bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Evidence That the Biological Effects of Platelet‐Rich Plasma on Periodontal Ligament Cells Is Not Mediated Solely by Constituent Transforming‐Growth Factor‐β or Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor
Authors: Kawase Tomoyuki , Okuda Kazuhiro , Saito Yoshinori , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: May 2005

Background: The biological actions of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) are thought to be mediated primarily by constituent transforming‐growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and platelet‐derived growth factor‐AB (PDGF‐AB). However, we previously demonstrated that type I collagen expression in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells is acutely stimulated through fibrin clot formation produced by the fibrinogen within PRP, rather than by the known growth factors. To investigate the possible involvement of other unidentified components in PRP action, we have now compared the effects of PRP with those of known recombinant growth factors on cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and collagen synthesis in human PDL cell cultures.

Methods: PRP was prepared by an established two‐step centrifugation protocol using blood obtained from adult human volunteers. Cells cultured in serum‐reduced medium on native or collagen‐coated plates were treated with PRP, TGF‐β1, or PDGF‐AB. Cellular DNA synthesis was evaluated by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. ALP activity was assessed using p‐nitrophenylphosphate with formalin‐fixed cells, and cellular DNA content was subsequently quantified using bis‐benzimide. Collagen synthesis was evaluated using a specific dye‐based assay kit.

Results: 1) As did both TGF‐β1 and PDGF‐AB, PRP stimulated cell proliferation. 2) However, only the initial mitogenic action of PRP was attenuated in collagen‐coated plates. 3) PRP, but neither growth factor, immediately induced fibrin clot formation and subsequently stimulated cellular adhesion and collagen synthesis. 4) These effects were significantly augmented on collagen‐coated plates. 5) PRP enhanced ALP activity, but neither TGF‐β1 nor PDGF‐AB replicated this effect.

Conclusions: When evaluated versus the concentrations of growth factors known to be contained by our PRP preparations, these data support the concept that PRP‐constituent TGF‐β1 acts as a significant growth factor on PDL cells. However, our findings also strongly suggest that the PRP‐induced increase in ALP activity is mediated by an as‐yet‐unidentified component(s). In conjunction with previously demonstrated fi‐ brinogen‐mediated actions, our data provide evidence that PRP produces a number of potent effects on PDL cells that does not solely reflect simple combination of its major known growth factors.J Periodontol 2005; 76:760‐767.
Evaluation of Demineralized Bone Matrix Paste and Putty in Periodontal Intraosseous Defects
Authors: Bender Sara A. , Rogalski Joanna B. , Mills Michael P. , Arnold Ralph M. , Cochran David L. , Mellonig James T.
Published: May 2005

Background: Demineralized bone matrix (DBX) paste and putty are particulate demineralized bone matrices in a 2% or 4% hyaluronate carrier, respectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of DBX paste and putty compared to demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA) in the treatment of human intraosseous periodontal defects.

Methods: Sixty systemically healthy individuals between the ages of 31 and 71 years with at least one intraosseous periodontal defect of≥3 mm in depth and radiographic evidence of at least 40% to 50% vertical bone loss were accrued. Following initial non‐surgical periodontal therapy, sites were randomly selected to receive either DBX paste, DBX putty, or DFDBA (control). Baseline and 6‐month reentry soft and hard tissue parameter measurements were made by calibrated examiners. Data were analyzed within and between groups utilizing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired and unpaired Student t tests.

Results: Probing depth reductions were significantly improved in all treatment groups with DFDBA, DBX paste, and putty patients demonstrating 2.8 mm, 3.6 mm, and 2.3 mm, respectively. Attachment level gains were significantly improved from baseline for all treatment groups with DFDBA, DBX paste, and putty, respectively, demonstrating 2.4 mm, 2.9 mm, and 1.6 mm. Bone fill was similar between all groups with DBX paste, putty, and DFDBA control groups demonstrating 2.0 mm, 2.4 mm, and 2.2 mm, respectively. All groups yielded significant improvements in percent bone fill with DFDBA, DBX paste and putty, respectively, achieving 37%, 42.1%, and 50% with no significant differences between the groups.

Conclusion: In summary, demineralized bone matrix paste, demineralized bone matrix putty, and demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft all demonstrated similar favorable improvements in soft and hard tissue parameters in the treatment of human intraosseous defects. J Periodontol 2005;76:768‐777.
Effects of Non‐Surgical Mechanical Therapy on the Subgingival Microbiota of Brazilians With Untreated Chronic Periodontitis: 9‐Month Results
Authors: Colombo Ana Paula Vieira , Teles Ricardo Palmier , Torres Maria Cynésia , Rosalém Wilson , Mendes Maria Cláudia S. , Souto Renata M. , de Uzeda Milton
Published: May 2005

Background: Mechanical periodontal therapy is the most common treatment of periodontal infections. It is directed primarily towards removing biofilm and calculus from the root surfaces, leading to ecological changes in the subgingival environment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the subgingival microbiota of Brazilian subjects with untreated chronic periodontitis over a 9‐month period.

Methods: Twenty‐five untreated chronic periodontitis patients (mean age 43 ± 5 years; 20% smokers; 45% males) were selected from a Brazilian population. At baseline, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), visible supragingival biofilm (SB), bleeding on probing (BOP), and suppuration (SUP) were measured at six sites/tooth. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 10 sites with the deepest PD (≥5 mm) of each subject and tested for the presence of 25 oral species by DNA probes and the checkerboard technique. Patients received full mouth SRP and oral hygiene instructions. Clinical and microbiological assessments were repeated at 3, 6, and 9 months after therapy. During this period, all patients received maintenance therapy, including supragingival prophylaxis and reinforcement in home care procedures. The clinical and microbiological parameters examined were computed for each subject and at each visit. Differences over time were sought using the Friedman test.

Results: Significant reductions in mean CAL and PD (P <0.01), percent of sites with SB (P <0.01), BOP and SUP (P <0.05) were observed during the course of the study. In general, microbial changes were more pronounced for the mean counts than for the frequency of the microorganisms, particularly at 3 months post‐therapy. Significant reductions in prevalence and levels were observed for certain periodontal pathogens including P. gingivalis (P <0.05; P <0.01), T. forsythensis (P <0.01), C. rectus (P <0.01), and A. actinomycetemcomitans (P <0.01; P <0.05). Nevertheless, the frequency of A. actinomycetemcomitans increased to baseline values at 9 months after therapy. Treponema ssp. and Prevotella spp. showed a modest decrease in prevalence, whereas marked reductions in their levels were observed. In contrast, the frequency and counts of the suspected pathogens P. micros and F. nucleatum increased after treatment. Species considered beneficial including Actinomyces spp., some oral streptococci, and V. parvula increased in prevalence, although these two last species tended to return to baseline levels at 9 months.

Conclusion: In Brazilians with untreated chronic periodontitis, SRP led to clinical improvement associated with a decrease of certain periodontal pathogens, and an increase of beneficial species for up to 9 months after therapy. J Periodontol 2005;76:778‐784.
Interleukin‐18 Concentrations and the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Johnson R.B. , Serio F.G.
Published: May 2005

Background: Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is reported as an important regulatory cytokine in non‐oral inflammation. Our objective was to compare the concentrations of IL‐18 within diseased and healthy human gingiva with concentrations of other TH1 and TH2 cytokines to determine possible effects of IL‐18 on gingival inflammation.

Methods: Gingival biopsies were obtained prior to routine tooth extraction. Gingiva was grouped by the depth of the adjacent gingival sulcus: ≤3 healthy (featuring no bleeding on probing) and ≥3 mm diseased (featuring bleeding on probing). Diseased gingiva was subdivided into 3, 4 to 6 and >6 mm groups. Gingival interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐18, and interferon (IFN)‐γ concentrations were assessed by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance and the Pearson's correlation test.

Results: Concentrations of IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐18, and IFN‐γ adjacent to 4 to 6 mm diseased sites were greater than adjacent to ≤3 mm healthy sites (P <0.001). IL‐12 concentrations were lower within diseased than within healthy gingiva (P <0.001). IL‐6 and IL‐18 concentrations were greater adjacent to >6 mm sites compared to healthy sites (P <0.001); the concentrations of the other cytokines (except IL‐12) were similar to healthy sites. IL‐6 and IL‐18 concentrations were positively correlated, and IFN‐γ and IL‐12 negatively correlated, with the adjacent gingival sulcular depth.

Conclusions: Periodontal inflammation may not successfully resolve because of accumulation of IL‐6 and IL‐18, and decreased concentrations of IL‐12, within diseased gingiva. Because of the highly significant correlation between IL‐18 concentration and gingival sulcular depth, IL‐18 may be a useful target for either preventive or palliative therapy for periodontitis. J Periodontol 2005;76:785‐790.
Crestal Bone Changes Around Titanium Implants. Part I: A Retrospective Radiographic Evaluation in Humans Comparing Two Non‐Submerged Implant Designs With Different Machined Collar Lengths
Authors: Hänggi Michael P. , Hänggi Daniel C. , Schoolfield John D. , Meyer Jürg , Cochran David L. , Hermann Joachim S.
Published: May 2005

Background: Experimental studies demonstrated that peri‐implant crestal hard and soft tissues are significantly influenced in their apico‐coronal position by the rough/smooth implant border as well as the microgap/ interface between implant and abutment/restoration. The aim of this study was to evaluate radiographically the crestal bone level changes around two types of implants, one with a 2.8 mm smooth machined coronal length and the other with 1.8 mm collar.

Methods: In 68 patients, a total of 201 non‐submerged titanium implants (101 with a 1.8 mm, 100 with a 2.8 mm long smooth coronal collar) were placed with their rough/smooth implant border at the bone crest level. From the day of surgery up until 3 years after implant placement crestal bone levels were analyzed digitally using standardized radiographs.

Results: Bone remodeling was most pronounced during the unloaded, initial healing phase and did not significantly differ between the two types of implants over the entire observation period (P >0.20). Crestal bone loss for implants placed in patients with poor oral hygiene was significantly higher than in patients with adequate or good plaque control (P <0.005). Furthermore, a tendency for additional crestal bone loss was detected in the group of patients who had been diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis prior to implant placement (P = 0.058). In both types of implants, sand‐blasted, large grit, acid‐etched (SLA) surfaced implants tended to have slightly less crestal bone loss compared to titanium plasma‐sprayed (TPS) surfaced implants, but the difference was not significant (P >0.30).

Conclusion: The implant design with the shorter smooth coronal collar had no additional bone loss and may help to reduce the risk of an exposed metal implant margin in areas of esthetic concern. J Periodontol 2005;76:791‐802.
Reactive Correction of a Maxillary Incisor in Single‐Tooth Crossbite Following Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Huang Chih‐Hao , Brunsvold Michael A.
Published: May 2005

Background: The reactive correction of a singletooth anterior crossbite following periodontal therapy is described. This case report provides new information regarding correction of a crossbite relationship and con‐ firms existing reports of tooth movement following periodontal therapy.

Methods: A 39‐year‐old woman in good general health presented with a history of recurrent periodontal abscesses of a maxillary incisor. Probing depths of the abscessed tooth ranged from 5 to 12 mm, and class 1 mobility was noted. Radiographs revealed that the tooth had previously been treated endodontically. The patient's periodontal diagnosis was generalized chronic moderate to severe periodontitis. Treatment considerations were complicated by a single‐tooth crossbite relationship of the involved incisor and clinical evidence that the periodontal abscess communicated with an apical infection. Treatment of the abscess consisted of cause‐related therapy, bone grafting, and occlusal adjustment.

Results: Five months after surgical treatment, an edge‐to‐edge incisal relationship was observed, the first indicator of tooth movement. Further correction to a normal incisal relationship resulted 1 year after modi‐ fication of the proximal contact. At this time, there was normal probing depth with only slight recession and mobility. Bone fill was radiographically noted.

Conclusion: It appears that some cases of maxillary incisor crossbite that are complicated by periodontal disease may be corrected, without orthodontic appliances, following periodontal treatment. J Periodontol 2005;76:832‐836.
Impact dehulling oat grain to improve quality of on-farm produced feed : 2.Groat breakage and storability
Authors: PELTONEN-SAINIO P. , LEHTINEN P. , KONTTURI M.
Published: May 2005

Dehulling improves markedly the feed value of oat (Avena sativa L.), but good storability of groat mass is required when large quantities of oat are dehulled at any one time. A laboratory model of an impact oat dehuller, similar to a commercial device, was used to study the effects of rotation speed and grain moisture content on groat breakage and the storage life of oat groats. Grain of oat cultivar Salo [from official variety trials, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen (60°49'N), 19962000] was dehulled with an impact oat dehuller using rotation speeds of 200 to 500 r min-1 at 50 r min-1 intervals. In an additional experiment, grains were moistened resulting in moisture content ranging from 10% to 18%. Proportion of broken groats and size distribution of groat particles were measured. Storability was determined through analysing the evolution of pentanal, hexanal and free fatty acid content after storing groats at 10, 20 and 30°C for two and five months. At higher rotation speeds more broken groats resulted, but dehulling did not cause any marked rancidification of the groats. Thus, impact dehulling is a practical method to increase the energy content of oat grains on-farm without such problems as groat breakage induced oxidation of fatty acids.;
Intra-plant variation for progress of cell division in developing oat grains: a preliminary study
Authors: RAJALA A. , PELTONEN-SAINIO P.
Published: May 2005

Development of an oat panicle proceeds from the uppermost terminal spikelet downward to the base of the panicle. The intra-panicle variation in development is likely to influence potential grain size. This may result from differences in activity and duration of the cell division phase, vascular transport capacity, duration of filling period and/or hormonal balance. In this preliminary survey we studied intra-panicle variation in pollination (when clusters of pollen were visibly attached to stigmatic branches) of florets and cell division in developing grains immediately after pollination of the oat cultivars Belinda and Fiia. We found substantial intra-panicle variation for both traits. The highest cell number was found in the uppermost, most advanced, primary grain, while secondary grains tended to have fewer cells compared with their counterpart primary grains irrespective of their position. Results of an additional experiment indicated that death of the primary floret in the conventional oat cultivar Virma prior to pollination, resulted in higher weight of secondary grain, though this never equalled that of the primary counterpart. This limited growth capacity may partly result from lower cell number. These results encourage us to continue with experiments on the contribution of groat cell number to sink strength and grain-filling capacity.;
Effects of gluten and transglutaminase on microstructure, sensory characteristics and instrumental texture of oat bread
Authors: SALMENKALLIO-MARTTILA M. , ROININEN K. , AUTIO K.
Published: May 2005

Effects of added gluten and transglutaminase on microstructure, instrumental texture and sensory characteristics of bread baked with 51% wholemeal oat flour were compared in order to determine how changes in the state of macromolecules  protein and starch  correlate with changes in sensory and instrumental structure. Light microscopy, instrumental texture profile analysis, and descriptive sensory analysis were used to analyse the test breads. Addition of gluten and transglutaminase affected the structure of the protein network and distribution of water between the protein and starch phases. The differences in microstructure were quantified by determining the areas of starch and protein in the micrographs by image analysis. Breads baked with added gluten and water were softer and less gummy than the oat and wheat reference breads in the texture profile analysis. Addition of transglutaminase made the breads harder and gummier than the breads baked without the added enzyme. In the descriptive sensory analysis breads baked with added gluten or added gluten and water were evaluated as more soft and springy than the reference oat bread. Sensory characteristics of bread texture correlated well with the texture and microstructure measured instrumentally.;
Viscosity of beta-glucan in oat products
Authors: ANTTILA H. , SONTAG-STROHM T. , SALOVAARA H.
Published: May 2005

Oats contain 3-5% of mixed linked beta-glucan, or (1-3), (1-4) â-D-glucan, referred to hereafter as beta-glucan. Oat beta-glucan is a viscous, and soluble dietary fibre component. Soluble and viscous dietary fibres, including the beta-glucan present in oats are associated with two major health promoting effects, i.e. the attenuation of postprandial plasma glucose and insulin levels and the control of cholesterol. Increased viscosity in the intestine delays absorption of glucose and suppresses absorption of cholesterol and reabsorption of bile acids. In spite of its apparent key role physiologically the viscosity of beta-glucan has been discussed relatively little in terms of analytical procedures. In clinical studies performed with oats, the viscosity of beta-glucan has been properly documented in only a few cases. Viscosity of beta-glucan in foods and in the food digest depends on solubility, concentration and molecular weight. A food manufacturer aiming at health-promoting products must pay attention not only to sufficient concentration of beta-glucan (dose) in the raw material, but also to the processing methods that will ensure sufficient solubility of beta-glucan and minimize enzymatic or mechanical breakdown of the beta-glucan molecule. We have been working both with different food processes utilising oat fractions high in beta-glucan and with the development of a method for viscosity determination of the soluble beta-glucan fibre. This review discusses some of the aspects related to the development with a method that could predict the behaviour of beta-glucan in oat processing with respect to its anticipated physiological functions.;
Impact dehulling oat grain to improve quality of on-farm produced feed : 1.Hullability and associated changes in nutritive value and energy content
Authors: PELTONEN-SAINIO P. , KONTTURI M. , RAJALA A.
Published: May 2005

High hull content of oat (Avena sativa L.) limits its use as on-farm feed. Dehulling, used in the oat processing industry, can be performed on-farm, to increase nutritive value and energy content. A laboratory model of an impact oat dehuller, similar to a commercial device, was used to study the effects of rotation speed, grain characteristics and moisture content on hullability and groat energy content. Grain of oat cultivar Salo [from official variety trials, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen (60°49'N), 19962000] was assessed for quality prior to dehulling. Impact dehulling rotation speed ranged from 200 to 500 r min-1 at 50 r min-1 intervals, with moisture content of grains ranging from 10% up to 18%. Dehulling improved oat energy content markedly. Hullability was better at higher rotation speeds. 350 r min-1 was determined to be adequate to result in improved quality as no marked additional improvements were demonstrated by increasing rotation speed further. As the proportion of hulless groats increased with higher rotation speeds, nutritional and energy content of groat yield improved consistently. The higher the grain moisture, the higher the proportion of grains retaining hulls. Impact dehulling proved to be a potentially useful method to increase energy content of oat grains on-farm.;
Plant growth regulators to manipulate oat stands
Authors: RAJALA A.
Published: May 2005

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are exogenously applied chemicals that alter plant metabolism, cell division, cell enlargement, growth and development by regulating plant hormones or other biological signals. For example, some PGRs regulate stem elongation by inhibiting biosynthesis of gibberellins or through releasing ethylene. PGR effects are widely studied and reported on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), whereas there are only a few reports addressing oat (Avena sativa L.). This is likely to be a result of smaller acreage and lower intensity of oat management and production and hence a reduced need for stem shortening by PGRs. However, this is not the case for all cereal producing regions and there exists a need to understand the potential application of PGRs to oat production. This paper represents a review of the potential of PGRs to regulate stem elongation and other biological traits governing plant stand structure and yield components, with special emphasis on oat and its responses to PGRs. Yield improvement requires more heads per unit land area, more grains per head or heavier grains. Of these yield-determining parameters, the number of head bearing tillers and grain numbers per head, compared with grain weight, are more likely to be improved by PGR application. In the absence of lodging, PGR may reduce grain yield due to potential reduction in mean grain weight and/or grain number. Cultivation systems aiming at extensive yields with intensive use of inputs likely benefit from PGR applications more often compared with low or moderate input cultivation, for which cost effectiveness of PGRs is not frequently reached.;
Composition, digestibility and nutritive value of cereals for dogs
Authors: KEMPE R. , SAASTAMOINEN M. , HYYPPÄ S.
Published: May 2005

Most dry dog foods are based on cereals, but very little published information and few comparative studies are available on the nutritive value of various cereals in dogs. To determine the apparent nutrient digestibilities and feed values of five different autoclave-processed and ground cereals: oat groats, barley, wheat, corn and rice, a digestibility trial was carried out on twelve adult huskies according to a 6 x 4 cyclic changeover design. Total tract organic matter (OM), crude carbohydrate and gross energy (GE) digestibilities were higher in rice than in all the other cereals. Apparent crude protein (CP) and acid hydrolyzed fat digestibilities of rice (80% and 94%, respectively) were as good as for oat groats (81% and 93%). However, oat groats had higher OM, CP and GE digestibilities than barley, wheat and corn. The amount of digestible crude protein (118 g kg-1 DM) was higher in oat groats than in the other cereals. Digestible energy contents (MJ kg-1 DM) of oat groats, rice, corn, wheat and barley were 17.1, 16.0, 15.7, 15.6 and 15.5, respectively. The quantity of excreted wet faeces increased and the percentage of dry matter (DM) in faeces decreased when oat groats, barley, wheat or corn were supplemented to the basal diet, in contrast to rice, which had the opposite effect on wet faeces excretion. Oat groats are good substitutes for rice or other cereals in dry dog foods.;
Relating microstructure, sensory and instrumental texture of processed oat
Authors: SALMENKALLIO-MARTTILA M. , HEINIÖ R-L. , MYLLYMÄKI O.
Published: May 2005

This study is a part of a larger project aiming to produce new, healthy, and tasty food ingredients from oat. Germination and different heating processes can be used to improve the texture and flavour of cereals. In this study effects of germination and wet and dry heating on the microstructure, instrumental structure and sensory properties of two oat varieties were assessed. The microstructure of native, germinated, autoclaved and extruded grains of the hulled cv. Veli and hull-less cv. Lisbeth was examined by light microscopy, the texture was measured by determining the milling energy and hardness of the grains and sensory characteristics were evaluated with descriptive sensory profile analysis. In cv. Veli the cells of the starchy endosperm were smaller than in cv. Lisbeth and ß-glucan was concentrated in the subaleurone layer. In cv. Lisbeth ß-glucan was evenly distributed in the starchy endosperm. The grains of cv. Lisbeth were more extensively modified in the germination process than the grains of cv. Veli, otherwise the effects of processing on the grains of the two cultivars were similar. Germination caused cell wall degradation, autoclaving and extrusion cooking caused starch gelatinization. Autoclaving resulted in the hardest perceived texture in oat. Gelatinization of starch appeared to contribute more to the hardness of oat groats than the cell wall structure. Of the instrumental methods used in this study the milling energy measurement appeared to be the most useful method for the analysis of the effects of processing on grain structure.;
Annual and seasonal changes in production and composition of grazed clover-grass mixtures in organic farming
Authors: KUUSELA E.
Published: May 2005

A grazed field experiment based on a randomised block design was conducted in Eastern Finland to evaluate the potential of alsike clover (Trifoliun hybridum L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to support herbage production from clover-grass mixtures under organic farming practices. The effect of seed mixture (alsike clover, red clover, white clover, white and alsike clover or grass mixture), year (1996, 1997 and 1998) and grazing period (5 per grazing season) on pre- and post-grazing herbage mass (HM), botanical and chemical composition of pregrazing HM and post-grazing sward height was assessed. The nutritive value of herbage for milk production was also considered. Seed mixtures resulted in different pre-grazing HM and post-grazing sward heights, but similar pre- minus post-grazing HM. Compared with other mixtures, the proportion of clover was higher for white clover based mixtures. The white clover mixture had the highest crude protein content and lowest concentrations of cellulose and hemicellulose. In addition to seed mixture, the effect of year and grazing period on measured parameters was significant, highlighting the importance of grazing management. Moderate pasture herbage production of relative high nutritive value was achieved under organic practices, but the supply and nutritive value of herbage was variable and, in some cases, unable to meet the requirements of lactating dairy cows. The proportion of clover in all seed mixtures decreased year on year, and was subject to seasonal variations that altered the nutritional value of herbage. White clover was the most suitable perennial clover for pastures in Eastern Finland.;
Meat and bone meal as nitrogen fertilizer to cereals in Norway
Authors: JENG A. , HARALDSEN T. , VAGSTAD N.
Published: May 2005

Meat and bone meal (MBM) contains appreciable amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus and calcium making it interesting as fertilizer to various crops. The effect of Norwegian MBM as N fertilizer has been evaluated in pot and field experiments. The soils used in the pot experiment were peat and a sand/peat mixture, both low in content of plant nutrients. The field experiment was carried out on a silt loam. In the pot experiment increasing amounts of MBM gave significantly increased yields, although there was a partly N immobilisation shortly after seeding the soil based on peat organic matter. In the field experiment there was no period of N immobilisation and good N effect was found also for small amounts of MBM (Total N 50 kg ha-1). At total N 100 kg ha-1 there were no significant differences in grain yield of spring wheat between the treatments with MBM, mineral N fertilizer, and combination of MBM and mineral N fertilizer (N 50 kg ha-1 from each). The results indicate that the relative N efficiency of MBM compared to mineral fertilizer is 80% or higher, if MBM is applied to cereals in spring.;
The effect of free or restricted acidified milk feeding of Finnish Ayrshire bull calves on the subsequent fattening and slaughter performance
Authors: KHALILI H. , RINNE M. , ASPILA P.
Published: May 2005

The aim of the research was to study whether the anticipated added weight gain from ad libitum acidified milk feeding compared to restricted milk feeding during the preweaning period can be maintained after weaning until slaughter. The study was conducted by comparing first the growth performance of eleven bull calves until an average age of 126 days (Phase 1) when the five calves were fed acidified milk either ad libitum (FM) for 17 weeks or when six calves were given acidified milk restrictively (5 l per day, RM) for nine weeks. Bulls had ad libitum access to grass silage and concentrate. Secondly, the performance of bulls having an average age of 175 days until slaughter (at an average age of 429 days) at a carcass weight of approximately 290 kg was assessed (Phase 2). All animals were fed grass silage ad libitum and concentrate at a level of 620 g kg-1 of dietary dry matter. Calves fed acidified milk ad libitum grew significantly (P < 0.01) faster than those fed restrictively during the first nine weeks of Phase 1 (1003 vs. 725 g per day). The bulls in the RM group grew a little but not significantly faster during Phase 2, the growth rates being 1197 vs. 1207 g per day. The feed conversion, weight (535 vs. 533 kg at slaughter) and slaughter results were equal. Similarly the life-time gains did not differ being 1174 (FM) and 1141 (RM) g per day, respectively. It can be concluded that the improved performance during early life did not improve growth during the fattening period.;
Yield formation and quality characteristics of early potatoes during a short growing period
Authors: MUSTONEN L.
Published: May 2005

The effects of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of early potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were studied at MTT Agrifood Research Finland during 19961997. Cultivars were harvested at three times. The experimental layout was a split-split-plot with harvest times as main plots and nitrogen fertilization and potato cultivars as the subplots. The fertilizer treatments were 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 and the cultivars tested were Timo, Gloria and Van Gogh. The harvest times were 5762, 7075 and 8590 days after planting. Application of 120 kg N ha-1 intensifi ed canopy development and increased leaf area of the stands. At early harvest the tuber yield of all cultivars receiving the higher nitrogen application increased by 0.52.5 t ha-1. The highest yielding cultivar was Timo. At last harvest, the higher nitrogen treatment increased yield by 3.06.2 t ha-1. The highest yielding cultivars were Timo and Van Gogh. The dry matter content of tubers was very low, 13.817.2%, at the fi rst harvest and the higher nitrogen application reduced dry matter content by 0.31.0%. The highest fertilizer application rate resulted in the largest tuber size. Nitrogen application, however, affected the quality of potatoes by decreasing the dry matter content. The nitrate content in tubers increased signifi cantly with the increasing level of nitrogen. The range of nitrate content in tubers fl uctuated between 13 and 189 mg kg-1 fresh weight showing good controlling of nitrate values. Harvest time affected sucrose content and the reducing sugar content in tubers, but nitrogen fertilizer did not change the sugar content of tubers. As tuber yield and quality during a short growing season are affected mainly by intercepted radiation, methods to increase tuber yield should focus on reducing the time to emergence, improving haulm growth after emergence and increasing the harvest index.;
Effects of winter feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny
Authors: MANNINEN M. , SAARIJÄRVI K. , HUHTA H.
Published: May 2005

The present study evaluated the effects of feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny during indoor feeding and subsequent grazing. In both experiments, a 2 × 2 factorially arranged design consisted of two feeding strategies (Step-up, Sas offered on Strategy S, but at a constant daily level. In Experiment 1, cows on Diet C were offered grass silage and straw and on Diet A grass silage and a fl our-mill industry by-product. On Strategy S, feeding was stepped with barley (0, 1.5 and 3.5 kg d-1). On Strategy F, barley was offered 1.43 kg per head daily. In Experiment 2, cows were offered either grass silage (C) or whole-crop barley silage (A) as a sole feed. Strategy S was carried out by offering 68, 95 and 119 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per cow daily. On Strategy F, roughage was given daily 97 MJ ME. In both experiments, there were no signifi cant differences between treatments in the cow live weight, body condition score, calf pre-weaning live weight gain and cow reproduction. Strategy F can be practised in the nutrition of mature suckler cows in marginal circumstances. Flour-mill industry by-product can partly replace grass silage and straw in the winter diet. Wholecrop barley silage can be offered as a sole feed to suckler cows with good body condition score in autumn.;
Oospores of Phytphthora infestans in soil provide an important new source of primary inoculum in Finland
Authors: LEHTINEN A. , HANNUKKALA A.
Published: May 2005

There have been numerous indications since the 1990s that oospore-derived primary infections play an increasing role in the epidemiology of potato late blight. The aim of this study was to verify that oosporederived epidemics actually occur in Finland. For this purpose, 20 suspected foci of oospore-derived potato late blight were scouted in 20002002. All of these were located in fi elds in which late blight had been observed in at least one of the four previous years. Primary symptoms in these foci occurred always on the lowest leaves near or touching the ground. Leafl ets typically showing numerous primary infections or lesions were in direct contact with the soil. In the former, oospores were observed after incubation. Soil samples from two experimental fi elds, marked by severe epidemics in most years during the last decade, caused infections in a bioassay. Both mating types were on every occasion present in groups of single lesion isolates collected from foci and the bioassay. Oospores survived over the winter, as shown by soil samples taken during the spring that infected potato leafl ets in the bioassay. The results presented indicate that oospore-derived epidemics occur in Finland. This paper also discusses the role of oospores in causing blight epidemics in Finland compared to more southern countries.;
Coefficients of relationship and inbreeding among Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian
Authors: VAHLSTEN T. , MÄNTYSAARI E. , STRANDÉN I.
Published: May 2005

Pedigree data from national breeding value evaluations were used in calculation of the coefficient and rate of inbreeding, average coefficient and rate of relationship and generation intervals for the Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle populations. The data had 1,366,555 Ayrshire and 377,869 Holstein-Friesian animals. The mean coefficient of inbreeding for Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian animals born in the 1990s was 2.29% and 0.90%, respectively, and the trend was towards higher inbreeding values. The average coefficient of relationship, mean increase in inbreeding and generation interval was calculated for bulls born between 1976 and 1999, and for cows born between 1986 and 1999. The mean coefficient of relationship of Ayrshire bulls increased 2.22 %-units per generation and inbreeding increased 0.20 %-units per generation during the years studied. The mean coefficient of relationship of Finnish Holstein-Friesian bulls increased 0.96 %-units per generation and inbreeding 0.17 %-units per generation. The mean coefficient of relationship and inbreeding of Ayrshire cows increased 0.38 %-units and 0.31 %-units per generation, respectively. For Holstein-Friesian cows the mean coefficient of relationship and inbreeding increased 0.25 %-units and 0.11 %-units per generation, respectively. Results show that inbreeding is low and it is increasing slowly in both breeds. However, especially the coefficients of relationship of Ayrshire bulls are high in some age classes and this may lead into faster increase in coefficients of inbreeding.;
Microbial quality of linseed and fibre hemp plants during growing and harvest seasons
Authors: KOIVULA M. , KYMÄLÄINEN H-R. , VANNE L.
Published: May 2005

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and fi bre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) can be used as raw materials in various applications. In this study, microbiological quality and meteorological measurements were made during the growing seasons and harvesting periods of 2001 and 2002. The microbiological analyses were carried out with Hygicult® TPC and Y&F dipslides, and with a surface spreading method using Plate Count and Potato Dextrose agars. During the growing season of 2001 the conditions were mostly humid, whereas the growing season of 2002 was rather dry and warmer than that of 2001. The lack of water during the growing season of 2002 affected the growth of the plants. In the case of both hemp and fl ax, the mould and bacterial contents (cfu gdw-1) increased markedly at the end of the growing season of 2001. During the growing season of 2002 the increase in mould and bacterial contents was noticeable but more constant throughout the whole growing season. At the end of the growing seasons, the mould and bacteria contents were higher in 2001 than in 2002. The genera of moulds identifi ed included Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucor and Alternaria. The microbiological safety should be controlled during the whole production chain, beginning with the cultivation and harvesting periods.;
Tertiary microvascular territories define lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia
Authors: Feekes Joel A. , Hsu Shih‐Wei , Chaloupka John C. , Cassell Martin D.
Published: May 2005

Lacunar infarcts are commonly found in the basal ganglia, though little is known about the organization of small‐scale microvascular territories that presumably subtend lacunae. We investigated microvascular territories of the lenticulostriate arteries, the recurrent artery of Heubner, the anterior choroidal artery, and striate branches of the anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries in perfusion‐fixed human brains by simultaneous injection of fluorescent dyes and a radio‐opaque substance in 5% gelatin. Territories were defined by ultraviolet illumination of dye and high‐resolution mammography of radio‐opaque substance. Brains were sectioned coplanar with the Talairach proportional grid system and vascular data were plotted, allowing for application to any human brain. The data suggest first that the lenticulostriate artery, recurrent artery of Heubner, and anterior choroidal artery supply distinct territories of the basal ganglia with minimal overlap and sparse anastomoses between major penetrating vessels. Individual territories are spatially consistent across brains and match the extent of major/minor infarcts. Second, branching patterns of parental, second‐, and third‐order vessels leading to circumscribed terminal vascular beds could account structurally for “lacunar” infarcts. Ann Neurol 2005
Inhibitoren der Proteintyrosinphosphatasen: Kandidaten für zukünftige Wirkstoffe?
Authors: Bialy Laurent , Waldmann Herbert
Published: May 2005

Proteintyrosinphosphatasen (PTPs) bilden eine Familie eng verwandter regulatorischer Schlüsselenzyme, die Phosphotyrosinreste in ihren Proteinsubstraten dephosphorylieren. Fehlfunktionen der PTPs wurden mit mehreren Krankheiten in Verbindung gebracht, darunter mit Krebs, neurologischen Störungen und Diabetes, weshalb PTPs seit einigen Jahren als Angriffspunkte (Targets) therapeutischer Eingriffe untersucht werden. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert allgemeine Aspekte von PTPs sowie akademische und pharmazeutisch‐industrielle Forschungsaktivitäten zur Entwicklung niedermolekularer Inhibitoren von PTPs. Zur Identifizierung wirksamer und selektiver Inhibitoren wurden unterschiedliche Strategien erfolgreich angewendet. Diese Studien bilden die Grundlage für eine mögliche künftige Entwicklung von PTP‐Inhibitoren als Wirkstoffen.
Perfusion bioreactor system for human mesenchymal stem cell tissue engineering: Dynamic cell seeding and construct development
Authors: Zhao Feng , Ma Teng
Published: May 2005

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have great potential for therapeutic applications. A bioreactor system that supports long‐term hMSCs growth and three‐dimensional (3‐D) tissue formation is an important technology for hMSC tissue engineering. A 3‐D perfusion bioreactor system was designed using non‐woven poly (ethylene terepthalate) (PET) fibrous matrices as scaffolds. The main features of the perfusion bioreactor system are its modular design and integrated seeding operation. Modular design of the bioreactor system allows the growth of multiple engineered tissue constructs and provides flexibility in harvesting the constructs at different time points. In this study, four chambers with three matrices in each were utilized for hMSC construct development. The dynamic depth filtration seeding operation is incorporated in the system by perfusing cell suspensions perpendicularly through the PET matrices, achieving a maximum seeding efficiency of 68%, and the operation effectively reduced the complexity of operation and the risk of contamination. Statistical analyses suggest that the cells are uniformly distributed in the matrices. After seeding, long‐term construct cultivation was conducted by perfusing the media around the constructs from both sides of the matrices. Compared to the static cultures, a significantly higher cell density of 4.22 × 107 cell/mL was reached over a 40‐day culture period. Cellular constructs at different positions in the flow chamber have statistically identical cell densities over the culture period. After expansion, the cells in the construct maintained the potential to differentiate into osteoblastic and adipogenic lineages at high cell density. The perfusion bioreactor system is amenable to multiple tissue engineered construct production, uniform tissue development, and yet is simple to operate and can be scaled up for potential clinical use. The results also demonstrate that the multi‐lineage differentiation potential of hMSCs are preserved even after extensive expansion, thus indicating the potential of hMSCs for functional tissue construct development. The system has important applications in stem cell tissue engineering. © 2005 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐molecular‐weight heparin vs. unfractionated heparin in percutaneous coronary intervention: A combined analysis
Authors: Borentain Maria , Montalescot Gilles , Bouzamondo Anissa , Choussat Rémi , Hulot Jean‐Sébastien , Lechat Philippe
Published: May 2005

This meta‐analysis assessed the rates of the efficacy and safety endpoints with intravenous low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Subcutaneous LMWH has compared favorably with UFH, but limited experience exists with intravenous LMWH for immediate anticoagulation in PCI. The meta‐analysis included data from eight randomized trials in which patients received LMWH (n = 1,037) or UFH (n = 978) during PCI. Seven additional nonrandomized studies/registries were analyzed to assess the efficacy and safety of LMWH during PCI. Efficacy endpoints were ischemic events (usually a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and urgent revascularization) and the safety endpoint was bleeding (major, minor, or all bleeding). In the randomized studies, LMWH was comparable with UFH in terms of efficacy (6.2% vs. 7.5%) and major bleeding (0.9% vs. 1.8%). The analysis of pooled data, randomized or not, suggests potential improved efficacy (5.8% vs. 7.6%) and reduced major bleeding (0.6% vs. 1.8%) with LMWH (n = 3,787) compared with UFH (n = 978). During PCI, intravenous LMWH without coagulation monitoring has the potential to be at least as safe and efficacious as intravenous UFH. Further studies of LMWHs in PCI are therefore required. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel method for extraction of a massive refractory coronary thrombus after stent implantation
Authors: Yang Yi‐Ming , Stone Gregg W. , Moses Jeffrey W. , Leon Martin B. , Mintz Gary S.
Published: May 2005

Percutaneous treatment of thrombotic coronary lesions is associated with an increased incidence of complications. In particular, management of massive coronary thrombus refractory to traditional methods of removal may be especially problematic. We report a novel application of the FilterWire distal protection device to retrieve a massive refractory native coronary thrombus present after drug‐eluting stent implantation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Precursors of Biological Cofactors from Ultraviolet Irradiation of Circumstellar/Interstellar Ice Analogues
Authors: Meierhenrich Uwe J. , Muñoz Caro Guillermo M. , Schutte Willem A. , Thiemann Wolfram H.‐P. , Barbier Bernard , Brack André
Published: May 2005

Biological cofactors include functionalized derivatives of cyclic tetrapyrrole structures that incorporate different metal ions. They build up structural partnerships with proteins, which play a crucial role in biochemical reactions. Porphyrin, chlorin, bacteriochlorin, and corrin are the basic structures of cofactors (heme, chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll, siroheme, F 430, and vitamin B12). Laboratory and theoretical work suggest that the molecular building blocks of proteins (α‐amino acids) and nucleic acids (carbohydrates, purines, and pyrimidines) were generated under prebiotic conditions. On the other hand, experimental data on the prebiotic chemistry of cofactors are rare. We propose to search directly for the pathways of the formation of cofactors in the laboratory. Herein we report on the detection of N‐heterocycles and amines in the room‐temperature residue obtained after photo‐ and thermal processing of an interstellar ice analogue under high vacuum at 12 K. Among them, hexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazine and its derivatives, together with monopyrrolic molecules, are precursors of porphinoid cofactors. Hexahydropyrimidine was also detected. This is the first detection of these compounds in experiments simulating circumstellar/interstellar conditions. Except for 2‐aminopyrrole and 2,4‐diaminofuran, which were only found in 13C‐labeled experiments, all the reported species were detected in both 12C‐ and 13C‐labeled experiments, excluding contamination. The molecules reported here might be present in circumstellar/interstellar grains and cometary dust and could be detected by the Stardust and Rosetta missions.