bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating Magnetohydrodynamic Instabilities with Conservative Perturbed MHD Model Using Discontinuous Galerkin Method
Authors: Ma Jun , Guo Wenfeng , Yu Zhi
Published: March 2017

In magnetically confined plasma research, the understandings of small and large perturbations at equilibrium are both critical for plasma controlling and steady state operation. Numerical simulations using original MHD model can hardly give clear picture for small perturbations, while non-conservative perturbed MHD model may break conservation law, and give unphysical results when perturbations grow large after long-time computation. In this paper, we present a nonlinear conservative perturbed MHD model by splitting primary variables in original MHD equations into equilibrium part and perturbed part, and apply an approach in the framework of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) spatial discretization for numerical solutions. This enables high resolution of very small perturbations, and also gives satisfactory non-smooth solutions for large perturbations, which are both broadly concerned in magnetically confined plasma research. Numerical examples demonstrate satisfactory performance of the proposed model clearly. For small perturbations, the results have higher resolution comparing with the original MHD model; for large perturbations, the non-smooth solutions match well with existing references, confirming reliability of the model for instability investigations in magnetically confined plasma numerical research.
Экстремальные сети на $\lambda$-нормированной плоскости, где $\lambda=3,4,6$
Authors: Ilyutko Denis Petrovich , Nikonov Igor Mikhailovich
Published: March 2017

Первым автором был получен геометрический критерий экстремальности сети на $\lambda$-нормированной плоскости для $\lambda\ne2,3,4,6$. Случай $\lambda=2$ разобран в работах А. О. Иванова и А. А. Тужилина. В статье дается критерий экстремальности для оставшихся трех случаев, а именно для $\lambda=3,4,6$.
Библиография: 21 название.
Построение линейной фильтрации для расслоений ранга $2$ на $\mathbf{P}^1_{\mathbb Z}$
Authors: Smirnov Aleksandr Leonidovich , Yakovenko Sergey Sergeevich
Published: March 2017

Получен алгоритм построения фильтрации с линейными факторами для векторных расслоений ранга 2 над поверхностью $\mathbf{P}^1_A$, где $A$ - евклидова область. Иными словами, предъявленный алгоритм для обратимой $2$-матрицы $\sigma$ над кольцом $A[x,x^{-1}]$ строит матрицы $\lambda$ над $A[x]$ и $\rho$ над $A[x^{-1}]$, для которых $\lambda\sigma\rho$ является верхнетреугольной матрицей.
Библиография: 13 названий.
О заменах базисов в алгебре Стинрода $\operatorname{mod} p$
Authors: Emel'yanov Danila Yur'evich , Popelenskii Fedor Yur'evich
Published: March 2017

Исследуются треугольности замен аддитивных базисов в алгебрах Стинрода.
Библиография: 9 названий.
Therapeutic Dilemma of Refractory Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
Authors: Zhu Jianyu , Yang Degang , Shi Chao , Jing Zhichun
Published: March 2017

Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), also known as type II leprosy reaction, is a severe immune-mediated complication of multibacillary leprosy. For ENL, corticosteroids and thalidomide are the mainstays of treatment. Other immunosuppressants, such as clofazimine, cyclosporine, and azathioprine have also been used. Although most patients with ENL respond well to conventional treatments, a small number are refractory to these therapies and have severe morbidity or mortality. We report the case of a 24-year-old man with refractory ENL treated with high-dose corticosteroids for 15 months. The patient developed steroid-dependence and serious adverse effects, and died of an intracranial infection.
Reducing Uncertainty for Acute Febrile Illness in Resource-Limited Settings: The Current Diagnostic Landscape
Authors: Robinson Matthew L. , Manabe Yukari C.
Published: March 2017

Diagnosing the cause of acute febrile illness in resource-limited settings is important—to give the correct antimicrobials to patients who need them, to prevent unnecessary antimicrobial use, to detect emerging infectious diseases early, and to guide vaccine deployment. A variety of approaches are yielding more rapid and accurate tests that can detect more pathogens in a wider variety of settings. After decades of slow progress in diagnostics for acute febrile illness in resource-limited settings, a wave of converging advancements will enable clinicians in resource-limited settings to reduce uncertainty for the diagnosis of acute febrile illness.
The Economic Value of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying Implementation in Mozambique
Authors: Lee Bruce Y. , Bartsch Sarah M. , Stone Nathan T. B. , Zhang Shufang , Brown Shawn T. , Chatterjee Chandrani , DePasse Jay V. , Zenkov Eli , Briët Olivier J. T. , Mendis Chandana , Viisainen Kirsi , Candrinho Baltazar , Colborn James
Published: March 2017

Malaria-endemic countries have to decide how much of their limited resources for vector control to allocate toward implementing long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) versus indoor residual spraying (IRS). To help the Mozambique Ministry of Health use an evidence-based approach to determine funding allocation toward various malaria control strategies, the Global Fund convened the Mozambique Modeling Working Group which then used JANUS, a software platform that includes integrated computational economic, operational, and clinical outcome models that can link with different transmission models (in this case, OpenMalaria) to determine the economic value of vector control strategies. Any increase in LLINs (from 80% baseline coverage) or IRS (from 80% baseline coverage) would be cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ≤ $114/disability-adjusted life year averted). However, LLIN coverage increases tend to be more cost-effective than similar IRS coverage increases, except where both pyrethroid resistance is high and LLIN usage is low. In high-transmission northern regions, increasing LLIN coverage would be more cost-effective than increasing IRS coverage. In medium-transmission central regions, changing from LLINs to IRS would be more costly and less effective. In low-transmission southern regions, LLINs were more costly and less effective than IRS, due to low LLIN usage. In regions where LLINs are more cost-effective than IRS, it is worth considering prioritizing LLIN coverage and use. However, IRS may have an important role in insecticide resistance management and epidemic control. Malaria intervention campaigns are not a one-size-fits-all solution, and tailored approaches are necessary to account for the heterogeneity of malaria epidemiology.
Pomen motivacijskih dejavnikov kariernega razvoja med strokovnimi delavci in delavkami v osnovnih in srednjih šolah
Authors: Stepišnik Petra
Published: March 2017

Raziskava obravnava motivacijske dejavnike kariernega razvoja strokovnih delavcev v osnovnih in srednjih šolah, ki poteka vzporedno in neločljivo z dvema drugima procesoma: psihosocialnim razvojem posameznika in njegovim družinskim življenjem. Empirična raziskava je bila narejena na vzorcu 360 strokovnih delavcev v osnovnih in srednjih šolah. Strokovni delavci so na lestvici pomembnosti motivacijskih dejavnikov ocenjevali stopnjo strinjanja s trditvami v zvezi z naslednjimi motivacijskimi dejavniki: zakonodaja in urejenost dokumentacije na ravni šole, organizacijska klima in kultura na šoli, vodstvo šole, šola kot učeča se organizacija, potreba posameznika po kariernem razvoju. Zanimalo nas je, ali po mnenju vprašanih obstajajo razlike v oceni stopnje pomembnosti posameznih motivacijskih dejavnikov za karierni razvoj ter ali obstaja odvisnost med končnim rezultatom na lestvici in posameznimi spremenljivkami. Ugotovitev je pomembna za strokovne delavce in vodstva šol, ki se ukvarjajo s spodbujanjem kariernega razvoja, in bi jo bilo smiselno upoštevati tako pri načrtovanju kot spremljanju kariernega razvoja strokovnih delavcev na šolah.
Measurement of blood calprotectin (MRP-8/MRP-14) levels in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Bojko Jaryna
Published: March 2017

Objectives: The aim of the investigation was to compare blood calprotectin (MRP8/14, S100A 8/9) levels in patients with systemic-onset, polyarticular, RF-negative and oligoarticular subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and to explore links between blood calprotectin levels and clinical and laboratory markers of JIA activity.

Material and methods: Measurement of calprotectin in blood serum was performed in 160 patients with JIA followed up at Lviv Regional Council Public Institution “Western-Ukrainian Specialised Children’s Medical Centre”. Seventeen patients with systemic-onset JIA (sJIA) and 49 patients with other JIA subtypes (RF-negative polyarthritis and oligoarthritis) in the active phase of the disease were included in this study. Determination of calprotectin levels in blood serum was performed using EK-MRP8/14 Buhlmann Calprotectin reagents (Buhlmann, Switzerland) by the ELISA method.

Results: The results of the investigations showed that blood calprotectin levels were higher in patients with systemic-onset subtype of the disease (median 13,800 ng/ml), and differed significantly from levels in healthy children (median 1,800 ng/ml, p = 0.00002), levels in patients with articular subtypes of JIA (median 2,700 ng/ml, p = 0.000008), and patients with RF-negative polyarthritis (median 3,800 ng/ml, p = 0.003226) and oligoarthritis (median 2,500 ng/ml, p = 0.000009). The highest blood calprotectin levels were found in patients with newly diagnosed sJIA, the median being 32,500 ng/ml (range: 13,800–177,000 ng/ml). Direct correlations were found between blood calprotectin and JADAS 27 activity score (p = 0.000009), ESR (p = 0.000079) and CRP (p = 0.000058).

Conclusions: Blood calprotectin level is one of the measures that can be used to confirm the diagnosis of sJIA and to monitor the disease activity and therapy effectiveness.
An ever-challenging relationship: lupus and pregnancy
Authors: Bălănescu Andra , Donisan Teodora , Bălănescu Dinu
Published: March 2017

Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease with an unknown etiology and an autoimmune pathogenesis, and its clinical manifestations can involve multiple organs through polymorphic biological changes. Nowadays, pregnancy is possible for most patients with SLE, and good outcomes can be expected for both mother and child. This became possible as a consequence of increasingly better monitoring and treatment of pregnant women with SLE. The following article outlines the problems associated with fertility, course of pregnancy, and breastfeeding in women with SLE.
Dependence of the hygroscopicity parameter κ on particle size, humidity and solute concentration: implications for laboratory experiments, field measurements and model studies
Authors: Wang Zhibin , Cheng Yafang , Ma Nan , Mikhailov Eugene , Pöschl Ulrich , Su Hang
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The hygroscopicity parameter κ has been intensively used in the investigation of the water uptake, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles. A representative value of κ is often assigned to individual species or sources. Such treatment may lead to confusion in closure studies of κ derived from hygroscopic growth factor measurements (κgf) and CCN activity measurements (κCCN), and in studies of aerosols at the sub-10 nm size range. Here we show that for particles of the same dry composition, κ may differ as a function of water content, solute concentration and particle size. The concentration- and size-dependence of κ are demonstrated for representative inorganic and organic compounds, i.e., ammonium sulfate (AS), sodium chloride (NaCl) and sucrose. Our results illustrate that an absolute closure between κgf and κCCN should not be expected, and how the deviations observed in field and laboratory experiments can be quantitatively explained and reconciled. The difference between κgf and κCCN increases as particle size decreases reaching up to 40 % and 30 % for 10 nm AS and NaCl particles, respectively. Moreover, we show that the deviations of κCCN vary from ~ 10 % for 30 nm and ~ 40 % for 200 nm, indicating a strong dependence on the Köhler models and thermodynamic parameterizations used for instrument calibration (e.g., effective water vapor supersaturation in CCN counter). By taking these factors into account, we can largely explain apparent discrepancies between κgf and κCCN values reported in the scientific literature. Our results help to understand and interpret κ values determined at different water vapor ratios and at different size ranges (especially sub-10 nm). We highlight the importance of self-consistent thermodynamic parameterizations when using AS for calibration aerosol and taking it as a reference substance representing inorganics in closure study between chemical composition and hygroscopicity of aerosol particles.
Gasoline aromatic: a critical determinant of urban secondary organic aerosol formation
Authors: Peng Jianfei , Hu Min , Du Zhuofei , Wang Yinhui , Zheng Jing , Zhang Wenbin , Yang Yudong , Qin Yanhong , Zheng Rong , Xiao Yao , Wu Yusheng , Lu Sihua , Wu Zhijun , Guo Song , Mao Hongjun , Shuai Shijin
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Gasoline vehicle exhaust is an important contributor to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in urban atmosphere. Fuel composition has considerable potential impact on gasoline SOA production, but this impact is still taken little account in the emission regulations due to the poor understanding of the link between fuel components and SOA production. Here, we present an in-depth study to investigate the impact of gasoline aromatic content on SOA production through chamber approach. A significant amplification factor of 3–6 for SOA productions from gasoline exhausts was observed as gasoline aromatic content rose from 29 % to 37 %. Considerably higher emissions of aromatic volatile organic compounds performed an essential role in the SOA production enhancement. Our findings indicate that gasoline aromatics have significant influence on ambient PM2.5 concentration in megacities and highlight that more stringent regulation on gasoline aromatic content will achieve unexpected benefit on air quality in urban areas.
On the parametrization of optical particle counter response including instrument-induced broadening of size spectra and a self-consistent evaluation of calibration measurements
Authors: Walser Adrian , Sauer Daniel , Spanu Antonio , Gasteiger Josef , Weinzierl Bernadett
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Optical particle counters (OPCs) are common tools for the in situ measurement of aerosol particle number size distributions. As the actual quantity measured by OPCs is the intensity of light scattered by individual particles, it is necessary to translate the collected distribution of scattering signals into the desired distribution of particle sizes. A crucial part in this challenge is the modeling of OPC response and the calibration of the instrument, i.e. to establish the relation between particle scattering cross-section and measured signal amplitude. To date, existing methods lack a comprehensive parametrization of this instrument response, particularly regarding the instrument-induced broadening of size distribution widths. We introduce an approach overcoming the present shortcomings by implementing a simple parametrization of the broadening effect and a self-consistent way to evaluate calibration measurements using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. We further outline how to obtain realistic uncertainty estimates for OPC size distributions within this new framework. Measurements of particle standards for two OPCs, the Grimm model 1.129 (SkyOPC) and the DMT Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP), show substantial reduction in residuals between measured and modeled response compared to existing methods. For the presented set of measurements only the new approach yields results that are conform with the true size distributions within the range of model uncertainty. The offered approach will help to improve the accuracy of derived size distributions and the assessment of their precision for OPC measurements in general.
Semi-automatic sunshots with the WIDIF DIflux
Authors: Rasson Jean L. , Hendrickx Olivier , Marin Jean-Luc
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The determination of magnetic declination angle entails finding two directions: Geographic North and Magnetic North. This paper deals with the former. The known way to do it by using the Suns' calculable orientation in the sky is improved by using a device based on a WIDIF Diflux theodolite and split photocells positioned on its telescope ocular. Given the WIDIF accurate timing and localisation provided by the on board GPS receiver, an astronomical computation can be effectuated and the Sun azimuth as well as an auxiliary's target azimuth can easily and quickly be determinated. The precise Sun's crossing of the split photocell, amplified by the telescope's magnification allows azimuth' accuracies of a few seconds of arc.
One second vector and scalar magnetic measurements at low latitude
observatory, CPL
Authors: Nelapatla Phani Chandrasekhar , Kumar Potharaju Sai Vijay , Arora Kusumita , Kasuba Chandra Shakhar Rao , Rakhlin Leonid , Tymoshyn Sergey , Merenyi Laszlo , Chilukuri Anusha , Bulusu Jayashree , Khomutov Sergey
Published: March 2017

Abstract. There is increasing demand from the global geomagnetic community for the recording of 1 second vector and scalar magnetic datain lieu of the traditional of the 1 minute data, as the 1 second magnetic data would be more compatible with measurements made from low-earth orbiting satellites and the increased detectability threshold, would contribute to: (i) understanding the global scale ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves, sudden impulses and other processes in the ionosphere & magnetosphere: (ii) development of real-time space weather forecasts. The combination of ground and satellite data opens a new pathway in understanding many underlying physical processes in the lower-middle atmospheric dynamics, which has not been accurately understood so far. The International Real-time Magnetic ObservatoryNetwork (INTERMAGNET)observatories (IMO-s) have taken a lead in this direction and many IMO-s now produce both 1 minute and 1 second data. Being affordable, rugged, compact as well as having low power consumption, fluxgate magnetometers are the staple vector sensors of IMO-s.The increased order of noise in these sensors with increasing frequencies, is the main concern and work has been going on for the last decade towards development of suitable instruments (Courtillot and Chulliat, 2008; Korepanov et al. 2006, 2009; Pedersen and Merenyi, 2016 and references therein, Dobrodnyak, 2014; Logvinov, 2014) and techniques for the evaluation and elimination of noise from the data is also being pursued (Turbitt et al. 2013). At the new Magnetic Observatory of CSIR-NGRI in Choutuppal (CPL) campus, 1 second magnetic measurements commenced in the year 2016 using the newly developed Observatory grade 1 second fluxgate magnetometer, GEOMAG-02MO, from GEOMAGNET Ukraine and the Overhauser Proton Precession Magnetometer along with the data acquisition system, MAGREC-4B. The processes of commissioning of this setup in low-latitude conditions, with the aim to finally produce 1 second definitive data (the standards of which are still under discussion with INTERMAGNET) and the characteristics of the data from this new instrument are presented in this work.
In-situ vectorial calibration of magnetic observatory
Authors: Gonsette Alexandre , Rasson Jean , Humbled François
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The goal of magnetic observatories is to measure and provide vector magnetic field in a geodetic coordinate system. For that purpose, instrument setup and calibration are crucial. In particular, scale factor and orientation of vector magnetometer may affect the magnetic field measurement. We remember here the concept of baseline and demonstrate that they are primordial for data quality control. We show how they can highlight a possible calibration error. We also provide a calibration method based on high frequency absolute measurement. This method determines a transformation matrix for correcting variometer data suffering from scale factor and orientation errors. We finally present a practical case whose recovered data have been successfully compared to those coming from a reference magnetometer.
A description and evaluation of an air quality model nested within global and regional composition-climate models using MetUM
Authors: Neal Lucy S. , Dalvi Mohit , Folberth Gerd , McInnes Rachel N. , Agnew Paul , O'Connor Fiona M. , Savage Nicholas H. , Tilbee Marie
Published: March 2017

Abstract. There is a clear need for the development of modelling frameworks for both climate change and air quality to help inform policies for addressing these issues. This paper presents an initial attempt to develop a single modelling framework, by introducing a greater degree of consistency in the modelling framework by using a two-step, one-way nested configuration of models, from a global composition-climate model (GCCM) (140 km resolution) to a regional composition-climate model covering Europe (RCCM) (50 km resolution) and finally to a high (12 km) resolution model over the UK (AQUM). The latter model is used to produce routine air quality forecasts for the UK. All three models are based on the Met Office's Unified Model (MetUM). In order to better understand the impact of resolution on the downscaling of projections of future climate and air quality, we have used this nest of models to simulate a five year period using present-day emissions and under present-day climate conditions. We also consider the impact of running the higher resolution model with higher spatial resolution emissions, rather than simply regridding emissions from the RCCM. We present an evaluation of the models compared to in situ air quality observations over the UK, plus a comparison against an independent 1 km resolution gridded dataset, derived from a combination of modelling and observations. We show that using a high resolution model over the UK has some benefits in improving air quality modelling, but that the use of higher spatial resolution emissions is important to capture local variations in concentrations, particularly for primary pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. For secondary pollutants such as ozone and the secondary component of PM10, the benefits of a higher resolution nested model are more limited and reasons for this are discussed. This study confirms that the resolution of models is not the only factor in determining model performance - consistency between nested models is also important.
Democracia directa, poder y contrapoder. Análisis del referendo del 21 de febrero de 2016 en Bolivia
Authors: Welp Yanina , Lissidini Alicia
Published: March 2017

El referendo ha dividido aguas entre quienes lo defienden como un instrumento de empoderamiento de la ciudadanía y quienes lo rechazan como un arma para la concentración del poder en manos de los líderes. Frente a esta disyuntiva, sostenemos que cuando existen garantías democráticas para su ejercicio, el referendo es un potente mecanismo de contrapoder. Los referendos obligatorios y los iniciados por la ciudadanía son los más adecuados para cumplir con esta función, siempre que se cumplan las reglas del juego y se garantice la existencia de espacios para la expresión de diferentes argumentos y la deliberación. Este artículo analiza estas cuestiones en la consulta popular que tuvo lugar en Bolivia el 21 de febrero de 2016, que resultó en el rechazo a la propuesta de reformar la Constitución para permitir una nueva reelección del presidente Evo Morales y su vicepresidente Álvaro García Linera.
IX Congreso de la Asociación de Estudios Bolivianos
Authors: IX Congreso AEB BSJ
Published: March 2017

IX Congreso de la Asociación de Estudios Bolivianos
The revised ‘Common Time’ program as a strategy for student engagement and retention at university
Authors: Wright Courtney , Lenette Caroline , Lewis-Driver Stephen , Lamar Stephen
Published: March 2017

The School of Human Services and Social Work at Griffith University (Brisbane, Australia) developed the Common Time program in 2002 for its first year undergraduate students to increase student success in academic learning and to facilitate student engagement with staff and fellow students.  Common Time consists of a series of facilitated forums during the initial weeks of each semester, where the first year cohort meet  weekly to discuss general first year issues and receive information relevant to the first year university experience. As the program underwent changes in 2013, this paper discusses the findings of an evaluative research initiative. The results indicate that the revised 2013 Common Time program was, for the most part, effective in orientating and engaging these first year students during their transition into university study.  However, further revisions to the program are needed to improve students’ opportunities to build meaningful social networks in particular.
Encouraging engagement in enabling programs: The students’ perspective
Authors: Hellmundt Suzi , Baker Dallas
Published: March 2017

Student retention is a key concern in tertiary education enabling programs with research showing that early engagement leads to higher completion rates (Hodges et al., 2013). But how do students new to university education learn how to engage effectively? This article outlines an engagement framework that foregrounds Guidance, Encouragement, Modelling and Structure (GEMS) as a holistic approach to facilitating effective student engagement. This framework was developed from qualitative data gleaned from students enrolled in the Preparing for Success Program at Southern Cross University, New South Wales, Australia. The findings from the students indicate that the GEMS framework activates student potential and enables them to use existing knowledge and experience to not only deepen and broaden their learning but also successfully prepare for further study.
Tapping into the teaching experiences of final year education students to increase support for students in their first year
Authors: Geng Gretchen , Midford Richard , Buckworth Jenny , Kersten Therese
Published: March 2017

This study investigates the mentorship of pairing first year and final year teacher education students during their school placements or practicum. Participating students were studied using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach and undertaking Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to interpret their experience and their stress levels in the peer mentorship program. This peer mentoring program offered benefits for the first year education students by reducing their stress levels significantly and providing reassurance about their performance during school practicum. It also prepared the final year students for taking on teacher mentor roles. While the student mentorship program cannot replace the support provided by schools and universities, it does offer first year students reassurance as to their practical teaching abilities and performance. In addition, this study provides several perspectives on student mentorship during teaching practicum that are worthy of further research.
Challenges while Teaching English in the Social Science Classroom: A Bangladesh Perspective
Authors: Aziz Jurana
Published: March 2017

This paper written is based on the findings from a study conducted among the Social Science students of Advanced Level undertaking the English Language courses as Elective or compulsory and their mode of learning is Bengali other than few of these English courses. I have tried to explore some of the difficulties while teaching these students. Two groups of students were selected for experimental study and teaching was given following traditional approaches like CLT. Data were collected through classroom observation and questionnaires. Though the results found have some limitations, this paper aims at suggesting for the probable solutions to the problems and finally it opens a new window to face the learners with this type of challenging situation by adopting some of the innovative methods using the Humanistic approach of learning in English Language Teaching and Education.
Attitudes and Perceptions of Saudi EFL Teachers in Implementing Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030
Authors: Oddah Ahmad Al-Zahrani Nurah , Rajab Hussam
Published: March 2017

The study aimed at exploring the attitudes and perceptions of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers at public schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in achieving the Kingdom’s ‘2030 Vision’ which relates to the development of education in general and to the EFL discipline in particular. The study adopted the descriptive approach by utilizing a survey tool for the study which consisted of nineteen items divided into four constructs. The study sample consisted of 550 female and 450 male, Saudi government schools EFL teachers from the main regions of the Kingdom. The results of the statistical analysis of the responses of the participants indicated overwhelmingly a high level of positive attitude towards professional development in the teaching of English Language (EL), reaching 91% as well as a near unanimity in the responses of the participants which was reflected in the lack of statistically significant relationship between the responses of the participants towards implementing 2030 vision through the achievement of professional development as well as working towards establishing international networking with teachers of English in various countries around the world. The results also indicated that there are still certain obstacles that may adversely affect the implementation of the vision of Saudi Arabia in 2030. Thus, the researchers have made several recommendations including conducting future research studies that will look into further areas not covered by this study.
Victorian maternal child health nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards national registration changes
Authors: Breach Rayleen , Jones Linda K.
Published: March 2017

In 2010 National Registration for nurses was established which was likely to impact the role of the maternal and child health nurses (MCH) in Victoria. This study explored the perceived impact of the national changes to the MCH nurse workforce in Victoria following the implementation of national registration and a proposed national service framework. A qualitative exploratory descriptive design was employed with the purpose of exploring the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of Key Stakeholders (KSH) to the recent changes and perceived impact to Victorian MCH nurses. The significance of this study lies with understanding the gaps in current knowledge of KSH to the national changes. Outlined briefly in this paper will be main findings from the KSH. This involved interviewing 12 KSH from management positions, including Local Government Coordinators, Policy Advisors to the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, the Municipal Association of Victoria, along with academics from Universities that provide postgraduate Child and Family Health education programs for the MCH nurse qualification. Date was transcribed verbatim and content analysis used. Categories were developed by identifying recurrent patterns from the data, labels were then chosen which reflected the participant’s words: “common standard”; “losing our identity”; “universal service”; “we do it well” and “imposed from above”. Overall the KSH were concerned how the disparity in education and qualifications would be resolved and the effect this would have on the service. Findings from this study highlight the importance of comprehensively investigating services offered by all jurisdictions and using collaboration, communication and leadership to effectively introduce change.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Mathematics Research, Vol. 9, No. 2
Authors: Wang Sophia
Published: March 2017

Journal of Mathematics Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.Many authors, regardless of whether Journal of Mathematics Research publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 2  Alberto Simoes, University of Beira Interior, PortugalAli Berkol, Space and Defense Technologies & Baskent University, TurkeyArman Aghili, University of Guilan, IranCecilia Maria Fernandes Fonseca, Polytechnic of Guarda, PortugalGane Sam Lo, Universite Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, SenegalMarek Brabec, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech RepublicMaria Alessandra Ragusa, University of Catania, ItalyMohammad Sajid, Qassim University, Saudi ArabiaMohd Hafiz, Universiti Sains Malaysia, , MalaysiaN. V. Ramana Murty, Andhra Loyola College, IndiaOlivier Heubo-Kwegna, Saginaw Valley State University, USAOmur Deveci, Kafkas University, TurkeyÖzgür Ege, Celal Bayar University, TurkeyPeng Zhang, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USAPhilip Philipoff, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BulgariaRovshan Bandaliyev, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, AzerbaijanSanjib Kumar Datta, University of Kalyani, IndiaSelcuk Koyuncu, University of North Georgia, USASergiy Koshkin, University of Houston Downtown, USAShenghua Ni, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USAVishnu Narayan Mishra, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, IndiaWaleed Al-Rawashdeh, Montana Tech, USAYifan Wang, University of Houston, USAYoussef Ei Foutayeni, Modeling and Simulation Laboratory Lams Hassan II University, MoroccoYoussef El-Khatib, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab EmiratesZoubir Dahmani, University of Mostaganem, Algeria Sophia WangOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Mathematics ResearchCanadian Center of Science and Education
Comparision of Different Raw Densities and Board Thicknesses in the Production of Enzymatically Bonded Fiberboards
Authors: Kirsch Alexander , Reuter Patrick , Kharazipour Alireza , Euring Markus
Published: March 2017

Reducing CO2 emissions for the long term is an important issue in countering climate change. For this reason, the use of renewable construction materials inter alia wood-based materials is becoming increasingly important. Wood based materials often depend on petrochemical-based binding agents, most of which contain and emit formaldehyde. This causes environmental and health-related difficulties that could be rectified by avoiding the utilization of these adhesives. For this purpose, enzymatically bonded medium-density fiberboards (MDF) with a targeted raw density of 650 kg/m³ and 750 kg/m³ and high-density fiberboards (HDF) with a density of 900 kg/m³ were produced in different thicknesses. Laccase-Mediator-System (LMS) was applied to manufacture the boards and to compare them to those glued with UF and inactivated laccase, respectively. These panels were tested in terms of their physical technical properties, such as internal bond strength (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR) and thickness swelling (TS) after 24 h immersion. The aim was to show the correlation between density and these properties for fiberboards bonded this way. Most panels meet the requirements of the European standard when LMS and UF-resin were used. The possibility to produce fiberboards bonded with alternative bonding agents opens up the way to alternative, innovative, healthy and environmental-friendly wood based products.
A Design with Disks
Authors: Wells Pamela J. , Perkins Annie
Published: March 2017

To elicit creative student thinking, this open-ended problem asks solvers to create shapes that have certain constraints.
Exploring Yellowstone National Park with Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Wickstrom Megan H. , Carr Ruth , Lackey Dacia
Published: March 2017

With the 2016 national park centennial and such initiatives as Find Your Park, students and teachers alike are encouraged to explore state and national parks as their outdoor classrooms. From terrain change to average daily temperature, many aspects of the outdoors can be explored through mathematics. Because of our location, several fifth-grade classrooms across our district have the opportunity to visit Yellowstone National Park. Exploring Yellowstone is both relevant and motivating for our students because most have already visited or learned about some features of the park. For these reasons, as teachers, we thought that Yellowstone could act as an ideal context in which to investigate measurement topics and engage in the process of mathematical modeling.
Dilation of fusion pores by crowding of SNARE proteins
Authors: Wu Zhenyong , Bello Oscar D , Thiyagarajan Sathish , Auclair Sarah Marie , Vennekate Wensi , Krishnakumar Shyam S , O'Shaughnessy Ben , Karatekin Erdem
Published: March 2017

Hormones and neurotransmitters are released through fluctuating exocytotic fusion pores that can flicker open and shut multiple times. Cargo release and vesicle recycling depend on the fate of the pore, which may reseal or dilate irreversibly. Pore nucleation requires zippering between vesicle-associated v-SNAREs and target membrane t-SNAREs, but the mechanisms governing the subsequent pore dilation are not understood. Here, we probed the dilation of single fusion pores using v-SNARE-reconstituted ~23-nm-diameter discoidal nanolipoprotein particles (vNLPs) as fusion partners with cells ectopically expressing cognate, 'flipped' t-SNAREs. Pore nucleation required a minimum of two v-SNAREs per NLP face, and further increases in v-SNARE copy numbers did not affect nucleation rate. By contrast, the probability of pore dilation increased with increasing v-SNARE copies and was far from saturating at 15 v-SNARE copies per face, the NLP capacity. Our experimental and computational results suggest that SNARE availability may be pivotal in determining whether neurotransmitters or hormones are released through a transient ('kiss and run') or an irreversibly dilating pore (full fusion).
EM connectomics reveals axonal target variation in a sequence-generating network
Authors: Kornfeld Jörgen , Benezra Sam E , Narayanan Rajeevan T , Svara Fabian , Egger Robert , Oberlaender Marcel , Denk Winfried , Long Michael A
Published: March 2017

The sequential activation of neurons has been observed in various areas of the brain, but in no case is the underlying network structure well understood. Here we examined the circuit anatomy of zebra finch HVC, a cortical region that generates sequences underlying the temporal progression of the song. We combined serial block-face electron microscopy with light microscopy to determine the cell types targeted by HVC(RA) neurons, which control song timing. Close to their soma, axons almost exclusively targeted inhibitory interneurons, consistent with what had been found with electrical recordings from pairs of cells. Conversely, far from the soma the targets were mostly other excitatory neurons, about half of these being other HVC(RA) cells. Both observations are consistent with the notion that the neural sequences that pace the song are generated by global synaptic chains in HVC embedded within local inhibitory networks.
JAOA/AACOM. Evidence-Based Redesign of the COMLEX-USA Series
Authors: Gimpel John R. , Horber Dorothy , Sandella Jeanne M. , Knebl Janice A. , Thornburg John E.
Published: March 2017

To ensure that the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination- USA (COMLEX-USA) reflects the evolving practice of osteopathic medicine, the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners has developed new content and format specifications for an enhanced, competency-based examination program to be implemented with COMLEX-USA Level 3 in 2018. This article summarizes the evidence-based design processes that served as the foundation for blueprint development and the evidence supporting its validity. An overview is provided of the blueprint’s 2 dimensions: Competency Domains and Clinical Presentations. The authors focus on the evidence that supports interpretation of test scores for the primary and intended purpose of COMLEX-USA, which is osteopathic physician licensure. Important secondary uses and the educational and catalytic effect of assessments are also described. This article concludes with the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners’ plans to ensure that the COMLEX-USA series remains current and meets the needs of its stakeholders-the patients who seek care from osteopathic physicians.
An Analysis of Use of conditional Sentences by Arab Students of English
Authors: Haza' Al Rdaat Sadam , Gardner Sheena
Published: March 2017

Conditional sentences are made of two clauses namely “if-clause” and “main clause”. Conditionals have been noted by scholars and grammarians as a difficult area of English for both teachers and learners. The two clauses of conditional sentences and their form, tense and meaning could be considered the main difficulty of conditional sentences. In addition, some of non-native speakers do not have sufficient knowledge of the differences between conditional sentences in the two languages and they tried to solve their problems in their second language by using their native language. The aim of this study was to analyse the use of conditional sentences by Arab students of English in semantic and syntactic situations. For the purpose of this study, 20 Arab students took part in the questionnaire, they were all studying different subjects and degrees (bachelor, master and PhD) at Coventry University. The results showed that the use of type three conditionals and modality can be classified as the most difficult issues that students struggle to understand and use.
Preparation of 2‐(2‐(Dicyclohexylphosphino)phenyl)‐1‐methyl‐1
H
‐indole (
CM
‐phos)
Authors: Wong Shun Man , Yuen On Ying , Choy Pui Ying , So* Chau Ming , Kwong* Fuk Yee
Published: March 2017

The article describes the preparation of 2‐(2‐(Dicyclohexylphosphino)phenyl)‐1‐methyl‐1
H
‐indole (CM‐phos).We selected the Fischer indole synthesis as our primary tool to synthesize the indole templates from phenylhydrazine and 2’‐bromoacetophenone. With the methylated ligand precursor, CM‐phos could be afforded easily by lithiation and subsequently trapping with chlorodicyclohexylphosphine. It should be noted that CM‐phos in combination with the precatalyst palladium(II) acetate is highly active and effective in amination and Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of aryl mesylates.
Synthesis of 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF)
Authors: Simeonov Svilen P. , Coelho Jaime A. S. , Afonso* Carlos A. M.
Published: March 2017

The article describes the synthesis of 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF). Under investigations are broad range of HMF conversions to useful chemicals for the industry such as polymer industry, pharmacy, fuel chemistry. The procedure described herein is based on simple precipitation of the reaction media (tetraethyl ammonium bromide) allowing complete separation of HMF in high yields and purity in a single step without extraction or column chromatography. Although HMF is known to be unstable, no formation of side products or decomposition was observed during the work up procedure and it was isolated with above 95% purity by HPLC and can be directly used in further reactions or if required stored in the freezer.
Erratum for
: Titanium‐Mediated Addition of Silyl Dienol Ethers to Electrophilic Glycine: 4‐Ketopipecolic Acid Hydrochloride
Authors: Mühlemann Clarisse , Hartmann Peter , Obrecht Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2017

The article reports the titanium‐mediated addition of silyl dienol ethers to electrophilic glycine. Spectral data obtained by the checkers for (±)‐6 was similar to that reported for (+)‐6 by Hesse, there were clear discrepancies in both the
1
H and
13
C NMR data. Thus, the checkers turned to X‐ray crystallography in order to confirm the structure. To this end trans‐lactone (±)‐7 was found to furnish crystals suitable for X‐ray analysis and the derived structure provided convincing proof that the compound 3 is precursor to 7 and thus does indeed arise upon treatment of 1 with HCl in Et
2
O.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Ketones from Alkyl Halides and Acid Chlorides: Preparation of Ethyl 4‐Oxododecanoate
Authors: Wotal Alexander C. , Batesky Donald C. , Weix* Daniel J.
Published: March 2017

Prevalence of alkyl alkyl ketones in natural products, their use in biological probes, and their versatility as intermediates in organic synthesis, a wide variety of methods have been developed to access them. The most commonly used methods are the addition of a reactive organometallic reagent to an aldehyde followed by oxidation and the addition of pre‐formed organometallic nucleophiles to carboxylic acid derivatives. While both of these protocols are effective, the organometallic reagents can be limiting with complex, functionalized molecules. This article discusses nickel‐ catalyzed synthesis of ketones from alkyl halides and acid chlorides.
Intermolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition of Alkynes with Alkenes Catalyzed by Gold(I)
Authors: de Orbe M. Elena , Echavarren* Antonio M.
Published: March 2017

The synthesis of cyclobutenes by metal‐catalyzed intermolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of alkynes with alkenes is normally restricted to strained bicyclic olefins. This article describes gold(I)‐catalyzed intermolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of terminal alkynes with differentlysubstituted alkenes as an important method for the formation of cyclobutenes.
Photochemical Benzannulation of
N
‐Phosphoryl Ynamides and α‐Diazo Ketones in Continuous Flow
Authors: Read John M. , Wang Yu‐Pu , Danheiser* Rick L.
Published: March 2017

The article describes photochemical benzannulation of “Second‐generation” benzannulation based on vinylketenes can be conveniently performed under conditions of continuous flow using readily available photochemical equipment and a syringe pump. The high throughput of this reactor allows the benzannulation to be carried out on a multigram scale with reaction times on the order of several hours.
Trifluoromethylation of Aryl Iodides Catalyzed by the Copper(I)‐Phen Complex
Authors: Shimizu Naoto , Kondo Hideaki , Oishi Masahiro , Fujikawa Kenichi , Komoda Kazuki , Amii* Hideki
Published: March 2017

The structural motifs of trifluoromethylated aromatics (Ar‐CF3) have been widely employed in various industrial fields. The high lipophilicity, strong electron‐withdrawing ability, and characteristic size of the trifluoromethyl group is a key influence in the design of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, liquid crystals, and polymers. Therefore, a great deal of attention has been paid to convenient protocols of introducing trifluoromethyl groups into aromatic rings. With respect to the high regiochemical fidelity in aromatic substitution, the cross‐coupling of aryl halides with CF3Cu is one of the most powerful and versatile methods to construct trifluoromethylated aromatics.
Copper‐catalyzed Cyanation of Alkenyl Iodides
Authors: Nitelet Antoine , Zahim Sara , Theunissen Cédric , Pradal Alexandre , Evano* Gwilherm
Published: March 2017

Copper‐catalyzed vinylic version of the Rosenmund‐von Braun cyanation reaction was developed and provides an efficient entry to both E‐ and Z‐ polysubstituted alkenyl nitriles. The cyanation of (Z)‐1‐iodooct‐1‐ene described in this article is illustrative of this reaction which can be conveniently performed on a multi‐gram scale.