bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunological response to mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in cancer patients: a four‐case series
Authors: Gardin Nilo Esvalter
Published: November 2008

European mistletoe (Viscum album) has been used in complementary cancer treatment, but little is known concerning its effects on immunological parameters, although there is evidence that Viscum may stimulate the immune system. In this study, a trial was conducted with cancer patients to determine whether Viscum album extracts could improve the results of immune tests. These were: white blood cell count (leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes), CD4+ and CD8+ T‐lymphocytes, intradermal tests of delayed hypersensitivity (candidin, trichophytin, purified protein derivative‐PPD), complement C3 and C4, and immunoglobulin A, G and M. Four patients received seven doses of subcutaneous Viscum album 20 mg, twice weekly. Immunological tests were carried out before and after treatment, and an increase in several parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were shown. Apart from reactions around the injection sites, treatment was well tolerated and all patients benefited from it. These results suggest that Viscum album can enhance humoral and cellular immune responses in cancer patients, but further studies attesting to the possible clinical impact of these immunological effects are necessary. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple erosion dynamics model of molecular sputter depth profiling
Authors: Wucher Andreas
Published: November 2008

A simple model which describes the essential features commonly observed in a molecular sputter depth profile is presented. General predictions of the dependence of measured molecular ion signals on the primary ion fluence are derived for the specific case where a mass spectrometric technique such as SIMS or secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) is used to analyze the momentary surface. The results are compared with recent experimental data on molecular depth profiles obtained by cluster‐ion‐initiated SIMS of organic overlayers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence of an Enzymatic Source of Off Flavors in “Lipoxygenase‐Null” Soybeans
Authors: Iassonova Diliara R. , Johnson Lawrence A. , Hammond Earl G. , Beattie Samuel E.
Published: November 2008

The utilization of soybean products as food ingredients and foods is often limited by their beany‐grassy flavor. Eliminating seed lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes 1, 2 and 3 reduces the amounts of volatile off‐flavor compounds in stored soybeans and soy products significantly, but they are not completely eliminated. The present work presents evidence that lipoxygenase‐null (LOX‐null) soybeans contain a LOX‐like enzyme that is responsible for the off‐flavors in LOX‐null soybeans. Volatiles production in triple LOX‐null soybeans was terminated by heat treatment, which suggests an enzymatic cause to the off‐flavors. The source is LOX‐like in that the volatile compounds produced are similar to LOX‐generated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oxygen was consumed when a LOX‐null protein solution was incubated with crude soybean oil suggesting that the enzyme catalyzed oxygen consuming reactions. The generation of flavor compounds was inhibited by the typical LOX inhibitors propyl gallate and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). The enzyme appears to be more active with phosphatidylcholine than with other lipid substrates. The cause of the off‐flavors in LOX‐null beans appears to have enzyme‐like characteristics. This is the first report of the initial characterization of this LOX‐like enzyme.
Effects of hindlimb unloading at early postnatal growth on cell body size in spinal motoneurons innervating soleus muscle of rats
Authors: Nagatomo Fumiko , Ishihara Akihiko , Ohira Yoshinobu
Published: November 2008

Male Wistar rats were hindlimb‐unloaded from postnatal day 4 to month 3. Some rats were also allowed to reload during 3 months of ambulation recovery. The rats were sacrificed immediately, 1, 2, and 3 months after hindlimb unloading. Numbers, cross‐sectional areas (CSAs), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities of spinal motoneurons innervating soleus muscle, which were identified by the retrograde neuronal labeling by nuclear yellow, were determined. The numbers, CSAs, and SDH activities of gamma motoneurons (<500 μm2) were not influenced by hindlimb unloading and reloading. The number and SDH activities of alpha motoneurons were not affected by hindlimb unloading and reloading, either. The growth‐related increase of CSA of alpha motoneurons in unloaded group was slightly, but significantly, less than controls. However, the number of small‐sized alpha motoneurons (600–900 μm2) was greater than controls, and large neurons with more than 1300 μm2 CSA were not observed immediately after the 3‐month unloading. These phenomena were gradually recovered and reached the control level at the end of 3‐month ambulation. It is concluded that hindlimb unloading of neonatal rats retards the growth‐related increase in the cell body size of large‐sized alpha motoneurons and that such phenomenon is reversible in response to reloading during ambulation recovery.
Changes in blood glucose concentration are associated with relatively rapid changes in circulating fructosamine concentrations in cats
Authors: Link Karl R. , Rand Jacquie S.
Published: November 2008

The aim of the study was to determine the time required for plasma fructosamine concentration to increase after the onset of hyperglycaemia and decrease after resolution of hyperglycaemia. Healthy cats ( n=14) were infused to maintain either moderate hyperglycaemia ( n=5) (actual mean glucose 17 mmol/l) or marked hyperglycaemia ( n=9) (actual 29 mmol/l) for 42 days. Fructosamine exceeded the upper limit of the reference range (331 μmol/l) after 3–5 days of marked hyperglycaemia, took 20 days to plateau and, after cessation of infusion, took 5 days to return to baseline. Fructosamine concentration for moderate hyperglycaemia took longer to exceed the reference range (7 days, range 4–14 days), and fewer days to plateau (8 days) and return to baseline (1 day). In cats with moderate hyperglycaemia, fructosamine concentration mostly fluctuated under the upper limit of the reference range. The range of fructosamine concentrations associated with a given glucose concentration was wide. The critical difference for fructosamine was 33 μmol/l.
State Structures in New Nations: the Case of Primary Agricultural Marketing in Africa
Authors: Jones David B.
Published: November 2008

There are nations and there are states. There is, for example, an Armenian nation but no state, and it is the aim of some Armenian nationalists to set up a state. This example follows a liberal European paradigm; that a sense of nationhood creates unity of purpose that allows the state to come into existence, and creates a consensus of popular acceptance that enables it to function. The state may be carved out of something larger, as in the Greek case, or out of smaller units, as in the German case. There is plenty of evidence, ancient and modern, that without a consensus of acceptance, it is very difficult for a state to prosper economically or to be free of repression and crippling internal conflict.
Can Education be Used as a Tool to Build a Socialist Society in Africa? The Tanzanian Case
Authors: Ergas Zaki
Published: November 2008

By the time most African countries achieved independence in the early 1960s, education had become a sacred cow for both the governments and the people. For the former, education represented a major tool for nation-building and development which, in those days, meant essentially rapid industrialisation; for the latter, education–especially at the post-primary levels–was the main vehicle for social mobility, primarily because it made possible the acquisition of a well-paid job in the modern sector. For a few years it looked as if there was no contradiction between the aspirations of the people and the goals of the governments, on the one hand, and the socio-economic realities, on the other. Soon the bubble burst, however: industrialisation turned out to be no panacea; the limits of Africanisation were rapidly reached in the civil service, but proved to be a protracted affair in the economy. As the ugly scourge of youth unemployment started to spread in Africa by the mid-1960s, attention was focused on educational systems which began to be perceived as ‘dysfunctional’–i.e. as incompatible with the social and economic realities which were largely agricultural and rural. But more ominously, schools came also under attack as serving mainly the interests of the emerging bourgeoisies.
Contra-Coup: Civilian Control of the Military in Guinea, Tanzania, and Mozambique
Authors: Pachter Elise Forbes
Published: November 2008

One of the more popular topics in the social science literature of the late 1960s was coups d'état in Africa. Authors developed sophisticated social, political, and economic measurements that were meant to be of explanatory, if not predictive, value. Military coups often succeed because of conditions that are universal to African countries: poor institutionalisation, over-dampening of demands, economic shortfalls, failure of political leadership, competition among élites including army officers, as well as dissatisfaction specific to the military. With no long-standing indigenous and successful tradition of legitimate civilian national government, African countries are particularly vulnerable to abrupt successions of leadership.
South Africa in Namibia: Persistence, Misperception, and Ultimate Failure
Authors: Seiler John
Published: November 2008

Peaceful resolution of the international conflict over Namibia has been a significant preoccupation of the United States and its four partners in the western contact group since April 1977, but neither the efforts led by the Administration of Jimmy Carter nor the very different approach taken by Ronald Reagan has succeeded. To the contrary, prospects for peaceful change in Namibia are ebbing. The present stalemate in negotiations is unlikely to be resolved before the end of Reagan's first term in January 1985. In the meantime, the territory's political, economic, and social circumstances will continue to stagnate, and the low-level and intermittent fighting in the northern operational areas will probably expand in scope and costs.
Artists in Liberia and the United States: a Comparative View
Authors: Field Karen L.
Published: November 2008

In summary, six striking parallels have been found between the artist archetypes in Liberia and the United States, each of which appears to be rooted in some structural similarity between the two societies at the material and social levels. The structural factors which have been suggested as pivotal in determining the nature of the artist archetype have included: (1) the atypicality of the carver/artist/s labour process via-à-vis that of other workers; (2) the development of an alternate value profile congruent with that atypical process; (3) the need for itinerancy/migration to ensure a large enough market for self-support; (4) dependence on the élite class for patronage; (5) relative economic insecurity; and (6) a definition of the product which necessitates solitary labour. These factors combine to create in the general public the image of the artist described earlier.

Some carvers and artists may appear to exhibit the traits imputed to them, and even ‘play into’ their expected image; but this phenomenon can be explained without invoking some innate ‘artistic temperament’ or transcultural ‘artist's rôle’. Rather, we can conclude that carvers and artists, like other human beings, are subject to specific material and social constraints that shape their own consciousness and that of their public. Though individuals make art, it is as true of art as of history, that ‘they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given, and transmitted from the past’.
Janus or Sisyphus? The Southern Problem of the Sudan
Authors: Heraclides Alexis
Published: November 2008

The Sudan, Africa's largest country, not much smaller than Western Europe, is caught up once more in the convulsions of a civil war pitting the Northern against the Southern Sudanese. Inevitably the present conflict is associated with the older civil war which began in the early 1960s and dragged on for ten years, claiming the lives of around one million, and bringing about a famine and devastation little known to the outside world. There are obvious communalities, but the contemporary struggle is hardly a replay of that smouldering little war that had been fought by the Southern Sudanese with the most meagre of means and but a trifle of external aid. I shall deal in some length with what can now be called the first Sudanese civil war, in order to provide the background for an understanding of the real issues at stake today, and to place this second Sudanese civil war in perspective. More generally, the ‘Southern Problem’ provides insights into communal conflicts and their international dimensions, important though overlooked and often unacknowledged problems of today's world.
Partitioned Royalty: the Evolution of Hausa Chiefs in Nigeria and Niger
Authors: Miles William F. S.
Published: November 2008

Amongst commentators and scholars of the turn-of-the-century partition of Africa, it has become virtually axiomatic to note the ‘artificial’ nature of the boundaries drawn up by the colonial powers. Cutting, as they often did, through otherwise homogeneous ethnic, religious, linguistic, and even geographic clusters, the European remapping of the continent is criticised, at least implicitly, for its allegedly blind or indifferent disregard for indigenous social and cultural systems prevailing at the time of the conquest.
Associates and Associables: the Failure of Commonwealth Bridge-Building, 1971–3
Authors: Akinrinade Olusola
Published: November 2008

When Britain first made a bid for membership of the European Economic Community (E.E.C.) in the early 1960s, it was generally understood that its negotiators had the responsibility for safeguarding the interests of other Commonwealth countries. Although the matter was discussed briefly by the Heads of Government in January 1971, and more fully later that year at the Nassau meeting of Finance Ministers, it was realised by all parties concerned that the other members of the Commonwealth would have to deal themselves with the effect of British entry into the E.E.C. and negotiate directly with the European Commission.
Military Intervention and the Myth of Collective Security: the Case of Zaïre
Authors: Schatzberg Michael G.
Published: November 2008

Zaïre has been open to external penetration from its earliest days as the Congo Independent State of King Léopold II, but unlike most other weak and vulnerable African states it has experienced repeated military interventions. When President Mobutu Sese Seko addressed the U.N. General Assembly in October 1973 he formally thanked the world organisation for preserving his country during the early 1960s:

If a small minority of member countries of this organisation had refused to participate in the Congo operation, at the time, the vast majority had, however, spontaneously put troops at its disposition or intervened in favour of this operation. This permitted the maintenance of peace, unity, and the integrity of the national territory.
Speaking with Many Voices: Continuity and Change in U.S. Africa Policies
Authors: Schraeder Peter J.
Published: November 2008

The story of the blind men and the elephant is universally known. Each…concluded that the elephant had the appearance of the part he had touched. Hence, the blind man who felt the animal's trunk concluded that an elephant must be tall and slender…Others of course reached different conclusions. The total result was that no man arrived at a very accurate description of the elephant. Yet, each man had gained enough evidence from his own experience to disbelieve his fellows and to maintain a lively debate about the nature of the beast.
Potlako Leballo – the Man Who Hurried to Meet his Destiny
Authors: Bolnick Joel
Published: November 2008

This is an account of the early life of a widely regarded hero of resistance in South Africa who constantly betrayed the absurdity, the hypocrisy, and the staggering human frailty of the modern leader. In later years Potlako Kitchener Leballo also gained renown as a mesmerising orator who lived to dramatise, to command the centre of attention, to captivate listeners with impassioned stories. Having grown up in a world of oral culture it is not surprising that he expressed himself best in the spoken rather than the written word. Leballo's autobiographical sketches, which have been recorded piecemeal by numerous authors, are festooned with exaggerations, illusions, and ambiguities. However, he was an intelligent fabricator of information, with a talent for fitting a story into its appropriate context. This alone makes him an exciting subject for a biography, since the reconstruction of his life and its links to the social structure provide stiff tests for the sleuthing and analytical skills of the researcher.
‘Hometown’ Voluntary Associations, Local Development, and the Emergence of Civil Society in Western Nigeria
Authors: Barkan Joel D. , McNulty Michael L. , Ayeni M. A. O.
Published: November 2008

At a time when most African countries are characterised as ‘strong societies and weak states’, the tendency to afford the state ‘ontological primacy’ in explaining the nature of African political economy is being challenged. One manifestation of this has been a shift in scholarly attention to those intermediary and autonomous organisations which function and sometimes flourish in the space that exists between the state and the household – namely, the various groups which comprise ‘civil society’.
Making Waves: the Political Impact of Human Rights Groups in North Africa
Authors: Waltz Susan
Published: November 2008

Concern for democratisation, central in the study of comparative poiltics over recent years, has tended to shift attention away from the African continent. North Africa, in particular, has been neglected in this literature, though it has witnessed important liberalising political changes – most notably with the removal from office of Tunisia's President-for-Life Habib Bourguiba, and the dramatic decline of the Frot de libération nationale (F.L.N.) in Algeria following political violence in October 1988.
Aminata Sow Fall and the Centre africain d'animation et d'échanges culturels in Senegal
Authors: Bobia Rosa , Staunton Cheryl
Published: November 2008

Now recognised as the leading woman novelist of francophone Africa, Aminata Sow Fall first achieved literary attention with the publication of Le Revenant (Dakar, 1976). After a rather long stay in France, where she studied at the Sorbonne and became agrégée de lettres, Sow Fall decided to distance herself from other African writters by ensuring that ‘The Ghost’ contained few if any traces of her experiences in the West. As explained several years later, what really surprised her was that novels published by blacks always referenced themselves to the West, whereas she felt the need ‘to present our literature to others so that they see and understand us’:
Symposium on Multilingualism
Authors: Fortune G.
Published: November 2008

This symposium was organised by the Inter-African Committee on Linguistics—a committee of C.C.T.A. whose chairman is Professor M. Guthrie. It was planned to coincide with the second meeting of the Committee, which accepted responsibility for implementing the recommendations of the symposium after approval by member governments of C.C.T.A.
International Congress of African Culture
Authors: Fagg William B.
Published: November 2008

African studies have hitherto been largely deficient in the attention given to that central element of culture which we Europeans call ‘art’ or ‘the arts’, but which traditional Africa did not compartmentalise either in name or in fact. Since the great changes through which Africa is passing are almost all in the direction of materialism and international conformity, it is not surprising, but none the less regrettable, that even anthropologists have usually accorded to African art a peripheral, though not always unhonoured status. This has now been boldly remedied by the inauguration in Souther Rhodesia of what it is hoped will be a regular series of international con gresses of African culture.
The Phoenix Group, Salisbury
Authors: Taylor William L.
Published: November 2008

This independent research body was formed in March 1959, and consists of a small group of professional economists in the academic, financial, and industrial spheres working in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia. It aims to provide a forum for informed discussion and analysis of economic problems. The general theme of the Group's work is the development of the three territories of the Federation. The chairman is Professor W. L. Taylor of the Department of Economics, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
Multi-purpose Economic Institutions in Africa
Authors: Green Reginald H.
Published: November 2008

The absence of an efficient framework of economic institutions is frequently regarded as a major hindrance to the effective carrying out of economic policies, particularly in development planning2. However, rather little attention has been paid to the possibilities and problems of multi-purpose economic institutions, designed for the joint promotion of several government policies at the same time. This gap is particularly noticeable and particularly crucial in regard to Africa. To date, there have been several African examples of multi-purpose institutions, although these have not necessarily been intended as such originally. Set up to fulfil one or two main purposes, they have come to serve a multitude of aims as the need arose, and in doing so have demonstrated a considerable degree of institutional flexibility. Their example might well be deliberately followed in future.
Regional Seminar on Basic Science Teaching in African Universities
Authors: Laing E.
Published: November 2008

Over 50 people attended this seminar, organised by the Department of Natural Sciences of U.N.E.S.C.O., including 32 specialists from 22 African university institutions. Documents had previously been submitted by each participating country, summarising the following data on science faculties: numbers of lecturers and students, capacity of departments, facilities for teaching and research, and development plans. The working languages were English and French; simultaneous interpretation was provided. The seminar was conducted mainly in plenary sessions; papers written mostly by U.N.E.S.C.O. consultants served as bases for discussing the teaching of specific subjects (mathematics, physics, geology, chemistry, and biology), the emphasis throughout being on first-year university work. More general topics included co-operation between university and government, and between African countries in science teaching.
Migratory Labour in Africa— a Bibliographical Note
Authors: Panofsky Hans E.
Published: November 2008

This note attempts to evaluate the more significant studies on migratory labour in Africa,1 and to suggest some of the information needed not only to advance knowledge but also to provide a basis for governmental policy.

There are two important elements of migratory labour as discussed in this note: the impermanent attachment to the labour force, and the absence from home. An increasing proportion of ‘wanderers who travel in search of wage labor’ (Carter Goodrich, ‘Migratory Labor’, in Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York, Macmillan, 1933) become, at least during their individual working lives, permanent members of the wage labour force.2 Petty traders, as well as the still frequently expatriate high-level manpower, who manifest some of the characteristics of migrant labour, are excluded from any discussion in this note.
African Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles
Authors: Coleman James S.
Published: November 2008

The African Studies Center at U.C.L.A. was established in June 1959, with the following objects: to bring together scholars from all of the social sciences, the humanities, education, law, and linguistics; to provide a framework for interdisciplinary collaboration and communication; to promote the organisation and development of undergraduate and graduate teaching programmes; and to further research on African subjects by both staff and students. It also serves to provide liaison with other institutes, centres, and associations in the same field, and works to improve the University's resources of Africana. In addition to its academic and professional functions, the Center furthers interest in Africa among the University community and the public at large.
Towards African Unity
Authors: Haile Selassie I
Published: November 2008

This is indeed a momentous and historic day for Africa and for all Africans. We stand today on the stage of world affairs, before the audience of world opinion. We have come together to assert our role in the direction of world affairs and to discharge our duty to the great continent whose 250 million people we led. Africa is today at midcourse, in transition from the Africa of Yesterday to the Africa of Tomorrow. Even as we stand here, we move from the past into the future. The task on which we have embarked, the making of Africa, will not wait. We must act, to shape and mould the future and leave our imprint on events as they slip past into history.
Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa
Authors: Mariam Kassa Wolde
Published: November 2008

The Institute was founded in January 1963 as a department of the Haile Selassie I University, for research in all fields relating to Ethiopia. It is at present organised in three main sections, the Amharic collection, the library, and the museum. The Amharic collection, a unique assortment of books, pamphlets, and periodicals published in this language, is under the charge of Mr Stephen Wright, a life-long specialist in Ethiopian affairs. Mr. S. Chojnacki is responsible for the Institute's valuable library of books on Ethiopia, and for an ethnological and a small but growing historical museum.
The Soviet Encyclopaedia on Africa
Authors: Yastrebova I.
Published: November 2008

The rich history and original culture of the peoples of Africa have long attracted attention in Russia. The first Russian books on Africa appeared as far back as the end of the eighteenth century. Since then about 600 books on Africa, including fundamental monographs, special anthologies, and booklets, have been published in our country; but the new encyclopaedia, Africa, is the first comprehensive reference book on this subject to be produced in the Soviet Union. It has been sponsored by the Africa Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the ‘Sovetskaya Encyclopaedia’ State Scientific Publishing House, with research assistance from several institutes of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and other educational and scientific institutions.
Local Administration in Zaïre and Underdevelopment
Authors: Gould David J.
Published: November 2008

Thisarticle is an exploratory attempt to understand the state of underdevelopment in contemporary Zaïre through a study of bureaucratic decision-making process at the local level. It is based on a series of investigations which the author and a group of colleagues carried out in 13zonesin Shaba Region during 1975 and 1976, but our reflections have evolved considerably since then and, to a large extent, have outstripped the reach of the research data, so that the present article should be considered as a report on work-in-progress.
Somali Nationalism: Its Origins and Future
Authors: Sheik-Abdi Abdi
Published: November 2008

The Somalis, who almost exclusively inhabit the Horn of Africa, form one of the most uniformly homogeneous populations of the continent. They speak one language, adhere to a single faith, and share a common cultural heritage which is an integral part of their nomadic way of life. The very name So maal, when spoken in the imperative, means ‘Go and milk a beast for yourself’, welcome words of hospitality in a wandering stranger's ears. The Somali's self-conception is inseparable from his flocks and his historical grazing lands. Yet, the Somalis have watched helplessly for the past generation or two as their pasturelands were dismembered by colonising European powers and neighbouring potentates.
Machiavelli and Fanon: Ethics, Violence, and Action
Authors: Tucker Gerald E.
Published: November 2008

Niccolo Machiavelli and Frantz Fanon are in the tradition of political philosophy. Do they not address themselves to the notion of freedom, the concept of legitimacy, and the moral basis of political action? This article will further argue that there exists a notable correspondence of thought between them.

The political thought of Machiavelli enjoys ubiquitous fame. Its pristine vigour is attested to by the fact that, through the past four and a half centuries, dictators and democrats have embraced its values.1 Yet there is no patent contradiction in this if one realises that Machiavelli deals compellingly with what is while not rejecting what ultimately ought to be; his prince is a sort of political Everyman concerned with realising the kingdom of earth.
The Kenya General Election of 1963
Authors: Sanger Clyde , Nottingham John
Published: November 2008

KENYA became the 34th independent state in Africa on 12 December 1963, after perhaps the longest drawn-out campaign between nationalism and immigrant interests yet seen in British colonial history in Africa. If this bitter struggle has left deep and permanent scars on the body politic, in the form of racial hatred, entrenched tribalism, and a climate of violence, it bodes ill for Kenya's future. In the belief that an observer may most satisfactorily take a country's temperature, and gauge the condition of such scars, at election time, we have written the following brief study of the elections for the Senate (41 seats), the House of Representatives (129 seats), and six of the seven Regional Assemblies,1 held in Kenya between 18 and 26 May 1963. We hope that our varied experience in Kenya may help give readers a taste of the real flavour of the country at this important juncture, in a way that undiluted tables of statistics could not possibly do.
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung International Colloquy on Africa
Authors: Schleimann Jørgen
Published: November 2008

Over the past few years many arguments have been exchanged between partisans of multilateral aid to developing countries and those who prefer bilateral forms of co-operation. Multilateral programmes are often accused of inefficiency and waste owing to international bureaucracy and political complications, and bilateral agreements just as often are suspected of covering up for neo-colonialism. In the meantime a new kind of multi-national aid programme has appeared. Sometimes these are on government level, like the joint educational programmes of the Nordic countries in Tanganyika; sometimes there is co-operation between non-governmental organisations in different donor countries.
Seminar on Narcotics Problems in Developing Countries in Africa
Authors: Chapman Daniel A.
Published: November 2008

While most African countries have no real cause for alarm concerning narcotic drug addiction and illicit trafficking, the possibilities for the future in such a huge and rapidly changing area call for the utmost vigilance. Only in this way can the tragedy of large-scale addiction which has afflicted other wide regions of the world be avoided. Urbanisation, internal migration, and detribalisation are factors which might well sow the seeds of future trouble. The United Nations therefore organised this regional seminar, the first of its kind in Africa, as part of its programme of technical assistance in narcotics control.
University of East Africa Conferences on Public Policy: II. East African Federation
Authors: Watts Ronald
Published: November 2008

This was the second in a series of three conferences on public policy, organised by the University of East Africa and financed by the Ford Foundation, whose aim is to bring together policy-makers and academics for discussions on major public issues.

In attendance were delegations, of at least a dozen each, from Uganda, Kenya, and Tanganyika, consisting mainly of Cabinet Ministers, parliamentary secretaries, other M.P.s, and civil servants, as well as representatives of public corporations, political parties, and trade unions. Small delegations from Ethiopia, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesia, and Zanzibar were also invited. A group of 10 ‘visiting specialists’ from overseas with experience of federal systems and problems elsewhere were invited to take part. Among these were six economists: Ursula Hicks and Arthur Hazlewood from Oxford, Pitamber Pant of the Indian Planning Commission, Vladimir Kollontai from Moscow, Jan Auerhan from Prague, and Benton Massell (who was unable to attend but contributed a paper) from the United States. The others were a lawyer, S. A. de Smith from the London School of Economics, and three political scientists, Arthur MacMahon of Columbia University, A. H. Birch from Hull University, and myself. A group of a dozen ‘local specialists’ drawn mainly from E.A.C.S.O. and from the economists, lawyers, and political scientists at the University Colleges in East Africa also presented papers and played a significant role in the discussions. The total number of participants, including 22 observers, amounted to over 90.
The E.C.A. Economic Survey of Africa
Authors: Seers Dudley
Published: November 2008

This Survey was requested at an early session of the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, but it has not proved possible to prepare it until now because of the shortage ofstaff available for research work and the paucity of information. An earlier Survey was prepared in the U.N. Headquarters, on the basis of the material available there—The Economic Development of Africa since 1950— but it took the story only up to 1956, and thus did not cover the main changes at, and after, the achievement of political independence.
The Colonial Situation in Southern Africa
Authors: Kuper Hilda
Published: November 2008

This article indicates the complexity of the social relations of whites and Africans in Southern Africa and the myths by which they rationalise their behaviour.1 The situation is not identical throughout Southern Africa, but there are, as I will show, certain fundamental similarities which validate an over-all analysis in terms of a ‘colonial situation’.2

Each of the countries of Southern Africa (the Republic of South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, the three British High Commission territories of Swaziland, Bechuanaland, and Basutoland, and the Portuguese provinces of Mozambique and Angola) represents a distinct political unit, expressing in its constitution the limits of control and participation permitted to groups which are distinguished according to so-called ‘racial’, ‘ethnic’, or ‘cultural’ differences. There has been a major distinction, explicit in some countries, disguised in others, between a dominant white minority and a subordinate African majority, a division corresponding to the ‘colonisers’ or ‘colonials’ on the one hand, and the ‘colonised’ on the other. But now Nyasaland has become independent Zambia, and Northern Rhodesia will achieve independence in October 1964.
African Studies in East Germany
Authors: Austen Ralph A.
Published: November 2008

Up to World War II, Germany was a major centre for the development of African studies, arising out of her colonial interests and general academic traditions. African studies were among the casualties of the Nazi catastrophe; and even the more recent revival of German interest in Africa is handicapped by the continued division of the country. Thus, while the West German Federal Republic has been the more active in building economic and cultural ties with the new African states, it is in East Germany that academics have given greater prominence to Africa.
Seminar on Central Services to Local Authorities
Authors: Neath Ronald W.
Published: November 2008

This seminar was organised by the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, in collaboration with the Government of Northern Nigeria, and was held at the Institute of Administration, Zaria. It was the second of a series of U.N. regional seminars on Central Services to Local Authorities. The first was held in Delhi about a year age. A third, in Latin America, will follow next year.

The purpose of the seminar was to study the central agencies and institutions needed at the national level (or in a federal system at the state or provincial level) for the improvement of local government, and to assist local authorities by equipping their senior officers to contribute more effectively to local—and national—development.
Conference on Integration of Customary and Modern Legal Systems
Authors: Read J. S.
Published: November 2008

This conference, under the direction of Dr A. N. Allott of the University of London, was an outstanding success and marked a real development in the consideration of the subject. About half the participants, who numbered just under 40, were from universities in Africa, U.S.A., and Europe; the others were mainly from the government or the judiciary of various African countries. The annual general meeting of the International African Law Association also took place during the week.
Ivan Potekhin—Man, Scientist, and Friend of Africa
Authors: Skorov George
Published: November 2008

I was attending a conference sponsored by the University of East Africa in Dar es Salaam when the sad news of the death of Professor Potekhin came through. The world community of Africanists has suffered a great loss. The people of Africa have lost one of their most devoted friends.

Ivan Potekhin was born of a family of farmers in a small village in Siberia in 1903. No one can say what the destiny of this young Siberian peasant would have been had it not been for the Socialist revolution in Russia in October 1917. He was pulled into the revolutionary whirl and fought with arms to promote its ideals. This period in his life had a decisive role in shaping his political outlook and determining his future. From this time on, the idea of liberating man from political and social injustice became his creed. He devoted all his life to this.
W.F.T.U. and Decolonisation: A Tunisian Case Study
Authors: Beling Willard A.
Published: November 2008

The World Federation of Trade Unions (W.F.T.U.) was one of the most hopeful ventures of all the Communist front organisations. Unlike some of the other fronts the Russians did not create it. They captured the W.F.T.U. after it was established, and had a good start. Once captured, however, the W.F.T.U. represented merely an extension of the pattern of the earlier Red International which had been created by the Comintern following World War I as a vehicle to reach the working masses of the world and rally them to Moscow. But like its predecessor—dissolved in 1937—the W.F.T.U. has also failed to make significant inroads among the workers in western countries and win control over them. While it has affiliates in the west, the French Confédération Générale du Travail (C.G.T.) and the Italian Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (C.G.I.L.) being the most outstanding examples, the W.F.T.U. does not at all dominate these movements. Rather, control for the most part is exercised through the local Communist parties, some of which, while still very much an integral part of an international apparatus, have won some measure of autonomy from Moscow.1
Centre of West African Studies, University of Birmingham
Authors: Fage John
Published: November 2008

The Centre of West African Studies has been in full operation since October 1964. Its staff is as follows: J. D. Fage, M.A., Ph.D. (Director and Professor of African History); P. C. Lloyd, M.A., B.Sc., D.Phil. (Senior Lecturer in Sociology); D. Rimmer, B.A. (Lecturer in Economics); R. E. Bradbury, B.A., Ph.D. (Lecturer in Social Anthropology); K. W. J. Post, M.A. (Lecturer in Political Science); A. G. Hopkins, B.A., Ph.D. (Assistant Lecturer in Economic History). A number of other members of the University of Birmingham are closely associated with the work of the Centre, including D. W. J. Johnson, M.A., B.Litt. (History); R. E. Wraith, C.B.E., B.Com. (Local Government); W. B. Morgan, M.A., Ph.D., and R. P. Moss, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Geography); and R. H. F. Dalton, B.A. (Education).
The African University and Human Resource Development
Authors: Harbison Frederick
Published: November 2008

There is a very close relationship between education and the economic growth of modern nations.1 Most of us also accept the slogan that the real basis for social, economic, and political progress is the development of the skills, knowledge, and creative capacities of people. These, of course, are ‘self-evident truths’. But by themselves, they really offer little practical justification for tangible investment in education projects.
The Import-Licensing System in Kenya
Authors: MacRae D. S.
Published: November 2008

During the last decade or so there has been considerable interest in the nature and effects of protection policies on the economic performance of developing countries, and a number of attempts have been made to measure the levels of protection afforded local activities. It is, of course, desirable that such studies should take adequate account of the system of protection in its entirety, and this includes a consideration of direct (i.e. quantitative) as well as indirect (i.e. tariff) restrictions of imports.
District Councils in Botswana—a Remnant of Local Autonomy
Authors: Pichard Louis A.
Published: November 2008

There has been a fairly standard flirtation in Africa between new states and an apparently attractive type of local government. District councils have usually been hastily instituted during the last stages of colonial rule; important functions are transferred to them after independence, and there is great faith in their ability to act as autonomous links between the centre and the periphery. This initial period of optimism, however, quickly dissipates and is replaced by growing disappointment with the ability of the councils to handle various problems. A recentralisation of authority in the capital city then becomes almost inevitable.1
Négritude or Black Cultural Nationalism
Authors: Irele Abiola
Published: November 2008

It is well known that nationalist movements are generally accompanied by parallel movements of ideas that make it possible for its leaders to mould a new image of the dominated people. And as Thomas Hodgkin has shown, the need for African political movements to ‘justify themselves’ and ‘to construct ideologies’ has been particularly strong.1 Nationalist movements were to a large extent founded upon emotional impulses, which imparted a distinctive tone to the intellectual clamour that went with them and which continue to have a clear resonance after independence.
The Probelem of Senegambia
Authors: Robson Peter
Published: November 2008

The last few years have been notable in Africa for the many attempts which have been made to bring about economic integration, on the one hand through political regroupings, on the other by various kinds of economic associations between fully sovereign states. At present, the number of ‘political’ integrations is small. One of the most important recent examples, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, was broken up in 1963 after a life of ten years. The Federations in former French West and Equatorial Africa did not survive the independence of their constituent territories. In fact, about the only examples of this kind of integration at present are Cameroun, Somalia, and EthiopiaEritrea.
African Universities and Western Tradition—Some East African Reflections
Authors: Pratt R. Cranford
Published: November 2008

A University must grow from seed. It cannot be transplanted from England or Germany in full leaf and bearing … When the American University appears, it will not be a copy of foreign institutions but the slow and natural outgrowth of American social and political habits.

This quotation from C. W. Eliot, who was President of Harvard University nearly 100 years ago, provided Sir Eric Ashby with the starting text for his recent Godkin Lectures at Harvard, which have since been published under the title African Universities and Western Tradition. Ashby is concerned with the process through which the universities in Africa, still very much western transplantations, will develop into genuine national universities. He seeks to extend Eliot's prophecy to the universities of Africa, to test there its applicability and its implications.
Politics and Government in Former French West and Equatorial Africa: A Critical Bibliography
Authors: Ballard John A.
Published: November 2008

Ten years ago Kenneth Robinson published ‘A Survey of the Background Material for the Study of Government in French Tropical Africa’, in The American Political Science Review (Washington), L, 1956, pp. 179–98. In the absence of published studies dealing directly with government and politics in French African colonies, his survey was necessarily limited largely to official publications and to studies of French colonial policy, legal and constitutional developments, and ethnography. At the same time Thomas Hodgkin's Nationalism in Colonial Africa (London, Muller, 1956), the first and perhaps the most successful attempt to analyse and compare postwar political and social developments, had to rely on a few sociological studies for relevant material on French colonies. At that time, Hodgkin's own articles in West Africa (London) and a few articles by Robinson were the only available pieces of published research on politics in this area.
Conference on Library Work in Africa
Authors: Broome E. M.
Published: November 2008

The rapidly growing interest shown by the people of Scandinavia in the developing countries of Africa has affected librarians too. Though perhaps the Swedes were rather slower than the Danes to respond to the stimulus of the conference on public libraries in Africa held in Copenhagen in 1961, they are now attempting to recapture the initiative. The 1965 conference, organised jointly by the Swedish National Board of Education, the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, and the Norrköping City Library, was designed as a springboard for further action.
Conference on Joint Research Schemes and Recruitment in African Universities
Authors: Ghai Dharam P.
Published: November 2008

The tremendous increase in contacts that has taken place in recent years between African universities and universities in Europe and America has thrown up a number of common problems in the fields of joint research schemes and recruitment. It was to discuss these problems that the Centre of African Studies, Edinburgh University, in association with the U.K. Ministry of Overseas Development, convened a conference, attended by about 100 delegates, representing British universities (mainly from Scotland and the north of England), the Ministry of Overseas Development, and universities in English-speaking African countries.
Industrial Decentralisation Policy and the Prospects for the Development of South Africa's Homelands
Authors: Addleson Mark , Tomlinson Richard
Published: November 2008

In many respects the subject of industrial decentralisation is both a mirror and focal point of issues that predominate in South African Society at large. From its origins in the early 1960s, the state's strategy in this field has been an implement apartheird. Despite a conthinunously changing institutional and spatial framework,2 the policy remains grounded in the attempt to maintain the geographic separation of blacks and whites, by reinforcing control over the influx of the former into the metropolitan areas, and by bolstering the economic political structures of the Homelands.