bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of Census data for target marketing — the way forward for the tourism industry
Authors: Collins Jill , Wallace Jackie
Published: September 2014

The 1991 Census contains a wealth of information which has been refined using ACORN, the pioneer geodemographic classification system. Through a sophisticated analysis of postcodes, in combination with an age analysis, the tourist industry can now benefit from important strategic information for marketing use.
Managing yield: a marketing perspective
Authors: Donaghy Kevin , McMahon Una
Published: September 2014

Yield Management has been successfully adopted by the airline industry following deregulation of the US airlines in the 1970s. As a management tool for enhancing profit Yield Management has been adopted within the accommodation division of hotels as a means to increase occupancy and room rates simultaneously. This paper presents the key stages in a Yield Management system and highlights the link between Yield Management and the marketing function within hotels. The authors present five 'Yield Marketing Practices', which are essential for the effective implementation of Yield Management, and introduce a 'Yield Segmentation Process' to direct the collection of some essential marketing data.
Spring break student travel: a longitudinal study
Authors: Hobson J. S. Perry , Josiam Bharath
Published: September 2014

Spring break travel is a unique North American youth tourism phenomenon, generating millions of dollars for the tourism industry. This longitudinal study surveyed students at the University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA, over a four-year period. It examines the changes that have occurred in spring break travel patterns over the years of 1991 to 1994. Implications for marketers, tour operators and destinations are presented.
Designing a tourism marketing assessment for San Antonio, Texas
Authors: Heller Victor L.
Published: September 2014

Many worldwide communities, in spite of possessing outstanding tourism resources, have not been able to market them successfully. Developing a tourism marketing assessment provides the local destination management organisation (eg convention and visitors' bureaux, chamber of commerce etc) a model for understanding the nature of their tourism product, their competitive market position and resident needs and concerns. It helps determine how to allocate scarce resources in order to achieve specific economic developement objectives (ie tax revenue generation and job creation). This research paper outlines the process of designing a community tourism marketing assessment plan using the city of San Antonio, Texas as a model.
Media relations — What can the hotel industry learn?
Authors: Carvell Pamela
Published: September 2014

Public relations and in particular media rela tions should form an essential part of any hotel business. The basic disciplines of planning and measuring performance should be applied to PR as they are to other business disciplines. Press releases are the most used method of generating media coverage, although other communication methods should be used as relevant. It is important to understand the differences between news and features.
Gait and Apathy as Relevant Symptoms of Subcortical Vascular Dementia
Authors: Moretti Rita , Cavressi Monica , Tomietto Paola
Published: September 2014

Background:

Subcortical vascular dementia relates to small-vessel disease and hypoperfusion, resulting in focal and diffuse ischemic white matter lesions. The main target of the disease are the frontal subcortical neural networks. There is no clinical standard definition of the pathology, on the contrary, everyday clinical practice suggests dominant behavioral alterations and dysexecutive syndrome.

Methods:

The aim of this study was to investigate gait disorders, behavioral alteration, and drug intake of a subcortical population with dementia (n = 1155). A complete neuropsychological examination was conducted at baseline and every 6 months, and the results were compared.

Results:

Our data suggest that there is a significant increment in apathy levels and a dramatic decrease in gait and equilibrium control in the patients examined during follow-up.

Conclusion:

Subcortical vascular dementia may be associated with gait and balance alteration and apathy per se; we suggest to implement clinical data with these major aspects.
Supporting and Sharing—Home Birth
Authors: Jouhki Maija-Riitta , Suominen Tarja , Åstedt-Kurki Päivi
Published: September 2014

The planned home birth has provoked discussion around the world. Home birth has been described as a positive experience, but results regarding the safety of home birth are controversial. To date, the phenomenon has mainly been examined from the mother’s point of view, and there is only one previous study reporting fathers’ perspective. The purpose of the present phenomenological qualitative interview study was to investigate fathers’ experiences of planned home birth. Eleven fathers were interviewed, and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. The fathers followed the woman’s wish in choosing the birthplace and set aside their own views. Furthermore, hospital birth was not an option for the fathers due to their own prior negative experiences of hospital births such as disturbing the natural progress of birth. The fathers’ experience of home birth included sharing the responsibility, supporting the woman, and participating in the home birth process. The experience was challenging; fathers had to take the role of a midwife, and no support or information on organizing home birth was offered by public health services. The fathers felt that the home birth connected them as family, and the experience was empowering. Our study results suggest that the health care professionals need more education and information on home birth and that the families (including fathers) interested in home birth need greater support from health care professionals. There is a need for proper national home birth guidelines, while family-and client-centered care has to be improved in birthing hospitals.
The politics of police ‘privatization’: A multiple streams approach
Authors: White Adam
Published: September 2014

In October 2010, the UK Coalition government announced a 20 per cent reduction in the police budget over four years as part of its post-financial crisis Comprehensive Spending Review. In response to this new ‘politics of austerity’ many police forces began to consider outsourcing key services areas to the private sector on an unprecedented scale so as to make the required savings. However, this policy initiative was soon cut short. By March 2012 a prominent media debate on police ‘privatization’ was starting to heat up; in July 2012 the failure of G4S to meet the conditions of its Olympics security contract generated extensive negative publicity and triggered a parliamentary enquiry; and in the run-up to the November 2012 Police and Crime Commissioner elections many candidates could be found campaigning on an ‘anti-privatization’ platform – all of which had the effect of removing police outsourcing from the policy agenda. It had become too politically controversial. This article uses the multiple streams approach to explore the opening and closing of the police outsourcing window. In so doing, it contends that the dynamics of this policy area have ultimately been shaped by the liberal state-building process which emerged out of early enlightenment political thought and continues today.
Minimizing the Pain and Probability of Rejection
Authors: Sommer Kristin L. , Bernieri Frank
Published: September 2014

Some studies have revealed evidence for proximity seeking following interpersonal rejection, whereas other studies have found evidence of relational distancing (Williams, 2007). This study examined whether both processes could occur simultaneously within face-to-face interactions. Participants were accepted or rejected by one person and then interacted with a new partner for the purposes of an impression-formation task. Conversations were recorded and transcribed. Dyads containing a previously rejected compared to accepted participant exhibited higher levels of linguistic style matching and reciprocated conversational content, suggestive of proximity seeking. However, rejected targets also rated their new partners as less kind and reported lower levels of rapport/liking for their partners, consistent with relational distancing. Partner evaluations were statistically mediated by targets’ expectations of rejection. We suggest that automatic proximity seeking and the appraisal-mediated devaluation of new partners reflect efforts to minimize the potential for and pain of future rejection. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
An Ideological House of Mirrors
Authors: Scherer Aaron M. , Windschitl Paul D. , Graham Jesse
Published: September 2014

Previous research on political stereotypes has focused on the perceived moral values or political attitudes of conservatives and liberals. The current studies examined whether laypeople hold stereotypes about the psychological traits of Republicans and Democrats and whether those stereotypes represent exaggerations of actual political differences. Participants completed measures of epistemic (Study 1), existential (Study 2), and ideological (Study 2) motives. Participants also completed these measures based on how they thought the average Republican and average Democrat would respond. Consistent with previous research, Republicans scored higher on these measures of motivated social cognition than Democrats. Critically, political stereotypes about Democrats and Republicans mirrored, but exaggerated, the actual differences. Despite an overall tendency of participants to engage in stereotype exaggeration, Democrats engaged in greater stereotype exaggeration compared to Republicans, and partisans (individuals who strongly identified with either party) engaged in greater stereotype exaggeration compared to more moderate party members.
Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs)
Authors: Barnosky Anthony D , Holmes Michael , Kirchholtes Renske , Lindsey Emily , Maguire Kaitlin C , Poust Ashley W , Stegner M Allison , Sunseri Jun , Swartz Brian , Swift Jillian , Villavicencio Natalia A , Wogan Guinevere OU
Published: September 2014

Human impacts have left and are leaving distinctive imprints in the geological record. Here we show that in North America, the human-caused changes evident in the mammalian fossil record since c. 14,000 years ago are as pronounced as earlier faunal changes that subdivide Cenozoic epochs into the North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). Accordingly, we define two new North American Land Mammal Ages, the Santarosean and the Saintagustinean, which subdivide Holocene time and complete a biochronologic system that has proven extremely useful in dating terrestrial deposits and in revealing major features of faunal change through the past 66 million years. The new NALMAs highlight human-induced changes to the Earth system, and inform the debate on whether or not defining an Anthropocene epoch is justified, and if so, when it began.
Sonographic Evaluation of a Cavoportal Hemitransposition Liver Transplant
Authors: Bieker Teresa M.
Published: September 2014

Extensive portal vein thrombosis is no longer considered a contraindication for liver transplantation. With cavoportal hemitransposition (portal diversion) or other surgical techniques, patients with portal vein thrombosis who would otherwise succumb to their liver disease are able to receive a transplant. A series of three cases is presented describing the evaluation and liver transplant procedures in patients with portal vein thrombosis. Sonography is shown to be an important tool both for diagnosing portal vein thrombosis and evaluating the portal system following transplantation.
Performance of standard procedures in detection of EGFR mutations in daily practice in advanced NSCLC patients selected according to the ESMO guideline: a large Caucasian cohort study
Authors: Hantson Inge , Dooms Christophe , Verbeken Eric , Vandenberghe Peter , Vliegen Liesbet , Roskams Tania , Borght Sara Vander , Nackaerts Kris , Wauters Isabelle , Vansteenkiste Johan
Published: September 2014

Background

ESMO consensus recommends EGFR mutation testing in never/former light smokers (<15 pack-years) or patients with non-squamous NSCLC. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency and clinical predictors of EGFR mutations, and the role of specimen sampling tests, in Caucasian standard practice setting.

Methods

We screened 297 patients according to this consensus. Mutational analysis of EGFR was performed using the Therascreen EGFR RGQ PCR mutation kit. Clinical and pathological correlative data were collected.

Results

An EGFR activating mutation was found in 32 patients (11%), twelve exon 19 deletions, two exon 18 and eighteen exon 21 point mutations. Most were in females, but half were in smokers. Negative TTF-1 staining had a very strong negative predictive value (all except one patient had TTF-1 positive adenocarcinoma). Both biopsies as well as cytology specimens (mainly EBUS-TBNA) did well: 24 mutations in 213 biopsy samples (11.2%) and 8 in 84 cytology samples (9.5%), respectively. The Therascreen acted as a sensitive test in all types of samples: 7 activating mutations were found in samples rated to have <5% of tumour cells, and there were only 4 test failures in the whole series.

Conclusion

In this Caucasian standard practice NSCLC cohort, tested according to the ESMO consensus, activating EGFR mutation occurred in 11% of the patients. Half of these were in former/current smokers. With our sampling technique and use of the Therascreen kit, EBUS-TBNA cell blocks performed as good as biopsies.
Generic affiliations of Canthium species placed under Pyrostria group B sensu Bridson (Vanguerieae, Rubiaceae) inferred from morphology and molecular data
Authors: Alejandro Grecebio Jonathan D , Magdaleno Carizza Marie M , Pacia Joseph Alvin T , Paraguison Lyn D , Quiogue Kim Karlo C , Wong Annie Eliza D , Yayen Krysten Marie R , Arriola Axel H
Published: September 2014

Background

Pyrostria sensu lato (s.l.) is regarded as one of the polyphyletic group within Vanguerieae formerly comprising of Pyrostria sensu stricto (s.s.), Pyrostria group A and Pyrostria group B delineated by the number of locules and geographical occurrence. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies within the genus have narrowed its circumscription that resulted in the merging of Pyrostria group A and Pyrostria s.s. Although some species of Pyrostria group B were already transferred to Pyrostria s.s. and Psydrax based on morphology, other representatives of the group remain unsettled.

Results

Bayesian and parsimony analysis of the combined ITS (nrDNA) and trnL-F (cpDNA) datasets showed a well-supported clade of the whole Vanguerieae containing four Philippine endemic representatives of Pyrostria group B. The placement of Canthium oligophlebium, Canthium obovatifolium and Canthium ramosii within Pyrostria s.s. (PP = 0.99; BS = 85%) is robustly supported likewise the affiliation of C. gynochthodes with Psydrax (PP = 0.94; BS = 85%). Morphological features shared by our species with Pyrostria s.s. and Psydrax further supports our molecular data.

Conclusion

Our study supports the earlier hypothesis that Canthium oligophlebium, C. obovatifolium and C. ramosii should be placed under Pyrostria s.s. except for C. gynochthodes that grouped with Psydrax. Four new combinations are proposed in this study. The generic affiliations of other species of Pyrostria group B should be reinvestigated towards a more natural classfication in Vanguerieae.
TRPM7 channels regulate proliferation and polarisation of macrophages
Authors: Schilling Tom , Miralles Francesc , Eder Claudia
Published: September 2014

Ion channels play pivotal roles in regulating important functions of macrophages, such as cytokine and chemokine production, migration, proliferation, phagocytosis and others. In this study, we have identified a novel ion channel type in macrophages, namely transient receptor potential M7 (TRPM7) channels. TRPM7 channel activity is differentially regulated in macrophages, i.e. TRPM7 current density is significantly larger in anti-inflammatory M2-type macrophages than in untreated and in pro-inflammatory M1-type macrophages, while TRPM7 channel mRNA levels remain unchanged upon cell polarisation. The specific TRPM7 channel inhibitors NS8593 or FTY720 abolished proliferation of macrophages induced by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), while the proliferation arrest was not accompanied by induction of apoptosis or necrosis in macrophages. Furthermore, NS8593 and FTY720 prevented polarisation of macrophages towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Inhibition of TRPM7 channels reduced IL-4-induced upregulation of arginase-1 mRNA levels and arginase activity, and abolished the inhibitory effects of IL-4 or M-CSF on LPS-induced TNF-α production by macrophages. In summary, our data suggest a major role of TRPM7 channels in regulating macrophage proliferation and polarisation.
MLN51 triggers P-body disassembly and formation of a new type of RNA granules
Authors: Cougot Nicolas , Daguenet Élisabeth , Baguet Aurélie , Cavalier Annie , Thomas Daniel , Bellaud Pascale , Fautrel Alain , Godey Florence , Bertrand Édouard , Tomasetto Catherine , Gillet Reynald
Published: September 2014

Metastatic Lymph Node 51 (MLN51) is a core component of the exon junction complex (EJC), which is loaded on spliced mRNAs and plays an essential role in their fate. Unlike the three other EJC core components (eIF4AIII, Magoh and Y14), MLN51 is mainly located in the cytoplasm where it plays a key role in stress granules assembly. In this study, we further investigated the cytoplasmic role of MLN51. We show that MLN51 is a new component of processing bodies (P-bodies). When overexpressed, MLN51 localizes in novel small cytoplasmic foci. These contain RNA, show directed movements, and are distinct from stress granules and P-bodies. The appearance of these foci correlates with the process of P-body disassembly. A similar reduction in PB count is also observed in human HER2+ breast cancer cells overexpressing MLN51. This suggests that P-body disassembly and subsequent mRNA deregulation may correlate to cancer progression.
Subunit composition of the human cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex
Authors: Asante David , Stevenson Nicola L. , Stephens David J.
Published: September 2014

Cytoplasmic dynein-2 is the motor for retrograde intraflagellar transport and mutations in dynein-2 are known to cause skeletal ciliopathies. Here we define for the first time the composition of the human cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex. We show that the ciliopathy genes WDR34 and WDR60 are bona fide dynein-2 intermediate chains and are both required for dynein-2 function. In addition, we identify TCTEX1D2 as a unique dynein-2 light chain that is itself required for cilia function. We define several subunits common to both dynein-1 and dynein-2 including TCTEX-1 and -3, Roadblock-1 and -3, and LC8-1 and -2 light chains. We also find that NudCD3 associates with dynein-2 as it does with dynein-1. In contrast, the common dynein-1 regulators dynactin, LIS1, or BICD2 are not found in association with dynein-2. These data explain why mutations in either WDR34 or WDR60 cause disease as well as identifying TCTEX1D2 as a candidate ciliopathy gene.
Health-impaired children social integration: Russian and Non-Russian historical experience
Authors: Жимаева Екатерина , Zhimaeva Ekaterina
Published: September 2014

The article is devoted to an analysis of health-impaired children social integration. The author identifies six major stages in the development of a society’s attitude towards disability as a problem and disables children

as a distinct social group: from absolute rejection and even destruction of health-impaired persons to public recognition of equal rights irrespective of health conditions. In the article, the author compares Russian and European experience in health-impaired-people-targeted aid-provision and concludes that Russian experience is significantly different from that of Europe, where aid programmes were informed by the goals and aims of the state. By mid-20th century, European society had come to a realization of health-impaired people’s social equality and begun to develop a social model of disability, the underlying premise of which was active social assistance provided for persons with special needs in the course of their socialization. The predominant attitude in Russia was characterized by plaintive compassion and pity, which shaped the support/aid model as initially grounded in private charity and, later, state provision. By the end of the 20th century, due to global socio-economic reforms, a social model of disability came to be created in Russia. However, legal deficiencies, fund and qualified personnel shortages, as well as the negative stereotypes have so far been challenging the development of the model. As a conclusion, the author insists that the

adaptivity model currently in effect be replaced by a self-actualization model. The author provides practical recommendations concerning personnel training and re-training in the field of social follow-up of healthimpaired people.
Virtual computer-based laboratories in higher education
Authors: Степанов Константин , Stepanov Konstantin , Шепелин Виктор , Shepelin Viktor
Published: September 2014

The authors of the article see the role of computer technologies in higher education as that of a system of scientific knowledge, methods and instruments employed by higher education institutions. In the article, the authors dwell on the characteristic features of the new educational morphology, such as interactivity and learner-centered approach to information and communication technology teaching at all levels

of education; develop a concept of new educational morphology on the basis of virtual Ålectronicworkbench-, Mathcad-, Matlab-supported laboratories; emphasize that a development on new educational morphology on the basis of computer technologies allows for (1) a student transfer from a reproductive to a creative model of learning, (2) an improved cost- and economic-efficiency of higher education establishments.
An Essay on the History and Hermeneutics of Naṣīḥat al-Mulūk by Ghazālī, Abu Ḥamid Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Al-Tūsī: history and methodology
Authors: Конурбаев Марклен , Konurbaev Marklen , Конурбаев Салават , Konurbaev Salavat
Published: September 2014

A hermeneutic analysis of the Oriental Philosophers’ writings is invariably a matter of great challenge and difficulty. It is always full of allegory and literary divagations which intersperse a smooth flow of argumentation. This paper is written by Marklen Konurbaev, Professor of Literature at Moscow State University and his son, Salavat, a student of Arabic Philosophy. The paper consists of six parts and attempts to reveal the hidden message of a famous extract from the renowned book Ihya Ulum Al Din by a Persian philosopher Ghazālī, Abu Ḥamid Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Al-Tūsī, devoted to the analysis of the notion of «fairness» in the doings of a ruler. The hermeneutic analysis was performed based on the methodology propounded by Roland Gérard Barthes — a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist and critic. This is the first ever attempt to put together the methodological efforts of a Western scholar and profoundly oriental piece of philosophy. Results of the hermeneutic study are stunning and elucidating. The paper could be recommended to the students of literature and philosophy at the universities and colleges.
Old Myths, New Tradition: The “Spectacle of Power” in the Politics of Peru and Bolivia at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Kania Marta
Published: September 2014

In the early 21st century, in countries such as Peru and Bolivia, political leaders used an “arsenal” of pre‑Columbian symbols, creating the feeling of national unity and the beginning of a “new era” in a totally unique and spectacular way, and achieving the most important political purpose – the votes of the indigenous electorate and victory in the presidential election. The purpose of this article is to attempt to interpret the events that took place in 2001 (Peru) and 2006 (Bolivia) in the context of the interesting phenomena known as the “politicization of myths” and “spectacle of power,” which were used in the policies of these two countries during the election campaigns of Presidents Alejandro Toledo de Manrique and Evo Morales Ayma.
Space Power Theory: A Tailor‑made Approach or a New Theoretical Challenge to IR?
Authors: Słomczyńska Irma
Published: September 2014

This article aims to analyze U.S. space power theories formulated by eminent military strategists and analysts with reference to International Relations theories. Starting with the statement that space systems and space exploitation are becoming an increasingly important factor for states and non‑state actors, the article seeks to explore if current space power theories meet the requirements of the changing reality. The main assumption of the article is that space power theories in their current form should be perceived rather as tailor‑made doctrines formulated for strategic and political purposes, and not new IR theories, because they have many deficiencies. The article contains a review of basic theoretical attempts made by David E. Lupton, James E. Oberg and James C. Moltz, as well as a critical analysis of them in the context of IR. As a result, the article concludes that a comprehensive space power theory has not been formulated yet, and poses an academic challenge to IR theorists.
Zur Frage der Qualität im Prozess des Simultandolmetschens – von der Theorie zur Empirie
Authors: Tymoszuk Katarzyna
Published: September 2014

Quality in simultaneous interpretation – from theory to empiricism

The aim of the article is to review the most significant theoretical approaches and models referring to the quality of simultaneous interpretation as well as research projects aimed at verifying its particular components. The article is concluded with the presentation of a current state of theoretical discourse and the latest results of experiments concerning this phenomenon.
I kto tu jest realistą? Wokół braci Mackiewiczów, Rosji, komunizmu i Polski Ludowej
Authors: Zakrzewski Maciej
Published: September 2014

Who is a realist? On Mackiewicz brothers, Russia, communism and People’s Republic of Poland

The article describes Josef and Stanislaw Mackiewicz’s, polish publicists, views on the problem of communism, its nature and origins. Main point of difference in their critiques of communism was connected with their views on the relation between communist state and Russian tradition. Stanislaw Mackiewicz after the end of the Second World War was changing his previous opinion and began to see Soviet Union as a new form of Russian imperialism. In this way he could renew the tradition of conservative political realism of Wielopolski. In 1956 r. Stanislaw Mackiewicz came back to Poland and started to act in order to widen polish autonomy in the circumstances of soviet domination. Josef Mackiewicz claimed that communism was a new form of political slavery and that there was no possibilities to act according to traditions of nineteenth century political realism. New dangerous form of political power of Soviet Union exclude any political compromise. In his opinion Soviet Union and its political orbits were no partner for political dialog but an ultimate enemy not only for slaved nations but whole human civilization.
Polityczna gra o prawną regulację procedury in vitro – analiza wybranych aspektów debaty w przestrzeni medialnej
Authors: Łaska-Formejster Alicja
Published: September 2014

The politics game for regulation of in vitro fertilisation procedure – the aspects of debate in the media sphere analysis

The purpose of the study, it has been mentioned in this article, was to describe the course and the range of public debate on some bioethical problems. The author presented the analysis of the articles and information, it had been published in public web portals and websites, in which the writers had referred specifically to the legislative proposals of in vitro fertilisation procedure, and to the Health Minister’s announcement of in vitro financing program from the public budget. The study includes the analysis of the statements of political and religious (Catholic) community’s representatives, medical and scientific experts and journalists. As a result of the study, five dimensions, which describe the course and range of the debate in the media sphere, has been presented.
Retoryka polityczna a rozumienie i uzasadnianie rzeczywistości demokratycznego kapitalizmu w wybranych polskich exposé III Rzeczpospolitej
Authors: Kubala Konrad
Published: September 2014

Political Rhetoric in the Service of Understanding and Justification of Democratic Capitalism Reality in Selected Polish Exposé of the Third Republic of Poland The main aim of this paper is to reconstruct the most important rhetorical elements of selected Polish exposé in the transition period. The author assumes that rhetoric is a tool to exposé the symbolic legitimacy of a particular rationality of governance. Exposé is an ideological answer to the question: “how to live” and “what is society”. The answers to these questions, given in terms of democratic capitalism, is, according to the author, associated with the need to naturalize such a world view in which the individual must individually seek the basica promise of politicians – safety. Article provides an overview of “images” of the society and the political authority tasks that we can find in the exposé four Polish prime ministers during the Third Republic of Poland.
„Debata” Tomasza Lisa z Jarosławem Kaczyńskim
Authors: Jakubowski Paweł
Published: September 2014

“Debate” between Tomasz Lis and Jarosław Kaczyński. Eristic techniques used during the television interview before the election of 2011

The parliamentary elections in 2011, accounted for another installment of the rivalry between the two major parties: Platforma Obywatelska and Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. The most expected moment of the campaign was the debate between the leaders of the two formations, which could help the undecided voters to compare the images and programs of candidates. Lack of TV duel major politicians, made the interview by journalist Tomasz Lis with statesman Jarosław Kaczyński has become a substitute for debate. Because of diversity of views of both interlocutors and the course of the meeting, the event attracted a lot of emotion and audiences. Eristic techniques used during the program could indicate the involvement of publicist, who wanted to prove the falsity of the image of politics. Jarosław Kaczyński mindful of the experience of 2007, when he lost the debate with Donald Tusk, this time prepared to meet substantially, using a variety of techniques. The aim of this article is to present the most important moments of the interview and evaluate the role of event made for the election campaign.
Konstruowanie rzeczywistości politycznej
Authors: Kotras Marcin
Published: September 2014

Political reality constructing. „Uważam Rze” and „Polityka” weekly magazines covers analysis The article presents the results of semiotic analysis conducted for 78 weekly socio‑political magazines covers: „Uważam Rze” and „Polityka”. The research was connected with the problem of presenting and constructing the political reality on the covers of the magazines. It was assumed, that each of analysed titles functions in a contrary scopic regime and, as a consequence, presents different images of politics. The article is also an attempt to answer the questions: Which signs were used in constructing the political reality? In which way politicians activities were commented on the magazines covers? What kind of references to value systems and to social and political divisions were presented on the covers? The remarks concerning knowledge transmission and social worlds formation centered around magazines are also described in the paper. Synthesis of research outcomes is presented in article summary.
Internauci o polityce europejskiej
Authors: Winiarska‑Brodowska Małgorzata
Published: September 2014

Internet users on European politics. A comparative analysis of discussions on the Debate Europe forum

European citizenship has introduced a new quality into political communication in the European Union. EU citizens exercise rights such as freedom of expression and participation in the democratic life of the Union. The Debate Europe forum is an example of European platform of exchange of ideas. Content analysis of posts in Polish and English enabled to give an answer to questions about the level of engagement of actors of the communication process, dialog, rationality of debate and the influence of political culture on discussions.
Wideoideologia i Youtubizacja jako narzędzia politycznego public relations
Authors: Walecka‑Rynduch Agnieszka
Published: September 2014

Video‑ideology and Youtubization as a Political Tool of Public Relations

Quantifier of our century is the media that define the present century as a time of media democracy, or, more narrowly, of e‑democracy. Politicians around the world submitting their political campaigns, interviews, speeches to the plans of media. They need media to communicate with the citizens of their countries, with voters, with national and international institutions. Models of communication created this way, according to the theory of public relations, can have the character of propaganda, marketing or of a dialog. The phenomenon of video‑ideology and the resulting political youtubization analyzed by the Author fits in all these three models. The paper identifies three channels of PR communication of the world of politics to the world of audience/electorate. The first two channels are top‑down schemes, created by the political power base, applied to influence and shape political attitudes of citizens. The third channel is bottom‑up formed grassroots citizens’ attitude, which is a meaningful response of the electorate to the political action.
Ewolucja technologiczna w mediach a proces zmian społeczno-kulturalnych i ich wpływ na prasę w Polsce
Authors: Polaczek‑Bigaj Marta
Published: September 2014

The technological evolution of the media and the process of socio‑cultural changes and their impact on the press in Poland

System transformation, which has been performed after year 1989, has started process of violent changes in each domain of life in Poland. It has allowed on economy freedom that has contributed to intensive technological evolution. This process had key meaning for development, but especially for modification of Polish press market. On the one hand we observe pluralism among press titles which has brought immediate growth on this market, but press sector had to face the challenge of competitive media that use technological development to supply their functioning. It’s said not only about the radio and television, but especially about utilization of internet on different surfaces of spheres of media. The present publication is the study of chosen aspects of changes, which have reached and still has place, in the consequence of appearance and employment of newest technical solutions. The author indicate what chances and threats can they give for farthest functioning of press in Poland.
Wojny dozwolone starożytnego Izraela w świetle Starego Testamentu
Authors: Tulejski Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The permitted wars of ancient Israel as described in the Old Testament The Author reconstructs the notion of the so‑called permitted war conducted by ancient Israel and described in the Old Testament. He argues that it differs considerably from the idea of holly war (YHWH war) presented at the time of the Israel conquest of the Promised Land. To prove that, he refers to the principles of permitted war stated in the Book of Deuteronomy. They included the beginning of war, the role of the priests, the duty of military service, the rules of besieging cities, and the treatment of conquered population. Moreover, he compares these principles with the war practices of other ancient nations in the Near East. As the case study, he considers the Maccabean Wars which constituted the only historically verified example of ancient Israeli military efforts. He claims that it was them that were conducted according the rules prescribed for permitted wars. At the same time, they exhibited some religious elements to be found later on in the holly wars of medieval Christianity.
Twórczość bardów rosyjskich jako pogranicze radzieckiej literatury oficjalnej i wolnej
Authors: Sławomirski Radosław
Published: September 2014

Writing of Russian bards as a borderline of Soviet official and free literature

Communist totalitarianism in the USSR became a part of literature as an obligatory ideology, defining a boundary between its official type – enslaved, and free type – embracing tamizdat and samizdat. The borderline of these two types was established by writing of Russian bards, which can be perceived as official alternative type. The most marvelous phenomenon concerning the creativity consisted in a fact, that the bards neither attacked the official ideology nor were under the influence of its requirements. They showed a world of dreams and desires of ordinary people, what was extremely needed by Soviet society, enslaved by totalitarianism. Thanks to that their works were very popular and appreciated by the whole community.socjolożka specjalizująca się w demografii społecznej i metodologii nauk społecznych; pracuje jako adiunkt w Instytucie Filozofii i Socjologii na Uniwersytecie Pedagogicznym im. KEN w Krakowie.
Zapiski oficera Armii Czerwonej Sergiusza Piaseckiego – polska próba zgłębienia mentalności jednostki wychowanej w systemie stalinowskim
Authors: Dominik Anna
Published: September 2014

Notes of a Red Army officer by Sergiusz Piasecki. A Polish attempt at understanding the mentality of a person raised under Stalinism

Stalism was one of periods in Soviet history, when Josif Stalin ruled in a unlimited way. Stalinism can be characterized as time of terror and pain but also as period of creating a new powerful state and a new economic and social reality. Men and women living in Soviet Union were formed by their sovereigns, who wanted to create new kind of mankind. Soviet mentality, created during Stalin’s era was researched by many publicists and writers. One of them, Polish writer Sergiusz Piasecki is known as an author of satirical novel Notes of Red Army officer, published in 1957. In this work of fiction Piasecki analyzed way of thinking and behaving typical for a person raised in Stalin’s system. His book contains many sharp thoughts and good observations, but disappoints their readers by depicting main character (Mischa Zubov) as a kind of automat without human emotions.
„Kinematografia dla milionów”
Authors: Flig Małgorzata
Published: September 2014

„A Cinema for the Millions”. The image of community in musical comedy films of Grigorii Aleksandrov

Grigorii Aleksandrov’s films created with composer Isaak Dunaevskii were among the most popular of Russian cinema in the 1930s and 1940s. The first Aleksandrov’s film Happy Guys centered on the poetic of comedy as ideology or entertainment. In the article author describes the strategies of manipulation. The Soviet musical incorporated Stalinist ideology and nationalism. The patriotic language in soviet comedies is naturalized, it seems like songs in films were more about nature than politics, patriotic love and life‑ affirming laughter. Aleksandrov used archetypes and myths of the Stalin era and produced image of mythical soviet community. The maternal archetype is present in fertility imagery and is spatially encoded as “Rodina” (“homeland” or “motherland”). He put an end to the 1920s cult of ugliness in Soviet cinema and convinced Stalin, that beauty is a necessary element of Soviet art. Aleksandrov’s films reproduced the dominant ideology and gave people what they wanted – entertainment, escape from the travails of the everyday, and hope for the better life.
The idea of the Nation Salvation in the journalism of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Authors: Jadwosiuk-Małek Anna
Published: September 2014

The idea of the Nation Salvation in the journalism of Alexander Solzhenitsyn

In his publicism of the 90’s, especially in „Russia in the collapse”, Alexander Solzhenitsyn continues the discourse on the Russian idea, which was started back in the nineteenth century by Peter Chaadaev. This proves that Solzhenitsyn is a continuator of the great Russian literature. Solzenitsyn’s Russian Idea, which is the idea of the Nation Salvation (идея Сбережения Народа), is based on Orthodox ethics and belief. The idea of Salvation of the Nation is not a philosophical treatise, but the social and national program intended to reconstruct the nation identity after communist disaster in the twentieth century. First of all the program assumes to preserve memory of the culture, language, traditions and most importantly, the faith – Orthodoxy, which is the core of Russian national identity. The second important aspect is to build national unity; in the opinion of the writer nation remains divided, atomized, the Russians do not feel belonging to a community, have no responsibility for history. Thirdly, the author of „Russia’s collapse,” sees the need for transformation, reconstruction of national identity, what he calls „moral revolution”. The nation who believes in God, united by respect for common, centuries‑old tradition, aware of their culture, traditions, using pure language, not divided to the center and province, active, self‑ governing, rejecting top down control – this is the Solzhenitsyn ideal. The writer not only believed in it – he lived in this way.
Wspólnotowe kultury polityczne Rosji i Chin
Authors: Lubina Michał
Published: September 2014

The communitarian political cultures of Russia and China. Similarities and differences

Russian‑ Sino relationships are constantly improving which lead a significant amount of scholars to focus on their cultural similarities. This is true particularly to Russian academicians who try to point out civilizational and cultural closeness between Russia and China as a counterweight to the Western model. Indeed, there are some similarities, like predominance of collectivism over individualism and the need for a strong leadership. Nevertheless, if we take the risk of venturing into deeper space of cultural background and take into account not only political issues but also Russia’s and China’s identity and consciousness, then striking differences appear. On this level we can clearly see that similarities between Russia and China are superficial and they exist only on the surface. On the deeper, cultural level, however, those two “civilizations that became countries” have very little in common. They are – as we said – different civilizations incomparable to each other due to several historical, cultural and social reasons. This thesis leads to a conclusion that a successful cooperation and interaction between Russia and China is possible only on political, tactical issues, but there could be no real “melting pot” between them. This does not mean they are bound to conflict, but it clearly shows the artificiality of their “everlasting friendship”. Political conjunctures are bound to change whereas civilizational factors lasts longer and this explains why Russia and China will never become as close as the try to show. For similarities between them are of tactical, political importance, whereas differences are of strategic, ontological nature.
Prawo ustrojowe państwa
Authors: Tkaczyński Jan Wiktor
Published: September 2014

State law. About aporia of legal term in Polish and German science of politics

The cognitive object of the science of a state law is its political system. This definition, however, does not expand all the elements necessary to circumscribe the proper understanding of this concept. Referring to the etymology in German (Staatsrechtslehre), we are talking about the science of state law. Thus, the object of analysis, according to literal understanding of the concept, would be state (Staat), not his – anyhow defined – political system. This semantic inconvenience surprises here so far as it needs to be taken into account that for the ancient Greeks, not the state (πολιτεια), but politics (πολιτικά) meant the whole doctrine of state (πολιτική επιστήμη). Experience of the ancient Roman jurisprudence has brought in this issue fundamental change. From then on law, dichotomously divided according to the criterion of “benefits” (utilitas) into private (jus civile) and public (jus publicum), will be seen as a whole legal system that regulates social relations between people, people and assets and people and the state. In contrast, however, to the private law, protecting the interests of individuals, the task of public law is to guard the common interest, thereby bringing benefits to society as a whole.
Isolated Islands? Memory of the Holocaust in Formal and Informal Education
Authors: Ambrosewicz‑Jacobs Jolanta , Büttner Elisabeth
Published: September 2014

The conflicts associated with the memory of the Holocaust in Poland reflect educational gaps in the Polish education system (lack of bad memory). Comparison with other similar studies in Europe and beyond allows one to reveal affinities and divergences in patterns of behaviour in various states in relation to the historical past, social identity and collective memory. This text looks at the consciousness of young Poles, in terms of attitudes toward Jews, the Holocaust and memory of the Holocaust. The data presented are the preliminary results of the author’s longitudinal study “Attitudes of Young Poles to-ward the Jews and the Holocaust”. Quantitative and qualitative studies include field studies and participant observation of educational projects in Tykocin, Treblinka, Warsaw, Lublin, Bodzentyn and Kielce. The number and scope of initiatives in Poland attempting to bring back the memory of Jewish neighbours indicate that civic institutions and individuals are intensifying their efforts to teach their fellow citizens about the Holocaust, however their impact should be assessed in detail.
Dialog międzykulturowy w społeczeństwach pluralistycznych
Authors: Paleczny Tadeusz
Published: September 2014

Intercultural dialogue in pluralistic societies

Multiculturalism is the wide social and ideological context for the transcultural and cross cultural relations. The model of intercultural dialogue is an essence of fundamental patterns creating common two direction interactions not only in the symbolic sphere but as well in the field of political and economical bonds among different cultural groups. Intercultural dialogue as the consequence of pluralism in the multicultural societies is not only the form of intercultural communication, it serves also as a structural model of building the citizen democratic society. This model can exist within the appropriate forms of cultural orientations and identi-ties among members multicultural societies. The paper is dealing with the main rules and factors characterizing theoretical model of intercultural dialogue.