bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving fetal congenital heart disease screening using a checklist‐based approach
Authors: Janicki Mary B. , Fernandez Christopher G. , Wakefield Dorothy , Shepherd Jonathan P. , Figueroa Reinaldo
Published: October 2019

To determine if using a checklist of specific ultrasound image criteria to screen the fetal heart improves the cardiac exam completion rate, defined as the ability to classify the heart as normal or abnormal. This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with singleton pregnancies who underwent a fetal anatomy survey between 18 and 28 weeks' gestation. A checklist was used from 1 September 2015 to 31 March 2016 to categorize exams as complete‐normal, complete‐abnormal, or incomplete. Performance was compared with a 7‐month period prior to checklist introduction (1 December 2014 to 30 June 2015). Checklist utilization improved the cardiac exam completion rate by 8.9%. With the checklist, 1083 of 1202 exams (90.1%) were completed compared to 987 of 1193 (82.7%) pre‐checklist, P < .001. We did not detect a change in cases classified as abnormal and referred for echocardiography: 25 (2.1%) with the checklist and 16 (1.3%) pre‐checklist, P = .16. We did not detect more congenital heart disease (CHD), 12 (1.0%) with checklist screening, 5 (0.4%) pre‐checklist, P = .14. Critical CHD was not missed in either group. Using the checklist improved the cardiac exam completion rate. There was no change in congenital heart disease detection.
Development of the Melanoma Concerns Questionnaire (MCQ‐28); refinement of the EORTC QLQ‐MEL38 module
Authors: Winstanley Julie , White Edward , Saw Robyn , Young Teresa , Burmeister Bryan , Nikolic Dejan , Busto‐Cornide Iria , Iglesias‐Pena Nicolás , Boyle Frances
Published: October 2019

Objective

Few patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been developed that adequately measure the patient‐experience following diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Building on previous research, which developed the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Module (QLQ‐MEL38), the aim of this study was to further test the hypothesised domain structure and psychometric properties of the phase 3 module, in a new larger sample of melanoma patients.

Methods

Melanoma patients (n = 270) were recruited from four countries (Australia, England, Serbia, and Spain). Patients completed the EORTC core questionnaire (QLQ‐C30), the QLQ‐MEL38, and a sociodemographic survey. Using this new larger dataset, comparisons were made with the hypothesised domain structure of the EORTC phase 3 module using principal component analysis. Items which formed subscales in a revised domain structure were then tested for goodness of fit (GoF) to the Rasch model.

Results

The original hypothesised and final domain structures were similar but not identical. Twenty‐four items (83%) loaded onto the same distinct subscales previously generated by phase 3, and item‐by‐item comparison of the two pattern matrices indicated an extremely close match. Ten items were removed from the QLQ‐MEL38 phase 3 module, and rescoring of some items was required. Four subscales, together with five individual items, comprised the final instrument.

Conclusion

The newly developed measure (named the Melanoma Concerns Questionnaire; MCQ‐28) was found to tap into several important psychosocial domains of concern to melanoma patients, particularly those being managed in “usual” clinic settings.
New Colorimetric DNA Sensor for Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Milk Sample Based on Peroxidase‐Like Activity of Gold/Platinium Nanocluster
Authors: Dehghani Zahra , Hosseini Morteza , Mohammadnejad Javad , Ganjali Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2019

A new colorimetric DNA sensor for trace Campylobacter jejuni DNA genome in food samples was investigated. 30 mer DNA probe‐based on hipo gene of Campylobacter jejuni and 12 cytosine nucleotide in tail without any chemical modification was used as the sensing element. 12 cytosine nucleotide utilized as a scaffold for stabilization of Au/Pt nanoclusters. Peroxidase like activity of Au/Pt nanocluster probe with the addition of bacterial target DNA and hybridization process decreased. The experiment showed that step by step increase in bacterial target DNA gradually decreased peroxidase activity, which was linear. Limit of detection for this bacterial DNA sensor was 20 pM and superiority of this DNA sensor for detection of Campylobacter jejuni DNA in comparison with other target DNA was significant. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of bacterial target DNA in milk samples, with results similar to those obtained by the PCR methodology as comparative method.
Rapid, Greener and Ultrasound Irradiated One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐(Substituted‐1H‐Pyrazol‐4‐yl)Methylene)‐3‐Isopropylisoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones and Their In Vitro Anticancer Activity
Authors: Bhatt Tejal D. , Gojiya Dinesh G. , Kalavadiya Prakash L. , Joshi Hitendra S.
Published: October 2019

In the current research framework, an efficient and greener synthesis has been developed for novel isoxazole scaffolds one‐pot three‐component reaction. We have developed a new method for convenient and rapid synthesis of 4‐(substituted‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)methylene)‐3‐isopropylisoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones via one‐pot three‐component reaction between methyl 4‐methyl‐3‐oxovalerate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and various pyrazole aldehyde in the presence of pyridine as a base, water:EtOH (1:1) act as greener solvent under conventional and ultrasonic irradiation methods. From the comparisition between conventional and ultrasound‐assisted synthesis, it was observed that the ultrasound‐assisted method gave 82–96% yields in 30–45 min against 70–90 min required to get 66–79% yields by a conventional method. All the final compounds were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopic analysis. Some selected compounds were evaluated for their in‐vitro anticancer activity against a panel of 60 different human tumor cell lines. All the selected compounds were highly active against the leukemia cancer cell line.
Photothermal Composite Nanomaterials for Multimodal Tumor Therapy under MRI Guidance
Authors: Chen Yongkang , Zhao Jiulong , Wang Shige , Zhang Zhilun , Zhang Jing , Wang Yunfeng , Xie Pei
Published: October 2019

Multifunctional nanomaterials for cancer therapy has attracted researchers’ attention for decades. In this study, a unique oxidative method using KMnO4 or K2MnO4 as oxidizing agents to oxidize dopamine (DA) to polydopamine (PDA) was reported. The oxidizing agent was reduced to MnOx to form MnOx/PDA composite NPs. Afterwards, the MnOx/PDA composite NPs were surface‐modified with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form a multifunctional theranostic agent, named MnOx/PDA@BSA NPs, with improved colloidal stability and biocompatibility. Such a material would become a photothermal nanoagent, since the PDA renders the composite NPs an admirable photothermal transforming ability with the photothermal conversion efficiency of 27.06%. Meanwhile, as a commonly used T1 contrast agent, manganese (Mn2+) endowed the MnOx/PDA@BSA NPs with MRI ability, rendering the as‐synthesized MnOx/PDA composite NPs a capability of imaging guided multi‐modal tumor therapy. Moreover, the formed MnOx/PDA@BSA NPs were used for drug loading, which was found to own the tunable drug loading and controlled drug releasing capacity. The as‐prepared composite NPs were successfully used for the combined tumor chemotherapy and photothermal therapy in vitro and in vivo. This research provides insights into the development of conjugated polymer‐based nanomaterial for various biomedical applications, especially in imaging guided cancer therapy.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks of Cu3(BTC)2 Catalyzed Cascade C‐H Activation/C‐S Coupling/C‐O Cyclization Reaction Strategy: One‐Pot Efficient Synthesis of Phenoxathiines
Authors: Liu Na , Chao Fei , Yan Jiaying , Huang Nian‐Yu , Ren Zhi‐Lin , Wang Long
Published: October 2019

A novel synthetic strategy of cascade C−H activation/C−S coupling/C−O cyclization reaction by using metal organic framework material Cu3(BTC)2 as catalyst is investigated. In this method, Cu3(BTC)2 can effectively catalyze the hydroxylation of the ortho‐Csp2‐H of benzenethiol, and then the coupling reaction and intramolecular C−O coupling cyclization. Phenoxathiine derivatives are efficiently prepared by one‐pot method. In our work, a series of phenoxathiin derivatives were obtained in good yield by this method. At the same time, the reaction mechanism was explored through conditional control experiments.
Highly Selective Conversion of HMF to 1‐hydroxy‐ 2,5‐hexanedione on Pd/MIL‐101(Cr)
Authors: Yang Yanliang , Xie Yanfu , Deng Dongsheng , Li Dongmi , Zheng Min , Duan Ying
Published: October 2019

Saturated cyclohexene water was used as the reductant for the preparation of Pd/MIL‐101(Cr). The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, XPS, TEM, FTIR, ICP‐AES and in‐situ FTIR spectra of adsorbed pyridine. The water saturated by cyclohexene was proved to be an effective reductant to produce metallic Pd catalyst. The texture of MIL‐101(Cr) was kept well after the introduction of Pd to MIL‐101(Cr). The hydrogenation of HMF to 1‐hydroxy‐2,5‐hexanedione (HHD) was conducted in water using Pd/MIL‐101(Cr) as catalyst. After reacted for 6 h at 413 K 4 MPa H2, up to 82% yield of HHD was achieved without acid additives. The MIL‐101(Cr) acted both as support and acid catalyst generated from the open Cr3+. The stability of the catalyst was investigated to find that the TOFs decreased slightly after the catalyst was used. The decline in the catalytic activity was discussed and ascribed to the condensation of intermediates on the active sites and the partly aggregate of Pd.
Nanostructured Metal–Organic Conjugated Coordination Polymers with Ligand Tailoring for Superior Rechargeable Energy Storage
Authors: Xie Jian , Cheng Xue‐Feng , Cao Xun , He Jing‐Hui , Guo Wei , Li Dong‐Sheng , Xu Zhichuan J. , Huang Yizhong , Lu Jian‐Mei , Zhang Qichun
Published: October 2019

Conjugated coordination polymers have become an emerging category of redox‐active materials. Although recent studies heavily focus on the tailoring of metal centers in the complexes to achieve stable electrochemical performance, the effect on different substitutions of the bridging bonds has rarely been studied. An innovative tailoring strategy is presented toward the enhancement of the capacity storage and the stability of metal–organic conjugated coordination polymers. Two nanostructured d‐π conjugated compounds, Ni[C6H2(NH)4]n (Ni‐NH) and Ni[C6H2(NH)2S2]n (Ni‐S), are evaluated and demonstrated to exhibit hybrid electrochemical processes. In particular, Ni‐S delivers a high reversible capacity of 1164 mAh g−1, an ultralong stability up to 1500 cycles, and a fully recharge ability in 67 s. This tailoring strategy provides a guideline to design future effective conjugated coordination‐polymer‐based electrodes.
Engineering Halide Perovskite Crystals through Precursor Chemistry
Authors: Li Bo , Binks David , Cao Guozhong , Tian Jianjun
Published: October 2019

The composition, crystallinity, morphology, and trap‐state density of halide perovskite thin films critically depend on the nature of the precursor solution. A fundamental understanding of the liquid‐to‐solid transformation mechanism is thus essential to the fabrication of high‐quality thin films of halide perovskite crystals for applications such as high‐performance photovoltaics and is the topic of this Review. The roles of additives on the evolution of coordination complex species in the precursor solutions and the resulting effect on perovskite crystallization are presented. The influence of colloid characteristics, DMF/DMSO‐free solutions and the degradation of precursor solutions on the formation of perovskite crystals are also discussed. Finally, the general formation mechanism of perovskite thin films from precursor solutions is summarized and some questions for further research are provided.
Controlling Homogenous Spherulitic Crystallization for High‐Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Ambient High‐Humidity Conditions
Authors: Angmo Dechan , Peng Xiaojin , Seeber Aaron , Zuo Chuantian , Gao Mei , Hou Qicheng , Yuan Jian , Zhang Qi , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Vak Doojin
Published: October 2019

The influence of precursor solution properties, fabrication environment, and antisolvent properties on the microstructural evolution of perovskite films is reported. First, the impact of fabrication environment on the morphology of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite films with various Lewis‐base additives is reported. Second, the influence of antisolvent properties on perovskite film microstructure is investigated using antisolvents ranging from nonpolar heptane to highly polar water. This study shows an ambient environment that accelerates crystal growth at the expense of nucleation and introduces anisotropies in crystal morphology. The use of antisolvents enhances nucleation but also influences ambient moisture interaction with the precursor solution, resulting in different crystal morphology (shape, size, dispersity) in different antisolvents. Crystal morphology, in turn, dictates film quality. A homogenous spherulitic crystallization results in pinhole‐free films with similar microstructure irrespective of processing environment. This study further demonstrates propyl acetate, an environmentally benign antisolvent, which can induce spherulitic crystallization under ambient environment (52% relative humidity, 25 °C). With this, planar perovskite solar cells with ≈17.78% stabilized power conversion efficiency are achieved. Finally, a simple precipitation test and in situ crystallization imaging under an optical microscope that can enable a facile a priori screening of antisolvents is shown.
“I think at first glance people would not expect me to be interested in science”: Exploring the racialized science experiences of high school students of color
Authors: Visintainer Tammie
Published: October 2019

The underrepresentation of high school students of color in advanced science courses and the need to increase racial diversity in science fields is well documented. The persistence of racial disparities in science suggests that factors influencing participation include and extend beyond those currently being explored. This study explores how high school students of color make sense of racialized narratives about who does and can do science in circulation in society and their lives, and how this shapes their positioning and identity construction in science. Using interviews and surveys this study examines youths' accounts of their racialized science experiences, including how they envision scientists, make sense of racial disparities in the science community, and navigate their positioning in science. In addition, this study examines how youths' sense of their science ability, as a salient aspect of science identity, shapes the forms of navigation accessible to them, and thus, the futures they imagine in science. By sharing the complexity of students' sense making and the tensions they express as they negotiate their personal goals, science experiences, and messages they receive from racialized narratives, findings highlight the disproportionate work youth of color in this study do, as well as their resilience to navigate racialized narratives in science. This research sheds light on the experiences of high school students of color at a time in their schooling when they are making decisions about who they can become and the possible futures available to them. Implications from this study promote centering race within a critical, sociocultural, and ecological context when exploring identity construction for youth of color in science. Furthermore, findings underscore the need to create learning experiences that provide opportunities for youth of color to author narratives for their own possibilities of belonging and becoming in science in order to support inclusive pathways.
Review case study showing how top 5 FERPA sections can guide you
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: October 2019

Last month's column was the last of my two‐year effort to cover what I consider to be the top five most important sections of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act regulations.
Hydrodynamics of broken global symmetries in the bulk
Authors: Donos Aristomenis , Martin Daniel , Pantelidou Christiana , Ziogas Vaios
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We consider holographic theories at finite temperature in which a continuous global symmetry in the bulk is spontaneously broken. We study the linear response of operators in a regime which is dual to time dependent, long wavelength deformations of solutions generated by the symmetry. By computing the boundary theory retarded Green’s function we show the existence of a gapless mode with a diffusive dispersion relation. The diffusive character of the mode is compatible with the absence of a conserved charge from the field theory point of view. We give an analytic expression for the corresponding diffusion constant in terms of thermodynamic data and a new transport coefficient σ

b
which is fixed by the black hole horizon data. After adding a perturbative source on the boundary, we compute the resulting gap δωg as a simple function of σ

b
and of data of the thermal state.
Stability and vacuum energy in open string models with broken supersymmetry
Authors: Abel Steven , Dudas Emilian , Lewis Daniel , Partouche Hervé
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We construct type I string models with supersymmetry broken by compactifi- cation that are non-tachyonic and have exponentially small effective potential at one-loop. All open string moduli can be stabilized, while the closed string moduli remain massless at one-loop. The backgrounds of interest have rigid Wilson lines by the use of stacked branes, and some models should have heterotic duals. We also present non-tachyonic backgrounds with positive potentials of runaway type at one-loop. This class of models could be used to test various swampland conjectures.
Discrete Painlevé equation, Miwa variables and string equation in 5d matrix models
Authors: Mironov A. , Morozov A. , Zakirova Z.
Published: October 2019

Abstract

The modern version of conformal matrix model (CMM) describes conformal blocks in the Dijkgraaf-Vafa phase. Therefore it possesses a determinant representation and becomes a Toda chain T-function only after a peculiar Fourier transform in internal dimensions. Moreover, in CMM Hirota equations arise in a peculiar discrete form (when the couplings of CMM are actually Miwa time-variables). Instead, this integrability property is actually independent of the measure in the original hypergeometric integral. To get hypergeometric functions, one needs to pick up a very special T-function, satisfying an additional “string equation”. Usually its role is played by the lowest L-1 Virasoro constraint, but, in the Miwa variables, it turns into a finite-difference equation with respect to the Miwa variables. One can get rid of these differences by rewriting the string equation in terms of some double ratios of the shifted T-functions, and then these ratios satisfy more sophisticated equations equivalent to the discrete Painleve equations by M. Jimbo and H. Sakai (q-PVI equation). They look much simpler in the q-deformed (“5d“) matrix model, while in the “continuous” limitq→ 1 to 4d one should consider the Miwa variables with non-unit multiplicities, what finally converts the simple discrete Painleve q-PVI into sophisticated differential Painleve VI equations, which will be considered elsewhere.
Accumulation of tissue factor in endothelial cells promotes cellular apoptosis through over-activation of Src1 and involves β1-integrin signalling
Authors: Ethaeb Ali M. , Mohammad Mohammad A. , Madkhali Yahya , Featherby Sophie , Maraveyas Anthony , Greenman John , Ettelaie Camille
Published: October 2019

Accumulation of tissue factor (TF) within cells leads to cellular apoptosis mediated through p38 and p53 pathways. In this study, the involvement of Src1 in the induction of TF-mediated cell apoptosis, and the mechanisms of Src1 activation were investigated. Human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) were transfected with plasmids to express the wild-type TF (TFWt-tGFP), or a mutant (Ser253 → Ala) which is incapable of being released from cells (TFAla253-tGFP). The cells were then activated with PAR2-agonist peptide (SLIGKV-NH) and the phosphorylation of Src and Rac, and also the kinase activity of Src were assessed. Transfected cells were also pre-incubated with pp60c Src inhibitor, FAK inhibitor-14, or a blocking anti-β1-integrin antibody prior to activation and the phosphorylation of p38 as well as cellular apoptosis was examined. Finally, cells were co-transfected with the plasmids, together with a Src1-specific siRNA, activated as above and the cellular apoptosis measured. Activation of PAR2 lead to the phosphorylation of Src1 and Rac1 proteins at 60 min regardless of TF expression. Moreover, Src phosphorylation and kinase activity was prolonged up to 100 min in the presence of TF, with a significantly higher magnitude when the non-releasable TFAla253-tGFP was expressed in HCAEC. Inhibition of Src with pp60c, or suppression of Src1 expression in cells, reduced p38 phosphorylation and prevented cellular apoptosis. In contrast, inhibition of FAK had no significant influence on Src kinase activity or cellular apoptosis. Finally, pre-incubation of cells with an inhibitory anti-β1-integrin antibody reduced both Src1 activation and cellular apoptosis. Our data show for the first time that the over-activation of Src1 is a mediator of TF-induced cellular apoptosis in endothelial cells through a mechanism that is dependent on its interaction with β1-integrin.
Anxiety in Children with Selective Mutism: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Driessen Jim , Blom Jan Dirk , Muris Peter , Blashfield Roger K. , Molendijk Marc L.
Published: October 2019

This study evaluates the current conceptualization of selective mutism (SM) as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5 using a meta-analytic approach. In the absence of any systematic assessment of anxiety in the field of SM, we pooled prevalence data of comorbid anxiety disorders in a random-effects meta-analysis. On the basis of 22 eligible studies (N = 837), we found that 80% of the children with SM were diagnosed with an additional anxiety disorder, notably social phobia (69%). However, considerable heterogeneity was present, which remained unexplained by a priori specified moderators. The finding that SM is often diagnosed in combination with anxiety disorders, indicates that these disorders are not discrete, separable categories. Moreover, this finding does not help to elucidate the relation between SM and anxiety as an etiological mechanism or symptomatic feature. Broadening our research strategies regarding the assessment of anxiety is paramount to clarify the role of anxiety in SM, and allow for proper classification.
A multi-authority approach to various predicate encryption types
Authors: van de Kamp Tim , Peter Andreas , Jonker Willem
Published: October 2019

We propose a generic construction for fully secure decentralized multiauthority predicate encryption. In such multiauthority predicate encryption scheme, ciphertexts are associated with one or more predicates from various authorities and only if a user has a set of decryption keys that evaluates all predicates to true, the user is able to recover the message. In our decentralized system, anyone can create a new authority and issue decryption keys for their own predicates. We introduce the concept of a multi-authority admissible pair encoding scheme and, based on these encodings, we give a generic conversion algorithm that allows us to easily combine various predicate encryption schemes into a multi-authority predicate encryption variant. The resulting encryption schemes are proven fully secure under standard subgroup decision assumptions in the random oracle model. Finally, by instantiating several concrete multi-authority admissible pair encoding schemes and applying our conversion algorithm, we are able to create a variety of novel multi-authority predicate encryption schemes.
Clinical efficacy and safety of apatinib combined with S-1 in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Jian , Lei Junmei , Yu Junyan , Zhang Chengyan , Song Xuefeng , Zhang Ninggang , Wang Yusheng , Zhang Suxiang
Published: October 2019

Background Esophageal cancer is a very common malignant tumor in China, especially esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but there is currently no effective treatment for patients after first-line chemotherapy failure. Apatinib has shown promising outcomes in treatment with various solid tumors. Objectives To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of apatinib combined with S-1 in the treatment of advanced ESCC patients after first-line chemotherapy failure. Methods In this prospective study, fifteen patients with advanced ESCC who failed first-line chemotherapy were enrolled from Nov 2016 to Apr 2019. Patients received the combination therapy with apatinib (250-500 mg, once daily) plus S-1 (40–60 mg based on body surface area, twice daily). Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), disease control rate (DCR) and objective response rate (ORR). Adverse events (AEs) were recorded to evaluate the safety. Results A total of 12 patients were included in the efficacy analysis. The median PFS was 6.23 months, and the median OS was 8.83 months. Two (16.67%) patients achieved partial remission, 9 patients (75.00%) achieved stable disease and 1 (8.33%) patient achieved progressive disease. DCR and ORR was 91.67%and 16.67%, respectively. Most frequent AEs were hypertension, myelosuppression, weakness, hemorrhage, hand-foot syndrome, total bilirubin elevation, sick, proteinuria, oral ulcer, loss of appetite, and transaminase elevation. The most AEs were in grade I~II. Conclusion The combination therapy of apatinib plus S-1 was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of advanced ESCC patients after first-line chemotherapy failure. The combination therapy has the potential to be a potent therapeutic option for advanced ESCC patients after first-line
chemotherapy failure.
Experimental and theoretical study of microwave enhanced catalytic hydrodesulfurization of thiophene in a continuous-flow reactor
Authors: Shang Hui , Ye Pengfei , Yue Yude , Wang Tianye , Zhang Wenhui , Omar Sainab , Wang Jiawei
Published: October 2019

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene, as a gasoline model oil, over an industrial Ni-Mo/Al2O3catalyst was investigated in a continuous system under microwave irradiation. The HDS efficiency was much higher (5%–14%) under microwave irradiation than conventional heating. It was proved that the reaction was enhanced by both microwave thermal and non-thermal effects. Microwave selective heating caused hot spots inside the catalyst, thus improved the reaction rate. From the analysis of the non-thermal effect, the molecular collisions were significantly increased under microwave irradiation. However, instead of being reduced, the apparent activation energy increased. This may be due to the microwave treatment hindering the adsorption though upright S-bind (η1) and enhancing the parallel adsorption (η5), both adsorptions were considered to favor to the direct desulfurization route and the hydrogenation route respectively. Therefore, the HDS process was considered to proceed along the hydrogenation route under microwave irradiation.
Influence of ground motion duration on ductility demands of reinforced concrete structures
Authors: De Jesus Vega Eric , Montejo Luis A.
Published: October 2019

This article investigates the level of influence that strong motion duration may have on the inelastic demand of reinforced concrete structures. Sets of short-duration spectrally equivalent records are generated using as target the response spectrum of an actual long-duration record. The sets of short-duration records are applied to carefully calibrated numerical models of the structures along with the target long-duration records. The input motions are applied in an incremental dynamic analysis fashion, so that the duration effect at different levels of inelastic demand can be investigated. It was found that long-duration records tend to impose larger inelastic demands. However, such influence is difficult to quantify, as it was found to depend on the dynamic properties of the structure, the strength, and stiffness degrading characteristics, the approach used to generate the numerical model and the seismic scenario (target spectrum). While for some scenarios, the dominance of the long record was evident; in other scenarios, the set of short records clearly imposed larger demands than the long record. The detrimental effect of large strong motion durations was mainly observed in relatively rigid structures and poorly detailed flexible structures. The modeling approach was found to play an important role in the perceived effect of duration, with the lumped plasticity multilinear hysteretic models suggesting that the demands from the long records can be up to twice the inferred from distributed plasticity fiber models.
Policy Entrepreneurs and Dynamic Change
Authors: Mintrom Michael
Published: October 2019

Policy entrepreneurs are energetic actors who engage in collaborative efforts in and around government to promote policy innovations. Interest in policy entrepreneurs has grown over recent years. Increasingly, they are recognized as a unique class of political actors, who display common attributes, deploy common strategies, and can propel dynamic shifts in societal practices. This Element assesses the current state of knowledge on policy entrepreneurs, their actions, and their impacts. It explains how various global forces are creating new demand for policy entrepreneurship, and suggests directions for future research on policy entrepreneurs and their efforts to drive dynamic change.
On the physical mechanisms of the two-way coupling between a surface wave field and a circulation consisting of a roll and streak
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiro
Published: October 2019

The governing equations of a surface wave field and a coexisting roll–streak circulation typical of Langmuir circulations or submesoscale frontal circulations are derived to better describe their two-way interactions. The gradients and vertical velocities of the roll–streak circulation induce wave refraction, amplitude modulation and higher-order waves. These changes then produce wave–wave nonlinear forces and divergence of the wave-induced mass transport, both of which in turn affect the circulation. To accurately represent these processes, both a wave theory and a wave-averaged theory are developed without relying on any extrapolation, any spatiotemporal mapping or an approximation that treats the wave-induced mass divergence as being concentrated at the surface. This wave theory finds seven types of current-induced higher-order wave motions. It also determines the wave dynamics such as the governing equation of the wave action density valid in the presence of the complex circulation. The evolution of the wave action density is clearly affected by the upwelling or downwelling. The new wave-averaged theory presents the governing equations of the wave-averaged circulation which satisfies the wave-averaged mass conservation. This circulation is different from the circulation considered to satisfy the mass conservation in the Craik–Leibovich theory, and the difference becomes critical when the wave field evolves due to refraction. In this case, compared to the Craik–Leibovich theory, long waves are more important and also the rolls are more weakly forced.
New cranial fossils of the Jurassic turtleNeusticemys neuquinaand phylogenetic relationships of the only thalassochelydian known from the eastern Pacific
Authors: González Ruiz P. , de la Fuente M. S. , Fernández M.S.
Published: October 2019

Neusticemys neuquina(Fernández and de la Fuente, 1988) is a turtle from the Upper Jurassic of the Neuquén Basin, Patagonia, Argentina. Here we describe in detail a new skull, lower jaw, and a vertebra, utilizing both traditional anatomical description and computed tomography (CT). New diagnostic cranial characters ofNeusticemys neuquinaare: a round depression on the ventral surface of the basisphenoid, a relatively larger oval foramen nervi trigemini, and reduced and steepened triturating surfaces on both the maxilla and dentary. The new morphological information presented in this study was included in a phylogenetic analysis, the primary result of which was recovery ofNeusticemys neuquinawithin Thalassochelydia. Characters recognized as synapomorphies of this clade include: (1) anterolateral recess of the anterior surface of the quadrate positioned lateral to the processus trochlearis oticum, (2) presence of a fossa on the supraoccipital-opisthotic-exoccipital contact area, (3) foramina anterius caroticus cerebralis located close together but independently perforating the basisphenoid, and (4) the presence of the splenial in the mandible. Two contrasting dispersal scenarios could explain how this species of Thalassochelydia can be found outside of Europe. The presence ofNeusticemys neuquinain the Neuquén Basin could be the consequence of an early dispersion event, for which we lack intermediate forms, or it could be the result of a later event once the clade was already established in Europe.
An enigmatic Arthropoda from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) southwestern Gondwana (Argentina)
Authors: Lara María B. , Cariglino Bárbara , Zavattieri Ana M. , Zacarías Iracema
Published: October 2019

The presence of a new taxon,Duraznovis gallegoinew genus new species is reported and described from an early Late Triassic (Carnian) deposit in Argentina. Two specimens, recovered from the Quebrada del Durazno locality, uppermost levels of the Potrerillos Formation, Cuyana Basin (Mendoza), are represented by the molds of their shield and imprints of soft parts. The identity of these specimens appears enigmatic but closely resembles in the possession of a generalized arthropod morphology and a distinctive combination of characters, to living and fossil representatives of xiphosurans (Chelicerata) and notostracans (Branchiopoda). The new fossils are associated with a rich biota comprising abundant insects, spinicaudatans, plants, and scarce fish remains living in semipermanent swamps and/or ponds within a delta plain environment with intermittent episodes of flooding, in a warm temperate and humid megamonsoonal climate during Triassic times. In this context, we analyze the taphonomic and ecological implications of their presence. Lastly, these unique specimens at the Quebrada del Durazno locality adds to the diversity of the biota, revealing the importance of this site as an exceptional paleontological Triassic deposit.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/8d1194c2-170c-4b7a-b0c6-5c08b0974d95
Children Are Hiding in Plain Sight in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations
Authors: Rouleau Brian
Published: October 2019

All kinds of peoples, previously marginalized in favor of the actions and thoughts of elite policy makers, now fill foreign relations histories. African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, women, workers, and many others have been shown to be indispensable—if informal—diplomatic assets. And yet, diverse as this cast of characters has become, notice one thing they share in common: their adulthood. It is as if human experience with foreign affairs only begins with the age of majority. What might be gained once we appreciate the influence of young people, as both audience and agent, in the long history of America's entanglement with the wider world?
Provenance investigation for the Cambrian–Ordovician strata from the northern margin of the western Yangtze Block: implications for locating the South China Block in Gondwana
Authors: Luo Liang , Zeng Lianbo , Wang Kai , Yu Xiaoxia , Li Yihang , Zhu Chenxi , Liu Shuning
Published: October 2019

We report new U–Pb isotopic data for detrital zircons from Cambrian–Ordovician strata on the northern margin of the western Yangtze Block, which together with published U–Pb isotopic data for coeval strata in the South China Block, provide critical constraints on the provenance of these sediments and further shed light on the early Palaeozoic position of the South China Block in the context of Gondwana. Detrital zircons in this study yield four major age peaks in the early Palaeoproterozoic, early Neoproterozoic, middle Neoproterozoic and late Neoproterozoic – early Palaeozoic. The dominant age population of 900–700 Ma matches well with magmatic ages from the nearby Panxi–Hannan Belt, which indicates that Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks in the western Yangtze Block were mainly of local derivation. However, compilations of detrital zircon ages for the Cambrian–Ordovician strata from the Cathaysia Block and the eastern Yangtze Block show that both blocks are dominated by late Mesoproterozoic- and early Neoproterozoic-aged detrital zircons, which suggests a remarkable exotic input with typical Gondwana signatures. According to the integrated detrital zircon age spectra of the Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks from the entire South China Block and palaeocurrent data, the South China Block should have been linked with North India and Western Australia within East Gondwana. Specifically, the Cathaysia Block was located adjacent to Western Australia, while the Yangtze Block was connected with North India.
Accuracy of National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) in Prehospital Triage on In-Hospital Early Mortality: A Multi-Center Observational Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Martín-Rodríguez Francisco , López-Izquierdo Raúl , del Pozo Vegas Carlos , Delgado Benito Juan F. , Carbajosa Rodríguez Virginia , Diego Rasilla María N. , Martín Conty José Luis , Mayo Iscar Agustín , Otero de la Torre Santiago , Méndez Martín Violante , Castro Villamor Miguel A.
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

In cases of mass-casualty incidents (MCIs), triage represents a fundamental tool for the management of and assistance to the wounded, which helps discriminate not only the priority of attention, but also the priority of referral to the most suitable center.

Hypothesis/Problem:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of different prehospital triage systems based on physiological parameters (Shock Index [SI], Glasgow-Age-Pressure Score [GAP], Revised Trauma Score [RTS], and National Early Warning Score 2 [NEWS2]) to predict early mortality (within 48 hours) from the index event for use in MCIs.

Methods:

This was a longitudinal prospective observational multi-center study on patients who were attended by Advanced Life Support (ALS) units and transferred to the emergency department (ED) of their reference hospital. Collected were: demographic, physiological, and clinical variables; main diagnosis; and data on early mortality. The main outcome variable was mortality from any cause within 48 hours.

Results:

From April 1, 2018 through February 28, 2019, a total of 1,288 patients were included in this study. Of these, 262 (20.3%) participants required assistance for trauma and injuries by external agents. Early mortality within the first 48 hours due to any cause affected 69 patients (5.4%). The system with the best predictive capacity was the NEWS2 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.891 (95% CI, 0.84-0.94); a sensitivity of 79.7% (95% CI, 68.8-87.5); and a specificity of 84.5% (95% CI, 82.4-86.4) for a cut-off point of nine points, with a positive likelihood ratio of 5.14 (95% CI, 4.31-6.14) and a negative predictive value of 98.7% (95% CI, 97.8-99.2).

Conclusion:

Prehospital scores of the NEWS2 are easy to obtain and represent a reliable test, which make it an ideal system to help in the initial assessment of high-risk patients, and to determine their level of triage effectively and efficiently. The Prehospital Emergency Medical System (PhEMS) should evaluate the inclusion of the NEWS2 as a triage system, which is especially useful for the second triage (evacuation priority).
DENSITY RESULTS FOR SPECIALIZATION SETS OF GALOIS COVERS
Authors: König Joachim , Legrand François
Published: October 2019

We provide evidence for this conclusion: given a finite Galois cover $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{Q}}^{1}$ of group $G$, almost all (in a density sense) realizations of $G$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ do not occur as specializations of $f$. We show that this holds if the number of branch points of $f$ is sufficiently large, under the abc-conjecture and, possibly, the lower bound predicted by the Malle conjecture for the number of Galois extensions of $\mathbb{Q}$ of given group and bounded discriminant. This widely extends a result of Granville on the lack of $\mathbb{Q}$-rational points on quadratic twists of hyperelliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$ with large genus, under the abc-conjecture (a diophantine reformulation of the case $G=\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ of our result). As a further evidence, we exhibit a few finite groups $G$ for which the above conclusion holds unconditionally for almost all covers of $\mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{Q}}^{1}$ of group $G$. We also introduce a local–global principle for specializations of Galois covers $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{Q}}^{1}$ and show that it often fails if $f$ has abelian Galois group and sufficiently many branch points, under the abc-conjecture. On the one hand, such a local–global conclusion underscores the ‘smallness’ of the specialization set of a Galois cover of $\mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{Q}}^{1}$. On the other hand, it allows to generate conditionally ‘many’ curves over $\mathbb{Q}$ failing the Hasse principle, thus generalizing a recent result of Clark and Watson devoted to the hyperelliptic case.
Women's Parties: A New Party Family
Authors: Cowell-Meyers Kimberly B. , Evans Elizabeth , Shin Ki-young
Published: October 2019

Women's parties have a unique and important role to play in the representation of women and women's issues and interests. They are neither a new nor a rare phenomenon and have emerged in a variety of contexts across time and space. And yet we know relatively little about them. This article argues that women's parties matter and that the study of women's parties matters. We contend that women's parties constitute a discrete party family; while there is a diverse range of women's parties, they can be viewed as a coherent group with similar origins, ideology, and naming patterns. This article offers the first research framework for the comparative study of women's parties. Building our knowledge of women's parties, we argue, is important for those interested in gender and politics, particularly those concerned with the representation of women's issues and interests.
Cultural weed management practices shorten the critical weed-free period for soybean grown in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Rosset Jonathan D. , Gulden Robert H.
Published: October 2019

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has recently become a popular rotational crop in the Canadian Northern Great Plains where herbicide-resistant (HR) soybean cultivars have been widely adopted. Intense reliance on herbicides has contributed to the development of HR weeds in soybean and other crops. Cultural weed management practices reduce the need for herbicides and lower the selection pressure for HR weed biotypes by improving the competitiveness of the crop. The effects of two row spacings, three target densities, and three cultivars on the critical weed-free period (CWFP) in soybean were evaluated as three separate experiments in southern Manitoba. In the row-spacing experiment, soybean grown in narrow rows shortened the CWFP by up to three soybean developmental stages at site-years with increased weed pressure. In the target density experiment, low-density soybean stands lengthened the CWFP by one soybean developmental stage compared with higher-density soybean stands. The effect of soybean cultivar varied among locations, yet tended to be consistent within location over the 2-yr study, suggesting that competitive ability in these soybean cultivars was linked to edaphic and/or environmental factors. Generally, the cultivar with the shortest days to maturity, which also had the shortest stature, consistently had a longer CWFP. Each of these cultural practices were effective at reducing the need for in-crop herbicide applications.
Fine Structure of Interplanetary Shock Front—Results from BMSW Experiment with High Time Resolution
Authors: Borodkova N.L. , Eselevich V.G. , Zastenker G.N. , Sapunova O.V. , Yermolaev Yu.I. , Šafránková J. , Nĕmeček Z. , Přech L.
Published: October 2019

The structure of subcritical interplanetary shocks was studied using high time resolution from the BMSW plasma instrument onboard the Spektr‐R satellite and MFI magnetometer measurements from WIND. Ion scales of the ramp and wavelength of precursor waves were obtained and compared with results of the bow shock structure study. The comparison of precursor wavelengths, determined experimentally with those determined from dispersion relation for low‐Mach, low‐beta shocks has showed similar results. This confirms the assumption that the dispersion of oblique magnetosonic waves is the determining factor in the formation of upstream wave trains. On the base of the case study it was shown that damped downstream oscillations of density, velocity, temperature may be generated by the interaction of the inflowing solar wind ions with the reflected gyrating ions inside the ramp. A sequence of six wave trains of magnetosonic whistlers has been observed upstream the ramp of subcritical oblique IP shock. The amplitude of oscillations inside the trains decreased with increasing distance from the ramp. The possible energy dissipation mechanism within the shock front is discussed.
Fractional Crystallization of Martian Magma Oceans and Formation of a Thermochemical Boundary Layer at the Base of the Mantle
Authors: Zeff G. , Williams Q.
Published: October 2019

We examine the fractional crystallization of intermediate depth (~160–260 km), impact‐induced magma oceans on Mars, and find that residual liquids become denser than normal Martian mantle. Fractional crystallization near 3 GPa establishes inverted density distributions that can generate melt descent within the mantle. Liquid compositions produced by ~45–80 wt% crystallization become dense enough to descend to the core‐mantle boundary and could form a stably stratified thermochemical boundary layer (TCBL). If this layer crystallizes, its mineralogy would be dominated by either garnet and ferropericlase or stishovite and ringwoodite. Although the size of Mars' core remains uncertain, the addition of such a thermal boundary layer would impede stabilization of (Mg, Fe)SiO3‐perovskite at the base of the mantle. A TCBL would both elevate the inferred temperature of the core and inhibit heat flow out of the core, with a potentially causal relation with the current lack of an internally generated Martian magnetic field.
Correction: The Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 upregulates the cellular antioxidant defense to enable B-cell growth transformation and immortalization
Authors: Wang Jiayu , Nagy Noemi , Masucci Maria G.
Published: October 2019

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