bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quasar and galaxy classification usingGaiaEDR3 and CatWise2020
Authors: Hughes Arvind C. N. , Bailer-Jones Coryn A. L. , Jamal Sara
Published: October 2022

In this work, we assess the combined use ofGaiaphotometry and astrometry with infrared data from CatWISE in improving the identification of extragalactic sources compared to the classification obtained usingGaiadata. Here we perform a comprehensive study in which we assess different input feature configurations and prior functions to identify extragalactic sources inGaia, with the aim of presenting a classification methodology that integrates prior knowledge stemming from realistic class distributions in the Universe. In our work, we compare different classifiers, namely Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) and the boosted decision trees, XGBoost and CatBoost, in a supervised approach, and classify sources into three classes, namely star, quasar, and galaxy, with the target quasar and galaxy class labels obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data release 16 (SDSS16) and the star label fromGaiaEDR3. In our approach, we adjust the posterior probabilities to reflect the intrinsic distribution of extragalactic sources in the Universe via a prior function. In particular, we introduce two priors, a global prior reflecting the overall rarity of quasars and galaxies, and a mixed prior that incorporates in addition the distribution of the extragalactic sources as a function of Galactic latitude and magnitude. Our best classification performances, in terms of completeness and purity of the extragalactic classes, namely the galaxy and quasar classes, are achieved using the mixed prior for sources at high latitudes and in the magnitude rangeG= 18.5–19.5. We apply our identified best-performing classifier to three application datasets fromGaiaData Release 3 (GDR3), and find that the global prior is more conservative in what it considers to be a quasar or a galaxy compared to the mixed prior. In particular, when applied to the quasar and galaxy candidate tables from GDR3, the classifier using a global prior achieves purities of 55% for quasars and 93% for galaxies, and purities of 59% and 91%, respectively, using the mixed prior. When compared to the performances obtained on the GDR3 pure quasar and galaxy candidate samples, we reach a higher level of purity, 97% for quasars and 99.9% for galaxies using the global prior, and purities of 96% and 99%, respectively, using the mixed prior. When refining the GDR3 candidate tables via a cross-match with SDSS DR16 confirmed quasars and galaxies, the classifier reaches purities of 99.8% for quasars and 99.9% for galaxies using a global prior, and 99.9% and 99.9% using the mixed prior. We conclude our work by discussing the importance of applying adjusted priors that portray realistic class distributions in the Universe and the effect of introducing infrared data as ancillary inputs in the identification of extragalactic sources.
Comparative study on pump wavelength dependent efficiency in Nd:YVO4
Authors: Schneewind Merle , Spiekermann Stefan , Weßels Peter , Neumann Jörg , Kracht Dietmar
Published: October 2022

The influence of the pump wavelength on the heat load and efficiency of Nd:YVO4 crystals is investigated with a specially designed crystal mount. The measurements indicate that the change in heat load in the crystal can be solely ascribed to the difference of quantum defects and no further non-radiative effects.
A descent modified HS conjugate gradient method with an optimal property
Authors: Chen Fenfei , Zhang Jiahao , Ye Jianhao , Chen Zixin
Published: October 2022

In this paper, by minimizing the distance between the CG direction and the direction of the improved Perry conjugate gradient method [Yao et al., Numer. Algorithms 78 (2018) 1255–1269], we propose a descent modified HS conjugate gradient method. A remarkable property of the modified HS method is that it can produce sufficient descent property, which is independent of the line search used. Under suitable conditions, we prove that the modified HS method with the standard Armijo line search is globally convergent for uniformly convex functions and the modified HS+ method with standard Wolfe line search is globally convergent for general nonlinear functions. Extensive numerical experiments show that the proposed method is efficient.
Persistierende Beschwerden 6 Monate nach COVID-19 – Erfahrungen aus der COVID-19-Nachsorgeambulanz des Universitätsklinikums Freiburg
Authors: August Dietrich , Stete Katarina , Hilger Hanna , Götz Veronika , Biever Paul , Hosp Jonas , Wagner Dirk , Köhler Thomas Christian , Gerstacker Kathrin , Seufert Jochen , Laubner Katharina , Kern Winfried , Rieg Siegbert
Published: October 2022

Hintergrund Fortbestehende Beschwerden und ärztlich validierte Diagnosen nach COVID-19 sind bislang nicht gut definiert. Wir berichten über Symptome und Diagnostik bei Patienten in unserer COVID-19-Nachsorgeambulanz.

Methoden Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse der Beschwerden und Befunde bei erwachsenen Patienten nach labordiagnostisch gesicherter COVID-19-Erkrankung mit über mindestens 6 Monate fortbestehenden Beschwerden. Neben Anamnese, körperlicher Untersuchung und Labordiagnostik erfolgte eine symptomgeleitete erweiterte apparative Diagnostik. Die Lebensqualität wurde mittels SF-36-Fragebogens erfasst.

Ergebnisse 132 Patienten mit über mindestens 6 Monate persistierenden Beschwerden wurden in die Auswertung eingeschlossen (58 männlich, 74 weiblich; mittleres Alter 53,8 Jahre). 40 % der Patienten waren in der Akutphase stationär behandelt worden. Die häufigsten Beschwerden waren Fatigue (82 %), Belastungsdyspnoe (61 %), kognitive Beschwerden (54 %), Schlafstörungen (43 %) und Dysgeusie/-osmie (35 %). Die Lebensqualität war in allen im SF-36 abgefragten Bereichen eingeschränkt. Immerhin 23 % der zuvor Berufstätigen waren aus gesundheitlichen Gründen für mindestens 6 Monate arbeitsunfähig. Signifikante Pathologien in der laborchemischen und apparativen Diagnostik waren insbesondere bei ambulant behandelten Patienten dagegen selten; Lungenfunktionsstörungen waren häufiger bei ehemals stationär behandelten Patienten.

Diskussion/Schlussfolgerungen Patienten nach COVID-19 berichten über vielfältige Symptome, für die häufig kein organpathologisches Korrelat gefunden werden kann. Dies geht mit Einschränkungen der Lebensqualität und Arbeitsfähigkeit, auch 6 Monate nach Akutinfektion, einher. Populationsbasierte Prävalenz, Pathogenese, Langzeitverlauf und Therapiemöglichkeiten dieses vielfach als Long COVID bezeichneten Syndroms sind weitgehend ungeklärt. Aufgrund der vielfältigen Beschwerden sollte die Patientenversorgung interdisziplinär erfolgen und vermehrt Leistungsdiagnostik und systematische neuropsychiatrische Tests beinhalten.
Funktionelle Charakterisierung von Patienten mit isoliert postkapillärer oder kombiniert post- und präkapillärer pulmonaler Hypertonie
Authors: Held Matthias , Weiner Simon , Walthelm Johanna , Joa Franziska , Hoffmann Jörg , Güder Gülmisal , Pfeuffer-Jovic Elena
Published: October 2022

Hintergrund Nach Empfehlungen der letzten PH-Weltkonferenz wird die Differenzierung von isoliert postkapillärer (Ipc) und kombiniert post- und präkapillärer (Cpc) PH allein nach pulmonal-vaskulärem Widerstand (PVR) empfohlen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Patienten mit IpcPH und CpcPH nach den aktualisierten Empfehlungen basierend auf der letzten Weltkonferenz für pulmonale Hypertonie (PH) hämodynamisch und im Rahmen einer explorativen Datenanalyse funktionell zu charakterisieren.

Methoden Evaluiert wurden Patienten, die sich von 2008 bis 2015 in der PH-Ambulanz der Missioklinik Würzburg mit Verdacht auf PH zur leitlinienkonformen Diagnostik vorstellten. Analysiert wurden alle Patienten mit einem pulmonal-arteriellen Mitteldruck (mPAP) von ≥ 25 mmHg und einem pulmonalkapillären Verschlussdruck (PCWP) > 15 mmHg. Es erfolgte der Vergleich anthropometrischer, hämodynamischer und funktioneller Daten aus 6-Minuten-Gehtest (6 MWT), Spiroergometrie und Echokardiografie bei IpcPH und CpcPH.

Ergebnisse Von 726 Patienten zeigten 58 eine postkapilläre PH: IpcPH: n = 20; CpcPH: n = 38. Patienten mit IpcPH besaßen einen signifikant niedrigeren mPAP und PVR als Patienten mit CpcPH. Der Herzindex war in der CpcPH-Gruppe niedriger als in der IpcPH-Gruppe. Die funktionelle Kapazität beider Gruppen war nicht verschieden. Patienten mit CpcPH hatten einen größeren rechts-linksatrialen Flächen(RA/LA)-Quotienten.

Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung Trotz höherem mPAP und PVR von Patienten mit CpcPH findet sich keine schlechtere funktionelle Kapazität als bei IpcPH. Bei Patienten mit Linksherzerkrankungen und PH kann ein erhöhter RA/LA-Index ein möglicher Hinweis für eine CpcPH sein und Anlass zur invasiven Diagnostik geben.
OnabotuliumtoxinA Detrusorinjektion: Die „Real World” der Anwender, die „Real World“ der Patienten – Update BOTUROLOGY 2022
Authors: Schulte-Baukloh Heinrich , Höppner Dirk , Hubatsch Mandy , Mala Katharina , Schlomm Thorsten , Weinberger Sarah
Published: October 2022

Hintergrund OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) ist in Deutschland seit
2013 nach Versagen einer anticholinergen Therapie für die Second-line Behandlung der
idiopathischen überaktiven Harnblase als Detrusorinjektion (OnabotA-DI) zugelassen. Bis 2018
führten jedoch abrechnungstechnische Hürden dazu, dass die Anwendung weit hinter dem Bedarf
zurückblieb. Seit Anfang 2018 gibt es nun in Deutschland eine EBM-Zulassungsziffer für die
transurethrale Anwendung von Botox in der Urologie.

Fragestellung
Ziel einer Umfrage 2019 unter Kursteilnehmern regelmäßig stattfindender Injektions-Workshops
(WS-T) in unserer Institution war es zu evaluieren, ob die Abrechenbarkeit das
Anwenderverhalten in Deutschland bedarfsgerecht verändert hat. Eine gleiche Umfrage 2021
sollte Entwicklungen der vergangenen zwei Jahre aufzeigen.

Material und
Methoden 88 konsekutive TeilnehmerInnen eines seit 2013 regelmäßig stattfindenden
Anwender- Workshops wurden im Jahre 2019 per Fragebogen anonym bzgl. der bei ihnen
durchgeführten Praxis der OnabotA-DI befragt. Die Befragung wurde 2021 nochmals in einer
anonymisierten Online-Umfrage bei 55 Kursteilnehmern wiederholt, um Veränderungen des
Anwenderverhaltens der vergangenen zwei Jahre zu evaluieren.

Ergebnisse Evaluation 2019: Rücklaufquote 35/88 der Fragebögen (39,8%); eine große
Mehrheit (82%) der WS-T hatten erst NACH der Einrichtung der EBM-Ziffer den Workshop besucht.
Ldgl. 54,5% der WS-T führten nach dem Workshop zwei oder mehr (12% mehr als zehn) OnabotA-DI
pro Quartal durch. Die meisten der Anwender (85%) führten den Eingriff immer oder weit
überwiegend ambulant, 63% immer oder weit überwiegend in Lokalanästhesie durch. Die Mehrheit
(84%) verabreichte keine oder lediglich eine perioperative Antibiose, 13% über eine Woche. 89%
gaben an, dass mind. 70% ihrer PatientInnen keine oder nur leichte Beschwerden unter der LA
hatten. In der Evaluation 2021 führten die Anwender den Eingriff tendenziell häufiger ambulant
und in LA sowie häufiger ganz ohne Antibiotikagaben durch.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse unserer Anwenderumfrage deuten darauf hin, dass
die Durchführung der OnabotA-DI seit der EBM-Zulassung in Deutschland im Januar 2018
wesentlichen Aufwind gewonnen hat. Der Eingriff lässt sich in der überwiegenden Zahl
unkompliziert ambulant in Lokalanästhesie durchführen.
Validierungsstudie des MEP-Fragebogens zur erleichterten Erkennung von COPD-Exazerbationen
Authors: Hering Thomas , Krinner Axel , Bulenda Dietmar
Published: October 2022

Der Fragebogen „Monitoring of Exacerbation Probability“ (MEP) ist ein neuartiges, einfaches Instrument zur Unterstützung der Erkennung und semiquantitativen numerischen Dokumentation von Exazerbationen (ECOPD) in der täglichen Routine. In einer prospektiven, multizentrischen Studie an 810 Patienten in 21 Zentren wurde MEP unter realen Bedingungen bewertet und mit der Anwendung des EXACT-Pro-Fragebogen bei 3751 Visiten verglichen. Die in diese Studie eingeschlossene Population von COPD-Patienten ist demografisch und klinisch typisch für die gesamte COPD-Population. Da ein MEP-Wert von 1 oder mehr als positives Testergebnis definiert wurde, ergab sich eine Sensitivität von 91% und eine Spezifität von 66%. Außerdem korrelierten die MEP-Ergebnisse eindeutig mit den EXACT-Pro-Ergebnissen. Dies qualifiziert den MEP-Fragebogen als valides Instrument zur erleichterten Erkennung von ECOPD und zur longitudinalen Charakterisierung von COPD-Patienten.
Erwägungen zur Durchführung und Qualitätssicherung ambulanter Operationen im HNO-Bereich in Deutschland
Authors: Löhler Jan , Delank Wolfgang , Drumm Stefan , Jäckel Martin , Lundershausen Denise , Mlynski Robert , Rotter Nicole , Zeise Kerstin , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando , Deitmer Thomas
Published: October 2022

Hintergrund Die deutsche Gesundheitspolitik hat eine Ausweitung ambulanter Operationen und Verfahren propagiert und die Diskussion darüber eingeleitet. Die HNO-Heilkunde bietet Möglichkeiten, derzeit stationär durchgeführte Eingriffe ambulant zu erbringen.

Methoden Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie und der Deutsche Berufsverband der HNO-Ärzte haben Arbeitsgruppen ins Leben gerufen, die die HNO-fachlichen Aspekte der Leistungsverlagerungen in den ambulanten Bereich beurteilen und bewerten sollen. Die Arbeitsgruppen bekamen den Auftrag dabei organisatorische, strukturelle und personelle Definitionen der Qualitätssicherung zu erarbeiten und zu berücksichtigen.

Empfehlung Es wurden ausführlich Tatbestände bestimmt, die eine ambulante Operation im HNO-Fachgebiet ausschließen. Grundlage bildeten hierbei sowohl operationsbedingte als auch patientenbedingte Tatbestände. Schließlich wurden Operationen benannt, die als ambulante Operationen durchgeführt werden können.

Diskussion Es erfolgte eine HNO-fachliche Bewertung. Voraussetzung für eine Ambulantisierung ist eine Neuordnung der Vergütung. Das bisherige DRG- und EBM-System bieten hierzu keinen befriedigenden Rahmen, der EBM ermöglicht keine wirtschaftliche Erbringung operativer Eingriffe im HNO-Bereich. Die Entwicklung eines adäquaten Finanzierungsmodells ist für einen Erfolg der Umsetzung genauso zwingend erforderlich wie die Integration und Finanzierung der HNO-ärztlichen Weiterbildung.
Intermediate- to long-term outcomes of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting in patients with gallstone-related disease: a 10-year single-center experience
Authors: Ridtitid Wiriyaporn , Faknak Natee , Piyachaturawat Panida , Teeratorn Nicha , Sritunyarat Yingluk , Angsuwatcharakon Phonthep , Mekaroonkamol Parit , Kongkam Pradermchai , Rerknimitr Rungsun
Published: October 2022

Background Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting (ETGS) can be a bridging therapy to elective cholecystectomy or a permanent gallbladder drainage method in patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease who are awaiting cholecystectomy or are unfit for surgery, respectively. We evaluated the intermediate- to long-term outcomes of ETGS in these groups.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed 234 patients (acute cholecystitis = 147), who were unfit for surgery (n = 50) or had deferred cholecystectomy (n = 184) and who underwent ETGS between 2012 and 2021. A 7-Fr, 15-cm, double-pigtail plastic stent was placed for ETGS without scheduled stent exchange. Biliary event-free rates (i. e. cholecystitis and cholangitis) were determined at 6 months, 1 year, and ≥ 2 years.

Results Technical and clinical success rates were 84.6 % (198/234) and 97.4 % (193/198), respectively. Kaplan–Meier analysis (n = 193) showed a biliary event-free rate of 99 % (95 %CI 0.95–1.00) at 6 months, 92 % (95 %CI 0.87–0.97) at 1 year, and 76 % (95 %CI 0.65–0.93) at ≥ 2 years, during a median follow-up period of 564 days (range 200–3001 days).

Conclusions ETGS is an effective biliary drainage method that should be considered in selected cases with common bile duct stone where cholecystectomy could not be performed or was deferred. The biliary event-free rates of ≥ 76 % up to ≥ 2 years further support the use of ETGS in these patient groups.
Der Stellenwert von Laser-Flare-Messungen zur Verlaufsbeurteilung von Uveitiden
Authors: Tappeiner Christoph , Heiligenhaus Arnd
Published: October 2022

Laser-Flare-Messungen (LFM) ermöglichen die Quantifizierung der Proteinkonzentration in der Kammerwasserflüssigkeit und damit die Beurteilung der Blut-Kammerwasser-Schranke. Solche
Messungen sind zuverlässiger als die klinische Beurteilung des Tyndall-Effekts und daher besonders nützlich für die Verlaufsbeurteilung von Uveitispatienten. Bei aktiven Uveitiden
korrelieren LFM gut mit dem Vorderkammerzellreiz. In diversen Studien wurde gezeigt, dass hohe LF-Werte mit einem gesteigerten Risiko von uveitischen Sekundärkomplikationen wie z. B.
Makulaödem, Glaukom und posterioren Synechien einhergehen. Die LFM ermöglichen auch die Beurteilung des Ansprechens auf antientzündliche Therapien, die Wahl des optimalen Zeitpunkts und der
Operationstechnik für intraokulare Operationen.
Practical Synthesis of 7-Azaserotonin and 7-Azamelatonin
Authors: Nishi Takahide , Fukuya Ren , Yamada Koji
Published: October 2022

A practical method for synthesizing 7-azaserotonin and 7-azamelatonin was developed by using 3-bromo-5-methoxy-1-tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2-ol as a starting material. This compound is a useful reactant for the formal C3-electrophilic reaction. The lactone derivative obtained by the reaction with Meldrum’s acid was used as a key intermediate, in which the C2 unit was introduced into the 7-azaindole skeleton.
Anastomotic Considerations in Diverticulitis
Authors: McChesney Shannon L. , Hawkins Alexander T.
Published: October 2022

Diverticulitis is a common indication for colorectal surgery, both in the acute and the elective setting. The anastomosis between the colon and rectum is a critical component of colectomy for diverticular disease and should be approached thoughtfully. This article reviews important surgical considerations when creating a colorectal anastomosis in the setting of diverticular disease, whether following the reversal of an end colostomy, during an acute episode of diverticulitis, or electively for chronic or complicated disease. Timing of surgery and preoperative assessment, minimally invasive approaches, and intraoperative maneuvers and considerations are discussed.
Invasive Coronary Angiography in Patients with Native or Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis
Authors: Berger Tim , Dees Dominik , Siepe Matthias , Pingpoh Clarence , Fagu Albi , Zeh Wolfgang , Beyersdorf Friedhelm , Neumann Franz-Josef , Czerny Martin , Kreibich Maximilian
Published: October 2022

Background Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is essential to detect significant coronary artery disease (CAD) but is generally not recommended in patients with infective aortic valve endocarditis. This study aimed to evaluate the risks and benefits of preoperative ICA in patients before aortic valve replacement.

Methods Between March 2008 and September 2020, 232 patients were surgically treated for infectious endocarditis of the aortic valve. Sixty-seven (29%) of them underwent preoperative diagnostic ICA and were compared with the patients without preoperative ICA. We collected their baseline characteristics, including the neurological status, previous cardiac surgical procedures, and reviewed the preoperative echocardiograms and the ICA data. The intraoperative data and clinical outcomes after ICA and after surgery were evaluated.

Results ICA revealed a CAD in the majority of our patients (n = 36; 54%): One-vessel disease n = 19 (28%), two-vessel disease n = 6 (9%), and three-vessel disease n = 11 (16%). We observed no adverse events following preoperative diagnostic ICA, particularly no thromboembolic complications, including stroke, visceral, or lower body ischemia were detected. During surgical aortic valve replacement, concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 20 patients (30%). In patients with preoperative ICA, postoperative in-hospital mortality was significantly lower (n = 8 [12%] vs. n = 30 [18%]; p < 0.001), while the incidence of postoperative bleeding was higher (n = 18 [27%] vs. n = 22 [13%]; p = 0.022). The new-onset stroke incidence was 5% in each group.

Conclusion Taking a multidisciplinary team approach, ICA is safe in selected patients with aortic valve infectious endocarditis with no adverse clinical outcomes, but significant clinical implications.
Measuring makeup spreadability with rheology and machine learning
Authors: Piccone Ashley
Published: October 2022

Large amplitude oscillatory shear measurements are effective inputs for models determining the spreadability of cosmetics.
Spectroscopic observation of super-Alfvénic field-reversed configuration merging process by mixing of tracer ions
Authors: Kobayashi D. , Seki T. , Asai T. , Takahashi Ts. , Morelli J. , Inomoto M. , Takahashi T. , Dettrick S. , Gota H.
Published: October 2022

Visualization of the collisional merging formation process of field-reversed configuration (FRC) has been attempted. In the collisional merging formation process, two initial FRC-like plasmoids are accelerated toward each other by a magnetic pressure gradient. The relative speed of the collision reaches several times the typical ion sonic speed and Alfvénic speed. The magnetic structure of the initial-FRCs is disrupted in the collision process, but the FRC-like magnetic structure is reformed in ∼30 µs after the collision. Magnetic reconnection should occur in this process; however, general theoretical models in magnetohydrodynamics approximation cannot be applied to this process because of the high-beta nature of FRC and super-Alfvénic/sonic relative speed. In this work, the spectroscopic observation of the collisional merging FRC formation was conducted to evaluate the timescale and geometry of merging. A slight amount of tracer element (e.g., helium) was mixed into one of two initial-FRCs. Mixing of the tracer did not cause serious adverse effects on the performance of the initial-FRC in the collision and merging processes. The collision and merging processes were visualized successfully and observed using a fast-framing camera with a bandpass filter. The timescale of merging and the outflow speed in the collisional merging process of FRCs were optically evaluated for the first time.
Streaked sub-ps-resolution x-ray line shapes and implications for solid-density plasma dynamics (invited)
Authors: Kraus B. F. , Gao Lan , Hill K. W. , Bitter M. , Efthimion P. C. , Hollinger R. , Wang Shoujun , Song Huanyu , Nedbailo R. , Rocca J. J. , Mancini R. C. , Beatty C. B. , MacDonald M. J. , Shepherd R.
Published: October 2022

A high-resolution x-ray spectrometer was coupled with an ultrafast x-ray streak camera to produce time-resolved line shape spectra measured from hot, solid-density plasmas. A Bragg crystal was placed near laser-produced plasma to maximize throughput; alignment tolerances were established by ray tracing. The streak camera produced single-shot, time-resolved spectra, heavily sloped due to photon time-of-flight differences, with sufficient reproducibility to accumulate photon statistics. The images are time-calibrated by the slope of streaked spectra and dewarped to generate spectra emitted at different times defined at the source. The streaked spectra demonstrate the evolution of spectral shoulders and other features on ps timescales, showing the feasibility of plasma parameter measurements on the rapid timescales necessary to study high-energy-density plasmas.
Resistance degradation in sputtered sodium potassium niobate thin films and its relationship to point defects
Authors: Ho Kuan-Ting , Monteiro Diniz Reis Daniel , Hiller Karla
Published: October 2022

The reliability of piezoelectric thin films is crucial for piezoelectric micro-electromechanical system applications. The understanding of resistance degradation in piezoelectric thin films requires knowledge about point defects. Here, we show the resistance degradation mechanism in the lead-free alternative sodium potassium niobate (KNN) thin films and the relationship to point defects in both field-up and field-down polarities. The conduction mechanism of KNN thin films is found to be Schottky-limited. Furthermore, a reduction in Schottky barrier height accompanies the resistance degradation resulting from interfacial accumulation of additional charged defects. We use thermally stimulated depolarization current measurements and charge-based deep level transient spectroscopy to characterize the defects in KNN thin films. Our results show that oxygen vacancies accumulate at the interface in field-up polarity, and multiple defects accumulate in field-down polarity, potentially oxygen vacancies and holes trapped by potassium vacancies. We use wafer deposition variation to create samples with different film properties. Measurement results from these samples correlate resistance degradation with the defect concentration. We find the natural logarithm of leakage current to be linearly proportional to the defect concentration to the power of 0.25. The demonstrated analysis provides a precise and meaningful process assessment for optimizing KNN thin films.
Bending instability of island-bridge structures
Authors: Zheng Hui , Chen Peijian , Zhao Huiming , Liu Hao , Zhang Yingying
Published: October 2022

As key structures in medical technology, soft robotics, and flexible electronics, the mechanical behavior of island-bridge structures has drawn great attention among the scientific community. However, the bending instability properties of island-bridge structures are still unclear, which hinders their function realization and design. Herein, the bending behavior of the island-bridge structure is comprehensively explored by experiment, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis. It is found that the island-bridge structures can produce upward or downward morphologies under the bending loads, which is attributed to the coupling effect of combined loadings on the upper films. The bending morphology and the critical load can be well tuned by changing the corresponding material and geometric parameters or introducing creases in the upper film. The results should be of significant importance for the development of flexible electronics, soft robots, and biomedical engineering and enrich our knowledge of the mechanical properties of the island-bridge structure.
Transfer-printing-based integration of silicon nitride grating structure on single-crystal diamond toward sensitive magnetometers
Authors: Katsumi Ryota , Hizawa Takeshi , Kuwahata Akihiro , Naruse Shun , Hatano Yuji , Iwasaki Takayuki , Hatano Mutsuko , Jelezko Fedor , Onoda Shinobu , Ohshima Takeshi , Sekino Masaki , Yatsui Takashi
Published: October 2022

Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have emerged as promising candidates for a wide range of quantum applications, especially quantum sensing of magnetic field. Implementation of nanostructure into diamond is powerful for efficient photon collection of NV centers and chip-scale miniaturization of the device, which is crucial for sensitive and practical diamond magnetometers. However, fabrication of the diamond nanostructure involves technical limitations and can degrade the spin coherence of the NV centers. In this study, we demonstrate the hybrid integration of a silicon nitride grating structure on a single-crystal diamond by utilizing transfer printing. This approach allows the implementation of the nanostructure in diamond using a simple pick-and-place assembly, facilitating diamond-based quantum applications without any complicated diamond nanofabrication. We observed the intensity enhancement in the collected NV emissions both theoretically and experimentally using the integrated grating structure. By applying the increased photon intensity, we demonstrate the improved magnetic sensitivity of the fabricated device. The proposed hybrid integration approach will offer a promising route toward a compact and sensitive diamond NV-based magnetometer.
A computational micromechanics model to predict mechanical properties of porous silica aerogels
Authors: Jia Chenxue , Zhang Taihua , Zhao Haifeng
Published: October 2022

Porous silica aerogel is an ultra-low-density material with nanostructures that leads to its excellent physio-chemical properties. Considering the characteristics of the material, a micromechanical model to assess the microstructure–property relations is highly demanded. In this study, a cuboctahedron unit cell is proposed as a representative volume element of the silica aerogel to correlate with its density and compressive stress–strain curves. The backbone lattice-structure combined with the dead ends is established to represent the periodic configuration of the aerogel. It is implemented in both the numerical scheme with the finite element method and the analytical model by modifying the Gibson–Ashby model. Furthermore, the crushing behaviors of the material under large deformation are discussed in the numerical study. Due to the features of load-bearing skeletons and non-load-bearing short pillars, the compression process of the silica aerogel exhibits strong nonlinear behaviors. Overall, this computational micromechanics model is capable of accurately simulating the stress–strain curves of silica aerogels with different densities under different loading levels. This work provides a general framework to quantify the microstructure–property relations of porous silica aerogels and also other porous materials.
Effect of the surface pattern on the drag property of the superhydrophobic surface
Authors: Chen Qiaodan , Duan Jun , Hou Zhongbao , Hou Guoxiang , Deng Leimin
Published: October 2022

Superhydrophobic surfaces with a slip effect have been proven to be effective to achieve surface drag reduction. In this paper, we fabricated superhydrophobic disks via laser ablation and chemical modification, and their drag-reduction performance is tested by a rheometer. However, the superhydrophobic disk achieves a limited drag-reduction effect (33.5% in maximum) with poor consistency (decay rapidly as rotating speed increases). To enhance the drag-reduction performance of the superhydrophobic surfaces, surfaces with tunable patterns consisting of superhydrophobic and hydrophobic surfaces are proposed. The difference in wettability and slip length between different regions is employed to control the flow direction. The effect of different patterns is investigated both experimentally and numerically, and the results indicate that the pattern distribution performs a great impact on the drag-reduction effect. The pattern consistent with the primary flow can not only enhance the effect (60.3% in maximum) but also the consistency (maintained at a higher rotating speed) of drag-reduction. On the contrary, the pattern perpendicular to the flow direction is harmful to drag reduction and can even increase the drag.
Formation of high-viscosity micro-droplets in T-channels with neck structure induced by surface acoustic waves
Authors: Zhao Siyu , Liu Zhaomiao , Wang Ju , Pang Yan , Xue Sen , Li Mengqi
Published: October 2022

In the fields of organ printing and drug preparation, high-precision and stable dispersion of high-viscosity biomaterials enable precise control of organ morphology and drug release rate. This paper proposes the use of an acoustic surface wave to overcome the problem of unstable interface breakup and weak size controllability when the traditional passive droplet microfluidics is applied to high-viscosity (higher than 0.4 Pa·s) dispersed phases. This paper studies the internal flow behavior of high-viscosity fluid under the influence of an acoustic field and realizes the accurate prediction of formation regime and droplet size. Experimental results show that with the increase in acoustic power, three unique droplet generation regimes (e.g., long jetting, transition, and dripping) exist. The transition regime is most suitable for high-throughput preparation of high-viscosity droplets, and its corresponding flow and acoustic conditions can be predicted by equation μd/μc = 4.8 × 10−8 (μc × vc/AP02 × w)−3.32. Affected by the regime transition, the droplet size increases with the increase in acoustic power. The droplet size prediction can be realized based on the capillary number Caf, which represents the intensity of the acoustic field.
Crucial feature space for ductile bcc high-entropy alloys
Authors: Jiang H. , Wang M. , Huang M. X.
Published: October 2022

Body-centered cubic (bcc) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising structural materials for nuclear power plants to ensure good radiation resistance. However, the majority of bcc HEAs show limited room temperature ductility even in compression. In addition to the compressive properties of as-cast high-activation bcc HEAs collected from the literature, those of low-activation ones were investigated by phase diagram calculations and experiments. Therefore, a consistent dataset comprising 93 samples was generated. A classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm was employed to differentiate the target bcc HEAs with a compressive failure strain of more than 50% from the others. The model generality of a finalized CART classifier was validated by training and testing F1 scores and accuracies. It was found that Pugh's ratio (κ) and valence electron concentration (VEC) are two key attributes to identify the target alloys. The crucial κ-VEC feature space displays that the targets are generally located in the region where κ is larger than 3.129 or VEC is larger than 6.296. Especially, high-activation and low-activation samples seem to have opposite characteristics, motivating the further study of a deformation mechanism for low-activation bcc HEAs.
Low repetition-rate, high-resolution femtosecond transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Flannigan David J. , Curtis Wyatt A. , VandenBussche Elisah J. , Zhang Yichao
Published: October 2022

The spatial and energy resolutions of state-of-the-art transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) have surpassed 50 pm and 5 meV. However, with respect to the time domain, even the fastest detectors combined with the brightest sources may only be able to reach the microsecond timescale. Thus, conventional methods are incapable of resolving the myriad fundamental ultrafast (i.e., attosecond to picosecond) atomic-scale dynamics. The successful demonstration of femtosecond (fs) laser-based (LB) ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM) nearly 20 years ago provided a means to span this nearly 10-order-of-magnitude temporal gap. While nanometer-picosecond UEM studies of dynamics are now well established, ultrafast Å-scale imaging has gone largely unrealized. Further, while instrument development has rightly been an emphasis, and while new modalities and uses of pulsed-beam TEM continue to emerge, the overall chemical and materials application space has been only modestly explored to date. In this Perspective, we argue that these apparent shortfalls can be attributed to a simple lack of data and detail. We speculate that present work and continued growth of the field will ultimately lead to the realization that Å-scale fs dynamics can indeed be imaged with minimally modified UEM instrumentation and with repetition rates (frep) below—and perhaps even well below—1 MHz. We further argue that the use of low frep, whether for LB UEM or for chopped/bunched beams, significantly expands the accessible application space. This calls for systematically establishing modality-specific limits so that especially promising technologies can be pursued, thus, ultimately facilitating broader adoption as individual instrument capabilities expand.
The extent and protection of Australia’s deep sea
Authors: Bond Todd , Jamieson Alan
Published: October 2022

Context Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone in the world, but little is known about its deepest parts because, historically, research has focussed on coast regions or in the top 1000 m. Aim We aim to identify the extent of Australia’s deep sea, the deepest locations in Australian waters, and investigate how much of Australia’s deep sea is located within marine parks. Methods We use altimetry-derived water depth to calculate the total area in 1000-m bins. Key results The total area of Australian waters, excluding Antarctic waters, is 8 914 134 km2, of which, 70.4% is deep sea greater than 1000 m and 48% is deeper than the 3000-m abyssal boundary. In total, 56% of Australian Marine Parks are deeper than 3000 m and 20 of 61 marine reserves include water deeper than 5000 m. Conclusions The Convention on Biological Diversity calls for marine protected areas globally to increase from 7.7 to 30% by 2030: Australia has already placed over 40% of its waters under protection. Despite this, there are no long-term programs monitoring the deep sea and Australia has not produced a globally significant amount of deep-sea science. Implications Herein lies opportunities for Australia to understand fully its largest habitat and become the global exemplar of deep-sea science and conservation.
Treatment with an antigen-specific dual microparticle system reverses advanced multiple sclerosis in mice
Authors: Kwiatkowski Alexander J. , Helm Eric Y. , Stewart Joshua M. , Drashansky Theodore T. , Cho Jonathan J. , Avram Dorina , Keselowsky Benjamin G.
Published: October 2022

Antigen-specific therapies hold promise for treating autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis while avoiding the deleterious side effects of systemic immune suppression due to delivering the disease-specific antigen as part of the treatment. In this study, an antigen-specific dual-sized microparticle (dMP) treatment reversed hind limb paralysis when administered in mice with advanced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Treatment reduced central nervous system (CNS) immune cell infiltration, demyelination, and inflammatory cytokine levels. Mechanistic insights using single-cell RNA sequencing showed that treatment impacted the MHC II antigen presentation pathway in dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and microglia, not only in the draining lymph nodes but also strikingly in the spinal cord. CD74 and cathepsin S were among the common genes down-regulated in most antigen presenting cell (APC) clusters, with B cells also having numerous MHC II genes reduced. Efficacy of the treatment diminished when B cells were absent, suggesting their impact in this therapy, in concert with other immune populations. Activation and inflammation were reduced in both APCs and T cells. This promising antigen-specific therapeutic approach advantageously engaged essential components of both innate and adaptive autoimmune responses and capably reversed paralysis in advanced EAE without the use of a broad immunosuppressant.
Demonstration of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Steering with Multiple Observers via Sequential Measurements
Authors: Li Jian , Zhou Yang , Wang Qin
Published: October 2022

Quantum correlation is a fundamental property that distinguishes quantum systems from classical ones, and is also a fragile resource under projective measurements. Recently, it has been shown that a subsystem in entangled pairs can share nonlocalities with multiple observers in sequence. Here we present a new steering scenario where both subsystems are accessible by multiple observers. Simulation results show that the two qubits in a singlet state can be simultaneously steered separately by two sequential observers.
Chemical bonding in representative astrophysically relevant neutral, cation, and anion HC
n
H chains
Authors: Bâldea Ioan
Published: October 2022

Most existing studies assign a polyynic and cumulenic character of chemical bonding in carbon-based chains relying on values of the bond lengths. Building on our recent work, in this paper we add further evidence on the limitations of such an analysis and demonstrate the significant insight gained via natural bond analysis. Presently reported results include atomic charges, natural bond order and valence indices obtained from ab initio computations for representative members of the astrophysically relevant neutral and charged HC2k/2k + 1H chain family. They unravel a series of counter-intuitive aspects and/or help naive intuition in properly understanding microscopic processes, e.g., electron removal from or electron attachment to a neutral chain. Demonstrating that the Wiberg indices adequately quantify the chemical bonding structure of the HC2k/2k + 1H chains — while the often heavily advertised Mayer indices do not — represents an important message conveyed by the present study.
Detecting the possibility of a type of photon number splitting attack in decoy-state quantum key distribution
Authors: Chen Xiao-Ming , Chen Lei , Yan Ya-Long
Published: October 2022

The existing decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) beating photon-number-splitting (PNS) attack provides a more accurate method to estimate the secure key rate, while it still considers that only single-photon pulses can generate secure keys in any case. However, multiphoton pulses can also generate secure keys if we can detect the possibility of PNS attack in the channel. The ultimate goal of this line of research is to confirm the absence of all types of PNS attacks. In particular, the PNS attack mentioned and detected in this paper is only the weaker version of PNS attack which significantly changes the observed values of the legitimate users. In this paper, under the null hypothesis of no weaker version of PNS attack, we first determine whether there is an attack or not by retrieving the missing information of the existing decoy-state protocols, extract a Cauchy distribution statistic, and further provide a detection method and the type I error probability. If the result is judged to be an attack, we can use the existing decoy-state method and the GLLP formula to estimate the secure key rate. Otherwise, the pulses with the same basis received including both single-photon pulses and multiphoton pulses, can be used to generate the keys and we give the secure key rate in this case. Finally, the associated experiments we performed (i.e., the significance level is 5%) show the correctness of our method.
Characterization of the first RD53A triplet modules assembled at IFAE
Authors: Carlotto J.I. , Fernandez-Martinez P. , Terzo S. , Gonzalez J.T. , Grinstein S.
Published: October 2022

IFAE is engaged in the production of linear triplet modules for the forthcoming upgrade of the Inner Tracker for the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider. The pre-production process requires the fabrication of early prototypes (the RD53A chip) to inform the assembly and electrical test methodologies. Module prototypes (also called triplets) include a set of 3 hybrids (sensors connected to readout chips), all of them are mounted in an individual flexible PCB. This document presents the assembly methodologies and main electrical tests results for the first set of 4 modules assembled at IFAE.
Mapping the Site of Biological and Ecological Interest of Rganat-Bouchkal (Tsili) Argan forest (Moroccan Central Plateau) using remote sensing
Authors: Sahel Y , Dellahi Y , Chahhou D
Published: October 2022

This work aims at developing a precise map of the distribution of Argan tree within Rganat-Bouchkal (Tsili) site which is considered as Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest (SBEI) with high biogeographic value. The methodological approach is based on the use of PLEIADES satellite image with a very high spatial resolution of 0.5m. A supervised classification was performed to develop an original map of the distribution of the Argan tree and the other accompanying species. The numerical method was also adopted to highlight the different factors influencing the distribution and the stat of the Rganat-Bouchkal (Tsili) SBEI stand. The results of this classification made it possible to map more than 770 feet of Argan trees located mainly on the slopes oriented South and South-East, on steepest slopes. The numerical method shows that the exposure factor and the edaphic factor explain mainly the distribution of SBEI species. Small stand either in the form of clumps or isolated feet, the Argan tree of Rganat-Bouchkal (Tsili) appears in a very degraded state, translating a massive exploitation of the tree cover and shrubby by the local population (example: abusive cutting and overgrazing).
Structural and Mining Geology of a Copper site with Epigenetic-type auriferous levels in the region of Imi Nisk in M’goun, Central High Atlas, Rural town of Abachkou, Azilal. Morocco
Authors: Alaoui M , Wafik A , Khalid M , Boutsougame A , Saki T
Published: October 2022

Our initial intention was to use point geochemical data in relation to regional and/or local geology to identify and quantify the mineral potential of these Paleozoic formations, and the nature of the soil in relation to weathering by external climatic agents. The mineralogical study of the substrates proved to be essential to confirm the results of the spot sampling by channel sampling of the mineralized structures. From there, it was decided to focus on structural geology, regional tectonics, geochemistry, geomorphology, and the extension of veins from other deposits around this site. Because it is located at the Ordovician-Devonian contact, the copper mineralization at the future Imi Nisk mine site in the Central High Atlas has been interpreted in terms of sulfides-rich cluster deposits (Chalcopyrite, Azurite and Covellite) in Ankerite or siderite, and quartzite. The new structural and mineralogical data presented in this work favor the hypothesis of epigenetic mineralization, meaning that it was formed after the host rock. The present work consists in establishing a preliminary research in order to give a general idea and a very precise overview of the gitology, geology and geochemistry of the mineralized structures and veins located in this research permit in mining exploration of Imi Nisk. Also, no study has been published in this thematic on this site.
Biodiversity of intestinal parasites in urban waters of the Ouislane River in central Morocco
Authors: Ouarrak K , El Omari H , Chahlaoui A
Published: October 2022

The objective of the present study is to shed light on the parasitic load characterization of wastewater samples collected from four selected stations (O1, O2, O3 and O4 selected from upstream to downstream, on the bed of the Ouislane River in central Morocco. Parasite load flux (quantitative and qualitative) was determined monthly for one year, from January through December 2017, using direct spawning examination, the modified Bailenger concentration technique and the Faust flotation technique. Parasitological examination allowed the identification of helminth eggs and protozoan cysts, on the one hand, and the evaluation of the variation in the concentration of the parasitic load of this wastewater, on the other hand. The results of the present work allow the identification of 17 taxa: Ascaris lumbricoïdes, Trichuris trichiura, Capillaria sp, Ancylostoma diudinal, Enterobius vermicularis, Toxocara canis, Strongyloïdes stercolaris, Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Taenia saginata, Fasciola hépatica, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis hominis, Balantidium coli and Cryptosporidium parvum. with a predominance of protozoan cysts over helminths eggs. The evolution of the parasitic load over time indicates the ubiquity of these parasitic species in raw wastewater at variable concentrations, which are closely related to the periods of human activities and according to the seasons. However, the high load of these intestinal parasites in the urban waters of Ouislane wadi will have a potential impact on human and livestock health. Hence the interest to prohibit their use commonly observed in the field and their practice in agriculture.