bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacogenetics in drug development: Regulatory and clinical considerations
Authors: Hall Susan T. , Abbott Neil , Schmith Ginny , Brazell Celia
Published: November 2004

Pharmacogenetics (the study of inter‐individual inherited variations in DNA sequence related to drug response) is increasingly gaining recognition as an integral part of modern drug development and health care because it provides significant opportunities to increase the safety and efficacy of medicines. The challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and the regulators is exactly how and when to integrate pharmacogenetics to deliver on this potential. There are numerous aspects to consider when determining the data requirements for a regulatory submission to support labeling claims based on genotype. Regulators are committed to fostering a collaborative approach with key stakeholders to address the issues and to develop guidelines as judiciously as possible. It is recognized that pharmacogenetics research must be integrated into an appropriate regulatory framework that does not stifle development of the science nor the applications that will benefit patients. Dialogue, together with a willingness to share experiences of pharmacogenetics in drug development, is critical to moving forward. Drug Dev. Res. 62:102–111, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenomics, drug development, and ethics: Some points to consider
Authors: Lunshof Jeantine , de Wert Guido
Published: November 2004

Pharmacogenomics will contribute in the near future to significant changes in drug delivery and drug development. In both areas, the application of pharmacogenomics gives rise to ethical, legal, and social concerns. These concerns have recently been addressed by various national and international working groups. In this article, we will give a concise overview of the ethical issues raised in particular by the application of pharmacogenomics in the context of drug development. Taking a basic approach, we will show the cumulative development of ethical issues in clinical research, medical genetics, and in pharmacogenomics with special focus on drug development. The relevance of “genetic exceptionalism” will be scrutinized with regard to its impact on questions concerning stratification in particular. To this end, we will refer to the views expressed in documents by various expert working groups and to the recent recommendations made by international organizations. We will show which points to consider arise specifically in the context of pharmacogenomics in addition to the known issues covered by the established guidelines on ethical, legal, and social aspects of clinical research and genetics. Drug Dev. Res. 62:112–116, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resolution of cellular physiology by genomic expression signature analysis: Bridging the content gap between in vitro and in vivo drug development
Authors: Gunther Erik C. , Gerwien Robert W.
Published: November 2004

Genomic expression profiling provides a high‐content means of characterizing the physiological action of drugs at the cellular systems biology level. By recognizing the distinct gene expression patterns that characterize various cellular states, it is possible to classify unknown drug treatments by the therapeutically relevant physiology they induce. Because the range of cellular physiologies is wide, and the resolution of expression profiling is comprehensive, this pattern recognition–based approach represents a generic means of drug action analysis and prediction. Drug candidate efficacy, specificity, and toxicity can be determined early in drug development, streamlining a process currently fraught with costly attrition and deficient in generating mechanistically new therapeutics. Drug Dev. Res. 62:119–123, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of SNP/haplotype map in gene discovery and drug development: An overview
Authors: Shastry Barkur S.
Published: November 2004

Recent advances in genomics provide an opportunity to understand a detailed history of human genes and common diseases, and to predict the effectiveness and safety of medications for each individual. In order to accomplish this goal, it is thought that a high‐density map of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human genome is needed. By comparing SNP patterns in various patients and control populations, it may be possible to identify unique variants that predispose to disease and predict the effectiveness of drug therapy. But it will take a considerable amount of time and effort to develop new medicines. Additionally, diagnostic application of variants in clinics requires an understanding of their functional significance and appropriate clinical studies. Moreover, it is important that this rapidly developing genome information be incorporated in the continuing education of medical professionals so that the results of basic research can be translated to the welfare of patients. Drug Dev. Res. 62:143–150, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of inhibitory KIR is confined to CD8+ effector T cells and limits their proliferative capacity
Authors: Arlettaz Lionel , Degermann Sylvie , Rham Casimir De , Roosnek Eddy , Huard Bertrand
Published: November 2004

A subset of effector/memory CD8+ T cells expresses natural killer cell receptors (NKR). Expression of inhibitory NKR at that stage of T cell differentiation is poorly understood. Interestingly, recent studies in mice indicated that transgenic expression of an inhibitory NKR induced the accumulation of memory T cells by inhibiting activation‐induced cell death (AICD). To further understand the role of inhibitory NKR on T cells, we characterized the subset of human peripheral T cells expressing the inhibitory NKR, CD158b, and studied the modulation of antigen‐driven T cell expansion by an endogenous inhibitory NKR. We found that CD158b expression was confined to a population of CD8+TCRαβ+ effector T cells as defined by a CD45RA+CCR7– phenotype and high constitutive expression of granzyme B1. Few cells expressed the activating form CD158j in the absence of CD158b. Functionally, engagement of CD158b by MHC ligands diminished early TCR signaling, as well as AICD. However, the reduced AICD did not rescue cells for proliferation, since T cell expansion in the presence of CD158b triggering was impaired. Expression of inhibitory NKR on effector CD8+ T cells may explain in part the poor replicative capacity of T cells at that stage of differentiation.
Vaccination with autoantigen protects against aggregated β‐amyloid and glutamate toxicity by controlling microglia: effect of CD4+CD25+ T cells
Authors: Avidan Hila , Kipnis Jonathan , Butovsky Oleg , Caspi Rachel R. , Schwartz Michal
Published: November 2004

Neurodegenerative diseases differ in etiology but are propagated similarly. We show that neuronal loss caused by intraocular injection of aggregated β‐amyloid was significantly greater in immunodeficient mice than in normal mice. The neurodegeneration was attenuated or augmented by elimination or addition, respectively, of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg). Vaccination with retina‐derived antigens or with the synthetic copolymer glatiramer acetate (Copolymer‐1, Cop‐1), but not with β‐amyloid, reduced the ocular neuronal loss. In mouse hippocampal slices, microglia encountering activated T cells overcame the cytotoxicity of aggregated β‐amyloid. These findings support the concept of “protective autoimmunity”, show that a given T cell‐based vaccination is protective at a particular site irrespective of toxicity type, and suggest that locally activated T cells induce a microglial phenotype that helps neurons withstand the insult. Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases might be arrested or retarded by vaccination with Cop‐1 or related compounds or by treatment with compounds that weaken Treg suppression.
Microbial colonization induces oligoclonal expansions of intraepithelial CD8 T cells in the gut
Authors: Helgeland Lars , Dissen Erik , Dai Ke‐Zheng , Midtvedt Tore , Brandtzaeg Per , Vaage John Torgils
Published: November 2004

Two populations of CD8+ IEL generally express restricted, but apparently random and non‐overlapping TCR repertoires. Previous studies in mice suggested that this could be explained by a dual origin of CD8+ IEL, i.e. that CD8αβ+ IEL derive from a few peripheral CD8+ T cell lymphoblasts stimulated by microbial antigens in gut‐associated lymphoid tissue, whereas CD8αα+ IEL descend from an inefficient intestinal maturation pathway. We show here that the gut mucosa, instead, becomes seeded with surprisingly broad and generally non‐overlapping CD8 IEL repertoires and that oligoclonality is induced locally after microbial colonization. In germ‐free (GF) rats, both CD8αβ+ and CD8αα+ IEL displayed surprisingly diverse TCR Vβ repertoires, although β‐chain diversity tended to be somewhat restricted in the CD8αα+ subset. CDR3 length displays in individual Vβ‐Cβ and Vβ‐Jβ combinations generally revealed polyclonal distributions over 6–11 different lengths, similar to CD8+ lymph node T cells, and CDR3β sequencing provided further documentation of repertoire diversity. By contrast, in ex‐GF rats colonized with normal commensal microflora, both CD8αβ+ and CD8αα+ IEL displayed oligoclonal CDR3 length distributions for most of the Vβ genes analyzed. Our data suggest that microbial colonization induces apparently random clonal expansions of CD8αβ+ and CD8αα+ IEL locally in the gut.
A synthetic HIV‐1 Tat protein breaches the skin barrier and elicits Tat‐neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity
Authors: Partidos Charalambos D. , Moreau Emmanuel , Chaloin Olivier , Tunis Mélanie , Briand Jean‐Paul , Desgranges Claude , Muller Sylviane
Published: November 2004

The HIV‐1 Tat protein plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV and has been considered as a candidate vaccine antigen. In an effort to design a non‐invasive vaccination strategy against HIV‐1 that stimulates the induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses, we studied the transcutaneous delivery of a synthetic Tat protein using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. Following immunization of BALB/c mice with various doses of Tat, IgG and IgA antibody responses were measured in the serum and vaginal washes, respectively. Serum antibodies predominantly recognized the N‐terminal and basic functional domains of the protein and exhibited neutralizing capacity against Tat‐driven transactivation. Transcutaneous immunization also elicited potent cellular immune responses against Tat and the secretion of high levels of IL‐2, IFN‐γ and IL‐6. These findings demonstrate for the first time that by using a simple and safe immunization procedure, a synthetic Tat protein can elicit potentially protective immune responses. Transcutaneous immunization may be advantageous for the non‐invasive delivery of other HIV candidate vaccine antigens.
A posteriori pointwise error estimation for compressible fluid flows using adjoint parameters and Lagrange remainder
Authors: Alekseev A. K. , Navon I. M.
Published: November 2004

The pointwise error of a finite‐difference calculation of supersonic flow is discussed. The local truncation error is determined by a Taylor series with the remainder being in a Lagrange form. The contribution of the local truncation error to the total pointwise approximation error is estimated via adjoint parameters. It is demonstrated by numerical tests that the results of the numerical calculation of gasdynamics parameter at an observation point may be refined and an error bound may be estimated. The results of numerical tests for the case of parabolized Navier–Stokes are presented as an illustration of the proposed method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leveraging diversity to improve business performance: Research findings and recommendations for organizations
Authors: Jayne Michele E. A. , Dipboye Robert L.
Published: November 2004

Research findings from industrial and organizational psychology and other disciplines cast doubt on the simple assertion that a diverse workforce inevitably improves business performance. Instead, research and theory suggest several conditions necessary to manage diversity initiatives successfully and reap organizational benefits. This article reviews empirical research and theory on the relationship between workforce diversity and organizational performance and outlines practical steps HR practitioners can take to manage diversity initiatives successfully and enhance the positive outcomes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A mu‐class glutathione S‐transferase from the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Molecular cloning and active‐site structural modeling
Authors: Contreras‐Vergara Carmen A. , Harris‐Valle Citlalli , Sotelo‐Mundo Rogerio R. , Yepiz‐Plascencia Gloria
Published: November 2004

A cDNA clone coding for a mu‐class glutathione S‐transferase (GST) was isolated from a hepatopancreas cDNA library from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The deduced amino acid sequence (215 amino acids) has >50% identity to rodents and other mammals mu‐class GSTs. Using RT‐PCR, the shrimp GST transcript was detected in hepatopancreas, hemocytes, gills, and muscle, but not in pleopods. The shrimp GST sequence was computer modeled and found to fit the classical two‐domain GST structure. Domain I, containing the glutathione (GSH) binding site, is more conserved compared to the flexible C‐terminal domain II. Residue Q208 appears to be a key to substrate specificity by comparison with mammalian GST mutants. This position is commonly occupied by serine or threonine in mammalian mu‐class GSTs, and shrimp Q208 may affect the affinity to substrates like aminochrome or 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐cyano‐1‐nitrosoguanidine. This is the first report of molecular cloning and structural modeling of a crustacean GST and provides new insights into the nature of the detoxification response on marine invertebrates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:245–252, 2004 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20033
Leis' conundrum: Homology of the clavus of the ocean sunfishes. 2. Ontogeny of the median fins and axial skeleton of Ranzania laevis (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes, Molidae)
Authors: Johnson G. David , Britz Ralf
Published: November 2004

One of the most conspicuous characters of the ocean sunfishes, family Molidae, is the punctuation of the body by a deep, abbreviated, caudal fin‐like structure extending vertically between the posterior ends of the dorsal and anal fins, termed the clavus by Fraser Brunner. Homology of the clavus has been a matter of debate since the first studies on molid anatomy in the early 1800s. Two hypotheses have been proposed: 1) It is a highly modified caudal fin; 2) It is formed by highly modified elements of the dorsal and anal fins. To resolve this homology issue, we studied the ontogeny of the molid vertebral column and median fins and compared it to that of a less morphologically derived gymnodont (see Part 1 of this study), a member of the family Tetraodontidae. We show that in molids the chorda never flexes during development, that the claval rays form from the posterior ends of the dorsal and anal fins toward the middle, thus closing the gap inward, and that elements of the molid clavus have an identical development and composition as the proximal‐middle and distal radials of the regular dorsal and anal fins. We thus conclude that the molid clavus is unequivocally formed by modified elements of the dorsal and anal fin and that the caudal fin is lost in molids. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leis' conundrum: Homology of the clavus of the ocean sunfishes. 1. Ontogeny of the median fins and axial skeleton of Monotrete leiurus (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae)
Authors: Britz Ralf , Johnson G. David
Published: November 2004

We describe the ontogeny of the axial skeleton and median fins of the Southeast Asian freshwater puffer Monotrete leiurus, based on a reared developmental series. Most elements of the axial skeleton in M. leiurus arise in membrane bone. Only the base of the anterior three neural arches, the base of the hemal arches of the third preural centrum, the neural and hemal arches and spines of the second preural centrum, the parhypural, the two hypural plates, and the single epural are preformed in cartilage. In contrast to most teleosts, the proximal‐middle radials of the dorsal and anal fins are upright and symmetrical and their distal tips coalesce during development to form a deep band of cartilage, from which the spherical distal radials are spatially separated. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microcontroller implementation of direct torque control
Authors: Mahfouz Ahmed A. , Sarhan Gamal M. , Nafeh Abdel‐Nasser A.
Published: November 2004

The switching frequency of a conventional direct torque control (DTC) strategy which is based on hysteresis controllers results in a variable switching frequency which depends on the mechanical speed, stator flux, stator voltage, and the hysteresis band of the comparator. In this paper, a DTC scheme using space vector modulator (SVM) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is suggested. A comparison with the classical DTC is presented. The suggested control strategy guarantees very good dynamic and steady state characteristics with low sampling rate and a constant switching frequency. The experimental results are presented to validate the scheme. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Epstein–Barr virus associated post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder with hemophagocytosis in a child with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Wang I Jen , Lu Meng Yao , Chiang Bor Leun , Lin Wei Chou , Lin Don Tsamn , Lin Kai‐Hsin
Published: November 2004

A 23‐month‐old boy with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) received human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐one locus mismatched, unmanipulated allogeneic bone marrow graft from his mother. An Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) of donor cell origin and hemophagocytosis syndrome with fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, seizures, involuntary movements and pancytopenia developed 52 days after transplantation. It was difficult to decide on the treatment strategy because the patient presented with B‐cell hyperplasia that morphologically appeared malignant but was oligoclonal by heavy‐chain analyses. Despite of donor leukocyte transfusion, low dose chemotherapy, and anti‐B cell monoclonal antibody immunotherapy, the patient died 107 days after transplantation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The 2000 Burkitt lymphoma trial in Malawi
Authors: Hesseling Peter , Broadhead Robin , Mansvelt Erna , Louw Mercia , Wessels Glynn , Borgstein Eric , Schneider Johann , Molyneux Elizabeth
Published: November 2004

Background

We previously reported 57% 12‐month event free survival (EFS) in Malawian children with stage I to III Burkitt lymphoma (BL) with an intermediate dose chemotherapy protocol lasting 77 days. This protocol was shortened to 42 days and evaluated in children with stage I to IV disease for EFS and toxicity.

Methods

All Malawian children admitted to Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, from 03/08/2000 to 12/03/2002 with confirmed BL were eligible. A fine needle aspirate, bone marrow aspirate, cerebrospinal fluid cytology, haemoglobin (Hb), white cell count (WCC), malaria smear, ELISA for HIV, and abdominal ultrasound were performed routinely. Murphy staging was used. The first dose of chemotherapy (COP1) consisted of 300 mg cyclophosphamide (CPM), 1 mg vincristine, and 60 mg prednisone given on day 1 and followed by COP2 on day 8 (only for patients with larger tumour volumes, stage III or IV disease). The vincristine dose in COP2 was 2 mg. COMP1 and 2 given on days 22 and 36 consisted of 500 mg CPM, 2 mg vincristine, 60 mg prednisone, and 2 g methotrexate. All doses were calculated per body surface area. Intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortisone were given with COP1 and 2.

Results

Forty‐two patients, 30 boys and 12 girls median ages 6 and 7.5 years, respectively, had Murphy stage I(n5), II(n8), III(n21), and IV(n8) disease. The face was involved in 74%, abdomen in 55%, bone marrow in 14%, kidneys in 24%, and 12% had paraplegia. Fourteen children died during or shortly after completion of chemotherapy. Three of these were disease related. Twelve patients suffered a local relapse after 57–328 days, and one a CNS relapse at 76 days. The projected EFS at 12 months is 50% in stage I, 50% in stage II, 24% in stage III, 25% in stage IV, and 33% for all patients. The cumulative mean dose of CPM was 62 mg/kg in survivors and 64 mg/kg in children who relapsed. One third of patients experienced significant marrow suppression, and infections after COMP1.

Conclusions

Thirty‐three percent of children are in first remission at 12 months. The morbidity and mortality of treatment was high. The high relapse rate in all stages may be due to the low cumulative dose of CPM. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic determination of zinc in vegetables using apocarbonic anhydrase
Authors: Demir Nazan , Demir Yaşar
Published: November 2004

A new enzymatic method has been developed to determine trace amounts of Zn2+ in vegetables. The basis of the method is that apocarbonic anhydrase regains its activity in proportion to the concentration of Zn2+ present in solution. Bovine carbonic anhydrase was puriﬁed from erythrocyte haemolysate by afﬁnity chromatography and the bound Zn2+ removed by dialysis of puriﬁed enzyme against a solution of pyridine‐2, 6‐dicarboxylic acid. Pure (100%) apoenzyme was obtained. The concentration of Zn2+ in vegetable samples was determined using the enzymatic method and by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Determinations made using the two methods were not signiﬁcantly different one from another. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two validated HPLC methods for the quantiﬁcation of alizarin and other anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum cultivars
Authors: Derksen Goverdina C. H. , Lelyveld Gerrit P. , van Beek Teris A. , Capelle Anthony , de Groot Æde
Published: November 2004

Direct and indirect HPLC‐UV methods for the quantitative determination of anthraquinones in dried madder root have been developed, validated and compared. In the direct method, madder root was extracted twice with reﬂuxing ethanol–water. This method allowed the determination of the two major native anthraquinone glycosides lucidin primeveroside and ruberythric acid. In the indirect extraction method, the anthraquinone glycosides were ﬁrst converted into aglycones by endogenous enzymes and the aglycones were subsequently extracted with tetrahydrofuran–water and then analysed. In this case the anthraquinones alizarin, purpurin and nordamnacanthal may be determined. The content of nordamnacanthal is proportional to the amount of lucidin primeveroside originally present. The indirect extraction method is easier to apply. Different madder cultivars were screened for their anthraquinone content. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Industry helps the community with table top drills
Authors: Holloway Larry G.
Published: November 2004

This paper covers a subject much different from that usually found in PSP, but one that is quite important. Some may question the value of such a paper in a technical journal. My position (and the editors of PSP) is that we, as professionals, have a duty to provide assistance to the localities where we work and live. This paper shows a method of doing just that.

It has long been recognized that collaborative efforts for fire and hazardous materials response benefits both industry and the community. However, other potentially fruitful areas of cooperation have not been generally recognized or exploited. This paper describes an effort to use a common industry practice, the table top exercise, as a means for improving security procedures in public and private schools.

The process described here was developed to address a need to minimize the potential adverse consequences of violence and terrorism in schools, as was experienced at Columbine High School in Jefferson County, Colorado. A team consisting of local school representatives, police, fire, EMS, and industry were assembled to create and implement “Active Shooter” Table Top Exercises for all city schools in Kingsport, Tennessee. The primary customer for these exercises was the school system but a synergy developed early into the process for these groups to become an interactive team.

This presentation will describe a “how to” approach, which includes the selection of the team, creation of a master scenario, conducting an orientation seminar, adaptation of scenario to each school (elementary, middle, and high), conducting the Table Top Exercise, critique, summary of lessons learned, procedure/policy/practices updates, follow‐up training for remaining staff, and auditing protocol.

The three major learning points from this process were the identification of areas and operations where minor and in most cases inexpensive changes would have a significant positive effect on the security of the facility, the significantly improved lines of communication between the participating organizations and the expectations they have of each other, and the experience of how to modify a basic industrial technique to develop a security/vulnerability assessment methodology for the community. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Minimum amount of flammable gas for explosion within a confined space
Authors: Jo Young‐Do , Park Kyo‐Shik
Published: November 2004

Leaking of flammable gas in a confined space creates a flammable atmosphere, giving rise to a potential explosion. Accident analysis suggests that some explosions are caused by a quantity of gas significantly much less than the lower explosion limit amount required to fill the whole confined space, which might be attributed to inhomogeneous mixing of the leaked gas. The minimum amount of leaked gas for an explosion is highly dependent on the degree of mixing in the confined space. This paper proposes a method for estimating the minimum amount of flammable gas for explosion, referred to as the Gaussian distribution explosion model (GDEM). The GDEM assumes Gaussian distribution of flammable gas along the height of an enclosure, combustion of gas within flammable limits, and adiabatic mixing in the enclosure. The predicted gas volume for an explosion is tied to the explosion pressure that results in a given building damage level. The results can be applied to estimate the minimum amount of flammable gas and ventilation rate to mitigate the explosion hazard. The GDEM shows that only a very small amount of gas remaining in the confined space may result in a serious gas explosion accident. The results could be applied not only to set the leaking criteria for developing a gas safety appliance but also to determine the ventilation rate and investigate gas accidents under certain conditions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Process threat management case study
Authors: Whiteley James R. (Rob) , Wagner Jan
Published: November 2004

Terrorist and criminal acts must now be considered in the safety analysis of plants. The primary response of government and industry is improved security systems to prevent or thwart attacks. If a facility is attacked, the extent of the inflicted damage is determined by the available plant safety systems.

A collaborative industry and academia case study for a new unit in a domestic U.S. refinery is undertaken to assess two issues:

What performance can be expected from conventional safety systems in response to a terrorist attack, if existing systems are not changed?

Can existing process hazards analysis methods be exploited or modified to address process threats?

Evaluation of safety system performance is analyzed from two directions. The first involves a review of the deviation‐driven process hazard analysis to gain insight into ways current methods can be leveraged to address process threats. The second approach is consequence‐driven to analyze the performance of existing safety systems for catastrophic scenarios. The results of these two approaches lead to the following conclusions.

Current process hazards analysis techniques are robust for identifying hazards and safeguards, and managing risk. These practices can be extended to include additional scenarios related to intentional initiation of events.

Procedural layers of protection may not be reliable, if they can be intentionally ignored or compromised.

Facility layout and siting studies should not be limited to new facilities. For existing facilities, these studies may reveal opportunities to minimize risk of injury, environmental and property damage, and business interruptions.

© 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
DFT and direct ab initio MD calculations of the gas hydrate: Hydrogen molecule trapped in water cluster (H2O)12
Authors: Tachikawa Hiroto , Iyama Tetsuji
Published: November 2004

Density Functional Theory (DFT) and direct ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) calculations were applied to the hydrogen molecule trapped in a water cluster composed of 12 water molecules (H2O)12. The static DFT calculation showed that the H2 molecule is trapped in the center of mass of (H2O)12. The vibrational frequency of the H–H stretching mode of the H2 molecule trapped in the water cluster was blueshifted from that in vacuo. On the other hand, the vibrational frequency of H2 in water‐hydrogen 1:1 complex (H2O–H2) was redshifted. A direct ab initio MD calculation of H2(H2O)12 at 50 K indicated that the H2 molecule is rotated freely around the center of mass of the water cluster. The origin of the spectral shift of H2 in water ice is discussed on the basis of the theoretical results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Religious ‘Speculation’: The Rise of Ifá Cults and Consumption in Post-Soviet Cuba
Authors: HOLBRAAD MARTIN
Published: November 2004

With an ethnographic focus on the prestigious cult of Ifá, this article seeks to account for the recent effervescence of Afro-Cuban cult worship in urban Cuba. It is argued that, since worship involves a marked emphasis on ritual consumption, the cult's rise can be related to wider transformations that have taken place in the field of everyday consumption in Havana during the economic crisis that has followed the collapse of the Soviet bloc. In particular, Ifá has provided an arena for what habaneros call ‘especulación’, a style of conspicuous consumption that has become prevalent among so-called ‘marginal’ groups in recent years.
Journey to the Centre of the Earth: Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, a Man of Letters in Algeria
Authors: CICERCHIA RICARDO
Published: November 2004

Ah, quando fia ch'io possa in Italia tornar? Ha ormai tre mesi, che in questi rei paese Già fatto schiavo, e dal mio ben lontano …

Alas, when might I return to my Italy?

For three months now I have been enslaved in this evil land, so distant from my home

Gioacchino Rossini, L'Italiana in Algeri

Nineteenth-century travel accounts contributed to the existing body of knowledge about the world at the time they were written, and today they serve as witness to the merging of expansionist progress with the scientific state. The primary function of these accounts was to circumscribe the world of rationality. Their authors were enlightened nomads whose duty was to incorporate new and astonishing facts as objects of knowledge into their writing, which created a mise en scène of mysterious plots; this process was in fact the first globalisation. Romanticism organised this narrative into a powerful textual montage on alterity, which combined scientific discourse, aesthetic response, and humanistic concern. Such a multifaceted set of characteristics posed serious challenges for the traveller-writer of that era, and Latin Americans had their own grand tour.
The semantics of Scandinavian ‘when’-clauses
Authors: Vikner Carl
Published: November 2004

The system of temporal connectives in Scandinavian exhibits an interesting variation in that Danish, like e.g. German, is a two-‘when’ language, i.e. it has two temporal connectives that have divided between them the semantic area covered in English by the single connective when. One of the two Danish connectives (da) is restricted to past episodic clauses, while the other one (når) may be used in past and present habitual clauses and in future clauses. Swedish, on the other hand, like e.g. English, is a one-‘when’ language: it has only one temporal connective corresponding to the two Danish ones, whereas Norwegian presents an intermediate situation, possibly a stage in the development from a two-‘when’ to a one-‘when’ system. This paper proposes a semantic analysis of the two ‘when’s in Danish: On the one hand, the semantics of da-clauses is similar to the semantics of definite DPs in that a da-clause presupposes that, in the current discourse situation, there is one and only one eventuality corresponding to the description it conveys. This makes it possible for a da-clause to have a reference-setting function with respect to its superordinate clause. On the other hand, når-clauses are similar to indefinite DPs in that they contribute propositions with an unbound eventuality argument, and therefore they yield descriptions of eventualities that never get referentially bound, but always occur in the scope of a non-existential quantifier. This restricts the use of når-clauses to habitual sentences and future sentences. This analysis involves the elaboration of a novel and more adequate formal semantic description of habitual sentences.
Studies on resistance of sheep to infestation with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. and on the immunological reactions of sheep exposed to infestation. II. The antibody response to infestation with Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Stewart DF
Published: November 2004

The serological reactions to infestation with H. contortus were studied in penned sheep. For critical studies, sheep born and reared in a worm-free environment were used. In infestation with H. contortus, the antibody response was stimulated by the administration of third-stage infective larvae and as the infestation developed the antibody response declined. Established infestation with mature H. contortus did not stimulate the formation of antibodies. The sera of sheep dying from infestation with H. contortus were negative to the complement fixation test. Ground, mature H. contortus given to sheep by mouth or injected into the rumen did not elicit any antibody response. Infective larvae of H. contortus, killed by heat and given to sheep by month, did not stimulate an antibody response. When heat-killed larvae mere injected into the rumen, a rise in titre at times took place, but it was usually transient. When a dose of infective larvae of H. contortus was superimposed upon an existing infestation of H. contortus or Trichostrongylus spp. either the existing infestation was eliminated or the egg output of the parasites was suppressed. This phenomenon was accompanied by a rise in serum titre. Elimination of the infestation of H. contortus or Trichostrongylus spp. was not usually followed by resistance to the development of the superimposed larvae. The injection into the rumen of heat-killed larvae of H. contortus did not have the same effect as the oral administration of live larvae. Efforts to protect sheep against infestation with either H. contortus or Trichostrongylus spp. by means of vaccines prepared from ground, infective larvae were unsuccessful. Evidence was obtained that the artificial stimulation of antibodies, by means of intravenous injections of formalinized, ground larvae, influenced the course of existing infestations with H. contortus.
An interpretation of the soil formations found on Basalt in the Richmond-Tweed region of New South Wales
Authors: Hallsworth EG
Published: November 2004

Investigations of the basaltic soils of the north coast of New South Wales suggest that the different soils developed are due mainly to differential leaching under the influence of the present climatic conditions. The district falls naturally into three areas, a less leached area of chernozem and chocolate soils, a highly leached area of krasnozems, and a narrow transition belt between the two. At a few localities in the transition and chernozem / chocolate areas, krasnozems are found in positions where they would not be expected from the general pattern. These appear to be fossil in character and to have originated by weathering of earlier basalt flows during mid to late Tertiary time.
Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the South-west of Western Australia. III. The effect of sulphur on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)
Authors: Rossiter RC
Published: November 2004

Sulphur applied as calcium sulphate or sodium sulphate significantly increased the growth of subterranean clover on a number of sandy soils in pot culture and also on a gravelly sand under field conditions at Kojonup. In the field trial a significant response was also obtained in the volunteer annual, capeweed.Total sulphur in the tops of both clover and capeweed was markedly increased by sulphur application; the lowest values were observed in one of the pot-culture trials, where deficiency symptoms were most prominent. Some reasons are suggested for the earlier appearance of deficiency symptoms in the field trial, where the deficiency was less severe than in the pot-culture experiments.
Observations on the bionomics of the sheep body louse (Damalinia ovisM)
Authors: Scott MT
Published: November 2004

Experimental observations are recorded on the bionomics of Damalinia ovis on the sheep and in vitro. The optimal conditions for in-vitro rearing of D. ovis are 36.5°C. and 70-90 per cent, relative humidity when a mixture of skin scurf and baker's yeast is used as food. Under these conditions the life cycle closely approximates the estimated life cycle on the sheep. The incubation period is 9-10 days; the three nymphal instars are completed in 7, 5, and 9 days respectively; the preoviposition period is approximately 3 days, making a cycle of 34 days from egg to egg. The lice and their eggs are very susceptible to changes in temperature. The areas of heaviest infestation are along the mid-dorsal line and down the sides of the sheep. Individual sheep differ considerably in their susceptibility to artificial and to natural infestations. Sheep in poor condition tend to have the heaviest infestations, which are retained throughout the year. There is a pronounced seasonal fluctuation in populations of D. ovis, the heaviest infestation occurring in the period from June to September.
The selection of spotted-wilt resistant phenotypes in the potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Hutton EM , Peak AR
Published: November 2004

Spotted-wilt-resistant and susceptible phenotypes among potato varieties and hybrids are not determined satisfactorily by hand-inoculation of leaves, but can be selected by stem-tip inoculation of vigorously growing plants at the flowering stage with a strain mixture of the virus. This glasshouse method gives a better differentiation than that obtained in field epidemics. Phloroglucinol staining of infected stems indicated that spotted wilt affects the same tissues as virus Y. Studies on the movement of spotted wilt have shown that varieties like Brownell have a high degree of tolerance, and that the tip blight and necrotic strains of a mixture take part in the early stages of systemic infection in susceptible varieties. A high percentage of the hybrids bred by the authors were resistant to spotted wilt.
The effect of grazing on a perennial veldt grass, subterranean clover pasture
Authors: Rossiter RC
Published: November 2004

The results of a grazing trial with Merino wether sheep on perennial veldt grass with subterranean clover are presented. During the four years 1944-45 to 1947-48 total pasture production under continuous grazing was almost identical with that under rotational grazing (one week's grazing followed by five weeks' rest). No consistent treatment differences were observed in sheep body-weight trends. In each year the weights increased during the growing season, remained stationary during early summer, and declined in late summer. The contribution of the perennial grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm.) declined rapidly with time, though more so under continuous grazing. This was associated with an increase in the proportion of subterranean clover in the sward. The lack of persistence of Ehrharta calycina is attributed to selective grazing, together with susceptibility to drastic defoliation. Alternative schemes for the use of this grass, involving restricted winter grazing, are suggested.
A study of heat tolerance of grade Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cows during early lactation.
Authors: Robinson KW , Klemm GH
Published: November 2004

Four grade Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cows, aged 3 years, were exposed for 7 hr. twice a week to each of several atmospheres having dry-bulb temperatures ranging from 86° to 108.5°F. and absolute humidities ranging from 8 to 16 g./cu. ft. The following reactions were studied: rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, evaporative loss, skin temperature, and behaviour. Average 9 a.m. ante-room rectal temperature reading was 101.5 ± 1.29°F. Dry-bulb temperatures of 95°F. and above caused a noticeable rise in rectal temperature and rise in body temperature paralleled rise in humidity. Humidity had a greater effect on the animal than dry-bulb temperature. Pulse rate was essentially unaffected by rise in temperature. Environmental conditions markedly influenced respiratory rate. On exposure to heat, the rate increased considerably before any rise in rectal temperature was apparent. When dry-bulb temperature increased, there was a parallel rise of evaporative loss with rise in respiratory rate. Humidity had little effect on water loss. Comparisons of the reactions of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cows were made with four Jersey cows of similar age and lactation, exposed to atmospheric conditions similar to those observed by Riek and Lee two years previously.

The following points were brought out: (i) The heat tolerance is greater in Jerseys with all combinations of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures. (ii) There is no significant change in pulse rate with breed.

(iii) Respiratory rates are similar in the two breeds until the highest temperatures are reached, when that of the Illawarra Shorthorn increases above that of the Jersey.

(iv) A greater increase in water loss occurs in the Jersey.

(v) There is a larger body temperature-skin temperature gradient in the IIIawarra Shorthorn.
Resistance of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)) to Benzene Hexachloride.
Authors: Hitchcock LF
Published: November 2004

A strain of the cattle tick from central Queensland shows a degree of resistance to BHC which makes it impossible to control under ordinary dipping routine with the recommended concentration of 500 parts per million gamma- BHC. Laboratory tests showed that the concentration of gamma-BHC required to prevent deposition of viable eggs by 50 per cent. of females of this strain was 185 times higher than the corresponding value for female ticks of a strain which had never been treated with BHC. A similar difference in degree of resistance between larvae of the two strains was also demonstrated by laboratory toxicity tests, although in absolute terms the tolerance of larvae was much lower than that of engorged females. The BHC-resistant strain was also found to exhibit a tolerance to other acaricides.
Studies in soil fertility with special reference to organic manures. I. The field experiments.
Authors: Spencer K
Published: November 2004

The results for five field experiments with organic manures on three related soil types of the grey and brown soils group are reported. Four experiments were with irrigated summer crops and the fifth was a spring crop with supplemental irrigation. Pea trash and rice hulls were the main organic manures used, but chaffed lucerne and rice straw were also used in one of the experiments. Seedling emergence was delayed and reduced by rice straw when only one month was allowed for decomposition, but these effects were absent following three months of decomposition. Rice straw and rice hulls both induced more or less transitory symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in the absence of added nitrogen. Except in one experiment with pea trash on a near-virgin soil, pea trash, chaffed lucerne, and rice hulls all gave highly significant yield increases. Rice straw also gave yield increases when three months were allowed for decomposition. From an examination of the patterns of response in these experiments, together with data for soil water, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus, it is concluded that phosphorus nutrition may be a dominant factor in yield determination, especially with rice hulls, and that nitrogen nutrition exerts a strong modifying influence in some circumstances. Hypotheses concerning the mineralization and biological fixation of nitrogen and phosphorus are discussed, but seem inapplicable to the specific conditions of these experiments. The origin of the additional phosphorus made available in the soil by organic manures with low content of that element emerges as a significant problem calling for solution. Current hypotheses on this point are considered, but it is contended that far more information than is usually obtainable from field experiments would be required to decide which of a number of possible mechanisms plays a significant role in the release or maintenance of this phosphorus.
Factors influencing the development of bacterial blight of peas.
Authors: Wark DC
Published: November 2004

Garden peas commonly carry a nucleus of plants with bacterial blight (Pseudomonas pisi Sackett) in a masked form. When such plants were exposed to low temperature, either by natural frosting or by dipping the tops of the plants in cold liquids, the number of bacteria in the tissues increased rapidly and typical symptoms of the disease occurred in a few days. Soil type and soil moisture content also influenced the development of the disease, which was more marked in peas grown on a red loam from the Dickson Experiment Station than in peas grown on a prepared potting soil. Disease symptoms developed more rapidly a t high soil moisture content than at lower soil moisture content, following exposure to high atmospheric humidity.
The nutrient status and cultivation practices of the soils of the North-West wheat belt of NSW.
Authors: Hallsworth EG , Gibbons FR , Lemerle TH
Published: November 2004

A study has been made of the nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphate, and pH levels of the wheat soils of north-western New South Wales, and the cultivation practices adopted. They are found generally to be high in both total and available phosphate, and particularly high figures for available phosphate, over 1000 p.p.m., were found in limited areas. The nitrogen levels of the virgin chernozemic soils are distinctly higher than those of the red-brown earths and red solodic soils, but soils of all groups show a decline with cultivation, which is most rapid in the first 10 years. The introduction of periods under lucerne raises the nitrogen level, but the wheat/grazed fallow or wheat/grazing oats appear to cause the same nitrogen losses as are encountered under continuous wheat, in spite of the prevalence of stubble burning which inevitably accompanies this practice. The average yields of wheat on the chernozemic soils are distinctly higher than those obtained on the red-brown earths and red solodic soils, on some of which nitrogen appears to be limiting.