bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nerve Tonics and Treatments
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

When alienists and nerve specialists set themselves to cure patients incapacitated by nervous breakdown, the treatments they designed reflected their awareness that mind and body needed to be healed together. Although there is no single prescription for the care of shattered nerves, virtually all of the therapeutic methods employed during the Victorian and Edwardian decades sought to address both somatic and psychological distress, restoring the depleted supplies of nerve force that precipitated the collapse and calming whatever form of mental strain that had exacerbated it. Throughout Victoria's reign, most medical men relied on drugs during some stage of a nervous patient's treatment. However, Victorian and Edwardian doctors had no idea why some forms of therapy worked well on some depressed patients and had no effect, or a highly detrimental one, on others.
Rhythm Nation
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter extends the discussion of rhetoric and sound by considering issues of prosody to analyze how African American poets used songs and musical cadences to translate their political messages. It examines various sonic emanations including muted voices, song lyrics, and instrumental airs embedded in mid-19th century African American verse by poets such as James M. Whitfield and Joshua McCarter Simpson. Focusing primarily on Frances Ellen Watkins (Harper), it interrogates how these poets exploited musical elements of prosody as mnemonic devices to simultaneously fashion their verses as artful poetry and political discourse. Theorizing this art form as “the remix,” the chapter illustrates how utterly attuned African Americans were with the idioms of the national language and how they engaged in practices of code-switching.
The Spectacle of Disorder
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter interrogates the idea of visuality in Herman Melville's short story “Benito Cereno” (1855) by examining the arrangement of space about the slave ship San Dominick. Turning away from the prevailing New Historicist readings, it argues that the text's fraught aesthetic sensibility needs to be correlated to the ambiguous social position of the African slaves. In Melville's story, the Spanish ship is riddled with improperly placed things, half-finished pieces of art, rude performances, and graffiti scrawling. “Benito Cereno” is best understood through its staging of art that are put into high relief if one thinks about the Africans as curators of sorts; the story sets the American Captain Delano's desire to restore law and order against the statelessness of the slaves whose insurrection is fashioned as a veritable example of Outsider Art.
Patriots and Patriotism
Authors: Gerrard Christine
Published: October 2011

This book deals with patriotism, politics, and poetry in the age of Robert Walpole. It is especially concerned with the activities and writings of the dissident, or ‘Patriot’ Whigs, Walpole's most vigorous critics in parliament and the press in the years after 1725. It explores the broader currents of national feeling enshrined in the Patriots' distinct brand of oppositional poetry and drama: a body of literature which played a vital role in shaping the way in which poets (and, indeed, less elevated mortals) from the 1740s onwards conceived of themselves as uniquely British. It was James Thomson, one such poet, who produced ‘Rule, Britannia’ for his royal masque, Alfred, written for Frederick, Prince of Wales, the Patriots' political figurehead. When Alfred's venerable British Bard, ancient and blind, first stepped across an open-air stage to Arne's swelling tune and spoke those memorable lines one warm night in August 1740, Britain was basking in Admiral Vernon's recent victory at Porto Bello. National pride was at its height, and ‘Rule, Britannia’, which began life as a potent piece of opposition propaganda, soon became the unofficial national anthem.
Whigs in Opposition
Authors: Gerrard Christine
Published: October 2011

Eighteenth-century patriotism once seemed a relatively straightforward phenomenon. Recent cultural and historical research has rendered it more interesting and (inevitably) infinitely more complicated. The same may be said of the transformations which revisionist historians of the last two decades have made to the landscape of early Hanoverian party politics. In both Parliament and the press, Robert Walpole faced a heterogeneous body of political adversaries, a ‘hybrid’ opposition. The Tories, consigned to near-permanent opposition after the Hanoverian accession in 1714 and the onset of single-party Whig government, formed the largest and most consistent opposition element in the Commons. They were joined by a number of ‘independents’ (though their number is debatable) and by a series of dissident or Patriot Whigs who switched from supporting to opposing the Whig administration. The dissident Whig element became a consistent feature of opposition politics only after Walpole achieved a virtual monopoly on power in Britain in the early 1720s.
Cultural Patriotism: Frederick and the Arts
Authors: Gerrard Christine
Published: October 2011

This chapter deals with the controversial myth of Prince Frederick of Wales as a patron of the arts and letters. By 1737, ministerial clitics were accusing George Lyttelton of exploiting his proximity to the Prince and his network of literary connections in order to create an opposition propaganda machine by dangling the promise of patronage to hungry writers. Patriot poets such as James Thomson, David Mallet, Richard Glover, Gilbert West, Henry Brooke, George Lillo, William Somervile, and Richard Powney were associated with Lyttelton's literary circle, linked in their professed admiration for the Prince. This fact has been largely responsible for relegating the Patriot poets to the margins of modern critical scholarship. One of the chief problems here is the need to unpick an intellectual consensus which has, until recently, been both uncomfortable with literary expressions of patriotism and intrinsically sympathetic towards the ‘independent’ writer outspoken in his attacks on the Establishment. For most modern readers, it is Alexander Pope the financially independent satirist who symbolizes the spirit of political opposition, who always professed his indisposition to kings and courts and his refusal to be bought.
Pope, Politics, and Genre
Authors: Gerrard Christine
Published: October 2011

In the Epilogue to the Satires, Dialogue II, Alexander Pope pronounced himself proud to count George Lyttelton, Lord Cobham, and other Patriots his friends. The extent of Pope's involvement with Patriot Whig politics and Prince Frederick raises questions about the traditional equation of Pope with Toryism, and more recently Toryism of a discernibly Jacobite flavour. Pope's close friendships with Patriot Whigs cannot be attributed merely to the political influence of his mentor Bolingbroke. Yet the fluctuating pattern of his commitment to their campaign, alternating between idealism and mistrust, tells us much about broader Tory attitudes towards Patriot Whiggery in this period as well as hinting at more complex and deep-seated sources of ambivalence in the poet himself. Did the deepening pessimism so many critics have discerned in his later years make any form of optimistic patriotism impossible? This chapter looks at the politics of Pope's poetry and the connection between politics and genre, focusing on satire, epic, and tragedy.
Patriot Gothic
Authors: Gerrard Christine
Published: October 2011

Bolingbroke's Remarks on the History of England was an unremittingly partisan interpretation of British history, dramatizing the Manichaean struggle between the forces of faction and the spirit of liberty — a liberty which was held to originate in Britain's earliest peoples, including the Saxons. This chapter deals with the controversy over Saxon liberty, one of the great ‘set pieces’ of Walpolian political debate. The early Britons were part of the liberty-loving Gothic cousinage of northern races who established that first model of Parliament, the Saxon witenagemot. The traditional Old Whig plea — pristine Saxon virtue under threat — supplied the opposition with a powerful tool to attack the ‘spurious’ Whiggery of a corrupt government. The ministry countered opposition claims to Whig ‘liberty’ by appropriating the arguments of the royalist historian Brady, who had asserted that medieval England had been a feudal tyranny in which parliamentary liberty had been impossible. Writing from a modernist perspective, Court Whigs dated English liberties from no earlier than 1688. Hanoverian Britain was infinitely ‘freer’ than the Saxon past.
Mythologizing the Monarch: Ideas of a Patriot King
Authors: Gerrard Christine
Published: October 2011

Bolingbroke's The Idea of a Patriot King, written in 1738, has been described as an eloquent epitaph to the Patriot campaign. This slim treatise on monarchy was written for the private use of Prince Frederick of Wales and his followers, describing in idealized, even visionary terms the policies and conduct of a Patriot King waiting in the wings, whose accession would end party-political conflicts and bring healing at a touch: a sure sign, say some critics, that by 1738 Bolingbroke had lost his grasp of politics as the art of the possible. The 1749 publication of the Patriot King fortuitously (and perhaps deliberately) coincided with Frederick's new Leicester House campaign which, like the Patriot campaign of the late 1730s, rested on broad-bottom tenets promising a new age purged of Whig oligarchy. Since the reversionary implications of Patriot kingship looked a lot closer in 1749 than they had done ten years earlier, Frederick publicly capitalized on his identification with Bolingbroke's model.
Shifts in ‘Prelude’ and To the Lighthouse
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: October 2011

In an essay written in 1933, the Italian critic Salvatore Rosati celebrates what he calls Virginia Woolf’s ‘psychological impressionism’ in To the Lighthouse: ‘In the last section, in particular, the interpenetration of the present with past memories creates, in a dreamlike atmosphere, a continuity of psychological texture and an evocative power which shows a close relationship between the art of Virginia Woolf and that of Katherine Mansfield’. This chapter focuses on two works by Mansfield and Woolf, ‘Prelude’ and To the Lighthouse, both of which use shifts and ellipses to transform the symbolic order from the inside, using the characters’ thresholds and experience of being between borders to do it. Lyndall Gordon hints at the disruption of narrative expectations in the writers’ representation of psychological time in the two novels, which are dominated by the writers’ mothers and families, pivot on a series of thresholds and rites of passage, and are preoccupied with liminality.
Early Writings and Rites of Passage
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: October 2011

In an unfinished story by Katherine Mansfield called ‘Weak Heart’, an adolescent boy hurtles away from a funeral and runs back to the home of the girl who has just been buried. This chapter pivots on literal and metaphorical voyages made by girls and young women in the fiction of Mansfield and Virginia Woolf, beginning with works that they wrote before they met and read each other’s writing, The Urewera Notebook, ‘The Woman at the Store’, ‘The Wind Blows’, and The Voyage Out, and then looking at the thematically similar stories they produced at the time when their relationship with each other was at its most influential, ‘The Garden Party’ and ‘Kew Gardens’. Various tropes are repeated within these voyages and journeys: pianos, the sea, and encounters with indigenous people that raise the complex question of colonialism in the writings of Woolf and Mansfield. The fiction by Woolf and Mansfield concerning journeys and rites of passage explores what Julia Kristeva describes as being strangers to ourselves, our own foreignness.
A Single Day; ‘At the Bay’ and Mrs Dalloway
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: October 2011

In an article written in 1927 for the Dial, a Chicago magazine which published fiction by Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf, the American poet Conrad Aitken observes that, in Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse, Woolf writes ‘as if she never for a moment wished us to forget the frame of the picture, and the fact that the picture was a picture’. This chapter focuses on ‘At the Bay’ and Mrs Dalloway, because both take place in a single day and pivot on liminal experience, requiring a structure that accommodates the uncertainties of liminality. The writers’ obsession with the form of their fiction is explored in the context of changes in the visual arts as, for both of them, looking at painting and talking with painters provided routes into modernity. In writing, their expression of modernity was the form and narrative voice that allowed the reader to experience the destabilizing of the symbolic order, creating not imitating the life of human consciousness.
Vertigo in ‘The Daughters of the Late Colonel’ and Jacob’s Room
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: October 2011

During the time that she was writing Jacob’s Room, Virginia Woolf was involved in the most intense phase of her friendship with Katherine Mansfield. In an entry in her diary where she says that she is planning to begin the book in the following week, she remarks, ‘I can wince outrageously to read K. M.’s praises in the Athenaeum. Four poets are chosen; she’s one of them’. The joint stimulus of jealousy and affinity acted as a spur, and Woolf forged ahead with the new book at the same time as she said what proved to be her final farewell in person to Mansfield, on August 23, 1920. The insecurity caused by missing Mansfield and envying her literary success combines with fear of T. S. Eliot’s intellectuality and his admiration of James Joyce’s fiction, and Woolf’s diary records that she has stopped writing Jacob’s Room;. This chapter focuses on the ways in which the movement of the narrative voice in Mansfield’s ‘The Daughters of the Late Colonel’ and Woolf’s Jacob’s Room expresses boundaries and overcrossings.
Introduction
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter compares the study of the mind to that of a complex crystal, noting that a complete understanding of its current shape might require some understanding of its growth and formation. The purpose of this book is to elaborate a new perspective from which the approaches to the mind may be viewed as aspects of a single truth. The book provides a review of four psychiatric schools: objective-descriptive, psychoanalytic, existential, and interpersonal psychiatry. But certain schools are conspicuously absent without explanation. Their omission stems from a perspective defined by the expression ‘Approaches to the Mind’. There are some very sophisticated and useful theories of human behaviour that either omit as superfluous or reject as injurious the whole concept of mind.
From Objectivity to Ontology
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter shows Hegel's criticism of Kant's metaphysical world as being ‘merely objective’. Hegel's critique of Kant's view of knowledge is simply that it is self-refuting. To this self-refuting view, Hegel proposes a solution which eliminates the gulf between things-as-we-know-them and things-in-themselves. Hegel is acutely aware that the relationship between the ‘moment of knowledge’ and the ‘moment of truth’ is not always that of identity. The great irony contained in Kant's conception of the relationship between ‘thoughts’ and ‘things’ is that he seemed so much more interested in the contribution of thoughts to things. While Kant put forth the (self-refuting) view that reality is ‘relative to’ consciousness, Hegel replaces this with the ultimately unobjectionable view that reason is relative to reality.
Madness and Other Realities
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores the term madness and the diversity beneath the unity of madness. When the fathers of existential psychiatry first began to develop some empathic techniques to get them closer to patients' actual lived experiences, they were absolutely startled by the diversity in the emotional life they discovered between patients who looked pretty much the same from the outside. According to this chapter, the phenomenology of lived experience includes both real and unreal, and the categories which mark the real grow up together with the separation of real from unreal, as knowledge searches forever-broader contexts of experience. Finally, this chapter discovers that beneath the diversity of experience, there lies another unity which can be found in the realization that once sanity begins to mean something, a unifying definition of insanity must follow in exactly the same way that health in any other sphere defines illness.
Sensibility and Understanding
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter demonstrates how the evolving ‘model of the mind’ fits comfortably into the human brain. A comfortable fit is all propose, since both the synthetic analysis and the field of neuroscience are dynamic, ever evolving into more mature forms: any ‘perfect fit’ would be quickly outgrown. But a reasonable fit is demanded. Once the ‘mind’ has been set gently into the brain, this chapter will integrate insights of an entirely new and separate discipline into one's evolving ‘synthesis of perspectives’. By offering a rough neuroanatomical identification of the Faculties of Sensibility and Understanding, this chapter provides a new view of how they interact with the world and with each other. This also establishes a link needed to relate future advances in neuroscience to those in philosophy and psychology.
The Plasticity of the Nervous System
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter is devoted to examining how recent neuroscientific research sheds light on the Hegelian dialectic within this synthesis of perspectives. Since the nervous system is the organ humans use to interact with the environment, this chapter continues the Hegelian programme by exploring the contributions of the environment to the nervous system. Furthermore, there is a focus on the ‘content’ of experience and the discovery that our brains are shaped by features of the world such as ‘lines in various orientations’, ‘motion in different directions’, and the like. Just as a non-‘object’-containing world of coalescing mercury droplets would not provide the structure needed for minds to construct experience according to the concept of ‘object’, so a non-‘horizontal line’ containing world would not provide the content needed for brains to construct experience according to horizontal features of the world.
Summary of the Theory and its Implications, and Suggestions for Further Research that will Support, Refute, or Modify it
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a summary of the chapters in this book. The strategy of this book has been to explore the interdependence of thoughts and things in each of these three modes in the following way. Basically, the first chapter of each part has been an exploration of how things depend upon our thoughts about them. The second chapter of each part has then taken up the dialectical antithesis, exploring in each mode how thoughts depend upon things. Then, the third and final chapter has explored the fundamental problem raised by all of these explorations within the framework of each of the three perspectives. This chapter concludes that in advancing a new perspective from which philosophy, psychiatry, and neuroscience may be seen as complementary approaches to the mind, our appreciation of each of these diverse disciplines is deepened. This Synthetic Analysis has been a long and sometimes difficult journey through many varieties of human experience.
Monastic Culture
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the monastic culture in Palestine during the Byzantine period using Cyril of Scythopolis' The Lives of the Monks of Palestine as a reference. It provides an in-depth analysis of Cyril's sources and the material he used in writing his book. It reveals Cyril's dependence on earlier works and discusses the books which he enjoyed reading and the specific types of materials which sufficiently impressed and inspired him to reproduce his own writing. This chapter also explores previous research on the works of Cyril, particularly that of B. Flusin.
Conclusion
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings on the history of Palestinian monasticism during the period from 314 to 631. The history of the monasteries of the Judean desert began in 314. Monastic settlements were established in the desert areas east of Jerusalem and people from all parts of the Empire came to populate these new centres. These monasteries were not only places of worship, they were also an integral component of Byzantine society.
Introduction: Goals and Methods
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to analyse the operation and the political consequences of electoral systems, especially the degree of proportionality of their translation of votes into seats and their effects on party systems. Its focus is on the electoral systems that have been used in twenty-seven democratic countries from 1945 to 1990. These systems are those used in the majority of the free and democratic parliamentary elections ever conducted. The analyses employ two basic multivariate approaches, one is a comparable-cases strategy that focuses on within country variations and the other relies on a cross-sectional research design.
Changes in Election Rules between Systems in the Same Country
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the changes in election rules between electoral systems in the same country using the comparative method of analysis. This method of controlled comparison focuses on comparable cases or cases that differ with regard to the variables one wants to investigate, but which are similar with regard all other important variables that may affect the dependent variables. The chapter explains the correlation between the controlled changes in electoral formula and effective threshold, and the changes in disproportionality and effective numbers of parties. It concludes that even when the electoral systems include a long series of elections, they tend to have a high degree of internal uniformity.
Electoral Engineering: Limits and Possibilities
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the practical significance of the analyses of electoral systems for electoral engineering. The findings of the study reveal that the links between the electoral system and the four characteristics of party systems are much weaker than those between the electoral system and the degree of disproportionality. This indicates that in the context of electoral engineering, the electoral system is not as strong an instrument for shaping the party system. The chapter recommends several specific strategies that may be used as models for electoral engineering. These include the establishment of two-tier districting for proportional representation (PR) systems, two-tier districting of a different type for plurality and majority systems, and national legal thresholds.
The Treasury and Whitehall
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

The Treasury is at the heart of British Government, responsible for deciding how much to spend and on what. Both the institution and the public expenditure process are the focus of this book. Based on research undertaken with the cooperation of the Treasury and Whitehall departments, it shows how the key decisions of planning, allocating and controlling public expenditure are made. With access to treasury Expenditure Controllers and senior financial officials in the main spending departments, the book provides an account of the roles, relationships and inter-actions of the key players in Whitehall Expenditure Community as they confront each other in annual rituals of the Expenditure ‘Survey’. It explains how the rules of the expenditure game were re-drawn in the 1980s in the relentless search for cuts, greater economy and efficiency in the design and delivery of public services, and the creation of a more enterprising administrative culture. It discusses how and why the Treasury was rarely able to impose its constitutional authority to stem the tide of rising public expenditure through the turbulent years of the Thatcher and Major Governments. The book also demonstrates that the Treasury is locked into a system of mutually constrained power relationships with the Whitehall departments, and obliged to negotiate discretionary authority to control their spending.
Introduction
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

The demands for health, education, income support and even defence consumes more costs for public spending even as the government is not able or willing to raise more tax thereby resulting in finance deficits through government borrowing. While public spending changed radically and inspired changes in the administrative culture of Whitehall, the difficulties in managing and controlling public spending plagued the Conservative Governments of the 1980s and 1990s as they had affected the administrations of Harold Wilson and Jim Callaghan. This chapter examines through a theoretical perspective why modern British governments find it difficult to control public spending centering on the argument of the Treasury's failure to achieve both short-term and medium-term objectives for public spending set by successive governments through the years 1976 to 1993. Treasury Expenditure Controllers and senior staff in the Finance Divisions of the spending department were interviewed to verify the interpretation of events as the research progressed.
The Politico-Economic Context
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

As public expenditure policies were formulated and implemented, there were major changes in the politic and economic context relating to public spending regulations. The process of making and carrying out expenditure policy is discussed in this chapter taking emphasis to its contextualisation. Since the decade of the 1970s, macroeconomic policies were already developed and that is what this chapter includes by looking into the evolution of the policies in the said decade. Towards succeeding periods, the government reflected upon changes and development in the policies and made an impact over the governmental attitudes and ruling over public spending. The period 1976–1993 is provided as the reference point for the argument on public expenditures and the main trends within the specified timeline is given due explanation through a diagrammatic summary.
The Whitehall Spending Departments
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

This chapter classifies the departments in Whitehall involved in expenditure policies as there are a number of organisations classified as ‘units’ for the purpose of the public expenditure and Supply Estimates process. Each main spending department has a different level of expenditures from 1992 to 1993 employing three measures including spending counted as part of the New Control Total, own spending of the central Government, and gross running costs. Since the late 1970s, there were main changes in the spending departments and a brief survey of these changes and analysis of their functions are provided in the rest of this chapter. There is also a detailed analysis on how the departmental Finance Divisions and Principal Finance Officers function including the structures in which they are organized and their various roles.
Managing the Relationships: Negotiated Discretion
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

Relationships between the Treasury's Expenditure Divisions and the Financial and Policy Divisions of spending departments cannot be characterized as either inquisitorial or cooperative or collaborative or adversarial. They may be any or all of these simultaneously, depending upon the nature of the issue and its priority, the kind of contact, and the experience and mutual understanding of the parties and their preferred strategies. On occasion they may also be confrontational or conflictual. Relationships will vary over time, and be influenced by broader contextual factors. While an inquisitorial mode is appropriate to the early probing of the Treasury in the Survey shadow-boxing, an Expenditure Division may be engaged simultaneously on other issues of in-year control, such as the implications of new legislation, and here relations with the department may be more accurately characterized as cooperative or even collaborative.
The Territorial Dimension
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

There are unique constitutional, political, organizational, and structural features about the Scottish and Welsh Offices as well as the Northern Ireland Office and departments. That distinctiveness is even more apparent in the way in which public expenditure is allocated and distributed in the territories. This chapter focuses on both the planning and allocative mechanisms of public expenditure in the territories. The chapter begins by providing a brief historical overview of the methods of allocating resources territorially and the subsequent introduction of the ‘Barnett formula’ in the late 1970s. The current arrangements for allocating resources are discussed, stressing the importance of the formula and block, and examines the way in which the territorial departments organize the internal process of bidding for resources. The use of discretion in the allocation of resources by the Secretaries of State is also considered. The chapter concludes by asking who benefits from the current system.
In-Year Control
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

Within each Treasury Expenditure Group, the flow and context of the business of an Expenditure Division is to a large extent structured and determined by the annual cycle of the preparation of the Public Expenditure Survey. The separate categories of Survey and In-year Control, while recognizably those used in the Treasury, do not adequately convey the links and cross-walks between the two. Nevertheless, the distinction between the two main types of work is helpful in the analysis and explanation of what Expenditure Divisions do, although it is not as clear-cut in practice. The quality and effectiveness of the Treasury's in-year control of departmental expenditure is determined mainly by its success in delivering the intended outputs of the Planning/Control Total. This chapter provides a broad overview of the in-year control and monitoring processes, looks at the principles and use by the Treasury of delegated authority, and concludes with a discussion of the use of formal and informal reviews of policy as an aid to controlling levels of future expenditure.
Running Costs, Pay, and Manpower Controls
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

Containing the pay and allied costs and numbers of civil servants and other public officials has been a priority of governments from 1976 onwards. This is not surprising, since in a period of public expenditure restraint the ‘administrative costs’ of government are seen as an important area where the Treasury can exert pressure. Civil Service numbers have become a highly charged political issue, with all the associated rhetoric of ‘bureaucracy’ and ‘waste’. Separate budgets—running costs control—for central government departments' administrative expenditure, itemised in Parliamentary Supply Estimates, and the subject of cash limits, were introduced in April 1986. This chapter focuses on how the Treasury has handled the issues raised by Civil Service pay and manpower as they impact on the administrative costs of central government.
Macropolicy in the Rise and Fall of the Golden Age
Authors: Epstein Gerald A. , Schor Juliet B.
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a more systematic analysis of the nature of demand management. Gerald Epstein and Juliet Schor show that monetary policy in particular was very important, first in accommodating the post-war boom and later, in restricting demand during the phase of stagnation. This chapter also discusses the institutional requirements for policy-making, especially the implications of the degree of independence enjoyed by central banks in formulating national monetary policies. Epstein and Schor perceive that the UK and the US, two countries with independent central banks, pursued significantly more restrictive monetary policies during the ‘golden age’. In contrast, the continental countries and Japan had much more accommodating policies. Given contemporary enthusiasm for monetarist-type approaches and increased central bank independence, it is worth remembering that during the ‘golden age’ these more accommodating countries posted significantly higher growth rates than the US and the UK.
A Wage-led Employment Regime: Income Distribution, Labour Discipline, and Aggregate Demand in Welfare Capitalism
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Boyer Robert
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the theoretical implications of another aspect of the institutional arrangements that went into the making and unmaking of the ‘golden age’ — the relations between capital and labour and the organization of the labour process. It integrates the Marxian insight of the importance of the labour process with modern-day macroeconomic analysis. It explains that the role of the ‘labour extraction function’ is analogous to the ‘investment function’ in more traditional Keynesian analysis.
The Diversity of Unemployment Experience since 1973
Authors: Rowthorn Bob , Glyn Andrew
Published: October 2011

This chapter evaluates the experience of various countries in coping with unemployment after the ‘golden age’ of capitalism began to tarnish in the 1970s. It demonstrates that while the slowdown in growth has had adverse effects everywhere, the capacity of a country to maintain high levels of employment depended crucially on the existence of appropriate social, economic, and political institutions, along with the ability to mobilize effective coalitions to act through these institutions. It also stimulates a separate WIDER research project on the social corporatist model of economic management whose distinctive feature is the negotiation of a centralized wage bargain between employers and workers.
Prologue
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Mark Twain and his idea of romanticism. The most compelling reason to avoid romanticizing chivalry is that to take a view through rose-tinted lenses distorts and trivializes this force in early European history. By escaping romanticism, people can recognize the linkage between chivalry and major issues in medieval society, especially the issue of violence and public order. It argues that in the problem of public order the knights play an important role, and that the guides to their conduct that chivalry provided are in themselves complex and problematic.
Evidence on Chivalry and its Interpretation
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues that medieval evidence on chivalry and order is filled with tension and contradiction. Elspeth Kennedy, Philippe de Beaumanoir, and Ramon Llull are among the authors of historical works that provide several pieces of evidence and interpretations of chivalry. The content of the romances, as read in their books, leads to the same conclusion. Anyone who has read thousands of pages of chivalric literature knows that either these texts were meant for men and women, or that woman of the medieval period could not get enough of combat and war, of the effects of sword strokes on armour and the human body, of the particulars of tenurial relationships, and of the tactical manoeuvres that lead to victory. This evidence suggests that the great body of chivalric literature was aimed at knights even more than at their ladies.
Knights and Piety
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the tension between an undoubted knightly piety and the considerable force of knightly independence. Knightly lay piety involved a degree of practical lay independence. Chivalry took on the mantle of religion without fully accepting the directive role claimed by ecclesiastics. It absorbed religion for its own purposes. Knights did not only bow before clerical authority but they also absorbed the lessons and patterns for their loves urged by their brothers, sisters, and cousins bearing veils. The nature of their piety and the way in which it combined with their power in the world helps explain the strength of chivalry.
Clergie, Chevalerie, and Reform
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on chivalry through clerical eyes, documenting both the high praise for ideals of behaviour and the condemnation of much that knights said and did in the world. From the point of view of the clergie, knightly ideals and practices could only appear contradictory. Clerics knew that they had to deal with knights. They relied on knightly benefactions. In general, they blessed the legitimate use of force by the knights in acting to preserve order and property. The problem was that the knights often acted and sometimes thought in ways that made them a part of the problem of order, rather than its solution.
Quest and Questioning in Romance
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on quest patterns in order to take a closer look at the evidence and to show that the role of chivalry in issue or order appears in entire works less than in passages selected from many works. It presents three examples that allow people to explore the links between quest and chivalry. These examples include The Quest of the Holy Grail, The Death of King Arthur, and Robert the Devil/Sir Gowther.
Chivalric Self-Criticism and Reform
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the critical and reformist views of the knights. The ideas for change and improvement did not all come from the non-knightly. If model knights loudly and predictably praised chivalry, their fear and their ideals for reform were true, and their chosen words audible and important.
Puzzle Cases
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines puzzle cases relevant to synchronic and diachronic identities. It explains that synchronic identity is concerned with the identity of thing with something existing at the same time, while diachronic identity is about the identity of a thing with something existing at an earlier or later time. This chapter describes five puzzle cases including the clay statue, the truncated car, and the ship of Theseus, and suggests that the occasional identity thesis is a strong contender for being the best solution to the cases described.
Counting Amoebas
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the relevance of the so-called amoebas to the occasional identity thesis (OIT). On the view of occasional identity theorists, there are two amoebas at T2 and one at T1. The inapplicability at T2 of the name AMOEBA at either of the amoebas existing at that time is compatible with there only being two amoebas in W1. This is not because there is some amoeba called AMOEBA at T1 which ceases to exist before T2, but because each of the amoebas at T2 satisfied a condition at T1 for being called AMOEBA which neither one satisfies at T2.
Extending the Occasional Identity Thesis
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the relevance of philosopher David Wiggins' only A and B rule for identity to the occasional identity thesis. This rule states that A's having a relation (R) to B must be such that objects distinct from A or B are irrelevant to whether A has R to B. Though the only A and B rule is compelling, it violates the extrinsic view identity. This view proposes that, in the case of amoebic division, whether AMOEBA is ever identical to the POND depends on the existence of SLIDE, which does not exist in W2.
The Four-Dimensional World
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the four dimensionalism view of identity. This view proposes that persisting objects are extended in time in a way that is similar to the way they are extended in space. It has been advocated as an appealing solution to some of the identity puzzles previously described because of the assumption that objects have temporal as well as spatial parts. This chapter characterizes the temporal and spatial parts of an object, and validates the applicability of four dimensionalism as a solution to the identity puzzles.
Shakespeare, Co-Author
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: October 2011

No issue in Shakespeare studies is more important than determining what he wrote. For over two centuries scholars have discussed the evidence that Shakespeare worked with co-authors on several plays, and have used a variety of methods to differentiate their contributions from his. In this wide-ranging study the author takes up and extends these discussions, presenting compelling evidence that Shakespeare wrote Titus Andronicus together with George Peele, Timon of Athens with Thomas Middleton, Pericles with George Wilkins, and Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen with John Fletcher. Part one of the book reviews the standard processes of co-authorship as they can be reconstructed from documents connected with the Elizabethan stage, and shows that all major, and most minor, dramatists in the Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Caroline theatres, collaborated in getting plays written and staged. This is combined with a survey of the types of methodology used since the early nineteenth century to identify co-authorship, and a critical evaluation of some ‘stylometric’ techniques. Part two gives detailed analyses of the five collaborative plays, discussing every significant case made for and against Shakespeare's co-authorship. Synthesizing two centuries of discussion, the author reveals a scholarly tradition, builds on and extends previous work, and identifies the co-authors' contributions in increasing detail. The range and quantity of close verbal analysis brought together in this book present a case to counter those ‘conservators’ of Shakespeare who maintain that he is the sole author of his plays.
Authorship in English Renaissance Drama
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses five plays by Shakespeare, namely Titus Andronicus, Timon of Athens, Pericles, King Henry VIII, and The Two Noble Kinsmen. It is a curious fact that the theatrical and publishing tradition which established the authenticity of the plays ascribed to Shakespeare also managed to suppress — or perhaps just obscure — any sign that he ever worked together with other dramatists. It is argued that one of the quartos reprinted in the folio, Titus Andronicus, was a joint work with George Peele, and that two of the plays published for the first time in the folio, Timon of Athens and Henry VIII, were jointly written with Thomas Middleton and John Fletcher, respectively. The chapter also reconstructs something of the material context within which collaboration took place.
Identifying Co-Authors
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: October 2011

This chapter reviews some of the methods currently used, focusing on the canon of two dramatists who frequently took part in collaborations, John Fletcher and Thomas Middleton. Their work is especially relevant since they both collaborated with Shakespeare. It also includes John Ford, because some interesting work has been done on his co-authored plays. However, it occasionally cites some evidence for his authorship of the Funerall Elegye for William Peter. It begins with the techniques used for identifying co-authors with the oldest method, which takes its origin from when a reader familiar with the verse styles used in Elizabethan drama recognizes two or more different styles in a play. The second approach to authorship studies that is discussed derives from the familiar experience of reading or seeing a play and being reminded of some other work. While verbal parallels, including rare words or words used in special senses, remain a valid tool in authorship studies, much help can he derived from large-scale studies of a writer's vocabulary.
Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen with John Fletcher
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen. Scholarly discussion of these two plays that Shakespeare wrote together with John Fletcher has followed a by now familiar pattern: (i) in the mid-nineteenth century pioneering work identifies the scenes written by each dramatist; (ii) these findings are consolidated by other scholars, using different methods; (iii) Shakespeare 'conservators' deny the findings, asserting his sole authorship; and (iv) a recent generation of scholars, using more powerful analytical tools, validates the originally proposed divisions. The pattern being familiar, in discussing these two co-authored plays there is little need to follow out every move for and against. In particular, the chapter addresses the respective methodologies in enough detail to enable readers to understand and evaluate them.
Socialist Pluralism
Authors: Stears Marc
Published: October 2011

A vision for the first fifteen years of the 20th century for the United States were outlined by the nationalist progressives as a similar political philosophy is also in the works by the Fabian Society. By deriving and adapting the conceptual understanding from the idealists, both reform groups demanded far-reaching intervention to each of the individual citizen's life arguing that social harmony and personal growth can only be attained with such measures. It appeared however that the leading radical political theorists had arrived at the same broad conclusions to a blind faith mechanism of the state. The second movement introduced in this chapter is known as the ‘socialist pluralism’ in which a series of conceptual and institutional arguments are prospected to be the main focus of a significant transatlantic debate.
Epilogue
Authors: Stears Marc
Published: October 2011

From the immediate aftermath of World War I into the early 1920s, the nationalist progressives suggested a series of ideas for far-reaching reform. None of these measures succeeded. Their efforts to construct an American Labor Party foundered in the face of a wide collection of obstacles, ranging from the obstruction of the courts through the lack of interest of major trade unions to the inability of diverse groups of progressive intellectuals to put aside their differences. Attempts at constructing programmes of industrial democracy in the workplace fared little better. The 1920s did not usher in an era of industrial citizenship, as had been hoped; rather, it witnessed a reversal of fortunes. The growth of adult education in the early post-war years had offered a prime means of achieving such a conversion. Yet severe problems arose here too. This chapter examines all these discussion points.