bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complexity, Scale, and Depth
Authors: Rayner Cynthia , Bonnici François
Published: October 2021

Chapter 2 proposes that current approaches to understanding social problems are insufficient and instincts to “fix” are also flawed. Intractable social challenges share three features: complexity, scale, and depth. Understanding how these lead to their intractability requires a different, deeper approach. Complexity arises when there are many variables interacting in unpredictable ways, while scale means that problems become bigger as efforts are made to solve them across larger geographies and populations. While each of these features gives rise to confounding consequences, the third feature is the hardest of all. Social challenges have depth when they arise from deeply held beliefs, values, and assumptions that no longer serve us well. The authors argue that the most enduring examples of social change focus on the process itself, ensuring that systems become responsive and representative, with learning at the heart of the change process.
Equipping Problem-solvers
Authors: Rayner Cynthia , Bonnici François
Published: October 2021

How do the principles of systems work show up in the day-to-day activities of organizations? Chapters 4 to 7 describe four practices of systems work, demonstrating how the principles from Chapter 3 are put into action. Chapter 5 describes a second key role for organizations, which is to equip primary actors to be contextually responsive, positively adapting to situations as they evolve and change. Primary actors, when equipped with knowledge, skills, and “on-the-ground” expertise, are motivated to do what they do best: solve problems. Organizations are equipping problem-solvers—including families, nurses, community health workers, mothers, and numerous others—through circulating data (both small and big); decentralizing decision-making; positioning problem-solvers; and sustaining motivation. These strategies to equip problem-solvers allow organizations to operate with less hierarchy and reduced bureaucracy, setting them up for scale while addressing contextual variability. Most importantly, they give people agency over their own lives and workspaces, ensuring that they feel motivated to experiment, learn, and succeed.
Disrupting Policies and Patterns
Authors: Rayner Cynthia , Bonnici François
Published: October 2021

How do the principles of systems work show up in the day-to-day activities of organizations? Chapters 4 to 7 describe four practices of systems work, demonstrating how the principles from Chapter 3 are put into action. Chapter 7 describes a fourth role for organizations, which is working to disrupt the policies and patterns that keep existing power dynamics in place. Policies are the official “rules” that make up social structures, including laws, standards, and guidance. Patterns are the unofficial yet accepted “ways of being,” that guide social behavior, including norms, beliefs, meanings, and values. To make these disruptions, organizations can agitate and advocate for policies that institutionalize participation. They can also challenge patterns in everyday interactions. These changes materialize at the micro, meso, and macro levels. Ultimately, these new policies and patterns serve to reconfigure systems so that primary actors are able to take up positions of greater power, ensuring that systems are more representative of and responsive to the people who live in them.
Aristotle’s Actual Infinities
Authors: Rosen Jacob
Published: October 2021

In histories of thought about the infinite, Aristotle is constantly said to have rejected any form of actual infinite, and to have allowed quantities to be at most potentially infinite. Aristotle does reject actual infinites in spatial magnitude: nothing is infinitely big or infinitely small. But in the central case of plurality, the evidence for potentialism is much weaker. This paper argues that Aristotle had no principled objection to the idea that there are actually infinitely many things. One part of the argument concerns the distinction in Aristotle between plurality (πλῆθος‎) and number (ἀριθμός‎). Another part concerns the meaning of phrases like ‘infinite by division’, arguing that such phrases do not refer to how many times something has been divided, but rather to how small something is. The argument of this paper, if successful, affects how we should think about the metaphysics of parts in Aristotle’s theory of the continuum.
Can Alt-Meat Alter the World?
Authors: Barnhill Anne , Faden Ruth R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter begins by highlighting the global food system’s negative impact on climate change and the environment. To address the environmental impacts of the food system, experts have converged on the necessity of three broad changes: shifts towards more plant-based diets; reductions in food waste (of around 50 percent); and wider adoption of agricultural practices with a smaller environmental footprint. How can we reduce consumption of meat? Policies for reducing meat consumption include changing agricultural regulations to make meat more expensive and continuing to educate consumers about the health and also the environmental harms of meat eating. Another approach to meat reduction is just to accept that consumers are attached to meat and to work around the preference. This is the spirit behind meat alternatives, which uses techniques in bioscience and bioengineering to create meat from animal cells in a manufacturing context. However, it is important to recognize that alt-meat addresses only some of the injustices and morally urgent problems in the global food system and that embracing alt-meat does not absolve us from working towards solutions to these problems. We should engage in real ethical interrogation of this burgeoning industry, and articulate concrete ways in which the industry may be ethically improved.
Predictive Policing
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: October 2021

This chapter addresses predictive policing, which is a term that refers to a range of crime-fighting approaches that use crime mapping data and analysis, and, more recently, social network analysis, big data, and predictive algorithms. The rise of predictive policing, especially in many police jurisdictions in large cities in the USA, has raised the spectre of the surveillance society in which citizens can be arrested by police for crimes they have not yet committed on the basis of evidence that they will commit them. Speaking generally, predictive policing faces several problems. Some of these are problems for predictive policing even in its own terms of contributing to crime reduction. Others are moral problems, about whether predictive policing violates moral rights or is unjust. These two types of problems are interconnected. Ultimately, the expanding use of biometric facial recognition databases and other emerging technologies in law enforcement as part of predictive policing should be clearly and demonstrably justified in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in the service of specific law enforcement purposes rather than by general appeals to community security or safety. Moreover, it should comply with moral principles constitutive of liberal democracy, such as the principle that individuals have a moral right to freedom from state interference absent prior evidence of violation of its laws.
Robots and the Future of Retribution
Authors: Danaher John
Published: October 2021

This chapter studies the future of retribution and, in particular, the role that robots will play in shaping that future. It begins by describing the Bouphonia ritual, which speaks to two important features of the human condition: the enduring significance of practices of blame and punishment in human life, and the occasional absurdity of this desire. What happens when robots — or other sophisticated artificially intelligent (AI) machines — get embedded in our societies and have a part to play in criminal acts? Should they, like the knife in the Bouphonia ritual, be blamed for their contribution? Or should something else happen, something a little more radical? The chapter makes the case for radicalism. In particular, it suggests that the rise of the robots should lead us to reconsider the wisdom of our traditional practices of punishment and blame.
AI and Decision-Making
Authors: Whittlestone Jess
Published: October 2021

This chapter assesses how advances in artificial intelligence (AI) can help us address the biggest global challenges we face today. Psychology research has painted a pessimistic picture of human decision-making in recent decades: documenting a whole host of biases and irrationalities people are prone to. We find it difficult to be motivated by long-term, abstract, or statistical considerations; many global challenges are far too complex for a human brain to understand in its entirety; and we cannot predict far into the future with any degree of certainty. At the same time, advances in AI are receiving increasing amounts of attention, raising the question: might we be able to leverage these AI developments to improve human decision-making on the problems that matter most for humanity’s future? If so, how? Thinking about AI more as supporting and complementing human decisions, than as replacing them, we might find that what we most need is quite far from the most sophisticated machine learning capabilities that are the subject of hype and research attention today. For many important real-world problems, what is most needed is not necessarily better computer vision or natural language processing but simpler ways to do large-scale data analysis, and practical tools for structuring reasoning and decision-making.
The Future of Privacy
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the future of privacy. Privacy is currently at the centre of a fierce battle. On one side, powerful data companies like Google, Facebook, and major data brokers are collecting and analysing as much personal data as they can. They are lobbying governments around the world, and trying to get governments to depend on them. During the coronavirus lockdown, for instance, governments depended on platforms to conduct their meetings online. The analysis of data is increasingly outsourced to companies like Palantir, which has contracts with American and British public institutions. Intelligence agencies and public health authorities argue they need as much data as possible to keep us as safe as possible. On the other side of the privacy battles, a techlash from consumers, human rights organisations, privacy experts, a few businesses, and new regulation such as Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and California’s Consumer Privacy Act, represent forces that are pushing corporations and governments to respect our privacy. It is up to citizens to decide what kind of future we want. We can use and analyse personal data; but to prevent abuses of this data we have to protect privacy, which in turn will help us protect autonomy, freedom, and democracy.
Should We Freeze Our Bodies for Future Resuscitation?
Authors: Minerva Francesca
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the ethical implications of cryopreservation. Cryopreservation is usually performed soon after the heart has stopped beating, and after the individual has been pronounced legally dead. A few hundred people in the world had been “cryopreserved” — that is, fully immerged in liquid nitrogen at -196 C — in the hope that science will eventually discover a therapy for the disease that has killed them, and that future technology will succeed in bringing them back to life. Understandably, the root of many objections to cryonics seem to be its perceived weirdness. Another major objection to cryonics is that it is a waste of money, or a scam, i.e. a way to make money by promising dying people something that cannot possibly be achieved. The chapter then considers the concepts of human mortality and immortality.
Ophthalmology
Authors: Sundaram Venki
Published: October 2021

Ophthalmology principally aims to prevent visual loss, restore visual function, and relieve ocular discomfort. The majority of the pathology can be directly visualized and thus requires proficient ocular examination techniques and visual recognition skills. This chapter contains 17 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
ENT
Authors: Tostevin Philippa
Published: October 2021

This chapter contains 33 questions that encompass all of the important areas of ear, nose, and throat (ENT), with detailed explanations. The questions are based on the important knowledge that needs to be accrued as an undergraduate or a recently qualified doctor, as many readers may not have the opportunity to work as a junior doctor in an ENT team before treating ENT patients in the Emergency Department or in a general practice setting. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
General practice
Authors: Edwards Philippa
Published: October 2021

This chapter contains 34 questions that encompass all of the important areas of primary care, with detailed explanations. They will assess your knowledge in the common areas that present, testing diagnostic skills and reasoning. They also test negotiating skills to ensure patient compliance, teamworking within the primary care setting, and risk management. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Markets, Morals, and the Collective Good after Covid-19
Authors: Prainsack Barbara , Wagenaar Hendrik
Published: October 2021

The Covid-19 crisis has resulted in abrupt changes throughout society, including personal habits, work practices, government routines, as well as the structure and functioning of our political economy. This chapter argues that the crisis has changed moral landscapes as well. People who supported a small state ideology and pushed back against the allegedly inflating influence of the public sector are now calling for well-funded public healthcare systems or demand more effective social protection measures. We believe that the time has come to rethink the role of “the state” and its relation to civil society, not only in the context of the Covid-19 crisis but in a much broader way. The state’s potential and role as the custodian of the collective good and social innovator is timelier than ever. This change will require a rich associational civil society, problem-driven practical deliberation, and the creation of intermediary structures that mediate between state agencies and associational civic life.
The Rise and Fall of Christian Ireland
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: October 2021

This book describes the emergence, long dominance, sudden division, and recent decline of Ireland’s most important religion, as a way of telling the history of the island and its peoples. Surviving the hostility of earlier religious cultures and the depredations of Vikings, evolving in the face of Gregorian reformation in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and more radical protestant renewal from the sixteenth century, Christianity has shaped in foundational ways how the Irish have understood themselves and their place in the world. And the Irish have shaped Christianity, too. Their churches have staffed some of the religion’s most important institutions and developed some of its most popular ideas. But the Irish church, like the island, is divided. The southern state turned to the Catholic church to shape its social mores, until it emerged from an experience of sudden-onset secularization to become one of the most progressive nations in Europe. The northern state moved more slowly beyond the protestant culture of its principal institutions, but in a similar direction of travel. In 2021, 1,500 years on from the birth of Saint Columba, Christian Ireland appears to be vanishing. But after the failure of several varieties of religious nationalism, what looks like irredeemable failure might actually be a second chance.
Reformations
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: October 2021

This chapter assesses the Irish reformation, which began as a consequence of religious change in England. After several years of growing pressure, the Irish reformation commenced in 1536, when Henry VIII was proclaimed as supreme head of the established church. However, despite strenuous and sometimes bloody efforts to impose its ideals, the protestant reformation in Ireland comprehensively failed. The Irish church did not develop any equivalent to the Scots Confession (1560) or the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England (1563) until its convocation accepted the Irish Articles (1615). The chapter then considers why Catholic resistance to the protestant reformation eventually succeeded. Ultimately, the protestant reformation failed to persuade the majority of Irish Catholics, but it also failed to persuade a large minority of Irish protestants.
Revivals
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the revival in 1859 of religious enthusiasm in the north-east counties of Ireland. The effect of the 1859 revival was that the communities of Irish protestants became both more denominationally diverse and more politically united. Protestants who have not been brought together by the economic compulsion of the penal laws were instead combined by the powerful effects of evangelical faith and by fears about the possibility of home rule. In the same period, Catholic religion was similarly transformed. While never promoting the emotionalism that characterized the revivalist piety of the evangelicals, the Catholic ‘devotional revolution’ drew upon several generations of changes in popular belief and behaviour to promote, in the aftermath of the potato famine, catechism, regular confession, and weekly mass attendance. The power of these religious communities became increasingly important at home. In the early nineteenth century, the complexities of the ancien régime were radically simplified, as the multiple identities of the eighteenth century gave way to the differentiation of Catholics and nationalists versus Protestants and unionists.
Troubles
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: October 2021

This chapter studies how the treaty that brought an end to the Anglo-Irish War, the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, divided Ireland in two. Northern Ireland was to be governed by a ‘protestant parliament for a protestant people’, while Southern Ireland, which became a Free State in 1922 and a Republic in 1949, would come to privilege in constitutional law the special status of the Catholic Church and to formulate policy that reflected Catholic teaching. Over eight decades, the Catholic Church validated the southern state, and provided much of the infrastructure of its institutions. Provoked by the structural inequalities that were the responsibility of the unionist politicians who governed Northern Ireland from 1922 until 1972, as well as by enduring sectarian tensions, a series of outbreaks of violence that were euphemistically known as ‘troubles’ extended, intermittently, from partition to the ceasefire that was announced in Belfast on Good Friday 1998. Yet even this was not an end to violence, and sectarian killings continued.
Conclusion
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: October 2021

This concluding chapter reflects on the decline of Christianity in Ireland. The Irish experience of secularization was sudden, shocking, and decisive. On both sides of the border, the tipping point may have occurred in the mid-1990s. In the north, the peace process led to sustained efforts to de-politicize religious identity, as weekly church attendance declined. In the Republic, popular culture internationalized, reflecting stronger links with the USA, an influence that was noticed in the changing accents of middle-class young people as much as in the cosmopolitan values they increasingly espoused. The grip of Catholic social teaching then began to relax, and this relaxation was symbolized by the changing status of contraception. In addition, the moral authority of the Church, which had so profoundly shaped the self-consciousness of the Republic as to become almost invisible, was shattered by a devastating sequence of scandals. These scandals include churchmen having secret families, financial misconduct, and child abuse. Ultimately, the institutions that had been inspired by Catholic religious nationalism had betrayed both church and nation. Christian Ireland was dead and gone, and Catholic politicians had killed it. The chapter then considers the possible future of Christianity in Ireland.
The European Bases
Authors: Klausen Jytte
Published: October 2021

Chapter 5 discusses how Bin Laden’s American networks crashed in the aftermath of the 1993 World Trade Center prosecutions. He then turned his attention to Europe. That was where the exiled militants were concentrated. In the 1990s, the European networks laid the groundwork for Bin Laden’s campaign against the West and the 9/11 attacks. Three-quarters of the jihadist terrorism offenders in Europe (76%) at that time were of immigrant origin. Algerian exiles living in Europe comprised the single largest group. Based on data collected by the Western Jihadism Project, 94% of the Al Qaeda operatives in Europe in the 1990s were part of a single network of militants. Nevertheless, there were many failures and only a few successes. The most ambitious plans involved a series of failed or prevented attack plots concocted by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and executed with the help of Al Qaeda’s agents in Europe to bomb multiple targets in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and the Far East, timed to coincide with the 2000 millennium celebrations. The plots’ failures obscured the fact that a coherent transnational terrorist campaign was building. The same networks provided the infrastructure for the 9/11 attacks.
9/11: The Day Everything Changed
Authors: Klausen Jytte
Published: October 2021

Chapter 6 looks at the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center in Manhattan and the Pentagon in Washington D.C. that shocked the American public and shook the federal government. It was immediately known that Bin Laden and Al Qaeda were responsible. Intelligence warnings that Bin Laden was planning to strike the United States had gone unheeded and an unimaginable terrorist attack had been carried out unimpeded. The organization of the 9/11 attacks was a triumph of nimble leadership and agile organization on the part of the jihadists. The four teams and nineteen hijackers formed separate cells but were in contact with each other and embedded within other wider, overlapping networks of Al Qaeda’s moneymen and managers located in Europe and in Afghanistan. The catastrophe opened the door to a reorganization of the national security state and the president’s powers on a scale that previously would have been unthinkable. The U.S. national security strategy now centered on what became known as the Global War on Terrorism.
“Crisis, if You Please”
Authors: Fritzsche Peter
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses how, after their 1933 seizure of power, the Nazis made Berlin's habit of self-surveillance a matter of patriotic duty. They undertook an extensive campaign to permanently affix signs of illness, depravity, and jeopardy to Jews and Communists, identifying them as dangerous enemies, and to require citizens to comply with strictures of public order. The signs the Nazis put up after 1933 assumed the fundamental legibility of a society that distinguished between “us” and “them,” “Aryans” and “Jews,” comrades and enemies. In this way, the Nazis resolved in violent fashion both the troubling signs of crisis and the crisis of reading signs. By fixing who belonged and who did not, they imposed a kind of literalness onto the city.
Assault
Authors: Fritzsche Peter
Published: October 2021

This chapter investigates how the March 1933 election campaign allowed the Nazis to occupy the public space necessary to simulate a plebiscite. In an age of mass communication, radio was key. The Nazis mobilized the resources of the state to completely dominate the campaign and intimidate opponents. More important, the National Socialists built on the January 30 torchlight parade to choreograph party events as national festivals. They introduced themselves as spokesmen for the nation. Indeed, radio dramatically reproduced the emotional relationship between Adolf Hitler and his followers. The chapter then considers the roles of Joseph Goebbels, Nazis' chief propagandist, and Hermann Göring in waging Germany's election campaign. Göring's big role in the Third Reich was the one he played in the first months when, as Reich commissar for the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, he exercised police powers over two-thirds of Germany's territory. Göring used his position against the Nazis' enemies with increasing ruthlessness.
The German Spring
Authors: Fritzsche Peter
Published: October 2021

This chapter addresses how, by the spring of 1933, Germans had become the contented citizens of the Third Reich. The enduring popularity of the Nazis rested on the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft, the national or people's community. National Socialists repeatedly projected images of a reunited nation, and more and more Germans consumed and embroidered them. The arguments about flags, Hitler portraits, and swastikas and the appeals to nation, race, and the Führer, as well as to God, Christ, and the Holy Word, all indicated the extraordinary force the National Socialist revolution accumulated as it usurped everyday life. As National Socialist ideas about social solidarity and racial uplift gained legitimacy, skeptics found it harder to resist the regime's gravitational pull. From January to May 1933—a span of just one hundred days—the fragmented religious and party-political landscape appeared to have fused into a genuine people's community. This transformation justified violence against unreconciled remnants who appeared traitorous.
The One Hundred Days
Authors: Fritzsche Peter
Published: October 2021

This chapter studies how the transformations which occurred in less than “one hundred days” in Germany evoked the original template for the one hundred days: Napoleon Bonaparte's return from Elba and the reestablishment of the empire until his abdication in the wake of Waterloo in 1815. Each of the hundred days—Napoleon's, Franklin D. Roosevelt's, and Adolf Hitler's—recharged history. The one hundred days consolidating the New Deal and the Nazi seizure of power gave new shape to the future in the extraordinary year of 1933. Ultimately, the great achievement of the Third Reich was getting Germans to see themselves as the Nazis did: as an imperiled people who had created for themselves a new lease on collective life. Not everyone agreed with the Nazis on every point, but most adjusted to National Socialism by interpreting it in their own way, adhering to old ideas by pursuing them in new forms. As a result, more and more Germans had accepted the Third Reich. This reassembly closed off any consideration of returning to the democratic governments of the Weimar Republic; it was neither recognized as a possibility nor desired.
An Unholy Brew
Authors: McHugh James
Published: October 2021

An Unholy Brew is the first book on alcohol in premodern India. Using a wide range of sources from the Vedas to the Kāmasūtra, the book explores the drinks, styles of drinking, and sophisticated theories of abstinence found in South Asia from our earliest Sanskrit written records through the second millennium CE. It begins with the intoxicating drinks people devised over the centuries, made from grains, sugars, fruits, and herbs. Texts describe a number of types of drinking: public drinking at the brewery-tavern, and at festivals and weddings. Poetic texts depict elite drinking, often in an erotic mode. Medical texts explain how a rich man should regulate his drinking correctly, and how to cure drink sickness. Myths and epic stories explain how drink came into being and was assigned the ritual and legal status it has today. The book also explores Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain moral and legal texts on drink and abstinence. Drink is used in some Tantric rituals, and the book presents an account of drink in the work of Kashmiri Abhinavagupta. One later Tantric text contains a detailed description of the goddess Liquor, Surā, translated here in full, along with considerations of cannabis and opium. Finally, what happened to these drinks, stories, and theories in the last few centuries? An Unholy Brew brings to life the overlooked, complex world of brewing, drinking (and abstaining) in premodern India, and includes clear case studies of topics such as law and medicine, along with recipes for drinks.
Aperitif
Authors: McHugh James
Published: October 2021

To set the scene of drinks and drinking in India, the Aperitif presents a translation from Pali of a previous birth story of the Buddha, The Birth Story of the Jar (Kumbha Jātaka), where we learn how a rogue discovered the drink called surā that had arisen spontaneously. Then he shared it with another man, and subsequently they learned to brew surā and propagated this dangerous yet attractive substance in the world. This short Buddhist tale gives some sense of the popular understanding of how brewing worked, and the story also illustrates some of the classic perceived dangers of drink and intoxication.
Sugarcane, Wine, Toddy, and Other Drinks
Authors: McHugh James
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on drinks based on various sugars. Such drinks do not require the process of saccharification that is necessary for making drinks from grains. This chapter describes most other early South Asian drinks: drinks based on a variety of sugarcane products, drinks called āsavas, ariṣṭas, a mixed drink called maireya, grape wine, palm toddy, honey mead, and jackfruit wine, as well as non-alcoholic, flavored drinks. The chapter examines the chronology, composition, and connotations of these drinks, based on a variety of textual sources. The chapter also considers another important substance: betel (pān), which can productively be understood when compared to fermented intoxicating drinks.
Giovanni Pastrone’s Cabiria, Gesture, Modernism
Authors: Duffy Enda , Boscagli Maurizia
Published: October 2021

Giovanni Pastrone’s epic Cabiria—not least because of its most famous technical innovation, the tracking or “Cabiria shot”—is a film preoccupied by gesture. In Cabiria the stylizations of human movement are central to the film’s establishment of a modernist vision of Italy in the context of an increasing technological interest in the analysis of human movement. Where modernism across all genres attends to gesture, from Edgar Degas’s dancers to the gait of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Cabiria does so with a modernist technology of the gaze that is now able to represent gesture in “real time.” Cabiria—which introduced both the lateral movement of the camera and the gesture later adopted by Benito Mussolini as the fascist salute—explores how such gestures situate the historical subject, and the historical crowd, in relationship to structures of political power.
D. W. Griffith’s Intolerance and the Ever-Present Now
Authors: North Michael
Published: October 2021

D. W. Griffith once claimed that film introduces the viewer directly to the present. Yet his own innovations tended to break up that present by multiplying points of view and cutting back and forth between separate narrative lines. Particularly in Intolerance, cutting between the four storylines of the film establishes a single, oddly distended present in which all four follow the same path, though it is also clear they are widely separated in historical time. With his motif of the “cradle endlessly rocking,” Griffith claims that this present is both instantaneous and eternal. For him, the relationship between the visual image and historical time is immediate, with no need for any of the adjustments of representation. In this belief, he resembles certain literary modernists, who also gambled that the isolated image could lead immediately to logical and historical generalities.
“Tout le monde a ses raisons”
Authors: Matz Jesse
Published: October 2021

Much about Jean Renoir’s La Règle du jeu could place it among the classic works of modernism, but Renoir’s film is also traditional and even conservative. This ambiguity derives from Renoir’s impressionism. He was dedicated to an impressionist aesthetic that he inherited in part from his father, the painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir—an aesthetic that also brought him artistic and ideological uncertainties. Renoir intended mainly to push film further toward full development of its own aesthetic through the fuller realization of an impressionist aesthetic, the immediacy, subjectivism, and immersiveness that had for some time seemed best able to assert film’s unique claim to artistic excellence. But the problem of impressionism—its uncertain way of resolving perceptual differences—threw him back upon older theatrical and pictorial modes. It is finally the problem of such inconsistencies that give La Règle du jeu its major claim to modernism.
On Auratic and Sentimental Objects
Authors: Mao Douglas
Published: October 2021

In a press release, Orson Welles claimed that he wanted Citizen Kane to conclude with “objects of art, objects of sentiment, and just plain objects.” This essay explores the relation, in the 1941 film, between the first of these (represented above all by the statues Charles Foster Kane collects in quantity) and the second (represented above all by the sled stamped “Rosebud,” one of the most famous things in cinema). It argues that Welles’s layered treatment of this relation discloses commonalities between, on the one hand, what Walter Benjamin called aura and, on the other, the affective power of the object of sentimental regard. It also argues that in striving to make a high-art film for a mass audience, Welles exploited these very commonalities—not to mention an association with loss that links auratic and sentimental objects to another kind of thing, film itself.
A Length-Constrained Ideal Curve Flow
Authors: Mccoy James A , Wheeler Glen E , Wu Yuhan
Published: October 2021

A recent article [1] considered the so-called ‘ideal curve flow’, a sixth-order curvature flow that seeks to deform closed planar curves to curves with least variation of total geodesic curvature in the L2 sense. It was critical in the analysis in that article that there was a length bound on the evolving curves. It is natural to suspect therefore that the length-constrained ideal curve flow should permit a more straightforward analysis, at least in the case of small initial ‘energy’. In this article we show this is indeed the case, with suitable initial data providing a flow that exists for all time and converges smoothly and exponentially to a multiply-covered round circle of the same length and winding number as the initial curve.
COMPARISON OF PULMONARY NODULE DETECTION, READING TIMES AND PATIENT DOSES OF ULTRA-LOW DOSE CT, STANDARD DOSE CT AND DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Svahn T M , Sjöberg T , Shahgeldi K , Zacharias F , Ast J C , Parenmark M
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate performance in pulmonary nodule detection, reading times and patient doses for ultra-low dose computed tomography (ULD-CT), standard dose chest CT (SD-CT), and digital radiography (DR). Pulmonary nodules were simulated in an anthropomorphic lung phantom. Thirty cases, 18 with lesions (45 total lesions of 3–12 mm) and 12 without lesions were acquired for each imaging modality. Three radiologists interpreted the cases in a free-response study. Performance was assessed using the JAFROC figure-of-merit (FOM). Performance was not significantly different between ULD-CT and SD-CT (FOMs: 0.787 vs 0.814; ΔFOM: 0.03), but both CT techniques were superior to DR (FOM: 0.541; ΔFOM: 0.31 and 0.28). Overall, the CT modalities took longer time to interpret than DR. ULD chest CT may serve as an alternative to both SD-CT and conventional radiography, considerably reducing dose in the first case and improving diagnostic accuracy in the second.
Weighing the factors—the perils of trustee decision-making
Authors: Lincoln Bruce , Hooper Katie
Published: October 2021

In B v Erinvale PTC Limited & O'rs 2020 (2) JLR 316 (Erinvale), the Royal Court of Jersey has handed down a judgment which has important implications for trustee decision-making processes. In the context of a divorce between two of the beneficiaries (the husband also being the settlor), the trustee was requested to add the wife as a beneficiary of the relevant trust in her own right, her beneficial status being contingent at that time on her being the settlor’s spouse. The judgment in Erinvale, in which the Court scrutinised whether the wife’s request had been correctly decided by the trustee, stands as a stark illustration of the exacting standards which trustees are expected to meet.
An Afucosylated Anti-CD32b Monoclonal Antibody Induced Platelet-Mediated Adverse Events in a Human Fcγ Receptor Transgenic Mouse Model and Its Potential Human Translatability
Authors: Wolf Babette , Jeliazkova-Mecheva Valentina , Del Rio-Espinola Alberto , Boisclair Julie , Walker Dana , Cochin De Billy Benjamin , Flaherty Meghan , Flandre Thierry
Published: October 2021

To assess the safety and tolerability of NVS32b, a monoclonal, afucosylated, anti-CD32b (FCGR2B) antibody, we used a humanized transgenic (Tg) mouse model that expresses all human Fc gamma receptors (FCGRs) while lacking all mouse FCGRs. Prior to its use, we extensively characterized the model. We found expression of all human FCGRs in a pattern similar to humans with some exceptions, such as low CD32 expression on T cells (detected with the pan CD32 antibody but more notably with the CD32b-specific antibody), variation in the transgene copy number, integration of additional human genes, and overall higher expression of all FCGRs on myeloid cells compared to human. Unexpectedly, NVS32b induced severe acute generalized thrombosis in huFCGR mice upon iv dosing. Mechanistic evaluation on huFCGR and human platelets revealed distinct binding, activation, and aggregation driven by NVS32b in both species. In huFCGR mice, the anti-CD32b antibody NVS32b binds platelet CD32a via both Fc and/or complementarity determining region (CDR) causing their activation while in human, NVS32b binding requires platelet preactivation and interaction of platelet CD32a via the Fc portion and an unknown platelet epitope via the CDR portion of NVS32b. We deemed the huFCGR mice to be overpredictive of the NVS32b-associated human thrombotic risk.
Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis
Authors: Xu Wenxin , Ma Jiyang , Li Yuan , Bourland William A , Petroni Giulio , Luo Xiaotian , Song Weibo
Published: October 2021

Hypotrichs comprise a highly differentiated and diversified group of ciliates with an evolutionary history characterized by an exceptional number of convergences and reversions. A new hypotrich ciliate from a freshwater fishpond is investigated based on morphological, morphogenetic and molecular data. The phylogenetic analyses reveal that the new species is closely related to Simplicitergida despite the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs, a common feature of simplicitergids. The phylogenetic position of this atypical simplicitergid species is strongly supported by the conserved features of dorsal ciliature and nuclear apparatus, which are probably more informative than cirral patterns for higher-rank classification. The close phylogenetic relationships among those Simplicitergida with varied cirral patterns could be explained by evolutionary convergences and reversions. The new species is recognized mainly by three frontoventral rows, several short midventral rows, two long midventral rows and the absence of zigzag-patterned midventral cirral pairs. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses, together with detailed morphological and morphogenetic comparisons, a new family, Clampidae fam. nov., is proposed for the new genus and species, Clampia sinica gen. et sp. nov. In addition, an emended diagnosis of the morphologically similar family Epiclintidae is provided.
Specialist Aphid Feeding Causes Local Activation of Salicylic and Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis Veins
Authors: Rubil Nikoleta , Kalachova Tetiana , Hauser Thure Pavlo , Burketová Lenka
Published: October 2021

Aphids, the phloem sap feeders, probe into leaf tissues and activate a complex network of plant defense responses. Phytohormonal signaling plays a major role in this network; however, the dynamics of the signal spreading is yet to be clarified. Despite the growing knowledge about transcriptomic changes upon infestation, results often differ due to sampling, varying strongly between the tissues collected at the single feeding site, individual leaves, pooled infested leaves, or whole plant rosettes. This study focuses on activation of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signals in Arabidopsis leaves during infestation by cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in high spatio-temporal resolution. We used genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors, histochemistry, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to precisely map activation of distinct branches of phytohormonal signaling. We found a rapid induction of SA and JA signaling markers in cells surrounding stylet puncture, colocalizing with callose deposition. For both PR1 and JAZ10, we detected activation at 24 h postinfestation (hpi), increasing and spreading along the veins until 72 hpi and, to a lesser extent, within the epidermal pavement cells. The SA signaling wave appeared in parallel with JA-associated signaling and continued to increase in time. Our results first show a local activation of SA- and JA-related responses after stylet penetration of Arabidopsis leaves and bring a detailed insight into the spatio-temporal complexity of plant defense activation during specialist aphid attack.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Diagnostics of Banana Blood Disease
Authors: Rincón-Flórez Vivian A. , Ray Jane D. , Carvalhais Lilia C. , O’Dwyer Cecilia A. , Subandiyah Siti , Zulperi Dzarifah , Drenth André
Published: October 2021

Blood disease in bananas caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis is a bacterial wilt disease that causes major yield losses of banana in Indonesia and peninsular Malaysia. The disease has significantly increased its geographic distribution in the past decade. Diagnostic methods are an important component of disease management in vegetatively propagated crops such as banana to constrain incursions of plant pathogens. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (i) to design and rigorously validate a novel banana Blood disease (BBD) real-time PCR assay with a high level of specificity and sensitivity of detection and (ii) to validate published PCR-based diagnostic methods targeting the intergenic region in the megaplasmid (“121 assay” with primer set 121) or the phage tail protein-coding sequence in the bacterial chromosome (“Kubota assay” and “BDB2400 assay” with primer set BDB2400). Assay validation included 339 samples (174 Blood disease bacteria, 51 bacteria associated with banana plants, 51 members of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, and 63 samples from symptomatic and healthy plant material). Validation parameters were analytical specificity (inclusivity and exclusivity), selectivity, limit of detection, accuracy, and ruggedness. The 121 assay and our newly developed BBD real-time PCR assay detected all R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis strains with no cross-specificity during validation. Two different PCR assays using the primer set BDB2400 lacked specificity and selectivity. This study reveals that our novel BBD real-time PCR assay and the conventional PCR 121 assay are reliable methods for Blood disease diagnostics, as they comply with all tested validation parameters.
Reopening a Student-Run Free Clinic During the COVID-19 Pandemic to Provide Care for People Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Weiss Caitlin , Traczuk Ashley , Motley Robert
Published: October 2021

Problem

Student-run free clinics (SRFCs) provide health and outreach services to underserved populations while offering medical students opportunities for service and education. Many SRFCs were forced to suspend in-person operations in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Before March 2020, JeffHOPE, the SRFC at Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, operated an evening clinic at 5 locations throughout Philadelphia each week.

Approach

JeffHOPE’s response to challenges posed by COVID-19 focused on a redesign for a pilot clinic at a shelter site that expressed interest in resuming operations. The student leaders conducted a needs assessment with shelter stakeholders, including administrators and long-term residents, to identify service priorities. They also developed a list of key components for safe patient engagement and care delivery. A hybrid telehealth approach was developed to reduce in-person exposure for patients and volunteers and to involve preclinical medical students remotely. Three iPads were acquired via an internal grant.

Outcomes

The pilot clinic reopened in September 2020. Over the first 13 weeks of operation, 44 unique patients received care across 98 visits. Of these visits, 21 were in-person only with a clinical student and preceptor, while 77 also used the hybrid telehealth model to connect via iPad with a preclinical student. Patient visit volume was approximately 35%–40% of the pre–COVID-19 level. Of the 58 total volunteers, 11 were preclinical students who participated remotely.

Next Steps

Three additional JeffHOPE clinic sites have reopened since December 2020 using this hybrid telehealth model. Patient feedback, via surveys and interviews, will determine which components are retained. Other SRFCs should be encouraged to innovate and develop plans for safe resumption of services, with an appropriate approach and organizational support, despite the challenges posed by the pandemic.