bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Issues in California's Perinatal Substance Abuse Policy
Authors: Noble Amanda , Klein Dorie , Zahnd Elaine , Holtby Sue
Published: January 2017

This article examines gender issues that arose when California created and passed a law related to substance-exposed infants in 1990. The law intended to clarify whether prenatal alcohol and drug use was a reportable form of child abuse. The authors conducted 32 interviews with those who created the law and those who implemented part of the law, creating a model protocol. The authors also collected documents related to the overall project, such as the final report, the model protocol itself and comments on a draft protocol, and minutes of meetings. Three gender issues arose in interviews with the law's framers and the protocol developers. First, the discourse about the law and the process of the law's creation was a divisive one. Members took sides as being either “pro-woman” or “pro-child.” These positions were also respectively aligned with a further division: one was either “pro-treatment” or “pro-protection.” Second, there were issues related to drug testing and the purposes of such testing. Drug test results were, and continue to be, turned over to child welfare agencies when women are reported as suspected child abusers, and interviewees expressed concerns about gender equity and women's rights. Finally, fathers were noticeably absentfrom policy discussion and policy-related documents.
Unrecorded Alcohol Consumption in Finland in the 1990s
Authors: Österberg Esa
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses different categories of unrecorded alcohol consumption and the data sources used in estimating their magnitude and developments. It also gives a brief overview of the developments and importance of different categories of unrecorded alcohol consumption in Finland in the post Second World War period until the 1990s, and a more detailed analysis of the developments in the 1990s. One of the main findings is that travelers' alcohol imports have gained in importance, especially during the 1990s. However, drinking of non-beverage alcohol or surrogates has almost disappeared on the Finnish alcohol scene. In the second half of the 1990s homemade alcohol was also on the decrease. At the end of the 1990s about one-fifth of all alcohol consumed was unrecorded alcohol. More than half of the unrecorded alcohol consisted of travelers' alcohol imports. The next important categories were consumption outside Finland, homemade alcohol, and smuggled alcohol.
Unrecorded Alcohol Consumption in the Netherlands: Legal, Semi-Legal and Illegal Production and Trade in Alcoholic Beverages
Authors: Lemmens Paul H.
Published: January 2017

Three sources of unrecorded alcohol consumption in the Netherlands are discussed. The first source, illegal alcohol production, pertains only to illicit distilling, which never accounted for more than 1% of the total spirits production and is currently almost non-existent. Of more importance could be the standard 1.5% of total production of distilled alcohol that goes untaxed, officially booked as production loss. Unknown is how realistic this projected loss is, and how much of this quantity is sold for domestic, yet untaxed and hence unrecorded, consumption. The second source, legitimate home production of beer and wine, is estimated not to amount to more than 1% of total beer and wine consumption. Since the establishment of a single European market in 1992, importing and exporting ofalcoholic beverages for personal use is free. No exact data on the quantity of cross-border traffic are available. but it is believed not to be substantial. Duty-free import is also limited. Due to large differences in excise duties between the EU countries, illegal trade is a potential lucrative criminal business. There is, however, no systematic control of alcohol transported between the Netherlands and other member states, so no estimate ofthis can be given. All sources of unrecorded consumption summed up, it is concluded that the quantity ofnon-registered alcohol consumption in the Netherlands is relatively small; the validity ofsales figures, as a base for per capita consumption estimates, is thus relatively high.
Pouring Beer on Troubled Waters: Alcohol and Violence in the Papua New Guinea Highlands during the 1980s
Authors: Dernbach Katherine Boris , Marshall Mac
Published: January 2017

Cultural constructions of the meanings of violence and control among Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlanders provide a lens through which to view the resurgence of tribal fighting that occurred there during the decade of the 1980s. Frequent government liquor bans, promulgated on the conventional wisdom that alcohol use causes violence, failed to stem the violence. Through an examination of nearly 500 PNG newspaper items we illustrate how Papua New Guineans discuss the relationships among tribal fighting, alcohol use, liquor bans and development. This shows a widely held belief that drinking leads to violence. We conclude that intoxication does contribute to some group violence, and that periodic bans probably reduce the overall rate of violence and the incidence of alcohol-related events that can precipitate or renew tribal fighting.
The Inflammable Alcohol Issue: Alcohol Policy Argumentation in the Programs of Political Parties in Finland, Norway and Sweden from the 1960s to the 1990s
Authors: Anttila Anu-Hanna , Sulkunen Pekka
Published: January 2017

In Finland, Norway and Sweden the alcohol policy positions of political parties have been related to party ideologies in complex ways. Until the 1950s, Nordic parties had brought up temperance argumentation. The consensus was enhanced by the radicalism of the 1960s. Improved alcohol availability was argued for across the political map; the dividing factor was generation. Regional, cultural and religious differences, but not political ideology, were important. Because the liberal arguments in the political arena were aimed at civilizing drinking patterns, they belonged to the tradition of political rather than market liberalism. It was only at the outset of the “backlash” period, around 1974, that the alcohol issue was “politicized” according to party ideologies. The parties shifted from the traditional temperance argument toward a more goal-oriented attention to the consequences of drinking, rather than drinking itself. Nowadays the difference in attitudes toward market liberalism has had an increasing impact on the Nordic parties ‘ alcohol policies.
Adolescent Drinking and Alcohol Policy
Authors: Grube Joel W. , Nygaard Peter
Published: January 2017

Policy approaches to prevention have considerable promise for addressing underage drinking and its associated problems. Based on the available evidence, the most effective policies appear to be (a) taxation or price increases, (b) increases in the minimum drinking age, and (c) graduated licensing or zero tolerance. Random breath testing and sobriety checkpoints also appear promising, although there is little evidence for their effectiveness specifically with young people. Major changes in the conditions of sale (e.g., privatization) may also affect the availability of alcohol to young people and thus underage drinking. The evidence is less convincing, however, for the effects of more modest license restrictions (e.g., limiting outlet density, hours of sale), responsible beverage service, advertising restrictions, warning labels, keg registration, and school policies. It is clear from the available research that no policy can be effective unless it is accompanied by enforcement and by awareness on the part of the intended targets of both the policy and the enforcement efforts.
Public and Private Practices: Addiction Autobiography and Its Contradictions
Authors: Keane Helen
Published: January 2017

This article discusses the genre of popular contemporary addiction autobiography, drawing on two texts written by recovering drug-addicted doctors and one by a recovering alcoholic mother. While presented as straightforward “true stories,” these accounts can be read as sophisticated productions of identity, similar to the stories told in Alcoholics Anonymous meetings and literature. The focus is on how these texts both reproduce and undermine notions of addiction as a disease located in the self. The common identity shared by addicts is one of the lessons the authors must learn to recover, but extended personal narratives cannot isolate the “disease” from the bodies in which it is located, nor from the specific historical, social and institutional context in which the experience of addiction is formed.
Alcohol Advertising and Youth: A Focus-Group Analysis of What Young People Find Appealing in Alcohol Advertising
Authors: Waiters Elizabeth D. , Treno Andrew J. , Grube Joel W.
Published: January 2017

In an effort to ascertain how youths interpret, understand and respond to the themes and images portrayed in television alcohol advertisements, focus-group discussions were conducted with students ages 9–15 in a Northern California community. These discussions revealed that students like lifestyle and image-oriented elements of television beer commercials that are delivered with humor and youth-oriented music and/or characters. Conversely, they dislike product-oriented elements of alcohol commercials. Students identified the main message of television beer commercials as an exhortation to purchase the product based on its quality and its relationship to sexual attractiveness. Participants indicated that beer commercials imply that attractive young adults drink beer to personally rewarding ends. These findings suggest that television beer commercials may need to focus less on youthful lifestyle images and more on the product itself in order to appeal less to young people.
Opening up the Cul-de-Sac of Youth Drug Studies: A Contribution to the Construction of Some Alternative Truths
Authors: Moore David
Published: January 2017

In this article I attempt to set down some starting points for the construction of ways of understanding alcohol and other drug use among young people that differ from those already established in the drug research field. I open with a discussion of the developmental model of “adolescence” and “youth,” arguably the dominant discourse in youth drug research; in particular, its focus on biology, the environment, and the acquisition of personal identity. I then focus on selected elements of the sociological, anthropological and historical literatures on young people that chart a very different set of empirical, analytical and theoretical concerns from those established by the “science” of development; namely, culture, social class, generational conflict, social organization, gender, race/ethnicity, sexuality, spatiality, subjectivity and Eurocentrism. I conclude by arguing that those from outside the dominant drug-research disciplines of epidemiology, medicine and psychology must continually press their case for the relevance of new ideas in order to contribute to a more open and theoretically dynamic field.
Becoming a “Hype”: Heroin Consumption, Subcultural Formation and Resistance in Canada, 1945–1961
Authors: Carstairs Catherine
Published: January 2017

In the late 1940s and 1950s a new subculture of heroin use developed in Vancouver and Toronto. The users were primarily working-class or poor and often came from troubled family backgrounds. Heroin use was a way of satisfying longings and cravings and of establishing a sense of identity and community. Heroin's status as a banned substance with a frightening reputation ensured that consuming it was also an act of defiance and resistance against community norms. This paper explores the use of heroin as a consumer commodity and symbol of resistance, and locates the development of this drug-using subculture in the distinctive socio-economic and cultural circumstances of post-World War II Canada.
Drug Pathways, Transitions and Decisions: The Experiences of Young People in an Inner-City Dublin Community
Authors: Mayock Paula
Published: January 2017

This paper reports on selected findings from an ethnographic study of drug use by young people in a Dublin inner-city community considered to be “high risk” for problem drug use. In-depth individual interviews and focus-group discussions were used to generate extensive data on the social and drug-related experiences of young people ages 15–19 years. Fifty-seven young people were interviewed individually, and a subsample of 24 took part in focus-group discussions. The paper explores young people's drug “journeys” and documents emerging drug pathways. It examines the processes relevant to young people's drug transitions, drawing attention to the role of risk perceptions and risk boundaries in decision-making about drugs. The findings highlight the role of social/contextual influences in the onward transitions to new drugs and suggest that drug choices are strongly mediated by young people's experience of, and interaction with, their social environment.
“Dancestasy”: Dance and MDMA Use in Dutch Youth Culture
Authors: Bogt Tom Ter , Engels Rutger , Hibbel Belinda , Van Wel Frits , Verhagen Stun
Published: January 2017

“House” is the main youth subculture of the 1980s and 1990s in the Netherlands. For the members of this youth culture scene, house is a combination of going to parties and dancing all night while being high on MDMA, a drug better known as XTC/Ecstasy. This article is a review of the history of house and the Dutch house scene. It considers some of the psychological effects of dancing combined with taking Ecstasy: “dancestasy.” MDMA itself can be physically and cognitively harmful, but the dancestasy experience may contribute positively to the development of personal and social identity during adolescence. Results of ethnographic studies suggest that the dancestasy experience can have temporary negative effects on functioning in school or at work. After a few years in the dance scene, leisure time becomes less important, and, as young adults, people who are part of the dance scene take up their social responsibilities.
Recreational Drug Use in Estonia: The Context of Club Culture
Authors: Allaste Airi-Alina , Lagerspetz Mikko
Published: January 2017

Youth subcultures, the use of illicit drugs, and the relationship between the two were thoroughly influenced by the opening of Estonia to international influences in the 1990s. Survey data point at a recent growth in the use of illicit drugs among Estonian teenagers. Relying on participant observation and a number of in-depth individual and group interviews in 1997–2000, the article describes the “club” or “rave” culture in the Estonian capital. Consumption of illicit drugs belongs to that youth subculture as an integrated part. However, its norms also set clear limits for drug consumption patterns. The inner circle of the clubbers stresses the importance of internal control and the autonomy of the individual. While the use of drugs is accepted, addiction is condemned. This allows us to make a division between recreational and marginalized consumers, the latter being considered deviant not only by the dominant culture, but by the youth subculture itself.
A Political Economy of “Doves”
Authors: Fitzgerald John L.
Published: January 2017

Codified references to the illegal drug Ecstasy in rave-party advertisements have become a focus of attention with the increased use of Ecstasy at rave parties during the 1990s. This article explores the political economy of a particular type of Ecstasy tablet—“Dove” Ecstasy—through discourse analysis accompanied by ethnographic description. The analysis traces the movement of value from the dove sign to the discursive practices and mimetic processes that characterize the political economy of this illegal-drug sign. The dove can be used to indicate the qualities of the drug, the social-world affiliation of the user, advertising for a particular type of music, and/or a commercial logo, and signify broader ideological processes apparent in consumer culture. The slippage of meaning of the dove sign arises from the possibility for multiple iterations in different contexts. This iterability may be an important feature of the social world and has implications for the use of graphical imagery in harm-reduction strategies. The application of political economy in this study has theoretical implications for understanding the movement of capital in drug-using cultures.
Drinking and Public Space in Leningrad/St. Petersburg and Helsinki in the Interwar Period
Authors: Wacklin Jussi
Published: January 2017

Public drinking has aroused long-lasting debates in St. Petersburg/Leningrad and Helsinki. Taverns, pubs, restaurants but also streets and parks as well as workplaces in the city have been the main arenas of public drinking. My central concern is the impact of policy and police regimes on public drinking. The state was heavily involved in controlling public drinking in both cities; it simultaneously monopolized and regulated the alcohol trade and condemned drunkenness. The suppression of public drinking places was common for both cities. Still, the high number of arrests for public drunkenness in open spaces and the growth of total consumption indicate that drinkers moved to open urban spaces or to private places. Police control of the public spaces and the weakening role of the licensed drinking facilities as a place for neighborhood clientele affected the sociability of drinking and the uses of public space in general.
Moral Regulation of Public Space and Drinking in the Media and Legislation in Finland
Authors: Törrönen Jukka , Karlsson Thomas
Published: January 2017

At the beginning of 1995, well-mannered public drinking was permitted in Finland. Contrary to expectations, this liberalization did not result in the civilizing of drinking habits. It brought public boozing, public urination, and street violence. In the article we examine to what extent public drinking has been perceived as a threat to public order in the media and in the parliamentary debate on the Act on Public Order (612/2003). The regulation of public space by the media and Parliament is approached as moral regulation. The analysis reveals that the moral regulation of public space was directed particularly to young people both in the media and in Parliament. The regulation techniques identified include community policing, substance abuse prevention, and the new Act on Public Order. The dominating perspectives of moral regulation were those of publicity, the police, and the protection of the freedom of the middle classes by Rightists.
The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) and Governance in the Australian Drug Policy Arena
Authors: Fitzgerald John L.
Published: January 2017

The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) was introduced into the Australian drug policy community in 1997 by the Howard conservative government as part of its “Tough on Drugs” policy initiative. Support in 1997 by the states and territories through the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (MCDS) for a trial of prescribed heroin prompted the prime minister to attempt to directly control drug policy by changing national drug-policy-making processes. It has been suggested that the ANCD was introduced to short-circuit the power of the states and territories to structure national drug strategy, signaling a shift from consensus decision making through a policy community approach to centralized executive decision making through the prime minister's office. Interviews with key policy makers during 1999–2000 and findings from recent evaluations point to a climate of distrust, over-bureaucratization, slow decision making, and overt paranoia about the presence of new players in the drug policy arena, resulting not from inadequacies in governance but as a resistant response from policy makers to the introduction of the ANCD. This shift in the model of decision making may lead to an obsolete national drug strategy (NDS) and undermine a unified approach to national drug policy.
“It Might Be a Scummy-Arsed Drug but it's a Sick Buzz”: Chroming and Pleasure
Authors: MacLean Sarah
Published: January 2017

Arguing that the role of pleasure in young people's decisions to use inhalants has been underexplored, this paper provides a typology for the kinds of pleasurable experience young people report from chroming (an Australian term for inhalant use involving aerosol paints). The paper draws on in-depth interviews with young people with experience of chroming and with expert workers in Melbourne, Australia. Seven categories of pleasurable experience related to chroming are identified through thematic analysis of these interviews: feeling, escaping and relocating, imagining, doing, socializing, communicating, and consuming. In the context of use by marginalized young people, chroming has powerful and often deeply pleasurable effects. Understanding more about the kinds of enjoyment that young people seek and experience through chroming—and by implication what workers are asking them to give up when they try to make them stop using these drugs—is important in designing policy interventions.
Spectacles of Sociability and Drunkenness: On Alcohol and Drinking in Japan
Authors: Partanen Juha
Published: January 2017

The significant fact about alcohol and drinking in Japan is that alcohol has never been regarded as a major social problem, and few measures against its production or use have been taken. In this respect Japan stands nearly alone in the industrialized world. Regarding drinking patterns and attitudes towards alcohol, this has had far-reaching consequences that can be observed in today's Japanese society. In the article, after some historical remarks, the consumption trends of various beverages since the 1950s are looked at, and the Japanese drinking etiquette and attitudes towards drunkenness, drawing upon ethnographic data, are discussed, focusing on the pattern of “heroic drinking” that is displayed at male drinking sessions. These considerations highlight the changes that have been taking place, but they also reveal the archaic aspects of Japanese drinking behavior. The discussion on the permanence and change of drinking patterns suggests that in order to understand why traditions survive it is necessary to take into account the social contexts of alcohol use.
Graduates Speak: A Qualitative Exploration of Drug Court Graduates' Views of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Program
Authors: Wolfer Loreen
Published: January 2017

A noticeable omission from the plethora of existing drug court research is the voice of those experiencing the program itself. This is an exploratory analysis of the exit interviews of 55 graduates of a Pennsylvania drug court that attempts to address some of this omission. Findings suggest that, in retrospect, graduates find the program structure and random urine screens beneficial to drug rehabilitation; however, there are concerns over perceived differential treatment by team members and lack of respect for defendant time.
Nalbuphine (Nubain): Non-Prescribed Use, Injecting, and Risk Behaviors for Blood-Borne Viruses
Authors: McElrath Karen , Connolly Dominic
Published: January 2017

Nalbuphine hydrochloride is a synthetic opiate with agonist-antagonist properties that has been prescribed for pain relief in several countries in North and Central America, Europe, and elsewhere. Marketed for several years under the tradename Nubain®, the drug was believed to have low potential for dependence. Research into nalbuphine misuse is limited but studies have documented misuse among some bodybuilders, weightlifters, and users of anabolic steroids. This study examines patterns of nalbuphine misuse and injecting behaviors that pose risk for blood-borne viruses among ten respondents residing largely in one community in Ireland. Contrary to other research findings, most individuals had no history of weightlifting and no experience with the use of anabolic steroids. Most of the respondents had injected nalbuphine several times per day, and reported frequent injection of stimulants. Tampered bottle caps had been observed by respondents who also reported that needles and syringes were scarce. At least some of the nalbuphine in the region has been found to be “counterfeit.” Implications of the findings are discussed.
Poor Man's Smack: A Qualitative Study of Buprenorphine Injecting in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Horyniak Danielle , Armstrong Stuart , Higgs Peter , Wain David , Aitken Campbell
Published: January 2017

Cross-sectional studies indicate that diversion and injection of buprenorphine intended for oral use is an emerging health issue for Victorian injecting drug users (IDUs). Between June and September 2006 we conducted in-depth interviews with 23 IDUs from Melbourne, Australia, exploring their motivations for engaging in this behavior. Thematic analysis of the data suggests that convenience was a key motivation for buprenorphine injection in Melbourne as buprenorphine is cheap and readily available. “Needle fixation” was also a commonly cited motivation. Participants highlighted a variety of benefits associated with buprenorphine injecting, including reductions in illicit drug use and time spent engaging in drug-seeking behaviors, leading to greater stability in their lives. Interviewees were not well-informed about the risks of injecting drugs designed for sublingual use and vein damage was widespread and occasionally severe. The views expressed by study participants indicate a need to explore more appropriate opiate treatment solutions, including the option of injectable opiate pharmacotherapies.
Characterizing the “Awakening Elephant” of Prescription Opioid Misuse in North America: Epidemiology, Harms, Interventions
Authors: Fischer Benedikt , Gittins Jude , Rehm Jürgen
Published: January 2017

Recent North American data suggest that the misuse of prescription opioids (POs) has substantially increased in segments of the general population (e.g., adults, youth, students), as well as in specific high-risk groups (e.g. street drug users), in many instances surpassing prevalence rates for traditional illicit drugs. Some 11 million U.S. citizens are estimated to have misused POs in 2002 alone. These misuse trends have corresponded with increases in PO-related harms, i.e. morbidity (e.g., emergency room mentions) and mortality (e.g., poisoning deaths). Existing data suggest that POs for misuse are obtained from a diverse variety of sourcing routes, many of which involve direct or indirect diversion from the medical system, yet also include personal contacts, thefts or street markets. The above is occurring in a recent context of massively increased medical availability and use of POs, mainly due to changes in pain treatment practice, with North America being the world's top PO consumer region. The intersecting of legitimate and illegitimate PO use poses enormous challenges for devising control interventions that effectively address the problem of PO misuse while not compromising adequate pain care. Current interventions include intensified PO availability regulation by prescription monitoring programs (PMPs). This article reviews available (mainly North American) data describing the phenomenon of PO misuse, while considering policy implications.
Alcohol Advertising on Billboards, Transit Shelters, and Bus Benches in Inner-City Neighborhoods
Authors: Moore Heather , Jones-Webb Rhonda , Toomey Traci , Lenk Kathleen
Published: January 2017

We describe the structure, content, and neighborhood characteristics of outdoor alcohol advertisements (n=246) in inner-city neighborhoods in ten U.S. cities from 2003 to 2005. We conducted observations of alcohol advertisements on billboards, transit shelters, and bus benches in all ten cities to describe the structure and content of outdoor alcohol advertising. We also created geo-spatial maps to describe the neighborhood characteristics where alcohol billboards were located in San Francisco, CA and Atlanta, GA. Alcohol advertisements were more common on billboards than transit shelters or bus benches, usually featured beer products, emphasized product quality, had a discreet or moderate (vs. blatant) visual impact, and rarely used human models. Outdoor advertisements on transit shelters and bus benches were rare. In Atlanta (but not San Francisco), alcohol billboards were more prevalent in African-American neighborhoods and in neighborhoods with higher percentages of female-headed households. Results suggest that billboards continue to be the mainstay of outdoor alcohol advertising in inner cities.
Mission among the Chinese Diaspora: A Case Study of Migration and Mission
Authors: Wan Enoch
Published: January 2017

The dispersion of Chinese from the Mainland is a significant contemporary demographic phenomenon. Description and factual data regarding the Chinese diaspora are presented to show two missiological trends: The emergence of both mission opportunities among the dispersed and the potentials in mission participation by them. These two trends are significant in global mission due to the sheer size of diaspora Chinese among the unreached and their potential forces adding to the resources of global mission in the Two-Thirds World.
No Longer Foreigners and Aliens: Toward a Missiological Christology for Hispanics in the United States
Authors: Rodríguez Daniel A.
Published: January 2017

This study addresses the need for a missiological Christology informed by the sociohistorical and cultural context of Mexican-Americans. The author analyzes the contribution and relevancy of Christologies elaborated around the “Galilean identity” of Jesus, but argues that from an evangelical perspective, Jesus' Galilean identity does not adequately interpret the meaning of the passion and vindication of Christ. This study demonstrates that a Christology developed around the “Rejected Stone” passages found in the New Testament relates the ministry and passion of Jesus Christ in a contextually relevant way to Mexican-Americans. The author also explores the missiological implications of the proposed Christology.
Toward a Marketplace Missiology
Authors: Johnson C. Neal
Published: January 2017

God is moving in a dynamic, fresh, new, and powerful way in the world, according to many observers. Surprisingly, this new movement is occurring in and through the marketplace, and it may become the most influential, effective mission field of the twenty-first century. These observations are not only being made by distinguished theologians, evangelists, and pastors, but by the secular press as well. This article gives an overview of the many facets of this new phenomenon and suggests a new area of missiology called marketplace missiology. The author challenges the academic missiological community to add this new dimension of the missio Dei to their curricula if they are to remain vital and relevant in today's ever-changing, complex world.
Healing Mission: Indian Women Shape Mission Emphases of the Christian Medical College in Vellore
Authors: Blaufuss Mary Schaller
Published: January 2017

This article focuses on Indian women who were integral to defining mission in the early history of the Christian Medical College and Hospital in Vellore. It is an exercise in (re)reading the biography of Ida Scudder in order to “tease out” of the text the presence and contribution of Indian women. It identifies at least three layers of Indian women who negotiate the complexities of inter-cultural relationships, encourage the tenacity and boundary breaking possibilities of mission, and use the mission theory “Woman's Work for Woman” in their own ways. Woven throughout these layers are actions that broaden the scope of mission, engaging in ministries of healing.
Cultural Relevance and Doctrinal Soundness: The Mission of Roberto de Nobili
Authors: Lorance Cody C.
Published: January 2017

Driven by his love for the Hindus of South India, Jesuit Roberto de Nobili strove to develop a way of sharing the Gospel that was both culturally relevant and doctrinally sound. This article explores how de Nobili's commitment to contextualization and Christian orthodoxy contributed to the spread of the Gospel among caste Hindus. His was not a complete success, however, as lingering elements of his cultural heritage as a missionary of the Counter Reformation continued to shape the mission in a manner that would contribute to its ultimate decline. Specific problems related to Bible translation and indigenous leadership are cited.
Church Responses to Culture since 1985
Authors: Gibbs Eddie
Published: January 2017

The church has been in the grips of deep cultural change over the past twenty years. The long-term decline of older denominations has continued but the churches have made a series of responses. In the 1980s the Church Growth movement generated optimism. In the 1990s Church Health and the dynamic megachurch movement dominated the scene. The Emerging Church movement is stirring interest in the 2000s. The contrasts between the British and American versions of the Emerging Church are instructive. In all of this it remains clear that the West is one of the most significance missionary challenges the church has ever faced.
Corporate Metaphors and Strategic Thinking: “The 10/40 Window” in the American Evangelical Worldview
Authors: Rynkiewich Michael A.
Published: January 2017

The 10/40 Window, as a compelling rhetorical vision for some American evangelicals, has been a stimulus to give agency to a generation of missionaries, but there is reason for suspicion, because this view of the world does not square with some other things that we know about the world and because it resonates so well with the American political discourse of the last decade and a half. Like all rhetoric, it is compelling within a certain linguistic and cultural reality. Outside those bounds, the concept may make sense or may confuse or anger those living in other realities. How does a term like this spread so fast, and what is the process by which it is linked to other concepts to form a particular rhetorical vision of the world?
Training the Trainers: A Latin American Case Study
Authors: Brynjolfson Rob
Published: January 2017

This case study traces the development of an outcomes-based Training of Trainers program based in the Cordoba, Argentina, from its inception through two distinct phases of consultations, to the present state. The process outlined the gathering of key stakeholders, the examination of training assumptions including the development of a missionary trainer profile, and the identification of three modules that were foundational to this Master of Arts in Missionary Training. While describing the present state of the program, attention was given to the difficulty of developing and maintaining an outcomes-based program in the context of an academic institution where the marketability of such a specialized program remains tenuous. The article concludes by citing the need for further research and work.
Defilement and Cleansing: A Possible Approach to Christian Encounter with Muslims
Authors: Hibbert Richard Y.
Published: January 2017

Beginning with the observation that many Muslims seem less concerned about sin and guilt than they are about defilement and pollution, this article explores anthropological perspectives as well as those of formal and folk Islam on defilement and cleansing. It argues that avoiding and dealing with defilement is central to the worldview and daily lives of most Muslims, and that it pervades both formal and folk expressions of Islam. Perspectives on defilement and cleansing in Islam are then compared with biblical understandings, leading to suggestions for initial encounter with Muslims and for discipleship and worship practices among Muslim Background Believers.
Telephones, Bible Studies, and Education in the African Church: Reflections from Abroad
Authors: Dyrness William
Published: January 2017

Recent events have brought attention to the growing gulf between Western and African interpretations of Christianity. In seeking to understand this difference, this article considers the missionary background of African education (to 1950), the period of inculturation (1950–1970), and the current pastoral and evangelistic sensitivities of the African church. The missionary history of Africa has led to a strong emphasis on biblical studies but a seeming inability to apply these studies to issues facing the African continent. Thus, the future character of Christianity, both in Africa and in the West, may depend on the ability to develop a truly multi-sided conversation.
The Lost MK: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Choice of Some Adult Missionary Kids to Leave Their Parents' Faith
Authors: Kietzman Robin M. , Pike Patricia L. , Jones Joan W. , Lingenfelter Judith E.
Published: January 2017

Missionary families have a high level of commitment to their faith. What, then, would cause a child from such a faith commitment to turn away from this heritage? Factors identified by research as mediating religious doubt include problematic family relationships, adverse life events, and incongruities observed. This qualitative study explored the experiences of 16 adult missionary kids (AMK) who left their parents' tradition of faith. The participants had a mean age of 47, came from 13 evangelical missions, and lived on three different continents. A semi-structured interview was used to explore facets of their MK childhoods to identify significant patterns. Results indicated a strong pattern of benign disengagement between parent and child; marked stressors inherent to missionary life including frequent moves, stresses related to schooling, as well as unique stressors in the form of trauma and abuse; and significant questions and incongruities that arose from their observations.
Rethinking Christian Missions: Said's Orientalism and Christian Missionary Responses to Prostitution in Thailand
Authors: Schumm Darla
Published: January 2017

I argue that an examination of Christian missionary responses to prostitution in Thailand illustrates that not only must the field of missiology take seriously the critiques of Orientalism, but that these challenges require a radical rethinking of the appropriateness of the very notion of Christian missions. In the essay, I (1) provide a theoretical framework; (2) profile three missionary responses to prostitution in Thailand; (3) assess the missionary responses through the theoretical framework; and (4) explicate my conclusions. Under-girding my entire examination is a multi-layered probe of the question: is the missionary impulse inherently Orientalist?
Approaching Language Learning
Authors: Fehderau Harold W.
Published: January 2017

Articles on the practical phases of language learning have appeared in the pages of Practical Anthropology before.1 In the one which follows Mr. Fehderau discusses briefly the value and means of systematic approach to language habit formation on a synthetic rather than on an analytical level.
Changing Customs of Marriage, Death and Burial among the Sagada
Authors: Pacyaya Alfredo G.
Published: January 2017

The sub-culture which has grown up among the Episcopalian Sagadas is sharply different from that of their pagan neighbors, at least in the formal observance of rites and ceremonies. In this article Mr. Pacyaya describes the pagan ceremonies and the differences in the practice of Christians. He is writing with first-hand experience as a member of the society. His approach is descriptive, and this is the important first step. We must know what the actual changes of behavior are, in detail. We hope that Mr. Pacyaya or someone else will take the next step, an analysis of the meaning of these changes, the meaning to members of the Sagada community, Christian and pagan alike.
Anthropologist and Administrator
Authors: Buswell James O.
Published: January 2017

By “administrator” the author refers to any individual who is involved in directing or stimulating culture change, whether he be missionary, educator, industrialist, or government official. The principal data of this article are taken from government administration of colonial areas because it is in this field that there has been the greatest degree of anthropological discussion. Much of the theory behind these phases of applied anthropology has been summarized in the previous article in this series, “From Anthropology in Action to Action Anthropology.”1 In the present article the author describes the problems, the conflicts, the degrees of cooperation, and the practical usefulness of the collaboration of anthropologist and administrator.
Can St. Paul's Methods Be Ours?
Authors: Noble Lowell L.
Published: January 2017

Ever since Roland Alien wrote his thought-provoking book, Missionary Methods: St. Paul's or Ours?,1 much discussion concerning missionary principles and methods has centered around this theme. Lowell Noble entered the discussion by comparing the missionary work of the Apostle with three representative, successful, modern-day missionary works: The Rhenish Mission among the Bataks of Sumatra, the Presbyterian work in Korea, and the Free Methodist work in Ruanda Urandi, Central Africa. The article below is a summary of that study. Can St. Paul's missionary methods be ours? Or are there factors in the modem missionary era which differ from those which Paul faced, which might force the modern missionary to modify or change the Pauline approach?
Toward a Trinitarian Understanding of Mission in Post-Christendom Lands
Authors: Bjork David E.
Published: January 2017

In John 17:21, Jesus established his relationship with the Father as a pattern for his followers in the context of his mission in the world. What are the implications of that trinitarian perspective on the mission of evangelical Protestant missionaries who work in areas of the world where Christian churches date back many centuries?

This article traces the tie between missions and trinitarian reflection and considers the ways in which the perichoretic understanding of the divine Trinity provides an example, pattern, or model that provides an unmistakable source of contextuality, comprehensiveness, and coherence to missional endeavors in post-Christendom lands.
After Christendom, What? Renewal and Discovery of Church and Mission in the West
Authors: Mays Patrick
Published: January 2017

This article asserts that the traditional Western church is constructed to meet the needs of a Christendom paradigm. Now that the strength of Christendom has eroded significantly, the church must adapt to a new contextual reality. Drawing heavily from Loren Mead and Howard Snyder, a dynamic model of the church-in-mission is proposed that recognizes “the rediscovered mission frontier” at the church's front door and that features an ecological view of the church renewed through worship, community, and witness. The case of Ginghamsburg United Methodist Church provides a hopeful example of how one church observed the changing context and effectively restructured for a new reality.
Videotaping, Informed Consent, and Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Lande R. Gregory
Published: January 2017

Videotaping forensic evaluations challenges clinicians to consider potential ethical dilemmas and logistical questions. Obtaining informed consent prior to videotaping from a potentially incompetent individual is one flashpoint that illuminates these matters. In developing the best response, clinicians must look beyond the limited case law and include other resources such as published ethical opinions and standards issued by health-care regulators, licensing boards, and professional organizations. A legal request to videotape a forensic evaluation should not result in a resolute refusal, but instead a qualified approval that reflects a thoughtful, structured response balancing medical and legal interests.
Australian School Student Aspirations for Military Careers
Authors: Gore Jennifer , Fray Leanne , Wallington Claire , Holmes Kathryn , Smith Max
Published: January 2017

Modern military organizations are making a concerted effort to recruit a more diverse range of people, with the role of women in the military at the forefront of debate. In Australia, in response to the changing role of the military and with the aim of positioning the military as an “employer of choice” for women, females are targeted as early as high school. Using data from a study of 6,492 Australian school students in Years 3–12, we examine student aspirations for military careers. Student aspirations were influenced by traditional perceptions of the military as a primarily masculine enterprise. Key reasons for student interest included dominant notions of masculinity, familial military experience, career options, and enlistment benefits. We argue that current views of the military among school children signal the need to shift such perceptions to appeal to a wider range of people and attract a more diverse workforce.
Add Female Veterans and Stir? A Feminist Perspective on Gendering Veterans Research
Authors: Eichler Maya
Published: January 2017

This article examines how scholarship on veterans has begun to incorporate gender as a relevant category of research. Drawing on feminist theory, it identifies different approaches to gender within the field of veterans studies and suggests avenues for advancing this aspect of research. The vast majority of gender research on veterans treats gender as a descriptive category or variable through a focus on female veterans or gender differences. This article argues that research on veterans can be enriched by employing gender as an analytical category. Focusing on gender norms, power and inequality based on gender, and the intersections of gender with other categories of social difference opens up new questions for gender research on veterans. This kind of broader, analytical conceptualization of gender reveals the ways in which gender shapes the transition to civilian life for all veterans and how veterans policies and programs impact gender relations.
'Salted With Fire' (Mark 9.42-50): Style, Oracles and (Socio)Rhetorical Gospel Criticism
Authors: Henderson Ian H.
Published: January 2017

Recent rhetorical criticism of the Gospels has tended to focus on formal 'patterns of argumentation' and on their redactional variation in Gospel literary tradition. Partly from fear of backsliding into aesthetic and/or devotional readings, partly from impatience to differentiate specific social movements within early Christianity, New Testament rhetorical criticism has analysed the Gospels essentially from the argumentation-theoretical angle of their presumed displays and specializations of conventional rationalities. Style variation and characterization are treated more as elements in formal argumentation than as persuasive in themselves.

The article explores Jesus' strange yet pivotal speech in Mk 9.42-50 to illustrate the inadequacy of an argumentation theory focused on enthymemes and chreias to account for Markan oracular speech ( logia). Mk 9.42-50 is often read as an instance of catchword agglomeration, yet it is one of the Markan Jesus' few major speeches. The speech does have a discernable purpose, not only in the Markan narrative con text, but in itself as a rhetorical unit: Jesus is placing Mark's readers under a curse of office as leaders. Neither Matthew nor Luke found the Markan Jesus' speech sufficiently persuasive in its imprecatory rhetoric to warrant imitation. We must entertain the possibility that here and elsewhere Markan rhetoric demanded too much of either its implied or its historical audiences: Markan rhetorics may have proven too experimental to secure early Christian audiences.