bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supervisor Communication Practices and Service Employee Job Outcomes
Authors: Johlke Mark C. , Duhan Dale F.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of findings from the communications, marketing, and management literatures, the relations between four supervisor communication practices and service employee job performance, job satisfaction, and facets of ambiguity are examined. The results indicate that supervisor communication practices are differently associated with service employee job outcomes; frequency of supervisor-service employee communication is associated with employee job satisfaction, indirect communication content is associated with reduced employee ambiguity regarding the supervisor, and bidirectional communication is associated with employee job performance and multiple sources of employee ambiguity. Service employee ambiguity regarding customers is negatively related to job performance and satisfaction, whereas ambiguity regarding ethical situations is negatively associated with job satisfaction alone.
Yield Management for the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Metters Richard , Vargas Vicente
Published: March 2007

Yield management techniques have been shown to be highly effective in many for-profit firms, led by the airline and hotel industries. Yield management is intended to maximize profits for a capacity-constrained service by price discriminating among customer types for essentially undifferentiated services. The authors extend yield management concepts to the nonprofit sector, where profit maximization no longer is a goal. A general heuristic is presented to assist decision makers in pricing decisions. The technique is demonstrated at a nonprofit child care center that provides discounts to low-income families.
Cause and Effect of Shrin Kage in Urea Based Foams
Authors: Timm William , Smith Patti M.
Published: March 2007

Shrinkage of urea-based foam insulation has been one of the most quoted and least understood properties of this product. Shrinkage appears to be a very simple property to mea sure, but because of the irregularity and non-uniformity of the shrinkage, it is most difficult to measure it accurately.
Thermal Protection System for the Space Shuttle External Tank
Authors: Ronquillo L. , Williams C.
Published: March 2007

The External Tank (ET) has two major roles-to contain and deliver quality cryogenic propellants to the Space Shuttle main engines and to serve as the structural backbone for the attachment of the orbiter and solid rocket boosters. The Thermal Protection System (TPS), composed of cryoprotective foam insula tion and ablator (a sacrificial heatshield material), is applied to the outer sur faces of the ET to maintain the cryogenic propellant quality, to protect the structure from ascent heating, and to prevent ice from forming. The original foam insulation, BX-250, was replaced by CPR-421, then CPR-488 as re quirements changed. Ablator reduction accompanied the changes in foam with their attendant material-properties improvements. Ultimately, both CPR-488 and the ablator were replaced by NCFI 22-65 on the aft dome of the External Tank. The TPS design requirements, including thickness and configuration, are primarily defined by allowable structural design temperatures, propellant quality considerations, and weight and debris concerns. The TPS design was verified by a series of rigorous tests that simulate the flight environments. Key facilities were automated to attain the precision and repeatability of material application necessary to insure specification material properties, and to meet high volume production, schedule and budgetary constraints. Development emphasis has been to maintain high reliability, reduce launch weight and to reduce recurring costs. Primary materials are applied by computer-controlled spray equipment in environmentally-controlled application cells. Several secondary foams, used to close out assemblies, lend themselves to a wide variety of production techniques, such as spray, pour and mold in place. These closeout materials, primarily urethane foams, require little environmental control.
Effect of Time and Temperature on R-Value of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Insulation Manufactured with Alternative Blowing Agents
Authors: Bomberg M.T. , Kumaran M.K. , Ascough M.R. , Sylvester R.G.
Published: March 2007

A non-destructive technique, involving specimen encapsulation and determination of the dependence of thermal resistance on temperature, to measure the blowing agent pressure in cellular plastic insulation was recently presented. This technique was applied to a polyurethane foam manufactured with different blowing agents and the results were compared with those obtained from model calculations. The results indicate that the long-term solubility of the gas in the polymer matrix may differ from that determined from short-term experiments. The paper presents results for HCFC-123 and HCFC-141b as well as CFC-11 and discusses their im plication for long-term thermal resistance of polyurethane foams.
Effect of Environmental Contaminants from Agricultural Buildings on Emittance of Reflective Surface Insulations
Authors: Riskowski G.L. , Christianson L.L. , Miller R.G.
Published: March 2007

Three reflective aluminum-faced insulations were exposed to four agricultural building environments for 14 months in both wall and ceiling configura tions. The insulations were foil-faced bubble pack (FFBP), uncoated foil-faced poly isocyanurate (PIR), and white coated foil-faced PIR. The buildings were designed for swine finishing, poultry layers, feed processing, and machine storage. Samples of FFBP were also exposed in sample stud wall cavities for 11 months. Surface emit tances were measured over time and most of the exposed reflective surface insulations had a sigmficantly higher emittance after 14 months. Wall cavity exposed FFBP did not experience a significant increase in emittance.
The Effect of Compression on the Material R-Value of Fiberglass Batt Insulation
Authors: Graves Ronald S. , Yarbrough David W.
Published: March 2007

Fiberglass batt insulations intended for use in buildings are labeled with an R-value and a thickness at which the R-value is achieved. In some cases the insulation is installed in such a way that the label thickness is not achieved. The material R-value of fiberglass batts installed at less than full thickness will be less than the full-thickness R-value.
Determination of Effective Diffusion Coefficients of Nitrogen in Extruded Polystyrene Foam by Gravimetric Sorption
Authors: Booth J.R. , Holstein T.J.
Published: March 2007

A macrogravimctric sorption technique has been employed to obtain time-dependent weight gain data for thin-sliced closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam samples Effective diffusion thickness and diffusion time were used to compute a scaled age parameter The weighing apparatus operated in an isolated chamber filled with pure nitrogen gas The effective diffusion coefficient of the gas in the foam structure was computed from the slope of the weight ratio, defined as the instan tancous weight gain to equilibrium weight gain, with the thickness-scaled age pa ramctcr. Effective solubility coefficient was computed from the film solubility coeffi cicnt, foam to polymer ratio and environmental conditions. The Geometric Factor, computed from the ratio of effective to film permeability, was about four times the value based on cellular dimensions
Moisture Diffusivity of Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Marchand Roger G. , Kumaran Mavinkal K.
Published: March 2007

Test specimens of blown cellulose insulation were placed in contact with water to initiate an isothermal moisture intake process in which liquid water was allowed to enter freely against gravity into the specimens. The transient moisture distribution in the specimens was determined using the gamma-ray attenuation method over a period of 10 days. The results indicate that, as with most porous systems, the specimens first establish a characteristic water retention curve and then undergo a unique secondary moisture transport process. This paper presents the experimental data from the investigation. The data were used to derive information on the moisture diffusivity of cellulose insulation, in relation to the secondary mois ture transport process undergone by the test specimens.
Effects of Air and Moisture Flows on the Thermal Performance of Insulations in Ventilated Roofs and Walls
Authors: Silberstein A. , Hens H.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines thermal and hygric aspects of the performance of ventilated air spaces in both walls and sloped roofs. A ventilated air space between roofing tiles and the insulated roof deck is required by most European construction codes and standards. The upper side of the roof deck is covered with a membrane (called here, a roof deck membrane). Since this membrane performs the same func tions as the roofing felt or the asphalt impregnated paper used behind the air gap in the frame wall systems of North American houses, one may call it a weather barrier. Results from experimental tests on different roof-deck membranes available on the French market revealed that migration of water vapor in the roof is mostly caused by convection through small slits in the structure. The main functional contribution of the ventilated air space is, therefore, to reduce the amount of condensed moisture that remains in the structure, whether it is a wall or a sloped roof.

It is important to underline that similarly to a modern wall construction, the roof ing deck must also be constructed as the airtight structure. Both through the numeri cal modelling presented in this paper, as well as through the results of in-situ mea surements reported in the literature, it is shown that for an airtight roof deck structure and air velocities observed in ventilated cavities, the effect of air ingress into the insulation is insignificant. This study also shows that ventilation below the roof deck membrane is unnecessary when vapor permeable or capillary roof deck mem branes are used.
Equivalent Wall as a Dynamic Model of a Complex Thermal Structure
Authors: Kossecka E. , Kosny J.
Published: March 2007

The idea of the "thermally equivalent wall," the plane mul tilayer structure of dynamic characteristics similar to those for complex structure, in which three-dimensional heat flow occurs, is presented. The notion of structure factors is introduced and the conditions they impose on response factors are derived. Examples of complex structures are analyzed. For the same examples, thermally equivalent walls were generated. Response factors for the nominal complex structures were compared with the response factors for equivalent walls. The good accuracy in reproducing the response factors indicates that the "thermally equivalent wall" may be used as a sub stitute of a wall with thermal bridges in building design energy simulations.
Hypertext: What It Is and How to Use It to Analyze Data
Authors: Beer Valorie , Jensen Anne Marie S.
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Book Reviews : Barbara Blackwell and Lillian Cartwright. Program Consultation with Human Service Programs: A Clinical Perspective. Oakland, CA: Third Party Publishing Company, 1988, 212 pp
Authors: Westermarck Harri
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singularly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Dr. Byron R. Burnham. Evalu ation Specialist (Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, Logan UT 84322-4900, 801-750-1637) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional length.
Effectiveness of Less than Lethal Force in Suicide-by-Cop Incidents
Authors: Homant Robert J. , Kennedy Daniel B.
Published: March 2007

A review of 143 suicide-by-cop incidents found 23 cases in which police employed less than lethal (LTL) force requiring some instrument or technology and an additional 13 cases in which police attempted to physically overpower the subject. These were compared with 16 cases involving negotiation and 21 cases presenting scenarios in which some form of LTL force may have been possible. Although no cause-and-effect relationships are implied, the authors found that 44% of the LTL force incidents were resolved without the death of the subject, as opposed to only 11% of the comparison incidents. Deadly force was least likely to be resorted to in cases where police attempted to physically overcome the subject, although these cases also presented a heightened level of risk to law enforcement officers.
The Role of the Pulmonary Afferent Receptors in Producing Hemodynamic Changes during Hyperinflation and Endotracheal Suctioning in an Oleic Acid–Injured Animal Model of Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Gould D. Allen , Baun Mara M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the pulmonary afferent receptors in producing hemodynamic changes during hyperinflation and endotracheal suctioning (ETS) in an oleic acid–injured animal model of acute respiratory failure. Previous investigations of hyperinflation as a method to prevent hypoxia-induced sequelae of ETS have demonstrated unrecognized hemodynamic consequences. In this within-subject, repeated-measures study, instrumented, oleic acid–injured dogs had continuous measurements of heart rate (HR), mean aortic blood pressure (MAP), left ventricular pressure (Plv), pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), right ventricular afterload (Ppa(tm)), right atrial pressure (Pra), and right ventricular filling pressure (Pra(tm)) during hyperinflation and ETS when the vagi were intact and after the pulmonary branches of the vagus nerves had been severed. After severing the vagi, MAP and Plv were decreased and HR and Ppa were increased. With the vagi severed, there was less variation in MAP and Ppa but increased variation in HR. These findings suggest that vagally mediated reflexes from the lungs produce some, but not all, of the hemodynamic effects associated with hyperinflation and ETS. Continued research is necessary to discover a method of hyperoxygenation and suctioning that does not produce potentially harmful hemodynamic effects.
Effects of Inactivity on Glycolytic Capacity of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers in Adult and Aged Rats
Authors: Ojala Beth E. , Page Leslie A. , Moore Marjorie A. , Thompson LaDora V.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of inactivity on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity (expressed in nmol/ g dry weight hour) in single skeletal muscle fibers from the soleus muscle in adult and aged rats. Fourteen 12-month-old and fifteen 30-month-old Fisher 344 Brown Norway F1 Hybrid rats were randomly assigned to control, 1 week of hindlimb unweighting (HU1), or 2 weeks of hindlimb unweighting (HU2). With age, a significant decrease in LDH enzyme activity occurred in type I skeletal muscle fibers (29.5%, P < 0.05). Following HU2, individual type I skeletal muscle fibers from the 12-month-old animals showed a 33.3% increase in LDH activity. In contrast, individual type I fibers from the aged animals showed a 50.0% increase after HU1. In conclusion, the baseline levels of LDH activity were significantly less in aged versus adult rats. The timing of the skeletal muscle adaptation to inactivity was different between young and old animals, such that the older animals responded to inactivity before the younger animals. These biochemical changes may have an impact on the fatigability of the muscle following inactivity. The findings indicate that treatment during bed rest for the older adult may be different than that for the younger adult.
Effect of Aerobic Fitness on the Physiological Stress Response in Women
Authors: Summers Heidi , Lustyk M. Kathleen B. , Heitkemper Margaret , Jarrett Monica E.
Published: March 2007

Stress reactivity was assessed in aerobically fit (n = 14) and unfit (n = 8) females during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Participants completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and provided a urine sample for catecholamine analysis before and after mental stress testing, Stroop Color-Word Test. Blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and skin conductance were measured during mental stress testing. Fit and unfit participants differed significantly in baseline heart rate but not in stress reactivity or in state or trait anxiety. These data suggest that aerobic fitness does not attenuate the stress response in women prior to menopause.
Living with the Dead
Authors: Grech John
Published: March 2007

This article examines how new media are helping to actualise new forms of “being” and “knowing” by mixing realities of the virtual and the real. The blending of archival and contemporary material in a Web installation called Sharkfeed provides a context for this discussion. Themes such as death, memory, past and present, and mind and body provide the critical fissures through which to move beyond older theoretical paradigms and examine the emerging possibilities of the social particularities and cultural practices engendered in the interconnected time spaces of a digital era.
Geography and Architecture
Authors: Jenkins Lloyd
Published: March 2007

This article uses the much-written-about city of Paris to explore the relationship between geography and architecture, drawing on one building, 11, rue du Conservatoire. The article addresses a number of questions that concern buildings as objects of geographical study and the way in which we can theorise a building as being a permeable object. Permeability is an important issue for us to study, as it defines the way in which actors pass from one space to another. In doing so, this article considers the role and use of technology in enabling the interaction of a building's internal spaces with the spaces traditionally seen as being outside of it. This article therefore addresses the following questions: What is the boundary of a building? How do we theorise movement across a building's boundary(s)? This is followed by an examination of the benefits that an approach drawn from actor network theory has in writing a geography of architecture.
Strategy through a Cultural Lens
Authors: Johnson Gerry
Published: March 2007

In the spirit of recent pleas for management research to engage with both the world of theory and the world of practice, this article reports on interactive work with managers which has sought to explore how their understanding of organization culture informs deliberations on strategy development and strategic change in their organizational settings and, in turn, informs our theoretical understanding of the links between organizational culture and management. The article provides case examples of such deliberations and discusses the implications for the concept of collective cognition, the significance of organizational routines and the management of strategic change.
Teaching and Learning at the Leading Edge: Leading Edge Practitioners in Community Pharmacy
Authors: Tann Jennifer , Blenkinsopp Alison , Platts Adrian
Published: March 2007

The UK pharmacy profession has undergone considerable change as a result of changes within the NHS. As a regulated profession it has an annual continuing education/continuing professional development requirement for all members. This article focuses on individuals in community (largely retail) pharmacy who were identified by key stakeholders as demonstrating more effective practice than others. These we term `leading edge practitioners' (LEPs). From a sample of those identified as LEPs and a corresponding (control) group not so identified from one health authority we explore differences between the two groups with respect to approaches to learning and teaching. Data collection consisted of three critical incidents per respondent, a questionnaire and a psychometric test (KAI). Half of the statistically significant questions identifying LEPs were learning and teaching related. Just under half of the respondents told of critical incidents concerning learning or teaching and the style of some LEPs' narratives was distinct, providing evidence of different emotional learning from that of control group respondents. The study provides empirical evidence for the levels of organizational teaching identified by French and Bazalgette.
Local Knowledge
Authors: Brown John Seely , Duguid Paul
Published: March 2007

The ubiquity of information makes it easy to overlook the local character of innovative knowledge. Nowhere is this local character more overlooked yet paradoxically more evident than in Silicon Valley. The Valley persists as a densely interconnected innovative region, though its inhabitants loudly proclaim that the information technology they develop renders distance dead and place insignificant. It persists, we argue, because of the local character of innovative knowledge, which flows in social rather than digital networks. The locality of innovative knowledge highlights the challenge of developing other regions for the modern economy. Should these abandon traditional local strengths and strive to become another Silicon Valley? Or should they concentrate on their traditional strengths and rely on Silicon Valley and the other established high-tech regions to provide the necessary technology to survive in the digital age? We argue that they should do neither, but instead develop new technologies in service of their existing competencies and needs. Finding new ways to address indigenous problems is the right way, we believe, to tie to the region expertise, talent, and capital that might otherwise be lost to the lure of existing high-tech clusters.
The 3-D Managerial Effectiveness Seminar (MES): Twenty Years of Transnational Experience
Authors: Reddin W.J.
Published: March 2007

The Managerial Effectiveness Seminar (MES) has been used in many countries including those of the Third World. The identical seminar, with its precise timings and identical design, is used in any country. It is six days in length, residential and has 50-100 hours of prework. The seminar design is explained and related to how the design allows the seminar to be transnational. Key design features include its underlying theory, its emphasis on effectiveness not profit, rigorous staff training, unusual role of staff and control of the environment.
After They've Gone
Authors: Nutman Peter N.S.
Published: March 2007

At times of major structural change in organisations there is a tendency for some 'loosening' of the traditional expectations of promotion. This allows some members to raise their expectations only to find them dashed at the interview. This poem is an attempt to represent some feelings they may have at the time.
Past, Present and Possibility
Authors: Pye Annie
Published: March 2007

`Learning from experience' and `learning by doing' are truisms which serve to beguile rather than behove. They imply that by reflecting on practice, we may draw lessons from experience in an almost literal sense of an individual taking stock. Instead, it is argued here that learning is a social process (and practice) which is action-orienting: an analytic construction to make a particular sense of actions/events located in cultural, process and temporal terms. The case is made by contrasting our talk of learning and experience with our `doing' of learning and experience-while we talk of drawing on the lessons of experience, in practice we actually learn in order to forget. Hence, it is argued that we do not develop by adding another piece to the human/managerial jigsaw-however well-or ill-defined that might be. Rather, it is proposed that we `push back limitations'-that which James (1890) argued is the very small portion of our vital resources of which we actually make use-by coming to `know' them through extending the boundaries in making sense of `experience'.
Towards a Learning Community Model of Graduate Management Education
Authors: Fox Sally
Published: March 2007

In 1992, Antioch University Seattle opened a graduate management program for mid-career managers. Designed as an alternative to the MBA, the program is structured as a learning community in which members (students, faculty and Board) learn together and apply their learning both within the program community and at work. Key elements include the organizing framework of /person, organization and world' and the concept of reflective practice. After its first six months, the program appears to have a large and very personal impact on students. Remaining challenges include accommodating widely diverse student needs and competencies within a cohesive community.
Working with Choice in Central Europe
Authors: Lee Monica
Published: March 2007

This paper explores some of the issues associated with espousing the offer of freedom of choice within an action learning program for university faculty teaching management in central Europe-where both freedom of choice and management teaching are reputedly underdeveloped. It is argued that this reputation is ill deserved, and that the concept of 'freedom of choice' as applied in practice by the western partners, and as common currency in the West, lacks the level of clarity necessary for it to become more than dogma.
Reflection and Critical Reflection in Management Learning
Authors: Reynolds Michael
Published: March 2007

There is growing interest in Management Learning literature in a more critical perspective than has usually been the case in either management education or management development. This article contrasts the concept of critical reflection-drawing on the work of critical theorists in adult education-with the more familiar concept of `reflection'. In proposing how the principles of critical reflection might be applied to management education practice, the distinction is made between educational content (the curriculum) and educational process (methods and structures), drawing attention to the need to consider both in the development of a `critical' management pedagogy.
Resistance Around a Management Development Programme
Authors: Currie Graeme
Published: March 2007

In this article the failure of a competence-based management development programme in a hospital trust to achieve organizational objectives is illustrated. The approach and content of the management development programme is resisted by participants despite the facilitators drawing upon management theory to legitimate it. The question posed in this paper, building upon earlier studies, is whether the generic approach of competence-based management development is appropriate in the UK National Health Service. The theoretical inspiration for the research is what may be termed a ‘processual’ or ‘contextualist’ approach which is clearly influenced by ‘negotiated order’ literature.
Transforming Social Practice: An Action Science Perspective
Authors: Putnam Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Action science is designed to help people reflect on and improve social practices that shape inquiry, choice and action. It is based on an epistemology of practice as reflecting-in-action and has developed largely within the framework of the theory of action approach. A case example is used to illustrate how action might be redesigned in the moment and to suggest the causal factors that prevent people from acting more effectively. In action science we seek to alter these causal factors by engaging people in reflecting on dilemmas and inconsistencies in their logic of action.
Management Development Programs in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Grzeda Maurice M. , Assogbavi Tov
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of management development in the improvement of productivity is well established in many developed countries. This powerful tool in the search for managerial effectiveness and efficiency, has become more and more popular among developing countries. However, to be effective, it has to integrate the social reality of these countries. This article analyses management development in sub-Saharan Francophone African countries by putting an emphasis on the cultural dimension. It points out the main cultural factors that have to be taken into account, describes how these apply to the management development process and concludes with recommendations for management development needs analysis, objectives, design and implementation, and evaluation.
Reading and Writing Organizational Lives
Authors: Rhodes Carl
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the use of multiple reading strategies as a way to conduct research into organizational life. The paper reviews the role of paradigm thinking as being the dominant approach to understanding research methodology in organization studies. It is argued that paradigm diversity has taken a position of meta-theoretical hegemony where students of organizations are compelled to enter into the paradigm discourse in order to do research. Based on the work of Cleo Cherryholmes, it is further argued that a `reading' rather than `researching' based approach is a way of doing organizational enquiry outside the paradigm framework. An account of organizational life in an autobiographical format is presented and is `read' using three different reading strategies-one feminist, one critical and one deconstructive. The implications of these reading strategies for researching organizational life are then discussed.
Foucault and History in Organization Studies
Authors: Rowlinson Michael , Carter Chris
Published: March 2007

There is an increasing call for an historical perspective in organization studies. Clegg, Jacques and Burrell in particular combine this call with a Foucauldian reformulation of organization studies. But Foucauldians in organization studies have largely ignored the criticisms of Foucault from historians. We rehearse six main criticisms of Foucault from historians: (1) impenetrable style; (2) avoidance of narrative; (3) ambivalence to truth; (4) errors in historical facts; (5) neglect of relevant historiography; and (6) questionable historical explanations. We then apply these criticisms to the work of Clegg, Jacques, and Burrell. Clegg makes serious historical errors, and neglects criticisms of labour process historiography. The historical sources and historiography cited by Jacques are insufficient. Burrell's interpretation of the connection between modernity and the Holocaust is questionable in the light of recent historiography. We conclude that so far, the invocation of Foucault has exacerbated the problematic treatment of history in organization studies.
The Domain of Professional Business Ethics
Authors: Carlisle Ysanne M. , Manning David J.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to further the discussion of Iain Mangham's (1995) consideration of Alistair MacIntyre's reflections on the moral character of the manager in Vol. 2(2) of this journal. In the same volume, Anthony suggests that, after the denigration of this moral character effected by MacIntyre and his ilk, both professors and practitioners of business management `need new ethics' (Anthony, 1995: 293). Other contributions by Rundles (1995), Goodpaster (1995), Deetz (1995) and Nash (1995) go some way towards satisfying that craving. They have brought us back to earth from the celestial heights of MacIntyre's panoramic vision of the moral malaise he claims afflicts the management world below. Following that lead this down-to-earth article specifically addresses the question: what are the constitutive requirements of a professional code of business conduct comparable with those of other professions? The objective of this exercise is to locate the absolute presuppositions of the moral obligations of business management in a free market economy and to spell out the logical requirements of their practical satisfaction.
Managing Multiple Identities: Discourse, Legitimacy and Resources in the UK Refugee System
Authors: Phillips Nelson , Hardy Cynthia
Published: March 2007

In this article, we examine how the concept of a `refugee' is discursively constituted within the UK refugee system. We examine the actions and interactions of four organizations in particular: the British government, the Refugee Legal Centre, the British Refugee Council and the Refugee Forum, as they struggle to establish an understanding of `refugee' conducive to their goals and interests. Within this institutional field, the social construction of refugees takes place at two different levels: at the broadest level, the idea of a refugee is defined through an ongoing discursive process involving a wide range of actors; while at a more micro level, individual cases are processed by a limited subset of organizations based on this broad definition. We show that while the government controls the processing of individual cases through its formal authority and control of resources, all four organizations participate in the definition of a refugee and they all, therefore, play a role in refugee determination. Understanding the dynamics of an institutional field requires a consideration of discursive as well as traditional sources of power. While formal authority and resource dependency may provide some organizations with a measure of control within an existing institutional frame, discursive processes enable other organizations to modify or maintain the institutional frame within which traditional power is exercised.
The Discourse of Diversity: From Biology to Management
Authors: Litvin Deborah R.
Published: March 2007

By tracing the origins of workforce diversity discourse to the domain of natural science and philosophy, and analyzing two other contemporary diversity discourses, biodiversity and the Human Genome Diversity Project, this paper reveals the essentialist assumptions upon which contemporary diversity discourse is based. It demonstrates how these essentialist assumptions structure the conceptualizations of workforce diversity presented in a sample of recently published organizational behavior textbooks. The organizational consequences of the adoption of this essentialized conceptualization of diversity are explored, and a suggestion for an alternative conceptualization of difference is offered.
The Re-Construction of Organization Studies: Wrestling with Incommensurability
Authors: McKinley William , Mone Mark A.
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a `re-construction' of organization studies in order to deal with the chronic incommensurability that characterizes the discipline. The paper begins by discussing the issue of incommensurability between organization studies schools of thought, arguing that it represents a significant problem with which the field must cope. Ambiguity of the key constructs that form the building blocks of organization studies schools is identified as one major reason for persistent inter-school incommensurability. To help deal with the problem, we recommend the creation of a dictionary that would include democratically produced definitions of key organization studies constructs. The procedures used by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to develop new accounting standards are presented as a possible model for the dictionary-building process. The role of the dictionary in reducing inter-school incommensurability is discussed, and possible disadvantages considered. While the need to formally create construct definitions is symptomatic of the low paradigm development of organization studies, the dictionary is envisioned as a tool for increasing the future paradigm development of the field.
Popular Sovereignty or Cosmopolitan Democracy?
Authors: FRANCESCHET ANTONIO
Published: March 2007

Liberals have long disagreed about the nature and purposes of international reform. This article juxtaposes two recent research programmes that are premised on typically liberal assumptions and goals — democratic peace theory and the cosmopolitan democracy model. Two central claims are advanced. First, both of these liberal approaches are premised upon radically different depictions of Immanuel Kant's legacy — or at least what his legacy ought to mean to us today. These different conceptions of Kant's relevance suggest that his ambiguous status as a so-called `liberal' supports remarkably different forms of this ideology. Thus, Kant's legacy is not a neutral ground, but is rather a way in which older conflicts within liberalism are becoming reproduced in the post-Cold War era. The second argument is that the cosmopolitan democracy model is a superior vision of international reform because it transcends an anachronistic conception of `popular sovereignty' as the sole liberal means through which to produce freedom and peace.
After Empire: National Identity and Post-colonial Families of Nations
Authors: BRYSK ALISON , PARSONS CRAIG , SANDHOLTZ WAYNE
Published: March 2007

The `special relationships' formed by Spain, France and Britain with their former colonies demonstrate that even ties initially based on political and economic domination transform the identities of both parties. In this study, we show how European post-colonial behavior in Africa, Asia and Latin America has been inspired by historically rooted subjective conceptions of national identity and norms of interstate community. We employ a constructivist approach to provide a generalizable, middle-range explanation of foreign policies that do not fit typical realist or economistic notions of rationality. Instead, we find that Spanish, French and British policies toward their former empires follow patterns suggested by colonialist and feminist theories of International Relations. By applying this approach to post-colonial relations, we show the importance of ideas and norms in the construction of unequal power relations and expand the constructivist research program.
The Limits of Self-Reform:
Authors: SCHNEIDER GERALD
Published: March 2007

In this article, I investigate the potential for reform within the European Union (EU). Spatial models are employed to explore the extent to which domestic considerations prevent the organization from intensifying cooperation among member states. I show that intergovernmentalism will ultimately remain the predominant decision-making mode despite recent introduction of the codecision procedure which yields unconditional blocking power to the European Parliament. The capacity for institutional innovation is limited because of the coexistence of intergovernmentalist and supranationalist agenda-setting procedures. This dualism offers opportunities to overturn legislative decisions. After experiencing a defeat in the domain of `low politics' governments may create `negative spillovers' by asking for compensation in the unanimity-ruled area of `high politics'.
Coalitional Instability and the New Multidimensional Politics of Security:
Authors: PETERSON JOHN , WARD HUGH
Published: March 2007

Changing definitions of security and the shift to multipolarity have prompted a move from a one-dimensional to a multidimensional international politics of security. States holding similar positions on traditional security concerns now often hold different positions on `new' security issues, which are themselves more multidimensional than traditional security issues. Our central argument is: the more that the politics of international security are perceived as multidimensional, the less stable will be coalitions. We deploy rational choice theory to argue that a United States-European Union coalition can provide leadership in confronting the instability and gridlock which are fomented by a multidimensional international politics. The alliance is closer than any other to a situation of perfect information and perfect attention and thus is durable in the face of collective action dilemmas. An US-EU alliance could offer both special benefits for its members as well as the political entrepreneurship required to promote multilateral conditional cooperation.
Body Odor: The International Student and Cross-Cultural Communication
Authors: Hannigan Terence P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines body odor and the cultural values that come into play in determining the limits of acceptability in body odor, as well as the issue confronting the person identified as 'the source of the problem'. A brief review of the literature is presented to acquaint the reader with values and meanings associated with odors. Detweiler's category width construct is used to examine intolerance to body odor. Neurological factors of smell are also discussed. Finally, a number of suggestions are presented to assist in making cross-cultural conflicts about body odor into worthwhile learning experiences about ethnocentrism.
Activity as a Key Concept for Cultural Psychology
Authors: Ratner Carl
Published: March 2007

This paper articulates a concept of culture as practical, socially organized human activity. Culture is not simply shared conceptual understandings, as many cultural psychologists believe. The manner in which cultural activity organizes psychological functions is explored in detail. The reciprocal influence of psychological functions on culture is also described.
The Initiative to Party
Authors: Smith Daniel A. , Tolbert Caroline J.
Published: March 2007

Previous research on the initiative process tends to underestimate the involvement of political parties in ballot measure contests as well as the impact of partisanship on initiative voting. Focusing on recent ballot contests in California, we find that the two major party organizations in California are actively using ballot initiatives to bolster voter turnout for their candidates, divide the opposition with `wedge' issues and promote their own party's platform and ideology. This party involvement in initiative contests seems to be paying off, as partisanship is the strongest predictor of votes on ballot measures in California at both the aggregate and individual levels. More generally, our research - which runs counter to the expectations of Populist and Progressive reformers - shines new light on how political parties are shaping not only the process, but also the politics of direct democracy.
Adaptation of the Former Communist Parties of East-Central Europe
Authors: Waller Michael
Published: March 2007

During the 5 years from 1989 to 1994 a series of parties in east-central Europe moved from enjoying a monopoly of power in single-party states to standing on the threshold of recognition as social-democratic parties in a context of competitive party politics. In confronting this process of adaptation they have been aided by their organizational strength, but such elements of continuity have been accompanied by changes in their programmes and in their membership. Their search for a refashioned identity has met up with a search on the part of the Socialist International for interlocutors in eastern Europe, the social-democratic parties of the region having in most cases failed to establish themselves in the new polities.
Transnational Trends in European Parties and the 1994 Elections of the European Parliament
Authors: Bardi Luciano
Published: March 2007

The main objective of this report is to assess the impact of institutional factors and elections on the transnationalization of European parties and on the evolution of the European Union's (EU) party system. Institutional factors, which are effective during the European Parliament's (EP) legislative term, appear to favor the consolidation of the longerestablished and larger EP party groups (EPP, PES, LDR) and ultimately of the EU party system. By contrast, elections can be very disruptive, especially for the more recent and smaller EP groups, and are a negative factor in party system consolidation. The two combined effects appear to have contributed to the creation of a two-speed party system in the EU, characterized by an increasingly institutionalized core and by a mutable and unstable periphery.
Explaining the Party-Policy Link
Authors: Mulé Rosa
Published: March 2007

Scholarly work on the party-policy link has produced fundamentally different interpretations. The main theoretical division within this field is drawn between the view centred on the role of a party as vote maximizer and the view based on the role of a party as representative of social interests. This paper provides a step towards relaxing the standard dichotomy between these two separate schools of thought, apparently unable to communicate with each other. By drawing upon recent theoretical developments in the literature on party goals, party competition and party organization, this article places limitations upon the role of partisan and electoral politics in the making of party policies. Advances in the theory of party politics suggest that conceiving of parties as miniature political systems provides an altogether richer and more suggestive account of the party-policy link.
El Partido Por La Democracia
Authors: Plumb David
Published: March 2007

A new center-left political party has emerged in Chile during the country's recent return to democratic government: the Party For Democracy (el Partido Por la Democracia - PPD). This report examines the PPD from the perspective of (1) changing voter demands and (2) the maneuverings and necessities of party elites. It concludes that the PPD's emergence resulted from increasing interest among Chileans for new types of leftist discourse - Ronald Inglehart's postmaterialist issues - and consensus-orientated leftist politics. Equally important, however, the PPD is the product of an elite rejection of Chile's traditional party cultures, which impeded individual leaders' freedom, access to power, and rapid adaptation to new electoral realities.
Personal, Social and Moral Development through Team Games: Some Critical Questions
Authors: Theodoulides Andrew , Armour Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

This article raises critical questions about the place of pupils’ personal, social andmoral development in team games. It is argued that clearer conceptual definitions and critical debate within the physical education (PE) profession are needed in order to determine the role of team games in promoting pupils’ personal, social and moral education. The complex inter-relationship between these aspects of pupils’ development is discussed and a case is made for using ‘ sociomoral’ education for the purpose of further analysis. Current ideology about how team games can enhance pupils’ socio-moral education is examined against the background of historical developments in PE in both state and private schools over the last 150 years. The need for empirical evidence to substantiate knowledge claims in this multi-dimensional area of the curriculum is highlighted and some suggestions made for research in this area.
The Social Nature of Games: Australian Preservice Primary TeachersÍ First Experiences of Teaching Games for Understanding
Authors: Light Richard
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study of pre-service generalist primary school teachers’ experiences of a games unit taught using the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) approach in an Australian teacher education programme. The study sought to make sense of the knowledge and dispositions that pre-service primary school teachers brought into the games unit, the ways in which this shaped their interpretation of the TGfU approach, the impact that this had on their perceptions of physical education’s educational value and the pedagogy they articulated as intending to adopt.A sense of ‘joy’ related to achievement and profound learning (Heywood, 2001) emerged as a central theme in many students’ accounts of their games unit. It is argued in this article that this sense of joy arose from the holistic, whole-body learning that is possible in games using a TGfU approach.