bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behaviour modifying effects of low systemic concentrations of imidacloprid on Myzus persicae with special reference to an antifeeding response
Authors: Nauen Ralf
Published: November 2006

With a combination of biological, analytical, electrophysiological, and video‐optical methods, it was possible to show that low concentrations of the new chloronicotinyl insecticide, imidacloprid, strongly affect the behaviour of Myzus persicae (Sulz.), leading eventually to the death of the aphids. Tests to elucidate the biological properties were performed under laboratory conditions with cabbage leaf petioles placed in insecticidal solutions over different periods of time. LC15(24h) values were considered as low concentrations and calculated for imidacloprid and pirimicarb, respectively. Imidacloprid at low concentrations depressed the honeydew excretion of apterous adults of M. persicae by almost 95% within 24 h without affecting the vitality of the majority of aphids, whereas, at equitoxic concentrations, pirimicarb showed much weaker effects on honeydew excretion, which strongly coincided with mortality. In choice experiments with alate morphs of M. persicae over 48 h, their larvae almost always occurred on the untreated control leaf, and were not found on the leaf which was treated systemically with low concentrations of imidacloprid. Apterous aphids placed on cabbage leaves systemically treated with low concentrations of imidacloprid showed nearly the same decrease in weight as untreated starving aphids, suggesting that their death was caused by starvation. Aphids that were moved from imidacloprid‐treated to untreated leaves after 24 h began feeding on the latter and showed a steady increase in weight and honeydew production. This suggests that the behavioural response is reversible. Aphids on pirimicarb‐treated (equitoxic dose) leaves showed no decrease in weight. Electrical penetration graphs revealed that M. persicae on artificial membranes containing imidacloprid probed more often before feeding than aphids on control sachets. Time‐lapse videofilming of apterous adults placed on cabbage leaves revealed a migration from the leaf treated with low concentrations of imidacloprid to an untreated leaf. From the results of these experiments and the observed symptomatology it is possible to postulate two different and dose‐dependent modes of action of imidacloprid on M. persicae: (1) the well‐known mode of action with visually obvious irreversible symptoms (paralysis, tremor, uncoordinated leg‐movement) at field rates, and (2) the reversible starvation response as an antifeedant effect, which is not coupled with typical symptoms of neuronal disorder, at lower concentrations.
Analysis, sorption and residues of a homologous series of isothiocyanates on wheat
Authors: Shaaya Eli , Desmarchelier James M.
Published: November 2006

A series of isothiocyanates (R‐NCS, R, 1–6 carbon atoms) was applied in the vapour phase to wheat in sealed containers. The speed of sorption, as measured by the rate of loss from the intergranular air space, was inversely proportional to molecular weight; e.g. the time for 50% sorption of hexyl isothiocyanate was over 100 times longer than for the methyl analogue. Despite extensive sorption, most of the applied chemicals was recovered from the fumigated wheat seven days after dosing, indicating that sorption did not lead to extensive degradation. Purge and trap techniques proved suitable for recovery of low‐boiling, but not high‐boiling chemicals.
The pyrethrins and related compounds part XL— structure‐activity relationships of pyrethroidal esters with acyclic side chains in the alcohol component against resistant strains of housefly (Musca domestica)
Authors: Farnham Andrew W. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S.
Published: November 2006

Activities of a range of pyrethroidal esters, incorporating structural variations in all regions of the acid and alcohol components, have been measured against two fully characterised and homozygous resistant strains of Musca domestica (kdr and super‐kdr). The results, limited in this paper to esters of alcohols with acyclic side chains, show the same level of uniform resistance as the kdr strain observed previously, across a range of acid and alcohol variations. Against the super‐kdr strain, in contrast to the cyclic side chain set, resistance factors are barely higher than for the kdr strain. Against super‐kdr flies, some dependence of resistance factor on the position of the side chain substituent was detected. Polyfluorobenzyl esters confer particularly low resistance factors.
Guanidinium and amidinium fungicides: A new class of carbocation mimetic ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors
Authors: Arnold Mary L. , Duriatti Albert D. , Jung Michel , Katz Ruth B. , Liebeschuetz John W.
Published: November 2006

A novel class of chemical has been designed with the aim of inhibiting the Δ14‐reductase and Δ8‐Δ7‐isomerase enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in fungi. Use was made of knowledge about the mechanisms of both enzymes and the mode of action of known, fungicidal inhibitors of these enzymes. Pioneer examples have been synthesised and have been demonstrated to be potent inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda, acting in the same manner as the commercial fungicide fenpropimorph. They also showed excellent fungicidal activity against Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. hordei Marchal (powdery mildew of barley) and Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. (wheat leaf rust) in in‐vivo glasshouse tests. Using these compounds as a starting point, systematic structural variation has been carried out. Testing of a wide range of analogues at high volume confirms the potential of this class of compound to control mildew and rust pathogens at levels comparable to those of the standards. Correlation of in‐vivo and enzymatic data is good and the structure‐activity relationship developed for this series of compounds closely parallels that found for the morpholine/piperidine class of fungicides, suggesting a common mode of action.
Metabolites of some biological control agents
Authors: Dickinson Julia M. , Hanson James R. , Truneh Almaz
Published: November 2006

The evidence is reviewed for the structure and biosynthesis of some metabolites of Trichoderma and Gliocladium species that are being considered as fungal biological control agents. The diverse biosynthetic capability of these organisms is proposed as a criterion for their potential application as bio‐control agents.
Mode of action of the anilino‐pyrimidine fungicide pyrimethanil. 1. In‐vivo activity against Botrytis fabae on broad bean (Vicia faba) leaves
Authors: Daniels Alison , Lucas John A.
Published: November 2006

The effect of timed protectant applications of pyrimethanil on the natural infection process of isolates of Botrytis fabae Sardina on broad bean leaves was investigated using a range of light and electron microscopic techniques. At 400 mg litre−1, there was some inhibition of spore germination, and a significant reduction in germ tube extension. These responses were variable between isolates, treatment times and dose rates. Appressorium formation and function (i.e. penetration of the host epidermis) were not affected. However, there was a significant reduction in the numbers of host cells killed at each penetration site, resulting in retarded, or, with some isolates, arrested lesion development. This response was similar for all isolates tested. The likely mode of action of pyrimethanil as a pathogenesis inhibitor is discussed.
How can a statistician improve your interpretation?
Authors: Fenlon J. S.
Published: November 2006

Four examples are given of how discussion between scientist and statistician enhanced both the analysis and interpretation of experimental data. They cover both the design and analysis of field experiments, and some of the problems associated with interpreting data from dose‐response assays. There is little doubt that the statistician, with his array of analytical and diagnostic tools, can often improve a scientist's interpretation of experimental data, although a statistician cannot compensate for a poorly designed or inadequately replicated experiment.
Photolysis of bromoxynil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile) in aqueous solution
Authors: Machado F. , Collin L. , Boule P.
Published: November 2006

The formation of 3‐bromo‐4,5‐dihydroxybenzonitrile accounts for about 65% of the photochemical conversion of the title product in aqueous solution, in contrast to 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile and 4‐hydroxybenzonitrile previously reported.
Effect of adjuvants on the performance of the new cereal fungicide, metconazole. I glasshouse trials
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Boyd Sarah L. , Sampson Alan J. , Drummond Jeremy N. , Walter David
Published: November 2006

Metconazole, (1RS, 5RS; 1RS, 5SR)‐5‐(4‐chlorobenzyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)cyclopentanol, is a highly active fungicide, in particular controlling seed‐borne and foliar diseases of cereals, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In order to maximize its foliar activity, an experimental survey of some types of surfactants and an emulsifiable oil was undertaken. Two types of metconazole formulation were investigated using a biological assay involving the therapeutic control of two diseases (Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal and Leptosphaeria nodorum Muell.) of wheat.

Enhancements of activity by ‚Genapol’︁ C12/C14 alcohol ethoxylates of an emulsifiable concentrate (ECM) formulation of metconazole were approximately three‐ to four‐fold. For its, initially, less active suspension concentrate (SCM) formulation, enhancements were around 35‐fold, so that with these adjuvants the two formulations were of similar activity. The enhancement ability of these ‚Genapol’︁ surfactants was optimal at lower (5–10 moles) ethylene oxide content. These analogues induced marginally better enhancements of activity than members of a range of nonylphenol ethoxylates (‚Arkopal’︁), and emulsifiable paraffinic/naphthenic oil (HVI 60E) and a castor oil ethoxylate (‚Atlas’︁ G1281) but were equivalent to a similar series of alcohol ethoxylates (‚Dobanol’︁) from another source. Varying the alkyl chain length between C9‐C11 and C14‐C15 in the ‚Dobanol’︁ series had little effect on their high enhancements of metconazole activity.

It was determined from trials varying the application rate of the best alcohol ethoxylates that application rates of 1–1.5 kg ha−1 were required for maximum activity. This implied the use of high adjuvant/metconazole ratios in one‐pack adjuvant‐containing formulations. A range of soluble liquid (SL) formulations were prepared with either ‚Dobanol’︁ 23–6.5 or ‚Dobanol’︁ 91‐6/metconazole ratios varying from 5:1 to 15:1. There were found to be highly active and were recommended for field testing.
Influence of permethrin droplets on movement of larval Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Head Graham , Hoy Casey W. , Hall Franklin R.
Published: November 2006

The behavioral response of larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) to permethrin droplets was investigated through computer simulations and videotape analysis of larval movement on treated surfaces. Simulations of pre‐contact avoidance responses and post‐contact hypersensitivity responses indicated that the different response types would produce different effects on larval speeds and leaving times in the presence of insecticide. Analysis of actual larval movement in treated arenas demonstrated that responses to permethrin consistent with the predictions for pre‐contact avoidance did occur. Larval speeds were higher in trials with insecticide droplets than in controls, and these differences arose prior to contact with droplets. When a higher insecticide concentration was used for droplets, the response observed was consistent with a relatively longer distance avoidance response than when droplets had lower permethrin concentrations. Such a response to permethrin should significantly decrease larval exposure to insecticides and increase survival in permethrintreated fields.
The evaluation of global migration and the assessment of related parameters by a spectrophotometric methodology
Authors: Lox F. , de Smet R. , Walden A. , Machiels V.
Published: November 2006

In this work, the theory and measurement of migration is discussed in terms of the assessment of the ‘change’ of migration as a function of time. Instead of residue measurement, migration can also be evaluated very quickly and with high accuracy by spectrophotometric means. From these data the maximum possible global migration Mx can be found, which allows one to predict quality behaviour of plastics. Also other effects such as weathering and influences from transport‐conditions can be evaluated. It is clear that the proposed testing procedure does not interfere with the conventional weight‐procedure. Indeed, the simulant can be removed for residue measurements at any time. The importance of the proposed methodology is the time response wherein assessment can be performed and knowledge of the migrational behaviour of the plastics can be found.
Packaging dangerous goods for transport
Authors: Mostyn Harri
Published: November 2006

The principle of uniformity in national and international transport regulations has now been widely recognized and implemented. Most features of the regulations are now fully operational e.g. in respect of classification, permitted packagings and maximum quantities, labelling etc. So far as packaging standards are concerned, 1990 is scheduled as the end of the transitional period. The major problem anticipated, that of the vast numbers of combination packagings needing testing and certifying, has hopefully been reduced to a level consistent with safety by the development of the UN limited quantity provisions, their adoption in the IMDG Code and the similar provisions in RID/ADR. The outstanding questions relate to air transport. Non‐specification packagings have been acceptable in air transport under the transitional packaging arrangements since the ICAO Technical Instructions came into effect in 1983/84: these are often far larger in size than those covered in Chapter 15 of the UN Recommendations. As far as is known, the use of these non‐specification packagings has not given rise to problems in air transport. It is hoped that the ICAO Dangerous Goods Panel will adopt practical limited quantity provisions from 31 December 1990.
Study of the polyvinyl chloride polymer structure in relation to migration of residual vinyl chloride monomer by inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Apostolopoulos Dimitrios , Gilbert Seymour G.
Published: November 2006

The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer structure was studied using inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The specific retention volume (Vg°) of a vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) probe, as well as the thermodynamic parameters of the interaction between PVC and VCM were calculated.

Changes in Vg°, free energy(ΔG°s), enthalpy (ΔH°s) and entropy (ΔS°s) observed as the temperature and the amount of VCM decreased, clearly indicate that the PVC—VCM interaction was both concentration and temperature dependent. The Vg° and thermodynamic parameters also varied with changes in polymer structure. Data were interpreted in terms of the active site hypothesis. Active sites in the PVC matrix strongly bind VCM at low enough concentrations and temperatures. Inferably, migration of VCM from PVC packaging materials containing very low concentrations of residual monomer should be for all practical purposes, essentially zero, particularly at low temperatures.
Survey of packaging professionals in the USA
Authors: Lai C. C. , Huang W.‐C. , Mackson C. J.
Published: November 2006

A survey on packaging professionals in the USA was conducted by the School of Packaging at Michigan State University. Subjects of the survey were the School's alumni and Food Packaging Division members of the Institute of Food Technologists. The eight‐page questionnaire addressed issues pertaining to their education, training, attitude and opinion about packaging disciplines, employment characteristics, and other aspects of their professional experiences. Out of 4000 people contacted, over 20% responded. The paper examines the general characteristics of packaging professionals in the USA in 1986.
Estimation of the compression strength of corrugated fibreboard boxes and its application to box design using a personal computer
Authors: Kawanishi Katsuoki
Published: November 2006

Many papers have been published on the compression strength of corrugated fibreboard boxes, using such formulae as Kellicut's equation and McKee's equation for the calculation. These equations, however, require known values of the strength of linerboard or corrugated fibreboard, they do not include the influence of moisture content and they are inadequate in the case of wrap‐around boxes. The present author measured the mechanical properties of a large number of fibreboard boxes, and has derived a statistical formula useful for estimating the compression strength of a box based on its specifications — grade of corrugated fibreboard, size of box, type of box, printed area and moisture content. The calculation gives fairly good agreement with experimental results. The estimation technique has further been converted into a personal computer program, which renders the design of corrugated fibreboard boxes an easier task.
Packaging materials as smoke barriers during fire
Authors: Salmén Kristina
Published: November 2006

During fires in warehouses and shops, the fire smoke and fire‐extinguishing agents often cause great damage to both packaged and non‐packaged goods. Even products that are stored at a great distance from the fire are often contaminated by the smoke.

The decision as to whether such products, after re‐packing, are still in perfect condition or not must often be made quickly and it can be especially difficult to judge foodstuffs in this respect. Depending on time aspects and ignorance of the protective functions of a packaging material, the wrong decisions are often made, which results in unnecessary rejections.

Generally, it can be said that fire smoke immediately penetrates thin films of, for example, polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), uncoated cardboard and paper, as well as PE‐coated cardboard. Packaging materials such as rigid PVC rapidly degrade due to the chemical substances in fire smoke.

Evaluation of the barrier properties of packaging materials against model fire smoke shows great differences in breakthrough times between laminates with three or more layers and packaging materials with only one or two layers.
Analysis of vibration and shock occurring in transport systems
Authors: Hasegawa Kiyohide
Published: November 2006

The agreement between the practical data and theoretical values has been examined for almost all of the formulae used to determine the optimum function that can express the relationship between the shock‐acceleration or vibration‐acceleration and their number of occurrences. These formulae, however, are not always suitable for all analyses.

In order to find the optimum formula for each condition, the following points have been considered:

agreement between the calculated value and measured data

difficulty in the calculation procedure

difficulty in comparison of the data obtained

possibility of extrapolation.

The following results were obtained:

In general, hybrid function, irrational function and Weibull distribution can be used to express the relationship.

For comparison of experimental data obtained in different transport conditions, irrational function and Weibull distribution have fewer parameters than other functions.

In the case of the package test condition where an extrapolation is required, the hybrid function and irrational function are the most suitable.
The role of mathematics and physics in migration predictions
Authors: Chatwin P. C. , Katan L. L.
Published: November 2006

Whilst one or two mathematical formulae have appeared frequently in papers on migration, little use has yet been made of them in analysing data, or in writing legislation on food contact materials and articles. In this short review, it is argued that mathematics and physics have far greater potential than has so far been realized in such roles, and certain basic principles that are crucial for effective use of these disciplines in migration research are discussed. The first of these is the great importance of the geometry, i.e. shape and size, of the food‐container system; most (if not all) commonly used formulae have serious shortcomings because they apply only to one‐dimensional geometries, which are not met in practice. The second is that results must be plotted in non‐dimensional form if underlying unity of behaviour is to be detected — and the search for such unity is one of the main aims of mathematics. Finally, the paper discusses some causes of the large variability that is observed in practice between the results of nominally identical tests, and concludes that statistical methods should have far greater prominence than hitherto in all stages of migration research, and the drafting of legislation.
Migration of BHT through airspace in food package systems
Authors: Terada Katsuhiko , Naito Yasutoshi
Published: November 2006

In the system composed of a plastic package and a solid food, which are only partially in contact with each other, the migration of the plastic ingredient to the food may take place through the airspace between the package and the food unless the ingredient is non‐volatile.

This paper describes the migration of an antioxidant BHT(2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol) from low‐density polyethylene films containing BHT, or from pure BHT crystals used as a source of BHT vapour, to model foods such as casein and granulated sugar.

The results obtained:

confirmed that the migration of BHT occurs from the film to the food even when they are separated completely by an airspace between them

showed that the amount of migration increases with time and attains a practically constant value after a certain period, but the value and the time vary significantly with the food

found that the BHT concentration in the film remains virtually unchanged at all times in the experiments carried out in this study, because the amount of BHT migration is very small compared with the total amount of BHT contained in the film initially

elucidated the relation between the BHT concentration in the film and the equilibrium amount of BHT migration to the food. This result should be useful for the estimation of the amount of BHT migrating from a polyethylene package to a contained food.
Sorption of solvents in plastics and solvent desorption and retention
Authors: Thalmann W. R.
Published: November 2006

The experiments reported here have studied the following systems within the temperature range 25–50°C: sorption and desorption of solvents on LDPE, OPP, PS, rigid PVC, OPA, PETP and regenerated cellulose with methanol, ethanol, n‐propanol, and ethyl acetate. With reference to these, the theory presented indicates the most important aspects related to the tests, refers to identification data on similar problems and enumerates the possibilities of interaction.

The application of equation 1 and the reported measuring method allows the determination of diffusion coefficients within a vapour‐saturated atmosphere system. As the gravimetric method also allows the determination of solubilities (αL, the solubility coefficient), the permeation behaviour in the Fick range is calculable from

The equation used by the author can be related to other equations from the technical literature, such as

for the range Q(t)Q∞>0.4, or where

for the range <0.4

The agreement can be considered as good. The D values provide a calculation base within the scope of the outlined problem definition.

The taste limits for solvents in water reveal which solvents could, as residual solvents, become critical. These values—connected with sorption/desorption identification values, evaporation numbers etc. —indicate where there is a risk and those cases where sufficient drying, or even the use of more adequate solvents is essential.
Effects of B‐ionizing radiation on the properties of flexible packaging materials
Authors: Rojas Gante C. De , Pascat B.
Published: November 2006

The influence of B‐ionizing radiation on chemical structure and mass transfer phenomena was studied in the principal flexible food packaging materials (LDPE and OPP). No significant changes were observed in the structure of polymer matrices or in oxygen permeability and global migration after ionizing the materials at dose levels approved for food products ( < 110 kGy). Nevertheless, at low doses, it was observed that volatile organic compounds were present in ionized films. Several oxidation products were analysed by a dynamic head space technique. These oxidation products (typically ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids) could play a part in the organoleptic properties of prepackaged foods and, consequently, in their shelf‐life.
Flexible packaging of disposable medical devices—A review
Authors: Czerniawski Bohdan
Published: November 2006

The rapid increase in number of elderly persons with greater needs for medical care in future years will influence considerably the growth of medical packaging. A growing importance of disposable medical devices produced, packed and sterilized in manufacturers plants using various form‐fill‐seal (FFS) packaging systems has been observed during several recent years.

The present predominance of flexible package thermoformed by a FFS system results from the considerably lower costs of these packages in comparison with rigid packaging. The role of packaging in this area is still not properly appreciated and analyses that were carried out showed that the major part of claims connected with sterility problems resulted for faulty packaging (mainly defective seals, pinholes and holes).

The results of the assessment of heat‐seal strength are presented for thermoformed flexible packages processed on a Multivac machine and made of various laminates (mainly polyamide/polyolefine laminates) sealed with different types of sterilizable paper and used for packing disposable syringes and blood transfusion sets.

A large scatter of results was found in both the individual packagings and the various packages processed on the same machine and made of the same materials. This spread of results occurred not only when packages were sealed using uncoated paper but also when paper with a grid pattern coating was used. A distinct advantage of the latter is the peelable opening of packages even when maximum seal strength is recorded. The reduction in the seal strength, which is very difficult to avoid, stresses the importance of selecting such combinations of materials giving distinctly higher average seal values while simultaneously maintaining the requirement for a peelable separation of the sealed layers during opening. An assessment of thickness distribution in the laminate and the PA layer shows that, because of the presence of areas of drastic thinning, the saving achieved by using a PA layer, increases the risk of package puncture, and therefore, may not be worthwhile.

The substitution of polyproplyene for polyamide in laminate destined for thermoformed packages for medical devices must take account of the greater local thinning with simultaneous lower puncture resistance of polypropylene.
Environmental issues of importance in the nordic countries
Authors: Leppänen Annukka
Published: November 2006

The Nordic countries have long been considered forward thinking in respect of modern problems in society. They also are countries with environmental problems, particularly related to forestry and forestry based industries — including packaging production. This paper reports on the current situation.
Mechanical distribution hazards and cushion design
Authors: Li Hua , Jansen R.
Published: November 2006

Whereas many products are damaged in distribution for lack of packaging, there are some products that are heavily overpacked. In order to avoid product damage in distribution while reducing excessive packaging as far as possible, the mechanical hazards that are the basis for the simulation of the distribution process in the laboratory must be measured and analysed accurately. The measured results of movement on a roller bed and chain transfer system, on a fork lift truck crossing over a threshold and on the platform of a truck with a full load are presented here.

A sensitive product must be packed with cushioning in accordance with the distribution hazards and its sensitivity to them. The development of a suitable cushion with which the product can survive the distribution environment without excessive packaging, depends on many quite complicated things. To ease the choice of cushion materials and their dimensioning, software (named PODI), supported from a data base of various foam materials, has been developed. Three different mechanical models are built in PODI for the mitigation of impacts and the effective attentuation of the vibration hazards.
Requirements for single‐use sterilization papers and paper packaging used for medical devices
Authors: Czerniawski Bohdan
Published: November 2006

The concept of using paper in medical packaging has been accepted widely. as it provides the essential permeability to allow ingress of the sterilising media whilst preventing the post‐penetration of bacteria. thereby maintaining sterility of the medical device itself.

In Europe this widespread application of paper has demanded the introduction of proper standards for sterilization papers and converted items, such as bags and pouches. In this article these standards are discussed, i.e. British Standards, German DIN 58953, French Pharmacopoeia and Eucomed (European Confederation of Medical Suppliers Association).

Comparisons of these standards, including results of our testing, also are presented t o underline the essential differences between specifications for the same grade of paper. In particular, special note is made in the case of air permeability of papers used for gas sterilization. The most reasonable solution is put forward by Eucomed, in which permeability performance is more fully addressed. The principles of various methods for the determination of microbial barrier performances of sterilization papers also are described and some comments in this respect are given.
Identifying new ideas in packaging
Authors: Goddard Ron
Published: November 2006

The development of a new idea into an innovative packaging concept is not just serendipity but should be a structured process. The paper attempts to develop this concept and pull together the several aspects into the emergence of a useful result.
Optimization of protective packaging — a result of the long‐term laboratory and atmospheric tests
Authors: Kubeš Jaroslav
Published: November 2006

The quantity of desiccant required for the effective protection of technical products sensitive to corrosion can be determined by means of the chronological transformation method, even if we do not have exact knowledge of. nor can quantify, all external influences affecting the complete packaging during transport and storage.

Information was obtained about the protective effectiveness of barrier systems under extreme climatic conditions. Decisive factors of the deterioration process are discussed, particularly the moisture stress and the temperature stress.
Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh mushrooms
Authors: Halachmy I. Beit , Mannheim C. H.
Published: November 2006

The storage life of harvested fruits and vegetables is influenced by their continued respiration and biochemical activity. Lowering the temperature, and modifying the atmosphere surrounding the product, can extend the shelf‐life of the produce.

Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were placed into different structural containers covered with PVC films and stored at three temperatures. The effect of key variables, such as temperature, respiration rate, critical and optimal concentrations of O2 and CO2, package‐weight/area ratio and film permeability, were studied.

It was concluded that a highly perishable product, such as mushrooms, must be wrapped and refrigerated in order to prevent transpiration and shrivelling. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) may be beneficial but was not found to be essential. If a certain batch of mushrooms respires faster than predicted, or is exposed to large temperature fluctuations, MAP could have a damaging effect.
Distribution damage measurement, analysis and correction
Authors: Twede Diana
Published: November 2006

Distribution damage is a symptom of underlying problems—a quality system out of adjustment. The purpose of this paper is to develop a management method for controlling distribution damage. Such a system includes setting standards and managing conformance through appraisal and corrective action, including package improvement through damage reproduction test method evaluation.
Mass transfer from and through packaging materials
Authors: Miltz J. , Passy N. , Mannheim C. H.
Published: November 2006

The use of polymer films for food packaging requires a knowledge of their transport properties under varying conditions. The permeability to gases and water vapour of the packaging films at the specific conditions of use, i.e. temperature, relative humidity and pressure gradient, are needed for selecting the optimum packaging system to ensure the required shelf‐life of the packed product. Migration from, and absorption by, plastic films also play an important role in their selection.

The 02 and CO2 permeabilities of three plastic films at four different temperatures were evaluated and shown to follow the Arrhenius relationship in the range tested. The effects of four thicknesses of one film on its permeability are also reported.

Three methods to evaluate migration from polymeric films were compared using different weight/volume ratios. The extraction method recommended by the FDA, using n‐hexane in a stirred flask, was found to be best.

The shelf‐life of Matzoth (Jewish Passover bread) packed in polyethylene (stored at 25°C) was found to be longer than the shelf‐life of those packed in the higher barrier PVDC/PE. This was apparently due to the absorption of undesirable oxidation compounds, given off from the Matzoth by the PE, which were not absorbed at detectable levels by the PVDC/PE.
The effect of packaging materials and oxygen on the colour stability of sliced bologna
Authors: Grini Jorunn Aasgaard , Sørheim Oddvin , Nissen Hilde
Published: November 2006

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of packaging materials with different oxygen permeability, residual oxygen concentration in the package and light upon discoloration of the surface of sliced bologna.

The packaging material caused significant differences in the discolouration of vacuum‐packed, sliced bologna. The surface colour of sliced bologna packed in films with an oxygen transmission rate lower than 10cm3/m2/24h/atm was not affected by illuminated storage.

Packages of sliced bologna with 0% oxygen in the head space showed good colour stability after 28 days of illuminated storage at 4 C. The discolouration of bologna was almost directly proportional to oxygen concentration in the package. Bologna stored in a high oxygen concentration developed more off‐odour; 1% and 2% oxygen in the packages caused higher worst spot colour, discolouration and off‐odour scores after 3 days of storage.
The development of a strategic information system applied to packaging design
Authors: Shimada Tetsuo , Yamasaki Kiyoshi
Published: November 2006

This study aims to develop a strategic information system applied to packaging design. Previously, we could not computerize the whole packaging design process because:

The safety factors with respect to the various environmental conditions of distribution had not been determined accurately

The pallet loading pattern could not be found by means of computational algorithms approximating the judgment of expert operators

There were no methods for inputting data except through the keyboard

As described in this report, we derived the degradation factor concerning the actual compressive strength through various experiments and structured a rulebase using specialized deductions based on the intuition and long years of experience of our engineers. The results of this study show that it is now possible to develop a strategic information system applied to packaging design, combining the database, production‐rule‐based systems for pallet loading pattern, compressive strength analysis and barcode system.
Measuring the package shipping environment in refrigerated ocean vessels
Authors: Singh S. Paul , Burgess Gary J. , Marcondes Jorge, A , Antle John R.
Published: November 2006

The dynamic and climatic environments inside the cargo holds of regrigerated ships carrying bananas from Central America to destinations in Europe and the United States were measured. The same environments inside individual packages of bananas were also measured for comparison. Among the variables studied were shock and vibration G‐levels, temperature, humidity, and air velocity. Three different types of shipments were monitored: break‐bulk, palletized, and containerized. The results show that the average G‐levels are similar to those found on trailers and railcars and that the vibration levels in the packages themselves were amplified by up to as much as eight times.
Determination of water uptake and moisture sorption isotherms of PVC‐based food packaging materials: Effect of plasticizer content and temperature
Authors: Kalaouzis Panagiotis J. , Demertzis Panagiotis G. , Kontominas Michael G.
Published: November 2006

Sorption isotherms of three polymeric mixtures were constructed with the use of a computerized inverse gas chromatographic technique at temperatures of 32°C and 50°C. It was observed that the water uptake increases with decreasing temperature and increasing amount of plasticizer in the polymeric mixtures. The sorption data were applied to the BET and GAB isotherm models. It was found that the two‐parameter BET equation fits the sorption data up to a water activity value of 0.6 and the three‐parameter GAB equation fits the sorption data up to a water activity value of 0.7. The thermodynamics of the above interaction were studied further by application of the Zimm‐Lundberg cluster theory. Results indicate a strong tendency for water molecules to cluster even at low water activity values.
Finite element computer simulation of oxygen diffusion in packaged liquids
Authors: Barront F. H. , Harte B. , Giacin J. , Hernandez R. , Segerlind L.
Published: November 2006

The objectives of this study were to apply the finite element method (FEM) to the computer simulation of oxygen diffusion in a liquid food system contained in a permeable package, and to apply a mathematical lumped method to evaluate the integrity of a permeable package. The cylindrical package (2.425cm radius) was made of polyethylene (2 mil) with solid acrylic at the top and base. A micro‐oxygen electrode was introduced from the top surface, 1.37 cm from the radial wall. Changes in dissolved oxygen were recorded using a data acquisition system. Experimental data were compared to predicted values obtained using a finite element technique computer model (Engineering Analysis Systems Verification and Theoretical Manuals, Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., Houston, PA). Acceptable predictions were obtained for two systems: a cylindrical permeable package and a semi‐infinite impermeable container. The model can be modified to simulate other geometrical configurations, packaging materials and liquid food systems.
A proposal to establish ‘packaging science’
Authors: Sasaki Haruo
Published: November 2006

To make packaging truly beneficial to human beings, it is important to help people learn more about the great variety of packaging materials and packaging techniques. In applying that knowledge, certain ethics should be observed by those engaged in packaging activities. The first step in achieving this task is to recognize what constitutes the packaging sciences, and from the results of various investigations a system of packaging sciences has been produced. Packaging science, as we have organized it, consists of the three major fields of packaging sociology, packaging materials science and packaging technology. With regard to the ethics that should form the backbone for the varied packaging activities, we propose that a Packaging Charter be established, incorporating the basic spirit and the ideas outlined herein.
Esr study of the migration of paramagnetic additives from rigid PVC to pure or mixed fatty esters used as food simulators
Authors: Riquet A. M. , Wolff M. , Feigenbaum A.
Published: November 2006

The ESR study presented here provides an insight into the behaviour of paramagnetic additives in rigid PVC before, during and after contact with methyl fatty esters and their migration from the plastic material.

Before contact, diffusion processes took place in rigid PVC. The mobility of the NO group of the paramagnetic additives is directly linked to the displacement of the whole molecule.

Methyl fatty esters plasticize the PVC matrix, increase the mobility of the additive in the material and enhance their migration. The increased lability is due to methyl ester penetration into the polymeric network. Penetration was greatest with short chain esters and probe migration was greater when more penetrating simulators were used. If a fast migration test is required, methyl oleate could be an interesting approach.

Results describing the behaviour of binary mixtures as simulators are very complex, probably because they depend to a large extent on the type of paramagnetic additive.
Study of lateral shocks observed during fork truck and pallet jack operations for the handling of palletized loads
Authors: Rodriguez Hector , Singh S. Paul , Burgess Gary
Published: November 2006

This study measured the lateral impact levels that occur when fork trucks are used to handle palletized loads. The existing ASTM‐D4003 standard on pallet marshalling recommends a 40 G, 10 ms shock or a 10G. 50ms shock to simulate impacts on pallet loads due to fork truck equipment. This study investigated the validity of these levels since no previous studies documenting these levels is provided in the ASTM standards.5 A set of ten impacts were conducted in the two different scenarios using boxes, bins and drums. These scenarios represent a palletized load on a fork truck impacting a similar stationary pallet load and an empty fork truck impacting a pallet load. Results are presented for each category of impacts performed in terms of average and maximum levels measured. The average peak acceleration for the data collected was 36 G and the average duration of impact was 4.3 ms. An analysis describing the limiting conditions for the shock acceleration G and the duration T as a function of the fork truck weight, impact speed, pallet weight and impact condition was determined. This showed that the impacts should have the product of maximum shock (in G) and duration (T) mms lying between 37.2 and 368 for half‐sine shocks.
Measurement of valve oxygen diffusion for bag‐in‐box applications under three possible ambient conditions
Authors: Doyon Gilles J , Poulet Christophe , Chalifoux Luc , Pascat Bernard
Published: November 2006

The shelf life of wine is often markedly reduced by the ingress of atmospheric oxygen through the valve or spout. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate various types of valves by means of a capture cell which provides the flexibility to evaluate performance under three possible ambient conditions (23, 30 and 38°C). With the basic statistics obtained we were able to estimate a data confidence interval (95%) and suggest predictive equations useful to buyers in the industry.
The removal torque increment on metal cans containing an asphaltic pruning seal compound
Authors: Greenway Gerald , Pramsaneh Sarunyapong
Published: November 2006

A study of cap removal torque of a 16 fl.oz. electrolytic tin plate (ETP) container and closure with continuous threads as well as a 0.04 inch polyethylene (PE) liner was conducted. These packages contain a solvent asphaltic pruning seal product. At room temperature the removal torque behaviour was investigated using ETP cans with and without the product at intervals of logarithmic decades of time in days. A SWAN‐MATIC capping machine was utilized to provide predetermined application torques of 20, 30 and 40 in. lbs at 90d̀, 80d̀ and 70d̀ angles of application. The removal torque of each experimental test was measured by hand using the SECURE PAK tester machine, which provided a maximum torque reading accuracy of up to a tenth of a unit. The study revealed that ETP containers with PE‐lined ETP caps, uncontaminated with the product, exhibited logarithmic removal torque decay. However, the ETP container with the asphaltic pruning seal product spilled on the top and threads of the closure showed an increasing trend of removal torque. This occurrence was probably caused by the adhesive effect of the product at the closure.
Effect of the gas/product ratio and CO2 concentration on the shelf‐life of MA packed fish
Authors: Randell Kati , Ahvenainen Raija , Hattula Tapani
Published: November 2006

Rainbow trout and Baltic herring fillets were gas packed at two different gas/product ratios and two different CO2 concentrations. Two reference samples were used; one frozen and one vacuum packed. Changes in gas composition in the gas packages, microbial and sensory quality, K values and drip formation of the fillets were investigated during storage at 2°C. A gas/product ratio of 100 ml/100g gas package was as effective as a vacuum package in preserving the microbial quality of fish and a gas/product ratio of 40ml/100g gas package was as effective as a vacuum package in preserving the sensory quality of fish.
Cause and detection of off‐odours in unprinted paperboard
Authors: Stojacic G. Ziegleder , Lustenberger M.
Published: November 2006

Short‐chain fatty acids are frequently responsible for off‐odours in unprinted paperboard. They are formed as microbiological metabolic products in the circuit water of the paper mill and are absorbed on the paperboard. A gas chromatographic method for detecting these organic acids is described which seems to be suitable for quality control of unprinted paperboards. The various off‐odours associated with paperboard can be explained via the specific composition of the fatty acids.
A highly modular and extensible architecture for an integrated IMS‐based authoring system: the  experience
Authors: Sierra José Luis , Moreno‐Ger Pablo , Martínez‐Ortiz Iván , Fernández‐Manjón Baltasar
Published: November 2006

The  platform is a new experimental e‐learning environment that adheres closely to IMS Global Learning Consortium, Inc. e‐learning standards in order to facilitate their applicability in different learning scenarios.  is equipped with an integrated modular and extensible architecture for the authoring of IMS‐compliant learning materials focused on the IMS manifest. This manifest‐driven architecture facilitates maintenance and promotes the evolution of the authoring system in , both of which are mandatory requirements in the successful production and maintenance of content for many different specialized learning domains. In this paper, we describe this authoring system, its manifest‐driven architecture and its implementation using well‐known and robust Java‐based Web technologies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.