bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Health Impact of Injuries: Morbidity
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

Anonfatal injury is more ambiguous than a death. Questions of severity and duration of injury are largely irrelevant in the surveillance of injury deaths, but they are important considerations in epidemiologic studies of morbidity. In the study of injury morbidity, it is necessary to consider the following: , External causes and circumstances of injuries; Nature and severity of different types of injuries; , Nature and duration of disability. The definition of an injury varies and determines the scope of injury morbidity. Surveillance or research on nonfatal injuries includes injuries managed in hospitals and emergency rooms, at outpatient clinics or doctors’ offices, and at home. The complexity and cost of treatment offer a guide to the severity of an injury; however when access to care is limited, severe injuries may be treated at either a simple health facility or not at all.
Risk, Consent, and Communal Identity
Authors: Hiskes Richard P
Published: November 2023

No belief is more central to the liberal impulse in politics than the value and legitimating power of consent. Our beloved prepositions “of, by, and for” the people characterize a government rooted in the sacred ground of voluntary acceptance by its citizens. Individual liberty begins for liberal theorists from Locke onward with the right of every person to voluntarily assume political obligations. Today most liberal theorists and political scientists agree that only the “consent of the governed” can legitimate the power to enforce obedience and to recognize political obligation, even though, as Richard Flashman once wryly observed, accepting most consent theories of political obligation quickly leads to “the conclusion that very few people have or have ever had political obligations.”
Either/Or
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

I shall begin by citing a brief excerpt from that recent masterpiece, Italo Calvino’s Invisible Cities. It is one of the passages in which Marco Polo converses with the Emperor Kublai Khan: Marco Polo describes a bridge, stone by stone.
Analysis of Tabular Data
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

A 2 × 2 table is a fundamental description of the relationship between two binary variables. The S-language contains more than a half dozen functions that allow different approaches to the description/analysis of data contained in a 2 × 2 table.
A History of Rape Law
Authors: Burgess-Jackson Keith
Published: November 2023

Nearly a quarter century ago, Susan Brownmiller published a history of rape that by all indications set many of her readers to thinking about the subject for the first time.1 Rape had to that point been conceived as either pathology (the act of a disturbed or diseased man) or deviance (the act of a bad man), both of which portray it as the act of one individual against another. Brownmiller’s detailed research and forceful presentation made it possible to see rape as something else: a highly regulated practice or institution. In words that must have sent chills down many of her readers’ spines, she wrote, “From prehistoric times to the present, I believe, rape has played a critical function. It is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.
Consent, Coercion, and Sexual Autonomy
Authors: Gauthier Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

Feminist theorists have faced a vexing dilemma in their attempts to formulate a conceptual basis for the reform of rape law. On the one hand, in an attempt to dispel the sexist ideology that has made it difficult for the legal system to find defendants guilty even where force and violence are clearly present, many prominent theorists have been at pains to describe a clear distinction between acts of sex and acts of violence. On this account, the failure to distinguish rape from sex derives from a sexist point of view that fails to encompass the perspective of the victim for whom rape is a violent rather than a sexual act. On the other hand, in part to explain why such a distinction was not obvious in the first place, many theorists have situated rape as part of a system of violence that governs sexual relations more generally in a sexist social order.Far from being a uniquely violent act in opposition to “normal” sexual encounters, rape stands at the end of a continuum of exploitative practices that permeate virtually all aspects of a woman’s existence. While this has served to situate rape in a broader context of sexist acts against women, it has also posed a problem as concerns rape law. For if we lack a clear distinction between rape and sex, this would appear to imperil legal reforms predicated on that distinction. When institutionalized violence governs sexual practice in the bedroom, we lack the bright line needed to separate sexual violence from ordinary sexuality in the courtroom.
The 1940s: The Watershed
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

In several respects, the 1940s were a crucial decade for Latin music in the United States. The last major Latin-American arrival, the Brazilian, put down roots. Both a truly AmericanLatin idiom, the mambo, and a true hybrid, Latin-jazz, began to develop. Another surge of popularity and massive infiltration of Tin Pan Alley, though rich in trivia, helped make Latin rhythms an almost subliminal part of U.S. popular music.
Vector-Borne Transmission
Authors: Sorvillo Frank J , Morrison Amy C , Berlin O G W
Published: November 2023

The methodologic issues in epidemiologic studies of infections that are not vector-borne pertain primarily to the sampling and measurement of the people who might experience an infection, including measurement of infection with the organism of interest. When transmission between people involves a vector, another dimension of research is required-one that tracks the biology and behavior of the vector. For this reason, epidemiologic research on vector-borne diseases has traditionally been more biologically oriented, focusing on the factors of vector life cycles that affect transmission. This chapter follows that tradition in that it is structured around considerations of the vector. Methodologic issues are interwoven with the biologic factors. Over 300 infectious diseases agents encompassing viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths are transmitted by a variety of vectors (Burgdorfer 1981). A list of selected vector-borne diseases by the type of infectious agent is presented in Table 12-1. The characteristics of six vector-borne diseases are presented in Table 12-2. In this chapter we focus on diseases in which the vector is an arthropod.
HIV/AIDS Research
Authors: Vermund Sten H , Wiener Howard , Lawson M Louise , Bhatta Madhav P
Published: November 2023

Methodologic challenges of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemiology are distinct in key ways from those that previously faced infectious disease or chronic disease researchers. HIV is an infection communicable in three ways (blood-borne, sexual, mother-to-child), manifesting clinical disease after many years or even decades, and resulting in lifelong infection (Peterman and Allen 1989, Royce et al. 1997, IOM 1998, Vermund et al. 1999). Its incidence is affected by community prevalence, behavior, cofactors in transmission, and treatment adherence, quite different from nonvenereal infectious agents that have been the focus of intense public health activity such as most of the vaccine preventable diseases. Acute infectious diseases are affected by the dynamics of population crowding and mixing patterns, the number of susceptible individuals, the number of immune persons, and the infectiousness of the given agent. Behavioral factors, short of vaccination adherence, have little to do with risk of measles, pertussis, rubella, diphtheria, or a host of other infectious agents. Furthermore, with exceptions.
Adaptive Evolution and Neutral Variation in a Wild Leafminer Metapopulation
Authors: Mopper Susan , Landau, Keli , Zandt Peter Van
Published: November 2023

Anozyme and DNA markers reveal substantial neutral genetic structure within natural insect populations, but there is little information about adaptive structure in these systems. We combine genetic analyses and field experiments to measure gene flow and neutral and adaptive structure in a wild leafminer population. This integrative approach reveals temporal and spatial variation in population structure and provides a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary ecology of wild insect populations.
Reaching New Adaptive Peaks Evolution of Alternative Bill Forms in an African Finch
Authors: Smith Thomas B , Girman Derek J
Published: November 2023

We examine the adaptive significance of bill size polymorphism in small- and large-billed morphs of the African finc yrenestes ostrinus and the extremely large-billed race P. o. maximus. Using information on the morphology, fitness, feeding ecology, and the genetic basis of the bill forms, we examine the evolution of the polymorphism. Results suggest that small, large, and mega-billed forms are distinct morphs within a single species and that the large and the mega-billed forms arose by a mutation of large effect. Genetic correlations among bill characters are generally higher than in other seed-eating species. The simple genetic basis of the polymorphism suggests that single mutations have allowed populations to cross adaptive valleys in which larger morphs occupy separate adaptive peaks through differences in feeding performance. The significance of resource polymorphisms under simple genetic control to speciation is discussed.
Geographic Variation in Flower Size in Wild Radish The Potential Role of Pollinators in Population Differentiation
Authors: Mazer Susan J , Meade Daniele.
Published: November 2023

In spite of a long history of interest in the evolution of floral traits, and the intuitively appealing view that pollinator preferences play an important role in the evolution of flower size and shape, few studies have demonstrated the selective forces leading to genetic differentiation in floral traits within or among species. In this chapter we review several key studies that have been conducted in wild species to evaluate the processes responsible for floral trait evolution. Then we focus on previous and current work on wild radish (Raphanus sativus L.: Brassicaceae) to examine the ability of pollinators to impose selection on floral traits. We suggest that, as a model system for the evolution of flower size in particular, wild radish holds much promise as a species in which to test alternative hypotheses concerning the selective forces that mold this trait. Within wild radish populations, common garden experiments and paternal sib analyses reveal significant heritable variation in flower size (the area of displayed petals). Moreover, California populations of wild radish have genetically differentiated with respect to this trait. Previous work on pollinator preferences and their fitness consequences in wild radish suggests that pollinators discriminate among plants on the basis of flower size (generally favoring large flowers), but that in spite of this preference, plants visited primarily by honeybees may experience selection favoring small flowers.
History of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Gómez Manuel Rodríguez
Published: November 2023

First, in the year 1835, Pierre Francois Olive Rayer published an atlas illustrating skin diseases to accompany his voluminous text “Theoretical and Practical Treatise on Skin Diseases.’’ One of the last colored plates in this atlas depicts a young man’s face dotted with small, erythematous papules in the characteristic distribution and with similar appearance to what Balzer and Ménétrier, 50 years later, reported as adénomes sébacés (adenoma se baceum). The lesions illustrated in the atlas closely resemble the facial angiofibromas often seen in patients with the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).
The Epidemiology of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Shepherd Charles W
Published: November 2023

Early studies into the prevalence and incidence of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) were inaccurate because TSC was perceived to occur only in people who had seizures, were mentally handicapped, and had facial an giofibroma. Early studies also tended to focus on hospital populations rather than look at total populations. Recent studies to ascertain the prevalence of TSC in defined populations have been more accurate because investigators now appreciate the different phenotypes of TSC. These studies have looked for patients with renal, lung, and skin disease suggestive of TSC, even if there is no evidence of mental handicap or seizures. A knowledge of all the different phenotypes of TSC is essential for an accurate population study.
Ophthalmic Findings
Authors: Robertson Dennis M
Published: November 2023

In 1905, 3 years before Vogt1 defined the well-known triad of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), CampbelI2 mentioned its ocular pathology. Berg in 1913 and Schuster in 1914 also described those pathologic findings in the eyes, but it was van der Hoeve in a series of papers written between 1920 and 1937, who gave significance to the retinal findings. In 1921, he described six patients with retinal tumors observed by direct ophthalmos copy.
The TSC I Gene: Part I -Gene Mapping
Authors: Northrup Hope , Au Kit-Sing , Huttenlocher Peter R
Published: November 2023

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) was first recognized as a genetic condition by Kirpicznik in 1910. He reported a family with affected individuals in three generations and described the condition in identical and fraternal twins. Earlier studies had noted that the facial lesions of TSC, erroneously called “adenoma sebaceum,” were inherited in families. Berg, in 1913, re ported that TSC was hereditary. Gunther and Penrose first brought attention to the dominant inheritance pattern and were also first to suggest a high mutation rate as causal in TSC.
The Diagnosis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: The Impact on the Individual and Family
Authors: Whittemore Vicky Holets
Published: November 2023

The diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) may be made at any point in an individual’s life, young or old. A newborn infant with white spots on her skin may be diagnosed with TSC when she has her first seizure and the tubers in the brain are seen on magnetic resonance imaging. A gifted and talented 5-year-old with facial angiofibromas may be diagnosed with TSC when his mother takes him to see a dermatologist because of the “rash” on his face. An adult may be diagnosed with TSC when his child is diagnosed with the disease. No matter when the diagnosis comes, however, it is a diagnosis that can be very difficult to understand and to accept, and it can be devastating for both the individual and the family.
Home Care and Personal Assistant Services
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

Home care and personal assistant services (PAS) are the most important building blocks in a user-friendly system of community-based long-term care. Flexible, reasonably priced services for people living at home are the key to people staying at home. If states are to achieve balance in their long-term care programs, they need to forge a range of home care and PAS services. Designing such services is challenging because of the wide range of needs to be met, the diversity of home environments and life circumstances of the consumers, the necessity of building upon the help of family members when possible, and the need to keep costs down by using generalist personnel while maintaining acceptable quality.
Acute Care for Long-Term Care Consumers
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

By acute care, we mean hospital care and the full range of physician and medically related preventive, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative services delivered inpatient, outpatient, in-home, and in long-term care residential settings. For some seniors, medical care may be coordinated by a primary care provider (PCP), usually internists or general practitioners, often backed up and made efficient by nurse practitioners and other nonphysician personnel such as pharmacists. Also part of acute care are the services of all physician specialists who practice with older people in hospitals and community—for example, cardiologists, urologists, orthopedic surgeons, and oncologists. Mental health services for people with definable mental illnesses also fall under the acute care category.
Dynamic State Variable Models in Ecology
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

This book introduces readers to a set of powerful and extremely flexible modelling techniques, starting at "square one" and continuing with carefully chosen applications. Some of these applications of methodology include insect oviposition behavior, overwinter survival of birds and fish, avian migration, resource management, conservation biology, agroecology, and human behaviour. This book also explains how to construct, test, and use dynamic state variable models in a wide range of contexts in evolutionary ecology. And its complete and up-to-date coverage allows readers to immediately begin using the described techniques. Dynamic State Variable Models in Ecology is designed for self-instruction or for use in upper division undergraduate or graduate courses. It is ideal for students and scientists interested in behaviour, ecology, anthropology, conservation biology, and related fields.
Using the Model
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

The main purpose of most of the models discussed in this book is the understanding of adaptation, which G.C. Williams has called “a phenomenon of pervasive importance in biology” (Williams 1966, p. 5). In this quest, the modeler will often be studying some behavioral observation that may not previously have been considered at all as an adaptation. Alternatively, previous explanations may have been based on now discredited principles such as group selection. The modeler has formulated a novel, potential, adaptive explanation. At a purely verbal level, the new hypothesis may seem credible Let leaving the subject at this level invites the criticism that the explanation is no more than a “just-so story” (Gould and Lewontin 1979).
Agroecology
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss three applications of dynamic state variable models to problems of agricultural ecology. The first example shows how learning can be incorporated by making information a state variable in a model of parasitoid functional response; we discuss informational questions more fully in chapter 11. The second example shows how dynamic state variable models can be connected to population dynamics of insect parasitoids and their hosts. The third example deals with flowering by thistles, which can be important agricultural pests.
Measures of Fitness
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

In this book, we have usually equated an individual’s fitness to its expected lifetime reproductive output. Now we study the concept of fitness in greater detail. The abundant literature on this topic is quite confusing. Therefore, we will start from scratch in an attempt to make the discussion clear and self-contained. Although elementary, the discussion is unfortunately rather lengthy. Briefer discussions of fitness measures occur elsewhere but tend to be incomplete and can be quite confusing.
Managing Emotions
Authors: Karp David A
Published: November 2023

Although sociologists have always understood feelings of obligation, responsibility, and duty to be the moral cornerstones of society, little attention has been given to the ways such feelings are evoked, interpreted, managed, and acted on in everyday life. Candace Clark has observed that while “Sociologists often use the language of reciprocity and exchange to explain the give-and-take of everyday interaction ... [they] rarely ask why people feel they owe something to others, what the ‘ligament’ is that connects people, or what the feeling of owing or obligation consists of.”1 This chapter examines the intense emotions that surround efforts to honor a commitment to care for a family member with a major mental illness. My goal is to explain the kinds of emotions that arise as family members engage in ongoing interpretations of what they owe a spouse, child, parent, brother, or sister in desperate emotional trouble.
Plato’s Homoerotic Symposium
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

Plato’s Symposium, the greatest book ever written about the nature of love, centers on homoerotic desire. Does that make a difference? What it says is certainly shaped by the assumptions of the society in which it was written and by the interests of the man who wrote it. Not only are the exemplars of love discussed most often homosexual, they are exemplars of a very special socially sanctioned form of pederasty, characteristic of Plato’s time and class. Does that affect what can be learned from it by individuals in other times and other societies, with other assumptions, customs, and interests?
Freud and Perversion
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

The first of Freud’s Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905d) is entitled “The Sexual Aberrations.” Why should Freud begin a book the main point of which is to argue for the existence of infantile sexuality with a discussion of adult perversions? (After all, the existence of the adult aberrations was hardly news.) While many answers might be suggested with some plausibility (e.g., to ease the shock of the new claim; or, medical texts typically begin with pathology), I believe Freud’s beginning can be usefully understood as part of an effective argumentative strategy to extend the notion of sexuality by showing how extensive it already was. Freud himself (in the preface to the fourth edition) describes the book as an attempt “at enlarging the concept of sexuality” (7: 134). The extension involved in the notion of perversion prepares the way for the extension involved in infantile sexuality.
The Challenge of Coevolution: Interdependence and Sustainable Development
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul
Published: November 2023

The first wave of environmentalism, the period of conservation (from the mid-1800s to the early 1960s), focused on the protection of natural resources, scenic pockets of nature, and isolated species from degradation and destruction by humans. The second wave of environmentalism, the period of containment (from the mid-1960s through the 1970s), introduced the need to protect humans from the effects of an industrially abused and overpopulated world. The third wave of environmentalism, the period of co-optation (the 1980s and early 1990s) popularized and mainstreamed these efforts, revealing in the process that certain demographic groups disproportionately suffered from the effects of a degraded environment.

The fourth wave of environmentalism first arose in the late 1980s. By the mid-1990s, it was cresting above the third wave. Like its immediate predecessor, which achieved its own breadth and height from the combined force of the first two waves, the fourth wave of environmentalism is a synthesis of earlier efforts. It represents not so much a new environmental movement as an expanding horizon of sensibilities and a rechanneling of efforts. Fourth-wave environmentalism amplifies certain features of earlier waves, mitigates some of their conflicts, and integrates many of their cross-currents. At the same time, fourth-wave environmentalism bears its own distinct features.
Complexity A Guided Tour
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

As science probes the nature of life, society, and technology ever more closely, what it finds there is complexity. The sophisticated group behavior of social insects, the unexpected intricacies of the genome, the dynamics of population growth, and the self-organized structure of the World Wide Web - these are just a few examples of complex systems that still elude scientific understanding. Comprehending such systems seems to require a wholly new approach, one that goes beyond traditional scientific reductionism and that re-maps long-standing disciplinary boundaries. This remarkably accessible and companionable book, written by a leading complex systems scientist, provides an intimate, detailed tour of the sciences of complexity, a broad set of efforts that seek to explain how large-scale complex, organized, and adaptive behavior can emerge from simple interactions among myriad individuals. In this richly illustrated work, Melanie Mitchell describes in equal parts the history of ideas underlying complex systems science, the current research at the forefront of this field, and the prospects for the field's contribution to solving some of the most important scientific questions of our current century.
Recompositional Pairing
Authors: Ferris David
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, we saw that the use of the same formal strategy in different songs is an important means of cyclic coherence in Schumann’s Eichendorff Liederkreis. In some cases, Schumann takes this idea a step further, using a single underlying structure as the basis for a pair of songs. “Mondnacht” and “Schöne Fremde,” for example, are both related in a general way to “Intermezzo” and “Frühlingsnacht,” because they, too, have weak openings. But the former two songs are even more closely related to each other, because Schumann realizes the weak opening in each of them through the same structure, a variant of bar form. This relationship, which I shall refer to as a recompositional pairing, differs in degree but not in kind from the relationships that obtain among the Eichendorff songs generally. In fact, we have already seen many of the techniques that Schumann uses to pair “Mondnacht” and “Sch6ne Fremde” in the other songs that I have discussed.
Jazz and Classical Music: To the Third Stream and Beyond
Authors: Teachout Terry
Published: November 2023

The relationship between jazz and classical music has often been close-at times surprisingly so-but is ultimately equivocal. Though the two musics employ the same harmonic system, they arise from different conceptions of rhythm and form, and attempts to amalgamate their

characteristic features in a single coherent style have thus proved problematic.

Jazz Instrumentalists

Classic ragtime, jazz’s immediate ancestor, was a fully notated piano music that demanded fluent reading skills. As a result, even the earliest jazz pianists typically studied with classically trained teachers and consequently knew more about the classical repertoire than other instrumentalists, most of whom were either self-taught or received informal lessons from other like-minded players. New Orleans, the earliest center of jazz, had an opera-based classical-music culture, and though only whites and (until the turn of the century) “Creoles of color” were admitted to public performances, some second-generation players, Sidney Bechet and Louis Armstrong in particular, were influenced by the expansive solo styles heard on the recordings of such
Thelonious Monk and Charles Mingus
Authors: Priestley Brian
Published: November 2023

As Scott DeVeaux has pointed out, much of what became bebop evolved from the private jam sessions of the 1930s. Hence the prevalence in the bop era of the theme-solo-solo-solo-theme format, which also came to dominate not only the Chicago-style wing of the traditional revival but, in due course, the 1950s and 1960s swing-mainstream revival. Because of the huge influence of bebop, many comparative subtleties that were part of the fabric of prebop music seemed for a while all but lost.

Bebop made considerable demands on performers’ rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic virtuosity and, in the hands of its leading figures, brought these to a new peak of development. But many of the boppers themselves, having conquered its challenges, demonstrated a certain dissatisfaction with its limitations. Charlie Parker in the 1950s espoused first strings and then a woodwind-and-vocal ensemble, and also expressed a desire to study modern “classical” composition, because of his stated feeling that he had achieved everything he could within the bebop style.
Jazz Since 1968
Authors: Keepnews Peter
Published: November 2023

The notion that jazz is dead, or at least dying, has been around for almost as long as jazz itself. But it began to be heard with increasing frequency as the 1960s drew to a close-and by 1968, the idea didn’t seem so far-fetched.

Jazz, of course, did not die in 1968. Three decades later, in terms of objective criteria like audience size and institutional support if not necessarily in terms of more subjective ones like artistic quality, it is not just alive but healthy. But the past three decades have been a strange, unpredictable, and often contentious time for the music-and the question of how well jazz fared in those years largely depends on how one chooses to define the word jazz.

By 1968 it had been roughly a decade since Ornette Coleman, Cecil Taylor, and other advocates of what was variously called “the new thing,” “free jazz,” or simply the avant-garde first challenged the notion that jazz had to contain such supposedly fundamental elements as a steady rhythmic pulse and regularly repeating chord patterns. Their rebellion caused a deep schism in the jazz community and even spmTed debate over whether their music deserved to be called jazz. In terms of jazz’s continued relevance in a changing world, this schism could hardly have happened at a less opportune time.
Fusion
Authors: Milkowski Bill
Published: November 2023

Although fusion music was not the first hybrid form in the history of jazz, it was certainly the most notorious. A by-product of strange bedfellows, it brought together the seemingly disparate worlds of rock and jazz into a volatile marriage that was reviled by older jazz purists (who smugly referred to it as “con-fusion”) and revered by a younger generation that easily related to its throbbing high energy.

In its earliest incarnation, fusion music was raw and full of abandon, an iron fist upside the head of jazz complacency. A renegade movement fueled by the spirit of search and risk, it provided a bridge for both listener and player between the explosive bombast of Jimi Hendrix and Cream on the one hand and the probing, heightened improvisations of John Coltrane and Pharoah Sanders on the other. It ambitiously melded instrumental virtuosity on the level of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie with the sheer decibels of the Who and the psychedelia of the post-Sergeant Pepper’s Beatles, turning a generation of die-hard rockers on to jazz in the process.
Latin Jazz
Authors: Santoro Gene
Published: November 2023

In the beginning there was the beat, and it was manifold.

Most jazz critics and historians rely on the all-purpose term swing, whose virtue resides at least partly in its evocative vagueness. But Jelly Roll Morton was more precise and expansive. While he was taking credit for jazz’s birth and development in his N’Awlins hometown, he famously noted “the Spanish Tinge,” which he deemed central to the nascent sound of surprise. Many since have paid lip service to Morton’s assertion, but only a few, like John Storm Roberts, have seriously pursued its implications. If the New World has been this century’s major source of popular music, it is due largely to the rich social and cultural mixtures that historically horrific situations like slavery and conquest left as their loamy residue. In the United States, the collisions of African and European sensibilities, musical forms, instruments, and techniques yielded work songs, minstrel shows, blues, jazz, gospel, and rock. Brazil boasts hybrids like samba, bossa nova, and tropicalia. From Jamaican reggae to Trinidadian calypso, the Caribbean teems with off-shoots of the same roots.

But dolly the camera back a minute. The Mediterranean cultures that colonized Latin America were already Afro-European hybrids.
The Gender of Violence
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

Two sentiments, a question and an answer, separated by four centuries. Does one suffer or does one seek revenge? Get mad or get even? Each has an unacceptably high price: Luke Woodham resolved it by stabbing his mother to death and then killing two students in his Pearl, Mississippi, high school in October 1997. Two months later, three students were killed in Paducah, Kentucky. And four students and a teacher were killed in Jonesboro, Arkansas, in March 1998. And in Littleton, Colorado, on April 20, 1999, 12 students and one teacher were gunned down by two students, who then took their own lives. Both Woodham and the two boys who opened fire in Jonesboro were said to be distraught after being snubbed by girls.
The Aging Brain
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

One of the greatest fears associated with aging is the possibility that senescence may rob us of our mental faculties, leaving us to wander the empty spaces of our minds with none of the familiar land¬ marks that tell us where we are or where we have been. Each human personality is shaped by a unique combination of intellectual and emotional capacities, developed over a lifetime of learning and feeling, and exercised with a particular brand of reason and judgment that leads to a highly individualized response to the surrounding world. We each have our own way of seeing that world, of thinking about it and responding to it—of being in it—drawing upon a totally idiosyncratic collection of memories and experience. It is this personal collection that we label “self” and use to guide ourselves through our daily lives.
The Chagos Archipelago
Authors: Sheppard Charles R C
Published: November 2023

The Chagos Archipelago lies at the southern end of the Laccadive-Chagos ridge, in the geographical center of the tropical Indian Ocean. Politically it is a UK Dependent Territory, known as the British Indian Ocean Territory, administered from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London (23). The group has five islanded atolls, and several others which are awash or completely submerged (Fig. 15.1). Its central feature is the 200 by 100 km Great Chagos Bank, the Earth’s largest atoll in terms of area. This is mostly submerged, but there are eight islands on its western and northern rim. This is surrounded by the smaller atolls: Peros Bafihos and Salomon to the north, Egmont (on some charts called the Six Islands) to the southwest, and Diego Garcia to the south. Among these lie many submerged reefs, the whole complex covering about 250 by 400 km. These submerged structures are one of the most notable features of the central Indian Ocean.
Composers of the Early Years
Authors: Feinstein Michael , Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century began with American musical theatre dominated by European operettas—English, German, and Austrian. This held firm until 1914, when the Great War quickly ended popularity of things foreign. Jerome Kern, a practiced hand at “Americanizing” imports, finally had a chance to explore his own style; the result was the “modern musical comedy” form (actually, the first of many “modern musical comedy” forms). Irving Berlin, already known along Broadway for pop song hits, tried his hand at complete scores; he was less adventurous than Kern, but highly successful. The postwar years brought three young Kern protégés: George Gershwin, Vincent Youmans, and Richard Rodgers. They surpassed the master with a newer “modern musical comedy” built on dance rhythms; Kern, meanwhile, began development of “musical drama.” Cole Porter, of the Kern/Berlin generation, was next to make his mark on Broadway after a long, unapplied apprenticeship. Then came Arthur Schwartz, establishing himself in the months just before the stock market crash. The year 1930 saw the entrance of three talented Gershwin protégés: Harold Arlen, Vernon Duke, and Burton Lane. But the worsening depression brought Broadway musical opportunity to a near halt. Broadway’s top composers spent most of the bleak depression in Hollywood. The only important new voices of the 1930s were introduced, fittingly, in politically slanted propaganda musicals. The already renowned Kurt Weill arrived on Broadway in 1936, exiled from Germany (where his work had been radical both musically and politically). Marc Blitzstein was even more outspoken, arriving on Broadway amidst a swirl of controversy. Harold Rome, on the other hand, used comedy and charm to make similar points for the proletariat; not surprisingly, he met with greater popular success than Weill or Blitzstein.
New Composers of the 1940s and 1950s
Authors: Feinstein Michael , Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The Depression ended as the nation geared up for war, and Broadway did its share by providing lively, energetic entertainments. Hugh Martin brought in the swinging sound of pop music, first as a vocal arranger and then as a composer. Leonard Bernstein made the first of his theatre visits with an extra-lively musical comedy (albeit with a large chunk of modern ballet). A touch of the light European style returned with Viennese emigrant Frederick Loewe. The 1940s ended with the entrance of two immensely talented Hollywood veterans— JuleStyne and Frank Loesser—whose work quickly established them as important composers of “modern musical comedy.” Within a few years Loesser was grooming protégés of his own, such as pop composer Richard Adler, who enjoyed brief but notable success in the mid1950s. Styne, meanwhile, introduced the more enduring Jerry Bock, who turned out a series of satisfying, well-written scores. Three new composer/lyricists turned up in 1957. Popsongwriter Bob Merrill had a few early successes, after which he hit nothing but roadblocks. Pop-songwriter Meredith Willson had only one hit show, but it was a massive one. And then came the great Stephen Sondheim, who wasn’t firmly established (as a composer) until 1970—and who has been at the forefront of the field ever since.
Philosophical i Perplexities
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

I proposed at the start to delay treatment of the traditional philosophical problems about dreams until my neurophilosophical theory was in place. The plan was to see how these problems looked from the perspective of a theory of dreams informed by contemporary mind science. That theory is now in place, so the time has come to play some good old-fashioned philosophy.
John Harbison
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Hohn Harbison grew up in Princeton, New Jersey. He began improvising ‘, on the piano at five years of age, started a jazz band at age twelve, and as a teenager received guidance from Roger Sessions, his Princeton neigh- or. Harbison studied at Harvard University, the Berlin Hochschule fur Musik, and Princeton University, where his teachers were Walter Piston, Boris Blacher, and Earl Kim, respectively.
Steven Stucky
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Steven Stucky grew up in Kansas and Texas and studied at Baylor and Cornell Universities with Richard Willis, Robert Palmer, Karel Husa, and Burrill Phillips. He was composer-in-residence with the Los Angeles armonic from 1988 to 1992 and is Professor of Composition at Cornell University, where he has taught since 1980. Stucky’s music has been commissioned by the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony, the Balti more Symphony, Boston Musica Viva, and many other ensembles. In 1989 his Concerto for Orchestra, commissioned by the Philadelphia Orchestra, was named one of two finalists for the Pulitzer Prize in music. The Los Angeles Philharmonic plans to release an all-Stucky CD in 2001.
Bright Sheng
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Bright Sheng was born in Shanghai, China, and started piano studies with his mother at the age of four. His adolescence coincided with the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-76), during which he was sent to the country for a rural education. After the fall of Mao Tse-Tung’s regime, Sheng earned a degree in composition at Shanghai Conservatory of Music, and in 1982 he moved to New York, where he attended Queens College, CUNY, and Columbia University. Among his teachers were Leonard Bernstein, Chou Wen-chung, Mario Davidovsky, George Perle, and Hugo Weisgall.
The Grass Roots and Struggling Lawyers
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Marshall did not in fact wait long after Sweattand Mclaurin to make up his mind to fight segregation. Following debates with lawyers and NAACP state branch presidents in June 1950, he took the fateful step: to challenge the constitutionality of racially segregated public schools. In October the board of the NAACP dropped its emphasis on achieving equality within segregated education and supported Marshall. Henceforth, “pleading in all education cases ... should be aimed at obtaining education on a non-segregated basis and ... no relief other than that will be acceptable.’’ The die had been cast that led to Brown in May 1954.
The Court Decides
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

A great many Americans in the years before 1952—at least, white Americans—held the Supreme Court in high esteem. When President Franklin Roosevelt tried to pack it with justices of his own political persuasion in 1937, he aroused a storm of opposition. The Court, his foes thought, stood for impartial justice. Its members served fill lite, protected from the vicissitudes of political partisanship. Photographs commonly showed the justices wearing gowns that dramatized their eminence as defenders of a revered and unchanging Constitmion.
Striving for Racial Balance in the 1960s
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Three days into the new decade of the 1960s a somewhat chastened Thurgood Marshall confessed to reporters that litigation alone was not likely to destroy racial segregation. ‘‘I consider the lawsuits to be a holding action,” he said, ‘‘a way of getting things open so chat they can operate. But the final solution will only be when the Negro takes his pan in the community, voting and otherwise.’’ Marshall had ample reason to be cautious. As the spoke, the Legal Defense Fund could claim victories in a handful of recently decided cases involving racial discrimination in the hiring, assignment, and salaries of black teachers. But it had forty-six suits still pending, most of them against segregated schools in the Upper South. The case by case judicial process moved, as before, at a glacial pace. Even in Topeka, the courts were still dealing with litigation surrounding the city’s efforts to comply with Brown II. Outside of encouraging changes in pans of the border states, it was hard to predict whether Brown orBrown IIwould ever promote significant desegregation of schools in the United States.
Stalemates
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, while serving as a top domestic policy adviser to President Nixon, seemed to shelve the faith in government that had animated his call in 1965 for ‘‘national action” to help poor black families. In January 1970 he recommended privately that Nixon settle for “benign neglect’’ of the political agenda of militant blacks. When his advice to that effect leaked to the public in March, liberals reacted with predictable outrage. Many Americans, however, were coming to share Moynihan's doubts about governmental activism. A host of discouraging events, notably defeat in Vietnam and Watergate, combined by 1974 to weaken once high expectations about government, especially as exemplified by the liberalism of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society of the 1960s.
From the “Sick Role” to Stories of Self Understanding the Self in Illness
Authors: Charmaz Kathy
Published: November 2023

Social scientific understanding of the self in illness has grown over the past forty-six years since Talcott Parsons (1951) first wrote about the “sick role.” He outlined institutional expectations and role obligations of both physicians and patients and provided a theoretical analysis of the role of the patient in sickness and care and of the reciprocal relationship between physician and patient. In brief, the sick role temporarily exempts patients from their usual duties and obligates them to seek help, to accept medical advice, and to work for recovery. From a sociological view, the self refers to all those qualities, attributes, values, and sentiments, including feelings of moral worth, that a person assumes to be his or her own. This approach to studying the self acknowledges that selves possess consistent qualities yet can change as experience unfolds. The shift from sick role to self in medical sociology reflects a growing emphasis on studying patients ‘ experience from their perspective.
No Blueprint for the New Nation1789–1851
Authors: Lee Antoinette J
Published: November 2023

Experimentation and creativity in the art of governing marked the first six decades of nationhood under the Constitution. Executive departments, offices, and bureaus were established to implement the provisions of the Constitution and the wishes of Congress. No manual existed to guide the development of a new federal government, and each step required discussion and clarification as to the limits of legislative mandates. ‘l’he administration of public buildings projects was no exception. Like the development of the nation itself, federal building activities evolved from one of localized, piecemeal administration to a highly centralized program managed from the nation’s capital city.
The Tarsney Act, Its Passage And Postponement In Implementation 1893—1896
Authors: Lee Antoinette J
Published: November 2023

By the last decade of the nineteenth century, the federal government’s architecture program seemed unlikely to pioneer new directions in architectural design. The congressional funding process and the Treasury Department’s implementation of congressional wishes kept the noses of government architects to the drafting boards. Responsibility for designing large building, however, put the Supervising Architect’s Office 111 the forefront of building construction and materials technologies. The Office also was charged with des1gmng buildings for now predictable and standard governmental functions. Thus, the apparent sameness of federal Government buildings,, even with the picturesque style, was largely an outcome of their common purposes.
Proponents Of Academic Classicism 1895–1925
Authors: Lee Antoinette J
Published: November 2023

Trends rooted in earlier decades — a renewed interest in the classical language of architecture and in creating a more coherent urban landscape — spurred the transformation of American public architecture in the r89os. These trends Were unified into a single image at the World’s Columbian Exposition. The picturesque styles faded into obscurity during the 1890s but did not completely disappear. Classicism gained in popularity during this decade and dominated the sympathies of architects and building clients for the next five decades.
Conflict of Interest as Risk Analysis
Authors: McMunigal Kevin C
Published: November 2023

Lawyers, like all professionals, do their work subject to the pushes and pulls of a constellation of incentives. The thrust of some is benign, reinforcing the lawyer’s motivation to serve her client well. Competition from other lawyers, for example, creates an incentive for the lawyer to serve her client faithfully lest the dissatisfied client hire a different lawyer. The possibility of a malpractice suit also gives the lawyer reason to fulfill her professional duties to her client.