bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostics of Breakdown of Cutting Tools of Axial Cutting Head of the П110-04 Type Heading Machine
Authors: Shabaev О. Е. , Bridun I. I. , Moroz О. К.
Published: April 2017

The operation of a heading machine with an out-of-work cutting tool can cause essential reduction of the machine element resource. The diagnostics of the cutting tool breakdown on the longitudinal axial cutting head in the real - time mode can be implemented on the basis of the spectral decomposition of the current of the cutting engine of the cutting unit. The ratio of the coefficients of the spectral decomposition corresponding to the cutting head rotation frequency and its threefold value can be the parameter under the diagnosis.
The Problems of Maintenance of Drainage Devices Within Municipal and District Roads
Authors: Respondek Zbigniew
Published: April 2017

The article presents technical aspects of maintenance of proper condition of drainage devices of public roads, and municipal and district roads in particular. The importance of road drainage is discussed, basic surface drainage devices discussed together with their location within the road. With use of actual examples we indicated the typical errors made during repairs and overhauls of the road, that have the consequence of disrupted continuity of drainage or the risk of quick loss of functions of drainage devices. The results of survey of technical condition of roadsides and the drainage device within a selected rural municipality were presented, indicating main problems of road keepers connected with keeping the drainage infrastructure in appropriate condition. The need of growing awareness in planning and designing road investment was indicated in the field of consequences of performing insufficient drainage.
A New Computational Technique for the Generation of Optimised Aircraft Trajectories
Authors: Chircop Kenneth , Gardi Alessandro , Zammit-Mangion David , Sabatini Roberto
Published: April 2017

A new computational technique based on Pseudospectral Discretisation (PSD) and adaptive bisection
Combining catalytical and biological processes to transform cellulose into high value-added products
Authors: Gavilà Lorenc , Güell Edgar J , Maru Biniam T , Medina Francesc , Constantí Magda
Published: April 2017

Cellulose, the most abundant polymer of biomass, has an enormous potential as a source of chemicals and energy. However, its nature does not facilitate its exploitation in industry. As an entry point, here, two different strategies to hydrolyse cellulose are proposed. A solid and a liquid acid catalysts are tested. As a solid acid catalyst, zirconia and different zirconia-doped materials are proved, meanwhile liquid acid catalyst is carried out by sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid proved to hydrolyse 78% of cellulose, while zirconia doped with sulfur converted 22% of cellulose. Both hydrolysates were used for fermentation with different microbial strains depending on the desired product: Citrobacter freundii H3 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii, for H
Kontinuität und Kontingenz
Authors: Benz Stefan
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Il contributo esamina le idee che la ricerca storica e la pubblicistica intorno al 1600 si faceva del tempo prima della Riforma (il medioevo) sullo sfondo della biconfessionalità dominante nell’Europa centrale. A questo scopo si analizza la coscienza storica che a livello universale può scegliere tra la costruzione di continuità o la descrizione della contingenza per rielaborare eventi come la Riforma e per formare la memoria culturale. L’approccio è stato scelto perché i concetti di medioevo e di epoca non si erano ancora concretizzati (nel senso odierno). La formula, presa dalla teoria della storia, può dimostrare la sua validità, come dall’altra parte la sua ferma applicazione permetterà di arrivare a precisazioni storiche. Appare che tutti e due i gruppi confessionali disponevano di modelli di storia estremamente differenziati, tra cui si trovavano esplicitamente anche alcuni che per la rispettiva posizione religiosa nei confronti dell’evento della Riforma non erano scontati. I cattolici elogiavano il XVI secolo come nuova epoca della globalizzazione, e in questa prospettiva si poteva percepire il Medioevo successivamente come angusto e limitato, mentre i protestanti nel trattare l’arte medievale potevano letteralmente mettere in scena la continuità. Gli esempi provengono dalla storia regionale e dalla storia dell’epoca di orientamento giornalistico, si riferiscono a progetti editoriali di fonti relative alla lotta per le investiture e a ristrutturazioni di spazi ecclesiastici. La generale apertura e l’interesse verso il Medioevo avrebbero alla fine favorito la visione storica protestante che poteva presentarsi in una veste imparziale e oggettiva nei confronti di quell’epoca, in quanto essa stessa non ne faceva parte.
Tradizioni testuali e (ri)scrittura della storia. Il caso del Breve chronicon de rebus Siculis
Authors: Delle Donne Fulvio
Published: April 2017

Das so genannte Breve chronicon de rebus Siculis stellt eine wichtige Quelle dar, um historische Ereignisse wie den Kreuzzug Friedrichs II. zu identifizieren, bietet zugleich aber wichtige konkrete Einsichten in den typischen Prozess der Umschreibung von Chroniken. Zwei bedeutende, an bestimmten Textstellen weit voneinander abweichende Handschriften bezeugen diesen Vorgang. Beispielsweise fällt nicht nur der Schluss jeweils ganz anders aus, auch die Nachrichten werden immer wieder in einer anderen Form überliefert, z. B. die Zerstörung von Siponto und die Verbannung der Einwohner: Die Angaben zur Dauer des Exils und die Namen der Herrscher, die der Bevölkerung die Rückkehr erlaubten, weichen in den beiden Handschriften voneinander ab, doch diese Varianten passen sich problemlos in die Chronologie ein. Wenn wir dieses Phänomen abstrakt, d. h. unabhängig davon betrachten, wie mittelalterliche Chroniken zirkulierten und kopiert wurden, verzerrt zumindest einer der beiden Texte die historischen Fakten. Allerdings handelt es sich dabei keineswegs um eine „Fälschung“, weil man bei der philologischen Interpretation einer Chronik ganz anders vorgeht als bei der Auslegung einer Urkunde. Die Geschichtsschreibung ist ein Aspekt der menschlichen Erfahrung, der sich nicht unterdrücken läßt, und jeder, der einen Stift in der Hand hält, fühlt sich gezwungen, etwas über die Vergangenheit und die Gegenwart niederzuschreiben. In dem Moment aber, in dem ein Schreiber auf Informationen zurückgreift und sie weitergibt, ändert er sie auch, denn in den Prozess geht ein wesentlicher Teil seiner selbst ein. Vor allem der nicht professionelle Kopist gibt von ihm ausgewählte Nachrichten so wieder, dass sie sich seinen eigenen Interessen und seiner eigenen Lebenswelt einpassen lassen.
Antisemitische Strömungen im Movimento Femminile Italiano (1869–1916). Vorurteile, Konflikte und Reaktionen zwischen katholischem Anti- Laizismus und Anti-Judaismus
Authors: Nattermann Ruth
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Il presente contributo spiega le ragioni e lo sviluppo delle correnti antisemite all’interno del primo movimento femminile italiano, nel periodo fra la fine dell’800 e l’inizio della prima guerra mondiale. L’esame dei dibattiti e degli eventi rilevanti, finora trascurati dalla ricerca storica, si basa sugli archivi delle organizzazioni femminili laiche come pure di quelle cattoliche, le loro pubblicazioni, nonché degli archivi personali. La prima parte dell’articolo si concentra sulle relazioni ebree-cattoliche nell’ambito del primo movimento femminile italiano. Nella seconda parte vengono affrontate la crescente radicalizzazione dei dibattiti antiebraici fra attiviste cattoliche a partire dalla guerra libica 1911/12 e la transizione ad una polemica apertamente antisemita. L’articolo trae spirazione dalla tesi che le forti tendenze anti-laiche delle cattoliche organizzate venissero sostituite al più tardi dal 1912 in poi da pregiudizi antiebraici, destinati a rinforzarsi definitivamente durante il fascismo.
Fonti e studi sull’alto e pieno medioevo della Tuscia sud-orientale
Authors: Marrocchi Mario
Published: April 2017

Der Beitrag wurdigt einige Neuerscheinungen von Editionen, Monographien und Tagungsbanden zur Geschichte der sudlichen Toskana zwischen dem 5. und 11. Jh. Neben einigen innovativen Quelleneditionen, die sich nicht nur auf Archivmaterial, der traditionellen Basis landesgeschichtlicher Arbeiten, beschranken, und archaologischen Studien werden die italienische Fassung einer 1990 auf Deutsch erschienenen Monographie zu einem Grenzkonflikt und drei Tagungsbande aus dem Bereich der Ordensgeschichte vorgestellt. Abschliesend werden Perspektiven fur die kunftige Forschung zu fruh- und hochmittelalterlichen Klostern in der Toskana umrissen.
DRUSUS PATER?
Authors: Strobl Wolfgang
Published: April 2017

RIASSUNTO

Uno dei principali obiettivi di Ettore Tolomei era quello di dimostrare la romanità o italianità del Sud-Tirolo/Alto Adige. In tale contesto s’imponeva anche la necessità di un mito di fondazione politico o di un heros ktistes. Tolomei lo trovò nella figura del generale romano Druso maggiore che nell’anno 15 avanti Cristo (insieme a suo fratello Tiberio) aveva conquistato per l’Impero romano gran parte delle Alpi centrali e pertanto anche i territori retici a sud del Brennero. A partire dagli anni Venti l’irredentista e nazionalista Tolomei creò un vero e proprio culto intorno all’antico romano che culminò nella richiesta di erigere un monumento a Druso nella piazza Walther, il cuore cittadino della Bolzano di lingua tedesca. Con un’instancabile campagna condotta a livello nazionale egli riuscì a convincere della sua idea numerosi studiosi dell’antichità e intellettuali, ma naufragò di fronte al veto di Benito Mussolini che nel 1935 aveva commissionato una copia della statua di Druso (Druso lateranense), ma alla fine non ne autorizzò il trasferimento a Bolzano per motivi legati alla politica estera. La campagna propagandistica di Tolomei fece però conoscere Druso su larga scala, e la sua figura venne recepita dalla stampa e le riviste specializzate, nei libri e dall’arte figurativa.
DIE FREIHEIT VON WORT UND SCHRIFT
Authors: Koller Alexander
Published: April 2017

RIASSUNTO/ABSTRACT

Recensione di/Review of:

Kaspar Schoppe, Autobiographische Texte und Briefe

Bd. I: Philoteca Scioppiana. Eine frühneuzeitliche Autobiographie 1576-1630, 2 Teilbde., in Zusammenarbeit mit U. Jaitner-Hahner und J. Ramminger bearb. von Kl. Jaitner, München (C. H. Beck) 2004 (Bayerische Gelehrtenkorrespondenz II), 36*, 1404 S., 4 Abb., ISBN 3-406-10651-X, € 52.

Bd. II: Briefe, Teilbd. 1: 1594-1609, Teilbd. 2: 1610-1619, Teilbd. 3: 1620-1632, Teilbd. 4: 1633-1649, Teilbd. 5: Biographien, Quellen und Literatur. Index der Zitate und Register zu den Briefen, bearb. von Kl. Jaitner, München (C. H. Beck) 2012 (Bayerische Gelehrtenkorrespondenz II), 56*, 3281 S., ISBN 978-3-10653-8, € 120.
DIE ZERSTÖRUNG DER CAPITULARIEN DES FONDACO DEI TEDESCHI IM SCHLOSS WÄSSERNDORF AM ENDE DES ZWEITEN WELTKRIEGES
Authors: Ressel Magnus
Published: April 2017

RIASSUNTO

Nonostante la situazione documentaria favorevole, da più di cento anni l’attenzione della ricerca si è rivolta solo raramente alla storia commerciale tra i territori tedeschi e veneziani nell’epoca moderna. Uno dei motivi ne è la distruzione di un importante fondo documentario della cosiddetta Nazione Alemana, ovvero il gruppo dei commercianti tedeschi a Venezia, avvenuta durante la seconda guerra mondiale per la coincidenza di molteplici tragiche circostanze. I capitolari del Fondaco dei Tedeschi, che erano stati portati dallo storico Freiherr Götz von Pölnitz a Schloss Wässerndorf in Franconia, furono colà bruciati negli ultimi giorni della guerra durante un’azione di rappresaglia eseguita dall’esercito americano. Anche se nella letteratura specialistica non mancano gli accenni alla distruzione dei capitolari, non si apprende quali documenti comprendessero e quali ne fossero i contenuti; restano sconosciute pure le circostanze in cui avvenne la loro distruzione, e non si precisa come potrebbero eventualmente essere sostituiti. Nel presente contributo si tenta di dare una risposta quanto più esauriente possibile a tali quesiti. Da una parte si vuole in tal modo aggiungere un ulteriore tassello alla storia delle distruzioni di archivi durante la seconda guerra mondiale, e dall’altra parte stimolare la ricerca sulla storia commerciale e dei contatti tra i territori tedeschi e veneziani nell’epoca moderna.
Spatial Dimensions of Sectoral Labor Productivity Convergence in Turkey: A Spatial Panel Data Approach
Authors: Çınar Tuğrul
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate spatial dimensions of interregional labor productivity convergence in Turkey between 2005 and 2011 period in three sector disaggregation. We employed spatial panel data approach to investigate the absolute and conditional beta convergence. Annual gross value added per worker data has been used as labor productivity proxy for 26 sub-regions. Analysis results show us that absolute and conditional convergence is highly significant for all agriculture, industry and services sector and also in sectors total. We also found that, while industry, services and sectors total show significant spatial dependency, there is no strong evidence of spatial interaction in agriculture sector for Turkey. Structural problems of Turkish agriculture sector are considered to be the main reasons behind this finding.
Fast topological-shape optimization with boundary elements in two dimensions
Authors: Ostanin Igor A. , Zorin Denis N. , Oseledets Ivan V.
Published: April 2017

Wide variety of engineering design problems can be formulated as constrained optimization problems where the shape and topology of the domain are optimized to reduce costs while satisfying certain constraints. Several mathematical approaches were developed to address the problem of finding optimal design of an engineered structure. Recent works [10, 23] have demonstrated the feasibility of boundary element method as a tool for topological-shape optimization. However, it was noted that the approach has certain drawbacks, and in particular high computational cost of the iterative optimization process. In this short note we suggest ways to address critical limitations of boundary element method as a tool for topological-shape optimization. We validate our approaches by supplementing the existing complex variables boundary element code for elastostatic problems with robust tools for the fast topological-shape optimization. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated with a numerical example.
Numerical statistical study of the angular distribution of the polarized radiation scattered by a medium
Authors: Tracheva Natalya V. , Ukhinov Sergey A.
Published: April 2017

A Monte Carlo algorithm for studying the spatial-angular distribution of polarization characteristics of the radiation scattered by a medium is developed. The algorithm is based on the projection expansion method for the density of the corresponding angular distribution over polynomials orthonormalized with a ‘Lambert’ weight. The influence of parameters of the medium on angular characteristics of the polarized radiation transmitted through and reflected by dense layers of the medium is studied with the use of numerical statistical modelling.
Perspectives On Accounting and Fiscal Law of Crowdfunding in Romania
Authors: Delia David , Cristina Nicolaescu
Published: April 2017

This paper aims to analyse the accounting and fiscal regime of crowdfunding and the legal framework for such operations in Romania. Crowdfunding provides support to project developers by enabling them to access finance in a simple and inexpensive manner. Thus we refer to the following: current state of crowdfunding operations and existing legal background for conducting such operations in Romania as well as possible directions for its improvement. We will also highlight the accounting and fiscal issues encountered by both companies that hold online crowdfunding platforms and those benefiting from the sums collected through this financing method. This paper is based on case study research method. Considering the fact that in Romania the functioning of the crowdfunding platforms is not yet regulated, the information and views set out in this article are those of the authors.
Zur Bedeutung sportbezogener Orientierungs- und Verhaltensmuster in der Familie für das Sportengagement Jugendlicher
Authors: Hayoz Christelle , Klostermann Claudia , Schlesinger Torsten , Nagel Siegfried
Published: April 2017

Young people differ widely in their sports behavior and show high drop-out rates from organized sports. One explanation from socialization theory refers to the transgenerational mediation of sports behavior and orientations toward sports within the family. The present study investigates the relevance of orientations toward sports and behavioral patterns within the family to young people’s sports behavior. Using methodological triangulation between multiple linear regression and qualitative interviews of young people between the ages of 15 and 20 (N = 1909; M = 17.3; SD = 1.7), the study investigates the relationship between individual sports behavior and family influences such as the importance of sports, regularity of sports activity within the family, social support, sports-related health awareness, and communication about sports in the family.
Automated surface inspection of small customer-specific optical elements
Authors: Schöch Alexander , Perez Patric , Linz-Dittrich Sabine , Bach Carlo , Ziolek Carsten
Published: April 2017

In industry, manual visual inspection is typically applied to assess surface imperfections on basic optical elements
according to the standard DIN ISO 14997. This article proposes a machine vision setup to mimic the human tester's
inspection process. It consists of multiple cameras and LED light sources. Both are arranged on the surface of
a hemisphere with the optical element to be inspected at its center. By enabling individual LED sources on the hemisphere,
any movement during acquisition can be omitted. Thus, the system is capable of acquiring a sparse pseudo BRDF
(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) representation of imperfections. It is shown by experiments that this
representation allows to discriminate between certain imperfections. Besides the mechanical setup, the image processing
methodology and classification results are discussed. A comparison to results from manual inspection for 20 optical
elements of the same geometry is also presented. Results indicate that a good agreement with the de-facto
standard manual inspection method from industry can be obtained by the system.
Streitschlichtung im Rahmen internationaler Investitionsabkommen: Viel Lärm um (fast) nichts?
Authors: Nunnenkamp Peter
Published: April 2017

Die in vielen internationalen Investitionsabkommen festgeschriebenen Regeln zur Streitschlichtung zwischen ausländischen Investoren und den Gaststaaten stoßen in Politik und Öffentlichkeit auf zunehmenden Widerstand. Die Auswertung einer neueren Datenbank der UNCTAD über insgesamt 739 Streitfälle widerspricht aber der verbreiteten These, den ausländischen Investoren werde es leicht gemacht, willkürliche Forderungen auf Schadensersatz durchzusetzen, indem ihnen der Rückgriff auf internationale Schiedsgerichte ermöglicht werde. Der oftmals behauptete Pro-Investoren Bias internationaler Schiedsgerichte und eine Benachteiligung ärmerer Staaten mit schwacher Verhandlungsposition sind nicht nachweisbar. Es ist deshalb unwahrscheinlich, dass allein die Androhung von Klagen vor internationalen Schiedsgerichten die demokratisch legitimierten Regulierungsmöglichkeiten souveräner Staaten maßgeblich beschränkt.
Die relative Steuerbelastung mittelständischer Kapitalgesellschaften: Evidenz von handelsbilanziellen Mikrodaten
Authors: Gebhardt Heinz , Siemers Lars-H. R.
Published: April 2017

Die amtliche Statistik stellt keine hinreichend disaggregierte Steuerstatistik zur Verfügung, um die relative Steuerbelastung mittelständischer Kapitalgesellschaften in Deutschland zu ermitteln. Aufgrund des Steuergeheimnisses liegen auch keine Mikrodaten zu den Steuererklärungen vor. Jedoch kann auf handelsbilanzielle Daten zurückgegriffen werden, um die effektive Steuerbelastung zu messen. Wir diskutieren die dabei auftretenden methodischen Probleme und verwenden einen vergangenheitsorientierten Ansatz, der den Vorteil hat, für Steueroptimierungsstrategien der Unternehmen und eine möglicherweise unterschiedliche Schärfe der Steuerprüfungen zu kontrollieren. Wir nutzen gewichtete 6 %-trimmed Quantilsschätzungen mit Bootstrapping, um belastbare Ergebnisse für profitable Unternehmen herzuleiten. Auf dieser Basis schätzen wir die effektive Steuerbelastung von kleinen, mittleren und großen Kapitalgesellschaften für die Jahre 1998 bis 2007. Wir finden Evidenz für eine Belastung gemäß einer umgekehrten U-Form: kleine Unternehmen haben eine signifikant geringere Steuerbelastung als mittelgroße Unternehmen, welche wiederum eine signifikant höhere Last als die großen Unternehmen aufweisen. Im betrachteten Zeitraum kann bei Kapitalgesellschaften daher von einem „Mittelstandsgipfel“ der Besteuerung gesprochen werden. Gegeben die empirische Evidenz, dass kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) Wachstum und Beschäftigung fördern, würde die Körperschaftsteuer in Deutschland die Wachstums- und Beschäftigungsperspektiven beeinträchtigen. Wir finden darüber hinaus Evidenz für einen signifikanten Entlastungseffekt durch die „Steuerreform 2000“, der bei kleinen, mittleren und großen Kapitalgesellschaften unterschiedlich stark ausfiel.
Promoting the Hegemonic Paradigm: The Case Study of the Journal International Security in the Discipline of International Security Studies
Authors: Dufort Julie , Anzueto Marc-André , Goulet-Cloutier Catherine
Published: April 2017

This paper seeks to shed light on the evolution of the hegemonic paradigm in the subfield of International Security Studies (ISS) by looking at one highly influential journal, International Security. Questions we will be considering: What are the parameters of the hegemonic paradigm that characterize ISS? What are its main continuities and ruptures? More generally, how do academic journals contribute to building, maintaining or deconstructing the hegemonic paradigm? Using the method of longitudinal content analysis, this paper highlights the different continuities and ruptures in this so-called hegemonic paradigm. Our aim is to show how International Security has contributed to building and maintaining this paradigm and how it can transcend these limits.
Arnošt Kolman and Bertrand Russell at the 1948 International Congress of Philosophy
Authors: Mácha Jakub
Published: April 2017

The only encounter of the Czech philosopher and Communist official Arnošt Kolman with Bertrand Russell at the Tenth International Congress of Philosophy in Amsterdam in 1948 was unfortunate. Kolman’s paper, “The Tasks of Contemporary Philosophy in the Struggle for New Humanism”, aroused a vitriolic rejoinder by Russell. However, the text of the paper as published in the congress Proceedings has a conciliatory tone. This version could not have aroused such a reaction. There is, however, an article, with a similar title, published in Czech in 1948, stating that this is Kolman’s paper from the congress. I argue that this article more likely reflects what Kolman actually said at the Congress. Finally, I provide an English translation of this article.
Aus dem schwäbischen Pfarrhaus nach Amerika: Reiseschilderungen (1860): Louise Weil’s America as Experience and Fiction
Authors: Martin Judith
Published: April 2017

In her autobiographical travelogue, Aus dem schwäbischen Pfarrhaus nach Amerika: Reiseschilderungen(“From the Swabian Parsonage to America: Travel Descriptions,” 1860), Louise Weil recounts her experiences of living, teaching, and traveling in the United States for nearly five years, beginning in 1854. Responding to the flood of German immigration to America in 1852-54, Weil’s declared aim is to rectify idyllic images of America put forth to would-be immigrants by presenting a realistic assessment of American life and institutions.Far from idealizing the United States, Weil condemns slavery and capitalist greed, two phenomena that exemplify America’s failure to live up to its founding ideals of equality and freedom.
Vienna’s Feuilletons from 42nd Street: Culture and Civilization in Ann Tizia Leitich’s Amerika, du hast es besser (1926)
Authors: McFarland Rob
Published: April 2017

While so many of her fellow European writers, like Zweig, either naïvely celebrated the mechanical wonders of Henry Ford’s factories or made paranoid forecasts of American jazz music squelching out Europe’s symphonies and concertos, the author of those lines, Ann Tizia Leitich (1891-1976), contended that America is much more than an ideological projection space for Europe’s hopes and fears.  As the American correspondent for Vienna’s influential Neue Freie Presse newspaper, Leitich chronicles the complexity and power of the United States from a specific, personal and intimate perspective.  In this article, I will argue that Leitich counters the popular interwar perception of Europe as a beautiful, doomed culture that is under attack by a soulless but powerful American civilization.  Focusing on her appropriation of Oswald Spengler’s dichotomy between civilization and culture, I will explore Leitich’s concept of a cultural syncretism that combines artistic beauty and economic power in a mutually beneficial relationship.
Women Performing the American “Other"
Authors: Harpole Kimberly , Maierhofer Waltraud
Published: April 2017

Coming Soon
The Relationship of Core Strength and Activation and Performance on Three Functional Movement Screens
Authors: Johnson Caleb D. , Whitehead Paul N. , Pletcher Erin R. , Faherty Mallory S. , Lovalekar Mita T. , Eagle Shawn R. , Keenan Karen A.
Published: April 2017

Johnson, CD, Whitehead, PN, Pletcher, ER, Faherty, MS, Lovalekar, MT, Eagle, SR, and Keenan, KA. The relationship of core strength and activation and performance on three functional movement screens. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1166–1173, 2018—Current measures of core stability used by clinicians and researchers suffer from several shortcomings. Three functional movement screens appear, at face-value, to be dependent on the ability to activate and control core musculature. These 3 screens may present a viable alternative to current measures of core stability. Thirty-nine subjects completed a deep squat, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability screen. Scores on the 3 screens were summed to calculate a composite score (COMP). During the screens, muscle activity was collected to determine the length of time that the bilateral erector spinae, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and gluteus medius muscles were active. Strength was assessed for core muscles (trunk flexion and extension, trunk rotation, and hip abduction and adduction) and accessory muscles (knee flexion and extension and pectoralis major). Two ordinal logistic regression equations were calculated with COMP as the outcome variable, and: (a) core strength and accessory strength, (b) only core strength. The first model was significant in predicting COMP (p = 0.004) (Pearson's Chi-Square = 149.132, p = 0.435; Nagelkerke's R-Squared = 0.369). The second model was significant in predicting COMP (p = 0.001) (Pearson's Chi-Square = 148.837, p = 0.488; Nagelkerke's R-Squared = 0.362). The core muscles were found to be active for most screens, with percentages of “time active” for each muscle ranging from 54–86%. In conclusion, performance on the 3 screens is predicted by core strength, even when accounting for “accessory” strength variables. Furthermore, it seems the screens elicit wide-ranging activation of core muscles. Although more investigation is needed, these screens, collectively, seem to be a good assessment of core strength.
The Effects of Multi-Day vs. Single Pre-exercise Nitrate Supplement Dosing on Simulated Cycling Time Trial Performance and Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation
Authors: Jo Edward , Fischer Michelle , Auslander Alexandra T. , Beigarten Alan , Daggy Bruce , Hansen Ken , Kessler Lisa , Osmond Adam , Wang Hong , Wes Rachel
Published: April 2017

Jo, E, Fischer, M, Auslander, AT, Beigarten, A, Daggy, B, Hansen, K, Kessler, L, Osmond, A, Wang, H, and Wes, R. The effects of multiday vs. single pre-exercise nitrate supplement dosing on simulated cycling time trial performance and skeletal muscle oxygenation. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 217–224, 2019—A transient augmentation in the metabolic efficiency of skeletal muscle is the purported basis for dietary nitrate supplementation amongst competitive and recreational athletes alike. Previous studies support the ergogenic effects of nitrate supplementation, as findings indicated improved microvascular blood flow, exercise economy, and performance with relatively short-term supplementation. As with most ergogenic aids, the optimum duration of supplementation before performance or competition, i.e., loading phase, is a critical determinant for efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term vs. single dosing nitrate supplementation on skeletal muscle oxygenation and cycling performance. In a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, parallel design study, healthy, recreationally active men (n = 15) and women (n = 14) subjects (age = 18–29 years) completed an 8 km (5 mi) simulated cycling time trial before and after a 14-day supplementation period with either a nitrate supplement (Multi-Day Dosing Group) (n = 14) or placebo (Single Pre-Exercise Dosing Group; SD) (n = 15). Both groups consumed a single dose of the nitrate supplement 2 hours before the post-treatment time trial. In addition, skeletal muscle oxygenation was measured via near-infrared spectroscopy during each time trial. Multiday nitrate supplementation significantly decreased time to completion (p = 0.01) and increased average power (p = 0.04) and speed (p = 0.02) from pre-to post-treatment, while a single dosing produced no significant changes to these measures. There were no significant differences over time and across treatments for any other measures including muscle oxygenation variables. Overall, long-term nitrate supplementation appears to have an advantage over a single pre-exercise dosing on cycling performance and metabolic efficiency as indicated by an increase in power output with no change in oxygenation.
A Theory for Mathematical Framework and Fatigue Damage Function for the S-N Plane
Authors: Eskandari Hoda , Kim Ho Sung
Published: April 2017

Fatigue life predictions associated with the S-N curve have been largely based on empiricism or unfounded theories, or both, due to the complexity involving multiple variables such as fatigue life, applied stress, number of loading cycles, and stress ratio. A damage model proposed by Palmgren in 1924 and popularized by Miner in 1945 may be one of the most important milestones in the fatigue damage research history. Its validity and principle adopted, however, have been problematic, and many researchers have attempted refining the model without much success. The ultimate objectives of the current work are to provide a theory for mathematical validity framework of fatigue damage associated with the S-N curve and to derive a damage function capable of predicting the fatigue life. The validity framework is designed as the fundamental basis to ensure the validity of a damage function in the development process. In this paper, a theory for validity framework, consisting of axioms, relative conditions for compatibility, and boundary conditions, is developed for fatigue damage on the S-N plane at a stress ratio of zero. Also, compatibility conditions based on the new concept for fatigue damage are developed. Manifestation points for accumulated damage are defined and conceptualized for boundary conditions by differentiating between damage accumulated before failure and failure caused by damage. A selected equation for damage at failure as the reference damage is theoretically validated for further validation of damage on the S-N plane. Subsequently, a damage function capable of predicting fatigue damage is proposed following the validation process. Comparisons between experimental results from two stress level sequence loading and theoretical fatigue life predictions are made and a close agreement between them was found. With the benefits of the new compatibility conditions and criteria we developed, an evaluative review on the fatigue damage models is presented.
Methods Development for Nonlinear Analysis of Fatigue Data
Authors: Young Bruce A. , Rice Richard C. , Thompson Steven R. , Hall Doug
Published: April 2017

Currently, ASTM E739-10, Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data, provides analysis methods to determine confidence limits on the mean of linearized fatigue life data. Although these techniques are sufficient for the casual user, rigorous data analysis for structural applications typically involves the calculation of tolerance bounds for nonlinear data sets to ensure design criteria. The effect of nonlinearity becomes more significant as life predictions become significantly longer approaching the material fatigue limit of certain combinations of materials and test conditions (maximum stress, R-ratio, Kt, etc.). While analyzing numerous fatigue data sets, several issues have been seen that do not currently fit within the limitations associated with ASTM E739-10. These limitations include: (1) The treatment of data sets containing nonuniform variance over a range of stress levels needs to be considered. (2) Nonsymmetric distributions in non-transformed space (e.g., two-parameter Weibull or log-normal) may describe the failure distributions better for given stress levels and materials than a linear failure model in non-transformed space. (3) Data taken over a whole range of stress levels may provide unrealistic tolerance bounds for low stresses when compared to the development of tolerance bounds on a stress-level by stress-level basis. This study addresses some of these limitations using numerical simulation-based statistical distributions obtained from several relatively large data sets. These numerical simulations are analyzed using the linear methods shown in ASTM E739-10 as well as other techniques such as those outlined in the Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook to develop confidence and tolerance limits.
A Novel Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening Model for Uniaxial/Multiaxial Ratcheting and Mean Stress Relaxation
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhong Zheng
Published: April 2017

Ratcheting behavior or cyclic mean stress relaxation can have a significant effect on multiaxial fatigue lives when compared to proportional loads of similar range. The most important feature for ratcheting simulation in cyclic plasticity constitutive models is the nonlinear kinematic (NLK) hardening rule, which causes the translation of the yield surface during a plastic strain increment. A general nonlinear kinematic hardening model capable of simulating uniaxial ratcheting, multiaxial ratcheting, and mean stress relaxation (MSR) response is presented in this paper to capture these effects in incremental plasticity simulations. The uniaxial/multiaxial loading paths, including cyclic MSR, are simulated accordingly. Verification of the proposed model is achieved by comparing the predicted results with experimental measurements with 316L tubular specimens and the results from other NLK models.
A Fatigue Failure Mode Transition Criterion for Sizing Load Carrying Fillet Welded Connections
Authors: Xing Shizhu , Dong Pingsha
Published: April 2017

In load-carrying fillet-welded connections, two distinct fatigue failure modes are possible depending upon fillet weld leg size and loading conditions. One is weld toe cracking through base plate thickness and the other is through weld metal, often referred to as weld root cracking. Weld root cracking mode has always been a concern in design and analysis of load-carrying fillet welded connections. In the past, it has been noticed that weld root cracking mode could be avoided by enlarging the fillet weld size or weld penetration, and numerous theoretical studies had been performed to construct such a design reference to prevent weld root cracking. However, the theoretically developed design reference cannot include shop floor practices, which may result in unfavorable fillet weld size design. In this study, experimentally based analysis on fatigue failure mode transition behavior is performed based on a recent comprehensive fatigue testing program in support of construction of lightweight ship structures reflecting typical shop floor practices and through introducing a newly developed analytical weld throat stress model and misalignment-induced stress concentration factors. As a result, a critical weld size reflecting typical shop floor practice is obtained. It is determined that the actual critical weld size obtained from test data is much lower than the theoretical one due to the combination effect of weld penetration and misalignments. Finally, a statistical procedure is proposed to construct a mathematical model that is able to provide a confidence level to avoid weld root cracking mode for designed fillet weld size.
Fracture Mechanical Testing of In Service Thermally Aged Cast Stainless Steel
Authors: Bjurman Martin , Forssgren Björn , Efsing Pål
Published: April 2017

Embrittlement of duplex stainless steels by thermal aging shortens the service life of structural components in light water reactors (LWRs). This is an important issue when life-extension programs are aiming at 60 to 80 years in service because avoidance of brittle failure is a design prerequisite. Cast and welded austenitic stainless steels, which contain some ferrite, are known to be affected by thermal aging. Historically, many LWR components of complex geometry have been cast in the molybdenum-containing grade, CF8M. Aging is mainly attributed to two types of phase transformations occurring within the minor ferritic phase: (1) demixing of the ferrite by spinodal decomposition into chromium-rich α´ and iron rich α regions and (2) precipitation of G phase, carbides, and other secondary phases. Two in service aged pipe bend castings from the pressurized water reactor (PWR) Ringhals 2 steam generator are tested. These components are large castings of stainless steel quality CF8M. The manufacturing process produces a nonuniform microstructure with coarse ferrite and a high degree of directionality affecting properties as well as the methodology for testing. The materials are exposed to primary circuit PWR water for 72 kh at 291ºC and 325ºC, followed by 22 kh at a reduced service temperature. The testing approach and matrix, consisting of microstructural characterization, mechanical testing, and modeling, is discussed. Results of fracture mechanical evaluation using the J-integral resistance curve technique and instrumented Charpy tests are provided. Effects of large microstructural heterogeneity and anisotropy from the casting and heat-treating processes are seen. The effect on aging embrittlement and fracture mechanisms within each phase as well as phase interaction are also discussed.
Phenology: From Natural History to Climate Change
Authors: Pecor Keith W. , Batko Kristen A.
Published: April 2017

Phenology refers to the seasonal changes in activity and abundance observed in both plants and animals. This article highlights two animal groups, aquatic insects and frogs, in which phenology can be observed, using data collected directly and via databases. Effects of climate change on phenological patterns are also discussed.
Brain metabolism in health, aging, and neurodegeneration
Authors: Camandola Simonetta , Mattson Mark P
Published: April 2017

Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food deprivation and physical exertion. At the cellular level, such adaptive responses include the “strengthening” of existing synapses, the formation of new synapses, and the production of new neurons from stem cells. At the molecular level, bioenergetic challenges result in the activation of transcription factors that induce the expression of proteins that bolster the resistance of neurons to the kinds of metabolic, oxidative, excitotoxic, and proteotoxic stresses involved in the pathogenesis of brain disorders including stroke, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Emerging findings suggest that lifestyles that include intermittent bioenergetic challenges, most notably exercise and dietary energy restriction, can increase the likelihood that the brain will function optimally and in the absence of disease throughout life. Here, we provide an overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate brain energy metabolism, how such mechanisms are altered during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, and the potential applications to brain health and disease of interventions that engage pathways involved in neuronal adaptations to metabolic stress.
A photoconversion model for full spectral programming and multiplexing of optogenetic systems
Authors: Olson Evan J , Tzouanas Constantine N , Tabor Jeffrey J
Published: April 2017

Optogenetics combines externally applied light signals and genetically engineered photoreceptors to control cellular processes with unmatched precision. Here, we develop a mathematical model of wavelength‐ and intensity‐dependent photoconversion, signaling, and output gene expression for our two previously engineered light‐sensing Escherichia coli two‐component systems. To parameterize the model, we develop a simple set of spectral and dynamical calibration experiments using our recent open‐source “Light Plate Apparatus” device. In principle, the parameterized model should predict the gene expression response to any time‐varying signal from any mixture of light sources with known spectra. We validate this capability experimentally using a suite of challenging light sources and signals very different from those used during the parameterization process. Furthermore, we use the model to compensate for significant spectral cross‐reactivity inherent to the two sensors in order to develop a new method for programming two simultaneous and independent gene expression signals within the same cell. Our optogenetic multiplexing method will enable powerful new interrogations of how metabolic, signaling, and decision‐making pathways integrate multiple input signals.
Innovative approach for achieving of sustainable urban water supply system by using of solar photovoltaic energy
Authors: Margeta Jure , Đurin Bojan
Published: April 2017

Paper describes and analyses new and innovative concept for possible integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy in urban water supply system (UWSS). Proposed system consists of PV generator and invertor, pump station and water reservoir. System is sized in such a manner that every his part is sized separately and after this integrated into a whole. This integration is desirable for several reasons, where the most important is the achievement of the objectives of sustainable living in urban areas i.e. achieving of sustainable urban water supply system. The biggest technological challenge associated with the use of solar, wind and other intermittent renewable energy sources RES is the realization of economically and environmentally friendly electric energy storage (EES). The paper elaborates the use of water reservoires in UWSS as EES. The proposed solution is still more expensive than the traditional and is economically acceptable today in the cases of isolated urban water system and special situations. Wider application will depend on the future trends of energy prices, construction costs of PV generators and needs for CO2 reduction by urban water infrastructure.
Hydrodeoxygenation of furfuryl alcohol over Cu/MgAl and Cu/ZnAl catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like precursors: A reaction for bio-oil upgrading
Authors: Pino Natalia Andrea , Hincapie Gina Marcela , López Diana Patricia
Published: April 2017

The aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of furfuryl alcohol over Cu/MgAl and Cu/ZnAl catalysts with different Mg/Al and Zn/Al molar ratios, were investigated. Mg-Al and Zn-Al mixed oxides derived from hydrotalcites precursors were used as supports, which were impregnated with an aqueous solution of copper nitrate by incipient wetness impregnation. The HDO reaction was carried out in a typical batch reactor at 5 MPa of H2 and 200 °C for 4 h. Among the catalysts studied, the Cu/MgAl-0.5 catalyst exhibited the higher furfuryl alcohol conversion (86%) and yield of cyclopentanol (35%), which is the reaction product with the highest hydrogen-carbon (H/C) ratio. With the Cu/MgAl-3 catalyst a high cyclopentanone yield (67%) was achieved. The results obtained, showed that copper supported on mixed oxides catalysts derived from hydrotalcite precursors are a promising alternative to improve the bio-oil quality.
First record of the Fitzinger’s False Coral Snake, Oxyrhopus fitzingeri (Tschudi, 1845) (Reptilia: Dipsadidae) in Atiquipa, southwestern Peru
Authors: Luque-Fernández César R. , Villegas Paredes Luis Norberto
Published: April 2017

Oxyrophus fitzingeri is distributed in Ecuador and Peru. In this study we present an extension of the geographical distribution for Peru, the first record of the species in the department of Arequipa. This new report was made in the Lomas de Atiquipa Private Conservation Area.
The occurrence of the Pear Psyllid, Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Uruguay
Authors: Valle Diana , Burckhardt Daniel , Mujica Valentina , Zoppolo Roberto , Morelli Enrique
Published: April 2017

The Pear Psyllid, Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907), is here reported from the Department of Canelones, the major region of pear production in Uruguay. Previous records of C. pyricola (Foerster, 1848) from Uruguay are misidentifications of C. bidens. Information is provided on the taxonomy and biology of this species.
The geographic range of Uma scoparia Cope, 1894 (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) in Arizona
Authors: Leavitt Daniel J. , Crumbo Woodrow L. , Myrand Jason M. , Masters Elroy H.
Published: April 2017

Surveys dedicated to better describing the distribution of Uma scoparia in Arizona are reported. These extend this species’ distribution in La Paz County, Arizona, 20 km further to the south than previously described. Six records on the outside of a confused range are presented alongside data from 170 captures within this range. This species is well known from California but its Arizona distribution is little understood and less well studied than other members of its genus. Concern about the conservation status of the disjunct Arizona population makes this report valuable to resource managers. Lizards were observed with ease and in large numbers at nearly all sites surveyed.
First records of Sturnira bakeri Velazco & Patterson, 2014 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Colombia
Authors: Montoya-Bustamante Sebastián , González-Chávez Baltazar , Zapata-Mesa Natalya , Obando-Cabrera Laura
Published: April 2017

We evaluate the occurrence of S. bakeri in Colombia, a recently described species. We report seven new records and include data on skull measurements of these individuals and information on the new localities. A discriminant analysis suggests that condyloincisive length and dentary length are the most important measurements to separate S. bakeri and S. luisi from S. lilium. However, to distinguish S. bakeri from S. luisi, we used discrete characters proposed in the original descriptions of these two taxa. Sturnira bakeri should no longer be considered a regionally endemic species from Ecuador and Peru.