bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compliance With Surgical Oncology Specialty Care at a Safety Net Facility
Authors: Silva Trevor , Kadakia Nikita , Aribo Chade , Gochi Andrea , Kim Gi Yoon , Solomon Naveen , Molkara Afshin , Molina David C. , Plasencia Alexis , Lum Sharon S.
Published: June 2021

Background

Social determinants of health challenge in at-risk patients seen in safety net facilities.

Study design

We performed a retrospective review of surgical oncology specialty clinic referrals at a safety net institution evaluating referral compliance and times to first appointment and initiation of definitive treatment. Main outcomes measured included completion of initial visit, initiation of definitive treatment, time from referral to first appointment, and time from first appointment to initiation of definitive treatment.

Results

Of 189 new referrals, English was not spoken by 52.4% and 69.4% were Hispanic. Patients presented without insurance in 39.2% of cases. Electronic patient portal was accessed by 31.6% of patients. Of all new referrals, 55.0% arrived for initial consultation and 53.4% initiated definitive treatment. Malignant diagnosis ( P < .0001) and lack of insurance ( P = .01) were associated with completing initial consultation. Initiation of definitive treatment was associated with not speaking English ( P = .03), malignant diagnosis ( P < .0001), and lack of insurance ( P = .03). Times to first appointment and initiation of definitive treatment were not significantly affected by race/ethnicity, language, insurance, treatment recommended, or electronic patient portal access.

Conclusion

Access to surgical oncology care for at-risk patients at a safety net facility is not adversely affected by lack of insurance, primary spoken language, or race/ethnicity. However, a significant proportion of all patients fail to complete the initial consultation and definitive treatment. Lessons learned from safety net facilities may help to inform disparities in health care found elsewhere.
Toward a Theoretical Framework of Corporate Social Irresponsibility: Clarifying the Gray Zones Between Responsibility and Irresponsibility
Authors: Clark Cynthia E. , Riera Marta , Iborra María
Published: June 2021

In this conceptual article, we argue that defining corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) as opposite constructs produces a lack of clarity between responsible and irresponsible acts. Furthermore, we contend that the treatment of the CSR and CSI concepts as opposites de-emphasizes the value of CSI as a stand-alone construct. Thus, we reorient the CSI discussion to include multiple aspects that current conceptualizations have not adequately accommodated. We provide an in-depth exploration of how researchers define CSI and both identify and analyze three important gray zones between CSR and CSI: (a) the role of harm and benefit, (b) the role of the actor and intentionality, and (c) the role of rectification. We offer these gray zones as factors contributing to the present lack of conceptual clarity of the term CSI, as a concept in its own right, leading to difficulties that researchers and managers experience in categorizing CSI acts as distinct from CSR.
Risk, mourning, politics: Toward a transnational critical conception of grief for COVID-19 deaths in Iran
Authors: Bayatrizi Zohreh , Ghorbani Hajar , Taslimi Tehrani Reza
Published: June 2021

This article examines the case of COVID-19 deaths and grief in Iran in order to shed light on how the biological, social and political ‘risks of contagion’ combine to impact mourning and grief. As a contagious biological agent, the novel coronavirus causes people to suffer, die and grieve alone. But this loneliness is deepened due to social stigma and political abandonment. Conceptually guided by Mary Douglas’s work on the socio-cultural and political constructions of ‘contagion’, Judith Butler’s notion of ‘ungrievable lives’ and Kenneth Doka’s concept of ‘disenfranchised grief’, the authors of this article have undertaken a preliminary mixed-methods study that explores the possibility of a transnational, decolonial understanding of grief in a time of contagion.
Introduction: Towards a sociology of pandemics
Authors: Zinn Jens O
Published: June 2021

With SARS-CoV-2 a new coronavirus is spreading around the world that challenges governments and triggers unprecedented social responses. Worldwide people have had to manage the experience of an uncertain new threat under very different conditions. A growing body of research and theoretical approaches tries to make sense of the social responses to the pandemic. This monograph issue contributes to the research on the first wave of the pandemic from the perspective of the sociology of risk and uncertainty. This includes a number of key topics such as care workers’ experiences in the Netherlands, stigmatisation and Othering in India, the multidimensionality of social inequalities in the experience of confinement in Argentina, mourning practices in Iran, discourses of legitimacy in Sweden, distrust in government in Hong Kong, risk communication in the UK, and fake news in social media. This introduction sets these contributions in the broader context of key debates in the sociology of risk and uncertainty such as rational, in-between and non-rational approaches to risk in everyday life, the Othering of social groups, the multidimensionality of risk and inequality, the debate about methodological cosmopolitanism, the discursive construction of legitimacy, the significance of (dis)trust for public engagement with risk, shortcomings in risk communication, and framing of fake news and conspiracy theories. The monograph concludes with reflections on perspectives for social learning, the importance of the society–nature–technology nexus for the understanding of the crisis, and finally, with envisioning possible pathways towards a new normal.
Productivity Tracking: A Survey of Critical Care Pharmacist Practices and Satisfaction
Authors: Forehand Christy Cecil , Fitton Kathryn , Keats Kelli , Chase Aaron , Smith Susan E. , Sikora Newsome Andrea
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The position paper on critical care pharmacy services describes two tiers of responsibilities: essential and desirable activities. Activities are categorized into five domains: patient care, quality improvement, research and scholarship, training and education, and professional development. Documentation of these activities can be important for justifying pharmacist positions, comparing pharmacy practice models, conducting performance evaluations, and tracking individual workload; however, limited recommendations are provided for standardized productivity tracking, and national practices remain largely uncharacterized. Objectives: The purpose of this survey was to describe documentation practices of critical care pharmacist activities. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was distributed via email to 1694 members of the ACCP critical care practice research network. The survey asked respondents to describe the methods used to document productivity as it relates to the 5 domains. Results: Seventy-nine (4.7%) critical care pharmacists from 63 institutions completed the survey. Intervention documentation was used for position justification and annual reviews among 54.4% and 44.1% of pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacists were routinely expected to perform additional responsibilities beyond patient care that contribute to overall productivity, but the percentage of institutions that track these activities as a measure of pharmacist productivity was relatively low: quality improvement (46%), research/scholarship (29%), training/education (38%), and professional development (27%). Documentation of these additional responsibilities and activities was primarily used for annual evaluations, but the majority of respondents answered that no standardized method for tracking activities existed. In multivariate regression, dedicated ICU pharmacists was a significant predictor for increased satisfaction (Exp(ß) 4.498, 95% CI 1.054-19.187, P = .042). Conclusion: Practice variation exists in how and for what intent critical care pharmacists track productivity. Further evaluation and standardization of productivity tracking may aid in position justification and practice model evaluation for dedicated ICU pharmacists in today’s value-based era.
A Simple Course in Capital Theory: A Misunderstood Debate
Authors: Bhaduri Amit
Published: June 2021

This short paper is a demonstration of the difficulty with the textbook production function which uses the notion of capital as a factor of production. Because, this notion is logically incompatible with the other notion of the money value of capital needed for distribution theory. Theories of production and distribution become incompatible. Outside a one commodity world, this leads to insurmountable circular reasoning. The value of capital cannot be measured without first knowing its distributional parameters (e.g. real wage or the profit rate) and if they are known the marginal productivity theory based on the notion of the relative scarcity of capital as a factor of production is not only superfluous but meaningless. The scarcity of something which cannot be measured even in theory cannot be defined.
Hakuna Mhou Inokumira Mhuru Isiri Yayo: Examining the Interface between the African Body and 21st Century Emergent Disruptive Technologies
Authors: Nhemachena Artwell
Published: June 2021

Colonially depicted as a region distinctive for fables and fabrications, Africa has ever since not been allowed to reclaim anything original. Dispossessed of their original wealth, Africans have been forced to live in fabled and fabricated houses, eating fabled, and fabricated food—closer to animals. Similarly, dispossessed of their original human identities, Africans have been forced to adopt fabricated identities. With the 21st century not promising any return to original African human identities, Africans are set to be further nanotechnologically (using tiny nanoparticles) fabricated into cyborgs that speak to ongoing posthumanist and transhumanist experiments with emergent disruptive technologies. Inhabiting not only fabricated houses but also increasingly inhabiting nanotechnologically fabled and fabricated bodies, Africans should learn to, in terms of the Shona (a people of Zimbabwe) proverb, hakuna mhou inokumira mhuru isiri yayo (no cow lows for a calf that is not its own), repossess original mastery over their own lives.
Sex Differences in Factorial Dimension of Verbal, Logical, Mathematical and Visuospatial Ability
Authors: Wormack Leslie
Published: June 2021

The factor structure of verbal, logical, visuospatial, and mathematical ability was compared for responses from 52 male and 54 female college students. Separate verbal, quantitative, and visuospatial factors were isolated among males while compound verbal-mathematical-visuospatial and verbal-logical-field dependence factors were isolated among females. The data supported the hypothesis of sex-related differences in the factorial organization of verbal, mathematical, reading, writing, and visuospatial ability.
Effect of Vocal Feedback on Stroop Color-Word Interference
Authors: Breslow Richard , Grand Stanley , Freedman Norbert
Published: June 2021

The present study tested the hypothesis that vocal feedback affects the interference obtained during performance on the Stroop Color-Word task. Two measures were studied as indicators of ability to name colors on the Stroop, speed (performance time) and accuracy (number of errors). Speed of performance on the interference task by 16 male college students was not aided by reduction of vocal feedback. Accuracy of performance in the interference condition was strongly facilitated by reduction of vocal feedback, while little change was noted with no interference. These results are consistent with a view that in vocal feedback on Stroop interference the experience of a mismatch between the auditory feedback produced by the weaker color-naming response in the presence of the prepotent tendency to make the reading response increases interference.
Test for Effects of Visual and Position Cues on T-Maze Learning in Toads
Authors: Janes William A. , Falkenberg Virginia P.
Published: June 2021

This research was concerned with the effects of different classes of cues on the ability of toads ( Bufo marinus) to learn an escape task, discrimination learning, in a T-maze. The cues were either a black or white brightness cue, a right or left position cue, or combinations of brightness and position cues. The toads were given a .6-mA shock until they made the correct response. Results suggested that toads are capable of learning a discrimination task based on either a position or brightness cue. However, the rate of learning was influenced by strong aversion to the white arm when escaping from an aversive stimulus. No particular preference for either brightness or position cues was found independent of this aversion.
Relationship between Physiological and Self-Reported Stressful Response and Psychosomatic Disorders
Authors: Puente A. , Beiman I. , Doom W. , Young C.
Published: June 2021

A revised version of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (Mandler, Mandler, & Uviller, 1958) was administered to 359 psychology students and the highest and lowest scoring (12.5%) males and females ( N = 88) of this group were selected to participate in two experiments. In Exp. 1, skin conductance, muscle tension, respiratory rate, and heart rate were recorded prior to and during presentation of neutral and stressful visual stimuli. In Exp. 2, the same indices were recorded and the same procedure was used. Participants were instructed to rate physiological reactivity to the stimuli. Finally, a medical history questionnaire was mailed to each participant 1 wk. after completing the experiments. The data indicate that this version of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire was predictive only of responsivity of skin conductance to stressful stimuli.
Hemispheric Asymmetries in a Tactile Thought Task for Normal Subjects
Authors: Yamamoto Mayumi , Hatta Takeshi
Published: June 2021

14 normal subjects were given two tactile-recognition tasks. Subjects were asked to match the factually presented nonsense figures to the visual-recognition display on a Non-rotation task. On the Mental-rotation task subjects matched the tactile figures which were presented in various directions by means of mental rotation to the visual display. A greater superiority of the left hand on the Mental-rotation task was noted while on the Non-rotation task no differences between hands were shown. The right hemisphere may contribute more strongly to higher thought processes especially those which do not need verbal mediation.
Neuroticism, Practice, and Sex Differences in a Digit-Symbol Task
Authors: Harrison Barbara , Whissell Cynthia Mavrides
Published: June 2021

136 university students participated in a digit-symbol coding task. An analysis of variance of sex, practice (distributed, massed), trial (1 to 10), and neuroticism (3 levels) yielded significant main effects due to trials, i.e., a learning effect, and sex (females performed better). Interactions of anxiety by trial and of anxiety by practice by trial were generally indicative of an inverse U-shaped function relating anxiety to performance under massed practice: subjects high and low in anxiety tended to perform worse than those of medium anxiety on some trials.
An Information-Retrieval System for Classifying Work in the Field of Cerebral Asymmetry
Authors: Bradshaw John L. , Nettleton Norman C. , Taylor Meredith J.
Published: June 2021

A hierarchically-branching system is recommended for classifying published work in the field of cerebral asymmetry, and its rapid retrieval. It can readily accommodate practically everything published since 1965.
Awakening from Sleep at a Pre-Set Time
Authors: Bell Clifford R.
Published: June 2021

The accuracy with which 38 subjects were able to wake from undisturbed sleep at a ‘target,’ unusual time was tested. Correlates of skilled performance at the task suggested that a form of sleep disturbance was a key factor in success. The present data and previous data from the literature were examined in the light of theories of the processes involved.
Effect of Practice on Visual Backward Masking
Authors: Braff David , Saccuzzo Dennis , Ingram Rick , Neill Brian Mc , Langford Richard
Published: June 2021

Five experiments studied practice effects for 4, 7, 11 subjects on visual backward masking using a signal-detection procedure under various conditions. Exp. I determined the minimum perceptible critical stimulus duration (CSD) for criterion identification of a target stimulus, the letter T or A. In Exp. II, the stimulus was presented at the critical stimulus duration (CSD) followed by a pattern mask at intervals of 20 to 120 msec. for 15 separate sessions. In Exp. III ( N = 4) the mask followed the CSD in intervals of 2-msec. increments until subjects reached criterion accuracy. Exps. IV and V ( Ns = 4, 7) provided partial replications of Exps. II and III. Naive subjects were used, and the stimulus duration was constant for all subjects. When masking functions were obtained at a threshold, considerable variability was found and subjects improve slowly or not at all over sessions. With a fixed suprathreshold stimulus, all subjects improve with practice. The importance of these findings is discussed as they relate to common (and largely untested) assumptions made in the backward masking and perception literature.
Mediation or Production Deficiency in Disabled Readers?
Authors: Leslie Lauren
Published: June 2021

Deficiencies in disabled readers’ short-term memory processing were studied. A deficit in memory capacity versus susceptibility to interference was investigated by examining performance over trials. A mediation versus production deficiency in memory processing was examined by testing the effect of instructions for rehearsal on performance of average and disabled readers in Grades 2 and 5. Contrary to prior research, facilitative effects of rehearsal instructions on second graders’ memory were found only on Trial 1. Fifth graders’ memory was adversely affected by overt rehearsal. Requiring children to rehearse overtly at a set rate may account for the results. A second study examined effects of covert rehearsal on the memory of average and disabled readers in Grade 2 over trials. Facilitative effects of covert rehearsal were shown when data of children who spontaneously rehearsed were removed. A deficiency in production by second graders was supported. Disabled readers who did not rehearse were more susceptible to interference.
Racial Variables Related to Order of Recall of Affective Words
Authors: Friedman Philip
Published: June 2021

The affective attribute in free recall was investigated in relation to the order in which words are recalled. A factorial analysis of variance was employed to determine the effect of certain emotionally arousing words on the recall of these words by 24 black and 24 white subjects. The most important result was that black subjects held back affective words significantly more often than white subjects. No significant contextual effect of experimenter's race was observed. The study shows the importance of the affective attribute on the order of free recall.
Time Estimation among Schizophrenics
Authors: Wahl Otto F. , Sieg David
Published: June 2021

Studies of time estimation among schizophrenics have sometimes been difficult to integrate with one another because of differing methodologies and inconsistent definitions. The present study should increase clarity by employing several methods of time estimation within the same study and maintaining a consistent definition of overestimation and underestimation across tasks. 26 schizophrenic and 26 control subjects were given three types of time-estimation tasks. Longer Interval Estimation involved judging, at different points in the interview/testing session, how much time had passed. Verbal Estimation required subjects to judge the length of brief intervals signalled by the examiner. Operative Estimation required subjects to indicate when a specified number of seconds had passed. Schizophrenic subjects were significantly more inaccurate than controls in the Verbal and Operative Estimation tasks. Moreover, with overestimation defined consistently as judging more time to have passed than actually has, both Verbal and Operative Estimation results indicated schizophrenics were significantly more likely to overestimate. These results indicate support for the suggestion that schizophrenics have a disturbed sense of time, with real (clock) time experienced as passing more slowly than is actually the case. Long Interval Estimation produced quite different results, but it was felt that the retrospective and unfocused nature of the time judgments in this task made it a less valid indicator of ability to estimate.
Comparison of the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test and the Wisc-R for Children Experiencing Academic Difficulties
Authors: Tramill James L. , Edwards R. P. , Tramill Janis K.
Published: June 2021

100 students identified as experiencing academic difficulties were administered both the Draw-A-Person and the WISC-R. Analyses indicated significant correlations between the various scores obtained on the WISC-R and the drawings. These relationships were quite consistent with those previously reported for other subgroups within the school population. When correlational analysis was performed for each sex separately, consistently stronger relationships were found for 34 females than for 66 males.
Students’ Expectations as Related to a Teacher's Expectations and Self-Concepts of Elementary Age Children
Authors: Martinek Thomas J.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential influence that a teacher's expectations, self-concept, and sex had on students’ expectations of motor task performance. The subjects were 63 third grade and 53 fourth grade children from a Wake County public school in North Carolina. Both groups were taught by the same teacher who was trained in elementary physical education. The teacher was asked to rate her students according to how she expected each to perform in terms of physical achievement. The subjects were administered the Motor Performance Expectancy Scale to determine the expectation levels of the third and fourth grade groups. The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale for Children identified whether self-concept was significantly influenced by students’ expectancy levels for motor performance. Regression analyses showed that for both the third and fourth grade groups, teacher's expectations and self-concept were significant contributors to the variability of motor expectancy scores. The teacher's expectation was the largest contributor of the two variables in both grades. Also, the students’ sex had little effect on the students’ expectations.
Effects of Increased Noise Levels by Supersonic Aircraft on Annoyance Levels and Time Estimations
Authors: Allen John A.
Published: June 2021

Several tests designed to assess the effects of increased noise levels created by the Concorde supersonic aircraft were administered to 48 residents living around Dulles International Airport and 31 persons not living near an airport. Results of a pretest questionnaire and lack of significant changes in annoyance levels and time estimations indicate that, while airport-area residents may be more conscious of aircraft noise, changes in the perceived intensities of sounds may not occur.
Arousal and Cognition: Picture Vocabulary Performance and Individual Differences in Physiological Arousal
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Reynolds Valerie J.
Published: June 2021

The contribution of individual differences in physiological arousal to intellective assessment in learning disabled children was studied. Arousal was measured by salivary response and intellective function (receptive vocabulary) by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. It was predicted that best performance would be found at intermediate levels of arousal. Peabody scores of learning disabled subjects of high, middle, and low arousal showed a non-significant trend in the predicted direction. Reasons for the lack of significance of this hypothesized trend were proposed and needed research outlined.
Heart-Rate Changes during Covert Rehearsal and Response Execution
Authors: Dennis Steven S. , Mulcahy Robert F.
Published: June 2021

The phasic cardiac responses and reaction times (RT) of 27 normal adult males were examined during a fixed-foreperiod RT task involving three levels of difficulty of rehearsal, with subject instructed to respond to the reaction signal following one of three delay periods. The results indicated accelerative heart-rate changes corresponding to the requirements of the rehearsal task, regardless of the timing of the motor response. The magnitude of the decelerative component appeared to be primarily dependent on the stimulus detection and requirements of the response decision signalled by the stimuli. Preparation to make a motor response per se did not influence heart-rate deceleration significantly. Potential applications of the heart-rate measure as an independent physiological index of activities related to the processes of memory and attention were suggested.
Halstead-Reitan Test Battery: A Problem of Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Lenzer Irmingard I.
Published: June 2021

The Halstead-Reitan Test Battery is one of the most widely recognized neuropsychological test batteries. Many claims have been made as to its validity. Despite these claims, doubts persist. A critical review of the literature shows that the battery can separate brain-damaged patients from normal patients, general medical patients, and patients with certain psychiatric disorders. However, the battery cannot separate brain-damaged patients as a group from schizophrenics as a group, though in individual cases there may exist pathognomonic signs indicating brain damage. The impairment index, as a summary score of the basic tests, as well as other “methods of inference,” fail at this point. Four alternatives are discussed. First, brain-damaged patients differ from schizophrenic patients not in test performance but in test-taking behavior. Second, the battery is a valid measure of brain damage but has limited applicability. Third, the battery is a measure not of brain damage but of degree of degradation of psychological processes. And fourth, schizophrenics perform poorly on the battery because they have undetected brain damage. Only the third and fourth alternatives appear viable. Both question the validity of the traditional criteria of brain damage. It is argued that future validation studies of the battery should be of construct validation type and not of the criterion-oriented type, as these are defined by Cronbach and Meehl (1955). Possible procedures for construct validation are briefly discussed.
Visual Field Accuracy and Eye Movement Direction: A Child's Eye View
Authors: Mandes Evans
Published: June 2021

Post-exposural eye movements were studied in 32 adults and 24 7-yr.-old children. Stimuli were binary figures exposed tachistoscopically in both visual fields simultaneously. The data showed significant correlations between direction of eye movement and locus of recognition for both children and adults. No significant differences were found in frequencies of eye movements of children and adults. The data are interpreted in terms of the facilitative effects of post-exposural eye movements upon perception for both groups.
Reward versus Response Cost as Incentives for Children Differing in Locus of Control for Positive and Negative Outcomes
Authors: Howell Kenneth W. , Gregory W. Larry
Published: June 2021

An experiment was performed to compare the effects of reward and response cost on children differing in locus of control as assessed by the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Scale. Rather than utilizing total scores to categorize as internal and external, the positive and negative subscales were used to classify children into four locus of control categories. Students who scored consistently internal or external for both positive and negative outcomes did not differ in performance when given reward or response cost instructions, but internal subjects outperformed external ones. Students who were internal for negative outcomes and external for positive outcomes, and students who were external for negative outcomes and internal for positive outcomes performed better under response cost instructions. On the whole these results were interpreted as consistent with social learning theory and inconsistent with cue explication. Classroom applications are discussed, and it is suggested that researchers utilize the subscales more frequently.
Effects of Feedback on the Vigilance Task Performance of Hyperactive and Hypoactive Children
Authors: Ozolins Delmar A. , Anderson Robert P.
Published: June 2021

Hyperactive and hypoactive children show attentional deficits. An effort was made to modify their approaches to a vigilance task by varying the feedback received for correct detections and false alarms. It was expected that hyperactive children would do better when receiving knowledge of false alarms; hypoactive children would do better when receiving knowledge of correct responses. 20 hyperactive and 20 hypoactive children, ages 6 to 10 yr., were each tested under three conditions with a vigilance task: (a) feedback for correct responses (KR+), (b) feedback for false alarms (KR -), (c) no feedback (NKR). Feedback was given by a tone. For the total error score, hyperactive subjects committed more errors than hypoactive ones under KR+ and fewer errors under KR -. Hypoactive children committed fewer errors under KR+ than no knowledge. Partial support for the hypothesis was obtained. Hyperactive children generally do better when given knowledge of errors; they become more cautious in responding. Hypoactive children do best when given information regarding correct responses; they become less inhibited in responding.
Body Image and Females’ Sexual Behavior
Authors: Young Michael
Published: June 2021

82 female college students completed a body-image scale and an inventory on sexual behavior. These female students differing in sexual activity can be distinguished on the basis of body image.
Associating Embedded Figures Test Performance with Extreme Hysteria and Psychasthenia MMPI Scores in a Psychiatric Population
Authors: Lawrence David M. , Morton Victor
Published: June 2021

21 female subjects from a psychiatric population scoring high on one of two MMPI scales, Hysteria or Psychasthenia, were given Jackson's (1956) shortened version of the Embedded Figures Test. Hysteria correlates positively and significantly .71 with time spent in detecting embedded geometric figures. Obsessive-compulsiveness and Embedded Figures Test performance time are negatively correlated —.63. The average times were 102.5 sec. for hysteria subjects and 62.6 sec. for psychasthenia subjects. Chi-squared establishes the significant association of MMPI measurements for hysteria and obsessive-compulsiveness with field-dependence and field-independence, respectively.
English police officers’ alcohol consumption and links with organisational job stressors
Authors: Houdmont Jonathan , Jachens Liza
Published: June 2021

This study describes alcohol consumption and examines associations with organisational job stressors among female ( n = 493) and male ( n = 707) English police officers. Significantly fewer female than male officers reported hazardous alcohol consumption (32% vs. 44%) and probable harmful alcohol consumption (5% vs. 11%). Stressor exposure was associated with alcohol consumption among males only, with high exposure to job control, work relationships, and role clarity stressors associated with elevated odds of probable harmful alcohol consumption. Findings suggest alcohol consumption represents a concern in English policing and point to stressor exposure reduction as a mechanism to decrease alcohol consumption.
Neuropsychological Test Performance in Framingham: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Farmer Mary E. , White Lon R. , Kittner Steven J. , Kaplan Edith , Moes Elizabeth , Mcnamara Pat , Wolz Michael M. , Wolf Philip A. , Feinleib Manning
Published: June 2021

In 1976–1978, a battery of eight neuropsychologic tests was administered to 2,123 participants in the Framingham Study aged 55 to 89 yr. The battery was designed to sample multiple areas of cognitive function including language skills, memory, learning, reproduction of designs, attention, and abstract thinking. Performance is described for several groups in this population: a large community-dwelling sample, those with hearing impairments, and those with documented strokes. Performance is described by age, sex, and education strata for the community sample. This normative information should be useful for interpreting individual test performance on neuropsychological tests.
Peer Review in Psychology: Institutional Ranking as a Factor
Authors: Mcintosh Everton G. , Ross Sherman
Published: June 2021

The hypothesis that authors from highly ranked institutions may publish significantly more articles than their colleagues from lesser ranked institutions was evaluated. An examination of a mainstream psychology journal for a 2-yr. period indicated that this may not necessarily be so and that authors from middle-ranked institutions may indeed be those who publish a great deal.
A Components Analysis of a Preemployment Integrity Measure: A Replicated Study
Authors: Harris William G.
Published: June 2021

A principal component analysis was performed on 70 items from a major measure of integrity given preemployment to confirm a seven-factor solution from a previous study. After an Equamax rotation of the initial factor matrix, seven components replicated those of the initial study. The components were General Theft, Pervasiveness, Opportunism, Employee Theft, Leniency, Employee Discounting, and Association. The seven components illustrate the multidimensional nature of the construct of integrity. Inspection of results suggests both general and situationally specific dimensions to integrity.
Further Considerations of the Multidimensionality and Factor Structure of the Rotter Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Anderson Howard N. , Madonna Stephen , Bailey Glenda K. , Wesley Andrea L.
Published: June 2021

The present study was designed to determine the number and nature of factors involved in Rotter's I-E Scale and to examine the question of the multidimensionality of the scale. Subjects were 329 college undergraduates. Principal components analysis was performed on the 23 pertinent items of the scale, followed by Varimax rotation. Multiple criteria indicated a 10-factor solution which accounted for 61% of the total variance. The first two factors were strongly similar to those reported previously. Results support Rotter's (1975) contention that subclasses within the scale will vary from sample to sample.
Conjoint Analysis vs Preference Analysis: A Comparison
Authors: Schori Thomas R. , Meadow H. Lee
Published: June 2021

Conjoint and Preference Analyses were used in an attempt to identify a potential new product's optimal configuration. From each analysis, the same conclusions were drawn, that is, there was no analytic advantage of one analysis over the other. Since the Preference Analysis was more simple and less costly to use, this procedure seems more desirable to use in optimizing a new product's design.
Hypnotic Suggestibility and Paranormal Belief
Authors: Wagner Mahlon W. , Ratzeburg Fredrick H.
Published: June 2021

The beliefs of upperclass college students (208) toward the paranormal were correlated with scores on the Harvard Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility and several personality measures. The Harvard scale scores correlated significantly with reported psychic experiences, church attendance, Taylor's Anxiety Scale, Adorno's Stereotypy/Superstition, and attitudes toward parapsychology and the supernatural.
Social Desirability Values and Dispersions for the Items in Two SD Scales: The MMPI SD Scale and an Experimental SD Scale
Authors: Edwards Lynne K. , Clark Cheryl L.
Published: June 2021

The social desirability values for the items in the MMPI SD scale and in an experimental SD scale are reported. The study is based on a sample of 74 undergraduate students at the University of Washington, Seattle. The mean desirability values of the MMPI SD scale items are compared to the values reported by Messick and Jackson (1961), which were based on a sample of 171 students at Pennsylvania State University. The desirability values were highly stable over almost 25 years and across different samples. A correlation between the current desirability values for the items in the MMPI SD scale and an experimental SD scale was also high.
Matching Attribute set and Attitude Model
Authors: Long Susan B. , Evans Richard H.
Published: June 2021

The attribute set/attitude model relationship recently proposed by Myers and Shocker was examined using correlational and (LISREL) causal analysis. Compared against more traditional single-attitude model approaches (Ahtola, Adequacy-Importance, and Fishbein), Myers and Shocker's mixed model appears promising. It matched the attitude model which best predicted behavioral intentions for two out of three product attribute sets, and along with the Fishbein model, produced a satisfactory fit with the hypothesized causal structure. However, when the alternative attitude models were compared using a multiple indicator approach, results suggest these models do not appear to be directly measuring the same underlying attribute sets.
Depression and Self-Esteem of Teachers
Authors: Beer John
Published: June 2021

The correlation between self-esteem and depression measured on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory-Adult Form and Beck Depression Inventory for 51 teachers was –-.59. There were no significant differences between men and women and single or married subjects for depression. There was a significant difference between men and women for self-esteem (men scored higher) but none between single or married subjects.
Halo Error: Is its Strength Dependent upon Attribute Saliency?
Authors: Bernardin John , Bernardin Liesa , Riegelhaupt Barry J. , Taylor Karen
Published: June 2021

The effects of saliency of specific personal attributes on halo effect were investigated with two populations. It was hypothesized that the greater saliency of the specific attribute, the greater the halo in ratings of other attributes. Results did not support the hypothesis. Halo levels were equivalent across populations.
T Lymphocyte Polyclonal Proliferation and Stress Response Style
Authors: Workman Edward A. , Via Mariano F. La
Published: June 2021

18 subjects were measured on cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocyte polyclonal proliferation) and four behavioral indices including over-all life stress, stress-avoidance tendency, stress-intrusion tendency, and tendency toward cardiovascular Type A behavior. Of Pearson correlations computed between T lymphocyte polyclonal proliferation and each of the four behavioral indices, the only significant value was that, .47, between T cell immunity and tendency toward stress avoidance. Of the variables investigated, the best predictor of T cell immunocompetence is the tendency toward avoiding stress. Results are discussed in terms of implications for research.
Ideological Correspondence between Senators and Their Constituents
Authors: Kressel Neil J.
Published: June 2021

This study investigated correspondence between ideological orientations of United States Senators and their constituents. Factor analysis of group ratings of United States Senators indicated a unidimensional ideological structure. Factor analysis of state voting behavior in past presidential elections produced a two-factor solution; one factor was ideological. “When factor scores from the Senatorial ideology factor were regressed upon factor scores from the two-state presidential voting factors, as expected, state presidential voting ideology was a moderately strong predictor of a Senator's ideology.
Undergraduate and Graduate Students’ Attitudes towards Aids
Authors: Royse David , Dhooper Surjit Singh , Hatch Laurie Russell
Published: June 2021

Among 219 respondents, undergraduate or graduate status did not emerge as a good predictor of empathy towards aids victims, fear of aids, or knowledge of AIDS. Knowledge about aids was a better predictor of fear than age, race, or sex. Greater knowledge was associated with greater empathy.
Religious Orientation and Prayer Experience
Authors: Hood Ralph W. , Morris Ronald J. , Watson P. J.
Published: June 2021

86 participants with at least nominal religious affiliation completed a questionnaire on experiences during prayer. All participants were identified as to religious orientation using Allport's well known typology. As predicted, no religious types differed on minimal phenomenological experiences during prayer. However, as predicted, intrinsic and indiscriminately favorable persons were more likely to interpret their experiences in relevant religious terms than were either extrinsic or indiscriminately anti-religious persons.
Fear of Animals: Correlations between Fear Ratings and Perceived Characteristics
Authors: Merckelbach Harald , Van Den Hout Marcel A. , Van Der Molen G. Margo
Published: June 2021

Seligman (1971) proposed that, as a result of evolutionary processes, there is a genetic predisposition or preparedness to fear certain animals (e.g., snakes and spiders). Experimental and clinical studies have confirmed the notion of prepared fears of animals. Do prepared fears pertain to complete memory representations of these animals or are they related to specific, salient qualities that subjects attribute to these animals? A questionnaire designed to measure fear and avoidance of 30 small animals was administered to one group of 155 students while the characteristics of these animals (e.g., visual appearance, suddenness of movement, speediness) were rated by a second group of 116 students. For fear and avoidance as well as the perceived characteristics dimensions the animals were ranked on the basis of the scores that were given to them by the subjects. Spearman rank correlations of self-reported fear and avoidance with perceived characteristics were significant. This result suggests that subjects are prepared to associate fear not with complete representations of animals but with specific characteristics attributed to these animals.
Comparison of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Form L-M and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition
Authors: Hartwig Susanne Smith , Sapp Gary L. , Clayton Gypsy Abbott
Published: June 2021

Composite standard age scores and the four Area standard age scores of the Standard-Binet Fourth Edition (SBIV) were each compared to the Stanford-Binet Form L-M IQs of 30 11-yr.-old public school children. The Pearson correlation of the total scores was .72, while the correlations of the SBIV Area scores and Form L-M IQs ranged from .81 (Verbal Reasoning vs L-M), .72 (Quantitative Reasoning vs L-M), .47 (Short-term Memory vs L-M) to .40 (Abstract/Visual Reasoning vs L-M). Classification by IQ suggested that both tests tend to categorize individuals similarly, and no sex biases were obtained.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XLIII. A Tribute to Princess Marie Bonaparte
Authors: Jackson D. Joyce
Published: June 2021

Princess Marie Bonaparte, the great-granddaughter of the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte and one of Sigmund Freud's closest friends, did more to promote psychoanalysis than most of Freud's dedicated disciples. It was her money and political influence that helped Freud escape Nazi-occupied Austria and that financed the Verlag, the publishing company that helped spread Freud's theories to the world. It was she also who preserved part of the history of psychoanalysis by purchasing the letters Freud wrote to Wilhelm Fliess.
Temporal Personality Variations among Participants from a University Subject Pool
Authors: Holden Ronald R. , Reddon John R.
Published: June 2021

This study examined personality differences in participants from a university subject pool as a function of the time of participation during the academic term and year. For 150 introductory psychology students with required participation in a subject pool, significant associations were found between time of participation and specific personality variables as measured by Jackson's Personality Research Form. Significant temporal associations with more general personality modal profiles were also obtained. Investigators using university subject pools are warned that these temporal variations in personality may represent possible confounds in research.
Effect of Introducing the Universal Quantifier ‘All’ into the Class Inclusion Question
Authors: Gold Ron
Published: June 2021

The effect of introducing the universal quantifier ‘all’ into the class inclusion question was investigated using 104 children aged 59 to 90 mo. One group of children was asked the standard version of the question, another an ‘all-subset’ version in which ‘all’ preceded the subclass, the third an ‘all-superset’ version with ‘all’ before the superordinate class, and the fourth a ‘double-all’ version with ‘all’ in both locations. When the superordinate class was mentioned last in the question, performance was better on the all-superset and double-all versions than on the standard version. When the subclass was mentioned last, performance was better on the all-superset version only. Performance on the all-subset version did not differ from that on the standard version. The results were explained in terms of the attention-directing role of ‘all’, together with the proposal that performance improves if attention is drawn towards the superordinate class and/or away from the contrast between the subclasses.
Effects of Structural Characteristics of Stem Format of Multiple-Choice Items on Item Difficulty and Discrimination
Authors: Violato Claudio , Harasym Peter H.
Published: June 2021

The effects of stem orientation (positively stated stem or negatively stated) and completeness (closed or complete stem and incomplete stem) of multiple-choice items on difficulty and discrimination, were studied experimentally employing 142 senior students in education (82 women and 60 men). Incomplete versus complete stems increased item difficulty but had no effect on discrimination. Stem orientation had no effect on either difficulty or discrimination. The implications of the results are discussed.
Effect of Experience on Adjustment to a New Job Situation
Authors: Naughton Thomas J.
Published: June 2021

In this study was examined the effect of prior job experience on reactions to a new job situation. Newly hired registered nurses (20 with prior experience in other hospitals, 24 new graduates) completed surveys about their expected job outcomes one week prior to job entry and four months after job entry on their obtained job outcomes. Propensity to leave was also assessed on the postjob-entry survey. The analysis indicated a significant drop between expected and obtained outcomes for the experienced nurses. The new graduates were stable over time with a lower propensity to leave than the experienced nurses. Results imply that experienced employees may be more capable of interpreting new work environments whereas naive employees may need more time. Implications for research are discussed.
Celebrity Endorsers’ Expertise and Perceptions of Attractiveness, Likability, and Familiarity
Authors: Buhr Thomas A. , Simpson Terry L. , Pryor Burt
Published: June 2021

The authors measured the effects of celebrity endorser expertise on ratings of endorser attractiveness, likability, and familiarity. The expert condition yielded significantly more positive ratings than the inexpert condition for all three person-perception judgments.