bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of D1 and D5 dopamine receptor localization in layers I, III, and V of Macaca mulatta prefrontal cortical area 9: Coexpression in dendritic spines and axon terminals
Authors: Bordelon‐Glausier Jill R. , Khan Zafar U. , Muly E. Chris
Published: April 2008

D1 family receptors (D1R) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical for normal cognition and are implicated in pathological states such as schizophrenia. The two D1R subtypes, D1 and D5, cannot be pharmacologically distinguished but have important functional differences. To understand their contributions to cortical function, we quantified their localization in the neuropil of primate PFC. We identified different patterns of distribution for the two receptors that showed variation across cortical laminae. Although D1 was enriched in spines and D5 in dendrites, there was considerable overlap in their distribution within neuronal compartments. To determine whether the D1 and D5 receptors are localized to separate populations of synapses, we employed double‐labeling methods. We found the two receptors colocalized and quantified the overlap of their distribution in spines and axon terminals of prefrontal cortical area 9 in the Macaca mulatta monkey. The two receptors are found in partially overlapping populations, such that the D5 receptor is found in a subpopulation of those spines and terminals that contain D1. These results indicate that dopamine activation of the two D1R subtypes does not modulate disparate populations of synapses onto dendritic spines in prefrontal cortical area 9; rather, dopamine can activate D1 and D5 receptors on the same spines, plus an additional group of spines that contains only D1. The implications of these results for the dose‐dependent relationship between D1R activation and PFC function are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:893–905, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and corticosteroid regulation of glucocorticoid receptor in the brain of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Yao Meng , Hu Fang , Denver Robert J.
Published: April 2008

Glucocorticoids (GCs) play essential roles in physiology, development, and behavior that are mediated largely by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Although the GR has been intensively studied in mammals, very little is known about the GR in nonmammalian tetrapods. We analyzed the distribution and GC regulation of GR in the brain of the frog Xenopus laevis by immunohistochemistry. GR‐immunoreactive (GR‐ir) cells were widely distributed, with the highest densities in the medial pallium (mp; homolog of the mammalian hippocampus), accumbens, anterior preoptic area (POA; homolog of the mammalian paraventricular nucleus), Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, and rostral anterior pituitary gland (location of corticotropes). Lower but distinct GR‐ir was observed in the internal granule cell layer of the olfactory bulbs, dorsal and lateral pallium, striatum, various subfields of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), optic tectum, various tegmental nuclei, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, reticular nuclei, and the nuclei of the trigeminal motor nerves. Treatment with corticosterone (CORT) for 4 days significantly decreased GR‐ir in the POA, mp, medial amygdala (MeA), BNST, and rostral pars distalis. Treatment with the corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor metyrapone (MTP) also significantly reduced GR‐ir in the POA, mp, MeA and BNST, but not in the rostral pars distalis. Replacement with a low dose of CORT in MTP‐treated animals reversed these effects in brain. Thus, chronic increase or decrease in circulating corticosteroids reduces GR‐ir in regions of the frog brain. Our results show that the central distribution of GR‐ir and regulation by corticosteroids are highly conserved among vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:967–982, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nestin expression defines both glial and neuronal progenitors in postnatal sympathetic ganglia
Authors: Shi Huilin , Cui Hongjuan , Alam Goleeta , Gunning William T. , Nestor Andrea , Giovannucci David , Zhang Ming , Ding Han‐Fei
Published: April 2008

Sympathetic ganglia are primarily composed of noradrenergic neurons and satellite glial cells. Although both cell types originate from neural crest cells, the identities of the progenitor populations at intermediate stages of the differentiation process remain to be established. Here we report on the identification in vivo of glial and neuronal progenitor cells in postnatal sympathetic ganglia, by using mouse superior cervical ganglia as a model system. There are significant levels of cellular proliferation in mouse superior cervical ganglia during the first 18 days after birth. A majority of the proliferating cells express both nestin and brain lipid‐binding protein (BLBP). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) fate‐tracing experiments demonstrate that these nestin and BLBP double‐positive cells represent a population of glial progenitors for sympathetic satellite cells. The glial differentiation process is characterized by a marked downregulation of nestin and upregulation of S100, with no significant changes in the levels of BLBP expression. We also identify a small number of proliferating cells that express nestin and tyrosine hydroxylase, a key enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis that defines sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. Together, these results establish nestin as a common marker for sympathetic neuronal and glial progenitor cells and delineate the cellular basis for the generation and maturation of sympathetic satellite cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:867–878, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confusion between observation and experiment in the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sakai Hideki
Published: April 2008

The cause of existing misunderstanding is clarified on the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect. The misunderstanding is that the effect is the same in magnitude between the variable achromatic color (VAC) and the variable chromatic color (VCC) methods. It comes from the confusion between a single observation and a complete experiment. If both methods are tested in a proper experiment with sufficient observations, then the methods do give different results. The present communication together with a previous article (Color Res Appl 2006; 31: 146–155) will clarify the differences between VAC and VCC methods. For readers' convenience, a simple and accurate experimental method is proposed for grasping the large effect of the VCC method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 250–253, 2008
Evaluating the needs for housing and water in the UK's East Midlands
Authors: Medhurst James
Published: April 2008

This paper is part of the Special Issue of European Environment devoted to the outputs of the EU SRDTOOLS project, which developed and applied a new model of regional sustainable development evaluation. The paper reviews the regional development objectives and strategy of the East Midlands region of the UK, in the context of strong pressure for new housing and limited freshwater supplies and wastewater treatment facilities. The various interactions between these issues are explored using the ‘four‐capital model’ and the idea of critical thresholds, which were found to deliver more specific insights than other methodologies into the trade‐offs that tend to arise between the various dimensions of sustainable development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
GIS‐assisted modelling for debris flow hazard assessment based on the events of May 1998 in the area of Sarno, Southern Italy: II. Velocity and dynamic pressure
Authors: Toyos G. , Gunasekera R. , Zanchetta G. , Oppenheimer C. , Sulpizio R. , Favalli M. , Pareschi M. T.
Published: April 2008

The velocity and dynamic pressure of debris flows are critical determinants of the impact of these natural phenomena on infrastructure. Therefore, the prediction of these parameters is critical for hazard assessment and vulnerability analysis. We present here an approach to predict the velocity of debris flows on the basis of the energy line concept. First, we obtained empirically and field‐based estimates of debris flow peak discharge, mean velocity at peak discharge and velocity, at channel bends and within the fans of ten of the debris flow events that occurred in May 1998 in the area of Sarno, Southern Italy. We used this data to calibrate regression models that enable the prediction of velocity as a function of the vertical distance between the energy line and the surface. Despite the complexity in morphology and behaviour of these flows, the statistical fits were good and the debris flow velocities can be predicted with an associated uncertainty of less than 30% and less than 3 m s−1. We wrote code in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) that runs within ArcGIS® to implement the results of these calibrations and enable the automatic production of velocity and dynamic pressure maps. The collected data and resulting empirical models constitute a realistic basis for more complex numerical modelling. In addition, the GIS implementation constitutes a useful decision‐support tool for real‐time hazard mitigation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of a cellular mobile network with retrials and guard channels using waiting and first passage time measures
Authors: Economou A. , Lopez‐Herrero M. J.
Published: April 2008

Most studies of modern cellular mobile networks concern performance measures directly computable from the stationary state probabilities such as the blocking probability and the mean traffic rates of the various kinds of calls. In this paper, we consider a cellular mobile system with retrials and guard channels for the handover calls, but we concentrate on performance measures related to the waiting and first passage times of the system. More concretely, we first build a Markovian model representing a station of the network and then we study the waiting time of a customer, the idle times of the guard channels and the time between successive lost calls. These measures shed light on the behaviour of the system and quantify the quality of service from both points of view of the customer and the administrator. Several numerical results illustrate the effect of the system parameters in its performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How successful are dynamic factor models at forecasting output and inflation? A meta‐analytic approach
Authors: Eickmeier Sandra , Ziegler Christina
Published: April 2008

This paper uses a meta‐analysis to survey existing factor forecast applications for output and inflation and assesses what causes large factor models to perform better or more poorly at forecasting than other models. Our results suggest that factor models tend to outperform small models, whereas factor forecasts are slightly worse than pooled forecasts. Factor models deliver better predictions for US variables than for UK variables, for US output than for euro‐area output and for euro‐area inflation than for US inflation. The size of the dataset from which factors are extracted positively affects the relative factor forecast performance, whereas pre‐selecting the variables included in the dataset did not improve factor forecasts in the past. Finally, the factor estimation technique may matter as well. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating differences between male and female physician service provision using panel data
Authors: Constant Alexandra , Léger Pierre Thomas
Published: April 2008

Using panel data, we estimate the impact of an increasing share of female physicians on the total output of Canadian physicians. A micro‐econometric model is developed specifically for the Canadian context and estimated using administrative data on all Canadian physicians paid on a fee‐for‐service basis from 1989 to 1998. Our results suggest that female physicians systematically provide fewer services than their male counterparts for almost all specialities and provinces studied. Given that females account for an increasing share of the physician population and that female physicians provide, on average, fewer services, potentially important future reductions in total health‐care service provision are likely. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Income, relative income, and self‐reported health in Britain 1979–2000
Authors: Gravelle Hugh , Sutton Matt
Published: April 2008

We test the relative income hypothesis that an individual's health depends on the distribution of income in a reference group, as well as on the income of the individual. We use data on 231 208 individuals in Great Britain from 19 rounds of the General Household Survey between 1979 and 2000. Results are insensitive to the measure of self‐assessed health used but the sign and significance of the effect of relative income depend on the reference group (national or regional) and the measure of relative income (Gini coefficient, absolute or proportional difference from the reference group mean, Yitzhaki absolute and proportional relative deprivation and affluence). Only one model (relative deprivation measured as income proportional to regional mean income) performs better than the model without relative income and has a positive estimated effect of absolute income on health. In this model the increase in the probability of good health from a ceteris paribus reduction in relative deprivation from the upper quartile to zero is 0.010, whereas an increase in income from the lower to the upper quartile increases the probability by 0.056. While our results provide only very weak support for the relative deprivation hypothesis, the inevitable correlation of measures of individual income and relative deprivation measured by comparing income and incomes in a reference group makes identification of the separate effects of income and relative deprivation problematic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use and acceptability of reduced‐weight Portland cement bags in masonry construction: An observational pilot study
Authors: Salem Sam , Genaidy Ash , Albers James , Shell Richard , Sobeih Tarek , Rinder Maria M.
Published: April 2008

BackgroundMason tenders are involved in semi‐ and unskilled work in support of bricklayers and block layers. Their work consists of manually transporting building materials and equipment, supplying individual brick/block layers with materials, and mixing and stocking mortar.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this pilot study is to determine the current availability and acceptability of reduced‐weight Portland cement bags among mason contractors, cement suppliers, and manufacturers as a vehicle to decrease the exposure of mason tenders to physical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSD).

MethodsForty‐six producers, suppliers, and contractors that use Portland cement bags were used in this observational exploratory study. A questionnaire was administrated over the phone and data were collected regarding availability, practice of use, and preferences between full‐ and reduced‐weight Portland cement bags.

ResultsOnly 17% of the companies produce/supply/use the reduced‐weight cement bags. The main factors mentioned by the companies that influence the nonuse of small bags are reduced demand; increased cost; storage, shipping, and handling difficulty; special equipment requirements; and special packaging. Only 11% of companies interviewed are aware of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting recommendations that the maximum lifted weight should be 51 lb.

ConclusionsThis exploratory study suggests that reduced cement bags may not be in wide use by producers/suppliers/users of Portland cement. A full‐scale study is recommended to confirm these practices and find ways to significantly reduce the risk to which masonry workers are exposed.

ApplicationThe potential application of this study can be the development of new guidelines regarding the production/supplying/usage of 47 lb cement bags. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proteomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms grown in vitro on mechanical heart valve leaflets
Authors: Bénard Laetitia , Litzler Pierre‐Yves , Cosette Pascal , Lemeland Jean‐François , Jouenne Thierry , Junter Guy‐Alain
Published: April 2008

The in vitro colonization of three commercial heart valve leaflets by Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. The leaflets, made of pyrolytic carbon alloyed with or without silicon, displayed similar surface properties (wettability, roughness) and were readily colonized by S. aureus that formed patchy biofilms on the three supports. A proteomic approach was used to assess the physiological status of biofilm populations by comparing their protein maps to those of bacteria cultured as free cells in the presence or absence of biofilm substratum. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed, for each tested leaflet, statistical relationships between the protein maps of the biofilm and free‐floating microbial populations. A spot‐by‐spot comparison of protein levels on two‐dimensional electropherograms showed that many proteins were accumulated or underproduced by microbial populations grown in the presence of a leaflet compared with protein levels in control free populations. The number of accumulated proteins was noticeably higher than that of underproduced polypeptides. This protein overproduction was emphasized in biofilm populations. Several proteins, some of which were identified, were differentially produced by both surface‐associated planktonic and biofilm‐grown cell populations compared with control free‐cell ones cultured in the absence of leaflet, whatever the leaflet tested. The potential of this proteomic approach for fighting against microbial adhesion and biofilm formation is discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
PLGA doping of PCL affects the plastic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells, both in the presence and absence of biological stimuli
Authors: Curran J. M. , Tang Z. , Hunt J. A.
Published: April 2008

A range of poly ϵ‐caprolactone (PCL) films mixed/doped with poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) (65:35) in 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt % were produced, sterilized using ethylene oxide, and analyzed using FTIR. Characterized human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured in contact with the materials in basal, chondrogenic, and osteogenic medium for time periods up to 28 days, to determine if the materials could induce differentiation of MSC both in the presence and absence of biological stimuli. Viable cell adhesion was analyzed under all conditions. Collagen I, collagen II, sox‐9, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, and CBFA1 were evaluated at both the mRNA (real‐time PCR) and protein production levels (fluorescent immunohistochemistry) and used to identify cell differentiation. Pure PCL and PCL mixed with PLGA demonstrated a chondrogenic potential. Only PCL 8 (80 wt % PCL, 20 wt % PLGA) facilitated osteogenic differentiation of MSCs under osteogenic conditions. This was attributed to the increased hydrophilic nature of the surface allowing sufficient homogeneous cell attachment and the formation of filamentous F‐actin in the cells, allowing osteogenic differentiation. Of all materials tested, PCL 7 (70 wt % PCL, 30 wt % PLGA) demonstrated the greatest chondrogenic differentiation potential under basal and stimulated conditions at both the mRNA and protein production level. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2/atelocollagen composite as a new material for ossicular reconstruction
Authors: Takeuchi Ayako , Tsujigiwa Hidetsugu , Murakami Jun , Kawasaki Akihiro , Takeda Yasushi , Fukushima Kunihiro , Rodriguez Andrea P. , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Yamada Masao , Nishizaki Kazunori
Published: April 2008

Ossicular reconstruction is the rebuilding of the damaged middle ear. There are many different prosthesis and techniques used to reconstruct the middle ear ossicles. However, precision in the surgical procedures and prostheses used for ossiculoplasty are still imperfect. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2)/ atelocollagen composite for ossicular reconstruction implanted in the tympanic cavity of rat. The ossicles were extirpated by perforating the tympanic membranes of rats. rhBMP‐2/atelocollagen composite was implanted as substitute of ossicles in intimate contact with the tympanic membrane. Composites were subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and radiological examination. To evaluate the auditory function, auditory brainstem response (ABR) was measured. rhBMP‐2/atelocollagen composites showed good stability and durability without any inflammatory reaction within the tympanic cavity. The process of new bone formation was similar to intramembranous ossification. They also demonstrated that the hearing ability was re‐established by ABR threshold shifts. rhBMP‐2/atelocollagen composite exhibited excellent potential for ossicular reconstruction, maintaining their vibratory function. This ossicular tissue engineering may be considered as a future therapeutic strategy for ossiculoplasty. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Controlled release of bisphosphonate from a calcium phosphate biomaterial inhibits osteoclastic resorption in vitro
Authors: Faucheux C. , Verron E. , Soueidan A. , Josse S. , Arshad M. D. , Janvier P. , Pilet P. , Bouler J. M. , Bujoli B. , Guicheux J.
Published: April 2008

Calcium phosphate biomaterials such as calcium deficient apatite (CDA) have been contemplated as carrier for delivery of bisphosphonate in bone tissues. In the present work, we have investigated the in vitro biological properties of Zoledronate‐loaded CDA. CDA was loaded with zoledronate according to a previously described coating process. 31P MAS NMR spectra demonstrated the effective loading of zoledronate onto CDA. Using 14C labeled zoledronate, we then demonstrated the in vitro release of zoledronate from CDA. In a first set of experiments, we confirmed that Zoledronate reduced the number of TRAP‐, vitronectin receptor‐, and F‐actin ring‐positive cells as well as the resorption activity of osteoclasts obtained from a total rabbit bone cell culture. Interestingly, Zoledronate‐loaded CDA and its extractive solutions decreased the osteoclastic resorption. Finally, zoledronate‐loaded CDA did not affect the viability and alkaline phosphatase activity of primary osteoblastic cells. These data demonstrate that CDA is effective for loading and release of zoledronate. The released zoledronate inhibited osteoclastic resorption without affecting osteoblasts. Our findings therefore suggest that such a drug delivery system would allow an increase in the efficiency of bisphosphonates by being locally available. Further experiments are now required to evaluate the in vivo antiresorptive activity of this concept. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Extremal functions for rooted minors
Authors: Wollan Paul
Published: April 2008

The graph G contains a graph H as a minor if there exist pairwise disjoint sets {Si ⊆ V(G)|i = 1,…,|V(H)|} such that for every i, G[Si] is a connected subgraph and for every edge uv in H, there exists an edge of G with one end in Su and the other end in Sv. A rooted H minor in G is a minor where each Si of the minor contains a predetermined xi ∈ V(G). We prove that if the constant c is such that every graph on n vertices with cn edges contains an H minor, then every |V(H)|‐connected graph G with (9c + 26,833|V(H)|)|V(G)| edges contains a rooted H minor for every choice of vertices {x1,…,x|V(H)|} ⊆ V(G). The proof methodology is sufficiently robust to find the exact extremal function for an infinite family of rooted bipartite minors previously studied by Jørgensen, Kawarabayashi, and Böhme and Mohar. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 58:159–178, 2008
Gene expression profiles of human chondrocytes during passaged monolayer cultivation
Authors: Lin Zhen , Fitzgerald Jonathan B. , Xu Jiake , Willers Craig , Wood David , Grodzinsky Alan J. , Zheng Ming H.
Published: April 2008

Chondrocyte phenotype has been shown to dedifferentiate during passaged monolayer cultivation. Hence, we have investigated the expression profile of 27 chondrocyte‐associated genes from both osteoarthritic cartilage tissue and healthy passaged human articular chondrocytes by quantitative real‐time PCR. Our results indicate that the gene expression levels of matrix proteins and proteases in chondrocytes from monolayer culture decrease compared with those from cartilage tissue, while monolayer cultured chondrocytes from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage exhibit similar gene expression patterns. However, chondrocytic gene expression profiles were differentially altered at various stages of passage. The expression of the matrix proteins aggrecan, type II collagen, and fibromodulin inversely correlated with increasing passage number, while fibronectin and link protein exhibited a marked increase with passage. The expression of matrix proteinases MMP‐3/9/13 and ADAMTS‐4/5 decreased with passage, whereas proteinase inhibitors TIMP‐2/3 were elevated. The cytokine IL‐1 also showed increased expression with monolayer chondrocyte culture, while IGF‐1 expression levels were diminished. No significant changes in TGF‐β, or the chondrogenic transcription factors Sox‐9, c‐fos, or c‐jun were observed. Our data indicates that cultured chondrocytes undergo dedifferentiation during monolayer culture, although the gene expression level of transcription factors necessary for chondrogenesis remains unchanged. This data may prove important for the future development of more specific and efficacious cultivation techniques for human articular chondrocyte‐based therapies. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1230–1237, 2008
Age and pattern of the onset of differential growth among growth plates in rats
Authors: Wilsman Norman J. , Bernardini Elizabeth S. , Leiferman Ellen , Noonan Ken , Farnum Cornelia E.
Published: April 2008

Differential growth is the phenomenon whereby growth plates in the same individual at the same time all have uniquely different axial growth velocities. Differential growth is clearly present in the adolescent skeleton. In this study we ask two questions. When and by what pattern does the phenomenon of differential growth begin? Second, to what extent are the development of differential growth velocities correlated with changes in hypertrophic chondrocyte volume and/or with changes in chondrocytic production/turnover? Four growth plates (proximal and distal radial; proximal and distal tibial) were studied at 24 different time points in Long‐Evans rats between the 17th gestational day (when differential growth does not exist) and postnatal day 27 (when differential growth is well established). Growth velocities were measured using fluorochrome labeling. Using stereological methodology, multiple chondrocytic kinetic parameters were measured for all growth plates. Elongation of the proximal radial growth plate decreases relative to elongation in the other three growth plates in the late fetal phase. Differential growth is fully expressed at postnatal day 13 when the other three growth plates start to decrease daily elongation at different rates. Differential growth is primarily associated with differences in hypertrophic cell volume manifested when growth deceleration occurs. This study also illustrates that differential growth is superimposed on systemic regulators that affect all growth plates simultaneously. The most dramatic illustration of this is the sharp decline in growth velocity in all four growth plates that occurs perinatally. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1457–1465, 2008
Dexamethasone modulates BMP‐2 effects on mesenchymal stem cells in vitro
Authors: Jäger Marcus , Fischer Johannes , Dohrn Wiebke , Li Xinning , Ayers David C. , Czibere Akos , Prall Wolf Christian , Lensing‐Höhn Sabine , Krauspe Rüdiger
Published: April 2008

Dexamethasone/ascorbic acid/glycerolphosphate (DAG) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP)‐2 are potent agents in cell proliferation and differentiation pathways. This study investigates the in vitro interactions between dexamethasone and BMP‐2 for an osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Bone marrow‐derived human MSCs were cultured with DAG (group A), BMP‐2 + DAG (group B), and DAG + BMP‐2 combined with a porous collagen I/III scaffold (group C). RT‐PCR, ELISA, immuncytochemical stainings and flow cytometry analysis served to evaluate the osteogenic‐promoting potency of each of the above conditions in terms of cell morphology/viability, antigen presentation, and gene expression. DAG induced collagen I secretion from MSCs, which was further increased by the combination of DAG + BMP‐2. In comparison, the collagen scaffold and the control samples showed no significant influence on collagen I secretion of MSCs. DAG stimulation of MSCs led also to a steady but not significant increase of BMP‐2 level. A DAG and more, a DAG + BMP‐2, stimulation increased the number of mesenchymal cells (CD105+/CD73+). All samples showed mRNA of ALP, osteopontin, Runx2, Twist 1 and 2, Notch‐1/2, osteonectin, osteocalcin, BSP, and collagen‐A1 after 28 days of in vitro culture. Culture media of all samples showed a decrease in Ca2+and POconcentration, whereas a collagen‐I‐peak only occurred at day 28 in DAG‐ and DAG + BMP‐2‐stimulated bone marrow cells. In conclusion, BMP‐2 enhances DAG‐induced osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal bone marrow cells. Both agents interact in various ways and can modify osteoblastic bone formation. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1440–1448, 2008
The influence of wear paths produced by hip replacement patients during normal walking on wear rates
Authors: Bennett Damien , Humphreys Lee , O'Brien Seamus , Kelly Connor , Orr John , Beverland David E.
Published: April 2008

Variation in wear paths is known to greatly affect wear rates in vitro, with multidirectional paths producing much greater wear than unidirectional paths. This study investigated the relationship between multidirectional motion at the hip joint, as measured by aspect ratio, sliding distance, and wear rate for 164 hip replacements. Kinematic input from three‐dimensional gait analysis was used to determine the wear paths. Activity cycles were determined for a subgroup of 100 patients using a pedometer study, and the relationship between annual sliding distance and wear rate was analyzed. Poor correlations were found between both aspect ratio and sliding distance and wear rate for the larger group and between annual sliding distance and wear rate for the subgroup. However, patients who experienced a wear rate <0.08 mm/year showed a strong positive correlation between the combination of sliding distance, activity levels, and aspect ratio and wear rate (adjusted r2 = 55.4%). This group may represent those patients who experience conditions that most closely match those that prevail in simulator and laboratory tests. Although the shape of wear paths, their sliding distance, and the number of articulation cycles at the hip joint affect wear rates in simulator studies, this relationship was not seen in this clinical study. Other factors such as lubrication, loading conditions and roughness of the femoral head may influence the wear rate. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1210–1217, 2008
Pulsed electromagnetic fields enhance BMP‐2 dependent osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Schwartz Z. , Simon B. J. , Duran M. A. , Barabino G. , Chaudhri R. , Boyan B. D.
Published: April 2008

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express an osteoblastic phenotype when treated with BMP‐2, and BMP‐2 is used clinically to induce bone formation although high doses are required. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) also promote osteogenesis in vivo, in part through direct action on osteoblasts. We tested the hypothesis that PEMF enhances osteogenesis of MSCs in the presence of an inductive stimulus like BMP‐2. Confluent cultures of human MSCs were grown on calcium phosphate disks and were treated with osteogenic media (OM), OM containing 40 ng/mL rhBMP‐2, OM + PEMF (8 h/day), or OM + BMP‐2 + PEMF. MSCs demonstrated minor increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) during 24 days in culture and no change in osteocalcin. OM increased ALP and osteocalcin by day 6, but PEMF had no additional effect at any time. BMP‐2 was stimulatory over OM, and PEMF + BMP‐2 synergistically increased ALP and osteocalcin. PEMF also enhanced the effects of BMP‐2 on PGE2, latent and active TGF‐β1, and osteoprotegerin. Effects of PEMF on BMP‐2–treated cells were greatest at days 12 to 20. These results demonstrate that PEMF enhances osteogenic effects of BMP‐2 on MSCs cultured on calcium phosphate substrates, suggesting that PEMF will improve MSC response to BMP‐2 in vivo in a bone environment. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1250–1255, 2008
Muscle stabilization strategies in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: The effect of instability
Authors: Schmitt Laura C. , Rudolph Katherine S.
Published: April 2008

The sensation of knee instability (shifting, buckling. and giving way) is common in people with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). Its influence on knee stabilization strategies is unknown. This study investigated the influence of knee instability on muscle activation during walking when knee stability was challenged. Twenty people with medial knee OA participated and were grouped as OA Stable (OAS) (n = 10) and OA Unstable (OAU) (n = 10) based on self‐reported knee instability during daily activities. Quadriceps strength, passive knee laxity, and varus alignment were assessed and related to knee instability and muscle cocontraction during walking when the support surface translated laterally. Few differences in knee joint kinematics between the groups were seen; however, there were pronounced differences in muscle activation. The OAU group used greater medial muscle cocontraction before, during, and following the lateral translation. Self‐reported knee instability predicted medial muscle cocontraction, but medial laxity and limb alignment did not. The higher muscle cocontraction used by the OAU subjects appears to be an ineffective strategy to stabilize the knee. Instability and high cocontraction can be detrimental to joint integrity, and should be the focus of future research. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1180–1185, 2008
The response of mineralizing culture systems to microtextured and polished titanium surfaces
Authors: Hacking S. Adam , Harvey Edward , Roughley Peter , Tanzer Michael , Bobyn John
Published: April 2008

The surface texture of titanium has a predictable effect on peri‐implant tissue formation in vivo. When implanted in an osseous environment, smooth surfaces (Ra < 0.5 mm) are generally apposed by fibrous tissue and textured surfaces (Ra > 1.0 mm) are generally apposed by osseous tissue. Thus in vitro study assessed the mineralization and proliferation response of TF274, MC3T3‐E1, murine femoral stromal cells and canine stromal cells to tissue culture plastic (Ra = 0.001 mm), polished (Ra = 0.01 mm) and irregularly textured (Ra = 3.26 mm) titanium surfaces. Amongst all culture systems, proliferation was significantly decreased on textured vs. smooth surfaces. Midway through the culture of the canine marrow cells, the cell layer detached from the tissue culture plastic and polished titanium surfaces. The TF274, MC3T3‐E1, murine femoral stromal cell systems formed a mineralized matrix on the tissue culture plastic and polished titanium surfaces which was not observed with the canine stromal cell system. Compared to the tissue culture plastic and polished titanium surfaces, matrix mineralization was significantly reduced on the textured titanium surfaces for the TF274, MC3T3‐E1, murine femoral stromal systems, a result which was differed significantly in comparison to the canine stromal system. These results were surprising given the large number of reports concerning the in vivo response to titanium in clinical and pre‐clinical studies. Further work is required to determine if the TF274, MC3T3‐E1 and murine femoral stromal systems are suitable for the in vitro investigation of the effects of titanium surface texture on osteoblast activity. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1347–1354, 2008
Changes of selenium, copper, and zinc content in hair and serum of patients with idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Dastych M. , Cienciala J. , Krbec M.
Published: April 2008

Our work aimed at extending the search for abnormalities of trace elements in patients with idiopathic scoliosis to the content of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and selenium (Se) in these subject's hair and serum. A total of 59 patients (54 girls and 4 boys) with idiopathic scoliosis, aged 13 on the average (range, 10–18 years), were examined. The degree of spine curvature deformity ranged between 12° and 82°. The hair of scoliotic patients under examination showed significantly increased content of zinc 263 ± 108 µg/g (p < 0.01) and copper 46.2 ± 37.1 µg/g (p < 0.01), and decreased content of selenium 0.194 ± 0.114 µg/g (p < 0.01) in comparison with the control group. In scoliotic patients, the Cu/Zn ratio in hair (0.186 ± 0.139) did not differ significantly from the values found in the probands of the control group (0.115 ± 0.09). The Cu/Se ratio in this group of patients (254.9 ± 215.9) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) due to a higher Cu value and a lower Se value in comparison with the controls (47.9 ± 23.7). In comparison with controls, the serum selenium concentration in the group of scoliotic patients was significantly decreased p < 0.05 (0.74 ± 0.13 µmol/L and 0.98 ± 0.12 µmol/L). Various changes in the content of trace elements in biological samples taken from patients with idiopathic scoliosis are not accidental. What might bring about a shift in our knowledge is speciation of various forms of trace elements in the organism in relation to idiopathic scoliosis. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1279–1282, 2008
Impact of trochanteric heterotopic ossification on measurement of femoral bone density following cemented total hip replacement
Authors: Downing Martin R. , Knox David , Gibson Peter , Reid David M. , Potter Anne , Ashcroft George P.
Published: April 2008

During a study of bone mineral density changes around cemented femoral implants, we recognized heterotopic ossification occurring regularly in a position anterior to the greater trochanter and proximal femur. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, distribution, and effect of this ossification on periprosthetic DXA scans following primary cemented total hip replacement. One hundre eleven patients underwent postoperative DXA examinations measuring changes in bone mineral density with heterotopic ossification identified and localized on standard radiographs with confirmation using DXA subtraction imaging. Male gender and age within the male group were significantly associated with occurrence of heterotopic ossification (p = 0.003 and 0.046, respectively). Femoral stem type, weight, and body mass index had no significant effect (p = 0.525, 0.372, and 0.243, respectively). Examining the Gruen zones in all patients suggested a median (plus interquartile range) zone 1 density drop of 4% (−12% to +7%). When separated and analyzed for the effect of heterotopic ossification, the 45 patients with heterotopic ossification showed a 2‐year density gain of +6% (−5% to +15%), whereas those without heterotopic ossification showed a loss of 8% (−14% to 0%), a significant difference (p < 0.001). Zone 2 also showed a significant difference (p = 0.048). We therefore recommend that affected zones should be identified and excluded from analysis at all time points. Without this precaution, researchers risk underestimating periprosthetic bone loss in their studies and reporting misleading conclusions. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1334–1339, 2008
Twenty‐five years of tendon and ligament research
Authors: Dourte LeAnn M. , Kuntz Andrew F. , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: April 2008

Twenty‐five years ago, the Journal of Orthopaedic Research published its first volume, which included five articles covering topics in tendon and ligament research. Since then, the body of tendon and ligament research has continued to increase exponentially. This review summarizes major advancements in tendon and ligament research since the initial publication of this journal. The purpose of this article is not to provide an in‐depth review of all of tendon and ligament research, but instead to provide a concise literature review of some of the major and recurring areas of research. The general topics covered over the last 25 years include tissue properties, tendinopathy, healing, and engineered scaffolds. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1297–1305, 2008
Comparison of the healing of open tibial fractures covered with either muscle or fasciocutaneous tissue in a murine model
Authors: Harry Lorraine E. , Sandison Ann , Paleolog Ewa M. , Hansen Ulrich , Pearse Michael F. , Nanchahal Jagdeep
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of soft tissue coverage by either muscle or fasciocutaneous tissue on the healing of open tibial fractures in a murine model. An open tibial fracture, stripped of periosteum with intramedullary fixation, was created in mice. Experimental groups were devised to allow exclusive comparison of either muscle alone or skin plus fascia in direct contact with healing bone. To exclusively assess the relative efficacy of muscle and fasciocutaneous tissue to promote healing of a fracture stripped of periosteum, a piece of sterile inert material (polytetrafluoroethylene) was positioned anteriorly, excluding skin and fascia (muscle group) or posteriorly, excluding muscle (fasciocutaneous group). Skeletal repair was assessed histologically and quantified by histomorphometry; quantitative peripheral computed tomography (pQCT) and mechanical testing using a four‐point bending technique. This standardized, reproducible model allowed characterization of the morphology of open fracture healing. At 28 days postfracture, there was faster healing in the experimental muscle coverage group compared to skin and fascia alone. Furthermore, there was almost 50% more cortical bone content and a threefold stronger union beneath muscle compared to fasciocutaneous tissue (p < 0.05 by one‐way ANOVA). Exclusive comparison of muscle and fasciocutaneous tissue in our novel murine model demonstrates that muscle is superior for the coverage of open tibial fractures for both the rate and quality of fracture healing. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1238–1244, 2008
Analysis of South‐Asian Shaman paintings at the national museum of Denmark
Authors: Vandenabeele P. , Christensen M. C. , Moens L.
Published: April 2008

Raman spectroscopy is often used for the non‐destructive analysis of archaeological objects or artefacts. Recently, the use of mobile Raman instrumentation has become increasingly popular for in situ investigations. Moreover, in this work, direct Raman analysis was completed with Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) analysis and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). We used a dedicated mobile Raman instrument to perform direct analysis on a series of Shaman paintings on textile, which are part of the collection of the National Museum of Denmark. In general, relatively little attention has been given to the investigation of 19th or 20th Century artworks of Southeast Asian origin. The paintings under investigation depict Shaman gods and were previously dated between 1870 and 1950. The aim of this work was to obtain information on the materials that were applied and to narrow these dates, based on the artists' materials that could be identified. By using the combination of analytical techniques (Raman analysis with FT‐IR and SEM–EDX), it was possible to obtain information on inorganic and organic pigments, the binding medium and the canvas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the ferroelectric phase transition in sol–gel‐derived polycrystalline bismuth ferrite thin films
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Murari N. M. , Katiyar R. S.
Published: April 2008

Polycrystalline BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films were successfully grown on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) and SrTiO3 (STO) (100) substrates using the chemical solution deposition (CSD) technique. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate the polycrystalline nature of the films with rhombohedrally distorted perovskite crystal structure. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was performed on the sol–gel‐derived powder to countercheck the crystal structure, ferroelectric (FE) to paraelectric (PE) phase transition, and melting point of bismuth ferrite. We observed a significant exothermic peak at 840 °C in DTA graphs, which corresponds to an FE–PE phase transition. Raman spectroscopy studies were carried out on BFO thin films prepared on both the substrates over a wide range of temperature. The room‐temperature unpolarized Raman spectra of BFO thin films indicate the presence of 13 Raman active modes, of which five strong modes were in the low‐wavenumber region and eight weak Raman active modes above 250 cm−1. We observed slight shifts in the lower wavenumbers towards lower values with increase in temperature. The temperature‐dependent Raman spectra indicate a complete disappearance of all Raman active modes at 840 °C corresponding to the FE–PE phase transitions. There is no evidence of soft mode phonons. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative analysis of immunohistochemical markers with invasiveness and histologic differentiation in squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma of the skin
Authors: Son Kyung Dong , Kim Tae‐Jung , Lee Youn Soo , Park Gyeong Sin , Han Ki Taik , Lim Jin Soo , Kang Chang Suk
Published: April 2008

Background

This study evaluates several tumor‐related markers to examine the expression pattern of markers according to the invasiveness and histopathologic differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma.

Methods

Ninety‐four cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 108 cases of basal cell carcinoma using tissue array in order to determine correlations between the expression of Ki‐67, p53, EGFR, CD44v6, MMP‐1 and MMP‐3, invasiveness and histologic differentiation. In order to determine invasiveness, we measured the depth of invasion in resected tissues.

Results

The depth of invasion showed a correlation with CD44v6 expression of tumor cell in both squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma (P = 0.009, P = 0.036, respectively) and with the MMP‐1 expression of stromal cell in squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.010). The differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma was correlated with Ki‐67 index. The loss of palisading arrangement in basal cell carcinoma was correlated with the MMP‐1 expression of stromal cells (P = 0.045).

Conclusions

CD44v6 and MMP‐1, expressed in tumor cells and stromal cells respectively, are significant markers associated with the invasiveness of tumors in squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma of the skin and that it will be helpful to evaluate the invasiveness by measuring the expression of these markers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:615–620. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.