bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zinc oxide nanoparticles toxicity to Daphnia magna: size-dependent effects and dissolution
Authors: Lopes Sílvia , Ribeiro Fabianne , Wojnarowicz Jacek , Łojkowski Witold , Jurkschat Kerstin , Crossley Alison , Soares Amadeu M. V. M. , Loureiro Susana
Published: October 2013

As the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and other metal oxides is exponentially increasing, it is important to investigate potential environmental and health impacts of such nanoparticles. Nanoparticles' properties (e.g., size, dissolution rate) may change in different water media, and their characterization is essential to derive conclusions about toxicity results. Therefore, an aquatic model organism, Daphnia magna, was used to investigate the effect of ZnO-NPs with 2 different particle sizes (30 nm and 80–100 nm) and then compare these effects with ZnO microsized particles (>200 nm) and the ionic counterpart (in the form of ZnCl2) on immobilization, feeding inhibition, and reproduction endpoints. The 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) for immobilization ranged between 0.76 mg Zn L−1 for the ionic zinc and 1.32 mg Zn L−1 for ZnO-NPs of 80 nm to 100 nm. For the chronic exposures, the reproduction output was impaired similarly among zinc exposures and possibly driven mainly by the zinc ionic form. The concentrations used showed a total dissolution after 48 h. On the other hand, feeding activity was more affected by the 30 nm ZnO-NPs than by the ionic zinc, showing that the particulate form was also playing an important role in the feeding inhibition of D. magna. Dissolution and particle size in the daphnia test media were found to be essential to derive conclusions on toxicity. Therefore, they can possibly be considered critical for evaluating nanoparticles' toxicity and fate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:190–198. © 2013 SETAC
Biomagnification of mercury through a subtropical coastal food web off Southwest Florida
Authors: Thera Jennifer C. , Rumbold Darren G.
Published: October 2013

Total mercury and stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) were measured in samples from 57 species of invertebrates (17 species) and finfish (40 species) from the coastal waters off southwest Florida, USA, to evaluate the biomagnification of mercury through the food web. Mercury concentrations (wet wt) and δ15N values were highly variable among species, ranging from 0.004 mg/kg in an unidentified species of brittlestar (class Ophiuroidea) to 2.839 ± 1.39 mg/kg in king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) and from 4.67‰ in a Florida fighting conch (Strombus alatus) to 13.68‰ in crevalle jack (Caranx hippos). In general, observed Hg levels were in the upper range of levels previously reported for other Gulf populations. Species means of log-transformed Hg concentrations were positively correlated with δ15N (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.66) and had a slope of 0.21. A trophic magnification factor of 5.05 was calculated from the relationship between log-transformed mean Hg concentrations and trophic level (calculated from δ15N), indicating that Hg increased by a factor of 5 with each increase in trophic level. The log10[Hg]-δ15N slope and trophic magnification factor were also in the upper range of values reported from other regions and ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:65–73. © 2013 SETAC
Assessment of toxicity test endpoints for freshwater mussel larvae (glochidia)
Authors: Fritts Andrea K. , Barnhart M. Christopher , Bradley Megan , Liu Na , Cope W. Gregory , Hammer Edward , Bringolf Robert B.
Published: October 2013

The objectives of the present study were to determine if the viability of freshwater mussel larvae (glochidia) is an ecologically relevant endpoint for toxicity tests and to define the appropriate duration of those tests. The authors assessed 1) how viability (the shell closure response to sodium chloride) compares with infectivity (ability to attach to a host fish and successfully metamorphose to the juvenile stage), and 2) the decline of viability and infectivity over time after glochidia were released from female mussels. Glochidia of 7 mussel species were isolated from females, placed in water, and subsampled daily for 2 d to 5 d. Viability, when ≥90%, was generally a good predictor of infectivity; however, when viability was <90%, infectivity was often disproportionately low, especially for glochidia collected near the end of the brooding period. Viability and infectivity declined more rapidly in natural water and sediment compared to reconstituted water. Following 24-h exposure to a toxicant (sodium chloride or copper), infectivity of the viable glochidia did not differ among concentrations of toxicants. The results indicate that viability is a valid proxy for infectivity and an ecologically relevant endpoint for standard toxicity tests with freshwater mussels for any test duration with control viability >90%. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:199–207. © 2013 SETAC
Bioavailability of copper in contaminated sediments assessed by a DGT approach and the uptake of copper by the aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum
Authors: Caillat Amélie , Ciffroy Philippe , Grote Matthias , Rigaud Sylvain , Garnier Jean-Marie
Published: October 2013

The assessment of the potentially harmful effects of metals on biota depends on the speciation and bioavailability of the metals. In the present study, the authors investigated Cu accumulation and toxicity in the aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum after exposure to artificial sediments varying in peat or ferric hydroxide content and spiked with Cu (5–200 mg kg−1). Modeling of the kinetic diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) measurements revealed fast and slow Cu resupply from the solid phase for sediment formulated with and without peat, respectively. Myriophyllum aquaticum proved to be sensitive to Cu, as the Cu accumulation and growth differed depending on the sediment composition and Cu concentration. Comparing the Cu accumulation in M. aquaticum with total dissolved concentration, free concentration, and concentration in solution derived from DGT measurements (CDGT), Cu concentrations revealed that CDGT concentrations were a better predictor of accumulation than the others. However, the relatively weak correlation observed (r2 = 0.6) and the fact that plant uptake does not increase proportionally to DGT fluxes suggest that Cu uptake in plants was not diffusion limited. Thus, the free Cu concentrations near the root surface were sufficient to meet the plant's demand during the experiment. Furthermore, labile complexes that continuously resupply the Cu2+ pool may also contribute to the concentrations available for plant uptake. In the range of Cu concentrations investigated in the present study, saturation of uptake processes as well as toxicity are considered responsible for the poor DGT prediction of plant uptake. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:278–285. © 2013 SETAC
Mobility management in packet transport networks for network convergence
Authors: Cortés‐Polo David , González‐Sánchez José‐Luis , Rodríguez‐Pérez Francisco‐Javier , Carmona‐Murillo Javier
Published: October 2013

Mobility management and quality of service (QoS) are two of the most important goals in the present and future development of wireless networks. These tasks involve not only the wireless domain but also the access network that interconnects mobile devices with the Internet. This emerging topic is known as fixed mobile convergence. The intention of this convergence is the integration and creation of a unified infrastructure from fixed and wireless mobile networks. In this converged infrastructure, users can move across networks and access services seamlessly. In this paper, we present a study on recent advances and open research issues on mobility protocols in conjunction with multi‐protocol label switching (MPLS)‐based access networks. Various mobile management protocols and their interaction with the access network are briefly introduced. A new architecture called integrated proxy mobile MPLS transport profile is also outlined to provide the highest integration level, QoS and high rates of mobility to achieve fixed mobile convergence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the glowing combustion of moist wood by means of a front‐based model
Authors: Galgano Antonio , Di Blasi Colomba , Ritondale Sergio , Todisco Andrea
Published: October 2013

A model is presented for the glowing combustion of thick moist wood samples exposed to fire‐level heat fluxes. It includes the description of all the relevant heat and mass transfer phenomena and assumes that the thermally controlled drying, the finite‐rate kinetics pyrolysis, and the mixed kinetic‐diffusive controlled combustion take place at infinitely thin fronts. The solution, based on the integral method, shows that apart from short initial and final transients, an ablation regime is established given high external heat fluxes and/or high moisture contents, high wood density and thermal conductivity, and low char density. Drying, pyrolysis, and combustion take place simultaneously along a constant‐thickness layer that propagates at a constant rate (the same for the three fronts) towards the cold sample side. Good quantitative agreement is obtained between model predictions and measurements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salt and fat contents influence the microstructure of model cheeses, chewing/swallowing and in vivo aroma release
Authors: Boisard Lauriane , Tournier Carole , Sémon Etienne , Noirot Elodie , Guichard Elisabeth , Salles Christian
Published: October 2013

The effects of the lipid/protein ratio (20/28, 24/24, 28/20) and salt content of model cheeses were investigated simultaneously with respect to chewing behaviour, swallowing events and in vivo aroma release. Chewing parameters were measured by electromyography. Swallowing events were recorded manually. In vivo aroma release was investigated using nose‐space on‐line atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation–mass spectrometry. The values for chewing activity and time before swallowing were higher with lower lipid/protein ratios and lower salt contents, due to the greater mechanical resistance of the model cheeses. The corresponding microstructure was made up of smaller and more circular fat droplets in a stronger protein network. Furthermore, the maximum intensity and in‐mouth release rate of aroma decreased as the lipid/protein ratio fell. This could be explained by a retention effect of the proteins, which was stronger than the chewing effect. A rise in salt content triggered more rapid aroma release from the protein phase of the model cheese to the oral cavity, and thence to the nasal cavity. The larger fat droplet size in salt‐supplemented model cheeses slowed down the transfer of aroma release and the levels of aroma release after swallowing were higher. A more rapid swallowing was observed for model cheeses containing added salt and with a higher L/P ratio. It is suggested that this was due to greater salivation and lubrication. Moreover, the number of swallows was positively correlated to the total amount of aroma release. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and controllable release of chitosan/vanillin microcapsules and their application to cotton fabric
Authors: Yang Zujin , Zeng Zhangfu , Xiao Zuobing , Ji Hongbing
Published: October 2013

The textile industries have incorporated perfume microencapsulation technology to improve their products. However, certain industrial microcapsules show low encapsulation capacity and low material stability. In this study, vanillin/chitosan microcapsules were prepared via spray‐drying, and the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the microcapsule were 50.69% and 30.31%, respectively. Quantum–chemical calculations confirm the interactions of hydrogen bonds between vanillin and chitosan. Their applicability to the cotton fabric with citric acid as the cross‐linking reagent has been investigated. The structure of the microcapsule‐treated cotton fabric has been characterized with various physico‐chemical techniques. The results confirm the microcapsules have been successfully grafted onto the cotton fabrics. The release experiments show that 21.9% vanillin was retained under 65°C and 80% humidity conditions and 8.6% vanillin still existed after 14 washes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p‐Menthandiol‐vanillin acetals: synthesis and study of their chemo‐sensorial properties
Authors: Serra Stefano , Cominetti Alessandra A. , Gatti Francesco G. , Lavanga Davide , Ottolina Gianluca
Published: October 2013

A study on the synthesis of a number of p‐menthandiols‐vanillin(isovanillin) acetals derivatives is reported here. Properties of the compounds prepared were crudely investigated by tasting and by focusing on their chemesthetic effect. In particular some of these acetals showed a definite warming effect. In order to investigate correlation between chemical structure and biological activity, a large number of the aforementioned acetals were prepared by means of the targeted modification of the p‐menthane framework. This approach revealed that structural modifications considerably affect the chemesthetic properties of these compounds, allowing the identification of two kinds of sensorially active chemical frameworks. The potential of these findings in the design of new food additives featuring a warming/tingling effect is discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of new bioflavonoids in bergamot (Citrus bergamia) peel oil by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem ion trap–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Donato Paola , Bonaccorsi Ivana , Russo Marina , Dugo Paola
Published: October 2013

A new investigation on manually extracted samples of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil was performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ion trap–time‐ of‐flight mass spectrometer. The study aimed to define new quality parameters for the evaluation of bergamot essential oils based on the composition of bioflavonoid. Polymethoxylated flavones were identified in manually cold‐pressed bergamot (C. bergamia) essential oil from fruits of three different cultivars (‘Femminello’, ‘Castagnaro’ and ‘Fantastico’) harvested in southern Italy. The separation of the oxygen heterocyclic compounds was optimized by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography on a partially porous C18 column under gradient elution. Afterwards, calibration curves were obtained for the quantitative assay using photodiode array detection, while a hybrid ion trap–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer was used for structure elucidation, by tandem mass experiments. The methods applied for the identification and the quantitative determination were validated. The results obtained on samples of secure origin prove that the profile of the non‐volatile fraction of bergamot peel oil is characterized, in addition to the well known coumarines and psoralens, also by four polymethoxylated flavones, namely sinensetin, nobiletin, tetra‐O‐methyl‐scutellarein, and tangeretin. In particular, the identification and quantitative determination of nobiletin and tangeretin are hereby reported, for the first time, in cold‐pressed bergamot essential oil. All the essential oil manually extracted from fruits of the three most common cultivars of C. bergamia contain variable amounts of the four polymethoxyflavones, with the cv. ‘Femminello’ being the one with the highest total content. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing the Euro Area‐wide Leading Indicator (ALI): Real‐Time Signals of Turning Points in the Growth Cycle from 2007 to 2011
Authors: de Bondt Gabe J. , Hahn Elke
Published: October 2013

This paper introduces a new monthly euro Area‐wide Leading Indicator (ALI) for the euro area growth cycle which is composed of nine leading series and derived from a one‐sided bandpass filter. The main findings are that (i) the GDP growth cycle in the euro area can be well tracked, in a timely manner and at monthly frequency, by a reference growth cycle indicator (GCI) derived from industrial production excluding construction, (ii) the ALI reliably leads turning points in the GCI by 5 months and (iii) longer leading components of the ALI are good predictors of the GCI up to 9 months ahead. A real‐time case study on the ALI's capabilities for signalling turning points in the euro area growth cycle from 2007 to 2011 confirms these findings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoneutral Design Aspects of Gasoline Chemical Looping Reformer
Authors: Kale G. R. , Kulkarni B. D.
Published: October 2013

Chemical looping reforming (CLR) is a new technology for syngas generation. The theoretical process design aspects of syngas generation using CLR of isooctane (gasoline) are studied in this paper to assess its ability for fuel processor development for solid oxide fuel cells. The fuel processor operating conditions for maximum syngas generation at thermoneutral conditions are determined in this study using nickel oxide as oxygen carrier for different inputs of oxygen carrier within the temperature range of 600–1,000 °C at 1 bar pressure. The thermoneutral temperatures for the dual reactor fuel processor were calculated using the hot product gas stream and exothermic CLR process enthalpy to completely balance the endothermic process requirements. The thermoneutral point of 879.5 °C (NiO input of 7 moles) delivered maximum syngas (13.92 moles) using lowest amount of air (26.13 moles) in the process was found to be the most suitable thermoneutral temperature for the fuel processor operation. The novel fuel processor design can also be used for other fuels and oxygen carriers.
Enhanced Proton Conductivity of Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) Membrane Embedded by Dopamine‐Modified Nanotubes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Zhang H. , Zhang T. , Wang J. , Pei F. , He Y. , Liu J.
Published: October 2013

Design and fabrication of alternative proton exchange membrane (PEM) with high proton conductivity is crucial to the commercial application of PEM fuel cell. Inspired by the bioadhesion principle, dopamine‐modified halloysite nanotubes (DHNTs) bearing –NH2 and –NH– groups are facilely synthesized by directly immersing natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) into dopamine aqueous solution under mild conditions. DHNTs are then embedded into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix to prepare hybrid membranes. HNTs‐filled hybrid membranes are prepared for comparison. The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the membranes are extensively investigated. Fourier transform infrared analysis implies that ordered acid–base pairs (e.g., –S–O–…+H–HN–, –S–O–…+H–N–) are formed at SPEEK–DHNT interface through strong electrostatic interaction. In such a way, continuous surface‐induced ion‐channels emerge along DHNTs. Although the incorporation of DHNTs reduces the channel size, water uptake, and area swelling of the hybrid membranes, which in turn would reduce the vehicle‐type proton transfer, the acid–base pairs create continuous pathways for fast proton transfer with low energy barrier via Grotthuss mechanism. Consequently, DHNT‐filled hybrid membrane with 15% DHNTs achieves a 30% increase in proton conductivity and a 52% increase in peak power density of single cell when compared with SPEEK control membrane, particularly.
Single nucleotide polymorphism array karyotyping: A diagnostic and prognostic tool in myelodysplastic syndromes with unsuccessful conventional cytogenetic testing
Authors: Arenillas Leonor , Mallo Mar , Ramos Fernando , Guinta Kathryn , Barragán Eva , Lumbreras Eva , Larráyoz María‐José , De Paz Raquel , Tormo Mar , Abáigar María , Pedro Carme , Cervera José , Such Esperanza , José Calasanz María , Díez‐Campelo María , Sanz Guillermo F. , Hernández Jesús María , Luño Elisa , Saumell Sílvia , Maciejewski Jaroslaw , Florensa Lourdes , Solé Francesc
Published: October 2013

Cytogenetic aberrations identified by metaphase cytogenetics (MC) have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, in some MDS patients MC study is unsuccesful. Single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP‐A) based karyotyping could be helpful in these cases. We performed SNP‐A in 62 samples from bone marrow or peripheral blood of primary MDS with an unsuccessful MC study. SNP‐A analysis enabled the detection of aberrations in 31 (50%) patients. We used the copy number alteration information to apply the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) and we observed differences in survival between the low/intermediate‐1 and intermediate‐2/high risk patients. We also saw differences in survival between very low/low/intermediate and the high/very high patients when we applied the revised IPSS (IPSS‐R). In conclusion, SNP‐A can be used successfully in PB samples and the identification of CNA by SNP‐A improve the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of this group of MDS patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinctive upper mantle anisotropy beneath the High Lava Plains and Eastern Snake River Plain, Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Wagner Lara S. , Long Maureen D.
Published: October 2013

The Pacific Northwest (PNW) has experienced voluminous intraplate volcanism over the past ∼17 Ma, beginning with the Steens/Columbia River flood basalts and continuing with the still‐ongoing volcanism in the High Lava Plains (HLP) and eastern Snake River Plain (SRP). Here we present two complementary datasets (SKS splitting and Rayleigh wave phase velocity anisotropy) that place constraints on the anisotropic structure of the upper mantle beneath the HLP and SRP regions. Beneath the HLP, SKS phases reveal dominantly E‐W fast splitting directions and large (up to ∼2.7 s) delay times, with pronounced lateral variations in δt. Lateral and depth variability in the strength of anisotropy beneath the HLP is also evident from Rayleigh wave dispersion. Beneath the SRP, SKS splitting delay times are much smaller (∼0.5 s), and surface wave observations suggest a region of upper mantle anisotropy (∼50–150 km depth) with a geometry that deviates significantly from the generally plate motion parallel fast directions observed just outside of the SRP. Beneath the HLP, the geometry of the anomalously strong anisotropy is similar to the anisotropy in the deeper parts of the upper mantle, resulting in constructive interference and large SKS splitting delay times. Beneath the SRP, the geometry of the anomalous anisotropic region in the shallow mantle is different, resulting in destructive interference and reduced SKS splitting delay times. We discuss several possible explanations for these observations, including variations in olivine lattice‐preferred orientation (LPO) strength, transitions in olivine fabric type, and a contribution from aligned partial melt.
The active portion of the Campi Flegrei caldera structure imaged by 3‐D inversion of gravity data
Authors: Capuano Paolo , Russo Guido , Civetta Lucia , Orsi Giovanni , D'Antonio Massimo , Moretti Roberto
Published: October 2013

We present an improved density model and a new structural map of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera, the active portion of the nested Campi Flegrei caldera. The model was built using a new 3‐D inversion of the available high‐precision gravity data, and a new digital terrain and marine model. The inversion procedure, based on a variable‐depth lumped assembling of the subsurface gravity distribution via cell aggregation, gives better defined insights into the internal caldera architecture, that well agree with the available geological, geophysical, and geochemical data. The adopted 3‐D gravity method is highly efficient for characterizing the shallow caldera structure (down to 3 km depth) and defining features related to regional or volcano tectonic lineaments and dynamics. In particular, the resulting density distribution highlights a pronounced density low in correspondence of the central portion of the caldera with a detail not available till now. The joint interpretation of the available data suggests a subsurface structural setting that supports a piecemeal collapse of the caldera, and allows the identification of its headwall. Positive gravity anomalies localize dense intrusions (presently covered by late volcanic deposits) along the caldera marginal faults, and the main structural lineaments both bordering the resurgent block and cutting the caldera floor. These results allow us to both refine the current geological‐structural framework and propose a new structural map that highlights the caldera boundary and its internal setting. This map is useful to interpret the phenomena occurring during unrest, and to improve both short‐term and long‐term volcanic hazards assessment.
Destruction of the North China Craton: a perspective based on receiver function analysis
Authors: He Chuansong , Dong Shuwen , Santosh M. , Li Qiusheng , Chen Xuanhua
Published: October 2013

The North China Craton (NCC), which is composed of the eastern NCC and the western NCC sutured by the Palaeoproterozoic Trans‐North China Orogen, is one of the oldest continental nuclei in the world and the largest cratonic block in China. The eastern NCC is widely known for its significant lithospheric thinning and destruction during the Late Mesozoic. Models on the destruction of the eastern NCC can be principally grouped into two: (1) thermal/mechanical and/or chemical erosion, and (2) lower crustal and (or) lithospheric delamination. The erosion model suggests that the NCC lithospheric thinning resulted from chemical and/or mechanical interactions of lithospheric mantle with melts or hydrous fluids derived from the asthenosphere, whereas the delamination model proposes lithospheric destruction through foundering of eclogitic lower crust together with lithospheric mantle into the underlying convecting mantle. However, those models lack seismic evidence to explain the destruction process. Here, we analyse the crustal structure and upper mantle discontinuity by employing the H–k stacking technique of receiver function as well as the depth domain receiver function. Our results indicate deep mantle upwelling and lower crustal delamination beneath the eastern NCC, and suggest that either or both of these processes contributed to the unique lithospheric thinning and destruction of the eastern NCC. © 2013 The Authors. Geological Journal published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence of active mantle flow beneath South China
Authors: Wang Chun‐Yung , Flesch Lucy M. , Chang Lijun , Zheng Tianyu
Published: October 2013

The India‐Eurasia collision is responsible for producing the Himalayan Mountains and Tibetan plateau and has been hypothesized to have significant far field influences, including driving the Baikal rift and the eastward extrusion of South China. However, quantification of lithospheric buoyancy forces and integrated effect of tractions acting at base of the lithosphere are unable to explain the observed surface motions within South China. We present 198 new SKS shear wave splitting observations beneath South China and invert these data along with published GPS data to solve for the subasthenospheric flow field beneath South China to assess the role of small‐scale convection here. We find a 15–20 mm/yr southwestward‐directed mantle flow toward the Burma slab. This flow is consistent with the mantle response of slab retreat over the past 25 Ma, and counter flow due to subduction of Burma/Sunda slabs demonstrating the importance of localized mantle convection on present‐day plate motions.
Sound velocity of hexagonal close‐packed iron up to core pressures
Authors: Ohtani Eiji , Shibazaki Yuki , Sakai Takeshi , Mibe Kenji , Fukui Hiroshi , Kamada Seiji , Sakamaki Tatsuya , Seto Yusuke , Tsutsui Satoshi , Baron Alfred Q. R.
Published: October 2013

We determined the compressional velocity of hcp‐Fe using high‐resolution inelastic X‐ray scattering combined with in situ X‐ray powder diffraction: Our measurements extend up to 174 GPa at room temperature, to 88 GPa at 700 K, and to 61.5 GPa at 1000 K. Our data, including those obtained at high temperature, are well described by a linear relation to density, extending the range of verification of Birch's law and suggesting only small temperature dependence up to 1000 K. This result, once compared to the preliminary reference Earth model seismologically based model, indicates that there is either a strong temperature effect on Birch's law above 1000 K or the composition of the core is rather different than expected, containing, e.g., heavy impurities. Noting that both recent theoretical calculations and shock wave velocity measurements are consistent with modification of Birch's law at high temperature, we favor the former explanation.
Aquarius and SMOS detect effects of an extreme Mississippi River flooding event in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Gierach Michelle M. , Vazquez‐Cuervo Jorge , Lee Tong , Tsontos Vardis M.
Published: October 2013

Sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements from the Aquarius/Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas (SAC)‐D satellite and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission were used to document the freshening associated with the record 2011 Mississippi River flooding event in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Assessment of the salinity response was aided by additional satellite observations, including chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) and ocean surface currents, and a passive tracer simulation. Low SSS values associated with the spreading of the river plume were observed 1–3 months after peak river discharge which then receded and became unidentifiable from satellite observations 5 months after maximum discharge. The seasonal wind pattern and general circulation of the GoM dramatically impacted the observed salinity response, transporting freshwater eastward along the Gulf coast and entraining low salinity waters into the open GoM. The observed salinity response from Aquarius was consistent with SMOS SSS, chl‐a concentrations, and the passive tracer simulation in terms of the pathway and transit time of the river plume spreading. This study is the first successful application of satellite SSS to study salinity variation in marginal seas.
An analytical formula for the longitudinal resonance frequencies of a fluid‐filled crack
Authors: Maeda Yuta , Kumagai Hiroyuki
Published: October 2013

The fluid‐filled crack model has been widely used to interpret the peak frequencies of long‐period (LP) seismic events at volcanoes. Up to now, numerical methods have been used to compute resonant frequencies in the model. We propose a simple analytical formula for the longitudinal resonance frequencies of a fluid‐filled crack. We evaluated the formula by comparing its results with the resonant frequencies computed by finite difference method code. The comparison revealed that the formula well describes the resonant frequencies of both 2‐D and 3‐D cracks. The formula enables simple and rapid estimates of the fluid properties and geometries of LP source cracks.
The shallow structure beneath Montserrat (West Indies) from new Bouguer gravity data
Authors: Hautmann Stefanie , Camacho Antonio G. , Gottsmann Joachim , Odbert Henry M. , Syers R. Tappy
Published: October 2013

Although the persistently active Soufrière Hills Volcano (Montserrat, West Indies) is one of the most extensively studied active stratovolcanoes, a local Bouguer gravity map of the volcano and the island of Montserrat has yet to be constructed. We collected 157 new gravity data, which we analyzed and inverted in order to constrain the island's subsurface density distribution. Our model results reveal high‐density material beneath the centers of the extinct volcanic complexes—presumably related to exposed dome cores—while the volcanic flanks and the active Soufrière Hills Volcano are underlain by low‐density material. Volcaniclastic deposits and subsurface melt aggregations, respectively, may explain these negative gravity anomalies. Our results are in good agreement with previous structural observations from seismic tomography; however, a higher spatial density of the gravity survey network has allowed us to additionally capture smaller, shallow‐seated anomalies in the gravity field that relate to tectonic structures and fluvial filling deposits.
Large‐scale simulations of snow albedo masking by forests
Authors: Essery Richard
Published: October 2013

Comparisons between climate models have found large differences in predictions for the albedo of forested regions with snow cover, leading to uncertainty in the strength of snow albedo feedbacks on climate change predicted by these models. To explore this uncertainty, three commonly used methods for calculating the albedo of vegetated surfaces are compared, taking observed snow and vegetation distributions as inputs. Surprisingly, all three methods produce similar results and compare reasonably well with observations over seasonally snow‐covered regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It appears that some climate models use unrealistic parameter values, and snow albedo masking need not be as large a source of uncertainty as it is in current climate projections.
Attributing intensification of precipitation extremes to human influence
Authors: Zhang Xuebin , Wan Hui , Zwiers Francis W. , Hegerl Gabriele C. , Min Seung‐Ki
Published: October 2013

This study provides estimates of the human contribution to the observed widespread intensification of precipitation extremes. We consider the annual maxima of daily (RX1day) and 5 day consecutive (RX5day) precipitation amounts over the Northern Hemisphere land area for 1951–2005 and compare observed changes with expected responses to external forcings as simulated by multiple coupled climate models participating in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. The effect of anthropogenic forcings can be detected in extreme precipitation observations, both individually and when simultaneously estimating anthropogenic and naturally forced changes. The effect of natural forcings is not detectable. We estimate that human influence has intensified annual maximum 1 day precipitation in sampled Northern Hemisphere locations by 3.3% [1.1% to 5.8%, >90% confidence interval] on average. This corresponds to an average intensification in RX1day of 5.2% [1.3%, 9.3%] per degree increase in observed global mean surface temperature consistent with the Clausius‐Clapeyron relationship.
Rapid submarine melting driven by subglacial discharge, LeConte Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Motyka Roman J , Dryer William P , Amundson Jason , Truffer Martin , Fahnestock Mark
Published: October 2013

We show that subglacial freshwater discharge is the principal process driving high rates of submarine melting at tidewater glaciers. This buoyant discharge draws in warm seawater, entraining it in a turbulent upwelling flow along the submarine face that melts glacier ice. To capture the effects of subglacial discharge on submarine melting, we conducted 4 days of hydrographic transects during late summer 2012 at LeConte Glacier, Alaska. A major rainstorm allowed us to document the influence of large changes in subglacial discharge. We found strong submarine melt fluxes that increased from 9.1 ± 1.0 to 16.8 ± 1.3 m d−1 (ice face equivalent frontal ablation) as a result of the rainstorm. With projected continued global warming and increased glacial runoff, our results highlight the direct impact that increases in subglacial discharge will have on tidewater outlet systems. These effects must be considered when modeling glacier response to future warming and increased runoff.
Facile Synthesis of Derivatives of 1,1,3‐Trioxo‐2H,4H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐b][1,2,4,6]thiatriazine: A New Heterocyclic System
Authors: Chen Wenmin , Zhan Peng , Rai Diwakar , Huang Boshi , Yang Jiapei , Liu Xinyong
Published: October 2013

We reported a facile and efficient methodology to synthesize derivatives of pyrrolo[1,2‐b][1,2,4,6]thiatriazine (PTTD): a new bridgehead nitrogen heterocyclic system. Treatment of methyl pyrrole‐2‐carboxylate with N‐benzylsulfamoyl chlorides followed by subsequent hydrolysis reaction afforded 1‐benzylsulfamoyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxylic acids, which underwent ring‐closing reaction by treatment with diphenyl phosphorazidate via Curtius rearrangement; subsequent alkylation reaction afforded the desired 2,4‐disubstituted‐1,1,3‐trioxo‐2H,4H‐PTTDs.
The Effect of Medicaid Policies on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children's Mental Health Problems in Primary Care
Authors: Turner Lesley J.
Published: October 2013

Primary care physicians play a substantial role in diagnosing and treating children's mental health disorders, but Medicaid managed care policies may limit these physicians' ability to serve low‐income children. Using data from the universe of Medicaid recipients in three states, I evaluate how Medicaid managed care policies impact primary care diagnosis and treatment of children's mental health disorders. Specific policies examined include the presence of a behavioral carve‐out, traditional health maintenance organization, or primary care case management program. To alleviate concerns of endogenous patient sorting, my preferred identification strategy uses variation in Medicaid policy penetration to instrument for individual plan choices. I show that while health maintenance organizations reduce diagnosis and non‐drug treatment of mental health disorders, primary care case management program policies shift in diagnosis and treatment from within primary care to specialist providers such as psychiatrists, where serious mental health conditions are more likely to be identified. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inherently poor survival of elderly patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Ye , Yi Jun‐Lin , Huang Xiao‐Dong , Xu Guo‐Zhen , Xiao Jian‐Ping , Li Su‐Yan , Luo Jing‐Wei , Zhang Shi‐Ping , Wang Kai , Qu Yuan , Gao Li
Published: October 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the features of the elderly patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

The medical records of 212 patients with NPC, aged ≥65 years, and receiving radiotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. Comorbidity was rated using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).

Results

Twenty‐four patients (11.3%) scored ≥3 and 188 patients (88.7%) scored <3 rated by CCI. The median actuarial irradiated dose of the nasopharynx was 72 Gy (range, 20–94 Gy) with 87.3% patients receiving >70 Gy. One hundred fifty‐four patients had stage III/IV disease. The actuarial local control, cancer‐specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) rates at 5 years were 68.8%, 63.5%, and 47.0%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, stage (hazard ratio [HR], 1.489; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.168–1.897; p = .001), the technique of radiotherapy (HR, 0.674; 95% CI, 0.476–0.953; p = .025), and anemia (HR, 3.081; 95% CI, 1.624–5.845; p = .001) were independent prognostic factors.

Conclusion

The elderly patients with NPC may inherently predict poor outcomes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 771–776, 2015
Long‐term functional and quality of life evaluation after treatment for advanced pharyngolaryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Metreau Alexandre , Louvel Guillaume , Godey Benoît , Le Clech Guy , Jegoux Franck
Published: October 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare total laryngectomy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for functional and long‐term quality of life (QOL) outcomes in patients with pharyngolaryngeal carcinoma.

Methods

Among 145 patients treated for advanced pharyngolaryngeal cancer by CRT or total laryngectomy between 2000 and 2008, 47 patients who had completed treatment for >1 year and were determined to be disease‐free were evaluated for function and QOL using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30‐questions (EORTC‐QLQ‐C30).

Results

No significant difference was observed between the total laryngectomy group (26 patients) and the CRT group (21 patients) concerning feeding tube (p = .72), oral supplements (p = .84), and pneumonia (p = 1.00). Laryngeal functional rate after CRT was 72% at 2 years. No significant difference was observed between the 2 groups when using EORTC‐QLQ‐C30 scales (p > .05). According to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30 Head and Neck 35‐questions (EORTC‐QLQ‐C30‐H&N35) questionnaire, surgical patients reported significantly greater difficulties with smell and taste (p = .005) and chemoradiation patients with dry mouth (p = .010) and weight loss (p = .022). Differences that seemed clinically meaningful but not statistically significant emerged on several other scales.

Conclusion

Both total laryngectomy and CRT led to a similar high rate of dysphagia‐related morbidity (feeding tube, oral supplements, and pneumonia) and QOL alteration, but the groups differed in the specific QOL domains affected. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1604–1610, 2014
Role of endolaryngeal surgery (with or without laser) versus radiotherapy in the management of early (T1) glottic cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Yoo John , Lacchetti Christina , Hammond J. Alex , Gilbert Ralph W. ,   Head and Neck Cancer Disease Site Group
Published: October 2013

Background

Treatment options for early glottic cancer include transoral microsurgery or radiotherapy (RT). There is continuing debate about which is the superior treatment.

Methods

The literature was searched from 1996 to 2011 using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. A quality assessment of each included study was conducted and reported.

Results

There is no evidence in favor of 1 treatment modality when considering likelihood of local control or overall survival. There is a suggestion that RT may be associated with less measureable perturbation of voice as compared to surgery, but no significant differences were seen in patient perception. The likelihood of laryngeal preservation may be higher when surgery can be offered as initial treatment.

Conclusion

For patients with early (T1) glottic cancer, treatment options include the equally effective endolaryngeal surgery, with or without laser, or radiation therapy. The choice between treatment modalities should be based on patient and clinician preferences and general medical condition. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1807–1819, 2014
TPF induction chemotherapy and concomitant irradiation with cisplatin and cetuximab in unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Strojan Primož , Kuhar Cvetka Grašič , Žumer Barbara , Kadivec Maksimilijan , Karner Katarina , Fajdiga Igor , Jančar Boris , Gale Nina , Poljak Mario , Kocjan Boštjan J , Zakotnik Branko
Published: October 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of docetaxel, cisplatin/5‐fluorouracil (TPF) induction chemotherapy and concomitant immunochemoradiotherapy with cetuximab and cisplatin in unresectable head and neck carcinoma.

Methods

Treatment consisted of TPF induction chemotherapy (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 day 2; cisplatin, 75 mg/m2 day 2; and 5‐fluorouracil 750 mg/m2 days 1–4; 4 cycles), followed by radiotherapy (RT) and concomitant weekly cetuximab, (250 mg/m2, after a loading dose of 400 mg/m2) and cisplatin (30 mg/m2).

Results

Twenty‐five of 30 patients completed 4 cycles of induction chemotherapy. Six or more concomitant infusions of cisplatin and cetuximab were administered in 13 of 25 and 18 of 25 patients, respectively. The 2‐year locoregional control, disease‐free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were 47%, 47%, and 50%, respectively. Patients with grade ≥2 skin reaction to cetuximab had a superior outcome.

Conclusion

The tested regimen was effective; however, cetuximab and low‐dose cisplatin after induction TPF increased the treatment toxicity. A grade ≥2 skin rash correlated with improved efficacy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1555–1561, 2014
Bone impacted fibular free flap: A novel technique to increase bone density for dental implantation in osseous reconstruction
Authors: Dziegielewski Peter T. , Mlynarek Alex M. , Harris Jeffrey R. , Hrdlicka Adam , Barber Brittany , Al‐Qahtani Khalid , Wolfaardt John , Raboud Don , Seikaly Hadi
Published: October 2013

Background

Fibular free flap (FFF) bone has thick cortical bone surrounding a fatty marrow. The cortex has sufficient density for dental implantation, but the marrow limits bone stock. A novel technique was devised to increase bone density: the bone‐impacted fibular free flap (BIFFF). The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe the BIFFF technique; (2) evaluate the bone density of BIFFF; and (3) evaluate the stability/success of implants placed in BIFFFs.

Methods

Patients undergoing maxillary/mandibular reconstruction with FFFs were prospectively enrolled from 1998 to 2008. Two cohorts were compared: BIFFF and nonmodified FFF. The main outcome was bone density as seen on CT scans. Primary dental implant stability was determined via Periotest.

Results

Thirty‐eight patients were included in this study. BIFFFs achieved higher bone density versus unmodified FFFs (p < .05). Greater primary dental implant stability occurred in BIFFFs (p < .05). One hundred percent of BIFFF and 59% of nonmodified FFF implants were successful at 1 year.

Conclusion

BIFFF increases reconstructed bone density, initial dental implant stability, and 1‐year implant success. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1648–1653, 2014
Radiographic extracapsular extension and treatment outcomes in locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Kann Benjamin H. , Buckstein Michael , Carpenter Todd J. , Bakst Richard , Misiukiewicz Krzysztof , Genden Eric , Posner Marshall , Kostakoglu Lale , Som Peter , Gupta Vishal
Published: October 2013

Background

Pathologic extracapsular extension (pECE) in metastatic lymph nodes is associated with poor prognosis for oropharyngeal carcinoma. The prognostic value of radiographic extracapsular extension (rECE) has not been studied.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of 111 patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma treated in the Mount Sinai Radiation Oncology Department with accessible pretreatment CT reports. Univariate Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses compared cohorts for locoregional control, distant control, progression‐free (PFS), and overall survival (OS).

Results

Sixty‐four patients had rECE‐present and 47 had rECE‐absent scans. The patients with rECE presence had significantly worse OS (3‐year: 95% vs 77%; p = .006), PFS (3‐year: 91% vs 71%; p = .002), and distant control (3‐year: 98% vs 81%; p = .008), with no difference in locoregional control. On multivariate analysis, rECE‐presence was a negative prognosticator for OS, PFS, and distant control.

Conclusion

This study suggests that rECE is an independent prognosticator of poor distant control and survival with little impact on locoregional control for oropharyngeal carcinoma. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1689–1694, 2014