bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Behavior and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Sandstone Under Different Cyclic Loading and Unloading Disturbance Rates
Authors: Wang Pengpeng , Bin Liu , Ling Chunwei , Ren Qingshan , Xu Baohui , Hu Xuyu
Published: November 2024

The frequency of dynamic disasters is escalating in deep coal mining, with an increasing number of disasters induced by the combined static and dynamic loading. To investigate the mechanical behavior of deep sandstone under mining, cyclic disturbance, uniaxial cyclic loading, and unloading tests with equal amplitude were conducted at four different disturbance rates on the basis of static loading. The influence of loading and unloading disturbance rates on mechanical properties, fracture characteristics, acoustic emission (AE) temporal‐spatial evolution, and fractal characteristics of AE spatial distribution were analyzed. The results show that the peak strength of rock samples initially decreases and then increases as the disturbance rate increases. During the cyclic loading and unloading disturbance stage, AE exhibits a significant Kaiser effect under different disturbance rates. The higher the disturbance rate, the greater the number of cycles with high amplitude AE, but fewer high amplitude AE occur during the loading to peak failure stage. The increment of the damage variable is positively correlated with the loading and unloading disturbance rate overall. The AE spatial fractal dimension in rock samples decreases under different loading and unloading disturbance rates, stabilizing at a range of 2.1–2.3. As the loading and unloading disturbance rate increases, the decreasing magnitude in fractal dimension during the cyclic loading and unloading stage first increases and then decreases, with a relatively smaller decrease during the loading to peak failure stage.
Optimizing Solar Energy Harvesting: A K‐Means Clustering Approach for Enhanced Efficiency and Viability
Authors: Bin Li , Shahzad Muhammad , Farhan Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Sanaullah , Saif Mubaarak Abdulrahman Abdu , Bitew Girmaw Teshager
Published: November 2024

In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy has played a crucial role in the global transition toward renewable energy, contributing to 46% of the electric capacity. It has emerged as a primary source; however, optimizing energy utilization and solar panel efficiency to maximize absorbed solar radiation remains a significant challenge. Additionally, it addresses the optimization of solar energy generation and the mitigation of potential overheating issues in dual‐axis solar tracking systems. Despite its importance, PV power generation is hindered by uncertainty and intermittency, posing obstacles to achieving a stable and reliable power supply. This research introduces an innovative synthesis method for a typical solar radiation year (TSRY) based on K‐means clustering to maximize energy harvest. The K‐means algorithm, a fundamental image processing technique, is utilized to classify images into distinct groups. This approach enhances energy generation potential, panel efficiency, and the long‐term sustainability of solar energy systems compared to conventional methods.
Exploring the Impact of Different Processing Techniques on Quality and Flavor Characteristics in Hoki Steak Soups
Authors: Miao Xiaoqing , Li Jing , Li Shuang , Li Guodong , Dong Xiuping , Jiang Pengfei
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the effect of different processing methods (boiling, oil boiling, and stir frying) on the flavor of hoki steak soups. The quality of different fillet broths was explored by pH, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and color. E‐nose, E‐tongue, and gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry (GC‐IMS) combined with free amino acids (FAAs) were used to analyze the flavor of hoki steak soups. Key compounds were screened by relative odor activity value (ROAV). The variable influence on projection (VIP) was used to identify the differential compounds. The E‐nose and E‐tongue were able to distinguish hoki steak soups. A total of 47 volatile compounds were characterized by GC‐IMS. n‐Pentanal (M) was the key component for the difference between hoki steak soups. There were six substances with ROAV ≥ 1. The results showed that the hoki steak soup boiled for 2 h in the stir‐frying group had a lower fishy odor.
East Coast Power Growth and the Role of Natural Gas
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: November 2024

As we look out at energy land in the coming year and decades, the dilemma of where natural gas fits within the industry is an ongoing soap opera. Presumably, some of the answers may be affected by changes in national leadership, but state policies and carbon‐reduction plans are pretty aggressive. Meanwhile, in the East, growth in power demand is becoming a major issue, one that even non‐energy people frequently discuss.
Potassium Release From the Habenular Astrocytes Induces Depressive‐Like Behaviors in Mice
Authors: Aizawa Hidenori , Matsumata Miho , Oishi Laura Ayaka Noguera , Nishimura Fumie , Kasaragod Deepa Kamath , Yao Xintong , Tan Wanqin , Aida Tomomi , Tanaka Kohichi
Published: November 2024

The habenula has been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as depression, primarily because of its role in the modulation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, which play a role in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Despite growing evidence supporting the role of the habenula in behavioral regulation, the process by which neural cells develop in the habenula remains elusive. Since the habenular anlage is found in the prosomere 2 domain expressing transcription factor Dbx1 in mouse embryos, we hypothesized that the Dbx1‐expressing prosomere domain is a source of astrocytes that modulate neuronal activity in the habenula. To address this, we examined the cell lineage generated from Dbx1‐expressing cells in male mice using tamoxifen‐inducible Cre recombinase under the control of the Dbx1 promoter. Perinatal induction of Cre activity labeled cells migrating radially from the ventricular zone to the pial side of the habenular anlage, and eventually showed astrocyte‐like morphology with expression of the marker protein, S100β, for mature astrocytes in the habenula of the adult mouse. Photostimulation of astrocytes expressing ChR2 released potassium ions into the extracellular space, which in turn excited the neurons with an increased firing rate in the lateral habenula. Finally, photostimulation of habenular astrocytes exacerbated depression‐like phenotypes with reduced locomotor activity, exaggerated despair behavior and impaired sucrose preference in open‐field, tail suspension and sucrose preference tests, respectively. These results indicated that the Dbx1‐expressing perinatal domain generated astrocytes that modulated neuronal activity via the regulation of extracellular potassium levels.
Therapeutic Potential of Growth Hormone in Peripheral Nerve Injury: Enhancing Schwann Cell Proliferation and Migration Through IGF‐1R‐AKT and ERK Signaling Pathways
Authors: Chen Jiaqian , Zhang Tingcheng , Wang Chaohu , Niu Peirong , Huang Liehao , Guo Rongrong , Wu Chengdong , Zhang Huarong , Wu Zhiyong , Qi Songtao , Liu Yi
Published: November 2024

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) represents a prevalent condition characterized by the demyelination of affected nerves. The challenge of remyelinating these nerves and achieving satisfactory functional recovery has long been a persistent issue. The specific contributions of growth hormone (GH) in the aftermath of PNI have remained ambiguous. Our investigations have demonstrated that GH not only enhances neurological function scores but also promotes remyelination within a three‐week period. Further in vivo studies corroborated that GH facilitates nerve function improvement by mitigating neuronal apoptosis. In vitro, the ideal concentration of GH for exerting effects on Schwann cells (SCs) has been identified as 80 ng/mL. Subsequent research uncovered GH's profound impact on SCs proliferation, cell cycle progression, and migration. Through RNA sequencing and additional experiments, it was discovered that GH treatment elevates the phosphorylation levels of IGF‐1R, AKT, and ERK. Moreover, the GH‐induced proliferation and migration of SCs were significantly diminished by the inhibition of the IGF‐1R pathway, achieved through pre‐treatment with Linsitinib. The outcomes of this investigation suggest that GH can significantly enhance the proliferation and migration of SCs, presenting it as a viable option for PNI repair.
Risk Factors Influencing Medication‐Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ) Following Dental Extraction Among Osteoporotic Patients in Taiwan
Authors: Wei Ling‐Ying , Cheng Yi‐Wen , Chiu Wei‐Yih , Kok Sang‐Heng , Chang Hao‐Hong , Cheng Shih‐Jung , Lee Jang‐Jaer
Published: November 2024

Aim

Antiresorptive therapy (ART) is commonly used in osteoporotic patients to prevent bone loss. This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in osteoporotic patients receiving dental extraction during ART.

Materials and Methods

Data were collected from 937 patients with 1067 dental extractions conducted between January 2003 and May 2022, including 519 patients on oral alendronate, 276 on denosumab, and 172 on zoledronate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to assess potential risk factors.

Results

Regression model analysis revealed older age (AOR 1.09 per year; 95% CI, 1.06–1.12) and drug treatment exceeding 24 months (AOR 2.07; 95% CI, 1.29–3.30) as significant risk factors. A drug interruption of 3 or more months prior to tooth extraction lowered MRONJ risk (AOR 0.11; 95% CI, 0.07–0.17). Stratified by drug type, denosumab users had significantly lower risk of MRONJ after extraction (AOR 0.14; 95% CI, 0.07–0.27) compared to those on other medications. Factors of drug duration ≥ 24 months, < 3 months of interruption, and posterior mandibular tooth extraction posed the highest synergistic MRONJ risk (AOR 80.29; 95% CI, 33.05–195.09).

Conclusion

Our results suggest an association between a three‐month ART interruption prior to tooth extraction and reduced MRONJ risk, especially in long‐term ART patients undergoing posterior mandibular extractions. However, these findings require validation through prospective randomized controlled trials.

Clinical Relevance

Scientific Rationale for Study: The study fills crucial knowledge gaps regarding MRONJ risks in osteoporotic patients undergoing dental extraction during antiresorptive therapy (ART), providing a foundation for informed clinical decisions.

Principal Findings: Noteworthy findings include elevated MRONJ risk with older age and prolonged ART, the protective effect of a 3‐month ART interruption, and denosumab users showing significantly reduced postextraction MRONJ risk.

Practical Implications: Implementing a 3‐month ART interruption before dental extraction is recommended to reduce MRONJ occurrences.
Association Between Spinal Manipulation, Butalbital Prescription, and Medication Overuse Headache in Adults With Tension‐Type Headache: Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Trager Robert J. , Williamson Timothy J. , Makineni Pratheek S. , Morris Lindsay H.
Published: November 2024

Background and Aims

Butalbital is an acute headache medication commonly prescribed for tension‐type headache (TTH), although discouraged by guidelines due to a risk of medication overuse headache (MOH). Considering spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) may reduce TTH frequency and intensity, we hypothesized adults with TTH receiving chiropractic SMT would be less likely to receive a butalbital prescription over 2 years versus matched controls not receiving SMT. We secondarily compared likelihood of MOH between cohorts.

Methods

We searched a United States medical records database of patients attending academic medical centers for adults with TTH, from 2013 to 2024, excluding those diagnosed with other headaches and seen in inpatient/emergency settings. We divided patients into two cohorts: (1) SMT and (2) non‐SMT, using propensity matching to control for demographics and other variables associated with likelihood of butalbital prescription and MOH.

Results

Three thousand one hundred and sixteen patients remained per cohort after matching. The incidence of butalbital prescription was lower in the SMT cohort compared to the non‐SMT cohort (SMT: 1.7%; non‐SMT: 3.8%), yielding an RR (95% CI) of 0.46 (0.33–0.63; p < 0.001). The incidence of MOH was lower in the SMT cohort versus non‐SMT cohort (SMT: 0.5%; non‐SMT: 1.2%), yielding an RR (95% CI) of 0.44 (0.25–0.80; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Adults receiving chiropractic SMT had a significantly lower likelihood of butalbital prescription and, tentatively, MOH compared to matched controls not receiving SMT. These findings support current guideline recommendations favoring SMT in TTH care, though future studies should replicate and compare these findings with other nonpharmacologic clinicians and interventions.
The effects of parental marital quality on preschool children's social–emotional competence: The chain mediating model of parent–child and sibling relationships
Authors: Xiao Xiao
Published: November 2024

With the swift advancements in China's education system and society, preschool children's social–emotional competence is becoming increasingly important for adapting to complicated situations. While research shows parental marital quality as a key factor, studies on its specific mechanisms within the Chinese context are limited. Grounded in the framework of family systems theory and incorporating perspectives from the spillover hypothesis, emotional security theory, and attachment theory, this research explores how parental marital quality influences preschool children's social–emotional competence, emphasizing the mediating roles of parent–child and sibling relationships in China. This study examined 227 preschool children (124 boys and 103 girls) from two‐child families in six kindergartens across China as research participants. Mother reports on the quality of marital, sibling, and parent–child relationships were collected cross‐sectionally to assess the direct and indirect effects on children's social–emotional competence using path models. Results show that parental marital quality positively influences preschool children's social–emotional competence. Additionally, parent–child and sibling relationships not only serve as independent mediators but also create a chain mediating effect. This finding emphasizes the importance of parental marital quality in shaping preschool children's social–emotional competence. It underscores the necessity of nurturing healthy parent–child and sibling interactions via family education.
Understanding pensions: a guide to your future retirement savings
Authors: Downs Ruth
Published: November 2024

When it comes to planning for retirement, pensions are a key part of the conversation. But many people still have questions about pensions and how they work. Common questions include ‘what exactly is a pension?’, ‘how much should I be saving?’, ‘what happens to my pension when I die?’, ‘do I need a private pension if I have a workplace one?’ and ‘can my property be considered as my pension?’. If any of these resonate with you, don't worry – you're not alone! Pensions can feel confusing, but they don't have to be. This article breaks it down simply and explains the different types of pensions available, their benefits and how to make them work for you.
Personal and environmental change: A Hip Hop school counseling intervention
Authors: Levy Ian , Molina Citlali
Published: November 2024

Scholars criticize the profession of school counseling for the delivery of inadequate school counseling services to Black and Brown youth. Within schools, particularly those populated by Black and Brown youth, exist environmental barriers to youths’ wellness and development including a shortage of mental health professionals (i.e., high student‐to‐counselor ratios) or oppressive school structures (i.e., deficit‐oriented curriculum and discipline policies). This case study examined the use of a culturally responsive and theoretically sound Hip Hop and school counseling intervention that captures the experiences of students and adult participants. The results from this study help illustrate how the school studio, as a liberatory space, offered a hospitable environment that invited students’ authentic identity expression, fostered increased relationships with staff and their peers, and offered students a sense of confidence or personal empowerment.
Synthesis and application of poly(amidoamine) functional biomedical materials in the field of biomedicine over the past decade
Authors: Zhang Min , Guo Dandan , Zhou Xiaoqian , Zhou Ding , Zhu Yan , Huang Shaohua
Published: November 2024

Over the past decade, significant advancements have been achieved in the field of biomedicine, particularly in the treatment of critical illness. However, there remain numerous challenges and barriers persist in drug delivery, medical imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have emerged as promising candidates for the development of functional biomedical materials due to their advantageous properties, including ease of preparation, controllable size, abundant cavities, water solubility, modifiability, and biocompatibility. This article presents a comprehensive review of the synthesis, application, and potential toxicity of PAMAM functional biomedical materials, exploring the role, significance, and potential applications of PAMAM dendrimers in detail. The aim is to provide a valuable reference for the future development of biomedical materials and to inspire further discoveries in the field of polyamide functional materials.
Microscopic Characterization of Achillea santolina L. Flower Through Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Urooj Uzma , Mazhar Farah , Azhar Iqbal
Published: November 2024

This study is a comprehensive account of microscopic assessment of flower of Achillea santolina L., a medicinally important species of the genus Achillea from Pakistan. The study was aimed to provide data for the quality control and standardization of A. santolina L. flower. The microscopic characterization has been carried out through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Various characteristic histological features of phyllaries, ray floret, disc floret, anther wall, filament, stigma, style, and ovary were observed. The pollens were found as tricolporate, spheroidal while the surface ornamentation was echinate. Qualitative and quantitative palyno‐anatomical assessment was carried out through scanning electron microscopy. The exine thickness and the width of spines were calculated. The P/E ratio characterized the shape of pollen as oblate‐spheroidal and sub‐oblate in polar and equatorial views respectively. The elemental analysis of the flower through SEM–EDX showed the presence of various elements. Phytochemical screening of flower showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, fixed oils, glycosides, phenols, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, and coumarins. UV–vis spectra of the ethanol extract showed characteristics peaks in both ultraviolet and visible regions. This work will provide a standard reference for the correct identification of A. santolina L. an important aspect in the quality control. Additionally, the data produced by phytochemical, elemental and florescence analysis, and UV–visible spectroscopy will help in developing standards for this herb that will be useful for research and development and manufacturing of herbal products.
Monocyte‐derived extracellular vesicles, stimulated by Trypanosoma cruzi, enhance cellular invasion in vitro via activated TGF‐β1
Authors: Ansa‐Addo Ephraim A. , Pathak Paras , McCrossan Maria V. , Volpato Rossi Izadora , Abdullahi Mahamed , Stratton Dan , Lange Sigrun , Ramirez Marcel I. , Inal Jameel M.
Published: November 2024

During cell invasion, large Extracellular Vesicle (lEV) release from host cells was dose‐dependently triggered by Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes (Mtr). This lEV release was inhibited when IP3‐mediated Ca2+ exit from the ER and further Ca2+ entry from plasma membrane channels was blocked, but whilst any store‐independent Ca2+ entry (SICE) could continue unabated. That lEV release was equally inhibited if all entry from external sources was blocked by chelation of external Ca2+ points to the major contributor to Mtr‐triggered host cell lEV release being IP3/store‐mediated Ca2+ release, SICE playing a minor role. Host cell lEVs were released through Mtr interaction with host cell lipid raft domains, integrins, and mechanosensitive ion channels, whereupon [Ca2+]cyt increased (50 to 750 nM) within 15 s. lEV release and cell entry of T. cruzi, which increased up to 30 and 60 mpi, respectively, as well as raised actin depolymerization at 60 mpi, were all reduced by TRPC inhibitor, GsMTx‐4. Vesicle release and infection was also reduced with RGD peptide, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, knockdown of calpain and with the calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. Restoration of lEV levels, whether with lEVs from infected or uninfected epithelial cells, did not restore invasion, but supplementation with lEVs from infected monocytes, did. We provide evidence of THP‐1 monocyte‐derived lEV interaction with Mtr (lipid mixing by R18‐dequenching; flow cytometry showing transfer to Mtr of R18 from R18‐lEVs and of LAP(TGF‐β1). Active, mature TGF‐β1 (at 175 pg/×105 in THP‐1 lEVs) was detected in concentrated lEV‐/cell‐free supernatant by western blotting, only after THP‐1 lEVs had interacted with Mtr. The TGF‐β1 receptor (TβRI) inhibitor, SB‐431542, reduced the enhanced cellular invasion due to monocyte‐lEVs.
Evaluating Disparities in COVID‐19 Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With Cirrhosis in North America and Europe—An International Registry Study
Authors: Hayat Umar , Moon Andrew M. , Gangwani Manesh K. , Hasan Fariha , Marjot Thomas , Barritt A. Sidney , Mirza Wasique , Deivert Duane , Aziz Muhammad , Dahiya Dushyant Singh , Ali Hassam , Inamdar Sumant , Garcia‐Saenz‐de‐Sicilia Mauricio
Published: November 2024

Background

Patients with decompensated cirrhosis have a higher risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death from COVID‐19. The impact of demographics on these outcomes remains uncertain.

Methods

The SECURE‐Liver and COVID‐Hep databases were utilized to evaluate disparities in COVID‐19 outcomes. Patients were stratified by North American and European cohorts. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was performed.

Results

A total of 718 cirrhosis patients with COVID‐19 were evaluated. In the North American cohort, Black patients had more comorbidities (CI: 1.86 vs. 1.83, p < 0.01), higher rates of hospitalization (77% vs. 85%, p < 0.01), ICU admission (27% vs. 40%, p = 0.05), and death (18% vs. 28%, p = 0.07). Hispanic patients had the lowest adverse outcome rates. In the European cohort, White patients had more comorbidities (CI; 1.63 vs. 1.31, p = 0.02), but non‐White patients had higher hospitalization rates (82% vs. 67%, p = 0.01), ICU admissions (15% vs. 18%, p = 0.04), and lower mortality rates (28% vs. 34%, p = 0.01).

Conclusion

Black patients in North America had higher hospitalization, ICU admission, and death rates. In the European subgroup, White patients had higher death rates than non‐White patients. These disparities became statistically insignificant after adjusting for confounders, suggesting that non‐liver‐related comorbidities might increase the risk of adverse outcomes.
Dynamics of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Spread in the Balkans in the Context of Global Spatio‐Temporal Dispersal
Authors: Suka Marija , Cirkovic Valentina , Siljic Marina , Jankovic Marko , Loncar Ana , Rajkovic Milica , Stamenkovic Gorana , Vukicevic‐Radic Olivera , Stanojevic Maja
Published: November 2024

West Nile Virus (WNV) is considered one of the most widely distributed arboviruses worldwide. In 2018, Serbia was among the European countries reporting the highest number of WNV cases. This study aimed to characterize WNV strains circulating in Serbia, and to estimate the pathways and dynamics of WNV‐2 spread in the Balkans and globally through the phylogenetic approach. Fifty newly generated NS5 Serbian sequences were found to belong to WNV lineage 2. Phylodynamic analyses of the Balkan clade indicated the potential for an increase in genetic diversity and structure of virus populations. Presented phylogeographic analyses implied four instances of long‐distance WNV‐2 migration from Africa to Europe, during the 1940s to 1950s, while further dissemination of WNV‐2 originated in Hungary in mid‐1970s and subsequently spread to Austria and Serbia. Extensive dispersion took place during the 1990s–2000s, as the virus spread from Austria to central and western Europe, and from Hungary to the Balkans. Continuous phylogeography analysis of the Balkans WNV‐2 clade implied the central role of Serbia for WNV dissemination across the Balkan peninsula. Furthermore, previously undocumented instance of intercontinental migration of WNV‐2 from Europe to Asia was implied. In‐depth phylogenetic investigation into the global distribution of WNV‐2 may provide valuable insights into the prediction and prevention of potential epidemics.
Aberrant Dynamic Network Connectivity Changes in Comorbid Depression and Overweight/Obesity: Insights From the Triple Network Model
Authors: Zhang Zhu‐Qing , Liao Dan , Guo Zhi‐Peng , Song Shuang‐Shuang , Liu Xue‐Jun
Published: November 2024

The interaction between major depressive disorder (MDD) and overweight/obesity has received considerable attention owing to its widespread occurrence and the intricate biopsychological implications involved. Despite extensive research, the neural mechanisms underlying these comorbid conditions, particularly in terms of functional network connectivity (FNC), are still not well understood. This study aimed to clarify these mechanisms by utilizing resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) to examine both static and dynamic FNC. We analyzed data from 57 patients with both MDD and overweight/obesity (MDD‐OW), 57 MDD patients of normal weight (MDD‐NW), and 44 healthy controls, using techniques such as independent component analysis, sliding window analysis, K‐means clustering, and graph theory. In contrast to static FNC, which showed no significant differences, dynamic FNC analysis identified four consistent states across all participants. Both MDD groups demonstrated reduced flexibility in functional coordination among these states and decreased nodal characteristics within the salience network. Notably, the MDD‐OW group displayed enhanced dynamic FNC between the default mode network (DMN) and the executive control network (ECN) during certain states, which was inversely associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. These results highlight the importance of altered dynamic connectivity patterns in individuals with MDD and concurrent overweight/obesity, especially between the DMN and ECN, suggesting their potential utility as biomarkers for depressive states. This research contributes to our understanding of how comorbid overweight/obesity affects brain network dynamics in depressive disorders and provides a basis for targeted therapeutic strategies.
Temporal and Spatial Relationships Between Climatic Indices and Precipitation Zones in Europe, Spain and Catalonia
Authors: Platikanov Stefan , Lopez Jordi F. , Martrat Belen , Martin‐Vide Javier , Tauler Roma
Published: November 2024

This study focuses on identifying distinct precipitation zones across Europe, Spain and Catalonia, and second, examining how various large‐ and small‐scale climatic patterns affect the precipitation in these zones. Previous research has focused primarily on the relationships between individual climatic indices and precipitation in specific regions but has often overlooked the combined influence of multiple climate signals on precipitation variability. To address these issues, this study proposes the use of principal component analysis (PCA) as a multivariate analysis framework to investigate the complex relationships amongst multiannual precipitation patterns at different spatial scales, specifically in Europe, Spain and Catalonia. Distinct correlations amongst total annual precipitation occur in European countries, Spanish provinces and small Catalonian regions. Europe and Spain have five precipitation zones, whereas Catalonia has four. The calculated trends indicate a total precipitation reduction in the Iberian Peninsula, western Mediterranean and southwestern Europe, with a projected further decrease. Conversely, northern and central Europe anticipate normal to high precipitation tendencies. A second PCA application explores time and spatial correlations between precipitation zones and local/global climatic indices. The Southern Annular Mode, key Pacific teleconnections (PNA, TNA, WHWP, PACWARM and BEST) and confirmed Atlantic patterns (EA, NAO and AO) emerged as influential. The WeMO and MO indices showed the expected relevance at local spatial resolutions. Multivariate data analysis methods for two‐ or multidimensional datasets, which span multiple years and various spatial units (countries/provinces/regions), can extend the use of multivariate data analysis tools for correlation analysis over time in diverse geographical areas, including other continents, with varying spatial and temporal resolutions. The inclusion of monthly average precipitation data as an additional dimension in datasets analysed by multivariate statistical methods, such as PCA, will improve the knowledge of spatiotemporal climate variability.
Archaeometric Study of the Colorants in the Finds From the 4th Century BC Cist Tomb at Lakkoma, Chalcidice
Authors: Vivdenko Svetlana , Vasileiadou Athina , Tsimbidou‐Avlonitou Maria , Konstanta Alexandros , Avlonitou Lydia , Zacharias Nikolaos
Published: November 2024

The analytical findings concerning the red pigments used on various decorative features originating from a Macedonian, as well as the purple dye from the deceased's attire, are presented. The cist tomb, discovered in 1987 at the area of Lakkoma Chalcidice (Macedonia, Greece), dated to the 4th century bc and featured a wooden funeral couch with intricate ornaments, such as clay “eyes,” colored plaster, and clay gorgoneions. Vermilion and red ochre served as the main pigments of these decorative features. The pigments were applied in various combinations to produce a range of red hues, from deep to bright red. Furthermore, the precious vermilion was also used in every element of the couch. The stucco on the decoration was gypsum, whereas the preparation layers over clay and stucco elements consisted of calcite and lead white, respectively. The cloth covering the deceased was dyed with the most expensive organic dye of antiquity, the Tyrian (shellfish) purple. In this research, the preliminary identification of the chromophoric minerals in the colors of the samples was carried out with the examination of their optical characteristics in thin sections using polarizing light microscope (PLM) and with portable XRF. Physicochemical techniques, Raman and HPLC, were also used to definitively identify the pigments. Portable Raman spectrometer was used for the in situ analysis of the inorganic colorants of the decorative materials, whereas laboratory Raman spectrometer served for the identification of inorganic and organic colorants of the grain samples and the dye. High‐pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD) was applied for the identification of the coloring components of the purple organic dye from the deceased's clothes. The samples examined (0.5‐ to 1.5‐mm diameter) were collected during the initial cleaning of the surface.
A multivariate study on the effect of 3D printing parameters on the printability of gluten‐free composite dough
Authors: Pradhan Abhishek , Saha Debapam , Tripathy Punyadarshini Punam
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

The advancement of three‐dimensional (3D) food printing technology is significantly influencing the food processing industry. The present study utilized extrusion 3D printing to create a gluten‐free dough composed of little millet flour (LMF), amaranth seed flour (ASF) and curry leaf flour (CLF). The primary objective was to elucidate the effects of various extrusion‐based 3D printing conditions, including extruder nozzle diameter (ND), extrusion rate (ER), print speed (PS) and layer height (LH) on the printability parameters of the dough.

RESULTS

In this study, three formulations of composite dough were prepared (i.e., S1, S2 and S3) by varying LMF, ASF and CLF compositions; among which S1 composite (LMF:ASF:CLF::30:60:10 w/w) was found to have comparable viscoelastic properties with the wheat dough. Central composite design (CCD) was selected with 30 experimental runs and 3D dough samples were printed using S1 composite by varying ND, ER, PS and LH. Principal component analysis of the printed samples accounted for 82.75% of variability and classified the samples into three confidence ellipses. From the results of the CCD model, four solution parameters in terms of ND:ER:PS:LH::mm: pulse μL−1:mm s−1:%, namely, P1 (1.8:115:8:70), P2 (1.6:115:7.8:65), P3 (2:100:7.8:55) and P4 (2:105:6.2:75), with high desirability value (> 0.85) were selected for sample 3D printing and post‐baking analysis. The P1 sample was found to have least print deformations, highest print fidelity (85.66%), and lowest hardness (55.95 N) and fracturability (39.66 N) values, and hence was selected as optimized product.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides parametric solutions for efficient 3D printing of gluten‐free composite dough, aligning with the increasing dietary preferences and demand of novel functional customized foods. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Length of Time to Clinical Improvement After Orthopedic Oncology Surgery in Patients With Metastatic Cancer: A Multi‐Institution Patient‐Reported Outcome Study
Authors: Groundland John , Tokson Jacqueline Hart , Hakim Anne , Cizik Amy , Blank Alan , Lerman Daniel , Jones Kevin , Lor Randall R.
Published: November 2024

Background

Currently, there is a paucity of data that describes the length of time required to realize improvement in pain and function following surgery for patients with metastatic cancer to bone.

Methods

One hundred patients with impending or completed pathologic fractures due to metastatic cancer to bone were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Outcomes were measured with a Computer Adaptive Test of Patient Reported Outcomes for Pain Interference and Physical Function domains, to determine the time required to achieve a Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) in the tested domains.

Results

Eighty‐one patients were included in the analysis. Thirty‐two patients (39.5%) survived and completed the follow‐up to 1 year, while 23 (28.4%) died before the end of the data collection. Fifty‐one patients (63.0%) achieved at least a 5‐point improvement in Physical Function and 59 (72.8%) achieved at least a 5‐point improvement in Pain Interference. The time to achieve the MCID was 6 weeks for the Physical Function and 4 weeks for the Pain Interference domain.

Conclusion

The majority of patients with impending or completed pathologic fractures due to metastatic cancer see clinically important improvements in pain and function after surgery in an average of 4 and 6 weeks, respectively.
Turning Viewers Into Consumers and Tourists: Uncovering the Multifaceted Engagement and Purchase Intentions of eSports Viewers Through Telepresence and Immersion
Authors: Xu Ye , Zhang Haonan , Xia Fangyu , Qian Han
Published: November 2024

This study argues that the eSports live streaming viewers have a triple identity. It aims to investigate how eSports live streaming can turn streamers into consumers and potential eSports tourists from the aspect of viewer psychology and behavioral intentions. Based on 776 valid online questionnaires from eSports live streaming viewers, we use Stimulus‐Organism‐Response (SOR) theory to identify how their watching experience is influenced and what their behavior towards gifting streamers and purchasing tickets for offline eSports is. Using SmartPLS 4.0 to analyze causal relationships among variables, the research affirms that four specific live streaming stimuli positively affect telepresence and immersion, leading to increased gifting and purchase intentions. This article thus elucidates the psychological and behavioral mechanisms of eSports live streaming viewers, shedding light on their transition process into consumers and potential eSports tourists. The results provide valuable insights for eSports live streaming operators and demonstrate their contribution to eSports tourism.
Recent advances and perspectives of multifunctional nanogels in biomedical applications
Authors: Han Bicheng , Dai Zideng , Chen Hangrong
Published: November 2024

Nanogels (NGs) are considered as a kind of nanoscale hydrogels (<200 nm) endowing with the functions of both nanomaterials and hydrogels. In the last 20 years, NGs have garnered significant attention due to their versatility and adaptability. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and current research status of NGs is provided, with a particular focus on the synthesis strategies involving physical and chemical cross‐linking methods, as well as the advantages of NGs in drug loading and responsive release. Based on the diverse design strategies of NGs, four key biomedical applications, including inflammation therapy, regenerative medicine, bioimaging and tumor therapy are further summarized and discussed. Moreover, the existed inherent challenges facing NGs are proposed, while highlighting their potential to revolutionize therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. Finally, we look forward to the further development and promising potentials of NGs in biomedical applications. This review aims to serve as a valuable reference for researchers, providing some insights into the evolving landscape of NGs and their potential in advanced biomedical applications.
Metabolic reprogramming via mitochondrial delivery for enhanced maturation of chemically induced cardiomyocyte‐like cells
Authors: Nam Yena , Song Yoonji , Seo Seung Ju , Ko Ga Ryang , Lee Seung Hyun , Cha Eunju , Kwak Su Min , Kim Sumin , Shin Mikyung , Jin Yoonhee , Lee Jung Seung
Published: November 2024

Heart degenerative diseases pose a significant challenge due to the limited ability of native heart to restore lost cardiomyocytes. Direct cellular reprogramming technology, particularly the use of small molecules, has emerged as a promising solution to prepare functional cardiomyocyte through faster and safer processes without genetic modification. However, current methods of direct reprogramming often exhibit low conversion efficiencies and immature characteristics of the generated cardiomyocytes, limiting their use in regenerative medicine. This study proposes the use of mitochondrial delivery to metabolically reprogram chemically induced cardiomyocyte‐like cells (CiCMs), fostering enhanced maturity and functionality. Our findings show that mitochondria sourced from high‐energy‐demand organs (liver, brain, and heart) can enhance structural maturation and metabolic functions. Notably, heart‐derived mitochondria resulted in CiCMs with a higher oxygen consumption rate capacity, enhanced electrical functionality, and higher sensitivity to hypoxic condition. These results are related to metabolic changes caused by increased number and size of mitochondria and activated mitochondrial fusion after mitochondrial treatment. In conclusion, our study suggests that mitochondrial delivery into CiCMs can be an effective strategy to promote cellular maturation, potentially contributing to the advancement of regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
Defining the features and structure of neutralizing antibody targeting the silent face of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike N‐terminal domain
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyong , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yuting , Cheng Linling , Zhang Lu , Yan Qihong , Liu Xuesong , Chen Jiantao , Dai Jun , Guo Yingying , Wei Peilan , Xiong Xinyi , Xiao Juxue , Zhu Airu , Zhuo Jianfen , Cai Ruoxi , Zhang Jingjun , Rao Haiyue , Qu Bin , Zhang Shengnan , Feng Jiaxin , Cheng Jinling , Su Jingyi , Chen Canjie , Li Shu , Zhang Yuanyuan , Chen Lei , Jin Yingkang , Xu Yonghao , Liu Xiaoqing , Li Yimin , Zhao Jingxian , Wang Yanqun , Zhou Qiang , Zhao Jincun
Published: November 2024

Research on virus/receptor interactions has uncovered various mechanisms of antibody‐mediated neutralization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). However, understanding of neutralization by antibodies targeting the silent face, which recognize epitopes on glycan shields, remains limited, and their potential protective efficacy in vivo is not well understood. This study describes a silent face neutralizing antibody, 3711, which targets a non‐supersite on the N‐terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein. Cryo‐EM structure determination of the 3711 Fab in the spike complex reveals a novel neutralizing epitope shielded by glycans on the spike's silent face. Antibody 3711 inhibits the interaction between the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) and human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) through steric hindrance and exhibits superior in vivo protective effects compared to other reported NTD‐targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Competition assays and antibody repertoire analysis indicate the rarity of antibodies targeting the 3711‐related epitope in SARS‐CoV‐2 convalescents, suggesting the infrequency of NTD silent face‐targeted neutralizing antibodies during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. As the first NTD silent face‐targeted neutralizing antibody against SARS‐CoV‐2, the identification of mAb 3711, with its novel neutralizing mechanism, enhances our understanding of neutralizing epitopes on glycan shields and elucidates epitope‐guided viral mutations that evade specific antibodies.
Extracellular vesicles in cancers: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies
Authors: Ma Yuxi , Zhang Xiaohui , Liu Cuiwei , Zhao Yanxia
Published: November 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) composed of various biologically active constituents, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, have emerged as a noteworthy mode of intercellular communication. There are several categories of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, which largely differ in their mechanisms of formation and secretion. The amount of evidence indicated that changes in the EV quantity and composition play a role in multiple aspects of cancer development, such as the transfer of oncogenic signals, angiogenesis, metabolism remodeling, and immunosuppressive effects. As EV isolation technology and characteristics recognition improve, EVs are becoming more commonly used in the early diagnosis and evaluation of treatment effectiveness for cancers. Actually, EVs have sparked clinical interest in their potential use as delivery vehicles or vaccines for innovative antitumor techniques. This review will focus on the function of biological molecules contained in EVs linked to cancer progression and their participation in the intricate interrelationship within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, the potential efficacy of an EV‐based liquid biopsy and delivery cargo for treatment will be explored. Finally, we explicitly delineate the limitations of EV‐based anticancer therapies and provide an overview of the clinical trials aimed at improving EV development.
Ocular immune‐related diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapy
Authors: Wang Yakun , Gao Shangze , Cao Fan , Yang Hui , Lei Fengyang , Hou Shengping
Published: November 2024

Ocular immune‐related diseases, represent a spectrum of conditions driven by immune system dysregulation, include but not limit to uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular degeneration, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, etc. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these diseases are typically dysfunctioned immune responses targeting ocular tissues, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. Recent advances have further elucidated the pivotal role of different immune responses in the development, progression, as well as management of various ocular immune diseases. However, there is currently a relative lack of connection between the cellular mechanisms and treatments of several immune‐related ocular diseases. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to the immunopathogenesis of above‐mentioned diseases. In particular, we summarize the different types of immune cells, inflammatory mediators, and associated signaling pathways that are involved in the pathophysiology of above‐mentioned ophthalmopathies. Furthermore, we also discuss the future directions of utilizing anti‐inflammatory regime in the management of these diseases. This will facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis of immune‐related ocular diseases and provide new insights for future treatment approaches.
Programmed cell death: molecular mechanisms, biological functions, diseases, and therapeutic targets
Authors: Qian Shen'er , Long Yao , Tan Guolin , Li Xiaoguang , Xiang Bo , Tao Yongguang , Xie Zuozhong , Zhang Xiaowei
Published: November 2024

Programmed cell death represents a precisely regulated and active cellular demise, governed by a complex network of specific genes and proteins. The identification of multiple forms of programmed cell death has significantly advanced the understanding of its intricate mechanisms, as demonstrated in recent studies. A thorough grasp of these processes is essential across various biological disciplines and in the study of diseases. Nonetheless, despite notable progress, the exploration of the relationship between programmed cell death and disease, as well as its clinical application, are still in a nascent stage. Therefore, further exploration of programmed cell death and the development of corresponding therapeutic methods and strategies holds substantial potential. Our review provides a detailed examination of the primary mechanisms behind apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Following this, the discussion delves into biological functions and diseases associated dysregulated programmed cell death. Finally, we highlight existing and potential therapeutic targets and strategies focused on cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to summarize the latest insights on programmed cell death from mechanisms to diseases and provides a more reliable approach for clinical transformation.