bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les sources statistiques d'études sur les immigrés en France
Authors: Thave Suzanne
Published: November 2011

La définition de l'immigré retenue par le Haut Conseil à l'intégration en 1990 désigne comme tel «quelqu'un né à l'étranger, résidant en France», donc défini par son lieu de naissance et sa nationalité actuelle ou antérieure.

Ont été récensées neuf sources principales de fichiers détenus par I'insee où figurent simultanément ces deux variables et qui permettent donc des études sur les immigrés. Les sources sont présentées sous forme de fiches avec une description de l'enquête, de son but et de son champ d'application, des variables d'analyse liées aux immigrés. Les références de la documentation de chacune ainsi que les bibliographies des études faites ou en cours sont indiquées. Le moyen général d'accéder à ces diverses sources est décrit en début de note, les cas particuliers sont signalés sur les fiches en question.
Le talon d'Europe : sources, méthodes et catégories statistiques regardant les populations immigrées en Italie
Authors: Vallat Colette
Published: November 2011

The Heel of Europe : Sources, Methods and Statistical Categories on the Immigrant Population in Italy.

Italy has recently become an immigrant destination, but there is some difficulty in estimating the number of foreigners living in the Italian territory. Official estimates put it at 500,000, and more than twice this number if clandestine residents are counted. Population experts and academics doing research on the subject have had to work out new ways, official and direct or non official and indirect, of counting the successive waves coming in from the Philippines, Cape Verde and Eastern Europe. Many foreign immigrants fit themselves into the highly-developed informal economy of the country ; but many non-European citizens move on from Italy to other Schengen-signatory countries.
Femmes antillaises outre-mer
Authors: Marie Claude-Valentin
Published: November 2011

Essentielle dans l'organisation des sociétés antillaises, la contribution des femmes ne l'est pas moins dans l'immigration, où elles sont aujourd'hui majoritaires. Les Antillaises ont, plus encore que les métropolitaines, intégré les mutations du monde moderne et investi massivement le marché du travail. Cela est encore plus vrai pour celles installées dans l'hexagone. En mars 1990, on comptait presque autant d'Antillaises actives en France (76 116) que de femmes actives en Guadeloupe (78 493) ou en Martinique (78 324).

La crise explique certainement le besoin d'activité accru de ces femmes, principalement de celles durablement installées en métropole et qui étaient jusqu'alors inactives ou qui s'étaient retirées du marché du travail. Chez les jeunes encore aux Antilles, en revanche, les difficultés économiques ont découragé d'éventuels départs : en Guadeloupe comme en Martinique, les 15-29 ans se mettent en position d'attente, avec pour conséquence, dans les deux îles, le maintien à un niveau très élevé (57-58 %) du taux de chômage de cette tranche d'âge. A 98 %, les Antillaises ayant un emploi en métropole sont salariées ; à 93 % elles le sont dans les services, en majorité comme agents du service public. Cette spécificité explique en partie que les Antillaises en France soient un peu moins touchées par le chômage que les métropolitaines (13 contre 14,6 %).

Dans le domaine familial, avec des familles souvent de type monoparental, elles ont également anticipé les mutations du monde moderne. En 1990, 28 % des familles antillaises installées en métropole étaient composées d'une femme assurant seule la charge des enfants, soit trois fois plus que la moyenne nationale.

Par ailleurs, la probabilité à terme de fonder une union durable est nettement plus faible que pour les métropolitaines. On retrouve là une situation proche de celle vécue aux Antilles, où la solitude des femmes face au poids de l'éducation des enfants est une réalité à la fois plus répandue et plus durable. Les schémas de socialisation selon lesquels s'organise la vie de ces femmes sont donc ceux des Antilles et non de métropole.
Les flux de réfugiés en Inde
Authors: Boquérat Gilles
Published: November 2011

The Flows of Refugees in India.

During the last fifty years, India has on several occasions greeted refugees on its soil. The official stand with regard to these refugees has evolved with the passing years. After the Partition, displaced Hindu and Sikh populations from Pakistan welcomed since their exile seemed to emphasize the excesses inherent to a religious State in opposition to the Indian secular polity. At the end of the fifties, Tibetan refugees were the embodiment of Chinese perfidy of which India was also victim. On the other hand, India reluctantly rapatriated members of Indian communities in Burma and Sri Lanka. From the early seventies, refugees are more and more perceived as a destabilizing factor, with a potential for exacerbating internal ethnic conflicts, competing with indigeneous people for scarce resources, or even threatening the law and order. Consequently, the policy of the Indian government, once its strategic objectives have been fulfilled, is to work towards a satisfactory repatriation of the displaced populations in their native lands.
The joys or misfortunes of love in the courtly epics of Djado Sékou
Authors: Tandina Ousmane M.
Published: November 2011

Djado Sékou, a professional storyteller, is one of the most celebrated griots in Niger. He has a predilection for everything that deals with the imaginary and dreams. His audience is fond of love stories, which he considers a superior form of literature. Love in the narratives of Djado Sékou, it is a founding and fundamental theme. The theme of love permeates Niger’s courtly epic as the narratives “Labdedjo” by Tinguizi and “Garba Mama” by Djéliba Badjo well exemplify. Djado Sékou is one of the storytellers who have sung the most of love, in particular, the love of men for one woman, Awli Djawando. Along with Lobbo Soga, Takadé Waldé, Fatumata Bidani and Sipti Diembel, Awli Djawando has entered the pantheon of Niger’s celebrated muses. However, if Djado Sékou sings of love, the joy and revival of individuals who experience “dizziness”, it is noteworthy that his songs also often originate from suffering and the misfortunes of love. This essay explores constituting themes Djado Sékou’s narrative repertoire: love stories as fairy tales, ecstasy and loss, metamorphosis of places and names and journeys.
Natuur en (skrywende) mens: Petra Müller se verhaalkuns binne die raamwerk van letterkunde as kulturele ekologie
Authors: Meyer Susan
Published: November 2011

Petra Müller’s collection of narrative works, Desembers (“Decembers”, 2007), allows for an investigation into the portrayal of identity aspects that occupy a central position in her oeuvre: the relationship between man and nature as well as the nature of authorship. These narratives reflect upon a human being’s place in the wide community of earth’s beings and forces, and elucidate the multiple levels of communication between man and other living creatures, which is possible by sensory awareness and by embracing the “voices of silence” beyond the range of human language. In this article Müller’s narratives are explored within the framework of literature as cultural ecology, including their becoming part of a re-integrative interdiscourse by means of reintegrating in the realm of imaginative literature the excluded to the cultural reality system. Müller often links natural objects to the creation of stories/art, thus integrating the spheres of nature and culture. This is done by reconstructing objects from nature, by means of imagination and by transcending reality, into symbols of the author’s/artist’s activity.
Manifestasies van die liefde in Langsaan die vuur (A. H. M. Scholtz)
Authors: Prins M. J.
Published: November 2011

This article focuses on the manifestations of love in A. H. M. Scholtz’s volume of short stories Langsaan die vuur (“Next to the fire”,1996). The symbolical implications of the title in this regard are being investigated. A close look is then taken at love and / or the lack of it as a trait of as well as a driving force behind the behaviour of each character in the five short stories. Motives in this respect are inter alia: racism as a cause of lovelessness, love across ethnic barriers, jealousy as a generator of hatred, the human being as mere possession, motherly love, love within marriage, hatred as a result of projected frustration, erotic love, God as the source of true love, lack of love within the church and Christian community, the relationship between being treated with love and self esteem, emotional pain as a result of being treated in a loveless way, the willingness and/ or the ability to forgive, characters as pure manifestations of love or hatred as well as on occasion paradoxical combinations of both, spaces of love and of uncharitableness.
Die spore van Raka: Oor herskrywing en kanonisering (Deel 2)
Authors: Van Coller H.P. , Van Jaarsveld A.
Published: November 2011

Every literary system possesses a canon with the classical canon as the most stable and simultaneously the one with the most restrictive access. Writers and texts can only maintain their position within the canon through continuous rewriting: critical rewriting by literary critics (as shapers of taste and gatekeepers) and creative rewriting by fellow writers. In this study the critical rewriting (and rerealisation) of one of the most acclaimed and seminal texts in Afrikaans literature, Raka (1941), by N. P. van Wyk Louw is scrutinized. Since its publication this verse epic has been firmly entrenched in the classical Afrikaans literary canon and its continuous rewriting / rerealisation can act as a case study of how a literary “masterpiece” is dependent on institutional relationships, relevant characteristics and strategic position-taking within a literary field in order to retain this status. In this second and concluding part of this study, the specifics of Raka’s rewriting / rerealisation is discussed utilising two supplementary typlogies as heuretical tools. In this survey of the rewriting / rerealisation the focus is on the continuallly changing ideological and poetical paradigms underpinning such processes.
Living the myth: Revisiting Okigbo’s art and commitment
Authors: Izevbaye Dan
Published: November 2011

This is a study of the nature and sources of the persona’s quest in Christopher Okigbo’s poetry. The protagonist in Okigbo’s writing explores the fluid borders between aesthetic and spiritual states, with language and social action as instruments of the self’s aspiration towards spiritual and aesthetic fulfillment. Although Okigbo’s narration is presented in the form of dramatic ritual, the distance or severance of the material from the poet’s own spiritual history is not total, for the historical content eventually intrudes into the writing and reestablishes the authentic autobiography of the poetic self. The historical context, the 1960s, is an age of transition. Okigbo’s characterisation of his persona as an actor in a state of personal transition reflects the poet’s sensitive immersion in the spirit of his times and establishes Okigbo the poet as perhaps its ideal representative. One of the issues raised in this study is that in spite of the protagonist’s recurrent return to the point of passage, there is a relentless drive towards death seen ambiguously as the ultimate goal and state of perfection as well as the perfect form of transition. The central question explored in this study is the roles of poetic diction, the tense politics of the 1960s and the poet’s own intense temperament in determining his peculiar choice of resolution to the dilemma at the centre of his poetry.
The poet as rainmaker: Fertility and pluvial aesthetics in Osundare’s The Eye of The Earth
Authors: Ngumoha Emma
Published: November 2011

In Niyi Osundare’s The Eye of the Earth, the poet functions as a primeval community’s shaman or rainmaker whose main duty is to ensure adequate rainfall whenever “the rains have kept their time” and drought persists beyond the vernal equinox. “Farmer-born” and “peasant-bred” in an agrarian community, the poet in the collection consciously and unconsciously assumes the role of rainmaker in his poetry. This is not only for the material good of his local agrarian Ikere-Ekiti community in Nigeria but also for the salubrious enrichment of the citizens of the universe whose well being depends on the pluvial fertility of the earth. Osundare notes that The Eye of the Earth was partly inspired by the Green Peace movement, which accentuates the significance of the poet’s evocation of the ancient tradition of rainmaking in the volume. This essay highlights the magico-religious tradition of rainmaking and examines the symbolism of the poet’s assumption of the role of a traditional rainmaker in synthesizing human experience in his poetry.
Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus and issues of ideology in the constitution of the Nigerian novel
Authors: Udumukwu Onyemaechi
Published: November 2011

The interplay of the subject and concept of ideological interpellation in Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus is exemplary of how the Nigerian novel represents the changing experience of nationhood in Nigeria. Adichie’s novel adopts the element of voice as a veritable strategy for the constitution of this interplay of subjects and interpellation. Accordingly, the novel negotiates the tension between the two aspects of voice, that of who sees and that of who narrates. Through the homodiegetic character, Kambili, whose name means “That I too may live”, Adichie presents a dialectical situation between characters understood as subjects, with the eventual emergence of Kambili to self-knowledge and condition of social responsibility. The aim of this is to examine how Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus is typical of how the Nigerian novel engages itself in issues of ideology and how these issues, in turn, crystallize the challenges of nation-ness in Nigeria. We begin by recalling Walter Benjamin’s timely assertion that the novel gives evidence of the profound perplexity of living. The significance of Benjamin’s assertion for the Nigerian novel is the sense of anxious conjuncturethat disavows the fixity and current of certainty in the oral tale. The implication of this for the Nigerian novel is its formal dynamism that enables it to illuminate the changing challenges of nationhood.
Les “démons crachés” de l’autre République de Serge Armand Zanzala. Une métaphore historique dans une période chaotique
Authors: Mwepu Patrick Kabeya
Published: November 2011

Published in 2007 by L’Harmattan, the novel Les “démons crachés” de l’autre République by Serge Armand Zanzala challenges its readers to rediscover the period between 1993 and 2002. During that period, which lasted almost a decade, Congo-Brazzaville, the writer’s country of origin, was ravaged by violent wars. In his novel, Zanzala has attempted to reconstruct the real facts of this conflict by depicting characters that embody an inhuman and homicidal aristocracy. Through Congo-Brazzaville, one can also easily discover Congo-Kinshasa as the pan Congolese spirit is being expressed throughout the novel. This paper aims to demonstrate several ways in which and reasons why the writer takes position and uses fiction to restore the history of his country. Literary fiction has been perceived as an instrument par excellence to combat the abuse of political or military power. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated how and why the use of violence by politicians is depicted throughout the novel as cannibalism. The paper will finally analyse the way Zanzala uses the fabulous as a remedy to cure the barbaric acts orchestrated by politicians against civilians.
Normal and Abnormal Early Pregnancy
Authors: Monni Giovanni , Honemeyer Ulrich
Published: November 2011

The first trimester, mostly defined as the first 100 days of pregnancy, is characterized by many important landmarks heralding the ultimate outcome of pregnancy. Woman becomes aware of her pregnancy after missing her period, being already two weeks postconception at that time. A positive pregnancy test opens Pandora's Box, raising more questions than giving answers. Although a positive pregnancy test most likely suggests an intrauterine pregnancy, production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) occurs as well in tumors (dysgerminoma, choriocarcinoma) or maldeveloped pregnancies, such as ectopic pregnancy, blighted ovum or mola hydatidosa. Other early pregnancy complications and failures, like subchorionic hematoma, missed abortion, incomplete miscarriage, retained products of conception, are likely to be accompanied by clinical symptoms such as lower abdominal pain and/or vaginal bleeding, and suboptimal beta hCG serum levels. Transvaginal ultrasound probes with frequencies of up to 14 MHz have lowered the threshold for US-detection of intrauterine pregnancy to 1200 mIu/ml beta hCG/serum (discriminatory zone), and enable identification of all above-mentioned 1st trimester pregnancy disorders earlier than ever before. Furthermore, the additional interrogation of the region of interest (ROI) with color Doppler (CD) and pulsed-wave Doppler (PW) supplies important information about characteristics of vascularization and flow indices, which assists in further differentiation and prognosis of abnormal early pregnancy findings. With the introduction of transvaginal three-dimensional (3D) sonography, and real-time 3D ultrasound (4D), in vivo studies of the early fetal life became possible. The developmental progress of the embryo and early fetus, its anatomy, and first movement patterns, have been explored by means of ultrasonic 3- and 4D imaging, which can be considered as nonteratogenic as long as investigators adhere to certain safety rules. The new field of sonoembryology has emerged, and researchers are penetrating the mists hiding the beginning of human life. Another area of remarkable expansion has been the 1st trimester scan between 11 and 13/6 weeks of gestation. It includes not only the early diagnose of fetal structural anomalies, like acranius-anencephalus sequence, and the screening for fetal aneuploidies such as trisomia 21,18 and 13, but also offers likelihood ratios for hypertensive pregnancy disorders (pre-eclampsia) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
Prospects for Polish Foreign Trade: Analysis and Recommendations
Authors: Coleman Wendy , K Witold
Published: November 2011

The following paper was completed in June 1990 and was written primarily as a policy paper for the Polish Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. While revising this paper for publication, we faced a dilemma of how to update our earlier analysis, which rapidly became outdated due to the speed of changes taking place in Poland, the Soviet Union and the rest of Eastern Europe. After much thought, we decided against simply updating data in the paper, as we realized that it could destroy the logical cohesiveness of our original analyses and recommendations. Therefore we decided to leave the earlier work unaltered, to stand as a document of thought about the change process then underway. We thought it more appropriate to provide readers with an epilogue, elaborating on major developments within the last six months and evaluating changing prospects for Polish trade.
Victim of Circumstance: Rastophchin's Execution of Vereshchagin in Tolstoi's Voina i mir
Authors: Galloway David J.
Published: November 2011

The Vereshchagin episode, describing the execution of a young student during the fall of Moscow in 1812, occupies Chapters 24 and 25 of Part 3, Book 3 of Lev Tolstoi's Voina i mir (War and Peace). This dramatic scene, in which Mikhail Vereshchagin is cut down by a dragoon on the order of Count Fedor Rastopchin, has received little critical attention given the breadth of work on the novel as a whole. This is understandable on the grounds that the text does not constitute a large portion of Voina i mir and its characters are far from principal players. Yet investigating the episode reveals how Tolstoi deliberately added psychological, ideological, and theological subtexts to the early drafts, marking such subtexts by changes in narration, language, and direct allusions. Episodes such as this one are intricately structured to produce emotions, raise questions, and initiate a philosophical inquiry into the actions and thoughts of the characters concerned.
Contending with Violent Words; or, The Afterthought of (In)Civility
Authors: Doxtader Erik
Published: November 2011

The aftermath brings a rush of words, a silencing onslaught of pious accusations and diagnostic promises, a host of conflicting remedies that profess to combat the tragedy of dangerous expression. In Walter Benjamin’s estimation, this storm of self-proclaimed progress was self-defeating. For now, for a moment that defies fate’s necessity and refuses mythic redemption, the critique of violence hinges on the question of language as such, an experience of the word’s lament as it falls into our grasp at the cost of discovery.
Electroaddressing Functionalized Polysaccharides as Model Biofilms for Interrogating Cell Signaling
Authors: Cheng Yi , Tsao Chen‐Yu , Wu Hsuan‐Chen , Luo Xiaolong , Terrell Jessica L. , Betz Jordan , Payne Gregory F. , Bentley William E. , Rubloff Gary W.
Published: November 2011

Bacteria often reside at surfaces as complex biofilms in which an exopolysaccharide matrix entraps the population while allowing access to its chemical environment. There is a growing awareness that the biofilm structure and activity are integral to a wide array of properties important to health (the microbiome), disease (drug resistance) and technology (fouling). Despite the importance of bacterial biofilms, few experimental platforms and systems are available to assemble complex populations and monitor their activities. Here, a functionalized alginate composite material for creating in vitro model biofilms suitable for cell‐cell signaling studies by entrapping bacterial cells in situ is reported. Biofilm assembly is achieved using device‐imposed electrical signals to electrodeposit the stimuli‐responsive polysaccharide alginate. This electrodeposition mechanism is versatile in that it allows control of the bacterial population density and distribution. For instance, it is demonstrated that a mixed population can be homogeneously distributed throughout the biofilm or can be assembled as spatially segregated populations within a stratified biofilm. The “electroaddressable” biofilms are visualized using both a planar 2D chip with patterned electrodes and a microfluidic bioMEMS device with sidewall electrodes. Specifically, it is observed that bacteria entrapped within the model biofilm recognize and respond to chemical stimuli imposed from the fluidic environment. Finally, reporter cells are used to demonstrate that bacteria entrapped within this model biofilm engage in intercellular quorum sensing. This work demonstrates the functionality of the stimuli‐responsive polysaccharide by biofabricating pseudo‐3D cell‐gel biocomposites, mimicking the formation of biofilms, for interrogating phenotypes of E. coli bacterial populations. In addition to controlling assembly, the microfluidic device allows the biofilm to be monitored through the fluorescence methods commonly used in biological research. This platform technology should be able to be exploited for monitoring biofilm development, as well as for extending the understanding of the interactions between various bacterial species arranged in controlled patterns.
Wolfgang und Annika Moll: Schallschutz im Wohnungsbau. Gütekriterien, Möglichkeiten, Konstruktionen – eine Auseinandersetzung von H.‐M. Fischer
Authors: Fischer Heinz‐Martin
Published: November 2011

Bei Ernst & Sohn haben Moll und Tochter ein Buch veröffentlicht: Moll, W., Moll, A.: Schallschutz im Wohnungsbau. Gütekriterien, Möglichkeiten, Konstruktionen. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn, 2011. XVI, 140 S., 53 Abb. 17 ∞24 cm. Geb. ISBN 978‐3‐433‐02936‐7. € 59,00.

Wolfgang Moll muss in den Kreisen der Bauakustik nicht vorgestellt werden. Er gehört zum “Urgestein“ dieses Fachgebietes. Seit über 50 Jahren ist er bis heute prägend in der bauakustischen Normung tätig. Dafür wurde ihm vom Deutschen Institut für Normung im letzten Jahr die DIN‐Ehrennadel verliehen. Er ist so etwas wie das “Gedächtnis der bauakustischen Normung“. Stets ist er sich in seinem Buch der Vorgeschichte bewusst und kann das auch vermitteln, ohne belehrend sein zu wollen. Das ist auch eine besondere Stärke dieses Buches, gerade in den heutigen schnelllebigen Zeiten, wo oft schon morgen nicht mehr zählt, was heute gesagt und getan wurde. Das ist Wolfgang Molls Sache nicht. Seine Kontinuität und Beharrlichkeit in den Dingen, von denen er überzeugt ist, ist beinahe schon legendär. Wer nun aber erwartet, dass er in seinem Buch Rückschau hält, hat sich getäuscht. Das Anliegen, das er vermitteln möchte, ist in die Zukunft gerichtet. Es will weitergetragen werden. So ist es nur konsequent, dass er für dieses Buch seine Tochter Annika Moll, gelernte Architektin und inzwischen Gesellschafterin und Prokuristin des Akustik‐Ingenieurbüros Moll, “mit ins Boot“ geholt hat. Gemeinsam steuern sie das Ziel eines guten und realisierbaren baulichen Schallschutzes an und scheuen sich auch nicht vor den Riffen und Untiefen des Terrains.
Effects of rearing conditions on early visual development in common marmosets
Authors: Izumi Akihiro , Tsuchida Junko , Yamaguchi Chieko
Published: November 2011

Early development of visual behavior was examined in hand‐reared (HR) and parentally reared (PR) common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). On the day of birth, most of the marmosets exhibited sensitivity to light and sound: they closed their eyes in response to light and oriented to the sound sources. The behavior of tracking moving visual stimuli was exhibited at around 10 days postnatally in PR marmosets, but the onset of this behavior was delayed to the age of 16 days in HR marmosets. The delay occurred possibly because of the poor input of optical flow under the HR environment. The onset age of head‐cocking was about 2 weeks in both groups of marmosets, and the HR marmosets began head‐cocking and visual tracking simultaneously. Both groups of marmosets exhibited sensitivity to optical approach at the age of around 30 days: the age to wean and increase independent locomotion. The results suggested that the onset of motion perception preceded detailed shape and depth perception in marmosets, and the developmental sequence in marmosets was similar to those in humans and macaque monkeys. Marmosets appear to be useful animal models to examine environmental effects on early visual development. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 700–705, 2012.
Evaluation of the brain and kidney renin‐angiotensin system and oxidative stress in neonatal handled rats
Authors: Rodriguez Daniela L. , de Mesquita Fernanda C. , Attolini Débora , de Borba Bruna S. , Scherer Patrícia S. , Almeida Priscilla H. , da Costa Vinícius L. , Scherer Bárbara S. , Schmitt Virgínia M. , de Oliveira Jarbas R. , Donadio Márcio V.F.
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) components, as well as the oxidative stress system, would respond to early environmental changes. Thus, we have evaluated the effects of neonatal handling on both brain and kidney RAS and oxidative stress. Pups were divided into two groups: nonhandled and handled. The procedure consisted of handling them for 1 min/day in the first 10 days of life. On days 1, 5, and 10, animals were killed by decapitation. Blood samples were collected and the brain and kidneys were removed. Renin, AT1, and AT2 mRNA expression were evaluated through RT‐PCR. Angiotensin II (ANG II) serum concentration was also measured. An increased ANG II concentration, brain and kidney AT2 mRNA expression were demonstrated. The kidney mRNA AT1 expression was decreased. There was also a kidney lipid peroxidation increase and a brain superoxide dismutase and catalase decrease. In conclusion, handling in the neonatal period induces the activation of the angiotensinergic system, as well as modulates its mRNA receptor expression. The oxidative stress balance system seems not to be involved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 706–713, 2012.
Activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis of brain correlates of placebo analgesia in human experimental pain
Authors: Amanzio Martina , Benedetti Fabrizio , Porro Carlo A. , Palermo Sara , Cauda Franco
Published: November 2011

Placebo analgesia (PA) is one of the most studied placebo effects. Brain imaging studies published over the last decade, using either positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), suggest that multiple brain regions may play a pivotal role in this process. However, there continues to be much debate as to which areas consistently contribute to placebo analgesia‐related networks. In the present study, we used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis, a state‐of‐the‐art approach, to search for the cortical areas involved in PA in human experimental pain models. Nine fMRI studies and two PET studies investigating cerebral hemodynamic changes were included in the analysis. During expectation of analgesia, activated foci were found in the left anterior cingulate, right precentral, and lateral prefrontal cortex and in the left periaqueductal gray (PAG). During noxious stimulation, placebo‐related activations were detected in the anterior cingulate and medial and lateral prefrontal cortices, in the left inferior parietal lobule and postcentral gyrus, anterior insula, thalamus, hypothalamus, PAG, and pons; deactivations were found in the left mid‐ and posterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal and precentral gyri, in the left anterior and right posterior insula, in the claustrum and putamen, and in the right thalamus and caudate body. Our results suggest on one hand that the modulatory cortical networks involved in PA largely overlap those involved in the regulation of emotional processes, on the other that brain nociceptive networks are downregulated in parallel with behavioral analgesia. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost and effectiveness of exenatide combined with insulin, compared to exenatide combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents
Authors: Deshpande S , Clark JDA
Published: November 2011

There have been few studies investigating the use of GLP‐1 agonists in patients with insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes and none looking at the costing. We compared the efficacy and relative cost of adding exenatide treatment to patients with type 2 diabetes receiving either oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) or insulin.

Patients were recruited from West Suffolk Hospital Diabetes Centre. Data were acquired retrospectively from 207 patients completing six months of treatment.

Of 207 patients, 188 demonstrated good clinical progress with a mean HbA1c reduction of 1.6% (p<0.0001) and weight loss of 6.9kg (p<0.0001). Nineteen patients discontinued exenatide as HbA1c reduction did not achieve the NICE target (0.4%; p=0.29), but they did achieve significant weight loss (5.6kg; p<0.0001). The 188 patients continuing on exenatide were sub‐divided into insulin‐treated (n=88) or tablet‐treated (n=100). At six months, tablet‐treated patients achieved an HbA1c reduction of 1.6% (p<0.0001) and weight loss of 6.5kg (p<0.0001). Insulin‐treated patients achieved similar results: HbA1c reduction 1.6% (p<0.0001), weight loss 7.3kg (p<0.0001). After six months of exenatide treatment, the mean reduction in daily insulin dose was 48 units/person in the insulin‐treated group. In the tablet‐treated group, the cost of diabetic medication (per person/month) after six months was £54.90 above baseline, whereas in the insulin‐treated group this was only £36.20 above baseline, because the reduction in insulin dose offset the cost of exenatide.

It was concluded that exenatide is clinically effective in both insulin‐treated and tablet‐treated type 2 diabetes, but is more cost effective in those originally treated with insulin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons.
Structural reproducibility of CdTe thin films deposited on different substrates by close space sublimation method
Authors: Potlog T. , Spalatu N. , Maticiuc N. , Hiie J. , Valdna V. , Mikli V. , Mere A.
Published: November 2011

We report on the characterization of polycrystalline CdTe thin films grown directly on glass, SnO2‐coated glass, and CdS/SnO2/glass at relatively low temperatures by employing the close space sublimation technique (CSS). The deposited films have been characterized by using optical absorption, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX). Based on the SEM and optical analysis, the CdTe/CdS/SnO2/glass thin films exhibit a superior crystal quality and reproducibility in comparison to other CdTe films grown on glass and SnO2/glass. XRD study reveals that films are polycrystalline with a cubic crystal structure. The EDX characterization indicates that all CdTe thin films are nearly stoichiometric. The optical absorption study shows a larger variation of band gap from 1.485 to 1.495 eV for CdTe grown on SnO2‐coated glass.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Brooke Christopher N. L.
Published: November 2011

As a President wanders in the rooms of the Society of Antiquaries, ever and anon he is confronted by the vision of his predecessors—sometimes singly, sometimes in formation; and for myself I cannot escape the feeling of bewilderment as to how I come to be in such company; and with it goes that exquisite sensation of inadequacy mingling with vainglory on which several of my predecessors have commented at their first entering in—and above all the rich sense of gratitude and appreciation for an honour scarcely earned but deeply felt. In particular, an incoming President cannot escape the amiable eye of his predecessor Jeremiah Milles—familiar to all of us from his portrait in the Meeting Room and his bust in the Library; and in the year now past he has been in a quite special way in our thoughts. It was just over two hundred years ago under his Presidency that the Society acquired one of the most valuable of its privileges or assets, if so we may term it: its rooms in Somerset House. This was the result of a pincer movement by ourselves and the Royal Society. Dr. Milles was a Fellow of both, as were many of the leading Antiquaries of the eighteenth century. He was an able, learned antiquarian and a Doctor of Divinity, who rose to be Dean of Exeter and to contribute to the study of the antiquities of Devon. He was a bon vivant who founded the first of our dining clubs. If he had been less of an antiquarian and more of a politician, no doubt he would have become a bishop; and very likely he would have been quite forgotten. But he was diplomat enough to know how this Society should secure free rooms in the new Somerset House. On 29th February 1776, after months or years of anxious intrigue, Lord North, the Prime Minister, was elected to our Fellowship, and agreed to carry to His Majesty King George III a petition for the rooms; on 19th March Lord North came to announce His Majesty's consent. In 1781 we entered possession; and a little under a hundred years later graciously consented to withdraw from Somerset House on condition that we were provided with adequate new accommodation on the site where we still meet.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Brooke Christopher N. L.
Published: November 2011

I concluded my first Anniversary Address on the summit of a cliff in southern Switzerland: I have since revisited the valley of Poschiavo and contemplated San Romerio from afar, and confirmed the spectacular beauty and historical interest of the site. There, I said, ‘the prehistorian and the medievalist may meet in astonishment and awe’. My aim on this occasion is to draw together a rather different community of interests, not quite so widely spread, but still revealing some width of time and space and scientific interest. A month ago I stood in the heart of old Philadelphia, contemplating the scene of the Declaration of Independence, that charming eighteenth-century hall which reflects in its grace and purity of style the better side of Georgian colonial administration, just as the walking stick of Thomas Jefferson recalls the heroic revolutionaries who created the greatest federal state of the modern world. My wife and I were then led through the heart of that remorseless grid laid by William Penn a century before—the grid from which numberless city plans in the United States were to be copied. And about the centre of the grid we saw the beautiful remnants of the old town, houses and public buildings of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, restored and preserved with loving care, and set about, not with twentiethcentury skyscrapers or glass-houses or what-have-you, but with grass, which in the heart of one of the richest cities in the world must be worth innumerable dollars a blade. I saw there the theme for a sermon on town planning as a symbol of many diverse historical, archaeological and humane interests, and for another sermon on the preservation of the heritage.
The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii: Interim Report
Authors: Ling Roger
Published: November 2011

A British team has been working since 1978 upon a programme of documentation and analysis in the Insula of the Menander at Pompeii, one of the irregular city-blocks situated immediately to the west of the old part of the city in an area which was developed from the early fourth century B.C onwards. Study of the structural techniques, of wall-abutments, and of anomalies in plan can be used in conjunction with the evidence of painted wall-plaster to identify five main phases in the building-history: Phase I (fourth-third centuries B.C), Phase 2 (second and early first centuries B.C), Phase 3 (c. 80-c. 15 B.C), Phase 4 (c. 15 B.C.-C. A.D. 50), Phase 5 (c. A.D. 50-79). These illustrate a complex pattern of changing property-boundaries, but underline the general trend towards increasing commercialization and greater pressure upon living-space in this area of the city. There is also interesting evidence of the economic basis of life in the individual houses during the years immediately before 79.
A Romanesque Roof at Odda's Chapel, Deerhurst, Gloucestershire?
Authors: Currie C. R. J.
Published: November 2011

Timbers removed from the nave of the chapel in 1965, together with earlier photographs and traces in the surviving masonry, provide evidence of a rafter roof with a tie-beam, and probably a king-post and raking struts, at each couple. Later alterations to it are discussed in the light of what is known or can be deduced about the late- and post-medieval development of the farmhouse to which the chapel is attached. The alterations resulted in a roof largely seventeenth-century in form. It is shown, however, that the earlier timbers cannot be satisfactorily explained as post-medieval intrusions. The earlier design is compared with eleventh- and twelfth-century roofs known in north-west Europe. It was probably that of the original roof of 1056.
Sir John Fenn, His Friends and the Paston Letters
Authors: Serpell M. F.
Published: November 2011

John Fenn was born to modest circumstances, enough to pay for school and university and, with other inheritance, to support him as a small country squire. Brought up by his widowed mother in habits of thrift and industry, he shared her views on the importance of education to a ‘Situation in Life’. He was conscious of intellectual curiosity from an early age and developed a strong bent for antiquities, probably encouraged by acquaintance as a schoolboy with Thomas Martin, a senior antiquary and a collector who had recently acquired the ‘Paston Letters’. At Cambridge Fenn worked hard and made friends of similar tastes but rather better connections, especially John Frere, whose sister he married. Established at East Dereham, his zeal expanded into civic duties, bringing him eventually to the High Sheriffalty of Norfolk. It mattered to him as much to become a Fellow of the ‘Antiquarian Society’, and his industry persisted in miscellaneous antiquarian pursuits. He came by the Paston Letters as rewards for cataloguing their new owner's collections. Brother antiquaries and Horace Walpole encouraged him to publish; a good connection arranged for dedication to the King. The consequent knighthood gratified both sides of Fenn's nature but the original manuscripts intended for his sovereign went astray into the library of his patron.
Excavations at Breedon-on-the-Hill, Leicestershire, 1957
Authors: Wacher J. S.
Published: November 2011

In 1946 excavations were undertaken at Breedon-on-the-Hill by Dr. K. M. Kenyon, F.S.A., in advance of quarrying operations. Since then further areas of the hill-fort have been destroyed, the rate of quarrying increasing yearly. So in 1957 excavations were again planned by the Ancient Monuments Branch of the Ministry of Works, and lasted nearly three weeks. Another section was cut through the east defences, about 100 feet north of Dr. Kenyon's Cut A, this time to include the ditch, which up till then had not been examined. No time could be allowed for any excavation within the fort.
Dacian Fortifications on Trajan's Column
Authors: Rossi Lino
Published: November 2011

The representation of Dacian strong-points on Trajan's Column is compared with the structural evidence obtained by Rumanian archaeologists from recent excavations. There seems to be clear evidence for a specific ‘twin-fort’ plan, no doubt the result of enlargement to contain a larger garrison and bigger supplies caused by Trajan's advance into Dacia.
Excavations at Portchester Castle, Hants, 1969–1971: Fourth Interim Report
Authors: Cunliffe Barry , Baker David
Published: November 2011

The three seasons of excavation 1969–71 have provided details of occupation lasting continuously from the third century until the nineteenth century. In the Roman period cobbled streets and timber buildings, pits and wells have been excavated but they show little sign of rigid planning. The streets continued to be used in the fifth and sixth century when huts of post-built and grubenhaus type were constructed. Some parts of the interior were now ploughed.

In the eighth and ninth centuries timber buildings, storage pits, and cess pits were concentrated in one area close to the south wall of the Roman fort. Near by a well, constantly used from the Roman period and subsequently relined with timber, was abandoned and used as a rubbish tip. Some additional buildings and pits belonging to the ‘hall complex’ of late Saxon date were found. Medieval features included boundary ditches, a lime kiln and slaking pit, and a timber building. Some areas of the interior were cultivated throughout this time.

In the early sixteenth century a large store building was erected in masonry: it was demolished late in the sixteenth century. Thereafter the fort was used as a prison camp until the early nineteenth century. Various features of this period were found.

The Landgate was further excavated bringing to light structural details of Roman, Saxon, and medieval date. Limited excavation in the priory exposed details of the claustral buildings.
More Black Slip Vases from Central Gaul with Applied and Moulded Decoration in Britain
Authors: Simpson Grace
Published: November 2011

The method of manufacture and application of plaques is discussed, also the use and length of life of moulds, in modern ceramic factories; together with the results of experiments in laboratories on the colour and content of clay slips. In Parts I and II respectively are described and illustrated thirty plaques and twelve moulded beakers.

The (lost) Oundle Form 64 by LIBERTVS in red samian is discussed; and there are further comments on the black ‘cup’ from Colchester mentioned in the 1957 paper.
Roman Antiquities at Welshpool
Authors: Boon George C.
Published: November 2011

Circumstances of discovery. In August 1959 workmen laying a drain on the north side of the cattle-market (the Smithfield) at Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, discovered a number of Roman objects. The most striking were taken home, and the rest were left on the trench-side, where they served as targets for children throwing stones. That the find ever came to notice is due entirely to Mr. G. H. Shepherd, a tutor at Kingston-upon-Hull, whose home is near Oswestry. On being shown one of the articles, Mr. Shepherd immediately went to Welshpool, persuaded the workmen to hand over to him what they had, and searched through the filling of the trench, since completed, discovering some massive ironwork in situ. After furnishing the local authority (as land-owner) with a list of the articles, Mr. Shepherd then took all the portable items into his custody, and later showed one of them to Mr. J. Bartlett, F.S.A., Director of the Hull Museums, who kindly informed the Department of Archaeology of the National Museum of Wales. Finally, after representations had been made by the Museum, the Borough Council most generously agreed in March 1960 to deposit the material in the National Museum of Wales for three years.
Helios on the Pharos
Authors: Goodchild R. G.
Published: November 2011

A half-century of research and discussion has advanced our knowledge of the Pharos of Alexandria without, however, eliminating all the uncertainties that enshroud its architecture, ornament, and technical character. In his monumental study of 1909 Hermann Thiersch worthily prepared the ground, by collecting into a single volume nearly all the evidence then available; but his architectural conclusions must now be read in conjunction with Don Miguel de Asin's essay of 1933 based on an Islamic source which Thiersch had overlooked. More recently, in 1952, Professor Charles Picard has published some important observations which refer particularly to the summit of the Pharos, with its projecting Tritons and crowning statue.
A New Building-Inscription from the Saxon-Shore Fort at Reculver, Kent
Authors: Richmond I. A.
Published: November 2011

Excavations have recently been conducted at the Saxon-Shore fort of Reculver (Regulbium) by Mr. Brian Philp, through whose kindness the writer is able to comment upon the inscription here discussed (fig. i). Eleven fragments comprise a substantive part of an inscribed rectangular slab, of local calcareous sandstone, now 11½ in. high. All the margins except the bottom one are in evidence, and exhibit plain edges, as if the slab had either been set into walling or framed by ornamental features.
Cirencester, 1961. Second Interim Report
Authors: Wacher John S.
Published: November 2011

During 1961 the Cirencester Excavation Committee was faced with three major rescue excavations. Two development sites, for convenience called Leaholme Gardens, lay south of The Avenue, which crosses the heart of the Roman town, while the third lay north of Ashcroft Road, in an area well known for discoveries of mosaic pavements. Excavations were carried out for three weeks at Easter and for nine weeks during the summer. The Committee records its grateful thanks to each of those bodies which gave in all a very large sum of money, about £2,200; to all who in a variety of capacities assisted the excavations, often, as at Easter, in very bad weather; and to the Cirencester Urban District Council and Messrs. Mycalex Ltd. for permission to dig in Leaholme Gardens and on the Ashcroft Road site respectively. At Easter an L-shaped site, east of Leaholme House, was examined, covering the west end of the basilica, first discovered by our Fellow, Mr. Wilfrid Cripps, in 1898, and the corners of Insulae V and VI divided by Ermin Street and lying to the south of the basilica. In the summer the second site in Leaholme Gardens, west of that already described, was examined and proved to include the corner of Insula II, while beneath both sites conclusive structural evidence of an early military occupation was found.