bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of freshwater systems to the net atmospheric exchange of
carbon dioxide and methane with a rapidly changing high Arctic watershed
Authors: Emmerton Craig A. , St. Louis Vincent L. , Lehnherr Igor , Graydon Jennifer A. , Kirk Jane L. , Rondeau Kimberly J.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. A warming climate is rapidly changing the distribution and exchanges of carbon within high Arctic ecosystems. Few data exist, however, which quantify exchange of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) between the atmosphere and freshwater systems, or estimate freshwater contributions to total catchment exchange of these gases, in the high Arctic. During the summers of 2005 and 2007–2012, we quantified CO2 and CH4 concentrations in, and atmospheric exchange with, common freshwater systems in the high Arctic watershed of Lake Hazen, Nunavut, Canada. We identified four types of biogeochemically distinct freshwater systems in the watershed; however mean CO2 concentrations (21–28 µmol L−1) and atmospheric exchange (−0.013 to +0.046 g C–CO2 m−2 day−1) were similar between these systems. Seasonal flooding of ponds bordering Lake Hazen generated considerable CH4 emissions to the atmosphere (+0.008 g C–CH4 m−2 day−1), while all other freshwater systems were minimal emitters of this gas (< +0.001 g C–CH4 m−2 day−1). When using ecosystem-cover classification mapping and data from previous studies, we found that freshwaters were unimportant contributors to total watershed carbon exchange, in part because they covered less than 10 % of total area in the watershed. High Arctic watersheds are experiencing warmer and wetter climates than in the past, which may have implications for moisture availability, landscape cover, and the exchange of CO2 and CH4 of underproductive but expansive polar semidesert ecosystems.
A global, high-resolution data set of ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and ocean bathymetry
Authors: Schaffer Janin , Timmermann Ralph , Arndt Jan Erik , Kristensen Steen Savstrup , Mayer Christoph , Morlighem Mathieu , Steinhage Daniel
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The ocean plays an important role in modulating the mass balance of the polar ice sheets by interacting with the ice shelves in Antarctica and with the marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland. Given that the flux of warm water onto the continental shelf and into the sub-ice cavities is steered by complex bathymetry, a detailed topography data set is an essential ingredient for models that address ice–ocean interaction. We followed the spirit of the global RTopo-1 data set and compiled consistent maps of global ocean bathymetry, upper and lower ice surface topographies, and global surface height on a spherical grid with now 30 arcsec grid spacing. For this new data set, called RTopo-2, we used the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO_2014) as the backbone and added the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean version 3 (IBCAOv3) and the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) version 1. While RTopo-1 primarily aimed at a good and consistent representation of the Antarctic ice sheet, ice shelves, and sub-ice cavities, RTopo-2 now also contains ice topographies of the Greenland ice sheet and outlet glaciers. In particular, we aimed at a good representation of the fjord and shelf bathymetry surrounding the Greenland continent. We modified data from earlier gridded products in the areas of Petermann Glacier, Hagen Bræ, and Sermilik Fjord, assuming that sub-ice and fjord bathymetries roughly follow plausible Last Glacial Maximum ice flow patterns. For the continental shelf off Northeast Greenland and the floating ice tongue of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier at about 79° N, we incorporated a high-resolution digital bathymetry model considering original multibeam survey data for the region. Radar data for surface topographies of the floating ice tongues of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier and Zachariæ Isstrøm have been obtained from the data centres of Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Operation Icebridge (NASA/NSF), and Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). For the Antarctic ice sheet/ice shelves, RTopo-2 largely relies on the Bedmap-2 product but applies corrections for the geometry of Getz, Abbot, and Fimbul ice shelf cavities. The data set is available in full and in regional subsets in NetCDF format from the PANGAEA database at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.856844.
An internally consistent dataset of δ13C-DIC in the North Atlantic Ocean – NAC13v1
Authors: Becker Meike , Andersen Nils , Erlenkeuser Helmut , Humphreys Matthew P. , Tanhua Toste , Körtzinger Arne
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) can be used to quantify fluxes within the carbon system. For example, knowing the δ13C signature of the inorganic carbon pool can help in describing the amount of anthropogenic carbon in the water column. The measurements can also be used for evaluating modeled carbon fluxes, for making basin-wide estimates of anthropogenic carbon, and for studying seasonal and interannual variability or decadal trends in interior ocean biogeochemistry. For all these purposes, it is not only important to have a sufficient amount of data, but these data must also be internally consistent and of high quality. In this study, we present a δ13C-DIC dataset for the North Atlantic which has undergone secondary quality control. The data originate from oceanographic research cruises between 1981 and 2014. During a primary quality control step based on simple range tests, obviously bad data were flagged. In a second quality control step, biases between measurements from different cruises were quantified through a crossover analysis using nearby data of the respective cruises, and values of biased cruises were adjusted in the data product. The crossover analysis was possible for 24 of the 32 cruises in our dataset, and adjustments were applied to 11 cruises. The internal accuracy of this dataset is 0.017 ‰. The dataset is available via the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_096/NAC13v1.html, doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NAC13v1.
Regionalization of monthly rainfall erosivity patterns in Switzerland
Authors: Schmidt Simon , Alewell Christine , Panagos Panos , Meusburger Katrin
Published: October 2016

Abstract. One major controlling factor of water erosion is rainfall erosivity, which is quantified as the product of total storm energy and a maximum 30 min intensity (I30). Rainfall erosivity is often expressed as R-factor in soil erosion risk models like the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and its revised version (RUSLE). As rainfall erosivity is closely correlated with rainfall amount and intensity, the rainfall erosivity of Switzerland can be expected to have a regional characteristic and seasonal dynamic throughout the year. This intra-annual variability was mapped by a monthly modeling approach to assess simultaneously spatial and monthly patterns of rainfall erosivity. So far only national seasonal means and regional annual means exist for Switzerland. We used a network of 87 precipitation gauging stations with a 10 min temporal resolution to calculate long-term monthly mean R-factors. Stepwise generalized linear regression (GLM) and leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) were used to select spatial covariates which explain the spatial and temporal patterns of the R-factor for each month across Switzerland. The monthly R-factor is mapped by summarizing the predicted R-factor of the regression equation and the corresponding residues of the regression, which are interpolated by ordinary kriging (regression–kriging). As spatial covariates, a variety of precipitation indicator data has been included such as snow depths, a combination product of hourly precipitation measurements and radar observations (CombiPrecip), daily Alpine precipitation (EURO4M-APGD), and monthly precipitation sums (RhiresM). Topographic parameters (elevation, slope) were also significant explanatory variables for single months. The comparison of the 12 monthly rainfall erosivity maps showed a distinct seasonality with the highest rainfall erosivity in summer (June, July, and August) influenced by intense rainfall events. Winter months have the lowest rainfall erosivity. A proportion of 62 % of the total annual rainfall erosivity is identified within four months only (June–September). The highest erosion risk can be expected in July, where not only rainfall erosivity but also erosivity density is high. In addition to the intra-annual temporal regime, a spatial variability of this seasonality was detectable between different regions of Switzerland. The assessment of the dynamic behavior of the R-factor is valuable for the identification of susceptible seasons and regions.
Fractal analysis of urban catchments and their representation in semi-distributed models: imperviousness and sewer system
Authors: Gires Auguste , Tchiguirinskaia Ioulia , Schertzer Daniel , Ochoa Rodriguez Susana , Willems Patrick , Ichiba Abdellah , Wang Li-Pen , Pina Rui , Van Assel Johan , Bruni Guendalina , Murla-Tuyls Damian , ten Veldhuis Marie-Claire
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Fractal analysis relies on scale invariance and the concept of fractal dimension enables to characterise and quantify the space filled by a geometrical set exhibiting complex and tortuous patterns. Fractal tools have been widely used in hydrology but seldom in the specific context of urban hydrology. In this paper fractal tools are used to analyse surface and sewer data from 10 urban or peri-urban catchments located in 5 European countries. The aim was to characterise urban catchment properties accounting for the complexity and inhomogeneity typical of urban water systems. Sewer system density and imperviousness (roads or buildings), represented in rasterized maps of 2 m × 2 m pixels, were analysed to quantify their fractal dimension, characteristic of scaling invariance. The results showed that both sewer density and imperviousness exhibit scale invariant features and can be characterized with the help of fractal dimensions ranging from 1.6 to 2, depending on the catchment. In a given area consistent results were found for the two geometrical features, yielding a robust and innovative way of quantifying the level of urbanization. The representation of imperviousness in operational semi-distributed hydrological models for these catchments was also investigated by computing fractal dimensions of the geometrical sets made up of the sub-catchments with coefficients of imperviousness greater than a range of thresholds. It enabled to quantify how well spatial structures of imperviousness were represented in the urban hydrological models.
Hotspots of sensitivity to GCM biases in global modelling of mean and
extreme runoff
Authors: Papadimitriou Lamprini V. , Koutroulis Aristeidis G. , Grillakis Manolis G. , Tsanis Ioannis K.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Climate model outputs feature systematic errors and biases that render them unsuitable for direct use by the impact models, especially when hydrological parameters are studied. To deal with this issue many bias correction techniques have been developed to adjust the modelled variables against observations. For the most common applications, adjustment concerns only precipitation and temperature whilst for others more driving parameters (including radiation, wind speed, humidity, air pressure) are bias adjusted. Bias adjusting only a part of the variables required as biophysical model input could affect the physical consistency among input variables and is poorly studied. In this work we quantify the individual effect of bias correction of each climate variable on global scale hydrological simulations of the recent past. To this end, a partial correction bias assessment experiment is conducted. Six climate parameters (precipitation, temperature, radiation, humidity, surface pressure and wind speed) from a set of three Global Climate Models are tested. The examined hydrological indicators are mean and extreme (low and high) runoff production. A methodology for the classification of the bias correction effects is developed and applied. Global hotspots of hydrological sensitivity to GCM biases at the global scale are derived, for both mean and extreme runoff. Our results show that runoff is mostly affected by the biases in precipitation, temperature, specific humidity and radiation (in this order) and suggest that bias correction should be applied in priority to these parameters. Surface pressure and wind speed had a minor effect on runoff simulations for the majority of the land surface. Low runoff has an increased sensitivity to the GCM biases compared to mean and high runoff, underlying the importance of bias correction for the study of low flow conditions and relevant hydrological extremes, such as droughts.
ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY DATA FOR DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL ARTIFACTS
Authors: Kuçak R. A. , Kiliç F. , Kisa A.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Historical artifacts living from the past until today exposed to many destructions non-naturally or naturally. For this reason, The protection and documentation studies of Cultural Heritage to inform the next generations are accelerating day by day in the whole world. The preservation of historical artifacts using advanced 3D measurement technologies becomes an efficient tool for mapping solutions. There are many methods for documentation and restoration of historic structures. In addition to traditional methods such as simple hand measurement and tachometry, terrestrial laser scanning is rapidly becoming one of the most commonly used techniques due to its completeness, accuracy and fastness characteristics. This study evaluates terrestrial laser scanning(TLS) technology and photogrammetry for documenting the historical artifacts facade data in 3D Environment. PhotoModeler software developed by Eos System was preferred for Photogrammetric method. Leica HDS 6000 laser scanner developed by Leica Geosystems and Cyclone software which is the laser data evaluation software belonging to the company is preferred for Terrestrial Laser Scanning method. Taking into account the results obtained with this software product is intended to provide a contribution to the studies for the documentation of cultural heritage.
MONITORING THE WHEAT, CORN AND COTTON AREAS IN AN EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURAL BASIN BETWEEN 2007 AND 2013
Authors: Satir O. , Yeler O.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Detecting the seasonal agricultural crop pattern accurately is a vital part of the agricultural planning. In this extent, Cukurova Region that is located in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey was evaluated on agricultural landscape pattern. This region is the most productive agricultural region of Turkey also crop variability and yield are higher than many parts of the world. The main agricultural part of the area is called Lower Seyhan Plane (LSP) and it has been formed by the Seyhan, Ceyhan and Berdan rivers. The purpose of the study was to define the wheat, corn and cotton crop pattern using multi-temporal Landsat satellite images and object based classification approach for 2007 and 2013 cropping years. Three main crop’s areal difference were evaluated and changes were monitored between 2007 and 2013. The accuracy of the classifications were obtained by the spatial kappa statistics. Overall kappa accuracy was derived to be 0.9. Classification results were shown that wheat areas were decreased 35% and corn and cotton areas were increased 49% and 69% respectively. Particularly, government subventions and market demands were impacted cropping pattern in the region significantly. In addition, multi-temporal Landsat images and object based classification were a great combination to define regional agricultural crop pattern with very good accuracy (>90%).
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF ESTIMATING SOIL MOISTURE OVER BARE SOIL USING FULL-POLARIMETRIC ALOS-2 DATA
Authors: Sekertekin A. , Marangoz A. M. , Abdikan S. , Esetlili M. T.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging system is one of the most effective way for Earth observation. The aim of this study is to present the preliminary results about estimating soil moisture using L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Full-polarimetric (HH, HV, VV, VH) ALOS-2 data, acquired on 22.04.2016 with the incidence angle of 30.4o, were used in the study. Simultaneously with the SAR acquisition, in-situ soil moisture samples over bare agricultural lands were collected and evaluated using gravimetric method. Backscattering coefficients for all polarizations were obtained and linear regression analysis was carried out with in situ moisture measurements. The best correlation coefficient was observed with VV polarization. Cross-polarized backscattering coefficients were not so sensitive to soil moisture content. In the study, it was observed that soil moisture maps can be retrieved with the accuracy about 14% (RMSE).
CONTRIBUTION OF MODIS SATELLITE IMAGE TO ESTIMATE THE DAILY AIR TEMPERATURE IN THE CASABLANCA CITY, MOROCCO
Authors: Bahi Hicham , Rhinane Hassan , Bensalmia Ahmed
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Air temperature is considered to be an essential variable for the study and analysis of meteorological regimes and chronics. However, the implementation of a daily monitoring of this variable is very difficult to achieve. It requires sufficient of measurements stations density, meteorological parks and favourable logistics. The present work aims to establish relationship between day and night land surface temperatures from MODIS data and the daily measurements of air temperature acquired between [2011-20112] and provided by the Department of National Meteorology [DMN] of Casablanca, Morocco. The results of the statistical analysis show significant interdependence during night observations with correlation coefficient of R2=0.921 and Root Mean Square Error RMSE=1.503 for Tmin while the physical magnitude estimated from daytime MODIS observation shows a relatively coarse error with R2=0.775 and RMSE=2.037 for Tmax. A method based on Gaussian process regression was applied to compute the spatial distribution of air temperature from MODIS throughout the city of Casablanca.
ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE, VEGETATION AND SNOW COVER IN LAR NATIONAL PARK OF IRAN
Authors: Arekhi M.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Changes in land surface reflectance measured by remote sensing data can be useful in climate change studies. This study attempts to analyze the spatial-temporal extent change of vegetation greenness, Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) in late spring at the Lar National Park of Iran using Landsat data. Vegetation indices (VIs), LST, and NDSI maps were calculated for each date (1985, 1994, 2010, and 2015). All VIs have shown an increasing trend from 1985 to 2015 which depicted increase of vegetation. Spectral reflectance of all bands is declining from 1985 to 2015 except in near-infrared (NIR) bands. High reflectance in NIR bands is due to increased vegetation greenness. The reduction was seen in the visible bands that show increased vegetation photosynthetic activity. In the short-wave infrared bands (SWIR) were observed reduced trend from 1985 to 2015 which is indicate increased vegetation. Also, in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) bands were observed a declining trend which is the result of decreasing soil fraction from 1985 to 2015. LST has increased from 23.27 °C in 1985 to 27.45 °C in 2015. Snow patches were decreased over the study period. In conclusion, VIs and surface reflectance bands are considered the main tool to display vegetation change. Also, high VIs values showed healthy and dense vegetation. The results of our study will provide valuable information in preliminary climate change studies.
AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF DUNES FROM GOOGLE EARTH IMAGES NEW APPROACH TO STUDY THE DUNES MIGRATION IN THE LAÂYOUNE CITY OF MOROCCO
Authors: Dakir D. , Rhinane H. , Saddiqi O. , El Arabi E. , Baidder L.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. In desert environments, the sandy dune movements are considered as the main threat to the livelihoods and productivity of people living in Laâyoune city, South of Morocco. Studying dunes at a large scale requires intensive fieldwork and a huge dataset. But this task is not always easy because of the high cost and the limited availability of data. In this paper we present a new approach to study and evaluate the dune dynamic using Google earth archive image acquired from 2005, 2011, 2012, and 2013. To achieve this goal, an area with 3577 meter square including 40 barchan dunes, were selected, and the barchan dunes were automatically extracted from these images using Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial analysis techniques provided by image processing software. The result shows not only the dune shape but also direction of dunes movements, and distance separating dunes. The obtained direction is ranging from North east to South west. The average rate of movement of the extracted dunes between 2005 and 2013 was calculated and is estimated at 32m per year. Validation of these dunes movement of the Laâyoune city was confirmed by the field data and previous studies.
A Hybrid 3D Indoor Space Model
Authors: Jamali Ali , Rahman Alias Abdul , Boguslawski Pawel
Published: October 2016

Abstract. GIS integrates spatial information and spatial analysis. An important example of such integration is for emergency response which requires route planning inside and outside of a building. Route planning requires detailed information related to indoor and outdoor environment. Indoor navigation network models including Geometric Network Model (GNM), Navigable Space Model, sub-division model and regular-grid model lack indoor data sources and abstraction methods. In this paper, a hybrid indoor space model is proposed. In the proposed method, 3D modeling of indoor navigation network is based on surveying control points and it is less dependent on the 3D geometrical building model. This research proposes a method of indoor space modeling for the buildings which do not have proper 2D/3D geometrical models or they lack semantic or topological information. The proposed hybrid model consists of topological, geometrical and semantical space.
DEFORMATION MEASUREMENT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Selbesoglu M. O. , Bakirman T. , Gokbayrak O.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Historical structures are one of the most essential element of cultural heritage. They reflect history, lifestyle and tradition of a country and society. However, they are damaged through the years due to human activities and natural hazards. Therefore, digital documentation of structures and monuments is critical for preservation, sustainability and protection of cultural heritage. Terrestrial laser scanner is a widespread used tool for obtaining 3D representation of real world. In this study, we aimed to measure deformation of deformed minaret of a historical mosque using terrestrial laser scanner. In order to represent the geometry of the deformed minaret with high accuracy, 31 horizontal sections were created from the transition segment to the spire of the minaret with 30 cm intervals. The changing curvatures of the minaret were analysed in three parts; cylindrical part, balcony part and upper part. The offsets from the vertical axes for the parts of the minaret were found as 10.14 cm, 13.97 cm and 16.51 cm, respectively.
GIS-BASED ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN EMERGENCY SHELTERS: THE CASE OF ADANA CITY
Authors: Unal M. , Uslu C.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Accessibility analysis of urban emergency shelters can help support urban disaster prevention planning. Pre-disaster emergency evacuation zoning has become a significant topic on disaster prevention and mitigation research. In this study, we assessed the level of serviceability of urban emergency shelters within maximum capacity, usability, sufficiency and a certain walking time limit by employing spatial analysis techniques of GIS-Network Analyst. The methodology included the following aspects: the distribution analysis of emergency evacuation demands, the calculation of shelter space accessibility and the optimization of evacuation destinations. This methodology was applied to Adana, a city in Turkey, which is located within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic system, the second major earthquake belt after the Pacific-Belt. It was found that the proposed methodology could be useful in aiding to understand the spatial distribution of urban emergency shelters more accurately and establish effective future urban disaster prevention planning. Additionally, this research provided a feasible way for supporting emergency management in terms of shelter construction, pre-disaster evacuation drills and rescue operations.
Liquefaction, landslide and slope stability analyses of soils: a case study of
soils from part of Kwara, Kogi and Anambra states of Nigeria
Authors: Ige Olusegun O. , Oyeleke Tolulope A. , Baiyegunhi Christopher , Oloniniyi Temitope L. , Sigabi Luzuko
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Landslide is one of the most ravaging natural disaster in the world and recent occurrences in Nigeria require urgent need for landslide risk assessment. A total of nine samples representing three major landslide prone areas in Nigeria were studied, with a view of determining their liquefaction and sliding potential. Geotechnical analysis was used to investigate the liquefaction potential, while the slope conditions were deduced using SLOPE/W. The results of geotechnical analysis revealed that the soils contain 6–34 % clay and 72–90 % sand. Based on the unified soil classification system, the soil samples were classified as well graded with group symbols of SW, SM and CL. The plot of plasticity index against liquid limit shows that the soil samples from Anambra and Kogi are potentially liquefiable. The liquefaction screening criteria also revealed that Anambra and Kogi are potentially susceptible to liquefaction, whereas samples from Kwara are not susceptible to liquefaction. Samples from Kogi and Anambra have lower values of MDD and OMC, ranging between 1.64–1.80 g/cm3 and 8.0–12.3 % respectively. These values showed that the samples are granular material with soil having anticipated embankments performance, subgrade and base material as poor-fair, fair-good and good-poor, respectively. The direct shear strength test on the soil samples indicated that the cohesion and angle of internal friction varies between 40 80 kPa and 24–35°. The Coefficient of permeability vary between 8.71 × 10−5 and 1.18 × 10−3. The factor of safety (FOS) values for soils from Anambra, Kogi and Kwara are 1.452, 1.946 and 2.488, respectively. These values indicate stability but care must be taken as the condition at the site shows that the slope is in its state of impending failure. The FOS for dry slope was higher when compared to the FOS values from wet slope. This was due to the effect of pore water pressure on the soil as it reduced the shear strength of the soil. A reduced value of FOS was observed in the model under loading conditions, which indicate that loading is also a contributing factor to the slope failure. It is recommended that proper and efficient drainage system should be employed in these areas to reduce the influence of pore water pressure in the soil.
Structural and rheological evolution of the Laramide subduction channel in southern California
Authors: Xia Haoran , Platt John P.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The Pelona schist in the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, formed in the Laramide subduction channel, exhibits multiple phases of deformation/metamorphism and provides valuable insights into the rheological properties of the subduction channel. Petrological and microstructural analysis indicates that the Pelona schist has undergone three major deformational/metamorphic events. Subduction of volcanic and sedimentary protoliths during D1 was recorded by aligned mineral inclusions in albite and epidote porphyroblasts. Metamorphic temperature and pressure at the end of subduction yielded by Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material and Si-in-muscovite barometry were 518.9 ± 19.6 °C and 10.5 ± 0.4 kbar, respectively. During D1 the dominant deformation mechanism was quartz pressure solution, and the estimated shear stress and strain rate were less than 10 MPa and 5.8×10−13 s−1. D2, the first stage exhumation of the Pelona schist along the upper section of the subduction channel during return flow, was recorded by retrogressive metamorphism, isoclinal folding, and a pervasive schistosity that wraps around earlier porphyroblasts. Metagreywacke was deformed mainly by quartz pressure solution and metachert was deformed dominantly by dislocation creep during D2. The shear stress in metagreywacke was less than 10 MPa and that in metachert was between 8.6 and 13.3 MPa, resulting in a strain rate of 1.4×10−13 to 5.5×10−13 s−1. A topography driven model is proposed as the main driving force of D2 exhumation. D3 records normal-sense movement on the Vincent fault, which separates the schist from overlying arc and continental basement. This resulted in the second stage of exhumation, creating a major synform and associated mylonitic fabric in the upper section of the Pelona schist. Conditions at the beginning of D3 were 390°C and 5.8 kbar given by the TitaniQ thermometer and phengite barometer. The deformation was dominated by quartz dislocation creep with a strain rate of ~5.1 ×10−13 s−1 at a shear stress of ~22 MPa.
Brief communication: Organochlorine pesticides in an archived firn core from Law Dome, East Antarctica
Authors: Bigot Marie , Curran Mark A. J. , Moy Andrew D. , Muir Derek C. G. , Hawker Darryl W. , Cropp Roger , Teixeira Camilla F. , Bengtson Nash Susan M.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were, for the first time, quantified in archived firn cores from East Antarctica representative of 1945–1957 and 1958–1967 (current era, C.E.). The core sections were melted under high-purity nitrogen atmosphere, and the meltwater was analysed. Methods allowed quantification of hexachlorocyclohexanes, heptachlor, trans-chlordane, dieldrin and endrin. While the core presented evidence of nominal contamination by modern-use chemicals, indicating handling and/or storage contamination, legacy OCP concentrations and deposition rates reported are orders of magnitude lower than those from Arctic regions, lending support for their validity. The study further provides a description of equipment used and suggests methods to overcome logistical challenges associated with trace organic contaminant detection in polar regions.
Climate sensitivity of snow water equivalent and snowmelt runoff in a Himalayan catchment
Authors: Stigter Emmy E. , Wanders Niko , Saloranta Tuomo M. , Shea Joseph M. , Bierkens Marc F.P. , Immerzeel Walter W.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Snow is an important component of water storage in the Himalayas. Previous snowmelt studies in the Himalayas have predominantly relied on remotely sensed snow cover. However this provides no information on the actual amount of water stored in a snowpack i.e. the snow water equivalent (SWE). Therefore, in this study remotely sensed snow cover was combined with in situ meteorological observations and a modified version of the seNorge snow model to estimate climate sensitivity of SWE and snowmelt runoff in the Langtang catchment in Nepal. Landsat 8 and MOD10A2 snow cover maps were validated with in situ snow cover observations provided by surface temperature and snow depth measurements resulting in classification accuracies of 85.7 % and 83.1 % respectively. Optimal model parameter values were obtained through data assimilation of MOD10A2 snow maps and snow depth measurements using an Ensemble Kalman filter. The approach of modelling snow depth in a Kalman filter framework allows for data-constrained estimation of SWE rather than snow cover alone and this has great potential for future studies in the Himalayas. Climate sensitivity tests with the optimized snow model show a strong decrease in SWE in the valley with increasing temperature. However, at high elevation a decrease in SWE is (partly) compensated by an increase in precipitation, which emphasizes the need for accurate predictions on the changes in the spatial distribution of precipitation along with changes in temperature. Finally the climate sensitivity study revealed that snowmelt runoff increases in winter and early melt season (December to May) and decreases during the late melt season (June to September) as a result of the earlier onset of snowmelt due to increasing temperature.
Ethical implications of co-benefits rationale within climate change mitigation strategy
Authors: Vasconcellos Oliveira Rita , Thorseth May
Published: October 2016

Climate change mitigation effort is being translated into several actions and discourses that make collateral benefits and their rationale increasingly relevant for sustainability, in such a way that they are now a constant part of the political agenda. Taking a border and consensual perspective, co-benefits are considered here to be emerging advantages of the implementation of measures regarding the lowering of greenhouse gases.Departing from the analysis of policy documents referring to two European urban transportation strategies, the emergent co-benefits are problematized and discussed to better understand their moral aspect. Further ethical reflection is conducted after an analysis of some unintended consequences of co-benefits rationale coming from the mentioned examples. The focus is primarily on the challenges of an integrative moral justification for co-benefits and also for their role in the climate change mitigation effort. We also discuss the limitations of the current normative models that frame co-benefits rationale, from a moral viewpoint and in relation to the overall climate change mitigation strategy.In this article, we propose the concepts of well-being and freedom, as portrayed by Capabilities Approach, as possible guiding notions for the moral and social evaluation of goodness of these emergent benefits and their rationale too. Additionally, some preliminary conclusions are drawn regarding the potential of the presented concepts to favour the climate change mitigation action. Finally, a scenario is drawn where Capabilities Approach is the moral guideline for co-benefits rationale showing this way its potential in terms of enhancing climate change mitigation strategy.
Story-Music / Discourse-Music: Analyzing the Relationship between Placement and Function of Music in Films
Authors: Sbravatti Valerio
Published: October 2016

Many scholars have recently proposed new models to describe the positioning of music in films. The models attempt to improve on the “diegetic/nondiegetic” dichotomy, but most of them lack some important elements. I believe the best way to approach this topic is by integrating it with the functional aspect of music in film narrative.
Speaking with a Happy Voice Makes You Sound Younger
Authors: Shigeno Sumi
Published: October 2016

This study investigates the effects of emotional voices (expressing neutral emotion, sadness, and happiness) on a judgement of a speaker’s age. An experiment was conducted to explore whether happy voices sound younger than neutral and sad voices. The identification of 24 speakers’ ages (12 of each gender) based on their emotional voices was done by 40 participants. The speakers’ ages were 24-75 years. Participants identified the age of each speaker only by hearing his/her emotional voice. The results showed that when a speaker spoke with a happy voice, participants estimated their age to be younger than their chronological age. Furthermore, the results regarding female happy voices were more conspicuous than male happy voices. In contrast, when a speaker spoke with a sad voice, participants estimated them to be older. The results suggest that a happy voice sounds younger because of its higher voice pitch (F0). We discussed the role of vocal pitch and other paralinguistic factors for providing an aging impression.
Estimating Dependence Structure and Risk of Financial Market Crash
Authors: Joshua Ogunyiola Ayorinde , Mwita Peter N. , Njenga Carolyn N.
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we estimate the dependence structure between international stock markets using copulas. Different relationships that exist in normal and extreme periods were estimated using Clayton copula.  The Inference Functions for Margins method was used in estimating the clayton copula parameter thereby obtaining dependence estimates used in estimating Value-at-Risk. Extreme events are likely to alter the dependence structure of financial markets.This could have implications for investment decisions and ability to estimate the risk of financial markets crash. Results reveal that during the crisis period (2007-2009), maximum possible loss of market value is 75.9% and 77.6% with a confidence interval of 90% for the Kenya-Nigeria and Kenya-South Africa portfolios respectively. This implies that the Kenya-South Africa portfolio has the highest risk.
Reliability Estimates for Three Factor Score Estimators
Authors: Beauducel André , Harms Christopher , Hilger Norbert
Published: October 2016

Estimates for the reliability of Thurstone’s regression factor score estimator, Bartlett’s factor score estimator, and McDonald’s factor score estimator were proposed. Moreover, conditions for equal reliability of the factor score estimators were presented and the reliability estimates were compared by means of simulation studies. Under conditions inducing unequal reliabilities, reliability estimates were largest for the regression score estimator and lowest for McDonald’s factor score estimator. We provide an R-script and an SPSS-script for the computation of the respective reliability estimates.
Characterizing Ohio River NOM Variability and Reconstituted‐Lyophilized NOM as a Source Surrogate
Authors: Rossman Paul D. , Boccelli Dominic L. , Pressman Jonathan G.
Published: October 2016

Natural organic matter (NOM) was collected, concentrated, and lyophilized on a monthly basis for 15 months to create a temporal NOM library and assess seasonal variability of untreated Ohio River water. Using fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis, similar spectral components for both the ultrafiltered source water (UF1X) and reconstituted lyophilized NOM were observed in a two‐component model throughout the study, with overall average emission and excitation wavelengths of 418 nm and 270 nm, respectively, for component 1 and 482 nm and 370 nm, respectively, for component 2. Fluorescence spectroscopy, high‐pressure liquid chromatography–size exclusion chromatography, and elemental analysis indicated that the NOM was humic‐like during the study with only small seasonal changes. Data from these analyses also demonstrated similarity between results for UF1X, reverse osmosis–concentrated NOM, and reconstituted‐lyophilized NOM, validating the use of the reconstituted‐lyophilized NOM as a surrogate for its source.
Total Intensity of Odor: A New Method to Evaluate Odors
Authors: Jacobsen‐Garcia Allison , Dale Melissa , Desrochers Roy , Krasner Stuart
Published: October 2016

Unpleasant odors in drinking water can have a negative effect on consumer confidence. In fact, consumers often perceive that if their water smells bad, then it must be bad and unsafe to drink. Compliance for odor aesthetics of drinking water in the United States is based on a secondary standard using the threshold odor number (TON) method, a dilution‐to‐threshold test. However, this test has been subject to criticism in the drinking water community for being a poor measure of consumer acceptance. As a result, many utilities have turned to flavor profile analysis (FPA) to better predict consumer acceptance. However, FPA requires a trained panel, and TON remains the recommended procedure for regulatory compliance. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, in collaboration with Tufts University, developed a new, robust odor testing method called total intensity of odor, which offers a valid alternative for compliance purposes.
Télécommunications et mémoires optiques dans la documentation internationale
Authors: Pelou Pierre
Published: October 2016

Les nouvelles technologies, dont les mémoires optiques, associées aux télécommunications, permettront de créer des coopérations entre les organismes internationaux pour la diffusion de données stratégiques ou spécialisées. Selon le niveau d’avancement des télécommunications dans les différents pays, la coopération internationale se trouve divisée en trois comportements informationnels. Les mémoires optiques serviront à la diffusion dans les pays à infrastructure limitée, les télécommunications, dans les pays à technologie plus avancée tandis que l’association des deux constituera le modèle pour les grands complexes internationaux.

L’auteur décrit le projet SARDE (Système Électronique d’Archivage et de Recherche de Documentation) élaboré par le Centre National d’Études des Télécommunications (CNET). La Bibliothèque de l’ONU à Genève est associée au projet en raison de sa compétence en indexation et la Bibliothèque Dag Hammarsjöld à New York, pour sa coopération à la base de données bibliographiques UNBIS. L’ONU entend créer, en outre, une bibliothèque des CD-ROM qui permettrait la reprise simplifiée de banques de données existantes en leur octroyant une interface logicielle plus conviviale et associant ainsi numérisation et télécommunications en local ou à distance.
Une classification universelle pour l’étude des bibliothèques et de la librairie au XIXe siècle
Authors: Lamonde Yvan
Published: October 2016

L’auteur propose aux historiens un système universel de classification de l’imprimé susceptible de permettre les études comparées au plan international. Un tel système n’existe pas pour le XIXe siècle et cela entraîne un certain piétinement de la recherche. L’auteur propose donc l’utilisation de la classification Dewey, édition de 1876, pour résoudre le problème central du classement et de l’analyse de l’imprimé du XIXe siècle.
Technologies optiques, CD-ROM et bibliothèques
Authors: Deschatelets Gilles
Published: October 2016

Ce second article présente les résultats d’une enquête auprès de toutes les bibliothèques et centres de documentation du Québec sur l’utilisation de produits documentaires sur CD-ROM. Après avoir établi l’importance du CD-ROM comme produit documentaire et donné une vue d’ensemble de son implantation aux États-Unis et au Canada, l’auteur présente les caractéristiques du marché du CD-ROM dans les bibliothèques et passe en revue les différentes enquêtes réalisées à ce jour. Le marché québécois du CD-ROM est présenté comme un marché encore marginal et en pleine implantation. Seulement 7,7% des bibliothèques du Québec offrent un service de CD-ROM, la plupart étant des bibliothèques universitaires ou spécialisées. L’implantation d’un service de CD-ROM est présentée comme étant très étroitement reliée à l’implantation d’un service de téléréférence.
De la Centrale de catalogage à la Centrale des bibliothèques (1964-1969)
Authors: Brault Jean-Rémi
Published: October 2016

Fruit d’une volonté collective d’un groupe de bibliothécaires du secteur collégial d’unir leurs efforts pour trouver des solutions communes à leurs problèmes, la « Centrale de catalogage » vit le jour il y a 25 ans. D’abord orientée vers les problèmes de catalogage, la nouvelle « centrale » s’intéressa également aux problèmes du choix de la documentation et à l’indexation des périodiques reçus dans les bibliothèques.

Né sous le nom de « Centrale de catalogage », l’organisme devait être connu par la suite comme la « Centrale des bibliothèques » pour devenir, tout récemment, les « Services documentaires multimedia ». L’auteur raconte les circonstances qui ont entouré la fondation de la Centrale de catalogage et les développements qui sont survenus au cours des cinq premières années.
Les 25 ans de SDM : une histoire à suivre
Authors: Francoeur Paul
Published: October 2016

L’auteur tente de dégager certaines caractéristiques des Services documentaires multimedia (SDM), organisme unique dans le monde francophone. Des débuts quelque peu incertains jusqu’à la reconnaissance finale de la qualité de sa gestion administrative et professionnelle par tous les milieux bibliothéconomiques tant québécois, canadiens qu’étrangers, SDM a diversifié ses services et ses marchés pour assurer son avenir : choix et traitement des livres, des documents audiovisuels, des périodiques, des jeux et jouets éducatifs, des logiciels.
De la carte perforée au CD-ROM
Authors: Boucher Alain
Published: October 2016

La Centrale des bibliothèques, puis les Services documentaires multimedia,
ont su, depuis 25 ans, maintenir l’intérêt de leurs usagers et franchir les virages
technologiques qui s’imposaient pour devenir le principal producteur de banques de
données au Québec. Après avoir rappelé les faits saillants de cette évolution,
l’auteur évoque quelques axes de développement particulièrement
prometteurs.
Résultat d’un sondage de Documentation et bibliothèques auprès de ses lecteurs
Authors: Mercure Gérard
Published: October 2016

Les résultats d’un sondage auprès des lecteurs de la revue Documentation et bibliothèques sont exposés et brièvement commentés. Les questions sont regroupées sous quatre chefs : 1. Accueil et utilisation de la revue; 2. Contenu; 3. Contenant; 4. Pour une meilleure connaissance du répondant. Les résultats sont présentés dans ce même ordre et illustrés par de nombreux graphiques.
La bibliothèque publique et le milieu municipal
Authors: Mittermeyer Diane
Published: October 2016

L’auteure établit un profil des perceptions de l’administration municipale face à la bibliothèque publique à partir de l’évaluation du degré de concordance entre les perceptions de chacun des groupes de répondants à une enquête réalisée auprès de 35 municipalités du Québec.

La place de la bibliothèque au sein des dépenses municipales du secteur Loisirs et Culture est étudiée et l’influence des perceptions de l’administration municipale sur le support financier accordé à la bibliothèque est discutée.
Modélisation de l’utilisateur dans une interface de recherche de l’information
Authors: Côté Pauline , Bielle Christian
Published: October 2016

Les auteurs étudient l’impact des sciences cognitives et de l’intelligence artificielle dans les organisations. Ils s’attardent surtout aux méthodes et outils de recherche d’information en ligne développés en vue de maîtriser les systèmes d’information et de communication. Trois approches sont à distinguer dans les développements des interfaces personnes-machines : l’approche système-expert, l’approche compréhension du langage naturel, l’approche interface intelligente guidant l’utilisateur. Dans la foulée de ces recherches, les auteurs décrivent le prototype IRIS conçu comme système d’aide à l’utilisateur le guidant pas à pas dans sa recherche de données bibliographiques.
Les grandes bibliothèques, leur mission et leur insertion dans le paysage documentaire
Authors: Sauvageau Philippe
Published: October 2016

Dans plusieurs pays, on étudie présentement des projets de construction de bibliothèques nationales. Le moment est donc bien choisi pour amorcer une réflexion sur la définition et les orientations de ce type de bibliothèque. Ici même, la Bibliothèque nationale du Québec (BNQ) se dirige vers le concept « grand public » dans la perspective de principes énoncés en Europe dès le XVIIIe siècle. On laissera donc aux bibliothèques universitaires le rôle de soutien à la recherche spécialisée. La BNQ veut ainsi décupler sa fréquentation actuelle dans un esprit de démocratisation culturelle.