bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Starting from Scratch
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Proceeding with working groups, the amalgamated rules committee’s open-play working group (Camp, E. K. Hall of Dartmouth, Reid) rejects forward passing across the scrimmage line. But at the next full rules-committee meeting, Hall individually proposes passing across the line under certain limits—for example, loss of possession if the passed ball strikes the ground, untouched by a player. His proposal becomes the basis for full committee approval of forward passing along with Camp’s ten-yard rule (plus a neutral zone separating opposing lines). A Central Board of Officials is also created, with Camp a member, to instruct officials, develop a roster of satisfactory officials, and on request appoint officials for games. St. Louis University, coached by Edward Cochems, uses forward passes extensively in 1906. Cochems writes an article on passing for Camp’s How to Play Football booklet. Camp successfully uses a pass against Harvard in 1906 for the winning points. By 1908 a number of Midwest teams are using the forward pass ten or more times per game.
Besides Rule Making
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Camp leads the New Haven Clock Company as the company successfully builds a profitable business in inexpensive pocket watches. Factory expansions are made, the company builds a significant financial surplus, and sizable dividends are paid. Camp writes a series of three fictional sports books for boys from 1908 to 1911 and with assistance from ghostwriters publishes two more series: one, from 1911 to 1914, of six less expensive books under a pseudonym (Camp probably wrote the first book in this series) and another, from 1913 to 1915, of three books under Camp’s name (possibly all by a ghostwriter). A culture is growing around football, with a play on Broadway (The College Widow in 1904), added fight songs, homecoming festivities (beginning about 1910), and a first game at the Tournament of Roses (1902). The Intercollegiate Athletic Association becomes the NCAA and by 1909 has sixty-seven members; it is led until 1930 (except for the years 1913-16) by Palmer Pierce.
Daína Chaviano’s Science-Fiction Oeuvre
Authors: Redondo Juan Carlos Toledano
Published: January 2019

Daína Chaviano is the most accomplished author of science fiction during the 1980s and 1990s in Cuba. This essay demonstrate that her seemingly soft and new-wavish literary style was in fact a political statement against the communist regime´s policy of closing the borders to the outside world, and a call to put an end to all sorts of frontiers among people, and even between literary genres. But far from being unique and radical in her forms, Chaviano is part of a trend in science fiction that affected both contemporary Cuban authors of the fantastic (Alberto Serret, Chely Lima, Gina Picart, Félix Lizárraga), and other authors in Latin America and Spain (Angélica Gorodischer, Silvina Ocampo, Bioy Casares, Eliá Barceló). Chaviano mixed space travel and exploration with fantastic figures such as dragons and unicorns, science with magic, and created characters who were not necessarily technologically savvy. A perfect example is her most relevant text, the internationally acclaimed 1998 novel and the main focus of this essay, Fábulas de una abuela extraterrestre [Fables of an extraterrestrial grandmother], in which the grandmother states that “la ciencia es una magia que ha encontrado respuestas” [science is magic that has found answers]. Daína Chaviano is perhaps the most relevant representative of the “Caribbean new wave style” and one of the most important authors in contemporary letters written in Spanish.
Angélica Gorodischer
Authors: Molina-Gavilán Yolanda
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces Angelica Gorodischer, one of the most prominent fantasy and science-fiction writers in the Spanish-speaking world today, and presents her oeuvre within the context of other national and international authors such as Italo Calvino, Umberto Eco, Philip K. Dick, and Ursula K. Le Guin. Major works by the Argentinian author, such as the 1983 novel Kalpa Imperial [Imperial Kalpa], are analyzed in the context of their influence on the genre of science fiction by introducing a feminist sensibility to it. Since multiple storytellers record the vast history of the empire’s many rises and falls over an immense span of time, Kalpa Imperial has been seen as celebration of the power of storytelling. Besides Gorodischer’s storytelling capabilities, the chapter also examines her distinctive style, which includes the use of a playful wit and dry humor.
Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
Authors: Howell Yvonne
Published: January 2019

This chapter theorizes that Soviet civilization was inherently “science fictional” in its ideological superimposition of scientific utopianism and radical social change. It imbeds a discussion of the work of the Russian science-fiction writers Arkady Strugatsky and Boris Strugatsky in the social and cultural context of the Soviet Union. The chapter describes the development of the Strugatskys’ work over three decades, from rationalist optimism to humanistic despair.
Gendering Return
Authors: Alcalde M. Cristina
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces return in the Peruvian middle-class context before moving on to more specifically examine everyday gendered and class intricacies for women throughout their migration trajectories. It focuses in particular on the role and absence of domestic servants in middle-class women’s lives, and the roles women embrace, resist, and re-negotiate both outside Peru and after returning as well as on women’s experiences of autonomy and their professional lives as these are impacted by migration trajectories
Heteronormativity, Homophobia, and Home
Authors: Alcalde M. Cristina
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on quotidian technologies of exclusion against migrants who identify as gay, lesbian, and bisexual. Drawing on interviews, newspapers, ordinances and bills, novels, and field notes, the chapter underscore how forms of exclusion, violence, and insecurity can undergird and even define belonging in the context of return. I also examine how Peruvian migrant groups outside Peru may reinforce exclusionary practices. I suggest that LGB individuals may find themselves in the difficult position of accepting violence against them--homophobic practices, jokes, and discrimination--in order to be at home with their families, in their homeland, and within immigrant communities, which leads to exclusion and rightlessness in everyday life.
Politically Incorrect, Visually Incorrect
Authors: Howard Yetta
Published: January 2019

This chapter moves to an analysis of comix—a contemporary example of primitivism that continues to have a vexed relationship with cultural legitimacy. Ugliness in this chapter is recognizable as the visual aesthetics of underground comix and, as conceptual, nihilistic, and disempowering perspectives outlined as the mechanisms that restrict opting out of stigmatizing political and representational logics. Focusing on the depictions of such restrictions, this chapter explores the limits of allowable and expressible queer identities in the late twentieth century. Examining what affective states such as queer anger in Roberta Gregory’s Bitchy Butch (1991–1999) and ethnic anxiety in Erika Lopez’s Lap Dancing for Mommy (1997) look like, this chapter reads visual discrepancies and identificatory impossibilities as specific issues of depicting nonnormatively gendered and non-white bodies.
From Málaga’s Mountains
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

The Romero family was from the mountainous area north of the seaport of Málaga, in the province of the same name. This chapter surveys the origins and history of the city and traces the family’s beginnings as agricultural workers in the rural settlements of Jotrón, Totalán, and Moclinejo and its eventual movement to urban centers on the coast, especially Gibraltar, where they worked in the building trades.
The City of Paradise, Regained
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

In 1919 the family returned to Spain, soon settling in the city of Málaga. Here young Celedonio fell in love with the guitar and devoted himself to study and performance. In 1934 he married Angelita, a voice student at the local conservatory, where he was also studying. But the outside world intruded on his life and career with the outbreak of civil war in 1936, the year in which Celin was born. Celedonio was drafted first into the loyalist and then the nationalist armies but avoided combat. With the defeat of the republic in 1939, the republican Romero family had to adjust to new realities. Celedonio rebooted his career and was soon concertizing all over Spain, at the cost of compromising with the Franco regime. This was necessary given his growing family: Pepe was born in 1944 and Angel, 1946.
Santa Barbara
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

The Romeros arrived in Santa Barbara in August 1957 and lived with the Stoddards. The city and its mission had been established in the eighteenth century by Spanish padres. Celedonio gave his debut recital in the U.S. on June 13, 1958, at the historic Lobero Theatre, and it was a big success. Pepe also performed that year, demonstrating his skill as a flamenco guitarist. Celin was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1959 and spent the first part of 1960 at Ft. Ord taking basic training. The quartet was formed at this time as a result of a family concert at the base and the offer of fellow soldier Jim Lucas to manage the quartet.
Del Mar
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

In 1969 the entire family moved to Del Mar, a northern suburb of San Diego on the coast. The boys were now all married and had children, so they and Celedonio bought four homes near one another. Del Mar reminded them of Málaga and is where they have remained. They began to tour internationally in the 1970s and to make landmark recordings on the Angel and Philips labels. They also continued to commission works from leading composers, including Joaquín Rodrigo and Federico Moreno Torroba, of which they made definitive recordings. It was during this decade that Pepe and Angel developed flourishing solo careers, while Celedonio and Celin anchored the quartet.
Celedonio and Angelita, the Poet and his Muse
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

Celedonio was a poet of the guitar. Though he dedicated his life to the guitar, as a performer, teacher, arranger, and composer, he was also an inspired poet who often accompanied poets in concert during the early years in Spain. He wrote poetry and published a volume of his poems. Angelita was the inspiration for much of his verse. She was a devotee of Spanish literature and often read to the family, on trips or at bedtime. She was also a virtuosa castanet player and appeared with the quartet in concerts.
Pepe, the Philosopher
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

Pepe’s experience of music, through the medium of the guitar, is connected to his understanding of life in general. His musical activities are not isolated or compartmentalized but rather are inextricably connected with every other aspect of his life, whether in religion, art, politics, romance, or friendship. His philosophical temperament often leads him to frame matters of technique and interpretation in terms that are applicable to many areas of life.
The Next Generations
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

Celedonio passed away in 1996, and Angelita followed him three years later. Celino was now fully integrated into the quartet. After Papá’s death, Angel’s son Lito stepped up. In fact, the Romeros who were born in the U.S. carry on the family tradition, not only playing the guitar but also building internationally acclaimed instruments. Pepe’s son Pepe Jr. and his grandson Bernardo are in demand as makers of fine guitars. The offspring of Celin, Pepe, and Angel are active and successful in many areas. However, none of the original marriages survived, and all three sons have found new companionship: Claudia (Celin), Carissa (Pepe), Nefretiri (Angel).
Angel, the Proteus
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

Angel’s career may remind one of the Greek water god Proteus, who was able to change shape. In addition to being one of the leading guitarists of the last few decades, Angel has also demonstrated talent for art, martial arts, acting, and film scoring. Most of all, he has cultivated a second career as a symphony conductor, leading major ensembles in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The self-described “daredevil” in the family, he is driven by a need to escape from the long shadow cast by his father and brothers, to establish his own identity. This produces a competitive streak in his personality, combining insecurity and self-promotion, but not at the expense of artistic integrity.
Natives and Newcomers
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 follows the earliest history of human activity in the Ozark uplift, from the emergence of the Osages as the overlords of the region to the resettlement of the Cherokees and other “immigrant Indians” from east of the Mississippi and their eventual removal in the 1820s and 1830s. This chapter also explores the arrival of the first European settlers in the Mississippi Valley, the French, in the eighteenth century and the lead mining interests that brought them into the Ozarks, as well as the subsequent administrations of French and Spanish colonial officials. The chapter concludes with the arrival of Anglo-American settlers and their slaves, both before and after the Louisiana Purchase.
Masters, Mistresses, Slaves, and the Antinomies of Modernity
Authors: Gilroy Paul
Published: January 2019

Modernity is a notion widely debated, whether it is the periodization of modernity or the attributes defining the modern period. Jürgen Habermas situates the Enlightenment as a moment of critique of the early-modern period and the reimagining of modernity after the Age of Reason. This chapter argues that Habermas’s call for completing the unfinished project of the Enlightenment fails to acknowledge the defining moment of modernity—New World slavery—and the agents of the modernizing process—the slaves. The chapter investigates the dynamics of mastery and slavery that are at the center of modernity through close examination of Frederick Douglass’s only work of fiction, The Heroic Slave (1853), supplemented with references to “The Claims of the Negro Ethnologically Considered” (1854) and Douglass’s slave narratives. The memory of slavery, the chapter contends, is integral to theorizations of freedom.
Frederick Douglass’s Master–Slave Dialectic
Authors: Kohn Margaret
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the issues of violence, recognition, and freedom in the work of Frederick Douglass. It analyzes the contradiction between Douglass’s defense of pacifism in his speeches and articles before 1847 and his celebration of the redemptive effects of violence in his autobiographies, most notably in his account of his fight with the slave breaker Edward Covey. One thing that distinguishes this essay from other interpretations of Douglass, including Bernard Boxill’s, is that it draws upon another famous account of the struggle between master and slave—G. W. F. Hegel’s dialectic of lordship and bondage in the Phenomenology of Spirit (1807)—in order to offer a novel resolution to this interpretive puzzle. By reading these two nineteenth-century accounts together, we see how the texts illuminate, complicate, and challenge one another.
“The Human Heart Is a Seat of Constant War”
Authors: Buccola Nicholas
Published: January 2019

This chapter reconstructs what Frederick Douglass thought about human nature to deepen peoples understanding of the foundations of his political morality and to counter criticisms of liberal views of human nature. It lays out the base critiques of the liberal view of human nature in modern Western political thought and shows how Douglass viewed the competing tendencies of human beings in order to form a nuanced idea of human nature. Going into the debates in the liberal community, it cites the differing opinions of Thomas Jefferson, Reinhold Niebuhr, and John Locke. With a focus on the dualities that make up Douglass’s view on the subject, this chapter shows how his view shaped his experiences and the way he interacted with the world. The dynamism that makes up Douglass’s idea of human nature makes it a viewpoint to be taken seriously and reflects the tensions inherent within the subject.
Seed-Time and Harvest-Time
Authors: Myers Peter C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at Frederick Douglass’s thoughts on natural law, which returned to a closer conformity with teachings predominant in the tradition of classical liberal political philosophy. It examines Douglass’s third autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, to accomplish this task. Douglass’s thoughts on the operation of natural law yielded a realistic conclusion that great wrongs are in the nature of the powerful. It concludes that Douglass thought tyranny had its own costs under natural law: that tyranny breeds arrogance and insecurity among tyrants, which naturally provokes resistance for their subjects, and that this resistance over time tends to destabilize the regimes that perpetrate it. Douglass posits that when resistance is guided by prudent leadership that combines the appeal of moral principal, patriotism, and practical interest, it is bound to produce durable reforms.
The Affect of God’s Law
Authors: Lloyd Vincent
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at Frederick Douglass through his connection with God’s law, showing how this law created a complicated relationship between Douglass and the US Constitution. It shows how Douglass used God’s work to fight against slavery and looks at passages from the Declaration of Independence to show the connection between freedom as a right and God’s law. It examines Douglass’s views on natural law in conjunction with his views and use of God’s law to create a complex portrait of both. Concluding with Douglass’s fight with Edward Covey, this chapter shows how Douglass grappled with the fear of death before he managed to cease alienating his “soul” from himself. From this moment, Douglass began to imagine God and how God’s law names the possibility for the world to be more just.
Paving the Way for Reagan
Authors: Jurdem Laurence R.
Published: January 2019

The introduction puts forward the basic thesis of the book that the three publications discussed played a key role in crafting a particular ideology in the area of foreign policy. These ideas created an ideological platform that revived the fortunes of the Republican Party, culminating in the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The chapter also gives background on the history of National Review, Human Events, and Commentary. It discusses the publications’ key personalities and ideological points of view. It also analyzes the underlying historical themes and background of how the issues discussed in the book emerged.
An Erosion of Credibility
Authors: Jurdem Laurence R.
Published: January 2019

In the opinion of these media outlets, America’s failure to achieve victory in Southeast Asia was due to an inherent weakness at the foundation of the nation’s foreign policy. Those who wrote for Human Events and National Review argued that the misdirection and uncertainty that plagued the war strategy of the Johnson and Nixon administrations were due to the divisiveness in the country over the ramifications of the civil rights movement and the Great Society. Conservative commentators believed that the disunity among the nation’s citizenry, combined with the failure of the two administrations to do whatever was necessary to win the war, caused the United States’ credibility as a combatant in the Cold War to be questioned around the world.
Democratic Fantasies vs. Cold War Realities
Authors: Jurdem Laurence R.
Published: January 2019

The strain of Black Nationalism that existed within the United Nations also worried conservatives as they monitored the evolution of events in Southern Africa. In their intense desire to rid the world of communism, other issues, such as race, were either marginalized or ignored. The chapter analyzes the three publications’ view of race as it relates to the issue of Rhodesia during the height of the Cold War. In ignoring the suppression of an entire race of people, Human Events and National Review contrasted what they perceived to be a stable, anticommunist, biracial society with the militarism and lawlessness that they argued defined the 1960s and 1970s. While the two conservative publications viewed Rhodesia as a model of biracial success, Commentary focused on the Carter administration’s dismissive attitude about the dangers of Soviet encroachment within the African hemisphere. The Right argued that the Carter White House, in its refusal to endorse Rhodesia’s 1979 parliamentary elections due to a lack of representation of militant nationalist groups, and its belief in the policy of détente, continued to send a message of American weakness and indifference to totalitarianism around the world.
Setting the Context
Authors: Bechtol Bruce E.
Published: January 2019

People often see North Korea as a threat to the region, yet few have even an abstract knowledge of the vast network of proliferation to volatile regions that North Korea has operated for many years. It is this network that the book addresses. Understanding the military capabilities North Korea has is key to addressing how it proliferates these capabilities, whom it proliferates these capabilities to, and how we can contain this proliferation. This book is unique because it addresses all this.
How Do They Do It?
Authors: Bechtol Bruce E.
Published: January 2019

North Korea has always been able to get around sanctions using some very clever tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) for getting its arms distributed. This has been an ongoing situation no matter what sanctions are imposed or the methods used to impose them. The North Koreans are constantly changing their TTP in order to adjust to the complex international law enforcement environment, and two key examples (combining illicit arms with legitimate cargo in containers placed on ships and then reflagging the ships) point to the fact that they are adjusting their TTP in order to adapt to sanctions, avoid detection by maritime forces of other nations, and stay below the radar of law enforcement around the world, which is often very wary of shipments tagged as North Korean. There are several other methods that North Korea uses to get around sanctions and conceal its illicit financial networks as well (all described in chapter 3). Thus far, it appears that these methods have been largely successful, and I examine in detail how the DPRK uses its government powers to get around sanctions and proliferate its arms for profit.
North Korea and Military Proliferation to Iran
Authors: Bechtol Bruce E.
Published: January 2019

Evidence of Pyongyang’s arms sales to Iran begins with the evidence that North Korea has been proliferating conventional and unconventional weapons to Iran since the early 1980s. Since that time, North Korea has shipped nearly every kind of ballistic missile it builds, not to mention related military advisers, engineers, technicians, and trainers, to Iran. It has proliferated nuclear technology, missile technology, conventional weapons, and numerous spare parts to Iran. But it has also shipped conventional weapons and spare parts to Iran’s proxy, Hezbollah. This has been going on for years. I also reflect—in detail—on what North Korea has proliferated to Iran in the Kim Jong-un era, beginning in December 2013.
North Korea and Syria
Authors: Bechtol Bruce E.
Published: January 2019

North Korea has been proliferating chemical weapons, ballistic missiles, conventional arms, advisers, trainers, engineers, and technicians for a variety of projects to Syria for many years. While, in the 1990s, this proliferation picked up steam, it has been stepped up significantly during the Kim Jong-un era in light of a needy Syrian customer fighting a civil war. (North Korea has also supported Syria through proliferation and advisers in past conflicts.)
Conclusions and Policy Implications
Authors: Bechtol Bruce E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses policy recommendations and also summarizes and assesses the results of the research presented in this book, results that have the potential to be useful to policy makers, the general public, and academics and specialists who have an interest in the region. By providing details on what types of weapons systems and how much money is generated by illicit deals with other rogue nations such as Iran and Syria (as well as terrorist groups such as Hezbollah and Hamas) as well numerous states in Africa, this work contributes to more than just the scholarship—it contributes to the evidence chain. This evidence will be entirely unclassified and thus also releasable to an often uniformed or underinformed public.
The Agency and Its Mission
Authors: Conner Thomas H.
Published: January 2019

The American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) was created by an act of Congress in 1923. For more than ninety years the ABMC has been one of the smallest independent federal agencies. This chapter introduces the coming text and that the book will endeavor to show that the commission has been entrusted with one of the nation’s most important tasks: to honor and promote remembrance of the service and the sacrifice of American soldiers in foreign wars and to preserve the sites overseas where tens of thousands of them lie buried.
Building the American Memorials in Europe, 1925–1933
Authors: Conner Thomas H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the creation of the first generation of ABMC sites. By the end of the 1920s, it had begun work on the erection of monuments in Europe and had hired fourteen architects for the construction of the approved eight chapels and fifteen monuments (only eleven would be completed). This chapter discusses some of the minute decisions that needed to be made before the memorials could be erected, explains many of the controversies that needed to be resolved, and examines the tension that sometimes developed between agency personnel and the architects and artists.
Reopening the European Office and New Leadership for a Renewed Mission, 1944–1948
Authors: Conner Thomas H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the closing of World War II and the new work the ABMC was directed to accomplish. Existing memorials needed to be restored, and hundreds of thousands of American soldiers needed to be buried in new overseas cemeteries or sent home. A major concern of the ABMC was finance. Many of the local ABMC workers in Europe had continued working, as best they could, during the war and were severely underpaid. There was initially little to no money for employees and the restoration of the monuments and cemeteries. General Robert M. Littlejohn, chief quartermaster for the European Theater of Operations, contributed $100,000 a year of army funds to the ABMC in Belgium and France. An entire new unit was created in the army in order to assist in any way necessary. This chapter also addresses the deaths of General Pershing and the agency’s first consulting architect, Paul Philippe Cret, and introduces their respective successors, George C. Marshall and John Harbeson.
A subjective global checklist of the extant non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea)
Authors: Meisch Claude , Smith Robin J. , Martens Koen
Published: January 2019

We present an updated, subjective list of the extant, non-marine ostracod genera and species of the world, with their distributions in the major zoogeographical regions, as well as a list of the genera in their present hierarchical taxonomic positions. The list includes all taxa described and taxonomic alterations made up to 1 July 2018. Taxonomic changes include 17 new combinations, 5 new names, 1 emended specific name and 11 new synonymies (1 tribe, 4 genera, 6 species). Taking into account the recognized synonymies, there are presently 2330 subjective species of non-marine ostracods in 270 genera. The most diverse family in non-marine habitats is the Cyprididae, comprising 43.2% of all species, followed by the Candonidae (29.0%), Entocytheridae (9.1%) and the Limnocytheridae (7.0%). An additional 13 families comprise the remaining 11.8% of described species. The Palaearctic zoogeographical region has the greatest number of described species (799), followed by the Afrotropical region with 453 species and the Nearctic region with 439 species. The Australasian and Neotropical regions each have 328 and 333 recorded species, respectively, while the Oriental region has 271. The vast majority of non-marine ostracods (89.8%) are endemic to one zoogeographical region, while only six species are found in six or more regions. We also present an additional list with ‘uncertain species’, which have neither been redescribed nor re-assessed since 1912, and which are excluded from the main list; a list of taxonomic changes presented in the present paper; a table with the number of species and % per family; and a table with numbers of new species described in the 20-year period between 1998 and 2017 per zoogeographical region. Two figures visualize the total number of species and endemic species per zoogeographical region, and the numbers of new species descriptions per decade for all families and the three largest families since 1770, respectively.
Problematika uživanja pijač z dodanim sladkorjem v Sloveniji in svetu
Authors: Volčanšek Špela , Lunder Mojca , Janić Miodrag , Janež Andrej
Published: January 2019

Pojavnost kardiometabolnih bolezni je dosegla pandemične razsežnosti, zato se čedalje večja pozornost posveča tudi z življenjskim slogom pogojenemu zdravju prebivalstva, še posebej načinu prehranjevanja in vnosu določenih skupin živil. Številne epidemiološke raziskave so dokazale, da je uživanje pijač z dodanim sladkorjem povezano z nastankom debelosti, sladkorne bolezni in srčno-žilnih bolezni, dodatno je tudi dober pokazatelj posameznikovega nezdravega življenjskega sloga. Pijače z dodanim sladkorjem so vir tako imenovanih »praznih kalorij«, ki nimajo hranilne vrednosti in predstavljajo največji dodatni vir energije in vnosa dodanih sladkorjev, še posebej fruktoze. Zmanjšanje vnosa pijač z dodanim sladkorjem dokazano vodi v znižanje telesne mase in zmanjšanje tveganja za nastanek kardiometabolnih bolezni. Uživanje pijač z dodanim sladkorjem je uvrščeno kar med 15 najpogostejših dejavnikov tveganja med kazalci nezdravega življenjskega sloga. Posledično je smiselno intenzivno ozaveščanje o pomembnosti opustitve uživanja pijač z dodanim sladkorjem, še posebej pri osebah s povečanim tveganjem za presnovne bolezni in mladih z nezdravim življenjskim slogom. V prispevku so opredeljene pijače z dodanim sladkorjem, opisana je njihova povezava z debelostjo, sladkorno boleznijo in srčno-žilnimi boleznimi ter možni zdravi nadomestki.
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Podgoršek Blaž , Poglajen Gregor , Cerar Andraž , Šinkovec Matjaž , Vrtovec Bojan
Published: January 2019

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a genetic disease of the myocardium characterized by fibro-fatty replacement of the apoptotic myocardium. It primarily affects the right ventricle, however in advanced stages of the disease the left ventricle can also be significantly affected.

AC is a challenging diagnosis, especially in the early stages of the disease, and should be considered in all patients presenting with palpitations, syncope or sudden cardiac death when other, more common causes of these symptoms/signs are excluded. In patients with suspected AC, evaluation according to the current Task Force Criteria should be applied to achieve optimal diagnostic yield.

The main therapeutic concern in AC patients is the prevention of SCD, and thus all patients with established diagnosis have to be evaluated for potential ICD implantation, which is indicated in the majority of symptomatic patients.

In this narrative review we aim to outline current knowledge on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment strategies of AC.
Parliament and the principle of elective succession in Elizabethan England
Authors: Kewes Paulina
Published: January 2019

The question of precisely how far parliament should be involved in settling the succession to the crown constitutes a neglected strand of the Elizabethan succession debate. Patrick Collinson and his successors have examined in detail the attempts undertaken by committed Protestants from the 1560s through to the 1580s to secure legislation debarring Mary, queen of Scots. However, this chapter demonstrates that a necessary corollary of the campaign for exclusion was the argument that parliament, even one summoned after Elizabeth’s death without statutory warrant, could determine the identity of her rightful successor or even choose the next ruler. Theoretical justifications of this scenario, however, were seldom disinterested, and were typically designed with a practical purpose and a specific person in mind. It may be a mistake to treat them as expressions of abstract political thought. Drawing on new archival evidence, this chapter reveals that he intended beneficiary of the boldest such scheme propounded in 1586, when the Scottish queen was still alive, was her infant son James. It concludes by reflecting on the memory and polemical uses of Elizabethan parliaments in late Stuart England.
Inequality and Democratic Egalitarianism
Authors: Harvey Mark , Geras Norman
Published: January 2019

This book arose out of a friendship between a political philosopher and an economic sociologist, and their recognition of an urgent political need to address the extreme inequalities of wealth and power in contemporary societies. The book provides a new analysis of what generates inequalities in rights to income, property and public goods in contemporary societies. It claims to move beyond Marx, both in its analysis of inequality and exploitation, and in its concept of just distribution. In order to do so, it critiques Marx’s foundational Labour Theory of Value and its closed-circuit conception of the economy. It points to the major historical transformations that create educational and knowledge inequalities, inequalities in rights to public goods that combine with those to private wealth. In two historical chapters, it argues that industrial capitalism introduced new forms of coerced labour in the metropolis alongside a huge expansion of slavery and indentured labour in the New World, with forms of bonded labour lasting well into the twentieth century. Only political struggles, rather than any economic logic of capitalism, achieved less punitive forms of employment. It is argued that these were only steps along a long road to challenge asymmetries of economic power and to realise just distribution of the wealth created in society.
Travelling Images
Authors: Dahlgren Anna
Published: January 2019

Travelling images critically examines the migrations and transformations of images as they travel between different image communities. It consists of four case studies covering the period 1870–2010 and includes photocollages, window displays, fashion imagery and contemporary art projects. Through these four close-ups it seeks to reveal the mechanisms, nature and character of these migration processes, and the agents behind them, as well as the sites where they have taken place. The overall aim of this book is thus to understand the mechanisms of interfacing events in the borderlands of the art world. Two key arguments are developed in the book, reflected by its title Travelling images. First, the notion of travel and focus on movements and transformations signal an emphasis on the similarities between cultural artefacts and living beings. The book considers ‘the social biography’ and ‘ecology’ of images, but also, on a more profound level, the biography and ecology of the notion of art. In doing so, it merges perspectives from art history and image studies with media studies. Consequently, it combines a focus on the individual case, typical for art history and material culture studies with a focus on processes and systems, on continuities and ruptures, and alternate histories inspired by media archaeology and cultural historical media studies. Second, the central concept of image is in this book used to designate both visual conventions, patterns or contents and tangible visual images. Thus it simultaneously consider of content and materiality.
Squeezing the SNP
Authors: Johns Robert
Published: January 2019

This chapters examines how the 2017 general election played out in Scotland. It begins by describing the SNP’s rise to dominance in Scottish politics after devolution and the factors that explain its surge. It highlights how the drivers of voting behaviour in devolved and general elections differ, and then goes on to explain why the SNP lost some ground to the other parties in 2017, and why the Scottish Tories came second to the SNP in votes and seats. It argues that the Tories benefited from their status as the principal defender of Scottish Unionism, and Labour benefited from the expectation that the Tories would win a comfortable majority at Westminster.
Ballads and songs of Peterloo
Authors: Morgan Alison
Published: January 2019

This book is the first edited collection of poems and songs written in the immediate aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. Of the seventy or so poems included in the anthology, many were published as broadsides and almost half were published in radical periodicals, such as the moderate Examiner and the ultra-radical Medusa with many from the Manchester Observer. Although I have provided headnotes and footnotes to support the reading of the texts, I intend them to stand alone, conveying as much of the original publication as possible, in order not to dilute the authenticity. Following an introduction outlining the events before, during and after the massacre as well as background information on the radical press and broadside ballad, the poems are grouped into six sections according to theme, rather than chronologically or by publication because I want the reader to note the similarity between so many of the poems. Grouped in this manner, one cannot avoid the voices echoing down the centuries, speaking to us of the horrors of the time in texts that can no longer be ignored. Shelley’s Masque of Anarchy is included as an appendix in acknowledgement of its continuing significance to the representation of Peterloo. This book is primarily aimed at students and lecturers of Romanticism and social history. With the bicentenary of the massacre in 2019 and Mike Leigh’s forthcoming film, I envisage the potential for a wider readership of people interested in learning more about one of the most seminal events in English history.
Isolation of wheat bran-colonizing and metabolizing species from the human fecal microbiota
Authors: De Paepe Kim , Verspreet Joran , Rezaei Mohammad Naser , Hidalgo Martinez Silvia , Meysman Filip , Van de Walle Davy , Dewettinck Koen , Raes Jeroen , Courtin Christophe , Van de Wiele Tom
Published: January 2019

Undigestible, insoluble food particles, such as wheat bran, are important dietary constituents that serve as a fermentation substrate for the human gut microbiota. The first step in wheat bran fermentation involves the poorly studied solubilization of fibers from the complex insoluble wheat bran structure. Attachment of bacteria has been suggested to promote the efficient hydrolysis of insoluble substrates, but the mechanisms and drivers of this microbial attachment and colonization, as well as subsequent fermentation remain to be elucidated. We have previously shown that an individually dependent subset of gut bacteria is able to colonize the wheat bran residue. Here, we isolated these bran-attached microorganisms, which can then be used to gain mechanistic insights in future pure culture experiments. Four healthy fecal donors were screened to account for inter-individual differences in gut microbiota composition. A combination of a direct plating and enrichment method resulted in the isolation of a phylogenetically diverse set of species, belonging to theBacteroidetes,Firmicutes,ProteobacteriaandActinobacteriaphyla. A comparison with 16S rRNA gene sequences that were found enriched on wheat bran particles in previous studies, however, showed that the isolates do not yet cover the entire diversity of wheat-bran colonizing species, comprising among others a broad range ofPrevotella,BacteroidesandClostridiumcluster XIVa species. We, therefore, suggest several modifications to the experiment set-up to further expand the array of isolated species.
Increased tooth brushing frequency is associated with reduced gingival pocket bacterial diversity in patients with intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Pyysalo Mikko J. , Mishra Pashupati P. , Sundström Kati , Lehtimäki Terho , Karhunen Pekka J. , Pessi Tanja
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of tooth brushing frequency and bacterial communities of gingival crevicular fluid in patients subjected to preoperative dental examination prior to operative treatment for unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Methods

Gingival crevicular fluid samples were taken from their deepest gingival pocket from a series of hospitalized neurosurgical patients undergoing preoperative dental screening (n = 60). The patients were asked whether they brushed their teeth two times a day, once a day, or less than every day. Total bacterial DNA was isolated and the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplificated. Sequencing was performed with Illumina’s 16S metagenomic sequencing library preparation protocol and data were analyzed with QIIME (1.9.1) and R statistical software (3.3.2).

Results

Bacterial diversity (Chao1 index) in the crevicular fluid reduced along with reported tooth brushing frequency (p = 0.0002;R2 = 34%;p(adjusted with age and sex) = 0.09;R2 = 11%) showing that patients who reported brushing their teeth twice a day had the lowest bacterial diversity. According to the differential abundant analysis between the tooth brushing groups, tooth brushing associated with two phyla of fusobacteria [p = 0.0001; p = 0.0007], and one bacteroidetes (p = 0.004) by reducing their amounts.

Conclusions

Tooth brushing may reduce the gingival bacterial diversity and the abundance of periodontal bacteria maintaining oral health and preventing periodontitis, and thus it is highly recommended for neurosurgical patients.
Reduction in Upper Limb Joint Surgery Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: An Interrupted Time‐Series Analysis Using Danish Health Care Registers
Authors: Cordtz René , Hawley Samuel , Prieto‐Alhambra Daniel , Højgaard Pil , Zobbe Kristian , Kristensen Lars Erik , Overgaard Søren , Odgaard Anders , Soussi Bolette Gylden , Dreyer Lene
Published: January 2019

Objective

Joint replacement surgery is a proxy of severe joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the introduction of biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) on the incidence rate (IR) of upper limb joint replacements among newly diagnosed RA patients.

Methods

Using the Danish National Patient Register, patients with incident RA from 1996–2012 were identified. Each patient was matched on age, sex, and municipality, with up to 10 general population controls. The age‐ and sex‐standardized 5‐year IR per 1,000 person‐years of a composite outcome of any first joint replacement of the finger, wrist, elbow, or shoulder was calculated, and an interrupted time‐series analysis was undertaken to investigate trends and changes of the IR in the pre‐bDMARD (1996–2001) and the bDMARD eras (2003–2012), with a 1‐year lag period in 2002.

Results

In total, 18,654 incident patients with RA were identified (mean age 57.6 years, 70.5% women). The IR of joint replacements among patients with RA was stable at 2.46 per 1,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.96, 2.96) from 1996 to 2001 but started to decrease from 2003 onwards (–0.08 per 1,000 person‐years annually [95% CI –0.20, 0.02]). Compared with patients with RA, the IR among controls in 1996 was 1/17 and increased continuously throughout the study period.

Conclusion

The IR of upper limb joint replacements started to decrease among patients with RA from 2002 onwards, whereas it increased among controls. Our results suggest an association between the introduction of bDMARDs and a lower need of joint replacements among patients with RA.
Impact of Having Family History of Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis on Psoriatic Disease
Authors: Solmaz Dilek , Bakirci Sibel , Kimyon Gezmis , Gunal Esen K. , Dogru Atalay , Bayindir Ozun , Dalkilic Ediz , Ozisler Cem , Can Meryem , Akar Servet , Cetin Gozde Y. , Yavuz Sule , Kilic Levent , Tarhan Emine F. , Kucuksahin Orhan , Omma Ahmet , Gonullu Emel , Yildiz Fatih , Ersozlu Emine D. , Cinar Muhammet , Al‐Onazi Atallah , Erden Abdulsamet , Tufan Muge A. , Yilmaz Sema , Pehlevan Seval , Kalyoncu Umut , Aydin Sibel Z.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has a genetic background. Approximately 40% of patients with psoriasis or PsA have a family history of psoriasis or PsA, which may affect disease features. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of family history of psoriasis and PsA on disease phenotypes.

Methods

Data from 1,393 patients recruited in the longitudinal, multicenter Psoriatic Arthritis International Database were analyzed. The effects of family history of psoriasis and/or PsA on characteristics of psoriasis and PsA were investigated using logistic regression.

Results

A total of 444 patients (31.9%) had a family history of psoriasis and/or PsA. These patients were more frequently women, had earlier onset of psoriasis, more frequent nail disease, enthesitis, and deformities, and less frequently achieved minimal disease activity. Among 444 patients, 335 only had psoriasis in their family, 74 had PsA, and 35 patients were not certain about having PsA and psoriasis in their family, so they were excluded from further analysis. In the multivariate analysis, family history of psoriasis was associated with younger age at onset of psoriasis (odds ratio [OR] 0.976) and presence of enthesitis (OR 1.931), whereas family history of PsA was associated with lower risk of plaque psoriasis (OR 0.417) and higher risk of deformities (OR 2.557). Family history of PsA versus psoriasis showed increased risk of deformities (OR 2.143) and lower risk of plaque psoriasis (OR 0.324).

Conclusion

Family history of psoriasis and PsA impacts skin phenotypes, musculoskeletal features, and disease severity. The link between family history of psoriasis/PsA and pustular/plaque phenotypes may point to a different genetic background and pathogenic mechanisms in these subsets.