bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unmasking the Challenges
Authors: Gaggioli Gloria , Kilibarda Pavle
Published: January 2020

International human rights law and international humanitarian law absolutely prohibit all forms of torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment (CIDT) at all times and against anyone, even the worst of criminals. International criminal law moreover provides for the individual criminal responsibility of perpetrators. Nevertheless, there remains a number of legal and practical challenges to overcome in order to ensure the effectiveness of this prohibition. The most visible challenge pertains to the implementation of the prohibition not only in domestic law but also in the concrete practice of law enforcement officials and other State agents. Other—less visible and insufficiently discussed—challenges concern laws and practices that may indirectly impact the effectiveness of the prohibition of torture and CIDT and whose acceptability under public international law is not crystal clear. For instance, is the prohibition of using evidence obtained through torture/CIDT (so-called exclusionary rule) absolute and applicable in all cases? How far does the international law obligation to prosecute and punish torture/CIDT perpetrators go? To what extent may individual perpetrators of torture/CIDT invoke mitigating circumstances or even justifications to avoid or diminish punishment for the commission of such acts in extreme circumstances? Does the passing of lenient sentences upon individual perpetrators of ill-treatment entail the responsibility of the State as a failure to punish? The present chapter will discuss these issues in light of contemporary international practice of various human rights bodies (treaty bodies and UN special procedures) and international/mixed criminal courts and tribunals.
Setting Universal Standards for Non-coercive Interviews and Associated Safeguards
Authors: Méndez Juan E. , Nicolescu Andra
Published: January 2020

This chapter makes the case for the need to develop a universal set of standards (Universal Protocol) for non-coercive investigative interviewing methods and associated legal and procedural safeguards. The purpose of this instrument will be to assist law enforcement officers and other authorities in carrying out their duties effectively, and in full compliance with fundamental human rights obligations. The Universal Protocol will promote an evidence-based, non-coercive model of investigative interviewing that operationalizes the presumption of innocence and ensures that no person under questioning is subjected to torture, ill-treatment, or coercion, including any forms of violence, duress, or threat. The authors elaborate on the legal, ethical, scientific, and practical arguments for the development of the Universal Protocol. Recognizing that all persons—whether suspects, victims, or witnesses—interviewed by authorities during criminal investigations may be confronted with the entire repressive machinery of society, the authors explain why the development of the Universal Protocol is necessary from the perspective of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment. They provide an explanation of how the use of coercive questioning techniques leads to false confessions, wasted resources, results in adverse operational consequences for law enforcement, and ultimately gives rise to more crime and insecurity. The chapter then provides an overview of the envisioned scope and substance of the Universal Protocol, which is expected to (1) elaborate on an evidence-, rapport-based, and empirically-founded investigative interviewing model that centers on the pursuit of truth (as opposed to the pursuit of confessions); and (2) enumerate a set of fundamental legal procedural safeguards designed to protect the physical and mental integrity of all persons during questioning. The authors conclude by discussing the international expert-driven process that is underway to develop the Universal Protocol, and reflect on strategic and substantive progress achieved to date. A call for the support of the development, endorsement, and implementation of the Universal Protocol is also issued by the authors.
Elite Ethnography
Authors: Chancer Lynn S.
Published: January 2020

As a comparison of three journals reveals, ethnographers in the field of US sociology have largely tended to “study up” rather than “study down.” In other words, problems facing marginalized groups have received far more detailed qualitative study than the habits (and habitus) of elite groups. While recognizing that this pattern has recently shifted toward a flowering of cross-national work on elites, this chapter looks at past disparities to investigate whether the difference in ethnographic focus has been—until now—exceptional within the American academic field. Specifically, the chapter focuses on a cross-cultural comparison of French and American ethnographies. In the United States, many ethnographers assume that elites are hard to study because of difficulties related to access. Yet perusing French ethnography reveals that partly due to the theoretical influence of Pierre Bourdieu, well-known work in France like that of Michel and Monique Pinçon-Charlot has long succeeded in providing detailed chronicles of elite groups’ daily lives. This chapter argues that the issue to date has likely involved dispositional orientations as well as challenges of access. There may be subtle reasons, such as concerns with Goffman-like contagion effects, why sociologists unwittingly prefer to study the downtrodden over the privileged. In addition to analyzing the relative influences of access versus dispositional factors, the chapter ends with four reasons why attention to elites is important for ethnography and sociology, as both strive to grasp growing inequalities and the psychosocial causes of recurrent cycles of power and powerlessness.
Multivocality
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

This book frames vocality as a particularly holistic way to investigate the voice in music, as a concept embodying all the implications with which voice is inscribed—the negotiation of sound and Self, individual and culture, medium and meaning, ontology and embodiment. Like identity, vocality is fluid, constructed and reconstructed continually; even the most iconic of singers do not simply exercise a static voice throughout a lifetime. The book highlights such singers in vocal motion, focusing on their transitions and transgressions across genre and gender boundaries, cultural borders, the lines between body and technology, between secular and religious contexts, between found voices and lost ones. And as 21st-century singers habitually perform across styles, genres, cultural contexts, histories, and identities, the author suggests that they are not only performing in multiple vocalities, but more critically, they are performing multivocality—creating and recreating identity through the process of singing with many voices, at once produced by and in resistance against neoliberal expectations. Multivocality, in its focus on the suppressions and soundings of voice in various borderlands of identity, works toward a deeper understanding of voice as a technology of the self and of culture.
Introduction
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

(I am large, I contain multitudes.)

—Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”

On a foggy San Francisco day in 2004, I sat in an empty hallway with a fellow conservatory alumna, passing time until auditions began for the fourth season of American Idol. We belted out Appalachian ballads and traded tunes sharing her fiddle, against a sonic background of nervous would-be pop stars warming up. Though our paths had crossed in college, I hadn’t met her until a mutual friend invited her to join us at the auditions—I was tagging along for my dissertation research, taking notes while they sang hurried, cattle-call covers in front of a judging panel. After we left the stadium, she gave me an autographed copy of her just-completed demo album, which she had titled ...
Finding a Voice
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 begins with an investigation of the history and implications of the phrase “find your voice,” its celebration of individualism and auto-essentialism, and its connections to neoliberal culture. The chapter also explores how singers trained in the western classical tradition create and experience multivocality, as well as the explicit and implicit sociocultural meanings they make in the process. Furthermore, it addresses the vital question “What is my voice?,” and the diverse ways in which classically trained singers who practice multivocality answer as they cross genres and singing styles, and as they navigate across difficult geographical, cultural, and musical borders.
Final Reflections
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

This last chapter of the book highlights two case studies of multivocality in the political climate following the 2016 presidential election, in the contexts of intersectional feminist activism and youth activism against gun violence. It first discusses Asian American singer-songwriter Connie Lim’s song “Quiet,” and her experience when it was adopted as an anthem of the Women’s March movement in 2017. Then, the chapter investigates the voices of young U.S. musicians in the response to a mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. It examines their experiences writing and performing original songs at school walkouts and protests, as well as their understandings of the singing voice as powerfully agentive.
Global Social Media Design
Authors: Sun Huatong
Published: January 2020

Social media users fracture into tribes, but social media ecosystems are globally interconnected technically, socially, culturally, and economically. At the crossroads, Huatong Sun, author of Cross-Cultural Technology Design, presents theory, method, and case studies to uncover the global interconnectedness of social media design and reorient universal design standards. Centering on the dynamics between structure and agency, Sun draws on practices theories and transnational fieldwork and articulates a critical design approach. The culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUE2, or CLUE-squared) framework extends from situated activity to social practice and connects macro institutions with micro interactions to redress asymmetrical relations in everyday life. Why were Japanese users not crazed about Facebook? Would Twitter have been more successful than its copycat Weibo in China if not banned? How did mobilities and value propositions play out in the competition of WhatsApp, WeChat, LINE, and KakaoTalk for global growth? Illustrating the cultural entanglement with a relational view of design, Sun provides three provocative accounts of cross-cultural social media design and use. Concepts such as affordance, genre, and uptake are demonstrated as design tools to bind the material with the discursive and leap from the critical to the generative for culturally sustaining design. Sun calls to reshape the crossroads into a design square where differences are nourished as design resources, where diverse discourses interact for innovation, and where alternative design epistemes thrive from the local. This timely book will appeal to researchers, students, and practitioners who design across disciplines, paradigms, and boundaries to bridge differences in this increasingly globalized world.
Understanding the Criticality of Differences in Cross-Cultural Design
Authors: Sun Huatong
Published: January 2020

This chapter articulates a practice-oriented critical vision of cultural differences to global design and explores how we should productively engage differences in global design practices. Cultural differences in this book refer to the differences that emerge from various categorical identifications such as ethnicity, race, age, class, religion, gender, sexuality, and ability and manifests as ways of life. A practice-oriented critical vision sees cultural differences as dynamic, relational, emergent, contingent, and liminal, in contrast to a simplistic interpretation of cultural differences presented by multiculturalism and other theories. This chapter first reviews why cultural differences matters and then organizes the discussion around four sets of questions: First, how does difference come into being? Second, what is the nature of difference ontologically? Third, how should we treat difference methodologically and practically? Fourth, as designers, how can we turn differences into design resources? And how should we design with, across, and for cultural differences? Based on the articulation of a practice-oriented critical vision of differences that turns communication deficits into design resources, the culturally localized user experience (CLUE) approach is thus developed into the approach of culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUEE), simplified as the CLUE2 (CLUE-squared) approach. Examples of race construction and social media design cases are provided to enrich the discussion.
The Forensic Approach to Experience
Authors: Tumulty Maura
Published: January 2020

If experiences are alienable, then it must be possible for them to be influenced by aspects of ourselves toward which we might take a critical attitude. This requires that beliefs, biases, emotions, and fatigue can influence our experiences. This chapter explores several pathways through which such influence could travel, and argues that it can and does occur. To establish such influence, it is not necessary to prove that cognitive activity penetrates early perceptual processing. It is also unnecessary, when considering the effects of bias on experience, to assume that every aspect of current research on tacit bias will be fully vindicated. The claim that some experiences are alienable is not hostage to either of these particular empirical questions.
The Humble Cosmopolitan
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

Cosmopolitanism is said by many critics to be arrogant. In emphasizing universal moral principles and granting no fundamental significance to national or other group belonging, it is held to wrongly treat those making non-universalist claims as not authorized to speak, while at the same time implicitly treating those in non-Western societies as not qualified. This book works to address such objections. It does so in part by engaging the work of B.R. Ambedkar, architect of India’s 1950 Constitution and revered champion of the country’s Dalits (formerly “untouchables”). Ambedkar cited universal principles of equality and rights in confronting domestic exclusions and the “arrogance” of caste. He sought to advance forms of political humility, or the affirmation of equal standing within political institutions and openness to input and challenge within them. This book examines how an “institutional global citizenship” approach to cosmopolitanism could similarly advance political humility, in supporting the development of democratic input, exchange, and challenge mechanisms beyond the state. It employs grounded normative theory methods, taking insights for the model from field research among Dalit activists pressing for domestic reforms through the UN human rights regime, and from their critics in the governing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party. Insights also are taken from Turkish protesters challenging a rising domestic authoritarianism, and from UK Independence Party members supporting “Brexit” from the European Union—in part because of possibilities that predominantly Muslim Turkey will join. Overall, it is shown, an appropriately configured institutional cosmopolitanism should orient fundamentally to political humility rather than arrogance, while holding significant potential for advancing global rights protections.
Power without Knowledge
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

Technocrats claim to know how to solve the social and economic problems of complex modern societies. But this would require predicting how people will act once technocrats impose their policy solutions. Power Without Knowledge argues that people’s ideas, w hich govern their deliberate actions, are too heterogeneous for their behavior to be reliably predicted. Thus, a technocracy of social-scientific experts cannot be expected to accomplish its objectives. The author also shows that a large part of contemporary mass politics, even populist mass politics, is technocratic, as members of the general public often assume that they are competent to decide which policies or politicians will be able to solve social and economic problems. How, then, do “citizen-technocrats” make these decisions? Drawing on political psychology and survey research, the author contends that people often assume that the solutions to social problems are self-evident, such that politics becomes a matter of vetting public officials for their good intentions and strong wills, not their knowledge. Turning to the more conventional meaning of technocracy, the author argues that social scientists, too, drastically oversimplify technocratic realities, but in an entirely different manner. Neoclassical economists, for example, theorize that people respond rationally to the incentives they face. This theory is simplistic, but it creates the appearance that people’s behavior is predictable. Without such oversimplifications, the author argues, technocracy would be seen by technocrats themselves to be chimerical.
Technocracy and Interpretation
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

The Lippmann-Dewey debate might have gone better had Dewey appealed to his evolutionary epistemology, according to which human intelligence evolved in such a way as to allow it to predict the outcomes of our interactions with the natural environment. This would have allowed Lippmann to suggest that the modern social environment is less predictable than the natural environment, shifting attention to his tacit social ontology. Insofar as the social environment is determined by human action, action by interpretation, and interpretation by ideas; and insofar as ideas are heterogeneous, non-random, and inaccessible to observation, as Lippmann held; it follows that technocrats may be unable to predict behavior reliably. Consider, in comparison, intellectual historians’ interpretations of the behavior of well-documented individuals: such interpretations are much easier to get right then are predictions of the behavior of anonymous others in the future, predictions of the sort that technocrats must produce. Yet intellectual historians inevitably disagree among one another, entailing that some or all of their interpretations are wrong.
Epistocracy and the Spiral of Conviction
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

The pathological responses to the pressure to predict stem from social-scientific ideas that efface agents’ ideational determination. Thus, these responses are vulnerable to a cultural shift toward the recognition of ideational determination. In contrast, there would seem to be little hope of escape from the spiral of conviction. This is the tendency of increasing levels of knowledge to correspond with increasing dogmatism. The theory of motivated reasoning explains this correlation by suggesting that people irrationally—but in some sense deliberately—buttress their beliefs against disconfirmation, using greater knowledge as “ammunition” in the self-confirmatory endeavor. The theory of the spiral of conviction instead attributes dogmatism to the inadvertent buttressing that confirmatory information gives to the interpretations that screen in such information by rendering it legible and plausible. Economists’ reaction to discordant evidence about the cause of the financial crisis suggests that the spiral of conviction can afflict influential scholars and epistocrats in the real world, with potentially dangerous results.
Capitalism, Socialism, and Technocracy
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

An alternative to the Hobson’s choice may be called “exitocracy.” In such a regime, exit would be preferred to voice when possible. This would enable people to experiment, as Dewey advocated, but without attempting to understand or predict the ideas and behavior of millions of anonymous others, as technocracy expects us to do. Exit is not a panacea for social problems, but it may be a superior remedy to those offered by technocracy, which make exacting epistemic demands. An exitocracy would facilitate exit by creating a robust private sphere, enabling capitalist competition to provide alternative solutions to people’s personally experienced problems, and an equally robust program of socialist wealth redistribution to enable people to pay for these solutions. Public goods, though, would still have to be provided in traditional technocratic fashion. This raises the question of whether the critique of technocracy is best seen as institutional or, instead, as cultural.
Locality and Logophoricity
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle
Published: January 2020

Anaphors such as English herself, French elle-même, and Mandarin ziji are usually claimed to obey locality requirements stated by Condition A of Binding Theory. But we observe that in various languages, the same anaphors can be exempt from these locality requirements under certain conditions. The goal of this book is to describe and explain this widespread dual behavior of anaphors on the basis of French, English, Mandarin, Korean, and Icelandic. First, several strategies are proposed for distinguishing between the two possible behaviors of anaphors. Plain instances of anaphors require local and exhaustive binding, as well as sloppy readings in ellipsis. Exempt instances of anaphors, however, only require a logophorical interpretation, that is, to occur in phrases expressing the first-personal, mental perspective of their antecedent. Second, a new theory of exempt anaphora is proposed, which consists in deriving all properties distinguishing exempt from plain anaphors to one: the presence of a silent, syntactically represented logophoric operator introducing a local, perspectival binder for superficially exempt anaphors. This hypothesis parsimoniously reduces exempt to plain anaphors obeying Condition A, thus directly accounting for the cross-linguistically widespread morphological identity of plain and exempt anaphors. Under this proposal, the reason why exempt anaphors appear to escape locality requirements is that their binder is implicit, and their mandatory logophoric interpretation derives from the nature of this binder. Finally, several diagnostics are provided for testing the hypothesis that so-called long-distance anaphors can be analyzed just like exempt instances of anaphors.
The Chamber Tombs of the Trapeza, Aigion
Authors: Borgna Elisabetta , De Angeli Gaspare
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents some preliminary data concerning two Mycenaean chamber tombs that have been object of stratigraphic investigations at the necropolis of Trapeza of Aigion (Achaea) since 2012. This funerary site is known in the literature on the basis of materials retrieved in 1930 and stored in the museum of Aigion, but it has never been precisely localized. The main aim of this analysis is to provide substantial information concerning the complex life-cycle of the tombs, starting with their construction in pure sand along the slope of the hill, followed by several phases of use and reuse implying at times a complete clearance, ending with their collapse. The chapter draws particular attention to both the stratigraphy of the funerary occupation and the topography, mode of disposal, and state of preservation of several findings, in order to understand as much as possible about primary and secondary funerary rites and other actions performed within the chambers and in the dromoi. Data related to the processes of decay and collapse of the tombs as well as to some evidence of later occupation of the area, after its funerary use, is also considered in order to obtain a deeper insight into the dynamics of formation and transformation of the long-lasting social landscape of the Trapeza area.
Claiming Social Identities in the Mortuary Landscape of the Late Bronze Age Communities of Macedonia
Authors: Triantaphyllou Sevi , Andreou Stelios
Published: January 2020

Burial practices in Late Bronze Age Macedonia do not manifest particularly elaborate traits in terms of grave architecture and prestigious items accompanying the dead. In contrast to practices in the southern mainland, local communities adopted subtler and less homogeneous forms of treating the deceased in an attempt to signify their particular identities in the cultural, political, and symbolic landscape. Recent research has established a special focus on descent in extramural cemeteries, such as the cist grave cemetery with multiple burials at Spathes on Mount Olympus, the tumuli of Western Macedonia and Southern Pieria, the burial enclosures of Faia Petra, and the tumuli at Exochi and Potamoi in Eastern Macedonia. In Central Macedonia, on the other hand, where tell settlements dominate the natural and symbolic landscape, burial practices possess a less prominent place in the social space. The dominant trait here seems to be the absence of formal mortuary practices. Burials may occur within the settlement without special care regarding the treatment of the dead, but with a desire to mark out the links of the deceased with particular residential groups. The handling of death in Late Bronze Age Macedonia emerges therefore as a powerful practice, which was manipulated in different modes by the living communities in order to claim a diverse set of social identities and significant properties in the diverse cultural landscape and the varied political scenery of the area.
Singing Republican Ascendance
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

American songwriters sonically represented the Republican takeover of the presidency with Jefferson’s election in 1800. Songwriters articulated a new narrative of Republican ascendance and political legitimacy. Counteracting years of Federalist assaults and their caricature of the “dangerous Democrat,” Republicans foregrounded a new image of Jefferson, cast the Federalists as evildoers, and stressed the Republican party’s laudable priorities and values. They creatively reworked songs that had come to symbolize Federalist power and legitimacy in previous years, along with songs in transatlantic circulation, and they adapted specific rhetorical and narrative techniques from Federalist precedents. Federalists, despairing of their marginalized status, contested this narrative with cutting satire, personal attacks, and a sectional counternarrative.
Protestant Paramilitary Mothering
Authors: McEvoy Sandra M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores what often appear to be the irreconcilable differences between embracing and resisting normative tropes of maternity and motherhood that have long preoccupied some feminist scholars of International Relations. Drawing on interview data collected by McEvoy from 2006 to 2017, the chapter interrogates the use of political violence by politically violent mothers who served in Protestant paramilitary organizations (PPOs) in Northern Ireland during the 30-year conflict between 1968 and 1998. The chapter sheds new light on understanding mothers’ roles in political violence in their service to PPOs by exploring motivation for participation and familial opinions of this participation. To further complicate women’s revelations in this regard, the chapter investigates the strategic (gendered) benefits and implications of mothers who embrace political violence. The chapter also reaches beyond scholarly interpretations of motherhood and political violence by including of a coauthor and key informant, “Chloe White.” Chloe is a mother and former member of a PPO in Northern Ireland, and her insights on the relationship between political violence and motherhood complement similar insights from more than a dozen PPO mothers who participated in groups during the conflict.
Logics of Protection and the Discursive Construction of Refugee Fathers
Authors: Hall Lucy B.
Published: January 2020

Images of war-affected populations generally affirm the gendered war story that the majority of civilians and refugees are “womenandchildren.” The “womenandchildren” discourse remains prominent in constituting humanitarian protection norms that (re)produce the gendered distinction. Western European discourses concerning refugee masculinity posit two narratives—refugee men as potential terrorists and/or rapists and refugee men as caring, paternal saviors. This chapter explores the latter, questioning whether discourses that construct refugee men as caregivers and saviors are a departure from the “womenandchildren” narrative so dominant in gendered war stories. Accordingly, the chapter argues that the discursive construction of refugee masculinities reproduces the heteronormative family and is an intrinsic feature of the gendered war story of refugee men. In conclusion, the author suggests that this narrative of “refugee father” presents a partial disruption to the discursive construction of the “ideal victim(s)” (women, children, and the elderly). The disruption from the “ideal victim” image is, however, only partial, because images of refugee men as fathers remain intelligible through troubling logics of gender, race, and sexuality.
Bearing Peace and War
Authors: Sjoberg Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the ways that marriage, marriage consummation, and motherhood made the state, both territorially and representationally, in the Peace of the Pyrenees and its aftermath. It argues that seventeenth-century Spain and France were in part made in the (imaginaries of and then the physical instantiation of) the uterus of Maria Teresa, Hapsburg princess of Spain and Archduchess of Austria until her marriage in 1660 to Louis XIV of France. It situates reproductive demands on Maria Teresa in the general pronatalist pressures of seventeenth-century France or in the context of royal wives’ explicitly reproductive roles. It begins with a brief discussion of the historical context of the conflict between France and Spain and the circumstances of the marriage (and the Peace of the Pyrenees). It then discusses marriage, sexuality, and territory evidenced in the politics around Maria Teresa’s marriage, her sexual relationship with Louis XIV, and (political concerns about) her (actual and potential) offspring. It links those anxieties and complications to the War of Spanish Succession, considering the relationship of dynastic motherhood to the making of the state, and the depersonalization of the figure of the mother in state-making.
Ideal Citizens and Family Values
Authors: Weissman Anna L.
Published: January 2020

Motherhood is political, fundamental to the social (re)production of values, norms, and culture. This chapter shows how the institution of Motherhood, “family values,” and traditional gender roles have been coopted by the rhetoric of the nation and institutionalized by the state as a site of difference, (re)producing Insiders and Outsiders, exclusionary logics of collectivity, and embodied national boundaries. The chapter first identifies and defines “biological” reproductive difference as the foundation of traditional sex/gender roles, particularly emphasizing the focus on procreation in normative femininity. Reproductive difference is foundational to Western patriarchal society and its definitions of kinship, family, and sociopolitical belonging. I differentiate the patriarchal institution of Motherhood and the active “mothering,” showing how the institution of Motherhood privileges heterosexual, reproductive sex and essentializes the (cisgender/heterosexual) female body as necessarily reproductive. This normative maternal identity is racialized and can be seen through the politics of reproductive fitness. I examine this through an analysis of differences in sterilization laws and practices across the globe. Sterilization is accessible and/or enforced differently based on one’s identity; gender/sexual orientation, race, class, and ability dictate both historically and in modern society voluntary and involuntary sterilization practices. Ultimately, I demonstrate that one of the products of the institution of Motherhood is a normative model of raced female sexuality: a necessarily reproductive, white female sexuality.
Mother Knows Best?
Authors: Wilson Rebecca
Published: January 2020

This chapter utilizes a critical maternal theory to examine rape politics and, particularly, children born from forced sex, focusing on the 2017 UK “rape clause.” The UK Conservative new tax credit policy limits parents to claim and receive benefits for only two children, as part of new austerity measures, except under extenuating circumstances, for example, if a child had been “conceived without consent.” This is colloquially known as the “rape clause.” By unpacking this policy, this chapter highlights the tension between the state, as the patriarchal caregiver, and the citizen, constructed as an inadequate carer. These patterns of power are visible through the lens of critical maternal ethics. This lens’s strength in moral epistemology, obtained by valuing the virtues of care, is crucial in communicating how these moral boundaries are constructed and permitted through power hierarchies. Therefore, this chapter argues that a critical maternal theory can act as resistance against masculine policies by uncovering these moral boundaries that legitimize rape politics, such as the “rape clause.”
Raising Children in Strangeness
Authors: Goetze Catherine
Published: January 2020

Raising children in strangeness throws up multiple dilemmas for mothers, especially if they are working. Living abroad, raising children in multinational and multilingual families, and at the same time jockeying work–life balances within families require constant negotiation of claims for equality and demands for difference. Such dilemmas are reinforced if mothering is dependent on the care of another woman, the nanny. Drawing on auto-ethnographic observations, this chapter discusses how cosmopolitan competence allows living (yet not solving) such dilemmas. Cosmopolitan attitudes in mothering allow the mother’s position to be accepted as strange in her own family and social environment; they minoritize the mother’s position toward the nanny and, hence, constitute bridges rather than obstacles to overcome the multiple dilemmas of mothering in strangeness.
Earthborn
Authors: Daggett Cara
Published: January 2020

This chapter takes up the ecological debate over maternity in the Anthropocene, a time in which prominent feminists like Donna Haraway are advocating against reproduction and natality. In focusing on population figures, Haraway and others have (re)ignited a debate about whether such concerns can ever be separated from the history of racist reproductive governance. The author focuses on feminist debates over maternity itself—as practice and ethics—and reasserts maternity and natality as important critical resources for living in the Anthropocene. What might we gain if we could approach the problem of reproduction without renouncing natality? Thinking with maternity and natality presents just as many risks as thinking with population, given the common tendency to essentialize women-as-mothers and to romanticize maternity to the detriment of women. The author turns to Italian feminist philosopher Adriana Cavarero, who proposes maternal inclination as a founding moment for a postural ethics. The chapter proceeds through a familiar maternal genre, offering a collection of birth stories that begin to weave Cavarero’s inclination into Haraway’s non-natalism. The author concludes by arguing that maternal inclination is an important conduit for achieving multispecies reproductive justice.
Crude Intentions
Authors: Gillies Alexandra
Published: January 2020

Billions of dollars stolen from citizens are circling the globe, enriching powerful individuals, altering political outcomes, and disadvantaging everyday people. Where does one begin to fight corruption of this magnitude? To find answers, this book examines the corruption crisis that erupted during the recent oil boom. Telling stories drawn from cases of corruption around the world, the book reveals how company bosses have signed off on risky schemes, kleptocrats have used oil wealth to cement their hold on power, and armies of bankers, accountants, and lawyers have stashed the stolen loot offshore. However, these stories also reveal vulnerabilities in this web of fraud and show how prosecutors, journalists, and activists have succeeded in battling back. These are the starting points for building a smarter fight against corruption, in the oil sector and well beyond.
Perceptual Variation and Relativism
Authors: Morrison John
Published: January 2020

There is variation in how people perceive colors and other secondary qualities. The challenge of perceptual variation is to say whose perceptions are accurate. According to Sextus, Protagoras’ response is that all of our perceptions might be accurate. As this response is traditionally developed, it is difficult to explain color illusion and color constancy. This difficulty is due to a widespread assumption called perceptual atomism. This chapter argues that, if we want to develop Protagoras’ response, we need to give up perceptual atomism. It ends with a brief sketch of an alternative called perceptual structuralism.
Sextan Skepticism and the Rise and Fall of German Idealism
Authors: Berry Jessica N.
Published: January 2020

The importance of skepticism for the development of German Idealism is by now widely acknowledged. But the history of Idealism has been narrated chiefly by scholars sympathetic to its ambitions and arguments. To that extent, it has been an interested history, constructed in a predominantly apologetic spirit. Historical work pursued in this spirit, however, runs the risk of producing (and reproducing) vindicating narratives, whose dominance can obscure the visibility and downplay the viability of competing (in this case, skeptical) positions. This chapter challenges the soundness of the vindicating narrative by examining the impact and significance of the polemical work Aenesidemus, published anonymously in 1792 by G. E. Schulze, which reanimated a form of Greek skepticism uniquely outfitted to cut to the very heart of German Idealism. Schulze not only disputed the success of its arguments, but called into question fundamental, guiding presuppositions that the Idealists were not obviously equipped to defend.
The First Riddle of Induction
Authors: Vlasits Justin
Published: January 2020

What, exactly, is puzzling about induction? While the so-called problem of induction is normally introduced through David Hume’s famous argument, this essay shows how Sextus Empiricus gets to the heart of the matter. When properly understood, Sextus’ argument shows how the very power of inductive reasoning—its ability to move from particulars to universals—is at the same time what makes it “totter.” The argument has only been analyzed in any detail by the formal learning theorist Kevin Kelly, who uses the formal tools of computability theory and topology to mount a principled response. It is shown that this response depends on questionable assumptions and thus that they have not resolved Sextus’ riddle of induction.
Gravitational-Wave Astronomy
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This book provides an introduction to gravitational-wave astronomy and a survey of the physics required to understand recent breakthrough discoveries and the potential of future experiments. The material is aimed at advanced undergraduates or postgraduate students. It works as an introduction to the relevant issues and brings the reader to the level where it connects with current research. The book provides interested astronomers with an understanding of this new window to the Universe, including a relatively self-contained summary of Einstein’s geometric theory of gravity. It introduces gravitational-wave data analysts to the range of physics issues that impact on the modelling of different sources. The material also connects with fundamental physics, which is natural since gravitational-wave signals from neutron stars may help constrain our understanding of matter at extreme densities, helping nuclear and particle physicists appreciate how their models fit into the bigger picture.
[347]Analysis and Critique of the Philosophy of Natural Law
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents an analysis and critique of the philosophy of natural law. The chapter is divided into epistemological, psychological, political, and juridico-theoretical points of analysis and critique. Through examples of the historical variability of natural law systems, the epistemological section demonstrates the arbitrariness of the fundamental postulates of natural law concerning the nature of existence or of man; and of the legal-ethical ideas deduced from this foundation. This arbitrariness is due to the fact that the ultimate foundations of natural law are to be found in private ideas of justice; in intra-subjective self-evident contemplations, which raise the postulates of natural law above inter-subjective control. The psychological section supplements the principled critique by explaining why people find the ethical-metaphysical speculations of natural law attractive in spite of their emptiness. The political section argues that the function of natural law throughout history has primarily been a conservative one, although it has also been both evolutionary and revolutionary. The juridico-theoretical section argues that rationalism turned natural law from a moral into a genuinely legal discipline, conceiving of natural law as a set of natural rights located above, or behind, positive rights. This duplicating of the legal system had the effect of confusing the concepts and doing damage to juristic analysis and the treatment of juridico-political problems.
The Rise and Return of the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis
Published: January 2020

In the twenty-first century, the Indo-Pacific region has become the new centre of the world. The concept of the ‘Indo-Pacific’’, though still under construction, is a potentially pivotal site, where various institutions and intellectuals of statecraft are seeking common ground on which to anchor new regional coalitions, alliances, and allies to better serve their respective national agendas. This book explores the Indo-Pacific as an ambiguous and hotly contested regional security construction. It critically examines the major drivers behind the revival of classical geopolitical concepts and their deployment through different national lenses. The book also analyses the presence of India and the US in the Indo-Pacific, and the manner in which China has reacted to their positions in the Indo-Pacific to date. It suggests that national constructions of the Indo-Pacific region are more informed by domestic political realities, anti-Chinese bigotries, distinctive properties of twenty-first century US hegemony, and narrow nation-statist sentiments rather than genuine pan-regional aspirations. The book argues that the spouting of contested depictions of the Indo-Pacific region depend on the fixed geostrategic lenses of nation-states, but what is also important is the re-emergence of older ideas—a classical conceptual revival—based on early to mid-twentieth century geopolitical ideas in many of these countries. The book deliberately raises the issue of the sea and constructions of ‘nature’, as these symbols are indispensable parts of many of these Indo-Pacific regional narratives.
Maritime Regional Theories
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis
Published: January 2020

Various countries and cultures, washed by the waters of these amorphous oceanic boundaries and sea spaces, are currently seeking to establish exclusive territorial claims over these water spaces by invoking stories and narratives taken from pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial eras. In this chapter we select some of these stories, often used in an attempt to legitimate ‘natural’, more essentialist relationships between certain cultures and/or nation-states with their surrounding seas. These narratives both challenge and/or support the broader international system and its rule of law; creating internal tropes, strengthening domestic support for state-building programs in the region/s. But the Indo-Pacific is more than a contestation between nation-statist imaginations and aspirations. It also invokes stories which seek to develop and celebrate a shared ‘maritime regionalism’ beyond the exclusive and usually dominant politics of nation-states. Finally, a third interpretive category is used: the construction of the Indo-Pacific as a globalized ‘non-space’.
The Role of India in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis
Published: January 2020

The construct of the ‘Indo-Pacific’ as a new ‘regional’ identity is garnering recognition in both foreign and defence policy institutions in India. Although the Indo-Pacific concept is currently ‘in vogue’, the essential motivations behind India’s self-proclaimed—and alleged centrality—in the Asian strategic space, are not particularly new. In fact, in this chapter we posit that it is quite the opposite: the construction of the ‘region’ possesses enduring historical connections to British imperialism alongside Indian nationalism. The works of post-independence Indian strategic thinkers such as Caroe and Panikkar will be further drawn upon to illustrate how their traditional geopolitical rationales and arguments remain integral to contemporary Indian framings of the Indo-Pacific. Examples taken from current Indian government policies and projects, such as Project Mausam, will be utilized to contextualize these concepts and geopolitical imaginations.
The Rise of China and the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents an overview and critical analysis of the nature of the rise of China and its geopolitical and geo-economic implications for the Indo-Pacific region. The chapter is in six parts—China’s inexorable rise; China’s reform agenda; China’s regional trade relationships; China’s Belt and Road Initiative; the South China Sea dispute; and the future for a risen China. It is argued that the Indo-Pacific concept has little if any relevance in the conduct of current or future Chinese foreign policy. Indeed, at an annual media conference in Beijing in 2018 the Chinese foreign minister, Wang Yi, reportedly mocked the US–Australia preference for describing the Asia-Pacific region as the ‘Indo-Pacific’ as an example of attention grabbing. Rather, China has proposed a reform strategy for relations among great powers which emphasizes a more equal relationship with the US and the need for a balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region.