bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF MUNICH AGILE CONCEPTS FOR MBSE AS A HOLISTIC AND SYSTEMATIC DESIGN OF URBAN AIR MOBILITY IN CASE OF DESIGN OF VERTIPORTS AND VERTISTOPS
Authors: Salehi Vahid , Wang Shirui
Published: August 2021

This paper will adopt the Munich Agile Concepts (MAGIC) on the design of Vertistops and Vertiports (Verti-X) for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Systems. Vertiports and Vertistops are single or multi-landing spaces for air taxis, which are electric-powered vertical take-off and landing (eVTOLs) aircraft. The target of this paper is to apply a holistic approach how to design so called Verti-X in a holistic and system of system method from the Requirement-, Function-. Architecture- and the Implementation phase. The MAGIC approach contains all of the requierd phases which are necessary to build up such a complex design of Verti-X. Therefore, based on the literature survey, we have determined the key components of the Verti-X design with a thorough requirement analysis. Then, we have followed the existed criteria and regulations to design a valid and verified Verti-X which fulfills all the requirement. Furthermore, the focus of this paper is to apply the first four phases of MAGIC regarding the requirement, function, architecture and the implementation of such Verti-X Design.
PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY USE AMONGST STROKE PATIENTS: UNDERSTANDING THE BEST PLATFORMS FOR THE DESIGN OF HEALTH INTERVENTIONS IN TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION
Authors: Ciccone Nicholas William , Dornonville de la Cour Frederik L , Thorpe Julia Rosemary , Forchhammer Birgitte Hysse , Maier Anja
Published: August 2021

Europe's healthcare systems are under strain with an ageing population contributing to increased risk of strokes. Rapid technology adaption is needed to prevent, rehabilitate and manage symptoms. This paper identifies what technology platforms are most familiar and accessible to stroke patients to guide designers and engineers to develop future interventions. A survey was distributed to 100 inpatients at a stroke unit, identifying patients' accessibility and usage of personal technologies. Results showed that desktop/laptops and smartphones were most used as opposed to tablets and smartwatches. Different technologies were used for different tasks with a notable lack of devices used for personal health. The underlying reasons for this are discussed with recommendations made on what personal technology platforms should be implemented by designers and engineers in technology-based health interventions.
POTENTIAL MODEL - METHODICAL EVALUATION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Schneider David , Huth Tobias , Vietor Thomas
Published: August 2021

With regard to the currently perceptible technological, social and economic change, also known as the “Fourth Industrial Revolution” or “Internet of Things”, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in particular are confronted with various obstacles in their attempt of keeping pace. For example, there is a lack of orientation of which I4.0 technology is suitable for a target-oriented application. Furthermore, the actual or potential effects of I4.0 can only be estimated insufficiently and SMEs are at a disadvantage compared to large companies due to lower monetary and personnel capacities. In this publication these obstacles on the way to become an I4.0 company are taken up and the core elements of a methodical solution approach in the form of the “Potential Model” are explained in detail. Thereby the Potential Model is intended to support SMES at the rough-quantitative evaluation of I4.0 and the development of I4.0 implementation strategies with minimal monetary and time-related efforts needed.
REMOTE BRAINSTORMING: METHODOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN DESIGNING FROM A DISTANCE
Authors: Domingo Lawrence , Gutzeit Marius , Leifer Larry , Auernhammer Jan Michel Kurt
Published: August 2021

This paper examines the immediate effects of group methods in facilitating remote team collaboration. We recruited seven teams with prior experience working together. All teams completed two current, complex, and open-ended design challenges using remote tools. We examined design activities before and after teams were given a design method intervention. The interventions were a Brainstorming Method to promote divergent thinking and the Five-Whys method to promote analytical thinking. Using OpenFace, we observed changes in emotion by examining facial expressions. We found that the brainstorming intervention did not have a change in ideation performance and the problem analysis intervention had a decrease in ideation performance. Teams used digital media to facilitate communication but were constrained by the media's tools. Our results can inform teams in organizations interested in promoting divergent thinking to not expect immediate improvements in ideation performance following the introduction of a design method. Future research is required to identify relevant abilities and social skills needed to facilitate remote ideation through design methods.
SELECTION OF REFERENCE SYSTEM ELEMENTS IN THE MODEL OF PGE - PRODUCT GENERATION ENGINEERING: METHOD FOR THE INTEGRATION OF CUSTOMER AND USER SATISFACTION IN PRODUCT PLANNING
Authors: Albers Albert , Zimmermann Valentin , Marthaler Florian , Bursac Nikola , Duehr Katharina , Spadinger Markus
Published: August 2021

In the development of mechatronic systems, it is important to differentiate the products to be developed from those of the competitors, but also from the own product generations already available on the market. However, there are uncertainties regarding the correct features to be differentiated from the customer and user perspective and how these features should be designed. Nevertheless, despite the high impact, decisions must be taken early in the development process. Within this publication, a method to support in this respect was derived based on the findings of the Model of PGE - Product Generation Engineering and the Kano-Model. Therefore, experienceable product features and reference system elements as characteristics of these are evaluated according to the Kano-Model and thus made comparable with regard to the customers and user satisfaction. The objective is to select the product features to be differentiated and the corresponding reference system elements in such a way that a desired level of customer and user satisfaction is achieved. In order to evaluate the method, it was applied in a real development project. It was found that the application of the method led to a reduction of the existing uncertainty.
SIMULATION-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT FOR COARSE COMMINUTION PROCESS - A CASE STUDY OF GEITA GOLD MINE, TANZANIA USING PLANTSMITH PROCESS SIMULATOR
Authors: Bhadani Kanishk , Asbjörnsson Gauti , Bepswa Paul , Mainza Aubrey , Andrew Elibariki , Philipo Jisenha , Zulu Nkanyiso , Anyimadu Anthony , Hulthén Erik , Evertsson Magnus
Published: August 2021

A comminution process is a material size reduction and separation process which is primarily used in the aggregates and the minerals processing industry. Knowledge related to equipment’s operation, raw material properties, operational strategies, control system, maintenance, etc. is needed to design a capable plant. New needs are arising from the industry for existing operational crushing plants such as investigation for improvements, upscaling, and downscaling of the capacity. The paper presents an application of simulation-driven development for a crushing plant in an existing gold processing plant. Due to the change in ore characteristics and the need for optimizing the cost of operation, it is required to investigate the opportunities for improvement and alternative options for downscaling the capacity of the plant. A systematic process for configuring, developing, and evaluating alternative concepts using a process simulation tool is presented. The results show the process of generating knowledge for alternative crushing plant operation settings and how the choices can be selected and eliminated using boundary conditions. The evaluation presents possible improvements and alternative concepts with their opportunities and pitfalls.
SIMULTANEOUS DEFINITION OF KEY CHARACTERISTICS IN ORDER TO FACILITATE ROBUST DESIGN IN EARLY PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT STAGES
Authors: Goetz Stefan , Horber Dennis , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: August 2021

The success of complex product development projects strongly depends on the clear definition of target factors that allow a reliable statement about the fulfilment of the product requirements. In the context of tolerancing and robust design, Key Characteristics (KCs) have been established for this purpose and form the basis for all downstream activities. In order to integrate the activities related to the KC definition into product development as early as possible, the often vaguely formulated requirements must be translated into quantifiable KCs. However, this is primarily a manual process, so the results strongly depend on the experience of the design engineer.

In order to overcome this problem, a novel computer-aided approach is presented, which automatically derives associated functions and KCs already during the definition of product requirements. The approach uses natural language processing and formalized design knowledge to extract and provide implicit information from the requirements. This leads to a clear definition of the requirements and KCs and thus creates a founded basis for robustness evaluation at the beginning of the concept design stage. The approach is exemplarily applied to a window lifter.
STANDARDISING MAINTENANCE JOBS TO IMPROVE GROUPING DECISION MAKING
Authors: Agergaard Julie Krogh , Sigsgaard Kristoffer Vandrup , Mortensen Niels Henrik , Ge Jingrui , Hansen Kasper Barslund , Khalid Waqas
Published: August 2021

Maintenance decision making is an important part of managing the costs, effectiveness and risk of maintenance. One way to improve maintenance efficiency without affecting the risk picture is to group maintenance jobs. Literature includes many examples of algorithms for the grouping of maintenance activities. However, the data is not always available, and with increasing plant complexity comes increasingly complex decision requirements, making it difficult to leave the decision making up to algorithms.

This paper suggests a framework for the standardisation of maintenance data as an aid for maintenance experts to make decisions on maintenance grouping. The standardisation improves the basis for decisions, giving an overview of true variance within the available data. The goal of the framework is to make it simpler to apply tacit knowledge and make right decisions.

Applying the framework in a case study showed that groups can be identified and reconfigured and potential savings easily estimated when maintenance jobs are standardised. The case study enabled an estimated 7%-9% saved on the number of hours spent on the investigated jobs.
STUDY OF SYSTEM INTERFACES THROUGH THE NOTION OF COMPLEMENTARITY
Authors: Brovar Yana , Menshenin Yaroslav , Fortin Clement
Published: August 2021

Understanding emergence is an important goal of system thinking, as it can express both desirable and negative properties of products and systems. Emergence has also a special importance as it has a direct link to the performance of products and systems, and thus has a direct relationship with the quality of life and thus sustainability in our societies. Emergence and system thinking are closely related to engineering design methodologies. In our paper, we develop a more precise definition of emergence through the core principles of systems complementarity that are similarity, irreducibility and sophisticated relationships expressed through the interfaces between systems, subsystems or product components.

We demonstrate the utility of the approach based on an aircraft pylon case study by presenting a detailed definition of an interface design matrix and analyse how pylon subsystems influence emergence. The results have shown that the product can be perfectly represented by a model-based approach supporting interface management and the assessment of system complementarity. In turn, this approach allows to go beyond a qualitative definition of emergence, as it proposes a quantitative approach through the assessment of complementarity.
SUBDIVISION SURFACE MID-SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION OF TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION RESULTS AND THIN-WALLED SHAPES USING SURFACE SKELETONS
Authors: Denk Martin , Rother Klemens , Paetzold Kristin
Published: August 2021

Polygon meshes and particularly triangulated meshes can be used to describe the shape of different types of geometry such as bicycles, bridges, or runways. In engineering, such polygon meshes can occur as finite element meshes, resulting from topology optimization or laser scanning. This article presents an automated parameterization of polygon meshes into a parametric representation using subdivision surfaces, especially in topology optimization. Therefore, we perform surface skeletonization on a volumetric grid supported by the Euclidian distance transformation and topology preserving and shape-preserving criterion. Based on that surface skeleton, an automated conversation into a Subdivision Surface Control grid is established. The final mid-surface-like parametrization is quite flexible and can be changed by variating the control gird or the local thickness.
SURVEYING DESIGN SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING EXPERIENCES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Litster Gregory , Hurst Ada , Pretti T. Judene
Published: August 2021

Work-integrated learning (WIL) is an educational approach that intentionally scaffolds work experiences throughout undergraduate education. This approach has been proven to provide many benefits to students, including increased grade point averages, better job prospects after graduation and skill development. As such, we expect WIL experiences to contribute to engineering student's ability to design, a central aspect of both engineering education and practice. We found little evidence of research related to WIL experiences in the design literature, so we conducted a secondary data analysis on 33 publications from engineering education literature focusing on student WIL experiences with design. The review found evidence of students using a design process and recognizing the importance of designing within context, focusing on health, safety and ethical concerns of being an engineering designer. However, there was little evidence found of what students actually designed (i.e., components, systems or processes). We highlight some interesting areas for future research, specifically for design researchers to investigate how student work experiences are contributing to their development of design knowledge, skills and abilities.
SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH THE DIGITALIZATION: EXPLORING POTENTIALS AND DESIGNING VALUE CO-CREATION ARCHITECTURES FOR PRODUCT-SERVICE-SYSTEMS
Authors: Scholtysik Michel , Reinhold Jannik , Koldewey Christian , Dumitrescu Roman
Published: August 2021

Digitalization and sustainability are major challenges for today's manufacturing industry. While digitalization is characterized by the incorporation of digital technologies in the products and services as well as the value creation architectures, sustainability requires them to balance economic, environmental and social issues. In both areas, especially Product Service Systems (PSS) are constantly gaining importance. This results in so called smart PSS that integrate digital technologies as well as sustainable PSS which aim at a positive impact on sustainability. Both two concepts cannot be clearly delimited since smart PSS might be designed for sustainability as well and sustainable PSS might be used with digital technologies. This paper aims to investigate the interrelations. To that, digitalization patterns of products and services are evaluated regarding their sustainable impact. The evaluation is conducted by a survey in research and industry. Furthermore, the design of the underlying value creation architecture is investigated. Here, a methodology is proposed enabling companies to optimize their value creation architecture.
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN ON PACKAGING: A CASE STUDY IN A CHINESE TOWN
Authors: Xiong Xue , Zhang Xiaotong
Published: August 2021

Packaging waste has become a significant problem in China. The paper stems from growing awareness of packaging and environmental protection.

To explore the perception of Chinese consumers on packaging and sustainability, the research takes Wuzhen as a case, based on the economic situation, industrial advantages and potential for implementing sustainable measures. It also investigates the current situation of packaging design in the town. By using empirical analysis in the form of questionnaire and semi-structured interview, the survey was carried out from three aspects: tourist attitude towards shopping products in Wuzhen, tourist perceptions of packaging characteristics, tourist perceived importance of sustainable. In the end, the paper discusses the packaging design of Wuzhen from the perspective of materials, function and design. This research is aimed to explore Chinese consumers' views of packaging and environmental sustainability and provide insights to the packaging industry to further enhance the effectiveness of environmentally packaging.
SYSTEM DESIGN CANVAS FOR IDENTIFYING LEVERAGE POINTS IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM MODELS, CAMBODIA
Authors: Komaki Akinori , Kodaka Akira , Nakamura Eri , Ohno Yu , Kohtake Naohiko
Published: August 2021

There has been a growing recognition that a systems thinking approach, which pays attention to the entire dynamic system, its constituent parts and the interactions among those parts, is an effective approach for tackling complex issues that exhibit nonlinear behaviour and involve multiple stakeholders. To understand a complex system, a systems thinking approach must identify the leverage points, which are non-intuitive and difficult to identify. This paper proposes a design tool called System Design Canvas, which supports the identification of system variables and leverage points from technological sensing data and human data while understanding stakeholders' mental model. The present case study confirms that System Design Canvas can identify system variables and leverage points that are required for the current agricultural system in Cambodia.
SYSTEMIC MECHATRONIC FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Pulm Udo , Stetter Ralf
Published: August 2021

Since decades, researchers are developing methods, tools, and processes for the development of mechatronic systems. In the last decade, this field has widened, including, amongst others, aspects such as cyber-physical systems (CPS) or the internet of things (IoT). Still, little concrete guidance can be identified for engineers who have to decide whether to realize a certain product function mechanically, electronically, through software functions, or with combinations thereof. The goal of the paper is to contribute to the development of guidelines for design engineers in which domain (or in which combination of domains and other areas) to allocate the solution for an engineering problem.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUNCTIONS AND OUTCOMES OF BIOLOGICALLY-INSPIRED DESIGN
Authors: Svendsen Nicklas Werge , Lenau Torben Anker , Hansen Claus Thorp
Published: August 2021

Research in biologically-inspired design (BID) practice often focus on team composition or ideation based on an already discovered fascinating biological solution principle. However, how are the outcome of the early design phases affecting BID projects' quality?

In this study, historical data from 91 reports from student teams documenting their BID efforts from a 3-week course constitute the data source. Thus, the relationship between design problem types, function types, functions descriptions and BID projects' quality is addressed.

The study show that especially design problem types and function descriptions affect the BID projects' quality. For instance, BID projects dealing with open-ended problems yield better results than redesign problems with existing solutions operating in a very domain-limited solution space. Next, BID projects obtain the best results when using functions as drivers for analogy searching rather than properties. Finally, BID projects with certain function types seem to have more complicated conceptualization phases.
THE ROLE OF MACHINE LEARNING FOR FLEXIBILITY AND REAL OPTIONS ANALYSIS IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DESIGN
Authors: Caputo Cesare , Cardin Michel-Alexandre
Published: August 2021

Flexibility analysis helps improve the expected value of engineering systems under uncertainty (economic and/or social). Designing for flexibility, however, can be challenging as a large number of design variables, parameters, uncertainty drivers, decision making possibilities and metrics must be considered. Many available techniques either rely on assumptions that are not suitable for an engineering setting, or may be limited due to computational intractability. This paper makes the case for an increased integration of Machine Learning into flexibility and real options analysis in engineering systems design to complement existing design methods. Several synergies are found and discussed critically between the fields in order to explore better solutions that may exist by analyzing the data, which may not be intuitive to domain experts. Reinforcement Learning is particularly promising as a result of the theoretical common grounds with latest methodological developments e.g. decision-rule based real options analysis. Relevance to the field of computational creativity is examined, and potential avenues for further research are identified. The proposed concepts are illustrated through the design of an example infrastructure system.
THE VALUE OF THE NON-USER: DEVELOPING (NON-)USER PROFILES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A ROBOT VACUUM WITH THE USE OF THE (NON-)PERSONA
Authors: Augustin Laura , Pfrang Sabrina , Wolffram Andrea , Beyer Christiane
Published: August 2021

This contribution explores non-user integration in a product development context of the development of a vacuum robot in order to analyse users as well as non-users of a product. While user profiles like the persona have been part of product development and product design for years, the non-user has not been widely explored.

Within this contribution the known concept of the persona is extended and further developed to the non-persona, a profile that describes non-users and why they do not use a certain product, in this case the vacuum robot. Including the non-user in product development offers the chance of addressing yet unidentified product requirements and therefore opening the product up to a bigger audience. This template works for both users and non-users and can be used to include both sides in a development project.
TOWARDS A DEBATE ON THE POSITIONING OF ENGINEERING DESIGN
Authors: McMahon Chris , Eckert Claudia , Fadel Georges
Published: August 2021

This paper is an invitation to a debate on the positioning of engineering design as a field of research. The paper lists a multiplicity of interpretations of design, questioning whether they are sufficient to describe engineering design in all its variety. Following a critical analysis of attempts to describe design's unique characteristics, and observations on the nature of design made from outside of the design research community, it presents a list of situations of design that the authors have observed in engineering practice, describing especially the relationship between design, technology and society. The paper then explores what these situations imply about the questions researchers should ask about the nature of design knowledge and expertise, and examines how the different situations might be categorised, before exploring the positioning of engineering design research with respect to other academic disciplines, in particular management and the human and earth sciences. The paper concludes with a call to a debate on the nature of engineering design with the aim to define this field more clearly to ourselves and to others.
TOWARDS A VERIFICATION AND VALIDATING TESTING FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOP BESPOKE MEDICAL PRODUCTS IN RESEARCH-FUNDED PROJECTS
Authors: Balzan Emanuel , Vella Pierre , Farrugia Philip , Abela Edward , Cassar Glenn , Gauci Maria Victoria
Published: August 2021

Research funded projects are often concerned with the development of proof-of-concept products. Consequently, activities related to verification and validation testing (VVT) are often not considered in depth, even though various design iterations are carried out to refine an idea. Furthermore, the introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) has facilitated, in particular, the development of bespoke medical products. End bespoke products, which will be used by relevant stakeholders (e.g. patients and clinicians) are fabricated with the same manufacturing technologies used during prototyping. As a result, the detailed design stage of products fabricated by AM is much shorter. Therefore, to improve the market-readiness of bespoke medical devices, testing must be integrated within the development from an early stage, allowing better planning of resources. To address these issues, in this paper, a comprehensive VVT framework is proposed for research projects, which lack a VVT infrastructure. The framework builds up on previous studies and methods utilised in industry to enable project key experts to capture risks as early as the concept design stage.
USER EXPERIENCE STUDY ON IDEATING WEARABLES IN VR
Authors: Van Goethem Sander , Verlinden Jouke , Watts Regan , Verwulgen Stijn
Published: August 2021

More than ever, the ability to quickly and effectively shape ideas in a 3D environment is essential for industrial designers and with the rise of XR technology, a shift from traditional, screen-based CAD to VR-based CAD could improve time to market and personal effectiveness for product designers. In this study, this shift is assessed from a user experience perspective. Ten professional product developers are asked to design respirator masks. The experiment takes place in the Gravity Sketch VR app, using a HTC Vive Pro HMD. The participants are observed, surveyed and interviewed regarding different parameters on their experience. Participants experienced VR Aided Design as quick and intuitive. They personally felt performant and they enjoyed the process. As of now, VRAD is not seen as an alternative to neither sketching nor CAD. Instead, new users experience it being a new tool that can be positioned either parallel to or in between ideation sketching, clay modeling and detailed CAD design. Lastly, this paper includes a preliminary look at a VR Stylus for virtual reality aided design.
USING EFFECT CATALOGUES FOR THE DESIGN OF SENSING MACHINE ELEMENTS – METHOD AND EXEMPLARY APPLICATION
Authors: Harder André , Gross Hans Joachim; , Vorwerk-Handing Gunnar , Kirchner Eckhard
Published: August 2021

Close to process measuring improves the data quality of a condition monitoring process. A possibility to access such measurements comes with the addition of a sensory function in machine elements. For a systematic development of sensing machine elements, an approach is presented for the identification of possible measurands to determine a variable of interest. Based on a modelling of physical causeeffect- relationships by using an effect matrix and an effect catalogue it allows to consider both direct and indirect measurements for the determination of measurands in technical systems.

The presented approach is initially applied to develop a sensory solution for self-lubricated fibrecomposite sliding bearings. The aim is to measure a variable of interest that can give a conclusion about the estimated remaining useful lifetime. The development process is described and possible solutions for measurement concepts are presented. The electrical capacity measurement, evaluated as the most promising concept, is described in detail and experimental results are presented.

These results show the applicability of the sensory concept and therefore, the benefits of the presented approach.
A CONTROL LIST FOR THE SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF DISTURBANCE FACTORS
Authors: Welzbacher Peter , Vorwerk-Handing Gunnar , Kirchner Eckhard
Published: August 2021

The importance of considering disturbance factors in the product development process is often emphasized as one of the key factors to a functional and secure product. However, there is only a small number of tools to support the developer in the identification of disturbance factors and none of them yet ensures that the majority of occurring disturbance factors is considered. Thus, it is the aim of this contribution to provide a tool in form of a control list for the systematic identification of disturbance factors. At the beginning of this contribution, the terms “disturbance factor” and “uncertainty” are defined based on a literature review and different approaches for the classification of uncertainty are presented. Subsequently, the fundamentals of multipole based model theory are outlined. Moreover, a first approach in terms of a control list for a systematic identification of disturbance factors is discussed. Based on the discussed approach and taking the identified weaknesses as a starting point, a control list is presented that combines the existing basic concept of the control list with the fundamentals of multipole based model theory.
COMPARING LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT, CIRCULARITY AND SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: RESULTS FROM A HANDS-ON PROJECT WITH 87 ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Authors: Saidani Michael , Kravchenko Mariia , Cluzel François , Pigosso Daniela , Leroy Yann , Kim Harrison
Published: August 2021

Considering a growing number of metrics and indicators to assess circular economy, it is of paramount importance to shed light on how they differ from traditional approaches, such as life cycle assessment (LCA) or sustainability performance indicators. This study provides new empirical insights on the correlation between LCA, circularity, and sustainability indicator-based approaches. Specifically, the importance lies in analyzing how the results generated by these different approaches can be used to support the design of products that are not only circular, but also sustainable. A practice-based project involving 87 engineering students (divided into 20 groups) is conducted with the aim to compare and improve the circularity and sustainability performance of three product alternatives of lawn mowers (gasoline, electric, autonomous). To do so, the following resources are deployed: 18 midpoints environmental indicators calculated by LCA, eight product circularity indicators, and numerous leading sustainability indicators. Critical analyses on the usability, time efficiency, scientific soundness, and robustness of each approach are drawn, combining quantitative results generated by each group with the feedback of future engineers.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON DESIGN SPACE EXPANSION DURING TEAMWORK
Authors: Perisic Marija Majda , Štorga Mario , Gero John S.
Published: August 2021

When observing a design space expansion during teamwork, several studies found that cumulative solution-related issues' occurrence follows a linear trend. Such findings contradict the hypothesis of solution-related issues being characteristic for the later design stages. This work relies on agent-based simulations to explore the emerging patterns in design solution space expansion during teamwork. The results demonstrate trends that accord with the empirical findings, suggesting that a cognitive effort in solution space expansion remains constant throughout a design session. The collected data on agents' cognitive processes and solution space properties enabled additional insights, which led to the detection of four distinct regimes of design solution space expansion.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL TESTING RIG FOR THE EXAMINATION OF ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED AUXETIC COMPONENTS
Authors: Urquhart Lewis , Fingland Craig , Wodehouse Andrew , Loudon Brian
Published: August 2021

This paper reports upon the design and development of a novel testing rig for the examination of additively manufactured auxetic componentry. By firstly reviewing the key challenges for practical researchers and exploring the range of approaches used to examine auxetic structures, we subsequently introduce a new testing configuration seeking to enhance the existing methods found within the literature. The developed testing configuration includes a novel mechanical design with a new method for component mounting offering advanced control of the boundary condition and a fully developed control interface which facilitates real-time analytics, a range of data acquisitions and integration with a CAD environment. This paper describes both the development of the mechanical design and the development of the control interface by exploring the key design features and documentation of the manufacturing and assembly process. Finally, we discuss how the presented testing configuration offers a new and flexible way of testing auxetic componentry with additional insights offered for future researchers who wish to recreate or adapt the testing setup for their own examinations of additively manufactured componentry.
Adam Brown Kelly and his operating chair
Authors: Flynn MF
Published: August 2021

Background

Adam Brown Kelly, well known for lending his name to Paterson–Brown Kelly syndrome, is steeped in the early history of otolaryngology. To date, little light has been shone on his contributions to the specialty in that exciting period and to his home town of Glasgow.

Method

A historical review of his life and times was undertaken based on surviving accounts of his life, published work and archived memoirs.

Results

This article summarises his life and connections, with particular reference to his unique chair that has survived to this day.

Conclusion

Brown Kelly remains a pioneer of modern otolaryngology, and deserving of prominence within the medical history of Glasgow.
The role of loanwords in the intelligibility of written Danish among Swedes
Authors: Gooskens Charlotte , Kürschner Sebastian , van Heuven Vincent J.
Published: August 2021

We investigated the intelligibility of written Danish for Swedes, and in particular the role of inherited words compared to non-Germanic loanwords. To assess whether shared loanwords are easier to understand than inherited words, we conducted two experiments. First, we tested the intelligibility of isolated Danish words (inherited words and loanwords) among Swedes. Second, we constructed two versions of a reading test, one with a large percentage of loanwords and one with few loanwords. Our results show that it is easier for Swedish listeners to identify and understand Danish cognate loanwords than inherited words and that texts with many loanwords are easier to read than texts with few loanwords. We explain these results by the fact that (recent) loans in Swedish have diverged less and are therefore more similar to the Danish counterparts than inherited words.
Tensors in computations
Authors: Lim Lek-Heng
Published: August 2021

The notion of a tensor captures three great ideas: equivariance, multilinearity, separability. But trying to be three things at once makes the notion difficult to understand. We will explain tensors in an accessible and elementary way through the lens of linear algebra and numerical linear algebra, elucidated with examples from computational and applied mathematics.
ENNOBLE-ATE trial: an open-label, randomised, multi-centre, observational study of edoxaban for children with cardiac diseases at risk of thromboembolism
Authors: Bhatt Mihir D. , Portman Michael A. , Berger Felix , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Newburger Jane , Duggal Anil , Grosso Michael , Pandya Grishma , Dave Jay , Goldenberg Neil A.
Published: August 2021

Children with cardiac diseases suffer from significant morbidity and mortality secondary to thromboembolic complications. Anticoagulant agents currently used for thromboprophylaxis have many limitations, including subcutaneous administration (low molecular weight heparins) and requirement for frequent monitoring via venipuncture (vitamin K antagonists). Edoxaban is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor without need of monitoring. In the treatment of venous thromboembolism in adults, edoxaban has shown to be effective and safe.

This manuscript summarises the rationale and design of a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of edoxaban against standard of care (namely, vitamin K antagonist and low molecular weight heparin) in children with cardiac diseases.

A goal of 150 children with cardiac diseases at risk of thromboembolic complications who need primary or secondary anticoagulant prophylaxis will be recruited. Eligible children between 6 months and <18 years of age will be randomised in a ratio of 2 to 1 for edoxaban versus standard of care. Randomisation will be stratified based on underlying cardiac disease and concomitant use of aspirin for patients other than Kawasaki disease. The primary outcome will be safety, comprised of major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding in first 3 months of treatment. Bleeding beyond 3 months, symptomatic and asymptomatic thromboembolic events, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters will be evaluated as secondary outcomes.

Randomised controlled anticoagulation trials are challenging in children. This study will evaluate a potentially valuable alternative of oral anticoagulant prophylactic use in children with cardiac diseases.
The compliance of French purchasing behaviors with a healthy and sustainable diet: a 1-yr follow-up of regular customers in hypermarkets
Authors: Fardet Anthony , Desquilbet Marion , Rock Edmond
Published: August 2021

In France, hypermarkets are the main shopping sites for food products. Therefore, the food-purchasing profiles of their regular customers may be a relevant indicator of the sustainability and health potentials of consumed diets. Knowing this information can be a step to address the issue of global health. The main objective of this study was to assess the sustainability and health potential of food-purchasing behaviors among regular adult customers, with or without children, of a leading French retailer. Secondarily, the cost of a sustainable food shopping cart was evaluated as regards the regular one, as calculated in this study. Purchasing receipts corresponding to 38,168 different food products were collected during one consecutive month for each four seasons in 2019 to assess compliance with a newly developed holistic indicator of food system sustainability, i.e., the 3V rule, recommending food consumption to be ‘Vegetal’/plant-based (≈15% animal calories/day), ‘Vrai’/real (max. 15% ultra-processed food calories/day, UPF) and ‘Varié’/varied. Participants were 708 regular buyers (aged ≥18 with different socio-economic profiles, with and without children) in 122 French hypermarkets. The plant rule was based on the animal and plant origin of food ingredients, including mixed products; the ‘real’ rule was evaluated with the Siga score according to the degree of processing to identify UPFs. The varied rule was defined based on a combination of food ‘categories × families’. The effect of children and season on the purchased animal and UPF calories and on the variety index was also evaluated. Multivariate and decision tree analyses were applied to compare consumers for their 3V rule profile similarities and differences, and to look for impacts of the presence or absence of children. Customers' purchases were far from the 3V rule, with a median of 41% animal and 61% UPF calories and a median variety index of 25% (compared to the consumer with the highest index set to 100%). There was no difference in purchased animal and UPF percentages neither according to seasons nor the presence of children. However, the presence of children was associated with a higher variety index (+33%,P< 0.05). Finally, the more the consumers purchased varied, the less they purchased UPFs. Compared to the average food basket, a 3V-based basket would cost 4.6% less. To make this basket accessible to everyone and to orientate consumer's purchasing behaviors toward more sustainable and healthier products, and hence food systems, hypermarkets should promote healthy eating and reassess their food offerings.
Inconsistent effects of species diversity and N fertilization on soil microbes and carbon storage in perennial bioenergy cropping systems
Authors: Dobbratz Michelle , Gutknecht Jessica , Wyse Donald , Sheaffer Craig C. , Jungers Jacob M.
Published: August 2021

Positive relationships between plant species diversity, soil microbial function and nutrient cycling have been well documented in natural systems, and these relationships have the potential to improve the production and sustainability of agroecosystems. Our objectives were to study the long-term effects of planted species composition and nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil microbial biomass C, extracellular enzyme activity, changes in total soil C, soil fertility and aboveground biomass yield in mixtures of native prairie species managed with and without N fertilizer for bioenergy production at four sites in Minnesota (MN), USA. Species were sown into mixture treatments and composition was not maintained (i.e., no weeding) throughout the duration of the study. Species mixture treatments at establishment included a switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) monoculture (SG), a four-species grass mixture (GM), an eight-species legume/grass mixture (LG) and a 24-species high diversity forb/legume/grass mixture (HD). Species diversity and aboveground productivity were similar for most mixture treatments at final sampling after 11 or 12 years of succession. Despite this homogenization of productivity and diversity throughout the study, the effects of planted species diversity and a decade of succession resulted in some differences in soil variables across species mixture treatments. On a peat soil in Roseau, MN, soil enzyme activities including β-glucosidase (BG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH) and phosphatase (PHOS) were highest in HD compared to GM treatments. On a sandy soil at Becker, MN, total soil C increased in all treatment combinations at the 0–15 and 15–30 cm depth intervals, with SG showing greater increases than HD at the 15–30 cm depth. Final soil pH also varied by species mixture at the Becker and Roseau sites, but differences in treatment comparisons varied by location. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect any response variable alone, but interacted with species mixture treatment to influence PHOS and total soil C at Becker. The inconsistent effects of species mixture and N fertilization on soil biological and chemical properties observed across sites highlight the importance of local soil and climate conditions on bioenergy and ecosystem service provisioning of perennial bioenergy cropping systems.
Executive Functions Influence on Memory Process in Patients with Paranoid Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders with and without Psychotic Symptoms. A Pilot Study
Authors: García-Laredo Eduardo , Castellanos Miguel Ángel , Badaya Esperanza , Paúl Nuria , Yubero Raquel , Maestú Fernando , Molina Juan D. , Chacón José
Published: August 2021

The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether declarative memory deficits are related to executive function deficits (EF), since they could be a consequence of a poor organization of the material to memorize. This interaction between both cognitive processes can be studied simultaneously in a single task such as the Test of Memory Strategies (TSM). 23 patients with paranoid schizophrenic disorder, 11 with bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms, 13 with bipolar disorder without psychotic symptoms and 15 healthy subjects were evaluated with the TSM; with the memory test Texts A and B (subtest of the Barcelona neuropsychological assessment battery), which assesses short-term and immediate recall without the influence of EF; and with the Trail Making Test (TMT): Part A (sustained attention) and Part B (executive control). The patients groups and the control group showed an improvement in memory performance across each of the TSM conditions. However, this facilitating effect of the strategies differed among the groups (the patients with higher EF deficits showed less improvement). Regarding these results, we conclude that this cognitive process cannot be independent of EF. However, due to the pilot nature of this study, it would be recommended to replicate these findings in new studies.
Association between circulating Galectin-3 and arterial stiffness in	older adults
Authors: Jia Xiaoming , Sun Caroline , Tanaka Hirofumi , Al Rifai Mahmoud , Aguilar David , Ndumele Chiadi , Selvin Elizabeth , Virani Salim S. , Hoogeveen Ron C. , Heiss Gerardo , Ballantyne Christie M. , Nambi Vijay
Published: August 2021

Summary: Background: Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin associated tissue fibrosis and inflammation. There is limited understanding of the relationship between gal-3 and vascular health. Our aim was to assess the association between gal-3 and arterial stiffness in older adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 4275 participants (mean age of 75 years) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Central arterial stiffness was measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). We evaluated the association of gal-3 with cfPWV using multivariable linear regression. Results: The median (interquartile range) gal-3 concentration was 16.5 (13.8, 19.8) ng/mL and mean cfPWV was 1163±303 cm/s. Higher gal-3 concentration was associated with greater central arterial stiffness after adjustment for age, sex, race-center, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensive medication use, and current smoking status (β=36.4 cm/s change in cfPWV per log unit change in gal-3; 95% CI: 7.2, 65.5, p=0.015). The association was attenuated after adjusting for additional cardiovascular risk factors (β=17.3, 95% CI: −14.4, 49.0). Conclusions: In community-dwelling older adults, gal-3 concentration was associated with central arterial stiffness, likely sharing common pathways with traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
CME-Sonografie 100/Antworten: Notfallsonografie der Weichteile und des Bewegungsapparats
Authors: Osterwalder Joseph , Tamborrini Giorgio
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Unter Notfallsonografie (NFS) verstehen wir eine fokussierte Sonografie in Notfallsituationen, auch Notfall «Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)» genannt. Die behandelnde Ärztin/der behandelnde Arzt setzt sie gezielt und direkt an der Patientin/am Patienten ein. Als unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der körperlichen Untersuchung hilft die NFS bei der Beantwortung einfacher klinischer Fragestellungen. Die entsprechenden Antworten liefern wesentliche Elemente für die diagnostische und therapeutische Entscheidungsfindung. Die NFS erhöht aber auch die Sicherheit und Effizienz von Interventionen am Bewegungsapparat und an den Weichteilen. In diesen Beitrag werden wir häufige klinische Notfallsituationen fokussiert erörtern und dabei nicht auf die in diesem Zusammenhang ebenfalls wichtigen regional-anästhesiologischen und analgesiebezogenen Anwendungen eingehen.
CME: Achtung, Lamelle! Pilzvergiftungen in der Praxis CME-Fragen
Authors: Schenk-Jäger Katharina , Gessler Mirjam , Weiler Stefan
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. In der ärztlichen Praxis die banalen Unverträglichkeiten nach Konsum von Speisepilzen von einer sich anbahnenden Vergiftung mit potenziell tödlichem Ausgang zu unterscheiden ist nicht trivial. Trotzdem gibt es einige Kriterien, an denen man sich orientieren kann: Für eine Vergiftung mit Amatoxinen, den Giftstoffen z.B. im Grünen Knollenblätterpilz (Amanita phalloides) spricht eine Latenz von sechs Stunden oder mehr zwischen dem Konsum von nicht durch Fachpersonen kontrollierten Lamellenpilzen und dem Beginn meist heftiger Brechdurchfälle. Auch wenn die Therapieoptionen kontrovers diskutiert werden, hat sich die zeitnahe antidotale Behandlung mit Silibinin als zielführend erwiesen.