bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value construction through sequential sampling explains serial dependencies in decision making
Authors: Zylberberg Ariel , Bakkour Akram , Shohamy Daphna , Shadlen Michael N
Published: May 2024

Many decisions are expressed as a preference for one item over another. When these items are familiar, it is often assumed that the decision maker assigns a value to each of the items and chooses the item with the highest value. These values may be imperfectly recalled, but are assumed to be stable over the course of an interview or psychological experiment. Choices that are inconsistent with a stated valuation are thought to occur because of unspecified noise that corrupts the neural representation of value. Assuming that the noise is uncorrelated over time, the pattern of choices and response times in value-based decisions are modeled within the framework of Bounded Evidence Accumulation (BEA), similar to that used in perceptual decision-making. In BEA, noisy evidence samples accumulate over time until the accumulated evidence for one of the options reaches a threshold. Here, we argue that the assumption of temporally uncorrelated noise, while reasonable for perceptual decisions, is not reasonable for value-based decisions. Subjective values depend on the internal state of the decision maker, including their desires, needs, priorities, attentional state, and goals, which may change over time. These internal states may change over time, or undergo revaluation, as will the subjective values. We reasoned that these hypothetical value changes should be detectable in the pattern of choices made over a sequence of decisions. We reanalyzed data from a well-studied task in which participants were presented with pairs of snacks and asked to choose the one they preferred. Using a novel algorithm (
Reval
), we show that the subjective value of the items changes significantly during a short experimental session (about 1 hour). Values derived with
Reval
explain choice and response time better than explicitly stated values. They also better explain the BOLD signal in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, known to represent the value of decision alternatives. Revaluation is also observed in a BEA model in which successive evidence samples are not assumed to be independent. We argue that revaluation is a consequence of the process by which values are constructed during deliberation to resolve preference choices.
A Connectome of the Male Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord
Authors: Takemura Shin-ya , Hayworth Kenneth J , Huang Gary B , Januszewski Michal , Lu Zhiyuan , Marin Elizabeth C , Preibisch Stephan , Xu C Shan , Bogovic John , Champion Andrew S , Cheong Han SJ , Costa Marta , Eichler Katharina , Katz William , Knecht Christopher , Li Feng , Morris Billy J , Ordish Christopher , Rivlin Patricia K , Schlegel Philipp , Shinomiya Kazunori , Stürner Tomke , Zhao Ting , Badalamente Griffin , Bailey Dennis , Brooks Paul , Canino Brandon S , Clements Jody , Cook Michael , Duclos Octave , Dunne Christopher R , Fairbanks Kelli , Fang Siqi , Finley-May Samantha , Francis Audrey , George Reed , Gkantia Marina , Harrington Kyle , Hopkins Gary Patrick , Hsu Joseph , Hubbard Philip M , Javier Alexandre , Kainmueller Dagmar , Korff Wyatt , Kovalyak Julie , Krzemiński Dominik , Lauchie Shirley A , Lohff Alanna , Maldonado Charli , Manley Emily A , Mooney Caroline , Neace Erika , Nichols Matthew , Ogundeyi Omotara , Okeoma Nneoma , Paterson Tyler , Phillips Elliott , Phillips Emily M , Ribeiro Caitlin , Ryan Sean M , Rymer Jon Thomson , Scott Anne K , Scott Ashley L , Shepherd David , Shinomiya Aya , Smith Claire , Smith Natalie , Suleiman Alia , Takemura Satoko , Talebi Iris , Tamimi Imaan FM , Trautman Eric T , Umayam Lowell , Walsh John J , Yang Tansy , Rubin Gerald M , Scheffer Louis K , Funke Jan , Saalfeld Stephan , Hess Harald F , Plaza Stephen M , Card Gwyneth M , Jefferis Gregory SXE , Berg Stuart
Published: May 2024

Animal behavior is principally expressed through neural control of muscles. Therefore understanding how the brain controls behavior requires mapping neuronal circuits all the way to motor neurons. We have previously established technology to collect large-volume electron microscopy data sets of neural tissue and fully reconstruct the morphology of the neurons and their chemical synaptic connections throughout the volume. Using these tools we generated a dense wiring diagram, or connectome, for a large portion of the
Drosophila
central brain. However, in most animals, including the fly, the majority of motor neurons are located outside the brain in a neural center closer to the body, i.e. the mammalian spinal cord or insect ventral nerve cord (VNC). In this paper, we extend our effort to map full neural circuits for behavior by generating a connectome of the VNC of a male fly.
Target-agnostic identification of human antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum sexual forms reveals cross stage recognition of glutamate-rich repeats
Authors: Amen Axelle , Yoo Randy , Fabra-García Amanda , Bolscher Judith , Stone William J.R. , Bally Isabelle , Dergan-Dylon Sebastián , Kucharska Iga , de Jong Roos M. , de Bruijni Marloes , Bousema Teun , King C. Richter , MacGill Randall S. , Sauerwein Robert W. , Julien Jean-Philippe , Poignard Pascal , Jore Matthijs M.
Published: May 2024

Circulating sexual stages of
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)
can be transmitted from humans to mosquitoes, thereby furthering the spread of malaria in the population. It is well established that antibodies (Abs) can efficiently block parasite transmission. In search for naturally acquired Ab targets on sexual stages, we established an efficient method for target-agnostic single B cell activation followed by high-throughput selection of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive to sexual stages of
Pf
in the form of gamete and gametocyte extract. We isolated mAbs reactive against a range of
Pf
proteins including well-established targets Pfs48/45 and Pfs230. One mAb, B1E11K, was cross-reactive to various proteins containing glutamate-rich repetitive elements expressed at different stages of the parasite life cycle. A crystal structure of two B1E11K Fab domains in complex with its main antigen, RESA, expressed on asexual blood stages, showed binding of B1E11K to a repeating epitope motif in a head-to-head conformation engaging in affinity-matured homotypic interactions. Thus, this mode of recognition of
Pf
proteins, previously described only for PfCSP, extends to other repeats expressed across various stages. The findings augment our understanding of immune-pathogen interactions to repeating elements of the
Plasmodium
parasite proteome and underscore the potential of the novel mAb identification method used to provide new insights into the natural humoral immune response against
Pf
.
Evaluation of Soil Health Card Scheme on Productivity & Income Generation of Wheat in Kymore Plateau Region
Authors: Dubey R K , Raut A A , Rathore Veena , Jallaraph Venkteshwar , Namdeo Prashant
Published: May 2024

An attempt has been made to analyze the impact of Soil Health Card Scheme (SHC) on productivity, fertilizer consumption, and farmers’ income in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh. The data were gathered from 66 SHC holders, and the impact of SHC was assessed based on the farmers’ use of SHC. It was observed from the study that the majority of farmers have a positive opinion regarding SHCs. They were found to have reduced the use of urea, DAP and MOP and increased the SSP, and organic manure in cultivation of wheat after adoption of the SHC recommendations. Due to Soil Test Value (STV) based nutrient application net income increased by 9.38 per cent after adoption of SHC. The benefit-cost ratio revealed that for an investment of ₹ 1.00, an average SHC holder received a return of ₹ 1.98 in wheat cultivation. The SHC Scheme is highly beneficial to the farmers in terms of increasing crop production and farmer’s income. However, there is a need to generate awareness about the benefits of this Scheme in terms of cost saving through STV based nutrient application among the farmers and strengthen soil testing services / laboratories for a wider adoption of SHC recommendations.
Continuous Epidural Catheter for Postoperative Analgesia in Children: A Case Report
Authors: Bejja I. , Bendamia K. , Koraichi A. El
Published: May 2024

The management of postoperative pain in children and infants has now become a significant concern. Continuous epidural anesthesia is a proven method for controlling acute pain after surgery.
We present the case of thoracic epidural analgesia used for the repair of an extensive burn involving the back and trunk, assisted by a skin graft, in a 6-year-old girl. Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Rabat.
In pediatric surgery, postoperative pain awareness is crucial for medical and paramedical teams. Continuous epidural anesthesia, utilizing suitable equipment, is feasible for young children. Its advantages during long procedures are manifold: it eliminates the need for central analgesics, ensuring stable cardiovascular function and a calm awakening post-surgery. Moreover, it provides high-quality analgesia in the postoperative phase, decreasing morbidity and easing care for children. With safe analgesics and advances in locoregional anesthesia, managing postoperative pain in pediatrics has markedly improved.
Comparative Efficacy and Economics of Selected Chemicals and Biopesticides against Pod Borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Sharma Deepansha , Kumar Ashwani
Published: May 2024

The research work was undertaken at Central Research Farm (CRF) Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj during winter Season of 2023-24. The treatments consists of eight including control viz, Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, Emamectin benzoate 5 SG, Bacillus thuringiensis 1x109 CFU/ml, Azadirachtin 00.03% WSP, NSKE 5%, Spinosad 45 SC and untreated control arranged in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications targeting to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides on the larval population of H. armigera on Chickpea. The larval population of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera on third, seven and fourteen days after spray revealed that among all the treatment Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC found superior with larval population of (1.05), and with highest cost benefit ratio (1:3.78 ), followed by Emamectin benzoate 5 SG with a larval population of (1.17) and cost benefit ratio (1:3.53), Spinosad 45 SC with a larval population of (1.24) and cost benefit ratio (1:3.16), Beauveria bassiana 1.15 % WP with a larval population of (1.32) and cost benefit ratio (1:3.00), Bacillus thuringiensis 1x109 CFU/ml with a larval population(1.35) and cost benefit ratio (1:2.76), Azadirachtin 00.03% WSP with a larval population(1.42) and cost benefit ratio (3.49, 1:2.25), NSKE 5% with a larval population (1.47) and cost benefit ratio (1:1.77), NSKE 5% was least effective among the treatments and control plot with a larval population (2.07) and cost benefit ratio (1:1.51).
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Rice Brown Spot Disease in Major Cauvery Delta Regions
Authors: Grish P. Sabari , Christopher D. John , Jaiganesh V.
Published: May 2024

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second most important staple food among agricultural cereal crops, with over half of the world's population dependent on rice. 165.59 million hectares of land is used for rice production worldwide, yielding 518.1 million tonnes and a productivity of 4.68 t/ha (FAOSTAT 2022 - 2023). In India, the rice production is about 132 million tonnes which is produced in about 47 million hectares of land with a productivity of about 4.21 t/ha (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers welfare, Government of India 2023). In Tamil Nadu, the rice production is about 6.8 million metric tonnes which is produced in about 2.21 million hectares of land with a productivity of about 3.76 t/ha (Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu 2022-23). One of the biotic stresses that accounts for about 15.6% of losses each year is rice disease. Of them, Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de haan) causing brown spots of rice is the most destructive disease which causes about 90% of yield loss. Ten isolates of brown spot pathogen were collected from the Cauvery delta regions and of them, the virulent isolate (Bo9) was characterized molecularly. All the isolates were studied based on their morphological characteristics. ITS primers were utilized to do the molecular characterization of the pathogen.
Manganese in Biological Systems: Transport and Function
Authors: Salomon Eitan , Keren Nir , Kanteev Margarita , Adir Noam
Published: February 2011

Manganese import, transport, accumulation, sensing and control pathways are important for all organisms, and of unique importance for oxygenic photosynthetic organisms due to their role in the catalysis of water oxidation by photosystem II (PSII) complexes. In this review we will describe the general aspects of Mn biochemistry, its known roles in cellular processes and its mode of function in PSII. We will describe in detail different chemical mechanisms that have evolved to obtain and control Mn ions, especially focusing on cyanobacterial systems as an example of organisms with absolute Mn requirements that populate a wide variety of environments. We will describe the steps and mechanisms by which Mn transport is performed under Mn deficient or replete conditions. Under deficient conditions a high affinity Mn transporter is expressed and becomes functional in the cyanobacterial plasma membrane. This ATP dependent transporter must overcome a number of mechanistic problems to perform its function: bind Mn ions with high affinity and specificity at very low Mn concentrations in the possible presence of higher concentrations of similar metal ions. The Mn cluster of PSII functions within the cyanobacterial cell, yet studies suggest that it is assembled in the plasma membrane facing the periplasmic space rather than in the thylakoid membrane. The topology of the two processes, Mn transport and Mn cluster assembly, should therefore be regulated in order to insure efficient biogenesis and repair of PSII complexes. Based on the available results, we attempt to map the constraints imposed by Mn transport on PSII biogenesis events in cyanobacteria.
Detailed kinetic analysis of oil shale pyrolysis TGA data
Authors: Tiwari Pankaj , Deo Milind
Published: February 2011

There are significant resources of oil shale in the western United States, which if exploited in an environmentally responsible manner would provide secure access to transportation fuels. Understanding the kinetics of kerogen decomposition to oil is critical to designing a viable process. A dataset of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the Green River oil shale is provided and two distinct data analysis approaches—advanced isoconversional method and parameter fitting are used to analyze the data. Activation energy distributions with conversion calculated using the isoconversional method (along with uncertainties) ranged between 93 and 245 kJ/mol. Root mean square errors between the model and experimental data were the lowest for the isoconversional method, but the distributed reactivity models also produced reasonable results. When using parameter fitting approaches, a number of models produce similar results making model choice difficult. Advanced isoconversional method is better in this regard, but maybe applicable to a limited number of reaction pathways. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Spectra calibration modeling and statistical analysis for cumulative quality interpretation and prediction
Authors: Zhao Chunhui , Gao Furong
Published: February 2011

An improved calibration modeling and statistical analysis algorithm is proposed for spectra quality interpretation and prediction is presented here. In a previous work, the frequency‐band varying characteristics of the underlying spectra over the entire wavelength were treated by separately analyzing the spectra in each sub‐band. Following that, the current major task lies in how to further comprehend and model the cumulative effects of different sub‐bands on qualities from the inter‐sub‐band viewpoint. It reveals that one part of the underlying variation in each sub‐band stays invariable over sub‐bands, whereas the other part changes with the alternation of sub‐bands. The original variation in each sub‐band can thus be separated into two different parts, the common and specific ones. They reveal sub‐band‐similar and dissimilar contributions on quality interpretation, respectively, which are referred to “repetitive” and “complementary” cumulative effects in this approach. Correspondingly, different calibration modeling and analyses are performed to explore their respective and joint roles in quality interpretation. The feasibility of the proposed calibration analysis algorithm is verified through both simple numerical data and real spectra data. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Local, global, and elementary stoichiometry
Authors: Higgins Brian G. , Whitaker Stephen
Published: February 2011

Stoichiometry refers to conservation of atomic species. In this article, local refers to a point at the continuum level, global refers to the macroscopic balance level, and elementary refers to conservation of atomic species associated with distinct kinetic steps. The role of stoichiometry in the determination of the pivot matrix and the mechanistic matrix is presented. The elements of both these matrices are referred to as stoichiometric coefficients; however, both sets of coefficients are different and both play different roles in the analysis of chemical reactors. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
A computational fluid dynamics study of supercritical antisolvent precipitation: Mixing effects on particle size
Authors: Sierra‐Pallares José , Marchisio Daniele L. , Parra‐Santos María Teresa , García‐Serna Juan , Castro Francisco , Cocero María José
Published: February 2011

Supercritical fluids have been extensively used for particle production of many natural and pharmaceutical substances providing useful alternatives for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical particulate system formulation. Among the different methods, the gas or supercritical antisolvent (GAS or SAS) process and its variants, have received a considerable interest due to the wide range of materials that can be micronized. Controlling particle formation in order to nucleate small particles is a key issue in GAS and SAS processes and this is directly related to mixing at all scales. In this work, we focus on numerical simulation of the process, emphasizing mixing modeling. Different mixing devices characterized by different nozzles are analyzed, to get an insight into mixing dynamics and its influence on the final particle size distribution. Results show that mixing is determinant in obtaining small particles, and that mixing at the microscale is a significant parameter to account for in the proper design of precipitators. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Canonical formulation of spin in general relativity
Authors: Steinhoff J.
Published: February 2011

The present article aims at an extension of the canonical formalism of Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner from self‐gravitating point‐masses to objects with spin. This would allow interesting applications, e.g., within the post‐Newtonian (PN) approximation. The extension succeeded via an action approach to linear order in the single spins of the objects without restriction to any further approximation. An order‐by‐order construction within the PN approximation is possible and performed to the formal 3.5PN order as a verification. In principle both approaches are applicable to higher orders in spin. The PN next‐to‐leading order spin(1)‐spin(1) level was tackled, modeling the spin‐induced quadrupole deformation by a single parameter. All spin‐dependent Hamiltonians for rapidly rotating bodies up to and including 3PN are calculated.
Poly(ester)s containing germanium and silicon in the main chain, part 2: Static and dynamics behavior of monolayers at the air–water interface
Authors: Gargallo Ligia , Miranda Beatriz , Alegría Luz , Leiva Angel , Tagle Luis Hernán , Radic' Deodato
Published: February 2011

The static and dynamic behavior of the Langmuir monolayers of poly(ester)s containing germanium and silicon in the main chain (Scheme 1) is reported. True monolayers are found for all the poly(ester)s studied. The isotherms of surface pressure versus surface area for poly(ester)s exhibit a behavior of the expanded‐type monolayers and that of condensed‐type monolayers. It was observed that the addition of an hydrophilic polymer such as poly(monomethyl itaconate) to the water subphase produces significant changes in the isotherm properties. The interfacial rheology of the poly(ester)s monolayers has also been studied by using Oscillatory Barrier Experiments in a low‐frequency range. It was found that the elasticity and the dilational viscosity increase from diluted monolayers until a surface concentration about 20 × 10−5 mg cm−2. The static and dynamic elasticities were found to be very similar for the poly(ester)s over the dilute range. It was possible to conclude that these poly(ester)s form extremely viscoelastic monolayers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
DGEBA‐grafted polyaniline: Synthesis, characterization and thermal properties
Authors: Teh C. H. , Rasid Rozaidi , Daik Rusli , Ahmad Sahrim HJ.
Published: February 2011

The utilization of conducting emeraldine salt (PANI‐ES) and intrinsic leucoemeraldine polyaniline (PANI‐LEB) in the synthesis of DGEBA‐grafted PANI via anionic copolymerization is described. The structures of copolymers obtained were characterized by FTIR, 13C and 1H NMR. The extent of grafting was verified by THF Soxhlet (solvent extraction). The thermal properties of these new copolymers were described and their conductivities were reported. Results obtained indicated that the graft copolymer exhibited higher electrical and thermal conductivities than that of the blend counterpart. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Investigation of the degradation properties of low molecular weight natural rubber blends in oven, oxygen, ozone, water, and some organic solvents
Authors: Akinlabi A. K. , Okieimen F. E.
Published: February 2011

Studies into how heat, oxygen, ozone, water, and some organic solvents affect the physico‐mechanical properties of vulcanizates prepared from blends of natural rubber (NR) and low molecular weight natural rubber (LMWNR) were investigated. Various ratios of NR and LMWNR (100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 80:20, 50:50, 25:75 10:90, 5:95, and 0:100 w/w) were mixed and labeled as mixes A to I. The physico‐mechanical properties of all the vulcanizates before and after ageing in oven, oxygen, ozone, and water were measured and compared while the resistance of the vulcanizate in toluene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, ethanol, cyclohexane, mineral oil, and brake fluid were determined in terms of swelling and solubility measurements. From the unaged results, mix A with 100% NR has the best physico‐mechanical properties. After degradation, mix C with 10% LMWNR showed the best ageing resistant. Similarly, mix D with 20% LMWNR showed more resistance in most of the solvents used, and this was closely followed by mix C. The results generally have proven that LMWNR is capable of improving the ageing properties and solvent resistance of NR. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Molecular mobility of nitroxide spin probes in glassy polymers: Models of the complex motion of spin probes
Authors: Chernova Daria A. , Vorobiev Andrey Kh.
Published: February 2011

The rotational mobility of molecules in glassy polymers was investigated by quantitative simulations of electron spin resonance spectra of nitroxide spin probes with molecules of different sizes. The motional models were determined unambiguously when the experimental and calculated spectra coincided within the level of experimental error. Temperature ranges in which different motional models were applicable were determined. Quasi‐librational movements and the distribution of rotational mobility were found to be necessary for the qualitative description of spin‐probe mobility in glassy polymers. The quantitative and empirical characteristics of rotational mobility were examined. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Catalyst‐free preparation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes containing Organic–Inorganic hybrid mesoporous nanocomposites
Authors: Qin Yuancheng , Zhu Fanghua , Luo Meiming , Zhang Lin
Published: February 2011

A catalyst‐free, one‐pot method of preparing novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) containing organic–inorganic hybrid mesoporous nanocomposite at room temperature is reported. Nitrogen sorption analyses gave us a specific surface area of 500.931 m2/g with a pore volume of 0.563 mL/g and an average pore size of 3.84 nm. The combined results of Fourier transform infrared and solid 29Si‐NMR spectroscopy clearly show that the POSS building block was successfully woven into the porous nanostructure without obvious alteration of the characteristics and structure. The material showed good thermal stability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Blend toughening of poly(vinyl chloride) by chlorinated polyethylene/hydroxy ethyl acrylate graft copolymer
Authors: Du Zhuang , Xu Chao , Zhao Zhiqiang , Zhao Jiruo , Feng Ying
Published: February 2011

Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and chlorinated polyethylene‐chlorinating graft‐hydroxy ethyl acrylate copolymer (CPE‐cg‐HEA) were prepared. CPE‐cg‐HEA, as toughening modifier, is a graft copolymer with a backbone of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and branched chains of poly(2‐hydroxy ethyl acrylate) (PHEA). Compared with PVC/CPE, CPE‐cg‐HEA demonstrated better toughening effects on the blends in the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength. Particularly, compared to PVC/CPE blends PVC/CPE‐cg‐HEA blends with 5 phr CPE‐cg‐HEA showed an increases in the tensile and notched impact strength by 17.9 and 30% respectively, compared to the PVC/CPE blends. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that the miscibility of PVC/CPE‐cg‐HEA was better than that of PVC/CPE. An analysis of morphological structure showed that the grafting component of PHEA onto CPE promoted amalgamation between the primary particles of PVC and CPE‐cg‐HEA. Further research suggested that the toughening mechanism of the PVC/CPE‐cg‐HEA blends was different from that of the PVC/CPE blends. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mechanical properties of 1,2,4,5‐benzene tetra carboxylic chitosan‐filled chitosan biocomposites
Authors: Julkapli Nurhidayatullaili Muhd , Ahmad Zulkifli , Akil Hazizan Md
Published: February 2011

The degree of matrix‐filler interaction plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties of biocomposite materials. To produce highly compatible chitosan biocomposites, 1,2,4,5‐benzene tetra carboxylic chitosan (BTC) was used as a filler to reinforce a chitosan matrix (Cs), because the similar backbone structure of Cs and BTC filler is expected to increase the compatibility of the biocomposite. The mechanical properties of these biocomposites were investigated under tension and tearing mode. Introduction of BTC filler (at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%) provided dramatic increments in σR and E values, but the observed values of εR and K correlated negatively to similar levels of BTC filler. Morphological results demonstrate that the breaking surfaces of biocomposites form rugged deformation lines, resulting in high σK values of the biocomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of charge trapping on the electrical conductivity of low‐density Polyethylene–Carbon black composites
Authors: Dudić D. , Škipina B. , Dojčilović J. , Novaković L. , Kostoski D.
Published: February 2011

Electrical conductivities of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)–carbon black (CB) composites were studied using high resistance meter at room temperature (DC conductivity) and dielectric spectroscopy (AC conductivity) in the frequency range between 90 kHz and 13 MHz and temperature range from 120 to 355 K. DC measurements revealed a percolation threshold at about 20 wt % of CB content, whereas AC measurements show two conductivity peaks at about 15% and 23% of CB content. The presence of two percolation thresholds was attributed to different dispersions of CB particles in structural inhomogeneities of LDPE. The experimental data were analyzed using the model of Efros and Shklovskii, which describes the critical behavior of a complex conductivity using critical indexes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Strain‐induced crystallization behavior of polychloroprene rubber
Authors: Zhang Peng , Huang Guangsu , Qu Liangliang , Nie Yijing , Weng Gengsheng , Wu Jinrong
Published: February 2011

The crystallization behavior of polychloroprene rubber (CR) has been studied in this work. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was applied to characterize the crystallization behavior. And X‐ray diffraction was applied to determine the impact of crosslinking on the crystallization of CR. Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (SXRD) method was applied to study the dynamic crystalline behavior. On the basis of the experimental results, it is found that crosslinking will hamper the crystallization of CR while large strain can restore this course. And this is in accord with the Mooney‐Rivlin analysis result. Detailed discussion was offered circling around this phenomenon. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Evaluation of nonisothermal crystallization kinetic models for linear poly(phenylene sulfide)
Authors: Liu Pengqing , Hu An , Wang Sheng , Shi Meiwu , Ye Guangdou , Xu Jianjun
Published: February 2011

The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of linear Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) was studied with differential scanning calorimetry. Ozawa theory, Jeziorny model, and Mo equation were applied to describe the crystallization kinetics and to determine the crystallization parameters and mechanism of the linear PPS resin. The crystallization activation energies were also calculated using Kissinger formula and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa equation, respectively. According to the Ozawa model, it is found that instantaneous nucleation takes place during crystallization of PPS; the Ozawa exponent m is 3 in initial stage of crystallization; as the crystallization temperature decreases, the value of m reduces, and the growth rate of crystal almost keeps a constant. The Avrami exponent n obtained from Jeziorny model fluctuate around 1.84. Based on the Jeziorny model, the crystallization rate increases with increasing the cooling rate, but it does not change any longer when the cooling rate rise to a certain value. Mo equation also exhibits great advantages in treating the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PPS. The activation energy E of nonisothermal crystallization process of PPS is calculated to be −162.73 kJ/mol by the Kissinger formula, and the mean value of E determined by Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa equation is −152.40 kJ/mol. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of double silylene‐bridged binuclear metallocenes and their cooperation effect during ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization
Authors: Mi Puke , Xu Sheng , Qu Liangduan , Deshun Zhang , Qian Chen , Sihan Wang
Published: February 2011

Novel double silylene‐bridged binuclear Group 4 metallocene complexes [(η5‐C5H5)MCl2]2[μ, μ‐(SiMe2)2 (η5‐RC5H2)2] [R = Me, M = Zr (1); R = allyl, M = Ti (2); R = allyl, M = Zr (3); R = nBu, M = Ti (5); R = Me3Si, M = Zr (6)] and [(η5‐CH3C5H4)ZrCl2]2[μ, μ‐(SiMe2)2 (η5‐allyl‐C5H2)2, (4)] were synthesized by the reaction of CpMCl3 (M = Ti, Zr) with [μ, μ‐(SiMe2)2 (η5‐RC5H2)2]2‐ (L2‐) in THF, and they were all well characterized by 1H‐NMR, MS, and EA. When activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), this series complexes are active catalysts for Ethylene polymerization (Complex 3, 3.86 × 106 g‐PE/mol‐M h, Al/Zr = 500) and copolymerization of ethylene with 1‐hexene (Complex 3,30.87 × 105 g‐polymer/mol‐M h, 1‐hexene content in polymer 2.34 mol %, Al/Zr = 1000). The result of polymerization implies that there is a cooperative effect between the two metals in the double‐bridged binuclear molecules. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
New deep blue light emitting copolymer containing fluorene, carbazole, and dialkoxynaphthalene
Authors: Kang Hyun Hee , Kang Moon Seong , Oh Dae Hwan , Lee Dong Hee , Shin Dong‐Cheol , Kwon Soon‐Ki , Kim Yun‐Hi
Published: February 2011

We synthesized the new copolymer, which was composed of dialkoxy naphthalene, N‐alkylcarbazole, and fluorine, by Suzuki coupling reaction. The resulting copolymer was soluble in common organic solvents and showed the weight‐average molecular weight (MW) of 288,000 with a polydispersity index of 2.56. Cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis study revealed that the HOMO energy level and optical band gap of copolymer was 5.66 and 3.03 eV, respectively. The ITO/PEDOT/polymer/LiF/Al device emits bright deep blue light with a maximum peak around 422 nm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A Genome‐Wide Linkage Scan for Quantitative Trait Loci Influencing the Craniofacial Complex in Humans (Homo sapiens sapiens)
Authors: Sherwood Richard J. , Duren Dana L. , Mahaney Michael C. , Blangero John , Dyer Thomas D. , Cole Shelley A. , Czerwinski Stefan A. , Chumlea WM. Cameron , Siervogel Roger M. , Choh Audrey C. , Nahhas Ramzi W. , Lee Miryoung , Towne Bradford
Published: February 2011

The genetic architecture of the craniofacial complex has been the subject of intense scrutiny because of the high frequency of congenital malformations. Numerous animal models have been used to document the early development of the craniofacial complex, but few studies have focused directly on the genetic underpinnings of normal variation in the human craniofacial complex. This study examines 80 quantitative traits derived from lateral cephalographs of 981 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio. Quantitative genetic analyses were conducted using the Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines analytic platform, a maximum‐likelihood variance components method that incorporates all familial information for parameter estimation. Heritability estimates were significant and of moderate to high magnitude for all craniofacial traits. Additionally, significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for 10 traits from the three developmental components (basicranium, splanchnocranium, and neurocranium) of the craniofacial complex. These QTL were found on chromosomes 3, 6, 11, 12, and 14. This study of the genetic architecture of the craniofacial complex elucidates fundamental information of the genetic architecture of the craniofacial complex in humans. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerobic Oxidations Catalyzed by Colloidal Nanogold
Authors: Tsukuda Tatsuya , Tsunoyama Hironori , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: February 2011

Recently, dispersions of gold nanoclusters in liquid media (colloidal nanogold) have been extensively used as quasi‐homogeneous catalysts for various aerobic oxidation reactions. This review describes recent progress in such reactions, with a focus on our comprehensive studies on gold clusters (<2 nm) stabilized by poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) and their participation in oxidation reactions of alcohols, α‐hydroxylation reactions of benzylic ketones, and homocoupling reactions of organoboronates, as well as formal Lewis acidic reactions, such as intramolecular hydroalkoxylation and hydroamination reactions of nonactivated alkenes. Mechanistic studies have shown that a partial electron transfer from the gold clusters to O2 generates superoxide‐ or peroxide‐like species and Lewis acidic centers, both of which play essential roles in the catalytic reactions.
Synthesis, Photophysical, and Two‐Photon Absorption Properties of Elongated Phosphane Oxide and Sulfide Derivatives
Authors: Alain‐Rizzo Valérie , Drouin‐Kucma Delphine , Rouxel Cédric , Samb Issa , Bell Jérémy , Toullec Patrick Y. , Michelet Véronique , Leray Isabelle , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille
Published: February 2011

A series of rod‐shaped and related three‐branched push–pull derivatives containing phosphane oxide or phosphane sulfide (PO or PS)—as an electron‐withdrawing group conjugated to electron‐donating groups, such as amino or ether groups, with a conjugated rod consisting of arylene–vinylene or arylene–ethynylene building blocks—were prepared. These compounds were efficiently synthesized by a Grignard reaction followed by Sonogashira coupling. Their photophysical properties including absorption, emission, time‐resolved fluorescence, and two‐photon absorption (TPA) were investigated with special attention to structure–property relationships. These fluorophores show high fluorescence quantum yields and solvent‐dependent experiments reveal that efficient intramolecular charge transfer occurs upon excitation, thereby leading to highly polar excited states, the polarity of which can be significantly enhanced by playing on the end groups and conjugated linker. Rod‐shaped and related three‐branched systems show similar fluorescence properties in agreement with excitation localization on one of the push–pull branches. By using stronger electron donors or replacing the arylene–ethynylene linkers with an arylene–vinylene one induces significant redshifts of both the low‐energy one‐photon absorption and TPA bands. Interestingly, a major enhancement in TPA responses is observed, whereas OPA intensities are only weakly affected. Similarly, phosphane oxide derivatives show similar OPA responses than the corresponding sulfides but their TPA responses are significantly larger. Finally, the electronic coupling between dipolar branches promoted by common PO or PS acceptor moieties induces either slight enhancement of the TPA responses or broadening of the TPA band in the near infrared (NIR) region. Such behavior markedly contrasts with triphenylamine‐core‐mediated coupling, which gives evidence for the different types of interactions between branches.
Opportunities for yeast metabolic engineering: Lessons from synthetic biology
Authors: Krivoruchko Anastasia , Siewers Verena , Nielsen Jens
Published: February 2011

Constant progress in genetic engineering has given rise to a number of promising areas of research that facilitated the expansion of industrial biotechnology. The field of metabolic engineering, which utilizes genetic tools to manipulate microbial metabolism to enhance the production of compounds of interest, has had a particularly strong impact by providing new platforms for chemical production. Recent developments in synthetic biology promise to expand the metabolic engineering toolbox further by creating novel biological components for pathway design. The present review addresses some of the recent advances in synthetic biology and how these have the potential to affect metabolic engineering in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While S. cerevisiae for years has been a robust industrial organism and the target of multiple metabolic engineering trials, its potential for synthetic biology has remained relatively unexplored and further research in this field could strongly contribute to industrial biotechnology. This review also addresses are general considerations for pathway design, ranging from individual components to regulatory systems, overall pathway considerations and whole‐organism engineering, with an emphasis on potential contributions of synthetic biology to these areas. Some examples of applications for yeast synthetic biology and metabolic engineering are also discussed.
A Strategy for clone selection under different production conditions
Authors: Legmann Rachel , Benoit Brian , Fedechko Ronald W. , Deppeler Cynthia L. , Srinivasan Sriram , Robins Russell H. , McCormick Ellen L. , Ferrick David A. , Rodgers Seth T. , Russo A. Peter
Published: February 2011

Top performing clones have failed at the manufacturing scale while the true best performer may have been rejected early in the screening process. Therefore, the ability to screen multiple clones in complex fed‐batch processes using multiple process variations can be used to assess robustness and to identify critical factors. This dynamic ranking of clones' strategy requires the execution of many parallel experiments than traditional approaches. Therefore, this approach is best suited for micro‐bioreactor models which can perform hundreds of experiments quickly and efficiently. In this study, a fully monitored and controlled small scale platform was used to screen eight CHO clones producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody across several process variations, including different feeding strategies, temperature shifts and pH control profiles. The first screen utilized 240 micro‐bioreactors were run for two weeks for this assessment of the scale‐down model as a high‐throughput tool for clone evaluation. The richness of the outcome data enable to clearly identify the best and worst clone as well as process in term of maximum monoclonal antibody titer. The follow‐up comparison study utilized 180 micro‐bioreactors in a full factorial design and a subset of 12 clone/process combinations was selected to be run parallel in duplicate shake flasks. Good correlation between the micro‐bioreactor predictions and those made in shake flasks with a Pearson correlation value of 0.94. The results also demonstrate that this micro‐scale system can perform clone screening and process optimization for gaining significant titer improvements simultaneously. This dynamic ranking strategy can support better choices of production clones. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Percutaneous intervention of a thrombotic‐occluded saphenous vein graft successfully treated using the undersized stent approach to prevent distal embolization
Authors: Maluenda Gabriel , Alfonso Fernando , Pichard Augusto D.
Published: February 2011

Percutaneous intervention carries a higher risk of distal embolization and poorer outcome in saphenous vein grafts (SVG) than in native coronary vessels. Embolic protection devices (EPD) have demonstrated value in decreasing the risk of embolization and post‐procedural enzymes elevation after SVG intervention. Although there is ample evidence to support the routine use of EPD for SVG interventions, frequently those devices are not utilized or cannot be used because of technical reasons. As we previously reported, the “undersized stenting” approach seems to be an attractive strategy when EPD cannot be used. We present a case with severe SVG degeneration that illustrates the feasibility of this strategy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An expression for the voltage response of a current‐excited fractance device based on fractional‐order trigonometric identities
Authors: Radwan A. G. , Elwakil A. S.
Published: February 2011

We report a closed‐form expression of the voltage response of a current‐excited fractance device. The derived simple expression is made possible following the introduction of the generalized sine and cosine functions (rmsinα(t) and cosα(t)), which are valid on any fractional‐order surface and tend to the normal sin(t) and cos(t) at α = 1 or asymptotically as t→∞. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abdichtung erdberührter Bauteile: Kombiabdichtung
Authors: Korff Hans‐Klaus
Published: February 2011

Jede Abdichtung von Bauteilen oder Bauwerken gegen hydrostatisch drückendes Wasser muss wannenförmig erfolgen. Dies gilt sowohl für Wasser, das von außen als auch für solches, das von innen Druck auf ein Bauwerk ausübt. Der letztgenannte Bereich betrifft Schwimm‐ und sonstige Becken für die Aufnahme von Wasser und anderen Flüssigkeiten. Die nachstehenden Ausführungen beschränken sich aber auf das von außen auf erdberührte Bauteile/Bauwerke drückende Wasser im Hochbau und hier schwerpunktmäßig auf aufstauendes Sickerwasser, das zeitweise einwirkt. Bei diesem Lastfall wird in der Praxis schon heute in den meisten Fällen eine Kombinationslösung (Kombiabdichtung) gewählt, die auch im Mittelpunkt der nachstehenden Betrachtungen steht.

Außerdem soll auf ein Problem hingewiesen werden, das besonders bei Schadensfällen immer wieder zu unterschiedlichen Auslegungen führt: die Frage, welche Schichtdicke bei Abdichtungen mit kunststoffmodifizierten Bitumendickbeschichtungen (KMB) noch zulässig ist, wenn die Baugrube bereits mehrere Monate oder gar Jahre verfüllt war und die Abdichtung — meist wegen eines Schadens — freigelegt werden muss. In der Regel wird dabei auch die noch vorhandene Schichtdicke der KMB festzustellen sein. Oder anders ausgedrückt, wie weit darf die Dicke der KMB auch nach Jahren gegenüber der bei dem Einbau erforderlichen Trockenschichtdicke abgenommen haben.
Earthquake fault‐induced surface rupture—A hybrid strong ground motion simulation technique and discussion for structural design
Authors: Tahghighi Hossein
Published: February 2011

Unique to the near‐source region of a large earthquake is the occurrence of strong impulsive ground motion and surface faulting referred to as ‘fling‐step’ motion. The objective of this study is to synthesize broad‐band time histories over a wide range of frequencies by characterizing rupture directivity and fling effects from the comprehensive strong motion database of the near‐fault Chi‐Chi event. To aid in the generation of these special types of ground motions, a hybrid modeling technique is introduced based on the stochastic finite‐fault radiation method and an efficient analytical approach to incorporate the observed low‐frequency features in the records close to the ruptured fault. The results show that the overall agreement among the developed hybrid methodology and recorded waveforms and response spectra is quite satisfying. A brief discussion on the design of infrastructures near seismic fault is also included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Case Series Investigating Distinct Neuropsychological Profiles in Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Rose Mark , Frampton Ian , Lask Bryan
Published: February 2011

A number of specific deficits in neuropsychological functioning in anorexia nervosa (AN) have been identified. However, it is not known whether these specific deficits cluster together to form one or more clear neuropsychological profiles. We present a case series of nine participants who were recruited as part of a wider, ongoing investigation of the neuropsychological profile of eating disorders (the Ravello Profile). Results show that there was a wide range of different neuropsychological profiles at initial assessment. This suggests a spectrum of neuropsychological strengths and weaknesses that would otherwise be masked in a cohort analysis. It is anticipated that factor and cluster analytic studies will establish one or more common profiles of neuropsychological deficits in AN. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.