bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the role of ruminants in sustainable food systems
Authors: Place Sara E.
Published: April 2024

Sustainable food systems provide food security while stewarding economic, social, and environmental bases in ways to meet future generations' needs. Sustainable food systems encompass the health of animals, people, and ecosystems. Healthy and productive ruminants can produce meat and milk products with fewer resources, and consequently, often fewer greenhouse gas emissions are produced. Ruminant livestock faces the dual challenge of being impacted by and contributing to climate change, while also experiencing increased demand for ruminant meat and milk products due to growing global population and increased incomes. This challenge presents different ways forward depending upon solutions and how one values certain aspects of sustainability, ranging from simply building upon past improvements in ruminant agriculture to dramatic reductions in ruminant livestock populations. Better understanding the concerns with ruminant's role in sustainable food systems is important, as is understanding the different viewpoints and interpretation of evidence both for and against ruminant agriculture. This review provides a brief overview of some of the key issues related to the role ruminant animals play in sustainable food systems, including greenhouse gas emissions, feed‐food competition and land use, and human nutrition. The review also highlights how improved animal health outcomes can enhance ruminants' role in sustainable food systems. Ultimately, ruminants make unique contributions to human flourishing via providing nutrition, livelihoods, and ecosystem services from forage resources and grassland landscapes. However, the status quo is unlikely to meet the challenges of the coming decades, thus investing in research and development into sustainable ruminant systems is required.
Social participation in the neighborhood community prevents onset of disability in community‐dwelling older adults whose life space with activities is limited: A 2‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Fujii Kazuya , Harada Kenji , Kurita Satoshi , Morikawa Masanori , Nishijima Chiharu , Kakita Daisuke , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: April 2024

Aims

For older adults with limited life space and activity, social participation in the neighborhood community is essential to ensure social interaction and activity levels. This study examined the association between social participation in the neighborhood community and the onset of disability in older adults with different life spaces and activities.

Methods

The participants were 9513 older adults from a cohort study conducted at the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Study of Geriatric Syndromes (NCGG‐SGS). Social participation in the neighborhood community was assessed by participating in the community meetings. Life space with activities was evaluated using the Activity Mobility Index (AMI) developed in the NCGG‐SGS, with higher scores indicating better mobility and movement. The participants were divided into four groups based on the quartiles of their AMI scores (Q1–Q4). Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for disability incidence by social participation in each quartile.

Results

Over the 2‐year follow‐up period, disability occurred in 4.3% of the participants (n = 409). In the Q1 group, participants who participated in the neighborhood community had a significantly lower risk of developing a disability than those who did not (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28–0.76). There were no significant differences in onset of disability between the presence and absence of social participation for groups Q2, Q3, and Q4.

Conclusions

Social participation in the neighborhood community was associated with the onset of disability in the lowest life space group. Social participation within a limited life space with activities may prevent disability onset. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 609–618.
Comparative analysis of sorafenib and lenvatinib on HepG2 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells: Involvement of transforming growth factor‐β signaling in their molecular effects
Authors: Wang Ting , Takikawa Yasuhiro , Suzuki Kazuyuki , Kuroda Hidekatsu , Kakisaka Keisuke , Chiba Toshimi
Published: April 2024

Aim

This study aimed to compare the effects of the molecular targeted drugs, sorafenib and lenvatinib, on the survival, invasion, and angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Additionally, we investigated the involvement of transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) signaling in their molecular mechanisms.

Methods

To investigate the effects of sorafenib and lenvatinib, we conducted cell viability, invasion, and angiogenesis assays, as well as western blotting analyses.

Results

In human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), sorafenib demonstrated potent inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, but induced cell invasion similar to TGF‐β. In contrast, lenvatinib showed weaker cytotoxicity compared with sorafenib, but suppressed cell invasion induced by TGF‐β. The actions of these two molecular targeted drugs were suggested to involve the regulation of the TGFβR2/ERK pathway. Moreover, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Sorafenib showed weaker cytotoxicity and enhanced the effects of TGF‐β on angiogenesis. Conversely, lenvatinib showed potent cytotoxic abilities and suppressed angiogenesis induced by TGF‐β. The actions of these two molecular targeted drugs were suggested to involve the regulation of the crosstalk between TGF‐β signaling and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that both sorafenib and lenvatinib possess anticancer abilities by inducing the cytotoxicity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Furthermore, they show opposing effects on TGF‐β‐induced cell invasion and angiogenesis, thereby enhancing the understanding of the multifaceted functions of molecular targeted drugs in treating hepatocellular carcinoma.
Social determinants of health and long‐term conditions in people of Black African and Black Caribbean ethnicity living with HIV in London: A qualitative study
Authors: Kolodin Vlad , Barbini Birgit , Onyango Denis , Musomba Rachel , Liu Jia , Hung Rachel K. Y. , Nikiphorou Elena , Campbell Lucy , Post Frank A. , Tariq Shema , Lempp Heidi
Published: April 2024

Background

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are disproportionately impacted by socioeconomic deprivation and are at increased risk of developing other long‐term conditions (LTCs). These illnesses require transformative action to tackle the adverse effects on their health. Data on lived experiences of LTCs among people living with HIV of Black African and Black Caribbean ethnicities are sparse, and how people with LTCs are impacted by social determinants of health (SDoH).

Methods

Through a phenomenological study design this qualitative study, conducted in 2022, comprised four focus group discussions (FGDs) with 20 people of Black ethnicities living with HIV were purposively invited from a community organisation (CO) in London, including four semistructured interviews with CO staff. Following transcription, qualitative data were analysed thematically and measures to validate the findings were implemented.

Results

The findings are presented in terms of the following four levels of SDoH: (1) individual determinants (such as the impact of SDoH on lifestyle modification and self‐management); (2) interpersonal determinants (such as positive experiences of accessing healthcare for LTCs); (3) clinical determinants (such as care pathway barriers) and (4) systemic determinants (such as systemic barriers related to race/ethnicity).

Conclusions

It is necessary to provide ongoing and interactive education to community members who live with HIV, focusing on risks and management of LTCs. Additionally, individuals would benefit from support to navigate increasingly complex and fragmented health services. Health Service staff require cultural competence when caring for patients of Black African and Black Caribbean ethnicities with complex health and psychosocial needs.

Patient or Public Contribution

The research team collaborated with an HIV CO in South London from the very start of the project to agree the study design and learn about the realities of their daily lived experiences. Community collaborators helped to develop the semistructured interview and FGD topic guides, and were directly involved in the data gathering, analysis and validation.
HIV‐1 low‐level viraemia predicts virological failure in first‐line and second‐lineART‐experienced individuals inIndia: A retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Dinesha Thongadi Ramesh , Boobalan Jayaseelan , Kumar Chakkaravarthy Vishal , Manikandan Paranthaman , Muhila Mohanarangan , Solomon Sunil Suhas , Srikrishnan Aylur Kailasom , Murugavel Kailapuri Gangatharan
Published: April 2024

Objective

To study the prevalence of low‐level viraemia (LLV) and its association with virological failure (VF).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 3498 participants at YRG CARE, Chennai, India (2013–2018) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for ≥6 months with two or more plasma viral load (pVL) measurements. Results were stratified for those with pVL <1000 copies/mL: fully suppressed (FS) (pVL <40), low‐LLV (pVL 40–199), mid‐LLV (pVL 200–399), and high‐LLV (pVL 400–999). The study assessed the association with VF (pVL >1000 copies/mL) using Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

Among 3498 participants, 2965 (84.8%) were FS and 533 (15.2%) were LLV. During the follow‐up, 348 (10%) experienced VF, with 222 (6.3%) experienced after LLV (42% of LLV) and 126 (3.6%) experienced after FS (4.3% of FS). When compared with FS, those with LLV had a greater risk of VF [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 12.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 10.2–15.9]. First‐line participants had a higher VF incidence (aHR = 15.8, 95% CI: 11.4–21.9) than second‐line participants (aHR = 5.6, 95% CI: 4.1–7.7). Those with high‐LLV had the highest VF risk (aHR = 22.856, 95% CI: 15.204–34.359 vs. aHR = 8.186, 95% CI: 5.564–12.043, for first‐line vs. second‐line participants, respectively), followed by those with mid‐LLV (aHR = 13.375, 95% CI: 8.327–21.483 vs. aHR = 6.261, 95% CI: 4.044–9.695) and low‐LLV (aHR = 12.976, 95% CI: 7.974–21.118 vs. aHR = 4.158, 95% CI: 2.826–6.119).

Conclusions

The prevalence of LLV was intermediate in our study population. There was a higher risk of VF among individuals with LLV, and this risk increased with the increasing levels of LLV. Close monitoring of individuals experiencing LLV could help in the early identification of VF.
Fifty years of monitoring changes in the abundance of invertebrates in the cereal ecosystem of the Sussex Downs, England
Authors: Ewald J. A. , Potts G. R. , Aebischer N. J. , Moreby S. J. , Wheatley C. J. , Burrell R. A.
Published: April 2024

Changes in insect abundance are receiving much attention, with agricultural intensification considered to be one of the main drivers of decline. We report on changes in invertebrates collected in cereal fields in Sussex, Southern England, UK, from 1970 to 2019.

Samples were taken using D‐vac suction sampling in the third week of June from an average of 95 cereal fields per year (4757 samples in total, comprising 2,983,124 individual invertebrates identified mainly to family level). The study area comprises 12 farms, whose land use, crop rotations and intensity of pesticide use were also recorded, showing marked changes over time.

Overall invertebrate abundance declined by 37% across all taxa, and by 48% when excluding the most numerous taxa (Collembola, Aphididae and Thysanoptera). Declines in abundance were identified for 47% of 51 non‐overlapping taxa at the order or family level, increases for 16% and no change for 37%. Most declines occurred in the first decade of the study, most increases in the 1990s. Latterly there have been further declines from 2010.

As functional groups, mycetophages, phytophages, predators (both aphid‐specific and polyphagous), parasitoids and cophrophages declined significantly, while there was no detectable change in pollinators. Four of five measures of avian chick‐food invertebrate abundance declined significantly, while one (corn bunting chick‐food index) showed no detectable change.

A multivariate constrained redundancy analysis revealed that cropping, field size, pesticide use and weather all significantly explained the variation in the abundance of the 51 non‐overlapping taxa. For functional groups, significant explanatory variables were weather and pesticide use.

Changes in farming practices and adoption of measures such as integrated pest management, regenerative farming, agri‐environmental scheme options and intercropping could help to mitigate the factors associated with decline.
Technological quality improvement of gluten‐free eggless cakes by the incorporation of untreated and modified hydrocolloids
Authors: Kaur Prabhjot , Kaur Kamaljit
Published: April 2024

The study examined the impact of untreated β‐glucan (UtβG) and ozonated β‐glucan (OzβG) on the characteristics of batter and gluten‐free eggless cake prepared using finger millet and flaxseed flour by encompassing a comprehensive analysis of physical, rheological, textural, morphological, sensory and nutritional properties. As the β‐glucan level increased, batter density and viscosity demonstrated an upward trend. The frequency sweep test revealed that β‐glucan altered the rheological parameters of batter, with the storage modulus (G′) surpassing the loss modulus (G″), indicating more elastic properties. The inclusion of OzβG resulted in improved physical characteristics and decreased the cake hardness, attributed to the formation of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Cakes incorporated with 1.5% OzβG had the highest overall acceptability score. Hence, this study sheds light on the utilisation of untreated and modified oat β‐glucan in the development of gluten‐free eggless cake, potentially aiding the bakery industry in meeting the rising demands for such products.
Risk Factors for Severe COVID‐19 Among Children and Adolescents Enrolled in Acute Respiratory Infection Sentinel Surveillance in South Africa, 2020–2022
Authors: Bishop Kate , Meiring Susan , Tempia Stefano , von Gottberg Anne , Wolter Nicole , Kleynhans Jackie , Moosa Fahima , du Plessis Mignon , Moyes Jocelyn , Makhasi Mvuyo , Chuene Boitumelo , Samuels Aaron M. , Dawood Halima , Reubenson Gary , Zar Heather J. , Quan Vanessa , Cohen Cheryl , Walaza Sibongile
Published: April 2024

Background

Identifying children at risk for severe COVID‐19 disease from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) may guide future mitigation interventions. Using sentinel surveillance data, we aimed to identify risk factors for SARS‐CoV‐2–associated hospitalisation among patients aged ≤ 18 years with respiratory illness.

Methods

From April 2020 to March 2022, patients meeting study case definitions were enrolled at four outpatient influenza‐like illness (ILI) and five inpatient severe respiratory infection (SRI) surveillance sites and tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Each ILI clinic shared a catchment area with its corresponding SRI hospital. Potential risk factors for SARS‐CoV‐2–associated hospitalisation were analysed using multivariable logistic regression by comparing inpatient versus outpatient SARS‐CoV‐2 cases.

Results

Of 4688 participants aged ≤ 18 years, 4556 (97%) with complete PCR and HIV data were included in the analysis. Among patients with ILI and SRI, 92/1145 (8%) and 154/3411 (5%) tested SARS‐CoV‐2 positive, respectively. Compared to outpatients, hospitalised SARS‐CoV‐2 cases were associated with age < 6 months ([adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 8.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7–24.0] versus 1–4 years); underlying medical condition other than HIV [aOR 5.8, 95% CI 2.3–14.6]; laboratory‐confirmed Omicron BA.1/BA.2 or Delta variant ([aOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.7–14.2] or [aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–7.3] compared to ancestral SARS‐CoV‐2); and respiratory syncytial virus coinfection [aOR 6.2, 95% CI 1.0–38.5].

Conclusion

Aligning with previous research, we identified age < 6 months or having an underlying condition as risk factors for SARS‐CoV‐2–associated SRI hospitalisation and demonstrated the potential of sentinel surveillance to monitor COVID‐19 in children.
Left bundle branch area pacing using a lumenless lead: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ellenbogen Kenneth A. , Fagan Dedra H. , Zimmerman Patrick , Vijayaraman Pugazhendhi
Published: April 2024

Background

Although left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) has been shown to be a feasible option for delivering physiological pacing, data are largely limited to single‐center reports. The aim of this analysis was to systematically assess the safety and efficacy of LBBAP with the Model 3830 lead among primarily bradycardia patients.

Methods and Results

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for full‐text articles on LBBAP using the SelectSecure Model 3830 lumenless lead. Rates and means were estimated using random‐ and mixed‐effects models. Of 3395 articles, 53 met inclusion criteria, representing 6061 patients undergoing an implant attempt. Average patient age was 68.1 years (95% CI: 66.6, 69.6) and 53.1% were male (95% CI: 50.5%, 55.7%). The average implant success rate among bradycardia‐indicated patients was 92.7% (95% CI: 89.5%, 94.9%). The overall estimated procedural adverse event rate was 2.5% (95% CI: 1.1%, 5.4%). The estimated septal perforation rate at implant was 1.6% (95% CI: 1.0%, 2.6%) with no adverse clinical sequelae reported. Pacing thresholds were low at implant (0.67 V [95% CI: 0.64, 0.70]) and remained stable through 12 months (0.76 V [95% CI: 0.72, 0.80]). Among bradycardia‐indicated patients, LVEF remained stable from baseline to post‐implant (59.5% [95% CI: 57.9%, 61.1%] vs. 60.1% [95% CI: 58.5%, 61.7%]).

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis including 6061 patients implanted with a Model 3830 lead for LBBAP found an average implant success rate of 92.7% and a procedural adverse event rate of 2.5% with stable electrical parameters and LVEF post‐implant.
Adjunctive low‐voltage area ablation for patients with atrial fibrillation: An updated meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Rivera André , Gewehr Douglas M. , Braga Marcelo A. P. , Carvalho Pedro E. P. , Ternes Caique M. P. , Pantaleao Alexandre N. , Hincapie Daniela , Serpa Frans , Romero Jorge E. , d'Avila André
Published: April 2024

Background

The efficacy and safety of adjunctive low‐voltage area (LVA) ablation on outcomes of catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) remains uncertain.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CA with versus without LVA ablation for patients with AF. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled with a random‐effects model. Our primary endpoint was recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA), including AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia. We used R version 4.3.1 for all statistical analyses.

Results

Our meta‐analysis included 10 RCTs encompassing 1780 patients, of whom 890 (50%) were randomized to LVA ablation. Adjunctive LVA ablation significantly reduced recurrence of ATA (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.67−0.88; p < .01) and reduced the number of redo ablation procedures (RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.35−0.85; p < .01), as compared with conventional ablation. Among 691 (43%) patients with documented LVAs on baseline substrate mapping, adjunctive LVA ablation substantially reduced ATA recurrences (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.38−0.86; p < .01). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of periprocedural adverse events (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.39−1.56; p = .49).

Conclusions

Adjunctive LVA ablation is an effective and safe strategy for reducing recurrences of ATA among patients who undergo CA for AF.
Validating a tool to measure spiritual beliefs, needs and resources in serious illness: The I‐SPIRIT
Authors: Steinhauser Karen E. , Jeffreys Amy S. , Perry Kathleen , Parker Ryan P. , Nieuwsma Jason , Olsen Maren K. , Johnson Kimberly S. , Kirshner Miriam A. , Majette Nadya , King Heather A.
Published: April 2024

Background

Seriously ill patients rely on spiritual and existential beliefs to support coping and approach crucial treatment and healthcare decisions. Yet, we lack gold standard, validated approaches to gathering information on those spiritual beliefs. Therefore, we developed I‐SPIRIT, a spiritual needs and beliefs inventory for those with serious illness (IIR‐10‐050).

Methods

In prior work to develop measure content, we interviewed a total of 74 participants: 20 patients (veterans with Stage IV cancer, CHF, COPD, ESRD), 19 caregivers, 14 chaplains, 10 social workers, 12 nurses, and 5 physicians. Using directed content analyses, we identified over 50 attributes of spiritual experience comprising five domains: overall importance of spirituality; affiliations and practices; impact on decisions; spiritual needs; and spiritual resources. We then translated these attributes into individual items with Likert response scales.

In the quantitative validation of I‐SPIRIT, we administered the instrument and a battery of comparison measures to 249 seriously ill veterans. The comparison measures captured general spiritual well‐being, religious coping, and emotional functioning. Convergent and discriminant validity was examined with the FACIT‐sp (faith, meaning, and purpose), BMMRS (religious/spirituality), POMS and PHQ‐8 (emotional function), and FACT‐G (quality of life). We administered the I‐SPIRIT a week later, for test–retest reliability.

Results

Psychometric analyses yielded a final I‐SPIRIT Tool including 30 items. Results demonstrated reliability and validity and yielded a tool with three main components: Spiritual Beliefs (seven items); Spiritual Needs (nine items); and Spiritual Resources (14 items). The Spiritual Beliefs items include key practices and affiliations, and impact of beliefs on healthcare. Higher levels of Spiritual Needs were associated with higher anxiety and depression.

Conclusion

The I‐Spirit measures relevance of spirituality, spiritual needs and spiritual resources and demonstrates validity, reliability, and acceptability for patients with serious illness.
Multiple cholinergic receptor subtypes coordinate dual modulation of acetylcholine on anterior and posterior paraventricular thalamic neurons
Authors: Ye Qiying , Nunez Jeremiah , Zhang Xiaobing
Published: April 2024

Paraventricular thalamus (PVT) plays important roles in the regulation of emotion and motivation through connecting many brain structures including the midbrain and the limbic system. Although acetylcholine (ACh) neurons of the midbrain were reported to send projections to PVT, little is known about how cholinergic signaling regulates PVT neurons. Here, we used both RNAscope and slice patch‐clamp recordings to characterize cholinergic receptor expression and ACh modulation of PVT neurons in mice. We found ACh excited a majority of anterior PVT (aPVT) neurons but predominantly inhibited posterior PVT (pPVT) neurons. Compared to pPVT with more inhibitory M2 receptors, aPVT expressed higher levels of all excitatory receptor subtypes including nicotinic α4, α7, and muscarinic M1 and M3. The ACh‐induced excitation was mimicked by nicotine and antagonized by selective blockers for α4β2 and α7 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subtypes as well as selective antagonists for M1 and M3 muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR). The ACh‐induced inhibition was attenuated by selective M2 and M4 mAChR receptor antagonists. Furthermore, we found ACh increased the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) on a majority of aPVT neurons but decreased EPSC frequency on a larger number of pPVT neurons. In addition, ACh caused an acute increase followed by a lasting reduction in inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) on PVT neurons of both subregions. Together, these data suggest that multiple AChR subtypes coordinate a differential modulation of ACh on aPVT and pPVT neurons.

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Depth of the subcutaneous tissue in the nose: Application to filler injection
Authors: Yi Kyu‐Ho , Kim Soo‐Bin , Silikovich Fernando , Frank Konstantin , An Min Ho , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: April 2024

Introduction

The nasal region plays a pivotal role in both facial esthetics and functionality. The use of volumizing fillers has emerged as a potential means to enhance nasal appearance. Preliminary findings from cadaveric studies have highlighted potential risks associated with deeper needle injection, leading to cartilage damage and lateral migration of filler material. Understanding the subcutaneous tissue depth is crucial to prevent such complications and ensure safe filler placement guided by anatomical knowledge.

Methods

This study aimed to employ ultrasonographic assessment to precisely measure the depth of soft tissue in the nasal area. Fifty‐two participants without prior nasal surgery or filler injections underwent detailed ultrasonographic evaluation, focusing on seven key anatomical points: Glabellar, Sellion, Rhinion, between Rhinion and Pronasal, Pronasal, between Pronasal and Subnasal, and Subnasal.

Results

The ultrasonographic observation revealed varying depths of subcutaneous tissue across these points: Glabellar (4.11 ± 0.79), Sellion (5.21 ± 0.97), Rhinion (2.02 ± 0.74), Rhinion to Pronasal midpoint (6.45 ± 3.1), Pronasal (9.5 ± 2.2), between Pronasal and Subnasal (8.8 ± 0.8), and Subnasal (8.5 ± 0.5).

Discussion

The discussion underscores the significance of understanding subcutaneous tissue depth in guiding needle length and approach angles during filler injections. This knowledge aids in achieving effective filling while ensuring safe placement within the subcutaneous tissue.
Reframing Silence as Purposeful: Emotions in Extreme Contexts
Authors: Rauch Madeleine , Ansari Shahzad Shaz
Published: April 2024

Individuals bear the weight of emotional distress when exposed to brutality and suffering in warzones. Yet, immersed in scenes of intense human tragedy, they must publicly mask their emotional turmoil. How then may such individuals cope with the emotional distress they suffer but mute? Through the analysis of 53 unsolicited, personal diaries, non‐participant observations in conflict zones, and interviews with Médecins Sans Frontières personnel, we study medical professionals who work in extreme contexts. Employing Goffman's notions of frontstage and backstage behaviour, we reveal silence as an emotional defence mechanism. We argue that this silence is a result of individuals’ deliberate choice rather than being muted by external forces. This choice enables individuals to maintain focus and perform critical, often life‐saving duties under extreme pressure. We find that silence does not imply an absence of emotion nor diminish emotional distress. Instead, silence functions as a protective measure against potential emotional breakdowns. We illustrate how journaling serves as a private refuge for self‐expression, enabling individuals to navigate their emotions and experiences away from scrutiny by others. We contribute to understanding emotional regulation in extreme contexts, and redefine silence as an essential aspect of coping and resilience.
Clinical outcomes of milled, 3D‐printed, and conventional complete dentures in edentulous patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zandinejad Amirali , Floriani Franciele , Lin Wei‐Shao , Naimi‐Akbar Aron
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This systematic review aims to compare clinical outcomes of digital dentures with conventional dentures.

Materials and Methods

This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in Prospero. The formulated population, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) question was “What is the clinical outcome of digital versus conventional complete dentures (CDs) in edentulous patients?”. The search strategy used three main electronic databases and an additional manual search was completed in August 2023 by following an established search strategy. Initial inclusion was based on titles and abstracts, followed by a detailed review of selected studies, and clinical studies that evaluated the clinical outcome of digital (milled or 3D‐printed) versus conventional CDs were included. A qualitative analysis for clinical studies was used to assess the risk of bias. The certainty of the evidence was assessed according to the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations (GRADE) system. In addition, a single‐arm meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the retention between digital versus conventional CDs.

Results

The initial search yielded a total of 947 articles, out of which 19 were selected for a comprehensive review, and six met the eligibility criteria to be included in this systematic review. The computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) CDs showed increased retention, no relevant differences in oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), and shorter working time compared to conventional dentures. Two studies were eligible for meta‐analysis; retention was significantly better among CAD‐CAM fabricated dentures (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.501) than conventional dentures. The heterogeneity between studies was high (95% CI: 0.049–0.952).

Conclusions

Clinically, both the milled and the 3D‐printed CD fared better than conventional dentures in terms of retention, reduction in the number of appointments, improved patient comfort, and improved predictable maintenance of the denture. Patients' perceptions and satisfaction were independent of the digital and conventional fabricated dentures.
Drivers of plant parasitic nematode community structures associated with tobacco‐growing areas in southern Brazil
Authors: de Ramos Eduarda Kalena Kirsch , Pazdiora Paulo Cesar , Dallagnol Leandro Jose , Pereira Matheus Martins , de Souza Mayara Rodrigues , de Araujo Filho Jeronimo Vieira
Published: April 2024

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the most important crops in southern Brazil, but little is known about the distribution and diversity of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs). We surveyed the occurrence and diversity of PPNs in 36 tobacco‐growing areas in southern Brazil as well as evaluated their relationship with 19 bioclimatic variables. For these purposes, extracted nematodes (from soil and roots) were identified based on morphological and biochemical traits and estimates of incidence and abundance were obtained, which were used to compute diversity indices. Furthermore, the relationship between taxa and diversity and the influence of bioclimatic variables were studied using principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized linear models (GLMs), respectively. We observed diversity across the sampled sites, with values varying from 0.03 to 1.22 and from 0.05 to 0.76 according to the Shannon‐Wiener and Pielou's evenness indices, respectively. Seven genera of PPNs (Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, Xiphinema, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus and Mesocriconema) were identified, highlighting taxa with high incidence and abundance, such as Meloidogyne (100%; 1800 to 41,850 specimens/250 cm3), Helicotylenchus (100%; 50 to 9850 specimens/250 cm3), and Pratylenchus (86.1%; 50 to 1950 specimens/250 cm3). The PCA disclosed the major roles of Meloidogyne, Tylenchus, and Helicotylenchus in the structure of the PPN communities and their interplays. Among root‐knot nematodes, Meloidogyne javanica, M. arenaria and M. incognita were the predominant species. Using GLMs, we found that average annual temperature and annual precipitation strongly influenced the abundance of PPNs as well as the diversity indices (p < .01), with negative and/or positive interactions. Collectively, our findings fill gaps in knowledge about the current impact of PPNs and provide insights into future scenarios, including for other host crops.
Performance, digestibility and meat quality from lambs fed diets with plantago lanceolata, Italian ryegrass or sainfoin herbages
Authors: Kara Kanber , Yilmaz Sena , Gerçekaslan Kamil Emre , Özkaya Serkan
Published: April 2024

Plantago species, which is known to adapt to different climatic conditions, drought, temperature and different soil types. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of P. lanceolata herbage on fattening performance, rumen variables, digestibility, meat quality, meat nutrients and meat textural variables in lambs with the values of Italian ryegrass and sainfoin herbages. The lambs were fed total mix ration (TMR) with concentrated feed (about 30%) plus forage (about 70%) (P. lanceolata, PLA, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum); IRY or sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) herbages, SAI). Twenty‐four male lambs (Akkaraman breed) were assigned to three treatments with 8 lambs in each group. Fattening performance parameters, digestibility and carcass variables were determined. Meat quality and shelf life variables (oxidation, fatty acid profile and textural variables) was detected in the loin (Musculus longissimus), shoulder (M. deltoideus) and leg (M. semitendinosus) muscle samples, which were rested for 24 h +4°C and stored at −20°C for one week, one month, three months and six months. The dry matter (DM) intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass yield values of lambs, the DM and organic matter (OM) digestions (DMD and OMD) of TMRs, and the pH value, ammonia‐nitrogen and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations of rumen fluid in lambs consuming PLA were similar to those of IRY and SAI (p > 0.05). PLA increased water holding capacity (WHC) and decreased cooking loss of meat compared to feeding with those of IRY and SAI (p < 0.05). The peroxide value (PV) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased with the stocking time in the meats (p < 0.05). Therefore, PV and MDA concentrations of shoulder, leg and loin meats up to 6th months for PLA were lower than those of IRY and SAI (p < 0.05). The linoleic acid concentration of loin and shoulder meats in PLA were higher than those of IRY and SAI (p < 0.05). The average oleic acid and ∑ω6 fatty acids concentration of meat in PLA was lower than those in IRY and SAI (p < 0.05). Atherogenic index and thrombogenic index values and palmitic acid levels of meat in PLA were similar to those in IRY, but lower than those in SAI (p < 0.05). Springiness, cohesiveness, resilience, hardness and chewiness values of the textural analysis parameters in meat of PLA were lower than those of IRY and SAI. As a result, effect of P. lanceolata on the fattening performance and rumen fermentation of lambs were similar with those of Italian ryegrass (Gramineae family) and sainfoin (Leguminosae family) forages and, it had a positive effect on meat quality (water holding capacity, cooking loss) and meat shelf life criteria (MDA, PV, fatty acid profile and textural variables). For functional lamb meat production, P. lanceolata can be included in the diet of lamb fattening.
A study on the distribution, origin, and taxonomy of Populus pseudoglauca and Populus wuana
Authors: Mi Jia‐Xuan , Huang Jin‐Liang , Shi Yu‐Jie , Tian Fei‐Fei , Li Jing , Meng Fan‐Yu , He Fang , Zhong Yu , Yang Han‐Bo , Zhang Fan , Chen Liang‐Hua , Wan Xue‐Qin
Published: April 2024

Taxonomy of Populus is a challenging task, especially in regions with complex topography, such as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau because of the effect of hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, phenotypic plasticity, and convergence. In the Flora of China, Populus pseudoglanca and Populus wuana are classified into sect. Leucoides and sect. Tacamahaca, respectively, but their taxonomy remains unclear. By conducting a systematic investigation for all taxa of Populus on the plateau, we found 31 taxa from the two sections. Through identification based on morphology and habitats, we confirmed that the “P. pseudoglanca” recorded in the Flora of Sichuan is not true P. pseudoglanca, while P. pseudoglanca and P. wuana recorded in the Flora of China may refer to the same species. By performing whole‐genome re‐sequencing of 150 individuals from the 31 taxa, we derived 2.28 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Further genetic and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the genetic structure of P. wuana is extremely consistent with P. pseudoglanca, and they all originate through the natural hybridization between Populus ciliata in sect. Leucoides and Populus curviserrata in sect. Tacamahaca. Our results suggested that P. wuana should be merged with P. pseudoglanca taxonomically. This study not only clarifies the taxonomic confusions related to P. pseudoglanca and P. wuana but also provides a new framework based on the integration of morphology, distribution, habitat, and genome to solve complex taxonomic problems.
House of CarDs: Functional insights into the transcriptional regulator CdnL
Authors: Smith Erika L. , Goley Erin D.
Published: April 2024

Regulation of bacterial transcription is a complex and multi‐faceted phenomenon that is critical for growth and adaptation. Proteins in the CarD_CdnL_TRCF family are widespread, often essential, regulators of transcription of genes required for growth and metabolic homeostasis. Research in the last decade has described the mechanistic and structural bases of CarD‐CdnL‐mediated regulation of transcription initiation. More recently, studies in a range of bacteria have begun to elucidate the physiological roles of CarD‐CdnL proteins as well as mechanisms by which these proteins, themselves, are regulated. A theme has emerged wherein regulation of CarD‐CdnL proteins is central to bacterial adaptation to stress and/or changing environmental conditions.
A patient presenting downbeat positioning nystagmus with 19/11 CAG repeats in the CACNA1A gene: A case report
Authors: Yaguchi Hiroaki , Abe Megumi , Fujiwara Keishi , Kudo Akihiko , Naganuma Ryoji , Uwatoko Hisashi , Shirai Shinichi , Takahashi‐Iwata Ikuko , Matsushima Masaaki , Yabe Ichiro
Published: April 2024

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a polyglutamine disorder caused by the expansion of CAG repeats in the gene encoding voltage‐gated calcium channel subunit alpha1 A (CACNA1A). The clinical features of SCA6 include slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and downbeat positioning nystagmus. The clinical significance of 19 CAG repeats is unclear. We report a case with 19/11 CAG repeats in CACNA1A determined by direct sequencing. The case presented with DPN, which is one of the most important symptoms of SCA6, but did not present with ataxia.
SCPL acyltransferases catalyze the metabolism of chlorogenic acid during purple coneflower seed germination
Authors: Huang Yuqing , Wang Hsihua , Zhang Yuting , Zhang Pingyu , Xiang Yuting , Zhang Yang , Fu Rao
Published: April 2024

The metabolism of massively accumulated chlorogenic acid is crucial for the successful germination of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Menoch). A serine carboxypeptidase‐like (SCPL) acyltransferase (chicoric acid synthase, CAS) utilizes chlorogenic acid to produce chicoric acid during germination. However, it seems that the generation of chicoric acid lags behind the decrease in chlorogenic acid, suggesting an earlier route of chlorogenic acid metabolism.

We discovered another chlorogenic acid metabolic product, 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid, which is produced before chicoric acid, filling the lag phase. Then, we identified two additional typical clade IA SCPL acyltransferases, named chlorogenic acid condensing enzymes (CCEs), that catalyze the biosynthesis of 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid from chlorogenic acid with different kinetic characteristics.

Chlorogenic acid inhibits radicle elongation in a dose‐dependent manner, explaining the potential biological role of SCPL acyltransferases‐mediated continuous chlorogenic acid metabolism during germination. Both CCE1 and CCE2 are highly conserved among Echinacea species, supporting the observed metabolism of chlorogenic acid to 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid in two Echinacea species without chicoric acid accumulation.

The discovery of SCPL acyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid suggests convergent evolution. Our research clarifies the metabolism strategy of chlorogenic acid in Echinacea species and provides more insight into plant metabolism.
Assessing the potential economic effects of mesopelagic fisheries as a novel source of fishmeal
Authors: Gowda Thanh Quang Rohan , Kourantidou Melina , Jin Di
Published: April 2024

The continuous growth of the aquaculture industry implies increased demand for efficient sources of aquafeed, such as fishmeal. Pelagic fish are a desirable source of fishmeal due to their high nutritional content. Nevertheless, several pelagic stocks that have been exploited extensively for fishmeal production face ecological limits due to commercial exploitation, and the aquaculture industry is now seeking novel, efficient, and sustainable sources of aquafeed. The mesopelagic zone, an ecosystem with many scientific uncertainties, is being considered as a potential source for fishmeal, largely owing to the abundance of mesopelagic fish and their robust nutritional profile. However, both the ecological and economic viability of commercial exploitation of mesopelagic fish are not yet well understood. To understand the conditions that would make such an endeavor economically viable in the context of global fishmeal production systems, we use a bioeconomic model that assesses the economic consequences of including mesopelagic fish as a fishmeal source. Through simulations, we assess the economic implications of this hypothetical mesopelagic fishery on major pelagic fishmeal production systems. The mesopelagic fishery can be economically profitable for harvesters, and its addition to global fishmeal production reduces fishmeal market price, thus making it more accessible to aquaculture farmers and less profitable for pelagic fishers. While this may reduce fishing pressure on pelagic forage‐fish stocks, the implications of commercial exploitation of mesopelagic on key ecosystem services remain a concern.
Determinants of Kuwait long‐run and short‐run economic growth
Authors: Alawadhi Ahmad , Salih Siddig , Aljaber Abdullah , Al‐Qudsi Sulayman
Published: April 2024

This paper examined the relationship between growth and its demand side determinants in Kuwait from 1970 to 2020. A set of autoregressive distributed lag models were applied to estimate the long‐ and short‐run relationships between economic growth and its determinants. The results suggest that exports, gross fixed capital formation (investment), imports and household spending exhibit a long‐run relationship with economic growth. While exports, gross fixed capital formation, share of government spending in GDP and household spending exhibit short‐run relationship with growth. Moreover, the results suggest that long‐ and short‐run economic growth in Kuwait is mainly driven by exports and to a lesser extent household spending. As Kuwaiti exports are dominated by oil exports and oil production is limited to the organisation of petroleum exporting countries quota this limits the policy makers from the most effective tool to stimulate growth. In this context Kuwait needs to enact policies to diversify exports, build a local industrial base, utilise imports to feed into non‐oil export sectors, direct investment spending to develop non‐oil industries and encourage FDI to facilitate innovation and technology transfers and spill overs to progress from a volatile oil‐based economy to a more diversified and sustainable growth path.
The Influence of Radiographic Parameter on the S2 Alar‐Iliac Screw Virtual Trajectory in Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis Patients: A Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Jiang Jun , Song Chenyu , Wang Han , Qiu Yong , Wang Bin , Zhu Zezhang , Yu Yang
Published: April 2024

Objective

S2 alar‐iliac (S2AI) screw had been widely used in the pelvic fusion for degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) patients. However, whether S2AI screw trajectory was influenced by sagittal profile in DLS patients had not been comprehensively investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between the optimal S2 alar‐iliac (S2AI) screw trajectory and sagittal spinopelvic parameters in DLS patients.

Methods

Computed tomography (CT) scans of pelvis were performed in 47 DLS patients for three‐dimensional reconstruction of S2AI screw trajectory from September 2019 to November 2021. Five S2AI screw trajectory parameters were measured in CT reconstruction images, including: 1) angle in the transverse plane (Tsv angle); 2) angle in the sagittal plane (Sag angle); 3) maximal screw length; 4) screw width; and 5) skin distance. The lumbar Cobb angle, lumbar apical vertebral translation (AVT); global kyphosis (GK); thoracic kyphosis (TK); lumbar lordosis (LL); sagittal vertical axis (SVA); sacral slope (SS); pelvic tilt (PT); and pelvic incidence (PI) were measured in standing X‐ray films of the whole spine and pelvis.

Results

Both Tsv angle and Sag angle had significant positive associations with SS (p < 0.05) but negative associations with both PT (p < 0.05) and LL (p < 0.05) in all cases. Patients with SS less than 15° had both smaller Tsv angle and Sag angle than those with SS equal to or more than 15° (p < 0.05). The decreased LL would lead to the backward rotation of the pelvis, resulting in a more cephalic and less divergent trajectory of S2AI screw in DLS patients.

Conclusions

For DLS patients with lumbar kyphosis, spine surgeons should avoid both excessive Tsv and Sag angles for S2AI screw insertion, especially when using free‐hand technique.
Recommendations for asthma monitoring in children: A PeARL document endorsed by APAPARI, EAACI, INTERASMA, REG, and WAO
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Custovic Adnan , Deschildre Antoine , Gern James E. , Nieto Garcia Antonio , Miligkos Michael , Phipatanakul Wanda , Wong Gary , Xepapadaki Paraskevi , Agache Ioana , Arasi Stefania , Awad El‐Sayed Zeinab , Bacharier Leonard B. , Bonini Matteo , Braido Fulvio , Caimmi Davide , Castro‐Rodriguez Jose A. , Chen Zhimin , Clausen Michael , Craig Timothy , Diamant Zuzana , Ducharme Francine M. , Ebisawa Motohiro , Eigenmann Philippe , Feleszko Wojciech , Fierro Vincezo , Fiocchi Alessandro , Garcia‐Marcos Luis , Goh Anne , Gómez René Maximiliano , Gotua Maia , Hamelmann Eckard , Hedlin Gunilla , Hossny Elham M. , Ispayeva Zhanat , Jackson Daniel J. , Jartti Tuomas , Jeseňák Miloš , Kalayci Omer , Kaplan Alan , Konradsen Jon R. , Kuna Piotr , Lau Susanne , Le Souef Peter , Lemanske Robert F. , Levin Michael , Makela Mika J. , Mathioudakis Alexander G. , Mazulov Oleksandr , Morais‐Almeida Mário , Murray Clare , Nagaraju Karthik , Novak Zoltan , Pawankar Ruby , Pijnenburg Marielle W. , Pite Helena , Pitrez Paulo M. , Pohunek Petr , Price David , Priftanji Alfred , Ramiconi Valeria , Rivero Yeverino Daniela , Roberts Graham , Sheikh Aziz , Shen Kun‐Ling , Szepfalusi Zsolt , Tsiligianni Ioanna , Turkalj Mirjana , Turner Steve , Umanets Tetiana , Valiulis Arunas , Vijveberg Susanne , Wang Jiu‐Yao , Winders Tonya , Yon Dong Keon , Yusuf Osman M. , Zar Heather J. ,   WAO Pediatric Asthma Committee
Published: April 2024

Monitoring is a major component of asthma management in children. Regular monitoring allows for diagnosis confirmation, treatment optimization, and natural history review. Numerous factors that may affect disease activity and patient well‐being need to be monitored: response and adherence to treatment, disease control, disease progression, comorbidities, quality of life, medication side‐effects, allergen and irritant exposures, diet and more. However, the prioritization of such factors and the selection of relevant assessment tools is an unmet need. Furthermore, rapidly developing technologies promise new opportunities for closer, or even “real‐time,” monitoring between visits. Following an approach that included needs assessment, evidence appraisal, and Delphi consensus, the PeARL Think Tank, in collaboration with major international professional and patient organizations, has developed a set of 24 recommendations on pediatric asthma monitoring, to support healthcare professionals in decision‐making and care pathway design.

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