bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resemblance of salivary protein profiles between children with early childhood caries and caries‐free controls
Authors: Zehetbauer Sonja , Wojahn Tim , Hiller Karl‐Anton , Schmalz Gottfried , Ruhl Stefan
Published: July 2009

Although prolonged bottle feeding with a carbohydrate‐rich content is commonly agreed to be the main etiologic factor for early childhood caries (ECC), in recent years additional endogenous factors, including the composition of saliva, have been suspected as predisposing factors in children for the development of this aggressive form of dental caries. As a basis for investigating the putative involvement of salivary proteins in the etiology of ECC, a qualitative comparison of major salivary protein profiles between children with ECC and caries‐free controls was performed. Saliva was collected from 30 children with ECC and, after separation by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was compared with saliva from 20 caries‐free controls for the general composition of proteins by means of silver staining, glycoprotein staining, and lectin blotting. Gels and blots were analysed using densitometry, and the protein‐banding patterns resulting from the individuals’ samples were compared by image analysis for the presence or absence of protein bands. Dendrograms obtained after comparison of all samples showed a high degree of similarity for the experimental groups. In summary, the results attest a uniform expression of the major protein components in children’s saliva, regardless of the clinical manifestation of ECC, and thus pave the way for further detailed investigations of more subtle differences in the salivary proteome.
Effect of fluoridated carbamide peroxide gels on enamel microtensile bond strength
Authors: Chuang Shu‐Fen , Chen Hui‐Ping , Chang Chih‐Han , Liu Jia‐Kuang
Published: July 2009

The aim of this study was to examine the resin bond strength on enamel treated with different fluoridated bleaching agents. Forty‐eight bovine incisors were divided into four groups to receive bleaching treatments, over a 14‐d period, as follows: no treatment; 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching; 10% CP containing 0.11% fluoride; and 10% CP containing 0.37% fluoride. Immediately, and 7 and 14 d after bleaching, the enamel surfaces were respectively bonded with composite and sectioned to create resin–enamel beams. These beams were subjected to the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test, then assessed for failure mode under scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the 0.37% fluoridated group demonstrated a μTBS equivalent to that of the unbleached group at all stages. Non‐fluoridated and 0.11% fluoridated groups showed a weaker μTBS after bleaching but regained the bond strength after 14 or 7 d of storage, respectively. In the non‐fluoridated group, adhesive failure was the predominant fracture pattern that comprised the enamel prism demineralization change and widely dispersed voids on the resin–enamel interfaces. No evident enamel erosion and fewer microporosities were found in the 0.37% fluoridated group. Accordingly, treatment with 0.37% fluoridated CP maintained the μTBS as effectively as the unbleached enamel. Additional fluoride in the bleaching agents may facilitate subsequent restorative treatment by inhibiting enamel demineralization.
Tin‐containing fluoride solutions as anti‐erosive agents in enamel: an in vitro tin‐uptake, tissue‐loss, and scanning electron micrograph study
Authors: Schlueter Nadine , Hardt Martin , Lussi Adrian , Engelmann Frank , Klimek Joachim , Ganss Carolina
Published: July 2009

Tin‐containing fluoride solutions can reduce erosive tissue loss, but the effects of the reaction between tin and enamel are still not clear. During a 10‐d period, enamel specimens were cyclically demineralized (0.05 M citric acid, pH 2.3, 6 × 5 min d−1) and remineralized (between the demineralization cycles and overnight). In the negative‐control group, no further treatment was performed. Three groups were treated (2 × 2 min d−1) with tin‐containing fluoride solutions (400, 1,400 or 2,100 ppm Sn2+, all 1,500 ppm F−, pH 4.5). Three additional groups were treated with test solutions twice daily, but without demineralization. Tissue loss was determined profilometrically. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy was used to measure the tin content on and within three layers (10 μm each) beneath the surface. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was conducted. All test preparations significantly reduced tissue loss. Deposition of tin on surfaces was higher without erosion than with erosion, but no incorporation of tin into enamel was found without demineralization. Under erosive conditions, both highly concentrated solutions led to the incorporation of tin up to a depth of 20 μm; the less‐concentrated solution led to small amounts of tin in the outer 10 μm. The efficacy of tin‐containing solutions seems to depend mainly on the incorporation of tin into enamel.
The T‐Health index: a composite indicator of dental health
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Suominen‐Taipale Anna L. , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Nordblad Anne , Sheiham Aubrey
Published: July 2009

The aim of this study was to determine the most appropriate set of weights with which to calculate the number of sound‐equivalent teeth (T‐Health index) against perceived oral health, which was used as a proxy of oral health status. This study used data from 5,057 dentate subjects, ≥ 30 yr of age, who were participating in the Finnish Health 2000 Survey. Subjects provided information on socio‐demographic characteristics, behaviours and perceived oral health, and had a clinical examination. The T‐Health index was calculated by assigning different weights to missing, decayed, filled, and sound teeth. Thirty‐six alternative sets of weights were evaluated. The most appropriate set of weights was judged by the strength of the adjusted association between the T‐Health index and levels of perceived oral health in ordinal logistic regression models and by the invariance of this association according to the extent of restorative treatment (non‐significant statistical interaction). Among the 36 sets of weights used to calculate the T‐Health index, assigning twice the weight of a decayed tooth to a filled tooth whilst keeping the weight for a filled tooth ≤ 0.20 provided the strongest association with levels of perceived oral health and did not vary according to the extent of restorative treatment.
Degree of conversion and interfacial nanoleakage expression of three one‐step self‐etch adhesives
Authors: Navarra Chiara O. , Cadenaro Milena , Codan Barbara , Mazzoni Annalisa , Sergo Valter , De Stefano Dorigo Elettra , Breschi Lorenzo
Published: July 2009

Suboptimally polymerized monomers may be responsible for the reduced material properties of simplified adhesives and their inherent bonded interface instability. This study was performed to determine the degree of cure within the hybrid layers produced by three one‐step self‐etch adhesives in situ using Raman microspectroscopy and to investigate nanoleakage expression. Dentin disks were bonded with AdheSE One, Adper Prompt L‐Pop, or iBond. Composite layers of 2‐mm thickness were built up in bulk on the polymerized adhesive surfaces and then the adhesive–dentin interfaces were exposed to a micro‐Raman beam. Adhesive penetration was calculated using the relative intensities of bands associated with mineral and adhesive, and the degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated. Interfacial nanoleakage expression was evaluated on the same specimens. The DC values for the tested adhesives were found to increase in the following order: AdheSE One (48 ± 16%) < Adper Prompt L‐Pop (83 ± 2%) = iBond (90 ± 6%; P < 0.05). AdheSE One showed greater nanoleakage expression than iBond or Adper Prompt L‐Pop. Increased nanoleakage expression was associated with AdheSE One that showed the lowest DC. This suggests that a low DC may affect the quality and the long‐term stability of the adhesive interface owing to the elution of unreacted monomers forming a porous and highly permeable hybrid layer.
Relationship between general hygiene behaviours and oral hygiene behaviours in Iranian adolescents
Authors: Dorri Mojtaba , Sheiham Aubrey , Watt Richard G.
Published: July 2009

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between oral hygiene behaviours and general hygiene behaviours among Iranian adolescents living in Mashhad. A representative stratified random sample of 1,054 Iranian adolescents, in the sixth grade of school, answered a 37‐item questionnaire on socio‐demographic characteristics, frequency of toothbrushing behaviours, frequency of taking showers, and frequency of changing underwear, as measures of general hygiene behaviours. Binary logistic‐regression analysis was employed to test the association between toothbrushing behaviours and general hygiene behaviours. The results showed that toothbrushing frequency was significantly associated with the frequency of taking showers (odds ratio: 2.40; 95% confidence interval: 1.86, 3.09) and the frequency of changing underwear (odds ratio: 2.14; 95% confidence interval: 1.65, 2.78). These associations were significant for girls and boys when tested separately and remained significant after adjusting for gender and father’s education level. Girls were significantly more likely than boys to practice oral hygiene and general hygiene behaviours. In conclusion, there was a positive association between general hygiene and oral hygiene behaviours among Iranian adolescents. This association has important applications for planning health and hygiene‐promoting programmes.
MHC II in Dendritic Cells is Targeted to Lysosomes or T Cell‐Induced Exosomes Via Distinct Multivesicular Body Pathways
Authors: Buschow Sonja I. , Nolte‐‘t Hoen Esther N. M. , Van Niel Guillaume , Pols Maaike S. , Ten Broeke Toine , Lauwen Marjolein , Ossendorp Ferry , Melief Cornelis J. M. , Raposo Graça , Wubbolts Richard , Wauben Marca H. M. , Stoorvogel Willem
Published: July 2009

Dendritic cells (DCs) express major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) to present peptide antigens to T cells. In immature DCs, which bear low cell surface levels of MHC II, peptide‐loaded MHC II is ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination drives the endocytosis and sorting of MHC II to the luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) for lysosomal degradation. Ubiquitination of MHC II is abrogated in activated DCs, resulting in an increased cell surface expression. We here provide evidence for an alternative MVB sorting mechanism for MHC II in antigen‐loaded DCs, which is triggered by cognately interacting antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells. At these conditions, DCs generate MVBs with MHC II and CD9 carrying luminal vesicles that are secreted as exosomes and transferred to the interacting T cells. Sorting of MHC II into exosomes was, in contrast to lysosomal targeting, independent of MHC II ubiquitination but rather correlated with its incorporation into CD9 containing detergent‐resistant membranes. Together, these data indicate two distinct MVB pathways: one for lysosomal targeting and the other for exosome secretion.
Examination of tetrahydrobiopterin pathway genes in autism
Authors: Schnetz‐Boutaud N. C. , Anderson B. M. , Brown K. D. , Wright H. H. , Abramson R. K. , Cuccaro M. L. , Gilbert J. R. , Pericak‐Vance M. A. , Haines J. L.
Published: July 2009

Autism is a complex disorder with a high degree of heritability and significant phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. Although candidate gene studies and genome‐wide screens have failed to identify major causal loci associated with autism, numerous studies have proposed association with several variations in genes in the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. Because tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is the essential cofactor in the synthesis of these two neurotransmitters, we genotyped 25 SNPs in nine genes of the BH4 pathway in a total of 403 families. Significant nominal association was detected in the gene for 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin synthase, PTS (chromosome 11), with P = 0.009; this result was not restricted to an affected male‐only subset. Multilocus interaction was detected in the BH4 pathway alone, but not across the serotonin, dopamine and BH4 pathways.
Continuity, Competence, and the Succession of Senate‐Confirmed Agency Appointees, 1989‐2009
Authors: DULL MATTHEW , ROBERTS PATRICK S.
Published: July 2009

The authors examine patterns of appointee continuity during the presidential administrations of George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush using data tracking Senate‐confirmed agency appointee tenure, turnover, and vacancies between 1989 and 2009. Surveying existing scholarship on the link between appointee continuity and organizational performance, they highlight opportunities to expand research in this field. Though efforts to “fix” the rules governing agency appointments may be as inevitable as the appointee process is in some basic respects unfixable, the authors conclude by advocating a far less ambitious goal: a measure of clarity.
New roles of flavoproteins in molecular cell biology: Histone demethylase LSD1 and chromatin
Authors: Forneris Federico , Battaglioli Elena , Mattevi Andrea , Binda Claudia
Published: July 2009

Lysine‐specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is an enzyme that removes methyl groups from mono‐ and dimethylated Lys4 of histone H3, a post‐translational modification associated with gene activation. Human LSD1 was the first histone demethylase to be discovered and this enzymatic activity is conserved among eukaryotes. LSD1 has been identified in a number of chromatin‐remodeling complexes that control gene transcription and its demethylase activity has also been linked to pathological processes including tumorigenesis. The 852‐residue sequence of LSD1 comprises an amine oxidase domain which identifies a family of enzymes that catalyze the FAD‐dependent oxidation of amine substrates ranging from amino acids to aromatic neurotransmitters. Among these proteins, LSD1 is peculiar in that it acts on a protein substrate in the nuclear environment of chromatin‐remodeling complexes. This functional divergence occurred during evolution from the eubacteria to eukaryotes by acquisition of additional domains such as the SWIRM domain. The N‐terminal part of LSD1, predicted to be disordered, contains linear motifs that might represent functional sites responsible for the association of this enzyme with a variety of transcriptional protein complexes. LSD1 shares structural features with other flavin amine oxidases, including the overall fold of the amine oxidase domain region and details in the active site that are relevant for amine substrate oxidation.
Relations Between Regional–Local Habitat Loss and Metapopulation Properties of Epiphyllous Bryophytes in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Alvarenga Lisi D. P. , Pôrto Kátia C. , Silva Mércia P.P.
Published: July 2009

Richness and occupancy patterns of epiphyll bryophytes in a fragmented landscape of tropical rain forests in northeastern Brazil (Murici Ecological Station) were investigated to assess the influence of regional and local disappearance of habitat on epiphyllous metapopulation indicators. Bryophytes were collected from ten forest fragments, from the fragment's border to 100 m inside the forest. The number of colonized phorophytes and the cover on leaves were scored. Decreasing trends in regional and local abundance linked to habitat loss were observed, which may be related to the sexual and asexual expression. Although fertility was not related to constancy in the fragments, frequently fertile species colonized more sites within fragments than infertile species. Landscape metrics and indicators of habitat quality explained better the variation in epiphyll richness and occupancy than distance from the forest's edge. This suggests that the abrupt habitat quality modification resulting from edge creation is secondary in the area studied, while irreversible landscape modifications still play an important role. The results add to empirical support that metapopulations are prone to negative and long‐term effects in fragmented landscapes. Thus, the selection of priority areas for conservation must take into account the remaining amount of habitat as well as the connectivity between the landscape's patches.
Eicosanoids mediate nodulation reactions to bacterial Escherichia coli K 12 infections in larvae of the oriental blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala
Authors: Zhao Fu , Chen Bing , Wang Yong , Zhu Fen , Lei Chao‐Liang
Published: July 2009

Abstract  Nodulation is the predominant cellular defense reaction to bacterial challenges in insects. In this study, third instar larvae of Chrysomya megacephala were injected with bacteria, Escherichia coli K 12 (106 CFU/mL, 2 μL), immediately prior to injection of inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis, which sharply reduced nodulation response. Test larvae were treated with specific inhibitors of phospholipase A2 (dexamethasone), cyclo‐oxygenase (indomethacin, ibuprofen and piroxicam), dual cyclo‐oxygenase/lipoxygenase (phenidone) and lipoxygenase (esculetin) and these reduced nodulation except esculetin. The influence of bacteria was obvious within 2 h of injection (5 nodules/larva), and increased to a maximum after 8 h (with 15 nodules/larva), and then significantly reduced over 24 h (9 nodules/larva). The inhibitory influence of dexamethasone was apparent within 2 h of injection (4 vs. 5 nodules/larva), and nodulation was significantly reduced, compared to control, over 24 h (5 vs. 8 nodules/larva). Increased dosages of ibuprofen, indomethacin, piroxicam and phenidone led to decreased numbers of nodules. Nodules continued to exist during the pupal stage. However, the effects of dexamethasone were reversed by treating bacteria‐injected insects with an eicosanoid‐precursor polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. These findings approved our view that eicosanoid can mediate cellular defense mechanisms in response to bacterial infections in another Dipteran insect C. megacephala.
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF SENSORY EVALUATION AND ITS POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS TO THE VARIOUS DISCIPLINES OF HOME ECONOMICS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: VILLARINO BLANCA J.
Published: July 2009

Sensory evaluation is a scientific method that deals with precision, accuracy and sensitivity. Its basic principles are in large part anchored on the natural sciences, such as biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics. However, sensory evaluation goes beyond such platforms and has its own social, economic and cultural facets. Sensory evaluation has been extensively used in the study of consumer items such as food and clothing, and lately on behavioral and physiological reactions. It has been an integral part of the food science curriculum in various universities. However, the other disciplines of home economics, such as clothing technology, family life and child development, home economics education, hotel, restaurant and institution management, interior design and community nutrition, which deal with the needs of families and consumers, have not fully maximized the use of sensory evaluation. The multidisciplinary nature of home economics will push sensory evaluation to a more diverse level of relevance and purpose. This paper presented the social, economic and cultural dimensions of sensory evaluation along with its possible applications in the various disciplines of home economics in the Philippines.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The paper provided a wholistic view of sensory evaluation not merely as a scientific method but its important social, cultural and economic dimensions. This document can serve as a guide for students, teachers and professionals in the conduct of sensory assessments. Likewise, this will help home economists not only in the Philippines but also in other countries to maximize the use of sensory evaluation in improving the quality of life of families and consumers. Moreover, this can drive multidisciplinary undertakings utilizing sensory evaluation as the key concept and thus enrich the pool of knowledge both in the natural and social sciences and their interaction.
Tricuspid Regurgitation Contributes to Renal Dysfunction in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Harris Scott , Tepper David , Ip Randy
Published: July 2009

Abstract. Background.  In heart failure (HF), renal dysfunction is associated with an adverse prognosis. Impaired renal perfusion from left ventricular dysfunction is thought to be a principal underlying mechanism. Less is known about the influence of venous congestion, including the potential contribution of tricuspid regurgitation (TR).

Methods and Results.   Echocardiograms and a simultaneous (±1 day) blood sample from 196 HF patients were analyzed. Patients with at least moderate TR (n=78) had larger right‐sided cardiac cavities, higher right ventricular systolic pressure, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), higher serum urea nitrogen (SUN) level, and SUN/creatinine ratio than patients with less than moderate TR (n=118). In multivariate linear regression analysis, TR severity (P=.003), older age (P<.001), and loop diuretic use (P=.008) were independently associated with lower eGFR, and use of inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system was associated with higher eGFR (P=.001). TR severity (P<.001) and older age (P<.001) were independently associated with higher SUN value. TR severity (P=.004) and smaller left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (P=.048) were independent predictors of a higher SUN/creatinine ratio (P=.004).

Conclusions.  Although a causal relationship cannot be proven, we suggest that significant TR contributes to renal dysfunction in HF patients, probably by elevation of central and renal venous pressure.—Maeder MT, Holst DP, Kaye DM. Tricuspid regurgitation contributes to renal dysfunction in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail. 2008;14:824–830.
Implicit Motives as a Way to Understand Cognitive Processes
Authors: Woike Barbara A. , Bender Michael
Published: July 2009

Interest in implicit processes is at an all‐time high in psychology. Research on individual differences in implicit motivation has been conducted for decades and offers an important conceptual and empirical foundation for the growing interest in cognitive processes outside awareness. In this article, we review the past findings on the influence of implicit motivation on both basic and complex cognitive processes in the stages of attention and encoding as well as rehearsal, organization, and retrieval. Data from narrative essays as well as experimentally controlled studies demonstrate that individual differences in implicit motives have an influence on each step of learning and memory processes. Implicit motives influence the cognitive processing of motive‐related information to facilitate desired affective end states.
A Voice and So Much More: The Neglect and Representation of Language in Social Psychology
Authors: Painter Desmond
Published: July 2009

Linguistic diversity is an irreducible characteristic of the world we live in today, yet the study of language remains relatively neglected in mainstream and critical social psychologies alike. In order to argue for a renewed confrontation between language and critical social psychology, this study presents an overview of both the absence of language from mainstream, experimental social psychology and of the emergence, since the 1970s, of the social psychology of language as a distinctive subfield in the discipline. It is argued that although the social psychology of language made the subject perceptible as a speaking and above all accented subject, foregrounding language as an index of class, ethnicity and race, it achieved this perceptibility without challenging the basic ideological coordinates according to which experimental social psychology conceptualises the world and subjects in relation to language. For this reason, the social psychology of language, despite its important contributions, reproduces an essentially national and monolingual imagination of language related phenomena and linguistic subjectivities. The task for a critical social psychology of language, it is argued, is to ‘demythologise’ and ‘disinvent’ language and language ideologies in the discipline.
Empirical Research into White Racialized Identities in Britain
Authors: Garner Steve
Published: July 2009

The intellectual project of using whiteness as an explicit tool of analysis is not one that has taken root in Britain. However, there are a number of empirical studies that investigate the racialization of white identities. In this article, I look at some empirical sociological fieldwork carried out on white identities in Britain since the early 1990s and identify the key themes arising. These themes are (in)visibility, norms and values, cultural capital and integration, contingent hierarchies and Empire in the present. In Britain, a pertinent distinction is between rural and urban settings for the enactment of white identities vis‐à‐vis those of minorities, and there is an exploration of some of the contingency that draws the boundary between ‘white’ and ‘Other’ in different places. Areas of commonality and distinctiveness are noted in terms of the American work. In the last section, I argue that there are a number of issues to resolve around continuing such studies, including linking the micro‐level to the macro‐level analysis, and expanding to international comparative work.
Tributary Plunging in an Urban Lake (Onondaga Lake): Drivers, Signatures, and Implications1
Authors: Effler Steven W. , O’Donnell Susan M. , Prestigiacomo Anthony R. , O’Donnell David M. , Matthews David A. , Owens Emmet M. , Effler Adam J.P.
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  A combination of long‐term fixed‐frequency and robotic monitoring information for a polluted urban lake, Onondaga Lake, New York, and two of its tributaries is used to resolve the propensity for, and occurrences of, tributary plunging. Cooler temperatures (T) and higher salinity (S) are primarily responsible for the elevated density and plunging of one of these polluted streams for the summer through early fall interval. In‐lake transport of this plunging tributary, which receives inputs from combined sewer overflows (CSOs), is tracked by its high S during dry weather, its high turbidity (Tn) with associated lower S (dilution with rainwater) following runoff events, and by its characteristic ionic composition. These signatures are documented extending from the creek mouth, through a connecting navigation channel, through the inflow zone of the lake, and into metalimnetic depths of pelagic portions of the lake. The entry of this polluted tributary below the depth interval(s) of primary production and contact recreation has important implications for the ongoing major rehabilitation program for this lake. The plunging phenomenon diminishes the benefits previously expected for related features of the lake’s water quality from ongoing management efforts to abate CSO inputs and reduce nonpoint nutrient loading from the tributary. Previously this tributary tended to instead enter the upper layers of the lake during the operation of an adjoining soda ash manufacturing facility (closure in 1986), as a result of high lake S caused by the industry’s ionic waste discharge.
Satire and Domesticity in Late Eighteenth‐Century Women's Poetry: Minding the Gap
Authors: JOHNS‐PUTRA ADELINE
Published: July 2009

This article examines the work of four women poets in the 1780s and 1790s – in particular, the way they juxtapose the apparent triviality of the domestic with the more elevated concerns expected of the poetic or literary. In this analysis, this juxtaposition is aligned with the gap between low and high that characterises burlesque, a gap that is exploited to comic and even satirical ends in these poems. This poetic critique of domesticity is set against a backdrop of recent criticism that reads the late eighteenth century as a time when the domestic ideology of separate spheres hardened.
Circle of Willis artery diameters on MR angiography: An Australian reference database
Authors: El‐Barhoun EN , Gledhill SR , Pitman AG
Published: July 2009

The aim was to establish a reference range of measurements for all major Circle of Willis (COW) arteries for an Australian population of patients presenting for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) that is typical of a tertiary referral hospital; and to report the prevalence and disease associations of COW variants in our patient population. All technically diagnostic MRI and MRA studies performed at our magnetic resonance (MR) centre in the calendar year 2006 were re‐read by one reader who classified the COW anatomical layout and measured diameters of all the major vessels at defined locations. A subset of 30 was independently re‐read by another reader and the interobserver measurement variability analyzed. Graphical analysis, with 95% confidence intervals (95CI), summary statistics reporting, t‐testing for unpaired and for paired means, Hauck‐Anderson (H‐A) clinical equivalence testing and logistic regression analysis for categorical variables was performed as relevant. One hundred and seventy‐one studies (of 187 eligible) formed the analysis population. All of our patients had vessels of comparable calibre regardless of MRI disease status, gender or COW variant (P > 0.05). Basilar artery (BA) diameter showed significant association with age, but other vessel diameters did not. The reference range is widely applicable, methodology straightforward and appears tolerant of interobserver variability. A number of discontinuous COW variants become more prevalent with age, perhaps from atherosclerotic occlusive disease. There was no association between COW variants, gender, aneurysm location or MRI disease status.
Whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of skeletal metastases in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Venkitaraman R , Cook GJR , Dearnaley DP , Parker CC , Khoo V , Eeles R , Huddart RA , Horwich A , Sohaib SA
Published: July 2009

Whole‐body MRI is an effective method for evaluating the entire skeletal system in patients with metastatic disease. This study aimed to compare whole‐body MRI and radionuclide bone scintigraph in the detection of skeletal metastases in patients with prostate cancer. Patients with prostate cancer at high risk of skeletal metastasis with (i) prostate‐specific antigen of ≥50 ng/mL; (ii) composite Gleason score of ≥8 with prostate‐specific antigen of >20 ng/mL; or (iii) node‐positive disease were enrolled in this prospective study before systemic treatment was initiated. Whole‐body MR images and bone scans of 39 patients were analysed. Seven patients had bone metastases on bone scans, while seven patients had skeletal metastases by whole‐body MRI, with concordant findings only in four patients. Compared with the ‘gold standard’, derived from clinical and radiological follow‐up, the sensitivity for both bone scans and MRI was 70%, and the specificity for both was 100%. Magnetic resonance imaging detected 26 individual lesions compared with 18 lesions on bone scans. Only eight lesions were positive on both. Bone scans detected more rib metastases, while MRI identified more metastatic lesions in the spine. Whole‐body MRI and radionuclide bone scintigraphy have similar specificity and sensitivity and may be used as complementary investigations to detect skeletal metastases from prostate cancer.
Onyx embolisation of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula via direct percutaneous transorbital puncture
Authors: Ong CK , Wang LL , Parkinson RJ , Wenderoth JD
Published: July 2009

The cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas of three patients were successfully embolised by using Onyx (Onyx Liquid Embolic System, MTI, Irvine, CA, USA) as the sole embolic agent, through direct percutaneous transorbital punctures of the cavernous sinuses. Our early experience suggests that this direct approach, coupled with the unique physical properties of Onyx, is a safe and effective alternative to treat cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas when the conventional transvenous routes are inaccessible.
Risk of retinal neovascularization in the second eye in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Vésteinsdóttir Edda , Björnsdóttir Sigrídur , Hreidarsson Ástrádur B. , Stefánsson Einar
Published: July 2009

Purpose:  This study aimed to evaluate the risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the fellow eye of an eye with existing proliferative DR.

Methods:  Our DR screening programme database listed 1513 diabetes patients alive at the time of the study. Seventy‐six had proliferative DR in one or both eyes.

Results:  In 28 of the 76 (37%) diabetes patients, proliferative DR was diagnosed in both eyes at the same examination. Another 28 patients developed proliferative DR in the second eye within 5 years of its diagnosis in the first eye, bringing the total number of diabetes patients with proliferative DR in both eyes at 5 years to 56 (74%). Almost all the diabetes patients eventually developed proliferative DR in the second eye. The median duration of diabetes before the development of proliferative retinopathy was 19 years for type 1 and 14 years for type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions:  Proliferative DR is a bilateral disease. Diabetes patients with proliferative DR in one eye are at high risk of developing neovascularization in the second eye and close follow‐up is recommended.
Interactions between vitreous‐derived cells and vascular endothelial cells in vitreoretinal diseases
Authors: Tojo Naoki , Kashiwagi Yoshiko , Nishitsuka Koichi , Yamamoto Shuichi , Asao Hironobu , Sugawara Naoto , Yamashita Tetsuji , Yamamoto Teiko , Yamashita Hidetoshi
Published: July 2009

Purpose:  This study aimed to investigate the roles played by vitreous‐derived cells in the pathogenesis of vitreoretinal vascular diseases.

Methods:  The vitreous was removed from porcine eyes and small pieces were cultured from which vitreous‐derived cells were isolated. Polymerase chain reaction and ELISA were performed to determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The viability of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) exposed to vitreous‐derived cells was assessed by MTT assay.

Results:  Expression of the mRNA and protein of VEGF and IL‐6 was increased by exposing the porcine vitreous‐derived cells (PVDCs) to interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), but not to VEGF or IL‐6. The percentage of living human vascular endothelial cells was increased by including VEGF and IL‐6 in the culture media. The viability of HRECs was affected by co‐culturing them with PVDCs that had been exposed to IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNFα and VEGF.

Conclusions:  Porcine vitreous‐derived cells are stimulated by IL‐1α, IL‐1β and TNFα, and produce VEGF and IL‐6, which then enhance the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. This network, including the cytokines and different types of cells, may contribute to the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinal diseases.
Organ culture, but not hypothermic storage, facilitates the repair of the corneal endothelium following mechanical damage
Authors: Nejepinska Jana , Juklova Kristyna , Jirsova Katerina
Published: July 2009

Purpose:  To evaluate the reparative capacity of the mechanically injured endothelium of corneas stored under organ culture (OC) or hypothermic conditions.

Methods:  The central endothelium of 12 pairs of human corneas with similar endothelial parameters was damaged to create a 1 mm2 lesion. One cornea from each pair was stored under OC and one under hypothermic conditions. The endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation, hexagonality and percentage of dead cells were assessed before and after damage and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of storage.

Results:  The mean ECD of corneas subsequently stored under OC or hypothermic conditions was 2764/mm2. Immediately after damage, a denuded Descemet’s membrane with a few remaining dead cells was observed at the injured area. After 7 days of storage under OC conditions, almost no dead cells were observed at the place of injury. A non‐significant worsening of the qualitative parameters (polymegatism and pleomorphism) was found. After 14 days, ECD was 1933/mm2 and 2478/mm2 centrally and pericentrally, respectively. Similar values were found after 21 and 28 days of storage. The lesions with remnant dead cells persisted throughout hypothermic preservation. From day 14 the corneas became cloudy and in poor condition, while the pericentral ECD was 2523/mm2.

Conclusion:  The reparative capacity of the cornea is maintained under OC but not under hypothermic conditions. For corneas containing dead endothelial cells, OC is therefore the method of choice because it may improve the quality of the stored tissue.
Retinal pigment epithelium tears after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for predominantly classic neovascular membranes secondary to age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Konstantinidis Lazaros , Ambresin Aude , Zografos Leonidas , Mantel Irmela
Published: July 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 736–741

Purpose:  Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tear is an extremely rare complication in patients with classic neovascular membranes without RPE detachment. We evaluate their incidence and functional outcome following treatment with intravitreal ranibizumab.

Methods:  Observational study of 72 consecutive patients (74 eyes) treated at Jules Gonin University Eye Hospital, Lausanne, with intravitreal ranibizumab 0.5 mg for classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) between March 2006 and February 2008. Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus examination and optical coherence tomography were recorded monthly; fluorescein angiography was performed at baseline and repeated at least every 3 months.

Results:  RPE tears occurred in four (5.4%) eyes temporal to the fovea, after a mean of four injections (range 3–6). Mean baseline BCVA was 0.25 decimal equivalent (logMAR 0.67) and improved despite the RPE tear to 0.6 decimal equivalent (logMAR 0.22).

Conclusion:  RPE tears following intravitreal ranibizumab injections for classic CNV can occur in about 5% of patients, even in the absence of baseline RPE detachment. Nevertheless, vision may improve provided the fovea is not involved.
Adenosine receptor protein changes in guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia
Authors: Cui Dongmei , Trier Klaus , Zeng Junwen , Wu Kaili , Yu Minbin , Ge Jian
Published: July 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 759–765

Purpose:  Recent results have shown that treatment with the non‐selective adenosine antagonist 7‐methylxanthine (7‐MX) reduces the development of form deprivation myopia (FDM) in guinea pigs. The aims of this study were to identify the presence of adenosine receptors (AdoRs) in the eye wall of the guinea pig and to determine their possible changes during form deprivation.

Methods:  Three‐week‐old guinea pigs were monocularly treated with a translucent lens to induce FDM. After 21 days, samples were taken from the posterior eye wall and examined with immunofluorescence confocal microscopy for the presence of AdoRA1, AdoRA2A, AdoRA2B and AdoRA3 proteins. Western blot analysis was used to quantitate AdoRs in samples from the retina, choroids and sclera.

Results:  All four subtypes of AdoR were expressed in the posterior wall of the guinea pig eye, although AdoRA3 only weakly. Twenty‐one days after the induction of myopia, we observed a significant decrease in protein expression for AdoRA1 (− 25.5%) and an increase in protein expression for AdoRA2B (+ 66.7%) in the retina of FDM eyes.

Conclusions:  AdoRs of all subtypes are expressed in the retina, choroids and sclera in guinea pigs and may play a role in the regulation of eye growth. The changed pattern of AdoR expression during form deprivation confirms that pharmaceutical intervention targeting AdoRs may reduce myopia progression.
The Massachusetts Task Force on Secure Facilities: An Examination of the Issue of Security in a Community‐Based System of Juvenile Corrections
Authors: Isralowitz Richard E. , Harshbarger L. Scott
Published: July 2009

Authors' note: This article reviews the findings of the Massachusetts Task Force on Secure Facilities' Final Report “The Issue of Security in a Community‐Based System of Juvenile Corrections,” L. Scott Harshbarger, Chairman (1977), and includes the comments of the authors which do not necessarily represent the official position of the Task Force.
Aftercare, the Neglected Phase of Adolescent Treatment
Authors: Daum James M.
Published: July 2009

Although the modern placement facility can usually minimize problem behavior during the time that a juvenile offender is in residence, the lack of professional help afforded an adolescent upon returning home often leaves him all too prone to revert to his former behavior patterns. As a counteractive measure, it is suggested that the present approach of relying too heavily on placement to effect behavioral change be abandoned in favor of programs which view placement as only the initial phase of a more inclusive treatment approach which actively involves family members and the home environment as part of the therapeutic process. In effect, this would mean altering the present concept of aftercare, in that re‐integration into home and family would be a gradual process which actually begins during the early weeks of placement. It is recommended that a home should be viewed as the main living environment in which new behaviors can be practiced, and that the present attitude that home visits are a privilege be abandoned. It is proposed that this approach, which would include counseling sessions within the home environment and first‐hand observations by the staff of problems as they develop within the family or community, would not only be very practical but also quite effective in helping the adolescent and in combating recidivism.
A Study of the Impact of Diversion and Community‐Based Treatment on the Bucks County Juvenile Justice System, 1974–1979
Authors: Dawson Roger E.
Published: July 2009

This study examines the changes in three variables associated with the processing of delinquent youth by the Juvenile Court from 1974 through 1979.

The data on numbers of youth referred to court, on adjudicatory probation and committed to public and private institutions is examined for a three‐year period prior to significant court diversion and community‐based treatment (1974–1976), and compared with a three‐year period during which many diversionary services and treatments occurred (1977–1979). Data is also studied from two counties similar to Bucks in youth population‐Delaware and Montgomery counties.

The results show significant changes within Bucks County: a 9 percent decrease in total court referrals while Delaware experienced a 63 percent increase and Montgomery a 28 percent increase; significant reduction of probation in Bucks, a slight reduction in Montgomery and a 28 percent increase in Delaware County; and most importantly in terms of service costs, institutional commitments increased only 17 percent in Bucks, while increasing 63 percent in Montgomery and 208 percent in Delaware.

Data on total reported offenses (crime rates) does not indicate major differences among the three counties; rather there seems to be variation in the types of services and processing of troubled youth which have resulted in 45 percent lower costs for the juvenile probation services in Bucks County.
Juvenile Court Conference Committees, El Paso County, Texas
Authors: Chapman JoAnn Hoover
Published: July 2009

Ideally our task should be in organizing the neighborhood — the grass roots level — so that there is an identifiable group of responsive and responsible people whose aim is not living for themselves but for others. We will in time discover that that is the only path to self fulfillment.

Foreword by William O. Douglas, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court: Children Without Justice, a Report by the National Council of Jewish Women by Edward Wakin.
Discretionary Justice: Decision Making in a State Juvenile Parole Board
Authors: Norman Michael D.
Published: July 2009

The literature in Criminal Justice is replete with commentary on both the virtues and injustices associated with adult parole board decision‐making. There has been far less attention paid to juvenile parole boards in part because so few of them exist. Institutional release decisions in most states still remain the purview of juvenile institutional staff members. This paper examines parole Authority decision‐making in a citizen‐dominated state juvenile parole board. The paper focuses on the conduct of hearings, dispositional guidelines, criteria used by board members in decision‐making and the advocacy role of parole officers and institutional staff. The influence of deinstitutionalization and least restrictive policies on parole Authority decision making is also discussed.

During recent years, the literature in criminal justice has become replete with commentary on the virtues and injustices associated with parole board decision‐making. Consequently, many questions have been raised about disparate sentences, the criteria used by parole boards in making decisions, unstructured discretion, and the pressing need for guidelines and statistically accurate parole prediction instruments.

The intent of this paper is to examine parole decision‐making in a state juvenile parole board where individualized treatment and rehabilitation have been long standing goals. The paper focuses upon the criteria used by board members in decision‐making, the conduct of hearings, the guideline system used to determine a recommended length of confinement and the advocacy role of parole officers and institutional staff. The influence of deinstitutionalization and least restrictive policies on parole board decision‐making is also discussed.

The author is presently completing the second year of a two‐year appointment as a member of the Parole Authority under discussion. Since December, 1983, the author has continuously observed and participated in approximately 300 individual parole hearings over thirty‐seven hearing days.
Arbitrary Arbitration: Diverting Juveniles Into the Justice System
Authors: Berg Bruce L.
Published: July 2009

Abstract Considerable research has examined the effects of diverting juveniles away from the juvenile justice system. These studies have seldom investigated the possibility that diversion may inadvertently “widen the net.” This article assesses the relationship between diversion and net‐widening by evaluating a leading Florida‐based diversionary program, and this program's capacity to “create a clientele” in order to justify its very existence. The diversionary program under evaluation herein boasts a 98% nonrecidivist rate among its clients, and is touted as a prototype diversionary program for the nation. The current study results, however, indicate that a majority of youths diverted by this program have committed such trivial acts that entrance into any aspect of the juvenile justice system—even under the guise of a diversionary program—seems unwarranted. The results further suggest that among youths who have committed serious juvenile crimes, most are terminated unsuccessfully from this program, and are returned to the justice system for prosecution.
Teen Court: A Way to Combat Teenage Crime and Chemical Abuse
Authors: Rothstein Robert N.
Published: July 2009

Though some controversy surrounds the effectiveness of juvenile diversion programs, at least one program, the Teen Court Program in Odessa, Texas, seems to be having an impact. After 1,987 trials, the recidivism rate is less than 15 percent for traffic offenses and zero for first time Class C and Class B misdemeanors. The success of that program has lead to its expansion, and now the program includes first time drug offenders who not only go through the restitution phase of Teen Court but are required to attend, with their parents, a drug education and prevention workshop. After two years of operation, there has not been one repeat case of drug usage by a first offender referred to Teen Court. The procedures followed in the workshop and the results are discussed.