bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System: Combining Light-Sensing and Time-Based GPS for Optimal Energy Efficiency
Authors: Hammas Muhammad , Fituri Hassen , Shour Ali , Khan Ashraf Ali , Khan Usman Ali , Ahmed Shehab
Published: January 2025

Fixed solar panels face significant energy loss as they cannot consistently capture optimal sunlight. Because of that, the overall efficiency of the PV panel will be reduced, and the installation requires larger land space to generate appropriate power; this stems from the use of a dual-axis solar tracking system, which can significantly increase overall energy production. The system is based on the combination of two approaches to precisely track the sunlight: first, using multiple LDRs (light-dependent resistors) as photo sensors to track the position of the sun by balancing the resistivity using a proportional integral deprival (PID) controller, and the second approach using the time-based control for cloudy days when sunlight is diffused, getting the time GPS coordinates and time to calculate the accurate position of the sun by determining the azimuth and altitude angle. This dual system significantly improves energy production by 33.23% compared to fixed systems and eliminates errors during shaded conditions while reducing unnecessary energy use from continuous GPS activation. The prototype uses two linear actuators for both angles and a 100-watt solar panel mounted on the dual-axis platform.
Numerical Evaluation on Massif Vibration of Pumped Storage Power Plant in Hydraulic Transients
Authors: Wang Tao , Tang Hongfen , Chen Hongsheng , Ma Dong , Wang Yuchuan , Fan Honggang
Published: January 2025

This research aims to assess the massif vibration that results from hydraulic transitions of pumped storage power plant (PSPP) and probe into their consequences on mountain stability. Firstly, numerical simulations of the hydraulic transitions in a pumped storage power plant were carried out, and the pressure pulsations within different sections of the waterway system under pumping and generating conditions were obtained. The historical pressure during the hydraulic transients was used as the dynamic loading condition for transient structural analysis. The time-history curves of horizontal and vertical accelerations were obtained for four main working conditions, and four detection areas were demarcated on the massif surface for analysis. The results showed that the maximum amplitude of horizontal acceleration occurred within the height range of 760 m to 960 m of work condition T2. Statistical methods and one-third octave analysis were further applied to analyze the acceleration time-history curves, showing that the highest vibration levels in the horizontal direction were observed at a specific frequency of 50 Hz. This study indicates that the hydraulic transition process of pumped-storage power stations will have a significant impact on massif stability; therefore, it is crucial to consider corresponding seismic mitigation measures during the design and operating stages to ensure structural safety.
First Results of a Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Leaf Size and Shape Variation in Quercus petraea Across a Wide European Area
Authors: Fortini Paola , Proietti Elisa , Stojnic Srdjan , Di Marzio Piera , Aravanopoulos Filippos A. , Benavides Raquel , Loy Anna , Di Pietro Romeo
Published: January 2025

The high leaf morphological variability of European white oaks is largely documented in the botanical literature, and several papers have been published in the last two decades focusing on inter- and intraspecific leaf phenotypic plasticity. Studies involving landmark-based geometric morphometrics proved to be useful in highlighting relationships between leaf size and shape variation and environmental factors, phylogenetic patterns, or hybridization events. In this paper, the leaf size and shape variations of 18 populations of Quercus petraea distributed throughout a wide geographical area were analyzed by means of geometric morphometric methods (GMMs). This study involved 10 European countries and investigated the intraspecific leaf variability of Q. petraea within a wide latitudinal and longitudinal gradient. Analyses of variance for shape and centroid size were performed through Procrustes ANOVA. Multivariate analysis procedures, partial least squares method, and regression analyses were used to highlight possible patterns of covariation between leaf shape and size and geographical/environmental variables. The results revealed that the Q. petraea populations analyzed mainly differed in their leaf size, where a decrease was observed according to a north to south geographical gradient. Both leaf size and shape were found to be significantly related to latitude, and, to a lesser extent, to mean annual temperature and the leaf isotopic signature of 15N. All the other variables considered did not provide significant results. Unexpected differences observed comparing the leaf traits of geographically strictly adjacent populations suggest the involvement of local hybridization/introgression events. However, with a few exceptions, Q. petraea turned out to be quite conservative in its leaf shape and size at both the local and continental scale.
The Key Factors That Influence Farmers’ Participating Behavior in Forest Management Plan Formulation Based on 1752 Households in China
Authors: Liu Zongfei , Yan Qianqian , Zhang Yinxue , Qu Mei
Published: January 2025

Forest management plans are the bibles of forest management. On the basis of these plans, farmers play essential roles in forest cultivation, protection, and utilization. After the forest tenure reform in the 2000s in China, the status of farmers has changed. For example, collective management has decreased and household management has become a leading structure of operation and management. Farmer’s dependence on income from forests has increased, which is reflected in their increased participation in management. However, insights into farmers’ perceptions of and willingness to participate in the formulation of forest management plans are insufficient. This study analyzes the factors influencing farmers’ participation by using an econometric model based on 1752 samples of farmer households from 10 counties. The empirical results reveal that according to farmers, forest type and property rights influence their willingness to participate in the formulation of forest management plans. In addition, whether there is a village leader, the village distance from town, the circulation of forest land, the area of woodland, timber price, and forestry income have a significant positive impact on farmers’ willingness to participate in forest management plan formulation; the level of education and non-agricultural income have a significant negative impact on farmers’ willingness to participate in forest management program development. Finally, this study proposes to improve and deepen the reform of the forest ownership system, encourage land circulation, and give play to the role of village leaders in promoting the participation of farmers in forest management plans, so as to improve the efficiency of forest management.
The Emerging Role of Oyster Mushrooms as a Functional Food for Complementary Cancer Therapy
Authors: Sreedharan Priya Lakshmi , Kishorkumar Malu , Neumann Elke Gabriel , Kurup Shyam S.
Published: January 2025

The importance of functional food’s role in human nutrition as well as in the prevention of diseases, especially the treatment of chronic diseases like cancer, is an innovative field of research. Based on the studies regarding the antioxidant potential of oyster mushroom extract, it is evident that it has anticancer properties. The current article reviews the health benefits of edible oyster-mushroom-derived bioactive compounds, and how they specifically activate or regulate the immune system by affecting the maturation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells, thereby inhibiting cancer cell metastasis and growth. Mushrooms show anticancer potential by regulating a single molecule of a specific signaling pathway or by having multiple targets in the same or different signaling pathways. In addition, the prebiotic effects of mushrooms could enhance quality of life during and after cancer therapy by recovering the intestinal microbiota. More clinical research on oyster mushrooms needs to be conducted, and future studies should investigate the preventive aspects, which aid in reducing the rate of cancer occurrence, and the positive impact in cancer patients to prove that oyster mushrooms are preventive as a functional food as well as a curing dietary supplement for cancer patients.
Metagenomic Reveals the Role of Autochthonous Debaryomyces hansenii in the Fermentation and Flavor Formation of Dry Sausage
Authors: Chen Qian , He Siyuan , Li Mengtong , Sui Yumeng , Kong Baohua , Wen Rongxin
Published: January 2025

The effect of Debaryomyces hansenii SH4, a typical aroma enhancer, on flavor formation of the dry fermented sausage was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that inoculation with D. hansenii SH4 promoted volatile compound formation from carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and accelerated ester synthesis. The enzymes, genes, and microorganisms involved in the formation pathway of volatile compounds based on microbial metabolism were predicted and constructed into a metabolic pathway network. D. hansenii, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc fallax, Weissella minor, and Staphylococcus and Candida species were found to be the predominant functional microbes for flavor development in dry sausage. This study established a new insight into the metagenome-based bioinformatic effects of D. hansenii SH4 as a starter culture on the microbial synthesis of key volatile compounds in dry sausage.
Permeation Enhancer in Microemulsions and Microemulsion-Based Gels: A Comparison of Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether and Oleyl Alcohol
Authors: Pandey Sujata , Baki Gabriella
Published: January 2025

Microemulsions have been commonly used with various permeation enhancers to improve permeability through the skin. The purpose of this study was to compare the release and permeation ability of two commonly used permeation enhancers—diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME) and oleyl alcohol—by the changes in oil composition, the addition of a gelling agent, and water content using ibuprofen as a model drug. Four microemulsions were formulated, selection was based on ternary phase diagrams, and physicochemical properties were evaluated. The release and permeation of the microemulsion formulations were performed in vitro by Franz cell studies on a regenerated cellulose membrane and a Strat-M® membrane, respectively, and the amount of ibuprofen permeated and released was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All four microemulsions were compatible with the skin pH, and the average pH ranged from 4.9 to 5.6. The average droplet size of the microemulsions ranged from 119.8 to 153.3 nm. Drug release was significantly the highest from the gel-based microemulsions (59% and 64%, p < 0.05). However, there was a fourfold difference in drug permeation from these gels—a significantly higher permeation from the microemulsion-gel containing oleic acid and oleyl alcohol compared to the DGME formulation. These results indicated that the microemulsion-gel with oleyl alcohol as the permeation enhancer could be a preferable formulation approach for the topical administration of ibuprofen. These results highlight the need for optimization of the microemulsion formulation to confirm the permeation-enhancing effects of chosen permeation enhancers despite being a well-known permeation enhancer.
Suppression of Nodule Formation by RNAi Knock-Down of Bax inhibitor-1a in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Jin Fuxiao , Ke Danxia , Lu Lu , Hu Qianqian , Zhang Chanjuan , Li Chao , Liang Wanwan , Yuan Songli , Chen Haifeng
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The balanced regulation of innate immunity plays essential roles in rhizobial infection and the establishment and maintenance of symbiosis. The evolutionarily conserved cell death suppressor Bax inhibitor-1 plays dual roles in nodule symbiosis, providing a valuable clue in balancing immunity and symbiosis, while it remains largely unexplored in the legume Lotus japonicus. Methods/Results: In the present report, the BI-1 gene family of L. japonicus was identified and characterized. We identified 6 BI-1 genes that translate into peptides containing 240–255 amino acids with different structural characteristics and isoelectric points. We performed phylogenetic analyses and detected evolutionary conservation and divergence among BI-1 proteins from L. japonicus, Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa. Expression profiles among different roots indicated that the inoculation of MAFF303099 significantly increased the expression of most of the L. japonicus BI-1 family genes. We down-regulated the transcripts of LjBI-1a by RNA interference and observed that LjBI-1a promotes nodulation and nodule formation. Conclusions: These discoveries shed light on the functions of BI-1 genes in L. japonicus, and simultaneously emphasize the potential application of LjBI-1a in enhancing the symbiotic nitrogen fixation ability of legumes.
Recent Advances in Stroke Genetics—Unraveling the Complexity of Cerebral Infarction: A Brief Review
Authors: Yoshimoto Takeshi , Yamagami Hiroshi , Matsumaru Yuji
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Recent advances in stroke genetics have substantially enhanced our understanding of the complex genetic architecture underlying cerebral infarction and other stroke subtypes. As knowledge in this field expands, healthcare providers must remain informed about these latest developments. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in stroke genetics, with a focus on cerebral infarction, and discuss their potential impact on patient care and future research directions. Methods: We reviewed recent literature about advances in stroke genetics, focusing on cerebral infarction, and discussed their potential impact on patient care and future research directions. Key developments include the identification of monogenic stroke syndromes, such as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, and cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 and HTRA1 genes, respectively. In addition, the role of RNF213 in moyamoya disease and other cerebrovascular disorders, particularly in East Asian populations, has been elucidated. The development of polygenic risk scores for assessing genetic predisposition to stroke has demonstrated the potential to improve risk prediction beyond traditional factors. Genetic studies have also elucidated the distinct genetic architecture of stroke subtypes, including large artery atherosclerosis, small vessel disease, and cardioembolic stroke. Furthermore, the investigation of epigenetic modifications influencing stroke risk and its outcomes has revealed new research avenues, while advancements in pharmacogenomics highlight the potential for personalized stroke treatment based on individual genetic profiles. Conclusions: These genetic discoveries have important clinical implications, including improved risk stratification, targeted prevention strategies, and the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Mapping Spatial Variability of Sugarcane Foliar Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Chlorophyll Concentrations Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Picado Ericka F. , Romero Kerin F. , Heenkenda Muditha K.
Published: January 2025

Various nutrients are needed during the sugarcane growing season for plant development and productivity. However, traditional methods for assessing nutritional status are often costly and time consuming. This study aimed to determine the level of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and chlorophyll of sugarcane plants using remote sensing. Remotely sensed images were obtained using a MicaSense RedEdge-P camera attached to a drone. Leaf chlorophyll content was measured in the field using an N-Tester chlorophyll meter, and leaf samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for N, P and K. The highest correlation between field samples and predictor variables (spectral bands, selected vegetation indices, and plant height from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)), were noted.The spatial distribution of chlorophyll, N, P, and K maps achieved 60%, 75%, 96% and 50% accuracies, respectively. The spectral profiles helped to identify areas with visual differences. Spatial variability of nutrient maps confirmed that moisture presence leads to nitrogen and potassium deficiencies, excess phosphorus, and a reduction in vegetation density (93.82%) and height (2.09 m), compared to green, healthy vegetation (97.64% density and 3.11 m in height). This robust method of assessing foliar nutrients is repeatable for the same sugarcane variety at certain conditions and leads to sustainable agricultural practices in Costa Rica.
The Effect of Home-Based Robotic Rehabilitation on Individuals with Disabilities in Community Settings: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lee Joonhwan , Lee Eunyoung , Hong Seokjoon , Shin Sunyi , Ryu Byungju
Published: January 2025

Background: With South Korea’s growing aging population, the demand for accessible rehabilitation solutions is increasing. Home-based robotic rehabilitation presents a feasible alternative to conventional in-clinic rehabilitation. This study explores the impact of the Rebless robotic rehabilitation device in a home-based setting for people with physical disabilities and their caregivers. Methods: We prospectively collected data from individuals with brain disorders or physical disabilities living in Dongdaemun-gu, from August 2023 to March 2024. Participants completed an 8-week rehabilitation program using the Rebless robotic device. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after the eight-week program, measuring motor function, caregiver burden, and quality of life. Exercises were performed three times weekly for at least 90 min total. Results: We conducted an intervention with 26 adults with physical or neurological disabilities, of which 20 completed the program. Significant improvements were observed in upper limb function within the elbow exercise group (Fugl–Meyer assessment for upper extremity, p = 0.043) and a reduction in caregiver burden across the total groups (Zarit Burden Interview, p = 0.003). However, no statistically significant changes were found in balance and mobility measures (Berg balance scale, timed up-and-go, 10 m walk test). Conclusions: Home-based robotic rehabilitation demonstrates potential for improving upper limb function and reducing caregiver burden and mental health, proving beneficial to both patients and caregivers.
Parkinson’s Disease and Caregiving Roles, Demands, and Support Needs and Experiences: A Scoping Review
Authors: Longacre Margaret L. , Roche Lacey , Kueppers George C. , Buurman Bart
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: A public health priority is the increasing number of persons with Parkinson’s disease (PwP), and the need to provide them with support. We sought to synthesize the experiences of relatives or friends—family caregivers—who provide such support. Eligibility Criteria: This study was a scoping literature review modeled by the PRISMA guidelines. The articles for this review fit the following inclusion criteria: (1) studies including the perspective of caregivers of PwP, (2) studies conducted in the United States, and (3) studies conducted between January 2019 to January 2024. Sources of Evidence: Articles were identified by searching the PubMed, EBSCO, and Ovid databases between January 2019 and January 2024. The search terms included the following: (Parkinson’s disease) AND (caregiver OR caregiving OR carer). Results: A total of 31 articles were included. Most of the included articles are descriptive (n = 26), including quantitative (n = 17), qualitative (n = 7), and mixed-methods studies (n = 2). Gender, race, and ethnicity were not consistently reported. Findings across studies demonstrated common roles of caregiving (e.g., assistance with personal care), extensive physical and mental health strains, social isolation, and work and financial strain. Benefit-finding was also evident among caregivers including a goal of securing the PwP dignity and comfort as the disease progressed. The studies of this review provide perspectives on benefits and challenges of caregiving in this context and caregiver resources. Conclusions: Future studies need to improve racial and gender-related diversity and address caregiver strain and health.
Prevalence of Depression Among People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Molapo Dimakatso M. , Mokgalaboni Kabelo , Phoswa Wendy N.
Published: January 2025

Background: HIV is a global health issue, with the highest number of infected individuals found in sub-Saharan Africa. The coexistence of HIV with depression is a huge challenge. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Africa. Method: PubMed, Scopus, and bibliographic screening were used to identify suitable literature. The study adhered to guidelines outlined by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The Newcastle–Ottawa guideline was used to assess the quality of the included cross-sectional studies. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were subsequently conducted following the meta-analyses, based on heterogeneity. A meta-analysis software online tool and Jamovi software (version 2.4.8.0) were used to analyse the data, and the results were presented as prevalence and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Thirty-four cross-sectional studies identified from the databases were deemed relevant. The overall sample size was 21,143 PLWHIV on ART in African countries. The analysed data showed the prevalence of depression to be 36%, with 95% CI (27% to 40%), p < 0.01, in Africa. However, the subgroup showed that the highest prevalence was in Northern Africa, with a prevalence of 41% with 95% CI (20% to 50%), p < 0.01, followed by those in Southern and Eastern Africa, with a prevalence of 38% with 95% CI (27% to 49%) and 39% with 95% CI (26% to 50%), p < 0.01, respectively. The lowest prevalence was observed in Western Africa, with a prevalence of 20% with 95% CI (14% to 27%), p < 0.01. Conclusions: Our findings show that there is a higher prevalence of depression among PLWHIV who are on ART in Africa. It is crucial to correctly recognise and provide proper care for depression to optimise HIV treatment and enhance treatment adherence in this population.
Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Potassium Deficiency on Apple Tree Growth
Authors: Ladikou Evangelia-Vasiliki , Daras Gerasimos , Landi Marco , Chatzistathis Theocharis , Sotiropoulos Thomas , Rigas Stamatis , Papadakis Ioannis E.
Published: January 2025

Potassium (K) is an essential mineral element that supports numerous plant processes, including photosynthesis, enzyme activation, osmoregulation, and nutrient balance. This study investigated how K deficiency impacts growth, physiological performance, and carbohydrate metabolism in ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees grafted onto M9 rootstock. The experimental material was cultivated hydroponically in a greenhouse under four K regimes, including 0.00, 0.75, 1.50, and 3.00 mM K, over 159 days. Deficiency symptoms such as chlorosis and necrosis were observed primarily in basal leaves. A reduced net photosynthetic rate in top and basal leaves was linked to a decreased stomatal conductance, thus limiting CO2 uptake (stomatal limitations of photosynthesis). Photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, were also significantly reduced in K-limited leaves. Furthermore, photochemical performance of PSII also declined under K deficiency, with lower electron transport rates, PSII efficiency, and photochemical quenching (non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis). While the photosynthetic rate declined under K deficiency conditions, the carbohydrate metabolism remained relatively stable without significant variation in total, translocating, or non-translocating sugars. Notably, an increase in sucrose-to-hexose ratio under low K suggests changes in sugar partitioning and utilization. Biomass allocation was also affected, with a notable decrease in the shoot-to-root ratio, mainly due to increased dry weight of roots, likely reflecting an adaptive response to enhance K uptake. Our study provides valuable insights into sustainable K fertilization practices aiming to maximize photosynthetic capacity, pigment content, and biomass production. These findings emphasize the importance of considering rootstock/scion interactions in future research to enhance apple tree vigor and productivity.
Asymmetry of Motif Conservation Within Their Homotypic Pairs Distinguishes DNA-Binding Domains of Target Transcription Factors in ChIP-Seq Data
Authors: Levitsky Victor G. , Raditsa Vladimir V. , Tsukanov Anton V. , Mukhin Aleksey M. , Zhimulev Igor F. , Merkulova Tatyana I.
Published: January 2025

Transcription factors (TFs) are the main regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. The cooperative binding of at least two TFs to genomic DNA is a major mechanism of transcription regulation. Massive analysis of the co-occurrence of overrepresented pairs of motifs for different target TFs studied in ChIP-seq experiments can clarify the mechanisms of TF cooperation. We categorized the target TFs from M. musculus ChIP-seq and A. thaliana ChIP-seq/DAP-seq experiments according to the structure of their DNA-binding domains (DBDs) into classes. We studied homotypic pairs of motifs, using the same recognition model for each motif. Asymmetric and symmetric pairs consist of motifs of remote and close recognition scores. We found that asymmetric pairs of motifs predominate for all TF classes. TFs from the murine/plant ‘Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)’, ‘Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)’, and ‘Tryptophan cluster’ classes and murine ‘p53 domain’ and ‘Rel homology region’ classes showed the highest enrichment of asymmetric homotypic pairs of motifs. Pioneer TFs, despite their DBD types, have a higher significance of asymmetry within homotypic pairs of motifs compared to other TFs. Asymmetry within homotypic CEs is a promising new feature decrypting the mechanisms of gene transcription regulation.
Lethal Male Combat of Anastatus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Lepidopterous and Hemipterous Pests
Authors: Ali Muhammad Yasir , Avila Gonzalo A. , Luo Zheng-Yu , Hassan Muhammad Asghar , Khan Khalid Ali , Zhang Jin-Ping , Zhang Feng
Published: January 2025

Aggressive interactions between males are common when victors gain increased mating success but can result in severe injury or death for the defeated. Anastatus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is a solitary egg parasitoid of hemipteran and lepidopteran species. Here, we investigated lethal interactions between A. japonicus males and analyzed aggression behavior scaled with the male condition, number of competitors, number of presented females, and female mating status. The intensity of A. japonicus male aggressiveness increased with the number of competitors and the number of presented females but was not affected by male relatedness. The intensity and frequency of A. japonicus male aggressive interactions were greater when males competed for virgin females compared to mated females. Larger A. japonicus males won more contests than smaller males and honey-fed males defeated starved ones, where defeated males suffered the loss of appendages and/or died. Fighting appeared to be the norm in all-male groupings, regardless of the presence of females. A number of biological and ecological factors are deducted that likely contribute to the evolution of male aggressive behavior in A. japonicus.
Accuracy and Reproducibility of a Modified Echocardiographic Method for Right Ventricular Output Calculation in Neonates
Authors: Milocchi Carlotta , Nogara Silvia , Mazzuca Giorgia , Runfola Federica , Ciarcià Martina , Corsini Iuri , Ficial Benjamim
Published: January 2025

We aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of right ventricular output (RVO) using different anatomical landmarks: the internal pulmonary valve diameter (PVD) between the valve hinge points (hinge-PVD) according to the traditional technique, and PVD between the valve leaflet tips (tip-PVD). This was a retrospective analysis of prospective collected data. All neonates with echocardiographic measurements of RVO and left ventricular output (LVO) without congenital heart disease, including patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale > 3 mm, were included. Accuracy was assessed by comparison with LVO. Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of the off-line analysis were assessed. Forty-five neonates were included. RVO calculation with tip-PVD was more accurate than hinge-PVD in comparison with LVO, r2 0.712 versus 0.464, bias (95% limits of agreement) 1.4 mL/kg/min (−26–29 mL/kg/min) versus 61 mL/kg/min (−11–132 mL/kg/min), respectively. Both hinge-PVD and tip-PVD presented similar reproducibility, with an intra-observer bias (95% LOA) of 0.3 (−1.0–0.5) and –0.2 (−0.8–0.5) respectively, and an inter-observer bias of 0.1 (−1.3–1.6) and 0.1 (−1.4–1.6). RVO calculation using tip-PVD was more accurate than the conventional technique, with similar reproducibility.
Effects of Hippotherapy and Horse-Riding Simulators on Gross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ortega-Cruz Antonio , Sánchez-Silverio Víctor , Riquelme-Aguado Víctor , Alonso-Perez Jose Luis , Abuín-Porras Vanesa , Villafañe Jorge Hugo
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) can have a negative impact on gross motor function. Conventional hippotherapy and horse-riding simulators (HRS) have shown promising results on gross motor function in populations with neurological disorders. This review aims to update the knowledge on the effectiveness of hippotherapy on gross motor function in children with CP. Methods: A search was conducted in Academic Search Ultimate, CINAHL, Medline complete, and PEDro covering publications between 2012 and 2022. Two authors identified studies that met the inclusion criteria; a third author resolved discrepancies. Studies were included if they analyzed the effects of hippotherapy on the gross motor function of children with CP. The quality of the methodology was assessed according to the PEDro scale. Results: Of the 150 studies initially identified, 9 were included in this review. The studies showed fair (N = 3) and good (N = 6) methodological quality on the PEDro scale. The majority used conventional hippotherapy (N = 7), while a minority used HRS (N = 2). The most commonly used protocol for conventional hippotherapy was 1–2 sessions of 30–45 min per week for 8 weeks (N = 4), whereas for HRS, these protocols were varied. Seven studies on conventional hippotherapy and one study on HRS showed improvements in gross motor function. However, the hippotherapy protocols were not very standardized and the samples were neither homogeneous nor representative. Conclusions: Conventional hippotherapy and HRS appear to have evidence to support their benefits on gross motor function in children with CP. However, more clinical trials with standardized protocols and more representative samples are needed to confirm these effects.
Macular Pigment Changes and Visual Recovery Following Successful Full-Thickness Macular Hole Closure Using the Inverted Flap Technique
Authors: Rinaldi Michele , Galantuomo Nicola , Passaro Maria Laura , Cennamo Gilda , Chiosi Flavia , Costagliola Ciro
Published: January 2025

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the role of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in patients with a full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) compared to healthy controls, evaluating postoperative changes in MPOD and exploring potential correlations with visual outcomes. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional, comparative study included 16 eyes from FTMH patients who achieved anatomical hole closure following pars plana vitrectomy with the inverted ILM flap technique. Each eye underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, including BCVA and intraocular pressure measurements, anterior segment evaluation, fundus examination, and macular assessment with Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography (EDI-OCT, Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering Inc., Heidelberg, Germany). Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was measured using one-wavelength reflectometry (Visucam 200, Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). These evaluations were conducted preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively to assess changes over time and correlate MPOD with visual outcomes. Results: Significant baseline differences were observed between FTMH patients and controls for BCVA, mean MPOD, maximum MPOD, and MPOD volume (p < 0.05). Postoperative BCVA improved significantly (p = 0.0011), with a notable increase in MPOD volume at 6 months (p = 0.01). A positive correlation was found between BCVA improvement and MPOD volume increase (r = 0.739; p = 0.002). Conclusions: In conclusion, MPOD measurement may serve as a valuable addition to the follow-up of FTMH surgery, providing insights into photoreceptor function and macular metabolic activity, potentially correlating with visual recovery. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify its relationship with clinical variables, such as metamorphopsia and OCT microstructural findings.
Characterization of Electrospun PAN Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for CO2/N2 Separation
Authors: Aletan Dirar , Muthu Jacob
Published: January 2025

The focus of this study was to enhance the CO2 capture capabilities of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanocomposite membranes by reinforcing them with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and silica (SiO2). These nanocomposite membranes were created using electrospinning technology, which produced nonwoven nanofiber membranes. The nanoparticles were functionalized using Gum Arabic (GA) to improve the distribution and prevent agglomeration. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were conducted to examine the functionalization of nanoparticles and their morphological structures. The membranes were experimentally characterized to obtain the CO2 absorption properties and also to evaluate CO2/N2 permeation properties compared to pure PAN membranes. The results showed that higher nanoparticle concentrations increased CO2 permeability while maintaining stable N2 permeability, ensuring favorable CO2/N2 selectivity ratios. The 4 wt.% MWCNTs nanocomposite membrane achieved the best CO2/N2 separation with a CO2 permeability of 289.4 Barrer and a selectivity of 6.3, while the 7 wt.% SiO2 nanocomposite membrane reached a CO2 permeability of 325 Barrer and a selectivity of 7. These findings indicate significant improvements in CO2 permeability and selectivity for the nanocomposite membranes compared to pure PAN membranes. The Maxwell mathematical model has been used to validate the experimental results. The experimental results of the CO2 separation properties of the nanocomposite membranes exceeded the predicted values by the mathematical models. This might be due to the well-dispersed nanoparticles and functional groups.
Influence of Walnut Shell Ash and Limestone Filler in Hot Mix Asphalt
Authors: Kadhim Yasir N. , Abdulrasool Abdulrasool Th. , Dulaimi Anmar , Pinto Hugo Alexandre Silva , Bernardo Luís Filipe Almeida
Published: January 2025

The presence of filler in asphalt concrete may improve the properties of the mixture. This study investigates the mechanical and volumetric properties of such a mixture using walnut shell ash as a filler in various replacement ratios. The mixtures were mixed with various proportions of limestone (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) in addition to WSA as a replacement filler. Tests were subsequently carried out, including tests of Marshall’s stability and flow, voids in mineral aggregates, air voids, and theoretical maximum specific gravity. The results revealed that increasing the replacement percentage resulted in a considerable improvement in the performance of the asphalt–concrete mixtures. The results revealed that the mixture with a 60% replacement ratio achieved the best Marshall stability, achieving an improvement of 15.02% compared to the conventional sample, alongside good flow properties. This improvement was accompanied by high conformity with the other physical properties of the asphalt mixture, including a 3.55% air void percentage, which is within the permissible limits for the surface layer, as well as a 21.80% increase in the percentage of voids in the mineral aggregate, which is considered an ideal value. These results paved the way for further study and adjustments to other requirements of the asphalt mixture, as there were no issues with the availability or production costs of the filler material, given the abundance of raw materials. However, it is important to note that, as is evident from the results, a complete 100% replacement led to undesirable outcomes, resulting in a 10.68% decrease in Marshall strength compared to that of the conventional sample. This decrease indicates that the mixture was unable to provide its most important property. Although improving the other properties with complete replacement is not beneficial, a detailed investigation into this ineffective percentage revealed that, according to the results, the ideal replacement ratio is 60% walnut shells and 40% limestone, which results in optimal performance.
A Cross-Stage Focused Small Object Detection Network for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Assisted Maritime Applications
Authors: Ding Gege , Liu Jiayue , Li Dongsheng , Fu Xiaming , Zhou Yucheng , Zhang Mingrui , Li Wantong , Wang Yanjuan , Li Chunxu , Geng Xiongfei
Published: January 2025

The application potential of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in marine search and rescue is especially of concern for the ongoing advancement of visual recognition technology and image processing technology. Limited computing resources, insufficient pixel representation for small objects in high-altitude images, and challenging visibility conditions hinder UAVs’ target recognition performance in maritime search and rescue operations, highlighting the need for further optimization and enhancement. This study introduces an innovative detection framework, CFSD-UAVNet, designed to boost the accuracy of detecting minor objects within imagery captured from elevated altitudes. To improve the performance of the feature pyramid network (FPN) and path aggregation network (PAN), a newly designed PHead structure was proposed, focusing on better leveraging shallow features. Then, structural pruning was applied to refine the model and enhance its capability in detecting small objects. Moreover, to conserve computational resources, a lightweight CED module was introduced to reduce parameters and conserve the computing resources of the UAV. At the same time, in each detection layer, a lightweight CRE module was integrated, leveraging attention mechanisms and detection heads to enhance precision for small object detection. Finally, to enhance the model’s robustness, WIoUv2 loss function was employed, ensuring a balanced treatment of positive and negative samples. The CFSD-UAVNet model was evaluated on the publicly available SeaDronesSee maritime dataset and compared with other cutting-edge algorithms. The experimental results showed that the CFSD-UAVNet model achieved an mAP@50 of 80.1% with only 1.7 M parameters and a computational cost of 10.2 G, marking a 12.1% improvement over YOLOv8 and a 4.6% increase compared to DETR. The novel CFSD-UAVNet model effectively balances the limitations of scenarios and detection accuracy, demonstrating application potential and value in the field of UAV-assisted maritime search and rescue.
Research on Collision Avoidance Methods for Unmanned Surface Vehicles Based on Boundary Potential Field
Authors: Li Yongzheng , Hou Panpan , Cheng Chen , Wang Biwei
Published: January 2025

In recent years, unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) have gained increasing attention in industry due to their efficiency and versatility in marine operations. Artificial potential field (APF) methods, with their strong adaptability and simplicity of implementation, are widely used in USV path planning tasks. However, the naive APF method struggles in static complex environments, due to the local minima problem. Not to mention that actual navigations may involve other dynamic traffic participants. In this work, an improved APF algorithm integrating the boundary potential field method and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) is proposed. By incorporating the boundary potential field method, this novel approach effectively reduces the computational burden caused by clusters of land obstacles in complex environments, significantly improving computational efficiency. Furthermore, the APF method is refined to ensure the algorithm strictly adheres to COLREGs in head-on, overtaking, and crossing encounters, generating smooth and safe collision avoidance paths. The proposed method was tested in numerous complex scenarios derived from electronic navigational charts. The simulation results demonstrated the robustness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm for collision avoidance within complex maritime environments, providing reliable technical support for autonomous obstacle avoidance in dynamic ocean conditions.
Efficacy and Safety Assessment of Antifungal Prophylaxis with Posaconazole Using Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric Patients with Oncohematological Disorders—A Single-Centre Study
Authors: Liszka Karolina , Marschollek Paweł , Przystupski Dawid , Frączkiewicz Jowita , Mielcarek-Siedziuk Monika , Olejnik Igor , Gamrot Zuzanna , Haze Natalia , Kwella Agnieszka , Zalewska Paulina , Resztak Matylda , Ussowicz Marek , Kałwak Krzysztof
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Posaconazole is recommended for prophylaxis in pediatric immunocompromised patients. Due to its variability in bioavailability and drug-to-drug interactions, EBMT recommends regimens based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Materials and methods: In total, 171 oncohematological pediatric patients on posaconazole prophylaxis were included. Full pharmacokinetic posaconazole profiles were assessed in 51 children. The efficacy and safety of posaconazole was evaluated by measuring the drug concentration, with dose modification attempted in patients with suboptimal results. The influence of modifying factors on the posaconazole plasma concentration (PPC) was investigated. Results: An insufficient PPC was the main issue, but no significant increase in prophylaxis failure was reported. The modification of the dosage resulted in the optimization of PPC in 50% of patients. No significant correlation between age, gender, diagnosis or the posaconazole dosage and the PPC was found. HCT, total parenteral nutrition and diarrhea were associated with a lower PPC. Hypoalbuminemia was related to both higher and lower PPC. The concomitant administration of specified drugs significantly impacted the PPC. Conclusions: TDM allows the identification of patients receiving non-optimal treatment and offers an opportunity to improve the efficacy and safety of the therapy. However, further research involving larger patient groups and longer observation periods are needed to determine the optimal dosing and target PPC in pediatric patients.
Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Authors: Zeng He-Ming , Sieh Louie , Zhang Dong , Huang Hao , Zhang Yu-Zun , Tsou Jin-Yeu
Published: January 2025

Public spaces are spaces that are open to the public, and their publicness denotes the degree to which the space is inclusive, accessible, and representative of collective interests, fostering diverse activities, and ultimately enhancing social cohesion and urban vitality. While existing studies have focused on interpreting and assessing the concept of publicness, few explore its specific impact within public spaces. This study aims to identify the impact of the publicness of public space and develop an assessment model. Based on a literature review, five publicness impacts are proposed: effectiveness, fairness, sense of ease, meaningfulness, and friendliness. Two rounds of questionnaire surveys were conducted on public space users in Hong Kong, with a total of 305 responses received. The collected data were used to test and validate the model through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modelling (SEM). The developed model offers a robust tool for determining whether a space is public. The findings show correlations among the five impacts of publicness, except between fairness and meaningfulness, which may imply that, in the Hong Kong public space, fairness is a functional or procedural requirement rather than a deep emotional or spiritual connection with the space.
Synergistic Enhancement of Carbon Sinks and Connectivity: Restoration and Renewal of Ecological Networks in Nanjing, China
Authors: Zhang Renfei , Li Hongye , Liu Zhicheng
Published: January 2025

Urbanization has led to a reduction in green space, weakening the region’s carbon sink capacity and stability and bringing a series of ecological problems, making the restoration and improvement of the ecological environment crucial. This study used Nanjing, China, as a case to construct an ecological network by applying Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) and the Linkage Mapper (LM) tool based on circuit theory. The connectivity of ecological patches was evaluated by calculating the delta potential connectivity index (dPC). The CASA model (Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach) was applied to quantify carbon sequestration in Nanjing. We propose an innovative carbon sink index (CSI) that integrates three indicators: capacity, efficiency, and variability. This index assesses the carbon sink function of ecological patches from both static and dynamic perspectives. Using the Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) model, we simulated carbon sequestration changes in 2035, providing insights for risk assessment and future optimization strategies. The results reveal a significant positive correlation between node connectivity and both carbon sink capacity and efficiency, indicating that enhancing connectivity at key nodes can effectively improve its carbon sequestration. On this basis, by coupling dPC and CSI indices to classify ecological network nodes, we proposed four strategies for optimization: ecological conservation, structural connectivity, carbon sink improvement, and synergistic enhancement. Finally, by adding 26 ecological stepping stones, 32 ecological corridors, and optimizing landscape components, we achieved dual improvements in both the structural and functional aspects of the ecological network. After optimization, the network connectivity increased by 1.6% and the carbon sink increased by 3.82%, demonstrating a significant improvement. This study emphasizes that by protecting, enhancing, and restoring ecological spaces, the carbon sequestration function and stability of urban ecological networks can be effectively improved. These findings provide valuable insights for the scientific management of ecological spaces in urbanized areas.