bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wässrige Milieus. Ökologische Perspektiven in Meeresbiologie und Aquarienkunde um 1900
Authors: Wessely Christina
Published: June 2013

Watery Milieux. Ecological Perspectives in Marine Biology and Aquarium Studies around 1900. The paper focuses on the research spaces of marine biology around the turn of the 20th century and argues that the aquarium played a decisive role in shaping the notions of environment and ambience, ‘milieu’ and ‘Umwelt’. By “virtually pushing” biologists to pay attention to the relations between organisms and their surroundings, the aquarium can be understood as a material inspiration for ecological theory formation and as a structural point of reference for thinking about the properties and range of environments. By focusing both on the academic discourse and on popular ‘Aquarienkunde’ the paper thus describes how marine biological studies became an important arena for the formation of modern ecology.
Spiegelbilder vom Meeresgrund. Leopold Blaschkas marine Aquarien
Authors: Huber Florian
Published: June 2013

Reflections from the Ocean Floor. Leopold Blaschka's Marine Aquaria. The paper focuses on the glass models of marine invertebrates by Leopold Blaschka (1822–1895). In the beginning of his career, Blaschka did not produce stand‐alone scientific models. Instead, he chose to create “marine aquaria”, i.e. dry fish tanks filled with artificial sea creatures, to promote and present his glass objects to the public. This concept was clearly inspired by the work of the British naturalist Philip Henry Gosse (1810–1888). By describing the influence of Gosse's work, the paper argues that the aquarium served as a tool to display and organize Blaschka's early models.
Die Hygiene der Stadtfische und das wilde Leben in der Wasserleitung. Zum Verhältnis von Aquarium und Stadt im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Vennen Mareike
Published: June 2013

Hygienic Domestication of Urban Fish and the Wild Life in the Water Pipes. Home Aquaria and the City in the Nineteenth Century. The paper focuses on the interrelations between the domestic aquarium and its urban environment in the second half of the nineteenth century. It argues that the city plays a crucial role in the invention and history of the aquarium. Not only is the material culture of the aquarium a product of urban technologies and infrastructure; the aquarium's early definition as a confined and closed, self‐contained and purified space can be seen as a response to increasing environmental problems, particularly urban water and air pollution. The paper describes how the aquarium and the city together form a laboratory for the exploration of new sanitary and climatic techniques in terms of ventilation and water supply. Furthermore, the paper stresses the crucial role that early amateur aquarium‐keeping plays in the practical construction and regulation of artificial environments as well as in the historical and theoretical reformulation of fundamental notions such as dynamic balance and models of circulation. Getting more and more intertwined on a material and discursive level, the aquarium and its urban environment not only provide specific habitats where the living conditions of humans and animals can be studied. In fact, both become objects and simultaneously media of sanitarian programmes in the name of public health.
AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT IN APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS: A REVIEW
Authors: Crowley‐Koch Brian J. , Van Houten Ron
Published: June 2013

Measurement is a critical aspect of the scientific process. If measurement systems are not accurate and precise, the findings of experiments will most likely be spurious. In applied behavior analysis, the most prevalent form of measurement is human observation with automated measurement being used sporadically. Automated measurement is generally more accurate as it minimizes recording error. This paper reviews some of the common measurement systems currently in use and examines some new technologies that may expand the use of automated recording in the future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Receptor‐Interacting Regions of Vitellogenin within Evolutionarily Conserved β‐Sheet Structures by Using a Peptide Array
Authors: Roth Ziv , Weil Simy , Aflalo Eliahu D. , Manor Rivka , Sagi Amir , Khalaila Isam
Published: June 2013

Vitellogenesis, a key process in oviparous animals, is characterized by enhanced synthesis of the lipoprotein vitellogenin, which serves as the major yolk‐protein precursor. In most oviparous animals, and specifically in crustaceans, vitellogenin is mainly synthesized in the hepatopancreas, secreted to the hemolymph, and taken up into the ovary by receptor‐mediated endocytosis. In the present study, localization of the vitellogenin receptor and its interaction with vitellogenin were investigated in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The receptor was immuno‐histochemically localized to the cell periphery and around yolk vesicles. A receptor blot assay revealed that the vitellogenin receptor interacts with most known vitellogenin subunits, the most prominent being the 79 kDa subunit. The receptor was, moreover, able to interact with trypsin‐digested vitellogenin peptides. By combining a novel peptide‐array approach with tandem mass spectrometry, eleven vitellogenin‐derived peptides that interacted with the receptor were identified. A 3D model of vitellogenin indicated that four of the identified peptides are N‐terminally localized. One of the peptides is homologous to the receptor‐recognized site of vertebrate vitellogenin, and assumes a conserved β‐sheet structure. These findings suggest that this specific β‐sheet region in the vitellogenin N‐terminal lipoprotein domain is the receptor‐interacting site, with the rest of the protein serving to enhance affinity for the receptor. The conservation of the receptor recognition site in invertebrate and vertebrate vitellogenin might have vast implications for oviparous species reproduction, development, immunity, and pest management.
In Situ Aberration‐Corrected Environmental TEM: Reduction of Model Co3O4 in H2 at the Atomic Level
Authors: Ward Michael R. , Boyes Edward D. , Gai Pratibha L.
Published: June 2013

Understanding the dynamic evolution of structural changes in catalysts at the atomic level under controlled reaction conditions is one of the most challenging areas in heterogeneous catalysis. Here we present aberration‐corrected environmental TEM at the atomic level and electron diffraction of the reduction of model Co3O4 catalysts in H2 to directly observe the dynamic phase evolution in the reduction process. New insights into the reduction of Co3O4 to the intermediate CoO include the formation of an advancing atomic scale interface between Co3O4 and CoO regions. The interface penetrates further into the Co3O4 crystal, with the CoO regions replacing the previous Co3O4 structure, with increasing reduction. The reduction to CoO proceeds at approximately 200 °C at rounded edges containing atomic steps on the surfaces. The interfaces are observed in crystals larger than approximately 15 nm in size but not in smaller crystals, which indicates the rapid reduction of smaller nanoparticles. The most dramatic changes are observed at 350 °C in larger crystals of size 50 nm.
Axis‐Oriented, Continuous Anatase Titania Films with Exposed Reactive {100} Facets
Authors: Van Thanh‐Khue , Nguyen Cuong Ky , Kang Young Soo
Published: June 2013

Homogeneous TiO2 single crystals with high exposure of {100} reactive facets were constructed as a seed monolayer on transparent conductive substrates with the desired orientation of reactive facets. A secondary growth process was subsequently carried out on the monolayer seed film to form an axis‐oriented continuous reactive film. Performing secondary growth with different precursors led to optimized conditions for high‐performance photoelectrochemical activity of anatase TiO2 films. Experimental techniques such as UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution SEM, and photoelectrochemistry were used to characterize the structural, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of the as‐synthesized films. As a photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell, the axis‐oriented reactive film shows a maximum photocurrent density of 0.3 mA cm−2, as opposed to 0.075 mA cm−2 for non‐axis‐oriented (randomly oriented) TiO2 film.
Dimensional Control of Block Copolymer Nanofibers with a π‐Conjugated Core: Crystallization‐Driven Solution Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine)
Authors: Gwyther Jessica , Gilroy Joe B. , Rupar Paul A. , Lunn David J. , Kynaston Emily , Patra Sanjib K. , Whittell George R. , Winnik Mitchell A. , Manners Ian
Published: June 2013

With the aim of accessing colloidally stable, fiberlike, π‐conjugated nanostructures of controlled length, we have studied the solution self‐assembly of two asymmetric crystalline–coil, regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P3HT‐b‐P2VP) diblock copolymers, P3HT23‐b‐P2VP115 (block ratio=1:5) and P3HT44‐b‐P2VP115 (block ratio=ca. 1:3). The self‐assembly studies were performed under a variety of solvent conditions that were selective for the P2VP block. The block copolymers were prepared by using Cu‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions of azide‐terminated P2VP and alkyne end‐functionalized P3HT homopolymers. When the block copolymers were self‐assembled in a solution of a 50 % (v/v) mixture of THF (a good solvent for both blocks) and an alcohol (a selective solvent for the P2VP block) by means of the slow evaporation of the common solvent; fiberlike micelles with a P3HT core and a P2VP corona were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average lengths of the micelles were found to increase as the length of the hydrocarbon chain increased in the P2VP‐selective alcoholic solvent (MeOH<iPrOH3 μm) fiberlike micelles were prepared by the dialysis of solutions of the block copolymers in THF against iPrOH. Furthermore the widths of the fibers were dependent on the degree of polymerization of the chain‐extended P3HT blocks. The crystallinity and π‐conjugated nature of the P3HT core in the fiberlike micelles was confirmed by a combination of UV/Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) measurements, and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS). Intense sonication (iPrOH, 1 h, 0 °C) of the fiberlike micelles formed by P3HT23‐b‐P2VP115 resulted in small (ca. 25 nm long) stublike fragments that were subsequently used as initiators in seeded growth experiments. Addition of P3HT23‐b‐P2VP115 unimers to the seeds allowed the preparation of fiberlike micelles with narrow length distributions (Lw/Ln <1.11) and lengths from about 100‐300 nm, that were dependent on the unimer‐to‐seed micelle ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Zhang Qifeng , Uchaker Evan , Candelaria Stephanie L. , Cao Guozhong
Published: June 2013

Review: 341 refs.
A prospective, phase 1/2 study of everolimus and temozolomide in patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
Authors: Chan Jennifer A. , Blaszkowsky Lawrence , Stuart Keith , Zhu Andrew X. , Allen Jill , Wadlow Raymond , Ryan David P. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey , Gonzalez Marielle , Regan Eileen , Zheng Hui , Kulke Matthew H.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Both everolimus and temozolomide are associated with single‐agent activity in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET). A phase 1/2 study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of temozolomide in combination with everolimus in patients who have advanced pancreatic NET.

METHODS

Patients were treated with temozolomide at a dose of 150 mg/m2 per day on days 1 through 7 and days 15 through 21 in combination with everolimus daily in each 28‐day cycle. In cohort 1, temozolomide was administered together with everolimus at 5 mg daily. Following demonstration of safety in this cohort, subsequent patients in cohort 2 were treated with temozolomide plus everolimus at 10 mg daily. The duration of temozolomide treatment was limited to 6 months. Patients were followed for toxicity, radiologic and biochemical response, and survival.

RESULTS

A total of 43 patients were enrolled, including 7 in cohort 1 and 36 in cohort 2. Treatment was associated with known toxicities of each drug; no synergistic toxicities were observed. Among 40 evaluable patients, 16 (40%) experienced a partial response. The median progression‐free survival duration was 15.4 months. Median overall survival was not reached.

CONCLUSIONS

Temozolomide and everolimus can be safely administered together in patients with advanced pancreatic NET, and the combination is associated with encouraging antitumor activity. Future studies evaluating the efficacy of combination therapy compared to treatment with either agent alone are warranted. Cancer 2013;119:3212–3218. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
The impact of radiographic retropharyngeal adenopathy in oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Gunn G. Brandon , Debnam J. Matthew , Fuller Clifton D. , Morrison William H. , Frank Steven J. , Beadle Beth M. , Sturgis Erich M. , Glisson Bonnie S. , Phan Jack , Rosenthal David I. , Garden Adam S.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

We performed this study to define the incidence of radiographic retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) involvement in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and its impact on clinical outcomes, neither of which has been well established to date.

METHODS

Our departmental database was queried for patients irradiated for OPC between 2001 and 2007. Analyzable patients were those with imaging data available for review to determine radiographic RPLN status. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were retrieved and analyzed.

RESULTS

The cohort consisted of 981 patients. The median follow‐up was 69 months. The base of the tongue (47%) and the tonsil (46%) were the most common primary sites. The majority of patients had stage T1 to T2 primary tumors (64%), and 94% had stage 3 to 4B disease. Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy was used in 77% of patients, and systemic therapy was administered in 58% of patients. The incidence of radiographic RPLN involvement was 10% and was highest for the pharyngeal wall (23%) and lowest for the base of the tongue (6%). RPLN adenopathy correlated with several patient and tumor factors. RPLN involvement was associated with poorer 5‐year outcomes on univariate analysis (P<.001 for all) for local control (79% vs 92%), nodal control (80% vs 93%), recurrence‐free survival (51% vs 81%), distant metastases‐free survival (66% vs 89%), and overall survival (52% vs 82%) and maintained significance on multivariate analysis for local control (P = .023), recurrence‐free survival (P = .001), distant metastases‐free survival (P = .003), and overall survival (P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS

In this cohort of nearly 1000 patients with radiographic RPLN adenopathy in OPC, RPLN involvement was observed in 10% of patients and indicates a negative influence on disease recurrence, distant relapse, and survival. In this cohort of nearly 1000 patients investigating radiographic RPLN adenopathy in OPC, RPLN involvement was observed in 10% of patients and portends a negative influence on disease recurrence, distant relapse, and survival. Cancer 2013;119:3162–3169. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Sperm‐Activating Odorous Substances in Human Follicular Fluid and Vaginal Secretion: Identification by Gas Chromatography–Olfactometry and Ca2+ Imaging
Authors: Hartmann Constanze , Triller Annika , Spehr Marc , Dittrich Ralf , Hatt Hanns , Buettner Andrea
Published: June 2013

Human sperm chemotaxis to follicular fluid has been well established, but the molecular mechanism(s) for this phenomenon are still largely unclear. Studies indicate that odorant receptors expressed on spermatozoa could play a role in this scenario. It has recently been shown that several synthetic floral scents activate the receptors OR1D2, OR4D1, and OR7A5 in vitro and evoke distinct sperm motility patterns in vivo. However, all agonists found so far are of synthetic origin and, thus, the presence of endogenous structural analogues in female bodily fluids is subject to speculation. Therefore, the aim of the study reported herein was to investigate the occurrence of odor compounds in vaginal secretions and follicular fluid by using gas chromatography–olfactometry. Chemically identified constituents of either bodily fluid were then analyzed for activation of recombinant chemoreceptors and candidate ligands were further tested for induction of sperm Ca2+ signals. Through using this approach, two novel odorant receptor–ligand pairs are reported and human sperm Ca2+ elevations in response to both odorous substances, namely 5α‐androst‐16‐en‐3‐one and 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone, are shown.
Inhibitory control and decision making under risk in bulimia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Wu Mudan , Giel Katrin Elisabeth , Skunde Mandy , Schag Kathrin , Rudofsky Gottfried , de Zwaan Martina , Zipfel Stephan , Herzog Wolfgang , Friederich Hans‐Christoph
Published: June 2013

Objective

To investigate neuropsychological mechanisms of impulsivity in patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge‐eating disorder (BED).

Method

Nineteen BN patients and 31 age‐ and body‐mass‐index (BMI)‐matched healthy controls (c‐BN) as well as 54 overweight and obese BED patients and 43 age‐ and BMI‐matched healthy controls (c‐BED) were investigated using an inhibitory control task (stop signal task, SST) and a decision‐making under risk task (game of dice task, GDT).

Results

Compared to c‐BN, BN patients demonstrated significant greater stop signal reaction times in the SST, but no differences for the frequency of risky decisions in the GDT. BED patients did not differ from c‐BED in the SST or the GDT.

Discussion

BN but not BED patients differed from their respective control groups concerning the “stopping” component of impulsivity. These differences in motor inhibition may contribute to the behavioral distinctions in binge‐eating behavior between BN and BED. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:721–728)
Genetic structure of the white‐footed mouse in the context of the emergence of Lyme disease in southern Québec
Authors: Rogic Anita , Tessier Nathalie , Legendre Pierre , Lapointe François‐Joseph , Millien Virginie
Published: June 2013

The white‐footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) has expanded its northern limit into southern Québec over the last few decades.P. leucopusis a great disperser and colonizer and is of particular interest because it is considered a primary reservoir for the spirochete bacterium that causes Lyme disease. There is no current information on the gene flow between mouse populations on the mountains and forest fragments found scattered throughout the Montérégie region in southern Québec, and whether various landscape barriers have an effect on their dispersal. We conducted a population genetics analysis on elevenP. leucopuspopulations using eleven microsatellite markers and showed that isolation by distance was weak, yet barriers were effective. The agricultural matrix had the least effect on gene flow, whereas highways and main rivers were effective barriers. The abundance of ticks collected from mice varied within the study area. Both ticks and mice were screened for the presence of the spirochete bacteriumBorrelia burgdorferi, and we predicted areas of greater risk for Lyme disease. Merging our results with ongoing Lyme disease surveillance programs will help determine the future threat of this disease in Québec, and will contribute toward disease prevention and management strategies throughout fragmented landscapes in southern Canada.
Photoelectrochemical properties of an active site working on Fe‐SBA‐15 catalyst: Application to the water reduction under visible light irradiation
Authors: Boudjemaa A. , Trari M. , Bachari K.
Published: June 2013

Iron‐substituted mesoporous silica, Santa Barbara Amorphous (Fe‐SBA‐15) molecular sieve with Si/Fe ratio of 50 is prepared by microwave‐hydrothermal method. The photoelectrochemistry reveals a metal deficiency and the oxide exhibits P type conductivity with activation energy of 20 meV. The flat band potential, determined from the capacitance measurements, is found to be −0.61 VSCE. Hence, the conduction band, made up of 3d orbital (∼4 eV), permits a good position of H2O/H2 level (−0.88 V/SCE), thus allowing a thermodynamically feasible H2 liberation under visible light. In neutral medium, the photocatalyst shows a high H2 evolution with a rate of 115 μmol g−1 min−1 in presence of SO32− as hole scavenger. The initial performance of the PEC system is restored when the solution is bubbled with nitrogen, a deactivation effect of <2% is observed. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 141–146, 2014
Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Kraft lignin via KOH activation
Authors: Li Xian‐Fa , Xu Qing , Fu Yao , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: June 2013

Kraft lignin (KL), which is largely obtained from Kraft pulping process, is typically utilized to generate steam, electricity, and heat. The huge amount of KL can also be utilized for various purposes such as producing biofuels, chemicals, and materials. In this work, industrial waste KL was used to prepare activated carbons (ACs) with high surface area and large pore volume via KOH activation method. The effects of pretreatment methods of KL, activation methods, and activation conditions on the pore structures and the yield of ACs were investigated. The prepared ACs were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and N2 adsorption at −196°C. The results showed that the pore structure and the yield of ACs were closely related to the various pretreatment methods, activation methods, and conditions. A 26% carbon yield of AC with the maximum BET surface area of 2762.5 m2/g and pore volume of 1.32 cm3/g was obtained under the following activation condition (a) KOH to acid pretreatment KL mass ratio of 4, (b) activation temperature of 750°C, (c) activation duration of 2 h, and (d) N2 flow rate of 160 cm3/min. The activating agent KOH can be recovered partially and the washing water discharge can also be minimized by reuse process. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 519–526, 2014
Integrating airborne and multi‐temporal long‐range terrestrial laser scanning with total station measurements for mapping and monitoring a compound slow moving rock slide
Authors: Corsini Alessandro , Castagnetti Cristina , Bertacchini Eleonora , Rivola Riccardo , Ronchetti Francesco , Capra Alessandro
Published: June 2013

A slow moving compound rock slide located in the northern Apennines of Italy was mapped and monitored through the integration of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), multi‐temporal long‐range Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), and Automated Total Station (ATS) measurements. Landslide features were mapped using a High Resolution Digital Terrain Model (HR‐DTM) obtained by merging ALS and TLS data in an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) procedure. Slope movements in the order of centimeters to a few decimeters were quantified with Differential TLS (D‐TLS) based on a Surface Matching approach and supported by ATS data to define stable reference surfaces. The integrated approach allowed mapping of the composite geomorphic features of the rock slide under examination, revealing its complex dynamic nature and further proving that laser scanning is a versatile and widely applicable tool for slope process analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective biodegradation of naphthenic acids and a probable link between mixture profiles and aquatic toxicity
Authors: Toor Navdeep S. , Han Xiumei , Franz Eric , MacKinnon Michael D. , Martin Jonathan W. , Liber Karsten
Published: June 2013

The toxicity of oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) from the Athabasca Oil Sands (AOS) in northern Alberta, Canada, is related to a relatively persistent group of dissolved organic acids known as naphthenic acids (NAs). Naphthenic acids are a complex mixture of carboxylic acids, with a general formula CnH2n+ZO2, where n indicates the carbon number and Z specifies the number of rings in the molecule. The present study is the first to evaluate the potential for the selective biodegradation of NAs and the associated reduction in aquatic toxicity of 2 OSPWs, maintained under 2 different hydraulic retention times and increased nutrient availability (nitrate and phosphate), using flow-through laboratory wetland microcosms over a 52-wk test period. High-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight–mass spectrometry analysis was used to track the changes in NA mixture profiles, or “fingerprints,” in each treatment over time. Based on first-order degradation kinetics, more rapid degradation was observed for NAs that had lower carbon numbers and fewer degrees of cyclization (NA congeners with carbon numbers 11–16 and Z series –2 to –4; half-lives between 19 and 28 wk). Within the NA mixture fingerprints, the 2 most persistent groups of homologues were also identified (NAs with carbon numbers 17–20 and Z series –6 to –12; half-lives between 37 and 52 wk). The persistence of this group of NAs may aid in explaining the residual chronic toxicological response as measured by the Microtox bioassay (effective concentration for 20%), after the degradation of the more labile fractions of NA mixtures in OSPW. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2207–2216. © 2013 SETAC
A necrodane monoterpenoid from Lavandula luisieri essential oil as a cell‐permeable inhibitor of BACE‐1, the β‐secretase in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Videira Rita , Castanheira Pedro , Grãos Mário , Salgueiro Lígia , Faro Carlos , Cavaleiro Carlos
Published: June 2013

One of the most important features in Alzheimer's disease is the generation and deposition of neurotoxic β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ). The inhibition of BACE‐1, a key enzyme in Aβ formation, is considered a promising therapeutic alternative for this disease. Natural products from plants have been extensively used as memory enhancers and in dementia therapy, mostly as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The low molecular weight and high hydrophobicity of terpenoids are properties that provide a good chance for them to cross cellular membranes and the blood–brain barrier, an essential attribute for BACE‐1 inhibition in vivo. In this study, several essential oils were screened for their inhibitory activity on BACE‐1. One of them, the essential oil from Lavandula luisieri, was signalized as inhibiting the enzyme. Moreover, this oil was tested on the endogenous BACE‐1 in cultured cells, being responsible for a reduction in Aβ production, with no significant toxicity. The essential oil was characterized by a combination of gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry data, showing high contents of oxygen‐containing monoterpenes, mainly necrodane derivatives, which are absent from any other oil. We also describe the bio‐guided fractionation of the oil, as well as tests of the constituents on recombinant BACE‐1 and on a cell line. The main inhibitory activity was assigned to the monoterpenic ketone 2,3,4,4‐tetramethyl‐5‐methylene‐cyclopent‐2‐enone, one of the distinctive components of L. luisieri essential oil. Taken together, these results showed that this essential oil and its components inhibited BACE‐1 activity, both in enzymatic and cellular assays, thus presenting the ability to permeate cell membranes, a novel finding in Alzheimer's drug research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection and enantiomeric distribution of 2‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐3‐hexanone and 3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐2‐hexanone in commercial eucalyptus honey
Authors: Liu Yong‐guo , Sun Bao‐guo , Tian Hong‐yu , Huang Tian‐ge , Zhi Lei‐qiang , Jin Jie , Huang Yan‐mei
Published: June 2013

2‐Hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐3‐hexanone and 3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐2‐hexanone have been reported as biomarkers for eucalyptus honey. The extracts of eight types of commercial eucalyptus honey products from Australia, Italy and Spain were analysed to detect the presence and the enantiomeric distribution of these two markers using GC‐MS and chiral GC‐MS. The racemic and optically active standards were synthesized by oxidation or asymmetric oxidation of the corresponding silyl enol ethers. Four honey samples were found to contain these two compounds. 2‐Hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐3‐hexanone and 3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐2‐hexanone were present in these eucalyptus samples in enantiomer‐enriched form with the (S)‐configuration as the major configuration in most cases. The ee values range from 7.2% to 44.4%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The intensity, duration, and severity of low aragonite saturation state events on the California continental shelf
Authors: Hauri C. , Gruber N. , McDonnell A. M. P. , Vogt M.
Published: June 2013

Ocean acidification will progress in an episodic manner, yet this has rarely been considered. Here, we investigate how the intensity, duration, and severity of episodic low aragonite saturation state events along the California continental shelf have changed since ~1750, and how they might change up to 2050 under the A2 scenario from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Our model‐based results suggest that between 1750 and 2010, aragonite undersaturation events along the shelf have quadrupled in their number and lengthened in duration, but that even larger changes are bound to occur within the next 20 to 40 years. Undersaturation will become very likely the norm near the seafloor by 2030, and if atmospheric CO2 increases beyond ~500 ppm, this layer will become permanently undersaturated. Combined with a fourfold increase in intensity, the resulting increase in severity of low aragonite saturation state events will substantially affect the viability of calcifying organisms and will alter ecosystem structure.
Determining olivine composition of basaltic dunes in Gale Crater, Mars, from orbit: Awaiting ground truth from Curiosity
Authors: Lane Melissa D. , Christensen Philip R.
Published: June 2013

The successful landing of the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover in Gale Crater, Mars, presents a rare opportunity for validation of a spectral index developed for determining olivine chemistry from orbital midinfrared remote‐sensing data. Here, a spectral index is developed using laboratory emissivity data of 13 synthetic Mg‐Fe olivines. Utilizing this spectral index, a prediction of olivine composition (~Fo55 ± 5) is made from orbital data for a NE‐SW trending dune field near the Curiosity rover. This dune field will be crossed during the mission as the rover travels toward a ~5 km‐high sediment stack (Mount Sharp) that contains orbitally detected clays and sulfates. Curiosity can use its instrument suite (ChemMin, Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer, ChemCam) when it reaches the dunes to verify or refute the olivine‐chemistry prediction presented here. The ability to validate the developed spectral index using the rover's ground‐truth instruments will strengthen olivine‐chemistry mapping across the Martian surface using this spectral index.
Large three‐dimensional ellipsoid sphere‐shaped structure of electrostatic solitary waves in the terrestrial bow shock under condition of Ωce/ωpe < < 1
Authors: Li S. Y. , Zhang S. F. , Cai H. , Deng X. H. , Chen X. Q. , Zhou M. , Yang H. B.
Published: June 2013

Several cases of short‐time durational large‐amplitude three‐dimensional (3‐D) electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) are observed within the transition layer of the terrestrial bow shock by THEMIS/E. Their pulse width is small (0.8–2 ms), but the amplitude is large (greater than 100 mV/m), suggesting a very strong potential drop. Two character angles (θ1 and θ2) are defined to describe the 3‐D characteristics of the ESWs, and it returns results as 76° > θ1 > 27° and 70° > θ2 > 20°, suggesting that the electron potential holes are mainly in 3‐D ellipsoid sphere‐shaped structure, including “pancake‐shaped” structure and “sphere‐shaped” structure. None of the theories commonly used to describe ESWs adequately address these pancake‐shaped and sphere‐shaped three‐dimensional structures observed in the terrestrial bow shock, where ωce < < ωpe in a weak magnetized plasma. The observation of large three‐dimensional ESWs with different spatial structures during small time interval suggests anisotropic distribution of electric potentials and presents evidence of complex wave fluctuation within the bow shock.
Different input and output properties characterize parvalbumin‐positive basket and Axo‐axonic cells in the hippocampal CA3 subfield
Authors: Papp Orsolya I. , Karlócai Mária R. , Tóth Irén E. , Freund Tamás F. , Hájos Norbert
Published: June 2013

In the hippocampus, parvalbumin‐expressing basket (BC) and axo‐axonic cells (AAC) show different discharge patterns during distinct network states, but the cellular mechanisms underlying these differences are not well understood. Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques, we investigated the single‐cell properties and excitatory synaptic features of anatomically identified BCs and AACs in the CA3 region of mouse hippocampal slices. The results showed that BCs had lower threshold for action potential (AP) generation and lower input resistance, narrower AP and afterhyperpolarization than AACs. In addition, BCs fired with higher frequencies and with more modest accommodation compared with AACs. The kinetic properties of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC), the rectification of AMPA receptor‐mediated currents, the fraction of the NMDA receptor‐mediated component in EPSCs, and the EPSC magnitude necessary to evoke an AP were similar in both cell types. However, smaller excitatory postsynaptic potential and lower intensity fiber stimulation in stratum oriens was necessary to drive firing in BCs. Moreover, the rate of spontaneous EPSCs in BCs was higher than in AACs. Neurolucida analysis revealed that the dendrites of BCs in strata radiatum and oriens were longer and more extensively ramified. Since the density of the excitatory synapses was estimated to be comparable in both cell types, we conclude that the more elaborated dendritic arbor of BCs ensures that they receive a larger number of proximal excitatory inputs. Thus, CA3 pyramidal cells more profoundly innervate BCs than AACs, which could explain, at least in part, their distinct spiking behavior under different hippocampal network activities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Memory reconsolidation allows the consolidation of a concomitant weak learning through a synaptic tagging and capture mechanism
Authors: Cassini Lindsey F. , Sierra Rodrigo O. , Haubrich Josué , Crestani Ana P. , Santana Fabiana , de Oliveira Alvares Lucas , Quillfeldt Jorge A.
Published: June 2013

Motivated by the synaptic tagging and capture (STC) hypothesis, it was recently shown that a weak learning, only able to produce short‐term memory (STM), can succeed in establishing long‐term memory (LTM) with a concomitant, stronger experience. This is consistent with the capture, by the first‐tagged event, of the so‐called plasticity‐related proteins (PRPs) provided by the second one. Here, we describe how a concomitant session of reactivation/reconsolidation of a stronger, contextual fear conditioning (CFC) memory, allowed LTM to result from a weak spatial object recognition (wSOR) training. Consistent with an STC process, the effect was observed only during a critical time window and was dependent on the CFC reconsolidation‐related protein synthesis. Retrieval by itself (without reconsolidation) did not have the same promoting effect. We also found that the inactivation of the NMDA receptor by AP5 prevented wSOR training to receive this support of CFC reconsolidation (supposedly through the production of PRPs), which may be the equivalent of blocking the setting of a learning tag in the dorsal CA1 region for that task. Furthermore, either a Water Maze reconsolidation, or a CFC extinction session, allowed the formation of wSOR‐LTM. These results suggest for the first time that a reconsolidation session can promote the consolidation of a concomitant weak learning through a probable STC mechanism. These findings allow new insights concerning the influence of reconsolidation in the acquisition of memories of otherwise unrelated events during daily life situations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iron deficiency with or without anemia impairs prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex
Authors: Pisansky Marc T. , Wickham Robert J. , Su Jianjun , Fretham Stephanie , Yuan Li‐Lian , Sun Mu , Gewirtz Jonathan C. , Georgieff Michael K.
Published: June 2013

Iron deficiency (ID) during early life causes long‐lasting detrimental cognitive sequelae, many of which are linked to alterations in hippocampus function, dopamine synthesis, and the modulation of dopaminergic circuitry by the hippocampus. These same features have been implicated in the origins of schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder with significant cognitive impairments. Deficits in sensorimotor gating represent a reliable endophenotype of schizophrenia that can be measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex. Using two rodent model systems, we investigated the influence of early‐life ID on PPI in adulthood. To isolate the role of hippocampal iron in PPI, our mouse model utilized a timed (embryonic day 18.5), hippocampus‐specific knockout of Slc11a2, a gene coding an important regulator of cellular iron uptake, the divalent metal transport type 1 protein (DMT‐1). Our second model used a classic rat dietary‐based global ID during gestation, a condition that closely mimics human gestational ID anemia (IDA). Both models exhibited impaired PPI in adulthood. Furthermore, our DMT‐1 knockout model displayed reduced long‐term potentiation (LTP) and elevated paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), electrophysiological results consistent with previous findings in the IDA rat model. These results, in combination with previous findings demonstrating impaired hippocampus functioning and altered dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, suggest that iron availability within the hippocampus is critical for the neurodevelopmental processes underlying sensorimotor gating. Ultimately, evidence of reduced PPI in both of our models may offer insights into the roles of fetal ID and the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Deception on Children's Understanding of Second‐order False Belief
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: June 2013

This research examined two questions: effects of deception on children's understanding of second‐order false belief, and possible effects of number of siblings on second‐order performance. Kindergarten children responded to 3 second‐order problems that varied in the presence and the nature of deception. Performance was better on the problems with deception, but significantly so only when the target for the belief attribution produced the deception. This finding helps to clarify differences between the two main paradigms for assessing second‐order false belief. There was no relation between number of siblings and performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's Antisocial and Prosocial Lies to Familiar and Unfamiliar Adults
Authors: Williams Shanna Mary , Kirmayer Miriam , Simon Tarek , Talwar Victoria
Published: June 2013

Although parents frequently instruct children not to lie, children often observe lie‐telling within the family environment. To date, no empirical research has examined children's spontaneous lie‐telling to different lie‐recipients. The current study examined children's spontaneous deceptive behaviour to parents and unfamiliar adults. In Experiment 1 (N = 98), children's (ages 6–9) antisocial lies to a parent or an unfamiliar adult were examined using a modified Temptation Resistance Paradigm. In Experiment 2, (N = 99) children's (ages 6–9) prosocial lies to a parent versus an unfamiliar adult were examined using the Disappointing Gift Paradigm. Results indicate that, across different types of lies, children are more likely to lie to an unfamiliar adult than to a parent. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knockdown of aberrantly upregulated aryl hydrocarbon receptor reduces tumor growth and metastasis of MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cell line
Authors: Goode Gennifer D. , Ballard Billy R. , Manning H. Charles , Freeman Michael L. , Kang Yibin , Eltom Sakina E.
Published: June 2013

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand‐activated transcription factor that belongs to the basic‐helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH)–Per‐ARNT‐Sim (PAS) superfamily of transcription factors, mediates toxic response induced by environmental chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). AhR is expressed at high levels in several human breast carcinoma cell lines in direct correlation with the degree of their malignancy. Recent studies suggest a possible role for AhR in cancer independent of PAH. Therefore, we established stable AhR knockdown cells of the human breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐231 and analyzed their tumorigenic properties in in vitro and in vivo model systems. In addition we analyzed their response to radiation and chemotherapeutic treatment. AhR knockdown attenuated these cells tumorigenic properties in vitro including proliferation, anchorage independent growth, migration and apoptosis and reduced orthotopic xenograft tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Notably, we observed that AhR knockdown enhanced radiation‐induced apoptosis as well as significantly decreased cell clonogenic survival. Furthermore, AhR knockdown in MDA‐MB‐231 cells sensitized them to paclitaxel treatment, evident by a decrease in the required cytotoxic dose. Subsequent analysis revealed AhR knockdown significantly reduced phosphorylation of AKT, which impacts cell proliferation and survival. Apoptosis‐focused gene expression analyses revealed an altered expression of genes regulating apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Collectively, our data identify AhR as a potential novel therapeutic target in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
Duloxetine use in chronic painful conditions – individual patient data responder analysis
Authors: Moore R.A. , Cai N. , Skljarevski V. , Tölle T. R.
Published: June 2013

Background

Duloxetine has been studied in four distinct chronic pain conditions – osteoarthritis (OA), fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain (CLBP) and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP). These trials have involved large numbers of patients with at least moderate pain, and have used similar methods for recording pain intensity, over about 12 weeks.

Methods

Data from the trials were pooled according to painful condition, and reanalysed at the level of the individual patient and using increasing levels of pain intensity reduction (<15%, 15–29%, 30–49%, ≥50%), with different imputation methods on withdrawal.

Results

The proportion of patients recording at least 50% pain intensity reduction plateaued after 2–6 weeks in fibromyalgia, and 8–12 weeks in other conditions. The duloxetine‐specific benefit [number needed to treat (NNT) for at least 50% pain intensity reduction] was fairly constant after about 2 weeks for DPNP and fibromyalgia and after about 4 or 5 weeks for OA and CLBP. In all conditions, responses were bimodal, with patients generally experiencing either very good or very poor pain relief. Last‐observation‐carried‐forward imputation produced numerically and occasionally statistically better (lower) NNTs than use of baseline‐observation‐carried‐forward (true response).

Conclusions

Baseline‐observation‐carried‐forward (true response), which combines the success of high levels of pain relief with the failure to experience pain relief on withdrawal of the drug is conservative and probably reflective of clinical practice experience. The distribution of effect was not normal; few patients had the average response and averages are not an appropriate descriptor for these data.
Professional Identity Development of Counselor Education Doctoral Students
Authors: Dollarhide Colette T. , Gibson Donna M. , Moss Julie M.
Published: June 2013

The authors used grounded theory to explore professional identity transitions for 23 counselor education doctoral students in a cross‐section sample based on nodal points in their programs. The transformational tasks that doctoral students face involve integration of multiple identities, evolution of confidence and legitimacy, and acceptance of responsibility as the source of knowledge about the profession. The authors offer implications for training doctoral students.
Cross‐Cultural Comparison of the Effects of Optimism, Intrinsic Motivation, and Family Relations on Vocational Identity
Authors: Shin Yun‐Jeong , Kelly Kevin R.
Published: June 2013

This study explored the effects of optimism, intrinsic motivation, and family relations on vocational identity in college students in the United States and South Korea. The results yielded support for the hypothesized multivariate model. Across both cultures, optimism was an important contributing factor to vocational identity, and intrinsic motivation partially mediated the link from optimism to vocational identity. In addition, family relations moderated the mediation effect of intrinsic motivation with American students but not Korean students. With Korean students, family relations moderated the direct link from optimism to vocational identity. These results have significant implications for counseling to promote vocational identity development for diverse college students.
The Economic Value of Career Counseling Services for College Students in South Korea
Authors: Choi Bo Young , Lee Ji Hee , Kim Areum , Kim Boram , Cho Daeyeon , Lee Sang Min
Published: June 2013

This study investigated college students’ perception of the monetary value of career counseling services by using the contingent valuation method. The results of a multivariate survival analysis based on interviews with a convenience sample of 291 undergraduate students in South Korea indicate that, on average, participants’ expressed willingness to pay (WTP) for such services ranged from U.S. $10.22 to $10.54 per hour of individual career counseling. Self‐stigma and attitudes toward counseling had positive effects on their WTP, whereas the year in college and social stigma had negative effects. The results provide policy makers with preliminary evidence of the monetary value of career counseling.
Computer‐Assisted Career Guidance Systems: A Part of NCDA History
Authors: Harris‐Bowlsbey JoAnn
Published: June 2013

The first computer‐assisted career planning systems were developed in the late 1960s and were based soundly on the best of career development and decision‐making theory. Over the years, this tradition has continued as the technology that delivers these systems’ content has improved dramatically and as they have been universally accepted as effective tools for career guidance practice. Although their widespread use in the United States is currently affected by financial conditions, the potential for using these systems in developing countries as a part of their implementation of career guidance services is promising.