bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Media and the Permanent Crisis of Aura
Authors: Bolter Jay David , MacIntyre Blair , Gandy Maribeth , Schweitzer Petra
Published: March 2006

Walter Benjamin is best known for his essay ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, (Benjamin, 1968b) in which he argues that film and other mechanical technologies are destroying the aura that had belonged to traditional art. In this article we apply Benjamin’s concept of aura to new (digital) media, and in particular to ‘mixed reality’, a group of technologies that blend computer-generated visual, aural, and textual information into the user’s physical environment. We argue that mixed reality increases the options for designer-artists and apparently allows the invocation of aura in new ways. Our culture’s pursuit of auratic experience remains problematic in mixed reality as it was for Benjamin in the case of film. New media maintain aura in a permanent state of oscillation or crisis, and this crisis is a key to understanding new media.
Playing Internet Curveball with Traditional Media Gatekeepers
Authors: Poor Nathaniel
Published: March 2006

Prior to the 2004 season, pitcher Curt Schilling was traded to the Boston Red Sox baseball team. During trade negotiations, Schilling visited a web-based fan site of the team, and chatted with Red Sox fans. His visit was covered by sports radio and newspaper. Schilling discussed his visit with a sports radio show, where the hosts were not happy that he used the Internet instead of radio. Schilling’s actions make for an interesting real-world case involving media gatekeeping, where different media are intertwined, and where theory can be built from the observation of practice. Schilling used different media depending on his task, and chose media best suited to his purpose. Fans were delighted he chose the web, giving them direct access, but radio hosts felt threatened. Gatekeeping was found to be still useful for identity verification and access control.
The `Indymedia' Experiment
Authors: Garcelon Marc
Published: March 2006

The history of the Indymedia network - a group of open-domain web sites around the world, which grew rapidly from its inception in late November 1999 to more than 140 sites by May 2004 - embodies opposition to strategies of propertarian information control by agents of a radical ‘anarchic’ perspective hostile to ‘corporatism’. This binary tension, however, fails to capture the range of implications of ‘peer to peer’ - p2p - web exchange that Indymedia embodies. By weaving together a theoretical framing showing the inadequacy of conceiving p2p exchange in terms of ‘corporate-anarchist’ binaries, on the one hand, with empirical analysis of interviews with key figures from three continents who helped create Indymedia, on the other, the history of Indymedia developed here clarifies how to map struggles over control of the Internet as a communication technology. Such issues speak not only of understanding contested models of access to new communication technologies - exemplified by the tension between the p2p model and older sender-receiver broadcast models - but also to ways that the institutional framework, through which such technologies are deployed, shapes social movements and public will formation.
Facing the Challenges of Convergence
Authors: Huang Edgar , Davison Karen , Shreve Stephanie , Davis Twila , Bettendorf Elizabeth , Nair Anita
Published: March 2006

This article examines some top concerns in the media industry brought up by media convergence including the need to update news staff, production quality, compensation for multi-platform productions and the legitimacy of media convergence. An online national survey was conducted both among merged and non-merged daily newspapers and commercial TV stations to find out to what extent such concerns were shared by editors/news directors and news professionals and what their answers were.
How public relations put the kicks in Route 66 – and still is
Authors: Carden Ann R.
Published: March 2006

This article presents the many ways public relations has been used to assist the goals of one tourist destination during an extended period of time. Using Grunig's and Hunt's four models of public relations, the article identifies the various ways Route 66 has utilized public relations from 1926 to the present. The models not only characterize periods of public relations history, but also the evolving way that organizations communicate with their publics, which leads to a discussion about the communication role the various models should play in today's travel and tourism industry.
Hotel selection: When price is not the issue
Authors: Chan Eric S. W. , Wong Simon C. K.
Published: March 2006

To maintain desired room occupancy rates, one of the common strategies a hotel will normally adopt is cutting price. This trend greatly affects a hotel's profits and may result in the deterioration of a hotel's status. Many hotels consequently discover new competitors and fail to retain guests in the long run as the guests tend to be sceptical about the level of the advertised price reduction. This implies that hoteliers need to have a better understanding of how such factors beyond ‘price’, such as the quality of their services and their facilities, influence the booking behaviour of customers. This study, which surveyed 573 Frequent Individual Travellers (FITs) to the Hong Kong SAR, found that beyond ‘price’, ‘convenient hotel location’ and ‘good service’ were the key factors influencing FITs in their final selection of hotel. Business travellers tend to place more emphasis on their previous hotel experience; good service; convenience and company recommendation; whereas leisure travellers and those with a lower level of education valued travel agents’ recommendation. Repeat male visitors and western travellers valued good hotel reputation, while the impact of subjective norms on big spenders was high.
Examining the mediating role of festival visitors’ satisfaction in the relationship between service quality and behavioral intentions
Authors: Cole Shu Tian , Illum Steven F.
Published: March 2006

Although tourism studies have shown that improved service quality will contribute to increased visitor satisfaction, and both of them influence visitors’ future behavioral intentions, there is still a lack of guidance in the tourism marketing literature in understanding the interrelationships among service quality, visitor satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Findings on the mediating role of visitor satisfaction in the relationship between service quality and behavioral intentions are mixed, and thus it needs further investigation. This study adopted Cole and Scott’s1 touristexperience model, which portrays a sequential pattern among performance quality/attribute-level service quality, experience quality/transactionlevel satisfaction, overall satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. The model was tested using data collected from 413 visitors to a rural heritage festival. Structural equation modeling analysis procedures were applied and the mediating role of transaction-level satisfaction and global-level satisfaction was confirmed. In addition, experience quality was found to have a direct impact on visitors’ future behavioral intentions. The practical implications for festival organizers and limitations of the study were discussed.
Tomorrow's: World, consumer and tourist
Authors: Yeoman Ian , Munro Colin , McMahon-Beattie Una
Published: March 2006

In a world of 9/11 and Tsunami, trying to predict the future of tourism is an uncertain science. VisitScotland, the national tourism agency of the Scotland uses a process of scenario planning and futures thinking in order to make sense of that uncertain future. This paper, examines how world mega trends and consumer behaviour will shape the future tourists. Four scenarios are constructed using the principles of cognitive mapping. Firstly, a right royal treatment scenario describes the business traveller as sophisticated, demanding and time sensitive. He/she wants exceptional service but is only willing to pay a premium price for added value rather than functionality. The tourist living local scenario describes the authentic tourist as someone that is discerning but wants to ‘live local’. They are from a networked society where information is freely available. They are ethical and inconspicuous consumers who have grown up in an affluent world. Their values and beliefs are based upon an untrusting and anxious society fuelled by safety. The authentic tourist feels safe in the past rather than the artificial world of Disneyland. The living the low-brow and high-brow life scenario reflects cultural capital being driven by an educated well-travelled consumer who is more concerned with experience than material possessions. The Asia gets going scenario is a realization that the middle classes of China are driving the growth of tourism across the world by 2015; here, Chinese tourists want to live their dreams.
A Modified T-Method Simulation for Multi-fan Duct Systems
Authors: Moon Jong-Sun , Lee Tae-Gu , Moon Jung-Hwan , Lee Jae-Heon , Yoo Hoseon
Published: March 2006

In this study, we introduce the Modified T-Method which can be applied to the prediction of the flow distribution in multi-fan duct systems. Introduction of individual flow routes enables the division of a complicated multi-fan ductwork into a set of simultaneous single-fan subsystems. The present method was tested on the single-fan duct system presented in the ASHRAE handbook. The test system consisted of several branches and a fan. Our results showed good agreement with those published. Also, we tried another approach, in which the symmetry of a two-fan duct system was investigated. Verification was accomplished successfully by the analysis of a two-fan duct system that yielded physical consistency. In order to evaluate the utility and capability of the title method, a bathroom ventilation system in a 20-storey residential building was selected as an example of an application. Under the typical design conditions, the air flow rate of each exhaust fan at the balance point was predicted successfully and it was shown that such information can lead to an engineering estimate for the system performance as a whole. While some deficiencies in ventilation were found in bathrooms on the lower floors with 6mmAq-rated exhaust fans, they disappeared over the building as a whole by using fans of enhanced static pressures, 7 and 8mmAq. Finally, the work has demonstrated that this method is likely to be useful for the design of multi-fan duct systems.
Perceived Particle Intensity: An Indicator to Evaluate Indoor Particle Pollution
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhao Bin , Li Xianting
Published: March 2006

Suspended particles have recently received much interest in research circles because of increasing epidemiological and experimental evidence of their potential health impacts. Based on the concept of health risk assessment, this paper proposes an indicator called perceived particle intensity (PPI) to evaluate indoor particle pollution as an improvement on the currently used index. In view of the uncertainty regarding any biological mechanism as to how particles cause harm to human health, the amount of particle deposition is assumed here for simplicity to be a criterion for risk assessment and the fractional deposition is calculated according to ICRP 66. The case of a classroom is presented to illustrate the practical application of PPI and the numerical method adopted to simulate the spatial distribution of particles. The results show that exposure to particles and perhaps the consequent health risk vary greatly among the students in the room. This occupant-oriented indicator considers more factors, including those of microenvironments as well as human beings, e.g. gender, age, health conditions, activity type, etc. It is expected that this improved concept will be helpful in directing ventilation system design and evaluating the impact of indoor particulate pollution more reasonably.
A New Sampling Approach for Assessing Indoor Air Quality
Authors: Mui K. W. , Wong L. T. , Hui P. S.
Published: March 2006

Continuous sampling has been widely adopted for assessing indoor pollutant level. It is believed that the longer the measurement time, the higher the accuracy and improved error rate of the measured average pollutant concentration can be achieved. This study proposes an alternative sampling scheme in which the average pollutant concentration is obtained from two short sampling periods in two sampling sessions when a building was occupied. Two indoor pollutant concentration databases for a 1-year continuous measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) and radon concentration in a typical openplan office building in Hong Kong were used to investigate the probable errors of the proposed scheme regarding the sampling period. The results showed that these errors deviated from a long-term average value and correlated with the required measurement time. At certain confidence levels, the potential reductions in measurement time of the proposed sampling scheme would be up to 30% and 50% for CO2 and radon, respectively, as compared with an 8-h continuous one.
Assessment of Nasal Swab Samples, Environmental Microbiological Analyses and Respiratory Function Tests of Bakery Workers Working Under Modern Conditions: A Brief Report
Authors: Işsever Halim , Hapçioğlu Bilge , Özdilli Kürşat , Koçyiğit Emine , Kaymakçalan Hande , Yeğenoğlu Yildiz , Öztürk Özmen , Ağkoç Süheyla , Topuzoğlua Asya Banu , Önoğlu Nazan , Işik Erol , Susever Serdar , Çalak Berrin
Published: March 2006

Studies have shown that bakery workers may develop asthma and rhinitis as a result of their occupation and approximately 30% of bakery workers and wheat farmers will become sensitised. This ratio can change depending on the exposure time and a history of atopy. The present study has looked at the relationship between nasal and environmental flora and pulmonary function in such workers to see if it can explain the occurrence of asthma and rhinitis. Workers from three of the largest bakery companies in Istanbul were recruited, a total of 372 people; 223 bakery workers and 149 administrative employees of the same companies as a control group. Face to face interviews were conducted to determine asthma status and all were given physical examinations with nasal flora samples collected by sterile swabs. Aerial samples were taken from administrative and product departments for microscopic examination. Compared to administrative staff, bakery workers had insignificantly more asthma symptoms (p> 0.05). C. albicanswas isolated from four (1.9%) nasal samples from bakery workers and one (0.7%) from the control group (p> 0.05). A statistically significant level of wheeze (X2= 4.65, p= 0.03, OR= 2.32 95% CI (1.06–5.07)), suggesting bronchial obstruction, was detected in 28 (13.1%) bakery workers and in nine people (6.1%) from the control group. Looking at smoking and non-smoking groups, a significant decrease was observed for PEF (%) in the smokers and FEV1/FVC (%) in the non-smokers. These results suggest that pulmonary function of bakery workers is slightly impaired even with modern engineering controls.
Radon Dosimetry in Typical Indian Dwellings Using Plastic Track Detectors
Authors: Kant K. , Upadhyay Suraj B. , Sharma G. S. , Chakarvarti S. K.
Published: March 2006

Measurements of the effective dose through inhalation from radon and its progeny are important for human health since they contribute more than 50% of the total radiation dose from natural sources.In consequence of this radon has been identified as second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. In the present study radon monitoring has been carried out in some typical Indian dwellings made from a variety of materials, including fly ash bricks, fired mud bricks, stones, concrete blocks and mud, using alpha sensitive LR-115 type II solid-state nuclear track detectors. The potential alpha energy concentration, radon concentration, annual exposure, effective dose and lifetime fatality risk in the fly ash brick dwellings varies from 9.34mWL to 21.24mWL with an average of 13.11 ± 0.63mWL; 86.48Bq·m -3to 196.66Bq·m -3with an average of 122.42 ± 6.16Bq·m -3; 0.385WLM to 0.875WLM with an average of 0.54 ± 0.026WLM; 1.49mSv to 3.38mSv with an average of 2.09 ± 0.10mSv and 1.15 ± 10 -4to 2.62 ± 10 -4with an average of (1.62 ± 0.08) ± 10 -4, respectively. The effect of whitewash, plaster and paint on the emanation of radon from building materials used in construction of houses has also been studied.
Negotiating conditional release
Authors: Halsey Mark J.
Published: March 2006

In what follows, I draw on selected narratives of young men in secure care in order to build a picture of the subjective experience(s) of conditional release and (reasons for) reincarceration. From these narratives, I then move to explore three issues bearing upon the nature of conditional release, and, more specifically, which contribute to the extremely high rates of return to custody. These themes have to do with: first, the preponderance of a deficit model of juvenile behaviour; second, the steadfast belief in the ontology of the modern subject; and, third, evidence which shows juveniles' increasing willingness to turn down the opportunity to commence conditional release. Overall, my aim is to contribute to those studies that have helped to problematize and partially reconstruct the body of the young custodial subject.
Politics of crime in Spain, 1978–2004
Authors: Medina-Ariza Juanjo
Published: March 2006

This essay analyses changes in public discourses about crime and justice in Spain during its political transition to democracy. The shadow of Franco's regime, the salience of terrorism, the need of the Conservatives to offer a moderate image because of their association to the old regime and the consensus around the nominal preponderance of the values of penal welfarism in a context in which there were little qualms about the use of prison contributed to the ‘invisibility’ of common street crime as a political issue. This situation changed in the new millennium when the Conservatives started to reap profits from their penal policies against domestic abuse and their increasingly tough rhetoric against Basque terrorism. It was the Socialists, however, that brought crime to the centre stage closely following the template laid out by New Labour in the UK.
Tough-mindedness and fair play
Authors: Robbers Monica
Published: March 2006

One of the most potentially important factors in determining public and potential jury members’ attitudes toward the death penalty may be personality traits. There have been few recent studies conducted on the relationship between personality traits and attitudes toward the death penalty and these have produced conflicting results. Earlier research has suggested that extroverted people are tough-minded while introverts are more likely to consider mitigating circumstances. This study examines the effects of the five-factor model of personality traits on attitudes toward the death penalty and includes gendered analyses. Results from the study indicated that both extroversion and neuroticism could predict pro-death penalty attitudes, and this effect held across gender groups. Conscientiousness was also associated with pro-death penalty attitudes. Openness to experience and agreeableness were both able to predict less favorable attitudes toward the death penalty. Gendered analyses revealed that among males, openness was a significant predictor of anti-death penalty attitudes, but it was not for females, and the opposite was true of conscientiousness. Suggestions for further research and a discussion of implications of the research are included in the study.
Punishing youth crime in Canada
Authors: Doob Anthony N. , Sprott Jane B.
Published: March 2006

The Government of Canada, in its 2003 changes in the law governing young offenders, managed to appear to be ‘tough on crime’ while, at the same time, attempting to reduce the use of the formal youth justice system. This was accomplished by focusing public statements on tough, symbolic measures that had little impact on the manner in which young offenders were punished while at the same time promoting, in its legislation, attempts to reduce the rates of formal processing and of incarceration of young people. It is understandable, then, that some critics, including academics, who focused on public statements described Canada's new youth law as being unnecessarily harsh. We suggest, on the basis of an analysis of the law and of its administration – including comprehensive sentencing data showing no real increase in punitiveness over the past decade or so – that the law as written and administered is quite different from the way in which it has been described in this journal and in the Canadian mass media. In this way, the Government of Canada was able to have its cake and eat it, too.
Student types, school types and their combined influence on the development of intercultural understanding
Authors: Hill Ian
Published: March 2006

English

The article focuses on students' exposure to intercultural understanding in a number of educational settings. The effect of that exposure depends very much on the nature of the schools, the programmes they offer, and their location. It also depends on the ‘nature’ of the students and how that affects their interaction with the school and its cultural context both within and without. The variables are many, the lines of influence are complex, and the whole process is full of nuances. Typologies of schools and students are used in an attempt to overcome these difficulties and arrive at some conclusions, including the need for an improved nomenclature of school types, which may form the basis for testing through future empirical research.

French

Cet article s'intéresse à l'exposition des élèves à la compréhension interculturelle dans différents contextes éducatifs. L'impact de cette exposition dépend en grande partie de la nature des établissements scolaires ainsi que des programmes qu'ils offrent et du lieu où ils sont implantés. Il dépend également de la 'nature' des élèves et de la manière dont cela affecte leur interaction avec l'établissement et son contexte culturel dans son enceinte tout comme à l'extérieur. Les variables sont multiples, les lignes d'influence complexes, et l'ensemble du processus est très nuancé. Des typologies des établissements et des élèves sont utilisées pour tenter de surmonter ces difficultés et d'arriver à des conclusions (y compris le besoin d'une nomenclature plus complète des types d'établissements) qui peuvent constituer la base d'expérimentations lors d'une future recherche empirique.

Spanish

El documento se centra en las experiencias de los alumnos con otras culturas (y el entendimiento intercultural derivado de las mismas) en varios ámbitos de la educación. El impacto de estas experiencias varía en función de la naturaleza del colegio, los programas que ofrece y su ubicación. También depende de la 'naturaleza' de los alumnos y de cómo afecta ésta a su interacción con el colegio y su contexto cultural tanto dentro como fuera del colegio. Las variables son muchas; las influencias, complejas, y el proceso en su conjunto, un cúmulo de matices. La clasificación de colegios y de alumnos se utiliza para intentar superar estas dificultades y llegar a algunas conclusiones (entre las que se incluye la necesidad de mejorar la nomenclatura para designar los tipos de colegios) que puedan servir de base para futuras investigaciones empíricas.
International education and cultural heritage
Authors: Simandiraki Anna
Published: March 2006

English

Although international education is difficult to define, its promotion of cultural diversity is widely accepted. Cultural heritage is the backbone and the product of cultural histories; it is, therefore, essential to national identity construction. As international education is very diverse, its relationship with cultural heritage ranges from alliance to antagonism. How can this relationship be mapped? Does international education promote diversity or does it merely assort cultural heritage symbols? This article will suggest a theoretical framework for the dynamics of this vital relationship.

French

Bien que l'éducation internationale soit difficile à définir, le fait qu'elle mette en avant la diversité culturelle est largement consenti. L'héritage culturel est à la fois le pilier et le produit des histoires culturelles; il est, par conséquent, essentiel à la construction des identités nationales. Ütant donné que l'éducation internationale est d'une grande diversité, elle entretient avec l'héritage culturel une relation entre alliance et antagonisme. Comment définir précisément cette relation? L'éducation internationale met-elle en avant la diversité ou se contente-t-elle de présenter un assortiment de symboles issus de l'héritage culturel? Cet article propose un cadre théorique de la dynamique de cette relation vitale.

Spanish

Aunque el concepto de educación internacional es difícil de definir, el modo en que promueve la diversidad cultural está ampliamente aceptado. El patrimonio cultural constituye el pilar y, a la vez, el producto de las historias culturales. Por ello, supone un elemento esencial para la construcción de la identidad nacional. Como la educación internacional es muy diversa, su relación con el patrimonio cultural oscila desde la alianza hasta el antagonismo. 'Cómo puede plantearse esta relación? 'La educación internacional promueve la diversidad o se limita a presentar un mero conglomerado de símbolos pertenecientes a distintos patrimonios culturales? Este artículo propone un marco teórico para dar una explicación a la dinámica de esta relación esencial.
Economic development and the market place for education
Authors: Yamato Yoko , Bray Mark
Published: March 2006

English

To some extent, all schools operate in a market place; but the interaction with the market place may be particularly evident in the international schools sector, since many such schools are operated by foundations or private companies which charge fees. This article focuses on the distinctive market place of Shanghai, China, which has undergone dramatic economic development and has attracted an increasingly international population. The article focuses on both international schools and local schools that are open to the international community. It analyses when and how these schools emerged, and contrasts them with each other in terms of ownership, the types of students they target, and the curriculum offered.

French

On peut affirmer que, dans une certaine mesure, tous les établissements scolaires évoluent sur des marchés. Les rapports qu'ils entretiennent avec le marché peuvent être particulièrement visibles dans le cas des écoles internationales, car bon nombre de ces écoles sont dirigées par des fondations ou des entreprises privées qui font payer des droits d'inscription. Cet article porte sur le marché de Shanghai, en Chine, un marché à part qui connaît un développement économique spectaculaire et qui attire une population de plus en plus internationale. L'article s'intéresse à la fois aux écoles internationales et aux écoles locales accueillant la communauté internationale. Il analyse le contexte de l'émergence de ces écoles et les compare en termes de direction, types d'élèves ciblés et programmes d'études proposés.

Spanish

En cierta medida, todos los colegios operan en el mercado. Sin embargo, la interacción con el mercado puede resultar especialmente obvia en el sector de la educación internacional, ya que muchos colegios están dirigidos por fundaciones o compañías privadas que aplican tasas. En este documento se estudia el caso especial del mercado de Shanghai (China) que, tras el extraordinario desarrollo económico que ha experimentado, ha comenzado a atraer a una población cada vez más internacional. El documento se centra en los colegios internacionales y locales abiertos a la comunidad internacional; se analiza cómo y cuándo surgieron estos dos tipos de colegios, y se comparan entre sí en función del régimen de propiedad, la composición del alumnado y el currículo que ofrecen.
Australian students' attitudes to learning about Asia
Authors: Griffin Patrick , Woods Kerry , Dulhunty Mark
Published: March 2006

English

This study aimed to measure Australian students' attitudes to learning about Asia, and to identify contextual factors related to development of positive attitudes. Participants were 3359 Year 5 and 3773 Year 8 students, and 107 Year 5 and 114 Year 8 teachers. For most students, there was keen interest in learning about Asia, but there were clear relationships between attitudes and student year and gender. Information provided by this study could prove of value to educators wishing to improve students', and especially boys', interest in learning.

French

Cette étude avait pour but de mesurer l'attitude d'élèves australiens concernant l'apprentissage de notions relatives à l'Asie et d'identifier des facteurs contextuels liés au développement d'attitudes positives. Un total de 3 359 élèves de 5e année, 3 773 élèves de 8e année, 107 enseignants de 5e année et 114 enseignants de 8e année ont participé à cette étude. La plupart des élèves ont montré un intérêt marqué pour l'apprentissage de notions relatives à l'Asie, mais des rapports prononcés sont apparus entre les attitudes d'une part et le sexe et l'année d'étude des élèves d'autre part. Les informations fournies par cette étude pourraient s'avérer utiles aux éducateurs qui souhaitent améliorer l'intérêt que les élèves, et surtout les garçons, portent à l'apprentissage.

Spanish

El propósito de esta investigación era medir las actitudes de alumnos australianos con respecto al estudio de temas relacionados con Asia e identificar factores contextuales ligados al desarrollo de actitudes positivas. Participaron en el estudio 3.359 alumnos de quinto año, 3.773 alumnos de octavo año, 107 profesores de quinto año y 114 profesores de octavo año. La mayoría de los alumnos mostró un buen grado de interés en adquirir conocimientos sobre Asia. No obstante, se apreció una clara relación entre las actitudes y el sexo y el año escolar de los alumnos. La información resultante de este estudio puede ser de utilidad para los educadores que desean mejorar el interés de sus alumnos, especialmente los varones, en el aprendizaje.
Bilingualism in International Baccalaureate programmes, with particular reference to international schools
Authors: Carder Maurice
Published: March 2006

English

Students successfully completing an International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma course of study may, under certain conditions, be awarded a Bilingual Diploma. Since many students in international schools may be expected to be bilingual, and bilingualism, properly nurtured, has been shown to have metalinguistic and cognitive advantages, it would be advantageous for bilingualism to be a common thread through the IB Primary Years Programme (PYP), Middle Years Programme (MYP) and Diploma Programme (DP), and to be suitably acknowledged and rewarded. This article will investigate the treatment of bilingualism in the IB, give a background to research showing the advantages of well-nurtured bilingualism and make recommendations for amendments.

French

Les élèves qui passent avec succès le Programme du diplôme du BI peuvent, sous certaines conditions, se voir attribuer un diplôme bilingue. De nombreux élèves d'établissements scolaires internationaux sont censés être bilingues. De plus, il a été démontré que le bilinguisme, lorsqu'il est correctement développé, revêt des avantages métalinguistiques et cognitifs. Par conséquent, il serait bénéfique que le bilinguisme soit un dénominateur commun entre le Programme primaire (PP), le Programme de premier cycle secondaire (PPCS) et le Programme du diplôme et qu'il soit reconnu et récompensé en tant que tel. Cet article étudie la place du bilinguisme dans les programmes de l'IBO, donne un cadre à la recherche montrant les avantages du bilinguisme lorsqu'il est correctement développé et propose certains changements à apporter.

Spanish

Los alumnos que completan el Programa del Diploma de IBO pueden aspirar a un diploma bilingüe si cumplen ciertos requisitos. Muchos alumnos de los colegios internacionales suelen ser bilingües. Dado que se ha demostrado que el bilingüismo ofrece una serie de ventajas cognitivas y metalingüísticas si se estimula de forma apropiada, podría resultar beneficioso que constituyera una característica común a los tres programas de IBO y que, a su vez, se reconociera y recompensara adecuadamente. En este artículo, la autora analiza el tratamiento del bilingüismo por parte de IBO, proporciona una base para la investigación al mostrar las ventajas del bilingüismo estimulado de la forma apropiada y propone ciertas modificaciones.
The ‘chav’ phenomenon: Consumption, media and the construction of a new underclass
Authors: Hayward Keith , Yar Majid
Published: March 2006

This article argues that the decline of the ‘underclass’ discourse in the UK, and the rise of the ‘chav’, are not unconnected. We contend that there are numerous homologies between the meaning content, objects and tenor of these two terms, and suggest that the ‘chav’ represents a popular reconfiguration of the underclass idea. However, we are also keen to note the way in which the concept of social marginality is reconfigured in this substitution. Specifically, we argue that the discourse of the underclass turned crucially upon a (perceived or real) pathology in the working classes’ relations to production and socially productive labour. Its emergent successor, the concept of the ‘chav’, is in contrast oriented to purportedly pathological class dispositions in relation to the sphere of consumption. In a bid to highlight this shift we consider the emergence of debates upon social marginality and consumption practices, and attempt to locate popular media discourse surrounding the ‘chav’ within this frame, including the various ways in which purportedly pathological consumption practices serve to organise this form of social classification.
There’s no glamour in glue: News and the symbolic framing of substance misuse
Authors: Manning Paul
Published: March 2006

The symbolism of substance misuse is a familiar theme. However, relatively little attention has been paid specifically to the nature of the symbolic frameworks through which substance misuse is represented and even less attention to the part played by the news media in the reproduction of these symbolic frameworks. This article takes volatile substance abuse (VSA) and ecstasy as examples through which to explore the ways in which news production processes, together with the symbolic and inferential frameworks employed by journalists, intersect with structures of disadvantage, to reproduce particular news discourses or ways of understanding substance misuse. It suggests that VSA receives very little attention in the United Kingdom national press in comparison to ‘spectacular’, or ‘glamorous’ drugs such as ecstasy, despite the evidence available that VSA represents a problem of, at least, equivalent magnitude, if recorded associated annual deaths are taken as the measures of ‘seriousness’. It is suggested that significantly different symbolic frameworks are deployed in national newspapers to represent the ‘problems’ associated with VSA and ecstasy, and that these differences are explicable in terms of the cultural assumptions and inferential frameworks underpinning news production, together with news source activity, and the marketing strategies of newspapers in an era of intensified news commodification.
‘Think globally, act locally’
Authors: Fung Anthony
Published: March 2006

Using the case of MTV China, this article examines how transnational media corporations have been extending into China where ideological control and joint business cooperation remain barriers for foreign capital. Based on interviews with personnel of MTV, as well as observations of their programme productions, this article explores how MTV localizes in China under various economic and political constraints. It argues that the localization process is not a planned strategy that seeks to circumvent Chinese authorities. Instead, it is argued that transnational corporations have devised methods to maximize manoeuverability within the various political and economic constraints, and tune into the cultural and political configurations encountered. Whereas most academic studies have asserted that authoritarian states set high thresholds to prevent global capital from ‘Westernizing’ the culture, this article argues that the Chinese state, in various forms, is now flexible enough to work closely with Viacom in producing a new popular youth culture.
A Catholic View of Methodist—Catholic Dialogue
Authors: Puglisi James
Published: March 2006

The author takes a critical look at the results of the Methodist–Catholic international dialogue from a Roman Catholic point of view. His approach is to examine the methodology used at the different stages of the dialogue. He then considers two positive developments of the dialogue by looking at the theology of the Holy Spirit that evolves and then leads to a theology of the Church. The pneumatological and ecclesiological dimensions are evaluated to be the strongest results of these dialogues.
Methodists and Roman Catholics: Bilateral Dialogue in a Multilateral Context
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: March 2006

Written from the viewpoint of a long-time participant on the Methodist side, this article traces the course of the dialogue between the World Methodist Council and the Roman Catholic Church since its inception in 1967. After the rather scattered process of the introductory and exploratory early rounds, a more cohesive approach began with the pneumatologically oriented Honolulu Report of 1981. The focus sharpened to ecclesiology with the task the Commission set itself in the Narobi Report of 1986, ‘Towards a Statement on the Church’. Consequently, the following three rounds were occupied at the level of fundamental theology with ‘revelation and faith’, ‘the apostolic tradition’ and ‘teaching authority’. On those bases, the Commission then returned to the questions of how (far) each partner might recognize ‘the Church’ in the other and, as will be seen in the forthcoming Seoul Report of 2006, what each might offer and receive in the ‘exchange of gifts’ that, according to Pope John Paul II's encyclical Ut Unum Sint (1995), should mark ecumenical dialogue along with the ‘exchange of ideas’. The present article locates the dialogue between Methodists and Roman Catholics on the broader ecumenical scene and shows how some of the features of Methodist ecumenism are analogously pertinent also to Anglicans and to Lutherans in their respective self-understandings and in their relations with the Roman Catholic Church.
The Indwelling Spirit and the Agency of the Church: A Lutheran Perspective on the Catholic—Methodist International Dialogue
Authors: Root Michael
Published: March 2006

A Lutheran perspective on the Catholic–Methodist dialogue is complex, sometimes agreeing with one, sometimes with the other, and sometimes with neither. The dialogue is to be commended for integrating diverse elements and holding to the ecumenical goal of visible unity. While the dialogue discusses justification in language not typical of much twentieth-century Lutheran theology, its language is congruent with that of the Reformation itself. The most important issue raised from a Lutheran perspective by the dialogue is the interaction of human and divine agency in the mediation of salvation. Lutheran theology tends to distinguish sharply between divine and human agency and authority. The dialogue raises the question whether this distinction holds in such a sharp form in light of the incarnation and the outpouring of the Spirit. The issue comes to a focus in differing attitudes toward historical developments in the church.
Third-order Optical Nonlinearities of Asymmetric Carbocyanine Dyes
Authors: Ikeda Hidetsugu , Sakai Toshio , Kawasaki Kenji
Published: March 2006

Asymmetric carbocyanine dyes were synthesized and their third-order optical nonlinearities in solutions were investigated by using degenerate four-wave mixing technique. Large third-order hyperpolarizabilities of electronic origin up to 10−28 esu were observed and the advantage of asymmetric structures was demonstrated.
Synergy between Stable Carbonates and Yttria in Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Methane
Authors: Dubois Jean-Luc , Cameron Charles J
Published: March 2006

The use of yttria as an oxidative coupling of methane catalyst leads to relatively high carbon monoxide selectivity. This behavior, identical to that found with thoria, is believed to be due to the absence of carbonate formation and the stability of surface superoxide on these two oxides. The addition of high temperature stable alkaline earth carbonates decreases CO synthesis activity while increasing overall catalytic activity.
Synthesis and Characterization of a 2,4-Pentanedione-3-selenolato Pt(II) Complex. Oxidation Reaction of Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(O) with 2,2,4,4-Tetraacetyl-1,3-diselenetane
Authors: Yamazaki Shinsaku
Published: March 2006

A new Pt(II) complex of 2,4-pentanedione-3-selenolatedianion(Se-ac), [Pt(Se-ac-O, Se)(PPh3)2], has been prepared by reacting tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(O) with 2,2,4,4-tetraacetyl-1,3-diselenetane. The complex has been characterized from IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Amphiphilic Block Copolymer-Horseradish Peroxidase Aggregate as a New Polymer-Enzyme Hybrid in Organic Solvents
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Ohki Akira , Maeda Shigeru
Published: March 2006

Aggregate of an amphiphilic block copolymer (1) derived from 2-oxazolines and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was prepared by mixing 1 and an enzyme in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Resulting polymer-HRP aggregate showed significantly enhanced activity compared with native HRP in chloroform and in benzene. Kinetic studies showed the major effect of the enhanced activity in chloroform was caused by an increase in catalytic activity, Vmax.
Observation of Large Orientation Effect on Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Rigid Porphyrin–Quinone Compounds
Authors: Sakata Yoshiteru , Tsue Hirohito , Goto Yasushi , Misumi Soichi , Asahi Tsuyoshi , Nishikawa Shinya , Okada Tadashi , Mataga Noboru
Published: March 2006

In order to understand the mutual orientation effect in photosynthetic electron transfer, two different kinds of quinone-linked porphyrins 1 and 2 with fixed orientation were synthesized. In the two compounds only orientation is different among various factors which control electron transfer. It has been found that the electron transfer of 1 is faster than 2 by a factor of nine.
A Convenient Synthesis of 1,3-Dithiane Derivatives by Reaction of 4-Methyl-1,3-dithiane-2-thione with Grignard Reagents and Butyllithium
Authors: Sugawara Akira , Sugawara Ryuichi , Ito Hirokazu , Tanaka Hiroshi , Segawa Toru , Sato Ryu
Published: March 2006

The reaction of 4-methyl-1,3-dithiane-2-thione with alkyl Grignard reagents or butyllithium (BuLi) at room temperature gave 2-alkyl-4-methyl-1,3-dithianes in good yields. High yields of 2-alkyl-2-butylthio-4-methyl-1,3-dithianes and 2,2-dialkyl-4-methyl-1,3-dithianes were obtained by treatment with BuLi at −78 °C and room temperature followed by alkylation with alkyl halides, respectively.
Orientation of Linear π-Conjugated Poly(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl), Poly(2,5-thienylene) and Poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) on Substrates
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Mori Chiaki , Wakayama Hiroyuki , Zhou Zhen-hua , Maruyama Tsukasa , Ohki Rokuro , Kanbara Takaki
Published: March 2006

Linear π-conjugated poly(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl) and poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) form oriented thin layer film with their c-axes (the polymer chain axes) essentially perpendicular to the surface of carbon and gold substrates when deposited under vacuum, whereas they and poly(2,5-thienylene) are arranged along the direction of rubbing on the surface of rubbed polyimide substrate.
Calculation of Contribution of Coupling between π–π* and n–π* Transitions to Rotational Strength in Circular Dichroism Spectra
Authors: Mizutani Tadashi , Nakashima Ruka
Published: March 2006

The explicit expression for the rotational strength in circular dichroism spectra arising from the coupling between π–π* and n–π* transitions was obtained based on the perturbation approximation applied to Gaussian wavefunctions.
NMR Studies of Conformation of Viologen-appended β-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Ikeda Hiroshi , Du Yi-qun , Nakamura Asao , Toda Fujio
Published: March 2006

The conformation of viologen-appended β-cyclodextrin was studied by the combination of some kinds of NMR spectroscopic techniques. The long axis of viologen moiety directs approximately perpendicular to the z-axis of β-cyclodextrin but deviates from the center of cavity. Viologen moiety faces the glucopyranose unit B. Its conformational change after making inclusion complex was also studied.
Solvent Dependency in Regioselective Ring Openings of 3,4- and 2,3-Epoxy Alcohols with Diethylamine Hydrohalides
Authors: Gao Lian-xun , Murai Akio
Published: March 2006

Titanium-mediated ring openings of 3,4-epoxy-1-ols at the 4-position with diethylamine hydrohalides proceeded efficiently in dichloromethane, while the requisite openings of 2,3-epoxy-1-ols at the 3-position in benzene.
Infrared Spectrum of Nitro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)(piperidine)cobalt(III)
Authors: Yamamoto Kenichi
Published: March 2006

The infrared (IR) spectrum of nitro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)(piperidine)cobalt(III) is measured in the 2000–500 cm−1 region. The band at 1420 cm−1 is assigned as the asymmetric stretching vibration of the nitro group.
Model Compounds for Fe- or Mn-containing SOD and Their SOD-like Function
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Watanabe Izumi , Unoura Kei
Published: March 2006

We have found that several iron(III) and manganese(II) complexes with tripodal-like ligands exhibit high SOD-like function, whereas the function was not observed for complexes with planar tetradentate Schiff base ligands. The origin of the above fact was discussed in relation to their structural features.
Organic Iodide Aided Carbonylation of Terminal Acetylenes with Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Torii Sigeru , Okumoto Hiroshi , Sadakane Masahiro , Xu Long He
Published: March 2006

Carbonylation of various terminal acetylenes in the presence of a catalytic amount of organic iodides or amine•HI salt and palladium complexes was found to produce 2-substituted acrylamides in good yields under mild conditions (5 atm, 120 °C, 6 h).
Structural Effects on Photochemical Intermolecular Cycloaddition of Phenanthrenecarboxylic Lactones. Dual Collapse Processes of an Exciplex Leading to Cycloadducts
Authors: Itoh Hiroki , Maruyama Syuji , Fujii Yoshiharu , Senda Yasuhisa , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: March 2006

On irradiation with (E)-anethole in benzene 10-hydroxymethyl-9-phenanthrenecarboxylic lactone (STL) gave an intermolecular [2+2] cycloadduct, a cyclobutane derivative, while 8-hydroxymethyl-9-phenanthrenecarboxylic lactone (SCL) afforded both of a cyclobutane with the same conformation and an olefinic product derived from an oxetane precursor, the carbonyl adduct. The formation of cycloadducts of highly different structures in SCL was ascribed to competitive collapse of the involved exciplex to the products.
Doubly-Strapped Porphyrins as Useful Building Blocks for Selectively Metallated Oligoporphyrins
Authors: Osuka Atsuhiro , Nagata Toshi , Maruyama Kazuhiro
Published: March 2006

Metallation of a porphyrin ring was completely suppressed by introducing two (CH2)10 “straps” on the both sides of the porphyrin ring. Di- and triporphyrins with one “doubly-strapped” ring were quantitatively converted to the partially metallated product with the metal-free strapped ring. These doubly-strapped porphyrins will be useful for synthesis of selectively metallated oligoporphyrins.