bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Price of the Gun: The Arms Industry
Authors: Lynes Adam , Treadwell James , Bavin Kyla
Published: January 2025

This chapter investigates the intricate and multifaceted dynamics of the global arms industry, exploring its far-reaching impact on geopolitics, security and international relations. From historical antecedents to contemporary complexities, the chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of the key players, regulatory frameworks and ethical considerations surrounding the production and trade of arms on a global scale. Central to the discussion is an examination of the major actors in the global arms market, encompassing both state-owned and private enterprises. The chapter analyses the economic, political and technological factors that drive the arms trade, shedding light on the motivations and strategies employed by countries and corporations to assert dominance in this competitive and strategic arena. A critical component of the chapter is the exploration of international arms regulations and the challenges associated with their enforcement. It assesses the effectiveness of existing frameworks, such as arms control treaties and export controls, in mitigating the risks of arms proliferation while also considering the loopholes and controversies that persist in the global arms trade.
Knowledge, Education and Power
Authors: Lynes Adam , Treadwell James , Bavin Kyla
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, we turn our critical gaze to our own industry: higher education. It looks at the rampant marketisation and what it means for the generations of students who are ‘buying’ their futures. From the hike in student fees in the UK and the predatory student loan system on both sides of the Atlantic to the new academic entrepreneurs eager to capitalise on this growing industry. Central to this discussion is the realisation that with all lucrative and contemptible industries, the conditions are created that nurture corruption, and much can be exploited; the corrupt university senior executives and those running Ponzi schemes are just a few of the examples that are focused on. An investigation of the repercussions faced by academics who refuse to bend their knee to university executives whose main concern is market forces and a critical discussion surrounding academic freedom and integrity frames this important chapter.
The Use of Law to Tackle Racial Injustices: Contemporary Struggles
Authors: Malkani Bharat
Published: January 2025

The legal system today appears to promote racial justice, through laws that prohibit racial discrimination and race hate crimes, for example. The law also requires public authorities to take proactive steps to advance racial equality and to foster good race relations. As this chapter illustrates, though, there are limits to the use of law. In education, criminal justice, employment, healthcare, and housing, legal authorities have been unable or unwilling to grapple with the six concepts of Critical Race Theory set out in Chapter 1: the problem of structural racism, the social construction of race and racism, intersectionality, interest-convergence, lived theory, and the limits of adversarial legal processes.
Conclusion
Authors: Malkani Bharat
Published: January 2025

This concluding chapter summarizes the analysis throughout the book, drawing on the case of Shamima Begum to highlight the limits of law in the struggle for racial justice. It also considers how law has been used to advance racial justice in former colonies of the British Empire. It considers the legal case for reparations for slavery, the use of law to secure compensation for victims of racial injustices in Kenya, and the use of law to challenge the death penalty in Barbados, a vestige of colonial rule.
Social Media Data as a Gateway to Victims’ Experiences
Authors: Aguerri Jesús C. , Miró-Llinares Fernando
Published: January 2025

In recent decades, we have witnessed how a large part of our lives, our economy and our institutions has transitioned to cyberspace. The digitalization of our societies has led to the internet becoming a sort of new public space. Numerous authors have addressed how this has changed criminal realities and their inner structures and have pointed to the methodological and theoretical challenges that cybercrime poses to criminology. But this digital environment also offers victims a new way to share their experiences, both individually and collectively, specifically on social media. Such is the case of, for instance, the #MeToo movement, which has become an important source of data on victims and their experiences. This information is valuable for criminology both for its own sake and as a link to criminological phenomena, such as fear of crime or trust in justice systems. This chapter addresses the potential of social media as a way of accessing the phenomenon of victimization, with special emphasis on the techniques that have proven to be most useful for the collection and analysis of this type of data.
Surveying Domestic Abuse Victims: The Inimical Lack of Common Ground
Authors: Couto Leticia
Published: January 2025

Owing to the complexity of domestic abuse, wherein a wide spectrum of behaviours can be subsumed, the subject has been studied in multiple fields (from health sciences to policing), and through different prisms (such as prevention, detection and response). However, there is no conceptual clarity nor agreement on how it should be analysed. Even when domestic abuse analysis is restricted to the criminal justice system – the main focus of this chapter – its definition may still differ between countries and between institutions within the same country. The first section of this chapter covers the current methodological difficulties of surveying domestic abuse victims, the survey measures developed to capture domestic abuse and how they affect results. The second section focuses on the lack of congruence in the surveys that are routinely applied to domestic abuse victims with purposes other than obtaining crime data – that is, victim satisfaction surveys. The chapter presents a critical overview of the different limitations of surveying domestic abuse victims, and how they can be overcome. Although the examples provided are from England and Wales, insights derived therefrom will hopefully be more far reaching.
Queering Technology: Becoming Queer Parents through Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Tao Han
Published: January 2025

This chapter delves into the intersection of queer reproductive justice and the emerging assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) market in urban China, which has come to be regarded as an ideal means for queer individuals, particularly queer couples, to have children. The chapter explores the differential perspectives on the legal and moral debates arising from the involvement of queer parents in assisted reproduction, as revealed through an analysis of legal documents, online discourse, and field observations. It elucidates how ART companies and the queer organizations affiliated with them collaboratively influence the perception and practice of ART within queer communities. By presenting intricate personal accounts of how queer individuals navigate reproductive decisions and consumer choices when availing themselves of high-tech medical services, the chapter underscores the profound ‘queering’ of reproduction and the stratified reproduction that predominantly benefits middle- to upper-class queer residents in major urban centres like Shenzhen.
Introduction
Authors: Braun Veit
Published: January 2025

Starting from the Broccoli/Tomatoes II landmark case, this introductory chapter lays out the core question of the book: why is it that the advance of property seems unstoppable and running in circles at the same time? Drawing from Hannes Siegrist’s concept of ‘propertization’, it looks at the particular case of plant breeding, where property has become increasingly politicized. The chapter outlines two key strands of property critique, a political-economic one questioning access and distribution and a moral-ontological one criticizing its misapplication to subjects. Subsequently, it proposes a third, cultural type of critique that examines the appeal and the limits of property as a way of organizing life. To this end, this introduction makes the case for a ‘more-than-legal’ concept of property that does not simply rely on legal texts and authority but equally on technologies, practices and the materiality of property objects themselves. The chapter further provides an overview over key traditions that think about property along these lines and gives an outline of the following chapters.
At the End of Property
Authors: Braun Veit
Published: January 2025

Where do the various crises of property in the seed industry leave us? This concluding chapter argues that the power of property to solve social problems has largely been exhausted: every new form of property we add to plant breeding will rather lead to more, rather than less politization. In this respect, the seed sector is paradigmatic for a wider trend. From property in personal data to the enclosure of cultural heritage, property fails to live up to our expectations. At the same time, however, there is no convincing alternative in sight to take over property’s role in our society. In the face of the ubiquity and persistence of property, this chapter thus pleads for treating property pragmatically – continually asking ourselves what it can realistically achieve while remaining wary of its shortcomings as a social institution.
Conclusion: Belonging– Assemblage – Molar Forces, Molecular Flows and Nomadic Belonging(s)
Authors: Ögtem-Young Özlem
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together all the main arguments and findings discussed throughout the key chapters, highlighting the key constituents and the nature of the ‘belonging-assemblage’ of unaccompanied young people living under the constraints of the UK asylum and immigration structures. Reiterating the key findings and arguments of previous chapters, it emphasizes the main argument of the book, which is that unaccompanied migrants’ belonging is also understood as an ‘assemblage’, taking place in-between and in the middle and is always in the making; therefore, it is nomadic and rhizomatic in its nature and exists in its potentiality and actuality.
Introduction
Authors: Margies Nina
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the general topic of the book and sketches the relevance of this case for the broader theme: the role of emotions for young people in post-crisis Spain. It is assumed that change translates into emotions on an individual and a collective level, and that due to this, emotions can be read as indicators of a society in transition. An examination of studies on emotions, crisis and change then sets out the conceptual starting point for this book: hysteresis, a concept developed by Bourdieu (1979) to describe embodied experiences of change. Finally, the case study is situated in the social and economic context of Spain with an outline of how the 2008 economic crisis affected young people in particular in terms of work and education, and concludes with some reflections on the research process and methodological concerns that are linked to the study of emotions.
Individualistic Frames and Individual Backstages
Authors: Margies Nina
Published: January 2025

Part II examines how young people made sense of their emotions of hysteresis and how they dealt with them in everyday life. Disappointed expectations and crumbling future prospects made it necessary for them to look for explanations and coping strategies. Key to this process was what the young people referred to as ‘changing the chip’, an interplay of emotional, cognitive and bodily work, in which existing patterns of explanation were questioned and partly replaced by new ones. Which form of reframing the young people resorted to depended on whether they understood their experiences and emotions as individualistic or systemic. Chapter 4 shows that if they used individualistic explanations, the young people associated uncertainty, anxiety or frustration with their character or biographical events. They believed that it was possible to overcome their impasse with own resources and individual efforts. ‘Changing the chip’ meant adapting one’s ideas, expectations and feelings to the changed circumstances. To do this, the young people put their impasse into perspective, reconsidered the meaning of work and changed their relationship to time, focusing on the present instead of long-term planning. All these explanations served to deal with anxiety, uncertainty and frustration, and to suppress these emotions.
Emotional Fulfilment and Work
Authors: Margies Nina
Published: January 2025

Part III continues with the role of emotions for negotiating place and being placed. It illustrates how young people sometimes drew on particular emotions to maintain or improve their social positions, which proved (more) difficult under the conditions of change and crisis. As this chapter will demonstrate, this was done, for instance, by drawing on notions of emotional fulfilment for some types of (worthy) work. Jobs which the young people wanted to do but could not afford to live off were tied to imaginations and idealizations or emotional rewards, joy and fulfilment. At the same time, class habitus was defended by disdain and contempt for the work which they had to do to make ends meet. The creation of emotional hierarchies was an important mechanism here, in particular for middle-class youths, through which the job matching their habitus was bound up with emotional fulfilment and those not fitting with frustration.
Conclusion
Authors: Margies Nina
Published: January 2025

This concluding chapter summarizes the main empirical findings and discusses the wider implications. It elaborates on emotions and emotion work of hysteresis, and argues that making emotions the object of analysis strengthens Bourdieu’s argument that habitus and hysteresis are the interface between individual agency and social structures. It goes on to discuss that while we can understand hysteresis in this book as a generation-specific experience, it was instead structured by emotional stratification along the lines of age, gender, ethnicity and social class. The chapter concludes by asking how these insights into hysteresis and emotions can feed into the topic of social change more broadly and beyond the particular case study of young people in post-crisis Spain, highlighting how emotions can be barriers to and catalysts for social change.
Introduction
Authors: Trauttmansdorff Paul
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the general themes of the book and discusses the increasing digitization of borders over the past two decades. It reflects on some of the core contributions in the interdisciplinary literature of science & technology studies, critical border studies, and critical security studies. The chapter situates the book within these traditions to understand the proliferation of digital technologies and data practices in border and migration governance. At the same time, Chapter 1 introduces the case of the eu-LISA Agency and suggest looking at it through an assemblage of specific theoretical vantage points, concepts, and ethnographic tools.
Crafting the Epistemology of Smart Borders
Authors: Trauttmansdorff Paul
Published: January 2025

This chapter delves into the painstakingly laborious social and epistemic efforts involved in making “smart borders”, efforts that are regularly carried out at conferences, meetings, or roundtables. Smart borders emerge here as an epistemological project that shapes how bordering processes can be known, represented and discussed. This chapter argues that the epistemology of smart borders fosters solutionist approaches that promise to offer escape from the empirical realities of migration; escape, however, will never be entirely successful. European “smart borders”, crafted and shaped at policy conferences and meetings, emerge as epistemology of strategic detachment; it avoids the violent and brutal realities of border control rather than addressing important questions about responsibility and accountability in today’s border regime.
Perceptions and Practices: The Spectrum of ‘Intersectionality’
Authors: Christoffersen Ashlee
Published: January 2025

This chapter outlines a typology of five competing ‘applied concepts’ of intersectionality derived from the data collected. Competing concepts are important because each has different implications for intersectionally marginalized groups and intersectional justice. These concepts are: ‘generic intersectionality’; ‘pan equality intersectionality’; ‘multi-strand intersectionality’; ‘diversity-within’; and finally, ‘intersections of equality strands’. For each of the five concepts, the chapter: explains what it is and provides examples of how it works in practice; analyses who holds the understanding, and what they identify as their sources of knowledge about intersectionality; analyses how the concept gained prominence, including salient differences between England and Scotland; and analyses what the implications of this concept are for intersectionally marginalized groups. The chapter argues that the term ‘intersectionality’ is understood and used in multiple, contradicting ways, some of which are likely to be more effective than others at furthering equality for intersectionally marginalized communities, while others further entrench inequalities, at times in insidious ways.
Introduction
Authors: García Pinzón Viviana
Published: January 2025

This introduction explains the rationale of the book and presents an overview of the key concepts and arguments informing the empirical analysis. It discusses the relevance of approaching violence in peripheral cities through an order-centred perspective. Likewise, the chapter introduces the tenets of the research design and empirical approach. Particularly, the constitutive elements of the ‘comparative case-study approach’ (CSS) and the impact of ethics, positionality and reflexivity in the research process and analysis. The chapter also positions the book’s analytical and empirical contributions in relation to the existing scholarship and debate on urban violence in Latin America. The chapter concludes with a description of the book’s structure and chapters.
Standardized Defendant Processes
Authors: Yates Shaun S.
Published: January 2025

This chapter sheds light on the underutilization of mental health diversion processes and the inadequacies in handling cases related to substance abuse and homelessness. It also addresses the absence of processes tailored for defendants who experience multiple, compounded forms of social disadvantage. Through this analysis, the chapter underscores the need for more specialized and individualized approaches in the justice system.
Rethinking the Political Economy of Digital Markets
Authors: Gregersen Andreas Lindegaard , Otto Eva Iris , Pedersen Morten Axel , Thorhauge Anne Mette , Ørmen Jacob
Published: January 2025

In this introductory chapter we address the concept of platform as it has been developed in the context of platform studies. We identify four overarching themes in the study of platforms: materiality, operations, economic framing, and governance. In extension of this we present two principles for situating platforms: historicizing and provincializing platforms. The first concerns the historically specificities of platforms in the form of predecessors and historical trajectories, while the second concerns the specific economic, social and cultural contexts that shape platforms. We argue that applying these dimension to the study of platforms bring attention characteristics and phenomena that otherwise remain hidden. Finally, we present the individual chapters of the volume and how they play into our ambition of historicizing and provincializing platforms.
Introduction
Authors: Hobbs Jenn
Published: January 2025

This chapter sets the scene for the book and introduces the book’s main research question; how are bodily fluids made to matter within the governance of international politics? The introduction then situates itself in relation to security studies, arguing in favour prioritizing terminology for queer and feminist literatures over binaries of secure/insecure. The chapter then outlines and defines the guiding research principle of a queerfeminist curiosity; the conjoining of a feminist curiosity with queer logics of both/and. The chapter then outlines how the book proceeds, and gives a brief description of the book’s methodology, which is discussed at greater length in Chapter 6.
Life-giving, Life-threatening: Plasma Donation at the US–Mexico Border
Authors: Hobbs Jenn
Published: January 2025

This chapter follows plasma through practices of paid plasma donation at the US–Mexico border. The chapter analyses how racializing/racialized modes of life–death are produced through donation assemblages. The chapter situates plasma donation with the borderlands, showing that the global plasma economy relies heavily upon Mexicana/o donors who cross the border to donate in return for financial compensation. The chapter argues that there are two simultaneous representations of Mexicana/o donors; firstly, as sources of ‘life’ for others; secondly, as sources of threat through the rhetoric of infectious disease. The chapter shows that both these representations rely upon racialized hierarchies of life, death and value. Finally, it is argued that plasma donation challenges binaries of life and death by drawing our attention to the distribution of racialized modes of living.
Confucian Governmentality and Socialist Autocracy in Contemporary China
Authors: Shih Chih-yu
Published: January 2025

Liberal political science misconceives socialist autocracy in China as the opposite, reinforcing its incapacity to explain the worldwide democratic recession in the 21st century and the failure of any democracy to recover. A fatal flaw of liberal scholarship lies in the conceptualization of politics as influencing the choices of independent individuals in aggregate. Practical consequences include a desire to avoid or convert allegedly illiberal systems according to a self-image of being participatory. Confucianism instead provides a governmentality clue to how all human gatherings evolve upon leadership struggling to balance dominance and belonging. Through Confucian enlightenment, leaders are convinced that all bad autocrats fall. So, leadership cannot survive without the willing following of the population. A derivative, tightly in line with the thrust of socialism, is that the population must be well-fed and protected. Such a relational lens considers people in their entirety while, epistemologically, desensitizing individual differences. However, political science tends to consult individual preferences, with the ironic consequence of a leadership losing sight of the entirety. A political science reconfigured through Confucianism reveals the false binary of democracy versus autocracy. It interrogates how leadership everywhere rebalances dominance and belonging to restore its relational sensibilities.
Exiting the Factory (Volume 2)
Authors: Gallas Alexander
Published: January 2025

Karl Marx famously argued that the historical emergence of the working class as a collective actor resulted from acts of resistance against the continuous extension of the working day, which occurred in the context of the Industrial Revolution and was driven by capitalist competition. In an age where parts of the world experience sustained processes of deindustrialization, this raises the question of what happens to working classes when the factory gates are shut for good. It is possible to address this issue by resorting to strike research and focusing on the service and public sectors. Accordingly, the research question addressed in this book is this: What are the class effects of non-industrial strikes – or how far do they contribute to working-class formation? The author addresses it by taking three steps. First, he shows that the existing global labour studies literature insufficiently engages with class theory; second, he addresses this shortcoming by conceptualizing class and class formation from a critical-realist and materialist angle; and third, he conducts an incorporated comparison of non-industrial strike action around the globe in the age of the Great Crisis by (a) mapping 387 strikes in the service and public sectors from 56 countries and autonomous territories and (b) by zooming in on the railway strikes in Germany, the junior doctors’ strikes in Britain and the general strikes against austerity and the feminist general strikes in Spain.
Outside the Factory Gates: Strikes in Non-Industrial Workplaces around the World
Authors: Gallas Alexander
Published: January 2025

Governments around the world have been managing the Great Crisis by adopting the politics of austerity. Public spending cuts tend to have drastic effects on workers because they usually translate into social wages being slashed. They are often particularly harmful to people employed in the public sector who may be faced with redundancies, worsening working conditions and direct wage cuts. Against this backdrop, it is unsurprising that large, disruptive strikes have been occurring frequently in non-industrial settings in recent years. Complementing Silver’s point that labour unrest travels when industries relocate, it can be observed that in many countries, militancy in the public and service sectors has been pronounced, sometimes more pronounced than in manufacturing. In various contexts, public and service sector unions take a leading role in their respective labour movements – and the workers involved do not conform with Hyman’s image of the striker from the 1970s, that is, the White, middle-aged male miner. In this chapter, I map labour disputes from around the world that have been taking place in the public and service sectors during the conjuncture of crisis. I take inspiration from my colleagues Franziska Müller, Simone Claar, Manuel Neumann and Carsten Elsner, who have mapped African renewable energy policies (Müller et al, 2020) – and from Silver’s approach in Forces of Labor (2003), where she uses a dataset based on newspaper coverage of strikes to identify patterns of labour unrest. Mapping should here be understood in a metaphorical sense, that is, as a qualitative research technique that creates systematic but heavily simplified and ‘flat’ representations of multi-dimensional objects, which are mostly linguistic. For example, mapping can take the form of a table where large numbers of cases are grouped according to patterns. Due to the simplicity of these representations, mapping is well-suited for producing the contextualizations that incorporated comparisons require. It allows one to cover geographical areas with large extensions.
Introduction: The Case for Decolonizing Teacher Professionalism
Authors: Tikly Leon , Mitchell Rafael , Barrett Angeline M. , Batra Poonam , Pardo Alexandra Bernal , Cameron Leanne , Coles Alf , Juma Zawadi Richard , Nunez Nidia Aviles , Paulson Julia , Reda Nigusse Weldemariam , Rowsell Jennifer , Tusiime Michael , Villaveces Beatriz Vejarano
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides a rationale for viewing teacher professionalism in the global South in its wider sociocultural and economic context, with due attention to the colonial experience and ongoing condition of ‘coloniality’ which continues to shape education. In the global education policy space, dominant models of teacher professionalism are grounded in the assumptions and agendas of Northern actors and institutions. It is argued that understandings of teacher professionalism should be grounded in the perspectives, experiences and conditions of teachers in low- and middle-income countries in the global South. The chapter introduces Ndlovu-Gatsheni’s understanding of ‘coloniality’, which will be used to frame the analysis and arguments in later chapters.
Study Design
Authors: Tikly Leon , Mitchell Rafael , Barrett Angeline M. , Batra Poonam , Pardo Alexandra Bernal , Cameron Leanne , Coles Alf , Juma Zawadi Richard , Nunez Nidia Aviles , Paulson Julia , Reda Nigusse Weldemariam , Rowsell Jennifer , Tusiime Michael , Villaveces Beatriz Vejarano
Published: January 2025

The chapter starts by setting out the research questions guiding the study. It explains the comprehensive, systematic, critical, accessible and decolonial approach used to review the global literature. It then sets out the co-creative approach that was used in working with teachers to develop the book. It explains the sampling approach for selecting teachers in each country, provides an overview of the phases of research and research methods used and provides a contextual background to the study.
Teacher Professionalism and the Coloniality of Knowledge
Authors: Tikly Leon , Mitchell Rafael , Barrett Angeline M. , Batra Poonam , Pardo Alexandra Bernal , Cameron Leanne , Coles Alf , Juma Zawadi Richard , Nunez Nidia Aviles , Paulson Julia , Reda Nigusse Weldemariam , Rowsell Jennifer , Tusiime Michael , Villaveces Beatriz Vejarano
Published: January 2025

This chapter draws on the concept of ‘coloniality of knowledge’ to demonstrate the ways in which hierarchies of knowledge which privilege Eurocentric epistemologies and worldviews continue to exert a dominating influence on schooling in the global South. The effects of this on teacher professionalism are considered in relation to decontextualized and irrelevant curricula, the status of global versus local languages, challenges relating to the digitization of teaching and learning, and the availability of relevant pre- and in-service professional development opportunities.
Conflict in Tigray: Teachers’ Experiences and the Implications for Post-Conflict Reconstruction
Authors: Reda Nigusse Weldemariam , Mitchell Rafael
Published: January 2025

The Ethiopian strand of our cross-national research took place in Tigray during a devastating civil conflict. This supplementary chapter draws on testimonies and artefacts shared by teachers as part of fieldwork in 2021, and reports on their experiences of trauma, displacement, the destruction of lives and schools, and the implications for the teaching profession in the years ahead.
era de la inercia?
Authors: Chagas Dante Alexandre Ribeiro das , Almeida Philippe Oliveira de
Published: January 2025

Las humanidades asumieron el concepto astronómico de revolución. Si antes la idea consistía en un retorno total a su punto de retorno, ahora va más allá de su significado original y pasa a relacionarse con grandes transformaciones estructurales, a una ruptura con el status quo, o concebirse como un intento de adaptar el ideal al real; una subversión del orden. Sin embargo, hoy en día, la idea de Revolución parece temida o algo que sólo pertenece a los libros de historia. Con la caída de la URSS, con cierto entusiasmo, se proclamó un presagio falaz: ¡hemos llegado al fin de la Historia! Lo real ahora sólo era responsable de adaptarse a un único ideal victorioso: el (neo)liberal. Es como si después de las Eras de las Revoluciones, de los Imperios y de los Extremos, hubiéramos llegado a una era del conformismo, la Era de la Inercia, cuya noción del tiempo se presenta como un presente eterno e inevitable sin dimensión alguna de futuro, para mantener la humanidad. la contingencia y la creatividad rehenes de un pensamiento único, de una dictadura de la falta de alternativas. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es utilizar autores clásicos y contemporáneos que nos permitan pensar el hoy más allá del ahora, permitiéndonos vislumbrar nuevos mañanas; un rescate de nuestra creatividad y contingencia. Necesitamos recuperar una disputa sobre las utopías y responder: ¿es todavía posible una revolución? ¿Los Nuevos Brasiles pueden ser nuestro horizonte de expectativas? Así, a través de Hegel y la tradición hegeliana, reflexionaremos sobre la relación entre historicidad y revolución para criticar lo que identificamos como un intento neoliberal de congelar la temporalidad; y, finalmente, recuperar nuestra dimensión de futuro y potencial transformador.
La colección Teodoro Aramendía de la localidad arqueológica Saco Viejo (provincia de Río Negro, Argentina).
Authors: Alberti Jimena , Borella Florencia
Published: January 2025

Este trabajo analiza los materiales líticos recolectados en Saco Viejo.
La imagen franciscana del eje fluvial Urubamba-Ucayali en el mapa Exploración del Río Ucayali (c. 1806-1807)
Authors: Sala i Vila Núria
Published: January 2025

El análisis del mapa Exploración del río Ucayali es una aproximación al imaginario misionero de fray Ramón Busquets del Colegio de Propaganda Fide de Moquegua sobre la naturaleza y las gentes del eje fluvial Urubamba Ucayali. El mapa refleja el diario del viaje efectuado para comunicar las misiones franciscanas del Urubamba (Cuzco) con las del Colegio de Propaganda Fide de Ocopa en el Ucayali. Mapa y texto son parte de un mismo documento, que permite ahondar en la imagen y la narrativa relativas a los ríos, la naturaleza y los indios de la Amazonía.
La transformación de lo local. La empresa estatal COFOMAP bajo la dictadura civil-militar-empresarial (Los Ríos, Chile, 1977-1988)
Authors: Silva Hidalgo Robinson
Published: January 2025

El proyecto dictatorial chileno marcó las relaciones sociales en esa época, definidas por la violencia contra las comunidades locales. La empresa estatal Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli (COFOMAP) se alineó con la dictadura, y el directorio de la empresa abandonó su carácter democrático, lo cual tuvo un impacto en lo local. Buscamos comprender las políticas de intervención que transformaron las relaciones sociales de producción de esta empresa y el impacto que ello tuvo en el resto de la sociedad local.
Implicaciones filosóficas, éticas y pedagógicas del uso de la Inteligencia Artificial en educación
Authors: Arango Pérez Raúl , Lovato Sagrado Antonio , Ortega González Eric , Fontán de Bedout Laura
Published: January 2025

Este artículo examina las implicaciones filosóficas, éticas y pedagógicas del uso de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en la educación. De este modo, y partiendo de la diversidad de opiniones sobre el potencial de la IA en este campo, que van desde perspectivas entusiastas hasta predicciones alarmistas, este estudio propone un análisis crítico y exploratorio de estas implicaciones a través de un enfoque hermenéutico que considera diferentes perspectivas relevantes para evaluar y orientar el uso de la IA en la educación y sus potenciales impactos en la relación educativa, apostando por la humanización de la tecnología y evitando la tecnologización de los humanos. El propósito último es comprender mejor los retos y oportunidades que presenta la convergencia de la IA y la educación, y promover un uso competente y consciente de estas tecnologías, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la relación profesor-alumno.
Entonación asertiva e interrogativa del español de Uruguay en Rocha y Montevideo
Authors: Almeida Cuello Rodrigo
Published: January 2025

El tema abordado en este artículo es la entonación de los enunciados asertivos e interrogativos de la variedad del español del Uruguay de la ciudad de Rocha en contraste con la entonación del español de Montevideo. De esta manera, se estudia un aspecto prosódico escasamente investigado en el español empleado en Uruguay utilizando el método Análisis Melódico del Habla.
Los resultados han permitido establecer tendencias en los rasgos fonéticos de la entonación de los enunciados de cada región que son atribuibles a esta variable y que muestran semejanzas en los enunciados asertivos y diferencias, especialmente, en los rasgos de la inflexión final predominantes en los enunciados interrogativos totales (inflexión final circunfleja ascendente-descendente en los enunciados de las informantes montevideanas y ascendente en los enunciados de Rocha) y parciales (el rasgo melódico ascendente predomina en los enunciados de las montevideanas frente al rasgo melódico plano en las rochenses).
 Palabras clave: Entonación; Análisis Melódico del Habla; Español del Uruguay
Ofertantes no mercado imobiliário residencial no Gran Santiago (Chile): rumo a ativos multifamily
Authors: Medina San Martín Ivana , Lacerda Norma
Published: January 2025

A financeirização significou a chegada de novos atores no mercado imobiliário de moradia do Gran Santiago (Chile). Esses atores são investigados neste artigo por meio da análise dos maiores fundos de investimento imobiliários, da principal associação comercial da construção no Chile, a Cámara Chilena de la Construcción (CChC), e das maiores empresas que se dedicam à venda de projetos habitacionais de forma a identificar as relações entre esses atores e mostrar uma tendência crescente de agruparem, sob o comando de poucos atores, para desenvolver estratégias capazes de orientar o mercado, notadamente quanto aos produtos ofertados, com destaque ao multifamily.
Salud y república: de la salud cívica a la salud planetaria a través del lazareto
Authors: Farrés Juste Oriol , Massó Guijarro Ester
Published: January 2025

La situación internacional pospandémica demanda una revisión holística en el Antropoceno sobre el concepto de salud pública. Se presenta una investigación interdisciplinar (desde la antropología histórica) sobre su origen mismo en los lazaretos, entendidos como espacios de contención epidémica a la par que de confinamiento y excepcionalidad. Tras una aproximación narrativa a la noción de “lazareto”, se plantea una mirada genealógica de las pioneras iniciativas salubristas en la República de Venecia (XIV y XV), con la construcción del primer lazareto y como precursor paradigmático en la gestión cívico-republicana de la salud poblacional. Seguidamente se aborda, con una perspectiva interseccional, la condición esencialmente ambigua de los lazaretos (como interregno entre la autodefensa y la discriminación), tomando como estudios de caso el lazareto mediterráneo de Maó y ciertos enclaves coloniales (XVIII a XX); concluyéndose al fin la exigencia normativa de transitar de un concepto de salud pública (desde el de salud cívica) al de salud global, en la línea del One-Health.
Development of next generation low-cost OCT towards improved point-of-care retinal imaging
Authors: Price Hillel B. , Song Ge , Wang Wan , O’Kane Erin , Lu Kechao , Jelly Evan , Miller David A. , Wax Adam
Published: January 2025

Low-cost optical coherence tomography (OCT) has shown promise in increasing access to noninvasive retinal imaging at the point of care, especially in low-resource environments. A next-generation low-cost OCT system is presented which improves performance over previous versions by employing balanced detection, improved spectrometer falloff, and an increased A-line rate of 40 kHz. An algorithm is presented for image display that uses a histogram matching procedure to improve contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Imaging performance is benchmarked with CNR analysis of retinal OCT images, demonstrating a CNR of 2.01 ± 0.39 (p < 0.0001) for macula images collected during a clinical trial, a significant improvement over previous low-cost OCT systems.
Estimation of the primary productivity and particulate organic carbon in inland waters using shipborne polarimetric lidar
Authors: Yuan Dapeng , Pan Delu
Published: January 2025

Estimation of primary productivity (PP) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in inland waters is of significant importance in understanding the global climate change and carbon cycle. In this study, we developed an enhanced PP inversion model based on a large number of lidar (light detection and ranging) profiles, in-situ observations, and satellite remote sensing data, which enabled us to obtain the vertical profile distribution of PP in water bodies along the lidar tracks of 400 km. Concurrently, we established a novel model for retrieving the POC applicable to inland waters based on a considerable number of lidar profiles, in-situ observations, and organic element analyzer measurements, which allowed us to obtain the vertical profile distribution of POC along the lidar tracks of 400 km. Subsequently, the results obtained through lidar inversion were validated by comparison with in-situ measurements. Finally, we discussed the effects of temperature and nutrients on the chlorophyll-a concentration and PP in the Xinanjiang Reservoir. The results from this study indicate that the lidar remote sensing technology is a highly effective and feasible method for the future implementation of all-weather, large-scale, and high-precision evaluations of PP and POC using spaceborne ocean profiling lidar.
Hepatitis B infection (HBsAg and HBeAg) status among women attending antenatal care at public healthcare facilities of South Africa, 2017
Authors: Moonsamy Shelina , Pillay Pavitra , Singh Beverley A. , Puren Adrian , Ward John W. , Prabdial-Sing Nishi
Published: January 2025

Eight years after WHO adopted a resolution to eliminate hepatitis B by the year 2030, the disease remains a global public health concern, with vertical transmission of HBV being a major obstacle to this goal. Our study aimed to determine the HBV infection status of pregnant women in South Africa at a national level to evaluate the risk of vertical transmission and provide evidence for public health decision-making. We conducted HBsAg testing on 1,942 HIV-uninfected and 2,312 HIV-infected pregnant women from South Africa’s public health sector in 2017, followed by HBeAg testing on HBsAg-positive samples. Our data were stratified by five-year age groups and province. The overall HBV prevalence was 11.24% (478/4,254), significantly higher among HIV-infected women (15.83%) compared to HIV-uninfected women (5.77%, p = 0.007). HBV prevalence was highest among women 40–44 years (14.00%) and in Limpopo Province (19.35%). Coinfection rates of HIV-HBV ranged from 14.00% to 17.00% among women 15–44 years, and provincially, rates were highest in Limpopo, North West, and Western Cape Provinces (>20%). HBeAg prevalence among HBsAg positive women was 9.48%, with higher rates among HIV infected women (11.29%) compared to HIV-uninfected women (7.34%, p = 0.7931). HBeAg prevalence was highest among women 15–19 (10.81%), 20–24 (11.88%) and 40–44 years (25.00%), and provincially, highest in North West (26.67%). Our findings highlight the significant prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women in 2017, emphasising concerns about vertical transmission, particularly given the high prevalence of HBeAg among HBsAg-positive women. We advocate for the prompt implementation of a universal birth dose of the HBV vaccine in South Africa to augment existing vaccination schedules and mitigate the risk of vertical transmission, thereby advancing progress towards WHO elimination targets.
Coordinated human-exoskeleton locomotion emerges from regulating virtual energy
Authors: Nasiri Rezvan , Dinovitzer Hannah , Manohara Nirosh , Arami Arash
Published: January 2025

Lower-limb exoskeletons have demonstrated great potential for gait rehabilitation in individuals with motor impairments; however, maintaining human-exoskeleton coordination remains a challenge. The coordination problem, referred to as any mismatch or asynchrony between the user’s intended trajectories and exoskeleton desired trajectories, leads to sub-optimal gait performance, particularly for individuals with residual motor ability. Here, we investigate the virtual energy regulator (VER)’s ability to generate coordinated locomotion in lower limb exoskeleton. Contribution: (1) In this paper, we experimented VER on a group of nine healthy individuals at different speeds (0.6m/s − 0.85m/s) to study the resultant gait coordination and naturalness on a large group of users. (2) The resultant assisted gait is compared to the natural and passive (zero-torque exoskeleton) walking conditions in terms of muscle activities, kinematic, spatiotemporal and kinetic measures, and questionnaires. (3) Moreover, we presented the VER’s convergence proof considering the user contribution to the gait and introduced a metric to measure the user’s contribution to gait. (4) We also compared VER performance with the phase-based path controller in terms of muscle effort reduction and joint kinematics using three able-bodied individuals. Results: (1) The results from the VER demonstrate the emergence of natural, coordinated locomotion, resulting in an average muscle effort reduction ranging from 13.1% to 17.7% at different speeds compared to passive walking. (2) The results from VER revealed improvements in all indicators towards natural gait when compared to walking with a zero-torque exoskeleton, for instance, an enhancement in average knee extension ranging from 3.9 to 4.1 degrees. All indicators suggest that the VER preserves natural gait variability and user engagement in locomotion control. (3) Using VER also yields in 13.9%, 15.1%, and 7.0% average muscle effort reduction when compared to the phase-based path controller. (4) Finally, using our proposed metric, we demonstrated that the resultant locomotion limit cycle is a linear combination of human-intended limit cycle and the VER’s limit cycle. These findings may have implications for understanding how the central nervous system controls our locomotion.
Self-acupressure for patients with breast cancer experiencing aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms: Protocol for the AcuAIM randomized pilot trial
Authors: Henry N. Lynn , Kidwell Kelley M. , Kozar Stephanie , Snyder Sara , Zick Suzanna M.
Published: January 2025

Background

Aromatase inhibitors (AI) reduce hormone receptor-positive breast cancer recurrence risk by about 50%. However, half of AI-treated postmenopausal women report new or worsened musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS), and 20% discontinue therapy prematurely. Acupuncture is effective for reducing symptoms, but many women are not able to access acupuncture therapy. We hypothesize that self-administered acupressure will reduce AIMSS.

Materials and methods

Postmenopausal women who have been receiving treatment with an AI for more than 3 weeks but less than 2 years, and who report new or worsened joint pain or myalgias since starting AI therapy with worst pain of at least 4 out of 10 on a numerical rating scale, are eligible. Fifty participants will be enrolled and randomized 1:1 to treatment with true or sham acupressure for 12 weeks. Participants will self-apply pressure for 3 minutes to each of the 9 acupoints daily. All participants will complete a pain assessment weekly, and a battery of symptom questionnaires every 6 weeks. Optional stool samples will be collected after 0 and 12 weeks of acupressure to examine changes in the gut microbiome. The primary endpoint is change in worst pain on the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form with 12 weeks of the acupressure intervention, evaluated with generalized estimating equations.

Conclusion

Determination that self-administered acupressure reduces AIMSS in this randomized phase 2 pilot trial will lead to a larger randomized phase 3 clinical trial to confirm the efficacy of self-acupressure. Reduction of AI-related arthralgias may improve persistence with breast cancer therapy, breast cancer outcomes, and quality of life for AI-treated patients.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT06228768.