bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RELIABILITY IN CONSTRUCTING GENOGRAMS: A STUDY AMONG MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY DOCTORAL STUDENTS
Authors: Coupland Scott K. , Serovich Julianne , Glenn J. Edgar
Published: June 2007

Although genograms are widely utilized in the field of marriage and family therapy, there has been no empirical research establishing marriage and family therapists' accuracy in using the genogram as an information‐gathering tool. This article reports results of an evaluation of how accurately marriage and family therapy doctoral students record content information on genograms. Subjects included 17 doctoral students in AAMFT accredited marriage and family therapy programs who constructed genograms from a fictitious scenario. The results indicate that marriage and family therapy doctoral students are highly accurate in recording named persons' names and symbols; moderately accurate in recording unnamed persons, occupations, relationship descriptors, medical issues, personal issues and descriptive phrases, and other significant symbols; and most inaccurate in recording dates and ages. Students' accuracy scores for recording content data on genograms were not found to be significantly correlated with experience level in the doctoral program or self‐rated genogram construction ability. Implications for marriage and family therapists and trainers are provided, including a call for more standardized instruction in genogram construction.
FAMILY THERAPY TREATMENT OUTCOMES FOR ALCOHOLISM
Authors: Edwards Martha E. , Steinglass Peter
Published: June 2007

We conducted a meta‐analysis of 21 studies of family‐involved therapy for alcoholism, evaluating them for design adequacy, clinical significance, and effect size. The review is divided into studies of family involvement in three phases of treatement: (a) initiation of treatment, (b) primary treatment/rehabilitation, and and (c)aftercare. We conclude that family therapy is effective in motivating alcoholics to enter treatment. Once the drinker enters treatment, family‐involved treatment is marginally more effective that individual alcoholism treatment. The data suggest that three factors may mediate the effect of treatment: gender, investment in the relationship, and perceived support from the spouse for abstinence. Modest benefits have been obtained in family‐involved relapse prevention programs. The most recent studies are starting to address tese issues by developing treatment models specifically for women alcoholics and identifying factors that could be used to match appropriate treatments to alcoholics and their families. These efforts are just beginning, however, and we make a number of recommendations to support implementation of these and other efforts.
USING PATIENT NARRATIVES TO TEACH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Patterson Jo Ellen , Van Meir Erika
Published: June 2007

Psychopathology courses are usually taught using a biomedical perspective and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM IV) as the primary text. This can result in students developing little empathy for their patients and objectifying them as disorders rather than people with problems. Using narrative, music, and art in teaching psychopathology can balance the scientific, objective style of the DSM IV. Resources and suggestions for ways to humanize a psychopathology course are given.
FOLLOW‐UP SURVEY OF GRADUATES FROM ACCREDITED DEGREE‐GRANTING MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY TRAINING PROGRAMS
Authors: Hines Max
Published: June 2007

This article reports the results of a mailed survey of 1980, 1983, and 1986 graduates (n = 205) from degree‐granting marriage and family therapy training programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education. The graduates considered themselves (a) sufficiently to quite well prepared in marital/couple therapy, family therapy, and individual therapy with adults and (b) minimally to moderately well prepared in individual therapy with children and adolescents, individual diagnosis, and individual psychological assessment. The presenting problems for which graduates most strongly recommended increased emphasis in their MFT training program were alcoholism, other substance/drug abuse, incest/sexual abuse, and domestic violence.
THE INTERPERSONAL DYNAMICS AND TREATMENT OF DUAL TRAUMA COUPLES
Authors: Balcom Dennis
Published: June 2007

Many trauma survivor dyads pose intense challenges for couples and marital therapists. Interpersonal reactivity, transference, emotional withdrawal, and associated responses complicate these difficult yet often rewarding cases. Unique aspects and interpersonal dynamics of these couples include specific themes, characteristics, and patterns. Treatment approaches focus on the systemic influences of trauma on interpersonal dynamics and offer interventions to challenge disruptive interactions, attend to the original traumas, and develop healthy relationship patterns.
EXPLORING A FOURTH DIMENSION: SPIRITUALITY AS A RESOURCE FOR THE COUPLE THERAPIST
Authors: Anderson Douglas A. , Worthen Dan
Published: June 2007

This article explores ways in which the therapist's own spirituality can serve as a resource in couple therapy. Spirituality is defined as subjective engagement with a fourth, transcendent dimension of human experience. This engagement enhances human life and evokes corresponding behavior. Spiritually based therapy may be influenced by three assumptions: that God or a Divine Being exists, that human‐kind yearns innately for connection with this Being, and that this Being is interested in humans and acts upon and within their relationships to promote beneficial change. In therapy these assumptions affect how the therapist listens and responds throughout sessions. The authors incorporate a case example illustrating the application of this fourth dimension in couple therapy.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPISTS AND THE CLERGY: A NEED FOR CLINICAL COLLABORATION, TRAINING, AND RESEARCH
Authors: Weaver Andrew J. , Koenig Harold G. , Larson David B.
Published: June 2007

This article calls for greater collaboration between clergy and marriage and family therapists. It spells out the reasons for potenial collaboration and suggests some specific ways it can occur. Marriage and family therapists acknowledge the highest rates of religious involvement of any metntal health profession, placing them in a unique position to be involved in the continuing education of clergy. There is a clear need for research to understand how marriage and family therapists and clergy can more effectively work together. The dearth of research, training, and collaboration between the two vocations is all the more unfortunate given the clear evidence of the importance of religion in the personal lives of the clients we serve.
ARE TRUSTWORTHINESS AND FAIRNESS ENOUGH? CONTEXTUAL FAMILY THERAPY AND THE GOOD FAMILY
Authors: Fowers Blaine J. , Wenger Andrew
Published: June 2007

The moral dimension of family therapy theory and practice has received increasing attention in recent years. Boszormenyi‐Nagy was among the first to see that family therapy and moral questions are inseparable. His focus on relational ethics has helped us to reappropriate individual responsibility and accountability within a systemic context. Although contextual therapy has clearly enriched the field, we argue that its emphasis on trustworthiness and fairness provides a limited view of the good in family life and leads to three related problems. First, Boszormenyi‐Nagy offers a compelling ethical vision of the family and then denies that he has done so, which undermines some of his key moral claims. Second, because fairness is defined subjectively, contextual therapy may not have the resources to deal with legitimate differences in family ideals. Third, the reliance on self‐interest as the primary motive for trustworthy relating appears to be self‐defeating. We offer a hermeneutic perspective that takes a broader approach to the good. It places greater emphasis on the social and historical context, deals squarely with different understandings of the good in family life, and recommends an approach to resolving these differences.
GENDER‐RELATED THERAPIST ATTRIBUTIONS IN COUPLES THERAPY: A PRELIMINARY MULTIPLE CASE STUDY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Stabb Sally D. , Cox Deborah L. , Harber Jerry L.
Published: June 2007

Differential treatment by gender has been an ongoing area of concern and uncertainty both in society at large and in clinical research. In this investigation, therapist attributions over the course of therapy for three different couples were coded and analyzed to determine if cause for positive and negative events was assigned differentially to females and males. Additionally, the stability and globality dimensions of the therapist's attributions about the couples were examined for stereotypical gender‐related patterns. Results indicate no gender differences in locus of causal attributions but some gender‐related patterns in stability and globality dimensions. Implications for both couples therapy and gender bias in couples research are discussed.
WHO'S PUBLISHING IN JMFT? AN EXAMINATION OF AUTHOR CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Sprenkle Douglas H. , Bailey C. Everett
Published: June 2007

This article examines the gender, setting, and degree of the first authors of published articles in JMFT from 1990 to 1995. Findings reveal that men are the first authors of 67% of the articles and women, 33%. PhDs are first authors on 58% of the articles, and authors in university settings write 53% of the published articles. Thirty‐nine percent of the articles published during this period were research; 26%, clinical; 16%, theory; and 14%, training. Surprising findings were that MSW authors had a higher acceptance rate than PhDs, and authors in training institutes had a higher acceptance rate than those in university settings.
PROGRAM AND TRAINEE LIFESTYLE STRESS: A SURVEY OF AAMFT STUDENT MEMBERS
Authors: Polson Michol , Nida Robert
Published: June 2007

Student members of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (n = 900) were randomly selected and surveyed regarding perceptions of certain MFT training program and graduate student lifestyle stressors. Teh return rate was 329 (37%) of the 900 students surveyed. The sample was 70% female and 30% male. Sixty‐five percent of the sample were married. Sixty‐one percent were in master's, 25% were in doctral, and 12% were in other postgraduate programs. Potential high stressors were the number of hours students worked to support themselves and the number of hours spouses or significant others worked. Twenty‐seven percent of students had considered dropping out due to program demands. Only 11.2% had actually done so. Nearly 11% reported current antidepressant use. Recommendations for further research directions on the topic of MFT trainee stress are provided
THE PROCESS OF CHANGE IN COUPLES THERAPY: A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION
Authors: Christensen Lisa L. , Russell Candyce S. , Miller Richard B. , Peterson Colleen M.
Published: June 2007

Open‐ended interviews with 24 couples therapy clients regarding their experience of the process of change revealed shifts in clusters of affect, communication, and cognition. Six additional contextual preconditions for change were also identified. The change process within couples was uniformly reported to be gradual.
THERAPIST AND CLIENT BEHAVIORS IN THE FIRST INTERVIEW: EFFECGTS ON SESSION IMPACT AND TREATMENT DURATION
Authors: Odell Mark , Quinn William H.
Published: June 2007

The first‐session behaviors of therapists and clients in 38 cases were observationally codes and their relations to client ratings of session impact and treatment duration were examined. Results indicated that few first‐session global types of behaviors of participants affect treatment durations. Clients may suspend judgement about continuing in therapy untill after they have attended more than one session, regardless of the first inverview's impact. Thus, the first interview may be less crucial than traditionally asserted. It also appears that first‐session behaviors of therapists and clients that are associated with greater impact may vary as a function of client type, that is individuals as opposed to couples and families.
CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE AND COUPLES' RELATIONSHIPS: FEMALE SURVIVORS' REPORTS IN THERAPY GROUPS
Authors: Pistorello Jacqueline , Follette Victoria M.
Published: June 2007

Therapy videotapes from five therapy groups for female child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors were analyzed for emerging themes of couples' difficulties reported by clients. Subsequently, the thematic categories were applied to sessions selected from an additional four groups and then correlated with CSA‐specific variables. The two most frequent relationship themes were difficulties with emotional communication or intimacy, and polarized positions on control. Whereas these two themes were correlated with survivors' CSA characteristics, sexual difficulties were correlated with survivors' level of current traumatic symptomatology. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the treatment of CSA survivors and their partners.
STRENGTHENING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE THEORIES: INTERSECTIONS OF RACE, CLASS, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, AND GENDER
Authors: Bograd Michele
Published: June 2007

Current family therapy theories and practices of domestic violence place an important emphasis on gender. Employing the notion of intersectionality, this article demonstrates how the relevance and applicability of contemporary theories and practices may be enhanced through the inclusion of primary dimensions of social life, including but not limited to race, class, and sexual orientation. Theoretical in nature, this article suggests future directions for theory construction and clinical practice, drawing on literature not easily accessible to most marital and family therapists.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY CONSULTATION WITH RANCH AND FARM FAMILIES: AN EMPIRICAL FAMILY CASE STUDY
Authors: Fetsch Robert J. , Zimmerman Toni S.
Published: June 2007

There is a paucity of marriage and family therapy literature addressing therapeutic consultation with farm and ranch families. This article describes a case study in which several Marital and Family Therapy approaches were used to consult with a ranch family. It also provides empirical data showing in which of five treatment phases changes occrred. Two generations, including four couples from an extended family, participated in family consultation over 42 months and completed assessments six times. Statistical results and clinical impressions confirm that the five‐phase consultative process resulted in significant improvements in family satisfaction with adaptability and family strains levels and positive movement in seven other areas.
THE BASIC SKILLS EVALUATION DEVICE
Authors: Nelson Thorana S. , Johnson Lee N.
Published: June 2007

The Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education (COAMFTE) requires that accredited programs evaluate trainees' clinical skills at various times during trainees' programs. The Commission does not attempt, however, to describe for programs eigher the nature of the skills nor how they are to be evaluated, leaving this to the programs to create. This paper describes the development and uses of the Basic Skills Evaluation Device (BSED). Using a published list of skills (Figley & Nelson, 1989), data from the literature, and data collected from COAMFTE accredited and candidacy programs, the authors and their colleagues developed a device for supervisors to use in evaluating beginning family therapists. Data regarding the reliability of the device presented, along with limitations and suggestions for various ways of using the device.
ETHNIC IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONALLY ADOPTED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR FAMILY THERAPISTS
Authors: Friedlander Myrna L.
Published: June 2007

The life story of the internationally adopted child tends to be an emotional one. How the story is tole and retold in the family can have lasting consequences for the child's adjustment and well‐being. In telling the story, parents are faced with a qunique challenge: To what extent is it desirable to encourage their children, who adready struggle with identity issue related to adoption, to identify with their cultures of origin? Therapists working on these issues with multiethnic adoptive families can find little guidance in the family systems literature. To fill this gap, the present article reviews the literature on racial/ethnic identity development and the available research on ethnic identification, self‐esteem, and the psychological adjustment of cross‐ethnically adopted children and adolescents. Implications for practice include developmental considerations, identifying chldren and families at risk, and recommendations for those in need of intervention.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Freedman Jill
Published: June 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

Becvar, D. S. (1997). Soul healing: A spiritual orientation n counseling and therapy.

Duncan, B., Hubble, M., & Miller, S. (1997). Psychotherapy with “impossible” cases.

Barnes, G. G., Thompson, P., Daniel, G., Burchardt, N. (1998). Growing up in stepfamilies.

Real, T. (1997). I don't want to talk about it: Overcoming the secret legacy of male depression

VIDEOTAPE REVIEW: Heley, J., & Richeport‐Haley, M. (1997). Whither Family Therapy.
BEYOND THE CLINIC: IN‐HOME THERAPY WITH HEAD START FAMILIES
Authors: Thomas Volker , McCollum Eric E. , Snyder Wendy
Published: June 2007

Social workers and case managers have provided in‐home services to families for some time. The field of Marriage and Family Therapy, however, has begun to do in‐home work only recently. This paper describes the experiences of MFT interns who worked with families in their homes. Two university graduate MFT training programs conceptualized and practiced in‐home therapy with families who had at least one child enrolled in the local Head Start program. This collaborative effort was part of the AAMFT‐Head Start Training Partnership Project that had the goal of funding projects that demonstrated successful partnerships between MFT and Head Start. Six interns worked with 27 Head Start families in their homes. A model of the interns' transition from clinic‐based to home‐based therapy is discussed and applied to working with Head Start families. The framework of in‐home therapy is expanded to conceptualizing larger systems and community‐based interventions, and recommendations for family therapists in private practice and agency settings are made.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Freedman Jill
Published: June 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

Patterson, J., Williams, L., Grauf‐Grounds, C., & Chamow, L. (1998) Essential skills in family therapy: From the first interview to termination.

Schnarch, D. (1977). Passionate marriage.

Pasick, P. (1998) Almost grwon: Luunching Your Child From High School to College.
QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF FAMILY THERAPY PROGRAMS: A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
Authors: Deacon Sharon A. , Piercy Fred P.
Published: June 2007

In this article, We provide examples of participatory qualitative evaluation methods can elicit useful feedback to improve programs and, at the same time, empower trinees to become partners in the evaluation process.
FAMILY THERAPY TRAINEES' EVALUATIONS OF THEIR BEST AND WORST SUPERVISION EXPERIENCES
Authors: Anderson Stephen A. , Schlossberg Margaret , Rigazio‐DiGilio Sandra
Published: June 2007

Supervises in Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education‐(COAMFTE) accredited and candidacy training programs were asked to describe their best and worst supervision experiences in terms of the context of training and supervision, the perceived personal attributes of the supervisor, and specific behaviors perceived to be enacted by the supervisor during supervision. Contextual factors such as supervision modality, frequency and duration of supervisory contacts, and sources of supervisory data appeared to distinguish between supervisees' perceptions of their best and worst experiences. These experiences were further distinguished by the supervisees' perceptions regarding the supervisor's level of interpersonal attractiveness, trustworthiness, and expertise. Key behaviors perceived to be enacted by supervisors during best and worst experiences clustered into several dimensions that included creating an open supervisory environment, communication and encouragement, attending to personal growth, and providing conceptual and providing conceptual and technical guidance and direction.
SPIRITUAL ISSUES IN FAMILY THERAPY: A GRADATE‐LEVEL COURSE
Authors: Patterson JoEllen , Hayworth Martha , Turner Christie , Raskin Mary
Published: June 2007

With the advent of the biopsychosocial approach in family therapy, the domain of spiritual issues is increasingly being recognized as important to families. This article will describe a graduatelevel seminar on Spiritual Issues in Family Therapy at the University of San Diego that offers family therapy students the opportunity to examine issues of spirituality, religion, and meaning and their place in therapy. One premise of the course is that research has demonstrated that most clients consider their spiritual life to be relevant to personal problems and would prefer a therapist who is comfortable with such topics. The goals of the course include (1) training in opening a dialogue with individuals and families about spiritual issues and discerning when referral may be appropriate; (2) expanding an awareness of wisdom traditions through use of comparative religions material; and (3) identifying from current practice many of the spiritual issues that may arise in the clinical setting.
THE SPIRITUAL GENOGRAM IN FAMILY THERAPY
Authors: Frame Marsha Wiggins
Published: June 2007

Spiritual and religious issues often surface during marital and family therapy. In this article, I describe a spiritual genogram that is a multigenerational map of family members' religious and spiritual affiliations, events, and conflicts. Used as a tool in family therapy, the spiritual genogram enables clients to make sense of their families' religious/spiritual heritage and to explore the ways in which their experiences impact present couple or family issues.
SPIRITUAL ECOMAPS: A NEW DIAGRAMMATIC TOOL FOR ASSESSING MARITAL AND FAMILY SPIRITUALITY
Authors: Hodge David R.
Published: June 2007

This paper develops a new diagrammatic spiritual assessment tool, the spiritual ecomap, for use with individuals, couples, and families. While a genogram portrays a family's history over time, a spiritual ecomap provides a valuable supplement by depicting a family's current relationships to critical ecological systems in space. The spiritual ecomap is based upon an anthropological framework conceptualized in the spiritual formation tradition and can be used with families from diverse spiritual traditions. I use a case study to familiarize the reader with the instrument, and offer suggestions for its application.
GENDER, FAMILY COMPETENCE, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
Authors: Knudson‐Martin Carmen
Published: June 2007

In this study (n=197) I examine the relationship between the presence of individual psychological symptoms as reported on the Symptom Checklist‐90‐R (SCL‐90‐R) and family competence as measured by the Beavers Interaction Scales, with particular emphasis on how these relationships vary according to gender. Despite the common belief that women need relationships more than men, the psychological health of men in this study was as strongly related to their perceptions of family quality as women's, perhaps even more so. Male and female adolescents appeared to experience family interactions quite differently. Implications for research and practice are addressed.
HELPING HIV‐POSITIVE PERSONS TO NEGOTIATE THE DISCLOSURE RPROCESS TO PARTNERS, FAMILY MEMBERS, AND FRIENDS
Authors: Serovich Julianne M.
Published: June 2007

For people who have been diagnosed with a chronic illness, one inevitable issue to be addressed is whether and how to share this information with others. For persons who are HIV positive, disclosure presents an especially arduous task. The purpose of this article is to offer a strategy to assist marriage and family therapists in facilitating client disclosure of an HIV‐positive status to partners, family members, and friends. In addition, suggestions for setting the stage for disclosure to occur and recommendations for client follow‐up are proposed.
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT USING THE CLINICAL RATING SCALE: THOMAS AND OLSON REVISITED
Authors: Lee Robert E. , Jager Kathleen Burns , Whiting Jason B.
Published: June 2007

Does the Clinical Rating Scale retain its validity when it is used, not by researchers, but by psychotherapists in their clinical practice? Students in a marital and family therapy training center routinely used the Clinical Rating Scale as part of the intake process. Although they had modest training in its use, confirmatory factor analysis indicated that they produced data that provided a reasonable approximation of the underlying factor structure. Therefore, although primarily considered a research instrument, the Clinical Rating Scale may have a role in clinical assessment and treatment planning.
MARS AND VENUS: UNEQUAL PLANETS
Authors: Zimmerman Toni Schindler , Haddock Shelley A. , McGeorge Christine R.
Published: June 2007

Self‐help books, a pervasive and influential aspect of society, can have a beneficial or detrimental effect on the therapeutic process. This article describes a thematic analysis and feminist critique of the best‐selling self‐help book, Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus. This analysis revealed that the author's materials are inconsistent with significant family therapy research findings and key principles of feminist theories. His descriptions of each gender and his recommendations for improving relationships serve to endorse and encourage power differentials between women and men.
THE FEMINIST/EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED THERAPY PRACTICE MODEL: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR COUPLE THERAPY
Authors: Vatcher Carole‐Anne , Bogo Marion
Published: June 2007

Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) is a well‐developed, empirically tested practice model for couple therapy that integrates systems, experiential, and attachment theories. Feminist family therapy theory has provided a critique of biased assumptions about gender at play in traditional family therapy practice and the historical absence of discussions of power in family therapy theory. This article presents an integrated feminist/EFT practice model for use in couple therapy, using a case from practice to illustrate key concepts. Broadly, the integrated model addresses gender roles and individual emotional experience using a systemic framework for understanding couple interaction. The model provides practitioners with a sophisticated, comprehensive, and relevant practice approach for working with the issues and challenges emerging for contemporary heterosexual couples.
METHODS OF FEMINIST FAMILY THERAPY SUPERVISION
Authors: Prouty Anne M. , Thomas Volker , Johnson Scott , Long Janie K.
Published: June 2007

Although feminist family therapy has been studied and practiced for more than 20 years, writing about feminist supervision in family therapy has been limited. Three supervision methods emerged from a qualitative study of the experiences of feminist family therapy supervisors and the therapists they supervised: The supervision contract, collaborative methods, and hierarchical methods. In addition to a description of the participants' experiences of these methods, we discuss their fit with previous theoretical description of feminist supervision and offer suggestions for future research.
COUPLES THERAPY FOR WOMEN SURVIVORS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE WHO ARE IN ADDICTIONS RECOVERY: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF TREATMENT PROCESS AND OUTCOME
Authors: Trute Barry , Docking Bobbie , Hiebert‐Murphy Diane
Published: June 2007

Treatment for women who are survivors of child sexual abuse and who have a history of substance abuse has largely involved gender‐specific interventions. This study examines the use of conjoint couple therapy with a cohort of women who were survivors of child sexual abuse and who are in addiction recovery and with their partners. A comparative case study analysis incorporated standardized clinical measures with client and therapist interviews. Brief conjoint therapy was found to assist couples in the specific relationship skill areas of communication and mutual problem solving. Further, substantive gains were found in the realm of affective relations. The women reported an increase in support from their male partners, and the men reported a decrease in negative emotional atmosphere in the relationship.
CLIENTS' VIEWS OF LIVE SUPERVISION AND SATISFACTION WITH THERAPY
Authors: Locke Lisa D. , McCollum Eric E.
Published: June 2007

In this study we examined clients' perceptions of live supervision and their satisfaction with therapy in a university‐based training clinic for marriage and family therapists. A total of 108 clients completed the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire‐8 and a modified version of the Purdue Live Observation Satisfaction Scale. Client's comments on the advantages and disadvantages of live supervision were also solicited through short‐answer questions. Results indicated that clients were generally satisfied with therapy and found the live‐supervision process satisfactory as long as the perceived helpfulness of live supervision outweighed its pèrceived intrusiveness. The challenge for training clinics is striking a balance between helpfulness and intrusiveness in an effort to both train competent therapists and provide quality treatment.
INTERNAL FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY FOR CHILDREN IN FAMILY THERAPY
Authors: Wark Linda , Thomas Melanie , Peterson Sahri
Published: June 2007

This article presents a developmentally supported implementation of Internal Family Systems Therapy for school‐age children and their families. Relevant developmental characteristics of children are described. Suggestions for working with parents, child‐oriented interventions, and a case example are presented.
RESOURCE‐BASED REFLECTIVE CONSULTATION: ACCESSING CLIENT RESOURCES THROUGH INTERVIEWS AND DIALOGUE
Authors: Echevarria‐Doan Silvia
Published: June 2007

This article presents an interventive, consultative method that is designed to elicit and to promote resource‐based language between client families and their therapists. The reflexive interview process that this method entailed is described through case examples. Initially, resource‐based language was generated from client interviews and shared in reflective dialogue with their therapists in a way that encouraged participants to consider different views and beliefs about themselves, each other, and their process together. Use of this consultative process in therapy added heightened awareness and respect for competencies possessed not only by the client families but by the therapists as well.
CONSIDERING JUSTICE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF FAMILY THERAPY WITH ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Bowling Stephanie Weiland , Kearney Lisa K. , Lumadue Christine A. , Germain Noelle R. St.
Published: June 2007

Feminist approaches to therapy with adolescents emphasize an empowering focus on the strengths of adolescents while simultaneously insisting that therapists become aware of their own biases toward today's adolescents. However, a review of the family therapy literature finds little mention of feminist approaches for addressing injustices (e.g., family scapegoating, negative societal views of adolescents, and gender oppression) that arise in family therapy with adolescents. Therefore, this study explores clinical approaches and resources suggested by a surveyed group of self‐identified feminist family therapists. In addition, we also recommend several approaches and resources that will aid family therapists in creating a more just climate for family therapy with youth.
CONSTRUCTIVE HYPOTHESIZING, DIALOGIC UNDERSTANDING AND THE THERAPIST'S INNER CONVERSATION: SOME IDEAS ABOUT KNOWING AND NOT KNOWING IN THE FAMILY THERAPY SESSION
Authors: Rober Peter
Published: June 2007

The primary tasks of the therapist can be described as listening to what the client says and making space for what the client has not yet said. According to Anderson and Goolishian, the therapist should take a not‐knowing stance in this dialogic process. The question remains, however, what not‐knowing exactly means. In this article, I will explore this question and I will propose the concept of constructive hypothesizing. Constructive hypothesizing is described as a process in which there is a movement back and forth between knowing and not knowing. Of central importance are creative and dialogic understanding, rather than knowledge. Recommendations are made to ensure the constructive and collaborative use of hypotheses in the therapeutic dialogue.
CONDUCTING MEDICAL OFFSET RESEARCH IN A HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND INSIGHTS
Authors: Crane D. Russell , Law David D.
Published: June 2007

The paper summarizes the experience of a 4‐year research project conducted in a large Health Maintenance Organization. Obstacles and solutions related to doing research in this type of system are presented. Suggestions for those seeking to conduct research programs in similar settings are provided.
EXPANDING BOWEN'S LEGACY TO FAMILY THERAPY: A RESPONSE TO HORNE AND HICKS
Authors: Knudson‐Martin Carmen
Published: June 2007

In response to Horne and Hicks's critique of my 1994 revision of Bowen Theory, I present an updated rationale for my work. I argue that the primary difference in my construction of emotional differentiation rests in the way “self” is constructed. I suggest that many women, persons from less individualistic cultures, and very spiritual persons develop a “connected self” that is significantly different than Bowen's image of separate selves engaged with each other. I hold that Bowen Theory privileges individuality and ignores many of the positive aspects of togetherness. I put forth an inclusive model for differentiation that equally prioritizes each.
OPEN DIALOGUES WITH GOOD AND POOR OUTCOMES FOR PSYCHOTIC CRISES: EXAMPLES FROM FAMILIES WITH VIOLENCE
Authors: Seikkula Jaakko
Published: June 2007

In Open Dialogue the first treatment meeting occurs within 24 hr after contact and includes the social network of the patient. The aim is to generate dialogue to contruct words for the experiences embodied in the patient's psychotic symptoms. All issues are analyzed and planned with everyone present. A dialogical sequence analysis was conducted comparing good and poor outcomes of first‐episode psychotic patients. In good outcomes, the clients had both interactional and semantic dominance, and the dialogue took place in a symbolic language and in a dialogical form. Already at the first meeting, in the good outcome cases, the team responded to the client's words in a dialogical way, but in the case with the poor outcome, the patient's reflections on his own acts were not heard.
MARITAL DISTRESS, CO‐OCCURRING DEPRESSION, AND MARITAL THERAPY: A REVIEW
Authors: Mead D. Eugene
Published: June 2007

This article reviews several factors that contribute to marital distress and co‐occurring depression and also reviews empirically supported therapies. Gender contributes to marital distress and depression but does not appear to be the cause of either. Marital distress and depression appear to have bidirectional influence on each other. The depressed spouse's depression has a marked impact on the marital adjustment of the nondepressed spouse. Both marital distress and depression appear to be chronic. It is recommended that treatment be designed to help couples be supportive of each another, to adapt, and to cope with the depressive symptoms within the framework of their ongoing marital relations.
PARENTING PRACTICES AND THE TRANSMISSION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY
Authors: Davey Maureen , Fish Linda Stone , Askew Julie , Robila Mihaela
Published: June 2007

Three years after being interviewed, a nonrandom, purposeful subsample of 14 Jewish families from a larger sample of 48 families living in Central New York was reinterviewed. The primary aim of this follow‐up study was to develop a descriptive understanding of parenting practies and the transmission of ethnic identity. Semistuctured family interviews were conducted and coded using grounded‐theory techniques, in particular the constant comparative method of analysis. Four main qualitative categories emerged from this study: Individual differnces in teenagers, stages of ethnic indentity development, parenting practices, and parental role models. Findings suggest that clear expectations, a type of authoritative parenting, could style be associated with the positive transmission of Jewish ethnic identity. This type of parenting style was direct as parents expressed clear expectations for participation in Jewish activities both at home and in the community.
NEGOTIATED TIME‐OUT: A DE‐ESCALATION TOOL FOR COUPLES
Authors: Rosen Karen H. , Matheson Jennifer L. , Stith Sandra M. , McCollum Eric E. , Locke Lisa D.
Published: June 2007

Many state domestic violence intervention standards mandate that treatment for offenders should be separate from any treatment offered to victims.

In this article we advocate that in cases of low‐level violence, when couples choose to remain together, certain aspects of treatment should be offered

conjointly. Specifically, our feedback from victims and offenders suggests that one tool generally taught to offenders‐time‐out—is often ineffective and

can be used abusively when partners are not taught the tool concurrently. We describe the negotiated time‐out procedure that we developed and

use feedback from our clients to illustrate its usefulness.
THE REVOLUTION IN COUPLE THERAPY: A PRACTITIONER‐SCIENTIST PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Johnson Susan M.
Published: June 2007

This article offers an overview of the expanding field of couple therapy, focusing on what the author considers to be new and even revolutionary in this field. In terms of outcome research, this article suggests that differential treatment effects are discernable. Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) appears to demonstrate the best outcomes at present. The most significant differences between research studies and everyday clinical practice may be the levels of therapist supervision rather than the essential nature of clients. The manualization of treatment is also viewed positively in this review. Areas of growth are the mapping of the territory of distress, understanding the process of change, couple therapy as an effective intervention for “individual” disorders, and the integration into couple therapy of clinical research, such as the research on gender and responses in therapy, and research on adult attachment. Practitioner‐scientists can contribute to this evolving field by systematic observation and by reminding researchers of the need for clinical relevance. Couple therapy is now integrating description, prediction and explanation. As a result, theory, practice and systematic investigation are beginning to create a coherent whole.
A STUDY OF THE SURFACE SYNOPTIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE DROUGHT OF THE 1960's IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1
Authors: Horowitz Joseph L. , Shulman Mark D.
Published: June 2007

A comparative evaluation is made of the frequency of air mass and frontal types during a 4‐year representative portion of the drought as opposed to an equivalent non‐drought period. Selection of the non‐drought period is based on the Palmer Drought Index. Results indicate a statistically significant increase in the occurrence of continental polar air during the drought. Other conclusions concerning conditions during the drought, not statistically significant but worth further study, are: lower frequency of maritime tropical air in the summer months, more occurrences of cold and occluded fronts, and fewer occurrences of stationary fronts.
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR STREAMFLOW1
Authors: Schoof Russell R. , Seely Edward H. , Nicks Arlin D. , Edens Carlton D. , Allen Paul B.
Published: June 2007

Daily, monthly, and yearly summaries of streamflow and sediment transport are computed from continuous gage height records and discrete measurements of sediment concentration and discharge rate. The system includes computer computation of discharge measurement notes and an accuracy check of gage height and time input data. Maximum volumes of runoff for selected time intervals up to eight days and flow duration data can also be compiled. Electronic data processing equipment including a chart reader, card punch, computers, and card sorter are used. The system software includes 12 Fortran programs.
ADSORPTION IN MULTICOMPONENT SOLUTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON
Authors: Poon Calvin P. C. , Sung Maw‐hao
Published: June 2007

It was found that the total adsorptive capacity of activated carbon was enhanced by using a multicomponent solution with glucose, peptone and phenylphosphonic acid. A maximum use of the carbon adsorptive capacity is possible if the carbon is used for tertiary treatment followed by treating a stronger waste.
A NONLINEAR MODEL OF A WATER RESERVOIR SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE USES AND ITS OPTIMIZATION BY COMBINED USE OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND PATTERN SEARCH TECHNIQUES
Authors: Erickson L. E. , Fan L. T. , Lee E. S. , Meyer D. L.
Published: June 2007

A fairly realistic nonlinear model of a water reservoir system with multiple uses has been developed based on available data, and the optimum of the system based on the developed model has been determined by the combined use of dynamic programming and the pattern search techniques. Both the simplex search and the Hooke and Jeeves pattern search have been used. The approach in modeling and optimization can treat complex inequality constraints. The benefits or losses resulting from four purposes or uses of water, namely, urban water supply, hydroelectric power generation, irrigation, and recreation, are taken into account in the profit function. Other uses such as flood control, navigation, and fish and wildlife enhancement are considered indirectly by the use of inequality constraints. It appears that the approach developed in this work can treat a water resource allocation problem involving complex inequality constraints.
THE STABILITY OF BLOCKS SUBJECTED TO PLUNGING WATER JETS
Authors: Chee S. P. , Padiyar P. V.
Published: June 2007

Laboratory observations were made on the stability of cubical blocks subjected to plunging water jets. The blocks were placed in a plunge basin at the base of a flip bucket. A dimensionless equation was derived and a nomogram was drawn to facilitate its solution. The results can be applied to determine the size of stones required to armor a plunge basin or scour hole.
MODELING OF THE GREAT LAKES WATER SYSTEM1
Authors: Meredith Dale D.
Published: June 2007

There have been two predominate approaches to the modeling of the Great Lakes water system: physical models and mathematical models. The physical models have been of individual lakes whereas the mathematical models have varied from models of individual processes such as evaporation occurring in one portion of one lake to models which include all water quantity components for all five Great Lakes.

The assumptions and limitations of the two approaches are presented along with the kinds of results to be expected from each type of modeling. Examples of previous modeling efforts are given to illustrate these assumptions, limitations, and results. Other areas requiring further research are outlined.
IMPROVING WATER RESOURCE ALLOCATION THROUGH DEMAND‐ORIENTED WATER POLICY1
Authors: Finster Ronald D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. In the arid and semi‐arid regions of the Western United States the water problem is generally perceived as one of “inadequate” supply. This conception of the problem engenders supply‐oriented water policy, or policy focusing exclusively upon a single class of solutions–the various schemes for augmenting an area's water supply. In a more complete or balanced conceptualization, the water problem is viewed as one of “inadequate” supply and/or “excessive” demand. When the water problem is so conceived, water policy is broadened to include demand‐oriented water policy, or policy aimed at reducing the quantity of water demanded in an area. The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain demand‐oriented water policy. Basically it consists of changing the set of commodities produced by the economy, cutting back and/or eliminating goods requiring large quantities of water in their production and introducing and/or expanding goods which require little water. This paper also reports briefly on research undertaken to test demand‐oriented policy in Arizona. Results indicate that such a policy can be extremely efficacious in solving a region's water problem.
THE IMPACT OF PRESSURE SEWERS ON THE NATION'S WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Glenn Donald R. , Federico John G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

Over the last few years, several studies sponsored by both government and interested national engineering associations have evaluated the relative merits of pressure sewer systems. Surprisingly little data has been forthcoming, however, with regard to the effects of pressure sewers on both the economics of land development and the country's water resources. The intention of our paper is to detail the salutary effects of pressure sewers on water supply resources, the indirect effect on other resources by decreasing the contribution of sanitary sewage to their pollution, and to illustrate where, in some locations of the country, pressure sewers would benefit the economics of land development. As engineers from a large industrial firm that has built hardware that will allow the concepts stated above to become realities, we will present data to enforce our convictions. Some effects on municipal treatment plants, and emplacement costs of the system are described. Since the main thrust of our paper is to treat the effect of pressure sanitary sewers on the water resources of the country, specific peripheral data is not presented at length. The pressure sewer effects on lowering water usage in homes and the decrease in groundwater contamination by replacing septic tanks with pressure sewers in selected locations is presented. Advanced technology concepts such as energy assisted sewer systems should be considered as a favorable economic manner in which to preserve selected water resources. During the 1965 drought that affected the Northeastern section of the U.S., a federal government document reported that there was really no shortage of water, but that present water resources lacked management. Pressure sewers may be a water resources management tool and an effective one if not promulgated as a cure‐all for the water pollution problems facing this nation.
AIR‐WATER TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP IN ILLINOIS RIVER1
Authors: Kothandaraman V.
Published: June 2007

Application of harmonic analysis to daily mean air, water temperature records for a location indicates that the first harmonic accounts for a major portion of the total variance in the records. Water temperature residuals are well correlated with air temperature residuals. Parametric values of the mathematical model for predicting water temperatures from air temperature records are stable from year to year. The air‐water temperature relationship appears to be a stationary linear process. Consequently, it is possible to predict water temperatures at a location from the ambient temperature records provided both air and water temperature records are available for another similarly situated water body.
STEPPED WEIR ON AN ANISOTROPIC DRAINED STRATUM OF FINITE DEPTH1
Authors: Reddy A. Siva , Mishra G. C. , Seetharamiah K.
Published: June 2007

Using Schwarz‐Christoffel transformation, an analysis is presented for finding the pressure distribution and exit gradients for a weir on an anisotropic drained stratum.