bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sodium lignosulfonate improve the flame retardancy of carboxymethyl chitosan @ melamine polyphosphate‐containing silicone acrylic emulsion‐based coatings
Authors: Lai MengYao , Wang YaChao , Li Fan , Zhao JiangPing
Published: July 2024

To address the flammability concerns of silicone acrylate emulsion (SAE), it is of utmost importance to develop composite coatings that excel in flame retardancy and smoke suppression. In this research, we have utilized carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) bonded‐melamine polyphosphate (MPP)/sodium lignosulfonate (LS) to create SAE composite SiPC coatings through the sol–gel method for flame‐retarding plywood. The results obtained that CMCS pretreatment of MPP (CMPP) facilitates the filling of P‐containing components in the SAE composite SiPC coating to further form a continuous and dense cross‐linked structure. Appropriate dosage of LS (2 wt.%) improve the flame retardancy of the coatings, which is manifested the peak heat release rate drops from 237.4 to 142.4 kW m−2, total smoke production (TSP) is also significantly reduces by 55%. Notably, the coating undergoes a transformation into a nonflammable vitreous polyphosphate barrier layer while burning, effectively preventing the transfer of heat or mass. According to the calculation results of adsorption kinetics, the formaldehyde adsorption rate of the SiPC coating increased by 76.6%. Furthermore, the pyrolysis kinetics identify that the 3D Z.‐L.‐T model governs the coatings' pyrolysis, and the appropriate LS makes the pyrolysis Eα rise from 300.98 to 326.50 kJ mol−1 at 358  – 439°C, indicating enhanced thermal stability. In conclusion, our research has introduced a novel design strategy for developing the SiPC coating with exceptional properties, studies the flame‐retardant mechanisms of SAE composite SiPC coating, promotes the advancement of sustainable urban building materials, and explores a green, clean, and low‐cost ecological technology approach.
Preparation and characterization of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) composites reinforced with acetylated cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers for enhanced properties
Authors: da Silva Candido Ludmila , da Silva Santos Elen , de Fátima Vieira Marques Maria
Published: July 2024

Nanocellulose‐reinforced composites hold great promise for outperforming the original polymer matrix by offering exceptional properties, including outstanding barrier characteristics achieved through the establishment of convoluted pathways for the diffusion of water vapor and gases, as well as superior mechanical and thermal properties. Nevertheless, a significant challenge when employing nanocelluloses as reinforcements in polymers arises from their limited compatibility with the polymer matrix, primarily attributed to the abundance of surface hydroxyl groups.To address this limitation, this study focuses on the acetylation modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibers (CNF) to enhance their compatibility with the polymer matrix. Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) nanocomposites were developed by incorporating 1 wt% of both untreated and acetylated cellulose. The process involved the molten state mixing of these components using a twin‐screw mini extruder, conducted at 160°C for 7 min. The efficacy of the acetylation process was verified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the favorable interaction and dispersion of nanocelluloses within the polymer matrix. Importantly, introducing these fillers did not compromise thermal stability but notably enhanced the hydrophobic characteristics of the samples, as confirmed by contact angle measurements. Dynamic mechanical analyses further demonstrated the compatibility and effective interaction between the polymer and fillers. This research uniquely provides a comparative analysis of the effects of acetylated CNC and CNF within a PBAT matrix, unveiling distinct interactions and performance enhancements. Each type of nanocellulose exhibits its own characteristic ways of bonding and dispersing, leading to varying performance improvements for the material. This comparison elucidates the nuanced roles that these nanocelluloses play in reinforcing composites, offering insights into optimizing their contribution to polymer matrices. By demonstrating the differential impact of CNC and CNF post‐acetylation, our study contributes significantly to the field of polymer science, guiding future applications of nanocellulose‐reinforced materials in advanced engineering and sustainability efforts.
Xanthan gum modification to surface and interfacial properties between soil‐based matrixes and petroleum oils to minimize soil pollution
Authors: Ahmed Firoz , Hutton‐Prager Brenda
Published: July 2024

A novel approach exploiting surfaces and interfaces between liquid oils and porous soil media was used to investigate the role of xanthan gum (XG) in minimizing the spread of petroleum oil spills on land. 1.6 wt% XG added to soil‐based mixture matrixes (topsoil, sand, clay, and moisture) resulted in a 50% reduction in oil spreading area at 0 and 5 wt% moisture content, at 1.3 cm depth of soil matrix. Also recorded was a 45% increase in time taken for the low‐ and medium‐viscosity oils to penetrate this soil depth. XG alters the surface energy and roughness of the soil matrixes, which additionally contributes to a reduction in oil spreading capabilities. Interfacial phenomena between individual oil droplets and soil matrixes demonstrated variable findings of droplet spreading and penetration with XG, depending upon the heterogeneity of the soil matrix itself. XG assisted a reduced lateral spread in heterogeneous soil matrixes and a reduced vertical penetration in clay‐based matrixes. These interfacial results highlighted the often‐observed differing transport phenomena at the interface compared with the bulk. This initial study demonstrates a novel approach to incorporate surface energy phenomena into the suite of soil remediation efforts by introducing natural biopolymers in high‐risk land oil‐spill areas to slow oil contaminant spread. Future studies will further characterize the benefits of XG in containing oil flow.
High‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ameliorates memory impairment by inhibiting neuroinflammation in the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion mice
Authors: Zou Huihui , Bao Shilin , Chen Xinrun , Zhou Xianju , Zhang Shaotian
Published: July 2024

Background

High‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF‐rTMS) has been found to ameliorate cognitive impairment. However, the effects of HF‐rTMS remain unknown in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH).

Aim

To investigate the effects of HF‐rTMS on cognitive improvement and its potential mechanisms in CCH mice.

Materials and methods

Daily HF‐rTMS therapy was delivered after bilateral carotid stenosis (BCAS) and continued for 14 days. The mice were randomly assigned to three groups: the sham group, the model group, and the HF‐rTMS group. The Y maze and the new object recognition test were used to assess cognitive function. The expressions of MAP‐2, synapsis, Myelin basic protein(MBP), and brain‐derived growth factors (BDNF) were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and western blot to evaluate neuronal plasticity and white matter myelin regeneration. Nissl staining and the expression of caspase‐3, Bax, and Bcl‐2 were used to observe neuronal apoptosis. In addition, the activation of microglia and astrocytes were evaluated by fluorescence staining. The inflammation levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor(TNF)‐α were detected by qPCR in the hippocampus of mice in each group.

Results

Via behavioral tests, the BCAS mice showed reduced a rate of new object preference and decreased a rate of spontaneous alternations, while HF‐rTMS significantly improved hippocampal learning and memory deficits. In addition, the mice in the model group showed decreased levels of MAP‐2, synapsis, MBP, and BDNF, while HF‐rTMS treatment reversed these effects. As expected, activated microglia and astrocytes increased in the model group, but HF‐rTMS treatment suppressed these changes. HF‐rTMS decreased BCAS‐induced neuronal apoptosis and the expression of pro‐apoptotic protein (Caspase‐3 and Bax) and increased the expression of anti‐apoptotic protein (Bcl‐2). In addition, HF‐rTMS inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α).

Conclusions

HF‐rTMS alleviates cognitive impairment in CCH mice by enhancing neuronal plasticity and inhibiting inflammation, thus serving as a potential method for vascular cognitive impairment.
Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 1/2 inhibition and risk of neurodegenerative disorders: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Liu Jinxin , Shi Xinxiu , Shao Yankun
Published: July 2024

Introduction

This study aims to evaluate the effects of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 1 inhibitors (SGLT1i) and sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on neurodegenerative disorders and to investigate the role of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels.

Methods

Utilizing drug target Mendelian randomization, we employed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) proximal to the SLC5A1 and SLC5A2 genes to analyze the influence of SGLT1i and SGLT2i on Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a positive control. An additional analysis examined the impact of HbA1c levels on the same disorders.

Results

SGLT1i exhibited a significant association with decreased risk for ALS and MS. Conversely, SGLT2i were linked to an increased risk of AD, PD, and MS. Elevated HbA1c levels, independent of SGLT1 and SGLT2 effects, were associated with an increased risk of PD. Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of these findings.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that SGLT1i may confer protection against ALS and MS, whereas SGLT2i could elevate the risk of AD, PD, and MS. Additionally, elevated HbA1c levels emerged as a risk factor for PD. These findings underscore the importance of personalized approaches in the utilization of SGLT inhibitors, considering their varying impacts on the risks of neurodegenerative diseases.
Biocompatible PAMAM‐PLGA‐PCL Nanocarrier for Efficient Curcumin Delivery to Lung Cancer Cells: In Vitro Studies
Authors: Qasim Almajidi Yasir , Jawad Ali Q. , Abdulameer Albadri Ahmed
Published: July 2024

Lung cancer, as the leading cause of death among other types of cancer, has a high rate of incidence throughout the world. Although conventional modalities, like chemotherapy, have been applied for the inhibition of this cancer, they have not led to the suppression of lung cancer owing to their deficiencies. Thus, we developed a novel polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA)‐polyamidoamine G4 (PAMAM G4)‐polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocarrier for efficient delivery of curcumin (Cur) to A549 lung cancer cells. The synthesized nanocarrier was characterized by applying analytical techniques, FT‐IR, DLS, TEM, and TGA. Successful synthesis, nano‐size diameter (40–80 nm), near neutral surface charge (8.0 mV), and high drug entrapment (11.5 %) were measured for the nanocarrier. Controlled (about 5 folds within first 2 h) and pH‐sensitive (2–3 folds faster within first hours) Cur release observed for PLGA‐PAMAM‐PCL‐Cur. Cell viability test (MTT assay) indicated the high capability of nanocarrier in suppression of A549 cancer cells (21 % viability after 24 h of treatment with 200 nM) while did not result in toxicity on MSC normal cells. The IC50 observed for 50 nM at 24 h of post‐treatment in A549 cells. The qRT‐PCR technique indicated inducing the expression of apoptotic genes (Caspase9 and Bax) by 6–8 folds and suppressing anti‐apoptotic gene (Bcl2) by 7 folds. ROS considerably increased in cancer cells as well. This nanocarrier would be a promising drug delivery system against lung cancer.
The migrasome as a developmental learning paradigm in cell biology
Authors: Wang Yujiao , Wang Zirui , Cui Haoran , Zhang Leiliang
Published: July 2024

Migrasome is a newly discovered organelle composed of small vesicular structures enclosed in membrane structures. Since its discovery in 2014, migrasome has attracted increasing attention in cell biology due to its critical role in multiple disease processes. Its pivotal role in various disease processes, including cell migration, intercellular communication, removal of damaged mitochondria, embryogenesis localization, immune cell chemotaxis, and virus transmission, underscores its significance in biological systems. With research on migrasome steadily increasing, it becomes a unique resource for undergraduate cell biology education. For deeper understanding of migrasome, we applied a bibliometric approach. Here we conducted a comprehensive analysis of migrasome research by retrieving relevant literature from databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed using the keywords “migrasome” or “migrasomes.” Employing CiteSpace software and Prism, we analyzed annual publication trends, identified core authors and institutions, assessed national contributions, examined keywords, and scrutinized highly cited literature related to migrasome research. This study presents a comprehensive overview of migrasome research, elucidating its literature characteristics, key contributors, research hotspots, and emerging trends. By shedding light on the current status and future trajectories of migrasome research, we aim to provide valuable insights for teachers in cell biology education. We propose for the integration of migrasome research into undergraduate curricula to enhance the understanding of cell biology among premedical, medical, and biomedical students, thereby fostering a deeper appreciation for the intricate mechanisms governing cellular behavior and disease processes.
Effect of the Nature of Ni Species on Hydrogenation of 1,4‐Butynediol over Ni/SiO2 Catalysts
Authors: Zhao Liping , Yu Xiaosheng , Wu Ruifang , Li Haitao , Wang Changzhen , Zhao Yongxiang
Published: July 2024

The catalytic performance of liquid‐phase hydrogenation of 1,4‐butynediol (BYD) to 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) was studied on silica‐supported Ni catalysts prepared by impregnation, sol‐gel, and ammonia evaporation methods, respectively. Due to the formation of nickel phyllosilicate, the Ni species in Ni/SiO2‐AE catalyst prepared by ammonia evaporation is difficult to reduce at 450 °C, resulting in fewer Ni0 active sites and poor hydrogenation activity. As for the impregnated Ni/SiO2‐IM, its nickel particles are prone to aggregate seriously due to their weak interaction with the support which may be not conducive to catalytic hydrogenation. On the contrary, the Ni species introduced by sol‐gel method can homogenously embedded in the amorphous silica intersecting network structure with high metal dispersion and well physical confinement effect, which greatly promotes its BYD hydrogenation performance to obtain BDO with super high selectivity.
Intramolecular Cyclization and a Retro‐Ene Reaction Enable the Rapid Fragmentation of a Vitamin B1‐Derived Breslow Intermediate
Authors: Grenade Neil L. , Howe Graeme W.
Published: July 2024

In solution, analogues of the Breslow intermediate formed during catalysis by benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFDC) undergo rapid, irreversible fragmentation. The ability of BFDC to prevent this reaction and preserve its cofactor is a striking example of an enzyme ‘steering’ a reactive intermediate towards a productive pathway. To understand how BFDC suppresses the off‐pathway reactivity of this Breslow intermediate, a clear mechanistic understanding of the fragmentation reaction is required. Here, DFT calculations reveal an unexpected mechanism for the solution‐phase fragmentation that involves an intramolecular cyclization and a subsequent retro‐ene reaction to release the final products. Free energy profiles demonstrate that this pathway is significantly more facile than the previously proposed mechanism that invoked Breslow intermediate enolates as intermediates. Additional computations have been performed to understand why related Breslow intermediates do not undergo analogous fragmentation reactions. Calculations performed with two closely related Breslow intermediates suggest that subtle differences in the relative values of ΔG≠ for protonation and fragmentation dictate whether a given intermediate will fragment or not. These differences and the fragmentation mechanism unveiled in this work may have ramifications for the mechanism of BFDC and other thiamin‐dependent enzymes and could provide general lessons related to the control of reactive intermediates by enzymes.
Bayesian parameter estimation using truncated normal distributions as priors for parameters in fundamental models of chemical processes
Authors: Gibson Lauren A. , McAuley Kimberley B.
Published: July 2024

Modellers of chemical processes with knowledge about plausible parameter values use Bayesian parameter estimation methods to account for their prior beliefs. Some modellers specify prior distributions with finite parameter ranges, such as uniform distributions and truncated normal distributions, because they better account for knowledge about realistic parameter ranges than normal prior distributions with parameter values ranging between and . We derive closed‐form objective functions for Bayesian parameter estimation with truncated normal priors and uniform priors, for the first time, so that parameter estimation can be performed by solving simple optimization problems rather than using complex sampling‐based techniques. A parametric bootstrapping method that considers truncated normal priors and model nonlinearity is proposed to determine 95% confidence intervals and joint confidence regions. A pharmaceutical case study is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed objective functions and bootstrapping methodology. Confidence regions from bootstrapping are similar to linearization‐based confidence regions that do not account for truncation when truncated areas in normal prior distributions are relatively small. More truncation, which corresponds to more‐precise prior knowledge about the parameters, results in smaller joint confidence regions. The proposed methods will be attractive for parameter estimation in complex process models because they can be less computationally intensive than Markov chain Monte Carlo methods that provide similar results.
Right Ventricular–Pulmonary Arterial Coupling and Outcome in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Wang Jia , Li Xiang , Jiang Jiahui , Luo Ze , Tan Xilun , Ren Ruhua , Fujita Tsutomu , Kashima Yoshifumi , Tanimura Tetsuaki Li , Wang Ming , Zhang Chenhao
Published: July 2024

Background

Right ventricular–pulmonary artery coupling (RVPAC) refers to the relationship between right ventricular systolic force and afterload. The ratio of echocardiograph‐derived tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) to pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) has been proposed as a noninvasive measurement of RVPAC and reported as an independent prognostic parameter of heart failure. However, it has not been adequately in detail evaluated in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We hypothesized that RVPAC may be used and proposed as an expression of key risk factors in patients with HFpEF.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed TAPSE/PASP of 648 HFpEF patients hospitalized in Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2017. All eligible patients were followed up for 5 years. The correlation between TAPSE/SPAP index and clinical indicators and outcomes was evaluated.

Results

The final analysis included 414 patients. Nonsurvivors had significantly lower TAPSE, TAPSE/PASP and higher PASP compared with survivors (p < 0.0001). ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cutoff of TAPSE, PASP, and RVPAC to predict all‐cause death were 16.5 mm, 37.5 mmHg, and 0.45 mm/mmHg, respectively. In multivariate Cox regression analyses adjusted for gender showed a significant, independent association of the RVPAC with the composite endpoint of all‐cause death or HF‐related recurrent hospitalization (HR: 0.006; 95% CI 0.001–0.057, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

RVPAC, defined by the ratio of TAPSE to PASP, is the expression of a key risk factor in HFpEF patients, which is independently associated with the composite endpoint of all‐cause death or HF‐related recurrent hospitalization.
Zr‐MOF Nanosheets Featuring Benzothiadiazoles Enable Efficient Visible Light Driven Photooxidation of Sulfides and Amines
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Qing , Zhou Xing‐Yu , Zhao Ying‐Mei , Luo Bi‐Fu , Li Hai‐Xing , Tan Yuan‐Zhi , Zhuang Jin‐Liang
Published: July 2024

Ultrathin zirconium‐based metal−organic framework (MOF) nanosheets, embedded with photochromic units, are expected to be highly efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts, thanks to their rich catalytic sites, short diffusion paths, and effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Herein, we reported the synthesis of novel Zr‐MOF nanosheets (Zr‐BTDB) through a solvothermal synthesis that integrates benzothiadiazole (BTz) as a photochromic moiety within the framework of MOF. The Zr‐BTDB nanosheets processes a [Zr12(μ3‐O)8(μ3‐OH)8(μ2‐OH)6] cluster with hcp topology. Importantly, Zr‐BTDB nanosheets exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity for the photooxidation of sulfides and amines at room temperature under blue light irradiation. Notably, these nanosheets maintain their photocatalytic activity and selectivity for up to five cycles without significant loss of activity and crystallinity. Systematical catalytic reactions revealed that the Zr‐BTDB nanosheets enable the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical (O2⋅−) under visible light irradiation, which is critical reactive oxygen species for the photooxidation of sulfides and benzylamines. Our work represents a straightforward route for the preparation of ultrathin, water stable, and visible‐light‐activated Zr‐MOF nanosheets, offering new potentials for the selective photooxidation of sulfides and amines in an eco‐friendly way.
CO2 Hydrogenation on Carbides Formed in situ on Carbon‐Supported Iron‐Based Catalysts in High‐Density Supercritical Medium
Authors: Bogdan Tatiana V. , Koklin Aleksey E. , Mishanin Igor I. , Chernavskii Petr A. , Pankratov Denis A. , Kim Oksun A. , Bogdan Viktor I.
Published: July 2024

CO2 conversion via hydrogenation over iron‐based catalysts on non‐carbon supports produces mainly CO or methane by the Sabatier reaction, while the formation of C2+ hydrocarbons is of greatest interest. CxHy production from CO2 may be considered as a two‐step process with the initial formation of carbon monoxide by the reverse water gas shift reaction followed by the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis (FTS). In the present work CO2 hydrogenation over iron‐based catalysts (Fe, FeCr, FeK) deposited on a carbon carrier has been studied. The catalyst structure has been investigated by XRD, TEM, XPS, Mössbauer spectroscopy and in situ magnetometry. Spinel‐type oxide phases (magnetite Fe3O4; maggemite γ‐Fe2O3, and, in the case of FeCr/C catalyst, iron chromite Fe1+xCr2‐xO4) are formed on the catalysts, and they contribute exclusively to the CO production. Iron carbides, active in FTS, are formed on Fe‐ and FeK‐catalysts during pre‐activation in reducing environment and then during the reaction. The reaction over the 20Fe1K/C catalyst in supercritical high‐density CO2/H2 substrate (400 °C, 8.5 MPa) leads to 72 % selectivity for C1–C12+ hydrocarbons (alkanes and alkenes). Under the same conditions, iron carbides do not form on the FeCr/C catalysts, and CO2 hydrogenation results in the CO formation with the selectivity of 90–100 %.
Optimizing Seed‐Induced Nucleation for Enhanced Al(OH)3 Crystal Precipitation from Supersaturated Potassium Aluminate Solution
Authors: Liu Chenglin , Xue Jin , Fang Xiaoning , Luo Mengjie
Published: July 2024

Potassium alunite is a potential mineral resource of potassium and aluminum that can serve as a valuable resource. An effective potassium and aluminum recovery method is developed using gradient leaching with a KOH sub‐molten salt. The key part of this process is seeded precipitation of the potassium aluminate leach solution. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the seeded precipitation process by investigating the effects of alkali concentration, molecular ratio, stirring rate, temperature, and seed coefficient on the precipitation ratio and particle size of Al(OH)3. The results show that alkali concentration, molecular ratio, temperature, and seed coefficient are key factors influencing seeded precipitation. Furthermore, the process is optimized by using these four identified factors as variables. A 9L(34) orthogonal experiment determines optimal conditions for maximizing the precipitation ratio and achieves the desired average particle size. Under the optimal condition of 200 g L−1 alkali concentration, 1.5 molecular ratio, 1.0 seed coefficient, and 343.15 K temperature, the precipitation ratio reaches 54% and the average Al(OH)3 particle size is 114 µm. Further work is required to scale up this optimized seeded precipitation process and evaluate applications of the Al(OH)3 product.
The impact of temporal processing on reading in dyslexia with rapid automatized naming deficits
Authors: Xu Zhengye , Liu Duo , Wang Li‐Chih
Published: July 2024

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the different impacts of temporal processing on reading by Chinese children with and without dyslexia. In total, 27 children with dyslexia who had a deficit in rapid automatized naming (RAN) (D_R), 37 children with dyslexia who had deficits in both RAN and phonological awareness (PA) (D_RP), and 40 typically developing children (TD) were recruited in Taiwan. The children were asked to complete non‐verbal intelligence, PA, RAN, Chinese character reading tasks and an auditory temporal order judgement (ATOJ) task. Our results of a multiple regression model showed that the ATOJ accounted for unique variances in the reading differences between the children in the D_R and TD groups; performance was controlled for non‐verbal intelligence, PA and RAN tasks. Theoretically, we provide possible explanations for the controversial findings in the field of Chinese children with dyslexia and, practically, suggest different interventions should be provided for children with dyslexia with different underlying impairments.
Population size and structure of beisa oryx and gerenuk in Geralle National Park, southeastern Ethiopia
Authors: Aychew Melkamu , Girma Zerihun
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted to determine the population size of endangered Oryx beisa (Rüppell, 1835), and near‐threatened Litocranius walleri (Brooke, 1878) of uncertain global population estimates in Geralle National Park, southeastern Ethiopia. Systematic line transects were established with a transect length range of 2.3 to 6.8 km long (a total of 165.4 km long with a sighting distance of 150 m after truncation). The combination of AIC and chi‐square p‐values was used as model selection criteria for density/population size estimation in distance sampling software. The lowest AIC, ∆AIC (close to zero), and Chi‐square tests (p‐value > .05) were selected with adequate model fit. The minimum observation was 67 individuals of beisa oryx in the dry season. The maximum observation was 349 individuals of gerenuk during the wet season. The minimum detection probability of oryx was in the wet season (pâ = 76 ± 26), and the minimum detection probability of gerenuk was (pâ = 75 ± 1) in both seasons. The two‐season pooled density analyzed for studied species indicated (0.85 ± 0.34, 1.24 ± 0.47, beisa oryx/km2), and (3.82 ± 0.6, 4.88 ± 0.7 gerenuk/km2) in dry and wet seasons, respectively. It can be concluded from the results of the study that GNP is home to previously undiscovered healthy populations of the endangered beisa oryx and near‐threatened gerenuk. So it is recommended to undergo in‐depth population studies, including other species available in the national park and their habitat components, so as to design sound, sustainable conservation measures for the wildlife resources in the area.
Thirty years of forest productivity in a mountainous landscape: The Yin and Yang of topography
Authors: Perry David A. , Oetter Doug R.
Published: July 2024

We measured light‐related patterns of primary productivity within a topographically complex Oregon watershed over a 30‐year period. Second‐growth conifer densities were experimentally altered in 1981. Plots receiving at least 3434 MJ m−2 over a 6‐month growing season averaged 40% greater aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) than those receiving less light (p = 0.000). Unthinned stands potentially built enough LAI to compensate for low light, but risked mortality that exceeded resilience. The two light levels acted as basins of attraction for other physiological and ecological processes, including size–density relationships and limiting foliar nutrients. Initial (1981) LAI and the irradiation step (above or below 3434 MJ m−2) explained 60% of variation in a 30‐year ANPP. Irradiation within each light group did not affect ANPP. At high irradiation, foliar N/Ca and slope steepness (both negative) explained 58% of the variation in residuals from the initial models, while at low irradiation on north, east, and west aspects, 83% of residual variation was explained by foliar Mg (+), understory cover (+), and 30‐year mortality (−). Light use efficiency (LUE) of fully stocked stands correlated with LAI and foliar N/K. Results suggest that understory influence on tree foliar N (+ or −) enhances ANPP by regulating critical nutrient ratios. Mortality reduced or eliminated differences among thinning levels, which did not vary at low light and only between unthinned and heavily thinned at high light. Values associated with relatively open forests (biodiversity, resilience) may be attained without large sacrifice of long‐term carbon sinks. In our study, light interacts with topography to produce nonlinear dynamics in which small changes in irradiation can have large consequences. Reduced sunlight has been suggested as a geoengineering option to combat global warming. Ecological changes out of proportion to lowered irradiation are a distinct possibility, including sharp reductions in terrestrial carbon sinks.
A test of the gleaner–opportunist trade‐off among photosynthetic traits in cryptophyte algae
Authors: Swanson Jake A. , Greenwold Matthew J. , Richardson Tammi L. , Dudycha Jeffry L.
Published: July 2024

As photosynthetic producers, phytoplankton form the foundation of aquatic food webs. Understanding the relationships among photosynthetic traits in phytoplankton is essential to revealing how diversification of these traits allows phytoplankton to harvest energy from different light environments. We investigated whether the diversification of 15 species of cryptophytes, a phylum of phytoplankton with diverse light‐capturing pigments, showed evidence of trade‐offs among photosynthetic performance traits as predicted by the gleaner–opportunist resource exploitation framework. We constructed photosynthesis versus irradiance (P–E) curves and rapid light curves (RLCs) to estimate parameters characterizing photosynthetic performance and electron transport rate. We inferred the evolutionary relationships among the 15 species with ultraconserved genomic elements and used a phylogenetically controlled approach to test for trade‐offs. Contrary to our prediction, we observed a positive correlation between maximum photosynthetic rate, Pmax, and P–E , an indicator of a species' sensitivity to increases in light intensity when light is a scarce resource. This result could not be explained by electron transfer traits, which were uncorrelated with photosynthetic rate. Together, our results suggest that ecological diversification of light exploitation in cryptophytes has escaped the constraints of a gleaner–opportunist trade‐off. Photosynthetic trade‐offs may be context‐ or scale‐dependent, thereby only emerging when investigated in situations different from the one used here.
Assessing the genotoxicity of N‐nitrosodiethylamine with three in vivo endpoints in male Big Blue® transgenic and wild‐type C57BL/6N mice
Authors: Zhang Shaofei , Coffing Stephanie L. , Gunther William C. , Homiski Michael L. , Spellman Richard A. , Van Phu , Schuler Maik
Published: July 2024

The detection of N‐nitrosamines in drug products has raised global regulatory interest in recent years due to the carcinogenic potential of some nitrosamines in animals and a need to identify a testing strategy has emerged. Ideally, methods used would allow for the use of quantitative analysis of dose–response data from in vivo genotoxicity assays to determine a compound‐specific acceptable intake for novel nitrosamines without sufficient carcinogenicity data. In a previous study we compared the dose–response relationships of N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in three in vivo genotoxicity endpoints in rats. Here we report a comparison of NDEA's genotoxicity profile in mice. Big Blue® mice were administered NDEA at doses of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 3 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 28 days followed by 3 days of expression. Statistically significant increases in the NDEA induced mutations were detected by both the transgenic rodent mutation assay (TGR) using the cII endpoint and by duplex sequencing in the liver but not bone marrow of mice. In addition, administration of NDEA for two consecutive days in male C57BL/6N mice caused elevated DNA damage levels in the liver as measured by % tail DNA in comet assay. The benchmark dose (BMD) analysis shows a BMDL50 of 0.03, 0.04 and 0.72 mg/kg/day for TGR, duplex sequencing and comet endpoints, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrated a similar genotoxicity profile of NDEA between mice and rats and provides a reference that can be used to compare the potential potency of other novel nitrosamines for the induction of gene mutations.
Conventional and artificial intelligence based maximum power point tracking techniques for efficient solar power generation
Authors: Khan Malhar , Raza Muhammad Amir , Faheem Muhammad , Sarang Shahjahan Alias , Panhwar Madeeha , Jumani Touqeer Ahmed
Published: July 2024

The increasing global need for renewable energy sources, driven by environmental concerns and the limited availability of traditional energy, highlights the significance of solar energy. However, weather fluctuations challenge the efficiency of solar systems, making maximum power point tracking (MPPT) systems crucial for optimal energy harvesting. This study compares ten MPPT approaches, including both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)‐based techniques. These controllers were designed and implemented using MATLAB Simulink, and their performance was evaluated under real environmental conditions with fluctuating irradiance and temperature. The results demonstrate that conventional techniques, such as incremental conductance (INC), Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental conductance and Particle Swam Optimization (INC‐PSO), Fuzzy Logic Control and Particle Swam Optimization (FLC‐PSO), and Perturb and Observe and Particle Swam Optimization (P&O‐PSO), achieved accuracies of 94%, 97.6%, 98.9%, 98.7%, and 99.3% respectively. In contrast, AI‐based intelligent techniques, including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Artificial Neural Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), Particle Swam Optimization (PSO), and Artificial Neural Network and Particle Swam Optimization (ANN‐PSO), outperform achieving higher accuracies of 97.8%, 99.9%, 98.9%, 99.2%, and 99%, respectively. Compared to available research, which often reports lower accuracies for conventional techniques, our study highlights the enhanced performance of AI‐based methods. This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis, delivering critical analysis and practical guidance for engineers and researchers in selecting the most effective MPPT controller optimized to specific environmental conditions. By improving the efficiency and reliability of solar power systems, our research supports the advancement of sustainable energy solutions.
Technical Aspects of Natural Gas Pyrolysis in Liquid Metal Bubble Column Reactors
Authors: Hofberger Christoph , Dietrich Benjamin , Krumholz Ralf , Noglik Adam Paul , Olbricht Michael , Schatzmann Sabine , Stoppel Leonid , Richter Marie , Uhlenbruck Neele , Wetzel Thomas
Published: July 2024

The pyrolysis of low alkanes (in the following short “pyrolysis”) has already been investigated during the 1960s. However, none of the reactor systems used at the time are capable of continuous operation. Therefore, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology has intensified the development of the promising liquid metal bubble column technology in recent years, which is capable of continuous operation. Various key aspects have been addressed, such as scale‐up and the pyrolysis of high‐caloric natural gas. Herein, further developments for a pilot scale system have been investigated, which concern increased throughput and long‐term operation capabilities. Careful evaluation of the impact of according measures has been done, which shows that the achieved scale‐up has only negligible effects on the pyrolysis outcome. The effects of the scale‐up on residence times are negligible. The bubble formation behavior depends on the throughput and the characteristics of the orifice. Wall effects are marginal. Fundamental minimization of weeping could not be confirmed. Reactor pre‐chambers in combination with tin collection chambers are recommended for further scale‐up. An increase in the volume flow should be examined. In terms of long‐term operation , head as well as feed pressure control is recommended.
Numerical investigation on ground and structure response of ancient site in complex strata caused by groundwater fluctuation and rainfall
Authors: Zhang Wengang , Wang Shuo , Jiang Siwei , Chen Chunxia , Sun Weixin
Published: July 2024

As more and more ancient sites are discovered around the world, protecting them in situ has become a challenge due to issues such as ground settlement and masonry wall leaks caused by groundwater fluctuation or rainfall. In this study, laboratory tests, borehole tests and field high‐density resistivity detections are conducted to obtain information for numerical modelling, including design parameters. A complex three‐dimensional hydrological–mechanical coupling model is then established to investigate ground settlement and wall deformation caused by groundwater fluctuation and rainfall. The seepage simulation results for the initial state are accurately verified by high‐density resistivity imaging. Both measured data and numerical results indicate that changes in a single water head point mainly result in wall settlement. The pattern of wall deformation changes from settlement to lateral deformation with an increase in the drawdown rate of groundwater level. Furthermore, delayed rainfall and high‐intensity rainfall can increase foundation settlement and wall deformation. Settlement deformation determines the upper limit of the global deformation when wall nodes are mainly affected. In contrast, if lateral spreading dominates wall deformation, it determines the lower limit of the global deformation. This study provides reference for in situ protection and foundation reinforcement of ancient sites.
Incorporation of natural and synthetic polymers into honey hydrogel for wound healing: A review
Authors: Chin Siau Wui , Azman Adzzie‐Shazleen , Tan Ji Wei
Published: July 2024

Background and Aims

The difficulty in treating chronic wounds due to the prolonged inflammation stage has affected a staggering 6.5 million people, accompanied by 25 billion USD annually in the United States alone. A 1.9% rise in chronic wound prevalence among Medicare beneficiaries was reported from 2014 to 2019. Besides, the global wound care market values were anticipated to increase from USD 20.18 billion in 2022 to USD 30.52 billion in 2030, suggesting an expected rise in chronic wounds financial burdens. The lack of feasibility in using traditional dry wound dressings sparks hydrogel development as an alternative approach to tackling chronic wounds. Since ancient times, honey has been used to treat wounds, including burns, and ongoing studies have also demonstrated its wound‐healing capabilities on cellular and animal models. However, the fluidity and low mechanical strength in honey hydrogel necessitate the incorporation of other polymers. Therefore, this review aims to unravel the characteristics and feasibility of natural (chitosan and gelatin) and synthetic (polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol) polymers to be incorporated in the honey hydrogel.

Methods

Relevant articles were identified from databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct) using keywords related to honey, hydrogel, and polymers. Relevant data from selected studies were synthesized narratively and reported following a structured narrative format.

Results

The importance of honey's roles and mechanisms of action in wound dressings were discussed. Notable studies concerning honey hydrogels with diverse polymers were also included in this article to provide a better perspective on fabricating customized hydrogel wound dressings for various types of wounds in the future.

Conclusion

Honey's incapability to stand alone in hydrogel requires the incorporation of natural and synthetic polymers into the hydrogel. With this review, it is hoped that the fabrication and commercialization of the desired honey composite hydrogel for wound treatment could be brought forth.
Gestational weight gain as a mediator of the relationship between pre‐pregnancy body mass index and the risk of preterm birth: A four‐way decomposition analysis
Authors: Niknam Atrin , Behboudi‐Gandevani Samira , Rahmati Maryam , Firouzi Faegheh , Azizi Fereidoun , Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh
Published: July 2024

Objective

The aim of the present study was to examine and quantify whether the association between preterm birth (PTB) and pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is mediated by gestational weight gain (GWG).

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of a large randomized community non‐inferiority trial using a cohort design. The data of 26 101 pregnant women in their first trimester who sought prenatal care and met eligibility criteria were included. The four‐way decomposition method was applied to screen for all types of association effects of pre‐pregnancy BMI on the risk of PTB. These effects include the total, direct, and various indirect effects including pure mediation via GWG, interactive effects with GWG, and mediated interaction with GWG, all adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Among the study participants, 24 461 (93.7%) had term deliveries, while 1640 (6.3%) experienced PTB. The results of the study showed that there was a positive association between pre‐pregnancy BMI among those with BMI more than 25 kg/m2 and the risk of PTB and this association was negatively mediated and interacted by GWG, which differed quantitatively between those who had inadequate, adequate, or excessive GWG. The total association effect showed that the risk was lowest for those who had underweight pre‐pregnancy BMI and adequate GWG (excess relative risk [RR]: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.11, P value: 0.022) and was highest for those who had obese pre‐pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG (excess RR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.35–1.00, P value <0.001).

Conclusion

The findings of the present prospective population‐based study demonstrated that pre‐pregnancy BMI >25 kg/m2 is directly and positively associated with the risk of preterm birth. The highest risk of preterm birth was observed among individuals with an obese pre‐pregnancy BMI who also experienced excessive GWG.
Infusing Weighted Average Ensemble Diversity for Advanced Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: Abhisheka Barsha , Biswas Saroj Kumar , Purkayastha Biswajit
Published: July 2024

Breast cancer is a widespread health threat for women globally, often difficult to detect early due to its asymptomatic nature. As the disease advances, treatment becomes intricate and costly, ultimately resulting in elevated fatality rates. Currently, despite the widespread use of advanced machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques, a comprehensive diagnosis of breast cancer remains elusive. Most of the existing methods primarily utilize either attention‐based deep models or models based on handcrafted features to capture and gather local details. However, both of these approaches lack the capability to offer essential local information for precise tumor detection. Additionally, the available breast cancer datasets suffer from class imbalance issue. Hence, this paper presents a novel weighted average ensemble network (WA‐ENet) designed for early‐stage breast cancer detection that leverages the ability of ensemble technique over single classifier‐based models for more robust and accurate prediction. The proposed model employs a weighted average‐based ensemble technique, combining predictions from three diverse classifiers. The optimal combination of weights is determined using the hill climbing (HC) algorithm. Moreover, the proposed model enhances overall system performance by integrating deep features and handcrafted features through the use of HOG, thereby providing precise local information. Additionally, the proposed work addresses class imbalance by incorporating borderline synthetic minority over‐sampling technique (BSMOTE). It achieves 99.65% accuracy on BUSI and 97.48% on UDIAT datasets.
Get Things Done: The Commodification of David Bowie in 1983
Authors: Coley Sam
Published: July 2024

1983 was a pivotal point in the career of musician David Bowie. It was a time of personal and artistic renewal, which ultimately transformed him from an “eternal outsider” into a global superstar. The 40thanniversary of his landmark 1983 albumLet's Danceprovides an opportunity to consider the business acumen behind the dramatic repositioning of Bowie's brand, and to reevaluate accusations of ‘selling‐out’ and ‘inauthenticity’ in his quest for mainstream international success.