bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrapopulations ofSclerocollum saudiiAl-Jahdali, 2010 (Acanthocephala: Cavisomidae) in the rabbitfishSiganus rivulatus(Teleostei, Siganidae) from the Saudi coast of the Red Sea
Authors: Al-Jahdali M.O. , El-Said Hassanine R.M.
Published: March 2011

In infrapopulations of helminth parasites, density-dependent effects, through some form of intra- and interspecific competition, play an important role in shaping and regulating the infrapopulations. The mechanisms responsible for these processes have often been observed in laboratory studies and rarely studied under natural conditions. Here, 24 natural infrapopulations (77–447 individuals) of the acanthocephalanSclerocollum saudiiAl-Jahdali, 2010 from the fishSiganus rivulatusconsisted of cystacanths, newly excysted juveniles, immature and mature worms, distributed in a well-defined fundamental niche (anterior 60% of the intestine). Each of these stages exhibited a significantly different longitudinal distribution within this niche. In small infrapopulations, cystacanths and newly excysted juveniles were found in the sixth 10% of the intestine, immature worms in the fifth 10% and mature worms in the anterior 40% of the intestine. However, their proportions followed a clear ascending order in each infrapopulation, and the female–male ratios of both immature and mature worms were distinctly female-biased. In large infrapopulations, mature worms existed partially in the site of immature ones, where a differential mortality among immature females was constantly observed. However, the proportions of immature worms increased significantly and those of mature worms decreased significantly, the mean lengths of immature and mature females decreased dramatically and the female–male ratios were distinctly male-biased. The mean sizes of immature and mature males seemed stable through all infrapopulations. The distribution of mature males and females suggests intense male–male competition for access to females, and reveals that larger females are copulated prior to the smaller ones. The results are statistically significant and suggest that infrapopulation self-regulation is through density-dependent mechanisms, in which immature females may play a key role.
Morphological variations of striped seabream, Lithognathus mormyrus, populations along the Tunisian coast
Authors: Hammami Ibtissem , Bahri-Sfar Lilia , Ben Hassine Oum Kalthoum
Published: March 2011

Morphological variations of Tunisian Lithognathus mormyrus populations were investigated using 41 morphometric measurements (27 truss elements and 14 traditional measurements) and eight meristic characters collected from ten marine and lagoon samples. Statistical analyses (e.g. discriminant function analysis (DFA)) performed separately to truss and traditional data revealed a significant degree of morphological dissimilarity of lagoon samples (Bizerta, Ghar El Melh and El Biban lagoons). For these three lagoon environments the overall assignment of individuals into their original sample (percentage classification success) by DFA was 94% for truss elements and 98% for traditional measurements. This morphological discrimination among lagoon samples, revealed with traditional measurements, seems to be associated only with the anterior part of the body (especially with the pre-orbit and snout length). However, for truss analyses, it was explained by both anterior and posterior parts (peduncle region). Statistical analyses for only marine samples showed partial overlapping with significant morphometric variation of the Chebba and Gabès samples mainly related to the anterior part of the body, for the first sample, but also to the posterior region, for the second one. These morphometric variations are often due to environmental conditions and mainly to the exploitation of different ecological niches that are particularly limited by the availability, type and size of prey. Thus, truss and traditional approaches are complementary and provide more accurate explanations of such a morphological discrimination. Meristic character analyses showed homogeneity of striped seabream samples, except for the Ghar El Melh lagoon sample which quietly differed from the others. This distinction was mainly explained by the number of soft anal rays.
Reproductive strategy of the invasive cockle Fulvia fragilis in the Bay of Tunis (Tunisia)
Authors: Rifi Mouna , Le Pennec Gaël , Ben Salem Mohamed , Ben Souissi Jamila
Published: March 2011

This study is the first work on the reproductive biology of lessepsian bivalve Fulvia fragilis. Monthly and bimonthly samplings were made in the period from April 2006 to October 2007, at the Bay of Tunis (northern Tunisia). From histological preparations of gonad, a gametogenic scale was drawn up based on eight stages: sexual rest; initiation of gametogenesis; advanced gametogenesis; ripe; partial spawning; advanced spawning; restoration; and spent. After examination of gonad preparations, F. fragilis appeared to be a simultaneous hermaphrodite species. Spawning was continuous all along the year, scarce in winter and with peaks during the rest of the year. The spawning peaks were positively correlated with the rise of the sea surface temperature and the nutrient availability. Furthermore, the presence of oocytes surrounded by spermatozoa in female and male follicles and in male gonoducts was observed. Self-fertilization may occur in this species. High summer mortalities probably due to the combination of vulnerability of the bivalve in response to the reproductive effort and high temperature stress were recorded. The F. fragilis reproduction strategy explains the success of its installation on the Tunisian coast.
Comparison of reproductive characteristics among populations of Dendropoma petraeum-complex (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), an endemic Mediterranean reef-building vermetid
Authors: Usvyatsov Sima , Galil Bella S.
Published: March 2011

We examined the density and reproductive characteristics of the Israeli population of the cryptic species complex Dendropoma petraeum—a Mediterranean endemic reef-building gastropod. The population is gonochoristic, with a peak of gonad activity from October–November to May–June. We present here for the first time histological evidence of its reproductive cycles, hermaphroditism and gonadal parasitic infestation. The characteristics studied (gonad activity period, number of egg capsules per female, capsule size and number of eggs/embryos per capsule) were markedly different from those reported for the D. petraeum-complex population in south-east Spain. Our findings on the population's reproductive characteristics provide new information on the differences between the Mediterranean populations of D. petraeum-complex.
Ultrastructural characterization of the adhesive organ ofIdiosepius biserialisandIdiosepius pygmaeus(Mollusca: Cephalopoda)
Authors: Cyran Norbert , Klepal Waltraud , von Byern Janek
Published: March 2011

Water drift and tidal rise make the use of bonding mechanisms beneficial for small benthopelagic or interstitial marine animals. Chemical adhesives for attachment are very common in molluscs; however, only a few cephalopods have glue producing organs. The family Idiosepiidae is characterized by an epithelial adhesive organ (AO) located on the posterior part of the dorsal mantle area. Previous morphological and histological studies described three non-glandular cell types (basal, interstitial and fusiform cells) and three glandular cell types (goblet, columnar and granular cells) containing protein and carbohydrate components. However, these studies provide different information about the nomenclature and characteristics of the cell types. The present ultrastructural analyses and a 3D reconstruction of the AO ofIdiosepius pygmaeusandIdiosepius biserialistherefore serve to investigate the cell distribution, the fine structure of the cells and possible interactions between the cells.We found that basal cells form a continuous cell layer along the basal membrane, overlapped by the other epithelial cells. Embedded in microvilli-covered interstitial cells the glandular cells are more or less evenly distributed within the AO. Goblet and granular cells are solitary glandular cells without conspicuous morphological characteristics, whereas the columnar cells are arranged in dense aggregations of 5–15 cells. Each columnar cell is enclosed by a narrow supporting interstitial cell which contains dense longitudinal filament strands. The secretory process of the cells in the aggregation is synchronized. Each columnar cell aggregate bears approximately two ciliated sensory fusiform cells. The fusiform cells are connected to a neuronal network, aligned along the epithelium base.The results suggest that the bonding system is affected by two secretory cell types (granular and columnar cells). Both are similar in content, synthesis and secretory process but columnar cells are embedded in a particular cell environment. It is unclear in what way this arrangement is associated with the function of the AO. The neurons in several parts of the AO point to a neuronal control of the bonding mechanism. Comparisons with the AO cells of other cephalopods provide no indications for a morphological relationship between the adhesive systems.
Art. I.—Contributions towards a Glossary of the Assyrian Language
Authors: Talbot H. F.
Published: March 2011

I think it may be of some utility to the Students of the Assyrian Language to bring together in the form of a Glossary a certain number of words of which the meaning appears to be established with a reasonable amount of probability. I have here presented to the Society the commencement of such a work, to be continued, as I hope, on a future occasion. I have not followed any alphabetical order, but have numbered the words, so that in the event of their becoming sufficiently numerous, an alphabetical index referring to these numbers may be added. I have been very careful to refer to passages in which the words are found, so as to enable any one to verify their accuracy. I have used some typographical abbreviations, the prinicple of which are the following:—
Art. IX.—Of the Kharáj or Muhammadan Land Tax; its Application to British India, and Effect on the Tenure of Land
Authors: Baillie N. B. E. , Yule H.
Published: March 2011

Kkaráj or Khiráj, for the word is written both ways, indifferently, signifies literally “going or issuing out of.” It occurs, with a slight difference in the spelling, in a passage of the Koran, where two constructions have been put upon it, by commentators — one that it means ajr or hire, and the other that it means nafa, or profit generally. In the former sense, kharáj when applied to land would be rent, and the person rendering it a tenant for the recipient, who would be the proprietor ; in the latter sense, it might be a profit of any kind issuing out of the land, and the person rendering it might himself be the proprietor. To this double meaning of the word may perhaps be traced a controversy respecting the proprietary right to land in India, which has subsisted more or less down to the present time.
Art III.—An Account of the Island of Bali
Authors: Friederich R.
Published: March 2011

According to the Brahmândapunâna, where the world is created from an egg (anda), four beings come first into existence, through the penance performed by Brahmâ; two of these are Sananda and Sanatkumâra, and the other two are not named. Then, the heavens, the rivers, the sea, the mountains, plants, shrubs, time, etc., come into existence. He (Brahmâ) further creates the Devarsis (the divine Rĕsis), Marîchi, Mrĕgu, Anggira, Pulastya, Pulaha, Kratu, Daksa, Atri, Wasista. It is not till he has done this that he creates the Paramesvara (the Supreme Lord; a name for Siva); the latter is at once regarded as Brahmâ's grandfather! He is called Bawa (nature); Sarwa (all); Îsa (lord); Bîma (the terrible one); Mahâdeva (the great god). His body consists (1) of Âditya-Sarâra i(sun-body); (2) Wesarîra (water-body); (3) Bâyusarîra; (4) Agnisarîra (fire-body); (5) Âkâsa (the higher invisible heaven); (6) Mahâpandita (the great Pandita); (7) Chandra (the moon); (8) Batara Guru (the teacher). He is therefore called Astatanu (with eight bodies). He must be worshipped through the Sâdaka (the full priest, or the performer of the ceremonies). Kalpa (form) and Darma (justice) are children of Brahmâ, sprung from his spirit. It is stated here from which parts of the body of Brahmâ the Devarsis came forth.
Art. V.—Professor Sayce and the Burmese Language
Authors: Houghton Bernard
Published: March 2011

Notwithstanding that the position of Burmese philologically has been fixed with some precision, that it possesses a literature, and that several Anglo-Vernacular works on it are in existence, the references to it in scientific and other works are generally marred by errors and misconceptions of detail. The absence of any grammar (in the proper sense of the word) of this language, has probably much to do with these mistakes. Dr. Judson's book is a mere skeleton grammar devoid of examples or exercises to show the manner in which the various rules are worked in practice, whilst it is deficient in syntax, and in information about poetical Burmese. As yet the annexation of Upper Burma, although it has given a great impulse to almost everything connected with the province, has failed to produce anything noteworthy in the way of helps to the study of Burmese, if we except a few crude elementary works which are no improvement on those already in existence.
Art. XXI.—Notes on the Hittite Writing
Authors: Conder C. R.
Published: March 2011

For the last twenty years the question of the decipherment of the hieroglyphic texts found in Syria and Asia Minor, representing a distinct written character, has excited the interest of Orientalists; and for the last five the question has been much discussed in England and abroad. Fresh monuments have been copied by Puchstein and Hogarth, and a second bilingual has been recovered from Cilicia; but the number of texts which are of any length, or at all complete, is only two dozen, and we are still at the very beginning of the study. We may expect, however, that the successors of those who recovered the Egyptian and Cuneiform systems will, in the end, not fail to conquer a third system, the study of which must be conducted on the same principles, and must result from the same gradual advance, which led to the former final results.
Art. XVII.—Notes on Zarathuśtra's Doctrine regarding the Soul
Authors: West E. W.
Published: March 2011

On reference to the Millennial Chronology of the Bundahiś (as corrected and extended in S.B.E., vol. xlvii, Introduction, § 55) it will be seen that the first millennium commenced in b.c. 9630 with the formation of the Fravashis, or primary ideas of the good creations, which remained insensible and motionless for 3,000 years. At the beginning of the fourth millennium (b.c. 6630) the spiritual body of Zarathuśtra was framed together and remained 3,000 years with the Ameśaspentas, while the primeval man and ox existed undisturbed in the world, because the Maleficent spirit was still confounded and powerless. But, at the beginning of the seventh millennium (b.c. 3630) the Maleficent spirit rushed into the creation, destroyed the Primeval ox, and distressed Gayomart, the primeval man, who died thirty years later; but Zarathuśtra was not born till B.C. 660.
Art. XVIII.—The Buddhist Monastery at Sohnāg in the Gorakhpur District
Authors: Smith Vincent A.
Published: March 2011

In January last, having heard that important ruins at a place called Sohnāg, in the eastern part of the Gorakhpur District, where I was then stationed as Commissioner, were being excavated for bricks by a railway contractor, I caused the work to be suspended until inquiries should be made, and on the 14th January visited the ruins. The buildingdisclosed by the excavations is of such a remarkable character, unique indeed in its massive dimensions, so far as my knowledge extends, that it is desirable to place on record an accurate description of it.
Art. XX.—Addenda to the Series of Coins of the Pathán Sultáns of Dehli
Authors: Nelson-Wright H.
Published: March 2011

The work of filling in the interstices left by Mr. Thomas in his Catalogue of Pathan Coins has of late made such steady progress, that the time would seem to have come to collect the scattered notices of new coins brought to light during the past twenty years, and to prepare a comprehensive catalogue of the coins of this period. Under present conditions the private collector, who desires to know how far his own coins add to the general knowledge, has to devote to his object an amount of research for which he is often little able to spare time, through journals and proceedings to which he possibly may not have easy access.
Art. XXVI.—Biographies of Persian Poets contained in Ch. V, §6, of the Tárikh-i-Guzída, or “Select History,” of Ḥamdu'lláh Mustawfí of Qazwín
Authors: Browne Edward G.
Published: March 2011

In pursuance of the plan set forth in my article on the Sources of Dawlatsháh (J.R.A.S. for Jan., 1899, pp. 37–69), I propose in this place to give a translation of that section (the sixth of the fifth chapter) of the Táríkh-i- Guzída which treats of the Persian poets. On the importance of that excellent historical manual, which I hope to include in my Persian Text Series, I have already insisted in the above-mentioned article (pp. 39, 40, and 53–54); and of this particular section, to which my attention was especially directed by the references made to it by Dawlatsháh, I long ago prepared a text and translation. These I was more than once on the point of publishing, but certain difficulties remained, on each revision, insoluble; and I waited in the hope of obtaining further material or fuller light. Of these difficulties the chief were the so-called “Pahlaví” (i.e. dialect) verses of Abu'l-Májid Ráyagání, U'yánj or U'tánj, Júláha of Abhar, 'Izzu'd-Dín Hamadání, Káfí-i-Karají, and other poets, who, not content with the classical language, chose to employ the dialects of their native places as the vehicle of their thoughts. These dialects have, in most cases, either become extinct, or undergone great changes, since the time when the Táríkh-i-Guzída was written (a.h. 730 = a.d. 1330); and since we possess but little knowledge of them, while such fragments as are preserved have generally been hopelessly mutilated and corrupted by a succession of scribes, copying one from another, to whom they were as unintelligible as they are to us, there is but little hope that we shall ever arrive at a complete understanding of them.
Art. XXV. — Account of a rare manuscript History of Iṣfahán, presented to the Royal Asiatic Society on May 19, 1827, by Sir John Malcolm, and now described by Edward G. Browne, M.A., M.R.A.S
Authors: Browne Edward G.
Published: March 2011

This chapter is described as being in praise of Iṣfahán, and of the excellence of its inhabitants, their obedience to constituted authority, and their talents, and as showing that the schemes of all such as have intended ill to them, or endeavoured to do them injury, have recoiled on their own heads.
Art. XIX.—On the Mugdhāvabodhamauktika, and its evidence as to Old Gujarātī
Authors: Grierson G. A.
Published: March 2011

In the year 1889 the late Mr. H. H. Dhruva published an edition of the Mugdhāvabodhamauktika, which he described as “a Grammar for Beginners of the Gujerati Language”. He cannot have given much study to the work, for a perusal of it will show that it is not a Gujarātī Grammar at all. It is a very elementary Sanskrit Grammar, with the explanations written in an old form of Gujarātī. The date of the work is a.d. 1394, and all that is known of the author is that he was the pupil of Deva-sundara. His name is not given. As a Sanskrit Grammar the Mugdhāvabodhamauktika is of very small value. It deals more with what we should call syntax than with the formation of words. But, as the explanations are written in the vernacular, these incidentally afford information as to what was the condition of the language of Gujarat between the time of Hema-candra (fl. 1150 a.d.) and the time of Narsingh Mehṭā (fl. 1450 a.d.), with whom Gujarātī literature is commonly said to commence. I have therefore examined the text with some minuteness, and lay the results before the Royal Asiatic Society, as providing a valuable connecting link between the Gaurjara Apabhraṁśa of the Prakrit grammarian and modern Gujarātī. The close connection of this Old Gujarātī with the former is remarkable; and, though the materials are very incomplete, we are entitled to say that for the first time we have before us an unbroken chain of development between a Prakrit dialect and a modern Indian vernacular.
Art. XX.—A Comparative Vocabulary of Malayan Dialects
Authors: Blagden C. Otto
Published: March 2011

I would beg to be allowed to correct the somewhat misleading description of MS. No. 29 of the Maxwell Bequest of Malay Books which was published in my provisional list of them printed in Part I of the Society's Journal for 1899. I was misled by the first few pages of the book, which consist of a rather elaborate list of languages, into supposing that the MS. contained vocabularies of all of them: having identified a few, I assumed, somewhat too hastily, that the rest were also represented there.
Art. XIV.—Notes from the Tanjur
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: March 2011

I present here a short tract from Mdo, vol. cxxxiii, foil. 330–2, entitled Īśvarakartṛtranirākṛtir Viṣṇorekakartṛtvanirākaraṋam, or “Refutation of the idea of God as Creator (sic): Refutation of the idea of Viṣṇu as sole Creator (sic).” It is ascribed to Nāgārjuna, who is named as the author of about one hundred works noted by me in the Tanjur. The fact that it appears in one of the last volumes of the Mdo, and that both the Sanskrit and the native versions are given, seem to indicate that the work was a comparatively late accession to the Tibetan collection. I give both versions in order to fix the text. The work is, as will be seen, of a simple type, adapted, as it states, to the learner (suśiṣyapratibodhārtham), and in character quite different from the famous nyāya treatise of Udayana, the Kusumāñjali, which seeks to establish the contrary.
Art. XXIX.—Notes from the Tanjur
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: March 2011

The Tanjur contains, beside the Meghadūta, two short poems attributed to Kālidāsa, both mentioned by Huth in his analysis of Mdo, vols. cxvii–cxxiv (Sitziungsberichte d. k. preuss. Akademie d. Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1895, xv, p. 17). One is entitled Maṅgalāṣṭaka, and is found in Rgyud, vol. lxxxvi, fol. 225. The other, a hymn to Sarasvatī (Rgyud, vol. lxxxii, foll. 199–200), I here transcribe with a tentative translation, which may perhaps enable scholars to estimate the probability of the supposed authorship, and to identify the work with the Sanskrit original if discovered. None of the numerous printed collections of Sanskrit stotras appear to contain anything corresponding to it, nor is it identical with any of the manuscript stotras to Sarasvatī which I have been able to examine. Perhaps some scholar may be able to discover verses cited from it.
XVIII. Remarks on a Papyrus from Oxyrhynchus
Authors: Hultzsch E.
Published: March 2011

One of the papyri of the second century A.D. which Drs. Grenfell and Hunt lately discovered at Oxyrhynchus, in Egypt, contains several passages in a barbarian language, which is presumably an Indian dialect. This may be concluded from the facts that that text—a farce—is concerned with a Greek lady named Charition, who has been stranded on the coast of a country bordering the Indian Ocean, and that the king of that country addresses his retinue by the words Ἰνδ⋯ν πρ⋯μοι, ‘ chiefs of the Indians.’ In other places the same king and his countrymen use their own language.
VI. The Gurjaras of Rajputana and Kanauj
Authors: Smith Vincent A.
Published: March 2011

I now proceed to discuss in detail the ascertained facts of each reign, inscriptions, of course, being the principal source of information, and in doing so shall permit myself a certain amount of latitude in digressions upon cognate topics. The inscriptions of the greatest value for establishing the genealogy of the royal family are Nos. 3, 8, and 19–22 of my List.
XI. The Chain of Samaritan High Priests
Authors: Gaster M.
Published: March 2011

The Samaritans possess three Chronicles, written in that mixed Hebrew idiom peculiar to them. In substance idential with one another, they differ in form. One is quite short, the second a little more expanded, and the third a further enlargement of the two previous ones. Of these Chronicles the second has been published by Dr. A. Neubauer, “Chronique Samaritaine” (Asiatique), 1869; and separately, Paris, 1873), from a copy made by the present High Priest under the title Tolidoth (T.).
XXXI. The “Unknown Languages” of Eastern Turkestan
Authors: Hoernle A. F. Rudolf
Published: March 2011

IN the July number of this Journal, p. 836, I promised to publish the text of the Aparimitāyuḥ Sūtra. As I have not yet received the Cambridge manuscripts of that Sūtra, I must defer the fulfilment of my promise to a later issue of the Journal. In the meantime I have compared the Sanskrit text of the Vajracchedikā, in Max Müller's edition, with the “unknown language” text in Dr. Stein's manuscript; and I may now present two extended “bilingual” extracts from the two texts. So far as I am able to judge at present, the East-Turkestani text does not appear to be a translation, throughout, of the Sanskrit text, as published by Max Müller. It is so, however, quite clearly in certain portions; and it is some of these portions that I am now presenting as a preliminary contribution.
VI. The Relation of the Old Arabian Poetry to the Hebrew Literature of the Old Testament
Authors: Lyall C. J.
Published: March 2011

Three years ago, in his Schweich Lectures on “The Early Poetry of Israel in its Physical and Social Origins”, Dr. George Adam Smith gave us a detailed examination of all the remains of ancient Hebrew poetry contained in the Old Testament which he thought might reasonably be assigned to the period before the eighth centuryb.c., that notable century which saw the rise of the great Prophets—Amos, Hosea, Micah, Isaiah—who brought to the religion of Israel a new spirit, and set it upon the road of development which has been fraught with incalculable consequences to the history of mankind. Those who heard his lectures, or have read them in their since published form, will remember that in dealing with these ancient relics of literature Dr. Smith throughout examined them with an eye to the compositions of those cousins of Israel, the nomad tribes of Arabia. Comparing the two, at every step he found that the latter threw light on the former, and brought into strong relief the close kinship of these two great historic branches of the Semitic race. “Ancient Israel illustrated by Ancient Arabia” might, in fact, be taken as the alternative description of his lectures, the beauty and eloquence of which those who heard them are not likely soon to forget.
XVI. Uddyotakara, a Contemporary of Dharmakīrti
Authors: Vidyabhusana Satis Chandra
Published: March 2011

Uddyotakara is well known as a Brāhmaṇa logician and author of a sub-commentary on Gotama's Nyāya- sūtra called the Nyāya-vārttika, in which he mentions two treatises on Logic called respectively the Vādavidhi and Vādavidhāna-ṭīkā.
XI. Yasna XXXII, 1–8, in its Indian Equivalent
Authors: Mills Lawrence
Published: March 2011

1. asyaca** (asmākam ṛtupateḥ(-s)) svaituḥ(-ur) yāsat((-d), abhi-(-y-)-ā yacchāt, kila, (-ā-) asurāt prārthayāṅ ime ye ('sya) asya vṛjane nivasanti(-āntai)) smad aryam(a)nā; (b) -asya(?), (haye) devāḥ, (kila, haye yūyaṃ, deva-pūjakāḥ (-ā)); madīye, mama, māne, manasi (-y evam) asurasya maitryam (abhi-vṛtam, abhi vriyate, hṛdayabhakti maitryaṃ) sumedhasaḥ(-o) (mahādhaḥ(-s));—

(c) tava (asura, tvadīyāḥ (-ā)) dūtāsah(-o'sa-) asāma; tāṅ (dūre-) dhārayaḥ(-o) ye vaḥ(-o) dviṣanti(-āntai).
XII. The Ancient Indian Water-clock
Authors: Fleet J. F.
Published: March 2011

The Indian water-clock was an arrangement for measuring by means of water and a jar or bowl the duration of a nāḍī, nāḍikā, nālikā, or ghaṭī, ghaṭikā, the period of twenty-four minutes, one-sixtieth of a mean civil day of exactly twenty-four hours from mean sunrise to mean sunrise, 6.0 a.m. It has existed in two forms.
VIII. “The Hand Treatise,” a work of Āryadeva
Authors: Thomas F. W. , Ui H.
Published: March 2011

The little work here presented in text and translation attracted my notice many years ago in connexion with a certain literary question. It occurs as Nos. 1255–6 in Bunyiu Nanjio's Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripiṭaka, where its title is given as Mushṭi-prakaraṇa (?)-śāstra (Tālāntaraka-śāstra), translated (p. 374, among the works of Gina, i.e. Dignāga) as “Sāstra on the explanation of the fist”. I was not in a position to consider its relation to a Tibetan work with which I was familiar, ascribed to Āryadeva and bearing the name Hastabāla (sic) or Hastābhava-prakaraṇa with commentary.
A North African Folk Instrument
Authors: Farmer Henry George
Published: March 2011

Among the folk instruments of music in North Africa the primitive lute, guitar, or pandore known as the gunbrī or gunībrī stands facile princeps. Look where you will from Egypt to Morocco, from the Mediterranean to the southern confines of the Sūdān, and you will find this instrument in some form or other, although its name may have slight variation.2 It is essentially an instrument of the people, and is but rarely found in the hands of the professional musician of the town orchestra (ribā'a al-āla), who usually confines his attention to the more refined 'ūd (lute), kūītra (mandoline), or ṭtunbūr (pandore) among the stringed instruments whose strings are plucked. All and sundry among the people at large who are impelled to try their hand at music, take up the igunbrī or gurībrī——the noisy youth, the whining beggar, the strolling minstrel, the industrious workman, the respectable merchant, and the faqīr of the religious fraternity (zāwiya)——each thinking himself an adept as a performer.
List of the Tibetan MSS. and Printed Books in the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society
Authors: Wenzel H.
Published: March 2011

(I.) Damamūsho (sic!) jans. blun zhes bya vai mdo [Mdo xxviii. 1, Feer, p. 283], fol. 300 line 7.
XI. The Chinese Numerals and their Notational Systems
Authors: Hopkins L. C.
Published: March 2011

The Chinese people have two systems in current and concurrent use for writing their Numerals.

Of these, one is the ordinary notation with characters of pictographic origin, except the first three cyphers.
Aparmānd
Authors: Zaehner R. C.
Published: March 2011

The question of aparmānd once more becomes actual with the publication of Professor Herzfeld's Altpersische Inschriften. In that work, p. 247, the author suggests the meaning “Pflicht” or “Privileg” for ZāmN, § 41, differing but slightly from Bartholomae in meaning, but rejecting the latter's etymology apar + mānd, “something left over” in favour of a derivation from an (unattested) OP. loanword *mandā-, “*Dienstpflicht” which he would read in Beh., § 40, in the place of yadā-. The continued existence of this *mandā- must therefore largely depend on the correctness or otherwise of Herzfeld's interpretation of MP. aparmānd. A detailed examination of the evidence would therefore not be out of place.
III. Chinese Imperial Edict of 1808 A.D. on the Origin and Transmigrations of the Grand Lamas of Tibet
Authors: Waddell L. A.
Published: March 2011

When at Lhasa in 1904 I found, in addition to the two earliest historical Tibetan documents yet known (as notified inthis Journal), a very long inscription of the Chinese emperor Chia-ch'ing, of 1808 a.d., which is of considerable historical interest and importance. It gives an official account of the origin of the Grand Lamaship and of the theory of succession to the same by divine reincarnations; it also prescribes the “Ordeal of the Urn” for the selection of the candidate, one of the steps taken by China to secure political control over the succession to the pontifical throne; and it records the building of the Potala palace at Lhasa as one of “the three Potalas”, and of a fourth “Potala”-academy erected by a Chinese emperor at Jehol, to the north-west of Peking.
The Date of Bhūti Vikramakēsari
Authors: Sastri K. A. Nilakantha
Published: March 2011

Venkayya and I are of opinion that the Koḍumbāḷūr inscription of Bhūti Vikramakēsari must be dated in the tenth century a.d.; Father Heras proposes a date three centuries earlier. The arguments originally put forward by Venkayya, together with others drawn from Cōḷa inscriptions, have been summarized by me in my paper on the Koḍumbāḷūr inscription to which Fr. Heras has referred in his paper published in a recent issue of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (January, 1934, pp. 33 ff.). I propose here to examine the steps by which Fr. Heras reaches his conclusion.
The Gāndhāra grāma
Authors: Strangways A. H. Fox
Published: March 2011

PRAVARTATE svargaloke grāmo 'sau na mahītale. That scale exists in heaven, not on earth.

It was this sentence in the Sañgītadarpaṇa (i, 72) that determined me thirty years ago to visit India. Not that I hoped exactly to solve the problem, but the music must be interesting, I thought, which had learnt so much that it had quite forgotten.
Lhasa
Authors: Walsh E. H. C.
Published: March 2011

Although Tibet is a large country, over 900 miles in its greatest length and over 800 miles in its greatest width, with a frontier of over 2,000 miles, very little was known about it before Sir Francis Younghusband's Expedition in 1903–4. The reason for this is its frontiers of high mountain ranges, some of them the highest in the world.
The Identification of Ptolemy's Dounga
Authors: Palmer J. A. B.
Published: March 2011

In a paper entitled “Two Notes on Ptolemy's Geography of India” published in JRAS., 1941, pp. 208 ff., the late Professor E. H. Johnston discussed the location of a place named “Dounga” by Ptolemy, book vii, ch. 1, s. 6. He also examined the historical circumstances relating to Dounga and suggested its possible identity with Dhenukākaṭa mentioned in some of the cave inscriptions ofthe Bombay region. Professor Johnston, however, did not arrive at a sufficiently exact idea of the topography, possibly because he was without that local knowledge which adds so much to any reading of a map. Consequently, some of his suggestions appear to be susceptible of amendment.
Brahui et Tsigane
Authors: Bloch Jules
Published: March 2011

Si l'on ignorait que le brahui est une langue dravidienne, ce n'est pas la conjugaison du present verbal qui le révélerait. En voici les désinences (Bray, §§ 202–3):—

Qu'il suffise de mettre en regard le paradigme des langues qui lui sont le plus proches, le gondi (prétérit, d'après Ch. Trench, Gr. of Gondi, p. 15):

et le kurukh (d'après A. Grignard, Gr. of the Oraon language, pp. 68–9):

pour se rendre compte que, sauf aux 2e et 3e personnes du pluriel, le système est différent.
The Near East study tour diary of Ignaz Goldziher
Authors: Conrad Lawrence I.
Published: March 2011

Ignaz Goldziher (1850–1921) is generally acknowledged as the scholar whose work to a great extent laid the modern foundations for the study in the West of the history, culture, and religion of Islam. Issues of considerable significance are thus posed by questions concerning the individual responsible for this seminal scholarship, including, for example, such matters as his personal background, the influences that directed the course of his intellectual development, and the perspective from which he viewed the discipline he did so much to create and to which he dedicated his life. Fortunately, much material relevant to the investigation of these topics survives. In addition to Goldziher's vast scholarly corpus, important collections of his correspondence with colleagues and friends are extant, primarily in Budapest. The material published to date includes Goldziher's letters to Immanuel Löw (1854–1944), a discussion – with important extracts – of those to S. A. Poznanski (1864–1921), the letters of Solomon Schechter (1849–1915), Max Nordau (1849–1923) and Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1857–1936) to Goldziher, and a selection from the correspondence between Theodor Nöldeke (1836–1930) and Goldziher. His 1890 memoirs and subsequent diary have also been published, and Raphael Patai has now brought to light another important document, Goldziher'sKeleti Naplóm(“My Oriental Diary”), in English translation with a detailed introduction offering a psychological portrait of the author.
Catalogue of Tamil manuscripts in the Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine
Authors: Gunasingam S.
Published: March 2011

Since the time South Asia, together with other Asian and African countries, became an integral part of the British Empire, the significance of manuscripts, published works and other artefacts, relating to those regions has stimulated continued appreciation in the United Kingdom, albeit with varying degrees of interest. It is interesting to note that the factors which have contributed in one way or another to the collecting of South Asian I material for British institutions vary in their nature, and thus illuminate the attitudes of different periods. During the entire nineteenth century, the collectors were primarily administrators; for most of the first half of the twentieth century, it was the interest and the needs of British universities that led to the accumulation of substantial holdings in many academic or specialist libraries.
An Old Moorish Lute Tutor
Authors: Farmer Henry George
Published: March 2011

Maghribī or Moorish documents on the theory of music are extremely rare. We certainly have the Commentary on Aristotle's De anima by Ibn Rushd (d. 1198), but that deals with the question of the physical basis of sound, and not with practical theory. Probably the latter is treated in the Kitāb al adwār al-mansūb attributed to Ibn Sab'īn (d. 1269), but this is, unfortunately, locked away in a private library in the East. We also have the treatise bearing the name of Al-Shalāḥi (ca. 1301) known as the Kitāb al-imtā' wa'lintifā', and the chapter on music in the mugaddima of the Kitāb al-'ibarof Ibn Khaldūn (d. 1406), but they tell us very little. The former is mainly concerned with the question of the “lawfulness” of music, whilst the latter is too general in its treatment to be of much use, and tells us nothing about practical theory.
Printing and Translations under Muḥammad 'Alī of Egypt: The Foundation of Modern Arabic
Authors: Heyworth-Dunne J.
Published: March 2011

Perhaps one of Muḥammad 'Alī's most remarkable achievements was the new direction he gave to the Arabic language and its literature. Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the use of the literary language had been confined to the needs of the mosque and themadrasahsattached thereto and, in a very limited way, to the antiquated scientific pursuits of a few of the 'ulamā' of al-Azhar. The literary language was also used for a certain amount of the popular literature and by the poets. Persian was read by a few, especially those interested in literature. Most educated Turks knew the “three languages”,al-lughāt ath-thalāthas they were called, i.e. Arabic, Turkish, and Persian. The Turk appears to have used Arabic for his faith, Persian for his literary taste, and Turkish for governing. Turkish was used for official purposes and there is ample. evidence in al-Jabartī that there were many in Egypt who knew Turkish, but it was not until the period of Muḥammad 'Alī that Egypt became Ottomanized in spite of the fact that it had been a part of the Turkish Empire for three centuries. One might have supposed that the sudden intensive use of the Turkish language would have ousted Arabic altogether and, normally, this would have occurred but for the scientific needs of the new ruler. Whereas the Turks favoured the purely military achievements of MuḤammad 'Alī, they had very little inclination and no patience for supplying the scientific requirements of a modern army.
Ibn al-Samḥ
Authors: Stern S. M.
Published: March 2011

Yaḥyā b. 'adī played an important role in the history of Aristotelian studies in Islam. By his extensive activity as translator, as textual critic, and as interpreter, he gave a new impetus to the study of Aristotle. He can clearly be recognized as the head of a distinct school of philosophers, and his influence remained discernible for several generations, especially in the school's tradition of Aristotelian interpretation.
Field Notes on the Arabic Literatures of the Western Sudan: Muhammadu Bello
Authors: Kensdale W. E. N.
Published: March 2011

In two previous articles in this Journal the writer presented lists of the Arabic writings of the two brothers Shehu Usumanu and Waziri Abdullahi dan Fodio from information acquired in Nigeria in 1954 and 1955. The present article, written in Bahrain, is intended to complete these notes by listing the Arabic works of Shehu Usumanu's son, Muhammadu Bello.
At the Crossroads: Mother Goddess Cult-Sites in Ancient India
Authors: Kosambi D. D.
Published: March 2011

1. The Problem. The chain of incident and action in Śūdraka's deservedly popular drama Mṛcchakaṭika commences with a peculiar ritual on a dark night. The hero Cārudatta, an impoverished but virtuous brahmin caravan merchant, has just finished his evening prayers. At the beginning of the first act, he asks his clownish brahmin friend Maitreya to help in the consummation: kṛto mayā gṛhadevatābhyo baliḥ; gaccha, tvam api catuṣpathe mātṛbhyo balim upahara. “I have completed the bali (food-)offerings to the household gods; go thou, offer (this) bali to the Mothers at the crossroads.” This simple request leads to the rescue of the heroine Vasantasenā from abduction. Here we leave the development of the plot, to investigate the ritual.
Was Gandhāra Art a Product of Mahāyāna Buddhism?
Authors: Krishan Y.
Published: March 2011

I. The Gandhāra and Mathurā Schools of Art made a revolutionary contribution to the traditions and history of Buddhist art. Early Buddhist art was aniconic. At Bhārhut, Sānchi and Amaravātī before the 1st century a.d., the Buddha was represented only in symbols; a riderless horse, the tree or wheel, stūpa, and the rest indicated the great renunciation, enlightenment, preaching of the doctrine and the nirvāṇa. In Gandhāra and Mathurā art, however, the Buddha was represented in human form, and many sculptures representing bodhisattvas have been found in Gandhāra.
Al-Xwārazmī on the Peoples of Central Asia
Authors: Bosworth C. E. , Clauson Gerard
Published: March 2011

The passage treated here occurs in the seventh faṣl, “Concerning words which are frequently used in reference to conquests, expeditions and historical accounts of the Arabs during Islam,” of the sixth bāb of the first maqāla of al-Xwārazmī's Mafātīḥ al-'ulūm (pp. 119–20 of the edition of Van Vloten, Leiden 1895 = p. 73 of the edition of Cairo 1342/1923–4). The whole faṣl was published in the original and translated by J. M. Unvala in his article, “The translation of an extract from Mafātīḥ al-'Ulūm of al-Khwārazmī” in the Journal of the K.R. Cama Institute, XI, Bombay 1928, 76–110. However, Unvala was primarily an Iranian scholar and his commentary on the faṣl is oriented primarily in that direction. He was on weaker ground when dealing with Central Asiatic and especially Turkish topics: and this fact, together with the lapse of nearly 40 years since Unvala prepared his article, warrants a reconsideration of the brief section on Central Asia in the light of more recent researches.
Studies in Iranian Metalwork. V: A Sassanian Eagle in the Round
Authors: Melikian-Chirvani Assadullah Souren
Published: March 2011

The object published in these pages for the first time is of major interest for the history of Iranian metalwork. This eagle in the round is the largest animal bronze of the Sassanian period known to this day. It is of the highest quality and in comparatively good condition in spite of the accident which caused its two wings to be broken at some unknown time. I should therefore like to express my warmest thanks to Dr. von Manteuffel, Director of the Sculpture Department at the Berlin Dahlem Museum, and to Dr. Ursula Schlegel for generously giving me permission to publish this outstanding work of art. My gratitude goes also to Dr. Viktor Elbern, who very kindly encouraged me in this publication.
The Gentilitial Adjective in Hebrew
Authors: Kamhi D. J.
Published: March 2011

In Semitic languages, except Akkadian, the gentilitial adjectives are formed by adding a suffix -ī to the words from which they derive.
Problems of Linear Elamite
Authors: Hinz Walther
Published: March 2011

The system of writing which we call Linear Elamite was fully developed in the 23rd century B.C., but it seems that it did not survive the last of the 12 rulers of the dynasty of Awan. The name of this king was, in Babylonian, Puzur-Inshushinak. He reigned, according to the middle chronology, from c. 2260 to c. 2225 B.C. From c. 2200 B.C. the Elamites used only the Akkadian cuneiform script which they formerly had employed alongside their own Elamite script.
The Original Home of the Ikṣvākus
Authors: Bhargava P. L.
Published: March 2011

It is a well-known fact that the Purāṇas have traced all the earliest Indo-Aryan dynasties from Manu Vaivasvata. One of the sons of Manu Vaivasvata was Ikṣvāku who is said to have founded a dynasty which ruled at Ayodhyā, while a son of his named Nimi is said to have founded the kingdom of Videha. The location by the Purāṇas of the earliest Aryan dynasties as far east as Kosala and Videha, however, goes totally against the evidence of the Ṛgveda and the later Vedic literature, according to which the Aryans were originally settled in the country called Saptasindhu and only later moved towards the east, the south, and the west. It was this serious conflict between the evidence of the Purāṇas and the Vedic literature which led Rapson to declare that it seems impossible to bring the Purāṇic genealogies into any satisfactory relation with the Vedic literature.
Notes on the Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa
Authors: Bodewitz H. W.
Published: March 2011

The following exegetical and textcritical remarks are based on a cursory reading of Caland's Jaiminīya-brāhmaṇa in Auswahl. The present paper covers about 50 pages of this publication. The notes may be helpful for a new edition of the text and for a translation of this brāhmaṇa, part of which I hope to undertake in the future (the agniṣṭoma section).
Towards an interpretation of the Mughal Empire
Authors: Ali M. Athar
Published: March 2011

It is nowadays common for Indian history textbooks to treat the various “empires” that successively occupied the stage of Indian history, with their respective “administrations”, as so many successive repetitions with merely different names for offices and institutions that in substance remained the same: namely, the King, the Ministers, the Provinces, the Governors, the Taxes, Landgrants, and so on. But D. D. Kosambi, in hisIntroduction to the study of Indian history(Bombay, 1975), rightly observed that this repetitive succession cannot be assumed, and that each regime, when subjected to critical study, displays distinct elements that call for its analysis in the context of “relations of production” (as he put it) existing at that time.