bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Sludge by Pyrolysis
Authors: Yang Fu Sheng , Zhang Ming , Zhou An Ning , Lin Min Qun , Wei Ben Long
Published: December 2013

Variations of heavy metals in sludge during microwave pyrolysis and muffle pyrolysis were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Increased basicity of residues from the sludge is found. Leaching percentages of heavy metals ranging from 0.031% to 5.364% after microwave treatment are lower. Releases of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper from the residues obtained in microwave pyrolysis reduce by 92.68% compared with muffle pyrolysis. Alkaline intermediates formed in the pyrolysis residues bring about improved immobilization of heavy metals. Transformation in morphology of heavy metals and strong alkaline of the residues, lead to the immobilization of heavy metals during microwave pyrolysis.
Adsorption of Phenol on Red Mud
Authors: Soldán Maroš , Blinová Lenka , Fiala Jozef , Galbičková Blanka , Ševčíková Janka , Kobetičová Hana
Published: December 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the removal of phenol from aqueous solution by using activated and non-activated red mud in adsorption experiments. The study was carried out as function of red mud dosage and initial phenol concentration. It was found that the maximum removal was obtained at dosage of 0.5 g of red mud and initial concentration of phenol 40 mg/l. Activation has no positive effect on adsorption effectiveness.
Research on Scale Inhibition of Green Scale Inhibitors Used in the Industrial Recycling Cooling System with Reclaimed Wastewater
Authors: Yue Guan Hua , Zhang Man , Yu Ying Han
Published: December 2013

The reclaimed water of domestic sewage reused in recycling cooling system has been widely spread and applied. Chemical scale inhibitors are the most economic and effective measures to prevent condensers and circulating pipes from scaling currently. Green scale inhibitor are highly regarded for their non-toxicity, phosphate-free, reproducibility and biodegradability. The paper selects two kinds of new green scale inhibitors used in the recycling cooling water of Beijing Thermoelectric Plant. By the measuring the scale inhibition rate, scaling amount, turbidity and SEM, it shows that Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) is worth spreading and applying in the industrial recycling cooling system with reclaimed wastewater, for its high scale inhibition rate, good dispersion, low consumption, high economy and practicability.
Experimental Investigation of Dust Amount from Free Falling Particle Stream Effected by Deflector Curvature of Dust Suppression
Authors: Liu Ze Qin , Wu Zhen Jing , Feng Ze Peng
Published: December 2013

This paper focuses on the study of the curvatures of deflector installed on the below receiving device to effect the dust amount from the free falling particle stream. The deflector curvature was artificially controlled to limit the fugitive dust direction which was generated by the collision between the free falling bulk materials and the receiving device. This method was used to improve efficiency of the dust control system to exhaust fugitive dust, and to achieve the targets of energy conservation and emissions reduction. The experimental method was adopted to explore the relationship between the deflector curvature and the producing dust quantity. The experimental results indicated that, the dust suppression effect containing deflector contained a certain radian was more remarkable, when the height of the free falling of bulk materials was constant. The producing dust quantity decreased slightly with the deflector curvature increasing, and then increased rapidly. When the deflector curvature was 0.045 cm-1 or 0.060cm-1, the minimum of producing dust quantity could be obtained, and the dust removal effect might be significant.
Identification and Characterization of an Aerobic Denitrifier from MBR on Treatment of Aquaculture Waste Water
Authors: Hao Bing Bing , Zhan Pei Rong , Wei Ying Ying , Ye Jiang Xiong
Published: December 2013

The method of acclimating aerobic denitrifying bacteria is studied from activated sludge by MBR system on treatment of aquaculture waste water. After 60 day, one strain aerobic denitrifying bacteria (named F28 strain), is isolated from the activated sludge. It was identified as pseudomonas sp based on its biochemical/morphological characteristics and physiological analysis of its 16SrRNA sequence. The denitrifying capability of the strain is studied in batch culture under aerobic condition. The results showed that the nitrate in the culture could be efficiently removed by F28 strain. Denitrification process of F28 strain mainly occurred in the exponential phase, and the nitrogen removal rate was up to above 70% in 24 hours. Nitrogen is obviously removed by the strain F28 strain on the aquaculture waste water.F28 strain is significant for the practical engineering.
Voluntary Environmental Agreements Applied to Jingzhou Textile and Dyeing Enterprises for Pollution Prevention and Controls
Authors: Yang Li Qun , Deng Chu Zhou , Zhu Jian Qiang
Published: December 2013

As a tool of environmental policy, many countries in a world attach importance to voluntary agreement increasingly. The paper summarized that Voluntary Environment Agreements (VEAs) was put into practice in textile printing and dyeing industry of Jingzhou, put forward a frame of the VEAs and its details which are implemented in the city, investigated and analyzed the concrete measures that were adopted by a part of the textile and dyeing enterprises in performing VEAs, and the preliminary effects in energy-saving and emission-reduction engendered by the measures. The practices indicated that textile and dyeing enterprises adopting VEAs is beneficial to enhance their productivity and management, and to decrease their energy consumption and the amount of sewage. To encourage the enterprises adopting VEAs, the government should support them in relevant policy and financing, solve their capital deficit and the increased cost due to the advanced environment management.
The Comparison of Substrate Changes in Microbial Fuel Cells Using Excess Sludge and Simple Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Zhao Xiao Qin , Sun Xiao Jie , Wei Su Na , Liang Jiang Cheng , Yang Yang , Huang Qiang Zheng
Published: December 2013

Based on the previous studies, this experiment presented a new kind of microbial fuel cells (MFC), single-chamber air cathode microbial fuel cells without proton membrane. After investigating the contrast of substrate changes in microbial fuel cells and simple anaerobic digestion, the analysis results of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), TP, TN and NH3-N show that: SCOD increase firstly, then decrease, to the end, descend. As a result, we find that SCOD in MFC is lower than that in control device (CD). Throughout the whole reaction period, TP in MFC is lower than that in CD. TN and NH3-N show upward trend after a reaction period.
Study on the Effect of Infrared-Withering on the Quality of Oolong Tea
Authors: Zhao Wen Fang , Zhang Min , Huang Ya Hui
Published: December 2013

Effects of infrared-withering, room withering and heat-withering on the quality of resultant oolong tea was studied by determining their biochemical components and physicochemical parameters during processing. The experimental results indicate that quality of the resultant oolong tea by infrared-withering was better than those by room withering or heat-withering. The optimal craft parameters of infrared-withering is in condition of two 250W infrared light bulb with 60cm radiation height, 30min radiation time and 60min cooling time. The biochemical compositions of infrared-withering oolong tea show that the water extract content, the tea polyphenol content, the amino acids content, the caffeine content, the total catechins contents were 38.51±0.25%, 24.51±0.61%, 2.76±0.06%, 1.2±0.02%, 49.07±0.05mg/g, respectively.
Pharmaceutical Content of Municipal Solid Waste in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
Authors: Chang Pu , Cheng Kuang Hung , Lu Mei Fang , Lin Jim Jui Min
Published: December 2013

Pharmaceuticals from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Kaohsiung City were sampled and analyzed in this study. The class and pharmacological nature of the discarded pharmaceuticals collected were statistically analyzed. The composition of pharmaceuticals sampled from MSW were also analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. When categorizing the medications based on their types, the top ten discarded medications were cardiovascular medications, diabetic medications, anti-inflammatory painkillers, and gastrointestinal medications. When the discarded medications were classified differently, the most frequently discarded medications were medications for chronic diseases, non-chronic disease medications, Chinese herbal medications, and other medications. The results suggested that medications for chronic diseases are more likely to be discarded than others. Except Chinese herbal medications, if the other discarded medications were classified pharmacologically, diabetic medications were discarded the most, followed by cardiovascular medications, anti-inflammatory painkillers, gastrointestinal medications, and others. Results from estimating the percentage of discarded medications based on the number of containers containing medications and empty containers showed that chronic disease medications accounted for the highest percentage (64%), followed by others (39%), non-chronic disease medications (32%), and Chinese herbal medications (21%). Even though Chinese herbal medications had the lowest disposal percentage, its potential disposal quantity was the highest. When the investigators estimated based on the pharmacological nature of the collected medication samples, they found that diabetic medications accounted for the highest percentage (80%), followed by cardiovascular medications (44%), gastrointestinal medications (40%), other (32%), and anti-inflammatory painkillers (27%). Quantity of disposal medications was estimated to be 372.17 tons in Kaohsiung City in 2012, majority discarded medications were chronic disease medications (234.03 T/yr, 63%), followed by non-chronic disease medications (78.36 T/yr, 21%). Diabetic medications (146.28 T/yr, 40%) accounted for the highest percentage of discarded medications, followed by cardiovascular medications (89.01 T/yr, 24%) according to their drug ingredients. In contrast to previous questionnaire survey studies showing that cold medicine and anti-inflammatory painkillers accounted for the highest proportion, the present study suggested that chronic disease medications accounted for the highest percentage of discarded medications. An explanation for this discrepancy is that even though the disposal frequency of chronic disease medications was lower than that of cold medicine and anti-inflammatory painkillers, the one-time disposal quantity of chronic disease medications may be greater than that that of cold medicine and anti-inflammatory painkillers.
Investigation on a New Hydraulic Cementitious Binder Made from Phosphogypsum
Authors: Xu Yue , Li Jian Xi , Kan Li Li
Published: December 2013

A new kind of high strength cementitious material is made from phosphogypsum (PG), active carbon and fly-ash. Through the orthogonal research, it was showed that the calcination temperature, retention time, dosage of active carbon and fly ash on the compressive strength of cementitious binder are the most important. The result also showed that, in the conditions of temperature 1200°C, time retention 30 min, dosage of active carbon 10%, dosage of fly ash 5%, the compressive strength of the cementitious material for 3d and 28d could reach to 46.35MPa and 92.70MPa, the content of sulfur trioxide was 11.60% accordingly. A lot of active mineral materials, such as dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate were formed in the calcination. The C-S-H gel, calcium hydroxide and ettringite were found in 3d and 28d hydrates. It is found that the lime saturation ratio and silica modulus need to be control between 0.40~0.65 and 4~8 in order to produce high strength cementitious material.
On Building a Push-Pull Supply Chain of Iron and Steel Scrap
Authors: Huang You Heng , Huang Zhe
Published: December 2013

The reuse of iron and steel scrap has high economic value as well as ecological benefits. By analyzing existing process of iron and steel scrap recycling, this paper studied the internal and external conflicts that blocked the smooth going of iron and steel scrap recycling process from the perspective of supply chain. To coordinate these conflicts, a push-pull iron and steel scrap supply chain was built to recover iron and steel scrap resources as more as possible in purpose of environmental protection by push strategy and match market demand by pull strategy. The results indicate that push-pull supply chain is an effective mode that well fit into economic demand as well as environmental demand in iron and steel scrap recycling process.
A Strategy for Sustainable Mananagement of Municipal Solid Waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Baba Nabegu Aliyu
Published: December 2013

This paper assesses the current management of municipal solid waste in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Data was collected through a desk study of the operations of the state agency responsible for waste management, - Refuse management and sanitation board (REMASAB); interview with key officials of the agency; participation in the day to day activities of the agency; direct measurement and segregation of the waste; laboratory analysis of some bacterial isolate in the waste and interview with residents of the city between 2006 - 2013. The results of the study indicates that 79.25% of the residents do not use official dump site , 68% consider the service as very poor, 55% believe frequency of collection is unsatisfactory and 92.4% believe coverage is very poor. Presence of some bacterial isolate in the waste such as escherichia coli 86.7%, staphylococus aureus 76.7%, shigella 43.3% samonella Sp 46.7%, klebsiela Sp 43.3%, protues Sp 33.3%, indicates presence of faecal matter and may be the source of the high prevalence of cholera, diarrhea and typhoid in Kano metropolis. The high organic content 61%, ash and dirt 20 %, use of unsanitary landfill portends great potential for methane generation which is dangerous to the global environment. The paper recommends a decentralised system to local authorities where local businesses can be created to utilise the large pool of unemployed as well as to explore the opportunities of the waste management chain in recycling, composting, re-use and equipments manufacture. The paper highlighted some of the constraints that must be addressed to ensure the success of the proposal, which includes, lack of data collection on waste stream, lack training and need to create awareness among the public. Key Words: Sustainable development, municipal waste management; recycling; composting; reuse
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Plastic and Biomass under Different Oxygen Concentration
Authors: Zhao Jun , Wang Shu Zhong , Wu Zhi Qiang , Chen Lin , Meng Hai Yu
Published: December 2013

This paper simulates the plastic and biomass pyrolysis and ignition characteristics in different atmosphere, by thermogravimetric analysis polypropylene and plane wood at different oxygen concentrations. Experiments show that, increase the concentration of oxygen can accelerate the pyrolysis reaction rate of biomass and plastics, and can also reduce the ignition temperature of them. But for high volatile substances, such as plastic, the increase of oxygen concentration make a smaller effect on the pyrolysis and ignition, and for relatively high fixed carbon content substances, such as plane woods, the increase of oxygen concentration make a larger effect on pyrolysis and ignition.
Effect of Nitrate on Inducement of Denitrifying Phosphate-Accumulating Organisms
Authors: Zhang Li Qing , Zhang Gang
Published: December 2013

Denitrifying phosphate accumulating (DNPA) was investigated by controlling the concentration of nitrate in anoxic stage with batch experiments. A linear relationship between the quantity of phosphorus uptaken and the consumption of nitrate was shown under anoxic condition with the same concentration of carbon source. Based on the slope of the line between phosphorus release quantity and nitrate consumption, nitrate concentration was adjusted in the anoxic stage. Excellent DNPA performance had been achieved rapidly. The removal efficiency of phosphorus was above 95%, and nitrate more than 96%. According to the maximum phosphorus uptake rate of anoxic or aerobic, it was calculated that the percent of DNPAOs to PAOs was increased from 22% to 79% after cultivation.
Study on Species and Distribution of Volatile Organic Compounds in WWTP
Authors: Huang Li Kun , Wang Guang Zhi
Published: December 2013

This study carried on a qualitative analysis on emission and distribution of VOCs and quantitative analysis on BTEX and chlorinated hydrocarbon emitted from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). At the same time, the variations of BETX and chlorinated hydrocarbon in three-phases in the biological treatment process in lab-scale were investigated. Results revealed that the low molecular weight hydrocarbon, BTEX (benzene, toluene, xylene) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorylene, tetrachloroethylene) were the main components of VOCs. Primary clarifier volatilized thirty-three species of VOCs, which was most in the WWTP. The remaining organic compounds in this unit belonged to refractory organics that was hardly decomposed by microbe. The more complex aromatic compounds in VOCs were detected.
Vertical Velocity Profile on the Noncircular Flow Cross-Section of Water Intake Pipeline with Deposition on Bottom
Authors: Li Xiao Xiao , Zhao Xiao Dong , Luo Xiao Feng
Published: December 2013

Under small water-intake flow or overhaul periods, sediments deposit in the water intake pipeline with noncircular flow cross-section formed. According to the hydrostatic settling test results of fine sediments in circular pipeline, the sectional features of the deposition on pipe bottom is provided. And the vertical velocity profiles on perpendicular bisectors of noncircular flow cross-sections are measured under three kinds of typical deposition thickness. The relative positions of the maximum velocity point and the center of flow cross-section should be determined with an overall consideration to the two factors of wall roughness and wall restraint which is controlled by the transverse width of flow cross-section. When the mean velocity of flow cross-section keeps a constant value, the larger the deposition thickness is, the larger the velocity near the deposition surface, which is more favorable for sediment incipient motion.
Experimental Study on Hydraulic Characteristics of Pool-Type Fishway
Authors: Gong Li , BaiYin Baoligao , Mu Xiang Peng
Published: December 2013

Fishway is an effective engineering measure to keep the river longitudinal connectivity and maintain aquatic biodiversity. In this experiment, the pool-type fishway with asymmetric notches and orifices was studied, the ADV was employed to measure the velocity data in the pools, the flow velocity and flow regimes in the pools with the length of 0.5m, 0.6m and 0.7m at different measuring lines were analyzed. The results show that the maximum velocity is 0.35±0.025m/s in the three kinds of pools, and both the backflow region and the backflow velocities are correspondingly increased with the increasing length of the pool.
Synchronous Flow Field Measurement during Coagulation Processes by PIV
Authors: Zeng Li Yun , Mao Yu Hong
Published: December 2013

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was applied to measurement and characterization the velocity field during the coagulation process under the conditions that used kaolin flocs as the seed particles without any other special seed particle. The results indicated that there were similar special wave structure of the vortexes generated on meridianal plane, the forms and the size of the adjacent vortexes changed periodically, and the bulk fluid motion was observed between vortices when the rotating speed was between 20~60 rpm, this could be very helpful in flocs combination with each other and growing into larger flocs, which could bring about the higher flocculation efficiency. At the same time, it was demonstrated that the kaolin flocs can be used as seed particle to characterization and measurement the flow field structure with good performance in the coagulation process by PIV. It was also considered that PIV can be exploited as a useful tool in the synchronous measurement the velocity field during flocculation processes.
Biological Denitrification of Groundwater by a Composite Membrane Bioreactor
Authors: Cao Guo Min , Zhang Li Hui , Sheng Mei , Liu Yong Di
Published: December 2013

A composite membrane bioreactor (CMBR) integrating the immobilized cell technique and the membrane separation technology was developed for biological denitrification of groundwater. In CMBR the groundwater and external carbon source (ethanol solution) are separated by the composite membranes consisting of a microporous membrane facing the groundwater and a plate-like immobilized cell membrane facing the ethanol solution. Nitrate and ethanol molecules diffused from the respective frames into the plate-like immobilized cell membrane where nitrate was reduced to gaseous nitrogen by the denitrifying bacteria present there with ethanol as carbon source. The microporous membrane attached to one side of plate-like immobilized cell membrane was used to separate product water from a plate-like immobilized cell membrane for retention of the disaggregated bacteria. Using the CMBR for groundwater denitrification, the over dosed external carbon source can be reused, and its treatment performance was perfect during continuous operation up to 98 days, and almost all effluent NO3--N, NO2--N, and CODMn concentrations are below their maximum contaminant levels as the NO3--N loading was less than 4.968 g.m-2.d-1.
Effects of Operational Condition on Flocs Density in Flocs Blanket
Authors: Zhang Gang , Zhang Li Qing
Published: December 2013

In flocs blanket clarifier process, flocs density is a significant parameter which determine water treatment quality and efficiency. In this study, factors effecting flocs density were evaluated though kinetic and experimental methods. The kinetic study indicated that, the particle collision frequency, as well as flocs density, shares linear relationship with operational conditions such as raw water concentration, up-flow rate, and polymer dosage. The experimental results proved this conclusion, under the pilot experimental condition, flocs density declined linearly among with the increasing of up-flow rate uw, while when the up-flow rate was higher than 40 cm/min, flocs density had no significant decrease along with the increasing of uw. Both raw water concentration and PAM dosage presented positive correlation with flocs density. The experimental results indicated that, appropriate control of operational condition would improve the treatment effectively.
Research on Cleaner Production Assessment System Based on FUYYZ-AHP in Electrostatic Flocking Industry
Authors: Zhang Ren , Luo Ding Gui , Zhang Hong Guo
Published: December 2013

Based on the investigation of electrostatic flocking enterprises and related existing industry standards, combined with the principle of construction the domestic cleaner production index system, a cleaner production evaluation index system of the electrostatic flocking industry was introduced. The system contained six primary level indexes, including production technology and equipment, resources and energy, pollutants, waste recycling, product, environmental management and 21 secondary indexes. Based on multi-level fuzzy method using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the evaluation index weight, the cleaner production level comprehensive evaluation model was constructed. Applied the model to flocking enterprise A and evaluated its actuality of cleaner production level objectively, to provide references for its development.
Failure Analysis of a Low-Temperature Energy Conversion System Using Organic Rankine Cycles
Authors: Wei Li Li , Zhang Yu Feng , Mu Yong Chao
Published: December 2013

It is widely believed that Rankine cycle power plant using organic fluids as the working medium has advantages over conventional Rankine cycle with water steam as the working medium in low-to-medium temperature heat conversion. It is also testified in the market. However, besides the integration of the cycle and the characteristic of the working fluid, the design and debugging of the energy conversion unit are also important part in acquiring good performance. In this research some phenomenon of failure is investigated. Accordingly, the theoretical and practical reasons and solutions are obtained. It provides good guideline on the design and optimization of the energy conversion unit.
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency Based on the Deficit Irrigation Theories
Authors: Jia Hong Wei , Zheng Lei Lei
Published: December 2013

Irrigation water use efficiency is an important index to evaluate agricultural water use efficiency of irrigation districts, and is a basic parameter of hydraulic engineering construction and water management. However, there are many problems in practical applications of the traditional irrigation water use efficiency which is based on sufficient irrigation theory. This paper puts forward a new concept and determination method of irrigation water use efficiency based on the theories of deficit irrigation. Finally, we discussed the connotations from the project characteristics, benefit characteristics, spatial scale and time scale characteristics.
The Numerical Simulation of Aerated Cavity Length and Negative Pressure on Stepped Spillway Combined with Y-Shape Asymmetrical Flaring Gate Pier
Authors: Hou Xiao Xia , Yang Ju Rui , Zhen Jian Shu
Published: December 2013

In order to study the aerated cavity length and negative pressure on stepped spillway which combined with Y-shape asymmetric flaring gate pier body type, this paper applied RNG turbulence model,VOF model of water vapor two-phase, iterative solution of geometry reconstruction format of unsteady flow to generate free surface. Numerically simulated the length of aerated cavity and negative pressure of stepped spillway which combined with asymmetrical Y-shape flaring gate pier that with the contraction ratio respectively of 598, 0.497 and 0.445, the range from the upstream reservoir to downstream stilling basin. And compared the simulation results with experimental results, found that the aerated cavity length on steps basically consistent with the measured cavity length, the maximum error is 9.7%. The simulation results shows that the aeration cavity length on steps increases with asymmetric flaring gate pier contraction ratio decreases, and the aerated cavity length of lateral side with smaller contraction angle is larger 4 to 5 times than lateral side with larger contraction angle.
Spatial and Temporal Changes of Nitrogen Balance and its Environmental Impact of Eastern Liao River29
Authors: Zhao Juan , Bian Jian Min , Zhang Zhen Zhen
Published: December 2013

The nitrogen (N) balance is studied the spatial and temporal changes of N inputs and outputs in eastern Liao River watershed. Using the social economic and the related hydrological data from 2001 to 2010, the N inputs are quantified from the aspects of fertilizer use, human and animal excreta, atmospheric deposition and biological nitrogen fixation, and the N outputs from the aspects of denitrification, ammonium volatilization, crop harvest. Results indicates that the mean annual N inputs vary from 185.01 ×106kga-1to 200.68×106kga-1, with a mean value of 192.02×106kga-1. Diffuse sources shows that chemical N fertilizer constitutes the largest source of total N inputs, accounting for about 50.23%. The mean annual N outputs range from 132.10×106kga-1to 170.38×106kga-1, and agricultural N output is the maximum output. The large gap between N inputs and outputs results in the high N surplus of 132.10×106kga-1~170.38×106kga-1, which results in the transfer of N from the terrestrial system to the aquatic system and increasing the risk of water eutrophication.
Study on Green Water Management in a Typical Watershed in Water Resource Area of the Mid-Route of South-to-North Water Transfer
Authors: Yang Guo Sheng , Huang Jie Sheng , Li Jian , Yin Wei
Published: December 2013

Danjiangkou Reservoir and its upstream tributaries as water resource area is of strategic importance for the Mid-route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Water conservation and water purification is the key measures for sustainable water diversion. Green water management as a new technologies to achieve water conservation and water purification has a broad application prospects. In this research, green water management was studied in the Upper Du watershed. ArcSWAT model was used to assess quantity of green water resource. By adjusting the model parameters, the efficiency of different green water management scenarios on water and soil conservation were simulated. The results of the study indicate that the quantity of green water in the Upper Du is about 5.588 billion cubic meters. Mulching is a better green water management way that more suitable for water and soil conservation in the Danjiangkou Water Resource Area. This research can provide a reference for water resource protection and management in Water Resource Area of the Mid-route of South-to-North Water Transfer.
Study on Water Resource Carrying Capacity of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture in Hubei Province
Authors: Sun Yi , Wan Jun Wei , Yang Song Yuan , Lu Yan Qiu
Published: December 2013

Starting from the function of water resources to the social economic development, using the method of vector module, this thesis makes the analysis and evaluation of Enshi water resource carrying capacity. The results show that the water resource carrying capacity maintain its wide between 0.0884 to 0.1275 in 2007-2011, which shows that the carrying capacity of water resource in Enshi can meet the needs of social economic development.
Study on the Competitive Adsorption of Dimethoate with Multiple Pesticides and Heavy Metals Based on Fractional Factorial Design
Authors: Cheng Bing Chuan , Liu Lin , Cai Xiao Yu , Wang Meng , Li Yu
Published: December 2013

In order to reveal the composite contaminations characteristic of dimethoate adsorption onto the surficial sediments, the competitive adsorption of dimethoate in pesticide (dimethoate, metalaxyl, atrazine, malathion, and prometryn)/heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and nickel) system is investigated. A 210-5 fractional factorial design method at resolution IV and a multiple linear regression adsorption model are used to identify the main effects and interactions of above ten pollutions. The adsorption amount of dimethoate surficial sediments is set as the dependent variable, and the main effects and second-order interactions of ten pollutions are set as independent variables. Thus, a multiple linear regression model of dimethoate adsorption is screened and established. The results of model show that the main effects of Cd, malathion and prometryn performed a significant antagonistic effect (α=0.05) on the adsorption of dimethoate onto the sediment (competitive adsorption effects), and the order is: prometryn (-0.0925) > Cd (-0.0878) > malathion (-0.0827); while heavy metal Zn performed a significant synergy effect on the adsorption of dimethoate. The second-order interaction effects of Zn*prometryne, Pb*atrazine and Pb*atrazine has a significant antagonistic impact on the adsorption of dimethoate in sediments, which is in a sequence of Zn*prometryne (-0.0967) > Pb*atrazine (-0.0945) > Cd*atrazine (-0.0922). Moreover, according to the rate of contributions of main effects and second-order interaction effects in composite contaminations system, we can also estimate and definite the pollution levels of target pollutant.
Comparison between Soil Water Dynamics Simulated by the Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Models
Authors: Han Jiang Bo , Zhou Zhi Fang
Published: December 2013

To obtain a better understanding of the role of non-isothermal flow in the unsaturated zone in the presence of the water table, the isothermal and non-isothermal models driven by the observed atmospheric data were used to reproduce soil moisture dynamics observed in the lysimeter with a 100-cm water table level over one year period. Results from the simulations indicated that although the isothermal and non-isothermal models both captured the general trend of soil water content dynamics during one year period, simulated values by the isothermal model presented less dynamic variations, which overestimated the soil water content during the rainy season and underestimated it during other periods. On the other hand, the non-isothermal model not only reproduced well the seasonal variations of soil temperatures but also reproduced more reasonably soil water dynamics in the whole profile and during the whole simulation period.
Nonstationarity Analysis and Simulation of Karst Spring Flow in Dry Season
Authors: Wang Yong , Shu Long Cang , Zhang Chun Yan , Tang Ran , Zhang Gang
Published: December 2013

Hydrologic series has high nonlinear and nonstationary properties because of heterogeneity and anisotropy of karstic aquifer. Taking spring flow sequence day by day of Maoshuikeng station in Houzhai area for example, make the sequence nearly stationary by getting the natural logarithm. Based on the stationary sequence, AR (2), an auto regression model, is developed to simulate and predict the karst spring flow. The simulation results showed that AR(2) model is suitable to short-term (3 days) prediction.
Study on the Development and Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in the Western Regions of China
Authors: Li Gui Lian , Zeng Zhen , Jin Hai He
Published: December 2013

Due to historical reasons,geographic and climate conditions, water ecological environment is fragile and water resources development has badly lagged behind the requirements of social and economic development in western regions of China.The study analyzes natural geographic conditions, climate conditions, water resources distribution, and points out the development endowment of water resources is poor. Then the study deep dives into the problems existing in water resources development from the view of the sustainable utilization of water resources, and indicates that the government should play the leading role and strengthen cooperation with market and public affairs organizations. At last, the study offers some suggestions to realize the sustainable utilization of water resources. It is essential to improve water conservation legal system, and perfect management system which is the combination of valley management with district management, clear water rights, and establish water right transfer system. Public affairs organizations should strengthen the supervision of governments and enterprises, actively influence government decision-making process, and mobilize all social forces to participate in the development and sustainable utilization of water resources.
The Phenomenon of General Spread of Poly-Modality of the Distribution Laws Annual Rivers Runoff
Authors: Lobanov Stanislav A.
Published: December 2013

Based on the polymodality criterion, the laws of the annual rivers runoff were studied. It is shown that they are polymodal and this polymodality is of general occurrence. At that, there are no single-mode and two-mode laws of the river runoff distribution in nature. The 3-mode and 4-mode laws are the most commonly encountered. It is shown that the annual runoff is also a random discontinuous value. The values of discontinuous occurrences are presented which can provide the basis for the future theory of creation of polymodal laws of the annual runoff distribution.
Study on a New Coal Floor Water Inrush Evaluation Technique and its Application
Authors: Liu Shou Qiang , Wu Qiang , Zeng Yi Fan , Cao Yu Fei , Zhang Xiao Jie
Published: December 2013

To solve the problem of how to evaluate coal floor multi-aquifer which is under complex hydro-geological conditions, a new approach is presented, which is AHP vulnerability index method based on GIS. In the research the main controlling factors influencing coal floor water inrush and its weight factors are taken into account. The method truly reflects the nonlinear dynamical process of coal floor inrush under the influence of many factors. Applying this method to evaluate the water inrush vulnerability of No.13091 working face No. 21coal floor aquifer in L1-3limestone and Ordovician - Cambrian limestone in Pingyu 1st coal mine, the results have showed that this method is more effective comparing with other traditional water inrush coefficient methods. The problem of indicating coal floor water inrush under complex hydro-geological conditions has been solved by using this method.
A Preliminary Study on Mercury Pollution in Fish and Shellfish from Jiaozhou Bay in North of China
Authors: Zhang Lei
Published: December 2013

In order to understand the pollution status of mercury in fish and shellfish products from the Jiaozhou Bay and its health mercury risk for the population, a total of 86 samples for 13 kinds of seafood products from Shuangbu, Hongdao, Yinghai and Huangdao in Jiaozhou Bay were collected from April to May 2009. The mercury content in samples was determined by the method of cold atomic absorption method used F732-V mercury detector. The result of this experiment showed that the range of mercury contents in the collected fish and shellfish samples were 0.0044-0.4895 mg/kg. The mercury content in Psetta maxima had the highest value in all fish samples collected, and Clinocardium californiense had the highest mercury content in shellfish samples gathered. The fish and shellfish samples from Hongdao had the highest average mercury contents in all the four origin regions, and that in Huangdao had the lowest average mercury content. There were 16.67% of Ruditapes philippinarum samples over the national standard of China, and the data was 33.33%, 50%, and 50% for Clinocardium californiense, Psetta maxima, and Mylopharyngodon piceus, repectively. Population has a certain health risk for mercury exposure from the consumption of fish and shellfish in Jiaozhou Bay.
Seepage Flow Analysis of Cofferdam in Deep Overburden Foundation
Authors: Zhou Song , Zheng Hua Kang , Chen Yi Feng , Li Yi
Published: December 2013

Seepage problem is of great importance to the stability of the soil dams in deep overburden foundation which is composed of coarse-grained soils. With a discussion on the relationship between particle size distribution and seepage law of the coarse-grained soils, Darcy's law was applied to simulate the seepage flow process of the deep overburden foundation of the Wudongde project. The variational inequality approach of the Signorini's type was used to solve the seepage field of the cofferdam site to eliminate the singularity at the seepage points. The result illustrates that the seepage control system composed of a concreted cutoff wall and geo-membrane sloping wall exhibits perfect performance under normal operation conditions. The differences of the seepage field characteristics under different hydraulic conductivities combinations of overburden layers were discussed. Finally, stabilities under different operation situations were evaluated with linear and nonlinear analysis with a consideration of the effects of seepage process.
Characteristics Research of Aqueduct under FSI Dynamic Response
Authors: Zhu Feng , Cao Ai Wu , Ying Geng
Published: December 2013

Maximum distribution of hydrodynamic pressure on the flume sidewall were studied in this paper based on the finite element method. It contains the difference comparison of theoretical and numerical formulas, rules of maximum hydrodynamic pressure distribution under regular and irregular incentives, and hydrodynamic pressure changes with different height of bracket below the aqueduct. Studies show that: In the 30m height range, with the rise of bracket, the hydrodynamic pressure grows linearly.
Sediment Transport in the Quanzhou Bay
Authors: Liu Hao , Kang Hong Xuan , Yin Bao Shu
Published: December 2013

Observations on 6 ship moorings during the spring and neap tides show that the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) changed according to the variation of the local tidal forcings under the normal weather conditions. During the neap tide, the measured concentration of suspended sediment is comparable to that of Jinjiang River, the only external sediment source in the course of observations; while during the spring tide, the observed SSC is one order higher than that of Jinjiang, meaning that relative to the riverine impact, the tidal current is more probably responsible for the sharp variation of SSC between the spring and neap cycle.
Seasonal Variations of the Water Quality in the Xinlicheng Reservoir, China
Authors: Zhang Xian Fu , Xiao Chang Lai , Li Yong Qing
Published: December 2013

The water quality of Xinlicheng Reservoir was studied over a 4-year period (2008-2011) on seasonal variations by SPSS nonparametric tests of significance and principle component analysis (PCA). Most selected water quality variables except total nitrogen (TN) and permanganate index (CODMn) exhibited significantly seasonal variations. Multiple group variables were reduced to 2 components by PCA: biotic factor and trophic factor, fluctuating with seasonal variations. The composite scores between seasons from PCA showed the comprehensive water quality was better during the dry season than during the wet season. A synchronizing regional response of water quality is associated with hydrological and geochemical processes, climatic conditions driven by monsoon climate, and anthropogenic influences, such as sewage discharges, agricultural activities and artificial regulation.
Filed Observation of Courtship and Mating Behavior in the False Viper, Macropisthodon rudis
Authors: Han Wan Shi , Wang De Liang
Published: December 2013

On 22th May 2013, the courtship and mating behavior of the False viper (Macropisthodon rudis) during and after its meal in the field of South China was observed. The entire process by means of video recording and the whole event observation methods was described in this paper. Compared with the published reports about related investigaions of courtship and mating behavior of other colubrids, we found that the courtship and mating behavior pattern of the False viper is similar to other colubrids, but we didnt observe any sign of male biting female during its courtship and mating, which is an obvious fact in some other colubrids species and the male didnt show strong control freak during copulation and it appeared a rare phenomenon that two males hemipenial inserted into one females cloaca at the same time.
A Study on Complexity of Major Vegetation Types in China
Authors: Li Zong Han , Zhang Hua Yong , Li Fei , Xu Xiang
Published: December 2013

In this study, fractal dimension index is applied to describe the complexity of 11 vegetation groups and 5 needle-leaf forest vegetation types in China. Basing on the Vegetation Map of China, we calculate the perimeter and area of vegetation patches with the software ArcGis. The relationship between perimeter and area is established for each vegetation group and vegetation type, and the corresponding fractal dimension index is estimated. The results show that, among the 11 vegetation groups, the Alpine vegetation is the most complex vegetation. In the 5 needle-leaf forest types, the subtropical and tropical mountains needle-leaf forest is the most complex vegetation. It seems that the complexity of vegetation is associated with altitude. The topography may be responsible for the complexity at different scales.
Floristic Characteristics of Wild Vegetable Plants in the Upper Reach of Minjiang River
Authors: Yang Zi Song
Published: December 2013

Based on the field investigation and data of relative information, a catalog of wild vegetable plants were created and the floristic of wild vegetable plants was analyzed. The results show that: (1) there are 183 species in 159 genera and 62 families of wild vegetable plants in the upper reach of the Minjiang River. It is abundant in wild vegetable plant species. (2)In geographical elements, the widespread families are dominant in numbers. Meanwhile, it is obvious that there are 24 pantropic families with its total number of 66.67 % (excluding the worldwide families). (3)To genera, the floristic composition of the temperate-based belongs to 82 genera with the total number of 51.57%.No doubt it is the dominant.
Habitats Evaluation and Protection Analysis of Endangered Ungulates in the Alpine Desert Ecosystem, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhuge Hai Jin , Li Xiao Wen , Liang Chen , Li An Qi
Published: December 2013

Tibetan Antelope, Tibetan wild donkey and wild yak are protected endangered wild animals in China, the endangered ungulates in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. As the national first class protected wild animals in China, their survival and sustainability received extensive concern. We evaluate the habitat suitability in the alpine desert ecosystem. The percentages of high suitability habitat for Tibetan Antelope, Tibetan wild donkey and wild yak are 18.03%, 20.06% and 18.14%, respectively, mainly in the south and east of the alpine desert ecosystem. The habitat of Tibetan Antelope and Tibetan wild donkey are more similar for a certain overlap of their habit. The habitat of wild yak is more concentrated in the eastern. Major of the high suitability habitat are protected in the national nature reserves (NNRs), while there is still approximate 30% adjacent to the boundary of the reserves. The Qiangtang NNR's protection proportion is higher than others, and the conservation efficiency in the Kekexili NNR is highest, indicating the importance of Qiangtang NNR and the rational allocation of protection resource. The lower conservation efficiency in Arjin Mountain NNR may be due to the poorer geographical natural conditions.
The Effects of a Wildfire on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties in an Eucalyptus urophylla Forest
Authors: Lie Gan Wen , Ye Long Hua , Bao Hai Yong , Chen Hong Yue , Xue Li
Published: December 2013

In this study, soil pH, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, available K, number of microorganism and enzyme activity were studied in a burnedE. urophyllaforest (the burned forest) and an unburned adjacentE. urophyllaforest (the control) in Dongyuan County, Guangdong Province, China. This study aims at investigating the effects of a single wildfire on soil properties of anE. urophyllaforest to provide basis for the recovery of soil fertility and management of burnedE. urophyllaforests. Significant differences were observed between the burned forest and the control in most of chemical properties. The wildfire significantly decreased the soil organic matter, total N, total P, total K, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K by 32.8%, 33.6%, 36.8%, 35.2%, 25.0% and 28.5%, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed in soil pH and available P. The numbers of bacteria and fungi in burned forest were significant lower than those of the control, while there was no difference in actinomycetes between the two forests. The urease, phosphatase and catalase activities were statistically significant lower than those of the control. The results suggested that there were significant effects on theE. urophyllaforest 1 year after the wildfire and the recovery from the wildfire may take a long time.