bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical role for Gimap5 in the survival of mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Chen Yuhong , Yu Mei , Dai Xuezhi , Zogg Mark , Wen Renren , Weiler Hartmut , Wang Demin
Published: April 2011

Mice and rats lacking the guanosine nucleotide-binding protein Gimap5 exhibit peripheral T cell lymphopenia, and Gimap5 can bind to Bcl-2. We show that Gimap5-deficient mice showed progressive multilineage failure of bone marrow and hematopoiesis. Compared with wild-type counterparts, Gimap5-deficient mice contained more hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but fewer lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitors. The reduction of progenitors and differentiated cells in Gimap5-deficient mice resulted in a loss of HSC quiescence. Gimap5-deficient HSCs and progenitors underwent more apoptosis and exhibited defective long-term repopulation capacity. Absence of Gimap5 disrupted interaction between Mcl-1—which is essential for HSC survival—and HSC70, enhanced Mcl-1 degradation, and compromised mitochondrial integrity in progenitor cells. Thus, Gimap5 is an important stabilizer of mouse hematopoietic progenitor cell survival.
Analytical solutions to the Navier-Stokes-Poisson equations with density-dependent viscosity and with pressure
Authors: Yeung Ling Hei , Yuen Manwai
Published: April 2011

We study some particular solutions to the Navier-Stokes-Poisson equations with density-dependent viscosity and with pressure, in radial symmetry. With an extension of the previous known blow-up solutions for the Euler-Poisson equations with pressureless Navier-Stokes-Poisson density-dependent viscosity, we constructed the corresponding self-similar blow-up solutions for the Navier-Stokes-Poisson equations with density-dependent viscosity and with pressure. Our solutions can provide concrete examples for testing the validation and stabilities of numerical methods for the systems.
Preexisting Cognitive Impairment and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Subjects Presenting for Total Hip Joint Replacement
Authors: Evered Lisbeth A. , Silbert Brendan S. , Scott David A. , Maruff Paul , Ames David , Choong Peter F.
Published: April 2011

Background

The prevalence of preexisting cognitive impairment (PreCI) is documented before cardiac surgery, but there is less information before noncardiac surgery. In addition, the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment, defined by different cognitive criteria and subjective complaints, and which may progress to Alzheimer disease, is unknown in these subjects. Because anesthesia and surgery have been implicated in Alzheimer disease pathology, we prospectively measured PreCI and mild cognitive impairment in subjects scheduled for total hip joint replacement surgery in an observational study.

Methods

One hundred fifty-two subjects 60 y of age and older who were scheduled for total hip joint replacement surgery underwent assessment, including neuropsychologic testing, 1 week before surgery. Test results were compared with published norms. PreCI was defined as impairment in two or more of seven cognitive tests, for which impairment in an individual test was defined as ≥ 2 SD below norms for that test. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) was defined as impairment ≥1.5 SD below norms for results of the immediate and/or delayed Auditory Verbal Learning Test plus a subjective complaint.

Results

Subjects performed worse compared with normative data on five of seven neuropsychologic tests. Thirty (20% [95% CI, 13-26%]) subjects were classified as having PreCI. Thirty-four (22% [95% CI, 16-29%]) were classified as having aMCI. Ten (7%) subjects were classified as having both PreCI and aMCI, representing 33% of the 30 subjects with PreCI.

Conclusions

The prevalence of aMCI in subjects scheduled for total hip joint replacement surgery is similar to that in the general community. PreCI and aMCI tend to identify different subjects. Because aMCI is known to progress to Alzheimer disease, future studies that track cognition before and after anesthesia and surgery should document the presence or absence of aMCI so that the rate of conversion to Alzheimer disease after anesthesia and surgery can be compared with the rate in the nonsurgical population.
Direct Endoscopy-Guided Mitral Valve Repair in the Beating Heart An Acute Animal Study
Authors: Horai Tetsuya , Fukamachi Kiyotaka , Fumoto Hideyuki , Takaseya Tohru , Shiose Akira , Arakawa Yoko , Rao Santosh , Dessoffy Raymond , Mihaljevic Tomislav
Published: April 2011

Objective

The purpose of this study was to develop a new method for minimally invasive mitral valve repair under direct endoscopic visualization in the beating heart.

Methods

Fiberoptic cardioscopy of the left heart was conducted in 12 calves. Systemic perfusion was maintained by cardiopulmonary bypass through a median sternotomy. A clear solution (Ringer's lactate) was temporarily administered via the pulmonary artery to flush out the pulmonary vasculature, and additional perfusion of the left heart chambers enhanced visualization of the intracardiac anatomy. The endoscope, with an open-ended transparent flexible outer sheath, was inserted through the left ventricular apex, and an endoscopic clip was used for edge-to-edge mitral valve repair. Hemodilution was avoided by the drainage of irrigation fluid via a left ventricular cannula.

Results

Direct endoscopic visualization of the mitral valve in an in vivo beating heart was obtained clearly, avoiding systemic hemodilution. In the last experiment, edge-to-edge repair using an endoscopic clip was successfully performed. Use of an effective intracardiac irrigation method was important for successful image acquisition and achievement of repair procedures.

Conclusions

This acute animal study showed the technical feasibility of beating-heart mitral valve surgery under direct endoscopic imaging. Although this study was performed under open-chest conditions, our successful experiment is a first step toward closed-chest intracardiac surgery with direct endoscopic visualization.
Cortisol Diurnal Rhythm and Stress Reactivity in Constipation and Abdominal Pain
Authors: Kiefte‐de Jong Jessica C. , Saridjan Nathalie S. , Escher Johanna C. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Hofman Albert , Tiemeier Henning , Moll Henriette A.
Published: April 2011

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to assess whether diurnal cortisol rhythm and cortisol stress reactivity were associated with functional constipation and abdominal pain in infancy.

Patients and Methods:

This study was embedded in a subset of the Generation R Study, a prospective cohort study from fetal life onward in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Data of infants between 14 and 24 months of age (N = 483) were used. Salivary cortisol diurnal rhythm and salivary cortisol stress reactivity after a Strange Situation Procedure were assessed at age 14 months. Data on functional constipation were available according to the Rome II criteria, and data on abdominal pain on the basis of the Abdominal Pain Index were available from questionnaire data at 24 months.

Results:

In the second year of life, 13% of the infants had functional constipation and 17% had abdominal pain. Only 4% had symptoms of both functional constipation and abdominal pain. Diurnal cortisol rhythm did not differ significantly between children with and children without functional constipation and abdominal pain. Cortisol stress reactivity was slightly higher in infants with abdominal pain than in those without it, but this was not statistically significant (odds ratio 1.41; 95% confidence interval 0.46–4.31). No association was found between the cortisol stress reactivity and functional constipation.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that cortisol as a marker for stress does not play a major role in functional constipation or abdominal pain in infancy.
The Phosphate Transporter Gene OsPht1;8 Is Involved in Phosphate Homeostasis in Rice
Authors: Jia Hongfang , Ren Hongyan , Gu Mian , Zhao Jianning , Sun Shubin , Zhang Xiao , Chen Jieyu , Wu Ping , Xu Guohua
Published: April 2011

Plant phosphate transporters (PTs) are active in the uptake of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil and its translocation within the plant. Here, we report on the biological properties and physiological roles of OsPht1;8 (OsPT8), one of the PTs belonging to the Pht1 family in rice (Oryza sativa). Expression of a β-glucuronidase and green fluorescent protein reporter gene driven by the OsPT8 promoter showed that OsPT8 is expressed in various tissue organs from roots to seeds independent of Pi supply. OsPT8 was able to complement a yeast Pi-uptake mutant and increase Pi accumulation of Xenopus laevis oocytes when supplied with micromolar 33Pi concentrations at their external solution, indicating that it has a high affinity for Pi transport. Overexpression of OsPT8 resulted in excessive Pi in both roots and shoots and Pi toxic symptoms under the high-Pi supply condition. In contrast, knockdown of OsPT8 by RNA interference decreased Pi uptake and plant growth under both high- and low-Pi conditions. Moreover, OsPT8 suppression resulted in an increase of phosphorus content in the panicle axis and in a decrease of phosphorus content in unfilled grain hulls, accompanied by lower seed-setting rate. Altogether, our data suggest that OsPT8 is involved in Pi homeostasis in rice and is critical for plant growth and development.
Flavonols Accumulate Asymmetrically and Affect Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kuhn Benjamin M. , Geisler Markus , Bigler Laurent , Ringli Christoph
Published: April 2011

Flavonoids represent a class of secondary metabolites with diverse functions in plants including ultraviolet protection, pathogen defense, and interspecies communication. They are also known as modulators of signaling processes in plant and animal systems and therefore are considered to have beneficial effects as nutraceuticals. The rol1-2 (for repressor of lrx1) mutation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) induces aberrant accumulation of flavonols and a cell-growth phenotype in the shoot. The hyponastic cotyledons, aberrant shape of pavement cells, and deformed trichomes in rol1-2 mutants are suppressed by blocking flavonoid biosynthesis, suggesting that the altered flavonol accumulation in these plants induces the shoot phenotype. Indeed, the identification of several transparent testa, myb, and fls1 (for flavonol synthase1) alleles in a rol1-2 suppressor screen provides genetic evidence that flavonols interfere with shoot development in rol1-2 seedlings. The increased accumulation of auxin in rol1-2 seedlings appears to be caused by a flavonol-induced modification of auxin transport. Quantification of auxin export from mesophyll protoplasts revealed that naphthalene-1-acetic acid but not indole-3-acetic acid transport is affected by the rol1-2 mutation. Inhibition of flavonol biosynthesis in rol1-2 fls1-3 restores naphthalene-1-acetic acid transport to wild-type levels, indicating a very specific mode of action of flavonols on the auxin transport machinery.
Proposed standard mass equations for European chub Leuciscus cephalus in Italy
Authors: Giannetto D. , La Porta G. , Maio G. , Pizzul E. , Turin P. , Lorenzoni M.
Published: April 2011

Total length (LT) and mass measurements of 28 596 specimens of European chub Leuciscus cephalus, collected from a variety of waterways across Italy, were used to compute standard mass (Ws) equations by both empirical percentile (EmP) and regression line percentile (RLP) methods. The use of the EmP Ws equation [log10Ws = −4·79 + 2·68log10LT + 0·10(log10LT)2] to compute relative mass (Wr) of L. cephalus in Italy is suggested, as it was not influenced by length‐related bias (LT range of application = 70–470 mm).
Reproductive cycles of Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada and Liza aurata (Teleostei: Mugilidae)
Authors: Bartulović V. , Dulčić J. , Matić‐Skoko S. , Glamuzina B.
Published: April 2011

The reproductive cycles of three mullet species from the Eastern Adriatic coast were described using several biological parameters (gonado‐somatic index, oocyte diameter and sex ratio) to improve knowledge about their reproduction.
The ovarian structure and mode of egg production in two polygamous pipefishes: a link to mating pattern
Authors: Sogabe A. , Ahnesjö I.
Published: April 2011

In this study, the ovarian structure and mode of egg production were examined in two pipefishes, the broad‐nosed pipefishSyngnathus typhleand the straight‐nosed pipefishNerophis ophidion, which show different types of polygamous mating patterns.Syngnathus typhleshowed an ovary with one germinal ridge and asynchronous egg production, corresponding to previous findings in other polygamousSyngnathuspipefishes. In contrast, the ovary ofN. ophidionhad two germinal ridges and eggs were produced synchronously in groups, similar to what has been observed in monogamous syngnathids. The egg production ofN. ophidion, however, is clearly distinguished from that of monogamous syngnathids by the additional egg production after an ovulation. It is suggested that the differences in female mating strategies result from the difference in egg production process and that this is related to the difference in mating pattern between these two polygamous species.
Blocking induction of T helper type 2 responses prevents development of disease in a model of childhood asthma
Authors: Siegle J S , Hansbro N , Dong C , Angkasekwinai P , Foster P S , Kumar R K
Published: April 2011

Early-life respiratory viral infections are linked to subsequent development of allergic asthma in children. We assessed the underlying immunological mechanisms in a novel model of the induction phase of childhood asthma. BALB/c mice were infected neonatally with pneumonia virus of mice, then sensitized intranasally with ovalbumin following recovery. Animals were challenged with low levels of aerosolized ovalbumin for 4 weeks to induce changes of chronic asthma, then received a single moderate-level challenge to elicit mild acute allergic inflammation. To inhibit the initial induction of a T helper type 2 (Th2) response, we administered neutralizing antibodies against interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-25, then assessed development of airway inflammation and remodelling. Anti-IL-4 administered during chronic challenge prevented development of chronic and acute allergic inflammation, as well as goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, but features of remodelling such as subepithelial fibrosis and epithelial hypertrophy were unaffected. In contrast, anti-IL-25 had limited effects on the airway inflammatory response but prevented key changes of remodelling, although it had no effect on goblet cells. Both antibodies suppressed development of a Th2 response, while anti-IL-25 also promoted a Th17 response. In further experiments, anti-IL-25 was administered in early life alone, and again had limited effects on airway inflammation, but prevented development of airway wall remodelling. We conclude that in this murine model of childhood asthma, administration of anti-IL-4 or anti-IL-25 prevents development of some key features of asthma, suggesting that suppression of development of a Th2 response during the neonatal period or later in childhood could be effective for primary prevention.
Cellular immune responses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected children: is immune restoration by highly active anti-retroviral therapy comparable to non-progression?
Authors: Hainaut M , Verscheure V , Ducarme M , Schandené L , Levy J , Mascart F
Published: April 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the restored immune functions of vertically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children who were severely immunodeficient before the initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) are comparable to those of untreated slow progressors. We therefore assessed T cell proliferation and cytokine [interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13] secretions after mitogen, recall antigens and HIV-1-specific stimulation in 12 untreated slow progressors, 16 untreated progressors and 18 treated patients. Treated children were profoundly immunodeficient before the initiation of HAART and had long-lasting suppression of viral replication on treatment. We demonstrated that slow progressors are characterized not only by the preservation of HIV-1-specific lymphoproliferative responses but also by the fact that these responses are clearly T helper type 1 (Th1)-polarized. Children on HAART had proliferative responses to HIV-1 p24 antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD) and tetanus antigen similar to slow progressors and higher than those of progressors. However, in contrast to slow progressors, most treated children exhibited a release of Th2 cytokines accompanying the IFN-γ secretion in response to the HIV-1 p24 antigen. Moreover, despite higher proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) than the two groups of untreated children, treated children had lower levels of IFN-γ secretion in response to PHA than slow progressors. These data show that in severely immunodeficient vertically HIV-infected children, a long-lasting HAART allows recovering lymphoproliferative responses similar to untreated slow progressors. However, alterations in IFN-γ secretion in response to the mitogen PHA persisted, and their cytokine release after HIV-specific stimulation was biased towards a Th2 response.
Forage herbs improve mineral composition of grassland herbage
Authors: Pirhofer‐Walzl K. , Søegaard K. , Høgh‐Jensen H. , Eriksen J. , Sanderson M. A. , Rasmussen J. , Rasmussen J.
Published: April 2011

Provision of an adequate mineral supply in the diets of ruminants fed mainly on grassland herbage can present a challenge if mineral concentrations are suboptimal for animal nutrition. Forage herbs may be included in grassland seed mixtures to improve herbage mineral content, although there is limited information about mineral concentrations in forage herbs. To determine whether herbs have greater macro‐ and micromineral concentrations than forage legumes and grasses, we conducted a 2‐year experiment on a loamy‐sand site in Denmark sown with a multi‐species mixture comprised of three functional groups (grasses, legumes and herbs). Herb species included chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.) and salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor L.). We also investigated the effect of slurry application on the macro‐ and micromineral concentration of grasses, legumes and herbs. In general, herbs had greater concentrations of the macrominerals P, Mg, K and S and the microminerals Zn and B than grasses and legumes. Slurry application indirectly decreased Ca, S, Cu and B concentrations of total herbage because of an increase in the proportion of mineral‐poor grasses. Our study indicates that including herbs in forage mixtures is an effective way of increasing mineral concentrations in herbage.
Influence of leaching on the chemical composition of grassland biomass for combustion
Authors: Tonn B. , Dengler V. , Thumm U. , Piepho H.‐P. , Claupein W.
Published: April 2011

Bioenergy production from grassland biomass is an alternative use for semi‐natural grasslands, but chemical composition of grassland herbage can limit its suitability for combustion. Leaching by precipitation during the field period is currently used to remove unwanted elements from other herbaceous biofuels. The aims of this study were to assess the influence of leaching on chemical composition of grassland biomass, to establish the influence of leaching intensity and to evaluate the feasibility of a simplified laboratory method for leaching studies. Freshly cut and dried herbage from two contrasting grasslands were leached using 12 and 36 mm of simulated rain. A second experiment compared three methods of different leaching intensity. Leaching resulted in strong reduction in Cl and K concentrations; ash was moderately reduced and Mg slightly reduced. Concentrations of N, S and Ca were not affected. Leaching occurred in dried, but not in fresh herbage, and Cl leaching was affected by herbage type. Cl, K and ash responded differently to increased leaching intensity. Slagging, fouling and corrosion problems during combustion, which are closely linked to Cl and K concentrations, could be reduced by natural leaching under suitable weather conditions. A standardized laboratory leaching method is suggested for further investigating the influence of herbage characteristics on the leachability of K and Cl.
Increased sensitivity to antigen in high avidity CD8+ T cells results from augmented membrane proximal T‐cell receptor signal transduction
Authors: Sharma Sharad K. , Alexander‐Miller Martha A.
Published: April 2011

The functional avidity of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) is known to be a critical determinant of the efficacy with which it clears pathogens. High avidity cells, which are by definition highly sensitive to peptide antigen, are superior for elimination of viruses and tumours. Our studies have established the ability of T cells to undergo avidity modulation as a result of antigen encounter. High and low avidity cells established in this manner exhibit significant differences in the amount of peptide required to elicit effector function. However, how signalling is regulated in these cells as it relates to the control of peptide sensitivity remains to be defined. To address this question, we compared T‐cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction events in high and low avidity CTL generated from OT‐Irag2− TCR transgenic mice. Our data suggest that divergent signalling is initiated at the TCR‐associated CD3ζ, with low avidity CTL requiring higher amounts of pMHC to achieve threshold levels of phosphorylated CD3ζ compared with high avidity CTL. Further, this difference is transduced further downstream to mitogen‐activated protein kinase and Ca2+ signalling pathways. These results suggest that regulated control of the initiation of TCR signalling in high versus low avidity cells determines the amount of peptide required for T‐cell activation.
Role of proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 in anti‐bacterial and immunomodulatory effects of interferon‐γ on human neutrophils and monocytes
Authors: Shpacovitch Victoria M. , Feld Micha , Holzinger Dirk , Kido Makiko , Hollenberg Morley D. , Levi‐Schaffer Francesca , Vergnolle Nathalie , Ludwig Stephan , Roth Johannes , Luger Thomas , Steinhoff Martin
Published: April 2011

Recent studies show that proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR2) contributes to the development of inflammatory responses. However, investigations into the precise role of PAR2 activation in the anti‐microbial defence of human leucocytes are just beginning. We therefore evaluated the contribution of PAR2 to the anti‐microbial response of isolated human innate immune cells. We found that PAR2 agonist, acting alone, enhances phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and killing of Escherichia coli by human leucocytes, and that the magnitude of the effect is similar to that of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). However, co‐application of PAR2‐cAP and IFN‐γ did not enhance the phagocytic and bacteria‐killing activity of leucocytes beyond that triggered by either agonist alone. On the other hand, IFN‐γ enhances PAR2 agonist‐induced monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) secretion by human neutrophils and monocytes. Furthermore, phosphoinositide‐3 kinase and janus kinase molecules are involved in the synergistic effect of PAR2 agonist and IFN‐γ on MCP‐1 secretion. Our findings suggest a potentially protective role of PAR2 agonists in the anti‐microbial defence established by human monocytes and neutrophils.
Validation of the Chinese version of the Functional Performance Inventory Short Form in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Guo Ai‐Min , Han Jiang‐Na , Kline Leidy Nancy , Wu Zheng‐Lai , Wang Ping , Lin Ying‐Xiang
Published: April 2011

Aims and objective.  To determine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Functional Performance Inventory Short Form (FPI‐SF‐C) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, China.

Background.  The Functional Performance Inventory Short Form (FPI‐SF) is a 32‐item instrument designed to measure self‐reported functional performance of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This instrument had not been translated into Mandarin Chinese and tested for use in mainland China.

Design.  Cross‐sectional validation study with a two‐week test of reproducibility.

Method.  The FPI‐SF was translated using forward and backward translation procedures and administered to 108 stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients from outpatient clinics of three hospitals in Beijing, China. Pulmonary function and six‐minute walking distance (6‐MWD) tests were performed on the same day or within one week before the FPI‐SF‐C completion. Thirty of the patients participated in the reproducibility assessment.

Results.  Cronbach’s alpha for the FPI‐SF‐C total score was 0·89; subscales ranged from 0·70 (Body Care)–0·89 (Spiritual activities). Test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0·93 with subscales ranging from 0·73 (Body Care)–0·96 (Household Maintenance). No ceiling or floor effects were observed for total FPI‐SF‐C score. Total scores correlated significantly (p < 0·05) with 6‐MWD (r = 0·56), modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale (MMRC) (r = −0·55), BODE index (r = −0·47), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (r = 0·41) and FEV1% of predicted (r = 0·26) and differentiated patients based on GOLD rating of COPD severity (χ2 = 16·22, p < 0·001).

Conclusions.  Results suggest the FPI‐SF‐C is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring functional performance in mainland Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Further psychometric testing in a wide range of subjects and an evaluation of its utility in clinical practice are warranted.

Relevance to practice.  The FPI‐SF‐C may be useful for understanding difficulties in functional performance and evaluating the effect of treatment in Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A Dutch version of the Modified Reasons for Smoking Scale: factorial structure, reliability and validity
Authors: Boudrez Hedwig , De Bacquer Dirk
Published: April 2011

Aims  The Modified Reasons for Smoking Scale (MRSS) is a widely accepted scale that measures psychological functions of smoking. The scale has been translated in Dutch and has been validated, in order to be used in clinical smoking cessation practice in the Dutch‐speaking part of Belgium. This study examined the factorial structure, reliability and validity of the scale in a sample of smokers, who are characterized by a high level of dependence and an explicit motivation to stop smoking.

Method  The participants were 383 smokers, who volunteered at the stop‐smoking clinic of a Belgian university hospital, and completed the translated scale. They were administered the translated MRSS, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Through a clinical interview, smoking behaviour and smoking history was assessed (daily smoking consumption, years smoking, number of quit attempts, weeks stopped, alcohol and coffee consumption, CO level). Exploratory factor analysis was performed. Internal consistency was studied in order to examine the reliability. The concurrent validity was assessed by means of manova, anova and correlation analysis.

Results  Factor analysis identified four factors, named stimulation, pleasure of smoking, social smoking and automatism of smoking. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.65 (automatism) to 0.72 (stimulation). manova indicated the influence of the variables age, sex, daily consumption and the FTND (the latter two variables showed a dose‐dependent association with each subscale). Regression analysis revealed a relationship with dependence indicators, namely: the daily consumption, the number and duration of previous quit attempts, FTND, CO level and daily coffee intake.

Conclusions  The Dutch translation of the MRSS identified four factors and revealed acceptable validity and reliability. The adapted version of the translated scale as a component of the psychological assessment procedure in a smoking cessation treatment in Dutch‐speaking areas should be implemented.
Difficulties in the dissemination and implementation of clinical guidelines in government Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Brazil: how managers, medical and nursing, position themselves
Authors: Magluta Cynthia , de Sousa Mendes Gomes Maria A , Wuillaume Susana M
Published: April 2011

Rationale, aims and objectives  Clinical guidelines are tools that systematize scientific evidence and help to achieve proper care. Several difficulties are reported regarding the effective use, such as the shortcomings in the level of knowledge and attitudes by the professionals, the service structure and the preferences appointed by patients. An analysis of these difficulties was the objective of this study in the context of government Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) in Brazil.

Method  A semi‐structured survey was carried out with 53 managers (medical and nursing) of the 15 NICU in a convenient sample of two groups of government units in Brazil. The managers chose their answers from a list of difficulties to implement the guidelines based on the analytical model of Cabana and graded the difficulties found on a 5‐point scale with no reference to quality.

Results  Respondents have reported several difficulties with the following priority: lack of professionals to provide care, being perceived as more critical within the nursing and physiotherapy crews, minor participation of professionals in the discussion process and inadequate infrastructure. The lack of acquaintance with the guidelines by the professionals has been reported by few of the surveyed.

Conclusion  These findings show some common ground to literature pointing the importance of adequate infrastructure. Managers showed a low valuation of both the level of knowledge and the professionals' adhesion to the guidelines.
Anatomical site of pheromone accumulation and temporal pattern of pheromone emission in the ambrosia beetle Megaplatypus mutatus
Authors: GATTI PABLO , ZERBA EDUARDO , GONZALEZ‐AUDINO PAOLA
Published: April 2011

Megaplatypus mutatus (Chapuis) is a native South American ambrosia beetle that attacks live hardwood trees (e.g. Populus spp.), causing important economic losses to commercial plantations. Male beetles release the main components of the sex pheromone, namely (+)‐6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐ol [(+)‐sulcatol, or retusol] and 6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one (sulcatone), when colonizing suitable hosts. The hindgut is shown to be the anatomical site of pheromone accumulation within males, the enantiomeric composition of sulcatol in this tissue is 99%‐(+) and sulcatol is first detectable in this tissue on days 1–2 after gallery initiation. Peak accumulation of sulcatol occurs on days 5–12 after gallery initiation. Trace quantities of sulcatone are also observed during the same period. Both pheromone components are present in male emissions from three host species (Populus×canadensis, Populus alba and Casuarina stricta) between days 2 and 12 after gallery initiation, although sulcatone is always present in low concentrations. The temporal patterns of sulcatol and sulcatone accumulation or storage in male M. mutatus correspond to the temporal patterns of emission.
Effects of anti‐β2‐glycoprotein I antibody on PlGF, VEGF and sVEGFR1 production from cultured choriocarcinoma cell line
Authors: Ichikawa Go , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Chishima Fumihisa , Nakamura Akikazu , Kuno Souichirou , Murase Takayuki , Suzuki Manami
Published: April 2011

Aim:  Anti‐β2‐glycoprotein I (anti‐β2‐GPI) antibody has been detected in cases of recurrent abortion and intrauterine death. Placenta growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are growth factors that accelerate villous proliferation. Soluble VEGF receptor‐1 (sVEGFR1) is a soluble receptor for PlGF and suppresses the function of PlGF. In order to study the pathological mechanism of anti‐β2‐GPI antibody, we evaluated the effects of anti‐β2‐GPI antibody on PlGF, VEGF and sVEGFR1 production from cultured choriocarcinoma cells.

Methods:  The sera were taken from six anti‐β2‐GPI antibody‐positive and six anti‐β2‐GPI antibody‐negative patients with recurrent miscarriages. Choriocarcinoma cells (JEG‐3) were cultured in 24‐well plates. After each serum and isolated immunoglobulin G (IgG) were added to the culture medium, the PlGF, VEGF and sVEGFR1 in the culture medium were measured by ELISA 24 h later. When the isolated IgG was added to culture medium, only the levels of PlGF were measured.

Results:  The anti‐β2‐GPI antibody‐positive sera and isolated IgG significantly suppressed the production of PlGF from JEG‐3 cells more strongly than the anti‐β2‐GPI antibody‐negative sera. The suppressive effects were not changed by serum inactivation. There was no significant difference in the values of the XTT assay and the production of VEGF and sVEGFR1 between the antibody‐positive and antibody‐negative sera.

Conclusions:  Anti‐β2‐GPI antibody‐positive sera and IgG suppress the production of PlGF from JEG‐3 cells. We suggest that the anti‐β2‐GPI antibodies may suppress PlGF production from trophoblasts and cause the failure of placenta formation and function.
Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy with palmoplantar involvement that developed after delivery
Authors: Özcan Deren , Özçakmak Bülent , Aydoğan Filiz Çevlik
Published: April 2011

Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy is the most common specific dermatosis of pregnancy. It usually develops in the third trimester and rapidly resolves in the first weeks postpartum. Intensely pruritic urticarial papules and plaques initially occur on the abdomen and/or proximal thighs, particularly within or adjacent to striae distensae with periumbilical sparing, and usually tend to spread to affect the peripheral limbs, buttocks, chest and back. The face, palmoplantar regions and mucosal surfaces are generally spared. Here, we report a case of polymorphic eruption of pregnancy associated with palmoplantar involvement that developed in the postpartum period.
Angiomyofibroblastoma of the vulva during pregnancy
Authors: Cetinkaya Kadir , Al Ragıp Atakan , Gursan Nesrin
Published: April 2011

Angiomyofibroblastoma is a rare, benign and recently defined soft tissue tumor. It generally arises from superficial soft tissues, especially from mesenchymal cells in the subepithelial myxoid stromal zone of the vulvovaginal region. The tumor is usually positive for estrogen and progesterone receptor. We report a pregnant woman who developed vulvar angiomyofibroblastoma within 2 months. The tumor was negative for estrogen and progesterone receptor.
Histologic evaluation of the immediate effects of diamond burr debridement in experimental superficial corneal wounds in dogs
Authors: da Silva Enry Garcia , Powell Cynthia C , Gionfriddo Juliet R , Ehrhart EJ , Hill Ashley E
Published: April 2011

Purpose  To evaluate the corneal changes immediately after diamond burr debridement of superficial corneal wounds in dogs. Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) are the most common form of canine recurrent corneal ulcers. The diamond burr has been used in the management of corneal lesions in humans since 1983. Recently, it has been successfully used in the treatment of SCCEDs in dogs; however, little has been documented as to its mechanism of action.

Methods  Five adult female research dogs euthanized for reasons unrelated to the study were included, providing 10 normal eyes. An excimer laser spatula was used for epithelial removal after delineation with an 8 mm punch biopsy trephine. Diamond burr debridement was performed for 30 and 45 s in five eyes each (groups 1 and 2 respectively). The procedure was performed on the ventral half of the experimental defect as well as ventral normal cornea, immediately after euthanasia, and prior to enucleation. Samples were processed routinely for histologic evaluation and stained with periodic acid–Schiff.

Results  No stromal defects could be identified under light microscopy. In experimental corneal wounds, multi‐focal areas remained covered by the epithelial basement membrane (BM) after diamond burr treatment in both groups (group 1 = 48%±16SD, group 2 = 26%±12SD). Removal of BM on group 2 was significantly higher than group 1 (P < 0.05).

Conclusions  The diamond burr allows a safe method of debridement and does not create defects beyond the epithelial BM in corneal wounds in normal dogs. Evaluation of the diamond burr debridement in cases of SCCEDs is warranted.
Schirmer tear tests and intraocular pressures in conscious and anesthetized koalas (Phascolarctus cinereus)
Authors: Grundon Rachael A. , Anderson Gary A. , Lynch Michael , Hardman Chlöe , O’Reilly Anu , Stanley Robin G.
Published: April 2011

Objective To estimate mean Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values in healthy koalas both conscious and anesthetized.

Methods Data were gathered from koalas in Victoria, Australia. Conscious examinations were performed on captive koalas. Free‐ranging (wild) koalas were examined under anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced using alfaxalone, and animals were maintained on oxygen and isoflurane if required. All animals were healthy and had no surface ocular pathology detectable during slit lamp biomicroscopy. STT I tests were performed using commercial STT test strips placed in the lower fornix for 1 min. IOP was measured using an applanation tonometer after topical anesthesia. The higher value of the two eyes for both STT and IOP was analyzed. STT was measured in 53 koalas (34 conscious, 19 anesthetized) and IOP was measured in 43 koalas (30 conscious, 13 anesthetized). A two‐samplet‐test was used to compare means. AP‐value <0.05 was regarded as significant. Mean ± SD is presented.

Results The mean higher STT in conscious koalas was 10.3 ± 3.6 mm wetting/min and in anesthetized koalas it decreased to 3.8 ± 4.0 mm wetting/min (P < 0.0001). The mean higher IOP in conscious koalas was 15.3 ± 5.1 mmHg, and in anesthetized koalas it was 13.8 ± 3.4 mmHg (P = 0.32). There was no effect of sex on either STT or IOP.

Conclusions The mean and SD of STT and IOP values for koalas both conscious and anesthetized were reported. The mean STT was significantly reduced by alfaxalone anesthesia.
Effect of acute intraocular pressure elevation on blood flow velocity and resistance in the rabbit ophthalmic artery
Authors: Yang Qiang , Shen Jiying , Guo Wenyi , Wen Jiexian , Wang Zhongfeng , Yu Daoyi
Published: April 2011

Objective  To determine the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) on blood flow velocity and resistance in the rabbit ophthalmic artery.

Animals  Ten adult New Zealand White rabbits were used.

Procedures  Right eyes were cannulated and the IOP was raised in a stepwise manner from 20 to 70 mmHg. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) in the ophthalmic artery were measured by color Doppler imaging. Values of PSV, EDV and RI were compared at various IOPs via the analysis of variance (anova) of a randomized block design with post hoc Bonferroni test.

Results  Significant differences of PSV, EDV and RI at different IOP points (all P < 0.001) were observed. Over the entire IOP range, linear regression showed a negative correlation between IOP and both PSV and EDV (β = −0.07434, P = 0.0020 and β = −0.07829, P < 0.001, respectively), as well as a positive correlation between the RI and IOP (β = 0.00221, P < 0.001). Moreover, line plots identified a point with IOP = 40 mmHg, splitting the IOP range with different regression slopes. Piecewise linear regression indicated no correlation between PSV, EDV, RI and IOP when the IOP was elevated from 20 to 40 mmHg (P = 0.1832, P = 0.5932 and P = 0.5819, respectively). However, piecewise linear regression detected a stronger negative correlation between PSV, EDV and IOP (β = −0.15760, P = 0.0011 and β = −0.11872, P = 0.001, respectively) and a stronger positive correlation between RI and IOP (β = 0.00273, P = 0.0015) during the stage from 40 to 70 mmHg.

Conclusions  The ophthalmic artery in the rabbits was capable of maintaining normal blood velocity and resistance when IOP was below 40 mmHg. However, the autoregulatory capacity was greatly limited when IOP was over 40 mmHg.
Comparison of the pig and feline models for full thickness corneal transplantation
Authors: Brunette Isabelle , Rosolen Serge G. , Carrier Michel , Abderrahman Mona , Nada Ossama , Germain Lucie , Proulx Stéphanie
Published: April 2011

Purpose  The goal of this study was to report on the advantages and limitations of the pig and feline models for experimental in vivo corneal transplantation.

Methods  Ten healthy domestic pigs and ten healthy cats were used. Full thickness penetrating keratoplasty was performed using autologous (eight cases), allogeneic (seven cases) or human xenogeneic (three cases) tissue. In two other cases, the inflammatory response to partial thickness trephination (without transplantation) was evaluated. Eyes were assessed daily before and after surgery by slit‐lamp, pachymetry, and tonometry. A transparency score ranging from 0 (opaque graft) to 4 (clear graft) was used, based on the slit‐lamp examination. Optical coherence tomography, histology, and electron microscopy were performed postmortem.

Results  In the pig, the mean (±SD) transparency score for the eight full thickness grafts was 0.88 ± 0.99, ranging from 0 to 3. In the feline model, the mean transparency score for the seven uncomplicated grafts was 3.93 ± 0.19, ranging from 3.5 to 4. Both negative controls without endothelium remained opaque at all time. Intraoperative tendency for iris incarceration into the wound, rapid corneal swelling, suture cheese wiring, and postoperative intraocular inflammation were the main factors jeopardizing the functional success of the corneal transplant in the pig model.

Conclusion  Suboptimal functional results were obtained after full thickness corneal transplantation in the pig model, while in the feline model, the same protocol yielded uneventful surgeries and clear transplants, with functional results similar to those achieved in human subjects.
Effect of mydriasis induced by topical instillations of 0.5% tropicamide on the anterior segment in normotensive dogs using ultrasound biomicroscopy
Authors: Dulaurent Thomas , Goulle Frédéric , Dulaurent Alice , Mentek Marielle , Peiffer Robert Louis , Isard Pierre‐François
Published: April 2011

Objective To determine the effect of 0.5% tropicamide and the resultant mydriasis on the anterior segment in normotensive dogs using ultrasound biomicroscopy.

Procedure Twenty‐four dogs without ocular disease underwent ultrasound biomicroscopic examination of both the eyes under general anesthesia. Pharmacologic mydriasis was induced in the right eye of each dog by the topical instillation of 0.5% tropicamide. Ultrasound biomicroscopic examinations were performed and the anatomical parameters of the anterior segment were evaluated including the geometric iridocorneal angle (ICA) – formed by the plane of the iris root and the internal corneoscleral limbus – the width of the opening of the ciliary cleft (CC), the width of the mid‐CC, the length of the CC, and the anterior chamber (AC) depth (distance between the corneal endothelium and the anterior lens capsule).

Results Mydriasis resulting from the topical use of 0.5% tropicamide is associated with an increase in the geometric ICA and a decrease in the opening of the CC, without any effect on the width of the mid‐CC, or on the length of the CC, or on the AC depth.

Conclusions Mydriasis induced by topical 0.5% tropicamide results in modification of the anterior segment which may influence the drainage of aqueous humor.
Family factors affecting perceived income adequacy among older adults in urban China
Authors: Li Chao , Chi Iris , Xu Ling
Published: April 2011

Li C, Chi I, Xu L. Family factors affecting perceived income adequacy among older adults in urban China

Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S86–S98 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

This article examined how family‐related factors affect perceived income adequacy among older adults in urban China when socio‐demographic, income, and health factors are controlled. The data were derived from the 2006 Sample Survey on the Aged Population in Urban/Rural China. Hierarchical regression modeling was used to identify various factors affecting perceived income adequacy. The results showed that older adults who received more monetary or instrumental support from their children, who provided monetary support to their children, and who perceived their children as high in filial piety were more likely to report having adequate income. Respondents who were older, female, married, retired with pensions or still working, or who had higher actual income, more education, and better health status were also more likely to report adequate income. Programs and policies that can enhance or maintain intergenerational support should be developed to improve perceptions of income adequacy and general well‐being among Chinese older adults.
Dravet syndrome history
Authors: DRAVET CHARLOTTE
Published: April 2011

Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI) is a complex form of epilepsy that was first described in France in 1978. Because the myoclonic component of this epilepsy is not always present and because some variability has been observed in the symptomatology, the name was changed to Dravet syndrome in 1989. The genetic aetiology of this epilepsy was discovered in 2001, and since then numerous studies have contributed to a better knowledge of the disease. Around 70% of affected patients are carriers of a mutation on the alpha subunit of the SCN1A gene. An accurate analysis of the clinical features leads to the distinction between typical and atypical forms, both with the same unfavourable prognosis and the same genetic background. However, many studies are being conducted in order to establish correlations between phenotypes and genotypes, and to understand the factors underlying the cognitive impairment of the affected patients.
Molecular genetics of Dravet syndrome
Authors: DE JONGHE PETER
Published: April 2011

Before the advent of molecular genetics, the nature of Dravet syndrome remained largely obscure, and arguments in favour of either an acquired origin, such as the occurrence of Dravet syndrome after vaccination, or an inherited origin, such as the occurrence of epilepsy in relatives, were formulated. In 2001 we demonstrated that the majority of Dravet patients have a genetic cause due to loss‐of‐function mutations in the SCN1A gene. Understandably, since this syndrome severely affects reproductive fitness, these mutations almost exclusively arise de novo, with the rare exceptions of mosaic mutations in a non‐affected transmitting parent. Besides classical Sanger sequencing, mutation analysis of the SCN1A gene also requires a method that allows the detection of genomic rearrangements (MAQ, MLPA), since microdeletions or whole gene deletions also result in Dravet syndromes. Depending on the series reported and their recruitment strategies, the yield of SCN1A mutations detected varied from 50 to 80%, implying that other genes or factors must be involved in these ‘SCN1A‐negative Dravet patients’. Recently mutations in some other genes have been described in these genuine Dravet patients who do not carry an SCN1A mutation. The second most important Dravet‐associated gene is PCDH19.These patients initially may have all characteristics of Dravet syndrome but may later run a somewhat different course.