bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rare Earth Elements in Hydrothermally Altered Granitic Rocks in theRanong andTakuaPa Tin‐Field, SouthernThailand
Authors: Imai Akira , Yonezu Kotaro , Sanematsu Kenzo , Ikuno Takashi , Ishida Shingo , Watanabe Koichiro , Pisutha‐Arnond Visut , Nakapadungrat Somchai , Boosayasak Jarupong
Published: December 2012

Geochemical studies were conducted on the hydrothermally altered granitic rocks in theRanong andTakuaPa tin‐fields in southernThailand in order to investigate the mode of occurrence ofREE(rare earth elements), with emphasis placed on a potentialREEresource associated with granitic rocks in theSoutheastAsianTinBelt. The totalREE(ΣREE) content of altered granitic rocks ranges from 130 to 350 ppm atHaadSonPaen (which is presently mined for kaolin clay) in theRanong tin‐field, and that of altered granitic rocks and kaolinite veinlets reaches up to 424 ppm and 872 ppm, respectively, atNokHook in theTakuaPa tin‐field. Rare earth elements in the altered granitic rocks and kaolinite veinlets show a relatively flat chondrite‐normalized pattern, thus enriched in heavyREEcompared with the original granitic rocks and their weathered crusts. AtNokHook (TakuaPa), the ΣREEcontent of kaolinite separated from an altered granitic rock by elutriation is 1313 ppm, a ΣREEamount about four times higher than that of whole‐rock composition of the altered granitic rock. Chondrite‐normalizedREEpatterns of the elutriated kaolinite and of the altered granite are relatively flat. Sequential extraction experiments suggest that 41 and 85 percent ofREEare present as ion exchangeable‐form in the altered granitic rock, and in the kaolinite veinlets, respectively. In addition, more than 90% ofREEin the kaolinite veinlets are present as the acid‐soluble state. On the other hand, the ΣREEcontent of kaolinite veinlets and of the kaolinite concentrated by elutriation from an altered granitic rock atHaadSomPaen (Ranong) is 70 ppm and 75 ppm, respectively, thus enrichment ofREEin kaolinite was not confirmed. In addition, by the sequential extraction experiments, 23% and 4% ofREEwere extracted from the altered granitic rock and the kaolinite veinlets atHaadSomPaen. In the altered granitic rocks atHaadSomPaen,REEare present as refractory phases, andREEin the acid‐soluble states had been leached by hydrothermal fluid.
Studies in African Cyperaceae 37: Scleria aurantiaca sp. nov. from Gabon
Authors: Lye Kåre Arnstein
Published: December 2012

Scleria aurantiaca Lye is described from eastern Gabon. It is superficially similar to S. nyassensis, but probably more closely related to S. adpresso‐hirta, which has a more similar nutlet and hypogynium. The scientific name is derived from the bright orange ring of the hypogynium. The fruit of S. aurantiaca has both micro‐ and nano‐papillae, which are described here for the first time. Also discussed is the water transport through surface hairs to the embryo in the fruit. Due to the restricted range of this species, it must be considered as ‘Endangered’ (EN).
Time matters: Some interesting properties of the population differentiation measures GST and D overlooked in the equilibrium perspective
Authors: LENG Liang , ZHANG De‐Xing
Published: December 2012

Genetic differentiation of populations has been traditionally quantified by Wright's F‐statistics, typically assuming mutation–migration–drift equilibrium. However, the equilibrium perspective can be unrealistic as many natural populations are likely not yet in equilibrium. Therefore, understanding the behaviors, robustness, and power of the differentiation indexes under non‐equilibrium conditions has important implications. Here, we report an extensive examination of the properties of two major indexes GST and D under non‐equilibrium conditions by theoretical deduction under the infinite allele model (IAM) and simulation under the stepwise mutation model (SMM). Several properties of GST and D valid under both SMM and IAM, which have not been recognized under the equilibrium perspective, were unveiled. First, if gene flow is very weak (e.g., m < 10−4), GST, like D, also takes a fairly long time to reach equilibrium if mutation rate is not very large. When GST (D) is in equilibrium depends on when HS and HT are both in equilibrium. Under IAM and complete isolation, this is determined by the product of µ and t: GST will not approach equilibrium as long as µt ≪ 1. Under SMM, 10−4 appears to be the rough threshold migration rate; when m < 10−4, GST approaches equilibrium much slower and later than HS, whereas the opposite is true when m > 10−4. Second, contrary to the popular belief, µ ≪ m is neither an obligatory request for GST to be an effective differentiation measure nor a sufficient condition for using GST to estimate gene flow level (Nm), if GST is not yet approaching equilibrium. Third, under SMM (but not IAM) and complete isolation, when population size is large (e.g., ≥1000), mutation rate shows a great impact on GST but only a mild influence on D; hence D can be much less sensitive to mutation rate heterogeneity than GST in certain situations. Fourth, whatever the level of gene flow, drift plays a dominant role on GST, whereas gene flow appears to have a stronger influence on D when subpopulations exchange individuals (even only infrequently). Moreover, GST appears to have a larger power to detect recent population genetic events than D. Finally, it is the migration rate (m), not the absolute number of migrants (Nm), that determines the speed at which GST or D approaches equilibrium. These results suggest that GST and D bear unique revealing powers under non‐equilibrium conditions.
Accounting Journal Rankings, Authorship Patterns and the Author Affiliation Index
Authors: Chan Kam C. , Tong Jamie Y. , Zhang Frank F.
Published: December 2012

We conduct an evaluation of 43 accounting journals using the author affiliation index (AAI). Our results suggest that the Australian Business Dean's Council (ABDC) ratings are consistent with the AAI‐based rankings. Nonetheless, there are a few highly (lowly) regarded accounting journals in terms of AAI receiving a relatively lower (higher) rating in the ABDC journal ranking list. The co‐authorship patterns suggest that top AAI and near‐top AAI journals actually see more co‐authorship from scholars in top programs and scholars in other programs (both ranked 21–100 and ‘others’).
Client Importance and Auditor Independence: The Effect of the Asian Financial Crisis
Authors: Zhou Gaoguang (Stephen) , Zhu Xindong (Kevin)
Published: December 2012

This paper investigates the effect of the Asian financial crisis on the relationship between client economic importance and auditor independence. Using data from 1994 to 2001 in six Asian markets (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand), we find that auditors are less likely to compromise their independence for important clients after a crisis. The result is consistent with Coffee's (2001) crash‐then‐law hypothesis and supports the notion that financial crisis triggers public concern over auditors’ independence. Furthermore, we find the effect of financial crisis on auditor independence is more pronounced in weaker investor protection regimes.
International Financial Reporting Standards in an Emerging Economy: Lessons from Romania
Authors: Albu Nadia , Albu Cătălin Nicolae
Published: December 2012

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a reference point for the modernisation of accounting models in emerging economies. Previous literature documents a diverse IFRS experience, especially among emerging economies. The IFRS implementation strategy and local institutional characteristics shape the way in which the standards are used in practice. We use the Romanian case to illustrate the effect of various contextual factors, some historical, on the process and outcomes of IFRS implementation. We show that IFRS implementation can follow a different pattern in emerging economies.
Maternal fitness at the onset of the second trimester of pregnancy: correlates and relationship with infant birth weight
Authors: Bisson M. , Alméras N. , Plaisance J. , Rhéaume C. , Bujold E. , Tremblay A. , Marc I.
Published: December 2012

What is already known about this subject

A healthy life begins in utero and a healthy pregnancy requires a fit and healthy mother.

Physical activity during pregnancy provides a stimulation that is essential for promoting optimal body oxygenation and composition as well as metabolic fitness during pregnancy.

Although a higher maternal fitness is expected to provide a beneficial fetal environment, it is still unclear whether physical fitness during pregnancy contributes to perinatal health.

What this study adds

Participation in sports and exercise previously and at the beginning of pregnancy can benefit maternal health by improving cardiorespiratory fitness during pregnancy, irrespective of maternal body mass index.

Maternal strength, an indicator of muscular fitness, is an independent determinant of infant fetal growth and can positively influence birth weight.

Background

It is still unclear whether maternal physical activity and fitness during pregnancy contributes to perinatal health.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to characterize maternal physical fitness at 16 weeks of pregnancy and to examine its effects on infant birth weight.

Methods

Maternal anthropometry (body mass index [BMI] and skin‐folds), physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) and muscular fitness (handgrip strength) were assessed at 16 weeks of gestation in 65 healthy pregnant women. Offspring birth weight was collected from maternal charts after delivery.

Results

A higher VO2peak was associated with physical activity spent at sports and exercise before and in early pregnancy (P = 0.0005). Maternal BMI was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (P < 0.0001) but positively related to muscular strength (P = 0.0001). Unlike maternal cardiorespiratory fitness, handgrip strength was positively associated with infant birth weight (r = 0.34, P = 0.0068) even after adjustment for confounders (adjusted r = 0.27, P = 0.0480).

Conclusion

A positive relationship between maternal muscular fitness and infant birth weight highlighted maternal strength in pregnancy as a new determinant of infant birth weight.
Thermoelectric Ceramics for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Koumoto Kunihito , Funahashi Ryoji , Guilmeau Emmanuel , Miyazaki Yuzuru , Weidenkaff Anke , Wang Yifeng , Wan Chunlei
Published: December 2012

Metal oxides (Ca3Co4O9, CaMnO3, SrTiO3, In2O3), Ti sulfides, and Mn silicides are promising thermoelectric (TE) material candidates for cascade‐type modules that are usable in a temperature range of 300–1200 K in air. In this paper, we review previous studies in the field of TE materials development and make recommendations for each material regarding future research. Furthermore, the R&D of TE modules composed of metal oxide materials and the prospect of their commercialization for energy harvesting is demonstrated.
Effects of Rod‐like Particles on the Microstructure and Strength of Porous Silica Nanoparticle Composites
Authors: Li Wenle , Lu Kathy , Walz John Y. , Anderson Margaret
Published: December 2012

This study describes the results of an investigation into the effects of the addition of rod‐like silica nanoparticles on the properties of freeze‐cast and sintered bodies formed from silica nanospheres. Rod‐like silica particles with ∼220 nm diameter and tunable aspect ratio from ∼1 to ∼12 (length/diameter) were prepared and added to aqueous suspensions containing 22 nm spherical silica particles. After freeze casting, porous composites were created with all suspensions, which is shown to be consistent with the results of a simple analysis in which the experimental freezing rate is compared with the critical rate at which the dispersed particles can no longer be expelled from the growing ice front. The composites have elongated spherical pores, and the pore size changes slightly with increasing aspect ratio of the nanorods. Finally, it was found that the rod‐like particles improve the flexural strength of the composites at both green and sintered states and this strengthening effect intensifies with increasing aspect ratio. This study provides a strategy for fabricating porous materials of improved properties and performance without compromising the porosity or changing the material composition.
Crack Engineering in Thick Coatings Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Deposition
Authors: Weber Sophie B. , Grande Tor , Scherer George W. , Einarsrud Mari‐Ann
Published: December 2012

Cracks should normally be avoided in the deposition of coatings, but vertical cracks in thermal barrier coatings are engineered to absorb thermo‐mechanical stress. Thick lanthanum zirconate coatings were deposited by spray pyrolysis deposition from aqueous nitrate‐based precursor solutions, and cracks were formed during decomposition of the nitrate species due to the associated volume change. The crack spacing and crack opening in the deposited coatings were analyzed in terms of thickness, pH of the precursor solution, and deposition and decomposition temperatures and kinetics by thermogravimetry, scanning calorimetry, mass spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The thickness of the coatings demonstrated the most important effect on the crack pattern. The crack opening and the crack spacing varied linearly with increasing thickness, leading to small delamination at the interface. The cracks were stable after the crystallization of the films by further heat treatment. Knowing the influence of the different parameters, coatings with a designed crack pattern can be deposited.
Microstructure and Optical Property in an Irregular Multilayer Comprising Ferroelectric and Paraelectric Materials
Authors: Cong R. , Hu G. J. , Hong X. K. , Yu G. L. , Chu J. H. , Dai N.
Published: December 2012

A special sequence of multilayer, consisting of PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 and SrTiO3 films, was fabricated using a simple chemical solution deposition. X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) measurement reveals that each film in this multilayer has been crystallized into the single perovskite phase. The high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image shows that the obtained SrTiO3/PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 multilayer contains three components with different optical thicknesses: dense and porous PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 layers, together with dense SrTiO3 layers. This multilayer system exhibits superior optical performance, with a peak reflectivity of∼95% and a bandwidth of ∼113 nm, rendering its promising candidate as dielectric mirrors, optical cavities, and selective filters.
Estimating patterns of reptile biodiversity in remote regions
Authors: Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Bonardi Anna , Sindaco Roberto , Padoa‐Schioppa Emilio
Published: December 2012

Aim

The incompleteness of information on biodiversity distribution is a major issue for ecology and conservation. Researchers have made many attempts to quantify the amount of biodiversity that still remains unknown. We evaluated whether models that integrate ecogeographical variables with measures of the effectiveness of sampling can be used to estimate biodiversity patterns (species richness) of reptiles in remote areas that have received limited surveys.

Location

The Western Palaearctic (Europe, Northern Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia).

Methods

We gathered data on the distribution of turtles, amphisbaenians and lizards. We used regression models integrating spatial autocorrelation (spatial eigenvector mapping and Bayesian autoregressive models) to analyse species richness, and identified relationships between species richness, ecogeographical features and large‐scale measures of accessibility.

Results

The two regression techniques were in agreement. Known species richness was dependent on ecogeographical factors, peaking in areas with high temperature and annual actual evapotraspiration, and intermediate cover of natural vegetation. However, richness declined sharply in the least accessible areas. Our models revealed regions where reptile richness is likely to be higher than currently known, particularly in the biodiversity hotspots in the south of the Arabian Peninsula, the Irano‐Anatolian region, and the Central Asian mountains. An independent validation data set, with distribution data collected recently throughout the study region, confirmed that combining accessibility measures with ecogeographical variables allows a good estimate of reptile richness, even in remote areas that have received limited monitoring so far. Some remote regions that support very rich communities are covered very little by protected areas.

Main conclusions

Integrating accessibility measures into species distribution models allows biologists to identify areas where current knowledge underestimates the actual richness of reptiles. Our study identifies regions requiring future biodiversity research, proposes a novel approach to biodiversity prediction in poorly studied areas, and identifies potential regions for conservation.
Efficacy and safety of combinations of first‐line topical treatments in chronic plaque psoriasis: a systematic literature review
Authors: Hendriks A.G.M. , Keijsers R.R.M.C. , de Jong E.M.G.J. , Seyger M.M.B. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M.
Published: December 2012

Background  Most psoriasis patients suffering from mild to moderate disease are treated with first‐line topical treatments, including corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, topical retinoids and calcineurin inhibitors. Although evidence‐based guidelines on combinations are lacking, the majority of patients will be treated with combinations of these popular topicals at some point during their life‐long treatment.

Objectives  We intended to systematically review all available literature on the efficacy and safety of combinations of first‐line topicals in chronic plaque psoriasis, and ultimately, to propose recommendations for combined regimens concerning first‐line treatments.

Methods  Databases used as data sources were PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trial Register. According to standardized procedures, literature searches were performed and a level of evidence was determined.

Results  In total, 2918 publications on topical combination therapy were revealed, of which 45 articles on first‐line combinations were included. The combination of potent and superpotent corticosteroids with vitamin D analogues provides an improvement of psoriasis within 2 weeks, reaching a maximal improvement after 4 weeks in the majority of patients. The two‐compound product permits once‐daily treatment and therefore is a good solution for chronic plaque psoriasis including scalp psoriasis. Combinations of corticosteroids, with tazarotene or with calcineurin inhibitors do not provide an advantage above corticosteroid monotherapy.

Conclusion  The combination of potent corticosteroids with calcipotriol has been studied most extensively and should be regarded as an efficacious and safe treatment option with the two‐compound products as the most practical solution.
The effect of CD34+ cell‐containing autologous platelet‐rich plasma injection on pattern hair loss: a preliminary study
Authors: Kang J.‐S. , Zheng Z. , Choi M.J. , Lee S.‐H. , Kim D.‐Y. , Cho S.B.
Published: December 2012

Background  Mobilized CD34+ cells in peripheral blood have angiogenic potential, which is an important factor in active hair growth. In addition, activated autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been reported to induce the proliferation of dermal papilla cells.

Objectives  To investigate the clinical efficacy of interfollicular injection of CD34+ cell‐containing PRP preparation for pattern hair loss.

Patients and methods  CD34+ cell‐containing PRP preparation was injected on the scalps of 13 patients with pattern hair loss, and 13 patients were treated with interfollicular placental extract injection as a control. The numbers of platelets in PRP were microscopically counted and CD34+ cells were evaluated with flow cytometry.

Results  Three months after the first treatment, the patients presented clinical improvement in the mean number of hairs, 20.5 ± 17.0% (P < 0.0001), mean hair thickness, 31.3 ± 30.1% (P < 0.0001), and mean two‐point score, 84.4 ± 51.7% (P < 0.0001) compared with baseline values. At 6 months, the patients presented clinical improvement in mean hair count, 29.2 ± 17.8% (P < 0.0001), mean hair thickness, 46.4 ± 37.5% (P < 0.0001), and mean two‐point score, 121.3 ± 66.8% (P < 0.0001) compared with baseline. The MIXED procedure revealed that CD34+ cell‐containing PRP treatment presented a higher degree of improvement than placental extract treatment in hair thickness (P = 0.027) and overall clinical improvement (P = 0.023).

Conclusion  Our data suggest that the interfollicular injection of autologous CD34+ cell‐containing PRP preparation has a positive therapeutic effect on male and female pattern hair loss without remarkable major side‐effects.
Gene flow across a hybrid zone maintained by a weak heterogametic incompatibility and positive selection of incompatible alleles
Authors: Wang R.‐X.
Published: December 2012

Hybridization between incipient species is more likely to produce sterile or inviableF1offspring in the heterogametic (XYorZW) sex than in the homogametic (XXorZZ) sex, a phenomenon known asHaldane's rule. Population dynamics associated withHaldane's rule may play an important role in early speciation of sexually reproducing organisms. The dynamics of the hybrid zone maintained by incomplete hybrid inferiority (sterility/inviability) in the heterogametic sex (a ‘weak’Haldane's rule) caused by aBateson–Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibility was modelled. The influences and interplays of the strengths of incompatibility, dispersal, density‐dependent regulation (DDR) and local adaptation of incompatible alleles in a scenario of short‐range dispersal (the stepping‐stone model) were examined. It was found that a partial heterogametic hybrid incompatibility could efficiently impede gene flow and maintain characteristic clinal noncoincidence and discordance of alleles. Density‐dependent regulation appears to be an important factor affecting hybrid zone dynamics: it can effectively skew the effects of the partial incompatibility and dispersal as measured by effective dispersal, clinal structures and density depression. Unexpectedly, local adaptation of incompatible alleles in the parental populations, which would be critical for the establishment of the incompatibility, exerts little effect on hybrid zone dynamics. These results strongly support the plausibility of the adaptive origin of hybrid incompatibility and ecological speciation: an adaptive mutation, if it confers a marginal fitness advantage in the local population and happens to cause epistatic inferiority in hybrids, could efficiently drive further genetic divergence that may result in the gene becoming an evolutionary hotspot.
Fitness and morphological outcomes of many generations of hybridization in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
Authors: Pritchard V. L. , Knutson V. L. , Lee M. , Zieba J. , Edmands S.
Published: December 2012

Hybridization between genetically divergent populations is an important evolutionary process, with an outcome that is difficult to predict. We used controlled crosses and freely mating hybrid swarms, followed for up to 30 generations, to examine the morphological and fitness consequences of interpopulation hybridization in the copepod Tigriopus californicus. Patterns of fitness in two generations of controlled crosses were partly predictive of long‐term trajectories in hybrid swarms. For one pair of populations, controlled crosses revealed neutral or beneficial effects of hybridization after the F1 generation, and hybrid swarm fitness almost always equalled or exceeded that of the midparent. For a second pair, controlled crosses showed F2 hybrid breakdown, but increased fitness in backcrosses, and hybrid swarm fitness deviated both above and below that of the parentals. Nevertheless, individual swarm replicates exhibited different fitness trajectories over time that were not related in a simple manner to their hybrid genetic composition, and fixation of fitter hybrid phenotypes was not observed. Hybridization did not increase overall morphological variation, and underlying genetic changes may have been masked by phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, one type of hybrid swarm exhibited a repeatable pattern of transgressively large eggsacs, indicating a positive effect of hybridization on individual fecundity. Additionally, both parental and hybrid swarms exhibited common phenotypic trends over time, indicating common selective pressures in the laboratory environment. Our results suggest that, in a system where much work has focused on F2 hybrid breakdown, the long‐term fitness consequences of interpopulation hybridization are surprisingly benign.
Fitness costs of sublethal exposure toBacillus thuringiensisinHelicoverpa armigera: a carryover study on offspring
Authors: Sedaratian A. , Fathipour Y. , Talaei‐Hassanloui R. , Jurat‐Fuentes J. L.
Published: December 2012

Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) is an efficient entomopathogen used for pest control. WhileBt pathogenesis has been thoroughly studied, less is known about the biological effects of sublethalBt exposure. To address this knowledge gap, we document sublethal effects ofBacillus thuringiensisvar.kurstaki(Btk) on the biology and development ofHelicoverpa armigera(Hübner) under laboratory conditions. The results obtained revealed that duration of the different life stages in treated neonates ofH. armigerawas significantly affected by sublethal treatments. Furthermore, fecundity was also negatively affected in female moths developed fromBtk‐treated neonates, with the rate of egg hatchability reaching zero in theLC25. We also present data supporting that the effect of sublethalBtk concentrations could carry over to the next generation. SublethalBtk concentrations reduced the net reproduction rate (R0), and there were also significant differences among the values of this parameter at all treatments tested when compared with controls. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase (rmandλ, respectively) were significantly lower in insects treated with sublethalBtk concentrations compared with control insects. Consequent with the reduce rate of development observed forH. armigeratreated withBtk, the mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) were significantly higher in insects exposed to anyBtk concentration tested compared with control. Our data demonstrate significant fitness costs resulting from sublethalBtk exposure inH. armigera. These observations underline the importance of considering the role of sublethal effects when attempting to evaluate the impact ofBt treatment on an insect pest population and its progeny.
Conflicts of interest and the quality of recommendations in clinical guidelines
Authors: Cosgrove Lisa , Bursztajn Harold J. , Erlich Deborah R. , Wheeler Emily E. , Shaughnessy Allen F.
Published: December 2012

Background

There is increasing concern that conflicts of interest affect the development process of clinical practice guidelines. We evaluated The American Psychiatric Association's Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder to determine the existence of financial and intellectual conflicts of interest and examine their possible effects. We selected this guideline because of its influence on clinical practice and because this guideline recommends pharmacotherapy for all levels of depression, despite controversies over the evidence base.

Methods and Findings

We determined the number and type of financial conflicts of interest for members of the guideline development group as well as for the independent panel charged with mitigating any effect of these conflicts. We also quantified the potential for intellectual conflicts of interest. We examined the quality of references used to support recommendations, as well as the degree of congruence between the research results and the recommendations. Fewer than half (44.4%) of the studies supporting the recommendations met criteria for high quality. Over one‐third (34.2%) of the cited research did not study outpatients with major depressive disorder, and 17.2% did not measure clinically relevant results. One‐fifth (19.7%) of the references were not congruent with the recommendations. Financial ties to industry were disclosed by all members (100%) of the guideline development committee with members reporting a mean 20.5 relationships (range 9–33). The majority of the committee participated on pharmaceutical companies' speakers' bureaus. Members of the independent panel that reviewed the guidelines for bias had undeclared financial relationships. As a marker of intellectual conflict of interest, 9.1% of all cited research and 13% of references supporting the recommendations were co‐authored by the six guideline developers.

Conclusions

The prevalence of conflicts of interest among panel members was high. The quality of the evidence cited raises questions about the validity of the recommendations. Attention to the quality of cited studies and to the risk of bias resulting from conflicts of interest should be a priority for guideline development groups.
Economically efficient flood protection standards for the Netherlands
Authors: Kind J.M.
Published: December 2012

Within the context of the Dutch Delta Programme, economically efficient flood protection standards for the entire Netherlands were calculated using a recently developed methodology for cost‐benefit analysis and up‐to‐date insights into flood risk assessment. This results in economically efficient flood protection standards for different parts of the Netherlands that significantly differ from current legal flood protection standards. The cost‐benefit analysis shows that it is economically efficient to raise protection standards especially along the rivers Rhine and Meuse, while for many dike ring areas in the coastal region, existing legal flood protection standards seem relatively high. An additional Monte Carlo analysis shows that in light of many uncertainties, these are also robust conclusions. The cost‐benefit analysis does not support a general increase of the legal flood protection standards for all flood‐prone areas in the Netherlands by (at least) a factor 10, as was recommended by the (second) Delta Committee in 2008.
Friendship Groups, Personal Motivation, and Gender in Relation to High School Students' STEM Career Interest
Authors: Robnett Rachael D. , Leaper Campbell
Published: December 2012

Friendship group characteristics, motivation, and gender were investigated in relation to adolescents' science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) career interest. The sample was comprised of 468 high school students (M = 16 years, range = 13–18) from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Participants rated their friendship group's support of STEM as well as their personal motivation in science. They separately rated the friendship group's support of English and personal motivation in English. Other predictors included friendship group characteristics (importance, gender composition) and background variables such as gender. Group support of STEM (but not English) and science motivation (but not English motivation) predicted STEM career interest. Group characteristics and participant gender moderated the effects. Findings suggest social identities and self‐concepts may shape youths' STEM career choices.
Respiratory hospitalisation of infants supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid as preterm neonates
Authors: Atwell Kerryn , Collins Carmel T , Sullivan Thomas R , Ryan Philip , Gibson Robert A , Makrides Maria , McPhee Andrew J
Published: December 2012

Aim

To determine the effect of neonatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in preterm infants on later respiratory‐related hospitalisations.

Methods

We enrolled 657 infants in a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial designed to study the long‐term efficacy of higher dose dietary DHA in infants born <33 weeks' gestation. Treatment was with high DHA (∼1%) compared with standard DHA (∼0.3%) in breast milk or formula, given from the first week of life to term equivalent. Parent‐reported hospital admissions to 18 months corrected age were recorded. The proportion of children hospitalised for lower respiratory tract (LRT) conditions and the mean number of hospitalisations per infant were determined.

Results

Twenty‐three per cent (154/657) of infants were hospitalised for LRT conditions. Seventy‐three per cent (173/238) of admissions were for bronchiolitis. There was no significant effect of higher DHA on the proportion of infants admitted for LRT conditions (high DHA 22% vs. standard DHA 25%, adjusted relative risk 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68–1.24, P = 0.57) or in the mean number of admissions per infant (high DHA 0.34, standard DHA 0.38, adjusted ratio of means 0.91, 95% CI 0.63–1.32, P = 0.62). The sexes responded differently to treatment (interaction P = 0.046), with reduced admissions in boys given high DHA, but this was not statistically significant (high DHA 19%, standard DHA 28%, adjusted relative risk 0.69, 95% CI 0.46–1.04, P = 0.08).

Conclusions

Hospitalisation for LRT problems in the first 18 months for preterm infants was not reduced by neonatal supplementation with 1% DHA.
Twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome: Perinatal outcome and recipient heart disease according to treatment strategy
Authors: Barrea Catherine , Debauche Christian , Williams Olivia , Jasienski Stéphanie , Steenhaut Patricia , Sluysmans Thierry , Bernard Pierre , Hubinont Corinne
Published: December 2012

Aim

The aims of the study were to compare perinatal outcome and assess recipient cardiac disease according to treatment strategy (amnioreduction (AR), laser or selective feticide).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 81 consecutive cases of twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome diagnosed before 28 weeks between 1993 and 2007.

Results

Although fetuses treated by laser were younger at diagnosis (median 20.4 vs. 22.4 weeks, P = 0.01), they were significantly older at birth (median 33.6 vs. 28.5 weeks, P = 0.004) than those treated by AR. Neonatal morbidity was globally lower after laser than AR, and cardiac insufficiency tended to be less frequent (31% vs. 57%, P = 0.09). There was a trend towards increased perinatal survival after laser treatment (68% vs. 49%, P = 0.1). Heart failure was the cause of death in half (23/46) of the recipients. Fetal heart failure leading to death was 2.7 times more frequent after AR than after laser (n = 11 vs. n = 4), and all four neonatal cardiac deaths occurred after AR. Compared with laser, selective feticide did not further improve the outcome.

Conclusions

Heart failure was an important cause of perinatal morbidity and death. However, laser therapy resulted in a longer diagnosis–delivery interval and lower global neonatal morbidity than AR, with a trend towards increased perinatal survival. Improved outcome after laser treatment compared with AR might be related to its impact on recipient heart disease.
TECTONO‐STRATIGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE NW SEGMENT OF THE ZAGROS FOLD‐THRUST BELT, KURDISTAN, NE IRAQ
Authors: Lawa F. A. , Koyi H. , Ibrahim A.
Published: December 2012

The Kurdistan (NW) segment of the Zagros fold‐thrust belt, located in the Kurdistan Region of NE Iraq, forms the external part of the Zagros orogen and is bounded by the Zagros suture to the NE. To the SW is the Arabian Plate into which the deformation front has migrated progressively, beginning in the Late Cretaceous and culminating in the Tertiary. Regional compression resulted in obduction of the Mawat ophiolites and emplacement of the Avroman and Qulqula nappes onto the continental margin, and the formation of the Kurdistan foreland basin. In this paper, structural, stratigraphic and palaeontological data together with new field observations are used to investigate the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of this basin, and to study the propagation of the deformation front from the Zagros Imbricate Zone in the NE towards the Mesopotamian foredeep in the SW. Six unconformities within the Kurdistan foreland basin succession are recognized: Turonian (base‐AP9; 92 Ma); Danian (base‐AP10; 65 Ma); Paleocene–Eocene (intra‐AP10; 55 Ma); late Eocene (top‐AP10; 34 Ma); middle‐upper Miocene (a local unconformity; intra‐AP11; 12 Ma); and Pleistocene. These unconformities can be divided into two groups; obduction‐related (Turonian, Danian, and Paleocene‐Eocene); and collision‐related (late Eocene, middle‐upper Miocene, and Pleistocene).

The geographical position of the unconformities is used to determine the rate of propagation of the deformation front, which is estimated at ca. 3 mm/yr. This is in agreement with previous studies which suggested a NW‐ward decrease in the propagation rate. The rate was most rapid (2.95 mm/yr) in the Low Zagros Fold‐Thrust Zone and slower (2.06 mm/yr) in the High Zagros Fold‐Thrust Zone. The more rapid propagation rate in the former area may be attributed to the presence there of the Miocene Lower Fars Formation which acted as a shallow décollement surface.

Within the Zagros fold‐thrust belt, the intensity of deformation decreases towards the foreland (SW). Deformation in the High Zagros Fold‐Thrust Zone is characterized by thrust imbricates and high amplitude fault‐propagation folds at the surface separated by narrow synclines. However, the Low Zagros Fold‐Thrust Zone (Simply Folded Belt) is characterised by detachments and low amplitude fault propagation folds separated by broad synclines. In the foredeep area, folds are confined to the subsurface. Deeply buried Jurassic units, together with Upper Cretaceous – Paleocene siliciclastics, and the evaporite‐dominated Lower Fars Formation may have acted as décollement surfaces in the NW segment of the Zagros fold‐thrust belt, and controlled the structural geometry and evolution of the area.
Colostrogenesis: candidate genes for IgG1 transcytosis mechanisms in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Stark A. , Vachkova E. , Wellnitz O. , Bruckmaier R. , Baumrucker C.
Published: December 2012

Bovine colostrogenesis is distinguished by the specific transfer of IgG1 from the blood to mammary secretions. The process has been shown to be initiated by hormones and occurs during the last weeks of pregnancy when steroid concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) are highly elevated. Rodent intestinal uptake of immunoglobulin G is mediated by a receptor termed Fc fragment of IgG, Receptor, Transporter, alpha (FcGRT) and supported by light chain Beta‐2‐Microglobulin (β2M). We hypothesized that steroid hormone treatments (E2 and P4) of bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro would induce up‐regulation of IgG1 transcytosis candidate gene mRNA expression suggesting involvement in IgG1 transcytosis. Two different primary bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures were cultured on plastic and rat tail collagen and treated with hormonal combinations (steroids/lactogenic hormones). Evaluated mRNA components were bLactoferrin (bLf: a control), bFcGRT, β2M, and various small GTPases; the latter components are reported to direct endosomal movements in eukaryotic cells. All tested transcytosis components showed strong expression of mRNA in the cells. Expression of bFcGRT, bRab25 and bRhoB were significantly up‐regulated (p < 0.05) by steroid hormones. bRab25 and bRhoB showed increased expression by steroid treatments, but also with lactogenic hormones. Analysis for the oestrogen receptor (ER) mRNA was mostly negative, but 25% of the cultures tested exhibited weak expression, while the progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA was always detected. bRab25 and bRhoB and likely bFcGRT are potential candidate genes for IgG1 transcytosis in bovine mammary cells.
Does Anatomy of the Pubic Arch Interfere with the Maintaining of Erection?
Authors: Paul Jean François , Virag Ronald
Published: December 2012

Aim

There are men who suffer from unsustainable erections without any identified cause of erectile dysfunction, raising the question if anatomical alterations could be involved. Since early anatomical studies, it has been proposed that to achieve full penile rigidity, the blood must be blocked inside the penis by compression of the deep dorsal vein (DDV), the main venous collector under pubic symphysis. Using a recently developed caverno computed tomography (CT) scan technique, allowing the evaluation of the venous drainage of the corpora cavernosa (CC) during erection, we have studied some anatomical conditions of this important part of the erectile phenomenon.

Methods

Puboischial rami angles were measured in axial CT images and calculated strictly on the upper insertion point of the CC, using axial submillimeter slices in 37 patients divided into 3 groups depending on the results of the caverno CT scan: (i) no leak; (ii) superficial veins leaking; and (iii) drainage through the DDV and/or preprostatic plexus. In addition same angles were measured in two randomly unselected populations of men (N = 30), and women (N = 23) who underwent pelvic CT scan for various reasons, unrelated to their sexual or genital condition.

Main Outcome Measures

The angles made by both puboischial rami were measured in patients with and without veno-occlusive dysfunction and in unselected samples of men and women.

Results

There is a significantly wider angle made by both puboischial rami in men without complete erection and without evidence of anomalous venous drainage (group 3) (72.2° ± 4.7°standard deviation [SD]), compared with both men with normal erection (group 1) (57.5 ± 5°SD) P < 0.00001, and men with incomplete erection and evidence of anomalous drainage (group 2) (57.7 ± 6°SD) P < 0.00001.

Conclusions

If confirmed in larger samples, these results raise new questions on the mechanism and the role of these significant anatomical variations, yet unknown, in maintaining or not full rigid erections.
Micro‐scale habitat associations of woody plants in a neotropical cloud forest
Authors: Ledo Alicia , Burslem David F.R.P. , Condés Sonia , Montes Fernando
Published: December 2012

Questions

Species–habitat associations may contribute to the maintenance of species richness in tropical forests, but previous research has been conducted almost exclusively in lowland forests and has emphasized the importance of topography and edaphic conditions. Is the distribution of woody plant species in a Peruvian cloud forest determined by microhabitat conditions? What is the role of environmental characteristics and forest structure in habitat partitioning in a tropical cloud forest?

Location

Cloud Forest, north Peruvian Andes.

Methods

We examined species–habitat associations in three 1‐ha plots using the torus‐translation method. We used three different criteria to define habitats for habitat partitioning analyses, based on microtopography, forest structure and both sets of factors. The number of species associated either positively or negatively with each habitat was assessed.

Results

Habitats defined on the basis of environmental conditions and forest structure discriminated a greater number of positive and negative associations at the scale of our analyses in a tropical cloud forest.

Conclusions

Both topographic conditions and forest structure contribute to small‐scale microhabitat partitioning of woody plant species in a Peruvian tropical cloud forest. Nevertheless, canopy species were most correlated with the distribution of environmental variables, while understorey species displayed associations with forest structure.
Do vegetation boundaries display smooth or abrupt spatial transitions along environmental gradients? Evidence from the prairie–forest biome boundary of historic Minnesota, USA
Authors: Danz Nicholas P. , Frelich Lee E. , Reich Peter B. , Niemi Gerald J.
Published: December 2012

Questions

Two alternative mechanisms of abrupt vegetation change across ecological boundaries have been proposed: (1) concomitantly abrupt gradients in physical environmental variables and vegetation across the boundary, and (2) gradual environmental gradients that vegetation responds to in a non‐linear or threshold manner. Here, we evaluate spatial patterns of climate and vegetation across a grassland–forest biome boundary to examine evidence in favour of either of these alternatives.

Location

Minnesota, USA.

Methods

Vegetation data represented the presence of prairie vs. forest vegetation in Minnesota from 1847 to 1908, generally prior to European settlement of the region, while the climatic variables represented an index of long‐term average moisture availability (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration (P – PET). Using linear and sigmoidal regression models, we evaluated spatial patterns of change in vegetation, climate and vegetation–climate relationships across 22 transects (170–400 km) oriented perpendicular to the biome boundary. We also evaluated boundary characteristics in light of dominant topographical controls and position along the boundary.

Results

Vegetation followed a sigmoidal pattern of change across the boundary, with mean boundary width of ca. 100 km. The P – PET increased by ca. 100 mm across the boundary following a comparatively smooth pattern of change. Climate–vegetation relationships were clearly non‐linear across the boundary, indicating these variables did not change in a common spatial pattern. Regional topographical controls modified relationships between vegetation and climate along the length of the boundary.

Conclusions

Our results document strong non‐linear relationships between the presence of forest vegetation and its dominant climate control across a grassland–forest biome boundary. An average change of ca. 100 mm in P – PET moving across the boundary is about 40% of the long‐term mean annual range of this variable, suggesting that modest changes to P – PET may potentially cause substantial shifts in the location of the prairie–forest boundary.