bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zariadres And Zarer
Authors: Boyce Maey
Published: January 2010

IT is now almost a century since Rapp cited, 1 among Greek texts relating to Persian customs and beliefs, the charming tale of Zariadres and Odatis, preserved for us by Athenaeus on the authority of Chares of Mytilene.2 The story is in brief as follows: Hystaspes and his younger brother Zariadres were said by the people of their land to be born of Aphrodite and Adonis. Hystaspes ruled Media and the lands below it, Zariadres the region above the Caspian Gates up to the Tanais. Beyond the Tanals lived the Marathi, ruled by Omartes, whose daughter Odatis was the most beautiful woman in Asia.3 Odatis dreamt of Zariadres, and loved him; and he too loved Odatis through dreams. He sought her vainly in marriage, for her father did not wish to give her to a stranger. Soon after, Omartes held a marriage-feast attended by his own kinsmen and nobles, and bade Odatis give a cup of wine to him whom she wished to marry. Zariadres, forewarned by Odatis, came in full haste across the Tanals, accompanied only by his charioteer, and entered the hall in Scythian dress as, weeping, Odatis slowly filled the cup. She recognized him with joy, and he carried her off. This tale, Chares states, was greatly esteemed by the barbarians of Asia, who painted scenes from it on the walls of temples, palaces, and even private houses, the nobles often giving the name of Odatis to their own daughters.
Evolution Of Hinduism In Medieval Bengali Literature: Siva, Candi, Manas A
Authors: Clark T. W.
Published: January 2010

WHEN the geographical term ‘Bengal’ is used in any study of the old or medieval period of the literary history of the area, it must be borne in mind that it has so far been impossible to delineate its then boundaries with precision. Such early cartographical evidence2 as there is, suggests that it is improbable that the topography of Bengal resembled very closely that which is now familiar in our modern maps. The great rivers, which are the most distinctive characteristic of the formation of this part of India, are known to have made considerable changes in their courses; and the constant depositing of silt in the delta districts has almost certainly increased the area of its land surface during the centuries.
Some aspects of the Anglo-Russian Convention and its working in Persia, 1907–14—I
Authors: Greaves Rose Louise
Published: January 2010

The Anglo-Russian Convention, signed at St. Petersburg on 31 August 1907, contained provisions relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. The text of the agreement would seem to suggest that the matters adjusted were purely local in character—an arrangement arrived at between two countries settling problems in far-away frontier regions. But the Anglo-Russian Convention was of much greater significance. It represented a change not only in Anglo-Russian relations, but in Britain's fundamental European policy. It also meant that the role of the Government of India, which had often been a powerful factor in the determination of foreign policy in the nineteenth century, became less significant. It seems highly probable, too, that in the years when Sir Edward Grey was Foreign Secretary (December 1905 to December 1916—holding office for a longer consecutive period than any other Foreign Secretary in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries, the next being Castlereagh, 1812–22) the permanent staff of the Foreign Office exercised more influence and had a more decisive voice in the conduct of the country's foreign policy than they ever had before of have had since.
Jews in the Mamlūk environment: the crisis of 1442 (a Geniza study)
Authors: Cohen Mark R.
Published: January 2010

Compared with the heyday under the Fāṭimids, the position of the non-Muslims, ordhimmīs, in the late Mamlūk period was bleak. Victims of the general demographic and economic decline, objects of considerable hostility on the part of Muslim theologians, and targets of frequent persecution, the Jews and Christians of Egypt found life more difficult and more oppressive in the fifteenth than in the eleventh or twelfth century. For the Jews, hard times were reflected both in tensions with the surrounding Muslim society and in the depressed condition of community life.
Some observations on the 'Abbāsid caliphate of Cairo
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

The re-establishment of the 'Abbāsid caliphate in Cairo after its overthrow on the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in 656'1258 was, as is well known, accomplished by the Mamlūk sultan, al-Ẓāhir Baybars, who installed successively two refugee 'Abbāsids as caliphs in his capital. What is perhaps not always realized is that the two pretenders did not appear in turn and out of the blue at the beginning of Baybars's reign, and that the sultan's reasons for installing the first, al-Mustanṣir, were not identical with his reasons for installing the second, al-Ḥākim. In certain respects the official account by Baybars's court biographer, Muḥyī al-Dīn Ibn 'Abd al-Ẓāhir, needs to be supplemented and corrected.
Vowels in Jibbāli Verbs
Authors: Hayward K. M. , Hayward R. J. , Al-Tabūki Sālim Bakhīt
Published: January 2010

Considering the unique position of the Modern South Arabian languages within Semitic it is surprising how little has been published concerning them. A case in point is the Jibbāli language of Dhofar, whose extreme phonetic and phonological complexity should arouse the interest of the general linguist as well as of the Semitic specialist. This becomes clear in even a brief perusal of the most notable pioneer study of the language, T. M. Johnstone's Jibbali lexicon.
Uigurica from dunhuang
Authors: Erdal Marcel
Published: January 2010

Since the early years of this century, there has been a steady flow of publications containing editions of Uigur texts found in the Turfan region and brought to Germany. Not so the Uigur MSS of Dunhuang, which are kept in London and Paris. A good start was made by Le Coq, Thomsen and Pelliot in 1911–1914. Twenty years later, Bang, Gabain and Rachmati published the ‘Sūtra of Eight Heaps’. Another forty years were to elapse before the appearance of further material. Moriyasu mentions hundreds of MSS found in the cave which was given the number 181. There have, on the other hand, been multiple editions: The ‘ Story of the Two Princes’ was edited three times; recently, an Uigur text in Tibetan script was published—twice.
The Ethiopic Version of the Lives of the Prophets: Ezekiel and Daniel
Authors: Knibb Michael A.
Published: January 2010

The collection of legends about the prophets known as the Lives of the Prophets belongs amongst the Old Testament pseudepigrapha. It is a Jewish work in origin, perhaps dating from the first century A.D., and was composed in Greek or, less probably, Hebrew. It was subsequently taken over by the Church, and none of the extant witnesses to the text is entirely free of the signs of Christian editing. The wealth of textual evidence available is considerable. Thus the Greek version of the Lives, which is the most important, is found in numerous manuscripts belonging to several different recensions, but Syriac, Latin, Armenian and Arabic versions are also known. In addition an Ethiopic version is said to exist, but to my knowledge only the Life of Jeremiah has hitherto been published. Some years ago, however, I observed that the Lives of Ezekiel and Daniel are given in two Ethiopic manuscripts in the British Library—although they are not described as such in Wright's Catalogue. From the description in Dillmann's Catalogue it also seemed likely to me that the Life of Ezekiel was to be found in a Berlin manuscript, and I have now been able to confirm this. My purpose in this short study is to make available the text and a translation of these two Lives.
Customary khul' as reflected in the sijill of the Libyan sharĪ a; courts
Authors: Layish Aharon
Published: January 2010

Khul’, according to its shar ī definition, is a wife's ‘redemption of herself’ from the marriage tie, with the husband's consent, by the use of the word khul’, or a verb derived from it, in return for consideration. The husband, not the wife, dissolves the marriage tie; he must be legally competent to divorce the wife, and the wife must be legally competent to enter into a contractual divorce agreement for consideration (Anderson, 1970: 367). She is a party to the proceedings for divorce by shar’ī khul’, just as she is a party to the marriage contract. She generally compensates the husband by returning the dower (which is her property under the sharī'a), wholly or in part, in exchange for her freedom. This is the picture emerging from the sijill and confirmed by research elsewhere.
Legislating for inequality in Algeria: the Senatus-Consulte of 14 July 1865
Authors: Brett Michael
Published: January 2010

‘ Les lois de compétence ne sont done plus les mêmes pour tous ceux qui se trouvent en Algerie. Aujourd'hui une distinction doit être faite, et, ce qui doit paraître invraisemblable en France, au xxe siècle, le critérium de cette distinction est religion.’
The rediscovery of the ancient sagas of the Banū Hilāl
Authors: Norris H. T.
Published: January 2010

The last ten years have seen a remarkable increase in the number of published studies about theSīrat Banī Hilāl, or, to borrow the term used by francophone specialists from the Maghrib as well as from France itself,La Geste hilalienne. The subject matter and the approach of these specialists has been varied. Their interests have focused on the myriad plots of the narrative of the sīra, the imagery employed, the performance of the shā ‘ir and the documenting of the texts, be they oral or written. In aggregate, these studies have done much to clarify the nature of the work itself and its relationship, if any, to the exploits of the real Banū Hilāl during and after the eleventh century within the Maghrib. They have also contributed to a better understanding of the literary value of all the best known Arabic folk epics.
Caste conflict In Kalpeni Island
Authors: Gabriel Theodore
Published: January 2010

Kalpeni is one of the islands of the enchantingly beautiful small archipelago known as Lakshadweep, a group of diminutive coral islands lying off the southwest coast of India, scattered on the Arabian sea 200 to 400 kilometres off the Kerala Coast. The islands, though small, are densely populated-inhabited by an interesting tribal people, who are engaged mainly in cultivation of the coconut tree, and as a side-line, in fishing. The archipelago is part of the Republic of India, and is ruled directly by the Central Government since 1958. The events narrated in this article, however, took place when the islands were attached for administrative purposes to the districts of Malabar and South Kanara of the Madras Presidency (as most of British South India was called in the colonial days). Kalpeni Island was situated in that part of this territory of which the District Collector of Malabar was the supreme authority.
Tibetan nor-ra-re
Authors: Emmerick R. E.
Published: January 2010

The late Walter Simon discussed the Tibetan particle re in two important articles published in this journal: ‘The Tibetan particle re’ (BSOAS, xxx, 1, 1967, 117–26) and ‘Tibetan re in its wider context’ (BSOAS, xxxi, 3, 1968, 555–62).
Persian-Tamil inscription from āmbūr Fort
Authors: Mahadevan Iravatham
Published: January 2010

I read with interest the brief report on the Persian–Tamil inscription on a stone tablet recording the reconstruction of the Āmbūr Fort in Tamilnadu, and now preserved in the Victoria and Albert Museum (BSOAS, XLIX, 3, 1986, 553–7). As a Tamil epigraphist, I was particularly interested in the Tamil text edited by J. R. Marr (ibid., 553, n. 3). Unfortunately, he has misread two words (each occurring twice), made wrong segmentations of two other words and omitted the last word in the text. These happen to be crucial words and consequently his translation has suffered. The Tamil characters of the epigraph are almost modern and they can be made out quite clearly from the excellent reproduction (ibid., pi. I). Without more ado, I proceed to furnish a revised transliteration and translation of the Tamil record with brief notes on some of the interesting expressions occurring in it.
Recent Work on the Georgian New Testament
Authors: Lang D. M.
Published: January 2010

In 1955, the appearance in the Patrologia Orientalis of the Old Georgian version of St. Luke's Gospel brought to a successful conclusion the project initiated some thirty years ago by the late Professor Robert P. Blake of Harvard University, namely the critical editing of the famous Adysh (or Adishi) Gospel manuscript, copied at Shatberd in Tao-Klarjet'i in A.D. 897, and later removed thence to be preserved in a remote village in highland Svanet'i.1 After Blake's death in May 1950, his work was brought to completion by Canon M. Brière, who had already collaborated on the edition of St. John.2 Now that their pioneer work has made this important Biblical text fully accessible to Western scholars, the time seems ripe to attempt a brief survey in the most general terms of recent work published or in progress in Georgian New Testament studies.
The Syntax of Participal Forms in Hindi
Authors: Burton-Page J.
Published: January 2010

This study is concerned with the interpretation of number and gender concord as abstracted from sentences of different types whose common feature is the inclusion of a participial form. This term is used here, rather than the more usual ‘participle’, as the forms being considered here do not exactly correspond with what are described in the traditional grammars as ‘present (or imperfect) participle’ and ‘past (or imperfect) participle’; the term is applied here to those members of a verbal paradigm which can be colligated withhuaa, huii, orhue.
The Relation Between the Final Particles Yu and Yee
Authors: Graham A. C.
Published: January 2010

The particle , yu is (with hu and , ye) one of the three main interrogative particles in classical Chinese. It has been claimed by some Chinese scholars that in certain cases yu is not interrogative and is equivalent to yee, a particle with a bewildering variety of functions. One example is given by Wang Yiinjy (1766-1834).1
Queen Victoria's phonograph message to the Emperor Menelik of Ethiopia
Authors: Ullendorff Edward
Published: January 2010

In BSOAS, xxxii, 2, 1969, my friend and colleague, Dr. Abraham Demoz of the Haile Sellassie I University, Addis Ababa, published the Amharic text of a phonograph message which the Emperor Menelik II (1889–1913) and the Empress Taitu sent to Queen Victoria.
Four Avestan notes
Authors: Khoroche Peter
Published: January 2010

At Vd., iii, 8, occurs the phrase (in Geldner's edition) yaṭ Bā paiti fraēštəm sairi nikante spānača irista naraēča irista. To explain the word sairi Bartholomae (Air. Wb., 1564–5) assumed a noun sar- f. of which sairi would be tjhe expected dual form.
The Functions of the Conjugations in Colloquial israeli Hebrew
Authors: Ariel S.
Published: January 2010

The main purpose of this article is to show that the conjugations (binyanim) in Colloquial Israeli Hebrew, looked at from the point of view of their syntactic and semantic functions, form together a coherent, tightly organized system, in which each conjugation is characterized by a fixed configuration of semantic and syntactic properties. These properties are represented in terms of three concepts, defined and explained in §4: semantic value, semantic tie-up, and syntactic tie-up. There are many deviations from the regular pattern of the system, but relatively few of these are true exceptions. In the majority of cases either there is a rule which explains the apparent deviation, or the deviation should be considered unimportant in some definite sense.
A Sogdian Ideogramthe
Authors: Sims-Williams Nicholas
Published: January 2010

The preposition rm ‘with’ is common in Buddhist Sogdian texts, but has not been found in texts in Manichaean or Christian writing; nor is such a preposition known in any other Iranian language. Its peculiar distribution was noticed by Benveniste, who also remarked: ‘rm…se confond dans l'usage avcc δ'wn, δnn, et entraîne le cas oblique.… Il admet, comme δnn, la postposition pr'yw‘. These facts in themselves strongly suggest that rm is not merely a synonym, but a purely graphic variant, of δnn; and this is confirmed by the ease with which rm can be explained as an ideogram.
A Note on the Sīra of Ibn Isḥāq
Authors: Guillaume Alfred
Published: January 2010

It would be all but impossible to compile a complete list of all the Arabic writers who used Ibn Isḥāq's Biography of the Prophet. In the Introduction to my translation of his work1 I endeavoured to collect and include anything of importance which other writers had quoted on the authority of Ibn Isḥāq. Among the writers whom I may have overlooked must now be mentioned Abū Nu‘aym Ahmad b. ‘Abdullah al-Ispahānī (d. 430)2 who wrote a book entitled Dalā’ilu'l-Nubၫwa.3
Iranian Miṡṡa, Indian Bija
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

It was recently possible to establish that the Middle Iranian mäṡṡa-, miṡṡa-, later miṡa-, mūṡa- (with adjectival mūṡlja)2 used in Khotanese texts meant ‘field for seed’. The Khotanese word ttumāṡa- attested in the plural ttumāṡa in the Sanghāta-sūtra 16 b 4 corresponded to Tib. Hit ‘field, kṡetra’. The first syllable ttu- was earlier3 explained from the base tauk- by comparison with Mid. Pers., Zor. Pahlavī tōxm, Armen. loan-word tohm, NPers. tuxm. We could then take the word as *tauxma-m- > ttum-. But since Khotanese ttíman- ‘seed’ seems to derive from *tüman- from *tuγman-, we might prefer to trace ttu- to an older *tava- or *tuva- and see in it the base tav- without the enlargement by -k- in OInd. tok-: tuk-.
Sufism in Someliland: A Study in Tribal Islam–II
Authors: Lewis I. M.
Published: January 2010

In the first part of this study we followed the development of the Ṣūfī ṭarīqa organization in Somaliland after the introduction of Islam and examined the functions exercised by Ṣūfī communities in the social structure. We interpreted the closer social and genealogical assimilation of jamā‘as among the nomadic tribes in terms of lack of arable land available for the foundation of independent settlements. It was argued that the genealogical idiom in which social relations are normally described, especially amongst the nomads, is extended to the jamā‘as by virtue of their identification with the Arabian genealogies of their sheiks. The incorporation of such Ṣūfi genealogies was held to explain how the Somali lineage system is in its furthest extension extrapolated to the Qurayshitic lineage of the Prophet.
Sidelights on the Dev

sh

irme from Idrīs and Sa‘duddīn
Authors: Ménage V. L.
Published: January 2010

In connexion with Professor Wittek's article ‘Devshirme and sharī'a’ in BSOAS, xyn, 2, pp. 271–8, a passage in Idrīs Bitlīsī's Hasht bihisht is of interest, for there the author, far from feeling any incompatibility between the devshirme and the sharī'a, even shows the former as justified by the latter.
Unpublished Manuscripts of Fr. Fernão de Queiroz, S.J.
Authors: Schurhammer S. J. G.
Published: January 2010

In his article, “ The Manuscripts Collected by William Marsden, with special reference to two copies of Almeida's History of Ethiopia,”1 Sir Denison Ross gives a description of MS. 11966, formerly in King's College, now in the School of Oriental Studies. The bulky volume contains four different works:—

1. The final version of Fr. Manoel d'Almeida's History of Ethiopia.

2. Appendix I, containing a refutation of the chief errors in Urreta's “ Historia ecclesiastica de la Ethiopia ”, Valencia, 1610.

3. Appendix II, containing another refutation by the Patriarch D. Affonso Mendez S.J., under the title: “ Informação em que se mostra, em que tempo se pregou o evangelho em Thiopia e começou a vida monastica, e quaes forão seus instituidores e pregadores.”

4. Appendix III (f. 80r–94v), a treatise about the means of opening Ethiopia to the Gospel, bearing the title, “ Informação succinta sobre a reducção do Imperio Abexino pera Sua Alteza vêr e seus Ministros.” The last date mentioned in this last third Appendix is 1669. About its author Sir Denison Ross writes: “ The authorship of Appendix III remains a mystery, but it is obviously the work of a man intimately acquainted with Ethiopia and with recent happenings in and around the Red Sea.” 2
Sanskrit and Prakrit in the Arya Eluttu’a Note.
Authors: Pisharoti K. R.
Published: January 2010

The editions of Sanskrit dramas based entirely on manuscripts written in the local vernacular script, called Ārya Euttu, present interesting subjects for linguistic study. The Prakrit of many of these dramas, and especially the dramas wrongly assigned to Bhāsa, has been examined by various scholars, and the general conclusions derived thence have been utilized as one of the arguments in support of the Bhāsa-theory. But careful study of the original texts and the printed edition of them shows that in transforming the original Malayali script into Devanagari print some liberties have been taken by the local editors, including Mm. Dr. T. Ganapati Sastri, the late lamented editor of the Trivandrum Sanskrit Series. The first thing that arrests the attention of the student who examines the manuscripts is the presence of small circles written by the side of the letters, as for instance in: MUHUoTÅ, EoVĀ, etc. The general principle that has guided the editors has been to double the consonant following the small circle, when it stands by the side of the letter, and to treat it as an anusvāra when it stands above the letter. This procedure of giving two different values to the same symbol is, however, very much open to question.
A Chinese Geographical Text of the Ninth Century.
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

The Stein Collection of MSS. from Tun–huang at the British Museum, so rich in other respects, includes very few documents of a purely topographical nature. The two most interesting texts belonging to this class are the Tun huang lu (S. 5448), which was published with translation and notes in the JRAS. for July, 1914, and the present roll (S. 367), which is unfortunately imperfect at the beginning and lacks a title. The Tun huang lu deals with the district immediately surrounding Tun-huang itself, but the other treatise goes farther afield, and follows the “ southern route ” as far as Charchan, after which it doubles back to the oasis of Hāmi and the neighbouring territory. If Sha Chou was the starting-point, it is not likely that much has been lost at the beginning, since the first paragraphs are concerned with the Nan-hu oasis, which is only some 30 miles distant from that centre.
Phonetic Notes on Urdu Records Nos. 6825 AK and 6826 AK.
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

These records were made in 1920 to the dictation of a well-known professional story-teller, Bāqir ‘Alī, who belonged to Delhi.

A phonetic transcript which has been published is of great value for the study of Urdu sounds. I made the original transcript of both records and had two proofs printed. Professor Daniel Jones, Professor of Phonetics in the University of London, who has to take responsibility for the publication of all transcripts in this series, went over my second proof, made some alterations, and prepared the final proof, which was ultimately printed. He is, therefore, responsible for the transcripts in their present form. I have, however, my proofs before me. The differences between his final print and my proofs are slight, and this article gives our joint views. Where there is any necessity for distinguishing them they are marked with the initials J. for his views and B. for mine.
The Word Hindŭstān
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

It has sometimes been said that the only correct spelling of the word is Hindostān, and that this is proved by its being made to rhyme with bostān. The fact of its so rhyming can prove only that such a form exists in verse. It does not disprove the correctness of other forms. Some confusion arises from our not knowing exactly which spelling is objected to, whether it is Hindūstān or Hindŭstān or both. There is abundant evidence to show that in Urdū Hindŭstān is well known and correct. The following points should be noted.

(1) The spelling without vāo is both Turkish and Persian. This is not important, for we are concerned with Hindī and Urdū, not with foreign languages. Turkish generally omits the vāo, indeed the word I is usually pronounced hindistān.
Taxation in Persia
Authors: Fateh Mostafa Khan
Published: January 2010

For some time past the writer has been endeavouring to collect material for the writing of an Economic History of Persia from the earliest times to the present. He has found himself greatly handicapped by the lack of accurate information respecting the earlier epochs of Persian history, and his researches in this direction are by no means complete.
Dbavidian Gender-Wobds
Authors: Tuttle Edwin H.
Published: January 2010

In Les langues du monde Bloch describes the two genders of Gôndi as representing the oldest Dravidian gender-system. This idea is wrong. Kanara and Tamil have three genders in the singular, male-personal (masculine), female-personal (feminine), non-personal (neuter); and two in the plural, personal and non-personal. The same basis, is implied by the other Dravidian gender-systems.
The Gender of Arabic Infinitives in Urdu
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

Platts's Urdu Grammar contains rules to help in determining the genders of nouns. As it was published in 1873 and has not been revised since, one would expect that here and there some restatement might be necessary. This short article deals with the Arabic infinitives commonly used in Urdu. Platts gives seven forms (see especially pp. 25–9), pointing out that six are generally masc. and one fern. In every case but one there are exceptions.
The Pronunciation of Mabathi
Authors: James A. Lloyd , Kanheee S. G.
Published: January 2010

The pronunciation recorded in this article is that habitually used by one of the writers, whose native language is Marathi. It represents the pronunciation of a native of Bombay who has for many years lectured in his own language in the principal cities of the Bombay Presidency. It is not an attempt, therefore, to represent the colloquial pronunciation of Marathi, but of the style of language in vogue in learned circles in public utterances.
An Old War Song of the Babemba
Authors: O'Ferrall R.
Published: January 2010

§1 1. Kale ilyo pali BaMwamba na BaNkulu baletuma fita,

2. fileya ku mishi ya bantu aba Mambwe.

3. Babasanga, baikatana, balapikana no kulasana na mafumo.

4. Awishyo mubiye panshi, amumo mutwe, amumo mutwe,

5. asenda, atwala ku mfumu. Balaimba amalaila, baleti,

6. “Sompa, sompa, sompa, sompa, sompa,” ne mitwe ya abantu

7. Mfumu aiti: “Mwasalipeni.” Yalabanaila ubwali.
Count Todtleben's Expedition to Georgia 1769–1771 according to a French eyewitness
Authors: Lang D. M.
Published: January 2010

The reign of Erekle II over the united kingdoms of Kakhet‘i and K‘art‘li, which lasted from 1762 until 1798, may be regarded as the swan-song of the Georgian monarchy. Through the king's personal ability and the enfeebled state of Persia, Georgia was enabled to enjoy a period of somewhat precarious political independence before being absorbed by Russia as soon as Erekle's death removed the only force capable of maintaining any semblance of Georgian unity, and committed the responsibilities of government to his moribund heir, George XII.
Sadwēs and Pēsūs
Authors: Boyce Mary
Published: January 2010

Photographs of unpublished Parthian and Sogdian manuscripts were taken recently in Berlin by Captain J. A. Dabbs, of the University of Austin, Texas, and sent by him to Professor Henning, who kindly allowed me to look through the Parthian material at once. One fragment, M 741, proved to be of considerable interest. It contains portions of two hymns, which are alphabetic and may therefore be presumed to be original work in Parthian. The device of beginning every verse with a letter of the alphabet limits each hymn to some twenty-four verses; but in this case the two hymns are connected in their subject-matter and possibly formed part of a sequence. Several hymn-cycles have been identified in Parthian and Middle Persian, but the alphabetic device is not used in any of them. The hymns in M 741 have as their subject two myths of the creation, following chronologically one upon the other. The narrative would be difficult to follow, however, without some previous knowledge of the mythology, for the handling is poetic and allusive. Words and phrases occur which can be found in other similar texts, having been taken presumably from the prose scriptures which were the authority for all later renderings of the Manichsean myths. The author could assume a general familiarity with these scriptures, and so allow himself some freedom in his retelling of the stories.

The first hymn, which contains a new Parthian name for a divinity, has for its subject the seduction of the Archontes and the descent of active evil to the earth.
Particles of concatenation and of reference in Amharic
Authors: Kapeliuk Olga
Published: January 2010

Stimulated by Z. Harris's ‘Discourse analysis’ which raised the problem of continuing linguistic analysis in a particular connected discourse beyond the limits of a single sentence and by K. L. Pike's hints at the existence of a formal and semantic supra-sentence unit, such as the paragraph, American linguists produced some systematic and coherent descriptions of larger stretches of discourse, pointing towards certain grammatical, lexical, and stylistic relations reaching across sentence boundaries. Although most of these works deal with Amerindian languages, the method of analysis and the terminology they use can readily be applied to other languages, as was done, for instance in English, by V. Waterhouse in ‘Independent and dependent sentences’. This author draws a parallel between independent and dependent morphemes, phrases, and clauses on the one hand, and independent and dependent sentences, on the other, pointing out that ‘not all sentences are independent’ and that ‘there are in fact grammatical constructions which indicate that some sentences are dependent and therefore to be included in some larger linguistic form such as paragraph or discourse’.
A specific type of plurality in arabic
Authors: Bravmann M. M.
Published: January 2010

It is an inherent feature of the adjectives ‘many’ (‘much’) and ‘few’ that they qualify nominal concepts implying ‘plurality’ so that the individuality of the units of which the entities underlying the specific nominal concepts are composed is clearly conspicuous: ‘Many (or: few) men (or: people)’, designating the plurality of the concept ‘man’; ‘much money’, designating the plurality of the concept' coin' (or: ‘bank-note’); ‘a (great) many clergy’, designating the plurality of the concept ‘clergyman’; etc. Such a semantic type, in which the epithets ‘many (much)’, ‘few’ are used, exists beside a semantic type of a related sense, as exemplified by the following instances: ‘a large mass (or: number, or: group) (of men, people, soldiers, etc.)’; ‘a small amount (of money)’; etc.
Abū Turāb
Authors: Kohlberg Etan
Published: January 2010

Of the various appellations by which ‘Alī b. Abī Ṭālib is known, none has evoked more interest and controversy than that of ‘Abū (al-)Turāb’. This by-name is attested in early sources, both Muslim and non-Muslim; an example for the latter is the letter allegedly sent by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III (717–40) to ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-’Azīz (99–101/717–20), in which ‘Abū Turāb’ appears twice.
Correction
Authors: Lambton Ann K. S.
Published: January 2010

In my review of Dr. Shaban's book Islamic history: a new interpretation. 2. A.D. 750–1055 (A.H. 132–448) in BSOAS, XL, 3, 1977, 622, I stated that the rule of ‘Aḍud al-Dawla was not mentioned by Dr. Shaban. He has drawn my attention to the fact that he devoted three pages (183–6) to the reign of Fanā Khusraw (‘Aḍud al-Dawla), to which, in fact, I referred in my review. My apologies for this mistake are due to Dr. Shaban.
Representions of ‘planet-children’ in Turkish manuscripts
Authors: Baer Eva
Published: January 2010

In medieval Islam, the heavenly bodies were the subject of wide scientific interest. There was, however, at the same time, a more popular form of interest in this field. This is astrological or magical―the belief in the influence of the planets, the zodiac, or certain conjunctions of the stars on historical events, on the individual's fate, and on human destiny.
Structural anthropology and the Old Testament
Authors: Rogerson John
Published: January 2010

Structural anthropology is the attempt to describe the data of social anthropology, especially kinship and myth, by means of structural models. It has been pioneered by Professor Claude Lévi-Strauss and applied to the Old Testament by Dr. Edmund Leach. Obviously, the work of Leach is of most direct interest to Old Testament scholars, but it is impossible either to understand or evaluate it without reference to Levi-Strauss. Accordingly, this paper will begin with the latter before turning to Leach's articles on the Old Testament.
Topic Clauses in Malay
Authors: Phillips N. G.
Published: January 2010

Clauses of the kind described in this article as topic clauses occur commonly in both spoken and written Malay. However, such clauses have not so far been fully accounted for in formal analyses of Malay syntax, nor, except in Miss M. B. Lewis's recent book, have they been described by the use of Topic as an additional element in clause structure. The purpose of this article is to give a much fuller description of such clauses, and to suggest that analyses of them using Topic as an additional clause-element have advantages over the alternative analyses in terms of Subject, Predicate, and Complement alone.
Bedouin star-lore in Sinai and the Negev
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: January 2010

Until the twentieth century the Bedouin of the Sinai peninsula and the Negev desert were no less dependent upon knowledge of the heavenly bodies than their nomadic ancestors of countless generations in the Arabian peninsula. The stars were as vital to a Bedouin trying to find his way in almost featureless stretches of the desert waste as they were to a sailor navigating the open sea. Moreover, the Bedouin needed stable indications of the seasons of the year so that they could regulate the annual activities necessary for agriculture and livestock raising; the only calendar they knew was the Muslim lunar calendar, the months of which rotate among the seasons of the year, at times appearing in the winter, at others in the spring, summer, or autumn. They found these indications in the positions of the stars. Finally, their preoccupation with the heavenly bodies and their nightly exposure to starry skies naturally led the inhabitants of the desert, like many other peoples, to find, in the movements of the stars, explanations for the natural disasters to which they were always so vulnerable.
Elmuahym and elmuarifa
Authors: Wright O.
Published: January 2010

These two terms, which occur in the late thirteenth-century Anonymus IV treatise (De mensuris et discantu), have often been cited as evidence of Arab musical influence in Western Europe: either in connexion with developments in melodic style, since they are identified as currentes, or, perhaps more ambitiously, in support of the contention that the emergence of mensural music in Western Europe was prompted by contact with Arab musical practice, which had long possessed a complex system of rhythmic modes
Two Vedic notes
Authors: Mehendale M. A.
Published: January 2010

Grassmann, in his Wörterbuch zum Rig-Veda (1872), has two separate entries kīrí subst. (m) and kīrín both adj. and subst. (m). To the former he assigns the meaning ‘singer’ and to the latter ‘praising’ and ‘singer’. He lists three occurrences of the forms of kīrín, two as instr. sg. kīríṇā 5.4.10 (= TS 1.4.46.1) and 5.40.8, and one as nom. pl. kīríṇas 5.52.12. But the form kīríṇā can as well be derived from kīrí and for this form a separate stem kīrín would not be necessary. But this is not true of kīríṇas. For its derivation, a stem kīrín would be necessary. The verse where the form in question occurs runs: chandaḥstúbhaḥ kubhanyáva útsam ā kīríḥo nṛtuḥ. The line refers to the dancing of the Maruts near the útsa The author of the Padapāṭha gives the Saṃhitā word as kīríṇas, and following him scholars have interpreted the form as nom. pl. of kīrín and translated it as ‘bards’ or ‘singers’. But it is also possible to analyse the Saṃhitā text kīríṇo nṛtuḥ as kīríṇā u nṛtuḥ where kīríṇā could be instr. sg. and can come from the stem kīrí. The line would then mean that the Maruts danced, and the singer of the hymn, to whom they had manifested themselves (té me … āsan dṛśí … ‘they (i.e. the Maruts) appeared to me’ 5.52.12) danced with them too. In this interpretation we are going against only the Padapāṭha.
A new translation of a Chinese poet: Li Ho
Authors: Graham A. C.
Published: January 2010

Li Ho (791–817), one of the most original of Chinese poets, and a key influence in the development of late T'ang poetry, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. It is therefore a pleasure to welcome the appearance of a full-scale study by such a well-equipped scholar as Dr. J. D. Frodsham. His qualifications for the task are quite exceptional; already well known for his work on pre-T'ang poets, he uses the Japanese as well as the Chinese authorities, loves poetry for its own sake, and is familiar with Western literature and literary criticism. It is refreshing to read a book on a Chinese poet which instead of repeating the traditional judgements approaches his work from an independent and modern angle and with post-Empsonian critical tools. Substantial selections from Li Ho's poems have appeared in English before (a fact which Frodsham nowhere mentions), in Robert Payne's White pony, the Poems of solitude of Jerome Ch'en and Michael Bullock, and my own Poems of the late T'ang. But the present collection covers, with detailed annotation, all the 243 poems attributed to Li Ho, in versions which convey the floridity and satirical liveliness of the lighter pieces more effectively than the sombre power of the major poems. Since the Chinese text is notoriously difficult reading, even specialists in T'ang poetry will find their way about in the collected poems more comfortably with Frodsham's assistance. It is symptomatic of the special fascination of Li Ho for Western readers that a poet unrepresented in the ‘300 T'ang poems’ should be one of the first to be honoured by complete translation into English.
Ethiopia: an approach to land reform
Authors: Lambton Ann K. S.
Published: January 2010

The Persian land reform, both in its successes and failures, has lessons for other developing countries, not least Ethiopia. There are many similarities between the two countries. But there are also differences. Both are monarchies, and in both the head of state plays a key role in the government of the country. The Ethiopians and the Persians are both an ancient and proud people. Ethiopia and Iran are both enormous countries with a low population density. Both are characterized by immense variety, climatically, physically, in the different peoples which inhabit the country, and in their social structure. Both have frontier provinces with a population the same on both sides of the border. In both control by the central government of the outlying areas is fairly recent. Their land tenure systems have some resemblances, but that of Ethiopia is much more complex. Farming in both until recent times was mainly subsistence farming. Both have, on the whole, a robust and hard-working peasantry. Both have a large semi-nomadic population as well as a settled population. In both the vast majority of the population derive their livelihood from the land. Both have problems of soil erosion. Drought is common to both. But Ethiopia is much more favourably situated than Iran in these two respects: it has a much higher rainfall over most of the country and, on the whole, better soil conditions. But here perhaps the similarities end.
The term tō'ar in Hebrew and its status as a grammatical category
Authors: Kamhi D. J.
Published: January 2010

Hebrew grammarians use the terms tō'ar, tō'ar haššem, and šēm hattō'ar to translate the Arabic
The Date of the Subhṣitvali
Authors: Berriedale Keith A.
Published: January 2010

The importance of dates in Sanskrit literature renders it desirable to examine critically the interesting attempt of Dr. S. K. De to upset the accepted view that the Subhṣitvali of Vallabhadeva, by reason of its reference to Jainollbhadna (i.e. Zain ul-bidn,c. 141767), is not to be dated earlier than the second half of the fifteenth century. The piece of evidence on which Dr. Des theory rests has long been before us in the shape of a reference to verse 726 of the Subhṣitvali in the commentary by Vandyaghaṭya Sarvnanda on the Amarakoa, which, according to a note of the present date given in the comment on verse 21 of the klavarga, was written when the aka year 1081 and the Kali year 4260 had expired.
A Note on Bhagavadajjukam
Authors: Sharma Sastri Venkatarama
Published: January 2010

The only definite statements as to the authorship of the play occur in the commentaries in two different MSS., and are conflicting; one mentions Bodhayana as the author, while the other mentions the name of Indracarumani. There were several Bdhyanas, two of whom were poets and it is not easy to decide to whom the first of the above statements refers. Several plausible guesses have been made, based on evidence other than the statements in the two commentaries. It has been pointed out that the Bhagavadajjukam, in common with the plays of Bhsa, lacks all reference to the author in the text, begins with a Sthpan instead of the usual Prastavana, and bear some resemblances to them in style and diction. On the other hand, it has been shown that the play shows similarities to the Mttavilasa of Mahendra-vikrama Varman. Both plays ridicule Buddhist doctrines and extol Hindu Dharma. This argument gains strength from the fact that in the stone mscription at Mmundr, which has been proved to be that of Mhendra-vikrama, Bhagavadajjukam and Mattavilasa are mentioned in company. Similarities in diction have also been traced between the two. It will therefore be seen that the authorship of the play is still uncertain, and will continue to engage the attention of scholars for some time to come.
A Fourteenth Century Marathi Inscription
Authors: Doderet W.
Published: January 2010

The text of the Ngava inscription, alluded to at page 551 of the School of Oriental Studies Bulletin, Vol. IV, Part III, was communicated to Sir George Grierson through the kindness of the late Professor P. G. Gune. It is given below with the kind permission of the former. The inscription is mentioned at page 351 of the Kolb Gazetteer, is dated in the aka year 1289 (A.D. 1367), and was found engraved on the stone steps of Bhimesvara's temple at Ngava, 3 miles south of Alibg in the Kolb District of the Bombay Presidency. It is described in the Gazetteer as a Sanskrit inscription. But after line 4 the language is clearly archaic Marṭh. Professor Gune stated that the rubbing showed that three letters in the first line and one each in the sixth, sixteenth, and seventeenth lines have become entirely defaced.
Romani les and Sanskrit Tasya
Authors: Turner R. L.
Published: January 2010

It is generally agreed that the nominatives ov and oy are formations from the demonstrative stem u which appears in most of the modern Indo-Aryan languages, e.g. Nepali: direct u, oblique us.

In the oblique formsles, la and lenMiklosich {ber die Mundarten und Wanderungen der Zigeuner Europa's xi, p. 15) saw the stem of Skt. ta, which forms the oblique cases to the nominative s and s. Professor A. C. Woolner (Journ. Gypsy Lore Soc., New Series ix, p. 128) opposes this view for the very cogent reason that there seems to be no other instance in which an initial IndoAryan t has become lin European Romani: it becomes I regularly only in the intervocalic position. He derives it instead from a Prakrit pronominal stem na. This however presents nearly as great a phonetic difficulty, for the regular representation of initial n is by n : there are a few exceptions only in some cases of metathesis or dissimilation, such as len river (if from nodi), lilai and linai beside nilai summer (nid;ghh).
An Account of the Mu'nisul-Ahrdr: A Rare Persiasn Ms. Belonging to Mr. H. Kevorkian
Authors: Abdu'l Wahhb Mirza Muhammad Ibn
Published: January 2010

With a magnanimity which is singularly rare these days Mr. H. Kevorkian, a curio-seller of New York, lent me a year ago his exceedingly precious and valuable MS. of an anthology of Persian poetry, giving me full permission to utlize or publish it, and I take this opportunity of thanking Mr. Kevorkian for his liberality. The MS. is entitled Mu'nisu'l-Ahrr fi Daq'iqi'l-Ash'r and contains copious extracts covering all branches of Persian poetry, from the elegy, the ode, and the double-rhyme poem to the quatrain and the unit, quoted from two hundred Persian poets whose names are found on the first folios of the MS. and are the reproduced lower down.
Translation of Tuareg Poems
Authors: Rodd Peter Rennell
Published: January 2010

Of the five Temazheg poems which follow I have only attempted the translation of four. The fifth, though the vocabulary is comparatively simple, is so elliptical in construction that a translation is impossible. The same applies in a lesser degree to the others, the translation of which is therefore somewhat free.

Tuareg poets, besides being fond of topical references which are incomprehensible to strangers, are inclined rather to flatter the intelligence of their hearers than to err by being too explicit. Grammar and syntax are freely sacrificed to metre and effect.
A Parthian amulet
Authors: Bivar A. D. H.
Published: January 2010

The engraved gem which forms the subject of this note (plate I, Al, A2, and fig. 1) is part of the collection of Mr. Richard Falkiner of London. I am grateful to him for allowing me to publish it here, and for placing at my disposal the notes which result from his own inquiries. What is known of the history and provenance of the object may be stated in a few words. It was bought by its present owner from a London dealer who had obtained it at auction.
Tone-change and tone-shift in White Miao
Authors: Downer G. B.
Published: January 2010

‘Tone’, at least in the literature dealing with Far Eastern languages, is commonly used in several ways: for instance, in ‘the tones of the language’, or ‘Cantonese has seven tones’, reference is made to the tones as membersof a system, while in ‘such-and-such a word has tone X’ the reference is tothe assignment of an item to one of the members of the system. The differencein reference is made quite clear by the context, and no ambiguity ensues; theconcept of ‘tone’ remains precise, and difficulties arise only when no distinctionis made between ‘tone’ as used above and the realization of tones in particularenvironments. Far different is the use of expressions denoting ‘changes intone’, for which there is no agreed terminology. In diachronic work, ‘change’ usually refers to changes through time in the overall system of basic tones, and secondarily to changes in the assignment of items to members of this system, as, for instance, when it is said that in Standard Chinese, items with voicedplosive initials changed from the shăng tone to the qù tone by the Sung dynasty.