bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL MODELS: PLANNING TOOLS FOR THE GREAT LAKES1
Authors: Upchurch Sam B. , Robb David C. N.
Published: June 2007

The Great Lakes Basin Commission has initiated a Framework Study to assess the present and projected water‐ and related land‐resource problems and demands in the Great Lakes Basin. Poorly defined objectives; incomplete and inconsistent data arrays; unknown air, biota, water, and sediment interactions; and multiple planning considerations for interconnected, large lake systems hinder objective planning. To incorporate mathematical modeling as a planning tool for the Great Lakes, a two‐phase program, comprising a feasibility and design study followed by contracted and in‐house modeling, data assembly, and plan development, has been initiated. The models will be used to identify sensitivities of the lakes to planning and management alternatives, insufficiencies in the data base, and inadequately understood ecosystem interactions. For the first time objective testing of resource‐utilization plans to identify potential conflicts will provide a rational and cost‐effective approach to Great Lakes management. Because disciplines will be interrelated, the long‐term effects of planning alternatives and their impacts on neighboring lakes and states can be evaluated. Testing of the consequences of environmental accidents and increased pollution levels can be evaluated, and risks to the resource determined. Examples are cited to demonstrate the use of such planning tools.
MULTIPURPOSE OPERATION STUDIES OF A CANAL‐LAKE‐RIVER SYSTEM‐OSWEGO RIVER SYSTEM, NEW YORK1
Authors: Liu C. S. , Muralidhar D. , Tedrow A. C.
Published: June 2007

Use of systems analysis techniques for setting up flow regulation rules for the Oswego River System, a canal‐river system with eight lakes, was examined. Two sets of lake regulation rules were proposed: the rule curve for each lake, and the lake‐use priority curves for all the lakes. The former specifies balanced allocation of the storage in lakes to conservation pools and flood control pools and, the latter determines lakes releases depending upon the type of operation, the time of the year, and systems objectives. A generalized mathematical representation of the complex, multipurpose, multilake river systems operation is described. With appropriate measures of effectiveness and details of analysis, the problem was then solved with simulation and optimization. Use of the results in assisting basin plan formulation is also discussed.
STREAM DEPLETION BY WELLS IN THE SOUTH PLATTE BASIN‐COLORADO1
Authors: Danielson Jeris A. , Qazi A. Raziq
Published: June 2007

The agricultural production from the Lower South Platte Basin in Colorado represents a significant portion of the state economy. Until the early 1950's the production had developed almost exclusively by use of river water. Drought conditions combined with improved well technology resulted in an inordinate amount of well development in the valley during the period 1952‐56. These wells were used for supplemental supply in many cases, but the application of sprinkler irrigation brought many acres of here‐to‐fore dry land into irrigated production. As a result of the vast amounts of groundwater withdrawal by the newly developed wells, senior surface appropriators found a decreasing amount of water available for use in the streams. The legislature, observing the doctrine of prior appropriation, ruled that all surface and ground water in a tributary would be treated and administered as one resource. This, of course, spelled doom for the well‐oriented segment of the economy. Analysis of a segment of the river on an inflow‐outflow basis was made with careful determination of all inflow‐outflow in the study reach to include correlations required to determine ungaged side‐channel in‐flow and unmetered irrigation wells. Results indicate that wells have intercepted normal return flows to the river resulting in a decreased amount of surface water during the irrigation season. Stream depletion appears to equal the expected consumptive use of well water which ranged between 40% to 50% of the groundwater extraction.
AN ECOLOGICAL AND RECREATIONAL USE SURVEY OF THE LUXAPALILA RIVER1
Authors: Arner D. H. , Anding G. A. , Lunceford W. A. , Summerour C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACI

An ecological and recreational use survey was made of the Luxapalila River in Mississippi. This study was made before channelization work was started by the Army Corps of Engineers. A follow‐up study is planned after channelization work is completed.

Four stations were located along a 10.5 mile stretch of river where certain chemical and biological measurements were taken during the four seasons of the year.

The results of this study revealed that the river is an unpolluted, biologically productive waterway relatively high in chemical constituents. Eleven families and 37 different species of fish were collected. Biomass measurements of standing crops of invertebrates ranged from a low of 0.11 grams oven dry weight per square meter to a high of 18.89 grams per square meter, with larger biomass collected from eddy areas than from riffle areas.

A survey of recreational use of the river indicated relatively light use was made of the river. Fishing was the major use followed by swimming.
DEEP PERCOLATION IN A SAND HILL AREA1
Authors: Clover Robert E.
Published: June 2007

Records for two rivers flowing in a Sand Hill area are used to derive a value for the infiltration reaching the water table. The infiltration is 0.23 feet per year which is 13 per cent of the precipitation.
A REGIONAL APPROACH TO PROJECT EVALUATION1
Authors: McKusick Robert B. , Snyder J. Herbert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Water and related land resource planning has generally been characterized by project evaluation in isolation. Feasible alternatives have been ignored because the economic analysis did not include the interdependence of such subregional and regional variables as factor and product prices and production possibilities. This paper presents an economic framework, consistent with a regional development objective and an efficiency criterion, for proposing and evaluating resource projects. Subregional and regional derived demand curves for water are developed under alternative assumptions of subregional competition, regional market restraints, and yield and price uncertainty. The derivation of water demand curves using the proposed regional framework as compared to sub regional isolation has the desirable properties of (1) a marginal analysis that is more flexible over time is substituted for a static average analysis; (2) range estimates incorporating probabilities are substituted for point estimates; (3) approximations to functional demand curves are substituted for “needs”; and (4) fewer resources are required to meet a regional market restraint.
THERMAL DISCHARGES AND PUBLIC POLICY DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Hanke Steve H. , Boland John J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The generation of electric energy in steam‐electric power plants is accompanied by the discharge of large quantities of waste heat into the environment. In most cases, this heat is released into natural bodies of water at temperatures relatively close to ambient. In certain locations, such as the Chesapeake Bay, discharges of waste heat may triple in the next decade. It is expected that past practices of thermal discharge, if continued into the future, will result in significant damages to other legitimate users of the water resource, both present and future. This paper reviews the economic causes of these potential damages, and describes the role of public policy as one of removing such causes through regulation incentive or intervention. Possible public policies are reviewed, including prohibition, standards, various types of dollar incentives such as taxes and subsidies, marketable effluent permits, and direct government investment. The innovative power plant siting program recently adopted in Maryland is also discussed. It is concluded that no statements can be made regarding the comparative efficiency or effectiveness of the various policies at the present state of knowledge. It is recommended that policy‐makers adopt mixed strategies, preserving as many options as possible for dealing with similar problems in the future.
THE EFFECTS OF AGE AND WATER FLUCTUATIONS ON FISH POPULATIONS1
Authors: Lorio Wendell J. , Teels Billy M. , Norwood Earl D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Two lakes having similar soil types were studied to determine the effects of age and water fluctuations on plankton, benthos and fish populations. Bluff Lake is an older man‐made lake which is drawn down in the mid‐summer. Oktibbeha County Lake is a young lake and the water levels are maintained. Chemistry data from the two lakes indicate that their chemical properties are very similar. Neither lake would be considered very fertile.

Net plankton populations in Bluff Lake and Oktibbeha County Lake were comparable when analyzed on a number of organisms per liter basis. Fluctuations of water levels did not seem to have an effect on the net plankton populations.

The benthic population in Bluff Lake is slightly higher than that found in Oktibbeha County Lake. This is true for both numbers and weight per square meter. The species composition of benthic organisms in the two lakes were similar.

Based on one‐acre samples from each lake, Bluff Lake has a more balanced fish population than does Oktibbeha County Lake. Neither, however, seems to support populations of game fish in which a high percentage of these are in the available or harvestable range. Both lakes contain high populations of gizzard shad.
SOLUTION OF A WATER RESOURCES PROBLEM WITH ECONOMIES OF SCALE BY LINEAR PROGRAMMING1
Authors: Salcedo Dan , Weiss Arden O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Both because of its effectiveness and ease in use, linear programming has become progressively popular in water resources planning problems. Yet, the assumptions of linear construction costs can be misleading. Diseconomies of scale in construction can be handled by successive approximations to the cost function but problems with economies of scale yield paradoxical results when piecewise approximations are used. If significant economies of scale exist in only one facility, the solution to problems of this nature can be found using normal linear programming codes by successively adjusting the unit construction cost on that single facility to iteratively work toward the true optimal solution.
PROFITS, JOINT COSTS AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL1
Authors: Housley Carl Blair
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Federal guidelines for the establishment of water quality standards prohibit degradation of the properties of all or part of the nation's aquatic resources. It is probably correct that streams, lakes and aquifers should be free of toxic substances while non‐poisonous deposits should be abated. However, an extreme opposing position is held by some proponents of pollution who intend to continue discharging waste materials until forced to stop. Although it would seem otherwise, the underlying problem is that polluters' points of altercation possess merit in particular instances. Accordingly, efficient abatement will require that appropriate laws be formulated in such a manner that the nature of economic reasons for the disposal of waste materials be disclosed. Moreover, the technological ability to create byproducts from these particular elements or compounds can advance only over time. This, coupled with the fact that scientists have not developed inexpensive treatment methods which are totally effective, justifies more flexible formal regulations. Excessive rigidity of standards could impose a burden on polluters that is greater than the cost to society which the damaging firm or individual is generating. On the other hand, uniform rules in some cases could be considered so lenient as to allow flagrant contamination which unduly injures downstream users.
WATER RESOURCES APPLICATIONS OF STREAM CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS ON SMALL FORESTED BASINS1
Authors: Walle David R. De , Rango Albert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Stream channel characteristics were found to be useful indices to the hydrology of 27 small forested basins in the Northeast United States. Channel width alone explained 37 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff, whereas channel width combined with basin area explained 78 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff. This approached the percentage of variation in mean annual runoff explained by mean annual precipitation (83 percent). A simulated 15% increase in precipitation, such as might occur in a weather modification project, produced increases in channel width, depth, and channel area of 3, 4, and 8 percent, respectively.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE TERRESTRIAL DISPOSITION OF SILVER FROM CLOUD SEEDING1
Authors: Teller H. L. , Cameron D. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Silver iodide is currently the most favored cloud seeding material in weather modification projects. While the literature indicates that its ecological effects are likely to be insignificant, its disposition in the terrestrial ecosystem after snow melt has not been adequately studied. Silver levels in soil, plant and litter material are being monitored twice a year on a mountainous area in southwestern Colorado, to determine whether annual accretion from cloud seeding can be measured with current techniques and whether significant changes in silver concentration take place in grass, aspen, and spruce communities. One AgI generator site is also being monitored.

Comparison of silver concentrations in terrestrial components of the target area indicates no measurable increase after the first winter's seeding. On an ash basis, spruce foliage and litter contain about four times as much silver as soil. On a dry weight basis, soil from all three plant communities contains about six times as much silver as foliage. Consistent increases in silver concentration were found in soil and pine foliage within 200 meters of one generator site.
DEEP RESERVOIR THERMAL STRATIFICATION MODEL1
Authors: Goodling J. S. , Arnold T. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A method of predicting reservoir temperature profiles is presented. The model requires monthly averaged meteorological and hydrological data along with reservoir physical characteristics. The one‐dimensional profiles are predicted by solving the time‐dependent energy equation with an assumed epilimnetic depth and a diffusion coefficient applicable below the epilimnion. The model is verified using an existing reservoir.
IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON QUALITY IN A NEW JERSEY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM1
Authors: Anderson Peter W. , Faust Samuel D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. New Jersey, together with other states in the northeast, was stricken with drought during 1961‐66. The effect of this drought was most severe in the northern part of the State. The water quality of the Passaic River, which drains the urban, industrialized northeast, perhaps deteriorated the most among the major drainage systems. This river system is used as a raw‐water source by 10 water suppliers. The impact of the drought upon the water supply of the Passaic Valley Water Commission, the most downstream of the basin's suppliers, which supplies an average of about 90 million gallons a day to more than 650,000 persons, is evaluated herein. The drought's impact on the raw‐water quality is appraised by the comparison of before‐and‐after qualities of dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical‐oxygen demand, turbidity, and hardness. For example, at the worst point during the drought, monthly average dissolved‐solids content in the raw water were about 210 percent, hardness, about 167 percent, and biochemical‐oxygen demand about 270 percent higher than antecedent values. In general, the study concludes that the drought produced a deterioration in both raw and finished water quality, and is estimated to have increased chemical‐treatment costs during the drought by about $650,000.
FLOOD PEAKS AS MODIFIED BY DAM SIZE AND LOCATION1
Authors: Black Peter E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The ability to replicate storms on a rainfall simulator over an iconic watershed model permits the study of the effectiveness of dams of different sizes and locations in reducing flood peaks. This study empirically confirms that, when storms uniformly and completely cover the watershed, large dams are nearly twice as effective as a network of small and medium dams in reducing the flood.
THE DETERMINATION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN A STREAM USING AN EXACT SOLUTION TO THE OXYGEN BALANCE EQUATION1
Authors: Hornberger George M. , Kelly Mahlon G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A promising technique for recognition of early stages of cultural eutrophication relies on determining production and respiration in streams. The most successful and most widely used method of estimating production of a segment of a stream is the upstream‐downstream, diurnal curve method introduced by Odum [1956]. This technique is equivalent to obtaining an approximate solution to the oxygen balance equation. We report here an exact solution of the balance equation as a method for calculating primary production. Data presented by Owens [1966] are analyzed; effects of depth and oxygen saturation are studied. A major advantage of the method described here is that continuous temporal variation of net production may be rigorously handled. The method is shown to be well suited to our ultimate goal of studying energy budgets of streams, and thereby the eutrophication process.
RUNOFF, EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER, NEVADA, DURING 19691
Authors: Glancy P. A. , Denburgh A. S. Van , Born S. M.
Published: June 2007

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre‐ft) was almost four times the long‐term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low‐altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre‐feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre‐feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake‐sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride‐amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000‐55,000 tons, including 18,000‐22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.
HARVESTING AS A CONTROL FOR AQUATIC PLANTS1
Authors: Nichols Stanley , Cottam Grant
Published: June 2007

Studies of the effects of harvesting on hydrophytes in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin indicate that one harvest reduced growth by at least 50%, two harvests reduced it by 75% and three harvests virtually eliminated plant material for the year. The studies also indicated that harvesting one year reduced the biomass the following year, especially in deep water. Three harvests during the previous year were most effective in controlling biomass the second year.
ON PRECIPITATION SENSOR NETWORK DENSITIES FOR EVALUATING WINTERTIME OROGRAPHIC CLOUD SEEDING EXPERIMENTS1
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Chappell Charles F. , Grant Lewis O.
Published: June 2007

Principal component analysis is used to investigate density requirements of wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiment precipitation sensor networks. Three passes in the vicinity of Climax, Colorado are studied. The eighteen or more evenly spaced precipitation sensors of each pass are almost completely described by three principal components. These three principal components appear to represent (i) mean precipitation, (ii) slope orientation to storm systems, and (iii) elevation. Evaluation of these principal components is implemented with two distribution‐free tests, a proportionality test and the runs test. The results of this study suggest that the loss of experimental information caused by low density precipitation sensor networks may be of little consequence.
A SELF‐VERIFYING HYBRID COMPUTER MODEL OF RIVER‐BASIN HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Hill R. W. , Huber A. Leon , Israelsen E. K. , Riley J. P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. As demands upon available water supplies increase, there is an accompanying increase in the need to assess the downstream consequences resulting from changes at specific locations within a hydrologic system. The problem is approached in this study by hybrid computer simulation of the hydrologic system. Modeling concepts are based upon the development of basic relationships which describe the various hydrologic processes. Within a system these relationships are linked by the continuity‐of‐mass principle. Spatial resolution is achieved by considering the modeled areas as a series of subbasins. The time increment adopted for the model is one month, so that time varying quantities are expressed in terms of mean monthly values. The model is general in nature and is applied to a particular hydrologic system through a programmed verification procedure whereby model coefficients are evaluated for the particular system. In this study the model is applied to the Bear River basin of western Wyoming, southern Idaho, and northern Utah. Comparisons between observed and computed outflow hydrographs show good agreement. The utility of the model is demonstrated by predicting the effects of various possible water resource management alternatives. The verified hybrid computer program can be digitized for application to the digital computer.
NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICAL METHODS IN URBAN HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH1
Authors: McCuen Richard H. , James L. Douglas
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. In urban hydrologic studies, it is often necessary to determine the effect of changes in urban land use patterns on such runoff characteristics as flood peaks and flow volumes. Nonparametric statistical methods have certain properties that make them a valuable tool for detecting hydrologic change caused by a treatment, such as urbanization, that changes watershed over a period of time. As many hydrologists do not have a working familiarity with nonparametric methods, a number of them are used for illustrative purposes to analyze the effect of urbanization on 24 years of annual flood peaks for a Louisville, Kentucky, watershed. In the example, urbanization was found to increase the central tendency, but not the dispersion of the peaks. Peak flows modeled by holding watershed parameters constant were also found to be increasing because of an upward trend in precipitation. By following the numerical examples in the paper and looking up test statistics in referenced sources, the reader can easily apply these methods to other situations.
GROUND WATER IN PERSPECTIVE1
Authors: Nace Raymond L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Owing to their enormous capacity, ground‐water reservoirs are at least equal in importance to the ground water itself. As regulators of water movement in the hydrological cycle, these reservoirs surpass all lakes combined, natural and manmade. While many aquifers are not well understood, data on many others are adequate for long‐range broad‐scale planning. An example is the basalt aquifer of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. However, the area has managerial problems which concern the time, the place and the feasibility of manipulations of water. All continents of the world contain great aquifers. For every huge aquifer, however, hundreds of smaller ones occur, and even these contain astonishing amounts of water. Aquifers in the Ohio River Basin of the United States are good examples. Management of total water resources is a difficult problem at many places. But many problems could be met and many water shortages alleviated or eliminated by use of aquifers, not merely as sources of water, but as reservoirs for management of water.
IMPACT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT MODIFICATIONS ON WATER QUALITY OF A RESERVOIR1
Authors: Womack James D. , Burdkick J. Clement , Larson Floyd C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. As a result of several investigations conducted in the Department of Civil Engineering through the Water Resources Research Center at The University of Tennessee, dating from 1966 to the present, a rather comprehensive surveillance of water quality conditions has been maintained in Forth Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River near Knowville, Tennessee. During the period covered by these investigations, the Knoxville Third Creek Sewage Treatment Plant was upgraded from a primary plant to a secondary (activated sludge) treatment plant. Comparison of the collected data is being undertaken herein to elucidate the impact of these modifications upon water quality conditions in the reservoir. Consideration is given to the improvements of water quality as related to the expenditure for modification of the treatment facilities. In addition, comment is directed toward the public health significance of the water quality conditions determined.
RELATION OF PHYSICAL AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES TO STREAMBANK STABILITY1
Authors: Goss Don W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Alluvial streambank materials from nine unstable and six stable reaches showed little variation in physical and mineralogical properties. The bulk density of all the samples was so similar that they could be considered from the same population. Particle size distributions showed that the clay fractions were slightly, but significantly, higher for the stable reaches. The mineralogy of all samples was also quite similar. The sand‐sized grains of the stable areas were less rounded than those of the unstable areas. This somewhat angular shape of the grains may have produced an interlocking between grains that added stability to the bank material. Also, clay coatings on the sand‐sized grains from the stable areas may have caused cementation between grains that also strengthened the material.
A SEQUENTIAL DECISION APPROACH IN RECREATIONAL ANALYSIS1
Authors: McCuen Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Benefits from recreation facilities are often estimated by multiplying the estimated number of user‐days by an administratively determined dollar value per user‐day. Such a method requires accurate estimates of total visitation to a proposed facility. Bayesian decision analysis provides a convenient statistical framework in which estimates of recreation visitation estimated using different methods can be combined to provide a more accurate estimate than that obtained from a single source. A Bayesian framework also provides the means of determining the optimal, with respect to a preselected cost function, number of interviews (including zero) that should be conducted in the primary market area. The procedure is demonstrated for a hypothetical recreation site in southern Indiana.
ON LARGE DIVERSIONS FROM THE NORTHWEST – NORMAL AND HIGH‐FLOW YEARS1
Authors: Dutton R. D. , Millham C. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This work assesses economic losses due to diversion of Snake and Columbia river waters in low, normal, and high‐flow years, using a seven‐dam, twelve‐time‐period dynamic programming model, and data for power generation and pollution abatement. The power generation data is derived using 1972 cost figures.
SUBSURFACE QUALITY TRANSFORMATIONS DURING THE INITIATION OF A NEW STABILIZATION LAGOON1
Authors: Wilson L. G. , Clark Wayne L. , Small Gary G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Raw sewage was metered into a newly‐constructed lagoon of the Pima County Department of Sanitation, Tucson, Arizona. Seepage losses were calculated from data on inflow, evaporation and change in storage. Water samples were obtained from shallow suction cups, a 40 ft. and a 60 ft. PVC well and a 100 ft. access tube, all located inside the lagoon. Samples from these wells, together with water samples from the lagoon, were examined for conform organisms and various physical and chemical constituents. Of special concern were transformations in nitrogen. Estimated seepage rates in the lagoon during inundation ranged from 0.20 ft. per day to 0.10 ft. per day. Water level observations in wells reflected the percolation of effluent to the water table, 70 ft. below land surface. Initially, the nitrate ion levels in the suction cup samples were high, manifesting the leaching of indigenous soil nitrogen. With the onset of anaerobic conditions at the base of the lagoon, nitrification was inhibited at the soil surface and ammonia became the predominant form of nitrogen in the soil solution. Sorption of ammonium ion appeared to occur on clay particles in a soil zone of high cation exchange capacity. There were no undesirable microbial or chemical effects of recharge from lagoon seepage on native groundwater quality.
WATERLAW AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: A TEXAS EXAMPLE1
Authors: Tempter Otis W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Scientists usually regard all water as merely passing through, but in different phases of, the endless hydrologic cycle. The law divides water in the cycle into several different classes. Each is treated separately and generally without consideration of interconnections existing within the cycle. Different rules of law have arisen concerning the ownership and use of each legal class. Under Texas law several classes of surface and ground water are recognized, and weather modification efforts bring yet another class, atmospheric moisture, under consideration. It is instructive to follow water moving through the hydrologic cycle in the Nueces River basin, Texas, as a framework for discussing the substantial interconnections between the various legal classes of water and the difficulties that arise from attempts to apply different rules of law to each class. Strictures imposed by Texas water law can seriously interfer with coordinated, efficient use and management of water resources, as evidenced by the Nueces River basin. Well‐recognized, existing water rights in the several phases of the hydrologic cycle make change of these institutional constraints difficult to achieve.
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON WATER QUALITY IN NEBRASKA: A SURVEY OF STREAMS, GROUNDWATER, AND PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Olson R. A. , Seim Edwin C. , Muir John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Rainfall, stream flow and groundwater have been sampled systematically throughout Nebraska since 1970 and analyzed for mineral N and P and the character of any sediments contained. Fallout N and P in rainfall ranges from 5–14 pounds N and 1 pounds P/A/yr, increasing from west to east across the state with increasing rainfall. The amount of NH4‐N is essentially double that of NO3‐N. The mean concentration of 2ppm N in rainfall is four times the mean N concentration of streams, demonstrating a substantial depolluting action of soils and growing crops. Where nutrient levels of streams are elevated, cause can usually be traced especially to industrial, sewage or livestock waste intrusion and not to crop production practices. The only significant quantity of nutrient N and P induced by cultivation is that accompanying sediments from eroded fields. The P content of Nebraska groundwater has remained essentially constant during the past 10 years while average NO3‐N has increased slightly, a period during which farmer fertilizer use quadrupled. During the same time, irrigation acreage has increased by 50%, livestock numbers by 30%, with corresponding growth in human population and attendant industries. Indications are that irrigation practice has contributed more than any other factor to the small increase in groundwater NO3‐N recorded. Individual cases do exist where groundwater NO3‐N has increased substantially, especially in areas of intensive irrigation agriculture on very sandy soils and elsewhere with irrigation development in the proximity of ancient NO3‐N deposits in mantlerock above the water table.
STREAM BASEFLOW PREDICTION BY CONVOLUTION OF ANTECEDENT RAINFALL EFFECTS1
Authors: Aron Gert , Borrelli John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A method of stream baseflow prediction using a parallel drain theory and convolution techniques was developed. The infiltrating portions of several rain events were superimposed on the ground‐water reserves and allowed to drain to the stream as individual baseflow responses. The convolution technique was used in summing the contributions from each rain event to the stream to give the total baseflow at any point in time. A single lumped parameter was adapted from a parallel drain analogy to represent the physical characteristics of a watershed. This parameter determines the time delay between a rainfall event and the resulting baseflow response. The procedure was applied to data from five watersheds. One year of records was used to find the best‐fitting runoff delay coefficient, thus calibrating the response function which was subsequently applied to two test years to predict a dry weather low flow sequence. The agreement between predicted and observed flows was reasonably good, but marred by frequent minor rainfalls during the chosen dry periods. The application of the method should be much more successful in the western states where prolonged dry periods are common.
ACHIEVING PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS, WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Dodge B. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Public interest in all governmental agency planning has increased greatly in recent years. The program of the Corps of Engineers for obtaining direct public input to its water resources planning is described. Implementing policies, guidelines, and activities are summarized. Experiences with public involvement are discussed. Some basic problems that have surfaced in carrying out the program are cited.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PLAN OF STUDY – AN INTERAGENCY APPROACH TO MULTIOBJECTIVE PLANNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER AND LAND RESOURCE USE1
Authors: McKusick Robert B. , Kress James M. , Ashton Peter G. , Bunter Walter A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The paper presents a systems approach for planning and evaluating alternative plans for resource use incorporating the concepts of multiobjective planning and evaluation (MOPE). The need for multidisciplinary input and strong interagency cooperation in planning for resource use is related to the logical and orderly completion of the planning steps. The paper briefly describes MOPE, emphasizing two important concepts: (1) the relationship of the study problems and objectives to national social objectives, and (2) the display of alternative solutions showing tradeoffs. Several important characteristics of a plan of study which implements MOPE are presented and discussed. A proposed MOPE analytical system is discussed in detail. The MOPE analytical system is divided into eight interdependent subsystems that describe data collection, use, analysis, and results. A linear program (L.P.) model is proposed to analyze the present and future demand relationships for natural resources. The model will also evaluate the interaction of agriculture, forestry, and recreation with the resource base of the basin, considering National Economic Development, Environmental Quality, and Regional Development.
REVIEW OF LAKE RESTORATION PROCEDURES1
Authors: Boyter Charles J. , Wanielista Martin P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Relevant information on the restoration of lakes is presented. The restoration procedures considered are applicable to the water, the bottom sediments, and aquatic plant improvement. A summary of thirteen (13) suggested methods of restoration are reviewed.
INSTITUTIONAL INTERACTION IN METROPOLITAN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Ball Ian Traquair
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Methods of institutional coordination derived from the applied behavioral sciences have been useful in determining the policy planning, and implementation responsibilities that must be shared between local governments, watershed districts, and a regional planning body in the Minneapolis‐St. Paul Metropolitan Area. The confines of the traditional behavioral science models of organizations and institutional change processes, and the realities of administrative systems imbedded in political processes at both the local and state levels, have created conflicts between regional planners, watershed district staff and consultants, and municipal administrators. A conceptual framework based on work by Selznick on institutions was applied to two watershed districts, and the results evaluated for other research purposes as well as policy development for the 1973 Minnesota legislative session.
A PROTOTYPE OF THE MODERN SETTLING ‐RESERVOIR IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA1
Authors: Kang Shin T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT If one goes to Iraq today, as I did in the summer of 1972 one sees that the area once served by this ancient canal system is presently abandoned to desert. The Ur III texts would indicate that the Sumerian irrigation system allowed them to raise good crops of grain, vegetables and fruits, in an area now completely barren except for an occasional thorn‐bush. This paper deals in detail with the Sumerian term nag‐ku5, which seems to be a key word in arriving at a more accurate picture of Sumerian canal and irrigation systems. Ur III material indicates that the nag‐ku5 may have served a role similar to that of the modern settling‐reservoir. The aim of this study is the hope that knowledge of the past could help this desert bloom once more.
RELATIVE LEACHING POTENTIALS ESTIMATED FROM HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUPS1
Authors: England C. B.
Published: June 2007

Leaching of soils with water can be both beneficial and hazardous in the same instance, removing salts harmful to plants and contributing dissolved substances to groundwater. The leaching potential of a given soil is difficult to assess, even with complex instrumentation. This paper suggests that the final infiltration rates associated with the Hydrologic Soil Groups used by the USDA Soil Conservation Service in watershed planning may provide a useful guide in estimating quantities of leaching water moving through soil profiles.
REGIMES OF FORCED HYDRAULIC JUMP
Authors: Hari V. Mura
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Presented herein is a detailed description of the various types of forced hydraulic jumps formed with the assistance of baffle walls and baffle blocks. Methods of possible analysis and further research required to understand these flow configurations have been discussed.
MOBILE OXYGEN DISPERSION CRAFT1
Authors: Whipple William
Published: June 2007

Water pollution control by effluent treatment becomes increasingly expensive as the degree of treatment is increased. As has previously been demonstrated, instream aeration provides an economical alternative for the higher degrees of treatment. For large, deep, navigable rivers, another alternative may be still more economical, namely, mobile oxygenating craft, using fine bubble diffusers. The propellors in the craft plus its mobility would give important advantages in dispersing the oxygenated water; and one craft could replace a multiplicity of static aeration sites.
A PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING WATER RESOURCES FOR URBAN PLANNING1
Authors: Rickert David A. , Schneider William J. , Spieker Andrew M.
Published: June 2007

A matrix has been developed to guide the assessment of urban water resources. The matrix provides a means for determining the relative importance of water‐related problems, and for identifying the data needed to evaluate these problems for the purpose of urban planning. The matrix columns list nine categories of potential water‐related urban problems. The rows list 51 categories of data inputs which may be needed to evaluate the potential problems. The inputs include standard types of basic hydrologic data, information based on analysis and interpretation of these data, and information on the interfacing factors of climate, land, and culture. A system is described for ranking the relative importance of the problem categories and data inputs on a numerical scale of 0 to 3. From this, an index is derived that evaluates the relative importance of each input item to an overall program for water resource assessment. From the completed matrix the hydrologist can determine the availability of data to meet the identified requirements. Judgement can then be made as to priorities on work elements to provide the planner with maximum information in minimum time. The matrix also provides a basis for the development of programs and their funding in order to overcome critical data deficiencies.
HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE OF MASSACHUSETTS WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Colonell Joseph M. , Higgins George R.
Published: June 2007

Hydrologic response, defined as the annual direct runoff divided by the annual precipitation, was computed for twenty‐one watersheds in or near western Massachusetts, using a total of 232 years of hydrologic records. Variability of the results over the period of analysis was greater than is desirable to inspire confidence in the usefulness of the hydrologic response function; however, the results do suggest that the hydrologic response concept, with appropriate refinements, could be applied successfully to the problem of delineating hydrologic provinces and determination of drainage and storage in unregulated watersheds.
UTILIZATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN RIVER BASIN STUDIES1
Authors: Link L. E. , Shindala Adnan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Remote sensing techniques have the potential for significantly reducing the level of effort in a river basin water quality study. An immediate requirement exists, however, for the formulation of the proper methodology for the application of remote sensing to this problem area. A general methodology is proposed for conduct of river basin water quality studies. The primary advantage offered by the proposed methodology is a technique for rapid evaluation of the water quality conditions of a river basin. Remote sensing techniques are a fundamental part of the methodology. The proposed methodology consists of two phases. Phase I deals with the study of the water resource characteristics of the basin as a system and identification of “critical areas.” Phase II of the methodology involves the detailed study of the critical areas by means of computerized water quality simulation models.
CHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SURFACE WATER AND THE GROUND IN SOUTH FLORIDA1
Authors: Greenfield Leonard J. , Hare Curtis R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Analyses of soil and water were made in a stretch of shallow ground north of a cypress head in South Florida. The area is covered with water for part of the year, and it flows slowly southward. The soil is primarily peat formed from the local graminid vegetation during its decay. The top layer consists of a blue‐green algal mat whose decay products contribute to the peat also. Collections of soil (including the top layer) were made layer by layer and anlyzed for cations and anions and for ion exchange capacity. The latter appears to be high enough in all layers to account for the ion content within the soil and surrounding waters. It probably is a very important buffer system that retards limestone erosion. CEC values ranged from 20 to 190 meg/100 gm dry soil from bedrock to surface.
SUBJECTIVE DECISION‐MAKING FOR URBAN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Dean Joe H. , Shih C. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Bayesian decision theory provides a procedure for the use of subjective data in a decision‐making situation related to urban water resources development. This procedure is effectual in pursuing a set of goals and in transforming individual or group indecisiveness into satisfactory decisions. This approach is highlighted due to its capability to incorporate seemingly unquantifiable, abstract factors into the decision‐making process. It is realized that the soliciting of expert and general public opinion is indispensable in making choices for the welfare of the general public from alternative courses of action under uncertainty. The analysis presented here considers engineering alternatives, quality, quantity, cost and the intangible public response in an integrated effort for the selection of optimum strategies in urban water resources development.
ECONOMIC FORECASTING FOR VIRGINIA'S WATER RESOURCE PROGRAMS1
Authors: Becker Charles P. , Griffin Allender M. , Lown Carol S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water resource and water quality management planning depend, to a large degree, on forecasts of industrial activity and population projections. A flexible economic data base is especially important where planning follows varying formats of geographical and industrial detail. Records of employment and payroll are collected in the administration of Unemployment Insurance (U.I.) programs and are available from State Employment Agencies. These statistics have been collected over a long period of record (thirty‐five years). Many years of record are available on punched‐cards or magnetic tape and may be arrayed and manipulated by computer. This basic approach has been followed in Virginia. Historical U.I. payroll and employment records for the period 1956 through 1970 were procured on magnetic tape. This data was arrayed by major hydrologic area and by regional planning district. Projections of manufacturing activity were then generated by fitting several exponential equations to annual payroll data in two‐digit Standard Industrial Classifications. These exponentials were then extrapolated to provide a range of industrial projections. Other parameters of manufacturing activity were then correlated to the payroll data to generate projections of indexes such as employment, value‐added, and gross manufacturing output. U.I. payroll data is now being correlated to parameters in non‐manufacturing categories. Projections for industries such as trade and services will link extrapolated payroll data with benchmark correlations of payroll and sales receipts.
ON THE MISMATCH BETWEEN DATA AND MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS1
Authors: Weber Jean E. , Kisiel Chester C. , Ducksteiri Lucien
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Many difficulties exist in the matching of models with data. This paper identifies elements of this problem and discusses considerations involved in model evaluation. The well known multivariate linear regression model is used to illustrate the distinctions between accuracy and precision and between estimation and prediction (because the model is commonly misused.) No amount of additional data will improve the accuracy of a poor model. A high R2, while indicative of a good matching between the observed data and model estimates, is a poor criterion for judging adequacy of the model to make good predictions of future events. Model evaluation also includes the problem of introducing secondary data and proxy variables into a model. Secondary data frequently enter, for example, the mass, energy and water budget equations because of difficulties in measuring the primary variables. Proxy variables arise because of a desire to collapse a vector of incomparable values, say, of water quality into a single number. Review of the above issues indicates that model evaluation is a multi‐criterion problem, often imbedded in a larger framework where models are intended to meet multiple objectives. The mismatch of models and data has increasing legal and social consequences.