bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Background I
Authors: Stewart Edmund
Published: May 2017

Why should tragedy as a genre be thought of as Panhellenic? Greek poetry, including tragedy, aims to demonstrate connections between the disparate branches of the Hellenic race. These are created through accounts of the travels of heroes. Tragedy can be described as Panhellenic in the sense that, like epic and lyric, it takes as its subject the Greeks as a whole and explains who they were and where they came from. Foreign settings are not enough on their own to prove that plays were performed outside Attica or watched by foreigners at the Athenian dramatic festivals. However, all Greeks shared the same ‘Greek’ mythology, and it is probable that tragedy, like its heroes, was inherently suited for travel because of the nature of its content. The settings of 218 plays are analysed to show the diverse range of locations covered by the tragic poets.
Tragedy in Attica c.500–300 BC
Authors: Stewart Edmund
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 examines Athenian festival culture in the fifth and fourth centuries. It is argued that the process of tragedy’s dissemination began not with the ‘export’ of plays out of Athens, but even at the very moment of their first performance in the theatre of Dionysus. Athens attracted a wide range of visitors to its festivals, who could be both performers and spectators. Here we examine the evidence for the activities of ninety non-citizen musicians, poets, and actors and the contribution they made to the Dionysia and other festivals. We shall see that Athens is best understood as a major Panhellenic centre within a broader network of other Greek cities and sanctuaries.
Tragedy outside Attica c.500–450 BC
Authors: Stewart Edmund
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 concerns performances of tragedy outside Athens in the first half of the fifth century. It considers firstly the contribution made by Doric dramatists in the Peloponnese and Sicily to the development of tragedy. Secondly, it examines the Sicilian context for the performance of plays by Aeschylus (and possibly Phrynichus). Sicily was a major destination for all poets at this time (including Simonides and Pindar) largely because of the patronage of the tyrants of Syracuse and Acragas. It is no surprise that Aeschylus also made the journey west. Finally, it shows why the Aetnaeae and Persians of Aeschylus, plays often associated with Sicily, should be viewed as fundamentally Panhellenic, or at least Pansicilian, in orientation.
The theory of Prosodically Defective Morphemes
Authors: Zimmermann Eva
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the theoretical background for the theory of PDM is presented. PDM is based on the simple insight that if all possible Prosodically Defective Morpheme representations and their potential effects on the phonological structure are taken into account, instances of length-manipulating non-concatenative morphology and length-manipulating morpheme-specific phonology are predicted. The chapter presents the concrete theoretical background assumptions for the proposed theory of PDM: It is an optimality-theoretic system based on containment for phonological primitives and association lines. New theoretical assumptions are made about the linearization of morphemes that in particular implement a severe restriction on the ordering possibilities of morphemic prosodic nodes. This theory correctly predicts that MLM operations can only affect a restricted set of base positions. As an independent argument for containment theory, the issue of opacity problems in the domain of MLM and the solution containment offers are discussed.
Subtractive MLM and Prosodically Defective Morphemes
Authors: Zimmermann Eva
Published: May 2017

It is shown how the theory of PDM accounts for instances of subtractive MLM—the empirical phenomenon that is notoriously challenging for the claim that morphology is additive. Two general mechanisms inside PDM can predict subtractive MLM: usurpation of moras and the defective integration of morphemic prosodic nodes. Usurpation can arise if a segment underlyingly lacks a mora and ‘usurps’ it from a neighbouring segment that is hence deprived of it. In the second scenario, a prosodic node that is underlyingly not integrated into the higher/lower prosodic structure is affixed to a base and remains defectively integrated in the output. Given the standard assumption that only elements properly integrated under the highest prosodic node of the prosodic hierarchy are visible for the phonetics, this affix node and everything it dominates remain phonetically uninterpreted. It is shown how all attested types of subtractive MLM in the representative data set fall out from these two basic mechanisms.
Introduction
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

Nature, the stepdame to us all,

Grotius may his mother call.

That old Young man Holland admires,

Italy and all France desires.

He grew up slowly: would you see

One born full Man? Grotius is he.

Daniel Heinsius on Grotius

(Memorials of the Author’s Life and Death...
War, Resistance, Revolution
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the uses of Grotius’ resistance theory primarily based on the analysis of the natural right of punishment and the law of war devised in De Iure. After an outline of Grotius’ view of resistance, the chapter moves on to examine its multifaceted reception in England until after Locke’s re-elaboration in the Two Treatises of Government, during which time it provided an intellectual and legal groundwork for negotiation between Whigs and Tories around the exclusion of James II and the ascension of William and Mary. In this regard, Grotius not only brought to England a theory of conquest that filled a gap in the shared tradition of common law and ancient constitution, but his attempt to reconceptualize resistance theory in terms of just war fit particularly well in the justification both of the Republic in 1649 and of the Glorious Revolution.
State and Church
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 will examine the influence of Grotius’ ‘Erastianism’ (broadly defined here as the theory of the subordination of church and religion to the civil power)—expounded particularly in De Imperio and the Annotationes and based largely on a specific interpretation of the Jewish Sanhedrin as a court of civil justice—both on English monarchical and Episcopal writing from the Great Tew Circle to early Enlightenment, and in post-Restoration literature of Nonconformism, which invoked the power of the civil magistrate (in particular during the reign of Charles II) over church (as against Anglican uniformity) in support of toleration toward Presbyterian (Baxter) and congregated (Humfrey) churches. The chapter will also examine the (critical) reception of Grotius’ vision of the relation between civil power and religion, that is, the power of the magistrate to intervene on aspects related to theological aspects and cult.
Property
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 will focus primarily on the political implications of Grotius’ theory of ‘limited’ property as they concerned the relationship between the sphere of individual rights, the social contract, and the prerogatives of civil power. From the debate on the abolition of tithes in the early 1640s to the controversy between Filmer and Locke in the 1680s, the debates on property rights revolved around how much individuals could impropriate from the commons stock and, accordingly, on the limits and prerogatives of civil power in regulating private property. Grotius’ theory of property, along with his analysis of the law of war, were also components of Dutch and English expansion overseas.
Empire
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7 aims to demonstrate that Grotius provided the English with justification for ‘Empire’ and colonization with a framework of juridical concepts and moral rights thereby supporting free trade, war, the establishment of commercial treaties and monopolies, and the possession of uncultivated lands both in European and extra-European territories. The chapter investigates the influence of Grotius’ works on English discourses relating to the conquest of and settlement in extra-European and European territories from the Virginia Company to Locke; the related dispute between the promoters of the freedom of the sea and supporters of English sovereignty over ‘British seas’ from the Anglo-Dutch conferences of 1613 and 1615 to the early Hanoverian era; the discourses on liberty, slavery, and empire during the Commonwealth and Protectorate (1649–60); and, finally, the legacy of Grotius in the legal and economic thought of empire.
The cast of characters
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the three constructions that are the focus of the book (for-adverbials, pseudopartitives, and adverbial each) by means of some typical examples. Building on the foundations laid out in Chapter 2, this chapter develops a baseline theory for the syntax and semantics of these constructions and their constituents, keeping things symmetric across domains as much as seems reasonable so that the parallels drawn in subsequent chapters are not obscured more than necessary. The chapter discusses various properties of these constructions and introduces simplified Logical Forms for them that provide a scaffold on which the theory in the rest of the book is built.
Covert distributivity
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how verb phrases such as build a raft optionally acquire a distributive interpretation, and reformulates the covert distributivity operators of Link 1987 (the atomic D operator) and Schwarzschild 1996 (the nonatomic Part operator) in terms of the two parameters of stratified reference. By varying the granularity parameter, the difference between atomic and nonatomic views of distributivity is captured and clarified. By varying the dimension parameter, these distributivity operators are extended to the temporal domain and used to explain why indefinites in the syntactic scope of for-adverbials tend not to covary with them (?John found a flea on his dog for a month, Zucchi {&} White 2001).
Collectivity and cumulativity
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter accounts for differences within the class of collective predicates, as exemplified by the contrast between all the students gathered and *all the students were numerous (Dowty 1987, Winter 2001), for the limited ability of all to take part in cumulative readings, and for its ability to license dependent plurals (Zweig 2009). Stratified reference is used to formulate meaning postulates that capture the fact that predicates like gather that give rise to distributive inferences to subgroups, and to formulate the semantics of all in terms of a subgroup distributivity requirement.
Conclusion
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its main insights and results. A detailed chapter-by-chapter summary provides a bird’s-eye view of strata theory and stratified reference. The summary highlights the conceptual and theoretical moves as well as their empirical payoff. It contrasts the property-based perspective on stratified reference introduced in Chapter 4 and developed in Chapters 5 through 7 with the operator-based perspective that is central to Chapters 8 and 9, and it sketches how both perspectives come in to play in Chapter 10. The book concludes with a list of open problems and suggestions for further research, including a brief discussion of connections to other frameworks such as cognitive and conceptual semantics.
Can incomes in financial markets be deserved? A justice-based critique
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores whether the notion of desert can be applied to labor incomes earned in financial markets, a claim sometimes made in order to justify the extraordinarily high labor incomes generated there. It draws on the philosophical debate about desert in order to defend an institutional notion of desert that is related to the justice of institutions, and argues that it can be applied to markets, but does not exclude redistributive taxation. To apply this notion to markets, however, markets have to fulfill a certain role within a broader set of just institutions. The chapter therefore asks whether today’s financial markets fulfill this role, and argues that problems of market failure and of social dysfunctionality undermine the idea that incomes generated in today’s financial markets could be called deserved, even on a modest, institutional notion of desert.
It takes a village to maintain a dangerous financial system
Authors: Admati Anat R.
Published: May 2017

The financial system is meant to facilitate efficient allocation of resources, helping people and businesses fund, invest, save, and manage risks. This system is rife with conflicts of interests. Reckless practices, uncontrolled by market forces and effective rules, can cause great harm. Most of the time, the harm from excessive risk in banking is invisible and the culprits remain unaccountable. This chapter discusses the motivations and actions (or inaction) of individuals in the financial system, governments, central banks, academia, and the media that collectively contribute to the persistence of a dangerous and distorted financial system and inadequate, poorly designed regulations. Reassurances that regulators are doing their best to protect the public are false. The underlying problem is a powerful mix of distorted incentives, ignorance, confusion, and lack of accountability. Willful blindness seems to play a role in flawed claims by the system’s enablers that obscure reality, muddling the policy debate.
Romance and Greek medio-passives and the typology of Voice
Authors: Schäfer Florian
Published: May 2017

The chapter develops a typology of Voice heads as they are involved in the formation of different types of passives in the Romance languages and in Greek. The chapter first explains how Romance languages can have two morphologically different passives: a canonical periphrastic passive formed with the verbal participle and an auxiliary, and an analytic medio-passive which involves the active verb and a reflexive SE-morpheme. Next, the chapter provides an explanation as to why medio-passives are morphologically syncretic with so-called marked anticausatives both in Romance as well as in Greek. Finally, it develops an explanation as to why Romance medio-passives differ from canonical passives in that only the latter license by-phrases and why the Greek medio-passive does not show this restriction.
The Illusion of Neutrality
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter maintains that the confines of Rawlsian public reason are unsustainable in relation to abortion and cognate problems. Rawlsians who purport to remove the matter of abortion from the political agenda or to deal neutrally with it in some other way are actually resolving that matter in accordance with their own convictions about the moral status of foetuses—even while they take themselves to be prescinding from disputes about the moral status of foetuses. What is distinctive about the issue of abortion and certain other issues is that they are foundational in determining whether any particular conceptions of the good can correctly be classified as reasonable or not. To specify the appropriate legal bearings of abortion, we have to presuppose affirmative or negative answers to some questions that crucially affect whether various conceptions are to count as reasonable or not.
Too Much from Too Little
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 remains on the offensive against liberal neutralism, as it contests the efforts by Gerald Gaus to ground his libertarian version of neutralism on supposedly thin and uncontroversial premises. As will be seen, those putatively thin premises in fact depend on a number of deeply controversial assumptions. Although at least some of those assumptions are very likely false, this chapter does not need to establish their falsity. Instead, the point will be to reveal that liberal neutralism in one of its most prominent and perceptive instantiations is fundamentally non-neutral. In addition, the chapter will expose the oddly asymmetrical reasoning through which Gaus argues against anarchism and in favor of private property.
Self-Respect in Rawls’s Liberalism
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

Though the affirmative argumentation in this book will really have begun in Chapter 6, it emerges fully in the volume’s concluding three chapters. Chapter 7 explores in detail the nature of self-respect, with close attention to Rawls’s medley of remarks on the topic. Though his remarks are quite tangled—with numerous apparent inconsistencies among them—they along with some of his other observations can be worked up into an account of self-respect that is highly serviceable for aspirational perfectionism. When the scattered relevant strands of A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism are brought together and amplified, they underscore the connections between a society’s achievements and the warrantedness of each individual’s self-respect.
Lectures on Geometry
Authors: Witten Edward , Bridson Martin , Hofer Helmut , Lackenby Marc , Pandharipande Rahul
Published: May 2017

This volume contains a collection of papers based on lectures delivered by distinguished mathematicians at Clay Mathematics Institute events over the past few years. Although not explicitly linked, the topics in this volume have a common flavour and a common appeal to all who are interested in recent developments in geometry. They are intended to be accessible to all who work in this general area, regardless of their own particular research interests.
Polyfolds and Fredholm Theory
Authors: Hofer Helmut H. W.
Published: May 2017

This paper is based on a lecture given at the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2088, but has been rewritten to take account of recent developments. It focuses on a special case of the theory of Fredholm theory in polyfolds, which allows for boundaries with corners, it focuses on a special and illustrates it with a discussion of stable maps, a topic closely related to Gromov-Witten theory.
A Foothold in Paris
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter examines the early career of Vincent de Paul between 1581 and 1611, moving from his birth and education to his arrival in Paris in 1608, and his immersion in the dévot environment there. It begins with a summary of his birth in south-west France and his years of education to university level. It then outlines his appointment as an almoner in the royal household of Marguerite de Valois in early 1610, after he had taken up residence in Paris two years earlier. It concludes with an analysis of the other aspects of his material livelihood during these years, including his acquisition of the abbey of Saint-Léonard-de-Chaumes in western France.
Early Patrons and Favours
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 provides a narrative account of Vincent de Paul’s activities between 1612 and 1617. It concentrates on new connections with prominent dévots in Paris, whose sponsorship provided him with opportunities for material stability and for the expansion of his rather limited pastoral experience. These included his patron employers, the high noble Gondi family, and Pierre de Bérulle, founder of the French Oratory, and founding figure of the French School of Spirituality. The appointments that resulted from these contacts were a preceptorship in the Gondi household, followed by a role as spiritual director to Madame de Gondi, and two sojourns as curé of the parishes of Clichy and Châtillon-lès-Dombes.
Identifying Pastoral Strategies
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

The conventional narrative of de Paul’s activities in the 1610s concentrates on two famous episodes that took place in 1617—those of the confession, sermon, and mission of Folleville, and the foundation of his first confraternity of charity in Châtillon-lès-Dombes. Contrarily, Chapter 3 takes a more revealing panoramic view of these years, to demonstrate that de Paul’s pastoral skills and experience grew intensively as he enjoyed different perspectives as a parish priest and a private clerical employee on large rural estates. He isolated deficiencies in the service that the clergy provided to the rural faithful and devised remedies in response, while also seeking to give formal expression to existing devotional inclinations. It confirms that de Paul found the perfect testing ground to pick out his preferred tools of ministry (sacramental observance; catechesis; confraternal formation), and to settle on a template for the ideal reformed parish.
Saint-Lazare, Bons-Enfants, and Clerical Formation
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 is the first of a trio of chapters which track the expansion of the Lazarists’ original remit of rural missions to a more diverse portfolio of pastoral work from the 1630s. Seminaries are amongst the most important products of the Catholic Reformation in France and elsewhere during the Tridentine period, and de Paul was one of the earliest and most successful innovators in this domain in France. His decision to permit the Lazarists to assume responsibility for ordinand retreats and subsequently for seminaries is of acute importance in exploring his ability to expand the remit of the Lazarists’ mission so that it tackled reform on a second front. The chapter concentrates on the foundation of robust institutional models for clerical training in Paris in the 1630s and early 1640s, and de Paul’s direction of a special company of clerics known as the Tuesday Conferences from 1633.
Patrons and Houses (1635–1643)
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

As membership of the Lazarists swelled from the mid-1630s, de Paul introduced a new era for the group, characterized by major expansions in activity and infrastructure. This chapter investigates the first of two stages in provincial expansion in France, tracking de Paul’s efforts to found and fund houses for missions and retreats in the French provinces. It investigates the steps that he took to ensure the establishment of eight houses in north-eastern, eastern, and western France to mid-1643, the first located in Toul and the last in Sedan, both close to the north-eastern French border. Key to this development of the Lazarist infrastructure and activity was the acquisition of new patrons, including the Richelieu family and the French crown.
Leaving a Legacy in a Fragmented Church
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

From the early 1640s, the debate that ensued over Jansenist ideas in France irreparably fractured the basic unity of the reform movement. Chapter 12 tracks de Paul’s attitude and actions in the campaign to defeat Jansenism during the 1640s and 1650s, establishing that these should be assessed in terms of ethos, reputation, and legacy. It therefore concerns de Paul’s efforts to reassert control over his own reputation and the ethos of the Lazarists, in order to ensure that the Congregation retained sufficient legitimacy to survive its founder’s death. It displays a particular concern to gauge the degree to which de Paul was able to use the pre-existing collaborative network he had developed through missions and clerical formation to combat Jansenism, as well as to identify new, dispute-specific, alliances that he made on the strength of shared opposition to the movement.
Relativistic Invariance
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The principle of relativistic invariance. Starting from the three-dimensional rotation group, the chapter proceeds with the analysis of the Lorentz group and SL(2,C). The three- and four-dimensional spinorial representations are presented.
The Electromagnetic Field
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The electromagnetic field. A brief review of Maxwell’s equations with a discussion of their invariance properties, both relativistic and gauge invariance. The formalism of Green’s functions is developed, including some physical applications.
Analyticity Properties of Feynman Diagrams
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

General discussion of the analyticity properties of Feynman diagrams. Cutting rules and the Cutkosky unitarity relations. Unstable particles and second sheet singularities. Dispersion relations and the Mandelstam representation. The analytic S-matrix theory and the bootstrap hypothesis.
Islamic Law and Muslim Women in Modern Indonesia
Authors: Hefner Robert W.
Published: May 2017

In recent years many Muslim-majority countries have undergone troubled and even tragic political transitions. A key feature of most transitions has been heightened debate over the place of women in public life, and the role of Shari‘a and Islamic ethical traditions in defining women’s roles. This chapter examines the pervasiveness of Shari‘a appeals in today’s transitions, in particular with regard to the Southeast Asian nation of Indonesia. It presents a general model for the analysis of Islamic law and ethical plurality, and then explores the model in relation to the history of Islamic law and gender politics in modern Indonesia. It ends with an analysis of the unsuccessful effort of the Islamic women’s movement in 2004 to introduce far-reaching gender reforms into the codified body of Islamic personal status law used since 1991 in Indonesia’s Islamic courts.
Gender Roles and Political, Social, and Economic Change in Bangladesh and Senegal
Authors: Marshall Katherine
Published: May 2017

This chapter compares secular and religious influences on evolving gender roles and norms in two long-standing democratically governed countries: Bangladesh and Senegal. A broadly moderate and tolerant character of Islam and generally constructive political engagement between political and religious leaders explain the relative success of these democratic institutions. Religious leaders have generally acquiesced in, if not actively supported, developments such as education for girls and health policies, but tensions have arisen with regard to family law, microcredit, and industrial employment. Religious leadership in both countries remains a male province, though significant groups of women (secular and religious) are contesting traditional religious teachings and tacit understandings of family and leadership. Backlash against women’s public roles and changing family dynamics in both countries is generally linked to more extremist interpretations of Islam, but there are broader conservative pressures, and thus challenging agendas ahead.
Reforming Muslim Family Laws in Non-Muslim Democracies
Authors: Sezgin Yüksel
Published: May 2017

Israel and Greece belong to a small group of countries that formally recognize and apply Muslim Family Laws (MFLs) within their legal systems. Although state-enforced MFLs affect human and women’s rights negatively, both Greek and Israeli governments have refrained from direct legislative interventions into substantive MFLs under their jurisdictions. Instead, they allowed civil courts to play the role of “reformer.” In this respect, the chapter asks whether civil courts in these two non-Muslim countries have been able to effect any substantive or procedural changes in MFLs. By analyzing the Israeli and Greek civil courts’ Shari‘a jurisprudence, the chapter shows that the effect of civil courts on MFLs has been mostly indirect, through pressure on religious courts/authorities to undertake self-reform.
Law, Gender, and Nation
Authors: Narain Vrinda
Published: May 2017

Contemporary democracies have emphasized the recognition of religious and cultural diversity through policies of multiculturalism that recognize minority rights. In this regard, the status of Muslim women in a democracy with multiple legal systems, such as India, is representative of these new forms of democratic politics. While the Indian constitution guarantees equality to all citizens in the public sphere, in the private sphere of the family, the state enforces explicitly discriminatory personal laws as a demonstration of its commitment to minority rights, posing serious challenges for Muslim women’s equality. In this context, evaluating the success of legal pluralism through the implementation of Muslim personal law cannot ignore the negative impact of this understanding of legal pluralism on gender equality. Against this backdrop, this chapter examines how notions of secularism, religious freedom, and the protection of minority rights mediate the legal status of Muslim women in India.
Making Spaces in Malaysia
Authors: Stivens Maila
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the significance of gender relations, gendered action, and women’s rights claims in making new politics, new publics, and new private spheres within the Malaysian national Islamic modernity project. The closely entwined moral projects of a modernizing state and revivalist Islam, especially the highly gendered cultural politics of the recent Islamizing order, have posed significant challenges for both Muslim and non-Muslim activists seeking spaces for women’s rights claims. Rejecting a simplistic association of struggles for gender justice with secularisms and secular modernity, however, the chapter points to the roles of Muslim women in the long histories of women’s organizations and women’s sections of parties, and the importance of women’s active engagements in the remaking of Muslim thought and practice in recent years. Contemporary womanist and feminist dialogue and practice are seen as highly significant elements in the ongoing reshaping of “public” and “private” spaces alike.
Applications of Density Functional Theory
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

In this chapter we give examples of how density functional theory describes some of the most basic magnetic properties of a material. This involves spin and orbital moments, Heisenberg exchange parameters and magnetic form factors. Relativistic effects couple spin and orbital space and make magnetic materials anisotropic, which means that the ground state magnetization is oriented parallel or perpendicular to high symmetry directions of the crystalline structure. We also illustrate how well density functional theory describes cohesive properties and how magnetism influence these properties. These examples serve to give a general picture of how well density functional theory, as described in the previous chapters, can reproduce relevant features of magnetic materials, as well as to illustrate that the onset of spin-polarization can have drastic influence on all properties of a material.
The Damping Term, from First Principles
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

In the previous chapters we described the basic principles of density functional theory, gave examples of how accurate it is to describe static magnetic properties in general, and derived from this basis the master equation for atomistic spin-dynamics; the SLL (or SLLG) equation. However, one term was not described in these chapters, namely the damping parameter. This parameter is a crucial one in the SLL (or SLLG) equation, since it allows for energy and angular momentum to dissipate from the simulation cell. The damping parameter can be evaluated from density functional theory, and the Kohn-Sham equation, and it is possible to determine its value experimentally. This chapter covers in detail the theoretical aspects of how to calculate theoretically the damping parameter. Chapter 8 is focused, among other things, on the experimental detection of the damping, using ferromagnetic resonance.
The Curious Case of Mary Hylas
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

The circulation of medical knowledge about fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth, both in the Atlantic world and on plantations in the Americas, is reflected in plantation management manuals written by British doctors who lived and worked in the Caribbean. Although midwives presided over most births on plantations during the age of abolition, doctors became increasingly concerned with solving the problem of infertility. Plantation doctors elaborated theories, grounded in European medical traditions, about the delivery of Afro-Caribbean children and the causes of Afro-Caribbean infertility. Sexual promiscuity and consequent venereal disease figured large among these supposed causes. The story of Matthew Lewis, who grew up in England and traveled to Jamaica for the first time as an adult in order to reform management practices on two plantations inherited from his father, provides a case study in the deployment of new plantation management practices designed to promote reproduction and recommended by British doctors.
A West Indian Midwife’s Tale
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

The abolition of the Atlantic slave trade by the British government in 1807 was prompted by a confluence of geopolitical developments and concerns about reproduction. Shifts in the Atlantic world sugar economy had led to a glut on the British sugar market, and boosting production was therefore less of an economic concern than safeguarding reproduction. After 1807, demographic and financial calculations regarding the future of the plantation system intensified with the institution of a registry system designed to track slave populations. By 1823, British politicians, both abolitionists and West Indian planters, agreed to further radical reform: they hoped that encouraging Christian marital mores would finally bring about economically beneficial population growth. Acts legalizing Afro-Caribbean marriage were subsequently passed throughout the Caribbean. The outcome of this new emphasis on family life was ironic: as slavery gave way to wage labor, the costs of reproduction were shifted to Afro-Caribbean parents.
The Meditations
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

Despite its difference in aspiration, the Meditations preserves the basic structure of perceptual experience outlined in Descartes’s earliest works. The chapter explores Descartes’s notion of an idea and uses a developmental reading to clear up the mystery surrounding material falsity. In the third Meditation, our protagonist does not yet know enough about extension in order to be able to tell whether her idea of cold is an idea of a real feature of bodies or merely the idea of a sensation. By the time she reaches the end of her reflections, she has learned that sensible qualities are at most sensations. As in his earliest stages, Descartes believes that the real work of perceiving the geometrical qualities of bodies is done by the brain image, which he persists in calling an ‘idea,’ at least when it is the object of mental awareness.
Later Descartes
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

Descartes’s third model of perception is stated in the sixth Replies. This chapter explores the three ‘grades of sensory perception’ and argues that, for the first and only time in his career, Descartes here claims that we must use our awareness of color to judge the common sensibles. Descartes’s final model abandons this claim. Instead, his later works posit a purely causal explanation for the occurrence of sensations and ideas. It is still up to the mind to ‘refer’ these things to objects in the subject’s environment. This chapter concludes with an argument from Nicolas Malebranche that makes all four stages problematic. According to this ‘selection argument,’ there is no way for the mind to know which of its ideas or sensations it should summon (stage one), nor is there any way to know which object should be paired with which idea or sensation (stages two, three, and four).
Purity and Defilement in the Greco-Roman East and in Judaism
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes how purity and defilement were practiced and discussed in diverse cults throughout the Hellenistic and Roman Empires and in contemporary Judaism. There were several types of purity and defilement. The first, a “truce” impurity perception, was temporary and mundane, a defilement occurring when there was an obstruction to the normal order or when categories were mixed up. A second type, the “battle” impurity perception, followed exceptional actions, typically deliberate, such as murder or adultery. Here purification required both punishment by the community and ritual actions, such as sacrifice. A third type became more and more significant in the first centuries CE. This was the defilement of the individual by his or her evil actions and dispositions, conceptualized at times as a “defilement of the soul,” and its purification through asceticism, philosophy, or repentance. Though purity and defilement also featured in Greco-Roman religion, it received an unusually central role in Judaism.
Early Christian Attitudes Towards Dietary Impurity
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes how purity and defilement were practiced and discussed in diverse cults throughout the Hellenistic and Roman Empires and in contemporary Judaism. There were several types of purity and defilement. The first, a “truce” impurity perception, was temporary and mundane, a defilement occurring when there was an obstruction to the normal order or when categories were mixed up. A second type, the “battle” impurity perception, followed exceptional actions, typically deliberate, such as murder or adultery. Here purification required both punishment by the community and ritual actions, such as sacrifice. A third type became more and more significant in the first centuries CE. This was the defilement of the individual by his or her evil actions and dispositions, conceptualized at times as a “defilement of the soul,” and its purification through asceticism, philosophy, or repentance. Though purity and defilement also featured in Greco-Roman religion, it received an unusually central role in Judaism.
Early Christian Attitudes Towards Death Defilement
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 turns to an area in which the idea of purity was nominally rejected: purification from death defilement, commonly practiced throughout the ancient world. Christian writers spoke of death defilement in a polemic context, characterizing purification from contact with corpses and tombs as a Jewish preoccupation, which Christians should not practice. It is quite unclear, however, to what extent Christian death impurity practice was in fact different from that of pagans or Jews. A close reading of the texts in their historical contexts, especially the Didascalia Apostolorum, indicates that Christian purity discourse in this area is better understood as constructing Christian identity, rather than reflecting contemporary practice.
Dietary and Sexual Purity in Jewish-Christian Communities
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 is dedicated to texts providing information on Jewish-Christian communities, especially the 26th chapter of the Didascalia Apostolorum, the Pseudo-Clementines, and sources on the Elchasites. These sources show that baptism had a purificatory role quite similar to that which it received in other communities with a focus on purification from sexual sin. Other purificatory washings were practiced as well, mostly as purification from genital emissions or from sexual relations. Demons were frequently invoked to explain the workings of impurity. As all of these ideas and practices existed also in other Christian communities, none of them individually are unique to Jewish-Christians. Nevertheless, the combination of all of them together created a purity discourse with a specific flavor, which was not simply of retaining Jewish custom but of a different conceptualization of purity and defilement.
From Primitive Accumulation to Regimes of Dispossession
Authors: Levien Michael
Published: May 2017

In order to analyze land alienation in contemporary India, Shapan Adnan follows a theoretical approach in which mechanisms of primitive accumulation are not restricted to use of force, but include land transfer by agreement, as well as indirect mechanisms that are concerned with very different objectives. Reviewing evidence on land grabs, resistance, and workforce trends, he argues that primitive accumulation under neoliberal globalization has not been substantially followed by the absorption of the dispossessed in regular capitalist employment. Adnan puts forward a set of hypotheses to explain why the self-employed constituted at least half or more of the Indian workforce over 1999–2012. While such trends indicate a partial and short-run divergence from the classic Marxian schema of the transition to capitalism, Adnan argues that, given ongoing trends in the national and global economy, the long run outcome in India remains an open question.
Agrarian Crisis and Accumulation in Rural India
Authors: Banerjee Arindam
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the contentious issue of state-led land transfers and the role of law in mediating between corporate interests and the demands of groups dispossessed by “forcible” land acquisitions. Arguing, with Gramsci, that an important function of law-making is to participate in the organization of consent, the authors suggest that law-making in the context of land transfers in India aims to arrive at compromise equilibria between the interests of dominant and subaltern groups. From this position, the chapter scrutinizes the dialectic between grassroots-based “law-struggles” against dispossession and government law-making regulating land transfers, which eventually gave rise to the new Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (LARR) Bill. While the authors acknowledge the progressive measures contained in the act, they also suggest that it may nonetheless, in the long run, facilitate the process of neoliberal social and economic restructuring in India.
How Much Land Does a Capitalist Need?
Authors: Raianu Mircea
Published: May 2017

This chapter attempts to construct a multisite ethnography of land grab by the government for private profit-making companies in Paschim (west) Medinipur district of West Bengal under the pro-peasant leftist government. The text of the article juxtaposes the direct fieldwork experiences with archival data collected from land acquisition files. The transition from a land-based rural economy toward an industrial regime was not smooth. It was characterized by protest, resistance, and bargains by the peasants as well as government and private company failures despite official claims of industrial development and employment during the transition. This micro level anthropological study also has macro implications in which the author takes up the role of a storyteller, an actor interacting with parliamentarians at New Delhi as an expert on land acquisition, and also listening to the protesting and satirical voices of the peasants affected by governmental land grab.
An Ethnographer’s Journey through Land Grab for Capitalists by the Left Front Government in West Bengal
Authors: Guha Abhijit
Published: May 2017

Chakraborty and Ray discuss the ‘land question’ by critically examining the appropriation of community land and subsequent dispossession of the tribes embedded in the social economy of the hills of Northeast India. They state that the historico-epistemological hiatus between the customary law abiding tribes vis-à-vis the positive law imposing state appears to be fundamental in understanding the difference between the two contrasting interpretations of property rights enacted in the highlands of the region. The trivialization of community land and dispossession of the tribal masses in Manipur, Meghalaya, and Tripura suggests that constitutional protections have fallen short in protecting the community resources of the tribes. The hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh and the threats of dispossession of the communities under the hegemony of state-business collusion represent the continuing process of appropriation of the community resources in the hill areas.
Postscript
Authors: Costa Anthony P. D’
Published: May 2017

This prelude links democracy, populism, and primitive accumulation to the land question in India. Chatterjee argues that contemporary dispossession of peasants from their land in postcolonial societies is different from the historical experiences of the early industrializers. The surplus labor, which primitive accumulation produced through dispossession was earlier politically managed by the state by venting to labor scarce, land abundant regions such as North America and Australia. Late industrializers such as India do not have this option and are instead saddled with a vast informal economy and the dispossessed lie outside the orbit of the capitalist growth economy. Here the Indian state politically manages this surplus labor by providing benefits through populist policies while at the same time facilitating dispossession, a development that not has a high political cost but the effects of primitive accumulation are reversed.
Introduction
Authors: Adrych Philippa , Bracey Robert , Dalglish Dominic , Lenk Stefanie , Wood Rachel
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on two marble tauroctony statue groups that are now in the British Museum’s collection. Both are thought to be originally from Rome and date roughly to between the end of the first and the second century AD. In this opening chapter, we look at several of the many interpretations that have been offered for the tauroctony and discuss the image’s development in the Roman world. At the heart of all such interpretations lies the problem of how to reconstruct an ancient reality based on scant remains. These carefully constructed compositions, painstakingly restored in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, simultaneously present us with the characteristic representation of Mithras in the Roman Empire, yet also show the difficulties in reconstructing ancient religion from a fragmented material record.
Identifications
Authors: Adrych Philippa , Bracey Robert , Dalglish Dominic , Lenk Stefanie , Wood Rachel
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 responds to the previous chapter by looking at the complications that surround a very clearly labelled image of Mithra. This image appears on coins minted in Bactria, a region in the Kushan Empire that spanned parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India from the early first century AD to the early third century AD. On these coins we find a youthful figure with a halo identified as ‘Miiro’, who is offering a blessing for the king, Kanishka. The public nature of these coins is contrasted with less-accessible depictions of the god found in sanctuaries across Bactria. The precise character of who is represented and what was understood by these labels and images is complex, and so this chapter explores how the name ‘Miiro’ on these coins related to the religious beliefs of the Bactrian population.
Interpretations
Authors: Adrych Philippa , Bracey Robert , Dalglish Dominic , Lenk Stefanie , Wood Rachel
Published: May 2017

On the mountain of Nemrut Dağı in the kingdom of Commagene, we have a first-century BC stele with a depiction of a king, Antiochus I, grasping the hand of a figure named ‘Apollo-Mithras-Helios-Hermes’. This image, and others from across the kingdom depicting a god named in this way, call upon a variety of iconographic and linguistic traditions that raise questions about the way conceptions of the divine could be selected, rationalized, and propagated. This act of comparing and combining religious traditions, often referred to as ‘syncretism’, allows us to think about what the use of the name Mithra suggests to us beyond the relatively simple transmission of a god. In turn, the discussion of the importance of iconographies and names associated with deities leads us to reflect on the nature of divinity in antiquity more generally.