bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Floristic Composition and Phytoecological Characterization of Plant Communities in the M'Goun Geopark, Hight Atlas of Morocco
Authors: Outourakhte Aboubakre , Gharnit Youssef , Moujane Abdelaziz , Aziz Hasib , Boulli Abdelali , El haddany Khalid El
Published: February 2025

The vegetation cover in Morocco is impacted profoundly by human activities and climate change. However, the majority of ecosystems are not yet assessed. Using the sampling of vegetation, climate data, substrate (geological) map and altitudes (Digital Elevation Model) the phytoecology of species is constructed. The study revealed that the geopark contain 565 species. Floristic analysis, using correspondence analysis test, demonstrates that species are grouped into six distinct blocks. Block 1 comprises a set of Quercus ilex forests. Block 2 encompasses Juniperus phoenicea lands and transition zones between Q. ilex and J. phoenicea. Block 3 represents Pinus halepensis forests and pine occurrences within Q. ilex and J. phoenicea stands. Block 4 indicates the emergence of xerophytic species alongside the aforementioned species, suggesting the upper limits of Blocks 1, 2, and 3. Block 5 corresponds to formations dominated by Juniperus thurifera in association with xerophytes. Block 6 groups together a set of xerophytic species characteristic of high mountain environments. The formations species sampled are: Q. ilex that colonizes the subhumid zones, J. phoenicea, Tetraclinis articulata and P. halepensis occupy the hot part of the semi-arid while the J. thurifera and xerophytes inhabits its cold part. The thermo-Mediterranean vegetation level occupies low altitudes and is dominated by Tetraclinis articulata, J. phoenicea, and Olea europaea. The meso-Mediterranean level extends to intermediate altitudes and is dominated by Q. ilex and J. phoenicea. The supra-Mediterranean level, also found at intermediate altitudes, is dominated by Q. ilex, Arbutus unedo, and Cistus creticus. The mountain Mediterranean level, located in high mountains, is dominated by J. thurifera associated with xerophytes. Finally, the oro-Mediterranean level, found at extreme altitudes, is dominated by xerophytes. Generally, Q. ilex formations prefer limestone substrates. P. halepensis occupies limestone, clays, and conglomerates. J. phoenicea is more commonly associated with clays and sandstones. Xerophytic species and J. thurifera tend to inhabit limestone substrates. Some species within this region are endemic, rare, and threatened. Consequently, the implementation of effective conservation and protection policies is crucial.
Small-Scale Fisheries Value Chain Analyses in the Albanian Marine Protected Area of Karaburun-Sazani
Authors: Bakiu Rigers , Krstinić Patrik , Peculaj Artenisa
Published: February 2025

Besides the zonation of the Marine Protected Area of Karaburun-Sazani, the first marine national park in Albania, this protected area is situated close to a very dynamic urbanistic, touristic and important fishing area, making it a very important one to be managed by the pre-identified stakeholder earlier in the process. With the integration of local ecological knowledge and direct surveys, the study aims to understand the socio-economic factors that shape the local small-scale fisheries market. Given the sensitivity of the fishing sectors, where there are registered 50 small scale fishers and the illegality is a challenge, the analysis aimed to take into account also the impact that this illegality is having in the registered fishers. The findings reveal the structure and dynamics of small-scale fisheries value chains from catch to consumer, including the roles of fishers, wholesalers, retailers, and restaurants. Key challenges identified include illegal sales, lack of infrastructure, and data scarcity. The study suggests that direct sales can potentially increase fishers' income, though they currently rely heavily on middlemen for services like ice and bait. Findings also highlight the competition from recreational fishing and the impact of imported seafood. The research advocates for the creation of fishery management organizations to strengthen the small scale fisheries value chain and suggests diversification and improvement of business strategies for small-scale fishers in MPAs. This study contributes to the broader Mediterranean discourse on small scale fisheries, providing insights that can guide policy and management decisions to support sustainable fisheries and local livelihoods.
A Geometric Theory of Cosmic Expansion: A Finite Universe with Dynamic Boundary Conditions
Authors: Khan Rushan
Published: February 2025

We propose a geometric framework for cosmology by modeling the universe as a finite 3-dimensional hypersurface embedded in a static 4D bulk. Dynamic boundary interactions generate curvature gradients, quantified by a boundary tensor, which replaces dark energy in the Einstein equations. The theory resolves the Hubble tension via a radial Hubble parameter, predicts CMB quadrupole alignment, and matches large-scale structure observations. Derived from first principles, it eliminates singularities, satisfies energy conditions, and recovers general relativity as the boundary radius as R reaches infinity.Numerical solutions validate cosmic acceleration and observational consistency with lambda CDM.
Application of Quantum Computers and Their Unique Properties for Constrained Optimization in Engineering Problems: Welded Beam Design
Authors: Ewald Dawid
Published: February 2025

The welded beam design problem represents a real-world engineering challenge in structural optimization. The objective is to determine the optimal dimensions of a steel beam and weld length to minimize cost while satisfying constraints related to shear stress (τ), bending stress (σ), critical buckling load (Pc), end deflection (δ), and side constraints. The structural analysis of this problem involves four design variables: weld height (x1), support length (x2), beam thickness (x3), and beam width (x4), which are commonly denoted in structural engineering as h, l, t, b, respectively. The structural formulation of this problem leads to a nonlinear objective function, which is subject to five nonlinear and two linear inequality constraints. The optimal solution lies on the boundary of the feasible region, with a very small feasible-to-search-space ratio, making it a highly challenging problem for classical optimization algorithms. This paper explores the application of quantum computing to solve the welded beam optimization problem, utilizing the unique properties of quantum computers for constrained optimization in engineering problems. Specifically, we employ the D-Wave quantum computing system, which utilizes quantum annealing and is particularly well-suited for solving constrained optimization problems. The study presents a detailed formulation of the problem in a format compatible with the D-Wave system, ensuring efficient encoding of constraints and objective functions. Furthermore, we analyze the performance of quantum computing in solving this problem and compare the obtained results with classical optimization methods. The effectiveness of quantum computing is evaluated in terms of computational efficiency, accuracy, and its ability to navigate complex, constrained search spaces. This research highlights the potential of quantum algorithms in tackling real-world engineering optimization problems and discusses the challenges and limitations of current quantum hardware in solving practical industrial applications.
Research on Overcurrent in Offshore MMC and Suppression Strategies Based on Field-Circuit Coupling Analysis
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wang Shuhong , Huangfu Youpeng , Tang Ruting
Published: February 2025

Due to system failures and the limited overcurrent capability of semiconductor devices, overcurrent in modular multilevel converters (MMC) is a key factor affecting the safe and stable operation of offshore wind power MMC-HVDC (modular multilevel converter high-voltage direct current) transmission systems. This paper proposes a field-circuit coupling analysis method for overcurrent research in MMC valve. The method integrates the electric field characteristics of valves with the analysis of MMC-HVDC systems. Firstly, the development process and influencing factors of overcurrent in valves in offshore wind power MMC-HVDC systems are analyzed. A field-circuit coupling model and an electric field calculation model for MMC valves are established. The electric field characteristics and stray parameters of MMC valves are analyzed synchronously and the result are incorporated into the field-circuit coupling model. The nonlinear transient parameters of surge arresters are calculated and the result are incorporated into the field-circuit coupling model. Finally, a reasonable overcurrent suppression strategy for offshore MMC-HVDC valves is proposed based on the proposed method. The effectiveness and practicality of the field-circuit coupling overcurrent analysis method are verified through comprehensive case studies conducted on the ±500kV offshore MMC-HVDC valve overcurrent calculation and suppression.
Molecular Characterisation of Fusarium Species Causing Common Bean Root Rot in Uganda
Authors: Erima Samuel , Nyine Moses , Edema Richard , Nkuboye Allan , Candiru Agnes , Nalule Habibah , Pamela Paparu
Published: February 2025

Recently, Fusarium root rot (FRR)-like symptoms were observed in Uganda’s agroecology zones, prompting the National Agricultural Organisation (NARO) to conduct a disease survey. The survey reports indicated FRR as the second most prevalent root rot disease of common bean in Uganda after Southern blight. Ninety nine Fusarium spp. strains were obtained from samples collected during the surveys. The strains were morphologically and pathogenically characterised and confirmed to cause Fusarium root rot as observed in the field. However, molecular characterization of the strains was not conducted. In this study therefore, 80 of the strains were characterized using partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) gene, beta tubulin (β tubulin) gene and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA to determine species diversity. High quality Sanger sequences from the target genes were compared to the sequences from Fusarium species available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information coding sequences (NCBI-CDS) database to determine the most likely species the strains belonged. The sequences from our strains were deposited into the NCBI gene bank under ID#288420, 2883276, 2873058 for TEF-1α, β tubulin and ITS respectively. The Fusarium species identified included; F. Oxysporum, F. solani, F. equiseti F. delphinoides, F. commune, F. subflagellisporum, F. fabacearum, F. falciforme, F. brevicaudatum, F. serpentimum, F. fredkrugeri and F. brachygibbosum. The diversity of these Fusarium species needs to be taken into consideration when developing breeding programs for management of the disease since currently there is no variety of common bean resistant to FRR in Uganda.
Lung Cancer: Targeted Therapy in 2025
Authors: Bouchard Nicole , Daaboul Nathalie
Published: February 2025

Lung cancer treatment has changed in the last twenty years since the discovery of EGFR mutations. In this article, we will review the current state of the art for non-small cell lung cancer actionable genomic alterations (AGA). AGA are mostly found in lung adenocarcinomas, a subtype of non-small cell lung cancers. We will focus on current treatment for EGFR mutations, ALK fusions, ROS1 fusions, BRAF V600E mutations, MET exon 14 skipping mutations, RET fusions, KRAS G12C mutations, ERBB2 mutations (also called HER2 mutations) and NTRK fusions. We will also touch on key toxicities associated with these medications. Treatments are mostly available for metastatic stage, but we will also discuss adjuvant therapy for EGFR mutations and ALK fusions as well as stage III post chemoradiotherapy treatment for EGFR lung cancer.
Multimodal Brain Growth Patterns: Insights from Canonical Correlation Analysis and Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis with Auto-Encoder
Authors: Sapkota Ram , Thapaliya Bishal , Ray Bhaskar , Suresh Pranav , Liu Jingyu
Published: February 2025

Today’s advancements in neuroimaging have been pivotal in enhancing our understanding 1 of brain development and function using various MRI techniques. This study utilizes images from 2 T1-weighted imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging to identify gray matter and white matter 3 coherent growth patterns within 2 years from 9-10-year-old participants of the Adolescent Brain 4 Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The motivation behind this investigation lies in the need 5 to comprehend the intricate processes of brain development during adolescence, a critical period 6 characterized by significant cognitive maturation and behavioral change. While traditional methods 7 like Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) capture linear interactions of brain regions, deep Canonical 8 Correlation Analysis with autoencoder (DCCAE) extracts nonlinearly brain patterns. The study 9 involves a comparative analysis of changes in gray and white matter over two years, exploring their 10 interrelation based on correlation scores and extracting significant features using both CCA and 11 DCCAE methodologies, and finding the association between the extracted features with cognition 12 and Child Behavior Checklist. The results showed that both CCA and DCCAE components identified 13 similar brain regions associated with cognition and behavior, indicating that brain growth patterns 14 over these two-year period are linear. The variance explained by CCA and DCCAE components for 15 cognition and behavior suggests that brain growth patterns better account for cognitive maturation 16 compared to behavioral changes. This research advances our understanding of neuroimaging analysis 17 and provides valuable insights into the nuanced dynamics of brain development during adolescence. 18 Our GitHub implementation is publicly available on https://github.com/rsapkota1/Multimodal- 19 feature-extraction-using-CCA-and-DCCAE.
AELIX: A Multimodal QoE Inference on Video Streaming
Authors: Selma Tisa , Farhad Moomal , Masud Mohammad Mehedy , Bentaleb Abdelhak , Harous Saad
Published: February 2025

Viewer engagement in videos has consistently low due to excessive advertisements during or before playback, long startup delays, pauses, blurring, poor resolution, and repetitive, intrusive ads. Although many well-established algorithms and techniques claim to improve user engagement, there is no universal solution that addresses all user needs and adapts to varying network conditions. This study elaborates methods for assessing user Quality of Experience (QoE) while watching ad-supported videos by analyzing viewer facial expressions, video metadata, network conditions, and questionnaire feedback. Participants in this subjective study allow facial and screen capture, watch a series of videos with embedded ads, and provide feedback after each session. The collected comments and concerns are then analyzed to understand how advertisements affect engagement, with the goal of making more informed ad placement decisions for future video streaming. Our proposed method, AELIX (Adaptive Ensemble for Imbalance Classification using eXplainable artificial intelligence), based on experimental data and analysis, can infer user QoE and offer advertisers insights on placing ads without diminishing viewer engagement. AELIX achieves a no accuracy of 0.95 and 0.994 with utilization of advanced metrics. And it surpasses our benchmark, ITU-T P.1203, by 55.3%.
Factors of Customer Loyalty and Retention in the Digital Environment
Authors: Pereira Matheus de Sousa , Gonçalves Marcelo Carneiro , Castro Beatriz Schmitt , Cordeiro Brenda Alves , Castro Bruno Schmitt
Published: February 2025

The present study aims to identify and analyze high-impact articles and citations related to the key factors influencing customer loyalty and return in the digital environment, with an emphasis on effective practices for retention on digital platforms. The goal is to highlight the most relevant factors and evaluate how new digital technologies impact this process. To achieve this objective, a bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Biblioshiny and Bibliometrix tools. The sample included 300 scientific articles, and descriptive statistical analyses of the main bibliographic metrics were presented.A Sankey Diagram was created to relate different bibliographic factors, such as countries, journals, and authors. Additionally, clustering methods were applied through bibliographic coupling, co-citation, and scientific collaboration analysis using the Louvain algorithm. Subsequently, factor analysis methods were employed to propose a conceptual structure map. Finally, the results were analyzed and discussed, highlighting emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data as essential tools for customer loyalty.
Species Composition, Ecological Preferences and Chromosomal Polymorphism of Malaria Mosquitoes of the Crimean Peninsula and the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus
Authors: Moskaev Anton V. , Bega Anna G. , Brusentsov Ilya I. , Naumenko Anastasia N. , Karagodin Dmitriy A. , Razumeiko Vladimir N. , Andrianov Boris V. , Goryacheva Irina I. , Lee Elizaveta Y. , Panov Vladimir I. , Sharakhov Igor V. , Sharakhova Maria V. , Gordeev Mikhail I.
Published: February 2025

Ecological and genetic studies of malaria mosquitoes of the Black Sea coast have not been recently conducted despite increasing human-caused environmental changes in the area. In this study, we investigated the species composition, geographical distribution, ecological preferences, and chromosomal polymorphism of malaria mosquitoes of the Crimean Peninsula and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Species were diagnosed using a combination of morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular markers. The ecological conditions of the larval habitats, such as dissolved oxygen content in the water, acidity, salinity, and temperature, were measured. Seven species of malaria mosquitoes were identified in the pool of 2229 individual mosquitoes collected at 56 breeding sites including An. atroparvus, An. claviger, An. daciae (formely identified as An. messeae s. l.), An. hyrcanus, An. maculipennis s. s., An. plumbeus and An. melanoon. The previously recorded species of An. algeriensis, An. messeae s. s., An. sacharovi, An. superpictus were not found in this study. Anopheles maculipennis was dominant in typical anophylogenic water bodies. Anopheles plumbeus, which used to breed mainly in tree holes in coastal forests, has spread to urban settlements along the Black Sea coast and breeds in artificial containers. Chromosomal polymorphism was studied and found in An. atroparvus and An. daciae populations. Differences in the chromosomal composition of An. daciae populations in Crimea and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus were revealed. The Crimean population had a low level of polymorphism in autosomal inversions. The data obtained in this study can be used to inform a better control of potential malaria vectors in the Black Sea coastal region.
Examining the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Land Use Conflicts from an Ecological Security Perspective: A Case Study of Tianshui City, China
Authors: Li Yifei , Liu Qiang
Published: February 2025

Land use conflicts pose a growing challenge to sustainable development, particularly in regions experiencing rapid urbanization. This study examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use conflicts and their ecological implications in Tianshui City from 1980 to 2020. The objectives are to identify patterns of spatial heterogeneity, explore the driving factors behind land use conflicts, and analyze their relationship with ecological risks.The natural breaks (Jenks) classification method was employed to categorize land use conflicts into five levels, ranging from no conflict to severe conflict, with classification accuracy evaluated using the Kappa coefficient, achieving a minimum value of 0.83. Semivariance geostatistical analysis was applied to assess spatial heterogeneity, revealing that structural factors such as topography and climate dominated in the early years, while stochastic factors, including urbanization and socio-economic development, became increasingly influential over time. Bivariate LISA clustering analysis highlighted a strong spatial correlation between high land use conflicts and ecological risks, particularly in areas undergoing rapid transitions, such as the conversion of arable land to urban uses.The results indicate a significant expansion of high-conflict and severe-conflict zones, particularly in urban and agriculturally fertile regions, accompanied by a decline in conflict-free areas. The aggregation of high-risk activities, such as urban sprawl and industrial development, has further exacerbated ecological risks. These findings underscore the need for integrated land use policies that prioritize ecological protection, promote sustainable urban expansion, and mitigate the impacts of land use conflicts. Future research should incorporate emerging drivers, such as climate variability, and develop advanced models to improve the prediction and management of land use conflicts and their ecological consequences.
Calibration of Low-Cost LoRaWAN-Based IoT Air Quality Monitors Using the Super Learner Ensemble: A Case Study for Accurate PM Measurement
Authors: Balagopal Gokul , Wijeratne Lakitha , Waczak John , Hathurusinghe Prabuddha , Iqbal Mazhar , Kiv Daniel , Aker Adam , Lee Seth , Agnihotri Vardhan , Simmons Christopher , Lary David J.
Published: February 2025

This study calibrates an affordable, solar-powered LoRaWAN air quality monitoring prototype using the research-grade Palas Fidas Frog sensor. By leveraging the Super Learner machine learning technique, it develops cost-effective sensors for accurate PM (Particulate Matter) monitoring in low-resource settings. Data was collected by co-locating the Palas sensor and LoRaWAN devices under various climatic conditions over multiple days to ensure reliable calibration. The LoRaWAN air quality monitor integrates sensors that measure PM concentrations and meteorological parameters, including temperature, pressure, and humidity. The collected data were calibrated using precise PM concentrations and particle count density measured by the Palas sensor. Various regression models were evaluated, with the stacking model (Super Learner) demonstrating superior performance. By combining simple and complex models, the stacking model achieved the most accurate predictions, with an average test R2 value of 0.96 across all target variables. Specifically, it achieved R2 values of 0.99 for PM2.5 and 0.91 for PM10.0, demonstrating near-research-grade accuracy and underscoring the robustness of the calibration. This study offers a practical and scalable solution for cost-effective air quality monitoring, with significant potential for deployment in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex and similar urban areas.
Serum Biomarkers In Persistent Ductus Arteriosus In Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review
Authors: Cucerea Manuela , Marian Raluca , Simon Marta , Anciuc-Crauciuc Madalina , Racean Andreea , Toth Andrea , Simon-Szabó Zsuzsánna , Fadur Mihaela-Georgiana , Moldovan George Valeriu , Moldovan Elena
Published: February 2025

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants presents a significant challenge in neonatal care, marked by ongoing debates about its definition, diagnosis, treatment options, and effects on patient outcomes. Plasma biomarkers assess mediators involved in PDA closure and hemodynamic responses, assisting in identifying newborns at higher risk of developing potentially serious neonatal conditions. The purpose of this review was to investigate the relationship between PDA and various plasma biomarkers used to evaluate and diagnose ductal patency during perinatal life, as outlined in the relevant literature. Methods: We conducted an electronic search of the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE)/PubMed and Web of Science for relevant studies published up to December 2024, including prospective, retrospective, cohort, and cross-sectional studies, as well as reviews and meta-analyses. The keywords used in the search included “preterm infant,” “persistent ductus arteriosus,” “PDA,” “neonatal biomarkers,” “cardiac biomarkers,” and “vasoactive biomarkers.” Results: Out of the 813 identified articles, 85 were included in our review of cardiac biomarkers: Natriuretic peptides (NPs), Cardiac troponin T (cTnT), vasoactive biomarkers (Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), Endothelin-1 (ET-1), Copeptin, and Isoprostanes (IPs)), and inflammatory biomarkers (Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α (MIP-1α/CCL3)) in relation to PDA. Conclusions: Even if research shows a strong correlation between specific biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters in patients with PDA, clinical judgment must take these evaluations into account, particularly when determining whether to treat a PDA. Future research should focus on investigating new biomarkers associated with the underlying mechanisms of perinatal ductus arteriosus dynamics in preterm infants.
Reactivated EBV, HHV6, HAdV in Sputum from Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients: Are autoAbs to IFN-I Impairing Antiviral Immunity?
Authors: Hannestad Ulf , Allard Annika , Nilsson Kent , Rosén Anders
Published: February 2025

An exhausted antiviral immune response is observed in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and long COVID. In this study, potential mechanisms behind this exhaustion were investigated. First, the viral load of EBV, HAdV, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), and SARS-CoV-2 was determined in sputum samples (n=29) derived from ME/CFS patients (n=13), healthy controls (n=10), elderly healthy controls (n=4), and immunosuppressed controls (n=2). Secondly, autoAbs to type I interferon (IFN-I) in sputum were analyzed to possibly explain impaired viral immunity. We found that ME/CFS patients released EBV at a significantly higher level compared to controls (p=0.0256). HHV6 was present in ~50% of all participants at the same level. HAdV was detected in two cases with immunosuppression and severe ME/CFS, respectively. HCMV and SARS-CoV-2 were found only in immunosuppressed controls. Notably, anti-IFN-I autoAbs in ME/CFS and controls did not differ, except in severe ME/CFS with high levels. We conclude that ME/CFS patients, compared to controls, have a significantly higher load of EBV. IFN-I autoAbs cannot explain IFN-I dysfunction, with the possible exception of severe cases showing elevated autoAbs, also reported in severe SARS-CoV-2. We forward that additional mechanisms, such as viral evasion of IFN-I effect, may be present in ME/CFS, which demands further studies.
Modulating Space-Time as a Supersolid
Authors: Gaspar Iago
Published: February 2025

We present a comprehensive framework for spacetime as a quantum supersolid, combining superfluid dynamics with crystalline order. In this novel approach, the structure of spacetime is modeled as a medium that inherently exhibits both fluidity and rigidity, thereby capturing the dual characteristics observed in quantum phenomena and gravitational interactions. The model introduces modified Einstein field equations incorporating supersolid stress-energy components, which account for quantum fluctuations and anisotropic elastic properties. Notably, this formulation resolves classical singularities through a mechanism of vortex core regularization, wherein the intrinsic angular momentum and quantized vortices naturally smooth out divergences at high curvature regions.Extending beyond theoretical formulation, the framework provides a rich tapestry of observational consequences. It predicts distinct signatures in gravitational wave propagation, such as frequency-dependent dispersion and polarization anomalies, which arise due to the interplay between superfluid and crystalline order parameters. Additionally, subtle imprints in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and neutrino decoherence patterns are anticipated, offering potential windows into the underlying microstructure of spacetime. The predicted modifications to the gravitational dynamics also suggest intriguing connections to dark energy and dark matter phenomena, opening avenues for reconciling cosmological observations with quantum field theoretical insights.Numerical estimates, grounded in current astrophysical and cosmological data, suggest that these predictions are within the reach of next-generation detectors. Comparative analysis with alternative quantum gravity approaches underscores the advantages of our model, particularly in terms of mathematical consistency, resolution of singular behavior, and the provision of clear experimental targets. Moreover, the framework’s ability to merge quantum mechanics with general relativity in a coherent manner paves the way for a deeper understanding of early universe conditions and the evolution of cosmic structures.Overall, this work not only advances the theoretical landscape of quantum gravity but also establishes a testable paradigm that promises to bridge the gap between abstract mathematical constructs and tangible astrophysical phenomena. Our findings encourage further experimental and computational studies, fostering an interdisciplinary dialogue between theoretical physics, observational astronomy, and high-energy astrophysics.
Cardioprotective Role of Propolis in Mitigating Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress
Authors: Duzen Irfan Veysel , Savcilioğlu Mert Deniz , Yucel Arzu , Sucu Murat , Taysi Seyithan
Published: February 2025

Background: Ionizing radiation-induced cardiac toxicity is a growing concern due to the increased use of radiation therapy (RT) in cancer treatment. This study investigated the cardioprotective effects of propolis, a natural antioxidant, against cranial irradiation-induced oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n=8/group): (1) a control group receiving 1 ml of saline orally for 10 days, (2) a propolis control group receiving propolis dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide daily via oral gavage for 10 days, (3) an ionizing radiation (IR) group exposed to 5 Gray (Gy) of gamma radiation for 10 days, and (4) an IR+ propolis group receiving 80 mg of propolis daily alongside IR treatment for 10 days. Cardiac tissue was excised for biochemical analyses. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring lipid hydroperoxide, total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated through total antioxidant status (TAS), arylesterase, ceruloplasmin, paraoxonase, and total sulfhydryl (total-SH). Results: The IR group exhibited significantly elevated oxidative stress markers compared to the control group, while propolis supplementation effectively reduced their levels.
Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life
Authors: Tang Muy Heang , Ligthart Ishbel , Varga Samuel , Lebeer Sarah , Overveld Frans van , Rijkers Ger
Published: February 2025

The development of the human immune system starts already during the fetal period in a largely, but probably not completely, sterile environment. During and after birth the immune system is exposed to an increasingly complex microbiota. The first microbiota encountered during passage through the birth canal colonize the infant gut and induce tolerance of the immune system. Transplacental derived maternal IgG as well as IgA from breast milk protect the infant from in-fections during the first 100 days, during which the immune system further matures, and im-munological memory is formed. Weaning and introduction of solid food expose the immune system to novel (food) antigens and allow for other microbiota to colonize. The cells and mole-cules involved in the mutual, intricate interaction between microbiota and developing immune system are now beginning to be recognized. These include bacterial components such as poly-saccharide A from Bacteroides fragilis, as well as bacterial metabolites such as the short chain fatty acid butyrate, indole-3-aldehyde, and indole-3-propionic acid. All these, and probably more, bacterial metabolites have specific immunoregulatory functions which shape the development of the human immune system during the first 1000 days of life.
Assessment of Learning Achievements in Higher Education Using Moodle Virtual Classrooms and H5P: A Case Study
Authors: Herrera-Granda Erick P. , Aza-Espinosa María J. , Herrera-Granda Israel D. , Villota-Cadena Ángel P.
Published: February 2025

The assessment of learning achievements is a topic of great interest and has been widely addressed in educational institutions worldwide. Especially in the university context, it is a topic that has been widely addressed from different perspectives using quantitative and qualitative tools. This study presents the evaluation model for the achievement of learning outcomes in the Food Engineering career of the State Polytechnic University of Carchi, which is carried out at the end of each academic period by applying a structured test in each subject at each level. The data addressed in this study correspond to the academic period 2022A, which was collected in a database and processed using a proposed protocol of statistical tests composed of Mahalanobis distances as data processing technique and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn- Šidák tests as tests for differences. The results show that the data collected through structured tests for the evaluation of learning achievements are susceptible to the presence of atypical observations and generally present a non-parametric behavior, so the application of data processing techniques before inferential analysis it's of vital importance. Furthermore, it has been found that not all subjects or levels tested show significant differences so subjects showing lower performance should only be classified as having learning problems if the differences observed by a statistical test are significant. In addition, the use of mean, median, mode, and trimmed mean as metrics for comparing attainment was compared and it was found that the most appropriate metrics for this task were the median and the trimmed mean.
Common Rail Injector Operation Model and Its Validation
Authors: KARCZEWSKI Mirosław , DĘBOWSKI Karol
Published: February 2025

The aim of this study was to develop and subsequently validate a simulation model of a Common Rail system injector. The study includes a description of simulation and experimental tests conducted under various injector operating conditions. Experimental tests were performed using the STPiW-2 test bench. The operating conditions of the injector were varied in terms of injection pressure and injector opening time. The injector model was developed using the Amesim software, where simulation studies were also conducted. The simulations focused on generating injection characteristics, specifically the volume of fuel injected per injection, at pressures ranging from 20 MPa to 140 MPa in 10 MPa increments. Four such injection characteristics were obtained during both experimental and simulation studies, corresponding to injector opening times of 500 µs, 1000 µs, 1500 µs, and 2000 µs. Additionally, flow-back volume characteristics were generated under the same conditions. The validation demonstrated a high level of accuracy for the developed model. The obtained injection characteristics exhibited a correlation coefficient exceeding 90% in all four cases. The most accurately replicated injection characteristic was for the 500 µs injector opening time, achieving a correlation coefficient of 99%. Meanwhile, the simulation-derived flow-back volume characteristic matched the experimental results with a correlation of 98%. For longer injector opening times, the correlation coefficients were slightly lower but remained satisfactory. The study concluded that for short injector opening times, the assumed model simplifications had minimal impact on the injected fuel volume at a given pressure. However, for longer opening times, discrepancies between simulation and experimental results became more pronounced. This divergence could be attributed to pressure variability within the injector during operation and associated hydraulic phenomena.
The Role of Phytoplankton in Phycoremediation of Polluted Seawater: Risks, Benefits to Human Health, and a Focus on Diatoms in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Al-Thani Roda F. , Yasseen Bassam Taha
Published: February 2025

Diatoms in the Arabian Gulf region contribute to various biological carbon pumps, playing crucial ecological roles and producing bioactive compounds beneficial to both humans and marine animals. Despite their significance, some diatoms pose risks to human health and the economy; however, research on their roles in Qatar remains limited. This review explores the roles of diatoms in the Arabian Gulf, highlighting their potential for remediating polluted seawater and their applications in pharmacology, biofuel production, and detoxification of chemical waste and hazardous metals. Among the 242 diatom species identified along the coastline of the Gulf and Qatar, several genera represent 50% of the identified species and have demonstrated notable efficiency in phycoremediation and bioactive compounds production. These include antibacterial agents with therapeutic potential, antioxidants to neutralize harmful free radicals, compounds that degrade toxic substances, and agents for remediating heavy metals. Additionally, diatoms contribute to the production of biofuels, nutritional agents, dyes, and extracellular polymeric substances, and some species serve as bioindicators of pollution stress. To fully utilize their potential requires significant efforts and comprehensive research. This review explores the reasons behind the current lack of such initiatives and highlights the importance of conducting targeted studies to address the environmental challenges facing the Arabian Gulf.
Movement and Dispersion Parameters Characterizing the Group Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster in Micro-Areas of an Observation Arena
Authors: Jung Nam , Xia Chunlei , Jang Yong-Hyeok , Kim Hye-Won , Chung Yun Doo , Chon Tae-Soo
Published: February 2025

In the present study, groups of 10 adult males from wild-type strain Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S and corresponding mutant Tab2201Y(BDSC# 4440, hereafter, 201Y) were continuously observed using automatic digitization. Data based on instantaneous movement and cumulated movement positions were obtained for micro-areas associated with resource supply (food and humidity) and activity (intermediate and edge) within the observation arena for 24 h. The results confirmed the natural tendency for local enhancement at a relatively low density within the observation arena (14 cm × 14 cm). For Canton-S, coinciding patterns in the measured parameters were observed over time, with two primary patterns identified in the resource supply areas: single peak and double peaks. The single peak was observed with maximum speed and I-index during the transition from the photophase to the scotophase. The double peaks occurred before (mid-to-late photophase) and after (end of scotophase) the single peak, coinciding with a number of parameters including duration rates, stop time and number, mean crowding and social space index (SSI), indicating local aggregations for feeding along with maximum durations in resource supply areas. Coinciding trends in parameters were also found with the stop number and SSI in micro-areas associated activity, indicating short pauses needed to keep balance between attraction and repulsion between nearby individuals. Overall, the measured parameters varied depending on the micro-area, light phase, and strain. In particular, behavioral differences were observed for 201Y, including an increase in speed, especially in the areas related to activity during the scotophase. Between strains, behavioral differences in the measured parameters were overall weaker for 201Y than for Canton-S.
Statistical Gravity and Entropy of Spacetime
Authors: Fantoni Riccardo
Published: February 2025

We discuss the foundations of the statistical gravity theory we proposed in a recent publication [Riccardo Fantoni, Quantum Reports, {\bf 6}, 706 (2024)].
Metrics of Genomic Complexity in the Evolution of Bacterial Endosymbiosis
Authors: Román-Escrivá Pablo , Bernabeu Moisès , Paganin Eleonora , Diaz Wladimiro , Verdú Miguel , Oliver José L. , Arnau Vicente , Moya Andrés
Published: February 2025

Endosymbiosis can be considered a regressive or degenerative evolutionary process characterized at the genomic level by genome erosion and degeneration due to high mutational pressure towards AT. The genomic and biological complexity of endosymbionts must be less than that of the free-living bacteria from which they evolved. In the present work, we contrasted whether two proposed metrics for measuring genomic complexity in both types of bacteria, Genomic Signature (GS) and Biobit (BB), reflect their complexity, expecting higher values in free-living bacteria than in endosymbionts. On the other hand, we have tried to delve into the factors that contribute to the reduction of metric values in endosymbionts, as well as their eventual relationship with six genomic parameters associated with functionality.
Advances in Systemic Therapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Karim Nagla Abdel , Mobarek Dalia , Daly Megan E.
Published: February 2025

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents approximately 15% of lung cancer cases and is strongly associated with tobacco use. Despite initial responsiveness to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, rapid recurrence and treatment resistance lead to poor long-term survival outcomes. This review outlines recent advancements in systemic therapy for SCLC, focusing on the evolving roles of personalized medicine and novel treatment strategies. Limited-stage SCLC (LS-SCLC) still relies on concurrent chemoradiotherapy, with recent and ongoing randomized trials evaluating the optimal dose and fractionation schedule. Technological refinements in radiation planning and delivery have reduced toxicity. Emerging evidence supports the addition of consolidation immunotherapy, specifically durvalumab, to improve progression-free survival. For extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC), integrating immune checkpoint inhibitors like atezolizumab or durvalumab with chemotherapy has become the new standard, showing significant survival benefits. Personalized approaches leveraging molecular biomarkers such as Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) and delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) offer promise for optimizing treatment responses. Emerging molecular subtypes based on transcription factor expression (e.g., ASCL1, NEUROD1) present opportunities for tailored therapies. Antibody-drug conjugates and novel targeted therapies, including PARP inhibitors, are under investigation to overcome resistance mechanisms. Smoking cessation and supportive care remain critical components of comprehensive management to enhance treatment efficacy and quality of life. Future research should focus on biomarker development, innovative therapies, and strategies for overcoming drug resistance to improve long-term outcomes. Ongoing clinical trials are essential for validating and integrating these strategies into clinical practice, ultimately aiming to transform SCLC treatment and improve patient survival.
Effectiveness and Toxicity of Cemiplimab Therapy for Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Skin Cancer in a Community Oncology Practice
Authors: Fung Tina , Samlowski Wolfram , Meoz Raul
Published: February 2025

Background: The immune checkpoint inhibitor cemiplimab has significant clinical activity in unresectable and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. There is limited real-world data available to assess the outcome of cemiplimab treatment in patients in a community practice setting. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes following cemiplimab treatment (350 mg iv every 3 weeks) of squamous cell skin cancer. An exploratory analysis was performed to evaluate patient subsets, including patients with locally advanced disease, regional or distant metastases, and "too numerous to count" primaries. Another small group of patients who did not respond to the initial 4 doses of cemiplimab were evaluated following added radiotherapy. Results: Of the 36 patients treated, 22 (61.1%) achieved complete remission, 10 (27.8%) experienced a partial response, 3 (8.3%) had stable disease, and 1 (2.8%) developed progressive disease. The median progression-free survival for the entire cohort was over 33 months. Overall, cemiplimab was well-tolerated, with no hospitalizations due to treatment-related toxicity. Discussion: Cemiplimab produced complete remissions in over 60% of patients with locally advanced and metastatic squamous cell skin cancers, allowing elective treatment discontinuation. Addition of radiotherapy in cemiplimab-refractory patients appeared to increase tumor responsiveness. In contrast, patients with TNTC primary tumors frequently developed new primary skin cancers. Thus, improved treatment options for this patient subset are still needed.
Using Measles Outbreaks to Identify Under-Resourced Health Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: a Predictive Model
Authors: MacKechnie Gabrielle PD , Dalton Milena , Delport Dominic , Vaccher Stefanie
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Measles is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease with a high level of transmissibility. Outbreaks of measles continue globally, with gaps in healthcare and immunisation resulting in pockets of susceptible individuals. Measles outbreaks have been proposed as a “canary in the coal mine” of under-resourced health systems, uncovering broader system weaknesses. We aim to understand whether under-resourced health systems are associated with an increased probability of large measles outbreaks in low-and-middle-income-countries (LMICs). Methods: We used an ecological study design, identifying measles outbreaks which had occurred in LMICs between 2010 and 2020. Health systems were represented using a set of health system indicators for the corresponding outbreak country, guided by the World Health Organization building blocks of health systems framework. These indicators were: the proportion of births delivered in a health facility, the number of nurses and midwives per 10,000 population, and domestic general government health expenditure per capita in US$. We analysed the associations using a predictive model and assessed the accuracy of this model. Results: The analysis included 78 outbreaks. We found an absence of any association between the included health system indicators and large measles outbreaks. When testing predictive accuracy, the model obtained a Brier score of 0.24, which indicates that the model is not informative in predicting large measles outbreaks. We found that missing data did not affect the results of the model. Conclusions: Large measles outbreaks were not able to be used to identify under-resourced health systems in LMICs. However, further research is required to understand whether this association may exist when taking other factors, including smaller outbreaks, into account.
Transverse Myelitis in a Patient with Lumbar Stenosis
Authors: Driskill Elizabeth , Wells D. Keith , Lockey Stephen D.
Published: February 2025

Case:

We present a case of a 78-year-old man with lumbar stenosis who was referred for urgent spine surgery evaluation after the development of progressive bilateral lower extremity numbness and gait disturbance. Additional workup demonstrated thoracic cord edema consistent with a postviral transverse myelitis. He was treated nonoperatively with clinical improvement to his baseline at the final follow-up.

Conclusion:

This case illustrates the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis when patients with lumbar stenosis present with atypical neurologic symptoms. A thorough history, physical examination, and workup can prevent unnecessary spine surgery.