bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-examination of the one-dimensional
theory of a Raman free-electron laser
Authors: WILLETT J. E. , BOLON B. , HWANG U.-H. , AKTAS Y.
Published: July 2002

A new one-dimensional analysis of the collective interaction in a free-electron
laser with combined helical wiggler and uniform axial magnetic fields is
presented. Maxwell's curl relations and the cold-fluid equations are employed, with
the appropriate form of solution for right and left circularly polarized electromagnetic
waves and space-charge waves. A set of three linear homogeneous algebraic
equations for the electric field amplitudes of the three propagating waves is derived.
This set may be employed to obtain the general dispersion relation in the
form of a tenth-degree polynomial equation. With the left circular wave assumed
to be nonresonant, the dispersion relation reduces to a seventh-degree polynomial
equation corresponding to four space-charge modes and three right circular modes.
The results of a numerical study of the spatial growth rate and radiation frequency
are presented.
On Rs, rhotacism and paleophony
Authors: Catford J. C.
Published: July 2002

In his R-tickle, William Barry (Barry 1997: 35) invites others who may have pondered along similar lines ‘to offer additional complementary or alternative views’. In somewhat belatedly accepting his invitation, I would like to make some remarks on trills, on ‘molar r’, and on rhotacism, followed by some thoughts on the question of the historical primacy of trill, at least within Indo-European.
Shell morphometry of the deep sea protobranch bivalve Ledella pustulosa in the Rockall Trough, north-east Atlantic
Authors: Fuiman Lee A. , Gage John D. , Lamont Peter A.
Published: July 2002

The deep sea protobranch bivalve species Ledella pustulosa recently has been described as comprised of four subspecies, differentiated on subtle and qualitative differences in shell morphology. Two of these, L. p. pustulosa and L. p. marshalli, possess overlapping geographic distributions, L. p. pustulosa occurring on the continental slope, and L. p. marshalli occurring on the continental rise and at upper abyssal depths. Principal components analysis was applied to six samples of Ledella pustulosa from the Rockall Trough in order to explore patterns of variation in shell shape and to test whether the variability follows a depth-related cline which might be under environmental control. Two of these samples had previously been identified as L. p. pustulosa and L. p. marshalli, respectively. The distributions of shapes at every depth overlapped broadly with the distributions from other depths and none of the depths had uniformly distinct shells. However, the mean shapes of the six samples divided into two clusters: a shallow cluster characterized by a lower dorsal profile (smaller ‘shoulders’) and a deep cluster with larger ‘shoulders’. No bathymetric cline in shape was found within these clusters. A discriminant function based on training samples of L. p. pustulosa and L. p. marshalli correctly identified 84% of the shells in the training samples and was applicable over a wide range in shell size. It showed that the subspecies differed primarily in the dorsal profile. The discriminant function was applied to 598 shells from depths of 1632–2900 m in the Rockall Trough in order to test the hypothesis of depth-related segregation of the subspecies. Although individual variability was high, the results indicated a gradual transition from L. p. pustulosa dominance at ∼2000 m to L. p. marshalli dominance at 3000 m depth, but not marked segregation. A sample from 1632 m depth with large proportions of both subspecies disrupted the bathymetric trend and suggested a latitudinal gradient in distribution. Possible environmental factors, including bottom currents, acting on a common genotype to cause the observed pattern of differentiation, are also discussed.
Size assortative mating in the marine snail Littorina neglecta
Authors: Johnson Lisa J.
Published: July 2002

Laboratory based experiments, carried out on Littorina neglecta collected from the barnacle zone at Ravenscar, north-east England, showed that this marine prosobranch displays size assortative mating. Males prefer to mate with larger, more fecund females, but they do not necessarily choose the largest available. It is suggested that such size assortative mating may act as a barrier to reproduction between L. neglecta and L. saxatilis. No relationship was found between either male or female shell size and the length of copulation.
First data on fecundity of the squid Abralia veranyi (Cephalopoda: Enoploteuthidae)
Authors: Laptikhovsky V.V.
Published: July 2002

Investigation of the fecundity in Abralia veranyi from the Mauritanian slope showed that potential fecundity of this species is 10,000–26,000 including 1200–2400 (mean 1900) yolk oocytes and ripe eggs. Up to 1000 ripe eggs of 0.7–0.8×0.8–0.9 mm (mean weight 0.30 mg) were found in oviducts. In mated females there were found 13–226 (mean 71) spermatangia. Spawning is intermittent.
Lanice arakani, a new species of the family Terebellidae (Polychaeta: Sedentaria) from seamounts of the West Mariana Ridge
Authors: Hissmann Karen
Published: July 2002

A new species of terebellid polychaete, Lanice arakani sp. nov., is described from two specimens collected in deep water at seamounts of the west Pacific by the submersible `JAGO', and comparisons are made with the established species of the genus. Special reference is given to the morphology of the worm's sediment tube and in situ observations.
Electrophysiological analysis of the response of males of
the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, to
fractions of their homospecific sex pheromone
Authors: RIGA E. , HOLDSWORTH D. R. , PERRY R. N. , BARRETT J. , JOHNSTON M. R. L.
Published: July 2002

Electrophysiological techniques and behavioural assays were used
to
determine the response of males of Globodera
rostochiensis to 4 fractions of the homospecific sex pheromone from
virgin females, separated using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid
chromatography. Sex pheromone activity was confined to 2 of the fractions.
The
sex pheromone of G. rostochiensis appears to be composed of several
weakly basic, polar compounds.
Genomic DNA repeat from Leishmania (Viannia)
braziliensis (Venezuelan strain) containing simple repeats
and microsatellites
Authors: RODRIGUEZ N. , DE LIMA H. , RODRIGUEZ A. , BREWSTER S. , BARKER D. C.
Published: July 2002

In this paper the Leishmania (Viannia)
braziliensis complex is defined as containing all
species of the actual subgenus
Viannia. Organisms of the L. (V)
braziliensis complex are the causative agents of localized human
cutaneous and
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in South America, much of Central America and
some areas of North America. In our search
for better species and subspecies diagnostic probes we focused our
research on repetitive DNA, since it provides a greater
number of target sites for hybridization. In this work we report the
isolation and sequencing of a 1·8 kb DNA region,
LbJ38, which is probably tandemly repeated or dispersed at least 4 times
along one chromosome and is naturally present
in L. (V) braziliensis genomic DNA. This
region contains microsatellites and simple repeat DNA sequences and was
isolated by screening a genomic DNA cosmid library with complex- and
species-specific probes. No homology was found
with other Leishmania microsatellite or repetitive DNA. The
utility of this repetitive sequence and primers derived from
it in the identification of L. (V) braziliensis
is demonstrated. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of sequence
characterized repetitive microsatellite and GC rich simple repeat DNA
from the nuclear genome of New World Leishmania.
Schistosoma mansoni infection in a natural population of

olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe

Stream National Park, Tanzania
Authors: MÜLLER-GRAF C. D. M. , COLLINS D. A. , PACKER C. , WOOLHOUSE M. E. J.
Published: July 2002

Infection with Schistosoma mansoni was studied in 5 troops

of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream

National Park, Tanzania. Three troops were infected with S.

mansoni. An aggregated distribution of parasites was observed

among hosts. Troop membership was found to be the most significant factor

influencing parasite prevalence. Age and

reproductive status had no significant effect, but there was a

trend for males to acquire higher levels of infection. However,

age–prevalence curves showed a high infection in young baboons

declining in the older baboons. Behavioural components

of exposure – as measured in water-contact pattern – may be

related to parasite burden. A ‘peak shift’ between infection

in different age-classes in the different troops was observed: troops

with higher schistosome prevalences displayed an

earlier peak in prevalence of infection. The baboon troop with the most
contact

with people showed highest prevalence

of infection possibly due to longer exposure to the parasite than the

other troops and/or higher host density.
Shock response induced in rat brain and spleen during
primary infection with Trichinella spiralis larvae
Authors: MARTINEZ J. , PEREZ-SERRANO J. , BERNADINA W. E. , RODRIGUEZ-CAABEIRO F.
Published: July 2002

An infection approach was adopted for examining consequential heat shock (HS) or stress response in brain and spleen
tissues from Wistar rats. Stress in this system was due to interactions with the infecting helminth, Trichinella spiralis, or
its body-dwelling larval stages, or products thereof. It was argued that in the infection model used, elements effecting
stress in the brain would differ from those in the spleen. HS responses were measured by quantitation of 4 levels of HS
proteins (HSP25, HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90) with time, in infected and uninfected rat tissues using an assay depending
on immunoblotting specifically to detect the separate HSPs and image analysis to measure HSP content. In brain and
spleen tissue from uninfected rats, a continuous expression of the above HSPs was observed at levels which hardly varied
throughout the experiment. In contrast, HSP25, HSP60 and HSP70 levels in infected rat tissues varied and apparently
depended on ‘infection cycle’-related events. Thus, an enhanced expression of HSP25 and HSP60 and of these plus
HSP70 was observed at certain, yet different, time-points during infection in rat spleen and rat brain, respectively.
Interestingly, HSP90 expression in spleen tissue from infected rats versus controls, was significantly reduced throughout
the experiment suggesting some important (as yet undefined) role for HSP90 in the infection cycle. These studies seem
to have provided evidence for the occurrence of soluble factors causing altered HSP expression at both sides of the blood-brain barrier in rats with a primary T. spiralis infection.
The Unity of Declarative Sentence
Authors: GASKIN RICHARD
Published: July 2002

The problem of the unity of the sentence is to explain how a sentence manages to say something, to ‘make a move in the language-game’. In the particular case of the declarative sentence, which is characterized essentially by its ability to say something true or false (cf. Aristotle De Int. ch. 4), the challenge is to explain how the sentence as a whole manages to attract this property, given that its components do not have it. In his book Language, Thought and Falsehood in Ancient Greek Thought, Nicholas Denyer implicitly commits himself to two conflicting accounts of what this unity consists in. The conflict is illuminating because it can be seen as giving expression to two attractive but apparently opposed thoughts on the nature of the sentence: the thought that all significant components of a sentence must have reference, or semantic role (a position which in the writings of Donald Davidson and Michael Dummett is truistic), and the thought that the semantically significant components of the sentence cannot all be names, since then the sentence would lose its peculiar unity — its ability to say something (true or false) — and degenerate into a mere list. In this paper I shall try, using Denyer's text as my point of departure, to resolve the conflict by suggesting how a unified sentence can, after all, be composed of names.

The first account which Denyer gives of the unity of the sentence is not offered as such, but it emerges from his discussion of the differences between three primitive kinds of language, which he calls Agglomerative (A), Orthographic (O) and Sentential (S). The three languages have in common that their basic ‘sentences’ all consist of linear strings of unambiguous names of primary elements, themselves arranged linearly. Thereafter they diverge in the following respects. In A and O, these basic ‘sentences’ are, according to Denyer, only by courtesy so called, for they are really complex names; but whereas in A the order in which the names are listed is insignificant, in O it is significant. Thus ‘ab’, for example, would in A merely designate a complex object composed of the simple objects designated by ‘a’ and ‘b’, and is not semantically distinguishable from ‘ba’; in O, on the other hand, these two composite names additionally signify two different ways in which the complex consisting of a and b may be composed, for example, that a is to the left of b, and that b is to the left of a, respectively. In S, by contrast with both A and O, the basic ‘sentences’ are said to be genuine sentences: they are not merely lists of names, but are suitable for the making of assertions. In S, a symbol such as ‘ab’ says that (for example) a is to the left of b.
Back to the Present
Authors: Baldwin Thomas
Published: July 2002

McTaggart's famous argument that the A-series is contradictory is vitiated by an unsatisfactory conceptualization of tenses which can be corrected by making explicit their relational structure. This leads into a much sharper formulation of his apparent contradiction, and defusing this apparent contradiction requires a careful distinction between tensed and tenseless descriptions of thoughts. As a result the ‘unreality’ of tense turns out to rest on the fact that tensed descriptions of temporal facts do not capture their identity. This ‘metaphysical’ priority of tenseless over tensed descriptions of time is, however, counterbalanced by an ‘epistemological’ priority of tensed thoughts over tenseless thoughts: a conception of tense which requires a form of self-consciousness turns out to be an essential ingredient of rational thought.
Luck and Retribution
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan
Published: July 2002

The main claims are the following. (1) If we keep before us the distinction between the justification of punishment and its aims, we see that retribution is not an aim of punishment, and that there is a central place for retributivist considerations in the justification of punishment. (2) Justifications based upon aims or consequentialist considerations suffer from a serious epistemic vulnerability not shared by retributivism. (3) There are ethically sound sentiments that underwrite retributivist justification, and it would be a mistake to redeploy those sentiments. (4) The ethical authority of those sentiments justifies punitive sanction. (5) Retributivist justification is compatible with consequentialist aims.
Executive function in parents of children with autism
Authors: HUGHES C. , LEBOYER M. , BOUVARD M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies have shown that individuals
with autism show impaired
performance on tests of executive function (Ozonoff et al. 1991, 1993;
Hughes & Russell, 1993;
Hughes et al. 1994). There is also strong evidence for genetic involvement
in autism (see Rutter,
1991 for review). If executive dysfunction is a core impairment in autism,
then similar
impairments are hypothesized to exist in a subtler form among the parents
of autistic children.

Methods. Forty parents of autistic children were compared with
40 parents of learning disabled
children and 36 adults from unaffected families on three computerized tests
of executive
function. These tasks tapped attentional-shifting skills, visuospatial
planning and working
memory. Participants also received a computerized control test of spatial
memory-span. In
addition, the interviewer's initial impressions of family members
were coded using a new 33-item
questionnaire.

Results. A significant proportion of parents of autistic children
(especially fathers) showed
impaired executive function. By contrast, parents did as well as both comparison
groups on a
control test of spatial span, and on other ‘non-executive’
measures from the tasks, indicating
that the autism group were as able and motivated as comparison groups.
Interestingly,
impairment of executive function was significantly correlated with the
interviewer's pre-test impression
of social abnormality among parents of autistic children.

Conclusions. The hypothesis that a significant proportion of
parents of autistic children show
impaired executive function was supported. Parents showed good memory ability,
but relatively
poor planning skills and attentional flexibility. The extent to which this
is an inherent trait in
family members, rather than a reflection of the difficulties involved in
caring for an autistic
child, remains to be examined.
Cognitive function in depression: a distinct pattern
of frontal impairment in melancholia?
Authors: AUSTIN M.-P. , MITCHELL P. , WILHELM K. , PARKER G. , HICKIE I. , BRODATY H. , CHAN J. , EYERS K. , MILIC M. , HADZI-PAVLOVIC D.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although depressed patients demonstrate impaired
performance on a range of
neuropsychological tests, there is little research that examines either
frontal cognitive deficits or
possible differences in test performance between melancholic and non-melancholic
subtypes.

Methods. Depressed subjects were administered a broad neuropsychological
battery. In an overall
analysis, 77 depressed subjects were compared with 28 controls. In a second
set of analyses,
the depressed sample was divided into melancholic and non-melancholic subsets
according to
DSM-III-R, the CORE system and the Newcastle scale. These depressed subsets
were contrasted
to controls and with each other using ANCOVA controlling for age, IQ, simple
reaction time and
Hamilton Depression scores where appropriate.

Results. The total depressed sample was impaired on most mnemonic
tasks, simple reaction time and
Trails B. Similar findings applied to DSM-III-R melancholic and non-melancholic
subjects. When
defined by the CORE and Newcastle (narrower definitions of melancholia),
melancholic patients
were additionally impaired on WCST (perseverative response) and (for Newcastle)
digit symbol
substitution. In contrast, the cognitive performance of the CORE and Newcastle-defined

non-melancholic patients was largely unimpaired.

Conclusions. Using narrower definitions of melancholia, i.e.
CORE and (in particular) Newcastle,
melancholic patients were impaired on mnemonic tasks and tasks of selective
attention, and set-shifting while non-melancholic subjects were largely unimpaired in their
cognitive performance.
These differences may be due to impairment of specific neuroanatomical
regions in narrowly defined
melancholic patients, in particular the anterior cingulate.
Quality of life in first-admitted schizophrenia patients: a follow-up study
Authors: PRIEBE S. , ROEDER-WANNER U.-U. , KAISER W.
Published: July 2002

Background. While most studies of quality of life (QoL) in schizophrenia have investigated long-term patients, relatively little is known about QoL early in the illness and how it changes over time.
This study was conducted to investigate objective and subjective quality of life in first-admitted
schizophrenia patients as compared to patients with long-term schizophrenia, changes between first
admission and 9-month follow-up and predictors of changes.

Method. Eighty-six patients were examined after first admission and 51 were re-interviewed at
follow-up. Results were compared with samples of in-patients and out-patients with long-term
schizophrenia. QoL was assessed using a German version of the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile.

Results. Although some objective QoL data were more favourable in first-admitted patients,
subjective QoL was lower than in each of the other two groups, even when psychopathology and
age were controlled for. On a group level, patients showed a slight improvement in subjective QoL,
which was not statistically significant. Individual changes over time were not predicted by initial
data, but were correlated with changes in anxiety/depression.

Conclusion. Subjective QoL appears to be lower in first-admitted schizophrenics than in groups
with long-term illness and, on a group level, it changes little within 9 months. On an individual level,
changes in depressive symptoms need to be considered when interpreting changes in satisfaction
with life.
Genome and Envirome: Roles and Interaction in
Psychiatric Epidemiology
Authors: Cheng Andrew
Published: July 2002

The VIII Congress of the International Federation of Psychiatric

Epidemiology (IFPE) will be held
under this title at the International Conference Centre of the Academia

Sinica in Taipei, Taiwan, 6–9 March 1999.

The scientific programme will cover, in addition to the title theme,
a
variety of other topics. The
official languages of the Congress will be English and Chinese.
Pragmatic randomized trial of antenatal intervention to prevent post-natal depression by reducing psychosocial risk factors
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , WHEATLEY S. , TAUB N. A. , CULVERWELL A. , FRIEDMAN T. , KIRWAN P. , JONES D. R. , SHAPIRO D. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Social support theory and observational risk factor studies suggest that increased
antenatal psychosocial support could prevent post-natal depression. We used empirical knowledge
of risk and protective factors for post-natal depression not employed previously in order to develop
and evaluate an antenatal preventive intervention.

Methods. We conducted a pragmatic randomized controlled trial in antenatal clinics. We screened
1300 primiparous women and 400 screened positive, 69 screen-positive women were untraceable
or not eligible. Of 292 women who completed baseline assessment, 209 consented to randomization,
of these 190 provided outcome data 3 months post-natally. ‘Preparing for Parenthood’, a
structured antenatal risk factor reducing intervention designed to increase social support and
problem-solving skills, was compared with routine antenatal care only. We compared the
percentage depressed at 3 months after childbirth using the self-completion General Health
Questionnaire Depression scale and Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the
Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry a systematic clinical interview.

Results. Assignment to the intervention group did not significantly impact on post-natal depression
(odds ratio for GHQ-Depression 1·22 (95% CI 0·63–2·39), P = 0·55) or on risk factors for
depression. Forty-five per cent of the intervention group women attended sufficient sessions to be
likely to benefit from intervention if effective. Attenders benefited no more than non-attenders.

Conclusions. Prevention services targeting post-natal depression should not implement antenatal
support programmes on these lines until further research has demonstrated the feasibility and
effectiveness of such methods. The development of novel, low cost interventions effective in reducing
risk factors should be completed before further trial evaluation.
Prospects for a sound stage 3 of cosmological arguments
Authors: GELLMAN JEROME
Published: July 2002

Recently, Religious Studies published an article by Richard Gale and
Alexander Pruss, arguing that there exists a necessary being who is a creator of the
world. Building on their argument, I argue that, assuming that there is exactly one
creator, that creator is essentially omnipotent.
Leibniz de Deo Trino: philosophical aspects of
Leibniz's conception of the Trinity
Authors: ANTOGNAZZA MARIA ROSA
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses Leibniz's Trinitarian doctrine in the light of his
philosophy, as revealed by a set of virtually unstudied texts. The first part of the
paper examines Leibniz's defence of the Trinity against the charge of contradiction
as a necessary precondition to the development of his own conception of the
Trinity. The second part discusses some of the key features of Leibniz's Trinitarian
doctrine, notably his conception of person, the analogy between the human mind
and the Trinity, and the problem of Trinitarian relations.
Alston's epistemology of religious belief and the
problem of religious diversity
Authors: WILLARD JULIAN
Published: July 2002

In this paper I examine William Alston's work on the epistemology of
religious belief, focusing on the threat to the epistemic status of Christian belief
presented by awareness of religious diversity. I argue that Alston appears to
misunderstand the epistemic significance of the ‘practical rationality’ of the
Christian mystical practice. I suggest that this error is due to a more fundamental
misunderstanding, regarding the significance of practical rationality, in Alston's
‘doxastic practice’ approach to epistemology; an error that leads to arbitrariness
among the class of rational doxastic practices. I suggest how one might remedy this
weakness, with an additional, epistemic, criterion that rational doxastic practices
must satisfy.
Explaining Evil
Authors: BERNSTEIN MARK
Published: July 2002

In the past few years, the focus of arguments against theism has
shifted.
Where previously the existence of evil has been thought by many demonstrative
of
the impossibility of God's existence, now it is frequently purveyed
as merely
evidence against the existence of a Supreme Being. Even this more modest
claim has
been forcefully denied by William Alston and Peter van Inwagen. I argue
that their
arguments are not persuasive. Not only do they suffer logical flaws but,
if accepted,
actually have pernicious effects on the values of reasoning and religious
practice.
Adolf Grünbaum on religious delusions
Authors: GARVEY BRIAN
Published: July 2002

Grünbaum claims it is possible that all belief in God is a
delusion,
meaning a false belief which is engendered by irrational psychological
motives. I
dispute this on the grounds that in many cases belief in God is engendered
by purely
cultural factors, and this is incompatible with its being engendered by
psychological
ones. Grünbaum also claims that saying a culturally engendered belief
cannot be a
delusion makes social consensus the sole arbiter of reality. I dispute
this on the
grounds that we can say that socially engendered beliefs fail to be delusions
because
they fail to meet the psychological criterion, rather than because they
are true.
The application of divine commands
Authors: SHAW JOSEPH
Published: July 2002

Divine commands are typically held, by theists, to be made not only at
the foundations of morality, but also in an ‘everyday’ setting, when there are already
moral considerations applicable to the addressee(s). My aim is to show how a
particular command could relate to these pre-existing moral considerations, if it is
more than just a repetition of them. If it is right that an action be obligatory, wrong
or supererogatory, why would God want to change its status? Anyone can make a
normative difference by giving information, making co-ordination proposals, or
transferring rights, and it is clear why these actions will sometimes by worthwhile.
The problem must be focused on when God makes a moral difference directly,
using a ‘special moral authority’, when His commands are efficacious qua commands.
Using this authority, God can perfect imperfect duties, which may make it easier to
carry them out. He can extend duties, to make sure more value is produced. He can
allocate sacrifices, which can be carried by anyone. And He can resolve conflict
games, to everyone's benefit. This explains why God should issue commands in the
way that theists typically represent him as doing.
Text and lineage in
early Sikh history: issues in the study of the Adi Granth
Authors: SINGH DEOL JEEVAN
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned
with the textual study of the Sikh scripture, the Adi Granth.
Beginning with a survey of previous approaches to the text of
the Adi Granth, it argues that the traditional framework that
has previously governed such studies is unable to deal with
the complexity of the extant manuscript traditions of the bānī
(the corpus of compositions in the Granth). In the earliest
period, a number of concurrent oral repertoires of the bānī
were in existence; over time, the written Adi Granth evolved
into a number of relatively standardized recensions. Future
textual studies on the Adi Granth must also begin to take into
account the ways in which the text was received and read in
the pre-modern period. Finally, the field must take cognizance
of the contexts within which texts were produced and read, particularly
those arising from merchant literacy.
New Labour's post-Thatcherite modernisation project: a Third Way?
Authors: DAVID MIRIAM
Published: July 2002

Tony Blair The Third Way: new politics for the new century, pamphlet no. 588,
Fabian Society, London, 1998, 20 pp., £3.50.

Stephen Driver and Luke Martell, New Labour: politics after Thatcherism, Polity
Press, Cambridge, 1998, xii + 210 pp. £45.00, £12.99 (pbk).

Anthony Giddens, The Third Way: the renewal of social democracy, Polity Press,
Cambridge, 1998, x + 166 pp., £25.00, £7.99 (pbk).

Colin Hay, The Political Economy of New Labour: labouring under false pretences?,
Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1999, xiii + 242 pp. £45.00,
£14.99.

Martin Powell (ed.), New Labour, New Welfare State? The
‘third way’ in British
social policy, The Policy Press, University of Bristol, 1999, ix + 351 pp.,
£45.00, £18.99.

Having just returned from a month in the USA, teaching summer school
to graduate students on social and family policy in education, I eagerly
read and/or reread these publications to get a renewed sense of politics
and policy in Britain today. Whilst I was in the USA I became steeped
in discussions of ‘post’ perspectives – post-colonial, post-modern, post-structuralist,
post-feminist – on ‘discourses of welfare’ or the welfare state
which now may include education and even communitarianism. I found
myself longing for a more pragmatic as well as programmatic, or what
might be called ‘critical realist’, perspective. So I was not disappointed
by having to engage with these four books and the pamphlet, although
initially they seemed a long way from my current research interests on
‘family and education’ from a feminist perspective.

I have had a very enjoyable, exciting and even exhilarating time reading
them. Together they present a most appealing package of accounts of
New Labour as we are about to enter the new millennium. One gets the
feeling of tremendous political activity and policy action over the last few
years with plans and proposals galore for the future. To paraphrase the
words of Celine Dionne for the heroine of Titanic ‘It will go on...’
DOES WORK WORK?
Authors: WALKER ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Alan Deacon (ed.), From Welfare to Work, IEA Health &
Welfare Unit, 1997,
155 pp., £8.00 paper.

Karen Gardiner, Bridges from Benefit, Joseph Rowntree Foundation,
York,
1997, 60 pp., £11.95 paper.

Alex Bryson, Reuben Ford and Michael White, Making Work Pay,
Joseph
Rowntree Foundation, York, 1997, 89 pp., £11.95 paper.

Jane Millar, Steven Webb and Martin Kemp, Combining Work and Welfare,

Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, 1997, 59 pp., £11.95 paper.

For the new Labour government, employment is the key to the reform of

welfare. While the same could be said of the first post-war Labour government,

the words have a rather different meaning. It is true that Gordon
Brown, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, has alluded to the concept of full

employment that Keynes, Beveridge and, latterly, Attlee's government

foresaw was essential to fund the development of the Welfare State. But

the strategy that Brown set out in his first two budgets has a more narrow

focus. Employment is to provide a route out of dependency, a mechanism

for social inclusion, that enables expenditure on social security to be

diverted to investment in education and health that is likely to attract
a
greater political dividend. More specifically, in his 1997 budget he used

income generated from a windfall tax on the privatised utilities to fund

the New Deal, a programme of counselling and work experience schemes
with a large element of compulsion (Table 1), and supported this with a

National Child Care Strategy and a commitment to introduce a minimum
wage. He complemented these moves in his 1998 budget by increasing
Child Benefit and announcing a Working Families Tax Credit, and one
for disabled persons to replace Family Credit and Disability Working
Allowance and also a Childcare Tax Credit.
The “benefit” of Pavlovian conditioning – performance models, hidden costs, and innovation
Authors: Davey Graham C. L. , Field Andy P.
Published: July 2002

A proper evaluation of the biological significance of Pavlovian conditioning requires consideration of performance mechanisms. Domjan et al.'s definition of net benefit is simplistic, and their model promotes convergence in behaviour, ignoring the possibility of innovation.
Sticking to the manifesto
Authors: Page Mike
Published: July 2002

The commentators have raised some interesting issues but none question the viability of a localist approach to connectionist modelling. Once localist models are properly defined they can be seen to exhibit many properties relevant to the modelling of both psychological and brain function. They can be used to implement exemplar models, prototype models and models of sequence memory and they form a foundation upon which symbolic models can be constructed. Localist models are insensitive to interference and have learning rules that are biologically plausible. They have more explanatory value than their distributed counterparts and they relate transparently to a number of classic mathematical models of behaviour.
Metaphoric threat is more real than real threat
Authors: Peterson Jordan B. , DeYoung Colin G.
Published: July 2002

Dreams represent threat, but appear to do so metaphorically more often than realistically. The metaphoric representation of threat allows it to be conceptualized in a manner that is constant across situations (as what is common to all threats begins to be understood and portrayed). This also means that response to threat can come to be represented in some way that works across situations. Conscious access to dream imagery, and subsequent social communication of that imagery, can facilitate this generalized adaptive process, by allowing the communicative dreamer access to the problem solving resources of the community.

[Revonsuo; Solms]
The size and nature of a chunk
Authors: Beaman C. Philip
Published: July 2002

The data presented in the target article make a persuasive case for the notion that there is a fundamental limit on short term memory (STM) of about four items. Two possible means of further testing this claim are suggested and data regarding scene coherence and memory capacity for ordered information are reviewed.
Spatial perception is contextualized by actual and intended deictic codes
Authors: Jordan J. Scott
Published: July 2002

Ballard et al. model eye position as a deictic pointer for
spatial perception. Evidence from research on gaze control indicates,
however, that shifts in actual eye position are neither necessary nor
sufficient to produce shifts in spatial perception. Deictic context is
instead provided by the interaction between two deictic pointers;
one representing actual eye position, and the other, intended eye
position.
Associative learning and pain? Why stop there?
Authors: Munafo' Marcus
Published: July 2002

It is argued by berkley that there are
theoretical reasons why sex differences in pain may result from
specific learning processes. I argue that Berkley has not gone far
enough in pursuing this suggestion, and that the evidence that
learning is a major determinant of pain behaviour is substantial.
Moreover, sex differences in pain may represent only a special
case of individual differences in pain resulting from learning
processes.
Does self-deception involve intentional biasing?
Authors: Talbott W. J.
Published: July 2002

I agree with Mele that self-deception is not intentional
deception; but I do believe that self-deception involves
intentional biasing, primarily for two reasons: (1) There is
a Bayesian model of self-deception that explains why the biasing is
rational. (2) It is implausible that the observed behavior of self-
deceivers could be generated by Mele's “blind”
mechanisms.
Parity still isn't a generalisation problem
Authors: Damper R. I.
Published: July 2002

Clark & Thornton take issue with my claim that parity is
not a generalisation problem, and that nothing can be inferred about
back-propagation in particular, or learning in general, from failures
of parity generalisation. They advance arguments to support their
contention that generalisation is a relevant issue. In this continuing
commentary, I examine generalisation more closely in order to refute
these arguments. Different learning algorithms will have different
patterns of failure: back-propagation has no special status in this
respect. This is not to deny that a particular algorithm might
fortuitously happen to produce the “intended” function
in an (oxymoronic) parity-generalisation task.
Metaphorical pluralism – not on the substantive level!
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: July 2002

Koriat & Goldsmith (1996t) present two different programs
for memory research. Different though they are on the methodological
level, on the substantive level the two programs are based on the same
view, according to which memory consists of represented information
that is permanently stored in the mind (or brain). This view is,
I think, wrong. One can support the methodological pluralism Koriat
& Goldsmith advocate, but on the substantive level pluralism is
not admissible.
Speech evolved from vocalization, not mastication
Authors: Jürgens Uwe
Published: July 2002

The segmentation of phonation by articulation is a
characteristic feature of speech that distinguishes it from
most nonhuman vocalizations. However, apart from the trivial
fact that speech uses some of the same muscles and, hence the
same motoneurons and motorcortical areas used in chewing,
there is no convincing evidence that syllable segmentation
relies on the same pattern generator as mastication. Evidence
for a differential cortical representation of syllable segmentation
(“frame”) and syllable “content” is also
meager.
Locus equations reveal learnability
Authors: Kluender Keith R.
Published: July 2002

Although neural encoding by bats and owls presents seductive
analogies, the major contribution of locus equations and orderly
output constraints discussed by Sussman et al. is the demonstration
that important acoustic information for speech perception can be
captured by elegant and neurally-plausible learning
processes.
Anterior asymmetry and the neurobiology of behavioral approach circuitry
Authors: Kline John P.
Published: July 2002

Depue & Collins [D&C] propose a well-conceived and
nicely detailed theory of the involvement of dopaminergic connections
in extraversion. Since these systems are hypothesized to be associated
with reward sensitivity, other neural systems that are involved with
reward sensitivity should be considered as well. In this commentary it
is argued that there is now enough evidence for the involvement of the
left and right frontal regions of the brain in approach and withdrawal
behavior that it should also be considered in theories of personality
such as D&C's. Integration of predominantly subcortical and
cortical theories of personality/brain function may produce a more
comprehensive picture of temperament and personality.
Gestalt view of the limbic system and the Papez circuit – another approach to unity and diversity of brain structures and functions
Authors: Markowitsch Hans J.
Published: July 2002

The idea of distinct brain systems for the processing of
episodic and other forms of memory is welcome. The two brain systems
actually proposed however, appear to be stripped of further existing
connections and could be integrated with one another. If integrating
them, it seems more logical to propose one enlarged system of limbic
structures whose individual components make partly different
contributions to the forms of memory under discussion.
Higher level influences on saccade generation in normals and patients with visual hemineglect
Authors: Heide Wolfgang , Sprenger Andreas , Kömpf Detlef
Published: July 2002

In this commentary we describe findings in normal human subjects and in patients with visual hemineglect that support the importance of higher-level influences on saccade generation during visual exploration. As the duration of fixations increases with increases in the cognitive demand of the task, the timing of exploratory saccades is controlled more by centers of cognitive and perceptual processing at levels 4 and 5 than by reflex-like automatic processes at level 3. In line with this, unilateral frontal eye field lesions impair systematic, intentional saccadic exploration of visual scenes, causing prolonged fixations and contralesional hemineglect, but leave visually triggered reflexive saccades largely intact.
Winner-takes-all and action selection
Authors: Meegan Daniel V.
Published: July 2002

Winner-takes-all (WTA) typically describes a mechanism for selecting the highest peak of activity in a sensory map that encodes independent representations of potential targets. To Findlay & Walker, WTA is an inherent property of a motor map that is incapable of representing multiple targets independently. Although the output of a WTA system should be characteristic of only one target, actions can be influenced by multiple targets.
One, two, or many mechanisms? The brain's processing of complex words
Authors: Münte Thomas F. , Rodriguez-Fornells Antoni , Kutas Marta
Published: July 2002

The heated debate over whether there is only a single mechanism or two mechanisms for morphology has diverted valuable research energy away from the more critical questions about the neural computations involved in the comprehension and production of morphologically complex forms. Cognitive neuroscience data implicate many brain areas. All extant models, whether they rely on a connectionist network or espouse two mechanisms, are too underspecified to explain why more than a few brain areas differ in their activity during the processing of regular and irregular forms. No one doubts that the brain treats regular and irregular words differently, but brain data indicate that a simplistic account will not do. It is time for us to search for the critical factors free from theoretical blinders.
Defining perception and cognition
Authors: McFarland Dennis J. , Cacace Anthony T.
Published: July 2002

Discussions of the relationship between perception and
cognition often proceed without a definition of these terms. The
sensory-modality specific nature of low-level perceptual processes
provides a means of distinguishing them from cognitive processes. A
more explicit definition of terms provides insight into the nature of
the evidence that can resolve questions about the relationship between
perception and cognition.
A methodological requirement in the investigation of “knowledge”
Authors: O'Brien Mark John
Published: July 2002

The modernist and scientific juxtaposition of object and subject
are inappropriate when investigating the nature of “knowledge.”
This commentary argues that the usual methodological dichotomy fails
when it is applied to the domain of “knowledge.” The two
instead coalesce within the topic itself, demanding the most careful
self-awareness.
Isomorphism: Philosophical implications
Authors: Wright Edmond
Published: July 2002

The originator of the notion of structural isomorphism was the philosopher Roy Wood Sellars. Many modern philosophers are unaware how this notion vitiates their attacks on the concept of an internal sensory presentation. His view that this allowed for corrective feedback undercuts Palmer's belief that there is a mapping of objects. The privacy of subjective experience is also shown not to be inviolable.
Grammatical knowledge of third grade good and poor readers
Authors: WALTZMAN DAVA E. , CAIRNS HELEN S.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between grammatical knowledge and reading ability in third grade good and
poor readers was investigated. Two aspects of grammar – binding and control –
were assessed to determine whether poor readers had syntactic deficits. These principles both
relate to the interpretation of pronominal elements. Interpretations were assessed through a
sentence–picture matching task in which picture depictions of all the possible
interpretations of pronominal elements in verbally presented sentences were included. The only
sentence type that differentiated the two reading groups was performance on sentences related to
one of the binding principles, Principle B. Since obedience to Principle B probably involves
pragmatic as well as syntactic principles, this finding suggests another way that good readers
may differ from poor readers.
Referential communication tasks. George Yule. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbuam, 1997.
Pp.
125.
Authors: Ricard Richard
Published: July 2002

George Yule's Referential Communication Tasks explores the utility of the
referential communication paradigm for addressing issues in language use and language
acquisition. Yule begins this work with an excellent overview and discussion of the historical
context of the referential communication paradigm. Yule presents key distinctions and parallels
between the referential communication and other approaches to understanding language
acquisition in both first (L1) and second language (L2) contexts. Finally, Yule presents a
valuable body of resource literature for further research. In general, this monograph is a welcome
summary of the referential communication (RC) approach, which has become a little out of date.
Yule presents an especially honest appraisal of the usefulness of RC approaches for
understanding the development of L2 processes, which he concludes is currently limited to a
focus on semantics (e.g., vocabulary) and pragmatics (e.g., conversational skills). While the RC
enthusiast will walk away from this reading without the feeling of an enthusiastic endorsement of
RC approaches for L2 acquisition research to date, the discussion and contextual explanations are
insightful. The author has clearly taken charge of discussing the usefulness of a particular
methodology seriously. A major contribution of this work is that, perhaps for the first time, a
matrix of referential communication tasks is spelled out in a way which allows for the analysis of
various dimensions and for a discussion of the construct as a whole. I found the book readable
and interesting. I expect others will find it to be a useful resource as they explore the use of a
variety of methodologies for work in language development.
On the equivalence of certain ergodic properties for Gibbs states
Authors: DEN HOLLANDER FRANK , STEIF JEFFREY E.
Published: July 2002

We extend our previous work by proving that for translation invariant Gibbs states on ${\mathbb Z}^d$ with a translation invariant interaction potential $\Psi=(\Psi_A)$ satisfying $\sum_{A \ni 0}|A|^{-1}[\diam(A)]^d\|\Psi_A\|<\infty$ the following hold: (1) the Kolmogorov-property implies a trivial full tail and (2) the Bernoulli-property implies Følner independence. The existence of bilaterally deterministic Bernoulli Shifts tells us that neither (1) nor (2) is, in general, true for random fields without some further assumption (even when $d=1$).
Homotopical dynamics: suspension and duality
Authors: CORNEA OCTAVIAN
Published: July 2002

Flow-type suspension and homotopy suspension agree for attractor–repellor homotopy data. The connection maps associated in Conley index theory to an attractor–repellor decomposition with respect to the direct flow and its inverse are Spanier–Whitehead duals in the stably parallelizable context and are duals modulo a certain Thom construction in general.