bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VI.—The Diamond Matrices of Australia
Authors: Thomson J. Allan
Published: May 2009

Since the exhibition of the diamond in a dolerite at York and Mexico by Professor Edgeworth David, great interest has been aroused in the Copeton occurrence. Specimens of the rock and concentrates washed from it were forwarded by the prospector, Mr. Pike, to several gentlemen who had expressed their desire to examine them, and amongst others to Professor Miers. It was my privilege, whilst at Oxford, to examine these specimens, and the results of this examination were conveyed in a letter to Mr. Pike. As he has published part of its contents in the Australian Mining Standard, it is desirable to place before British readers a more connected account, and at the same time to give an outline of the not very easily accessible Australian literature.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Suess Eduard
Published: May 2009

To write an adequate notice of Professor Eduard Suess' work would be to review the progress of Geology during nearly half a century, for in all that time he was actively engaged in helping to explain the great problems connected with the formation of the features of the Earth's surface, and to trace accurately the principles upon which these have been brought about.
V.—The Age of the Torbay Raised Beaches
Authors: Hunt A. R.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Jukes-Browne, F.R.S., in a paper entitled “The Making of Torbay”, which has recently appeared in the Trans. Devon Assoc. for 1912, incidentally refers to the Raised Beaches of Torbay as follows: “The age of these beaches has been fairly well settled by the determination of the date of similar beaches in South Wales … the beaches testify to a subsidence which culminated either just before or during the epoch of maximum glaciation” (Trans. Devon Assoc. 1912, p. 726).
VII.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

The Dane Hill Sandstone Group, as we propose to distinguish the higher of the two series of Upper Keuper sandstones, since it is well developed in the neighbourhood of the Dane Hills at Leicester, is well exposed in a little quarry at Ashleigh House. Here the highest part of the series is seen, with thin beds of flaggy marl and calcareous White or Green Marl, overlying a series of thick-bedded, currentbedded sandstones, of white colour, loose and friable, but hardening on exposure. The section has been described by Browne (1893), but at present is exposed to show a better sequence (see next page).
VIII.—Note on South African Cretaceous Dinosaurs.
Authors: E. H. L. S.
Published: May 2009

The result of the Tendaguru expedition to German East Africa has been the discovery by Drs. W. Janensch and E. Hennig of some forty Dinosaurs, ranging in size from forms larger than Diplodocus to ones as small as a pointer dog; these finds may be extended since Dr. H. Reck has proceeded to the locality with the intention of digging for a further year. In a paper by Dr. Hennig on the possible extension of the Dinosaur deposits this author calls attention to the discovery by the late Dr. W. G. Atherstone of Dinosaur remains in the Wood Bed (Lower Cretaceous) of Bushman's River. In his description, published in the Eastern Province Magazine, Grahams town, 1857, Dr. Atherstone states that a large part of the skeleton as well as the skull was discovered, but the only parts so far describe are two skulls named by Owen Anthodon serrarius. Very little is known of this form, and Zittel places it in the Pareiasauridae a a Karroo reptile. Dr. R. Broom described another Dinosaur from the same beds at Despatch, near Port Elizabeth, under the name Algoasaurus Bauri. Messrs. Eogers and Schwarz mention Dinosaur bones as occurring in the sandy beds along the Bezuidenhouts River in Uitenhage, and some detached bones and teeth from these beds are exhibited in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. All these remains are of comparatively small animals for Dinosaurs. In the recent Whitsuntide holidays Professor E. H. L. Schwarz took his students to the Bushman's River, and in Dr.
V.—On the Important Part played by Calcareous Algæ at certain Geological Horizons, with Special Reference to the Palæozoic Rocks
Authors: Garwood E. J.
Published: May 2009

More than twenty years ago, whilst engaged in the study of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Westmorland, I noticed the occurrence of certain small concretionary nodules of very compact texture in the dolomites near the base of the succession in the neighbourhood of Shap.
II.—The Twelfth International Geological Congress in Canada
Authors: Hobson B.
Published: May 2009

At the Stockholm meeting of the Congress in 1910 an invitation to hold the twelfth meeting in Canada was accepted. As the Congress met in the United States in 1891 and in Mexico in 1906, members were thus afforded an opportunity of visiting all the great divisions of North America. The Canadian meeting was held at Toronto from August 7 to 14, 1913, under the presidency of Professor F. D. Adams, of McGill University. About 600 members attended it, although the total enrolled was nearly twice as great, and 46 countries were represented among the members. The Congress was formally opened by the Right Hon. Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, on behalf of H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, the Honorary President, who was unavoidably absent, and speeches of welcome were made by others. Dr. R. W. Brock, Director of the Geological Survey of Canada and General Secretary of the Congress, presented to the Congress a monograph entitled “The Coal Resources of the World”, the result of an inquiry made upon the initiative of the Executive Committee of the Twelfth Congress, with the assistance of Geological Surveys and mining geologists of different countries. It consists of three quarto volumes of about 400 pages each (11 by 8 1¼4 inches) and an atlas of 66 pages of maps in colours (13 1¼2 by 191¼2 inches) published by Morang & Co., of Toronto, at $25 per set, net.
III.—The Plutonic Rocks of Garabal Hill
Authors: Wyllie B. K. N. , Scott Alexander
Published: May 2009

At various places, such as the north side of Garabal Hill, the two Garabal burns (loc. iv and v, Fig. 1), and elsewhere, remarkably coarse rocks are found. A good section showing an apparent passage from tonalite to a coarse hornblendite is exposed at loc. v (Fig. 1). The rock in the bed of the burn is the normal tonalite, which appears to pass gradually to diorite. A closer examination of the unweathered rocks, however, shows that the passage is only apparent, and that the tonalite is clearly intrusive into the diorite with sharp junctions. The diorite near the junction is a rock of porphyritic aspect, containing large crystals of zoned diopside, abundant green hornblende and felspar, while the amount of quartz is small. A good deal of biotite is present, so that the rock might be described as a pyroxenemica-diorite. Within a few feet the rock becomes coarser in texture, and the felspathic content diminishes, while there is a corresponding increase in the amount of amphibole. The latter is the green hornblende common to the diorites, and is occasionally replaced by mosaics of secondary actinolite.
IV.—On the Important Part played by Calcareous Algæ at certain Geological Horizons, with Special Reference to the Palæozoic Rocks
Authors: Garwood E. J.
Published: May 2009

Solenopora.—The discovery of this genus in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Westmorland is of considerable interest, as its occurrence here gives us some insight into the history of its wanderings between the time when we last recorded it in the Gotlandian rocks of the Baltic area and its subsequent reappearance in the Lower Oolite of Gloucestershire. Whether it lived in the Baltic area during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods is, however, still unknown. The fact of its occurrence in the Caradoc, Carboniferous, and Jurassic rocks of the British Isles would appear to point to its existence not far off during the intervening periods.
II.—On a Palæolithic Implement found in situ in the Cambridgeshire Gravels
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

During the Long Vacation of 1909, I was fortunate enough, when examining some gravel-pits in the company of Messrs. Rastall, Romanes, and Gandy, of Christ's College, to discover a Palæolithic implement, in situ, near Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
VI.—On the Type-specimen of Pseudomelania vittata (Phillips)
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

I have recently had the good fortune to come across the lost type-specimen of Phillips' Melania vittata in the course of going through the contents of one of the reserve cabinets in the Manchester Museum. The specimen was along with a number of others which formed part of the late Professor Williamson's collection, and my attention was drawn to it being the type by seeing a label attached bearing the following inscription: “This specimen is figured in Phillips' Geol. York., pl. 7, fig. 15.” A comparison with Phillips' figure confirmed this fact.
VII.—The Old Granites of the Transvaal and of South and Central Africa
Authors: Horwood Cuthbert Baring , Wade Arthur
Published: May 2009

Mr. Geo. G. Holmes and others have observed the remarkable and highly suggestive fact that not only do the schists (which contain in many places interlaminated beds of quartzites and massive crystalline limestone, e.g. in the Dwarsberg on the Magalakwin River in the Northern Transvaal) appear interbedded in the gneisses, but that the strike foliation and planes of schistosity of these old schists and of the gneisses seem invariably to be parallel.
III.—Notes on Some Books from New Zealand
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

The specimens on which the following notes are based were JL collected by Mr. H. T. Ferrar, M.A., F.G.S., while on a tour through New Zealand, during the time the “Discovery” was being overhauled in Lyttelton, on her return from the Antarctic. The topographical and field notes were also supplied by Mr. Ferrar, and it must be clearly understood that only the detailed petrographical descriptions are the work of the present writer.

The specimens were obtained near the middle of the North Island of New Zealand, and in the area marked “acidic volcanic rocks” in Sir James Hector's geological map of New Zealand, published in 1883. They all occur in the Taupo zone, the hot-lake district which lies roughly between Lake Taupo on the south and Lake Rotorua on the north.
II.—Some Changes of Level in the Glacial Period
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: May 2009

In Scandinavia there have been various changes of level during the Glacial period, and some geologists of that country are of opinion that the load of ice which lay upon it affords a probable means of accounting for a depression and submergence of the land such as would lead tothe formation of those elevated beds of Arctic shells which are met with in the interior of that region. But there has been a later movement of quite a different nature, whereby the Baltic seemsto have been converted for a time into a fresh-water lake, and it is to this that I now want to draw attention, as I think the same cause which has been supposed to produce the depression affords a happy means of explaining this curious and later phenomenon also.
VII.—Recent Marine Clays At Kuchavelli, Ceylon
Authors: Coomaraswamy Ananda K.
Published: May 2009

Kuchavelli is twenty-two miles north of Trincomalee on the JV. east coast of Ceylon. Two miles south of Kuchavelli is the mouth of the Salape aru. On the right bank of this river, near the mouth, raised beach, consisting of shelly sandstone, is exposed. The sandstone is often full of marine shells, and there are also thick growths of oysters attached to upstanding masses of rock. The bed is from 6inches to 2 feet in thickness, and is exposed about 1 foot above high-water mark, and stretches down the sloping bank between tide-marks. This is the ordinary raised beach of Ceylon, a deposit usuallyoccurring at or below high-water mark, and now being continually eroded at numerous points on the coast of Ceylon where it is exposed (e.g. Bentota). This deposit will not now be further spoken of.

The Salape aru is really the name of the estuary of several rivers; proceeding up the river inland, the Matti aru is reached, a shallow river with alluvial banks eight or ten feet above the water on either side. Extensive sandbanks are found on one side or the other of the river, alternating on the meanders with places where erosion is in progress. These banks are covered with marine shells, the large flat Placunas being most common. There are also found clayey nodules including marine shells, crabs, and it is said sometimes tortoises and fishes. The crabs are collected for use as medicine, being powdered and mixed with milk or water as a specific for diabetes.
I.—Notes on the Geological History of the Victoria Falls
Authors: Lamplugh G. W.
Published: May 2009

It is difficult for anyone standing on the brink of the Chasm, after having seen the placid flow of the Zambesi above the Falls, to believe that the fissure into which the river is so suddenly precipitated has been formed gradually by the action of the river itself, and not by some great convulsion during which the very crust of the earth was rent. The narrowness of the abyss, the strange zigzags along which the tumultuous waters rush after their first great plunge, the mystery which has long surrounded the further course of the river after it swings away out of sight among its forbidding precipices, and the knowledge that the rocks across which it plunges are of volcanic origin, are all factors that have aided the illusion. Hence it is not surprising to find that the explanation given by David Livingstone half a century ago, that the majestic Zambesi has here been intercepted by a rent due to some earth movement in the solid rocks, has been adopted without question in all the later descriptions of this wonderful spectacle.
III.—Note on a Find of Homalonotus in Red Beds at Torquay
Authors: Champernowne A.
Published: May 2009

This fine specimen, which has been so faithfully rendered in two views by Miss G. M. Woodward, was thund by me, together with portions of other individuals of the genus, in some red finely-sandy or silty beds, interstratified with grits, in the Cutting of the new road on the eastern side of Lincombe Hill at Torquay. The beds are traversed by a coarse cleavage dipping south, which usually ignores the hard grit bands. We may call them for the present the “Lincombe, Warberry, and Smuggler's Cove grits,” and their probable equivalents will be considered shortly.
IX.—The Sudden Extinction of the Mammoth
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: May 2009

In a valuable series of papers which have lately appeared in this Magazine, Mr. Howorth has brought together a mass of information illustrating the life history of the Mammoth. But while we must thank him for the labour he has undertaken in collecting these facts, many from little known authorities, I venture to suggest that some of his conclusions ought not to be allowed to pass without a strong protest.
III.—Notes on Some Rocks from Ararat
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

During a journey through Russian Armenia in 1893 Mr. H. F. B. Lynch ascended Ararat and collected a number of small specimens from that mountain and other parts of the country. These, after his return, he placed in my hands, requesting me to examine them. At that time he intended to include my report in a book then in preparation, which was completed after a second journey (through the Turkish provinces) in 1898. On this occasion he was accompanied by Mr. Felix Oswald, B.Sc., who studied the geology of the country and collected numerous specimens. Mr. Lynch accordingly decided to omit from his work all geological details, and leave these to be dealt with separately by Mr. Oswald. But some time must still elapse, owing to the pressure of official duties, before he will have completed the work, and as they did not, on the second journey, go near Ararat, I have decided, since the mountain has so much historic interest, to publish my notes, though a little has already appeared on this subject. Herr H. Abich, to whose unwearied labours we are so greatly indebted for information about the geology of Asia Minor, ascended Ararat on July 29, 1845, and Dr. F. Becke has described the microscopic structure of three specimens which he brought down. One is from the summit, another from a parasitic cone, Takjaltu, on the south-east slope, and a third from the same slope of Little Ararat. Mr. Lynch's collection, as will be seen, is a much larger one, so that it gives a more complete idea of the materials of the mountain.
I.—On Didymograptus, Tetragraptus, and Phyllograptus
Authors: Holm Gerhard
Published: May 2009

The knowledge of the internal structure and development of the different forms of Graptolites is very incomplete, owing to the unfavourable method of their preservation, Graptolites, in almost all cases, being found embedded in shale.
II.—Notes on the Rocks of the “Beagle” Collection
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

The voyage of the “Beagle ” in 1831–6 was not only the starting-point of Charles Darwin's scientific career, but also, and more particularly, it laid the foundation for the whole of his geological work, as embodied in the well-known series of volumes. The collections which, he gathered during that prolonged voyage of exploration have therefore no small interest of a historical and sentimental kind. It is believed that they possess also a certain intrinsic value; inasmuch as an examination of these original specimens, with the advantages conferred by modern petrographical methods, may sometimes help towards a better understanding of the recorded observations. Owing to his choice of plain language in preference to the now antiquated terminology of his time, Darwin is seldom obscure to a modern reader; but his characterization of the ‘igneous rocks which he observed is necessarily crude and vague. Not a few passages may be considerably elucidated by merely indicating the nature of the rocks which are designated by such old-fashioned comprehensive names as ‘porphyry,’ ‘greenstone,’ and ‘basalt.’
III.—The Relation of the Concretionary Nodules of the Yarra to the Calcareous Nodules known as ‘Coal-Balls.’
Authors: Stopes M. C.
Published: May 2009

Spheroidal concretions from the Yarra estuary which were to found to contain plant-remains were described by Mr. Chapman recently in this journal. The structures in themselves are of considerable interest to geologists, and also to palæobotanists from the fact that they contain “matted fragments of woody and foliaceous-material.” They were made the subject of some comparisons with the calcareous concretions from the Lancashire Coal-measures, and as a result certain general considerations were brought forward, which call for comment, and which are of sufficient importance to receive attention.
VI.—A Tabular View of the Cretaceous Polyzoa of the Family Idmoniidæ
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for 1906 a key of the published figures of the Cretaceous forms referable to the genus Entalophora was offered in the hope that by means of it the difficulties attendant on the determination of the species of this genus might be obviated.
V.—Note on the Affinities of the English Wealden Fish–Fauna
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

The question of the affinities of the Wealden Vertebrate Fauna having been re-opened by Professor Marsh in his paper on the Dinosauria, read before the last meeting of the British Association at Ipswich, it may be of interest to place on record a complete list of the species of fishes now known from the English Wealden deposits. This is more extensive than any previous list, being based on the unique collection in the British Museum, which has only lately been examined in detail. Unfortunately, however, none of the specimens, except a few examples of Lepidotus, are labelled to indicate the precise horizon from which they were obtained; and scarcely any of the names of localities are very definite.
VI.—Merocrinus Salopiæ, N.SP., and another Crinoid, from the Middle Ordovician of West Shropshire
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

In June, 1895, Mr. G. H. Morton, F.G.S., of Liverpool, submitted to me three specimens of Crinoidea, registered No. 681 in his collection. One of these specimens was a stem-fragment, impossible to determine; but the other two appeared of such interest that Mr. Morton very kindly allowed me to make a detailed study of them. The results, though not so complete as might be wished, are now submitted to geologists and zoologists, in order that the former may look out for further specimens, and the latter give us the benefit of their opinion.
I.—The Merjelen Lake (Aletsch Glacier)
Authors: Du Riche Preller C. S.
Published: May 2009

The Merjelen or Maerjalen Lake, situated at an altitude of 2367 metres (7750 ft.) above sea-level at the western flank of the Great Aletsch glacier, belongs to the class of glacier lakes which are found in depressions or valleys barred by glaciers whose direction of flow is more or less at right angles to the same. Like the majority of glacier lakes, it has the shape of an irregular triangle, the length being about 1.5 kilometre (nearly a mile), its greatest width 0.5 kilometre (550 yards), and its mean depth 28 metres (92 ft.). Hence its superficial area amounts to 375,000 square metres (438,000 square yards), and its volume at high-water level to about 10 million cubic metres or tons.
III.—On the Physical Conditions under which the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland was Deposited
Authors: Macnair Peter , Reid James
Published: May 2009

The physical conditions under which the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland was formed is a subject that has long occupied the attention of many of our leading geologists, from the time of Hugh Miller and Sir Roderick Murchison down to those of the present day. It has been variously regarded as of fresh-water and marine origin, as having been thrown down in lakes and in the open sea, or in inlets of the latter. But as yet the whole matter seems to remain an open question, which the unique physical and palæontological elements of the formation make difficult of solution.
IV.—On the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Rocks of the North-east of the Island of Arran
Authors: Neilson James
Published: May 2009

In the third edition of his Text-Book of Geology, Sir Archibald Geikie has discussed the question whether fossils can be wholly depended upon to indicate the age of rocks when similar or representative species are found in areas wide apart. Thus he tells us (p. 665) that in Bohemia and Russia some of the most characteristic Upper Silurian organisms are found beneath strata replete with Lower Silurian life. Again, speaking of the close of the Silurian period, he says (p. 760): “There is every reason to believe that for a long time the marine sedimentation of Upper Silurian type continued to prevail in some areas, while the probably lacustrine type of the Old Red Sandstone had already been established in others.” He also tells us (p. 828) that “In the West of Scotland there occur among the red sandstones (some of which contain Old Red Sandstone fishes) bands of limestone full of true Carboniferous Limestone corals and brachiopods.” Again (p. 665), he draws our attention to the statement that “In Australia a flora with Jurassic affinities and a Carboniferous Limestone fauna were contemporaneous” while we may conclude our extracts by one which says: “At the present day the higher fauna of Australia is more nearly akin to that which flourished in Europe far back in Mesozoic time, than to the living fauna of any other region of the globe.”
VI.—The Altered Clastic Rocks of the Southern Highlands, their Structure and Succession
Authors: Macnair Peter
Published: May 2009

In the following paper I propose to give an account of some observations upon the structure and succession of the rocks of the Southern Highlands. By the term Southern Highlands I mean that part of the Scottish Highlands lying immediately to the north-west of the great line of fault separating the older rocks of the former area from the younger Old Red Sandstone series of the low grounds.
II.—On the Identification of the Acanthoceras mammillatum and Hoplites Interruptus Zones at Okeford Fitzpaine, Dorsetshire
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

Some molluscan and other remains obtained by Miss Forbes and Miss Lowndes from a brick-pit exposure at Okeford Fitzpaine, near Shillingstone station, Dorsetshire, have recently been submitted to me for determination. They comprise two series of specimens indicative of the well-known Cretaceous zones of Acanthoceras mammillatum and Hoplites interruptus. Those from the former or earlier horizon were collected about nine years ago, whereas the others were obtained within the last few weeks. It will be convenient to name the species identified from the Acanthoceras mammillatum zone first, then to describe the beds constituting the whole of the section, and lastly to give a list of the fauna from the Hoplites interruptus zone.
V.—Palæontological Considerations on the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland
Authors: Macnair Peter , Reid James
Published: May 2009

However paradoxical it may appear, we have reason to believe that the occurrence of so-called ganoidian fishes—of a freshwater type—in the Old Red Sandstone affords the strongest evidence in favour of its marine origin. That recent representatives of the ganoids of the Old Red Sandstone inhabit rivers and lakes of the globe, is by no means a proof of the fresh-water origin of the latter fishes. The immense interval of time implied by the comparison renders its value somewhat problematical. Sir A. Geikie, in referring to the fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, says: “That some of the fishes found their way to the sea, as our modern salmon does, is indicated by the occasional occurrence of their remains among those of the truly marine fauna of the Devonian rocks.”
VI.—On the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Rocks of the North—East of the Island of Arran
Authors: Neilson James
Published: May 2009

In the Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society (vol. v, p. 316) will be found a notice of a section at Lochrim Burn, a quarter of a mile south of Corrie, where is exposed a bed of red sandy shale containing marine fossils. The catalogue contains fifteen species (certified by Mr. John Young, LL.D.), and every one of these is common in the Carboniferous Limestone series of the West of Scotland. This bed is overlain by another bed containing abundant plant-remains, of which a list of seven species is given. The Rev. D. Landsborough, of Kilmarnock, found here another, viz. Carpolithes sulcatus, L. and H. (“Fossil Flora,” pl. ccxx), which Mr. Kidston considers to be characteristic of the Calciferous Sandstone series. It seems to me, however, that the evidence is rather in favour of these beds belonging to the Limestone series. Then, as already noted, there are the fireclays, of which I have observed several distinct beds along the Corrie shore. There is also a bed of fireclay in the old quarry behind Corrie Hotel (within 100 feet of the Productus giganteus limestone); this overlies a bed of fine white sandstone. Fireclays also occur in the gap between the northern and the great eastern cliff.
I.—Note on a nearly complete Skeleton of Aptornis defossor (Owen)
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

In a collection of bird-remains sent to Dean Buckland from North Island, New Zealand, in 1842, Professor Owen noticed a tibia which he regarded as belonging to a very small species of Dinornis, to which he gave the name Dinornis otidiformis. A few years afterwards further material showed that this bird was not Dinornithine at all, but was probably a gigantic flightless rail, and it was therefore referred to a new genus, Aptornis. Subsequently, on the evidence of a nearly perfect skull, considerably larger than that of A. otidiformis, a second species, A. defossor, was described, and it is to this larger form that the fine skeleton figured on Plate X belongs. The bones from which this specimen was reconstructed were found in 1889, by Mr. W. S. Mitchell, in a chasm in the Limestone at Castle Rocks. Southland, New Zealand; together with them occurred more or less complete skeletons of Harpagornis (both species), Notornis, a large species of Fulica, allied to that recently discovered by Dr. H. O. Forbes in the Chatham Islands, a small Ocydromus, Stringops, Anas, Apteryx, and also Anomalopteryx didina and A. didiformis. A very interesting account of the mode of occurrence of these remains has been given by Mr. A. Hamilton, to whose papers those interested may be referred for further information on this point. The same writer has also given a brief description, with numerous measurements, of the bones of the species with which we are now concerned. It appears that the more or less perfect skeletons of several individuals were found mingled with one another; and, although the greater number of the bones constituting the present specimen no doubt belonged to a single bird, the missing ones have been replaced by portions of the other skeletons.
IV.—Note on some Cretaceous Fossils from the Drift of Moreseat, Aberdeen
Authors: Sharman G. , Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1856 Mr. J. W. Salter and Mr. W. Ferguson described before the Geological Society (Q.J.G.S., vol. xiii, p. 83, 1857) a series of fossils which had been collected from Drift material at Moreseat and other localities near Aberdeen, and seemed to indicate the occurrence of Cretaceous rocks in sitû at no great distance from this locality.
IV.—The Dislocation and Disintegration of the Chalk in Eastern England and in Denmark
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

I Propose in the following paper to continue and complete the story which I have partially printed in the Geol. Mag., Feb. 1896, p. 58; but first, a few words about the Yorkshire evidence, which I had overlooked.
II.—The Origin of Nitrate in Chili
Authors: Newton William
Published: May 2009

From the first discovery of nitrate in these provinces it has been an interesting question as to what caused it to come into existence here in such abundance, and, as far as our present knowledge goes, nowhere else in the world in such quantities.
VI.—Note on a Section at the North Cliff, Southwold
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

The damage done to the land at the north end of Southwold by the “moderate gale” of May, 1895, has been described by Mr. J. Spiller. One result of this damage was the opening up of an interesting geological section along the base of the low cliffs, a short account of which I brought before the last meeting of the British Association at Ipswich.
V.—Recent Discoveries of Fossil Plants in Argentina
Authors: Blanford W. T.
Published: May 2009

The most important addition to the fossil flora of the Bajo de Velis (which locality I visited from Dec., 1894, to March, 1895) is the discovery of Rhipidopsis gingkoides, Schmalh., and R. densinervis, Fstm., each represented by well-preserved leaves and numerous fruits. Both species are met with in the Damudas of India—R. densinervis in the Rániganj (Kámthi group), R. gingkoides in the Barákar (Duranga Coalfield), the latter together with Cyclopitys dichotoma, Fstm. (this curious type was detected by my friend and colleague, Dr. Bodenbender, in the Sierra de Los Llanos, in the south of the province of La Rioja).
III.—Notes on the Ancient Rocks of Charnwood Forest
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

During the re-survey of sheet 155 of the Geological Survey map by Mr. C. Fox Strangways, the writer was instructed to study the ancient rocks where they crop up inside the boundaries of the Trias. The ancient rocks of Charnwood Forest appear in isolated spots, sometimes of considerable size, through the Trias of the Midland Plain. The oldest rock in contact with them is the Carboniferous Limestone of Grace Dieu, which is dolomitized. Evidence as to their exact age cannot, therefore, be obtained from superposition.
VII.—On the occurrence of Sillimanite Gneisses in Central Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

In the course of some traverses of the central region of Anglesey recently made, preparatory to mapping it out in detail, I observed a few facts which, in spite of the evident complexity of the structures, can, I think, be safely described before completion of the map, and are of some interest in connection with other recent researches in gneissose areas.
X.—Notes on the Globigerina Limestones of the Maltese Islands
Authors: Cooke John H.
Published: May 2009

The Globigerina Limestones of the Maltese Islands consist of a series of beds of varying character, the upper portions of which belong to the Lower Langhian, while the lower are referred to the Upper Aquitanian. The formation extends throughout both islands, but in the north-western and western portions it is masked by overlying beds of clays, greensands, and limestones, of Tortonian and of Helvetian age.
IV.—Titaniferous Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Crook T.
Published: May 2009

In a paper read recently at a meeting of the Geological Society, Dr. Washington proposes to treat certain basalts of the Western Mediterranean basin as constituting “a hitherto unrecognised petro-graphic province, or comagmatic region, one of the most salient characters of which is the presence of salfemanes (basalts) that contain remarkably high amounts of titanium.”
VI.—Notes on the Whitehaven Sandstone
Authors: Holmes T. V.
Published: May 2009

IT is not surprising that the earlier geological writers on the district north and west of the Silurian and other hills of Lakeland, and between the River Caldew and the Solway, should have arrived at diverse conclusions as to the affinities of certain sandstones and shales of reddish or purple-grey tint, which are now known to occur at various horizons in the Carboniferous series. For this district presents unusual difficulties to an understanding of the disposition of the rocks beneath the Glacial Drift.
VII.—On Plant Beds of Tertiary age in British Columbia
Authors: Monckton Geoffrey F.
Published: May 2009

The following notes refer to the fossils found by me, during the last two years, in the Tertiary strata of Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, and to the enclosing rocks themselves. These fossils were derived from beds outcropping within four miles of the city of Vancouver. The strata consist of sandstones, mudstones, shales, and thin, irregular beds of lignite, of which last-named material a typical analysis by me gave—fixed carbon, 36.10; volatile combustible matter, 41.25; ash, 15 40; and hygroscopic water, 7.25 per cent. These lignite beds usually are only about an inch in thickness, but sometimes they run into pockets a foot or more in depth. There has been a considerable amount of money spent in putting down boreholes in this district in search of workable coal-seams, but, so far, without success; and the opinion of the writer is that no workable coal beds exist there, unless they occur in the Cretaceous beds, which are the coal-bearing deposits of Western North America, and probably underlie these strata. Early in 1894 I found the bed from which my earlier specimens were obtained. The lower part of this contains aquatic plants; above these are palm-leaves; and, again, above these salix, populus, and juglans (willows, poplars, and hickory). In the highest part of the deposit are palms and a few other leaves. The whole bed varies from four to eighteen inches in depth, and is underlain by a few inches of black shales, which contain many leaves that are for the most part very difficult to distinguish. This shale thins out in a few yards, and it would seem that the fossil bed runs out at the same point where the shale vanishes. I think that probably there existed, at the time when these fossils were deposited, a cove at this point, where the water was slack. The second bed which I worked in produces fewer fossils, but the veining is much more distinct. This deposit was only found in May, 1895. Where it was first opened the total thickness did not exceed one inch, which contained leaves of angiosperms, underlain by about one inch yielding fern-leaves. Underneath it was a bed of black shale two inches thick. Where it is now worked the upper part is at least six inches thick. It is curious to note in this deposit how at one end the hickory prevails; in the middle, poplars and willows; and at the other end, poplars alone: which would seem to point to the fact that these leaves were not carried any distance, but lie where they fell from trees overhanging the bank.
III.—On Some Fossil Cephalopoda from North Cornwall Collected by Howard Fox, F.G.S.
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The following descriptions are based upon fossils sent to me for determination by Mr. Howard Fox, F.G.S. Excepting the specimen which is compared withOrthoceras hercynicumand is marked “E. of Cant Cove,” the fossils are from Cant Hill, St. Minver, N. Cornwall.

At the end of the descriptions are added notes upon some very imperfect fossils which Mr. Fox has collected from other localities in St. Minver.
I.—Four and a Half Months in Crete in Search of Pleistocene Mammalian Remains
Authors: Bate Dorothea M. A.
Published: May 2009

The geological map of Crete shows that a large portion of the island is composed of ancient limestone, in itself almost a guarantee of the presence of Pleistocene cave deposits. In confirmation of this, Admiral Spratt in his most valuable work mentions finding two such deposits, from one of which he obtained a few mammalian remains.
IV.—On a Collection of Trilobites from the Upper Cambrian of Shantung, North China
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Through the kindness of my friend Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., of the Geological Survey Museum, Jermyn Street, I was placed, in October, 1902, in correspondence with the Rev. Samuel Couling, M.A., of the English Baptist Mission, Ching-chou-fu, Kiao-chow, North China, who obligingly transmitted to me several fossils which he had obtained from “West Shantung, and south of Tsing-tshou-fu, 36° 40′ N. lat. and 118° 40′ E. long.” He referred me to Richthofen's Atlas, on which the hills where the fossils had been obtained are marked “Mittel und Ober Sinisch”—between Cambrian and Silurian in age.
VII.—The Classification of the Phacopidæ
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In North and South America and in South Africa there is a considerable variety of types of the Dalmaniles-branch in the Devonian period which have in many cases received distinctive subgeneric names; but species retaining the typical characters of the Silurian forms persist at any rate in North America. Many of these Devonian forms show incomplete second lateral furrows on the glabella, these furrows not reaching the axial furrows and causing a partial coalescence of the two middle lateral lobes. This tendency towards the fusion of the first and second lateral lobes of the glabella is a departure from the perfect segmentation found in typical Silurian members of Dalmanites, and has caused Clarke to group all such forms together into the subgenus or section Synphoria. This type of structure, as Van Ingen has recently shown, is not unknown amongst the Silurian species of Dalmanites in America, but it finds its most pronounced development in Devonian time and occurs in the groups Coronura, Corycephalus, Odontocephalus, and Probolium, all of which are put by Clarke in the section Synphoria. The marginal ornamentation and different processes on the pygidium and head-shield on which these four groups have been founded are scarcely of the same structural importance as the modifications of the glabellar segmentation. As in other families, the spinosity of these forms is the symbol of a last expiring effort before extinction.
III.—Note on Fragments of Chert from North China
Authors: Hinde George J.
Published: May 2009

The fragments of partially weathered chert from North China sent by the Rev. S. Couling, unfortunately without indication of the particular locality or formation where they were collected, are of whitish, slate-grey, or pinkish aspect, and in two instances show traces of banded structure. They consist of cryptocrystalline or microcrystalline silica with small areas in which the silica is of a fibrous chalcedonic character. Remains of organisms can be distinguished in each of the four microscopic sections which have been prepared, but they are generally so shadowy and indefinite that their nature cannot be satisfactorily determined. Some portions of slide marked A are crowded with slender, straight, or slightly curved linear bodies, about .11 mm. in length by .01 mm. in width, which in places have a sub-parallel or sheaf-like arrangement. They might be supposed to be sponge spicules, but in their size and disposition they seem to differ from any fossil spicules with which I am acquainted. Slide C largely consists of numerous small, rounded, oval, and conical forms without walls, ranging from .1 to 1.7 mm. in diameter. In outline and in size many of these bodies might be compared to Radiolaria, but as they are now not sharply delimited from the clear matrix, but by a granular structure-without other features, it would be rash to assert, save upon further evidence, that they belong to these organisms. In slide D there are some well-defined circular bodies, .03 to .1 mm. in diameter, with clear solid walls, and not infrequently a central spot in each, which very much resemble transverse sections of sponge spicules, and it is possible that this may be their true nature, but some doubt rests on this owing to the apparent absence in the slide of longitudinal sections of spicules.
IV.—On a Displaced Mass of Chalk on the Foreshore of Speeton Cliffs, Flamborough Head
Authors: Hobson B.
Published: May 2009

When revisiting Speeton on the 6th of April, 1905, I was surprised to find that the exposures of Bed (Hunstanton) Chalk on the beach at the locality (about 500 yards east of the mouth of Speeton Beck) where the excellent vertical section described by Mr. W. Hill occurs were almost invisible owing to the accumulation of boulders of white chalk by which they were covered. At length I found a small exposure of Eed Chalk near low water mark and, within 3 or 4 yards to north of it, that is, seawards, I came across a reef of chalk in well-defined beds, each perhaps 6 or 8 inches thick, weathered to a brownish or drab tint. This chalk, when freshly fractured, was hard and white, quite unlike the true Red Chalk, although practically at the same level. The prevailing dip of the white chalk of the reef was from 25° to 28° to W. 40° S. mg. (= W. 57° S. true), and the length of the exposure along the strike, so far as the limited time at my disposal would allow me to observe, was 65 paces (say 55 yards), the width in the direction of dip being 16 paces (say 13½ yards). So far as I have been able to gather, this reef of white chalk to seaward of, and apparently dipping beneath, the Red Chalk has not been described. Four possible explanations of its occurrence may be suggested.
I.—The Rôle of Solution in Valley-making
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

It has recently been suggested that many of the dry valleys which are found in limestone districts owe their formation to subterranean solution, and not to surface-erosion; in other words, that they are the work of subterranean watercourses which, by dissolving the rock substance, have caused subsidence of the surfaces overlying the lines of such watercourses.
III.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea III.— Leretodiscus, n. g. for Agelacrinites Dicksoni, Billings
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The specimen herein to be considered is one of great historical interest, for it was the first specimen of an Edrioasteroid made known to science. It was discovered by Dr. J. J. Bigsby in limestone now recognised as of Lower Trenton age, forming Table Rock at the Chaudière Falls on the Ottawa River at Ottawa (then called Bytown). Canada, in 1822. Brought by Bigsby to England, it was figured and described, though not named, by G. B. Sowerby in 1825. E. Forbes, who had the speciman for study, referred to it in his memoir “On the Cystideæ of the Silurian Rocks of the British Islands,” since the “aspect” of his Agelacrinites Buchianus “immediately called [it] to mind”; he even went so far as to say that there could “be no question … of its being generically allied” to that species. Considering the not unnatural inadequacy of Sowerby's description and figure, the reputation that Forbes had as an authority on echinoderms, and the comparative imperfection of the first found specimens of Edrioaster, it was not surprising that E. Billings in 1856 should have supposed a new Trenton fossil, undoubtedly congeneric with Agelacrinites Buchianus, to be of the same species as that found by Bigsby and should therefore have applied to it the trivial name ‘Bigsbyi,’ while giving to a fossil of obviously different structure the name ‘Agelacrinites Dicksoni.’ In February, 1858, Billings travelled to London with the fossils in question, and found that Bigsby's specimen was not, after all, the same as his Cyclaster Bigsbyi, but was specifically identical with his A. Dicksoni. He redescribed the species, and had his type-specimen, as well as Bigsby's fossil, figured by C.R. Bone.
VII.—Burning Cliffs
Authors: H. B. W.
Published: May 2009

Towards the end of January last the inhabitants of Lyme Regis were somewhat alarmed by the announcement that a portion of the cliffs on the eastern side of the town, towards Black Ven, was “on fire”; a “Full Report of the Volcanic Eruption” was soon afterwards published in the Bridport News for January 24. It was then stated that on Sunday, January 19, “dense vapour appeared at intervals to rise from a mound on the edge of the cliffs, about half-way between Lyme and Charmouth,” and that the burning portion “consisted of a large fallen mass of the cliff which had some time since slipped away from the body of the cliff.” Mr. A. C. G. Cameron, who was at the time resident at Lyme Regis, explained that the case was one of spontaneous combustion, due to the decomposition of iron pyrites and the consequent generation of heat sufficient to ignite the bituminous shales of the Lower Lias.
I.—Æolian Deposits on the Coast at Étel, Morbihan. Part II
Authors: Bullen R. Ashington , Lond B. A.
Published: May 2009

This brief article is necessitated by the impossibility of procuring photographs and rock sections in time for incorporation in my former paper in the January number of the Geological Magazine, pp. 6–15.
V.—Recent Geological Information about Blackheath
Authors: Holmes T. V.
Published: May 2009

A glance at a geological map shows Blackheath and Greenwich Park at the western end of the Lower Tertiary escarpment which is conspicuous on the southern side of the Thames as far eastward as Erith.
VIII.—The Fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The conspicuous relations of the brachiopod fauna of these heds to that of the Lower Devonian in South America have frequently been pointed out, and may be summarised as follows:—

(1) In the Falkland Islands the following South African species are found (12):—