bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pile Parameters on the Noise Absorption Capacity of Tufted Carpets
Authors: Shoshani Y.Z. , Wilding M.A.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the effect of pile characteristics on the noise absorption capacity of tufted carpets in the audible frequency range (125 < f < 4000 Hz.) The parameters considered are fiber content and fiber denier, pile density, and average pile height. The noise absorption coefficients of sample carpets differing from each other in only one pile parameter were measured using the impedance tube technique. Results of the experiments are displayed and evaluated in terms of a heuristic physical picture based on the theory of sound transfer through porous media. One of the interesting results is that when there is an air gap behind tufted carpet used as a wall covering, noise absorption capacity increases significantly in the low and medium frequency range, 250 < f < 1000 Hz.
Characterizing the Leakage Flow of Braided Fiber Seals
Authors: Cai Zhong , Mutharasan Rajakkannu , Ko Frank , Steinetz Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

A new kind of high temperature flexible braided fiber seal has been developed for advanced hypersonic engine applications. Leakage flow experimental observations show that both engine pressure and preload pressure influence leakage flow rate. Al though the Reynolds number is relatively small ( Re < 10), the mass flow rate com parison of air versus helium reveals that the leakage flow is not viscous dominant. The Ergun equation describing flow through porous media is applied to the flow analysis. The two constants in the Ergun equation, designated as the viscous flow constant CL and the inertial flow constant CT, are determined experimentally. For the leakage flow test setup and the seal geometry, test data show that the values of CL and CT vary for different seal fiber architectures. The relative magnitude of the non viscous flow effect can be determined using a dimensionless variable ( ReCT/CL). If this variable is much less than 1, the nonviscous flow effect can be neglected. For the seals tested, the ratio of CT/CL is at the range of about 1 to 2 in most cases. Therefore the criterion for the viscous dominant flow is Re < 0.1. Predictions of seal leakage flow using the Ergun equation show good agreement with experimental data of both fluid media, air and helium.
Wicking of Spin Finishes and Related Liquids into Continuous Filament Yarns
Authors: Kamath Y.K. , Hornby S.B. , Weigmann H.-D. , Wilde M.F.
Published: March 2007

Using a simple electronic method for measuring wicking times, we have shown that horizontal wicking of liquids into continuous filament yarns follows the Lucas-Wash burn equation. We have investigated the effects of the liquid properties, viscosity, and surface tension, and of the liquid-solid interaction parameter cos θa. We have found that transient effects due to surfactant adsorption play a significant role in wicking, and that cos θa values of ∼0.7 or higher are necessary for wicking to take place. Certain kinds of fluorosurfactants seem to have a considerable negative effect on the wicking of model finishes in yarns and on the distribution of these finishes on the surfaces of constituent fibers.
Influence of Suessen and Superba Heat Setting on Optical Streak Intensity in Finished Nylon Carpets
Authors: Miller R.W.
Published: March 2007

Texturing conditions were systematically adjusted in a factorial experiment to create twenty-four yarn items that varied in their respective bulk levels. Following a heat- setting treatment by one of three methods (one dry, the Suessen at a tunnel temperature of 200°C, and two wet, the Superba at tunnel temperatures of 129.4°C and 137.8°C), each item was implanted as a triple tuftline into two carpet backgrounds that also differed in their respective levels of bulk. Forty-eight such implanted streaks from each heat-setting method—144 streaks in all—were then rated by shade and intensity and contrasted by method of heat setting. The relative intensity of the low-bulk dark streaks was worst for the Suessen-set treatment and best for those Superba-set at the higher temperature. Suessen heat setting enabled smaller bulk differences to be seen in the carpet.
Synthetic Dyes Based on Environmental Considerations
Authors: Sokolowska-Gajda Jolanta , Freeman Harold S. , Reife Abraham
Published: March 2007

We have described the synthesis of some novel 1:2 Fe complexed azo dyes and compared their properties with 1:2 Cr and 1:2 Co commercial analogs. We also report the interesting FAB mass spectroscopy analysis of 1:2 metallized azo dyes resulting in the formation of 1:1 complexed dyes and their unmetallized precursors. Results from light- and rubbing-fastness evaluations of these 1:2 Fe metallized dyes show the black dyes to be strong candidates for use on wool and nylon in applications requiring high lightfastness.
Modeling a Double-Zone Drafter as an Object of Control
Authors: Djiev Stantcho N.
Published: March 2007

The dynamics of the drafting process for cotton sliver is investigated with regard to its principal role in the synthesis and optimization of automatic control systems for reducing sliver irregularities. The approach is formal: the models refer to spectral filters, and the parameters of the respective transfer functions are determined by ad ditional signals—the speeds of the drafter rollers. Considering some trivial initial con ditions as given and using integral transformations of known initial equations, math ematical models in the form of transfer functions are obtained for a double-zone drafter with fibers of equal or different lengths. The drafter is presented as an object with four inputs and one output. The models are also presented in digital form as discrete transfer functions. To estimate model parameters, on-site experiments with harmonic test signals follow standard identification procedures. Time series with values of the object main signals have been registered synchronously using a digital data acquisition system with minimal sampling period. A specially designed software pack age is used to simulate process dynamics and the parts of the control system.
Effects of Dyeing and Finishing on Hygral Expansion and Other Crimp-Dependent Physical Properties of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Garcia J.E. , Pailthorpe M.T. , Postle R.
Published: March 2007

Low stress tensile properties as measured by KESF instruments—hygral expansion, relaxation shrinkage, and the crimp of the yarns in a fabric—were determined for a pure wool fabric after each of a number of dyeing and finishing processes. The dyeing recipes and dyes cover the range for wool in industry. Dye-fiber interactions were evaluated by comparing the properties of dyed fabrics with those of blank dyed controls. Dyeing and finishing alter many mechanical and physical properties of a fabric by changing the crimp of its yams, due to stress relaxation of interyarn forces in the unfinished fabrics during processing. The degree to which the initial interyarn stresses are relaxed is also an important parameter. Acid and chrome dyes did not affect the resulting fabric properties, but reactive dyes often had a dramatic effect on changes that took place during piece dyeing. Reactive dye-fiber interactions altered fabric crimp as a result of dyeing. In turn, crimp differences affected the resulting crimp-dependent fabric properties—hygral expansion and low-stress tensile properties. The effect was resistant to decatizing. This result has beneficial implications for controlling hygral expansion.
Evaluating Carpet Appearance Loss: Color Change
Authors: Pourdeyhimi B.
Published: March 2007

Changes in the appearance of carpet pile due to mechanical wear are usually ac companied by changes in apparent color. This paper describes the application of color image analysis to measurements of color variations. We characterize color by converting digitized RGB into HSV, XYZ, and L*a*b* systems. While color appears to change in some of the carpets we evaluated, color change is always accompanied by a cor responding change in brightness or gray level.
Commingling Self-Twist Yarn with Filaments1
Authors: Miao Menghe , Yan Lai How  , Kwok Po Stephen Cheng
Published: March 2007

The air intermingling technique is used to impart filament cohesion in flat and textured multifilament yarns; more recently this technique has been used to combine filaments with spun yarns or elastomers to form composite yarns. In this investigation, a self-twist yarn was commingled with a thin, flat, multifilament yarn using an inter mingling air nozzle. The tensile properties of the commingled yarn were significantly improved in comparison with the self-twist yarn from which the commingled yarn was made. Self-twist yarn is notorious for its structural periodicity, which leads to fabric patterning. This has been reduced to almost invisibility in the commingled yarns. Experiments have also revealed that commingling increases yarn hairiness, which may impose adverse effects on yarn weaveability. Yarn structural examination shows that trapping the ST yarn between the filaments and wrapping the ST and filaments together with a small portion of self-twist yarn surface fibers are the two predominant kinds of bindings formed during commingling. The influences of air pressure in the commingling nozzle, yarn linear speed, and overfeed ratio are also reported.
Activated Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching of Wool
Authors: Karunditu A.W. , Carr C.M. , Dodd K. , Mallinson P. , Fleet I.A. , Tetler L.W.
Published: March 2007

We have studied activator-enhanced bleaching action of acidic hydrogen peroxide solution on wool. The commercial product, Prestogen W, and citric acid both prove to be effective. We also studied the interaction between citric acid and hydrogen per oxide using FAB-MS.
Objective Hand Measurement of Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Kawabata Sueo , Niwa Masako , Fumei Wang
Published: March 2007

Fabric hand evaluation, previously applied to men's suiting, is used here to assess the touch or feel of nonwoven fabrics. In this method, fabric mechanical property parameters are converted by a first conversion equation (equation type I ) to numbers (the hand value or Hv) that express three primary hand values (the Hv) such as stiffness, etc., which are the primary factors characterizing fabric hand. Subsequently, these hand values are converted into a total fabric quality number (the total hand value or THV) by a second conversion equation (equation type II), which should then correlate well with subjective hand. The three primary hand attributes defined pre viously for men's suiting are also assumed to apply to nonwoven fabrics to characterize their hand. Primary hand values for nonwovens were obtained using the same equation as the men's suiting equation with minor modifications. Subsequently, two evaluations were performed—direct application of the men's suiting equation (type II ) to the nonwoven fabrics to derive their THV and construction of a new type II equation for the THV of nonwoven fabrics. Both equations can be used to predict nonwoven THV, but the predictive ability of the new equation is better than that of the previous one, and its prediction error is smaller than that of the subjective judgments made by average individuals. The correlations between THV and mechanical parameters were also examined; MMD, a frictional property parameter, was the most important param eter affecting THV.
Thermoanalytical Study of Durable Press Reactant Levels on Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Trask-Morrell Brenda J. , Kottes Andrews B.A.
Published: March 2007

A current goal of our research is to identify unknown durable press (DP) finishes on cotton fabrics using only thermal analytical techniques. In pursuit of this goal, we have treated 100% cotton printcloth with five low- and nonformaldehyde finishes at four to six treatment levels. Two polycarboxylic acids—citric and butanetetracarbox ylic—were used with sodium hypophosphite catalyst to produce nonformaldehyde fabric finishes. Three formaldehyde-based finishes were produced with 1,3-dimethylol- 4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea. Results of differential scanning calorimetric and ther mogravimetric analyses were compared with those of untreated and catalyst-treated controls. The thermal parameters tested to recognize reactants included amount of residue, maximum rates of weight loss, peak temperatures, and peak areas, along with various parameter ratios. There were progressive changes in all fabric thermograms as agent/catalyst levels increased. Even at the 2% agent level, we could detect that fabric had been treated. It was also not difficult to distinguish between the low- and nonformaldehyde DP finishes. Thermal profiles of catalyst controls indicated that the catalyst was a substantial contributor to thermal parameters. This study has brought fabric finish identification using thermal analyses much closer to reality.
A Study of Polymer Foam Blends for External Applications of Space Vehicle—1
Authors: Jayabalan M.
Published: March 2007

An attempt was made to prepare UV-Vacuum-heat resistant polymer foam blends for external and internal applications of spacecraft. The method of prep aration deals with preblending the incompatible thermosetting (phenol formalde hyde resin, PF) and thermoplastic (PMMA/PS) polymers in the presence of a compatibilizer and converting into foams. Three compatibilizers, viz, Poly(phenol formaldehyde-s-triazine-methyl methacrylate)-P(PF-g-MMA), Poly(phenol formaldehyde-s-triazine-styrene)-P(PF-g-S) and Poly(cinnamaldehyde-co-un saturated copolyester)-P(C-g-E) were used. A set of PF-PMMA blend foams viz, PF/PMMA/P(C-g-E) and PF/PMMA/P(PF-g-MMA) and another set of PF-PS blends viz PF/PS/P(C-g-E) and PF/PS/P(PF-g-S) were prepared. The mixing of PF and PMMA/PS was investigated by tensile testing. The effect of cer tain additives on the foam morphology was discussed.
A Study of Polymer Foam Blends for External Applications of Space Vehicle—2
Authors: Jayabalan M.
Published: March 2007

Two sets of polymer foam blends viz, PF/PMMA/P(C-g-E) and PF/PMMA/ P(PF-g-MMA) and PF/PS/P(C-g-E) and PF/PS/P(PF-g-S) were tested to predict the material performance (see page 162 and following). Mechanical, ther mal, thermophysical and permanence properties were evaluated. The prediction tests of these blend foams indicates that the UV, Vacuum, and thermal stability at 200°C and 10-6 Torr is in the order: PF/PMMA/P(PF-g-MMA) (175 Sun hrs 5.652 X 109 rads) > PF/PMMA/P(C-g-E) = PF/PS/P(PF-g-S) (140 Sun. hrs, 4.523 x 109 rads) > PF/PS/P(C-g-E) (105 Sun hrs, 3.392 × 109 rads). The higher UV-vacuum-heat stability of the foam is ascribed to the UV-vacuum and ther mal stabilization of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers respectively. These foam blends are rated as 'C' class space materials which may be used for low-load internal and external and non-structural applications.
Polyurea RIM-A Versatile High Performance Material
Authors: Grigsby R.A. , Dominguez R.J.G.
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane elastomers were the first products to find wide commercial use in the RIM process. Recently, the advent of a new chain extender, diethyltolu enediamine (DETDA), provided another class of commercially useful RIM elas tomers. These materials are best classified as polyurethane/urea elastomers. We have been working on the next logical step in this evolution: amine- terminated polyether resins with amine chain extenders. These are best classi fied as polyurea elastomers.

Amine-terminated polyether resins, or polyether polyamines, can replace the polyol in a RIM formulation. These materials are much more reactive than pol yols, and their composition can be varied more easily than conventional RIM polyols. Thus, these products can be tailored to meet the performance require ments of a particular end use more easily than polyols.

The use of amine-terminated polyether products in RIM applications brings a new dimension to the RIM process. Depending on the choice of amine termi nated polyether amine, one can formulate systems covering a broad range of properties from elastomeric materials to rigid materials.

Elastomeric materials are made by having a small amount of hard segment in a block-copolymer in conjunction with a polyether diamine. These elasto meric materials can be more closely tailored to meet a specific physical prop erty by either adjusting the formulation or by adjusting the density of the polymer.

Very rigid materials can also be made by increasing the amount of hard seg ment in the block-copolymer in conjunction with a polyether triamine. High levels of an aromatic diamine chain extender can be used with the polyether triamine.
Polyurethane RIM Modular Windows — A Synergistic Combination of Polymer, Process, and Application
Authors: Carswell R. , Kubizne P.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an overview of the modular window concept and how Polyurethane-Reaction Injection Molding (PU-RIM) has played an integral part in pushing this concept beyond its previous economic and design limitations. The incentives and motives for the development and expansion of modular win dow technology will be reviewed.
A New Liquid Aromatic Diamine Curative for Polyurethane Cast Elastomers
Authors: Nalepa C.J. , Eisenbraun A.A.
Published: March 2007

ETHACURE® 300 Curative is a high-performance, liquid curative being developed especially for the polyurethane cast elastomer industry. Testing shows that ETHACURE 300 Curative is less toxic than MOCA. MOCA [methyl enebis(ortho-chloroaniline)] is the most commonly used curative for TDI based prepolymers but its use has come under increased regulatory scrutiny in recent years. ETHACURE 300 Curative represents new technology and was designed from the beginning to meet selected targets including that of a safe "drop-in" MOCA replacement. This presentation introduces ETHACURE 300 Curative in terms of chemical and physical nature, processing characteristics, and vulcanizate properties. Advantages of ETHACURE 300 Curative over current commercial curatives, including MOCA, will also be discussed.
Fracture Mechanism Study of Flake Glass Filled RIM Urethane Systems
Authors: Yang P.C. , Lee W.M.
Published: March 2007

Impact resistance in reaction injection molding (RIM) polyurethanes is desired in automotive applications such as fascia and exterior body panels. In these applications, flake glass is usually added to control thermal expansion and contraction, which adversely affects the impact damage resistance of the composite. It is, therefore, important to investigate and understand the impact failure modes involved in the loss of this damage resistance.

The present study examines the major mechanisms of fracture initiation under a variety of loading conditions. Four distinct modes of crack initiation, namely: (1) debonding at the glass/matrix interface, (2) tensile cracking in the matrix, (3) multiple glass breakages in the central region of glass flake, and (4) matrix cracking and fibrillation at the edge surface of glass flake, have been identified. These fracture modes are discussed with respect to existing elastic stress analysis theory involving short glass fiber.

This fracture mechanism study is carried out with the aid of a model glass filled system. The failure modes in the model system are followed by optical microscopy. The results are then compared to a real system which is impact tested and studied by scanning electron microscopy.
The Use of 2,6-Toluenediisocyanate in Polyurethane Cast Elastomers
Authors: House D.W. , Baumann W.M. , Scott R.V.
Published: March 2007

A study of the use of 2,6-toluenediisocyanate (2,6-TDI) in polyurethanes was made by comparing polymers made with pure 2,6 TDI to an 80/20 isomeric blend of 2,4/2,6- TDI and to pure 2,4-TDI. Prepolymers were prepared using three different types of polyols [polybutylene adipate, polycaprolactone, and poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol] which were end-capped with the three TDI systems. These prepolymers were cured using three types of aromatic primary diamines (MBOCA, Polacure, and Cyanacure) and a hydroxyl system composed of a 4:1 blend (based on equivalents) of 1,4-butanediol with trimethylolpropane.
High-Performance PUR Elastomers with Aromatic Diamines
Authors: Kleimann Helmut
Published: March 2007

Solid polyurethane elastomers produced by the casting method are used mainly in technical applications. They bridge the gap between soft rubber grades and hard thermoplastics without losing their excellent elastomeric properties. Current sales and consumption figures confirm the excellent future prospects of these products.

The elastomers are produced from modified isocyanates and crosslinking agents. Amine crosslinking agents play a particularly vital role here: they are largely responsible for the processing characteristics of the systems and deter mine many of the final properties of the end products.

While looking for suitable amines, we discovered two aromatic diamines capable of either retarding or accelerating the reactivity of the systems. Various ways of formulating systems are demonstrated in the light of these characteristics, and the properties of the end products are discussed.

New processing methods should permit cost-effective production and open up new fields of application.
Adapting PUR Systems to the Specific Requirements of Sports Shoe Soles
Authors: Lüdke H.
Published: March 2007

In recent years sports shoes have developed into highly complex and spe cialized items of sporting equipment. They are designed to help athletes maxi mize their performances, while at the same time providing protection from in jury (including delayed and secondary injuries caused by excessive strain). In this respect particular importance attaches to the soles of the shoes, which must be able to offer the full range of properties required to meet the demands of various types of sport.
Urban Government in France
Authors: Milch Jerome
Published: March 2007

The prevailing view of urban government in France is strongly influenced by a number of assumptions about the impact of administrative centralization on local political processes. This paper examines these assumptions and provides some empirical evidence on urban policy-making which challenges the utility of administrative models of urban government. A different approach to the study of urban political processes is then proposed, based on the results of a larger body of research conducted by the author and on the work of a number of students of organizational behavior in France.
The Problem of Budgetary Overload
Authors: Wanat John
Published: March 2007

Although reforming the budget process is an attractive vehicle for achieving many ends, most reforms fall short because the budget process and budget personnel are overloaded by the demands of the reforms. The prospect for Najjar's proposal to use the budget mechanism to further the delimitative society is dim because the budgetary process is already burdened by uncontrollable spending, largely fixed by the values of budget-related personnel, and would be overloaded by usurping a political function.
Go Vernmenta l oVerload in the United s ta Tes
Authors: Thomas John Clayton
Published: March 2007

Increasing attention has been directed in recent years to the proposition that American government has become "overloaded." i.e., that it is costing too much while achieving too little. In contrast to some accounts which have explained overload in terms of an excess of redistrihutive policies (policies moving wealth from the rich to the poor), the current article argues that government overload is based in large part on an excess of distributive policies, policies which give benefits to one or more groups, withuut much of a redistributive impact. The first part of the article explains and documents the excess, setting the stage for a discussion, in the second part. of overload as a function of dis tribulive policies and politics. The concluding segment of the article then considers, in light of this distributive politics perspective on governmental overload, the merits of various technical and political approaches, including the mid-1970s "tax revolt," which have been proposed for dealing with overload.
The Development of Spatial Behavior Norms in Black and White Primary School Children
Authors: Duncan Birt L.
Published: March 2007

Unobtrusive observations of the proxemic behavior or in teracting (same-sex, same-race) pairs of kindergarten, second-, and fourth-grade children were made in playground settings of six upper lower-class, racially heterogeneous (Black-White), Oakland, California, elementary schools. Blacks were found to stand closer than Whites at the earlier grade levels. The difference, however, nearly disappeared by the fourth grade. Also, Black female children stood closest to and White female children most distant from each other during verbal in teraction. In axis (shoulder) orientation, Blacks faced one another less directly than Whites. The difference in creased as a function of grade level. Males of both racial groups were found to stand less directly than females, replicating the results of previous studies of adult axis behavior, and thus suggesting that sex-typed behavior is acquired very early. The results in general indicate that racial differences in distance and axis are learned early in life.
"Whose are yours?"
Authors: Roberts Margaret
Published: March 2007

This article focusses on the importance of the attitude of the adult(s) in terms of early language development at the pre-school stage. The adult's ability to create a reciprocal, on-going relation ship between himself and a child, a bond of trust based on a sense of mutuality through the spoken word, conveys to the child a sense of what positive human relationships are about. He in turn makes his unique contribution to the relationship as in the child's confident question to a visitor to the Nursery School: "Whose are yours?".
Aspects of late language acquisition: school children's use and comprehension of prepositions
Authors: Durkin Kevin
Published: March 2007

The study of late language development in normal children promises to reveal much about the residual obstacles to language mastery, and is therefore a central issue for developmental psycholinguists. Findings of a series of studies of schoolchildren's use and comprehension of common prepositions are reported. Particular attention is paid to the acquisition of between, but a variety of developments in the comprehension of in front of, behind, above, below, and near are also discussed. It is shown that the acquisition of prepositions is a protracted affair, continuing at least through the infant school years. Some theoretical and practical implications of the study of late language development are noted.
The development of cohesion in children's writing: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Rutter Philip , Raban Bridie
Published: March 2007

The study reported in this paper investigated the developmental pattern of cohesive ties realized through the free writing of children aged six and ten years. The proportional usage, both of cohesive ties to quantity of text and of the various ties to one another, are identified. Differences of usage as functions of age and sex are also considered.
Reading comprehension skill and detection errors on the letter t
Authors: Oakhill Jane
Published: March 2007

Children's detection errors on the letter t in short passages were found to depend on their reading comprehension skill, the semantic and syntactic constraints of the passage, and whether or not the target letter appeared in the word the. All children made a high proportion of detection errors on the prose passage, but only the skilled group showed any difference in errors for the and non the words, making relatively more errors on the in the prose and scrambled prose passages. These results support the hypothesis that the facility with which familiar words are processed is related to reading com prehension skill in children.
Reading and spelling performance of 8-year-old children
Authors: Roberts Tessa
Published: March 2007

The ability of 112 first year junior children to read 20 words drawn from reading tests in common use was compared with their ability to write these words. The strategies for spelling used by good readers were examined and the extent to which setting the words in context affected their performance of the tasks was also investigated. It was found that while the children could read 92% of the words in context and 87% of them in isolation they could spell only 51% of them in context and 50% in isolation. Good readers who were also good spellers appeared to be more likely to use visual orthographic strategies for spelling than good readers who were comparatively poor spellers.
Simultaneous and sequential language acquisition in Nigerian children
Authors: Nwokah Eva
Published: March 2007

This paper looks at the acquisition of a localized variety of English- 'Educated Nigerian English' - in three groups of 3-year-old children before and after one nursery school year. The groups consisted of those acquiring English first (L1), those acquiring English and Igbo simultaneously (Lla + L1b) and those acquiring English (L2) after Igbo. An analysis of the errors in English revealed that while all groups showed developmental errors, those acquiring two languages simul taneously showed significantly more unique errors. There were no clear instances of unacceptable interference errors from Igbo. It is argued that this supports Dulay & Burt's 'identity' hypothesis.
Spatial term use and its relation to language function at two developmental stages
Authors: Furrow David , Murray Patricia , Furrow Melissa
Published: March 2007

In this investigation we (a) looked at the relation between spatial terms and the functions of utterances and (b) documented children's use of spatial prepositions and adverbs. Ten children were studied playing with their mother and then an experimenter in two 30 minute play sessions held when the children were 2;0 - 2;6 and 3;6 - 4;0. At both ages about 30% of utterances had a spatial term. Descriptions of child activity functions had the greatest percentage of terms at both ages, though this percentage dropped from the younger to older samples while the percentage of terms in environmental references increased. The most frequent spatial terms used at 2;0 - 2;6 were in, here, down, there and out, whereas at 3;6 - 4;0 in, there, where, here, and up were most frequent. Interactions between function and term use were found. These suggested that structured tasks which do not allow for descriptions of child activity functions are limited in generalizability.
Non-word speech in discourse: a strategy for language development
Authors: Feagans Lynne , Miyamoto John M.
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to use the language development strategy of one child from 15 to 25 months to illustrate the importance of the nonword aspects of communicative development on the develop ment of later language. The child studied here did not show an increase in MLU from 15 to 22 months but within a three-month period after 22 months jumped from 1.2 to 3.0 MLU. This spurt is explain in terms of the other aspects of communication the child was acquiring over the time frame, including social games, intonation, and syntax markers. The strategy of this child was described as a social interactive one which focused on the structural features of the dialogue, rather than on words.
Mechanisms for language acquisition: learning, parameter-setting and triggering
Authors: Atkinson Martin
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses views on the nature of developmental mechanisms put forward by formal leamability theorists, by linguistis studying the logical problem of language acquisition, and by Fodor in his deliberations on the development of concepts. It is argued that the differences between the parameter-setting model of language de velopment and the hypothesis formulation and testing approach of formal learning theory are quantitative rather than qualitative, and that Fodor's views on conceptual development embrace significantly different claims on the nature of developmental mechanisms to either of these attempts to explicate the nature of syntactic development.
The suggestibility of children in interview studies
Authors: Moston Stephen
Published: March 2007

Eyewitness researchers have long argued that children's testimony is unreliable because of their excessive suggestibility. The present study is an examination of two factors thought to explain some of the apparent suggestibility of children: (1) the emphasis placed on giving a classifiable answer to every question asked; (2) the effects of repeated questioning within an interview.

A total of 72 children, from three age groups (6, 8 and 10 years) was questioned about a staged event they had witnessed earlier. It was found that telling children that they could say 'Don't know' to questions increased the number of such responses, but with no effect on the overall proportion of correct or incorrect responses. Even subjects who had not been instructed in the use of this response were prepared to say 'Don't know' to the experimenter's questions. Repeated questioning resulted in a decrease in the number of correct responses given, but had no effect on the number of incorrect re sponses.
What makes communication run? Characteristics of immediate successes
Authors: Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Gordon Laura
Published: March 2007

The factors which contribute to mothers' ready understanding of their preverbal infants' communicative intents were probed in a longitudinal, observational study of 3 infants at lunchtime during the second year of life. Episodes in which the mother readily compre hended the infant's signal ('immediate successes') were contrasted with episodes in which the mother initially failed to understand the infant's intent ('negotiation episodes'). These two types of episodes were found to differ primarily in three ways: the nature of the infant's initial signal, the communicative functions expressed, and the prevalance of communicative 'chains' on the same topic in a sequence of discourse.
The success of parents' indirect techniques for teaching their preschoolers pragmatic skills
Authors: Becker Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Parents' most commonly-used technique for teaching pragmatic skills is indirect criticism of their children's pragmatic errors and omissions (e.g., What do you say?) in which neither the required behaviours nor the fact that children must produce them is explicitly mentioned. A longitudinal study of the effectiveness of such techniques found that 5 preschoolers (M = 3;5) corrected their pragmatic errors or provided omitted behaviours in response to 59% of their parents' 174 indirect comments. In only one case was a child overtly puzzled by such a comment and in only three did children misunderstand and make the wrong correction. Parents may tend to use indirect techniques once their children are relatively skilled pragmatically, so that the criticism- response sequence is routinized. Indirect techniques for teaching prag matics also may be functional socially for parents, provide models of indirectness for children, and help children learn by placing a cognitive load on them in producing the behaviours.
A quantitative analysis of reduplicated and variegated babbling
Authors: Smith Bruce L. , Brown-Sweeney Sharon , Stoel-Gammon Carol
Published: March 2007

A number of investigators have made reference to the stages of reduplicated and variegated babbling during the latter half of pre meaningful vocal development. Although these categories of utter ances are widely accepted, there is little quantitative data describing them. The present study investigated this issue by analysing the utter ances of 10 infants who were followed at approximately 4-month intervals from about 6-18 months of age. Although there was a period during which reduplicated utterances were found to occur somewhat more frequently than variegated productions, followed by a period of more frequent occurrence of variegated productions, both types co- occurred throughout the entire age range studied. Specific phonetic characteristics of these two types of vocalizations were also inves tigated to determine whether they provided any information about the development of articulatory motor control.
Children's meta-pragmatic abilities and the identification of polite and impolite requests
Authors: Baroni Maria Rosa , Axia Giovanna
Published: March 2007

The present study investigates two aspects of 5- and 7-year-old chil dren's meta-pragmatic knowledge. The first is the ability to attribute polite and impolite requests according to degrees of perceived famil iarity among participants in a verbal exchange. The second is the representational explicitness of the pragmatic rule involved in the task. Thirty-two children of two age groups participated in the experi ment. Results showed a developmental difference both in the attribu tion task and in metapragmatic awareness, confirming an age-related increase in the ability to establish representational links among prag matic procedures.
Joint action intervention and child language skills: a research note
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary , Kysela Gerard M. , McCarthy Catherine
Published: March 2007

The impact of joint action-based early language intervention on the vocabulary development and socio-communicative word usage of four developmentally delayed children was investigated in this study. Results from pre- and post-intervention language samples revealed increases in vocabulary size, especially for object words, for all chil dren. Improvement in socio-communicative word usage on repeated communication tasks was variable across children, which may have been due to procedural limitations. Improvements in mother-child interaction were generally consistent with the goals of intervention.
School Psychology and Family Environment Research: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: March 2007

'No matter how much you do inside the school, you can make virtually no impact at all (on children's achievements) without the informed support of the home .... Whether we like it or not' the family and neighboumood contexts 'are the true and influential educators; we ignore them at our peril.' (Midwinter 1975 p. 61).
A Comparison of Logistic Regression and Mantel-Haenszel Procedures for Detecting Differential Item Functioning
Authors: Rogers H.Jane , Swaminathan Hariharan
Published: March 2007

The Mantel-Haenszel (MH) procedure is sensitive to only one type of differential item functioning (DIF). It is not designed to detect DIF that has a non uniform effect across trait levels. By generalizing the model underlying the MH procedure, a more general DIF detection procedure has been developed (Swaminathan & Rogers, 1990). This study compared the performance of this procedure—the logistic regression (LR) procedure—to that of the MH procedure in the detection of uniform and non uniform DIF in a simulation study which examined the distributional properties of the LR and MH test statistics and the relative power of the two proce dures. For both the LR and MH test statistics, the expected distributions were obtained under nearly all conditions. The LR test statistic did not have the expected distribution for very difficult and highly discriminating items. The LR procedure was found to be more powerful than the MH procedure for detecting nonuniform DIF and as powerful in detecting uniform DIF.
Imitating Uniqueness: How Big Cities Organize Big Events
Authors: Pipan Tatiana , Porsander Lena
Published: March 2007

This article summarises two studies of how a city organized a big event: the Jubilee of the Third Millennium of Christianity (in Rome) and the Cultural Capital of Europe 1998 (in Stockholm). Despite their differences, the supposed uniqueness of both events and the temporary character of the organizations created for their construction, the studies reveal interesting similarities in how the actors framed the two organizing processes. Both the Jubilee and the Cultural Capital of Europe are, in fact, repetitive events. In both cases, the organizing process adopted was one of first delineating an appropriate organizational field, then choosing multiple models to imitate, whereby hybrid organizations were created, the desirable traits of which could then be translated into a local context. Thus the local context encourages variation, whereas global modelling results in events that are more similar to one another.
Performing the Absolute. Marina Abramovic Organizing the Unfinished Business of Arthur Schopenhauer
Authors: de Monthoux Pierre Guillet
Published: March 2007

Performance is a way of organising for value creation. The kind of value performance art aims to generate is neither use-nor exchange-value but aesthetic value, philosophically defined as searching for 'the absolute'. Philosophical asthetics, from Kant to Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, thus claims that art is the modem gateway to metaphysics. Pictures, texts and other artefacts are spin-offs of artists main function; performing the absolute. This paper illustrates this philosophical position by taking three practical examples which show how the artists Hans Makart, Herman Nitsch and Marina Abramovic three famous performance art managers - go about organizing the supply of an art to satisfy a demand for metaphysics.
Putting People in the Picture: Art and Aesthetics in Photography and in Understanding Organizational Life
Authors: Strati Antonio
Published: March 2007

This article considers both the common ground and the diversity between the aesthetic approach to the study of organizational life and conceptual art photography. Based on a personal account, it emphasizes the empathic-aesthetic understanding of action in interactive organizational contexts. The issues addressed are the social construction of organizational memory, the importance of time in organizational life, the interweaving between the reality and non reality of organizational artefacts, the pervasiveness of organizational reproduction, the relation between the 'I' and the 'eye' in the investigation of organizational processes, the improper use of organizational production, and the relationships between the collective and social construction of creativity niches.
Only Penguins: A Polemic on Organization Theory from the Edge of the World
Authors: Clegg Stewart R. , Linstead Stephen , Sewell Graham
Published: March 2007

The paper is a reflection on some of the conditions associated with being an Australian Management scholar in the Organization Studies field.
Performing the Absolute. Marina Abramovic Organizing the Unfinished Business of Arthur Schopenhauer
Authors: de Monthoux Pierre Guillet
Published: March 2007

Performance is a way of organising for value creation. The kind of value performance art aims to generate is neither use-nor exchange-value but aesthetic value, philosophically defined as searching for `the absolute'. Philosophical esthetics, from Kant to Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, thus claims that art is the modern gateway to metaphysics. Pictures, texts and other artefacts are spin-offs of artists main function; performing the absolute. This paper illustrates this philosophical position by taking three practical examples which show how the artists Hans Makart, Herman Nitsch and Marina Abramovic — three famous performance art managers — go about organizing the supply of an art to satisfy a demand for metaphysics.
Sustaining the Institutional Environment
Authors: Mintzberg Henry , Westley Frances
Published: March 2007

Sustaining the physical environment requires sustenance of the associated institutional environment. Questions are raised about this, based on the observation of a day in each of the lives of two headquarters managers at Greenpeace, the Executive Director and a Director of certain of the central units. In our analysis, we look beyond the obvious doing and the obvious planning, beyond the obvious acting and the obvious politicking.
Research Note: Cultural Gaps in Crossnational Cooperation: The Legacy of Empires in Macedonia
Authors: Camina Margaret M.
Published: March 2007

This article draws on the author's experience as a UK aid worker operating in a business support agency in former Yugoslavia and, through empirical work at employee level, seeks to understand the ways in which national cultural differences impinge on development work in economies undergoing transformation. Yugoslavia was the only Eastern block country included in Hofstede' s major analysis of national cultural differences. A small-scale replication of his study, based on four comparable business support organizations, two in the United Kingdom and two in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, first examines the extent to which the fundamental differences which he identified still hold true and then looks at the ways in which the Macedonian findings can be interpreted as a legacy of empires. The implications of the cultural gap in the sphere of cross-national development assistance are then explored through a management log.
Institutional Adaptiveness, Technology Policy, and the Diffusion of New Business Models: The Case of German Biotechnology
Authors: Casper Steven
Published: March 2007

The German economy has been widely seen as failing to develop the commercial innovation competencies necessary to compete in new technologies. Starting in the mid-1990s, the German government instituted a series of new technology policies designed to orchestrate the development of small entrepreneurial technology firms. These policies have fostered several hundred new high-technology start-ups in Germany. This development represents an interesting challenge to prevailing institutional theory, which tends to view the characteristics of organizations as strongly constrained by the orientation of a number of key national institutional frameworks. Focusing on biotechnology, this article examines the relative importance of national institutional frameworks as opposed to sector-specific policies that are presently pervasive in Germany. Analysis of the new firms demonstrates that Germany's new technology policies have facilitated important extensions within the business system that have, for the first time, allowed the systematic promotion of entrepreneurial technology companies. However, the dominant strategies of market specialization and company organizational patterns found within these companies have been strongly influenced by incentives and constraints created by long-established national institutional structures. Technology policy has, however, promoted institutional adaptiveness by providing opportunities for firms to experiment with or reconfigure elements of relatively stable national institutional frameworks to create new business practices.
Technology Adoption: Organizational Learning in Oil Firms Jaana Woiceshyn
Authors: Woiceshyn Jaana
Published: March 2007

What makes the adoption of technology in some firms a successful process, while others experience difficulties? Based on a retrospective case study, this paper compares the process of adopting horizontal drilling technology in two large Canadian oil companies; one a more successful and the other a less successful adopter of technology. Adoption is viewed as a process of organizational learning which proceeds in a feedback loop from observing, interpreting, integrating to acting. The two companies differed both in these processes and in the factors facilitating or impeding them: capability, resources, motivation, effort, shared values, incentives, and external triggers. The implications for researchers and managers are discussed.