bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effectiveness of Electricity Energy Efficiency Programs
Authors: Arimura Toshi H. , Li Shanjun , Newell Richard G. , Palmer Karen
Published: March 2012

We analyze the cost-effectiveness of electric utility ratepayer-fundedpro-grams to promote demand-side management (DSM) and energy efficiency (EE) investments. We specify a model that relates electricity demand to previous EE DSM spending, energy prices, income, weather, and other demand factors. In contrast to previous studies, we allow EE DSM spending to have a potential longterm demand effect and explicitly address possible endogeneity in spending. We find that current period EE DSM expenditures reduce electricity demand and that this effect persists for a number of years. Our findings suggest that ratepayer funded DSM expenditures between 1992 and 2006 produced a central estimate of 0.9 percent savings in electricity consumption over that time period and a 1.8 percent savings over all years. These energy savings came at an expected average cost to utilities of roughly 5 cents per kWh saved when future savings are discounted at a 5 percent rate.
Energy Demand Analytics Using Coupled Technological and Economic Models
Authors: Steckley Samuel G. , Meade Douglas S. , Lenox Carol Shay , Hoffman Kenneth C. , Reid David H. , H. Schoener Bradley C.
Published: March 2012

Impacts of a range of policy scenarios on end-use energy demand are examined using a coupling of MARKAL, an energy system model with extensive supply and end-use technological detail, and Inforum LIFT, a large-scale model of the U.S. economy with inter-industry, government, and consumer behavioral dynamics. Responses in end-use energy demand are the result of energy efficiency improvements, fuel switching, and indirect economy-wide impacts. Carbon emissions reductions attributed to end-use demand response are analyzed and compared to carbon emissions reductions attributed to changes in the electric sector. Scenarios with the greatest impacts are a carbon tax case, resulting in a shift away from coal generation in the electric sector, and a normative case using a 7% discount rate for end-use technology investment decisions, resulting in increased adoption of energy efficient technology. In the course of addressing the specific EMF 25 scenarios and specified assumptions, a number of interesting issues were identified for follow-on analyses.

doi: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol32-SI1-10
Impact of Relative Fuel Prices on CO2 Emission Policies
Authors: Macaluso Nick , White Robin
Published: March 2012

The multi-sector end-use energy model E3MC was used to analyze the energy and greenhouse gas emissions impact of adding a carbon tax to efficiency improvement standards for the residential sector in Canada and the USA. Compared to standards alone, the addition of the tax led to further residential emission reductions in Canada, but attenuated the residential emission reductions in the USA. Examination of the relative residential electricity:natural gas prices demonstrated that the different country impacts were due to an increase in relative prices in the USA, but a decrease in relative prices in Canada that led to opposite shifts in preference for electricity over natural gas in the residential sector. Markedly different impacts of the carbon tax on electricity prices was due to the predominance of hydroelectric power in Canada and coal-fired electric generation in the USA. doi: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol32-SI1-6
Policy Effectiveness in Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction
Authors: Yuan Mei , Tuladhar Sugandha , Bernstein Paul , Lanen Lee
Published: March 2012

In an effort to compare the effectiveness of possible policy options to tackle a range of energy and environmental issues, we employ an integrated assessment model which couples a technology-rich bottom-up model of the U.S. electricity sector with a fully dynamic forward-looking general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. The model provides a unique and consistent modeling framework for energy and environmental policy analysis. The results from the model show that a carbon tax would be the most cost-effective tool for lowering carbon dioxide emissions, and an energy tax would most cost-effectively lower total energy consumption. Though energy efficiency standards are found to be the least cost-effective at reducing energy usage or mitigating carbon emissions, their appeal is likely to rest on assumptions about specific market failures or on political factors. doi: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol32-SI1-9
How severe can transients be after a sudden depressurization?
Authors: Collins Richard P. , Boxall Joby B. , Karney Bryan W. , Brunone Bruno , Meniconi Silvia
Published: March 2012

This article discusses how pipeline networks that experience sudden pressure differences, even in the absence of initial system flow, can create severe transient pressures. If a pipe is under static pressure and a valve is suddenly opened, a depressurization wave propagates through the system. As with any transient, reflection is based on the pipe material, and at a dead end the original and reflected waves superimpose. This superposition is almost invariably large enough for local pressures to drop below the gauge value and reach vacuum pressures, inducing cavitation. For the experiments reported in this article, negative pressures were measured for several seconds and a low‐pressure event was followed by rapidly increasing pressures and associated impressive acoustic effects. This investigation highlights that depressurization events are potentially destructive and must be treated with appropriate caution because such shock loadings can cause structural failures.
Religious distance education goes online
Authors: Frye Steven B.
Published: March 2012

This chapter examines a variety of electronic distance education tools used by religious organizations.
Going green and renewing life: Environmental education in faith communities
Authors: Hitzhusen Gregory E.
Published: March 2012

This chapter describes opportunities for environmental education in faith communities by reviewing important developments that have shaped religious interests in environmental topics and by highlighting examples that suggest a key role for adult educators.
Adult Jewish education and participation among reform Jewish women
Authors: Mareschal Teresa L.
Published: March 2012

Adult Jewish education has a long, storied history. Jewish synagogues offer a variety of programs and classes to assist adults in learning about Judaism. Jewish women are active participants in adult Jewish education. This chapter explores Reform Jewish women's participation in adult Jewish education.
Nanopore Characterization and Optical Modeling of Transparent Polycrystalline Alumina
Authors: Stuer Michael , Bowen Paul , Cantoni Marco , Pecharroman Carlos , Zhao Zhe
Published: March 2012

Production of transparent ceramics has become a topic of resurgent interest in recent years, with its promise of near‐net shaping appealing to applications ranging from biomedicine to solar energy. However, the mechanisms governing ceramic transparency, translucency, and opaqueness are not entirely understood. Models of both grain boundary and pore scattering have been proposed, but too often without sufficient experimental corroboration. An extensive experimental analysis of transparent alumina samples is presented, establishing a first direct link between the observed transparency, defect size, and porosity. Given the unprecedented experimental detail from the full 3D pore reconstruction from the FIB tomography, how to correctly interpret the experimentally observed transparency is additionally shown. The unprecedented experimental and theoretical agreement for the first time identifies the relative contributions of different scattering mechanisms, thereby paving the way forward for microstructural tuning of transparent polycrystalline alumina.
Improving the performance of a catalytic system for the synthesis of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene with a reduced number of entanglements
Authors: Ronca Sara , Romano Dario , Forte Giuseppe , Andablo‐Reyes Efren , Rastogi Sanjayc
Published: March 2012

It has been shown that, in suitable reaction conditions, it is possible to obtain ultra high molecular weight polyethylene with a reduced number of entanglements directly from the synthesis. This material shows interesting technological properties in terms of improved solid‐state processability. Nascent powders can be compressed into films and ultrastretched to give high modulus, high strength tapes. At high temperature, above the melting point, the “disentangled'' state will revert to the fully entangled, thermodynamically stable state. This change can be followed by suitable techniques. In this study, we have investigated the effect that a cocatalyst modification can have on the catalyst performance and ultimately on the material properties and processability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 193–204, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21265
Autonomic Shutdown of Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Thermoresponsive Microspheres
Authors: Baginska Marta , Blaiszik Benjamin J. , Merriman Ryan J. , Sottos Nancy R. , Moore Jeffrey S. , White Scott R.
Published: March 2012

Autonomic, thermally‐induced shutdown of Lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries is demonstrated by incorporating thermoresponsive polymer microspheres (ca. 4 μm) onto battery anodes or separators. When the internal battery environment reaches a critical temperature, the microspheres melt and coat the anode/separator with a nonconductive barrier, halting Li‐ion transport and shutting down the cell permanently. Three functionalization schemes are shown to perform cell shutdown: 1) poly(ethylene) (PE) microspheres coated on the anode, 2) paraffin wax microspheres coated on the anode, and 3) PE microspheres coated on the separator. Charge and discharge capacity is measured for Li‐ion coin cells containing microsphere‐coated anodes or separators as a function of capsule coverage. For PE coated on the anode, the initial capacity of the battery is unaffected by the presence of the PE microspheres up to a coverage of 12 mg cm−2 (when cycled at 1C), and full shutdown (>98% loss of initial capacity) is achieved in cells containing greater than 3.5 mg cm−2. For paraffin microspheres coated on the anode and PE microspheres coated on the separator, shutdown is achieved in cells containing coverages greater than 2.9 and 13.7 mg cm−2, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images of electrode surfaces from cells that have undergone autonomic shutdown provides evidence of melting, wetting, and resolidification of PE into the anode and polymer film formation at the anode/separator interface.
Antiphospholipid syndrome: Laboratory testing and diagnostic strategies
Authors: Ortel Thomas L.
Published: March 2012

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is diagnosed in patients with recurrent thromboembolic events and/or pregnancy loss in the presence of persistent laboratory evidence for antiphospholipid antibodies. Diagnostic tests for the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies include laboratory assays that detect anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulants, and anti‐β2‐glycoprotein I antibodies. These assays have their origins beginning >60 years ago, with the identification of the biologic false positive test for syphilis, the observation of “circulating anticoagulants” in certain patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, the identification of cardiolipin as a key component in the serologic test for syphilis, and the recognition and characterization of a “cofactor” for antibody binding to phospholipids. Although these assays have been used clinically for many years, there are still problems with the accurate diagnosis of patients with this syndrome. For example, lupus anticoagulant testing can be difficult to interpret in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy, but most patients with a thromboembolic event will already be anticoagulated before the decision to perform the tests has been made. In addition to understanding limitations of the assays, clinicians also need to be aware of which patients should be tested and not obtain testing on patients unlikely to have APS. New tests and diagnostic strategies are in various stages of development and should help improve our ability to accurately diagnose this important clinical disorder. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guidance on the emergent reversal of oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors
Authors: Kaatz Scott , Kouides Peter A. , Garcia David A. , Spyropolous Alex C. , Crowther Mark , Douketis Jim D. , Chan Anthony K. C. , James Andra , Moll Stephan , Ortel Thomas L. , Van Cott Elizabeth M. , Ansell Jack
Published: March 2012

The new oral anticoagulants dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban have advantages over warfarin which include no need for laboratory monitoring, less drug–drug interactions and less food‐drug interactions. However, there is no established antidote for patients who are bleeding or require emergent surgery and there is a paucity of evidence to guide the clinical care during these situations. Members of thrombosis and anticoagulation groups participating in the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Summit of North America formulated expert opinion guidance for reversing the anticoagulant effect of the new oral anticoagulants and suggest: routine supportive care, activated charcoal if drug ingestion was within a couple of hours, and hemodialysis if feasible for dabigatran. Also, the pros and cons of the possible use of four factor prothrombin complex concentrate are discussed. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Botulinum toxin injections into salivary glands to decrease oral secretions in CHARGE syndrome: Prospective case study
Authors: Blake Kim D. , MacCuspie Jillian , Corsten Gerard
Published: March 2012

CHARGE syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the CHD7 gene on chromosome 8. Major clinical diagnostic criteria for this heterogeneous disorder include ocular coloboma, choanal atresia/stenosis, characteristic external and internal ear abnormalities, and cranial nerve abnormalities. Patients with CHARGE syndrome often have dysphagia and are at high risk for aspiration of both upper and lower gastrointestinal secretions. The following case‐report describes the use of Botulinum toxin A (Botox) to reduce excess salivary secretions in a ventilator dependant infant who would have required a tracheotomy. Thereafter, Botox was used regularly (4–5 months) to decrease the salivary secretions. This case‐report is unique in that it describes the intermittent and prospective use of Botox to reduce excess salivary secretions and prevent the resulting aspiration‐related complications in an infant with CHARGE syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tetrasomy 13q31.1qter due to an inverted duplicated neocentric marker chromosome in a fetus with multiple malformations
Authors: Haddad Véronique , Aboura Azzedine , Tosca Lucie , Guediche Narjes , Mas Anne‐Elisabeth , L'Herminé Aurore Coulomb , Druart Luc , Picone Olivier , Brisset Sophie , Tachdjian Gérard
Published: March 2012

Small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) lacking alpha satellite DNA or endogenous centromere regions are rare and contain fully functional centromeres, called neocentromeres. We report on a woman with a 14‐week gestation pregnancy with a cystic hygroma and cerebellar hypoplasia at ultrasound examination. Cytogenetic studies showed a karyotype 47,XY,+mar dn. This sSMC was observed in chorionic villi, lung, and muscle tissue. Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization showed a gain from 13q31.1 to 13qter region. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with pan alpha satellite probe and probes specific for chromosome 13 showed a marker corresponding to an inversion duplication of the 13q distal chromosomal region without alpha satellite DNA sequence, suggesting the presence of a neocentromere. Examination of the fetus showed dysmorphic features, cystic cervical hygroma, postaxial polydactyly of the right hand and left foot with short fingers, malrotation of the gut, and a micropenis with hypospadias. Genotype–phenotype correlation in tetrasomy 13q is discussed according to the four 13q chromosomal breakpoints reported (13q32, 13q31, 13q21, 13q14) for chromosome 13 supernumerary markers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel maternally‐derived insertional translocation resulting in partial trisomy 4q13.2–q22.1 with complex translocation t(8;20) in a family with intellectual disability
Authors: Assawamakin Anunchai , Wattanasirichaigoon Duangrurdee , Tocharoentanaphol Chintana , Waeteekul Supaporn , Tansatit Montakarn , Thongnoppakhun Wanna , Limwongse Chanin
Published: March 2012

We characterized the chromosomal aberration in family with intellectual disability, including two affected children and their affected mother. Initial standard karyotypes of the three individuals showed an apparently balanced translocation of chromosomes 8 and 20. Using molecular cytogenetic techniques, we observed complex structural chromosomal aberration comprising of reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 8 and 20 with pericentric inversion (8p11.12q22.3) and insertion of chromosome 4 segments into both der(8) and der(20). In particular, the insertion of chromosome 4 was complex. Two segments (4q13.2–q13.3 and 4q21.21–q22.1) were inserted into the der(8)t(8;20) breakpoint and one segment (4q13.3–q21.21) into the der(20)t(8;20) breakpoint. Both children inherited two normal chromosomes 4 from their parents and the der(8) and der(20) from the mother, resulting in partial trisomy of 4q13.2–q22.1. Interestingly, the mother, in addition to the same complex insertions and inversion, was founded to have a deletion of 4q13.2–q22.1 in one of her chromosomes 4, yielding no genetic imbalance but with potential disruption of intellectual dysfunction‐related gene(s) at the breakpoints as the cause of her intellectual impairment. This family is the third case report of an insertional translocation mechanism causing partial trisomy 4q syndrome. Our study demonstrates that an insertion of an extra chromosomal segment, not primarily involving in translocation breakpoints, which results in partial trisomy, can be an unapparent cause of the abnormal phenotypes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two novel patients with Bohring–Opitz syndrome caused by de novo ASXL1 mutations
Authors: Magini Pamela , Monica Matteo Della , Uzielli Maria Luisa Giovannucci , Mongelli Patrizia , Scarselli Gloria , Gambineri Eleonora , Scarano Gioacchino , Seri Marco
Published: March 2012

Bohring–Opitz syndrome (BOS) is a rare condition characterized by facial anomalies, multiple malformations, failure to thrive and severe intellectual disabilities. Recently, the cause was identified on the basis of de novo heterozygous mutations in the ASXL1 gene. We report on two novel cases carrying two previously undescribed mutations (c.2407_2411del5 [p.Q803TfsX17] and c.2893C>T [p.R965X]). These new data further support ASXL1 as cause of BOS and may contribute to a more precise definition of the phenotype caused by the disruption of this gene. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of the Reelin signaling cascade (Ligands–Receptors–Adaptor Complex) on cognition in schizophrenia
Authors: Verbrugghe Phebe , Bouwer Sonja , Wiltshire Steven , Carter Kim , Chandler David , Cooper Matthew , Morar Bharti , Razif Muhammad F.M. , Henders Anjali , Badcock Johanna C. , Dragovic Milan , Carr Vaughan , Almeida Osvaldo P. , Flicker Leon , Montgomery Grant , Jablensky Assen , Kalaydjieva Luba
Published: March 2012

Our previous neurocognitive studies of schizophrenia outlined two clusters of affected subjects—cognitively spared (CS) and cognitive deficit (CD), the latter's characteristics pointing to developmental origins and impaired synaptic plasticity. Here we investigate the contribution of polymorphisms in major regulators of these processes to susceptibility to schizophrenia and to CD in patients. We examine variation in genes encoding proteins at the gateway of Reelin signaling: ligands RELN and APOE, their common receptors APOER2 and VLDLR, and adaptor DAB1. Association analysis with disease outcome and cognitive performance in the Western Australian Family Study of Schizophrenia (WAFSS) was followed by replication analysis in the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank (ASRB) and in the Health in Men Study (HIMS) of normal aging males. In the WAFSS sample, we observed significant association of APOE, APOER2, VLDLR, and DAB1 SNPs with disease outcome in the case–control and CD–control datasets, and with pre‐morbid intelligence and verbal memory in cases. HIMS replication analysis supported rs439401 (APOE regulatory region), and rs2297660 and rs3737983 (APOER2), with an effect on memory performance in normal aging subjects consistent with the findings in schizophrenia cases. APOER2 gene expression analysis revealed lower transcript levels in lymphoblastoid cells from cognitively impaired schizophrenia patients of the alternatively spliced exon 19, mediating Reelin signaling and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. ASRB replication analysis produced marginally significant results, possibly reflecting a recruitment strategy biased toward CS patients. The data suggest a contribution of neurodevelopmental/synaptic plasticity genes to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structured histopathology profiling of chronic rhinosinusitis in routine practice
Authors: Snidvongs Kornkiat , Lam Matthew , Sacks Raymond , Earls Peter , Kalish Larry , Phillips P. Seamus , Pratt Eleanor , Harvey Richard J.
Published: March 2012

Background:

Tissue eosinophilia in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a marker of inflammatory disorders recalcitrant to surgical intervention. Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is traditionally associated with asthma, polyps, aspirin sensitivity, high serum eosinophilia, and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE). However, patients with ECRS may not present with these associations and there is a need to establish other surrogate markers. The objective of the study was to determine the associations between the histopathology, serology, and clinical characteristics in CRS patients.

Methods:

A cross‐sectional study was undertaken of CRS patients undergoing surgery. Tissue eosinophilia and other pathological features were compared to traditional surrogate features of ECRS, as well as to symptoms, and to radiologic and endoscopic scores.

Results:

A total of 51 patients were assessed (47% female, mean age 46.6 ± 4.1 years). High tissue eosinophilia (>10 per high‐power field [HPF]) was more prominent in polyps (84%) (χ2 = 25.76; p < 0.01) but was also seen in nonpolyp patients (19%). Asthma was not associated with high tissue eosinophilia (p = 0.60), with 43% of nonasthmatics demonstrating high tissue eosinophilia. Serum eosinophilia predicted high tissue eosinophilia at >0.30 × 109/L or 4.4% of leukocytes (sensitivity 52%, specificity 87%, receiver operating characteristic [ROC] p = 0.001), with low negative predictive value. Serum IgE was nonpredictive (p = 0.08).

Conclusion:

The diagnosis of ECRS has unique prognostic implications. Traditional features of the ECRS phenotype are not necessarily reliable markers for the presence of tissue eosinophilia. Serum eosinophilia may be a good surrogate marker of tissue eosinophilia but of limited use. The routine use of structured histopathology reporting in CRS is suggested, to allow for the diagnosis of ECRS and to identify other prognostic markers. © 2012 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Heteroditope Rezeptoren zur Ionenpaarerkennung
Authors: McConnell Anna J. , Beer Paul D.
Published: March 2012

Bei der Ionenpaarerkennung handelt es sich um ein junges Forschungsgebiet, das aus der Anionen‐ und Kationen‐Koordinationschemie hervorgegangen ist. Spezielle Designtypen heteroditoper Ionenpaarrezeptoren sowie die Komplexität der Ionenpaarbindung werden zur Illustration der Schlüsselkonzepte, z. B. der Kooperativität, beschrieben. Die Bedeutung dieses Forschungsgebiets wird durch eine Vielzahl möglicher Anwendungen von Ionenpaarrezeptoren widergespiegelt, einschließlich der Anwendung als Membrantransporter, als Agentien zur Solubilisierung von Salzen und als Sensoren.
Heteroditopic Receptors for Ion‐Pair Recognition
Authors: McConnell Anna J. , Beer Paul D.
Published: March 2012

Ion‐pair recognition is a new field of research emerging from cation and anion coordination chemistry. Specific types of heteroditopic receptor designs for ion pairs and the complexity of ion‐pair binding are discussed to illustrate key concepts such as cooperativity. The importance of this area of research is reflected by the wide variety of potential applications of ion‐pair receptors, including applications as membrane transport and salt solubilization agents and sensors.
Robust Absolute Stability Analysis of Multiple Time‐Delay Lur'e Systems With Parametric Uncertainties
Authors: Kazemy A. , Farrokhi M.
Published: March 2012

The problem of robust absolute stability for time‐delay Lur'e systems with parametric uncertainties is investigated in this paper. The nonlinear part of the Lur'e system is assumed to be both time‐invariant and time‐varying. The structure of uncertainty is a general case that includes norm‐bounded uncertainty. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii stability theory, some delay‐dependent sufficient conditions for the robust absolute stability of the Lur'e system will be derived and expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). These conditions reduce the conservativeness in computing the upper bound of the maximum allowed delay in many cases. Numerical examples are given to show that the proposed stability criteria are less conservative than those reported in the established literatures.
Backstepping Robust H∞ Control for a Class of Uncertain Switched Nonlinear Systems Under Arbitrary Switchings
Authors: Ma Ruicheng , Dimirovski Georgi M. , Zhao Jun
Published: March 2012

This paper addresses global robust H
∞ control for a class of switched nonlinear systems with uncertainty under arbitrary switchings. Each subsystem is in lower triangular form. The uncertainties are assumed to be in a known compact set. The backstepping design technique is used to design a smooth state feedback controller that renders the associated closed‐loop switched system globally robustly asymptotically stable and imposes a pre‐specified upper bound to the L
2‐gain under arbitrary switchings. An example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the design approach.
Duality Properties of Linear Impulsive Systems
Authors: Lawrence Douglas A.
Published: March 2012

Reachability and observability properties of linear switched, impulsive, and switched/impulsive systems have received a great deal of attention over the past decade. The purpose of this paper is to rigorously establish a duality between reachability and observability for linear impulsive systems both in direct system‐theoretic terms as well as in geometric terms. These connections are established using an appropriately defined adjoint system associated with the original impulsive system. The duality between reachability and observability is then used to leverage recent reachability results in order to tighten the relationship between the set of unobservable states and a certain invariant subspace.
Chattering Free Sliding Mode Control for Uncertain Discrete Time‐Delay Singular Systems
Authors: Li Jian‐ning , Su Hongye , Zhang Yibo , Wu Zheng‐guang , Chu Jian
Published: March 2012

The problem of chattering free sliding mode control for a class of uncertain discrete singular systems with state delay is investigated in this paper. As a component of the solution, a new least squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM) reaching law is proposed. In terms of linear matrix inequalities, a delay‐dependent condition for sliding mode dynamics to be regular, causal, and asymptotically stable is established, and the chattering problem that appears in traditional variable structure systems is eliminated. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methods.
State Observation for Nonlinear Switched Systems Using Nonhomogeneous High‐Order Sliding Mode Observers
Authors: Davila J. , Ríos H. , Fridman L.
Published: March 2012

This article presents the problem of finite time reconstruction of the continuous state and operating mode for a class of nonlinear switched systems. The proposed method is based on the nonhomogeneous high‐order sliding mode approach. It is able to reconstruct both the state and operating mode of a switched system based only on its measurable outputs and through the use of the features of the equivalent output injection. The observability is derived in terms of certain geometric restrictions on the vector fields of the switched system that require the availability of all its modes. The method does not require the system to be transformed into any normal form. Simulation results support the proposed method.
Analysis of 11‐nor‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐9‐carboxylic acid and its glucuronide in urine by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry
Authors: Iwamuro Yoshiaki , Iio‐Ishimaru Reiko , Chinaka Satoshi , Takayama Nariaki , Hayakawa Kazuichi
Published: March 2012

Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary psychoactive component in cannabis, one of the most commonly used illicit drugs in the world. This paper describes a simple and rapid method for direct analysis of major metabolites of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol; 11‐nor‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐9‐carboxylic acid and its glucuronide in urine by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. The only pretreatment needed for a urine sample was dilution with methanol containing an internal standard and centrifugation. Electrophoresis was carried out in an untreated fused‐silica capillary (50 µm i.d. × 85 cm) filled with 40 m m ammonium formate (pH 6.4). An analysis could be completed within 10 min. For both compounds, the assay was linear over the range 0.1 − 10 µg/mL in urine with correlation coefficients (r2) > 0.99 and the limit of detection was 0.5 pg (10 nL injection). The detection yields and reproducibilities were determined at three different concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 2 µg/mL in urine). The mean detection yields were 60 − 99%. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations of migration times were 0.063 − 0.19 and 0.18 − 0.36%, and those of peak areas were 4.2 − 18 and 5.9 − 25%, respectively. The proposed method successfully analyzed the urine samples of cannabis users. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of gemifloxacin on dried blood spots by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector: application to pharmacokinetics in rats
Authors: Nageswara Rao R. , Naidu Ch. Gangu , Guru Prasad K. , Padiya Raju , Agwane Sachin B.
Published: March 2012

A highly selective, sensitive and rapid hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatographic method was developed and validated for determination of gemifloxacin on dried blood spots. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed‐phase zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic ZIC®HILIC‐C18 (4.6 × 100 mm; 5 µm) column using acetonitrile–10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 3.5; 80:20, v/v) as a mobile phase in an isocratic elution mode at a flow rate 0.6 mL/min at 27 °C. An on‐line fluorescence detector set at excitation and emission wavelengths of 269 and 393 nm, respectively was used for monitoring column eluents. Ciprofloxacin was used as an internal standard. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity and selectivity by design of experiments following ICH guidelines. The assay exhibited a linear range of 25–5000 ng/mL for gemifloxacin on dried blood spots. The lower limit of detection was found to be 10 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation did not exceed 7.4% deviation of the nominal concentration. The recovery of GFX from dried blood spots was >95.0% and its stability was excellent with no evidence of degradation during sample processing for at least 3 months storage in a freezer at −20 °C. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conversations in cardiology: Using new media to transmit timely medical knowledge. How do you assess the left main stenosis with FFR and IVUS in a patient with multivessel CAD?
Authors: Kern Morton J.
Published: March 2012

Conversations in Cardiology is a new use of modern email communication to facilitate transfer of medical knowledge. In this Conversation in Cardiology, Dr. Barry Uretsky of Little Rock Arkansas asked a question about a patient with left main narrowing and the assessment by FFR and IVUS and several well known expert interventionalists address the clinical dilemma. Their answers and rebuttals are reflective of areas of agreement and disagreement and demonstrate the educational value of this format from expert opinion on problems not readily addressed by reference books or formal data studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radial artery access technique evaluation trial: Randomized comparison of seldinger versus modified seldinger technique for arterial access for transradial catheterization
Authors: Pancholy Samir B. , Sanghvi Kintur A. , Patel Tejas M.
Published: March 2012

Background: Radial artery access for transradial catheterization is obtained using either Seldinger or modified Seldinger technique. There is no comparative evaluation of the safety and benefits of these two techniques. Methods: Four hundred twelve patients undergoing transradial catheterization were randomized to group I (n = 210) Seldinger technique, and group II (n = 202) modified Seldinger technique. Demographic and procedural data were collected at the time of the procedure. Data on hematoma and radial artery occlusion (RAO) were recorded at 24 hr and 30 days after the procedure. Results: Age, gender, weight, height, and history of diabetes mellitus were comparable between groups I and II. Access time (78.3 ± 37.7 sec vs. 134.2 ± 87.5 sec, P < 0.001), procedure time (17.1 ± 6.4 min vs. 19.3 ± 7.1 min, P < 0.01), number of attempts to get access (1.7 ± 0.8 vs. 2.2 ± 0.8, P < 0.001), were significantly different favoring group I. Access was obtained at first attempt in 53% of patients in group I compared with 16% in group II (P < 0.001). Change in technique (crossover) was required in 10.8% of group II patients, compared with no crossover in group I (P < 0.0001). Incidence of hematoma (0.5% vs. 1.5%, P > 0.2) and 30‐day RAO (4.3% vs. 3.9 %, P > 0.5) was similar between groups I and II. Conclusions: Seldinger technique is a faster and more predictable radial artery access technique compared with modified Seldinger technique with no increase in bleeding or RAO. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of three‐dimensional rotational angiography to assess the pulmonary circulation following cavo‐pulmonary connection in patients with single ventricle
Authors: Berman Darren P. , Khan Danyal M. , Gutierrez Yunin , Zahn Evan M.
Published: March 2012

Background

Bi‐plane angiography is the gold standard for imaging the pulmonary arteries (PAs) after cavo‐pulmonary connection (CPC). Three‐dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) is emerging technology that we hypothesized may enhance diagnostic capabilities in this patient group.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients who underwent 3DRA to assess the PAs after CPC. 3DRA images were examined for diagnostic quality and compared, both qualitatively and quantitatively with corresponding 2D images.

Results

Between 1/2010 and 12/2010, 37 3DRAs were obtained in 32 pts with prior CPC. Median age and weight were 4.3 years (0.3–19) and 15.7 kg (4.3–114). Previous surgery included: bi‐directional Glenn (16), bilateral bi‐directional Glenn (2), and Fontan (14). Thirty‐three (89%) acquisitions in 28 pts were of diagnostic quality. In 19/28 pts (68%) 3DRA provided significant additional information pertaining to 22 lesions when compared with bi‐plane angiography. These included delineating the mechanism of PA stenosis in 13 (aortic compression: 7, PA torsion: 6), demonstrating a discrete PA stenosis not seen or under appreciated on corresponding 2D images in 9. This additional information led to the performance of 9 interventions (stent implantation 8, angioplasty 1). Corresponding 2D and 3DRA images of the right and left PA were compared using quantitative analysis with a correlation coefficient of 0.94 (P < 0.001) and 0.97 (P < 0.001), for the right and left PAs respectively.

Conclusions

3DRA can be performed safely and effectively following CPC and may be more sensitive in diagnosing PA stenoses than 2D angiography. Quantitative measurements of PA diameter using 3DRA correlates well with 2D angiography. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coil embolization of left coronary artery pseudoaneurysms arising as a complication of percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Sallam Tamer , Levi Daniel , Tobis Jonathan
Published: March 2012

Coronary aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms have been described as rare complications following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). There is limited data available on the optimal treatment strategy for these conditions. Use of noninvasive techniques including covered stents has been described as a potential therapeutic strategy. We report a case of percutaneous coil embolization of two enlarging left anterior descending pseudoaneurysms arising as a complication of PCI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement Factor for Gas Absorption in a Finite Liquid Layer. Part 1: Instantaneous Reaction in a Liquid in Plug Flow
Authors: Yue J. , Rebrov E. V. , Schouten J. C.
Published: March 2012

An approximate analysis of gas absorption with instantaneous reaction in a liquid layer of finite thickness in plug flow is presented. An approximate solution to the enhancement factor for the case of unequal diffusivities between the dissolved gas and the liquid reactant has been derived and validated by numerical simulation. Depending on the diffusivity ratio of the liquid reactant to the dissolved gas (γ), the enhancement factor tends to be either lower or higher than the prediction of the classical enhancement factor equation based on the penetration theory (Ei,pen) at Fourier numbers typically larger than 0.1. An empirical correlation valid for all Fourier numbers is proposed to allow a quick estimation of the enhancement factor, which describes the prediction of the approximate solution and the simulation data with a relative error below 5 % under the investigated conditions (γ = 0.3–4, Ei,pen = 2–1000).
ChemInform Abstract: New Strategy to the Controllable Synthesis of CuInS2 Hollow Nanospheres and Their Applications in Lithium Ion Batteries.
Authors: Zhang Weixin , Zeng Hui , Yang Zeheng , Wang Qiang
Published: March 2012

CuInS2 hollow nanospheres are prepared from an aqueous solution containing a Cu2O nanosphere precursor, Na2S, and InCl3 (autoclave, 170 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: The Hunt for LaFeSbO: Synthesis of La2SbO2 and a Case of Mistaken Identity.
Authors: Muir Sean , Vielma Jason , Schneider Guenter , Sleight A. W. , Subramanian M. A.
Published: March 2012

In the course to prepare LaFeSbO, La2SbO2 is obtained from the solid state reaction of La2O3, La, and Sb (evacuated silica tube, 1223 K, 12—18 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Yb4LiGe4 — A Yb Mixed Valent Zintl Phase with Strong Electronic Correlations.
Authors: Peter Sebastian C. , Disseler Steven M. , Svensson J. Niclas , Carretta Pietro , Graf Michael J.
Published: March 2012

Yb4LiGe4 and Yb5Ge4 are prepared from the elements in stoichiometric ratios (high frequency furnace, Ta ampules, 1070 K, 20 min).
ChemInform Abstract: [La(UO2)V2O7] [(UO2)(VO4)] the First Lanthanum Uranyl—Vanadate with Structure Built from Two Types of Sheets Based upon the Uranophane Anion‐Topology.
Authors: Mer A. , Obbade S. , Rivenet M. , Renard C. , Abraham F.
Published: March 2012

Polycrystalline samples of the new title compound are synthesized by solid state reaction of LaCl3, U3O8, and V2O5 (Pt crucible, 800 °C, 14 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Oxidative C—N Bond Formation under Metal‐Free Conditions: Control of Chemoselectivity Between Aryl sp2 and Benzylic sp3 C—H Bond Imidation.
Authors: Kim Hyun Jin , Kim Jiyu , Cho Seung Hwan , Chang Sukbok
Published: March 2012

Arenes undergo efficient imidation in the presence of Ph‐I(OAc)2.
ChemInform Abstract: Elimination versus Ring Opening: A Convergent Route to Alkylidene‐Cyclobutanes.
Authors: Brioche Julien , Michalak Michal , Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: March 2012

Functionalized alkylidene‐cyclobutanes (VI), (VIII), and (XI) are prepared from 2‐fluoropyridinyl‐6‐oxy precursors (IV) derived from vinyl cyclobutanols by a radical addition—elimination process.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Nazarov Electrocyclization of Stage Chemoselective [1,2]‐Migrations: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclopentenones.
Authors: Leboeuf David , Huang Jie , Gandon Vincent , Frontier Alison J.
Published: March 2012

The title process is based on a stereospecific Cu(II)‐mediated Nazarov cyclization/Wagner—Meerwein rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic‐Surfactant‐Coated Burkholderia cepacia Lipase as a Highly Active and Enantioselective Catalyst for the Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols.
Authors: Kim Hyunjin , Choi Yoon Kyung , Lee Jusuk , Lee Eungyeong , Park Jaiwook , Kim Mahn‐Joo
Published: March 2012

The commercially available lipase PS is purified and lyophilized in the presence of an ionic surfactant to provide significantly enhanced activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Aryl Acetaldehydes with Anilines Leading to α‐Ketoamides.
Authors: Zhang Chun , Xu Zejun , Zhang Liangren , Jiao Ning
Published: March 2012

Optimized conditions are developed for the title reaction including the orexin receptor antagonist (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of γ‐Alkenylbutenolides from Baylis—Hillman Adducts: Consecutive In‐Mediated Barbier Allylation, PCC Oxidation, Isomerization, and Zn‐Mediated Barbier Allylation.
Authors: Lim Jin Woo , Kim Ko Hoon , Park Bo Ram , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: March 2012

A convenient four‐step procedure is developed for the synthesis of γ‐alkenylbutenolides (VII), (IX) and (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Ester‐Directed Regiochemical Control in endo‐Selective Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Azomethine Ylides with β‐Sulfonyl Acrylates.
Authors: Tong Min‐Chao , Li Jun , Tao Hai‐Yan , Li Yu‐Xue , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: March 2012

One of the key features of this ester‐controlled endo‐selective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition is that high yields and excellent selectivities are observed for a range of imino esters, especially imino esters derived from α‐substituted amino acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Identification of Indoline‐2‐thione Analogues as Novel Potent Inhibitors of α‐Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Induced Melanogenesis.
Authors: Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar , Lee Ki‐Cheul , Sharma Vinay Kumar , Sharma Niti , Roh Eunmiri , Kim Youngsoo , Jung Sang‐Hun
Published: March 2012

Compounds of type (IV) show an effective inhibitory activity on melanin synthesis without any cytotoxicity in melanoma B 16 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrile Oxide 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition by Dehydration of Nitromethane Derivatives under Continuous Flow Conditions.
Authors: Brasholz Malte , Saubern Simon , Savage G. Paul
Published: March 2012

Aliphatic nitril oxides are generated in situ and reacted with dipolarophiles using continuous flow techniques.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Chemoselective Synthesis of Novel Fused Pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Heravi M. M. , Saeedi M. , Beheshtiha Y. S. , Oskooie H. A.
Published: March 2012

4‐Hydroxycoumarin chemoselectively react with aromatic aldehydes and 2‐aminobenzimidiazole, 3‐amino‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole, or 6‐aminouracil to give chromenopyrimidineone (IV), triazolopyrimidinone (VII), and pyridopyrimidinetrione derivatives (X), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: BF3·OEt2‐Catalyzed Reaction of Donor—Acceptor Cyclobutanes with Terminal Alkynes: Single‐Step Access to 2,3‐Dihydrooxepines.
Authors: Machin Ben P. , Pagenkopf Brian L.
Published: March 2012

Treatment of the cyclobutane derivative (I) with alkynes (II) involves BF3‐mediated cyclobutane ring opening followed by reaction with (II) and rearrangement of the zwitterionic intermediate to provide oxepine derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure Characterization, and X‐Ray Crystallography of Novel 1‐Benzyl‐3‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxylate Derivatives with a Carbohydrate Moiety.
Authors: Lian Song , Liu Jin‐Ting , Zheng Liang‐Wen , Liu Wei‐Yong , Zhao Bao‐Xiang
Published: March 2012

Title derivatives (III) are prepared by the reaction of the acetylated α‐D‐xylopyranosyl bromide and the corresponding pyrazole‐based carboxylic acid in the presence of sodium bicarbonate and tetrabutylammonium bromide in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: New Milbemycins from Mutant Streptomyces bingchenggensis X‐4.
Authors: Zhang Bao‐Xin , Zhang Hui , Wang Xiang‐Jing , Wang Ji‐Dong , Liu Chong‐Xi , Xiang Wen‐Sheng
Published: March 2012

Three new compounds, milbemycin β15 (I), seco‐milbemycins E (IIa), and F (IIb) are isolated from the fermentation broth of S.
ChemInform Abstract: Hetero‐Polymetallic Complexes Incorporating Luminescent Lanthanide Ions
Authors: Natrajan Louise S.
Published: March 2012

Review: <100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Chemistry of Proline and Its Derivatives: An Excellent Amino Acid with Versatile Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis.
Authors: Panday Sharad Kumar
Published: March 2012

Review: about 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Importance of Microwave Reactions in the Synthesis of Novel Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Chawla Anshul , Kaur Ramandeep , Goyal Anju
Published: March 2012

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzimidazole: A Versatile Chemical Entity
Authors: Santosh P. C. , Pandeya S. N. , Pathak Ashish K.
Published: March 2012

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Conformational Free Energy of Carbohydrates
Authors: Kuttel Michelle M.
Published: March 2012

Review: 95 refs.
Compressed Development and Implementation of Innovations
Authors: Rähse Wilfried
Published: March 2012

Im globalen Markt ist zur Verbesserung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ein schnelles Umsetzen innovativer Produktideen notwendig. Der Innovator erzielt höhere Preise, gewinnt Marktanteile und profitiert vom positiven Image. Entwicklung in der halben Zeit erfordert nicht nur die Unterstützung des Topmanagements, sondern auch die sofortige Einbeziehung des Kunden. Das Projekt sollte über ein Kernteam, bestehend aus einem Produkt‐ und Verfahrensentwickler sowie einem Mitarbeiter des Marketings, gesteuert werden. Zeit lässt sich durch kompetentes, paralleles Bearbeiten der Teilprojekte sowie durch eine Reduzierung der Versuche zur Auslegung von Maschinen und Apparaten gewinnen. Entscheidend für den Erfolg sind die Kommunikation im Team und mit der Führung sowie der unbedingte Wille, ein neues Produkt in den Markt zu bringen.
Synthesis and Structure of Binuclear O/S‐Bridged Organobismuth Complexes and Their Cooperative Catalytic Effect on CO2 Fixation
Authors: Qiu Renhua , Meng Zhengong , Yin Shuangfeng , Song Xingxing , Tan Nianyuan , Zhou Yongbo , Yu Kun , Xu Xinhua , Luo Shenglian , Au Chak‐Tong , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: March 2012

In the synthesis of binuclear organobismuth complexes (1–6) through treatment of organobismuth chlorides with NaOH or Na2S⋅9H2O, the two 5,6,7,12‐tetrahydrodibenz [c,f][1,5]azabismocine frameworks are cross‐linked by either a sulfur or an oxygen atom. The complexes (1–6) show high catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from 2‐(chloromethyl)oxirane and CO2. Compared with their precursor chlorides (7–9), methoxide 10 and methanethioate 11 which are mononuclear organobismuth complexes, the binuclear organobismuth complexes show higher cooperative catalytic effect. However, the complexes with an oxygen bridge (1–3) are not stable in air and lose their catalytic efficiency because of hydrolysis or CO2 adsorption (forming organobismuth carbonates in the latter case). Nonetheless, the binuclear organobismuth complexes (4–6) with a sulfur bridge are highly stable in air and can be applied in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates (with the co‐presence of Bu4NI) across various kinds of epoxides, thus exhibiting satisfactory efficiency and selectivity.