bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SLENES, Robert. Na senzala, uma flor. Esperanças e recordações na formação da família escrava: Brasil Sudeste, século XIX. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2011. 304 páginas.
Authors: Granato Natália Cristina
Published: June 2017

SLENES, Robert. Na senzala, uma flor. Esperanças e recordações na formação da família escrava: Brasil Sudeste, século XIX. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2011. 304 páginas.
OLIVEIRA, Ricardo Costa de (organizador). Estado, classe dominante e parentesco no Paraná. Blumenau: Nova Letra, 2015. 386 páginas.
Authors: Walter Luciana Siqueira
Published: June 2017

OLIVEIRA, Ricardo Costa de (organizador).  Estado, classe dominante e parentesco no Paraná. Blumenau: Nova Letra, 2015. 386 páginas.
Germination and vigor of linseed seeds under different conditions of light, temperature and water stress
Authors: Stefanello Raquel , Viana Bruna Boucinha , Neves Luiz Augusto Salles das
Published: June 2017

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), cultivated from seeds, is one of the oldest plants domesticated by humans and is popularly used as a medicine. It can be used as the raw material to produce oil and bran because it has high lipids content, fiber and proteins. Based on the economic potential of this species and the need for more information about its physiology, the goal of this study was to analyze the effects of light, temperature and water stress on the germination and vigor of linseed seeds. In experiment I the seeds were sown on paper at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30 ºC in the presence and absence of light. In experiment II, the seeds were placed on paper germitest soaked in solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at osmotic potentials corresponding to zero, -0.10, -0.20, -0.30, -0.40, -0.50 and -0.60 MPa. To evaluate the physiological potential, the following tests were made: germination, first germination count, length and dry mass of seedlings, and water stress. It was found that the highest percentages of germination and vigor occurred at a constant temperature of 20 °C, both in the presence and absence of light. The reduction of the osmotic potential of the substrate promoted a significant decrease in the germination and vigor of the linseed seeds. Osmotic potentials equal or less than -0.30 MPa were harmful to germination and there was no normal seedling development starting at -0.50 MPa.
Effect of age and cyclical heat stress on the serum biochemical profile of broiler chickens
Authors: Bueno João Paulo Rodrigues , Nascimento Mara Regina Bueno de Mattos , Martins Julyana Machado da Silva , Marchini Cristiane Ferreira Prazeres , Gotardo Luciana Ruggeri Menezes , Sousa Gabriel Miranda Ribeiro de , Mundim Antonio Vicente , Guimarães Ednaldo Carvalho , Rinaldi Fabrício Pereira
Published: June 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age and cyclical heat stress for 1 hour per day on the levels of serum proteins, metabolites, and enzymes in broiler chickens of 21-42 days of age. We used 420 male broiler chickens, Cobb Avian48TM breed, in a completely randomized experimental design, composed of two treatments and six replicates. The treatments consisted of two thermal environments: one in which broiler chickens were raised under natural conditions of temperature and humidity for the first 42 days of age (control) and another in which chickens were subjected to heat stress at 36°C, from days 16 to 42, for 1 hour per day (1200-1300 hours). At 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age, approximately 5 mL of blood was collected by cardiac puncture in two birds per replicate. In each serum sample, levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and glucose levels were determined. Concerning the environment and the age, no significant differences in the levels of glucose, uric acid, ALT, triglycerides, and very low density lipoproteins were observed. There was a significant interaction between the environment and the age for cholesterol and LDL values. At 21 days of age, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) were higher in birds under stress than in the control treatment birds, which did not occur in other age groups. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was higher in chickens under cyclical heat stress than in chickens subjected to control treatment and displayed a cubic response regarding the environment. The age of the birds influenced the values of total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio, creatinine, GGT, and HDL. In conclusion, cyclical heat stress, at 36ºC, for one hour, from days 16 to 42 of age increases serum AST, whereas cholesterol and LDL-C levels increase only at day 21, indicating that birds may have adapted to heat stress. Age influenced the activity of AST and GGT and levels of creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C.
Tissue damage and embryonic malformation induced by aqueous extract of Pteridium aquilinum on chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo (CAM)
Authors: Leitolis Amanda , Souza Fernanda Gimenez de , Freitas Kelli , Barddal Helyn , Rauh Laryssa , Franco Joceline , Pereira Luiz Fernando
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of Bracken fern (BF) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.) on biological systems. When consumed by animals can cause acute intoxication, hematuria, biochemistry alterations and cancer. To humans the toxicity is associated with its intake on contaminated ground water or milk and inhalation of its spores. In order to check the BF aqueous extract (AEB) deleterious effects on animals blood vessels system, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was used. It were applying on CAM 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL of AEB and saline as control. The angiogenesis was analyzed and the vascular density index (VDI) calculated. The CAM samples were prepared and stained with H&E to evaluation of microvessels, Masson’s trichrome to characterize collagen and fibrin deposition and Picro-sirius used to evaluate collagen using polarized light. Also the morphological aspects of embryos were analysed. We observe on the results of neovascularization that AEB did not change significantly the number of vessels/mm², however, membranes treated with AEB (5 or 10 µg/mL) exhibit opacity and tissue fibrosis, both signs of inflammation. Histological analysis with Masson's trichrome and picro-sirius on tissues exposed to AEB respectively has shown increased collagen fibers and presence of fibrilar collagen. The embryos exposed to concentrations of 5 or 10 µg/mL AEB, showed changes as poor face formation and poor closing of abdominal wall. The highest concentration of AEB (15 µg/mL) was lethal to embryos. Although significant effects on the CAM’s vasculature has not observed, tissue aggression was detected, a desmoplasia (an extensive inflammatory signal triggered by tissue injury), changes caused on embryos as well as the presence of toxic substances in the AEB show us an important and deleterious pathway of this bracken fern extract on its intoxicants effects on humans and animals, and even cancer or the death of animals.
Carcass and meat of two genetic groups of cattle fed two levels of grass-Convert silage in feedlot
Authors: Missio Regis Luis , Silva Darlene Pereira da , Alexandrino Emerson , Restle João , Paula Neto Joaquim José de , Rezende José Messias de , Melo Jonahtan Chaves , Silva André Augusto Marinho , Duarte Tatielle Duarte e
Published: June 2017

Assessment of carcass and meat characteristics of Nellore young bulls or dairy crossbred young bulls fed two levels of grass-Convert silage in the rations (400 and 100 g kg-1 of dry matter). Sixteen Nellore young bulls and 16 dual-purpose dairy young bulls (Holstein x Gir and Holstein x Guzerá) with average initial body weight of 378.8±13.8 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The proportion of silage and the genetic group did not change the percentage of muscle, fat and bone of the carcass. The yield of the primary commercial cuts was not altered by the level of silage. The pistol cut weight was higher in Nellore young bulls compared to dairy crossbred young bulls (125.8 vs. 119.5 kg), while the relative weight of short ribs was higher in dairy crossbreds (11.9 vs. 11.5%). Only the muscle cut of the pistol was altered by silage proportion in the rations, being higher in those with the lowest proportion of grass silage. On the other hand, only the relative weight of flat, rump cap and edible lean trims were altered by genetic group, which were higher in Nellore young bulls. Among the characteristics of the meat, only marbling was significantly changed, being higher in dairy crossbreds fed rations with a lower grass-silage proportion. The genetic group did not alter the other meat characteristics. Nellore young bulls produce carcasses with higher yield of valuable meat cuts in relation to dairy crossbred young bulls.
Structural characteristics of elephant grass fertilized with organic composted waste from production and slaughter of small ruminants
Authors: Meneses Abner  José Girão , Cândido Magno José Duarte , Pompeu Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco , Souza Henrique Antunes de , Pereira Graziella De Andrade Carvalho , Primo Anaclaudia Alves , Feitosa Tibério Sousa , Fernandes Cellyneude De Souza
Published: June 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological characteristics of irrigated Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon subjected to doses of an organic compost from waste generated by production and slaughter of small ruminants. The experiment was carried out in a grassland, during four growth cycles of 60 days. The area is located in the Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos unit, in Sobral - CE, Brazil. Treatments consisted of organic compost doses (0, 13.3, 26.6, 39.9, 53.2 and 79.8 Mg ha-1) plus a mineral fertilization (nitrogen and potassium) at doses equivalent to 720 and 900 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. The experimental design was arranged in completely randomized blocks, totaling four blocks with seven treatments each, in a split plot scheme with repeated readings over time. The plots corresponded to seven doses of an organic compost and an additional treatment (mineral fertilizer), and subplots to four growth cycles. The variables analyzed were total herbage biomass (THB), canopy height (CH), tiller population density (TPD) and water use efficiency for green leaf biomass production (WUEGLB) and green stem biomass (WUEGSB). In the first cycle, TPD decreased linearly with increasing doses of the compost, with 47 tillers m2 at the dose of 79.8 Mg ha-1, while THB and WUEGLB variables behaved quadratically, with a maximum point of 23.53 Mg DM ha-1 cycle-1, and 16.33 kg DM mm-1 for the doses of 66.52 and 62.94 Mg ha-1 of the organic compost. We concluded plant structural characteristics and water use efficiency were responsive to applications of the organic compost, and we recommend the dose of 67.7 Mg ha-1.
Anthelmintic treatment and supplementation in Nellore calves performance in the post-weaning period
Authors: Fachiolli Daniele Floriano , Saes Isabela De Lima , Dellaqua João Victor Tino , Souza Osvaldo Alex De , Pinto Leandro Dias , Santi Pedro Fernando , Yamada Paulo Henrique , Tardivo Renata , Amarante Alessandro Talamini do , Soutello Ricardo Velludo Gomes de
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of anthelmintic treatment and supplementation of post-weaning Nellore calves. The parasitism degree, hematological changes and animal performance were analyzed, as well as the financial viability. One hundred contemporary Nellore calves were used. Animals were divided into four groups: CS+AT: supplementation with concentrate and anthelmintic treatment; CS: supplementation with concentrate; PS+AT: protein mineral supplementation and anthelmintic treatment; PS: protein mineral supplementation. Coproparasitological, hematological, and cost examinations were performed, and productive performance was also evaluated. A completely randomized design was used. Animals that received CS+AT showed greater weight gain. In females, there was significant difference in egg counts per gram of feces only between the CS and PS+AT. In males, animals receiving CS+AT, CS, and PS+AT differ from those receiving PS. No significant effects were observed for total plasma protein, packed cell volume, and eosinophils count. Females which received PS+AT and males who received CS+AT showed higher profitability. This study concludes that effective anthelmintic use is still viable, with higher profitability associated with concentrated supplementation in males, and mineral protein supplementation in females. Male calves show better return over investment when compared to females, due to the higher market value and higher potential performance.
Effect of propolis extract on the parasite load of Nile tilapias reared in cages
Authors: Buck Elder Luis , Mizubuti Ivone Yurika , Souza Felipe Pinheiro de , Ribeiro Ricardo Pereira , Alexandre Filho Luiz , Bracchini Graciela , Prado-Calixto Odimári Pricila , Poveda-Parra Angela Rocio , Lopera-Barrero Nelson Mauricio
Published: June 2017

Due to increase in demand for healthy and chemical residue-free products, natural therapeutic substances are being enhanced in fish cultivation. Current study evaluates in an unprecedented way (he effect of propolis on the parasite charge of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in fish cages. Six hundred male Nile tilapia (200g) conditioned in ten 1 m3 cages were used. Two treatments with five replications each were provided: TCON: control (extruded meal without propolis) and TPRO: extruded meal with 4% propolis extract. Parasite collection occurred on 0, 35, 70 and 105 days. At the same time, fillet was weighed and fish standard length measured. Temperature was kept within the comfort range for the species during the experimental period ( > 25ºC). Trichodinids and Monogenoids (Dactylogyridae) were detected in the two treatments. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in mean parasite intensity (total parasites/specimens with parasites) and abundance (total parasites/examined specimens) among treatments in the four evaluation periods. Lowest parasite prevalence occurred after 70 days in TPRO (26.66%). There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) among treatments with regard to fillet weight and standard length of fish. Results show that propolis extract 4% did not significantly affect parasite load, fillet weight and standard length of Nile tilapia.
Serological survey of lentivirus infection in goats and sheep slaughtered in the State of Paraíba, semiarid of Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Guilherme Ricardo De Figueiredo , Azevedo Sérgio Santos , Costa Diego Figueiredo da , Azevedo Edisio Oliveira de , Castro Roberto Soares de , Alves Clebert José
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of antibodies against small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in goats and sheep slaughtered in the state of Paraíba, in the Northeast semiarid region of Brazil. Blood was collected from 500 goats and 500 sheep in slaughterhouses in the municipalities of Alhandra, Guarabira, Esperança, Picuí, Monteiro, Sumé, Patos, Piancó, Catolé do Rocha, and Sousa. The agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test was used for the diagnosis of SRLV infection. Of the 1,000 animals analyzed, 28 (2.8%) were seropositive, with a frequency of 3% (15/500) in goats and 2.6% (13/500) in sheep. It was also observed that no significant difference was present in seropositivity among the different municipalities. The low frequency of seropositive animals can be explained by the fact that most of the sampled animals came from extensive breeding herds consisting of meat production native breeds and crossbred animals.
Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocytes in artificial beaches of Itaipu Lake, Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Snak Alessandra , Soares Pedro Rodrigo Hillesheim , Silva Erton Gomes da , Sereno Mallú Jagnow , Garcia Felipe Gustavo , Silva Marcia Benedita de Oliveira , Osaki Silvia Cristina
Published: June 2017

Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging zoonosis that causes many outbreaks worldwide. Its main route of transmission is the consumption of contaminated water or food. In Brazil, data on to the occurrence of cryptosporidiosis in animals and in humans are scarce; thus, it is important to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp. and to identify possible sources of water and food contamination in order to prevent the disease and, consequently, preserve of human health. From July/2011 to March/2012, five liters of water were collected in 10 different locations from eight artificial beaches of Itaipu Lake, Paraná, in a total of 40 samples. In two other small beaches of the lake, water was also collected from two different sites of each beach, given their size and because they were made up of water from different sources. Samples were analyzed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and nested-PCR (nPCR). All samples were negative in the modified Ziehl-Neelsen; only one (2.25%) sample was positive in nPCR. These results indicate that PCR is a more sensitive technique for the identification of Cryptosporidium in water samples. In this study, it was not possible to identify the species involved and, thus, the source of infection. Water contamination by Cryptosporidium oocytes can be caused by livestock kept near waterways, and by the people who use the place for recreational purposes. These results demonstrate risk for people who use the lake. Care should be determined to prevent the transmission of this important zoonosis.
Capoeira Angola e suas relações com o mito da democracia racial brasileira
Authors: Balaguer Gabriela
Published: June 2017

A capoeira é manifestação cultural largamente conhecida pelos brasileiros e estrangeiros, como parte da cultura e identidade brasileiras. Entretanto, sendo cultura popular negra deve ser compreendida na sua relação com a cultura dominante, em que estão presentes elementos de resistência e consentimento (HALL, 2013). No século XIX e início do XX, a capoeira foi intensamente reprimida pelo Estado, afastando racial e etnicamente o negro da construção da identidade nacional (REIS, 2000). Na década de 30, uma nova narrativa de identidade brasileira, conhecida como democracia racial brasileira, valorizou a integração cultural e biológica das três raças no Brasil (SCHWARZ, 2012; MUNANGA, 1996). Junto às outras manifestações culturais e religiosas, a capoeira é valorizada e integrada ao Estado (PIRES, 2010). O texto pretende trazer apontamentos para se reavaliar o modo de relacionamento da capoeira angola com as questões raciais e étnicas, a partir do questionamento do mito da democracia racial e das contribuições dos estudos culturais (MUNANGA, 1996; CARONE; BENTO, 2002; HALL, 2013).
Os enunciados científicos no ensino médio e as práticas para a formação do sujeito-químico
Authors: Rivelini-Silva Angélica Cristina , Oliveira Moisés Alves
Published: June 2017

O trabalho procura problematizar os processos de naturalização de determinados enunciados químicos e deslocar o olhar, dos saberes químicos, para um conjunto de práticas que regulam a forma como os alunos do Ensino Médio produzem conhecimento químico, para então, entender como os saberes químicos são produzidos por determinados discursos. Como estratégias, a metodologia foi parte constitutiva da representação investigativa e foi composta no próprio caminhar da pesquisa, as técnicas etnográficas foram utilizadas para a coleta e registro de dados. As análises desses dados foram construídas com base na análise do discurso foucaultiano, que permitiu conhecer os processos pelos quais os alunos apropriam os enunciados químicos e os colocam em funcionamento. Os discursos vão incorporados os termos próprios da química, que passam a funcionar em uma nova rede discursiva
A recepção do direito romano nos direitos da família romano-germânica: o caso do direito francês
Authors: Olavo Leite André
Published: June 2017

A chamada família romano-germânica de direitos, também conhecida como família do direito civil, corresponde ao grupo dos sistemas jurídicos que tradicionalmente traçam suas origens até o direito romano e as codificações justinianas, e que se identificam como portadoras de uma série de características deste. A partir do exemplo do direito francês, este trabalho trata da permanência de elementos do direito romano nos direitos contemporâneos da família romano-germânica de direitos, mostrando que a sua incorporação a esses direitos se dá em ao menos dois níveis distintos, isso é, a recepção do direito e a recepção da ciência do direito, que correspondem respectivamente à permanência de conteúdos do direito romano e à permanência das categorias lógicas e dos modos de articulação do direito romano. De forma a ilustrar como se dá esse processo, o trabalho primeiro busca mostrar a pluralidade de formas com que ocorreu a interação entre o direito romano e o direito existente no atual território francês, apresentando de forma sucinta a evolução desse direito. Na sequência, trata-se da recepção do direito romano pelos direitos contemporâneos, e das discussões sobre como essa sua influência pode ser identificada e sobre quais elementos do direito ela se concentra. Isso permite distinguir a recepção da ciência do direito da recepção do direito, e que se insista na tese de que embora nem sempre seja possível retraçar até Roma as origens de conteúdos dos direitos da família romano-germânica, a suas estruturas e modos operatórios são sim tributários do direito romano.
The Level of Psychological Burnout at the Teachers of Students with Autism Disorders in Light of a Number of Variables in Al-Riyadh Area
Authors: Atiyat Omar Khalil
Published: June 2017

This study aimed at measuring the level of the psychological burnout in the teachers of students that have autism symptoms in Al-Riyadh area—kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In light of variables. These variables are the gender, the teaching place, the academic qualification of the teachers, the experience of the teachers, the age of the teachers, and the grades that the teachers teach. The methodology adopted in this study was the descriptive surveying method using the “Maslach Burnout Inventory” (MBI) of the psychological burnout. This measure consists of three dimensions as follows: The emotional fatigue, Sagging Feeling, Lack of feeling of personal Achievement. The sample of study included 94 teachers. All of the teachers in the Autism discover symptoms. The result obtained in this study has shown that there is an average level of burnout signs shown by the sample members at all of the three dimensions together. However, the study also showed that the awareness level varied against each dimensions as follows: the lack of feeling the personal achievement—dimension came first with a high average 27.56. In the second, place the (Emotional fatigue) dimension with an average of 23.06. Finally, in the third place came the (sagging feelings) dimension with an average of 3.16. In addition, the results showed significant differences at a level of α=0.05 due to the effect of the variables, affecting the burnout level, namely the teachers’ gender, the teachers’ age, and the teacher’s experience. On the other hand, the results showed insignificant differences at the effect of the other variables, which are the teaching place, the teachers’ academic qualification, and the age of students with autism disorder.
Con «d» de «dual»: investigación sobre la implantación del sistema dual en la formación profesional en España
Authors: Marhuenda-Fluixá Fernando , Chisvert-Tarazona María José , Palomares-Montero Davinia , Vila Javier
Published: June 2017

En el presente artículo, exponemos los principales resultados de la investigación que hemos llevado a cabo sobre el proceso de implantación de la formación profesional dual en la totalidad de los ciclos de dicha etapa en España, al amparo de un proyecto europeo de transferencia de innovación. La metodología utilizada es la cuantitativa. Se realizaron y se validaron dos cuestionarios dirigidos a la dirección y al profesorado tutor de formación profesional dual en un universo de 456 centros que desarrollaban esta modalidad en España en 2015. Las encuestas fueron respondidas por un total de 179 centros de formación profesional pertenecientes a 16 comunidades autónomas. De estos centros, 136 contestaron el cuestionario dirigido a equipos directivos y 149, el de tutores y tutoras. En total, se abarcaron 22 familias profesionales.Los resultados de la investigación giran en torno a dimensiones organizativas (normativas estatal y autonómica, gestión de los convenios, implicación de las empresas y selección del alumnado) y didácticas (planificación de las enseñanzas y evaluación de los aprendizajes). También se contrasta el potencial de la modalidad dual en relación con la formación en centros de trabajo. Concluimos apuntando deficiencias en la gestión de la implantación por parte de las administraciones que la han impulsado, así como advirtiendo de las dificultades de su generalización y reconociendo la dedicación del profesorado de formación profesional.
Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: A Rare Entity With Unique Features
Authors: Dinarvand Peyman , Lai Jinping
Published: June 2017

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas is a rare entity with low malignant potential and excellent overall prognosis. It has nonspecific clinical presentations such as abdominal pain and nausea, with vague radiologic features. Histologic features of this neoplasm are usually specific. The tumor shows minimally cohesive, uniform, monotonous cells lining delicate capillary-sized blood vessels, described as pseudopapillary architecture. Other features including hyaline globules, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and nuclear grooving are frequently present. Use of a select panel of immunostains always helps pathologists to differentiate this tumor from other circumscribed tumors of the pancreas. Recently, β-catenin, CD10, and E-cadherin have been shown to be very important in the diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm. Nuclear staining of tumor cells by β-catenin and membranous presentation of CD10 is seen in almost 100% of cases. Tumor cells can be partially positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin. This tumor has a low malignant potential, and definite treatment is surgical resection.
The science of Durban, AIDS 2016
Authors: Beyrer Chris , Shisana Olive , Baral Stefan D. , Milsana Koleka , Mayer Kenneth H. , Pozniak Anton , Walker Bruce D. , Mboup Souleman , Sohn Annette H. , Serwadda David , Rees Helen , Dvoriak Sergii , Warren Mitchell , Thiam Safiatou , El‐Sadr Wafaa M. , Hospital Xavier , Ryan Owen , Thomson Nicolas , Bekker Linda‐Gail
Published: June 2017

Introduction: The science presented at the 21st International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, in July 2016, addressed the state of the field across basic, clinical, prevention, law and policy and implementation science.

Methods and Results: The AIDS response has seen remarkable achievements in scientific advances, in translation of those advances into prevention, treatment and care for affected individuals and communities, and in large scale implementation – reaching 18 million people with antiviral therapy by mid‐year 2016. Yet incident HIV infections in adults remain stubbornly stable and are increasing in some regions and among adolescents and adults in some key populations, challenging current science, policy and programming. There have been important advances in both preventive vaccines and in cure research, but both areas require ongoing investment and innovation. Clinical research has flourished with new agents, regimens, delivery modes and diagnostics but has been challenged by aging and increasingly complex patient populations, long‐term adherence challenges, co‐infections and co‐morbidities, and unresolved issues in TB management and epidemic control. It is an extraordinary period of innovation in prevention, yet the promise of new tools and combination approaches have yet to deliver epidemic HIV control.

Conclusions: Proven interventions, most notably pre‐exposure prophylaxis, PrEP, have been limited in rollout and impact. Treatment as prevention has the promise to improve clinical outcomes but remains uncertain as a prevention tool to reduce population‐level HIV incidence. The improvement of legal, policy and human rights environments for those most at risk for HIV acquisition and most at risk for lack of access to essential services; sexual and gender minorities, sex workers of all genders, people who inject drugs, and prisoners and detainees remain among the greatest unmet needs in HIV/AIDS. Failure to do better for these individuals and communities could undermine the HIV response.
Mutagenicity, genotoxicity and gene expression of Rad51C, Xiap, P53 and Nrf2 induced by antimalarial extracts of plants collected from the middle Vaupés region, Colombia
Authors: Barbosa Claudia Viviana , Muskus Carlos Enrique , Orozco Luz Yaneth , Pabón Adriana
Published: June 2017

Introducción. Dada la resistencia de Plasmodium a los medicamentos antipalúdicos, es necesario encontrar nuevas alternativas terapéuticas para su tratamiento y control. Con base en el saber indígena colombiano, se recopilaron extractos de plantas del Vaupés medio con potencial efecto antipalúdico.Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto mutagénico y genotóxico, y la expresión de los genes Rad51C, Xiap, P53 y Nrf2, inducidos por cuatro extractos etanólicos con actividad anti-Plasmodium (R001, T002, T015 y T028).Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó el potencial mutagénico de cuatro extractos etanólicos con efecto antiplasmódico utilizando el test de Ames y el efecto genotóxico, con un ensayo del cometa; asimismo, se analizó la expresión de los genes Rad51C, Xiap, P53 y Nrf2 en células HepG2.Resultados. Los extractos no fueron mutágenos en la cepa TA98 de Salmonella typhimurium en presencia y ausencia de actividad metabólica de la fracción S9. En la cepa TA100, los extractos R001, T015 y T028 se comportaron como mutágenos débiles en presencia de S9, con índices mutagénicos de 1,58; 1,38; 1,53 y 1,61, respectivamente; T015 tuvo el mismo comportamiento en ausencia de S9, con un índice mutagénico de 1,36. En el ensayo del cometa, todos los extractos provocaron daño de categorías 1 o 2, con colas de cometas entre 36,7 y 51,48 μm de longitud; sin embargo, el índice de daño genético sugirió que los tratamientos afectaron la mayoría de las células. En los genes en estudio, los extractos R001 y T028 indujeron una sobreexpresión de 1,84 a 3,99 frente a las células sin tratar de los genes Xiap y P53.Conclusiones. Los resultados evidenciaron que el extracto T002 fue el más seguro, ya que presentó actividad anti-Plasmodium, no fue citotóxico en las células HepG2, no fue mutágeno, causó daño de categoría 1 en el ADN y no modificó la expresión de los genes evaluados.
To call a cloud ‘cirrus’: sound symbolism in names for categories or items
Authors: Ković Vanja , Sučević Jelena , Styles Suzy J.
Published: June 2017

The aim of the present paper is to experimentally test whether sound symbolism has selective effects on labels with different ranges-of-reference within a simple noun-hierarchy. In two experiments, adult participants learned the make up of two categories of unfamiliar objects (‘alien life forms’), and were passively exposed to either category-labels or item-labels, in a learning-by-guessing categorization task. Following category training, participants were tested on their visual discrimination of object pairs. For different groups of participants, the labels were either congruent or incongruent with the objects. In Experiment 1, when trained on items with individual labels, participants were worse (made more errors) at detecting visual object mismatches when trained labels were incongruent. In Experiment 2, when participants were trained on items in labelled categories, participants were faster at detecting a match if the trained labels were congruent, and faster at detecting a mismatch if the trained labels were incongruent. This pattern of results suggests that sound symbolism in category labels facilitates later similarity judgments when congruent, and discrimination when incongruent, whereas for item labels incongruence generates error in judgements of visual object differences. These findings reveal that sound symbolic congruence has a different outcome at different levels of labelling within a noun hierarchy. These effects emerged in the absence of the label itself, indicating subtle but pervasive effects on visual object processing.
Experimental evidence for dynamic friction on rock fractures from frequency‐dependent nonlinear hysteresis and harmonic generation
Authors: Saltiel Seth , Bonner Brian P. , Mittal Tushar , Delbridge Brent , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B.
Published: June 2017

Frictional properties affect the propagation of high‐amplitude seismic waves across rock fractures and faults. Laboratory evidence suggests that these properties can be measured in active seismic surveys, potentially offering a route to characterizing friction in situ. We present experimental results from a subresonance torsional modulus and attenuation apparatus that utilizes micron‐scale sinusoidal oscillations to probe the nonlinear stress‐strain relation at a range of strain amplitudes and rates. Nonlinear effects are further quantified using harmonic distortion; however, time series data best illuminate underlying physical processes. The low‐frequency stress‐strain hysteretic loops show stiffening at the sinusoid's static ends, but stiffening is reduced above a threshold frequency. This shape is determined by harmonic generation in the strain; the stress signal has no harmonics, confirming that the fractured sample is the source of the nonlinearity. These qualitative observations suggest the presence of rate‐dependent friction and are consistent between fractures in three different rock types. We propose that static friction at the low strain rate part of the cycle, when given sufficient “healing” time at low oscillation frequencies, causes this stiffening cusp shape in the hysteresis loop. While rate‐and‐state friction is commonly used to represent dynamic friction, it cannot capture static friction or negative slip velocities. So we implement another dynamic friction model, based on the work of Dahl, which describes this process and produces similar results. Since the two models have a similar form, parameterizations of field data could constraint fault model inputs, such as specific location velocity strengthening or weakening properties.
The equations of motion for moist atmospheric air
Authors: Makarieva Anastassia M. , Gorshkov Victor G. , Nefiodov Andrei V. , Sheil Douglas , Nobre Antonio Donato , Bunyard Peter , Nobre Paulo , Li Bai‐Lian
Published: June 2017

How phase transitions affect the motion of moist atmospheric air remains controversial. In the early 2000s two distinct differential equations of motion were proposed. Besides their contrasting formulations for the acceleration of condensate, the equations differ concerning the presence/absence of a term equal to the rate of phase transitions multiplied by the difference in velocity between condensate and air. This term was interpreted in the literature as the “reactive motion” associated with condensation. The reasoning behind this reactive motion was that when water vapor condenses and droplets begin to fall the remaining gas must move upward to conserve momentum. Here we show that the two contrasting formulations imply distinct assumptions about how gaseous air and condensate particles interact. We show that these assumptions cannot be simultaneously applicable to condensation and evaporation. Reactive motion leading to an upward acceleration of air during condensation does not exist. The reactive motion term can be justified for evaporation only; it describes the downward acceleration of air. We emphasize the difference between the equations of motion (i.e., equations constraining velocity) and those constraining momentum (i.e., equations of motion and continuity combined). We show that owing to the imprecise nature of the continuity equations, consideration of total momentum can be misleading and that this led to the reactive motion controversy. Finally, we provide a revised and generally applicable equation for the motion of moist air.
Casinopolitanism
Authors: Luke Timothy
Published: June 2017

Within the full sweep of contemporary globalization processes, casinopolitanism can be understood as an emergent set of urban development and branding practices, which make the niche industries of casino gambling, music entertainment venues, shopping malls, and resort hotels a key engine for economic growth, urban design, and cultural reproduction. While casinopolitanization grew more sporadically and locally in the twentieth century, this mode of urban development has become a very central frame for understanding how certain cities and geographies grow under neoliberal conditions of global commerce (Brenner & Theodore 2002).
Food justice
Authors: Galli Robertson Anya M. , Clift Bryan C.
Published: June 2017

Access to adequate, nutritious food is a fundamental human need and right. Problematically, today's global food system provides this access to only certain members of the global population. Food justice has emerged as a local, national, and global movement, working simultaneously from across and within state arenas, local communities, global markets, and geographic boundaries. The movement works to build and support strong and sustainable local food systems and ensure equal access to fresh, healthy, and culturally relevant, ethically produced food. Pertinent concerns of the food justice movement are inequalities and barriers to access, environmental consequences of industrial food production, and the widespread consequences of increasing corporate monopoly over food markets.
Islam, political
Authors: Sayyid Salman
Published: June 2017

Political Islam or Islamism is not a specific ideology, in the sense of being a set system of beliefs and values. Nor is it best understood as a perennial or persistent feature of Islamic societies and histories. Rather, Islamism is a discourse that seeks to re‐center Islam within the public sphere of Muslim communities. Islamism emerges in the context of the
de facto
(and often
de jure
) displacement of Islam from the public to the private sphere. This displacement of Islam was most effectively pioneered by Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938) and his followers who in series of interventions transformed the remains of the Ottoman state into Turkey following their victory in the Greco‐Turkish War (1919–1922). These reforms included banning the fez by the Hat Law (November 25, 1925). Veiling of women was discouraged; Western clothing for men and women encouraged. The Islamic Hegira calendar was replaced with the Western (Gregorian) calendar. In 1926 Ottoman and sharia law were replaced with a legal system based on the Swiss Civil Code. In 1928 the New Turkish alphabet (in a modified Latin form) was adopted. In the same year the state was declared to be secular (April 10); and the constitutional provision establishing Islam as the official religion was deleted. In 1933 the Islamic call to worship was required to be in Turkish rather than Arabic. In 1934 the Law of Surnames was adopted, forcing Turks to adopt arbitrarily chosen surnames by administrative fiat. In 1935 Sunday was adopted as the legal weekly holiday rather than Friday.
Gypsies/Roma
Authors: Parrs Alexandra
Published: June 2017

Talking about Gypsies orGypsinessis in itself controversial, as the group bears many origins and has changing boundaries and sub‐classifications. However, most scholars agree that a group of people emigrated from India around the seventh or ninth century. They may have belonged to the caste of Dalits (untouchable) who escaped India and its rigid caste system or they may have been warriors fighting Muslim invaders (Hancock 2002). Different segments of the group appear to have moved west to Europe and southwest to the Middle East, including Turkey and Iran. Linguists identified three main groups based on their language: the Romani groups (Roma) who migrated to Europe, the Lomavren (Lom) who went to Turkey and Armenia, and the Domari (Dom) who migrated to the Middle East and North Africa.
BlackDeath
Authors: Coley David K.
Published: June 2017

The late‐medieval pandemic now commonly called the Black Death – a virulent outbreak of bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) – first took hold in southern England in the summer of 1348. In just over two years, the disease ravaged the British Isles and caused the deaths of millions of people, by some estimates more than 60 percent of the population of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. The demographic crisis precipitated by the pandemic catalyzed many of the shifts in social, religious, economic, and literary practice that have come to define Britain's turbulent fourteenth century.
W
illiam
de W
addington
Authors: Connolly Margaret
Published: June 2017

William de Waddington is credited with the authorship of two thirteenth‐century religious works:
Manuel des péchés
, a substantial compilation of pastoral instruction, and
Le Petit Sermon
, a homily on the last judgment and the love and dread of God. Both are written in Anglo‐Norman (the French used in England), and are composed in verse; the
Manuel des péchés
was later translated into Middle English as
Handlyng Synne
by Robert Mannyng of Brunne. William was probably seneschal to Walter de Gray, archbishop of York. William's surname seems to indicate that he came from Waddington, near to Clitheroe, Lancashire.
H
ilton,
W
alter
Authors: Sargent Michael G.
Published: June 2017

Walter Hilton was a writer on the contemplative life who died on March 24, 1396, at the priory of Augustinian canons at Thurgarton, in Nottinghamshire. His best‐known work,
The Scale of Perfection
, comprises two parts, probably written several years apart.
Scale
I is a guide to introspective meditation on the corruption of the image of God in the sinful soul, written for a woman recently enclosed as an anchoress. This work has similarities to other of Hilton's English and Latin letters of spiritual guidance.
Scale
II addresses itself to the same reader, but also has a larger, more theologically sophisticated audience in mind. The
Scale
became a spiritual classic in England in the century before the Reformation, and was known on the European Continent in a contemporary Latin translation.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Authors: Tolhurst Fiona
Published: June 2017

Eleanor of Aquitaine, heir to the duchy from which her surname derives, was queen consort of France and then of England. Although the size of her inheritance distinguished her from other queens consort, her period of greatest political activity was during the reigns of her sons Richard Coeur de Lion and John. Her long‐time association with the romantic legend that she presided over “courts of love” lacks basis in fact, but recent scholarship has documented both direct and indirect links between this queen and the literature of her day.
Hadrian ofCanterbury
Authors: Contreni John J.
Published: June 2017

Hadrian, abbot of SS Peter and Paul in Canterbury, was raised in North Africa, moved in important circles in Naples and Rome, and ended his days in England. His international trajectory was not unique, but in the seventh century it was unusual because Hadrian and his ecclesiastical companion, Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury, brought with them to England the intellectual culture of the Byzantine world. For a generation Canterbury in the far west became an outpost of eastern Greek Christian teaching and learning. Hadrian played an important role in papal and imperial politics in Italy and supported Theodore's efforts in England to reconstruct the church.
Allegory
Authors: Nievergelt Marco
Published: June 2017

The question of allegory is not only complex and multifaceted, but “allegory” itself continues to elude even the most basic definition. This is a result of its double history, as an interpretive or exegetical strategy on the one hand, and as a compositional or rhetorical technique on the other. Patristic authors studying scripture influentially transferred the focus of allegorical interpretation from linguistic statements to historical events, particularly biblical history, and thus contributed to the emergence of universal cosmic symbolism. Medieval authors from the twelfth century onwards focus their attention more strongly on the role of the human subject as a mediator of universal symbolic truths through allegory – as reader, interpreter, and poet. This tendency culminates with the emergence of first‐person narrative voices in vernacular allegorical narratives, French and English, where the resources of allegory are used to develop a complex, fully fledged hermeneutics of the subject.
A
ndreas
C
apellanus
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: June 2017

The Parisian cleric Andreas Capellanus composed a major treatise on courtly love at the end of the 12th century which is characterized by strong dialectics and has been regularly regarded as a masterpiece of theoretical writing on the topic of love.
E
xeter
B
ook
Authors: Salvador‐Bello Mercedes
Published: June 2017

The Exeter Book (Exeter, Cathedral Library, MS. 3501) is a large Anglo‐Saxon manuscript from the second half of the tenth century. Among other works, it contains
The Wanderer
,
The Seafarer
,
Deor
,
The Wife's Lament,
and a collection of riddles, which have all been frequently anthologized and scrutinized by scholars.
B
ower,
W
alter (

S
cotichronicon

)
Authors: Ash‐Irisarri Kate
Published: June 2017

Walter Bower compiled
Scotichronicon
, a history for Scots, in the mid‐fifteenth century. This entry considers the main themes of Bower's work and recent critical scholarship.
T
owneley Plays
Authors: Epp Garrett P.J.
Published: June 2017

The Towneley plays are a collection of biblical plays in the Huntington Library's MS HM 1, a manuscript once owned by the Towneley family of Towneley Hall, Lancashire. The manuscript contains some of the best‐known examples of medieval English drama, including the much‐anthologized Second Shepherds Play and other work attributed to an anonymous poet dubbed the “Wakefield Master.” The plays are often referred to as the Wakefield Cycle, and asserted to have been performed by guilds in the town of Wakefield in Yorkshire's West Riding. However, recent scholarship has challenged that view, prompting critical reevaluation of the collection and of the individual plays themselves.
E
lene
Authors: Hostetter Aaron K.
Published: June 2017

Elene
, the longest poem believed to be written by Cynewulf and appearing in the Vercelli Book (compiled 950–1000), is the triumphant story of the conversion of the Roman Emperor Constantine and the Invention of the True Cross through the intervention of his mother, St. Helena, the eponymous heroine of the poem. Remarkable for its powerful female protagonist, as well as its virulent antisemitism,
Elene
is a compelling statement about the Anglo‐Saxon imagination of Christian empire and the gendered politics of conversion. Though scholars have traditionally scrutinized the poem in terms of patristic parallels or Germanic source‐study, the story remains fertile ground for political readings and cultural critique, which represent the most recent approaches to the text.