bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of a single microchannel plate with large length-to-diameter ratio
Authors: Yan Baojun , Liu Shulin , Zhang Binting , Peng Huaxing
Published: December 2023

The conventional microchannel plate (MCP) detector has found
widespread application in various fields. This article focuses on
investigating the performance of a single MCP with a large
length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of 80:1, particularly for single
electron counting. To enhance MCP performance, alumina with a high
secondary electron yield (SEY) is coated onto the MCP using atomic
layer deposition (ALD). The SEYs of alumina thin films with
different thicknesses are measured using a pulsing electron beam
method. The 80:1 L/D MCPs operate in electron counting mode, and the
optimal alumina thickness is determined through a comparative study
of MCP performance before and after coating. The relationships
between maximum SEY, primary electron energy, gain, peak-to-valley
ratio (P/V), and pulse height resolution (PHR) are analyzed. After
alumina coating, the single 80:1 MCP exhibits improved gain, P/V and
PHR. The optimal P/V and PHR of a single MCP as functions of the
primary electron energy align with the relationship between the SEY
of the alumina coating and the primary electron
energy. Additionally, the variation of DC gain with extracted charge
is investigated. This article provides valuable insights for
parameter selection in achieving the optimal working state of MCP
and explores the potential application of single electron counting
using a single MCP.
Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis the Fungus Species of Tilletia spp That Infect Wheat in Some Provinces of Iraq
Authors: Al-Ani R G , Farhan T A , Kadhum A A
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out in the Plant Protection Department - College of Agriculture - Anbar University for the agricultural season 2022. The study included the collection of infected samples from fields, stores and grain silos from some provinces of Iraq (Baghdad, Anbar, Salah ad-Din, Nineveh). The resulted showed spread of covered smut disease in wheat in all collection areas. The results of the morphology and molecular diagnosis showed the presence of the following species : Tilletia caries (synonymous T. tritici) which coincided with global isolation (MH855829.1 and MN633361.1) with a match rate of (99.69 and 98.42) respectively, T. controversa (synonymous T. brevifaciens) which coincided with global isolation (OL653703.1 and EU257561.1) with a match rate of (92.41 and 88.15) respectively and T. indica which coincided with global isolation (MT498030.1 and MT498030.1) with a match rate of (92.64 and 91.41) respectively . The results of culturing teliospores were shown that isolate the fungus Tilletia spp. (Salah AL-Din – Makisheva) It achieved the highest germination rate reached more than 50% compared to the other examined isolates, whose germination rates varied.
The Presence of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and Thrips Thrips tabaci on Different Cucumber Plant Hybrid Varieties in the Field Conditions
Authors: Ahmed Q , Hermize F B
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of different cucumber hybrid varieties (Jumbo Green, Ghazeer, Nefer, and Sahem) to sucking insect pests, onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lind., and tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn., during the summer of 2018 season in the experimental fields of College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq. The results showed that the infestation of cucumber varieties with sucking pests onion thrips T. tabaci and tobacco whitefly B. tabaci occurred on all varieties during the entire month of July. Nefer and Sahem varieties were more susceptible to high infestation by the whitefly adult, where the average was 5.21 and 5.05 adults per leaf, respectively, compared with the Ghazeer and Jumbo Green varieties, where the average was 4.06 and 4.02 adults per leaf, respectively. At the same time, the nymph average of whitefly was 55.80 and 55.20 nymphs per leaf on Ghazeer and Jumbo Green, respectively, followed by Sahem and Nefer varieties, which were 47.80 and 38.10, respectively. The average of thrips nymphs was recorded on all varieties, which were 4.52, 3.57, 3.06, and 2.96 nymphs per leaf on Sahem, Nefer, Ghazeer, and Jumbo Green, respectively. During July and early August, the green lacewing Chrysoperla sp., parasitoids Ahidius sp., and coccinellids like ladybird Coccinella sp. were found to be linked with whitefly and thrips pests on all varieties.
Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Identification Bacteria Streptomyces spp. Causing Common Scab Disease on Potato in Iraq
Authors: Rokan Y T , Abed J M
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out at the University of Anbar - College of Agriculture - Department of Plant Protection. The study aimed to isolate and diagnose the bacterium that causes scabies on potatoes, Streptomyces spp., depending on the phenotypic characteristics, biochemical interactions, and molecular methods. The results of isolation from different regions and on PDA medium showed that it was obtained On 45 pure isolates of the pathogenic bacteria Streptomyces spp, and the results of growth in different media showed that the best medium for growth was PDA and Nutrient agar. The results of phenotypic diagnosis and biochemical tests revealed that 8 isolates belong to the type Streptomyces scabies and two isolates belong to the type Streptomyces acidiscabies. DNA was extracted from 10 isolates of pathogenic bacteria, and the results of molecular diagnosis using the 16S rRNA gene showed that light bands of 1250 pairs were obtained. The nitrogenous base sequences of these isolates were determined and deposited in GenBank under accession codes (OQ8191, OQ819106, OQ815918, OQ789975, OQ789966, OQ815949, OQ815950).
Identification of Some Fungi Causing Okra Root Rot Disease from Different Regions of Anbar and Waist and Testing Pathogenicity
Authors: Abed N M , Farhan T A
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted in the Department of Plant Protection - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar for the year 2022, as the results of collecting samples from the regions of Anbar and Waist governorates showed the spread of okra root rot disease in most of the study areas, and the results of phenotypic and molecular diagnosis showed the presence of the fungal species Pythium Aphanidermatum, Fusarium proliferatum, Epicoccum nigrum, Itersonilia perplexans, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Rhizoctonia solani, which were deposited in the International Genbank OQ572440, OQ540926, OQ566939, OQ540927, OQ540928, OQ540929 (NCBI) seeds, respectively. Okra, as the tested isolates achieved a significant decrease in the germination of okra seeds on the culture medium (W.A. Water agar) compared with the control treatment that was not contaminated with any of the tested isolates, in which the infection rate was 0.0%.
Bioactivity of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Alcoholic Extract of Walnut Tree Bark Juglans Regia Against Thielaviopsis Paradoxa and Thielaviopsis Punctulata in vitro
Authors: Hantoosh M NK , Hussein H Z
Published: December 2023

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were biologically synthesized by the alcoholic extract of the bark of the walnut tree Juglans regia by adding 30 ml of the extract at a concentration of 10,000 ppm to 150 ml of a freshly prepared magnesium nitrate solution, and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 7 at a temperature of 30 °C in the dark. The causal agent has been characterized molecularly. Microscopic examination with atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated the formation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles with a uniform size of 28.55 nm. The results of testing the effectiveness of magnesium oxide nanoparticles showed efficiency in inhibiting the growth of two fungi, Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Thielaviopsis punctulata, as the average effective concentration in each of the two fungi was 79.43 ppm. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using an alcoholic extract of walnut bark, providing an alternative method for the fabrication of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. The manufacture of nanoparticles using plant extracts is an important alternative method because it is non-toxic, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly.
The Effect of Some Plant Extracts on the Larval Stage of Fig Leaf Moth, Ocnerogyia Amanda (strg.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Jalil P A , K A A  , Amin A M
Published: December 2023

The current study represented the effect of natural plant extracts of (Camel grass, Alhaji maurorum Lemon; Lantana, Lantana salvifolia; Lemon, Citrus limon, and Cupressus, Cupressus sp.,) formulated in three different concentrations) 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 %) and sprayed on the larvae of fig leaf moth, Ocnerogyia amanda Staud, under the laboratory condition. The lethal effect of selected plant extracts, and their concentration on the larval reduction and its bionomics were detected in two different inspection times after application with their interaction.
The Effect of Rhizobia Inoculum and Mineral Fertilizers on the Number of Root Nodes, Growth, and Yield of Groundnut
Authors: Mohammad R H , Sh J Alobaidy B
Published: December 2023

This study was initiated to evaluate the effect of root inoculum or fractionation of mineral fertilizers on the number of root nodes, growth, and yield of groundnut. A field experiment was carried out in one of the fields located on the right bank of the Euphrates River in the city of Heet, western Iraq, during the summer season of 2022. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replications. This study included five combinations of rhizobia inoculum with a percentage of mineral fertilizer as follows: Mineral fertilizer according to the fertilizer recommendation, inoculation with rhizobia bacteria only, rhizobia inoculum with 25% of the mineral fertilizer recommendation rhizobia inoculum with 50% of the mineral fertilizer recommendation, rhizobia inoculum with 75% of the mineral fertilizer recommendation. Rhizobia inoculum was prepared from root cuttings of field pistachio plants grown in pots before starting the field experiment. The results of the experiment showed that inoculation with rhizobium bacteria increased the average number of root nodes in the advanced stages of plant life, while the treatment of 50% mineral fertilization was superior in the early and advanced stages of plant life in the number of root nodes, in addition to its superiority in the number of pods per plant with an average of 123.5 pod-1. Thus, it was possible to replace 50% of the mineral fertilizer, reduce pollution, and save the price of mineral fertilizer.
Effect of Potassium Silicate Spray and Water Stress on Yield and Yield Components of Sorghum
Authors: Al-rawi M B N , Al-Dulaimi O I M
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out for the year 2021-2022 at Al Buaitha Research Station of the College of Agriculture - Anbar University, to study the effect of potassium silicate and water stress on the growth and yield of sorghum. The experiment was carried out using a Split-Plot arrangement according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plots included irrigation intervals (I1, irrigated every 4 days; I2, irrigated every 8 days; and I3, irrigated every 12 days), while the concentrations of potassium silicate fertilizer (250 S1, 500 S2, and 750 S3 ml liter−1 of distilled water), in addition to the control treatment S0, which was sprayed with distilled water only, allocated to the sub-plots. The results showed a significant effect of water stress treatments I1 and I2 on the average traits of head length, number of seeds per head, grain yield, and biological yield (26.20, 1920, 6.34, and 15.30 respectively). while, the treatments of potassium silicate fertilization S2 and S3 had a significant effect on the head length, number of seeds per head, grain yield, and biological yield (26.56, 1968, 6.12, and 14.63 respectively). The results also showed a significant interaction effect between the two study factors of I2S2, I1S2, I2S0, and I1S0 on the same traits (27.17, 2052, 6.52, and 16.32 respectively).
Role of Melatonin Application Date in some Biochemical Characteristics of Sesame Crop Affected by Irrigation Interval
Authors: Alkubaisi A F , Ali I M
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer season 2022 at the research station affiliated to the University of Anbar / College of Agriculture in Al-Butha Anbar Governorate, which is located along an eastern length of 43 km and a width of 33 norths. To determine the impact of the date of melatonin addition, the extent of the sesame crop’s response to the irrigation interval, and its impact on the biochemical traits. The experiment was carried out in split plots, according to the RCBD design, with three replications. The main plots included irrigation intervals (5, 9, and 13 days), while the sub plots included melatonin spraying date (30, 40, 50, and 60 days). The results showed that delaying both the irrigation interval and the melatonin spraying date (60 days) and (irrigation interval every 13 days) increased the biochemical characteristics of each antioxidant enzyme’s activity (SOD, CAT, and carotenoids) and indicators of oxidative stress (H2O2, proline, and MDA). The maximum activity for SOD and CAT enzymes (54.95 and 6.78 unit’s ml−1, respectively) and carotenoids (0.08489 mg leaf fresh weight) was found 60 days after spraying. The highest indicators of oxidative stress (H2O2, proline and MDA) were 5.18 micromoles gm−1, 28.71 micromoles gm−1 and 11.23 micromoles gm−1 fresh weight, respectively.
Effect of Treflan Herbicide and Row Distances on Yield and Quality of Sesame Sesamum Indicum L.
Authors: Al-Qaisi A M A , Al-Kubaisi B N F , Al-Kubaisy S M A , Mukhlif F H , Makhilif A A
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2022 in one of the fields of the Tawi area, belonging to the city of Ramadi in Anbar Governorate, Iraq, located at longitude 43° east and latitude 38° north, in silty clay soil, to determine the effect of different concentrations of Trifluralin herbicide and distances between rows on some yield and quality traits of sesame crop. The experiment used a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with split-plot arrangement and three replicates, where the main plots occupied three distances between rows, namely 40, 50, and 60 cm. The sub-plots included five treatments, namely the recommended concentration of Treflan spraying (1.4 L ha−1), half the recommended concentration, 1.2 L ha−1, as well as two control treatments (weedy check and weed-free). The results showed a clear effect of the different weed control treatments on most of the studied traits. Treatment W2, spraying the herbicide at the recommended concentration, achieved the lowest ratio dry weight of weeds, which reached 120 g m−2, thus increasing the inhibition rate to 59.7%.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation and Path Analysis Under Potassium Fertilization in Maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Al-Rawi O H , Bedn A A , Hamed M A
Published: December 2023

During the autumn season of 2018, a field experiment was carried out. The study’s goal was to evaluate phenotypic and genotypic correlation as well as path coefficient analysis under varied degrees of potassium fertilization. The study included nine different maize genotypes. Planted with three levels of potassium fertilization (75, 100, and 125 K2SO4 Kg Hectare-1). The split plot arrangement was done according to RCBD with three replications. The most important findings were summarized as follows: The genetic analysis revealed that genotypes differed significantly in all analyzed variables under the three levels of potassium fertilization. The grain yield genetically, phenotypically, and positively correlated with plant height, leaf area index, number of rows per ear, number of grain in a row and weight of 300 grain. The trait of a number of grains in a row showed genetic, phenotypic, and significant correlation with the three levels of potassium fertilization and the highest reached 0.95 and 0.89 respectively at the third level. Path analysis showed that the direct effects for a Leaf area index, number of rows per ear, Number of grains per row and weight of 300 grain were negative at the first level of potassium and highly positive at the other two levels. the direct selection for a number of rows per ear and Number of grains per row will incredibly effective in enhancing yield. However, the highest indirect effect for Number of grains per row was through plant height (1.76) at the first levels of potassium fertilization.
The Effect of Chelated Nano Zinc on Growth and Yield of Several Genotypes of Faba Bean Vicia faba L.
Authors: Hasan A I , AbdulKafoor A H , Aahmed Y , Al-Falahi A S I , Ghaffoori A T
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out in the Al-Hussay area in Al-Fallujah district, Anbar Governorate, located at latitude 33°N and longitude 43°E, during the winter growing season of 2021-2022. The experiment aimed to study the effect of two concentrations of chelated zinc nano fertilizer (0.5 and 1 g L−1) in addition to a control treatment sprayed with distilled water only, on the growth, yield, and its components of three genotypes of faba beans Vicia faba L. (local, Turkish, and Spanish). The experiment was conducted using a split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications, the number of experimental units was 27 units, and the main plots contained different concentrations of nano zinc fertilizer, and the genotypes occupied the subplots. The statistical analysis showed that the Spanish Genotype Superior in several characteristics, such as plant height, number of branches per plant, chlorophyll content in the leaves, number of seeds per pod, and seed yield (120.8 cm, 12.90 branches per plant, 42.11 SPAD, 6.17 seeds per pod, and 144.17 g plant−1) respectively. While, the Turkish Genotype Superior in the number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, and biological yield (30.98 pods plant−1, 142.09 g, and 274.44 g plant−1) respectively.
Response of Qualitative Traits of Sunflower Helianthus annuus (L.) Cultivars to Spraying with Glycine Acid
Authors: Al-Janabi A S , Al-Ani M H , Al-Rawi A A
Published: December 2023

Field experiment was carried out during the spring seasons of 2021 and 2022 in the fields of a farmer in the district of Ramadi - Anbar province, in silty loam soil texture, with the aim of studying the response of qualitative traits of sunflower cultivars (Sakha, Luluah, and Akmar) to spraying with Glycine acid at concentrations of (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L−1). The experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement with three replicates, with a total of 36 experimental units, where the Glycine acid concentrations occupied the main plots, and the cultivars occupied the sub-plots. The most important results indicate that cultivars had a significant effect on most of the studied traits, with the Akmar cultivar achieving the highest percentage of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and unsaturated fatty acid percentage in both seasons, while the Luluah cultivar achieved the highest percentage of stearic and palmitic acids, and saturated fatty acid percentage in both seasons. The superiority of the Akmar cultivar and the high concentrations of Glycine acid, and their interaction in the percentage of oleic and linoleic acids, led to an increase in the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, which improved the quality of sunflower oil, as the high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids and low percentage of saturated fatty acids are a desirable trait in sunflower oil.
Allelopathic Actions of Laurus nobilis on Seed Germination and Growth of Some Crop and Weed Species
Authors: Hamad S W , Rasul S A , Naby K Y , Dhahir I M , Abdulrahman M D , Bapir S H
Published: December 2023

Allelopathy is a biochemical process that plants excrete several types of substances which have allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of other plants. This experiment was conducted to examine allelopathic effects of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) aqueous shoot extract on seed germination and seedling growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus), wheat (Triticum aestivum), mung bean (Vigna radiata) and corn (Zea mays). The study was performed in sanitized petri dishes for seven days at 22C0. The experimental design was arranged for completely randomized design (CRD). In terms of concentrations, (0%, 2.5, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) were chosen for this experiment. The results showed that big concentrations (7.5% and 10%) aqueous shoot extracts of Laurus nobilis had significant inhibitory effect on seed germination while the least concentration (%2.5) caused the lowest significant influence in seed germination parameter. Other study parameters such as shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were significantly affected at concentrations (7.5 and 10%). The results illustrated that the two dicots, B. napus and V. radiata turned out to be the most sensitive studied plants to the application of B. nobilis aqueous shoot extracts. The findings of this experiment suggest that common bay laurel can be recommended to use as an alternative herbicide in the future.
Effect of Accelerated Physical Weathering of Coarse Soils and Wetting and drying Cycle on Some Soil Physical Properties
Authors: Al-Hiti F AY , Al-Nuaymy W S S
Published: December 2023

soil samples were collected in May the 5th, 2021 from wadi Al-Muhammadi) Al-Mohammadi valley(in Al-Anbar governorate in western Iraq. The trail consisted of four treatments. In the first treatment, the sample Is passed through a 2000 μm metal sieve, while in the fourth treatment the sample is crushed or milled to size 70μm sieve. In the second treatment, the mixture ratio of soil was 25:75 (natural: Crushed). In the third treatment, the mixture ration of soil was 50:50 (natural: crushed). This paper determined in the soil coefficients for penetration, the density sustainability, soil porosity, as well as scanning soil aggregates using an electronic microscope samples passed through cycle of wetting and drying the results showed that the decrease was evident in soil penetration resistance in recent cycles in conjunction with the decrease in soil bulk density significant because of mechanical pulverization and cycles of wetting and drying along with an increase in soil porosity. the proportion of soil cracks resulting from shrinkage and swelling has been calculated and It was found that it increases with the percentage of clay in the soil. The electron microscope images show the soil was influenced by the mechanical pulverization during the first three cycles, as for the wetting and drying cycles, their effect appeared in the last cycles, the partial transformation of mica to mineral 2:1 was observed with the progression of wetting and drying cycles.
Study of Na & Ca Exchange Relations and Selectivity Coefficient of Drained Marsh Soils in Southern Iraq
Authors: Jabr B H , Yassin M M , Sultan S M
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out in some soils of dried marshes in the governorates of Basra, Dhi Qar, and Maysan in southern Iraq. The sites for six snodep were selected ifahS-lA, Al-Mashab, Al-Chibayish, Al-Hammar, Al-Azim, and Al-Musharrah. Their coordinates were determined using a GPS device. Through the quantitative calculation of the selectivity coefficient in the ion exchange system according to Gapon (KG)and Vanselow (KV) at the ratios (2:8) and (8:2) sodium-calcium and for concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 800mmolcliter−1, their coordinates were determined in order to determine the reciprocal relationship between calcium and sodium as well as the extent of selectivity of the study soils for any of the two ions. The results showed that all the soils under study tended towards a preference for calcium by binding at the exchange sites compared to the sodium ion, and it showed a high preference for the study soils for calcium compared to sodium in low salt concentrations preference decreased with increasing salinity. The results of the study for the linear relationship between each of the values of the coefficient of preference (KG and KV) and the clay separation at the different soils of the study showed that there is a highly significant negative correlation (r) (-0.878 and - 0.9516) at the ratio 8:2 sodium: calcium, respectively. While no correlation appeared when studying the relationship between the selectivity coefficient constants (KG and KV) and each of the organic matter and the degree of soil reaction (pH) and lime (CaCO3).
The Influence of the Levels and Addition Methods of Zinc on Stimulating some Enzymes to Resist Salinity
Authors: Muhammed S A H , Al-Joboory W
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in Haditha city – Anbar governorate in winter season of 2021-2022, in a loamy texture soil to study the influence of levels and addition methods of Zinc to stimulate some enzymes for increasing the tolerance of wheat crop to salinity. The experiment was designed with randomized complete blocky design with split plots (R. C. B. D), by three replicates included included the experiment included soaking the seeds before planting with zinc in three levels of zinc, the first level (0) which represents the comparison treatment (soaking with water only) and the second level (75) which represents the soaking of the seeds with zinc at a concentration (75 mg Zn kg−1) while the third level included the soaking of the seeds with zinc With a concentration of (150 mg Zn kg−1) for eight hours, then the plant was sprayed with the same concentrations above in two batches, the first at the branching stage and the second was at the plant booting stage.The statistical analysis results showed that Zn addition (seed soaking and foliar spraying), led to reduction of harmful effects of saline stress, as well as increasing Zn concentration in soil, wheat straw, roots, 1000 grain weight m, grains yield and activity of antioxidants enzymes (POD and CAT). The best results have achieved by using the level 150 mg kg−1 Zn with seed soaking and with foliar Zn spraying on plant together and that reduce the effects of saline stress in plant.
Characterization and Classification of Some Soils Formed on Ophiolitc Rocks in Al-Bassit Region /Northwestern Syria
Authors: Ghanem S , Ibrahim A
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study is to characterize and classify soils formed from ophiolitic rocks (mafic and ultramafic) by determining their morphological, physical and chemical properties, petrographic and elemental composition studies. The profiles were prepared under forest vegetation (pines) and described based on the referenced methods in Al-Bassit region (NW Syria) between the coordinates: N: 35° 41` - N: 35° 57`, E: 35° 42` - E: 36° 05`, which belongs to Mediterranean climate regime. Samples were collected from horizons of all profiles and some physical and chemical analyses were performed in addition to petrographic and Chemical composition studies. The horizons were of the form A (Mollic)-Cr-R in profile P1, and A (Mollic)-BW-C- in the profile P2, and of the form A ((Mollic)-C1-Cr2- in the profile P3. They were ordered as: A(Ochric)-C1-C2 in the profile P4. The fires that took place in the region affected the characteristics of surface horizons of some soils, such as the percentage of organic matter, structure, and the degree of soil interaction .The ultramafic derived soils in the P1 profile contained a high level of clay, while the percentage of sand increased in mafic derived soil P2, P4. The soil contained high levels of exchangeable Ca+2 and Mg+2, likely because they are in the structure of the rock. Carbonates are in low levels and are absent in some horizons, this is due to the composition of the parent material. The soil classification for studied profiles show that the profiles (P1, P2, P3) classified as Mollisols and the Profile P4 as Entisols.
Interactive effects of emitter type, water salinity, and deficit irrigation on of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L) with evaluating drip irrigation system
Authors: Sabah Sazan H , Tahir Hussain T. , Karim Tariq Hama
Published: December 2023

Field research was carried out at Kirkuk Governorate (Altun Kopri district) near the village of Hasar Al- Kabeer for the agricultural season of 2022 to compare two types of GR and Turbo emitter and two levels of water salinity on yield (0.55 EC dSm-1), (4.40 EC dSm-1), with four levels of deficit irrigation (ETc 120%), (100% full irrigation) (75% ETc), and(0.50% Etc). The results were analyzed with a factorial split-split plot design, and the F-test and Duncan’s test determined the differences between factories and averages. The system was evaluated at the beginning of the experiment in comparison between GR and turbo emitter performance. Results were shown to outperform the GR emitter on the Turbo emitter in four qualities: coefficient of manufactured variety (% CV), uniformity of emitter flow (% Eu), uniformity field emission F.EU%, and absolute uniformity field emission F.Eua% with results of 0.01% 9.45% %,99.09%and 99.87 % The system was also evaluated in the middle of the experiment in comparison between fresh water and saline water in same qualities parameter. The results were shown by the superiority of fresh water over saline water as the results were (0.0379%), (0.0932%), (98.83%), (97.16%),(98.28),(98.93), and(99.85),(99.87)respectively. The most important results showed the superiority of the GR emitter interference treatment with freshwater at water stress level (100% ETc) in the total yield Mg ha−1 and plant height cm for red cabbage were 26.50 Mg ha−1 and 35.00 cm. Turbo emitter with saline water at 50% water stress given the best value (24.20 leaf plant−1).
Response of Sweet Corn (Zea Mays Saccharata L.) to Different Levels of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer
Authors: Abdullah H O , Al-Obaidy K S
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in the Agriculture research station of Chamchamal in Sulymaniyah / Iraq, on 3rd July 2022. Was designed using a completely randomized block design (CRBD) 4*4 with three replications. The arrangement of treatment is as follows, the first treatment was chemical fertilizer (NPK) consisting of four levels (0, 50, 75and 100) % of recommended application dose. The second treatment of two types of poultry manure (0, 4ton ha−1 domestic, 4ton ha−1 imported, and 2ton ha−1 from domestic and imported), results obtained from this study can conclude as follows. All parameters (Plant height, Number of leaves, Leaf area, Stem diameter, Biomass, and Chlorophyll content in heaves) significantly differ is by levels of chemical and organic fertilizers compared with control, the combination between 50% of recommended chemical fertilizer and 2 ton ha−1 of both organic fertilizer gave the highest value for all parameters.
The Use of the System Sys Land Evaluation System in the Evaluation of Gypsum Lands for the Cultivation of Peanut Arachis Hypogaea Irrigated in the Al-Tarrah Region, West of Anbar Province
Authors: Obaid U I I , Hassan M A , Raja A M
Published: December 2023

Land assessment is one of the most important tools for integrated management of sustainable agricultural land use and land use planning. to achieve this, field visits were carried out and, depending on the factors of elevation above sea level and the prevailing land use type, 8 soil troughs and drill holes were dug in the study area with a depth of 120 cm The number of which is (48) so that it is representative of the studied region. The samples were taken in a systematic way, to perform physical and chemical analyzes such as tissue (%rum, %silt, % clay, % organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and others). The results of soil analysis showed the difference in the influence of physical and chemical determinants, and the biggest determinant of peanut cultivation was the amount of gypsum and pH values as an average determinant. The final total estimate of the climate factor is not a determinant of the growth of the field pistachio crop in the study area. The study found that the types of suitability ranged from N1 to N2.
Evaluating the Suitability of the Lands of the Al-Tarrah Project for Irrigating the Cultivation of Wheat Crop
Authors: Obaid U I I , Hassan M A , Raja A M , Al-Rafai M K
Published: December 2023

Due to the importance of the desert areas and the vastness of their area and for the purpose of expanding the possibility of investing them agriculturally, this study was carried out in Altarrah project in Anbar governarate in order to evaluate the land suitability for irrigating the cultivation of wheat crop the study area located between 358000-366000 E and 3712000-371700 N. the results indicated that the climate index reached (85.3), which indicates the suitability of the climate for wheat cultivation. The suitable class of the lands of the region were distributed to the two classes N1, which included pedons (P1, P2, P5, P7, P8) and class S3, which included pedons (P6, P4, P3). The limitation factor for wheat cultivation was the gypsum and soil texture.
Characterization and Classification of the Soils Tilth of Al-Rumaitha Area of Al-Muthanna Governorate
Authors: Al-Bayati A H
Published: December 2023

The study area was chosen within Al-Muthanna Governorate, with an area of approximately (11719) hectares, located between longitude 509000 E and 521000 E and latitude 3473000N and 3492000 N (UTM). The semi details soil survey was carried out to selected area for study through digged up 94 Augar holes using the grade soil system, which was determined geographically using the GPS device. According to the results of the field examination of the Augar holes, and the distribution & area of the diagnostic physiological units in the area, eight pedons location which represented for the region. Pedons were dissected and morphologically described, then disturbed samples which representing each diagnosed horizon was taken and transferred to the laboratory for analysis its some physical and chemical properties. The soil was classified to the level of series, also the soil tilth classified. The results of the soil tilth classes which was present in the case of dry condition consistency of the surface layer were very good (B), good (C), moderate (D) and weak tilth class (E), which occupied the lowest area of the study area by 1.7%, the good tilth class occupied the largest area, its reached 51.09%, while the two tilth classes, very good and moderately, reached 22.51% and 24.71%, respectively.
The Role of Biochar and Phosphorus in the Growth and Yield of Potatoes
Authors: Mohammed D A , Sarheed B R
Published: December 2023

Two experiments were conducted, first was a laboratory to prepare plant charcoal from three different sources: rice straw, corn cobs, and sugarcane (B1, B2, and B3), with the aim of loading them with phosphorus from the superphosphate fertilizer source (21% P) at three levels of phosphorus: 50%, 75% and 100% of the recommended fertilizer for potatoes (F1, F2, and F3). Then, tested in a field experiment conducted at the agricultural research station of Anbar University’s College of Agriculture in Albu Etha-, located at longitude E43.32.65 and latitude N33.45.37 in the fall season of 2022. The soil texture was sandy clay loam and the irrigation system was drip irrigation. Burren potato variety was planted to study the effect of adding three types of plant charcoal, supported with different levels of phosphorus, and using them as slow-release fertilizers on the availability of phosphorus and some properties and growth and yield of potato. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed a significant superiority of all plant charcoals supported with phosphorus compared to the treatment without adding charcoal. The treatment that added sugarcane waste charcoal (B3) recorded the highest value in all studied plant characters and yield (plant height, chlorophyll content of leaves, number of aerial branches, dry matter yield, total tuber yield, and marketable tuber yield).
Production and Evaluation of F1 Hybrids of Protected Cultivation Cucumber
Authors: Mohammed I A , Alabdaly M M M
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted in the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, in the Autumn season of 2021 and spring 2022, in an unheated greenhouse. Four pure lines of Gynoecious cucumbers for protected cultivation were used, and full diallel cross were conducted in all directions to produce 12 reciprocal and reverse hybrids of the F1. The seeds of the parents and the resulting hybrids were sown. Including it with an approved hybrid (Kanz) for the purpose of comparison, which numbered 17 genotypes according to the design of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications to evaluate the parents and the resulting hybrids and estimate some genetic parameters and the type of genetic action. The results showed that there were significant differences in the studied lines, as parents P4 and P1 showed superior over the other of the parents, as father 4 gave the best results for the parents in the characteristics of the number of nodes on the plant, leaf area, number of fruits and plant yield, which amounted to 36.32 node plant−1, 114.74 dm2 plant−1, 55.35 fruit plant−1 and 4.59 kg plant−1, and parent 1 did not differ from parent 4 in most characteristics, while parent 2 recorded the lowest results in all characteristics. The average heritability in the broad sense of the reverse effect was greater than the reciprocal effect and the low degree of heritability in the narrow sense, which indicates the possibility of Hybridization to obtain the desired characteristics and to obtain distinct hybrids.
The Changes in on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Three Solanum tuberosum Varieties Under Salt Stress Conditions
Authors: Ali M R K , Mahmooud S A , Mohammed M A
Published: December 2023

The aim was to study the changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics in vitro of three potato varieties (Burren, Elmundo, Arizona) It is- under salt stress conditions for the period from June-2022 to October -2022. MS medium supplied with different concentrations of NaCl salt (0, 8, 10, and 12) dc m-1 was used for a month of cultivation. the plant’s content of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine increased with increasing salt concentrations. The results also show a significant effect of NaCl salt on biochemical characteristics, as the proline content of the plants increased, the concentration of catalase, H2O2, and SOD enzyme increased with the increase in salt concentrations, as the concentration recorded 12 dc m-1, the highest average of the mentioned characteristics (9.117 ppm and 318.113 mmol min mg-1 and 197.223 ppm and 150.223 unit’s min-1 mg -1) respectively.
The Role of Organic Fertilizers and Humic Acid in some Characteristics of Vegetative and Root Growth and the Chemical Content of the Shoots of Fig Seedlings Cv. (Aswad Diyala)
Authors: Ali S S J , Al-Dolaimi R M H
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar during the 2022 growing season, to study the effect of adding organic fertilizer (poultry waste) at levels (0, 0.5, 1 kg seedlings−1), which were symbolized as (A0, A1, A2) respectively, and humic acid in levels (0,250,500 ml L−1), which were symbolized as (B0, B1, B2) respectively, in some traits of vegetative, root growth and chemical content growth of fig seedlings of Aswad Diyala cultivar. The results showed that the addition of organic fertilizer at level of 1 kg seedlings−1 outperformed and led to a significant increase in stem diameter (4.973 mm), main root diameter (3.178 mm), number of lateral branches (8.667 branch seedling−1), the diameter of the lateral branch is 8.759 mm, the content of the branches of nitrogen 1.992%, the content of the branches of phosphorus 0.442%. The potassium content of the branches led to a significant superiority at the A1 level with 1.312%. The study showed a significant superiority when treatment B2 at level (500 ml L−1) resulted in a significant superiority in the rate of increase in the diameter of the main stem of the plant 4.490 mm, the diameter of the main root 2.933 mm. The two-way interaction A2B2 had a significant effect on most of the studied traits.
Chemotaxonomy of Twelve Mimosoideae Species in Iraq
Authors: Sh Alrawi M , Aldubaisi I A , Almehemdi A F
Published: December 2023

Samples of twelve species belong to mimosoideae were collected from baghdad. The current study aimed to screen the bioactive compounds from leaves methanol extracts of twelve species from Mimosoideae to assess the phytochemical compounds properties. The twelve species of Mimosoideaewere Acacia cyanophyllaLindl., Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd., Albizia lebbeck(L.) Benth.,Albizia julibrissinDurazz, Calliandra haematocephala, Leucaena leucocephalasubspleucocephala, Leucaena leucocephalasubsp.glabrata, Mimosa pudicaL.,Pithecellobium dulce(Roxb.) Benth.,Prosopis farcta(Banks &Sol.) J.F. Macbr., andProsopis juliflora(SW.) DC., belong to seven genera grown in Baghdad/ Iraq. Methanolic leave extracts of these species were subjected to GC/MS analysis. Data obtained from GC/MS isolation revealed that these species were qualitatively and quantitatively differed. Where,C. haematocephalaleaves extract contained predominantly 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-(cis-oleic acid) of 11.60%,M. pudicapossessed 21.03% of Methyl (methyl 4-O-methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside) urinate,L. leucocephalasups.leucocephalahad 54% of Methyl (methyl 4-O-methyl-α-d,P. farctainvolved 29.32 % of 4,6-Di-O-methyl-α-d-galactose. Conclusively, these species were chemically differed. Therefore, the chemical compounds could be used as tool for categorizing the mimosoids species.
The effect of some Levels of Shading and Fertilization in the Growth and Production of Commercial Cut Flowers of Two Cultivars of Shrubby Roses
Authors: Al-Rawi L A H , Al-Marsoumi H G K
Published: December 2023

An experiment was carried out in one of the plastic houses of the Department of Horticulture and Date Palms in Baghdad Governorate during the year 2021 of the autumn season. The effect of some levels of shading and fertilization on the growth and production of commercial cut flowers of two cultivars of shrubby roses on some characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth. The results showed a significant superiority among the cultivars, as cultivar V1 was superior to cultivar V2 in average plant height and flower diameter, while cultivar V2 had a significant superiority over cultivar V1 in average number of leaves, number of petals and flower stem length. While the characteristics of vegetative growth represented by the rate of plant height, the number of leaves, and the characteristics of floral growth represented by the flower diameter, the number of petals, and the length of the flowering stem were significantly superior when using shading levels 50% (S2) and the levels of fertilization consisting of mycorrhiza, licorice extract and chelated iron (F3) in all growth characteristics.
Study of Variability at the Molecular Level Between Pure Lines of Cherry Tomato
Authors: Al-Zuhairy N S A , Alwan O K , Badri A N
Published: December 2023

Executed experience to study molecular variation and to determine the genetic fingerprint and Genetic dimension between the pure lines of a tomato Cherry are: LA3002(1),LA2838A(2),LA0797(3),LA4355(4),LA7371(5),LA3534(6),LA3535(7) and L.A. 3530(8) based on genetic indicators (ISSR and SSR) using 14 starters including 9 primers ISSR and 5 beginnings SSR and it was total package produced from these prefixes (106) package, at the rate of (7.57) packages approximately per starter, and it was the sum of the packages dissimilar in the primers shown (64) strap and represented its ratio (60,377% of the total packages that resulted at rate approximately (5) packages for the initiator. Some of the primers used showed distinct bands (visible or absent) for some pure lines that acted as genetic fingerprint for them, such as pure lines 2, 3, 6 and 8. The results showed that the highest genetic similarity among the pure lines was (0.989) between the two pure lines (4) (LA4355) and (LA7371) (5). We conclude from these results it isn’t possible to use the pointers genetics of DNA for both types (ISSR and SSR) in finding the genetic signature of pure lines of cherry tomato and its classification ame different groups and estimate the genetic distance between them for use in future education programs.
Assessing the Combining Ability and Gene Action Parameters of Double Crosses Hybrids of Gynoecious Cucumber in Protected Cultivation
Authors: Farhan A H , Adaee H A
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out in the unheated greenhouses of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar in the fall season 2021. Enter six Inbred lines (C-A-1026, C-P-1027, C-L-1031, C-S-1029, C-K-1030 and C-M-1028) in a half-cross cross-crossing to produce fifteen individual crosses, which were introduced into another program to elicit 45 paired crosses in the spring period of 2022, then the paired crosses were planted (45 paired crosses, fifteen individual crosses, and the six Inbred lines) included in their composition, and compared (Kanz) to study the arithmetic averages, hybrid vigor, the General Specific Combining Ability and some other genetic parameters, in the autumn season 2022 in plastic houses and with three replications, according to the design of randomized complete sectors (RCBD). The mean squares showed highly significant variations and differences in most of the studied traits, as the paired hybrid (2×4) (5×6) was distinguished by the largest leaf area of 144.46 dm2 plant-1, while the paired hybrid (2×6) (3×4) was distinguished by the highest percentage. Contract reached 74% compared to other marital crosses. The results showed a superior genetic action, especially in the type (dominant × dominant), which was responsible for the transfer of genetic traits from parents to individual crosses and to their paired crosses, which obtained the largest part of the yield and its components, which indicates the possibility of improvement in crossbreeding).
Influence of Planting Dates and Biohealth on Growth and Yield of Physalis peruviana L. Plant
Authors: Hamid S M , Kanimarany S M S A , Ali S S
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of planting dates and Biohealth on growth and yield of (Physalis Peruviana L.) plant at field of Directorate of Agriculture Research Center in Erbil, Kurdistan Region – Iraq. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three with nine treatments, and the experiment included three different Planting dates (2nd February, 17th February and 4th March) and Biohealth doses (0, 8, 16 g/1). The results of the experiment demonstrated that the first date of Planting (2nd February) produced early flowering and the greatest branch number. The maximum plant height and stem diameter were found from 4th March Planting. Moreover, the earliest flowering was recorded from the plant treated with 8 g/L Biohealth and control plant. The greatest numbers of branches and stem diameter were gained from the plant treated with Biohealth 8 g/l. The highest value of plant height was measured in the treatment (control plants + 4th March Planting), while the treatment of (Biohealth 8 g/l + 2nd February) was indicated the greatest number of branches. The shortest flowering period was recorded in the combination of (2nd February without Biohealth) and (2nd February with Biohealth 8 g/L). The best result of total Carotenoid in Physalis peruviana L fruits were gained from the first date (17th February) and third date (4th March) of Planting, while Biohealth 16 g/1 provided the best result of the total carotenoid. The best level of total carotenoid was investigated from the treatment (2nd February + Biohealth 16 g/l).