bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryptic population structuring in Scandinavian lynx: reply to Pamilo
Authors: JORDE P. E. , RUENESS E. K. , STENSETH N. C. , JAKOBSEN K. S.
Published: December 2005

In a recent Commentary in this journal, Pamilo (2004) criticized our analysis of the spatial genetic structure of the Eurasian lynx in Scandinavia (Rueness et al. 2003). The analyses uncovered a marked geographical differentiation along the Scandinavian peninsula with an apparent linear gradient in the north–south direction. We used computer simulations to check on the proposition that the observed geographical structure could have arisen by genetic drift and isolation by distance in the approximate 25 generations that have passed since the last bottleneck. Pamilo disapproved of our choice of population model and also how we compared the outcome of the simulations with data. As these issues should be of interest to a wider audience we discuss them in some detail.
Secretion of curli fibre subunits is mediated by the outer membrane‐localized CsgG protein
Authors: Robinson Lloyd S. , Ashman Elisabeth M. , Hultgren Scott J. , Chapman Matthew R.
Published: December 2005

Produced by many Enterobacteriaceae spp., curli are biologically important amyloid fibres that have been associated with biofilm formation, host cell adhesion and invasion, and immune system activation. CsgA is the major fibre subunit and CsgE, CsgF and CsgG are non‐structural proteins involved in curli biogenesis. We have characterized the role of CsgG in curli subunit secretion across the outer membrane. Directed mutagenesis of CsgG confirmed that its activity is dependent on localization to the outer membrane. Rotary Shadow electron microscopy of purified CsgG suggested that this protein assembles into an oligomeric complex with an apparent central pore. Oligomeric CsgG complexes were confirmed using co‐purification experiments. Antibiotic sensitivity assays demonstrated that overexpression of CsgG rendered Escherichia coli susceptible to the antibiotic erythromycin. A 22‐amino‐acid sequence at the N‐terminus of CsgA was sufficient to direct heterologous proteins to the CsgG secretion apparatus. Finally, we determined that CsgG participates in an outer membrane complex with two other curli assembly proteins, CsgE and CsgF.
Antisense reduction of serine hydroxymethyltransferase results in diurnal displacement of NH4+ assimilation in leaves of Solanum tuberosum
Authors: Schjoerring Jan K. , Mäck Gisela , Nielsen Kent Høier , Husted Søren , Suzuki Akira , Driscoll Simon , Boldt Ralf , Bauwe Hermann
Published: December 2005

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is part of the mitochondrial enzyme complex catalysing the photorespiratory production of serine, ammonium and CO2 from glycine. Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. Solara) with antisensed SHMT were generated to investigate whether photorespiratory intermediates accumulated during light lead to nocturnal activation of the nitrogen‐assimilating enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). The transformant lines contained 70–90% less SHMT protein, and exhibited a corresponding decrease in mitochondrial SHMT activity. SHMT antisense plants displayed lower photosynthetic capacity and accumulated glycine in light. Glycine was converted to serine in the second half of the light period, while serine, ammonium and glutamine showed an inverse diurnal rhythm and reached highest values in darkness. GS/GOGAT protein levels and activities in the transgenics also reached maximum levels in darkness. The diurnal displacement of NH4+ assimilation was accompanied by a change in the subunit composition of GS2, but not GS1. It is concluded that internal accumulation of post‐photorespiratory ammonium is leading to nocturnal activation of GS/GOGAT, and that the time shift in ammonia assimilation can constitute part of a strategy to survive photorespiratory impairment.
Generation of a flanking sequence‐tag database for activation‐tagging lines in japonica rice
Authors: Jeong Dong‐Hoon , An Suyoung , Park Sunhee , Kang Hong‐Gyu , Park Gi‐Gyeong , Kim Sung‐Ryul , Sim Jayeon , Kim Young‐Ock , Kim Min‐Kyung , Kim Seong‐Ryong , Kim Joowon , Shin Moonsoo , Jung Mooyoung , An Gynheung
Published: December 2005

We have generated 47 932 T‐DNA tag lines in japonica rice using activation‐tagging vectors that contain tetramerized 35S enhancer sequences. To facilitate use of those lines, we isolated the genomic sequences flanking the inserted T‐DNA via inverse polymerase chain reaction. For most of the lines, we performed four sets of amplifications using two different restriction enzymes toward both directions. In analyzing 41 234 lines, we obtained 27 621 flanking sequence tags (FSTs), among which 12 505 were integrated into genic regions and 15 116 into intergenic regions. Mapping of the FSTs on chromosomes revealed that T‐DNA integration frequency was generally proportional to chromosome size. However, T‐DNA insertions were non‐uniformly distributed on each chromosome: higher at the distal ends and lower in regions close to the centromeres. In addition, several regions showed extreme peaks and valleys of insertion frequency, suggesting hot and cold spots for T‐DNA integration. The density of insertion events was somewhat correlated with expressed, rather than predicted, gene density along each chromosome. Analyses of expression patterns near the inserted enhancer showed that at least half the test lines displayed greater expression of the tagged genes. Whereas in most of the increased lines expression patterns after activation were similar to those in the wild type, thereby maintaining the endogenous patterns, the remaining lines showed changes in expression in the activation tagged lines. In this case, ectopic expression was most frequently observed in mature leaves. Currently, the database can be searched with the gene locus number or location on the chromosome at http://www.postech.ac.kr/life/pfg/risd. On request, seeds of the T1 or T2 plants will be provided to the scientific community.
Macrophages of the bovine heifer mammary gland: Morphological features during initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response
Authors: Sladek Z. , Ryznarova H. , Rysanek D.
Published: December 2005

This work characterizes macrophage morphological features during initiation and resolution of an inflammatory response by the bovine mammary gland. The study has been carried out in 20 mammary glands of five virgin heifers by using light microscopy of natural and stained cells and by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The inflammatory reaction was induced by an intramammary administration of phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). It has been found that both the initial as well as the resolution phases of the inflammatory reaction are characteristic of the presence of various morphologically different macrophage forms. During the initial phase of the inflammatory response, the major proportion of the macrophage population consisted of monocyte‐like macrophages, which represented newly migrated cells. These macrophages were 12–15 μm in size, with spherical or ovoidal shapes, and contained homogenous, fine‐granular cytoplasm rich in Golgi complexes, numerous mitochondria, and no lysosomes. The nuclei of the macrophages were kidney‐shaped, and surrounded by dark chromatin along the peripheries. Macrophages with phagocytosed apoptotic neutrophils in the cytoplasm were detected already during the initial phase. These macrophages reached the highest proportion 48–72 h after the influx induction and participated in the resolution of the inflammatory reaction. Other cells, also detected during the resolution of the inflammatory reaction, were vacuolized macrophages that formed the largest cells in the lavages of the mammary glands and that were structurally characteristic for the presence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In TEM the macrophage vacuoles formed both phagolysosomes with residues of pre‐digested material of phagocytosed apoptotic neutrophils and vacuoles that were less electon‐dense. Morphologically different forms of macrophages reflected their real‐time functions in the inflammation process.
Gender and professional identity in psychiatric nursing practice in Alberta, Canada, 1930–75
Authors: Boschma Geertje , Yonge Olive , Mychajlunow Lorraine
Published: December 2005

This paper examines gender‐specific transformations of nursing practice in institutional mental health‐care in Alberta, Canada, based on archival records on two psychiatric hospitals, Alberta Hospital Ponoka and Alberta Hospital Edmonton, and on oral histories with psychiatric mental health nurses in Alberta. The paper explores class and gender as interrelated influences shaping the work and professional identity of psychiatric mental health nurses from the 1930s until the mid‐1970s. Training schools for nurses in psychiatric hospitals emerged in Alberta in the 1930s under the influence of the mental hygiene movement, evolving quite differently for female nurses compared to untrained aides and male attendants. The latter group resisted their exclusion from the title ‘nurse’ and successfully helped to organize a separate association of psychiatric nurses in the 1950s. Post‐World War II, reconstruction of health‐care and a de‐institutionalization policy further transformed nurses’ practice in the institutions. Using social history methods of analysis, the paper demonstrates how nurses responded to their circumstances in complex ways, actively participating in the reconstruction of their practice and finding new ways of professional organization that fit the local context. After the Second World War more sophisticated therapeutic roles emerged and nurses engaged in new rehabilitative practices and group therapies, reconstructing their professional identities and transgressing gender boundaries. Nurses’ own stories help us to understand the striving toward psychiatric nursing professionalism in the broader context of changing gender identities and work relationships, as well as shifting perspectives on psychiatric care.
Welfare state and women's work: the professional projects of nurses and occupational therapists in Sweden
Authors: Evertsson Lars , Lindqvist Rafael
Published: December 2005

In this article we explore how Swedish welfare politics within health‐care and rehabilitation has opened up a space for nurses’ and occupational therapists’ professional projects. Using historical data, an analysis of the policy‐making process behind welfare programs central to the professionalization of nursing and occupational therapy is presented. The time period covered is, in the case of nurses, the larger part of the twentieth century, while the modern history of occupational therapists first began in the 1940s. Special emphasis is placed on the corporative nature of the Swedish welfare state and the professional strategies utilized by nurses and occupational therapists in their struggle for jurisdiction. In the article, politicization is identified as a core strategy by which female‐dominated welfare state occupations in Sweden have tried to gain influence over the welfare policy‐making process and their occupations’ jurisdiction.
Virtual reality or real virtuality: the space of flows and nursing practice
Authors: Barnes Lynne , Rudge Trudy
Published: December 2005

The use of virtual environments for the provision of health‐care is on the increase, and with each new development brings debates about their impact on care, nursing and nursing practice. Such environments offer opportunities for extending care and improvements in communication. Others believe these developments threaten aspects of nursing they hold sacrosanct. This paper explores the development of an assemblage of computer networks, databases, information systems, software programs and management systems that together work to manage health‐care in Australia, namely casemix. We contend that spatial theories on network society show how this assemblage co‐ordinates and operates to manage care. We discuss how this assemblage affects care and suggest that changes in organisation may be a part of the shift in how bodily organisation occurs more generally, but more specifically in health‐care. We also suggest how nurses are enrolled in and by such networks, leading to transformation in nurses’ practices. Finally, we argue that using spatial forms of analysis allows an interpretation of such assemblages that may account for their strengths and their shortcomings.
The ‘Manchester scheme’: a study of the Diploma in Community Nursing, the first pre‐registration nursing programme in a British university
Authors: Hallett Christine
Published: December 2005

The Diploma in Community Nursing at the University of Manchester began in 1959, after a long period of planning and negotiation. It was the earliest pre‐registration nursing education programme in a British university. The paper reports on a historical study which examined its foundation and development. The history of the ‘Manchester Scheme’, as it came to be known, is placed into the context of wider reforms and modifications in British nursing education. The methods used for the study were a broad‐based literature review, examination of material from the 1950s to the present day, five oral history interviews with some of those who were influential in developing the diploma, and the interpretation of relevant documentary source materials. The Diploma in Community Nursing at the University of Manchester was important and innovative in its time, combining as it did nurse and health visitor training with a university‐based education. The paper traces the struggle to establish the course, which was largely due to the efforts of one charismatic individual, Fraser Brockington, Professor of Social and Preventive Medicine. It then goes on to examine the reforms and modifications the programme underwent from 1959 to 1969, as it was developed into the prototype for the ‘Bachelor of Nursing Degree’.
Protecting the retinal pigment epithelium during macular hole surgery
Authors: Olson Jeffrey L , On Alexander V , Mandava Naresh
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Herein a new surgical technique used during pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling for macular hole surgery is reported. Perfluorocarbon liquid is used to tamponade the macular hole in order to prevent indocyanine green contact with the retinal pigment epithelium.
Daytime presentations to a metropolitan ophthalmic emergency department
Authors: Kumar Nikhil L , Black Deborah , McClellan Kathy
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background:  To determine the diagnoses causing patients to present to a dedicated ophthalmic emergency department. To detect associations with patient demographics.

Methods:  A retrospective review of all presentations to the Sydney Eye Hospital Emergency Department between 08:00 and 17:00 hours from 1 January to 31 December 2001 was conducted. Data were analysed for frequency of diagnoses and patient demographics.

Results:  A total of 10 599 patients presented to the emergency department on 16 870 occasions. On average, 46 patients were seen daily. Men accounted for 57.7% and women for 42.3% of presentations. The five commonest reasons for presentation were conjunctivitis, keratitis, cataract, corneal abrasion and iridocyclitis.

Conclusions:  Ocular surface and anterior segment diagnoses are predominant among emergency presentations. Statistically significant associations exist between sex and selected diagnoses, and between age and almost all of the commonest diagnoses. The emergency department functions as a primary care provider with most patients discharged following initial consultation.
Implementation and evaluation of an ophthalmic nurse practitioner emergency eye clinic
Authors: Kirkwood Bradley J , Pesudovs Konrad , Loh Raymond S , Coster Douglas J
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background:  To describe the implementation and assess the efficacy of an ophthalmic nurse practitioner (ONP) emergency eye clinic.

Methods:  In a 13‐month period, patients were assessed in an ONP emergency eye clinic in a teaching hospital setting. The ONP clinic was run on a defined scope of practice. Risk assessment was carried out in two audit sessions, 4 weeks duration each, at months 1 and 7. Patient outcomes were monitored for reattendance to the department following discharge.

Results:  A total of 259 patients were assessed, 143 (55.2%) were within the scope of practice. In the two audit periods, concordance with the ophthalmologist was high, diagnosis 100% and management 95.2%. Many patients assessed (111, 42.9% of total) had minor external eye conditions – chiefly corneal foreign body or abrasion (n = 50), conjunctivitis (n = 14) and minor (non‐alkali) chemical injuries (n = 11). No reattendance was noted in these patients when monitored for a mean of 12 months (range 7–19 months).

Conclusions:  This study demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of an ONP emergency eye clinic when practising within a defined scope of practice. An ONP‐led emergency eye clinic is a viable addition to acute ophthalmic eye care in Australia.
Posterior chamber compartments demonstrated by optical coherence tomography, in silicone‐filled eyes, following macular hole surgery
Authors: Satchi Khami , Patel Chetan Kantibhai (CK)
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Purpose:  To report visualization with optical coherence tomography of a prefoveal space in silicone oil‐filled eyes following surgery for idiopathic macular hole.

Methods:  Seven eyes of seven consecutive patients undergoing macular hole surgery with silicone oil tamponade were prospectively evaluated with optical coherence tomography preoperatively, on the first postoperative day, after 6 weeks and before removal of silicone oil.

Results:  In all seven eyes the posterior face of the silicone oil bubble was visualized with optical coherence tomography. In all of these patients, who had a silicone oil fill of over 90%, the silicone oil bubble in the upright position did not conform to the foveal depression. Closure of the macular hole was achieved in all seven eyes after one operation.

Conclusions:  Macular hole closure can occur without complete tamponade of the central fovea. A prefoveal space can be visualized in silicone oil‐filled eyes. Concentration of growth factors, adjuvants and indocyanine green in this compartment may influence postoperative visual outcome, as may changes in retinal homeostasis induced by removal of silicone oil.
Outcome of corneal transplant rejection: a 10‐year study
Authors: Sangwan Virender S , Ramamurthy Balasubramanya , Shah Urmi , Garg Prashant , Sridhar Mitthanamalli S , Rao Gullapalli N
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Purpose:  To study the incidence of graft rejection and the predictive factors for its reversibility.

Methods:  It is a retrospective study of 1927 consecutive penetrating keratoplasties performed between January 1990 and January 2000 with more than 6 months follow up. A total of 224 rejection episodes were noted in 183 patients. Of these, 184 first rejection episodes were included in this study.

Results:  The incidence of first rejection episode was 9.55%. Of patients 87% were symptomatic during the episode with vision loss being the commonest. The average time of onset of rejection was 15.25 ± 14.4 months (median 11.7 months). In total, 53.3% of rejections occurred within 1 year after surgery. Of the patients who completed minimum 3 months follow up after the rejection episode, the rate of reversibility was 63.3%. Major predictive factors for a poor outcome after rejection were repeated grafting and associated anterior vitrectomy during surgery. The reversibility of the episode did not differ significantly with the modality of treatment used, but treatment with intravenous steroids within 7 days of onset of rejection may have a role in reducing the recurrences of rejection episodes, thus increasing the graft survival.

Conclusion:  Regrafts and associated anterior vitrectomy were significant risk factors for a poor outcome following rejection episode.
Intralenticular foreign body: a D‐Day reminder
Authors: Dhawahir‐Scala Felipe E , Kamal A
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Intralenticular foreign bodies are not uncommon after penetrating eye injuries. This is an observational case report where a patient was found to have an embedded lenticular foreign body for more than 60 years. Following such a long period of time the patient has not experienced any significant cataract formation or compromised ocular function due to the foreign body.
Presentation of intraocular foreign body 25 years after the event
Authors: McGimpsey Stuart J , Rankin Simon JA
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Delayed presentation of retained intraocular foreign body is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the ophthalmologist. Herein a case of a man presenting 25 five years after initial injury with a retained metallic foreign body adjacent to the optic disc is described.
Unilateral amiodarone keratopathy
Authors: Chilov Michael N , Moshegov Con N , Booth Frances
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Vortex keratopathy is characterized by bilateral symmetrical superficial corneal deposits in a vortex pattern. It is the most common ocular finding among patients being treated with amiodarone. An unusual case of unilateral amiodarone vortex keratopathy in an elderly woman with corneal dysplasia in the second eye is presented. The pathophysiology of amiodarone keratopathy is explored, and a cause for the unilateral keratopathy in this patient proposed.
Band‐like opacity in the corneas of abattoir‐acquired pig eyes
Authors: Chinnery Holly , Kezic Jelena , Yeung Season , McMenamin Paul G
Published: December 2005

Abstract

In the course of an investigation into the distribution of immune cells in the porcine cornea, a band‐like lesion on the cornea of two‐thirds of the eyes acquired from the local abattoir was noted. Histological investigations revealed an area of corneal epithelium debridement with no obvious other pathological changes. Discussions with abattoir staff soon revealed the cause of the lesions to be the scalding process that all pig carcasses undergo immediately post‐mortem that serves to remove unwanted hair and reduce skin‐dwelling bacterial contamination. We concluded that the band‐like opacity was the result of thermal injury to the anterior surface of the cornea between the open eyelids. It is hoped that this short communication will act as a cautionary note to other investigators who currently use or are considering using porcine eyes in research or as a model in surgical training and who may be unaware of the conventional handling procedures in pig abattoirs.
In situ adenocarcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland
Authors: Mensink Hanneke W , Mooy CM , Paridaens Dion
Published: December 2005

Abstract

A case of an in situ adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland that developed in a recurring pleomorphic adenoma is presented. Six years after incomplete resection of a pleomorphic adenoma, the patient complained of a progressive swelling of her right upper eyelid without pain or diplopia. An orbital computerized tomography scan showed an inhomogeneous mass in the right lacrimal gland region without bone involvement. After local excision of the in situ adenocarcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, the tumour has been in control for over 6 years.
Physiological characterization, localization and synaptic inputs of bursting and nonbursting neurons in the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus of the rat
Authors: Athanassiadis T. , Westberg K. ‐G. , Olsson K. Å. , Kolta A.
Published: December 2005

A population of neurons in the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (NVsnpr) fire rhythmically during fictive mastication induced in the in vivo rabbit. To elucidate whether these neurons form part of the central pattern generator (CPG) for mastication, we performed intracellular recordings in brainstem slices taken from young rats. Two cell types were defined, nonbursting (63%) and bursting (37%). In response to membrane depolarization, bursting cells, which dominated in the dorsal part of the NVsnpr, fired an initial burst followed by single spikes or recurring bursts. Non‐bursting neurons, scattered throughout the nucleus, fired single action potentials. Microstimulation applied to the trigeminal motor nucleus (NVmt), the reticular border zone surrounding the NVmt, the parvocellular reticular formation or the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (NPontc) elicited a postsynaptic potential in 81% of the neurons tested for synaptic inputs. Responses obtained were predominately excitatory and sensitive to glutamatergic antagonists DNQX and/or APV. Some inhibitory and biphasic responses were also evoked. Bicuculline methiodide or strychnine blocked the IPSPs indicating that they were mediated by GABAA or glycinergic receptors. About one‐third of the stimulations activated both types of neurons antidromically, mostly from the masseteric motoneuron pool of NVmt and dorsal part of NPontc. In conclusion, our new findings show that some neurons in the dorsal NVsnpr display both firing properties and axonal connections which support the hypothesis that they may participate in masticatory pattern generation. Thus, the present data provide an extended basis for further studies on the organization of the masticatory CPG network.
SK channels control the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vivo
Authors: Waroux Olivier , Massotte Laurent , Alleva Livia , Graulich Amaury , Thomas Elizabeth , Liégeois Jean‐François , Scuvée‐Moreau Jacqueline , Seutin Vincent
Published: December 2005

A vast body of experimental in vitro work and modelling studies suggests that the firing pattern and/or rate of a majority of midbrain dopaminergic neurons may be controlled in part by Ca2+‐activated K+ channels of the SK type. However, due to the lack of suitable tools, in vivo evidence is lacking. We have taken advantage of the development of the water‐soluble, medium potency SK blocker N‐methyl‐laudanosine (CH3‐L) to test this hypothesis in anaesthetized rats. In the lateral ventral tegmental area, CH3‐L iontophoresis onto dopaminergic neurons significantly increased the coefficient of variation of their interspike intervals and the percentage of spikes generated in bursts as compared to the control condition. The effect of CH3‐L persisted in the presence of a specific GABAA antagonist, suggesting a direct effect. It was robust and reversible, and was also observed in the substantia nigra. Control experiments demonstrated that the effect of CH3‐L could be entirely ascribed to its blockade of SK channels. On the other hand, the firing pattern of noradrenergic neurons was much less affected by CH3‐L. We provide here the first demonstration of a major role of SK channels in the control of the switch between tonic and burst firing of dopaminergic neurons in physiological conditions. This study also suggests a new strategy to develop modulators of the dopaminergic (DA) system, which could be of interest in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and perhaps other diseases in which DA pathways are dysfunctional.
Differentiation‐dependent regulation of the cyclooxygenase cascade during adipogenesis suggests a complex role for prostaglandins
Authors: Xie Y. , Kang X. , Ackerman W. E. , Belury M. A. , Koster C. , Rovin B. H. , Landon M. B. , Kniss D. A.
Published: December 2005

Aim:  A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of adipocyte differentiation and metabolism is important for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity and its complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. A complex role for prostaglandins (PGs) in adipogenesis is suggested. We examined the expression and cellular localization of enzymes in the cyclooxygenase (COX) cascade that synthesize PGs as well as the PG profile as a function of differentiation status in 3T3‐L1 cells.

Methods:  Murine 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were used as a model for studies of adipocyte differentiation induced by a hormone cocktail and compared with the parental fibroblastic line NIH 3T3. Both cell lines were incubated in maintenance medium or differentiation medium. Nine days after differentiation, the expression of enzymes in the COX cascade was evaluated by immunoblot analysis, reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunocytochemistry, and PG formation was examined using enzyme immunoassay.

Results:  A differentiation‐dependent diminution of COX‐1 and COX‐2 mRNA and cognate proteins in 3T3‐L1 cells was observed. PG release, including PGE2, 6‐keto PGF1α, PGD2 and 15d‐PGJ2, significantly decreased following differentiation in 3T3‐L1 cells (anova/Tukey, p < 0.05). However, microsomal PGE synthase (mPGES) and lipocalin‐type PGD synthase (L‐PGDS) were selectively upregulated. Immunocytochemistry revealed that COX‐1 and COX‐2 became intracellularly more diffuse upon differentiation, whereas mPGES was redistributed to the nuclear compartment.

Conclusions:  Regulation of PG formation and COX‐2 expression in 3T3‐L1 cells is differentiation‐dependent and involves changes in the levels of gene expression of the individual isoforms as well as redistribution of the enzymes within cellular compartments.
The Inside Track: On the Important (But Neglected) Role of Customers in the Resource‐Based View of Strategy and Firm Growth*
Authors: Zander Ivo , Zander Udo
Published: December 2005

abstract  This paper argues for the important role of customers as a source of competitive advantage and firm growth, an issue which has been largely neglected in the resource‐based view of the firm. It conceptualizes Penrose's (1959) notion of an ‘inside track’ and illustrates how in‐depth knowledge about established customers combines with joint problem‐solving activities and the rapid assimilation of new and previously unexploited skills and resources. It is suggested that the inside track represents a distinct and perhaps underestimated way of generating rents and securing long‐term growth. This also implies that the sources of sustainable competitive advantage in important respects can be sought in idiosyncratic interfirm relationships rather than within the firm itself.
General obstetrics: A randomised controlled trial of metronidazole for the prevention of preterm birth in women positive for cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin: the PREMET Study
Authors: Shennan Andrew , Crawshaw Sarah , Briley Annette , Hawken Jenny , Seed Paul , Jones Griff , Poston Lucilla
Published: December 2005

Objective  To determine whether metronidazole reduces early preterm labour in asymptomatic women with positive vaginal fetal fibronectin (fFN) in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Design  Randomised placebo‐controlled trial.

Setting  Fourteen UK hospitals (three teaching).

Population  Pregnacies with at least one previous risk factor, including mid‐trimester loss or preterm delivery, uterine abnormality, cervical surgery or cerclage.

Methods  Nine hundred pregnancies were screened for fFN at 24 and 27 weeks of gestation. Positive cases were randomised to a week's course of oral metronidazole or placebo.

Main outcome measures  Primary outcome was delivery before 30 weeks of gestation. Secondary outcomes included delivery before 37 weeks.

Results  The Trial Steering Committee (TSC) recommended the study be stopped early; 21% of women receiving metronidazole (11/53) delivered before 30 weeks compared with 11% (5/46) taking placebo [risk ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72–5.09, P= 0.18]. There were significantly more preterm deliveries (before 37 weeks) in women treated with metronidazole 33/53 (62%) versus placebo 18/46 (39%), risk ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.05–2.4. fFN was a good predictor of early preterm birth in these asymptomatic women; positive and negative predictive values (24 weeks of gestation) for delivery by 30 weeks were 26% and 99%, respectively (positive and negative likelihood ratios 15, 0.35).

Conclusion  Metronidazole does not reduce early preterm birth in high risk pregnant women selected by history and a positive vaginal fFN test. Preterm delivery may be increased by metronidazole therapy.
General obstetrics: The kinetics of routine antenatal prophylactic intramuscular injections of polyclonal anti‐D immunoglobulin
Authors: MacKenzie IZ , Roseman Fenella , Findlay Janice , Thompson Kay , Jackson Emma , Scott Janet , Reed Margaret
Published: December 2005

Objective  To observe the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular anti‐D immunoglobulin (IgG) given for routine antenatal prophylaxis.

Design  Prospective observational study.

Setting  Maternity unit and antenatal serology laboratory in a district teaching hospital.

Population  Forty‐five rhesus‐D‐negative pregnant women not sensitised to RhD.

Methods  Serial serum quantitations of anti‐D IgG following the intramuscular injections of anti‐D IgG 100 μg (500 IU) at 28 and 34 weeks of gestation. Anti‐D IgG concentrations were assayed with the RFA‐300 continuous flow analyser.

Main outcome measures  The kinetic profile and duration of detectable anti‐D IgG in maternal serum following the first and second injections of anti‐D IgG.

Results  For the 43 women in whom serial data were collected, there were no detectable differences between pregnancies with an RhD‐positive (26) or ‐negative (17) fetus. Maximum IgG concentrations were detected two to five days following the first anti‐D IgG injection and ranged between 0 and 28 ng/mL. Only 30% of women still undelivered at 40 weeks of gestation had detectable IgG at 2 ng/mL or greater. There was a significant relationship between higher maximum values and low maternal surface body area (R2= 0.204, P= 0.002), but this did not influence duration of persistent IgG.

Conclusion  Using previously published data, 70% women are not adequately protected with anti‐D IgG 12 weeks after the first prophylactic injection. Despite this, previous clinical results suggest that the antenatal prophylaxis schedule used provides adequate protection and that the recommendation for the lowest concentration of protective anti‐D IgG antibody levels currently in use is probably overestimated.
Short communication: Suturing after childbirth—a randomised controlled study testing a new monofilament material
Authors: Dencker Anna , Lundgren Ingela , Sporrong Tommy
Published: December 2005

The aim of this study was to assess if a monofilament suture material (Biosyn) compared with a commonly used multifilament suture (Dexon II) would cause fewer problems and lower levels of discomfort and pain after suturing lacerations and episiotomies following vaginal delivery. Women (1139) who required suturing by a midwife were allocated for repair with either the multifilament polyglycolic acid suture (Dexon II) or with a new monofilament of glycomer 631 (Biosyn). The outcome assessment involved inspection of the sutured area and measuring levels of discomfort and pain with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). At follow up after 8–12 weeks, more women in the monofilament group reported problems with the sutured area.
Menopause: Scientific evidence changes prescribing practice—a comparison of the management of the climacteric and use of hormone replacement therapy among Swedish gynaecologists in 1996 and 2003
Authors: Thunell Louise , Milsom Ian , Schmidt Johanna , Mattsson Lars‐Åke
Published: December 2005

Objectives  To study changes in attitudes, knowledge and management strategies concerning hormone replacement therapy (HRT) among gynaecologists in Sweden.

Design  Comparative questionnaire study.

Setting  National survey.

Population  Practising gynaecologists.

Methods  In 1996, gynaecologists in Sweden (n= 1323) were invited to return a postal questionnaire concerning their attitudes, knowledge and management strategies concerning HRT. They were also asked about their own use of HRT. In 2003, a similar questionnaire was sent to practising gynaecologists (n= 1320) in Sweden.

Main outcome measures  Attitudes to and personal use of HRT.

Results  The response rate was 76% in 2003 when 11% of the gynaecologists thought that all women without contraindications should be offered HRT compared with 44% in 1996 and 89% found it difficult to evaluate pros and cons with HRT in a clinical situation (74% in 1996). More gynaecologists in 2003 believed that HRT increased the risk for breast cancer (95% vs 71%). Twenty‐five percent in 2003 stated that risk factors for osteoporosis were absolute indications for HRT (60% in 1996). Current ischaemic heart disease was considered to be an indication for HRT by 7% in 2003 (60% in 1996). In 2003, current use of HRT was reported by 71% of female menopausal gynaecologists (88% in 1996).

Conclusions  Swedish gynaecologists were more cautious in their management strategies concerning HRT in 2003 compared with 1996, probably influenced by results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) and Women's Health Initiative (WHI) studies. Current use of HRT was still high among female gynaecologists, although it had decreased since 1996.
Urogynaecology: Quality of life before and after TVT, a prospective multicentre cohort study, results from the Netherlands TVT database
Authors: Schraffordt Koops Steven E , Bisseling Tanya M , Heintz A Peter M , Vervest Harry AM
Published: December 2005

Objective  To asses the long term outcome of tension‐free vaginal tape procedure in women with isolated stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Design  Prospective cohort study.

Setting  Twenty‐eight teaching hospitals and 13 local hospitals, with 54 gynaecologists and urologists performing the surgery.

Sample  Eight hundred and nine participants.

Methods  The Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ‐7) and the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI‐6) were used to measure the results of the TVT procedure (pre‐operative at 2, 6, 12 and 24 months post‐operative). According the recommendation of the International Continence Society (ICS), the question ‘Do you experience urinary leakage during physical activity, coughing or sneezing?’ was selected from the UDI to asses SUI.

Main outcome measures  Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ‐7) and the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI‐6).

Results  Both IIQ and UDI mean scores decreased significantly after TVT, indicating an improvement in quality of life. Subjective improvement can improve for up to two years post‐operatively.

Conclusions  This is the largest prospective study that used these validated disease‐specific questionnaires to asses the long term outcome of the TVT procedure. This study shows a statistically significant and clinically relevant long term improvement of the quality of life after a TVT for women with SUI.
General gynaecology: Intrauterine lignocaine as an anaesthetic during endometrial sampling: a randomised double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Hui SK , Lee L , Ong C , Yu V , Ho LC
Published: December 2005

Objective  To evaluate the effectiveness of intrauterine lignocaine as an anaesthetic during endometrial sampling.

Design  Prospective, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.

Setting  Outpatient gynaecological minor operation unit in a public hospital.

Population  Two hundred premenopausal women scheduled for endometrial sampling because of abnormal uterine bleeding.

Methods  Transcervical intrauterine instillation of 5 mL of 2% lignocaine or 5 mL of normal saline before performing endometrial sampling with vacuum aspirator.

Main outcome measures  Evaluation of pain associated with the procedure using a visual analogue scale.

Results  The use of intrauterine lignocaine reduced pain during suction curettage in endometrial sampling.

Conclusions  Transcervical instillation of lignocaine reduced pain during endometrial sampling.
Rapid disassembly of dynamic microtubules upon activation of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1
Authors: Goswami C. , Dreger M. , Otto H. , Schwappach B. , Hucho F.
Published: December 2005

The transmission of pain signalling involves the cytoskeleton, but mechanistically this is poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that the capsaicin receptor TRPV1, a non‐selective cation channel expressed by nociceptors that is capable of detecting multiple pain‐producing stimuli, directly interacts with the tubulin cytoskeleton. We hypothesized that the tubulin cytoskeleton is a downstream effector of TRPV1 activation. Here we show that activation of TRPV1 results in the rapid disassembly of microtubules, but not of the actin or neurofilament cytoskeletons. TRPV1 activation mainly affects dynamic microtubules that contain tyrosinated tubulins, whereas stable microtubules are apparently unaffected. The C‐terminal fragment of TRPV1 exerts a stabilizing effect on microtubules when over‐expressed in F11 cells. These findings suggest that TRPV1 activation may contribute to cytoskeleton remodelling and so influence nociception.
Molecular characterization of mitocalcin, a novel mitochondrial Ca2+‐binding protein with EF‐hand and coiled‐coil domains
Authors: Tominaga Mitsutoshi , Kurihara Hidetake , Honda Shinya , Amakawa Genta , Sakai Tatsuo , Tomooka Yasuhiro
Published: December 2005

Here we have identified and characterized a novel mitochondrial Ca2+‐binding protein, mitocalcin. Western blot analysis demonstrated that mitocalcin was widely expressed in mouse tissues. The expression in brain was increased during post‐natal to adult development. Further analyses were carried out in newly established neural cell lines. The protein was expressed specifically in neurons but not in glial cells. Double‐labeling studies revealed that mitocalcin was colocalized with mitochondria in neurons differentiated from 2Y‐3t cells. In addition, mitocalcin was enriched in the mitochondrial fraction purified from the cells. Immunohistochemical studies on mouse cerebellum revealed that the expression pattern of mitocalcin in glomeruli of the internal granular and molecular layers was well overlapped by the distribution pattern of mitochondria. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that mitocalcin was associated with mitochondrial inner membrane. Overexpression of mitocalcin in 2Y‐3t cells resulted in neurite extension. Inhibition of the expression in 2Y‐3t cells caused suppression of neurite outgrowth and then cell death. These findings suggest that mitocalcin may play roles in neuronal differentiation and function through the control of mitochondrial function.
Botulinum toxin in dermatology – beyond wrinkles and sweat
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Konrad Helga , Petersen Sven
Published: December 2005

Botulinum toxin (BTX) types A and B have been used with success in cosmetic dermatology and hyperhidrosis treatment.

The present review focuses on other uses of BTX in dermatology. Discussed in particular are the available data on BTX in inflammatory diseases, proctology, and some other indications. From studies in various types of eczema, it seems that BTX‐A not only acts as a potent inhibitor of acetylcholine but also as an inhibitor of substance P and of glutamate as well. By those mechanisms, BTX‐A may be antipruritic, which may help explain the benefits of BTX‐A in lichen simplex and dyshidrotic hand eczema. In Hailey–Hailey disease, facial eccrine hidrocystomas, salivary fistulas, and intrinsic rhinitis, BTX‐A blocks the secretion of sweat/saliva/mucus. BTX‐A has important applications in proctology where it has become the most powerful nonsurgical therapy for anal fissures. In proctalgia fugax and after hemorrhoidectomy, BTX‐A is analgesic.

Current treatment applications of BTX‐A and its limitations are reviewed in this paper.
Pathogenic aspects of cutaneous photoaging
Authors: Watson Rachel E B , Griffiths Christopher E M
Published: December 2005

Chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet irradiation can result in wrinkle formation in many individuals. Wrinkling appears to be the conclusion of mechanisms that result in decreased synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules within the dermis, accompanied by increased remodeling of the matrix by specific endopeptidases (matrix metalloproteinases) and proteases (originating from infiltrating cells of the immune system). In this review, we discuss the changes that occur in the extracellular matrix of photoaged skin and the mechanisms by which they are modulated.
Investigation of the topical application of procyanidin oligomers from apples to identify their potential use as a hair‐growing agent
Authors: Takahashi Tomoya , Kamimura Ayako , Kagoura Masayori , Toyoda Masahiko , Morohashi Masaaki
Published: December 2005

Background  Procyanidins are a family of condensed tannins, which have been shown to possess hair‐growing activity in both the in vitro and in vivo murine models.

Aims  We report a 12‐month clinical study aimed at treating male pattern baldness by external application of 0.7% apple procyanidin oligomers.

Patients/methods  A double‐blind clinical test involving a total of 43 subjects was performed. Twenty‐one men in the procyanidin group and 22 men in the placebo control group were subjected to analysis. In the first 6 months, we compared the procyanidin and the placebo groups to assess the medicinal effects of procyanidin oligomers. The application time of the procyanidin group was subsequently extended to 12 months, and the time course of its remedial value was examined.

Results  The increase in total number of hairs in a designated scalp area of the procyanidin group subjects after the 6‐month trial was significantly greater than that of the placebo control group subjects (procyanidin, 3.3 ± 13.0 (mean ± SD)/0.50 cm2; placebo, −3.6 ± 8.1/0.50 cm2; P < 0.001, two‐sample t‐test). Time course‐dependent improvement in hair density was observed in the procyanidin subjects. No adverse side effects were observed in any of the subjects. Procyanidin therapy thus shows potential hair‐growing activity.
A double‐blind controlled study of a nonhydroquinone bleaching cream in the treatment of melasma
Authors: Levy Jean Luc , Pons Fredéric , Agopian Lise , Besson Regis
Published: December 2005

Background  Melasma is an acquired hypermelanosis predominantly affecting the face of women. It is often recalcitrant to treatment with hypopigmenting agents.

Objective  To assess the efficacy of a nonhydroquinone cream (Amelan M®) vs. another (Mela‐D®) as treatment for melasma.

Methods  Twenty‐two French women with bilateral epidermal and/or mixed melasma were enrolled in a split‐faced prospective trial lasting 4 months during summer season weeks. Twelve patients applied once‐daily Amelan M® to one side of the face with sun‐protective factor 60 UVA sunscreen each morning and Mela‐D® once‐daily to the other side of the face. Pigmentation was measured objectively using a mexameter and the melasma area and severity index (MASI) were measured subjectively.

Results  The mean decrease of pigmentation was statistically significant on the MASI with both cream and only with Amelan M with the mexameter. Some adverse side effects were observed.

Conclusions  Amelan M® is really more effective than Mela D® cream on melasma. Even though some side effects were observed patients preferred the Amelan M‐treated side.