bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Validation of Conditioned Inhibition
Authors: Calvin Allen D. , Clifford L. Thomas , Clifford Betsey , Bolden Leroy , Harvey Joyce
Published: September 2011

24 naive albino rats were run down a straight alley 30 trials a day. Half were fed 10 gm. per day and half 12. Half were run under spaced conditions and half under massed. All Ss stopped running although they were rewarded on every trial. Drive level was significantly related to days to extinction, and massing of trials was significantly related to running time. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Strategies and Learning Set in Concept Attainment
Authors: Byers Joe L.
Published: September 2011

Thirty-six Ss solved six concept attainment problems. An objective rational procedure was developed for identifying the strategies that Ss employ in concept attainment tasks. Total-card-choices and time-to-criterion were found to show evidence of learning set. Further, it was found that Ss by and large utilized low risk strategies quite consistently, and when they did change them, the direction of change was from risky to less risky. There was also some evidence for a relationship between performance variables and strategy utilization.
School Organization and the Mental Health Consultation Process
Authors: Gluck Martin R.
Published: September 2011

Many psychologists who undertake consultation activities for the first time may ignore, or not even be aware of, the “administrative” or sociological aspects of the situation in which the consultation process takes place. The point of view presented here is that the structure of a school system using a mental health consultant is intimately related to how the consultant operates and what he does in his role as consultant. The Superintendent, Principals and Vice-Principals all determine the areas in which the consultant can work, the types of problems with which he will be asked to help, and the possible range of activities school personnel themselves can undertake to deal with the pupil problems confronting them. Specific examples of the interactions between the consultant's role and the authority-responsibility level of the individual consultees are presented. The consultant's knowledge of any organization's structure can aid him in planning for consultative activities that are appropriate to the personnel with whom he is working.
Further Comments on the Prediction of Autonomy Behavior from the Epps n Autonomy Scale
Authors: Lipetz Milton E.
Published: September 2011

This paper constitutes a reply to Jessor's comments on a study by Lipetz and Milton. Additional considerations are presented in order to allow a fuller evaluation of Jessor's comments. The main conclusion is that an effort toward a systematic investigation of variables which would allow for better prediction of behaviors characterized as dependent will be necessary.
Two-Factor Theory: Preliminary Study of Relationship between Drive Reduction and Ucs Duration
Authors: Saltz Eli , Kitai Stephen , Asdourian David
Published: September 2011

The present results for 40 Ss suggest that drive reduction, rather than contiguity, is the critical variable in PGR conditioning when a response defined concept of drive reduction, i.e., return of autonomic response to baseline, is employed.
Dimensions of Biological and Psychological Function in Two Samples of Children in the Third Grade
Authors: Tobias Milton , Michael William B.
Published: September 2011

Two factor analyses of two intercorrelation matrices of 35 selected achievement, intellectual, personality, sociometric, physiological, and maturational variables that were obtained for two representative samples of 336 boys and 336 girls in the third grade furnished evidence in only modest support of a holistic hypothesis of the interdependence of psychological and biological function.
Motivation in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Haas Walter A.
Published: September 2011

A scale tapping motivation was administered to a schizophrenic group without passes and to another with passes. It did not differentiate the two groups. The hypothesis that those patients who have passes are more motivated than those patients who do not leave the hospital is rejected. It is concluded that both schizophrenic groups have a passive orientation. This contention is consistent with data on age, intelligence, and length of hospitalization. Although the scale had face validity, the performance of a normal group was compared with that of both schizophrenic groups. The normal group scored higher, suggesting the scale has some validity.
Effect of Training Level at the Time of Introduction of Delay on Runway Performance
Authors: Wist Eugene R.
Published: September 2011

Three intra-runway delay durations (0, 15, and 45 sec.) were combined factorially with three training levels (0, 15, and 75 trials) to determine the effect of the level of training at the time of delay introduction on performance. Three models, each with different predictions concerning the effect of training on performance after delay introduction, were evaluated. First, the frustration-drive model was unable to account for either the decremental effects of delay, or the fact that high training groups were more affected by delay and recovered more slowly. Second, delay of reinforcement theory while predicting decremental effects was unable to account for their temporal course and spatial distribution in the runway. Especially detrimental to this theory was complete recovery from the effects of delay in spite of continued delay. Third, the novelty-reactions model, while failing to account for the specific nature of the decremental effects of delay and training level on performance, was able to handle the fact that decrements did take place and recovery did occur and was less rapid for high training groups. Of the three models this latter was considered to be most compatible with the results.
Recalls versus Trials as Factors in Serial Verbal Learning of Retardates
Authors: House Betty J.
Published: September 2011

A Markov model for verbal learning, developed by Miller and McGill, was applied to data from a serial learning experiment. Data were obtained from 38 retarded Ss (Mean MA: 105 mo.; Mean IQ: 66) who learned lists of six common monosyllabic words by the anticipation method. The model, which assumes that probability of recall is completely determined by number of previous recalls, corresponded closely to the data. The results were also consistent with Rock's theory that associations are formed in an all-or-nothing fashion.
Arousal and Response Indices in Aging
Authors: Freeman G. L.
Published: September 2011

Some suggestions for further research on aging are offered.
Laboratory Observations of Two Sub-Species of Marmosets
Authors: Sandler Jack , Stone William F.
Published: September 2011

The results of over two years of observations on two subspecies of marmosets offer certain clues for their use in behavioral research. The major maintenance problem which we have faced related to the periodic occurrence of epidemics due to various viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. A treatment regimen for minimizing these difficulties is suggested. With regard to their use in behavioral studies, a number of recommendations relating to handling, transporting and isolating effective reinforcers are offered. In general, while problems in the use of marmosets continue to exist, there is good reason to believe that the establishment of such a primate colony could represent an important addition to many psychological laboratories.
Suppression of Sucking Behavior in Non-Deprived Puppies
Authors: Stanley Walter C. , Bacon W. Edward
Published: September 2011

The suppressive effect previously found in puppies who had been deprived of food by separation from the dam was also demonstrated in puppies not so deprived. When the stomachs of 3- and 4-day-old Shetland sheep dog and beagle puppies ( n = 9) were loaded with milk, they sucked the dam's teats for 0.1 min. (mean score out of a possible maximum of 30.0 min.), and lost 0.1% in body weight. Nonloaded Ss ( n = 9) sucked for 15.6 min. and gained 0.5% in body weight. The binomial sign test p for the group difference on each measure was less than .01. Suppression of sucking in loaded Ss was complete except for the final 1.0 min. in one of the nine loaded Ss.
Psychological Deficit Reduction in Schizophrenia through Response-Contingent Noxious Reinforcement
Authors: Silverman Julian
Published: September 2011

A review is presented of a number of studies with schizophrenics in which noxious and positive reinforcements have been employed. The results of these studies indicate that the greatest degree of performance facilitation among schizophrenics occurs under conditions of response-contingent noxious reinforcement. Consideration is also given to some of the sampling weaknesses and other methodological difficulties involved in this type of research with schizophrenics and in research on schizophrenia in general. In addition, some of the important parameters of noxious reinforcement are outlined, primarily in terms of their relevance to research with schizophrenics, and suggestions made as to future avenues of research in this area.
Differential Effects of Fear on Activity in Novel and Familiar Environments
Authors: Baron Alan
Published: September 2011

The locomotor activity of mice was observed in an open field which was either novel or had been explored for 20 min. Immediately before entry into the open field, groups of Ss were given either 0, 4, or 12 shocks in an adjoining compartment. Ss given either 4 or 12 shocks showed a suppression of activity relative to the performance of nonshocked control Ss, suppression being more marked in the familiar than in the novel environment. Within the novel environment shocked Ss were less active than nonshocked Ss near the shock compartment but slightly more active in far areas. In the familiar environment, by contrast, suppression of activity among shocked Ss was manifested in all areas of the open field. It was concluded that activity by fearful animals is influenced by their familiarity with the environment in which the activity occurs and that this relationship can be understood in terms of the adaptive consequences of such behavior in the history of the animal.
The Therapeutic Value of Crisis
Authors: Forer Bertram R.
Published: September 2011

The experience of crisis is an inevitable occurrence among persons and groups. The process of living imposes biological and social pressures which challenge old forms of adaptations and necessitate psychological changes. While the experience of personal crisis is painful, it is essential to growth and represents both a condition of vulnerability and the opportunity for rapid psychological change for better or worse. An initial attempt to formulate a psychology of crisis in terms of psychological structure and therapeutic resolutions envisages three levels of crises. (1) situational crises: significant disruptions in the adaptation of a fairly effective person because of a change in his situation; (2) crises in secondary narcissim: disequilibrium in the form or adequacy of the compromise between the ego and internal standards (superego); (3) crises in primary narcissim: weakening in the integration within the ego. Psychotherapy, like life, can be considered a succession of instigations and resolutions of crises with the goal of orienting clients to seek new and varied experiences that will enable them to change and grow.
A One-Page Scale of Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Shipman William G.
Published: September 2011

A brief inventory of anxiety and depression seems to have sufficient validity and reliability to make it very useful where the two dysphoric affect conditions of anxiety and depression need to be assessed quickly.
Personal Structures: I. a Basis for Personal Structures
Authors: Shelly Maynard W.
Published: September 2011

Personal structures were defined as structures pairing judgments and sets of environmental states. It was shown how either the judgments or environmental sets of these structures could be treated both as Boolean algebras and as Boolean rings. It was shown that a basis for the personal structures always existed, and this basis made it possible uniquely to construct the remainder of the personal structure. Some discussion was presented concerning the usefulness of the concepts of personal structure and a basis for a personal structure. These discussions were, however, very preliminary, and the real usefulness of this approach rests upon developments in future papers, in particular the further development of the concept of uncertain judgment. It may be that this concept of an uncertain judgment will have to “absorb” much of the variability usually found in psychological experiments. In this connection it is to be noted that we have thus far not limited the concept of judgment to a single instant in time, nor even to a continuous interval in time, thus permitting the concept of uncertain judgment to include as factors, judgments made over a series of trials.
Influence of the Response Scale on Like-Dislike Judgments
Authors: Weiss Walter , Hodgson David A.
Published: September 2011

72 college students rated 25 paintings on a like-dislike scale. During the first four judgment trials, half used a response scale with three discriminating categories on one or the other side of the “indifference” interval and a single nondiscriminating category on the other side. Then, all changed to the same balanced 7-category scale for three more trials. Although affectively significant stimuli were used, the unbalanced scales differentially affected the distributions of scale judgments of the paintings. The balanced scale produced expected judgmental changes that made the groups' ratings more comparable.
Effects of Variations in Water Need and Incentive Concentration on Bar-Pressing
Authors: Beck Robert C.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of 5 rats each were given daily bar-press training while 22.5 hr. water deprived. Each group always received the same reinforcement: 4%, 12%, or 36% sucrose. In counterbalanced order every S was given 5 different saline or water stomach loads, spaced at 1-wk. intervals. These were given an hour prior to regular training which followed as usual. Both water and saline loads depressed responding, and there was a significant interaction between loads and reinforcements. The only differential effect of sucrose reinforcements during training or testing came after a stomach load of 5% body weight of water.
Effects of Early Social Isolation upon Adult Timidity and Dominance in Peromyscus
Authors: Rosen Joseph , Hart Frederick M.
Published: September 2011

This investigation demonstrated that post-weaning social isolation has a differential effect upon adult dominance in two subspecies of wild deermice, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii and Peromyscus maniculalus gracilis. Ten male bairdii reared together as a single group from weaning until 91 days of age were significantly more dominant in adulthood than bairdii reared in isolation. There was no difference in adult dominance between the social- and isolate-reared gracilis. Dominance was measured by pairing each social-reared mouse once with every isolate-reared mouse of the same subspecies in a series of 5-min. competitive drinking situations. These results further illustrate that the same form of early social experience can have a differential effect upon organisms of differing genotypes. There was no significant difference in timidity between social- and isolate-reared mice of either subspecies of Peromyscus.
Of what Value the MA Degree in Psychology from a Small Liberal Arts College
Authors: Gilgash Curtis A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to ascertain the attitudes and opinions of former graduate students concerning the graduate program in psychology at MacMurray College The results based on such a limited sample suggest that there is minimal agreement among those who responded to the questionnaire concerning the values of specific courses in relation to employment. Approximately 50% of the graduates who responded to the questionnaire expressed a need for additional study in order to qualify and maintain positions they desired. It was felt that the responses were too closely divided to constitute a real difference of opinion positively or negatively where the “value” of a MA program in psychology at MacMurray was concerned. It was concluded that the MA in psychology from MacMurray had questionable “value” and was a limiting factor if professional advancement tended to hinge on such a terminal MA degree.
Immediate Memory of Connected Meaningful Material Practiced under Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: King David J.
Published: September 2011

Sixty Ss were run in two experimental and four control conditions. The task was the recall of a 221-word length story immediately following Ss' reading of the story. The experimental groups were subjected to a 0.2-sec. delayed auditory feedback for the middle section of the story. In addition to the expected decrease in reading rate, the accuracy of recall for the section of the story read under delayed auditory feedback was significantly poorer than the recall of the control groups.
Cognitive Changes at High Altitude
Authors: Phillips Laura W. , Griswold Robert L. , Pace Nello
Published: September 2011

The effects of hypoxia on cognitive functions were investigated in two experiments. Two types of problem-solving and two immediate-memory tasks were used. The first experiment, carried out with five Ss for three days at 12,470 ft. after 15 days of practice at sea level, showed no changes in performance. In the second experiment, practice effects were counterbalanced with seven Ss for two days at sea level and two days at 14,250 ft. The results showed a significant impairment of performance in one kind of problem-solving, significant improvement in the other, and no significant change in immediate memory. In both experiments, Ss showed significant responses to hypoxia on the physiological measures taken. In Exp. II, the improved problem-solving was significantly correlated with changes in temperature and pulse rate, but the impaired problem performance did not achieve a significant correlation with these measures. The results suggest that performance under hypoxic conditions may depend upon an interaction among several factors including degree of practice, complexity of the psychological functions, and Ss' ability to respond to awareness of physiological deficits by increased effort.
Effect of Lesions on Spontaneous Alternation and Exploration Behavior
Authors: Baettig K.
Published: September 2011

Postoperative spontaneous alternation and exploration by 8 rats gave tentative support to Glanzer's hypothesis of stimulus satiation.
Test Instructions and Identification of Creative Scientific Talent
Authors: Datta Lois-Ellin
Published: September 2011

The performance of 16 scientists told to “Be creative” in working on three open-ended tasks was compared with the performance of 15 scientists given neutral instructions. Under neutral instructions, the relation of performance (as measured by a summary score reflecting the judged quality and originality of response and response frequency) on the tasks and rated on-the-job creativity was an inverted U ( rho = –.17). In comparison to this group, “Be creative” instructions improved the test performance in the scientists rated in the upper third of the creativity distribution, depressed the performance of the lower rated men, and did not affect the performance of the middle group ( rho = +.71). The neutral instructions usually given may substantially decrease the power of tests to discriminate among more and less creative individuals.
Effect of Incentive upon Information Use in a Choice Situation
Authors: Hoffeld Donald R.
Published: September 2011

Using a static decision situation, 120 Ss were run in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design in which the main variables were number of choice alternatives (2 or 8), likelihood that the information provided was correct (higher or lower than chance), and presence or absence of monetary incentive. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Ss in monetary incentive groups tend to behave in a manner more statistically advantageous in relation to use of information than Ss in non-incentive groups. (2) The more choice alternatives available, the more likely Ss are to use information. (3) Previous results were confirmed showing that, when faced with the option of making a random choice between equally likely alternatives and using available information, an S is inclined to use the information some of the time, even when it is statistically disadvantageous to do so, i.e., when S could do better by simple guessing behavior.
Some Justifications for Parsimony in Psychology
Authors: Ressler Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Battig's suggestion that psychologists should ignore considerations of simplicity in research strategy and theory construction was disputed in the present paper. Kemeny's analysis of the crucial role of simplicity in selecting an hypothesis to describe a functional relationship was cited. In addition, the view of Popper and others that the simplicity of a theory is closely related to its falsifiability was presented. It was asserted that a simplicity criterion is an essential element of any scientific endeavor and thus should be adhered to more closely by psychologists.
Response Sets on the MMPI and in Structuring Ambiguous Stimuli
Authors: Draguns Juris G.
Published: September 2011

For three samples, chronic schizophrenics, acute schizophrenics, and normals, scores on several MMPI response set scales were compared, and were correlated with several indices of responding to ambiguous stimuli. Two findings emerged. (1) There were differences at or above a borderline level of significance only on two out of five response set measures, and (2) the relationship between response set scores and the various measures of responding to ambiguity was, on the whole, slight. With certain limitations, the conclusion is offered that response to ambiguous materials reflects perceptual and cognitive, rather than response, style tendencies.
LSD: Therapeutic Effects of the Psychedelic Experience
Authors: Savage Charles , Savage Ethel , Fadiman James , Harman Willis
Published: September 2011

Preliminary results of a study of psychedelic therapy are reported. Patients receive LSD and mescaline in a supportive setting following intensive preparation. Subjective questionnaire data from 113 patients reveal a high frequency of claimed benefit, low frequency of negative reaction, and a high relation between claimed benefit and reported “greater awareness of ultimate reality” through the LSD experience. Clinical data on 74 cases including blind ratings of MMPI profiles substantiate the claimed improvement rate. Cases in each of five improvement categories are summarized and before, 2-mo.-after, and 6-mo.-after MMPI data are included. Total improvement rate is above 80%. Follow-ups range from 6 mo. to 2 yr.
Are Normal Word Association Norms Suitable for Schizophrenics?
Authors: Wynne Ronald D.
Published: September 2011

54 Kent-Rosanoff words were administered to 30 normals and 30 acute schizophrenics under three sets of association instructions, and to 30 chronic schizophrenics under two sets. Results showed that all groups produced patterns of popular associations that corresponded with the patterns to be expected from the Minnesota norms on all tests. Thus, the Minnesota norms are suitable for evaluating the association responses of schizophrenic patients under a variety of test conditions.
Effects of Three Kinds of Stressors on Human Learning and Performance
Authors: Kurz Ronald B.
Published: September 2011

In order to compare the effects of three stress producing operations on learning and performance, Ss were required to perform on a series of mental multiplication problems in four trials while they were either paced, shocked, distracted, or not subjected to any stressor conditions. It was found that pacing resulted in significantly fewer multiplication errors and significantly more rapid responding than the other conditions. There were no differences between the shock, distraction and control conditions in multiplication errors or performance time. The data suggest that some stressors have unique characteristics which may affect learning and performance, but that the particular effects of stressors probably vary with the task and the manner in which the stressor is presented.
Objective Measurement of Social Role Concepts via the Semantic Differential
Authors: Friedman C. Jack , Gladden John W.
Published: September 2011

A methodological study for quantifying the construct of role on three dimensions of a Semantic Differential: Evaluative, Potency, Activity. Male and female university students rated 8 social roles on a standard 25-item Semantic Differential under two instructional procedures. Support was obtained for a central assumption embraced by role theorists, that there is consensual agreement as to characteristics associated with certain roles. Ratings of the roles for the two instructional conditions, actual and ideal, closely paralleled the concepts “role” and “position,” respectively. Each of the three semantic dimensions significantly differentiated the 8 roles, indicating that three semantic dimensions provided greater precision in measurement than only an attitudinal dimension.
Surface Recording of Gastrointestinal Motility
Authors: White Elna Hayward
Published: September 2011

Several techniques for recording gastrointestinal activity are recounted. An input unit used in the electrical method is described in detail.
Verbal Conditioning: Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Reinforcement and Need for Social Approval
Authors: Craddick Ray A. , Campitell John
Published: September 2011

In the present study the effects of 8 reinforcements administered under partial and continuous scheduling, with an additional factor of high and low social approval needs based upon scores of the M-C SDS, were investigated. The results indicated no differences as a function of either treatment or groups. In view of the relatively high rate of resistance to extinction shown by the group receiving no reinforcement, it is suggested that further study be made of the possibility of self-reinforcement and the restriction of range which may be imposed upon Ss who receive reinforcement.
Opinion Change as Related to Sequence of Degrees of Change Suggested
Authors: Ward William D.
Published: September 2011

The present study suggests a modification of Hunt's expectancy regarding sequence effects. It might be considered that the ascending sequence had the effect of minimizing the differences in the pre-experimental persuasive influences of the two source groups and that the descending sequence tended to maximize these differences. If such were the case, Hunt's expectancy would hold when low status source groups were used, but the effect would be reversed with high status source groups.
The Rat's Adjustment to 23-, 47-, and 71-Hour Food-Deprivation Schedules
Authors: Dufort Robert H.
Published: September 2011

In this experiment the adjustment of rats to three schedules of food deprivation was studied. Groups of Ss were placed on either 23-hr., 47-hr., or 71-hr. food-deprivation schedules for a period of 18 days. A fourth, non-deprived control group was also employed. The measures of adjustment used were body weight, and weight gain and food intake during the time food was available. The results showed that, as expected from previous research, Ss on the 23-hr. schedule were in the process of adjusting to the schedule at the end of 18 days. Ss on the 47-hr. and 71-hr. schedules, however, experienced severe weight loss and were not able to adjust to their schedules.
Negative Practice in Acquisition and Retention of Programmed Instruction
Authors: Meyn Constance F. , Moore J. William , Smith Wendell I.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on achievement and retention in spelling of the practice of errors contrasted with the practice of correct spellings. The findings fail to support the beta hypothesis. All group means on a posttest and on a retention test reflected higher achievement for the initial treatment experienced rather than for treatment per se.
Effects of Group Stability on Spontaneity and Problem-Relevant Verbal Behavior in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Salzberg H. C. , Brokaw J. R. , Strahley D. F.
Published: September 2011

In group psychotherapy, a stable group was compared to a changing group in terms of total responsivity, spontaneity and problem-relevance. The stable group was initially more responsive and tended to increase in responsivity over sessions whereas the changing group decreased. The stable group was proportionally more spontaneous throughout. However, although the stable group was initially more relevant, the difference between the groups decreased over sessions.
Participation and Opinion Change as Related to Cohesiveness and Sex of Ss in Two-Person Groups
Authors: Carment D. W. , Schwartz F. S. , Miles C. G.
Published: September 2011

Three sets of equal numbers of male and female pairs of Ss were studied. In one set both members of each pair had been told that they should like each other. In a second set, one member had been given this information whereas the other had been told that there was no reason to believe he would get along with the other. In a third set, both pair members had been given the negative pre-instruction. The dependent measures were the amount of participation and extent of opinion change during and after an informal debate. It was found that participation was affected only by the sex of Ss, whereas opinion change was related to both sex and the nature of the prior information.
The Social Desirability Scale is Not a Short Form of the MMPI: A Reply to Edwards and Walker
Authors: Dicken Charles , Wiggins Jerry S.
Published: September 2011

Correlations among raw scores, standard scores, expected scores, scale lengths and means for 30 Ss given the MMPI were obtained in a replication of the 1961 study by Edwards and Walker. The data do not support the statement of Edwards and Walker that MMPI scores are highly predictable from social desirability considerations.
Computer Analysis of Content in Psychotherapy
Authors: Harway Norman I. , Iker Howard P.
Published: September 2011

The authors describe a proposal for and methods of studying the content of psychotherapeutic interviews. Utilizing a factor-analytic approach, the associations in time among words emitted by the patient and/or therapist are analyzed by computer.
Note on Normative Data of Tests Measuring Flexibility in Cognitive Processes
Authors: Edwards Allen Jack , Parks Paula
Published: September 2011

Using 149 undergraduates, normative data were gathered on two measures of flexibility in the thought process, Guilford's Association IV and Object Naming. The distributions of scores were positively displaced, with differences between means being small and statistically non-significant. Product-moment correlation coefficients were statistically significant ( p = .01) for the total group, for men, and for women. No sex differences were found.
The Use of Criterional Measures
Authors: Weitz Joseph
Published: September 2011

Using paired-associate learning tasks of different difficulty level, it is shown that independent variables such as task order are more or less effective depending upon when the criterional measures are taken and the level of the criterion used. Similarly, the time of measurement and level of difficulty of the criterion are related to whether or not we find an effect of what is called “drive” in learning situations. An attempt is made to show how this approach may be useful in interpreting the meaning of independent variables.
Intelligence and Central Life Interests in Two Groups of Older Men
Authors: Wolfe Raymond N. , Davis John A.
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that VA domiciliary members would differ from a comparable group of Senior Citizens with regard to psychological referents for two legal criteria used in selection of domiciliary members. Intelligence and pattern of central life interests were used as referents. When compared with the Senior Citizens group, the domiciliary members were lower in intelligence, more concerned with matters of physical self-maintenance and less concerned with social or psychological gratification. The findings with regard to central life interests supported one aspect of Maslow's theory of motivation.
The Response in Personal Structures
Authors: Shelly Maynard W.
Published: September 2011

This paper has two major purposes. The first is to present a conceptual framework for treating responses in a way consistent in orientation with the approach employed in developing the concept of personal structures. The second purpose is to show that it is possible to consider the collection of responses as having a structure just as we consider judgments, attitudes, opinions, perceptions, etc., as having a structure. Once we begin to develop ways to represent the structure of an individual's responses, or possible responses in their relation to the environment, we can speak more meaningfully of “those responses characteristic of the individual” for we can begin to describe some of the limits these characteristic responses place on the individual's ability to influence his environment. This paper is largely conceptual.
Level of Difficulty and Consistency of Performance in Anagram Solving
Authors: Nance R. Dale , Sinnott William
Published: September 2011

Changing the levels of difficulty of anagrams and/or the requirement that solutions be verbalized affected the level of performance. Ss improved with practice, women being superior to men. Consistency of performance under these circumstances needs further study.
Antecedent Confinement and Detour Learning in Turtles
Authors: Spigel Irwin M.
Published: September 2011

Pre-trial confinement of turtles seriously interferes with optimal learning of an escape pattern in a detour situation. Post-trial confinement, on the other hand, fails to affect the learning progress as compared with that of controls given no confinement experience. The continued improvement of Ss given consistent pre-trial confinement suggests that the turtles eventually habituate to the aversive antecedent conditions. Results support the explanation of the induced performance deficit as interference by the persistence of response patterns established during the confinement period.
The Change Seeker Index: A Measure of the Need for Variable Stimulus Input
Authors: Garlington Warren K. , Shimota Helen E.
Published: September 2011

A 95-item questionnaire developed to measure the intensity of one's need for changing stimulus input is described. Normative and reliability data are given.
Replication of One of Rokeach's D Scale Validation Studies
Authors: Insko Chester A.
Published: September 2011

Students in an undergraduate personality course at the University of Hawaii administered the D and F Scales to the most and least dogmatic persons to which they had access. The groups were found to differ significantly on the D Scale but not the F Scale and to differ significantly more on the D Scale than on the F Scale. These data were interpreted as supporting Rokeach's contention that the D Scale is a measure of general authoritarianism irrespective of particular political ideology.
Relation of Bar-Presses to Magazine Approaches
Authors: Rescorla Robert A.
Published: September 2011

10 rats were trained and extinguished in a 2-bar Skinner box. Responses on only one of the bars were rewarded with water. Three measures were taken during extinction: responses on the rewarded bar; responses on the non-rewarded bar; and approaches to the water magazine. It was possible to identify presses on the rewarded bar which were not followed by water approach with responses on the non-rewarded bar. These 2 measures corresponded in over-all magnitude, temporal distribution, and within animals. It is concluded that bar-presses not followed by water approach are of a different character from bar-presses followed by water approach. Further, not all presses during extinction can be considered the result of previous reward contingencies.
Meaningful Serial Learning Materials
Authors: London Perry , Schulman Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Two standardized poems for use in serial learning experiments are presented.
Effect of Acute Simultaneous Food and Water Deprivation upon Bar-Pressing Behavior
Authors: Crawford M. L. J. , James W. T.
Published: September 2011

Twelve rats were allowed to press two levers, one for food, the other for water, while simultaneously deprived of these substances from 0 to 120 hr. The two levers were equated physically and delivered comparable percentages of the normal daily intake of food or water. Thirst and hunger drives appear to be of equal strength near 72 hr. simultaneous deprivation.
Social Desirability Effects in the Epps
Authors: Heilizer Fred , Gerdine Philip V.
Published: September 2011

The EPPS and a true-false version (TF-EPPS) were compared on three S dimensions: sex (males and females), age-education (college students and adults), SD (high and low). The SD content of both tests is prominent, although it is much greater in the TF-EPPS. However, SD is not important for differential functioning of Ss, since profile differences between high and low SD Ss are smaller than between males and females or college students and adults The matching format of the EPPS produces a slight reduction in differential SD effect and an increased sensitivity to S variables other than SD. A potential, subtle, SD mechanism is identified by which Ss may respond differentially. Implications for ipsative and normative measurement and evaluation are discussed.
Sex Differences in Self-Rating of Conscience as a Determinant of Behavior
Authors: Rempel Henry , Signori Edro J.
Published: September 2011

A 7-point self-rating scale designed to measure sex differences on conscience as a determinant of behavior was constructed and given to 55 male and 42 female university students. The females rated themselves significantly higher on conscience as a factor determining their behavior as predicted.
Effects of Differential Reward Magnitudes on Simple Brightness Discrimination with Free and Forced Trials
Authors: Porter John J.
Published: September 2011

Six groups of 10 hooded rats were rewarded to both of two brightness discriminanda. Differential reward was associated with one discriminanda by delivery of 2-1, 6-3, 12-6, 3-1, 6-2, or 9-3 food pellets to the respective groups for 156 trials, 2 choice and 4 forced daily. In a second experiment, 16 of 60 Ss from Exp. 1 received 84 further trials to 6 or 1 pellets. In Exp. 1, one of 6 groups (2-1) showed differential choice of the larger reward while all groups showed strong position habits. On instrumental (forced) trials all groups ran significantly faster to their larger reward. In Exp. 2, Ss previously showing no preference for their larger reward tended toward such a preference, while Ss that had heretofore shown differential choice behavior and no differential speed did develop a significant speed differential.
Effects of Punishment Intensity on Human Operant Behavior
Authors: Kaufman Arnold
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to develop techniques which might lead to quantitative measures of human conflict behavior, female college students were placed in a free operant situation where responding was concurrently reinforced (with money represented by counter tally) and punished (with electric shock) with increasing severity for successive responses. Ss were able to reset the shock to a low level by making a second response, which resulted in subtraction of counter tallies. Results indicate that as shock intensity increases, total responding decreases, and the average number of responses before reset also decreases. Variations in the magnitude of positive reinforcement failed to have any effects. Several factors which might have been involved were discussed. Suggestions were made for clarifying the role that duration of exposure to shock plays in the situation.
On the Surplus Meanings of Numbers
Authors: Knapp Robert H. , Chen Rachel J. C.
Published: September 2011

When 40 Ss were required to select those primary digits most frequently associated with certain adjectives, there was substantial consensus in ascribing adjectives to particular digits. A factor analysis was performed based upon correlations between attributes assigned to the nine basic digits. This yielded a factor separating small from large numbers, and a second factor separating even from odd numbers. Both these factorial groupings were assigned distinctive adjectives to a significant degree.
Note on Conceptual Concreteness in Adults
Authors: Wolfe Raymond
Published: September 2011

Conceptual systems theory distinguishes two aspects of concrete functioning, called System I and Sub I, which have demonstrated validity in a junior high school setting. These conceptual modes were defined in adults with operations similar to chose used in the school sample. Two relatively specific predictions, based on the System I-Sub I distinction, were not supported.
Authoritarianism and Achievement in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Shapiro Stewart B.
Published: September 2011

In a study on group therapy with prejudiced college students, it was noted that high “F”-scorers tended to make poor grades in elementary psychology. Holding verbal ability constant, a partial correlation between psychology grades and “F” scores supports the assumption of an anti-psychology bias in authoritarian students which forms a resistance to democratically presented psychological information.
Secondary Reinforcement Effects as a Function of Reward Magnitude Training Methods
Authors: Reynolds William F. , Pavlik William B. , Goldstein Ellen
Published: September 2011

5 groups of 10 albino rats were trained by direct goalbox placement to either a black or striped goalbox. Two groups were trained under absolute conditions with either large (A-L) or small reward (A-S), and 2 groups were discrimination trained to the goalboxes with either large (D-L) or small (D-S) reward. A fifth group received differential training with large reward to one goalbox and small reward to the other (Df). The test period, consisting of free and forced-choice T-maze trials extended over 10 days. It was found that only the A-S mean failed to exceed chance, the Df mean significantly exceeded the A-L mean but not the D-L or D-S means, and even under highly controlled discrete-trial test conditions, differential training produces a stronger reward magnitude effect than absolute training.
Self-Determined Stimulus Train Duration of Intracranial Self-Stimulation as a Function of Pulse Frequency in the Rat
Authors: Work Murray S. , Elder S. Thomas
Published: September 2011

Six rats with bipolar electrodes chronically implanted were trained to press a lever to deliver a brief electric shock via the electrodes to the hypothalamus. The rats were subsequently allowed to maintain the current “on” for as long as the lever was depressed. Under this condition, mean response duration was found to be a decreasing, negatively accelerated function of frequency (pps). These results were discussed in the light of recent findings by Stein of a similar relationship with respect to stimulus intensity.
An Improved Procedure and Program for Minimum Residual Factor Analysis
Authors: Comrey Andrew L. , Ahumada Al
Published: September 2011

An improved iteration procedure is offered for minimum residual factor analysis, a method which requires no communality estimates. Successive iterated vectors are length adjusted instead of averaged. Length adjustment requires fewer iterations to achieve convergence and stops the factoring process at a more interpretable point, namely, where two successive vectors are equal but opposite in sign. Empirical comparisons are made between length adjustment and averaging methods of iteration. Empirical comparisons are made between the minimum residual method and the principal factor method. Minimum residual factor analysis may offer a better criterion for terminating factor extraction than those in current use.
Verbal Conditioning in a New Sentence Construction Task: A Further Study
Authors: Goodstein Leonard D. , Lanyon Richard I. , Radtke Robert C. , Olson Sharon P. , Lowe Clemens A.
Published: September 2011

The previously obtained results in verbal conditioning with a new sentence construction task were shown in this study to be independent of sex of both S and E. It was shown that the conditioning of names beginning with L and M was possible, although there was a significant initial preference for M names. These results further demonstrated that conditioning on this task was restricted exclusively to the aware Ss.
Electrical Intracranial Stimulation as a Primary Reinforcer for Cats
Authors: Schnitzer Samuel B. , Reid Larry D. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

Cats were trained to press a bar to receive electrical stimulation in the region of the medial forebrain bundle. The training was achieved without the employment of prior training to any conventional reinforcer but required a very large number of stimulations before the cats began to show positive reinforcement from the stimulations. It appears that the cats' response to intracranial stimulation underwent a transition from negative to positive with continued experience.
Differences in Extinction in Electrical Brain-Stimulation under Traditional Procedures of Reward Presentation
Authors: McIntire Roger W. , Wright James E.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to bar-press for electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) or H2O reinforcement in order to examine differences in resistance to extinction as related to method of presentation of reward. The methods of presentation of ESB were: (1) immediate with the appropriate bar-press, (2) immediate with the appropriate bar-press with addition of a momentarily presented dry water cup, (3) immediate with the licking of the water cup presented on appropriate bar-press. Also, a group working for one lick of water and no ESB was included. The data show clearly that H2O reinforcement is superior in producing higher resistance to extinction and that presentation of ESB reinforcement in a manner similar to the way in which a water reinforcement is presented gives higher resistance to extinction than presenting ESB reinforcement contingent only on the bar-press.
Maternal Childrearing Control History and Subsequent Cognitive and Personality Functioning of the Offspring
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B. , Orr Helen K.
Published: September 2011

Perceived maternal childrearing practices were related to concept formation performance obtained under conditions involving negative social reinforcement. College girls reporting low control-low nurturant (“ignoring” partern) or high control-low nurturant (“rejecting” pattern) childrearing histories were conceptually inferior to those whose mothers were perceived as low control-high nurturant (“accepting” pattern). Personality differences among childrearing groups were also reported for both males and females. It was proposed that poorer conceptual performance was obtained because a perceived “ignoring” mother-daughter relationship mediates an insensitivity to social reinforcement, whereas “rejected” females develop a special (disruptive) sensitivity to aversive social reinforcement.
Operant Level and Light-Contingent Bar Presses as a Function of Age and Deprivation
Authors: Goodrick Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Young and senescent male albino rats ( Ns = 40) were run in operant level and light-contingent bar-press tests. Food deprived rats made more presses than nondeprived rats and the increase was similar at each age level for all tests. During light-contingent bar-press tests the bar which produced a 3-sec. burst of light was preferred by all groups. Senescent rats made fewer bar presses than young rats during all tests. In the evaluation of extinction data, young rats would be expected to make more responses than senescent rats due to the higher base operant level of young rats, although differential age effects for secondary reward can be evaluated directly by comparisons of bar preferences in a 2-bar Skinner box.