bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth mechanism of vertical compositional inhomogeneities in AlInN films
Authors: Zhang S , Liu B , Yin J Y , Sun H H , Feng Z H , Zhao L C
Published: February 2011

The growth mechanisms of vertical compositional inhomogeneities were investigated in lattice-matched AlInN films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition. X-ray diffraction and secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements demonstrated a fluctuation of the indium (In) atomic fraction at the initial growth stage. Some In droplets formed on the surface of the inhomogeneous AlInN films, when In was excess caused by the initial Al-rich AlInN layer. The compositional inhomogeneities were attributed to the self-assembled In droplets by increasing the surface In content.
Nutrient stress does not cause retrograde transport of cytoplasmic tRNA to the nucleus in evolutionarily diverse organisms
Authors: Chafe Shawn C. , Pierce Jacqueline B. , Eswara Manoja B. K. , McGuire Andrew T. , Mangroo Dev
Published: February 2011

Intracellular trafficking of tRNA was long thought to be a one-way trip from the site of biogenesis in the nucleus to the translation machinery in the cytoplasm. This view has recently been challenged, however, by the discovery that tRNA can move retrograde from the cytoplasm back to the nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat hepatoma H4IIE cells during nutrient stress and in S. cerevisiae after intron-containing pre-tRNAs are spliced in the cytoplasm. Contrary to studies reported, we present data suggesting that nutrient stress does not cause retrograde transport of cytoplasmic tRNAs to the nucleus in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells, human HeLa and HEK293 cells, and the yeasts Kluyveromyces lactis and S. cerevisiae. However, the efficiency of nuclear re-export of retrograded spliced tRNA was severely affected in S. cerevisiae and two other Saccharomyces species deprived of nutrient. Collectively, the data suggest that nutrient stress does not cause nuclear import of cytoplasmic tRNA; instead, nutrient stress specifically regulates nuclear re-export of retrograded spliced tRNAs but not nuclear export of tRNAs made from intronless pre-tRNAs in Saccharomyces species. Furthermore, we provide evidence suggesting that Mtr10p and the Gsp1pGTP/Gsp1pGDP cycle are not involved in nuclear tRNA import in S. cerevisiae during nutrient stress.
The nucleoporin Nup88 is interacting with nuclear lamin A
Authors: Lussi Yvonne C. , Hügi Ilona , Laurell Eva , Kutay Ulrike , Fahrenkrog Birthe
Published: February 2011

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are embedded in the nuclear envelope (NE) and mediate bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport. Their spatial distribution in the NE is organized by the nuclear lamina, a meshwork of nuclear intermediate filament proteins. Major constituents of the nuclear lamina are A- and B-type lamins. In this work we show that the nuclear pore protein Nup88 binds lamin A in vitro and in vivo. The interaction is mediated by the N-terminus of Nup88, and Nup88 specifically binds the tail domain of lamin A but not of lamins B1 and B2. Expression of green fluorescent protein–tagged lamin A in cells causes a masking of binding sites for Nup88 antibodies in immunofluorescence assays, supporting the interaction of lamin A with Nup88 in a cellular context. The epitope masking disappears in cells expressing mutants of lamin A that are associated with laminopathic diseases. Consistently, an interaction of Nup88 with these mutants is disrupted in vitro. Immunoelectron microscopy using Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei further revealed that Nup88 localizes to the cytoplasmic and nuclear face of the NPC. Together our data suggest that a pool of Nup88 on the nuclear side of the NPC provides a novel, unexpected binding site for nuclear lamin A.
Protective role of Gipie, a Girdin family protein, in endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in endothelial cells
Authors: Matsushita Etsushi , Asai Naoya , Enomoto Atsushi , Kawamoto Yoshiyuki , Kato Takuya , Mii Shinji , Maeda Kengo , Shibata Rei , Hattori Shun , Hagikura Minako , Takahashi Ken , Sokabe Masahiro , Murakumo Yoshiki , Murohara Toyoaki , Takahashi Masahide
Published: February 2011

Continued exposure of endothelial cells to mechanical/shear stress elicits the unfolded protein response (UPR), which enhances intracellular homeostasis and protect cells against the accumulation of improperly folded proteins. Cells commit to apoptosis when subjected to continuous and high endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress unless homeostasis is maintained. It is unknown how endothelial cells differentially regulate the UPR. Here we show that a novel Girdin family protein, Gipie (78 kDa glucose-regulated protein [GRP78]-interacting protein induced by ER stress), is expressed in endothelial cells, where it interacts with GRP78, a master regulator of the UPR. Gipie stabilizes the interaction between GRP78 and the ER stress sensor inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1) at the ER, leading to the attenuation of IRE1-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Gipie expression is induced upon ER stress and suppresses the IRE1-JNK pathway and ER stress-induced apoptosis. Furthermore we found that Gipie expression is up-regulated in the neointima of carotid arteries after balloon injury in a rat model that is known to result in the induction of the UPR. Thus our data indicate that Gipie/GRP78 interaction controls the IRE1-JNK signaling pathway. That interaction appears to protect endothelial cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis in pathological contexts such as atherosclerosis and vascular endothelial dysfunction.
Coilin participates in the suppression of RNA polymerase I in response to cisplatin-induced DNA damage
Authors: Gilder Andrew S. , Do Phi M. , Carrero Zunamys I , Cosman Angela M. , Broome Hanna J. , Velma Venkatramreddy , Martinez Luis A. , Hebert Michael D.
Published: February 2011

Coilin is a nuclear phosphoprotein that concentrates within Cajal bodies (CBs) and impacts small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) biogenesis. Cisplatin and γ-irradiation, which cause distinct types of DNA damage, both trigger the nucleolar accumulation of coilin, and this temporally coincides with the repression of RNA polymerase I (Pol I) activity. Knockdown of endogenous coilin partially overrides the Pol I transcriptional arrest caused by cisplatin, while both ectopically expressed and exogenous coilin accumulate in the nucleolus and suppress rRNA synthesis. In support of this mechanism, we demonstrate that both cisplatin and γ-irradiation induce the colocalization of coilin with RPA-194 (the largest subunit of Pol I), and we further show that coilin can specifically interact with RPA-194 and the key regulator of Pol I activity, upstream binding factor (UBF). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we provide evidence that coilin modulates the association of Pol I with ribosomal DNA. Collectively, our data suggest that coilin acts to repress Pol I activity in response to cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Our findings identify a novel and unexpected function for coilin, independent of its role in snRNP biogenesis, establishing a new link between the DNA damage response and the inhibition of rRNA synthesis.
RB deletion disrupts coordination between DNA replication licensing and mitotic entry in vivo
Authors: Bourgo Ryan J. , Ehmer Ursula , Sage Julien , Knudsen Erik S.
Published: February 2011

The integrity of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) pathway is critical for restraining inappropriate proliferation and suppressing tumor development in a plethora of tissues. Here adenovirus-mediated RB deletion in the liver of adult mice led to DNA replication in the absence of productive mitotic condensation. The replication induced by RB loss was E2F-mediated and associated with the induction of DNA damage and a nontranscriptional G2/M checkpoint that targeted the accumulation of Cyclin B1. In the context of RB deletion or E2F activation, there was an increase in hepatocyte ploidy that was accompanied by hyperphysiological assembly of prereplication complexes. In keeping with this dysregulation, initiation of DNA replication was readily observed in hepatocytes that were phenotypically in G2/M. Under such conditions, uncoupling of replication initiation from mitotic progression led to altered genome ploidy in the liver. Interestingly, these findings in hepatocytes were not recapitulated in the basally proliferative tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, where RB deletion, while increasing DNA replication, did not lead to a profound uncoupling from mitosis. Combined, these findings demonstrate the critical role of RB in controlling cell-cycle transitions and underscore the importance of intrinsic tissue environments in resultant phenotypes.
Sas-4 proteins are required during basal body duplication inParamecium
Authors: Gogendeau Delphine , Hurbain Ilse , Raposo Graca , Cohen Jean , Koll France , Basto Renata
Published: February 2011

Centrioles and basal bodies are structurally related organelles composed of nine microtubule (MT) triplets. Studies performed in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos have shown that centriole duplication takes place in sequential way, in which different proteins are recruited in a specific order to assemble a procentriole. ZYG-1 initiates centriole duplication by triggering the recruitment of a complex of SAS-5 and SAS-6, which then recruits the final player, SAS-4, to allow the incorporation of MT singlets. It is thought that a similar mechanism (that also involves additional proteins) is present in other animal cells, but it remains to be investigated whether the same players and their ascribed functions are conserved during basal body duplication in cells that exclusively contain basal bodies. To investigate this question, we have used the multiciliated protist Paramecium tetraurelia. Here we show that in the absence of PtSas4, two types of defects in basal body duplication can be identified. In the majority of cases, the germinative disk and cartwheel, the first structures assembled during duplication, are not detected. In addition, if daughter basal bodies were formed, they invariably had defects in MT recruitment. Our results suggest that PtSas4 has a broader function than its animal orthologues.
International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women: A 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Authors: Gupta Kalpana , Hooton Thomas M. , Naber Kurt G. , Wullt Björn , Colgan Richard , Miller Loren G. , Moran Gregory J. , Nicolle Lindsay E. , Raz Raul , Schaeffer Anthony J. , Soper David E.
Published: February 2011

A Panel of International Experts was convened by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) in collaboration with the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) to update the 1999 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection Guidelines by the IDSA. Co-sponsoring organizations include the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Urological Association, Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases–Canada, and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. The focus of this work is treatment of women with acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis, diagnoses limited in these guidelines to premenopausal, non-pregnant women with no known urological abnormalities or co-morbidities. The issues of in vitro resistance prevalence and the ecological adverse effects of antimicrobial therapy (collateral damage) were considered as important factors in making optimal treatment choices and thus are reflected in the rankings of recommendations.
Computational modelling of mitotic exit in budding yeast: the role of separase and Cdc14 endocycles
Authors: Vinod P. K. , Freire Paula , Rattani Ahmed , Ciliberto Andrea , Uhlmann Frank , Novak Bela
Published: February 2011

The operating principles of complex regulatory networks are best understood with the help of mathematical modelling rather than by intuitive reasoning. Hereby, we study the dynamics of the mitotic exit (ME) control system in budding yeast by further developing the Queralt's model. A comprehensive systems view of the network regulating ME is provided based on classical experiments in the literature. In this picture, Cdc20–APC is a critical node controlling both cyclin (Clb2 and Clb5) and phosphatase (Cdc14) branches of the regulatory network. On the basis of experimental situations ranging from single to quintuple mutants, the kinetic parameters of the network are estimated. Numerical analysis of the model quantifies the dependence of ME control on the proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of separase. We show that the requirement of the non-proteolytic function of separase for ME depends on cyclin-dependent kinase activity. The model is also used for the systematic analysis of the recently discovered Cdc14 endocycles. The significance of Cdc14 endocycles in eukaryotic cell cycle control is discussed as well.
ADAR2 editing enzyme is a novel human immunodeficiency virus-1 proviral factor
Authors: Doria Margherita , Tomaselli Sara , Neri Francesca , Ciafrè Silvia Anna , Farace Maria Giulia , Michienzi Alessandro , Gallo Angela
Published: February 2011

The adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes catalyse conversion of adenosine to inosine in dsRNA. A positive effect of ADAR1 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication has recently been reported. Here, we show that another ADAR enzyme, ADAR2, positively affects the replication process of HIV-1. We found that, analogously to ADAR1, ADAR2 enhances the release of progeny virions by an editing-dependent mechanism. However, differently from the ADAR1 enzyme, ADAR2 does not increase the infectious potential of the virus. Importantly, downregulation of ADAR2 in Jurkat cells significantly impairs viral replication. Therefore, ADAR2 shares some but not all proviral functions of ADAR1. These results suggest a novel role of ADAR2 as a viral regulator.
Leadership in Children’s Services
Authors: Booker Roger
Published: February 2011

This paper examines the different contexts for leadership in children’s services with a particular focus on integrated working. It reviews contemporary theories that appear to offer relevant frameworks for thinking about children’s service leadership. It is argued that children’s services require leadership at all levels to enable a dynamic, interactive service on the front line. Multi‐professional team leadership is a crucial and much underestimated role in integrated services, which should be thinking in terms of leadership capacity throughout the organisation rather than focusing predominantly on the most senior roles in the hierarchy.
Fast solution of geophysical inversion using adaptive mesh, space-filling curves and wavelet compression
Authors: Davis Kristofer , Li Yaoguo
Published: February 2011

Many geophysical inverse problems involve large and dense coefficient matrices that often exceed the limitations of physical memory in commonly available computers. The repeated multiplications of such matrices to vectors during processing or inversion require an immense amount of computing power. These two factors pose a significant challenge to solving large-scale inverse problems in practice and can render many realistic problems intractable. To overcome these limitations, we develop a new computational approach for this class of problems by combining an adaptive quadtree or octree model discretization and wavelet transforms on reordered parameter sets. The adaptive mesh discretizes the model region according to the required resolutions based on localized anomalies. Hilbert space-filling curves and similar ordering of the reduced parameter set then enable a higher compression of the coefficient matrix by forming its sparse representation in the 1-D wavelet domain. This combination can reduce the storage requirement by 100 to 1000 times and, therefore, also speeds up the computation during the processing stage by the same factor. As a result, problems can now be solved that were computationally prohibitive. We present the algorithm and illustrate its effectiveness with an example from equivalent source construction in potential-field processing.
THE DIAGENESIS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PERMIAN RANGER CANYON AND MOWITCH FORMATIONS, ISHBEL GROUP, FROM THE SOUTHERN CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS
Authors: RAPSON‐McGUGAN J. E.
Published: February 2011

The Ranger Canyon and Mowitch Formations are the youngest Permian strata in the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges. They constitute a thin, widespread and clearly defined stratigraphic entity covering approximately 60,000 sq. miles; they occur below Triassic beds and above a major, regional, intra‐Permian unconformity, initiated by a transgression which started in the northwest. Beds of the above entity are therefore diachronous. The erosion surface is overlain by polymict, phosphatic conglomerates containing mature lag gravels and immature breccio‐conglomerates and corrosion breccias.

Rock types are either sandstones or silty and sandy cherts, phosphorites and occasionally dolomites. Clastic components are dominantly mature quartz (some pseudomorphs gypsum), phosphate, some feldspar, negligible clay, and stable detrital minerals, necessitating: (1) many cycled, clastic sedimentary rock; (2) local gypsum; and (3) phosphate producing, distributive provinces.

Secondary features include primary cementation by quartz, chalcedony, dolomite, sulphate and phosphate, with replacement mainly by chalcedony. Contraction fractures are cemented by quartz (after anhydrite and fluorite), calcite and barite. Accessory authigenic minerals are hematite, sulphates (pseudomorphed by quartz), fluorite, apatite and dolomite. Diagenesis therefore occurred within a chemically active environment.

Minerals present indicate: (1) phosphate producing and (2) evaporite producing environments, the components for which may be obtained from sea water by: (a) a biogeochemical phosphate‐fixation cycle; and (b) concentration of brines by interstitial refluxion.

A Recent environmental parallel occurs along the coast of Baja, California. Phosphate produced off‐shore contributes to quartz‐rich sediments prograding seawards; evaporitic conditions produce minimum carbonate and maximum sulphate precipitation.

The sequence of events envisaged for the Permian rocks started with phosphate corrosion of bed‐rock and cementation of lag gravels; some phosphate was contributed to shoreline, with quartz and gypsum sands, prograding over the basal conglomerate. Sand cementation by carbonate occurred in shoreline and intertidal zones, and by sulphate in the supratidal zones. Concentration of brines by refluxion, and local silica enrichment, facilitated silica precipitation and replacement. Penecontemporaneous silicification of Late Permian sediments was therefore instrumental in their ultimate preservation.
SILICA MINERALS IN THE EARLY STAGE OF DIAGENESIS
Authors: MIZUTANI SHINJIRO
Published: February 2011

Experimental investigation shows that amorphous silica is converted into quartz through cristobalite under hydrothermal conditions. The rate of transformation, essentially dependent on the reaction temperature, was studied on the basis of quantitative analyses of quartz in the products, and the variation of quartz content was elucidated by taking the induction period into consideration. The transformation is a consecutive reaction involving two first‐order steps, from amorphous silica to low‐cristobalite and from low‐cristobalite to low‐quartz. Kinetic data such as the rate constants and the energy of activation are obtained.

Mineralogical varieties of silica found in siliceous deposits suggest that the transformation probably takes place under natural conditions. Younger deposits contain amorphous silica or cristobalite, whereas older ones are invariably composed of quartz. By assuming that the transformation process observed experimentally holds in nature, kinetic data can be estimated. Since the process depends upon the thermal history, it is possible to follow the transformation process for a given model of a thermal history. An example of computed results is compared with the geological evidence, and it is concluded that the mineralogical variation of silica is accounted for by the transformation process.

Zonal distribution of silica minerals apparently corresponds to that of zeolite minerals, and the transformation of silica is considered to occur during diagenesis. Evidently, almost all diagenetic facies represent intermediate stages on the way to the ultimate equilibrium. The cristobalite stage described in this paper belongs to one of these stages, and is referable to the early stage of diagenesis. It is suggested that silica minerals can be used as clues to understand a progressive change in diagenesis.
Identification of 11 novel mutations in 49 Korean patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II
Authors: Sohn YB , Ki C‐S , Kim C‐H , Ko A‐R , Yook Y‐J , Lee S‐J , Kim SJ , Park SW , Yeau S , Kwon E‐K , Han SJ , Choi EW , Lee S‐Y , Kim J‐W , Jin D‐K
Published: February 2011

Sohn YB, Ki C‐S, Kim C‐H, Ko A‐R, Yook Y‐J, Lee S‐J, Kim SJ, Park SW, Yeau S, Kwon E‐K, Han SJ, Choi EW, Lee S‐Y, Kim J‐W, Jin D‐K. Identification of 11 novel mutations in 49 Korean patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) or Hunter syndrome is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase (IDS). As MPS II is X‐linked, patients are usually males with heterogeneous mutations ranging from point mutations to gross deletions and recombination. In 2003, we reported a mutation analysis of 25 patients with MPS II. In this study, 31 mutations in another 49 Korean patients (45 families) with MPS II are reported: 12 missense, nine deletions, four splicing, two nonsense, two insertions, one deletion/insertion, and IDS‐IDS2 recombination mutations. Among these mutations, 11 were novel ones (4 missense mutations: Ser61Pro, Pro97Arg, Pro228Ala, and Pro261Ala; 5 deletions: c.344delA, c.420delG, c.768delT, c.1112delC and c.1402delC; 1 deletion/insertion: c.1222delinsTA; and 1 insertion mutation: c.359_360insATCC). The IDS‐IDS2 recombination mutations were most frequently observed; all patients with this mutation had the severe MPS II phenotype. However, most of the patients (5/7) with the G374G splicing mutation had an attenuated phenotype, except for two sibling cases with the severe phenotype. Except for a few recurrent mutations such as the G374G, R443X, L522P, and recombination mutations, each patient had a unique individual mutation. Therefore, careful interpretation of genotype–phenotype correlations is warranted.
X‐linked dominant Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease with connexin 32 (Cx32) mutations in Koreans
Authors: Kim Y , Choi K‐G , Park KD , Lee KS , Chung KW , Choi B‐O
Published: February 2011

Kim Y, Choi K‐G, Park KD, Lee KS, Chung KW, Choi B‐O. X‐linked dominant Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease with connexin 32 (Cx32) mutations in Koreans.

X‐linked dominant Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMTX) is an inherited peripheral neuropathy, caused mainly by a mutation of connexin 32 (Cx32) gene. We performed a mutation analysis of Cx32 by direct sequencing of the coding sequence, then identified 23 mutations from 28 Korean CMTX families. Nine mutations were not reported previously: Gly5Ser, Ser26fs, Val37Leu, Thr86Ile, Val152fs, Phe153Cys, Asp178X, Ala197Val, and Ile214Asn. The extracellular 2 (EC2) domain of Cx32 protein was the hot spot mutation domain in 44% of Koreans. Transmembrane domain 4 was rarely affected in Koreans (4%), compared with 14% of Europeans. The EC1 and intracellular domain was not affected in Koreans, although they were frequently affected in Europeans. This study revealed that the frequencies of CMTX with Cx32 mutations are specific to different ethnic groups. The frequency of CMTX (5.3%) caused by Cx32 mutation in Koreans is similar to those in Asians but lower than those in Europeans. This study suggests differences between CMTX patients with Cx32 mutations and ethnic background.
Role of charge recombination processes in photodamage and photoprotection of the photosystem II complex
Authors: Vass Imre
Published: February 2011

Light‐induced damage of the photosynthetic apparatus is an important and complex phenomenon, which affects primarily the photosystem II (PSII) complex. Here, the author summarizes the current state of understanding, which concerns the role of charge recombination reactions in photodamage and photoprotection. The main mechanism of photodamage induced by visible light appears to be mediated by acceptor side modifications, which develop under light intensity conditions when the capacity of light‐independent photosynthetic processes limits the utilization of electrons produced in the initial photoreactions. This situation facilitates triplet chlorophyll formation and singlet oxygen production in the reaction center of PSII, which initiates the damage of electron transport components and protein structure. This mechanism is an important, but not exclusive, pathway of photodamage, and light‐induced inactivation of the Mn cluster of water oxidation may occur in parallel with the singlet oxygen‐dependent pathway.
Desensitization of depolarization‐mediated contractile pathways does not necessarily regulate receptor‐mediated excitation–contraction coupling in longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum
Authors: Hishinuma Shigeru , Shoji Masaru
Published: February 2011

1. Activation of Gq protein‐coupled receptors, such as muscarinic M3 and histamine H1 receptors, induces smooth muscle contraction through activation of voltage‐dependent Ca channels.

2. To evaluate roles of depolarization‐mediated contractile pathways in the desensitization of receptor‐mediated contraction, we compared the development of carbachol‐induced desensitization to receptor agonists, carbachol and histamine, and to receptor‐bypassed stimulation of voltage‐dependent Ca channels with depolarizing high K in longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum.

3. Under Ca‐containing physiological conditions, pretreatment with 10−4 mol/L carbachol for 15 s–30 min induced desensitization to carbachol as well as to high K, whereas contractile responses to histamine remained normal.

4. In contrast, under Ca‐free conditions containing 0.2 mmol/L EGTA, carbachol pretreatment induced desensitization to high K in a manner similar to that induced under Ca‐containing physiological conditions, whereas contractile responses to carbachol and histamine remained normal.

5. Thus, it was shown that contractile responses to carbachol and histamine were not necessarily desensitized, even under conditions where contractile responses to high K were desensitized. These results suggest that desensitization of depolarization‐mediated contractile pathways might not necessarily regulate excitation–contraction coupling through muscarinic M3 and histamine H1 receptors in longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum.
Intergenerational Transmission of Adaptive Functioning: A Test of the Interactionist Model of SES and Human Development
Authors: Schofield Thomas J , Martin Monica J. , Conger Katherine J. , Neppl Tricia M. , Donnellan M. Brent , Conger Rand D.
Published: February 2011

The interactionist model (IM) of human development (R. D. Conger & M. B. Donellan, 2007) proposes that the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and human development involves a dynamic interplay that includes both social causation (SES influences human development) and social selection (individual characteristics affect SES). Using a multigenerational data set involving 271 families, the current study finds empirical support for the IM. Adolescent personality characteristics indicative of social competence, goal‐setting, hard work, and emotional stability predicted later SES, parenting, and family characteristics that were related to the positive development of a third‐generation child. Processes of both social selection and social causation appear to account for the association between SES and dimensions of human development indicative of healthy functioning across multiple generations.
Media as Social Partners: The Social Nature of Young Children’s Learning From Screen Media
Authors: Richert Rebekah A. , Robb Michael B. , Smith Erin I.
Published: February 2011

Television has become a nearly ubiquitous feature in children’s cultural landscape. A review of the research into young children’s learning from television indicates that the likelihood that children will learn from screen media is influenced by their developing social relationships with on‐screen characters, as much as by their developing perception of the screen and their symbolic understanding and comprehension of information presented on screen. Considering the circumstances in which children under 6 years learn from screen media can inform teachers, parents, and researchers about the important nature of social interaction in early learning and development. The findings reviewed in this article suggest the social nature of learning, even learning from screen media.
Revisiting the Impact of Part‐Time Work on Adolescent Adjustment: Distinguishing Between Selection and Socialization Using Propensity Score Matching
Authors: Monahan Kathryn C. , Lee Joanna M. , Steinberg Laurence
Published: February 2011

The impact of part‐time employment on adolescent functioning remains unclear because most studies fail to adequately control for differential selection into the workplace. The present study reanalyzes data from L. Steinberg, S. Fegley, and S. M. Dornbusch (1993) using multiple imputation, which minimizes bias in effect size estimation, and 2 types of propensity score matching, to account for selection effects. In this sample (N = 1,792; Grades 10–11, M = 16.26), youth who begin working more than 20 hr per week evince declines in school engagement and increases in substance use and delinquency compared with youth who remain unemployed. Conversely, working 20 hr or less a week has negligible effects, positive or negative, on academic, psychological, or behavioral outcomes.
Parents as Moderators of the Impact of School Norms and Peer Influences on Aggression in Middle School Students
Authors: Farrell Albert D. , Henry David B. , Mays Sally A. , Schoeny Michael E.
Published: February 2011

This study examined parenting variables as protective factors to reduce the influence of school and peer risk factors on adolescents’ aggression. Five waves of data spanning 3 years were collected from 5,581 students at 37 schools who began the 6th grade in 2001 or 2002. Class‐level and perceived school norms supporting aggression, delinquent peer associations, parental support for fighting and support for nonviolence, and parental involvement were each associated with physical aggression across all waves. Each parenting variable moderated 1 or more risk factors, with the magnitude of many effects varying by gender and decreasing over time. Implications for the role parents may play in reducing the impact of school and peer risk factors for aggression are discussed.
Accumulating Evidence for Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in the Prevention of Child Maltreatment
Authors: Thomas Rae , Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J.
Published: February 2011

In a randomized controlled trial, the effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) and correlates of maltreatment outcomes were examined. Mothers (N = 150) had a history or were at high risk of maltreating their children. After 12 weeks and compared to waitlist, PCIT mothers were observed to have improved parent–child interactions and reported better child behavior and decreased stress. At PCIT completion, improvements continued and mothers reported less child abuse potential and had improved maternal sensitivity. Also, PCIT completers were less likely to be notified to child welfare than noncompleters. Finally, those families not notified post‐PCIT showed greater reductions in child abuse potential and improvements in observed sensitivity during treatment. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Adolescents’ Development of Skills for Agency in Youth Programs: Learning to Think Strategically
Authors: Larson Reed W. , Angus Rachel M.
Published: February 2011

This research examines how youth in arts and leadership programs develop skills for organizing actions over time to achieve goals. Ethnically diverse youth (ages 13–21) in 11 high‐quality urban and rural programs were interviewed as they carried out projects. Qualitative analyses of 712 interviews with 108 youth yielded preliminary grounded theory about youth’s development ofstrategic thinking, defined as use of dynamic systems reasoning to anticipate real‐word scenarios and plan work. Strategic thinking appeared to develop through youth’s creative engagement with tactical challenges in the work and feedback from the work’s outcomes. Program advisors supported this development by giving youth control and by providing nondirective assistance when needed.
Understanding Bullying and Victimization During Childhood and Adolescence: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Guerra Nancy G. , Williams Kirk R. , Sadek Shelly
Published: February 2011

In the present study, quantitative and qualitative data are presented to examine individual and contextual predictors of bullying and victimization and how they vary by age and gender. Two waves of survey data were collected from 2,678 elementary, middle, and high school youth attending 59 schools. In addition, 14 focus groups were conducted with 115 youth who did not participate in the survey. Changes in both bullying and victimization were predicted across gender and age by low self‐esteem and negative school climate, with normative beliefs supporting bullying predicting increases in bullying only. Focus group comments provided insights into the dynamics of bullying, highlighting its connection to emergent sexuality and social identity during adolescence. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for preventive antibullying interventions in schools.
A Large‐Scale Evaluation of the KiVa Antibullying Program: Grades 4–6
Authors: Kärnä Antti , Voeten Marinus , Little Todd D. , Poskiparta Elisa , Kaljonen Anne , Salmivalli Christina
Published: February 2011

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program using a large sample of 8,237 youth from Grades 4–6 (10–12 years). Altogether, 78 schools were randomly assigned to intervention (39 schools, 4,207 students) and control conditions (39 schools, 4,030 students). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that after 9 months of implementation, the intervention had consistent beneficial effects on 7 of the 11 dependent variables, including self‐ and peer‐reported victimization and self‐reported bullying. The results indicate that the KiVa program is effective in reducing school bullying and victimization in Grades 4–6. Despite some evidence against school‐based interventions, the results suggest that well‐conceived school‐based programs can reduce victimization.
Age 26 Cost–Benefit Analysis of the Child‐Parent Center Early Education Program
Authors: Reynolds Arthur J. , Temple Judy A. , White Barry A. B. , Ou Suh‐Ruu , Robertson Dylan L.
Published: February 2011

Using data collected up to age 26 in the Chicago Longitudinal Study, this cost–benefit analysis of the Child‐Parent Centers (CPC) is the first for a sustained publicly funded early intervention. The program provides services for low‐income families beginning at age 3 in 20 school sites. Kindergarten and school‐age services are provided up to age 9 (third grade). Findings from a complete cohort of over 1,400 program and comparison group participants indicated that the CPCs had economic benefits in 2007 dollars that exceeded costs. The preschool program provided a total return to society of $10.83 per dollar invested (18% annual return). The primary sources of benefits were increased earnings and tax revenues and averted criminal justice system costs. The school‐age program had a societal return of $3.97 per dollar invested (10% annual return). The extended intervention program (4–6 years) had a societal return of $8.24 (18% annual return). Estimates were robust across a wide range of analyses including Monte Carlo simulations. Males, 1‐year preschool participants, and children from higher risk families derived greater benefits. Findings provide strong evidence that sustained programs can contribute to well‐being for individuals and society.
Context Matters in Child and Family Policy
Authors: Dodge Kenneth A.
Published: February 2011

The traditional model of translation from basic laboratory science to efficacy trials to effectiveness trials to community dissemination has flaws that arise from false assumptions that context changes little or matters little. One of the most important findings in developmental science is that context matters, but this fact is not sufficiently taken into account in many translation efforts. Studies reported in this special issue highlight both the potential of systematic interventions in parenting, peer relations, and social‐cognitive skills training, and the problems that will be encountered in trying to bring these interventions to a community context. It is advocated that developmental scientists start from within the community context itself so that translation to policy is only a small step. It is also advocated that this research be conducted through rigorous community randomized controlled trials.
Morphological analysis in agricultural R&D: A technologist's approach to the definition and economic evaluation of technologies
Authors: Spharim Ishai , Ungar Eugene D.
Published: February 2011

The research scientist, the planner, and the R&D manager require a methodology that can compose a wide range of technological options within a realistic production system context and subject these options to a comprehensive, multi‐parameter economic analysis. A technologically‐oriented approach to the generation and ex‐ante assessment of technologies is developed for this purpose in an agricultural R&D context. The approach is based on morphological analysis, in which a production process is defined as a series of tasks each of which can be accomplished by one or more alternative techniques. The model is customized for any specific production system using information provided by technology experts. This information is received in the language of the technologist, structured in a way that promotes an holistic view of the system, and processed to answer the needs of the economic evaluator. The model has been well received by technologists in the analysis of about a dozen diverse R&D projects.
Inventive efficiency: How the U.S. compares with Japan
Authors: Billings B. Anthony , Yaprak Attila
Published: February 2011

This study argues that inventive (R&D) efficiency may be an important factor in the competition for global market shares and goods and services. The authors compare R&D efficiency for 14 industrial groups in the United States and Japan using multiple indices of inventive efficiency. Findings show interesting differences in inventive efficiency across industrial groups and between the United States and Japan. United States food, textile, chemical, rubber, metals, fabricated metals, and other miscellaneous manufacturing industries appear to be relatively more efficient in inventive efficiency than their Japanese counterparts. In contrast, Japanese paper, petroleum, machinery, and scientific equipment industries display greater inventive efficiency than their United States counterparts. The electrical equipment, transportation, and stone industries in the two countries appear to be equally efficient. The implications of these differences are discussed.
Firm management of scientific information: Some predictors and implications of openness versus secrecy
Authors: McMillan G. Steven , Klavans Richard A. , Hamilton Robert D.
Published: February 2011

This paper presents a model that seeks to understand and explain R&D performance differences in research‐intensive companies. The primary theoretical model builds on the well‐established theory of science as a public good but augments it with a game‐theoretic argument for individual firm choices of scientific information openness or secrecy. The first research question we address is how a firm's scientific information openness, as measured by its research publications, impacts the firm's stock of technical knowledge. Additionally, we explore two predictor variables of scientific information openness: research lab and top management team demographics. The possible economic effects and other managerial implications of this model are also discussed.
The Concept of Social Movement
Authors: Diani Mario
Published: February 2011

Recent developments in social movement research have evidenced a greater underlying consensus in the field than one might have assumed. Efforts have been made to bridge different perspectives and merge them into a new synthesis. Yet, comparative discussion of the concept of ‘social movement’ has been largely neglected so far. This article reviews and contrasts systematically the definitions of ‘social movement’ formulated by some of the most influential authors in the field. A substantial convergence may be detected between otherwise very different approaches on three points at least. Social movements are defined as networks of informal interactions between a plurality of individuals, groups and/or organizations, engaged in political or cultural conflicts, on the basis of shared collective identities. It is argued that the concept is sharp enough a) to differentiate social movements from related concepts such as interest groups, political parties, protest events and coalitions; b) to identify a specific area of investigation and theorising for social movement research.
Social Change, the Middle Class and the Emergence of ‘New Social Movements’: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Bagguley Paul
Published: February 2011

Most recent analyses of New Social Movements (NSMs) by British sociologists have concentrated on broad social changes or the middle classes as the key explanatory factors. This paper criticizes recent contributions to the analysis of NSMs which emphasize the development of ‘post-Fordism’ and ‘disorganized capitalism’, and recent attempts to understand NSMs as a reflection of ‘middle class’ interests or values. An alternative theoretical approach is outlined which places at the centre of the analysis the social relations in which NSMs are grounded, and which NSMs seek to transform. In this alternative account the middle classes play the role of ‘traditional intellectuals’, that is, they provide the key social resources for mobilization of NSMs and all social movements.
Research Note: Safety, Statistics and Business Cycles: A Response to Nichols
Authors: Tombs Steve
Published: February 2011

This article considers three criticisms made by Nichols of my article on ‘industrial injuries in British manufacturing’. First, I argue that, notwithstanding recognised problems with data which include ‘minor’ accidents, this should not be rejected. I then question the reliability of the alternative data used by Nichols, namely that related to fatalities in British manufacturing. Second, I show that Nichols' claim that accident rates were increasing rather than decreasing in the years 1975–1979 can only be sustained if one shifts the years within which the trend is considered, and ignores other evidence to the effect that the latter part of the seventies witnessed a continuation of a long-term decline in accident rates in British manufacturing industries. Finally, in response to the charge that I misled readers in my original article, I note how Nichols' argument was indeed one that prioritised ‘business cycles’; further, I indicate that Nichols has himself engaged in a highly focused reading of my earlier article.
Research Note: Monthly Strategies for Discretion: Shopping for Sanitary Towels and Tampons
Authors: George Alison , Murcott Anne
Published: February 2011

Collected as part of a small-scale qualitative study of socio-cultural aspects of menstruation, interview data dealing with the task of buying sanitary towels and tampons are presented. They reveal a potentially embarrassing dilemma between an overarching requirement for discretion in menstrual matters and the necessity to ‘go public’ when shopping. Strategies for managing this dilemma form the substance of the paper.
Locality and Community: Coming to Terms with Place
Authors: Day Graham , Murdoch Jonathan
Published: February 2011

The paper seeks to examine how social science has attempted to combine the uniqueness of place with general social processes. Two concepts which have traditionally been used to this end are examined; these are ‘locality’ and ‘community’. It is argued that although community has fallen out of favour, problems associated with the use of ‘locality’ could lead to a revival in the use of the former concept. Case study material from rural Wales is presented to show how the two approaches might usefully be combined.
Inferiority: From Collective Status to Deficient Individuality
Authors: Neckel Sighard
Published: February 2011

This article analyses ‘inferiority’ as a symbolic dimension of social inequality. In addition to being a position in the social hierarchy, inferiority signifies a feeling of deficient self-esteem, which has great significance for the understanding of social inequality. After examining the social preconditions of feelings of inferiority in class society, typical syndromes of feelings of inferiority will be investigated. As social inequality has become ‘individualised’, the social reference system of inferiority has become modernised as a symbolic construction of deficient individuality.
Quantitative targeted absolute proteomics of human blood–brain barrier transporters and receptors
Authors: Uchida Yasuo , Ohtsuki Sumio , Katsukura Yuki , Ikeda Chiemi , Suzuki Takashi , Kamiie Junichi , Terasaki Tetsuya
Published: February 2011

J. Neurochem.(2011)117, 333–345.

We have obtained, for the first time, a quantitative protein expression profile of membrane transporters and receptors in human brain microvessels, that is, the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Brain microvessels were isolated from brain cortexes of seven males (16–77 years old) and protein expression of 114 membrane proteins was determined by means of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric quantification method using recently established in‐silico peptide selection criteria. Among drug transporters, breast cancer resistance protein showed the most abundant protein expression (8.14 fmol/μg protein), and its expression level was 1.85‐fold greater in humans than in mice. By contrast, the expression level of P‐glycoprotein in humans (6.06 fmol/μg protein) was 2.33‐fold smaller than that of mdr1a in mice. The organic anion transporters reported in rodent BBB, that is, multidrug resistance‐associated protein, organic anion transporter and organic anion‐transporting polypeptide family members, were under limit of quantification in humans, except multidrug resistance‐associated protein 4 (0.195 fmol/μg protein). Among detected transporters and receptors for endogenous substances, the glucose transporter 1 level was similar to that of mouse, while the L‐type amino acid transporter 1 level was fivefold smaller than that of mouse. These findings should be useful for understanding human BBB function and its differences from that in mouse.