bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Components in Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: Motor Planning, Language, and Memory
Authors: Baum Carolyn Manville , Edwards Dorothy F. , Leavitt Kathryn , Grant Elizabeth , Deuel Ruth Mary
Published: December 2014

This study was designed to determine if language, motor planning and memory could be identified as discrete components of performance. One hundred and thirty-three control subjects and 141 subjects diagnosed as having senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) were studied The results suggest that the patterns of deficits in language, memory, and praxis are highly individualized Previous work has demonstrated the presence of apraxia in moderately and severely demented persons, and this study suggests that apraxia contributes significantly to dysfunction in some persons with SDAT. The results of this investigation support the need for multidimensional assessment and individualized care planning for persons with SDAT.
Sensory Treatment for the Reduction of Stereotypic Behaviors in Persons with Severe Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Iwasaki Kiyotaka , Holm Margo B.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of excitatory and inhibitory multisensory stimulation for reducing instances of stereotypic behavior (STB) in a severely multiply disabled population. Thirty-six subjects were randomly assigned to three groups (excitatory stimulation, inhibitory stimulation, and control groups), and the two experimental groups received a treatment intervention for 30 days. The multisensory stimulation consisted of vestibular, tactile, auditory, and visual input designed to be either excitatory or inhibitory. STB was measured before, after, and 2 months after the intervention period. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between tests, but not between groups. Propositions are set forth and examined for factors that could have influenced the results.
Reliability and Validity of the Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants
Authors: Case-Smith Jane
Published: December 2014

The Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants (PFMAI) (Case-Smith, 1987) is a newly developed instrument for assessing the quality of motor function in infants. The test measures components of posture and fine motor control as they first develop. The purpose of this study was to support the test's reliability and validity. Interrater reliability, analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), was high (.989 for total scores). Test-retest reliability, measured by ICCs, was .853 and .913 for the two test sections. The PFMAI demonstrated concurrent validity with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Revised (Folio & Fewell, 1983) (correlations were .673 and .829 for the individual sections). Scores on the PFMAI were highly correlated with the infant's ages (.892 to .941); this finding provided one indication of construct validity.
A Content Validity Study of the Test of Orientation for Rehabilitation Patients
Authors: Thorn Deborah W. , Deitz Jean G.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the content validity of the Test of Orientation for Rehabilitation Patients (TORP). Content validity was examined at both the item and domain levels using an interdisciplinary group of 11 content experts. At the item level, percent agreement with the intended domain and item-objective congruence were evaluated in tandem. At the domain level, Lu's coefficient of agreement was calculated. Results of the analyses provided moderate to strong support for the retention of 46 of the TORP's 49 items and for grouping the items by domain of orientation. This study exemplified a quantitative approach to the examination of content validity using content experts.
The Sensorimotor Integration Test Battery: Preliminary Normative Data
Authors: Daniels Linda , Jongbloed Lyn , Stacey Susan
Published: December 2014

The Sensorimotor Integration Test Battery (SMITB), which assesses sensorimotor integration deficits in cerebral vascular accident clients, has been shown to be respectably reliable and valid. This paper documents the performance of 50 healthy subjects on 15 subtests of the battery and examines the effects of age, gender, and education on test performance. While most subjects achieved high test scores, the wide range of performance on some tests indicates that caution is needed in interpreting client test scores. Age is a more important variable in test performance than gender or education. Age was found to be a statistically significant factor in six of the tests, education in four of the tests, and gender in two of the tests. Possible reasons for these findings are examined, however, data should be gathered on larger numbers of healthy subjects before these norms are used.
Examining the Elbow during Functional Activities
Authors: Packer Tanya L. , Peat Malcolm , Wyss Urs , Sorbie Charles
Published: December 2014

Elbow range of motion during functional activities was investigated using electrogoniometry, telemetry, and computer analysis. Five subjects awaiting elbow arthroplasty on rheumatoid arthritic elbows were compared to a control group. Differences (p ≤ .05) were found between the two groups on standing and telephone tests. The minimum angle (extreme extension) and the total arc of motion were significantly less in the group with arthritis. During the standing test the median extension angle was 35° for the group with rheumatoid arthritis and 15° for the control group, and for the telephone test the angles were 95° and 75°, respectively.

The experimental group did not consistently use their available range, but used movement patterns in a limited range. The information generated in the study has implications in the treatment of clients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Influence of Shoulder Position on Maximum Voluntary Elbow Flexion Force in Stroke Patients
Authors: Bohannon Richard W. , Warren Mark , Cogman Kim
Published: December 2014

This study was designed to investigate the effect of shoulder position on elbow flexion force in 24 hemiparetic stroke patients. The patients' elbow flexion forces were measured bilaterally with a hand-held dynamometer while their shoulders were in adducted and abducted (90°) positions. Elbow flexion force was not significantly different between positions on either side. Therefore, any tendency that stroke patients have to flex their elbows in “synergy” with shoulder abduction cannot be explained on the basis of a positionally dependent difference in elbow flexion force production.
Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation for Improving Attention in Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Brown Catana , Harwood Kimberly , Hays Carole , Heckman Jim , Short Janet E.
Published: December 2014

Many patients with chronic schizophrenia who are treated in traditional occupational therapy programs demonstrate lower level deficits involving cognition and, more specifically, attention. This study examines the applicability of the cognitive rehabilitation treatment modality to patients with schizophrenia as compared with the traditional one-to-one task-oriented approach. Results indicated no significant difference between the two treatment methods. Overall, the subjects from both groups did show improvement in scores on the shell sort task of the Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE). Scores for self-confidence, motivation, and efficiency improved for the subjects in both groups in at least four of the five task scores of the BaFPE. Significant improvements also were noted in five psychological tests of attention and memory for both groups. This study supported the importance of hierarchically arranged crafts and cognitive rehabilitation in an environment with reduced sensory input. Treatments that were structured, concrete, and visual were most effective.
Follow-up Assessment of Children Receiving Sensory Integration Treatment
Authors: Wilson Brenda N. , Kaplan Bonnie J.
Published: December 2014

Following the completion of a study of the efficacy of sensory integration (SI) treatment compared with tutoring, the question raised was whether a greater difference between the two groups would exist after a period of time had elapsed after treatment ended. Twenty-two of the original 29 subjects completed follow-up assessment two years after the completion of their treatment. Only one significant difference between the two groups was seen at follow-up: The gross motor performance of the group who received SI treatment was significantly greater than that of children who received tutoring. There was no difference between the groups on measures of reading skills, fine motor skills, visual motor skills, or behavioral factors. There were no significant correlations between the amount of improvement a child made during treatment and the maintenance of the gains.
On Clinical Reasoning: Patterns of Reflection on Practice
Authors: Alnervik Anitha , Svidén Gunilla
Published: December 2014

Five qualified occupational therapists and their patients were videotaped during a treatment session. The occupational therapists first were asked to describe the session in a narrative form, i.e., “tell the story,” and then they were asked to describe the thoughts and considerations on which they had conducted the treatment session, i.e., “reflection on practice.” A qualitative analysis was performed in accordance with the model for clinical reasoning developed by Fleming (1991). Both quantitative and qualitative analysis showed that procedural reasoning was predominant both in storytelling and reflection on practice, and a very small number of comments was classified as interactive or conditional reasoning. The results of this preliminary investigation suggested that we should examine the role that reflection on practice plays in examining, developing, and teaching the art of occupational therapy.
“There's a Certain Slant of Light”: The Experience of Discovery in Qualitative Interviewing
Authors: Beer David W.
Published: December 2014

Perception, meaning, and experience, often expressed in the writing and interpretation of poetry, are important parts of human life. Qualitative interviewing, when it acknowledges and capitalizes on the presence of human interviewers and of so-called interviewer effects, opens itself to capturing and comprehending such phenomena as perception, meaning, and experience. Such interviewing is a creative process in which the interactions) and conversation(s) of interviewer and respondent produce statements and formulations, rather than merely drawing such constructs from the mind of the respondent. Examination of an interview in which the author was respondent shows how interview dialogue facilitated his formulation of a narrative account of part of his intellectual development. This example is used to illustrate how interviewing can facilitate the exploration of one's personal world(s) and how interviewers discover that their constructions and formulations of the world differ from those of their respondents. In the final analysis, it is the subjectivity of the qualitative interview, its being influenced by and affecting both interviewer and respondent, that makes discovery possible in qualitative research.
The Effectiveness of Using Simulated Patients versus Videotapes of Simulated Patients to Teach Clinical Skills to Occupational and Physical Therapy Students
Authors: Liu Lili , Schneider Phyllis , Miyazaki Masako
Published: December 2014

Seventy-three occupational and physical therapy students participated in two seminars. In one seminar, students interacted directly with a simulated patient; in the other, students viewed a videotape of a simulated patient interacting with a clinician. Each student submitted the following for each seminar: a list of problems and treatment plans, a rating form indicating satisfaction with group participation, and a rating form indicating satisfaction with topics covered. Within-group comparisons showed that identification of patient problems by the students tended to agree with expert clinicians in the simulated patient condition when compared with the videotape condition although this difference failed to reach significance ( P=0.056). More of the student treatment plans agreed with expert clinicians in the videotape condition when compared with the simulated patient condition ( P<0.01). Both group process and content ratings in the simulated patient condition exceeded those in the videotape condition.
Verbal Self-Guidance as a Treatment Approach for Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Systematic Replication Study
Authors: Martini Rose , Polatajko Helene J.
Published: December 2014

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) experience many occupational performance difficulties in all areas of daily living. For the most part, research has failed to identify an effective treatment approach for these children. Verbal self-guidance (VSG), a new approach, first explored by Wilcox and Polatajko (1993), appears to have good potential in helping children with DCD become competent in the occupations of their choice. The purpose of this study was to carry out a systematic replication of the first VSG study to determine if a different therapist could achieve similar results. Repeating the VSG procedure with four different children, using a single case study design, a different therapist was able to replicate the earlier findings. This provides further evidence of the potential of VSG as an effective approach for enabling children with DCD to surmount their motor challenges.
The Nonverbal Expression of Negative Emotions: Peer and Supervisor Responses to Occupational Therapy Students' Emotional Attributes
Authors: Tickle-Degnen Linda , Puccinelli Nancy M.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preclinical and clinical consequences of occupational therapy students' emotional attributes. When students conducted interviews in pairs with one another, their feelings and behavior were associated with their attributes of negative emotionality and nonverbal expressiveness. When the student with a higher degree of negative emotionality within a dyad was the more expressive one, both students within that dyad reacted with less positive feelings and nonverbal behavior than when the student with the lower degree of negative emotionality was the more expressive one. Furthermore, during level II fieldwork experiences, expressive negatively emotional students were evaluated by their clinical supervisors as less clinically skilled than individuals who were expressive yet non-negatively emotional. Processes of emotional contagion and social impression formation may have mediated the associations that were found.
Social Landscapes of the Late Palaeolithic: Marking Meaning in the Magdalenian
Authors: Sterling Kathleen
Published: December 2014

Landscape archaeologies that pay attention to cultural importance of place have become increasingly common in recent years in many parts of the world. However, these approaches have largely failed to make inroads into Pleistocene European hunter–gatherer archaeology. This is partly due to a focus on economics, survival, and neo-liberal assumptions of ‘efficiency’ in early modern human behaviour. With evidence of lithic use drawn from cave sites, survey, and open-air excavation, I argue that Upper Paleolithic hunter–gatherers left clues to the importance of certain places in the landscape. Lithic tools in particular have been undervalued for their symbolic meaning, which goes well beyond style and ethnicity models. Raw material has been seen as evidence of mobility and trade, but possible cultural motives behind material choices have been downplayed or ignored.
Introduction
Authors: Burton Antoinette
Published: December 2014

Burton’s essay introduces the forum on Julian Go’s Patterns of Empire, setting out the terms of the debate and mapping the entanglements of an anti-exceptionalist argument with narratives of rise-and-fall that have predominated until recently in British imperial history.
Comparative Historical Sociology and Transnational History
Authors: Hyslop Jonathan
Published: December 2014

Hyslop’s article criticizes Julian Go’s approach to the historical analysis of empires. It views his work as an example of comparative historical sociology and contrasts it with the methods of transnational historians. While both schools constitute valid research directions, the rise of transnational history has made the work of comparativists more complex, in ways Go does not sufficiently recognize. Especially, it highlights the difficulty of drawing lines between the political units that are to be compared. While the article appreciates the elegance of Go’s comparison of the trajectories of British and American imperialism, it points to several flaws in his analysis. In particular the article criticizes Go for not recognizing the historical interpenetration of the British and American empires. It also suggests that his work reflects a tendency in comparativist work toward a structuralist dismissal of issues of agency and culture. Go down-plays the role of the internal politics of metropolitan societies in shaping imperialism, Hyslop argues, and sees colonial societies as more united in their resistance to imperialism than they were in reality. Hyslop’s critique of Go draws on Michael Mann’s analysis of the multiple forms of social power.
Hydrological Data Banking for Sustainable Development in Nigeria: An Overview
Authors: Maxwell Ocheri
Published: December 2014

Abstract - This paper examines the importance of hydrological data banking for sustainable development in Nigeria. Water related projects have failed woefully in Nigeria because they are executed without recourse to or lack of relevant hydrological data. Hydrologists primarily are saddled with the responsibilities of data gathering, processing, storage and retrieval on all components of the hydrological cycle such as precipitation, evaporation, runoff, infiltration, stream flow to mention a few. This however can only be done when hydrologists are adequately trained and efficient hydrological gauging stations with up to date equipment are established. The current situation   in Nigeria is that hydrological data banking is lacking which is linked with inadequate and inefficient guaging stations and trained manpower. There is the need to make hydrological data collection, processing, storage/retrieval and banking for sustainable development a must in Nigeria. Government and relevant agencies and institutions need to step up action in this wise. Keywords: Hydrology, water inventory, river, data banking
Impact of On-street Parking on Urban Arterial Performance: A Quantitative Study on Travel Speed and Capacity Deterioration
Authors: - Sugiarto , Limanoond Thirayoot
Published: December 2014

Abstract - Traffic congestion has been a serious social and technical problem since the early year’s rapid motorization in Banda Aceh, Aceh Province of Indonesia. Urban arterial performance becomes the crucial concerns of many traffic engineers. Arterial performances were analyzed using oblique cumulative plots and breakdown method. The approaches are time series treatment between cumulative vehicles arrival versus time contracted from data recorded by video cameras. Investigations were conducted during both morning and evening peak hours on three regular weekdays for observing saturation condition in order to observe the maximum capacity under prevailing conditions. This study examined the impact of presence on-street parking on deterioration both travel speed and capacity. It found that capacity diminished slightly 10-13% (275-368vph) compared to the pre-breakdown condition. Likewise, during the breakdown, speed dropped about 13-19% (3-5kph) controlled by pre-breakdown as well. The simulation software so called VISSIM 5.30 was governed to estimate the measurement of effectiveness (MOEs) by removing on-street parking from a site of study. The MOEs reveal that removing on-street parking able to reduce average delay approximately 12 sec/veh (32%) and increase speed about 5kph (24%).    Keywords: Arterial performance, pre-breakdown, breakdown, travel speed, capacity, on-street parking, simulation, VISSIM 5.30, MOEs.
Changes in Color and Physiological Components of The Postharvest Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Influenced by Different Levels of GA3
Authors: Islam Md. Khairul , Islam A.  K. M. Rafiul , Sarkar M. A. R. , Khan M. Z. H. , Yeasmin Shabiha
Published: December 2014

Abstract - This experiment consisted of two popular mango varieties in Bangladesh (viz., Langra and Khirshapat) and four different levels of Gibberellic acid (GA3) solution, namely control, 100, 200 and 400 ppm. The two factors experiment was assigned in randomized complete block design with tree replicates. Data obtained from various biochemical analyses in terms of physicochemical properties and shelf life of postharvest mango, were recorded and statistically analyzed for comparison among the mean values using DMRT and LSD. The results of the experiments exhibited that only the single effect of varieties was found to be significant in most of the parameters studied. Variety the Langra performed better in accumulating higher quantity of dry matter, ash, vitamin c content in all four experiments over Khirshapat. On the other hand, the Khirshapat showed better performance in achieving higher quantity of moisture, progressively lost physiological weight as well as extended shelf life and delayed skin color changes than Langra at all the storage duration. Keywords: Postharvest mango; Gibberellic acid; physiological components.
Removal of Eggs Adhesiveness of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at Different Concentrations of Urea Solution
Authors: Asraf Amirul , A. Muchlisin Zainal , N. Siti-Azizah Mohd
Published: December 2014

Abstract –The objective of the present study was to determine the best concentration of urea solution and rinsing time to remove adhesiveness of African catfish eggs. Four different concentrations of rinse solution were used in this experiment comprising of 2 g, 4 g, 6 g and 8 g of urea diluted in 4 g NaCl/L of water producing a concentration of 0.486 mM, 0.973 mM, 1.458 mM, and 1.946 mM of urea concentration respectively, while 4 g NaCl/L of water without urea were used as control. The fish eggs were rinsed with the solutions at different durations namely; 1, 5 and 10 minutes. Each rinsing solution concentration and rinsing time were conducted in three replicates. The fertilization and hatching rates increased and peaked from the control (0 mM of urea) to 0.466 mN urea and decreased when concentration of urea was increased to 0.973 mM urea and 1.458 mM urea, then increased again at 1.946 mM urea, but these values were lower than at 0.486 mM urea. Thus, the best concentration for fertilization and hatching rates were 0.486 urea of urea. However 0.973 mM of urea was optimum in reducing clumping of eggs. Keywords: Clumping; Fertilization; Hatching; Brood fish
Preliminary Study on the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Naphthol Green B by Dichromate Ion in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Medium
Authors: Myek Bako , O. Idris Sulaiman , F. Iyun Johnson
Published: December 2014

Abstract - The kinetics of the oxidation of naphthol green B (NGB3-) by Cr2O7 2- has been studied in aqueous hydrochloric acid medium at an ionic strength, I = 0.50 mol dm-3 (NaCl), H+ =1.0  10-4 mol dm-3 (HCl) and T = 25  1C. The redox reaction displayed a stoichiometry of 1:1 and obeys the rate law: -dNGB3-/dt = k2NGB3-]Cr2O7 2- . The second order rate constant increases with increase in acid concentration and in the ionic strength of reaction medium. The rates of reaction displayed a positive salt effect. Addition of acrylonitrile to a partially reacted mixture in the presence of excess methanol did not lead to gel formation. Added cations and anions inhibited the naphthol green B - Cr2O7 2- reaction. Results of the Michaelis – Menten plot gave no evidence of intermediate complex formation during the course of the reaction. Based on the results obtained, the reaction is believed to proceed through the outersphere mechanistic pathway.Keywords: Intermediate; Redox; Pseudo-octahedral; Michaelis – Menton; Outersphere
Preparation of Metal Immobilized Orange Waste Gel for Arsenic(V) Removal From Water
Authors: Kumar Biswas Biplob , Inoue Katsutoshi , Ohto Keisuke , Harada Hiroyuki , Kawakita Hidetaka
Published: December 2014

Abstract - The toxicity of arsenic is known to be a risk to aquatic flora and fauna and to human health even in relatively low concentration. In this research an adsorption gel was prepared from agricultural waste material (orange waste) through simple chemical modification in the view to remove arsenic (V) from water. Orange waste was crushed into small particles and saponified with Ca(OH)2 to prepare saponified orange waste, which was further modified by immobilizing gadolinium(III) to obtain desired adsorption material (Gd(III)-immobilized SOW gel). The effective pH range for arsenic adsorption was found to be 7.5 – 8.5. Adsorption capacity of the gel was evaluated to be 0.45 mol-arsenic (V)/kg. Dynamic adsorption of arsenic (V) in column-mode was conducted and a dynamic capacity was found to be 0.39 mol/kg. Elution of arsenate was tested after complete saturation of the column packed with gadolinium-immobilized orange waste adsorption gel. A complete elution of arsenate was achieved with the help of 1 M HCl and 28 times pre-concentration factor was attained. This study showed that a cheap and abundant agro-industrial waste material could be successfully employed for the remediation of arsenic pollution in aquatic environment.Keywords: Arsenic; Orange waste; Gadolinium(III); Adsorption; Elution.
Isolation and Identification of Air Borne Fungal Spores and Fragments in Buildings within Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
Authors: Sa’adatu Aliyu Shinkafi , Gambo Aliyu
Published: December 2014

Abstract - Indoor air contains a complex mixture of microorganisms, microorganism fragments, and by products such as molds, bacteria, endotoxins, mycotoxins, and volatile microbial organic compounds. Airborne fungi and bacteria can be toxic, allergenic and/or infectious. A research was conducted to determine the number and types of airborne fungal spores in Buildings of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria. Five (5) areas were chosen within the University for the Survey, these were student Hostel, Staff Quarters, Botanical garden, Microbiology laboratory and city campus of Usmanu Danfodiyo University. . A total number of fifteen (15) petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar each were vertically placed in each sampler and exposed at end of each height and site for 10 and 20 minutes respectively.  A total of thirteen (13) different fungal specie were identified namely; Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A fumigates, A. ustus, A. terreus, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Alterneria altenata, Rhizopus oryzae,  R. stolonifer, Helminthosporum sp., Penicillum candidum and Absedia corymbifera. Aspergillus niger had the highest frequency of occurrence of (14.9%), Helminthosporus species had the least frequency of occurrence of (1.5%). Conclusively it was observed that the concentration of fungal spores was high in the upper surface than the ground level at the time of the survey.
Promotion and Implementation of Bioenergy for a Better Environment
Authors: Mustafa Omer Abdeen
Published: December 2014

Abstract - There is strong scientific evidence that the average temperature of the earth’s surface is rising and this may be attribute to increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere as released by burning fossil fuels. One of the chief sources of greenhouse gases is burning of fossil fuels. Biogas from biomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which is potentially rich in biomass resources. In the present paper, current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biogas technology. In this article an attempt has been made to give an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required.
Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Soil Encourage the Invasion Establishment and Carbon Dynamics of Lantana camara from Doon Valley, Western Himalaya, India
Authors: Mandal Gautam , P. Joshi Shambhu
Published: December 2014

Abstract - Lantana camara L. is a recognized weed of worldwide significance due to its widespread distribution and impacts on nature conservation. In this study physicochemical properties of soil were analysed from different high and low Lantana infested areas. Significant site effect was frequently observed than effect due to invasion status. The present study tested the impact of soil properties in the measured and calculated attributes of Lantana by randomly sampling soil from the highly invaded and less invaded sites in different habitats using the Modified Whittaker plot design. Ten samples were collected at high invaded and ten at less invaded sites per habitat totalling to 120 which were obtained and analysed. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that edaphic factors such as soil pH, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, Phosphorus and Potassium content positively influenced the growth of Lantana and helped in the further invasion process. These factors were also positively influencing the measured and calculated attributes of Lantana such as canopy coverage, average crown diameter, shrub canopy area, phytovolume and biomass from all sites. However some attributes like shrub height and stem diameter were negatively influenced by these soil factors. The level of these soil nutrients was found elevated in all Lantana invaded sites as compared to less invaded sites. The present results reveal that Lantana invasion can not only significantly improve the soil nutrient level but also positively increase the chances of its further invasion with more copious plant attributes.
DFT and PM3 Computational Studies of the Reaction Mechanism of the Oxidation of L-Tyrosine by Iodine in the Gas Phase
Authors: A. Shallangwa Gideon , Uzairu Adamu , O. Ajibola Victor , Abba Hamza
Published: December 2014

Abstract - The oxidation of L-Tyrosine by molecular iodine was studied using semi-empirical and density functional theory methods. Molecular information such as net charges, values of frontier orbital energies, composition, proportions and bonding contribution were obtained and analyzed. Thus, possible reactive sites were proposed and the reaction mechanism was postulated. The postulated transition states, intermediates and products were also computed using the PM3 and DFT methods. Computed enthalpies of the oxidation reaction at standard conditions for the PM3 and DFT calculation were 216.97 kJ/mol and -36327404.72 kJ/mol respectively. The calculated ΔGo andΔSo, for the transition states according to the DFT model were both large and negative indicating that the processes were exergonic associative substitution reactions.
The Distributions of Whiteness
Authors: Ferguson Roderick A.
Published: December 2014

This article argues that the contemporary mode of whiteness acknowledges itself as a historical and social construct but manages to do so without calling for the redistribution of social resources. Hence, as an antiredistributive social formation, we can observe contemporary whiteness as very much in line with its prior—that is, overtly white supremacist—articulation.
Rethinking Settler Colonialism
Authors: Sánchez Rosaura , Pita Beatrice
Published: December 2014

Our article is a response to a previous article published in American Quarterly (2010), by Laura Pulido and David Lloyd, “On the Long Shadow of the Settler: On Israeli and US Colonialism.” By engaging in this discussion, we hope to provide further historical information, clarifying some salient differences between nineteenth-century settler colonialism in the United States and Israeli twenty-first-century settler colonialism on the West Bank. Recent Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip that have left over two thousand Palestinians dead, mostly civilians, and current Israeli plans to take over more lands on the West Bank call for world condemnation of these tragic events, an end to the siege of Gaza, and an end to US support of Israel to the tune of $3 billion in military aid annually.
Imperial Whiteness and the Diasporas of Empire
Authors: Naber Nadine Suleiman
Published: December 2014

Focusing on Arab diasporic engagements with the structures of Zionist and US imperial war within the United States, this essay calls for collapsing spatiotemporal distinctions between the Middle East and the United States in Middle East studies, American studies, and Arab American studies. The author reflects on the significance of imperialism and white supremacy to the experience of living a US and Israeli-led military invasion from the distance of the diaspora and to the criminalization of constitutionally protected political speech in support of Palestinian rights. In such cases, she argues, white supremacy conflates Arabness and Islam with “terrorism” transnationally, and the empire and the diaspora coconstitute each other as moving parts of the same imperial present.
Learning and Unlearning from Ethnic Studies
Authors: Ramírez Catherine S.
Published: December 2014

This essay approaches assimilation as a process whereby the boundary between mainstream and margin blurs, disappears, or paradoxically, is reinforced. To shed light on assimilation’s paradox, it examines the American school’s dual role as guardian of stasis and agent of change, with a focus on two desegregation cases— Alvarez v. Lemon Grove School District (1931) and Mendez v. Westminster School District (1946)—the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act, and ethnic studies. It argues that while Alvarez, Mendez , and the DREAM Act have called for the transformation of Mexicans into Americans and the incorporation of Mexican Americans and undocumented immigrants in the American polity, ethnic studies prompts students to trace the mutable boundaries of that polity and to envision new subjects and communities.
Forum Introduction: Whiteness Redux or Redefined?
Authors: Young Cynthia A. , Song Min Hyoung
Published: December 2014

This introduction observes that claims that the 2008 election of President Barack Obama heralded the dawn of a “postracial” moment in US history have proved false in the intervening years. In addition to the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, greater awareness of widening wealth and income inequality, and environmental crises, a number of incidents call attention to the continued significance of white privilege and white supremacy. This does not mean that whiteness itself has not changed. Whereas once it hid behind claims of universality, now whiteness is on the march. Hence, if the civil rights movement made it harder to express explicit racial antipathy, it also provided a language and a set of strategies through which whites could hold on to their racial privilege by paradoxically claiming their own marginalized status. That is, a perception of lost prestige has lent itself to the framing of whiteness as an identity characterized by vulnerability and victimhood.
Erasing Anarchism: Sacco and Vanzetti and the Logic of Representation
Authors: Colson Dan
Published: December 2014

By examining Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti’s 1920s trial—and the radical and progressive literature written in its wake—this article offers a revised explanation for anarchism’s decline before World War II. It contends that the era’s legal and literary discourses shared a common drive: each forced Sacco and Vanzetti to represent . Placing two anarchists within these representational discourses effectively erased anarchism: the trial disposed of the criminal bodies and eliminated anarchism’s threat to the nation while denying any interest in radical politics; the literary Left then sublimated anarchism in order to form a nonanarchist collective and to reshape—yet retain—national government. Ultimately, then, the essay argues that anarchism faded during the period because it faced a paradox: it must be represented to appear as a meaningful political movement, even as it challenged the structures of representation that sustained American criminal law and democracy.
“The Bomb Was like the Indians”: Trickster Mimetics and Native Sovereignty in Martin Cruz Smith’s The Indians Won
Authors: Spurgeon Sara
Published: December 2014

Martin Cruz Smith ( Gorky Park , 1981) is rarely acknowledged as a native American author concerned with the global implications of colonialism, race, and native sovereignty. His virtually unknown first novel, however, The Indians Won (1970), imagines an alternative America in which an Indian Nation established in the 1870s stretches from Canada to Mexico. The novel explores how nation building occurs and what a native nation peopled by modern native citizens might look like. It maps colonization and forms of native resistance, factual and imagined, through a process of trickster mimesis—subversive and deliberate self-reflexivity that anticipates the playful irony of Gerald Vizenor’s trickster hermeneutics, in which native peoples continuously engage in cultural play as a means of resistance, reinvention, and affirmation of presence over absence. The Indians Won transforms Western notions of nationhood, citizenship, and sovereignty into a distinctively native form of nationalism.
The Economic Integration of Latin Americans in Israel
Authors: Raijman Rebeca , Ophir Ariane
Published: December 2014

In this paper we compare the economic integration of Latin American immigrants arriving in Israel under the provisions of the Law of Return with selected benchmark groups: Jewish native-born, immigrants from Europe, Ethiopia, Asia and Africa, the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and English-speaking countries. Our analysis is based on data of the Labor Force Survey 2011 collected by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. Our findings suggest that Latin American immigrants enjoy a relatively advantageous position in the Israeli labor market. They are located in the middle of the ethnic hierarchy and have attained socioeconomic occupational positions of similar status to that of the Israeli native-born, higher than that of immigrants from the FSU, Ethiopia, and Asia and Africa, but relatively lower than that of immigrants from Europe and ESCs (North America, Australia and South Africa). Our analysis also reveals marked gender gaps. Latino women, like all other working women, seem to suffer from structural disadvantages in the Israeli labor market deriving from their concentration in female-dominated occupations, especially in the social services sector. In the conclusion we discuss the findings in light of existing theories. Dans cet article, nous comparons l’intégration des immigrants latino-américains qui sont arrivés en Israël en vertu de la Loi du Retour en utilisant plusieurs groupes de référence : les Juifs natifs, les immigrants de l’Europe, d’Éthiopie, de l’Asie, de l’Afrique, de l’ancienne Union Soviétique et des pays anglophones. Notre analyse est basée sur des données de l’Enquête sur la main-d’œuvre de 2011, réalisée par l’Office central des statistiques d’Israël. Les résultats montrent que les immigrants latino-américains occupent une position relativement avantagée dans le marché du travail. Ils se trouvent au milieu de la hiérarchie ethnique et ils ont atteint des niveaux socioéconomiques et professionnels de statut similaire à celui des Israéliens natifs, plus élevé que celui des immigrants d’Éthiopie, de l’Asie, de l’Afrique et de l’ancienne Union Soviétique, mais relativement plus faible que celui des immigrants de l’Europe et des pays anglophones (Afrique du Sud, Australie, Canada et États-Unis). Notre étude révèle également des différences marquées sur le plan du genre. Les femmes d’origine latino-américaine, comme d’autres femmes immigrantes, semblent subir les effets d’un désavantage structurel dans le marché du travail israélien, notamment en raison de leur concentration dans des secteurs d’occupation à prédominance féminine (particulièrement les services sociaux). En conclusion, les résultats sont interprétés à la lumière de considérations théoriques.
From Favourites to ‘With No Return’: Permanence and Mobility of Latin American Immigration in Spain during the 21st Century
Authors: Escribano Antonio Izquierdo , Martínez-Buján Raquel
Published: December 2014

This article aims, on the one hand, to analyse the motives for the rise of Latin American immigration to Spain during the period 2000-2013 and, on the other hand, to explain the reasons why this group stays in that country despite the intensity of its economic crisis and the mass destruction of employment. It is argued that both the decision to remain in Spain and that of relocating are influenced not only by the economic cycle but also by the degree of integration achieved by this group, as well as by other factors in connection with the context of their countries of origin. Cet article a pour but, d’analyser d’abord les raisons qui sous-tendent la montée de l’immigration latino-américaine vers l’Espagne durant la période 2000-2013 et, ensuite d’expliquer pourquoi ce groupe persiste à rester dans ce pays malgré l’intensité de la crise économique et la destruction massive de l’emploi. Il démontre qu’autant les raisons de rester en Espagne que celles de se délocaliser, sont influencées, non seulement par le cycle économique, mais aussi le degré d’intégration accomplie par ce groupe, ainsi que par d’autres facteurs en rapport avec le contexte de leur pays d’origine.
Schooling Goals and Social Belonging Among Central American-origin Male Youth in Toronto
Authors: Poteet Morgan , Simmons Alan
Published: December 2014

Following a pattern observed elsewhere in North America, male Central American-origin youths in Toronto are, on average, less likely than others to do well in high school and less likely to go on to post-secondary studies. In an effort to better understand how these outcomes emerge, this study examines variation in academic goals between individuals, changes in individual academic goals over time, and social-relations factors associated with such variation and change. Qualitative interviews with sixteen Central American-origin males on their schooling aspirations and social relations in high school point to structural forces that lead minority students to feel marginalized academically and socially in school. More importantly, however, the interviews also point to opportunities for resisting marginalization and for belonging more fully in school. Youths who broaden their social relations and friendships to include those outside their own ethno-social background generally also want to do better academically, and vice versa. These findings on schooling process contribute to the understanding of theoretical models and research priorities for addressing the schooling experiences and outcomes for "at risk” minority youth. Selon une tendance observée quelque part en Amérique du Nord, les jeunes hommes originaires de l’Amérique centrale à Toronto ont, en moyenne, moins de chances de réussir que d’autres dans l’éducation secondaire et ont aussi moins de chances de poursuivre des études postsecondaires. Dans le but de mieux comprendre comment les résultats de ce constat, cet article examine la variation dans les objectifs académiques chez les individus, les changements dans ces objectifs académiques individuels au fil du temps et les facteurs de relations sociales liés à une telle variation et un tel changement. Des entretiens qualitatifs avec seize jeunes provenant de l’Amérique centrale ont porté sur leurs aspirations scolaires et sur leurs relations sociales à l’école, cadre des forces structurales qui amènent les étudiants minoritaires à se sentir marginalisés académiquement. Plus important, cependant, ces entretiens indiquent aussi des opportunités pour résister à la marginalisation et appartenir pleinement à l’école. Les jeunes qui élargissent leurs relations sociales et leurs amitiés pour inclure des individus en dehors de leur origine ethno-sociale sont généralement portés à vouloir améliorer leur performance scolaire et vice-versa. Ces résultats sur le processus de scolarisation contribuent à la compréhension des modèles théoriques et des priorités de recherche dans le contexte de l’étude des expériences et des résultats scolaires d’un groupe de jeunes « à risque ».
“Between the wall and the sword”: Reproductive Governance and the Technology of Emergency in Guatemalan Maternity Care
Authors: Hallowell Elizabeth
Published: December 2014

The article explores what counts today as an “emergency” in maternal healthcare in rural Guatemala. It argues that the creation and circulation of Planes de Emergencia (Emergency Plans) for birthing shape the possibilities for biomedical maternity care in this context. Drawing on fieldwork carried out in Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala, and on recent feminist scholarship on “emergency thinking,” the article suggests that Emergency Plans, and the forms of care of which they are a part, generate their own forms of knowledge and ignorance. In so doing, these planning systems reconfigure both the sociality and temporality of biomedical maternity care in Guatemala today. This “technology of emergency” shifts moral responsibilities among care providers and mothers, engenders new intimate relationships while obviating other forms of collective security, and positions biomedical birth as the only possible outcome of moral action. Considering how this technology of emergency works as a mode of “reproductive governance” points to the ways in which reproduction is understood and managed in contexts beyond Guatemala.
Declaring Sexual Equality: Documents from Around the Globe
Authors: Weiss Penny
Published: December 2014

From the Seneca Falls Convention on Women’s Rights in 1848 through gatherings and organizations around the world today, feminists have systematically and collectively analyzed the character and range of existing gender-related problems in their societies, envisioned more equitable and inspiring alternatives to the status quo, and explored a variety of methods for change. This article is the first to look comparatively at a wide range of documents emanating from these meetings and groups, and to read them as one would any significant political treatise. The remarks here draw on documents from both working organizations and one-time conferences, as issued by grassroots and inter-governmental groups from local, regional, and international gatherings, that are both wide-ranging and issue-specific. While the documents are not evenly distributed over time, they do represent over a century and a half of feminist organizing. What follows includes a consideration of the scope of issues raised by feminists across time and place, and then, in greater detail, examines specific ideas about politics and education. Finally, in the search for something that might be called “feminist traditions,” the article looks especially at connections and continuities in the documents.