bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global distribution of IRC7 alleles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations: a genomic and phenotypic survey within the wine clade
Authors: Ruiz Javier , de Celis Miguel , Martín‐Santamaría María , Benito‐Vázquez Iván , Pontes Ana , Lanza Val F. , Sampaio José Paulo , Santos Antonio , Belda Ignacio
Published: May 2021

The adaptation to the different biotic and abiotic factors of wine fermentation has led to the accumulation of numerous genomic hallmarks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains. IRC7, a gene encoding a cysteine‐S‐β‐lyase enzyme related volatile thiols production in wines, has two alleles: a full‐length allele (IRC7F) and a mutated one (IRC7S), harbouring a 38 bp‐deletion. Interestingly, IRC7S‐encoding a less active enzyme – appears widespread amongst wine populations. Studying the global distribution of the IRC7S allele in different yeast lineages, we confirmed its high prevalence in the Wine clade and demonstrated a minority presence in other domesticated clades (Wine‐PDM, Beer and Bread) while it is completely missing in wild clades. Here, we show that IRC7S‐homozygous (HS) strains exhibited both fitness and competitive advantages compared with IRC7F‐homozygous (HF) strains. There are some pieces of evidence of the direct contribution of the IRC7S allele to the outstanding behaviour of HS strains (i.e., improved response to oxidative stress conditions and higher tolerance to high copper levels); however, we also identified a set of sequence variants with significant co‐occurrence patterns with the IRC7S allele, which can be co‐contributing to the fitness and competitive advantages of HS strains in wine fermentations.
Stimulated saprotrophic fungi in arable soil extend their activity to the rhizosphere and root microbiomes of crop seedlings
Authors: Clocchiatti Anna , Hannula S. Emilia , Hundscheid Maria P. J. , klein Gunnewiek Paulien J. A. , de Boer Wietse
Published: May 2021

Saprotrophic fungi play an important role in ecosystem functioning and plant performance, but their abundance in intensively managed arable soils is low. Saprotrophic fungal biomass in arable soils can be enhanced with amendments of cellulose‐rich materials. Here, we examined if sawdust‐stimulated saprotrophic fungi extend their activity to the rhizosphere of crop seedlings and influence the composition and activity of other rhizosphere and root inhabitants. After growing carrot seedlings in sawdust‐amended arable soil, we determined fungal and bacterial biomass and community structure in roots, rhizosphere and soil. Utilization of root exudates was assessed by stable isotope probing (SIP) following 13CO2‐pulse‐labelling of seedlings. This was combined with analysis of lipid fatty acids (PLFA/NLFA‐SIP) and nucleic acids (DNA‐SIP). Sawdust‐stimulated Sordariomycetes colonized the seedling's rhizosphere and roots and actively consumed root exudates. This did not reduce the abundance and activity of bacteria, yet higher proportions of α‐Proteobacteria and Bacteroidia were seen. Biomass and activity of mycorrhizal fungi increased with sawdust amendments, whereas exudate consumption and root colonization by functional groups containing plant pathogens did not change. Sawdust amendment of arable soil enhanced abundance and exudate‐consuming activity of saprotrophic fungi in the rhizosphere of crop seedlings and promoted potential beneficial microbial groups in root‐associated microbiomes.
‘Tumbling into the lap of Majesty’: Minuets at the Court of George III
Authors: Burlock Hillary
Published: May 2021

Performance and ritual were central to the functioning of royal courts in the Georgian era. Every year George III held court balls to mark the birthdays of the monarch and consort. The royal birthday ball opened with minuets, a dance that demonstrated grace, ease, politeness, gentility and education. The pressure to perform with grace and accomplishment was immense, as any missteps were eagerly commented on in the press and in correspondence. This article examines the ballroom as an intense emotional space for demonstrating membership of the bon ton.
Embodied‐based environment for kindergarten children: Revisiting constructionist ideas
Authors: Valente José Armando , Caceffo Ricardo , Bonacin Rodrigo , dos Reis Julio Cesar , Gonçalves Diego Addan , Baranauskas Maria Cecília Calani
Published: May 2021

Constructionism has different meanings for what the learner is constructing, a concrete object or an idea, and whether this construction is done through the use of digital technology. In the embodied‐based environment created in this study, children carry out or “construct” a series of actions, a performance, which allows them to solve the task of directing an already programmed robot to a particular target. The activity was based on an adaptation of the Little Red Riding Hood narrative. Children played the role of rangers (instead of hunters) who had to coordinate their actions in order to help a robot (an mBot characterized as a Robot‐Wolf) find Grandma’s laboratory, so she could fix its GPS. The children wore boots, which were used to interact with the Robot‐Wolf. The main question we addressed was how to create this embodied‐based environment for kindergarten children, and how to identify the actions children performed and the concepts they used in this construction. The research was based on the Socially‐Aware Design, and the study was conducted in a school setting for kindergarten students. 26 children (11F, 15 M), between 4 and 5 years old, participated in this study. The children’s activities were recorded and analysed using the Grounded Theory methodology. The results show that the children’s performative sequence of actions is distinct from the hands‐on, heads‐in processes that are part of classical constructionist environments. For the children, the process and the product of their (body) “dance” were underlying their movement (perceiving and acting), working together so as to accomplish the given task in the environment.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Constructionism has shown as a way for learning via materialization of tangible objects or construction of ideas.

There are very few examples of constructionist learning environments for kindergarten children to interact with digital technology.

What this paper adds

The creation of the constructionist embodied‐based environment for supporting kindergarten children interacting with digital technologies.

The constructionist embodied‐based environment created was effective in supporting kindergarten children interacting with an already programmed robot.

Children’s performative sequence of actions reveals no separation of the hands‐on, heads‐in processes as in classical constructionist environments.

The creation of a constructionist environment in which children can act and collaborate to construct a series of actions which allow them to solve a specific challenge.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Concepts like leadership and anticipation which were embodied are expressed by the children help to understand how the robot‐based activity can help children to construct knowledge related to, for example, computational thinking.
Governance and Regulation of the Peruvian University System: Overcoming Reform Resistance through Quality Assurance Policies
Authors: Tavara Jose I.
Published: May 2021

This article examines the new governance of the Peruvian university system, which evolved in response to market liberalisation and weak quality assurance mechanisms. New actors and commercial interests emerged, building their network of relationships within the political arena. With the passing of a new Universities Law in 2014, ambitious reforms were set in motion, designed to reverse the decline in the quality of higher education. This study examines these reforms, focusing on whether and how they are changing the governance and structure of the system. It also identifies some conceptual and design flaws, such as the weaknesses of the main steering body and the accreditation regime, as well as limitations on the independence of the regulatory agency.
Normalisation of glucose metabolism by exendin‐4 in the chronic phase after stroke promotes functional recovery in male diabetic mice
Authors: Augestad Ingrid Lovise , Dekens Doortje , Karampatsi Dimitra , Elabi Osama , Zabala Alexander , Pintana Hiranya , Larsson Martin , Nyström Thomas , Paul Gesine , Darsalia Vladimer , Patrone Cesare
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor activation decreases stroke risk in people with Type 2 diabetes (T2D), while animal studies have shown the efficacy of this strategy to counteract stroke‐induced acute brain damage. However, whether GLP‐1 receptor activation also improves recovery in the chronic phase after stroke is unknown. We investigated whether post‐acute, chronic administration of the GLP‐1 receptor agonist, exendin‐4, improves post‐stroke recovery and examined possible underlying mechanisms in T2D and non‐T2D mice.

Experimental Approach

We induced stroke via transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in T2D/obese mice (8 months of high‐fat diet) and age‐matched controls. Exendin‐4 was administered for 8 weeks from Day 3 post‐tMCAO. We assessed functional recovery by weekly upper‐limb grip strength tests. Insulin sensitivity and glycaemia were evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks post‐tMCAO. Neuronal survival, stroke‐induced neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, atrophy of GABAergic parvalbumin+ interneurons, post‐stroke vascular remodelling and fibrotic scar formation were investigated by immunohistochemistry.

Key Results

Exendin‐4 normalised T2D‐induced impairment of forepaw grip strength recovery in correlation with normalised glycaemia and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, exendin‐4 counteracted T2D‐induced atrophy of parvalbumin+ interneurons and decreased microglia activation. Finally, exendin‐4 normalised density and pericyte coverage of micro‐vessels and restored fibrotic scar formation in T2D mice. In non‐T2D mice, the exendin‐4‐mediated recovery was minor.

Conclusion and Implications

Chronic GLP‐1 receptor activation mediates post‐stroke functional recovery in T2D mice by normalising glucose metabolism and improving neuroplasticity and vascular remodelling in the recovery phase. The results warrant clinical trial of GLP‐1 receptor agonists for rehabilitation after stroke in T2D.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on GLP1 receptor ligands (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.4/issuetoc
Adverse childhood experiences, mindfulness and happiness in Chinese college students during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Huang Chien‐Chung , Chen Yafan , Cheung Shannon , Hu Hongwei , Wang Enjian
Published: May 2021

The rise of literature on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has indicated a strong relationship between ACEs and negative life outcomes, leading to important implications for services to the population. However, less is known about the effects of ACEs on happiness and the role of mindfulness in this relation. This study examined the relationships between ACEs and happiness and whether mindfulness mediated the effects of ACEs on happiness in a sample of Chinese college students. The data were collected from 1871 college students from 12 colleges across China in September 2020. The findings of this study show that ACEs had significant negative effects on students' happiness and that mindfulness helped to substantially reduce the negative effects of ACEs on happiness. Students who experienced emotional neglect and abuse in childhood were affected the most. By contrast, this group is not the primary focus of mindfulness‐based interventions in existing literature; thus, this study calls for specific mindfulness‐based interventions for this vulnerable population.
Dark corner artefact and diagnostic performance of a market‐approved neural network for skin cancer classification
Authors: Sies Katharina , Winkler Julia K. , Fink Christine , Bardehle Felicitas , Toberer Ferdinand , Kommoss Felix K. F. , Buhl Timo , Enk Alexander , Rosenberger Albert , Haenssle Holger A.
Published: May 2021

Background and objectives

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have proven dermatologist‐level performance in skin lesion classification. Prior to a broader clinical application, an assessment of limitations is crucial. Therefore, the influence of a dark tubular periphery in dermatoscopic images (also called dark corner artefact [DCA]) on the diagnostic performance of a market‐approved CNN for skin lesion classification was investigated.

Patients and methods

A prospective image set of 233 skin lesions (60 malignant, 173 benign) without DCA (control‐set) was modified to show small, medium or large DCA. All 932 images were analyzed by a market‐approved CNN (Moleanalyzer‐Pro®, FotoFinder Systems), providing malignancy scores (range 0–1) with the cut‐off > 0.5 indicating malignancy.

Results

In the control‐set the CNN achieved a sensitivity of 90.0 % (79.9 % – 95.3 %), a specificity of 96.5 % (92.6 % – 98.4 %), and an area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) of 0.961 (0.932 – 0.989). Comparable diagnostic performance was observed in the DCAsmall‐set and DCAmedium‐set. Conversely, in the DCAlarge‐set significantly increased malignancy scores triggered a significantly decreased specificity (87.9 % [82.2 % – 91.9 %], P < 0.001), non‐significantly increased sensitivity (96.7 % [88.6 % – 99.1 %]) and unchanged ROC‐AUC of 0.962 (0.935 – 0.989).

Conclusions

Convolutional neural network classification was robust in images with small and medium DCA, but impaired in images with large DCA. Physicians should be aware of this limitation when submitting images to CNN classification.
The ethics of genetic screening for beta thalassemia in Vietnam
Authors: Riquier Mai‐Tram
Published: May 2021

In this paper, I argue that genetic screening for beta thalassemia major is ethically justified in the context of Vietnam. First, I differentiate genetic screening from the moral objections commonly associated with eugenics on the basis of the primary motive for screening (avoidance of suffering) and the preservation of voluntary choice. To lay the groundwork for ethical discussion, I explain the basics of beta thalassemia biochemistry and screening and the clinical picture of beta thalassemia major. I then elaborate on a specific example of the challenges of beta thalassemia major in Cyprus before moving on to the case of Vietnam and discuss the improbability of treatment for this disorder in Vietnam and therefore, the extensive suffering that it causes the Vietnamese people. This leads to my argument that a beta thalassemia screening in Vietnam would hold up the ethical principle of nonmaleficence and also preserves and enhances reproductive choice. I then propose that Vietnam’s successful COVID‐19 response can be used as a roadmap for beta thalassemia screening.
Fetal movements: the origin of human behaviour
Authors: Einspieler Christa , Prayer Daniela , Marschik Peter B
Published: May 2021

The study of the onset and ontogeny of human behaviour has made it clear that a multitude of fetal movement patterns are spontaneously generated, and that there is a close association between activity and the development of peripheral and central structures. The embryo starts moving by 7.5 week’s gestation; 2 to 3 weeks later, a number of movement patterns including general movements, isolated limb and head movements, hiccup, and breathing movements, appear. Some movements (e.g. yawning, smiling, ‘pointing’; we show these in eight videos in this review) precede life‐long patterns; others have intrauterine functions, such as sucking/swallowing for amniotic fluid regulation, breathing movements for lung development, or eye movements for retinal cell diversity. In cases of developmental brain dysfunction, fetal general movements alter their sequence and gestalt, which suggests a dysfunction of the developing nervous system. The scarcity of longitudinal studies calls for further comprehensive research on the predictive value of prenatal functional deviations.

What this paper adds

Motor output can occur in the absence of sensory input.

Structural development is activity‐dependent.

Fetal general movements are among the first movement patterns to occur.

Pregnancy‐related and maternal factors impact quantity and modulation of fetal general movements.

Prenatal general movement assessment has not yet brought the expected breakthrough.
The impacts of nutrient supply and imbalance on subcontinental co‐occurrence networks and metacommunity composition of stream algae
Authors: Budnick William R. , Mruzek Joseph L. , Larson Chad A. , Passy Sophia I.
Published: May 2021

The amounts and ratios of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are important determinants of producer community biodiversity and composition and their responses to climate and dispersal. However, the nutrient effects on co‐occurrence network topology, particularly in freshwaters, are understudied. Here, we investigate 1) whether nutrient supply and ratio constrain topological properties of algal co‐occurrence networks in streams and 2) to what extent climate and space (a surrogate for dispersal) affect co‐occurrence network topology versus metacommunity composition across nutrient supply and ratio contexts. We used a subcontinental dataset of benthic algae from 840 stream localities in the conterminous US. We constructed co‐occurrence networks representing nutrient supply contexts (oligotrophic versus eutrophic) and nutrient ratio contexts (N‐limited versus P‐limited) and statistically assessed topological variability within each pair via randomization. We then used a null model framework and direct gradient analysis to ascertain the importance of climate and space in driving, respectively, network topology and metacommunity composition. Nutrient supply was only positively related to network size (species node counts), which was driven by motile species, while other topological differences were non‐significant. Climatic and spatial variables had pronounced and for the most part comparable effects on network topology that further depended on nutrient context. A comparative assessment of topological versus compositional responses to climate and space across nutrient contexts identified both similarities and differences. While climate and space contributed to both network topology and metacommunity composition, space was a stronger predictor of compositional variability than climate, regardless of nutrient context. Our findings highlight the need for developing integrative multi‐level approaches (from metacommunities to co‐occurrence networks) to fully understand biological responses to complex and interactive abiotic forces.
Exploration influences problem solving in the fawn‐footed mosaic‐tailed rat (Melomys cervinipes)
Authors: Rowell Misha Kyla , Rymer Tasmin Lee
Published: May 2021

The relationship between an animal's personality and its problem solving ability has become a popular topic of investigation. However, results are conflicting, suggesting that these relationships may be species‐specific. We investigated these relationships in a native Australian rodent, the fawn‐footed mosaic‐tailed rat (Melomys cervinipes). We predicted that more exploratory and less anxious mosaic‐tailed rats would be better problem solvers (e.g. faster to solve the problem) as they would interact with the puzzles more and would be more willing to engage with the task. We assessed personality across two contexts (exploration in an open field and novel object test, and anxiety under simulated predation risk in a light/dark box) and over time (three repetitions). We measured problem solving using two food‐baited puzzle boxes (matchbox and cylinder), a Trixie Dog Activity Board with three problems (pillars, tiles and levers) and an obstruction task. Individual mosaic‐tailed rats showed consistent individual differences in personality, but not problem solving ability. Furthermore, we found a positive relationship between personality and problem solving ability, with more exploratory individuals solving more problems, and solving problems faster, than less exploratory individuals. Exploratory individuals could be better problem solvers because they are more willing to interact with objects and are less neophobic than less exploratory individuals. However, less exploratory individuals still persist in the population, possibly due to differences in cognitive abilities, such as discrimination or recognition, that allow them to compensate for poorer problem solving abilities.
PhD CEOs and firm performance
Authors: Urquhart Andrew , Zhang Hanxiong
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates the relationship between the education of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and firm performance and provides robust evidence that firms led by CEOs with PhDs outperform their peers. We find that CEOs with PhDs increase firm performance by 3.03% while CEOs with a PhD from a highly ranked university increase firm performance by 4.65%. Our results are robust to endogenous CEO selection, transition firms, alternative rankings, unobserved firm characteristics and the network of the CEO. We also show that the increase in firm performance is due to a tighter control of costs and superior cash flow management.
Extent and direction of introgressive hybridization of mule and white‐tailed deer in western Canada
Authors: Russell Ty , Cullingham Catherine , Ball Mark , Pybus Margo , Coltman David
Published: May 2021

Hybridization of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white‐tailed deer (O. virginianus) appears to be a semi‐regular occurrence in western North America. Previous studies confirmed the presence of hybrids in a variety of sympatric habitats, but their developing molecular resources limited identification to the earliest, most admixed generations. For this reason, estimates of hybrid production in wild populations often rely on anecdotal reports. As well, white‐tailed deer populations’ continued encroachment into historically mule deer‐occupied habitats due to changes in land use, habitat homogenization, and a warming climate may increase opportunities for interspecific encounters. We sought to quantify the prevalence and extent of hybrid deer in the prairies of western Canada using a SNP assay with enhanced discriminating power. By updating the available molecular resources, we sought to identify and characterize previously cryptic introgression. We also investigated the influence of various parameters on hybridity by way of logistic regression. We observed overall hybridization rates of ~1.0%, slightly lower than that reported by previous studies, and found white‐tailed‐like hybrids to be more common than their mule deer‐like counterparts. Here, we build upon past studies of hybridization in North American deer by increasing hybrid detection power, expanding sample sizes, demonstrating a new molecular resource applicable to future research and observing asymmetrical directionality of introgression.
Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the productivity of academics who mother
Authors: Kasymova Salima , Place Jean Marie S. , Billings Deborah L. , Aldape Jesus D.
Published: May 2021

The aim of the study is to document how academics who mother have reorganized work and childcare since the beginning of the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic in the United States, how those shifts have affected their academic productivity, and solutions proposed by academics living these experiences. We collected data via an online survey and, subsequently, by conducting qualitative interviews with a subsample of participants. From June to August 2020, 131 female‐identified academics who mother were recruited via a Facebook group, Academic Mamas, and participated in our online survey. Twenty participants were then interviewed via phone or Zoom to explore more deeply the experiences of academics who mother. Results of our research suggest that since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the pressure on academics who mother is immense. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed three major themes: (1) inability to meet institutional expectations; (2) juggling work and family life; and (3) proposed solutions. Our results suggest that significant efforts must be made by academic institutions to acknowledge and value the childcare responsibilities of academics who mother and to create solutions that fully address the challenges they face in meeting the academic expectations and requirements that largely remain unmodified despite the pandemic.
Factors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID‐19
Authors: Cerda Arcadio A. , García Leidy Y.
Published: May 2021

Background

The prevalence of COVID‐19 has a social and economic impact on people, leaving them distressed and fearful of getting infected.

Objective

To determine the variables attributable to the fear of contracting COVID‐19.

Design

This is a quantitative study based on an online cross‐sectional self‐administered survey in Chile between 10 July 2020 and 10 August 2020.

Setting and participants

A sample of 531, comprising over 18‐year‐old participants from middle‐ and high‐income levels, was selected.

Outcome measures

Estimations were obtained using a probit regression model with marginal effects.

Results

Fear prevailed mainly in women. It has a positive relationship with variables such as chronic illnesses, infectious family or relatives, reduction in economic activity and perception of bad government response to a pandemic. Fear has a negative relationship with knowledge about COVID‐19, education level and ageing. Moreover, those who consider socioeconomic impact less important than health care do not fear a COVID‐19 infection.

Discussionand conclusion

The socioeconomic and health aspects help predict fears. Thus, the government should prioritize these variables in implementing policies. The government's credibility and communication systems can also reduce fears of contracting COVID‐19.

Patient or public contribution

A pilot focus group of COVID‐19–recuperated individuals and some members of our interest groups were consulted in the design stage of the study; this helped in constructing the survey questions. Additionally, three independent individuals volunteered to read and comment on the draft manuscript.
Suppurative keloids: a complication of severe keloid disease
Authors: Delaleu Jeremie , Duverger Lucie , Shourick Jason , Tirgan Michael H. , Algain Maysoon , Tounkara Thierno , Kourouma Sarah , Bagot Martine , Petit Antoine
Published: May 2021

Background

Some keloids show cystic cavities that give rise to acute inflammatory flares and oozing. These suppurative keloids (SK) have rarely been systematically studied. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate SK frequency and its risk factors. We also reviewed microbiological analyses as well as the histological features of removed SKs.

Methods

Between July 1, 2015, and September 30, 2016, all adult patients attending a specialized keloid clinic were asked to participate. Clinical information and microbiological results were extracted from each patient's file. Histological features were observed and interpreted.

Results

In this study, we observed an SK rate of 26% for a mean keloid history of 17.2 years. Male gender, African ancestry, and a family history of keloids were significantly associated with suppuration. Microbiological examination revealed commensal skin flora 7/9 (77.8%), Staphylococcus aureus 1/9 (11.1%), and Enterococcus faecalis 1/9 (11.1%).

Conclusion

Suppuration is a common complication of keloids occurring in patients with severe keloid disease and may arise from pilosebaceous occlusion and aseptic inflammation.
Early growth according to protein content of infant formula: Results from the EDEN and ELFE birth cohorts
Authors: Camier Aurore , Davisse‐Paturet Camille , Scherdel Pauline , Lioret Sandrine , Heude Barbara , Charles Marie‐Aline , de Lauzon‐Guillain Blandine
Published: May 2021

Background

In several systematic reviews, rapid weight gain in early life has been related to increased risk of later obesity. In line with this finding, the “early protein hypothesis” suggests that reducing early protein intake is a potential lever for obesity prevention.

Objective

To determine whether the variability of protein content of infant formula used in France over the period 2003‐2012 is significantly associated with early growth in children.

Methods

A pooled sample of infants from the EDEN (Etude des Déterminants pré et postnatals de la santé et du développement de l'Enfant) mother‐child cohort (born in 2003‐2006) and the ELFE (Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance) birth cohort (born in 2011) (ntotal = 5846) was used. Protein content of the infant formula received at 4 months was classified into five groups. Associations between protein content (or breastfed status) at 4 months and weight‐, length‐ and BMI‐for‐age z‐scores at 6, 12 and 18 months were analysed by multivariable linear regression.

Results

This analysis showed a positive association between protein content and weight‐, length‐ and BMI‐for‐age z‐scores at 6 months and only for weight‐for‐age at 12 months. At 6 months, as compared with the intermediate protein‐content group (2.1‐2.5 g/100 kcal), infants receiving very‐high protein content (>2.8 g/100 kcal) had higher BMI‐for‐age z‐score and those from the very‐low protein‐content group (<2.0 g/100 kcal) had lower BMI‐for‐age z‐score. Exclusively breastfed infants had lower length and weight z‐scores than formula‐fed infants at any age.

Conclusions

Our findings show a positive association, under real conditions of use, between protein contents in infant formula still on the market and weight‐, length‐ and BMI‐for‐age z‐scores from 6 to 18 months.
Lord, When did We See You? Towards a Topography of the Visual
Authors: Carnes Natalie , Whelan Matthew Philipp
Published: May 2021

As it outlines a Christian topography of the visual, this article argues that the gaze cultivated by attention to art and the gaze of mercy bear important affinities, even if particular artworks exhibit tensions with mercy. Drawing on Augustine, Dionysius and Gregory of Nyssa, we argue that in this topography, the visual registers in multiple depths, which we explore through four distinct moments: seeing, seeing the excess, seeing the claim and seeing the divine. By analyzing the gaze of art and the gaze of mercy together with reference to artworks created during and about El Salvador’s civil war (1980–92) – the homilies of Óscar Romero, the poetry of Carolyn Forché and the visual art of Fernando Llort – we show that the gaze of art echoes and can prepare for the gaze of mercy, particularly in the first three moments, for which there are direct analogies between art and mercy’s gazes. There is no such direct analogy in the fourth moment of seeing the divine, yet even here there is a faint foreshadowing that connects art to mercy.
Opioids in advanced lung malignancy: a clinical audit of opioid prescription, patient education and safeguarding
Authors: Anil Nagtha , Smallwood Natasha , Dunn Sadie
Published: May 2021

Background

Opioids have an important role in symptom management for people with advanced cancer. Clinical guidelines recommend patient education to ensure the safe use of opioids; however, no Australian studies have explored current education and safeguarding practices when opioids are initiated to advanced cancer patients.

Aims

To investigate risk assessment, safeguarding and education practices when opioids are first prescribed to advanced lung cancer patients.

Methods

A retrospective medical record audit of outpatients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer seen at a tertiary Australian hospital between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019 and prescribed strong opioids for cancer‐related symptoms.

Results

Of 1022 patients attending the lung cancer clinic, 205 were newly initiated on an opioid. Opioid‐related risks including previous recreational drug use (28; 13.6%) and history of falls (16; 7.9%) were infrequently documented. Opioid‐related safeguards and adverse effects management were variably instituted: written general practitioner correspondence at opioid initiation (62; 30%), clinic follow up (186; 91%) and laxative co‐prescription (55; 26.8%). Most patients (137; 66.8%) received no documented opioid education on drug initiation. There was no association between age (P = 0.653), number of comorbidities (P = 0.569) or chronic alcohol use (P = 0.263) and the provision of education on opioid initiation. Palliative care doctors or nurse practitioners were eight times more likely to document opioid education than medical oncologists (odds ratio = 8.5; confidence interval = 2.9–24.8; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Guideline‐recommended risk assessment, safeguards and patient education were infrequently documented when opioids were initiated. Clinician training, decision‐assist prompts in electronic prescribing software and written education resources for patients may address these gaps in care.
Linked color imaging versus white light imaging colonoscopy for colorectal adenoma detection: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Miyaguchi Kazuya , Takabayashi Kaoru , Saito Daisuke , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Hirooka Nobutaka , Hosoe Naoki , Ohgo Hideki , Ashitani Keigo , Soma Hiromitsu , Miyanaga Ryoichi , Kimura Kayoko , Tokunaga Sotaro , Mitsui Tatsuya , Miura Miki , Ozaki Ryo , Nakamoto Hidetomo , Kanai Takanori , Hisamatsu Tadakazu , Ogata Haruhiko , Imaeda Hiroyuki
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim

The adenoma detection rate is an important indicator of colonoscopy quality and colorectal cancer incidence. We compared the adenoma detection rates between white light imaging (WLI) and linked color imaging (LCI) colonoscopy.

Methods

Patients undergoing colonoscopy for positive fecal immunochemical tests, follow‐up of colon polyps, and abdominal symptoms at three institutions were randomly assigned to the LCI or WLI groups. Mean adenoma number per patient (including based on endoscopists' experience), adenoma detection rate, cecal intubation time, withdrawal time, mean adenoma number per location, and adenoma size were compared.

Results

The LCI and WLI groups comprised 494 and 501 patients, respectively. No significant differences in the cecal intubation rate (LCI vs WLI: 99.5% vs 99.4%), cecal intubation time, and withdrawal time were noted between groups. The mean adenoma number per patient was significantly higher in the LCI group than in the WLI group (1.07 vs 0.88, P = 0.04), particularly in the descending [0.12 (58/494) vs 0.07 (35/501), P = 0.01] and sigmoid colon [0.41 (201/494) vs 0.30 (149/501), P ≤ 0.001]. However, the adenoma detection rate was 47.1% in the LCI group and 46.9% in the WLI group, with no significant difference (P = 0.93). The total number of sessile‐type adenomas was significantly higher in the LCI group than in the WLI group (346/494 vs 278/501, P = 0.04). As for polyp size, small polyps (≤ 5 mm) were detected at a significantly higher rate in the LCI group (271/494 vs 336/501, P = 0.04).

Conclusion

Linked color imaging is significantly superior to WLI in terms of mean adenoma number per patient.
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of aluminum based on regional industrial transfer in China
Authors: Ding Ning , Liu Ning , Lu Bin , Yang Jianxin
Published: May 2021

Aluminum production is a major energy consumer and source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The regional transfer of the primary aluminum (PA) industry, which mainly consists of the processes of electrolysis and aluminum ingot casting, is currently an important international trend in aluminum industrial development. However, the changes in GHG emissions from aluminum production for such transfers are unclear. This study has established a life cycle assessment model of aluminum industry based on regional transfers in the context of China, determined the GHG emissions of PA and secondary aluminum (SA) production, examined the GHG emission changes of PA production based on regional industry transfer between the years 2007 and 2017, and explored seven driving factors that affect GHG emissions in the aluminum industry. GHG emissions per unit PA and SA production in China decreased by 18.6% and 6.3%, respectively, but the total GHG emissions from aluminum industry still increased by 2.2 times between the years 2007 and 2017. The driving factor analysis showed that the major positive effects of GHG emissions from China's aluminum industry from 2007 to 2017 included the production scale effect of SA and the energy structure effect. Existing regional transfers (between the years 2007 and 2017) did not deliver significant annual GHG emissions reductions. Currently, Xinjiang, Henan, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia are the main PA production provinces in China, although regional transfers have been implemented. This study provides a basis for the improvement and sustainable development of the aluminum industry, suggests policies for regional aluminum development, and proposes a beneficial layout of the aluminum industry.
Intradermal tranexamic acid microinjections: a novel treatment option for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea
Authors: Daadaa Najla , Litaiem Noureddine , Karray Manel , Bacha Takwa , Jones Meriem , Belajouza Noueiri Colandane , Goucha Samia , Zeglaoui Faten
Published: May 2021

Background

Treatment options for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR) are still scarce. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug that was recently used for the treatment of ETR.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intradermal microinjections of TXA for ETR.

Patients/Methods

This was a retrospective study enrolling patients, treated with TXA intradermal microinjections for ETR, from January 2019 to February 2020. Response to treatment was assessed based on subjective symptoms, clinical photographs, and the Investigator Global Assessment of Rosacea Severity Score (IGA‐RSS).

Results

Six patients were included. The mean number of monthly intradermal TXA microinjections was 5.1 ± 1.3. The mean decrease of IGA‐RSS was 2.4 ± 0.5. Local side effects, mainly transient erythema and swelling, were noticed in three cases. No systemic effects were noted. Clinical improvement, in respondent patients, lasted after 3 months of follow‐up.

Conclusion

Intradermal TXA microinjections are a safe and effective treatment option for ETR. The optimal number of monthly sessions has yet to be determined.
Models of support to family members during the trajectory of cancer: A scoping review
Authors: Samuelsson Maria , Wennick Anne , Jakobsson Jenny , Bengtsson Mariette
Published: May 2021

Aims and objectives

To map the existing literature on support models provided to family members during the cancer trajectory.

Background

Cancer diagnosis, treatment and survivorship have a profound influence on the surrounding family members. This scoping review is part of the development of a support model for family members of persons diagnosed with colorectal cancer.

Design

The method was guided by the Arksey and O’Malley framework, described in the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, and the reporting is compliant with PRISMA‐ScR Checklist. Searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO from November 2019–February 2020 with no limitation in publication year or study design. Complementing searches were conducted in reference lists and for grey literature, followed by an additional search in September 2020. Inclusion criteria were primary research about support provided by health care, to family members, during cancer, of an adult person, in Swedish or English, of moderate or high methodological quality. Quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Data were extracted using a charting form.

Result

A total of 32 studies were included in the review describing 39 support models.

Conclusion

The mapping of the existing literature resulted in the identification of three themes of support models: psychoeducation, caregiver training and psychological support. In addition, that future research should target a specific diagnosis and trajectory phase as well as include family members and intervention providers in model development.

Relevance for clinical practice

Knowledge from the literature on both the needs of the family members and existing support models should be incorporated with the prerequisites of clinical practice. Clinical practice should also be complemented with structured assessments of family members’ needs conducted regularly.
Sonographic detection and localization of fistulas in fetuses with imperforate anus: Case reports
Authors: Kaji Takashi , Maeda Kazuhisa , Sogawa Eishi , Yoshida Atsuko , Yonetani Naoto , Ishibashi Hiroki , Irahara Minoru , Iwasa Takeshi
Published: May 2021

Imperforate anus (IA) requires urgent treatment after birth, which is dependent on the type of IA, and is also frequently associated with other congenital abnormalities. Most patients with IA have an accompanying fistula, whose location is strongly associated with the type of IA. The fistula location can be a key factor in defining appropriate treatment, especially in neonates presenting with severe associated abnormalities. Herein, we report three cases of IA in which fistulas were detected and localized prenatally. Examination of the fetal pelvis through the sagittal or coronal view, using high‐frequency transducers, revealed the location of the fistulas. In particular, the sagittal view obtained using the fetal infracoccygeal or perineal approach allowed us to determine the precise anatomy of the fistulas. Neonatal assessment confirmed the fistula locations. We recommend using the sagittal view obtained using the fetal infracoccygeal or perineal approach with high‐frequency transducers to assess fistulas in fetuses with IA.
Near‐miss telematics in motor insurance
Authors: Guillen Montserrat , Nielsen Jens Perch , Pérez‐Marín Ana M.
Published: May 2021

We present a method to integrate telematics data in a pay‐how‐you‐drive insurance pricing scheme that penalizes some near‐miss events. We illustrate our method with a sample of drivers for whom information on near‐miss events and claims frequency records are available. We discuss the implications for motor insurance ratemaking. Our pricing principle is to combine a baseline insurance premium with added extra charges for near‐miss events indicating risky driving (or discounts) that can be updated on a weekly basis. This procedure provides an incentive for safe driving. In our real‐case study illustration, hard‐braking and acceleration events as well as smartphone use while driving increase the cost of insurance.
“They Love Me, They Love Me Not”: An IRT‐Based Investigation of the Child Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Questionnaire with a Japanese Sample1
Authors: Aktar Rumana , Sugiura Yuko , Hiraishi Kenji
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to (a) devise the Child PARQ (Child Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Questionnaire), Japanese version (Child PARQ‐J), and evaluate its construct validity; (b) select the best items for developing a shorter version; and (c) assess the reliability and validity of the shortened Japanese Child PARQ (Child PARQ‐J‐SF). The sample consisted of 603 Japanese adolescents (61% boys), aged 12–15 years (Mage = 13.95 years, SD = 0.85 years). Data were collected online by a research company using the Child PARQ‐J, the Japanese version of the World Health Organization's Well‐Being Index (WHO‐5‐J), and the Sense of Authenticity Scale (SOAS). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the proposed four‐factor model for the Child PARQ‐J. Use of the item response theory approach resulted in identical 18‐item versions of the Child PARQ‐J‐SF for both parents. Structural equation modeling demonstrated the predictive validity of the Child PARQ‐J‐SF for adolescents' sense of authenticity and well‐being. The Child PARQ‐J is a robust measure in the Japanese context, and the Child PARQ‐J‐SF is a promising tool for researchers to use for quick assessments or in studies involving multiple constructs.
Recruitment of patients with chronic kidney disease and obstructive sleep apnoea for a clinical trial
Authors: Rimke Alex N. , Ahmed Sofia B. , Turin Tanvir C. , Pendharkar Sachin R. , Raneri Jill K. , Lynch Emma J. , Hanly Patrick J.
Published: May 2021

Obstructive sleep apnoea is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may accelerate the decline in kidney function. Recruitment for a randomised controlled trial to address whether treatment of sleep apnoea with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) slows the progression of kidney failure may be challenging because sleep apnoea is often asymptomatic in this patient population. The present report outlines recruitment challenges and how to address them. Adult patients with CKD were recruited for a 12‐month randomised, controlled, non‐blinded, parallel clinical trial to evaluate the impact of CPAP therapy on kidney function. Patients completed a home sleep apnoea test and those that met pre‐specified sleep apnoea and nocturnal hypoxaemia severity criteria were randomised to receive CPAP or no therapy. Although 1,665 patients were eligible to participate in the study over 3 years, only 57 (3.4%) were ultimately randomised. The sequential reasons (and number of patients) for recruitment failure were: no show at clinic appointment (137), insufficient recruiters to approach every eligible patient (461), on therapy for sleep apnoea (122), unable to provide informed consent (67), refused consent (645), home sleep apnoea test not completed (47) or inclusion criteria not met (116), and declined pre‐randomisation education session (12). Many challenges limit effective recruitment, which may be addressed by hiring additional recruiters and increasing the awareness of sleep apnoea among patients with CKD. These findings can be used to improve recruitment strategies and the design of future studies.
Australian Aboriginal English: Linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives
Authors: Louro Celeste R. , Collard Glenys
Published: May 2021

Australian Aboriginal English (AAE) is an enregistered contact‐based variety spoken by 80% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This paper offers an overview of some of the features that characterise AAE as recorded in our corpus of naturally occurring interactions in Nyungar country, Southwest Western Australia. Led by Nyungar researcher Glenys Collard, our fieldwork rests on three pillars: (1) the data originate from group recording sessions, as culturally appropriate in the community; (2) speakers are recruited in venues such as medical centres and Perth city parks; (3) data collection is based on ‘yarning’: ‘a process of […] communicating and passing on history and knowledge’ (Terszak, 2008, p. 90). Our approach is strongly grounded in indigenous knowledge‐sharing practices. We discuss how the traditional underpinnings of yarning as a culturally entrenched modality have made it possible to tap into the community's vernacular and to capture the urgent concerns and silenced histories of Aboriginal English speakers.