bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of flows and impact on the budget in the Republic of Moldova: a detailed analysis
Authors: Iordachi Victoria , Calpajiu Pavel
Published: April 2024

The recovery of financial flows and the impact on the budget are crucial aspects for the economic development and stability of the Republic of Moldova. In this article, we will explore this issue in detail, analyzing the key factors that influence financial flows and how they are reflected in the national budget. The connection between financial flows and the national budget is fundamental. Fiscal revenues, fees and taxes collected from these flows are an important source of government funding. It is therefore essential to understand how changes in these flows can affect the government's ability to finance public projects and support essential public spending such as education, health and infrastructure. By exploring the relationships between these flows and the national budget, the research reveals the sources of income generated by the flows and how they shape public spending and government projects. Comprehensive analysis of current trends and short- and long-term projections provides insight into how economic, legislative and political changes may influence financial flows. In addition, government measures and policies adopted to encourage positive financial flows are examined, along with relevant case studies to illustrate successful strategies. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of the efficient management of financial flows for the sustainable growth of the national budget and for the economic development of the Republic of Moldova. With a deep analysis of the factors involved and the policies applied, we can help ensure a more stable and prosperous economic future for this country. It is essential that all stakeholders work together to achieve this goal and build a better future for the Republic of Moldova.
Deficit sau sfârșit de expertiză în planificarea și evaluarea programelor publice sociale?
Authors: Arpinte Daniel
Published: April 2024

The paper is based on the observation of an unequal practice in Romania on how are designed and evaluated the public social programs aiming at supporting social disadvantaged groups, which implies a negative impact on the relevance and the efficiency of these programs. Although the evaluation culture was intensively promoted during Romania pre-accession to the EU, particularly during 2001 – 2006 (Toderaș & Iacob, 2020), the evaluation practice shows a significant decline in the area of public social programs, except those funded by external grants. Whether the ex-ante assessments are still done (although their quality largely vary due to the availability of the funds needed to conduct these evaluations), the ongoing or impact evaluations funded by the public authorities are almost inexistent. Most of the current public social programs (e.g. the supply of monetary benefits based on means-testing, the nutritional programs for schoolchildren, the public social assistance services) have not ever been evaluated or their evaluations were inconsistent or focused only on specific aspects. Two study cases will illustrate this process, respectively the minimum guaranteed income and the nutritional program for schoolchildren, both previously documented. The analysis will identify how the legislative process has impacted the running of these programs, and will look on the available assessments and studies related to these programs in order to identify the patterns of the assessments which feed the major decisions related to the social programs.
Human capital use and job evolution in the transition to a new socioeconomic reality
Authors: Huk Larysa
Published: April 2024

The importance of the topic. Crisis periods of economic development are characterized by stagnation, growing inequality, social instability and loss of human capital. Improving the living standards of the population and protecting it from possible risks arising from instability in the financial and economic or socio-political situation is an urgent task of public policy for the government. The priorities of short-term and long-term transformation of the labour market are analyzed to determine the direction of effective development. The article discusses the evolution of jobs and employment conditions in the new socioeconomic reality. New risks are on the agenda today. One of the most important challenges has been the reduction of employment or its transformation. Opening up new ideas and expanding employment opportunities are relevant levers in the adaptation strategies of employers and employees. Strategic imperatives for the development of all labour market actors in conditions of instability should include the issue of choosing the optimal models of human capital. In these conditions, the issues related to the need to respond flexibly to turbulence of both social and economic nature become particularly relevant. Purpose: To outline the strategic directions of selecting models of human capital use in the conditions of labour market crisis in the transition to a new socio-economic reality. Research methods: system analysis, factor and comparative analysis, structural and functional analysis, method of statistical groupings, hierarchy analysis, expert evaluations and other methods. Results: Measures that can be taken by public authorities for a more effective use of human capital in the formation of socioeconomic policy in the crisis of instability are proposed.
Social protection in case of unemployment: modern world practices
Authors: Perehudova Tatiana
Published: April 2024

The publication is dedicated to considering the features of social policy and mechanisms of social protection in the event of unemployment in the developed countries of the world, which have undergone changes as a result of the slowdown in economic growth and the strengthening of the influence of institutional factors. The consequences of the liberalization of reforms in the labour market are studied, with the identification of priorities for the institutionalization of national social policy, especially in the case of unemployment. In connection with the extractive nature of the national labour market in Ukraine, inclusive development with an emphasis on the formation of an inclusive employment policy and social protection of the population is of particular importance. This approach corresponds to modern world concepts of economic development and is relevant in connection with the further search for ways to restore the economy and the social sphere after military operations. The author's approach to overcoming the problems of unemployment and informal employment consists in expanding the coverage of the population by social protection with the development of stimulating the exit from the state of the beneficiary, which consists in reducing the barriers of social and labour inclusion of women, single parents, young people, persons with disabilities, transition from informal employment to formal, increased dependence between employment and access to social benefits.
Legal strategies and policy recommendations for closing the gender pay gap in Moldova
Authors: Robu Mariana
Published: April 2024

The gender pay gap is a significant issue in the country, with women earning significantly less than men for the same roles and qualifications. The purpose of this paper is to provide legal strategies and policy recommendations that can help close the gender pay gap in the Republic of Moldova. This paper will employ a qualitative research methodology, which involves the use of primary and secondary sources to gather data and information on the gender pay gap in the Republic of Moldova. The research will involve gathering data from official sources such as existing policy documents, media reports, and scholarly articles. This data will be used to analyze the current state of the gender pay gap and to formulate legal strategies and policy recommendations for closing it. According to a recent report by the World Economic Forum, Moldova ranks 59th out of 153 countries in terms of gender equality, with a significant gender pay gap still present in the country. Women in Moldova earn only 76% of their male counterparts’ salaries. This is indicative of the structural, economic and social inequalities present in Republic of Moldova which have resulted in the significant gender pay disparity. In order to close the gap, a number of initiatives need to be taken, including legislation that strengthens measures against gender discrimination, increased and improved access to education, greater representation of women in business and policy-making, and improved access to child care and flexible working arrangements for women.
Characteristics of traveling ionospheric disturbances from incoherent scatter data
Authors: Panasenko S. , Aksonova K. , Kotov D.
Published: April 2024

This monograph describes the results of detection of traveling ionospheric disturbances and their parameters estimation based on long-term observations using Kharkiv incoherent scatter radar. For a couple of events, the data of other incoherent scatter radars were employed for comparative analysis. The book reports the results of traveling ionospheric disturbance observations during high energy natural and artificial sources. The book will be useful for scientific researchers, lecturers, PhD and undergraduate students working and studying in the field of electrical and electronic engineering, space and planetary science, atmospheric science, statistical and nonlinear physics, and geophysics.
Distributed Joint Observation and Transmission Planning Method for Multiple Agile Satellites in Mega Constellation Networks
Authors: Guo Ningxuan , Wang Yuqi , Li Yufei , Liu Liang , Gong Yupeng , Wang Ningyuan , Li Anshou , Liu Dan , Zhong Xiaoqing
Published: April 2024

With the improvement of satellites’ maneuverability, agile earth
observation satellites (AEOSs) can pitch and roll themselves to observe
targets with longer visible time window (VTW), which enables more
targets to be observed while bringing greater uncertainties of mission
planning and more conflicts of resources. Meanwhile, mega constellation
networks (MCNs) provide powerful tools to transmit massive observation
data. In MCNs, AEOSs can observe targets agilely and access
communication satellites (CSs) by inter-satellite links (ISLs) to
offload data. Based on this architecture, we propose a Distributed Joint
Observation and Transmission Planning method for Multiple AEOSs
(MA-DJOTP). This method uses a targets allocation strategy, a CS
allocation model, and a targets reallocation strategy to transform the
multi-AEOS problem into several single-AEOS subproblems. The Single-AEOS
Joint Observation and Transmission Planning (SA-JOTP) model is
formulated as a Mixed Integer Quadratic Constraint Programming (MIQCP)
problem based on a mission-based time slot division method, which can
help simplify the observation time determination and ISL handover
modeling. The SA-JOTP model can realize both the benefit maximization
and the transmission delay minimization based on practical constraints
of mission transition time, laser ISLs’ characteristics, and limited
onboard resources. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed MA-DJOTP
algorithm in MCNs with 720 CSs and 3, 16, 36, 360 AEOSs. The results
show that the proposed algorithm can obtain a solution very close to the
global optimum of the centralized method and is applicable in MCNs with
hundreds of satellites.
Semantic Stealth: Adversarial Text Attacks on NLP using Several Methods
Authors: Sen Jaydip , Dey Roopkatha , Debnath Aivy , Dutta Sayak Kumar , Ghosh Kaustav , Mitra Arijit , Roychowdhury Arghya
Published: April 2024

In various real-world applications such as machine translation,
sentiment analysis, and question answering, a pivotal role is played by
NLP models, facilitating efficient communication and decision-making
processes in domains ranging from healthcare to finance. However, a
significant challenge is posed to the robustness of these natural
language processing models by text adversarial attacks. These attacks
involve the deliberate manipulation of input text to mislead the
predictions of the model while maintaining human interpretability.
Despite the remarkable performance achieved by state-of-the-art models
like BERT in various natural language processing tasks, they are found
to remain vulnerable to adversarial perturbations in the input text. In
addressing the vulnerability of text classifiers to adversarial attacks,
three distinct attack mechanisms are explored in this paper using the
victim model BERT: BERT-on-BERT attack, PWWS attack, and Fraud Bargain’s
Attack (FBA). Leveraging the IMDB, AG News, and SST2 datasets, a
thorough comparative analysis is conducted to assess the effectiveness
of these attacks on the BERT classifier model. It is revealed by the
analysis that PWWS emerges as the most potent adversary, consistently
outperforming other methods across multiple evaluation scenarios,
thereby emphasizing its efficacy in generating adversarial examples for
text classification. Through comprehensive experimentation, the
performance of these attacks is assessed, and the findings indicate that
the PWWS attack outperforms others, demonstrating lower runtime, higher
accuracy, and favorable semantic similarity scores. The key insight of
this paper lies in the assessment of the relative performances of three
prevalent state-of-the-art attack mechanisms.
Lavoro individuale, lavoro sociale, nuovo senso del lavoro. Teologie del lavoro e cultura economica
Authors: Mari Giovanni
Published: April 2024

The introduction proposes an interpretation of the ideas of work of our civilization that problematizes the question of the sociality of work. Remembering that for Karl Marx the novelty of the capitalist mode of production consists in the organization of a large number of workers under the "despotic" command of capital, that is, in the organization of an "collective worker" (Gesamtarbeiter), and that this sociality is abstract because it leads to cooperate abstract work ("work force") and not autonomous persons, the author poses the problem of the conditions that can transform this abstract sociality into a concrete sociality capable of contributing to the quality of work and having a weight in the overall organization of the company.
Il lavoro in Senofonte tra tradizione e innovazione
Authors: Roscalla Fabio
Published: April 2024

The article traces a brief profile of Xenophon's influence in the History of Economic Thought, in particular in Marx's labour theory. Some passages from Xenophon’s works are presented, from which the idea of an embryonic division of labour emerges, as well as the proposal to free citizens to carry out manual activities in order to face the economic hardship following the Peloponnesian War. In this perspective manual tasks as well are not to be seen as unworthy of a free man.
Hannah Arendt: l’impossibile redenzione del lavoro
Authors: Andolfi Ferruccio
Published: April 2024

The paper is essentially based on two writings by Hannah Arendt: Marx and the tradition of Western political thought and Vita activa. In her confrontation with Marx, the author denounces the ambiguity of the glorification of labour and rejects the idea that absolute domination of necessity may well be lost. In the analysis of the different forms of operating Arendt persists in a characterization of work as a low level of existence because it pertains to the body, needs, the simple preservation of individual life. In this way the feeling of a mutual curlency of labour, work and action is lost. At the bottom of the labour society, Arendt finds marked attention to the happiness of the unhappy people, who would be at the origin of dangerous revolutionary excesses.
Georgescu-Roegen, entropia, lavoro, miti
Authors: Cecchi Renato
Published: April 2024

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen was born in Constanța (Romania) in 1906. He was Professor of Economics at the University of Nashville (Tennessee, USA). He died in 1994 in the US. He held that economic calculations should include nature because matter and energy form part of the economic and productive process in a state of low entropy and leave it as high entropy. Because entropy is irreversibly increasing, no natural resource – not even free solar energy – can be considered a ‘fund’. Only matter-energy is a fund, in the strict sense of the term, that is, in a relativistic relation in which matter can transform itself into energy and vice versa. He believed that only work creates value and that those who have worked have been doubly industrious, given that they used their intellect and not only their muscles and energy.
Ágnes Heller. Il lavoro come espressione di libera individualità
Authors: Franco Vittoria
Published: April 2024

Heller focuses the issue work in the 60s and 70s, mainly in three different contexts: everyday life, radical needs, the critique of Lukács’s Ontology of social being, in which “work” is presented as a model for social praxis. At the time she still used Marxian categories – no matter how unorthodox her analysis - and looked at a non-alienated society, believing in the possibility of communism. Only after she emigrated to Australia (1977) she abandoned Marxism to embrace a kind of Kierkegaardian existentialism. She maintains that work is a vital need for man, necessary to reproduce his free individuality. Later, following Marx, she developed a theory of radical needs, in which the human goal is to achieve new qualitative needs outside work time, in the disposable time. But Heller does not fail to also highlight some deficiencies and inconsistencies of the Marxian analysis on the subject.
La lunga storia del Capitale Umano dall’origine alle non cognitive skills
Authors: Vittadini Giorgio
Published: April 2024

The paper traces the history of Human Capital from the earliest definitions of classical economists and the Retrospective and Prospective estimation methods . Its conception is gradually refined by giving reasons for personal and collective variability among different individuals. The Chicago School's introduction of the link between the investment in Education and Training and their remuneration represents an early milestone in this regard. Reference to the Quality of Education and personal Cognitive Skills further refines the theoretical and quantitative analysis. More recently, Heckman's introduction of the concept of Non cognitive Skills and the demonstration of their functional, empirically verifiable link with Cognitive Skills opens a new horizon of enormous scope to research.
L’atto del lavoro secondo Robert Heilbroner
Authors: Mari Giovanni
Published: April 2024

In The Act of Work (1984) Heilbroner argues that work expresses subordination and its opposite, freedom. Work cannot be described solely in terms of objectively defined tasks, but of subordinately completed tasks. With modern capitalism, the formal freedom not to work is introduced, and it is the end of work based on force. With the development of industrial society, the blackmail of hunger also disappears, because in our society no one is condemned to die of hunger. Therefore capitalism raises the problem of the motivation of work that makes it desirable even though it is no longer essential for life. In this regard Heilbroner lists five main motivations. But if in capitalism it is possible to work with a certain degree of freedom and self-realization, Heilbroner raises the question of whether a a society without work and effortlessly subjugated is conceivable.
Lavoro emotivo, lavoro emozionale e strutture sociali nel contributo di Arlie Hochschild
Authors: Pratesi Alessandro
Published: April 2024

Within the field of the sociology of work, Hochschild’s concept of emotional labor is considered one of the author’s most relevant and enduring contributions. For Hochschild, the expression and management of emotion are social processes. What people feel and express depend on societal norms, one’s social category and position, and cultural fac¬tors. Emotional expression and management are learned largely in the private sphere at first and later through participation in more public realms. In this contribution, we first clarify the concepts of emotional labor and emotion work; then we illustrate how these concepts represent a key element to understand gender structures and visualize the relationship between micro- and macro- dimensions; finally, we highlight the contemporary relevance of Hochschild's theorisations.
Divenire attori del proprio sviluppo. Il lavoro nel pensiero di A. Sen
Authors: Mocellin Silva
Published: April 2024

Sen’s conception of work is closely connected to his theory of development which must/should be understood/meant not only in terms of economic growth, but also as the promotion of human progress and people’s living conditions. Human work is both an important functioning for personal realization and a fundamental means for acquiring greater capabilities and the capacity of agency, that allow to increase the space of life choices. Therefore unemployment as well as an economic problem is an offense to human dignity and an impoverishment of the social facet of life. Then we need policies that promove the whole spectrum of human capabilities: the reference object must be the empowerment of the worker rather than a particular workplace, according to a positive view of work.
Martha Nussbaum
Authors: Donatelli Piergiorgio
Published: April 2024

The entry offers a brief examination of Martha Nussbaum’s conception of work. Work is included in the list of human capabilities which describe her view of human development. It is important both in itself and in its connection to other capabilities such as practical reason and affiliation. In her perspective, what is valued is the freedom to exercise one’s personality in the sphere of work, it is not the functioning of work which is however the sort of value that has been treasured in many ethical and social traditions, from Christianity to socialism.
Il lavoro di cura alla base della riproduzione della società. La prospettiva critica femminista di Nancy Fraser
Authors: Fazio Giorgio
Published: April 2024

Critical feminist reflection has made a fundamental contribution in recent decades to rethinking the meaning and value of work. Within the framework of this discussion, Nancy Fraser's research has come to acquire a prominent role. The article reconstructs how this fact must be connected to the specificity of her way of practicing social critique. On the one hand Fraser reworked the insights of Marxist feminism; on the other hand, she integrated them with the demands of cultural feminism of difference. Proceeding along this path she has come to outline a two-dimensional approach to the problem of gender injustice, based on the integration of the paradigm of redistribution with that of recognition. The article then turns to her latest research, centered on her critical theory of capitalism.
Le relazioni del lavoro in Virgilio
Authors: Maticic Del A.
Published: April 2024

This essay draws on ecocriticism to explore the concept of labor in Vergil's works as a connective force linking humans and nonhumans together.
Oltre il taylorismo-fordismo, il toyotismo e il capitale: senza nostalgia
Authors: Antunes Ricardo
Published: April 2024

Taylorism-fordism as a labour process consolidated in the 20thcentury. It is based in mass production and more homogeneous products; in control of timing and movements with the chronometer and serial production; in a strong separation between conception and execution in the labour process; and in the making of the mass-worker. Differently, Toyotism is based on a flexible production process, in which one worker operates several machines (the “polyvalence” or “multifunctional” labour) – a change that had vast consequences to the working class. Capitalism, in any of its variations, is incapable of eliminating alienation: while in Taylorism-fordism this alienation has a more despotic form, in Toyotism it becomes more internalized by the approach of manipulatory involvement.
Il lavoro come storia. Il contributo marxista di Antonio Labriola
Authors: Basile Luca
Published: April 2024

The script addresses the role of the theme of work in Labriola's thought, and attempts to demonstrate how this can be assumed as the key to all of his Marxist reflection.  "Self-government of work", construction of an "artificial ground" thanks to working praxis, primacy of praxis itself: these are the conceptual passages that attest this centrality.  The text tries to account for this in their development.
Attraente, piacevole e senza pena: la concezione del lavoro in Camillo Berneri
Authors: Montali Edmondo , Gambilonghi Mattia
Published: April 2024

Within the international anarchist movement, the figure of Berneri presents several elements of originality. His anti-dogmatism and his critique of 19th-century positivist epistemology, with its totalising macro-categories, are translated into Berneri's theoretical battle for the affirmation of the individual and his subjective dimension in History. In his historical reconstruction, work loses its connotation as a biblical 'punishment', becoming a vehicle for the affirmation of personality. In the context of Berneri's revisionism, therefore, free and self-determined labour is the translation onto the plane of social organisation of this anti-determinist tension through which the Italian anarchist attempted to reconcile a probabilistic epistemology with a political praxis open to the most radical experimentalism.
L’idea di lavoro nella Costituzione italiana
Authors: Zoppoli Lorenzo
Published: April 2024

The author reconstructs the concept of work in the Constitutional system as concretely implemented to date, starting from the fundamental principles and rules on socio-economic relations as read by jurisprudence, especially constitutional, and scholars. The author argues that Italian Constitution distinguishes between “organized or organizable work” and “organizing work”: the first is accompanied above all by rights, the second by limits and duties. Basically, in the Italian Constitution work, whose freedom is guaranteed, is designed as an individual and collective necessity: and this creates tensions with the work ethic emerging in the age of the infosphere.
La cultura sindacale e del lavoro della CISL: tratti originari, peculiarità e successivi sviluppi
Authors: Lauria Francesco
Published: April 2024

The aim of this essay, far from any ambition to be exhaustive, is to recall the path of construction and evolution of an autonomous trade union and labour culture, within Italian trade union pluralism, such as that which gave rise to the CISL (Confederazione Italiana Sindacati Lavoratori). The text starts from the early 1950s and traces some fundamental and evolutionary aspects of this confederation. The text recalls the characterising ideas and founding values of the union founded by Giulio Pastore and analyses how these aspects were gradually translated into concrete representation and protection of workers through contractual, organisational and training dimensions.
Italo Calvino
Authors: Falaschi Giovanni
Published: April 2024

This essay considers Calvino’s work as a journalist, editor and writer. It also studies various figures of workers in the writer’s works, first of all the factory worker. And finally the ideological debate on the working class in the age of neo-capitalism.
Lavoro e salute dei lavoratori in Italia
Authors: Carnevale Francesco
Published: April 2024

The following is a long-term excursus on the health of workers and therefore also on the characters who in the various periods animated the special technical-scientific branches known as occupational hygiene, industrial hygiene and occupational medicine in Italy. On the other hand, it will be mentioned how the people directly involved, that is the workers, their supporters and their own organizations, have lived and influenced the events concerning the work-health system. The aim is to highlight not only or not so much the working conditions and suffering, damage and pathologies that have characterized the various generations of Italian workers as well as the "ideas" of work expressed over time by the actors in the field, such as these have been accepted in the laws, regulations and prevailing standards and how these have been able, gradually but in a never homogeneous and definitive way, to affirm the tendency to carry out a "healthy", "satisfactory" work and also to propose the smart factory.
Bruno Trentin: nel lavoro la libertà viene prima
Authors: Mari Giovanni
Published: April 2024

Bruno Trentin's theoretical research represents, together with Antonio Gramsci's Notebooks, the most original and important contribution to the culture of the Italian left of the twentieth century. Positioning himself from the point of view of the subordinate worker, he notes that this condition of hetero-direction shapes the entire structure of modern society, deforming its citizenship, and that this condition can only be overcome by setting in motion a process of individual and collective emancipation based on conquest of forms of freedom at work. The transformations that work undergoes after the crisis of Fordism, and the new intertwining of work and knowledge, favor this growth of freedom and creativity in work and re-propose the person in work, previously denied by Taylorism, as the central issue of democratic development.
Donne lavoratrici nell’antichità
Authors: Fermani Arianna
Published: April 2024

The paper examines some "scenarios" or theoretical frames of reference, within which there are very different - if not even opposite - readings of the nexus between ἔργον and γυνή. After some remarks of a methodological nature, concerning the scarcity of sources and the need to take into account, on the one hand, a very complex and stratified socio-economic framework and. on the other hand, a general idealization of female work, the contribution unfolds along the following areas of reflection: the home as the perimeter of women's work; the general disdain for women's work vs the appreciation of the intelligence and the industriousness of working women; the work as a remedy for female idleness.
Lavoro, impresa e globalizzazione nell’opera di Luciano Gallino
Authors: Ceri Paolo
Published: April 2024

Luciano Gallino’s sociology is centered on three problems: modernization, technological innovation, and the quality of work. Gallino’s sixty-year of writings three phases can be discerned. In the first phase the investigations concern the possibilities of improving the quality of work. In the second phase the main object of analysis is the process of modernization, especially the relationship between the formal and informal dimensions of the economy, with special regard to cases of double jobs, work flexibility and job insecurity. In the third phase, from the late Nineties to 2015, Gallino broadens his perspective to include the analysis of processes of globalization at organizational and ideological levels. The investigation focuses on the one hand on the characteristics and consequences of the financialization of the economy and, on the other, on the de-responsibility of the business company.
Massimo D’Antona e l’idea di soggetto nel diritto del lavoro
Authors: Caruso Bruno
Published: April 2024

The essay constitutes a reflection/comparison with Massimo D'Antona's ideas on the subject and labour law, starting from the reflections of the great jurist - presented in three essays, published in the last century - on individual autonomy and the contract. After having retraced and reconstructed D'Antona's path, noting the originality and predictive scope of his theses, the author tries to dialogue with D'Antona on the current perspectives of the subject and the centrality of the person in labour law. Some hypotheses are formulated on the subject of labour law, which today should be declined in the plural, including not only the subordinate worker, but workers in all "forms" (art. 35 of the Constitution) and among these also the entrepreneur. With regard to the company and its law, the author hopes for a dialogue with labour law, and a regulatory integration between the two regulatory systems under the banner of the paradigm of sustainability.
Il diritto del lavoro e il lavoro post-fordista
Authors: Del Punta Riccardo
Published: April 2024

The article wonders if and how Italian labour law has reacted to the post-fordist transformations. The original identification between labour law and fordism will be firstly addressed. The main changes brought by post-fordism will be then examined. This will lead the author to ask himself on the difficult reception of post-fordism in Italian labour law discourse. The provocative analysis of the crisis of fordism, as developed by Bruno Trentin, will be then taken into consideration. The article will be closed by some conclusive remarks.
Il lavoro flessibile nelle transizioni ecologica e digitale
Authors: Treu Tiziano
Published: April 2024

The paper analyses the application of the European and Italian policies of flexibility and flexicurity, showing their inadequacy to guarantee a just balance between the firms need of flexibility and the stability of employment. It examines the change of policy adopted with the NGEU finalised to promote a just transition to sustainable development and employment.
It argues that the success of this transition requires an innovative approach in economic and labor policies: in particular more investments in continuous training for reskilling and upskilling workers affected by the transitions, support for the relocation of the same workers ,effective use of the NGEU funds to promote employment, particularly of women and youngsters, selective universalism in labor and welfare provisions with the aim of fighting inequality, precariousness and the fragmentation of work.
Organizzazione 5.0 e una nuova idea di lavoro
Authors: Butera Federico
Published: April 2024

Too many critical phenomena affect the Italian world of work: high youth and female unemployment, increasing of working poor, professional and territorial polarization, mismatch between supply and demand of work, 2 and a half million NEETs, increase of degraded jobs, demotivation at work, tertiary education at the bottom of European rankings. This article maintains that the structural origin of these phenomena is the poverty the work itself and inadequacy of most the professional systems in industry, services and public administration. This has a negative impact on the efficiency and effectiveness, innovativeness of the products and services offered together with a declining quality of working life, limited opportunities to get better jobs, increasing scarce motivation. A public policy and programs of redesign of jobs within organizations is proposed aiming at a professionalization of everyone. Professionalization means the increase value of roles and professions and of related skills at every level: quality and decent works that create value in the economy and in society and that strengthen dignity, social recognition, rights of every worker, both the self-employed and the "subordinate" ones.
Piattaforme di lavoro (e di lotta)
Authors: Staglianò Riccardo
Published: April 2024

What are the platforms that intermediate work? And how is it that the maximum in technology is often matched by the minimum in rights? Born not coincidentally after the Great Recession of 2007/2008, the gig economy deludes workers of an autonomy in name only. With the worker not only bearing most of the business risks but also being relentlessly clocked by the algorithm that replaces the manager. An economy where only healthy young people can endure. With the added aggravation of always having to smile to earn a good rating from the end customer. The good news is that things, at least in terms of laws, are changing. In the United States as well as in Europe.
Le donne e il lavoro. Casa versus lavoro
Authors: Burchi Sandra
Published: April 2024

If talking about women's work in relation to employment issues and in a statistical way confronts us with problems, inequalities, long-term discrimination, something that seems to have never changed, a look that follows the evolution of the dilemma versus work makes us more aware of the multiplicity of phenomena and changes that have originated from its deconstruction, both in a vindictive sense and in the direction of a different recognition. We have seen, following Joan Scott, that the discursive construction of "the working woman" has carried with it and at the same time has produced the categories and motivations for the legitimacy of an inevitable difficulty on the part of women to fit fully into the world of work. By following this discursive construction through the fields of tension opened up in the field of feminist studies and politics in two specific periods of the movement's history, we have tried to highlight the positive outcomes of processes of renaming the experience of work and of working.
La trasformazione del ‘tempo libero’ in ozio
Authors: Mari Giovanni
Published: April 2024

When we talk about leisure we bring into play, at least implicitly, five dimensions or times of a person's life: work, play, rest, "free time" and, indeed, leisure. This text seeks to introduce clarity into these distinctions starting from the transformations introduced by the end of Fordism and the re-proposition of the person in work activities. These transformations coagulate in the crisis of the idea of "free time" and in the request for a new idea of leisure. Which, beyond the extraneousness and the contrast between leisure and work, between work and contemplation, represents the transformation of "free time" into an experience of leisure interconnected with work which opens the non-work time to the creativity required in work, in a circularity between two active times that does not deny their competition for the growth of the person, nor their distinction.
Marta e Maria. Prospettive di genere su lavoro e ozio nella tradizione del primo cristianesimo
Authors: Dell'Isola Maria
Published: April 2024

The present paper attempts to analyze the relevance of work in early Christianity by adopting a gender perspective. The New Testament episode of Martha and Mary (Lk 10:38-42) will be used as a privileged case study to emphasize the connection between work and idleness against the wider theoretical background of the temporally oriented economic structure of ancient society. The episode of Martha and Mary, with its emphasis on domestic work is a highly representative case in this regard. By focusing on the nexus between temporality, economy and working activity, an attempt will therefore be made to frame female agency within the broader framework of gender roles as they were conceived in ancient Mediterranean society.
Operosi e sabbatici. Lavoro e non-lavoro negli scrittori cristiani antichi
Authors: Urciuoli Emiliano Rubens
Published: April 2024

This chapter focuses on a carefully selected body of representations from ancient Christian writers concerning both work and non-work (in the sense of inoperativity). Spanning almost four centuries (i.e, from Paul to Augustine), the chapter consists of two parts. The first brings together statements pertaining to six different strategies of legitimization and valorization of labor (doxic, analogical, apologetic, polemical, soteriological, apocalyptic). The second concentrates on the intrinsic limits and constraints imposed on the emergence of a Christian ideology of inoperativity.
Il lavoro dei monaci nelle regole monastiche latine (IV-IX sec.)
Authors: Alciati Roberto
Published: April 2024

In the Latin monastic rules (IV-XI centuries), manual labor is always understood as that undertaken by the monk to counteract idleness and sloth, that is, with a noneconomic purpose. Manual labor contributes to spiritual growth, but it is different from work for the sustenance of the community. The purpose of this contribution is to clarify this difference, beginning with the famous motto ora et labora (par. 1). In fact, only after this clarification is it possible to understand how the early Christian monk is above all a spiritual “inoperative,” who is explicitly precluded from those tasks that serve the livelihood of the monastery (par. 2). The only labor worthy of the name is the opus Dei (par. 3.), while others, mostly lay people, are entrusted with the task of put the community’s assets to good use (par. 4.).
Otium e otiosi nella riflessione dei teologi-giuristi della prima modernità (XVI-XVII sec.)
Authors: Brunori Luisa
Published: April 2024

Fifteenth- and seventeenth-century theologians-jurists, and in particularthe Early Modern Scholastics, are confronted with the issue of otium as a real problem, not just as an object of rhetorical speculation. They question the role of the idler within human communities where otium is made possible by an increasingly widespread financial economy (the numerous 'capitalist' investors in the new transatlantic trades are emblematic of this), but where such idleness also becomes an absolutely pressing social issue when it comes to the idleness suffered, especially in cities where large numbers of people without any occupation flow in from the countryside. Added to these problems is the issue of 'natural' idleness, which, in the eyes of observers of the time, seems to be a peculiar characteristic of the american natives.
Dalla libertà delle opere alla vocazione all’impegno diligente. Lavoro e professione in Martin Lutero
Authors: Faitini Tiziana
Published: April 2024

This chapter presents an overview of Martin Luther’s doctrine on professional activities developed in On the Freedom of a Christian, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, and some Postils. This doctrine will eventually be collected in the Augustan Confession, stating the obligation to attend diligently to one’s own Beruf (calling) and paving the way for a general principle of professional ethics. In analysing the author’s elaboration on calling, his insistence on the subjective intention of the performer is highlighted. Luther does not make any objective connection between social-economic status, moral quality, and professional competence. However, his elaboration is key to shedding light on professional activity being viewed, and lived, as the main vector of self-realization.
Lavoro, vocazione, condivisione: itinerari nel calvinismo
Authors: Spini Debora
Published: April 2024

This chapter focuses on John Calvin as well as Johannes Althusius. First of all the chapter will analyse how, in Calvin’s theology, work is not any longer conceived as the punishment for Original Sin. On the contrary, work is politically relevant: exercising one’s vocation is a way to construct social bonds based upon solidarity and responsibility, as well as a way to structure one’s self. In the same perspective, Althusius’ Politica Methodice Digesta will also be taken into consideration, focusing upon the role of collegia in constructing the social fabric of the Consociatio Symbiotica. The theme of leisure, virtually absent in Althusius’ Politica, is instead quite relevant in Calvin. The chapter will show how the Reformer considered leisure almost as a duty: a time of silence where God’s vice could be heard.
Marie-Dominique Chenu e il mondo operaio. Un teologo cattolico alle prese con la Rivoluzione industriale
Authors: Debilly Xavier
Published: April 2024

The article focusses on the Thomist theologian and medieval scholar Marie-Dominique Chenu, and discusses his theological exploration of industrial work and the working conditions of French labourers in the 1940s. His dialogue with the working-priests and his contribution to a “theology of work” show to what extent the theologian is equally far from endorsing a spiritualised vision of Christian doctrine and practice, and from overestimating the importance of work and the material conditions in view of the human development. His writings reveal a scholar committed to the novelties of his time, who calls into question both the Christian elaboration and the industrial organization of labour of his days. Despite the distance from the concrete situations of his time, his intertwining of the attention to concrete reality, the sense of justice and hope gives illuminating insights into today working conditions.
Classificazioni e paragone delle arti tra Medioevo e Rinascimento
Authors: Salvestrini Amalia
Published: April 2024

The text approaches the idea of labour in the classifications of knowledge (13th-16th c.), especially concerning liberal and mechanical arts. The authors addressed show an increased interest in manual work. The mechanical arts, in a first moment and starting from Hugh of Saint Victor are included in the cognitive ascent to God (Bonaventure) or in the theoretical philosophy as subaltern sciences (Kilwardby); in a second moment, also the «sordid and sedentary arts» are also part of a renewed educational project (Poliziano). In parallel, the valorisation of some mechanicae emerges in the dispute on the arts paragon. While certain authors aim to elevate the «drawing arts» to the liberal status (Alberti, Varchi), Leonardo da Vinci recognises painting as a leading liberal art.
La rappresentazione del lavoro nella letteratura medievale
Authors: Ughetti Luca
Published: April 2024

This study examines how translations and novellas shaped representations of work in medieval literature, particularly in 13th- and 14th-century Tuscany. Translations opened access to everyday commercial life through the lexicons of urban professions, which were often included organically in expositions of the time. The novellas, on the other hand, offered an image of working activity that was effective primarily on the connotative level, as in the case of Boccaccio’s Decameron. Representations of work evolved over time: through translations and novellas, we can see how the profession of the lavorante – the worker employed in workshops – takes on an increasing large space in 14th-century literature. To this end, attention is turned to the Florentine text of Iacopo da Varazze’s Legenda Aurea and Franco Sacchetti’s Trecento Novelle.
Tra diuturno affanno e consolazione: il tempo del non lavoro nel Basso Medioevo
Authors: Nigro Giampiero
Published: April 2024

It was the material conditions that, together with philosophical and religious thought, determined men's attitudes in their time off work and during festivals. If taking solace in life's difficulties in Boethius' thought was one of the elements that characterised attitudes within any kind of work activity, it was at the beginnings of Humanism and in the premises of the Renaissance that man began to free himself from total dependence on God and the blind fate of fortune.
Ozio, attività e lavoro nei libri De familia di Alberti
Authors: Paoli Michel
Published: April 2024

Since the Weber-Sombart debate on the birth of capitalism, Alberti's Family Books have been presented as an essential source on the origins of this movement and Alberti himself as a "pioneer of capitalism". The present text aims to show that Alberti is above all an intellectual, who certainly seeks to understand the workings of the business world, particularly in Florence, but who is not in a position to understand it to the end. Indeed, Alberti cannot accept that an individual takes risks to earn even more money when he already has a lot. Nor does he understand how wealth can be created. On the other hand, he knows how to explain very finely how an already rich person can keep his wealth. In this, at least in the De familia books, he is much more "bourgeois" than "capitalist".