bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Protocol for the Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives at Room Temperature Using Molecular Iodine as the Catalyst.
Authors: Bhosale Rajesh S. , Sarda Swapnil R. , Ardhapure Suresh S. , Jadhav Wamanrao N. , Bhusare Sudhakar R. , Pawar Rajendra P.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Cyclization of N‐p‐Tolyl‐2,5‐bis(p‐tolylamino)‐1,4‐benzoquinone Imine.
Authors: Burmistrov K. S. , Glukh A. I. , Toropin N. V.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mercaptoacetic Acid‐Based Expeditious Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized 1,3‐Thiazines.
Authors: Yadav Lal Dhar S. , Yadav Seema , Rai Vijai K.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Chiral Nonracemic Polyimine Macrocycles from Cyclocondensation Reactions of Biaryl and Terphenyl Aromatic Dicarboxaldehydes and (1R,2R)‐Diaminocyclohexane.
Authors: Kuhnert Nikolai , Patel Chirag , Jami Fatemeh
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of 8‐Methyl‐3,6,9‐triphenyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐9H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐e][1,2,4]triazolo [3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazepine.
Authors: Nandeshwarappa B. P. , Kumar D. B. Aruna , Naik H. S. Bhojya , Vaidya V. P. , Mahadevan K. M.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Bioactivity of Some New 2‐Substituted‐3,4‐dihydro‐3‐(3′‐chloro‐4′‐fluorophenyl)‐2H‐ [1,3,2]benzoxazaphosphorin 2‐Oxides.
Authors: Kiran Y. B. , Kasthuraiah M. , Nagaraju C. , Gunasekar D. , Babu S. V. S. Madhu , Reddy C. Devendranath
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optical Spectra and Structure of CdP4 Nanoclusters Fabricated by Incorporation into Zeolite and Laser Ablation.
Authors: Yeshchenko O. A. , Dmitruk I. M. , Koryakov S. V. , Galak M. P.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 3‐Anilino‐quinoxalinones as Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors.
Authors: Dudash Joseph Jr. , Zhang Yongzheng , Moore John B. , Look Richard , Liang Yin , Beavers Mary Pat , Conway Bruce R. , Rybczynski Philip J. , Demarest Keith T.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
SAR, Species Specificity, and Cellular Activity of Cyclopentene Dicarboxylic Acid Amides as DHODH Inhibitors.
Authors: Leban Johann , Kralik Martin , Mies Jan , Gassen Michael , Tentschert Karin , Baumgartner Roland
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2‐(2‐Furanyl)‐7‐phenyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidin‐5‐amine Analogues as Adenosine A2A Antagonists: The Successful Reduction of hERG Activity. Part 2.
Authors: Matasi Julius J. , Caldwell John P. , Zhang Hongtao , Fawzi Ahmad , Higgins Guy A. , Cohen‐Williams Mary E. , Varty Geoffrey B. , Tulshian Deen B.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1‐(4‐Amino‐phenyl)‐pyrrolidin‐3‐yl‐amine and 6‐(3‐Amino‐pyrrolidin‐1‐yl)‐pyridin‐3‐yl‐amine Derivatives as Melanin‐Concentrating Hormone Receptor‐1 Antagonists.
Authors: Zhu Yun‐Fei , et al. et al.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Identification of a Potent and Selective 5‐HT1B Receptor Antagonist.
Authors: Wyman Paul A. , Marshall Howard R. , Flynn Sean T. , King Ron J. , Thompson Mervyn , Smith Paul W. , Hadley Michael S. , Price Gary W. , Scott Claire M. , Dawson Lee A.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
α‐Heteroatom‐Substituted Alkanamides
Authors: Patzel M. , Pritz S. , Liebscher J.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Arylalkanamides, Ynamides, Enamides, Dienamides, and Allenamides
Authors: Tracey M. R. , Hsung R. P. , Antoline J. , Kurtz K. C. M. , Shen L. , Slafer B. W. , Zhang Y.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐[α‐(Heteroatom)alkyl]‐substituted Alkanamides
Authors: Cha J. K.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Triacylamines, Imides (Diacylamines), and Related Compounds
Authors: Luzzio F. A.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Amides by Rearrangement
Authors: Judd W. R. , Katz C. E. , Aube J.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Amides from Aldehydes, Ketones, and Related Compounds
Authors: Austin D. J. , Miller S. M.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Amides from Carbonic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Stien D.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Amides
Authors: Mahajan Y. R. , Weinreb S. M.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aqueous‐Phase Catalysis of Miscellaneous Reactions
Authors: Kuehn Fritz E. , Santos Ana M. , Herrmann Wolfgang A.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Recognition of Crystalline Dipeptides and Its Application to Separation
Authors: Ogura Katsuyuki , Akazome Motohiro
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enhanced viral and tumor immunity with intranodal injection of canary pox viruses expressing the melanoma antigen, gp100
Authors: Spaner David E. , Astsaturov Igor , Vogel Thorsten , Petrella Teresa , Elias Ileana , Burdett‐Radoux Susan , Verma Shailendra , Iscoe Neill , Hamilton Paul , Berinstein Neil L.
Published: January 2006

BACKGROUND

The route of administration and extent of helper T‐cell activation are factors that are likely to be important for the development of effective cancer vaccines. In order to optimize CD8+ cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte (CTL) responses, the immunologic effects of direct lymph node (LN) injections of canary pox virus (ALVAC) vectors (expressing the melanoma antigen, gp100) and immunogenic gp100 peptides, along with concomitant injections of the helper adjuvant, tetanus toxoid, were studied in high‐risk HLA‐A*0201+ patients.

METHODS

Forty‐two patients were vaccinated using six different protocols. Twenty‐three patients were ‘primed’ with ALVAC(2)‐gp100m and ‘boosted’ with gp100 peptides, either subcutaneously or into an LN. Intranodal (IN) peptides, alone, were administered to six patients. Thirteen patients were given tetanus toxoid initially, and with each gp100 vaccination. Toxicity was recorded and immunologic responses were determined in 35 patients by enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and gp100‐tetramer binding assays and anti‐ALVAC(2) enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).

RESULTS

All vaccine protocols were tolerated well. Using stringent criteria for immunologic response, 8 of 18 patients responded to the viral vaccines, in striking contrast to peptides only (0 of 6 patients) or with help in trans from tetanus‐reactive T‐cells (1 of 11 patients). Changes in gp100‐reactive CTL frequencies and ALVAC antibodies were greatest when viruses were injected directly into LNs.

CONCLUSIONS

IN injections of ALVAC(2)‐gp100m viruses are feasible, safe, and may be a superior method of vaccination in humans. CTL responses to this vaccine were not enhanced by tetanus toxoid. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
K‐ras mutations and N‐ras mutations in childhood acute leukemias with or without mixed‐lineage leukemia gene rearrangements
Authors: Liang Der‐Cherng , Shih Lee‐Yung , Fu Jen‐Fen , Li Huei‐Ying , Wang Hsiu‐I , Hung Iou‐Jih , Yang Chao‐Ping , Jaing Tang‐Her , Chen Shu‐Huey , Liu Hsi‐Che
Published: January 2006

BACKGROUND

It is believed that Ras mutations drive the proliferation of leukemic cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of Ras mutations with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with special reference to the presence or absence of mixed‐lineage leukemia gene (MLL) rearrangements.

METHODS

Bone marrow samples from 313 children with B‐precursor ALL and 130 children with de novo AML were studied at diagnosis. Southern blot analysis was used to detect MLL rearrangements, and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis was used to detect common MLL fusion transcripts. Complementary DNA panhandle PCR was used to identify the infrequent or unknown MLL partner genes. DNA PCR or RT‐PCR followed by direct sequencing was performed to detect mutations at codons 12, 13, and 61 of the N‐Ras and K‐Ras genes.

RESULTS

Twenty of 313 patients with B‐precursor ALL and 17 of 130 patients with de novo AML had MLL rearrangements. N‐Ras mutations were detected in 2 of 20 patients with MLL‐positive ALL and in 27 of 293 patients with MLL‐negative ALL (P = 1.000). N‐Ras mutations were detected in 2 of 17 patients with MLL‐positive AML and in 14 of 113 patients with MLL‐negative AML (P = 1.000). K‐Ras mutations were present in 8 of 20 patients with MLL‐positive ALL compared with 32 of 293 patients with MLL‐negative ALL (P = 0.001). K‐Ras mutations were detected in 3 of 17 patients with MLL‐positive AML compared with 5 of 113 patients with MLL‐negative AML (P = 0.069).

CONCLUSIONS

Ras mutations were detected in 20.8% of patients with childhood B‐precursor ALL and in 17.7% of patients with childhood AML. MLL‐positive B‐precursor ALL was associated closely with Ras mutations (50%), especially with K‐Ras mutations (40%), whereas MLL‐positive AML was not associated with Ras mutations. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Vitamin D3 down‐regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen‐associated molecular patterns
Authors: Sadeghi Kambis , Wessner Barbara , Laggner Ute , Ploder Martin , Tamandl Dietmar , Friedl Josef , Zügel Ullrich , Steinmeyer Andreas , Pollak Arnold , Roth Erich , Boltz‐Nitulescu George , Spittler Andreas
Published: January 2006

Toll‐like receptors (TLR) represent an ancient front‐line defence system that enables the host organism to sense the presence of microbial components within minutes. As inducers of inflammation, TLR act as important triggers of distinct entities such as sepsis or autoimmune disease exacerbation. We report here that vitamin D3 [1α,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25(OH)2D3] suppresses the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 protein and mRNA in human monocytes in a time‐ and dose‐dependent fashion. Despite 1,25(OH)2D3‐induced up‐regulation of CD14, challenge of human monocytes with either LPS or lipoteichoic acid resulted in impaired TNF‐α and procoagulatory tissue factor (CD142) production, emphasizing the critical role of TLR in the induction of inflammation. Moreover, reduced TLR levels in 1,25(OH)2D3‐treated phagocytes were accompanied by impaired NF‐κB/RelA translocation to the nucleus and by reduced p38 and p42/44 (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2) phosphorylation upon TLR‐ligand engagement. Both TLR down‐regulation and CD14 up‐regulation were substantially inhibited by the vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonist ZK 159222, indicating that the immunomodulatory effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on innate immunity receptors requires VDR transcription factor activation. Our data provide strong evidence that 1,25(OH)2D3 primes monocytes to respond less effectively to bacterial cell wall components in a VDR‐dependent mechanism, most likely due to decreased levels of TLR2 and TLR4.
Low‐avidity CD8lo T cells induced by incomplete antigen stimulation in vivo regulate naive higher avidity CD8hi T cell responses to the same antigen
Authors: Maile Robert , Pop Shannon M. , Tisch Roland , Collins Edward J. , Cairns Bruce A. , Frelinger Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2006

We have previously reported that multiple injections of soluble MHC class I tetramers assembled with wild‐type HY peptide induces unresponsiveness to male skin grafts in naive female C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Induction of unresponsiveness is dependent on a population of unresponsive allospecific CD8lo T cells. Reduced expression of CD8 acts to limit a T cell response to HY peptide by limiting the avidity window of effective signal transduction. We and others have demonstrated that CD8lo T cells are an alternative stable phenotype of CD8αβ+ T cells in vitro and in vivo after antigen stimulation. We show here that CD8lo T cells can suppress naive CD8+ T cell responses to HY antigen in vitro and male skin graft rejection in vivo after adoptive transfer into female recipients. These novel regulatory T cells express surface TGF‐β1 and secrete T cytotoxic 2 cytokines after antigen‐specific stimulation. Anti‐TGF‐β antibody and latency‐associated peptide inhibit the suppressive effects in vitro. We also show that HY‐specific memory CD8+ T cells overcome regulation by CD8lo T cells. These data define a novel peripheral regulatory CD8+ T cell population that arises after repeated antigen encounter in vivo. These cells have implications in the maintenance of tolerance and memory.

See accompanying commentary http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji200535797
The zinc finger protein Gfi1 acts upstream of TNF to attenuate endotoxin‐mediated inflammatory responses in the lung
Authors: Jin Jianmin , Zeng Hui , Schmid Kurt‐Werner , Toetsch Martin , Uhlig Stefan , Möröy Tarik
Published: January 2006

Gfi1 is a 55‐kD nuclear zinc finger protein that is differentially expressed in lymphoid and myeloid cells. Gfi1–/– mice show a very strong systemic response to the endotoxin LPS and die rapidly within 36 h with symptoms of septic shock. Here we report that the pathohysiological processes for this exaggerated inflammatory response take place in the lung. After LPS treatment, lungs of Gfi1–/– mice showed a rapid accumulation of mononuclear cells and a significant overproduction of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL‐1β and IL‐6. Increased cytokine production was also observed in blood‐free perfused lungs from Gfi1–/– mice exposed to either LPS or overventilation. Alveolar macrophages but not airway epithelial cells from Gfi1–/– mice were found to be responsible for the enhanced cytokine production. Strikingly, when the TNF gene was deleted, Gfi1–/– animals were completely rescued from LPS hypersensitivity and had significantly lower IL‐1β and IL‐6 levels. We conclude that the unrestrained endotoxin response of Gfi1–/– mice occurs mainly in the lung and that Gfi1 represents a novel factor limiting the inflammatory immune response of this organ, and propose that Gfi1 exerts its regulatory function in alveolar macrophages downstream of the LPS receptor (TLR4) and upstream of TNF.
The osteopontin – CD44 pathway is superfluous for the development of autoimmune myocarditis
Authors: Abel Brian , Kurrer Michael , Shamshiev Abdijapar , Marty Rene R. , Eriksson Urs , Günthert Ursula , Kopf Manfred
Published: January 2006

Osteopontin (OPN) and CD44 have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, including arthritis and multiple sclerosis, as well as chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and colitis. To investigate their roles in autoimmune myocarditis induced by immunization with heart alpha‐myosin (MyHC‐α), a mouse model of human cardiomyopathy, we analyzed mice lacking OPN or CD44v6/v7, a CD44 isoform that binds OPN. Both, OPN–/– and CD44v6/v7–/– mice developed myocarditis with the same prevalence and severity as BALB/c wild‐type controls. Furthermore, treatment of BALB/c mice with a pan‐neutralizing anti‐CD44 antibody did not affect the disease outcome. Consistently, expansion of MyHC‐α‐specific autoimmune CD4+ T cells and MyHC‐α autoantibody responses from either CD44v6/v7–/– mice or OPN–/– mice was indistinguishable from their wild‐type controls. Thus, OPN and CD44v6/v7 are merely spectators rather than protagonists in autoimmune myocarditis.
Mono‐ versus Binuclear Copper(II) Complexes in Phosphodiester Hydrolysis
Authors: Selmeczi Katalin , Giorgi Michel , Speier Gábor , Farkas Etelka , Réglier Marius
Published: January 2006

Mono‐ and dinuclear copper(II) complexes [Cu(L1OH)](CF3SO3)2 (1) and [Cu2(L2O)](CF3SO3)3 (2) have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Complexes 1 and 2 were then tested as catalysts for the hydrolysis of bis(p‐nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP). At pH 6, the dinuclear complex 2 was found to be 20‐fold more active than complex 1 and the reaction up to 600‐fold faster than the un‐promoted reaction. On the basis of potentiometric studies, we were able to demonstrate that the bis(aqua)copper complex was the active species by the formation of a ternary complex in which one copper atom binds to a hydroxide and the second, to the substrate. We also propose that BNPP reacts with the bis(aqua)copper complex to give a stable, hydrolytically inactive BNPP‐2 complex (3). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Absence of Dichroism in Dinuclear Rhenium Complexes with Sterically Hindered μ2‐(η2‐N,O)‐Nitrosobenzene Ligands
Authors: Krinninger Christoph , Wirth Stefan , Klüfers Peter , Mayer Peter , Lorenz Ingo Peter
Published: January 2006

The substitution reactions of [Re(CO)5X] (X = Cl, Br) with 2,6‐dihalo‐substituted nitrosobenzene derivatives C6H2YZ2NO (Y = H, Cl, Br; Z = Cl, Br) leads to the formation of dinuclear μ2‐η2‐N,O‐nitrosobenzene‐bridged complexes of the type [{(CO)3Re(μ‐X)}2ONC6H2YZ2] (6a,b, 7a,b, 8a,b, 9a). The turquoise coloured solutions of the complexes in CH2Cl2 show only one UV/Vis absorption of medium intensity in the region 670–710 nm, depending on the halogen bridges X and substituents Z. Single crystals of the complexes do not exhibit any dichroic properties. This may be due to the almost perpendicular orientation of the phenyl ring towards the Re–O–N–Re plane. The molecular structures of six compounds, as determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analyses, show two face‐joined octahedra with Re centres that are bridged by two halogens X and one NO group. NO coordinates in a nonsymmetrical η2‐like fashion with N‐ or O‐linkage to each Re centre. The phenyl rings do not lie within the symmetry plane containing the atoms Re, N and O, but are almost perpendicular to this (torsion angle O–N–C–C = 83.5–85.4°) because of the 2,6‐dihalogen substituents Z. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Isolation, Characterization, and Independent Synthesis of Guanine Oxidation Products
Authors: Gimisis Thanasis , Cismaş Crina
Published: January 2006

Oxidatively produced DNA damage is a physiological process that has been associated with many human conditions. Of the four DNA bases, guanine is the most easily oxidized and exhibits a large number of oxidation products. The focus of this Microreview is on the structure of the proposed intermediates and final products of guanine oxidation, as determined by spectroscopic methods and independent synthetic studies. The major and minor primary and secondary oxidative DNA lesions that arise from the oxidation of guanine under a variety of conditions, as well as associated structures, are described and all the relevant information regarding the isolation, characterization, and independent synthesis or generation of these lesions in synthetic oligonucleotides is presented. Finally, information on the biological studies that have been advanced, based on the basic molecular information obtained by the aforementioned studies, is provided. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Migration of price discovery in semiregulated derivatives markets
Authors: Hall Anthony D. , Kofman Paul , Manaster Steven
Published: January 2006

This study investigates the information content of futures option prices when the underlying futures price is regulated and the futures option price is not. The New York Board of Trade (NYBOT) provides the empirical setting for this regulatory mismatch. Many commodity derivatives markets regulate the prices of all derivatives on a single underlying commodity simultaneously. Some exchanges, including the NYBOT, regulate only their futures contracts, leaving the options on these futures contracts unregulated. This study takes a particular interest in the option‐implied futures price when the observed futures price is locked limit. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:209–241, 2006
The global health burden of infection‐associated cancers in the year 2002
Authors: Parkin Donald Maxwell
Published: January 2006

Several infectious agents are considered to be causes of cancer in humans. The fraction of the different types of cancer, and of all cancers worldwide and in different regions, has been estimated using several methods; primarily by reviewing the evidence for the strength of the association (relative risk) and the prevalence of infection in different world areas. The estimated total of infection‐attributable cancer in the year 2002 is 1.9 million cases, or 17.8% of the global cancer burden. The principal agents are the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (5.5% of all cancer), the human papilloma viruses (5.2%), the hepatitis B and C viruses (4.9%), Epstein‐Barr virus (1%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) together with the human herpes virus 8 (0.9%). Relatively less important causes of cancer are the schistosomes (0.1%), human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I (0.03%) and the liver flukes (0.02%). There would be 26.3% fewer cancers in developing countries (1.5 million cases per year) and 7.7% in developed countries (390,000 cases) if these infectious diseases were prevented. The attributable fraction at the specific sites varies from 100% of cervix cancers attributable to the papilloma viruses to a tiny proportion (0.4%) of liver cancers (worldwide) caused by liver flukes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release kinetics of ampicillin, characterization and bioactivity of TiO2/PCL hybrid materials synthesized by sol–gel processing
Authors: Catauro M. , Raucci M.G. , de Marco D. , Ambrosio L.
Published: January 2006

Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL 6, 12, and 24 wt %) and titanium (TiO2) organic–inorganic hybrid materials have been synthesized by the sol–gel method from a multicomponent solution containing titanium butoxide, poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), water, and chloroform (CHCl3). Sodium ampicillin was incorporated in the hybrid material to verify the effect as local controlled drug delivery system. The structure of a hybrid materials interpenetrating network is realized by hydrogen bonds between Ti‐OH group (H‐donator) in the sol–gel intermediate species and carboxylic group (H‐acceptor) in the repeating units of the polymer. The presence of hydrogen bonds between organic/inorganic components of the hybrid materials was proved by FTIR analysis. The morphology of the hybrid materials was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The structure of a molecular level dispersion has been disclosed by atomic force microscope (AFM), pore size distribution and surface measurements. The bioactivity of the synthesized hybrid materials has been showed by the formation of a layer of hydroxyapatite on the surface of TiO2/PCL samples soaked in a fluid simulating the composition of the human blood plasma. The amount of sodium ampicillin released has been detected by UV–vis spectroscopy and SEM. The release kinetics seems to occur in more than one stage. HPLC analysis has also been taken to ensure the integrity of ampicillin after the synthetic treatment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Interleukin (IL)‐12 mediates the anti‐osteoclastogenic activity of CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: Amcheslavsky Alla , Bar‐Shavit Zvi
Published: January 2006

Bacterial DNA activates the innate immune system via interactions with Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9). This receptor recognizes CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG‐ODNs) mimicking the CpG dinucleotides in certain sequence contexts characterizing this DNA. Most studies have shown increased osteoclast differentiation by TLR ligands. We found that activation of TLRs (specifically TLR4 and TLR9) in early osteoclast precursors results in inhibition of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclast differentiation. Our objective is to identify the mechanism leading to this inhibitory effect of a TLR ligand. Since both RANKL–RANK and CpG–ODN–TLR9 interactions result in NF‐κB activation, p38 and ERK phosphorylation, and TNF‐α synthesis (all implicated in osteoclastogenesis), we hypothesized that CpG‐ODN (but not RANKL) in addition induces the synthesis of an anti‐osteoclastogenic factor. Control osteoclast precursors, and cells treated with RANKL, CpG‐ODN, or their combination were studied using DNA arrays (GEArray Q Series Mouse NF‐κB Signaling Pathway Gene Array, MM‐016, SuperArray). We found a marked increase in the mRNA levels of the osteoclastogenesis inhibitor interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) in osteoclast precursors treated with CpG‐ODN and CpG‐ODN + RANKL. Northern and Western analyses, together with ELISA, confirmed the DNA array studies. In correlation with these findings, IL‐12 inhibited RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation and specific anti‐IL‐12‐antibodies inhibited the anti‐osteoclastogenic effect of CpG‐ODN. In conclusion, activation of TLR9 by its ligand, CpG‐ODN, results in synthesis and release of IL‐12 opposing RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 244–250, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate delivers hydrogen peroxide to induce death of ovarian cancer cells and enhances their cisplatin susceptibility
Authors: Chan Marion M. , Soprano Kenneth J. , Weinstein Kate , Fong Dunne
Published: January 2006

The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) has cancer chemopreventive properties against various types of cancers. The compound is known to attack various targets in transformed cells. In this report, we examined the action of EGCG on ovarian cancer cells. Eight ovarian cancer cell lines were tested (SKOV3, CAOV3, OVCAR3, OVCAR10, A2780, CP70, C30, and C200) and showed IC50s for EGCG at the micromolar range, including ones that are resistant to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. The ovarian cancer cells were sensitive to H2O2at similar concentrations, and EGCG treatment led to enhanced intracellular H2O2. Neutralization with pyruvate, a scavenger of H2O2, suggests that the toxicity of EGCG may be mediated by oxidative stress from the free radical. Addition of Tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, demonstrates that H2O2might be generated endogenously from superoxide. The toxicity of cisplatin and the development of cisplatin resistance are major obstacles in treatment of ovarian cancer. We found that addition of EGCG amplified the toxicity of cisplatin. EGCG increased cisplatin potency by three to six‐fold in SKOV3, CAOV3, and C200 cells, the latter being a cell line induced to have several hundred fold resistant to cisplatin above the parental line. Our findings suggest that EGCG may accentuate oxidative stress to inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cells and sensitize them to cisplatin. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 389–396, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clean synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2‐propylene glycol over zinc–iron double oxide catalyst
Authors: Zhao Xinqiang , Jia Zhiguang , Wang Yanji
Published: January 2006

A series of zinc–iron double oxide catalysts has been prepared. The suitable preparation conditions are as follows: zinc nitrate and iron nitrate as precursors, molar ratio of Zn/Fe 2:1, ammonia as the precipitant, precipitation end‐point pH 8.04, and calcination temperature 450 °C. The clean synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC) via urea and 1,2‐propylene glycol (PG) over the zinc–iron double oxide catalyst has been studied. The optimal reaction conditions are as follows: reaction temperature 170 °C, reaction time 2 h, catalyst concentration 1.4% (wt), and molar ratio of urea to PG 1:4. The highest yield of PC was 78.6%. XRD, CO2‐TPD and XPS techniques have been employed for catalyst characterization. Two kinds of crystal phase, ZnO and ZnFe2O4, have been detected and their synergistic effect promotes the catalytic activity of the oxide catalysts. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
NOx reduction behavior on alumina with discharging nonthermal plasma in simulated oxidizing exhaust gas
Authors: Itoh Yoshihiko , Ueda Matsuei , Shinjoh Hirohumi , Sugiura Masahiro , Arakawa Miyao
Published: January 2006

The NOx reduction activity on γ‐alumina was significantly improved by discharging nonthermal plasma in a simulated oxidizing exhaust gas under conditions of a high space velocity. On the other hand, those on a Pt‐loaded catalyst and Cu‐ZSM‐5 could not be improved. The discharging nonthermal plasma converted NO to NO2 and hydrocarbons to partial‐oxidized hydrocarbons, such as aldehydes, under the oxidizing conditions. From the relationship between the NOx reduction activities and the properties of several alumina catalysts, it was found that the NOx reduction activity was correlated with the number of acid sites on the alumina based on the NH3 adsorption measurement. Therefore, it is concluded that the NOx reduction occurred at the acid sites of the alumina, and the discharging nonthermal plasma improves the NOx reduction activity by NO2 formation and partial‐oxidation of hydrocarbons. These results suggest that a catalytic reaction assisted by the discharging nonthermal plasma could be a promising technology for NOx reduction in lean‐burn and diesel exhaust gases even under the conditions of high space velocity. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrodialytic extraction of Cu, Pb and Cl from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash suspended in water
Authors: Ottosen Lisbeth M , Lima Ana T , Pedersen Anne J , Ribeiro Alexandra B
Published: January 2006

The possibility of using fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in, for example, concrete is considered. MSWI fly ash, however, has too high a concentration of heavy metals, which may cause leaching problems during use or problems with waste handling at the end of the lifetime of the concrete. The Cl content in MSWI fly ash is also too high and will cause corrosion problems in reinforced concrete. The possibility of removing some of the unwanted heavy metals (Cu and Pb) together with Cl from an MSWI fly ash suspended in water using an electrodialytic separation method was investigated. The removal of Pb and Cu was found to be highly pH dependent and the highest contents removed were 41 and 90%, respectively. The Cu concentration of the ash decreased from 2200 to 860 mg kg−1 but the Pb concentration increased from 8560 to 16 800 mg kg−1, showing that Pb is mainly found in the ash fraction that is least soluble. Hence electrodialytic treatment of the ash suspended in water is not a solution to improve the ash quality in terms of Pb. The water‐soluble Cl content per unit weight of the original ash was 12.4%. The removal of water‐soluble Cl was efficient and >98% of Cl was removed (calculated on the basis of mean initial and final concentrations). This result indicates that electrodialytic extraction may be a method that can be used for the removal of Cl from ash prior to its utilization in concrete. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on a highly mineralized peat. Batch and fixed‐bed column experiments
Authors: Gabaldón Carmen , Marzal Paula , Alvarez‐Hornos F Javier
Published: January 2006

This paper evaluates the potential use of a locally available organic soil amendment as a low‐cost adsorbent. The removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions was studied by means of kinetic, batch and fixed‐bed experiments. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the process kinetics and the removal equilibrium over a broad pH range. Pseudo‐second‐order kinetics and Freundlich equilibrium parameters were obtained. Six column experiments were carried out at different flow‐rates and feed concentrations. Breakthrough curves showed higher metal retention than expected from the batch adsorption isotherms. Column modelling assuming rate‐controlled pore diffusion was successfully performed. The adsorption process was reversed, regenerating the columns by eluting the cadmium using 0.1 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid. The high retention capacity together with the favourable structural characteristics indicated that this material could be used as an effective and low‐cost adsorbent for treatment of wastewaters containing heavy metals. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of process parameters on extraction equilibria for the chiral separation of amines and amino‐alcohols with a chiral crown ether
Authors: Steensma Maartje , Kuipers Norbert JM , de Haan André B , Kwant Gerard
Published: January 2006

Reactive extraction is studied as a promising chiral separation technique for commercial production scale. For chiral separation of amines and amino alcohols, a chiral crown ether was identified as a versatile enantioselective extractant. In this paper, the influence of various process conditions on the extraction performance is studied experimentally, and a predictive model is constructed based on the chemical and physical equilibria. It was found that the operational selectivity in one extraction step is mainly determined by the complexation constants between crown ether and enantiomers (which are dependent on solvent and temperature) and by the extractant concentration, whereas the distribution ratio is also strongly influenced by the pH. The model gives an excellent prediction of the operational selectivity and a good explanation for the system's responses to changes in process conditions. The model can be used as a basis for a multistage equilibrium extractor model and for conceptual process design. Under optimal process conditions, an operational selectivity >1.5 was obtained for five out of seven model compounds, with satisfying distribution ratios (D ∼ 1–10). Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Kraft pulping of Eucalyptus nitens wood chips biotreated by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
Authors: Mardones Lorena , Gomide José Livio , Freer Juanita , Ferraz André , Rodríguez Jaime
Published: January 2006

Eucalyptus nitens and E. globulus are wood species used in kraft pulping in Chile and Australia. Although E. nitens adapts very well to cold regions it requires more severe cooking conditions to produce bleachable kraft pulps. An attempt was made to find out whether a pre‐treatment with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora would improve its performance during kraft pulping and the pulp properties. The biotreatment of the chips carried out for a period of 15 days resulted in 13.3% lignin loss and a limited glucan degradation (2%). The pulping of biotreated samples required lower active alkali charge to reach the target kappa number compared to the control untreated sample and exhibited better pulping selectivity. The pulp yield increased by 3% and 1.5% for the pulps of 22 and 16 kappa numbers, respectively. The biotreated pulp's strength properties were improved and were similar to those of E. globulus reference pulp. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of growth medium for the production of α‐amylase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using response surface methodology
Authors: Tanyildizi M Saban , Elibol Murat , Özer Dursun
Published: January 2006

The optimization of nutrient levels for the production of α‐amylase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the 23 factorial central composite design (CCD). This procedure limited the number of actual experiments performed while allowing for possible interactions between three components. RSM was adopted to derive a statistical model for the effect of starch, peptone and yeast extract (YE) on α‐amylase production. The P‐value of the coefficient for linear effects of starch and YE concentration was <0.0001, suggesting that this was the principal experimental variable, having the greatest effect on the production of α‐amylase. The optimal combinations of media constituents for maximum α‐amylase production were determined as 12.61 g L−1 starch, 2.83 g L−1 peptone and 1.25 g L−1 YE. The optimization of the medium resulted not only in a 34% higher enzyme activity than unoptimized medium but also in a reduced amount of the required medium constituents. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Zymomonas mobilis: an alternative ethanol producer
Authors: Panesar Parmjit S , Marwaha Satwinder S , Kennedy John F
Published: January 2006

Zymomonas mobilisis a unique bacterium in the microbial world, and offers a number of advantages over the existing ethanol‐producing microorganisms. Being a prokaryote, it is more amenable to genetic manipulations. Thus, it has attracted great attention in the ethanol production world and efforts have been made to commercialize its application for the purpose. Despite the various efforts made worldwide, none of the processes using this microbe has been commercialized owing to certain bottlenecks. To circumvent the hindrances currently associated with aZymomonasprocess, researchers have made various attempts to improve the technology using different techniques. This paper reviews the different substrates and the genetic improvement techniques with special emphasis on mutagenesis and recombinant DNA technology used for ethanol production byZymomonasstrains. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Parametric study of the factors influencing simultaneous denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal
Authors: Patel Ajay , Gohil Alpesh , Nakhla George
Published: January 2006

In this study, the effect of various factors such as C:N ratio, carbon source, percentage P content in the sludge influencing the simultaneous denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal was investigated in batch tests on bean and tomato waste sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor–anoxic/aerobic system and municipal sludge from a circulating fluidized bed bioreactor. A correlation between the change in redox potential and rate of P release was developed. Interestingly, maximum P release was observed at positive redox potential in some of the batch tests. Simultaneous denitrification and P release under anoxic conditions was observed during all the batch tests. Sludge acclimatization improved the efficiency of the sludge and proved independency of maximum specific denitrification rate and P content of sludges. The contribution of denitrifying PAOs to anoxic P uptake was determined through the denitrification control test at an initial level of PO4‐P of 100–120 mg dm−3. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Microbial production, immobilization and applications of β‐D‐galactosidase
Authors: Panesar Parmjit S , Panesar Reeba , Singh Ram S , Kennedy John F , Kumar Harish
Published: January 2006

β‐D‐Galactosidase (β‐D‐galactoside galactohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.23), most commonly known as lactase, is one of the most important enzymes used in food processing, which catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose to its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. The enzyme has been isolated and purified from a wide range of microorganisms but most commonly used β‐D‐galactosidases are derived from yeasts and fungal sources. The major difference between yeast and fungal enzyme is the optimum pH for lactose hydrolysis. The application of β‐D‐galactosidase for lactose hydrolysis in milk and whey offers nutritional, technological and environmental applications to human life. In this review, the main emphasis has been given to elaborate the various techniques used in recent times for the production, purification, immobilization and applications of β‐D‐galactosidase. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A Hexapod nuclear SSU rRNA secondary‐structure model and catalog of taxon‐specific structural variation
Authors: Misof Bernhard , Niehuis Oliver , Bischoff Inge , Rickert Andreas , Erpenbeck Dirk , Staniczek Arnold
Published: January 2006

RNA molecules and in particular the nuclear SSU RNA play an important role in molecular systematics. With the advent of increasingly parameterized substitution models in systematic research, the incorporation of secondary‐structure information became a realistic option compensating interdependence of character variation. As a prerequisite, consensus structures of eukaryotic SSU RNA molecules have become available through extensive comparative analyses and crystallographic studies. Despite extensive research in hexapod phylogenetics, consensus SSU RNA secondary structures focusing on hexapods have not yet been explored. In this study, we compiled a representative hexapod SSU data set of 261 sequences and inferred a specific consensus SSU secondary‐structure model. Our search for conserved structural motives relied on a combined approach of thermodynamic and covariation analyses. The hexapod consensus‐structure model deviates from the canonical eukaryotic model in a number of helices. Additionally, in several helices the hexapod sequences did not support a single consensus structure. We provide consensus structures of these sections of single less‐inclusive taxa, thus facilitating the adaptation of the consensus hexapod model to less‐inclusive phylogenetic questions. The secondary‐structure catalog will foster the application of RNA structure models in phylogenetic analyses using the SSU rRNA molecule, and it will improve the realism of substitution models and the reliability of reconstructions based on rRNA sequences. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convenient syntheses of [20,20,20‐2H3]‐arachidonic acid and [20,20,‐2H2]‐20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
Authors: Falck J. R. , Anjaiah Siddam , Raju Tuniki Venugopal , Raj Gopal V. , Capdevila Jorge H.
Published: January 2006

Deuterated arachidonic acid and 20‐HETE were prepared in good overall yields and high stereoselectivities. Key transformations include a trans‐specific vinyl dibromide reduction and Suzuki cross‐couplings to a lithium borate or a 9‐BBN borane. These standards are three and two mass units higher, respectively, than their naturally occurring counterparts and are useful in mass spectrometry analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LC–ESI‐MS/MS analysis for the quantification of morphine, codeine, morphine‐3‐β‐D‐glucuronide, morphine‐6‐β‐D‐glucuronide, and codeine‐6‐β‐D‐glucuronide in human urine J. Mass Spectrom. 2005; 40: 1412–1416
Authors: Murphy Constance M. , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: January 2006

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Mass Spectrometry
40, 2005, 1412–1416. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Mean‐Square End‐to‐End Distance and Characteristic Ratio of Polyvinylene (Polyacetylene) Chains of Various Configurations
Authors: Vohlídal Jiří
Published: January 2006

Summary: Closed‐form analytical expressions are derived for the mean‐square end‐to‐end distance of unperturbed polyvinylene chains of various configurational structure with freely rotating main‐chain single bonds. In particular, expressions are derived for (i) stereoregular chains: all‐trans, all‐cis and cis‐trans alternating; (ii) atactic cis‐trans chains with a Bernoullian distribution of cis and trans units along the chain and various content of trans units, (iii) regularly segmented cis‐trans chains [–cisy–transy–]n and (iv) diblock chains cisx–transy. The conformation factor is determined for several atactic polyvinylenes for which the unperturbed dimensions are available in the literature.

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Optical, Electrochemical, Magnetic, and Conductive Properties of New Polyindolocarbazoles and Polydiindolocarbazoles
Authors: Blouin Nicolas , Michaud Alexandre , Wakim Salem , Boudreault Pierre‐Luc T. , Leclerc Mario , Vercelli Barbara , Zecchin Sandro , Zotti Gianni
Published: January 2006

Summary: New polyindolocarbazoles (PIC) and polydiindolocarbazoles (PDIC) have been synthesized using Yamamoto polymerization reaction. These polymers have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroelectrochemistry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, in situ electron spin resonance, and in situ conductivity techniques. Two redox oxidation processes, each involving one electron per repeat unit, produce radical cations (free or π‐dimerized) and dications. Each one‐electron redox process is generally split into two due to the stabilization of mixed‐valence states. The oxidative charge is delocalized over the polyconjugated backbone with neutral‐polaron conductivities in the range 0.002–0.04 S · cm−1 and polaron‐bipolaron conductivities in the range 0.04–0.5 S · cm−1. Conductivities are higher when nitrogen atoms are involved in the conjugation pathway.

Structure of P3IC, P3DIC, P2IC, and P2DIC.

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Structure of P3IC, P3DIC, P2IC, and P2DIC.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Micelles with a Cross‐Linked Poly(acrylic acid) Core
Authors: Zheng Genhua , Zheng Quan , Pan Caiyuan
Published: January 2006

Summary: Stable micelles with polystyrene (PS) as a shell and cross‐linked poly[(acrylic acid)‐co‐(ethylene glycol diacrylate)] as a core have been successfully prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of acrylic acid and ethylene glycol diacrylate in a selective solvent with PS‐SC(S)Ph as a RAFT agent. For the preparation of stable micelles, the RAFT polymerizations are carried out in different solvents: benzene, cyclohexane, and mixtures of tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexane. The monomer/PS‐SC(S)Ph molar ratio and molecular weight of the macro‐RAFT agent, PS‐SC(S)Ph, influence the RAFT polymerization and the formation of micelles.

Block copolymerization in selective solvent with the RAFT agent.

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Block copolymerization in selective solvent with the RAFT agent.
Optical, Electrochemical, Magnetic, and Conductive Properties of New Poly(indolocarbazole‐alt‐bithiophene)s
Authors: Blouin Nicolas , Leclerc Mario , Vercelli Barbara , Zecchin Sandro , Zotti Gianni
Published: January 2006

Summary: New alternating copolymers based on indolocarbazole (IC), both two‐ and three‐coupled, and bithiophene (BT) or bis(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (BiEDOT), were obtained using Stille or Suzuki coupling reactions. Those copolymers have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, in situ electron spin resonance, in situ conductivity, and UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroelectrochemistry techniques. All polymer films undergo reversible oxidation processes. One to three isoelectronic oxidation processes, involving one electron per repeat unit, produce radical cations, dications, and radical trications. The oxidative charge is localized in the IC moiety for BT copolymers or over the whole polyconjugated backbone for BiEDOT copolymers. Redox neutral‐polaron conductivities are in the range of 0.02–0.1 S · cm−1 and polaron‐bipolaron conductivities in the range of 0.1–0.7 S · cm−1.

Chemical structure of the PIC derivatives.

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Chemical structure of the PIC derivatives.