bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Request Speech Acts in Badrudi, Persian, and English
Authors: Daneshpazhuh Somayyeh , Shahrokhi Mohsen
Published: September 2016

This study was an attempt to delve into how requestive speech acts were realized in English, Persian, and Badrudi by EFL Persian students at the upper-intermediate level who spoke Badrudi as well. To collect the required data three versions of a Discourse Completion Test in English, Persian and Badrudi were administered to the research sample (N=40). The collected data was codified and analyzed with regard to social power and distance as two contextual variables and further statistical procedure was run to sustain or reject the research hypotheses. The analysis of the data revealed that the presence of power in interactions influences the request realization by the participants as there were differences among the most frequent strategies in English, Persian, and Badrudi. Moreover, with respect to the presence of social distance the comparison among request strategies in English, Persian, and Badrudi indicated the participants opt for different strategies as the most frequent strategies. The results also revealed that with the presence of power and distance direct strategies were the most frequent ones, conventionally indirect ranked second and indirect strategies were used as the least frequent strategies in English, Persian, and Badrudi.
Comic Strips to Accompany Science Museum Exhibits
Authors: Chung Beom Sun , Park Eun-mi , Kim Sang-Hee , Cho Sook-kyoung , Chung Min Suk
Published: September 2016

Science museums make the effort to create exhibits with amusing explanations. However, existing explanation signs with lengthy text are not appealing, and as such, visitors do not pay attention to them. In contrast, conspicuous comic strips composed of simple drawings and humors can attract science museum visitors. This study attempted to reveal whether comic strips contribute to science exhibitions. More than 20 comic strips were chosen that were associated with exhibits in a science museum. The individual episodes were printed out and placed beside the corresponding exhibits. A questionnaire was administered to museum visitors to evaluate the effects of the comic strips. Most visitors responded that the comic strips were helpful in understanding the exhibits and in familiarizing themselves with the science. Participants also described the comic strips’ deficiencies which will be considered for future revisions. Comic strips are likely to enhance interest in and comprehension of science exhibitions. Furthermore, these strips are expected to enrich science museums in various ways such as establishing their uniqueness.
Versterk de civielrechtelijke fraudebestrijding door de curator!
Authors: van Nielen W.J.B.
Published: September 2016

Versterk de Civielrechtelijke Fraudebestrijding door de curator! Fraudebestrijding door de curator

Op 14 juli 2015 is het wetsvoorstel versterking positie curator bij de Tweede Kamer ingediend, dat in het kader staat van het bestrijden van faillissementsfraude, het verbeteren van de informatiepositie van de curator en het institutionaliseren van een fraudesignalerende rol.

De kern van het wetsvoorstel betreft het verankeren van de fraudesignalerende taak van de curator, waarmee hij de plicht krijgt om onrechtmatigheden te onderzoeken en er eventueel melding van te doen. Dit versterkt de positie van de curator uiteraard niet. Het ministerie kan de civiele aanpak door de curator echter bevorderen door de curator te voorzien in financiering, welke zijn grondslag kan vinden in de verruiming van de Garantstellingsregeling curatoren. Ten slotte is begin 2012 het project regionale ‘fraudespreekuren’ opgezet.
Nice to know or need to know
Authors: Ronteltap P.
Published: September 2016

Nice to know or need to know. Noodzakelijke strafrechtelijke gegevens voor bestuursrechtelijke sancties

Vaak zijn strafrechtelijke gegevens nodig voor de bestuursrechtelijke aanpak van georganiseerde criminaliteit. Door de geheimhoudingsplicht mogen de politie en het Openbaar Ministerie niet meer gegevens verstrekken dan noodzakelijk. Daarom onderzoekt het artikel welke soort gegevens nodig zijn voor het onderbouwen van de meest voorkomende sancties. Hierbij wordt een onderscheid gemaakt tussen herstellende en bestraffende sancties. Het artikel sluit af met de conclusie dat de huidige wijze van informatieverstrekking niet vrij is van risico’s.
Dit lijkt sprekend (nergens) op...
Authors: Sackers H.J.B.
Published: September 2016

Dit lijkt sprekend (nergens) op… De achtergrond van twee strafzaken over de sprekende gelijkenis van luchtdrukwapens en de Wet wapens en munitie

De Wet wapens en munitie stelt voorwerpen strafbaar die een sprekende gelijkenis vertonen met een vuurwapen. In veel gevallen geldt dit luchtdrukwapens. Het bezit van luchtdrukwapens is in beginsel geoorloofd. In recente rechtspraak worden criteria zichtbaar waaraan de rechter de ‘sprekende gelijkenis’ toetst.
Proportionaliteit van strafrechtelijk beslag volgens het Europese Hof van de Rechten van de Mens
Authors: Baar J.L.
Published: September 2016

Proportionaliteit van strafrechtelijk beslag volgens het Europese Hof van de Rechten van de Mens. Noot bij EHRM 17 mei 2016, Dzinic tegen Kroatië

Het EHRM komt tot schending van artikel 1 van het Eerste Protocol EVRM, nu de waarde van het beslag de vermeende vordering van het OM ruim overstijgt. Daartoe wordt van belang geacht dat de nationale autoriteiten die waarde nooit hebben onderzocht en op de stellingen van klager niet zijn ingegaan. De vraag is welke gevolgen deze uitspraak heeft voor de Nederlandse rechtspraktijk.
Noves ruralitats i desenvolupament rural. Estat de la qüestió i aplicació d’un nou mètode d’anàlisi a Catalunya: la «rural web»
Authors: Guinjoan Eloi , Badia Anna , Tulla Antoni F.
Published: September 2016

El present article comença amb un estat de la qüestió sobre el nou paradigma de desenvolupament rural, al qual segueix una crítica a la literatura revisada per elaborar-lo. A continuació, presentem el model de la rural web (Ploeg i Marsden, 2008), un marc teòric innovador sobre el desenvolupament rural, i que alhora pot ser utilitzat com a eina d’anàlisi i de diagnosi. Tot seguit, expliquem com hem aplicat aquest model, a partir de qüestionaris i grups focals, per tal d’analitzar el procés de desenvolupament que ha viscut la comarca del Priorat des dels anys vuitanta fins a l’actualitat. Els resultats obtinguts ens permeten concloure que el model de la rural web constitueix una eina útil per comprendre en profunditat un procés de desenvolupament rural, per bé que no s’ha d’entendre com un model rígid i incontestable.
Iniciativas de las mujeres: emprendimiento y oportunidades en el espacio rural de Castilla y León
Authors: Alario Trigueros Milagros , Morales Prieto Erica
Published: September 2016

Desde hace décadas las mujeres han luchado por buscar su sitio en el mundo laboral. La opción del emprendimiento como alternativa a la precariedad y como posibilidad de encontrar nichos laborales acordes con su formación y necesidades se ha convertido en una alternativa en todos los espacios rurales. Se presenta el caso de Castilla y León, con espacios de fuerte ruralidad, como ejemplo para analizar estas dinámicas en territorios donde la lucha de las mujeres es aún más dura que la de otros colectivos y otros territorios. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer, en el marco de lo que supone el emprendimiento femenino en espacios rurales, las iniciativas económicas y sociales que las mujeres están poniendo en marcha en un medio rural que, a pesar de su abandono y decaimiento, puede aún explotar y aprovechar sus importantes recursos endógenos. Basándonos en el censo de población de 2011 y mediante un trabajo de campo, hemos realizado un diagnóstico de la situación laboral de las mujeres rurales para, a continuación, analizar las iniciativas de autoempleo estableciendo tipologías de emprendedoras y características de las iniciativas y destacando el perfil de las nuevas pobladoras y la orientación hacia actividades de servicios profesionales y turismo rural.
Las agriculturas territorializadas, oportunidades y retos frente al paradigma agroindustrial
Authors: Ramírez-García Susana , Mancha-Cáceres Olga Inmaculada , Del-Canto-Fresno Consuelo
Published: September 2016

Este artículo se plantea dos objetivos. El primero es interrogarse sobre el papel que desempeñan hoy las agriculturas locales en el desarrollo sostenible de los espacios rurales y en qué medida construyen un movimiento de retorno de la agricultura al territorio que propicia nuevas relaciones entre ambos, expresadas en maneras diferentes de producir, en nuevos objetivos y nuevos lazos con el territorio. En segundo lugar, se busca reflexionar sobre la difícil convivencia de dos paradigmas relativos a la producción agroalimentaria, el industrial hipermoderno, basado en la globalización/mundialización, y el posmoderno, basado en el anclaje territorial.
Newcomers to farming: towards a new rurality in Europe
Authors: Monllor i Rico Neus , Fuller Anthony M.
Published: September 2016

One of the oldest laments in agrarian development has been over the ageing and loss of the farm population but, for the first time since the Second World War, a noticeable return to farming is now taking place across most of Europe. These farm entrants we classify as Continuers and Newcomers. Research shows that they have different characteristics. Newcomers are characterized by their profiles (female and higher education), the barriers they face (access to land, capital and markets) and by the business models that they adopt (pluriactive and multifunctional). This paper describes the main features of Newcomers as they form a new and dynamic group in European rural society and contribute strong social motivations and practices to farming. This change may be referred to as a shift from an agroindustrial to an agrosocial paradigm and, together with new social and environmental relations in food systems, forms a new rurality in Europe.
La «cuina compromesa»: estudio de caso exploratorio sobre la viabilidad de prácticas alternativas de restauración en la nueva ruralidad catalana
Authors: López-Moreno Ignacio , Monllor i Rico Neus , Guillamon Jaume , Guirado González Carles , Medina F. Xavier
Published: September 2016

El nuevo paradigma agrosocial y la nueva ruralidad europea son objeto de múltiples investigaciones y discusiones académicas. El presente trabajo contribuye a ellas a través de un estudio de caso de plausibilidad que tuvo dos objetivos: a) construir una realidad empírica que nos permitiera comprobar la plausibilidad de lo descrito en las teorías de la nueva ruralidad, y b) definir los puntos fuertes y débiles de la misma a través de la socialización de la experiencia con los actores principales de las redes construidas en la primera fase. Mediante una metodología cualitativa que duró tres años se demostró la viabilidad de un espacio gastronómico alternativo que siguiera los principios de la cuina compromesa (cocina comprometida), y mediante un proceso participativo se definieron sus puntos fuertes y débiles. El artículo concluye subrayando la capacidad de transformación territorial de las nuevas prácticas gastronómicas que están surgiendo en Cataluña.
Dones, trajectòries de vida i noves ruralitats
Authors: Salamaña Isabel , Baylina Mireia , Garcia Ramon M. Dolors , Porto Ana María , Villarino Montserrat
Published: September 2016

En el marc d’un cert retorn al camp per part d’alguns col·lectius i en determinats territoris, dones formades s’instal·len en aquests entorns rurals i des de la seva posició contribueixen a construir la ruralitat actual. Aquest és un fenomen nou a diverses àrees rurals d’Espanya i d’Europa i frena la tendència d’un procés sostingut de despoblament rural selectiu quant a edat i gènere que ha afectat negativament les dones joves. Aquest article pretén donar a conèixer la trajectòria de vida d’algunes dones de Catalunya i Galícia que han decidit viure en entorns rurals i que resideixen al mateix municipi, comarca o província on van néixer. Ens interessa saber què els ha portat a viure al món rural i si aquesta permanència o tornada al lloc d’origen té a veure amb motius familiars, laborals o socioambientals que puguin il·lustrar la tendència d’aquestes noves ruralitats. De forma expressa, relacionem la seva trajectòria de mobilitat residencial amb el nivell d’estudis i l’ocupació laboral. L’estudi constata que els aspectes socioambientals i emocionals són importants en el retorn i corrobora que, amb igualtat de formació acadèmica, hi ha diferències d’oportunitats segons el grau de ruralitat.
Presentació
Authors: Ribas Anna , Salamaña Isabel , Pavón David
Published: September 2016

Presentació del monogràfic 62/3.
The impact of stubble crop on spring barley weed infestation
Authors: Wrzesińska Eleonora , Komorowska Anna , Nurkiewicz Grażyna
Published: September 2016

The condition and degree of weed infestation were determined in a spring barely crop grown in a short-term monoculture after mulching the soil with plants grown as a stubble crop (the control treatment without cover crop – lacy phacelia, white mustard, sunflower). The field experiment was carried out in 2010–2013 on good rye soil complex using a split-block design in four replications. The obtained results (the mean from all years of the experiment) showed that the stubble crop, especially sunflower, reduced the diversity of weed species without causing at the same time changes in weed species dominance. In all the control treatments of the experiment, Chenopodium album and Fallopia convolvulus were the dominant species. The degree of spring barley weed infestation depended on the species grown in the cover crop. White mustard and lacy phacelia slightly increased the number of weeds but their fresh matter significantly increased. However, the sunflower cover crop significantly increased the number of weeds without any substantial differentiation of their fresh mass.
Effects of CaCl2 solutions to alleviate drought stress effects in potted ornamentals Salvia splendens and Ageratum houstonianum
Authors: Jędrzejuk Agata , Łukaszewska Aleksandra , Pacholczak Andrzej
Published: September 2016

Bedding plants are often subjected to soil water deficit – either after planting and/or during the market chain. Methods to alleviate the negative water stress effects are sought for to preserve ornamental values of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of two bedding plants, Ageratum houstonianum Mill. and Salvia splendens Sellow ex Scult., to water stress and treatments with calcium chloride aimed to alleviate drought effects. Plants were subjected either to 45 days of periodical stress (five cycles when watering was off for 5 consecutive days, followed by four cycles on for 5 consecutive days) or 10 days of radical drought (complete water withdrawal). On the first day, before the onset of drought, plants were watered with 0.5% Ca or 1% Ca w/v as a solution of calcium chloride (5 g or 10 g Ca per 1 dm3 of the growing substrate). The similarly Ca-treated but routinely watered plants provided controls to evaluate the water shortage effects. Plant height, inflorescence length/number, leaf number, leaf area (in Salvia splendens only), aboveground plant part weight, and root weight (in Salvia splendens only) as well as leaf relative water content (RWC) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiments. Water withdrawal during 10 days of growth (radical drought) reduced by half RWC in leaves of withering Salvia splendens and Ageratum houstonianum plants. Its effects on the growth parameters were less pronounced and mitigated by Ca applications. Also in the periodically stressed plants of both species, RWC and most growth parameters were reduced by water shortage but Ca applications alleviated the negative stress effects.
Application of the Rules of the American Bureau of Shipping (Abs) to Design Mobile offshore Structures
Authors: Flis Leszek
Published: September 2016

The article presents the calculations of Cooling Skid units used on oil rigs required by the specific provisions of the classification society American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). Stringent requirements for equipment intended for offshore drilling research relates to the strength of the environmental loads such as wind loads and strength check points in towing and lifting hooks. The article describes how the simulation calculations are carried out to meet the criteria set for by the classification society American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).
A Discrete Non-Classical Operational Calculus Model with the Horadam Difference
Authors: Wysocki Hubert
Published: September 2016

In this paper, there has been constructed such a model of the non-classical Bittner operational calculus, in which the derivative related to Horadam sequences is understood as a difference operation S{x(k)}: ={x(k+2) - ax(k+1) - bx(k)}.
Humanae vitae, Rape and the Zika Virus
Authors: Atkinson Gary Michael ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: September 2016

Zika virus infection in a pregnant woman may cause severe brain malformations (microcephaly) and other birth defects in her child, and women living in or traveling to areas where it is endemic are urged to postpone pregnancy. Do the dangers posed by microcephaly justify the use of contraceptives under the principle of double effect? The author discusses ambiguities in Humanae vitae n. 14 and the claim that the use of contraceptives was approved by Pope Paul VI for nuns at risk of rape, and uses the principle of double effect to show that the answer to this question is no: the use of the anovulant pill by married couples for the purpose of preventing conception of a microcephalic child cannot be licit.
Suffering in Extremis and the Question of Palliative Sedation
Authors: Pacholczyk Tadeusz ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: September 2016

The difference between partially and completely eliminating an individual’s state of consciousness through the use of pharmacological agents seems particularly significant in the final phases of dying. Remediating pain and suffering by means of palliative sedation and the complete shutting down of consciousness raises ethical and spiritual concerns about categorically precluding participation in one’s own death. Given that, at the end of life, suffering almost invariably imposes itself on us in some form, we are challenged to reflect on how our dying process should appropriately incorporate and take cognizance of that suffering, even as we acknowledge the value and importance of palliative steps to remediate the suffering.
Are Cremation and Alkaline Hydrolysis Morally Distinct?
Authors: Lasnoski Kent J. ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: September 2016

This article morally assesses alkaline hydrolysis as a means of final bodily disposition. Arguing from the Catholic social and theological principles of human dignity, the doctrine of bodily resurrection, subsidiarity, and the common good, the author shows that, while alkaline hydrolysis has some advantages over burial and cremation (incineration), Catholic conferences should be encouraged to resist its legalization, provided they focus renewed energy on teaching the faithful about the significance of Christ’s victory, by the Resurrection, over the corruption of bodily death.
A new genus of Theraphosid spider from Mexico, with a particular palpal bulb structure (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)
Authors: Mendoza Jorge I. , Locht Arturo , Kaderka Radan , Medina Francisco , Pérez-Miles Fernando
Published: September 2016

Magnacarina gen. nov. from Mexico is described. Hapalopus aldanus West, 2000 from Nayarit, is transferred to the new genus with an emended diagnosis creating the new combination Magnacarina aldana comb. nov. Three new species are described: Magnacarina moderata Locht, Mendoza & Medina sp. nov. from Nayarit and Sinaloa; Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov. and Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., both from Jalisco. Magnacarina gen. nov. is characterized by an unusual bifid palpal bulb, and has a primary projection located in the central area of the palpal bulb and directed retrolaterally; this projection possesses the prolateral superior and retrolateral keels. Next to the primary projection is a secondary projection, which may be short or long, ending in the prolateral inferior and apical keel surrounding the sperm pore. This secondary projection may have prolateral accessory keels and is diagnosed by possessing a nodule of inwardly curled megaspines, located in the basal ventro-retrolateral region of metatarsi I in adult males. Additionally, male tibiae I possess three apophyses. Females of Magnacarina gen. nov. have a single reduced and strongly sclerotized spermatheca, with an apical lobe projecting ventrally, and with a uterus externus that is longer and wider than the spermatheca.
Human Lung Spheroids as In Vitro Niches of Lung Progenitor Cells with Distinctive Paracrine and Plasticity Properties
Authors: Chimenti Isotta , Pagano Francesca , Angelini Francesco , Siciliano Camilla , Mangino Giorgio , Picchio Vittorio , De Falco Elena , Peruzzi Mariangela , Carnevale Roberto , Ibrahim Mohsen , Biondi-Zoccai Giuseppe , Messina Elisa , Frati Giacomo
Published: September 2016

Basic and translational research on lung biology has discovered multiple progenitor cell types, specialized or facultative, responsible for turnover, renewal, and repair. Isolation of populations of resident lung progenitor cells (LPCs) has been described by multiple protocols, and some have been successfully applied to healthy human lung tissue. We aimed at understanding how different cell culture conditions may affect, in vitro, the phenotype of LPCs to create an ideal niche-like microenvironment. The influence of different substrates (i.e., fibronectin, gelatin, laminin) and the impact of a three-dimensional/two-dimensional (3D/2D) culture switch on the biology of LPCs isolated as lung spheroids (LSs) from normal adult human lung biopsy specimens were investigated. We applied a spheroid culture system as the selective/inductive step for progenitor cell culture, as described in many biological systems. The data showed a niche-like proepithelial microenvironment inside the LS, highly sensitive to the 3D culture system and significantly affecting the phenotype of adult LPCs more than culture substrate. LSs favor epithelial phenotypes and LPC maintenance and contain cells more responsive to specific commitment stimuli than 2D monolayer cultures, while secreting a distinctive set of paracrine factors. We have shown for the first time, to our knowledge, how culture as 3D LSs can affect LPC epithelial phenotype and produce strong paracrine signals with a distinctive secretomic profile compared with 2D monolayer conditions. These findings suggest novel approaches to maintain ex vivo LPCs for basic and translational studies.
Impact of the Secretome of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Brain Structure and Animal Behavior in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Teixeira Fábio G. , Carvalho Miguel M. , Panchalingam Krishna M. , Rodrigues Ana J. , Mendes-Pinheiro Bárbara , Anjo Sandra , Manadas Bruno , Behie Leo A. , Sousa Nuno , Salgado António J.
Published: September 2016

Research in the last decade strongly suggests that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-mediated therapeutic benefits are mainly due to their secretome, which has been proposed as a possible therapeutic tool for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, it has been shown that the MSC secretome increases neurogenesis and cell survival, and has numerous neuroprotective actions under different conditions. Additionally, using dynamic culturing conditions (through computer-controlled bioreactors) can further modulate the MSC secretome, thereby generating a more potent neurotrophic factor cocktail (i.e., conditioned medium). In this study, we have characterized the MSC secretome by proteomic-based analysis, investigating its therapeutic effects on the physiological recovery of a 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) PD rat model. For this purpose, we injected MSC secretome into the substantia nigra (SNc) and striatum (STR), characterizing the behavioral performance and determining histological parameters for injected animals versus untreated groups. We observed that the secretome potentiated the increase of dopaminergic neurons (i.e., tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells) and neuronal terminals in the SNc and STR, respectively, thereby supporting the recovery observed in the Parkinsonian rats’ motor performance outcomes (assessed by rotarod and staircase tests). Finally, proteomic characterization of the MSC secretome (through combined mass spectrometry analysis and Bioplex assays) revealed the presence of important neuroregulatory molecules, namely cystatin C, glia-derived nexin, galectin-1, pigment epithelium-derived factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-6, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Overall, we concluded that the use of human MSC secretome alone was able to partially revert the motor phenotype and the neuronal structure of 6-OHDA PD animals. This indicates that the human MSC secretome could represent a novel therapeutic for the treatment of PD.
Factors Impacting University Instructors’ and Students’ Perceptions of Course Effectiveness and Technology Integration in the Age of Web 2.0
Authors: Venkatesh Vivek , Rabah Jihan , Fusaro Magda , Couture Annie , Varela Wynnpaul , Alexander Kristopher
Published: September 2016

We are witnessing the integration of increasingly sophisticated information and communication technologies (ICTs) in higher education settings. Understanding learners’ and instructors’ perceptions of their proficiency and use of ICTs is critical to the success of their integration in universities. Using a theoretical framework grounded in technology integration and educational psychology, survey data were collected from students and instructors spanning 12 Quebec universities. Results show that, for instructors, the efficacy of ICT use, and constructivist, interactive forms of teaching most strongly predict a positive perception of the classroom learning experience. Meanwhile, for students, stimulating lectures are the chief predictors of their learning appreciation. Directions for future research are discussed in light of the results of this study.
Optimizing HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis implementation among men who have sex with men in a large urban centre: a dynamic modelling study
Authors: MacFadden Derek R , Tan Darrell H , Mishra Sharmistha
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Once‐daily tenofovir/emtricitabine‐based pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men (MSM), by 44% in the iPrEx trial, and reaching up to 99% with high adherence. We examined the potential population‐level impact and cost‐effectiveness of different PrEP implementation strategies.

Methods

We developed a dynamic, stochastic compartmental model of HIV transmission among the estimated 57,400 MSM in Toronto, Canada. Parameterization was performed using local epidemiologic data. Strategies examined included (1) uniform PrEP delivery versus targeting the highest risk decile of MSM (with varying coverage proportions); (2) increasing PrEP efficacy as a surrogate of adherence (44% to 99%); and (3) varying HIV test frequency (once monthly to once yearly). Outcomes included HIV infections averted and the incremental cost ($CAD) per incremental quality‐adjusted‐life‐year (QALY) gained over 20 years.

Results

Use of PrEP among all HIV‐uninfected MSM at 25, 50, 75 and 100% coverage prevented 1970, 3427, 4317, and 4581 infections, respectively, with cost/QALY increasing from $500,000 to $800,000 CAD. Targeted PrEP for the highest risk MSM at 25, 50, 75 and 100% coverage prevented 1166, 2154, 2816, and 3012 infections, respectively, with cost/QALY ranging from $35,000 to $70,000 CAD. Maximizing PrEP efficacy, in a scenario of 25% coverage of high‐risk MSM with PrEP, prevented 1540 infections with a cost/QALY of $15,000 CAD. HIV testing alone (Q3 months) averted 898 of infections with a cost savings of $4,000 CAD per QALY.

Conclusions

The optimal implementation strategy for PrEP over the next 20 years at this urban centre is to target high‐risk MSM and to maximize efficacy by supporting PrEP adherence. A large health benefit of PrEP implementation could come from engaging undiagnosed HIV‐infected individuals into care.
An Economist in the Real World
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: September 2016

An economist's perspective on the nuts and bolts of economic policymaking, based on his experience as the Chief Economic Adviser in India.

In December 2009, the economist Kaushik Basu left the rarefied world of academic research for the nuts and bolts of policymaking. Appointed by the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, to be chief economic adviser (CEA) to the Government of India, Basu—a theorist, with special interest in development economics, and a professor of economics at Cornell University—discovered the complexity of applying economic models to the real world. Effective policymaking, Basu learned, integrates technical knowledge with political awareness. In this book, Basu describes the art of economic policymaking, viewed through the lens of his two and a half years as CEA.

Basu writes from a unique perspective—neither that of the career bureaucrat nor that of the traditional researcher. Plunged into the deal-making, non-hypothetical world of policymaking, Basu suffers from a kind of culture shock and views himself at first as an anthropologist or scientist, gathering observations of unfamiliar phenomena. He addresses topics that range from the macroeconomic—fiscal and monetary policies—to the granular—designing grain auctions and policies to assure everyone has access to basic food. Basu writes about globalization and India's period of unprecedented growth, and he reports that at a dinner hosted by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, President Obama joked to him, “You should give this guy some tips”—“this guy” being Timothy Geithner. Basu describes the mixed success of India's anti-poverty programs and the problems of corruption, and considers the social norms and institutions necessary for economic development. India is, Basu argues, at an economics crossroad. As CEA from 2009 to 2012, he was present at the creation of a potential economic powerhouse.
Plantations and Protected Areas
Authors: Bennett Brett M.
Published: September 2016

How global forest management shifted from an integrated conservation model to a bifurcated system of timber plantations and protected areas.

Today, the world's forests are threatened by global warming, growing demand for wood products, and increasing pressure to clear tropical forests for agricultural use. Economic globalization has enabled Western corporations to export timber processing jobs and import cheap wood products from developing countries. Timber plantations of exotic, fast-growing species supply an ever-larger amount of the world's wood. In response, many countries have established forest areas protected from development. In this book, Brett Bennett views today's forestry issues from a historical perspective. The separation of wood production from the protection of forests, he shows, stems from entangled environmental, social, political, and economic factors. This divergence—driven by the concomitant intensification of production and creation of vast protected areas—is reshaping forest management systems both public and private.

Bennett shows that plantations and protected areas evolved from, and then undermined, an earlier integrated forest management system that sought both to produce timber and to conserve the environment. He describes the development of the science and profession of forestry in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe; discusses the twentieth-century creation of timber plantations in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia; and examines the controversies over deforestation that led to the establishment of protected areas. Bennett argues that the problems associated with the bifurcation of forest management—including the loss of forestry knowledge necessary to manage large ecosystems for diverse purposes—suggest that a more integrated model would be preferable.
Fighting King Coal
Authors: Bell Shannon Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

An examination of why so few people suffering from environmental hazards and pollution choose to participate in environmental justice movements.

In the coal-mining region of Central Appalachia, mountaintop-removal mining and coal-industry-related flooding, water contamination, and illness have led to the emergence of a grassroots, women-driven environmental justice movement. But the number of local activists is small relative to the affected population, and recruiting movement participants from within the region is an ongoing challenge.

In Fighting King Coal, Shannon Elizabeth Bell examines an understudied puzzle within social movement theory: why so few of the many people who suffer from industry-produced environmental hazards and pollution rise up to participate in social movements aimed at bringing about social justice and industry accountability. Using the coal-mining region of Central Appalachia as a case study, Bell investigates the challenges of micromobilization through in-depth interviews, participant observation, content analysis, geospatial viewshed analysis, and an eight-month “Photovoice” project—an innovative means of studying, in real time, the social dynamics affecting activist involvement in the region. Although the Photovoice participants took striking photographs and wrote movingly about the environmental destruction caused by coal production, only a few became activists. Bell reveals the importance of local identities to the success or failure of local recruitment efforts in social movement struggles, ultimately arguing that, if the local identities of environmental justice movements are lost, the movements may also lose their power.
Crowdsourced Health
Authors: Yom-Tov Elad
Published: September 2016

How data from our health-related Internet searches can lead to discoveries about diseases and symptoms and help patients deal with diagnoses.

Most of us have gone online to search for information about health. What are the symptoms of a migraine? How effective is this drug? Where can I find more resources for cancer patients? Could I have an STD? Am I fat? A Pew survey reports more than 80 percent of American Internet users have logged on to ask questions like these. But what if the digital traces left by our searches could show doctors and medical researchers something new and interesting? What if the data generated by our searches could reveal information about health that would be difficult to gather in other ways? In this book, Elad Yom-Tov argues that Internet data could change the way medical research is done, supplementing traditional tools to provide insights not otherwise available. He describes how studies of Internet searches have, among other things, already helped researchers track to side effects of prescription drugs, to understand the information needs of cancer patients and their families, and to recognize some of the causes of anorexia.

Yom-Tov shows that the information collected can benefit humanity without sacrificing individual privacy. He explains why people go to the Internet with health questions; for one thing, it seems to be a safe place to ask anonymously about such matters as obesity, sex, and pregnancy. He describes in detrimental effects of “pro-anorexia” online content; tells how computer scientists can scour search engine data to improve public health by, for example, identifying risk factors for disease and centers of contagion; and tells how analyses of how people deal with upsetting diagnoses help doctors to treat patients and patients to understand their conditions.
Vision
Authors: Dowling John E. , Dowling Joseph L.
Published: September 2016

Descriptions of basic visual mechanisms and related clinical abnormalities, by a neuroscientist and an ophthalmologist.

Over the past fifty years, enormous progress has been made in understanding visual mechanisms and treating eye disorders. And yet the scientist is not always aware of the latest clinical advances and the clinician is often not up to date on the basic scientific discoveries. Writing in nontechnical language, John and Joseph Dowling, a neuroscientist and an ophthalmologist, examine vision from both perspectives, providing concise descriptions of basic visual mechanisms and related clinical abnormalities. Thus, an account of the photoreceptors is followed by a consideration of retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration; an explanation of the retina's function is followed by details of glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.

The authors begin with the cornea and lens, which project an image on the light-sensitive elements inside the eye, the photoreceptors, and how that process can be compromised by such disorders as cataracts and corneal disease. They go on to describe, among other things, how the photoreceptors capture light; retinal and visual cortical anatomy and physiology; and higher level visual processing that leads to perception. Cortical disorders such as amblyopia are discussed as well as specific deficits such as the inability to recognize faces, colors, or moving objects. Finally, they survey the evolution of our knowledge of vision, and speculate about future advances.
DAPK interacts with Patronin and the microtubule cytoskeleton in epidermal development and wound repair
Authors: Chuang Marian , Hsiao Tiffany I , Tong Amy , Xu Suhong , Chisholm Andrew D
Published: September 2016

Epidermal barrier epithelia form a first line of defense against the environment, protecting animals against infection and repairing physical damage. In C. elegans, death-associated protein kinase (DAPK-1) regulates epidermal morphogenesis, innate immunity and wound repair. Combining genetic suppressor screens and pharmacological tests, we find that DAPK-1 maintains epidermal tissue integrity through regulation of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. dapk-1 epidermal phenotypes are suppressed by treatment with microtubule-destabilizing drugs and mimicked or enhanced by microtubule-stabilizing drugs. Loss of function in ptrn-1, the C. elegans member of the Patronin/Nezha/CAMSAP family of MT minus-end binding proteins, suppresses dapk-1 epidermal and innate immunity phenotypes. Over-expression of the MT-binding CKK domain of PTRN-1 triggers epidermal and immunity defects resembling those of dapk-1 mutants, and PTRN-1 localization is regulated by DAPK-1. DAPK-1 and PTRN-1 physically interact in co-immunoprecipitation experiments, and DAPK-1 itself undergoes MT-dependent transport. Our results uncover an unexpected interdependence of DAPK-1 and the microtubule cytoskeleton in maintenance of epidermal integrity.
Wnt proteins can direct planar cell polarity in vertebrate ectoderm
Authors: Chu Chih-Wen , Sokol Sergei Y
Published: September 2016

The coordinated orientation of cells across the tissue plane, known as planar cell polarity (PCP), is manifested by the segregation of core PCP proteins to different sides of the cell. Secreted Wnt ligands are involved in many PCP-dependent processes, yet whether they act as polarity cues has been controversial. We show that in Xenopus early ectoderm, the Prickle3/Vangl2 complex was polarized to anterior cell edges and this polarity was disrupted by several Wnt antagonists. In midgastrula embryos, Wnt5a, Wnt11, and Wnt11b, but not Wnt3a, acted across many cell diameters to orient Prickle3/Vangl2 complexes away from their sources regardless of their positions relative to the body axis. The planar polarity of endogenous Vangl2 in the neuroectoderm was similarly redirected by an ectopic Wnt source and disrupted after depletion of Wnt11b in the presumptive posterior region of the embryo. These observations provide evidence for the instructive role of Wnt ligands in vertebrate PCP.
A novel optical microscope for imaging large embryos and tissue volumes with sub-cellular resolution throughout
Authors: McConnell Gail , Trägårdh Johanna , Amor Rumelo , Dempster John , Reid Es , Amos William Bradshaw
Published: September 2016

Current optical microscope objectives of low magnification have low numerical aperture and therefore have too little depth resolution and discrimination to perform well in confocal and nonlinear microscopy. This is a serious limitation in important areas, including the phenotypic screening of human genes in transgenic mice by study of embryos undergoing advanced organogenesis. We have built an optical lens system for 3D imaging of objects up to 6 mm wide and 3 mm thick with depth resolution of only a few microns instead of the tens of microns currently attained, allowing sub-cellular detail to be resolved throughout the volume. We present this lens, called the Mesolens, with performance data and images from biological specimens including confocal images of whole fixed and intact fluorescently-stained 12.5-day old mouse embryos.
Imaging far and wide
Authors: Chhetri Raghav K , Keller Philipp J
Published: September 2016

A custom-built objective lens called the Mesolens allows relatively large biological specimens to be imaged with cellular resolution.
Variability of fire carbon emissions in equatorial Asia and its nonlinear sensitivity to El Niño
Authors: Yin Yi , Ciais Philippe , Chevallier Frederic , van der Werf Guido R. , Fanin Thierry , Broquet Gregoire , Boesch Hartmut , Cozic Anne , Hauglustaine Didier , Szopa Sophie , Wang Yilong
Published: September 2016

The large peatland carbon stocks in the land use change‐affected areas of equatorial Asia are vulnerable to fire. Combining satellite observations of active fire, burned area, and atmospheric concentrations of combustion tracers with a Bayesian inversion, we estimated the amount and variability of fire carbon emissions in equatorial Asia over the period 1997–2015. Emissions in 2015 were of 0.51 ± 0.17 Pg carbon—less than half of the emissions from the previous 1997 extreme El Niño, explained by a less acute water deficit. Fire severity could be empirically hindcasted from the cumulative water deficit with a lead time of 1 to 2 months. Based on CMIP5 climate projections and an exponential empirical relationship found between fire carbon emissions and water deficit, we infer a total fire carbon loss ranging from 12 to 25 Pg by 2100 which is a significant positive feedback to climate warming.
Global composites of surface wind speeds in tropical cyclones based on a 12 year scatterometer database
Authors: Klotz Bradley W. , Jiang Haiyan
Published: September 2016

A 12 year global database of rain‐corrected satellite scatterometer surface winds for tropical cyclones (TCs) is used to produce composites of TC surface wind speed distributions relative to vertical wind shear and storm motion directions in each TC‐prone basin and various TC intensity stages. These composites corroborate ideas presented in earlier studies, where maxima are located right of motion in the Earth‐relative framework. The entire TC surface wind asymmetry is down motion left for all basins and for lower strength TCs after removing the motion vector. Relative to the shear direction, the motion‐removed composites indicate that the surface wind asymmetry is located down shear left for the outer region of all TCs, but for the inner‐core region it varies from left of shear to down shear right for different basin and TC intensity groups. Quantification of the surface wind asymmetric structure in further stratifications is a necessary next step for this scatterometer data set.
Mass loading at the magnetopause through the plasmaspheric plume
Authors: Wang Yan , Tu Jiannan , Song Paul
Published: September 2016

An investigation of the transport of the plasmaspheric plasma to the dayside magnetopause under disturbed geomagnetic conditions associated with plasmaspheric plumes is conducted by numerical simulations using the Dynamic Fluid‐Kinetic (DyFK) model. The simulations present the field‐aligned density distributions and kinetic features of multiple ion species (H+/He+/O+) in a plasmaspheric flux tube that corotates while convecting toward the dayside magnetopause. The simulations show that the plasmaspheric plume can provide an equatorial magnetopause plasma density which is up to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that under the typical conditions. With the effects of wave‐particle interaction included, such mass loading through the plasmaspheric plume is even stronger. The local reconnection rate at the location where the plasmaspheric plume mass loads at the dayside magnetopause may decrease by 90%, depending on the geomagnetic activities, the outer plasmaspheric density, and the level and spatial span of the wave‐particle interaction.
Equatorial E region electric fields at the dip equator: 1. Variabilities in eastern Brazil and Peru
Authors: Moro J. , Denardini C. M. , Resende L. C. A. , Chen S. S. , Schuch N. J.
Published: September 2016

The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is an intense eastward ionospheric electric current centered at about 105 km of altitude along the dip equator, set up by the global neutral wind dynamo that generates the eastward zonal (Ey) and the daytime vertical (Ez) electric fields. The temporal variation of the EEJ is believed to be well understood. However, the longitudinal variability of the Ey and Ez between 100 and 110 km is still quite scarce. Due to their importance overall phenomenology of the equatorial ionosphere, we investigate the variabilities of the Ey and Ez inferred from measurements of the Doppler frequency of Type II echoes provided by coherent backscatter radars installed in locations close to the magnetic equator in the eastern Brazil (2.33°S, 44.20°W) and Peru (11.95°S, 76.87°W). This study is based on long‐term (609 days for both systems) radar soundings collected from 2001 to 2010. The variabilities of the electric fields are studied in terms of the position of the soundings with respect to the dip equator and the magnetic declination angle. Among the results, Ey and Ez show longitudinal dependence, being higher in Peru than east Brazil. Under quiet geomagnetic activity, the mean diurnal variations of Ey ranged from 0.21 to 0.35 mV/m between 8 and 18 h (LT) in Brazil and from 0.23 mV/m to 0.45 mV/m in Peru, while the mean diurnal variations of the Ez ranges from 7.09 to 8.80 mV/m in Brazil and from 9.00 to 11.18 mV/m in Peru.
High‐resolution CSR GRACE RL05 mascons
Authors: Save Himanshu , Bettadpur Srinivas , Tapley Byron D.
Published: September 2016

The determination of the gravity model for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) is susceptible to modeling errors, measurement noise, and observability issues. The ill‐posed GRACE estimation problem causes the unconstrained GRACE RL05 solutions to have north‐south stripes. We discuss the development of global equal area mascon solutions to improve the GRACE gravity information for the study of Earth surface processes. These regularized mascon solutions are developed with a 1° resolution using Tikhonov regularization in a geodesic grid domain. These solutions are derived from GRACE information only, and no external model or data is used to inform the constraints. The regularization matrix is time variable and will not bias or attenuate future regional signals to some past statistics from GRACE or other models. The resulting Center for Space Research (CSR) mascon solutions have no stripe errors and capture all the signals observed by GRACE within the measurement noise level. The solutions are not tailored for specific applications and are global in nature. This study discusses the solution approach and compares the resulting solutions with postprocessed results from the RL05 spherical harmonic solutions and other global mascon solutions for studies of Arctic ice sheet processes, ocean bottom pressure variation, and land surface total water storage change. This suite of comparisons leads to the conclusion that the mascon solutions presented here are an enhanced representation of the RL05 GRACE solutions and provide accurate surface‐based gridded information that can be used without further processing.