bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Demonstration of Antitoxin for the Toxin of Clostridium Welchii in the Blood Serum of Patients and Dogs that Have Recovered from Spreading Peritonitis Complicating Acute Perforative Appendicitis
Authors: Bower J. O. , Mengle Harold A. , Paxson N. F.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

The consensus of opinion among bacteriologists is that, of the aerobes found in acute appendicitis and acute appendicitis associated with spreading peritonitis or a local abscess formation, Bacterium coli and various strains of streptococci play the leading rôles. The precise rôle of the anaerobes has been a controversial subject. The work of Dudgeon and Sargent in 1905 (4) may be regarded as detrimental to the advancement of our knowledge of the etiologic factors operating in spreading peritonitis. These men were so positive in their assertion that anaerobes play no part in the toxemia of peritonitis that they impressed even such leaders and molders of medical opinion as Murphy and Deaver. It is only recently that the importance of the anaerobes in this disease has been suspected, especially of Clostridium welchii (5).

The results obtained in carrying out tests for the presence of antitoxin for the toxin of Clostridium welchii in the blood of patients who were convalescing or had recovered from acute appendicitis, active or quiescent pelvic peritonitis, and spreading peritonitis, the result of a ruptured appendix, indicate that a major percentage of these patients recovered from spreading peritonitis, not only because of the surgical and medical measures instituted, but also because of their immunologic response to infection with Clostridium welchii. We feel that this indicates that Clostridium welchii plays an important rôle in spreading peritonitis of appendiceal origin. Although our series of cases is small, the percentage of individuals who develop sufficient antitoxin in their blood serum, after recovering from an attack of appendiceal peritonitis, to protect pigeons against the toxin is high enough to support this statement. In 10 apparently normal adults used as controls, the incidence of antitoxin in the blood serum was zero; in 9 patients convalescing or recovered from acute unperforated appendicitis, the incidence of demonstrable antitoxin in the blood serum was 22.2 per cent; in 15 patients with active or quiescent pelvic peritonitis the incidence of demonstrable antitoxin was 46.6 per cent and in 28 patients suffering with or recovered from spreading peritonitis secondary to acute perforative appendicitis, the incidence of demonstrable antitoxin in the blood serum was 69 per cent.

Furthermore, we have been using perfringens antitoxin in the treatment of cases of spreading peritonitis following perforative appendicitis with results which are encouraging and which will be reported later.
A New and Rapid Quantitative Technic for the Determination of the Potency of Types I and II Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Libby Raymond L.
Published: January 2023

A simple quantitative technic has been described for the mechanical determination of the potency of antipneumococcal serum, types I and II, in terms of mouse-protective units. It consists essentially in titrating, by means of the photronreflectometer (1), known dilutions of the homologous polysaccharide with varying dilutions of serum to a galvanometric-reading corresponding to a dilution of SSS equivalent to a certain amount of a standard serum (see table 3). Similarly, milligrams per cubic centimeter of polysaccharide in an unknown solution may be determined by testing varying dilutions of the unknown with a serum on which the unit-potency has been established and titrating to equivalent unit and galvanometer-reading (table 3).

A rapid method for testing the purity of a preparation of polysaccharide and its suitability for use in the above photronreflectometric titrations is described. Essentially this method consists of: first, determining the equivalent combining proportions of serum and homologous polysaccharide (see (1)) in the zone of slight excess of antibody and then determining whether or not these combining proportions hold for halved dilutions of the serum and SSS (see (2)). If they do not hold, then the preparation contains other constituents than the homologous SSS and cannot be used in the photronreflectometric titrations described.

The chemical aspects of the data presented in this report will be discussed in a subsequent publication.
The Action of Diphtheric Toxin on Embryonic Chicks
Authors: Evans Florence L.
Published: January 2023

During a series of experiments on chick embryos, it was decided to ascertain the effect, if any, of some of the bacterial toxins on the development of the embryos. This paper deals with the results obtained with the toxic filtrate from Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

The method used was essentially a modification of Good-pasture's (1) technic in which the substance to be tested was placed on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick. The application of this method to the testing of bacterial toxins is believed to be original.

Experimental. The eggs used in these experiments were partly pure bred and partly fertile market eggs of mixed breeds. The pure blood eggs included the following strains: White Leghorns (white shell), Black Minorca (white shell), Rhode Island Red (brown shell), and Buff Orpington (brown shells).

In the tests, only eggs between 50 to 70 grams in weight were used because of the fact that very small eggs were either infertile or were apt to contain abnormal embryos.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Wheeler K. M.
Published: January 2023

Agglutinins acting at 2°C. on human erythrocytes were found in all of 626 mature rabbits. Animals belonging to three inbred families had average cold-agglutinin titers which probably were significantly higher than titers of animals included in four other families.

Thermal amplitude of the warm- or cold-agglutinins for human erythrocytes was not always proportional to the titer. The agglutinin was shown by adsorption experiments to contain components possessing different thermal characteristics.

Agglutinins acting at 2° on A-cells usually were not completely destroyed after 2 hours of heating at 65°C. if the serum contained 37°-A-agglutinins, whereas serums lacking warm-agglutinins were usually completely inactivated after 60 minutes at 65°.

Cold-agglutinins were demonstrated in rabbit serums which were specific for human species, human O and A2, A and A2, and B-erythrocytes and also for rabbit, guinea-pig, horse and sheep erythrocytes.
Serological Tests with Pyrazolone Compounds
Authors: Harte Robert A.
Published: January 2023

On the basis of experiments performed in this laboratory brief mention has previously been made (1, p. 94; 2) of results derived from a study of reactions of immune sera to azoproteins containing antipyrine derivatives. This communication presents experimental evidence, and additional data and their discussion.

Of the many examinations into serological specificity with artificial conjugated antigens only few have concerned themselves with heterocyclic haptens (2–5). In a study on serological reactions of pyrazolone derivatives Erlenmeyer and Berger (3) and Berger (6) presented evidence to show that the group is the determinant structure of their hapten (antipyrine), and that a correlation exists between the serological specificity and the pharmacological action of the substances considered.

In this investigation immune sera were produced for azoproteins, prepared by coupling 4-aminoantipyrine (I) and p-aminoantipyrine (II) to horse serum, and examined by the usual technics.
Survival of the Influenzal Virus Under Various Conditions
Authors: Scherp Henry W. , Flosdorf Earl W. , Shaw Dorothy R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The influenzal viruses (PR8 and S15 strains) were found to be readily inactivated when subjected to ordinary procedures for protein fractionation. For purposes of storage, virus cultivated in a medium containing the tissue of chick embryo (PR8 virus) was found to be more stable than virus from influenzal mouselungs. The results indicate that, for prolonged periods of storage, it is preferable to dry the cultured virus by the lyophile process in the presence of gum-acacia.
A Soluble Edema-Producing Substance from the Pneumococcus
Authors: Sutliff W. D. , Friedemann Theodore E.
Published: January 2023

The appearance of tissue reactions of an edematous nature has been described, occurring in the skin or the lungs of puppies following the injection of (a) sterile or filtered broth in which pneumococci had grown for periods as short as 4 hours and as long as 72 hours; (b) extracts of autolyzed bacteria, obtained from broth cultures of similar ages; (c) sterile dog serum in which pneumococci had grown, and (d) fluids obtained from pulmonary pneumococcal infection in the same animal species. The edema-producing property is stable when heated at 100°C. for 2 hours and to prolonged preservation. It is not dialyzable. It is precipitable by full saturation with sodium sulfate. It is not associated with the type specific characteristic of the pneumococci. It is probably not antigenic.
Phospholipids and Cholesterol in Plasma of Immunized Horses
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Hyman L. W.
Published: January 2023

Variations in the concentrations of phospholipids and of free and esterified cholesterol in the plasma and serum of horses previous to and during immunization with diphtheric and tetanal toxins, and with meningococci, streptococci, and pneumococci are recorded.

The fluctuations in the different lipids during immunization were approximately proportional and their ratios fairly constant, except in certain horses with acute diphtheric toxemia.

The main trends in the process of immunization were a decrease in the lipid content during the early period followed by a return to the normal range. The depressions, however, varied in degree and were most marked with the exotoxins, practically absent in the horses injected with pneumococci.
A Study of Strains of Pneumococci Immunologically Closely Related to Both Type XI and Type XVI Pneumococci
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Brown John W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A study was made of representative strains of type XI and of type XVI pneumococci and of a number of strains which exhibited cross-reactions with serum for both these types. By tests for agglutination, passive protection in mice, capsular swelling (8) and absorption of agglutinins, the strains exhibiting cross-agglutinations were shown to be distinct from either type XI or type XVI but immunologically related to both.
Quantitative Studies of the Complement-Fixation Reaction with Syphilitic Serum and Tissue Extract: Technic of the Practical Quantitative Test
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth
Published: January 2023

The demonstration of linear relationships between serum and complement and between antigen and complement in the reaction of the complement-fixation test for syphilis (1) made possible the quantitative determination of the activity of serum. The increments of complement required to give 50 per cent hemolysis were directly proportional to the increments of serum used when the doses of antigen were adjusted to give the maximum reaction. Similarly, the increments of complement were directly proportional to the increments of antigen, provided the amount of serum used was in sufficient excess to give the maximum reaction obtainable. A considerable excess of serum appears not to diminish the reaction with a given amount of antigen; but, beyond a certain point, excess antigen yields lower reactions with a given amount of serum. Accordingly, improper adjustment of antigen content may result in prozone effects.
Studies in Scarlet-Fever Immunity
Authors: Plummer H.
Published: January 2023

For subjects of all ages, one cubic centimeter of serum contains more than 1 Washington unit of streptococcal antitoxin in 64.6 per cent of 254 Canadian and in 93.5 per cent of 107 tropical sera. The mean potency of the tropical serum is significantly greater than that of the temperate zone. (A significant difference was judged to be one which could be detected 95 times out of 100.)

For subjects under 17 years of age, 44 per cent of 50 Canadian, and 93 per cent of 45 tropical sera contain more than 1 unit of antitoxin per cubic centimeter. The mean potencies differ significantly.

For adults, 69.6 per cent of 204 Canadian, and 93.5 per cent of 62 tropical sera contain more than 1 unit of antitoxin per cubic centimeter. The mean potencies are not significantly different.

Calculated on the basis of single tests, in each of which 6 rabbits were used, 25 cord samples contain more, and one less, antitoxin than the corresponding maternal serum, the remaining 66 pairs not differing significantly.

The cord serum can be shown to contain significantly more antitoxin than maternal serum if the mean difference for the 92 pairs of sera is considered as the basis of calculation.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard , Hollander Alvin
Published: January 2023

When antitoxin is injected intravenously and toxin intracutaneously the result of the cutaneous test depends on the concentrations of toxin and antitoxin in the skin regardless of the absolute quantities injected. For a given quantity of antitoxin injected intravenously its concentration in the skin is inversely proportional to the coefficient of the distribution of antitoxins between blood and skin. The latter can be calculated from a formula containing the quantity of intravenously injected antitoxin neutralizing the test-dose of toxin in the skin, the quantity of antitoxin neutralizing the test-dose of toxin when mixed with it in vitro, the volume of the plasma of the experimental animal and the volume of fluid in which the test-dose is injected. The coefficient of distribution, calculated from that formula, has a value of approximately 22 for diphtheric and staphylococcal antitoxins. The ratio between the quantity of antitoxin which after intravenous injection neutralizes the test-dose of toxin in the skin and the quantity which neutralizes the test-dose when mixed with it in vitro has a value of 22,000 in a rabbit of 2500 grams and of 660,000 in an adult human being of 75 kgm. This ratio, which apparently has the same value for all toxins indicates how much more antitoxin is necessary to neutralize the toxin if both components are present in different systems.
A Fractionation of the Globulins of Types 1 and 2 Antipneumococcal Horse Serum
Authors: Green Arda Alden , McKhann Charles F. , Kapnick Israel , Fahey Kathleen R.
Published: January 2023

Type 1 and type 2 antipneumococcal horse sera have been fractionated by the methods developed in the fractionation of normal horse serum. The antipneumococcal sera contained a water-insoluble globulin, PIV, not detectable by these methods in normal serum, and one of the normal water-insoluble globulins, PII, had almost completely disappeared. Most of the antibody as determined by quantitative tests of agglutination, phagocytosis, and precipitation was contained in this fraction found only in the immune serum. The viscosity of this fraction was different from that of any of the normal proteins. The total acid- and base-binding capacity of this fraction was the same as that of the normal globulin PII, but its titration-curve differed slightly, especially in the neutral range. It would appear that the anti-body-containing globulin may be a modified form of one of the normal globulins but can be differentiated by chemical as well as by physical means.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Sawin P. B. , Stuart C. A.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The inhibition-test for the presence of A antigen and the agglutination-test for specific α agglutinin in rabbit serums has shown in most cases a mutually exclusive relationship between presence of antigen and agglutinin. Some serums were detected, however, that had specific α agglutinin in addition to the A antigen. These “irregular” α agglutinins are usually present for only a short period of time, are qualitatively different from the normal α agglutinin and may possibly be cold agglutinins with an (exceptionally) high thermal amplitude. When immunized with human A cells, rabbits having A antigen failed to produce potent specific immune serums even though some of these possessed natural α agglutinin.

Whereas the study of the inheritance of α agglutinin is complicated by the presence of the irregular α, the inheritance of the A antigen appears to be quite regular and simple when determined by the inhibition-test. The presence or absence of the A antigen segregates as a single mendelian pair of contrasting characters, presence being dominant to absence. The possibility that irregular agglutinins may be the result of hybridization is discussed.
Laboratory Assay of Pertussis Undenatured Bacterial Antigen
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A.
Published: January 2023

The immunology of Hemophilus pertussis has been reinvestigated during the last few years by several experimenters who have essentially verified and extended the original observations of Bordet and Gengou. Prophylaxis with whole-cell vaccine such as that specially prepared according to Sauer (1), and therapy with Pertussis Undenatured Bacterial Antigen as prepared by Krueger's technic (2, 3) have coincidentally come into considerable clinical use.

While whole-cell vaccine can be standardized by bacterial count or turbidity, such methods are obviously not applicable to the clear ultrafiltered preparations of Undenatured Bacterial Antigen, and total-nitrogen determinations have been the principal means of standardizing the latter antigen (3). We have tested occasional lots of the antigen by active immunization of mice (4–6), but these methods are quite time-consuming and the antigen is subjected to added ageing while being tested. Further experiments, therefore, have been directed toward the determination of precipitable nitrogen as well as total nitrogen, and measurement of antigenicity by means of serological tests.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur
Published: January 2023

Reproducible correlation is demonstrated between ability to avoid common cold, in man, and ability to maintain that degree and type of capacity for response to the demands of effort and exposure which, in the rabbit, is indicative of maximal ability to resist invasion. The suggestion is made that the causal agent of common cold may be capable of precipitating onset most readily when available for invasion at a time when the normal defense against such invasion has been made transiently vulnerable as a result of fatigue-enforced increase in susceptibility to shock.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Pettit Horace , Lackman David B. , Morgan Isabel M.
Published: January 2023

III. Correction. The first paper (1) of this series described the identification of an antigen from each of several types of streptococci following their disintegration by physical means. This antigen removes the type-specific agglutinins from homologous immune serum. Injection of the agglutinogen into rabbits produces antiserum which agglutinates (though to a low titer), the streptococci of corresponding type. The antigen is precipitated from solution by antisera prepared by the injection of the agglutinogen of homologous or heterologous type within Group A and by the injection of whole streptococci of homologous or heterologous type. Subsequent work in this laboratory has confirmed and extended these findings. The agglutinogen has been shown to be a nucleoprotein which can be separated into serologically active fractions (2).

Unfortunately, however, another paper was published from this laboratory (3) in which certain chemical properties were ascribed to the agglutinogen. Chemical homomolecularity was claimed for the antigenic preparations on insufficient grounds.
Serum Sickness in Rabbits
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Jones Lloyd R.
Published: January 2023

By treating antisera (horse) of various types with heat and alkali over specified periods of time, the factor causing serum-sickness in rabbits can be destroyed.

By varying the concentration of alkali, temperature, time of heating and dilution of the serum-alkali mixture, it is possible to treat serum so that a major part of the antibody potency may be preserved and the factor causing serum-sickness in rabbits destroyed.
Studies on Serum Complement of Guinea Pigs Infected with Trypanosoma Equiperdum
Authors: Horner Imre
Published: January 2023

The complementary titer of the serum of trypanosome-infected guinea-pigs was repeatedly observed during the course of the disease. It was found that, while the trypanosomes were numerous or were accumulating in the blood, the complement remained stationary up to the peak of this period of multiplication. With the subsequent disappearance of the trypanosomes from the blood, the complement content dropped to ⅓ or ¼ of its previous normal value, returning in the next days to the normal level, where it remained throughout the next cycle of multiplication of trypanosomes. This cycle of depletion of complement and return to the normal level recurs simultaneously with each phase of disappearance of the trypanosomes from the blood.

It could be shown that only the middlepiece component was absent in the complement-poor serum, similarly to the mode of complement-fixation in the Wassermann reaction.

The loss of complement seems due to an “in vivo” antigenantibody reaction, pointing to the existence of a trypanolytic antibody.
A New Schick-Toxin
Authors: Taylor E. M. , Moloney P. J.
Published: January 2023

An historical review of the development of the Schick-test is presented. It is pointed out that since the introduction of the test, the original unstable and inconveniently dispensed preparations have given place to Schick-toxins ready for immediate use. In this paper there is described an improved Schick-toxin which is capable of withstanding heat up to a temperature of 46°C. for 22 hours with a resultant loss of not more than 25 per cent of its potency.

Furthermore, the question of the standardization of Schick-toxin has been reviewed and particular attention drawn to the standards recommended by the Permanent Commission on Biological Standardization of the League of Nations. Further investigation of these standards has shown that the toxicity requirement may be advantageously increased.

In this paper, results are given of tests carried out on 205 young adults—many of whom were sensitive to diphtheria protein—with two Schick-toxins, one prepared from “fresh” toxin and with twice the requirement for toxicity and somewhat less than the requirement for combining power recommended by the League of Nations Committee and the other prepared from “matured” toxin and conforming to the Requirements of the League of Nations. The Schick-toxin from “fresh” toxin gave 178 interpretable readings out of 205 tests as against 166 interpretable readings out of 205 tests with Schick-toxin from matured toxin.
Rôle of “Auto-Antigens” in the Pathogenesis of Physical Allergy
Authors: Karady S.
Published: January 2023

Guinea-pig serum was exposed to cold (-5°C.) or to heat (56°C.) for 1½ minutes, and injected into a group of normal guinea pigs. Three weeks later reinjection of similarly treated serum caused an anaphylactic shock when the serum injected had been exposed to the same physical condition, but no anaphylaxis resulted when the serum injected had been exposed to the opposite physical condition. Exposure of guinea pigs' hind legs to cold (-5°C.) or heat (56°C.) followed three weeks later by injection of serum treated with cold or heat resulted in anaphylactic shock in the correspondingly treated group but not in the cross-treated group. Similar exposure of the guinea pig's hind limbs followed by re-exposure three weeks later to the same stimulus also resulted in anaphylactic shock. Cross experiments were again negative.

The present experiments seem to indicate a new mechanism in the production of physical allergies by which the organism's own protein can be changed by various physical agents, such as heat and cold, so that it acquires antigenic properties and becomes in our terminology an “auto-antigen.”
Effect of Histaminase Treatment on Histamine and Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Karady S. , Browne J. S. L.
Published: January 2023

In guinea pigs, the intravenous injection of histaminase 15 minutes before the intraäbdominal injection of 4 mgm. of histamine prevented in most instances the symptoms of histamine-shock. Of 10 control animals, all showed marked symptoms within 5 to 7 minutes and 7 animals died shortly after. Of the 20 animals pretreated with histaminase, 6 showed slight symptoms after 15 minutes, which disappeared in a few minutes in all but 2 animals that died 35 minutes after the injection of the histamine. Histaminase given intravenously 15 minutes before the administration of egg-white intraäbdominally to previously sensitized guinea pigs prevented an anaphylactic shock completely in 15 out of 20 animals. The other 5 guinea pigs showed only very slight symptoms beginning 20 minutes after the injection of egg-white and lasting for a few minutes. Of the 10 control animals all showed severe anaphylactic shock developing within 5 to 10 minutes and 4 animals died 10 to 14 minutes after the injection of the egg-white.
Studies in Active Immunization Against Undulant Fever
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Bondi Amedeo , Howard Mary , Rule Anna M.
Published: January 2023

Mice are susceptible to virulent Br. abortus and Br. melitensis upon intraabdominal inoculation with large numbers and succumb to peritonitis with an associated septicemia. They have been found suitable for protective tests with the sera of rabbits immunized with a heat-killed vaccine of Br. abortus. The sera of rabbits immunized simultaneously by subcutaneous injections of heat-killed vaccines of B. typhosus and Br. abortus showed as much agglutinin and protective antibody for B. typhosus as did those immunized with the typhoid vaccine alone. Rabbits immunized simultaneously with subcutaneous injections of vaccines of heat-killed Br. abortus and B. typhosus produced agglutinins and bacteriotropins for brucella to the same degree as those immunized with brucella vaccine alone. The sera of normal rabbits and of those immunized with typhoid vaccine are occasionally very slightly protective for mice inoculated intraabdominally with lethal doses of Br. abortus and Br. melitensis. The sera of rabbits immunized with a heat-killed vaccine of Br. abortus contained larger amounts of protective antibody for mice inoculated intraabdominally with lethal doses of virulent Br. abortus and much larger amounts for virulent Br. melitensis. The sera of rabbits immunized simultaneously with heat-killed vaccines of Br. abortus and B. typhosus were found to contain as much protective antibody against virulent Br. abortus and Br. melitensis as those immunized with the brucella vaccine alone. The possibility of effective simultaneous immunization of human beings against typhoid and undulant fevers with a mixed heat-killed vaccine is discussed.
Studies on the Immunization of Rabbits with Formalinized Vaccine Virus
Authors: Weil A. J. , Gall L. S.
Published: January 2023

The immune state engendered in rabbits by the injection of formalinized suspensions of the elementary bodies of vaccinia has been found to be equal that resulting from infection with the active virus, when the immune states are compared on the basis of the neutralizing qualities of the serum and the ability to neutralize virus injected into the skin. Complement-fixing antibodies, however, have been found in somewhat lower titer in the serum of animals which received inactivated virus than in those infected with active virus. Doses of formalinized suspensions of elementary bodies in the order of milligrams were found to be necessary for effecting immunization of this degree.
Spermatozoal Antibodies and Fertility
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude
Published: January 2023

Active immunization of female guinea pigs with guinea pig spermatozoa led to antibody response in 60 to 77 per cent of the animals. Bull spermatozoa elicited antibodies in 100 per cent, but only a few sera gave weak cross-reactions with guinea pig spermatozoa. In spite of the antibody content of the sera, there was neither a decrease in fertility nor a delay in conception in these animals. Guinea pig testicle suspension likewise did not induce sterility.
On the Construction of Graphs and Tables for Evaluation of the Quantitative Complement-Fixation Reactions and Reaction Ratios
Authors: Thompson William R. , Maltaner Frank
Published: January 2023

As a means of obtaining a measure of reactivity of sera with antigens the complement-fixation reactions have been used extensively. The aim of investigations in this laboratory has been to develop a quantitative basis for expressions of this relative reactivity with a specific antigen. Hemolysis of sensitized sheep cells has been used as the indicator of modification of complement activity in the presence of various amounts of antigen and a given serum. Several systems have been studied, and a quantitative measure in the form of an index has been employed in the case of the tuberculous, syphilitic, and gonococcal antisera reacting with prepared antigens (1, 2). Tables have been developed to facilitate evaluations, and the object of the present communication is to indicate the procedures used in their construction. As a preliminary, the fundamental relations are developed below.

Let x be the number of units of complement used in a reaction mixture, and y be the degree of hemolysis obtained.
Antibody Formation in a Lesion Produced by Tubercle Bacilli Suspended in Paraffin Oil: Excision of the Antigenic Depot
Authors: Westwater John O.
Published: January 2023

When heat-killed tubercle bacilli in paraffin oil are used as antigen, excision of the antigenic depot within 1 hour is not followed by antibody formation, but when excision is delayed 6 hours or longer it does not prevent the appearance of complement fixing antibody in the serum.

The ultimate serum titer is lower when excision is performed before the thirtieth hour than in those animals in which excision is later, or in those from which the lesion is not excised. Complement fixing antibody appears earlier in the serum of the rabbits from which the lesions are excised than in those from which lesions are not excised.
Some Properties of a Hemolysin Produced by Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Smythe C. V. , Harris T. N.
Published: January 2023

Some properties of a hemolysin produced by group A hemolytic streptococci of the beta type on a meat infusion broth and on an essentially protein free medium are described.

A partial purification of the hemolysin has been achieved.

The hemolysin is reversibly inactivated by oxidizing agents such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, iodine and potassium ferricyanide. Such oxidized hemolysin can be reactivated by a series of thiol compounds, by potassium cyanide and to some extent by leuco methyl viologen, but not by all reducing agents.

The hemolysin is also inactivated by cuprous oxide, phenyl mercuric chloride, phenyl mercuric nitrate, alloxan, maleic acid, iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide and cholesterol. The inactivation caused by each of these, except the last, can be at least in large part reversed by thiol compounds.

Many of the results with activating and inactivating reagents suggest that the hemolysin contains and —SH⇄—S—S— oxidation-reduction system and that this system must be in the —SH form in active hemolysin. Some difficulties in accepting this view as the entire explanation are pointed out.

The partially purified fractions show all the properties of protein solutions. A typical preparation contained 15.3 per cent nitrogen, 1.9 per cent sulfur and 0.1 per cent phosphorus. Part of the sulfur is present in the form of —SH groups, part as sulfate sulfur and part in undetermined form.

The partially purified preparations of hemolysin are neutralized by various antisera, as is the untreated supernatant broth of cultures of hemolytic streptococci. This neutralization is independent of the state of purification or reduction of the hemolysin and is not accompanied by any precipitation, in the available range of concentrations of the reactants.

We gratefully acknowledge the supplies of sera received from the Lederle and Squibb Laboratories, the Laboratories of Sharp and Dohme, and the National Drug Company, as well as the strains of bacteria and the streptococcal products received from Dr. David Lackman.
Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: Silva M. Rocha E
Published: January 2023

Since the earlier works of Arthus (1909), Scott (1910) and Auer (1911), it is well known that the injection of antigen into sensitized rabbits is always followed by a more or less marked fall in the carotid blood-pressure. In 1911 Auer proposed the hypothesis that failure of the heart is responsible for the anaphylactic crisis in the rabbit. This hypothesis has been submitted to a test by Airila (1913), Coca (1919) and Drinker and Bronfen-brenner (1924). According to these workers the so-called heart death described by Auer was more apparent than real, the cause of both heart failure and fall of carotid blood pressure being closely related to pronounced stasis in the pulmonary circulation due to constriction of the small pulmonary vessels. Furthermore, Dale and Laidlaw (1910) had shown that histamine injected into rabbits produced a very conspicuous rise of pressure in the pulmonary vessels.
The Practical Assay of Type III Antipneumococcal Rabbit Serum by the Mouse-Protective Test
Authors: Holm August , Leonard George F.
Published: January 2023

A type III antipneumococcal serum may be standardized in Felton units by the mouse-protective test.

The potency of the serum may be verified by using the Muench method of conducting and calculating the test.

A serum standardized in this manner may be used as control in the assay of unknown type III sera and concentrate.

Conducting such assays on the 1:10-unit level and using White's formula give reliable and reproducible results.

The ratio between mouse-protective units and antibody-nitrogen is greater with serum of high potency, plasma and concentrated antibody-solution than with material of low potency.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Paramecium: The Aurelia Group
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Harrison James A.
Published: January 2023

The presence of precipitin, complement-fixing and immobilizing antibodies in the serums of rabbits immunized with paramecia is demonstrated. A standard technic for performing the immobilization-test is presented. This test is applied to the investigation of serologic specificity in Paramecium. Paramecium multimicronucleatum may be immobilized by anti-multimicronucleatum serum, but P. aurelia and P. caudatum are not immobilized by anti-multimicronucleatum serum. Analogous specificity is exhibited by anti-caudatum serum and by anti-aurelia serum. When a number of stocks of a single species of paramecium isolated from geographically remote localities are tested with the antiserum prepared with one of these stocks, one or more of the stocks is immobilized; others are not. This is true for each of the three species studied, and, therefore, for each there is evidence suggestive of the existence of two or more antigenic types.
Serological Studies of the Reptilia
Authors: Bond Glenn C.
Published: January 2023

This study of the hemagglutinogens and the hemagglutinins of turtle-blood included the possibility of blood-grouping within this group of animals, and the relationship of the hemagglutinins and hemagglutinogens of turtle and human blood.

It was found that isohemagglutination does occur in some species of turtles but not in others. A more intensive study of one species of turtle revealed a definite grouping of the specimens into 3 groups with 2 sub-groups. This grouping is based on the agglutinogen-content of the erythrocytes.

In a comparative study of the turtle and human bloods it was found that turtle-erythrocytes do not contain agglutinogens for human alpha and beta agglutinins. Turtle-serum, however, was found in many cases to contain agglutinins for human cells. These agglutinins were of three types, a species-agglutinin for all human cells, an agglutinin for human A cells and an agglutinin for human B cells.
The Proteins and Antibodies of Serum after Prolonged Dialysis
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Terry M. C.
Published: January 2023

When single samples of serum are subjected to prolonged dialysis by both the intermittent and continuous methods, the former is found to result in a greater precipitation of total protein, globulin, and antibody.

Sera obtained from a group of animals at successive points in the process of immunization with type 2 pneumococcus give evidence of changing protein- and antibody-relationships. The later sera show a progressively greater increment of water-soluble over total globulin, the presence of relatively larger proportions of total antibody in the water-soluble globulin and this antibody is probably the more multivalent. The evidence in its entirety is considered to support the thesis proposed in previous papers (1, 2); that the first, less avid antibody produced by the rabbit is associated with the water-insoluble globulin, and as immunization proceeds the increasing amounts of multivalent immune body are composed of water-soluble globulin. The specific globulin-association of the antibody produced by this species is thus primarily dependent on the stage during immunization at which serum is obtained.
Experiments on the Effect of Agglutinins
Authors: Fujimoto B.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. As to the part which the agglutinins play in immunity we have yet little evidence. These bodies were formerly regarded as possessing a protective and curative power, but the bacteria that have been acted upon by them are apparently not altered in appearance and are as virulent as before agglutination. They can even grow in a specific agglutinating serum. Much of the work on this question tends, therefore, to show that they are not indicators of existing immunity. At present the agglutinins are generally regarded as playing a subsidiary rôle in immunity and as an aid to bacteriolysis and phagocytosis.

The following studies were undertaken in our laboratory in order to see whether agglutinins have any influence (1) on the glycolytic action of bacteria, (2) on the permeability of bacteria and red blood corpuscles for glucose solution and (3) on the resistence of red blood corpuscles for salt solution.
The Nature of Thermolabile Hemolysins
Authors: Kolmer John A.
Published: January 2023

Natural hemolysins in human sera are more resistant to heat and age than complement. There is no relation between the complement content and natural hemolysins in human sera. Absorption of active human sera with corpuscles removes hemolysin but not complement. Washed sensitized cells have not absorbed complement and do not undergo hemolysis unless complement is furnished. Filtration may remove complement from a serum without any or but slight removal of a natural hemolysin. Heating serum sera at 56°C. for thirty minutes results in the partial destruction and inactivation (“masking”) of natural hemolysins, the different hemolysins varying in their resistance; heating at 62°C. results in the destruction of natural hemolysins.
Studies Concerning Possible Mechanisms Involved in Experimental Serum Sickness
Authors: Jones Lloyd R. , Roberts Eugene C.
Published: January 2023

Experimental serum-sickness in the rabbit is not affected in its time of inception, incidence or duration by the parenteral administration of histaminase. Likewise, the administration of rabbit antihorse serum to horse-serum-injected-rabbits failed to alter the development of the reaction of serum-sickness upon the animals' ears.

By the injection of a small amount of horse-serum into rabbit ear-tissue, followed later by the administration elsewhere of rabbit antihorse serum, it was possible to elicit a local serum-reaction at the prepared ear-site. This local serum-reaction was not elicited by heat-alkali processed horse-serum when comparable quantities of the antiserum were administered; reactions were elicited however by larger amounts of antiserum.

The indication is afforded that heat-alkali treatment of serum serves to quantitatively reduce, rather than to destroy or remove, a factor in horse-serum upon which experimental serum-sickness may depend.
Passive Immunization of Mice Against Human Influenza Virus by the Intranasal Route
Authors: Henle Werner , Stokes Joseph , Shaw Dorothy R.
Published: January 2023

The intranasal injection of anti-influenzal serum under slight ether anesthesia completely protected mice against as much as 100 MLD of human influenza virus and permitted some of them to survive as much as 100,000 MLD. Mouse, ferret, horse, rabbit and human immune sera were found to be effective. A comparison of the intranasal with the intravenous and intraabdominal routes showed that less serum was necessary to protect by the intranasal route than by the others. The length of time protection lasted was shorter after intranasal administration (up to ten days), than after intravenous injection (up to 3 weeks), the duration depending on the amount of virus used for the test dose and the source of the serum. The beneficial effect of immune serum in the treatment of infected mice could be detected only when it was injected within 24 hours after infection. In such treatment the intranasal route appeared to be slightly inferior to the intravenous and intra-abdominal routes.
Heritable Antigens in the Erythrocytes of Cattle
Authors: Ferguson L. C.
Published: January 2023

General Summary and Conclusions

Nine antigens were identified in the erythrocytes of cattle by means of immune isolysins. A single antibody for each of three antigens, A, B, and C, was found in as many different immune sera. Each of two other sera contained antibodies for three substances, one of them for antigens D, E, and F, and the other for antigens G, H, and I. Reagents were prepared from the antisera with which the cells of other cattle were tested for the presence of these different characters. Two of these antigens, B and D, are probably the same substance and likewise C and F are presumably identical.

A study of seven of the antigens in 104 offspring suggested that each was inherited as if controlled by a single gene. Antigens C (or F) and E are closely related and presumably are controlled by allelomorphic genes. The other five characters, A, B (or D), G, H, and I appear to be independent of the former system and also of each other.

The cells of an individual contained a particular antigen only if one or both parents possessed it. This type of inheritance allows for the use of this technic in excluding certain animals as the parents of a calf whose identification is questioned.
The Effect of Amino Compounds on the Fourth Component of Complement
Authors: Pillemer L. , Seifter J. , Ecker E. E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Several amino compounds were tested for their effects on the fourth component of complement. Of these, only primary amines and hydrazine inactivated the fourth component.

Secondary and tertiary amines and negatively or polar substituted amines did not inactivate any portion of complement, except by virtue of their alkalinity.

It is suggested that the amino compounds act upon a carbohydrate complex of the end-piece, and that this complex is the socalled fourth component.
Dissociation of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci Revealed by Size of Hemolytic Zone on Blood Agar Plates
Authors: Solotorovsky Morris , Buchbinder Leon
Published: January 2023

Dissociation of a strain of group A beta hemolytic streptoccus was observed in which the first difference noted was the size of the hemolytic zone of subsurface colonies. The parent type (large hemolytic) produced a zone of 1.82 mm ± 0.05 mm and the variant type (small hemolytic) produced a zone of 1.19 mm ± 0.05 mm. An 18-hour blood broth culture from a single colony of the large hemolytic type which is smooth gives rise with mathematical precision to the small hemolytic dissociant which is matt. The mean rate of dissociation is 1 per cent ± 0.1 per cent.

Of equal interest are the parallel differences exhibited by the two colonial types in two laboratory tests for pathogenicity; mouse virulence and ability to grow in human blood. When the large hemolytic type is injected into mice a majority of cultures of the heart's blood of those which die yield colonies predominantly of the small hemolytic type. On the other hand, cultures from the heart's blood of mice which succumb after inoculation with the small hemolytic type only show colonies of the small hemolytic type. Comparison of the lethality of the two types of colonies for mice made by the inoculation of serial tenfold dilutions indicates that the small hemolytic type is probably more virulent.

When cultures of the large hemolytic type are inoculated into defibrinated human blood which is then incubated and mixed for three hours at 37°C, the large hemolytic type decreases to a fraction of the original inoculum whereas the small hemolytic dissociant which is about 1 per cent of the original inoculum increases to at least 200 per cent of the original inoculum. When the small hemolytic type is inoculated into human blood it multiplies profusely and it alone is observed in the test plates.

The two types appear to be antigenically similar and give the same fermentation, toxin, and final pH reactions.
The Rate of Complement-Formation in Dogs
Authors: Wasserman Philip
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Acute removal of from 50 to 83 per cent of circulating complement has been accomplished by repeated bleeding and replacement of the blood with washed cells and inactivated plasma or washed cells plus acacia and saline.

A restitution of the complement-titer to the normal level occurs in from 14 to 66 hours. In the majority of experiments this occurred within 24 hours.

No quantitative relationship between the rates of formation of serum-proteins and of blood-complement could be demonstrated.
Nonspecific Flocculation of Scarlet-Fever Toxin and Antitoxin
Authors: Bunney William Edward , Koerber Walter L.
Published: January 2023

Evidence of the non-specific character of the scarlatinal toxinantitoxin flocculative reaction is presented. The formation of non-specific antibodies in the horse seems to parallel that of a specific scarlet-fever antitoxin during immunization with toxin containing specific and non-specific antigens. A possible explanation is given as to why the flocculative reaction can be used for evaluating antitoxic titers, whereas doubtful results may be obtained in the determination of toxin-flocculation values.