bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MUTATION SK(ad-3A) CANCELS THE DOMINANCE OF ad-3A
+ OVER ad-3A IN THE ASCUS OF NEUROSPORA
Authors: Delange A M
Published: April 2021

A newly induced mutant of Neurospora, when crossed with an ad-3A mutant, produces asci with four viable black and four inviable white ascospores. The survivors always contain the new mutant allele, never ad-3A. The new allele, which is called SK(ad-3A) (for spore killer of ad-3A), is located at or very near the ad-3A locus. —In crosses homozygous for ad-3A, each ascus contains only inviable white ascospores. This defect in ascospore maturation is complemented by the wild-type allele, ad-3A  + (crosses heterozygous for ad-3A and ad-3A  + produce mainly viable ascospores), but it is not complemented by the new SK(ad-3A) allele (all ad-3A ascospores from crosses heterozygous for SK(ad-3A) and ad-3A are white and inviable). In crosses homozygous for SK(ad-3A) or heterozygous for SK(ad-3A) and ad-3A  +, each ascus contains only viable black ascospores. SK(ad-3A) does not require adenine for growth, and forced heterokaryons between SK(ad-3A) and ad-3A grow at wild-type rates and produce conidia of both genotypes with approximately equal frequency. Thus, the action of SK(ad-3A) is apparently restricted to ascospore formation. Possible mechanisms of the action of this new allele are discussed.
CLUSTERING OF GENES FOR 20 kd ZEIN SUBUNITS IN THE SHORT ARM OF MAIZE CHROMOSOME 7
Authors: Soave Carlo , Reggiani Remo , Di Fonzo Natale , Salamini Francesco
Published: April 2021

Zein is the major storage protein of the endosperm of maize kernels. When this alcohol-soluble protein is subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it is resolved into four fractions of different molecular weight: 10, 14, 20 and 22 kilodaltons (kd). Each fraction is heterogeneous with respect to isoelectric pH. For example, the 20 kd fraction contains at least seven subfractions as revealed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. In this report, we present evidence that the structural genes coding for the 20 kd proteins are clustered on the short arm of chromosome 7, a region that also bears loci regulating endosperm zein biosynthesis [opaque-2 (02) and defective endosperm-B30 (De*-B30)]. The organization of these zein genes suggests that the evolution of at least some of the maize genome has occurred as the result of repeated duplication and divergence of chromosome segments.
THE GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA POPULATIONS. XVII. FURTHER GENIC HETEROGENEITY WITHIN ELECTROMORPHS BY UREA DENATURATION AND THE EFFECT OF THE INCREASED GENIC VARIABILITY ON LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM STUDIES
Authors: Loukas M , Vergini Y , Krimbas C B
Published: April 2021

Urea denaturation of allozymes was used to provide finer resolution of allelic states within classes of different electrophoretic mobility. This method gives perfectly repeatable results. About 170 isogenic strains for the O chromosome of Drosophila subobscura, derived from two natural populations, were constructed. Their gene arrangements were studied, as well as eight polymorphic genes located on the O chromosome (Est-5, Odh, Ao, ME, Xdh, Lap, Pept-1 and Acph). Crosses performed indicate that differences in urea sensitivity are genetically controlled by the same genes that control electrophoretic mobility. Twice as many alleles have been detected in comparison to the usual electrophoretic method. However, the effective number of alleles did not increase considerably.

Studies of linkage disequilibria, by taking into account the finer resolution of allelic states, gave results nearly identical with those obtained in studies where the usual electrophoretic method was used. Although the power of the test is diminished, the absence of genic associations seems to indicate that there are no hidden linkage disequilibria in electrophoretic studies (because of consolidation effects of real alleles into few electromorph classes). The paucity of linkage disequilibria would indicate that there are no epistatic interactions such as those suggested in the model of Franklin and Lewontin (1970).
MATING-TYPE DIFFERENTIATION BY TRANSPOSITION OF CONTROLLING ELEMENTS IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Oshima Takehiro , Takano Isamu
Published: April 2021

The nonfunctional mutation of the homothallic gene HMLα, designated hmlα, produced two mutant alleles, hmlα-1 and hmlα-2. Both mutant clones were mixed cultures consisting of a mating-type cells and nonmating haploid cells. The frequencies of the two cell types were different, and a few diploid cells able to sporulate were found in the hmlα-2 mutant. Conversions of an a mating-type cell to nonmater, and uice uersa, were observed in both mutants. The conversion of an a mating phenotype to nonmating is postulated to occur by alteration of the a mating type to the sterile mating-type allele in the hmlα-1 mutant. In tetrad dissection of prototrophic diploids that were obtained by rare-mating of hmlα-1 mutants with a heterothallic strain having the MATa ho HMRa HMLa genotype, many mating-deficient haploid segregants were found, while α mating-type segregants were observed in a similar diploid using an hmlα-2 mutant. The mating-type-deficient haploid segregants were supposed to have the sterile a mating-type allele because the nonmating genetic trait always segregated with the mating-type locus. Sporogenous diploid cells obtained in the hmlα-2 mutant clone had the MATa/MAT,α HO/HO HMRa/ HMRa hmlα-2/hmlα-2 genotype. These observations suggested that the hmla-I allele produces a transposable element that gives rise to the sterile su mating type by transposition into the mating-type locus, and that the hmlα-2 allele produces an element that provides,α mating-type information, but is defective in the structure for transposition.
GENETIC VARIATION AND GENETIC LOAD DUE TO THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE COMPONENT OF FITNESS IN DROSOPHILA
Authors: Brittnacher John G
Published: April 2021

The genetic variation and genetic load due to virility, the male reproductive component of fitness, was measured in Drosophila melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura using males homozygous and heterozygous for the second chromosome of each species. Virility was determined in a female-choice, male mating competition experiment where both mating propensity and fertility were taken into account.——The mean virility of the homozygous D. melanogaster males relative to the heterozygous males was 0.50; the relative mean virility of the quasinormal homozygotes was 0.56. The mean virility of the homozygous D. pseudoobscura males relative to the heterozygous males was 0.70; the relative mean virility of the nonsterile homozygotes was 0.72, and of the quasinormal homozygotes, 0.68.——Depending on the species and chromosome sampled, fertile homozygous males had a mean virility 15 to 50% lower than the mean viability of individuals homozygous for a chromosome with quasinormal viability. The genetic load due to virility was also greater than that due to the female reproductive component. This higher level of hidden genetic variation (or genetic load) indicates that the results of PROUT(1971a, b) and BUNDGAARD and CHRISTIANSEN(1972), where the virility component of fitness dominated the dynamics of an artificial polymorphism, may be more general and that virility may dominate the dynamics of natural polymorphisms as well.
THE INBREEDING EFFECTIVE POPULATION NUMBER AND THE EXPECTED HOMOZYGOSITY FOR AN X-LINKED LOCUS
Authors: Nagylaki Thomas
Published: April 2021

Assuming random mating and discrete nonoverlapping generations, the inbreeding effective population number, N(i)  e, is calculated for an X-linked locus. For large populations, the result agrees with the variance effective population number. As an application, the maintenance of genetic variability by the joint action of mutation and random drift is investigated. It is shown that, if every allele mutates at rate u to new types, then the probabilities of identity in state (and hence the expected homozygosity of females) converge to the approximate value (1 + 4N(i)  eu)-1 at the approximate asymptotic rate exp{—[2u + (2N(i)e)-1]t}.
DIFFERENTIAL MITOTIC STABILITY OF YEAST DISOMES DERIVED FROM TRIPLOID MEIOSIS
Authors: Campbell Douglas , Doctor John S , Feuersanger Jeane H , Doolittle Mark M
Published: April 2021

The frequencies of recovered disomy among the meiotic segregants of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) triploids were assessed under conditions in which all 17 yeast chromosomes were monitored simultaneously. The studies employed inbred triploids, in which all homologous centromeres were identical by descent, and single haploid testers carrying genetic markers for all 17 linkage groups. The principal results include: (1) Ascospores from triploid meiosis germinate at frequencies comparable to those from normal diploids, but most fail to produce visible colonies due to the growth-retarding effects of high multiple disomy. (2) The probability of disome formation during triploid meiosis is the same for all chromosomes; disomy for any given chromosome does not exclude simultaneous disomy for any other chromosome. (3) The 17 yeast chromosomes fall into three frequency classes in terms of disome recovery. The results support the idea that multiply disomic meiotic segregants of the triploid experience repeated, nonrandom, post-germination mitotic chromosome losses (N+1→N) and that the observed variations in individual disome recovery are wholly attributable to inherent differences in disome mitotic stability.
HYBRID DYSGENESIS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: THE GENETICS OF CYTOTYPE DETERMINATION IN A NEUTRAL STRAIN
Authors: Kidwell Margaret G
Published: April 2021

The genetic determination of resistance to the sterility-producing genetic elements called P factors was studied in a strain characterized as neutral (Q) in the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis. Sixteen lines were synthesized, representing all possible homozygous combinations of the three major chromosomes and differing maternal cytoplasms of an original resistant (Q) and susceptible (M) strain.—The results provide a detailed genetic analysis of the determination of cytotype (which mediates resistance or susceptibility to P factors) in the absence of the P-M dysgenic interaction. They extend the findings of Engels (1979) by providing specific information on both the location and relative magnitude of effect of cytotype-determining chromosomal factors and their interaction over time with maternally transmitted cytoplasm.—Cytotype was found to be primarily controlled by the genotype, but the maternal cytoplasm, under some circumstances, has an important short-term effect. Major cytotype-determining chromosomal factors are localized to the distal half of the X chromosome. However, there was also evidence for minor factors located on the major autosomes, particularly chromosome 3. Under certain circumstances, cytotypic switches in either direction can be produced in a single generation by the substitution of an X chromosome carrying a major cytotype determinant. This may provide an explanation of why reciprocal differences have sometimes been interpreted as direct effects of X-chromosome suppressors. However, slow but systematic changes of M to P cytotype were observed in five synthesized lines of mixed origin over twenty generations with no chromosomal substitution. Alternative explanations of these changes in terms of delayed effects of minor autosomal factors or of the transposability of cytotype determinants are discussed.
AN INCREASE IN THE X-LINKED LETHAL MUTATION RATE ASSOCIATED WITH AN UNSTABLE LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Raymond John D , Simmons Michael J
Published: April 2021

The behavior of an unstable allele of the singed-bristle locus on the X chromosome was studied in connection with the occurrence of lethal mutations on that same chromosome. The unstable allele, weak singed (snw), is under the control of the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis and, in the M cytotype, mutates secondarily to extreme singed (sne) and to wild type (sn  +) at high rates. Chromosomes whose snw allele had mutated in this fashion sustained lethal mutations at a rate of 3%; whereas, those whose snw allele had apparently remained unchanged, acquired lethals at a lower rate, 1.3%. The significant difference between these values indicates a statistical coincidence between the phenomena of snw instability and X-linked lethal mutation induction. This coincidence can be explained by postulating that mutations at the singed locus sometimes release a genetic element capable of reinserting elsewhere in the chromosome. Alternately, snw instability and lethal induction might be associated because they are the effects of a common cause, perhaps some mutation-inducing substance present in various amounts in the germ cells of dysgenic flies.—The lethals that occurred on chromosomes whose snw allele had mutated to sne mapped preferentially close to singed. The lethals on the snw and sn  + chromosomes did not show this concentration on the map. Cytological analysis of samples of all three types of lethal chromosomes indicated that, with one exception, there was no detectable breakage at the singed locus itself. The single instance of breakage at singed was not associated with any change in the singed phenotype. Thus, the instability of snw apparently does not involve detectable breakage of the singed locus, or if it does, this breakage is not a common event.
THE CHROMOSOMES OF TURKEY EMBRYOS DURING EARLY STAGES OF PARTHENOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Harada Ko , Buss Edward G
Published: April 2021

In the early stages of parthenogenetic development in turkey eggs, many blastoderms are mosaics of haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. The genome composition of these blastoderms can be identified by C-banding. They may be generally described as either A-Z/2A-ZZ/nA-nZ or A-W/2A-WW/nA-nW and are found in a nearly 1:1 ratio. The blastoderms showing the W body (W  +) become lethal within two days of incubation. The haploid cell proportion decreases rapidly during the early stage of development, and, as haploid cells decrease, the proportion of polyploid cells appears to increase. At six days of incubation, various kinds of parthenogenetic development can be observed. Their genome compositions are either diploid (2A-ZZ) or mosaic (A-Z/2A-ZZ). These findings suggest that diploid parthenogenesis occurs by either suppression of meiosis II or chromosome doubling some time after the first cleavage division. The frequent occurrence of mosaic blastoderms indicates that the majority, if not all, of the parthenogenetic embryos initiate their development in haploid ova.
AN APPROXIMATION OF THE MINIMUM-VARIANCE ESTIMATOR OF HERITABILITY BASED ON VARIANCE COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Grossman M , Norton H W
Published: April 2021

An approximate minimum-variance estimate of heritability (h  2) is proposed, using the sire and dam components of variance from a hierarchical analysis of variance. The minimum sampling variance is derived for unbalanced data. Optimum structures for the estimation of h  2 are given for the balanced case. The degree to which ĥ  2 is more precise than the equally weighted estimate ĥ  2  S+D is a function of the size and structure of the sample used. However, computer simulation reveals that ĥ  2 has less desirable behavior than ĥ  2  S+D. An iterative procedure improved the estimation of h  2, especially in small populations, when those values of ĥ  2  S or ĥ  2  D outside the range of the parameter were constrained to zero or unity.
INOSITOL MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE: MAPPING THE ino1 LOCUS AND CHARACTERIZING ALLELES OF THE ino1, ino2 AND ino4 LOCI
Authors: Donahue Thomas F , Henry Susan A
Published: April 2021

An extensive genetic analysis of inositol auxotrophic mutants of yeast is reported. The analysis includes newly isolated mutants, as well as those previously reported (Culbertson and Henry 1975). Approximately 70% of all inositol auxotrophs isolated are shown to be alleles of the ino1 locus, the structural gene for inositol-1-phosphate synthase, the major enzyme involved in inositol biosynthesis. Alleles of two other loci, ino2 and ino4, comprise 9% of total mutants, with the remainder representing unique loci or complementation groups. The ino1 locus was mapped by trisomic analysis with an n + 1 disomic strain constructed with complementing alleles at this locus. The ino1 locus is shown to be located between ura2 (11.1 cm) and cdc6 (21.8 cm) on chromosome X. An extended map of chromosome X of yeast is presented. Unlike most yeast loci, but similar to the his1 locus, the ino1 locus lacks allelic representatives that are suppressible by known suppressors. This finding suggests that premature termination of translation of the ino1 gene product may be incompatible with cell viability.
STUDIES OF ENZYME POLYMORPHISMS IN THE KAMUELA POPULATION OF D. MERCATORUM. I. ESTIMATION OF THE LEVEL OF POLYMORPHISM
Authors: Clark R L , Templeton A R , Sing C F
Published: April 2021

A Kamuela, Hawaii, population of Drosophila mercatorum was surveyed for enzyme variability. The mean heterozygosity and the proportion of polymorphic loci were estimated as 0.1255 and 0.37, respectively. Neither deviates more than one standard error from their respective means for 43 Drosophila species (Nevo 1978). Heterozygosity was distributed across enzyme categories in much the same manner as observed in other species (Gillespie and Kojima 1968; Johnson 1974), and enzymes associated with glycolysis were about as variable as other enzymes of central metabolism.——The levels of heterozygosity and polymorphism in this population do not seem to have been affected by a low-level capacity for parthenogenesis. The observed parthenogenetic reproduction is not strongly associated with particular allelic variants among viable parthenogenetic adults; however, the capacity to establish a self-sustaining parthenogenetic clone is strongly associated with the phenotype with the most frequent allele at every locus studied. We interpret these results to mean that isozyme variants do not strongly influence viability under total homozygosity (the genetic condition imposed by parthenogenesis), but they do have an impact upon the reproductive biology of parthenogenetic adults.
HIGH FREQUENCY OF GENETIC DUPLICATIONS IN THE dnaB REGION OF THE ESCHERICHIA COLI K12 CHROMOSOME
Authors: Sclafani Robert A , Wechsler James A
Published: April 2021

The region that includes the dnaB locus on the E. coli K12 chromosome was shown to be duplicated at high frequency in cell populations. The duplications were shown to be arranged in tandem and segregated at various frequencies. Segregation was dependent on the recA recombination system, but independent of recB,C. Though most of the data was obtained with dnaB::Tn10 insertion mutants, the duplications were shown to occur in the absence of Tn10.
PERIODIC SELECTION, INFECTIOUS GENE EXCHANGE AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF E. COLI POPULATIONS
Authors: Levin Bruce R
Published: April 2021

As a consequence of sequential replacements by clones of higher fitness (periodic selection), bacterial populations would be continually purged of genetic variability, and the fate of selectively neutral alleles in very large populations of bacteria would be similar to that in demes of sexually reproducing organisms with small genetically effective population sizes. The significance of periodic selection in reducing genetic variability in these clonally reproducing species is dependent on the amount of genetic exchange between clones (recombination). In an effort to determine the relationship between the rates of periodic selection, recombination and the genetically effective sizes of bacterial populations, a model for periodic selection and infectious gene exchange has been developed and its properties analyzed. It shows that, for a given periodic selection regime, genetically effective population size increases exponentially with the rate of recombination.—With the parameters of this model in the range anticipated for natural populations of E. coli, the purging effects of periodic selection on genetic variability are significant; individual populations or lineages of this bacterial species would have very small genetically effective population sizes.—Based on this result, some other a priori considerations and a review of the results of epidemiological and genetic variability studies, it is postulated that E. coli is composed of a relatively limited number of geographically widespread and genetically nearly isolated and monomorphic lineages. The implications of these considerations of the genetic structure of E. coli populations of the interpretation of protein variation and the neutral gene hypothesis are discussed.
MALE-STERILIZING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DUPLICATIONS AND DEFICIENCIES FOR PROXIMAL X-CHROMOSOME MATERIAL IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Rahman Rezaur , Lindsley Dan L
Published: April 2021

The genetic limits of sixty-four deficiencies in the vicinity of the euchromatic-heterochromatic junction of the X chromosome were mapped with respect to a number of proximal recessive lethal mutations. They were also tested for male fertility in combination with three Y chromosomes carrying different amounts of proximal X-chromosome-derived material (BSYy+, y+Ymal126 and y  +  Ymal  +). All deficiencies that did not include the locus of bb and a few that did were male-fertile in all male-viable Df(1)/Dp(1;Y) combinations. Nineteen bb deficiencies fell into six different classes by virtue of their male-fertility phenotypes when combined with the duplicated Y chromosomes. The six categories of deficiencies are consistent with a formalism that invokes three factors or regions at the base of the X, one distal and two proximal to bb, which bind a substance critical for precocious inactivation of the X chromosome in the primary spermatocyte. Free duplications carrying these regions or factors compete for the substance in such a way that, in the presence of such duplications, proximally deficient X chromosomes are unable to command sufficient substance for proper control of X-chromosome gene activity preparatory to spermatogenesis. We conclude that there is no single factor at the base of the X that is required for the fertility of males whose genotype is otherwise normal.
MODIFICATION OF CHLOROPLAST GENE TRANSMISSION IN SOMATIC FUSION PRODUCTS AND VEGETATIVE ZYGOTES OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDI BY 5-FLUORODEOXYURIDINE
Authors: Matagne Rene F , Hermesse Marie-Paule
Published: April 2021

Sexual crosses and somatic fusions were performed between complementing wall-less arg- mutant strains bearing chloroplast markers for resistance to antibiotics. The mode of chloroplast allele transmission was investigated in the diploid colonies developed from both vegetative zygotes and fusion products. Before mating or fusion, one or both of the parental strains were grown for 4 or 8 days on agar containing 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR, 0.1 to 1.0 mM), which selectively reduces the amount of chloroplast DNA in Chlamydomonas. When one parent was pregrown on FUdR, the frequency of vegetative zygotes transmitting chloroplast alleles of both parents (biparental or BP zygotes) decreased, the reduction being more drastic when the mt parent was treated. Transmission was mainly uniparental maternal (UPm) or paternal (UPp) depending on whether the mt- or the mt+ parent was pregrown for 8 days in the presence of 1 .OmM FUdR. Treatment of both parents led to a strong maternal transmission. In the experiments involving somatic fusion between parent 1 and parent 2(same or opposite mt), the ratio UP1/UP2, which was approximately equal to 1 in the control, decreased or increased according to whether the cells of parent 1 or 2 were pregrown on FUdR. In parallel, the frequency of BP fusion products always decreased. When both parental strains were treated with FUdR, the frequency of BP fusion products also decreased and the ratio UP,/cTP, was roughly equal to 1. The effect of FUdR can be interpreted in terms of reduction of the input frequencies of parental chloroplast genomes at the time of gametic or somatic cell fusion, the bias in favor of the maternal parent being operational only in sexual crosses.
EVIDENCE OF CHROMOSOMAL BREAKS NEAR THE MATING-TYPE LOCUS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE THAT ACCOMPANY MATα x MATα MATINGS
Authors: McCusker John H , Haber James E
Published: April 2021

In order for two heterothallic MATα haploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to mate, one parent must apparently become, at least transiently, an a-like cell. Only about 25% of the matings result from an actual transposition of MATa sequences to replace MATα, and about 1% result from a deletion joining MAT to the normally silent HMRa allele. The majority of matings occur after an apparent chromosome break that deletes MATα and all of the known markers more distal on the right arm of chromosome III.——The chrdmosome break occurs at or very near MAT, invariably leaving the distal marker tsml hemizygous, but the closely linked proximal marker cry1 usually is heterozygous. The resulting diploid containing the broken chromosome is mitotically unstable; about 10% of the colonies contain visible sectors in which the rest of the broken chromosome is lost. The region close to the breakpoint (i.g., cryl) is unusually active in recombination. About 20% of the intact homologues remaining after chromosome loss were gene-converted for cryl. In addition, the broken end participated in reciprocal recombination events that joined the chromosome to the distal portion of the intact homologous chromosome.——The unstable diploids may also become stable and no longer give rise to mitotic segregants. We have found two distinct ways in which stabilization occurs. Most often the diploid becomes euploid by a recombination event that yields a cell homozygous for all markers distal to (and sometimes including) cryl. In one of 9 cases SO far analyzed, the stable diploid was still hemizygous for MATα and for other markers distal to MAT. This last case is similar to the healing of broken chromosomes in maize described by MCCLINTOCK(1 939,1941,1951).
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SEX-TRANSFORMATION MUTANTS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. HEMOLYMPH VITELLOGENINS AND GONAD MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Ota T , Fukunaga A , Kawabe M , Oishi K
Published: April 2021

In Drosophila, vitellogenins (yolk protein precursors) are synthesized by the female fat body, secreted into the hemolymph and subsequently taken up by the developing oocytes. The male fat body, on the other hand, does not do this even when immature ovaries are transplanted into the body cavity and grow. Thus, the hemolymph vitellogenins serve as an easily detectable sexually dimorphic biochemical marker.——We have examined hemolymph vitellcgenins by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in flies carrying various sex-transformation mutants (dsx, tra, tra-2 and tra-20TF) singly and in all possible combinations. Chromosomal females homozygous for tra or tra-2 have no detectable hemolymph vitellogenins, while those homozygous for tra-20TR exhibit appreciable levels of these proteins. Flies homozygous for dsz, bothX / X and X / Y, have hemolymph vitellogenins, although the amount is consistently smaller in the latter. Indeed, X / Y; dsx/dsx is the only genotype in which hemolymph vitellogenins are detected in the X/Y flies. A clear hierarchy of epistasis exists among these sex-transformation mutants when they are examined in various combinations: dsx > tra, tra-2 > tra-20TF. Moreover, an interaction between tra-20TF and tra was seen in these experiments: X / X; tra-20TF/tra-20TF flies show the presence of only a trace of hemolymph vitellogenins when they are made heterozygous for tra. These results, combined with observations on gonad morphology, are discussed with respect to the BAKERa nd RIDGE (1980) hypothesis of sex determination.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RANDOMLY RECOVERED X-RAY-INDUCED SEX-LINKED GENETIC EFFECTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Lefevre George
Published: April 2021

Cytogenetic analysis of more than 1500 randomly recovered lethal Xchromosomes derived from 2QOO and 3000 r X-ray exposures of post-meiotic male germ cells has made possible a plot of the distribution in different regions of the Xchromosome of: (1) gene mutations associated with cytologically normal chromosomes, (2) mutations associated with chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints, (3) deficiencies, and (4) rearrangement breakpoints whether or not they are associated with mutations. The distribution of point mutations, vital loci and rearrangement breakpoints in different regions of the Xchromosome is not proportional to either the number of bands or the relative DNA content. Further, the density of vital loci (those capable of mutating toa lethal allele) is quite different in some regions as compared to others. For example, vital loci in the 3AB region, which has been thoroughly studied by JUDD and others, are at least as numerous as bands; whereas, the 3CD region, equally long, has only two vital loci. Other regions densely populated with vital loci include IB, 1F-2A, IOA, IIA, and 19EF; sparsely populated regions include 6EF and 10B-10E. It seems reasonable to conclude that the recovered X-rayinduced mutants available for analysis do not represent a random sample of those initially induced in the exposed male germ cells.
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE CYTOPLASM IN TRITICUM AND AEGILOPS. VIII. FRACTION I PROTEIN OF 39 CYTOPLASMS
Authors: Hirai Atsushi , Tsunewaki Koichiro
Published: April 2021

The electrophoretic characteristics of the cytoplasmically controlled large subunit of the Fraction I protein of 36 alloplasmic and three euplasmic control lines are reported. These lines, representing the cytoplasms of 32Triticum and Aegilops species, had either H- or L-type large subunits in their Fraction I protein; the diploid Triticum and most Aegilops species, including Ae. bicornisand Ae. sharonensis,had the L-type subunits; whereas, all the polyploid Triticum species (emmer, timopheevi, common wheats), Ae. speltoides, Ae. aucheri,and Ae. longissimahad H-type subunits. Therefore, section Sitopsis of Aegilops exhibits interspecific heterogeneity. The H-type is believed to have originated in the Sitopsis section from an L-type subunit because of the prevalence of the latter among the diploid species.
EVIDENCE FOR AEGILOPS SHARONENSIS EIG AS THE DONOR OF THE B GENOME OF WHEAT
Authors: Kushnir U , Halloran G M
Published: April 2021

A number of lines of evidence are advanced for the candidacy of Aegilops sharonensisEig as the donor of the B genome of wheat. The cytoplasm of Ae. shuronensis iscompatible with tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum dicoccoides,as evidenced bythe high level of chromosome pairing and fertility of the amphiploid Ae. sharonensisx T. turgidum dicoccoides. Ae. sharonensischromosomes exhibit high levels of pairing with those of the B genome of wheat in hybrids with Ph-deficient hexaploid wheat and low levels of homoeologous pairing with T. monocmcumchromosomes.——The amphidiploid between Ae. sharonensisand T. monococcumis very similar to T. turgidum dicoccoidesin spike, spikelet and grain morphology. The karyotype of Ae. sharonensisresembles more closely that of extrapolated Bgenome karyotypes of wheat than do the karyotypes of other proposed B-genome donor species of Aegilops. Because of distinctiveness in cytological aftinity and karyotype morphology between Ae. sharonensisand Ae. longissima,a separate genome symbol Sshis proposed for the former species.
Balancing the formal and the informal in user-centred design
Authors: Harrison Michael D , Masci Paolo , Campos José Creissac
Published: April 2021

This paper explores the role of formal methods as part of the user-centred design of interactive systems. An iterative process is described, developing prototypes incrementally, proving user-centred requirements while at the same time evaluating the prototypes that are executable forms of the developed models using ‘traditional’ techniques for user evaluation. A formal analysis complements user evaluations. This approach enriches user-centred design that typically focuses understanding on context and producing sketch designs. These sketches are often non-functional (e.g. paper) prototypes. They provide a means of exploring candidate design possibilities using techniques such as cooperative evaluation. This paper describes a further step in the process using formal analysis techniques. The use of formal methods provides a systematic approach to checking plausibility and consistency during early design stages, while at the same time enabling the generation of executable prototypes. The technique is illustrated through an example based on a pill dispenser.
Ritual Chores: Catharine Beecher’s Domesticity
Authors: Logan Dana W
Published: April 2021

What is a ritual chore? By analyzing the nineteenth-century American theorist of domesticity Catharine Beecher, this article argues that there is a form of gendered ritual that is submissive and unproductive. Unlike scholars such as Saba Mahmood and R. Marie Griffith who have argued for acknowledging the practical cultivation of virtue in conservative religious women’s piety, Beecher provides a model of gendered ritual that produced a flurry of activity rather than a self. Ritual chores, Beecher teaches us, do not result in self-mastery. The nineteenth-century middle-class Christian woman tended to her home by initiating the work of her servants; thus, her theory of domesticity was also a theory of ritual surrogacy, or the enactment of ritual at the behest of another. I argue that the dissatisfaction of the white-collar middle-manager and the nineteenth century northeastern housewife have much in common: both roles make the worker feel like their labor might in fact be pointless.
Comparative Study: Postmortem Long-Term Stability of Endogenous GHB in Cardiac Blood, Femoral Blood, Vitreous Humor, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine with and without Sodium Fluoride Stabilization
Authors: Küting Theresa , Madea Burkhard , Hess Cornelius , Krämer Michael
Published: April 2021

The interpretation of postmortem γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations is challenging due to endogenous existence and postmortem GHB production in body tissues and fluids. As an additional complication, formation of GHB was also described in stored postmortem samples. We examined cardiac blood, femoral blood, vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid and urine of eight different corpses (male/female 5/3, aged 33–92 years, postmortem interval 1–6 days) where no intake of GHB or one of its precursors was assumed. All samples were collected during autopsy and divided into two aliquots. To one of the aliquots, sodium fluoride (NaF, 1% w/v) was added. Both aliquots were vortexed, further divided into seven aliquots and stored at −20°C. GHB concentrations were measured immediately and subsequently 1 day, 7 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, after sample collection using trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography, coupled to single quadrupole mass spectrometry. Similar progression curves of GHB concentrations were obtained for the different matrices in the individual corpses. Femoral and cardiac blood GHB concentrations were always found to be higher than in vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine irrespective of stabilization and storage time. None of the obtained GHB concentrations exceed the cutoff values for postmortem matrices commonly used for the identification of an exogenous GHB intake (urine, venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid: 30 mg/L, cardiac blood and vitreous humor 50 mg/L). No significant differences were found for the GHB concentrations measured immediately and 6 months after autopsy. However, we found a significant increase for the GHB concentrations 4 weeks as well as 3 months after sample collection, which was followed by a decrease nearly to initial values. There were no significant differences between samples with and without NaF addition. The data presented are useful for the interpretation of GHB concentrations in upcoming death cases, with special attention to storage conditions and different postmortem matrices.
A Material History of the DaśanāmīMaṭhaof Bodhgaya
Authors: Amar Abhishek S
Published: April 2021

This short essay examines the history of the Daśanāmī Giri maṭha of Bodhgaya, which has been largely ignored because of the focus on the Buddhist history of this site. Through a comparative study of nineteenth-century colonial accounts and documents, and material remains, this essay explores its claimed history and emergence as an important religio-political institution in the colonial period. In doing so, it specifically investigates network of samādhis across the villages of Gaya district and their role in establishing its position as an important zamindar.
Karyotype Description of Two Andean Species of the guarani Group of Drosophila (Díptera: Drosophilidae) and Cytological Notes
Authors: Vela Doris , Villavicencio Erika
Published: April 2021

The guarani group of Drosophila genus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is formed by 24 species however the relationship of these species is not clear. In the present study are described the karyotypes of Drosophila sachapuyu Peñafiel and Rafael, 2018 and Drosophila zamorana Peñafiel and Rafael, 2018, two Andean species members of the guarani group. Mitotic chromosomes from cerebral ganglia of third stand larval were obtained by thermal shock and cell suspension techniques. The karyotype of D. sachapuyu, presents 2n = 10 (4R, 1V; X = R, Y = R) while D. zamorana exhibits karyotype 2n = 12 (5R, 1V; X = V, Y = R).
Application of Postprocessing Kinematic Methods with UAS Remote Sensing in Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Miller Zachary M , Hupy Joseph , Chandrasekaran Aishwarya , Shao Guofan , Fei Songlin
Published: April 2021

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) serve as an excellent remote-sensing platform to fulfill an aerial imagery data collection niche previously unattainable in forestry by satellites and manned aircraft. However, for UAS-derived data to be spatially representative, a precise network of ground control points (GCP) is often required, which can be tedious and limit the logistical benefits of UAS rapid deployment capabilities, especially in densely forested areas. Therefore, methods for efficient data collection without GCPs are highly desired in UAS remote sensing. Here, we demonstrate the use of postprocessing kinematic (PPK) technology to obtain subcentimeter precision in datasets of forested areas without the need for placing GCPs. We evaluated two key measures, positional variability and time efficiency, of the PPK technology by comparing them to traditional GCP methods. Results show that PPK displays consistently higher positional precision than traditional GCP approaches. Moreover, PPK surveys and processing take less time to complete than traditional GCP methods and require fewer logistical steps, especially in image acquisition. The time and resource savings with PPK as compared to GCP processing are undeniable. We conclude that PPK technology provides a practical means to produce precise aerial forest surveys.
Modelling the broad-band emission of 3C 454.3
Authors: Sahakyan N
Published: April 2021

The results of a long-term multiwavelength study of the powerful flat spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 using Fermi-LAT and Swift XRT/UVOT data are reported. In the γ-ray band, Fermi-LAT observations show several major flares when the source flux was $\gt 10^{-5}\, {\rm photon\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}}$; the peak γ-ray flux above 141.6 MeV, $(9.22\pm 1.96)\times 10^{-5}\, {\rm photon\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}}$ observed on MJD 55519.33, corresponds to $2.15\times 10^{50}\, {\rm erg\, s^{-1}}$ isotropic γ-ray luminosity. The analysis of Swift XRT and UVOT data revealed a flux increase, although with smaller amplitudes, also in the X-ray and optical/UV bands. The X-ray emission of 3C 454.3 is with a hard spectral index of ΓX = 1.16–1.75, and the flux in the flaring states increased up to $(1.80\pm 0.18)\times 10^{-10}\, {\rm erg\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}}$. Through combining the analysed data, it was possible to assemble 362 high-quality and quasi-simultaneous spectral energy distributions of 3C 454.3 in 2008–2018, which all were modelled within a one-zone leptonic scenario assuming the emission region is within the broad-line region, involving synchrotron, synchrotron self-Compton, and external Compton mechanisms. Such an extensive modelling is the key for constraining the underlying emission mechanisms in the 3C 454.3 jet and allows to derive the physical parameters of the jet and investigate their evolution in time. The modelling suggests that during the flares, along with the variation of emitting electron parameters, the Doppler boosting factor increased substantially, implying that the emission in these periods has most likely originated in a faster moving region.
Fine-scale genetic structure of the freshwater snail Promenetus exacuous in the New York State region: the influences of historical colonization, habitat connectivity and dispersal ability
Authors: Keeney Devon B , Yurco Patrick
Published: April 2021

The pulmonate freshwater snail Promenetus exacuous (Planorbidae) has a widespread patchy distribution throughout much of North America, including New York State and the surrounding areas. Minimal life history information exists for the species in this region and information on its genetic diversity and structure is currently lacking for any portion of its range. We examined the species’ reproductive behaviour, genetic diversity and population structure throughout New York and western Connecticut using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes (241 snails) and 10 microsatellite loci (312 snails). Throughout the region, P. exacuous is a single, primarily outcrossing species with relatively high within-population genetic diversity. Populations are genetically differentiated and composed of divergent COI lineages. The region was colonized after the Wisconsin glacial retreat by snails from multiple, historically isolated populations and Pleistocene events played a major role in the historical diversification of lineages. Subsequent dispersal has likely been facilitated by birds and humans, but contemporary gene flow is low, resulting in genetic differentiation even among geographically proximate sites. Our data reveal that complex interactions between historical and contemporary processes contribute to the overall patterns of genetic diversity in freshwater snails.
Should We Protect Animals from Hate Speech?
Authors: Milburn Josh , Cochrane Alasdair
Published: April 2021

Laws against hate speech protect members of certain human groups. However, they do not offer protection to nonhuman animals. Using racist hate speech as our primary example, we explore the discrepancy between the legal response to hate speech targeting human groups and what might be called anti-animal or speciesist hate speech. We explore two sets of possible defences of this legal discrepancy drawn from the philosophical literature on hate speech—non-consequentialist and harm-based—and find both wanting. We thus conclude that, absent a compelling alternative argument, there is no in-principle reason to support the censure of racist hate speech but not the censure of speciesist hate speech.
Japanese Peruvian Enemy Aliens during World War II
Authors: Young Elliott
Published: April 2021

Seiichi Higashide was not an agent of the Japanese emperor or a pro-Axis immigrant, and yet he and more than 1,800 other Japanese Peruvians got caught up in a wave of anti-Japanese hysteria during World War II that led to their kidnapping, forced migration, and incarceration in hastily erected camps in Texas and New Mexico. Higashide and his family were detained as “illegal aliens” in an Immigration and Naturalization Service detention facility in Texas alongside thousands of other foreigners in other camps spread across the Southwest. After the war, Higashide and his family worked at Seabrook Farms, a food processing complex in New Jersey, which was essentially a prison work camp. In the 1950s, the Higashides became US citizens, but the trauma of detention and racism remains with the family. The Higashides’ story reveals the intersection between US empire, national security, and immigrant detention.
The Architrenius as Virgilian Allegory
Authors: Haynes Justin A.
Published: April 2021

This chapter relies again on Servius, Fulgentius, and Bernard Silvestris to demonstrate how John of Hauville’s Architrenius reflects an allegorical reading of the Aeneid. Unlike the Anticlaudianus, which refers to all of the episodes of the allegorical Aeneid, the Architrenius focuses on the allegory of the sixth book of Virgil’s Aeneid. Once the relationship between these plot structures is understood, the plot of the Architrenius, previously described by other scholars as chaotic, comes into sharper focus. The distinction in emphasis between the Anticlaudianus and the Architrenius also becomes clearer. The Anticlaudianus focuses on the allegorical ascent; the Architrenius, the descent. In Dantean terms, the Anticlaudianus is more concerned with paradiso, while the Architrenius gives more weight to inferno.
Introduction
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

On June 22, 1941, the Nazis launched Operation Barbarossa with the mightiest military force ever concentrated in a single theater of war. They occupied large swathes of Soviet territory; surrounded Leningrad in the longest siege in modern history; and reached the outskirts of Moscow. Soviet leaders adopted a policy of total war in which every resource, including labor, was mobilized for war production. The civilian toll was great. The Soviet Union lost more people, in absolute numbers and as a percentage of its population, than any other combatant nation: an estimated 26 million to 27 million people. Almost every Soviet family was affected in some terrible way. This book is the first archivally based history of the home front to explore the relationship of state and society from invasion to liberation. Focusing on the cities and industrial towns, it shows how ordinary citizens, mobilized for “total war,” became central to the Allied victory.
Rolling East and Resettlement
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

The transfer and resettlement of millions of people, including children, invalids, and elderly, posed a vast challenge to public health officials, factory managers, and local soviets. People crammed into freight and cattle cars, and their journeys were often derailed by bombing, illness, and death. Child measles and typhus took a deadly toll. Evacuees from Leningrad during the siege were often in no condition to travel. Families left their dead at unknown stations along the way. The exhausted people who reached their destinations were billeted with other families, in barracks, and in earthen dugouts. Newcomers and natives clashed. Construction crews built their own shelters before laying new electricity, water, and railway lines, and erecting structures for the evacuated factories. Factories too were ordered to merge and share space. Along with new hazards, new, more efficient methods of production emerged. The war proved a powerful crucible, forcing every branch of administration to confront challenges of epic proportions.
Illicit Provisioning: Inequality, Leveling, and Black Markets
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

Throughout the war, the pyramid of the ration system was remade through three illicit practices: self-provisioning, leveling, and theft. Many officials created steep new hierarchies through self-provisioning, establishing elite canteens, stores, and special parcels for themselves and their patronage networks. They also leveled distinctions by redistributing stocks, mainly allocated for workers, to feed vulnerable groups. Finally, large-scale and petty theft was ubiquitous. Shortage created demand for stolen goods, and theft in turn drained the ration system and increased shortage. Gray and black markets sprang up everywhere. Hungry workers, thieves, disabled veterans, and pensioners used markets to trade, supplement their rations, and sell stolen goods. In the absence of retail stores, markets bolstered the ration system by allowing goods to circulate, and destabilized it by providing an outlet for stolen goods. As such, they reduced stocks allocated to ordinary people and forced them to buy back at vast markups what they should have received by right.