bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomics of human dysmorphogenesis
Authors: Wilson Golder N.
Published: August 2005

A survey of Mendelian Inheritance in Man emphasizes the large Mendelian contribution to human dysmorphogenesis and contrasts single gene conditions with chromosomal disorders. There were 1761 conditions that involved altered morphogenesis (49% of disease entries), including 1040 multiple defect syndromes and 721 inherited single birth defects. Premature death (36–57%), mental retardation (20–59%), and growth retardation (37–59%) are more frequent in autosomal recessive or X‐linked syndromes, while predisposition to tumorigenesis was more common in dominant (16%) than recessive (3.4%) syndromes. Comparison of the Mendelian conditions with 100 chromosomal disorders showed a strikingly similar spectrum of malformation, with skeletal, craniofacial, eye, epidermal, and neuromuscular systems being most frequently affected. Chromosomal syndromes average 10.6 systems affected per disorder, in contrast to 3.55 for Mendelian syndromes, and pleiotropy does correlate weakly with aneuploid segment length. Genomic understanding of these relationships is still primitive, with 74 of 1609 (4.6%) autosomal conditions and 43 of 152 (29%) X‐linked conditions mapped to specific chromosomal regions. The societal toll of human dysmorphogenesis and the evident progress with X‐linked disorders provide a powerful rationale for the Human Genome Project.
Early prenatal diagnosis of polycystic pancreas with narrow thorax and short limb dwarfism
Authors: Bronstein M. , Reichler A. , Borochowitz Z. , Bejar J. , Drugan A.
Published: August 2005

We describe the ultrasound findings of polycystic pancreas with short rib dwarfism in the early second trimester. Radiologic, morphologic, and histologic examination after pregnancy termination confirmed the findings and also disclosed dysplastic kidneys. The skeletal anomalies are similar to those in Verma Naumoff type of short rib polydactyly, but the extraskeletal malformations have never been reported before in this syndrome. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital abnormalities associated with limb deficiency defects: A population study based on cases from the Hungarian congenital malformation registry (1975–1984)
Authors: Evans J. A. , Vitez M. , Czeizel A.
Published: August 2005

Limb deficiency defects (LD) occurring among 1,575,904 births in Hungary during 1975–1984 were reviewed. The overall birth prevalence of LD was 1 in 1,816. This paper discusses the nature and distribution of the limb and other defects in the 275 (32%) children who had structural malformations in other systems. Two main forms of classification were used: morphologic and causal.

Additional malformations were most commonly seen in infants with amelia, rudimentary limb (RL), radial/tibial (RT), intercalary or central axis (CA) LD and rarely in those with terminal transverse (TT) or ulnar/fibular (UF) defects. Upper limbs (81%) were involved significantly more often than lower limbs (42%) and there were more right‐sided defects (83% vs. 71%) due to an excess of right arm involvement especially with radial ray and split hand anomalies. Single limb involvement was relatively common withy amelia (88%), UF (82%), RT (50%), and TT defects. With other LD, multimelic involvement was more characteristic. This was usually symmetric with Ca anomalies and digital deficiencies (DD).

From a causal perspective, 17% of cases had genetic disordes, 52% had recognized associations, anomalies, sequences, environmental causes or patterns of unknown origin, and 31% had unknown patterns of malformations. The commonest entities were amnion disruption sequence (16% of cases) and VACTERL association (8%). Both of these disorders showed unusual temporal distribution.

As anticipated, patterns of malformations differed with the type of LD. Amelia and digital amputations were often seen with body wall defects, atypical anencephaly or encephalocele, and cleft lip reflecting amnion disruption. Rudimentary limb was seen with anencephaly, omphalocele, renal agenesis, aberrant genitalia, and imperforate anus, reflecting defects of blastogenesis including the cloacal exstrophy and caudal regression sequences and Schisis association. Radial/tibial defects were associated with different patterns depending on whether the limp defects were unilateral or bilateral. Unilateral defects occurred with anomalies suggesting VACTERL association or the facio‐auriculo‐vertebral anomaly, while bilateral defects occured more often in genetic or potentially genetic disorders including VACTERL with hydrocephalus. Central axis defects showed three main patterns of association: one reflecting the ectrodacyly‐ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting syndrome; one with tongue anomalies representing a variant of oro‐mandibular‐limb (Hanhart) anomaly, and the last with hydronephrosis indicating a group of “acrorenal” syndromes. Strong associations with other anomalies were not seen in the grups with TT, UF, or intercalary defects. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two patients with overlapping de novo duplications of the long arm of chromosome 9, including one case with Di George sequence
Authors: Lindgren Valerie , Rosinsky Barbara , Chin Janet , Berry‐Kravis Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

Duplications of chromosome 9q are rare. We describe the cytogenetic and phenotypic findings in 2 patients, one with a large duplication covering most of 9q (q12–q33.2) and one with a smaller duplication (q21.12–q22.1) who had Di George sequence (DGS). The chromosome 9 origin of the extra material in the second case was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with a whole chromosome 9 paint. Microdeletions of chromosome 22 are common in DGS and have been reported in CHARGE association. This is the first report of an association of a chromosome 9 abnormality with DGS in the absence of a chromosome 22 abnormality and the seventh report of a patient with a duplication of a large portion of 9q (q11–q13 to q32–q33). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New case of axial mesodermal dysplasia sequence: Epidemiologic evidence of a single entity
Authors: Martínez‐Frías María Luisa , Gomar Juan‐Luis
Published: August 2005

We describe a child with manifestations of the oculo (facio)‐auriculo‐vertebral specturum and caudal dysgenesis. This is sixth axial mesodrmal dysplasia sequence case to be reported. The infant was ascertained through the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC). It was possible to calculate the prevalence figure for the association of both conditions in the same child, as well as its expected chance frequency. Comparison of the expected with the observed frequency supports the suggestion that the concurrence of oculo(facio)‐auriculo‐vertebral sequence and caudal dysgenesis could well constitute a single entity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global intellectual deficits in cystinosis
Authors: Williams Barbara L. H. , Schneider Jerry A. , Trauner Doris A.
Published: August 2005

Fourteen families of children with infantile nephropathic cystinosis were evaluated using the Standford‐Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition [Thorndike et al., 1986: Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Ed.]. The IQs of 15 children with cystinosis, their 23 sibs and 24 parents were compared in order to evaluate a potential effect of cystinosis on intelligence. Children with cystinosis had a significantly lower lmean IQ then their sibs and their parents (P = .001). Thus, even though the mean IQ of the children with cystinosis (94.4 ± 10) was within the average range, there is evidence that these children have a mild global intellectual deficit relative to their expected IQ based upon the IQs of other relatives. In addition, to a subset of the subjects we administered a measure of scholastic ability, the Wide Range Achievement Test‐Revised [Jastak and Wilkinson, 1984: The Wide Range Achievement Test‐Revised], which consists of spelling, reading, and arithmetic substests. The 11 cystinosis subjects scored significantly lower (P = .01) than their 16 sibs and their 14 parents in the area of spelling, whereas they did not significantly differ in their performance in the areas of reading and arithmetic. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel amino acid substitution in the Y‐position of collagen type II causes spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia congenita
Authors: Sulko J. , Czarny‐Ratajczak M. , Wozniak A. , Latos‐Bielenska A. , Kozlowski K.
Published: August 2005

We report on monozygotic twins with short stature and severe spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEMDC) from the Polish population. Phenotype of the twin girls resembles spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Spranger–Wiedemann (SEDC‐SW), but shortening of the stature is more severe and the cranioface is normal. The distinctive radiographic features, in spite of similarity to SEDC‐SW, indicate different spinal and, notably, severe metaphyseal involvement. Molecular analysis of the COL2A1 gene revealed an A to G transition at nucleotide +79 of exon 41 that converted the codon for arginine at amino acid 792 to a codon for glycine (Arg792Gly). The twins were heterozygous for the mutation and neither parent had this change. The Arg792Gly substitution is located at the Y‐position of Gly‐X‐Y triplet, and it is likely that this substitution decreased the thermal stability of the triple helix and may affect fibril growth by replacement of an arginine residue, which is important for a conformation of the triple helix. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An MCA/MR syndrome with hypocholesterolemia due to familial hypobetalipoproteinemia: Report of a second patient with Nguyen syndrome
Authors: Nakane Takaya , Hayashibe Hidemasa , Nakazawa Shinpei
Published: August 2005

[Nguyen et al. (2003); Am J Med Genet 121A: 109–112] reported a boy with severe hypocholesterolemia due to autosomal dominant hypobetalipoproteinemia (ADBHL) associated with severe growth retardation, mental deficiency, epicanthal folds, a short nose with low nasal bridge and anteverted nares and bilateral partial cutaneous syndactyly of toes 2 and 3. Many of these manifestations resembled those in a mild form of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS). We report on a 13‐year‐old boy with ADHBL, who manifested a SLOS‐like phenotype, including mental retardation and a characteristic face, similar to that of a patient reported by [Nguyen et al. (2003); Am J Med Genet 121A: 109–112]. Our patient supports the hypothesis by [Nguyen et al. (2003); Am J Med Genet 121A: 109–112] that ADHBL induced cholesterol deficiency has a significant effect on morphogenesis during embryogenesis, although additional genetic or environmental factors may be required to develop an SLOS‐like phenotype in individuals with ADHLB. This is a second case of Nguyen syndrome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial base morphology in association with intentional cranial vault deformation
Authors: William McNeill R. , Newton George N.
Published: August 2005

Comparison of vault and basal dimensions in 86 Amerind crania revealed that artificial deformation is associated with elevation of frontal orbital processes and temporal petrous crests, restriction of normal downward rotation of foramen magnum, and flattening of mid‐saggital cranial base. Circumferentially deformed crania were modified to a greater degree than antero‐posteriorly deformed skulls. While degree of basal deformation was dependent upon type of vault deformation, this study could not demonstrate the existence of a relationship between type of vault deformation and direction of cranial base modification.
The skull of the lion marmoset Leontideus rosalia linneaus: A study in biomechanical adaptation
Authors: Lloyd Du Brul E.
Published: August 2005

The lion marmoset (Leontideus rosalia Linneaus) is unique among primates in that it has a pair of deep fossae on either side of the midiine near the middle of the underside of its cranium. The entire cranium is elongated, having the appearance of being stretched in its middle third as compared with all other marmosets. The muscles that arise in this region (medial and lateral pterygoids) are a part of this complex. The medial pterygoid is especially elaborated. It is composed of three heads, one of which arises in a pocket bulging the lateral pterygoid plate inward, high above the floor of the orbit on its medial side.

Insight as to the meaning of these structures emerges when a carefully composed “natural experiment” is set up. Parallel series of skulls arranged in order of increase in size in primates more and more remotely related to marmosets show parallel sets of changes in Callithricidae (marmosets), Cebidae (New World monkeys), Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), and Hominoidea (apes and man). Smaller skulls have orbits closely pressed together, separated only by a simple bony septum. As skulls increase in size the orbits move apart to be separated, first by slight hollows in the skull base, then progressing to increasingly complicated air or marrow spaces.

The phenomenon thus seems to be a special problem of allometry. As the skull becomes larger viscerocranial increase outstrips neurocranial enlargement. These two elements are then bridged by stronger and more complex buttressing which seem clearly to be local biomechanical adaptations to the new spatial arrangement. The sinuses are simply the spaces between the braces.
Anthropological and physiological observations on Tarahumara endurance runners
Authors: Balke Bruno , Snow Clyde
Published: August 2005

The Tarahumara Indians of Northwestern Mexico have long been famous as endurance runners. These capabilities are best displayed in the traditional Tarahumara sport of kick‐ball racing. Participants in such races may cover up to 100 miles in 24 hours and races lasting 48 hours are not uncommon. This paper presents findings of a preliminary study of Tarahumara endurance capabilities. The data indicate that experienced kick‐ball racers are capable of energy expenditures of more than 10,000 Kcal/24 hour‐a figure which is generally considered to repre‐sent the upper limits of human voluntary work effort. The aerobic work capacity of Tarahumara boys, who had attended a Mission boarding school for several years, was not significantly different from that of their Mestizo classmates. Unacculturated Tarahumara boys excelled both of these latter groups in physical performance.
Caryology and taxonomy of the Catarrhine monkeys
Authors: Chiarelli B.
Published: August 2005

The number and the morphology of chromosomes are a characteristic of the species. Knowledge of the mechanisms of chromosome breakage and rearrangement offers the possibility of understanding caryotype evolution. On the basis of this knowledge, we can trace the phylogeny and organize the taxonomy of a group of living forms. In the present paper, the available data on the number and morphology of the chromosomes of the Catarrhine monkeys have been analyzed from the standpoint of taxonomy and evolution. According to this karyological revision, the suborder Catarhine might be divided into two groups (superfamilies): Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea. Within the Cercopithecoidea the following main groups should be further distinguished: 1. a group which includes all the species of the genus Cercopithecus; 2. a group which includes the different species belonging to the genera Papic, Macaca, Theropithecus and Cercocebus; 3. a group which includes the genus Colobus, Presbytis and Hylobates. Within the Hominoidea, the three anthropoid apes (Pan, Pongo, Gorilla) can be distinguished from man by the difference in the number of chromosomes. Moreover, among the anthropoid apes, the Orang‐outang can be differentiated from the others by the morphology of the chromosomes.
Occlusofacial relationships in the mature howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)
Authors: Zingeser M. R.
Published: August 2005

The facial orientation of the occlusal (functional) aspect of the normal human dentition is remarkably invariant. A comparative study, using mature howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) was undertaken to elucidate further the nature of these characteristics. The monkey data show comparable small variability. The possible adaptive significance of these occlusofacial relationships of small variability is discussed.
The skin of primates XXIX. The skin of the pigmy bushbaby (Galago demidovii)
Authors: Machida H. , Perkins E. , Giacometti L.
Published: August 2005

The skin of the pigmy bushbaby (Galago demidovii), the smallest existing prosimian, is largely similar to that of the other African Lorisidae, although this animal has certain peculiar features. The very thin epidermis contains alkaline phosphatase‐reactive dendritic cells which resemble those in the other bushbabies and the potto. The hair follicles of this animal are similar to those of the lesser bushbaby, while the sebaceous glands are different from those of the other bushbabies in being reactive for alkaline phosphatase. The histological and histochemical properties of the sweat glands are similar to those of the other bushbabies.
Phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity and its relationship to growth variation
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Hertzog Keith P. , Malina Robert M.
Published: August 2005

The hypothesis that there is a relationship between the tasting polymorphism and growth variation was tested on a sample of 425 Negro elementary school children. Twenty‐seven non‐tasters were found by testing with impregnated papers; 13 were male, 14 female, indicating no sex differences in this group. Matchedpair comparisons indicated no differences in weight, a tendency for tasters to be taller, and a stronger tendency for tasters of both sexes to be skeletally more mature. It was felt that the tendency for tasters to be taller might reflect their more advanced maturation status. The relationship to skeletal maturation might be indicative of the decreased thryoid activity found in other studies of phenylthiocarbamide tasting.
The skin of primates XXX. The skin of the woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha)
Authors: Machida H. , Perkins E.
Published: August 2005

The anatomical and histochemical features of the skin of the woolly monkey are intermediate between those of the Cercopithecoidea and the Pithecoidea. The animal has a prehensile tail, the glabrous, friction surface of which is similar to that of the fingers. The epidermis is heavily pigmented. The dermal vascularization is relatively well‐developed and similar to that of the skin of the Cercopithecoidea. Hair follicles grow in groups of 4 to 15, as in the skin of the Pithecoidea. In the hairy skin, eccrine sweat glands occur only in the tail and genitalia. The woolly monkey, like the green monkey, possesses only acetylcholinesterase‐containing nerve fibers around its eccrine sweat glands.
The population characteristics of howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Northern Argentina
Authors: Pope Betty Locker
Published: August 2005

Howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya, were collected in family groups from islands in the Rio Parana in northern Argentina. The body weights, lens weights, dental age and reproductive status of 261 individuals illustrated sexually dimorphic body weights after a period of accommodation as young adults, a large proportion of older females (even though there are more young adult males than females) and a higher percentage of pregnancies among these older females. Seventeen families, representing the entire social system of one island, showed that about three quarters were adult (equally divided between the sexes but with fewer older males than females) and the remaining quarter were immature (with an equal sex ratio). Half of the adult females were either pregnant or suckling young. The mean family size is seven which includes peripheral males. Group size and composition as well as adult to immature proportions compared closely with data on A. caraya in the Chaco of Argentina and the 1951 census of A. palliata on Barro Colorado Island. It can be said that when these two species of Alouatta occur in small size families, they have in common: a high proportion of adults to immature, a low proportion of infants, and can have either an equal sex ratio (A. caraya) or preponderance of females (A. palliata).
Catawba Indians: Morphology, genetics, and history
Authors: Pollitzer William S. , Phelps David S. , Waggoner Robert E. , Leyshon Webster C.
Published: August 2005

The Catawba Indians of South Carolina appear to be descendants of the once flourishing Siouan tribe now admixed primarily with Whites of the area. Study of physical traits and blood types was made in 1962 at the time they terminated reservation status. The data permit comparisions with other populations and an estimation of the genetic contribution of presumed parental populations to the hybrid. Skeletal remains of Siouan Indians from archeological sites in the area provide a basis for morphological comparisons. Similar ties of the Catawba to the Indian Knoll people of Kentucky and to the Occaneechi people of early historic times are noted. Results of blood typings of these ancient bones also enable some tentative serological comparisons with the present day Catawba Indians. Certain unusual factors in the history of the present population have affected their isolation and admixture, and this interaction of culture and biology is explored.
Dental morphology of Jews from Yemen and Cochin
Authors: Rosenzweig Kurt A. , Zilberman Yerucham
Published: August 2005

60 dental plaster casts of Jewish adolescents, half of them children of immigrants from Yemen and half of them from Cochin (India), were investigated as to tooth measurements and morphologic traits. Each group was composed of an equal number of males and females. Cochini showed a sex specific dimorphism in tooth size, a relatively larger bucco‐lingual diameter of upper and lower first premolars, lower frequency of Carabelli's tuberculum and in males larger tooth measurements than their Yemenite counterparts. The variability of 2I2 was significantly higher in females than in males, and in Yemenite girls than in Cochini. The molar patterns were similar in both groups with regard to number and development of cusps and occlusal form of the mandibular molars.
Perforation of the coronoid‐olecranon septum humero‐ulnar relationships in Netherlands and African populations
Authors: Glanville Edward V.
Published: August 2005

The mechanical interaction of the humerus and ulna during articulation has been examined in skeletal material from African and European populations.

It was found that the presence or absence of perforation of the humeral septum and the thickness of the septum when unperforated can be predicted with considerable accuracy when two factors are known: the length of the coronoid and olecranon processes of the ulna relative to the minimum diameter of the trochlea humeri, and the total angle of movement at the elbow from full extension to full flexion. The influences which control either or both of these factors also determine the thickness of the septum of the humerus. These influences are not well known and there is opportunity for both genetic and environmental effects.

The coefficients of correlation between septum thickness, flexion angle, humeral robusticity, minimum circumference of the humerus, trochlea diameter and brachial index are given. Septum thickness is correlated more highly with trochlea diameter than with robusticity or minimum circumference of the humerus.

The higher frequency of perforation of the septum in the African sample (47%) compared with the European (6%) is associated with a greater range of movement at the elbow in the Africans. Bilateral, sexual and population differences in the frequency of perforation of the humeral septum may be associated with differences in the extent of movement at the elbow joint. Variation in this feature, in turn, may be associated with muscularity and somatotype.
Skin dosages in radiation‐sparing techniques for the laboratory and field
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Helmrich Ralph H. , Flaherty Kathleen M. , Silverman Frederic N.
Published: August 2005

Skin dosages of penetrating radiation from representative extremity, chest and soft tissue techniques suitable for field investigation with portable radiographic equipment ranged from 2 to 17 milliroentgens for screen techniques and 8 to 43 mr for non‐screen techniques. This may be contrasted with the 100–300 mr yearly natural background total body radiation at sea level and 6000 feet respectively.
Ethnological significance of hemoglobin α2β2 121 LYS
Authors: Kamel K. , Hoerman K. , Awny A.
Published: August 2005

It has been tacitly inferred that Hb α2β2 121 LYS, sometimes called Hb O Arab, is associated with the Arabs. By analysis of published literature, however, it appears that such a linkage may not be justified.
Symmetrical gaits of primates
Authors: Hildebrand Milton
Published: August 2005

Walking and symmetrical running gaits of 26 genera of primates are analyzed using numerical and graphical methods described previously. The raw data are 1701 feet of 16 mm motion picture film mostly exposed at 64 frames per second. Adult monkeys and apes usually use the walking trot or diagonal‐sequence walks. Individual monkeys occasionally use lateral‐sequence walks resembling those that are usual for human infants. Human children moving on hands and feet use gaits ranging from the walking pace through the lateral‐sequence walks to the walking trot. An infant macaque studied from age 17 hours to 96 days first walked with a lateral‐sequence, diagonal‐couplets gait and then gradually shifted to the diagonal‐sequence, diagonal‐couplets gait of the adult. Few non‐primates use the diagonal‐sequence walks which are typical of primates. Typical support sequences are figured. Relative placement of feet and consequent slight asymmetry are described.
Adaptive values of bipedalism
Authors: Snyder Richard C.
Published: August 2005

The adaptive significance of the multiple evolution of bipedalism is surveyed and discussed. Probable modes of origin and the relative advantages of saltatorial and alternating gaits are expressed in terms of foot stability, speed of progression, directional changes, control of momentum and overcoming body inertia. It is suggested that analysis of primate locomotion by high‐speed cinematography is a necessary basic step toward correlation of structure with behavior.
Knuckle‐walking and the evolution of hominoid hands
Authors: Tuttle Russell H.
Published: August 2005

Knuckle‐walking is a pattern of digitigrade locomotion unique to African apes among Primates. Only chimpanzees and gorillas are specially adapted for supporting weight on the dorsal aspects of middle phalanges of flexed hand digits II–V. When forced to the ground, most orangutans assume one of a variety of flexed hand postures, but they cannot knuckle‐walk. Some orangutans place their hands in palmigrade postures which are impossible to African apes. The knuckle‐walking hands and plantigrade feet of African apes are both morphologically and adaptively distinct from those of Pongo, their nearest relative among extant apes. These features are associated with a common adaptive shift to terrestrial locomotion and support placing chimpanzees and gorillas in the same genus Pan. It is further suggested than Pan comprises the subgenera (a) Pan, including P. troglodytes and pygmy chimpanzees, and (b) Gorilla, including mountain and lowland populations of P. gorilla.

African apes probably diverged from ancestral pongids that were specially adapted for distributing their weight in terminal branches of the forest canopy. Early adjustments to terrestrial locomotion may have involved fist‐walking which later evolved into knuckle‐walking. Orangutans continued to adapt to feeding and locomotion in the forest canopy and their hands and feet became highly specialized for four‐digit prehension. Although chimpanzees retained arboreal feeding and nesting habits, they moved from tree to tree by terrestrial routes and became less restricted in habitat. While adapting to a diet of ground plants gorillas increased in size to the point that arboreal nesting is less frequent among them than among chimpanzees and orangutans.

Early hominids probably diverged from pongids that had not developed prospective adaptations to knuckle‐walking, and therefore did not evolve through a knuckle‐walking stage. Initial adjustments to terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion and resting stance probably included palmigrade hand posturing. Their thumbs may have been already well developed as an adaptation for grasping during arboreal climbing. A combination of selection pressures for efficient terrestrial locomotor support and for object manipulation further advanced early hominid hands toward modern human configuration.
The functional anatomy of the ankle and foot of the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang)
Authors: Grand Theodore I.
Published: August 2005

The slow loris must use its limb for stabilization and forward progression during arboreal climbing. The orientation of the limb joints, hip, knee, talo‐crural, sub‐talar and tarso‐metatarsal, correlate with movement upon supports lying below and in line with the body axis. The musculature controlling the joints of ankle and foot, and the integument of the sole further indicate the integration of this adaptation.
The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical, osteometric and discriminant function techniques
Authors: Oxnard Charles E.
Published: August 2005

A background to assessments of the ecological adaptations of fossil primates is the relationship of the detailed shape of bones in living forms to their known locomotor patterns, and this has been here attempted for the shoulder.

Within the locomotion of the primates the function of the shoulder varies according to the extent to which the trunk is suspended by the arms. An analysis of the differences in the shoulder muscles has shown that much of their quantitative variation is mechanically in phase with these functional differences. A series of features of the shoulder bones, chosen because of their association with the mechanically meaningful features of the musculature, have been found to vary (a) in association with the known contrasts in locomotion and (b) in such a way as to render more efficient mechanically the associated muscular structure.

Investigation of bony dimensions “residual” to such a study has shown that they are not highly correlated with primate locomotion but are, in contrast, associated with the commonly accepted taxonomic grouping of the order.

The combination by discriminant functions of such sets of “locomotor” and “residual” dimensions reveals unsuspected information for living primates and might well allow more precise definition of the functional and taxonomic status of a fossil.

The experimental testing of functional inferences from morphology is a necessary part of such studies, and preliminary reports of experimental stress analysis utilising the photoelastic technique confirm and reinforce their validity.
Fossil primates and the evolution of some primate locomotor systems
Authors: Simons E. L.
Published: August 2005

Of Paleocene primates only Plesiadapis is complete enough to reconstruct locomotor patterns; it was an arboreal scrambler, perhaps functioning like a large squirrel. Eocene lemurs (adapids) show an array of locomotor types much like certain modern Malagasy lemurs. The European Eocene tarsiid Necrolemur and the American Hemiacodon show the beginning of saltatory specializations in possession of elongated calcaneum and astragalus. Although not a direct anthropoid ancestor Necrolemur seems one of the best models for representing the early locomotor type from which higher primates arose.

The Oligocene primates of Egypt (among which are the earliest undoubted pongids) are preserved with a forest fauna. Structures of long bones suggest they were arboreal. A considerable number of Miocene ape bones are known and those of Pliopithecus and Dryopithecus indicate similar adaptations. Of African Miocene forms, Dryopithecus major was a large, gorilla‐sized animal, and hence perhaps primarily terrestrial. D. africanus was somewhat more arboreally adapted and a partial brachiator. The Italian fossil Oreopithecus, a coal‐swamp dweller, shows indications of bipedality in pelvic structure.

Ramapithecus, which is presumably ancestral to Australopithecus, shows palatal and facial patterns much like these later hominids, and probably hence had locomotor patterns more like men than like living apes; its lack of the dental specializations of apes strongly supports this suggestion.
A comparison between methods of calculating skeletal age (Greulich‐Pyle)
Authors: Roche A. F. , Johnson Jill M.
Published: August 2005

The skeletal age of each individual bone of the hand‐wrist was assessed in serial radiographs of 169 Melbourne children. Seven different methods were used to obtain area skeletal ages from these bone skeletal ages. Methods employing arithmetic means of all the bone skeletal ages, excluding only extreme values, excluding those derived from the carpals or from other selected bones yielded similar means during the age range studied in each sex. There were large, but not significant, differences between the means derived from averages of the skeletal ages of the most and least mature bones and those derived from all the bone skeletal ages. A system of weighting and exclusion of bone skeletal ages led to the recording of area skeletal ages that differed from the others and fluctuated markedly for individuals until ossification had occurred in every carpal bone. The findings suggest that the exclusion of the skeletal ages of the carpal bones or the use of selected skeletal ages could lead to quicker assessments without real changes in means and variability.
The hominoid wrist joint
Authors: Lewis O. J.
Published: August 2005

In a previous study of the primate wrist joint the author has shown that this articulation is uniquely modified in the Pongidae by the interposition of a meniscus between the ulnar styloid process and the carpus. This meniscus (which in gibbons contains a bony lunula) partially isolates the ulnar styloid process in a proximal synovial compartment. The human wrist joint is clearly derived from such an articulation, the proximal synovial compartment persisting as the prestyloid recess. The present paper is concerned with observations on a wider range of hominoid material. A spectrum of variations is demonstrated, largely the result of a tendency for the neomorphic meniscus to be incorporated as an integral component of the proximal articular surface, thereby progressively excluding the ulnar styloid process from the wrist joint and constricting the entrance to the proximal synovial compartment. The unique construction of the hominoid wrist joint is considered to be a specialization facilitating pronation‐supination. Such free rotatory movement is a necessary prerequisite for true brachiation, and the obvious phylogenetic implication is thatHomohas shared a brachiating ancestry with the Pongidae. This is convincing evidence in favour of the view that a period of brachiation provided the essential apprenticeship for the complex locomotor activities of bipedal, tool‐using man.
Histological and histochemical examination of American Indian scalps, mummies, and a shrunken head
Authors: Post Peter W. , Daniels Farrington
Published: August 2005

The histological and histochemical detail remaining in Jivaro shrunken heads, North American Indian scalps, and mummified remains from Peru, Chile, and the American southwest, is remarkable when these specimens are rehydrated and fixed by Sandison's methods. Special techniques and stains used frequently in the histochemistry of the skin brought out details which were less evident or not apparent in the routine hematoxylin and eosin preparations.

The polarizing microscope was particularly useful in demonstrating keratin and collagen fibers. Use of the silver stain for melanin not only aided in demonstrating hairs, but also outlined the pattern of epidermal detail by supranuclear accumulation and melanin dust in the stratum corneum. The hematoxylin‐phloxine‐alcian blue orange G stain for prekeratin, keratin, and mucin showed long persistence of the prekeratin and keratin staining properties. The stain identified strands as epidermis where they would otherwise have been overlooked. The Luxol Fast Blue stain, birefringence, and appearance with phase contrast microscopy are promising means for evaluating the degradation of skin collagen under conditions of dry preservation.

The first loss of histological information occurs in extravascular cells of the dermis; mast cells, eosinophils, and other perivascular cells could not be identified in any of the specimens. Fine elastic fibers near the epidermis disappear before the larger, mid‐dermal elastic fibers. Some of the disease processes which could be diagnosed in very old mummified skin are discussed in terms of the remaining structures.
Bizygomatic diameter: The thickness of the soft tissues over the zygions
Authors: Sutton Philip R. N.
Published: August 2005

When comparisons are made between the bizygomatic diameter of different subjects, or when measurements made on the living are compared with those on skulls, the thickness of the soft tissue overlying the zygions is of considerable importance.

The thickness of these tissues over each of 208 zygions of cadavera has been studied and has been found to differ considerably. The range was from 1.4 mm to 21.4 mm, and the thickness was related to the general body‐build — fat, medium or thin. Statements in the literature assume that 6 mm is a suitable estimate of the total thickness of the soft tissues over both zygions. However the present findings indicate that these assumptions are not justified, for in 92% of these specimens the thickness exceeded 6 mm.
A longitudinal test of angular remodeling in the tibia
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Goodspeed Genoveva , Hertzog Keith P.
Published: August 2005

After superimposing earlier and later tibial radiographs on the same proximal and distal lines of increased density in boys and girls 1.0 through 18.0 years, it was possible to show that angular axial remodeling is an uncommon feature at most.
Evolution of the human shoulder: Some possible pathways
Authors: Oxnard Charles E.
Published: August 2005

Osteometric data, apparently reflecting functional parameters of the shoulder in the Anthropoidea, have been examined by a combination of multivariate techniques in an attempt to define minimum pathways possibly followed in the evolution of the human shoulder. Principal components analysis has been used to gauge size‐related shape effects. The combination of D2 and canonical analysis has suggested that the shoulder in man is unlikely to have evolved (a) from one similar to that of any extant monkey whether arboreal or terrestrial, (b) from one similar to that of any terrestrial ape (like present‐day Pan and Gorilla), or (c) from one similar to that of a highly specialised ricochetal armswinging ape (such as present day Hylobates and Symphalangus). The analyses suggest positively that the minimum evolutionary pathway may well have been from the shoulder of a totally arboreal ape, presumably genetically related to Pan and Gorilla, but functionally similar to that evolved in parallel in the highly arboreal orang‐utan, Pongo. Information from fragmentary fossils (the scapula from Sterkfontein and the clavicle from Olduvai) supports these conclusions.
Hemoglobin variant found in Koreans, Chinese, and North American Indians: α2β222glu→ala
Authors: Blackwell R. Quentin , Ro Ihl‐Hyeob , Liu Chen‐Sheng , Yang Hung‐Ju , Wang Cheng‐Chang , Huang Jeanette Tung‐Hsiang
Published: August 2005

Hemoglobin G Taegu, an electrophoretically slow hemoglobin variant found in four among 6700 apparently normal Korean subjects, has been shown to have a structural anomaly at position 22 of the beta‐chain where an alanyl residue occurs in place of the glutamyl group normally found at that position in Hemoglobin A.

The same structural anomaly initially was established by other workers in slow hemoglobin variants occurring in North American Indians and more recently has been reported in a Northern Chinese subject. The identical hemoglobins in the three ethnic groups are Hemoglobins G Coushatta, found in several Alabama‐Coushatta Indians in Tex.; G Saskatoon, seen in a few descendants of Santee Indians currently living in Canada; G Hsin‐Chu, in a Chinese from the northern province of Liaoning and currently living in Taiwan; and G Taegu in Koreans.

It is assumed that the Chinese and Korean subjects have the same hemoglobin variant because of gene flow. No similar assumption connecting these two groups with the North American Indian subjects is considered warranted with the presently limited available information.
The bases of paleodemography
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence
Published: August 2005

Accurate identification of every skeleton (age, sex, health, female fecundity) in a fully sampled cemetery provides data on adult longevity, infant and child death ratios, sex ratio, fertility and birth, death, and natural increase rates, population density, family structure and microevolutionary selection.
The archeological determination of diet and natural resources, and the case for cooperation
Authors: Osborne Douglas
Published: August 2005

There is no doubt that archeological and physical anthropological specialists have mutual problems, mutual interests and many mutual goals. There can be some doubt that they have attacked their problems and pushed toward their aims in as efficient a method as is scientifically possible. This efficiency could be developed and increased by the use of a planned approach to the gathering and study of skeletal and cultural data.

An outline that should aid in a fruitful cooperation is suggested and several lines of field and laboratory approach are briefly described or discussed. It is not in the author's mind that he has a panacea which should cure every ill of communication or data processing but rather that he has offered a basic method that will, at the least, get more knowledge for the research dollar.
Gammaglobulin groups (Gm and Inv) of various Southern African populations
Authors: Jenkins Trefor , Zoutendyk A. , Steinberg Arthur G.
Published: August 2005

Data are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv groups in approximately 3500 individuals belonging to a number of diverse Southern African populations.

The indigenous peoples show the presence of the Gm alleles known to occur in Negroes (Gm1, 5, 13, 14, Gm1, 5, 6, 14 and Gm1, 5, 6) but the Bushmen possess some of them in very low frequencies and have, in addition and in appreciable frequencies the Gm1 and Gm1, 13 alleles which have not been reported as occurring in West African populations. The distribution of the Gm1, 13 allele in various Bantu‐speaking tribes of the sub‐continent reveals a marked cline, increasing from north to south along the eastern seaboard. The correlation between the frequency of Gm1, 13 and the Khoisan morphological, features present in a number of the tribes, and with the linguistic evidence which has been used to group them is high.

The Bushmen possess a Gm1, 5 allele and may also have a Gm1, 5, 13, 14, 17, 21 allele. A Gm1, 2, 5, 13, 14, 17 allele seems to be present in the Bantu. Its presence in Eastern New Guinea would also appear to be indicated by the population data presented here.
Aspects of physical activity in high altitude natives
Authors: Velásquez Tulio
Published: August 2005

Altitude adaptation was measured at sea level and high altitudes in sea level adapted and high altitude adapted natives. Tests of work capacity as measured by O2 consumption, pulse rate, and ventilation rate are reported. It is noted that comparing our results with those of other investigators is difficult due to variations in terminology and procedure. This suggests the necessity of more precise definitions in studies of the physical activity of high altitude natives.
Altitude and growth: A study of the patterns of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Baker Paul T.
Published: August 2005

Data on physical growth were obtained for a sample of 1202 Quechua subjects, aged 2 to 35 years from the district of Nuñoa, Puno, located in the southern highlands (altitude 4000–5500m) of Peru. These data were supplemented by a three‐year longitudinal study of 300 subjects, aged 1 to 22 years.

The patterns of physical growth of members of the indigenous population of Nuñoa are characterized by (1) late sexual dimorphism, (2) slow and prolonged growth in body size, (3) late and poorly defined adolescent stature spurt in both males and females, and (4) accelerated development in chest size. The socio‐economic factors associated with urban‐rural and altitude differences appear to be reflected in greater deposition of subcutaneous fat and increased weight but do not seem to influence the development of stature. We suggest the pattern of growth of this population is related to the hypoxic effects of high altitude, and/or reflects a genetic adaptation to such stress. The anthropometric and physiological studies conducted during this and previous studies and the comparative data from Peruvian populations situated at lower altitudes document the specific adaptive response of the chest wall to the hypoxic effects of high altitude.
Nutritional adaptation of some Colombian Indians
Authors: Winton Marianne
Published: August 2005

In an attempt to suggest the relationships among cultural practices, the limitations of the environment, and nutrition to on‐going human evolution, a series of synopses of information on Colombian Indian groups was presented. These groups consisted of the Chocó, Kógi, Ika, Motilón, Guajiro, Guahibo, and Cubeo. Although there is little useful data available, this report does indicate that these Indians depend on agricultural methods for a substantial portion of their diet. Furthermore, this study suggests the framework necessary for future studies of nutrition and its effects on human evolution.
Mineral metabolism and behavior: Abnormalities of calcium homeostasis
Authors: Katz Solomon H. , Foulks Edward F.
Published: August 2005

Abnormalities of calcium homeostasis are often associated with a variety of behavioral disorders such as severe neuroses and psychoses which are frequently accompanied by anxious, depressed and delusional behavior. In our clinical studies of these abnormalities it is evident that hypocalcemia can be corrected to normocalcemia by dietary calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy. This result implies that in those regions where there are small amounts of calcium in the diet and/or limited sunlight for vitamin D synthesis the possibility of hypocalcemia and associated behavioral disorders is high. Our studies have centered on the Eskimo as an excellent example of this phenomenon. We are asking two kinds of questions: What are the biological, psychological, and socio‐cultural adaptations that take place in response to these abnormalities of calcium homeostasis; and what do these adaptations have to do with natural selection? In order to answer these questions in our investigation of calcium homeostasis, we are developing a general model capable of showing its modes of interaction among the biological, psychological, and sociocultural variables. This model will emphasize the limitations of biological adaptations in this case and demonstrate the significance of psychological and socio‐cultural adaptations in shifting the course of natural selection.
Blood groups, phosphoglucomutase, and cerumen types of the Anaham (Chilcotin) Indians
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. , Stout T. D. , Lee Melvin , Birkbeck John , Petrakis Nicholas L.
Published: August 2005

A survey of the blood groups of a Chilcotion band produced unexpected results for the ABO system (0.69 for allele 0, 0.31 for allele A), MNSs system (0.53 for antigen M, 0.47 for antigen N), P (0.36 for P1). Other loci surveyed were within the range of expectation. The frequency of phosphoglucomutase type PGM was found to be 0.87, and for the dry cerumen allele 0.57. The frequency of the A allele was found to be decreasing among males, and several possibly distinctive characteristics of northern and southern Athapaskans are noted.