bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Studies on CP‐225,917 and CP‐263,114: Concise Synthesis of the Bicyclic Core Using an Intramolecular Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Armstrong Alan , Critchley Trevor J. , Gourdel‐Martin Marie‐Edith , Kelsey Richard D. , Mortlock Andrew A.
Published: May 2010

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Michael Additions to Nitroalkenes
Authors: Berner Otto Mathias , Tedeschi Livio , Enders Dieter
Published: May 2010

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Shape‐Memory Polymers
Authors: Lendlein Andreas , Kelch Steffen
Published: May 2010

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metal Catalyzed Carbon—Heteroatom Three‐Component Cross‐Coupling Reactions: A New Concept for Carbothiolation of Alkynes.
Authors: Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Kurosawa Hideo
Published: May 2010

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
o‐Quinone Methides: Intermediates Underdeveloped and Underutilized in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Van de Water Ryan W. , Pettus Thomas R. R.
Published: May 2010

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Autocatalysis: Product Recruitment for the Increase in the Chiral Environment (PRICE)
Authors: Todd Matthew H.
Published: May 2010

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A multidimensional positive definite remapping algorithm for arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian methods
Authors: Hill Ryan N. , Szmelter Joanna
Published: May 2010

A second‐order conservative sign‐preserving remapping scheme for arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods is developed utilising concepts of the multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm (MPDATA). The algorithm is inherently multidimensional, and so does not introduce splitting errors. The remapping is implemented in a two‐dimensional, finite element ALE solver employing staggered quadrilateral meshes. The MPDATA remapping uses a finite volume discretisation developed for volume coordinates. It is applied for the remapping of density and internal energy arranged as cell centered, and velocity as nodal, dependent variables.

The numerical investigations include an asymptotic mesh convergence study and comparisons of MPDATA with remapping based upon the van Leer MUSCL algorithm. Theoretical considerations are supported with examples involving idealised cases with prescribed mesh movement for advection of scalars, and single material ALE solutions for benchmarks of the Explosion and Noh problems. The latter illustrates an optional wall heating treatment naturally arising from the properties of MPDATA. The results demonstrate the advantages of fully multidimensional remapping, and show that the properties of MPDATA remapping are retained for fields with arbitrary sign. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manganese enhancement in non‐CNS organs
Authors: Lee Li‐Wen , So Po‐Wah , Price Anthony N. , Parkinson James R. C. , Larkman David J. , Halliday Jane , Poucher Simon M. , Pugh John A. T. , Cox Alan G. , McLeod Cameron W. , Bell Jimmy D.
Published: May 2010

Manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) is a novel imaging technique capable of monitoring calcium influx, in vivo. Manganese (Mn2+) ions, similar to calcium ions (Ca2+), are taken up by activated cells where their paramagnetic properties afford signal enhancement in T1‐weighted MRI methodologies. In this study we have assessed Mn2+ distribution in mice using magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient echo (MP‐RAGE) based MRI, by measuring changes in T1–effective relaxation times (T1‐eff), effective R1‐relaxation rates (R1‐eff) and signal intensity (SI) profiles over time. The manganese concentration in the tissue was also determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). Our results show a strong positive correlation between infused dose of MnCl2 and the tissue manganese concentration. Furthermore, we demonstrate a linear relationship between R1‐eff and tissue manganese concentration and tissue‐specific Mn2+ distribution in murine tissues following dose‐dependent Mn2+ administration. This data provides an optimized MnCl2 dose regimen for an MP‐RAGE based sequence protocol for specific target organs and presents a potential 3D MRI technique for in vivo imaging of Ca2+ entry during Ca2+‐dependent processes in a wide range of tissues. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental studies of molecular depth profiling using organic delta layers as model systems
Authors: Lu C. , Wucher A. , Winograd N.
Published: May 2010

Alternating Langmuir–Blodgett multilayers of barium arachidate (AA) and barium dimyristoyl phosphatidate (DMPA) were used to elucidate the factors that control depth resolution in molecular depth profiling experiments. More specifically, thin (4.4 nm) layers of DMPA were embedded in relatively thick (∼50 nm) multilayer stacks of AA, resulting in a well‐defined delta‐layer model system closely resembling a biological membrane. This system was subjected to a three‐dimensional imaging depth profile analysis using a focused buckminsterfullerene (C60) cluster ion beam. The depth response function measured in these experiments exhibits similar features as those determined in inorganic depth profiling: namely, an asymmetric shape with quasi‐exponential leading and trailing edges and a central Gaussian peak. The magnitude of the corresponding characteristic rise and decay lengths is found to be 5 and 16 nm, respectively, while the total half width of the response function characterizing the apparent depth resolution was about 29 nm. Ion‐induced mixing is proposed to be largely responsible for the broadening, rather than topography, as determined by atomic force microscopy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the effect of temperature on depth profiles of biological material using ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Piwowar A. , Fletcher J. , Lockyer N. , Vickerman J.
Published: May 2010

In this study we examine the depth profiles of two bio‐materials, an amino acid (arginine) and a polypeptide (Gly‐Gly‐Tyr‐Arg), to observe the effects of temperature on sample analysis with time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). The samples were prepared as dried droplet films on silicon and were analyzed at room temperature (300 K) and at cryogenic temperatures (100 K). Under cryogenic analysis conditions, molecular ion yields at the steady state increased by factors of 1.8 and 5 for arginine and the tetrapeptide respectively compared to analysis at room temperature. Increases are also observed in arginine dimer and trimer ion formation by factors of 6 and 5 respectively, while the lower mass fragment ions investigated did not change in intensity by more than 30%. Further analysis of the results show that the decrease in the steady state ion yield with primary ion fluence at 300 K is reduced when analyzed at 100 K, indicating a decrease in chemical damage. These results suggest that analysis under cryogenic conditions provides several benefits for the analysis of biological compounds and hence for 3D molecular imaging of cells and tissue. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach to measuring D/H ratios with the Cameca IMS‐7F
Authors: Liu Rong , Hull Sharon , Fayek Mostafa
Published: May 2010

SIMS offers spatial resolution on the scale of micrometers and consumes an exceedingly small amount of sample. In addition, easy sample preparation, rapid analysis and high sensitivity allow SIMS to be applied to hydrous minerals. Hydrogen isotopes normally can be measured as negative or positive secondary ions using either a Cs+ or an O− primary ion beam, respectively. The hydrogen negative secondary ion yields are only marginally higher than hydrogen positive secondary ion yields. There are advantages and disadvantages to using either method to analyze hydrogen isotopes by SIMS. For insulating samples, O− is commonly used to avoid using the electron gun. The main disadvantage in using an O− beam is hydride interference (H2+) associated with deuterium (D) that must be resolved using a mass resolving power of ∼1000–2000. We have developed a method where we combine a lower mass resolution and a small voltage offset to obtain rapid (12 min), high‐precision (∼2‰, 2σ) D/H ratios in turquoise using a Cameca IMS‐7F ion microprobe. This technique can be applied to a variety of hydrous minerals in geological materials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS imaging and spectroscopic analyses of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs
Authors: Shon Hyun Kyong , Son Miyoung , Park Kyong Mi , Rhee Choong Kyun , Song Nam Woong , Park Hyun Min , Moon Dae Won , Lee Tae Geol
Published: May 2010

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are known safe materials to be used in vivo, and so, are becoming increasingly important in biomedical applications. Here, the stability of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs in an aqueous solution was monitored as a function of time using several techniques, namely dynamic light scattering (DLS)‐size analysis, UV‐visible absorption spectrometry and ToF‐SIMS. Roughly 15‐nm‐sized AuNPs were synthesized and pegylated with mPEG (MW = 5 kDa). Four different samples were synthesized, depending on whether or not a dialysis procedure was performed right after synthesis of the AuNPs or pegylation of the AuNPs. The DLS results show that size of mPEG‐conjugated AuNPs and standard deviation increased in cases where a dialysis procedure was performed after pegylation of the AuNPs, indicating aggregation of the AuNPs due to the detachment of mPEG ligands from the surface of the AuNPs. Also, results from UV‐visible absorption spectra and ToF‐SIMS images point to the likelihood that free mPEG ligands in solution help prevent aggregation by maintaining a dynamic equilibrium between the conjugated ligands on the surface of the AuNPs and the free ligands in the aqueous solution. Conversely, once free, mPEG ligands were eliminated from the solution by dialysis and conjugated mPEG ligands detached from the surface of AuNPs into the solution, suspension stability lowered and the AuNPs showed signs of aggregation. We believe that the ToF‐SIMS imaging analysis with DLS and UV‐visible absorption analyses would be useful to study the stability of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs in different environmental conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient and Family Experiences and Opinions on Adding 22q11 Deletion Syndrome to the Newborn Screen
Authors: Bales Abigail M. , Zaleski Christina A. , McPherson Elizabeth W.
Published: May 2010

22q11 deletion syndrome (22qDS) has recently been proposed for addition to the newborn screening panel in Wisconsin and it seems likely that it may soon be considered in other states as well. Input from patients with 22qDS and their family was gathered from 21 phone interviews. Cardiac, palate, hypocalcemia, and multiple anomalies were common reasons for involved patients to be diagnosed, though age at diagnosis ranged from birth to adulthood. Many commented on their struggles with 22qDS, including worries about the future and the patient's independence. In general, respondents favored newborn screening for 22qDS because it would help prevent some medical problems, increase access to services, explain existing problems, and identify mild cases. However, a minority expressed reservations, including concerns that it would disrupt bonding, could be too costly, and would not be useful for mild cases.
From the Assembly Hall to the Boarding House: Identifying Spaces in Transition—A Sociological Reexamination of Shen Congwen’s Early Experiences
Authors: Tao JIANG
Published: May 2010

This article takes Shen Congwen’s early experiences as a set of historical materials, and uses them to analyze changes in the self-constructed identity of a young littérateur in the midst of Beijing’s transformations. These transformations include new modes of social mobility, the reconstruction of urban cultural structures, changes in interpersonal social networks, and restrictions to increases in social class. They represent social preconditions for much of the early history of New Literature. Accordingly, this essay attempts to create new narrative possibilities in the literary history of the period.
View of Literary History and Reconstruction of the History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature
Authors: Benchao WANG
Published: May 2010

Probing into and reflecting upon the historical progress and significance of the interpretation of Chinese modern literature, the paper addresses the following several important issues regarding to the standardization and construction of the discipline of Chinese modern literature, namely, how is Chinese modern literature described and interpreted as it is today? How is the concept rationalized and legalized? What are the main factors that compromise the literary concept dominating modern literature interpretation? This paper also examines literary meetings and the formation of contemporary Chinese literature. Because of the specific social qualities of China and its complicated relationship with literature, the literary meetings have become a way for the government and the party to administer and organize literary culture.
Tragedy of the Self-Splitting—A Psychological Reading of Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye
Authors: Yang DING , Xiangguo KONG
Published: May 2010

In the novel The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison digs out the negative impacts the mainstream culture exerts on the black people through the depiction of the tragedy of the Breedlove family. The Breedloves are always after their dreams of building an ideal ego in their self-pursuit, but the adverse circumstances in the white-dominated society give them no “Other” to project in their self-building, thus making their frail efforts all in vain. Under such a hostile environment, they are mentally forced to linger in their prolonged mirror stage and this is just the reason for their self-splitting. The Breedloves are stuck in the permanent contradiction of the Mirror Stage, and the insurmountable conflict between their ideal ego and their real life sets the tone for their tragic life. This article attempts to present the mental sufferings the white society sets for the blacks through an analysis of the life track of the Breedloves in accordance with Jacques Lacan’s theory.
Decreasing the Linoleic Acid to α‐Linolenic Acid Diet Ratio Increases Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Erythrocytes in Adults
Authors: Wien Michelle , Rajaram Sujatha , Oda Keiji , Sabaté Joan
Published: May 2010

The n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid (FA) ratio has increased in the Western‐style diet to ~10–15:1 during the last century, which may have contributed to the rise in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prior studies have evaluated the effects on CVD risk factors of manipulating the levels of n‐6 and n‐3 FA using food and supplements or investigated the metabolic fate of linoleic acid (LNA) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) by varying the n‐6/n‐3 ratios. However, no previous studies have investigated the potential interaction between diet ratios and supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3). We used a factorial design approach with adults (n = 24) in a controlled feeding trial to compare the accretion of EPA and DHA into red blood cell membranes (RBC) by adding a direct source (algal oil supplement) of EPA and DHA in a diet with a 10:1 versus 2:1 ratio of n‐6/n‐3 FA. Subjects were randomized into 8‐week crossover diet sequences and each subject consumed three of four diets [10:1, 10:1 plus supplement (10:1 + S), 2:1 and 2:1 + S]. LNA and ALA intakes were 9.4 and 7.7%, and 1.0 and 3.0% during the low and high ALA diets, respectively. Compared to the Western‐style 10:1 diet, the 2:1 diet increased EPA by 60% (P < 0.0001) in RBC membranes without the direct EPA source and a 34% increase (P = 0.027) was observed with the 10:1 + S diet; however, DHA levels increased in both diet ratios only with a direct DHA source. Shifting towards a 2:1 diet is a valid alternative to taking EPA‐containing supplements.
Pictorial Review of Radiographic Patterns of Injury in Modern Warfare: Imaging the Conflict in Afghanistan
Authors: Peramaki Ed R.
Published: May 2010

Radiographic assessment of combat injuries has been an important component of casualty care in every major conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries. The advent of multislice computed tomography scanners has provided physicians with the ability to visualize organ injury at submillimetre resolution, changing the way war wounds are treated. Modern wars are, for the most part, asymmetric conflicts where improvised explosive devices have replaced artillery as a major cause of casualties. Both bullets and explosive devices wreak distinctive patterns of injury on the human body. Being able to recognize these patterns and their potential associated morbidities will allow medical personnel to provide expert and timely care to some of the most severely injured patients on earth. This series of pictorial essays will review the radiographic patterns of combat-related injury encountered in southern Afghanistan in 2008–2009.
Incidence and Significance of Inconclusive Results in Ultrasound for Appendicitis in Children and Teenagers
Authors: Jaremko Jacob L. , Crockett Ann , Rucker Diana , Magnus Kenneth G.
Published: May 2010

Purpose

Frustratingly, sonography to assess for appendicitis in children often leads to an inconclusive report (eg, “suspicious for appendicitis”) or nonvisualization of the appendix. To aid in planning who to image and how to interpret the results, we investigated whether these 2 results were more frequent in teenagers than preteens and the prevalence of appendicitis associated with each result.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed sonographic and surgical findings in patients <18 years ( n = 189) referred with clinical suspicion of appendicitis over a 12-month period. Children (≤12.0 years old; n = 86) and teens (>12.0 years old; n = 103) were compared.

Results

Prevalence of appendicitis was 34% in each group, similar to other centres; 0% for those with negative ultrasound reports (0/35), 10% for nonvisualized appendix (8/84), 68% for inconclusive report (15/22), and 85% for positive ultrasound (41/48). Teens were significantly more likely to have an inconclusive ultrasound. Inconclusive reports were because of borderline findings (eg, appendix size near 6 mm; 9/22), body habitus, bowel gas, or unusual findings due in retrospect to perforation. The rate of nonvisualization of the appendix did not vary significantly with age (42% vs 47%).

Conclusion

An inconclusive result of ultrasound for appendicitis was significantly more frequent in teens than in preteens and carried a high (68%) likelihood of appendicitis. Conversely, a nonvisualized appendix was equally frequent in teens and preteens, and had a low likelihood of appendicitis (only 10% positive). These findings encourage the use of ultrasound in preteens in particular and can assist interpretation of these common results.
Post‐translational modifications in host cells during bacterial infection
Authors: Ribet David , Cossart Pascale
Published: May 2010

Post‐translational modification of proteins is a widespread mechanism used by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to modify the activity of key factors that plays fundamental roles in cellular physiology. This review focuses on how bacterial pathogens can interfere with host post‐translational modifications to promote their own survival and replication.
Tiefenpsychologische Aspekte der Sucht
Authors: Gross Werner
Published: May 2010

Einleitung

Unter einem tiefenpsychologischen Blickwinkel geht es in dem Aufsatz um die Frage, welche Faktoren eine Suchtentwicklung beeinflussen, ob es so etwas wie eine „Suchtpersönlichkeit“ gibt und durch was sie charakterisiert ist. Da es nicht „die“ Ursache von Sucht gibt, wird unter einem ganzheitlichen Blickwinkel eine ganze Reihe von Faktoren diskutiert, welche die Entwicklung von Sucht begründen oder beeinflussen. Dazu zählen genetische und konstitutionelle Faktoren ebenso wie frühkindliche Situation, Familientradition und Peer-Group. Weiterhin relevant sind kritische Lebensereignisse und Lebensstil des süchtigen Menschen.
Rauschtrinken – ein jugendkulturelles Phänomen
Authors: Stauber Barbara
Published: May 2010

Einleitung

Rauschtrinken wird in der hier skizzierten Studie als ein jugendkulturelles Phänomen betrachtet, mit dem Jungen und Mädchen einige der Anforderungen in den Übergängen zum Erwachsensein bewältigen. Um subjektive und kollektive Sinnstrukturen des Rauschtrinkens herauszuarbeiten, wurde ein qualitatives Forschungsdesign angewendet. Zentrale Aspekte des Rauschtrinkens sind danach die Gestaltung von Peer- und Geschlechterbeziehungen, die Aushandlung von Verantwortung, das Einüben von Risikokompetenz.
Reducing the risk of infection in the elderly by dietary intake of yoghurt fermented withLactobacillus delbrueckiissp.bulgaricusOLL1073R-1
Authors: Makino Seiya , Ikegami Shuji , Kume Akinori , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Sasaki Hajime , Orii Naoki
Published: May 2010

Immune senescence potentially leads to an increased risk of infections. It is desirable to augment the immune system and protect against infections by daily consumption of immunostimulatory food. The present study evaluated whether the intake of yoghurt fermented withLactobacillus delbrueckiissp.bulgaricus(L. bulgaricus) OLL1073R-1 has an effect on resistance to the common cold. We conducted two independent studies, in which fifty-seven (median age 74·5 years) and eighty-five healthy elderly individuals (median age 67·7 years) were participants. In each study, the subjects were divided into two groups based on age and sex and instructed to eat 90 g yoghurt or drink 100 ml milk once per d over an 8- or 12-week period. A meta-analysis of the results of these two independent studies showed the risk of catching the common cold was about 2·6 times lower (OR 0·39;P = 0·019) in the yoghurt group than in the milk group and the increase of natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the yoghurt group than in the milk group (P = 0·028). In addition, the quality of life score for the ‘eye/nose/throat’ system after intake was significantly higher in the yoghurt group than in the milk group and the improvement of the score was correlated with the promotion of natural killer cell activity. In conclusion, consumption of yoghurt fermented withL. bulgaricusOLL1073R-1 augmented natural killer cell activity and reduced the risk of catching the common cold in elderly individuals.
Gestational diabetes: risk factors and recent advances in its genetics and treatment
Authors: Petry Clive J.
Published: May 2010

The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study of over 23 000 diabetes-free pregnancies has shown that at a population level an unequivocal linear relationship exists between maternal glucose concentrations around the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy and the risk of their baby being born above the ninetieth centile for weight. With the rising incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) across the developed world, largely paralleling the increased prevalence of obesity, there has been a sharp increase in the risk of pregnancy complications developing related to the birth of macrosomic babies. The associated additional long-term complications of GDM pregnancies means that in the future there is likely to be a large increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes and associated conditions in both the mothers and their affected offspring. The present review seeks to highlight recent advances and remaining gaps in knowledge about GDM in terms of its genetics (where some of the recently discovered polymorphic risk factors for type 2 diabetes have also proved to be risk factors for GDM) and its treatment by diet, exercise and drugs.
Contrasting styles of swell-driven coastal erosion: examples from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: SMITH A. M. , MATHER A. A. , BUNDY S. C. , COOPER J. A. G. , GUASTELLA L. A. , RAMSAY P. J. , THERON A.
Published: May 2010

During 2006–2007, the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa was exposed to several large swell events (Ho > 3 m), near the peak of the lunar nodal cycle, causing shoreline recession. The largest swell (Hs = 8.5 m) struck the coast on the March equinox (18th–20th) and generated a strong storm-return flow. Observations made before, during and after record dramatic coastal erosion (shoreline recession of up to 40 m and substantial property damage). This swell event removed the semi-continuous nearshore bar system and ‘conditioned’ the coast such that lesser subsequent swell events accomplished much greater amounts of coastal erosion than expected (up to 100 m at certain erosion hotspots) because waves reached the coast without significant energy dissipation. Subsequent bar generation rebuilt the inshore bars within six months. The styles of erosion during the March ’07 event and other 2007 swells were markedly different. Lesser swells are focused by headlands and result in megarip development and activation of erosion hotspots. The March ’07 event still-water level was raised (equinoctial spring high tide and a storm surge of 0.33–0.45 m) to a level that rendered most headlands (and erosion hotspots) ineffective and resulted in laterally extensive erosion of soft shorelines. Results record cumulative effects of successive swell events on coastal behaviour that proved to be critical in enabling erosion to proceed at rapid rates after the coast had been initially destabilized. Unlike hurricanes and tsunamis, surges associated with swell events are relatively minor and therefore extensive erosion is linked with high lunar tides. There is circumstantial evidence that swell-induced erosion follows the broad 18.6 yr lunar nodal tidal cycle when the chances of large swells coinciding with high water levels are increased.
THE REGISTER OF THE SLAVES OF SULTAN MAWLAY ISMA‘IL OF MOROCCO AT THE TURN OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: EL HAMEL CHOUKI
Published: May 2010

In late-seventeenth-century Morocco, Mawlay Isma‘il commanded his officials to enslave all blacks: that is, to buy coercively or freely those already slaves and to enslave those who were free, including the Haratin (meaning free blacks or freed ex-slaves). This command violated the most salient Islamic legal code regarding the institution of slavery, which states that it is illegal to enslave fellow Muslims. This controversy caused a heated debate and overt hostility between the ‘ulama’ (Muslim scholars) and Mawlay Isma‘il. Official slave registers were created to justify the legality of the enforced buying of slaves from their owners and the enslavement of the Haratin. An equation of blackness and slavery was being developed to justify the subjection of the free Muslim black Moroccans. To prove the slave status of the black Moroccans, the officials in charge of the slavery project established a fictional hierarchy of categories of slaves. This project therefore constructed a slave status for all black people, even those who were free.
A study of the flow structure for Mach reflection in steady supersonic flow
Authors: GAO B. , WU Z. N.
Published: May 2010

In this paper we study the waves generated over the slipline and their interactions with other waves for Mach reflection in steady two-dimensional supersonic flow. We find that a series of expansion and compression waves exist over the slip line, even in the region immediately behind the leading part of the reflected shock wave, previously regarded as a uniform flow. These waves make the leading part of the slipline, previously regarded as straight, deviate nonlinearly towards the reflecting surface. When the transmitted expansion waves from the upper corner first intersect the slipline, an inflexion point is produced. Downstream of this inflexion point, compression waves are produced over the slipline. By considering the interaction between the various expansion or compression waves, we obtain a Mach stem height, the shape and position of the slipline and reflected shock wave, compared well to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results. We also briefly consider the case with a subsonic portion behind the reflected shock wave. The global flow pattern is obtained through CFD and the starting point of the sonic line is identified through a simple analysis. The sonic line appears to coincide with the first Mach wave from the upper corner expansion fan after transmitted from the reflected shock wave.
Tangential oscillations of a circular disk in a viscous stratified fluid
Authors: DAVIS ANTHONY M. J. , LLEWELLYN SMITH STEFAN G.
Published: May 2010

A complete solution is obtained for the wave field generated by the time-harmonic edgewise oscillations of a horizontal circular disk in an incompressible stratified viscous fluid. The linearized equations of viscous internal waves and the no-slip condition on the rigid disk are used to derive sets of dual integral equations for the fluid velocity and vorticity. The dual integral equations are solved by analytic reduction to sets of linear algebraic equations. Asymptotic results confirm that this edgewise motion no longer excites waves in the small-viscosity limit. Broadside oscillations and the effect of density diffusion are also considered.
Understanding the limits of power: America's Middle East experience
Authors: TERHALLE MAXIMILIAN
Published: May 2010

The main thread of this review article is to identify the reasons of how to account for the trajectory of American power in the region. Leaving behind the vast amount of highly politicised and hastily compiled volumes of recent years (notwithstanding valuable exceptions), the monographs composed by Lawrence Freedman, Trita Parsi and Oliver Roy attempt to subtly disentangle the intricacies of US involvement in the region from highly distinct perspectives. One caveat for International Relations theorists is that none of the aforementioned authors intends to provide theoretical frameworks for his examination. However, since IR theory has damagingly neglected history in the last decades, the works under review here, at least in part, compensate for this disciplinary and intellectual failure.

In conclusion, Freedman's in-depth approach as a diplomatic historian, with its underlying reference to the various traditions in US foreign policy thinking, is most illuminating, while Parsi's contestable account focuses too narrowly on the Iran-Israel relationship. Roy's explications fail to show how and why the ‘ideological’ element in US foreign policy came to carry exceedingly more weight after 2001 than it did in the 1990s.
On one-homogeneous solutions to elliptic systems with spatial variable dependence in two dimensions
Authors: Bevan Jonathan J.
Published: May 2010

We extend a result from Phillips by showing that one-homogeneous solutions of certain elliptic systems in divergence form either do not exist or must be affine. The result is novel in two ways. Firstly, the system is allowed to depend (in a sufficiently smooth way) on the spatial variable x. Secondly, Phillips's original result is shown to apply to W one-homogeneous solutions, from which his treatment of Lipschitz solutions follows as a special case. A singular one-homogeneous solution to an elliptic system violating the hypotheses of the main theorem is constructed using a variational method.
The asymptotic Teichmüller space and the asymptotic Grunsky map
Authors: Shen Yuliang
Published: May 2010

The Grunsky map is known to be holomorphic on the universal Teichmüller space. In this paper it is proved that the Grunsky map induces a holomorphic map on the asymptotic Teichmüller space. The Caratháodory and Kobayashi metrics on the asymptotic Teichmüller space are studied as applications.
On the lack of dimension-free estimates in Lp for maximal functions associated to radial measures
Authors: Criado Alberto
Published: May 2010

In a recent article Aldaz proved that the weak L1 bounds for the centred maximal operator associated to finite radial measures cannot be taken independently with respect to the dimension. We show that the same result holds for the Lp bounds of such measures with decreasing densities, at least for small p near to one. We also give some concrete examples, including the Gaussian measure, where better estimates with respect to the general case are obtained.
Human dignity: comparative and conceptual debates
Authors: Riley Stephen
Published: May 2010

Is there a stable set of practices or assumptions surrounding dignity, and would these necessarily denote a single foundation sustaining that stability? Two contemporary debates offer contrasting approaches to these questions. In the first, two jurists, who share agreement over the appearances of dignity in post-1945 jurisprudence, disagree as to whether these appearances form an emerging ius commune or a contingent set of conceptions. The second, comparative, debate explores the functional consequences of dignity’s aristocratic resonances. One position posits a continuing relationship between dignity and aristocratic nobility; the other, a functional division between dignity-within-aristocracy and dignity-within-democracy. This article insists that clarification of these debates depends upon a distinction between the epistemology and ontology of dignity, and, further, a distinction between dignity’s genealogy and its grammar. It concludes that a complex genealogical inheritance is at the heart of much disagreement, and that attention to dignity’s use clarifies its deficiencies and its continuing appeal.
Multiscale parameter regionalization of a grid‐based hydrologic model at the mesoscale
Authors: Samaniego Luis , Kumar Rohini , Attinger Sabine
Published: May 2010

The requirements for hydrological models have increased considerably during the previous decades to cope with the resolution of extensive remotely sensed data sets and a number of demanding applications. Existing models exhibit deficiencies such as overparameterization, the lack of an effective technique to integrate the spatial heterogeneity of physiographic characteristics, and the nontransferability of parameters across scales and locations. A multiscale parameter regionalization (MPR) technique is proposed as a way to address these issues simultaneously. Using this technique, parameters at a coarser scale, in which the dominant hydrological processes are represented, are linked with their corresponding ones at a finer resolution in which input data sets are available. The linkage is done with upscaling operators such as the harmonic mean, among others. Parameters at the finer scale are regionalized through nonlinear transfer functions which link basin predictors with global parameters to be determined through calibration. MPR was compared with a standard regionalization (SR) method in which basin predictors instead of model parameters are first aggregated. Both methods were tested in a basin located in Germany using a distributed hydrologic model. Results indicate that MPR is superior to SR in many respects, especially if global parameters are transferred from coarser to finer scales. Furthermore, MPR, as opposed to SR, preserves the spatial variability of state variables and conserves the mass balance with respect to a control scale. Cross‐validation tests indicate that the transferability of the global parameters to ungauged locations is possible.
Simulations of wintertime precipitation in the vicinity of Japan: Sensitivity to fine‐scale distributions of sea surface temperature
Authors: Iizuka Satoshi
Published: May 2010

In the present study, the winter precipitation in the vicinity of Japan is simulated by the Weather Research Forecasting model by using two sets of sea surface temperature (SST) data with different spatial resolutions. On comparing the simulated mean precipitations, we found that SST resolution has a significant influence on the simulated precipitation along the northwestern coast of Japan; in this region, the coarse‐resolution SST data have a systematic cold bias. In the simulation using high‐resolution SST data, the moisture supply to the atmosphere increases over the relatively warm coastal SST. The increase in the moisture supply leads to an increase in the moisture convergence near the mountain ranges in Japan on the Japan Sea side, leading to an increase in precipitation amount. The result suggests that coastal SST must be carefully used for dynamic downscaling of the climate simulation, in particular, in Japan, which is surrounded by boundary currents. We also found that a small‐scale SST anomaly in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension (KOE) region near Japan enhances the interannual variance of local precipitation in the regions downwind of the SST anomaly. The associated anomalous ascent extends to the midtroposphere and is accompanied by an increase in cloud ice, suggesting that the interannual SST variation over the KOE region may affect the free atmosphere. Moisture budget analysis indicates the influence of moisture advection by mean wind on the spatial phase difference between the SST and precipitation anomalies.
Understanding the annual cycle of the Arctic Ocean bottom pressure
Authors: Peralta‐Ferriz Cecilia , Morison James
Published: May 2010

Ocean bottom pressure (OBP) observations in the Arctic from in situ pressure recorders and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, averaged over the basin, reveal annual oscillations of about 2 cm. The maximum occurs in late summer to early fall and the minimum in late winter to early spring. We derive a simple model of OBP response to runoff and precipitation minus evaporation (P‐E) that agrees in phase with the observations and is 10% larger.
Limits on earthquake nucleation and other pre‐seismic phenomena from continuous strain in the near field of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Amoruso A. , Crescentini L.
Published: May 2010

Two laser strainmeters that operate at 1400‐m depth, about 20 km NE of the epicenter of the 2009/04/06 magnitude‐6.3 L'Aquila, Italy, earthquake, have produced records of strain since 1995. During the two years before the event, no anomalous signal larger than a few tens of nanostrains is visible, limiting the volume of the possible earthquake preparation zone to less than 100 km3; moreover, earth tidal response is stable within 0.5% in amplitude and 0.5° in phase. Thus, reality of large‐scale precursory phenomena seems unlikely. During the last few days, there is some evidence of dilatancy of satured rock over the earthquake causative fault, maybe related to the foreshocks. Seconds before the event, strain is stable at the 10−12 level and prerupture nucleation slip in the hypocentral region is constrained to have a moment less than 2 × 1012 Nm, i. e. 0.00005% of the main shock seismic moment.
Computational cell biology at the home of the helix
Authors: Ward Jonathan J , Nédélec Francois J
Published: May 2010

The Computational Cell Biology Conference, held jointly by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and the Wellcome Trust, was convened in the grand surroundings of Hinxton Hall near Cambridge, UK. The high quality of the research presented at the meeting confirmed that the field of computational cell biology is maturing rapidly, which mirrors the progression of cell biology from being mostly descriptive to a more quantitative discipline.
Power series representations for complex bosonic effective actions. I. A small field renormalization group step
Authors: Balaban Tadeusz , Feldman Joel , Knörrer Horst , Trubowitz Eugene
Published: May 2010

We develop a power series representation and estimates for an effective action of the form: ln[∫ef(α1,…,αs;z*,z)dμ(z*,z)∕∫ef(0,…,0;z*,z)dμ(z*,z)]. Here, f(α1,…,αs;z*,z) is an analytic function of the complex fields α1(x),…,αs(x), z*(x), z(x) indexed by x in a finite set X, and dμ(z*,z) is a compactly supported product measure. Such effective actions occur in the small field region for a renormalization group analysis. Using methods similar to a polymer expansion, we estimate the power series of the effective action.
Power series representations for complex bosonic effective actions. II. A small field renormalization group flow
Authors: Balaban Tadeusz , Feldman Joel , Knörrer Horst , Trubowitz Eugene
Published: May 2010

In a previous paper, we developed a power series representation and estimates for an effective action of the form ln[∫ef(α1,…,αs;z∗,z)dμ(z∗,z)/∫ef(0,…,0;z∗,z)dμ(z∗,z)]. Here, f(α1,…,αs;z∗,z) is an analytic function of the complex fields α1(x),…,αs(x),z∗(x),z(x) indexed by x in a finite set X and dμ(z∗,z) is a compactly supported product measure. Such effective actions occur in the small field region for a renormalization group analysis. We illustrate the technique by a model renormalization group flow motivated by the ultraviolet regime in many boson systems.
Atomic structure of amorphous and crystallized Ge15Sb85
Authors: Zalden Peter , Bichara Christophe , van Eijk Julia , Braun Carolin , Bensch Wolfgang , Wuttig Matthias
Published: May 2010

Ge 15 Sb 85 is a promising material for phase-change memory applications owing to its very short crystallization times. As deposited amorphous samples of sputter deposited Ge15Sb85 have been investigated by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements on both, Sb and Ge K absorption edges. After crystallizing the specimen, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and EXAFS measurements have been performed to analyze the atomic structure at different annealing conditions. Thus, experimental techniques focusing on the long range order as well as on the local order have been combined. Sb atoms have on average 3.2(2) nearest neighbors, while Ge atoms have 4.0(3). The Ge–Ge and Ge–Sb bond lengths are determined to 2.46(2) and 2.66(1) Å, respectively and agree well with those observed in the amorphous phase of the common phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5. After crystallizing the sample at 250 °C, very different EXAFS spectra with modified Ge–Sb bond lengths are observed. The higher concentration of Ge neighbors at the Ge edge as compared to the as-deposited sample is indicative for phase separation. For the corresponding sample, XRD does not show reflections of Ge, which indicates that the agglomeration of Ge is amorphous or below the coherence length of the x-radiation. The EXAFS spectrum shows a superposition of two phases: one with bond lengths which agree with sp3-hybridized Ge [2.43(1) Å] and another one with longer Ge–Ge bond lengths [2.79(8) Å]. This result can be explained by phase separation in the material.
High temperature lead-free relaxor ferroelectric: Intergrowth Aurivillius phase BaBi2Nb2O9–Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics
Authors: Zhang Hongtao , Yan Haixue , Reece Michael J.
Published: May 2010

Intergrowth BaBi2Nb2O9–Bi4Ti3O12 (BaBi6Ti3Nb2O21) Aurivillius phase ceramic has been found to be a relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) with the highest reported temperature of the maximum of the dielectric permittivity (Tm) of all of the known RFE systems. Dielectric characterization revealed that it has two dielectric anomalies. The first one is a frequency independent broad dielectric constant peak at ∼280 °C, while the second anomaly shows relaxor behavior at 636 °C (100 kHz). There is obvious frequency dispersion of dielectric response at room temperature, which is in agreement with dielectric properties of a typical relaxor. Ferroelectric hysteresis loops and a measurable value of piezoelectric constant d33 confirmed the ferroelectric nature of BaBi6Ti3Nb2O21 ceramics. The piezoelectric response remained even after annealing at temperatures above 636 °C.
Noninvasive glucometer model using partial least square regression technique for human blood matrix
Authors: Parab J. S. , Gad R. S. , Naik G. M.
Published: May 2010

In this article, we have highlighted the partial least square regression (PLSR) model to predict the glucose level in human blood by considering only five variants. The PLSR model is experimentally validated for the 13 templates samples. The root mean square error analysis of design model and experimental sample is found to be satisfactory with the values of 3.459 and 5.543, respectively. In PLSR templates design is a critical issue for the number of variants participating in the model. Ensemble consisting of five major variants is simulated to replicate the signatures of these constituents in the human blood, i.e., alanine, urea, lactate, glucose, and ascorbate. Multivariate system using PLSR plays important role in understanding chemometrics of such ensemble. The resultant spectra of all these constituents are generated to create templates for the PLSR model. This model has potential scope in designing a near-infrared spectroscopy based noninvasive glucometer.
Probing stress effects in single crystal organic transistors by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy
Authors: Teague Lucile C. , Jurchescu Oana D. , Richter Curt A. , Subramanian Sankar , Anthony John E. , Jackson Thomas N. , Gundlach David J. , Kushmerick James G.
Published: May 2010

We report scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) of single crystal difluoro bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF-TESADT) organic transistors. SKPM provides a direct measurement of the intrinsic charge transport in the crystals independent of contact effects and reveals that degradation of device performance occurs over a time period of minutes as the diF-TESADT crystal becomes charged.
Plasma wave simulation based on a versatile finite element method solver
Authors: Shiraiwa S. , Meneghini O. , Parker R. , Bonoli P. , Garrett M. , Kaufman M. C. , Wright J. C. , Wukitch S.
Published: May 2010

The possibility of plasma wave simulation based on the finite element method (FEM) was explored, and a new full wave simulation code of the lower hybrid (LH) wave, Lower Hybrid wavE Analysis based on FEM (LHEAF), was developed. The efficient iterative solver for the LH wave [O. Meneghini, S. Shiraiwa, and R. Parker, Phys. Plasmas 16, 090701 (2009)] was coupled to one-dimensional Fokker–Planck calculation to obtain the self-consistent distribution function. In LHEAF, seamless handling of the core, scrape off layer, and antenna regions were realized and the wave launching structure were naturally included into the simulation. Simulation results of a Maxwellian tokamak plasma showed good agreement with ray tracing calculations and the TORIC-LH spectral solver [J. C. Wright, P. T. Bonoli, A. E. Schmidt et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 072502 (2009)]. Compared to spectral domain solvers, the computational requirements are reduced significantly, allowing an Alcator C [M. Porkolab, J. J. Schuss, B. Lloyd et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 450 (1984)] scale plasma simulation on a desktop computer. Also, the LH full wave simulation of an ITER scale plasma was demonstrated for the first time with moderate increase in the problem size. In addition, the flexibility of the FEM approach has been exploited to address issues of antenna-plasma coupling in the LH and ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). Techniques using the FEM package for this purpose were validated on the traditional grill antenna and have been applied to the interdigital-line antenna of LH wave. Application to the near field analysis of the new Alcator C-Mod [I. H. Hutchinson, R. Boivin, F. Bombarda et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1511 (1994)] ICRF antenna is in progress.
Benchmarking of collision operators with momentum source corrections
Authors: Maaßberg H. , Beidler C. D.
Published: May 2010

Several linearized collision operator models with parallel momentum conservation enforced by source functions are benchmarked against the correct collision operator based on Rosenbluth potentials. The model operators without energy diffusion allow for an analytic solution of a generalized Spitzer problem. For the other operators under investigation, an integrodifferential equation is solved. The benchmarking is performed both for the parallel conductivity with the ions assumed at rest and for the bootstrap current, where ion and electron flows are collisionally coupled. The accuracy of the results obtained with the operators varies from rather poor in the case of the simplest monoenergetic model to quite satisfactory for the models employing an energy-weighted parallel momentum source function.