bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stresses Around a Deep Well
Authors: Miles A.J. , Topping A.D.
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the theory of elasticity has been applied to the rock about adeep well. It is assumed that the rock has a modulus of elasticity and aPoisson's ratio and that the theory of elasticity applies. It is necessary toknow or assume the state of stress existing in the rock before it is penetratedby the well drill.

The application of this theory indicates that stress concentration of shear, tensions, and compressions about the bore hole are of a high order. This isparticularly true when a horizontal compressive stress exists in one directiononly in the formation before drilling. If such an initial state of stressexists before drilling, then the rock will have stress concentrations of bothtension and compression at the same elevation and of such magnitude thatfailure of the rock is likely. Accompanying these is a shearing stress of largeproportion which is likely to produce spalling of the well walls. Internalpressure applied to the well bore will relieve the extreme compression but notthe tension and has little effect upon the shear. Plastic deformation of therock through a geological time tends to mitigate the stress concentrations.

Introduction

It has long been known that the stresses about holes and re-entrant cornersof elastic solids under the influence of loads are different and generally moreintense than those imposed upon the body elsewhere. Stress concentration at are-entrant corner can be reduced by increasing the radius of the fillet at thecorner. Stress concentration at the end of a crack in a plate undergoing eithertension or compression can be relieved appreciably by drilling a hole at thevery end of the crack. Also, stresses can be increased in an elastic body intension or compression by making a hole in it. The stress concentration isgreatest at the edge of the hole.

Considerable knowledge of the stresses which exist about the bore hole of adeep well may be had by applying our knowledge of engineering mechanics; ormore particularly the theory of elasticity. It is, of course, necessary to makethe assumption that the rock is elastic and behaves as an elastic solid, thatis, that it obeys Hooke's law, has a modulus of elasticity, and a Poisson'sratio. It is also necessary to know, or assume, the state of stress whichexists in the rock prior to the penetration of the drill. With this knowledgeit is possible to compute the stresses about the bore hole.

The problem can be simplified by considering several simple cases separatelyand then by applying the principle of superposition to solve the more complexcases which are made up of the simpler ones.

T.P. 2411
Waters of Producing Fields in the Rocky Mountain Region
Authors: Crawford James G.
Published: June 2014

Correlation of water with its reservoir zone or formation has been one ofthe applications of oil-field water analysis of greatest direct value to thepetroleum engineer. The water in each producing zone tends to have diagnosticcharacteristics by which it can be distinguished from every other water aboveor below that zone in that immediate vicinity. Representative analyses ofoil-field waters from producing oil and gas fields in the Rocky Mountain regionare included, and the diagnostic characteristics are discussed briefly. It isconcluded that the generally dilute nature of Rocky Mountain oilfield waters isa result of dilution by meteoric waters, and that there is no relationshipbetween presence or absence of commercial oil and the character of water in astructure.

Introduction

The study of waters associated with oil and gas began more than 50 years agoand has been well recognized by operators, engineers, and geologists for about30 years. It appears unnecessary at this time to recite the history ofoil-field water analysis; suffice to say that it has proved its worth manytimes to the production engineer suddenly confronted with water problems inproducing oil and gas wells.

Chemists and geologists have studied the possible origin of these waters andas yet the subject is unsolved in many important phases. There are both localand regional problems connected with the explanation of concentrations andcharacteristics peculiar to each field, each subsurface zone and each province.Criteria useful in postulating the occurrence of oil or gas in one provincecompletely fail when applied to another, and data carefully prepared andanalyzed from one field may be actually misleading when applied to another.

Correlation of water with its reservoir zone or formation has been one ofthe applications of oil-field water analysis of greatest direct value to theengineer. The concentrations and characteristics of the waters are essential tothe engineers and geologists making interpretations of electric logs in thisregion. The behavior of water under conditions of reservoir temperature andpressure is dependent to a great degree upon its concentration andcharacteristics, and thus important to the reservoir engineer. With the adventof secondary recovery methods in the Rocky Mountain region the characteristicsand treatment of water will become increasingly important.

Premises Upon Which Correlation Is Based

A brief review of the geochemical history of oil-field waters will sufficeto present the premises upon which correlations of the waters are based.Sedimentary rocks which are now stratified were first sediments in seas, lakesand streams. These sediments were filled interstitially with connate water.With burial the sediments were compressed and consolidated, integrated andindurated into bed rock and much of the connate water was dispelled.

T.P. 2383
A Note on the Valuation of Relative Permeability
Authors: Thornton Owen F.
Published: June 2014

Recently equations have been presented by Rose and Bruce and by Rose, showing how the relative permeability of a reservoir rock may be determinedfrom the capillary character of the rock. In particular, equations weredeveloped to show the relationship between capillary pressure and the effectivepermeability to the wetting phase in a poly-phase flow system.

In measuring the flow of electric current through partially saturated coresamples, it has been observed that the electrical resistance usually is not asimple linear function of saturation. This fact indicates that the averagelength of path in the flow of electric current is not independent ofsaturation, but rather that the tortuosity of the path depends upon the averagesaturation to the conducting fluid as well as upon the characteristics of therock itself. Inasmuch as the flow of fluid and the flow of electric current inmany respects are analogous, it may be indicated further that the length ofpath for fluid also may not be independent of saturation.

The above equation suggests including a correction for tortuosity whencalculating the relative permeability of a reservoir rock to a wetting phase.The correction factor may be obtained from the resistivity-saturationrelationship.

It will be noted that the agreement between the calculated points and theobserved data is rather good. Further investigation of the above method forobtaining relative permeabilities may be merited.

The writer acknowledges the permission of The Texas Co. to submit this note forpublication.
Capital Formation in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Pogue J.E. , Coqueron F.G.
Published: June 2014

This paper describes the sources of funds required by the petroleum industryto finance capital expenditures and also presents a discussion of the effect ofrising construction costs on these expenditures. The petroleum industry obtainsits capital funds from several sources:internal, from retained cashearnings; andexternal, from borrowings and the sale of securities to thepublic.

The upward trend of capital expenditures of the petroleum industry is causedin the main by the influence of two powerful factors:the physical growthin the demand for oils; andthe rising cost of drilling wells andconstructing refineries, pipe lines, and other facilities.

The segregation ofthese factors is accomplished by deflating the actual capital expenditures sothat they are shown in terms of 1939 costs and then subtracting the adjustedseries from the actual figures to yield a set of data representing theexpenditures made on account of higher costs.

Rising costs affect prices and the portion attributable to this factor hadto be generated from the cash earnings of the industry, which called for higheroil prices.

Introduction

Capital may be defined as "wealth employed in or available forproduction." All production requires capital. Expanding industries requiremore capital than static ones, and technological industries employ more capitalthan those in which little equipment is needed. The petroleum industry is bothrapidly growing and highly technological, and, being a large industry, itscapital requirements are prodigious, amounting to about one-seventh of thetotal of all American business, excluding agriculture.

Capital formation may be defined as the method by which the wealth orcapital needed in the productive processes is created. There are various waysin which capital funds may be obtained but there is only one way in whichcapital can be created - out of production in excess of consumption, that is, savings. The physical realities are simple, but the monetary concepts arecomplicated because the mechanism of credit can draw upon future savings.

T.P. 2431
Knowledge and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescents in senior secondary schools in Ile Ife, south-western Nigeria
Authors: Aluko O. Olufemi , Oluya O. Modupe , Olaleye O. Ayomide , Olajuyin A. Adebola , Olabintan T. Funmilola , Oloruntoba-Oju O. Iriyise
Published: June 2014

A culture of silence surrounds menstruation while inadequate facilities predispose adolescents to psycho-social trauma and cyclic absenteeism from schools. This study assessed the knowledge and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices among in-school adolescents in an urban city in Nigeria. The descriptive, cross-sectional study identified 400 respondents through a multistage technique and collected data through validated questionnaire and observational checklist. The mean age and age-at-menarche of respondents were 15.3 ± 1.5 and 12.8 years, respectively. Most respondents (70%) were aged 10–15 years, had good knowledge of MHM (296, 74%) and knew about menstruation before menarche (85.4%). MHM knowledge was significantly associated with: mother's education (p = 0.029); absorbents changing frequency (p = 0.003); and age-at-menarche (p = 001). The number of absorbents used daily was 2.5 ± 0.7; 90% of adolescents changed absorbents at least twice daily while 24.2% had previously changed it in school. Moreover, 14.4% of respondents abstained from school during menstruation and there was a significant association between school type and menstrual absorbents used (p = 0.0001), mothers' education (p = 0.0001) and disposal of used absorbents (p = 0.004). Spent absorbents were mostly disposed of in pit latrines (35.1%) and by burning (32.6%). A wide disparity remains between good MHM knowledge and poor practices. Therefore, gender-friendly facilities should be provided in schools to ensure retention of girls and end psycho-social trauma experienced during menstruation.
Removal of As(III) and As(V) in surface modified ceramic filters
Authors: Robbins Emily C. , Guo Jing , Adams Craig D.
Published: June 2014

A new point-of-use (POU) technology using porous ceramic filters with a ferric-iron coating was used to achieve simultaneous arsenic (III) and (V) removal along with filtrative disinfection. The surface modified ceramic filters (SMCF) were produced using standard ceramic filter methods with combustible materials to create a porous ceramic during firing, followed by coating with a ferric oxide surface coating. A majority of the testing was conducted using 2.0-cm thick, 1.3-cm diameter ceramic plugs to simulate full-scale filters in column studies. The SMCF was capable of filtering arsenic for long periods of time with essentially no As breakthrough. As in source water was reduced from 250 μg/L to less than the 10 μg/L WHO guideline for arsenic for 875 and 1,618 bed volumes (or 360 and 666 effective filter runs) with 0.51 and 2 M iron-coated filters, respectively. There was no significant difference in As(V) or As(III) removal performance over a pH range of 6 to 9. Filtration of lake water containing natural organic matter at 5 mg/L as C reduced performance of As(III) and As(V) removal approximately 34 to 38%, respectively. Other metals including cadmium, copper and chromate were also readily adsorbed by the SMCF while selenate was not.
Numerical study of the structure of thermal plume in a vertical channel: Effect of the height of canal
Authors: Jouini Belgacem , Bouterra Mourad , El Cafsi , Belghith Ali
Published: June 2014

In this paper we propose to study numerically, by means of a software Named
Calculation FDS, a thermal plume evolve from a source at the entrance to of a
vertical channel. In the literature, there are researchers who interested in
the interaction of plume with his the confinement medium. These studies are
based on the determination of the global structure of plume confined. They
found that this plume consists of three distinct zones. A first zone near
source (instability zone) followed by a second zone, such as the development
of plume, and a third zone which is the zone of turbulence, Comparing the
overall structure of the plume confined to that of the free plume, we can
identify the presence of a third zone (zone of instability). The aim is
firstly to determine the height of the instability zone located above of
source, and secondly, to make a spectral study frequencies exhaust. Thus,
effects of the geometrical parameters on frequencies of these escapements and
the height an instability zone. The final aim is to establish correlations
between the dimensionless numbers of Strouhal and Grashof.
Steady interaction of a turbulent plane jet with a rectangular heated cavity
Authors: Iachachene Farida , Mataoui Amina , Halouane Yacine
Published: June 2014

Turbulent heat transfer between a confined jet flowing in a hot rectangular
cavity is studied numerically by finite volume method using the k-w SST one
point closure turbulence model. The location of the jet inside the cavity is
chosen so that the flow is in the non-oscillation regime. The flow structure
is described for different jet-to-bottom-wall distances. A parametrical study
was conducted to identify the influence of the jet exit location and the
Reynolds number on the heat transfer coefficient. The parameters of this
study are: the jet exit Reynolds number (Re, 1560< Re <33333), the
temperature difference between the cavity heated wall and the jet exit
(DT=60?C) and the jet location inside the cavity (Lf, 2? Lf? 10 and Lh
2.5<Lh?10). The Nusselt number increased and attained its maximum value at
the stagnation points and then decreased. The flow structure is found in good
agreement with the available experimental data. The maximum local heat
transfer between the cavity walls and the flow occurs at the potential core
end. The ratio between the stagnation point Nusselt numbers of the cavity
bottom (NuB0) to the maximum Nusselt number on the lateral cavity wall
(NuLmax) decreased with the Reynolds number for all considered impinging
distances. For a given lateral confinement, the stagnation Nusselt number of
the asymmetrical interaction Lh?10 is almost equal to that of the symmetrical
interaction Lh=10.
Analytical solution of conjugate turbulent forced convection boundary layer flow over plates
Authors: Joneydi Shariatzadeh
Published: June 2014

A conjugate (coupled) forced convection heat transfer from a heated
conducting plate under turbulent boundary layer flow is considered. A heated
plate of finite thickness is cooled under turbulent forced convection
boundary layer flow. Because the conduction and convection boundary layer
flow is coupled (conjugated) in the problem, a semi-analytical solution based
on Differential Transform Method (DTM) is presented for solving the
non-linear integro-differential equation occurring in the problem. The main
conclusion is that in the conjugate heat transfer case the temperature
distribution of the plate is flatter than the one in the non-conjugate case.
This feature is more pronounced under turbulent flow when compared with the
laminar flow.
A short remark on Stewart 1962 variational principle for laminar flow in a uniform duct
Authors: Liu Hong-Yan , Zhao Lei , Tu Hong-Yan
Published: June 2014

This paper concludes that Stewart 1962 variational principle for laminar flow
in a uniform duct is for a differential-difference. Some generalized
variational principles are elucidated with or without Stewart?s discrete
treatment.
Does Intent Modify Risk-Based Auditing?
Authors: Kachelmeier Steven J. , Majors Tracie , Williamson Michael G.
Published: June 2014

Risk-based auditing implies that auditors invest more (fewer) resources as reporting risks increase (decrease). We find from an interactive experiment that participants in an audit-like role reflect this reasoning to a lesser extent when risks arise from intentional actions of human reporters than when the same risks arise from an unintentional source. We interpret this pattern as reflecting an emotive “valuation by feeling” when risks arise from human intent, meaning that the presence of risk is more influential than the magnitude of risk, whereas unintentional risks reflect a “valuation by calculation” that conditions audit resources on risk magnitudes. Because our experiment constrains intentional and unintentional risks to have equivalent magnitudes, probabilities, and consequences, these results could seem irrational in a strict economic sense. Outside the laboratory, however, reporters can strategically increase the level of intent-based risk in response to the auditor's low-risk strategy, such that an audit strategy that is relatively insensitive to the level of intent-based risk would be less vulnerable to strategic exploitation.
Taxodioxylon-like charcoal from the Late Miocene of western Bulgaria
Authors: Uhl Dieter , Dolezych Martina , Böhme Madelaine
Published: June 2014

We present the first anatomical description and taxonomic interpretation of macroscopic charcoal from the Late Miocene of the Staniantsi Coal Basin in western Bulgaria. The charcoal closely resembles the wood genus Taxodioxylon and thus can most likely be assigned to taxodioid Cupressaceae. This group of plants was part of the peat-forming swamp vegetation during generally drier periods, as shown by previous studies on palynomorphs from the basin. Our report presents the first solid evidence indicating which group of plants and probably which type of vegetation were affected by wildfires during deposition of the peat, although taxodioid Cupressaceae certainly were not the only group of plants affected by these fires; it also represents the first record of taxonomically identifiable palaeobotanical macroremains from the Staniantsi Basin.
Fabrication of Plga/Hap and Plga/Phb/Hap Fibrous Nanocomposite Materials for Osseous Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Krucińska Izabella , Chrzanowska Olga , Boguń Maciej , Kowalczuk Marek , Dobrzyński Piotr
Published: June 2014

The study presents the manufacturing of nanofibrous structures as osteoconductive, osteoinductive materials for osseous tissue regeneration. The fibrous structures were obtained by electrospinning of poly(l-lactide-coglicolide) (PLGA) with addition of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and of a blend of PLGA with polyhydroxybutyrate with HAp added. The polymers used in the experiment were synthesised by an innovative method with a zirconium catalyst. First, the optimal electrospinning process parameters were selected. For the characterisation of the obtained osseous tissue reconstruction materials, the physical, macroscopic, functional, mechanical and thermal properties as well as crystallinity index were studied. The study of the radiation sterilisation influence on average molar mass, thermal and mechanical properties was made in order to analyse the degradation effect.
Sustentabilidad y Competitividad de la Industria Hotelera en México
Authors: Ibarra Michel M.C. Juan Pedro
Published: June 2014

Sustainability has become a trend that has become dominant in the industry not only for their environmental implications but for its implications in reducing costs and corporate image in a market increasingly diverse and competitive. In the hotel industry as in all other branches of industry have had to adopt policies that tend to minimize these negative impacts that might have on the environment in which they are established, so the problem to raise is to choose which is the most appropriate method and strategies to achieve this goal of sustainability. The aim of this document is to make a review of the different methods that have been adopted in the hotel industry to make it friendlier with the environment and to know the benefits of these practices. Among the findings it was found that these methods range from human resource management, innovation and resource savings to its relationship with the community. In the end there´s a list of what for this author are considered most important elements or steps that may contribute to the construction of a sustainable hotel business
Remarques sur le concept de culturème
Authors: Lungu-Badea Georgiana
Published: June 2014

L’objectif de cette étude est d’offrir un aperçu du concept de culturème, de le définir et d’établir son champ sémantique. Les acceptions du terme dans la théorie du culturème et du transfert linguistique, dans la sociologie de la culture et la sociolinguistique nous permettront de le délimiter semantiquement d’autres concepts apparentés et d’identifier son acception traductologique. L’étude des oppositions binaires : culturème-traductème, culturème-connotation, culturèmenéologisme, etc. nous a permis d’identifier ses traits : la monoculturalité, la relativité du statut de culturème et l’autonomie du culturème par rapport à la traduction. Afin de faciliter le choix du procédé de traduction convenable, nous esquissons une classification des culturèmes.
L’impact des déviances phonétiques et phonologiques sur la traduction orthographique des noms mundang
Authors: Mairama Rosalie
Published: June 2014

Le nom est une marque de l’identité culturelle à travers laquelle les individus sont repérés et localisés dans la société. Les racines du nom sont culturelles, anthropologiques et historiques. Les noms révèlent les traditions de chaque peuple. Ainsi, nous étudierons les noms chez les Mundang, qui, en plus d’être une source de l’histoire, sont porteurs de significations qui révèlent les réalités socioculturelles. Si l’onomastique étudie les noms propres, la sociolinguistique quant à elle permet d’appréhender le nom dans toutes ses dimensions (sociologique, anthropologique, ethnologique). Au XXe siècle, le contact des peuples influence fortement la culture mundang, qui a perdu son originalité. Une étude descriptive permet de mettre en évidence les déviances phonétiques et orthographiques dont ces noms font l’objet.
Alfred Werner's Role in the mid-20th Century Flourishing of American Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Labinger Jay A.
Published: June 2014

The development of organic and physical chemistry as specialist fields, during the middle and end of the 19th century respectively, left inorganic behind as a decidedly less highly regarded subfield of chemistry. Despite Alfred Werner's groundbreaking studies of coordination chemistry
in the early 20th century, that inferior status remained in place – particularly in the US – until the 1950s, when the beginnings of a resurgence that eventually restored its parity with the other subfields can be clearly observed. This paper explores the extent to which Werner's
heritage – both direct, in the form of academic descendants, and indirect – contributed to those advances.
Catalysis with Complexes Containing Stereogenic Metal Centers
Authors: Kündig E. Peter
Published: June 2014

Alfred Werner, one of the founders of the Swiss Chemical Society and its first president and the first Nobel Prizewinner for Chemistry in Switzerland, established the stereochemistry of coordination complexes. As an important element in the verification of his hypothesis he demonstrated
the existence of two enantiomeric forms of [Co(ethylenediamine)3][Cl3]. The present article briefly examines the question of the use in asymmetric catalysis of catalysts possessing a stereogenic metal center.
Second-Sphere Coordination Revisited
Authors: Liu Zhichang , Schneebeli Severin T. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: June 2014

Since the concept of second-sphere coordination of transition metal complexes was introduced by Alfred Werner in 1913, the investigation of the phenomenon has emerged as a major thrust area — a significant part of which is based on the use of transition metal complexes as first
coordination spheres as well as macrocycles as second-sphere ligands in promoting the assembly and dictating the main structural features of the second-sphere adducts. In this review, we first of all summarize the work carried out in our laboratory on the second-sphere coordination chemistry
of transition metal complexes in the past three decades. Significant advances of relevance to the second-sphere coordination chemistry of square-planar gold complex anions with cyclodextrins are presented as the second part of this review.
Molecular and in vitro Toxicology at the FHNW
Authors: Suter-Dick Laura , Prétôt René F. , Chen Guo Jun
Published: June 2014

In the recently established Molecular Toxicology laboratory at the Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics of the School of Life Sciences in the FHNW, we aim to develop and apply in vitro models for the investigation of toxic effects, with a primary focus on liver and kidney. In collaboration
with other institutions, we are developing multicellular type 2D and 3D cell culture assays to be able to closely mimic relevant in vivo situations. In parallel we are broadening the choice of available endpoint analyses.
Invasive Neobiota im Wald: Konzepte und wissenschaftliche Grundlagen
Authors: Küffer Christoph , Bugmann Harald , Conedera Marco
Published: June 2014

Invasive non-native species in forests: key concepts and scientific foundations

The article summarizes key concepts and the scientific foundations regarding invasive non-native species and their management, with a focus on forestry. In particular, the three management phases 1) prevention, 2) early detection and containment, and 3) control and long-term management of established species are discussed. In Switzerland, over 100 non-native species are considered invasive by experts; many of them occur in forests. Given the complexity of the challenge, successful management in general needs to be adapted to specific contexts such as the forestry sector, and should involve directly affected decision-makers and experts. Dealing with invasive species is therefore a permanent task of the forestry sector as a whole, which can not be delegated to just one institution or administrative level (cantonal, national or international).
Gebietsfremde Staudenknöteriche im Schweizer Wald – Auswirkungen und Massnahmen
Authors: Gerber Esther , Schaffner Urs
Published: June 2014

Exotic knotweeds on Swiss forest sites: consequences and measures to take

Natural areas in Switzerland are home to an increasing number of non-native plant species, so-called neophytes. Some are highly prolific, causing damage to the environment and the economy. Especially some species originally imported as ornamental plants have been accidentally introduced into forest habitats, where their spread has become increasingly problematic. Using the example of exotic knotweeds (Reynoutria spp., Syn Fallopia spp.), which are among the most aggressive neophytes in Europe, we outline potential consequences of alien plant invasions in forests and give management recommendations to mitigate their negative effects on native ecosystems. Management options discussed include mechanical, chemical and biological methods of control. In regard to the latter, Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) is of particular interest as there is an ongoing classical biological control project against this species in Great Britain.
Information-Geometric Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods Using Diffusions
Authors: Livingstone Samuel , Girolami Mark
Published: June 2014

Recent work incorporating geometric ideas in Markov chain Monte Carlo is reviewed in order to highlight these advances and their possible application in a range of domains beyond statistics. A full exposition of Markov chains and their use in Monte Carlo simulation for statistical inference and molecular dynamics is provided, with particular emphasis on methods based on Langevin diffusions. After this, geometric concepts in Markov chain Monte Carlo are introduced. A full derivation of the Langevin diffusion on a Riemannian manifold is given, together with a discussion of the appropriate Riemannian metric choice for different problems. A survey of applications is provided, and some open questions are discussed.
Fast-Response Liquid Crystal Microlens
Authors: Xu Su , Li Yan , Liu Yifan , Sun Jie , Ren Hongwen , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2014

Electrically tunable liquid crystal microlenses have attracted strong research attention due to their advantages of tunable focusing, voltage actuation, low power consumption, simple fabrication, compact structure, and good stability. They are expected to be essential optical devices with widespread applications. However, the slow response time of nematic liquid crystal (LC) microlenses has been a significant technical barrier to practical applications and commercialization. LC/polymer composites, consisting of LC and monomer, are an important extension of pure LC systems, which offer more flexibility and much richer functionality than LC alone. Due to the anchoring effect of a polymer network, microlenses, based on LC/polymer composites, have relatively fast response time in comparison with pure nematic LC microlenses. In addition, polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (PS-BPLC) based on Kerr effect is emerging as a promising candidate for new photonics application. The major attractions of PS-BPLC are submillisecond response time and no need for surface alignment layer. In this paper, we review two types of fast-response microlenses based on LC/polymer composites: polymer dispersed/stabilized nematic LC and polymer-stabilized blue phase LC. Their basic operating principles are introduced and recent progress is reviewed by examples from recent literature. Finally, the major challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
A Novel Phage-Library-Selected Peptide Inhibits Human TNF-α Binding to Its Receptors
Authors: Brunetti Jlenia , Lelli Barbara , Scali Silvia , Falciani Chiara , Bracci Luisa , Pini Alessandro
Published: June 2014

We report the identification of a new human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) specific peptide selected by competitive panning of a phage library. Competitive elution of phages was obtained using the monoclonal antibody adalimumab, which neutralizes pro-inflammatory processes caused by over-production of TNF-α in vivo, and is used to treat severe symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. The selected peptide was synthesized in monomeric and branched form and analyzed for binding to TNF-α and competition with adalimumab and TNF-α receptors. Results of competition with TNF-α receptors in surface plasmon resonance and melanoma cells expressing both TNF receptors make the peptide a candidate compound for the development of a novel anti-TNF-α drug.
Identifying Major Factors Affecting Groundwater Change in the North China Plain with Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Li Xue , Li Guomin , Zhang Yuan
Published: June 2014

The North China Plain (NCP) is facing a water crisis under the dual impact of natural and anthropogenic factors. Groundwater levels have declined continuously since 1960, causing a series of environmental problems that have restricted sustainable development in the region. In the present study, we first utilized a previously developed 3D groundwater model to determine changes in groundwater level in the region over the past 50 years (1961–2010). We then applied grey relational analysis (GRA) to identify and ordinate major factors that have contributed to these changes. The results show an overall decreasing trend in groundwater levels in this region over the past 50 years and an increase in the water table depth at a rate of approximately 0.36 m/a. Groundwater exploitation showed the most significant correlation with the groundwater table decline, when compared with other factors including precipitation and river leakage. Therefore, human activities should be considered the primary force driving the groundwater level down. The results of this study have implications for developing criteria that consider changes in both climate and socio-economics. Furthermore, since the NCP is one of the most water-scarce and densely populated regions in the world, the analytical approach used in and the insights gained from this study are of international interest.
1740 and the Chinese Massacre in Batavia: Some German Eyewitness Accounts
Authors: Somers Heidhues Mary
Published: June 2014

Le massacre de 1740 est toujours vivant dans les mémoires des Indonésiens, tant dans la littérature que dans l’art. Trois témoins allemands ont laissé des descriptions de leur participation à la répression de la «Guerre chinoise » dans laquelle une grande partie de Java se trouva impliquée. Bien que les aperçus qu’ils en donnent ne soient pas capitaux, ils jettent néanmoins quelque lumière sur l’atmosphère de violence, de pillage et de suspicion qui, si tragiquement, enveloppa la population chinoise de l’île et contribua à la chute du royaume de Mataram.
« Il(s) frappai(en)t à la ronde »: Remarques sur la signification de l’adverbe ἐπιστροφάδην dans les épopées homériques
Authors: Daix David-Artur
Published: June 2014

L’adverbe ἐπιστροφάδην, « en se tournant de tous côtés, à la ronde » , est d’un emploi assez rare dans la diction homérique. On en trouve deux occurrences seulement dans l’Iliade : Diomède dans la Dolonie « tuait à la ronde » Rhésos et ses Thraces (κτεῖνε δ’ἐπιστροφάδην : X. 483)∞∞ ; Achille lors de son aristie « frappait à la ronde » les Troyens (τύπτε δ’ἐπιστροφάδην : XXI. 20). Deux autres dans l’Odyssée peignent avec les mêmes formules (τύπτον δ’ἐπιστροφάδην : XXII. 308 et κτεῖνον δ’ἐπιστροφάδην : XXIV. 184) le massacre des prétendants par Ulysse et ses trois compagnons. Dans son livre Ulysse polutropos, Pietro Pucci rapproche ces emplois et montre comment, grâce au jeu formulaire, Ulysse, au terme de son épopée, mime les héros iliadiques, l’homme aux milles ruses devenant, le temps de sa vengeance, un champion de la force. Reste pourtant une cinquième et dernière occurrence à expliquer∞∞ : dans l’Hymne homérique à Hermès (210), l’adverbe ἐπιστροφάδην sert à décrire la fuite « en tous sens, tournoyante, tourbillonnante » et pleine de fourbe qu’entreprend le jeune dieu qui vient de voler les vaches d’Apollon. Le mot n’appartient pas ici au domaine de la force martiale : βίη, mais à celui de sa grande rivale, l’idée : μῆτις. Comment, dès lors, concilier ces emplois apparemment contradictoires ?
Théocrite et Platon : remarques sur l’Idylle VII
Authors: Billault Alain
Published: June 2014

Cet article a pour but de démontrer que Théocrite s’est inspiré du Banquet de Platon pour composer l’Idylle VII. Les situations, les chants et les personnages présents dans ce poème ont pour modèle des situations, des discours et des personnages qu’on trouve dans le dialogue de Platon. Théocrite a métamorphosé ce dialogue en un poème à sa façon. Mais il a pris soin de donner au lecteur des indices qui lui permettent de reconnaître l’origine platonicienne de l’Idylle VII.
Maxime Planude, éditeur d’Aelius Aristide
Authors: Quattrocelli Luana
Published: June 2014

After the new dating of manuscript Laurentianus 60, 8 (T) between the XIII century end and the XIV century beginning, the stemma of Aelius Aristides’ works will change his character and the handwritten tradition of
La censure en Angleterre au XVIIIe siècle : obstacle à la diffusion de l’écrit?
Authors: Halimi Suzy
Published: June 2014

Le XVIIIe siècle anglais fut marqué par un essor de la publication et une augmentation du nombre des lecteurs, à la faveur du recul de l’illettrisme. La censure politique et religieuse qui se mit en place pour tenter de circonscrire la liberté d’expression des écrivains jugée trop grande prit plusieurs formes : on imposa des taxations aux publications (en exemptant seulement les manuels scolaires, les ouvrages de piété et quelques autres exceptions) et on permit au Parlement d’intenter des procès contre les auteurs de propos considérés comme séditieux. Mais l’arsenal de mesures restrictives ne produisit pas le résultat escompté car la République des lettres se mobilisa, avec Thomson et Hume en particulier, pour revendiquer la liberté d’écrire et de publier au nom de l’idéal miltonien de la raison.
Amazing Grace, How Sweet the Hymn
Authors: Deconinck - Brossard Françoise
Published: June 2014

Cet article étudie la diffusion chronologique, géographique et confessionnelle d’un genre qui se développa dans le monde anglophone dès le début du dix-huitième siècle, d’abord chez les non-conformistes, puis dans le mouvement méthodiste et plus tardivement parmi les anglicans. La transmission des hymnes pouvait reposer non seulement sur leur publication mais encore sur leur oralisation, sur la multiplication de copies manuscrites, voire sur le plagiat. De même, la dissémination des mélodies passait par la circulation de manuscrits tout autant que par le biais de l’imprimé. Parfois leur diffusion pouvait entraîner une déperdition textuelle. Si leur simplicité n’empêchait pas les fidèles d’éprouver un plaisir mélodique et harmonique, leur diffusion se fondait parfois sur des adaptations ou sur de fallacieuses attributions de paternité. L’instabilité inhérente à ces textes vivants signifie que la quête d’authenticité n’y a pas grand sens.
‘Hidden Secretes of Ingenious Mistery’: The Curious Nature of Goldsmithing Manuals ─ Two Tudor-Jacobean Examples
Authors: Humphrey David
Published: June 2014

On produit des textes sur l’art de la joaillerie depuis l’époque de Pline l’Ancien, le plus connu d’entre eux étant On Divers Arts, écrit vers 1122 par Theophilus. Ces ouvrages sont en général des manuels de savoir-faire prodiguant des conseils techniques et pratiques ; on y trouve aussi la somme de toutes les connaissances sur les pierres précieuses rassemblées à partir d’ouvrages d’histoire ainsi que ce que l’on pourrait appeler les «ficelles du métier » . Peut-on considérer ces textes comme des manuels au sens courant que l’on donne à ce mot ? L’utilité de ces ouvrages pour la joaillerie et ses méthodes d’apprentissage empiriques n’apparaît pas d’emblée. Deux exemples de manuels de la période jacobéenne jettent une lumière nouvelle sur leur objet. The Goulden Arte, or The Jewel House of Gemes de William Heth (vers 1603, ou plus probablement après 1609) et The Gouldsmythes Storehouse de ‘ H. G.’ (1606) nous permettent de mieux cerner comment ces manuels se définissaient.
Diffusion du modèle épistolaire en Angleterre au XVIIIe siècle: le rôle des secrétaires
Authors: Kerhervé Alain
Published: June 2014

Délaissés par la critique universitaire, les secrétaires ou manuels épistolaires constituaient pourtant une forme non négligeable de diffusion d’un modèle d’écriture au XVIIIe siècle. La présente étude permet de définir les rythmes, la géographie et la circulation de la production de ces succès de librairie en Angleterre. Elle propose aussi une réflexion sur la nature des modèles diffusés : lettres originales, lettres d’auteurs recyclées, ou lettres détournées par des éditeurs peu scrupuleux.
Naissance et vie éditoriale du recueil de sonnets amoureux anglais (1557-1599): quelques enjeux génériques et socio-littéraires
Authors: Vuillemin Rémi
Published: June 2014

Cécile Alduy’s and Daniel Maira’s recent works on the French canzoniere have prompted the writing of this article. Its aim is to tackle the issue of the materiality of the English sonnet sequences, exploring how they were shaped as books, and raising hypotheses about the significance of editorial forms. The sonnet sequence originated in Tottel’s Miscellany, a poetic collection first published in 1557. A lesser-known major event in the history of the sonnet sequence was the 1582 publication of Thomas Watson’s

Hekatompathia or a Divine Centurie of Love, in which the codes of the published sonnet sequence are established. The 1590 sonnet sequence is then characterized by a desire for unity, and by an increased visual dimension conveyed by the use of ornament. The book then becomes akin to a precious object. If there was any mannerism in the sonneteer’s writing, it was matched by the stationers’ desire for recognition as craftsmen.
Spreading the Written Word through Images: The Circulation of The Pilgrim’s Progress via its Illustrations
Authors: Collé-Bak Nathalie
Published: June 2014

Pilgrim’s Progress (1684), that his “ Pilgrims Book [ had] travel’d Sea and Land,” he – perhaps unknowingly – stressed the very nature of the medium through which his original text had been circulating in Great Britain and abroad since 1678. Whether he was aware if it or not, the circulation of his pilgrim story had also been accompanied, or perhaps helped, by, the cuts and engravings that had been commissioned to supplement the text from 1679 onward. This article assesses the role played by illustrations (and behind them by Bunyan’s publishers, illustrators and booksellers) in the early circulation and reception of the soon-to-be world-famous allegory of the Christian life. It examines the birth of a best-seller in light of its nascent “ iconographic tradition” and claims that the images inspired by Bunyan’s text have not only travelled with that text but have also helped it reach other continents and cultures.
The Dissemination of Tristram Shandy in Northern Europe: A Preliminary Survey of the Subscription List in Bode’s Translation
Authors: Day W.G.
Published: June 2014

There are reasonable grounds for suggesting that J. J. C. Bode’s 1774 translation of Sterne’s Tristram Shandy may be the most influential single edition of that masterpiece in any language, including English. The extensive and comprehensive list of subscribers allows for close examination of the geographic, demographic, and gender divisions of the initial ownership of the book. This paper offers a preliminary survey of the material, demonstrating the level of detail to be found in the list, and suggesting further areas for exploration.
Text-Context Links in Matrimony Advertisements and Letters in The Times (1785-1800)
Authors: Gray Geoffrey
Published: June 2014

This paper examines a small corpus of advertisements and letters about marriage that appeared in late eighteenth-century copies of The Times. A pragmatic, discourse-analytic approach is used to investigate how these texts were linked to a context of ‘ politeness’ that was composed of three central (and partly overlapping) values : formality, distancing achieved through impersonalisation, and discernment (defined as apparent concern for the well-being of others). It is argued that these text-context links had a performative or creative aspect ; the politeness context structured but did not determine the use of language forms to communicate meanings. The paper focuses on how language was used to sever and then to re-align text-context links, or to provide metadiscursive commentary that qualified the politeness context, or to create ambiguity by forging links with equally plausible but incongruous contexts.
Hamlet in the Closet
Authors: Engler Balz
Published: June 2014

Did Shakespeare write solely for the stage ? Did he also have an audience of readers in mind ? The debate in recent years has all too often been warped by naive notions of reading. Students of literature tend to take a type of reading for granted which is based on Romantic notions of literature. Reading as a performance like the one on stage, albeit of a different kind, also has its history, which is not only of interest to book historians. Reading Shakespeare according to the practices of his own time has wide-ranging implications also for notions of his authorship and the status of his texts.
Thomas Shaw au Proche-Orient, 1721-1722 : élucidation et défense des Textes sacrés
Authors: Zizi Zehor
Published: June 2014

Thomas Shaw publia une description des pays du Proche-Orient dans la première édition de ses Travels or Observations Relating to Several Parts of Barbary and the Levant (1738). Amateur d’histoire naturelle, Shaw fut ordonné prêtre de l’Église anglicane à la fin de ses études à Oxford et nommé chapelain du consulat britannique d’Alger en 1720. Son recueil de voyages s’est imposé comme oeuvre de référence sur les États barbaresques du début du XVIIIe siècle. Shaw semble s’être peu soucié de la réalité de ces contrées qu’il perçoit avant tout comme la Terre sainte. Les préoccupations exégétiques et apologétiques sont au coeur de l’entreprise du voyageur dans le contexte intellectuel de la controverse déiste qui ne cessait de mettre en doute les dogmes fondamentaux de l’orthodoxie chrétienne dans l’Angle-terre de la deuxième moitié du XVIIe à la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle.
Sultans, nababs et mandarins : les enjeux du travestissement oriental en Angleterre
Authors: Alayrac Fielding Vanessa
Published: June 2014

Au XVIIIe siècle, l’intérêt intellectuel pour l’Orient s’accompagne d’une fascination pour la culture matérielle orientale. Tout en consignant dans des ouvrages savants les costumes des pays orientaux, les Anglais endossent le costume oriental à l’occasion de fêtes et dans l’art pictural, et s’inventent par le vêtement une identité hybride. Quel sens donner à l’ «appel vestimentaire de l’Orient » , quelle est sa fonction esthétique, politique et culturelle et quels en sont les enjeux identitaires ?
The Lures of Eastern Lore : William Beckford’s Oriental “Dangerous Supplements”
Authors: Châtel Laurent
Published: June 2014

Since Edward Said’s Orientalism, critics have never failed to gauge the nature and degree of the call for the East, asking whether there was an ‘ encounter’ with otherness. Was it the impulse to conquer and possess that motivated the traveller or a genuine interest in the civilization and customs of an oriental nation ? Now for the ‘ mental Traveller’ the same question can be asked : to what extent did translation represent a move outside one’s personal boundaries ? William Beckford (1760-1844) co-organized a translation of manuscripts of the “ One Thousand and one Nights.” I wish to show how Beckford was lured into “(an) other” fictional material and lured his reader/ audience by relying on many of the tricks of the oriental lore/ lures.
Les itinéraires intellectuels de William Jones (I) : traduire
Authors: Baudry Samuel
Published: June 2014

La carrière de traducteur de l’orientaliste William Jones se divise en deux époques : en Angleterre, où il traduit des textes arabes et farsi qu’il adapte à la sensibilité orientalisante de l’époque, puis lors de son séjour au Bengale, où son apprentissage du sanskrit bouleverse sa conception à la fois de l’histoire des littératures et de l’acte de traduire. Cet article, en s’appuyant sur l’étude des choix traductologiques de Jones, sur ses adaptations et ses réécritures, vise à dégager une évolution culturelle, un changement de sensibilité à l’égard de l’Orient et du texte étranger au cours du dernier tiers du XVIIIe siècle. Sa traduction de Śakuntalā, en ce sens exemplaire, rencontre un grand succès et un écho chez de nombreux écrivains romantiques.