bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response Surface Methodology as an Approach to the Optimization of a Dishwashing Detergent
Authors: Zaïd T. Ahmed , Bensari L. , Benmaza K. , Chitour C. E. , Canselier J. P. , Pierlot C.
Published: December 2013

The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the washing performance, viscosity, (cloud point) and turbidity of a model hand dishwashing (light duty) liquid detergent. Homogeneous mixtures of four ingredients represented typical formulations: an anionic surfactant (sodium linear alkylbenzenesulphonate, LAS, MW ∼350), a nonionic surfactant (C16 – C18 range ethoxylated alcohol with 11–12 EO), a 80/20 v/v glycerol/water mixture and an inorganic electrolyte (NaCl). The Statistica® software, and especially its (Design of Experiments) module, was used to model the above-mentioned properties (response functions) and to find out the best formulation with the help of the desirability profiler. RSM mainly helps to select regions of the experimental design where cloud point values are acceptable. Results show that, at high levels of anionic species, cloud point values are very sensitive to salt addition.
Formation of Multilamellar Vesicles in the Systems of Decyltrimethylammonium hydroxides/2-hydroxy 1-carboxy-naphthoate and Octyltrimethylammonium hydroxides/2-hydroxy 1-carboxy-naphthoate
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R.
Published: December 2013

We have investigated the phase behavior and characterized the microstructure of the phases that result from mixing of alkyltrimethylammonium hydroxides CxTAOH (x = 10.8) with 2-hydroxy 1-carboxy-naphthoate. We compare the results of this work with the published one of alkyltrimethylammonium 2-hydroxy-1-carboxy-naphthoate (CxTA 2,1 HCN, x = 16.14 or 12) [2]. With increasing counter-ion surfactant ratio r we observed transition from the isotropic L1-phase to multilamellar vesicles (MLV) Lα-phase. The single phases are separated by a two phase L1/Lα region. The phases were characterized with FF-TEM, rheological and SANS measurements. For 100 mM solution of either C8TAOH/2,1 HNC or C10TAOH/2,1 HNC, both MLV phases behave like a weak gel and have a yield stress value. It is thus shown that it is possible to prepare viscoelastic surfactant solutions with a small yield stress value from single chain surfactants with decyl or octylchain.
Risk Analysis and Biocontamination Control – Hygiene Measures in Commercial Laundries
Authors: Heintz M. , Krämer J. , Vossebein L.
Published: December 2013

The requirements for general and hygienic cleanliness are steadily increasing. Therefore the textiles used in food industry as well as in other hygienically demanding areas have to fulfil certain hygiene standards. The assurance of these microbiological quality is of increasing significance. National and international standards, guidelines as well as laws in some European countries ask for a professional reprocessing and advise clearly against washing the laundry in households.

In commercial laundries the implementation of EN 14065 (Laundry Processed Textiles – Risk Analysis and Biocontamination Control System) (RABC system) ensures a defined microbiological quality of processed textiles. EN 14065 is published as a European standard and offers a powerful technique to perform a risk analysis and with it achieve any constant microbiological quality of expedition textiles. However, it does not contain any microbiological limits.

This paper focuses on microbiological limits and hygiene instructions in laundry processes to fulfil the requirements of hygienically demanding areas such as food industry. Therefore hundreds of microbiological samples were taken at relevant process steps in nine laundries before and after installation of the RABC system. Samples were taken from wet and dry textiles, textile close surfaces and the interior of hands of the employees. Additionally water samples were analysed and the disinfection effect of washing procedures was investigated with biomonitors containing Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. The results show that the RABC system can constantly improve and guarantee the hygienic quality of the expedition textiles. Laundries with RABC system can easily fulfil the needs of hygienically demanding areas like food industry. Limit and/or orientation values for almost all relevant process steps as well as recommendations for sampling are set up.
Self-cleaning by Utilization of Photocatalytic Effects
Authors: Bettenbühl J. , Proft B.
Published: December 2013

The addition of photoactive titanium dioxide to a coatings formulation leads to self-cleaning coatings. The activity can be tested using e. g. the methylene blue test. The photocatalytic effect impairs classical formulations under side reactions leading to yellowing, chalking and bleaching. Recent formulations overcome the side reactions to a good extend. The development of highly photoactive coatings showing a minimum of side reactions is still in progress.
A New Class of Labile Surfactants that Break Down to Non-surface Active Products upon Heating or after a Pre-set Time, without the Need for a pH Change
Authors: Andersson M. , Hillerström A. , Svensk A. , Younesi S. R. , Sjöström E. , Blute I. , Kjellin M. , Kizilng J. , Kronberg B. , Oldgren J. , Hansson A. , Sjöstrand S.
Published: December 2013

A new class of labile surfactants that break down at a controllable rate without the need for a change in pH will be presented. The invention has been patented by YKI Institute for Surface Chemistry, and is based on use of β-keto acids or their salts as surface-active compounds. These surfactants spontaneously break down through decarboxylation, to form an oil-like ketone and CO2/HCO3
−/CO3
2− depending on pH. The rate of breakdown can be controlled within a wide range by temperature or by certain additives, but, unlike most cleavable surfactants, a change in pH is not needed. Furthermore the surfactants can be conveniently activated from a stabile precursor just before use, and one (of many possible) precursors of this kind is already available on the industrial scale in the form of a well-known chemical that is FDA-approved in other, non-surfactant, applications. The compound in question, alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), is produced in large scale by a number of large chemical producers today, and used for hydrophobization of paper. The present article gives an overview of the surfactant chemistry, with focus on recent studies of the kinetics of activation of the surfactant precursor and breakdown kinetics of the labile surfactant at different conditions. Furthermore, possible industrial applications of the surfactant will be discussed, with one example taken from a recent feasibility study performed within the car washing area.
Textile Softeners on Cotton Dyed with Direct Dyes: Reflectance and Fastness Assessments
Authors: Parvinzadeh M. , Najafi H.
Published: December 2013

In this research, cotton fabrics scoured with nonionic detergent were dyed with four different direct dyes (Thiazole, Disazo, Trisazo and Polyazo). The dyed fabrics were then treated with anionic, cationic, nonionic, micro and macro emulsion silicone softeners. CIELAB color coordinates (L∗, a∗, b∗, C∗ and h) were measured with reflectance spectrophotometer. The lightness (L∗ value) for samples dyed with disazo and polyazo direct dyes (orange and red dyes) showed an increase after treatment with all the mentioned softeners, while it was decreased for thiazole and trisazo dyed fabrics treated with anionic, cationic, micro and macro emulsion silicone softeners. The wash and light fastness properties of samples were measured according to ISO 105-CO5 and Daylight ISO 105-BO1. The washing fastness properties of some direct dyed samples were decreased after treatment with softeners. In the case of light fastness properties, it was decreased for most of the samples.
Impact of Heat Treatment on the Performance of Polymers as Ferric Ions Stabilization Agents for Aqueous Systems
Authors: Amjad Z.
Published: December 2013

The impact of heat treatment on the performance of various polymers as ferric ions stabilization agents in an aqueous system at pH 7.00, 23 °C has been investigated. The polymers evaluated include: (a) homo-polymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sulfonated styrene; (b) co-polymers of acrylic acid: 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and maleic acid: sulfonated styrene, and (c) ter-polymers of acrylic acid: 2-acryalamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid: sulfonated styrene, acrylic acid: methacrylic acid: t-butylacrylamide, and acrylic acid: 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid: t-butylacrylamide. It has been found that all polymers lose performance to a varying degree when exposed to thermal treatment (150 °C, 200 °C, 240 °C, 20 hr). The performance data collected before and after thermal treatment suggest that sulfonated styrene containing co- and ter-polymers are better ferric ions stabilization agents than the co- and ter-polymers containing 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and t-butylacrylamide. In addition, it has been found that heat treatment exhibits positive influence on the performance of homo-polymer of 2-acrylamido-2-methypropane sulfonic acid. The results have been explained in terms of loss of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and t-butylacrylamide in the co- and ter-polymers during thermal treatment.
Synthesis and Properties Evaluation of Nonionic-Anionic Surfactants Suitable for Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Sea Water
Authors: Sha O. , Zhang W. , Lu R.
Published: December 2013

In view of imperfections of conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants used for enhanced oil recovery, especially the characteristics of high salinity and high Calcium/Magnesium for sea water flooding, a new novel displacement agent suitable for sea water flooding was synthesized through alkoxylation, epoxidation, sulfonation reaction with fatty alcohol as core. The structure of the product was characterized by IR. The properties of the product, including salt tolerance, temperature resistance etc. were evaluated. At 70 °C, when the concentration of this surfactant is 0.3 %, the interfacial tension between simulated water solution and Bohai1A-4 well crude reaches 10−3 mN/m order, the salt tolerance reaches 50 000 mg/L, the resistance to calcium and magnesium reaches 2000 mg/L. The laboratory physical simulation test shows that the binary complex system (polymer + surfactant) can enhance the recovery ratio by 17.9 %, while better synergistic effect of the system is obtained.
Quantitative Determination of Tetraacetylethylenediamine in Laundry Powder by FTIR Spectrometry Using Partial Least Squares Algorithm
Authors: Khanmohammadi M. , Shanehsaz M. , Garmarudi A. Bagheri , Kargosha K.
Published: December 2013

Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was applied for determination of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in commercial laundry powder samples. Investigating different spectral regions, 1724–1670 cm−1 was selected as the best region. Spectroscopic data were compared with gas chromatography results, demonstrating reliability of the proposed method, higher accuracy and precision. Standard error of estimation (SEE), standard error of prediction (SEP), correlation coefficient (R2) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.022, 0.031, 0.998 and 0.138 in the selected spectral region, respectively.
Identification of the Products from the Sulfonation of an Oleic Acid Methyl Ester
Authors: Cohen L. , Soto F. , Pratesi C.
Published: December 2013

Sulfonation with SO3 of an oleic methyl ester has led to a mixture of sulfonates with potential properties as a surfactant, an emulsifier or even a wetting agent that can be used in detergent formulations. For the first time, the products from the sulfonation reaction with SO3 are identified.
Effect of Nano and Micro Emulsion Silicone Softeners on Properties of Polyester Fibers
Authors: Parvinzadeh M. , Hajiraissi R.
Published: December 2013

The processing of textiles to achieve a particular handle is one of the most important aspects of finishing technology. Softeners improve soft handle, smoothness, elasticity, hydrophilic, antistatic and soil release properties on textiles. Macro and micro sized silicone softeners are commonly used for these purposes but nano silicone is a new class of softener. In this research, polyester fabrics were first scoured with nonionic detergent and then treated with three concentrations of nano and micro silicone softeners in water including 10, 20 and 30 g/L at 30°C for 60 seconds by padding method. The treated fabrics were then dried/cured at 130°C for 40 seconds. The pH was maintained at 5 using acetic acid. Some of the physical and chemical properties of the treated fabric samples were discussed. The drapeability of nano emulsion treated samples was decreased compared with micro emulsion treated ones. Colorimetric properties of softener treated fabrics were evaluated with reflectance spectrophotometer. Scanning electron microscope photographs showed nano silicone particles aggregated on fiber surface. Moisture regain of nano emulsion treated samples was decreased compared with micro emulsion treated due to coating of nano silicone particles.
Synthesis, Characterization and Surface Active Properties of Imidazolinium Surfactant Derived from Oleic Acid and Diethylenetriamine
Authors: Bajpai D. , Tyagi V. K.
Published: December 2013

This paper describes an efficient method for the synthesis of long chain alkylamido imidazolines by the reaction of diethylenetriamine and oleic acid under non-solvent microwave irradiation using calcium oxide as support and their comparison with conventional thermal condensation process. Synthesized imidazolines were then quaternized by using dimethylsulfate as a quaternizing agent and isopropanol as a solvent, to produce cationic imidazolinium salts which were evaluated for yield and cationic content. The instrumental techniques, viz. FT-IR and 1H-NMR verified the formation of imidazolines and its subsequent quaternization. The surface active and performance properties of cationic imidazolines in terms of c.m.c., surface tension, dispersability, emulsion stability, softening, rewettability and detergency were also reported.
Micellization of Cetyltributylphosphonium Bromide in some Binary Aqueous Solvents Mixtures
Authors: Tiwari S. , Ghosh K. K.
Published: December 2013

The micellization behavior of cetyltributylphosphonium bromide (CTBPB) has been studied in aqueous ethylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, 1-propanol, methanol, 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran mixtures (10–20% v/v) over the temperature range (300–320 K) by conductometry. The critical micelle concentration (cmc), extent of counterion binding (α) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔGom, ΔHom, ΔSom) for micellization process have been reported and discussed. The cmc values were found to increase with an increase in temperature and % of organic solvent.
Study on the Synthesis and Surface Activities of Disodium Alkyl Polyglucoside Citrate
Authors: Zhou Z.-C. , Yang X.-Q. , Yang Q.-L. , Zhang Y.-J. , Cheng Y.-M.
Published: December 2013

A new method of synthesizing disodium alkyl polyglucoside citrate surfactant has been reported in the paper, in which citric acid anhydride was firstly prepared, and then reacted with alkyl polyglucoside to obtain ester. The structures of products were indicated by infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the surface activities of raw materials and their corresponding products were investigated. The results show that products exhibit low surface tension in 28 mN/m. Comparing with raw materials, the disodium alkyl polyglucoside citrate surfactants possess better emulsification stabilities to oil acid, good foam abilities and excellent hard water-resistant properties.
Krafft Points and Cloud Points of Polyoxyethylated Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Schott H.
Published: December 2013

The effect of various organic electrolytes on the Krafft point (KP) of two and the cloud point (CP) of three polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants is described. Additives that lower the KP or raise the CP salt the surfactants in. The short-chain organic electrolytes acetic acid and propionic acid lower the KP of polyoxyl 10 cetyl ether (C16E10) while sodium acetate, propionate and butyrate leave the KP largely unaffected. Sodium acetate and sodium propionate lower the CP of C16E10 substantially. Sodium butyrate raises the CP, presumably by rendering the C16E10 micelles partly ionic via mixed micelle formation. Hydrotropes (sodium benzoate, salicylate and xylene sulfonate, and the nonelectrolyte nicotinamide) lower the KP of polyoxyl 10 stearyl ether (C18E10) substantially at 3.0 m concentrations and raise the CP substantially even at 0.10 m concentrations. The KPs of mixtures of C18E10 (KP = 48°) and hexadecylamine hydrochloride (HDCl, KP = 44°) were measured at a constant total surfactant concentration of 2.0% based on the weight of water. The plot of KP versus the relative weight-percent HDCl is V-shaped with a eutectic minimum of 32° at 33% HDCl. The left branch is entirely linear. It shows how increasing weight-percentages of HDCl lower the KP of C18E10. The right branch is linear up to ca. 80% HDCl but becomes less steep at higher HDCl concentrations. It shows how decreasing weight-percentages of C18E10 raise the KP of HDCl.
Synthesis and Properties of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Phosphate Inhibitor
Authors: Du K. , Zhou Y.-M. , Wang L.-Q. , Wang Y.-Y.
Published: December 2013

The purpose of the paper is to provide a non-phosphorus and nitrogen free calcium phosphate inhibitor maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate. The approach is that synthesized monomer allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate from allyloxy polyethoxy ether and chloracetic acid, and then prepared maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate by free radical polymerization. Structures of allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate and maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate were characterized through FT-IR and 1H-NMR. Influence of monomer mole ratio in maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate and viscosity-average molecular weight of maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate on its calcium phosphate inhibition performance was discussed. Calcium tolerance and calcium phosphate inhibition capability of maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate was compared with the latest generation of calcium phosphate inhibitor maleic anhydride-ammonium allylpolyethoxy sulphate, and other two kinds of known inhibitor acrylic acid/2-hydroxypropyl acrylate and acrylic acid/acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid. As a result, monomer mole ratio and viscosity-average molecular weight has great impact on property of maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate. Calcium tolerance and calcium phosphate inhibition of maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate is similar to maleic anhydride-ammonium allylpolyethoxy sulphate. The results reveal that maleic anhydride-allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate is an excellent green calcium phosphate inhibitor.
O-(2-Hydroxyethyl)cellulose–derived Surfactants Prepared by Microwave–assisted Transesterification
Authors: Miníková S. , Sroková I. , Sasinková V. , Malovíková A. , Ebringerová A.
Published: December 2013

A series of polymeric surfactants were prepared from O-(2-hydroxyethyl)cellulose (HEC, DS = 1) by transesterification of methyl laurate and the complex of methyl esters of rape seed oil fatty acids in the H2O/DMF system using microwave irradiation as heating source. The obtained derivatives were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and viscometry, and their surfaceactive, foaming, emulsification and performance properties evaluated. The results indicate that under microwave heating water-soluble HEC-fatty acid esters with very low degree of esterification can be obtained in a few minutes and at temperatures not exceeding 100°C. The derivatives exhibited foaming ability and significant emulsifying efficiency for ‘oil in water’-type emulsions comparable to that of commercial surfactants as well as a good washing power and very high antiredeposition efficiency.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Trisiloxane-modified Oligo(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Wang G.-Y. , Du Z.-P. , Zhang W. , Cao Q.-Y.
Published: December 2013

In a solvent free system, hydrolytically stable nonionic surfactants, trisiloxane grafted Oligo(ethylene oxide), were synthesized by hydrosilylation of heptamethyltrisiloxane with allyl-oligo(EO) series. The structures of intermediate and products were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Surface activity, foaming property and wetting ability of the surfactants were also investigated. The results show that the prepared surfactants exhibited excellent surface activity and wetting ability.
Reversible Performance of Dodecyl Tetramethyl Guanidine Solution Induced by CO2Trigger
Authors: Qin Y. , Yang H. , Ji J. , Yao S. , Kong Y. , Wang Y.
Published: December 2013

Dodecyl tetramethyl guanidine (DTMG) were synthesized and characterized, and its reversible performance was studied. The results showed that DTMG could form bicarbonate ionic adduct after exposed to CO2, so it could be used as CO2switchable surfactants. By bubbling CO2through DTMG solution or heating CO2saturated DTMG solution, the alkali and surface active properties of solution was changed reversibly. Emulsion and foam stabilized by DTMG could be controlled between stable and unstable state by CO2. In addition, the state of DTMG solution was easy to be distinguished by naked eye through a simple indicator, phenolphthalein. Pink indicated it was inactive, and colorless indicated it was active.
Effect of Oleate/Bacteria Interactions on Dolomite Separation from Phosphate Ore
Authors: Elmahdy A. M. , El-Midany A. A. , Abdel-Khalek N. A. , El-Mofty S. E.
Published: December 2013

In conventional flotation, the sodium oleate is used as a collector for phosphate separation from silica. However, most of the phosphate deposits contain carbonate impurities, which deteriorate the flotation selectivity using sodium oleate. In this paper, the amenability of the carbonate separation from a sedimentary phosphate ore through bio-flotation process, as a one of various efforts to solve the carbonate problem, was tested. The interaction of two types of bacteria (Corynebacterium-diphtheriae-intermedius, CDI, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA) with sodium oleate was investigated. The interaction between collector and bacteria was determined by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) measurements, zeta potential before and after adsorption of bacteria, as well as frothing power. The results showed that bio-flotation could produce a phosphate concentrate of 0.85% MgO and 30.2% P2O5 with a recovery of 92% at pH 5.5, 1.25 kg/t sodium oleate, ≥ 1 × 108 cells of CDI bacteria. The specification of such concentrate could not be obtained by the conventional flotation experiments, in absence of bacteria, under similar conditions. This means that bacteria could play a significant role as a surface modifier due to its selective adsorption onto the mineral surface as well as its interaction with collector.
Effect of Calcium Ions Concentration on the Foaming Power of Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Cohen L. , Soto F. , Sanchez E.
Published: December 2013

Water solutions based on the novel surfactant sulfoxylated methyl ester (Φ-MES C16) have been studied and compared to two leading types of surfactants used today: linear alkylbezene sulfonate (LAS) and secondary alkane sulfonate(SAS) with regard to foaming power. This work describes the foam height related experimental results carried out according to the Ross Miles test where either the anionic concentration and water hardness have been varied alternatively. The experimental results obtained indicate that [Anionic]/[Ca2+] ratio strongly influences foam height and that Φ-MES C16 is superior to LAS and SAS.
Extraction of Copper(II) from Sulphate Aqueous Medium with N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalideneaminoethyl)amine Polydentate Schiff Base in Aqueous Two-phase Micellar of Non-Ionic Surfactant
Authors: Reffas H. , Benabdallah T. , Youcef M. Hadj , Ilikti H.
Published: December 2013

The present paper outlines the use of the novel polydentate Schiff's base extractant, N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalideneaminoethyl)amine (H2L), for copper(II) extraction in aqueous two-phase micellar of non-ionic surfactant from sulphate media. The extraction process is based on the formation of the hydrophobic complex of copper(II)-H2L, which is subsequently extracted into the non-ionic surfactant-rich phase of p-octylpolyethyleneglycolphenylether (Triton X-100) at a temperature above the cloud point temperature (CPT). The phase diagrams of the binary system, water-surfactant (Triton X-100), and of the ternary systems, water-surfactant-salt (Na2SO4), were examined. The effects of the main experimental parameters such as pH, extractant concentration and non-ionic surfactant concentration on the extraction process of copper(II) were studied. The extraction yield was found to be significantly depending on the aqueous solution pH. Copper(II) was extracted with H2L and Triton X-100 in the pH range of (3–12). From the equilibrium slope analysis method, it was suggested that the stoichiometry of the extracted complexes have a composition of 1:1 (Cu:H2L). The optimum conditions of the extraction of copper(II) have been established as the following: (1) 2 × 10−3 M extractant; (2) 5% (m/v) surfactant; (3) pH of 7.2; (4) 7% (m/v) Na2SO4 and (5) temperature of 65°C.
A Process for the Production of Φ-Sulfo Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonates (Φ-MES)
Authors: Cohen L. , Roberts D. W. , Pratesi C.
Published: December 2013

Φ-Sulfo Fatty Methyl Esters sulfonates (Φ-MES) were obtained via sulfoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with SO2, O2, and ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength. Expectedly, these products may be used as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and alkyl ether sulfate (AES) partners, either in heavy-duty or in hand dishwashing liquids. Φ-MES are new anionic surfactants that can be regarded as potential components for detergent formulations and body care products as well. In this work we summarize the most relevant results of our research started fifteen years ago, on the synthesis, separation and analysis of Φ-sulfo fatty methyl ester sulfonates known as Φ-MES, and we update our last findings. We have to point out that we are for the time being, the only research group in the world to have published our research on Φ-MES. This paper describes the optimum batch conditions for the sulfoxidation of FAME and a reaction mechanism is proposed. The paper depicts an improved workup for the separation of reaction products from non reacted methyl ester and the GC-MS analysis of Φ-sulfo fatty methyl ester sulfonate is shown. Finally, an interpretation of conversion and selectivity of sulfoxydation reaction is given.
Cleaning Agents: The Divide – Human Friendly vs Environmentally Friendly
Authors: Yeomans T. C. , McKeon N. , McKeon J. , Mitchell E. B.
Published: December 2013

The choice of purchasing an environmentally friendly or “green” cleaning product appears to be one that consumers are increasingly happy to make, however the reality is that environmentally friendly cleaners may contain ingredients that can adversely affect those people suffering from asthma and allergies. Confirming that a product will not adversely affect a user is not straightforward, there is little point to a cleaning product that is harmless to the consumer but is ineffective in its cleaning performance. However, adhering to strict guidelines regarding allowable concentrations of chemicals and other constituents may allow consumers to purchase a product that is both human (and environment) friendly as well as being effective. We discuss the basis by which cleaners may be assessed for suitability for those with asthma and allergies.
Effect of Micellar Aggregates on the Kinetics of Dextrose Oxidation by N-Bromosuccinimide
Authors: Katre Y. , Singh M. , Singh A. K.
Published: December 2013

The kinetics of oxidation of dextrose by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been investigated in the presence of cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) medium. Similarly in absence of CTAB solution, the reaction followed fractional-, first-, and negative fractional-order kinetics with respect to [dextrose], [NBS] and [H2SO4], respectively. Although the reaction mechanism remained unaltered by micelles, a typical kψ-[CTAB] profile was observed, that is, with a progressive increase in [CTAB], the reaction rate increased, reached a maximum value, and then decreased. The results are treated quantitatively in terms of Berezin's model. Activation parameters were also evaluated and a negative value of ΔS# shows the formation of well-structured activated complex. The influence of salts on the reaction rates has also been seen. On the basis of product analysis, a pertinent mechanism is proposed.
Branched Alkyl Alcohol Propoxylated Sulfate Surfactants for Improved Oil Recovery
Authors: Wu Y. , Iglauer S. , Shuler P. , Tang Y. , Goddard W. A.
Published: December 2013

This investigation considers branched alkyl alcohol propoxylated sulfate surfactants as candidates for chemcial enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. Results show that these anionic surfactants may be preferred candidates for EOR as they can be effective at creating low interfacial tension (IFT) at dilute concentrations, without requiring an alkaline agent or cosurfactant. In addition, some of the formulations exhibit a low IFT at high salinity, and hence may be suitable for use in more saline reservoirs. Adsorption tests onto kaolinite clay indicate that the loss of these surfactants can be comparable to or greater than other types of anionic surfactants. Surfactant performance was evaluated in oil recovery core flood tests. Selected formulations recovered 35–50% waterflood residual oil even with dilute 0.2 wt% surfactant concentrations from Berea sandstone cores.
Properties of Microemulsions with Mixed Nonionic Surfactants and Mint Oil
Authors: Fanun M.
Published: December 2013

In this study we used electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, dynamic light scattering, and small angle X-ray scattering for the characterization of the water + propylene glycol/sucrose laurate/ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride/peppermint oil microemulsion systems. The maximum water solubilization in the peppermint oil was found to be dependent on the surfactants mixing ratio (w/w). A Static percolation threshold was determined. The activation energy of conductive flow depends on the surfactants mixing ratio. The hydrodynamic diameter of the diluted microemulsions decreases with the increase in temperature. The periodicity d of the microemulsions increases with the increase in the aqueous phase content. The correlation length ξ increases and decreases with the increase in the aqueous phase content indicating the onset of structural transitions.
Concentrations of Endocrine Disrupting Alkylphenols and Their Mono- and Diethoxylates in Sediments and Water from Artificial Lake Malta in Poland
Authors: Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. , Grześkowiak T. , Rydlichowski R. , Łukaszewski Z.
Published: December 2013

In the present paper analysis of alkylphenols and their short-chained ethoxylates was presented. The analytes were determined in sediments from Lake Malta as well as in water incoming to and outgoing from the lake. Sonication-assisted extraction was used for isolation of the analytes from the sediment samples. Solid-phase extraction with polytetrafluoroethylene sorbent was used for both clean-up of extracts and isolation of analytes from the water samples. Alkylphenols and their ethoxylates were quantitatively analysed with the use of HPLC with fluorescence detection. The analytes were determined in the sediment samples at relatively low concentrations with the maximum concentration of 168 μg kg−1 for nonylphenol monoethoxylate, which can be ascribed to periodic removal of sediments from Lake Malta. Maximum concentration in water samples was noted for nonylphenol at 0.56 μg L−1. No octylphenol nor its ethoxylates were found in the water samples.
Synergistic Effect of Cationic-Nonionic Surfactants on Simultaneous Separation of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
Authors: Mohammad A. , Haq N.
Published: December 2013

A new thin layer chromatographic system comprising of silica gel impregnated with 0.1% aqueous solution (below CMC) of nonionic surfactant Brij-35 as stationary phase and 0.1% aqueous solution (below CMC) of cationic surfactant (cetrimide) as eluent has been found most suitable for the separation of closely related amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine) from their mixture. Effect of substitution of Brij-35 by cetrimide and sodium cholate has been examined to assess the impact of charge of impregnant on the chromatographic behavior of analytes. The changes brought about by the impregnation in the structure and homogeneity of silica gel have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Optimizations of concentration of Brij-35 and cetrimide in the stationary and mobile phases respectively and the effect of bed height on the separation have also been examined. Chromatographic parameters like ΔRF, separation factor (α) and resolution (RS) were calculated for the separation of tyrosine from phenylalanine and separation mechanism have been proposed. The limits of detection for phenylalanine and tyrosine were found to be 0.25 and 0.23 μg respectively. The proposed method studied is simple, rapid and free from the use of volatile organic solvents.
Photosynthesis-inhibiting Effects of Cationic Biodegradable Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Král'ová K. , Šeršeň F. , Devínsky F. , Lacko I.
Published: December 2013

Cationic biodegradable gemini surfactants 3,8-diaza-4,7-dioxodecane-1,10-diylbis(alkyldimethylammonium bromide) (I) with R = C9H19–C18H37 inhibited photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach chloroplasts and reduced chlorophyll (Chl) content in Chlorella vulgaris. The inhibitory effects of I intensively depended on the length of alkyl chain showing quasi-parabolic (Chlorella vulgaris) or bilinear (PET) course. IC50 value related to reduction of Chl content in C. vulgaris for dodecyl derivative was 0.6 × 10−6 mol dm−3 indicating its strong anti-algal effect. Using EPR spectroscopy as the site of inhibitory action of I in the photosynthetic apparatus the intermediates Z∗ and D∗ or their close surroundings were determined. As a further target of I inhibitory action the manganese cluster occurring on the donor side of photosystem II was estimated.
Ion Extractant as Cosurfactant at the Water-Oil Interface in Microemulsions
Authors: Bauer C. , Bauduin P. , Diat O. , Zemb T.
Published: December 2013

Bicontinuous microemulsions are investigated as a model system for the specific adsorption phenomena of metal ions at the water-oil interface. Mixing an extremely hydrophobic ion extractant – tributyl phosphate (TBP) used here as co-surfactant – with an extremely hydrophilic sugar-based surfactant, we describe a new type of functionalized microemulsions that shows the classical Winsor phases, by varying the surfactant/extractant ratio. We focus on the Winsor III-type microemulsions by determining the phase diagrams whereas the microstructures were accessed by performing small angle neutron scattering experiments. Ultimately, these microemulsions may pave the way for the design of new selective ion extraction processes.
Study of Glycerol Residue as a Carbon Source for Production of Rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145)
Authors: Wadekar S. D. , Patil S. V. , Kale S. B. , Lali A. M. , Bhowmick D. N. , Pratap A. P.
Published: December 2013

Rhamnolipid is the simplest class of biosurfactants with a well defined structure. The main obstacle in commercialization of biosurfactant especially rhamnolipids is the higher cost of the production. The production cost can be reduced by using economical carbon sources. Glycerol residue is available from glycerin distillation plant at low cost. It can be used as carbon source for rhamnolipid production using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145). The optimum concentration of glycerol residue was 5% weight by volume (w/v) yielding maximum rhamnolipids at 2.50 g/L in the broth. From batch monitoring of polyglycerol and monoglycerol consumption, it appeared that polyglycerols were first hydrolyzed to monoglycerol in the broth itself and consumed as carbon source. The product had components similar to rhamnolipids synthesized on pure glycerol under the same conditions. This indicated the potential of glycerol residue as economic substrate for production of rhamnolipids.
Effects of Alkaline Cations on Self-assembly of Cetylpyridinium Surfactants
Authors: Müller W. , Déjugnat Ch. , Diat O. , Zemb Th.
Published: December 2013

Here we study the influence of alkaline cations on the self-assembly of cetylpyridinium chloride and cetylpyridinium nitrate. It is known that the anionic counterions have a strong influence on the solubility and self-assembly properties of cationic surfactants. However, in this paper we will show that monovalent cations have also an influence which is weaker but detectable. Scattering techniques (X-Ray, light) were used to obtain structural information about the aggregation as a function of the temperature and the ionic strength. The results are interpreted in terms of ion pair adsorption at the micellar interface, depending on the ionic strength.
Preparation and Characterization of Pillared Derivatives from δ-Layered Sodium Disilicate and their Tribological Properties in Liquid Paraffin
Authors: Fu Y. , Wang Y. , Xu H. , Li J. P. , Dong J. X.
Published: December 2013

The pillared derivatives from δ-layered sodium disilicate were investigated by intercalation of bisoctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. The influence of various parameters such as water content, pH of the mixture, and time were examined. The resultant samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and thermal gravimetric observation. The experimental results showed that δ-layered sodium disilicate was first transformed to kanemite (NaHSi2O4(OH)2· 2H2O), and subsequently kanemite was pillared with bisoctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. The tribological properties of typical samples then were investigated by point contact test. The results show that the pillared derivatives have good load-carrying capacity and friction-reducing property.
Alkyl Polyglycoside/1-Naphthol Formulations: A Case Study of Surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Iglauer S. , Wu Y. , Shuler P. , Tang Y. , Goddard W. A.
Published: December 2013

We present a case study of surfactant enhanced oil recovery using Alkyl polyglucoside/1-naphthol formulations. Alkyl polyglucosides are a green, non-toxic and renewable surfactant class synthesized out of agricultural raw materials. We measured interfacial tensions versus n-octane and viscosities of these formulations and conducted one coreflood enhanced oil recovery (EOR) experiment where we recovered 82.6 % of initial oil in place demonstrating that these formulations are efficient EOR agents.
Using Fabric Softeners, Drying and Ironing in Germany
Authors: Braun V. , Stamminger R.
Published: December 2013

During the annually arranged Action Day Sustainable Washing on May 10th, 5284 questionnaires about laundry treatment were collected from private people in Germany with the aim of obtaining information about consumer behaviour and attitudes towards sustainability. This is a non-representative census as only 15% of all respondents were male. Nevertheless, relative distribution and correlation provide a relevant insight into consumers’ behaviour towards washing, drying and ironing. The most important results of the analysis can be summed up as follows:

– Nearly 50% of the respondents own a laundry-dryer.

– Nearly one third of all respondents never use fabric softeners. The prevention of ecological damage was the reason for not using fabric softeners for 30% of the respondents.

– About one fourth of all respondents always use fabric softeners, with younger people having a significantly higher attitude towards using them.

– Under good weather conditions, about 90% of the respondents choose energy-saving alternatives to dry their laundry.

– The average weekly time spent on ironing is about two hours on average of all respondents who gave information.

The analysis shows that laundry treatment beyond the pure washing process is a multi-faceted process with several starting points of improvement in favour of sustainable handling.
Colloid and Interfacial Chemistry at Stuttgart University
Authors: Baum R. , Boos J. , Carey E. , Catanoiu G. , Engelskirchen S. , Feucht B. , Laupheimer M. , Porada J. , Schüler F. , Szymanski L. , Zauser D. , Stubenrauch C.
Published: December 2013

The research work carried out in our group can be referred to as “Colloid and Interfacial Chemistry”. We subdivide this rather broad research area into four main topics which are covered by the projects presented in this overview. The surfaces we study are surfactant-loaden water-air surfaces, the films are mainly free-standing thin foam films of less than 100 nm thickness, and the foams are 3D aqueous foams whose stability and drainage we investigate. As regards the topic “Complex Fluids” we study lyotropic liquid crystalline phases and microemulsions. In the past, we were able to establish two new tuning parameters for the formation and destruction of lyotropic liquid crystals, while current research focuses on the lyotropic mesomorphism of new surfactants and of surfactant mixtures. Apart from lyotropic liquid crystals microemulsions are a central theme in the group. Due to their unique properties and fascinating structure variety microemulsions offer a great potential as templates for the synthesis of new functional materials, which is a further research topic in our group. These studies involve the gelation of and the polymerisation in microemulsions preserving their nanostructure to create high surface area polymers. Currently, we also use microemulsions as tailor-made nano-compartmented reaction media. The studied reactions are either enzyme-catalysed conversions of substrates or the reduction of metal salts to synthesize mono- or bimetallic nanoparticles. In this context we focus on bicontinuous and water-in-oil droplet microemulsions. Last but not least we also synthesize new surfactant structures such as inositol-based surfactants and explore the properties.
Synthesis of Dodecyl Lauroyl Benzene Sulfonate and its Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Cui Z. , Wu L. , Sun M. , Jiang J. , Wang F.
Published: December 2013

A new hydrophobic surfactant, dodecyl lauroyl benzene sulfonate (DLBS), was synthesized and its application in enhanced oil recovery by alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding was studied. The results show that DLBS can be synthesized by reaction of industrial dodecyl benzene with lauroyl chloride in the presence of AlCl3, followed by sulfonation with ClSO3H and neutralization with NaOH. The lauroyl-group is confirmed to be connected to the para-position of the alkylbenzene by 1HNMR spectrum. The synthesized DLBS is well soluble in pure water and reservoir (connate) water at 45°C. It is highly surface active which is indicated by its low CMC of 1.1 · 10−5 mol/L, and its low surface tension, γcmc of 28.6 mN m−1. By mixing with heavy alkylbenzene sulfonates of relatively low average molar mass (387 g mol−1) at a total surfactant concentration of 5 mM, DLBS can reduce the interfacial tension of Daqing crude oil/connate water to an order of 10−3 mN/m at 45°C in the presence of 0.5–1.0 wt.% NaOH and 1000 mg L−1 of polymer. If the NaOH was replaced by a gentle alkaline salt, Na2CO3, certain amounts of dodecyl dimethyl carboxy betaine were added and the concentration of Na2CO3 was increased to 1.2–2.0 wt.%, the interfacial tension of Daqing crude oil/connate water can also be reduced to an ultralow value. Therefore DLBS is a good hydrophobic surfactant applicable in ASP flooding with either NaOH or Na2CO3 as alkaline agents.
Manual Direct Two-Phase Titration Method for Anionic Surface Active Agents Determination with Use of Solvatochromic Dye. The Modification Towards Toxicity Abatement
Authors: Gąsiorowska Monika , Wróblewska Elwira Katarzyna
Published: December 2013

The modification of the manual direct two-phase titration method for anionic surface active agent determination is presented. The purpose was to find such organic solvent which can replace solvents applied in the method i. e. chloroform or dichloromethane since both are harmful, exhibiting carcinogenic, mutagenic and, embryotoxic properties. As a new solvent 1-butanol or isobutyl alcohol was used. The reaction in the examined alcohols caused to be acidic during the titration process. Thus the solvatochromic dye (1) i. e. 5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-7H-indolo[1,2-a]quinolinium perchlorate has been replaced with 1-phenyl-2-[2-(3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indolium perchlorate (2). The pKa (3.51) of (2) facilitates its dissociation, and has the same color change at the titration endpoint. The modified method was tested on three different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, and the results are in good agreement with the real ones.
Removal of Crystal Violet from Water by Adsorbent Prepared from Turkish Coffee Residue
Authors: Zahoor Muhammad
Published: December 2013

Carbon prepared from Turkish coffee residue was used to remove crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized by surface analyzer, infra red (IR) spectroscopy, Boehm titration and mass titration. Adsorption was studied as a function of pH, dye concentration and contact time. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to describe the kinetic data. The adsorption of crystal violet dye on prepared adsorbent followed pseudo second order kinetic model rather than pseudo first order kinetic model. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms model. The pH of the solution affects the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. An increase in the adsorption capacity of the dye was observed with increase in pH. However, this was up to pH 6.5. The increase was insignificant from pH 6.5 to 10. The desorption experiments showed the possibility of regeneration of the adsorbent. Equilibrium was attained within 4 hour for 30 mg L−1 of dye concentration, while for 25 mg L1 and 15 mg L−1 it was less than 4 hour.