bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in controlling bovine mastitis
Authors: Dodd Frank H.
Published: July 2017

Mastitis has long been recognized as a serious cause of ill-health and reduced milk production in dairy herds, but effective control measures compatible with day-to-day farming practice have been difficult to devise. This article reviews the progress in control that has been achieved and considers the prospects for the future.
Oilseed rape
Authors: Scarisbrick D. H. , Daniels R. W.
Published: July 2017

Oilseed rape is currently the third most important crop in the UK after barley and wheat. Field experiments show that despite the already attractive yields the full potential of the crop has not yet been achieved. However, its future is uncertain in that the area devoted to it within the EEC—representing one-fifth of world production—is strongly influenced by the financial incentives offered. It is suggested that within the Community output should be limited to 3.3m tonnes p.a. for the next five years.
Health hazards in irrigation development: a strategy for improvement
Authors: Kay M. G. , Carter R. C.
Published: July 2017

Certain kinds of irrigation development projects in hot climates have important adverse implications for human health. This article reviews aspects of such projects in relation to their effects on vector-borne disease; the specific diseases associated with these developments are discussed and tabulated. It introduces the concept of environmental management for disease control and this is discussed in relation to the various phases of project planning and establishment. It concludes by making recommendations for action to be taken towards ensuring the general acceptance and implementation of such techniques.
Low ground pressure vehicles
Authors: Timmins R. E. W. , Barrett F. M.
Published: July 2017

Changing agricultural practice and an increasing need to work land under wet conditions has led to growing interest in vehicles designed to minimize soil compaction. This article reviews the design of custom-built vehicles and the possibilities of adapting conventional ones.
The world of tea today
Authors: Sharma V. S. , Ranganathan V.
Published: July 2017

The production of tea has been increasing steadily during the last two decades, and in 1983 the Indian crop alone reached a record total of 585.5 million kg. Nevertheless, the taste of the public is fickle and the future of the industry depends not only on more efficient production, based on current research, but on closely studying consumer preferences.
Pollination and cellular recognition
Authors: Dumas Christian , Clarke Adrienne , Knox Bruce
Published: July 2017

Although the mechanism of reproduction in the angiosperms has long been known, the reasons why the pistil is not fertilized by the pollen of foreign species, nor generally even by its own pollen, are only comparatively recently becoming apparent. Research indicates that pollen-pistil relationships are in many ways analogous to the immunological systems of vertebrates. It has very important practical implications for the plant breeder.
Management of cotton insect pests in poly crop systems, in India
Authors: Sundaramurthy V. T. , Basu A. K.
Published: July 2017

The frequent and indiscriminate use of insecticides which destroy pests and their predators alike can prove disastrous to cotton in polycrop systems. Field trials over four years in Tamil Nadu indicate that in India better results can be obtained if less use is made of insecticides and more pests are eliminated by management systems, including hand picking. They also suggest that on village farms cotton varieties with medium sized bolls, medium duration types may be more productive than some of the broad-leaved, long duration types with large bolls.
Computer diet formulation and feed evaluation
Authors: Crabtree J. R.
Published: July 2017

As the cost of feed is usually the most significant factor in the economics of raising livestock the formulation of cost-effective diets is correspondingly important. As this formulation involves correlating a number of variables it is not necessarily achieved by traditional methods based on experience. This article reviews recent progress in applying computer techniques to diet control in a way manageable and helpful not only to the large-scale feed manufacturer but to the individual farmer.
New technologies in the post-slaughter handling of meat
Authors: Winstanley Monica A.
Published: July 2017

In recent decades there has been a growing realisation that the way carcasses are handled immediately post-slaughter and during subsequent storage has a much greater effect on meat quality than pre-slaughter factors such as animal breed, fatness, and nutrition. This, coupled with the financial benefits of centralising post-slaughter handling activities such as boning, butchery and distribution – is subtly extending the role of the slaughterhouse.
New Approaches to the Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease
Authors: Ouldridge Elizabeth J. , Rowlands David J.
Published: July 2017

When foot and mouth disease is sporadic or exotic it can be controlled – although only at great expense – by the drastic slaughter of infected herds. When it is endemic, however, vaccines are necessary for control but the production and use of these is complicated by the great antigenic variability displayed by the virus.
Chemical and Biological Prospects for Improving Sugarcane Productivity
Authors: Tianco Antonio P.
Published: July 2017

Although sugarcane is a major crop, world production has for several years been in excess of demand and there is, therefore, an urgent need to cut production costs and increase yields. This article reviews the various methods currently being used to bring this about, not only on large plantations but on the smaller farms.
The Legume/Rhizobium Symbiosis: Limitations to Maximizing Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Atkins C. A.
Published: July 2017

Although the recent fall in the price of oil will ultimately be reflected in some reduction in the price of nitrogenous fertilizers the cost of the latter will still be sufficient to maintain interest in techniques of biological nitrogen fixation. This is attractive, in the sense that it involves direct utilization of atmospheric nitrogen as a free good but there are some costs, not yet possible to evaluate, to be set on the debit side. There is, therefore, need for much more research.
Intensive Farming – The Producer's Dilemma
Authors: Sargent David
Published: July 2017

Intensive farming is commonly regarded simply as a route to higher profits but, as this review indicates, this oversimplifies the issue. Farms are businesses and must be run as such: often the prime incentive may, for a variety of not immediately obvious reasons, be simply a desire to survive in face of a complex pattern of adverse political, economic, and social factors. This article concerns itself primarily with farming in the UK within the broader framework of the Common Market, but it has lessons also for countries in the less developed world where intensification of production is currently being encouraged.
Microbial Deterioration in Stored Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
Authors: Burchill R. T. , Maude R. B.
Published: July 2017

Effort devoted to increased productivity in the field can be nullified by deterioration in storage before marketing. Because of their relatively high water content and soft tissues fruit and vegetables are particularly prone to deterioration due to invasion by microorganisms. Although a variety of chemical and physical treatments have been developed for the control of microbial infection of stored products, low temperature storage is probably the most effective single form of treatment.
Current State and Prospective Trends of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Production
Authors: de Waard P. W. F.
Published: July 2017

Although pepper is not quantitatively a major crop – exportable world production totalling only some 132 000 tonnes annually, valued at US $162 million – it is a very important constituent of the normal diet in many parts of the world. This article reviews the factors affecting the growth of the crop and the problems of maintaining a balance between supply and demand. It argues that a major obstacle to stabilizing the industry is the lack of a satisfactory control measure for the devastating footrot disease.
Actinorhizal Plants: Their Use in Forestry and Agriculture
Authors: Dawson Jeffrey O.
Published: July 2017

The increasing cost of synthetic fertilizers has stimulated interest in the nitrogen-fixing property of Rhizobium, particularly as genetic engineering techniques raise the possibility of a symbiotic relationship with cereals. By contrast, the similar root nodules formed by nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes of the genus Frankia have been relatively little studied. Yet, as this article shows, the actinorhizal plants have very considerable possibilities for the utilization of marginal lands, especially in developing countries.
Occurrence, Use and Management of Tropical Wetlands
Authors: Ahmad N.
Published: July 2017

The millions of hectares of tropical wetlands are potentially capable of producing large quantities of food and industrial crops, but only if they are carefully and effectively managed. This article discusses the principal types of soil in this category and the basis of the techniques that have been developed to make them productive.
Soil Taxonomy: An Overview
Authors: Witty John E. , Arnold Richard W.
Published: July 2017

The growth of crops depends on many factors, not least the nature of the soil. It is, therefore, important to be able to describe soils in unequivocal terms, much as living organisms are precisely defined according to the binomial taxonomic system originated by Linnaeus. The very complex and varied nature of soils makes this a difficult problem but since the 1950s it has been vigorously tackled by the US Soil Taxonomy programme. The hierarchical system developed is reviewed here.
Cocoa Pod Diseases: Causal Agents and Control
Authors: Evans H. C. , Prior C.
Published: July 2017

Crop losses due to disease are hard to quantify but a fair estimate of that caused in cocoa by pod diseases is around £1500 million per annum. There is, therefore, a strong incentive to control such diseases but the circumstances in which much of the crop is grown are such that effective chemical treatments may not be economically viable. For this reason, good management techniques also have an important part to play.
Insect Pest Control on Potatoes
Authors: Mckinlay R. G.
Published: July 2017

The international importance of the potato crop needs no stressing and its protection from insect pests is correspondingly important. This article reviews the wide variety of control methods currently in use. In present circumstances integrated pest control methods are desirable on environmental grounds, but in practice the careful monitoring required makes this difficult for the individual grower.
The Present Position and Future Development of Rain-Fed Agriculture in the Tropics
Authors: Barrow C. J.
Published: July 2017

By 2000 AD approximately 84 per cent of the world's arable cropland will rely on rainfall. Throughout developing countries the yields of many rain-fed farmers are falling and their ability to sustain production seems uncertain. Land degradation must be halted, security of harvests improved, and wherever necessary yields increased, crops diversified, and the area cultivated extended. For the most cultivators some form of improved rain-fed agriculture is likely to be the only practical route to such goals.
Genetic Engineering of Plants for Insect Resistance
Authors: Boulter Donald
Published: July 2017

Chemical pesticides present problems not only on general environmental grounds but because many are relatively short-lived after application and may also destroy natural predators of the target pest. There is, therefore, growing interest in the breeding of naturally resistant plants. This article reviews the possibilities of transgenic varieties in which a resistant mechanism has been created by gene transfer from other plants.
An Overview of African Traditional Cassava Processing and Utilization
Authors: Hahn S. K.
Published: July 2017

Cassava is grown in 31 African countries and consumption per capita averages just over 100 kg/year. This article reviews traditional cassava processing and utilization as now practised by small-scale farmers and processors in Africa, and examines the opportunities for improving post-harvest operations in the African continent.
Oilseed Rape
Authors: Scarisbrick D. H. , Atkinson L. , Asare E.
Published: July 2017

Although oilseed rape has been grown in Europe since the 16th century it is only since the 1960s, as part of a policy of self-sufficiency in vegetable oils, that it has become a major crop. Apart from the intrinsic problems of crop management and the control of pests and diseases, growers have had to face others arising from EEC regulations concerning the composition of the oil and price support policies often conceived without proper understanding of the requirements of the crop.
Agrometeorology and Model Building
Authors: Hume C. J. , Callander B. A.
Published: July 2017

Agricultural meteorology—‘agrometeorology’—is one of the lesser known specialisms of meteorology. This article outlines how the subject is tackling the problem of assessing the agricultural implication of climate change, the mechanism for which is described in a previous article in this issue. More detailed discussions of possible implications are described in other articles in this issue.
Witchweed: a Parasitic Weed of Grain Crops
Authors: Stewart George
Published: July 2017

The witchweeds, in the genus Striga, are a remarkable group of obligate flowering plant parasites, some of which attack and destroy the crops of small-scale farmers in many parts of the semi-arid tropics. Striga hermonthica devastates sorghum and millet crops grown in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger and Sudan, and the expansion of maize cultivation in West Africa which some see as the real start of Africa's Green Revolution is also threatened.
The Scope and Potential of Agroforestry
Authors: Wood P. J.
Published: July 2017

Agroforestry, by definition, requires the use of trees in farming systems, The number and variety of different practices that have been developed – or which can be introduced – is considerable, and represents a powerful collection of tools with which to solve land use problems and realise land use potentials. Agroforestry is most effective in farming systems when used to solve specifically identified problems. This paper summarizes the main ways in which a variety of practices can provide benefits both in the form of produce, for home use or as cash crops, and as services, to improve or sustain the environment.
Transforming Plants as a Means of Crop Protection against Insects
Authors: Hilder V. A. , Gatehouse A. M. R.
Published: July 2017

Crops which naturally resist their insect pests are highly desirable from an economic and an environmental point of view. Such crops result in a decreased usage of chemical pesticides and an increased yield where effective chemical control measures are unavailable. We review here the progress which is being made towards producing such plants by introducing insect control genes into crops by plant genetic engineering.
The Cattle and Buffalo of Africa
Authors: Hill D. H.
Published: July 2017

This article, the first of two on the types, breeds and management of cattle and buffalo in Africa, describes the derivation, history, domestication and characteristics of the bovines of this continent. The second article will deal with aspects of husbandry and management.
Linseed (Seed-Flax)
Authors: Gilbertson H. G.
Published: July 2017

Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae) is a cultivated dicotyledonous annual plant which has few equals in its capacity to supply different raw materials for a variety of purposes. Its production worldwide has increased dramatically in recent years and its potential for industrial use has been improved through plant breeding and husbandry. New processes and novel technologies are currently being developed in multi-national projects which receive support from governments and industry. There is every indication that this crop will become an important industrial resource in the coming years.
Milk Production by Dairy Goats
Authors: Sutton J. D. , Mowlem A.
Published: July 2017

Goats are widespread throughout the world and provide hides, fibre, meat and milk. In the UK, goats have been kept mainly in very small herds by hobby farmers, but commercial milk production has assumed increasing importance and has highlighted the need for sound nutritional advice. Research is now providing an improved basis for feeding goats and results suggest that the nutrition of dairy goats is very similar to that of dairy cows.
Lentils: a Forgotten Crop
Authors: Savage Geoffrey P.
Published: July 2017

Lentils are grown as a human food primarily in the Indian subcontinent. Although sometimes called ‘the poor man's meat’, they are an important source of protein. Research is needed to improve their nutritional value. Lentils are well placed to make a return into western diets; they are a good source of cheap protein, fibre and vitamins. They also contain low levels of fat, cholesterol and sodium. All of these positive features would improve a typical western diet.
Impact of Agricultural Practices on Soil Pollution
Authors: Pain Brian , Jarvis Steve , Clements Bob
Published: July 2017

Soils are the base resource for food production yet agricultural activities can result in long-term damage. This paper focuses on the problems that result from high inputs of plant nutrients, from fertilizers or animal excreta, and from the pesticides that are associated with intensive production. Concern is not only about the direct effects on soils but also on leakages to both water and the atmosphere. Fortunately, the problems are becoming increasingly well recognized—but is it too late to prevent irreversible damage?
Molluscs as Agricultural Pests
Authors: Martin Andrew
Published: July 2017

Slugs and snails are important agricultural pests, yet the methods presently used for their control are only partially successful. This article describes both long-established and recently developed mollusc pest problems, suggests possible reasons for the slow rate of progress in developing control measures, and indicates various areas of research which might form the basis of control strategies in the future.
Sustainable agricultural systems and food security
Authors: Swaminathan M. S.
Published: July 2017

Food and nutrition security involves physical and economic access to balanced diets and safe drinking water to all human beings. The challenges faced by scientists working on sustainable agricultural systems in industrialized and developing nations are different, with the former being concerned with defending the high yield levels already obtained and the latter, struggling to raise substantially the productivity per units of land, water, labour and energy without ecological harm. The new paradigm of agricultural research and development based on concurrent attention to issues of ecological sustainability, economic viability and social equity needs for its adoption intensive research on blending traditional and frontier technologies. It also needs new measurement and monitoring tools and genetic resources and enhancement centres.
The Role of Multilateral Organizations: the African Experience
Authors: Ingram James
Published: July 2017

Sub-Saharan Africa has not shared in the remarkable growth in agricultural production in many developing countries. The region's current dependence on food imports is likely to increase. The record of development assistance to help Africa increase its food production has not been encouraging. What is needed for Africa is not more aid per se but more aid directed specifically towards overcoming micro-level impediments to increased agricultural productivity specific to each country. In a more focused programme of project lending for agriculture, international organizations have a key role. Better donor coordination, increased focus on poor farmers, more relevant and practical agricultural research and stronger agricultural extension services can be better realized through multilateral channels. Since it will take many years before Africa can achieve greater food self-sufficiency and its capacity to pay for sufficient food imports will remain inadequate, food aid will continue to be required. It is suggested that a new international regime for assuring essential food imports for poor food-deficit countries is required.
Animal Wastes as a Source of Biomass Production
Authors: Seal Kenneth J.
Published: July 2017

Animal wastes represent a vast untapped source of energy and nutrients which can be recycled by the use of bioconversion processes. Biomass production, improved digestibility, reductions in environmental pollution and cheaper feed bills are some of the advantages of utilizing animal wastes. However, economics, technological developments and the individual requirements of farming operations will determine the rate of success of such systems.
Leadership in Agricultural Research and Extension
Authors: Currey Bruce
Published: July 2017

Alexander Solzhenitsyn suggested that legalistic relationships create an atmosphere of spiritual mediocrity that paralyses men's noblest spirits. In this paper, I begin the search to break out of the traditional package of legalistic management approaches applied to agricultural research and extension in the 1970's and 1980's. I have reflected upon the experience of different leaders in various agricultural systems of the developing world. Now I would like to posit nine qualities associated with creative leadership. I hope that they provide useful ‘lightning rods’ both for donors and for leaders with spirit in the newly emerging democracies as we enter the 21st century.
Low-Cholesterol Egg and Dairy Products
Authors: Oakenfull David , Sidhu Gurcharn S.
Published: July 2017

Today's health conscious consumer is avoiding egg and dairy products. Traditionally, though, these foods were believed to be particularly wholesome and nutritious. Fifty years ago, Britain actively encouraged milk consumption, particularly by school children, with a National Milk Scheme (1940). At much the same time (1949), Romanoff and Romanoff's classic, ‘The Avian Egg’, enthusiastically supported eggs: ‘Compared with hens’ egg, no other single food of animal origin is eaten and relished by so many people the world over; none is served in such a variety of ways. Its popularity is justified not only because it is so easily procured and has so many uses in cookery, but also because it is almost unsurpassed in nutritive excellence’. But recently, cholesterol has emerged as a topic of polite conversation at dinner parties and most of us are aware, even if only vaguely and often inaccurately, of the connections between cholesterol and heart disease and eggs and dairy products. Fifty years ago the average Australian consumed 250 eggs per annum; today this consumption has declined to less than 135 eggs per annum (Castle, 1989). Similar declines in egg consumption have occurred in other developed countries over the same period of time. Hence there is interest worldwide in developing technologies to extract the cholesterol from foods, particularly eggs and dairy products, and a flurry of research activity has resulted.
Vaccines - Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow
Authors: Straub O. C.
Published: July 2017

Developments in the formulation of vaccines are reviewed and the vaccines currently in use, including live attenuated, subunit and inactivated, are briefly described. For BHV1 and BVDV vaccines, the combinations and their application under various conditions are described together with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. Vaccines still in the trial and development stages are also presented. The advantages of these latter vaccines in terms of their potentially greater safety are highlighted and the increasing importance of adjuvants for use with them is discussed.
Buffaloes and Draught Power
Authors: Chantalakhana Charan , Bunyavejchewin Pakapun
Published: July 2017

Draught animals still do much of the work on farms in developing countries, as well as being used for transportation. Despite the efforts made by governments to promote mechanization, tractors are not a realistic alternative for the average small farmer. Animals such as the buffalo have been used for centuries without causing any air or water pollution or soil compaction; they are an integral part of a sustainable agriculture, producing milk, meat and manure without any external cash inputs, and they buffer the farmer against crop failure and provide companionship. Draught animal power on small farms is not a backward way of farming but it needs support from research and development agencies if it is to develop its full potential.
Meat Production and the Environment
Authors: Skjerve Eystein
Published: July 2017

During the coming decades changes in the global climate are likely to influence agriculture, including meat production, and may cause a shift in crop production and grazing areas. Regional contamination of soils and feed with heavy metals and organic chemicals, as well as radioactive contamination, might limit animal husbandry to certain regions. Conversely, meat production has a great impact on the environment, its effects ranging from destruction of vegetation and desertification in dry or cold regions to pollution of soil and water by manure in areas with intensive animal husbandry. A more environmentally sound animal husbandry should be promoted, but such a policy will in the immediate future raise conflicts about what is economically feasible and environmentally safe.
The Role of Dairy Cattle Production in the Industrialized Countries
Authors: Oldenbroek Kor
Published: July 2017

Dairy cattle production will be able to meet future increases in the requirements for animal protein in the human diet by means of increased efficiency of production, without an increase in cow numbers. Breeding, nutrition, production enhancers and automated milking will increase efficiency. It is also worth increasing the protein to fat ratio by breeding and nutritional methods. On a small scale, dairy cows may in future be used to produce human medicines in their milk.
The Future of Animal Agriculture in Canada
Authors: Blair Robert , Lister E. Edward
Published: July 2017

Animal production makes effective use of the large land area of Canada that is not capable of producing crops for direct human consumption. It also provides a use for surplus cereal grain, not all of which can be exported. Trends in the dairy, beef, swine, egg, poultry meat, sheep, game and fur, and aquaculture sectors are described.
The Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Land Resources Appraisal
Authors: Sombroek W.G. , Antoine J.
Published: July 2017

Nations, village communities and individual land users need to make choices about land use in order to support development without risk of land degradation. Computerized land information systems (LIS) based on geographic information systems (GIS) have emerged as powerful tools for generating maps and reports to inform such decisions. Recently, FAO has been developing GIS/LIS systems in linkage with its agroecological zoning (AEZ) and other models, and using them to tackle issues of land, food and people at global, national and subnational levels. They have been successfully developed for land resource management at different scales, but practical difficulties have been encountered in making them accessible to the casual user in most developing countries, due to scarcity of data and poor training support.
Consumer Expectations as Perceived by Retailers
Authors: Hill J.R. , Merton I.
Published: July 2017

The retailer sees his customers' perception of meat as an affordable, enjoyable and healthy part of a healthy modern lifestyle, The customer has some doubts about the ethics of meat eating but these are apt to be capricious. Customers are price sensitive but increasingly value-aware, even if somewhat confused by the wide choices available. They require a constant reassurance of product value: they are very open to hearing advice but not so ready to act on it. Consumers do not want to be surprised by great changes in the goods available and expect to be updated on new products. Most customers are well able to make self-satisfying choices if given the necessary information on which choice is based. That Information concerns value, health, use — and now source and methods of production. To ignore this will be contrary to the best interests of customers and those that serve them.
Production and Animal Welfare
Authors: Waran N.K.
Published: July 2017

Animal welfare is a controversial issue. Whilst producers try to meet consumer needs for cheaper animal products, the welfare of our livestock is threatened. But what do we mean by animal welfare, and how can we judge when an animal's welfare is compromised? Various methods have been devised, but more rigorous definitions are needed if welfare legislation is to rest on firm scientific foundations rather than anecdotal evidence and public pressure.
Safeguarding and Sharing Plant Genetic Resources
Authors: Hawtin Geoffrey
Published: July 2017

It has become increasingly clear during the last few decades that meeting the food needs of the world's growing population depends, to a large extent, on the conservation and utilization of the world's remaining plant genetic resources. It is In this context that the International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources takes place in Leipzig, Germany In June 1996. Organized by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, in close cooperation with IPGRI and other partners, the Conference will bring together experts and officials from more than 150 countries to review and finalize the first comprehensive report on the State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO, 1996) and consider for formal adoption a Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The Conference aims to mobilize global action to safeguard plant genetic resources for future generations and to ensure their sustainable and equitable use.
The Meat We Eat: Notions of Quality for Today and Tomorrow. 2. The Appeal and Organoleptic Properties of Meat
Authors: Lister David
Published: July 2017

A host of factors influences the decision to buy a meat product, and attention to these is essential to successful marketing. A high fat content is traditionally associated with succulence and flavour, but concerns about healthy eating have tended to produce leaner animals. Treatment of the carcass after slaughter can have a significant effect on the tenderness or otherwise of the meat, while some defects such as ‘pale soft exudative’ pork appear to have a genetic origin. Meanwhile, supermarket Chicken Korma exemplifies an extreme case of marketing in which advertising and colour photography are more important than the meat itself. For a growing number of people, however, welfare considerations are important and it Is this aspect which could be critical in the future.
Simulation of flow control schemes- backpressure and window control
Authors: Chan H.W.
Published: July 2017

Nodal buffers in a communication network are limited. The allocation of these buffers affects network performance characterisfics such as delay, throughput and fairness. We study the performance characteristics of a flow control technique known as backpressure which is based on finite buffer allocation via simulation. Two other schemes, namely window flow control and combination of backpressure with window control are also investigated and compared under different traffic conditions. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effects of the schemes on fairness under different traffic load environments. It is found that the combination of backpressure with window control is the best strategy in that it provides a fair bandwidth allocation under heavy traffic load.
Partners in Enrichment Preparing Teachers for Multiple Ability Classrooms
Authors: Schlichter Carol L. , Larkin Martha J. , Casareno Alexander B. , Ellis Edwin S. , Gregg Madeleine , Mayfield Phyllis , Rountree Barbara S.
Published: July 2017

Imagine first-year teachers who provide enrichment through instruction that is learner centered and hands on and that challenges students' creative and critical thinking. Also imagine that these teachers are providing such enrichment to all students in both general and special education programs. Further, imagine an innovative teacher-education program where preservice teachers team with general elementary and special education classroom mentors to teach students with a wide range of talents and abilities, including those with average and above average abilities, as well as students with mild learning or behavior problems.
American Tourists' Perception of Retail Stores in 12 Selected Countries
Authors: Keown Charles , Jacobs Laurence , Worthley Reginald
Published: July 2017

Over 1,800 retail stores in 12 countries were assessed by a group of 60 American tourists using seven measures. Tourists had a good overall impression of, and were pleased with the low prices in, retail outlets in South Africa, England, and Taiwan. Stores in the Philippines, the PRC, and India gave a poor overall impression in spite of low prices. Venezuelan stores created a poor impression and had perceived high prices. The study suggests the importance of appropriate retail strategies by foreign retailers to capture shopping dollars spent by American tourists.
Present Situation and Future Outlook for OTEC Power Generation
Authors: Ito F. , Seya Y.
Published: July 2017

Ocean thermal energy is just one of the alternative sources to supplement existing fossil fuels for generating electricity. This paper describes operational tests, carried out by Tokyo Electric Power, with the aid of the Japanese Government, on the island of Nauru in the Pacific Ocean. The paper covers the basic method of generating power from ocean water temperature differences, indicates where suitable sites for its implementation might be found and refers in detail to planning considerations specific to the construction of plant both on and offshore. The 100 kW pilot plant generated not only power, but data invaluable to the future development of full-scale operational OTEC plants, capable of producing up to 10 000 kW of power.
The Outlook for Future Oil Prices
Authors: Netschert Bruce C.
Published: July 2017

Forecasters of prices on the oil market have been proven wrong in predicting greatly increased prices over the last few years, despite clear signs that reduced consumption due to conservation measures, and an increasing resource base indicated the price would not rise dramatically. Present predictions range from a price collapse to the belief that, despite present trends, the price will rise as economic conditions improve.

The author proposes that, after regaining the Saudi marker value of $34/barrel, possibly by 1986, due to steadily increased demand resulting from improved economic conditions, the price will stabilize in real terms, as reduced national oil dependency and improved energy efficiency continue to moderate demand. On the supply side, both in OPEC oil producing countries and elsewhere in the frontier areas such as the Arctic and China Sea, geological potential for undiscovered oil reserves is good.
Aggregate Oil Refining Models
Authors: Babusiaux D. , Champlon D. , Valais M.
Published: July 2017

Models may be constructed and used to represent, on an aggregate level, the entire refining industry of a country (France) or of a given geographic zone. The first part of this article analyzes the aggregation problems that arise during linear programming modeling. These problems are particularly acute when the refining model has to be coupled with other models (e.g. energy models) because excessive simplifications may lead to irrelevant results. The second part of the article gives some application examples. Then the final part describes the formulation retained for representing the petroleum sector in the ‘Mini-DMS Energie’ model. This model was built under the impetus of the ‘Commissariat Général du Plan’ on the basis of the Mini DMS (Dynamique Multi-Sectoriel) macroeconomic model developed by INSEE (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques). Its aim is to analyze energy–economy interactions. In this model the refining industry is characterized by equations of the econometric type estimated on the basis of artificial sampling.
Prospects for Heavy Oil Recovery and its Role in the Energy Picture
Authors: Selby Rawya , Ali S. M. Farouq
Published: July 2017

Heavy oil and oil sands deposits constitute an important resource, with in-place estimates varying between 600 × 109 and 980 × 109 m3. These deposits are mostly concentrated in Canada, the US and Venezuela. The gradual depletion of conventional oil reserves is leading to a greater interest in heavy oil recovery.

This paper presents on overview of heavy oil characteristics, worldwide deposits and recovery methods, with special emphasis on the heavy oils and oil sands of Canada. Thermal recovery techniques such as cyclic steam stimulation, steamflooding and in-situ combustion have been generally more successful than non-thermal methods. The principal thermal recovery processes are discussed in detail. Reservoir characteristics influencing the applicability of these processes are mentioned, and possible operational problems are outlined.

Most of the Canadian heavy oils and oil sands deposits occur in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Selected recovery projects currently in operation are described, outlining modifications to the basic process, problems encountered and range of success.
USSR Energy Development: A Critical Overview
Authors: Mangushev Kamil I.
Published: July 2017

The Soviet energy industry has been transformed, with great difficulty, from a complete ruin to its present, modern level. Today some difficulties remain: natural and economic conditions of energy production have drastically changed for the worse, while the demand for energy in the economy has grown. The energy sector is faced with rising environmental expectations from the public. The major problem is to increase the effectiveness of energy utilisation, and save energy.
Simulation of Mushroom Caps on Salt in Barents Sea, Norway
Authors: Yu Z. , Lerche I.
Published: July 2017

Various shapes of moving salt were simulated in response to gravity contrast and tectonic movement, and the deformations and fractures of the surrounding sediments examined. The varying parameters in the model include the burial depth of the salt base, the overhang depth of the salt cap, the salt body's size, the salt speed of motion, and the sediment depositional rate. Variation of the surrounding rock properties with depth, such as Lame constants, shearing strength, internal friction were also considered. Mohr's criterion (Mohr, 1900) for failure was applied, allowing an indication of where fractures occur and their orientations.

Including the thermal effects of salt in the models yields features favorable to hydrocarbon accumulation: (1) Fractures generated near the vertical salt body and below the mushroom cap salt provide a continuous pathway for hydrocarbon migration due to the enhancement of permeability; (2) The overhanging cap salt sheet provides a good trapping mechanism by formation of seals; (3) The thermal effect of salt enhances the maturity of the source rocks; (4) The observed faulting behaviour around the salt body is accounted for by primary and secondary fracture development as exhibited through the simulations.

Application of modelling to the study of a salt diapir in Barents Sea, Norway, shows that the salt would most likely start to rise during the Early-Mid Triassic and Jurassic when the sediment cover was about 1700–2400 m. Depositional faulting was associated with salt diapir motion. The modelling also indicates that at least 1000 m of the salt cap was eroded, based on the dip angles of sedimentary strata against the salt stock.
Natural Gas Price Forecasting: One Explanation for Upward Bias
Authors: Ballonoff Paul A. , Moss Diana L.
Published: July 2017

The paper asks why historical gas price forecasts have been consistently too high for the last decade, poses one likely explanation, and suggests an alternative approach that might produce better forecasts. The accuracy of fuel price forecasting, in general, is important because forecasts play a significant role in the production and planning decisions of most major industries. As well, the issue of environmental pollution raises questions about fuel choice. The economics of natural gas will be determined in these and other applications by projections for natural gas prices. We demonstrate that published forecasts have consistently projected substantial growth in price while actual growth has been mild. Next, we propose that forecasts may have been based on a view of gas supply which presupposed that the industry would operate under a short run supply constraint. This explanation also sheds light on poor forecasts which were based on “linkage” or the theory that gas prices parallel those of oil because gas and oil compete in the same markets. Finally, we propose that forecasts should be based on a view of gas supply which accounts for the effects of technological change on offsetting the cost-increasing effects of depletion. This perspective is fundamentally one of long run gas supply.
Oil Refining and Product Marketing Developments in Southeast Asia
Authors: Szabó A.M.
Published: July 2017

Views on the future are based on supplies from a relatively stable Middle East and continued economic growth in the southeast Asian and Pacific countries. Under these circumstances the oil market for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) will expand considerably during the decade of the 90's. Pacific country demand, 5.92 MMB/D, in 1990 is likely to grow to 7.06 MMB/D in 2000. Regional production could supply about 40% of this. The Asia-Pacific shortage of refining capacity could lead to high regional refined product prices and healthy refining profit margins.
Changing Supply/Demand for Gas in Europe
Authors: Reimers M.
Published: July 2017

By the year 2010 demand for natural gas is expected to have grown from 230 Bcm/year to 400 Bcm under the impetus of use for electrical generation, the need for a cleaner fuel and environmental clean-up in eastern Europe. Norway's exports of natural gas to Europe, largely from fields currently under development, is expected to grow from a 1990 level of 26.5 Bcm to 47 Bcm by 2005. Additional commitment of 15 to 20 Bcm/year might be possible, for an extra investment approaching US$15 billion, to meet the expected European demand. There are plans for the Northern Norway LNG Project to serve the Italian and North American markets.
Scale Factor, R2, and the Choice of Levels versus Returns Models
Authors: Gu Zhaoyang
Published: July 2017

This paper analyzes a potential scale effect on the regression R2 to determine if a scale factor can reconcile the arguments concerning the choice between the price levels model and the returns model. Analytically, it is shown that the scale effect depends on the unknown scale-free economic relation and is generally unpredictable. This makes it difficult to choose one model over the other on the basis of controlling for a scale problem. Empirically, it is shown that a scale factor cannot explain the observed discrepancy between the R2 patterns from the levels and the returns models. The results support the view that the two models likely represent two different economic relations and that the model choice depends on the researcher's belief and the research question at hand rather than any scale factor concerns.
An Analysis of the Effects of Maquiladora Production on Performance
Authors: Eldenburg Leslie G. , Roman Francisco , Teruya Jenny
Published: July 2017

This study analyzes financial performance in firms that employ maquiladora production, a manufacturing arrangement utilizing Mexican labor. We argue that although accountants can readily identify and value the obvious benefits of labor savings, they have more difficulty identifying and valuing incremental costs from any frictions encountered. The result is that this offshore labor strategy may not be as cost-effective as it would initially appear. We cannot explicitly measure the costs associated with these frictions; we therefore compare performance of a sample of firms that implemented maquiladora production (treatment firms) with performance of similar firms (control firms), examining median return on assets (ROAs) during periods before and after implementation. Results for the median difference tests suggest that although treatment firms benefit from lower committed costs and lower labor costs, there is no corresponding increase in ROA. Results from the regression models are similar and indicate no differences in ROA after implementation, and no differences in committed costs and labor costs. To identify those firms that could have more difficulty estimating costs and benefits, we partition the maquiladora firms on variance of profits, assuming that high-variance firms may be more cautious in their decision making. We find that compared with the low-variance sample firms, high-variance firms experience increases in ROA after implementing maquiladora production. The production process is another firm characteristic that could influence maquiladora success. As expected, when we partition the maquiladora firms on production technology, we find that maquiladora implementation leads to higher ROAs for low-production technology firms.
An Examination of the Determinants and Contents of Corporate Voluntary Disclosure of Management's Responsibilities for Financial Reporting
Authors: El-Gazzar Samir M. , Fornaro James M. , Jacob Rudolph A.
Published: July 2017

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 requires principal officers to certify under oath to the veracity of information contained in Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings and opine on the effectiveness of the internal control system. This study examines the determinants and contents of corporate voluntary disclosure of management's responsibilities during the five-year period preceding the SOX Act. We predict that the voluntary disclosure of management's responsibilities for financial information signals certain incentives and characteristics of the reporting firm that are relevant to financial statement users and regulators. Consistent with our predictions, our findings reveal significant differences between issuing and nonissuing firms as to the effectiveness of the firm's internal control system, access to capital markets, audit committee characteristics, and ownership structure. An empirical analysis of the contents of these assertions also reveals different areas of emphasis and selectivity by management, which represents an informative link to existing disclosure mandates. The results of this study contribute to our knowledge of management's motivations for voluntary disclosure and lend credence to the mandatory certification requirements and related disclosure reforms established in the post-Enron era.