bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the accuracy of fiscal projections in South Africa
Authors: Calitz Estian , Siebrits Krige , Stuart Ian
Published: April 2017

The accuracy of the National Treasury's projections of GDP and key fiscal aggregates is comparable to that of the projections of private sector economists, other reputable organisations and the fiscal authorities of other countries. The errors in the projections of the National Treasury have nonetheless been substantial in some years, and have increased from 2000/01 to 2010/11. This paper argues that the credibility of fiscal policy would have been severely tested if the largest annual errors in respect of the various aggregates had coincided. Against this backdrop, the paper makes the case for structured bi-annual discussions of government’s forecasts during public parliamentary hearings as a mechanism for improving the accuracy and credibility of official projections. It also discusses the potential benefits for South Africa of two alternative mechanisms, namely fiscal councils and committees of independent experts.
The source of investment cash flow sensitivity in manufacturing firms: Is it asymmetric information or agency costs?
Authors: Makina Daniel , Wale Letenah Ejigu
Published: April 2017

In the literature, positive investment cash flow sensitivity is attributed to either asymmetric information induced financing constraints or the agency costs of free cash flow. Using data from a sample of 68 manufacturing firms listed on the South African JSE, this paper contributes to the literature by investigating the source of investment cash flow sensitivity. We have found that asymmetric information explains the positive investment cash flow sensitivity better than agency costs. Furthermore, asymmetric information has been observed to be more pronounced in low-dividend-paying firms and small firms. Despite South Africa’s having a developed financial system by international standards, small firms are seen to be financially constrained. We attribute the absence of investment cash flow sensitivity due to agency costs to good corporate governance of South African listed firms. Thus the paper provides further evidence in support of the proposition in the literature that the source of investment cash flow sensitivity may depend on the institutional setting of a country, such as its corporate governance.
Credit procyclicality and financial regulation in South Africa
Authors: Bernstein James , Raputsoana Leroi , Schaling Eric
Published: April 2017

This study assesses the behaviour of credit extension over the business cycle in South Africa for the period 2000 to 2012. This is motivated by the proposal of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to look at credit extension over the business cycle as a reference guide for implementing countercyclical capital buffers for financial institutions. The study finds that credit extension in South increases during the trough phase, while the relationship between credit extension and the business cycle becomes insignificant during the peak phase. The study also finds that credit extension decreases during the expansion phase, while it increases during the contraction phase. Thus we do not find any evidence of procyclical behaviour of credit extension in South Africa, and the latter should therefore be used with caution and not as a mechanical rule based common reference guide for countercyclical capital buffers for financial institutions.
Viewpoints, perspectives or letters to the editor
Authors: Blignaut James
Published: April 2017

In line with international trends, the SAJEMS editorial board decided to introduce a section in the journal called: Viewpoints, perspectives or letters to the editor.  We solicit submissions to this section that comprise novel concepts, ideas, or even a dialogue with either the editor or an author of an earlier paper either in SAJEMS or elsewhere.  Controversial perspectives are even welcome, as long as they are presented in a constructive manner.
Domestic saving mobilisation and small business creation: The case of Cameroon
Authors: Forje LC
Published: April 2017

Promoting savings and providing a basis for lending to the poor is a growing concern in many developing countries. Cameroon has a culture of savings mobilisation known as njangi/tontine. The njangi is contributions given to members in a rotating form at the end of every sitting, and tontine is voluntary savings held by the group. This study reveals that njangi/tontine groups only lend money to group members and suggests that a micro village bank known as MC2 could be used as guarantor to ensure that group monies lent to non-group members are repaid. Encouragement and improvement in the function of such voluntary savings could promote the creation of small businesses in the country.  The Cameroonian government needs to improve fighting corruption and a functional justice system to ensure security.
Do international economic developments affect the South African economy?
Authors: Swanepoel JA
Published: April 2017

Globalisation has opened economies more, exposing them to more international shocks and increasing the challenges to which domestic economic policies must respond. This paper provides a starting point for the analysis of the impact of international economic developments on the South African economy by means of graphical illustrations, correlations coefficients and in some cases a VAR analysis. Although this paper has shed some light on the importance of international economic developments on the South African economy, more rigorous econometric investigation is needed to validate the arguments and to address many of the unresolved questions.
Impact of sucrose contents and cooking time on cowpea prices in Senegal
Authors: Faye Mb.D , Jooste A , Lowenberg-DeBoer J , Fulton J
Published: April 2017

An alternative approach to traditional consumer behaviour and demand theory is characteristics theory, which assumes that a consumer’s utility function is generated by the characteristics, or attributes, that goods and services possess. Instead of a utility being a function of a product, it becomes a function of the attributes provided by these products. In this paper a hedonic pricing model is used to investigate the influence of sucrose level and cooking time on cowpea prices in Senegal.  Cooking time has a significant impact on price only at Tilene market in Dakar, while the sucrose contents tend to provide a premium throughout. Further investigation shows that the local varieties, AW, Matam and Ndiassiw have higher sucrose contents than the other cowpea varieties.
The extent of benchmarking in the South African financial sector
Authors: Vermeulen W
Published: April 2017

Benchmarking is the process of identifying, understanding and adapting outstanding practices from within the organisation or from other businesses, to help improve performance. The importance of benchmarking as an enabler of business excellence has necessitated an in-depth investigation into the current state of benchmarking in South Africa. This research project highlights the fact that respondents realise the importance of benchmarking, but that various problems hinder the effective implementation of benchmarking. Based on the research findings, recommendations for achieving success are suggested.
Trade openness and foreign direct investment in Africa
Authors: Kandiero T , Chitiga M
Published: April 2017

Africa’s share of foreign direct investment (FDI) has lagged behind other regions in the world, despite a sharp increase in FDI inflows to the region in 2001. Factors contributing to this circumstance include perceptions of high corruption, weak governance and poor infrastructure. The motivation of this paper is to investigate the impact of openness to trade on the FDI inflow to Africa. In addition to economy-wide trade openness, we also analyse the impact on FDI of openness in manufactured goods, primary commodities and services. The empirical work uses cross-country data from selected African countries observed over four periods: 1980-1985, 1985-1990, 1990- 1995 and 1995-2001. We find that the FDI to GDP ratio responds well to increased openness in the whole economy and in the services sector in particular.
Caracterização da madeira serrada em clones de Eucalyptus
Authors: De Lima Israel Luiz , Stape José Luiz
Published: April 2017

O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a madeira serrada de clones de Eucalyptus com 7 a 13 anos, plantados comercialmente na região de Entre Rios e Esplanada, BA. Para efeito de comparação e como referência, foram utilizadas amostras de Eucalyptus cloeziana com 22 anos, em função da ótima aptidão dessa espécie para serraria. As amostras foram retiradas em duas posições verticais e três posições radiais ao longo do tronco das árvores. Foram observadas diferenças entre clones e posição radial para o índice de rachaduras de extremidade de tábuas secas, flecha de encurvamento, flecha de arqueamento e quantidade de nós, enquanto não houve diferenças em relação à posição da tora ao longo do fuste. Todos os materiais apresentaram alta incidência de nós. As rachaduras de tábua seca, arqueamento e quantidade de nós diminuem no sentido medula-casca, enquanto que o encurvamento tende a aumentar.
Teaching chemistry with sustainability
Authors: Rojas-Fernández Antonia G. , Aguilar-Santelises Leonor , Cruz Millán Margarita , Aguilar-Santelises Miguel , García -del Valle Araceli
Published: April 2017

Increased awareness on a critical association between the natural environment and human development gave rise multiple projects, aiming to protect the natural environment and to preserve it for future generations. Chemists must be acquainted with the principles of green chemistry and the need to practice experimental chemistry with cleaner chemical reactions and sustainability. This is a major concern for all the educators forming new professionals within the Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biology curricula in the Faculty for Higher Studies Zaragoza from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. With this in mind, we start our teachings explaining from the very beginning, how important it is to perform microscale techniques and to follow the principles of green chemistry in the Basic Science Laboratory. Furthermore, we have modified, designed and evaluated working procedures related with chemical synthesis, kinetics and calorimetry. By doing this, we managed to greatly reduce the amount of reagents required and residues generated. Some laboratory reagents have been substituted with renewable substances. We have also included in our programme a regular treatment of residues generated during everyday laboratory work. Our goal is to emphasize the importance of minimizing the environmental impact of chemistry and to prepare environmentally concerned professionals who keep sustainability as main priority and perform chemistry procedures with good laboratory practice routines.
Understanding the Mechanism of Arctic Amplification and Sea Ice
Loss
Authors: Kim Kwang-Yul , Kim Jinju , Yeo Saerim , Na Hanna , Hamlington Benjamin D. , Leben Robert R.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Sea ice reduction is accelerating in the Barents and Kara Seas. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the accelerated loss of polar sea ice, which remains an open question. In the present study, the detailed physical mechanism of sea ice reduction in winter is identified using the daily ERA interim reanalysis data. Downward longwave radiation is an essential element for sea ice reduction, but can only be sustained by excessive upward heat flux from the sea surface exposed to air in the region of sea ice loss. The increased turbulent heat flux is used to increase air temperature and specific humidity in the lower troposphere, which in turn increases downward longwave radiation. This feedback process is clearly observed in the Barents and Kara Seas in the reanalysis data. A quantitative assessment reveals that this feedback process is amplifying at the rate of ~ 8.9 % every year during 1979–2016. Based on this estimate, sea ice will completely disappear in the Barents and Kara Seas by around 2025. Availability of excessive heat flux is necessary for the maintenance of this feedback process; a similar mechanism of sea ice loss is expected to take place over the sea-ice covered polar region when sea ice is not fully recovered in winter.
The Flute in Death of a Salesman
Authors: Thomson Ian
Published: April 2017

The role of the flute in Death of a Salesman has received much attention, and credible explanations of it have been proposed. But those explanations have not considered fully the musicological context of the flute and are therefore limited. It has not previously been recognized, for example, that Miller may have been aware that the flute seldom appears in art and literature connotation-free. This article considers the role of the flute afresh and casts new light on Miller's decision to insert it. This in turn provides a better understanding of Miller's knowledge and of the way in which he developed the play.
Miller, BPAT, and the Dynamics of East-West Collaboration
Authors: Qian Zhaoming
Published: April 2017

While the 2013 Arthur Miller Journal essay by Ou Rong and me focuses on Miller's collaboration with Ying Ruocheng alone, this essay explores Miller's collaboration with the entire Beijing People's Art Theatre cast and crew involved with the staging of Death of a Salesman in 1983. Through detailed analysis of overlooked materials it attempts to accentuate Miller's late-life East-West collaboration and renewal of theatrical innovation.
The Essence of Literature as the Symbol of Life Pain: Comparative Analysis of Travel Literature in Chinese
Authors: Zhu Shoutong
Published: April 2017

Travel literature is a very important literary phenomenon in the history of both Chinese and world literatures. It is the literary prototype for the civilization of mankind. The most important tradition for travel literatures both in Chinese and in the world is the statement of life pain through literary creation. Travel literature has prototype meanings as well as long traditions in the value composition of Chinese literature or even entire Chinese culture. Travel literature in Chinese has richer cultural accumulation, and is easier to cast away from the influence and coverage of powerful foreign literature, from which to win its own independence. Although it is extremely convenient for residents in Hong Kong, Macau, and other Chinese communities in the world to travel, there have been no influential publications of travel literature until now. Such a crisis in travel literary writing has been caused by the fact that the writers in the Chinese language cannot know the key point of travel literature as the symbol of life pain.
The Construction of Korean Female Images in the Korean War Novels From an Orientalist Perspective
Authors: Piao Yuming
Published: April 2017

The Korean female images as prostitutes, bar girls, refugees, and victims of sexual violence are often found in both American novels and Korean novels of the Korean War. This essay tries to analyze how the exotic portrayals and images are constructed in American novels in accordance with Western indigenous culture and the general conception of Eastern inferiority in comparison to the superiority of Western civilization. With the pervasiveness of ethnocentrism, the Korean female images are portrayed as the Other and exotica of the East. Consequently, what they suffered in the calamity of war has been erased. However, similar female images that appeared in the Korean novels of the Korean War are far more complicated. They are relegated to a peripheral status in the national calamities wrought by the war. They are constructed within the frame of the absence of men's support in families, extreme poverty, and the legitimization of prostitution and breakdown of traditional Korean society and culture. In a word, the construction of these Korean female images conveys strong cultural and historical influences.
Wishes and worries of haemophilia patients
Authors: Lechner Herbert , Schleiermacher Anja , Berger Karin , Schopohl Dorothee , Schramm Wolfgang
Published: April 2017

Haemophilia care in Germany has achieved a high level and enables the majority of patients to lead a largely normal life. The Bluter Betreuung Bayern e.V. (BBB) aims to improve health care and support for haemophilia patients. A questionnaire has been developed by BBB representatives to evaluate unmet medical needs from the patient perspective. It was sent to 290 haemophilia patients and/or their parents in Bavaria in November 2015. The response rate was 51.4 %: 66 children aged < 15 years (66.7 % severe), 30 patients 15–24 years (66.7 % severe), 26 patients 25–44 years (80.8 % severe), 24 patients > 44 years (95.8 % severe). Prophylactic therapy in patients with severe haemophilia aged < 25 and ≥ 25 years is given “always” in ≥ 80 % and > 60 %, respectively. Substitution therapy is mostly uncomplicated. Satisfaction with medical care is high. Chronic pain is a problem with increasing age. Patients aged 25–44 years worry least regarding future health, safety and availability of factor products, patients > 44 years most. Overall, 80–100 % of the patients from all age groups are interested in information on the current state of science. Offers of the BBB for psychosocial support in addition to the medical care seem to be helpful and needed in all age groups.
Critical Thinking as Reflected in the Sudanese and Jordanian Secondary School Certificate English Language Examinations
Authors: Sharif Khalid Sharif Mohammed , Siddiek Ahmed Gumaa
Published: April 2017

This study emerges from the need of English Language Teachers in Sudan and Jordan to lay appropriate assessment strategies to meet the anticipated educational objectives among the learners of English. It is also hoped to improve language assessment in similar educational environments in the Arab world. We intended to find out the level of consistency between the educational objectives of the English language syllabus and the English language examinations in these two countries. These examinations are expected to have some beneficial washback on English pedagogy in general and on reading and writing skills in particular. These tests can be used as benchmark for the effectiveness of the teaching and the learning performance in the classroom. We found that most of the reading questions in EL examination focus on testing the low order of thinking such as knowledge and comprehension; which negatively affect the critical thinking abilities among these young learners. The study yielded many other findings but the most important is the negligence of testing speaking and listening skills which renders the standardized English language examinations in Sudan and Jordan to be incomprehensive, but on the other hand the study revealed that these examinations had some content validity.
PARTIZIPATIVE
MUSEUMSARBEIT
IM FHXB
FRIEDRICHSHAINKREUZBERG
MUSEUM
IN BERLIN
Authors: Düspohl Martin
Published: April 2017

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden am Beispiel des
FHXB Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Museums in Berlin Chancen
und Risiken partizipativer Museumsarbeit diskutiert. Welche
Konsequenzen hat es, wenn Museumsdirektoren und -kuratoren
ganz oder teilweise Entscheidungskompetenzen
an die Zielgruppen abtreten, die sie erreichen möchten?
Wird ihre Expertise entwertet, wenn über Inhalte
und Gestaltung von Ausstellungen – zumindest teilweise
– das Publikum entscheidet? Oder kann das Museum
als (in der Regel) öffentlich finanzierte Einrichtung im
Wege von Partizipation und Inklusion mehr Akzeptanz und
Legitimation bekommen? Diese Fragen werden diskutiert
unter Heranziehung eines Strategie-Modells, das die kalifornische
Museumspraktikerin und -theoretikerin Nina Simon entwickelt
hat. Sie identifiziert vier verschiedene Ausrichtungen
partizipativer Museumsarbeit, die sich im Grad der Abgabe
von Entscheidungskompetenz und Deutungshoheit unterscheiden,
aber jeweils für sich Sinn machen. In der
Ausstellungstätigkeit des Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg-Museums
wurden in den vergangenen Jahren diese Modelle praktisch
erprobt – allerdings im „try and error“-Verfahren. Wichtig ist,
dass sich die Museumsverantwortlichen im Vorhinein darüber
verständigen, welche Ziele sie mit Partizipation verbinden und
wie sie den Beteiligungsprozess gestalten wollen.
Degradability of Epoxy/Sisal Fiber Composites via Simulated Soil
Authors: Bandeira C.F. , Montoro S.R. , Faria S.T. , Moreira P.R.S. , Pereira A.C.C. , Oliveira L.F. , Milanese A.C.
Published: April 2017

The increase in the disposal of new polymeric materials is growing considerably in recent years, causing a major environmental impact. In view of this factor, many researchers have been studying and producing biodegradable composites whose shorter time to degradation reduces the volume of waste in landfills. Reinforcements made from natural fibers, especially sisal, has been much used in these new composites due to their low density, because they are derived from renewable source, are not toxic and their low cost compared to synthetic fibers. In view of this need, this study evaluated an epoxy/sisal composite via TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis), DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), the impact resistance and the mass variation evaluation before and after exposure in simulated soil for a period of 8 weeks.
Catalytic Recovery of Elemental Sulfur Using a Novel Catalytic Membrane Reactor at Room Temperature with a Layer of Dispersed Mo-Co/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst: Reaction Kinetics and Mass Transfer Study
Authors: Chen Xiao Yuan , Kaliaguine Serge , Rodrigue Denis
Published: April 2017

The mass transfer rate of catalytic recovery of sulfur is investigated, enters through the catalyst-membrane interface (layer), accompanied by pseudo-first order irreversible reaction. Reaction kinetics is measured considering the system as a homogeneous system due to the consideration of mixed flow patterns of the reacting fluids, though the catalysis is a heterogeneous one. The multi-reactant mass transfer behaviour of the catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) is also studied on the basis of Maxwell-Stefan theory to understand the diffusion of reactants inside the membrane reactor. The mass transport behaviour and the performance of the fabricated CMR are strongly influenced by the reaction conditions, such as, reaction equilibrium constant (Keq) and membrane properties, namely, membrane area and reactor volume. An intermediate value with asymptotic nature of Keq as a function of time indicates appreciable performance of the catalytic membrane. On the other hand, the minimum value of kij indicates a negligible effect on mass transfer over the reactor performance.
ALKYLATION OF TRIETHYL ESTER OF PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID AND DIETHOXYCYANOMETHYLPHOSPHONATE WITH HALOIDACETALS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Ismailov Valekh M. , Yusubov Niftaly N. , Sadykhova Nurlana D. , Ibragimova Gezal G. , Mamedov Iskander A.
Published: April 2017

The method was developed for synthesis of hard-to-reach phosphorylated aldehides with hidden carbonyl group. As compounds with active methylene group triethyl ethers of phosfonacetic acid and diethoxycianomethyl phosfonate were used at the condensation with bromo- and chloroacetals to produce the corresponding acetals. It was found that in the mentioned phosphonates the alkylation by haloid acetal occurs exceptionally on the carbon atom of active methylene group, not touching the nitrile and ester groups. The hydrolysis of obtained phosphorylated acetals led to preparation of phosphorylated aldehydes. It was found that an application of chlorinated acetals led to decreasing the yield of final products. On the basis of obtained aldehydes the corresponding hydrozones were prepared. The latter in the course of reaction undergoes the conversion occurring on the nitrile and ester groups. The high reaction activity of synthesized phosphorylated acetals was used in the further synthesis of different kind of phosphoroganic compounds.  The reaction of phosphorylated aldehydes with hydrazine led to obtaining the nitrogen and phosphor containing organic compounds. The structures of synthesized compounds were studied and proved by IR and NMR spectroscopy methods. Forcitation:                                                                                                                    Ismailov V.M., Yusubov N.N., Sadykhova N.D., Ibragimova G.G., Mamedov I.A. Alkylation of triethyl ester of phosphonoacetic acid and diethoxycyanomethylphosphonate with haloidacetals and products of their transformation. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 2. P. 13-16.
STUDY OF POLYMER SYNTACTIC AND FOAM MATERIALS OF NEW GENERATION WITH IMPROVING OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Chursova Larisa V. , Sokolov Igor I. , Lukina Anna I.
Published: April 2017

The article deals with the creation of lightweight syntactic polymeric materials of new generation with the improved complex operational and special properties. The preparation of composition and technology polymeric syntactic foam based on cyanat resin having the higher operational and special properties, compared by analog material, was shown.  The production of such material has the different steps: the synthesis of cyanat resin with request rheological properties; blending the cyanat resin with glass microsphere for prepare the material with request homogenous properties; the prepare of roll syntactic polymeric materials having the thickness 2 mm. For preparing the material with request thickness we used the calendric technology; cutting the roll spheroplastic material on sample workpeace; the molding of spheroplastic. The application spheroplastic can significantly increase both absolute and specific characteristics of multilayer structures compared to design with cell. Also, the preparation of polymeric phenolic foam, based on phenolic resin, modified by rubber, having close-cell structure and higher operational properties, was shown. For foaming process the foam obtained semifinished product are not prefabricated as individual pellets or crushed powder as generally accepted in the preparation of foams brand FC, and rolled in the form of solid sheets, the total mass chosen with a given density of the obtained foam. The resulting foam originally monolithic semi eliminated the possibility of forming foam at foaming various small areas between individual pellets (or powder particles). Thereby, it reduces the overall porosity in the resulting foam. It was found that resole resins (containing novolac oligomer) poor fit together with a nitrile rubber. In addition, a combination of product of nitrile rubber with phenol resoles SF-3021K and with a novolac resin in all investigated ratios doesn’t allow to obtain high quality foam structure having a density less than 150 kg / m3. Only by combining a mixture of nitrile rubber and oligomeric compositions (resole (SF-342A) with novolak (SF-010), it is possible to obtain foams with a density from 80 to 150 kg / m3. For citation:Chursova L.V., Sokolov I.I., Lukina A.I. Study of polymer syntactic and foam materials of new generation with improving operational characteristics. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N2. P. 67-73.
Stratification et classes sociales à Montréal, 1991-2011
Authors: Langlois Simon
Published: April 2017

La structure sociale de la ville de Montréal est typique de la modernité avancée. Nous analysons la mutation macrosociale qui l’a complètement transformée, d’abord visible dans la croissance des effectifs aux échelons élevés de la hiérarchie sociale devenus plus diversifiés. La taille de la classe ouvrière a rétrécit et de nouvelles classes ont augmenté leurs effectifs, notamment chez les techniciens et les professionnels. Les femmes en emploi sont aussi nombreuses que les hommes et elles ne sont plus concentrées dans des secteurs féminisés. Elles ont accentué leur présence dans tous les échelons, sauf chez les cadres supérieurs où elles sont encore sous représentées. Les clivages linguistiques (anglais-français) qui ont caractérisé la stratification sociale montréalaise par le passé sont disparus, mais la ville en conserve quelques traces puisque les anglophones sont encore davantage surreprésentés au sein des cadres supérieurs. Ces clivages anciens ont cédé la place à une nouvelle forme de différenciation sociale selon l’origine ethnique. Nous montrons enfin que la stratification sociale de la ville de Québec s’est beaucoup rapprochée de celle de Montréal, les deux grandes villes se distinguant du reste de la société québécoise.
Le ministère des Affaires culturelles sous Jean-Noël Tremblay : turbulences et réalisations (1966 –1970)
Authors: Harvey Fernand
Published: April 2017

Cet article s’inscrit dans la suite des recherches de l’auteur sur l’histoire des politiques culturelles du Québec. Les années 1966-1970, ici considérées, correspondent à une période passablement agitée de l’histoire du Québec sur le plan politique, constitutionnel, social, culturel et linguistique. Le ministère des Affaires culturelles et son titulaire, Jean-Noël Tremblay, doivent faire face à des défis nouveaux : la présence concurrente de plus en plus marquée du gouvernement fédéral et de ses politiques culturelles, les exigences d’un milieu culturel et artistique en pleine croissance, les inquiétudes formulées par les intellectuels quant à l’avenir de la culture québécoise. Pour répondre à ces défis, l’action politique du ministère met l’accent sur la préservation du patrimoine, la promotion de l’activité culturelle en région – hors Montréal et Québec - et l’appui à la culture d’élite, notamment en soutenant la musique et le théâtre. Mais l’absence d’une vision d’ensemble de la culture a empêché le Ministère d’intégrer la culture de masse et l’audiovisuel dans ses politiques.
La traite des pelletries aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Delâge Denys
Published: April 2017

La traite a mis en présence des partenaires issus de deux civilisations. Dans un contexte de mutuelle dépendance, les adaptations et les inventions furent multiples : logique de l’échange, du don et du contredon, logique de l’économie de marché, transformation des mécanismes de la dette, apprentissage graduel et réciproque des règles de l’Autre, métissage biologique et culturel, réinterprétations culturelles, émergence d’un nouveau peuple, les Métis. Néanmoins, lentement, graduellement, une économie de marché s’est imposée, un pouvoir politique colonial s’est infiltré. « Le Castor fait tout », même les empires coloniaux. Graduellement les rapports à la nature ont changé, la surchasse a fait reculer les animaux et de manière emblématique, le castor qui vint près de disparaître du continent vers 1930.
Os saberes para ensinar matemática e a profissionalização do educador matemático
Authors: Rodrigues Valente Wagner
Published: April 2017

Este texto analisa os saberes na formação de professores. Em específico, da formação matemática tanto para os futuros docentes do Ensino Fundamental como para aqueles do Ensino Médio, considerando a terminologia atual do sistema escolar brasileiro. Na análise, o texto apoia-se nos estudos que vem sendo desenvolvidos pela Equipe de Pesquisa em História das Ciências da Educação (ERHISE) da Universidade de Genebra, na Suíça. Buscar-se-á mostrar que a profissionalização do educador matemático, em contraposição ao professor de matemática, tem na “matemática para ensinar” sua referência constitutiva. A base empírica do estudo leva em consideração pesquisas relacionadas à história da educação matemática brasileira, em especial, a década de 1930, em que teve destaque as ações do professor Euclides Roxo.
Estado, política migratoria y escuela pública: mediaciones desde los libros de lectura (Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1853-1955)
Authors: Montenegro Ana María , Méndez Jorgelina
Published: April 2017

Este trabajo presenta un análisis de las interrelaciones entre el Estado, las políticas migratorias y la escuela pública Argentina (y más específicamente de Buenos Aires) desde la perspectiva de la historia de la educación, tomando como fuente documental los libros de lectura de la escuela primaria. Entre la constitución del estado nacional (en 1853) y mediados del siglo XX el mismo se fue redefiniendo en base a los cambios del contexto nacional e internacional siempre desde un sesgo liberal. En este tránsito, las estrategias en relación del “extranjero” cambian desde un modelo de “puertas abiertas” hacia otro de “migración restringida” con diferentes connotaciones. Debido al rol que se le asignó en esta matriz estatal, la escuela primaria pública argentina se configuró como una mediadora eficaz para reforzar la identidad nacional integrando a los niños nativos, extranjeros y a sus familias. Los libros de lectura son una herramienta interesante para observar el tratamiento de ciertos contenidos escolares en tanto los mismos son elaborados siguiendo lineamientos que emanan desde el estado nacional y son mediados por las políticas educativas y el mercado editorial. Y, precisamente, tanto la integración de poblaciones migrantes como las políticas migratorias están presentes en ellos. Desde allí podremos tener un acercamiento al rol de la escuela y su mediación frente a las poblaciones migrantes y nativas respecto a las políticas migratorias del estado nacional, a través de los niños.
Imigração e educação nos relatórios dos presidentes da Província do Paraná
Authors: Boçõen Rodrigo , Blanck Miguel Maria Elisabeth
Published: April 2017

O presente texto busca discutir a forma como educação e imigração, especialmente de poloneses, era tratada pelos governantes da Província do Paraná, por meio da análise dos Relatórios dos Presidentes da Província, abrangendo o período de 1871, o início da imigração polonesa ao Paraná, e 1889, o fim do regime monárquico no Brasil. Para a construção deste trabalho, foi fundamental a consulta a autores como Lilian A. Wachowicz (1984), Ruy C. Wachowicz (2010), Saviani (2007), Faria Filho (1998) Miguel (1997) e Vieira (2011), além de outras fontes primárias, como a legislação educacional em vigor no período. Com a realização dessa pesquisa, foi possível observar o planejamento da imigração para a Província, os principais problemas reconhecidos na Instrução Pública do período, além das medidas tomadas ou planejadas para a melhoria do ensino entre os imigrantes.
Expanding on the relationship between continuing current and in‐cloud leader growth
Authors: Lapierre Jeff L. , Sonnenfeld Richard G. , Stock Michael , Krehbiel Paul R. , Edens Harald E. , Jensen Daniel
Published: April 2017

When lightning connects to the ground, there is a large surge of current, called the return stroke, which is occasionally followed by a longer‐lasting steady current, called continuing current (CC). In a previous study of negative cloud‐to‐ground (−CG) flashes, we observed the growth rate of in‐cloud positive leaders in an attempt to identify occurrences of CC. However, there was no observed change in positive leader growth rate during CC of negative CG flashes. In this study, we use the Langmuir Electric Field Array, Lightning Mapping Array, and Flash‐Continuous Broadband Digital Interferometer data to extend the previous study to the growth of the negative leader during positive CG flashes. We have found that in contrast with previous results, negative leader growth during positive CG flashes does show increases in growth rates coincident with CC. Finally, we find that the growth rate magnitudes for positive and negative leaders are typically ∼2–4 km/10 ms and ∼25–40 km/10 ms, respectively. These contrasting results highlight the differences between positive and negative leaders and provide strong evidence as to why −CC and +CC behave differently. Negative leaders inject higher amounts of current and allow the channel to remain conductive throughout the duration of CC. Whereas for positive leaders, the channel becomes nonconductive relatively quickly. It is therefore disconnected from the channel to the ground, and, due to the positive leader's continued growth, an electric potential is built up until a K event is produced that re‐ionizes the channel.
Nitrate reduction mechanisms and rates in an unconfined eogenetic karst aquifer in two sites with different redox potential
Authors: Henson W. R. , Huang L. , Graham W. D. , Ogram A.
Published: April 2017

This study integrates push‐pull tracer tests (PPTT) with microbial characterization of extracted water via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT‐qPCR) of selected functional N transformation genes to quantify nitrate reduction mechanisms and rates in sites with different redox potential in a karst aquifer. PPTT treatments with nitrate (AN) and nitrate‐fumarate (ANC) were executed in two wells representing anoxic and oxic geochemical end‐members. Oxic aquifer zero‐order nitrate loss rates (mmol L−1 h−1) were similar for AN and ANC treatment, ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.05 ± 0.01. Anoxic aquifer zero‐order nitrate loss rates ranged from 0.03 ± 0.02 (AN) to 0.13 ± 0.02 (ANC). Microbial characterization indicates mechanisms influencing these rates were dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) at the anoxic site with AN treatment, assimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (ANRA) with ANC treatment in the water column at both sites, and additional documented nitrate reduction that occurred in unsampled biofilms. With carbon treatment, total numbers of microbes (16S rRNA genes) significantly increased (fourteenfold to thirtyfold), supporting stimulated growth with resulting ANRA. Decreased DNRA gene concentrations (nrfA DNA) and increased DNRA activity ratio (nrfA‐cDNA/DNA) supported the assertion that DNRA occurred in the anoxic zone with AN and ANC treatment. Furthermore, decreased DNRA gene copy numbers at the anoxic site with ANC treatment suggests that DNRA microbes in the anoxic site are chemolithoautotrophic. Increased RT‐qPCR denitrification gene expression (nirK and nirS) was not observed in water samples, supporting that any observed NO3‐N loss due to denitrification may be occurring in unsampled microbial biofilms.
ARTEMIS observations of the solar wind proton scattering function from lunar crustal magnetic anomalies
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Halekas J. S. , Lue C. , Fatemi S.
Published: April 2017

Despite their small scales, lunar crustal magnetic fields are routinely associated with observations of reflected and/or backstreaming populations of solar wind protons. Solar wind proton reflection locally reduces the rate of space weathering of the lunar regolith, depresses local sputtering rates of neutrals into the lunar exosphere, and can trigger electromagnetic waves and small‐scale collisionless shocks in the near‐lunar space plasma environment. Thus, knowledge of both the magnitude and scattering function of solar wind protons from magnetic anomalies is crucial in understanding a wide variety of planetary phenomena at the Moon. We have compiled 5.5 years of ARTEMIS (Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun) observations of reflected protons at the Moon and used a Liouville tracing method to ascertain each proton's reflection location and scattering angles. We find that solar wind proton reflection is largely correlated with crustal magnetic field strength, with anomalies such as South Pole/Aitken Basin (SPA), Mare Marginis, and Gerasimovich reflecting on average 5–12% of the solar wind flux while the unmagnetized surface reflects between 0.1 and 1% in charged form. We present the scattering function of solar wind protons off of the SPA anomaly, showing that the scattering transitions from isotropic at low solar zenith angles to strongly forward scattering at solar zenith angles near 90°. Such scattering is consistent with simulations that have suggested electrostatic fields as the primary mechanism for solar wind proton reflection from crustal magnetic anomalies.
e‐POP RRI provides new opportunities for space‐based, high‐frequency radio science experiments
Authors: Burrell Angeline G.
Published: April 2017

Perry et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003855) present the first results of the Radio Receiver Instrument (RRI), a part of the enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e‐POP) that flies on board the CAScade, Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer satellite. Using a matched filter technique, e‐POP RRI was able to observe individual radio pulses transmitted by a ground‐based radar. These results were used to examine the temporal variations in the dispersion, polarization, and power of the pulses, demonstrating the capacity for e‐POP RRI to contribute to studies of radio propagation at high‐frequency (HF) ranges. Understanding radio propagation in the presence and absence of ionospheric irregularities is crucial for ionospheric physics, as well as commercial and military radio applications. Conjunctions between e‐POP RRI and ground‐ or space‐based HF transmitters offer a new opportunity for coherent scatter experiments.
I
reland
Authors: Seymour Mairead
Published: April 2017

The legislative foundation of youth justice in Ireland is provided by the Children Act 2001, the first major legislative reform of the system since the Children Act 1908. The Act places emphasis on the prevention of offending behavior, the diversion of children from the formal justice system at the earliest stage, and the retention of detention as a measure of last resort. The main philosophy underpinning the ethos of youth justice is welfare oriented; however, in line with other jurisdictions across the world; the system embraces a diversity of approaches, including actuarial justice, crime prevention, punishment, restorative justice, and children's rights.
Peer victimization and changes in physical and relational aggression: The moderating role of executive functioning abilities
Authors: McQuade Julia D.
Published: April 2017

This study is the first to examine whether executive functioning (EF) abilities moderate longitudinal associations between peer victimization and engagement in physically and relationally aggressive behavior. Participants were 61 children (9–13 years, M = 10.68, SD = 1.28; 48% male) drawn from a partially clinical sample who were assessed at two time points, approximately 12 months apart. At time 1, children were administered a battery of EF tests; adult reports of children's relational and physical victimization and use of relational and physical aggression were collected. At time 2, adult‐reported aggression was re‐collected. Regression analyses tested whether EF ability moderated the association between peer victimization and increased engagement in aggression. Form‐specific (e.g., physical victimization predicting physical aggression) and cross‐form (e.g., physical victimization predicting relational aggression) models were tested. EF moderated the association between physical victimization and increases in physical aggression over time and between relational victimization and increases in relational aggression over time. Physical victimization predicted increases in physical aggression only among children with poor EF. However, relational victimization predicted increases in relational aggression for children with good EF skills but decreases in relational aggression for children with poor EF skills. Interaction effects for cross‐form models were not significant. Results suggest that there are distinct risk factors implicated in children's engagement in physical and relational aggression. Established cognitive vulnerability models for engagement in physical aggression should not be assumed to apply to engagement in relational aggression.
Continuous Casting of TiAlNb Alloys with Different Velocities by Mixing Binary TiAl Ingot and Nb Wire
Authors: Fang Hong‐Ze , Chen Rui‐Run , Chai Dong , Yang Yao‐Hua , Su Yan‐Qing , Ding Hong‐Sheng , Guo Jing‐Jie , Fu Heng‐Zhi
Published: April 2017

A method of continuous casting is used and the research investigates microstructure and mechanical properties under different drawing velocity (R, mm/min). The results show that microstructure and composition measurement of different zones are uniform. The smallest grain size is 25.93 μm and formability is good with 0.5R. Compressive strength is higher with 0.5R and maximum value is 1697MPa. Fracture toughness with 0.5R improves about 35.7% which is 21.7MPa·m1/2. The fracture morphology is trans‐lamellar fracture and interface de‐lamination. The method is a feasible way to continuously cast the TiAl‐Nb alloys. The R is an important parameter to add high‐melting‐point element, which affects solidified temperature interval of solidification front and electromagnetic stirring.
Lubricant‐Infused Anisotropic Porous Surface Design of Reduced Graphene Oxide Toward Electrically Driven Smart Control of Conductive Droplets' Motion
Authors: Che Pengda , Heng Liping , Jiang Lei
Published: April 2017

The study of Nepenthes pitcher plants‐bioinspired anisotropic slippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) is currently in its infancy. The factors that influence their anisotropic self‐cleaning and electric response of a drop's motion and the mechanism have not been fully elucidated. In order to address these problems, two new types of anisotropic slippery surfaces have been designed by using directional, porous, conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films, and different lubricating fluids (conductive and nonconductive), which are used to study the influencing factors and the mechanism of anisotropic self‐cleaning and electric‐responsive control of a drop's motion. The results demonstrate the anisotropic self‐cleaning property of these two types of SLIPS is closely related to the interaction between liquid drops, lubricating fluids and dirt, and the conductive lubricating fluids filling the rGO porous film can reduce the response voltage of the electrically driven reversible control of a drop's slide. The uniqueness of this research lies in the use of two different lubricating fluids and graphene materials to prepare anisotropic SLIPS, identify the key factors to achieve an electrically driven system. These studies are essential for advancing the application of electronically responsive SLIPS in the fields of liquid directional transportation, microfluidics, microchips, and other related research.
Flexible Blade‐Coated Multicolor Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes for Optoelectronic Sensors
Authors: Han Donggeon , Khan Yasser , Ting Jonathan , King Simon M. , Yaacobi‐Gross Nir , Humphries Martin J. , Newsome Christopher J. , Arias Ana C.
Published: April 2017

A method to print two materials of different functionality during the same printing step is presented. In printed electronics, devices are built layer by layer and conventionally only one type of material is deposited in one pass. Here, the challenges involving printing of two emissive materials to form polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) that emit light of different wavelengths without any significant changes in the device characteristics are described. The surface‐energy‐patterning technique is utilized to print materials in regions of interest. This technique proves beneficial in reducing the amount of ink used during blade coating and improving the reproducibility of printed films. A variety of colors (green, red, and near‐infrared) are demonstrated and characterized. This is the first known attempt to print multiple materials by blade coating. These devices are further used in conjunction with a commercially available photodiode to perform blood oxygenation measurements on the wrist, where common accessories are worn. Prior to actual application, the threshold conditions for each color are discussed, in order to acquire a stable and reproducible photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal. Finally, based on the conditions, PPG and oxygenation measurements are successfully performed on the wrist with green and red PLEDs.