bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Sensitivity Raman Spectroscopy of Supercritical Water and Methanol over a Wide Range of Density
Authors: Yasaka Yoshiro , Kubo Masahito , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Nakahara Masaru
Published: September 2007

High-sensitivity Raman vibrational spectroscopic equipment was developed to study the hydrogen-bonding structure in supercritical fluids over a wide density range. Supercritical water was investigated to the very dilute region of 0.1 MPa (3×10−4 g cm−3) at 400 °C, and the spectroscopic profile at the isolated state was observed. For comparison, supercritical methanol was also investigated, and the effect of the alkyl group on the hydrogen bonding is elucidated. For both water and methanol, the OH stretching peak shifted toward a lower frequency with an increase in the density as a result of hydrogen-bond formation. The red shift relative to the isolated value was not always proportional to the density. In the case of water at 400 °C, the shift was nonlinear over a wide density range; it was almost linearly dependent on the density between 0.6 and 0.2 g cm−3, whereas at lower densities, the dependence became steeper. For methanol, a nonlinear density dependence was similarly observed at a corresponding reduced temperature. The density dependence then became more linear at higher temperatures. The density dependence of the spectroscopic profile is interpreted in terms of the matrix of force constants affected by the formation of hydrogen bonding.
Unusual Reaction Course of Styrenes to 2-Arylethyltriphenylphosphonium Salts
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Yoshitake Koichiro , Izaki Toshiharu , Yoshida Keiko , Shioji Kosei
Published: September 2007

1-Arylethyltriphenylphosphonium bromides thermally rearranged to 2-arylethyltriphenylphosphonium bromides. Direct formation of 2-arylethylphosphonium bromides was achieved by reacting styrene, HBr, and triphenylphosphine. On the other hand, thermolysis of 1-indanyltriphenylphosphonium bromide gave indene and triphenylphosphonium bromide. From deuterium and 13C-labeled experiments, the interconversion of primary and secondary cation intermediates was suggested. No neighboring phenyl group (phenonium cation intermediate) interaction was observed.
Synthesis and Redox Properties of Crowded Triarylphosphines Carrying a Nitroxide Radical and Related Compounds
Authors: Sasaki Shigeru , Kato Kiyotoshi , Yoshifuji Masaaki
Published: September 2007

Crowded triarylphosphines carrying a nitroxide radical were synthesized to investigate intramolecular interaction between the crowded triarylphosphine redox centers and a neutral radical. A crowded triarylphosphine carrying a bromoaryl group was developed as a key synthetic intermediate. Lithiation of the (bromoaryl)phosphine, followed by reaction with 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane, afforded a crowded triarylphosphine carrying a nitroxide after aerobic oxidation. Similar procedure using isoamyl nitrite (isoamyl = 3-methylbutyl) gave nitroxide and azobenzene derivatives with two crowded triarylphosphine moieties. The azobenzene derivative was alternatively prepared by photolysis of the corresponding (azidoaryl)phosphine. EPR spectra of the nitroxide radicals showed hyperfine couplings with 31P nuclei, which were larger than previously reported phosphinoaryl nitroxide radicals. Cyclic voltammograms of the newly synthesized triarylphosphines showed reversible redox waves corresponding to the phosphorus redox centers. The two triarylphosphine moieties connected by a nitroxide linkage showed a reversible two-step oxidation reflecting considerable interaction between the phosphorus redox sites across the nitroxide linkage. Oxidation of the crowded triarylphosphines carrying a nitroxide and photolysis of the chemically oxidized (azidoaryl)phosphine was studied by EPR spectroscopy.
Patterned Immobilization of Unprotected Carbohydrates on an Aminooxy Polymer-Grafted Solid Surface
Authors: Kamitani Ryosuke , Niikura Kenichi , Onodera Tomohiro , Iwasaki Norimasa , Shimaoka Hideyuki , Ijiro Kuniharu
Published: September 2007

We describe a graft-type modification of a solid surface to be able to immobilize unprotected carbohydrates with a desired pattern. Water soluble carbohydrate-trapping polymers were grown from a solid surface through surface-initiated polymerization. The polymerization of an N-tert-butonyloxycarbonyl (N-Boc)-protected aminooxy monomer 3 was carried out from the immobilized initiator on silicon or glass surfaces. The N-Boc protecting group was then removed in an acidic solution to generate an aminooxy group, which reacts with free carbohydrates through oxime bonds on immersion of the plate in a carbohydrate solution. Sugar attachment on the surface polymer was confirmed by using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IR-RAS) and fluorescent images after sugar-specific binding of fluorescein-labeled lectin proteins. The polymer was also grafted in a desired pattern by partial UV-irradiation over a photomask, giving a new material to create carbohydrates arrays.
Novel Formation of 2-Arylquinolines and 1,3-Benzoxazines from 2-(1-Alkenyl)acylanilides and Active Halogens
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Yasuda Takumi , Shioji Kosei , Yokomori Yoshinobu
Published: September 2007

2-Arylquinolines 1 were obtained in good yields by reacting iodine or NIS with 2-aminochalcones 2, which were easily synthesized by the Claisen–Schmidt reaction from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetophenones. The reaction of iodine with 2-isopropenylacetanilide (3a), followed by the addition of aq. NaHCO3, afforded 4-iodomethyl-2,4-dimethyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazine (6a), of which the structure has previously been reported to be 1-acetyl-2-iodomethyl-2-methyl-1,2-dihydrobenzazete (4a) or 1-acetyl-3-iodo-3-methylindoline (5a). The reaction mechanism is discussed.
Reaction Behavior of Secondary Alcohols in Supercritical Water
Authors: Wang Pengyu , Kojima Hiroyuki , Kobiro Kazuya , Nakahara Koichi , Arita Toshihiko , Kajimoto Okitsugu
Published: September 2007

Benzhydrol and benzoin, which have two benzene subunits, a secondary hydroxy group, and no hydrogen atom on the β-position of the hydroxy group, were treated in supercritical water in the absence of an oxidizing agent or a catalyst. Water played a key role in the product distributions in these reactions. Each reaction proceeded smoothly to give larger amounts of oxidation products, benzophenone (3) and benzil (6), as well as smaller amounts of reduction products, diphenylmethane (4) and benzyl phenyl ketone (7), respectively, in the presence of water, while the ratios of 3:4 and 6:7 were almost 1:1 in both cases in the absence of water. The best yield of benzophenone (63%) was achieved by the reaction of benzhydrol at 460 °C for 180 min in 0.35 g mL−1 water density in the SUS 316 reactor. Hydrogen gas evolution was observed in the reaction of benzhydrol in a quartz tubular reactor.
Direct Observation of the Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) on the HCFC-22 Hydrate Formation in a Static Mixer
Authors: Tajima Hideo , Nakajima Yosuke , Otomo Junichiro , Nagamoto Hidetoshi , Yamasaki Akihiro , Kiyono Fumio
Published: September 2007

Direct observation of the formation behavior of HCFC-22 hydrate in a Kenics type static mixer was conducted focusing on the effect of an addition of a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The formation pattern of the hydrate was changed by the SDS addition from “slurry” to “plug,” and a continuous cycle of hydrate film formation and bubble escape was observed. The hydrate formation rate was increased about 10-fold by the addition of SDS (1000 ppm).
Photoinduced Sulfur Desorption from Platinum Nanoparticles Loaded on Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Miyazaki Satoshi , Kiyonaga Tomokazu , Kawahara Tetsuro , Tada Hiroaki
Published: September 2007

Photodeposition followed by postheating under different conditions yielded Pt particles on TiO2 in a highly dispersed state with a mean size (d) ranging from 1.1 to 9.2 nm (Pt/TiO2). Adsorption experiments of elemental sulfur (S8) on Pt/TiO2 showed that S is almost selectively adsorbed on the Pt surfaces independently of d (S–Pt/TiO2) and that the amount of S adsorbed per unit Pt surface area increases as the d value increases. Light irradiation (λex>300 nm) to S–Pt/TiO2 in water led to S-desorption, of which rate increases with increasing d in the size range.
Fabrication of a Self-assembled Rotaxane Monolayer Consisting of a Viologen-functionalized Alkanethiol and α-Cyclodextrin Using Potential Sweep Method
Authors: Murakami Hiroto , Chifu Hiroko , Sagara Takamasa
Published: September 2007

A self-assembled monolayer of a rotaxane (rotaxane-SAM) consisting of N-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N′-6-mercaptohexylbipyridinium dibromide and α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) was successfully prepared using a potential sweep method by which unfavorable adsorption of α-CD and viologen dimer can be controlled.
A Novel Method for Fabrication of Unique Cobalt Nanostructures
Authors: Sun Shiyong , Li Jun , Xiong Ying , Yu Huijie , Tao Nan
Published: September 2007

In this article, a novel method has been developed for extracellular prepared of amorphous ring and chain cobalt nanostructures using Staphylococcus epidermidis in combination with PVP as template. The nanostructures consist of cobalt nanoparticles with the average particle size of 50 nm. The morphological difference between chain and ring nanostructures is determined by the interaction between PVP and bacteria. Extracellular prepation of nanostructures using bacteria as template opens up a new possibility to fabricate metal-based nanostructures in biological system.
Electrophoretic Deposition of a Thick Film of Layered Manganese Oxide
Authors: Zhang Xiong , Yang Wensheng
Published: September 2007

Delamination of layered manganese oxide into colloidal nanosheets occurred when manganese oxide intercalated with tetramethylammonium ions was ultrasonically dispersed in acetonitrile organic solution. An oriented layered manganese oxide thick film with (00l) plane parallel to the substrate was obtained by electrophoretic deposition of negatively charged manganese oxide nanosheets on ITO-coated glass substrate.
Yahoo! for Amazon: Sentiment Extraction from Small Talk on the Web
Authors: Das Sanjiv R. , Chen Mike Y.
Published: September 2007

Extracting sentiment from text is a hard semantic problem. We develop a methodology for extracting small investor sentiment from stock message boards. The algorithm comprises different classifier algorithms coupled together by a voting scheme. Accuracy levels are similar to widely used Bayes classifiers, but false positives are lower and sentiment accuracy higher. Time series and cross-sectional aggregation of message information improves the quality of the resultant sentiment index, particularly in the presence of slang and ambiguity. Empirical applications evidence a relationship with stock values—tech-sector postings are related to stock index levels, and to volumes and volatility. The algorithms may be used to assess the impact on investor opinion of management announcements, press releases, third-party news, and regulatory changes.
Managing a Single-Product Assemble-to-Order System with Technology Innovations
Authors: Xu Susan H. , Li Zhaolin
Published: September 2007

We consider a multicomponent, single-product assemble-to-order (ATO) system that faces frequent, component-based technology innovations. For each component, there are two technologies with overlapping life cycles coexisting in the market. All cost parameters associated with each technology (procurement cost, salvage value, etc.) evolve dynamically. We investigate two technology-inventory coordination schemes, one is at the strategic level, where technology and inventory decisions are sequentially made using partial information, and another is at the operational level, where technology and inventory decisions are jointly made using full information. The performance gap between the two coordination schemes quantifies the value of incorporating dynamic inventory information in technology management. We develop effective solution techniques and approximation methods and characterize their policy structures. Our numerical study indicates that the strategic-level technology-inventory coordination is generally sufficient, but the operational-level coordination becomes necessary when demand variability is high and salvage loss is heavy. We also propose a hybrid technology-inventory coordination scheme, whereby the firm adopts a technology management plan using the strategic-level coordination scheme, but executes it dynamically by adapting to inventory information, using a heuristic proposed in this paper. Our numerical study suggests that the hybrid strategy can virtually achieve the performance of the optimal operational level coordination. Our analysis provides guidelines for the effective technology-adoption and inventory-control coordination strategies in the ATO system with rapid innovations.
Effect of residue recycling on a cropping system based on fodder sorghum
Authors: Shekinah E. , Alagesan A. , Jayanthi C. , Sankaran N.
Published: September 2007

A farming system experiment was conducted under dryland conditions in the western zone of Tamil Nadu with cropping, agroforestry, pigeons, goats, buffaloes and farm pond as the enterprise combination from July 2000 to March 2002. The cropping system of sorghum (fodder) + cowpea (fodder) followed by chickpea + coriander was supplied with either composted goat manure or composted buffalo manure at 100 or 75% of the production levels in order to investigate the effect of the source and amount of manures from the livestock enterprises linked in the system on cropping. The application of composted buffalo manure at 100% production level resulted in higher yield attributes, yield and returns in the second year, though the application of the recommended dose of fertilizers gave higher values for the same parameters in the first year, due to the buildup of nutrients over time. Higher yields of chickpea and coriander also indicated the favourable residual effect of the organic manures. This treatment ranked best with the highest benefit to cost ratio among the treatments imposed.
Effects of post-emergent herbicides on Trichoderma harzianum , a potential biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean cropping
Authors: Rollán M. , Mónaco C. , Lampugnani G. , Arteta N. , Bayo D. , Urrutia M.
Published: September 2007

Trichoderma harzianum
is a potential biocontrol agent against
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
in soybean. Information is needed on the compatibility of this biocontrol agent and the post-emergent herbicides used in soybean cropping.Haloxyfop R Methyl (EC 10.4%), Glyphosate (SL 48%), Imazamox (WG 70%) and Imazethapyr (SL 10%) were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth of
T. harzianum
on
in vitro
agar plates. Glyphosate (2000 ppm), Imazethapyr (500 and 250 ppm) and Haloxyfop R Methyl (1000, 500 and 100 ppm) reduced the mycelial growth of
T. harzianum
. Imazamox had no effect at any concentration.Subsequently, all the herbicides were assessed for their effect on soil populations of
T. harzianum
. Greenhouse assays conducted with non-sterile soil inoculated with
T. harzianum
and a specific herbicide were sampled before pesticide application and after 30 days. The number of colony forming units per gram of soil (c.f.u./g of soil) was evaluated with a soil dilution technique using
Trichoderma
selective medium (TSM). No detrimental effect was revealed.
In vitro and in vivo screening for cold tolerance in winter × spring wheat-derived doubled haploids following the wheat × maize system
Authors: Sharma S. , Chaudhary H.
Published: September 2007

Seventy-eight doubled haploid (DH) lines, derived from 21 elite and diverse winter × spring wheat F
1
hybrids, following the wheat × maize system, were screened along with the parental genotypes under
in vitro
and
in vivo
conditions for cold tolerance. Under
in vitro
conditions, the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test was used to characterize the genotypes for cold tolerance. Based on the TTC test, only one doubled haploid, DH 69, was characterized as cold-tolerant, seven DH and five winter wheat parents were moderately tolerant, while the rest were susceptible. Analysis of variance under
in vivo
conditions also indicated the presence of sufficient genetic variability among the genotypes (DH lines + parents) for all the yield-contributing traits under study. The correlation and path analysis studies underlined the importance of indirect selection for tillers per plant, harvest index and grains per spike in order to improve grain yield. It was also concluded that selection should not be practised for grain weight per spike as it would adversely affect the grain yield per plant. When comparing the field performance of the genotypes with the
in vitro
screening parameters, it was concluded that in addition to the TTC test, comprising a single parameter, other physiological and biochemical
in vitro
parameters should be identified, which clearly distinguish between cold-tolerant and susceptible genotypes and also correlate well with their performance under field conditions.
Properties of humic and fulvic acids under the long-term use of fertilizers in a rice-wheat-cowpea system on a mollisol
Authors: Das D. , Ram Nand
Published: September 2007

The properties of humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) isolated from a 27-year-old long-term experiment with rice-wheat-cowpea on a Mollisol in northern India were evaluated for elemental composition and functional groups. As compared to fallow, C, H and N decreased, while O increased in the control, but the use of NPK+FYM over the years enhanced the C and N of humic substances. The carboxylic (-COOH) and phenolic-OH groups declined in the control, but improved with NPK+FYM in comparison to fallow. Carboxylic groups (-COOH) contributed about 2–3 times more in HA and 4–5 times more in FA than the respective phenolic-OH groups to the molecular weights of these fractions of soil organic matter. The results suggested the role of integrated nutrient management in maintaining active soil humus over the years.
Gene system governing stomatal number and specific leaf weight in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Kumar A. , Sharma S.
Published: September 2007

Gene effects were analysed using mean stomatal number and specific leaf weight of 12 populations, consisting of both parents (P
1
and P
2
), F
1
, F
2
, first backcross generations (BC
1
and BC
2
), second backcross generations (B
11
, B
12
, B
21
, B
22
) and backcross selfed generations (B
1
s and B
2
s) of four crosses involving three drought-tolerant and three drought-susceptible cultivars of
Triticum aestivum
L. to determine the nature of gene action governing stomatal number (SN) and specific leaf weight (SLW) through generation mean analysis in moisture stress (E
1
) and moisture non-stress (E
2
) environments. The digenic epistatic model was found to be inadequate for stomatal number and the additive-dominance model was found to be adequate for specific leaf weight in most of the crosses. Additive gene effects were predominant for SLW, while for SN both additive and dominance components of variance were important. Epistatic effects, particularly the additive × dominance (j) type of interaction, were present for both the characters. The duplicate type of epistasis was observed for stomatal number in the cross VL421/HS240 in the moisture stress environment. Significant heterosis was observed for the crosses Hindi 62/HS240 and VL421/HS240 over the standard check (SC) in the moisture stress environment (E
1
) for both the characters. Genotype-environmental interactions and/or differential gene expression appeared to account for the different results found between environments. Hybridization systems, such as biparental mating and/or diallel selective mating, could be useful for the improvement of these traits, which would help in identifying drought-tolerant progenies.
Evaluation of blue-green algal inoculation on specific soil parameters
Authors: Swarnalakshmi K. , Dhar D. , Singh P.
Published: September 2007

The impact of nitrogen-fixing blue-green algal (BGA) strains, namely
Anabaena variabilis, Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum
and
Tolypothrix tenuis
, was studied at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on specific soil parameters such as microbial populations, pH, EC, redox potential, chlorophyll, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activity under a rice crop. The inoculation of the soil with BGA strains resulted in higher microbial populations (BGA, bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and had a significant influence on redox potential. A significant increase in soil chlorophyll, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activity was observed during crop growth due to BGA application.
Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and morphine content in opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.)
Authors: Yadav H. , Shukla S. , Singh S.
Published: September 2007

The analysis of the genotype × environmental interaction, which indicates the stability of genotypes, has always been part of plant breeding programmes before the release of varieties for commercial cultivation. In the present investigation the stability of seed yield, opium yield and morphine content in 11 advanced breeding lines of opium poppy was evaluated over five years. Combined ANOVA showed that both the main effects and interactions were significant, indicating the presence of genotype × environment interactions. The average seed yield and opium yield ranged from 10.41–16.92 q/ha and 45.21–59.85 kg/ha, respectively. Stability analysis involving the parameters bi, S
2
di, λi, s
2
, δ
2
, Wi, r
2
and CV identified four genotypes (BR330, BR333, BR229 and BR243) as ideal and stable for the traits studied. The level of association among different parameters obtained using Spearman’s rank correlation showed that Eberhart and Russell’s deviation from regression (S
2
di) was significantly and positively associated with s
2
, λi, δ
2
i and CV and negatively with r
2
. The parameters λi, s
2
, δ
2
i and CV also showed positive mutual association.
Secret sharing schemes on graphs
Authors: Csirmaz László
Published: September 2007

Given a graph
G
, a perfect secret sharing scheme based on
G
is a method to distribute a secret data among the vertices of
G
, the
participants
, so that a subset of participants can recover the secret if they contain an edge of
G
, otherwise they can obtain no information regarding the key. The average information rate is the ratio of the size of the secret and the average size of the share a participant must remember. The information rate of
G
is the supremum of the information rates realizable by perfect secret sharing schemes.Based on the entropy-theoretical arguments due to Capocelli et al [4], and extending the results of M. van Dijk [7] and Blundo et al [2], we construct a graph
Gn
on
n
vertices with average information rate below < 4/log
n
. We obtain this result by determining, up to a constant factor, the average information rate of the
d
-dimensional cube.
*-Compactifications of quasi-uniform spaces
Authors: Romaguera Salvador , Sánchez-Granero Miguel
Published: September 2007

By a *-compactification of a
T0
quasi-uniform space (
X, U
) we mean a compact
T0
quasi-uniform space (
Y, V
) that has a
T
(
V
∨
V−1
)-dense subspace quasi-isomorphic to (
X, U
). We prove that (
X, U
) has a *-compactification if and only if its
T0
biocompletion \documentclass{aastex}
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\pagestyle{empty}
\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$({\tilde X},\tilde {\mathcal{U}})$$
\end{document} is compact. We also show that, in this case, \documentclass{aastex}
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\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$({\tilde X},\tilde {\mathcal{U}})$$
\end{document} is the maximal *-compactification of (
X, U
) and (
X
∪
G
(
X
), \documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{bm}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{pifont}
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\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$\tilde {\mathcal{U}}$$
\end{document}|
X
∪
G
(
X
)

) is its minimal *-compactification, where
G
(
X
) is the set of all points of \documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
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\begin{document}
$$\tilde X$$
\end{document} which are
T
(\documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
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\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$\tilde {\mathcal{U}}$$
\end{document})-closed (we remark that as partial order of *-compactifications we use the inverse of the partial order used for
T2
compactifications of Tychonoff spaces). Applications of our results to some examples in theoretical computer science are given.
An almost sure limit theorem for mixtures of domains in random allocation
Authors: Becker-Kern Peter
Published: September 2007

The problem of random allocation is that of placing
n
balls independently with equal probability to
N
boxes. For several domains of increasing numbers of balls and boxes, the final number of empty boxes is known to be asymptotically either normally or Poissonian distributed. In this paper we first derive a certain two-index transfer theorem for mixtures of the domains by considering random numbers of balls and boxes. As a consequence of a well known invariance principle this enables us to prove a corresponding general almost sure limit theorem. Both theorems inherit a mixture of normal and Poisson distributions in the limit. Applications of the general almost sure limit theorem for logarithmic weights complement and extend results of Fazekas and Chuprunov [10] and show that asymptotic normality dominates.
Amenability and essential amenability of certain Banach algebras
Authors: Bami Mahmoud , Samea Hojatollah
Published: September 2007

In the present paper we have introduced Banach algebras
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\begin{document}
$$\ell ^p - \oplus _{i \in I} \mathfrak{A}_i $$
\end{document}
(1 ≦
p
< ∞) of unital Banach algebras \documentclass{aastex}
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\begin{document}
$$\mathfrak{A}_i ,\mathcal{M}_\infty ^0 (\mathfrak{A},I)$$
\end{document}, and \documentclass{aastex}
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\begin{document}
$$\mathcal{M}^0 (\mathfrak{A},I)$$
\end{document}, in order to investigate the amenability and essential amenability of the Banach algebras \documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
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\begin{document}
$$\mathfrak{E}_p (I)$$
\end{document}
(1 ≦
p
< ∞), the convolution Banach algebra
A
(
G
) of a compact group
G
, and the ℓ

1
-Munn algebra \documentclass{aastex}
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\begin{document}
$$\mathcal{L}\mathcal{M}_I (\mathfrak{A})$$
\end{document}. Examples are given to establish negatively parts of the open problems raised by Ghahramani and Loy concerning the essential amenability of Banach algebras. Examples of semigroups
S
are given to prove that the amenability of
S
is neither sufficient nor necessary for the essential amenability of the semigroup algebra ℓ

1
(
S
).
Asymptotic formulas with arbitrary order for nonselfadjoint differential operators
Authors: Duman Melda , Kiraç Alp , Veliev Oktay
Published: September 2007

We obtain asymptotic formulas with arbitrary order of accuracy for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a nonselfadjoint ordinary differential operator of order
n
whose coefficients are Lebesgue integrable on [0, 1] and the boundary conditions are strongly regular. The orders of asymptotic formulas are independent of smoothness of the coefficients.
On square-free vertex colorings of graphs
Authors: Barát János , Varjú Péter
Published: September 2007

A sequence of symbols
a1
,
a2
… is called
square-free
if it does not contain a subsequence of consecutive terms of the form
x1
, …,
xm
,
x1
, …,
xm
. A century ago Thue showed that there exist arbitrarily long square-free sequences using only three symbols. Sequences can be thought of as colors on the vertices of a path. Following the paper of Alon, Grytczuk, Hałuszczak and Riordan, we examine graph colorings for which the color sequence is square-free on any path. The main result is that the vertices of any
k
-tree have a coloring of this kind using
O
(
ck
) colors if
c
> 6. Alon et al. conjectured that a fixed number of colors suffices for any planar graph. We support this conjecture by showing that this number is at most 12 for outerplanar graphs. On the other hand we prove that some outerplanar graphs require at least 7 colors. Using this latter we construct planar graphs, for which at least 10 colors are necessary.
Illumination of direct vector sums of convex bodies
Authors: Boltyanski Vladimir , Martini Horst
Published: September 2007

We prove that, unexpectedly, the illumination number of a direct vector sum of convex bodies is not necessarily equal to the product of the illumination numbers of its summands, and we describe a condition under which equality holds. Some further results and two research problems are presented.
Effect of reaction temperature on the average crystallite size of SexTe1−x alloys
Authors: Badesha Santokh S. , Fekete George T. , Tarnawskyj Ihor
Published: September 2007

Electrophotographic properties of chalcogenide materials are readily influenced by altering their composition and/or structure. Dark decay and cycle down of photoreceptors utilizing small particle generators are both directly proportional to average crystallite size (ACS). This paper describes a novel chemical method to control the ACS of Se, Te, and Sex Te1−x alloys. These chalcogenide materials are prepared as powders by the reduction or coreduction of SeIV and/or TeIV intermediates with hydrazine, in organic media. To control the ACS of precipitated chalcogens the reaction is carried out at the desired temperature. X-ray diffraction measurements are used to determine the ACS, homogeneity, and phase of these precipitated powders.
A study of the icosahedral phase: Mg32 (Al, Zn)49
Authors: Sastry G.V.S. , Ramachandrarao P.
Published: September 2007

Homogeneous single phase Mg32Al19Zn30 was melt spun to form flakes suitable for TEM examination. The nodular structure gave diffraction patterns with 5.3.2 icosahedral point group symmetry. The formation of the icosahedral phase is rationalized in terms of the Mg(AlZn)49 equilibrium structure. This structure is a Frank-Kasper phase. It has previously been established how such icosahedral order can be anticipated in the Frank-Kasper phases.
Shangri-La and History in 1930s England
Authors: Normand Lawrence
Published: September 2007

This paper addresses the question of the existence and transmission of Buddhism in British culture in the 1930s. It argues that Buddhism found channels of transmission through popular culture, such as James Hilton’s 1933 novel Lost Horizon. Lost Horizon can be understood historically in relation to current Western ideas about Buddhism, and in response to the sense of historical crisis of Western modernity. This paper also shows that elements of a more genuine Buddhism are extracted from orientalist materials and deployed by Hilton in ways that make the novel a carrier of quasi-Buddhist ideas.
Structure of the Sagatha-Vagga of the Samyutta-Nikaya
Authors: Bucknell Roderick S.
Published: September 2007

The meaning of its title, ‘Section with Verses’, may appear sufficient to explain why the Sagatha-vagga was identified as a discrete entity within the Samyuttanikaya. However, this article looks beyond that simple explanation, to discover whether some other rationale may underlie this grouping of samyuttas. It examines evidence that the compiling of the Sagatha-vagga was probably based on a familiar, although doctrinally marginal, piece of Buddhist teaching, namely the ‘eight Assemblies’.
The Quest for Myth as a Key to Implicit Religion
Authors: Dupré Wilhelm
Published: September 2007

The theme I would like to develop concerns the basis and background of religious beliefs and attitudes, both as they are essential to the formation of explicit religions and as they relate to the occurrence of various kinds of implicit religion. From a theoretical point of view I am interested in the perspectives which are available to the study of religion, and which must be used if we intend to come to an adequate understanding of religious issues.
Indigenous Moral Philosophies and Ontologies and their Implications for Sustainable Development
Authors: Wright Robin M.
Published: September 2007

This paper draws on the theoretical reflections of two well-known ethnologists on indigenous Amazonian ontologies and moral philosophies, as well as my own field experience among an Amazonian native people, the Baniwa, in order to pose critical questions regarding the process of implementing ‘sustainable development’ projects. New ethnological perspectives challenge modernist thinking to de-colonize the ways in which scholars conceive of indigenous Amazonian cosmologies particularly with regard to such notions as ‘spirit’, ‘egalitarianism’, and ‘power’. The dramatic case of a Baniwa leader illustrates the heuristic value of taking Baniwa moral philosophy and cosmological framework seriously prior to and during the implementation of a recent artwork development project. The reflections of a Baniwa intellectual reinforce the pressing need to rethink current developmentalist thinking that ignores these frameworks.
Bush’s Bible
Authors: Bach Alice
Published: September 2007

George Bush, 43, leans on the Hebrew Bible’s fierce criticism, not only of ancient Israel’s external enemies, but also of its perceived enemies within. The language of righteous empire, of God being on our side and our having this divine mission, has carried the Bush Presidency through torture, carnage, and slaughter. Like the kings against whom the prophets Jeremiah, Isaiah, and Ezekiel speak out, Bush has epitomized the dark side of power, a landscape where death abounds. Further, one wonders about the identity of the Jesus that Bush invokes. In my opinion, the gospel words have been rubbed away, leaving only the gold and glitter, revealing Jesus as an icon of royal power and triumph.
Polyculture of Endangered Bonytails and Razorback Suckers in Recirculated Water
Authors: Henne James P , Romero Matthew M , Carmichael Gary J
Published: September 2007

Bonytails Gila elegans and razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus are imperiled fish species that are endemic to the Colorado River system in the southwestern United States. Captive propagation is a component of the recovery plan for each species, which are sometimes cultured together indoors in water reuse systems. A 3 × 2 factorial design was selected for examining the co-culture of two bonytail size-classes with razorback suckers at three densities (0, 2, or 5 razorback suckers/tank) for 120 d. There were four replicates of the design. Tank cleaning effort, measured as the number of required siphoning events per replicate (432-L tank), was significantly lower in tanks containing razorback suckers and bonytails (polyculture) relative to those without razorback suckers (monoculture). Survival was high, averaging 100% for razorback suckers and 96% for bonytails, but bonytail survival was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for small bonytails cultured with 2 razorback suckers/tank relative to all other treatments. Razorback sucker density did not significantly affect the relative growth rate, specific growth rate, or final size (total length and weight) of either bonytail size-class but did result in significantly greater growth rates and final weight for razorback suckers at 2 fish/tank than at 5 fish/tank. Relative and specific growth rates were significantly greater for small bonytails (0.90% and 0.59%, respectively) than for large bonytails (0.31% and 0.26%, respectively). Bonytail size did not significantly affect razorback sucker growth rate or final size. Polyculture of these two fishes can increase culture efficiency and reduce the need for siphoning waste from culture tanks, a labor-intensive practice that is potentially stressful to the fish. Co-culture of bonytails and razorback suckers in recirculated water is a beneficial husbandry practice available to resource managers.
Alternatives to Freeze-Dried Krill in the Feed Training Phase of Largemouth Bass
Authors: Skudlarek Nicholas A , Cochran Nathan J , Larimore Mike , Marple Steve , Coyle Shawn , Tidwell James H
Published: September 2007

Fry of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides are typically pond reared on natural foods until they reach approximately 4–6 cm. Fish that are to be raised on pellets are typically feed trained in tanks using freeze-dried krill (FDK), which is gradually replaced with prepared diet. The cost of FDK (retail >US$40 per kg) can be a significant expense in the feed training phase. An experiment was conducted to determine whether FDK could be eliminated by simple diet amendment. The largemouth bass fingerlings (mean weight ± SD = 2.2 ± 0.3 g) were stocked in 190-L tanks at 150 fish/tank. Four treatments with four replicates each were compared: (1) fingerlings were initially fed FDK and then were gradually weaned to a commercial pellet (1.5-mm floating trout feed; control [CTL], current practice); (2) fish were offered only the dry commercial pellet throughout (DRY); (3) commercial pellets were moistened with water before use (MST); and (4) commercial pellets were top-dressed with menhaden fish oil at 10% of diet by weight initially and at a gradually reduced percentage over time (OIL). After 18 d, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the average weights of fish. However, in terms of percentage of fish that were successfully habituated to the final dry pellets, the DRY treatment resulted in a significantly lower (P < 0.05) success rate (82%) than other treatments. Training success was not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the CTL (98%), MST (93%), and OIL (92%) treatments. The best diet for feed training of largemouth bass will vary depending on the cost and availability of FDK and the economic importance of production maximization.
Preliminary Pond Evaluation of a Natural-Based Algicide for Managing Musty Off-Flavor in Channel Catfish Aquaculture
Authors: Schrader Kevin K , Tucker Craig S , Mischke Charles C
Published: September 2007

Environmentally derived “off-flavors” such as “earthy” and “musty” in cultured channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are attributed to the presence of certain species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in ponds. The musty off-flavor is caused by absorption of the metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) into channel catfish flesh. Most channel catfish producers manage off-flavor episodes by the application of algicides; however, these algicides have high environmental persistence and broad-spectrum toxicity. Recent research has discovered several natural and natural-based quinones that are effective and selective in reducing the abundance of the MIB-producing cyanobacterium Planktothrix perornata. In this study, efficacy testing of one of these quinones, anthraquinone-59, in a channel catfish pond found that it is effective in reducing the abundance of P. perornata and subsequently lowering the MIB levels in channel catfish.
Postrelease Survival of Hatchery-Reared Coho Salmon Juveniles Fed Low-Phosphorus and Other Diets
Authors: Tipping Jack M , Shearer Karl D
Published: September 2007

Three consecutive year-classes of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (initial weight, ∼13 g) were adipose fin-clipped, coded-wire-tagged, and divided into two groups and fed either a low-phosphorus (0.82% P) or a standard diet (1.26% P) from October until release in April (final weight, ∼28 g). Each treatment group consisted of two raceways of 20,000 fish. The mean lengths and condition factors of fish at release were generally similar, as were feed conversion rates. Whole-body P levels were similar at release in all groups (0.41–0.44%; wet basis). Percent retention of P was significantly greater for fish fed the low-P diet than for those fed the standard diet in 2 of 3 years, and P discharges were reduced by a mean of 55.3% with the low-P diet. Adult survival was similar for both groups of fish, ranging from 3.0% to 5.8%. Although no measurement was made of the availability of P, the total dietary P level (>0.77%) in the low-P diets was sufficient for juvenile coho salmon during the freshwater phase of rearing.
An Attempt to Rehabilitate a Collapsed Brook Trout Population by Introducing F1 Splake to Control Yellow Perch
Authors: Rumsey Charles R. , Jones Nicholas E. , Banks Hugh H.
Published: September 2007

Historically, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis provided an outstanding sport fishery and lived sympatrically with yellow perch Perca flavescens in East Lake, a 30-ha water body in central Ontario. The fishery collapsed when lake access was improved and cottages were built around the shore in the early 1960s. Annual stocking of brook trout did not improve the brook trout fishery. During the 1980s it became apparent that yellow perch were abundant and small-bodied. Based on historical studies in similar ecosystems, we concluded that the perch were competing directly with, and possibly preying on, the juvenile brook trout. In this study we attempted to reduce the perch population by repeatedly stocking first-generation (F1) splake hybrids (female lake trout Salvelinus namaycush × male brook trout) over a 7-year period. We hypothesized that the splake would reduce the abundance of yellow perch, which in turn would allow the brook trout population to increase. Stock assessments during the study period (1990–1997) indicated that the yellow perch density declined more than 95% (from approximately 3,400 to approximately 130 individuals/ha). We argue that the splake caused this reduction because routinely stocked rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brook trout had failed to reduce the number of yellow perch and the decline coincided with the splake stocking. In addition, concurrent diet analyses indicated that splake were considerably more piscivorous and much more likely to consume yellow perch than were rainbow trout and brook trout. Although the number of yellow perch was greatly reduced, the brook trout population did not appear to increase; nor was there evidence of a decline in the absence of stocking during the manipulation. We propose the following reasons for the lack of a brook trout response: overharvesting, interspecific competition among salmonids or from residual forage species, the brevity of the study period, and genetic introgression with hatchery brook trout.
Estimating Sampling Effort for Biomonitoring of Nearshore Fish Communities in Small Central Minnesota Lakes
Authors: Drake Melissa T.
Published: September 2007

I estimated the sampling effort required to sufficiently describe the species richness and composition of fish inhabiting the nearshore (wadeable) zone of lakes and compared 10 species richness estimators in 56 similarly sized (small) central Minnesota lakes. A systematic sampling design was employed wherein 10 stations were equally spaced around each lake and the first station was selected randomly. Sampling methods consisted of a combination of backpack electrofishing and shoreline seining. Using sample-based rarefaction curves, eight sampling stations produced at least 90% of the sampled species in 96% of the study lakes. Less sampling effort (four to six stations) was needed to describe the composition of the nearshore fish assemblage, as measured by similarity of species composition or species relative abundances in cumulative samples. The effort needed to sufficiently describe nearshore species richness was not related to observed species richness but was negatively correlated with species evenness among sampling stations. Estimates of total nearshore species richness were made using an asymptotic accumulation function, a log-linear model, two abundance-based nonparametric estimators, and six incidence-based nonparametric estimators. All estimates of total species richness were correlated with observed species richness. Estimated total species richness exceeded observed species richness; however, this difference was smallest when species evenness was high. Nonparametric methods produced unrealistically high richness estimates if many species were encountered infrequently. Observed richness varied among lakes and was positively related to measures of lake integrity. Observed richness, estimated total richness, and sufficient effort levels were similar for lakes sampled twice, suggesting that both the sampling method and estimated levels of sufficient effort were robust. The results of this study suggest that more intensive nearshore sampling with seines and backpack electrofishing will be of limited benefit unless the detection of rare species is the major goal of sampling; alternative sampling gears may be needed to detect new species.