bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Services, Eight Formulae: Common Themes and Differences
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

For those who have followed the story so far, not to mention those who have preferred to avoid the detail in the preceding three chapters, this is a useful moment to recap and summarize the funding systems for our three services as they had evolved by the late 1990s. In effect this means looking at eight different ways in which financial resources are allocated from Whitehall to service-providers at one level or another:

District health authorities (and some primary care groups from April 1999) for hospitals, community health services, and pharmaceutical costs.

General practitioners for GPs’ income and practice costs.

Local education authorities, largely for local schools.
Shared Values: Views from within the NHS
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

We have seen in earlier chapters that equality of access to health care was an explicit founding principle of those who created the NHS in 1946. The abolition of fee-paying, an unequal financial barrier, was the major step, of course. Yet, the unequal geographical distribution of health-care resources was a natural consequence of the private market for health care that had existed pre-war. It came a close second in political concern.

In the very first memorandum Aneurin Bevan presented to the new Labour Cabinet after the Second World War, he stated: ‘We have got to achieve as nearly as possible a uniform standard of service for all’ (PRO/CAB 129/3 5, Oct 1945: quoted by Buxton and Klein 1978). We also saw that some initial steps were taken to achieve the stated goal in the 1940s’ health service. Limits were put on GPs setting up practices in ‘over-doctored areas’, rather as there were limits put on local education authorities employing teachers in favoured areas like London.
Central and Local Views of the Education Funding System
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

The development of public education services in England (and indeed the rest of Britain) has for much of the two hundred years since 1800 involved a balance of central intervention and degrees of local autonomy. As Chapter 5 showed, this local autonomy has, at different times, involved control by local authorities and at the level of schools themselves. The development of needs-based grants for education (considered in Chapters 3 and 5) has, by implication, meant a move towards a concern for ever-greater degrees of ‘fairness’. The reduction of differences in resources in relation to the need to spend of individual authorities has become a key goal of policy.
Struggling to Identify Objectives: Local Authority Housing
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

As Chapter 6 explains, subsidy for social housing involves different systems for two subsectors: those for local authorities and for housing associations (or registered social landlords, RSLs). Between the two, arrangements for transfers of housing from local authorities to associations involve what is, in effect, a third subsidy system through the financial terms on which transfers are made. Further, in contrast to the education and health sectors, where the bulk of spending is on current services, a large part of housing finance concerns capital assets—either the financing of new provision (or of repairs treated as capital spending) or the treatment of existing assets and liabilities. Adding to the complexity, a substantial part of the revenue of social landlords comes from the rents they charge (backed for the majority of their tenants by housing benefit). This means that issues like the ‘affordability’ of rents, or relativities between rents for different tenants, are major issues in a way which is not true for health or education finance, where charges are relatively insignificant. All this means that the sector offers a rich—and at times confusing-variety of subsidy and financial allocation systems through which the centre tries to influence and control the behaviour of social landlords.
Checking the Party Policy Estimates: Reliability
Authors: Hearl Derek J
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter has emphasized procedural continuity and control as the key guarantors of the stability and reliability of the estimates reported here. It is hard to quarrel with this, particularly as this assertion could be generalized to all content analyses and indeed all coding exercises of whatever kind. It is just that in the context of collecting and coding manifestos indefinitely into the future, over such an extended range of countries and time points, procedures assume even more prominence than they do in more limited one-shot analyses.
B
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

bad man The term usually refers to a brief statement in Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. ‘s (1841-1935) 1897 lecture, ‘The Path of the Law ’, published in the Harvard Law Review the same year. Holmes offers, in contrast to a moralistic view of the law or one viewing it as a matter of logical deduction, ‘the view of our friend the bad man ’, who ‘does not care two straws for the axioms or deductions ’, but who ‘does want to know what the ... courts are likely to do in fact. ‘ Holmes adds: ’I am much of his mind. The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by law. ’
J
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

Jhering, Rudolf von Rudolf von Jhering (1818-92) was a German legal philosopher whose important works in legal history and theory included The Spirit of Roman Law (Der Geist des rdinischen Rechts) (1852-8) and The Struggle far Law (Der Kampf uns Recht) (1872). His influence on English-language legal theory came primarily through his efforts to incorporate utilitarian ideas into his approach to law-that law should serve, and is best understood as serving individual and community interests. This seemingly obvious point none the less had critical force in response to formalist approaches to law that viewed law as primarily being about the correct analyses of abstract legal properties.
S
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

satisficing A term within economic analysis that derived from the investigations of bounded rationality, and is usually associated with the work of Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001), who introduced the term in his article, ‘Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment ’ (Psychological Review (1956)). While neoclassical economics assumes that individuals are maximizing the satisfaction of their preferences, some theorists note that in real-world situations decisions are often made in a context of limited time and limited knowledge, and so individuals often seek not so much to maximize (or optimize), but to find an alternative that would at least be satisfactory on one or more criteria; this is ‘satisficing ’.
Desert Diversity
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

The motives that entice people to deserts are many. For some, like Moses, Elijah, David, St John the Baptist, Jesus himself, or the monks of Santa Katarina in Sinai, the motive has been spiritual and religious (Pyper, 2000). For others, often of rather different persuasion-engineers, arms pedlars, and oil men-the motives have been material and financial. For men like Wilfred Thesiger and T. E. Lawrence, the attraction has, in part, been to find and live with that sometimes elusive noble Arab.
The Deserts of Central Asia and China
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

In the mid-latitudes of Asia, astride the 45°N parallel, and extending around about one-fifth of the world’s circumference between 45°E and 115°E, is a great belt of aridity that occupies the southern states of the former Soviet Union, China, Tibet, and Mongolia. Huntington (1907: 8) stressed the homogeneity of this enormous stretch of terrain:

The rainfall of Central Asia is so small that the rivers fail to reach the sea. Hence the whole of a vast region, stretching three thousand miles east and west, and having an area nearly equal to that of the United States, is made up of enclosed basins, from which there is no outlet.
Australia
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

The Australian landscape as a whole has four particularly notable characteristics. Firstly, it is dominated by aridity, for after Antarctica it is the Earth’s driest continent, with a total of around 5.4 million km experiencing appreciable aridity.
The Publication of Literary Translation: An Overview
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Some significant new directions in literary translation in nineteenth-century Britain and America have already been traced in Chapter 1. The aim of the present chapter is to provide a more quantitative account of the total body of translations, particular aspects of which will be highlighted in the following chapters. There are two main areas to be investigated, book publication and periodicals.
Introduction
Authors: Gillespie Raymond , Hadfield Andrew
Published: November 2023

Since its invention, print has fascinated those interested in the Irish past. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries scholars such as Richard Stanihurst, James Ware, and James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh, all collected vast numbers of books, which they scoured for scraps of information. These were then pieced together to create narratives of Ireland ‘s histories that made their way through the printing press into the hands of readers. They were not alone in the world of print. Collectors on a grand scale such as Archbishop Narcissus Marsh of Dublin and his successor, Archbishop William King, assembled libraries, the contents of which spanned mathematics, science, philosophy, theology, music, and geography, among other areas of scholarly endeavour. Such men were often deeply attached to their collections.
Reading Print, 1550–1700
Authors: Gillespie Raymond
Published: November 2023

In the century and a half after 1550 printed books became a more common feature of Irish life. The output of the Dublin presses increased, provincial printing was established, and book imports soared. Perhaps most importantly the mechanisms by which those books were distributed into the hands of readers developed significantly. These followed both the enhanced lines of commercial activity and the communication routes created by the state and the church who wished to use the print medium to convey their ideas. Over time, books became part of the smart but casual furnishings of many houses and were objects of display in grand libraries.
Historical Writing, 1660–1750
Authors: Cunningham Bernadette
Published: November 2023

The growth in the availability of books on Irish history in the century after 1660 can be explained in a general way as being part of the expansion of print culture in both Britain and Ireland.¹ Many more printed works in English on Irish historical topics were available to readers in 1750 than had been the case in 1660. It seems clear that the growing market among the affluent gentry for Irish historical works was not limited to Ireland. Many of the historical works about Ireland published in English in this period had English as well as Irish subscribers, were distributed through English as well as Irish booksellers, or were printed in London rather than in Dublin. Yet, history writing about Ireland was distinctive, of course, not only in terms of the specifics of the subject matter but also because of particular Irish preoccupations about how the past was portrayed. These concerns about how the past should be presented owed their origins to political and cultural tensions not directly paralleled in England.
The Climate Change Regime: Can a Divided World Unite?
Authors: Gupta ]oyeeta
Published: November 2023

The end of the second millennium marks the beginning of the trend towards globalization on the one hand and, possibly, marginalization and disempowermenton the other hand. Despite the hype of globalization and the illusion of one world with shared hopes and concerns, there is increasing fear of marginalization of the South via depressed commodity prices, export barriers for Third World commodities, high international interest rates (South Centre 1993), foreign debt (George 1992), disempowerment of those not connected to the World Wide Web, and monopoly positions held by companies belonging to rich countries (Amin 1993).
What is a Reading Group?
Authors: Hartley Jenny
Published: November 2023

Reading in groups has been around for as long as there has been reading. A history of it would fill a book, probably a shelf. The Romans did it, emigrants on board ship to Australia did it, Schubert and his friends meeting to read and discuss the poems of Heine were doing it. In the centuries before printing and cheap books, when books or manuscripts had to be shared and read aloud, there must have been some discussion or commentary, however brief. In fifteenth-century France a group of women who gathered to spin during the long winter evenings took turns to read aloud to each other.
Vincent Wright and the Jacobin Legacy in Historical and Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir
Published: November 2023

IT is still difficult, more than two years after his death, to come to terms with the fact that Vincent Wright is no longer with us. His departure has removed from our midst a dear friend, a wonderful colleague, a conscientious teacher and dedicated supervisor, and above all a scholar who was at the height of his intellectual powers and who still had huge contributions to make to the various academic fields with which he was engaged during his distinguished career. Indeed it is a tribute to the range, depth, and creativity of his scholarship that his passing will be marked by Oxford University Press by two commemorative volumes: Governing Europe, edited by Jack Hayward and Anand Menon, devoted to comparative and European politics,1 and the present collection of essays, centred on modern French political history.
Euroscepticism in Denmark
Authors: Knudsen Ann-Christina Lauring
Published: November 2023

According to the Eurobarometer, Danes generally cherish their European Union (EU) membership. In 2002, it showed that 68 per cent of Danes found EU membership to be advantageous, and only 17 per cent rejected this postulate (European Commission 2002d: 12). More than one-third of Danes believe that the EU has a neutral image, 32 per cent believe that the EU has a positive image, while 6 per cent estimate that the EU has a very positive image (see also Table 9.1).
Euroscepticism in Austrian Political Parties: Ideologically Rooted or Strategically Motivated?
Authors: Fallend Franz
Published: November 2023

Austria belongs to those members of the European Union (EU) where enthusiasm for European integration is comparatively low. For example, in the spring 2002 Eurobarometer survey only 37 per cent of the Austrians declared EU membership to be a ‘good thing’ compared with an EU average of 53 per cent, with only UK having a lower level of diffuse Euro-enthusiasm (European Commission 2002a: 21, Fig.3.1b).
Euroscepticism in the Hungarian Party System: Voices from the Wilderness
Authors: Batory Agnes
Published: November 2023

After its last enlargement, the European Union (EU) expanded again in 2004.1 Citizens of a number of post-communist countries participated in the European elections held in June of that year. On the level of international relations, the accession of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries in 1995 and the aspirations of Central and Eastern European governments for EU membership have common historical roots: they were both made possible, and to some extent triggered, by the end of the cold war.
The Slovak Republic: Eurosceptics and Phoney Europhiles
Authors: Henderson Karen
Published: November 2023

The Slovak Republic presents one of the most convoluted case studies of Euroscepticism in contemporary Europe. In some respects, it has resembled many post-communist states that aspired to membership of the European Union (EU), as its relationship to ‘Europe’ underwent a transformation as membership drew nearer. Both earlier simplistic longings for a ‘return to Europe’ and communistera prejudices against Western capitalism were gradually replaced by a growing awareness of the complex realities of negotiating national and party interests within a highly sophisticated multinational framework. Yet, in the Slovak case, the trajectory of this learning process was complicated by other factors that have had a strong impact on the nature of Euroscepticism.
The European Question and the Norwegian Party System since 1961:The Freezing of a Modern Cleavage or Contingent Opposition?
Authors: Sitter Nick
Published: November 2023

When Norwegian voters rejected membership of the European Union (EU)1 for the second time in November 1994 both party competition and voter alignments reflected, with few but significant exceptions, the patterns established two decades earlier. The distribution of voters was, if anything, slightly more polarized in 1994 than in 1972. It is tempting to see this as a modern cleavage, one that emerged and was politicized in the 1960s and has subsequently frozen into place.
Relaxation
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we considered what would happen if the external magnetic field were to be suddenly applied to a sample previously in zero field, and we concluded that the spin system would initially be saturated; both energy levels would be equally populated and no NMR signal would be observed. In a very loose sense the nuclear spins in zero field are ‘hot’ and need to cool down to the temperature of their environment, the ‘lattice’. (The term ‘lattice’ is now a misnomer, dating back to the early studies of relaxation processes in crystals, where the environment did indeed form a regular lattice.) The process by which some spins drop down from the upper to the lower energy level so as to attain the requisite population distribution is called spin-lattice relaxation.
Spin echoes
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

Imagine a slow-motion movie of a wineglass falling onto a hard concrete floor and smashing into hundreds of small slivers. Now imagine the same film run in reverse so that the wineglass appears to reconstitute itself from its parts. Even small children recognize that this cannot represent the real world. All our experience confirms that large numbers of glass fragments never spontaneously converge with just the right timing and in the correct geometry to form a wineglass (Figure 9.1). Disorder does not lead to order, unless there is some deliberate outside intervention. We cannot reverse the direction of time.
The Holy Land in English Culture 1799–1917
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan
Published: November 2023

The dream of building Jerusalem in England's green and pleasant land has long been a quintessential part of English identity and culture: but how did this vision shape the Victorian encounter with the actual Jerusalem in the Middle East? The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917 offers a new cultural history of the English fascination with Palestine in the long nineteenth century, from Napoleon‘s failed Mediterranean campaign of 1799, which marked a new era in the British involvement in the land, to Allenby‘s conquest of Jerusalem in 1917. Bar-Yosef argues that the Protestant tradition of internalizing Biblical vocabulary - ‘Promised Land’, ‘Chosen People’, ‘Jerusalem’ - and applying it to different, often contesting, visions of England and Englishness evoked a unique sense of ambivalence towards the imperial desire to possess the Holy Land. Popular religious culture, in other words, was crucial to the construction of the orientalist discourse: so crucial, in fact, that metaphorical appropriations of the ‘Holy Land’ played a much more dominant role in the English cultural imagination than the actual Holy Land itself. As it traces the diversity of ‘Holy Lands’ in the Victorian cultural landscape - literal and metaphorical, secular and sacred, radical and patriotic, visual and textual - this study joins the ongoing debate about the dissemination of imperial ideology. Drawing on a wide array of sources, from Sunday-school textbooks and popular exhibitions to penny magazines and soldiers‘ diaries, the book demonstrates how the Orientalist discourse functions - or, to be more precise, malfunctions - in those popular cultural spheres that are so markedly absent from Edward Said's work: it is only by exploring sources that go beyond the highbrow, the academic, or the official, that we can begin to grasp the limited currency of the orientalist discourse in the metropolitan centre, and the different meanings it could hold for different social groups. As such, The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917 provides a significant contribution to both postcolonial studies and English social history.
Hardys and Hands
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Thomas Hardy is unique among English writers in achieving recognition both as a major novelist and as a major poet. He is also exceptional in his combination of a self-consciously ‘modern ‘ cast of thought with an intense, apparently paradoxical, preoccupation with the personal, local, and national past. Born in 1840 to humble parents in an out of the way corner of the English countryside, he lived and wrote into his eighty-eighth year, registering with extraordinary sensitivity and precision, in both prose and verse, the historic changes that swept over England, and especially over his native Dorset, during the course of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. At the end of a life that had spanned the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, the South African War, and the First World War, it was still the Napoleonic period, prior to his own birth, that chiefly haunted his imagination. In 1919 he saw time as stretching back into the past ‘like a railway line covered with a blue haze, and it goes uphill till 1900 and then it goes over the hill and disappears till about the middle of the century, and then it rises again up to about 1800, and then it disappears altogether ‘.¹ Four years later T. E. Lawrence, writing to Robert Graves, described Hardy as being ‘so far-away. Napoleon is a real man to him, and the country of Dorsetshire echoes that name everywhere in Hardy ‘s ears. He lives in his period, and thinks of it as the great war. ‘²
London
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

The 21-year-old Thomas Hardy who took the train from Dorchester to London on 17 April 1862—a Thursday, as he meticulously recorded— was not an especially prepossessing young man.¹ His moustache had grown in size and dignity, his hair was swept across the top of his head in a slightly crested wave, and the face that looks, faintly smiling, out of photographs taken in 1861 has aspirations towards the kind of conventional Victorian handsomeness exemplified, not to say caricatured, in the figure of Alec d ‘Urberville. But Hardy was significantly below the Victorian average in height, and while altogether healthier and stronger than in childhood he remained lightly built and lacking in presence. Wide reading and exposure to the influence and example of the Moule brothers had taught him much that he could otherwise never have learned in Bockhampton or even in Dorchester, but he was still lacking in worldly experience and social assurance, and unmistakably countrified in his manners and his speech— matters of some importance at a time when (as Hardy himself later recalled) Londoners took such a supercilious view of rural newcomers that it was ‘the aim of every provincial, from the squire to the rustic, to get rid of his local articulation at the earliest moment ‘.²
The Poor Man and the Lady
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

When Hardy returned from London to Dorset in July of 1867 he had to face the scorn of friends and neighbours who interpreted his retreat as a sign that he had been defeated in the attempt to win his way in the larger world.¹ He of course knew that he had developed intellectually, accumulated experiences and memories, and learned how much his writing mattered to him, but it was obvious enough that he had neither made substantial progress in the architectural profession nor gained an alternative foothold in journalism. It was, even so, a situation with which he was for the time being perfectly content. The position at Blomfield ‘s was being kept open for him, but a brief trip to London in October to collect his belongings served only to confirm him in the decision he had made.² After his disappointments and indispositions he was ideally receptive to the restorative influences of Dorset in general and of Bockhampton in particular, and soon recovered health and spirits.
St Juliot
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Hardy stayed on in Weymouth into the early weeks of 1870, but the town ‘s social life proved increasingly distracting and at the beginning of February he withdrew once again to ‘the seclusion of his mother ‘s house ‘ at Bockhampton in order to work more quietly, and more cheaply, on his manuscript. His responsibility for the restoration of Turnworth Church would end with its reopening in April 1870, and work on West Lulworth and Hinton Martel, the other churches Crickmay had taken over at Hicks ‘s death, was also well advanced.¹ There remained one Hicks restoration, out-side Dorset, that Crickmay had not yet dealt with, and on 11 February he wrote to ask Hardy if he would go to Cornwall and ‘take a plan and particulars ‘ of the dilapidated church in the hamlet of St Juliot, a short way inland from Boscastle. Hardy delayed his journey until he was ready, on 5 March, to send off to Alexander Macmillan the nearly completed manuscript of Desperate Remedies. Two days later he set off from Bockhampton in the small hours of the morning ( ‘starlight lit my lonesomeness ‘) and reached St Juliot by train and horse-drawn ‘conveyance ‘ after nightfall that same evening.²
Sturminster Newton
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

In May 1876, just as the Cornhill serialization of The Hand of Ethelberta had reached its conclusion, Leslie Stephen sought to steer Hardy back to the course he had seemed to be charting with Far from the Madding Crowd. Urging him not to allow his own ‘perfectly fresh & original vein ‘ to be cramped by an excessive respect for critical canons, Stephen recommended instead the reading of ‘the great writers, Shakespeare, Goethe, Scott &c &c, who give ideas & don ‘t prescribe rules ‘. Especially important, he thought, was George Sand, ‘whose country stories seem to me perfect & have a certain affinity to yours ‘.¹ Hardy did not of course know that he was never again to have a novel serialized in the Cornhill or to have the benefits—and occasional drawbacks—of Stephen ‘s editorial guidance. But writing and publishing Ethelberta had not been a satisfactory experience, other than in purely economic terms, and it seemed an appropriate moment for reconsidering and ultimately refining his literary options. The previous March he had told George Smith: ‘I do not wish to attempt any more original writing of any length for a few months, until I can learn the best line to take for the future. ‘²
The Writing of Tess
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

If not much of the new novel had been written by the end of 1888, it had certainly been very much at the front of Hardy ‘s mind. An expedition into central Dorset on 30 September 1888—exactly a year before the first serial instalments would become due—was directly related to the process of thinking himself into the social as well as the emotional texture of his new story, of invoking that sense of historical time and visitable place on which he depended for the essential underpinning of his most ambitious imaginative enterprises. He took a train to Evershot station—actually located in the hamlet of Holywell, a mile or so east of Evershot itself—and walked the short distance northward to visit what remained of Woolcombe, an estate (so he had learned from John Hutchins ‘s History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset) formerly in the possession of one of those branches of ‘the Dorset Hardys ‘ to which he liked to think himself related. In his notes for the day he invoked for the first time ‘The Valley of the Little Dairies ‘ and ‘The Valley of the Great Dairies ‘, the fictional names he had given to the vales of Blackmore and Frome, recalled a childhood encounter with an impoverished remnant of the once-proud Woolcombe Hardys walking ‘beside a horse and common spring trap ‘, found ample evidence of ‘the decline and fall of the Hardys ‘, and concluded with the satisfactorily melancholy reflection: ‘So we go down, down, down. ‘¹
Tea at Max Gate
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Hard ‘S fame and popularity, reinforced by the lure of Wessex itself, brought an ever-increasing stream of visitors to Max Gate, and it was at teatime that Hardy routinely made himself available to each day ‘s intake. As early as 1918 Florence could write in her diary: ‘No-one to tea—blessed relief. ‘ John Cowper Powys, during the following summer, found Hardy ready to talk ‘gaily and cheerfully ‘ about ‘all manner of little things ‘, from a punctured bicycle tyre to ‘the names in the cemetery near Portland Bill ‘. Recounting the visit to his brother Llewelyn, Powys described Florence as looking like ‘a grave ascetic art student or a Chelsea socialist, follower of William Morris ‘, with ‘her hair parted Madonna-wise and a very responsible air ‘.¹ Clement Shorter, though dignified in Florence ‘s eyes by the recent loss of his wife, forfeited her good opinion and confirmed himself in Hardy ‘s low one by arriving uninvited at Max Gate on its owner ‘s seventy-eighth birthday and behaving badly throughout his visit. When the literary journalist Arthur Compton Rickett came to tea, Hardy suspected him of biographical designs and delayed coming downstairs from his study for more than an hour.²
Afterwards
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Once Hardy was dead, little remained for Dr Mann to do beyond certifying the cause of death as ‘cardiac syncope ‘, with old age itself as a contributory factor. A telephone call to Talbothays that evening received no reply, Kate and Henry, reassured by what they had been told at a quarter past eight, having seen no reason to depart from their usual custom of not answering calls after they had gone to bed. Eva Dugdale washed the body and prepared it for burial without the aid of an undertaker. She had also to remove a light growth of beard, Hardy not having been shaved since he had stopped shaving himself just a few days earlier.¹
The New China
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Shortly before the Inauguration, from 21 to 28 September, Mao Tse-tung had convened the first Plenary Session of the Chinese People ‘s Political Consultative Conference, which was attended by 662 representatives from the CCP, the Democratic League, and other demo-cratic groups, labour, peasants, business and industry. ‘The Chinese people have stood up, ‘ Mao declared in his opening address. ‘China will never again be an insulted nation. ‘ One of the most brilliant strokes of statesmanship of the modern era, fusing the otherwise distinct concepts of cultural nation and political
Quitting Communist China
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

The American obsession with Communism, which Empson had observed while at the Kenyon summer school, and which was exempliWed by the bullying tactics of Senator Joe McCarthy at home, was every bit as virulent abroad in US foreign policy. But although the world waited—almost resignedly—for the Cold War to be transformed into violent conflagration, few anticipated that Korea would be the catalyst. General MacArthur had thrown down the gauntlet to the PRC in declaring for the nationalist cause over Taiwan: already incensed by this, the Chinese regarded American intervention in Korea as an act of blatant aggression.
Philosophic Rule
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

The last feature of the state to be examined in detail is arguably its most important and distinctive. When Plato addresses the question of the realizability of the ideal state, in Republic V, he says that it can be brought into existence only if political power and philosophical wisdom can somehow be united in the same hands. The means through which this miraculous confluence is to come about is explored in the last section of this chapter. But first we must look more closely at the wisdom with which the philosophers are to rule. We have seen that Plato requires the rule of philosophers for reasons of political stability. Since they know of something higher and finer than the joys of power and the worldly goods that power can provide, they can be trusted not to use their office for personal gain.
Introduction
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

In the last forty years, we have witnessed a veritable revolution around the world in the relations between states and ethnocultural minorities. Older models of assimilationist and homogenizing nation-states are increasingly being contested, and often displaced, by newer ‘multicultural ‘ models of the state and of citizenship. This is reflected, for example, in the widespread adoption of cultural and religious accommodations for immigrant groups, the acceptance of territorial autonomy and language rights for national minorities, and the recognition of land claims and self-government rights for indigenous peoples.
The Origins of Liberal Multiculturalism: Sources and Preconditions
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

Liberal multiculturalism did not emerge out of thin air. It has been built up over time, drawing on a number of sources and facilitating conditions that enabled it to rise out of what John Kingdon famously called the ‘primeval policy soup ‘ (Kingdon 1997). Any serious effort to promote liberal multiculturalism needs to attend to these sources and preconditions. And yet we know surprisingly little about them. One problem is that much of the literature on this issue suffers from ‘methodological nationalism ‘ (Wimmer and Glick Schiller 2002). When explaining the emergence of multiculturalism policies, commentators tend to focus on a particular country, and then invoke facts that are specific to that country, such as particular personalities or high-profile events, the strategies of particular organizations or political parties, the nature of the electoral system, and so on.
The Global Challenge
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

The post-1990 European experiment with minority rights is, in many ways, a distinctive story. It is a new chapter in a very old story about the role of ‘national minorities ‘ in the construction of the system of European ‘nation-states ‘. But the challenges encountered in this experiment are not uniquely European. Global international organizations have adopted many of the same basic strategies as European organizations for diffusing liberal multiculturalism, and have run into many of the same dilemmas. In this chapter, I will look at the activities of international organizations along the same three tracks—namely, (i) publicizing best practices/models; (ii) formulating legal norms; and (iii) case-specific conflict resolution interventions. In each case, the difficulties we saw in the European context resurface, often in even more intractable forms.
Classic Detective Fiction
Authors: Horsley Lee
Published: November 2023

The Hollow Man is not a novel that seeks to destabilize our sense of the outside world. Although the admission that ‘we’re in a detective story’ might strike us as distinctly postmodern, it is unlikely that readers of the mid-1930s would have seen Carr’s mischievous metafictional move as a challenge to their expectations about the genre they were reading. This sort of deconstructive play is very much a part of the highly contrived and self-referential world of ‘classic detective fiction’. The other labels for this tradition (analytic detective fiction, the ‘whodunit’, the mystery story, the clue-puzzle story) all refer in one way or another to the basic structure of the sub-genre––to its characteristic pattern of death–detection–explanation.
Risk in Social Science
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter , Zinn Jens O
Published: November 2023

This book is designed as an introduction to recent social science work on risk and is intended primarily for students in sociology, social psychology, and psychology, although it will also be useful for those studying political science, government, public policy, and economics. It is written by leading experts actively involved in research in the field. The book discusses the basic issues in risk research, paying attention to the contributions from different academic disciplines and reviewing debates in the recent literature. It then moves on to examine work on risk across the main areas of activity, discussing recent research and identifying the themes that are currently subject to debate. The areas covered in substantive chapters are: Crime; the Environment; Everyday Life & Leisure Time; Family & Partnership; Health & Illness; Life Course, Youth and Old Age; Risk Regulation and Management; Social Inequality (covering gender, ethnicity, disability, and social class); Media; Social and Public Policy; as well as theoretical foundations and current issues in research.
The Media and Risk
Authors: Hughes Emma , Kitzinger Jenny , Murdock Graham
Published: November 2023

The column inches of newspaper space and the minutes of television time devoted to risk rarely neatly parallel scientifically defined hierarchies. A death from an aeroplane accident is 6,000 times more likely to make the front page than a death from cancer, and nuclear accidents receive far greater attention than the fatalities caused by smoking (Greenberg et al. 1989). Nor do patterns of media attention parallel the actual trajectory of any particular threat.
Beginnings
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: November 2023

The Belfast poets shared more than camaraderie—they were each other’s first audience. During the 1950s, the friendship that developed between Derek Mahon and Michael Longley at Trinity College Dublin was neatly paralleled by that between Seamus Heaney and Seamus Deane at Queen’s University Belfast. When these two pairs first met they were adolescents, reading everything for the first time and beginning to grapple with the nuances and complexities of literature; as their friendships evolved, they discovered their identities as writers. Perhaps it is a coincidence that these men became four of contemporary Ireland’s most influential poets and intellectuals, but it seems likelier that their friendships reinforced the young writers’ drive, ambition, their will to succeed, and, ultimately, the aesthetic directions they followed.
Hans J Morgenthau, realism, and therise and fall of the Cold War
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: November 2023

Historians will no doubt continue to argue about how and why the Cold War came to an end, when exactly it concluded, and who or what played the bigger part in bringing it to a peaceful resolution. What is not in dispute is the huge impact which the collapse of the communist project had upon the wider international system. Gorbachev may have earlier vowed that he would redefine the East–West relationship.
Texts, paradigms, and political change
Authors: Ned Lebow Richard
Published: November 2023

The contributions to this volume are indicative of the growing interest in Hans J. Morgenthau. The principal catalyst of this interest is surely the end of the Cold War and the re-thinking of IR theory it has encouraged. Morgenthau is not the only theorist to whom scholars have turned; Thucydides, Nietzsche, Carl Schmitt, E. H. Carr, and Hedley Bull, and the ‘English School’ more generally are all undergoing revivals.
Exploiting Manifesto-Based Estimates of the Median for Multi-Level Analysis: Relating Electoral, Legislative, and Government Policy Preferences
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d.
Published: November 2023

This chapter complements the various methodological assessments made in Part II by giving a practical example of how the strengths of the manifesto data can be exploited to tackle a major research question. The question relates to how representative processes work out in practice in Western democracies and how they are a?ected by voting rules. In theory, the latter should make ‘a necessary connection’ (May 1978; Saward 1998: 51) between popular preferences and public policy. To what extent do they do this? And which set of rules is best for ensuring the connection?
The Choice Of A Model
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

Optimum experimental designs depend upon the model or models to be fitted to the data, although not usually, for linear models, on the values of the parameters of the models. This chapter is intended to give some advice on the choice of an appropriate form for a model. Whether or not the choice is correct can, of course, only be determined by analysis of the experimental results. But, as we shall see, designs that are optimum for one model are often almost optimum for a wide class of models.
West African Literatures
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

West African Literatures provides students with fresh, in-depth perspectives on the key debates in the field. The aim of this book is not to provide an authoritative, encyclopedic account, but to consider a selection of the region’s literatures in relation to prevailing discussions about literature and postcolonialism.
Geometry
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin
Published: November 2023

The term ‘geometry’ is a fusion of two Greek words—geos and metron. The former means ‘earth’ and the latter ‘measure’, suggesting that geometry may have begun with problems about land distribution, reclamation (from flooding), and inheritance. Compare words such as geography, geology, from Greek graphos = drawing/writing, logos = word, reason or knowledge.
Number theory
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin
Published: November 2023

As appetizers, here are two typical problems of the kind you should be able to solve when you have worked through Sections 1–4, and might find even easier after Section 5. You are invited to try them as soon as you wish. The solution of each is given at the end of Section 4, and a streamlined approach to Appetizer Problem 1 is given at the end of Section 5.
Trigonometry
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin
Published: November 2023

The traditional native-American way of measuring the height of a tree was to pace away from the base of the tree — constantly pausing to check if one could just see the top of the tree when one looked between one’s legs. We now know that the mathematical basis of this method is that when one just sees the top of a tree in the manner described above, one’s line of vision is approximately 45° to the horizontal Hence a right angled isosceles triangle is roughly defined. It is not known how this method was arrived at or how it was validated.
chapter 1Introduction
Authors: Piattelli-Palmarini Massimo , Uriagereka Juan , Salaburu Pello
Published: November 2023

This whole enterprise grew from a delightful equivocation. Everyone involved assumed we would be learning from Noam Chomsky, while he told us he was looking forward to the encounter in order to learn from the participants. We are convinced that the reader will benefit from this equivocation. It is a tribute to Chomsky and the other protagonists of this rich exchange that the layout of, and spirited exchanges upon, multiple central topics are among the most genuinely interdisciplinary to be found anywhere in the literature. We like to think that readers with quite different disciplinary backgrounds (linguistics, psychology, biology, computer science, or physics) will enjoy at least some sections of this book. The organization into parts and sections has been conceived with a view to facilitating such selective access.
chapter 2Opening Remarks
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: November 2023

I have been thinking about various ways to approach this opportunity, and on balance, it seemed that the most constructive tack would be to review, and rethink, a few leading themes of the biolinguistic program since its inception in the early 1950s, at each stage influenced by developments in the biological sciences. And to try to indicate how the questions now entering the research agenda develop in a natural way from some of the earliest concerns of these inquiries. Needless to say, this is from a personal perspective. The term “biolinguistics” itself was coined by Massimo as the topic for an international conference in 1974 that brought together evolutionary biologists, neuroscientists, linguists, and others concerned with language and biology, one of many such initiatives, including the Royaumont conference that Massimo brought up.
chapter 3The Nature of Merge Consequences for Language, Mind, and Biology
Authors: Boeckx Cedric
Published: November 2023

I wanted to discuss an issue that speaks to both linguists and non-linguists, and what I am going to try to do is first of all phrase a series of very general questions and then take one specific example, Merge (the most basic kind of example that I can take from the linguistic literature), in order to address particular questions of evolution with regard to that process.
chapter 11Movement and Concepts of Locality
Authors: Rizzi Luigi
Published: November 2023

I would like to illustrate certain concepts of locality which arise in the context of the theory of movement, a very central component of natural language syntax. I will start by briefly introducing the notion of movement, on the basis of some concrete examples. When you hear a sentence like (1), starting with the wh-operator what, one thing that you must determine in order to understand the sentence is what verb that element is construed with, what argument structure it belongs to. And the relevant verb can come very early or be quite far away from what, as is the verb buy in our example:
Chapter 15Innate Learning and Beyond
Authors: Gelman Rochel
Published: November 2023

I usually start my presentations on this topic by asking the members of the audience to participate in an experiment. I show them slides with a pair of items and ask them to rate their similarity using a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is, Couldn’t be less similar, and 10 is, Very, very similar. Their task is simply to call out a number that reflects how similar they perceive the pair of stimuli in the slide to be. A sample stimulus pair is presented in Fig. 15.1.
The Learned Component of Language Learning
Authors: Gleitman Lila
Published: November 2023

Isolated infants and children have the internal wherewithal to design a language if there isn’t one around to be learned (e.g., Senghas and Coppola 2001). Such languages exhibit categories and structures that look suspiciously like those of existing languages. There are words like horse and think. Not only that: the mapping between predicate type and complement structure is also quite orthodox, as far as can be ascertained. For instance, even in very primitive instances of such self-made languages, sleep is intransitive, kick is transitive, and give is ditransitive (e.g., Feldman, Goldin-Meadow, and Gleitman 1978). This fits with recent demonstrations – one of which I mentioned during the round-table discussion (see page 207) – that even prelinguistic infants can discriminate between certain two- and three-argument events in the presence of the (same) three interacting entities (Gordon 2003). All of this considerable conceptual and interface apparatus being in place, and (“therefore”) language being so easy to invent, one might wonder why it’s hard to acquire an extant language if you are unlucky enough to be exposed to one. For instance, only ten or so of the required 50,000 or so vocabulary items are acquired by normally circumstanced children on any single day;