bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fiber-Optic Leak-Detection Project
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: May 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 183137, “Fiber-Optic Leak-Detection Project,” by Marc Baqué, Total, prepared for the 2016 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 7–10 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

The objectives of the Fiber-Optic Leak-Detection (FOLD) project, carried out in Verneuil-en-Halatte, France, were to assess the capability of fiber-optic sensing to detect a small gaseous leakage on a buried pipe, give guidelines regarding the best deployment positions of the fiber along the pipe, compare the performance of several methodologies, and assess the impact of the fiber-optic length on the detection performance.

Buried Pipe and Nozzle Orifices

The 30-m-long pipe used for the testing campaign was typical of those used for gas transportation. It was made of steel and had an internal diameter of 390 mm. As are many in-service pipelines installed during the last century, it was originally coated with coal-tar enamel. This coating was removed before burying the pipe.

All leakages were simulated from the external surface of the pipe. As opposed to the real conditions, this pipe was not filled with pressurized gas but was rather used as a simple cylindrical envelope aimed at accommodating all lines feeding the different leakages with gas. There were 12 nozzle orifices on the pipe, thereby permitting investigation of four different release diameters (1, 3, 5, and 7 mm) and three different release directions (upward, sideways, and downward).

For ease of tracking, each row of nozzle orifices along the pipe was attributed to a given release diameter. In addition, to avoid any important deterioration of the soil that may influence the experimental results between two neighboring orifices, the following sequence was adopted for the orifices: 1, 5, 3, and 7 mm. The first and last rows were located 5 m from the ends of the pipe. All rows were equally distributed along the remaining distance of the pipe.

Main Line

The main line was made of stainless steel and had a nominal size of 1 in. (Fig.  1). This corresponds to inner and outer diameters equal to 24.3 and 33.4 mm, respectively. A dome- loaded pressure reducer (DLPR) driven in by a driving pressure reducer (DPR) was used to adjust the gas pressure to the desired value at the nozzle orifice. Downstream of the equipment, there was a pneumatic remotely operated valve (ROV) that allowed triggering the release remotely. Gas then flowed through two different branches of the main line, depending on which nozzle orifice was being tested: one for Valve 1 and 5 mm and the other for Valve 3 and 7 mm. This was  controlled by means of a  manual valve (MV) located at the entry of each branch (MV3 and MV4 in Fig.  1).  The vent line was used only during the main-line-purging operations. This purging was performed with nitrogen after each test.
Application of MPD Technology for HP/HT Wells in Vietnam
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: May 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 180637, “Best Practices and Lessons Learned on the Application of Managed-Pressure-Drilling Technology for High-Pressure/High-Temperature Wells in Vietnam,” by Bao Ta Quoc, Tan Chai Yong, Harpreet Kaur Dalgit Singh, and Vi Pham Nguyen, Weatherford, prepared for the 2016 SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, Singapore, 22–24 August. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

One common issue among operators in determining whether to install a managed-pressure-drilling (MPD) system for a campaign is the significant upfront cost. However, through detailed cost/benefit analysis and examination of lessons learned, it becomes clear that the benefits in operational safety, drilling optimization, and nonproductive-time reduction through the use of MPD significantly outweigh the cost. The complete paper discusses lessons learned and best practices of MPD technology in relation to high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) wells drilled in Vietnam.

Preparation for MPD: Constant-Bottomhole-Pressure (CBHP)

Drilling in an HP/HT Environment HP/HT drilling activities offshore Vietnam commonly experience a narrow margin between formation pore pressure and fracture gradient, in which variation in bottomhole pressure (BHP) can increase the risk of an underbalance during static wellbore conditions and lead to a higher chance of fracturing the formation in dynamic conditions. Thus, a detailed hydraulics analysis was performed with a proprietary software to simulate several scenarios at the casing shoe, at the peak-pore-pressure point, and at the target depth of the 12¼-in.-hole section.

Formation prognosis for Well A showed a converging pore-pressure/fracture-pressure (PP/FP) window with depth; therefore, hydraulic modeling and analysis were performed by choosing the pivot point set at bit/total depth, and the loss of annular friction during pumpoff events would be compensated for on the basis of selection of pressure at this point. The flow behavior during MPD-CBHP application was simulated to define the circulating parameters that will be used while drilling. These parameters will maintain the dynamic BHP within the PP/FP window, which will be evaluated as the drilling progresses by adjusting surface backpressure (SBP) through the automated MPD choke manifold.

The hydraulics analysis approaches were used to

Establish bottomhole equivalent circulating density (ECD) when drilling the 12¼-in.-hole section with planned mud weight at different pump rates and values of rev/min.

Simulate to identify effect of thermal expansion and hydrostatic-column compression of planned mud rheology used in static wellbore condition.

Simulate to determine equivalent static density (ESD) during pump-off event.

Maintain an overbalanced BHP during circulation and pump-off event.

Determine annular SBP required for the planned MPD application.
A Peridynamics Model for the Propagation of Hydraulic Fractures in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Ouchi Hisanao , Katiyar Amit , Foster John T. , Sharma Mukul M.
Published: May 2017

A novel and fully coupled hydraulic-fracturing model derived from a nonlocal continuum theory of peridynamics is presented and applied to the hydraulic-fracture (HF) propagation problem. It is shown that this modeling approach provides an alternative to finite-element and finite-volume methods for solving poroelastic and fracture-propagation problems. In this paper, we specifically investigate the interaction between an HF and natural fractures (NFs). The peridynamics model presented here allows us to simulate the propagation of multiple, nonplanar, interacting fractures and provides a novel approach to simulate the interaction between HFs and NFs. The model predictions in two dimensions have been validated by reproducing published experimental results where the interaction between an HF and an NF is controlled by the principal-stress contrast and the approach angle. A detailed parametric study involving poroelasticity and mechanical properties of the rock is performed to understand why an HF becomes arrested or crosses an NF. This analysis reveals that poroelasticity, resulting from high fracture-fluid leakoff, has a dominant influence on the interaction between an HF and an NF. In addition, the fracture toughness of the rock, the toughness of the NF, and the shear strength of the NF also affect the interaction between an HF and an NF. We also investigate the interaction of multiple completing fractures with NFs in two dimensions and demonstrate the applicability of the approach to simulate complex fracture networks on a field scale. Finally, the 3D interaction study elucidated that the height of the NF, the position of the NF, and the opening resistance of the NF all have a significant effect on the 3D interaction between an HF and an NF.
Guidelines for Assessing Compost Quality for Safe and Effective Utilization in Vegetable Production
Authors: Ozores-Hampton Monica
Published: May 2017

Compost is primarily a soil-amending product that may improve soil quality and the productivity of organic and conventional vegetable crops. Growers can use compost as a soil conditioner or as nutrient source to supplement the fertility program in vegetable production. Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium may be low. To lower the environmental impact of high compost application rates and protect water supplies from excessive nutrient runoff or leaching, or an excessive soil nutrient buildup, compost should be applied to match the nutrient needs of a crop. Compost quality use guidelines for assessing compost quality for use in vegetable production are limited. The objective of this paper is to present guidelines for determining compost quality for use in organic or conventional vegetable production.
Yield and Consumer Acceptability of ‘Evangeline’ Sweetpotato for Production in North Carolina
Authors: Barkley Susan L. , Schultheis Jonathan R. , Chaudhari Sushila , Johanningsmeier Suzanne D. , Jennings Katherine M. , Truong Van-Den , Monks David W.
Published: May 2017

Studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to compare Evangeline to various sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) varieties (Bayou Belle, Beauregard, Bonita, Covington, NC05-198, and Orleans) for commercial production in North Carolina. In another study, microwaved and oven-baked ‘Evangeline’ and ‘Covington’ sweetpotato roots were subjected to analysis of chemical and physical properties [color, dry matter (DM), texture, and sugar] and to sensory evaluation for determining consumer acceptance. ‘NC05-198’ produced the highest no. 1 grade sweetpotato 600 bushels [bu (50 lb)] per acre and total marketable storage root yield was similar to ‘Bayou Belle’ and ‘Beauregard’ (841, 775, and 759 bu/acre, respectively). No. 1 and marketable root yields were similar between ‘Orleans’ and ‘Beauregard’. However, ‘Orleans’ produced more uniform roots than ‘Beauregard’, in which the latter had higher cull production. ‘Evangeline’ was comparable to no. 1 yield of ‘Bayou Belle’, ‘Orleans’, and ‘Covington’, which indicates the ability of this variety to produce acceptable yields in North Carolina conditions. ‘Covington’ had slightly higher DM than ‘Evangeline’, but instrumental texture analysis showed that these varieties did not differ significantly in firmness after cooking. However, microwaved roots were measurably firmer than oven-baked roots for both varieties. In this study, ‘Evangeline’ had higher levels of fructose and glucose, with similar levels of sucrose and maltose to ‘Covington’. Consumers (n = 100) indicated no difference between varieties in their “just about right” moisture level, texture, and flavor ratings, but showed a preference for Evangeline flesh color over Covington. Consumers in this study preferred oven-baked over microwaved sweetpotato (regardless of variety) and indicated that Evangeline is as acceptable as the standard variety Covington when grown in the North Carolina environment.
Economic Analysis of a Low-cost Apple Harvest-assist Unit
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Heinemann Paul H.
Published: May 2017

A low-cost apple (Malus domestica) harvest-assist unit was recently developed to assist employees with fresh apple harvesting. This study reports on the economic analysis of this apple harvest-assist unit. Annual costs of the harvest-assist unit were calculated, including ownership and operational cost. Annual cost savings by increasing apple harvest efficiency, decreasing occupational injuries, improving work productivity in training, pruning, and thinning, and eliminating expenditures on purchasing ladders were calculated. When the annual costs are smaller than annual savings, the unit benefits apple orchard owners positively. Economic analysis results using orchard yields ranging from 25 to 45 Mg·ha−1 demonstrated that when the apple orchard area was larger than 7.6 ha, the unit always benefited orchard owners positively; when the orchard area was smaller than 4.2 ha, the unit always benefited orchard owners negatively. For large orchards, more than one unit was required to satisfy the operational needs. Of the top four U.S. apple production states, Washington, New York, and Michigan, benefitted from purchasing four units, three units, and two units, respectively, per typical farm. However, an average-sized orchard in Pennsylvania, would not benefit, due to small orchard size and low yield. A net present value (NPV) analysis was determined using data from Washington State, which yielded a return on the 8-year investment in the machinery of $888.44.
Particle Size of Volcanic Tuff Improves Shoot Growth and Flower Quality of Asiatic Hybrid Lily Using Soilless Culture
Authors: Al-Ajlouni Malik G. , Ayad Jamal Y. , Othman Yahia A.
Published: May 2017

Soilless substrates enhance growing environment, nutrient content, and water quality in the growing medium. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of substrate particle size on growth and flower quality (flower number and length per plant) of two asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium ×elegans) cultivars Fangio and Ercolano. Plants were grown in 12-L pot under greenhouse conditions. Five grades of particle-size substrate, consisting of granulated volcanic material (tuff) were used as treatments. These sizes were 0 to 2, 0 to 4, 0 to 8, 2 to 4, and 4 to 8 mm. Fertigation was applied daily. Plant morphology, physiology, and flower quality were determined during flowering stage. Treatments of 2 to 4- and 4 to 8-mm tuff had lower water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH compared with 0 to 2- and 0 to 4-mm tuff. In addition, plant height, leaf area, and flower quality of ‘Fangio’ were higher compared with ‘Ercolano’. Chlorophyll content and fluorescence were similar among all treatments. Leaf fresh weight, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and flower quality were higher in sizes of 0 to 4-, 2 to 4-, and 4 to 8-mm than 0 to 2-mm tuff, especially those from ‘Fangio’. The 0 to 4-mm substrate had an optimal and consistent flower quality results in both cultivars when compared with other tuff sizes. Overall, the results presented here suggest that using 0 to 4-mm tuff substrate holds promise for improving growth and flower quality of asiatic hybrid lily grown under soilless culture.
A High School Summer Academy’s Effect on Increasing Awareness of the Horticulture Industry and Its Potential to Develop Future Horticulturists
Authors: Mitchell Shelley E. , Moss Justin Q.
Published: May 2017

This study examines the impact of a residential horticultural career academy, Camp Tomorrow’s Undergraduates Realizing the Future (TURF), conducted from 2010 to 2016 at Oklahoma State University (OSU) in Stillwater, OK. Each year, up to 25 Oklahoma high school students were engaged in 2 weeks of hands-on activities representing a variety of horticulture-related careers. Instructors for Camp TURF included OSU faculty, staff, and graduate students from the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, related OSU departments, and horticulture and landscape architecture industry professionals. The Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education sponsored this career academy, which was geared toward potential first-generation college students, and helped to expose students to the university atmosphere as well as expand their knowledge of science- and math-related career fields. Pre- and postassessments given at Camp TURF show significant changes in college readiness and familiarity with horticulture careers, but did not necessarily increase interest in particular horticulture and landscape architecture careers. Upon following up with academy graduates, we learned that the academy has been a positive experience for numerous attendees, with 76.6% going on to higher education and two students majoring in horticulture and landscape architecture-related areas.
Yellow Squash and Zucchini Cultivar Evaluation in Georgia
Authors: Coolong Timothy
Published: May 2017

Ten yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo) and nine zucchini (C. pepo) cultivars were evaluated in southwest Georgia during spring and fall growing seasons in 2014 and 2015. Plants were grown using plastic mulch and drip irrigation following standard production practices for squash in Georgia. Plants were harvested 10 to 13 times during each study season. Fruit were graded into fancy, medium, and culls. Virus pressure was low during the trials. For yellow squash yields, there were significant cultivar by season interactions; however, Solstice, a straightneck yellow squash, and Gentry, a crookneck cultivar, were consistently among the highest yielding yellow types. Despite having no documented virus resistance, ‘Gentry’ performed well during the fall season. However, ‘Precious II’, a yellow straightneck cultivar with the presence of the precocious yellow gene, experienced high cull rates in the fall due to virus effects on the fruit. There was a year by season by cultivar interaction for zucchini yield. Despite this interaction, ‘Respect’ was ranked among the highest yielding cultivars in all four seasons of the trial. Differences were also observed between seasons for yellow and zucchini squash, with fall yields generally being lower than those in the spring. The results of this study suggest significant differences in the adaptability of squash cultivars for spring and fall production in Georgia. In addition, virus resistance, while important, should not be the exclusive factor for determining cultivars for fall-planted squash in Georgia.
Efficacy and Estimated Annual Cost of Common Weed Control Methods in Landscape Planting Beds
Authors: Marble S. Christopher , Koeser Andrew K. , Hasing Gitta , McClean Drew , Chandler Annette
Published: May 2017

Organic mulch is commonly used in landscape planting beds to improve plant growth and reduce competition from weed species. Although many different mulch materials have been evaluated in landscape, forestry, or agricultural settings, there have been no previous reports concerning the maintenance costs associated with different mulch materials from a weed control perspective. Trials were conducted at two locations in Florida to estimate the annual maintenance costs associated with pine bark nuggets (bark derived from pine species not specified) and pine straw mulch [mix of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and slash pine (Pinus taeda) needles] with and without the use of a granular preemergence herbicide when maintained at similar depths in schilling’s holly (Ilex vomitoria ‘Schilling’s Dwarf’) shrub beds and asiatic jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum ‘Minima’) groundcover beds. Weed coverage and residual mulch depth were tracked over time, with maximum and minimum thresholds (20% and 2 inches, respectively) set as triggers for maintenance activities. Results showed that the addition of herbicide (trifluralin + isoxaben) had little to no impact on weeding frequency or time when plots were mulched, but did reduce hand weeding frequency and time compared with nontreated, nonmulched plots. Both mulch materials used alone reduced hand weeding frequency and time compared with herbicide-only treatments. Although results varied by bed type and location, pine bark generally provided greater weed control compared with pine straw and required fewer mulch additions and less mulch by volume. Results from this study suggests that using pine bark nuggets as mulch may result in lower maintenance costs and weed pressure compared with pine straw when both are applied and maintained at 2-inch depths.
Establishment Technique and Rootstock Impact ‘Chambourcin’ Grapevine Morphology and Production in Missouri
Authors: Thomas Andrew L. , Harris Jackie L. , Bergmeier Elijah A. , Striegler R. Keith
Published: May 2017

An evaluation of establishment techniques and rootstocks for ‘Chambourcin’ hybrid grape (Vitis sp.) was conducted 2009–12. Our objective was to evaluate four establishment methods and their interactions with grafted and ungrafted vines in terms of vine morphology and early fruit production under southwest Missouri conditions. The study was established in May 2009, as a factorial experiment comparing four establishment methods (open-trained without protection—two shoots, grow tube protected—two shoots, paperboard carton protected—two shoots, and fan-trained without protection—six shoots) across two vine types (own-rooted and grafted to ‘Couderc 3309’ hybrid grape rootstock). All vines in four of 12 field replications were destructively harvested near the conclusion of the first growing season, with leaf area and total vine dry matter determined. In years 3 and 4, yield, fruit composition, and vegetative growth were determined from the eight remaining replications. The fan training method increased leaf area and total vine dry matter compared with the other methods, but none of the establishment techniques affected fruit yield. Trunks that were tube protected had longer internodes, smaller diameter, and less dry matter, whereas both protection devices reduced glyphosate injury. Vine type (grafted and ungrafted) did not impact total leaf area or dry weight during the establishment year, but grafted vines had increased trunk and root shank dry weights compared with own-rooted vines. Grafted vines produced greater fruit yield in 2012. The fan training method required more labor to execute; although it was successful at increasing leaf area and root dry weight, it increased susceptibility to glyphosate injury and did not promote increased precocity or early fruit yield.
Response of Branching and Nonbranching Cut Flower Cultivars of Sunflower to Pinching and Planting Density
Authors: Wien Hans C.
Published: May 2017

Pinching sunflower (Helianthus annuus) grown for cut flowers in the vegetative stage increases stem yield at least 3-fold. Four experiments were conducted to further investigate the cultivar response differences to pinching, to explore the response to planting density, and to examine the effect of the time of pinching. In the first two experiments, two branching and one nonbranching cultivar in 2011, and three branching cultivars in 2012, were grown at 6 × 6-, 9 × 9-, and 12 × 12-inch spacing and pinched at the six-leaf stage. Pinching led to stem yield increases, but reduced flower size and stem length. Combining closer spacing with pinching further decreased flower size, increased the number of stems, and the gross value of stems per unit area. At highest densities flowers were too small to be saleable. The inverse relationship of flower size to stem numbers per unit area held true across all cultivars in both years. The branching cultivar Starburst Lemon Aura was the most productive of the cultivars tested when pinched, yielding 15,744 stems/1000 ft2 at the closest spacing. In 2013 and 2015, delaying the time of pinching from the 6-leaf to the 10-leaf stage reduced stem production among three nonbranching cultivars from 2.8 to 1.8 stems/plant, compared with an increase from 4.2 to 5.1 stems/plant for the branching cultivar Goldrush. The difference in pinching response among cultivars in 2013 and 2015 may have been related to relative severity of septoria leaf blight (Septoria helianthi) that infected the lower leaves. The results of the four experiments confirmed the efficacy of pinching on productivity and value of sunflowers, with best results obtained when pinching was done at the six-leaf stage.
Total Crop Management Increases Undergraduate Student Confidence in Producing Containerized Poinsettias in Greenhouse Production Courses
Authors: Currey Christopher J. , Lopez Roberto G.
Published: May 2017

Total crop management (TCM) is a holistic approach to crop production that integrates data collection and interpretation to facilitate decisions that produce a uniform, high-quality, and marketable crop. Our objective was to determine if integrating TCM into poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) production experiences at two separate land-grant universities would improve student confidence in greenhouse potted plant production decision-making skills. Students produced containerized poinsettias and collected data on the greenhouse environment [light, temperature, and relative humidity (RH)], plant growth, media properties, irrigation water quality, and pest populations weekly at Purdue University (PU) (2011 and 2013) and Iowa State University (ISU) (2013) or biweekly (2015). Students were provided with self-assessments at the beginning and end of each course with statements about TCM and the various components comprising TCM activities. For nearly every statement at both institutions, self-assessments in confidence and understanding increased on the pre- to postsemester surveys. The systematic data collection combined with discussion and reflection provides an opportunity for peer instruction and learning. We believe TCM increases student confidence in their greenhouse plant production skills.
Use of Annual Phosphorus Loss Estimator (APLE) Model to Evaluate a Phosphorus Index
Authors: Fiorellino Nicole M. , McGrath Joshua M. , Vadas Peter A. , Bolster Carl H. , Coale Frank J.
Published: May 2017

The Phosphorus (P) Index was developed to provide a relative ranking of agricultural fields according to their potential for P loss to surface water. Recent efforts have focused on updating and evaluating P Indices against measured or modeled P loss data to ensure agreement in magnitude and direction. Following a recently published method, we modified the Maryland P Site Index (MD‐PSI) from a multiplicative to a component index structure and evaluated the MD‐PSI outputs against P loss data estimated by the Annual P Loss Estimator (APLE) model, a validated, field‐scale, annual P loss model. We created a theoretical dataset of fields to represent Maryland conditions and scenarios and created an empirical dataset of soil samples and management characteristics from across the state. Through the evaluation process, we modified a number of variables within the MD‐PSI and calculated weighting coefficients for each P loss component. We have demonstrated that our methods can be used to modify a P Index and increase correlation between P Index output and modeled P loss data. The methods presented here can be easily applied in other states where there is motivation to update an existing P Index.

Core Ideas

Our methods expanded upon methods developed by Bolster to modify and evaluate PIs.

Our methods provide practical guidance to other states for modification of PIs.

A theoretical dataset was simulated to represent geographical conditions in Maryland.

Removal of categorical variables and weights increased PI and P loss correlation.

Fertilizer and subsurface components should be evaluated like surface components.
Aging of Dissolved Copper and Copper‐based Nanoparticles in Five Different Soils: Short‐term Kinetics vs. Long‐term Fate
Authors: Sekine Ryo , Marzouk Ezzat R. , Khaksar Maryam , Scheckel Kirk G. , Stegemeier John P. , Lowry Gregory V. , Donner Erica , Lombi Enzo
Published: May 2017

With the growing availability and use of copper‐based nanomaterials (Cu‐NMs), there is increasing concern regarding their release and potential impact on the environment. In this study, the short‐term (≤5 d) aging profile and the long‐term (135 d) speciation of dissolved Cu, copper oxide, and copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuO‐NPs and CuS‐NPs) were investigated in five different soils using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Soil pH was found to strongly influence the short‐term chemistry of the Cu‐NMs added at 100 mg kg−1 above background. Low pH soils promoted rapid dissolution of CuO‐NPs that effectively aligned their behavior to that of dissolved Cu within 3 d. In higher pH soils, CuO‐NPs persisted longer due to slower dissolution in the soil and resulted in contrasting short‐term speciation compared with dissolved Cu, which formed copper hydroxides and carbonates that were reflective of the soil chemistry. Organic matter appeared to slow the dissolution process, but in the long term, the speciation of Cu added as dissolved Cu, CuO‐NPs, and CuS‐NPs were found to be same for each soil. The results imply that, in the short term, Cu‐NMs may exhibit unique behavior in alkaline soils compared with their conventional forms (e.g., in the event of an adverse leaching event), but in the long term (≥135 d), their fates are dictated by the soil properties, are independent of the initial Cu form, and are likely to present minimal risk of nanospecific Cu‐NM impact in the soil environment for the concentration studied here.

Core Ideas

Short‐term reactions of Cu are form (dissolved or nanoparticle) and soil chemistry dependent.

In low pH soils, CuO‐NPs dissolved rapidly and behaved similarly to dissolved Cu.

CuO‐NPs persisted longer in alkaline soils and soils with high organic matter content.

In the long term, Cu, CuO‐NPs, and CuS‐NPs transform into Cu bound to FeO(OH) or NOM.

Chemical fate of Cu added to soils is largely independent of the original Cu form.
Pontos comuns entre os textos de Christine de Pizan ("La Cité des dames e Les Trois vertus") e "Le Mesnagier de Paris"
Authors: Leite Lucimara
Published: May 2017

Entre os séculos XII e XV, os tratados de boas maneiras moralistas tiveram o seu auge. A princípio, esses tratados de comportamento eram voltados aos homens. Depois os homens começaram a escrever sobre e para as mulheres, voltaram seu olhar para a conduta feminina. Christine de Pizan, autora de Cité des dames e Trois Vertus, aproveitou-se dos tratados, tomando-os como modelo, para fazer uma adaptação dessas obras, realizando assim uma emulação do gênero. Até essa época, só a educação voltada para os afazeres cotidianos e domésticos era destinada às mulheres. Essa importância dada às estratégias domésticas é a base da formação apresentada por Le Mesnagier de Paris, obra anônima do final do século XIV. Neste artigo, pretende-se fazer o cotejamento de alguns temas comuns presentes em Le Mesnagier de Paris e as obras citadas de Christine de Pizan.
Failure Analysis for a Low Pressure Aeroengine Turbine Vane
Authors: Citarella Roberto , Giannella Venanzio , Vivo Edoardo , Mazzeo Massimo
Published: May 2017

Background & Objective

In this work, a thermo-mechanical fatigue application related to a fracture process simulation in a turbine vane is implemented, using a submodelling approach based on the principle of linear superposition.

Method

The proposed crack propagation approach leverages on a combined use of FEM and DBEM methodologies: the global analysis is solved by using FEM whereas the fracture problem is demanded to DBEM. In particular, a DBEM submodel is extracted from a global uncracked FE model and, in the new proposed formulation, boundary conditions are applied just on crack faces rather than loading subdomain boundaries with displacements/tractions and temperatures, as in the classical approach.

Results & Conclusion

The adopted approach solves the fracture problem by using simpler pure stress analyses rather than by thermal-stress analyses, as requested by the classical approach. Boundary conditions applied on the submodel crack faces come from the solution of a FE uncracked global model. The computational advantages of such alternative approach are highlighted and, in addition, a fatigue assessment is provided for a turbine vane, considering as initial crack the maximum design defect dictated by GE-Avio regulations for such kind of components.
Effects of Alternate Irrigation with Saline and Non-Saline Water on Sorghum Crop Manured with Elaeagnus angustifolia Leaves Using 15N
Authors: Al-Ain Farid , Al-Chamma'a Mohamad , Kurdali Fawaz
Published: May 2017

Background:

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of alternate irrigation with saline (S) and fresh (F) water on growth, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in Sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolorL.) manured withElaeagnus angustifolialeaves (GM) using15N.

Method:

Five types of irrigation systems abbreviated as (F, 2F:1S, 1F:1S, 1F:2S and S) and one rate of Green Manure (GM) were employed.

Result:

Results showed reductions in both Dry Matter yield (DM) and nitrogen uptake (NY) in sorghum grown under different types of irrigation systems as compared with the control (F). The reduction rates of these two parameters increased with increasing number of irrigations with saline water. However,E. angustifolialeaves applied as green manure mitigated the harmful effect of salinity on plant growth parameters. The percent increments as a result of GM application were 9, 19, 43, 43 and 65% for DM, and 33, 30, 42, 36 and 60% for NY in F, 2F:1S, 1F:1S, 1F:2S and S, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency of added green manure ranged between 25 and 47% in the different types of irrigation systems. Our results indicated that increment of NY in green manured sorghum plants was mainly attributed to its nitrogen availability. According to the availability of S and F water resources, and the economic returns aimed by farmers in the semi-arid regions, it is recommended to use (2F:1S, 1F:1S and 1F:2S) in combination withE. angustifolialeaf GM. Such a procedure can be considered as a promising agricultural practice to improve yield with a proper water resource investment.
Characteristics of Anterior Lens Opacities in Children
Authors: Dixit Lena , Puente Michael , Yen Kimberly G.
Published: May 2017

Background:

Anterior lens opacities (ALO) are found in 3-14% of pediatric patients with cataracts. No clear guidelines exist in the management and treatment of these cataracts.

Objective:

To evaluate pediatric patients with anterior lens opacities and assess rate of amblyopia and need for surgery over time.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with unilateral and bilateral anterior lens opacities (ALOs) seen between January 2008 and December 2014. Size, location, and type of ALO were noted. Refractive error, necessity for treatment of amblyopia, and interventions were recorded.

Results:

A total of 31 patients were included in the study. 17 patients had unilateral ALOs and 14 had bilateral ALOs. The majority of the cataracts (90.3%) were centrally located. The most common type of cataract was the polar type of cataract and the vast majority (48.4%) was < 1mm in size. 38.7% of patients had concurrent ocular conditions and 9.7% had systemic associations. 28.6% of patients with bilateral cataracts and 35.3% of the patients with unilateral cataracts were treated for amblyopia. Three patients required cataract surgery.

Conclusion:

About half of anterior lens opacities are less than 1mm in size and the majority are of the polar type. Risk of amblyopia in these patients is higher than in the general population. Anisometropia is the most common cause of amblyopia. Ocular associations are seen at a relatively high frequency and systemic associations can occur but are uncommon. The need for surgical intervention is infrequent; however, growth of ALOs and associated cortical changes may be risk factors for surgery.
De lo ideal a lo material: influencia de las artes en la concepción luliana de la relación idea-materia
Authors: Bordoi Antoni
Published: May 2017

The Platonic legacy in the Middle Ages not only contains philosophical elements, but also unresolved issues. Among these, one question was of particular interest: to explain how the derivation of matter from the idea is ontologically possible. In this sense, the present study analyses the solution that, through different works, Ramon Llull proposes in order to answer this question. The analysis has three parts: the study of the background of the issue; the possibilities of solving it by means of the mathematical disciplines, also contained in the liberal arts; and the three steps with which Ramon Llull develops his own theory on the derivation of matter from ideas. The purpose of the study is, in this way, to thresh the constitutive elements of the Lullian response and to identify its relations with 13th century mathematics.
Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Mahanimba (Melia Azedarach Linn.) Moola Ghanavati In Albino Rats
Authors: Dhanavade Bhavin Vilas , Pandya Anil
Published: May 2017

The drugs which are used as analgesic and anti inflammatory agents cause many side effects and toxic effects. Many medicines of plant origin have been used from many years without any side effects. In Ayurvedic ancient text named Gada Nigraha, it has been mentioned that Mahanimba (Melia azedarach Linn.) Moola can be used in the management of Gridhrasi (Sciatica). In Gridhrasi pain and inflammation of Sciatic nerve is the main cardinal symptoms. So, in this pharmacological study evaluation of analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of test drug Mahanimba Moola have been assessed with compare to Standard drug Parijata Patra (Nyctanthes arbortristis).
A comparative clinical study of two source plant Motha (Cyprus Rotundus Linn) and Nagarmotha (Cyprus Scariousus) in Sthaulya (Obeisty)
Authors: Barai Mehul , Thakkar Rajesh M.
Published: May 2017

Herbal product market is increasing day by day throughout the world and various pharmaceutical companies conducting extensive research on plant material for their potential medicinal value. Motha (Cyperus rotundus), a is found in all tropical, subtropical and temperate region of the world, in India its commonly known as Motha and its in cypereacea and Nagarmotha (Cyperus Scariosus) is pestiferous perennial, delicate slender sedge found wildly in various parts of the country, especially in damp or marshy areas and collected wildly for extraction of its essential oil using steam distillation. The present review article provide an overview on comparative clinical study done on Sthaulya (Obesity).
Jyotismati Taila and Ashtamangal Ghrita Nasya in the management of Mental Retardation - A Comparative Study
Authors: Maniar M. R. , Patel K. S. , Mistry I. U.
Published: May 2017

Mental retardation is still elusive to researchers due to multidimensionality of psychological, medical, educational and social aspects, which alters mental functions and capability. Mental sub capability divided in 4 categories, Mild, Moderate, Severe and Profound. Chief aim of management of mental retardation is to make child more capable of performing common activities of everyday life by positive improvement in mental sub-capability. Mental retardation required multidimensional management approach. Present study focused on medicinal intervention, particularly analysis of comparative effectiveness of selected drug formulations (Astamangalghrita and Jyotismatitaila) from classical text of Ayurveda. Study design with the aims to compare the effectiveness of Jyotismatitaila and Astamangal Ghrita Nasya on Mental retardation. Assessment were based on Mental Status Score and IQ score taken before starting of treatment and after completion of treatment in both group. Obtained data was analyzed statistically. In this study, from result we conclude that both drugs are effective to improve Mental Status parameter and in IQ, but higher percentage and significance wise Jyotismati Taila had better result than Astamangal Ghrita Nasya.
A clinical study on the efficacy of Kshara Sootra compared to fistulectomy in Bhangandara
Authors: Gundre Rajesh N. , Mashetti N. B.
Published: May 2017

Fistula In Ano is a tract lined by graulation tissue which opens deeply in the anal canal or rectum and superficially on the skin around the anus. It is usually inflammatory in origin and open at either end in surgery it implies a chronic granulation tract communicating two epithelial line surface. In Ayurveda, Bhagandara is a condition which causes Darana of Bhaga, Guda and Vasti. A painful and suppurated Pidika in the region of Guda, on bursting leads to Bhagandara. Bhagandara is a having only surgical treatment in modern surgery and In Ayurveda there are many surgical and parasurgical methods for the treatment of Bhagandara. Out of all methods today fistulectomy in modern surgery and Ksharsootra therapy in Ayurveda are widely used techniques. The positive feedback of Ksharasootra therapy over fistulectomy has encouraged me to do research work and conduct the study on the advantages and distadvantages of the both the methods.
Efficacy of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum and Cinnamomum Tamala in the Management of Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Tilavat Yogita , Parmar Rekha
Published: May 2017

In Modern medicine, Hypercholesterolemia is under dyslipidemia. It is the presence of high cholesterol level in the blood. Now days, Hypercholesterolemia is a dangerous problem among the people. To know the effectiveness of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cinnamomum tamala in the management of Hypercholesterolemia to study the etiology, pathogenesis and symptomatology of Hypercholesterolemia according to ayurveda and modern science. Total 30 patients of Hypercholesterolemia were treated with Bark powder of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cinnamomum tamala, 1g. twice a day for 3 months. The results were assessed in terms of clinical recovery, symptomatic relief and assessment of Lipid profile.
Role of Shamanaushadhi in Typhoid Fever – An Observational Clinical Study
Authors: Parauha Saurabh , Hullur M. A. , S. Prashanth. A.
Published: May 2017

Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever that is most often caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. Once the bacteria is ingested it quickly multiplies within the stomach, liver or gall bladder and finally enters the blood stream causing symptoms like fever, headache etc. these cases as of 2010 caused about 190000 deaths up from 137000 in 1990 in whole world, India, Pakistan and Egypt are also known high risk area for developing this disease. A clinical study comprising of 15 patients of either sex attending OPD clinic of AMVH Hubli and presenting with clinical manifestation of Typhoid confirmed by Widal test were selected for observational study. All the patients received Sanjivani Vati 2 tab. bid with Kiratadisapta Kashaya (20 ml) twice daily after food. It was given for 21 days and follow up period was of 1 month with weekly visit. From the result obtained we can conclude that therapy with this Ayurvedic combination of drugs shown significant relief (p less than 0.001) in symptoms after 21 days of treatment.
Physico-chemical analysis of Haratala w.s.r. to its various Shodhana procedures
Authors: Sangolgi Bandeppa , Rao Ganapathi , Benne Sangameshwar
Published: May 2017

Kalpana is the process through which a substance can be transformed into the form of medicine according to the need. Samskaras are to be done for potentiating the drug or the formulation. Among all these pharmaceutical processes Shodhana is one of them. For a single drug many process of Shodhana have been mentioned. Arsenic compounds are being popularly used in Ayurveda therapeutics since centuries, Haratala being important among them. It is commonly used in treating the diseases like Sleshmaroga, Raktapitta, Vatarakta, Kustha etc. Haratala is called orpiment of yellow arsenic with two molecules of Arsenic and three molecules of Sulphur (AS2S3). Patra Haratala is Srestha and used for the present study. Haratala consumed without proper Shodhana shortens the life span, causes diseases of Kapha and Vata, Prameha, Santapa, Spotha, Snayu Sankocha. Hence Shodhana of Haratala is essential. There are different Medias explained in literature for Shodhana of Haratala. According to the media of purification the quality and pharmacological properties of Haratala will vary. Depending on the change in properties the therapeutic effect may also vary. The present study includes Shodhana of Patra Haratala as per Classical reference of Rasa Ratna Samucchaya where Shodana of Patra Haratala is done by Kushmanda Swarasa, Tila Kshara Jala and Churnodaka. Standard Operative Procedure of the process is done in the pharmaceutical study. The analytical study reveals the standards which can be given for Ashuddha Haratala and Shuddha Haratala of various Samples. The differences in the parameters reveal that there are some changes which give us the idea regarding role of a particular media in purification of a substance, where it adds some properties of the media used.
Dhatuparinama – An Ayurvedic approach of Metabolic Transformation
Authors: Dhanashri Patil , Pampanngouda H. , J. Patil N. , Baragi Umapati
Published: May 2017

The human body it has been composed of Doshas, Dhatus and Malas. For the maintenance of life these three plays an important role. Among these Dhatus has its main function in structuring the body and supports the body. The food material is first broken down and converted into an assimlable form called Aahararasa. This Aahararasa is then absorbed in the body and the Dosha, Dhatu, Mala are refurbished from it. The production of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala from Aahararasa takes place at micro level and can only be inferred from logical inferences. The Food substances undergo metabolic transformation by the effect of Jatharagni, Bhutagni and Dhatwagni. After this process the Paaka of the food occurs and it nourishes the Dhatus. This process of digestion at Micro level is called as Dhatuparinama. The metabolic transformation of food which is explained in contemporary science; it is also explained in Ayurveda. Acharaya Charaka explains ‘Dhatavo hi dhatvahara’ it means that the Dhatu produced by assimilating the food material i.e. Aahara Rasa is in itself the diet of different Dhatus and hence is responsible to maintain them in a healthy state.
A comprehensive review on Vrishan Karma (aphrodisiac action) by Piyush (cow colostrum)
Authors: Dhanavade Bhavin Vilas , Pandya Anil
Published: May 2017

Piyush (Cow colostrum) is the first milk which cow gives after giving birth to calf. As per our Ayurvedic texts this Piyush is having Madhura Rasa and Guru-Snigdha Gunas. Due to its properties it is Vata-Pitta Dosha Nashak and Kapha Dosha Vardhak. Thus, these all factors affects in the nourishment of all the seven Dhatus (tissues) of human body. Nourishment of seven Dhatus lead to Vrishan Karma (aphrodisiac action) of body. Vrishan Karma of human body is directly related with the Vyadhiksamatava (Immunity). If Vyadhikshamatva of body is more then the Vrishyata of body increases. As per Modern Science Piyush is known as a cow colostrum. It contains more Immunoglobulin, lactose, protein, fat than normal cow milk. Ultimately these all factors help in increasing the level of Immunity which is acquired immunity. Thus Piyush provide a novel treatment option for the Vrishan Karma in body. This review explores the current knowledge on the beneficial effect of Piyush supplementation in the above condition.
Conceptual review on science of Marma with emphasis on Tridosha Sidhanta
Authors: Shahu Divya , K. Danga S. , Petkar Shubhangi
Published: May 2017

The concept of Tridosha is the fundamental principle of Ayurveda, on which the entire concept of health and diseases along with therapeutics is based. When they are deranged, it leads to many disorders and complications. Marmas are the vital anatomical sites in our body, when get injured leads to various kinds of pain or deformity or may result fatal. Tridoshas are the important entity present at the places of Marmasthana. Acharya Sushruta has located the presence of Trigunas, Mahagunas and Bhootatma in the Marmas, where Soma (Jala Tatva), Maruta (Vayu Tatva), Teja (Agni Tatva) representing Tridoshas. Any trauma to these Marmas is likely to provoke both the Sharirika (Vata, Pitta and kapha) and Mansika (Satwa, Raja and Tama) Doshas which thereby affect the body and the Manas (Psychological temperament).