bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic Adhesiolysis in a Horse
Authors: BLEYAERT HELGA F. , BROWN MURRAY P. , BONENCLARK GREGORY , BAILEY JAMES E.
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this report was to describe the use of laparoscopy as a method of treatment for abdominal adhesions in the horse.

Clinical Report—Unilateral ovariectomy for removal of a granulosa cell tumor was performed through a diagonal paramedian approach in a 14‐year‐old Arabian mare. Progressive incisional swelling and hemorrhage culminated in acute incisional dehiscence with herniation of ileum on the sixth postoperative day. Septic peritonitis that responded to parenteral antibiotic therapy was identified 7 days after hernia repair. Seven days later, the mare had signs of abdominal pain, and adhesions of small intestine to the paramedian incision were identified on rectal palpation. Transrectally assisted laparoscopic adhesiolysis was performed. No further complications occurred.

Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic adhesiolysis may provide better observation of adhesions and reduced postoperative morbidity compared with laparotomy.
Pinless External Fixation of Mandible Fractures in Cattle
Authors: LISCHER CHRISTOPH J. , FLURI ERIKA , KASER‐HOTZ B. , BETTSCHART‐WOLFENSBERGER R. , AUER JOERG A.
Published: February 2008

Objective— This report describes our experience with a new technique for stabilization of mandibular fractures in cattle using a pinless external fixator.

Study Design— Mandibular fractures were stabilized with a pinless external fixator, which is a modification of a unilateral AO/ASIF (Association for the Study of Internal Fixation)‐fixator in which pins are replaced with bone clamps.

Animals— Seven dairy cattle between 1 and 5 years of age.

Methods— Fracture stabilization was achieved by using the pinless external fixator. Postoperative management included intravenous administration of sodium chloride‐glucose and antibiotics. A suspension of ruminal contents from a normal cow together with linseed and grass pellets was administered with a gastric tube.

Results— Three to 10 days after surgery six of seven cows masticated comfortably. The only failure was a yearling with a 10‐day‐old open infected fracture. This animal was slaughtered 9 days after surgery because of additional problems. In six cases there was enough callus formation 33 to 54 days after surgery to stabilize the fracture. The fixation devices were removed under heavy sedation. The major complication was bone sequestration at the fracture site, which required additional treatment.

Conclusion— The pinless fixator has proven satisfactory for external stabilization of unilateral horizontal ramus fractures of the mandible in cattle.

Clinical Relevance— The technique provides good stability without penetration of the medullary cavity and damage to the tooth roots. Other advantages of the technique include ease of application, minimal surgical trauma, and the short surgical time for application.
Bacterial Isolates From Plaque and From Blood During and After Routine Dental Procedures in Dogs
Authors: NIEVES MARY ANN , HARTWIG PATRICIA , KINYON JOANN M. , RIEDESEL DEAN H.
Published: February 2008

Objective— This study evaluates the association between dental procedures and bacteremia in dogs, including a comparison of bacteria isolated from plaque and blood, severity of the bacteremia versus the severity of dental disease, and the longevity of bacteremia.

Study Design— Bacteria cultured from the blood over time were compared with those isolated from the plaque and crevicular fluid and in relation to severity of dental disease.

Animals or Sample Population— Twenty adult greyhounds.

Methods— Blood samples were collected for culture before induction of general anesthesia, immediately after intubation, 20 minutes after initiation of the dental procedure, and at 10‐minute intervals until 10 minutes after the dental procedure was completed. Samples of plaque were taken for microbiological culture.

Results— Sixty to ninety percent of the bacterial genera isolated from the plaque were present in the blood. Dogs classified according to severity of dental disease showed no difference in the total number of different species or number of different Gram‐negative, Gram‐positive, or anaerobic bacteria isolated from plaque or blood (P <.05). Bacteremia was present in all of the dogs studied, within 40 minutes from the initiation of the dental procedure, regardless of the severity of oral disease.

Conclusions— Gram‐negative, Gram‐positive, and anaerobic bacteria are present in blood during dental procedures; the bacteremia can persist beyond the dental procedure, and is not associated with the severity of dental disease.

Clinical Relevance— The nature and extent of bacteremia occuring during routine dental procedures is important in understanding a potential risk to dogs.
A Technique for Management of Bite Wounds of the Thoracic Wall in Small Dogs
Authors: SHAHAR RON , SHAMIR MERAV , JOHNSTON DUDLEY E.
Published: February 2008

Bite wounds of the chest wall in small dogs can extend into the thorax and can be associated with severe damage to chest wall muscles, ribs, and lungs. Two major problems associated with the management of these wounds are lack of sufficient muscle tissue for chest wall reconstruction, and difficulty draining the extensive dead space created in the chest wall. We describe a simple method to overcome these problems. The bite wound areas were surgically explored and all devitalized soft tissue was debrided. The pleural cavity was explored, intrathoracic injuries repaired, and a thoracic drainage tube was placed. Ribs in the injured area were stabilized in anatomic position by means of heavy gauge sutures passed around pairs of adjacent ribs, thus creating a scaffolding for soft tissues. Viable muscle and subcutaneous tissues were apposed as much as possible and the skin closed over the defect. Eleven small dogs were treated using this technique. All dogs had severe injuries to the thoracic wall muscles and eight dogs had multiple rib fractures. There was no evidence of chest wall instability in any of the dogs after surgery. Nine dogs survived the injury and were reevaluated 3 to 32 months after surgery. All were clinically normal. One dog developed wound infection and pyothorax, caused by insufficient debridement of injured muscle tissue, and died 10 days after surgery. A second dog died 24 hours postoperatively of undetermined causes.
Surgical Treatment of Male Dogs With Urinary Incontinence Due to Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence
Authors: WEBER U.Th. , ARNOLD S. , HUBLER M. , KUPPER J.R.
Published: February 2008

A modified technique for fixation of the deferent ducts to the abdominal wall as a therapy for urinary incontinence caused by urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) in male dogs is described, and the results in seven dogs are reported. The goal of this treatment was to achieve an effect similar to colposuspension in female dogs with USMI. An increase in urethral length of an average of 28 mm was obtained (range, 5 to 50 mm, measured radiographically). Preoperatively, the neck of the bladder was located intrapelvically in five of seven dogs. Postoperatively, the neck of the bladder was located intra‐abdominally, near the caudo‐ventral abdominal wall, in all dogs. After a follow‐up period of 12 to 49 months, the response to surgery, based on lack of or decrease of incontinence, was excellent in three dogs, good in another three, and poor in one dog.
Preliminary Investigations of Pain and Analgesia Assessment in Horses Administered Phenylbutazone or Placebo After Arthroscopic Surgery
Authors: RAEKALLIO M. , TAYLOR P.M. , BENNETT R.C.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐five horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery were studied to develop a schemeor assessing pain in horses while investigating the effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ) analgesia. Fifteen of the 25 horses received PBZ 4 mg/kg intravenously (IV) before surgery and 2 mg/kg (IV) every 12 hours thereafter until 60 hours; the remaining 10 (placebo group) were given a corresponding volume of saline. In both groups, venous blood samples were collected for catecholamine, β‐endorphin, and Cortisol assays before premedication and up to 72 hours after surgery. Postoperative pain was evaluated by measuring predefined behavioral and physiological variables. A total postoperative pain severity index (TPPSI) was calculated using all variables. There were no differences between PBZ and placebo groups in plasma β‐endorphin or catecholamine concentrations, but the TPPSI was higher in the placebo group than in the PBZ group, suggesting that perioperative treatment with PBZ has some analgesic benefit. This study shows the difficulties associated with pain assessment in horses.
Endogenous Benzodiazepine Activity in the Peripheral and Portal Blood of Dogs With Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
Authors: ARONSON LILLIAN R. , GACAD REYNALDO C. , KAMINSKY‐RUSS KRISTINE , GREGORY CLARE R. , MULLEN KEVIN D.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐ The purpose of this study was to determine whether an endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand (EBZ) was present in the arterial and portal blood of dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS).

Study Design‐ The presence or absence of an EBZ was determined by the collection of systemic and portal blood from dogs with CPSS.

Animals‐ Fifteen client‐owned dogs with a confirmed CPSS. All dogs had historical signs compatible with hepatic encephalopathy. Eight healthy dogs were used as controls.

Methods‐ In all dogs, systemic blood samples were collected after they were anesthetized. Portal blood samples were collected intraoperatively. EBZ was measured by radioreceptor assay.

Results‐ In 10 of 15 dogs, the portal blood concentration of EBZ was significantly elevated compared with normal dogs (mean, 13.2 ±18.55 ng/mL). Five dogs had elevated systemic blood EBZ levels (mean, 8.2 ±16.08 ng/mL). Eleven of 15 dogs had a higher portal than systemic blood concentration of EBZ. In contrast, control dogs had extremely low EBZ concentrations detected in their portal blood (mean, 0.16 ±0.3 ng/mL) and systemic blood (0 ng/mL). The mean portal and systemic blood concentrations in dogs with CPSS were significantly greater than in control dogs (P <.05).

Conclusions‐ Elevated blood levels of EBZ were found in dogs with CPSS. The portosystemic gradient noted in 11 dogs suggests the gastrointestinal tract as a possible source for the endogenous ligand.

Clinical Relevance‐ Generalized motor seizures have been reported in dogs after surgical correction of CPSS. If the presence of a CPSS results in stimulation of brain receptors for benzodiazepines, post‐CPSS ligation seizures may result from a withdrawal of EBZ after ligation of the portosystemic shunt.
Passive Drainage Versus Primary Closure After Total Ear Canal Ablation‐Lateral Bulla Osteotomy in Dogs: 59 Dogs (1985–1995)
Authors: DEVITT CHAD M. , SEIM HOWARD B. , WILLER RANDY , McPHERRON MELISSA , NEELY MARLON
Published: February 2008

Objective‐Compare passive wound drainage to primary closure of total ear canal ablation‐lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA‐LBO) in dogs.

Study Design‐Retrospective analysis of medical records.

Sample Population‐Fifty‐nine dogs with end‐stage otitis externa or neoplasia of the external and middle ear.

Methods‐Medical records of dogs with TECA‐LBO were reviewed. Dogs were divided into postoperative drain and primary closure groups. Statistical analyses were performed to identify differences in data for signalment, preoperative treatment, duration of hospitalization, immediate complications, and long‐term complications between groups.

Results‐No significant differences were detected in signalment, diagnosis, and duration of medical management between groups (P>.05). Duration of hospitalization was greater for dogs in the drain group (P<.05). Immediate postoperative complications occurred in 26 of 59 dogs and included ipsilateral facial palsy, incision swelling, vestibular signs, premature drain removal, and one dog died of aspiration pneumonia. Long‐term (>6 months) complications were identified in 12 of 50 dogs and included dermatitis of the medial aspect of the pinna, chronic fistula formation, and permanent facial paralysis. No association between immediate or long term complications and method of closure was identified.

Conclusions‐Primary closure is an acceptable alternative in dogs undergoing TECA‐LBO when surgical wound dead space can be managed with meticulous hemostasis, complete debridement of devitalized tissue, and accurate apposition of tissue planes.
Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair in Three Young Horses
Authors: SANTSCHI ELIZABETH M. , JUZWIAK JAMES S. , MOLL H. DAVID , SLONE DONNIE E.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐ This clinical report describes surgical correction of diaphragmatic hernia in three young horses.

Study Design‐ Retrospective investigation of medical records and subsequent racing performance.

Animals‐ Three young horses with diaphragmatic hernia.

Results‐ Three young horses with signs of abdominal pain had diaphragmatic hernia causing small intestinal strangulation. The strangulated small intestine was resected and an end‐to‐end jejuno‐jejunal (two horses) or a side‐to‐side jejuno‐cecal anastomosis (one horse) was performed. Diaphragmatic hernias were closed with a continuous suture pattern. All horses recovered and raced. No difference in race records was found between the subject horses and their siblings. One subject horse died of colic at 5 years of age, but the cause of the colic was undetermined. The remaining two horses are in use as broodmares and have produced multiple foals without recurrence of signs of diaphragmatic hernia

Conclusions‐ Diaphragmatic hernias can be repaired in horses. These horses can achieve race records similar to their siblings and can produce foals without recurrence of signs of diaphragmatic hernia.
Surgical Excision of Soft Tissue Fibrosarcomas in Cats
Authors: DAVIDSON ELLEN B. , GREGORY CLARE R. , KASS PHILLIP H.
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the tumor‐free interval and survival times of cats who had one (group 1) or more (group 2) surgeries, or surgery and radiation therapy (RTH) (group 3) for treatment of soft tissue fibrosarcomas (FSA).

Study Design— Retrospective study.

Animals or Sample Population— 45 client‐owned cats.

Methods— Medical records of cats with soft tissue FSA were examined. Vaccination and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) status, age, sex, breed, tumor location, number of surgeries, completeness of excision, and histopathological grade were evaluated to correlate with tumor‐free interval and survival periods.

Results— Overall median tumor‐free interval and survival times were 10 and 11.5 (range, 1 to 40) months. Median tumor‐free interval and survival times were more than 16 months each in group 1, more than 5 and 13 months in group 2, and 4.5 and 9 months in group 3. Age, sex, breed, vaccination or FeLV status, tumor location, or histopathological grade did not affect median tumor‐free interval or survival times (P<.05). Cats with complete excisions had significantly longer median tumor‐free interval (>16 versus 4 months) and survival time (>16 versus 9 months) than those with incomplete excisions (P=.008). Radiation therapy did not seem to extend tumor‐free interval and survival times (P=.013). However, most group 3 cats had incomplete surgical excisions, resulting in recurrent or progressive disease.

Conclusions— Complete surgical excision of FSA in cats is possible and can be curative.

Clinical Relevance— Aggressive surgical excision with wide margins appears to contribute to extended tumor‐free interval and survival times in cats with soft tissue FSA. Controlled prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of RTH in treatment.
Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy in Standing Horses
Authors: DAVIS ERIC W.
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using laparoscopy to remove cryptorchid testes from standing horses.

Study Design— Prospective clinical study.

Animals or Sample Population— Eleven client‐owned horses ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years.

Methods— Abdominal insufflation was initiated and maintained using a 20 F insufflation tube, attached via a stopcock, to the low pressure regulator on a standard carbon dioxide pressure tank. After trocar and laparoscope placement in the ipsilateral flank the testes were identified. Local anesthesia of the structures to be manipulated was administered through the instrument channel on the operative laparoscope, using a catheter with a needle attached. Testes were grasped with large laparoscopic forceps and exteriorized through the abdominal wall. Ligation and transection of the mesorchium was extracorporeal. The descended testes were removed using a standard standing technique.

Results— Complications were minor, including mild colic in one horse. The mean surgical time for standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy and castration of these colts was 58.9 ±24.3 minutes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy, using the instrumentation described, is a safe and practical technique in young horses.
Cosmetic Dehorning in Goats
Authors: HAGUE BRENT A. , HOOPER R. NEIL
Published: February 2008

Objective— This article describes a technique using primary closure when dehorning goats, and report the results of 22 cases.

Study Design— Medical records of goats that had cosmetic dehorning were reviewed.

Animals or Sample Population— Twenty‐two goats.

Methods— The medical records of 22 goats, not previously dehorned by other methods, that were cosmetically dehorned between January 1988 and September 1995 were reviewed. Data retrieved from the medical record included age, breed, sex, surgical technique used for dehorning, and any complications that occurred after surgery. All clients were contacted by telephone to determine the course of postoperative healing for each goat. A surgical technique to remove the horns and close the defect primarily was described.

Results— The mean age of the goats, all male Nubian or Nubian‐Spanish cross, was 6.9 months (range, 2 to 24 months). Horn base diameter ranged from approximately 2 to 4 cm. Mean time from surgery until follow‐up was 12.9 months (range, 3 to 57 months). All incisions healed by first intention in 10 to 14 days. Clinical signs of sinusitis were not noted, and owners were pleased with the healing time and cosmetic result obtained.

Conclusions— Primary closure of skin defects after dehorning of goats can be achieved with minimal postoperative care and excellent cosmetic appearance.

Clinical Relevance— Primary closure after dehorning in mature goats reduces aftercare.
Nasal Septoplasty for Correction of Septal Deviation in a Foal
Authors: YARBROUGH TOM B. , CARR ELIZABETH A. , SNYDER JACK R. , HORNOF WILLIAM J.
Published: February 2008

Objective— This article reports an alternative to septal resection in nasal septal deviations involving the rostral 7 to 10 cm of the nasal septum.

Study Design— Case report.

Sample Population— One client‐owned foal.

Methods— A nasal approach with mucosal elevation was used to gain access to the cartilaginous portion of the nasal septum. Once exposed, a series of parasagittal incisions in the cartilage allowed the septum to be repositioned while providing some intrinsic stabilization.

Results— The nasal approach provided good access to the rostral 7 cm of the nasal septum. The technique resulted in minimal hemorrhage from the site. Bleeding was reduced with the use of ephedrine to vasoconstrict the mucosal vessels, and primary closure of the mucosa.

Conclusions— Use of an intrinsically stabilized septoplasty should be considered as a means of decreasing the airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation in foals while allowing for normal development of facial contour.
Closed One‐Stage Functional End‐to‐End Jejunojejunostomy in Horses With Use of Linear Stapling Equipment
Authors: LATIMER FEDERICO G. , ABVP Diplomate , BLACKFORD JAMES T. , ACVS Dipiomate , VALK NEAL , WAN PAUL , PATTON STEVE
Published: February 2008

Objective—To use gastrointestinal linear stapling instrumentation to perform a closed one‐stage functional end‐to‐end jejunojejunostomy in adult horses as an alternative to a stapled side‐to‐side jejunojejunostomy.

Study Design—Clinical outcome, anatomic and histological architecture, and anastomotic dimensions were determined at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks postoperatively. Animals or Sample Population—18 adult horses.

Methods—The anastomosis and peritoneal cavity were inspected for adhesions. The diameter and circumference of the anastomosis and jejunum oral and aboral to the anastomosis were determined from digitized contrast radiographs and linear measurements. Healing of anastomotic sites was evaluated histologically.

Results—Three horses were euthantized in the immediate postoperative period. In the 15 surviving horses, there were no peritoneal adhesions or distortion of the anastomoses and stomas remodeled in an end‐to‐end fashion. The mean anastomotic staple line (7.48 cm) and mucosa (6.89 cm) diameters were significantly (P < .05) larger than the mean jejunal diameter oral (6.03 cm) and aboral (6.01 cm) to the anastomosis. The mean anastomotic luminal circumference (13.61 cm) was significantly (P < .01) larger than the mean oral (11.43 cm) and aboral (11.12 cm) jejunal circumference. Histologically, there was adequate mucosal and muscularis mucosae reapposition with a moderate degree of fibrosis and inflammation.

Conclusions—Closed one‐stage functional end‐to‐end jejunojejunostomy resulted in an acceptable functional anastomosis.

Clinical Relevance—This technique appears to be an acceptable alternative to linearly stapled, side‐to‐side jejunojejunostomies performed in horses.
Biomechanical Comparison of the Herbert and AO Cortical Bone Screws for Compression of an Equine Third Carpal Bone Dorsal Plane Slab Osteotomy
Authors: MURRAY RACHEL C. , GAUGHAN EARL M. , DEBOWES RICHARD M. , HOSKINSON JAMES J.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To assess feasibility of insertion of 4.5‐mm Herbert cannulated bone screws (HS) using fluoroscopic guidance and compare the mechanical shear strength of these HS and 4.5‐mm AO cortical bone screws (AO) for fixation of dorsal plane slab osteotomies in equine cadaver third carpal bones (C3).

Animals or Sample Population—Eight equine cadavers.

Methods—Bone mineral composition and density of contralateral C3 were confirmed to be equivalent using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. A standard 10‐mm C3 slab osteotomy was reduced using HS or AO instrumentation under fluoroscopic guidance. Specimens were loaded in shear until failure, using a materials testing apparatus.

Results—HS and AO instrumentation allowed accurate reconstruction of the osteotomy, but there was difficulty encountered seating the HS proximal self‐tapping threads. There was no significant difference in maximal load to failure, stiffness, or mode of failure of constructs created with the HS and AO screws.

Conclusions—Use of 4.5‐mm HS for repair of C3 radial facet, dorsal plane slab fractures may result in a mechanically comparable fixation to a repair using a 4.5‐mm AO. Equine dorsal C3 may be too dense, however, to allow placement of the proximal self‐tapping threads of the HS without potentially excessive application of torque to the screw itself.

Clinical Relevance—Dorsal plane, radial facet slab fractures of the equine C3 are a significant clinical problem. Accurate reconstruction and stabilization are necessary for return to athletic function.
Laparoscopic Colopexy in Horses
Authors: TROSTLE STEVEN S. , WHITE NATHANIEL A. , DONALDSON LYDIA , FREEMAN LYNN J. , HENDRICKSON DEAN A.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe a technique for laparoscopic colopexy in horses.

Study Design—Description of a technique to perform laparoscopic colopexy in horses.

Animals—Six healthy adult horses between 3 and 23 years of age and weighing between 440 and 636 kg.

Methods—Horses were positioned in dorsal recumbency, and the abdomen was insufflated to an intraabdominal pressure of 15 mm Hg. A laparoscope portal was placed at the umbilicus, and instrument portals were placed cranial to the laparoscope and lateral to midline. The lateral taenia of the left ventral colon was laparoscopically identified and retracted with Babcock forceps to the peritoneal surface and sutured with two strands of size 2 monofilament nylon in a continuous pattern via laparoscopic observation. All horses were euthanatized 90 days after surgery, and the colopexy adhesion was examined histologically.

Results—Laparoscopic colopexy was successful in all six horses. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Initial abdominal insufflation to 15 mm Hg required an average of 38 L (range 32 to 46 L) of carbon dioxide and 9.8 minutes (range 9 to 11 minutes) to be completed. A total of 132 L of carbon dioxide (range 64 to 196 L) was needed for the entire procedure. The laparoscopic colopexy procedure required 95 minutes (range 60 to 142 minutes) to perform. Laparoscopic colopexy resulted in a firm, fibrous adhesion of the colon to the abdominal tunic. Microscopically the colopexy adhesion was mature fibrous tissue with no evidence of inflammation.

Conclusions—Laparoscopic colopexy can be successfully performed in horses with minimal abdominal invasion.
Effect of Ketoconazole on Cyclosporine Dose in Healthy Dogs
Authors: DAHLINGER JOHN , GREGORY CLARE , BEA JOEL
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the degree to which the dose of oral cyclosporine (CyA), in healthy dogs, can be decreased by concurrent oral administration of ketoconazole. Dogs in this study were observed for physical or biochemical side effects that might have been caused by the administration of CyA and ketoconazole.

Study Design—Prospective research study.

Sample Population—Five healthy, intact female Beagle dogs.

Methods—CyA was administered orally twice daily to achieve stable whole blood trough levels of 400 to 600 ng/mL. Ketoconazole was added at a low therapeutic dose (average dose: 13.6 mg/kg/d) then at a subtherapeutic dose (average dose: 4.7 mg/kg/d). CyA whole blood trough levels were monitored every 3 to 4 days and maintained at 400 to 600 ng/mL by adjusting CyA doses accordingly. Physical examination, CBC, biochemical profile, and urinalysis were performed at 2‐week intervals throughout the study period.

Results—The initial mean dose of CyA required to achieve target blood levels was 14.5 mg/ kg/d. With concurrent ketoconazole (low therapeutic dose, average dose: 13.6 mg/kg/d) and CyA administration, the CyA dose declined to 3.4 mg/kg/day (range: 1.2 to 5.2 mg/kg/d), representing a 75% reduction in CyA dose and monetary savings of 57.8%. At a subtherapeutic dose of ketoconazole (average dose: 4.7 mg/kg/d), combination therapy resulted in a CyA dose of 10.1 mg/kg/day (4.9 to 10.6 mg/kg/d), representing a 38% reduction in CyA dose and monetary savings of 23.8%. Weight loss and transient hypoalbuminemia of unknown clinical significance were observed. Other physical and biochemical evaluations were unremarkable over the 12‐week study period.

Conclusions—The oral administration of ketoconazole can be used to reduce substantially the oral CyA dose needed to maintain selected blood levels in healthy dogs.

Clinical Relevance—The oral administration of ketoconazole can result in substantial cost savings to owners of dogs receiving CyA after renal allograft transplantation or for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Transendoscopic Chemical Ablation of Progressive Ethmoidal Hematomas in Standing Horses
Authors: SCHUMACHER JIM , YARBROUGH TOM , PASCOE JOHN , WOODS PHILIP , MEAGHER DENNIS , HONNAS CLIFFORD
Published: February 2008

Objective—To examine the response of horses with progressive ethmoidal hematoma (PEH) to intralesional injection of 4% formaldehyde solution.

Study Design—Nasal passages of horses affected with PEH were examined endoscopically at different intervals to determine the effects of intralesional injection of formaldehyde solution.

Animals—21 horses with PEH.

Methods—PEHs were injected transendoscopically with 4% formaldehyde solution. Horses were examined endoscopically and retreated at different intervals until the PEH was eliminated or was so small that reinjection was not possible.

Results—Lesions diminished significantly in size or were eliminated after 1 to 18 injections (median, 5; mean, 7.0 ± 5.62). Seventeen lesions (60.7%) resolved completely after 1 to 18 injections (median, 5; mean, 7.2 ± 5.71). Five lesions decreased markedly in size but did not resolve after receiving 1 to 18 injections (median, 5; mean, 7.6 ± 6.66). Injection of these lesions was discontinued 4.0 to 25.1 months (median, 9.5; mean, 11.02 ± 8.446) after the first injection. The PEH of one horse was removed surgically after one injection. Three horses, one with bilateral PEH, were lost to follow‐up. One horse developed signs of laminitis. No other complications were observed.

Conclusions—Horses with a PEH can be treated effectively by transendoscopic, intralesional injection of 4% formaldehyde solution.
Circumferential Suture of the Mitral Annulus for Correction of Mitral Regurgitation in Dogs
Authors: BUCHANAN JAMES W. , SAMMARCO CARL D.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To develop a method for reducing mitral regurgitation in dogs by positioning and tightening a circumferential suture around the mitral valve annulus.

Study Design—Description of clinical cases.

Animals—15 dogs with spontaneous mitral valve disease, annular dilation, and refractory congestive heart failure treated between 1962 and 1994.

Methods—A composite suture material was constructed using braided Teflon‐impregnated polyester sternotomy suture, barium sulfate thread, and Silastic tubing. Through a left lateral thoracotomy, the suture was positioned around the mitral annulus by passing it through the coronary sinus, right atrium, and underneath the left coronary arteries before tightening it.

Results—Six dogs died during surgery because of hemorrhage from the left atrium, coronary sinus, or left coronary artery. Three dogs died postoperatively because of coronary artery compression by the suture. Satisfactory suture placement was achieved in six dogs, three of which were long‐term survivors (6 to 26 months) before they were euthanatized for noncardiac reasons.

Conclusions—Reduction of mitral annulus diameter with a circumferential purse‐string suture does not require cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgery is technically difficult, and detailed knowledge of coronary artery anatomy is required. The current suture design is inexpensive, radiopaque, and biocompatible; no special instruments are required for placement.

Clinical Relevance—Mitral regurgitation is the most common cardiovascular disorder in dogs and the most common cause of congestive heart failure. Annular dilation occurs as a consequence of mitral regurgitation. Placement and tightening of a circumferential suture around the mitral annulus reduces the degree of mitral regurgitation.
The Effect of Triple Pelvic Osteotomy on the Articular Contact Area of the Hip Joint in Dysplastic Dogs: An in Vitro Experimental Study
Authors: DEJARDIN LOIC M. , PERRY RUBY L. , ARNOCZKY STEVEN P.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To investigate the effect of triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) on articular contact area and acetabular coverage of dysplastic hip joints in dogs.

Study Design—Articular contact area and femoral head coverage by the acetabulum were computed in vitro in normal and dysplastic canine hips. The effect of TPO on articular contact and coverage was then analyzed in the dysplastic hips.

Sample Population—Five normal and six dysplastic canine cadaver specimens.

Methods—Contact area and coverage of loaded hips were computed using serial computed tomography scan images before and after TPO. Three angles of acetabular ventroversion (AVV) were studied (20°, 30°, and 40°). Using a custom‐designed hinge plate, angles of spontaneous hip reduction in dysplastic hips were compared with previously recorded angles of reduction determined by the Ortolani test.

Results—Contact area significantly increased from 0° to 30° of AVV, then remained virtually unchanged. Coverage significantly increased from 0° to 20° of AVV. Both contact and coverage of normal hips were similar, yet significantly smaller than those of dysplastic hips once reduction had occurred. The experimental angles of reduction were significantly smaller and poorly correlated with the angles of reduction determined by the Ortolani test. Although coverage continued to increase with AVV, the actual joint contact area did not significantly vary after relocation of the femoral head.

Conclusions—This study suggests that increasing AVV beyond 20° does not significantly improve the beneficial effects of TPO and therefore should be carefully weighed against increased risks of postoperative complications associated with large angles of AVV.
Splenocaval Shunting for Alleviation of Portal Hypertension in a Dog: A Case Report
Authors: POY NANCY S. J. , DEGNER DANIEL A. , HAUPTMAN JOE G.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the construction and use of a splenocaval shunt to prevent portal hypertension in a dog with iatrogenic rupture and subsequent complete occlusion of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (IPSS).

Study Design—Case report describing a single, client‐owned animal.

Results—During dissection, the back wall of an IPSS was torn. Complete shunt occlusion was required to control the hemorrhage. This resulted in the development of life‐threatening portal hypertension. Emergency splenocaval shunt construction reduced the portal pressure from 47 to 20 cm H20. The dog experienced minimal postoperative complications. A second surgical procedure was performed a month later to completely ligate the splenocaval shunt.

Conclusions—A splenocaval shunt can be used to divert blood from the portal to the systemic circulation to control portal hypertension. In this dog, it resulted in a successful outcome with few complications.

Clinical Relevance—The splenocaval shunt could be constructed before the dissection of a difficult IPSS if problems arise as occurred in the dog described in this report. Complete IPSS occlusion can be performed without development of portal hypertension.
Fragmented Coronoid Process and Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle in a Rottweiler
Authors: ROVESTI GIAN LUCA , FLÜCKIGER MARK , MARGINI ANDREA , MARCELLIN‐LITTLE DENIS J.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle and fragmentation of the medial coronoid process in a Rottweiler.

Study Design—Clinical report.

Animal Population—A 4‐year‐old sexually intact male Rottweiler.

Methods—Physical examination, radiography, and computed tomography of both elbow joints were performed initially. Drill holes were made across the humeral condyle to promote ossification. Radiography and computed tomography were repeated 14 weeks later. Radiography was repeated 15 months later. A mild, intermittent lameness remained.

Results—Preoperatively a radiolucent line was present across the right humeral condyle. This radiolucent line remained unchanged 14 weeks after drill holes were made across the condyle.

Conclusions—Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle is present in Rottweilers.

Clinical Relevance—Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle is present in Rottweilers and may coexist with fragmentation of the medial coronoid process in that breed. The radiographic diagnosis may be difficult because precise positioning is required to see the area of incomplete ossification. Computed tomography may be required to confirm the presence of incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle. Drilling holes across the humeral condyle does not appear to lead to union of the area of incomplete ossification.
Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer: Results in 57 Consecutive Cases
Authors: FOWLER J. DAVID , DEGNER DANIEL A. , WALSHAW RICHARD , WALKER DAVID
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate the outcomes and complications in a consecutive series of animals undergoing microvascular reconstructive procedures at two veterinary institutions. Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals or Sample Population—A total of 44 client‐owned dogs and one red‐necked wallaby.

Methods—The medical records of all animals undergoing reconstructive microsurgical procedures at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine and Michigan State University were reviewed. Microvascular flap survival and related complications were described. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of relationships between operative factors and outcome.

Results—A total of 57 microvascular procedures were performed on 55 animals. Reconstruction was required after trauma in 42 animals, after ablative cancer surgery in 11 animals and for correction of congenital tissue aplasia in 1 animal. Donor tissues included the superficial cervical cutaneous, medial saphenous fasciocutaneous or musculofasciocutaneous, caudal superficial epigastric cutaneous, trapezius muscle or musculocutaneous, caudal sartorius muscle, latissimus dorsi muscle or musculocutaneous, cranial abdominal myoperitoneal, carpal footpad, digital footpad, and vascularized ulnar bone flaps. A total of 53 of 57 flaps (93%) survived. There was a significant relationship between flap failure and level of assistant surgeon experience (P< .05). Latissimus dorsi flaps were significantly more likely to fail when compared with pooled data from all other flap types (P< .01).

Conclusions—The success of microvascular tissue transfer in this case series compares favorably with those reported in human reconstructive microsurgery. Both the primary and assistant surgeon should be practiced in microsurgical technique. Failure of latissimus dorsi flaps was not likely caused by an inherently deficient flap design, but was more likely attributed to the location and severity of trauma at the recipient site, the difficulty in isolating suitable recipient vessels for anastomosis or the absence of a trained assistant surgeon during these procedures.

Clinical Relevance—This retrospective study documents the successful application of microvascular technique in a series of clinical cases requiring tissue reconstruction.
Complete Ligation of Extrahepatic Congenital Portosystemi Shunts in Nonencephalopathic Dogs
Authors: HARVEY JAY , ERB HOLLIS N.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate lack of encephalopathy as a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs.

Study Design—Retrospective analysis of case records.

Animals—Dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, from 1985 to 1996.

Methods—The ability to completely ligate the shunting vessel in 12 nonencephalopathic dogs was compared with that in 44 encephalopathic dogs with similar shunts.

Results—Clinical signs in the 12 nonencephalopathic dogs were related to ammonium biurate urolithiasis. All 12 dogs had single extrahepatic shunting vessels. The rate of complete ligation in the nonencephalopathic dogs was 92%, whereas the rate of complete ligation in the 44 encephalopathic dogs with single extrahepatic shunts was 59%. The ability to completely ligate the shunt in nonencephalopathic dogs was significantly better (P= .04) than in the encephalopathic dogs.

Conclusion—Lack of encephalopathy is a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of single extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts.

Clinical Relevance—In most affected dogs, extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in nonencephalopathic dogs can be completely ligated.
Limb Salvage Surgery for Osteosarcoma of the Proximal Humerus: Outcome in 17 Dogs
Authors: KUNTZ CHARLES A. , ASSELIN TONIA L. , DERNELL WILLIAM S. , POWERS BARBARA E. , STRAW RODNEY C. , WITHROW STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe function and identify factors that affect outcome in dogs undergoing limb salvage surgery for osteosarcoma (OS) of the proximal humerus.

Study Design—A retrospective study of dogs in which OS of the proximal humerus was treated with limb salvage surgery.

Animals—17 client‐owned dogs.

Methods: Records were analyzed for functional outcome, recurrence, metastasis, and survival.

Results—Outcome was good to excellent in 12% of dogs. Recurrence, metastasis, and survival were significantly affected by completeness of surgical margins. Double plating of the distal allograft‐host junction significantly reduced frequency of biomechanical failure.

Conclusions—Limb salvage surgery for OS of the proximal humerus did not result in acceptable function and was fraught with postoperative complications. Outcome was significantly affected by completeness of surgical margins.

Clinical Relevance—Limb salvage surgery for OS of the proximal humerus in dogs cannot be recommended until improvement in functional outcome and reduction in postoperative complications can be achieved. The dependence of outcome on completeness of surgical margins supports aggressive en bloc resection and marking and evaluating surgical margins.
Biomechanical Comparison of the Trocar Tip Point and the Hollow Ground Tip Point for Smooth External Skeletal Fixation Pins
Authors: MARTI JUAN M. , ROE SIMON C.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To compare the insertional characteristics of external fixator pins with hollow ground (HG), modified HG, and trocar (T) points.

Study Design—An acute, in vitro biomechanical evaluation.

Sample Population—Thirteen radii from canine cadavers.

Methods—A total of 16 T‐tipped and 16 HG‐tipped pins were inserted into 8 canine radii. Ten pins of each modification of the HG tip (length of the cutting edge reduced by 0.127 mm and 0.254 mm, respectively) were inserted into another five radii. All pins were inserted with low‐speed power drilling and 80 N drilling load. Differences between peak tip temperature, drilling energy, and pullout force were determined for each pin type at both diaphyseal and metaphyseal locations.

Results—HG‐tipped pins showed a 40% lower tip temperature in diaphyseal bone, a 25% reduction in drilling energy in diaphyseal bone, and a reduction of pullout force in both diaphyseal (65%) and metaphyseal (50%) bone compared with T‐tipped pins. HG 0.254‐mm pins generated higher tip temperatures and had greater pullout than HG pins in diaphyseal bone.

Conclusions—The HG tip was a more efficient design; however, the reduction in pullout force suggests that, because a better hole was drilled, radial preload is reduced. Reduction of the cutting edge by 0.254 mm increased the pullout force but also increased the temperatures.

Clinical Relevance—Thermal and microstructural damage are reduced by the HG tip, but pin‐bone interface stability is also compromised. The use of a tip with 0.254 mm reduction in the cutting edge may optimize the biological and mechanical factors at the pin‐bone interface.
Effect of Dimethylsulfoxide on Articular Cartilage Proteoglycan Synthesis and Degradation, Chondrocyte Viability, and Matrix Water Content
Authors: MATTHEWS GLORIA L. , ENGLER STEPHEN J. , MORRIS ELISABETH A.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the effects of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) exposure on cartilage proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, PG degradation, chondrocyte viability, and matrix water content.

Study Design—Using a cartilage explant culture system, PG synthesis, PG degradation, matrix water content, and chondrocyte viablity were determined for cartilage exposed to DMSO daily for selected periods of time.

Animals or Sample Population—Juvenile bovine (calf) carpometacarpal joint cartilage ex‐plants.

Methods—PG synthesis:Explants (n = 30/group) were separated into 10 groups based on the time of daily exposure to 10% DMSO. Exposure time was repeated daily for 3 days. The control group was incubated in basal medium alone for 3 days, with daily medium changes. Once all DMSO exposure times were complete for the third day, PG synthesis was determined by analysis of incorporation of radiolabelled sulfate.

Cell viability:Explants (n = 3/group) were subjected to an identical DMSO exposure protocol, and examined histologically. The percentage of viable cells/high power field (hpf) was calculated for each group.

PG degradation:Explants (n = 21/group) were preincubated with radiolabelled sulfate, then subjected to a similar DMSO exposure protocol. The medium was collected from all explants daily and assayed for PG content. After 3 days, the explants were digested and total labelled PG content determined. Percent of total explant labelled PG content released into the medium daily was determined for each group.

Water content:Explants (n = 21/group) were separated into three treatment groups, one of which had no treatments performed, whereas the other two groups were incubated in basal medium for 72 hours, one with, and one without, 10% DMSO. Wet and dry weights were determined, and percent water calculated, for all three groups. Separate 1‐way ANOVA were performed, with appropriate post hoc tests (p < .05).

Results—PG synthesis was significantly lower than control for all time periods of DMSO exposure except for 1 and 3 hours, and decreased in a time‐dependent manner after the 1‐hour exposure time. The mean percentage of viable cells/hpf was significantly lower than control for the 1‐, 3‐, 9‐, 12‐, and 24‐hour treatment groups. There was no significant difference in PG degradation for any group compared with control for the first 2 days of incubation. All groups except the 24‐hour group had a significantly higher degradation compared with control for the third day of incubation. Cartilage exposed to DMSO for 72 hours had a significantly lower water content, and cartilage incubated in basal medium alone for 72 hours had a significantly higher water content than cartilage that received no DMSO and no incubation.

Conclusions—DMSO, in relatively low concentration, is detrimental to articular cartilage PG
Complications of Balloon Catheterization Associated With Aberrant Cerebral Arterial Anatomy in a Horse With Guttural Pouch Mycosis
Authors: MILLER CHRISTY BACON , WILSON DAVID A. , MARTIN DAVID D. , PACE LANNY W. , CONSTANTINESCU GHEORGHE M.
Published: February 2008

A 3‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding was treated for left guttural pouch mycosis by ligation and balloon catheterization of the left internal carotid artery. Catheter advancement was shorter (10 cm) than the normally reported distance (13–15 cm), but was observed endoscopically during placement as it coursed within the internal carotid artery through the guttural pouch. The horse developed a persistently abnormal respiratory pattern after catheter placement, failed to gain consciousness, developed pulmonary edema, and died 5.5 hours postoperatively. Postmortem examination revelaed an aberrant left internal carotid arterial course with location of the embolectomy catheter at the junction of the basilar and caudal cerebellar arteries. Brainstem neuronal necrosis and alveolar and interstitial pulmonary edema were identified on histological examination. Angiography may be used to identify aberrant branching patterns. Failure to identify and occlude aberrant branches may result in fatal epistaxis and Brainstem lesions.