bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parathyroid hormone ameliorates temporomandibular joint osteoarthritic‐like changes related to age
Authors: Cui Chen , Zheng Liwei , Fan Yi , Zhang Jun , Xu Ruoshi , Xie Jing , Zhou Xuedong
Published: March 2020

Objectives

Ageing could be a contributing factor to the progression of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA), whereas its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategy have not been comprehensively investigated.

Materials and methods

We generated ageing mouse models (45‐week and 60‐week; 12‐week mice as control) and intermittently injected 45‐week mice with parathyroid hormone (PTH(1‐34)) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Cartilage and subchondral bone of TMJ were analysed by microCT, histological and immunostaining. Western blot, qRT‐PCR, ChIP, ELISA and immunohistochemical analysis were utilized to examination the mechanism of PTH(1‐34)’s function.

Results

We showed apparent OA‐like phenotypes in ageing mice. PTH treatment could ameliorate the degenerative changes and improve bone microarchitecture in the subchondral bone by activating bone remodelling. Moreover, PTH inhibited phosphorylation level of Smad3, which can combine with p16ink4a gene promoter region, resulting in reduced senescent cells accumulation and increased cellular proliferation of marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). ELISA also showed relieved levels of specific senescent‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in ageing mice after PTH treatment.

Conclusions

In summary, PTH may reduce the accumulation of senescent cells in subchondral bone by inhibiting p16ink4a and improve bone marrow microenvironment to active bone remodelling process, indicating PTH administration could be a potential preventative and therapeutic treatment for age‐related TMJ OA.
Pharmacokinetic and Metabolic Profile of Deutetrabenazine (TEV‐50717) Compared With Tetrabenazine in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Schneider Frank , Bradbury Margaret , Baillie Thomas A. , Stamler David , Hellriegel Edward , Cox Donna S. , Loupe Pippa S. , Savola Juha‐Matti , Rabinovich‐Guilatt Laura
Published: March 2020

Deutetrabenazine (Austedo, Teva Pharmaceuticals) is a deuterated form of tetrabenazine. It is the first deuterated drug to receive US regulatory approval and is approved for treatment of chorea in Huntington’s disease and tardive dyskinesia. Two oral single dose studies comparing deutetrabenazine (25 mg) with tetrabenazine (25 mg) in healthy volunteers evaluated the impact of deuteration on pharmacokinetics of the active metabolites, alpha‐dihydrotetrabenazine (α‐HTBZ) and beta‐dihydrotetrabenazine (β‐HTBZ), metabolite profile, safety, and tolerability. In the two‐way, cross‐over study, the mean elimination half‐life of deuterated total (α + β)‐HTBZ was doubled compared with nondeuterated total (α + β)‐HTBZ, with a twofold increase in overall mean exposure (area under the concentration‐time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0–inf)) and a marginal increase in mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax). In the mass balance and metabolite profiling study, there were no novel plasma or urinary metabolites of [14C]‐deutetrabenazine relative to [14C]‐tetrabenazine. Specific deuteration in deutetrabenazine resulted in a superior pharmacokinetic profile and an increased ratio of active‐to‐inactive metabolites, attributes considered to provide significant benefits to patients.
Cytomorphological features of adamantinoma‐like Ewing's sarcoma in parotid masquerading as sialoblastoma in a paediatric patient
Authors: Umamahesweran Sandyya , Gochhait Debasis , Jayachandran Jhansi , Govindarajan Krishnakumar , Siddaraju Neelaiah , Srinivas Bheemanathi Hanuman
Published: March 2020

Adamantinoma‐like Ewing's sarcoma is a rare tumor of the salivary gland seen in pediatric patients. It can mimic sialoblastoma and basal cell adenocarcinoma on cytomorphology and histopathology. FISH has to be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Developing outreach events that impact underrepresented students: Are we doing it right?
Authors: Gall Andrew J. , Vollbrecht Peter J. , Tobias Tristan
Published: March 2020

Many outreach programs share the common goals of serving underrepresented groups in STEM and improving public attitudes toward science. To meet these goals, scientists must find ways to both reach the appropriate audience and communicate the importance of science in meaningful and accessible ways. This requires careful consideration of the outreach method being used. Two common outreach methods include in‐school visits (scientist in the classroom) and science fairs or open houses. Here, we compare the effectiveness of these two outreach methods in meeting the goals of reaching underrepresented students and/or students with less initial interest in science. We have found that in‐school visits reached more underrepresented students and that initial attitudes toward science scores were lower for in‐school visit participants than for open house event participants. Importantly, positive attitudes toward science increased significantly after in‐school outreach events. Taken together, these data suggest that outreach events that are taken out into the community will reach a less enthusiastic but more diverse audience and can have a positive impact on attitudes toward science within these populations. These studies highlight the importance of knowing the goals of your outreach program and choosing the method that is best suited to meeting those goals.
Opinions and clinical practices related to diagnosing and managing functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: changes in the last decade
Authors: LaFaver K. , Lang A. E. , Stone J. , Morgante F. , Edwards M. , Lidstone S. , Maurer C. W. , Hallett M. , Dwivedi A. K. , Espay A. J.
Published: March 2020

Background and purpose

There is large variability in the diagnostic approach and clinical management in functional movement disorders (FMD). This study aimed to examine whether opinions and clinical practices related to FMD have changed over the past decade.

Methods

Adapted from a 2008 version, we repeated the survey to members of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS).

Results

In all, 864/7689 responses (denominator includes non‐neurologists) were received from 92 countries. Respondents were more often male (55%), younger than 45 (65%) and from academic practices (85%). Although the likelihood of ordering neurological investigations prior to delivering a diagnosis of FMD was nearly as high as in 2008 (47% vs. 51%), the percentage of respondents communicating the diagnosis without requesting additional tests increased (27% vs. 19%;P = 0.003), with most envisioning their role as providing a diagnosis and coordinating management (57% vs. 40%;P < 0.001). Compared to patients with other disorders, 64% of respondents were more concerned about missing a diagnosis of another neurological disorder. Avoiding iatrogenic harm (58%) and educating patients about the diagnosis (53%) were again rated as the most effective therapeutic options. Frequent treatment barriers included lack of physician knowledge and training (32%), lack of treatment guidelines (39%), limited availability of referral services (48%) and cultural beliefs about psychological illnesses (50%). The preferred term for communication favored ‘functional’ over ‘psychogenic’ (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Attitudes and management of FMDs have changed over the past decade. Important gaps remain in access to treatment and in the education of neurologists about the inclusionary approach to FMD diagnosis.
Effect of bioactive glass air‐abrasion on the wettability and osteoblast proliferation on sandblasted and acid‐etched titanium surfaces
Authors: Abushahba Faleh , Tuukkanen Juha , Aalto‐Setälä Laura , Miinalainen Ilkka , Hupa Leena , Närhi Timo O.
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hydrophilicity, surface free energy, and proliferation and viability of human osteoblast‐like MC3T3‐E1 cells on sandblasted and acid‐etched titanium surfaces after air‐abrasion with 45S5 bioactive glass, zinc‐containing bioactive glass, or inert glass. Sandblasted and acid‐etched titanium discs were subjected to air‐abrasion with 45S5 bioactive glass, experimental bioactive glass (Zn4), or inert glass. Water contact angles and surface free energy were evaluated. The surfaces were studied with preosteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells. Air‐abrasion with either type of glass significantly enhanced the hydrophilicity and surface free energy of the sandblasted and acid‐etched titanium discs. The MC3T3‐E1 cell number was higher for substrates air‐abraded with Zn4 bioactive glass and similar to that observed on borosilicate coverslips (controls). Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed that MC3T3‐E1 cells did not spread as extensively on the sandblasted and acid‐etched and bioactive glass‐abraded surfaces as they did on control surfaces. However, for 45S5‐ and Zn4‐treated samples, the cells spread most at the 24 h time point and changed their morphology to more spindle‐like when cultured further. Air‐abrasion with bioactive glass and inert glass was shown to have a significant effect on the wettability and surface free energy of the surfaces under investigation. Osteoblast cell proliferation on sandblasted and acid‐etched titanium discs was enhanced by air‐abrasion with 45S5 bioactive glass and experimental Zn4 bioactive glass compared with air‐abrasion with inert glass or no air‐abrasion.
The (in)adequacy of translational research in dentistry
Authors: Faggion Clovis Mariano
Published: March 2020

Translational research, as the name suggests, “translates” research findings into clinical practice to improve the health of human beings. The translational process builds on information from experiments conducted at a basic level (i.e., in vitro and/or animal studies) and progresses over experimental human studies for efficacy, efficiency, and safety to implementation. Therefore, all steps in the process should be based on studies conducted with the highest methodological quality possible in order to provide accurate and useful information. Furthermore, the systematic dissemination of new procedures/techniques should be done only when they have been proven to be effective and safe. This focus article describes examples of new techniques/procedures in dentistry that have not resulted from an adequate translational research process since the initial evidence was published. These procedures are generally characterised by lack of good evidence, particularly on their potential harms, and lack of adequate chronological order, regarding the translational research process (i.e., human research being conducted before animal research). Even so, they seem to be widely disseminated, and their promotion involves a wide range of sources, including social media. Some guidance is proposed to improve the quality of the translational research process in dentistry, as well as the level of awareness of all parties involved with the use of this research: clinicians, researchers, and patients. By improving the translational research process, optimization of the application and use of these resources, with less risk to the patients, is expected.
P2Y13 and P2X7 receptors modulate mechanically induced adenosine triphosphate release from mast cells
Authors: Shen Dan , Shen Xueyong , Schwarz Wolfgang , Grygorczyk Ryszard , Wang Lina
Published: March 2020

Subcutaneous mast cells (MCs) are vulnerable to mechanical stimulation from external environment. Thus, MCs immune function could be modulated by their mechanosensitivity. This property has been identified as the trigger mechanism of needling acupuncture, a traditional oriental therapy. Previously we have demonstrated the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a stress‐responsive signalling molecule, from mechanical‐perturbed MCs. The current work explores its underlying mechanisms. We noticed that propagation of intracellular free Ca2+ occurred among HMC‐1 cells in response to 50% hypotonic shock. Additionally, amplifying cascade of ATP‐induced ATP release was observed in RBL‐2H3 cells stimulated by medium displacement, which could be mimicked by exogenous ATP (exoATP). Secondary ATP liberation induced by low level (50 nmol/L) of exoATP was reduced by inhibiting ecto‐ATPase‐dependent ADP production with ARL67156, or blocking P2 receptors with suramin or PPADS, or with specific P2Y13 receptor antagonist MRS2211, or siRNA. Secondary ATP release induced by higher dose (200 μmol/L) of exoATP, sufficient to stimulate P2X7 receptor, was attenuated by suramin, PPADS or specific P2X7 receptor antagonist BBG, or siRNA. Finally, RT‐PCR confirmed mRNA expression of P2Y13 and P2X7 in RBL‐2H3 cells. Additionally, such secondary ATP release was attenuated by DPCPX, specific antagonist of adenosine A1 receptor, but not by MRS2179, specific inhibitor of P2Y1 receptor. In summary, mechanosensitive ATP release from MCs is facilitated by paracrine/autocrine stimulation of P2Y13 and P2X7 receptors. This multi‐receptor combination could mediate transmission of information from a local site to distal areas, enabling communication with multiple surrounding cells to coordinate and synchronize their function.
Explaining the Asian American Youth Paradox: Universal Factors versus Asian American Family Process Among Filipino and Korean American Youth
Authors: Choi Yoonsun , Park Michael , Lee Jeanette Park , Lee Mina
Published: March 2020

This study used longitudinal survey data of Filipino American and Korean American youth to examine ways in which universal factors (e.g., peer antisocial behaviors and parent–child conflict) and Asian American (AA) family process variables (e.g., gendered norms) independently and collectively predict grade point average (GPA), externalizing, and internalizing problems. We aimed to explain the “Asian American youth paradox” in which low externalizing problems and high GPA coexist with high internalizing problems. We found that universal factors were extensively predictive of youth problems and remained robust when AA family process was accounted for. AA family process also independently explained youth development and, in part, the AA youth paradox. For example, gendered norms increased mental distress. Academic controls did the opposite of what it is intended, that is, had a negative impact on GPA as well as other developmental domains. Family obligation, assessed by family‐centered activities and helping out, was beneficial to both externalizing and internalizing youth outcomes. Parental implicit affection, one of the distinct traits of AA parenting, was beneficial, particularly for GPA. This study provided important empirical evidence that can guide cross‐cultural parenting and meaningfully inform intervention programs for AA youth.
Perspectives and challenges of micro/nanoplastics‐induced toxicity with special reference to phytotoxicity
Authors: Maity Sukhendu , Pramanick Kousik
Published: March 2020

Plastic pollution has become a global concern for ecosystem health and biodiversity conservation. Concentrations of plastics are manifold higher in the terrestrial system than the aquatic one. Micro/nanoplastics (M/NP) have the ability to alter soil enzymatic system, soil properties and also affect soil borne microorganisms and earthworms. Despite, the knowhow regarding modulatory effects of plastics are acquired from the study on aquatic system and reports on their phytotoxic potentials are limited. The presence of cell wall that could restrict M/NP invasion into plant roots might be the putative cause of this limitation. M/NP inhibit plant growth, seed germination and gene expression; and they also induce cytogenotoxicity by aggravating reactive oxygen species generation. Dynamic behavior of cell wall; the pores formed either by cell wall degrading enzymes or by plant–pathogen interactions or by mechanical injury might facilitate the entry of into roots M/NP. This review also provides a possible mechanism of large sized microplastics‐induced phytotoxicity especially for those that cannot pass through cell wall pores. As M/NP affect soil microbial community and soil parameters, it is hypothesized that they could have the potential to affect N2fixation and research should be conducted in this direction. Reports on M/NP‐induced toxicity mainly focused only on one polymer type (polystyrene) in spite of the toxicological relevancies of other polymer types like polyethylene, polypropylene etc. So, the assessment of phytotoxic potential of M/NP should be done using other plastic polymers in real environment as they are known to intract with other environmental stressors as well as can alter the the soil–microbe–plant interaction.
Asymmetric patterns and temporal changes in phenology‐based seasonal gross carbon uptake of global terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Wang Lanhui , Tian Feng , Huang Ke , Wang Yuhang , Wu Zhendong , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: March 2020

Aim

To study global patterns and temporal changes in the seasonal dynamics (quantity and seasonal distribution) of terrestrial gross carbon uptake in response to global environmental change.

Location

Global.

Time period

2000–2016.

Major taxa studied

Terrestrial ecosystems.

Methods

Following a phenology‐based definition of photosynthetic seasonality, we decompose gross primary production (GPP) into three periods, green‐up, maturity and senescence, and derive their corresponding GPP (GPPgp, GPPmp and GPPsp, respectively) from a newly developed time series of satellite‐based global GPP to study spatio‐temporal dynamics of seasonal GPP.

Results

We find that the global fraction of GPPsp (19.8%) is larger than GPPgp (14.3%), indicating a globally asymmetric seasonal distribution of gross carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. Globally, GPPmp plays a dominant role in shaping spatial patterns and increasing/decreasing trends in GPP, while GPPgp/GPPsp contributes to increasing GPP at the regional scale. Higher fractions of GPPgp/GPPmp (lower of GPPsp), as well as the co‐occurrence of increasing GPP and non‐tree vegetation cover in major croplands, are likely to be caused by agricultural intensification. Global changes in GPPgp and GPPsp are closely related to changes in their seasonal distributions (R = .86/.8, respectively), whereas this relationship is weaker for GPPmp (R = .53). Finally, high correlations are observed between changes in GPPgp and GPPsp and changes in their durations (R = .78/.78, respectively), while GPPmp shows a relatively lower correlation with its duration (R = .67).

Main conclusions

The asymmetric spatio‐temporal patterns in the seasonal dynamics of global terrestrial gross carbon uptake found here have been substantially reshaped by anthropogenic land‐use/cover changes and changes in photosynthetic phenology. Compared to calendar‐based meteorological seasons more suitable for temperate/subpolar ecosystems, our phenology‐based approach is expected to provide an alternative starting point for a better understanding of global spatio‐temporal changes in the seasonal dynamics of terrestrial ecosystem processes and functioning under accelerating global change.
Leaf‐out in northern ecotypes of wide‐ranging trees requires less spring warming, enhancing the risk of spring frost damage at cold range limits
Authors: Zohner Constantin M. , Mo Lidong , Sebald Veronica , Renner Susanne S.
Published: March 2020

Aim

Trees need to avoid frost damage to their young leaves by leafing out after the occurrence of the last frost, yet they also need to start photosynthesis early in the season to achieve sufficient growth. This trade‐off leads to the hypothesis that ‘safety margins’ against spring frost should become shorter, the longer the winter duration, perhaps reaching an asymptotic limit where frost damage would occur in most years. Physiologically, shorter safety margins in high‐latitude ecotypes might be achieved by lower degree‐day requirements for leaf‐out, compared to low‐latitude ecotypes.

Location

Europe.

Time period

1902–2009.

Major taxa studied

Temperate trees.

Methods

Using herbarium collections of Acer platanoides, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica and Prunus spinosa made over 108 years at 40° to 60° N latitude, we related historic leaf‐out dates to winter and spring temperatures (chilling and degree‐days), winter duration, and date of last frost occurrence in the relevant years and locations.

Results

In all species, frost safety margins decreased towards high‐latitude regions with long winters, with each day increase in winter duration reducing frost safety margins by 0.48 days in Fagus and 0.32–0.21 days in Prunus, Acer and Carpinus. These latitudinal differences correlate with northern ecotypes’ shorter degree‐day requirements for leaf‐out.

Main conclusions

The decline in spring frost safety margins in regions with long winters supports the new hypothesis that species may reach their geographic range limit where they ‘bump up’ against experiencing regular frost injury to their young leaves. Larger datasets are necessary to further corroborate our hypothesis and future efforts should thus be directed toward increasing the latitudinal range of existing phenological databases.
State‐level austerity, education, and large urban labor markets: Evidence from fiscal policy experiments in Kansas and Wisconsin
Authors: Komarek Timothy M.
Published: March 2020

In 2011, Kansas and Wisconsin experimented with fiscal austerity policies. Proponents of the tax and public expenditure cuts argued that they would spur economic growth, while opponents claimed that it would harm vulnerable populations. I use the timing of these policies and the synthetic control method to examine how state‐level austerity affected earnings per worker for high and low education segments of the workforce in major urban areas. The results suggest that the Kansas and Wisconsin fiscal experiments hurt low education workers in some urban areas. The estimates also show heterogeneity in the treatment effect. Notably, Madison, WI, was the only urban area that experienced substantial positive growth in both education segments.
Content validity of psoriatic arthritis screening questionnaires: systematic review
Authors: Landini Enríquez Venecia V. , Jurado Santa‐Cruz Fermín , Peralta‐Pedrero María L. , Morales‐Sánchez Martha‐Alejandra
Published: March 2020

Background

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is the main entity associated with psoriasis (PsO). Consequently, several PsA screening instruments have been developed, most of them are self‐administered questionnaires, known as patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs).

Objective

To identify, summarize, and systematically evaluate the evidence of the content validity of PsA screening PROMs, in patients with PsO, by the dermatologist, based on COSMIN methodology.

Methods

A structured literature search was performed, until June 2019, that included development and/or validation studies of a questionnaire for the screening of PsA in patients with PsO. The evaluation was based on the PROMs’ development, relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility.

Results

Eleven PROMs were included in the systematic review with four additional validation studies of the included instruments. Only ToPAS2 (Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen) questionnaire had an adequate content validity. CONTEST (Comparison of three screening tools to detect psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis), CEPPA (Center of Excellence for Psoriasis sand Psoriatic Arthritis), and SiPAS (Simple Psoriatic Arthritis Screening questionnaire) qualified as inadequate.

Conclusions

Despite the existence of eleven validated PsA screening PROMs, none were supported by very high‐quality evidence of their content validity, which brings the opportunity for the creation of a new proposal PROM for the screening of PsA.
Effects of demographic and obstetric variables with body image on sexual dysfunction in pregnancy: A cross‐sectional and comparative study
Authors: Aksoy Derya Yesim , Gök Uğur Hacer , Özşahin Zeliha
Published: March 2020

Aim

This study was conducted to determine the effects of demographic and obstetric variables with body image on sexual dysfunction in pregnant women.

Background

Sexual dysfunction is frequent in pregnant women. To what extent body image plays a role is incompletely understood.

Methods

In the research, a cross‐sectional and comparative study was conducted. A personal information form, body image scale, and female sexual function index were applied to 472 pregnant women. Descriptive statistics, the Student t‐test, the χ2 test, and logistic regression analysis were employed for evaluating the data.

Results

Sexual dysfunction was found in 54.7%. The frequency of sexual dysfunction in the first trimester was lower. In addition, factors like the place of residence of the pregnant women and number of pregnancies were found to be related to sexual dysfunction in pregnant women. Each unit decrease in body image score resulted in women being 0.98 times more likely to experience sexual dysfunction.

Conclusion

It was determined that approximately one in two pregnant women experienced sexual dysfunction, and body image, place of residence, trimester of the pregnancy, and number of pregnancies were important factors affecting sexual function.
Child Migration in the US and Spain: Towards a Global Border Regime?
Authors: Vives Luna
Published: March 2020

In The New Politics of Immigration, Professor Catherine Dauvergne proposes that as migration policies converge at the global level, the traditional difference between settler societies and former European colonies is becoming irrelevant. To test this argument, this article addresses the impact of externalization, militarization, detention and deportation on unaccompanied migrant children along the southern Spanish and US borders. I conclude that the combined used of these strategies is designed to keep all unwanted migrants away from the physical border of the state, regardless of their background, and prevents children from accessing specific protections. Current border policy in these two countries shows the primacy of national security concerns over human rights and supports Dauvergne’s argument that distinctions between former colonies and settler societies are disappearing. The evidence considered here points towards an increasingly restrictive and punitive global border regime, but one with regional variations.
The intention to undertake physical activity in pregnant women using the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Zhu Gangjiao , Qian Xiangzi , Qi Ling , Xia Chang , Ming Yu , Zeng Zhi , Liu Yuanxia , Yang Yan , Zhang Mengtian , Zhang Hongling
Published: March 2020

Aim

To identify the intention of Chinese pregnant women to undertake physical activity (PA) using the theory of planned behaviour.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

From April – October 2017, a cross‐sectional questionnaire was completed by 746 pregnant women from the Health Birth Cohort in Wuhan, China. The theory of planned behaviour variables as well as sociodemographic characteristics was recorded, and the Pregnancy PA Questionnaire was together used to assess their PA during pregnancy.

Results

Only 11.3% of the women met the international guideline. The intention to undertake PA was found it to be positive in 63.9% of pregnant women. Structural equation modelling analysis revealed that behavioural attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (PBC) influenced PA by directly influencing the behaviour intention. Both behavioural attitude and subjective norms influenced PA by indirectly affecting the behaviour. Overall, the model described 60% variance of the behavioural intention to undertake PA during pregnancy.

Conclusion

PBC was confirmed to be a prominent factor in determining behavioural intention to undertake PA during pregnancy. Pregnant women should be helped and appropriately guided by health providers to overcome barriers to PA.

Effect

This study investigates the effect of perceived behavioural control (PBC) on the intention to undertake physical activity (PA). The findings suggest that nurses’ and midwives’ attention should be focused on how to promote the improvement of perceived behavioural control ability of pregnant women to improve pregnant women's PA intention. The attitude of pregnant women on taking up PA and their ability to control behaviours can be improved with support from family or healthcare providers.
Blockchain Applications in Supply Chain Transactions
Authors: Durach Christian F. , Blesik Till , von Düring Maximilian , Bick Markus
Published: March 2020

Blockchains, a disruptive technology with potentially many applications in modern‐day supply chain (SC) transactions, have not been adequately reflected by theory. Researchers and business managers must understand where and when blockchains’ application may be expected and investigated. The present study clarifies the discussion about blockchain application areas (BAAs) in SC transactions and their relevance for businesses. This study combines the findings from three methodological approaches: an extant literature review, a Delphi study, and a survey of 151 German machinery and equipment sector business managers. The results further our understanding of blockchains’ business opportunities among SC transactions and verify and extend Iansiti and Lakhani’s (Harvard Business Review 2017; 95: 118) blockchain adoption framework. Verified customer reviews and product quality certification are identified as the most relevant blockchain usages in SC transactions. Interestingly, we anticipate the least likely adoption of blockchains to occur for document‐signing processes despite arguments within the literature that suggest otherwise. Two newly identified BAAs—logistics and delivery systems—and token‐curated registries rank among the top four most relevant. The present study’s valuation of BAAs advances theory and will likely affect business strategies by indicating where, when, and why businesses should participate in blockchain networks.
Central rather than brachial pressures are stronger predictors of cardiovascular outcomes: A longitudinal prospective study in a Chinese population
Authors: Dong Ying , Jiang Linlin , Wang Xin , Chen Zuo , Zhang Linfeng , Zhang Zugui , Zheng Congyi , Kang Yuting , Wang Zengwu , Cao Huiqing , Wang Xiaoxia , Fang Tian , Han Xiaoyan , Li Zhe , Tian Ye , Dong Lihang , Sun Fengyu , Yuan Fucai , Zhou Xin , Zhu Yunyang , He Yi , Xi Qingping , Yang Ruihai , Yang Jun , Ren Yong , Dan Maiqi , Wang Yiyue , Yu Daming , Ju Ru , Guo Dongshuang , Tan Dahua , Zheng Zhiguo , Zheng Jingjing , Xu Yang , Wang Dongsheng , Chen Tao , Su Meihui , Zhang Yongde , Sun Zhanhang , Dai Chen
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess the association of blood pressure (BP) measurements with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and examine whether central systolic BP (CSBP) predicts CVD better than brachial BP measurements (SBP and pulse pressure [PP]). Based on a cross‐sectional study conducted in 2009‐2010 with follow‐up in 2016‐2017 among 35‐ to 64‐year‐old subjects in China, we evaluated the performance of non‐invasively predicted CSBP over brachial BP measurements on the first CVD events. Each BP measurement, individually and jointly with another BP measurement, was entered into the multivariate Cox proportional‐hazards models, to examine the predictability of central and brachial BP measurements. Mean age of participants (n = 8710) was 50.1 years at baseline. After a median follow‐up of 6.36 years, 187 CVD events occurred. CSBP was a stronger predictor for CVD than brachial BP measurements (CSBP, 1‐standard deviation increment HR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.31‐1.70). With CSBP and SBP entering into models jointly, the HR for CSBP and SBP was 1.28 (1.04‐1.58) and 1.22 (0.98‐1.50), respectively. With CSBP and PP entering into models jointly, the HR for CSBP and PP was 1.51 (1.28‐1.78) and 0.98 (0.83‐1.15), respectively. For subgroup analysis, the association of CSBP with CVD was stronger than brachial BP measurements in women, those with hypertension and obesity. In the middle‐aged Chinese population, noninvasively estimated CSBP may offer advantages over brachial BP measurements to predict CVD events, especially for participants with higher risk. These findings suggest prospective assessment of CSBP as a prevention and treatment target in further trials.
Gadolinium‐containing carbon nanomaterials for magnetic resonance imaging: Trends and challenges
Authors: Rodríguez‐Galván Andrés , Rivera Margarita , García‐López Patricia , Medina Luis A. , Basiuk Vladimir A.
Published: March 2020

Gadolinium‐containing carbon nanomaterials are a new class of contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. They are characterized by a superior proton relaxivity to any current commercial gadolinium contrast agent and offer the possibility to design multifunctional contrasts. Intense efforts have been made to develop these nanomaterials because of their potential for better results than the available gadolinium contrast agents. The aim of the present work is to provide a review of the advances in research on gadolinium‐containing carbon nanomaterials and their advantages over conventional gadolinium contrast agents. Due to their enhanced proton relaxivity, they can provide a reliable imaging contrast for cells, tissues or organs with much smaller doses than currently used in clinical practice, thus leading to reduced toxicity (as shown by cytotoxicity and biodistribution studies). Their active targeting capability allows for improved MRI of molecular or cellular targets, overcoming the limited labelling capability of available contrast agents (restricted to physiological irregularities during pathological conditions). Their potential of multifunctionality encompasses multimodal imaging and the combination of imaging and therapy.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) receptors: Promising drug targets for treating bone‐related diseases
Authors: Zhang Lincheng , Dong Yutong , Wang Yiran , Hu Wenhui , Dong Shiwu , Chen Yueqi
Published: March 2020

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is a natural bioactive lipid molecule and a common first or second messenger in the cardiovascular and immune systems. By binding with its receptors, S1P can serve as mediator of signalling during cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Although the predominant role of S1P in bone regeneration has been noted in many studies, this role is not as well‐known as its roles in the cardiovascular and immune systems. In this review, we summarize previous research on the role of S1P receptors (S1PRs) in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, S1P is regarded as a bridge between bone resorption and formation, which brings hope to patients with bone‐related diseases. Finally, we discuss S1P and its receptors as therapeutic targets for treating osteoporosis, inflammatory osteolysis and bone metastasis based on the biological effects of S1P in osteoclastic/osteoblastic cells, immune cells and tumour cells.
Examining the effects of chronic, lake‐wide elevated temperatures on behavioural expression in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides
Authors: White Dalon P. , Nannini Michael A. , Wahl David H.
Published: March 2020

Many behaviours have differential fitness consequences across thermal and ecological contexts, indicating that both ecological shifts and warming temperatures induced by climatic change may alter how organisms behave. However, empirical evidence of temperature‐driven behavioural selection in natural systems is lacking. We compared behaviours and behavioural syndromes related to activity, exploration, boldness and aggression in populations of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from ambient lakes to the those from artificially warmed, power plant cooling lakes to investigate changes in behaviours associated with warmer environments. Activity, exploration, boldness and aggression of juvenile largemouth bass were assessed in laboratory conditions using a novel environment assay and a risky situation assay. We found that activity and exploratory behaviours were higher and decreased through first year ontogeny in populations from heated lakes, whereas these behaviours were lower and showed no relationship through ontogeny in populations from ambient lakes. We attribute these differences to the changes in food source availability in heated lakes associated with temperature‐driven ecological effects. Bold and aggressive behaviours tended to differ between populations, as did correlations between behaviours, but did not differ between ambient and heated lakes. The findings of this work identify that large ecological changes associated with warming environments, such as food availability, may drive changes in some aspects of behavioural expression in largemouth bass but that other aspects of behavioural expression may be driven by lake‐specific factors not related to warming.
Temperature effects on egg and larval development rate in European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, experiments and a 50 year hindcast
Authors: Keller Marieke , Molenaar Pieke , de Leeuw Joep , Mooij Wolf , Rijnsdorp Adriaan , van de Wolfshaar Karen
Published: March 2020

This study investigates the effect of water temperature on the development rate of eggs and larvae, the duration of the endogenous feeding period and its consequences for recruitment of smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) in Dutch lakes IJsselmeer and Markermeer. This study measured temperature‐dependent egg and larval development rates as well as mortality rates from fertilization till the moment of absorption of the yolk‐sac and from yolk‐sac depletion onwards in temperature‐controlled indoor experiments. Using multinomial modelling the authors found significant differences in development time of egg development stages under different temperature regimes. Based on historic water temperatures, the model predicted that the larval endogenous feeding period has advanced at a rate of about 2.9 days per decade in a more than 50 year period since 1961, yet there was no change in the duration of the endogenous feeding period. As zooplankton is more responsive to daylight than water temperature cues, a mismatch between the peak of the onset of exogenous feeding of smelt and the peak of zooplankton blooms could lead to high mortality and therefore low recruitment of smelt. Such a mismatch might contribute to a decline in the smelt population in Lake IJsselmeer and Lake Markermeer.
Reliable eDNA detection and quantification of the European weather loach (Misgurnus fossilis)
Authors: Brys Rein , Halfmaerten David , Neyrinck Sabrina , Mauvisseau Quentin , Auwerx Johan , Sweet Michael , Mergeay Joachim
Published: March 2020

The European weather loach (Misgurnus fossilis) is a cryptic and poorly known fish species of high conservation concern. The species is experiencing dramatic population collapses across its native range to the point of regional extinction. Although environmental DNA (eDNA)‐based approaches offer clear advantages over conventional field methods for monitoring rare and endangered species, accurate detection and quantification remain difficult and quality assessment is often poorly incorporated. In this study, we developed and validated a novel digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) eDNA‐based method for reliable detection and quantification, which allows accurate monitoring of M. fossilis across a number of habitat types. A dilution experiment under laboratory conditions allowed the definition of the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ), which were set at concentrations of 0.07 and 0.14 copies μl–1, respectively. A series of aquarium experiments revealed a significant and positive relationship between the number of individuals and the eDNA concentration measured. During a 3 year survey (2017–2019), we assessed 96 locations for the presence of M. fossilis in Flanders (Belgium). eDNA analyses on these samples highlighted 45% positive detections of the species. On the basis of the eDNA concentration per litre of water, only 12 sites appeared to harbour relatively dense populations. The other 31 sites gave a relatively weak positive signal that was typically situated below the LOQ. Combining sample‐specific estimates of effective DNA quantity (Qe) and conventional field sampling, we concluded that each of these weak positive sites still likely harboured the species and therefore they do not represent false positives. Further, only seven of the classified negative samples warrant additional sampling as our analyses identified a substantial risk of false‐negative detections (i.e., type II errors) at these locations. Finally, we illustrated that ddPCR outcompetes conventional qPCR analyses, especially when target DNA concentrations are critically low, which could be attributed to a reduced sensitivity of ddPCR to inhibition effects, higher sample concentrations being accommodated and higher sensitivity obtained.
The dietary anthocyanin delphinidin prevents bone resorption by inhibiting Rankl‐induced differentiation of osteoclasts in a medaka (Oryzias latipes) model of osteoporosis
Authors: Imangali Nurgul , Phan Quang Tien , Mahady Gail , Winkler Christoph
Published: March 2020

The anthocyanin delphinidin is a natural compound found as water‐soluble pigment in coloured fruits and berries. Anthocyanin‐rich diets have been proposed to have bone protective effects in humans and mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used a medaka (Oryzias latipes) osteoporosis model to test the effects of delphinidin on bone cells in vivo. In this model, inducible transgenic expression of receptor‐activator of NF‐kβ ligand (Rankl) leads to ectopic formation of osteoclasts and excessive bone resorption, similar to the situation in human osteoporosis patients. Using live imaging in medaka bone reporter lines, we show that delphinidin significantly reduces the number of osteoclasts after Rankl induction and protects bone integrity in a dose‐dependent manner. Our in vivo findings suggest that delphinidin primarily affects the de novo differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts rather than the recruitment of macrophages to sites of bone resorption. For already existing osteoclasts, delphinidin treatment affected their morphology, leading to fewer protrusions and a more spherical shape. Apoptosis rates were not increased by delphinidin, suggesting that osteoclast numbers were reduced primarily by impaired differentiation from macrophage progenitors and reduced maintenance of pre‐existing osteoclasts. Importantly, and in contrast to previously reported cell culture experiments, no effect of delphinidin on osteoblast differentiation and distribution was observed in medaka in vivo. Our study is the first report on the effects of delphinidin on bone cells in fish embryos, which are a unique model system for compound testing that is suitable for live imaging of bone cell behaviour in vivo.
Human papillomavirus vaccination and postural tachycardia syndrome, deconditioning and exercise‐induced hyperalgesia: An alternate interpretation of the reported adverse reactions
Authors: Ishizaki Yuko , Gomi Harumi
Published: March 2020

Human papillomavirus vaccination (HPVV) was included in the national immunization program in 2013 in Japan. However, the Japanese government suspended proactive recommendations 2 months after this decision because various adverse events following the vaccination were reported by the media. More than 6 years have already passed since the suspension of proactive recommendations of all available vaccines in Japan. Although no causal relationship between the adverse effects and HPVV has been confirmed, the Japanese government has not withdrawn the suspension. Thus, it is important to show various possible causes of the adverse events other than HPVV. It is attempted to describe the possible contribution of the misunderstanding regarding the symptoms of postural tachycardia syndrome, deconditioning, and exercise‐induced hyperalgesia as the adverse effects of HPVV in this review article.
Subgroup analysis of accreta, increta and percreta cases using acoustic radiation force impulse elastography
Authors: Bayramoğlu Tepe Neslihan , Gelebek Yilmaz Feyza , Bozdag Zehra , Uğur Mete Gürol
Published: March 2020

Objective

To compare acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography values and histopathological diagnoses (accreta, increta, percreta) in patients suspected of having abnormal placental invasion (API).

Materials and methods

This prospective study included 54 patients in the third trimester with a history of caesarian section (CS) and API based on gray scale and Doppler ultrasonography (USG) and 35 healthy controls. Patients underwent ARFI elastography preoperatively. Elastography measurements of the fetal and maternal sides of the placenta were compared to histopathology.

Results

Patients had higher maternal‐side, fetal‐side and average elastography values (P = 0.001). Intraoperatively, eight patients (14.8%) showed abnormal cervical canal invasion and 46 (85.2%) bladder and/or parametrial invasion. Eight patients underwent CS + placental‐bed suture, 11 CS + excision of the lower segment, and 35 caesarean‐hysterectomy. Histopathology of lower segment excision/caesarian‐hysterectomy patients determined 10 (21.7%) accreta, 10 (21.7%) increta and 26 (56.6%) percreta cases. ARFI values were highest in the percreta subgroup. The increta subgroup showed higher ARFI values than the accreta subgroup but maternal‐side, fetal‐side and average ARFI values were not significantly different across the subgroups (P > 0.05). The cut‐off values for average, peripheral and central elastography were determined as >0.90, >0.76, >0.98 (m/s) with sensitivities of 98, 64, 98% and specificities of 85, 80, 91%, respectively.

Conclusion

ARFI elastography can detect API. However, it cannot determine invasion depth reliably. More studies with subgroup analyses are warranted to reveal its usefulness for invasion depth.
Factors associated with anaemia in a nationally representative sample of nonpregnant women of reproductive age in Nepal
Authors: Ford Nicole D. , Bichha Ram Padarth , Parajuli Kedar Raj , Paudyal Naveen , Joshi Nira , Whitehead Ralph D. , Chitekwe Stanley , Mei Zuguo , Flores‐Ayala Rafael , Adhikari Debendra P. , Rijal Sanjay , Jefferds Maria Elena
Published: March 2020

We used cross‐sectional data from the 2016 Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey to evaluate factors associated with anaemia among a nationally representative sample of nonpregnant women 15– 49 years (n = 1, 918). Haemoglobin, biomarkers of iron status and other micronutrients, infection, inflammation, and blood disorders were assessed from venous blood. Soil‐transmitted helminth and Helicobacter pylori infections were assessed from stool. Sociodemographic, household, and health characteristics and diet were ascertained by interview. We conducted bivariate analyses between candidate predictors and anaemia (haemoglobin <12.0 g/ dL, altitude‐ and smoking‐adjusted). Candidate predictors that were significant in bivariate models (P < 0.05) were included in the multivariable logistic regression model, accounting for complex sampling design. Anaemia prevalence was 20.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] [17.6, 22.8]). Associated with reduced anaemia odds were living in the Mountain and Hill ecological zones relative to the Terai (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.35, 95% CI [0.21, 0.60] and AOR 0.41, 95% CI [0.29, 0.59], respectively), recent cough (AOR 0.56, 95% CI [0.38, 0.82]), hormonal contraceptive use (AOR 0.58; 95% CI [0.38, 0.88]), ln ferritin (micrograms per litre; AOR 0.43, 95% CI [0.35, 0.54]), and ln retinol binding protein (micrograms per litre; AOR 0.20, 95% CI [0.11, 0.37]). Residing in a house with an earth floor (AOR 1.74, 95% CI [1.18, 2.56]), glucose‐6‐ phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (AOR 2.44, 95% CI [1.66, 3.60]), and haemoglobinopathies (AOR 6.15, 95% CI [3.09, 12.26]) were associated with increased anaemia odds. Interventions that improve micronutrient status, ensure access to hormonal birth control, and replace dirt floors to reduce infection risk might help reduce anaemia in this population.