bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanocolumnar Crystalline Vanadium Oxide-Molybdenum Oxide Antireflective Smart Thin Films with Superior Nanomechanical Properties
Authors: Dey Arjun , Nayak Manish Kumar , Esther A. Carmel Mary , Pradeepkumar Maurya Sandeep , Porwal Deeksha , Gupta A. K. , Bera Parthasarathi , Barshilia Harish C. , Mukhopadhyay Anoop Kumar , Pandey Ajoy Kumar , Khan Kallol , Bhattacharya Manjima , Kumar D. Raghavendra , Sridhara N. , Sharma Anand Kumar
Published: November 2016

Vanadium oxide-molybdenum oxide (VO-MO) thin (21–475 nm) films were grown on quartz and silicon substrates by pulsed RF magnetron sputtering technique by altering the RF power from 100 to 600 W. Crystalline VO-MO thin films showed the mixed phases of vanadium oxides e.g., V2O5, V2O3 and VO2 along with MoO3. Reversible or smart transition was found to occur just above the room temperature i.e., at ~45–50 °C. The VO-MO films deposited on quartz showed a gradual decrease in transmittance with increase in film thickness. But, the VO-MO films on silicon exhibited reflectance that was significantly lower than that of the substrate. Further, the effect of low temperature (i.e., 100 °C) vacuum (10−5 mbar) annealing on optical properties e.g., solar absorptance, transmittance and reflectance as well as the optical constants e.g., optical band gap, refractive index and extinction coefficient were studied. Sheet resistance, oxidation state and nanomechanical properties e.g., nanohardness and elastic modulus of the VO-MO thin films were also investigated in as-deposited condition as well as after the vacuum annealing treatment. Finally, the combination of the nanoindentation technique and the finite element modeling (FEM) was employed to investigate yield stress and von Mises stress distribution of the VO-MO thin films.
Characterizing Focused-Ultrasound Mediated Drug Delivery to the Heterogeneous Primate Brain In Vivo with Acoustic Monitoring
Authors: Wu Shih-Ying , Sanchez Carlos Sierra , Samiotaki Gesthimani , Buch Amanda , Ferrera Vincent P. , Konofagou Elisa E.
Published: November 2016

Focused ultrasound with microbubbles has been used to noninvasively and selectively deliver pharmacological agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for treating brain diseases. Acoustic cavitation monitoring could serve as an on-line tool to assess and control the treatment. While it demonstrated a strong correlation in small animals, its translation to primates remains in question due to the anatomically different and highly heterogeneous brain structures with gray and white matteras well as dense vasculature. In addition, the drug delivery efficiency and the BBB opening volume have never been shown to be predictable through cavitation monitoring in primates. This study aimed at determining how cavitation activity is correlated with the amount and concentration of gadolinium delivered through the BBB and its associated delivery efficiency as well as the BBB opening volume in non-human primates. Another important finding entails the effect of heterogeneous brain anatomy and vasculature of a primate brain, i.e., presence of large cerebral vessels, gray and white matter that will also affect the cavitation activity associated with variation of BBB opening in different tissue types, which is not typically observed in small animals. Both these new findings are critical in the primate brain and provide essential information for clinical applications.
General Solvent-dependent Strategy toward Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Graphene/Metal Oxide Nanohybrids: Effects of Nitrogen-containing Solvent
Authors: Kao Wei-Yao , Chen Wei-Quan , Chiu Yu-Hsiang , Ho Yu-Hsuan , Chen Chun-Hu
Published: November 2016

A general solvent-dependent protocol directly influencing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in metal oxide/graphene nanohybrids has been demonstrated. We conducted the two-step synthesis of cobalt oxide/N-doped graphene nanohybrids (CNG) with solvents of water, ethanol, and dimethylformamide (DMF), representing tree typical categories of aqueous, polar organic, and organic N-containing solvents commonly adopted for graphene nanocomposites preparation. The superior ORR performance of the DMF-hybrids can be attributed to the high nitrogen-doping, aggregation-free hybridization, and unique graphene porous structures. As DMF is the more effective N-source, the spectroscopic results support a catalytic nitrogenation potentially mediated by cobalt-DMF coordination complexes. The wide-distribution of porosity (covering micro-, meso-, to macro-pore) and micron-void assembly of graphene may further enhance the diffusion kinetics for ORR. As the results, CNG by DMF-synthesis exhibits the high ORR activities close to Pt/C (i.e. only 8 mV difference of half-wave potential with electron transfer number of 3.96) with the better durability in the alkaline condition. Additional graphene hybrids comprised of iron and manganese oxides also show the superior ORR activities by DMF-synthesis, confirming the general solvent-dependent protocol to achieve enhanced ORR activities.
Enhancing Virion Tethering by BST2 Sensitizes Productively and Latently HIV-infected T cells to ADCC Mediated by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Pham Tram N. Q. , Lukhele Sabelo , Dallaire Frédéric , Perron Gabrielle , Cohen Éric A.
Published: November 2016

Binding of anti-HIV antibodies (Abs) to envelope (Env) glycoproteins on infected cells can mark them for elimination via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). BST2, a type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated restriction factor that anchors nascent Env-containing virions at the surface of infected cells has been shown to enhance ADCC functions. In a comprehensive analysis of ADCC potency by neutralizing anti-HIV Abs (NAbs), we show in this study that NAbs are capable of mediating ADCC against HIV-infected T cells with 3BNC117, PGT126 and PG9 being most efficient. We demonstrate that HIV-induced BST2 antagonism effectively attenuates Ab binding and ADCC responses mediated by all classes of NAbs that were tested. Interestingly, IFNα treatment can reverse this effect in a BST2-dependent manner. Importantly, while reactivated latent T cell lines display some susceptibility to ADCC mediated by broadly NAbs, inactivating BST2 viral countermeasures and/or exogenous IFNα augment their elimination. Overall, our findings support the notion that NAbs can induce ADCC. They highlight that while BST2 antagonism by HIV promotes ADCC evasion, strategies aimed at restoring BST2 restriction could improve anti-HIV responses and potentially provide a means to eliminate reactivated cells in latent reservoirs.
Association of Arsenic Methylation Capacity with Developmental Delays and Health Status in Children: A Prospective Case–Control Trial
Authors: Hsueh Yu-Mei , Chen Wei-Jen , Lee Chih-Ying , Chien Ssu-Ning , Shiue Horng-Sheng , Huang Shiau-Rung , Lin Ming-I , Mu Shu-Chi , Hsieh Ru-Lan
Published: November 2016

This case–control study identified the association between the arsenic methylation capacity and developmental delays and explored the association of this capacity with the health status of children. We recruited 120 children with developmental delays and 120 age- and sex-matched children without developmental delays. The health status of the children was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI). The arsenic methylation capacity was determined by the percentages of inorganic arsenic (InAs%), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV%), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV%) through liquid chromatography and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Developmental delays were significantly positively associated with the total urinary arsenic concentration, InAs%, and MMAV%, and was significantly negatively associated with DMAV% in a dose-dependent manner. MMAV% was negatively associated with the health-related quality of life (HRQOL; −1.19 to −1.46,P < 0.01) and functional performance (−0.82 to −1.14,P < 0.01), whereas DMAV% was positively associated with HRQOL (0.33–0.35,P < 0.05) and functional performance (0.21–0.39,P < 0.01–0.05) in all children and in those with developmental delays. The arsenic methylation capacity is dose-dependently associated with developmental delays and with the health status of children, particularly those with developmental delays.
Unraveling the association between genetic integrity and metabolic activity in pre-implantation stage embryos
Authors: D’Souza Fiona , Pudakalakatti Shivanand M. , Uppangala Shubhashree , Honguntikar Sachin , Salian Sujith Raj , Kalthur Guruprasad , Pasricha Renu , Appajigowda Divya , Atreya Hanudatta S. , Adiga Satish Kumar
Published: November 2016

Early development of certain mammalian embryos is protected by complex checkpoint systems to maintain the genomic integrity. Several metabolic pathways are modulated in response to genetic insults in mammalian cells. The present study investigated the relationship between the genetic integrity, embryo metabolites and developmental competence in preimplantation stage mouse embryos with the aim to identify early biomarkers which can predict embryonic genetic integrity using spent medium profiling by NMR spectroscopy. Embryos carrying induced DNA lesions (IDL) developed normally for the first 2.5 days, but began to exhibit a developmental delay at embryonic day 3.5(E3.5) though they were morphologically indistinguishable from control embryos. Analysis of metabolites in the spent medium on E3.5 revealed a significant association between pyruvate, lactate, glucose, proline, lysine, alanine, valine, isoleucine and thymine and the extent of genetic instability observed in the embryos on E4.5. Further analysis revealed an association of apoptosis and micronuclei frequency with P53 and Bax transcripts in IDL embryos on the E4.5 owing to delayed induction of chromosome instability. We conclude that estimation of metabolites on E3.5 in spent medium may serve as a biomarker to predict the genetic integrity in pre-implantation stage embryos which opens up new avenues to improve outcomes in clinical IVF programs.
Disulfide mapping the voltage-sensing mechanism of a voltage-dependent potassium channel
Authors: Nozaki Tomohiro , Ozawa Shin-ichiro , Harada Hitomi , Kimura Tomomi , Osawa Masanori , Shimada Ichio
Published: November 2016

Voltage-dependent potassium (Kv) channels allow for the selective permeability of potassium ions in a membrane potential dependent manner, playing crucial roles in neurotransmission and muscle contraction. Kv channel is a tetramer, in which each subunit possesses a voltage-sensing domain (VSD) and a pore domain (PD). Although several lines of evidence indicated that membrane depolarization is sensed as the movement of helix S4 of the VSD, the detailed voltage-sensing mechanism remained elusive, due to the difficulty of structural analyses at resting potential. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive disulfide locking analysis of the VSD using 36 double Cys mutants, in order to identify the proximal residue pairs of the VSD in the presence or absence of a membrane potential. An intramolecular SS-bond was formed between 6 Cys pairs under both polarized and depolarized environment, and one pair only under depolarized environment. The multiple conformations captured by the SS-bond can be divided by two states, up and down, where S4 lies on the extracellular and intracellular sides of the membrane, respectively, with axial rotation of 180°. The transition between these two states is caused by the S4 translocation of 12 Å, enabling allosteric regulation of the gating at the PD.
A comparison of biological characteristics of three strains of Chinese sacbrood virus in Apis cerana
Authors: Hu Ying , Fei Dongliang , Jiang Lili , Wei Dong , Li Fangbing , Diao Qingyun , Ma Mingxiao
Published: November 2016

We selected and sequenced the entire genomes of three strains of Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV): LNQY-2008 (isolated in Qingyuan, Liaoning Province), SXYL-2015 (isolated in Yulin, Shanxi Province), and JLCBS-2014 (isolated in Changbaishan, Jilin Province), by VP1 amino acid (aa) analysis. These strains are endemic in China and infect Apis cerana. Nucleotide sequences, deduced amino acid sequences, genetic backgrounds, and other molecular biological characteristics were analysed. We also examined sensitivity of these virus strains to temperature, pH, and organic solvents, as well as to other physicochemical properties. On the basis of these observations, we compared pathogenicity and tested cross-immunogenicity and protective immunity, using antisera raised against each of the three strains. Our results showed that compared with SXYL-2015, LNQY-2008 has a 10-aa deletion and 3-aa deletion (positions 282–291 and 299–301, respectively), whereas JLCBS-2014 has a 17-aa deletion (positions 284–300). However, the three strains showed no obvious differences in physicochemical properties or pathogenicity. Moreover, there was immune cross-reactivity among the antisera raised against the different strains, implying good protective effects of such antisera. The present study should significantly advance the understanding of the pathogenesis of Chinese sacbrood disease, and offers insights into comprehensive prevention and treatment of, as well as possible protection from, the disease by means of an antiserum.
Non-coding RNAs match the deleted genomic regions in humans
Authors: Byeon Boseon , Kovalchuk Igor
Published: November 2016

RNA is transcribed from DNA, and therefore, there should be no RNA transcript from the deleted DNA region. Our study attempted to analyse whether any RNA cache that maps the deleted regions is present in human cells. Using data from the 1000 genome project, we selected 41 CEPH (CEU) and 38 Yoruba (YRI) samples that included the data for the entire genome sequence and ncRNA and mRNA sequences. Aligning the ncRNA reads against the genomic DNA in individual samples has revealed that 229 out of 1114 homozygous deletions have ncRNA reads that map to them. Further analysis has revealed that ncRNA reads that map the deleted regions are enriched around the deletion ends and at genic regions of the genome. The read enrichment at deletion ends suggests that these ncRNAs are likely some form of double-strand break induced RNAs. Our analysis suggests that human cells may contain a residual ncRNA cache that is possibly propagated across generations.
Gold nanoparticles on OMS-2 for heterogeneously catalyzed aerobic oxidative α,β-dehydrogenation of β-heteroatom-substituted ketones
Authors: Yoshii Daichi , Jin Xiongjie , Yatabe Takafumi , Hasegawa Jun-ya , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: November 2016

In the presence of Au/OMS-2, various kinds of β-heteroatom-substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones can be synthesized through aerobic oxidative dehydrogenation of the corresponding saturated ketones.
Sulfur-tolerant BaO/ZrO2/TiO2/Al2O3 quaternary mixed oxides for deNOX catalysis
Authors: Say Zafer , Mihai Oana , Tohumeken Merve , Ercan Kerem Emre , Olsson Louise , Ozensoy Emrah
Published: November 2016

A novel AZT – supported NSR/LNT catalyst with enhanced sulfur regeneration performance.
An efficient hydrogen evolution catalyst composed of palladium phosphorous sulphide (PdP∼0.33S∼1.67) and twin nanocrystal Zn0.5Cd0.5S solid solution with both homo- and hetero-junctions
Authors: Song Jingang , Zhao Haitao , Sun Ranran , Li Xiyou , Sun Dejun
Published: November 2016

The combination of both homo- and hetero-junctions in one catalyst can significantly improve the catalytic activity for H2evolution from water.
Standardisation of a European measurement method for the determination of anions and cations in PM2.5: results of field trial campaign and determination of measurement uncertainty
Authors: Beccaceci Sonya , Brown Richard J. C. , Butterfield David M. , Harris Peter M. , Otjes René P. , van Hoek Caroline , Makkonen Ulla , Catrambone Maria , Patier Rosalía Fernández , Houtzager Marc M. G. , Putaud Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2016

The results of field trial campaign to validate the European standard measurement method for anions and cations in ambient particulate matter are presented.
Selection of aptamers based on a protein microarray integrated with a microfluidic chip
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Li Hui , Jia Wenchao , Chen Zhu , Xu Danke
Published: November 2016

We developed an efficient and fast method based on a protein microarray integrated with a microfluidic chip for the process of SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment).
Diversity of nature's assembly lines – recent discoveries in non-ribosomal peptide synthesis
Authors: Payne Jennifer A. E. , Schoppet Melanie , Hansen Mathias Henning , Cryle Max J.
Published: November 2016

Highlighting recent important discoveries from the biosynthesis of peptides by linear non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) machineries.
Copper-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative N–N bond formation for the synthesis of N,N′-diarylindazol-3-ones
Authors: Dai Guo , Yang Luo , Zhou Wang
Published: November 2016

A general copper/air catalytic system for efficient synthesis of N,N′-diarylindazol-3-ones via oxidative dehydrogenative coupling was developed.
Traceable quantitation of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) via measurement of cobalt and phosphorus: a comparative assessment using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ion chromatography (IC)
Authors: Dash K. , Rastogi Lori , Thangavel S. , Venkateswarulu G.
Published: November 2016

Traceable quantitation of cyanocobalaminviameasurement of cobalt and phosphorous by ICP-AES and IC after MW-UV digestion. Measurement of (Cobalttotal− Cobaltfree) by IC provides an accurate quantitation of the analyte.
Anaerobic vs. aerobic preparation of silicon nanoparticles by stirred media milling. The effects of dioxygen, milling solvent, and milling time on particle size, surface area, crystallinity, surface/near-surface composition, and reactivity
Authors: Bukovsky Eric V. , Castro Karlee P. , Wyatt Brent M. , Boltalina Olga V. , Strauss Steven H.
Published: November 2016

Silicon nanoparticles milled anaerobically in heptane or mesitylene are smaller and much more reactive than SiNPs milled aerobically in the same solvents for equal attritor milling times.
A new covalent strategy for functionalized montmorillonite–poly(methyl methacrylate) for improving the flowability of crude oil
Authors: Al-Sabagh A. M. , Betiha M. A. , Osman D. I. , Hashim A. I. , El-Sukkary M. M. , Mahmoud Tahany
Published: November 2016

A new nanohybrid polymer as flow improver in crude oil, where chemical modification of natural clay in which ionic surfactants containing ionic liquid moieties are grafted onto the clay layer and compared with other ammonium salt containing vinyl groups.
Hierarchical ZnO nanorods/Ni(OH)2nanoflakes for room-temperature, cheap fabrication of non-enzymatic glucose sensors
Authors: Strano V. , Mirabella S.
Published: November 2016

Optimization of hierarchical nanostructures composed of Ni(OH)2nanoflakes on ZnO nanorods (NRs) for inexpensive amperometric glucose sensing applications.
Magnetic zinc oxide nanoflower-assisted ionic liquid-based nanofluid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the rapid determination of acaricides in tea infusions
Authors: Yang Miyi , Zeng Haozhe , Wu Xiaoling , Yang Xiaoling , Zhou Wenfeng , Zhang Sanbing , Lu Runhua , Li Jing , Gao Haixiang
Published: November 2016

An ionic liquid based nanofluid with magnetic zinc oxide as a nanoparticle additive was used for the quick determination of acaricides.
Recovery of gold(0) nanoparticles from aqueous solutions using effluents from a bioremediation process
Authors: Assunção Ana , Vieira Bernardete , Lourenço João P. , Costa Maria Clara
Published: November 2016

Biological processes for the recovery of gold from low-concentration media derived from leaching of secondary sources are of great importance due to the scarcity of the primary resources and the economic and environmental advantages of these methods.
Multi-template synthesis of hierarchically porous carbon spheres with potential application in supercapacitors
Authors: Zhou Weizheng , Lin Zhixing , Tong Gangsheng , Stoyanov Simeon D. , Yan Deyue , Mai Yiyong , Zhu Xinyuan
Published: November 2016

Hierarchical porous carbon spheres with tuneable pore sizes were successfully fabricated by simply templating hierarchical silica capsules and triblock copolymer.
Optical advantages of graphene on the boron nitride in visible and SW-NIR regions
Authors: Wang Jingang , Cao Shuo , Sun Peng , Ding Yong , Li Yuanzuo , Ma Fengcai
Published: November 2016

We theoretically study optical advantages of graphene on boron nitride for advanced materials and reveals that the boron nitride is one of best substrates for graphene-based nano-photonic devices.
Exploiting the protein corona around gold nanorods for low-dose combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy
Authors: Yeo Eugenia Li Ling , Cheah Joshua U-Jin , Neo Dawn Jing Hui , Goh Wah Ing , Kanchanawong Pakorn , Soo Khee Chee , Thong Patricia Soo Ping , Kah James Chen Yong
Published: November 2016

We load Ce6 onto NRs using its protein corona, deliver them to cells before performing laser irradiation for simultaneous PTT and PDT with greatly enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
Synthesis, characterization and application of luminescent silica nanomaterials
Authors: Sriramulu Deepa , Turaga Shuvan Prashant , Yi Ang Xin , Bettiol Andrew Anthony , Valiyaveettil Suresh
Published: November 2016

Monodispersed luminescent nanoparticles for ink-jet printing and bioimaging.
Right-Sided Heart Failure and Extracorporeal Life Support in Patients Undergoing Pericardiectomy for Constrictive Pericarditis: A Risk Factor Analysis for Adverse Outcome
Authors: Ismail Issam , Cebotari Serghei , Busse Alexander , Martens Andreas , Shrestha Malakh , Kühn Christian , Haverich Axel , Fegbeutel Christine , Beckmann Erik
Published: November 2016

Background Right ventricular failure is a life-threatening postoperative complication after pericardiectomy. We conducted a retrospective study with a special emphasis on right ventricular failure.

Methods Between June 1997 and September 2011, 69 patients underwent surgical pericardiectomy at our center. Mean age was 59 ( ±  15.5) years, and 49 (71%) patients were male. Causes of constrictive pericarditis included idiopathic (52%, n = 36), tuberculosis (9%, n = 6), postcardiotomy (12%, n = 8), radiation (4%, n = 3), renal insufficiency (12%, n = 8), and autoimmune disease (12%, n = 8). Concomitant cardiac surgery was performed in 33 (48%) patients.

Results In-hospital mortality rate was 14% (10/69 patients). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was necessary in 8 (12%) cases because of right (n = 7) or biventricular (n = 1) failure. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between early mortality and the following preoperative variables: postcardiotomy (p = 0.049), radiation (p = 0.009), pleural effusion (p = 0.012), ascites (p = 0.039), hepatic congestion (p = 0.023), absence of calcification on X-ray (p = 0.041), tricuspid valve insufficiency (TI, p < 0.001), and low cardiac index (p = 0.003). Diuretic usage (p = 0.044), peripheral edema (p = 0.050), low voltage (p = 0.027), dip-plateau sign (p = 0.027), elevated GGT (p < 0.001), and decreased serum protein (p < 0.001) correlated with ECMO implantation. Binary logistic regression identified pleural effusion (OR = 16.2, 95% CI = 1.4–191.5), moderate/severe TI (OR = 28.8, 95% CI = 2.7–306.8) and low cardiac index (OR = 25.3, 95% CI = 2.0–315.6) as preoperative independent risk factors for early mortality, whereas elevated GGT (OR = 28.3, 95% CI = 2.4–329.2) and decreased protein (OR = 24.7, 95% CI = 1.8–343.7) could predict right ventricular failure with the need for ECMO.

Conclusion We recommend nondelayed ECMO support in case of significant postoperative right-sided heart failure. High-risk patients might benefit from elective pre- or intraoperative ECMO implantation.
Tabakkonsum und Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen im Jugendalter – Eine Analyse der KIGGS Daten
Authors: Fassmer A. , Luque Ramos A. , Boiselle C. , Dreger S. , Helmer S. , Zeeb H.
Published: November 2016

Ziel der Studie: In Deutschland ist nur wenig darüber bekannt, ob sich der Tabakkonsum von Jugendlichen auf ihr Inanspruchnahmeverhalten von Gesundheitsleistungen auswirkt. Die vorliegende Studie soll daher Frühfolgen des jugendlichen Rauchens identifizieren.

Methodik: Wir führten eine Re-Analyse von Querschnittsdaten der Basisbefragung (2003–2006) der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS) durch. Um die Assoziation zwischen aktuellem Rauchstatus und der Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen in den 12 Monaten vor der Befragung zu untersuchen, wurden Prävalenzen ausgewählter Erkrankungen stratifiziert nach Rauchstatus ausgewertet. Daneben wurde sowohl der Anteil von Jugendlichen mit mindestens einem ambulanten Arztkontakt als auch die Gesamtzahl der Arztbesuche ermittelt. Für den stationären Bereich wurden Informationen zu den im Krankenhaus verbrachten Nächten analysiert. Ein logistisches Regressionsmodell wurde genutzt, um die Assoziation zwischen dem Rauchverhalten und der Inanspruchnahme ambulanter medizinischer Leistungen adjustiert nach Alter, Geschlecht, Sozialstatus, Migrationshintergrund und Komorbidität zu bestimmen.

Ergebnisse: 3 679 Jugendliche mit Angaben zum Rauchstatus zwischen 14 und 17 Jahren konnten in die Studie aufgenommen werden, von denen 49,1% weiblich waren und 31,7% aktuell rauchten. Die Prävalenz von Blasenentzündungen (+87,0%) und Bronchitis (+50,0%) war bei den rauchenden Jugendlichen deutlich erhöht. Im hausärztlichen Bereich war die Zahl von Jugendlichen, die einen Arzt in Anspruch nahmen, bei den Rauchern um 30,8% erhöht. Im fachärztlichen Bereich wurden erhöhte Kontaktzahlen nur bei Psychiatern (+171,4%) und Psychologen (+94,4%) gefunden. Im stationären Bereich zeigte sich, dass rauchende Jugendliche häufiger einen Krankenhausaufenthalt berichteten (+26,5%) und dieser mit einer längeren Verweildauer verbunden war (+19,7%). Es zeigte sich eine statistisch signifikante Assoziation zwischen aktuellem Tabakkonsum und einer erhöhten Häufigkeit der Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen in den vergangenen 12 Monaten (OR=1,20; 95%-KI: 1,02–1,40).

Schlussfolgerung: Tabakkonsum bei Jugendlichen geht mit einer erhöhten Prävalenz bestimmter Erkrankungen sowie einer erhöhten Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen einher. Ob der Tabakkonsum kausal ist, bleibt fraglich. Die im Rahmen von KiGGS laufende Kohortenstudie wird weiteren Aufschluss über die Art des Zusammenhangs geben können.
Effect of manganese sulphide particle shape on the pinning of grain boundary
Authors: Guo L. , Roelofs H. , Lembke M. I. , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H.
Published: November 2016

The pinning of austenite grain boundaries by manganese sulphide particles is examined experimentally as a function of the shape and size of the inclusions in a free-machining steel. With the same volume fraction, large and extremely long MnS particles are found to be more effective at hindering the motion of austenite grain boundaries than those that approximate spherical shape, even when the latter are smaller and have a higher number density.
Distribution of the tryptophan pathway-derived defensive secondary metabolites gramine and benzoxazinones in Poaceae
Authors: Kokubo Yu , Nishizaka Miho , Ube Naoki , Yabuta Yukinori , Tebayashi Shin-ichi , Ueno Kotomi , Taketa Shin , Ishihara Atsushi
Published: November 2016

The Poaceae is a large taxonomic group consisting of approximately 12,000 species and is classified into 12 subfamilies. Gramine and benzoxazinones (Bxs), which are biosynthesized from the tryptophan pathway, are well-known defensive secondary metabolites in the Poaceae. We analyzed the presence or absence of garamine and Bxs in 64 species in the Poaceae by LC-MS/MS. We found that Hordeum brachyantherum and Hakonechloa macra accumulated gramine, but the presence of gramine was limited to small groups of species. We also detected Bxs in four species in the Pooideae and six species in the Panicoideae. In particular, four species in the Paniceae tribe in Panicoideae accumulaed Bxs, indicating that this tribe is a center of the Bx distribution. Bxs were absent in the subfamilies other than Pooideae and Panicoideae. These findings provide an overview of biased distribution of gramine and Bxs in Poaceae species.
Dorsal horn interneuron-derived Netrin-4 contributes to spinal sensitization in chronic pain via Unc5B
Authors: Hayano Yasufumi , Takasu Keiko , Koyama Yoshihisa , Yamada Moe , Ogawa Koichi , Minami Kazuhisa , Asaki Toshiyuki , Kitada Kazuhiro , Kuwabara Satoshi , Yamashita Toshihide
Published: November 2016

Because of the incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie chronic pain, the currently available treatments for this type of pain remain inefficient. In this study, we show that Netrin-4, a member of the axon guidance molecule family, was expressed in dorsal horn inner lamina II excitatory interneurons in the rat spinal cord. A similar expression pattern for Netrin-4 was also observed in human spinal cord. Behavioral analysis revealed that tactile and heat hyperalgesia after peripheral nerve injury or inflammation were abolished in Netrin-4–mutant rats. Transient suppression of Netrin-4 or its receptor Unc5B after injury could also prevent allodynia. Conversely, intrathecal administration of Netrin-4 protein to naive rats enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn and induced allodynia, suggesting that Netrin-4 is involved in spinal sensitization. Furthermore, the Unc5B receptor and subsequent activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 mediated Netrin-4–induced pain signaling in the spinal cord. These results identify Netrin-4 as a novel protein regulating spinal sensitization leading to chronic pain. Our findings provide evidence for the function of Netrin in the adult nervous system, as well as a previously unknown function in inducing pain signals from dorsal horn interneurons.
Reconstituting regulation of the canonical Wnt pathway by engineering a minimal β-catenin destruction machine
Authors: Pronobis Mira I. , Deuitch Natalie , Posham Vinya , Mimori-Kiyosue Yuko , Peifer Mark
Published: November 2016

Negatively regulating key signaling pathways is critical to development and altered in cancer. Wnt signaling is kept off by the destruction complex, which is assembled around the tumor suppressors APC and Axin and targets β-catenin for destruction. Axin and APC are large proteins with many domains and motifs that bind other partners. We hypothesized that if we identified the essential regions required for APC:Axin cooperative function and used these data to design a minimal β-catenin-destruction machine, we would gain new insights into the core mechanisms of destruction complex function. We identified five key domains/motifs in APC or Axin that are essential for their function in reconstituting Wnt regulation. Strikingly, however, certain APC and Axin mutants that are nonfunctional on their own can complement one another in reducing β-catenin, revealing that the APC:Axin complex is a highly robust machine. We used these insights to design a minimal β-catenin-destruction machine, revealing that a minimized chimeric protein covalently linking the five essential regions of APC and Axin reconstitutes destruction complex internal structure, size, and dynamics, restoring efficient β-catenin destruction in colorectal tumor cells. On the basis of our data, we propose a new model of the mechanistic function of the destruction complex as an integrated machine.
Morally Permissible Use of Lethal Force
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: November 2016

In this chapter a taxonomy is provided of the morally permissible use of lethal force across two main dimensions: (1) individual and joint action (and joint omissions) and (2) negative and positive moral rights. The claim that it is morally permissible to use lethal force to enforce some negative rights, notably the right to self-defense in the service of the right not to be killed, is relatively uncontroversial. However, it is argued that it may well be morally permissible to use lethal force to enforce some positive rights, notably the right to preserve the life of others. In cases of multiple attackers/refrainers and multiple defenders/enforcers, the use of lethal force typically involves joint actions. Therefore, an analysis of such joint actions is provided. Note that philosophical analyses of the moral permissibility of the use of lethal force are typically unhelpfully framed in terms of individual, as opposed to joint, actions, albeit the “individuals” in question are sometimes collective entities, such as military forces.
Police Use of Lethal Force
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: November 2016

In this chapter the main conditions under which police use of lethal force is morally justified are elaborated. The first two conditions—self-defense and defense of others—are the same conditions under which ordinary citizens are entitled to use lethal force. However, there is another important condition: to uphold the law. For example, a police officer may be morally justified in killing another person if that person is rightly and reasonably suspected of the crimes of serious rights violations, is attempting to avoid arrest, is armed and using those arms to avoid arrest, and if the only way to prevent the suspected offender from escaping is to kill him or her.
Civilian Immunity
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: November 2016

Military combatants have special moral duties to protect the members of their own citizenry, but not specialduties to protect citizens of other communities. Nevertheless, it is not the case that lives of military combatants can be given priority over the lives of innocent civilians of an enemy state. Partialist considerations can make a moral difference in relation to the permissibility of the use of lethal force in war. Moreover, intentions—as opposed to foreseen consequences—make a moral difference, but these intentions are not necessarily first-order intentions; in some cases they are second-order intentions that constrain first-order intentions. Finally, it is argued that the category of innocent civilians does not include citizens who are rights violators (i.e., non-life-threatening rights violators and those who culpably fail to discharge obligations to positive rights holders). Accordingly, some categories of noncombatants do not have the moral right to immunity in war.
Targeted Killing
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: November 2016

In this chapter, targeted killing is defined and distinguished from assassination and from extrajudicial killing. It is argued that targeted killing of combatants in theaters of war by the use of, for example, armed drones is morally permissible. It is further argued that while targeted killing of terrorists is morally impermissible in well-ordered jurisdictions—since the law enforcement model is applicable—it may be permissible under certain circumstances in disorderly states such as the FATA in Pakistan, given that the law enforcement model is unable to be applied. If so, it would need to be conducted in a manner that ensures that the lives of innocent civilians are not put at risk. Indeed, it is conceivable that it is permissible in well-ordered jurisdictions in which the authorities are refusing to enforce the law, such as was evidently the case with Osama bin Laden in Pakistan.
The Riches of Twilight (Circa 1600)
Authors: Townsend Camilla
Published: November 2016

By about 1600, indigenous intellectuals in the City of Mexico began to fear that knowledge of the old histories was truly being lost, which led to an outpouring of indigenous history writing. Chimalpahin from Chalco was the most famous of such writers. He was a contemporary of don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl from Tetzcoco and Tezozomoc of the Mexican royal family, both of whom he seems to have known. The cosmopolitanism of Chimalpahin’s vision is extraordinary. He commented not only on current events (such as the desagüe) but on ancient ones (such as the reign of Axaycatl), and on both Nahuatl texts and European ones.
Renaissance in the East (The Seventeenth Century)
Authors: Townsend Camilla
Published: November 2016

Tlaxcala, east of Mexico City, stayed relatively isolated culturally longer than did most of central Mexico. For this reason the traditional annals genre lasted longer there than anywhere else. More than two dozen texts survive from the seventeenth century. Among them is a long work by don Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza, an indigenous nobleman who served on the indigenous cabildo. After he died, his young friend don Manuel do los Santos Salazar, an indigenous man who had attended the university in the capital and become a priest, adapted Zapata’s text for other purposes, such as the writing of the Anónimo Mexicano. Eventually, don Manuel’s work ended up in the hands of Lorenzo Boturini.
Making the Best of Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Evans Matthew
Published: November 2016

In the Theaetetus, Socrates argues that Protagoras, as a radical relativist, cannot coherently justify our practice of criticizing each other's beliefs in the context of a dialectical discussion. Though nearly all of the major commentators on the Theaetetus have held that this argument is successful, this chapter aims to show that it is not. Its specific claim is that Socrates himself — in a passage commonly known as ‘The Defence of Protagoras’ — provides his opponent with just enough resources to explain how it could be reasonable for people to engage in a dialectical discussion with each other, even if it is already clear to both of them that neither of their beliefs falls anywhere short of perfect knowledge.
What is a Perfect Syllogism?
Authors: Morison Benjamin
Published: November 2016

This chapter argues against the scholarly consensus that perfect syllogisms are held by Aristotle to be the evident or self-evident ones. Instead, it claims that perfect syllogisms are ones the explanation of whose validity takes a certain form. Perfect syllogisms are those whose validity is explained by making reference only to the dictum de omnietnullo. The explanation of the validity of all other syllogisms will proceed through relating those syllogisms to the perfect ones through conversion or reductio. Two prominent interpretations of the dictum de omnietnullo — those of Jonathan Barnes and Marko Malink — are discussed and rejected in favour of a view which treats the dictum not as a paraphrase or definition of a- and e-predication but rather as stating an inferential property of a- and e-predications, like a rule of inference. This interpretation accounts better for the modality explicit in Aristotle's formulation of the dictum and shows how no extra logical machinery is needed to account for the validity of the perfect syllogisms. Textual evidence for this interpretation is assembled from both the assertoric and modal parts of the syllogistic. The role of perfect syllogisms in Aristotle's syllogistic is discussed, as well as the question of whether ‘perfect’ is the right translation.
Truth inMetaphysics Ε4
Authors: Crivelli Paolo
Published: November 2016

Two chapters of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, E 4 and Θ 10, discuss truth and a use of the verb ‘to be’ associated with it. The relationship between these two chapters is problematic because despite an apparent cross-reference connecting them, they seem to put forward incompatible views. This chapter argues that (contrary to appearances and to what some commentators believe) E 4 fully agrees with Θ 10. One of the assumptions on which the reconciliation relies is that when ‘to be’ is employed in accordance with the use associated with truth, it applies to external things (mainly, but not exclusively, states of affairs) but neither to thoughts nor to sentences (to both of which however ‘true’ applies). This sheds a novel light on E 4, which turns out to make claims rather different from those which commentators have taken it to defend. In particular, E 4 commits Aristotle to the view that states of affairs (unlike Fregean thoughts) are mind-dependent entities.
Space-time evolution of linear instabilities—Absolute and convective
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter looks at the evolution of linear instabilities, which results from small-amplitude perturbations of equilibria. The study is critical in testing stability/instability of equilibria in nonlinear dynamics, and entails a study of the evolutions of instabilities in space and time. The starting point is based upon the linearized equations for small-amplitude perturbations superimposed on the equilibrium being tested. This entails finding the linear natural modes within space and time dependence. The instability evolution from localized perturbations is given by the Green's function for the linearly-unstable medium, leading to distinguishing between absolute and convective instability evolutions. The former indicates an unstable normal mode which eventually grows in time at every point in space, while the latter entails that the instability growth convects away from the originally localized perturbations, and eventually, the localized excitation region reverts back to the original equilibrium.
Micro, kinetic and fluid descriptions—Hierarchy of plasma descriptions
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter describes the hierarchical development of classical plasma dynamic model equations. In any macroscopic physical system containing many individual particles, there are basically three levels of classical dynamics descriptions: the exact microscopic description, the kinetic theory description, and the macroscopic or fluid description. The chapter's analysis of classical plasma dynamic model equations spans from the microscopic Liouville–Klimontovich equations, and its Bogoliubov, Born, Green, Kirkwood, Yvon (BBGKY) hierarchy of coupled statistical correlations, to their reduction to the fluid kinetic equations (Boltzmann and Vlasov–Fokker–Planck), to the hydrodynamic moment equations and the various reduced hydrodynamic equations used in preceding chapters. In particular, the chapter also puts in perspective the collisionless kinetic Vlasov equation and Vlasov–Fokker–Planck, Boltzmann equations, which are used to study the dynamics of plasma.
Kinetic theory of instabilities—In one-d and unmagnetized plasmas
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter highlights the Newcomb–Gardner conditions that are sufficient for stability which makes clear that plasma equilibrium distribution functions in velocity which are either anisotropic or nonmonotonically decreasing with energy, may be unstable. The Newcomb–Gardner conditions are sufficient conditions for plasma stability. They are based upon the kinetic Vlasov–Maxwell description of plasmas, including plasmas immersed in an external magnetic field. These sufficient conditions for stability give a mathematically based, physical introduction to understanding the sources of free-energy in a plasma that may give rise to instability. The chapter concludes with an exposition of absolute/convective instability analyses for the principal, kinetic (linear electrostatic) LES and (transverse electric-magnetic) TEM instabilities.
Food and Fitness: A Dictionary of Diet and Exercise
Authors: Kent Michael
Published: November 2016

Over 2,000 entries

This accessible dictionary is packed full of authoritative information on foods and drinks, types of diet, sports and activities, exercises, physiology, training methods, and calorie requirements. The new edition includes over 200 new entries covering advances in the science of health and diet such as genetic disposition and nutrigenomics, high-profile diets such as the five–two and palaeo, fitness tracking and technologies, and developments in food labelling and the psychology of diet and fitness.

With over seventy diagrams, many providing guidance on how to carry out certain exercises, and tables covering recommended dietary intakes, the composition of selected foods, and average energy expenditure for various activities and sports, this is an ideal quick reference for students of sports and nutrition, and for anyone interested in diet and fitness.
A Dictionary of Accounting
Authors: Law Jonathan
Published: November 2016

Over 3,900 entries

This best-selling dictionary contains entries on all aspects of accounting, including financial accounting, financial reporting, management accounting, taxation, auditing, corporate finance, and accounting bodies and institutions. Its international coverage includes important terms from the UK, US, Australia, India, and Asia-Pacific.

New entries reflect the latest developments in the accounting profession, e.g. Accounting Council, European Financial Stability Mechanism, and General Anti-Abuse Rule. Existing entries have been updated to cover the latest developments, most notably the Financial Reporting Standard Applicable in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, which sets out new rules in areas such as goodwill, hedge accounting, and fair value accounting. There is increased coverage of topics such as corporate governance, accounting ethics, accounting scandals, and major firms and professional bodies.

This dictionary is essential for students and professionals in accounting and finance, and an ideal source of reference for anyone seeking a clear guide to the often-confusing world of accountancy terms.
Multiparameter functional diversity of human C2H2 zinc finger proteins
Authors: Schmitges Frank W. , Radovani Ernest , Najafabadi Hamed S. , Barazandeh Marjan , Campitelli Laura F. , Yin Yimeng , Jolma Arttu , Zhong Guoqing , Guo Hongbo , Kanagalingam Tharsan , Dai Wei F. , Taipale Jussi , Emili Andrew , Greenblatt Jack F. , Hughes Timothy R.
Published: November 2016

C2H2 zinc finger proteins represent the largest and most enigmatic class of human transcription factors. Their C2H2-ZF arrays are highly variable, indicating that most will have unique DNA binding motifs. However, most of the binding motifs have not been directly determined. In addition, little is known about whether or how these proteins regulate transcription. Most of the ∼700 human C2H2-ZF proteins also contain at least one KRAB, SCAN, BTB, or SET domain, suggesting that they may have common interacting partners and/or effector functions. Here, we report a multifaceted functional analysis of 131 human C2H2-ZF proteins, encompassing DNA binding sites, interacting proteins, and transcriptional response to genetic perturbation. We confirm the expected diversity in DNA binding motifs and genomic binding sites, and provide motif models for 78 previously uncharacterized C2H2-ZF proteins, most of which are unique. Surprisingly, the diversity in protein–protein interactions is nearly as high as diversity in DNA binding motifs: Most C2H2-ZF proteins interact with a unique spectrum of co-activators and co-repressors. Thus, multiparameter diversification likely underlies the evolutionary success of this large class of human proteins.