bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
If Not Us, Than Who?
Authors: Giardina Michael D. , Hess Laura A.
Published: July 2007

This article engages with and challenges the dominant mediated pedagogies circulating in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Interweaving firsthand accounts of the rescue/recovery effort in Louisiana with a critical interrogation of the cultural/political response to the devastation, the text crisscrosses ages, genders, religious, and political affiliations; agreement and disagreement; and racial and class-based logics while painting a disturbing-yet paradoxically hopeful-picture of (post-)Katrina America.
HIF-1 regulates heritable variation and allele expression phenotypes of the macrophage immune response gene SLC11A1 from a Z-DNA–forming microsatellite
Authors: Bayele Henry K. , Peyssonnaux Carole , Giatromanolaki Alexandra , Arrais-Silva Wagner W. , Mohamed Hiba S. , Collins Helen , Giorgio Selma , Koukourakis Michael , Johnson Randall S. , Blackwell Jenefer M. , Nizet Victor , Srai Surjit Kaila S.
Published: July 2007

The Ity/Lsh/Bcg locus encodes the macrophage protein Slc11a1/Nramp1, which protects inbred mice against infection by diverse intracellular pathogens including Leishmania, Mycobacterium, and Salmonella. Human susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and tuberculosis, shows allelic association with a highly polymorphic regulatory, Z-DNA–forming microsatellite of (GT/AC)n dinucleotides within the proximal SLC11A1 promoter. We surmised that cis-acting allelic polymorphisms may underlie heritable differences in SLC11A1 expression and phenotypic variation in disease risk. However, it is unclear what may underlie such variation in SLC11A1 allele expression. Here we show that hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) regulates allelic variation in SLC11A1 expression by binding directly to the microsatellite during macrophage activation by infection or inflammation. Targeted Hif-1α ablation in murine macrophages attenuated Slc11a11 expression and responsiveness to S typhimurium infection. Our data also showed that HIF-1 may be functionally linked to complex prototypical inflammatory diseases associated with certain SLC11A1 alleles. As these alleles are highly polymorphic, our finding suggests that HIF-1 may influence heritable variation in SLC11A1-dependent innate resistance to infection and inflammation within and between populations. This report also suggests that microsatellites may play critical roles in the directional evolution of complex heritable traits by regulating gene expression phenotypes.
The novel AML stem cell–associated antigen CLL-1 aids in discrimination between normal and leukemic stem cells
Authors: van Rhenen Anna , van Dongen Guus A. M. S. , Kelder Angèle , Rombouts Elwin J. , Feller Nicole , Moshaver Bijan , Walsum Marijke Stigter-van , Zweegman Sonja , Ossenkoppele Gert J. , Jan Schuurhuis Gerrit
Published: July 2007

In CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the malignant stem cells reside in the CD38− compartment. We have shown before that the frequency of such CD34+CD38− cells at diagnosis correlates with minimal residual disease (MRD) frequency after chemotherapy and with survival. Specific targeting of CD34+CD38− cells might thus offer therapeutic options. Previously, we found that C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1) has high expression on the whole blast compartment in the majority of AML cases. We now show that CLL-1 expression is also present on the CD34+CD38− stem- cell compartment in AML (77/89 patients). The CD34+CLL-1+ population, containing the CD34+CD38−CLL-1+ cells, does engraft in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice with outgrowth to CLL-1+ blasts. CLL-1 expression was not different between diagnosis and relapse (n = 9). In remission, both CLL-1− normal and CLL-1+ malignant CD34+CD38− cells were present. A high CLL-1+ fraction was associated with quick relapse. CLL-1 expression is completely absent both on CD34+CD38− cells in normal (n = 11) and in regenerating bone marrow controls (n = 6). This AML stem-cell specificity of the anti-CLL-1 antibody under all conditions of disease and the leukemia-initiating properties of CD34+CLL-1+ cells indicate that anti–CLL-1 antibody enables both AML-specific stem-cell detection and possibly antigen-targeting in future.
Expression profiling of Dexamethasone-treated primary chondrocytes identifies targets of glucocorticoid signalling in endochondral bone development
Authors: James Claudine G , Ulici Veronica , Tuckermann Jan , Underhill T Michael , Beier Frank
Published: July 2007

Background

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used anti-inflammatory drugs. While useful in clinical practice, patients taking GCs often suffer from skeletal side effects including growth retardation in children and adolescents, and decreased bone quality in adults. On a physiological level, GCs have been implicated in the regulation of chondrogenesis and osteoblast differentiation, as well as maintaining homeostasis in cartilage and bone. We identified the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as a potential regulator of chondrocyte hypertrophy in a microarray screen of primary limb bud mesenchyme micromass cultures. Some targets of GC regulation in chondrogenesis are known, but the global effects of pharmacological GC doses on chondrocyte gene expression have not been comprehensively evaluated.

Results

This study systematically identifies a spectrum of GC target genes in embryonic growth plate chondrocytes treated with a synthetic GR agonist, dexamethasone (DEX), at 6 and 24 hrs. Conventional analysis of this data set and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed. Transcripts associated with metabolism were enriched in the DEX condition along with extracellular matrix genes. In contrast, a subset of growth factors and cytokines were negatively correlated with DEX treatment. Comparing DEX-induced gene expression data to developmental changes in gene expression in micromass cultures revealed an additional layer of complexity in which DEX maintains the expression of certain chondrocyte marker genes while inhibiting factors that promote vascularization and ultimately ossification of the cartilaginous template.

Conclusion

Together, these results provide insight into the mechanisms and major molecular classes functioning downstream of DEX in primary chondrocytes. In addition, comparison of our data with microarray studies of DEX treatment in other cell types demonstrated that the majority of DEX effects are tissue-specific. This study provides novel insights into the effects of pharmacological GC on chondrocyte gene transcription and establishes the foundation for subsequent functional studies.
Annotated Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from pre-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a searchable data resource
Authors: Adzhubei Alexei A , Vlasova Anna V , Hagen-Larsen Heidi , Ruden Torgeir A , Laerdahl Jon K , Høyheim Bjørn
Published: July 2007

Background

To identify as many different transcripts/genes in the Atlantic salmon genome as possible, it is crucial to acquire good cDNA libraries from different tissues and developmental stages, their relevant sequences (ESTs or full length sequences) and attempt to predict function. Such libraries allow identification of a large number of different transcripts and can provide valuable information on genes expressed in a particular tissue at a specific developmental stage. This data is important in constructing a microarray chip, identifying SNPs in coding regions, and for future identification of genes in the whole genome sequence. An important factor that determines the usefulness of generated data for biologists is efficient data access. Public searchable databases play a crucial role in providing such service.

Description

Twenty-three Atlantic salmon cDNA libraries were constructed from 15 tissues, yielding nearly 155,000 clones. From these libraries 58,109 ESTs were generated, of which 57,212 were used for contig assembly. Following deletion of mitochondrial sequences 55,118 EST sequences were submitted to GenBank. In all, 20,019 unique sequences, consisting of 6,424 contigs and 13,595 singlets, were generated. The Norwegian Salmon Genome Project Database has been constructed and annotation performed by the annotation transfer approach. Annotation was successful for 50.3% (10,075) of the sequences and 6,113 sequences (30.5%) were annotated with Gene Ontology terms for molecular function, biological process and cellular component.

Conclusion

We describe the construction of cDNA libraries from juvenile/pre-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), EST sequencing, clustering, and annotation by assigning putative function to the transcripts. These sequences represents 97% of all sequences submitted to GenBank from the pre-smoltification stage. The data has been grouped into datasets according to its source and type of annotation. Various data query options are offered including searches on function assignments and Gene Ontology terms. Data delivery options include summaries for the datasets and their annotations, detailed self-explanatory annotations, and access to the original BLAST results and Gene Ontology annotation trees. Potential presence of a relatively high number of immune-related genes in the dataset was shown by annotation searches.
Health inequalities in Germany: do regional-level variables explain differentials in cardiovascular risk?
Authors: Breckenkamp Juergen , Mielck Andreas , Razum Oliver
Published: July 2007

Background

Socioeconomic status is a predictor not only of mortality, but also of cardiovascular risk and morbidity. An ongoing debate in the field of social inequalities and health focuses on two questions: 1) Is individual health status associated with individual income as well as with income inequality at the aggregate (e. g. regional) level? 2) If there is such an association, does it operate via a psychosocial pathway (e.g. stress) or via a "neo-materialistic" pathway (e.g. systematic under-investment in societal infrastructures)? For the first time in Germany, we here investigate the association between cardiovascular health status and income inequality at the area level, controlling for individual socio-economic status.

Methods

Individual-level explanatory variables (age, socio-economic status) and outcome data (body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol level) as well as the regional-level variable (proportion of relative poverty) were taken from the baseline survey of the German Cardiovascular Prevention Study, a cross-sectional, community-based, multi-center intervention study, comprising six socio-economically diverse intervention regions, each with about 1800 participants aged 25–69 years. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the effects of individual and regional level variables.

Results

Regional effects are small compared to individual effects for all risk factors analyzed. Most of the total variance is explained at the individual level. Only for diastolic blood pressure in men and for cholesterol in both men and women is a statistically significant effect visible at the regional level.

Conclusion

Our analysis does not support the assumption that in Germany cardiovascular risk factors were to a large extent associated with income inequality at regional level.
Prescribing cycle training intensity from the six-minute walk test for patients with COPD
Authors: Zainuldin Muhammad R , Knoke Danielle , Mackey Martin G , Luxton Nia , Alison Jennifer A
Published: July 2007

Background

Cycle training intensity for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is normally based on an incremental cycle test. Such tests are expensive and not readily available to clinicians. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) has been proposed as an alternative to an incremental cycle test for this purpose, based on the findings of previous research that the peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) for the incremental cycle test and the 6MWT was equivalent in participants with COPD. A regression equation relating distance walked on the 6MWT and peak work rate (Wpeak) on the incremental cycle test has been described. The aim of this study is to measure the physiological responses to constant load cycle exercise performed at an intensity of 60% Wpeak determined from the 6MWT in participants with stable COPD.

Methods/Design

This study is a prospective, repeated measures design. Thirty-five participants with stable COPD and mild to severe lung disease will be recruited from referrals to pulmonary rehabilitation. Subjects with co-morbidities limiting exercise performance will be excluded. Two 6MWTs will be performed. The better 6MWT will be used to calculate Wpeak for cycle exercise from a regression equation. After 30 minutes rest, subjects will perform ten minutes of constant-load cycle exercise at 60% of the calculated Wpeak. During all exercise, cardiorespiratory and metabolic data (Cosmed K4b2), dyspnoea and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) will be recorded. The VO2 measured at the end of cycle exercise will be compared to VO2peak of the 6MWT (VO2bike/VO2walk). Pearson's correlation coefficient will be calculated for the relationship between VO2bike and VO2walk. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Bonferroni correction, will be performed to determine whether the ratio of VO2bike/VO2walk is affected by disease severity.

Discussion

This novel study will measure the physiological responses to cycle exercise, in terms of VO2peak, performed at an intensity determined from the 6MWT in participants with COPD. Positive findings will enable clinicians to more precisely prescribe cycle training intensity by utilising a simple, reliable and inexpensive 6MWT, thus providing a better standard of care for patients with COPD referred to pulmonary rehabilitation.

Trial Registration

ACTRNO12606000496516
Acute and delayed neuroinflammatory response following experimental penetrating ballistic brain injury in the rat
Authors: Williams Anthony J , Wei Hans H , Dave Jitendra R , Tortella Frank C
Published: July 2007

Background

Neuroinflammation following acute brain trauma is considered to play a prominent role in both the pathological and reconstructive response of the brain to injury. Here we characterize and contrast both an acute and delayed phase of inflammation following experimental penetrating ballistic brain injury (PBBI) in rats out to 7 days post-injury.

Methods

Quantitative real time PCR (QRT-PCR) was used to evaluate changes in inflammatory gene expression from the brain tissue of rats exposed to a unilateral frontal PBBI. Brain histopathology was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), silver staining, and immunoreactivity for astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (OX-18) and the inflammatory proteins IL-1β and ICAM-1.

Results

Time course analysis of gene expression levels using QRT-PCR indicated a peak increase during the acute phase of the injury between 3–6 h for the cytokines TNF-α (8–11 fold), IL-1β (11–13 fold), and IL-6 (40–74 fold) as well as the cellular adhesion molecules VCAM (2–3 fold), ICAM-1 (7–15 fold), and E-selectin (11–13 fold). Consistent with the upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes, peripheral blood cell infiltration was a prominent post-injury event with peak levels of infiltrating neutrophils (24 h) and macrophages (72 h) observed throughout the core lesion. In regions of the forebrain immediately surrounding the lesion, strong immunoreactivity for activated astrocytes (GFAP) was observed as early as 6 h post-injury followed by prominent microglial reactivity (OX-18) at 72 h and resolution of both cell types in cortical brain regions by day 7. Delayed thalamic inflammation (remote from the primary lesion) was also observed as indicated by both microglial and astrocyte reactivity (72 h to 7 days) concomitant with the presence of fiber degeneration (silver staining).

Conclusion

In summary, PBBI induces both an acute and delayed neuroinflammatory response occurring in distinct brain regions, which may provide useful diagnostic information for the treatment of this type of brain injury.
Renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia syndrome (ivemark's syndrome)
Authors: Vankalakunti Mahesha , Gupta Kirti , Kakkar Nandita , Das Ashim
Published: July 2007

Background

Renal-Hepatic-Pancreatic dysplasia syndrome described by Ivemark in 1959 constitutes a triad pancreatic fibrosis, renal dysplasia and hepatic dysgenesis.

Case presentation

We describe two unrelated cases of Renal-Hepatic-Pancreatic dysplasia syndrome in stillborn babies. The characteristic microscopic features were present in both the cases. The second case illustrates the unique association lymphangiectasia with Renal-Hepatic-Pancreatic dysplasia syndrome. Both cases are unrelated and there is no history of any consanguineous marriage.

Conclusion

These two cases are unrelated and are rare. In the developmental research, the perinatal autopsy needs to be utilized as a major tool and an Ad hoc committee formation is required to formulate the approach towards syndromic diseases.
Metabolic network visualization eliminating node redundance and preserving metabolic pathways
Authors: Bourqui Romain , Cottret Ludovic , Lacroix Vincent , Auber David , Mary Patrick , Sagot Marie-France , Jourdan Fabien
Published: July 2007

Background

The tools that are available to draw and to manipulate the representations of metabolism are usually restricted to metabolic pathways. This limitation becomes problematic when studying processes that span several pathways. The various attempts that have been made to draw genome-scale metabolic networks are confronted with two shortcomings: 1- they do not use contextual information which leads to dense, hard to interpret drawings, 2- they impose to fit to very constrained standards, which implies, in particular, duplicating nodes making topological analysis considerably more difficult.

Results

We propose a method, called MetaViz, which enables to draw a genome-scale metabolic network and that also takes into account its structuration into pathways. This method consists in two steps: a clustering step which addresses the pathway overlapping problem and a drawing step which consists in drawing the clustered graph and each cluster.

Conclusion

The method we propose is original and addresses new drawing issues arising from the no-duplication constraint. We do not propose a single drawing but rather several alternative ways of presenting metabolism depending on the pathway on which one wishes to focus. We believe that this provides a valuable tool to explore the pathway structure of metabolism.
Dexamethasone to prevent postextubation airway obstruction in adults: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Lee Chao-Hsien , Peng Ming-Jen , Wu Chien-Liang
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Prophylactic steroid therapy to reduce the occurrence of postextubation laryngeal edema is controversial. Only a limited number of prospective trials involve adults in an intensive care unit. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether administration of multiple doses of dexamethasone to critically ill, intubated patients reduces or prevents the occurrence of postextubation airway obstruction. Another specific objective of our study was to investigate whether an after-effect (that is, a transient lingering benefit) exists 24 hours after the discontinuation of dexamethasone.

Methods

A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted in an adult medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Eighty-six patients who had been intubated for more than 48 hours with a cuff leak volume (CLV) of less than 110 ml and who met weaning criteria were randomly assigned to receive either dexamethasone (5 mg; n = 43) or placebo (normal saline; n = 43) every six hours for a total of four doses on the day preceding extubation. CLV was measured before the first injection, one hour after each injection, and 24 hours after the fourth injection. Extubation was carried out 24 hours after the last injection. Postextubation obstruction (defined as the presence of stridor) was recorded within 48 hours of extubation.

Results

Administration of dexamethasone during the 24-hour period preceding extubation resulted in a statistically significant increase in the CLV (p < 0.05). The significant increase of CLV and change of CLV relative to baseline tidal volume (percentage) occurred not only throughout the treatment period, but also 24 hours after the last dexamethasone injection. The incidence of postextubation stridor was significantly lower in the dexamethasone group than in the placebo group (10% [4/40] versus 27.5% [11/40]; p = 0.037), whereas there was no significant difference in reintubation rate between the two groups (2.5% [1/40] versus 5% [2/40]; p = 0.561).

Conclusion

Prophylactic administration of multiple-dose dexamethasone is effective in reducing the incidence of postextubation stridor in adult patients at high risk for postextubation laryngeal edema. The after-effect of dexamethasone may validate the reduced incidence of postextubation stridor after multiple doses of dexamethasone.

Trial registration

NCT00452062.
Two Cycles of Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, and Dacarbazine Plus Extended-Field Radiotherapy Is Superior to Radiotherapy Alone in Early Favorable Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Final Results of the GHSG HD7 Trial
Authors: Engert Andreas , Franklin Jeremy , Eich Hans Theodor , Brillant Corinne , Sehlen Susanne , Cartoni Claudio , Herrmann Richard , Pfreundschuh Michael , Sieber Markus , Tesch Hans , Franke Astrid , Koch Peter , de Wit Maike , Paulus Ursula , Hasenclever Dirk , Loeffler Markus , Müller Rolf-Peter , Müller-Hermelink Hans Konrad , Dühmke Eckhart , Diehl Volker
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To investigate whether combined-modality treatment (CMT) with two cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by extended-field radiotherapy (EF-RT) is superior to EF-RT alone in patients with early favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL).

Patients and Methods

Between 1993 and 1998, 650 patients with newly diagnosed, histology-proven HL in clinical stages IA to IIB without risk factors were enrolled onto this multicenter study and randomly assigned to receive 30 Gy EF-RT plus 10 Gy to the involved field (arm A) or two cycles of ABVD followed by the same radiotherapy (arm B).

Results

At a median observation time of 87 months, there was no difference between treatment arms in terms of complete response rate (arm A, 95%; arm B, 94%) and overall survival (at 7 years: arm A, 92%; arm B, 94%; P = .43). However, freedom from treatment failure was significantly different, with 7-year rates of 67% in arm A (95% CI, 61% to 73%) and 88% in arm B (95% CI, 84% to 92%; P ≤ .0001). This was due mainly to significantly more relapses after EF-RT only (arm A, 22%; arm B, 3%). No patient treated with CMT experienced relapse before year 3. Relapses were treated mainly with bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone, or with the combination cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone/ABVD; treatment of relapse was significantly more successful in arm A than in arm B (P = .017). In total, there were 39 second malignancies, with 21 in arm A and 18 in arm B, respectively. The incidence was approximately 0.8% per year during years 2 to 9 and was highest in older patients (P < .0001) and those with “B” symptoms (P = .012).

Conclusion

CMT consisting of two cycles of ABVD plus EF-RT is more effective than EF-RT alone.
Bending of normally loaded simply supported rectangular plates in the large-deflection range
Authors: Scholes A , Bernstein E L
Published: July 2007

Means of solving the non-linear differential equations of plate bending are revieweed and a method based on minimizing the corresponding energy integral is selected as offering most advantages. The energy intergral can be approximated either by using finite-difference approximatons or by assuming a form of displacement variation. Two sets of non-linear algebraic equations (in the in-plane and out-of-plane deflections) are thus formed and, by substitution alternately in each set, the resulting linear equations are solved.

Results for simply supported rectangular plates have been worked out in some detail; these are compared with tests made on plates of various aspect ratios. Good agreement on maximum values of stress and deflection was obtained.
Efficiency of serrated joint faces on obliquely split connecting rods
Authors: Blum A E
Published: July 2007

The advantages of saw-tooth serrations over serrations of symmetrical tooth profile are established. Sloping faces of serration teeth are shown to induce premature states of parting in serrated joint faces.
Maximum attainable uniform strain rates with high-speed-crosshead testing machins: Theoretical considerations
Authors: Atkins A G
Published: July 2007

The effects of machine stiffness on the strain rates occurring in testpieces are discussed. The actual rate of strain can be markedly different from the simple expression of (crosshead velocity ÷ gauge length) for nominal strain rate. As the speed of testing machines is increased, an upper speed limit is set on the use of conventional machines by the effects of wave propagation in the testpiece: non-uniform stress and strain patterns are set up which make normal interpretation of mechanical property data very difficult. Some criteria determining the upper range of machine speeds are given in terms of the machine stiffness and specimen size. These bounds are further modified at high testing rates by the acceleration available on the machine-drive system. The overall restrictive limits are more noticeable the slower the propagation of waves in the testpiece, i.e. the limiting speed is lower for polymers than for metals.
A non-linear analysis of corrugated plates, closed cylinders, and developable shells with parallel generators
Authors: Gaisford R W , Baines B H
Published: July 2007

A set of non-linear simultaneous differential equations is developed which describes the behaviour of certain types of highly curved shells. Certain simplifying assumptions are made for which justifying arguments are put forward and the resulting equations remain generally applicable within wide limits of initial shell curvature and of deformation. Boundary conditions are developed for a number of simple cases and the methods available for the numerical solution of the equations are briefly discussed. Experimental comparisons and detailed descriptions of numerical procedures are not given here but will be the subject of a further paper.
Analysis of strain in fibre-reinforced materials
Authors: Kedward K T , Hindle G R
Published: July 2007

Techniques such as birefringent coatings, moiré, brittle lacquers, strain gauge, and holography can all be used on composites since they enable surface strains to be measured. However, a correct and accurate interpretation of results obtained by these methods is essential. The significance of this is demonstrated by observing the effect of the differences between the directions of principal stresses and strains.

In addition the suitability of the birefringent-coating technique for application to fibre-composite materials is examined by considering the three-point flexure of a narrow rectangular beam of span/depth ratio 6 in some detail. Within the framework of the assumptions that stresses will be distributed in accordance with elementary bending theory and that the appropriate stress-strain relations for orthotropic materials are applicable, isochromatic and isoclinic patterns are predicted and compared with experimental results. A more precise solution is also obtained by employing the finite-element displacement method.

From a qualitative standpoint the comparison is found to be good although more research is required before the birefringent-coating technique can be used in situations demanding a reliable quantitative appreciation.
A tension—compression testing machine
Authors: Pascoe K J
Published: July 2007

The machine is used for cyclic tension-compression tests on metallic specimens and incorporates a Dalby extensometer to give photographic stress-strain curves; loading is by a double-acting hydraulic cylinder, controlled manually by needle valves.
An Impossible Cinema? The Proletarian Avant-Garde in Los Angeles
Authors: James David E
Published: July 2007

As radical resistance to global capital is once more on the agenda new movements and generations are experiencing the need to establish non-corporate media channels in order to effectively challenge hegemonic ideology. Learning from the recent history of the New Left and the generation
of 1968 is a vital part of this process. In this essay David E James tells the story of the rise and fall of the Los Angeles Newsreel. Though technologies may have evolved many basic issues remain the same.
Lon Moussinac and The Spectators' Criticism in France (1931-34)
Authors: Hogenkamp Bert
Published: July 2007

Between November 1931 and January 1934 the readers of the French communist daily L'Humanit were invited to become their own film critics. Over the years more than 100 films were critically examined in print by ordinary cinemagoers. Bert Hogenkamp tells the story of this rare
experiment, which briefly gave a voice to those many who may make history but seldom get a chance to write it.
Film reviews
Authors: Polan Dana , Palmer Tim , Sjberg Patrik , Chapman James
Published: July 2007

About Scmidt USA 2002

2 Godard

The Man With the Movie Camera

2 Watkins
The War Game - The Controversy
Authors: Murphy Patrick
Published: July 2007

What was the real reason behind BBC's banning of Peter Watkins' groundbreaking 1965 film, and who were the responsible behind this controversial decision? Patrick Murphy has found some revealing documents pointing to a chain of command all the way up to the highest political
level: 10 Downing Street.
William Gibson and the Garage Kubrick
Authors: Baxter John
Published: July 2007

What happens when Rasta intersects with yakuza, Ginza chic with that of Paris, Joseph Cornell with Stanley Kubrick? John Baxter plunges into the cyberpunk world five minutes into the future of William Gibson.
Film reviews
Authors: Tapper Michael , Niskanen Eija , Lumholdt Jan , Cull Nicholas J , Sjberg Patrik , Polan Dana , Chibnall Steve , Sjholm Charlotte , Eckstein Arthur M
Published: July 2007

Fascinating Fascism Hero Ying xiong China 2002

An Actor's Revenge Yukinojo henge Japan 1962

DVD United Kingdom 2002

Bob le Flambeur France 1955

DVD USA 2002

La Commune (Paris 1871) France 2001

DVD France, 2002

Hearts
and Minds USA 1974

DVD USA 2002

The Killers 2

The Killers USA 1946

The Killers USA 1964

DVD USA 2002

The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp United Kingdom 1943

DVD USA 2002

Solaris 2 Solaris Solyaris USSR 1972

DVD
USA 2002

Solaris USA 2002

Straw Dogs USA 1971

DVD USA 2003
Whereto the Cultural Exception? Pay-Television and the Future fo European Film Finanace
Authors: McMurria John
Published: July 2007

Pay-TV is the fastest growing source of film finance worldwide, which increased at a rate of 23 per cent in the last five years of the 1990s. In his essay, John McMurria maps this new market using the case of Canal Plus and Vivendi Universal to tell us about the future of film
production.
Tales from the crypt, or: Mattson's review of Filmoplevelse
Authors: Grodal Torben , Mattsson Christer
Published: July 2007

In 3 (25 May 2003) Christer Mattsson reviewed two books on Torben Grodal's film theory, one a tribite to him be other scholars: Lennard Hjberg och Peter Schepelern (eds) Film Style and Story A Tribute to Torben Grodal, the other a new book by professor Grodal Himself: Fimoplevelse
enindfring i audiovisuel teori og analyse (Film experience An Introduction to Audiovisual Theory and Analysis). Here is a rebuttal to Mattsson from Grodal, followed by a short debate between the two.
The Good, the Bad and the Gallo: A visit to Cannes Film Festival 56
Authors: Lumholdt Jan
Published: July 2007

The wrong films won, the right films were ignored and the worst film was actually rather good, at least much better than the boring ones. Jan Lumholdt reports from the most frowned-upon Cannes competition in the always too short memory of man.
Taiwanese Triads in the Transnational Imagination
Authors: Marchetti Gina
Published: July 2007

Gina Marchetti argues that Edward Yang's Mahjong and Hou Hsiaohsien's Good-Bye South, Good-Bye plays off the Taiwanese gangster culture against the international youth subcultures in order to negotiate national identity.
DVD reviews
Authors: Wilson Ronald , Lumholdt Jan , Fujiwara Chris , Donnelly Kevin J , Sundholm John , Wilson Ronald , Palmer Liza
Published: July 2007

Knife in the Water

Nz w wodzie Poland 1962

DVD USA 2003

2 Vittorio De Sica

Umberto D. Italy, 1952

DVD USA 2003

Indiscrection of an American Wife/Terminal Station Italy/USA, 1953

Autumn in Rome USA, 1953

DVD
USA 2003

4 Otto Preminger

Fallen Angel USA 1945

DVD United Kingdom 2004

Whirlpool USA 1950

DVD United Kingdom 2004

Where the Sidewalk Ends USA 1950

DVD United Kingdom 2004

Carmen Jones USA 1954

DVD United
Kingdom 2004

2 Barbet Schroeder

More France/Spain 1969

DVD UK 2003

General Idi Amin Dada (A Self-Portrait) France 1974

DVD USA 2002

Angst essen Seele auf
Ali: Fear Eats the Soul Germany 1974

DVD USA 2003

The
Devil & Daniel Webster USA 1941

DVD USA 2003

Tokyo Story
Tokyo Monogatari Japan 1953

DVD USA 2003
Apocalypse, Millennium, Jubilee
Authors: Dave Paul
Published: July 2007

Paul Dave on images of class and capitalism in contemporary English cinema
Torrents of Resistance
Authors: Edwards Richard
Published: July 2007

Richard Edwards reflects on the online video activism in the anti-globalization movement.
Aesthetics of Resistance
Authors: Bodle Robert
Published: July 2007

Robert Bodle analyzes form and function in three anticorporate globalization documentries
Only disconnect and Never relaxez-vous or I Can't Sleep
Authors: Wood Robin
Published: July 2007

Claire Denis: Cinema of Transgression, part 2, by Robin Wood
Book reviews
Authors: Coyne Michael , Smith-Rowsey Daniel , Deutsch James , Jasinski Lisa
Published: July 2007

Paul Buhle and Dave Wagner
Blacklisted: The Film Lover's Guide to the Hollywood Blacklist
New York, Palgrave Macmillan 2003

Nathaniel Dorsky
Devotional Cinema
Tuumba Press 2003

Ellen Baskin, comp.
Enser's Filmed Books and Plays: A List of Books
and Plays from which Films have been Made, 1928-2001
6th ed. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 2003.

Mehrnaz Saeed-Vafa and Jonathan Rosenbaum
Abbas Kiarostami
(Contemporary Film Directors Series) Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003
Film reviews
Authors: Sullivan Moira , Sullivan Moira
Published: July 2007

Good Morning, Night
Bongiorno, notte Italy 2003

Fahrenheit 9/11 USA 2004
Hollywood Taiwan
Authors: Marchetti Gina
Published: July 2007

Connections, Countercurrents, and Ang Lee's Hulk
Book reviews
Authors: Roe Annabelle Honess , Schnherr Johannes , Epstein Julie
Published: July 2007

Steven Dillon Derek Jarman and Lyric Film: The Mirror and the Sea Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004

Tom Mes & Jasper Sharp The Midnight Eye Guide to New Japanese Film Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press, 2004

Dade Hayes and Jonathan Bing Open Wide : How
Hollywood Box Office Became a National Obsession New York: Miramax Books, 2004
Edogawa Rampo: A Hellish Mirror
Authors: Sharp Jasper
Published: July 2007

Ask anyone in Japan who the most influential writer of mystery and detective fiction in their country is and they will probably come back to you with the name of Edogawa Rampo.
Film scratches notes from the fringe
Authors: Palmer Liza
Published: July 2007

THIS MARKS THE FIRST article for what will become a regular Film International column, highlighting film and media projects as well as the craftspeople and companies that produce these projects that reflect an independent or experimental spirit and motivation. Film International
invites fi lm-makers and other related media artists, to submit works particularly those that do not achieve mainstream distribution for consideration and possible review in this column. Please direct all (NTSC VHS or any DVD format) submissions to: Liza Palmer, Review Editor, Film International,
c/o University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5616, USA. For more information or to suggest topics for future Film Scratches, e-mail Liza at: palmerluncw.edu.
The matrix reloaded: Film publishing in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lockett Andrew
Published: July 2007

Is UK film publishing in some senses unique or privileged? In what ways has it expanded over the last twenty years? What are its strengths? These are some of the questions touched upon below in a piece drawing on twenty years acquaintance with film-book publishing in the United Kingdom
Film Scratches: Notes from the fringe
Authors: Palmer Liza
Published: July 2007

Film International invites film-makers and other related media artists to submit works particularly those that do not achieve mainstream distribution for consideration and possible review in this column. Please direct all (NTSC, VHS or any DVD format) submissions to: Liza Palmer,
Review Section Editor, Film International, c/o University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5616, USA. For more information or to suggest topics for future Film Scratches, e-mail Liza at palmerluncw.edu.
Californian noir: is it European?
Authors: Orr John
Published: July 2007

From Double Indemnity to Memento the rich European input into Californian film noir has never been in doubt. But what prompts it? Film noir seems the most American of genres yet many of its great artistic moments come from this changing European vision of California. Why is this
so?
The Misleading Man: Dennis Hopper
Authors: Martin Adrian
Published: July 2007

What determines the parts that an actor gets to play on screen?
Toward regional war in the Middle East?
Authors: Falk Richard
Published: July 2007

The Lebanon War needs to be understood as an expression of an Israel/United States partnership designed to restructure the Middle East in a manner that serves both countries' security and strategic interests. The main goal is to rely upon political and military pressures to eliminate
political actors, whether governments or popular movements, that are perceived as hostile to the hegemonic grand design of the partnership. The Lebanon War, arising from a border incident, reflected Israeli efforts to reach the goals that eluded it during an earlier offensive war against Lebanon
in 1982. American support for Israel was based on the unconditional character of domestic support for Israel in the United States, specifically justified by reference to the global war on terror. Washington also enlarged the diplomatic battlefield beyond Israeli efforts to destroy Hezbollah
by blaming Syria and Iran as the main sources of terrorism against Israel. From this perspective, the Lebanon War represented a renewal of Israeli/US efforts at regional restructuring, which had been floundering as a result of the American failures in Iraq, as well as the unexpected degree
to which American calls for democracy, when heeded, were bringing to power Islamic leaders opposed to Israeli/US regional hegemony and sympathetic with the aspirations of the Palestinian people. The Lebanon War needs to be understood in the context of the dangerous encounter with Iran over
its nuclear programme, which if not peacefully resolved, could lead to a regional war with disastrous global consequences.
The Islamist imaginary: Islam, Iraq, and the projections of empire
Authors: Baker Raymond W
Published: July 2007

This article analyses the complex relationship between Islam and American imperial assertions in the Middle East. While a variety of Islamic movements and governments have historically been enlisted as friends of the American project, Islam today is most useful as the enemy of choice
in the so-called global war on terror. Today, when the logic of US withdrawal from Iraq gains support daily in America, only the Islamist imaginary provides arguments still found credible by a frightened American populace to sustain the occupation. The Islamist imaginary and the diffuse fears
it evokes, unconstrained by logic or realism and quite unrelated to facts on the ground, is now more essential to empire than ever before. It is only reasonable to expect that the Islam imagined by empire will be with us for some time to come.
Reconstructing the performance of the Iraqi economy 19502006: an essay with some hypotheses and many questions
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: July 2007

This article addresses the fact that little is known about the performance of the Iraqi economy after the 1970s due to a number of reasons including great official secrecy, the impact of repeated wars and, most important of all, the system of disaggregated economic management put in place by the Bathi regime in which many important parts of the system were managed, off-budget, as discrete units. While acknowledging the great difficulties in reconstructing the overall effect of such a system, Owen suggests ways by which we might begin to understand its logic as a preliminary to the team effort needed to reconnect the economic history of the last thirty years with what went before. This, he argues, is vital not only for a proper study of Iraq's development effort but also as a benchmark against which to judge present efforts at economic reconstruction and recovery.
The concept of loyalty and the challenge of internationalisation in post-modern Spanish Football
Authors: Castillo Juan Carlos
Published: July 2007

Some aspects of what Giulianotti has called the post-modern era of football are studied in the context of Spain. The changing relations among players, clubs and fans are studied around the concept of loyalty, first between players and fans, second between players and clubs, and third
between fans and clubs. Post-modern football has eroded those kinds of loyalty; however, whereas Spanish football shows typical symptoms, there are pockets of resistance where traditional relations are valorised, maintained and even commodified. The article also touches on issues crucial to
contemporary Spanish culture, such as regional rivalries, identity, globalisation and nationalism.
Reviews
Authors: Artz Lee , Richards Barry , Govil Nitin , Kitchin Rob
Published: July 2007

Cultures in Orbit: Satellites and the Televisual, Lisa Parks (2005) Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 241 pp., ISBN 0822334976 (pbk), 22.95

Media and the Restyling of Politics, John Corner and Dick Pels (eds.) (2003) London and New York: Sage, 210 pp.,
ISBN 0761949208 (hbk), 84.95 (60.00), ISBN 0761949206 (pbk), 32.95 (18.99)

Gandhi Meets Primetime: Globalization and Nationalism in Indian Television, Shanti Kumar (2005) Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 284 pp., ISBN 025203001X (hbk), 45.00, ISBN 0252072448 (pbk),
25.00

The Political Mapping of Cyberspace, Jeremy Crampton (2003) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 256 pp., ISBN 0748614125 (hbk), 62.00 (55.00), ISBN 0748614133 (pbk), 25.00 (18.99)
Towards a dirty theory of narrative ethics: Prolegomenon on media, sport and commodity value
Authors: Wenner Lawrence A
Published: July 2007

Using sport as a lens to illuminate a path for broader cultural analysis, this essay argues for a three-pronged theoretical approach to the critique of commodity value in contemporary narratives. Three elements of an analytic strategy for the critique of commodity aesthetics are considered. First, the concept of communicative dirt posed by Leach (1976) and Hartley (1984) is considered in the service of creating commodity value from the cultural logic of sport. Second, the merits of a reader-oriented approach as used in literary criticism, reliant on understandings of Fish's (1976) notion of interpretive community and the variant ways that texts work to control reading, are considered as complementary to understanding the workings of communicative dirt. Third, the value of ethical criticism in providing an overarching frame for deconstructing the manufacture of commodity value, including strategies for using communicative dirt to construct readers and control the reading act, is assessed. A case study of a television commercial banned from the 2005 Super Bowl broadcast illustrates the tripartite approach. In conclusion, the study argues for the applicability of this dirty theory of narrative ethics to postmodern concerns with media in increasingly commodified contemporary culture.
European attitudes and values: The perspective of gender in a transverse analysis
Authors: Torres Anlia , Brites Rui
Published: July 2007

Although it is known that the differences within sexes are much more significant than the differences between sexes, the tendency is to overstress the later ones. In this article we analyze, in a transversal perspective centred on gender, all the answers of the ESS questionnaire, addressing some of the main issues of the survey like the exposition to media, politics, the subjective perception of wellbeing and security and human values and trying to evaluate differences and similarities between men and women. Concluding that, as expected, there is a vast domain of convergence between the sexes in attitudes and opinions, though contesting essentialist positions, it is nevertheless interesting to stress also where some of the differences are concentrated and trying to access and explain them. Among other issues the passage from atraditional gender gap to a modern gender gapis one of the topics of discussion.
Byte by byte, putting it together: electronic editions and the study of musical theatre
Authors: Reside Doug
Published: July 2007

While many humanities scholars have explored how computers might assist them in their work, there have been very few attempts to use electronic tools to study the musical. Musical theatre seems particularly well-suited, though, to the multimedia capabilities of the modern PC. The author
suggests that electronic editions of musicals would not only be of use to musical theatre scholars, but might also help to develop a wider audience for artistically-minded (as opposed to commercially-driven) musicals. This article outlines the benefits offered by electronic editions and describes
the steps taken by the author to develop an AJAXbased electronic edition of the 1998 musical Parade.
An Incentive-Aligned Mechanism for Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Ding Min
Published: July 2007

This article specifies, analyzes, and validates a rigorous and practical truth-telling mechanism (game) for conjoint applications. The mechanism requires only one real product variation and has truth telling in conjoint as its Bayesian Nash equilibrium, thus making it possible to incentive align participants in most conjoint applications. Using the iPod package as the context, the author shows empirically that the mechanism substantially improves purchase prediction compared with a standard conjoint procedure.
The Impact of the Moseley Decision on Trademark Dilution Law
Authors: Bird Robert C.
Published: July 2007

This article assesses the impact of the Supreme Court decision Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue Inc. on methods of proving trademark dilution in federal court. It also examines federal court decisions that have interpreted Moseley's rulings on trademark dilution. The article concludes that brand owners are most successful in federal court when the challenged junior user's brand is identical to the senior user's brand. In light of results that indicate that consumer surveys play a minimal role in post-Moseley cases and are susceptible to rejection by courts, this article suggests alternative survey approaches that could better satisfy the rigorous requirements of any foreseeable statutory regime.