bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of Bilateral and Unilateral Isokinetic Leg Strengths of Taekwondo Athletes and Boxers
Authors: Var Sevde Mavi
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this research is to examine the maximal isokinetic leg strengths of male athletes who work in different branches of taekwondo and boxing, both bilateral and unilateral, as right and left legs. Totally 32 athletes, including taekwondo athletes (n = 16) and boxer (n = 16), participated in the study. In the 2016-2017 season, the average age of these athletes is x̄ = 21.5. Biodex isokinetic system 4-Pro analyzing device was used in the study and 180 ° / s flexion and extension right and left leg maximal strength measurements were made from this measurement. Before the measurements, the athletes performed the exercise program including 15 minutes of warm-up movements and the maximal strength measurement was applied to each athlete 2 times. Their best performances were recorded and evaluated. When the findings of the study were examined, the right extension, right flexion, left extension, and left extension isokinetic strengths of the taekwondo athletes were found to be higher than the boxers. There was a very high and meaningful correlation found between right flexion and left flexion isokinetic strengths in the boxers between right extension and left extension isokinetic strengths. In Taekwondo athletes, there was a weak and meaningless correlation between right flexion and left flexion kinetic strengths and a positive correlation was found between right extension and left extension isokinetic strengths. Consequently, it was seen that isokinetic maximal leg strength of taekwondo athletes was higher than boxers. It is believed that this is due to the more intensive use of lower extremity muscles in taekwondo. Besides, in this research, there was a very high correlation between the right and left extension of the boxers and isokinetic leg strengths at the flexion while there was a weak meaningless correlation between the right flexion and left flexion isokinetic strengths of the taekwondo athletes, and a positive correlation was found between the right extension and the left extension isokinetic strengths. Thus, in the right and left isokinetic leg strength values of the boxers there was closeness, and in the right and left isokinetic strength values of them it can be said there was not so much closeness exists.
Ethnobotanical Studies of Medicinal Plants used to Treat Human and Livestock Ailments in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region, Ethiopia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Abebe Firew Bekele
Published: January 2019

Like many other parts of Ethiopia, people in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) do have indigenous knowledge on the preparation and use of traditional medicinal plants. Even though different studies have been conducted to document medicinal plants in different zones of SNNPR separately, there is no previous review work which summarizes the medicinal plants and the associated indigenous knowledge at the regional level (at SNNPR region as a whole or in large scale). Also, there is no previous review work that prioritizes the factors that affect medicinal plants at the regional level (including threatened medicinal plants). The purpose of this paper was to review habitat, growth forms, the method of remedy preparation and administration, marketability of medicinal plants, and to prioritize the factors that affect medicinal plants in SNNPR. Most of the medicinal plants in the majority of the reviewed areas are harvested from wild. Herbs are the most utilized life forms and leaves are the most utilized plant part in the preparation of remedies. Fresh plant materials are the most employed in the preparation of remedies. Majority of medicinal plants are not marketable. Agricultural land expansion is a major threat to medicinal plants which followed by deforestation. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Prunus africana, Echinops kebericho, Croton macrostachys, Cordia africana and Dodonaea angustifolia, Hagenia abyssinica, Withania somnifera and Ficus spp are the highly affected medicinal plant species which require conservation and management priority in the region.
From Homeland to Statehood
Authors: Howard Adam M.
Published: January 2019

The 1939 McDonald White Paper proved calamitous for European Jews as it severely limited immigration to Palestine. This led the AFL and the recently formed CIO to pressure the British government to allow Jewish immigration to Palestine. The American Trade Union Council for Labor Palestine (AJTUCP) formed in 1944 so the American labor movement could speak with one voice on Palestine. Led by Max Zaritsky, the AJTUCP rallied the leadership of AFL and CIO unions as well as the leadership of both federations. By July 1945, trade union leaders hoped for relief from the White Paper’s immigration restrictions with the British Labour Party’s stunning election victory that month. However, the new government and its foreign minister, Ernest Bevin, maintained the restrictions of the predecessor Conservative government, greatly irritating U.S. labor leaders. This refusal to change course led to tremendous protests from American labor, including communist organizations such as the American Jewish Labor Council (AJLC). The International Fur and Leather Workers’ Union’s leadership, a communist led union, played a vital role in the AJLC, which protested British actions vigorously between 1946 and 1948. Ultimately, the United Nations created a special committee to investigate solutions in Palestine (UNSCOP), which led to its recommendation for the partition of Palestine in 1947. That November, the U.N. General Assembly voted for the partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states.
Choice, Crisis, and Urban Endangerment
Authors: Lindsay Keisha
Published: January 2019

This chapter details the material and discursive reality that informs ABMS supporters’ anti-racist and gender-biased effort to address what ails black boys in urban schools. On the one hand, neoliberal educational reform and on on-going conversations about a transracial “boy” crisis inform these supporters’ contention that “law and order” in the classroom is key to ensuring that black boys, like all boys, grow up to achieve their “natural” status as patriarchs. On the other hand, the discourse that posits black males as nearly obsolete or as an “endangered” species in the systemically racist labor market, criminal justice system, and elsewhere shapes these supporters’ willingness and ability to challenge anti-black racism in the classroom and beyond.
Antiracist, Antifeminist Intersectionality
Authors: Lindsay Keisha
Published: January 2019

ABMS’ black male supporters conclude that black boys are oppressed not as blacks or as boys but as black boys who are taught in racist, female-dominated classrooms. This chapter demonstrates that in doing so these supporters embrace intersectionality and reveal it is a politically fluid heuristic rather than a necessarily feminist framework. Put otherwise, while intersectionality highlights how race, gender, and other arenas of oppression interact it does not dictate which arenas, who is consequently oppressed, or how to alleviate their oppression. Black males, black Christians, working class whites, and other groups can thus use anti-feminist and anti-racist politics to define themselves as intersectionally disadvantaged and to offer ABMS, immigration quotas, and gay marriage as the best way to challenge their disadvantage.
Jean-Claude Dunyach, Poet of the Flesh
Authors: Vas-Deyres Natacha
Published: January 2019

Jean-Claude Dunyach, born in 1957, has published more than a hundred short stories in a career of over thirty years. He belongs to a generation of contemporary French science-fiction writers that includes figures such as Roland C. Wagner, Emmanuel Jouanne, and Jean-Marc Ligny. At a time when French science fiction was struggling to explore new ways of storytelling influenced by surrealism or the Nouveau Roman, this generation has given science fiction new life by mixing a hard-science approach with the supernatural, fantasy and the fantastic, while paying glowing tributes to authors of the Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon sf: Duntach’s influences include Samuel Delany, Ray Bradbury, and more particularly, J. G. Ballard. The specificity of Dunyach consists of making metaphysical concepts tangible for the reader by giving them a symbolic substance: time itself becomes tangible as a sea of sand, stone, ashes, sea water; love stories can be petrified as semiprecious stones and worn as trophies—even the universe itself complies as a sheet of paper or a piece of cloth that can be creased. The characters in his short stories are hurt or twisted, often with cracks in their past, but they still act as links between the individual and the collective: for Dunyach, any kind of system—in particular a political one—can be defined by the way it deals with marginality. Dunyach favors an individual point of view for a better detection of the system’s weaknesses (cities, societies, religions, or relationships with time and death). In that respect, the most accomplished characters in his work are the “AnimalCities”: these living, extraterrestrial, city-shaped animals made of flesh and cartilage travel through space from node to node on the web of the universe. Their symbiotic liaison with humanity gradually leads humans to understand the global nature of reality.
The Romero Technique
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

The Romeros have excelled not only as performers but also as influential and sought-after teachers, especially Celedonio, Celin, Pepe, and Celino. Celin and Pepe in particular have taught at colleges and universities throughout Southern California and given master classes around the world. The Romero technique is inseparable from a broader philosophy of music and life, and it can be explained in terms of the Noble Eightfold Path of traditional Buddhism: Right understanding, thought, speech (sound), action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. Their unique approach has produced a large number of successful performers over the decades, including Christopher Parkening and the Los Angeles Guitar Quartet.
Markets, Merchants, and Manufacturers
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 presents a side of the antebellum Ozark experience often overlooked in the popular imagination. Connecting the Ozarks to broader national markets were country mercantiles and small-town stores, lead and iron mines and furnaces, sawmills, grist mills, tanneries, and factories for the manufacture of tobacco products, whiskey, and other items. Providing transportation and shipping within the region were steamboats on the White, Gasconade, and other navigable streams, a growing network of roads crisscrossing the Ozarks, and at the very end of the antebellum era two railroad lines that snaked their way from St. Louis into the northern reaches of the region.
Introduction
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: January 2019

The introduction first explains Clarke’s importance as a science fiction writer, and justifies a new book about Clarke by noting that existing studies do not examine his final works or draw upon recently available resources. Yet it then argues that this book is primarily needed to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive and accurate overview of his career. Clarke has been misrepresented by critics who often impose upon him literary goals and motifs that were foreign to him, and commentators have failed to appreciate his distinctive views regarding inventions, space travel, humanity’s future evolution, aliens, the oceans, and religion. Clarke’s unique characters, who typically live in solitude and function principally as observers, have also not received the attention they deserve.
Under the Sea
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes how Clarke’s fascination with the oceans predates his skin diving career, as early stories convey that humans are drawn to and inspired by the sea, which played a key role in human development. Later stories draw upon Clarke’s underwater experiences to rapturously describe undersea wonders; he occasionally argues that undersea creatures like dolphins and squids may be developing human-like intelligence; and he perceives similarities between life in the seas and life in space. In Clarke’s major novels about the oceans, the former astronaut of The Deep Range (1957) finds fulfillment in protecting Earth’s whales and other sea creatures, but The Ghost from the Grand Banks (1991) instead emphasizes how humans may never be able to fully understand, or master, this strange environment.
Introduction
Authors: Johnstone Andrew , Priest Andrew
Published: January 2019

This introduction introduces the general topic and highlights its historical importance. It also raises a number of broad questions to be considered in the volume. The most significant issue to be discussed is the effect of foreign policy on candidates and how they frame their campaign narratives. Although conventional wisdom suggests that foreign policy is not as important to voters as domestic factors, this introduction argues that it is still important. One key theme is the issue of credibility—the need for a candidate to be seen as a credible global leader appears in most, if not all, of the chapters.
“A Godsend to the Country”?
Authors: Johnstone Andrew
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that foreign policy debates in the election of 1940 have been underestimated. Franklin Roosevelt remained cautious regarding foreign policy issues, in part because he had an election to win, and also because his opponent, Wendell Willkie, did not wholly reflect the Republican Party on foreign policy matters. In addition, congressional isolationism was extremely strong. This chapter also argues that Willkie was more critical of Roosevelt on foreign policy issues than has generally been accepted. This was largely a result of straightforward party politics, and the selection of Willkie as the Republican candidate did not mean that foreign policy issues were off the table. In fact, they remained critical for both candidates throughout the campaign.
Containing Challenges
Authors: Hopkins Michael F.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the place of foreign policy issues in national debates on the eve of the 1948 election. It profiles the four candidates (Harry Truman, Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, and Strom Thurmond), considers the role of foreign affairs during the campaign and their significance in determining the election result, and analyses the impact of Truman’s victory on US foreign policy. It argues that international affairs and their domestic consequences (anxieties about Communist influence especially) were very important in 1948. During the campaign, Truman effectively exploited his leadership in foreign policy. His resolute position on the Berlin blockade was part of a bipartisan foreign policy. So Dewey could hardly criticize the policy and gained little from its popularity. The main impact of the election was the consolidation of Truman’s policy of containment.
Leadership Experience in the Cold War
Authors: Ellis Sylvia
Published: January 2019

The 1960 presidential election was the first modern campaign and one that took place at the height of the Cold War. The closeness of the election outcome led scholars to ask what tipped the balance in John F. Kennedy’s favor. However, as Robert Divine pointed out some years ago, we can also ask why did he not win more convincingly given recent American defeats abroad? Although numerous foreign policy issues engaged the candidates during the 1960 campaign, this chapter focuses on the three major issues that came to life during the campaign—Cuba, the Soviets, and the tiny offshore islands of Quemoy and Matsu—and to argue that Kennedy fumbled in his handling of all three but still managed to convince enough of the US electorate that he could be trusted to lead the nation on the world stage.
Every Way Out
Authors: Scanlon Sandra
Published: January 2019

The prominence of foreign policy—specifically the Vietnam War—during the 1968 presidential election has long been recognized by scholars. This chapter examines the campaigns of the three presidential candidates and argues that Richard Nixon framed his foreign policies in terms of widely shared concepts of American national identity. Unlike Hubert Humphrey, Nixon actively utilized positive polarization and framed the Vietnam War as an American domestic struggle rather than as an international one. During the final weeks of the campaign, Nixon’s message on foreign policy and his championing of law and order were thereby reconciled. This campaigning style redefined the function of foreign policy during presidential elections and presented Nixon with a far greater ideological triumph than his narrow victory would suggest.
Dealing with Defeat
Authors: Priest Andrew
Published: January 2019

The election of 1976 took place in very unusual circumstances. Yet, in many ways, the election campaign itself was fairly conventional. Much of the election cycle, however, also revolved around the issues of presidential authority and credibility, and, in these areas, foreign policy was crucial. That Gerald Ford came so close to snatching the election in the finals days and weeks of the campaign suggests that foreign policy could have made the difference and that the president’s refusal or inability to exploit Republican foreign policy positions and divisions between his policies and those of his opponents, Ronald Reagan for the nomination and Jimmy Carter for the election, hampered his ability to develop a winning campaign.
1984, Regional Crises, and Morning in America
Authors: Ryan David
Published: January 2019

Despite Reagan’s favorable treatment in the recent historiography and his close association in contemporary public discourse with democracy promotion, key elements of the Reagan Doctrine presented an electoral liability in the run-up to the 1984 elections. This chapter examines the impact of regional conflicts in Nicaragua and Lebanon on the overall attempts to modify Reagan’s image for the 1984 elections. While foreign policy issues were rarely a primary concern during the election, Reagan’s pollsters and strategists wanted to diminish the early 1980s association in the public of the candidate as a warmonger as confrontation with the Soviet Union still resonated. Moreover, the prospects of intervention in Nicaragua frequently invoked the negative memories and reverberations of the Vietnam War. As Reagan’s identity was recast across 1984 through overtures to China and the Soviet Union, it was imperative to operate a form of damage control over the issues of Nicaragua and Lebanon. Keeping these issues out of the electoral discourse was considered to be crucial.
Internationalism Challenged
Authors: Dumbrell John
Published: January 2019

1992 is remembered as the first post–Cold War election, fought primarily on domestic issues, when Bill Clinton overturned the high approval ratings enjoyed by President George H. W. Bush in the wake of victory in the Gulf. Clinton’s victory is conventionally ascribed to a combination of domestic issues, luck, and the candidacy of Ross Perot. This chapter will consider and broadly endorse these conventional points but will also demonstrate the degree to which the campaign involved the airing of major themes and tendencies within emerging US post–Cold War foreign policy.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnson Robert David
Published: January 2019

This conclusion summarizes the themes and chapters of the book. It also sets them in their historical context. Finally, it makes suggestions for further study of this topic.
Political Thought in the Shadow of Douglass
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: January 2019

This introduction is meant to give the reader some background about the life and times of Frederick Douglass. He escaped from slavery in his twenties and for the rest of his life only grew in renown. Douglass is shown to be a multifaceted and versatile thinker whose personality was a mixture of contradictions, from being both an abolitionist and a statesman to being a romantic and a realist. Now he is a canonical figure in North American letters, and his influence is demonstrated to be more prominent than ever. The introduction describes factors that complicate assessments of Douglass’s political thought and outlines intellectual gaps in the scholarship on Douglass that require proper commentary. It also looks at the Black Lives Matter movement in conjunction with Frederick Douglass’s political thought. The two are compared and found to have much in common in that both focus on cultivating black dignity to insist on the value of black lives.
The Fight with Covey
Authors: Boxill Bernard R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter chronicles Frederick Douglass’s change from staunch pacifism to a support of violent resistance for slaves against their masters as a result of his fight with the slave breaker Edward Covey. Douglass started as a Garrisonian abolitionist and pacifist who warned other blacks not to fight their masters, thinking that violent revolt would only delay the progress of slavery’s abolition. However, as he became more of an educated man, his hatred of slavery grew, and so he encouraged slaves to rise up against their masters as an act of self-defense. This drastic change in belief—which marked a departure from the Garrisonian position—shows itself in Douglass’s fight against Covey. The consequences of this fight were not only Douglass’s victory and Covey never whipping Douglass again, but also Douglass’s rethinking the meaning of freedom.
Law-breaker
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: January 2019

This chapter goes over the history of Fredrick Douglass’s early life, especially his fight with and escape from Edward Covey, the slave breaker. It starts with his birth on Maryland’s treacherous Eastern Shore and delves into his time as a slave and the time he was forced to serve Covey. It chronicles his escape from slavery in a context of uncertainty as well as some of the interesting views that derived from his ability to read and educate himself. The chapter then goes on to show how Douglass’s background as a law-breaker informed his political views and how lawbreaking contributes to slaves’ process of becoming free. Douglass recognized the imperative authority of the law while understanding that each individual has sovereignty over himself or herself.
An Illusion of Security
Authors: Jurdem Laurence R.
Published: January 2019

Nixon’s policy of détente eventually led the United States and the Soviet Union to sign an arms agreement in Moscow in 1972 at what became known as the first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). While symbolically the negotiations were considered significant, they did not do a great deal to limit the arms race. Nixon’s resignation in 1974 left the future of SALT in the hands of Vice President Gerald Ford. The treaty was scheduled to expire that year, and the longtime congressman from Michigan was determined to make progress with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. However, due to difficulties during the SALT II negotiations and Ford’s abbreviated presidency, Jimmy Carter inherited the unfinished arms control negotiations when he took the oath of office in early 1977. As American and Soviet negotiators focused on finalizing the SALT II arms agreement, Commentary, National Review, and Human Events expressed their concern over the ongoing debate between the two superpowers about nuclear and chemical weapons. That contentious public policy issue was not simply about arms control but was symbolic of the state of American foreign policy itself.
Understanding the Product
Authors: Bechtol Bruce E.
Published: January 2019

North Korea’s nuclear weaponization program and its ballistic missile programs have developed compelling capabilities that can potentially threaten all the Middle East, Africa, and Europe when proliferated (and many of these systems have already been proliferated). North Korea’s advances in maritime capabilities are important as well, including a new submarine with long-range capabilities and a developing capability to fire a ballistic missile. The North’s ground forces have not been idle, as high training levels and important initiatives in training have added to potential capabilities, including artillery and rocket systems that could create havoc in ongoing conventional conflicts in both the Middle East and Africa.
The American Battle Monuments Commission and World War II, 1939–1945
Authors: Conner Thomas H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the measures taken in order to secure the safety of the American memorials and the employees who tended them during the Second World War. Concern over the spreading war and growing hardship culminated in the evacuation of all the American employees of the commission, along with their dependents, from France and Belgium in 1941. Surprisingly, the monuments only suffered minor damage during the war. This chapter also highlights the efforts of army captain Charles G. Holle and Colonel T. Bentley Mott, the last two Americans to lead the Paris office of the ABMC before the United States entered the war, to preserve the memorial sites. Mott actually returned to wartime France in 1942 to supervise such efforts directly, and ultimately spent months in German custody. When the Allied armies liberated the ABMC sites in 1944, General Eisenhower sent an extremely joyful cable to Pershing announcing the good condition of the cemeteries and monuments.
E-Co-Affectivity Beyond the Anthropocene
Authors: Oele Marjolein ,   International Association for Environmental Philosophy
Published: January 2019

Following Isabelle Stengers’s call that the anthropocene should make us feel and think differently, this paper focuses on the human task to shift its affective response. Since Stengers calls for a new “us” that seeks to participate in an entanglement, I propose to explore the material and ontogenetic functions of soil, and specifically soil pores, in reimagining a new form of e-co-affectivity. A new e-co-affective response would emphasize the usually hidden fluidity and diachronic time of pores, and, in doing so, cultivate an epistemic and aesthetic sensitivity, deceleration, and percolation.
Tehnike reanimacije obraza glede na trajanje pareze obraznega živca
Authors: Vujkovac Ana Katarina , Božikov Krešimir
Published: January 2019

Pareza obraznega živca ima lahko za bolnika hude posledice, ki se kažejo kot iznakaženost obraza, in funkcionalne motnje, ki kot take vplivajo tudi na duševno zdravje. Zdravljenje pareze je odvisno od vzroka zanjo. Ob ugotovitvi, da je pareza dokončna in izboljšanja ni pričakovati, se v plastični in rekonstruktivni kirurgiji poslužujemo različnih tehnik reanimacije obraza.

Za katere posege se bomo odločili, je ključnega pomena obdobje trajanja pareze, ki ga delimo na akutno, intermediarno in kronično. Glede na ta podatek se odločamo, kateri rekonstruktivni poseg je za bolnika najbolj primeren in pri katerem lahko pričakujemo najboljši rezultat. V članku so tehnike reanimacije za vsako obdobje natančno opisane.

Pri nas je bilo v obdobju med letoma 2008 in 2017 na Kliničnem oddelku za plastično, rekonstruktivno in estetsko kirurgijo in opekline UKC Ljubljana zaradi pareze obraznega živca obravnavanih 66 bolnikov, pri katerih so bili opravljeni opisani posegi. V članku je tudi predstavljena naša dosedanja statistika.

Poleg pravilne izbire in izvedbe kirurškega posega je pri parezi obraznega živca potrebno poudariti predvsem pomembnost zgodnje prepoznave in napotitve bolnikov v usmerjene specialistične centre, kjer so deležni individualne in celostne obravnave.
The growth, spread and measurement of corruption
Authors: Newell James L.
Published: January 2019

The chapter explores the growing levels of academic concern with political corruption as an object of investigation since the early 1990s and at the problems involved in its measurement. It thus discusses why the topic was relatively neglected before the 1990s and why there has been growing interest in the phenomenon since then. It then considers the various difficulties involved in quantifying it. The issue is important since providing solutions to problems presupposes being able to analyse them, and analysis presupposes measurement. The two issues – measurement and the attention to corruption – are very much linked since one of the reasons for the relative neglect of the phenomenon until recent years has been precisely the difficulties involved in measuring it.
The causes and explanations of political corruption
Authors: Newell James L.
Published: January 2019

The chapter explores how corruption can be explained or accounted for. It argues that there are two very broad questions facing scholars who have sought to explain corruption: 1) Under what conditions will individuals become caught up in it either as corruptors or the corrupted? 2) What explains why levels of corruption appear to be higher in some contexts than in others? The two questions, though related, are different. Thus, one of the suggestions one might make to explain why corruption seems more widespread among Nigerian than among UK civil servants, say, is that the former are paid much less than the latter. But though lower salaries might throw light on why there is more corruption among Nigerian than among British civil servants generally, it will not help us to understand why some Nigerian civil servants, assuming their salaries are uniformly low, behave corruptly while others remain honest. The chapter is therefore divided into two sections corresponding to the questions identified above followed by a section drawing some conclusions for the issue to be considered in the following chapter: the mechanisms and dynamics of corruption.
Political corruption and organised crime
Authors: Newell James L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter takes its point of departure from the fact that corruption typically involves the interaction of a wide range of actors – including mediators and third-party enforcers specialised in the job of ensuring a sufficient degree of trust between the counterparts to enable transactions to be concluded successfully. It is on these third-party enforcers – referred to as ‘mafias’ – that the chapter focusses, as they offer the threat of violence to ensure that, once the parties to a corrupt exchange have agreed to do business, the terms are actually respected. To that extent, they offer something analogous to the insurance policies available, in the world of legal contracts, to protect firms and individuals against non-compliance or the consequences of non-compliance. They might also be regarded as analogous to legal debt collection agencies or private security firms, the difference being that once their services have been engaged, they cannot easily be dismissed. The chapter begins by looking at the characteristics of mafias, before considering the conditions under which they succeed in establishing themselves as powerful entities able to offer the protection and contract enforcement that are their distinguishing features. It then considers the relationship between mafias and corruption in some detail.
Political corruption and scandal
Authors: Newell James L.
Published: January 2019

The chapter takes its point of departure from the fact that corruption is by definition an illegitimate activity and therefore likely to remain hidden. If revealed, therefore, it may give rise to scandal. But corruption and scandal are related in complex ways. In order to disentangle them the chapter considers, first, a working definition of scandal as this makes it possible to identify its main characteristics and thus the conditions that have to be fulfilled in order for a scandal to be ignited. It then considers how scandals are brought into being, what their consequences are and how, through the mas media, they unfold. Its argument is that having a comprehensive understanding of the significance of corruption as a phenomenon requires an exploration of how the political scandal it may produce typically develops, as it is through scandal that corruption has some of its most significant impacts.
Anti-corruption: prevention and control
Authors: Newell James L.
Published: January 2019

The chapter takes its point of departure from the fact that scandals of the kind considered in the previous chapter are important in driving efforts to tackle problems like corruption because they create the public pressure needed to ensure they are taken seriously. Against this background the chapter considers, first, the conditions under which measures to tackle corruption are likely to be more or less successful, bearing in mind that any given measure may work well in some contexts, less so in others. Then it asks about the conditions under which the authorities’ efforts to tackle corruption will be greater or lesser – bearing in mind that in order for the authorities to make any attempt to combat corruption, they have to be aware of it; they have to want to combat it, and they have to have adequate means to do so. Finally, in light of the factors influencing the efforts the authorities are likely to make in tackling corruption, the chapter considers what they are actually doing.
Corruption in liberal democracies: a case study of Italy
Authors: Newell James L.
Published: January 2019

The chapter takes its point of departure from the discussion, in earlier chapters, of the different types of corruption there may be; the possible causes of corruption and the mechanisms by which it can spread; the relationship between corruption and organised crime; the exposure of corruption and the effects of such exposure, and how governments and other political authorities can and do attempt to prevent and control corruption. Chapter 8 therefore explores how these kinds of issues manifest themselves in the Italian case with the aim of drawing some conclusions concerning corruption in liberal democracies generally. Italy, is used in other words, as the basis for a case study, that is the study of an entity not for its own sake, but because it is taken to be an example of a larger category: liberal democracies in the present case. In these regimes, the institutions most prone to corruption are those – like the parties, the legislature and the media – that act as channels of communication, linking civil society and the state. State agencies themselves – the military, schools, the judiciary, the police – are all relatively clean, being much more corrupt in the non-democracies.
Cristes leorningcnihtas: traditions of the apostles in Old English literature
Authors: Magennis Hugh
Published: January 2019

This chapter, by Hugh Magennis, considers the theme of the interpretation and application of Christian knowledge as reflected in treatments of the apostles in vernacular writings in Anglo-Saxon England. The acta of the apostles originated in the East but were transmitted and reworked by western writers, not least in pre-Conquest England. Surveying depictions of the apostles in Old English, Magennis’s chapter emphasises the definitive place that the apostles occupy within Christian systems of knowledge and understanding but also examines how traditions of the apostles are appropriated and reconceived by Anglo-Saxon writers (including the poet of Andreas, whose reworking of his source is considered in greater detail in the chapter in this volume by Richard North).
Seeing Jerusalem: schematic views of the Holy City, 1100–1300
Authors: Akbari Suzanne Conklin , Mittman Asa Simon
Published: January 2019

This chapter, by Suzanne Conklin Akbari and Asa Simon Mittman, addresses the subject of cartography and medieval perceptions of geographical space, specifically in relation to Jerusalem. The chapter pays particularly attention to the map of the city in a manuscript from twelfth-century Flanders, doing so in the context of an overview of medieval map-making which stresses the symbolic function of maps within a Christian view of the physical world, with Jerusalem the ideal city at its centre. For the composer of the map examined here, however, Jerusalem is not just an ideal, but a real city. Thus theological understanding is strikingly combined with the practical knowledge.
‘Ther are bokes ynowe’: texts and the ambiguities of knowledge in Piers Plowman1
Authors: Stevenson Kath
Published: January 2019

This chapter, by Kath Stevenson, explains that traditions of Christian knowledge are an abiding preoccupation for William Langland in Piers Plowman, with Langland exploring fundamental questions about the pre-eminence or otherwise of abstract learning, textually mediated and transmitted (‘clergie’), over experiential knowledge (‘kynde knowynge’) and about the role of learning in Christian salvation. What good is knowledge? In an age of abstruse academic discourse, in which Langland himself was deeply versed, Langland’s protagonist Will searches urgently for the knowledge that is truly valuable, that is, the knowledge that will enable him to save his soul. Stevenson locates Langland’s ambivalence concerning the efficacy of textually mediated learning within the wider contexts of vernacular theology in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and in particular shows Langland’s treatment of the Passion in the central passus of his poem to be informed by the developing traditions of affective piety. For Langland the Passion can function as a site in which textual and experiential knowledge are united, with abstract intellectual knowledge becoming transfigured as it is fused with ‘kynde knowynge’
Reading and writing St Margaret of Scotland from Turgot’s Vita to the Blackadder Prayerbook
Authors: Wingfield Emily
Published: January 2019

Emily Wingfield’s chapter examines treatments of Queen Margaret of Scotland (d. 1093), beginning with the Life written by Turgot, prior of Durham, at the request of Margaret’s daughter the English queen Matilda, a work that highlights Margaret’s literacy and learning; Margaret’s role as reader and writer is shown to be emphasised also in later treatments. The subject of this chapter is thus not a branch of knowledge but the perceived learning of an important female individual and the significance of that learning in constructions of her as a saint. The chapter examines the way in which books function as vehicles for Margaret’s sanctity and political power and suggests that the Life itself is designed to model the life of a learned and holy queen for Margaret’s daughter, Matilda. Wingfield then considers how later verbal and visual accounts of Margaret develop this tradition so that she comes to function as an advisor of princes as well as princesses, her sanctity being shown to inhere ‘quite specifically, in her literacy’.
The Jellinge Stone: from prehistoric monument to petrified ‘book’
Authors: Brown Michelle P.
Published: January 2019

Like the previous chapter, Michelle Brown’s contribution represents an instance of the integration of Christian and pre-Christian Germanic knowledge in the early Middle Ages. Brown explores the context and meaning of the distinctive late-tenth-century rune-stone carved at the royal burial ground of Jellinge in Denmark, viewing the monument as a book in stone and a symbol of conversion and of changing political agendas in Scandinavia in the tenth century. Ranging widely across early medieval art, Brown explains that the stone (like the Auzon/Franks Casket, to which she also alludes) draws upon both Christian and pagan Norse traditions ‘to form a new, integrated iconography that formed a distinctive expression of the Scandinavian experience of cultural synthesis and conversion’.
Mise en page: the dimension and layout of books containing Old English
Authors: Scragg Donald G.
Published: January 2019

In the final chapter in the book Donald Scragg focuses on the very practical issue of the size and the layout of Old English manuscripts from the eighth century to the first half of the twelfth, in order to explore the role of books in the transmission of thought, knowledge and practical experiences of the age. The chapter considers how the dimensions of surviving books can give clues ‘about their intended use, about how they were created and about what that may tell us about the role of the written vernacular in the society of early England’.
Polydore Vergil and the first English parliament
Authors: Cavill Paul
Published: January 2019

In the text of his Anglica historia of 1513, the Italian humanist Polydore Vergil did something unprecedented: he dated England’s first parliament to the year 1116 and hence to the reign of Henry I. While debate continues about the evolution of parliament, modern authorities agree that the assembly held in that year is unremarkable. As none of Vergil’s chronicle sources identified this meeting as significant, scholars have been unable to account for his reasoning. This article seeks to explain why Vergil singled out that particular assembly. It argues that the origin of parliament was an uncontroversial subject when Vergil composed his history. Over the course of the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century, writers and scholars supported and contested Vergil’s dating, but debates about the parliament’s origins cannot be associated with any particular ideological outlook.
‘The consent of the body of the whole realme’: Edward Hall’s parliamentary history
Authors: Lucas Scott
Published: January 2019

Modern scholars have often presented Henry VIII and his chief ministers as the prime movers behind the reform of religion in 1530s England. Edward Hall, a Protestant-minded MP in the Reformation parliament, sharply contested this view in his chronicle, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York (1548). Hall presented not the king, but parliamentarians in general and the burgesses of the House of Commons in particular as the true driving forces behind statutory ecclesiastical reform. Insisting upon a pre-existing widespread zeal for reform among his fellow MPs and suppressing almost all sense of the strong support for the clergy expressed by the Commons’ more conservative members, Hall made the Henrician Reformation above all parliament’s Reformation. Hall’s Chronicle therefore broadens our appreciation of the significance of history in the thinking of England’s first generation of reformers.
The Elizabethan Church and the antiquity of parliament
Authors: Gajda Alexandra
Published: January 2019

Modern historians have long recognised that conceptions of the ‘ancient’ history of both parliament and the Protestant Church were vital to the political, legal and religious argument of the period, but the relationship between these two types of historical thinking has rarely been established. This article contends that the need to establish a pre-Reformation history of the Royal Supremacy, so as to counter Catholic challenges of religious innovation, required Elizabethans to create related myths of kings-in-parliament through the ages, exercising jurisdiction over the national Church. It was therefore under Elizabeth that the antiquity of parliament, its centrality to an ‘ancient constitution’, was first asserted by Elizabethan divines to validate the parliamentary framework of the English Protestant Church. It is argued that historical argument about parliament’s origins and evolution derived from the polemical battles fought by various religious interest groups on both sides of the confessional divide who defended, criticised or denounced the type of Church established in 1559. The history of parliament, then, first emerged in the war of ideas waged around the Royal Supremacy.
Afterword
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2019

This piece discusses the individual and collective contribution of the essays in the volume to debates framed by modern scholars on the English Reformation and its impact, a field dominated by Sir Geoffrey Elton and Patrick Collinson; on the origins of the English Civil War, established by the work of Conrad Russell; and on the connections drawn between historiography and political thought or political thinking, a world dominated by J. G. A. Pocock and more recently by the series of studies prompted by the seminal work of Lisa Jardine, Anthony Grafton and Blair Worden.
Independents’ electoral history
Authors: Weeks Liam
Published: January 2019

This chapter comprises an analysis of Independents’ electoral history from three aspects. The first is the comparative performance of independents in countries outside of Ireland, with particular attention given to Australia and Japan, the two other established democracies where independents have had been prominent at national parliamentary elections. As well as placing Irish independents in an international context, the comparative dimension also assists an analysis of the factors behind their significance. The second focus is on the Irish case, with an outline and analysis of independents’ history at Dáil elections back to 1922. The final section is a cursory enquiry into the geography of their electoral history. This chapter finds that independents are an established norm in the Irish political system and that support for them is related to developments in the party system.
Independent parliamentarians
Authors: Weeks Liam
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers consider the experience of those who run on an independent platform. It comprises seven separate contributions, from independents who have been elected at various levels in Ireland, from local councils, to the Seanad, the Dáil and the European Parliament. Although this study is primarily on independents in the Dáil, it is nevertheless useful to consider all these levels as it demonstrates the role and function of independents across the Irish political system. The independent contributors provide an insider’s account of life as an outsider within the Irish political system. With their years of experience on the political frontline, they speak with clarity and insight on the failings of the system, and in particular the lack of transparency and accountability. They suggest a number of reforms that would allow both parliament and the people to wrest back true political power.
Independents and the electoral system
Authors: Weeks Liam
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on electoral systems, rules and regulations, and how they impact on independents in Ireland and elsewhere. There is a particular emphasis on the electoral system, PR-STV, because it is frequently referred to as a contributory factor behind the significant presence of independents in Ireland. The electoral experience of independents under STV in Ireland is compared with their fate in Australia, the only other country where both independents and STV are present. After establishing the causal relationship between STV and independents’ electoral success in Ireland, the validity of these hypotheses is tested on the Australian experience, more specifically, its seven parliaments currently elected by STV. This is put to the test in a quantitative manner using constituency-level electoral data from Ireland and Australia.
Why are there independents in Ireland?
Authors: Weeks Liam
Published: January 2019

This chapter brings together data from the other chapters to examine the collective factors that give independents a strong presence in Ireland. It uses original constituency-level data to examine socio-economic, electoral and party system factors. The analysis begins with an examination of four general factors that affect Independents: in particular those of a cultural, behavioural and institutional nature. This is used to construct eight hypotheses that are built on the five premises of the study relating to the significance of independents. These relate to size, political culture, electoral rules and the party system. It is found that many of these factors are responsible for the presence of independents. They suggest that this phenomenon is more than just the product of fleeting sentiment, but that it has some kind of structural basis.