bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Phosphoramidate Prodrug Platform: One‐Pot Amine Functionalization of Kinase Inhibitors with Oligoethylene Glycol for Improved Water‐Solubility
Authors: Spiewok Sarah , Lamla Markus , Schaefer Maximilian , Kuehne Alexander J. C.
Published: June 2024

Small molecular kinase inhibitors play a key role in modern cancer therapy. Protein kinases are essential mediators in the growth and progression of cancerous tumors, rendering involved kinases an increasingly important target for therapy. However, kinase inhibitors are almost insoluble in water because of their hydrophobic aromatic nature, often lowering their availability and pharmacological efficacy. Direct drug functionalization with polar groups represents a simple strategy to improve the drug solubility, availability, and performance. Here, we present a strategy to functionalize secondary amines with oligoethylene glycol (OEG) phosphate using a one‐pot synthesis in three exemplary kinase inhibiting drugs Ceritinib, Crizotinib, and Palbociclib. These OEG‐prodrug conjugates demonstrate superior solubility in water compared to the native drugs, with the solubility increasing up to 190‐fold. The kinase inhibition potential is only slightly decreased for the conjugates compared to the native drugs. We further show pH dependent hydrolysis of the OEG‐prodrugs which releases the native drug. We observe a slow release at pH 3, while the conjugates remain stable over 96 h under physiological conditions (pH 7.4). Using confocal microscopy, we verify improved cell uptake of the drug‐OEG conjugates into the cytoplasm of HeLa cells, further supporting our universal solubility approach.
Dissolution of g‐C3N4 Using Zinc Chloride Molten Salt Hydrates for Nanobelt Fabrication and Photocatalytic H2O2 Production
Authors: Shen Dazhi , Imbault Alexander Luis , Balati Gulimire , Ouyang Jie , Li Yunhua
Published: June 2024

Graphitic‐carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), a metal‐free two‐dimensional layered semiconductor material, holds great potential for energy conversion, environmental remediation, and sensing. However, the limited solubility of g‐C3N4 in conventional solvents hinders its widespread application. Improving the dissolution of g‐C3N4 in the liquid phase is highly desired but challenging. Herein, we report an innovative approach to dissolve g‐C3N4 using ZnCl2 molten salt hydrates. The solubility of g‐C3N4 in the solution reaches up to 200 mg mL−1. Density functional theory (DFT) results suggest that ZnCl+H2O is the key species that leads to charge redistribution on g‐C3N4 surface and promotes the dissolution of carbon nitride in the solution. Furthermore, through dilution, the dissolved carbon nitride can be effectively recovered while maintaining its intrinsic chemical structure. The resultant regenerated C3N4 (r‐C3N4) exhibits nanobelt morphology and demonstrates a substantially improved photocatalytic activity in H2O2 production. The rate of H2O2 production over the r‐C3N4 reaches 20,228 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 6.2 times higher than that of pristine g‐C3N4. This green and efficient dissolution route of g‐C3N4 offers an effective approach for its diverse applications.
Optimizing removal of elemental mercury from flue gas using halide‐impregnated red mud
Authors: Sarfraz Muhammad , Li Yang , Yang He , Jin Lijun , Hu Haoquan
Published: June 2024

Mercury (Hg0) emission from coal‐fired industrial plants poses severe threats to ecosystem sustainability and human health, urging the development of novel and cost‐effective adsorbents to treat industrial flue gas. Herein, the modification of industrial residual red mud (RM) through the impregnation of hydrogen halides (HH) and its adsorption characteristics for removing elemental mercury from combustion flue gas was reported. Experimental investigation of HH‐modified RM reveals that the hydrogen iodide (HI)‐modified RM with a concentration of 1.5 M had a maximum Hg0 removal efficiency of 98%, whereas hydrogen bromide (HBr) 1.5 M modified RM had a maximum Hg0 removal efficiency of 90%. The effect of various parameters, such as reaction temperature and halide concentrations, were also found to be influential for the adsorption efficiency of the modified RM. Moreover, it is important to highlight the chemisorption characteristics of HI‐modified RM, which significantly enhances the efficiency of the removal process. The Hg0 removal efficiency increases with the increase in HI concentration (1.5 M @ 93%) with an optimal reaction temperature of 140°C. Furthermore, the maximum Hg0 removal attained with a change in NO concentration was 98% at 200 ppm. However, increasing the SO2 concentration reduces the efficiency of RM for removing Hg0 in simulated coal combustion flue gas. The pseudo‐second‐order model (R2 = 0.98) accurately describes the adsorption of in kinetic investigations, indicating a chemisorption mechanism. This analysis of the chemisorption mechanism highlights the efficiency of halide‐modified industrial solid waste, which has the potential to be used in the design of economical and innovative adsorbents for reducing environmental pollution. The present study employed specific reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, halide loading contents, and different flue gas compositions, which had not been extensively explored.
A New Polymorphic Form of Maltol: Crystallization and Structure Refinement
Authors: Srinivasan Kavipriya , Karuppannan Srinivasan
Published: June 2024

A new polymorph of maltol, a food and intermediate pharmaceutical material, is discovered through solution crystallization process using a mixed solvent of water and ethanol with l‐menthol as an additive. It belongs to monoclinic crystal system with lattice parameters: a = 7.136(8) Å, b = 24.23(3) Å, c = 7.020(8) Å, and β = 106.22(3)°, volume =  1165 (2) Å3 and the refinement factor is R = 6.64%. With single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) data as input, the intermolecular interactions between the new polymorph of maltol is investigated through Hirshfeld surface analysis, the higher percentage of overall interaction between the polymorph (H…H) interaction, and the (O…H) interaction contributes more to the generation of new polymorph. The 2D finger print plot depicts the interactions are mainly due to the hydrogen bonds.
Conserving ecosystem integrity: Ecological theory as a guide for marine protected area monitoring
Authors: Dunham Anya , Iacarella Josephine C. , Hunter Karen L. , Davies Sarah C. , Dudas Sarah , Gale Katie S. P. , Rubidge Emily , Archer Stephanie K.
Published: June 2024

Global policies increasingly focus on the importance of maintaining or improving the integrity of ecosystems, but defining, assessing, and monitoring integrity in marine protected areas (MPAs) remains a challenge. In this paper, we conceptualized ecological integrity along dimensions of heterogeneity and stability containing seven components: physical structure, diversity, function, persistence, resistance, resilience, and natural variability. Through a structured literature search, we identified indicators and metrics used for quantifying ecosystem status components in the marine environment, then reviewed MPA management plans worldwide for inclusion of these components. We evaluated 202 papers applying 83 ecological indicators built from 72 metrics. Ecosystem components were most comprehensively addressed by metrics of taxa presence, organisms count, and area occupied by benthic organisms, and community structure, biomass, and percent cover indicators. Of the 557 MPA management plans we reviewed globally, 93% used at least one ecosystem status term or its synonym in an ecologically relevant context, but 39% did not address any components of stability. In particular, resistance was mentioned in only 1% of management plans, but in some cases it may be inferred from indicators and metrics used to track the best addressed component in management plans, diversity. Plans for MPAs with both an ecological/biological purpose and a research and education purpose contained ecosystem status terms more frequently than other plans, suggesting that engagement with the scientific community may have improved the application of these terms. An improved understanding of how to operationalize and measure ecological integrity can help MPA monitoring and management.
Environmental determinants of phylogenetic diversity in vernal pool habitats
Authors: Hendrickson Brandon
Published: June 2024

Phylogenetic diversity offers critical insights into the ecological dynamics shaping species composition and ecosystem function, thereby informing conservation strategies. Despite its recognized importance in ecosystem management, the assessment of phylogenetic diversity in endangered habitats, such as vernal pools, remains limited. Vernal pools, characterized by cyclical inundation and unique plant communities, present an ideal system for investigating the interplay between ecological factors and phylogenetic structure. This study aims to characterize the phylogenetic patterns of vernal pools and their associated vegetation zones, addressing questions about taxonomic and phylogenetic community discreteness, the role of flooding as a habitat filter, the influence of invasive species on phylogenetic structure, and the impact of seasonal variation on phylogenetic diversity. I find that zones‐of‐vegetation exhibit high between zone taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity whereas each zone forms a unique cluster, suggesting that zones are taxonomically and phylogenetically discrete units. Regions of high‐inundation pressure exhibit phylogenetic clustering, indicating that flooding is a habitat filter in vernal pool habitats. Competition between native species conform to the ‘competitive relatedness hypothesis’ and, conversely, communities dominated by invasive Eurasian grass species are phylogenetically clustered. In addition, I find that phylogenetic diversity within zones fluctuates across the spring season in response to changing water levels, precipitation, and temperature. By analyzing three pools within the Merced Vernal Pool and Grassland Reserve, this research elucidates the phylogenetic dynamics of vernal pools. The findings underscore the need for tailored conservation strategies that account for the unique ecological characteristics of each vegetation zone within vernal pool habitats.
Online toolkits for collaborative and inclusive global research in urban evolutionary ecology
Authors: Savage Amy M. , Willmott Meredith J. , Moreno‐García Pablo , Jagiello Zuzanna , Li Daijiang , Malesis Anna , Miles Lindsay S. , Román‐Palacios Cristian , Salazar‐Valenzuela David , Verrelli Brian C. , Winchell Kristin M. , Alberti Marina , Bonilla‐Bedoya Santiago , Carlen Elizabeth , Falvey Cleo , Johnson Lauren , Martin Ella , Kuzyo Hanna , Marzluff John , Munshi‐South Jason , Phifer‐Rixey Megan , Stadnicki Ignacy , Szulkin Marta , Zhou Yuyu , Gotanda Kiyoko M.
Published: June 2024

Urban evolutionary ecology is inherently interdisciplinary. Moreover, it is a field with global significance. However, bringing researchers and resources together across fields and countries is challenging. Therefore, an online collaborative research hub, where common methods and best practices are shared among scientists from diverse geographic, ethnic, and career backgrounds would make research focused on urban evolutionary ecology more inclusive. Here, we describe a freely available online research hub for toolkits that facilitate global research in urban evolutionary ecology. We provide rationales and descriptions of toolkits for: (1) decolonizing urban evolutionary ecology; (2) identifying and fostering international collaborative partnerships; (3) common methods and freely‐available datasets for trait mapping across cities; (4) common methods and freely‐available datasets for cross‐city evolutionary ecology experiments; and (5) best practices and freely available resources for public outreach and communication of research findings in urban evolutionary ecology. We outline how the toolkits can be accessed, archived, and modified over time in order to sustain long‐term global research that will advance our understanding of urban evolutionary ecology.
Response of soil inorganic nitrogen dynamics to planting age and vegetation type in artificial sand‐fixing land
Authors: Yang Rong , Chen Shiyang , Zhao Wenzhi , Song Shujun
Published: June 2024

Vegetation restoration in dryland regions may be a powerful way to control desertification and promote local habitat recovery. In these artificial revegetation systems, ecosystem processes and functioning are strongly determined by nitrogen (N) availability, while soil inorganic N (SIN) is the major available N form and is absorbed as a main N source for plants. However, SIN dynamics, their influencing factors, and their relative importance to the ecosystem of these N‐limited systems are not well understood. A field investigation was conducted to examine the monthly variations in SIN and its response to planting age and vegetation type in a typical artificial sand‐fixing system in northwestern China. The SIN content in topsoil (0–20 cm) during the growing season ranged from 7.10 to 95.65 mg kg−1, with a mean value of 27.14 mg kg−1. Soil nitrate N had a dominant role in determining SIN monthly dynamics, which showed a fluctuating trend with two peak values in early July and late August. SIN showed a significant increasing trend with the planting age of sand‐fixing vegetation, and it was highest for Nitraria sphaerocarpa (55.66 ± 5.76 mg kg−1), followed by Haloxylon ammodendron (29.81 ± 3.47 mg kg−1) and interspace (11.39 ± 1.13 mg kg−1). SIN displayed a hump‐shaped relationship with air temperature (R2 = 0.96, p < 0.01) and had a maximum at 19.88°C. The change rate of SIN was positively correlated with accumulated precipitation (R2 = 0.99, p < 0.05). SIN was correlated significantly with soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and soil clay content. Our results revealed that climatic (air temperature and precipitation), abiotic (soil texture), plant (planting age and vegetation type), and nutrient‐related (SOC and TN) factors regulate SIN dynamics in artificial sand‐fixing vegetation systems. Climate was the predominant factor affecting soil ammonium N, and soil nutrients (SOC and TN) were the predominant factor affecting soil nitrate N. Therefore, these factors should be integrated into optimizing regional vegetation establishment and improving ecosystem management practices in sand‐fixing lands.
High‐Efficiency Dimethyl Adipate Hydrogenation for 1,6‐Hexanediol Synthesis Over the Cu/SiO2 Nanoparticles with Reasonably Modulations of Pore Structure and Dispersion via Surface‐Assisted Method
Authors: Gao Xianlong , Cao Peng , Li Lei , Li Junhui , Zhu Zhirong
Published: June 2024

Surfactant‐assisted co‐precipitation for catalyst preparation is an excellent potential preparation method for enhanced metal‐support interactions and abundant oxygen vacancy. Cu/SiO2 catalysts were prepared containing either glycolic acid ethoxylate lauryl ether (BRIJ35, B5), polyethylene oxide‐polypropylene oxide‐polyethylene oxide (P123 P3), or no surfactant. After further treatment with surfactants, the 1,6‐hexanediol selectivity was significantly increased, especially for P123 surfactant. The Cu/SiO2‐P3 catalyst showed good performance, which may be related to more surface basic amount, the larger dispersion of the Cu and abundant oxygen vacancy. Abundant Ovac may facilitate the hydrogenation of DMA by weakening the C=O bond. After the Cu/SiO2 catalyst was treated with surfactant, the micropores disappeared and SBET of the catalyst increased. Among them, Cu/SiO2‐P3 had the largest specific surface area (312.6 m2 g−1).
Experiment Meets Theory: Cope Rearrangements and Thermal E/Z Isomerisations of Terpenoid Hydrocarbons
Authors: Taizoumbe Kizerbo A. , Chhalodia Anuj K. , Goldfuss Bernd , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: June 2024

Several terpenes are known that can undergo a Cope rearrangement. Prominent examples include germacrene A and hedycaryol that show a Cope rearrangement already slightly above room temperature. In the present study the Cope rearrangements of several terpenes and eventually co‐occurring thermal E/Z isomerisations were investigated experimentally for their minimum required temperatures and for their states of equilibrium. The experimental findings were supported by computational assessments of free activation energies (ΔG≠) as well as relative Gibbs free energies of the reactants (ΔG).
A study of different machine learning algorithms for state of charge estimation in lithium‐ion battery pack
Authors: Maurya Mangesh , Gawade Shashank , Zope Neha
Published: June 2024

Forecasting the state of charge (SOC) using battery control systems is laborious because of their longevity and reliability. Since battery degradation is typically nonlinear, predicting SOC estimation with significantly less degradation is laborious. So, the estimation of SOC is an increasingly major problem in ensuring the effectiveness and safety of the battery. To overcome these issues in SOC estimation, we found many methods in the scientific literature, with differing degrees of precision and intricacy. The SOC of lithium‐ion batteries can now be precisely predicted using supervised learning approaches. Reliable assessment of the SOC of a battery ensures safe operation, extends battery lifespan, and optimizes system performance. This work compares and studies the performance, benefits, and drawbacks of five supervised learning techniques for SOC estimates. Different SOC estimate methods are discussed, including both conventional and contemporary methods. These consist of techniques using voltage and current measurements and more complex algorithms using electrochemical models, impedance spectroscopy, and machine learning methods, incorporating the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning for flexible SOC estimation. In the future, SOC estimates will be a crucial component of a larger ecosystem for energy management, allowing for the seamless integration of energy storage into smart grids and adopting more environmentally friendly energy habits. The five methods we compare are random forest RF, gradient boosting machines, extra tree regressor, XG Boost, and DT. In these five methods, we are going to investigate, review, and discuss the current algorithms and overcome them to select one of the most precise and accurate algorithms to predict the accurate estimation of lithium‐ion battery SOC.
Nickel sulfide and potato‐peel‐derived carbon spheres composite for high‐performance asymmetric supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Sheoran Mahima , Sharma Rohit , Dawar Anit , Ojha Sunil , Srivastav Anurag , Sharma R K , Sinha Om Prakash
Published: June 2024

In the present work, a novel composite of nickel sulfide (NiS) and potato peel‐derived carbon spheres (NiS/PPCS) with higher specific capacitance and cyclic performance was synthesized as electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The composite was deposited on a graphite rod to be use as an electrode. The electrochemical performance studies using CV, GCD, and EIS revealed that the prepared electrode showed an improved current response and higher specific capacitance than the pristine NiS electrode. The maximum specific capacitance for the NiS/PPCS electrode was found to be 2185 F/g at 0.2 A/g current density. More precisely, it was observed that the NiS/PPCS composite exhibited an excellent retention capacity of 95.04% after 20 000 continuous charge‐discharge cycles, showing its exceptional cyclic performance. The impedance studies revealed that the reaction between the NiS/PPCS electrode and electrolyte was rapid and highly reversible. Based on the findings of the electrochemical performances, NiS/PPCS electrode appears to be a potential candidate for highly efficient and economical asymmetric supercapacitors.
Adjuvant treatment with anti‐PD‐1 in acral melanoma: A nationwide study
Authors: Bloem Manja , van Not Olivier J. , Aarts Maureen J. B. , van den Berkmortel Franchette W. P. J. , Blank Christian U. , Blokx Willeke A. M. , Boers‐Sonderen Marye J. , Bonenkamp Johannes J. , de Groot Jan‐Willem B. , Haanen John B. , Hospers Geke A. P. , Kapiteijn Ellen W. , de Meza Melissa M. , Piersma Djura , van Rijn Rozemarijn S. , Stevense‐den Boer Marion A. M. , van der Veldt Astrid A. M. , Vreugdenhil Gerard , van den Eertwegh Alfons J. M. , Suijkerbuijk Karijn P. M. , Wouters Michel W. J. M.
Published: June 2024

Previous studies demonstrated limited efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in unresectable acral melanoma (AM); it remains unclear how this translates to the adjuvant setting. This study investigates clinical outcomes of acral compared to cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients treated with adjuvant anti‐PD‐1 after complete resection. All stages III–IV AM and CM patients receiving adjuvant anti‐PD‐1 after complete resection between 2018 and 2022 were included from the prospective nationwide Dutch Melanoma Treatment Registry. We analyzed recurrence‐free survival (RFS), distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS). A multivariable Cox regression analysis of RFS was performed to adjust for potential confounders. We included 1958 (86 AM and 1872 CM) patients. At baseline, AM patients more frequently had KIT mutations, higher disease stages, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, and fewer BRAF and NRAS mutations. Median RFS was 14.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.5–29.3) in AM and 37.4 months (95% CI: 34.6 to not reached) in CM (p = .002). After correcting for potential confounders, AM remained associated with a higher risk of recurrence (HRadj 1.53; 95% CI: 1.07–2.17; p = .019). Two‐year DMFS tended to be worse for AM than for CM: 64.5% versus 79.7% (p = .050). Two‐year OS was significantly lower in AM (71.5% vs. 84.3%; p = .027). The results of this study suggest a poorer outcome of adjuvant‐treated AM compared to CM. Studies assessing the added value of adjuvant treatment in AM are needed. Future research should investigate alternative treatment strategies to improve outcomes of high‐risk AM.
Qualitative and quantitative imaging of alpha‐emitting radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Wang Lan , Lou Jingjing , Cao Xuecen , Jia Lina , Xue Shuai , Liu Xingdang , Zhang Lan , Li Xiao
Published: June 2024

Targeted alpha (α) therapy (TAT) is an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of targeted α‐therapy, the biodistribution and internal radiation dose of α‐emitting radionuclides should be determined. In vivo imaging of these radionuclides often involves the detection of gamma rays, X‐rays, and positrons generated during their complex decay processes. This review aims to classify the α‐emitting radionuclides (astatine‐211, actinium‐225, radium‐223, bismuth‐212, bismuth‐213, thorium‐227, and terbium‐149) according to their imageable signals. Additionally, this study summarizes various imaging modalities, including gamma camera imaging, single‐photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, Compton imaging, bremsstrahlung imaging, and Cerenkov luminescence imaging, which hold potential for imaging α‐emitting radionuclides, to explore their biomedical applications in qualitative nuclide tracing and diagnosis, quantifying pharmacokinetics, and assessing prognosis and response to therapy.
The multidirectional roles of the anterior oblique ligament and dorsoradial ligament of the thumb carpometacarpal joint
Authors: Kalshoven Josephine M. , Badida Rohit , Morton Amy M. , Molino Janine , Weiss Arnold‐Peter C. , Ladd Amy L. , Crisco Joseph J.
Published: June 2024

The multidirectional biomechanics of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint underlie the remarkable power and precision of the thumb. Because of the unconfined nature of thumb CMC articulation, these biomechanics are largely dictated by ligaments, notably the anterior oblique ligament (AOL) and the dorsoradial ligament (DRL). However, the rotational and translational stabilizing roles of these ligaments remain unclear, as evidenced by the variety of interventions employed to treat altered pathological CMC biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sectioning the AOL (n = 8) or DRL (n = 8) on thumb CMC joint biomechanics (rotational range‐of‐motion [ROM] and stiffness, translational ROM) in 26 rotational directions, including internal and external rotation, and in eight translational directions. Using a robotic musculoskeletal simulation system, the first metacarpal of each specimen (n = 16) was rotated and translated with respect to the trapezium to determine biomechanics before and after ligament sectioning. We observed the greatest increase in rotational ROM and decrease in rotational stiffness in flexion directions and internal rotation following DRL transection and in extension directions following AOL transection. The greatest increase in translational ROM was in dorsal and radial directions following DRL transection and in volar directions following AOL transection. These data suggest the AOL and DRL play complementary stabilizing roles, primarily restraining translations in the direction of and rotations away from the ligament insertion sites. These findings may inform future interventions or implant designs for pathological CMC joints.
Current practice in the care of children with functional constipation: What is the hold up?
Authors: van der Zande Julia M. J. , Koppen Ilan J. N. , Yacob Desale , Sanchez Raul E. , Puri Neetu B. , Vaz Karla , Di Lorenzo Carlo , Benninga Marc A. , Lu Peter L.
Published: June 2024

Objectives

For children with intractable functional constipation (FC), there are no evidence‐based guidelines for subsequent evaluation and treatment. Our objective was to assess the practice patterns of a large, international cohort of pediatric gastroenterologists.

Methods

We administered a survey to physicians who attended the 2nd World Congress of Pediatric Neurogastroenterology and Motility held in Columbus, Ohio (USA) in September 2023. The survey included 29 questions on diagnostic testing, nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment, and surgical options for children with intractable FC.

Results

Ninety physicians from 18 countries completed the survey. For children with intractable FC, anorectal manometry was the most commonly used diagnostic test. North American responders were more likely than Europeans to use stimulant laxatives (97% vs. 77%, p = 0.032), prosecretory medications (69% vs. 8%, p < 0.001), and antegrade continence enemas (ACE; 83% vs. 46%, p = 0.009) for management. Europeans were more likely than North Americans to require colonic transit testing before surgery (85% vs. 30%, p < 0.001). We found major differences in management practices between Americans and the rest of the world, including use of prosecretory drugs (73% vs. 7%, p < 0.001), anal botulinum toxin injections (81% vs. 58%, p = 0.018), ACE (81% vs. 58% p = 0.018), diverting ileostomies (56% vs. 26%, p = 0.006), and colonic resections (42% vs. 16%, p = 0.012). No differences were found when respondents were compared by years of experience.

Conclusions

Practice patterns in the evaluation and treatment of children with intractable FC differ widely among pediatric gastroenterologists from around the world. A clinical guideline regarding diagnostic testing and surgical decision‐making is needed.
Revealing the spoilage characteristics of refrigerated prepared beef steak by advanced bioinformatics tools
Authors: Zhang Wendi , Ni Yongsheng , Xie Yong , Tan Lijun , Zhao Jinsong , Li Xiao min , Li Cong , Xu Baocai
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Although microorganisms are the main cause of spoilage in prepared beef steaks, very few deep spoilage mechanisms have been reported so far. Aiming to unravel the mechanisms during 12 days of storage at 4 °C affecting the quality of prepared beef steak, the present study investigated the changes in microbial dynamic community using a combined high‐throughput sequencing combined and bioinformatics. In addition, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis was utilized to identify marker candidates for prepared steaks. Furthermore, cloud platform analysis was applied to determine prepared beef steak spoilage, including the relationship between microbiological and physicochemical indicators and volatile compounds.

RESULTS

The results showed that the dominant groups of Pseudomonas, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Lactobacillus and Lactococcus caused the spoilage of prepared beef steak, which are strongly associated with significant changes in physicochemical properties and volatile organic compounds (furan‐2‐pentyl‐, pentanal, 1‐octanol, 1‐nonanol and dimethyl sulfide). Metabolic pathways were proposed, among which lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism were most abundant.

CONCLUSION

The present study is helpful with respect to further understanding the relationship between spoilage microorganisms and the quality of prepared beef steak, and provides a reference for investigating the spoilage mechanism of dominant spoilage bacteria and how to extend the shelf life of meat products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Selecting postoperative adjuvant systemic therapy for early‐stage breast cancer: An updated assessment and systematic review of leading commercially available gene expression assays
Authors: Hyams David M. , Bareket‐Samish Avital , Rocha Juan Enrique Bargallo , Diaz‐Botero Sebastian , Franco Sandra , Gagliato Debora , Gomez Henry L. , Korbenfeld Ernesto , Krygier Gabriel , Mattar Andre , De Pierro Aníbal Nuñez , Borrego Manuel Ruiz , Villarreal Cynthia
Published: June 2024

Gene expression assays (GEAs) can guide treatment for early‐stage breast cancer. Several large prospective randomized clinical trials, and numerous additional studies, now provide new information for selecting an appropriate GEA. This systematic review builds upon prior reviews, with a focus on five widely commercialized GEAs (Breast Cancer Index®, EndoPredict®, MammaPrint®, Oncotype DX®, and Prosigna®). The comprehensive dataset available provides a contemporary opportunity to assess each GEA's utility as a prognosticator and/or predictor of adjuvant therapy benefit.
Kinetics of direct and water‐mediated tautomerization reactions of four‐membered cyclic lactims to amides or lactams
Authors: Würmel Judith , Simmie John M.
Published: June 2024

As part of a series of studies of hydrogen‐atom transfer or tautomerization reactions of imidic acid‐amide species, ──═─ ═──, we report the rate constants for a set of 16 four‐membered cyclic compounds at low, 50–300 K, and high, 500–1500 K, temperatures. The compounds are labeled according to the two ring groups X and Y, which can be , NH, CH, N, O, or C(O) and which are at some remove from the reactive site. These rate constants are for both the direct reaction and for that mediated by an additional water molecule, which facilitates the hydrogen transfer reaction. In the latter case, we show that the rate of reaction from a pre‐reaction complex is rapid at temperatures down to 50 K and dominated by quantum mechanical effects as evaluated by small‐curvature and quantized‐reaction‐states tunneling. In addition, we present thermochemical data such as enthalpies of formation, entropies, isobaric heat capacities, and enthalpy functions for these largely unknown species, which span a range of compounds from ‐propiolactone to 1,3‐diazetidine‐2,4‐dione.
Retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with Burkitt lymphoma treated in Tanzania following the implementation of the 2016 National Treatment Guidelines: Poor outcomes to current standard‐of‐care therapy
Authors: Chapman Hutton , Ntemi Paulo S. , Gisiri Mwitasrobert , Vasudevan Lavanya , Kashaigili Heronima J. , Schroeder Kristin
Published: June 2024

Background

Despite the excellent outcomes achieved in the treatment of pediatric Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in high‐income countries (HICs), outcomes remain poor in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Efforts to improve BL outcomes in Tanzania included the creation of National Treatment Guidelines in 2016. However, disease outcomes in Tanzania following the creation of these guidelines have not been reported to date.

Procedure

Historical records from 2016 to 2021 for patients 0–18 years of age with a diagnosis of BL and seen at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC), in Mwanza, Tanzania, were curated into an electronic database and analyzed descriptively. Patients in this cohort were treated per the Tanzanian National Treatment Guidelines, which include six cycles of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and methotrexate (COM) chemotherapy with intrathecal methotrexate and cytarabine.

Results

In total, 92 BL patients’ records were eligible for analysis. Patients in this cohort were most commonly Murphy stage II (28%) or stage III (34%). Nearly all, 91%, met International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research (INCTR) high‐risk criteria at presentation. Forty‐two percent of patients did not receive a biopsy and were treated with a presumed diagnosis of BL alone. A 1‐year event‐free survival of 29.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.3%–39.5%) and a 1‐year overall survival of 38.5% (95% CI: 28%–48.9%) were observed. A high rate of treatment abandonment (34%) was also observed.

Conclusion

In a historical cohort of pediatric patients with BL treated per the 2016 Tanzanian National Treatment Guidelines, we observed poor outcomes and a high rate of abandonment. These outcomes appear inferior to those achieved in the INCTR clinical trial that informed the guidelines’ creation, and highlights the importance of “real‐world” outcomes data in LMICs. These data reinforce the idea that continued clinical research and capacity building efforts are necessary to improve BL outcomes in LMICs.
Die Liga der tiefsten Töne
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo
Published: June 2024

Welche Instrumente die tiefsten Töne in einem Orchester spielen können, hängt von dessen Zusammensetzung ab. Fünfsaitige Kontrabässe und Konzertharfen erreichen ein H2 mit 30,9 Hz. Bei den Blasinstrumenten kommt die Kontrabassposaune am tiefsten bis zum As2 mit 26 Hz. Die Kontrabasstuba bleibt mit einem A2 mit 27,5 Hz knapp darüber. Konzertflügel mit 88 Tasten haben als tiefsten Ton ein A2 (27,5 Hz), der „Imperial“ von Bösendorfer mit 97 Tasten erreicht sogar ein C2 mit 16,4 Hz. Auch große Konzertorgeln erreichen mit einem Subcontra‐C bei 16,4 Hz bereits die Grenze zum Infraschall.
Highly Efficient Spin Current Transport Properties in Spintronic Devices Based on Topological Insulator
Authors: Yun Jijun , Xi Li
Published: June 2024

Recently, topological insulators (TIs) have regained extensive attention in spintronics due to their potential applications in new‐generation spintronic devices, following the discovery of the quantum Hall effect and quantum anomalous Hall effect, which introduce the topological concept. In this review, the exotic spin transport phenomena are explored in TIs. The review offers a concise overview of the fundamental principles of TIs, followed by an exploration of diverse fabrication methods for TI materials. Characterization techniques of the topological surface states are also presented. The review delves into the intriguing spin current transport phenomena, focusing on spin‐to‐charge and charge‐to‐spin conversions in TI/ferromagnet bilayers, respectively. The review culminates summarizing key insights and project future directions for research on spin transport phenomena in TIs, emphasizing practical implications.
Bright Tripartite Quantum Steering Generated by Above‐Threshold Optical Parametric Oscillation
Authors: Ma Shuangquan , Cheng Xinyuan , Zhang Dayang , Yu Youbin , Jin Guangri , Chen Aixi
Published: June 2024

Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering is the key resources in quantum information processing. EPR steering light sources typically obtained through spontaneous parametric down conversion below a threshold are relatively weak. Strong bright EPR steering light source can be obtained by operating the resonant cavity above the threshold. Here, the quantum steering correlations of the system above the threshold are analyzed using numerical simulations based on the quantum random trajectory method in Wigner representation. By employing the genuine multipartite EPR steering criterion, it is demonstrated that genuine bright tripartite EPR steering can be generated above the threshold, and investigate the influences of the nonlinear parameters on the genuine tripartite EPR steering. The scheme of bright EPR steering light source generated by cascaded nonlinear process can be used as a quantum repeater in quantum communication.
Using ion mobility spectrometry to understand signal dilution during tandem mass spectrometry sequencing of digital polymers: Experimental evidence of intramolecular cyclization
Authors: Sergent Isaure , Schutz Thibault , Lutz Jean‐François , Charles Laurence
Published: June 2024

Rationale

Optimizing the structure of digital polymers is an efficient strategy to ensure their tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) readability. In block‐truncated poly(phosphodiester)s, homolysis of C–ON bonds in long chains permits the release of smaller blocks amenable to sequencing. Yet the dissociation behavior of diradical blocks was observed to strongly depend on their charge state.

Methods

Polymers were ionized in negative mode electrospray and activated in‐source so that blocks released as primary fragments can be investigated using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) or sequenced in the post‐IMS collision cell. Collision cross sections (CCS) were derived from arrival times using a calibration procedure developed for polyanions using the IMSCal software. A multistep protocol based on quantum methods and classical molecular dynamics was implemented for molecular modeling and calculation of theoretical CCS.

Results

Unlike their triply charged homologues, dissociation of diradical blocks at the 2– charge state produces additional fragments, with +1 m/z shift for those holding the nitroxide α‐termination and −1 m/z for those containing the carbon‐centered radical ω‐end. These results suggest cyclization of these diradical species, followed by H• transfer on activated reopening of this cycle. This assumption was validated using IMS resolution of the cyclic/linear isomers and supported by molecular modeling.

Conclusions

Combining IMS with molecular modeling provided new insights into how the charge state of digital blocks influences their dissociation. These results permit to define new guidelines to improve either ionization conditions or the structural design of these digital polymers for best MS/MS readability.
Bronchial Dieulafoy's disease: A series of seven cases with review of the literature
Authors: Nair Avinash A. , James Prince , Vimala Leena Robinson , Kodiatte Thomas , Gupta Richa
Published: June 2024

Bronchial Dieulafoy's disease (BDD), remains poorly understood, with only 88 cases reported globally. Herein, we present the largest case series (n = 7) from a single centre, between 2017 and 2023, retrospectively reviewed, detailing clinical presentations, diagnoses, management and up to 4‐year follow‐up outcomes. Diagnosis relied on characteristic lesions detected through white light bronchoscopy with or without endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) or narrow band imaging (NBI), along with computed tomography (CT) scans or bronchial angiography. Identification of aberrant vessels beneath lesions and bronchoscopy details were documented. Treatment modalities and follow‐up outcomes until December 2023 were noted. All patients were non‐smokers. Review of imaging findings by an experienced radiologist was crucial in suspected cases due to risk of bleeding and often unconclusive results from biopsy. Management of BDD varied, with six patients undergoing bronchial artery embolization (BAE) and one requiring lobectomy; four patients received additional endobronchial therapy, one died due to malignancy, none experienced recurrence of haemoptysis. Identifying patients with large volume haemoptysis disproportionate to parenchymal disease in CT scans is important. A bronchoscopic surveillance is crucial to avoid biopsy; it can be confirmed using EBUS of NBI. While no established guidelines exist, BAE and endobronchial therapy emerge as valuable interventions, with surgical resection reserved for recurrent cases.
Mesenchymal‐epithelial transition factor exon 14 skipping mutation‐positive granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐producing lung adenocarcinoma mimicking lung abscess: A case report
Authors: Izumiya Yuka , Odaka Hidesato , Kikuchi Toru , Takita Yuri , Tokairin Takuo
Published: June 2024

Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐producing lung tumours are rare, with their imaging features and effective treatments remaining elusive. Similarly, mesenchymal‐epithelial transition (MET) exon 14 skipping mutations are also uncommon. Herein, we report a case of G‐CSF‐producing lung adenocarcinoma positive for a MET exon 14 skipping mutation, mimicking lung abscess. A 61‐year‐old man presented with cough and high fever. Contrast‐enhanced chest computed tomography revealed a mass with a cavity and internal fluid accumulation. The patient initially underwent diagnostic treatment for a lung abscess but was ultimately diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma positive for a MET exon 14 skipping mutation. Following tepotinib therapy, the primary lesion shrank, and serum G‐CSF levels decreased, leading to a diagnosis of G‐CSF‐producing lung cancer. G‐CSF‐producing lung tumours can present imaging findings that mimic lung abscesses. Tepotinib therapy may be effective for patients with MET exon 14 skipping mutation, including those with G‐CSF‐producing lung cancer.
Differential network knockoff filter with application to brain connectivity analysis
Authors: Ji Jiadong , Hou Zhendong , He Yong , Liu Lei , Xue Fuzhong , Chen Hao , Yuan Zhongshang
Published: June 2024

The brain functional connectivity can typically be represented as a brain functional network, where nodes represent regions of interest (ROIs) and edges symbolize their connections. Studying group differences in brain functional connectivity can help identify brain regions and recover the brain functional network linked to neurodegenerative diseases. This process, known as differential network analysis focuses on the differences between estimated precision matrices for two groups. Current methods struggle with individual heterogeneity in measuring the brain connectivity, false discovery rate (FDR) control, and accounting for confounding factors, resulting in biased estimates and diminished power. To address these issues, we present a two‐stage FDR‐controlled feature selection method for differential network analysis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. First, we create individual brain connectivity measures using a high‐dimensional precision matrix estimation technique. Next, we devise a penalized logistic regression model that employs individual brain connectivity data and integrates a new knockoff filter for FDR control when detecting significant differential edges. Through extensive simulations, we showcase the superiority of our approach compared to other methods. Additionally, we apply our technique to fMRI data to identify differential edges between Alzheimer's disease and control groups. Our results are consistent with prior experimental studies, emphasizing the practical applicability of our method.
Mitigating Cobalt Phthalocyanine Aggregation in Electrocatalyst Films through Codeposition with an Axially Coordinating Polymer
Authors: Dean William S. , Soucy Taylor L. , Rivera‐Cruz Kevin E. , Filien Leila L. , Terry Bradley D. , McCrory Charles C. L.
Published: June 2024

Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) is a promising molecular catalyst for aqueous electroreduction of CO2, but its catalytic activity is limited by aggregation at high loadings. Codeposition of CoPc onto electrode surfaces with the coordinating polymer poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) mitigates aggregation in addition to providing other catalytic enhancements. Transmission and diffuse reflectance UV–vis measurements demonstrate that a combination of axial coordination and π‐stacking effects from pyridyl moieties in P4VP serve to disperse cobalt phthalocyanine in deposition solutions and help prevent reaggregation in deposited films. Polymers lacking axial coordination, such as Nafion, are significantly less effective at cobalt phthalocyanine dispersion in both the deposition solution and in the deposited films. SEM images corroborate these findings through particle counts and morphological analysis. Electrochemical measurements show that CoPc codeposited with P4VPonto carbon electrode surfaces reduces CO2 with higher activity and selectivity compared to the catalyst codeposited with Nafion.
Understanding the Chemical Degradation of Ti3C2Tx MXene Dispersions: A Chronological Analysis
Authors: Marquez Kevinilo P. , Sisican Kim Marie D. , Ibabao Rochelle P. , Malenab Roy Alvin J. , Judicpa Mia Angela N. , Henderson Luke , Zhang Jizhen , Usman Ken Aldren S. , Razal Joselito M.
Published: June 2024

Titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene has attracted significant attention due to its exceptional properties and versatile solution processibility. However, MXene dispersions are prone to various degradation processes, leading to the formation of byproducts that negatively affect its morphological, electrical, and mechanical properties. Through the years, several methods have been developed to mitigate MXene degradation; however, divergent viewpoints on the understanding of degradation mechanisms are prevalent, hindering the development of versatile strategies in producing environmentally stable MXene dispersions. This review provides a chronological analysis of the research efforts aimed at unraveling the underlying mechanisms of MXene degradation and highlights strategies for circumventing this process. This review discusses apparent inconsistencies in experimental findings and theoretical models. These discrepancies prompt further investigation for a clearer understanding of the degradation process in MXene. This narrative allows readers to follow the evolution of dominant theories and disputes and to ultimately stimulate further investigation, aiming for a better understanding of this process. It is anticipated that identifying the fundamental factors affecting the oxidation of MXene dispersions will enable their full‐scale processing into higher‐order structures and practical devices with greater longevity and long‐term performance.
Bubble Characteristics Required for the Complete Removal of Alumina Inclusions from Steel Melts
Authors: Guthrie Roderick I. L. , Isac Mihaiela M.
Published: June 2024

Gas bubbling can be an effective means to float out alumina inclusions from liquid steel in a ladle. However, large spherical cap bubbles are formed when using porous plugs, as the liquid steel is nonwetting to the porous refractory. These bubbles rise rapidly through the liquid steel, forming a fast‐moving bubble plume, restricting contact times. Sized microbubbles, by contrast, have now been generated in liquid metals by shearing methods, involving linear crossflows to an entering flow of gas, or alternatively by rotational shearing. Combined with these convective shearing forces, local kinetic energy of turbulence can also play an important part in determining final microbubble size distributions. As microbubbles have much smaller rise velocities and present a far greater inclusion capture surface area than those of a single large bubble of the same gross volume, this will allow us to remove sub‐50 μm inclusions from liquid steel. It is expected that this goal will require a redesign of current ladle shrouds.