bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
For Stability
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

Philosophers and political theorists today tend to say that justice is the first virtue of institutions, but historically, theorists thought the first virtue was to secure the peace and prevent mutual violence. This chapter reviews why theorists have argued that democracy tends to promote stability and peace. Aristotle argued that constitutional governments tend to have the least variance in the quality of their decision-making and tended to promote stability through inclusion. Machiavelli thought republics could reduce class-based conflict. Hamilton and Madison argued that a properly designed constitution could reduce internal interest-based factions. Kant argued that democracies would not wish to make war against each other. De Tocqueville argued that democracy induces citizens to respect the law, which reduces conflict. The chapter ends by examining recent empirical work on the perpetual peace thesis.
Against Virtue
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers and reviews arguments and evidence that democracy corrupts citizens’ intellectual and moral character. It also considers challenges to the idea that a purpose of government should be to improve our character. Plato argues that democracy’s egalitarianism leads to populist disdain for wisdom, evidence, and superior knowledge. Augustine argues that politics should have limited goals in establishing peace and that the secular state—even if intertwined with religion—cannot produce virtue. Nietzsche argues that democracy elevates shared pity to the highest moral virtue and enshrines victimhood at the expense of human excellence. The chapter ends by considering at length the theory of rational irrationality; that is, citizens engaged in unscientific, biased, motivated, and non-truth-tracking reasoning processes because their individual votes do not matter.
Against Liberty
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers arguments that are skeptical about attempts to identify democracy with liberty. David Hume argues that democracy does not rest upon the consent of the governed and that social contract theories are ahistorical fictions. Spooner argues that democracy creates a system of bosses and that voting does not signify consent. Schmitt argues that, in fact, democracy is not the rule of the people as a whole, but always the rule of some people over others, including particular bureaucrats or politicians who make decisions that override what the majority or others want. Nozick argues that democracy replaces the one-headed master of monarchy or slavery with a many-headed master. The chapter ends by discussing contemporary theorizing about the power of a single vote and what this means about citizens’ freedom.
For Equality
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers arguments and evidence in favor of the view that democracy has a special relationship with equality. First, it considers empirical evidence that the concept of the rule of law appeared simultaneously as governments moved toward more popular rule and political equality. Rousseau argues that unequal wealth can subvert political equality, though he does not thereby defend socialism or complete economic egalitarianism. Rawls argues that self-respect depends upon political equality. Christiano argues that undemocratic systems are unjust because they express that some people matter more than others. The demographic objection to epistocracy holds that attempts to weigh or control votes by competence will lead to ethnic majorities having higher status and power than ethnic minorities.
Introduction
Authors: Powell Sean Robert
Published: February 2023

This chapter positions the author in relation to the ideology of competition in school music; provides a precise definition for “competition,” an overview of the music education research literature on competition, and a discussion of the use of critical theory and philosophy; and unpacks the concept of ideology. The research reviewed shows that competition provides an inequitable framework and an invalid method to evaluate the quality of music education. Critical theory and philosophy are offered as valuable tools for understanding and critiquing the competitive music education system. The strategy of ideology critique is introduced as the structuring frame of the book.
Contingency | Agency | Act
Authors: Powell Sean Robert
Published: February 2023

This chapter argues that the key to escaping the grip of ideology is to see our current social structure not as necessary, natural, or inevitable (a form of realism) but as contingent. Ideology structures the coordinates of our reality in such a way that the contingent conditions of competition seem necessary—that there is no alternative—when other ways of structuring our social world are possible. The current structure of music education is a result of a historical process—a string of decisions that human beings made over time. The competitive school music structure was not foisted upon us by the universe in an irresistible burst. Our current conditions are a result of successive acts of human agency that people enacted over time. The chapter further contends that teacher agency is the key to structural change in music education—change that shifts the coordinates of what is accepted, valued, and even possible in music classrooms. Finally the chapter discusses the Act. We can consider an Act in juxtaposition to Contu’s conception of “decaf resistance.” While decaf resistance involves no risk—it is a shallow, symbolic resistance that seeks to maintain self-security—the Act is a Real action that necessarily involves risk. It is an upending of the current conditions and an installation of new coordinates of thinking and action. Although the success of the Act cannot be known beforehand, it is necessary if music educators hope to enact substantial, large-scale change.
Self-Defeating Self-Governance
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

There is a strict sense of self-defeating behavior according to which the self that is defeated and the self doing the defeating are one and the same; in particular, the values that the self identifies with are defeated even though nothing “alien” is guiding the self. The possibility of informed self-defeating self-governance is puzzling if one abstracts away from cyclic and incomplete preferences. This chapter reveals the connections between cyclic preferences, incomplete preferences, and informed self-defeating self-governance. In short, the self-defeating patterns of choice that agents with cyclic and incomplete preferences must guard against are not to be explained in terms of the self losing control over behavior but as instances of informed self-defeating self-governance.
Instrumental Rationality Revamped
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This chapter raises and solves a puzzle regarding instrumental rationality and the possibility of rationally cyclic preferences. The puzzle is associated with making sense of the idea that, in cases involving rationally cyclic preferences, instrumental rationality sometimes calls for showing restraint so as to avoid realizing a self-defeating pattern of choice. The solution provided involves distinguishing between relational subjective appraisal responses and categorial subjective appraisal responses, and arguing that, while instrumental rationality is standardly understood as accountable to only relational subjective appraisal responses, it is also accountable to categorial subjective appraisal responses. The last section of the chapter raises and solves a related puzzle regarding the money-pump argument. The solution appeals to the idea that rationality requires one to avoid any alternative that is exactly the same as some other available alternative except for one disadvantageous difference.
Parity
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This chapter uses the distinction between relational and categorial appraisal responses to illuminate the possibility of incommensurable alternatives and incomplete preferences. In particular, the chapter shows how the distinction between relational and categorial appraisal responses allows us to make sense of the possibility of two options not being one better than the other or exactly equally good, but still comparable as “on a par.” This possibility reinforces the possibility of rationally incomplete preferences.
Betterness
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the following question: If rational preferences can be cyclic, what should we conclude about the (presumed) acyclicity of the “better than” relation—where “X is better than Y (as an option for A)” is to be understood as “opting for X would be a better choice (on A’s part) than opting for Y”? Building on some revisionary suggestions concerning acyclicity and betterness, the case is made for hanging on to the presumption that “better than (as an option for A)” is acyclic even if “is rationally preferred to (by A)” is not. The divergence this view makes room for does not threaten to make “better than” judgments less relevant to choice than judgments about rational preference. To the contrary, it makes them more relevant. Toward the end of the chapter, the reasoning regarding the relation “better than” is extended to the relation “is morally better than” given the possibility of moral preferability cycles.
Regret in Continued Endorsement Cases
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This chapter shows that if the possibility of rationally cyclic preferences is taken seriously, then regret—understood as mourning the loss of a forgone good—in continued endorsement cases need not be tied to the idea that the loss of the good is not fully made up for by the gain of a preferred or incomparable good of a different kind. Instead, it can be tied to the need to settle, via league-based satisficing, on a dispreferred alternative. Where such settling is required, regret on the part of the agent is appropriately grounded in the idea that, although his choice was defensible relative to his concerns, he deprived himself of a preferred alternative. In such cases, the agent’s loss of the forgone good cannot be softened by the thought that the loss was necessary for the gain of a preferred or incomparable good of a different sort.
The Musical Brain
Authors: Svard Lois
Published: February 2023

Neuroscientists have been studying musicians and the process of making music for the past three decades. The Musical Brain: What Students, Teachers, and Performers Need to Know explores some of these exciting research areas and demonstrates the impact this research can have, not only on the study and performance of music, but on how we think about the place of music in our lives. The book looks at research areas such as the biological foundations of music, neuroplasticity, imagery, mirror neurons, learning and memory, music cognition, musical abilities of babies, and cognitive advantages of studying music, and suggests applications based on this research for our earliest musical interactions with infants, for the practice room, for the teaching studio, and for performance. The book uses the stories and experiences of some exceptional musicians to demonstrate the brain processes discussed in the text and an accompanying website provides links to interviews, performance clips, photos, demonstrations, and essays that augment and amplify what is possible in a print format.
Coros y Danzas
Authors: Jordan Daniel David
Published: February 2023

This book explores how women of the early Franco regime (1939–1953) adapted rural music traditions and ideas of Spanish nationalism according to different political circumstances. The Sección Femenina (Women’s Section) of the fascist Falange party represented the regime’s views and policies on female gender roles. Through their Department of Music, these women shaped traditional Spanish songs and dances to promote ideas of Catholic morality throughout the nation’s culturally diverse regions, helped legitimize colonial involvement in Spain’s African territories, and formed political ties with the Allied powers after the Second World War. This book is particularly relevant to readers with interests in twentieth-century Spanish history, cultural diplomacy, and the Cold War.
Songs and Dances of the Raza Española
Authors: Jordan Daniel David
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores how instructoras of the Sección Femenina used musical folklore to shape foundational myths of the raza española during the first two decades of the Franco regime. Drawing from literature on cultural nostalgia, it analyzes how instructoras placed the origins of many Spanish folk songs and dances in prehistoric Iberia. It then relates the Sección Femenina’s musical theater plays about the heroes of the medieval Reconquista to the Franco regime’s mission to purge “contaminating” foreign culture and leftist ideologies from the nation. The second half of the chapter reveals how the Franco regime dealt with certain banned languages and dances that were strongly associated with regional autonomy and the Second Republic.
Sorority in the Americas
Authors: Jordan Daniel David
Published: February 2023

This chapter reveals how the Sección Femenina used music to promote an Iberian-Latin American “hermandad” (brotherhood) within Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Latin American communities within the United States during the 1950s. These diplomatic missions promoted political solidarity and highlighted the common historical, cultural, and linguistic characteristics of Spain and three of its former colonies. The women of the Sección Femenina carried out diplomacy through tours of the Coros y Danzas, educational exchange programs, and the establishment of local dance troupes trained by the Sección Femenina’s instructoras. Unlike the Coros y Danzas’ tours in the United States and Europe, the Sección Femenina’s missions of cultural diplomacy in the Hispanophone Caribbean were much more involved with local state cultural programs. The Batista and Trujillo regimes worked directly with the Sección Femenina to help maintain officially sanctioned perceptions of race in their own nation-building projects. The Spanish instructoras who were commissioned to collect folk songs and dances in these dictatorships surreptitiously replaced local Afro-Caribbean rhythms and melodies with repertoire from Spain—an effort to connect the ruling elites of the Spanish, Cuban, and Dominican dictatorships through their supposedly shared white European ancestry. Meanwhile, the Franco regime promoted these cultural exchanges through newspaper articles and newsreels at home to support its nostalgia for Spain’s sixteenth-century imperial “Golden Age.”
Conflict, Alliance, and the Stella Comans
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Following the ludi of 44 b.c., Octavianus continued to observe the heavens and to notice the celestial display at events important in his life. In the months following, the rivalry between Octavianus and Antonius intensified, culminating in the Battle of Mutina in 43 b.c. Their uneasy truce led to the Second Triumvirate, brutal proscriptions of political rivals including Cicero, and the battles at Philippi in 42 b.c. against the murderers of Caesar. From this period, Octavianus would emerge, still confident of his destiny and of his ability to control the narrative when it came to the celestial sphere. The public appearance of the stella comans, another bright star that appeared on the day of Caesar’s deification in January 42 b.c., would come to represent the more prestigious location in the zodiacal constellation Chelae (Libra), where the soul of the deified Caesar was now to be permanently found.
The Role of Music Conservatoires in the Making of Classical Music Careers
Authors: Prokop Rainer , Reitsamer Rosa
Published: February 2023

This chapter aims to deepen our understanding of the role of music conservatoires in the production and reproduction of social inequalities by exploring the admissions process, particularly the cultures of valuation at entrance exams. Drawing upon interviews with music teachers working at elite state-funded higher music education institutions in Austria or Germany, this chapter will explore how the teachers’ self-concepts shape their valuation practices and the construction of the “ideal” classical music student to an extent that they can result in acts of self-affirmation and self-reproduction. It argues that these acts contribute significantly to the reproduction of the association of the classical music profession with white middle-class culture and suggest that increasing diversity in relation to “race”/ethnicity and class among music teachers can help to disrupt processes of “social cloning.”
Making Space for Disability and Music to Interact
Authors: Vibrans Oliver
Published: February 2023

In this chapter, editor Anna Bull interviews British composer Oliver Vibrans about his musical practice as a disabled professional musician. Oliver talks about learning how to access disability as an identity in his work, rather than having to hide it or overcome it, and the importance for disabled musicians of being able to choose whether and when their disability should be important in their music-making. In classical music, disabling factors can include the prioritization of “correct” technique for orchestral instruments, and the way that the pedagogies don’t necessarily suit people with different bodies. Oliver argues that it is crucial to have an expectation that disabled people will be able to make music to a high level. The visibility of such high-quality music-making by disabled people is also important. Challenges for disability activism include taking into account the wide range of experiences that disability covers. However, this challenge opens up space for positive changes that can benefit everyone, as it requires people and organizations to become more sensitive to everyone’s differing needs.
Black on the Podium
Authors: Brown Brandon Keith
Published: February 2023

In this chapter, editor Anna Bull interviews Brandon Keith Brown about being a Black conductor and an activist in classical music. Brandon describes how his experiences led him to start speaking out about racism in classical music. He explains why getting more Black conductors onto the podium is a crucial step toward seeing Black people as producers of classical music, and how this will help create a more inclusive environment for Black musicians in orchestras. His mission for orchestras involves bringing them into dialogue with the communities they serve, but this has not yet happened in many places even with the impetus of the Black Lives Matter movement. Brandon discusses the fine line that he and other anti-racist activists in classical music have to take between adapting to Whiteness, and speaking out. Overall, he argues that organizations need to teach their audiences—and need to learn for themselves—that Black people deserve and belong in the classical music space.
Irreconcilable Senses of Belonging
Authors: Kowalczyk Beata M.
Published: February 2023

Drawing on rich empirical material collected through multi-sited research among Japanese musicians based in France, Poland, and Japan, this chapter explores the professional lives of Japanese artists in the context of the racialized discourse of “authenticity” in classical music. The author shows how these musicians build their careers in the classical music industry, where they are unequally positioned as “inauthentic” on the grounds of their socially constructed ethno-cultural heritage, which is deemed incompatible with “authentic” classical musicianship. By unpacking the senses involved in the “authenticity” discourse in classical music, this analysis sheds light on the putative conflict that musicians experience when raising claims to professional identification with classical musicianship and their ethno-cultural affiliation with Japan. This chapter demonstrates how Japanese artists struggle to gain recognition within the classical music industry by engaging in transnational artistic activities in order to align with “authentic musicianship” while preserving their Japanese heritage.
[Re-]training Classical Musicians Toward Polymusicality and Hybridization
Authors: Silpayamanant Jon
Published: February 2023

This chapter is an interview with Jon Silpayamanant, a cellist, music director, and multi-instrumentalist who lives and works in Indiana in the US. Jon describes his experience of being a classically trained musician of Thai heritage who then moved away from classical music toward intercultural music-making, bringing together musicians from diverse musical and cultural backgrounds in the various ensembles he has run. He discusses one of the challenging aspects of bringing together musicians with different training, expertise, and backgrounds, which is rehearsing. Jon outlines the importance of recognizing that classical music has already been adapted or hybridized in different cultural contexts and that diversity needs to go beyond repertoire and include musical styles. Jon’s main instrument, the cello, can be thought of as a prototype that has been used in different ways across cultures. This way of thinking allows us to recognize the diversity that is already present in classical music.
Inclusion and Diversity in the Early Music Scene in the US
Authors: Neely Patricia Ann
Published: February 2023

This chapter is an interview with the internationally acclaimed viola da gamba/vielle player Patricia Ann Neely and discusses a range of issues relating to her career in the early and classical music field in the US and internationally, as well as her work as an activist advocating for more inclusivity and diversity in these spaces. Patricia discusses how she got into working on diversity in early music, as well as a wide range of initiatives she was involved in setting up. The chapter covers the potentials and pitfalls of advocating for change in the fields of early and classical music, how the pandemic and Black Lives Matter have affected this activism, and what message Patricia would give to activists and musicians who want to make change in classical music.
Illuminating Women’s Music
Authors: Slater Angela Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

Canonization and notions of “canonic status” have long acted as structures for understanding classical music. Exclusionary canonic structures are problematic when shown in light of the place of minoritized composers in the wider classical music landscape. This chapter focuses on the exclusion of women from the canon as a starting point for wider—and necessary—debates about a more diverse canon, not only in relation to gender, but also other axes of difference. The chapter looks at practical ways in which meaningful change can be made. As a case study, the chapter discusses Illuminate Women’s Music, the theoretical impetus underpinning some of its ideas, the work it has achieved so far, and what it says about audience knowledge of, and attitudes toward, women composers. This demonstrates that introducing new composers and works can maintain interest going forward, make overlooked composers more visible in canonic terms, and diversify concert audiences.
“A Community of 30,000 Musicians behind You”
Authors: Shortell John
Published: February 2023

In this chapter, editor Anna Bull interviews John Shortell, head of equality, diversity, and inclusion at the UK Musicians’ Union [MU], about the MU’s work. In the interview, John describes the MU’s organizing structures and campaigning work on inequalities in the music industry. He then describes the strategies used by the MU to create a more representative internal structure. A detailed account is presented of two campaign areas: inclusion strategies for disabled musicians such as encouraging employers to routinely use “access riders,” and the Safe Space campaign around sexual harassment in the music industry. The ways in which the classical music industry needs to adapt to these issues is explored. The interview also includes discussion of poor practice of EDI (equality, diversity, and inclusion) in the music industry, as well as the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic for diversity work.
The Drive for Dollars
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

American cities are distinct from almost all others in the degree to which freeways, and travel on them, dominate the urban landscape. While they have fallen out of favor among many transportation planners and policymakers, especially those who seek more sustainable, less car-dependent modes of travel, today the share of urban travel carried by (increasingly congested) freeways is greater than ever. This book tells the largely misunderstood story of how the United States came to make freeways the centerpiece of its urban transportation systems, and the crucial, and often overlooked, role of fiscal politics in bringing this about. We aim to help readers understand the still-relevant possibilities of roads not taken in U.S. urban transportation planning over the past century, as well as the central role that fiscal politics plays in transportation right up to the present day.
Cities, Cars, and Freeways
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

Urban planners have alternately viewed the automobile and suburbanization as the saviors of urban civilization and as its banes. Both remedied long-standing urban problems associated with crowded cities that depended on horse-drawn transportation. But autos and suburbs also led to new problems associated with pollution and auto-oriented sprawling development. The urban freeway has played a central role as a contributor to both the benefits and the costs of automobile-oriented cities. Particularly in the United States, urban freeways have exercised a significant influence on cities and the lives of the residents who live within them and near them. Yet, the freeways that exist in most cities today bear only scant resemblance to the facilities planned by early planners and engineers. The legacy of freeways has attracted enthusiastic support from some authors and condemnation by many others, but, in all, prior work has failed to take a holistic view of both freeways’ benign and malign impacts and has also failed to focus on the financial calculus that has made the freeway system what it is today.
Financing Freeways in the Postwar Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

Immediately after World War II, political debates and bargaining over how to fund ambitions plans for freeways took place, first in Sacramento, California and later in Washington, DC. California took a series of steps that would presage later highway finance developments at the national level. While California’s iconic image as the global capital of automobile culture is in some ways misplaced, it was indeed a pioneer in building a statewide freeway system. The California fiscal-administrative model would become the prototype for the rest of the country—most importantly, for the U.S. Interstate Highway System. Many interests that would later comprise the “Highway Lobby” began as determined opponents of increasing taxes and fees to build freeways but were won over during the process. Urban interests were brought into the highway finance coalition with promises to build the new superhighways, not just between cities, but within them as well. This urbanization of state and federal highway finance, culminating at the federal level in 1956, would transform American cities and travel within them for generations to come.
The Fall of the Freeway Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

Vast networks of freeways began to transform cities as well as travel in them. As freeway construction and use began to negatively impact urban communities, freeways generated increasing controversy. As a result, the bipartisan political consensus that had originally emerged around freeway development proved both short-lived and an exception to the century-old rule of ad hoc transportation planning and finance. But even more importantly for the eventual demise of the freeway-building era, the smoothly running highway finance machine that was in high gear in the early 1960s began to sputter just a few years later. Conventional wisdom holds that rising political opposition to urban freeways cut their development short; that’s true, but only part of the story. Ultimately, more urban freeways were stopped by the fiscal well running dry than by public backlash against them.
Global Participation in the “Space Frontier”
Authors: Marshall Alan
Published: February 2023

“Global Participation in the ‘Space Frontier’ ” connects spaceflight’s geopolitical past to its present. According to international agreements between the space-faring nations of the world, the bodies of the Solar System are the province of all humanity, and are made off-limits to imperialist annexation. Because of this, it might be thought that extraterrestrial space exploration and exploitation must be undertaken only for the benefit of all nations. Unfortunately, those charged with interpreting these agreements often do so in ways that generally discourage equitable distribution of space resources, and instead promote neo-imperialistic attitudes toward developing and settling space. Given the grand technotopian rhetoric emerging from the space industrialists, such as Jeff Bezos, Richard Branson, and Elon Musk, and from science fiction soap operas like Star Trek—where we are told all humanity will share in the final frontier—it can also be seen as a betrayal of the humanitarian ideals of spaceflight.
Phrenology in Space
Authors: Lempert William
Published: February 2023

“Phrenology in Space: Legacies of Scientific Racism in Classifying Extraterrestrial Intelligence” traces parallels between the foundational assumptions embedded within two seemingly unassociated debates on intelligence: nineteenth century racialized “science” and contemporary SETI science. Although vastly separated by time and space, this chapter argues that like phrenology (the now-discredited practice of measuring skulls to determine mental traits, especially intelligence), current mainstream typologies on extraterrestrial intelligence also apply selective evidence within ethnocentric models. It focuses specifically on Fermi’s Paradox, the Drake Equation, the Great Filter, and the Kardashev Scale. It discusses the ways in which their axiomatic tenets exclude Indigenous and other non-Western ways of knowing, as well as limit broader imaginaries regarding the nature of extraterrestrial intelligent life. It proposes a “civilizational cancer” metaphorical framework to describe development of self-destructive behaviors of unbounded expansionism in a planetary society, providing an alternative approach for resolving Fermi’s Paradox.
Spacefaring for Kinship
Authors: Singh Vandana
Published: February 2023

“Spacefaring for Kinship,” written from the perspective of a science fiction writer, explores the colonialist paradigm that still permeates the so-called New Space Race. The chapter invokes the revolutionary potential of speculative fiction in enabling us to inhabit—for the duration of the story—entirely different realities than our own. While science fiction has, more often than not, reproduced dominant paradigms and power structures, at its best it can also break free of them to make alternatives seem real. Through their examination of the “what-if” question, we can imagine science fictions that posit other, better reasons for space exploration than capitalist resource exploitation and the enrichment of the few at the expense of the many.
Sacred Space
Authors: LaFleur Ingrid
Published: February 2023

“Decolonization through the Afrofuture” discusses how society’s imagination around space has become heavily influenced by space industrialists Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos. The direction they are leading us in is borrowing from the colonial playbook, replicating systems of oppression in order to grow the space industry. What does that mean for Black people and marginalized communities? What does that mean for our collective future when space is led by those who are beneficiaries of the course we are currently on? Afrofuture thinking, derived from the cultural movement Afrofuturism, can provide alternative approaches for space exploration and the development of the industry. By revisiting African precolonial and ancient past relationships to space through an Afrofuture lens, we can imagine and investigate new possibilities that will not continue the systems of harm we perpetuate here on Earth.
Indigeneity, Space Expansion, and the Three-Body Problem
Authors: Milligan Tony
Published: February 2023

“Indigeneity, Space Expansion, and the Three-Body Problem” argues that inclusion of Indigenous storytelling within discussions about space can facilitate thinking critically about ethics, including rethinking the legacy of the kinds of ethics that emerged within the heartlands of the colonial world. Part of this legacy is the view that good ethics revolves around a compact set of universal rules (principles that might be transferred anywhere). These principles act as a fixed center. However, this chapter argues that it may make more sense to think of space ethics as a field of inquiry that has no fixed center. Drawing an analogy with the three-body problem in celestial mechanics, there may be no fixed point around which everything else in space ethics must revolve. Three pathways to the inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge are considered in this chapter, pointing toward a multiplicity of things that matter from an ethical point of view.
Introduction
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

The introduction previews the book’s main arguments—about the role of conservative Catholics in creating a discourse of sometime admiration for Islam; the role of liberal Catholics in producing anxiety about Muslim unity and “fanaticism”; and the increasing animosity and racialization toward Muslims in the wake of violence in the Ottoman Empire, of settler colonial control in Algeria, and of missionary failures. A final argument is the importance of looking for Muslim Algerian agency as potential converts navigated the “scripts” and expectations of missionaries and imperialists. The book’s arguments intersect with a number of existing fields of scholarship, from the history of French Catholicism and missions to the history of Orientalism, from the history of colonial Algeria to the history of racism. The introduction also includes chapter summaries.
“Sincerely Religious”
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Chapter one explores how at the start of Algerian colonization in the 1840s culture warriors like Louis Veuillot, the leading Catholic journalist in France, and his allies employed an idealized view of Muslim unity and religiosity to criticize France’s divided, anticlerical July Monarchy. Veuillot and other ultramontane Catholics viewed Algeria’s Muslims as religious noble savages, whose devoutness condemned the decadent, secular civilization of France. They also believed that an explicitly Catholic, pro-missionary colonial policy would be more intelligible and palatable to the Muslims than a policy of religious indifference and toleration. Nevertheless, the roots of a more secularized civilizational rhetoric—the use of “civilization” and its fruits to condemn Islam as inferior—already existed even within Veuillot’s philo-Islamism.
Crusade of Charity
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Chapters Four and Five detail the convergence between France’s Catholics and the imperial, “civilizing” project, as Catholics increasingly unified with the French nation against the uncivilized, Islamic foe and abandoned any pretense of wanting to convert Muslims. These chapters focus on the Catholic charitable organization the Œuvre d’Orient which raised funds for the allegedly oppressed Christian minorities of the Ottoman Empire, and the milieu of liberal Catholic notables that animated that Œuvre. These liberal Catholics (many of them amateur or professional orientalists) produced knowledge about Islam and about the Ottoman Empire and were early adopters of the ideology of the “civilizing mission”—a more mainstream, secular justification for imperial interventions.
Control what you forget and remember
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter offered suggestions for controlling what you forget and what you remember. Create priority cues. Think directly about why something is important (or unimportant) to remember. Be deliberate about outsourcing memory. In this digital age, it’s especially easy to rely on external memory aids, often without realizing you’re doing it, such as how passwords auto-complete, social media sends birthday reminders, and phone numbers are stored in your phone. Give thought to what information you choose to store externally versus internally, so you can make sure the information you store in your brain is the information most useful to keep there! Push it out of mind. If you find that an unwanted memory is coming to mind, research has shown that an effective strategy is to slam on your mental brakes, clearing your mind of the memory and forcing it from your consciousness.
Memory aids
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Memory aids can help you remember many things that are important to your daily life. Our recommendation is to always consider using a memory aid to remember information if it is important and/or easy to do so. There are many important general principles to use memory aids effectively: Be organized. Be ready. Don’t delay. Keep it simple. Develop routines. A place for everything and everything in its place. Include the 5 W’s in your calendar or planner: Who, What is it for, What do you need, When, and Where. Use simple lists for simple tasks. Use the four-quadrant system for projects: important/urgent, important/not urgent, not important/urgent, not important/not urgent. Use reminders. Use a pillbox.
Basic strategies
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

When acquiring memories, be motivated. Align your in-the-moment goals with your memory goals. Relax; don’t be anxious. Avoid distraction—don’t multitask. Take breaks. Consider a cup of coffee. Use your senses. Organize and cluster. Chunk that information. Build from the foundations up. Generate content. Make associations. Create visual images. Take ownership of your learning. Make it distinctive: Involve the senses. Use humor. Imbue it with emotion. Make it important to you. Acquire content in the way you will need to retrieve it. Make acronyms. Test yourself. Space out your studying—avoid cramming. Vary your studying. Interleave your studying. Study under different conditions. Solve the problem first, then learn how to do it. Relax. Minimize interference and blocking. Use extra effort. Match your learning to the nature of what is being taught. Learn visually and auditorily whenever possible. Study together—and alone. Reflect upon your retrieval.
Advanced strategies and mnemonics
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Consider these advanced tools any time you need to memorize tens or hundreds of items. Use the method of loci, your memory palace. Use pictures to cue you. Chain images together. For lectures and speeches, chain images or use your memory palace. Use the phonetic number system. Use peg lists, whether phonetic or rhyming. Use images for letters: A = apple, B = bee, C = cat, D = dog, E = elephant, and so forth. Remember passwords by combining the phonetic number system and images for letters. Use images for playing cards based on the phonetic number system. For directions, use images, the phonetic number system, and chaining. Remember: Distinctive images are memorable.
Introduction
Authors: Bowman Diana M. , Johnson Walter G. , Ludlow Karinne
Published: February 2023

In the past decade, mitochondrial replacement therapies (MRT) have entered public awareness around the world. These advanced assisted reproductive technologies (ART) primarily promise the means for a small group of families to have a biologically related child without passing on certain heritable mitochondrial diseases. However, these techniques raise safety, social, and ethical issues, which both mirror and depart from concerns raised by ART throughout the past five decades. Regulatory systems for MRT must respond to these concerns while confronting a global context with porous borders, complex stakeholders, and states adopting divergent normative positions. This introductory chapter opens the edited volume, which explores the scientific, social, ethical, and regulatory dimensions of MRT from various disciplinary and geographic perspectives. The chapters that follow seek to aid policymakers and communities in identifying the ethical, legal, and societal norms or decisions they must address as more people seek to access these treatments.
Contesting the ‘No Rules’ Label
Authors: González-Santos Sandra P. , Saldaña-Tejeda Abril
Published: February 2023

Mexico has been depicted as a country with no rules, as lacking regulation concerning new reproductive technologies, such as mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) and human gene editing. This depiction has circulated in the media and academic circles for many years, and while this framing was accurate in the past, today the situation is different. Although there is no single comprehensive law addressing these issues, this does not mean that there are no rules and that anything goes. This chapter explores what it means to ask about rules and regulations in the Mexican context. The authors do so by focusing on the existing assisted reproductive market, the public perception of science and religion, the characteristics of Mexico’s history in science policy, the regulatory proposals presented in the past 20 years, and the existing regulation pertinent to MRT. The chapter also offers some speculations about the current situation.
Asia
Authors: Ishii Tetsuya
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the social implications of experimental reproduction involving mitochondrial manipulation in China, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan. Since 1999, mitochondrial transfer from donor eggs or the patient’s cells to patients’ infertile eggs was performed several times. However, in some cases miscarriages and fetal deaths occurred, raising ethical concerns. In 2003, mitochondrial replacement between an infertile couple’s embryos and embryos created using donor eggs was performed in China. This resulted in no live births and was immediately prohibited. In 2015, the United Kingdom legalised mitochondrial replacement to prevent mitochondrial disease in offspring, prompting Singapore to consider regulatory action. Mitochondrial manipulation could be a reproductive option for parents who value genetic relatedness in the family; however, this experimental technique might harm the offspring. Nonetheless, mitochondrial manipulation was perceived differently in the four countries studied here, probably due to differences in politics and in globalisation, rather than in religion and teaching.
Placing MRT in the Evolution of Reproduction
Authors: Ludlow Karinne , Johnson Walter G. , Bowman Diana M.
Published: February 2023

This concluding chapter reviews the edited volume, bringing together the pivotal ideas, developments, and debates around the mitochondrial replacement therapies (MRT) identified in the chapters written by experts from multiple disciplinary and geographic perspectives, and it considers the significance of MRT to human reproduction and for other emerging technological advancements. The chapter traces the evolving global use of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial transfer before considering the influence of important actors and stakeholders in the MRT debate. It then brings together the unique questions raised by MRT that policymakers and communities will need to address whether regulation of the technology occurs or not before making observations on what MRT and our responses to it mean for other emerging technologies, particularly human heritable genome editing, and for society more broadly. It concludes that while international agreement on MRT is unlikely, bringing together multiple perspectives and voices may drive best practices forward.
The Biology of War
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: February 2023

Why, if humans are so social, are they so awful? Popular in the mid-twentieth century, promoted by such luminaries as the Nobel Prize–winning ethologist Konrad Lorenz, was a secularized version of the Christian belief in original sin. Theologically, we are tainted by the disobedience of Adam. Scientifically, we are killer apes. There is no good selective explanation of this. It is not true. Adam’s behavior notwithstanding, humans are far from innate killer apes. Studies show that even the bravest soldiers in war rarely will kill their enemies. The answer lies rather in the advent of agriculture, 10,000 years ago, causing a horrendous population explosion, with consequent strife for room and for the fixed assets—agricultural produce—of others. It is culture, not genes, that has turned us into such unpleasant beings.
Epilogue
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: February 2023

A meaningful life demands that we use our ever-increasing knowledge about human nature toward the welfare and happiness of all. Thanks to modern technology, we live in a global village, all belonging to the same ingroup. It is thus that we rise above the absurdity of life feared by Albert Camus.
Developing Scholars
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: February 2023

In Developing Scholars: Race, Politics, and the Pursuit of Higher Education, Domingo Morel examines the little-known efforts state governments undertook to create college access programs for “disadvantaged students” in the 1960s. Relying on historical analysis and qualitative and quantitative methods, the book challenges conventional wisdom by showing how the urban uprisings of the 1960s created the political conditions that led to the formation of these programs. Moreover, through a case study analysis, the book shows how protest has been instrumental in the maintenance of a college access program. These findings help expand our understanding of the role of protest, including violent protest, in the process of policymaking and policy maintenance. The book also argues that these programs are part of the broader history of affirmative action policy in the United States. However, while the conventional views of affirmative action policies are focused on the “identification” of high-achieving students of color to attend elite institutions of higher education, these programs represent a community-centered approach to affirmative action, based on a logic of developing scholars, who can be supported at their local public institutions of higher education. Finally, the book also reveals that in response to the college expansion efforts of the 1960s, hidden forms of restriction emerged that have significantly affected students of color. These restrictions, like secondary admissions processes to enter specific majors and more stringent credentialing requirements to enter the professions, have been shielded from public scrutiny and represent barriers that prevent higher education from meeting its promise of addressing inequality.