bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the performance of debris screens at culverts
Authors: Blanc Janice , Wallerstein Nicholas P. , Arthur Scott , Wright Grant B.
Published: April 2013

Construction of a culvert will impact ambient hydraulic characteristics such that upstream flow depths may increase due to any constriction at the inlet. Exacerbating this, flow can be further restricted within a culvert due to internal blockage by debris. Screens to prevent debris entering a culvert may also cause blockages, thus heightening the flood risk. In response to this problem, the research reported in this paper made use of a Froude-scaled physical model to investigate how screen blockage by debris is influenced by the geometry and positioning of a screen. Analysis based on 105 000 debris passes is used to show that, as expected, the potential for screen blockage by debris increases as the ratio of debris length to bar spacing increases. Furthermore, screen angle and position is shown to have a significant influence on blockage potential. This research involved the development of a methodology that can be used to assess the efficiency of different trash screen configurations. To build upon the analysis from this initial research and continue working towards the development of a predictive model that can aid future screen design, the research needs to be extended to look at the process of cumulative debris build up on screens.
Realising the benefits of integrated urban drainage models
Authors: Digman Christopher J , Anderson Nicholas , Rhodes Gwen , Balmforth David J , Kenney Stephen
Published: April 2013

Managing urban flood risk can be complicated owing to drainage system interaction, and modelling these interactions has until recently been confined to relatively small areas. The interactions between the above- and below-ground systems can be crucial when predicting where flooding occurs. Recent advances in computational power and software has enabled, for the first time, detailed modelling of below- and above-ground drainage systems, across city-wide applications. A case study of integrated modelling across Glasgow is presented. A hierarchical approach to modelling flood risk is taken, initially using a coarse topographical model linking with available sewer and watercourse models. Hot spot areas are identified using a consequence assessment to identify communities to consider in more detail. Five communities are selected for more detailed analysis, where a more detailed integrated model is used to assess flood risk and annual average damages. A hierarchical solution development approach is applied to test solutions in stages. Using flood risk and assessing damages enables a benefit assessment of potential solutions across a wider area for a range of events. The work demonstrates that techniques, ideas and innovative solutions are now able to be drawn together in a truly integrated approach to managing flood risk.
Determining side-weir discharge coefficient using Anfis
Authors: Seyedian Seyed Morteza , Jalili Ghazizadeh Mohammadreza , Tareghian Reza
Published: April 2013

The effects of parameters such as weir length, height of weir, water depth at weir entrance and bed slope on the discharge coefficient of a rectangular sharp-crested side weir were analysed using standard linear regression and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (Anfis). The results showed that the Anfis model performed better than the regression model in all different scenarios defined in this study. Anfis can simulate the discharge coefficient better than the regression model and always works better. Without considering the channel slope, both models represent satisfactory results, but the Anfis model shows more sensitivity to channel slope than does the regression model. Based on the results of this study, the Anfis model is suggested for estimation of side weir discharge coefficient.
Wettability Alteration in High-Temperature and High-Salinity Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Sharma Gaurav , Mohanty Kishore K.
Published: April 2013

The goal of this work was to change the wettability of a carbonate rock from mixed-wet toward water-wet at high temperature and high salinity. Three types of surfactants in dilute concentrations (<0.2 wt%) were used. Initial surfactant screening was performed on the basis of aqueous stability at these harsh conditions. Contact-angle experiments on aged calcite plates were conducted to narrow the list of surfactants, and spontaneous-imbibition experiments were conducted on field cores for promising surfactants. Secondary waterflooding was carried out in cores with and without the wettability-altering surfactants. It was observed that most but not all surfactants were aqueous-unstable by themselves at these harsh conditions. Dual-surfactant systems, mixtures of a nonionic and a cationic surfactant, increased the aqueous stability. Some of the dual-surfactant systems proved effective for wettability alteration and could recover could recover 70 to 80% OOIP (original oil in place) during spontaneous imbibition. Secondary waterflooding with the wettability-altering surfactant increased the oil recovery over the waterflooding without the surfactants (from 29 to 40% of OOIP).
Frac Packing: Best Practices and Lessons Learned From More Than 600 Operations
Authors: Weirich John , Li Jeff , Abdelfattah Tarik , Pedroso Carlos
Published: April 2013

Frac packing is a completion technique that merges two distinct processes—hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing. The main challenge of a frac-pack completion is the successful creation of high-conductivity fractures with the tip-screenout (TSO) technique and the placement of proppant within those fractures and in the annulus between the screen and wellbore wall. This is further compounded by having to do so in an ultra high-permeability environment, in which high fluid-leakoff rates are evident.

From 1997 to 2006, job data from more than 600 frac-packing operations, representing an estimated 5% of the worldwide total, have been compiled into a database. This paper reviews well information and key frac-packing parameters. Also summarized are engineering implementations and challenges, best practices, and lessons learned. Essential frac-pack design parameters that were attained from the step-rate test (SRT) and minifrac test are evaluated. These include bottomhole pressure, rock-closure time, and fracturing-fluid efficiency. Downhole pressure and temperature are also discussed because of their importance to the post-completion efficiency evaluation and fracturing-fluid-optimization phase.

Worldwide case histories are provided that demonstrate how to both deploy different frac-packing systems and pack the wellbore during extreme conditions with improved packing efficiency and a higher chance of success.
Fluid/Rock Interactions During CO2 Sequestration in Deep Saline Carbonate Aquifers: Laboratory and Modeling Studies
Authors: Mohamed I.M.. M. , Nasr-El-Din H.A.. A.
Published: April 2013

Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection in carbonate formations causes a reduction in the well injectivity caused by precipitation of the reaction products between CO2, rock, and brine. The precipitated material includes sulfate and carbonate scales. The homogeneity of the carbonate rock, in terms of mineralogy and rock structure, is an important factor that affects the behavior of permeability changes during CO2 injection.

Limestone rocks that were tested in this study included homogeneous Pink Desert limestone and Austin chalk, which were mainly calcite; heterogeneous Silurian dolomite (composed of 98 wt% carbonate minerals and 2 wt% silicate minerals); and heterogeneous Indiana limestone, which was mainly calcite and had vugs.

Experiments were conducted to compare the permeability loss between these rocks during corefloods. CO2 was injected with the water-alternating-gas (WAG) technique. Different brines were examined, including sulfate-bearing seawater and no-sulfate seawater. The experiments were run at a backpressure of 1,300 psi, a temperature of 200°F, and an injection rate of 5 cm3/min. A compositional-simulator tool (CMG-GEM) was used to predict the Carman-Kozeny and power-law exponents on the basis of the experimental results.

More damage was observed for heterogeneous rocks compared with the homogeneous cores—the source of damage to permeability for high-permeability cores is the precipitation of reaction products—but for low-permeability cores, capillary forces between CO2 and brine increase the severity of formation damage. The form of the precipitated material changes depending on the core mineralogy and permeability. The simulation study showed that for the cores tested in this study, power-law exponent and Carman–Kozeny exponent between 5 and 6 can be used for the homogeneous carbonate rock to estimate the change in permeability depending on change in porosity, whereas a larger exponent is needed for heterogeneous cores.
Synthesis and Size Control of Monodispersed Al-Sulfonated Polycarboxylic Acid Nanoparticles and Their Transport in Porous Media
Authors: Yan Chao , Kan Amy T. , Wang Wei , Wang Lu , Tomson Mason B.
Published: April 2013

Sulfonated polymers are used in the oil field for scale inhibition. In this study, Al-sulfonated polycarboxylic acid (Al-SPCA) hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by taking an environmentally friendly approach. The particle size of these materials was controlled at approximately 80 nm by applying hydrothermal synthetic methods with urea as a slow-neutralization agent. Reaction parameters (e.g., concentration of salt solution, reaction time, urea concentration, and ionic strength) were investigated to optimize NP synthesis. The mobility of Al-SPCA hybrid NPs decreases dramatically in a 1% (wt/wt) KCl solution. With phosphinopolycarboxylic acid (PPCA) as a dispersant, NPs were well-suspended in a 1% KCl solution. Absorption of PPCA by hybrid NPs increases their negative surface charge and decreases particle deposition. The retention and flowback performance of hybrid NPs was compared with the neat-chemical-squeeze simulation in ground-core-column experiments. The results show that the slow release of sulfonated polymer from solid hybrid NPs in a porous medium may have potential inhibitor-treatment application in the oil field.
Meeting Asia's Future Gas Import Demand With Stranded Natural Gas From Central Asia, Russia, Southeast Asia, and Australia
Authors: Attanasi E.D.. D. , Freeman P.A.. A.
Published: April 2013

This analysis shows the important contribution that stranded gas from central Asia, Russia, Southeast Asia, and Australia can make in meeting the projected demand for gas imports of China, India, Japan, and South Korea from 2020 to 2040. The estimated delivered costs of pipeline gas from stranded fields in Russia and central Asia at Shanghai, China, are generally less than delivered costs of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Australia and Malaysia are initially the lowest-cost LNG suppliers. In the concluding section, it is argued that Asian LNG demand is price-sensitive, and that current Asian LNG pricing procedures are unlikely to be sustainable for gas import demand to attain maximum potential growth. Resource volumes in stranded fields evaluated can nearly meet projected import demands.
Finite Horizontal Well in a Uniform-Thickness Reservoir Crossing a Natural Fracture Normally
Authors: Prats Michael , Raghavan R..
Published: April 2013

The instantaneous source solutions of Prats and Raghavan (2012) and the method of images are used to develop analytic expressions for the pressure distribution in a three-region composite reservoir of finite thickness produced by a finite-length horizontal well that is oriented perpindicular to the interfaces. The composite reservoir is assumed to be infinite in its lateral extents; the outer regions represent the reservoir, and the central region represents a thin natural fracture of relatively high permeability. In most of the cases considered, the well is completed in all three zones. The computational scheme is shown to be both viable and robust. The Shanks (1955) transformation is used to accelerate convergence. Pressure traces are logarithmic in time at early and late times for any well configuration examined here. Early-time pressure characteristics are similar to those discussed in Prats and Raghavan (2012). The duration of the early semilogarithmic responses is mediated not only by the presence of the higher-permeability natural fracture, as before, but also now by the interaction of the upper and lower boundaries with the well. Late-time semilogarithmic responses, however, are distinctly different. Their slope is inversely proportional to the product of the formation thickness and the arithmetic average permeability of the two regions that sandwich the fracture. This result holds even when the well does not cross the natural fracture. We expect this conclusion to apply to a composite system consisting of more than three regions. Observations concerning the late-time slope represent the central finding of this study. A relationship is given for the late-time performance of any horizontal well in terms of that of a vertical well with a constant pseudoskin. Pseudoskin equivalents are reported for all cases discussed.
Beyond False Belief: Theory of Mind in Young, Young-Old, and Old-Old Adults
Authors: Cavallini Elena , Lecce Serena , Bottiroli Sara , Palladino Paola , Pagnin Adriano
Published: April 2013

Theory of mind (ToM) refers to humans' ability to recognize the existence of mental states, such as beliefs, emotions, and desires. The literature on ToM in aging and on the relationship between ToM and other cognitive functions, like executive functions, is not homogenous. The aim of the present study was to explore the course of ToM and to investigate the role of working memory, inhibition, and language on the possible age differences in ToM. To address these issues, we examined ToM using the Strange Stories task and executive function task in three age groups. Results showed that young adults outperform both old groups on the ToM stories. This difference remains significant also when controlling for working memory and inhibitory control. Our findings suggest a specific impairment in inferring mental states starting from 60 years of age that seems to be independent of changes in executive functions.
Prostaglandin E2 in apical tissue fluid and postoperative pain in intact and teeth with large restorations in two endodontic treatment visits
Authors: Grga Djurica , Dzeletovic Bojan , Damjanov Marija , Hajdukovic-Dragojlovic Ljiljana
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Acute periapical inflammation is the most common cause of
postoperative pain developing as a result of mechanical, chemical and/or
microbial injury of periapical tissue. The major inflammatory event
responsible for periapical pain is increased vasodilatation and vascular
permeability, partly caused by prostaglandin E2, with consequent edema, which
leads to the compression of nerve fibers. Objective. The aim of this study
was to determine the concentrations of prostaglandin E2 in apical tissue
fluid after endodontic treatment of intact and teeth with large restorations
and to compare it with the occurrence and intensity of postoperative pain.
Methods. Single-rooted teeth of 24 patients, selected for this study, were
distributed into two groups: intact (group 1, n=27) and asymptomatic teeth
with large restorations (group 2, n=20). Clinical examination of the involved
teeth included the electric pulp test, recording pain on percussion,
spontaneous pain, and a radiographic examination. Samples of apical tissues
fluid were obtained from root canals at two treatment visits, and
prostaglandin E2 concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay. Pain
intensity was assessed by visual analogue scale. Results. Prostaglandin E2
concentrations at the second visit, in teeth with large restorations, was
significantly higher (36%) than at the first treatment visit (Wilcoxon signed
rank test, p<0.05). Occurrence and intensity of spontaneous pain after the
first visit were significantly higher in group 2 (p<0.05) than in group 1.
Conclusion. These results suggest that the increased prostaglandin E2
concentration, caused by endodontic treatment of teeth with large
restorations, is well correlated with the intensity of postoperative pain.
Postmarketing study of efficacy and safety of losartan during the treatment of patients with mild and moderate hypertension: Lothar study
Authors: Vasiljevic Zorana , Dimkovic Nada , Lazarevic Katarina , Burmazovic Snezana , Krstic Nebojsa , Milanovic Sladjan , Zoric Svetlana , Micic Dragan
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Losartan, the angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker (ARB)
exercises its main antihypertensive effect by vasodilatation of peripheral
arteries. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
antihypertensive effect and safety of losartan in patients with mild and
moderate arterial hypertension (AH). Methods. This was an open post-marketing
study with losartan as monotherapy in previously treated or untreated
patients with AH. Primary efficacy parameter was the percentage of patients
that achieved target blood pressure after 8-week treatment with a single
daily dose of losartan of 50-100 mg. Safety parameters were assessed
according to the percentage of adverse events and metabolic effects of
therapy. Results. The study included 550 patients with AH (59% female and 41%
male), mean age 56.8?11.4 years, BMI=27?4 kg/m2. Losartan was applied in 31%
of untreated and 69% of previously treatment-resistant patients After 8 weeks
target blood pressure was achieved in 67.8% (SBP) and in 81.1% (DBP) of
patients, respectively. The mean decrease was 21.8% for SBP and 21.1% for DBP
(p<0.001). Out of all, 65% of patients achieved both target SBP and DBP
values. Hydrochlorothiazide was added to the therapy in 11.6% of patients.
There were no significant differences in drug efficacy between the entire
group and subgroups of patients with diabetes mellitus and impaired renal
function (p=ns). Adverse events were rare and metabolic effect was favorable.
Conclusion. Monotherapy with losartan in a dosage of 50-100 mg applied during
8 weeks resulted in achieving target values of blood pressure in 65% of
patient with mild and moderate hypertension, also including the patients with
diabetes mellitus and impaired renal function. Losartan is a safe and
metabolically neutral medication.
Effects of combination of AT1-antagonist candesartan cilexetil and ACE-inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure
Authors: Gasanin Edis , Dragutinovic Ivana , Bankovic Dragic , Mitrovic Veselin
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Combination of ACE-inhibitors with angiotensin-II type 1
receptor antagonists could provide better blockade of RAAS system compared
with monotherapy. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate
hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects at rest and during exercise of
Candesartan cilexetil as add-on therapy to ACE-inhibitors in patients with
heart failure NYHA class III to IV. Methods. This was a prospective,
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study.
Thirty-five patients received either Candesartan 8 mg/16 mg (1st and 2nd
week/ of 3-24) or placebo as add-on therapy to their previous ACE-inhibitor
during a 24-weeks treatment period. Results. Peak aerobic capacity remained
constant in the Candesartan group of patients (0.06?1.43 mL/min/ kg) and
slightly decreased in the placebo group (-1.10?1.51 mL/min/kg), without a
statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.13). Exercise
time showed a relevant increase in the Candesartan (31.9?58.5 sec) and a
significant decrease in the placebo group (-25.9?85.9 sec) compared to
baseline value. The difference between the studied groups was statistically
significant (p<0.001). Relevant differences between the two groups were
observed in the changes of right atrial pressure at rest (Candesartan:
-1.9?1.7 mmHg, placebo: 1.0?2.7 mmHg, p<0.01), pulmonary capillary wedge
pressure at rest (Candesartan: -3.1?3.8 mmHg, placebo: 0.2?4.6 mmHg, p<0.05)
and systemic vascular resistance at maximum exercise (Candesartan:
-141.9?253.3 dyne sec/cm5, placebo: 47.3?221.0 dyne sec/cm5, p<0.05).
Conclusion. The efficacy of CHF treatment of congestive heart failure was
moderately improved by Candesartan as add-on therapy to ACE-inhibitors.
Invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Serbia: Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes
Authors: Gajic Ina , Mijac Vera , Ranin Lazar , Andjelkovic Dragana , Radicevic Miroslava , Opavski Natasa
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of
bacterial meningitis and sepsis. Invasive pneumococcal disease is a
significant medical problem worldwide, particularly in children, due to a
huge increase of pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Objective. The aim
of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of
invasive pneumococcal isolates, as well as to determine whether decreased S.
pneumoniae susceptibility to antibiotics was related to a particular
serotype. Methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 19 antibiotics was
determined in 58 invasive pneumococcal strains that were collected from seven
regional centers during the period July 2009 to February 2011 in the National
Reference Laboratory for streptococci and pneumococci. Results. The overall
nonsusceptibility rate to penicillin was detected in 34% of pneumococcal
isolates and to erythromycin in 36%. Higher resistance rates were observed
among children than among adults. Penicillin resistance rate was 65% in
children versus 22% in adults, while erythromycin nonsusceptibility rate was
47% in children versus 32% in adults. Co-resistance to penicillin and
erythromycin was detected in 21% strains, mostly isolated from children.
Multiresistance was found in one third of isolates. All strains were
susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, fluoroquinolones, telithromycin and
rifampicin, while 23 (40%) isolates were susceptible to all tested
antibiotics. The most common resistant serotypes were 19F and 14. Conclusion.
The study has revealed that penicillin and macrolide resistance among
invasive pneumococcal isolates is very high in Serbia. This emphasizes the
need for continuous monitoring for invasive pneumococcal disease to document
the serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.
Spontaneous rupture of giant liver hemangioma: Case report
Authors: Doklestic Krstina , Stefanovic Branislav , Karamarkovic Aleksandar , Bumbasirevic Vesna , Stefanovic Branislava , Gregoric Pavle , Radenkovic Dejan , Bajec Djordje
Published: April 2013

Introduction. Hemangioma is the most frequent benign solid tumor of the
liver. It is well known that a giant liver hemangioma carries the risk of
spontaneous rupture, followed by hemoperitoneum and hemorrhagic shock with
possible fatal outcome. Case Outline. This is a case report of the
spontaneous rupture of a giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver in an
85-year old patient. The patient was presented with abdominal pain and
hemorrhagic shock. Emergency ultrasonography and computed tomography of the
abdomen showed a heterogeneous ruptured solid tumor of the right liver lobe,
multiple cysts in the left lobe and massive hemoperitoneum. The patient was
successfully managed by immediate exploratory laparotomy, surgical
enucleation of the hemangioma under intermittent inflow vascular occlusion,
temporary perihepatic packing and planned second look relaparotomy.
Conclusion. Immediate surgical procedure is indicated mandatory in unstable
patients with a ruptured giant hemangioma of the liver. Surgical enucleation
under intermittent inflow vascular occlusion and temporary perihepatic
packing could be a life-saving procedure in those patients.
Peripartum Hysterectomy in a Teaching Hospital in India
Authors: Agrawal Swati , Yadav Reena , Raghunandan Chitra , Dhingra Shilpa , Kaur Harvinder
Published: April 2013

Objectives: To find the incidence and clinical implications of peripartum hysterectomy in a tertiary care centre of India. Methods: A retrospective study of all cases of caesarean and postpartum hysterectomy between January 2006 and December 2011. Maternal characteristics, method of delivery, indications for hysterectomy and complications were reviewed. Results: The rate of peripartum hysterectomy was 0.47:1000 deliveries. Most were operative deliveries. The main indications were placenta accreta (38.88%), massive atonic PPH (36.11%) and uterine rupture (22.22%). Half the hysterectomies were subtotal while the rest were total. Maternal morbidity was high and there were seven maternal deaths (19.44%). All deaths were in patients brought in a critical condition to the hospital after massive blood loss. Conclusion: Peripartum hysterectomy is potentially a life saving procedure but the mortality and morbidity is high, especially if performed late when the hemodynamic instability has already set in. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i1.6967 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 5-9
Perception of Tobacco Use and its Health Effects among Computer Professionals Working in a Private Institute
Authors: Singh Neeti , Tamrakar Nijina
Published: April 2013

Objectives: To understand the knowledge and perception of tobacco use, its health effects and the role of social responsibility on tobacco control among computer professionals. Material and methods: This is a descriptive study carried out on employees of a private information and technology institute in Kathmandu valley. Self administrated structured questionnaire was used for data collection after taking verbal consent. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results: Almost 93% of the participants had education level equivalent to bachelors degree or above. Majority had experienced tobacco use in their lifetime (95%). Among current users, 55% had tried to quit at least for once and when asked if they were happy to be tobacco users, interestingly 65.2% said they never thought about it. All the participants were aware of ill effects of tobacco on health. Eighty one percent associated it with cancer in any form while 57% thought tobacco use causes lung diseases. Majority of participants (62%) believed that tobacco products should not be easily accessible with banning of selling in grocer shops, banning advertisements and sponsorships of events by tobacco companies. With regard to their role as a social responsibilities towards tobacco free nation, major opinion expressed were not to use any form of tobacco, sharing their knowledge with others and stopping others from smoking at public places. Conclusion: There is need of lasting behavioral changing programs rather than awareness focused programs to control tobacco use among educated group who are aware of its ill effects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i1.7460   Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 10-14
Perceptions and Opinions towards Cell Phone Use as a Risk Factor of Brain Cancer among University Students in Malaysia
Authors: Al-Naggar Redhwan Ahmed , Bobryshev Yuri V
Published: April 2013

The worldwide use of cell phones has rapidly increased over the past decades. With the increasing use of mobile phones, concern has been raised about the possible carcinogenic effects as a result of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions and opinions towards brain cancer related to cell phone use among university students in Malaysia. The study revealed that the majority of the study participants believe that there is no relationship between brain cancer and hand phone use.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i1.7808 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 1-4
Editorial
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: April 2013

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) i DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7969
High HIV Prevalence Among Low Income and Laborers in the District of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
Authors: Biswas DK , Bhunia R , Mishra A
Published: April 2013

Introduction: There were limited data of “People Living with HIV/AIDS” (PLHA). The data of PLHA were  analyzed in time, place and person and socio-economic status and recommended for prevention of HIV  infection. Objective of study were to describe the PLHAs in term of time, place and person distribution  and their socio-demographic status, to detect the mode of transmission of HIV and to recommend for  prevention of spread HIV infection and social security. Methodology: The information about socio-demographic status and exposure history of PLHAs since  2010 was collected. Data were analyzed by using Epi-info software. Results: Among 329 PLHAs, 165 (50%) were men and 42 (13%) were children <14 years and they  acquired HIV through blood transfusion 26 (62%). A maximum 276 (84%) PLHAs were age group 15 -  45 years. Out of 25 Community Block in district, maximum PLHAs were distributed at Tamluk Block 56  (17%) followed by Paskura 43 (13%). Of PLHAs, 246 (75%) had family income rupees <2000.00 per  month and 138 (38%) of them were laborer and 85 (26%) home maker (house-wife). Highest 289 (88%)  of PLHAs acquired HIV through heterosexual route. Conclusion: Heterosexual transmission of HIV showed among low income and laborer. The counseling  for safe sex practice, employment people and social amenities were recommended. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 1-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7970
Knowledge Reagarding HIV/AIDS Among Pregnant Females Attending Antenatal Clinic at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Fatima S , Afridi NK , Khan S
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Globally, around 34 million people are living with HIV in 2010, and 35% of the pregnant  women are tested for HIV in the low and middle income countries. HIV infection in pregnancy has  become a complication of pregnancy in some developing countries. This has major implications for  the management of pregnancy and birth. With an estimated one and a half million HIV-positive women  becoming pregnant each year, almost 600,000 children will be infected by mother-to-child transmission  annually. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from October – December 2011 in the Department  of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. It is a tertiary care hospital located  in Peshawar. A sample of 200 pregnant females was used to accomplish the study. The targeted study  population was all antenatal attendees who were visiting the hospital within the current pregnancy. A pre-  coded, pre- tested structured questionnaire was used to gather information on the study variables. The  questionnaire included variables related socio-demographics e.g., age, education status, occupation,  residence. It also included the gestational age and gravidity of the pregnant females. Results: A total of 200 pregnant females attending the antenatal clinic participated in the study. The  age range of the respondents was 17 to 45 years. Age range 17-25 years accounted for the highest  percentage (52%). Around 70% of the respondents had no formal schooling while only 18% had got  secondary education. Ninety – seven percent of the females were housewives while only 3% were  employed. Out of the total respondents (200) only 86 (43%) have heard of HIV while 114 (57%)  respondents have not heard of HIV. Conclusion: The study concluded that only 43% of the pregnant females have heard of HIV. Although  this is not promising still there is room for improvement. Health education targeting pregnant females is  essential. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 9-14 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7972
Tuberculosis or Melioidosis? - Look Twice in Southwestern Coastal India
Authors: Mukhopadhyay C , Krishna S , KE Vandana , Saravu K , Balasubramaniam R
Published: April 2013

Melioidosis is known endemic in many Southeast Asian countries, especially Thailand, and in Northern  Australia. The disease was long considered under-recognized in India but has now gained the status  of emerging infectious disease here. Increasing isolation of the causitive agent B. pseudomallei is  encountered in the recent years from this part of western coastal India. We report one such case  of pulmonary melioidosis in an elderly patient misdiagnosed as tuberculosis ending fatally. Prompt  microbiological diagnosis prevents the unnecessary Anti-TB treatment or prophylaxis. This was also our  first of isolation of B. pseudomallei from endotracheal aspirate. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 15-18 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7973
Simple and Rapid Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Rifabutin in Plasma
Authors: Hemanth Kumar AK , Sudha V , Ramachandran Geetha
Published: April 2013

A high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of rifabutin in human plasma was  developed. The method involved deproteinisation of the sample with acetonitrile and analysis of the  supernatant using a reversed-phase C18 column (250mm) and UV detection at a wavelength of 265nm.  The assay was specific for rifabutin and linear from 0.025 to 10.0μg/ml. The relative standard deviation  of intra- and inter-day assays was lower than 10%. The method was able to remove interfering materials  in plasma, yielding an average recovery of rifabutin from plasma of 101%. Due to its simplicity, the assay  can be used for pharmacokinetic studies of rifabutin. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 26-29 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7975
Limited Wegener's Granulomatosis as a Solitary Pulmonary Nodule - A Case Report
Authors: Mishra M , Singla R , Dewan RK
Published: April 2013

Limited Wegener`s Granulomatosis (WG) has been infrequently reported from India so far. We report a case of Limited WG in a 60 year old male, who presented to us with productive cough and hemoptysis, and a right upper lobe mass lesion on chest roentgenogram. He was previously treated outside as Pulmonary Koch’s, without any improvement. We diagnosed the patient on histo-pathological examination of right upper lobectomy specimen. He was administered five pulses of intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy plus oral corticosteroids, with significant symptomatic improvement. He was given oral methotrexate and tapering doses of corticosteroids in follow up. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 33-36 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7977
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Presenting as a Primary Endobronchial Tumor - A Case Report
Authors: Goel KM , Pritpal K , Sean D , Ajay K , Chaudhary SK , Karan Madan
Published: April 2013

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) involving the endobronchial tree is uncommon, and the initial  presentation of NHL as an endobronchial tumor is extremely rare. Several clinical reports have described  bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) lymphoma as an endobronchial lesion. A 77 year old male hospitalized in another hospital for acute breathlessness and mechanically ventilated.  He was shifted to Delhi Heart And Lung Institute because of failed extubation after 3 days of mechanical  ventilation and reintubated .Past History of intubation was present 1 month back and diagnosed as  a case of acute bronchitis. On evaluation at another hospital, the patient was found to have normal  chest radiograph. Chest examination revealed findings consistent assisted ventilatory breath sounds  associated with bilateral ronchi. Blood investigations were within normal limit. Contrast enhanced  computed tomography of the chest revealed endoluminal soft tissue mass lesion at carina significantly  obliterating bilateral main bronchi.USG Whole Abdomen revealed mild hepatomegaly and left renal  cortical cyst measuring 4×5 cm and grade l BPH.Fibreoptic bronchoscopy revealed a globular smooth  mass causing near complete obstruction of left main bronchus. Histopathological examination of the  endobronchial biopsy showed tumor cells have a round or oval nucleus that appears vesicular because  of margination of chromatin at the nuclear membrane, but large multilobed or cleaved nuclei predominate  in some cases . Immunohistochemical staining was positive for LCA, CD20, and CD79a and negative for  CD3, CD5, CD30, NSE, CK, Ki67, Chromogranin and Synaptophysin. While in the hospital, the patient  was managed with mechanical ventilation and symptomatic treatment. FOB and rigid Bronchoscope,  debulking of tumour growths was done using electrocautery snare. Patient was continued on overnight  mechanical ventilation and extubated after one day. Post extubation, patient remained alright without any  respiratory distress and discharged in stable condition. Latter on patient followed in Rajiv Gandhi Cancer  Hospital. He underwent PET scan of whole body, which revealed normal study. Patient was managed  with chemotherapeutic agents and he is still alive after 3 years of management without any symptoms. NHL rarely presents as an endobronchial growth and only histopathology can differentiate it from other  benign and malignant endobronchial masses. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2012; IX(2) 37-40 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i2.7978
Spring sea-ice evolution in Rijpfjorden (80° N), Svalbard, from in situ measurements and ice mass-balance buoy (IMB) data
Authors: Wang Caixin , Shi Liqiong , Gerland Sebastian , Granskog Mats A. , Renner Angelika H.H. , Li Zhijun , Hansen Edmond , Martma Tõnu
Published: April 2013

Rijpfjorden (808 N, 22° E) is a high-Arctic fjord on Nordaustlandet in the Svalbard archipelago. To monitor the thermodynamic change of sea ice in spring, an ice mass-balance buoy (IMB) was deployed for 2.5 months (10 April–26 June 2011), with accompanying in situ measurements, sea-ice sampling on three occasions and ice-core analysis. Uncertainties and sources of error in in situ measurements and IMB data are discussed. The in situ measurements, ice-core analysis and IMB data together depict the development of snow and ice in spring. Snow and ice thickness exhibited large spatial and temporal variability. After relatively stable conditions with only little change in ice thickness and accumulation of snow, a layer of superimposed ice ∼0.06 m thick formed at the snow-ice interface due to refreezing of snow meltwater in late spring. Ice thickness (except for growth of superimposed ice) did not change significantly based on in situ observations. In contrast, the under-ice sonar data from the IMB show reflections from a layer deeper than the underside of the ice during the melting phase. This can be explained as a reflection of the sonar pulses from an interface between a freshwater layer under the ice and more saline water below, or as a false-bottom formation.
Control of Hospital Acquired Infection in Bangladesh - An Endeavor to be Strengthened
Authors: Haq J Ashraful
Published: April 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14726 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): i-ii
Diagnosis of Tubercular Lymphadenitis by PCR of Fine Needle Aspirates
Authors: Parvez Masud , Mohiuddin Md , Hassan Md Zahid , Ahmad Farooque , Haq J Ashraful
Published: April 2013

A definitive and accurate diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis is important for its proper management. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an easy procedure for collection of material for cytopathological and bacteriological examination. But the detection rate of M. tuberculosis from the aspirated material is low with Ziehl-Neelson (Z-N) stain and even with culture. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid method for diagnosis of tuberculosis from various clinical samples. In the present study, PCR was employed for the detection of mycobacterial DNA sequences in fine needle aspirates of twenty cases of suspected tubercular lymphadenitis and compared with cytomorphological characteristics, Z-N stain and culture. Thermo stable multiplex PCR was used to detect Mycobacterium specific DNA. The rate of PCR positivity for mycobacterial DNA was 70% as compared to 50% and 60% by Z-N stain and culture respectively. Papanicolaou as well as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains of fine needle aspirated (FNA) materials detected granulomatous lesions suggestive of tubercular infection in only 50% cases. FNAC with Type 3 cytomorphological pattern without presence of granuloma yielded highest positivity rate by PCR. PCR was found more sensitive technique to detect Mycobacterium in patient with tubercular lymphadenitis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14728 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 46-49
Relationship between Substance Abuse and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Afroz Sayda , Flora Meerjady Sabrina
Published: April 2013

This case control study was conducted between January to June 2010 to determine the relationship between substance abuse and multidrug- resistant tuberculosis. A total of 73 cases were selected purposively, from culture- positive multidrug- resistant tuberculosis patients admitted in the National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka and compared with 81 un-matched controls, recruited from the cured patients of pulmonary tuberculosis who attended several DOTS centers of Nagar Shastho Kendra under Urban Primary Health Care Project in Dhaka city. Data were collected by face to face interview and documents review, using a pre- tested structured questionnaire and a checklist. Multidrug- resistance was found to be associated with smoking status (÷2 = 11.76; p = 0.01) and panmasala use (÷2 = 8.28; p = 0.004). The study also revealed that alcohol consumption and other substance abuse such as jarda, sadapata, gul, snuff, heroine, cannabis, injectable drugs was not associated with the development of multidrug- resistant tuberculosis. Relationship between substance abuse and multidrug- resistant tuberculosis are more or less similar in the developing countries. Bangladesh is not out of this trend. The present study revealed the same fact, which warrants actions targeting specific factors. Further study is recommended to assess the magnitude and these factors related to the development of multidrug- resistant tuberculosis in different settings in our country. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14729 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 50-54
Anti-Hyperlipidemic Action of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Juice in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Sultana Selima , Akter Shakil , Khan Md Ismail
Published: April 2013

Hyperlipidemia is an important modifiable risk factor contributing to atterosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. Zingiber officinale (ginger) widely consumed as spice is known for its hypoglycemic and hypochlosteremic actions. The present study was undertaken to investigate anti-hyperlipidemic action of ginger juice in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Male Wister rats, 130-150 g wt, fed on standard diet and water ad libitum were divided into 4 groups (n=6 in each group): group I nondiabetic control, group II non-diabetic treated; group III diabetic control and group IV diabetic treated. Diabetes was induced by Inj. alloxan 150 mg Kg1 b.w., i.p. (group III & IV) on Day 2. Rats having blood glucose level of >7 mmol/l on day 5 (72 hrs after alloxan Inj.) were considered diabetic and selected for experimentation. Both non-diabetic and diabetic treated groups (Gr II & IV) received Zingiber officinale (ginger) juice (4 ml Kg1 b.w., p.o.) for 10 days (day 2-day 11) through Ryles tube. On Day 12, animals were sacrificed under light ether anaesthesia, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and serum separated for estimation of lipids. Zingiber officinale (ginger) juice significantly (p<0.01) decreased alloxan induced hyperglycemia (group IV), but had no effect on blood glucose level in normal rats (group II); significantly (p<0.001) reduced alloxan induced hyperlipidemia, but produced no significant lipid lowering effects in normal rats (group II).The results suggest a significant anti-hyperlipidemic action of Zingiber officinale (ginger) juice in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The findings may be clinically significant and exploited. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14730 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 55-58
Maternal Mortality - A Public Health Problem
Authors: Shirin Sonia , Nahar Shamsun
Published: April 2013

Maternal mortality is an important indicator which reflects the health status of a community. It can be calculated by maternal mortality ratio (MMR), maternal mortality rate (MMRate), and adult life time risk of maternal death. MMR estimates are based on varieties of methods that include household surveys, sisterhood methods, reproductive-age mortality studies (RAMOS), verbal autopsies and censuses. Main causes of maternal mortality are hemorrhage, infection, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and obstructed labour. Factors of maternal mortality have been conceptualized by three delays model. Estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) trend between 1990 and 2010 (over 20 years period) suggest a global reduction (47%), with a greater reduction in developing countries (47%) including Bangladesh than in developed countries (39%). However, to meet the challenge of Fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5 i.e. to ensure 75% reduction of MMR by the year 2015), the annual rate of MMR decline and increase of skilled attendant at birth need to be still faster. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14735 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 64-69
Virilization in a Girl with Adrenocortical Adenoma: A Case Report
Authors: Haq Tahniyah , Ashrafuzzaman SM , Latif Zafar A
Published: April 2013

We present a case of Cushings syndrome and virilization in a 15 year old girl which was suspected to be due to an adrenal carcinoma. She presented with features of virilization in addition to those of hypercortisilism. Her high androgen levels especially dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were also in favor of an adrenal carcinoma. An unenhanced computerized tomography (CT) scan showed a mass (size: 5.3 cm) in the right adrenal gland with a soft tissue intensity of more than 10 HU which was suggestive of adrenal carcinoma. But, histopathology of the resected mass revealed a benign adrenocortical adenoma. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14736 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 70-72
Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Worm Control in Lambs
Authors: Kenyon Fiona , Dick Jan , Smith Ron , Coulter Drew , McBean David , Skuce Philip
Published: April 2013

There are currently little or no data on the role of endemic disease control in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock. In the present study, we have used an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)-compliant model to calculate GHG emissions from naturally grazing lambs under four different anthelmintic drug treatment regimes over a 5-year study period. Treatments were either “monthly” (NST), “strategic” (SPT), “targeted” (TST) or based on “clinical signs” (MT). Commercial sheep farming practices were simulated, with lambs reaching a pre-selected target market weight (38 kg) removed from the analysis as they would no longer contribute to the GHG budget of the flock. Results showed there was a significant treatment effect over all years, with lambs in the MT group consistently taking longer to reach market weight, and an extra 10% emission of CO2e per kg of weight gain over the other treatments. There were no significant differences between the other three treatment strategies (NST, SPT and TST) in terms of production efficiency or cumulated GHG emissions over the experimental period. This study has shown that endemic disease control can contribute to a reduction in GHG emissions from animal agriculture and help reduce the carbon footprint of livestock farming.