bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding effective post‐test linkage strategies for HIV prevention and care: a scoping review
Authors: Wamuti Beatrice , Jamil Muhammad S. , Siegfried Nandi , Ford Nathan , Baggaley Rachel , Johnson Cheryl Case , Cherutich Peter
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Following HIV testing services (HTS), the World Health Organization recommends prompt linkage to prevention and treatment. Scale‐up of effective linkage strategies is essential to achieving the global 95‐95‐95 goals for maintaining low HIV incidence by 2030 and reducing HIV‐related morbidity and mortality. Whereas linkage to care including same‐day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for all people with HIV is now routinely implemented in testing programmes, linkage to HIV prevention interventions including behavioural or biomedical strategies, for HIV‐negative individuals remains sub‐optimal. This review aims to evaluate effective post‐HTS linkage strategies for HIV overall, and highlight gaps specifically in linkage to prevention.

Methods

Using the five‐step Arksey and O'Malley framework, we conducted a scoping review searching existing published and grey literature. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE databases for English‐language studies published between 1 January 2010 and 30 November 2023. Linkage interventions included as streamlined interventions—involving same‐day HIV testing, ART initiation and point‐of‐care CD4 cell count/viral load, case management—involving linkage coordinators developing personalized HIV care and risk reduction plans, incentives—financial and non‐financial, partner services—including contact tracing, virtual—like social media, quality improvement—like use of score cards, and peer‐based interventions. Outcomes of interest were linkage to any form of HIV prevention and/or care including ART initiation.

Results

Of 2358 articles screened, 66 research studies met the inclusion criteria. Only nine linkage to prevention studies were identified (n = 9/66, 14%)—involving pre‐exposure prophylaxis, voluntary medical male circumcision, sexually transmitted infection and cervical cancer screening. Linkage to care studies (n = 57/66, 86%) focused on streamlined interventions in the general population and on case management among key populations.

Discussion

Despite a wide range of HIV prevention interventions available, there was a dearth of literature on HIV prevention programmes and on the use of messaging on treatment as prevention strategy. Linkage to care studies were comparatively numerous except those evaluating virtual interventions, incentives and quality improvement.

Conclusions

The findings give insights into linkage strategies but more understanding of how to provide these effectively for maximum prevention impact is needed.
Moisture sources of precipitation over the Pearl River Basin in South China
Authors: Liu Xinxin , Guo Chengchao , Zhang Jingkun , Liu Yang , Xiao Mingzhong , Wu Yongyan , Li Bo , Zhao Tongtiegang
Published: April 2024

Moisture sources and transport processes play a critical part in hydrological cycle and determine regional precipitation. This paper utilizes the Water Accounting Model‐2layers (WAM‐2layers) and the ERA5 reanalysis data to track the sources of precipitation over the Pearl River Basin (PRB). The contribution of external moisture and the role of local recycling are investigated. The results show that during the period from 1980 to 2020, oceanic sources including the western North Pacific and Indian Oceans serve as the primary moisture sources of precipitation over the PRB. The contributions to total seasonal precipitation are respectively 62.57% in MAM, 54.79% in JJA, 43.70% in SON and 60.88% in DJF. By contrast, the contribution of local recycling is generally below 5.50%. In the dry years of 1994, 1997 and 2001, the contribution of terrestrial sources is about 19.22%; in the wet years of 1989, 2009 and 2011, the contribution is about 16.31%. The summer precipitation anomalies are mainly attributable to moisture anomalies from the Equatorial Indian Ocean in the wet years and from Southeast Asia in the dry years. Furthermore, vertically integrated moisture flux anomalies over the boundaries of the PRB are generally the result of anomalous wind rather than anomalous moisture. In the wet years, low‐pressure systems induce strong cyclonic moisture transports, increasing the PRB precipitation. In the dry years, high‐pressure anomalies over the PRB block the moisture transports from the Indian Ocean and western North Pacific.
Evaluating the performance of key ERA‐Interim, ERA5 and ERA5‐Land climate variables across Siberia
Authors: Clelland Andrew A. , Marshall Gareth J. , Baxter Robert
Published: April 2024

Reanalysis datasets provide a continuous picture of the past climate for every point on Earth. They are especially useful in areas with few direct observations, such as Siberia. However, to ensure these datasets are sufficiently accurate they need to be validated against readings from meteorological stations. Here, we analyse how values of six climate variables—the minimum, mean and maximum 2‐metre air temperature, snow depth (SD), total precipitation and wind speed (WSP)—from three reanalysis datasets—ERA‐Interim, ERA5 and ERA5‐Land—compare against observations from 29 meteorological stations across Siberia and the Russian Far East on a daily timescale from 1979 to 2019. All three reanalyses produce values of the mean and maximum daily 2‐metre air temperature that are close to those observed, with the average absolute bias not exceeding 1.54°C. However, care should be taken for the minimum 2‐metre air temperature during the summer months—there are nine stations where correlation values are <0.60 due to inadequate night‐time cooling. The reanalysis values of SD are generally close to those observed after 1992, especially ERA5, when data from some of the meteorological stations began to be assimilated, but the reanalysis SD should be used with caution (if at all) before 1992 as the lack of assimilation leads to large overestimations. For low daily precipitation values the reanalyses provide good approximations, however they struggle to attain the extreme high values. Similarly, for the 10‐metre WSP; the reanalyses perform well with speeds up to 2.5 ms−1 but struggle with those above 5.0 ms−1. For these variables, we recommend using ERA5 over ERA‐Interim and ERA5‐Land in future research. ERA5 shows minor improvements over ERA‐Interim, and, despite an increased spatial resolution, there is no advantage to using ERA5‐Land.
Purification of triterpenoid saponins and 25R/25S‐inokosterone from Achyranthes bidentata Bl. by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography coupled silver nitrate coordination
Authors: Niu Tong , Yu Jinqian , Wang Zhenqiang , Wang Chuangchuang , Guo Yingjian , Li Jian , Wang Xiao
Published: April 2024

An effective method by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography coordinated with silver nitrate for the preparative separation of sterones and triterpenoid saponins from Achyranthes bidentata Blume was developed. Methyl tert‐butyl ether/n‐butanol/acetonitrile/water (4:2:3:8, v/v/v/v) was selected for 20‐hydroxyecdysone (compound 1), chikusetsusaponin IVa methyl ester (compound 4), 2′‐glycan‐11‐keto‐pigmented saponin V (compound 5), as well as a pair of isomers of 25S‐inokosterone (compound 2) and 25R‐inokosterone (compound 3), which were further purified by silver nitrate coordinated high‐speed countercurrent chromatography. What is more, dichloromethane/methanol/isopropanol/water (6:6:1:4, v/v/v/v) was applied for calenduloside E (compound 6), 3β‐[(O‐β‐d‐glucuronopyranosyl)‐oxy]‐oleana‐11,13‐dien‐28‐oic acid (compound 7), zingibroside R1 (compound 8) and chikusetsusaponin IVa (compound 9). Adding Ag+ to the solvent system resulted in unique selectivity for 25R/25S isomers of inokosterone, which increased the complexing capability and stability of Ag+ coordinated 25S‐inokosterone, as well as the α value between them. These results were further confirmed by the computational calculation of geometry optimization and frontier molecular orbitals assay. Comprehensive mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis demonstrated the structures of the obtained compounds.
Silicon Nanoantennas for Ultra‐Compact, High‐Speed and Low‐Power Consumption Electro‐Optic Modulators
Authors: Ding Lu , Siew Shawn Yohanes , Ang Thomas Y. L. , Li Qiang , Zhu Shiyang , Zhou Yanyan , Paniagua‐Dominguez Ramon , Chu Hong‐Son , Lim Soon Thor , Png Ching Eng , Kuznetsov Arseniy I.
Published: April 2024

To keep pace with the expanding data capacity in modern communications and increasing on‐chip integration density, it is highly desirable to have electro‐optic modulators featured with compact footprint, large modulation bandwidth, low energy consumption, and full complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility. Here, this work experimentally demonstrates a high‐speed electro‐optic modulator in the telecommunication wavelength range made of a 1D chain resonator of Mie‐resonant silicon nanoparticles. The modulator exploits the plasma dispersion effect and works in the carrier depletion configuration. The resulting large modulation bandwidth over 40 GHz and low energy consumption of 23 fJ bit−1 are attributed to its ultra‐compact footprint of 10 µm2. The open eye diagrams are measured up to 40 Gbits s−1. The modulators are fabricated at wafer level by a silicon photonic foundry using CMOS‐compatible process. This modulator shows promise for achieving higher integration density and larger modulation bandwidth. It can be added to the existing on‐chip device building blocks library and used for a wide range of applications, including data communication, quantum photonics, and non‐reciprocal optics.
Inflammation in diabetes complications: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions
Authors: Zhao Lu , Hu Haoran , Zhang Lin , Liu Zheting , Huang Yunchao , Liu Qian , Jin Liang , Zhu Meifei , Zhang Ling
Published: April 2024

At present, diabetes mellitus (DM) has been one of the most endangering healthy diseases. Current therapies contain controlling high blood sugar, reducing risk factors like obesity, hypertension, and so on; however, DM patients inevitably and eventually progress into different types of diabetes complications, resulting in poor quality of life. Unfortunately, the clear etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes complications have not been elucidated owing to intricate whole‐body systems. The immune system was responsible to regulate homeostasis by triggering or resolving inflammatory response, indicating it may be necessary to diabetes complications. In fact, previous studies have been shown inflammation plays multifunctional roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications and is attracting attention to be the meaningful therapeutic strategy. To this end, this review systematically concluded the current studies over the relationships of susceptible diabetes complications (e.g., diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy) and inflammation, ranging from immune cell response, cytokines interaction to pathomechanism of organ injury. Besides, we also summarized various therapeutic strategies to improve diabetes complications by target inflammation from special remedies to conventional lifestyle changes. This review will offer a panoramic insight into the mechanisms of diabetes complications from an inflammatory perspective and also discuss contemporary clinical interventions.
Pyrogallol protects against influenza A virus‐triggered lethal lung injury by activating the Nrf2–PPAR‐γ–HO‐1 signaling axis
Authors: Zhou Beixian , Wang Linxin , Yang Sushan , Liang Yueyun , Zhang Yuehan , Liu Xuanyu , Pan Xiping , Li Jing
Published: April 2024

Pyrogallol, a natural polyphenol compound (1,2,3‐trihydroxybenzene), has shown efficacy in the therapeutic treatment of disorders associated with inflammation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the protective properties of pyrogallol against influenza A virus infection are not yet established. We established in this study that pyrogallol effectively alleviated H1N1 influenza A virus‐induced lung injury and reduced mortality. Treatment with pyrogallol was found to promote the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR‐γ). Notably, the activation of Nrf2 by pyrogallol was involved in elevating the expression of PPAR‐γ, both of which act synergistically to enhance heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) synthesis. Blocking HO‐1 by zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) reduced the suppressive impact of pyrogallol on H1N1 virus‐mediated aberrant retinoic acid‐inducible gene‐I‐nuclear factor kappa B (RIG‐I–NF‐κB) signaling, which thus abolished the dampening effects of pyrogallol on excessive proinflammatory mediators and cell death (including apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis). Furthermore, the HO‐1‐independent inactivation of janus kinase 1/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK1/STATs) and the HO‐1‐dependent RIG‐I‐augmented STAT1/2 activation were both abrogated by pyrogallol, resulting in suppression of the enhanced transcriptional activity of interferon‐stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complexes, thus prominently inhibiting the amplification of the H1N1 virus‐induced proinflammatory reaction and apoptosis in interferon‐beta (IFN‐β)‐sensitized cells. The study provides evidence that pyrogallol alleviates excessive proinflammatory responses and abnormal cell death via HO‐1 induction, suggesting it could be a potential agent for treating influenza.
A bi‐fidelity inverse analysis method for deep excavations considering three‐dimensional effects
Authors: Tao Yuanqin , Pan Sunjuexu , Sun Honglei , Cai Yuanqiang , Zhang Ge , Sun Miaojun
Published: April 2024

Inverse analysis methods are commonly used in braced excavations for improved deformation predictions. This paper proposes a bi‐fidelity ensemble randomized maximum likelihood (BF‐EnRML) method for efficient inverse analyses of deep excavations considering the three‐dimensional effects. The bi‐fidelity (BF) model is developed by the low‐fidelity model (i.e., two‐dimensional finite element model, 2D FEM) and the high‐fidelity model (i.e., 3D FEM) for a balance between efficiency and accuracy. A large number of 2D FEMs are first used to explore the relationship between soil parameters and wall deflections. A few 3D FEMs are then performed to calibrate the discrepancy between 2D‐3D deflections caused by the inability of 2D FEM to consider the three‐dimensional effects. The constructed BF model serves as the forward model in inverse analysis. The soil parameters are updated by incorporating the monitoring data based on EnRML and further used to predict wall deflections in later stages. A hypothetical excavation and a real project are studied to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the BF model can provide wall deflection predictions close to those calculated from 3D FEM while using a computational cost of 2D FEM. The BF‐EnRML method can efficiently update the soil parameters and improve the wall deflection predictions. Moreover, factors affecting the accuracy of the BF model are studied, including the number of required 3D FEMs, the distance from the evaluated wall section to the excavation corner, the number of data points along the wall depth, and the number of excavation stages.
Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Castro Guadalupe , Cruz‐Borbolla Julián , Galván Marcelo , Guevara‐García Alfredo , Ireta Joel , Matus Myrna H. , Meneses‐Viveros Amilcar , Ignacio Perea‐Ramírez Luis , Pescador‐Rojas Miriam
Published: April 2024

The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process is widely used in the industry to eliminate sulfur compounds from fuels. However, removing dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives is a challenge. Here, the key aspects that affect the efficiency of catalysts in the HDS of DBT were investigated using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The conversion of DBT and selectivity was estimated by applying Lasso, Ridge, and Random Forest regression techniques. For the estimation of conversion of DBT, Random Forest and Lasso offer adequate predictions. At the same time, regularized regressions have similar outcomes, which are suitable for selectivity estimations. According to the regression coefficient, the structural parameters are essential predictors for selectivity, highlighting the pore size, and slab length. These properties can connect with aspects like the availability of active sites. The insights gained through ML techniques about the HDS catalysts agree with the interpretations of previous experimental reports.
Three cases of gingival cancer associated with peri‐implantitis and their management
Authors: Osawa Kohei , Okamoto Yoshiyuki , Iida Masaki , Hirota Makoto , Mitsudo Kenji
Published: April 2024

Background

Dental implant treatment is effective for missing teeth, but it can cause peri‐implantitis. Chronic inflammation may be involved in the development of malignancy. We report three cases of gingival cancer that may have been associated with peri‐implantitis.

Case Presentation

All three patients were referred to our department for detailed examination of a mass or ulcerative lesion around implants placed in their family dental clinics. One case of cancer was associated with oral lichen planus and peri‐implantitis. Two cases of cancer were associated with peri‐implantitis. Surgery for gingival cancer was successfully performed. All three pathological diagnoses were well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion

Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for malignant tumors, suggesting the importance of its maintenance.
Pilot evaluation of a behavioral weight loss program for adults with physical disabilities: State of Slim Everybody usability and feasibility
Authors: Clina Julianne G. , Wyatt Holly R. , Hill James O. , Ferguson Christine C. , Young Hui‐Ju , Rimmer James H.
Published: April 2024

Background

People with physical disabilities (PWD) have a higher prevalence of obesity than populations without disability, but most evidence‐based weight loss programs have not included this population. The State of Slim (SOS) program is an evidence‐based weight loss program that has demonstrated success in producing weight loss in populations without disability, but it has not been adapted for or evaluated in PWD.

Methods

The SOS program was systematically adapted using the evidence‐informed Guidelines, Recommendations, and Adaptations Including Disability (GRAIDs) framework. A total of 35 participants enrolled in the State of Slim Everybody program. The program was offered entirely online. Body weight, attendance, and food log completion were also tracked weekly. The program length was 16.5 h and included weekly group instruction, with optional one‐on‐one sessions provided upon request. Following completion, participants completed post‐evaluation surveys on overall satisfaction with the program. The primary outcomes were program effectiveness (i.e., body weight), usability, and feasibility.

Results

Thirty‐two out of 35 participants completed the program, representing a retention rate of 91.4%. Average weight loss was 10.9% (9.9 ± 0.7 kg (t (31) = −13.3, p =< 0.0001)). On a 1 (dissatisfied/completely useless) to 5 (very satisfied/completely helpful) Likert scale, the average score for overall program satisfaction was 4.8 ± 0.1 and program helpfulness 4.6 ± 0.1.

Conclusion

The State of Slim Everybody program demonstrated significant weight loss and good usability and feasibility in PWD. Existing adaptation frameworks can be used to create inclusive health promotion programs for adults with physical disabilities.
Non‐linear functional polymers containing selective/cleavable bonds: Synthesis and their biomedical applications
Authors: Rahimi Mahdi , Gałęziewska Monika , Jerczyński Krzysztof , Wróbel Sylwia , Pietrasik Joanna
Published: April 2024

The growing interest in functional materials has resulted in the emergence of smart polymers, demonstrating practical performance in various applications especially for biomedical purposes. The properties of functional polymers are mainly determined by the presence of functional groups that differ from those in the main chains. While some polymers are naturally active and considered functional, others require modification for enhanced impact and functionality. Many functional polymers typically have a linear backbone, but very recently the attention has been shifted towards those with specific topologies and architecture, for example, bottlebrushes, stars, dendritic polymers, and gels. Over the past few years, there has been a rising emphasis on integrating selective bonds into complex polymer structures to enhance chain scission in single macromolecules. This review captures the most recent and promising approaches to the design of non‐linear functional polymers containing selective/cleavable bonds and discusses the potential of these materials for biomedical applications.
Diagnostic utility of shear wave elastography in musculoskeletal injuries: A narrative review
Authors: Chowdhary Kuntal , Raum George , Visco Christopher
Published: April 2024

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is an emerging and promising ultrasound modality, and is more recently employed in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal (MSK) pathologies. SWE evaluates tissue stiffness by measuring the speed of propagating acoustic waves through body tissue structures. Knowing the variations in stiffness of MSK soft tissue can provide helpful diagnostic insight for the evaluation of pathology in muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and other soft tissues. The goal of this review is to synthesize recent literature on the utility of SWE for MSK pathology diagnosis. This review reveals that SWE adds important diagnostic data for the evaluation of several pathologies, such as median mononeuropathy at the wrist, Achilles tendinopathy, and plantar fasciitis. The review also reveals a lack of evidence pertaining to appropriate standardization of use and the connection to reliable and valid diagnostic benefit in the clinical setting.
Plasma catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to methanol: The interaction between MnOx and ZrO2
Authors: Zhang Xuming , Shan Yun , Sun Zhi , Pan Hua , Jin Yuzhen , Zhu Zuchao , Zhang Liancheng , Lin Wenhao , Dai Zhengbo , Lou Zhengang , Li Huaming , Li Kai
Published: April 2024

Plasma catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over MnOx/ZrO2 catalyst was investigated in this work. A boosted methanol yield of 4.6 mg/h was obtained over MnOx/ZrO2 catalyst, while it was only 0.0 and 0.7 mg/h for ZrO2 and MnOx catalyst, respectively. The interaction between MnOx and ZrO2 was responsible for the enhanced methanol yield. It resulted in sufficient oxygen vacancy. The in situ DRIFT spectra was conducted to reveal the plasma catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to methanol reaction mechanism and the key intermediates of HCOO and CH3O species were determined. The sufficient oxygen vacancy promoted the formation of the key intermediates, especially the CH3O species.
30 by 30 for plant diversity: How can we protect more of nature?
Authors: Harris Timothy , Ottaviani Gianluigi , Mulligan Mark , Brummitt Neil
Published: April 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Proposals to increase protected area networks to 30% of land area globally will, given habitat conversion, require ecosystem restoration. Trait‐based approaches provide tools for this and highlight priorities for protected area expansion—both where functional diversity has the highest values and where it is higher than expected given species richness. Maps of sampled angiosperm species from across Africa show where these diversity metrics deviate. These maps also show the 30% of land with greatest potential to support functional diversity at national and continental scales, of which less than a quarter is protected, demonstrating the need for coordinated trans‐national plant conservation efforts.
Efficacy of dupilumab as an alternative to corticosteroids in the treatment of exacerbations of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Hamakawa Masamitsu , Ishida Tadashi
Published: April 2024

Key message

The pathogenesis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis involves not only eosinophils but also plasma cells that produce immunoglobulin E. Dupilumab may be an effective alternative to corticosteroids because it inhibits T cell to plasma cell differentiation by blocking IL4.
On stability and H∞ control synthesis of sampled‐data systems: A multiple convex function approximation approach
Authors: Ji Wenchengyu , Jiang Yulian , Sun Jian , Zhu Yanzheng , Wang Shenquan
Published: April 2024

This article deals with the stability and control synthesis for a class of linear sampled‐data systems. First, a novel integral inequality with the cubic term of integral interval length instead of reciprocal one of integral interval length is constructed by non‐orthogonal polynomials. This can make full use of slack matrix variables and additional information about sawtooth structural sampling pattern. Then, on the basis of the constructed integral inequality, a cubic‐term‐dependent discontinuous exponent Lyapunov–Krasovskii Functional (LKF) is developed containing additional information about system states to design an sampled‐data state feedback controller. To better estimate the upper bound of the derivative of LKF, a kind of multiple convex function approximation approach is developed, which can be used to deal with the two‐variable polynomial negative definite issue by dividing the variable interval into multiple subintervals. By the constructed integral inequality and multiple convex function approximation approach, sufficient conditions with less conservatism are deduced for the feasibility of sampled‐data state feedback controller. Moreover, by the inner convex approximation solution technique and proposed iterative algorithm, the bilinear matrix inequalities can be transformed into linear matrix ones, which can be easily tackled, to obtain the desired sampled‐data controller gain. Finally, by comparing with existing results, the advantages and superiority of our proposed approaches can be confirmed via two numerical examples.
Decentralized adaptive proportional‐integral tracking control for strong interconnected nonlinear systems subject to unmodeled dynamics and uncertain input delays
Authors: Gao Zhifeng , Sha Xianqing , He Jiaqi , Shen Kaihui
Published: April 2024

In this paper, the problem of decentralized adaptive proportional‐integral (PI) tracking control is investigated for a class of strong interconnected nonlinear systems in presence of unmodeled dynamics and uncertain input delays. A novel compensation mechanism is proposed to deal with the considered strong interconnection functions by applying a smooth switching function to the design algorithm, and the difficulty generated by unmodeled dynamics is dominated by using a dynamic auxiliary signal. By utilizing the suitable error transformations and selecting the appropriate Lyapunov‐Krasovskii function, the effects of uncertain input delays could be surmounted. The novelty of this study is that, for the first time, a new decentralized adaptive PI tracking control scheme including a switching compensation mechanism is developed for the considered strong interconnected nonlinear systems. It is proved that all the signals in the closed‐loop systems are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) and the tracking errors converge to a bounded compact set. Finally, a simulation example is carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of 8‐(Piperazin‐1‐yl) Imidazo[1,2‐a]Pyrazine Derivatives as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Antioxidants
Authors: Wei Benben , Du Wenrong , Guo Xinyuan , Lan Yong , Shang Panpan , Wang Xiaoke , Ma Zhengyue
Published: April 2024

A series of 8‐(piperazin‐1‐yl) imidazo [1,2‐a] pyrazine derivatives were designed and synthesized as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and antioxidants for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, the biological evaluation results demonstrated that these synthesized compounds exhibited moderate inhibitory activities toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and radical scavenging activities. Among them, the compound with the strongest inhibitory activity against AChE had an IC50 value of 0.55 μM, which was higher than that of galantamine as the reference compound (IC50 value=5.01 μM). The compound with the strongest antioxidant activity had an IC50 value of 57.94 μM, which was lower than that of the ascorbic acid (IC50 value=25.70 μM) as the control drug. Furthermore, the results of molecular docking studies indicated that the compound could simultaneously bind to both catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE, which was consistent with the mixed inhibition pattern shown by enzyme kinetic studies. The interaction's stability was also assessed using a conventional atomistic 100 ns dynamics simulation study, which revealed the conformational stability of representative compound in the cavity of the AChE. In addition, the molecular properties of all compounds were predicted online through the SwissADME, and most compounds matched the properties of most orally administered drugs. Based on the biological activity and molecular properties, 8‐(piperazin‐1‐yl) imidazo[1,2‐a] pyrazine derivatives as AChEI were valuable for further development.
Direct Evidence of Reversible Changes in Electrolyte and its Interplay with LiO2 Intermediate in Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Sousa Bianca P. , Lourenço Tuanan C. , Anchieta Chayene G. , Nepel Thayane C. M. , Filho Rubens M. , Da Silva Juarez L. F. , Doubek Gustavo
Published: April 2024

Lithium‐oxygen batteries show promising energy storage potential with high theoretical energy density; however, further investigation of chemical reactions is required. In this study, experimental Raman and theoretical analyzes are performed for a Li‐O2 battery with LiClO4/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) electrolyte and carbon cathode to understand the role of intermediate species in the reactional mechanism of the cell using a high donor number solvent. Operando Raman results reveal reversible changes in the DMSO bands, in addition to the formation and decomposition of Li2O2. On discharge, a decrease in DMSO polarizability is observed and bands of DMSO‐Li+‐anion interactions are evidenced and supported by ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Molecular dynamics (MD) force field simulations and operando Raman show that DMSO interacts with LiO2(sol), highlighting the stability of the electrolyte compared to the interaction with reactive . On charging, the presence of Li+ indicates the formation of a lithium‐deficient phase, followed by the release of Li+ and oxygen. Therefore, this study contributes to understanding the discharge/charge chemistry of a Li‐O2 cell, employing a common carbon cathode and DMSO electrolyte. The combination of a simple characterization technique in operando mode and theoretical studies provides essential information on the mechanism of Li‐O2 system.
In Situ Electrochemical Rapid Induction of Highly Active γ‐NiOOH Species for Industrial Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer
Authors: Wang Fu‐Li , Tan Jin‐Long , Jin Zheng‐Yang , Gu Chao‐Yue , Lv Qian‐Xi , Dong Yi‐Wen , Lv Ren‐Qing , Dong Bin , Chai Yong‐Ming
Published: April 2024

Limited by the strong oxidation environment and sluggish reconstruction process in oxygen evolution reaction (OER), designing rapid self‐reconstruction with high activity and stability electrocatalysts is crucial to promoting anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolyzer. Herein, trace Fe/S‐modified Ni oxyhydroxide (Fe/S‐NiOOH/NF) nanowires are constructed via a simple in situ electrochemical oxidation strategy based on precipitation‐dissolution equilibrium. In situ characterization techniques reveal that the successful introduction of Fe and S leads to lattice disorder and boosts favorable hydroxyl capture, accelerating the formation of highly active γ‐NiOOH. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have also verified that the incorporation of Fe and S optimizes the electrons redistribution and the d‐band center, decreasing the energy barrier of the rate‐determining step (*O→*OOH). Benefited from the unique electronic structure and intermediate adsorption, the Fe/S‐NiOOH/NF catalyst only requires the overpotential of 345 mV to reach the industrial current density of 1000 mA cm−2 for 120 h. Meanwhile, assembled AEM water electrolyzer (Fe/S‐NiOOH//Pt/C‐60 °C) can deliver 1000 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 2.24 V, operating at the average energy efficiency of 71% for 100 h. In summary, this work presents a rapid self‐reconstruction strategy for high‐performance AEM electrocatalysts for future hydrogen economy.
Ultra‐Strong Janus Covalent Organic Framework Membrane with Smart Response to Organic Vapor
Authors: Cheng Gong , Sui Chao , Hao Weizhe , Li Jiaxuan , Zhao Yushun , Miao Linlin , Zhao Guoxin , Li Junjiao , Sang Yuna , Zhao Chenxi , Wen Lei , He Xiaodong , Wang Chao
Published: April 2024

Vapor‐driven smart Janus materials have made significant advancements in intelligent monitoring, control, and interaction, etc. Nevertheless, the development of ultrafast response single‐layer Janus membrane, along with a deep exploration of the smart response mechanisms, remains a long‐term endeavor. Here, the successful synthesis of a high‐crystallinity single‐layer Covalent organic framework (COF) Janus membrane is reported by morphology control. This kind of membrane displays superior mechanical properties and specific surface area, along with excellent responsiveness to CH2Cl2 vapor. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms reveals that the vapor‐induced breathing effect of the COF and the stress mismatch of the Janus structure play a crucial role in its smart deformation performance. It is believed that this COF Janus membrane holds promise for complex tasks in various fields.
Rural healthcare access and supply constraints: A causal analysis
Authors: Melo Vitor , Sigaud Liam , Neilson Elijah , Bjoerkheim Markus
Published: April 2024

Certificate‐of‐Need (CON) laws require that healthcare providers receive approval from a state board before offering additional services in a given community. Proponents of CON laws claim that these laws are needed to prevent the oversupply of healthcare services in urban areas and to increase access in rural areas, which are predominantly underserved. Yet, the policy could lower rural access if used by incumbents to limit entry from competitors. We explore the repeal of these regulations in five U.S. states to offer the first estimate of the causal effects of CON laws on rural and urban healthcare access. We find that repealing CON laws causes a substantial increase in hospitals in both rural and urban areas. We also find that the repeal leads to fewer beds and smaller hospitals on average, suggesting an increase in entry and competition in both rural and urban areas.
Voacangine mitigates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in middle cerebral artery occlusion‐induced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by averting the NF‐κBp65/MAPK signaling pathways in rats
Authors: Xu Bo , Wu Hua , Guo Wei , Hussain Shaik Althaf , Wang Tian
Published: April 2024

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of human mortality. Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a primary cause of stroke. Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) resulting in oxidative stress and inflammatory events may lead to severe neuronal impairments. Thus, anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory mediators that can alleviate post‐I/R neuronal injuries are required for the treatment of CI/RI. An alkaloid, voacangine (VCG) is a recognized antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer agent. Hence, the current study intended to explore the neuroprotective potential and the principal mechanisms of VCG in CI/RI. The experimental rats were divided into four sets: control, I/R‐induced, I/R + VCG (2.5 mg/kg), I/R + VCG (5 mg/kg). CI/RI was induced by implanting a thread into the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Brain damages were assessed on the basis of brain edema, brain infarct volume, neurological deficit score, histopathology, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Results revealed that VCG inhibited the triggering of NLRP3 inflammasome, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation, but enhanced the antioxidant status in MCAO rats. Furthermore, VCG treatment averted brain damage by I/R, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress by suppressing NF‐κBp65/MAPK pathways. The results of the study provide pertinent insights pertaining to the role of VCG as a potential neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke.
Hotspot sheep scab management: A community‐based regional approach in England
Authors: Burgess Stewart T. G. , Stubbings Lesley , Wall Richard
Published: April 2024

Background

Ovine psoroptic mange (sheep scab), caused by an infestation of the mite Psoroptes ovis, leads to clinical disease, economic loss and severely compromised animal welfare. Here, a community‐based approach to the management of scab in three high‐risk areas of England is described.

Methods

For each of the 254 farms included in the study, an initial survey of their clinical sheep scab history was followed up by a blood test (ELISA) to detect the presence of antibodies to P. ovis. This facilitated the coordination of treatment across groups of farms in each region. Blood testing was then repeated at the end of the treatment programme.

Results

On the first blood test in 2021/2022, 25.6% (±5.5%) of the flocks were positive for sheep scab. On the second test in 2022/2023, 9% (±3.94%) of the flocks tested were positive, showing a highly statistically significant reduction in prevalence overall, but with strong regional variation.

Limitations

generating an understanding of the flock‐level nature of the blood test and confidence in its detection of scab where clinical signs were not apparent provided ongoing challenges.

Conclusions

The programme demonstrated that a focused community‐based approach can be used to significantly reduce the prevalence of sheep scab in high‐risk areas of England. The use of the blood test on all farms allowed the identification of subclinical sheep scab. The programme provides an effective model for sheep scab management on a national scale.
Modeling multivariate extremes
Authors: Nolan John P.
Published: April 2024

The Central Limit Theorem justifies using a normal distribution when looking at sums of many terms. In a parallel way, extreme value distributions arise in the study of maxima of many terms. The goal of this paper is to briefly review the univariate theory of extremes based on the Fisher‐Tippet‐Gnedenko Theorem. We then state the basics of the multivariate theory, which is significantly more complicated because it requires a measure to define the distribution. Some properties of these laws are explored, including a description of the support, an expression for the density when it exists, and some examples that illustrate possible joint dependence structures.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Finance
Origin of functional de novo genes in humans from “hopeful monsters”
Authors: Liu Xiaoge , Xiao Chunfu , Xu Xinwei , Zhang Jie , Mo Fan , Chen Jia‐Yu , Delihas Nicholas , Zhang Li , An Ni A. , Li Chuan‐Yun
Published: April 2024

For a long time, it was believed that new genes arise only from modifications of preexisting genes, but the discovery of de novo protein‐coding genes that originated from noncoding DNA regions demonstrates the existence of a “motherless” origination process for new genes. However, the features, distributions, expression profiles, and origin modes of these genes in humans seem to support the notion that their origin is not a purely “motherless” process; rather, these genes arise preferentially from genomic regions encoding preexisting precursors with gene‐like features. In such a case, the gene loci are typically not brand new. In this short review, we will summarize the definition and features of human de novo genes and clarify their process of origination from ancestral non‐coding genomic regions. In addition, we define the favored precursors, or “hopeful monsters,” for the origin of de novo genes and present a discussion of the functional significance of these young genes in brain development and tumorigenesis in humans.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution
Introduction: Geographical Understanding and “Listening” in New Caledonia-Kanaky
Authors: Batterbury Simon P. J. , Kowasch Matthias
Published: April 2024

This chapter is an introduction to “Geographies of New Caledonia-Kanaky”, edited by Matthias Kowasch and Simon Batterbury. The archipelago is a “biodiversity hotspot” with high species endemism, ultramafic soils and nickel resources that have been mined extensively for nearly 150 years. It remains a territory of France, and after three referendums on independence, decolonisation is an unfinished and ongoing process that still divides communities in their interpretation of history and their aspirations for the future. The 21 chapters of the book, including this introduction and the conclusion, reflect different themes and offer cultural, political, social and ecological perspectives. New Caledonia-Kanaky (NC-K) is a “window on the world” in terms of decolonisation paths, environmental and social justice, racial inequality, biodiversity and the impacts of mining. The book has seven parts: (1) biodiversity, environmental protection and policies; (2) fisheries and agriculture; (3) extractive industries, mining development and waste management; (4) land reform and urban development; (5) cultural heritage, languages and education; (6) small-scale politics and gender questions; and lastly (7) decolonisation and political independence.
Kanak Cultural Heritage on Colonised and Damaged Lands
Authors: Poady Antoine Cano , Ouetcho Chanel , Stastny Angélique , Kowasch Matthias
Published: April 2024

This chapter – co-authored by two Kanak knowledge holders (a clan chief and a singer-songwriter) and two European researchers (from political science and geography) – discusses how Kanak communities deal with cultural heritage in the present, in a context of colonial legacies, institutional conservatism and depleting natural resources. We focus specifically on the communities of Bako and Touaourou in Paicî Cèmuhi and Drubea-Kapumë countries, respectively. We first analyse colonial policies of land dispossession and cultural oppression, as well as the ongoing inadequate support for Kanak languages from school institutions. We then discuss the ways in which grassroots initiatives testify to resilient and resurgent spaces for Kanak languages and cultural heritage in such contexts, by taking the example of (1) the work of the Agency for the Development of Kanak Culture (ADCK) to record oral histories, myths and toponyms as important identity markers and (2) Kaneka music as a contemporary transmitter of Kanak languages and cultural practices. In addition to the collection of toponyms in Kanak communities, Kaneka music is popular amongst young people and elders. Bands such as Humaa-gué from Touaourou provide songs engaging with colonial history, Kanak cultural life and practices, the mining industry and current sociopolitical issues. We draw the conclusion that the educational institution responds inadequately to Kanak needs, and initiatives undertaken by Kanak people at the grassroots level are key to the continuance of Kanak languages, cultural heritage and practices.
New Caledonia’s Self-Determination Process
Authors: Fisher Denise
Published: April 2024

New Caledonia has been under French tutelage from 1853. From the early-twentieth-century local parties have sought increasing autonomy, and some, mainly indigenous Kanaks, independence, culminating in a civil war in the 1980s. The 1988 Matignon-Oudinot Accords ended the violence and, together with the 1998 Nouméa Accord, delayed a promised independence referendum by 30 years, in return for increased autonomy with scheduled handovers of certain responsibilities by France, and more equitable distribution of nickel returns, in a common destiny across communities. The final, self-determination phase of these agreements is now formally complete, with three independence referendums held in 2018, 2020, and 2021. The first two votes, returning a slim and narrowing majority for staying with France, revealed the continuing deep ethnic divide over independence. A call for nonparticipation by indigenous leaders, after the devastating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on their communities, widely heeded, effectively nullified the political effect of the final December 2021 vote, again favouring staying with France. Independence leaders are now calling for another vote. This paper reviews the historical context, the next steps, and key issues in the ongoing self-determination process, including issues engaging important geostrategic interests for France and, briefly, some implications for the South Pacific region.
Conclusion: Future Reflections
Authors: Batterbury Simon P. J. , Bouard Séverine , Demmer Christine , Fisher Denise , Kowasch Matthias , Leblic Isabelle , Pantz Pierre-Christophe , Wadrawane Eddie Wayuone
Published: April 2024

This multi-authored chapter covers some statements and reflections on the geopolitical but also environmental, societal and economic futures in the aftermath of the third referendum in 2021 on political independence, and after the visit of French President Macron to New Caledonia-Kanaky in July 2023. While for the current French government, the future of the country lies within the French Republic, pro-independence parties see the decolonisation process as unfinished and continue fighting for independence from French authority. The political landscape thus remains strongly divided. References to historical events and social and ethnic aspects of voting patterns complete some of the reflections. We also highlight the profound changes which are taking place in rural communities, the future of the nickel sector, and educational reforms.
Conflicts and Legitimacy of Environmental Organisations Facing Mining Projects in New Caledonia-Kanaky
Authors: Kowasch Matthias , Merlin Julien
Published: April 2024

This chapter deals with conflicts and the legitimacy of environmental associations in conflict with, or holding to account, recent nickel projects in New Caledonia-Kanaky – Goro Nickel in the South and Koniambo in the North. Based on the concepts of environmental justice and resource conflicts, and on environmental management provisions, we discuss how environmental associations dealing with mining impacts raise their voice, gain legitimacy and intervene in environmental monitoring. The organisations CEK/Environord, ŒIL, CCCE and Rhéébù Nùù pursue different approaches and strategies. CEK was internal to the mining company KNS (Koniambo Nickel SAS) before becoming more “independent” under the label “Environord” (despite continuing financing from KNS). Rhéébù Nùù aimed to fight against the Goro Nickel project in the South before signing a pact with the Brazilian group Vale, with royalties and community benefits. ŒIL is advised by an independent scientific committee which gives it broader legitimacy. Its environmental monitoring allows it some participation in the project, but decision-making remains with the mining operators. Despite the important actions of these NGOs, the pro-independence party FLNKS and the upheavals in 2020 around the selling of the Goro Nickel smelter show that political authorities in New Caledonia-Kanaky are trying to obtain greater control over nickel extraction, processing and exportation themselves.