bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correcting the Effects of −20 °C Storage and Aliquot Size on Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Content in the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Pottala James V. , Espeland Mark A. , Polreis Jason , Robinson Jennifer , Harris William S.
Published: July 2012

Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) patterns have been shown to predict risk for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. As part of a project analyzing RBC samples from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) we observed implausibly low levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) suggestive of degradation. This was hypothesized to be due to short term storage (<1 month) at −20 °C during sample aliquoting. The purpose of this study was to measure the extent of degradation that occurs under these conditions, and then to use regression calibration equations with multiple imputations to correct the biases. Samples from the Women's Health Initiative that had always been stored at −80 °C were obtained and subjected to similar conditions as the WHIMS samples. General linear mixed models were used to develop bias‐corrected calibration equations for each fatty acid. Sample degradation occurred at −20 °C with the average HUFA loss of 3.5 to 5.9 % per week depending on aliquot size (250 and 80 µL, respectively). Using the ratio of HUFA to saturated fatty acids (HUFA/SAT) as a marker of degradation, this bias‐correction method raised the HUFA/SAT from 0.70 to 0.81, which was similar to that (0.78) seen in another large study with optimal processing. In summary, RBC samples should always be stored at −80 °C. The FA compositions of the degraded RBC samples from WHIMS were rehabilitated by application of regression calibration equations and multiple imputations, and these imputed datasets should be used in all future WHIMS studies.
Inhibition of thimet oligopeptidase by siRNA alters specific intracellular peptides and potentiates isoproterenol signal transduction
Authors: Russo Lilian C. , Castro Leandro M. , Gozzo Fabio C. , Ferro Emer S.
Published: July 2012

Mammalian cells have a large number of intracellular peptides that are generated by extralysosomal proteases. In this study, the enzymatic activity of thimet oligopeptidase (EP24.15) was inhibited in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells using a specific siRNA sequence. The semi‐quantitative intracellular peptidome analyses of siRNA‐transfected HEK293 cells shows that the levels of specific intracellular peptides are either increased or decreased upon EP24.15 inhibition. Decreased expression of EP24.15 was sufficient to potentiate luciferase gene reporter activation by isoproterenol (1–10 μM). The protein kinase A inhibitor KT5720 (1 μM) reduced the positive effect of the EP24.15 siRNA on isoproterenol signaling. Thus, EP24.15 inhibition by siRNA modulates the levels of specific intracellular peptides and isoproterenol signal transduction.
Breakage and Migration of Metal Wires in Operated Patella Fractures: Does it Correlate with Time?
Authors: Sammy Mak Nin-Tai
Published: July 2012

Background

Tension-band wiring with metal wires is a commonly used technique to treat transverse patella fractures. Wire breakage and migration may potentially cause complications or morbidities such as nerve irritation or skin impingement. The need of extra wound or surgery for implant removal may be required. We hypothesize that the breakage of patellar tension-band wires is related to the patient's age and the length of time after fracture fixation.

Methods

We retrieved and analysed our 11 years records (from January 1, 2000, to May 31, 2011). The inclusion criteria were: (1) patients with transverse patella fracture treated with tension-band plus cerclage wiring technique, (2) with their metal wires removed in our hospital, (3) unilateral patella fracture, (4) wire removal not due to infection, (5) wire removal after complete fracture union, (6) no fracture distal pole or partial patellectomy with protective wire loop, and (7) known exact date of the initial fracture fixation surgery. We reviewed the reasons of wire removal, the presence of broken or migrated wires upon implant removal, and the time lapse from fracture fixation to removal of wire.

Results

A total of 59 cases were recruited and studied. A total of 28 patients had intact wires and 31 patients had broken wires upon implant removal. For the age of patients at fracture fixation, there was no statistically significant difference between the intact wire group and the broken wire group. However, for the length of time from fracture fixation to implant removal, the difference was statistically significant between the two groups of patients. It suggested that the risk of wire breakage increases with time after patellar tension-band wiring. If 12 months was used as a cut-off time, there was a statistically significant association between the duration from fracture fixation to implant removal and the presence of broken wire. There were seven cases of wire migration among the 31 patients with broken wires, and two of them needed an extra open wound at popliteal fossa for implant removal.

Conclusions

The risk of patellar tension-band wire breakage was associated with increase time lapse from fracture fixation, but not the patients’ age upon fracture fixation. The risk of wire breakage significantly increases after 12 months from the fracture fixation. Wire breakage can lead to further morbidities or complications. Routine removal of wire loops may be indicated. Future prospective longitudinal long-term studies may be required.
Impact of regulatory science on global public health
Authors: Patel Meghal , Miller Margaret Ann
Published: July 2012

Regulatory science plays a vital role in protecting and promoting global public health by providing the scientific basis for ensuring that food and medical products are safe, properly labeled, and effective. Regulatory science research was first developed for the determination of product safety in the early part of the 20th Century, and continues to support innovation of the processes needed for regulatory policy decisions. Historically, public health laws and regulations were enacted following public health tragedies, and often the research tools and techniques required to execute these laws lagged behind the public health needs. Throughout history, similar public health problems relating to food and pharmaceutical products have occurred in countries around the world, and have usually led to the development of equivalent solutions. For example, most countries require a demonstration of pharmaceutical safety and efficacy prior to marketing these products using approaches that are similar to those initiated in the United States. The globalization of food and medical products has created a shift in regulatory compliance such that gaps in food and medical product safety can generate international problems. Improvements in regulatory research can advance the regulatory paradigm toward a more preventative, proactive framework. These improvements will advance at a greater pace with international collaboration by providing additional resources and new perspectives for approaching and anticipating public health problems. The following is a review of how past public health disasters have shaped the current regulatory landscape, and where innovation can facilitate the shift from reactive policies to proactive policies.
Direct Action, Deliberation, and Diffusion
Authors: Wood Lesley J.
Published: July 2012

What are the micro-level interactions and conversations that underlie successful and failed diffusion? By comparing the spread of direct action tactics from the 1999 Global Justice Movement protests against the World Trade Organization in Seattle to grassroots activists in Toronto and New York, Lesley Wood argues that dynamics of deliberation among local activists both aided and blocked diffusion. To analyze the localization of this cycle of protest, the research brings together rich ethnography, interviews, social network analysis and catalogs of protest events. The findings suggest that when diverse activists with different perspectives can discuss innovations in a reflexive, egalitarian manner, they are more likely to make strategic and meaningful choices.
The European Commission and Bureaucratic Autonomy
Authors: Ellinas Antonis A. , Suleiman Ezra
Published: July 2012

This book examines the struggle of the European Union bureaucracy to maintain its autonomy in an increasingly complex institutional setting and adverse political environment. Using an original survey of nearly two hundred top European Commission officials, it shows that the Commission is a coherent organization that shares a common culture of supranationalism. The European Union's multicephalous structure of political authority limits the capacity of European politicians to curb the autonomy of the Commission but tends to undermine the legitimacy of the organization, which finds itself under persistent political attacks. These attacks inadvertently help the organization bolster its defenses against the external threats and trigger internal legitimation processes that reinforce the devotion of its employees to its institutional mission. The rich survey data show how Commission bureaucrats establish themselves as the 'custodians of Europe'. The book helps disentangle the complexity of the Commission and makes a contribution to the study of international bureaucracies, a topic that has received little attention.
Listening to Emerson's “England” at Clinton Hall, 22 January 1850
Authors: WRIGHT TOM F.
Published: July 2012

Ralph Waldo Emerson's delivery of his essay “England” at Manhattan’s Clinton Hall on 22 January 1850 was one of the highest-profile of his performance career. He had recently returned from his triumphant British speaking tour with a radically revised view of transatlantic relations. In a New York still in shock from the Anglophobic urban riots of the previous winter, media observers were prepared to find a great deal of symbolism in both Emerson's new message and his idiosyncratic style of performance. This essay provides a detailed account of the context, delivery and conflicting newspaper readings of this Emerson appearance. Considering the lecture circuit as part of broader performance culture and debates over Anglo-American physicality and manners, it reveals how the press seized on both the “England” talk itself and aspects of Emerson's lecturing style as a means of shoring up civic order and Anglo-American kinship. I argue for a reexamination of the textual interchanges of nineteenth-century oratorical culture, and demonstrate how lecture reports reconnect us to forgotten means of listening through texts and discursive contests over the meaning of public speech.
Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , LAGO E. G. , GENNARI S. M. , SU C. , JONES J. L.
Published: July 2012

Infections by the protozoan parasiteToxoplasma gondiiare widely prevalent in humans and animals in Brazil. The burden of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans is considered to be very high. The high prevalence and encouragement of the Brazilian Government provides a unique opportunity for international groups to study the epidemiology and control of toxoplasmosis in Brazil. Many early papers on toxoplasmosis in Brazil were published in Portuguese and often not available to scientists in English-speaking countries. In the present paper we review prevalence, clinical spectrum, molecular epidemiology, and control ofT. gondiiin humans and animals in Brazil. This knowledge should be useful to biologists, public health workers, veterinarians, and physicians. Brazil has a very high rate ofT. gondiiinfection in humans. Up to 50% of elementary school children and 50–80% of women of child-bearing age have antibodies toT. gondii. The risks for uninfected women to acquire toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and fetal transmission are high because the environment is highly contaminated with oocysts. The burden of toxoplasmosis in congenitally infected children is also very high. From limited data on screening of infants forT. gondiiIgM at birth, 5–23 children are born infected per 10 000 live births in Brazil. Based on an estimate of 1 infected child per 1000 births, 2649 children with congenital toxoplasmosis are likely to be born annually in Brazil. Most of these infected children are likely to develop symptoms or signs of clinical toxoplasmosis. Among the congenitally infected children whose clinical data are described in this review, several died soon after birth, 35% had neurological disease including hydrocephalus, microcephaly and mental retardation, 80% had ocular lesions, and in one report 40% of children had hearing loss. The severity of clinical toxoplasmosis in Brazilian children may be associated with the genetic characteristics ofT. gondiiisolates prevailing in animals and humans in Brazil.
Anthelmintic metabolism in parasitic helminths: proteomic insights
Authors: BROPHY PETER M. , MACKINTOSH NEIL , MORPHEW RUSSELL M.
Published: July 2012

Anthelmintics are the cornerstone of parasitic helminth control. Surprisingly, understanding of the biochemical pathways used by parasitic helminths to detoxify anthelmintics is fragmented, despite the increasing global threat of anthelmintic resistance within the ruminant and equine industries. Reductionist biochemistry has likely over-estimated the enzymatic role of glutathione transferases in anthelmintic metabolism and neglected the potential role of the cytochrome P-450 superfamily (CYPs). Proteomic technologies offers the opportunity to support genomics, reverse genetics and pharmacokinetics, and provide an integrated insight into both the cellular mechanisms underpinning response to anthelmintics and also the identification of biomarker panels for monitoring the development of anthelmintic resistance. To date, there have been limited attempts to include proteomics in anthelmintic metabolism studies. Optimisations of membrane, post-translational modification and interaction proteomic technologies in helminths are needed to especially study Phase I CYPs and Phase III ABC transporter pumps for anthelmintics and their metabolites.
Sensory-based and higher-order operations contribute to abnormal emotional prosody processing in schizophrenia: an electrophysiological investigation
Authors: Pinheiro A. P. , del Re E. , Mezin J. , Nestor P. G. , Rauber A. , McCarley R. W. , Gonçalves Ó. F. , Niznikiewicz M. A.
Published: July 2012

Background

Schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in emotional prosody (EP) perception. However, it is not clear which stages of processing prosody are abnormal and whether the presence of semantic content contributes to the abnormality. This study aimed to examine event-related potential (ERP) correlates of EP processing in 15 chronic schizophrenia individuals and 15 healthy controls.

Method

A total of 114 sentences with neutral semantic content [sentences with semantic content (SSC) condition] were generated by a female speaker (38 with happy, 38 with angry, and 38 with neutral intonation). The same sentences were synthesized and presented in the ‘pure prosody’ sentences (PPS) condition where semantic content was unintelligible.

Results

Group differences were observed for N100 and P200 amplitude: patients were characterized by more negative N100 for SSC, and more positive P200 for angry and happy SSC and happy PPS. Correlations were found between delusions and P200 amplitude for happy SSC and PPS. Higher error rates in the recognition of EP were also observed in schizophrenia: higher error rates in neutral SSC were associated with reduced N100, and higher error rates in angry SSC were associated with reduced P200.

Conclusions

These results indicate that abnormalities in prosody processing occur at the three stages of EP processing, and are enhanced in SSC. Correlations between P200 amplitude for happy prosody and delusions suggest a role that abnormalities in the processing of emotionally salient acoustic cues may play in schizophrenia symptomatology. Correlations between ERP and behavioral data point to a relationship between early sensory abnormalities and prosody recognition in schizophrenia.
Ideational Struggles over Symmetrical Parenthood: the Norwegian Daddy Quota
Authors: ELLINGSÆTER ANNE LISE
Published: July 2012

The politics of parenthood is a major battleground in disputes about gender equality. In contemporary debates on parental leave reform, notions about ‘equal’ parenthood and parental ‘choice’ compete. Earmarked leave for fathers, the so-called ‘daddy quota’ – a hallmark of Nordic welfare states, is increasingly being discussed in other types of welfare state. Further increases in earmarked leave is thus of interest to the policy debate in other countries, too. This article examines the reception among political actors in Norway of a proposal in 2008 to divide the existing parental leave into three equal parts – one for the father, one for the mother and one shared at the discretion of both parents. Three rival ideational policy paradigms are identified: fathers’ right to care and mothers’ right to breastfeed compete among quota protagonists, while ‘choice’ is advocated by quota antagonists. So far, quota protagonists guided by the mothers’ rights paradigm have been the most successful, but persistent, ideational tensions are rendering future developments uncertain.
Reactive and the shortest path navigation of a wheeled mobile robot in cluttered environments
Authors: Savkin Andrey V. , Hoy Michael
Published: July 2012

We determine the shortest (minimal in length) path on a unicycle-like mobile robot in a known environment with smooth (possibly non-convex) obstacles with a constraint on curvature of their boundaries. Furthermore, we propose a new reactive randomized algorithm of robot navigation in unknown environment and prove that the robot will avoid collisions and reach a steady target with probability 1. The performance of our algorithm is confirmed by computer simulations and outdoor experiments with a Pioneer P3-DX mobile wheeled robot.
Neighbourhood deprivation and outlet density for tobacco, alcohol and fast food: first hints of obesogenic and addictive environments in Germany
Authors: Schneider Sven , Gruber Johannes
Published: July 2012

Objective

The current discussion regarding ‘place effects on health’ is increasingly focusing on the characteristics of a specific physical environment. Our study investigated whether socially deprived residential areas are more likely than affluent neighbourhoods to provide access to addictive substances and fast food.

Design

In this ecological study the total number of tobacco, alcohol and fast-food outlets was recorded and visualized using a geographic information system. Area affluence was measured through the percentage of parents with children of kindergarten or school age with joint annual taxable income <€12 272.

Setting

Eighteen social areas in Cologne, Germany.

Subjects

All social areas in four districts in Cologne, Germany, with a total of 92 000 inhabitants, were analysed.

Results

In the investigation area, 339 tobacco, 353 alcohol and sixty-seven fast-food outlets were identified. As area affluence declined the availability of the following potentially health damaging sources increased: cigarettes (Kendall's tau = 0·433; P = 0·012), alcohol (Kendall's tau = 0·341, P = 0·049) and fast food (Kendall's tau = 0·473; P = 0·009).

Conclusions

The availability of addictive substances and fast food can be seen to have a contextual influence on an individual's lifestyle and can, in the form of physical exposure to obesogenic and addictive environments, contribute to a culmination of health risks.
Thinking about Religious Welfare and Rethinking Social Policy in the British Context
Authors: Jawad Rana
Published: July 2012

The role of religion in social welfare provision, and more broadly in shaping the development of state social policy in the UK, has become an issue of increasing prominence in the last decade raising both new challenges and opportunities. This article brings together new and existing research in the field of religion and social action/welfare in the British context to present a preliminary discussion of how and why religion, as a source of social identity and moral values, matters for social policy. The key argument is that religious welfare provision goes beyond the mixed economy of welfare paradigm and has the capacity to challenge the Utilitarian underpinnings of mainstream social policy thinking by giving more relative importance to ethical issues such as self-knowledge and morality, in addition to the more conventional concepts of wellbeing or happiness. The article proposes the concept of ways of being in order to bring together these moral ideational factors that underpin social welfare.
SCHOLARSHIP, MORALS AND GOVERNMENT: JEAN-HENRI-SAMUEL FORMEY'S AND JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER'S RESPONSES TO ROUSSEAU'SFIRST DISCOURSE
Authors: SCHMIDT ALEXANDER
Published: July 2012

This article analyses how Rousseau'sFirst Discourseand the questions it posed about human progress and the reform of society were debated in the institutional context of the Berlin Academy by Formey and Herder. Despite some important disagreements, Formey and Herder fundamentally shared Rousseau's assumption that erudition could be detrimental both to society and to the individual. In order to limit the socially corrosive effects of the arts and the sciences, and in an attempt to realize their full beneficent potential, they called for their reform through institutional regulation and management by a meritocracy of scholarly experts. Drawing on Hume, Herder in particular developed a positive role for the modern state as an active agent of enlightenment, provided it not only promoted the arts and sciences but also guaranteed freedom and the rule of law to ensure their flourishing.
PROTESTANTISM AND PROGRESS IN THE YEAR XII: CHARLES VILLERS'SESSAY ON THE SPIRIT AND INFLUENCE OF LUTHER'S REFORMATION(1804)
Authors: PRINTY MICHAEL
Published: July 2012

This article examines Charles Villers'sEssay on the Spirit and Influence of Luther's Reformation(1804) in its intellectual and historical context. Exiled from France after 1792, Villers intervened in important French and German debates about the relationship of religion, history, and philosophy. The article shows how he took up a German Protestant discussion on the meaning of the Reformation that had been underway from the 1770s through the end of the century, including efforts by Kantians to seize the mantle of Protestantism for themselves. Villers's essay capitalized on a broad interest in the question of Protestantism and its meaning for modern freedom around 1800. Revisiting the formation of the narrative of Protestantism and progress reveals that it was not a logical progression from Protestant theology or religion but rather part of a specific ideological and social struggle in the wake of the French Revolution and the collapse of the Old Regime.
THE AUSTRO-MARXIST STRUGGLE FOR “INTELLECTUAL WORKERS”: THE LOST DEBATE ON THE QUESTION OF INTELLECTUALS IN INTERWAR VIENNA
Authors: WASSERMAN JANEK
Published: July 2012

This essay examines the efforts by Austro-Marxists to identify, define, and incorporate “intellectual workers” (geistige Arbeiter) into their movement. In this struggle, socialists faced a hegemonic conservative establishment that controlled the largest scholarly societies and intellectual publications and held most positions in the universities and educational bureaucracy. Despite notable successes in “Red Vienna,” a closer examination of the discourse on intellectuals reveals that conservative ideas remained entrenched in interwar Austria. Austro-Marxists could not overcome the class biases and status anxieties of the educated middle class (Bildungsbürgertum), a problem that became more pronounced as the 1920s unfolded. The analysis of this lost debate reveals that the historiography of interwar Vienna requires revision to account for the relative weakness of progressive and radical ideologies and the persistence of antidemocratic, anti-Semitic, and authoritarian beliefs within Viennese intellectual culture. The participants in this “Black Viennese” cultural field have largely escaped critical scrutiny despite, and likely because of, their pervasiveness during the First Republic and after World War II. In looking at Austrian and European debates on the role of intellectuals in modern society, this article places conservatives back at the center of interwar Austrian intellectual and cultural history, while contending that they must bear greater responsibility for the authoritarian and fascist turns of Austria during the 1930s.
Developmental programming of aging of isolated pancreatic islet glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in female offspring of mothers fed low-protein diets in pregnancy and/or lactation
Authors: Morimoto S. , Sosa T. C. , Calzada L. , Reyes-Castro L. A. , Díaz-Díaz E. , Morales A. , Nathanielsz P. W. , Zambrano E.
Published: July 2012

Diabetes predisposition is determined by pancreatic islet insulin secretion and insulin resistance. We studied female rat offspring exposed to low-protein maternal diet (50% control protein diet) in pregnancy and/or lactation at postnatal days 36, 110 and 450. Rats were fed either control 20% casein diet (C) or restricted diet (R – 10% casein) during pregnancy. After delivery, mothers received either C or R diet until weaning to provide four offspring groups: CC, RR, CR and RC (first letter denoting maternal pregnancy diet and the second lactation diet). Serum glucose, insulin and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) were measured. Pancreatic islets were isolated and in vitro insulin secretion quantified in low glucose (5 mM) and high glucose (11 mM). Serum glucose, insulin and HOMA were similar in all groups at 36 and 110 postnatal days. HOMA was only higher in RR at 450 postnatal days. Only CC demonstrated differences in glucose sensitivity of β-cells to high and low doses at the three ages studied. At 36 days, RR, CR and RC and at 450 days RR and RC groups did not show glucose-stimulated insulin secretion differences between low and high glucose. Aging-associated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion loss was affected by maternal dietary history, indicating that developmental programming must be considered a major factor in aging-related development of predisposition to later-life dysfunctional insulin metabolism. Female offspring islets’ insulin secretion was higher than previously reported in males.
Zitation deutsch- versus englisch-sprachiger Publikations-Dubletten deutscher Autoren
Authors: Krampen Günter , Lessing Juliane , Schui Gabriel
Published: July 2012

Zusammenfassung. Szientometrische Befunde zu den Zitationen deutsch- und englischsprachiger Dubletten von theoretisch und konzeptuell orientierten Fachpublikationen aus der Psychologie im deutschsprachigen Bereich werden dargestellt. Für die für szientometrische Analysen zur Verfügung stehenden vier Publikations-Dubletten zeigt sich kein allgemeiner Zitationsvorteil der englischsprachigen Versionen. Für die beiden Journal-Beiträge ist dieser aber deutlich zu erkennen, da die durchschnittlichen internationalen Fremdzitationen pro Jahr (seit der Publikation) für die englischsprachigen Versionen drei Mal bzw. 19 Mal höher liegen als bei den deutschsprachigen. Bei den beiden fachwissenschaftlichen Monografien ist es dagegen umgekehrt: Die deutschsprachigen Ausgaben werden knapp doppelt bzw. zehn Mal so häufig fremd-zitiert als die englischsprachigen Dubletten-Versionen. Es ist zu vermuten, dass dse Fachbücher vom angloamerikanischen Fachbuchmarkt eher verschluckt werden; dies zumal dann, wenn sowohl die Autoren als auch die Verlage international weniger prominent bzw. weniger sichtbar sind. Die exemplarische Dubletten-Analysen verweist also für die Journalbeiträge en miniature in den Fremd-Zitationswerten nach dem Web of Science auf einen markant sichtbaren Rezeptionsvorteil. Vergleiche der beiden analysierten Journal-Beiträge mit den Zitationen englischsprachiger Journal-Beiträge aus dem deutschsprachigen Bereich, für die keine deutschsprachigen Dubletten vorliegen, verdeutlichen allerdings die Prominenz und herausragende Bedeutung ihrer Autoren. Die Höhe ihrer Fremd-Zitationswerte kann nicht ohne Weiteres auf andere Autoren sowie auf nicht primär theoretisch bzw. konzeptuell orientierte Publikationen generalisiert und für deren Journal-Beiträge erwartet werden.
Erfolgreich verhandeln: Das integrative Phasenmodell der Verhandlungsführung
Authors: Hüffmeier Joachim , Hertel Guido
Published: July 2012

Zusammenfassung. Die sozial- und organisationspsychologische Verhandlungsforschung hat in den letzten ca. 25 Jahren einen Aufschwung erlebt und zahlreiche wichtige Einzelbefunde hervorgebracht. Diese Befunde werden allerdings oft nur isoliert betrachtet, so dass eine Zusammenführung der relativ abstrakten Grundprinzipien bislang fehlt. In unserem Beitrag geben wir eine Übersicht zum aktuellen Forschungsstand und entwickeln darauf aufbauend ein integratives Phasenmodell der Verhandlungsführung (IPV). In diesem Modell wird das mögliche Verhandlungsgeschehen in vier zeitliche Phasen von der Verhandlungsvorbereitung bis zu möglichen Nachverhandlungen untergliedert und anhand von insgesamt elf Leitfragen weiter strukturiert. Basierend auf empirischer Verhandlungsforschung ermöglicht das IPV nicht nur die Identifikation aktueller Fragen für die weitere Forschung, sondern auch konkrete Empfehlungen für praktisches Verhandlungsverhalten. Abschließend werden Randbedingungen diskutiert, die die Vorhersagen des IPV moderieren.
Reduction in field‐aligned currents preceding and local to auroral substorm onset
Authors: Murphy Kyle R. , Mann Ian R. , Rae I. Jonathan , Waters Colin L. , Anderson Brian J. , Milling David K. , Singer Howard J. , Korth Haje
Published: July 2012

We examine the global field‐aligned current (FAC) topology associated with a clear substorm on the 16 February 2010. We show that for this particular substorm there is a clear and localised reduction in the FACs observed by AMPERE at least 6 minutes prior to auroral onset. A new auroral arc forms in the region of reduced FAC and on closed field lines which subsequently brightens and expands poleward, signifying the start of the substorm expansion phase. We argue that the change in FACs observed prior to onset is the result of a change in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) coupling in a region local to the subsequent auroral onset. Such a change implies an important role for M‐I coupling in destabilising the near‐Earth tail during magnetospheric substorms and perhaps more importantly in selecting the location in the ionosphere where auroral onset begins.
Two‐dimensional imaging of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over China based on GPS data
Authors: Ding Feng , Wan Weixing , Ning Baiqi , Zhao Biqiang , Li Qiang , Zhang Rui , Xiong Bo , Song Qian
Published: July 2012

This paper reports the first results of the 2D imaging of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTID) using GPS network data from China, combined with observations of these events using an ionosonde chain. 2D TEC perturbation maps for North America were also constructed to allow the study of LSTIDs on a global scale. During the medium storm on 28 May 2011, the onset of a substorm initiated a slow‐speed LSTID over North America just after midnight. Subsequently, an LSTID reached China 1.5 hours later, at dusk. A second LSTID was observed over China before midnight, 6.6 hours after substorm onset. The phase fronts of the China events had a front width of at least 1600 km, and moved southwestwards at a speed of 540 ± 85 m/s and 362 ± 89 m/s, respectively. Ionosonde data addressed a downward vertical phase velocity of ∼75 m/s for the dusk event and ∼60 m/s for the night event. Although the nighttime LSTID travelled farther south than the earlier dusk event, both disappeared in South China, and this was due to increase of the attenuation at low latitudes. According to the energy dissipation equation of atmospheric gravity waves there is severe dissipation due to viscosity and heat conductivity at low latitudes, since such dissipation increases strongly with time; dissipation due to ion drag is less important but cannot be ignored because of enhancement in background TEC; In addition, uplift of the ionosphere at low latitudes is another factor that results in a reduced amplitude of TEC perturbation at low latitudes.
Delamination in collisional orogens: Thermomechanical modeling
Authors: Ueda K. , Gerya T. V. , Burg J.‐P.
Published: July 2012

Modes of mantle delamination in collision zones are discussed in the light of 2D numerical modeling. Freely evolving thermomechanical models take into account phase changes in the mantle and melting in the crust. Distinct modes are identified, in which orogens undergo mantle delamination concurrently or after collision. Delamination propagates along the Moho of the subducted plate together with the retreating trench, provided that slab pull is sufficient and that the meta‐stability of the crust‐lithospheric mantle interface is overcome. Topography is an instantaneous response to delamination and migrates with the focused and localized separation between crust and lithospheric mantle (delamination front). Early exhumation of high‐pressure rocks is followed by exhumation of high‐temperature, partially molten rocks. Convective stabilization of delamination outlasts slab break‐offs and impedes renewed build‐up of mechanically strong lithospheric mantle by static cooling. Parameter studies investigate the sensitivity of delamination to the age of the subducted oceanic plate, the collision rate, the mantle rheology, and explore the effects of melting and sedimentation. Mantle flow patterns that form around delamination and subduction are sensitive to and often limited by the semi‐permeable 670 km spinel‐perovskite transition, demonstrating that phase‐changes are essential factors. Delamination may account for the formation of complex boundary zones between continents, such as between Africa and Europe in the Mediterranean, where transient compression and extension, the lack of mantle lithosphere, and the exhumation of high‐grade metamorphic core complexes are features also obtained in our modeling results.
Wave shadowing and modulation of microwave backscatter from the ocean
Authors: Plant William J. , Farquharson Gordon
Published: July 2012

Shadowing and modulation of microwave backscatter by ocean waves are studied using coherent X‐band radars. Two types of shadowing are investigated: geometric shadowing (complete blockage of incident rays) and partial shadowing (polarization‐dependent diffraction combined with weak scatterers). We point out that the frequency of occurrence of zero signal‐to‐noise ratio samples cannot depend on the incident power level or the polarization if geometric shadowing occurs but can if partial shadowing exists. We then compare this behavior with observations, and show that the data do not support the hypothesis that geometric shadowing plays a significant role in low‐grazing‐angle microwave scattering from the ocean surface. Furthermore, our data indicate that partial shadowing only depends significantly on polarization for the steep waves found near shorelines. We also study the modulation of microwave backscatter by ocean waves using these data by looking at the phase differences between received power and scatterer velocity. These phase differences appear to be rather well explained by standard composite surface theory at VV polarization, having values that are positive looking up wave and negative looking down wave. For HH polarization, however, breaking effects come into play and overshadow composite surface effects of free waves. They cause the phase difference to be near zero for up wave looks and near 180° for down‐wave looks. A simple model that involves both breaking and freely propagating waves but does not include any shadowing effects is shown to account for observed phase differences at both polarizations to within about 10°.
Understanding differences in upper stratospheric ozone response to changes in chlorine and temperature as computed using CCMVal‐2 models
Authors: Douglass A. R. , Stolarski R. S. , Strahan S. E. , Oman L. D.
Published: July 2012

Projections of future ozone levels are made using models that couple a general circulation model with a representation of atmospheric photochemical processes, allowing interactions among photochemical processes, radiation, and dynamics. Such models are known as coupled chemistry‐climate models (CCMs). Although developed from common principles and subject to the same boundary conditions, simulated ozone time series vary among models for scenarios for ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases. Photochemical processes control the upper stratospheric ozone level, and there is broad agreement among CCMs in that ozone increases as ODSs decrease and temperature decreases due to greenhouse gas increase. There are quantitative differences in the ozone sensitivity to chlorine and temperature. We obtain insight into differences in sensitivity by examining the relationship between the upper stratospheric seasonal cycles of ozone and temperature as produced by fourteen CCMs. All simulations conform to expectation in that ozone is less sensitive to temperature when chlorine levels are highest because chlorine catalyzed loss is nearly independent of temperature. Analysis reveals differences in simulated temperature, ozone and reactive nitrogen that lead to differences in the relative importance of ozone loss processes and are most obvious when chlorine levels are close to background. Differences in the relative importance of loss processes underlie differences in simulated sensitivity of ozone to composition change. This suggests 1) that the multimodel mean is not a best estimate of the sensitivity of upper stratospheric ozone to changes in ODSs and temperature; and 2) that the spread of values is not an appropriate measure of uncertainty.
MESSENGER detection of electron‐induced X‐ray fluorescence from Mercury's surface
Authors: Starr Richard D. , Schriver David , Nittler Larry R. , Weider Shoshana Z. , Byrne Paul K. , Ho George C. , Rhodes Edgar A. , Schlemm Charles E. , Solomon Sean C. , Trávníček Pavel M.
Published: July 2012

The X‐Ray Spectrometer (XRS) on the MESSENGER spacecraft measures elemental abundances on the surface of Mercury by detecting fluorescent X‐ray emissions induced on the planet's surface by the incident solar X‐ray flux. The XRS began orbital observations on 23 March 2011 and has observed X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) from the surface of the planet whenever a sunlit portion of Mercury has been within the XRS field of view. Solar flares are generally required to provide sufficient signal to detect elements that fluoresce at energies above ∼2 keV, but XRF up to the calcium line (3.69 keV) has been detected from Mercury's surface at times when the XRS field of view included only unlit portions of the planet. Many such events have been detected and are identified as electron‐induced X‐ray emission produced by the interaction of ∼1–10 keV electrons with Mercury's surface. Electrons in this energy range were detected by the XRS during the three Mercury flybys and have also been observed regularly in orbit about Mercury. Knowledge of the energy spectrum of the electrons precipitating at the planet's surface makes it possible to infer surface composition from the measured fluorescent spectra, providing additional measurement opportunities for the XRS. Abundance results for Mg, Al, and Si are in good agreement with those derived from solar‐induced XRF data, providing independent validation of the analysis methodologies. Derived S and Ca abundances are somewhat higher than derived from the solar‐induced fluorescence data, possibly reflecting incomplete knowledge of the energy spectra of electrons impacting the planet.
Tuning the climate of a global model
Authors: Mauritsen Thorsten , Stevens Bjorn , Roeckner Erich , Crueger Traute , Esch Monika , Giorgetta Marco , Haak Helmuth , Jungclaus Johann , Klocke Daniel , Matei Daniela , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Notz Dirk , Pincus Robert , Schmidt Hauke , Tomassini Lorenzo
Published: July 2012

During a development stage global climate models have their properties adjusted or tuned in various ways to best match the known state of the Earth's climate system. These desired properties are observables, such as the radiation balance at the top of the atmosphere, the global mean temperature, sea ice, clouds and wind fields. The tuning is typically performed by adjusting uncertain, or even non‐observable, parameters related to processes not explicitly represented at the model grid resolution. The practice of climate model tuning has seen an increasing level of attention because key model properties, such as climate sensitivity, have been shown to depend on frequently used tuning parameters. Here we provide insights into how climate model tuning is practically done in the case of closing the radiation balance and adjusting the global mean temperature for the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM). We demonstrate that considerable ambiguity exists in the choice of parameters, and present and compare three alternatively tuned, yet plausible configurations of the climate model. The impacts of parameter tuning on climate sensitivity was less than anticipated.
Obliquity forcing of organic matter accumulation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2
Authors: Meyers Stephen R. , Sageman Bradley B. , Arthur Michael A.
Published: July 2012

An analysis of orbitally influenced climate‐sensitive sedimentation is conducted across a meridional transect of the proto‐North Atlantic, to reconstruct the behavior of the carbon cycle and climate during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2; ∼94 Ma). Midlatitude to near equatorial sites spanning deep‐ocean to shelf environments are evaluated using a new inverse method for the identification and calibration of orbital influence in ancient strata. The results yield consistent independent astrochronologies at each location—compatible with the recently published radioisotopic/astrochronologic time scale at the Cenomanian‐Turonian GSSP—and thus provide a unified high‐resolution temporal context for evaluation of the event. The proto‐North Atlantic astrochronologies document an amplification of obliquity power during OAE 2, indicating that obliquity was the dominant pacemaker of organic matter accumulation by the latter portion of the event. The strong obliquity signal suggests an influence of high‐latitude climate processes across midlatitude deep‐ocean to tropical shelf environments. Changes in oceanic circulation during OAE 2 represent a likely mechanism for the propagation of a high latitude signal, and proxy data from Demerara Rise reveal the development of a new intermediate water mass source synchronous with the record of obliquity amplification. We hypothesize that a dense high‐latitude water mass displaced a pre‐existing nutrient‐rich anoxic deep‐water layer in the proto‐North Atlantic (augmented by enhanced volcanism), driving an episode of high productivity that lasted 700–800 ka. The development and intensification of the new intermediate/deep water source was potentially driven by eustatic sea level rise, which created expansive seaways in mid to high latitudes.
Sea surface temperature variability and sea‐ice extent in the subarctic northwest Pacific during the past 15,000 years
Authors: Max Lars , Riethdorf Jan‐Rainer , Tiedemann Ralf , Smirnova Maria , Lembke‐Jene Lester , Fahl Kirsten , Nürnberg Dirk , Matul Alexander , Mollenhauer Gesine
Published: July 2012

Past changes in North Pacific sea surface temperatures and sea‐ice conditions are proposed to play a crucial role in deglacial climate development and ocean circulation but are less well known than from the North Atlantic. Here, we present new alkenone‐based sea surface temperature records from the subarctic northwest Pacific and its marginal seas (Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk) for the time interval of the last 15 kyr, indicating millennial‐scale sea surface temperature fluctuations similar to short‐term deglacial climate oscillations known from Greenland ice core records. Past changes in sea‐ice distribution are derived from relative percentage of specific diatom groups and qualitative assessment of the IP25biomarker related to sea‐ice diatoms. The deglacial variability in sea‐ice extent matches the sea surface temperature fluctuations. These fluctuations suggest a linkage to deglacial variations in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and a close atmospheric coupling between the North Pacific and North Atlantic. During the Holocene the subarctic North Pacific is marked by complex sea surface temperature trends, which do not support the hypothesis of a Holocene seesaw in temperature development between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific.
Glacial‐interglacial variations in sediment organic carbon accumulation and benthic foraminiferal assemblages on the Bermuda Rise (ODP Site 1063) during MIS 13 to 10
Authors: Poli Maria Serena , Meyers Philip A. , Thunell Robert C. , Capodivacca Marco
Published: July 2012

We have determined organic carbon concentrations and isotopic compositions and benthic foraminiferal assemblages in sediments deposited between ∼500 and 340 ka at ODP Site 1063 on the northeastern flank of the Bermuda Rise. This time interval includes Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, a particularly warm and long interglacial that was similar to today, and MIS 12, one of the most severe glacials of the last 600 kyr. During MIS 11.3, the peak of interglacial warming, organic carbon accumulation rates are low and benthic foraminiferal assemblages are dominated by Nuttallides umbonifera, a species indicative of oligotrophic environments. Higher accumulation rates during MIS 12 and 10 correspond with elevated sedimentation rates (33–36 cm/kyr). This pattern implies a combination of enhanced delivery and improved preservation of sediment organic matter during these glacial times. Organic δ13C values are less negative during MIS 12 and MIS 10 than during MIS 11, which is consistent with greater glacial‐stage marine productivity. High relative abundances ofOridorsalis umbonatus during glacial intervals probably records a low but sustained flux of highly degraded organic material. Large, recurrent fluctuations in the abundance of Epistominella exiguaat the beginnings of the MIS 12 and MIS 10 glaciations suggest a marked increase in local phytoplankton blooms at these times and consequent delivery of phytodetritus to the seafloor. The most likely causes of these variations are changes in the position and strength of the Gulf Stream and its associated cold‐ring eddies, combined with increased advection of terrigenous sediments from northerly locations during glacial lowstands.