bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing invasive with MRI‐derived intracranial pressure measurements in healthy elderly and brain trauma cases: A pilot study
Authors: Burman Ritambhar , Shah Ashish H. , Benveniste Ronald , Jimsheleishvili George , Lee Sang H. , Loewenstein David , Alperin Noam
Published: February 2019

Background

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is an important physiological parameter in several neurological disorders. Considerable effort has been made to measure ICP noninvasively. MR‐based ICP (MR‐ICP) is a nonempirical method based on principles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, where ICP is obtained from measurements of blood and CSF flows to and from the cranium during the cardiac cycle.

Purpose

To compare MR‐ICP with invasive ICP measurements obtained using lumbar puncture (LP) or external ventricular drainage (EVD).

Study Type

Prospective, cross‐sectional, observational study.

Subjects

Ten cognitively healthy elderly subjects (age 69.6 ± 6.6 years; seven females) and six brain trauma patients (age 36.8 ± 19.7 years; two females).

Field Strength

Velocity encoding cine phase‐contrast at 1.5 T and 3 T.

Assessment

MR‐ICP and craniospinal compliance distribution were estimated from arterial inflow and venous outflow to and from cranium, and craniospinal CSF flow at the upper cervical region, measured using cine phase contrast MRI. LP (done 177 ± 163 days after scan) and EVD measurements (at the time of scan) were performed in lateral recumbent and supine positions, respectively.

Statistical Tests

Linear regression was used to assess the relationships of MR‐ICP with invasive ICP, and the dependency of these measurements on age, weight, height, and BMI. A Shapiro–Wilks test and Bland–Altman plot were respectively used to evaluate the normality and agreement between these two pressure distributions. Student's t‐test was used throughout the analysis to compare differences between the EVD and LP cohorts.

Results

In the combined cohort, MR‐ICP and invasive ICP were positively correlated (r = 0.95, P < 0.001), with invasive ICP being higher than MR‐ICP by 2.2 mmHg on average. In the healthy cohort, the cranial contribution to total craniospinal compliance was negatively correlated with MR‐ICP (r = −0.90, P < 0.001).

Data Conclusion

MR‐ICP provides a reliable estimate of ICP, with 14 out of 16 datapoints within the clinically acceptable error. Craniospinal compliance distribution plays a role in modulating ICP in supine position.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:975–981.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide alters mitochondrial dynamics by SIRT3‐dependent mechanism in male mice
Authors: Klimova Nina , Long Aaron , Kristian Tibor
Published: February 2019

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central signaling molecule and enzyme cofactor that is involved in a variety of fundamental biological processes. NAD+ levels decline with age, neurodegenerative conditions, acute brain injury, and in obesity or diabetes. Loss of NAD+ results in impaired mitochondrial and cellular functions. Administration of NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), has shown to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics, reverse age‐associated physiological decline, and inhibit postischemic NAD+ degradation and cellular death. In this study, we identified a novel link between NAD+ metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics. A single dose (62.5 mg/kg) of NMN, administered to male mice, increases hippocampal mitochondria NAD+ pools for up to 24 hr posttreatment and drives a sirtuin 3 (SIRT3)‐mediated global decrease in mitochondrial protein acetylation. This results in a reduction of hippocampal reactive oxygen species levels via SIRT3‐driven deacetylation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase. Consequently, mitochondria in neurons become less fragmented due to lower interaction of phosphorylated fission protein, dynamin‐related protein 1 (pDrp1 [S616]), with mitochondria. In conclusion, manipulation of mitochondrial NAD+ levels by NMN results in metabolic changes that protect mitochondria against reactive oxygen species and excessive fragmentation, offering therapeutic approaches for pathophysiologic stress conditions.
Temperature trends in Hawaiʻi: A century of change, 1917–2016
Authors: McKenzie Marie M. , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Diaz Henry F.
Published: February 2019

Based on a revised and extended multi‐station Hawaiʻi Temperature Index (HTI), the mean air temperature in the Hawaiian Islands has warmed significantly at 0.052°C/decade (p < 0.01) over the past 100 years (1917–2016). The year 2016 was the warmest year on record at 0.924°C above the 100‐year mean (0.202°C). During each of the last four decades, mean state‐wide positive air temperature anomalies were greater than those of any of the previous decades. Significant warming trends for the last 100 years are evident at low‐ (0.056°C/decade, p < 0.001) and high‐elevations (0.047°C/decade, p < 0.01). Warming in Hawai‘i is largely attributed to significant increases in minimum temperature (0.072°C/decade, p < 0.001) resulting in a corresponding downward trend in diurnal temperature range (−0.055°C/decade, p < 0.001) over the 100‐year period. Significant positive correlations were found between HTI, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and the Multivariate ENSO Index, indicating that natural climate variability has a significant impact on temperature in Hawaiʻi. Analysis of surface air temperatures from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the region of Hawaiʻi over the last 69 years (1948–2016) and a mean atmospheric layer temperature time series calculated from radiosonde‐measured thickness (distance between constant pressure surfaces) data over the last 40 years (1977–2016) give results consistent with the HTI. Finally, we compare temperature trends for Hawaii's highest elevation station, Mauna Loa Observatory (3,397 m), to those on another mountainous subtropical island station in the Atlantic, Mt. Izaña Observatory (2,373 m), Tenerife, Canary Islands. Both stations sit above the local temperature inversion layer and have virtually identical significant warming trends of 0.19°C/decade (p < 0.001) between 1955 and 2016.
The Effects of a Verbal and a Figural Creativity Training on Different Facets of Creative Potential
Authors: Fink Andreas , Reim Thomas , Benedek Mathias , Grabner Roland H.
Published: February 2019

This study investigated the effects of different types of creativity interventions on different facets of creative potential, also including more school‐related creativity demands. In a sample of 77 fourth‐graders in the age between 9 and 12 years, we administered a verbal and a figural creativity training, realized in two school lessons over two consecutive days each. As outcome measures, creative potential in both the verbal and the figural domain by means of two well‐established divergent thinking tasks was assessed. As additional measures of creative potential, a story completion task and a picture painting task were administered to examine training effects on more school‐related types of creative behavior. The verbal training was found to increase both verbal and figural divergent thinking ability, but not creative potential in the story completion and the picture painting task. The figural training yielded significant training effects only regarding the picture painting task. Findings suggest a specific training effect of the figural creativity training, and moreover indicate that the verbal creativity training, rather than stimulating “verbal” creative abilities per se, was more strongly concerned with domain‐general creativity processes including ideational fluency, flexibility, and originality that are characteristics of divergent thinking tasks across different domains.
Cumulative smoking exposure and cessation associated with the recurrence of periodontitis in periodontal maintenance therapy: A 6‐year follow‐up
Authors: Costa Fernando Oliveira , Cota Luís Otávio Miranda
Published: February 2019

Background

This study followed individuals in periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT) over 6 years and longitudinally evaluated the effects of cumulative smoking exposure and duration of smoking cessation on the recurrence of periodontitis.

Methods

From a 6‐year follow‐up cohort study with 212 individuals in PMT, 142 patients who attended at least one PMT visit within 12 months were determined to be elegible. According to smoking habits they were categorized into three groups: non‐smokers (NS; n = 95), former smokers (FS; n = 22), and current smokers (CS; n = 25). Complete periodontal examination and smoking habits were evaluated at two instances: T1 (first time, after active periodontal therapy) and T2 (second time, 6 years). Associations between the recurrence of periodontitis (RP; probing depth ≥4 mm and clinical attachment loss ≥3 mm, together with the presence of bleeding on probing and/or suppuration), smoking status, and potential risk variables were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis, when appropriate.

Results

The RP in NS, FS, and CS groups was 44.2%, 68.2%, and 80.0%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the RP in T2 was 2.80 (2.11 to 5.14) for FS and 5.97 (3.58 to 9.88) for CS. There was a significant dose‐response relationship between pack‐years of smoking and the RP, as well as a significant decrease in the risk for the RP as the years of smoking cessation increased.

Conclusion

During 6 years of PMT, cumulative smoking exposure and shorter time since smoking cessation were significantly associated with the RP.
Enhanced recovery in liver surgery
Authors: Day Ryan W. , Aloia Thomas A.
Published: February 2019

Enhanced recovery in liver surgery has been shown to improve outcomes including patient‐reported outcomes, length of stay, return to intended oncology therapy, and cost. The goal of this chapter will be to review the elements of a modern enhanced recovery pathway that is utilized across the entire episode of care in liver surgery.
Systemic treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer in the era of precision medicine
Authors: Sandhu Jaideep , Lavingia Viraj , Fakih Marwan
Published: February 2019

The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer has evolved over the last two decades with the FDA approval of several cytotoxic, biological, and targeted agents. In this paper, we review the impact of sidedness, RAS, BRAF, HER‐2, and other immune biomarkers on metastatic colorectal cancer treatment selection and sequencing in both the palliative and curative intent settings.
Historical perspective: Two decades of progress in treating metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Lee Rachel M. , Cardona Kenneth , Russell Maria C.
Published: February 2019

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. While screening methods strive to improve rates of early stage detection, 25% of patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, with the most common sites being the liver, lung, and peritoneum. While once perceived as hopeless, the last two decades have seen substantial strides in the medical, surgical, and regional therapies to treat metastatic disease offering significant improvements in survival.
Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients Exposed to Emotional Neglect and Traumatic Events: Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Eidhof Marloes B. , Djelantik A. A. A. Manik J. , Klaassens Ellen R. , Kantor Viktoria , Rittmansberger Doris , Sleijpen Marieke , Steenbakkers Anne , Weindl Dina , ter Heide F. Jackie June
Published: February 2019

The inclusion of a complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) diagnosis in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases reflects growing evidence that a subgroup of individuals with PTSD also suffer from disturbances in emotion regulation, interpersonal skills, and self‐concept, which together are termed “disturbances in self‐organization” (DSO). Although CPTSD is assumed to result from exposure to complex traumatic events, emotional neglect may be an important contributor. This study investigated the presence of CPTSD, defined by endorsement of PTSD and DSO symptoms in a clinical postwar generation sample. The sample consisted of 218 patients who had been exposed to emotional neglect in childhood, a subgroup of whom had also been exposed to potentially traumatic events. Using items from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Brief Symptom Inventory, a latent class analysis revealed two classes: high endorsement of almost all CPTSD symptoms (n = 83; 38.1%) and low endorsement of all CPTSD symptoms (n = 135; 61.9%). Contrary to our hypothesis, no DSO‐only class was found. The R3step method showed gender and number of traumatic events to be significant predictors of class membership. Compared to the low endorsement class, individuals in the CPTSD class were more likely to be female, p = .013, and to report a higher number of traumatic experiences, p < .001. The potential intermediary role of emotional neglect in the development of DSO and CPTSD is discussed.
Intra‐ and Inter‐Rater Agreement Describing Myometrial Lesions Using Morphologic Uterus Sonographic Assessment: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rasmussen Christina Kjaergaard , Van den Bosch Thierry , Exacoustos Caterina , Manegold‐Brauer Gwendolin , Benacerraf Beryl R. , Froyman Wouter , Landolfo Chiara , Condorelli Margherita , Egekvist Anne G. , Josefsson Hampus , Leone Francesco Paolo Giuseppe , Jokubkiene Ligita , Zannoni Letizia , Epstein Elisabeth , Installé Arnaud , Dueholm Margit
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the intra‐ and inter‐rater agreement for myometrial lesions using Morphologic Uterus Sonographic Assessment terminology.

Methods

Thirteen raters with high (n = 6) or medium experience (n = 7) assessed 30 3‐dimensional ultrasound clips with (n = 20) and without (n = 10) benign myometrial lesions. Myometrial lesions were reported as poorly or well defined and then systematically evaluated for the presence of individual features. The clips were blindly assessed twice (at a 2‐month interval). Intra‐ and inter‐rater agreements were calculated with κ statistics.

Results

The reporting of poorly defined lesions reached moderate intra‐rater agreement (κ = 0.49 [high experience] and 0.47 [medium experience]) and poor inter‐rater agreement (κ = 0.39 [high experience] and 0.25 [medium experience]). The reporting of well‐defined lesions reached good to very good intra‐rater agreement (κ = 0.73 [high experience] and 0.82 [medium experience]) and good inter‐rater agreement (κ = 0.75 [high experience] and 0.63 [medium experience]). Most individual features associated with ill‐defined lesions reached moderate intra‐ and inter‐rater agreement among highly experienced raters (κ = 0.41–0.60). The least reproducible features were myometrial cysts, hyperechoic islands, subendometrial lines and buds, and translesional flow (κ = 0.11–0.34). Most individual features associated with well‐defined lesions reached moderate to good intra‐ and inter‐rater agreement among all observers (κ = 0.41–0.80). The least reproducible features were a serosal contour, asymmetry, a hyperechoic rim, and fan‐shaped shadows (κ = 0.00–0.35).

Conclusions

The reporting of well‐defined lesions showed excellent agreement, whereas the agreement for poorly defined lesions was low, even among highly experienced raters. The agreement on identifying individual features varied, especially for features associated with ill‐defined lesions. Guidelines on minimum requirements for features associated with ill‐defined lesions to be interpreted as poorly defined lesions may improve agreement.
An Interesting Observation Regarding Retrograde Vertebral Artery Flow in Patients With Dialysis Access Fistulas
Authors: Naidich James B. , Weiss Amanda , Molmenti Ernesto P. , Naidich Jason J. , Pellerito John S.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Retrograde vertebral artery flow, the steal phenomenon, is most frequently caused by a flow‐limiting stenosis of the proximal subclavian artery. The reversal of flow can be incomplete, resulting in bidirectional flow: retrograde in systole and antegrade in diastole. Less often, retrograde vertebral artery flow is the consequence of increased subclavian flow, as might occur with a well‐functioning dialysis access fistula. Our objective was to evaluate bidirectional vertebral artery flow associated with dialysis access fistulas.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the direction of flow through the vertebral artery in systole and diastole of 335 patients with dialysis fistulas who had undergone extracranial cerebral vascular Doppler examinations.

Results

Fifteen patients had retrograde flow in their vertebral artery ipsilateral with the side of their fistula. There was completely reversed flow in 1 patient and bidirectional flow in the other 14. For each of these 14, the flow was antegrade in early systole and retrograde in diastole. Compression of the fistula restored the antegrade flow.

Conclusions

Under conditions of reduced subclavian artery flow, bidirectional vertebral artery flow will be retrograde in early systole and antegrade in diastole. Under conditions of increased subclavian artery flow, bidirectional flow through the vertebral artery will be antegrade in early systole and retrograde in diastole.
A composite method to identify desertification ‘hotspots’ and ‘brightspots’
Authors: Singh Rimjhim Bhatnagar , Ajai
Published: February 2019

Desertification has become one of the greatest environmental concerns of our planet. Implementation of the action plans for arresting land degradation and for employing rehabilitation measures over a large spatial scale is not feasible due to the amount of time, effort, and cost involved. However, if the ‘hotspots’ the ‘brightspots’, and the ‘potential areas’ are identified, the task would be relatively easy. In this paper, a method is proposed to identify the pieces of degraded land with varying severity levels (in terms of ‘hotspots’, ‘brightspots’, and ‘potential areas’), using Bowen ratio, land surface temperature (LST), Ra, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Although the zone falls in the semiarid class, the microclimate analysis of the study area revealed high aridity. The combined analysis of LST, Ra, and NDVI helped in identifying the areas susceptible to land degradation (particularly, salinization and water erosion). Analysis of the vegetation type and condition showed their variable roles towards the protection of soil from erosion, drought, and fire. Using these analyses together with the ecosystemic approach of Bowen ratio, ‘hotspots’, ‘brightspots’, and ‘potential areas’ were identified at the pixel level. For validation, Desertification Status Map was employed. The investigations revealed that around 49% of the study area falls under the category of ‘hotspots’ (with an error estimate of 13%) and another 49% as ‘brightspots’. The findings revealed that instead of targeting the entire area for implementation of the mitigation measures with the same efforts, it would be better to focus on the specific pieces of land (‘hotspots’) to optimally utilize the available resources.
Relating vegetation condition to grazing management systems in the central Keiskamma Catchment, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Kakembo Vincent , Ndou Naledzani
Published: February 2019

Vegetation degradation has been identified as a serious environmental problem, around the communal villages of South Africa. An investigation of the relationship between vegetation condition and local grazing management systems was undertaken across the communal villages of the central Keiskamma Catchment, Eastern Cape Province. The hypothesis that “differences in grazing management strategies may explain the variations in vegetation condition within these communal villages” was tested. Landsat TM imagery of 1984 and 1999, in conjunction with SPOT‐4 imagery of 2011, was used to assess the spatial and temporal trends in vegetation. Structured interviews were administered among communal village authorities to obtain information regarding the functionality of local grazing management structures. Using the logistic regression in IDRISI Selva remote sensing software, relationships between vegetation condition and grazing management systems were analysed.

Spatial and temporal trends in vegetation cover revealed a drastic reduction in fair vegetation, an increase in extremely degraded vegetation and bare/eroded surfaces, particularly in villages with ineffective rangeland management practices. The hypothesis was accepted; a distinct relationship between the respective grazing practices and vegetation condition was identified. Variations in the functionality of local grazing management structures in the communal villages account for the vegetation condition disparities observed. A revitalisation of these structures is key in vegetation restoration endeavours.
Project to identify approaches to engage underserved youth in MH services
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: February 2019

Responding to the needs of young people, particularly culturally diverse, rural, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, queer and other underserved populations experiencing mental health challenges and in need of care, a new program aims to identify new community approaches to engage these populations.
Researchers find cost‐effective way to improve MH in prisons
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: February 2019

Researchers examining the care and cost of inmates with major depressive disorder (MDD) have tested a cost‐effective intervention they say improves their well‐being while in prison and when they re‐enter the community. The study represents the first fully randomized trial of any treatment (pharmacological or psychosocial) targeting MDD among incarcerated individuals.
A wideband and low‐profile transmitarray antenna using different types of unit‐cells
Authors: Yang Xianhang , Zhou Yonggang , Xing Lei , Zhao Yongjiu
Published: February 2019

A wideband low‐profile transmitarray antenna has been designed. Several prototypes of unit‐cells with different transmission phase shift ranges are used to constitute the antenna. To achieve wideband performance, the transmission phase versus frequency curves of these unit‐cell prototypes are required to be nearly parallel in the working frequency band. Also, two or more unit‐cell prototypes instead of a uniform prototype are used to avoid introducing air gaps and reduce the thickness of transmitarray, which is commonly used in transmitarray design. A wideband millimeter wave dual‐polarized transmitarray with a thickness of only 0.12λ0 is designed, fabricated, and measured. It is demonstrated that the antenna has a wide 1‐dB gain bandwidth of 20.2% (31‐38 GHz), a gain higher than 31.4 dBi, and a peak aperture efficiency of 41.3%. Good agreement between simulations and measurement is achieved.
A size reduced Gysel power divider with simple structure and high design flexibility
Authors: Liu Fu‐Xing , Wang Yang , Lee Jong‐Chul
Published: February 2019

In this letter, a new simple structure of Gysel power divider (PD) is proposed. Comparing to the conventional Gysel PD, the high‐power handling capability is reserved with size reduction from the nonlinear relationship between the phase delay and the physical dimension of the utilized open‐circuited coupled line. The structure is analyzed according to an open‐end‐stub‐based equivalent circuit, in which procedure the closed‐form design equations are derived simultaneously. Also, the analysis shows a high design freedom in choosing the values of the isolation resistors and the impedances of the utilized transmission lines (TLs), which property can be used to control the bandwidth (isolation and input return loss band) of the proposed structure. Finally, in order to verify the proposed design theory, a Gysel PD with a center frequency of 2.5 GHz is designed, simulated, fabricated, and characterized. Besides good agreement with the simulation data, the experimental results show that the proposed PD features a wide isolation band which is around 89% with the reference of 15‐dB loss.
A 1‐W Ka‐band power amplifier using 0.15‐μm InGaAs/GaAs E‐mode pHEMT technology
Authors: Lee Hui Dong , Park Jeongsoo , Kong Sunwoo , Kim Kwang‐Seon , Lee Kwang Chun , Park Bonghyuk , Kim Jeong‐Geun
Published: February 2019

This article presents a 1‐W Ka‐band power amplifier using 0.15‐μm InGaAs/GaAs enhancement‐mode pHEMT technology. We have introduced a method to obtain the required output power through the characteristics of the unit transistor provided by the manufacturer. At first, the PA circuit is designed to effectively combine the output signals of eight unit transistors. From the measurement results, 28.5 dBm output was obtained at 28 GHz and the maximum efficiency was reached to 25%. In order to achieve 1‐W output power, two power amplifiers were connected in parallel using T‐junction line combiner. Finally, an output power of 30.1 dBm was obtained. At the same time, the PA efficiency is 14.1%. As a result of linearity verification, we confirmed that this power amplifier has the ACLR characteristics of less than −30 dBc up to 23.3 dBm output.
In vitro genotoxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n‐TiO2) in human sperm cells
Authors: Santonastaso Marianna , Mottola Filomena , Colacurci Nicola , Iovine Concetta , Pacifico Severina , Cammarota Marcella , Cesaroni Fulvio , Rocco Lucia
Published: February 2019

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NPs) are one of the most widely engineered nanoparticles used. The study has been focused on TiO
2‐NPs genotoxic effects on human spermatozoa in vitro. TiO
2‐NPs are able to cross the blood–testis barrier induced inflammation, cytotoxicity, and gene expression changes that lead to impairment of the male reproductive system. This study presents new data about DNA damage in human sperms exposed in vitro to two n‐TiO
2 concentrations (1 µg/L and 10 µg/L) for different times and the putative role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mediators of n‐TiO
2 genotoxicity. Primary n‐TiO
2 characterization was performed by transmission electron microscopy. The dispersed state of the n‐TiO
2 in media was spectrophotometrically determined at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr from the initial exposure. The genotoxicity has been highlighted by different experimental approaches (comet assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling [TUNEL] test, DCF assay, random amplification of polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction [RAPD‐PCR]). The comet assay showed a statistically significant loss of sperm DNA integrity after 30 min of exposure. Increased threshold of sperm DNA fragmentation was highlighted after 30 min of exposure by the TUNEL Test. Also, the RAPD‐PCR analysis showed a variation in the polymorphic profiles of the sperm DNA exposed to n‐TiO
2. The evidence from the DCF assay showed a statistically significant increase in intracellular ROS linked to n‐TiO
2 exposure. This research provides the evaluation of n‐TiO
2 potential genotoxicity on human sperm that probably occurs through the production of intracellular ROS.
Aortic 4D flow MRI in 2 minutes using compressed sensing, respiratory controlled adaptive k‐space reordering, and inline reconstruction
Authors: Ma Liliana E. , Markl Michael , Chow Kelvin , Huh Hyungkyu , Forman Christoph , Vali Alireza , Greiser Andreas , Carr James , Schnell Susanne , Barker Alex J. , Jin Ning
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of a free‐breathing 4D flow technique using compressed sensing (CS), where 4D flow imaging of the thoracic aorta is performed in 2 min with inline image reconstruction on the MRI scanner in less than 5 min.

Methods

The 10 in vitro 4D flow MRI scans were performed with different acceleration rates on a pulsatile flow phantom (9 CS acceleration factors [R = 5.4–14.1], 1 generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition [GRAPPA] R = 2). Based on in vitro results, CS‐accelerated 4D flow of the thoracic aorta was acquired in 20 healthy volunteers (38.3 ± 15.2 years old) and 11 patients with aortic disease (61.3 ± 15.1 years) with R = 7.7. A conventional 4D flow scan was acquired with matched spatial coverage and temporal resolution.

Results

CS depicted similar hemodynamics to conventional 4D flow in vitro, and in vivo, with >70% reduction in scan time (volunteers: 1:52 ± 0:25 versus 7:25 ± 2:35 min). Net flow values were within 3.5% in healthy volunteers, and voxel‐by‐voxel comparison demonstrated good agreement. CS significantly underestimated peak velocities (vmax) and peak flow (Qmax) in both volunteers and patients (volunteers: vmax, −16.2% to −9.4%, Qmax: −11.6% to −2.9%, patients: vmax, −11.2% to −4.0%; Qmax, −10.2% to −5.8%).

Conclusion

Aortic 4D flow with CS is feasible in a two minute scan with less than 5 min for inline reconstruction. While net flow agreement was excellent, CS with R = 7.7 produced underestimation of Qmax and vmax; however, these were generally within 13% of conventional 4D flow‐derived values. This approach allows 4D flow to be feasible in clinical practice for comprehensive assessment of hemodynamics.
DeepCEST: 9.4 T Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI contrast predicted from 3 T data – a proof of concept study
Authors: Zaiss Moritz , Deshmane Anagha , Schuppert Mark , Herz Kai , Glang Felix , Ehses Philipp , Lindig Tobias , Bender Benjamin , Ernemann Ulrike , Scheffler Klaus
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To determine the feasibility of employing the prior knowledge of well‐separated chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) signals in the 9.4 T Z‐spectrum to separate overlapping CEST signals acquired at 3 T, using a deep learning approach trained with 3 T and 9.4 T CEST spectral data from brains of the same subjects.

Methods

Highly spectrally resolved Z‐spectra from the same volunteer were acquired by 3D‐snapshot CEST MRI at 3 T and 9.4 T at low saturation power of B1 = 0.6 µT. The volume‐registered 3 T Z‐spectra‐stack was then used as input data for a three layer deep neural network with the volume‐registered 9.4 T fitted parameter stack as target data.

Results

An optimized neural net architecture could be found and verified in healthy volunteers. The gray‐/white‐matter contrast of the different CEST effects was predicted with only small deviations (Pearson R = 0.89). The 9.4 T prediction was less noisy compared to the directly measured CEST maps, although at the cost of slightly lower tissue contrast. Application to an unseen tumor patient measured at 3 T and 9.4 T revealed that tumorous tissue Z‐spectra and corresponding hyper‐/hypointensities of different CEST effects can also be predicted (Pearson R = 0.84).

Conclusion

The 9.4 T CEST signals acquired at low saturation power can be accurately estimated from CEST imaging at 3 T using a neural network trained with coregistered 3 T and 9.4 T data of healthy subjects. The deepCEST approach generalizes to Z‐spectra of tumor areas and might indicate whether additional ultrahigh‐field (UHF) scans will be beneficial.
Passage Effectiveness at a Pool-and-Weir Fishway Designed to Accommodate Pacific Lampreys
Authors: Ackerman Nicklaus K. , Pyper Brian J. , David Margaret M. , Wyatt Garth J. , Cramer Dan P. , Shibahara Timothy M.
Published: February 2019

Providing passage at man-made barriers is important to preserving migratory fish species. Fishways used to bypass barriers have historically been designed to provide passage for economically important species, with little regard given to nontarget species. Consequently, native fish species whose swimming behaviors are not well suited to these fishways have suffered from restricted access to habitat. For example, poor passage at dams has contributed to declines in populations of Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus in the Columbia River basin. Pool-and-weir fishways typical of Columbia basin dams are well suited to salmonids but not to anguilliforms like the Pacific Lamprey. We evaluated the passage efficiency of Pacific Lampreys through a new pool-and-weir fishway at River Mill Dam on the Clackamas River, Oregon, that was designed to facilitate Pacific Lamprey passage. Rounded corners at the fishway entrances, flush-mounted weir gates, chamfered corners on orifices and weir walls, and orifices flush with the floor were all included in the fishway design specifically for Pacific Lampreys. In 2013 and 2015, Pacific Lampreys were radio-tagged and PIT-tagged to assess passage success. Dam passage efficiency estimates ranged from 84% to 98%, roughly 10–50% higher than Pacific Lamprey passage efficiency estimates at other dams in the Pacific Northwest. The median passage time through the fishway was 0.87 d in 2013 and 0.71 d in 2015. The high passage efficiency of Pacific Lampreys at River Mill Dam is likely due to the design elements incorporated specifically for Pacific Lampreys. These features could inform future fishway designs and modifications at locations where Pacific Lamprey passage is a consideration.
Do appreciable changes in the upper extremity motor capability to perform clean intermittent catheterization come about with time after traumatic spinal cord injury?
Authors: Elliott Christopher S. , Zlatev Dimitar , Crew James , Shem Kazuko
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI) often requires clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) or other management strategies. A common dilemma in those desiring to perform CIC independently but lacking the appropriate upper extremity (UE) motor function is the timing of reconstructive surgery.

Methods

We assessed the National Spinal Cord Injury Data Set for the years 2000‐2016. Our cohort consisted of persons with cervical SCI, who underwent complete motor examination upon discharge from rehabilitation and at 1‐year follow‐up. Using a previously published algorithm, UE motor scores were transformed to predict a patient's ability to independently perform CIC. Improvements in the predicted ability to self‐catheterize were evaluated.

Results

Of the 1428 individuals meeting the inclusion criteria, improvements in the predicted UE motor function necessary to independently self‐catheterize were observed in 39%, 42%, and 38% of those deemed possibly able, only able with surgical assistance, or unable to self‐catheterize at rehabilitation discharge, respectively. On multivariate analysis, only increasing Association Impairment Scale (AIS) classification and AIS classification improvement over the first year were associated with an increased odds of improving predicted CIC ability (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44 for AIS C and 1.97 for AIS D compared with AIS A, and OR = 1.90 for AIS classification improvement versus stable AIS classification, P < 0.05 for each).

Conclusion

Improvements in UE motor function to independently perform CIC occur in approximately 40% of persons with cervical SCI in the first year after rehabilitation discharge. Those with incomplete injuries are more likely to improve. These findings should enhance patient bladder management counseling and guide surgeons in determining an appropriate timeline for offering reconstruction.
Full‐waveform inversion of complex resistivity IP spectra: Sensitivity analysis and inversion tests using local and global optimization strategies on synthetic datasets
Authors: Vinciguerra Alessandro , Aleardi Mattia , Costantini Paolo
Published: February 2019

We implement two different inversion strategies for solving the full‐waveform inversion of spectral induced polarization data: the first is a local inversion based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, whereas the second is a global optimization that makes use of the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. In addition, the analysis of the residual function maps and the singular value decomposition of the inversion kernel are used to analyse the complexity of the objective function and the ill‐posedness of this inverse problem. We limit the attention to synthetic data with the aim to maintain the inversion at a simple level and to draw essential conclusions about the ill‐conditioning of the considered inverse problem and about the suitability of the two inversion approaches we use. We consider two differexnt double‐dispersion reference models that generate resistivity amplitude and phase spectra with different characteristics. Realistic noise is added to the synthetic data to better simulate a field data set. We also apply a dedicated processing sequence to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the observed data. It turns out that the full‐waveform inversion of spectral induced polarization is a well‐posed problem in case of double‐peaked resistivity spectra, whereas it becomes hopelessly ill‐conditioned when the subsurface model generates single‐peaked spectra. In particular, the analysis of the residual function maps demonstrates that in case of double‐peaked spectra the objective function is characterized by a well‐defined single minimum. Conversely, elongated valleys with similar misfit values arise for single‐peaked spectra. In this case, the eigenvectors in model space demonstrate that the estimate of the τ1 and c1 parameters is a non‐unique problem, and for this reason it would be advisable to reparametrize the inverse problem by considering a single‐dispersion model. In addition, our tests demonstrated the superior exploitation capability of the linearized inversion with respect to the global optimization, that is the ability to converge towards the minimum in case of objective functions with low gradient values.
Numerical error analysis for nonsymmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method of Cahn–Hilliard equation
Authors: Liu Chen , Frank Florian , Rivière Béatrice M.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we derive a theoretical analysis of nonsymmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin methods for solving the Cahn–Hilliard equation. We prove unconditional unique solvability of the discrete system and derive stability bounds with a generalized chemical energy density. Convergence of the method is obtained by optimal a priori error estimates. Our analysis is valid for both symmetric and nonsymmetric versions of the discontinuous Galerkin formulation.
Professional networks and support for nursing home directors of nursing
Authors: Rao Aditi D. , Evans Lois K. , Mueller Christine A. , Lake Eileen T.
Published: February 2019

In this study, we examined the influence of professional network characteristics, available professional support, and perceived support quality on intent to stay among for‐profit nursing home (NH) directors of nursing (DON). We hypothesized that the receipt of high quality professional support would be associated with DON intent to stay. DONs have a critical mandate to provide leadership that influences their facilities’ work climate and care quality. Yet, they often struggle to manage overwhelming responsibilities and are left feeling alienated, frustrated, and intent on leaving their jobs. Professional support, accessed via professional networks, may help DONs combat frustration and mitigate turnover that threatens NH care quality. Using a descriptive survey design, we electronically surveyed all DONs employed by a single for‐profit NH corporation to collect data pertaining to their professional networks, receipt of professional support, perceptions regarding support quality, and intentions to stay in their positions. One‐hundred‐ninety‐five DONs (65%) responded, with 133 (44%) completing every survey component. We employed social network analysis methods to construct datasets linking descriptors of DON respondents with attribute information about 1,164 network members. Statistical analyses (ANOVAs, point biserial correlations, and binomial logistic regression) yielded several findings supporting our hypothesis: (i) DONs’ professional networks closely resembled the teams in which they worked daily; (ii) DONs relied on this core network of individuals to provide task support primarily; (iii) DON‐nursing home administrator relationships were most important; and (iv) perceptions of support quality and support from nursing home administrators were the strongest predictors of DON intent to stay.
Entheseal changes in ancient Egyptians from the pyramid builders of Giza—Old Kingdom
Authors: Refai Osama
Published: February 2019

Entheseal changes are distinct skeletal markings that occur where a muscle, tendon, or ligament inserts into bone cortex, in response to many factors including physical activity. Therefore, entheseal changes have been frequently used to reconstruct habitual life activities of ancient populations. The present study examines a sample of 195 ancient Egyptians from Giza—Old Kingdom (2700–2190 BC), the period of pyramid builders. The material consists of two burials that were identified as belonging to individuals of different socio‐economic classes: workers and high officials. This distinction between the socio‐economic classes is based on evidence including location and design of cemeteries, contents of goods, and writings and drawings on tombs. Entheseal changes at 14 sites, representing the main articulations of the body, were examined to assess any association between entheseal expression and physical activities. The results of this study suggest that the frequency and severity of entheseal changes varied between workers and high officials, and between males and females. As expected, males exhibited higher levels of entheseal expression, suggesting sexual dimorphism in activity. No clear bilateral asymmetry was observed, except for in female high officials, who exhibited higher levels of entheseal expression at the right hand. A direct comparison of frequencies of entheseal changes between the two social classes, by sex and age, revealed that male and female workers had higher levels of entheseal expression than high officials, suggesting a division in labour. Together, these data suggest that entheseal changes can be used, cautiously, to study activity patterns in ancient Egyptian populations.
Shorter Height is Associated with Diabetes in Women but not in Men: Nationally Representative Evidence from Namibia
Authors: Koncz Viola , Geldsetzer Pascal , Manne‐Goehler Jennifer , Wendt Amanda S. , Teufel Felix , Subramanian S.V. , Bärnighausen Till , De Neve Jan‐Walter
Published: February 2019

Objective

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that attained adult height, as an indicator of childhood nutrition, is associated with diabetes in adulthood in Namibia, a country where stunting is highly prevalent.

Methods

Data from 1,898 women and 1,343 men aged 35 to 64 years included in the Namibia Demographic and Health Survey in 2013 were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of having diabetes in relation to height. The following three models were considered: Model 1 included only height, Model 2 included height as well as demographic and socioeconomic variables, and Model 3 included body mass index in addition to the covariates from Model 2.

Results

Overall crude diabetes prevalence was 6.1% (95% CI: 5.0‐7.2). Being taller was inversely related with diabetes in women but not in men. In Model 3, a 1‐cm increase in women’s height was associated with 4% lower odds of having diabetes (OR, 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94‐0.99; P = 0.023).

Conclusions

Height is associated with a large reduction in diabetes in women but not in men in Namibia. Interventions that allow women to reach their full growth potential may help prevent the growing diabetes burden in the region.
Adiposity‐Independent Effects of Aging on Insulin Sensitivity and Clearance in Mice and Humans
Authors: Ehrhardt Nicole , Cui Jinrui , Dagdeviren Sezin , Saengnipanthkul Suchaorn , Goodridge Helen S. , Kim Jason K. , Lantier Louise , Guo Xiuqing , Chen Yii‐Der I. , Raffel Leslie J. , Buchanan Thomas A. , Hsueh Willa A. , Rotter Jerome I. , Goodarzi Mark O. , Péterfy Miklós
Published: February 2019

Objective

Aging is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether aging‐associated insulin resistance is due to increased adiposity or other age‐related factors. To address this question, the impact of aging on insulin sensitivity was investigated independently of changes in body composition.

Methods

Cohorts of mice aged 4 to 8 months (“young”) and 18 to 27 months (“aged”) exhibiting similar body composition were characterized for glucose metabolism on chow and high‐fat diets. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp analyses. The relationship between aging and insulin resistance in humans was investigated in 1,250 nondiabetic Mexican Americans who underwent hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamps.

Results

In mice with similar body composition, age had no detrimental effect on plasma glucose and insulin levels. While aging did not diminish glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamps demonstrated impaired insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin clearance in aged mice on chow and high‐fat diets. Consistent with results in the mouse, age remained an independent determinant of insulin resistance after adjustment for body composition in Mexican American males.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that in addition to altered body composition, adiposity‐independent mechanisms also contribute to aging‐associated insulin resistance in mice and humans.
Maasai pastoralists kill lions in retaliation for depredation of livestock by lions
Authors: Ontiri Enoch M. , Odino Martin , Kasanga Antony , Kahumbu Paula , Robinson Lance W. , Currie Tom , Hodgson Dave J.
Published: February 2019

The borders of national parks in Kenya are hotspots for human–wildlife conflict. The deliberate killing of lions by Maasai pastoralists is illegal, but continues despite mitigation attempts. Currently, there is a somewhat pervasive opinion, within the human–wildlife conflict literature, that lions are killed by Maasai people either as cultural ceremony or indiscriminately in response to the loss of livestock.

We reconsider the indiscriminate reputation of lion‐killing, using a combination of structured dialogue and quantitative analysis. Focus group discussions with Maasai pastoralists in three different pastoral regions, performed by in‐country experts, minimized the risk of cross‐cultural misinterpretation through a platform of shared Kenyan heritage.

In our survey of 213 Maasai pastoralist communities, we found universal agreement that humans and lions should coexist in Kenya.

Maasai communities distinguished among drought, disease, theft, loss and depredation as drivers of livestock losses. Maasai also distinguished among predatory species that take their livestock. The only cause of livestock loss that provoked increased killing of lions, was depredation by lions. Lion‐killing was not provoked by other predatory species. We found regional variation in the baseline probability of lion‐killing, and discuss the sources of this variation.

The probability of lion‐killing increases as an act of retribution for predation of livestock that discriminates among species of carnivore. This, coupled with universal acceptance of coexistence between lions and Maasai pastoralists, should guide mitigation strategies for human–wildlife interactions in Kenya and beyond.

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Improvement mechanical and antibacterial properties of epoxy by polyethylene glycol and Ag/CuO nanoparticles
Authors: Ashrafi Mahdi , Hamadanian Masood , Ghasemi Ahmad Reza , Kashi Fereshteh Jookar
Published: February 2019

In this study, effect of the polyethylene glycol (PEG), temperature and time of curing on mechanical properties of epoxy resin were optimized using response surface methodology method. With increasing PEG, elongation increased but yield, ultimate strength, and Young modulus decreased. In the next step Ag/CuO (molar ratio: 1/5) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by ultrasonic route, then was added to optimized epoxy/PEG, which led to significant enhancement of antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of optimized epoxy/PEG. Comparing yield and ultimate strength of the epoxy/PEG/(Ag/CuO) with pure epoxy showed amplification of the 70.17 and 81.41%, respectively. Optimized epoxy/PEG and Ag/CuO NPs were characterized by FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TGA, and DRS. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3393–3401, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers