bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daily Reservoir Runoff Forecasting Method Using Artificial Neural Network Based on Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Cheng Chun-tian , Niu Wen-jing , Feng Zhong-kai , Shen Jian-jian , Chau Kwok-wing
Published: July 2015

Accurate daily runoff forecasting is of great significance for the operation control of hydropower station and power grid. Conventional methods including rainfall-runoff models and statistical techniques usually rely on a number of assumptions, leading to some deviation from the exact results. Artificial neural network (ANN) has the advantages of high fault-tolerance, strong nonlinear mapping and learning ability, which provides an effective method for the daily runoff forecasting. However, its training has certain drawbacks such as time-consuming, slow learning speed and easily falling into local optimum, which cannot be ignored in the real world application. In order to overcome the disadvantages of ANN model, the artificial neural network model based on quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO), ANN-QPSO for short, is presented for the daily runoff forecasting in this paper, where QPSO was employed to select the synaptic weights and thresholds of ANN, while ANN was used for the prediction. The proposed model can combine the advantages of both QPSO and ANN to enhance the generalization performance of the forecasting model. The methodology is assessed by using the daily runoff data of Hongjiadu reservoir in southeast Guizhou province of China from 2006 to 2014. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves much better forecast accuracy than the basic ANN model, and the QPSO algorithm is an alternative training technique for the ANN parameters selection.
Mapping HIV Nursing Core Competencies in Entry-Level Education: A Pilot Project
Authors: Gagnon Marilou , Cator Stephany
Published: July 2015

Background:

Many nursing specialty groups in Canada have developed their own entry-to-practice frameworks to inform nursing curricula. This article focuses on the framework of HIV/AIDS core competencies developed by the Canadian Association of Nurses in HIV/AIDS Care.

Method:

The goal of this pilot project was to map the courses offered in one entry-level program to assess the applicability of the framework as a tool to inform curriculum development.

Results:

This project highlighted competencies that were well covered in the current courses offered in the program, as well as existing gaps. To address these gaps, five areas of improvement were identified.

Conclusion:

The gaps and areas of improvement identified in this project are similar those identified in the nursing literature. As such, they reinforce the importance of incorporating education and training in entry-level programs with actual clinical experiences with and exposure to people living with HIV. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(7):409–415.]
Resilience in Nursing Education: An Integrative Review
Authors: Reyes Andrew Thomas , Andrusyszyn Mary-Anne , Iwasiw Carroll , Forchuk Cheryl , Babenko-Mould Yolanda
Published: July 2015

Background:

Resilience is a phenomenon known to buffer the negative effects of stress. Resilience is important in the lives of nursing students and nurse educators.

Method:

An integrative literature review was conducted to explore the current state of knowledge of resilience in the context of nursing education. Implications from the review findings were deduced for nursing education practice and research.

Results:

Three theoretical papers and 16 empirical reports were included in the review. Three themes emerged from the analysis: (a) Resilience Is Important in Nursing Education, (b) Resilience Is Conceptualized as Either a Trait or a Process, and (c) Resilience Is Related to Protective Factors.

Conclusion:

The findings provide data to support interventions to enhance the resilience of nursing students and nurse educators and offer a foundation for further research of resilience in nursing education. [J Nurs Educ.2015;54(8):438–444.]
The Nature of Clinical Judgment Development in Reflective Journals
Authors: Bussard Michelle
Published: July 2015

Background:

Evaluating the development of clinical judgment after high-fidelity simulation (HFS) scenarios is essential for nurse educators to ensure that prelicensure nursing students are meeting course and curriculum outcomes.

Method:

This qualitative, interpretive description study reviewed the reflective journals of 30 prelicensure nursing students who participated in four progressive HFS scenarios during a medical–surgical nursing course to determine their levels of clinical judgment, using Lasater’s Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR).

Results:

Within journal one, 172 comments were identified as either beginning or developing in clinical judgment, whereas 52 comments were identified as such within journal four. In journal one, 65 comments were identified as accomplished or exemplary in clinical judgment, whereas 170 comments were identified as such within journal four.

Conclusion:

This study indicated that evaluating reflective journals using the LCJR is an effective method for ensuring that course and curriculum outcomes are met after prelicensure nursing students participate in HFS scenarios. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2015;54(8):451–454.]
Primary synovial sarcoma of the abdominal wall: a case report and literature review
Authors: Kritsaneepaiboon Supika , Sangkhathat Surasak , Mitarnun Winyou
Published: July 2015

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is the fourth most common type of soft tissue sarcoma, following malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. It usually occurs in the extremities near the large joints of middle-aged patients.  We describe a case of synovial sarcoma of the anterior abdominal wall (SSAW) in an adolescent girl and undertake a review of the literature.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and computed tomography in the evaluation of aneurysmal coronary-cameral fistula
Authors: DETORAKIS EFSTATHIOS , FOUKARAKIS EMMANOUIL , KARAVOLIAS GEORGE , DERMITZAKIS ALKIVIADES
Published: July 2015

Coronary artery fistulas represent abnormal communications between a coronary artery and a major vessel like venae cavae, pulmonary arteries or veins, the coronary sinus, or a cardiac chamber. The latter is called coronary cameral fistula is a rare condition and is most of the times congenital but can be also post traumatic or post surgical, especially after cardiovascular interventional procedures. Most patients are asymptomatic and coronary-cameral fistulae are discovered incidentally during angiographic evaluation for coronary vascular disorders, while other patients have a clinical presentation ranging from angina pectoris to heart failure. In this article, we report a rare case of an aneurysmal right coronary cameral fistula draining into the left ventricle. Echocardiography usually represents the first diagnostic imaging approach, but often due to a poor acoustic window may not show the entire course of the fistula which is crucial for the final diagnosis. ECG-gated cardiovascular CT may play an important role in the evaluation of the origin, course, termination and morphology of the fistula, its relation to the adjacent anatomical structures as well as the morphology and contractility of the heart. Cardiac MRI instead plays an additional crucial role regarding not only the above mentioned factors but also in estimating the blood flow within the fistula, providing more detailed information about the cardiac function but also about myocardial wall viability.
A Review of Mobile Learning Applications for Mathematics
Authors: Drigas Athanasios , Pappas Marios
Published: July 2015

Mobile and online learning applications become more known year after year and are used today from millions of students and educators in all over the world. Wireless mobile devices like smartphones, PDAs and tablets, could be used to benefit students’ learning in or out of the classroom. In front of the idea of inclusion of mobile learning in educational process, we represent in this paper some important case studies which examine the consequence of using mobile tools and apps, as well as online applications in mathematics teaching, at all educational levels.
Attitudes Towards the Use of Mobile Learning: A Case Study from the Gulf Region
Authors: Al-Emran Mostafa , Shaalan Khaled
Published: July 2015

In the last few years, the way we learn has been shifted dramatically from traditional classrooms depending on printed papers into E-learning depending on digital pages. Mobile learning (M-learning) is a recent technology that has been developed rapidly to deliver E-learning using personal mobile devices without posing any restrictions on time and location. In this work, we investigate students and faculty members’ attitudes towards the use of M-learning in higher educational institutions within two countries in the Gulf Region (Oman & UAE). Two questionnaire surveys have been conducted: one for students and another for faculty members. In these surveys, 383 students and 54 instructors have taken part within the study. An independent sample t-test was performed to examine whether there exist a significant difference among the students’ attitudes and the faculty members’ attitudes towards the use of M-learning with regard to gender and country. Results indicated that students in the UAE were more positive towards the use of M-learning than those in Oman. Moreover, results revealed that 99% of the students own mobile devices, in particular smartphones and tablets, while only 1% has not. Results of this study could help policy makers for better decision making in building the M-learning infrastructure in the higher educational institutions in general and specifically within the Arab Gulf region.
Geology of the Archean Prince Albert Group in the Richards Bay area, northeastern Melville Peninsula, District of Franklin, Northwest Territories
Authors: Schau M
Published: July 2015

A well preserved, greenschist grade, 5 km thick, incomplete section of the Archean Prince Albert Group, showing primary textures and structures, is exposed in the Richards Bay region. There the group has been divided into three formations separated from each
other by prominent iron-formations. The oldest and lowermost Adge-go Formation is 2.2 km thick and consists of intermediate volcanics and metasedimentary rocks topped by banded iron-formation and cut by acid, basic, and ultramafic dykes. The intermediate, 1.0km thick, Richards Bay Formation has an
upper sequence of metasediments and pillowed calc-alkaline basalt topped by a banded iron-formation cut by ultramafic dykes, and a lower clastic unit of basal quartzite with an overlying polymictic breccia. The Mount Sabine Formation is the youngest and consists of 1.8 km of mainly metasedimentary
rocks in which two large mafic members occur; an upper cherty, pillowed, variolitic, magnesian basalt to ultramafic, flow, dyke, and sill complex, and a lower, calcareous, pillowed, feldspar-phyric metabasalt sequence.

Deformation of the Prince Albert Group was compressive and is postulated to have cast the rocks into a large antiformal syncline imposing a foliation with flatter dip on shallow southeast dipping beds north of Richards Bay. A later flexural fold bent the somewhat higher grade (garnet zone)rocks near
a western granite pluton at the west edge of the map area into a steeply dipping western limb of an open south plunging synform. On the two Coxe Islands, south of the bay and within the map area, the more tightly folded, recrystallized, higher metamorphic grade rocks are considered to be a facies
equivalent of the Adge-go Formation. The area lies within the Ossory fault zone and is cut by splays with steep reverse as well as transverse movement.

The volcanic sequence presented in the section is "inverted", compared to usual Archean sequences, in that more mafic volcanic rocks overlie less mafic units. Partial analogues of the sequence are found in modern marginal seas.

Whatever the tectonic significance of the deposition of the group in a shallow unstable tensional environment, it was one in which banded iron-formations formed readily. The prospect for massive sulphide deposits in the area is judged to be low, but the possibility of small vein deposits is not
discounted since appropriate host rocks are present, although assays on vein materials have been discouraging.
Gebed en die vorming van Christelike identiteit in Openbaring
Authors: Koester Craig
Published: July 2015

Prayer and the formation of Christian identity in Revelation. The use of prayer in the book of Revelation is analysed. It is illustrated that heavenly prayer is directed to God, but that Jesus is also the subject of praise in contexts of prayer. Specific attention is given to the relation between prayer and Christian identity, illustrating how prayer serves the formation and sustenance of the Christian community within this world. Prayer also aims at witnessing to this world, thus strengthening Christian identity. Prayer further has a strong eschatological dimension, calling for the return of the Lord Jesus.
Diversity of non-acarine arachnids of the Ophathe Game Reserve, South Africa: Testing a rapid sampling protocol
Authors: Haddad Charles R. , Dippenaar-Schoeman Anna S.
Published: July 2015

As part of the second phase of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA), field surveys were conducted in many degree-square grids throughout the country using a standardised rapid sampling protocol. This study reports on the arachnid diversity of the Ophathe Game Reserve (OGR) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, as found during a preliminary survey in June 2007 (mid winter) and a SANSA field survey in October 2008 (mid spring) in four representative habitats. The SANSA survey included seven sampling methods: pitfalls, beating, sweep-netting, litter sifting, hand collecting, night collecting and Winkler traps. A total of 282 species in six arachnid orders were collected during the two surveys, of which spiders were the most species-rich order (268 species in 47 families). The SANSA survey yielded 966 adult arachnids, representing six orders and 197 species, with a further 67 species represented only by immatures. Although adult arachnid abundance (n) differed considerably between the four habitats (range: 156–321), adult species richness (Sobs) was less variable (range: 65–85). These survey results are comparable with several longer-term surveys in the Savanna biome, and indicate that the SANSA sampling protocol can yield an impressive diversity of arachnids during a relatively short period of sampling, with a high level of coverage (> 0.8 for sites and most sampling methods) and moderate levels of sample completion for adults (> 0.55 for all sites), despite logistical and temporal challenges. Additional repetitions of the SANSA sampling protocol in other seasons will likely increase biodiversity knowledge of arachnids in OGR considerably.Conservation implications: The implementation of rapid sampling protocols in an atlas project is essential to generate a large volume of species-level data. The SANSA protocol is an efficient means for rapidly generating arachnid data, and in future will allow for an assessment of diversity patterns in degree-square grids across South Africa.
Association of TLR4 and CARD15/NOD2 polymorphisms with SCC in Holstein–Friesian cattle
Authors: Wojdak-Maksymiec K. , Mikołajczyk K. , Prüffer K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Mastitis is one of the most important dairy cattle diseases which results in economic losses in dairy production. Mastitis cases can be classified as subclinical or clinical. All forms of mastitis lead to changes in milk composition and induce an increase in somatic cell count (SCC). SCC is a very important and basic indicator of udder health. An increase in SCC is usually caused by the immune response to the invasion of pathogens contributing to mastitis. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the polymorphisms of selected genes (TLR4 and CARD15/NOD2) whose products are involved in the identification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during the innate immune response to infection, and immunity to mastitis expressed as SCC. The genes under study were also examined for epistatic effects as well as effects of interactions with parity and stages of lactation. In all the studied classes, allele G of TLR4 had a favourable additive effect with negative values, contributing to a lower lnSCC. Allele A of CARD15/NOD2 had a desirable additive effect which varied with time and the changing internal environment during lactation. With regard to the dominance effect, allele A of CARD15/NOD2 was found to be significantly associated with a higher SCC in milk in the first lactation and in the third stage of each single lactation. Moreover, statistically significant epistatic effects were found, in particular additive–additive and dominance–additive interactions were favourably associated with SCC which was lower than expected in the case of no epistasis.
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at DSDP Site 277, Campbell Plateau, southern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Hollis C. J. , Hines B. R. , Littler K. , Villasante-Marcos V. , Kulhanek D. K. , Strong C. P. , Zachos J. C. , Eggins S. M. , Northcote L. , Phillips A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Re-examination of sediment cores from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 277 on the western margin of the Campbell Plateau (paleolatitude of ~65° S) has identified an intact Paleocene–Eocene (P–E) boundary overlain by a 34 cm thick record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) within nannofossil chalk. The upper part of the PETM is truncated, either due to drilling disturbance or a sedimentary hiatus. An intact record of the onset of the PETM is indicated by a gradual decrease in δ13C values over 20 cm, followed by a 14 cm interval in which δ13C is 2 ‰ lighter than uppermost Paleocene values. After accounting for effects of diagenetic alteration, we use δ18O and Mg/Ca values from foraminiferal tests to determine that intermediate and surface waters warmed by ~5–6° at the onset of the PETM prior to the full development of the negative δ13C excursion. After this initial warming, sea temperatures were relatively stable through the PETM but declined abruptly across the horizon that truncates the event at this site. Mg/Ca analysis of foraminiferal tests indicates peak intermediate and surface water temperatures of ~19 and ~32 °C, respectively. These temperatures may be influenced by residual diagenetic factors and changes in ocean circulation, and surface water values may also be biased towards warm-season temperatures.
Composition of Water Extract from Wild Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Fruit for application as Antifeedant and Mortality Test on Armyworm Larvae (Spodoptera litura Fab.)
Authors: Wardhani Tri , Abadi Abdul Latief , Himawan Toto , Am Aulanni
Published: July 2015

This study was to determine the fruit maturity level of wild bitter gourd and the composition of water extract which is effective as antifeedant and appropriate for mortality test on armyworm larvae. Results obtained show that water extract of wild bitter gourd fruit contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Terpenoid compounds contained in water extract of fruits at maturity level 4H, 8H and 12H were momordicoside L, momordicoside K, compound 3β, β7, 25-trihydroxycucurbita-5.23(E)-diena-19-al:R1=H, R2= H and momordicine 1.Fruit maturity level 4H 50% and 4H 60% resulted to the highest antifeedant index, ie 40.08% and 44.20%.LC50at fruit maturity level 4H observed on day 7 was 40%.
Explaining Lifestyle Influenced by the Virtual Space and Its Impact on Social Capital (Case Study of Young People Aged 15-34 years in Isfahan, 2015)
Authors: Taheri Zahra , Hashemianfar Dr. Ali , Rabbani Dr. Ali
Published: July 2015

Social media and in particular cyberspace have created many changes in the lives and lifestyles of people. The causes and degree of the tendency of people to the space are different under the influence of individual characteristics and social factors. The consequences of such a lifestyle are different. According to the sociologists specializing in this field, one of the consequences is the growth and consolidation of the social capitals. Social capital is a product of individual or collective investment and strategies in the creation and reproduction of social communication either consciously or unconsciously.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the lifestyle influenced by the cyberspace and its impact on social capital in both real and virtual worlds via a survey among 361 young people aged 15-34 years in Isfahan in 2015. The target citizens were selected as the participants using a quota sampling method. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos Software.

These are the most important findings of this study: The mean score of the lifestyle influenced by the virtual space is the same between men and women. The mean score of the lifestyle influenced by the cyberspace is different in terms of age, socio-economic base, educational level, marital status and style of living. There is a direct relationship between the lifestyle influenced by cyberspace and social capital in the real world. But social capital in the virtual world does not find such relationship. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) of the study also indicates no confirmed data collected by the theoretical framework of research.
“Honor” in Rhodes: Dio Chrysostom’s Thirty-First Oration
Authors: Bailey C.
Published: July 2015

This article argues that Dio Chrysostom’s thirty-first Oration offers a commentary on the condition of the Greek polis in a Roman world. Dio addresses the practice of re-using statues in order to show the role that the past plays in contemporary constructions of identity. Statues honoring past benefactors enable present citizens, and therefore Rhodes, to compete with those past benefactors and to live up to their full potential. Dio shows that it is a failure to contend with past benefactors that threatens the ability of the polis to be a polis.
Naples and the Landscape of Virgilian otium in the Carmina Bucolica of Petrarch and Boccaccio
Authors: Fielding Ian
Published: July 2015

This article explains how Virgil’s traditional association with Naples inspired the fourteenth-century humanist poets Francesco Petrarca and Giovanni Boccaccio to set their own Virgilian eclogues in the same city. Petrarch began his Bucolicum Carmen by composing an allegorical eclogue about the death of his patron Robert of Anjou, the King of Naples; and in imitation of this poem, his admiring friend Boccaccio later wrote a series of Neapolitan eclogues depicting the events that followed Robert’s death. As Petrarch and Boccaccio each had different relationships with Naples, it will be shown that the city represents their respective ideals of poetic otium.
Knowledge Creation within the Automobile Industry
Authors: Nair Anoop C. , Ramalingam S. , Ravi Ashvini
Published: July 2015

Research has identified the enabling factors and inhibitors for successfully implementing knowledge creation and accomplishing its strategic objectives. It is important to understand how these factors interact with each other to improve or inhibit performance. This empirical research presents a framework for finding the fundamental relations between these factors. It proposes strategies for implementing knowledge creation initiatives. The framework mainly focuses on the “what factor” with respect to people and identifies the vital characteristics for the knowledge creation process. It mainly illustrates the parameters of knowledge transfer, which supports knowledge creation, thereby improving organizational performance.
Interstitial Lung Diseases That Are Difficult to Classify: A Review of Bronchiolocentric Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Virk Renu K. , Fraire Armando E.
Published: July 2015

Context

Idiopathic bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia, airway-centered interstitial fibrosis, centrilobular fibrosis, and bronchiolitis interstitial pneumonia are increasingly recognized histopathologic variants of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia that are difficult to fit within existing classification schemes.

Objective

To review and analyze the appropriate literature that describes the spectrum of histopathologic changes in these conditions, in an effort to ascertain similarities as well as their differences. In addition, we examined associations with hypersensitivity, cigarette smoking, and survival data.

Data Sources

Relevant and peer-reviewed literature indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) coupled with experience gained by review of personal cases with appropriate histopathology constitute the basis of this study.

Conclusions

As anticipated, the common link among the above-cited conditions is their bronchiolocentricity, with a predominance of either fibrosis or inflammation. Clear-cut associations with hypersensitivity or cigarette smoking are not evident in this study. The airway-centered interstitial fibrosis variant of bronchiolocentric interstitial lung disease appears to have a poor outcome.
Thyroid Paraganglioma
Authors: Lee Sun Mi , Policarpio-Nicolas Maria Luisa C.
Published: July 2015

Thyroid paragangliomas are rare tumors that arise from the inferior laryngeal paraganglia. Most patients are female and present with an asymptomatic thyroid nodule. Histologically, the tumor is composed of cells arranged in a well-defined nest (zellballen) pattern surrounded by a thin fibrovascular stroma. It is a diagnostic pitfall and is occasionally misdiagnosed as follicular neoplasm, medullary thyroid carcinoma, intrathyroid parathyroid proliferation, and especially secondary neuroendocrine tumors. Immunohistochemical stains (cytokeratin, parathyroid hormone, thyroid transcription factor 1, tyrosine hydroxylase, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, S100, calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen) are essential in establishing the diagnosis. Loss of succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B (SDHB), immunoexpression can be used to triage genetic testing because some mutations are associated with a higher risk for developing metastasis. Total thyroidectomy or lobectomy for solitary lesion is the preferred treatment. Elective lymph node dissection is usually not indicated. Postoperatively, patients should receive hormonal evaluation for functional disease and imaging for evaluation of multifocal or metastatic disease.
Practices for Identifying and Rejecting Hemolyzed Specimens Are Highly Variable in Clinical Laboratories
Authors: Howanitz Peter J. , Lehman Christopher M. , Jones Bruce A. , Meier Frederick A. , Horowitz Gary L.
Published: July 2015

Context

Hemolysis is an important clinical laboratory quality attribute that influences result reliability.

Objective

To determine hemolysis identification and rejection practices occurring in clinical laboratories.

Design

We used the College of American Pathologists Survey program to distribute a Q-Probes–type questionnaire about hemolysis practices to Chemistry Survey participants.

Results

Of 3495 participants sent the questionnaire, 846 (24%) responded. In 71% of 772 laboratories, the hemolysis rate was less than 3.0%, whereas in 5%, it was 6.0% or greater. A visual scale, an instrument scale, and combination of visual and instrument scales were used to identify hemolysis in 48%, 11%, and 41% of laboratories, respectively. A picture of the hemolysis level was used as an aid to technologists' visual interpretation of hemolysis levels in 40% of laboratories. In 7.0% of laboratories, all hemolyzed specimens were rejected; in 4% of laboratories, no hemolyzed specimens were rejected; and in 88% of laboratories, some specimens were rejected depending on hemolysis levels. Participants used 69 different terms to describe hemolysis scales, with 21 terms used in more than 10 laboratories. Slight and moderate were the terms used most commonly. Of 16 different cutoffs used to reject hemolyzed specimens, moderate was the most common, occurring in 30% of laboratories. For whole blood electrolyte measurements performed in 86 laboratories, 57% did not evaluate the presence of hemolysis, but for those that did, the most common practice in 21 laboratories (24%) was centrifuging and visually determining the presence of hemolysis in all specimens.

Conclusions

Hemolysis practices vary widely. Standard assessment and consistent reporting are the first steps in reducing interlaboratory variability among results.
The So-called Short-Fiber Controversy: Literature Review and Critical Analysis
Authors: Roggli Victor L.
Published: July 2015

Context

Numerous articles in the scientific literature indicate that pathogenic fibers with respect to asbestos-related diseases are those that exceed 5 μm in length. Nonetheless, some authors have expressed concerns regarding pathogenicity of shorter fibers.

Objective

To review the scientific evidence regarding pathogenicity (or lack thereof) of fibers less than or equal to 5 μm in length, with particular attention to publications indicating that such fibers might be hazardous.

Data Sources

The scientific literature was reviewed for experimental animal studies and human studies that address the role of fiber size in causation of disease. Sources included original studies, as well as review articles related to the topic.

Conclusions

Experimental animal studies involving inhalation of fibers have demonstrated that fibers greater than 5 μm in length are associated with both pulmonary fibrosis (ie, asbestosis) and malignancies (carcinoma of the lung and mesothelioma). There is no convincing evidence for a pathogenic effect for fibers that are 5 μm or less in length. Fiber analyses of human lung tissue samples provide further support for pathogenicity of long fibers, particularly the more biopersistent amphibole fibers. Similar observations have been reported for nonasbestos mineral fibers. Concerns expressed by some authors (eg, the greater abundance of short fibers) do not alter these conclusions. Similarly, in vitro studies demonstrating biological activity of short fibers do not override inhalational studies of whole animals or the epidemiological findings in humans.
Characterization of Executive Functioning in a Portuguese Sample of Candidates for Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Ribeiro Olga , Grencho Dina , do Carmo Isabel , Paiva Teresa , Figueira Luísa , Horácio Góis
Published: July 2015

Aim

The prevalence of obesity has been steadily increasing and is a major worldwide public health problem. It is associated with multiple medical and psychological conditions and recent research supports a link to several cognitive deficit domains, including executive functioning. The aim of this article is to describe socio-demographic, clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of a sample of candidates for bariatric surgery (BS) and to compare their performance with normative values.

Method

Between May 2012 and May 2013 we evaluated the neuropsychological performance of 42 patient candidates for BS at the Morbid Obesity Consultation at Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHLN).

Results

The population was predominantly female and education was equally distributed between basic, secondary and tertiary levels. The neuropsychological results showed a significant decrease on Recall (p < .01), Learning (p < .10), Nonverbal Memory (p < .001), Cognitive Flexibility (p < .01) and Resistance to Interference (p < .05).

Conclusion

Despite the limitations inherent to a small sample, the results obtained in the Portuguese population coincide with those of earlier studies; namely that obesity differentially effects instrumental functions.
Complexity in salt marsh circulation for a semienclosed basin
Authors: Sullivan Jessica Chassereau , Torres Raymond , Garrett Alfred , Blanton Jackson , Alexander Clark , Robinson Michael , Moore Trent , Amft Julie , Hayes David
Published: July 2015

The fine details of overmarsh circulation remain largely unexplored and yet they are typically assumed to control many attributes of salt marsh material cycling, transport, and accretion. We characterized the spatial and temporal variability in overmarsh circulation at a 2 km2 Georgia, USA, salt marsh using field observations, dye tracer, and numerical simulations. The marsh bathymetry was created with a high‐precision Global Positioning System survey that details the geomorphic structure of intertidal creeks and salt marsh platform features greater than about 1 m in width. We assessed flow path dynamics at four spatial scales ranging from 1 m to 1000 m. Results show the development and decay of simultaneous flow divergence and convergence, concentrated flow and large‐scale rotational flow, and strong differences between flood and ebb pathways. This current complexity is set by submergence and emergence of subtle salt marsh platform geomorphic structure, and it highlights the role of topography in system‐wide flow processes.
Changes in seismic velocity during the first 14 months of the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington
Authors: Hotovec‐Ellis A. J. , Vidale J. E. , Gomberg J. , Thelen W. , Moran S. C.
Published: July 2015

Mount St. Helens began erupting in late 2004 following an 18 year quiescence. Swarms of repeating earthquakes accompanied the extrusion of a mostly solid dacite dome over the next 4 years. In some cases the waveforms from these earthquakes evolved slowly, likely reflecting changes in the properties of the volcano that affect seismic wave propagation. We use coda‐wave interferometry to quantify small changes in seismic velocity structure (usually <1%) between two similar earthquakes and employed waveforms from several hundred families of repeating earthquakes together to create a continuous function of velocity change observed at permanent stations operated within 20 km of the volcano. The high rate of earthquakes allowed tracking of velocity changes on an hourly time scale. Changes in velocity were largest near the newly extruding dome and likely related to shallow deformation as magma first worked its way to the surface. We found strong correlation between velocity changes and the inverse of real‐time seismic amplitude measurements during the first 3 weeks of activity, suggesting that fluctuations of pressure in the shallow subsurface may have driven both seismicity and velocity changes. Velocity changes during the remainder of the eruption likely result from a complex interplay of multiple effects and are not well explained by any single factor alone, highlighting the need for complementary geophysical data when interpreting velocity changes.
Last glacial maximum radiative forcing from mineral dust aerosols in an Earth system model
Authors: Hopcroft Peter O. , Valdes Paul J. , Woodward Stephanie , Joshi Manoj M.
Published: July 2015

The mineral dust cycle in preindustrial (PI) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) simulations with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model Hadley Centre Global Environment Model 2‐Atmosphere (HadGEM2‐A) is evaluated. The modeled global dust cycle is enhanced at the LGM, with larger emissions in the Southern Hemisphere, consistent with some previous studies. Two different dust uplift schemes within HadGEM2 both show a similar LGM/PI increase in total emissions (60% and 80%) and global loading (100% and 75%), but there is a factor of 3 difference in the top of the atmosphere net LGM‐PI direct radiative forcing (−1.2 W m−2 and −0.4 W m−2, respectively). This forcing is dominated by the short‐wave effects in both schemes. Recent reconstructions of dust deposition fluxes suggest that the LGM increase is overestimated in the Southern Atlantic and underestimated over east Antarctica. The LGM dust deposition reconstructions do not strongly discern between these two dust schemes because deposition is dominated by larger (2–6 μm diameter) particles for which the two schemes show similar loading in both time periods. The model with larger radiative forcing shows a larger relative emissions increase of smaller particles. This is because of the size‐dependent friction velocity emission threshold and different size distribution of the soil source particles compared with the second scheme. Size dependence of the threshold velocity is consistent with the theory of saltation, implying that the model with larger radiative forcing is more realistic. However, the large difference in radiative forcing between the two schemes highlights the size distribution at emission as a major uncertainty in predicting the climatic effects of dust cycle changes.
Haliscomenobacter
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Ha.lis.co.me.no.bac'ter. Gr. v.haliskomaito fall into the hands of the enemy, to be imprisoned; N.L. masc. n.bactera rod or staff; N.L. masc. n.Haliscomenobacterimprisoned rod.

Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales / Saprospiraceae / Haliscomenobacter

Thin rods, 0.4–0.5 × 3–5 µm, usuallyin chains,enclosed by anarrow, hardly visiblehyaline sheath.No ferric or manganic oxides have been detected so far as depositionsin or on the sheaths. Sometimesbranching of the filamentsincidentally occurs in stationary cultures. The branching cells disrupt the sheath and form a new sheath outside the envelope. Compared with the main filaments, the lateral branches are short. Cells outside the sheaths are rarely visible;no flagellationor motility has been observed. Gram‐stain‐negative.Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Temperature range: 8–30°C; optimum: 25–28°C. Growth is much faster at pH 7.5 than at pH 6.4.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 49.

Type species:Haliscomenobacter hydrossisvan Veen, van der Kooy, Geuze and van der Vlies 1973, 213AL.
Sphingobacterium
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Sphin.go.bac.te'ri.um. N.L. n.
sphingosinum
(from Gr. gen. n.
sphingos
of sphinx, and suff.‐
ine
) sphingosine; N.L. pref.
sphingo
‐ pertaining to sphingosine; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a rod, and in biology a bacterium; N.L. neut. n.
Sphingobacterium
a sphingosine‐containing bacterium.

Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales / Sphingobacteriaceae / Sphingobacterium

Straight rods
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonsporeforming.
Lack flagella
but may exhibit a flagellum‐independent spreading mechanism known as “sliding motility”.
Catalase‐positive
. Chemoorganotrophic, without specialized growth factor requirements.
Colonies usually become yellowish after several days at room temperature
.
Indole and acetylmethylcarbinol are not produced
.
Nonproteolytic
. Gelatin is not hydrolyzed.
Heparinase negative
.
Acid is produced from carbohydrates oxidatively
, not fermentatively. Cellular lipids contain
sphingophospholipids
whose ceramide moieties are chiefly branched‐chain dihydrosaturated C
17:0
sphingosin, and the major acid is C
15:0
iso 2‐OH.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–42.

Type species
:
Sphingobacterium spiritivorum
(Holmes et al., 1982) Yabuuchi, Kaneko, Yano, Moss and Miyoshi 1983, 594
VP
(
Flavobacterium spiritivorum
Holmes, Owen and Hollis 1982, 161;
Flavobacterium yabuuchiae
Holmes, Weaver, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1988, 351).
“
Candidatus Clavichlamydia
”
Authors: Horn Matthias
Published: July 2015

Cla.vi.chla.my'di.a. L. n.
clava
a knotty branch, rough stick, cudgel, club; N.L. fem. n.
Chlamydia
taxonomic name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Clavichlamydia
a club
Chlamydia
(the morphology of the bacteria includes the characteristic head‐and‐tail cells that have been described earlier from salmonid fish suffering from epitheliocystis).

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / “Candidatus Clavichlamydiaceae” / “Candidatus Clavichlamydia”

Pleomorphic or elongated
,
nonmotile
,
obligate intracellular bacteria
,
up to 2
μ
m in length
. Cells show a
developmental cycle
with morphologically distinct stages and thrive
inside a host vacuole
. Organisms were found within gill lesions of fish and are differentiated from all other chlamydiae by the morphology of the proposed
elementary bodies
,
which show a characteristic head‐and‐tail form
(Figure 1). Members have not yet been obtained in cell culture.

Type species
: “

Candidatus
Clavichlamydia salmonicola

” corrig. Karlsen, Nylund, Watanabe, Helvik, Nylund and Plarre 2008.
“
Candidatus
Piscichlamydia”
Authors: Horn Matthias
Published: July 2015

Pi.sci.chla.my'di.a. L. n.
piscis, ‐is
fish; N.L. fem. n.
Chlamydia
name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Piscichlamydia Chlamydia
‐like organism affecting fish.

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / “Candidatus Piscichlamydiaceae” / “Candidatus Piscichlamydia”

Coccoid to rod shaped
,
nonmotile
,
obligately intracellular bacteria
,
up to 1
.
8
μ
m in length
.

Type species
: “

Candidatus
Piscichlamydia salmonis

” Draghi, Popov, Kahl, Stanton, Brown, Tsongalis, West and Frasca 2004, 5286.
Waddlia
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Wadd'li.a. N.L. fem. n.
Waddlia
arbitrary name derived from the abbreviation
WADDL
(Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory).

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / Waddliaceae / Waddlia

Obligate intracellular bacteria in animals
. Cells of the type strain were isolated from aborted fetuses of cattle.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): not available.

Type species
:
Waddlia chondrophila
Rurangirwa, Dilbeck, Crawford, McGuire and McElwain 1999, 580
VP
.
Pelodictyon
Authors: Pfennig Norbert , Overmann Jörg
Published: July 2015

Pe.lo.dic' ty.on
. Gr. adj.
pelos
dark‐colored; Gr. n.
diktyon
net; M.L. neut. n.
Pelodictyon
dark‐colored net.

Chlorobi / “Chlorobia” / Subclass I “Chlorobiales” / “Chlorobiaceae” / Pelodictyon

Cells rod shaped to ovoid, occurring singly or in netlike or more or less spherical aggregates
. Multiplication is by binary fission.
Branching may occur as a result of ternary fission. Nonmotile. Gram negative. Cells regularly contain gas vacuoles. Cultures or cell material is either green or brown. Photosynthetic pigments are located in the cytoplasmic membrane and the chlorosomes
, which underlie and are attached to the cytoplasmic membrane. Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)
c
,
d
, or
e
occurs as the major photosynthetic pigment, in addition to small amounts of BChl
a
. Chlorobactene or isorenieratene is the major carotenoid component (Schmidt and Schiburr, 1970; Gorlenko, 1972).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48.5–58.1 (Mandel et al., 1971).

Type species
:
Pelodictyon clathratiforme
(Szafer 1911) Lauterborn 1913, 98 (
Aphanothece clathratiformis
Szafer 1911, 162.)
Chloroflexus
Authors: Pierson Beverly K. , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: July 2015

Chlo.ro.flex' us.
Gr. adj.
chloros
green; L. masc. n.
flexus
a bending; M.L. masc. n.
Chloroflexus
green bending.

Chloroflexi / “Chloroflexi” / “Chloroflexales” / “Chloroflexaceae” / Chloroflexus

Filaments of indefinite length
; cells 0.5–1.5 × 2–6 µm; none differentiated (Figure 1). Cell division by fission, no branching. No internal proliferations of cell membrane, except mesosomes;
chlorosomes present when anaerobically grown. Motile by gliding
. Thin sheath may be present. Stain Gram‐negative, but cell wall not typical of Gram‐negative bacteria. No flagella.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53.1–54.9 or 56.7–57.1.

Type species
:
Chloroflexus aurantiacus
Pierson and Castenholz 1974a, 7.
Chloronema
Authors: Gorlenko Vladimir M. , Pierson Beverly K.
Published: July 2015

Chlo.ro.ne' ma. Gr. adj.chlorosgreen; Gr. n.nemathread; M.L. neut. n.Chloronemagreen filament.

Chloroflexi / “Chloroflexi” / “Chloroflexales” / “Chloroflexaceae” / Chloronema

Cells cylindrical, combined in a trichome surrounded by a sheath. Trichomesstraight or spiral, appearyellow‐green(Figure 1). Cells multiply by separation of sections of trichomes (hormogonia) of varying length.Gliding motility. The major pigment isbacteriochlorophylld; also contain bacteriochlorophyllc. The primary pigment‐bearing structures arechlorosomes. Cells are capable ofanoxygenic photosynthesis.

The mol% G + C of the DNA has not been studied.

Type species:Chloronema giganteumDubinina and Gorlenko 1975, 515.
Oscillochloris
Authors: Keppen Olga I. , Gorlenko Vladimir M. , Pierson Beverly K.
Published: July 2015

Os.cil' lo.chlo' ris
. L. n.
oscillans
oscillating; Gr. adj.
chloros
green; M.L. fem. n.
Oscillochloris
oscillating green (bacterium).

Chloroflexi / “Chloroflexi” / “Chloroflexales” / “Chloroflexaceae” / Oscillochloris

Cells arranged in uniseriately multicellular flexible filaments with gliding motility
. Trichomes uniformly wide throughout their length, length variable,
nonbranching
, with or without sheath. Trichomes multiply by separation of short segments or single cells from the parent trichome. Cells usually contain gas vacuoles. Cells stain Gram‐positive or Gram‐negative.

Trichomes appear green or yellow‐green. Contain bacteriochlorophylls
c
and
a
as well as carotenoids

. The light‐harvesting structures of the photosynthetic apparatus are
chlorosomes. Photolithoheterotrophic or photolithoautotrophic under anaerobic conditions
; capable of photosynthesis in the presence of hydrogen sulfide during which they deposit elemental sulfur globules outside the cells. Some strains are capable of growth under microaerobic conditions.

Type species
:
Oscillochloris chrysea
(Gicklhorn 1921) Gorlenko and Pivovarova 1989, 496 (Effective publication: Gorlenko and Pivovarova 1977, 406) (
Oscillatoria coerulescens
Gicklhorn 1921).
Chrysiogenes
Authors: Macy Joan M. , Krafft Torsten , Sly Lindsay I.
Published: July 2015

Chry.si.o' ge.nes.
Gr. n.
chryseion
gold mine; Gr. patronymic suff. ‐
genes
sprung from, born from; M.L. masc. n.
Chrysiogenes
sprung from a gold mine.

Chrysiogenetes / Chrysiogenetes / Chrysiogenales / Chrysiogenaceae / Chrysiogenes

Curved, rod‐shaped cells
with rounded ends, 1.0–2.0 µm in length and 0.50–0.75 µm in diameter.
Gram‐negative
. Each cell is motile by a
single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic
. In agar, colonies are small, round‐lenticular with entire edges, convex and white. In liquid medium, cells form swarms of motile bacteria. The optimum temperature for growth is between 25 and 30°C. Cells grow in defined minimal medium by
anaerobic respiration
with
acetate as the electron donor and carbon source
and
arsenate as the electron acceptor
. Acetate is oxidized to CO
2
. Arsenate is reduced to arsenite. Phylogenetically, the genus is the first representative of a new deeply branching lineage of the
Bacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 49.

Type species
:
Chrysiogenes arsenatis
Macy, Nunan, Hagen, Dixon, Harbour, Cahill and Sly 1996, 1156.
Aeropyrum
Authors: Sako Yoshihiko , Nomura Norimichi
Published: July 2015

Ae.ro.py' rum
. Gr. n.
aer
air; Gr. neut. n.
pyr
fire; M.L. masc. n.
Aeropyrum
air fire, referring to the hyperthermophilic respirative character of the organism.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Aeropyrum

Cells are
coccoid
, and highly irregular in shape. Cells are usually about 0.8–1.0 µm in diameter. Cells are surrounded by a cell envelope (S‐layer‐like structure) about 25 nm wide covering the cytoplasmic membrane (Figure 1). Gram negative.
Highly motile
. Cells are frequently surrounded by pililike appendages.
Strictly aerobic
, with molecular oxygen used as the terminal electron acceptor.
Heterotrophic hyperthermoneutrophiles
. Growth occurs between 70 and 100°C (optimum, 90–95°C), at pH 5–9 (optimum, pH 7.0), and at 1.8–7.0% salinity (optimum, 3.5% salinity). Various proteinaceous complex compounds serve as substrates during aerobic respiration. On the basis of 16S rRNA analysis, the genus
Aeropyrum
is closely related to the members of the families
Pyrodictiaceae
and
Desulfurococcaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 56.

Type species
:
Aeropyrum pernix
Sako, Nomura, Uchida, Ishida, Morii, Koga, Hoaki and Maruyama 1996, 1076.