bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parenting and Intellectual Disability: An Attachment Perspective
Authors: Feniger-Schaal Rinat , Oppenheim David , Koren-Karie Nina , Yirmiya Nurit
Published: February 2013

This chapter begins with a brief review of attachment theory. It describes how attachment is assessed using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP), and reviews the studies of attachment in children with Intellectual Disability (ID). It introduces two issues pertinent to attachment and ID: the first involves the cognitive prerequisites for the development of attachment; the second involves the factors contributing to the development of secure (or insecure) attachments in typically developing children, as well as in the development of children with ID. In addition to factors relating to the children, the chapter considers factors relating to the parents, including both parents' behavior with their children as reflected in their sensitivity, and parents' representations of their children, as reflected in their insightfulness into the experience of the child and their reactions to the diagnosis of the child.
Children with Down Syndrome: Parents' Perspectives
Authors: Al-Yagon Michal , Margalit Malka
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews research focusing on two major themes regarding parents and children with Down syndrome: the shift from a pathology perspective to a stress and coping approach, and the study of parent-child interactions, attachment, and relationships. It calls for the additional future exploration of the inconsistent findings regarding parents' stress, family-focused programs, parental personal resources, fathers' perspectives, and coping resources.
Consciousness and Cognition
Authors: Gulick Robert Van
Published: February 2013

Several concepts used in the area of consciousness and cognition are discussed. There are five distinguished types of creature consciousness. An organism may be said to be conscious is it can sense and perceive its environment and has the capacity to respond appropriately. A second sense of creature consciousness requires not merely the capacity to sense or perceive, but the current active use of those capacities. Another notion of creature consciousness requires that organisms be not only aware but also self-aware. Self-awareness comes in degrees and varies along multiple dimensions. The conscious creatures might be defined as those that have an experiential life. Organisms are sometimes said to be conscious of various items or objects. Consciousness in this sense is understood as an intentional relation between the organism and some object or item of which it is aware. The conscious states might be regarded as those that have phenomenal properties or phenomenal character. The representationalist theories claim that conscious states have no mental properties other than their representational properties. Higher-order theories analyze consciousness as a form of self-awareness. Higher-order theories come in several forms. Some treat the requisite higher-order states as perception-like, and thus the process of generating such states is a kind of inner perception or perhaps introspection. The intermediate level representation model focuses on the contents of conscious experience.
Embodied Cognition
Authors: Shapiro Lawrence A.
Published: February 2013

The article explains the history, core concepts, methodological practices, and future prospects of embodied cognition. Cognitivism treats cognition, including perception, as a constructive process in which computational operations transform a static representation into a goal state. Cognition begins with an input representation so that the psychological subject can be conceived as a passive receptor of information. The cognitivist's primary concern is the discovery of algorithms by which inputs such as those representing shading are transformed into outputs such as those representing shape. The experimental methods need to provide an environment that isolates the stimuli that will be relevant to an investigation of the mental process of interest. Gibson's theory of perception explains that information in the optic array sufficed to specify opportunities for action, thus providing observers with an ability to perceive. Gibson explains that perception is the detection of information that, with no further embellishment, suffices to specify features of an observer's world. The active observer could, by collecting and sampling the wealth of information contained within the optic array, know its world in terms relative to its needs. Embodied cognition researchers conceive of themselves as offering a new framework for studying the mind.
Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Knobe Joshua
Published: February 2013

The aim of the article is to review existing work in experimental philosophy. The experimental philosophy seeks to examine the phenomena that have been traditionally associated with philosophy using the methods that have more recently been developed within cognitive science. Conceptual analysis frequently relies on appeals to intuition, but it is rarely made clear precisely whose intuitions are being discussed. The emphasis in cross-cultural work in experimental philosophy has been shifting toward the study of moral judgments, with papers exploring cross-cultural differences in intuitions about consequentialism and moral responsibility. Philosophers have been working on the relationship between moral responsibility and determinism. One of the key points of contention is whether moral responsibility and determinism are compatible or incompatible. Philosophers working within the framework of the analytic project have long engaged in the study of people's intuitions, but their real interest has not typically been in human beings and the way they think. They work to understand the true nature of the properties and relations that people's concepts pick out. Some philosophers believe that the most important and fundamental issues are somehow getting overlooked as researchers turn more and more to empirically informed work in cognitive science.
The Problem of Harmonic Dualism
Authors: Bent Ian
Published: February 2013

This article presents a key text in the transition of Riemann's argument from earlier theories and mature, psychological work. As a reference, the article also forms a link back to historical contexts already explored, and this article invokes figures such as Georg Capellen and Arthur von Oettingen—Riemann's contemporaries. In this article, Riemann is shown to summarize for one last time, the scope and ambitions of his dualistic theory and, implicitly and explicitly, he responds to his critics. As always, Riemann does not merely rework his earlier arguments but designs them in such way they adapt to the current situation and cover new ground by answering his critics.
Life and Works
Authors: Torrell Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2013

This article presents a biography of Thomas Aquinas, who was born in the family castle of Roccasecca in southern Italy between Rome and Naples. He was sent to Paris (1245–48), to the convent of St. James, for his studies under the direction of Albert the Great, who introduced him to the work of Pseudo-Dionysius. He deepened his knowledge of the Ethics of Aristotle and appropriated the methods of the masters of the arts. He spent two years (1252–54) commenting on the sentences of Peter Lombard but did not manage to write his text until 1256. Aquinas had to go to Valenciennes to the General Article of the Dominicans to participate in a commission charged with the task of promoting studies at the end of the preceding period June 1259. Aquinas took the role of convent lector and helped his confreres prepare for the ministries of teaching and confession. Aquinas wrote Super Iob, which offers a lovely example of literal exegesis that is used in the service of doctrinal reflection on the suffering of the just innocent, in which suffering is reconciled with divine goodness. Aquinas was sent to Rome by his superiors to found an experimental studium at Santa Sabina for some select students of his Order over whom he would have complete authority.
Law and Natural Law
Authors: Baur Michael
Published: February 2013

Aquinas's account of law as an ordering of reason for the common good of a community depends on the mereology that covered his theory of parthood relations, including the relations of parts to parts and parts to wholes. Aquinas argued that ‘all who are included in a community stand in relation to that community as parts to a whole’, and ‘every individual person is compared to the whole community as part to whole’. Aquinas held that the perfection of wholes through the proper ordering of their parts does not entail the elimination of diversity, but in many cases requires diversity. Aquinas argued that there are two ways of ordering parts within a whole. Firstly, the parts are ordered with respect to one another, and secondly, the parts are ordered toward an end. The ordering of a whole's parts to one another is always for the sake of the ordering of the whole to its extrinsic end. Aquinas argued that the good toward which the law directs a community is called the ‘common good’ of that community. The common good or common end toward which members of a community are ordered can be the sort of end that the agents bring into existence through their own actions such as justice within a community, or the sort of end that can exist apart from the actions of the agents.
Philosophy of Mind and Human Nature
Authors: Pasnau Robert
Published: February 2013

Aquinas's theory of human nature is discussed in the first part of the Summa theologiae, known as the Treatise on Human Nature. Aquinas postulated a real distinction between the soul itself and its powers. He argued that the soul essentially is the form of a body and the soul is the ultimate intrinsic explanatory principle for the existence of the composite substance that is a human being. A human being is to be capable to perform various operations including nutritive, sensory, and intellectual operations. The human soul, as the internal principle of life for a human being, is the source for the various powers that a human being requires in order to carry out the operations distinctive of such life. Aquinas distinguished various powers in several ways. Most fundamental is a distinction between the nutritive or vegetative powers, the sensory powers, and the intellectual or rational powers. The last two categories further divide into those powers that are cognitive and those that are appetitive. The cognitive sensory powers divide into the familiar five external senses and the four internal senses. The appetitive sensory powers divide into the irascible and concupiscible. There is just one appetitive power, the will, and two cognitive powers, the agent intellect and the possible intellect at the intellectual level.
The Limits of Language and the Notion of Analogy
Authors: Davies Brian
Published: February 2013

Aquinas argued that God accounts for the existence (esse) of all substances for as long as they exist and God is nothing bodily nor is he something with attributes distinguishable from himself. He argued that God is identical with what can be truly affirmed of him and God is immutable and there is no distinction in God of essence (essentia) and existence (esse). Aquinas argued that people who say that God is good just do not mean that God is not bad. They mean that God is actually good in and of himself. The people who say that God is living are not just saying that God is not inanimate but they are telling what God really is. Aquinas argued that God may cause what is good, but, as Creator of the universe, as the cause of the esse of things, God also causes (makes to be) what is bodily. In Aquinas's view, God is good, and is whatever he is by nature, regardless of what he has brought about (created/caused to be). Aquinas argued that words applied to creatures cannot mean exactly the same when applied to God, since God is not something distinct from his nature. Aquinas also wanted to say that words applied to creatures cannot mean something entirely different when applied to God.
Resurrection and the Separated Soul
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: February 2013

Aquinas argued that human beings are material things, and he took the human soul to be the form of the human body. He argued that the individuation of a substance is a function of its substantial form. For Aquinas, the substantial form of any material substance configures prime matter, the matter that is devoid of every form, without any configuration. The constitution is not identity for Aquinas, so it was also possible for him to suppose that a particular substance survives even the loss of some of its metaphysical constituents, provided that the remaining constituents can exist on their own and are sufficient for the existence of the substance. Aquinas accepted the Christian doctrine that, after the death and before the resurrection of the body, the soul persists in a separated state. For Aquinas, preservation of identity is not something that has to be guaranteed by recomposing the human being of the same bits of matter-form composites, such as atoms, as before. On Aquinas's account, the soul is what makes unformed prime matter into the human being by configuring prime matter in such a way that the matter is the living animal capable of intellective cognition. Aquinas argued that the individuation and identity of anything is provided by its substantial form. Aquinas argued that, resurrection is not so much reassembly of integral parts as it is reconstitution of metaphysical parts.
Effects of Migration: Political Parties
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on Europe, particularly Great Britain, France, and the European Union (EU), as examples of the effects of migration on multiparty systems and the politics of immigration. It examines the rise of radical Right parties; their impact on mainstream parties; and their impact on policy, including antidiscrimination policy.
The Social Effects of Immigration
Authors: Foner Nancy
Published: February 2013

This article examines the social consequences of immigration to the United States in three major areas: work—how immigration has changed the occupational division of labor and led to new ethnic occupational niches; ethnoracial relations—specifically, relations between immigrants and long-established native minorities; and community institutions—how immigration has affected schools, hospitals, and religious congregations. At the worksite, immigration has created and reproduced immigrant and ethnic enclaves. Even in urban workplaces and schools that have a multiethnic character, people often gravitate toward those with whom they share common cultural understandings and language, and immigrants also may adopt distancing strategies to distinguish themselves from African Americans. Immigrants have brought striking changes to community institutions, often resulting in conflicts over language, among other issues, in an almost endless diversity of national, state, and local policy questions.
Migration and International Relations
Authors: Hollifield James F.
Published: February 2013

This article argues that the state plays a key role in managing migration. The necessary conditions for migration to occur may be social and economic, but the sufficient conditions are political and legal. States must be willing to open their borders to the movement of people, and as people move they can acquire rights. Immigration has profound political implications, and states are critical in shaping migration outcomes, even when they choose to accept high levels of illegal immigration or when borders are porous and they do not have the capacity to control many forms of migration.
Immigration, Crime, and Terrorism
Authors: Koslowski Rey
Published: February 2013

This article explores some of the ways in which international migration intersects with the issues of crime and terrorism. First, it considers the ways in which crime and terrorism have precipitated particular international movements across borders. Second, it focuses more specifically on one form of crime: human smuggling. Third, it considers some of the consequences of international migration for crime. Finally, it explores the relationships among migration, mobility, and terrorism.
How Does One Win a Lost War? Oral History and Political Memories
Authors: Lorenz Federico
Published: February 2013

This article refers to the Malvian Wars to analyze how political memories are embedded in oral history. It provides a broader look at political memories as historical constructions, and a reflection on the place of historians in disputes over the past. All memories are political, but not all memories affect politics. In some cases, this is because they have been silenced, and in others because they remain in the individual sphere, and consequently are forgotten and disappear when their bearers die. Talking to others about their political memories can leads to conscious efforts to intervene in disputes over the past as a way of impacting upon the present. This article also tries to analyze the memories associated with dictatorship with special reference to political upheavals in Argentina. Memories of the Malvian wars are vividly captured in this article, and this is followed by a discussion on the idea of patriotic wars. An explanation about the place and importance of historians against this backdrop concludes this article.
Race and Oral History
Authors: Broussard Albert S.
Published: February 2013

The idea of race against the backdrop of social history is explored in this article. One of the most remarkable developments in the historical profession in the past forty years has been the explosion of African American history and its movement to the center of the American experience. African American history occupied a prominent place in the discussion and in the interpretation of numerous historical eras and controversies. Oral history evidence has illuminated the African American experience during the periods of slavery and reconstruction and the modern civil rights movement. American slavery is a glaring example of race in oral history. U. B. Phillips's American Negro Slavery, published in 1918, argued that slavery was a benign, humane institution, which served primarily as a school of civilization for ignorant, barbaric, and unenterprising Africans. Oral histories of the civil rights movements as recorded in biographies and journals followed by an analysis of new insights winds up this article.
The Proust Effect: Oral History and the Senses
Authors: Hamilton Paula
Published: February 2013

At least one of the five senses—sound, vision, touch, taste, and smell—is essential to all human experience. Oral history is no exception. The importance of the senses has taken new conceptual approaches to interpreting the nature of experience, first by anthropologists working with different cultures, then later cultural historians, that is, before these ideas became more widespread. This article traces the importance of the five senses in experiencing oral history with special reference to Marcel Proust. It is well known that senses can act as a mnemonic device or a trigger to remembering. The smell and taste of tea and madeleines stimulated Proust's recollection of his past, in one of the most famous of all literary passages about memory. Proust called it the involuntary memory. Oral histories are by nature, articulating experience in speech and language. This article further traces several ways by which one can consider the role of the senses in oral histories.
Case Study: Opening Up Memory Space: The Challenges of Audiovisual History
Authors: Lichtblau Albert
Published: February 2013

The emergence of oral history was connected with a technical development—namely the possibility of recording human voices. The recording techniques developed rapidly. This article discusses the challenges faced while recording audiovisual history. In the 1980s expensive filmmaking began to be replaced by more affordable video formats, which took the technical development of oral history to a new audiovisual level. The paradigm shift generated by oral history in which historians began to generate their own primary sources announced another transformation of the way historians worked: taking leave of the written form and communicating scholarly results in audiovisual form. This article seeks to describe what the integration of the visual aspect means for oral historians in generating documents of remembrance. It elaborates on a few concrete examples of how integrating the camera's eye has shaped audiovisual history. A discussion on negotiation of remembrance followed by new methods and issues of videohistory concludes this article.
Oral History: Media, Message, and Meaning
Authors: Kuhn Clifford M.
Published: February 2013

An immense transformation in oral history and media has taken place over the past few decades. This article draws largely upon personal experiences in culminating media, message, and meaning along with the study of oral history. This article looks at experiences in interviewing people and how memories can be juxtaposed in combining oral history. To convey something of the orality and subjectivity of a radio series, this article also intersperses thirteen longer “profiles,” extended interview excerpts with people found especially informative and illuminating, and whose stories did not always fit neatly within the larger narrative. Living Atlanta: An Oral History of the City, 1914–1948, published in 1990 is referred to for conveying message and meaning. The advent of the digital revolution by the early 1990s helped spur a resurgence of interest. The plethora of oral history–based media initiatives is astounding which is still mushrooming.
The Archival Imperative: Can Oral History Survive the Funding Crisis in Archival Institutions?
Authors: Robertson Beth M.
Published: February 2013

This article strives to answer the question of whether oral history can survive the funding crisis that rages archival institutions. The cost and complexity of managing archival collections in libraries and archives are increasing at unprecedented rates. Collecting institutions are expected to do more with less, a common experience for most publicly funded repositories since the 1980s. Institutions struggling with backlogs of physical collections are now responsible for electronic collections that grow exponentially and require new formats with astonishing frequency. Archives must provide online as well as on-site services to satisfy researchers, and those who allocate funding. In some ways, oral history is well adapted to survive in this tumultuous environment. Many archival institutions have been educating local practitioners since the 1970s about the standards required by their repositories. The pragmatism required for preservation strategies will be anathema to some curators, just as the underlying principles have been to some archivists in recent years.
Case Study: What is it That University-Based Oral History Can Do? The Berkeley Experience
Authors: Smith Richard Cándida
Published: February 2013

University-based oral history needs to undergo a transformation. The process of going out and interviewing people for first-hand knowledge of historical events is as old as the historical discipline itself. This article focuses on a case study on what university-based oral history can do when it comes to the study of oral history. Interviews continued to be one of the most important tools for historians studying recent topics, but oral history as practiced today had its beginnings in the early nineteenth century when researchers began compiling and preserving stenographic records of the interviews they carried out. Modern oral history has centered on making the words of the historical informants accessible, so that narrators can continue to speak of their experiences to subsequent generations. Oral sources have been an important part of scholarly life for the past two centuries because they have made visible forms of collective life that are difficult to document in other ways.
Case Study: Engaging Interpretation Through Digital Technologies
Authors: Benmayor Rina
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the dynamics of interpreting oral history through digital technologies. From today's vantage point, my “high-tech” strategies are quaint and rather obsolete. Faculty have more sophisticated electronic tools at our disposal for oral history instruction, including digital transcription programs, multimedia programs that integrate voice, image, and word, and learning management systems where we can post course materials, communicate with students, organize group communication and so on. In addition to advances in teaching technologies, today's students come with higher degrees of technological literacy than a decade ago. They are equipped with computers, iPods, and cell phones, and many know how to use digital audio and video recorders. Where once we had to teach how to use specialized software programs, faculty now take for granted that students know how to make slide presentations. Some are already familiar with sound or video editing processes, and a few may even have multimedia production experience.
Music, Violence, and the Stakes of Listening
Authors: Leppert Richard
Published: February 2013

This article is concerned with Apollo, the Greek god of music, and the brutality he displays whenever his musical talent is challenged. The article also discusses the role music plays in the aestheticization of politics and how it can be used as a form of unwilling listening inflicted as a form of punishment. It relates the myth of Apollo and Marsyas, a mortal who dared challenge the Greek god to a contest of musical skill. This myth is depicted in hundreds of paintings, from Pietro Perugino's late fifteenth-century representation, to more modern depictions. Apollo was also used in paintings that decorated harpsichords and virginals, and his exploits were performed during the ommegang or public parade.
Chronic Pain: Closing the Gap Between Evidence and Practice
Authors: Thorn Beverly E. , Walker Barbara B.
Published: February 2013

Chronic pain devastates lives and leads to staggering health care costs. Because chronic pain is one of the most common complaints seen in health care settings and is commonly associated with other health problems, it is critical that health psychologists have a thorough understanding of pain disorders. In this chapter, we describe the problematic gap that exists between what we know about chronic pain and our ability to provide effective treatments in practice. After reviewing the evidence from several different perspectives, we argue that this gap exists in large part because of a collision between the biopsychosocial and biomedical models. Specifically, the evidence supports conceptualizing and treating chronic pain using a biopsychosocial model, but the prevailing model practiced within our current health care system is biomedical. With their extensive experience and training in both the biopsychosocial model and evidence-based practice, health psychologists are uniquely qualified to narrow this gap.
Latino Health
Authors: Ruiz John M. , Steffen Patrick
Published: February 2013

Latinos, like other minorities, have a significant health risk factor profile marked by educational, economic, and disease challenges. Yet, despite these disparities, Latinos appear to live longer than non-Hispanic whites, an epidemiological phenomenon commonly referred to as the Hispanic or Latino mortality paradox. This surprising finding casts doubt on the generalizability of several tenets of psychosocial health and health disparities and spurs new questions regarding the cause of such resilience. This chapter begins by describing the characteristics of Latinos in the United States, before reviewing the evidence and complexity of the Latino mortality paradox. Emerging explanatory models for such effects are discussed and a conceptual model to guide future research is presented.
Two Decades of Social Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Implications for Health
Authors: Todorova Irina L.G.
Published: February 2013

This chapter explores the dynamics of changes in health indicators in Central and Eastern Europe over the last 20 years. It presents illustrations of the East–West health divide from different countries and compares groups of countries. It offers in-depth case studies from Bulgaria and Romania to represent further dimensions of the psychosocial and a sociocultural contextualization of health. The events in Eastern Europe illustrate the importance of bringing a contextual lens to health psychology phenomena. Behaviour change models need to take into account meanings of health and of health protective, preventive, or risk behaviours. Lifestyles cannot be conceptualized as purely individual choices, but are co-constructed within cultural values and contingent upon material conditions. Health care reform in Central and Eastern Europe needs to be undertaken in multiple directions simultaneously—structural and policy changes, health promotion, behavior change interventions, using participatory approaches coordinated with community groups—to ensure that health indicators will continue to improve.
The Cultural Perspective in Personality Assessment
Authors: Cheung Fanny M.
Published: February 2013

Culture affects personality through the ways that people are represented psychologically. Global or etic approaches to the study of culture and personality compare universal dimensions across cultures, whereas focal or emic approaches interpret and identify indigenous dimensions on the basis of local phenomena and experiences. This article reviews the relationship between culture and personality, as well as the impact of cultural factors on personality assessment. It discusses practical and methodological issues of personality assessment across cultures, including issues of equivalence and cross-cultural validation in test translation and adaptation, using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) as an example. At the theoretical level, the article compares the etic and emic approaches to personality assessment and highlights the contributions of a combined emic–etic approach in developing culturally relevant personality assessment based on the experience of the Cross-cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory. These issues highlight the need for incorporating cross-cultural training as an integral part of psychology in order to enhance the cultural relevance of the practice of, and research in, personality assessment.
Functional Imaging in Clinical Assessment? The Rise of Neurodiagnostics with fMRI
Authors: Macdonald Angus W. , Jones Jessica A. H.
Published: February 2013

This article provides an update on progress in the use of neuroimaging for predicting clinical states, with particular attention to diagnosis. It discusses the underpinnings of the blood oxygenation level-dependent response used in fMRI, as well as issues involved in measuring this signal reliably. The article then considers the logic underpinning the development of models based on brain data to examine latent states, such as deception, and latent traits, such as the diagnosis of schizophrenia. It concludes that neuroimaging, while not currently a practical tool for clinical assessment, is likely to provide an important avenue of new ideas. Biomarkers, such as those derived from neuroimaging, are likely to have a role in understanding dimensionality and the common origins of certain disorders (for example, depression and anxiety) by providing biological principles around which to organize thinking in these areas.
Clinical Personality Assessment with Asian Americans
Authors: Okazaki Sumie , Okazaki Mimi , Sue Stanley
Published: February 2013

The Asian American population is a fast-growing population, with enormous within-group heterogeneity. Although the past decade has seen significant gains in psychological research on this population, there continues to be notable paucity of research in some areas of clinical personality assessment with Asian American clients. This article provides guidelines for practical considerations in conducting clinical personality assessment with Asian Americans. It reviews recent research on the use of clinical assessment measures with Asian Americans and presents general guidelines for clinical assessment, followed by the case example of an Asian American client in a forensic assessment case. Some of the discussion is based on research on ethnic minorities and personality research on Asians overseas. The article also considers the use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to assess the personality of Asian Americans. Finally, it looks at measures of Asian American psychological experiences, including acculturation, cultural values, and cultural conflicts.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Mueser Kim T. , Marcello Duva Stephanie
Published: February 2013

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness marked by hallucinations, delusions, reduced social drive, apathy, and cognitive impairment. Schizophrenia tends to develop in early adulthood and has a major impact on all aspects of functioning, including work, school, social relationships, and self-care. The illness is thought to have a biological basis that interacts with environmental and psychological factors, including stress, social support, and social competence and coping skills. Schizophrenia was once thought to be a progressively deteriorating disorder. However, more recent perspectives on schizophrenia focus on helping people define the meaning of recovery for themselves, to set personally meaningful goals, and to become active participants in their own treatment. A broad range of effective treatments exist for schizophrenia, including antipsychotic medications and psychosocial interventions such as supported employment, family psychoeducation, social skills training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis. Although most people with schizophrenia experience some symptoms and impairments throughout their lives, recent treatment advances enable them to live rewarding, fulfilling lives, and to make a contribution to society.
Utilitarianism and Animals
Authors: Frey R. G.
Published: February 2013

This article notes that, of all the traditional, mainstream ethical theories, none has been more disposed over the centuries to sympathetic consideration of the pains of animals than utilitarianism. By using a sentiency criterion of moral standing, Jeremy Bentham ensured that the pain and suffering of animals counted in the moral calculus. According to his theory, their pains confer on them moral considerability; and every utilitarian since Bentham has endorsed the sentiency criterion. The discussion in this article examines why utilitarians up to the present day have accepted the sentiency criterion and yet almost routinely failed, with specificity, to include animals within the calculus of utility in their general moral philosophies. Bentham was the first to exhibit this shortcoming. The article holds that in the last four decades, Peter Singer was the first utilitarian in the 1970s to take animals seriously.
Are Nonhuman Animals Persons?
Authors: Tooley Michael
Published: February 2013

This article considers the concept of persons as the central issue in moral status debates. It finds questions about whether members of one or more nonhuman species of animals are persons among the most difficult philosophical questions we face today. It locates the difficulty in two sources: how the concept of a person should be analyzed, especially the properties that give an entity a right to continued existence; and how to determine which psychological capacities and which forms of mental life adult members of nonhuman species have. It argues that the fact that something is a continuing subject of experiences and has mental states that are psychologically connected over time is crucial to creatures having moral status and having a right to continued existence.
Mindreading and Moral Significance in Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: February 2013

This article starts with the current state of the discussions about the moral significance of nonhuman animals and the basic capacities that have been stressed in the leading theories: sentience, basic forms of consciousness, animals' capacity for making long- or short-range plans, self-awareness, and the like. The article is almost entirely centered on mindreading as a cognitive ability that intersects with the basic capacities put forward in theories of moral status. One central argument is that propositional attitude mindreading is language-dependent, because it involves metarepresentation. After reviewing experimental findings on mindreading in primates, the article tries to show that the data can be interpreted without assuming that the mindreaders are engaged in propositional attitude mindreading.
The Moral Life of Animals
Authors: Bradie Michael
Published: February 2013

This article raises two main questions: “Do nonhuman animals have minds?” and “What implications, if any, does the answer have for their moral status?” It argues that a former tide against animal mentality and moral status has changed over the past 150 years, leading to the present muddled set of opinions. It notes that evolutionary evidence supports the claim that there are no significant qualitative differences between humans and other animals. Also, evidence from cognitive ethology indicates that many animals possess the neural architecture necessary for sophisticated cognitive and affective behavior, and that they manifest moral sensibility. It concludes that human beings are one among the animals and that human moral systems are one among the moral systems of animals.
On the Nature of Species and the Moral Significance of their Extinction
Authors: Powell Russell
Published: February 2013

This article begins by noting that in the history of life, every species up to presently existing species has become extinct. Complex life itself has been on the brink of annihilation at various points in the evolutionary process. A problem, given this history, is whether we should regard the causing or the permitting of the extinction of species as a bad outcome to be avoided. It notes that so-called common-sense intuitions about these matters are not trustworthy and often do not hold up to theoretical scrutiny. Using the evolutionary and ecological sciences, the discussion takes the currently received view that species should be analyzed in terms of individual lineages and not as a temporal natural kinds.
Are All Species Equal?
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: February 2013

This article considers the defensibility of “species egalitarianism”—the position that all living things have equal moral standing and therefore all species command our respect. It challenges the view that there are good reasons to believe that all living things have moral standing in even a minimal sense. It explains why members of other species understandably and justifiably command our respect, but also why they cannot command equal respect. It also argues that there is reason to doubt that species egalitarianism is compatible with true respect for nature. The theory improperly suggests that the moral standing of dolphins is no higher than that of tuna, and that the standing of chimpanzees is no higher than that of mice. Such a view does not give dolphins and chimpanzees the respect they deserve.
Animal Experimentation in Biomedical Research
Authors: LaFollette Hugh
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the conditions under which it is permissible and advisable to use animals in biomedical experimentation. The “Common View” is that there are moral limits on what we can do to nonhuman animals, but humans can use them when doing so advances significant human interests. This view entails that animals have some moral status, but not a demandingly high status. The idea also states that most people believe that medical experiments using animals do wind up benefiting humans. The “Lenient View” holds that even if animals have moral worth, their worth is so slight that humans can use them virtually any way we wish. The “Demanding View” holds that the moral worth of animals is so high that it bars virtually all uses of animals in biomedical research.
Ethical Issues in the Application of Biotechnology to Animals in Agriculture
Authors: Streiffer Robert , Basl John
Published: February 2013

This article discusses moral problems about the use of modern biotechnology in agriculture that emerged in the early 1990s over recombinant bovine growth hormone, a chemical produced using genetically engineered microorganisms and then injected into dairy cows to increase milk yield. Then, there came genetically engineered soybeans, corn, canola, and cotton, and recently genetically engineered animals and cloned animals intended as food or breeding stock in agriculture. The discussion provides a moral framework for evaluating these new applications of modern biotechnology as they affect the food supply. It notes that all of the livestock are sentient beings with determinable welfare levels, which assures them of some degree of moral status. It points out that the moral importance of animals takes on a massive significance in light of the number of animals in the livestock sector. The livestock sector also is one of the most significant contributors to global environmental problems.
The Use of Animals in Toxicological Research
Authors: Rowan Andrew N.
Published: February 2013

This article addresses practical problems about our use of animals to assess the toxicological risks posed by various drugs, cleaning agents, pesticides, cosmetics, and the like. It presents scientific doubts about the usefulness of much of the animal test data for human risk assessment. It argues that there is now a consensus that animal tests are not particularly effective in predicting harm to either humans or the environment. This consensus is rapidly causing interest in toxicology to shift away from animal tests and toward quicker and cheaper alternative test systems. It is also critical of the current system of institutional review committees (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees in the United States), which in principle are comprised of people who are chosen as reasonable representatives of the various parties who have a stake in the decisions of these committees.
What's Ethics Got to Do with it?
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey P.
Published: February 2013

This article begins with the question of whether ethics has much to do with normative questions of government policy for the oversight of animal research. It notes that ethics is the normative backbone of such policies—both for animal subjects and human subjects. It finds that numerous parallels have evolved with respect to government-mandated oversight regimes in both the human and the nonhuman animal domains: rules regarding acceptable risk, inappropriate treatment of research subjects, prospective review and approval of proposed research, and institutional oversight committees. Nonetheless, the rules for research on animals depart from those for human research in fundamental ways, and ones that raise moral concerns about whether policies for animal research review are adequate. Policies for human research protections follow and are based on well-articulated moral principles. But the case of animal research has no such clear connection between policies and principles.
Introduction: Eugenics and the Modern World
Authors: Levine Philippa , Bashford Alison
Published: February 2013

This article summarizes both the history and the historiography of eugenics across the world and that indicates new lines of inquiry that have evolved in recent years. It demonstrates that eugenics rapidly has become a shared language and ambition in cultures and locations that were otherwise radically different. It discusses the complicated relationship between the unconditional advocacy of contraception by neo-Malthusians and the cautious ambivalence typical of eugenicists. This article extends the analysis of eugenics through gender by addressing the question of masculinity and the subjectivity of eugenic advocates. This article analyzes the transnational themes in eugenics and surveys the important question of place-based differences in eugenic aims, methods, policies, and outcome. Eugenics invokes a modern political history in which individuals have been subsumed within collectives and their perceived interests and soon became a signal for, and almost a symbol of, modernization.
Disability, Psychiatry, and Eugenics
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: February 2013

This article reviews assumptions about psychiatry and mental disability, explaining why the mentally disabled, more than the mentally ill or the physically disabled, became the focus of eugenic anxiety as well as policy. It also examines why such policies were taken further in some countries than others, and whether the focus on mental disability applies equally to eugenics within a colonial setting. It argues that the primacy of the mentally disabled does not necessarily equate with the primacy of psychiatry: the development of eugenic policies toward the mentally disabled in this period is more crucially a consequence of political and economic context than of the influence of psychiatry itself. Finally, it concludes with an exploration of the history of disability, psychiatry, and eugenics since World War II.
Psychological Comorbidity of Eating Disorders
Authors: Halmi Katherine A.
Published: February 2013

Psychological comorbidity of eating disorders may be organized most conveniently according to psychiatric diagnoses of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual–IV (DSM-IV) and assessments of specific traits. In this chapter, further categorization of the DSM-IV diagnoses is made according to Axis I and Axis II diagnoses (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994). The most comprehensive psychological comorbidity study is from the U.S. national comorbidity survey replication (Hudson et al., 2008). In this study, at least one lifetime comorbid psychiatric DSM-IV disorder was present in 56.2% of anorexia nervosa participants, 94.5% of those with bulimia nervosa, 78.9% of those with binge eating disorder, 63.6% with subthreshold binge eating disorder, and 76.5% with any binge eating. Similar results were obtained with other population based studies and also from studies of clinical populations containing the diagnoses of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder (Braun, Sunday, & Halmi, 1994; Godart et al., 2002; Halmi et al., 1991; Hudson et al., 1987; Johnson et al., 2001; Kaye et al., 2004; McElroy et al., 2005).
Planning as Scholarship: Origins and Prospects
Authors: Weber Rachel , Crane Randall
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the origins and prospects of urban planning as a scholarship. Urban planning is a relatively young academic discipline and, despite its storied genes, lacks an extensive, established canon on which to rest its laurels. It also has a conflicted status in the academy with its dual nature as both craft and intellectual field. The article proposes that planning research habitually embodies at least four indicative, over-lapping orientations, including built and natural environments, interdependent problems, implementation and practice, and change. It also discusses the contents of this volume, which is about purpose, role, process, and practice of urban planning, as well as the phenomena with which contemporary planning has been most concerned.
Cultural Diversity
Authors: Umemoto Karen , Zambonelli Vera
Published: February 2013

This article considers cultural diversity as one of the main objectives of urban planning. It provides an overview of schools of thought that inform planning approaches within multicultural settings, and explores some of the major issues and challenges which cultural diversity brings for planners and the planning profession within the context of democratic governance. The article also proposes a number of issues that must be addressed in future studies concerning planning in a culturally diverse society.