bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orientational Preference of Long, Multicenter Bonds in Radical Anion Dimers: A Case Study of π‐[TCNB]22−and π‐[TCNP]22−
Authors: Capdevila‐Cortada Marçal , Miller Joel S. , Novoa Juan J.
Published: February 2015

The similar shape and electronic structure of the radical anions of 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanopyrazine (TCNP) and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) suggest a similar relative orientation for their long, multicenter carboncarbon bond in π‐[TCNP]22−and in π‐[TCNB]22−, in good accord with the Maximin Principle predictions. Instead, the two known structures of π‐[TCNP]22−have aD2h(θ=0°) and aC2(θ=30°) orientation (θbeing the dihedral angle that determines the rotation of one radical anion relative to the other along the axis that passes through center of the two six‐membered rings). The only known π‐[TCNB]22−structure has aC2(θ=60°) orientation. The origin of these preferences was investigated for both dimers by computing (at the RASPT2/RASSCF(30,28) level) the variation withθof the interaction energy (Eint) and the variation of theEintcomponents. It was found that: 1) a long, multicenter bond exists for all orientations; 2) theEint(θ) angular dependence is similar in both dimers; 3) for all orientations the electrostatic component dominates the value ofEint(θ), although the dispersion and bonding components also play a relevant role; and 4) the Maximin Principle curve reproduces well the shape of theEint(θ) curve for isolated dimers, although none of them reproduce the experimental preferences. Only after the (radical anion).−⋅⋅⋅cation+interactions are also included in the model aggregate are the experimental data reproduced computationally.
Calcium‐Catalyzed Carboarylation of Alkynes
Authors: Fu Liang , Niggemann Meike
Published: February 2015

The first transition‐metal‐free carboarylation of alkynes with commercial and readily available alcohols as alkylating agents was realized in the presence of an environmentally benign calcium catalyst. Thereby, a novel protocol for the one‐step synthesis of highly congested, all‐carbon tetrasubstituted alkenes, as incorporated in potentially bioactive, complex dihydronaphthalene, chromene and dihydroquinoline structures, is provided. The reaction features an unprecedented, particularly wide substrate scope, good functional‐group tolerance and simple experimental operation under mild reaction conditions.
Randomizing the Unfolded State of Peptides (and Proteins) by Nearest Neighbor Interactions between Unlike Residues
Authors: Toal Siobhan E. , Kubatova Nina , Richter Christian , Linhard Verena , Schwalbe Harald , Schweitzer‐Stenner Reinhard
Published: February 2015

To explore the influence of nearest neighbors on conformational biases in unfolded peptides, we combined vibrational and 2D NMR spectroscopy to obtain the conformational distributions of selected “GxyG” host–guest peptides in aqueous solution: GDyG, GSyG, GxLG, GxVG, where x/y=A, K, L, V. Large changes of conformational propensities were observed due to nearest‐neighbor interactions, at variance with the isolated pair hypothesis. We found that protonated aspartic acid and serine lose their above‐the‐average preference for turn‐like structures in favor of polyproline II (pPII) populations in the presence of neighbors with bulky side chains. Such residues also decrease the above‐the‐average pPII preference of alanine. These observations suggest that the underlying mechanism involves a disruption of the hydration shell. Thermodynamic analysis of 3J(HN,Hα) (T) data for each x,y residue reveals that modest changes in the conformational ensemble masks larger changes of enthalpy and entropy governing the pPII↔β equilibrium indicating a significant residue dependent temperature dependence of the peptides’ conformational ensembles. These results suggest that nearest‐neighbor interactions between unlike residues act as conformational randomizers close to the enthalpy–entropy compensation temperature, eliminating intrinsic biases in favor of largely balanced pPII/β dominated ensembles at physiological temperatures.
Is “getting started” an effective way for people to overcome the depletion effect?
Authors: Walsh Darlene , Mantonakis Antonia , Joordens Steve
Published: February 2015

Whereas most research on depletion focuses on its effect on the overall performance of a subsequent task requiring self‐control, we examine the effect of depletion on self‐control after performance has begun. Across different manipulations of depletion and using different measures of self‐control (e.g., overriding an automatic behavioural tendency, enduring on a physically demanding task, and making healthy consumption choices), the results of three studies show that when self‐control has been initiated, the effect of depletion has little influence on subsequent behaviour also requiring self‐control: in other words, “getting started” on a self‐control task attenuates the depletion effect. The results also show that the way in which self‐control starts—that is, whether people choose to regulate, or whether this choice is forced—appears irrelevant. This research clarifies an effective way to facilitate self‐control after depletion, while providing a better understanding of the process underlying depletion. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deletion of the amyloid precursor‐like protein 1 (APLP1) enhances excitatory synaptic transmission, reduces network inhibition but does not impair synaptic plasticity in the mouse dentate gyrus
Authors: Vnencak Matej , Paul Mandy H. , Hick Meike , Schwarzacher Stephan W. , Del Turco Domenico , Müller Ulrike C. , Deller Thomas , Jedlicka Peter
Published: February 2015

Amyloid precursor‐like protein 1 (APLP1) is a transmembrane synaptic protein belonging to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene family. Although the role of this gene family—in particular of APP—has been intensely studied in the context of Alzheimer's disease, the physiological roles of its family members remain poorly understood. In particular, the function of APLP1, which is predominantly expressed in the nervous system, has remained enigmatic. Since APP has been implicated in synaptic plasticity, we wondered whether APLP1 could play a similar role. First, using in situ hybridization and laser microdissection combined with reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we observed that Aplp1 mRNA is highly expressed in dentate granule cells. Having this examined, we studied synaptic plasticity at the perforant path‐granule cell synapses in the dentate gyrus of APLP1‐deficient mice in vivo. Analysis of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by stimulation of perforant path fibers revealed increased excitatory transmission in APLP1‐deficient mice. Moreover, we observed decreased paired‐pulse inhibition of population spikes indicating a decrease in network inhibition upon deletion of APLP1. In contrast, short‐term presynaptic plasticity (STP) as well as long‐term synaptic plasticity (LTP) was unchanged in the absence of APLP1. Based on these results we conclude that APLP1 deficiency on its own does not lead to defects in synaptic plasticity, but affects synaptic transmission and network inhibition in the dentate gyrus. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1717–1729, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The stress hormone corticosterone in a marine top predator reflects short‐term changes in food availability
Authors: Barrett Robert T. , Erikstad Kjell E. , Sandvik Hanno , Myksvoll Mari , Jenni‐Eiermann Susi , Kristensen Ditte L. , Moum Truls , Reiertsen Tone K. , Vikebø Frode
Published: February 2015

In many seabird studies, single annual proxies of prey abundance have been used to explain variability in breeding performance, but much more important is probably the timing of prey availability relative to the breeding season when energy demand is at a maximum. Until now, intraseasonal variation in prey availability has been difficult to quantify in seabirds. Using a state‐of‐the‐art ocean drift model of larval cod Gadus morhua, an important constituent of the diet of common guillemots Uria aalge in the southwestern Barents Sea, we were able to show clear, short‐term correlations between food availability and measurements of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) in parental guillemots over a 3‐year period (2009–2011). The model allowed the extraction of abundance and size of cod larvae with very high spatial (4 km) and temporal resolutions (1 day) and showed that cod larvae from adjacent northern spawning grounds in Norway were always available near the guillemot breeding colony while those from more distant southerly spawning grounds were less frequent, but larger. The latter arrived in waves whose magnitude and timing, and thus overlap with the guillemot breeding season, varied between years. CORT levels in adult guillemots were lower in birds caught after a week with high frequencies of southern cod larvae. This pattern was restricted to the two years (2009 and 2010) in which southern larvae arrived before the end of the guillemot breeding season. Any such pattern was masked in 2011 by already exceptionally high numbers of cod larvae in the region throughout chick‐rearing period. The findings suggest that CORT levels in breeding birds increase when the arrival of southern sizable larvae does not match the period of peak energy requirements during breeding.
Participation–Prescription Tension in Natural Resource Management: The case of diffuse pollution in Scottish water management
Authors: Waylen Kerry A. , Blackstock Kirsty L. , Marshall Keith B. , Dunglinson Jill
Published: February 2015

The need for stakeholder participation in natural resource management is widely acknowledged. Many have noted that real‐life processes fall short of theoretical ideals in the literature, but less attention is given to understanding if and how participation may produce positive outcomes within these imperfect processes. For example, policies prescribing specific goals and statutory timelines are potentially in tension with goals for stakeholder participation, but the implications of this tension are not well understood.

We studied this tension in order to inform future participatory natural resource management. We used qualitative inductive analysis of river basin management planning in Scotland to explore to the extent to which benefits of participation were possible under prescribed conditions, and how prescribed constraints influenced the processes of participation.

Participation was constrained by the prescribed targets and timeline. However, participants in advisory groups challenged assumptions and provided additional information, leading to a more balanced analysis of pressures and a more collaborative approach to potential solutions. Overall, their interaction and inputs produced a mix of substantive and instrumental benefits to the process. More attention is needed to understand if and how such benefits would be realized from other processes, but our findings support the value of encouraging participation in natural resource management, even when that participation is constrained. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Effects of types and amounts of stabilizers on physical and sensory characteristics of cloudy ready‐to‐drink mulberry fruit juice
Authors: Akkarachaneeyakorn Suthida , Tinrat Sirikhwan
Published: February 2015

In this study, the pH of mulberry juice was optimized for high anthocyanin content and an attractive red color. Mulberry juice pH values of 2.5, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 were evaluated. A pH of 2.5 gave an anthocyanin content of 541.39 ± 106.43 mg of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside per liter, and the a* value was 14 ± 1.00. The effects of stabilizers (CMC and xanthan gum) on the physical characteristics of cloudy ready‐to‐drink mulberry fruit juice (via the addition of mulberry fruit pulp at a mass fraction of 5%) during storage (4°C for 1 week) were also determined using different mass fractions of the stabilizers (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%). Increasing the stabilizer mass fraction increased the viscosity, turbidity, stability of turbidity, and h* value. Using xanthan gum as the stabilizer produced better results for these parameters than CMC. The type of stabilizer and its mass fraction had no effect on most sensory characteristics, including appearance, color, taste, texture, and overall acceptability (P ≥ 0.05), but did affect the odor (P ˂ 0.05). Xanthan gum stabilizer gave the juice a better odor than CMC. Cloudy mulberry juice containing 0.5% xanthan gum as the stabilizer had the highest acceptance rate among panelists (average acceptance was 6.90 ± 1.37 points) and produced no precipitate during storage.
A novel fabrication method to create a thick collagen bundle composed of uniaxially aligned fibrils: An essential technology for the development of artificial tendon/ligament matrices
Authors: Yunoki Shunji , Hatayama Hirosuke , Ebisawa Mizue , Kondo Eiji , Yasuda Kazunori
Published: February 2015

In this study, we developed a fabrication method for thick collagen gel bundles comprising uniaxially aligned fibrils of sufficient size for filling defects in ligament tissues. The fabrication involved rotary shearing to dense collagen sols using a rheometer and then warming them from 23°C to 37°C to trigger gelation upon rotation. Gelation due to collagen fibril formation was accelerated by increased concentrations of neutral phosphate buffer, and fibril alignment occurred within 20 s during the early stage of rapid gelation. Fabrication of gels was completed with slippage between gels and the movable upper plate, and well‐aligned fibrils along the rotation direction were observed in the marginal regions of disc‐shaped gels. Gel thickness could be increased from 1 to 3 mm with homogeneous alignment of fibrils in the entire sample. The alignment of fibrils improved mechanical properties against tensile loads that were placed parallel to the alignment axis. Elongation of cultured fibroblast along the alignment was observed on the gels. The present method will enable the bottom–up fabrication of an artificial tendon for ligament reconstruction and repair. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3054–3065, 2015.
SMAD3 and SP1/SP3 Transcription Factors Collaborate to Regulate Connective Tissue Growth Factor Gene Expression in Myoblasts in Response to Transforming Growth Factor β
Authors: Córdova Gonzalo , Rochard Alice , Riquelme‐Guzmán Camilo , Cofré Catalina , Scherman Daniel , Bigey Pascal , Brandan Enrique
Published: February 2015

Fibrotic disorders are characterized by an increase in extracellular matrix protein expression and deposition, Duchene Muscular Dystrophy being one of them. Among the factors that induce fibrosis are Transforming Growth Factor type β (TGF‐β) and the matricellular protein Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2), the latter being a target of the TGF‐β/SMAD signaling pathway and is the responsible for the profibrotic effects of TGF‐β. Both CTGF and TGF are increased in tissues affected by fibrosis but little is known about the regulation of the expression of CTGF mediated by TGF‐β in muscle cells. By using luciferase reporter assays, site directed mutagenesis and specific inhibitors in C2C12 cells; we described a novel SMAD Binding Element (SBE) located in the 5′ UTR region of the CTGF gene important for the TGF‐β‐mediated expression of CTGF in myoblasts. In addition, our results suggest that additional transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) present in the 5' UTR of the CTGF gene are important for this expression and that SP1/SP3 factors are involved in TGF‐β‐mediated CTGF expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1880–1887, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An ab initio study of nuclear volume effects for isotope fractionations using two‐component relativistic methods
Authors: Nemoto Keisuke , Abe Minori , Seino Junji , Hada Masahiko
Published: February 2015

We investigate the accuracy of two‐component Douglas–Kroll–Hess (DKH) methods in calculations of the nuclear volume term (≡ lnKnv) in the isotope fractionation coefficient. lnKnv is a main term in the chemical equilibrium constant for isotope exchange reactions in heavy element. Previous work based on the four‐component method reasonably reproduced experimental lnKnv values of uranium isotope exchange. In this work, we compared uranium reaction lnKnv values obtained from the two‐component and four‐component methods. We find that both higher‐order relativistic interactions and spin‐orbit interactions are essential for quantitative description of lnKnv. The best alternative is the infinite‐order Douglas–Kroll–Hess method with infinite‐order spin‐orbit interactions for the one‐electron term and atomic‐mean‐field spin‐same‐orbit interaction for the two‐electron term (IODKH‐IOSO‐MFSO). This approach provides almost equivalent results for the four‐component method, while being 30 times faster. The IODKH‐IOSO‐MFSO methodology should pave the way toward computing larger and more general molecules beyond the four‐component method limits. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward the complete range separation of non‐hybrid exchange–correlation functional
Authors: Chan Bun , Song Jong‐Won , Kawashima Yukio , Hirao Kimihiko
Published: February 2015

In this study, we use a very simple scheme to achieve range separation of a total exchange–correlation functional. We have utilized this methodology to combine a short‐range pure density functional theory (DFT) functional with a corresponding long‐range pure DFT, leading to a “Range‐separated eXchange–Correlation” (RXC) scheme. By examining the performance of a range of standard exchange–correlation functionals for prototypical short‐ and long‐range properties, we have chosen B‐LYP as the short‐range functional and PBE‐B95 as the long‐range counterpart. The results of our testing using a more diverse range of data sets show that, for properties that we deem to be short‐range in nature, the performance of this prescribed RXC‐DFT protocol does resemble that of B‐LYP in most cases, and vice versa. Thus, this RXC‐DFT protocol already provides meaningful numerical results. Furthermore, we envisage that the general RXC scheme can be easily implemented in computational chemistry software packages. This study paves a way for further refinement of such a range‐separation technique for the development of better performing DFT procedures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Periplasmic expression in and release of Fab fragments from Escherichia coli using stress minimization
Authors: Hsu Chia‐Chang , Thomas Owen RT , Overton Tim W
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

The bacterium Escherichia coli is a commonly used host for the production of recombinant protein biopharmaceutical products. One class of such molecules is antibody fragments, typified by the Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis therapy Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®). Antibody fragments generated in E. coli are often directed to the periplasm, so that disulphide bonding can occur and release can be simplified. However, many recombinant protein products are prone to misfolding and mislocalization. Here, we optimized the production of a Fab fragment, D1.3, and its release from the periplasm of E. coli using osmotic shock.

RESULTS

By minimizing stress imposed on the bacterial hosts and monitoring Fab, total protein and DNA concentrations of fractions isolated following osmotic release, we successfully targeted the majority of recombinant Fab to the periplasm and were able to rapidly define optimal harvest points. Coupled optimization of fermentation and release increased the Fab concentration of the periplasmic extract by more than 20‐fold.

CONCLUSION

Simultaneous optimization of fermentation and periplasmic release allowed rapid definition of operational space and generation of recombinant protein in a form compatible with downstream processing steps. This methodology could be used for optimization of the production of a range of periplasmically‐targeted recombinant proteins. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Soil moisture trends in the Czech Republic between 1961 and 2012
Authors: Trnka M. , Brázdil R. , Možný M. , Štěpánek P. , Dobrovolný P. , Zahradníček P. , Balek J. , Semerádová D. , Dubrovský M. , Hlavinka P. , Eitzinger J. , Wardlow B. , Svoboda M. , Hayes M. , Žalud Z.
Published: February 2015

Central Europe is generally not considered a drought‐prone region compared with, for example, the Mediterranean. However, Central Europe, including the Czech Republic, recently experienced a series of drought events with substantial impacts, especially on crop production. Because agriculture systems, and vegetation in general, have adapted to evenly distributed precipitation, the region is susceptible to even short‐term droughts. The recent drought events may be the result of multi‐decadal climate variability or a more general trend, with some studies showing a link to a more frequent occurrence of atmospheric circulation patterns that are conducive to drought. This study introduces an innovation to the standard methodological approaches in evaluating drought climatology by analysing soil moisture conditions over more than 50 years. This approach relies on state‐of‐the‐art observed weather data and state‐of‐the‐art soil moisture model data, and focuses on the dynamic simulation of soil moisture content with high temporal (daily) and spatial (500 m) resolution in a diverse landscape. Statistically significant trends of decreasing soil moisture content were found, notably during May and June between 1961 and 2012. In contrast, trends towards higher soil moisture content were noted during the October–March time period. When the periods of 2001–2012 and 1961–1980 were compared, the probability of drought between April and June was found to increase by 50%. This indicates a loading of the ‘climate dice’ towards drier conditions. The probability of extreme drought events has also been found to increase. These results support concerns about the potentially increased severity of drought events in Central Europe under projected climate change.
Dynamic locking plates provide symmetric axial dynamization to stimulate fracture healing
Authors: Tsai Stanley , Fitzpatrick Daniel C. , Madey Steven M. , Bottlang Michael
Published: February 2015

Axial dynamization of an osteosynthesis construct can promote fracture healing. This biomechanical study evaluated a novel dynamic locking plate that derives symmetric axial dynamization by elastic suspension of locking holes within the plate.

Standard locked and dynamic plating constructs were tested in a diaphyseal bridge‐plating model of the femoral diaphysis to determine the amount and symmetry of interfragmentary motion under axial loading, and to assess construct stiffness under axial loading, torsion, and bending. Subsequently, constructs were loaded until failure to determine construct strength and failure modes. Finally, strength tests were repeated in osteoporotic bone surrogates.

One body‐weight axial loading of standard locked constructs produced asymmetric interfragmentary motion that was over three times smaller at the near cortex (0.1 ± 0.01 mm) than at the far cortex (0.32 ± 0.02 mm). Compared to standard locked constructs, dynamic plating constructs enhanced motion by 0.32 mm at the near cortex and by 0.33 mm at the far cortex and yielded a 77% lower axial stiffness (p < 0.001). Dynamic plating constructs were at least as strong as standard locked constructs under all test conditions.

In conclusion, dynamic locking plates symmetrically enhance interfragmentary motion, deliver controlled axial dynamization, and are at least comparable in strength to standard locked constructs. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1218–1225, 2015.
Investigating the firing protocol of Athenian pottery production: A Raman study of replicate and ancient sherds
Authors: Cianchetta Ilaria , Maish Jeff , Saunders David , Walton Marc , Mehta Apurva , Foran Brendan , Trentelman Karen
Published: February 2015

The black and red coloration of ancient Athenian pottery is due to the different oxidation states of iron oxide: reduced Fe2+ (black) and oxidized Fe3+ (red). It has long been thought that a single, three‐step firing — oxidation–reduction–oxidation — was used to manipulate the Fe valence state and achieve different degrees of vitrification between the slip and the body to produce the high contrast black and red images. However, complex and layered structures, with slips of different color overlaying each other, are sometimes found, raising the question of the adequacy of a single three‐step firing to produce complex architectures. The firing conditions used in the production of an ancient vessel in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum, in which a red glossy layer is found between the black gloss and the body, were investigated. The ancient specimen was compared to a set of replicates produced and fired under a series of controlled temperatures and oxygen fugacities. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the mineralogical phases present in both the ancient and the replicate samples, and the shape and position of the Eg mode in hematite provided a measure of the temperatures at which the minerals were formed. The results suggest the ancient vessel was produced using at least two separate firings: a high temperature firing under oxidizing conditions to create the underlying red glossy layer, followed by a three‐step firing to create the surface black gloss decoration. This finding suggests the firing of ancient Athenian pottery was more complex than previously thought. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatoprotective effects of soluble rice protein in primary hepatocytes and in mice
Authors: Han Bok‐Kyung , Park Yooheon , Choi Hyeon‐Son , Suh Hyung Joo
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

The production of rice‐derived by‐products has increased owing to the growing use of processed rice products. The objective of this study was to isolate highly purified proteins from a rice by‐product, rice syrup meal, and to examine their hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

Soluble rice protein (SRP70) was obtained via enzymatic processing of rice syrup meal using Termamyl SC and Alcalase. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that SRP70 contained low‐molecular‐weight (<600 Da) peptides. SRP70 did not affect the viability of rat primary hepatocytes and ameliorated tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BHP)‐induced cytotoxicity. t‐BHP‐induced elevations in hepatocyte alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were reduced by SRP70 in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, t‐BHP exposure increased the level of malondialdehyde, a toxic reactive aldehyde, which was dose‐dependently decreased by SRP70 treatment. These SRP70‐induced decreases in biochemical parameters were also observed in vivo in mice. In particular, SRP70 increased the activities of liver antioxidant enzymes in t‐BHP‐treated mice, including catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as increasing the level of glutathione, an antioxidant peptide. SRP70‐mediated activation of antioxidant enzymes was shown to be due to the up‐regulation in their gene expressions, while nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4), a pro‐oxidant enzyme, was down‐regulated by SRP70. Hematoxylin and eosin staining also showed that SRP70 protected the liver from histopathological changes induced by t‐BHP.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these data showed that SRP70, which is derived from a rice‐processing by‐product, had hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Palladium‐coated stainless‐steel wire as a solid‐phase microextraction fiber
Authors: Sun Min , Feng Juanjuan , Bu Yanan , Wang Xiaojiao , Duan Huimi , Luo Chuannan
Published: February 2015

A novel palladium solid‐phase microextraction coating was fabricated on a stainless‐steel wire by a simple in situ oxidation–reduction process. The palladium coating exhibited a rough microscaled surface and its thickness was about 2 μm. Preparation conditions (reaction time and concentration of palladium chloride and hydrochloric acid) were optimized in detail to achieve sufficient extraction efficiency. Extraction properties of the fiber were investigated by direct immersion solid‐phase microextraction of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters in aqueous samples. The extracted analytes were transferred into a gas chromatography system by thermal desorption. The effect of extraction and desorption conditions on extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity was obtained and correlation coefficients between 0.9908 and 0.9990 were obtained. Limits of detection were 0.05–0.10 μg/L for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 0.3 μg/L for phthalate esters. Their recoveries for real aqueous samples were in the range from 97.1 to 121% and from 89.1 to 108%, respectively. The intra‐ and interday tests were also investigated with three different addition levels, and satisfactory results were also obtained.
Does Biochar Improve Establishment of Tree Seedlings in Saline Sodic Soils?
Authors: Drake Jessica A. , Cavagnaro Timothy R. , Cunningham Shaun C. , Jackson W. Roy , Patti Antonio F.
Published: February 2015

Reforestation of saline sodic soil is increasingly undertaken as a means of reclaiming otherwise unproductive agricultural land. Currently, restoration of degraded land is limited to species with high tolerances of salinity. Biochar application has the potential to improve physical, biological and chemical properties of these soils to allow establishment of a wider range of plants. In a glasshouse trial, we applied biochar made from Acacia pycnantha (5 Mg ha−1) or no biochar to either a low (ECe 4·75 dS m−1, ESP 6·9), a moderate (ECe 27·6 dS m−1, ESP 29·3) or a high (ECe 49·4 dS m−1, ESP 45·1) saline sodic soil. The regional common reforestation species Eucalyptus viminalis and Acacia mearnsii were planted as tubestock in to the soils. Early establishment indicators, including growth, plant condition and nutrition, were assessed at the end of a simulated growing season, 108 days after biochar application. Application of biochar increased height, and decreased root : shoot and the concentration of Mn, N and S in plants of E. viminalis when grown in the highly saline sodic soil. Biochar application increased the concentration of B in leaves of E. viminalis and increased the concentration of P, K and S in leaves of A. mearnsii when grown in the low saline sodic soil. The results confirm that there is potential for biochar to assist in reforestation of saline sodic soils. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Sustainable Freeze‐Drying Route to Porous Polysaccharides with Tailored Hierarchical Meso‐ and Macroporosity
Authors: Borisova Aleksandra , De Bruyn Mario , Budarin Vitaliy L. , Shuttleworth Peter S. , Dodson Jennifer R. , Segatto Mateus L. , Clark James H.
Published: February 2015

Bio‐derived polysaccharide aerogels are of interest for a broad range of applications. To date, these aerogels have been obtained through the time‐ and solvent‐intensive procedure of hydrogel fomation, solvent exchange, and scCO2 drying, which offers little control over meso/macropore distribution. A simpler and more versatile route is developed, using freeze drying to produce highly mesoporous polysaccharide aerogels with various degrees of macroporosity. The hierarchical pore distribution is controlled by addition of different quantities of t‐butanol (TBA) to hydrogels before drying. Through a systematic study an interesting relationship between the mesoporosity and t‐butanol/water phase diagram is found, linking mesoporosity maxima with eutectic points for all polysaccharides studied (pectin, starch, and alginic acid). Moreover, direct gelation of polysaccharides in aqueous TBA offers additional time savings and the potential for solvent reuse. This finding is a doorway to more accessible polysaccharide aerogels for research and industrial scale production, due to the widespread accessibility of the freeze drying technology and the simplicity of the method.

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Quantity of lymph nodes correlates with improvement in lymphatic drainage in treatment of hind limb lymphedema with lymph node flap transfer in rats
Authors: Nguyen Dung H. , Chou Pan‐Yu , Hsieh Yu‐Hsuan , Momeni Arash , Fang Yu‐Hua Dean , Patel Ketan M. , Yang Chin‐Yu , Cheng Ming‐Huei
Published: February 2015

Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between the number of vascularized lymph nodes (LN) transferred and resolution of hind limb lymphedema in a rat model.

Methods

Unilateral hind limb lymphedema was created in 18 male Sprague–Dawley rats following inguinal and popliteal LN resection and radiation. A para‐aortic LN flap based on the celiac artery was subsequently transferred to the affected groin. The three study groups consisted of Group A (no LN transfer), Group B (transfer of a single vascularized LN), and Group C (transfer of three vascularized LNs). Volumetric analysis of bilateral hind limbs was performed using micro‐CT imaging at 1, 2, and 3 months postoperatively. Lymphatic drainage was assessed with Tc99 lymphoscintigraphy preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively.

Results

A statistically significant volume reduction was seen in Groups B and C compared to Group A at all time points. Volume reduction of Group A vs.Group B at 1 month (8.6% ± 2.0% vs. 2.7% ± 2.6%, P < 0.05), 2 months (9.3% ± 2.2% vs. −4.3% ± 2.7%, P < 0.05), and 3 months (7.6% ± 3.3% vs. −8.9% ± 5.2%, P < 0.05). Volume reduction of Group A vs. Group C at 1 month (8.6% ± 2.0% vs. −6.6% ± 3.1%, P < 0.05), 2 months (9.3% ± 2.2% vs. −10.2% ± 4.6%, P < 0.05), and 3 months (7.6% ± 3.3% vs. −9.1% ± 3.1%, P < 0.05). Of note, comparison of Groups B and C demonstrated greater volume reduction in Group C at 1 (P < 0.02) and 2 (P = 0.07) months postoperatively.

Conclusions

LN flap transfer is an effective procedure for the treatment of lymphedema. The number of vascularized LNs transferred correlates positively with the degree of volume reduction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:239–245, 2016.
The dynamics of the jellyfish joyride: mathematical discussion of the causes leading to blooming
Authors: Rupp Florian , Scheurle Jürgen
Published: February 2015

Dramatic increases in jellyfish populations, which lead to the collapse of formally healthy ecosystems, are repeatedly reported from many different sites. Because of their devastating effects on fish populations, understanding of the causes for such bloomings are of major ecological as well as economical importance. Based on a previous work, we set up a two‐dimensional predator–prey model for the fish–jellyfish interactions by taking fishery as well as environmental conditions into account. It assumes the fish as the dominant predator species. By totally analytic means, we completely classify all equilibria in terms of existence and non‐linear stability and give a description of this system's non‐linear global dynamics. We analytically study the non‐equilibrium dynamics and detect homoclinic, Andronov–Hopf, and Takens–Bogdanov bifurcations as well as the non‐existence of periodic and homoclinic orbits in certain relevant regions of the phase space. A hereby found, and analytically rigorously stated, funnel phenomenon gives rise to a mathematical explanation of jellyfish blooming beyond the typical one in terms of large‐amplitude limit cycles based on the well‐known Rosenzweig–MacArthur equations. Also, we illustrate the plethora of bifurcation scenarios by numerical results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum principle for optimal distributed control of viscous weakly dispersive Degasperis–Procesi equation
Authors: Sun Bing , Wang Shan‐Shan
Published: February 2015

This paper is concerned with the optimal distributed control of the viscous weakly dispersive Degasperis–Procesi equation in nonlinear shallow water dynamics. It is well known that the Pontryagin maximum principle, which unifies calculus of variations and control theory of ordinary differential equations, sets up the theoretical basis of the modern optimal control theory along with the Bellman dynamic programming principle. In this paper, we commit ourselves to infinite dimensional generalizations of the maximum principle and aim at the optimal control theory of partial differential equations. In contrast to the finite dimensional setting, the maximum principle for the infinite dimensional system does not generally hold as a necessary condition for optimal control. By the Dubovitskii and Milyutin functional analytical approach, we prove the Pontryagin maximum principle of the controlled viscous weakly dispersive Degasperis–Procesi equation. The necessary optimality condition is established for the problem in fixed final horizon case. Finally, a remark on how to utilize the obtained results is also made. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a sub‐Stiefel Procrustes problem arising in computer vision
Authors: Cardoso João R. , Ziȩtak Krystyna
Published: February 2015

A sub‐Stiefel matrix is a matrix that results from deleting simultaneously the last row and the last column of an orthogonal matrix. In this paper, we consider a Procrustes problem on the set of sub‐Stiefel matrices of order n. For n = 2, this problem has arisen in computer vision to solve the surface unfolding problem considered by R. Fereirra, J. Xavier and J. Costeira. An iterative algorithm for computing the solution of the sub‐Stiefel Procrustes problem for an arbitrary n is proposed, and some numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate its performance. For these purposes, we investigate the properties of sub‐Stiefel matrices. In particular, we derive two necessary and sufficient conditions for a matrix to be sub‐Stiefel. We also relate the sub‐Stiefel Procrustes problem with the Stiefel Procrustes problem and compare it with the orthogonal Procrustes problem. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elder Abuse: Evaluating the Potentials and Problems of Diagnosis in the Archaeological Record
Authors: Gowland R. L.
Published: February 2015

The elderly are the most neglected demographic in archaeology. In today's youth‐obsessed society, the elderly are consistently denigrated, particularly those perceived to be physically or mentally frail. A related and growing concern in contemporary populations is the physical abuse of the elderly, believed to be an escalating phenomenon. This study is the first to examine the risk factors, social context and patterns of trauma associated with elder abuse in the present, with the aim of providing diagnostic criteria to apply to past societies. The utility of skeletal evidence in the identification of violent trauma has been detailed in cases of child and intimate partner abuse, both modern and archaeological. Investigating the skeletal evidence for elder abuse is potentially more complex because of the confounding physiological effects of the ageing process, lack of clinical research and contemporary ageist attitudes towards older people. Within the clinical and bioarchaeological literature, there has been a tendency to dismiss injuries in older individuals as the product of accident or opportunistic violence. A proportion of elder members of past societies is likely to have been victims of abuse and family violence. While there are no pathognomonic skeletal features of elder abuse, multiple injuries to the bones of the following are indicative: cranium, maxilla‐facial region, dentition, cervical vertebrae, clavicles, ribs and spiral fractures to the humeri. Attention is also drawn to decubiti as indirect skeletal indicators of immobility and possibly neglect. Archaeological context is important to consider, including non‐normative burials or those indicating social marginalisation. Bioarchaeological evidence has the potential to provide a long‐term perspective on the care and treatment of past elders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life on the Edge of the Arctic: The Bioarchaeology of the Keldudalur Cemetery in Skagafjörður, Iceland
Authors: Zoëga G. , Murphy K. A.
Published: February 2015

Burials were examined from the late Viking Age early medieval Christian cemetery at the farm of Keldudalur in the Skagafjörður region, Northern Iceland. The cemetery likely served a single household for about 100–120 years, from the beginning of the 11th century AD to the turn of the 12th century. Cemetery inhabitants represent a population that lived through the transitional period when Christianity was established in Iceland. The changes are visible in the mortuary record with the changeover from outlying pagan graves to enclosed Christian cemeteries situated on the farmsteads. Keldudalur is one of the numerous early Christian family cemeteries that littered the 11th century Skagafjörður landscape. The burials included 53 well‐preserved skeletons of 27 adults and 26 subadults. Various factors such as fluctuating climate and environmental conditions, and seasonal or periodical availability of resources have the potential for impacting human diet and health over time. To assess the health status of the burials, data were collected for a number of health status indicators such as stature estimation, developmental enamel defects, porotic hyperostosis, infectious disease, trauma, degenerative joint diseases, dental caries, calculus and tooth loss. Results suggest that inhabitants of Keldudalur experienced periodic stress and rigorous living conditions. Infant mortality was great, although if individuals survived childhood, the age expectancy was fairly high. There was no obvious evidence for interpersonal violence or endemic infectious disease. However, the common occurrence of growth disturbances, generalised periostitis, trauma and degenerative joint disease all point to a number of stressors in the lives of the people at Keldudalur, which is suggestive of a resilient people living and adapting to a harsh and periodically resource scarce subarctic environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methylation‐induced loss of miR‐484 in microsatellite‐unstable colorectal cancer promotes both viability and IL‐8 production via CD137L
Authors: Mei Qian , Xue Geng , Li Xiang , Wu Zhiqiang , Li Xiaolei , Yan Hongli , Guo Mingzhou , Sun Shuhan , Han Weidong
Published: February 2015

Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibiting MSI (microsatellite instability) represents a well‐defined subtype characterized by a deficient mismatch repair pathway and typical clinico‐pathological features. Our objective was to identify the entire miRNome and its molecular pathological roles in MSI CRCs. We profiled miRNA expression in MSI CRCs and compared it with MSS counterparts. Microarray and qRT‐PCR analysis identified eight miRNAs that could distinguish the MSI status of CRCs. MiR‐484 was the most significantly decreased miRNA in MSI CRCs, primarily mediated by the CpG island methylator phenotype. MiR‐484 functions as a tumour suppressor to inhibit MSI CRC cell viability in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, miR‐484 repressed CD137L expression and thereby attenuated IL‐8 production by MSI CRC cells. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the roles of dysregulated miRNAs in the distinct phenotypic features of MSI CRCs and indicate an option for early diagnosis and gene therapy for these patients. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feeding cancer's sweet tooth: specialized tumour vasculature shuttles glucose in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Dudley Andrew C , Bautch Victoria L
Published: February 2015

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal neoplasm characterized by a ‘fortress’ of thick collagen fibres, abundant myofibroblasts, and paradoxically reduced vascularization compared to normal pancreas. Despite these features, PDAC shows no reduction in the uptake of glucose that fuels tumour cell survival. In new work published in The Journal of Pathology, Saiyin and colleagues have identified a novel adaptation of PDAC tumour endothelium; namely, ‘hairy‐like’ basal microvilli that increase the total vascular surface area and correlate with regions of highest glucose uptake. Since basal microvilli are not present on normal pancreatic blood vessels, their presence may add diagnostic value and blocking their function is a potential new treatment strategy for PDAC. This novel finding of basal microvilli on PDAC endothelium is a striking example of how phenotypic plasticity in tumour blood vessels contributes to tumour growth and progression, independent of conventional modes of angiogenesis. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of expanded graphite on the thermal stability, latent heat, and flammability properties of EVA/wax phase change blends
Authors: Mochane M.J. , Luyt A.S.
Published: February 2015

This article reports on the morphology, melting and crystallization behavior, thermal stability, flammability and thermal conductivity of shape‐stabilized phase‐change materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage, based on a soft Fischer–Tropsch paraffin wax, the PCM, blended with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). These immiscible blends were melt‐mixed with expanded graphite (EG) (up to 9 wt%) to improve the thermal conductivity and flame resistance of the material. It was observed that the EG particles agglomerate in the absence of wax, but disperse much better in the EVA/wax blend, probably because the wax penetrates in between the EG layers (there seems to be a better interaction between wax and EG than between EVA and EG) and separates the layers, giving rise to smaller and better dispersed EG particles. This gives rise to better thermal conductivity and flame resistance. There were no significant changes in the melting temperature of EVA in the EVA/EG composites, while the crystallinities of EVA were observably lower in the presence of EG. The thermal stability and flammability results show an increase in thermal stability and flame resistance of EVA, which further improved in the presence of wax because of the smaller and better dispersed EG particles in these systems. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1255–1262, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Full loss analysis for a multicrystalline silicon wafer solar cell PV module at short‐circuit conditions
Authors: Peters Marius , Guo Siyu , Liu Zhe
Published: February 2015

We present an extended analysis to quantify losses in a module under short‐circuit conditions. The presented method includes an analysis of the area‐related losses in a full‐sized module and introduces the concept of “effective area coverage.” The effective area coverage accounts for the amount of light lost on a certain type of area and is different from the actual area coverage, if light trapping area occurs. An example for this effect is light reflected from the backsheet, trapped in the glass cover and reaching the solar cell. Based on our analysis, the effective solar cell area is increased by 5% absolute by this effect. Furthermore, we used an extension of Basore's model for modules in the loss analysis and used it to quantify losses in one exemplary, encapsulated multicrystalline silicon wafer solar cell. These losses are absorption in the rear reflector (corresponding to a loss of 3.5 mA/cm2 on the active solar cell area), collection losses (3.4 mA/cm2) and free carrier absorption (0.18 mA/cm2). Finally, the presented analysis allowed us to calculate a breakdown of all losses in a full‐sized module under short‐circuit conditions. A list of all considered losses sorted by the corresponding current is presented at the end. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.