bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Violent Versus Nonviolent Video Games on Children's Arousal, Aggressive Mood, and Positive Mood
Authors: Fleming Michele J. , Rick Wood Debra J.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the relationship between violent video games and children's mood. A total of 71 children aged 8 to 12 years played a paper‐and‐pencil game, a nonviolent video game, and a violent video game. Results indicate that arousal, as measured by heart rate and self‐reported arousal, increased significantly after playing the violent video game, as compared with the other two game conditions, with girls reporting more arousal than did boys. There was no significant increase in aggressive mood scores for either boys or girls after playing the violent game. Positive mood, as measured by positive affect, showed no significant increases or decreases after playing either video game. However, positive mood, as measured by general mood, showed a significant increase after playing the violent game for both boys and girls, but only as compared with the paper‐and‐pencil game. Results are interpreted in terms of social learning and cognitive information processing theories of aggression.
Charisma Is Contagious: The Effect of Leaders’ Charisma on Observers’ Affect1
Authors: Cherulnik Paul D. , Donley Kristina A. , Wiewel Tay Sha R. , Miller Susan R.
Published: August 2006

Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that charismatic leadership, characterized by nonverbal expressiveness and immediacy, would lead via emotional contagion to the imitation of the leader's nonverbal behavior. In Study I, charismatic leaders were college students whose performance of a simulated campaign speech included more smiles, more intense smiles, and longer and more frequent visual attention to the audience. Observers showed higher levels of all 4 relevant behaviors while watching charismatic leaders. In Study 2, college student participants watched more and less charismatic excerpts selected from President Clinton's and ex‐President Bush's responses during their first 1992 televised debate. Comparing the same behaviors, there was a similar pattern to Study I for responses to the Clinton excerpts, and an almost reversed pattern for the Bush excerpts. The overall results support an emotional contagion effect of charismatic leadership when the leader exhibits truly charismatic behavior.
Carding for the Purchase of Alcohol: I'm Tougher Than Other Clerks Are1
Authors: McCall Michael , Nattrass Katherine
Published: August 2006

The present research examined whether clerks believed themselves to be more likely to card customers than “other” clerks. Store clerks (N= 121) from 23 stores of a major grocery chain rated 4 person‐product profiles of hypothetical shoppers each representing distinctive lifestyle groups. Embedded within a series of items were key questions that asked how likely it was that they and other clerks would ask for identification from the shopper for the purchase of alcohol. Across all conditions, data revealed a significant positivity bias suggesting that the clerks felt that they were much better than other clerks at determining who should be asked for identification. The data are discussed in terms of their motivational implications for the false uniqueness bias.
Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Infertility and Childless Couples
Authors: Kopper Beverly A. , Smith M. Shelton
Published: August 2006

This study of 456 female and 205 male college students investigated knowledge and attitudes toward infertility and reactions to couples with varied fertility status. The gender and career status of the target individual also were varied. The most negative affect and stories were indicated for those described as childless by choice. The male target character also was rated more negatively than the female target character. The greatest responsibility and control were assigned to childless‐by‐choice and childless‐no‐explanation groups. The most positive affect and stories were indicated for those described as childless with no explanation given. Infertile couples were attributed less control and responsibility and elicited some degree of anger and hostility from others.
On the Risks of Recycling Because of Guilt: An Examination of the Consequences of Introjection1
Authors: Koestner Richard , Houlfort Nathalie , Paquet Stephanie , Knight Christine
Published: August 2006

The present study sought to examine the influence of introjected beliefs on individuals’ vulnerability to counterattitudinal arguments. University students’ reasons for engaging in proenvironmental behaviors were assessed prior to their reading excerpts from a counterattitudinal article. The excerpts were written by a personally attractive or unattractive author and contained either weak or strong arguments against recycling. Our results show that individuals who were highly introjected about recycling (e.g., “I recycle because I would feel guilty if I didn't”) were influenced by the personal attractiveness of the source but not by the strength of the specific arguments. Specifically, a thought‐listing procedure revealed that introjection was associated with generating more favorable thoughts and fewer counterarguments about the anti‐recycling message when the author was personally attractive than when he was unattractive.
Migrant Distress: The Role of Perceived Racial Discrimination and Coping Resources1
Authors: Mak Anita S. , Nesdale Drew
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the relationships among perceived racial discrimination, coping resources, and psychological distress experienced by 372 ethnic Chinese migrants in 3 Australian cities, within the social context of ongoing debates on Asian immigration. Based on the stress‐coping‐strain framework, it was expected that migrants’ recent increases in psychological distress would be associated with greater perceived racial discrimination, and lower levels of coping resources. Possible moderating effects of coping resources were examined. Hierarchical regression analyses provided broad support for the stress‐coping‐strain framework, and indicated direct effects of low personal and ethnic self‐esteem and having a small number of Anglo‐Australian friends on increased psychological distress. The findings are discussed with regard to implications for migrants’ wellbeing in the context of sociopolitical debates.
I'm Afraid I Have Something Bad to Tell You: Breaking Bad News From the Perspective of the Giver1
Authors: McKee Tara L. Eberhardt , Ptacek J. T.
Published: August 2006

College students (N= 90) completed a questionnaire designed to assess their recollection of a time that they delivered bad news. Responses were provided about whether each of 72 possible characteristics of such transactions occurred in addition to the impact each had on the ease of delivering the news. Participants also provided information about the stress associated with the process and their perceptions of the anxiety experienced by the receiver of the news. Three important findings emerged: (a) there was substantial diversity in the type of bad news that givers recalled transmitting; (b) students reported a wide variety of experiences associated with the bad‐news process, with a sizable cluster of these experiences seeming to typify such transactions across students and news type; and (c) the level of stress associated with the bad‐news process was generally high, and it was associated with what students thought about and did during the transaction.
Perceptions of Systemic Justice: The Effects of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice
Authors: Beugre Constant D. , Baron Robert A.
Published: August 2006

The literature on organizational justice has identified 3 key components of this process: distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, we reasoned that employees may use perceptions of these 3 components as a basis for drawing inferences about the fairness of the organization as a whole (i.e., their perceptions of systemic justice). A field study was conducted on a sample of 232 employees working in various organizations. Results show that employees' perceptions of procedural justice and interactional justice in their organizations positively predicted perceptions of systemic justice (i.e., that the organization was fair overall). Perceptions of distributive justice, however, did not predict perceptions of systemic justice. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effects of Charismatic Leadership on Followers’ Self‐Concept Accessibility
Authors: Paul Jim , Costley Dan L. , Howell Jon P. , Dorfman Peter W. , Trafimow David
Published: August 2006

Shamir, House, and Arthur (1993) suggested that the effects of charismatic leadership on followers’ motivation are mediated by the increased salience of collective identities in followers’ self‐concepts. This study empirically examines the effects of leadership messages on followers’ self‐concept accessibilities. Charismatic and integrative (combined charismatic and individualized consideration) leadership increased the accessibility of followers’ collective self‐concepts. Individualized consideration increased the accessibility of followers’ private self‐concepts. These results support the propositions of the self‐concept‐based theory of charismatic leadership. Charismatic and integrative leadership messages from a leader resulted in higher follower collective self‐concept accessibilities than did routinized messages. This finding underscores the importance of a charismatic leader, even when charismatic messages have become routinized.
Adolescent Aggression: Models of Resiliency1
Authors: Hollister‐Wagner Gambrill H. , Foshee Vangie A. , Jackson Christine
Published: August 2006

Resiliency is the ability to survive and thrive despite exposure to negative circumstances. This study compared 4 models of resiliency (compensatory, risk‐protective, protective‐protective, and challenge) in the context of adolescent aggression. Each model proposes a different relationship between risk and protective factors. The risk factor was exposure to violence. Protective factors were closeness to an adult, importance of religion, selfesteem, relationship competence, constructive communication, and constructive anger. Data for testing the models came from a survey of 1,747 8th and 9th graders in a rural county. Results suggest that the most appropriate model of resiliency varies by gender of the adolescent. The protective‐protective and challenge models were supported for females. None of the models were supported for males. Gender differences in socialization and development may explain study findings.
Structural Solutions to Social Dilemmas: A Field Study on Commuters’ Willingness to Fund Improvements in Public Transit1
Authors: Joireman Jeffrey A. , Van Lange Paul A. M. , Van Vugt Mark , Wood Amanda , Leest Tricia Vander , Lambert Chris
Published: August 2006

The present field study examined commuters’(N= 152) willingness to fund improvements in public transit. Consistent with Samuelson's (1993; Samuelson & Messick, 1995) multiattribute evaluation model of structural change in social dilemmas, support for the transit plan was higher when it was perceived to be (a) effective at reducing congestion and pollution, (b) personally beneficial, and (c) fair in terms of taxes and benefits. Also consistent with predictions, these relationships were moderated by individual differences in social value orientation (MClintock, 1968) and the consideration of future consequences (CFC; Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994). Prosocials responded more to the perceived fairness of the plan, while proselfs responded more to the plan's effectiveness in reducing congestion. Low CFCs responded more to the plan's personal benefits and effectiveness in reducing congestion, while high CFCs responded more to the plan's effectiveness in reducing pollution.
Roles of Boredom and Life Goals in Juvenile Delinquency1
Authors: Newberry Angela L. , Duncan Renae D.
Published: August 2006

The relationship between possible selves and boredom in juvenile delinquency was examined in 418 high school students. The construct Possible Selves refers to the representation of the self that each person would like to become, could become, and is afraid of becoming. Participants who acknowledged high levels of delinquent behaviors reported more negative possible selves, a higher tendency to experience boredom, and fewer positive possible selves than did adolescents who engaged in lower levels of delinquent behaviors. Also, the number of negative possible selves, the number of positive possible selves, boredom proneness, and gender accounted for 32% of the variance in juvenile delinquency. Overall, the results provide evidence that boredom and a negative view of one's future play a significant role in adolescent delinquent behavior.
Exceptions to the Rule: The Effects of Remorse, Status, and Gender on Decision Making1
Authors: Niedermeier Keith E. , Horowitz Irwin A. , Kerr Norbert L.
Published: August 2006

One of several general rules suggested by past work is that it is advantageous to exhibit remorse when one has committed a transgression. A pair of experiments searched for the boundary conditions of this rule. In Experiment 1, mock jurors rated a remorseful defendant as more guilty when the law was fair than when the law was unfair. In contrast, an unremorseful defendant was viewed as equally guilty under both fairness levels. Study 2 conceptually replicated this result, and revealed a 3‐way interaction among remorse, status, and gender. It is argued that these findings illustrate the importance of violation of expectations on evaluation and judgment, inside the courtroom and elsewhere.
Cooperation in Asymmetric Social Dilemmas When Equality Is Perceived as Unfair1
Authors: Eek Daniel , Biel Anders , Gärling Tommy
Published: August 2006

Three experiments examined the hypothesis that in an asymmetric social dilemma, perceived fairness of the distribution promotes cooperation. In support of the hypothesis, Studies 1 and 2 showed that willingness to voluntarily and anonymously pay for child care was related to ratings of perceived fairness of equal and equitable distributions of the quality of child care when it was a public good (provided by the municipality) or a market good (provided by a private business). Study 1 also showed that an equal distribution of the public good was perceived to be fairer than an equal distribution of the market good, whereas the reverse was true for an equitable distribution. Study 2 showed that when quality differences were explicit, an equitable distribution was perceived as fairer than an equal distribution. Study 3 showed that an equitable distribution of quantity of child care was perceived to be fairer and increased willingness to pay as compared to an equal distribution.
Improving Decision Making by Means of Dissent1
Authors: Nemeth Charlan Jeanne , Connell Joanie B. , Rogers John D. , Brown Keith S.
Published: August 2006

Antidotes to problems associated with uniformity of viewpoints have generally involved dissent in one form or another (Katzenstein, 1996), one being “devil's advocate.” Research on authentic dissent has documented additional advantages in that it stimulates divergent and original thought (Nemeth, 1995). In this study, authentic disscnt was compared with devil's advocate and with no dissent. Findings indicate that authentic dissent was superior in (a) stimulating a greater proportion of original thoughts, (b) considering the opposite position, and (c) direct attitude change. Devil's advocate was found to stimulate cognitive boistcring of the initial position, thus raising concerns about the unintended consequences of techniques such as devil's advocate and the subtle task facing attempts to foster original thought and yet maintain cohesion.
Reactions to Affirmative Action: Substance and Semantics
Authors: Golden Heather , Hinkle Steve , Crosby Faye
Published: August 2006

For both theoretical and practical reasons, researchers have sought to map the motivations that underlie people's support for or opposition to affirmative action. In view of the amount of rhetoric surrounding the issues, it is possible that some of the apparent differences in degrees of support come from differences in how the wordsaffirmative actionare interpreted. The present investigation shows that the meanings that people ascribe to affirmative action statistically predict their attitudes toward the policy, even after one accounts for demographic and related attitudinal factors. The implications of our findings are important in both applied and conceptual ways.
Comparison of Allocations by Individuals and Interacting Groups in an Escalation of Commitment Situation1
Authors: Seibert Scott E. , Goltz Sonia M.
Published: August 2006

In this study, individuals and interacting 3‐person groups were asked to make a series of allocation decisions using a modified version of the A&S decision case (Staw, 1976). Based on the choice‐shift effect, it was hypothesized that groups would allocate more to a failing course of action than would individuals, and that these differences would emerge only after repeated sequential decisions. Both hypotheses were supported. These findings suggest that processes unique to groups account for the greater allocations of groups, relative to individuals in escalation situations. The implications of these findings in applied settings are discussed.
Inhibition and Disinhibition of Male Aggression Against Females: A Personality Moderator Approach
Authors: Smith Stephen M. , Martin Leonard L. , Kerwin Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2006

Three experiments examined the role of individual differences in combination with contextual factors hypothesized to moderate the level of hostility toward females evident in male participants' responses. In Study I, we manipulated survey context and examined the influence of participants' levels of rape myth acceptance (RMA) on self‐reported rape likelihood. In Study 2, we examined the interactive role of target gender and participants' levels of sex guilt (SG) on aggression toward the target after exposure to an erotic film. Study 3 results suggested that high SG males have particularly negative responses to women (but not men) who enjoy erotic presentations, consistent with a “Jack‐the‐Ripper” interpretation of the Study 2 findings.
Evil Thoughts But Angelic Actions: Responses to Overweight Job Applicants
Authors: Polinko Natale K. , Popovich Paula M.
Published: August 2006

Quantitative and content analyses were performed to test the hypothesis that the lack‐of‐fit model (Heilman, 1983) could provide the needed theoretical framework for organizational obesity discrimination. A computer morphing program allowed for the same stimulus applicant to be used in both the average‐weight and the overweight conditions. Results of the quantitative analysis show that undergraduate participants perceived overweight (vs. average‐weight) applicants as having more negative work‐related attributes, but did not discriminate against them in the hiring process. A content analysis provided some evidence for the lack‐of‐fit model (Heilman, 1983) as an explanatory model for obesity discrimination.
An Evaluation of Two Mediation Techniques, Negotiator Power, and Culture in Negotiation1
Authors: Arunachalam Vairam , Lytle Anne , Wall James A.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the effects of 4 factors in a mediated transfer‐pricing negotiation: (a) the mediator's suggestion that negotiators have concern for the other (opposing) negotiator; (b) the mediator's proposal of moderate goals; (c) negotiator power; and (d) culture. In the simulated negotiations that were mediated by a corporate official, participants were 374 subjects from Hong Kong and the United States. Negotiators obtained lower joint outcomes when urged by the mediator to show concern for the other than when not given this admonition. When the mediator proposed moderate (vs. high) goals, the negotiators received lower joint outcomes but had a higher opinion of the mediator. While we expected negotiator power (equal vs. unequal) to interact with suggested concern for the other, it did so only for the negotiators' individual outcomes. Finally, culture produced a main effect: Hong Kong negotiators obtained higher joint outcomes than did their U. S. counterparts.
Group and Leadership Effects on Social Anxiety Experienced During an Exercise Class1
Authors: Martin Kathleen A. , Fox Lesley D.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effects of the group environment and group leadership style on social anxiety experienced by participants (N= 90) in a 40‐min step aerobics class. In a 2±2 factorial design, group environment (enriched/bland) was manipulated, along with the fitness instructor's leadership style (enriched/bland). Participants in the enriched group condition had significantly higher social anxiety (M= 15.1) than did those in the bland group condition (M= 12.0, p < 0.05). Also, participants tended to have less social anxiety when the instructor used an enriched leadership style (M= 12.4) than when she used a bland leadership style (M= 14.8, p= 0. 08). Discussion focuses on aspects of the social environment that can affect social anxiety during group exercise classes.
Social Support Mediates Loneliness and Human Herpesvirus Type 6 (HHV‐6) Antibody Titers
Authors: Dixon Denise , Cruess Stacy , Kilbourn Kristin , Klimas Nancy , Fletcher Mary Ann , Ironson Gail , Baum Andrew , Schneiderman Neil , Antoni Michael H.
Published: August 2006

The current study investigated the impact of a severe environmental stressor and the role that declining social integration played in mediating its effect on loneliness and immune status. Increased loneliness and decreased social support in the months following the stressor (storm) were significantly associated with increased HHV‐6 antibody liters, reflecting poorer control over the virus. Poorer social integration mediated the relationship between loneliness and HHV‐6, even after controlling for nonspecific polyclonal B‐cell activation, disease status (CD3+CD4+ cell counts), living arrangements, acute social losses (bereavement), and potential disruptions in social‐support resources. These findings suggest that specific elements of social support may explain the oft‐noted negative effects of loneliness on the immune system, and generalized to a medically vulnerable population.
A Field Study of the Effects of Gradually Terminated Public Feedback on Housekeeping Performance1
Authors: Leivo Ari K.
Published: August 2006

Recent studies have shown that more feedback is not always better. A multiple baseline across‐groups design was used to assess the impact of infrequent (at gradually increasing intervals), publicly posted housekeeping feedback on the housekeeping level. The housekeeping performance of 3 road maintenance areas and I garage was monitored over a 6‐ to 17‐month period. The increases in performance were equivalent to studies giving more frequent housekeeping feedback at a fixed‐interval schedule. The length of feedback interval was not significantly correlated to the change in housekeeping index. The results suggest that after a learning period, the frequency at which feedback is provided may not be a critical factor. The appropriateness of feedback frequency may be affected by learning level (i. e., the information value of feedback at that particular time).
A Note on the Nonlinearity of the Age‐Job‐Satisfaction Relationship
Authors: Hochwarter Wayne A. , Ferris Gerald R. , Perrewé Pamela L. , Witt L. Alan , Kiewitz Christian
Published: August 2006

Research assessing the relationship between age and job satisfaction has typically provided mixed results. Inherent problems including limited samples and a failure to control for tenure and affective disposition have potentially contributed to these conflicting results. Moreover, a significant concern has been researchers' focus on detecting linear effects alone. In the current study, we statistically controlled for gender, supervisor and position tenure, quadratic tenure terms, and affective disposition (NA and PA) based on previous research regarding the relationship between these variables and job satisfaction. Finally, we used hierarchical polynomial regression to assess the form of the age‐satisfaction relationship. Results confirmed that a U shape best characterized the relationship between age and job satisfaction. Implications of these findings as well as directions for future research are discussed.
The Effect of Self‐Identified Sexual Orientation on Helping Behavior in a British Sample: Are Lesbians and Gay Men Treated Differently?
Authors: Ellis Jason , Fox Pauline
Published: August 2006

In a British sample, the wrong‐number technique was used to examine levels of helping behavior shown toward lesbians and gay men. A wrong‐number telephone call, from either a man who self‐identified as gay or heterosexual, or a woman who self‐identified as either lesbian or heterosexual, was made to 232 men and women. The caller requested help by asking the respondent to relay a message to his or her partner by telephone. As predicted, lesbians and gay men were less likely to be given help than were their same‐gender heterosexual counterparts. However, lesbians were given a similar amount of help as were heterosexual men. Male participants were less likely to give help to gay men than to lesbians, but female participants were no less likely to help lesbians than gay men. The results suggest that, although lesbians and gay men meet discrimination in everyday life, the level of discrimination may differ.
Effects of Diversity Management on Attachment
Authors: Gilbert Jacqueline A. , Ivancevich John M.
Published: August 2006

The theoretical underpinnings of this paper explain the process of organizational transformation to value differences and the attitudinal transformation of minority and majority individuals to appreciate diversity. As an empirical test of these theories, the research investigated absenteeism and psychological attachment in 2 Fortune 100 conglomerates in different stages of managing their diversity. Cox (1991) suggests that organizations evolve toward multiculturalism, a state in which employee differences are valued and appreciated. Analyses of 284 respondents reveal that majority and minority employees in a more multicultural firm experienced greater attitudinal attachment. Study results suggest that a culture that stresses inclusion of all individuals will have a positive impact on the demographic majority.
When Roles Reverse: Stigma, Status, and Self‐Evaluation1
Authors: Richeson Jennifer A. , Ambady Nalini
Published: August 2006

Self‐evaluations after interracial and dyadic interactions were examined. African American and White females interacted with either a same‐ or different‐race partner in one of 3 role conditions: the high‐status role of an interviewer, the low‐status role of an applicant, or a peer of equal status. Following the interaction, responses to the Collective Self‐Esteem scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) assessed social self‐evaluation, while the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and the State Self‐Esteem scale (Heather‐ton & Polivy. I99I) assessed personal seif‐esteem. Combinations of racial composition and situational role had striking influences on self‐evaluations. For instance, when situa‐tional roles signaled a reversal from societal status, participants reported lower collective self‐esteem than when situational and societal status were consistent. Thus, roles can have compelling consequences for self‐evaluation after intergroup interactions.
Acquaintances, Lovers, and Friends: Rape Within Relationships1
Authors: WILSON MARGARET A. , LEITH SONJA
Published: August 2006

The research examines offender behavior in 98 cases of male‐female acquaintance rape reported to the police in the United Kingdom. Each rape is defined according to the predominant style of offender behavior: intimacy, aggression, or criminality. Variations in the style of rape behavior are examined as a function of the prior victim‐offender relationship. The level of relationship intimacy between the victim and offender is defined empirically according to 4 variables: time acquainted, degree of familiarity, previous sexual relationship, and previous cohabitation. The results indicate that criminality style behavior is very infrequent in acquaintance rape. At low levels of relationship intimacy, the rape is more likely to be characterized by intimacy, rather than aggression style behaviors. The implications are discussed.
Incremental Validity of Time Urgency and Other Type A Subcomponents in Predicting Behavioral and Health Criteria1
Authors: CONTE JEFFREY M. , SCHWENNEKER HEATHER HONIG , DEW ANGELA F. , ROMANO DONNA M.
Published: August 2006

Although previous studies have revealed relationships between Type A behavior pattern (TABP) measures and behavioral indexes of time urgency, such studies utilized global TABP measures that have been criticized for their lack of construct validity. The present study linked recently developed measures of time urgency and other TABP subcomponents (e. g., impatience‐irritability) to observable temporal behaviors and health outcomes. In a sample of 194 undergraduate students, the results indicated that the TABP subcomponents provided incremental validity above the contribution of the global TABP measure in predicting behavioral and health criteria. Applied implications and future directions for research on time urgency and other TABP subcomponents are discussed.
Doctor Communication Style and Patient Outcomes: Gender and Age as Moderators
Authors: BRADLEY GRAHAM , SPARKS BEVERLEY , NESDALE DREW
Published: August 2006

Past research has demonstrated that physicians' communication styles influence patient satisfaction, loyalty, recall of medical advice, and adherence to this advice. However, the research has failed to identify coherent interactional styles that produce favorable outcomes along all dimensions. The present study used a videotape analogue method to compare the efficacy of two communication styles that vary in terms of the power relations between the parties. Community members adopted the role of the patient and rated a male or female “doctor” using either an authoritative or a consultative communication style. Results indicate that the consultative style yielded superior satisfaction ratings, but not greater recall or adherence. The effects for style were moderated by significant interactions with physician gender and patient age.
Sweetening the Till: The Use of Candy to Increase Restaurant Tipping1
Authors: Strohmetz David B. , Rind Bruce , Fisher Reed , Lynn Michael
Published: August 2006

A common practice among servers in restaurants is to give their dining parties an unexpected gift in the form of candy when delivering the check. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of this gesture on the tip percentages received by servers. Experiment 1 found that customers who received a small piece of chocolate along with the check tipped more than did customers who received no candy. Experiment 2 found that tips varied with the amount of the candy given to the customers as well as with the manner in which it was offered. It is argued that reciprocity is a stronger explanation for these findings than either impression management or the good mood effect.
Organizational Politics and Work Identity as Predictors of Organizational Commitment
Authors: Witt L. A. , Patti Anthony L. , Farmer William L.
Published: August 2006

Building on the organizational‐politics (Kaemar & Baron, 1999) and social‐identity (Hogg & Terry, 2000) literatures, we examined the moderating effect of work identity on the organizational‐politics/organizational‐commitment relationship. Data collected from 500 employees of a data‐reporting organization and 943 employees of a customer‐service organization indicate that employees who identified primarily with their occupations were less affected by the level of perceived politics in the organization in the consideration of their commitment than were employees who identified primarily with their employing organizations or one of its units. Implications for research and management practice are discussed.
Self‐Presentation Concerns and Health Behaviors Among Cosmetic Surgery Patients
Authors: Culos‐Reed S. Nicole , Brawley Lawrence R. , Martin Kathleen A. , Leary Mark R.
Published: August 2006

The present investigation examined the relationship between self‐presentational motives and physical activity in a population of cosmetic surgery participants. Participants were 50 female and 5 male cosmetic surgery patients (CSPs; M age = 38.5 years) who completed a battery of self‐report measures following either vein or acne treatment. Analyses revealed significant group differences on self‐presentational concern and public self‐consciousness between: (a) those who elected the treatment for appearance motives and those who elected treatment for health‐based motives, and (b) the more frequent (3 or more times per week) and less frequent (2 or less times per week) exercisers. Greater self‐presentational concerns and greater public self‐consciousness were associated with having appearance‐related motives for treatment and with being a less frequent exerciser.
Loneliness and Acculturation Among Adolescents From Immigrant Families in Portugal1
Authors: Neto Fealix
Published: August 2006

The aims of this study were to find out the degree of loneliness among adolescents with immigrant backgrounds in Portugal and the factors that may predict the level of loneliness among them. The study sample consisted of 313 adolescents. The mean duration of sojourn in Portugal for the sample was 8.2 years (SD= 4.8). They were asked to complete a questionnaire. A control group involving 363 Portuguese youth was also included in the study. There were no significant differences between adolescents from immigrant families and Portuguese adolescents who have never migrated in terms of level of loneliness. The strongest predictors of loneliness were self‐esteem, duration of sojourn, and perceived discrimination. Implications of the study for counselors are suggested.
The Double‐Edged Sword of Providing Information About the Prevalence of Safer Sex1
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , VAN DEN EIJNDEN Regina J. J. M. , Siero Frans W.
Published: August 2006

A group of 267 college students participated in an experiment to determine the effect of communicating different percentages (i.e., 12%, 36%, 64%, 88%) of the prevalence of safer sex in the student population on condom‐use intention. A positive linear effect of prevalence information on condom‐use intention was demonstrated, although the information that 64% engaged in safer sex seemed most effective in changing condom‐use intention. This effect was independent of previous sexual behavior. Although prevalence information had a positive indirect effect on condom‐use intention as a result of a change in perceived social norms, it had a negative indirect effect because of perceived risk. That is, information indicating a high prevalence of safer sex lowered the perceived risk of AIDS and, as a result, the intention to use condoms.
Velocity Toward Goal Attainment in Immediate Experience as a Determinant of Affect
Authors: Lawrence John W. , Carver Charles S. , Scheier Michael F.
Published: August 2006

An experiment tested a model in which affect reflects rate of movement (velocity) toward one's behavioral goal. Participants responded to an ambiguous task and received false feedback regarding their performance. The pattern of feedback either remained fairly constant at 50% correct, went from low incidence of correct to 50% correct across trials, or went from high incidence of correct to 50% correct across trials. Self‐reported mood change (from before the task to the point at which all groups received 50% correct) took the following pattern: Participants moving from frequent correct to 50% correct (low velocity) changed to less positive mood, whereas those moving from infrequent correct to 50% correct (high velocity) tended to change to more positive mood. Discussion centers on convergence between these findings and those of previous research.
Goal Interference, Perceived Consensus, and Preferences for Conflict‐Resolution Strategies
Authors: Whitney Carolyn , Miller Carol T.
Published: August 2006

This study is a survey of recreational users (n= 85) of a scenic reservoir that was at the center of a controversy about whether the use of motorboats should be restricted or banned. We examined the hypothesis that the amount of goal interference that respondents experienced in the pursuit of recreational activities would be related to perceptions of consensus for their activities and for the regulations they preferred. We also hypothesized that perceived consensus would be related to greater preference for majority rule and less preference for compromise as the preferred strategy for resolving the conflict. Results show that goal interference was related to perceived consensus and that greater perceived consensus was related to unwillingness to compromise and preference for majority rule. Discussion centered on how perceptions about consensus arise from different experiences and on the role of perceived consensus in conflict resolution.
“Alkie,”“Frat Brother,” and “Jock”: Perceived Types of College Students and Stereotypes About Drinking1
Authors: Ashmore Richard D. , Del Boca Frances K. , Beebe Marc
Published: August 2006

Two studies assessed perceived types of college students and associated stereotypes about drinking. In the first study, 64 university students responded to an open‐ended probe asking them to list types of college students and then rated the amount of drinking done by each of a set of preselected types. In the second study, 236 students responded to the same open‐ended item and directly rated a set of types that had been revised based on Study 1 in terms of drinking and involvement in the academic and sociosexual collegiate subcultures. As hypothesized, consensual responses to the open‐ended probe reflected the college student culture. Also as hypothesized, types of students socially defined in terms of the sociosexual aspects of college (e.g., “fraternity boy”) were rated as likely to drink heavily, whereas types that were seen as being pulled away from college social life, through assumed involvement in academics (e.g., “brain/straight As”), were rated as drinking relatively little. Finally, rated sociosexual involvement was positively correlated, and academic involvement was negatively correlated, with perceived drinking, which supports a central assumption of the framework guiding the research.
The Relationship Between Group Identity and Intergroup Prejudice Is Moderated by Sociostructural Variation1
Authors: Jackson Jay W.
Published: August 2006

A theoretical model is developed that predicts a stronger relationship between group identity and intergroup prejudice for majority‐group members compared to minority‐group members. This model takes into consideration the sociostructural characteristics of the groups, the differential functions of group identity for majority versus minority‐group members, and the role of perceived intergroup conflict. The model is tested by examining the magnitude of group identity, perceived conflict, and ethnic prejudice expressed by White Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans. Predictions derived from the model were largely supported. Theoretical implications are discussed and directions for future research are offered.
Motivation to Control Prejudice as a Mediator of Identity and Affirmative Action Attitudes1
Authors: Mack Dan A. , Johnson C. Douglas , Green Troy D. , Parisi Anthony G. , Thomas Kecia M.
Published: August 2006

Affirmative action is a divisive issue in society today. Attitudes toward affirmative action vary both between and within ethnic and racial groups, with Whites exhibiting the majority of negative attitudes. Researchers have suggested a variety of psychological explanations for differences in attitudes toward affirmative action (e.g., racism, self‐interest, fairness). The current study investigates whether motivation to control prejudice acts as a mediator of ethnic/racial identity and Whites’ attitudes toward affirmative action. Support was found for the mediating role of motivation to control prejudice for several aspects of ethnic and racial identity and affirmative action attitudes. Limitations of the study are discussed, as are topics for future research.
Identifying With Winners: A Reexamination of Sport Fans’ Tendency to BIRG1
Authors: End Christian M. , Dietz‐Uhler Beth , Harrick Elizabeth A. , Jacquemotte Lindy
Published: August 2006

This investigation examined whether or not sport fans are more likely to identify with successful teams than unsuccessful teams. College students (N= 78) were asked to list the sport teams with which they identified in order of personal preference. Using numerous criteria and the teams’ performances during their previous season, participant‐listed teams were deemed as being successful or unsuccessful. The results showed that fans were more likely to identify with successful teams than unsuccessful teams. A positive relationship also was found between fan preference (favorite team) and the success of the team. Fans’ tendencies to bask in reflected glory (BIRG) suggest that these sport fan identities may be premeditated for self‐presentational benefits. These results are discussed in the context of social identity theory.
Factors Explaining the Intention to Use Condoms Among Injecting Drug Users Participating in a Needle‐Exchange Program1
Authors: Bealanger Diane , Godin Gaston , Alary Michel , Bernard Paul‐Marie
Published: August 2006

This study identified the psychosocial factors related to condom‐use intention, based on Triandis’ (1980) theory of interpersonal behavior, among 261 injection drug users participating in a needle‐exchange program. With regular partners (n= 139), condom‐use intention was explained by normative beliefs, self‐efficacy, length of relationship with last regular sexual partner, and taking oral contraceptives. Condom‐use intention with casual partners (n= 157) was also associated with self‐efficacy and normative beliefs, on top of cognitive dimension with attitudes and lending used needles. Neither the perception of being HIV‐positive, nor the habit of using a condom was associated with intention. It is thus suggested that interventions aimed at promoting condom use among this clientele be oriented toward the reinforcement of personal convictions as well as toward the development of competencies needed to overcome obstacles, since both relate to the intention to adopt this behavior.
Identifying Specific Factors Underlying Attitudes Toward Change: Using Multiple Methods to Compare Expectancy‐Value Theory to Reasons Theory1
Authors: Westaby James D.
Published: August 2006

This study used multiple methods to compare expectancy‐value theory (EVT) to reasons theory for identifying specific factors underlying attitudes toward a planned organizational change. Reasons theory utilizes an accessible reason construct within a decision‐making framework. Study 1 used the correlational method to statistically identify the strength of specific factors underlying attitudes according to each theory. The value and accessible reason factors demonstrated the strongest associations with attitudes toward change. The strength of specific factors was then manipulated experimentally according to each construct to examine the impact on potential change in Study 2. The interventions developed from expectancy and accessible reason factors were evaluated most positively by individuals in the target organization, with accessible reasons having the strongest effect. Unexpectedly, interventions based on the value and expectancy value factors had less efficacy in Study 2. Implications for applied research are discussed.
Effects on Youth of Exposure to Retail Tobacco Advertising1
Authors: Henriksen Lisa , Flora June A. , Feighery Ellen , Fortmann Stephen P.
Published: August 2006

The absence of significant restrictions on tobacco advertising in stores has prompted concern about the proliferation of these messages and their impact on youth. This is among the first studies to investigate the effects of adolescents’ exposure to retail tobacco advertising. Under the guise of testing teen‐interest news stories, 8th and 9th graders (n= 385) saw photographs of a convenience store that was either dominated by or devoid of tobacco advertising while listening to a story about a proposed tobacco control law or one about teen food purchases. Regardless of the news story they heard, students exposed to the tobacco‐saturated store perceived significantly easier access to cigarettes, believed more peers tried and approved of smoking, and expressed weaker support for tobacco‐control policies than did the comparison group. The study results suggest that widespread tobacco advertising in stores might distort adolescents’ perceptions about the availability, use, and popularity of this product.
The Accuracy of Self‐Reports of Condom Use and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Jaccard James , McDonald Robert , Wan Choi K. , Dittus Patricia J. , Quinlan Shannon
Published: August 2006

In a study of the accuracy of self‐reports of sexual behavior and condom use, 285 single, young adults in a large metropolitan area were interviewed once a week for 52 weeks, reporting on their sexual behavior each week. At 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month intervals, the individuals also provided self‐reports of the number of times they had engaged in sex and the number of times they had used condoms since they began participating in the study. These self‐reports were compared with aggregates of the weekly data, which served as a comparison standard for accuracy evaluation. The results indicate a fairly high level of accuracy in self‐reports, but with 2% to 5% outliers who are highly inaccurate. The results tend to favor the assessment of sexual behavior over moderate time durations (3 or 6 months) rather than short or long durations (1 month or 12 months) when trying to maximize self‐report accuracy. Accuracy was attenuated for individuals who tended to engage in sex frequently, especially at the 12‐month time durations.
Investigation of Body Comparison Among Adolescent Girls1
Authors: Schutz Helena K. , Paxton Susan J. , Wertheim Eleanor H.
Published: August 2006

Grade differences in appearance and nonappearance social comparisons, and targets for body comparison were examined in adolescent girls. A model describing potential contributors to, and consequences of, body comparison tendency was examined. Girls (n= 545) completed measuring social comparisons, targets for comparisons, dieting in response to comparisons, body attitudes, eating patterns, psychological variables, height, and weight. Appearance and nonappearance social comparisons increased with age. Girls reported comparing their bodies most frequently with peers and fashion models. Body comparison tendency was significantly predicted by: importance of thinness, internalization of socio‐cultural ideal, friend concern with weight, body image instability, competitiveness, grade, public self‐consciousness, perfectionism, and family concern with weight. Predictors of dieting in response to body comparison were also explored.
Discrepancy Between Self‐Report and School‐Record Grade Point Average: Correlates With Psychosocial Outcomes Among African American Adolescents1
Authors: Zimmerman Marc A. , Caldwell Cleopatra Howard , Bernat Debra Hilkene
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study is to better understand the implications for using self‐reported grade point average (GPA) versus school‐record GPA in academic achievement research. First, we found that nearly half the youths interviewed overreported their GPAs by at least 2 half grades. Second, youth who overreported their GPAs also reported less psychological distress, more successful academic beliefs, and fewer problem behaviors. Third, we found that self‐reported GPA was associated with all 3 sets of variables, but school‐record GPA was associated with only problem behaviors. The findings suggest that it may be useful for researchers to consider how different measures of GPA may influence their results.