bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring mechanisms of change in a dyadic relationship intervention for siblings in foster care
Authors: Waid Jeffrey , Kothari Brianne H. , Dahlgren Jessica A. , McBeath Bowen , Bank Lew
Published: February 2021

There is increasing recognition of the potential for sibling relationships to promote the well‐being of youth in out‐of‐home care. Efficacious interventions now exist to strengthen the sibling relationships for youth in out‐of‐home care, yet the processes through which these interventions work to enhance sibling relationships remains largely speculative. The current study therefore aimed to identify the critical components of an efficacious dyadic relationship enhancement intervention for siblings in foster care through a secondary analysis of fidelity of implementation and trial outcome data. Data for 168 youth from the treatment condition of the Supporting Siblings in Foster Care study were analysed. Fidelity of implementation was assessed across seven intervention domains: Sibs 4 Life, Positive/Sib Thinking, Activity Planning, Problem Solving, Cooperation, Managing Feelings and Adult Allies. Trial outcome data were drawn from efficacy test results and included a multi‐agent construct of sibling relationship quality. Descriptive statistics detailed intervention implementation, and hierarchical linear models examined associations between intervention coverage, comprehension, and engagement, and 18‐month improvements to the sibling relationship. Results indicate high fidelity to implementation, and Positive/Sib Thinking was the primary intervention domain associated with sibling relationship improvements. Considerations for future mechanisms‐based intervention research with siblings in out‐of‐home care are provided.
De novo variants in neurodevelopmental disorders—experiences from a tertiary care center
Authors: Brunet Theresa , Jech Robert , Brugger Melanie , Kovacs Reka , Alhaddad Bader , Leszinski Gloria , Riedhammer Korbinian M. , Westphal Dominik S. , Mahle Isabella , Mayerhanser Katharina , Skorvanek Matej , Weber Sandrina , Graf Elisabeth , Berutti Riccardo , Necpál Ján , Havránková Petra , Pavelekova Petra , Hempel Maja , Kotzaeridou Urania , Hoffmann Georg F. , Leiz Steffen , Makowski Christine , Roser Timo , Schroeder Sebastian A. , Steinfeld Robert , Strobl‐Wildemann Gertrud , Hoefele Julia , Borggraefe Ingo , Distelmaier Felix , Strom Tim M. , Winkelmann Juliane , Meitinger Thomas , Zech Michael , Wagner Matias
Published: February 2021

Up to 40% of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as intellectual disability, developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, and developmental motor abnormalities have a documented underlying monogenic defect, primarily due to de novo variants. Still, the overall burden of de novo variants as well as novel disease genes in NDDs await discovery. We performed parent‐offspring trio exome sequencing in 231 individuals with NDDs. Phenotypes were compiled using human phenotype ontology terms. The overall diagnostic yield was 49.8% (n = 115/231) with de novo variants contributing to more than 80% (n = 93/115) of all solved cases. De novo variants affected 72 different—mostly constrained—genes. In addition, we identified putative pathogenic variants in 16 genes not linked to NDDs to date. Reanalysis performed in 80 initially unsolved cases revealed a definitive diagnosis in two additional cases. Our study consolidates the contribution and genetic heterogeneity of de novo variants in NDDs highlighting trio exome sequencing as effective diagnostic tool for NDDs. Besides, we illustrate the potential of a trio‐approach for candidate gene discovery and the power of systematic reanalysis of unsolved cases.
Applying the CiPA approach to evaluate cardiac proarrhythmia risk of some antimalarials used off‐label in the first wave of COVID‐19
Authors: Delaunois Annie , Abernathy Matthew , Anderson Warren D. , Beattie Kylie A. , Chaudhary Khuram W. , Coulot Julie , Gryshkova Vitalina , Hebeisen Simon , Holbrook Mark , Kramer James , Kuryshev Yuri , Leishman Derek , Lushbough Isabel , Passini Elisa , Redfern Will S. , Rodriguez Blanca , Rossman Eric I. , Trovato Cristian , Wu Caiyun , Valentin Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2021

We applied a set of in silico and in vitro assays, compliant with the Comprehensive In Vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) paradigm, to assess the risk of chloroquine (CLQ) or hydroxychloroquine (OH‐CLQ)‐mediated QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes (TdP), alone and combined with erythromycin (ERT) and azithromycin (AZI), drugs repurposed during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Each drug or drug combination was tested in patch clamp assays on seven cardiac ion channels, in in silico models of human ventricular electrophysiology (Virtual Assay) using control (healthy) or high‐risk cell populations, and in human‐induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐derived cardiomyocytes. In each assay, concentration‐response curves encompassing and exceeding therapeutic free plasma levels were generated. Both CLQ and OH‐CLQ showed blocking activity against some potassium, sodium, and calcium currents. CLQ and OH‐CLQ inhibited IKr (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]: 1 µM and 3–7 µM, respectively) and IK1 currents (IC50: 5 and 44 µM, respectively). When combining OH‐CLQ with AZI, no synergistic effects were observed. The two macrolides had no or very weak effects on the ion currents (IC50 > 300–1000 µM). Using Virtual Assay, both antimalarials affected several TdP indicators, CLQ being more potent than OH‐CLQ. Effects were more pronounced in the high‐risk cell population. In hiPSC‐derived cardiomyocytes, all drugs showed early after‐depolarizations, except AZI. Combining CLQ or OH‐CLQ with a macrolide did not aggravate their effects. In conclusion, our integrated nonclinical CiPA dataset confirmed that, at therapeutic plasma concentrations relevant for malaria or off‐label use in COVID‐19, CLQ and OH‐CLQ use is associated with a proarrhythmia risk, which is higher in populations carrying predisposing factors but not worsened with macrolide combination.
How to provide a structured clinical assessment of a patient with overweight or obesity
Authors: Bessell Erica , Markovic Tania P. , Fuller Nicholas R.
Published: February 2021

With the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide, there is a reciprocal increase in the global economic burden and ill‐health from obesity‐related chronic diseases. Primary healthcare services have a role to play in ensuring early detection of weight issues and in directing patients towards evidence‐based care to slow this progression. Research shows that many people with obesity are motivated to lose weight and want their clinician to initiate a conversation about weight management and treatment options. However, this conversation rarely occurs and there is a significant delay in treatment, resulting in an increased burden on the individual, healthcare system and society. In this paper, the components and rationale for the clinical assessment of adult patients with overweight or obesity, including anthropometric measurements and pathology tests, are described. Recommendations to ascertain the potential factors influencing the development of obesity in the patient, such as lifestyle factors (diet and physical activity) and mental health, are also provided. The potential sequelae of obesity that may be present and the necessary assessments for diagnosis are also addressed. These assessments are vital to ensure the patient is referred to the appropriate allied health services and/or specialists.
Diabetes duration and glycaemic control as predictors of cardiovascular disease and mortality
Authors: Li Fu‐Rong , Yang Hai‐Lian , Zhou Rui , Zheng Jia‐Zhen , Chen Guo‐Chong , Zou Meng‐Chen , Wu Xiao‐Xiang , Wu Xian‐Bo
Published: February 2021

Aims

To assess the associations of diabetes duration and glycaemic control (defined by plasma glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] level) with the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all‐cause mortality and to determine whether the addition of either or both to the established CVD risk factors can improve predictions.

Materials and Methods

A total of 435 679 participants from the UK Biobank without CVD at baseline were included. Cox models adjusting for classic risk factors (sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, lipid profiles and medication use) were used, and predictive utility was determined by the C‐index and net reclassification improvement (NRI).

Results

Compared with participants without diabetes, participants with longer diabetes durations and poorer glycaemic control had a higher risk of fatal/nonfatal CVD. Among participants with diabetes, the fully‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for diabetes durations of 5 to <10 years, 10 to <15 years and ≥15 years were 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99, 1.34), 1.50 (95% CI 1.26, 1.79) and 2.22 (95% CI 1.90, 2.58; P‐trend <0.01), respectively, compared with participants with diabetes durations <5 years. In addition, those with the longest disease duration (≥15 years) and poorer glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥64 mmol/mol [8%]) had the highest risk of fatal/nonfatal CVD (HR 3.12, 95% CI 2.52, 3.86). Among participants with diabetes, the addition of both diabetes duration and glycaemic control levels significantly improved both the C‐index (change in C‐index +0.0254; 95% CI 0.0111, 0.0398) and the overall NRI for fatal/nonfatal CVD (0.0992; 95% CI 0.0085, 0.1755) beyond the use of the classic risk factors.

Conclusions

Both longer diabetes duration and poorer glycaemic control were associated with elevated risks of CVD and mortality. Clinicians should consider not only glycaemic control but also diabetes duration in CVD risk assessments for participants with diabetes.
Obesity as a driver of international differences in COVID‐19 death rates
Authors: Gardiner Julian , Oben Jude , Sutcliffe Alastair
Published: February 2021

Aim

To determine what proportion of the inter‐country variation in death rates can be explained in terms of obesity rates and other known risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).

Materials and Methods

COVID‐19 death rates from 30 industrialized countries were analysed using linear regression models. Covariates modelled population density, the age structure of the population, obesity, population health, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), ethnic diversity, national temperature and the delay in the government imposing virus control measures.

Results

The multivariable regression model explained 63% of the inter‐country variation in COVID‐19 death rates. The initial model was optimized using stepwise selection. In descending order of absolute size of model coefficient, the covariates in the optimized model were the obesity rate, the hypertension rate, population density, life expectancy, the percentage of the population aged older than 65 years, the percentage of the population aged younger than 15 years, the diabetes rate, the delay in imposing national COVID‐19 control measures, per capita GDP and mean temperature (with a negative coefficient indicating an association between higher national temperatures and lower death rates).

Conclusions

A large proportion of the inter‐country variation in COVID‐19 death rates can be explained by differences in obesity rates, population health, population densities, age demographics, delays in imposing national virus control measures, per capita GDP and climate. Some of the unexplained variation is probably attributable to inter‐country differences in the definition of a COVID‐19 death and in the completeness of the recording of COVID‐19 deaths.
Prenatal diagnosis of partial absence of the tricuspid valve with perimembranous ventricular septal defect—The utility of prenatal 4‐dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation rendering
Authors: Karmegaraj Balaganesh , Manickavasagam Madhubala , Ibrahim Syed , Razeen Mohamed , Srimurugan Balaji
Published: February 2021

First described in 1965 by Johnson and Wilcox, partial absence of the tricuspid valve (TV) associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a very rare malformation (Ann Surg. 1966;164:334‐336). Heart failure secondary to severe TV regurgitation results in utero fetal compromise (J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:167). We present here a fetus with partial absence of the tricuspid valve with perimembranous VSD.
What factors increase the vulnerability of native birds to the impacts of alien birds?
Authors: Evans Thomas , Jeschke Jonathan M. , Liu Chunlong , Redding David W. , Şekercioğlu Çağan H. , Blackburn Tim M.
Published: February 2021

Biodiversity impacts caused by alien species can be severe, including those caused by alien birds. In order to protect native birds, we aimed to identify factors that influence their vulnerability to the impacts of alien birds. We first reviewed the literature to identify native bird species sustaining such impacts. We then assigned impact severity scores to each native bird species, depending on the severity of the impacts sustained, and performed two types of analyses. First, we used contingency table tests to examine the distribution of impacts across their severity, type and location, and across native bird orders. Second, we used mixed‐effects models to test factors hypothesised to influence the vulnerability of native birds to the impacts of alien birds.

Ground‐nesting shorebirds and seabirds were more prone to impacts through predation, while cavity‐nesting woodpeckers and parrots were more prone to impacts through competition. Native bird species were more vulnerable when they occupied islands, warm regions, regions with climatic conditions similar to those in the native range of the invading alien species, and when they were physically smaller than the invading alien species. To a lesser extent, they were also vulnerable when they shared habitat preferences with the invading alien species.

By considering the number and type of native bird species affected by alien birds, we demonstrate predation impacts to be more widespread than previously indicated, but also that damaging predation impacts may be underreported. We identify vulnerable orders of native birds, which may require conservation interventions; characteristics of native birds that increase their vulnerability, which may be used to inform risk assessments; and regions where native birds are most vulnerable, which may direct management interventions. The impacts sustained by native birds may be going unnoticed in many regions of the world: there is a clear need to identify and manage them.
The geography of metapopulation synchrony in dendritic river networks
Authors: Larsen Stefano , Comte Lise , Filipa Filipe Ana , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Jacquet Claire , Ryser Remo , Tedesco Pablo A. , Brose Ulrich , Erős Tibor , Giam Xingli , Irving Katie , Ruhi Albert , Sharma Sapna , Olden Julian D.
Published: February 2021

Dendritic habitats, such as river ecosystems, promote the persistence of species by favouring spatial asynchronous dynamics among branches. Yet, our understanding of how network topology influences metapopulation synchrony in these ecosystems remains limited. Here, we introduce the concept of fluvial synchrogram to formulate and test expectations regarding the geography of metapopulation synchrony across watersheds. By combining theoretical simulations and an extensive fish population time‐series dataset across Europe, we provide evidence that fish metapopulations can be buffered against synchronous dynamics as a direct consequence of network connectivity and branching complexity. Synchrony was higher between populations connected by direct water flow and decayed faster with distance over the Euclidean than the watercourse dimension. Likewise, synchrony decayed faster with distance in headwater than mainstem populations of the same basin. As network topology and flow directionality generate fundamental spatial patterns of synchrony in fish metapopulations, empirical synchrograms can aid knowledge advancement and inform conservation strategies in complex habitats.
Insomnia disorder: clinical and research challenges for the 21st century
Authors: Ferini‐Strambi Luigi , Auer Reto , Bjorvatn Bjørn , Castronovo Vincenza , Franco Oscar , Gabutti Luca , Galbiati Andrea , Hajak Goeran , Khatami Ramin , Kitajima Tsuyoshi , McEvoy Doug , Nissen Christoph , Perlis Michael , Pevernagie Dirk A. , Randerath Winfried , Riemann Dieter , Rizzo Giovanni , Van Someren Eus , Vgontzas Alexandros , Barazzoni Fabrizio , Bassetti Claudio ,   the European Sleep Foundation
Published: February 2021

Background and purpose

Insomnia is a common and debilitating disorder that is frequently associated with important consequences for physical health and well‐being.

Methods

An international expert group considered the current state of knowledge based on the most relevant publications in the previous 5 years, discussed the current challenges in the field of insomnia and identified future priorities.

Results

The association of trajectories of insomnia with subsequent quality of life, health and mortality should be investigated in large populations. Prospective health economics studies by separating the costs driven specifically by insomnia and costs attributable to its long‐term effects are needed. Ignoring the heterogeneity of insomnia patients leads to inadequate diagnosis and inefficient treatment. Individualized interventions should be promoted. More data are needed on both the impact of sleep on overnight effects, such as emotion regulation, and the potential compensatory effort to counteract diurnal impairments. Another gap is the definition of neurocognitive deficits in insomnia patients compared to normal subjects after chronic sleep loss. There are also a number of key gaps related to insomnia treatment. Expert guidelines indicate cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia as first‐line treatment. They neglect, however, the reality of major healthcare providers. The role of combined therapy, cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia plus pharmacological treatment, should be evaluated more extensively.

Conclusion

Whilst insomnia disorder might affect large proportions of the population, there are a number of significant gaps in the epidemiological/clinical/research studies carried out to date. In particular, the identification of different insomnia phenotypes could allow more cost‐effective and efficient therapies.
Early apathetic, but not depressive, symptoms are associated with poor outcome after stroke
Authors: Lopatkiewicz Anna Maria , Pera Joanna , Slowik Agnieszka , Dziedzic Tomasz
Published: February 2021

Background and purpose

Depression and apathy are frequent neuropsychiatric disturbances after stroke and may appear together. Despite the overlap in symptoms between poststroke depression and apathy, these two syndromes might be associated with different prognoses and benefit from different treatments. We aimed to disentangle the relationship between early depressive and apathetic symptoms and outcome after stroke.

Methods

Of 698 enrolled patients with ischemic stroke, we included 443 participants (median age = 69 years, 51% female) who underwent depressive and apathetic symptom assessment on Day 8 after stroke. We divided patients into four groups: without greater depressive and apathetic symptoms (Group 1), with only apathetic symptoms (Group 2), with only depressive symptoms (Group 3), and with both depressive and apathetic symptoms (Group 4).

Results

After adjusting for age and stroke severity, Group 2 and Group 4 had an increased risk of poor 3‐month outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16–3.38, p = 0.01 and OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.24–2.01, p < 0.01, respectively). Group 2 and Group 4 also had an increased risk of poor 12‐month outcome (OR = 3.85, 95% CI = 2.19–6.78, p < 0.01 and OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.22–1.96, p < 0.01, respectively) and mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.19–6.41, p = 0.02 and HR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.32–2.38, p < 0.01, respectively). Compared with Group 1, Group 3 did not have an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes.

Conclusions

Early apathetic, but not depressive, symptoms are related to worse outcomes after stroke. Our study underscores the importance of recognizing apathetic symptoms independently from depressive symptoms.
Association between neuropathy and B‐vitamins: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Stein Johannes , Geisel Juergen , Obeid Rima
Published: February 2021

Background

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is common in patients with diseases that are in turn associated with deficiency of the B‐vitamins, and vitamin treatment has shown mixed results.

Methods

This systematic review and meta‐analysis studied the association between PN/pain and B‐vitamin biomarkers and investigated whether vitamin treatment can ameliorate the symptoms. PubMed and Web of Science were searched according to the study protocol.

Results

A total of 46 observational and seven interventional studies were identified and included in the data synthesis. The presence of PN was associated with lowered B12 levels (pooled estimate [95% CIs] = 1.51 [1.23–1.84], n = 34, Cochran Q Test I2 = 43.3%, p = 0.003) and elevated methylmalonic acid (2.53 [1.39–4.60], n = 9, I2 = 63.8%, p = 0.005) and homocysteine (3.48 [2.01–6.04], n = 15, I2 = 70.6%, p < 0.001). B12 treatment (vs. the comparators) showed a non‐significant association with symptom improvement (1.36 (0.66–2.79), n = 4, I2 = 28.9%). Treatment with B1 was associated with a significant improvement in symptoms (5.34 [1.87–15.19], n = 3, I2 = 64.6%, p = 0.059). Analysis of seven trials combined showed a non‐significant higher odds ratio for improvement under treatment with the B‐vitamins (2.58 [0.98–6.79], I2 = 80.0%, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

PN is associated with lowered plasma vitamin B12 and elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine. Overall, interventional studies have suggested that B‐vitamins could improve symptoms of PN. Available trials have limitations and generally did not investigate vitamin status prior to treatment. Well‐designed studies, especially in non‐diabetes PN, are needed. This meta‐analysis is registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020144917).
Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on stroke teleconsultations in Germany in the first half of 2020
Authors: Vollmuth Christoph , Miljukov Olga , Abu‐Mugheisib Mazen , Angermaier Anselm , Barlinn Jessica , Busetto Loraine , Grau Armin J. , Guenther Albrecht , Gumbinger Christoph , Hubert Nikolai , Hüttemann Katrin , Klingner Carsten , Naumann Markus , Palm Frederick , Remi Jan , Rücker Viktoria , Schessl Joachim , Schlachetzki Felix , Schuppner Ramona , Schwab Stefan , Schwartz Andreas , Trommer Adrian , Urbanek Christian , Volbers Bastian , Weber Joachim , Wojciechowski Claudia , Worthmann Hans , Zickler Philipp , Heuschmann Peter U. , Haeusler Karl Georg , Hubert Gordian Jan
Published: February 2021

Background and purpose

The effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on telemedical care have not been described on a national level. Thus, we investigated the medical stroke treatment situation before, during, and after the first lockdown in Germany.

Methods

In this nationwide, multicenter study, data from 14 telemedical networks including 31 network centers and 155 spoke hospitals covering large parts of Germany were analyzed regarding patients' characteristics, stroke type/severity, and acute stroke treatment. A survey focusing on potential shortcomings of in‐hospital and (telemedical) stroke care during the pandemic was conducted.

Results

Between January 2018 and June 2020, 67,033 telemedical consultations and 38,895 telemedical stroke consultations were conducted. A significant decline of telemedical (p < 0.001) and telemedical stroke consultations (p < 0.001) during the lockdown in March/April 2020 and a reciprocal increase after relaxation of COVID‐19 measures in May/June 2020 were observed. Compared to 2018–2019, neither stroke patients' age (p = 0.38), gender (p = 0.44), nor severity of ischemic stroke (p = 0.32) differed in March/April 2020. Whereas the proportion of ischemic stroke patients for whom endovascular treatment (14.3% vs. 14.6%; p = 0.85) was recommended remained stable, there was a nonsignificant trend toward a lower proportion of recommendation of intravenous thrombolysis during the lockdown (19.0% vs. 22.1%; p = 0.052). Despite the majority of participating network centers treating patients with COVID‐19, there were no relevant shortcomings reported regarding in‐hospital stroke treatment or telemedical stroke care.

Conclusions

Telemedical stroke care in Germany was able to provide full service despite the COVID‐19 pandemic, but telemedical consultations declined abruptly during the lockdown period and normalized after relaxation of COVID‐19 measures in Germany.
The use of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is associated with a lower likelihood of COVID‐19 infection
Authors: Merzon Eugene , Green Ilan , Vinker Shlomo , Golan‐Cohen Avivit , Gorohovski Alessandro , Avramovich Eva , Frenkel‐Morgenstern Milana , Magen Eli
Published: February 2021

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is commonly used for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aspirin use is associated with better outcomes among COVID‐19 positive patients. We hypothesized that the aspirin use for primary cardiovascular disease prevention might have a protective effect on COVID‐19 susceptibility and disease duration. We conducted a retrospective population‐based cross‐sectional study, utilizing data from the Leumit Health Services database. The proportion of patients treated with aspirin was significantly lower among the COVID‐19‐positive group, as compared to the COVID‐19‐negative group [73 (11.03%) vs. 1548 (15.77%); P = 0.001]. Aspirin use was associated with lower likelihood of COVID‐19 infection, as compared to nonusers (adjusted OR 0.71 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.99; P = 0.041). Aspirin users were older (68.06 ± 12.79 vs. 56.63 ± 12.28 years of age; P < 0.001), presented a lower BMI (28.77 ± 5.4 vs. 30.37 ± 4.55; P < 0.0189), and showed higher prevalence of hypertension (56, 76.71%), diabetes (47, 64.38%), and COPD (11, 15.07%) than the aspirin nonusers (151, 25.64%, P < 0.001; 130, 22.07%, P < 0.001; and 43, 7.3%, P = 0.023, respectively). Moreover, COVID‐19 disease duration (considered as the time between the first positive and second negative COVID‐19 RT–PCR test results) among aspirin users was significantly shorter, as compared to aspirin nonusers (19.8 ± 7.8 vs. 21.9 ± 7.9 P = 0.045). Among hospitalized COVID‐positive patients, a higher proportion of surviving subjects were treated with aspirin (20, 19.05%), as opposed to 1 dead subject (14.29%), although this difference was not significant (P = 0.449). In conclusion, we observed an inverse association between the likelihood of COVID‐19 infection, disease duration and mortality, and aspirin use for primary prevention.
A Robust LG‐SIMS Method for Sr Isotope Determination in Apatite Across a Wide Sr Concentration Range
Authors: Jeon Heejin , Whitehouse Martin J.
Published: February 2021

Apatite provides a powerful means to determine the Sr isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr) of ancient crust as it contains enough Sr to be measured accurately and precisely while typically having little post‐crystallisation radiogenic ingrowth due to its low Rb. Although utilising LG‐SIMS is beneficial for small‐volume targets, for example, inclusions, it is technically challenging to measure Sr isotopes in apatite with good accuracy and precision by SIMS, mainly due to molecular isobars interfering on Sr isotopes that have not previously been thoroughly assessed. This study evaluates all theoretically possible interferences affecting Sr isotope analysis of apatite by SIMS and develops a principle protocol for analysis and data processing that can be applied across a wide range of Sr concentration, even lower than 100 µg g−1. With careful control of the peak shape and applying precise mass centring at an intermediate mass resolution (ca. 4500), only interferences from the apatite matrix‐produced Ca dimers and 40Ca31P16O (present as a low mass tail) were found to be significant for the low trace element reference apatite used in this study, both of which can be precisely measured and corrected for. Despite this comprehensive approach, the Ca2 correction remained inadequate, possibly due to as yet unidentified doubly charged molecules interfering at the reference mass 82 peak (40Ca42Ca). While this can be reduced by employing an energy offset of at least −25 eV, precision significantly worsens in low Sr apatite (ca. 0.0024 in 1SE compared with ca. 0.0010 without offset for < 100 Sr µg g−1 apatite). Use of an empirical correction for the residual mass 82 interference is therefore preferred to an energy offset analytical approach, especially for low Sr apatite. Lastly, a slightly positive offset (ca. +0.0007) of unknown origin in 87Sr/86Sr was consistently observed across sessions with different analytical conditions, which may also be empirically corrected. The final corrected 87Sr/86Sr of the reference materials show good accuracy and precision with repeatability from ca. 0.0010 to 0.0002 in 1SE obtained for Sr contents from < 100 to 1500 µg g−1.
How to implement medical and patient associations in low‐income countries: A proposition from the African French Alliance for the Treatment of Haemophilia (AFATH)
Authors: Sannié Thomas , de Moerloose Philippe ,   AFATH
Published: February 2021

Introduction

There is a lack of joint recommendations by healthcare professionals (HCP) and patient organizations when a partnership between high and low‐income countries in the field of haemophilia is planned.

Aim

To draft recommendations to clarify the methodology when a partnership between low‐ and high‐income countries is planned with the objective of a long‐term implication. This methodology is to be implemented for fulfilling both medical and associative aims.

Methods

Based on the available literature, a first document was written, then diffused to AFATH (Alliance Franco‐Africaine pour le Traitement de l’Hémophilie) members, and after a one‐day meeting and further amendments, a second draft was approved by all members before submission for publication.

Results

Based on 6 years experience, several recommendations regarding the joint and separate roles of patient association and HCP for a first mission in French‐speaking sub‐Saharan African countries have been established. The proposed methodology for establishing preliminary contacts, the first visit and the key points for diagnostic action, medical follow‐up, patient education and advocacy strategy outlines a model of partnership between patients and HCP.

Conclusion

This paper written jointly by patients and physicians underlines the importance of reciprocal expert guidance and a partnership based on complementary inputs.
The difference of PMMA‐brush‐modification on the oxygen permeable perovskite‐type oxides by consisting elements
Authors: Kaneko Tomoya , Nishibori Maiko
Published: February 2021

Oxygen permeation of perovskite‐type ceramics consists of three elementary processes: oxygen absorption, bulk oxygen diffusion, and oxygen desorption. In most cases, the rate‐determining step is the oxygen diffusion step, and the use of thin films improves the oxygen permeation rate of perovskite‐type ceramics. Polymer‐brush‐modification is a useful technique to produce thin films. Grafted PMMA‐brushes exhibit a screening effect for attractive interactions between core ceramic particles, thereby inducing repulsive forces on them. This results in the formation of a densely packed ordered array. Modification of the polymerization‐initiator and polymer‐brushes should affect the oxygen permeation properties of the ceramic particles, especially surface oxygen adsorption and desorption. In this paper, it is demonstrated that these modifications change the cation chemical states and lower the oxygen desorption rate, while increasing the desorption peak temperature. The surface of La–Sr–Co–Fe perovskite‐type oxides was modified only with the polymerization initiator, (2‐bromo‐2‐methyl)propionyloxyhexyltriethoxysilane (BHE) because there is no direct interaction between the polymer‐brush and the substrate, while the initiator is directly modified to the substrate. The oxygen desorption behavior of BHE‐modified oxides indicates that its oxygen desorption property is impeded without modification with PMMA. The investigation of BHE‐modified oxide cation chemical states and oxygen desorption behaviors imply that the BHE‐modifying site and change in chemical states have selectivity depending on cation species. Although sintering causes the formation of silicate and ceramic decomposition, this step can eliminate the harmful effects of BHE‐modification in total. When conventional La–Sr–Co–Fe perovskite‐type ceramics are used, sintering is preferable for the recovery of thin‐film surface reactions. However, if we utilize site selectivity of BHE‐modification, the harmful effects of those modifications can be avoided by modifying BHE onto sites that hardly participate in surface reactions.
Examining the links between regular leisure‐time physical activity, sitting time and prefrailty in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Chang Shu‐Hung , Chien Nai‐Hui , Pui‐Man Wai Jackson , Chiang Ching‐Cheng , Yu Ching‐Yi
Published: February 2021

Aims

To examine the relationship between leisure‐time physical activity, sitting time and prefrailty in community‐dwelling older adults.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Between February and July 2019, 539 individuals over age 60 were recruited in northern Taiwan. Demographic, medical history, physical activity and frailty data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests and logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence of prefrailty was 24.4%; 33.2% had regular leisure‐time physical activity, and 14.7% reported >6 hrs daily sitting time. Compared with individuals having regular leisure‐time physical activity and shorter sitting times (daily average ≤6 hrs), those having no regular leisure‐time physical activity and also shorter sitting times (adjusted OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.12, 2.92), or those also having regular leisure‐time physical activity but longer sitting times (adjusted OR, 4.42; 95% CI, 2.22, 8.79) had an increased prefrailty risk.

Conclusions

Having no regular leisure‐time physical activity or longer sitting times is associated with a higher risk of prefrailty. For sedentary older adults to prevent prefrailty, they can become more active, sit less or better yet, commit to both.
Integrative analysis of genome‐wide DNA methylation and gene expression profiles reveals important epigenetic genes related to milk production traits in dairy cattle
Authors: Dong Wanting , Yang Jie , Zhang Yu , Liu Shuli , Ning Chao , Ding Xiangdong , Wang Wenwen , Zhang Yi , Zhang Qin , Jiang Li
Published: February 2021

Epigenetic modification plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining cell differentiation, embryo development, tumorigenesis and many complex diseases. However, little is known about the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms for milk production in dairy cattle. Here, we conducted an epigenome‐wide study, together with gene expression profiles to identify important epigenetic candidate genes related to the milk production traits in dairy cattle. Whole‐genome bisulphite sequencing and RNA sequencing were employed to detect differentially methylated genes (DMG) and differentially expressed genes (DEG) in blood samples in dry period and lactation period between two groups of cows with extremely high and low milk production performance. A total of 10,877 and 6,617 differentially methylated regions were identified between the two groups in the two periods, which corresponded to 3,601 and 2,802 DMGs, respectively. Furthermore, 156 DEGs overlap with DMGs in comparison of the two groups, and 131 DEGs overlap with DMGs in comparison of the two periods. By integrating methylome, transcriptome and GWAS data, some potential candidate genes for milk production traits in dairy cattle were suggested, such asDOCK1,PTK2andPIK3R1. Our studies may contribute to a better understanding of epigenetic modification on milk production traits of dairy cattle.
Circular RNA circ_0002137 regulated the progression of osteosarcoma through regulating miR‐433‐3p/ IGF1R axis
Authors: Zhang Meng , Yu Guang‐Yang , Liu Gang , Liu Wei‐Dong
Published: February 2021

Current clinical treatment targeting osteosarcoma (OS) are limited for OS patients with pulmonary metastasis or relapse, which led to high mortality (70%‐85%) for advanced osteosarcoma patients. Although ongoing efforts have been made to illustrate the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression in OS; however, it was far for us to learn a comprehensive molecular mechanism implies in OS development. In our study, we implicated a circRNA hsa_circ_0002137, which was higher expressed in osteosarcoma tumours compared with paracancerous tissue. The dysregulated expression pattern was also found in osteosarcoma cell lines. The role of circ_0002137 was explored via down‐ or up‐regulated experiments. It was proved that down‐regulation of circ_0002137 suppressed the progress of OS, including cell invasion, cell cycle and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the correlation between circ_0002137 and miR‐433‐3p was predicted using bioinformatic tools and verified utilizing RNA pull‐down assay and luciferase reporter assay. Interestingly, we found that the inhibitory effect of circ_0002137 on OS was dependent of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF1R). In conclusion, it was demonstrated that circ_0002137 could restrain the progression of OS through regulating miR‐433‐3p/IGF1R axis, providing a comprehensive landscape of circ_0002137 in the generation and development of OS.
Efficacy and safety of fixed‐dose combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate foam for the treatment of psoriasis
Authors: Stein Gold L. , Paul C. , Romiti R.
Published: February 2021

The fixed‐dose combination calcipotriol (Cal; 50 µg/g) plus betamethasone dipropionate (BD; 0.5 mg/g) ointment and gel formulations have well‐established efficacy profiles in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris (chronic plaque psoriasis); this combination has been shown to produce favourable outcomes versus either monotherapy. To improve upon the efficacy and cosmetic acceptability of these treatments Cal/BD foam was developed, demonstrating superior efficacy in Phase II/III studies compared with either of its monocomponents, Cal/BD ointment, Cal/BD gel and various other therapies for the treatment of psoriasis. Multiple outcome measures were evaluated in the clinical studies, including physician's global assessment of disease severity and modified psoriasis area and severity index. Of note, 38–55% of patients across studies achieved a physician's global assessment of ‘clear’ or ‘almost clear’ after 4 weeks of Cal/BD treatment. This superior efficacy was not associated with an increased frequency or severity of adverse events, and there was no evidence for dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis or calcium homeostasis. Overall, Cal/BD foam was efficacious, with a good tolerability profile consistent with established Cal/BD formulations.
Skin effect of facial cleansing combined with an electric sonic device
Authors: Aiello Laura Moretti , Vergilio Mariane Massufero , Monteiro e Silva Silas Arandas , Anselmo Tamiris , Leonardi Gislaine Ricci
Published: February 2021

Background

New technologies, such as sonic devices, have been developed to optimize the skin cleansing process and improve its efficiency. To evaluate the effectiveness of these cosmetic procedures, skin bioengineering is an objective method to assess the biophysical parameters of the skin.

Aims

This study aimed to assess the effect of facial cleansing on the physiological properties of the skin by comparing a cleansing process with cosmetic product applied manually to cleansing with cosmetic product associated with the use of an electric sonic device.

Patients/Methods

A gentle skin cleanser was applied to the entire face of 12 subjects; the sonic device was used on one half of the face and the manual process was performed on the other half. Instrumental skin analyses included sebummetry, corneometry, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), infrared thermography, and high‐frequency ultrasound and were measured before and up to 90 min after cleansing. Results were compared using two‐way ANOVA and Friedman tests.

Results

Data obtained from the statistical analysis of sebummetry, TEWL, thermography, and ultrasound parameters did not show any significant difference. When assessing the corneometry parameters, a significant reduction in hydration values (17.19%) was observed in the manual cleansing area, while the values remained similar to baseline values in the area where the sonic device was used.

Conclusion

The cleansing process with a sonic device did not cause a significant hydration reduction, suggesting better preservation of skin homeostasis when compared to manual cleansing.
With a little help from my friends? Perceived friendship quality and narrative identity in adolescence
Authors: de Moor Elisabeth L. , Van der Graaff Jolien , van Doeselaar Lotte , Klimstra Theo A. , Branje Susan
Published: February 2021

Stressful events are associated with various outcomes, but there is variability in these associations suggesting that the interpretation of these events is important. This interpretation is reflected in the narratives adolescents tell of events, which are largely constructed in social interactions. We examined the associations of perceived friendship quality with self‐event connections and redemption in turning point narratives, in a sample of Dutch adolescents. Findings from regression analyses in a cross‐sectional subsample (N = 1087, Mage = 14.8) and a three‐wave cross‐lagged panel model in a longitudinal subsample (N = 186, Mage at Wave 1 = 14.7) showed that perceived friendship quality was associated with the presence of redemption sequences and self‐event connections within time points, but not longitudinally.
Modes of intergroup contact: If and how to interact with the outgroup
Authors: Harwood Jake
Published: February 2021

The modes of intergroup contact, both direct and indirect, have become a focal point for the contact literature over the past decade or more. As part of our developing understanding of when and why certain types of contact improve intergroup relations, this paper examines some theoretical concepts useful for organizing modes of contact, building on previous schemes in the literature. It explores the idea that experiences in one type of contact generalize to other modes of contact. It then considers the degree to which individuals have choice about which mode of contact to use, and indeed whether they have choice about having contact at all, as well as whether such choices are associated with the valence of the contact. These ideas are developed into a model of flexibility in if and how to engage in contact, including the positive and negative consequences thereof. The model contributes to the literature's ability to consider both whether contact occurs and how it happens in a single framework. The paper considers whether societal inequality is reflected in the kinds of contact choices available to those with privilege and those without.
Soil burial induced dormancy in weedy rice seeds through hormone level changes: Implications in adaptive evolution and weed control
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐Qi , Zhu Xin‐Yu , Lu Bao‐Rong
Published: February 2021

Seed dormancy plays a key role in preventing seeds of higher plants from random germination under adverse environmental conditions. Previous studies suggested that a critical temperature could regulate germination of weedy rice seeds without primary dormancy at seed dispersion. However, what will happen to the non‐dormant seeds after shattering in the soil seed banks when temperature fluctuates to exceed the critical temperature remains an interesting question to be investigated. To determine whether or not soil burial can change the status of dormancy in weedy rice seeds, we examined germination ratios of weedy rice seeds after soil‐burial treatments. In addition, we compared hormone levels in the untreated seeds and viable but ungerminated seeds after soil burial. Results showed that soil burial induced a proportion of 41%–72% dormant seeds in the initially non‐dormant weedy rice seeds. Also, the induction of seed dormancy is associated with the change of hormone levels in the seeds treated by soil burial, suggesting that soil burial can significantly activate the control of hormone production in seeds. Together, the previously reported mechanism of critical temperature‐inhibited seed germination and the newly found phenomenon of soil burial‐induced seed dormancy provide a “double‐security” strategy to ensure germination of weedy rice seeds under a favorable condition in agricultural ecosystems. The findings not only reveal the important role of rapid evolution of adaptive functions in weeds, such as weedy rice, in adapting to changing agricultural environments, but also facilitate the design of strategies for effective weedy rice control practices.
Genome‐wide investigation and transcriptional profiling of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Guo Chang‐Feng , Xiong Xing‐Chen , Dong Huan , Qi Xiao‐Quan
Published: February 2021

Triterpene scaffolds are cyclized by differential functional genes of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) gene family, which are widely present in plant species. Thirty‐nine OSCs were identified from the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome. The gene structure organization and the distribution of conserved motifs of OSCs gene family revealed that the TaOSC proteins are highly conserved. By phylogenetic analysis, all OSC proteins from wheat and other cereal crops were clustered into 11 subfamilies (I–XI). Based on the publicly available transcriptional profiling, the tissue‐specific expression patterns of TaOSC during several developmental stages revealed diverged expression patterns, indicating that the TaOSC family has undergone subfunctionalization. Furthermore, homeolog expression bias was commonly detected in the TaOSC subfamilies, such as the expression of Ta5A004900 and Ta5D011800 in the subfamily II were specifically expressed in the leaf sheath and flag leaf sheath. In addition, two genes were strongly induced by Pst, indicating that the two homolog genes are involved in the resistance to powdery mildew. Molecular evolution analysis indicated that the TaOSC family genes were undergone purifying selection. So, the powdery mildew response may be very conservative and important biological function of the Ta5A004900 and Ta5D011800 in wheat. In conclusion, these results can be used to explore the diversity of triterpenes and clarify the mechanism of triterpene cyclization, and also provide useful information for future studies on the function of the TaOSC gene family in bread wheat and other important crops.