bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Surfaces in Mechanical Systems
Authors: Godi Alessandro , De Chiffre Leonardo
Published: April 2014

This chapter deals with functional surfaces in mechanical systems. These surfaces are named in a multitude of ways; therefore, a classification is provided based on how the texture is designed. For a better clarification, a number of practical examples for each category are given. An overview of fabrication methods employed to produce such surfaces is presented. The numerous fabrication methods are classified based on the mechanism they employ for providing a texture. Three main categories (removing, moving, and adding material techniques) are identified, and for each of them, a number of processes are described with examples of the textures they can create. The last section of the chapter deals with surface metrology, a topic of central importance in the design and generation of surfaces for functional purposes. The process of surface characterisation is outlined, reviewing measuring instruments, classical and advanced filtering procedures, quantification methods, and eventually, providing traceability considerations.
Surface Engineering by Friction Stir Processing and Friction Surfacing
Authors: Surekha K. , Akinlabi E.T.
Published: April 2014

This chapter is focused on the recent advances in the solid state surface engineering techniques including Friction Stir Processing (FSP) and Friction Surfacing (FS). The effectiveness of FSP and FS in improving the surface properties is explained in detail along with the principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these techniques. The parameters affecting FSP and FS are presented. Various surface properties improved in different alloys by FSP and FS along with the results of the recent research work is presented in this chapter. The shortcomings of the processes and ways to overcome them are discussed. The effect of FSP on pitting corrosion of AA 6082 is studied and the results are presented.
Improving Surface Integrity Using Laser Metal Deposition Process
Authors: Mahamood Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi Esther T. , Shukla Mukul , Pityana Sisa
Published: April 2014

Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), an additive manufacturing process (also known as 3-D printing) and a non-traditional fabrication process used for improving the surface integrity of components is presented in this chapter. In LMD, parts are manufactured directly from the 3-D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model data. Complex parts can be produced in a single step, which is impossible with the traditional manufacturing methods such as casting, cutting, and turning operations. The major steps required in the production of parts using the laser metal deposition process are highlighted. The flexibility offered by the LMD technique makes it an important surface engineering technique. Composite parts or parts whose surfaces are made of composite materials can also be produced in a single step because two or more dissimilar materials can be handled simultaneously in the LMD process to produce parts. This is because the building of parts in LMD is achieved by the LMD machine following the detail described by the CAD model of the part being made. The processing parameters affecting the properties of laser metal deposited parts are described in detail. This chapter establishes the ability of the LMD in the production of complex and one of its kind parts, its ability to improve surface properties, repair high-valued parts, and reduce the buy-to-fly ratio in the production of aerospace parts. It also highlights the use of non-traditional finishing techniques on laser deposited parts to further improve the surface integrity of components. The chapter is concluded by presenting a laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/TiC composite. The laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/TiC composite was characterized through the microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance, and it was found that the resulting deposits were fully dense and of improved surface properties when compared to the parent materials.
Laser Additive Manufacturing in Surface Modification of Metals
Authors: Mahamood Rasheedat M. , Shukla Mukul , Pityana Sisa
Published: April 2014

Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers lots of advantages when compared to other manufacturing processes, such as high flexibility and ability to produce complex parts directly from the Three Dimensional (3D) Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model. Producing highly complex parts using traditional manufacturing processes is difficult, and it requires it to be broken down into smaller parts, which consumes lots of materials and time. If this part needs to have a surface with improved property or a surface made of composite materials, it has to be done by employing another manufacturing process after the parts are completed. AM, on the other hand, has the ability to produce parts with the required surface property in a single manufacturing run. Out of all the AM technologies, Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) is the most commonly used technique, especially for metal processing. LAM uses the coherent and collimated properties of the laser beam to fuse, melt, or cut materials according to the profile generated from the CAD image of the part being made. Some of the LAM techniques and their mode of operations are highlighted in this chapter. The capabilities of using LAM for surface modification of metals are also presented in this chapter. A specific example is given as a case study for the surface modification of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) with Ti6Al4V/TiC composite using laser material deposition process – an important LAM technology. Ti6Al4V is an important aerospace alloy, and it is also used as medical implants because of its corrosion resistance property and its biocompatibility.
Surface Characterization in Fused Deposition Modeling
Authors: Boschetto Alberto , Bottini Luana
Published: April 2014

Fused deposition modeling is a proven technology, widely diffused in industry, born for the fabrication of aesthetic and functional prototypes. Recently used for small and medium series of parts and for tooling, it received particular attention in order to integrate prototyping systems within production. A limiting aspect of this technology is the obtainable roughness and above all its prediction: no machine software and Computer-Aided Manufacturing implements a relationship between process parameters and surface quality of components. The prediction of the surface properties is an essential tool that allows it to comply with design specifications and, in process planning, to determine manufacturing strategies. Recently, great effort has been spent to develop a characterization of such surfaces. In this chapter, prediction models are presented and a new characterization approach is detailed. It is based on the theoretical prediction of the geometrical roughness profile, thus allowing it to obtain, in advance, all roughness parameters.
Work Ethics Perceptions of Pakistani Employees
Authors: Begum Razia , Mujtaba Bahaudin G.
Published: April 2014

Globalization has placed modern organizations in tremendous competition locally and regionally across borders; thus, the ultimate goal of every organization is the same which is profitable survival. In order to make sure that this profitable survival goal does not come at the cost of harming others, guiding principles are needed to bring goodness and fairness for the stakeholders' interests. This paves the way for designing, implementing and adopting ethical principles in the organization to keep competition fair and just. This study has been carried out in three big cities (Peshawar, Lahore and Islamabad) of Pakistan to identify and assess the relationship of workplace ethics with age, qualification, management experience, government work experience and on-the-job ethics training. Collected data from 380 male and female Pakistani respondents were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical measures. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between ethical maturity of employees and such demographic variables as age, qualification, on-the-job ethics training, having had an ethics course, and years of management experience. However, government work experience did not demonstrate any significant results with ethical maturity. Implications and suggestions for management development and training are provided.
The Role of Culture in FDI in the PRC
Authors: Venero Ramón J. , Lian Yunshan
Published: April 2014

This paper examines the role that culture plays in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Using examples of inward FDI from mostly western Multinational Corporations (MNCs), the implication of Chinese culture, Transaction Cost Theory, and modes of entry are discussed. The authors suggest that the increase in, and the rate of direct FDI in the PRC (prior to the current worldwide economic crisis) raises important issues with respect to employment and talent management issues and organizations would be wise to consider the mode of entry and management practices if they are to be successful in China.
Standardized Dynamic Reconfiguration of Control Applications in Industrial Systems
Authors: Strasser Thomas , Rooker Martijn , Ebenhofer Gerhard , Zoitl Alois
Published: April 2014

Industrial areas like manufacturing, logistics and power systems require highly flexible and adaptable control solutions in order to fulfill future requirements. An industrial automation system has to provide technologies, concepts and mechanisms allowing the adaption of control logic during operation. Proper engineering approaches as well as execution environments with dynamic reconfiguration capabilities are needed to turn this vision into reality. This article provides an overview of applying the IEC 61499 reference model for distributed automation as basis for a standard-compliant reconfigurable method in industrial environments. It covers the modeling and engineering of reconfiguration applications and their execution on distributed embedded controllers using IEC 61499. This approach significantly increases engineering efficiency and reuse in component-based design of industrial automation and control applications. A special focus of this contribution is the discussion of implemented industrial use cases from the manufacturing, robotics and power systems domain.
Cloud Computing Deployment and Selection Criteria for Organizations
Authors: Paknezhad Mahsa , Keshtgary Manijeh
Published: April 2014

It has not been a long time since cloud computing was introduced to many organizations and businesses. Over this relatively short period of time, many companies have deployed this new technology for their business and many others are planning to move to cloud computing in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, currently we are witnessing a wide range of issues and concerns around cloud services making companies not confident about moving into the cloud. In this paper, the authors have tried to give an overall image of different aspects of cloud computing by using fifteen different metrics. It includes both the advantages and the disadvantages to give companies and businesses a deep insight into the factors they should consider for identification of their application's suitability for the adoption of cloud computing.
The Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Attenuates House Dust Mite–Induced Airway Inflammation by Suppressing Dendritic Cell–Mediated Adaptive Immune Responses
Authors: Fredriksson Karin , Mishra Amarjit , Lam Jonathan K. , Mushaben Elizabeth M. , Cuento Rosemarie A. , Meyer Katharine S. , Yao Xianglan , Keeran Karen J. , Nugent Gayle Z. , Qu Xuan , Yu Zu-Xi , Yang Yanqin , Raghavachari Nalini , Dagur Pradeep K. , McCoy J. Philip , Levine Stewart J.
Published: April 2014

The very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family that binds multiple ligands and plays a key role in brain development. Although the VLDLR mediates pleiotropic biological processes, only a limited amount of information is available regarding its role in adaptive immunity. In this study, we identify an important role for the VLDLR in attenuating house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation in experimental murine asthma. We show that HDM-challenged Vldlr−/− mice have augmented eosinophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation with increases in Th2 cytokines, C-C chemokines, IgE production, and mucous cell metaplasia. A genome-wide analysis of the lung transcriptome identified that mRNA levels of CD209e (DC-SIGNR4), a murine homolog of DC-SIGN, were increased in the lungs of HDM-challenged Vldlr−/− mice, which suggested that the VLDLR might modify dendritic cell (DC) function. Consistent with this, VLDLR expression by human monocyte-derived DCs was increased by HDM stimulation. In addition, 55% of peripheral blood CD11c+ DCs from individuals with allergy expressed VLDLR under basal conditions. Lastly, the adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed, CD11c+ bone marrow–derived DCs (BMDCs) from Vldlr−/− mice to the airways of wild type recipient mice induced augmented eosinophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation upon HDM challenge with increases in Th2 cytokines, C-C chemokines, IgE production, and mucous cell metaplasia, as compared with the adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed, CD11c+ BMDCs from wild type mice. Collectively, these results identify a novel role for the VLDLR as a negative regulator of DC-mediated adaptive immune responses in HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation.
A Biased Non-Gαi OXE-R Antagonist Demonstrates That Gαi Protein Subunit Is Not Directly Involved in Neutrophil, Eosinophil, and Monocyte Activation by 5-Oxo-ETE
Authors: Konya Viktoria , Blättermann Stefanie , Jandl Katharina , Platzer Wolfgang , Ottersbach Philipp Aaron , Marsche Gunther , Gütschow Michael , Kostenis Evi , Heinemann Akos
Published: April 2014

Gαi-coupled chemoattractant receptors, such as the 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) receptor (OXE-R), are able to switch on Gαiβγ protein-dependent and β-arrestin–related signaling traits. However, which of these signaling pathways are truly important for the chemoattractant functions in leukocytes is not clarified yet. As we recently reported, Gue1654 is a unique Gβγ-biased OXE-R antagonist having no inhibitory activity on Gαi-related signaling, which makes Gue1654 an unprecedented tool for assessing the involvement of G protein subunits in chemoattractant receptor function. β-arrestin2 recruitment was studied in OXE-R–overexpressing HEK293 cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. Activation of leukocytes was assessed by flow cytometric assays and by immunofluorescence microscopy. Leukocyte capture to endothelial cells was addressed under physiological flow conditions. We found that Gue1654 blocks β-arrestin2 recruitment in HEK293 cells overexpressing OXE-R and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human eosinophils and neutrophils. Furthermore, Gue1654 was able to prevent several 5-oxo-ETE–triggered functional events in eosinophils and neutrophils, such as activation of CD11b/CD18 integrins, oxidative burst, actin polymerization, and interaction with endothelial cells. In addition, Gue1654 completely prevented 5-oxo-ETE–induced Ca2+ flux and chemotaxis of human primary monocytes. All of these leukocyte responses to 5-oxo-ETE, except ERK1/2 phosphorylation and oxidative burst, were likewise prevented by pertussis toxin. Therefore, we conclude that chemoattractant receptors require Gαi subunits only as adaptors to transactivate the Gβγ heteromers, which then act responsible for cell activation. Finally, our data characterize Gue1654 as a non-Gαi–biased antagonist of OXE-R that provides a new basis for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases that involve activation of eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes.
Maturation of Innate Responses to Mycobacteria over the First Nine Months of Life
Authors: Shey Muki S. , Nemes Elisa , Whatney Wendy , de Kock Marwou , Africa Hadn , Barnard Charlene , van Rooyen Michele , Stone Lynnett , Riou Catherine , Kollmann Tobias , Hawn Thomas R. , Scriba Thomas J. , Hanekom Willem A.
Published: April 2014

Newborns and young infants are particularly susceptible to infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, immunogenicity of vaccines against tuberculosis and other infectious diseases appears suboptimal early in life compared with later in life. We hypothesized that developmental changes in innate immunity would underlie these observations. To determine the evolution of innate responses to mycobacteria early in life, whole blood or PBMC from newborns, as well as 10- and 36-wk-old infants, was incubated with viable Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin or TLR ligands. Innate cell expression of cytokines and maturation markers was assessed, as well as activation of the proinflammatory NF-κB– and MAPK-signaling pathways. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin–induced production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p40 increased from the newborn period to 9 mo of age in monocytes but not in myeloid dendritic cells. No changes in production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 were observed. CD40 expression increased with age in both cell populations. Older infants displayed substantial activation of all three signal transduction molecules: degradation of NF-κB inhibitor IκBα and phosphorylation of MAPK Erk and p38 upon TLR1/2 triggering, compared with predominant activation of only one of any of these molecules in newborns. Maturation of innate proinflammatory responses during the first 9 mo of life may underlie more effective control of mycobacteria and other pathogens observed later in infancy and age-related differential induction of Th1 responses by vaccination.
Description and biological features of a new species of Anagrus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae)
Authors: Nugnes F. , Viggiani G.
Published: April 2014

Anagrus lindberginae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg par- asitoid of the leafhopper Lindbergina aurovittata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), is described from Italy. It is included in the atomus group of Anagrus Haliday and compared with the allied known taxa. The parasitoid’s life cycle is characterized by a long larval diapause from spring to fall, which allows for synchronization with its leafhop- per host; other biological traits of A. lindberginae on the evergreen plant Quercus ilex are discussed.
Cerebral encephalopathy with extrapontine myelinolysis in a case of postpartum hypernatremia
Authors: Bhatia Sonia , Kapoor Abhay Kumar , Sharma Anurag , Gupta Rajiv , Kataria Sushila
Published: April 2014

Extrapontine myelinolysis, a fairly common metabolic disorder, is associated with neurological complications. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis are commonly recognized with rapid correction of sodium. Myelinolysis, however, has rarely been described with hypernatremia. We report a rare case of post-partum hypernatremic encephalopathy associated with serum sodium levels as high as 200 mEq/l on presentation. Although the serum sodium levels were brought down gradually, subsequent imaging showed progression of demyelination and deterioration of the neurological status.
Missed intranasal wooden foreign bodies on computed tomography
Authors: Prabhu Shailesh M , Irodi Aparna , George Phiji Philip , Sundaresan Rajan , VK Anand
Published: April 2014

We report a case of post traumatic impacted intranasal wooden foreign body in a 16 year old boy, which was undetected on Computed Tomography in the acute stage. Intranasal wooden foreign body may be missed on CT in the acute stage because of apparent air attenuation of the foreign body and lack of contrast with the surrounding intranasal air. Radiologists need to be aware of the CT imaging appearances of wood in various stages for early detection and management.
Pseudomalignant myositis ossificans involving multiple masticatory muscles: Imaging evaluation
Authors: Kamalapur Muralidhar G , Patil Pritam B , Joshi Shyamsundar , Shastri Dinesh
Published: April 2014

Myositis ossificans is a rare cause of trismus. We present a case of pseudomalignant myositis ossificans involving medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, and temporalis muscles. Patient presented with gross limitation in mouth opening. There was no history of trauma. Computed tomography (CT) images revealed a bone density mass located in the region of medial and lateral pterygoid muscles on the right and temporalis muscle on the left. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed similar findings. Radiological diagnosis was pseudomalignant myositis ossificans. The masses were resected and histopathologic examination confirmed the above diagnosis. This report describes the characteristic CT and MRI features. The unique feature of this case is the absence of history of trauma with involvement of multiple masticatory muscles, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported before.
Utility of C-arm CT in overcoming challenges in patients undergoing Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kulkarni Chinmay , Sreekumar P K , Prabhu Nirmal Kumar , kannan Rajesh R , Moorthy Srikanth
Published: April 2014

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the well-known treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Multiple digital subtraction angiography (DSA) acquisitions in different projections are required to identify difficult arterial feeders. Moreover, the tell-tale tumor blush can be obscured by proximity to lung base, small size of lesion, and breathing artifacts. C-arm CT is a revolutionary advancement in the intervention radiology suite that allows acquisition of data which can be reformatted in multiple planes and volume rendered incorporating both soft tissue and vascular information like multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). These images acquired during the TACE procedure can provide critical inputs for achieving a safe and effective therapy. This case series aims to illustrate the utility of C-arm CT in solving specific problems encountered while performing TACE.
Computational Insights of the Interaction among Sea Anemones Neurotoxins and Kv1.3 Channel
Authors: Sabogal-Arango Angélica , Barreto George E. , Ramírez-Sánchez David , González-Mendoza Juan , Barreto Viviana , Morales Ludis , González Janneth
Published: April 2014

Sea anemone neurotoxins are peptides that interact with Na+ and K+ channels, resulting in specific alterations on their functions. Some of these neurotoxins (1ROO, 1BGK, 2K9E, 1BEI) are important for the treatment of about 80 autoimmune disorders because of their specificity for Kv1.3 channel. The aim of this study was to identify the common residues among these neurotoxins by computational methods, and establish whether there is a pattern useful for the future generation of a treatment for autoimmune diseases. Our results showed eight new key common residues between the studied neurotoxins interacting with a histidine ring and the selectivity filter of the receptor, thus showing a possible pattern of interaction. This knowledge may serve as an input for the design of more promising drugs for autoimmune treatments.
Evaluation of soybean cultivars for resistance to Phomopsis longicolla and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using excised leaves
Authors: Zhang J. X. , Xue A. G.
Published: April 2014

Zhang, J. X. and Xue, A. G. 2014. Evaluation of soybean cultivars for resistance to Phomopsis longicolla and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using excised leaves. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 955–961. The resistance of short-season soybean cultivars in Canada to Phomopsis longicolla and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was measured on excised leaves based on the disease severity. Lesions caused by both fungi were first observed at inoculation sites within 24 to 36 h after excised leaflets were inoculated, varying among cultivars, and whole leaflets rot within 5–6 d for susceptible cultivars. Of the 74 cultivars evaluated, 20 were significantly more resistant to P. longicolla (LSD=1.1, P<0.05) and 19 to S. sclerotiorum (LSD=1.0, P<0.05), with mean severity ratings ranging from 1.3 to 2.3 caused by both fungi. Seven cultivars including Medallion, M. Arrow Brown, Alta, Portage, AC Albatros, Comet, and Pagoda, showed partial resistance to both of pathogens. These resistant cultivars identified in this study may be used as sources of resistance in future field breeding programs in Canada.
Camelina seed quality in response to applied nitrogen, genotype and environment
Authors: Jiang Yunfei , Caldwell Claude D. , Falk Kevin C.
Published: April 2014

Jiang, Y., Caldwell, C. D. and Falk, K. C. 2014. Camelina seed quality in response to applied nitrogen, genotype and environment. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 971–980. Camelina (Camelina sativa L.), Brassicaceae, has great potential for food and industrial use. This study analyzed the seed oil content, oil yield, protein content, protein yield, as well as fatty acid profile relative to varying nitrogen (N) rates and in different genotypes under several environmental conditions. Seed samples were obtained from a 2-yr field study with five environments (site-years), five genotypes, and six N rates. Applied N increased protein content, protein yield, oil yield, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), but decreased oil content and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Saturated fatty acids did not respond consistently to applied N. Lower air temperatures during the reproductive stages increased the total seed oil content, but the fatty acid composition was not affected. The experimental line CDI007 had the highest oil content, oil yield, protein yield, and PUFA, but contained the lowest protein content and MUFA. CDI002 contained the highest protein content and PUFA. CDI005 had the highest amount of MUFA. CDI008 was not considered to be a promising genotype since it had the lowest oil content and highest amount of saturated fatty acids.
Severe Neutropenia in Dengue Patients: Prevalence and Significance
Authors: Thein Tun-Linn , Lye David C. , Leo Yee-Sin , Wong Joshua G. X. , Hao Ying , Wilder-Smith Annelies
Published: April 2014

Studies on severe neutropenia in dengue are scarce, and its clinical significance is uncertain. We analyzed a cohort of 1,921 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed adult dengue patients admitted to the Communicable Disease Center in Singapore between 2005 and 2008. Time trend analyses for daily absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) were done using Bayesian hierarchical and Markov models. We found that severe neutropenia, defined as ANC ≤ 0.5 × 109/L, was found in 11.8% with a median duration of 1 day. ANC nadir occurred on illness day 5. Severe neutropenia was not predictive of more severe disease and not associated with secondary bacterial infections, prolonged hospital stay, prolonged fever, or fatal outcome. We concluded that prophylactic antibiotics are not indicated in patients with severe neutropenia without indication for bacterial infection.
Natural Organic Matter Removal and Fouling Control in Low-Pressure Membrane Filtration for Water Treatment
Authors: Cui Xiaojun , Choo Kwang-Ho
Published: April 2014

Natural organic matter (NOM) is a primary component of fouling in low-pressure membrane filtration, either solely, or in concert with colloidal particles. Various preventive measures to interfere with NOM fouling have been developed and extensively tested, such as coagulation, oxidation, ion exchange, carbon adsorption, and mineral oxide adsorption. Therefore, this article aims to conduct a literature review covering the topics of low-pressure membrane processes, NOM characteristics and fouling behaviors, and diverse fouling control strategies. In-depth explanations and discussion are made regarding why some treatment options are able to remove NOM from source water, but do not reduce fouling. This review provides insight for hybridized membrane processes with respect to NOM removal and fouling mitigation in water treatment.
Adsorption Characteristics of Multi-Metal Ions by Red Mud, Zeolite, Limestone, and Oyster Shell
Authors: Shin Woo-Seok , Kang Ku , Kim Young-Kee
Published: April 2014

In this study, the performances of various adsorbents—red mud, zeolite, limestone, and oyster shell—were investigated for the adsorption of multi-metal ions (Cr3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, As3+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) from aqueous solutions. The result of scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated that the some metal ions were adsorbed onto the surface of the media. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the Si(Al)-O bond (red mud and zeolite) and C-O bond (limestone and oyster shell) might be involved in heavy metal adsorption. The changes in the pH of the aqueous solutions upon applying adsorbents were investigated and the adsorption kinetics of the metal ions on different adsorbents were simulated by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The sorption process was relatively fast and equilibrium was reached after about 60 min of contact (except for As3+). From the maximum capacity of the adsorption kinetic model, the removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ were higher than for the other metal ions. Meanwhile, the reaction rate constants (k1,2) indicated the slowest sorption in As3+. The adsorption mechanisms of heavy metal ions were not only surface adsorption and ion exchange, but also surface precipitation. Based on the metal ions’ adsorption efficiencies, red mud was found to be the most efficient of all the tested adsorbents. In addition, impurities in seawater did not lead to a significant decrease in the adsorption performance. It is concluded that red mud is a more economic high-performance alternative than the other tested adsorption materials for applying a removal of multi-metal in seawater.
Aerobic Granules for the Effective Oxidation of Ammonium Nitrogen
Authors: Lee Hyo Lee , Ryu Jae Hun , Lee Youn Pyo , Kim Tae Seok , Kim Min Kyeong , Ahn Do Thi Ngoc , Ahn Dae Hee
Published: April 2014

In this study, aerobic granules were applied to a lab-scale aerobic granule sludge airlift reactor (AGSAR) and the ammonium nitrogen oxidation performance was evaluated at different ammonium nitrogen loading rate (NLR). At least 99% of the initial ammonium nitrogen was oxidized at an NLR of 0.27 and 0.53 kg NH4+-N/m3·day, for both aerobic granules (control), and nitrifying aerobic granules (NAGs). The ammonium nitrogen oxidation deteriorated, when the NLR was increased to 1.07 kg NH4+-N/m3·day. The NAGs were characterized by complete nitrification, while partial nitrification was observed in the control.
Effect of Surfactant-Coated Charcoal Amendment on the Composting Process and Nutrient Retention
Authors: Pinwisat Phetrada , Phoolphundh Sivawan , Buddhawong Sasidhorn , Vinitnantharat Soydoa
Published: April 2014

This research investigates the quality changes during composting of bagasse and pig manure amended with 30% of surfactant-coated charcoal (SC). Two treatments, 30% uncoated charcoal (UC) amendment and no charcoal (NC) amendment, were done as control. Charcoal was coated with 0.37 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDMA), a cationic surfactant, at the dosage of 10 g/L. At the end of the composting period, the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of SC amendment was 9.7; whereas, the C/N ratios of UC and NC amendment were 12.6 and 21.4, respectively. Plant nutrients contents of the compost produced from SC amendment were 20.7 mg NH4+-N/g, 42.8 mg NO3−-N/g, and 41.7 mg P/g. High nitrate and phosphate concentrations in SC amendment were due to the adsorption of these anions on the positive charge of TDMA. Desorption of plant nutrients retained in the compost pellets was also investigated. It was predicted that nitrate was fully desorbed from a pellet at 23 days for SC amendment, which was later than UC (14 days) and NC (10 days) amendment. A slow release of nitrate from the compost pellet will reduce the nitrate leaching into the environment. Thus, the adding of SC in the compost pile is one of the alternative methods to improve the quality of compost and plant nutrient retention.
Extraction of Reducing Sugar with Anti-Oxidative Scavengers from Peels of Carya cathayensis Sarg.: Use of Subcritical Water
Authors: Shimanouchi Toshinori , Ueno Shohei , Yang Wei , Kimura Yukitaka
Published: April 2014

The peels of Carya cathayensis Sarg. (PCCS) were treated under subcritical water conditions (130°C to 280 °C for 0 to 120 min). The extract from PCCS included reducing sugar, proteins, and compounds with radical scavenging activity. Addressing the reducing sugar that is a resource of bioethanol, we could maximize the reducing sugar under the subcritical water (190°C for 60 min) and obtain 0.24 g/g-sample together with 9.7 units/mg-sample of radical scavenging activity. The obtained extract was estimated to correspond to 1 L of bioethanol/100 g-sample. It was therefore considered that the treatment by subcritical water could yield reducing sugar and natural compounds with radical scavenging activity.
Membrane Diffuser Coupled Bioreactor for Methanotrophic Denitrification under Non-aerated Condition: Suggestion as a Post-denitrification Option
Authors: Lee Kwanhyoung , Choi Oh Kyung , Song Ji Hyun , Lee Jae Woo
Published: April 2014

Methanotrophic denitrification under a non-aerated condition (without external supply of oxygen or air) was investigated in a bioreactor coupled with a membrane diffuser. Batch experiment demonstrated that both methane consumption and nitrogen production rates were not high in the absence of oxygen, but most of the nitrate was reduced into N2 with 88% recovery efficiency. The methane utilized for nitrate reduction was determined at 1.63 mmol CH4/mmol NO3−-N, which was 2.6 times higher than the theoretical value. In spite of no oxygen supply, methanotrophic denitrification was well performed in the bioreactor, due to enhanced mass transfer of the methane by the membrane diffuser and utilization of oxygen remaining in the influent. The denitrification efficiency and specific denitrification rate were 47% and 1.69 mg NO3−-N/g VSS hr, respectively, which were slightly lower than for methanotrophic denitrification under an aerobic condition. The average concentration of total organic carbon in the effluent was as low as 2.45 mg/L, which indicates that it can be applicable as a post-denitrification method for the reclamation of secondary wastewater effluent. The dominant fatty acid methyl ester of mixed culture in the bioreactor was C16:1ω7c and C18:1ω7c, which was predominantly found in type I and II methanotrophs, respectively. This study presents the potential of methanotrophic denitrification without externally excess oxygen supply as a post-denitrification option for various water treatment or reclamation.
Impact of Irradiation Time on the Hydrolysis of Waste Activated Sludge by the Dielectric Heating of Microwave
Authors: Byun Imgyu , Lee Jaeho , Lim Jisung , Lee Jeongmin , Park Taejoo
Published: April 2014

The effects of initial solid concentration and microwave irradiation (MWI) time on the hydrolysis of waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated. MWI time strongly influenced WAS hydrolysis for all initial solid concentrations of 8.20, 31.51, and 52.88 g VSS/L. For all WAS, the volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization degree ranged from 35.6% to 38.4% during a total MWI time of 10 min. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration increased at a rate proportional to the decrease of VSS during the MWI. However, the clearly different VSS solubilization patterns that were observed during the MWI were explained by the 2-step hydrolysis of WAS, consisting of the initial disintegration of the easily degradable part of the sludge, followed by the subsequent disintegration of the hardly degradable part of the sludge. WAS hydrolysis rates for 3 to 6 min of MWI were significantly lower than those for less than 3 min, or more than 6 min. From these results, 3 min MWI time and WAS of 31.51 g VSS/L (centrifugal thickener WAS) showed the most efficient hydrolysis of WAS at 36.0%. The profiles of total nitrogen (T-N) concentrations corresponded well to the SCOD increases in terms of the empirical formula of bacterial cell mass (C5H7O2N). The negligible T-N increase and pH decrease during WAS hydrolysis by MWI will allow the application of this process to subsequent biological processes, such as anaerobic digestion.
A meta-analysis of particle water uptake reconciliation studies
Authors: Whitehead J. D. , Irwin M. , Allan J. D. , Good N. , McFiggans G.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Reconciliation between measurements of sub-saturated and supersaturated aerosol particle water uptake was attempted at a wide range of locations between 2007 and 2013. The agreement in derived number of cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) or particle hygroscopicity was mixed across the projects, with some datasets showing poor agreement across all supersaturations and others agreeing within errors for at least some of the supersaturation range. The degree of reconciliation did not seem to depend on the environment in which the measurements were taken. The discrepancies can only be attributable to differences in the chemical behaviour of aerosols and gases in each instrument, leading to under- or overestimated growth factors and/or CCN counts, though poorer reconciliation at lower supersaturations can be attributed to uncertainties in the size distribution at the threshold diameter found at these supersaturations. From a single instrument, the variability in NCCN calculated using particle hygroscopicity or size distribution averaged across a project demonstrates a greater sensitivity to variation in the size distribution than chemical composition in most of the experiments. However, the discrepancies between instruments indicate a strong requirement for reliable quantification of CCN in line with an improved understanding of the physical processes involved in their measurement.
Cascading water underneath Wilkes Land, East Antarctic ice sheet, observed using altimetry and digital elevation models
Authors: Flament T. , Berthier E. , Rémy F.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We describe a major subglacial lake drainage close to the ice divide in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, and the subsequent cascading of water underneath the ice sheet toward the coast. To analyse the event, we combined altimetry data from several sources and subglacial topography. We estimated the total volume of water that drained from Lake CookE2 by differencing digital elevation models (DEM) derived from ASTER and SPOT5 stereo imagery acquired in January 2006 and February 2012. At 5.2 ± 1.5 km3, this is the largest single subglacial drainage event reported so far in Antarctica. Elevation differences between ICESat laser altimetry spanning 2003–2009 and the SPOT5 DEM indicate that the discharge started in November 2006 and lasted approximately 2 years. A 13 m uplift of the surface, corresponding to a refilling of about 0.6 ± 0.3 km3, was observed between the end of the discharge in October 2008 and February 2012. Using the 35-day temporal resolution of Envisat radar altimetry, we monitored the subsequent filling and drainage of connected subglacial lakes located downstream of CookE2. The total volume of water traveling within the theoretical 500-km-long flow paths computed with the BEDMAP2 data set is similar to the volume that drained from Lake CookE2, and our observations suggest that most of the water released from Lake CookE2 did not reach the coast but remained trapped underneath the ice sheet. Our study illustrates how combining multiple remote sensing techniques allows monitoring of the timing and magnitude of subglacial water flow beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet.
A brief introduction to London’s underground railways and land use
Authors: Darroch Nathan
Published: April 2014

The most common perception of London’s underground railways and land use is that the railway stimulated suburban development and growth of the city. However, the interface between the railway, private property interests, and urban and suburban development is much more complicated than this. This paper introduces a brief overview of the interrelationship between the railway and land use in the central zone of London and some of the complexities involved with the presence of the railway and the development or use of adjoining lands. As this topic appears to be little discussed, evidence is used from London Underground records and specialist knowledge to form the argument that the topic should have greater discussion academically and practically.
Long-term use of solifenacin in pediatric patients with overactive bladder: Extension of a prospective open-label study
Authors: Nadeau Geneviève , Schröeder Annette , Moore Katherine , Genois Lucie , Lamontagne Pascale , Hamel Micheline , Pellerin Ève , Bolduc Stéphane
Published: April 2014

Introduction: We evaluate the efficacy and safety of solifenacin to treat incontinence in children with non-neurogenic (DO) or neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) refractory to oxybutininor tolterodine.Methods: We updated and extended our previously published non-randomized uncontrolled study on open-label use of adjusted-dose regimens of solifenacin (1.25-10 mg) in children with refractory incontinence. The follow-up included voiding diaries, post-void residuals, urine cultures, ultrasounds and urodynamic studies. Clinical data were updated as of September 2012. Subjective improvement was assessed with the Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC) scale. The primary end point was efficacy toward continence and secondary end points were tolerability and safety.Results: Overall, 244 patients (112 girls, 132 boys) were enrolled; 53 with NDO and 191 with DO. Minimal follow-up was 5 months, the mean duration of treatment was 21.0 months and the mean age at initiation was 9.2 years. Urodynamic capacity improved from 145 ± 76 mL to 339 ± 152 mL and the amplitude of uninhibited contractions decreased from 66 ± 26 to 20 ± 20 cmH2O (p < 0.0001). The overall success rate is 91%, and more specifically 94% for non-neurogenic and 79% for neurogenic, which is significantly different (p = 0.013). Twenty-three patients discontinued treatment for unsatisfactory clinical response or bothersome side effects. No side effects were reported by 175 patients, mild by 46, moderate by 9, and 14 withdrew due to their side effects. Ten patients developed post-void residuals of ≥20 mL.Conclusion: Although higher in the non-neurogenic group, high subjective and objective success rates were maintained over a longer follow-up with an adjusted-dose regimen of solifenacin to treat pediatric NDO or DO refractory to oxybutynin or tolterodine. Moreover, we found acceptable tolerability and safety profiles.
Case of emphysematous pyelonephritis in kidney allograft: Conservative treatment
Authors: Tienza Antonio , Hevia Mateo , Merino Imanol , Velis Jose Maria , Algarra Ruben , Pascual Juan Ignacio , Zudaire Juan Javier , Robles Jose Enrique
Published: April 2014

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is an acute necrotizing infection with gas in the kidney and perinephric space that carries a bad prognosis. Apart from its predisposing clinical entities, diabetes mellitus and immune-incompetence are quite common in patients with this infection. We report a case of a 53-year-old kidney transplant recipient diabetic male, suffering from recurrent fever, abdominal pain and nausea episodes. Immediate broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered and percutaneous drainage was performed after the diagnosis. The bacteria involved were Stahpylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. After 4 weeks of antibiotic treatment and abscesses drainage, the case was resolved. Consecutives urine cultures and ultrasonographies confirm the complete resolution of the disease. We discuss the predisposing factors, clinical presentation and management.
Improving the outcome of patients with muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with neoadjuvant gemcitabine/cisplatin chemotherapy: A single institution experience
Authors: El-Gehani Faraj , North Scott , Ghosh Sunita , Venner Peter
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder improves survival. This study was undertaken to determine the rate of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin use prior to RC and to assess its effect on the pathologic response rates and cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS).Methods: This retrospective chart review examined all patients having a RC between January 1, 2007 and June 30, 2011. We collected patient demographics, pre-treatment clinical stage, type of chemotherapy, post-RC pathologic data and survival data.Results: A total of 251 RC were performed of which 160 were for stage cT2-T4 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Of the 160 patients, 91 (57%) received neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) and 69 (43%) went straight to RC. Patients receiving neoadjuvant GC had a greater chance of achieving a pathologically lower stage compared to the untreated population: pT0 at 21% vs. 3%; non-invasive cancer at 37% vs. 10%; and organ-confined cancer at 60% vs. 33% (p < 0.001). Survival correlated with pathological stage: ≤pT3a patients had a median OS and CSS of 48.8 and 51.2 months compared to an OS and a CSS in ≥pT3b patients of 21.8 and 28.1 months, respectively (p < 0.0001).Conclusions: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is more frequently administered at our institution compared to the published literature. We have found that neoadjuvant chemotherapy increases the rate of down-staging, which is associated with a reduced the risk of death from urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
Multidisciplinary treatment including systemic chemotherapy for a malignant phyllodes tumour of the prostate
Authors: Murakami Yasukiyo , Tabata Ken-ichi , Sugita Atsushi , Mochizuki Kohei , Maeyama Ryota , Okazaki Miyoko , Nishi Morihiro , Matsumoto Kazumasa , Fujita Tetsuo , Satoh Takefumi , Jiang Shi- Xu , Saegusa Makoto , Iwamura Masatsugu
Published: April 2014

A 22-year-old man was referred to our hospital with macroscopic hematuria and consistent anal pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enlarged prostate tumour invading the bladder and rectum. A biopsy revealed an unclassified spindle cell sarcoma. Subsequently, radical cystoprostatectomy and resection of the rectum were performed. A histopathological examination revealed a prostatic malignant phyllodes tumour with a negative surgical margin. However, a local recurrence was identified 2 months after surgery. Induction therapy included 4 cycles of systemic chemotherapy comprising etoposide with ifosfamide and cisplatin. Although a partial response was observed at the local site, lung metastasis developed. Second-line chemotherapy with ifosfamide and doxorubicin with radiotherapy to the pelvis was administered and led to complete regression; however, its efficacy was transient. Although additional chemotherapy was administered, the patient eventually died due to the rapidly growing, recurrent tumour.
Diagnosis of testicular torsion using near infrared spectroscopy: A novel diagnostic approach
Authors: Shadgan Babak , Fareghi Mehdi , Stothers Lynn , Macnab Andrew , Kajbafzadeh A.M.
Published: April 2014

We report a case of testicular torsion in a 14-month old boy. Testicular ischemia was suspected based on history and clinical presentations. The patient was referred following 24 hours of left acute scrotum. Erythema, swelling and tenderness associated with nausea and emesis were present, but the patient was not febrile. We used a spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (SR-NIRS) device to study and compare the tissue saturation index (TSI) on both right and left spermatic cords. The TSI was significantly reduced in the left side. Both testicles were surgically explored and the left testis was found non-viable with a 1080-degree intravaginal torsion. NIRS monitoring of spermatic cord oxygen saturation appears feasible as a non-invasive bedside optical method to identify testicular torsion.