bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genealogy Essay I
Authors: Welshon Rex
Published: September 2023

The section-by-section part of Chapter 3 describes the slave revolt in morality and ressentiment. The slave revolt names a set of changes to evaluative practices that seeped through societies when monotheistic religions emerged as social movements. These changes became sedimented in morality because the ubiquity of ressentiment gave them a psychological medium in which to grow. The discussion part of Chapter 3 addresses four issues. First, Nietzsche uses ‘morality’ in different ways and both endorses and condemns it. This apparent equivocation can be eased. Second, we describe his tactic of juxtaposing species of morality and moral psychology. Third, his naturalized drive/affect moral psychology is introduced. One problem with this moral psychology is that Nietzsche appears to think that human drives and affects can replace what persons do. This is indeed an implication, but, properly understood, it is not as troubling as sometimes alleged.
Uganda
Authors: Cohen Meghan Sobel , Hopkinson Karen McIntyre
Published: September 2023

Chapter 3 examines factors influencing media systems in Uganda. Data show that while some differences exist between outsider and insider perceptions of press freedom in Uganda, overall, journalists largely agree with the international perception that they are restricted and that the situation is worsening the longer President Yoweri Museveni remains in power. Not only did journalists in Uganda perceive their press freedom to be lower than journalists in their neighbouring countries, they also had a more pessimistic outlook. Despite a sustained period of peace after conflict with the Lord’s Resistance Army in the northern part of the country, press freedom is not increasing as time passes. Government interference, some of which stems from the conflict and some of which is new, remains pervasive. Worn down by government intimidation and repressive laws, coupled with low pay and lack of necessary equipment, some journalists turn to unethical behaviour, such as acting as spies in the newsroom.
Kenya
Authors: Cohen Meghan Sobel , Hopkinson Karen McIntyre
Published: September 2023

Just because a nation regularly holds elections does not mean the path to democratization—and media freedom—is smooth. Chapter 4 shows that external measures indicate that Kenya has more press freedom than neighbouring Uganda and Rwanda, and journalists in the country perceive that to be true and have an optimistic outlook. However, data show ups and downs of media freedom that have mirrored varying political administrations and events, including spurts of post-election violence, largely due to politicians being deeply entangled with the news media. Despite the challenges, the nation has more press freedom than its neighbours, which journalists attribute to the vast international connections that the country and its leaders have, as well as an empowered civil society, which stems from both a space for dissent given by public officials as well as the culture and spirit of Kenyans which has promoted the growth of human rights, including media freedoms.
Conclusion
Authors: Cohen Meghan Sobel , Hopkinson Karen McIntyre
Published: September 2023

Chapter 6 summarizes our previous discussions of press freedom landscapes in Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya, showing how a nation’s political and cultural intricacies complicate traditional media systems frameworks and notions of press freedom. Media ecosystems are not one-size-fits-all; thus, theories must account for forward progress and democracy-building, but also transitions and backsliding. The field needs to revisit the applicability of existing frameworks, and in doing so, consider an additional set of factors to add nuance to understandings of media systems from a more historically and contextually informed view: distance from conflict, political benchmarks, international linkages, and the strength of a country’s civil society. These factors build on existing models and have been shown to influence media systems in East Africa; other characteristics surely impact these and other media systems; thus, considering each country’s individual context when evaluating press freedom and media systems is crucial.
Introduction
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

The Introduction sets the stage by laying out the context and the main themes of the book. It explains why the digital economy has become a contested battlefield where regulators around the world are seeking to rein in tech companies that exert outsized influence over societies and lives of individuals. It introduces the concept of “digital empire” and explains why the United States, China, and the European Union can be viewed as the leading jurisdictions shaping the global digital economy. Each digital empire has its own values that explains the way it governs the digital economy, steering the US towards a market-driven regulatory model, China towards a state-driven regulatory model, and the EU towards a rights-driven regulatory model. The introduction also describes how the digital world is characterized by a two-level battle, with governments simultaneously fighting a horizontal battle among themselves and a vertical battle vis-a-vis tech companies. It also explains the main stakes and dynamics characterizing these battles.
The European Rights-Driven Regulatory Model
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

Chapter 3 brings into view the third major model of digital regulation—the European rights-driven model. The chapter illustrates how the EU asserts its regulatory power in the name of upholding individual and collective rights, protecting democratic values, and ushering in a fair and human-centric digital society. To further these goals, the EU model distributes power away from large tech companies to smaller firms, internet users, and platform workers. The EU often refers to the digital society of rights and values, which, it claims, cannot be realized under the market-based model that permits the exploitation of personal data by tech companies, nor under the state-centric model that permits censorship and surveillance by governments. The EU further engrains those rights and values in binding regulatory instruments, reflecting its belief that digital transformation needs to be firmly anchored in the rule of law and democratic institutions. Despite the many benefits associated with the EU’s regulatory model, the chapter also addresses its shortcomings, including the common criticism that extensive regulation impedes innovation, thereby explaining the EU’s inability to date to produce tech companies akin to those that have emerged and thrived under American and Chinese regulatory models.
Between Freedom and Control
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

Chapter 4 specifically examines how American and Chinese tech companies straddle between the market-driven and state-driven regulatory models as they fight vertical battles against the US and Chinese governments, facing increasingly irresolvable regulatory dilemmas. At worst, tech companies are forced to choose which of the models they comply with—while knowing that their compliance with one regulatory model is deemed to violate another. For example, a Chinese tech company listed in the US stock exchange cannot at the same time obey the US government’s request to disclose certain data and the Chinese government’s request not to disclose that same data. Similarly, US tech companies operating in China must acquiesce to the Chinese government’s demands to censor online content, which puts them directly at odds with the American regulatory model emphasizing free speech, and exposes them to criticism among US lawmakers, their US-based customers, and their own employees. These conflicts have grave implications for the companies involved but also for the broader digital economy, as they risk partially decoupling the leading tech ecosystems.
Filial Care
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the evolution of the Confucian concept of xiao through Kongzi, Mengzi, and Xunzi. It makes the case that xiao should be understood as filial care, which encompasses the three components of material and physical assistance, respect, and moral vigilance. In accordance with Xunzi’s justification, moral care should always be an essential part of filial care as is in any intimate human relationship. Classical thinkers have laid the groundwork for us to construe the Confucian philosophy of xiao as a holistic filial philosophy of material care, psychological care, and moral care. On such a basis, it can be further developed in these three areas to meet contemporary needs.
Virtuous Life and Longevity
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

This chapter revisits the often neglected ideal of longevity in the Confucian conception of the good life. It investigates the link between the Confucian ideal of cultivating virtue and longevity. The Confucian virtuous life is founded on the ideal of personal harmony, rooted in the metaphysical belief of the harmonious circulation of qi in the person and one’s environment. In that connection Confucianism promotes a holistic life, which tends to lead toward longevity. Thus understood, the Confucian ideal of longevity is healthy and virtuous longevity. These Confucian ideas remain relevant to modern societies where improved public health is closely correlated with increases in life expectancy.
Freedom through Choosing
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

This chapter argues that Confucianism has resources for constructing its own conception of freedom and that there is no need to transplant a Western notion of “free will” for such a purpose. It constructs a conception of Confucian freedom largely along the lines of Charles Taylor’s “exercise concept.” Accordingly, a person is free only to the extent that she has effectively determined herself and the shape of her life. Thus understood, Confucian freedom is to be realized by developing personal competency for making effective choices and by creating societal conditions to achieve meaningfully chosen goals. Specifically, it is to be realized in the process of choosing the good (zeshan 擇善). As such, Confucian freedom is both liberating and fulfilling.
American Poly
Authors: Gleason Christopher M.
Published: September 2023

This book provides a narrative of history of polyamory over the past century. It uses personal journals, underground newsletters, and other countercultural publications to trace the evolution of polyamorous thought and practice, setting it within the broader context of American culture. It reconstructs polyamory’s intellectual foundations, highlighting its unique blend of conservative political thought and countercultural spiritualism. It argues that while polyamory has its early foundations in the Roaring Twenties among bohemians, its core concepts were a product of the religious and sexual experimentation of 1960s counterculture. During that time practitioners of emerging New Religious movements drew from diverse sources including libertarianism, science fiction, neo-Paganism, pantheism, and goddess worship to create a new sexual ethics to replace the Judeo-Christian morality they rejected. Polyamory emerged as a coherent concept in the 1980s as these advocates embraced relational commitment while continuing to reject monogamy. They organized, held conferences, and created a national network. Throughout the 1990s, polyamorists utilized the internet to spread their ideas. When they did this, younger polyamorists took up their ideas, leaving behind their previous religious significance. It argues that the result was many different forms of polyamory proliferating within the American mainstream.
Technologies
Authors: Gleason Christopher M.
Published: September 2023

Chapter 5 argues that the internet drove polyamory’s growth throughout the 1990s. It highlights how as polyamory co-evolved alongside the internet and how the internet connected more polyamorists than the Loving More coalition had been able. While mainstream media outlets refused to give polyamory positive coverage, internet communities, such as the Well and USENET, connected polyamorists around the nation, allowing polyamorous concepts to proliferate. The chapter also demonstrates how the internet provided new spaces for polyamorists critical of the Loving More coalition’s focus on counterculture spiritualism and its prohibitions against casual sex. It argues that the internet functioned as a double-edged sword, perpetuating polyamorous notions on a large scale while undermining the unity that earlier leading polyamorist activist had fought to establish.
Polyamories
Authors: Gleason Christopher M.
Published: September 2023

Chapter 6 argues that younger polyamorists continuing to utilize new and innovative technologies made polyamory popular while fracturing it. From podcasts to webisodes, young polyamorists disseminated increasingly nuanced forms of polyamory throughout the mainstream. These new polyamorists capitalized on the radical change in public opinion regarding queer sexuality in general. In doing so, they borrowed the terminology of their activist forebearers while leaving behind much of early polyamory’s spiritualist heritage and excessive moralizing. The result was a proliferation of many different manifestations of ethical non-monogamy, each co-existing under the larger umbrella of polyamory. Their success eventually attracted the attention of religious conservatives who attacked polyamory as a threat to the moral order of America.
Introduction
Authors: Garrigós Cristina , Ahonen Marika
Published: September 2023

The introduction by the editors explores the genre of the musical memoir from a gender perspective by emphasizing an intersectional understanding of the topic. According to Mary Karr, “Memoir done right is an art, a made thing. It’s not just raw reportage flung splat on the page. Most morally ominous: From the second you choose one event over another, you’re shaping the past meaning” (The Art of Memoir, xvii). In this sense, the introduction explores the common characteristics of these memoirs and the different strategies that the authors use to tell their stories to the audience. This implies a new perspective toward the understanding of the history of punk/rock, and also of the time when these books are published. For instance, most of the authors whose memoirs are studied are mature women who developed their careers from the 1970s on. Thus, by exploring these memories, one also gets an understanding of the development of rock music from the perspective of women and the society where they grew up as women and artists.
Childhood Trauma and the Musical In-Between in Memoirs by Astrid Swan and Dory Previn
Authors: Joutseno Astrid
Published: September 2023

This chapter approaches My Last Book (Viimeinen kirjani: kirjoituksia elämästä, 2019) by the Finnish songwriter and author of this essay, Astrid Swan/Joutseno, as well as American songwriter Dory Previn’s (1925–2012) Midnight Baby: An Autobiography (1976). The chapter asks how childhood trauma narratives can be interpreted in the light of artist development and craft. It examines the relationship between childhood trauma narratives and the lack of music-related stories by introducing a novel concept, the musical in-between, deriving from Hanna Meretoja (2018). By contrasting writers from different times, it shows that the traditions of songwriting and life-writing share a lengthy cross-cultural history.
The Monster in the House
Authors: Garrigós Cristina
Published: September 2023

Gender-based violence is a key concern for the Chicana punk musician. Alice Bag’s memoir, Violence Girl: East L.A. Rage to Hollywood Stage. A Chicana Punk Story (2011), addresses this issue by describing her father’s violent nature and how he beat her mother in front of the young Alicia, who was powerless to prevent it. Even though her father was never aggressive with her, as she explains in her writing, the violence that she witnessed at home became an important part of her growing up, and she channeled it through the ethos of punk. This chapter discusses how, by writing her memoir, Bag explores gender-based domestic violence; it reflects on the effect that this violence had on her life as a woman and artist, and on the development of her identity as Chicana, punk musician, and feminist.
Memory and Writing in Kim Gordon’s Girl in a Band
Authors: Sainz Ángel Chaparro
Published: September 2023

In “Memory and Writing in Kim Gordon’s Girl in a Band,” Ángel Chaparro Sainz deploys a combined critical approach in order to observe the associations and interrelations between gender, music, and identity in Kim Gordon’s autobiography. The author explores how Gordon’s identity is investigated in an autobiography in which her awareness of herself as a musician interacts with her being a woman, a mother, and a band member. In the process of writing it, Kim Gordon’s journey into her personal memory reveals a complex process in which her developing identity takes shape. Her memoir is understood as a multilayered examination of identity that takes place in a liminal space of transition, where identity is approached not as something established and narrated, but as a source for self-revelation, a quest for meaning, and the promise of definition.
Memory, Truth, and Narrative Ethics in Christina Rosenvinge’s Debut
Authors: Ahonen Marika
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the themes of memory, truth, and narrative ethics in Spanish singer-songwriter Christina Rosenvinge’s memoir Debut: Cuadernos y canciones (2019). Having worked in the field since the 1980s, Rosenvinge has a lengthy history in music. Her parents moved to Spain from Denmark in the 1950s; she has also lived in New York, recorded albums in English, and toured extensively in Latin America. In Rosenvinge’s book, memories are inextricably associated with musical creation, making the two inseparable from one another. Keeping narrative ethics in mind, the focus of this chapter is on truth as it connects with remembering, a question that is ultimately linked to issues of survival, and also to ethics. This article examines Rosenvinge’s text and considers the ethical possibilities of storytelling in her memoir.
“Mothers aren’t sexy,” “What is that you’re wearing?,” “What’s it like to be in an all-girl band?”
Authors: Heisler Wayne
Published: September 2023

Pat Benatar, Cyndi Lauper, and Kathy Valentine (of the Go-Go’s) achieved artistic and commercial success within the corporate music industry of the 1980s. Personal and musical differences notwithstanding, common threads in their respective memoirs include consciousness of gender inequity and feminism, and parallel experiences of misogyny and sexism in the industry. Systemic sexism impacted their visual images; it also affected their music as regards genre branding, promotion, and barriers to songwriting, arranging, and/or production. Benatar’s, Lauper’s, and Valentine’s stories offer perspectives for understanding their images and music that are largely absent from pedigreed historical narratives of popular music. Their perspectives are especially telling from the mid-1980s forward, the time of their alleged artistic and commercial obsolescence, which owed in part to gatekeepers to women’s agency in the industry.
The Punk, the Rebel, and the Cowboy
Authors: McCarthy Amy
Published: September 2023

In Patti Smith’s memoirs, the cowboy figure first appears in Just Kids (2010). In M Train (2015), the cowboy manifests as a recurring character and holds multiple identities. As the memoirs progress, the cowboy’s figure adapts and metamorphoses to represent Smith’s imagination and different aspects of her identity. This chapter argues that Smith takes a conservative, masculine figure and usurps his mythical identity. The cowboy acts as a vessel for Smith to transcend consciousness. The cowboy represents the artist. Smith takes fragments of the cowboy’s identity and creates a new version that subverts patriarchal heteronormativity. Through art, Smith claims authority in male-dominated spaces therefore queers a masculine space. By using the existing masculine culture surrounding the cowboy, Smith tears it up and reattaches it to create a portal to her psyche.
Cosey Fanni Tutti, Age and Place
Authors: Gardner Abigail
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on Cosey Fanni Tutti’s 2017 memoir, Art, Sex, Music, in relation to the importance of place in aging and memoir, specifically with regard to transgression and being “difficult.” It argues that the medium/place, or format, of a written memoir combined with the temporal/place, or timing, of the vantage point of an older literary voice does something to the status of the transgressive performances of her youth. There is a change in register enabled by reflection and distance that allows for the processing of such transgressions. In parallel to this process, there is a continuing tension that cannot be wholly suppressed. Tutti’s memoir goes some way to valorizing a non-phallocentric place, by writing into popular cultural history the “fanni” of the opera. This “fanni” is about feminine power in relation to sex, sound, and the body now made legible through twenty-first-century memoir.
Introduction
Authors: Cash Jordan T.
Published: September 2023

The introduction introduces the central argument that the constitutional logic of the presidency can best be understood by examining presidents who were unelected, faced divided government, and were opposed by factions of their own political parties. This chapter positions the argument as a response to those scholars who have dismissed the formal powers of the presidency or who see the presidency’s capacity for robust or unilateral actions as emerging from sources outside the Constitution. These studies neglect the importance of a strong executive in the constitutional system, and as a result underestimate how the Constitution acts as the foundational source of authority for all presidents.
John Tyler: The Expelled President
Authors: Cash Jordan T.
Published: September 2023

John Tyler served as president from 1841 to 1845 and was the first isolated president. As the first vice president to become president upon the death of his predecessor, Tyler faced questions about his political legitimacy and was soon expelled by his own political party, making him an anomaly of presidential history: the president without a party. Despite these disadvantages, Tyler managed to achieve notable successes in both domestic and foreign policy. This chapter gives an overview of Tyler’s administration, first by noting the state of the presidency in 1841 when Tyler unexpectedly came to office and examining Tyler’s pre-presidential thoughts on executive power. It then moves to Tyler’s presidency, focusing on his actions in domestic policy and then transitioning to discuss his activities in foreign policy. The chapter concludes by evaluating Tyler’s administration through the lens of the presidential roles.
Gerald R. Ford: The Appointed President
Authors: Cash Jordan T.
Published: September 2023

The final case study centers on Gerald R. Ford, who served as president from 1974 to 1977. Ford is the only president to have never been elected to either the presidency or vice presidency, having been appointed vice president and then made president when Richard Nixon resigned. Ford faced a difficult institutional situation as Democrats held large majorities in both houses of Congress and conservative Republicans vigorously opposed him, resulting in Ronald Reagan running for the Republican presidential nomination against him in 1976. Nonetheless, Ford was successful in significant ways and displays the continuing importance of constitutional presidential power in the modern era. This chapter begins by evaluating the state of the presidency when Nixon resigned and Ford’s own views on executive power prior to becoming chief executive. It then turns to Ford’s presidency, discussing his actions in domestic and foreign policy, before ending with an assessment of his administration.
Dancing with the Devil
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: September 2023

Bad feelings—feelings like anger, envy, spite, and contempt—are widely seen as obstacles to a good life. You’re supposed to do your best not to feel them or to get over them as quickly as you can, otherwise they’ll take over and turn you into a monster. Dancing with the Devil: Why Bad Feelings Make Life Good argues that we don’t have to battle our negative emotions or “channel” them into something productive. Bad feelings are expressions of the attachment you have for yourself and your life. You experience negative emotions because your life matters to you. Bad feelings aren’t obstacles to a good life; they are part of what makes life meaningful.
Taming the Beasts
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: September 2023

Chapter Two introduces the second type of emotional saints: The Cultivated Emotions Saints. These saints argue that we don’t have to get rid of our negative emotions. We just have to train them correctly so that they don’t get out of control. In the history of philosophy, Confucius and Aristotle are representatives of the Cultivated Emotions Saints. Key to their arguments is the idea of emotional cultivation and appropriateness. But we lose something by trying to tame our bad feelings. Our emotions don’t always do what we want them to do, but this can be a good thing. The fact that we don’t feel what we think we should feel doesn’t mean our feelings are wrong. We should listen to what our feelings are trying to tell us rather than trying to make them speak our language.
Spite and Schadenfreude
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: September 2023

Both spite and Schadenfreude involve enjoying other people’s pain. Baruch Spinoza argued that emotions like these are the height of malice and irrationality. This chapter argues instead that they come along with being a self in social life. Schadenfreude is usually directed at people who think they’re above us—the braggarts and show-offs of the world. We laugh when they fail because we recognize that no one is above human folly. We feel spite when people try to boss us around or butt into our business. It might look imprudent or irrational, but we feel it because we want our lives to feel like ours. Even if you’re giving sound advice about my life, I might reject it just so I know the choice I made was really mine.
The Genius of their Age
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

The Genius of their Age provides an overview of the life and works of Ibn Sina and Biruni from Central Asia. Both thinkers achieved stunning breakthroughs in various fields, such as medicine, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, geography, and physics. Moreover, Biruni and Ibn Sina referenced the works of ancient Greeks and earlier Muslim thinkers to improve their respective canons. While Biruni produced precise measurements of the world, Ibn Sina's grand thesis of medical knowledge became the standard in Europe, the Middle East, and India for the next six centuries. The Genius of Their Age also paints a picture of the Arab enlightenment by considering the age when Muslim scientists and philosophers from Central Asia anticipated the Western renaissance of science by half a millennium.
Promise and Disruption
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the basic training, projects, and apprenticeships of Biruni and Ibn Sina. Both thinkers did not have to find regular employment, so they were free to dive into creative work and take advantage of any opportunities offered to them. Thus, Biruni and Ibn Sina were dependent on individual patronage, but they soon realized that their patrons' interests rarely coincide with their own. The chapter elaborates on some of their projects, such as Ibn Sina's A Compendium of the Soul and On the Rational Soul. It discusses how Biruni continued his academic journey focusing on astronomy, mathematics, and geography. However, the comfort, security, and intellectual freedom ended abruptly as their next period in life was a field of turmoil and strife.
Caught in the Whirlwind
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers the radical changes in the lives of Biruni and Ibn Sina. It elaborates on how the collapse of the Samani's family dynasty affected their lives since they were born under the rule and values of Samani. Additionally, the Muslim Caliphate in Baghdad had entered a long period of decline, opening space for Bukhara which became the preeminent center of culture at the heart of Eurasia. The chapter clarifies that the turmoil merely showcases Ibn Sina and Biruni's commitment to their respective studies, which then resulted in their recognition across Central Asia and the Muslim East. Ibn Sina's office job did not stop him from pursuing his medical studies and philosophical treaties, while Biruni resigned himself to live as a pauper just to study under Khujandi, a great mathematician and astronomer.
Ibn Sina, Encyclopedist
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on Ibn Sina, who worked as an encyclopedist. It starts with Ibn Sina's arrival in Gorgan and his subsequent job in the financial administration, citing that one of his Gorgan supporters was Abu Muhammad as-Shirazi. Meanwhile, Ibn Sina took in Abu Ubaid al-Juzjani as his student and asked him to create an autobiography covering his life story. The chapter also tackles some of the works Ibn Sina produced while working and Staying in Gorgan, which includes The Origin and Return. It elaborates on Ibn Sina's efforts to write an encyclopedia of medicine and based it on his logical structure, which subsequently resulted in the compendium called The Canon of Medicine.
Biruni’s Encore
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles the uncertainty in Biruni's life in Ghazni after Mahmud fired his long-serving vizier who quietly protected Biruni. It expounds on the conflict between Muhammad and Masud after their father's health plummeted and triggered fear in the capital. Biruni, after his life improved under Masud's rule, dedicated Masud's Canon and India to Masud. The chapter acknowledges Biruni's highest official function to serve as court astrologer in Ghazni, which led to the advancement of astronomy as an independent science. It notes the correlation between the decline of Biruni's health and Masud's empire. Biruni remains to be an optimist and continued to conduct research until he took his final breath.
Out of the Shadows
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: September 2023

This chapter chronicles the rise in media coverage and political attention to medical debt in the early 2000s. Articles by The Wall Street Journal in 2003, focused in large part on the aggressive debt collection practices of Yale University’s teaching hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, drew the attention of Congressman James Greenwood. He chaired congressional hearings in which he sought to shame hospitals into being less punitive about debt collection. He highlighted some strange particularities of health care debt, such as the practice by some hospitals of pursuing people for the debts of their spouses. For a time, this spotlight led some hospitals to stop pursuing low-income patients so aggressively. The power of shame was on display, if only for a moment. At the same time, however, lobbyists and legislators were pushing for a new kind of health insurance plan, the high-deductible health insurance plan, which would leave many more Americans at risk of falling into medical debt.
An Incomplete Answer
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: September 2023

The Affordable Care Act and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau were designed to remedy some of the problems with medical debt by expanding health insurance coverage and mandating closer enforcement of charity-care rules. The generosity of hospital financial assistance—or lack thereof—was the subject of a large class-action lawsuit against hospitals as well as powerful federal lawmakers. Medical debt did decline in states that expanded Medicaid eligibility, but it remained everywhere a pervasive burden. Still, both aggressive debt collection tactics and third-party debt purchasing have endured. As with many pathologies of American life, the pain of medical debt has followed the fault lines of class, race, and gender.
Chasing the Intact Mind
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F.
Published: September 2023

In her 2006 memoir Strange Son, Cure Autism Now cofounder Portia Iversen described the “intact mind” she believed was buried within even the most cognitively impaired autistic individuals, like her son Dov. But the sentiment itself was not new. Emerging largely out of psychoanalytic theory dating back to the end of the nineteenth century, the intact mind was amplified in parent memoirs even as biomedical discourse consolidated in the 1970s around a very different depiction of autism: as a biologically based, intractable neurodevelopmental disorder. With as many as 1 out of every 44 American children now affected, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), discourse originally unique to autism has come to inform current debates at the heart of intellectual and developmental disability practice and policy in the United States—including battles over sheltered workshops, guardianship, and facilitated communication. This myopic focus, however, inadvertently reproduces historic patterns of discrimination that yoked human worth to intelligence. Only by making space for the impaired mind will it be possible to resolve these ongoing clashes—as well as even larger questions of personhood, dependency, and care.
Aloneness
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the notion of aloneness according to the works of Donald Winnicott. The Primer shows how an infant internalizes experiences which, although not mentally represented, are stored in the ego and become a form of knowledge. Moreover, Winnicott believes that infants have the sensory illusion of creating their own birth. The chapter explains how foetus evolves from unaliveness to aloneness, a transition that affects perspectives on life and death. It notes the theory of true self, which highlights the distinction between being and aliveness. In The Primer, Winnicott recommends that the infant be allowed to have immediate contact with the mother.
The Uses of Illusion
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers a child’s dream as an illusion. It acknowledges dreams as the transition from the relative safety of the mother’s and father’s domain to the world of sleep. According to Donald Winnicott’s 1951 essay on transitional objects, illusion originates for the infant by virtue of the mothers near 100% adaptation to his needs. The chapter highlights illusion as the foundation of belief wherein the child discovers the value of giving in to faith. It cites how the celebration of the analysand’s communications is a form of interpretation, referencing a case of a little girl using imagery of a spider to express her instincts.
Object Relating
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on how a somatic demand drives the infant to represent a demand, which seemingly creates a corporeal object as a substance and a feeling. It clarifies that substantiality is another way to describe the process of incorporation and differentiate it from introjection. Donald Winnicott claims that his experience of working with mothers and their babies has enabled him to see patterns of relating to objects established in infancy. The chapter notes Winnicott’s suggestion that the baby takes in the mother’s technique of care, which is an act of introjection. It considers the possible effects of the object to give a way of thinking about the actions affecting the psyche.
The Use of an Object
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter notes that Donald Winnicott’s idea of the use of an object bears significance in his theory of object relationships. Winnicott believes there is no clear distinction yet for the baby between what is intended and what takes place. The mother primarily maintains the infant’s determination of division between environment mother and object mother. The chapter considers related theories from Sigmund Freud, Melanie Klein, and Paula Heimann. It expounds on how infants recover from the paranoid-schizoid position through the increasing internalization of a good object, referencing how all infants suffer temporary breakdown into the paranoid-schizoid position similar to adults.
Case Discussions
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter details the case discussions surrounding working with an autistic child and the object relation of a hysterical patient. It acknowledges the difficulty of recognizing psychotic hysterics as they are so often diagnosed as schizophrenic, which often results in losing the lead on the specificity of hysteria. Meanwhile, faith is often relied on when dealing with autistic children or disturbed children. The chapter clarifies that potential space, regardless of its creation, cures nobody. It follows the narrative of the autistic child Anna through her life, self, and the emerging presence of her father after the death of her mother.
The Politics of Hope and the Politics of Skepticism
Authors: Leshem Oded Adomi , Ushomirsky Ilana , Paul Emma , Halperin Eran
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines how hope and skepticism are used by leaders of nations in conflict, adding a top-down perspective to the research on hope amidst conflict. The authors first expand on the politics of hope and the politics of skepticism as strategies used by political elites to mobilize constituents and international actors. The authors then provide a brief history of the implementation of the two strategies by Israeli and Palestinian leaders and hypothesize that Israeli leadership has shifted in recent years to a politics of skepticism. In contrast, Palestinian leadership maintains, at least to some degree, the politics of hope. The analysis of expressions of hope for peace in forty-six speeches delivered by Israeli and Palestinian delegates speaking at the United Nations General Assembly supports our hypothesis. Specifically, Palestinian leaders express their desires for peace more frequently than Israeli leaders. Implications for top-down conflict resolution are discussed.
A Nation of ‘Aryans’?
Authors: Fulbrook Mary
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the normalization of racial discrimination in Germany in the mid-1930s. Social relations were profoundly affected by the legalization of discrimination in the Nuremberg Laws. Those Germans who were defined as Jews by descent (irrespective of self-identification) were deprived of their citizenship status; ‘full Jews’ and ‘half Jews’ were subjected to detailed regulations around permitted marriage partners and other matters including domestic employment. For ‘Aryan’ Germans, conformity now became a matter of compliance with state regulations defining who was in which category, and what this should mean for their own private lives and personal relationships; this therefore also redefined what it meant to be ‘German’. Moreover, younger Germans were increasingly being brought under the influence of Nazi ideology, education and youth organizations. The rifts between distinct communities were more sharply defined and further deepened.
David Spellman
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights one of the passengers of the hijacked Flight 119, David Spellman, who was a man in his mid-twenties seated in first class. Spellman worked as a field auditor in American’s Audit and Security Department and had always been fascinated by airplanes, dreaming of becoming an Air Force pilot when he was growing up. Although Spellman’s poor eyesight denied him his Air Force dream, his work at American kept him connected to airplanes and flight, and flying first class was one of the perks of the job. The chapter details how Spellman, who was moved to halfway back in coach when the passengers were shuffled around by the hijacker, overheard other passengers who planned to take matters into their own hands. As the plane prepared to land in St. Louis, the hijacker threatened to harm the passengers with the machine gun and grenade.
The Switch
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter begins with the American 119 hijacker waiting for his demands to be met, taking nearly an hour for a fuel truck to arrive and another hour for the money and parachutes. It then describes Bob Meredith, an FBI agent with parachuting experience, who demonstrated for the hijacker how to put on the parachute and harness. When the hijacker was satisfied that he had everything he needed, he agreed to let the remaining passengers leave except for one and told that passenger and the stewardesses to move to the cockpit. The hijacked plane got ready to leave St. Louis for the third time after the pilots were replaced by Leroy Berkebile, Art Koester, and undercover pilot Tom Parker. The hijacker ordered the pilots to head to Toronto but not land and then climb back to cruising altitude and fly to Kennedy Airport in New York.
Snipers
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter details the American 119 hijacker’s plan to change planes. David Spellman, the American Airlines auditor who had volunteered to remain on the plane as a hostage, knew that transferring to the new plane would be the most dangerous part of the hijacking. Special agent in charge Bill Sullivan and his agents on the ground were making plans of their own, should an opportunity to take a shot at the hijacker present itself. The chapter recounts how the FBI had used snipers to take out hijackers before, considering the case of Richard Obergfell. Whether or not he knew the story of how Obergfell had been shot, the hijacker of American 119 was determined not to make the same mistake. When they changed planes, Flight 119 became Flight 821, though later everyone continued to refer to it by its original designation.
A Short History of Parachuting
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents a short history of parachuting. Parachuting predates airplanes by more than a century, with the first jumps accomplished from balloons in the 1790s. Thomas S. Baldwin was a contemporary of the Wright brothers and one of the most famous balloonists and parachute jumpers of the time. The queen of early parachuting was Tiny Broadwick. She was among the first to parachute from an airplane, piloted by Glenn Martin, in 1913, and the first to jump with a modern backpack-style parachute a year later. World War II introduced thousands of servicemen to parachuting. Beginning in the 1950s, skydiving became an international sport. Equipment and safety standards improved, so that by the 1970s, parachuting was a recreational activity that just about anyone could try. The jump that the hijacker of American 119 had in mind, however, did not conform to anyone’s idea of safety.
Wheels Up
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts the events before the hijacker of American 119 jumped. Unlike the D.B. Cooper hijacking, this flight was in a cruise configuration, with the landing gear and flaps up. This meant that it could, indeed, had to, fly faster. Once the stairs were down, the hijacker told everyone to move to the cockpit. At 2:53 a.m., everyone in the cockpit felt a bump. The hijacker had jumped, causing the stairs to bounce and the pressure inside the cabin to fluctuate, much as it had when D.B. Cooper bailed out. In the Air Force chase plane, which was behind and above the Boeing 727, agent Ben Weaver, a former Navy pilot, saw “a small dark object” dart past and disappear beneath the wing—it was the hijacker, plummeting earthward.
Survivors
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines some hijacking cases in which the hijackers survived their jumps. It looks at the cases of Richard Charles LaPoint, George Ames (Frederick William Hahneman), and Robb Heady. LaPoint, Hahneman, Heady, and Richard McCoy had all survived their jumps with, at most, only minor injuries. Yet the FBI continued to believe that D.B. Cooper and the hijacker of American 119 had died when they jumped. Like the American 119 hijacker, McCoy and Hahneman eluded capture for some time after they landed. Cooper was never caught. Of the four—LaPoint, Hahneman, Heady, and McCoy—only LaPoint had a criminal record before becoming a hijacker, but they had all been traumatized by their experiences in Vietnam.
The Tip
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the tip given to Detroit Police Department Detective Robert Krichke concerning the hijacking case of American Flight 119. James Pawlzak told Krichke that he knew who the skyjacker was, though he would not give details over the phone and would need to meet him in person. According to Pawlzak, the skyjacker was Martin McNally, who was a friend of another friend of his. However, despite Krichke’s reports, FBI agents Larry Bonney and Richard Farley were unimpressed by his information and told him that the hijacker was almost certainly dead and drowned near Peru, Indiana. Krichke still attempted to stake out McNally’s house before his lieutenant told him to go home.
A Life of Crime
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers Martin McNally’s life of crime prior to his hijacking attempt with American Flight 119. It starts with McNally’s life history of being the black sheep of the family and craving the excitement of breaking the law. The chapter looks into McNally’s occupation with the Navy and Dana Incorporated after voluntarily quitting school. Despite getting married to Wanda Glacken, he quit his employment to become a full-time crook. The chapter highlights how Glacken struggled and ultimately wanted a divorce. McNally heard of the hijacking of D.B. Cooper on the radio and thought that it was a way to make some money.
Anywhere but Here
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents narratives of criminals hijacking planes. It notes that career criminals could easily hijack a plane if teenagers could. Lester Ellsworth Perry was a career criminal and took the chance of hijacking a plane using a disposable razor after he realized that his guards were lax. Perry ordered the pilot to fly to Havana, but soldiers in Havana quickly defused the situation and led him away. The chapter notes how hijacking became an outlet for just about every form of dislocation, including the trauma of war. It explains that life in Cuba was not as good as expected for those who tried to escape imprisonment.
Hijack House
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter notes that a sizable number of American hijackers are in jail or living in Havana. The lucky hijackers lived in a “Hijack House” in the Siboney district of Havana. Meanwhile, unlucky hijackers languished in Cuban prisons, including Tony Bryant, who robbed passengers before they landed in Havana. Bryant was unlucky enough to rob a Cuban agent, which ultimately led him to twelve years in Cuba’s most notorious prisons. The chapter notes how only the most desperate hijacker would opt for Cuba by the end of 1971. It notes significant events after the allure of Cuba faded, referencing the first passenger death during a hijacking and D.B. Cooper parachuting from a 727.
Prison Break
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the attempted prison break of Martin McNally, Barbara Oswald, and Garrett Trapnell. It notes that their attempt was inspired by Joel David Kaplan’s helicopter escape from a Mexican prison. Most hijackers from 1961 to 1972 served far less than their full sentences. Some hijackers were traumatized by their experiences in Vietnam and could not explain why they had done it. After his release in May 2010, after thirty-seven years in federal prison, McNally freely admitted that he hijacked American Flight 119 and told his story numerous times. McNally urged students to stay in school and make something of themselves.