bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Planning and Coordination of Integrated Pest Management Programs
Authors: Kühr Ronald J.
Published: October 2022

Programs on various aspects of integrated pest management (IPM) have been ongoing in most states for several years. Until fairly recently, however, the primary emphasis has been unidisciplinary and has centered around research activities. In 1972, implementation of state IPM programs began in an organized manner with the help of federal funds from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Extension Service. By 1979, USD A Extension provided over $5.4 million to new and expanding IPM programs in all 50 states (4). During this time, no parallel organized research effort was established to support this expanding implementation network. Thus, various Experiment Station and USDA groups began to examine planning and coordination mechanisms to provide for best use of research and extension resources, to seek methods of providing additional funds, and to ensure an interdisciplinary approach to IPM. The purpose of this paper is to record the events leading up to the formation of regional planning groups and describe briefly progress to date.
Carbon Dioxide and Ethylene Production in Diospyros discolor Willd.1
Authors: Akamine Ernest K. , Goo Theodore
Published: October 2022

The climacteric nature of persimon fruit Diospyros discolor) was indicated by CO2 and ethylene production patterns at 2 stages of maturity (mature green and 5% red-colored).
Stain Testing Viability in Stored Peach Pollen1
Authors: Werner DJ. , Chang S.
Published: October 2022

Five pollen stains were tested to determine their effectiveness as indicators of viability in stored pollen of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Correlations between pollen staining percentage and germination percentage were low and non-significant for aniline blue, iodine-potassium iodide (IKI), nitro-blue tetrazolium, and propiono-carmine. Correlation of staining percentage and germination percentage was positive and significant (r = +0.69) for 3(4-5-di­methylthiazolyl-2) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT).
Breeding Peach Rootstocks Resistant to Root-knot Nematodes1
Authors: Sherman Wayne B. , Lyrene Paul M. , Hansche Paul E.
Published: October 2022

A new root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) of peach which occurs in Florida overcomes the resistance of Okinawa and Nemaguard rootstocks (Prunus spp.). Resistance to this new nematode obtained from crosses and open-pollinated seedlings of Okinawa, Chico II, and P. davidiana has a heritability (narrow sense) of 0.31 ± .04. Two selections, Fla. 14-11 and Fla. 9-4, combine the nematode resistance of Okinawa and Nemaguard with resistance to the new nematode.
Breeding Value of Southern Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Lyrene Paul M. , Sherman Wayne B.
Published: October 2022

Native highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) from the flatwoods of Alachua County (North-central), Florida and from Highlands County (Central peninsula) were surveyed for chromosome number and crossability with breeding lines derived from northern highbush cultivars. The Alachua County population was predominately tetraploid; a diploid component differed in leaf serration and glandulation. Tetraploid plants were fully cross-fertile with highbush cultivars and breeding lines. Diploid plants from the Alachua County population were cross fertile with both V. elliottii and V. darrowi. V. corymbosum from Highlands County was diploid.
Dry Onion Losses at the Retail and Consumer Levels in Metropolitan New York1
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Butterfield J. E.
Published: October 2022

Over a 3-year period, losses in dry onions (Allium cepa L.) at the retail and consumer levels, respectively, in metropolitan New York were 0.2 and 3.7% for ‘Yellow Globe’ onions, 3.0 and 4.2% for ‘Grano-Granex’ onions, and 8.0 and 6.4% for Spanish type onions. Parasitic diseases, principally Botrytis rots, caused most of the loss in the 3 onion types at both levels.
Onion Growth and Yield in Relation to Transplant Pruning, Size, Spacing, and Depth of Planting1
Authors: Sabota C. M. , Downes J. D.
Published: October 2022

Pruning roots of transplants of onion (Allium cepa L. cv White Grano) to 0.64 cm and tops to 7.6 cm reduced plant top growth 50% and bulb yields 29%. Yields from large transplants were 58% greater than from small and 11% greater than from medium size transplants. Bulb yield was closely correlated with top growth (r = 0.79**). The bulb/top weight ratio at harvest was increased by pruning and by increased transplant size. Within pruning treatments bulb yields were correlated with top fresh weight. Depth of planting had no consistent effect on top growth, bulb shape, sun burning, or yields, but there was some tendency for bulbs to be longer when planted at 7.62 cm than at 2.54 cm depth. Top growth and bulb yield were similar with transplant spacings of 7.62 and 10.16 cm.
Growth, Development, and Root Quality of Sweet Potato as Influenced by Soil Warming1
Authors: Sanders D. C. , Porter W. C. , Skaggs R. W. , Scheirer D. M.
Published: October 2022

Fresh and dry weights of the above ground plant of ‘Copper Skin Jewel’ and ‘Jewel’ sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.) increased with soil warming but total yield of roots was unaffected. Soil warming increased root size, root epidemal color intensity, and improved internal color but decreased percent dry weight, and root pH. Evaporative cooling reduced the foliage weight, storage root fresh weight and total weight of ‘Jewel’ but not of ‘Copper Skin Jewel’. Subirrigation did not influence any of the parameters mentioned above.
Biochemical Changes in Storage of Potato Treated with Cetyl Alcohol and Sodium Fluoride1
Authors: Panda J. M. , Mohanty C. R.
Published: October 2022

Treating tubers of potato (Solatium tuberosum L.) with 10,25, and 50 mg/liter cetyl alcohol reduced rotting and total soluble solids content, but increased ascorbic acid and starch content during a storage period of 3 months. Treatments with sodium fluoride did not check rotting, did not affect total soluble solids content, increased ascorbic acid content, and decreased starch content of tubers.
Response of Pinto Bean Plants Exposed to O3, SO2, or Mixtures at Varying Temperatures1
Authors: Miller C. A. , Davis D. D.
Published: October 2022

Pinto bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto 111) in the unifoliolate leaf stage were exposed for 3 hours to 0.8 ppm SO2, 0.25 ppm 03, or a mixture of the 2 pollutants at these concentrations at 15, 24, or 32° C. Foliage exposed to O3 alone developed adaxial stipple and leaves exposed to SO2 alone developed interveinal necrosis. The mixture of O3 and SO2 induced O3-type symptoms at 32° and SO2-type symptoms at 15°. Both symptom types were present at 24°. Some abaxial glazing or silvering was also induced by the mixture, and was most common at 15° and 24°. Ozone and SO2 each induced greater foliar injury at 15° or 32°, as compared to 24°. The mixture of O3 and SO2 induced greatest macroscopic foliar injury at 15°. The degree of adaxial vs abaxial leaf surface injury varied with temperature.
Cultivar Responses of Tomatoes to Relay Cropping1
Authors: Villareal R. L. , Lai S. H.
Published: October 2022

There were significant differences in marketable yield, culls, and days to flowering between monocropped and relayed tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Some breeding lines and accessions appeared more adapted to relay cropping and showed lower yield loss and less delay in flowering than others. Differences in yield and flowering time between relay cropped and monocropped tomatoes were attributed to partial shading.
Simultaneous Grafting and Rooting of Juniper1
Authors: Chong Calvin
Published: October 2022

Detached cuttings of Juniperus virginiana ‘Skyrocket’ and J. sabina ‘Blue Danube’ were grafted and rooted together under intermittent mist. Successful grafts and rooting were 46% by a paired-cutting procedure, 57% by conventional side grafting, and 75% by a new procedure, in which grafted cuttings were held together by a styrofoam block.
Cooling of Potted Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Staby George L. , Thompson J. F. , Kofranek A. M. , Walter Virginia R.
Published: October 2022

Hydrocooling, forced air cooling, and hydrocooling plus forced air cooling techniques reduced the 7/8 mass mean cooling time of packaged potted chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) by 57, 43, and 70%, respectively, compared to cooling under normal refrigeration. Mass mean 7/8 cooling time for plants in boxes with 0, 1 or 5 sides exposed to normal air movement in refrigerated storage was 49, 21 and 10 hours, respectively. Plants hydrocooled and stored at 2°C for 0, 5, or 10 days had equal postharvest longevity upon removal compared to plants cooled to 2°C in 60 hours and subsequently stored for the same periods. Plants stored at 22°C displayed equal postharvest longevity after 5 days of storage but were inferior after 10 days storage compared to rapidly cooled plants. Reasons for determining plants inferior varied according to cultivar.
Response of Freesia hybrida Corms to Exogenous Growth Regulator Applications1
Authors: Gilbertson-Ferriss T. L. , Wilkins H. F.
Published: October 2022

Vacuum infusion or soaking of freshly harvested Freesia hybrida Bailey ‘Moya’ corms in solutions of ethephon, gibberellic acid (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), benzylamino purine (BA) or indoie-acetic acid (I A A), or in solutions with combinations of these growth regulators, did not decrease the time required for shoot emergence. Ethephon delayed shoot emergence and acted synergistically when combined with GA3, or with GA3 and BA, to further delay shoot emergence. Ethephon or ethephon + B A treatments increased the number of shoots produced per corm. Days to flower and flower quality were not influenced by any of the exogenous growth regulator treatments. Presently, there appears to be little horticultural advantage in applying these growth regulators to freesia corms to hasten shoot emergence prior to planting in order to circumvent the need for 10 to 13 week storage treatment at 28°C to remove dormancy and to ensure rapid shoot emergence.
‘Sea Green’ Lettuce1
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: October 2022

A major goal in our lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) disease resistance breeding program has been the development of cultivars resistant to big vein. Big vein is expressed primarily as vein clearing and stiffening of outer leaves giving a bushy effect. It is caused by big vein agent, a virus-like entity, which is transmitted into the roots of the plant by a root-feeding fungus Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang. Symptoms are most commonly expressed during periods of low air temperature and in heavy wet soils (4, 5). Consequently, in the United States it is a common problem in the West during the early spring growing period. ‘Sea Green’ is a new cultivar with big vein resistance.
‘Clemson Greenspire’ Arizona Cypress1
Authors: Schoenike R. E.
Published: October 2022

‘Clemson Greenspire’ is a fast-growing cultivar of smooth Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene var. glabra [Sudw.] Little) released by the Department of Forestry and the South Carolina State Commission of Forestry.2
‘Muskogee’ and ‘Natchez’ Laserstroemia1
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: October 2022

‘Muskogee’ and ‘Natchez’ Lagerstroemia (crapemyrtle) are the first cultivars to be produced by controlled interspecific hybridization with L. fauriei Koehne. These cultivars are unique with resistance to mildew incited by Erysiphe lagerstroemiae E. West; pronounced bark coloration; and prolific flowering.
Ornamental Horticulture Redefined1
Authors: Beatty Russell A.
Published: October 2022

As horticulturists and landscape professionals, we need to examine the traditional idea of “ornamental horticulture” in the context of environmental constraints, resource conservation, and social accountability in our highly urban society. The current over-emphasis on the ornamental use of plants in our landscapes reflects human tendencies toward conformity, eclecticism, and decorativeness in landscape design. An analysis of these tendencies along with the changing needs of our society suggests the new, broader term “appropriate horticulture,” emphasizing self-sufficiency in food and fuel production, urban needs, and an ecological orientation. This holistic concept of horticulture will allow horticulturists to become a more powerful force in our society.
Statistical Approaches to Studies Involving Perennial Crops
Authors: Swallow William H.
Published: October 2022

Two characteristics of perennials which distinguish them from annuals are that they live longer and tend to be larger. It turns out that much of what needs to be said about experimentation with perennials follows from these 2 trivial observations and their consequences.
Interpretation and Presentation of Results
Authors: Little Thomas M.
Published: October 2022

The purpose of an experiment is to answer questions. The truth of this seems so obvious, that it would not be worth emphasizing were it not for the fact that the results of many experiments are interpreted and presented with little or no reference to the questions that were asked in the first place. In other cases, it appears that the wrong questions were asked.
Increasing Cold Hardiness of Apple Trees by Over-tree Misting in Early Autumn1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas
Published: October 2022

The temperature of spurs and trunks of misted ‘Delicious’ apple trees, Malus domestica Borkh., was reduced by as much as 12.5° and 18°C, respectively, by evaporative cooling in mid-September and October. Freeze tests during early autumn and winter indicated that the misted 2-year-old apple shoots were up to 6° hardier in October than the unmisted trees.
The Effects of Container Design, BA, and GA3 on Root and Shoot Growth of Seedling Pecan Trees1
Authors: Matta F. B. , Storey J. B.
Published: October 2022

Ten day-old seedling pecans (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch) grown in square plastic pots, speedling containers and styrene cylinders were treated with 1000 mg/liter 6-benzyIamino-purine (BA) and 5000 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3) singly and in combination. GA3 at 5000 mg/liter promoted stem diameter enlargement of seedlings grown in cylinders and pots but had no effect on stems of speedling-grown seedlings. BA and container design had no influence on stem diameter. “Air-pruning” of roots which occurred in speedling-grown seedlings produced a compact, fibrous root system. Stem diameter and height were not significantly reduced by root “air-pruning.” GA3 significantly reduced root dry weight of seedlings grown in cylinders.
Induced Somatic Reduction of Chromosome Number in a Tetraploid Grape Shoot after p-Fluorophenylalanine Treatment1
Authors: Omura M. , Akihama T.
Published: October 2022

New shoots of a tetraploid grape (Vitis vinifera L. × V. labrusca L. cv. Kyoho; 2n = 76) treated with p-fluorophenylalanine produced a mutant shoot with 57 chromosomes. The mutant shoot had small, thin leaves and a bushy growth habit.
Effects of Cooling Rate on Shelflife and Decay of Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Hudson Donald E. , Tietjen William H.
Published: October 2022

Fruit of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), precooled to 2°C, had 60–80% less decay than non-precooled berries when held for 24 hours at 21° following a 3-day simulated transit period at 10°. When precooled berries were held 48 hours at 21° following a 10-day simulated transit period at 2°, they had 37–46% less decay than non-precooled berries similarly handled.
Lettuce Seed Coatings for Enhanced Seedling Emergence1
Authors: Sharpies G. C.
Published: October 2022

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed coatings containing a granular activated carbon layer adjacent to the seed and overcoated with standard coating materials gave faster, more complete and more uniform seedling emergence than did simple coatings with standard materials. Evidence suggests the granular carbon layer acts to speed O2 diffusion into and adsorb endogenous growth inhibitors excreted from the germinating seeds. Variability of seedling emergence was found to be inversely related to the mean emergence rate.
Effects of CO2 Enrichment, Ventilation, and Nutrient Concentration on the Flavor and Vitamin Content of Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Kimball B. A. , Mitchell S. T.
Published: October 2022

The flavor and consumer acceptability of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Tropic) grown in 4 greenhouses with different CO2-enrichment-ventilation environments and 2 nutrient concentrations (standard and 1.5 × standard) were tested with sensory panels. Enriching conventional ventilated greenhouses to 1000 μl CO2/liter had no significant effect on acceptability. Lack of ventilation caused a decrease in acceptability while the higher nutrient concentration significantly improved it. Vitamin A content of ‘N-65’ and ‘Tropic’ tomatoes was increased with CO2 enrichment and lack of ventilation, but nutrient concentration had no effect. None of the treatments consistently affected Vitamin C content.
Comparison of Flower Bud Cold Hardiness of Several Cultivars of Rhododendron spp.12
Authors: Pellett Norman E. , Holt Mary A.
Published: October 2022

Five evergreen rhododendron cultivars were compared for flower bud cold hardiness in laboratory freezing studies on 6 dates. ‘Roseum Elegans’, ‘Catawbiense Boursalt’ and ‘Boule de Neige’ were more cold hardy on most sampling dates than ‘America’ and ‘Lee’s Dark Purple’. The relative cold hardiness of these 5 cultivars was consistent on several winter dates over several years. Injured florets were black and readily separated from uninjured white florets upon dissection of the inflorescence bud after freezing.
Influence of Temperature, Water Stress and BA on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Schlumbergera truncata1
Authors: Heins Royal D. , Armitage Allan M. , Carlson W. H.
Published: October 2022

The number of flower buds formed on plants of Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran (Thanksgiving cactus) was reduced by high water stress during flower initiation and was unaffected by night temperature (13° vs. 17°C) under short days. Application of 100 ppm benzylamino purine (BA) increased flower bud number by 40% when sprayed 2 weeks after the initiation of a short day treatment and increased phylloclade number up to 150% when applied during long day photo-periods.
‘Sweethaven’, ‘Newhaven’, and ‘Jayhaven’ Peach1
Authors: Andersen R. L. , Moulton J. E. , Thomas T. M. , Belter H. J.
Published: October 2022

‘Sweethaven’, ‘Newhaven’, and ‘Jayhaven’ are 3 new cultivars o f melting, yellowfleshed peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] distributed for public nursery sales as products of an ongoing, long-term breeding program in Michigan (Table 1).
‘Ebano’ Thornless Blackberry1
Authors: Bassols Maria do Carmo M. , Moore James N.
Published: October 2022

‘Ebano’ is a high-yielding, thornless blackberry cultivar (Rubus, subgenus Eubatus) with good adaptation to the mild humid climate of southern Brazil. It will be of value to the newly developing blackberry processing industry of southern Brazil due to its late maturity, high processing quality, and thomlessness for hand harvesting. ‘Ebano’ is the Portuguese word for ebony.
‘Thompson’ Lettuce1
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: October 2022

Big vein has been a problem for growers of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), particularly in the western United States, for many years. The principal symptom, vein clearing, lends an unsightliness to the lettuce that may reduce its market value (7). During periods of low temperatures, big vein may delay or prevent head formation and thus reduce the harvest recovery (4).
New Everbearing Strawberries
Authors: Galletta G. J. , Draper A. D. , Swartz H. J.
Published: October 2022

The cover is a color photograph of a painting of a ‘Tristar’ strawberry plant by Lynda Chandler at the end of the Beltsville 1980 fall harvest season. ‘Tristar’ and its sister cultivar, ‘Tribute’, are new strawberry introductions from the U. S. Department of Agriculture — University of Maryland breeding program (see also p. 792–795 for more details). These cultivars are the first to combine red stele and verticillium resistance from octoploid cultivated strawberry cultivars with a strong, cyclic expression of the everbearing character from a wild selection of octoploid Rocky Mountain strawberry. ‘Tribute’ and ‘Tristar’ are related through a common grandparent to the ‘Brighton’, ‘Hecker’, and ‘Aptos’ day-neutral cultivars recently introduced in California by Bringhurst and Voth.
Performance of a Modified Brace Institute Greenhouse in Virginia1
Authors: Hartz T. K. , Lewis A. J. , Hughes H. A.
Published: October 2022

Considerable research on greenhouse energy conservation has been conducted since the escalation of fuel prices began in 1973. A variety of conservation techniques such as air-inflated polyethylene over glass (17) and thermal curtains (8, 24, 25) have been studied. Alternative energy sources such as solar energy (7, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19), waste heat from power plants (26) and deep mine air (23) have been examined. Unfortunately, commercial application of these techniques frequently results in reduced light transmission, growing area or precision of environmental control, offsetting the conservation potential.
Characterization of Temperature Fluctuations and Woody Plant Growth in White Poly Bags and Conventional Black Containers1
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: October 2022

White polyethylene bags were superior to black, 6 liter conventional containers for production of Cornus florida L., Rhododendron simsii Planch, cv. Formosa and Pittosporum tobira Banks in full sun. All 3 species grew best in 47% shade, where effects of container design were moderated Poly bags were brittle within 6 months in full sun and could not withstand rough handling.
Treating Boron Toxicity in Rhododendron catawbiense1
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Smith E. M. , Still S. M. , Sheppard W. J.
Published: October 2022

Seven fertilizer treatments and a pruning treatment were evaluated for their effect on reducing symptom expression of B toxicity on spring growth of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. ‘Lees Dark Purple’. Pruning of tissue showing B toxicity was the best treatment based on the first growth flush; treatment with CuS04 + limewater was the best treatment based on the second growth flush.
Polyploidy in Evergreen Azaleas1
Authors: Heursel J. , De Roo R.
Published: October 2022

The chromosome number of 47 cultivars of Rhododendron simsii Planch, were all diploid (2n = 26) except ‘Euratom’ which was triploid (3n = 39). A number of R. simsii cultivars from China and Thailand, as well as R. indicum (L.) Sweet., R. tamurae (Makino) Masam., R. keiskei Miq., and R. kiusianum Makino were found to be diploid.
Influence of N-P-K Factorial Fertilization on Growth Characteristics and Foliar Content of 4 Foliage Plants1
Authors: Poole R. T. , Conover C. A.
Published: October 2022

Data indicated the N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 1-1-1 is unnecessarily high in P2O5 and K2O for Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Exotica’, Dracaena sanderana Hort. Sander ex M. T. Mast, Maranta leuconeura var. kerchoviana E. Morr., and Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. Plant growth and tissue nutrient levels were more sensitive to changes in N fertilization level than P and K. Tissue N was a more sensitive indicator of optimum growth and fertility practices than P or K.
Inheritance of Resistance to Trifluralin Toxicity in Cucurbita moschata Poir1
Authors: Adeniji Adeoye A. , Coyne Dermot P.
Published: October 2022

The inheritance of response to trifluralin (Treflan) at 1.12 kg/ha was studied in the field, using transplants of parents, F1, F2, and BC1 generations of the Cucurbita moschata crosses ‘La Primera’ with ‘Butternut Ponca’ and ‘Waltham’. Parents and F1s were susceptible. Based on segregation data in the F2 and BC1 generations it is hypothesized that a dominant gene T determines resistance but is inhibited by a dominant I-T gene. Proposed genotypes for ‘La Primera’ and the 2 ‘Butternut’ cultivars are I-TI-T T T and i-t i-t t t, respectively.
Comparative Development of Vine Cuttings and Rooted Tuber Sprouts from Yam (Dioscorea alata L.)1
Authors: Quamina J. E. , Hill W. A. , Phills B. R.
Published: October 2022

Four-node vine cuttings of yam (Dioscorea alata L.) treated with Rootone-F showed higher survival, higher growth rate, and 3 times the number of shoots per plant than 1-node untreated vine cuttings. Survival of rooted tuber sprouts was lower for 5 cm lengths than 12.5 or 20 cm lengths. Rooted tuber sprouts 12.5 cm long initiated more tubers and primary fibrous roots than 4-note vine cuttings treated with rooting hormone.
Effect of Low Temperature on Survival of Apple Buds Infected with the Powdery Mildew Fungus1
Authors: Spotts R. A. , Covey R. P. , Chen P. M.
Published: October 2022

The lowest survival temperatures were determined quantitatively for dormant terminal buds of ‘Newtown’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Rome Beauty’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) that were either healthy or infected with powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev) Salm.). Irrespective of cultivar, all mildew-infected buds were more susceptible to freezing injury than healthy buds. Survival of mildew-infected buds at about −22°C was similar to survival of healthy buds at −26°. Field data on ‘Jonathan’ showed that terminal mildew infection following winters warmer than −22° was 26.5%, but was only 4.0% following winters −24° or colder.
Effects of Ethylene on Chilling Injury and Subsequent Decay of Conditioned Early ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit during Low-temperature Storage1,2
Authors: Hatton T. T. , Cubbedge R. H.
Published: October 2022

Early Florida ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) can be safely degreened with 5 ppm C2H4 up to 72 hours and then stored for 17 days at 1°C, providing the fruit are conditioned for 7 days at 16° prior to storage.
Weed Management Improves Yield and Quality of ‘ Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Jordan L. S. , Russell R. C.
Published: October 2022

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) interference reduced yield of ‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) more than annual weeds. Both types of vegetation also resulted in decreased leaf nitrogen, increased juice content, soluble solids, and titratable acid. Bermudagrass competition resulted in increased fruit size. Complete or partial weed control eliminated or reduced adverse effects of competitive vegetation on fruit production.
‘Florida Flame’ Gladiolus1
Authors: Wilfret Gary J.
Published: October 2022

Gladiolus flowers comprise an important part of the total cut flower industry in the United States, with a wholesale value of $17.1 million in 1979 (3). Of the 130 million spikes sold that year, 77 million were grown in Florida where the major production time is from October through May. A successful cut flower cultivar in Florida must be consistent in growth during continuous weekly plantings from August 15 through February, must producet all (≥ 110 cm) straight spikes with at least 14 floral buds per rachis, and must open from the “tight bud” stage following 2-3 days of cold storage (5°C). The cultivar also should be highly tolerant of major fungal diseases, especially Fusarium corm and root rots incited by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyd. & Hans. (4).
‘Smokey’ Dianthus1
Authors: Lindgren D. T. , Uhlinger R. D.
Published: October 2022

‘Smokey’, a dense, low growing perennial selection of Dianthus plumarius L., is a joint release of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research. It is a selection from Plant Introduction 371894.
‘Ohio 7681’ Tomato1
Authors: Berry S. Z. , Gould W. A.
Published: October 2022

‘Ohio 7681’ is an early-main season tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) suitable for hand or machine harvest, released by the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, September 1980. Canning quality favors juice and puree production.
‘Shani’ Grape1
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Asaph R. , Baron I.
Published: October 2022

A major objective of the grape-breeding program, started in 1968 at Bet Dagan, has been to breed early-ripening and late-ripening table grapes with loose clusters, and good berry size, appearance and quality. Only crosses between Vitis vinifera cultivars have been made. The progeny of a local ‘Dabouki’ × ‘Cardinal’ cross have proven of particular interest and one selection is being named ‘Shani’.
‘Allstar’ Strawberry1
Authors: Galletta G. J. , Draper A. D. , Swartz Harry J.
Published: October 2022

‘Allstar’ is a vigorous and productive Junebearing strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) that produces very large, firm fruit of good quality in late midseason. It is the most recent introduction in a series of red stele root rot-resistant cultivars developed in the cooperative strawberry improvement program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the University of Maryland. ‘Allstar’ combines multiple-race resistance to red stele incited by Phytopthora fragariae Hickman with resistance to other root and leaf diseases, has unusually broad adaptation within the eastern United States, and performs well under a number of cultural regimes. Its name implies superior performance under diverse soil, climatic and cultural conditions.
‘Tribute’ and ‘Tristar’ Everbearing Strawberries1
Authors: Draper Arien D. , Galletta Gene J. , Swartz Harry J.
Published: October 2022

‘Tribute’ and ‘Tristar’ are everbearing strawberry cultivars (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) that fruit in spring, summer, and fall (as indicated by the prefix “Tri-”). They are the first everbearing strawberries bred for culture in the eastern United States which combine resistance to red stele root rot, incited by Phytophthora fragariae Hickman, with a high degree of tolerance to verticillium wilt, incited by Verticillium albo-atrum Reincke & Berth. Their generally consistent good health, productivity, and fruit quality under a number of cultural systems suggest that these cultivars will offer new opportunities to the strawberry home gardener and commercial grower alike.
The Washington State Apple Revolution: Innovative Production, Storage, and Merchandizing Techniques Extend the Marketing Season1
Authors: Couey H. Melvin , Williams Max W.
Published: October 2022

Few agricultural commodities have enjoyed the tremendous success achieved by the Washington State apple industry. The apple acreage in Washington has increased from about 80,000 to over 125,000 acres in recent years. The production reached 72 million boxes in 1981 and will increase to about 85 million by 1985. This expansion is directly related to the improved technology in the production, storage, and marketing of the fruit, which has provided a constant supply of quality fruit to consumers for 11 to 12 months of the year. Much of the success is credited to a strong research effort and the immediate application by the fruit industry of the new technology developed from research.
A Basic Computer Program for Pedigree Records1
Authors: McCreight J. D. , Favila V.
Published: October 2022

A program is described which stores, lists, searches, corrects, appends, and duplicates pedigree records.
Influence of Fertilization Level on Gas Exchange, Structural, and Growth Characteristics of Azalea1
Authors: Ceulemans R. , Gabriels R. , Impens I.
Published: October 2022

Optimal substrate fertilization level was compared with half and double of the corresponding rate on azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch, cv. Glas 10) plants under glasshouse and controlled environment conditions. Although variations in gas exchange characteristics between the 3 treatments were small, significant differences in crown dimension, leaf area index, root/shoot ratio and total plant dry weight were found. Optimal fertilization resulted in significantly higher total plant dry weight and crown diameter. Since the latter determines the market price, this has important economical implications.
Resistance in New Guinea Impatiens Species and Hybrids to the Two-spotted Spider Mite1
Authors: Al-Abbasi Sabri H. , Weigle Jack L.
Published: October 2022

Twenty-seven lines of Impatiens, including I. mooreana Schlect and I. schlecteri Warb, were screened for resistance to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in both spring and fall of 1979. The assocation of this resistance with cuticle content of the leaves was tested. Different lines showed different resistance levels and resistance and cuticle content of the leaves was significantly correlated.
The Propagation of Liriope muscari ‘Variegata’ and Ophiopogon japonicus from Seeds1
Authors: Hruska Ann Fagan , Dirr Michael A. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: October 2022

After warm stratification for 6 weeks, depulped seeds of Liriope muscari L. ‘Variegata’ and Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb) Ker. germinated 77 and 74%, respectively, compared to about 25% for intact fruits. About 65% of the seedlings of variegated liriope exhibited some form of variegation, with several variagation patterns evident.
Effect of Rough Handling on CO2 Evolution from ‘Howes’ Cranberries1
Authors: Massey L. M. , Chase B. R. , Starr M. S.
Published: October 2022

Impact induced bruising of cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) predisposes the fruit to physiological breakdown often without showing external symptoms of impact for many hours. Impacts also induce marked and long lasting stimulation of C02 evolution almost immediately following its occurrence. This casual response relationship may be of value as an early sign of bruising in cranberries or other fruits and vegetables which are slow to show definite symptoms of rough handling.
Apple Fruit Growth as a Measure of Irrigation Control1
Authors: Assaf R. , Levin I. , Bravdo B.
Published: October 2022

Fruit growth rates and yields of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) collected from irrigation experiments from 1967–1980 in the Hula Valley of Israel indicated that the seasonal course of growth rate expressed in volume units was linear in optimal irrigation regimes regardless of the method of irrigation. Equations for converting the circumference measurements to volume units were developed for 5 commercial apple cultivars. Typical fruit volume growth lines are presented for growers use to control irrigation regimes in conjunction with the common pan evaporation coefficients.
Spray Materials and Washing Solution Affect Apple Foliar Analyses1
Authors: Young Eric
Published: October 2022

Washed and unwashed apple leaves from North Carolina orchards were sampled for 4 years. Na and Cu concentrations were higher in washed samples due to contamination from the detergent and tape water, respectively. Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations were higher in unwashed samples due to fungicide spray deposition on the leaves. Concentrations of these elements in washed samples increased with increasing numbers of sprays of Ferbam (76 WP), Dikar (76.6 WP), and metiram (Polyram 80 WP), respectively, indicating absorption of these elements. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and B were unaffected by washing.
Pedigree Analysis of Apple Clones with Differences in Preference to European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch)1
Authors: Goonewardene H. F. , Janick Jules , Kwolek W. F. , Bailey C. H. , Hough L. F.
Published: October 2022

Selections of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) of known parentage were exposed in a greenhouse to artificial infestations of European red mite. The clones PRI 95356, N.J. 70, PRI 123056, and PRI 159155 and ‘Vista Bella9, were the least preferred (P = 5%); mite counts per leaf and per cm2 of leaf area were highly correlated even though the leaf area varied within and between selections. There was no evidence that any parent in the pedigrees contributed to ERM resistance based on an analysis of the association of mite numbers for the 4th and 5th week after infestation and the expected frequency of genetic contribution from various parents in the pedigree.
Gibberellin-like Substances in Developing Fruits of Pecan1
Authors: Wood B. W.
Published: October 2022

Several gibberellin-like substances were detected by cucumber, dwarf pea, and lettuce bioassays after liquid chromatographic (HPLC) fractionation of liquid endosperm from the developing seed of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch cv. Moneymaker]. The response of bioassays to authentic gibberellin standards and fractions eluted from the HPLC column at the same times as gibberellin A3, A4, and A7 suggests that these 3 gibberellins may be present in the liquid endosperm.
Partial Loss of Self-incompatibility in ‘Golden Star’ Carambola1
Authors: Knight R. J.
Published: October 2022

Fruit set in self-pollinated ‘Golden Star’ carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) was 2% vs. 12.8% for cross-pollination. None of 90 self-pollinated flowers of 3 other carambola selections set fruit, but set varied from 3.3 to 20% when the same selections were cross-pollinated.
Using Heat from Power Plant Condenser Cooling Water for Greenhouse Tomato Production1
Authors: Carter Johnny , Pile Robert S.
Published: October 2022

Four cultivars of greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in a 0.2-ha experimental greenhouse complex designed to compare heat exchange systems using condenser cooling water from the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant near Athens, Alabama, with a conventional heating system. The greenhouse was divided into 3 zones; 2 used condenser cooling water as the heat source, and the other was heated conventionally with liquid propane gas (LPG). Heating tests showed that the heat exchangers using condenser cooling water performed within design expectations and maintained greenhouse temperatures 5.6° to 6.6°C below condenser cooling water temperatures. However, due to unexpectedly low and fluctuating condenser cooling water temperatures, greenhouse temperatures necessary for optimum tomato production could not be maintained when ambient temperatures were below −11.1°C. Tomato yields ranged from 5.5 to 6.5 kg/plant in the zones heated with condenser cooling water compared with 6.9 to 7.5 kg/plant in the conventionally heated zone.
Screening for Flooding Tolerance in the Genus Lycopersicon
Authors: Kuo C. G. , Tsay J. S. , Chen B. W. , Lin P. Y.
Published: October 2022

High temperature tended to aggravate injury caused to tomato plants by flooding. Based on plant responses such as chlorosis, epinasty, and wilting, less than 0.2% (8 of 4630 accessions) of the world collection of the garden tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and related Lycopersicon species exhibited some level of tolerance to a short period of flooding associated with high temperature. The level of flood tolerance in one of the 8 flood tolerant accessions, L-123, was found to be less than that of 7 other vegetables tested.
Stability of Growth and Morphological Changes in Gynura aurantiaca Plants Regenerated from Callus1
Authors: Myerson J. , Krul W. R.
Published: October 2022

Rooted cuttings from Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC plants regenerated from callus had different growth and morphogenic properties than cuttings from the parent plant. Tissue culture derived plants were larger, more uniform in growth and time of flowering, had more flowers per plant, were more apically dominant and displayed different leaf shape when compared to cuttings from the parent plant. All changes were retained in subsequent asexual generations.
Factors Affecting Establishment and Growth of Peach Shoots in Vitro1
Authors: Hammerschlag F.
Published: October 2022

Contamination was reduced from 100 to 3.3% if surface-sterilized forced lateral shoots of peach (Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch), dissected to 0.5–1.0 cm, were cultured rather than similarly sterilized dormant lateral buds which had met their chilling requirement. Optimum shoot tip growth was obtained on a liquid Murashige and Skoog salts medium supplemented with 0.01 mg/liter indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 0.2 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Growth on liquid media was significantly greater than on solid media. Survival of shoot tips at 21° – 24°C was significantly greater than at 26° or 30°. Peach cultivars differed significantly in their survival in vitro.
‘Robusto’ Plum
Authors: Thompson J. M. , Prince V. E.
Published: October 2022

‘Robusto’ plum (a complex diploid plum hybrid composed of Prunus salicina Lindl., P. angustifolia March., P. americana Marsh., P. cerasifera J. F. Ehrh., and P. simonii Carr.) has been released to provide the southeastern United States with a cultivar which extends the early fresh and processing ‘Bruce’ season. ‘Robusto’ is similar to ‘Bruce’ in appearance, better in quality, and matures approximately a week later.
‘Oregon Sugarpod IF Edible Pod Pea1
Authors: Baggett J. R.
Published: October 2022

‘Oregon 605’ Pea (Pisum sativum L.) was developed primarily for commercial freezing in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. It is resistant to the enation mosaic-red clover vein mosaic virus complex, a limiting factor in Western Oregon pea production. ‘Oregon 605’ is also resisitant to powdery mildew., an advantage in seed production areas and possible processing areas such as Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington. ‘Oregon 605’ was released jointly by the Oregon and Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations.
‘Oregon 43’ Green Bean1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A. , Varseveld G. W.
Published: October 2022

‘Oregon 43’, is a bush green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of ‘Blue Lake’ type, developed for processing in western Oregon. ‘Oregon 43’ will usually equal or exceed the yield of ‘Oregon 1604’, a currently important cultivar, at smaller sieve sizes. It thus may give more favorable grades and higher return to the grower, but, pod wall fiber can develop by the sieve-6 stage of maturity, requiring careful management by processors. General quality of ‘Oregon 43’ has been acceptable for canning and freezing when it is harvested within a normal commercial maturity range. It may be of most value where a large percentage of sieve-4 pods are needed.
Maintenance of Clonal Plant Germplasm
Authors: Jahn O. L.
Published: October 2022

Rubus parviflorus Nutt., the thimbleberry, shown in bloom on the cover, is a common native of the Pacific Coast region of North America. It and an associated species, R. spectabilis Pursh, the salmonberry, have a raspberry-type fruit. The R. parviflorus fruit has many small drupelets and is a dark-red color, while R. spectabilis has fewer, larger drupelets and is a light-orange color. Both species are unusual in that they are semishrubs with perennial rather than biennial canes. The mode of inheritance of this perennial character, also present in a few other species, has not been studied, although some crosses to cultivated species have been made. The perennial cane character may provide a useful alternative to the current labor-intensive biennial type.
Peach Meadow Orchard: Two Feasible Systems1
Authors: Erez Amnon
Published: October 2022

The shortcomings of conventional peach orchards make it increasingly difficult for growers to cope with production problems under the prevailing economic conditions. The large tree requires a relatively high labor input due to the location of a large portion of its fruit in the upper part and the reduced fruitfulness of the lower part.
Horticulture and Hospice: a Horticultural Therapy Graduate Practicum
Authors: Kingman Alta R.
Published: October 2022

The Hospice Movement; care of the terminally ill in the home, affords unique opportunities for learning and an innovative area for using adaptive horticultural techniques in a therapeutic setting. Three graduate students and their advisor were trained and certified as Hospice Volunteers of the Greenville, S.C. Hospital System.
Chilling Injury of Horticultural Crops: an Overview
Authors: Morris L. L.
Published: October 2022

Most, if not all, horticultural fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals of tropical origin are subject to physiological injury when subjected to temperatures below about 12.5°C but above their freezing temperature. This damage does not involve freezing and is commonly termed chilling injury. Chilling-sensitive plants, and plant parts, are subject to injury at all stages of their development, except in the dry-seed stage.
Chilling Injury of Crops of Temperate Origin
Authors: Bramlage William J.
Published: October 2022

We expect that a plant of tropical or subtropical origin is chilling sensitive. A corollary might be that a plant not of tropical or subtropical origin is not chilling sensitive. Although there are exceptions to such a corollary, which I shall be describing, this evolutionary distinction is largely true because even those temperate crops that are chilling sensitive have developed survival mechanisms to circumvent this genetic liability.
Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Plants to Chilling Stress
Authors: Wang Chien Yi
Published: October 2022

Various physiological and biochemical alterations occur in response to chilling stress in plants. The extent of these alterations and the ability of the plant to withstand these alterations determine whether the plant is sensitive or resistant to chilling at that temperature. Information concerning the physiological and biochemical responses of plants to chilling stress has been accumulating rapidly during recent years. However, when one looks into the literature, it does not take long to realize that there is no general consensus on a number of issues. Although some of the conflicting or contradicting points have been clarified by recent findings, there are still some ambiguous areas awaiting to be resolved. Some examples of these controversial issues are: a) the importance of bulk membrane lipid composition in determining the chilling sensitivity, b) the interference of energy production and utilization in tissues by chilling, c) the relationship of membrane permeability to chilling, and d) the capacity of water oxidation in photosystem II as affected by chilling.
In Vitro Propagation of Ornamental Rosaceous Plants1
Authors: Norton Margaret E. , Boe A. A.
Published: October 2022

Shoot tip explants of 12 woody species and cultivars of Rosaceae were cultured in vitro on Linsmaier and Skoog nutrient medium containing benzylamino purine (BA). Greatest shoot proliferation occurred in the presence of 0.1 to 2.5 mg/liter BA and was species-dependent. Root initiation was promoted when 1 to 10 mg/liter indolebutyric acid (IBA) was added to the medium. Rooting increased when cultures were incubated in the dark for 1 week prior to illuminated incubation.
In Vitro Propagation of Sweet Cherry Cultivars1
Authors: Snir Iona
Published: October 2022

Four cultivars of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) were propagated in vitro. The best basal medium for bud establishment was Knop’s solution and for bud proliferation was Murashige-Skoog’s medium. 6-Benzylamino purine (BA) at 1 mg/liter and indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 1 mg/liter were optimal for both bud establishment and bud proliferation. Increased rooting efficiency was obtained with basal shoot wounding and treatment with 0.5 mg/liter naphthalenacetic acid (NAA). Plantlets transferred to soil developed normally.
In Vitro Propagation of ‘Nemaguard’ Peach Rootstock1
Authors: Miller G. A. , Coston D. C. , Denny E. G. , Romeo M. E.
Published: October 2022

In vitro propagation of ‘Nemaguard’ peach rootstock [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was obtained on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium using shoot tips as primary explants. Shoot proliferation was induced on MS medium supplemented with 50 mg/liter L-ascorbic acid, 20 ml/liter Staba vitamin mixture, 2.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA), and 0.1 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Rooting was induced by subculturing plantlets on a similar medium without the Staba vitamins and without BA. When the Staba vitamin mixture was present, rooting was reduced; the inhibition resulted from the presence of riboflavin.
Callus Initiation and Root Formation from In Vitro Culture of Walnut Cotyledons1
Authors: Rodriguez Roberto
Published: October 2022

Addition of 4–40 μm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) plus 2–6 μm kinetin induced callus formation in fresh cotyledons of walnut (Juglans regia L.), but the presence of phenolic compounds prevented a stable culture. Roots were obtained from callus on a half-strength K(h) medium supplemented with indolebutyric acid (IBA) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 40 μm plus kinetin or benzylamino purine (BA) at 2 μm. The origin of roots was usually endogenous.