bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural Tourism Demand in Galicia, Spain
Authors: Roget Fidel Martínez , González Xosé A. Rodríguez
Published: September 2010

This paper is a study of rural tourism demand in Galicia by means of panel data. The dependent variable used is the number of overnight stays. Empirical results suggest that the number of overnight stays in rural tourism establishments depends basically on economic determinants, such as the price of services in rural tourism establishments, the extent of transport (travel) costs and the economic cycle (tourists' income). The income variable exhibits the highest elasticity. Besides the influence of economic determinants, rural tourism demand depends mainly on the reputation (prestige) and peculiarities of each establishment. In light of these results, conclusions are drawn and policy implications are discussed.
Alternative Routes: A Study on Women and Technology Entrepreneurship in the North-West of England
Authors: Hollowell Clare , Mellors Nigel , Silver Jane
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the effect that entrepreneurial and technological identities have on women's participation in technology entrepreneurship. The research is based on a project looking at the low level of women's participation in technology entrepreneurship in the north-west of England. It examines the barriers that women face in setting up a technology business, and finds that the way in which these identities are constructed are male, restricting women's access to technology enterprise, through services and motivation.
The Networked Incubator
Authors: McAdam Maura , McAdam Rodney
Published: September 2010

Within the current literature it is generally agreed that university incubator units offer considerable advantages to new, growth-orientated firms in the provision of shared facilities such as offices, administrative staff and access to university research and grant support. Moreover, in recent years the networked incubator has emerged as an effective mechanism that fosters partnerships between high-technology-based firms (spin-out HTBFs) and other external parties such as government support agencies and funders, thus facilitating technology transfer from universities to the economy. However, there is a lack of longitudinal studies exploring how entrepreneurial networking operates and develops and how the entrepreneur uses these networks to support growth ambitions, within USIs. To explore this issue further, this paper presents evidence from an in-depth longitudinal study of the operation of entrepreneurial networking within 12 entrepreneurial firms based in a USI, and with related stakeholders in the Republic of Ireland. The research methodology is based on longitudinal semi-structured interviews. The results show that the incubator environment enhances the development of social networks that act to support the new entrepreneur during the vital stages of firm foundation. Furthermore, the networks have a key role in facilitating the design and implementation of firm growth strategies within the USI.
Tourist Accommodation Effects of Festivals
Authors: Brännäs Kurt , Nordström Jonas
Published: September 2010

There is increasing interest in arranging festivals or special events in many cities. This paper presents an econometric model to account for the tourism accommodation impact of such events. The autoregressive count data model incorporates some of the more important factors in the planning and evaluation of an event, such as spare capacity, displacement effects and the costs that visitors face. The results for two large Swedish festivals indicate that there are some displacement effects but that the net tourism effect is positive, since the average visitor stays longer during festival periods. In the final year of the sample the festival increased the accommodation receipts for the hotels in Stockholm and Gothenburg by 2% and 6%, respectively.
Creating a Ten-Year Science and Innovation Framework for the UK
Authors: Crawley Edward F. , Greenwald Suzanne B.
Published: September 2010

The sustainability of a competitive, national economy depends largely on the ability of companies to deliver innovative knowledge-intensive goods and services to the market. These are the ultimate outputs of a scientific knowledge system. Ideas flow from the critical, identifiable phases of (a) the discovery, (b) the development, (c) the deployment and (d) the delivery of end products. In order to develop a successful ten-year strategic framework for investment in science and innovation, the UK government will need to prioritize and secure contributions to economic development and public service. One particular goal of the framework would be to identify the desirable attributes of a knowledge system that could achieve these ambitions. The Cambridge–MIT Institute (CMI) interviewed US stakeholders in science and innovation to gather insights on the UK's potential for long-term, scientific innovation, and the critical processes that fuel it. This paper reviews high-level observations, proposes a model for a scientific knowledge system and outlines its critical attributes.
Research Tool Patents — Rumours of Their Death are Greatly Exaggerated
Authors: Carroll Peter G. , Roberts John S.
Published: September 2010

Using a patented drug during clinical trials is not infringement [35 U.S.C. 271(e)(1)]. Merck v Integra enlarged this ‘safe harbour’ to accommodate preclinical use of drugs and patented ‘research tools' if ‘reasonably related’ to FDA approval. The decision allowed lower courts, should they wish, to find any use of a research tool, except for exploratory research, ‘reasonably related’. But Third Wave v Stratagene, decided on 5 August 2005 by a Federal District Court, will inhibit any such judicial impulse. Research tool patents, therefore, should retain value. Users will license rather than pay to test enforceability. Accordingly, universities should seek out emerging research tools and evaluate their potential utility before and after FDA approval (for example, for quality control). Finally, the article stresses protecting tools by contract instead of by patent (for example, an exclusive, pre-publication licence to screen compound libraries).
Entrepreneurial Motivation, Orientation and Realization in Rural Economies
Authors: Galloway Laura , Mochrie Robbie
Published: September 2010

Entrepreneurial SMEs are increasingly important for rural economies. The paper details a study of 399 Scottish rural business owners' motivations for start-up and development. One finding reveals that those motivated to firm growth comprise a minority. Inheritors of businesses have the least experience of and ambitions for growth, but positive motivations and growth ambitions are as prevalent amongst purchasers as starters. There are strong correlations between ambitions for and experience of growth, as well as a tendency towards non-local markets. Implications include a need to focus on entrepreneurial orientation in existing rural SMEs, rather than exclusively on start-ups.
Science-Based Business Studies at Leiden University
Authors: Jousma Harmen
Published: September 2010

The Science Based Business (SBB) programme was established at Leiden University in 2001 in an effort to counter the unidirectional professionalism of students in science studies – not explicitly to meet the needs of business and industry. Nor is SBB a stand-alone Master's programme like the MS/MBA or the PSM in the USA: rather, it is designed to be an elective in all Leiden's research Master's programmes. It attracts both those students who want to stay on to study for a PhD and those who seek an occupation outside fundamental research. Especially pertinent to building capacity for innovation is the new course, ‘Orientation on Technopreneurship’, which is taught alongside the SBB programme. Because career opportunities for SBB and OOT graduates are diverse, the organizers have avoided an industry-specific focus in both cases.
A Three-Faceted Educational Approach to Catalyse Innovation
Authors: Gupta Amar
Published: September 2010

Dual degree programmes are becoming increasingly common at universities, especially in the USA. A dual degree programme at the University of Arizona now includes the additional and systematic study of the critical field of entrepreneurship by students studying for dual degree qualifications in business and science or engineering. All participants in the programme undertake formal studies and training in entrepreneurship, leading to the award of a certificate. Thus the programme offers students the opportunity to acquire a regular MBA degree, another Master's degree in a specific domain of science or technology and a certificate in entrepreneurship, all in under two years.
Toward an Ecosystem for Innovation in a Newly Industrialized Economy
Authors: Wong Poh-Kam
Published: September 2010

In the late 1990s the Singapore government embarked on a set of far-reaching strategies intended to develop the city-state into one of the major life science R&D and industrial clusters in Asia. Besides efforts to attract leading overseas life science companies to establish operations in Singapore, the government has developed new life science public research institutions to attract overseas research talents. Outside the government, the local university sector is also emerging as an important player. Adapting the ‘Triple Helix’ framework to the life sciences in a newly industrialized economy, this paper reviews the policies and programmes implemented by the Singapore government and the National University of Singapore and discusses the implications for universities in other late-comer countries seeking to catch up in the global biotech race.
Fuelling a National Innovation System in Colombia
Authors: Lucio-Arias Diana
Published: September 2010

This presentation of the innovation-driven environment in Colombia derives from important national efforts to gather and store pertinent information. Two large surveys have tested the ‘innovative behaviour’ of Colombian manufacturing firms – the more recent of these was in 2005. Another information source is the Scienti platform, an online effort to collect and store information about research and researchers nationwide. Finally there is the SNIES, the national higher education information system which inventories curricula, admission criteria, study costs, physical resources, research activities, teachers and students of all institutions of higher education in the country. Although all of these instruments have their problems and are still in their consolidation phases, they constitute an invaluable asset for the country's scientific policy making.
An Option Pricing Approach for Evaluating the Agency Problem of Jump Risk between Airlines and Travel Agents
Authors: Huang Leo , Lin Chung-Gee
Published: September 2010

The authors address the agency problem of jump risk between industries with the proposed Agency Jump Risk Option Pricing (AJROP) model. In the model, the option pricing approach is applied to the evaluation of this problem between companies and their agencies. Under the AJROP model, the agency cost can be regarded as the premium of an option. For some industries, the incentive programmes provided for a company's agencies endow the option with a path-dependent barrier option feature. Among these industries, airlines have long been suffering from catastrophic aviation events which usually cause shocks to the price and quantity of airline tickets. Under the AJROP model, the ticket price, ticket quantity and jump risk stochastic processes are well-defined. The authors show that the stochastic variable parameters, the jump risk parameters and incentive programmes influence the agency cost significantly. Companies should therefore design their incentive programmes cautiously by considering the key underlying variables so as to reduce the impacts caused by the agency problem.
Rural Development Programmes in Galicia (North-West Spain)
Authors: Rodríguez-Couso María , Teijido Miguel , Álvarez Carlos Jose
Published: September 2010

This paper reviews the evolution of the application in Galicia (north-west Spain) of rural development initiatives promoted over the last decade by the European Union (LEADER, LEADER II and LEADER+) and the national and regional programmes that they have inspired (Proder and Agader). Aspects considered include the nature of the beneficiaries, measures taken, and types and extent of funding.
Remedial Online Teaching on a Summer Course
Authors: Rienties Bart , Tempelaar Dirk , Waterval Dominique , Rehm Martin , Gijselaers Wim
Published: September 2010

This paper is based on experiences with remedial online learning from a national collaboration initiative in the Netherlands involving the University of Amsterdam, Erasmus Rotterdam University and Maastricht University ( www.web-spijkeren.nl ). The central question is how prior knowledge tests and online remedial summer courses can contribute to mitigating the problems of heterogeneous student enrolment. Although the insights gathered for the paper are from pilots for first-year Bachelor's programmes, the guidance they provide on how to implement an online summer course programme successfully should prove valuable to other organizations.
Strategic Interactions among Firms in Tourist Destinations
Authors: Wachsman Yoav
Published: September 2010

This paper examines strategic interactions among hotels and airlines in tourist destinations. It shows that when there is a single tourist destination an airline and a hotel can increase their profits by simultaneously reducing their price. An agent can lead both firms to cooperate, thus increasing consumer surplus. When there are two competing destinations, firms in one of the destinations can benefit from cooperation; however, if firms in both destinations cooperate their joint profit will fall. Finally, if a single firm operates in both destinations, then it will increase the cost of travel, thus reducing consumer surplus.
Asia versus Oceania: Comparative Net Shifts in Tourist Arrivals
Authors: Vu Chau , Turner Lindsay
Published: September 2010

The study examines tourist arrivals from 1990 to 2002 inclusive in a selection of Asian and Oceania countries, and forecasts arrivals in each region from each other region for 2005–07. The analysis shows that from 2000 to 2002 Asia had a competitive advantage over Oceania in travel from Africa, the Americas, Europe and the Middle East. Also, during 1995–2000, Asia failed to attract visitor arrivals from Africa and Europe but gained more from the Americas compared to Oceania. The future net shifts in visitor arrivals in Asia between 2002 and 2007 suggest that, compared to Oceania, there will be a negative net shift of 859,819 and that Asia will be competitively inferior to Oceania with respect to Africa, Europe and the Middle East.
Farm-Level Performance of Genetically Modified Cotton
Authors: Kambhampati U. , Morse S. , Bennett R. , Ismael Y.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, the yield increases resulting from the cultivation of Bt cotton in Maharashtra, India, are analysed. The study relies on commercial farm, rather than trial, data and is among the first of its kind to be based on real farm and market conditions. Findings show that since its commercial release in 2002, Bt cotton has had a significant positive impact on yields and on the economic performance of cotton growers in Maharashtra. This difference remains even after controlling for different soil and insecticide inputs in the production of Bt cotton. There is also significant spatial and temporal variation in this‘benefit’, and much depends upon where production is taking place and on the season.
Global Impact of Mycotoxins on Human and Animal Health Management
Authors: Fokunang C.N. , Tembe-Fokunang E.A. , Tomkins P. , Barkwan S.
Published: September 2010

Some fungi are capable of producing substances that are potent, acute toxins or carcinogens to both animals and humans. These toxic agents are generally called mycotoxins. The diseases these fungi cause are mycotoxicoses, and their impact on domestic animals in terms of decreased growth rate, abnormal reproduction and early death has long been recognized. The impact of these fungi in human carcinogenesis has been the subject of intensive study only since the early 1960s. Mycotoxins of worldwide importance such as aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2; deoxynivalenol; zearalenone; fumonisin B1; T-2 toxin; and ochratoxin A, produced by fungi on pre- and post-harvest food and feeds, have led to contamination of the food chain, resulting in severe economic losses and serious health problems in human beings and livestock. In humans, the presence of mycotoxins in foods can be cumulative, leading to cancers and immune-deficiency diseases. This paper discusses the global deleterious effects of the mycotoxins, their metabolism and detoxification, and control measures applicable within the framework of integrated pest management systems.
Common Trajectories of Regional Competitiveness in the Knowledge Economy
Authors: Brioschi Maria Sole , Cassia Lucio
Published: September 2010

This paper analyses a number of European regions which, in the last two decades, have exhibited a significant shift towards knowledge-intensive industrial sectors coupled with a considerable increase in competitiveness and growth. The analysis identifies the main factors of territorial development behind each regional renewal process and captures a number of common trajectories of regional competitiveness. Interestingly, all the regional ‘success stories' are strongly dependent on the presence of a tri-polar regional innovation system that glues together firms, government institutions and academia.
How Well Does the Firm Know its Customers? The Moderating Effect of Market Orientation in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Sandvik Kåre , Grønhaug Kjell
Published: September 2010

This paper examines to what extent firms in the competitive hospitality industry know their customers. In a study of manager assessments and customer self-reports on customer satisfaction with a product/service, it was found that a firm's knowledge about their customers is modest, indicating that market knowledge does not come easily. The study also shows that market oriented firms hold more accurate perceptions of their customers' satisfaction than their less market oriented counterparts. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and managerial implications of the empirical findings.
Golf Tourism Repeat Choice Behaviour in the Algarve: A Mixed Logit Approach
Authors: Correia Antónia , Barros Carlos Pestana , Silvestre António Luís
Published: September 2010

This paper focuses on the behavioural intention of repeater golf tourists in the Algarve. The analysis employs a questionnaire undertaken in 2004 to ascertain the significant characteristics of the returning golf-playing tourist. A random parameter logit model is used to analyse which characteristics (for example, individual characteristics, motivations, tripographic variables, and the most quoted attributes of golf destinations) are associated with the probability of golf tourists playing in the Algarve to return to this Portuguese tourist region, taking into account uncontrolled heterogeneity of the data. This model outperforms the standard logit model. Some policy implications are presented.
Supporting Small Firm Development in Tourism
Authors: Rogerson Christian M.
Published: September 2010

The international experience points to few countries having designated support programmes that are specific to small tourism firms. In 2000 South Africa's Tourism Enterprise Programme (TEP) was launched, functioning as a dedicated support initiative to assist the development and upgrading of small tourism firms within the national tourism economy. This article analyses TEP's activities within the changed environment of post-apartheid tourism development, and highlights the evolution of its innovative operations for supporting tourism entrepreneurship and the upgrading of small, medium-sized and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa's tourism economy. It is argued that TEP's activities might provide an example of ‘good practice’ for other developing countries.
Innovation and Collaboration in Virtual Teams of E-Entrepreneurs
Authors: Matlay Harry , Westhead Paul
Published: September 2010

Traditionally, large businesses and multinational corporations dominated the internationalization process of the European tourism industry. Recent research evidence, however, indicates that a substantial proportion of smaller, growth-oriented businesses in this sector are engaged in, and actively pursue, a variety of innovative and collaborative internationalization strategies. Using longitudinal data from a pan-European survey of SMEs operating in the tourism industry, the authors examine the extent to which entrepreneurs innovate, cooperate and become involved in virtual teams of e-entrepreneurs. The competitive advantage of virtual teams is evaluated and an agenda for further research is suggested.
The End of Entrepreneurship: A Holistic Paradigm for Teaching and Learning About, for and through Enterprise
Authors: Luczkiw Eugene
Published: September 2010

This paper builds a case that broadens the purpose of entrepreneurship education beyond the walls of the business school to include diverse fields of study at the tertiary level. Entrepreneurship, as a discipline, transcends traditional business school programmes that constrict its holistic nature. It has long been recognized that entrepreneurs are much more than small business owners/managers or self-employed people. They are more aptly described as agents of change and disruption and, more importantly, entrepreneurs can be found in every sector of society. The emerging science of complexity holds a great deal of promise as a theoretical framework for the entrepreneurial journey. The field of entrepreneurship is holistic and interdisciplinary in nature. Entrepreneurship requires a much broader sweep than what the business school curriculum alone can offer. The ‘end’ of entrepreneurship calls for a whole new field of study to unfold and emerge.
Entrepreneurship for Bioscience Researchers
Authors: Heinonen Jarna , Poikkijoki Sari-Anne , Vento-Vierikko Irma
Published: September 2010

Entrepreneurship is reaching new areas in which the concept of business is more or less unfamiliar and remote. This study focuses on a specific entrepreneurship education programme in the fields of chemistry, physics, information technology and bioinformatics, life sciences and medicine development. The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of the entrepreneurship-directed educational approach in a programme targeted at a special academic group with a background in natural science. The authors discuss the entrepreneurial intentions and expectations of the participants and the results of the programme as perceived by the students in the final evaluation session. They also briefly discuss the programme and the entrepreneurial-directed approach in the context of the literature on entrepreneurship training. Highlighting the key success factors, the authors then offer insights into the further development of entrepreneurship programmes for specialized academic target groups.
Creative Destruction and the Aftermath of the Tsunami
Authors: Perera Travis
Published: September 2010

The tsunami of 26 December 2004 killed over 35,000 people in Sri Lanka, made 400,000 jobless and damaged the economy by 6·5%. The physical damage was around US$1·5billion, with reconstruction costing $2 billion. Although entrepreneurs are opportunity seekers, take risks and thrive in uncertainty, the alignment of competency and institutional support was not fully realized for recovery. This problem is studied by revisiting inertia theory (to understand entrepreneurial inertia), network theory (for the interaction of environment and entrepreneur), and theory on disaster management (to understand stage-related issues). The objective of the paper is to provide insights into the current recovery process and future preparedness for small business management following natural disasters. The paper is based on a survey of 89 Sri Lankan small businesses affected by the tsunami which are now in the process of recovery. The procedures and techniques adopted by the Postgraduate Institute of Management in Sri Lanka, based on active participation combined with observation and systems design, proved highly effective in aiding entrepreneurs on their path to recovery.
Organizational Support Systems for Innovation and Intrapreneurship
Authors: Manimala Mathew J. , Jose P.D. , Thomas K. Raju
Published: September 2010

The research literature is rich on innovations in R&D-specific organizations and provides useful information on support systems and other organizational features associated with such specialized organizations. An implied assumption of many studies is that R&D exists as an independent entity, without controls or influences from the other functions of an organization. While this may be true for purely R&D organizations, the picture is different when R&D is organized as part of a larger system in which the core activities centre on operating departments. This is the pattern in developing countries like India, where most R&D activities are carried out in departments/divisions of companies that were established primarily for operational purposes. In this study, 31 cases of innovation (15 from R&D centres and 16 from operating departments of large corporations in India) are analysed using a qualitative method of content analysis of data collected through in-depth interviews. While this comparative analysis highlights the need for specific organizational support systems to cater for the specific requirements of the two groups, the most prominent findings on intrapreneurship are that it is facilitated primarily by the flexibility of the R&D scientists to work in their core as well as related areas and the continuous and issue-based interaction between the R&D centres and operating departments.
Impact of Communication Infrastructure Development on Livestock Density and Forage Use under the Transhumance System in Northern Pakistan
Authors: Omer R.M. , Hester A.J. , Gordon I.J. , Raffique S.M. , Swaine M.D.
Published: September 2010

Construction of the Karakoram Highway (KKH) connecting Pakistan with China has brought about changes in the economic, social and cultural systems of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The authors examined the impacts of this development on pasture resource use by comparing a transect of villages connected to the KKH with a transect still relatively remote within the Gilgit–Ghizer region. Patterns of livestock density and forage use were shown to differ between individual villages, but no direct impacts of the KKH communication infrastructure development were found. It is hypothesized that, although regional communication infrastructure changes facilitate many other social changes, their impacts on livestock systems are less direct than is commonly assumed, due to individual differences in rates of social change between villages, leading to a diversity of change within the livestock systems in the region.
Indigenous Soil Fertility Maintenance and Pest Control Practices in Traditional Agriculture in the Indian Central Himalaya
Authors: Samal Prasanna K. , Dhyani Pitamber P.
Published: September 2010

In the Indian Central Himalaya, agriculture is the major source of livelihood for native societies as well as being a fundamental component of natural resource management. However, the system is traditional in nature, based on largely rainfed agriculture, which is dependent upon indigenous technologies and inputs for its continuity. Soil fertility and pest control, two major components of this traditional agriculture, are also maintained indigenously. A survey covering about 500 farm households in 12 villages spread across six districts in the Indian Central Himalaya revealed farmers' almost total dependency on a number of indigenous practices of soil fertility maintenance and insecticidal practices, which are documented in this paper. The majority of these indigenous practices are highly dependent on local resources, particularly on forests, whose depletion has posed a serious challenge. This challenge could be mitigated to a large extent by appropriate changes in forest policies and by integrating indigenous practices with appropriate technologies developed within the agricultural research system.
Business Models – A New Perspective on Firms' Assets and Capabilities
Authors: Rajala Risto , Westerlund Mika
Published: September 2010

Network-intensive business behaviour and specialization in core competencies have increased the importance of utilizing resources beyond company boundaries. In recent years, resource exploration and exploitation have attracted increasing attention in the literature on interorganizational exchange and strategic networks. However, resources have not been sufficiently analysed in connection with types of business models. In this study, the authors focus on key assets and capabilities from the entrepreneur's business model perspective. Taking theories of interorganizational exchange and the resource-based view of the firm as the basis, key assets and capabilities are identified in four different types of business models in selected software companies. The key findings indicate that there is a significant difference in the emphasis on internally and externally obtained resources between different types of business models.
Indian Female Entrepreneurs as Catalysts for Economic Growth and Development
Authors: Ghosh Piyali , Cheruvalath Reena
Published: September 2010

Female entrepreneurs are increasingly being considered to be an important catalyst for economic growth and development in India, as they are contributing substantially to employment generation, and, as such, female entrepreneurship has become an area of research interest over the past few years. This paper furthers this research by making a theoretical study of the current status of female entrepreneurs in the country. It discusses the many challenges they face, focusing on their level of education and socio-cultural constraints. It also suggests some solutions to overcome such barriers. These include giving them proper training, developing an entrepreneurial attitude in them, ‘attributional augmenting’, understanding their entrepreneurial motivation, and, most importantly, removing the discriminating social customs imposed on them.
The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Firms' Positioning and Local Development
Authors: Thomas Antonio , Mancino Alessandra
Published: September 2010

This paper aims to explain how the presence of entrepreneurs' specific subjective characteristics can influence a firm's strategic orientation and, as a consequence, local development. By analysing several subjective characteristics taken from a sample of 101 successful entrepreneurs from southern Italy, certain issues emerge regarding the link between the economic performance of the ventures launched in this area and the weak level of growth. The research approach makes use of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor conceptual model, which summarizes the major causal mechanisms affecting national economic growth.
Factors Affecting Systematic Risk in the US Restaurant Industry
Authors: Kim Woo Gon , Ryan Bill , Ceschini Silvio
Published: September 2010

This study examines the effects of the financial ratios on systematic risk in the restaurant industry. The effects of those determinants on risk were also compared between the quick-service and full-service segments. The study used 58 publicly traded restaurant firms listed in COMPUSTAT within the category of eating and drinking places (SIC code 5812). To explain systematic risk, six financial variables were included in the study: profitability, leverage, efficiency, liquidity, growth and firm size. The most significant financial variables that affect systematic risk were profitability (return on investment), leverage and liquidity.
‘Tragedy of the Commons’ in the Tourism Accommodation Industry
Authors: Pintassilgo Pedro , Silva João Albino
Published: September 2010

This paper models the interaction between the tourism accommodation industry and environmental quality – herein considered as a composite common pool resource. Results from the study show that open access generally leads to both economic and environmental overexploitation, that is ‘the tragedy of the commons’. This also affects the overall tourism industry since tourism accommodation and environmental quality perform central roles. This ultimately leads to mass tourism characterized by tourists with low willingness to pay. The results show that, apart from situations where positive externalities on other activities are very significant, or that open access faces binding restrictions (such as land availability), a firm's entry should be limited, based on both efficiency and sustainability.
Methodological Aspects of Preparing the German TSA, Empirical Findings and Initial Reactions
Authors: Ahlert Gerd
Published: September 2010

In 2003, the Institute of Economic Structures Research (GWS mbH) developed a tourism satellite account (TSA) for the Federal Republic of Germany relating to the year 2000. The TSA framework facilitates systematic measurement of the direct economic impact of tourism activities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the German TSA calculation procedure. It explains how the data of tourism statistics can be consistently combined with the national accounts framework. In 2000, the gross value added of tourism activities of private households in Germany amounted to nearly €57.5 billion, corresponding to a share of 3.2% of the total gross value added. In the final part of the paper, some initial reactions and objections to the results are discussed.
Measuring the Economic Impact of Australian Tourism Marketing Expenditure
Authors: Kulendran Nada , Divisekera Sarath
Published: September 2010

The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of marketing expenditure by the Australian Tourist Commission (ATC). Cointegration analysis and a dynamic modelling approach are used to estimate the elasticity estimates of income, price, price of substitute, cost of travel and marketing expenditure for Australia's four major tourism markets, USA, Japan, UK and New Zealand. ATC marketing expenditure has a positive effect on international tourism demand and the magnitude of the effect varies from country to country. In promoting international visitor arrivals to Australia, not only ATC and non-ATC marketing but the word-of-mouth effect and visitor satisfaction leading to repeat visits also play an important role. The performance of the ATC marketing strategy measured in dollar return per dollar invested in the international tourism marketing is higher in the New Zealand market, followed by the UK, Japan and US markets. The estimated overall average dollar return per dollar invested in international tourism marketing is 8:1.
Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
Authors: Kalra Naveen , Chander Subhash , Pathak H. , Aggarwal P.K. , Gupta N.C. , Sehgal Mukesh , Chakraborty Debashis
Published: September 2010

Climate change has emerged as the most prominent of the global environment issues and there is a need to evaluate its impact on agriculture. Crop simulation models help greatly in this regard. Crop models such as WTGROWS, INFOCROP, ORYZA and DSSAT have been widely used for land use planning, agri-production estimates, impact of climate change and environmental impact analysis. Vulnerable regions under future scenarios of climate change and adaptation strategies (agronomic and input management) have been evolved for many important crops by using simulation techniques. One of the simple empirical techniques for evaluating the impact of future climate change is through historic analysis of the response of crops to inter-seasonal climatic variability. The impact of temperature rise is different for crops grown under variable production environments. Interactions exist for changes in temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, solar radiation and rainfall on growth and yield of crops. Adaptation strategies through the adoption of agronomic management options (such as altered date of sowing, scheduling of water and nutrients) can sustain agricultural productivity under climate change. The rapid changes in land use and land cover have to be included for impact analysis. Linking of the socioeconomic aspects needs to be strengthened.
World Agri-Trade Policy Readjustment since the Uruguay round and the Policy Implications
Authors: Chuanmin Shuai , Guoqiang Cheng
Published: September 2010

This paper reveals the main policy factors hindering the progress of free and fair world agricultural trade, through in-depth analyses and study of the adjustment of agri-trade policies during the past decade since the Uruguay Round. It covers domestic support, market access and export support in 10 major countries or groups of countries, namely the EU, USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Brazil, Israel and Mexico. The study concludes that (1) domestic support reduction according to the WTO commitment is slow and has even rebounded in some countries, (2) grain crops are still the major recipients of domestic subsidies, (3) tariff barriers are varied and food security is the primary goal of border protection in all countries, and (4) export subsidies are present in disguised forms in some countries. Policy implications are identified.
Finger Millet Blast Disease Management
Authors: Lenné J.M. , Takan J.P. , Mgonja M.A. , Manyasa E.O. , Kaloki P. , Wanyera N. , Okwadi J. , Muthumeenakshi S. , Brown A.E. , Tamale M. , Sreenivasaprasad S.
Published: September 2010

Finger millet is a staple, high-quality food, important to the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers in East Africa. It has been neglected by major donors to agricultural research. This paper reports recent investment by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) in several projects on blast disease that has not only led to successful promotion of sound blast management strategies to farmers, but has also fostered partnerships in an evolving finger millet innovation system in East Africa. A key entry point has been created to address other constraints to finger millet production and utilization, such as ineffective weed management, poor grain quality, inefficient seed systems and production–supply chain problems, notably through‘spill-in’ and adaptation of relevant technologies developed elsewhere. Further donor investment in the finger millet sector is likely to make a significant contribution to fighting malnutrition and poverty in East Africa.
Is Entrepreneurial Education at South African Universities Successful?
Authors: Mentoor E.R. , Friedrich C.
Published: September 2010

After more than ten years of democracy in South Africa, many of the previously disadvantaged segments of the community, especially Blacks, would have hoped that a new economic order would have been created. Instead, South Africa still has very high unemployment and even young Black South Africans with a degree are not guaranteed a job. The purpose of this research was to ascertain whether a traditional first-year university business management course with an entrepreneurial component can contribute to the entrepreneurial orientation of students. The major features of entrepreneurs and innovators are knowledge, skills and attitudes. While the imparting of knowledge and the development of skills development receive, respectively, thorough and sketchy attention in formal education, attitude is hardly addressed. The need for achievement, innovation, locus of control and self-esteem are the variables of attitude that have been most commonly used in research on business motivation and the entrepreneur. To determine the success of an enterprise education course, therefore, the change in attitude of the students can be used as a measure. The instrument that was used to gauge the entrepreneurial attitude orientation of the students was an adaptation of an Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) scale. The authors tested 463 students using a pre-test and post-test approach, incorporating an experimental group and a control group. The results of this study do not augur well for the improvement of the entrepreneurial orientation of students.
Japan's New Technology Transfer System and the Pre-Emption of University Discoveries by Sponsored Research and Co-Inventorship
Authors: Kneller Robert
Published: September 2010

Following the incorporation of Japanese national universities in April 2004, the ownership of university inventions is now similar to that in the USA. However, in contrast to the USA, joint research projects involving close collaboration with company researchers who are frequently named as co-inventors are common. A large proportion of university discoveries are passed directly to established companies under joint research agreements. This perpetuates the pre-2004 situation. It also raises concerns that large companies are pre-empting publicly funded discoveries and decreasing opportunities for new company formation. An analysis of inventions reported to a major national university indicates that one-third are attributed to joint research, and, among those inventions for which patent applications are filed, the proportion is still higher. The corresponding proportions at most other major universities are probably even higher than at this university. Pre-emption by large companies is more common in engineering and materials/chemistry than in the life sciences. Further cross-national comparisons are needed to assess the impact on innovation and basic research of the Japanese and US models of university–industry cooperation, and to guide policy.
Public Goods in Tourism Municipalities: Formal Analysis, Empirical Evidence and Implications for Sustainable Development
Authors: Rigall-I-Torrent Ricard , Fluvià Modest
Published: September 2010

This paper formally analyses the effects that public goods (in a broad sense) have on tourists and private tourism firms. By approaching the tourism product as a bundle of characteristics, the paper shows how the supply of public goods in tourism municipalities positively affects both the tourists' utility functions and the private firms' production functions. Some implications of this fact regarding the sustainability of tourism are discussed. By means of hedonic methods, empirical evidence of location on prices for hotels on Catalonia's coast (Spain) is provided.
Research Report: The Lingering Effect of Colonialism on Tourist Movements
Authors: McKercher Bob , Decosta Patrick L'Espoir
Published: September 2010

This short study examines the lasting effects of colonial ties on tourist movements between nations and their current and former possessions. The study examines 56 jurisdictions in six geographical regions that were once colonies of or remain the possessions of eight nations. Residents of Europe and America show a preference for travel to destinations with strong historical/political ties and an equally strong aversion to travel to jurisdictions where no such connection exists. Likewise, destinations rely heavily on former colonizers as a key source of visitors, especially from long-haul markets. Such a pattern is not evident among either source European markets without a strong colonial history or destination countries without a colonial past. The lingering effects of colonialism are especially noticeable among French and Dutch tourists. The study suggests that ‘colonialism’ may need to be included as a variable in models of tourist movements.

colonialism

tourism movements
Understanding Entrepreneurial Learning
Authors: Man Thomas Wing Yan
Published: September 2010

Unlike the experiential, cognitive–affective and networking perspectives in previous studies, entrepreneurial learning is considered as a ‘competency’ in this paper, comprising the dimensions of inputs, process, outcomes and context, so that the various facets involved can be investigated against a common background. This conceptualization suggests that under an integrated set of competency-related learning characteristics, learning behaviours are exhibited under appropriate contexts and lead to competency-based learning outcomes. It provides a number of possible directions for further research in entrepreneurial learning, and also implies that education and training for the entrepreneur should be considered from a learning perspective.
The Influence of Industrial Clusters and Place on Innovation and Entrepreneurial Behaviour
Authors: McRae-Williams Pam , Lowe Julian , Taylor Peter
Published: September 2010

Responses from a questionnaire survey of wine and tourism businesses operating in regional clusters were analysed using factor analysis. These suggested three factor scores relating to entrepreneurial behaviour; four factor scores relating to cluster activities and attributes; and three factors relating to the respondents' personal characteristics. The three entrepreneurial behaviour factor scores were interpreted as: innovator, calculator and venturer. These were used as dependent variables in regression models. The independent variables were the cluster and personal characteristics factor scores, industry and place. The central result was that the cluster activity variables did not have a significant impact on the innovator behaviour variable, which contradicts the standard view. Cluster activities and attributes were found to attract entrepreneurs of the calculator kind, and to a lesser extent, of the venturer kind. Place did seem to offer an attraction to entrepreneurs beyond those offered by the intensities of the cluster activities and attributes.
Bt Cotton Performance and Constraints in Central India
Authors: Ramasundaram P. , Vennila S. , Ingle R.K.
Published: September 2010

Field data collected in central India over a two-year period showed that Bt cotton hybrids reduced plant protection costs by Rs1,268/ha (Rs41 = US$1), raised the crop yield by 2.01 q/ha, worth Rs6,394/ha, and reduced the time spent by the crop in the field by 15–20 days. Cultivation of Bt cotton involved an additional cost of Rs3,720/ha, but increased the net returns by Rs2,674/ha over conventional hybrids. The higher price of seed, high risks, poor refuge management, incidence of wilt, high rates of discontinuance and poor monitoring were the major constraints reported by growers. The impact would be greater if the technology were embodied in the commonly grown hybrids. Development of transgenic varieties is one of the prime ways of reducing crop costs for the resource-poor conditions of rainfed central India.
Role of Local Knowledge in Mixed Livestock Production Systems
Authors: Komwihangilo Daniel M. , Lekule Faustin P. , Kajembe George C. , Petersen Poul H.
Published: September 2010

Local knowledge is an important asset for smallholder farmers who operate differently in diverse crop and livestock production systems in the tropics. Various methods are needed for its acquisition, analysis, storage and communication. While local knowledge of livestock feeds and other resources is abundant, amalgamation of the positive aspects of this knowledge system with that emanating from contemporary scientific approaches is critical yet limited. The merger is desirable so as to achieve improved productivity and sustainability of mixed livestock production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa.