. It is proposed to reject Zooxanthella as a confusing name widely applied to taxa not including its type.
A FIELD‐ORIENTED TECHNIQUE FOR PRODUCING HIGH‐QUALITY PREPARATIONS OF PLANT SURFACES FOR SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Clark Curtis , Sanders Donald L. , Charest Nancy
Published: April 2006

Commonly used techniques for the preparation of plant surfaces for scanning electron microscopy involve either the use of coagulative fixatives such as FAA that are easily used in the field, but may cause specimen distortion, or else the use of noncoagulative fixatives such as glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide, that give excellent results but are difficult to use under field conditions. We have modified existing techniques that provide for relative ease of use in the field, low cost, and excellent results; they involve fixation in formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde powder and dehydration in acetone.
SPECIES EPITHETS AND GENDER INFORMATION
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Adjectives (including participles) and nouns are regularly used as species epithets. Nouns maintain their gender and are grammatically independent of the generic name but adjectives indicate the gender of the generic name to the extent they have three, two or only one ending(s) in nominative singular. Generalizations and exceptions are presented with examples.
A NOMENCLATURAL REVISION OF THE JAPANESE MAGNOLIA SPECIES (MAGNOLIACEAE), TOGETHER WITH TWO LONG‐CULTIVATED CHINESE SPECIES. II. M. TOMENTOSA AND M. PRAECOCISSIMA
Authors: Ueda Kunihiko
Published: April 2006

The names of two species of Magnolia should be changed as follows: M. tomentosa Thunb. should be accepted for M. stellata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. Magnolia praecocissima Koidz. must be accepted instead of M. kobus DC.
ON CLADISTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN GREEN PLANTS
Authors: Bremer K. , Humphries C. J. , Mishler B. D. , Churchill S. P.
Published: April 2006

Interrelationships of major groups of green algae and land plants are currently hypothesized in cladograms by various authors. A summary cladogram is given and controversial points such as the precise sister group of the land plants are indicated. Sequence data from 5S ribosomal RNA are more homoplasious than morphological data and hence less useful for inferring phylogeny. Traditional textbook classifications contain several paraphyletic taxa and are frequently uninformative with respect to interrelationships/phylogeny. A cladistic classification with monophyletic taxa is advocated. It is superior for teaching purposes and provides natural taxa that are meaningful for biology in general.
TYPIFICATION OF JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS L. AND J. BERMUDIANA L. AND REDISCOVERY OF J. BARBADENSIS FROM ST. LUCIA, BWI (CUPRESSACEAE)
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Jarvis C. E. , Slane V. , Zanoni T. A.
Published: April 2006

The typification of Juniperus barbadensis and J. bermudiana is discussed in relation to specimens in the Linnaean collections and specimens recently collected from the type localities. The specimen in LINN numbered 1198.1 is designated as the lectotype of J. barbadensis L. The specimen 1198.2 at LINN annotated J. bermudiana was apparently added to the Linnaean collection after 1753. The Hermann illustration cited by Linnaeus was not based on J. bermudiana and would fail to establish effectively the application of the name. Therefore, a specimen taken from a plant that was contemporary with Linnaeus, David van Royen 901.130‐394(L), is designated as the neotype for J. bermudiana. The rediscovery of J. barbadensis is reported from St. Lucia, BWI. This species should be considered threatened on St. Lucia due to its small population of approximately 25 trees that occupy an area of about 10 m by 60 m.
HABITAL VARIATION IN THE HAWAIIAN MADIINAE (HELIANTHEAE) AND ITS RELEVANCE TO GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE COMPOSITAE
Authors: Carr Gerald D.
Published: April 2006

The Hawaiian Madiinae constitute a genetically cohesive and presumably monophyletic alliance of 28 species of extreme habital diversity which traditionally have been dispersed among four genera that are defined primarily by floral and foliar features. Dozens of natural and artificial hybrids between generic and habital categories have been produced. Cytogenetic data indicate that definition of genera according to habit would result in a number of fragmentary groups, each heterogeneous with respect to chromosome number and/or structure. Moreover, in a number of instances species of known cytogenetic identity would be placed in two or more different genera. Disposition of the 28 species in three traditionally recognized genera is recommended. These are Dubautia sensu lato, Argyroxiphium, and Wilkesia.
CROSSING DATA AS GENERIC CRITERIA IN THE ASTERACEAE
Authors: Powell A. Michael
Published: April 2006

Crossing data have long been used to help determine the position of species whose generic status is questionable, to help define subgeneric taxa, to merge genera, and, in a limited number of studies, to help establish generic boundaries. Previous studies in the subtribes Peritylinae and Flaveriinae (Helenieae) have demonstrated that crossing data can be employed as a major approach in delimiting generic entities and in establishing relationships between genera. In fact, in the above taxa crossing data proved to be more useful at the genus level than at the species level. Such crossing tests can be employed at optimum only if it is possible to produce hybrids between most of the species in the putative genera concerned. It does appear that it is oñen possible to obtain comprehensive data from artificial interspecific hybridizations, especially when allopatric perennial taxa are involved. The interpretation of crossing data may present problems because variable interfertility values in different taxa are to be expected, and independent taxonomic judgements must be made in context with information from other approaches. In the tribe Eupatorieae, where extensive generic reorganization has been proposed in recent years, hybridization tests may be possible in some groups (Carterothamnus × Hofmeisteria; Koanophyllon × Pseudokyrsteniopsis) but not in others (Brickellia).
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF IVA: A CASE IN POINT
Authors: Bolick Margaret R.
Published: April 2006

In 1960, Jackson divided Iva into three sections: Iva, Linearbractea, and Cyclachaena. A reanalysis of Iva using the precepts of Hennigian cladistics reveals 1) that there are no synapomorphies connecting sections Iva and Linearbractea to section Cyclachaena; 2) that there are no synapomorphies connecting the species within Cyclachaena: and 3) that the species of Iva and Linearbractea are unified by three synapomorphies. The analysis also suggests that the five species of Cyclachaena are more closely related to other genera in the subtribe than they are to Iva and Linearbractea. The resulting classification recognizes Iva and Linearbractea as Iva sensu stricto and the five species of Cyclachaena as separate monotypic genera.
THE FIRST PLANT DISTRIBUTION MAP
Authors: Mennema J.
Published: April 2006

According to the literature there were two botanists, who used maps, possibly for the first time, to illustrate the distribution of plants: Georg Wahlenberg in 1812 and Alphonse de Candolle in 1855. The map of Wahlenberg, however, ought to be considered the first vegetation map and Joachim Schouw had produced the first real plant distribution map in his Plantegeographisk Atlas, published in 1824.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF ENCELIOPSIS COVILLEI (A. NELSON) S. F. BLAKE (ASTERACEAE: HELIANTHEAE) AND A CONSIDERATION OF ITS CORRECT NAME
Authors: Clark Curtis , Sanders Donald L.
Published: April 2006

Encelia grandiflora M. E. Jones, nom. illeg., was published without clear reference to a type, an omission that was apparently overlooked by subsequent workers seeking to deal with the generic position of the species and the illegitimacy of its name. Seeming inconsistency in the treatment of the epithet stems from the differing rules concerning homonymy in the American and International codes of nomenclature at that time. A lectotype is provided.
THE TYPIFICATION AND IDENTITY OF THREE SPECIES OF PARIETARIA L. (URTICACEAE), OSTENSIBLY DESCRIBED FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Friis Ib
Published: April 2006

The original material of three species of Parietaria, P. capensis Thunb., P. lanceolata Thunb., and P. pilosa Willd., all described as from South Africa, has been studied. P. capensis Thunb. is lectotypified with a specimen which can be identified as Droguetia iners (Forssk.) Schweinf., a species indigenous to South Africa. The type material of P. lanceolata Thunb. can be identified as Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn., an Asian species. After study of type material, Parietaria pilosa Willd. is considered a synonym of P. judaica L., a basically Eurasian species. It is considered doubtful that the latter two species were described from material collected in South Africa.
TYPIFICATION WITHIN THE POLYPODIUM VIRGINIANUM COMPLEX (POLYPODIACEAE)
Authors: Cranfill R. , Britton D. M.
Published: April 2006

The validity and application of specific and varietal names in the Polypodium virginianum complex were investigated. Lectotypification of both P. virginianum L. and P. vulgare L. var. americanum Hooker is proposed, the former based on a plate in Morison and the latter on a collection by Percival at Kew. On morphological grounds, the types of both taxa appear to represent the tetraploid race in the complex. Hooker's variety therefore becomes a later synonym of the Linnaean species. Polypodium vinlandicum Löve and Löve was based on the type of Hooker's variety and thus is also synonymous with the tetraploid cytotype of P. virginianum. The name Polypodium “oreophilum” has sometimes been accepted as a legitimate name for some West Virginian plants in the complex. The combination, however, was never validly accomplished and so must be rejected. Furthermore, the use of the epithet for any member of this group is now prohibited by the South American P. oreophilum Maxon.
THE NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY AND TYPIFICATION OF HYPODERMA AND LOPHODERMIUM
Authors: Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: April 2006

The changes in Art. 13 agreed at Sydney in 1981 mean that the lectotype of the genus Hypoderma DC. selected by Höhnel (1917) is no longer acceptable. The identities of the original species of the genus are accordingly established, and the genus is correctly lectotypified. It unavoidably becomes an older name for Lophodermium Chev. As this last genus is large and contains species of economic importance, a conservation proposal is made to allow continued use of the two generic names as they are currently understood.
MICROWAVE AND THE HERBARIUM SPECIMEN: POTENTIAL DANGERS
Authors: Hill Steven R.
Published: April 2006

The use of microwave ovens to treat herbarium specimens as part of the curatorial process, while efficient and convenient, may cause irreparable damage and loss of information for future researchers.
A RAPID MICROSCOPIC MOUNTING MEDIUM FOR DELICATE BRYOPHYTES
Authors: Zander Richard H.
Published: April 2006

A lactophenol gel made with methyl cellulose is described as a combination clearing and mounting medium for bryophytes with delicate cell wall structure collapsing in other media such as Hoyer's Solution.
LA PRESENCIA DE COMMIPHORA (BURSERACEAE) EN MÉXICO
Authors: Rzedowski J. , Palacios‐Chávez R.
Published: April 2006

The pollen of Bursera tecomaca (DC.) Standl. and of B. sarcopoda P. G. Wilson notably differs from that of remaining species of Bursera, but shows a striking similarity to the pollen of the akin genus Commiphora, mainly distributed in Africa. Additional morphological characters of these two species suggest also their better placement in Commiphora and therefore the formal transfer is proposed.
NUEVAS COMBINACIONES EN ORNITHOPUS SATIVUS (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Aser Mercedes Alsina
Published: April 2006

Neotypification of Ornithopus sativus results in a restructuring of its two subspecies and the need for two new combinations: O. sativus subsp. isthmocarpus (Cosson) Dostal falls into synonymy with O. sativus Brot. subsp. sativus and what was called O. sativus Brot. subsp. sativus becomes O. sativus subsp. roseus (Dufour), comb. nov. Also, O. sativus var. macrorrhynchus (Willk.), comb, nov., is recognized.
STUDIES IN ANNONACEAE. VIII. A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF TETRAMERANTHUS
Authors: Koek‐Noorman J. , Zandee M. , Westra L. Y. Th.
Published: April 2006

The small genus Tetrameranthus (five species) stands isolated within the Annonaceae. A cladistic analysis was carried out using macromorphological characters in order to find possible apomorphies and to attempt a phylogenetic reconstruction. In the “best” cladograms there appear two subsets, one formed by T. duckei, T. macrocarpus, and T. pachycarpus, the other by T. laomae and T. umbellatus. Both are supported by a number of apomorphic character states. Any other conclusions remain speculative.
THE ANTARCTIC PLANT DATABASE AND THE BAS HERBARIUM
Authors: Lightowlers Philip
Published: April 2006

The history of the British Antarctic Survey Herbarium (AAS) is outlined briefly, and the origins of the new Antarctic Plant Database are explained. Details of the structure, coverage and potential uses of the database are given for prospective users.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON INFRAGENERIC NAMES IN PHYTOLACCA (PHYTOLACCACEAE)
Authors: Rogers George K.
Published: April 2006

The illegitimate names subg. “Pircunia,” its sect. “Pircunia,” and sect. “Pircuniopsis” in another non‐typical subgenus of the genus Phytolacca are changed to subg. Pircuniastrum, sect. Pircuniastrum, and sect. Pseudolacca. A lectotype is supplied for Moquin‐Tandon's illegitimate generic name “Pircunia.”
An examination of the holotype of × Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob. (Poaceae)
Authors: Darbyshire Stephen J. , Cayouette Jacques
Published: April 2006

Darbyshire, S. J. & Cayouette. J.: An examination of the holotype of × Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob. (Poaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 737‐743. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The type specimen of ×Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob, was examined. It is composed of 3 discordant elements, none of which would seem to be a hybrid resulting from the proposed parentage. The name is lectotypified on an element identified as Poa eminens. Taxonomic and nomenclatural implications of the observations are discussed. The synonymy for P. eminens is given.
Clarification of synonymy for the common moth‐vine Araujia sericifera (Asclepiadaceae)
Authors: Forster Paul I. , Bruyns Peter V.
Published: April 2006

Forster, P. I. & Bruyns, P. V.: Clarification of synonymy for the common moth‐vine Araujia sericifera (Asclepiadaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 746‐749. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The synonymy of the South American climber Araujia sericifera Brot., which is widely naturalized in temperate and subtropical regions, is clarified. Plants of this species have been commonly referred to as A. sericofera (an incorrect orthographic variant) or as A. hortorum Fourn. Lectotypes are designated for A. sericifera Brot., A. hortorum Fourn. and Physianthus albens C. Martius.
Culton versus taxon: conceptual issues in cultivated plant systematics
Authors: Hetterscheid W. L. A. , Brandenburg W. A.
Published: April 2006

Hetterscheid, W. L. A. & Brandenburg, W. A.: Culton versus taxon: conceptual issues in cultivated plant systematics. – Taxon 44: 161‐175. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The systematics of cultivated plants need to be divorced from a number of confusing ties with the systematics of plants found in nature. These ties have been developed in time because systematic groups of cultivated plants have often been looked upon as proper taxa and treated accordingly in classifications and nomenclature. It is shown that cultivated plants and their special purpose taxonomy are part of a different context (human society) than the context of taxonomy of plants in nature (evolution). A general concept of systematic groups of cultivated plants, termed “culton”, is here proposed to end this confusion. The most important ranks of culta, viz. the cultivar and the cultivar group, are discussed and their definitions purified from imprecise elements. It is shown that the culton/taxon confusion has led to systematic/taxonomic misnomers and a far too complicated nomenclature for cultivated plants.
Electrophoretic studies of seed proteins in relation to chromosomal criteria and the relationships of some taxa of Trifolium
Authors: Badr A.
Published: April 2006

Badr, A.: Electrophoretic studies of seed proteins in relation to chromosomal criteria and the relationships of some taxa of Trifolium. – Taxon 44: 183‐191. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Electrophoretic seed protein patterns of 30 samples belonging to 20 species and four sections of Trifolium, treated by numerical analysis, as well as karyotype data for the same samples, are discussed in the light of current sectional and subsectional delimitation. The grouping of taxa in T. sect. Mistyllus and sect. Vesicaria, both with a basic chromosome number of x = 8, agree with their previous sectional delimitation based on morphological characters, and with chromosomal features such as karyotype symmetry. In T. sect. Trifolium five samples representing four species (three with x = 7) were grouped together, whereas T. rubens (x = 8) of the same section was found most similar to some species of T. sect. Lotoidea. In the latter section, the grouping of a number of species was anomalous as exemplified by the low levels of similarity between species of T. subsect. Platystylium, among which T. tembense showed closer affinity to the species in T. sect. Mistyllus. T. sect. Lotoidea appears as a heterogeneous group in which species relationship requires reconsideration.
Is inclusion of an uncited plate along with text definite expression of typification?
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , van Wyk A. E.
Published: April 2006

Smith, G. F. & Wyk, A. E. van: Is inclusion of an uncited plate along with text definite expression of typification? – Taxon 44: 217‐220. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

It is shown that the word “included” as used in the Code (Art. 9 Note 1) should not be taken to only mean “cited in the protologue”. Such a restrictive interpretation might lead to the undesirable and destabilizing retypification of names where perfectly unambiguous but uncited plates exist, either unpublished or published prior to or together with the protologue. If such a plate is the only element used by the author of the validating description or diagnosis, it is the holotype, whether cited as such or not. If other elements (specimens) exist upon which the original description was based, the illustration is usually precluded from designation as the lectotype and a specimen is to be preferred, but if no specimen has survived, the illustration is the obligate lectotype.
Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 38
Authors: Brummitt R. K.
Published: April 2006

Brummitt, R. K.: Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 38. – Taxon 42: 687–697. 1993. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.

Recommendations are made on 26 published proposals to conserve and/or reject names and three unpublished requests for decisions on homonymy (confusability of similarly spelled names).
New measurements of distribution of homoplasy and reliability of parsimonious cladograms
Authors: Sang Tao
Published: April 2006

Sang, T.: New measurements of distribution of homoplasy and reliability of parsimonious cladograms. – Taxon 44: 77‐82. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Levels of homoplasy, measured by consistency index (CI) or retention index (RI), have been commonly used as indicators of reliability of parsimonious cladograms. Less attention has been paid to distribution of homoplasy which, however, may be another important parameter for estimating the reliability of cladograms. Average unit character consistency (AUCC), measuring distribution of homoplasy among the characters on parsimonious cladograms, is defined as the average of total unit character consistencies. When cladograms with the same CI are compared, the one with the largest AUCC also has the most asymmetric distribution of homoplasy, i.e., it is compatible with the largest portion of the characters, and homoplasy is concentrated in the smallest portion of cladistically unreliable or fast evolved characters of this cladogram. Homoplasy distribution index (HDI) is defined as the difference between the AUCC and CI, and can be used to compare distribution of homoplasy among cladograms with similar levels of homoplasy. A new measurement of the reliability of parsimonious cladograms, homoplasy distribution ratio (HDR), is defined as the ratio of the HDI to the homoplasy index (HI).
Lectotypification of Achillea cretica (Compositae, Anthemideae)
Authors: Valant‐Vetschera Karin
Published: April 2006

Valant‐Vetschera, K.: Lectotypification of Achillea cretica (Compositae, Anthemideae). – Taxon 44: 91‐96. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A specimen from the Burser Herbarium is selected as the lectotype of Achillea ereticai L. on the basis of literature and herbarium studies. As historical background, treatments of this species in pre‐Linnaean literature and herbaria are briefly discussed.
Disciplining botany: a taxonomic problem
Authors: Smocovitis V. B.
Published: April 2006

Smocovitis, V. B.: Disciplining botany: a taxonomic problem. — Taxon 41: 459‐470. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

This article offers historical and philosophical perspectives on the debate generated by the proposed name change of the Botanical Society of America. Historical and philosophical examination of the lives of disciplines like botany reveal a process of ordering and systematization analogous to botanical practices. The taxonomist of knowledge like the taxonomist of plants constructs categories or groupings which are provisional constructs of the disciplined “eye” of the taxonomist. The emergence of botany — a category or “branch” of knowledge — has been disciplined as such a category, and along with it has come the contentious issue of proper accurate naming of the practice. The “growth” of botany — especially in America — is examined through a re‐examination of representations of the “trees of knowledge”.
Genomically preserved plants and their nomenclature
Authors: Werth Charles R. , Lellinger David B.
Published: April 2006

Werth, C. R. & Lellinger, D. B.: Genomically preserved plants and their nomenclature. — Taxon 41: 513–521. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

Species that hybridize to form allopolyploids may become extinct, yet may be discovered and characterized through the continued existence and expression of their genomes in their allopolyploid descendants. For purposes of nomenclature, these genomically preserved plants (GPPs) form a third category of plants, along with recent plants and fossils, with which they share certain kinds of characters. GPPs are essential to understanding the phylogeny of some species complexes and can be included as OTUs in phenetic and phylogenetic analyses. A means to provide for the naming, description, and typification of taxa of genomically preserved plants needs to be included in the International code of botanical nomenclature.
Tasmanites, the correct name for Pachysphaera (Prasinophyceae, Pterospermataceae)
Authors: Boalch Gerald T. , Guy‐Ohlson Dorothy
Published: April 2006

Boalch, G. T. & Guy‐Ohlson, D.: Tasmanites, the correct name for Pachysphaera (Prasinophyceae, Pterospermataceae). — Taxon 41: 529–531. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

Results from current comparative morphological studies of both the phycoma and motile stages of fossil and modern Prasinophyceae indicate generic identity between the fossil Tasmanites E. Newton and the modern Pachysphaera Ostenfeld. According to Article 58 of the International code of botanical nomenclature, names of fossil taxa yield priority to names of non‐fossil taxa, but with algae excepted. Thus Tasmanites is the correct name for the taxon currently known as Pachysphaera.
Nyssa‐like fossil pollen: A case for stabilizing nomenclature
Authors: Eyde Richard H.
Published: April 2006

Eyde, R. H.: Nyssa‐like fossil pollen: A case for stabilizing nomenclature. ‐ Taxon 40: 75–88. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A review of the literature on Nyssa‐like pollen in the fossil record reveals an unsurpassed nomenclatural snarl. There are repeated difficulties in determining whether names were validly published or not, let alone deciding on the correct name for a given taxon. Something is needed to clean up the past and avoid such snarls in the future.
Further comments on an ophioglossoid archetype for the angiosperm carpel: Ovular paedomorphosis
Authors: Kato Masahiro
Published: April 2006

Kato, M.: Further comments on an ophioglossoid archetype for the angiosperm carpel: Ovular paedomorphosis. ‐Taxon40: 189–194. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Kato's recent hypothesis on the origin of the angiosperm carpel, suggesting an ophioglossoid fertile leaf as an archetype for the carpel, is evaluated in the context of heterochrony, which is argued to have been a major factor in the origin of angiosperms. Anatropy of angiosperm ovules, the most primitive type, is interpreted as derived by paedomorphosis from hyponastic curvature of ophioglossoid sporophore primordia and also leaf primordia, concomitant with paedomorphic changes at various levels of floral organization.
Chromosome numbers in Ludwigia sect. Oligospermum and sect. Oocarpon (Onagraceae)
Authors: Zardini Elsa M. , Peng Ching‐I , Hoch Peter C.
Published: April 2006

Zardini E. M., Peng, C.‐I & Hoch, P. C.: Chromosome numbers in Ludwigia sect Oligospermum and sect. Oocarpon (Onagraceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 221–230. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Chromosome numbers are reported from all nine species (12 taxa) of Ludwigia sect. Oligospermum and sect. Oocarpon, including three not reported previously: L. hookeri (2n = 32), L. peduncularis (2n = 32), both of L. sect. Oligospermum, and L. torulosa (2n = 16) of the monotypic L. sect. Oocarpon. An earlier count of n = 8 for L. hookeri was based on a mis‐identified specimen of L. peploides. Counts are also reported for three naturally occurring hybrids. Chromosome counts from a total of 141 strains are included, with full voucher information for each. New data are compared with all previous reports for the species of these sections.
CENTROSPERMAE REVISITED, PART I
Authors: Rodman James E.
Published: April 2006

In preparation for continued phenetic and cladistic studies of taxonomic relationships of Centrospermae, 16 families are recognized in the order, and putative autapomorphies are designated for each where known, in order to support their monophyletic status. Polyphyly in Phytolaccaceae s.l. and paraphyly in Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Portulacaceae are discussed. Pollen and floral characters used in an early study are revised and recoded. Recent molecular data bearing on centrosperm phylogeny are summarized.
Interpretation and typification of Cactus opuntia L., Opuntia vulgaris Mill., and O. humifusa (Rafin.) Rafin. (Cactaceae)
Authors: Leuenberger Beat Ernst
Published: April 2006

Leuenberger, B. E.: Interpretation and typification of Cactus opuntia L., Opuntia vulgaris Mill., and O. humifusa (Rafin.) Rafin. (Cactaceae). — Taxon 42: 419–429. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

The taxonomic history of the controversial names Cactus opuntia and Opuntia vulgaris is discussed, the original elements associated with them are analysed, and the changing interpretation of the names by previous authors is reviewed. The consequences of the possible choices of a lectotype for nomenclatural stability are considered. Lectotypification of Cactus opuntia with material mentioned by previous authors would perpetuate the confusion surrounding this name and the homotypic Opuntia vulgaris based on it, as the latter name has been widely applied to two different species (O. humifusa and O. monacantha). Lectotypification of Cactus opuntia with another element involved, as here proposed, permits to sink the controversial names in the synonymy of Opuntia ficus‐indica, thereby avoiding the necessity of proposals to formally reject them. The correct names for the two species formerly known as “O. vulgaris” are O. humifusa, and O. monacantha. A neotype is designated for O. humifusa.
Conspecific status of Cardioteucris cordifolia (Labiatae) and Caryopteris siccanea (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Cantino Philip D.
Published: April 2006

Cantino, P. D.: Conspecific status of Cardioteucris cordifolia (Labiatae) and Caryopteris siccanea (Verbenaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 441–443. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Cardioteucris cordifolia C. Y. Wu and Caryopteris siccanea W. W. Smith, described in the Labiatae and Verbenaceae, respectively, represent the same species, best retained in Caryopteris rather than segregated as a monotypic genus Cardioteucris, and assigned to the Verbenaceae pending further clarification of family boundaries in the Lamiales.
Uses and misuses of floras
Authors: Funk V. A.
Published: April 2006

Funk, V. A.: Uses and misuses of floras. – Taxon 42: 761‐772. 1993. –ISSN 0040‐0262.

Questions involving the history and evolution of groups of taxa, such as those on biogeography and speciation, are among the most commonly asked in systematics. Usually the data necessary to answer these types of questions are believed to be available only from studies of individual monophyletic groups. However, some information on biogeography and speciation can be obtained from floristic studies under certain criteria, e.g., the use of natural areas, uniform descriptions, and detailed distribution information. If these criteria are not met, detailed questions about evolution are not appropriate. However, even when evolutionary questions can not be addressed directly, it is possible to use information contained in floras, such as the numbers of species in different groups or areas, to provide interesting comparative information on species richness and areas of endemism. However, numbers alone tell us little about the value of the area in terms of biological diversity or its history and they should not be used as the sole statistic in determining the “importance” of an area.
On the status of Randia armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae: Gardenieae)
Authors: Taylor Charlotte M. , Lorence David H.
Published: April 2006

Taylor, C. M. & Lorence, D. H.: On the status of Randia armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae: Gardenieae). – Taxon 42: 865‐867.1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Recently Randia annata has been wrongly treated as an illegitimate name but is the correct designation for the spiny, larger‐flowered Randia species that has been called Randia nitida (Kunth) DC.
Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 39
Authors: Brummitt R. K.
Published: April 2006

Brummitt, R. K.: Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 39. – Taxon 42: 873‐879. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

This report deals with twenty proposals/requests: 12 to conserve (7 recommended), 4 to amend current entries (all recommended), 2 to reject (none recommended), and 2 requests for homonymy decisions (both not homonyms).
Shamovella obscura: the correct name for Tubiphytes obscurus (Fossil)
Authors: Riding Robert
Published: April 2006

Riding, R.: Shamovella obscura: the correct name for Tubiphytes obscurus (Fossil). ‐ Taxon 42: 71‐73. 1993. ISSN 0040‐0262.

An earlier generic name, Shamovella, hitherto thought invalid, is found to be validly published. A needed new combination, Shamovella obscura, is made.
Familial orthography: Aloeaceae vs. Aloaceae
Authors: Smith Gideon F.
Published: April 2006

Smith, G. F.: Familial orthography: Aloeaceae vs. Aloaceae. ‐ Taxon 42: 87‐90. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The name Aloe is a first declension feminine noun with the genitive singular formed by adding a terminal ‐s, hence Aloes. Since the generic name Aloe is of classical origin, the family name derived therefrom is formed by replacing the genitive singular inflection ‐es with the termination ‐aceae, hence Aloaceae. A number of correctable suprageneric names based on Aloe are discussed.
NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE BEGONIACEAE USING THE MANTEL TEST ON LEAF MICROCHARACTERS
Authors: Cuerrier Alain , Brouillet Luc , Barabé Denis
Published: April 2006

Fifty‐six leaf microcharacters were studied in 132 OTUs of the Begoniaceae (Begonia, Hillebrandia). Their taxonomic distribution was compared to the existing classification (sections of Begonia), to leaf venation types, and to continental origin using the Mantel and the Smouse‐Long‐Sokal tests. Sections originating from the same continent appear to be more closely related on this basis than sections from different continents. Pinnate venation is hypothesized to be homoplasic.