bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural Network Predictions of Human Psychological Perceptions of Clothing Sensory Comfort
Authors: Wong A.S.W. , Li Y. , Yeung P.K.W. , Lee P.W.H.
Published: March 2008

The objective of this'paper is to investigate the predictability of clothing sensory comfort from psychological perceptions by using a feed-forward back-propagation net work in an artificial neural network (ANN) system. In order to achieve the objective, a series of wear trials is conducted in which ten sensory perceptions ( clammy, clingy, damp, sticky, heavy, prickly, scratchy, fit, breathable, and thermal) and overall clothing comfort ( comfort) are rated by twenty-two professional athletes in a controlled la ratory. They are asked to wear four different garments in each trial and rate the sensations above during a 90-minute exercising period. The scores are were input into five different eed-forward back-propagation neural network models, consisting of six different numbers of hidden and output transfer neurons. Results showing a good correlation between redicted and actual comfort ratings with a significance of p < 0:001 for all five models indicate overall comfort performance is predictable with neural networks, particularly models with log sigmoid hidden neurons and pure linear output neurons. Models with a single log sigmoid hidden layer with fifteen neurons or three hidden layers, each with ten log sigmoid hidden neurons, are able to produce better predictions than the other models for is particular data set in the study.
Experimental Study of a High Drafting System in Cotton Spinning
Authors: Ben Hassen M. , Sakli F. , Sinoimeri A. , Renner M.
Published: March 2008

Using high drafting on a sliver-to-yarn ring spinning frame requires. some critical conditions. In order to understand what occurs during this process, an experimental design is used, and the most influential parameters and their interactions are determined. This approach is applied to spinning of thick and medium cotton yarns for denim fabrics, revealing that a well chosen configuration of the high drafting device leads to a very regular yarn. Some complementary experiments under critical conditions highlight the importance of condensers in such systems. Statistical and mechanical explanations are in good agreement with previous theoretical and experimental work.
Backscattering of Light in Determining Fiber Orientation Distribution and Area Density of Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Zhou S. , Chu C. , Yan H.
Published: March 2008

The behavior of light backscattering from a fiber assembly with arbitrairy fiber orien tation distribution in space and area density depends on the physical properties of the fibers and their arrangement in the fiber assembly. In this paper, a thin fiber layer and its overlapped models are built to study their relations. With this model, the general equation for ascertaining backscattering intensity and the normalized backscattering intensity distribution of light produced from a nonwoven fabric with arbitrary fiber orientation and area density are derived from the theory of scattering and propagation of light. This allows the influence of each of these nonwoven structures to be separately studied. The measured results of the backscattering intensity of light and its distribution by the apparatus initiated in our laboratory are in good agreement with the analytical results calculated from structures of actual nonwovens. The instrument is equipped with a computer-controlled system and displays automatically. The backscattering intensity distribution of light and thus the fiber orientation distribution and area density of nonwoven labrics can be determined with this method.
A Back-Propagation Neural Network for Recognizing Fabric Defects
Authors: Kuo Chung-Feng Jeffrey , Lee Ching-Jeng
Published: March 2008

Appearance is an important property of fabrics. Traditionally, fabric ins on is done by workers, but it is so subjective that accuracy is a problem because inspectors tire easily and suffer eyestrain. To overcome these disadvantages, an image system is used as the detecting tool in this paper. A plain white fabric is adopted as the sample, and the distinguishing defects are holes, oil stains, warp-lacking, and weft-lacking. An area scan camera with 512 × 512 resolution is used in the scheme, and a grabbed image is transmitted to a computer for filtering and thresholding. The corresponding image data are then used in the back-propagation neural network as input. There are three input units, maximum length, maximum width, and gray level of fabric defects, in the input layer of the neural network. This system is successfully employed to determine nonlinear properties and enhance recognition.
Clothing Thermal Insulation During Sweating
Authors: Chen Y.S. , Fan J. , Zhang W.
Published: March 2008

Heat transfer through clothing is an important topic related to thermal comfort in environmental engineering and functional clothing design. The total heat transmitted through clothing is commonly considered as the sum of the dry heat transfer and the evaporative heat transfer. Clothing thermal insulation measured in a nonperspiring con dition, e.g., on a dry thermal manikin, is frequently used to calculate the dry heat transfer when the body is perspiring or even sweating heavily. The effect of perspiration on clothing thermal insulation with respect to dry heat transfer is not well understood, although it is widely speculated that perspiration reduces thermal insulation by wetting clothing assemblies. In this investigation, clothing thermal insulation with very low perspiration and very heavy perspiration is measured using a novel perspiring fabric thermal manikin. Clothing thermal insulation decreases during perspiration, and the amount of reduction varies from 2 to 8%, as related to water accumulation within clothing ensembles. This finding suggests the "after chill" effect of wearers after heavy exercise may not only be caused by heat absorption due to the desorption and evaporation of water within clothing, but also to reduced clothing thermal insulation. Also, for clothing that can absorb a large amount of moisture during sweating, clothing thermal insulation measured on dry manikins may need to be corrected when used for calculating dry heat loss (sometimes used for calculating moisture vapor resistance) on a sweating manikin and predicting thermal comfort during sweating.
Effects of Elevated Temperatures on the Chemical Properties of Cotton Fiber Pectin
Authors: Gamble Gary R.
Published: March 2008

Polygalacturonic acid, calcium polygalacturonate, and samples of two cotton varieties are subjected to elevated temperatures for varying increments of time. The galacturonic acid residues of the heat-treated samples are quantified by digestion with pectinase along with EDTA, and the resultant solutions are analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography. Results indicate that galacturonic acid content decreases exponentially as a function of heating time, and that the rate constant for the degradation is temperature- dependent. The energy of activation for degrading polygalacturonic acid is substantially lower than that for calcium polygalacturonate, and that for the cotton samples is essen tially identical with that for calcium polygalacturonate. This phenomenon, along with supporting data, indicates that cotton fiber pectin is primarily non-esterified polygalactu ronic acid with a large percentage of galacturonic acid residues crosslinked by calcium ions. The energy of activation for degrading cotton fiber pectin is substantially lower than that for cellulose, suggesting that heating cotton at normal ginning temperatures may degrade the pectin component. This change in pectin composition may in turn affect fiber spinning performance due to changes in the surface properties of the fibers.
Influence of Processing Conditions on the Microstructure and Properties of Shape Memory Polyurethane Membranes
Authors: Hu J.L. , Zeng Y.M. , Yan H.J.
Published: March 2008

Solution-cast films of shape memory polyurethane are investigated by Fourier trans form infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical anal ysis, tensile properties, water vapor permeability, and shape memory effect tests. Samples cast at higher temperatures contain more hard segments in the crystalline state and better water vapor permeability than samples cast at lower temperatures. The change in water vapor permeability of shape memory polyurethane films with respect to temperature follows an S-shaped curve, and increases abruptly at Ts, the shape memory temperature of the soft segment. The higher the modulus ratio at two specified temperatures before and after Ts, the better the shape memory behavior of shape memory polyurethane.
Features of Conventional Static and New Dynamic Drape Coefficients of Woven Silk Fabrics
Authors: Matsudaira Mitsuo , Minzhang Yang
Published: March 2008

Conventional static and new dynamic drape coefficients of silk woven fabrics are examined precisely to distinguish those features of each classified fabric by its yarn structure using our regression equations. We find that Shantung has large values of static drape coefficient D, and small node number n, revolving drape increase coefficient D,., and dynamic drape coefficient with swinging motion Dd. Chirimen is characterized by large values of Dr and Dd. Georgette has small values of revolving drape coefficient at 200 rpm, D200. Habutae has relatively large values of Ds and small n, and Dechine has relatively large values of Dr and Dd, but Fujiginu has no peculiar features. The differences between Fujiginu, Dechine, and Georgette become clear from the discriminant analysis, using the five drape parameters as variables. New dynamic drape coefficients are more useful for characterizing each classified silk fabric.
Effects of Acidic Media Pre-incubation on Flax Enzyme Retting Efficiency
Authors: Jing Zhang  , Johansson Gunnar , Pettersson Bert , Akin Danny E. , Foulk Jonn A. , Khalili Sadia , Henriksson Gunnar
Published: March 2008

Overnight incubation of flax straw in a weakly acidic (pH 2) solution decreases the amount of enzyme needed for virtually complete retting by two to three orders of magnitude, as judged by a modified Fried test. This effect is probably based on removal of Ca2+ crosslinking pectin chains in the middle lamella. Washing the enzyme-retted fibers in ethanol and then in acetone or in 0.1 M KOH reduces their stickiness and matting, thus apparently eliminating dry-back. The methods show potential usefulness for the development of a commercial enzyme retting process.
Theoretical Analysis of Tension and Pressure Decay of a Tubular Elastic Fabric
Authors: Hui C.L. , Ng S.F.
Published: March 2008

This paper attempts to theoretically analyze the tension and pressure decay of a single layer tubular elastic fabric used for pressure garments. In the theoretical analysis, we assume that the exponential decay model of the fabric tube on pressure and tension is used and supported by the experiment. We also reveal that in the experiment, the relative rates of pressure change and tension change of a fabric tube are the same no matter which reduction percent is used for making up the pressure garment. The model in this study could assist medical practitioners in providing effective clinical treatment with pressure garments for patients.
Chemical Structural Investigation of the Cotton Fiber Base and Associated Seed Coat: Fourier-Transform Infrared Mapping and Histochemistry
Authors: Himmelsbach David S. , Akin Danny E. , Kim Juhea , Hardin Ian R.
Published: March 2008

Fourier-transform mid-infrared mapping and histochemical staining are used to reveal the location and relative importance of chemical components involved with the base of cotton fibers and their associated seed coat. These two complementary techniques are focused on the nature of the chemical components that hold cotton fibers at their bases to the seed coat and with other portions of seed coat fragments that are often found as part of the trash component of ginned cotton. Infrared results reveal waxes or long-chain alcohols adjacent to the shank of cotton fiber bases in the outer epidermal tissue in all regions of the cotton seed; uronate anions in the outer epidermis and pigment layers surrounding the bases of the fibers and strongly present in the upper palisade layer tissue of all seed regions; compounds containing carbonyl functionality, acids, and bases, at the juncture of the upper palisade and colorless layers; tannin or pretannin-type aromatic structures in the outer pigment layer and interior to the cells in the epidermal layer of all seed coat regions; and lignin-type aromatics in the "colorless" layer of all regions of the seed coat. The infrared results are complemented by staining with Oil Red O for waxes, Ruthenium Red for pectins, acid phloroglucinol for lignins, and vanillin-HCl for tannins. The results provide a better understanding of fiber-seed interactions that are important to the development of methods for improving the separation of cotton fibers from seed coats. In turn, this will help to avoid breaking fibers and pulling out seed coat fragments with the fibers during ginning.
Numerical Simulation of Air Flow in the Nozzle of an Air-Jet Spinning Machine
Authors: Zeng Y.C. , Yu C.W.
Published: March 2008

A CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model is developed to simulate the air flow patterns inside the nozzle of an air-jet spinning machine. The design parameters of the nozzle are related to the flow characteristics, so they affect yarn properties. Three parameters are discussed: The effect of nozzle pressure is significant. With increasing nozzle pressure, both the axial and tangential velocity in the nozzle increase, thus increasing the tensile properties of the yarn. However, it is not sensible to increase nozzle pressure to a very high level. The jet orifice angle affects flow characteristics in a complex way. It dramatically affects the axial velocity and the negative pressure at the jet inlet. The selection of a jet orifice angle is a compromise of several factors. Even though the influence of the jet orifice position on the flow structure is insignificant, its design must be optimized. This work demonstrates that CFD can be used to optimize the nozzle design to produce air-jet spun yarns with better properties.
Effects of Various Home Laundering Practices on the Dimensional Stability Wrinkling, and Other Properties of Plain Woven Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Higgins L. , Anand S.C. , Holmes D.A. , Hall M.E. , Underly K.
Published: March 2008

As part of an ongoing research program on the effects of laundering on plain woven cotton fabrics, specimens of poplin and sheeting fabrics with and without a DMDHEU wrinkle resistant finish are laundered under regimes designed to evaluate the effect of five common home laundering variables: use of detergent, rinse cycle softener, or tumble sheet softener, different drying methods, and different tumble drying times. To reduce the cost and time involved in this and future investigations, the reproducibility of results from repeated but otherwise identical wash loads is also evaluated. Length and width shrinkage, skewness, wrinkling, mass of whole specimen, area density, and warp and weft yarn diameters are determined using the appropriate standard test methods. The effects of fabric structure and application of an anti-wrinkle finish on the dependent variables are also studied.
Engineering, Manufacturing, and Measuring 3D Domed Woven Fabrics
Authors: Xiaogang Chen  , Ebru Tayyar Ayse
Published: March 2008

Textile materials and products are increasingly used for technical applications. In some areas, textiles with 3D shapes are essential. This paper describes efforts to engineer, design, manufacture, and assess 3D domed woven fabrics. The research involves an easily mountable add-on device for looms that enables the production of 3D domed fabrics and possibly fabrics with other 3D shapes. To evaluate the domed effect of the fabrics, a dome index is defined and approved as a valid measure. A dome tester is also developed in this research, with the ability to measure the dome effect and also fabric mouldability.
Acrylic and Maleic Acids in Nonformaldehyde Durable Press Finishing of Cotton Fabric
Authors: Udomkichdecha W. , Kittinaovarat S. , Thanasoonthornroek U. , Potiyaraj P. , Likitbanakorn P.
Published: March 2008

This study examines the possibility of using unsaturated acrylic and maleic acids to impart durable press performance to cotton fabric. The two acids are copolymerized with potassium persulfate as the initiator and sodium hypophosphite monohydrate as the catalyst. The copolymer is used to finish cotton fabric by the padding and curing method. FTIR spectra confirm that crosslinking between the carboxyl groups of acids and the hydroxyl groups of cellulose occurs by means of the esterification reaction. The effects of curing conditions and reagent concentrations on the dry wrinkle recovery angle, tensile strength, and whiteness of finished fabrics are thoroughly investigated. The results indicate that at certain conditions and concentrations, durable press finishing of cotton fabric with the copolymer provides good wrinkle resistance comparable to fabric treated with DMDHEU. However, the copolymer treatment does not provide as good tensile strength and whiteness as DMDHEU.
Effects of Various Home Laundering Practices on the Dimensional Stability, Wrinkling, and Other Properties of Plain Woven Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Higgins L. , Anand S.C. , Holmes D.A. , Hall M.E. , Underly K.
Published: March 2008

For a systematic study of the effect of laundering on plain woven cotton fabrics, specimens of poplin and sheeting fabrics (with and without a DMDHEU wrinkle resistant finish) are laundered under regimes designed to evaluate the effect of five common home laundering variables: use of detergent, rinse cycle softener, or tumble sheet softener. different drying methods, and different tumble drying times. The experimental method ology and the effect of using detergent were reported in Part I of this series. To reduce the cost and time involved in this and future investigations, the reproducibility of results from repeated but otherwise identical wash loads was evaluated and reported in Part I. Length and width shrinkage, skewness, wrinkling, mass of whole specimen, area density, and warp and weft yarn diameters were determined in Part I using standard test methods. Suitable statistical techniques and analysis are used throughout the study. The effects of fabric structure and an anti-wrinkle finish on the dependent variables are also studied.
Flow Resistance of Textile Materials
Authors: Gooijer H. , Warmoeskerken M.M.C.G. , Groot Wassink J.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes the relation between the flow resistance of a textile material and its geometry. A literature survey reveals that the orifice model is most suited to modeling the flow resistance of woven fabrics, but applications of this model were, until now, restricted to relatively open fabrics due to the geometric models used. Therefore, a new geometric model is developed, and experiments show that this model gives good results.
Gray Relational Analysis for Recognizing Fabric Defects
Authors: Kuo Chung-Feng Jeffrey , Su Te-Li
Published: March 2008

A fabric defect image is characterized by its prirmitive properties as well as the spatial relationships between them. A gray level co-occurrence can be specified in a matrix of the relative frequencies with which two neighboring pixels separated by a distance occur on the image. By applying the co-occurrence matrix and gray relational analysis of the gray theory, we can extract characteristic values of a fabric defect image and classify defects to recognize common problems, including broken warps, broken wefts, holes, and oil stains. Gray relational analysis is also used to investigate correlations of the analyzed factors among the selected characteristic indicators in a randomized factor sequence through data processing. By justifying the most correlated defects, recognition accuracy can reach 94%.
Bending Mechanics of Ply Yarns
Authors: Park Jung-Whan , Oh Ae-Gyeong
Published: March 2008

In this paper, a coercive couple due to the friction between strands during two-ply yarn bending deformation is derived in terms of the strand and two-ply yarn structural factors using an energy method. The experimental and theoretical results are compared for the multifilament yarn and for various structural parameters as well.
Flow Resistance of Textile Materials
Authors: Gooijer H. , Warmoeskerken M.M.C.G. , Groot Wassink J.
Published: March 2008

Part I of this series presented a new model for predicting the flow resistance of monofilament fabrics. In this part, the model is applied to the flow resistance of multi filament fabrics. Experiments show that flow resistance in multifilament fabrics can be modeled in general, but it appears that the method is not suitable for modeling flow resistance in fabrics that are deformed by the flowing fluid. The experiments also show that the assumption that all pores of a fabric are equally sized must be valid.
Limits of Hollow Yarn in Friction Spinning
Authors: Merati Ali Akbar , Okamura Masaaki
Published: March 2008

In hollow yarn spinning, the yarn is spun with a PVA filament in its core in the yarn-forming zone, which provides enough dynamic strength to the yarn during spinning. Therefore, the dynamic strength of the yarn is not so important a factor in spinning. In order to measure the spinning limit of a hollow yarn, we measure the strength and irregularity of the hollow yarns after extracting the PVA. The results show that the high PVA percentage hollow yarns do not show good tensile properties and irregularity. Both spinning and PVA extraction increase the irregularity of the cotton component in the yarns or hollow yarn products, while the effect of PVA extraction can be minimized by treating the yarns when they are formed into fabrics. We conclude that the PVA percentage should not exceed 40%. We also conclude that the middle count yarns (20 tex and thinner), which are not spinnable as conventional yams, can be spun on a friction spinning machine using the hollow yarn spinning technique.
Role of Baffles on Flow Fields Inside Wet-Lay Mixing Tanks and Their Potential Influence on Fiber Dispersion
Authors: Vahedi Tafreshi H. , Pourdeyhimi B.
Published: March 2008

Dispersion and separation of fiber bundles requires exposing them to a shear stress field to overcome interfiber frictional forces. To this end, fiber-mixing tanks are equipped with baffles to enhance shear and agitation in the water to help disperse the fiber bundles. The time and agitation required to separate and disperse the fibers depends on the fibers being used. It is well known, however. that excessive agitation will give rise to the formation of rope defects in the output because of the high-energy vortices that form behind these baffles. Optimizing the baffle geometry and position is therefore critically important in the wet-lay process. This paper presents some possible ways of eliminating the regions in the water velocity field where strong vortices may be present: in particular, the motivation for this paper is that minimizing vortex formation will lower the probability of rope forma tion. In this regard, we present a series of numerical simulations to model fluid-flow behavior inside wet-lay mixing tanks. A turbulent flow field is obtained by solving the Navier-Stokes equations in a two-dimensional geometry. The turbulent features of the flow are captured using the RNG k-e model. Fibers, modeled as spherical rigid particles with the same volume as the fibers, are introduced into the solution domain and their trajectories are tracked inside the mixing tank. The effects of the baffles and their orientation with respect to flow streamlines are simulated. We report the simulation results for different baffle configurations and show that aligning the baffles with the streamlines and increasing their surface area can eliminate the formation of vortices while still keeping the shear field at a satisfactory level. We hypothesize that eliminating the vortices in the mixing tank reduces the probability of rope formation, but this hypothesis needs to be verified experimentally.
Effect of Cooling Rate on Freezing of Wool-Water Mixtures
Authors: Takahashi Hidenori , Mitomo Hiroshi , Arai Kozo , Takigami Shoji
Published: March 2008

The effect of the cooling rate on freezing of a wool-water system is studied using Dsc at cooling rates (CR) that vary from 1.25 to 40 K/min. By means of centrifugation, an equilibrium quantity of interstitial water in the fibers ( Ws) is determined to be 0.48 g/g of wool. Two samples with different water contents are used: sample A is more than Ws, i.e., Wc = 0.54, and sample B is 0.43 g/g of wool. Characteristic shape changes in a broad exotherm ranging from temperatures of about 230 to 260 K are observed in DSC curves. A freezing mechanism of interstitial water is proposed on the basis of supercooling. The swollen wool is assumed to be a dispersion system consisting of domains defined as structurally favored sites, permitting water migration for ice crystal growth. The shape change with CR can be explained by differences in the freezing temperature of water of different volumes in the domains. Kissinger's equation is applicable to this crystallization process. Values of activation energy for both A and B samples are nearly the same, about -115 kJ/mol. Activation energy is considered to be the sum of the two terms for crystallization and migration of water, and the latter value is presumed to be about 49 kJ/mol. The important finding is that ice crystals in sample A cooled at 1.25 K/min contain an amount of water corresponding to about 38.2% of the so-called "nonfreezing water" Wu, which remains unfrozen at a CR above 5 K/min.
Developing a Polymeric Human Finger Sensor to Study the Frictional Properties of Textiles
Authors: Ramkumar S.S. , Wood D.J. , Fox K. , Harlock S.C.
Published: March 2008

Experimental studies conducted on a set of 1 X I rib knitted cotton fabrics using an artificial finger friction sledge are reported in this paper. In order to better simulate the actual to-and-fro reciprocating action of a human finger on a fabric, a reciprocating sliding friction apparatus is used. The reciprocating motion is incorporated into the artificial finger sledge by a reciprocating sliding friction apparatus. Frictional characteristics of knitted fabrics are characterized by the friction parameter C. Both the loop length and yarn linear density have a direct influence on the frictional properties measured by the polymeric finger sledge.
Theoretical Approach for Determining Pore Characteristics Between Fibers
Authors: Neckář Bohuslav , Ibrahim Sayed
Published: March 2008

This theoretical work describes pores between fibers in general fiber assemblies. The basic idea is to treat the pores between fibers—under certain assumptions—as air fibers surrounded by fictional borders. Different pore characteristics are formulated from basic definitions of fiber assemblies. It is possible to find alternative theoretical definitions for pores of any shape by introducing the so-called fictive pore borders. Four different definitions of pores—conventional pores, pores with a constant shape factor, pores with a constant length, and generalized pores—are mathematically derived based on the geometric structural characteristics of any fiber assembly such as packing density, equiv alent pore diameter, pore length, and other variables. The well-known Hagen-Poiseuille law of flow and the Carmen-Kozeny equation are discussed in the course of deriving equations. Possible applications of these derived equations in the fields of capillarity phenomenon, fluid flow, and filtration are introduced.
Evaluating the Performance of a Thickness Tester to Measure Sliver/Roving Irregularity
Authors: Mirjalili S.A.
Published: March 2008

This paper reports on the working principles of an instrument designed and built to measure the irregularity of sliver or roving. To verify the results of this instrument, the same roving is tested by the Uster II and Uster IV, and their results are compared with the new instrument. This paper also reports the effects of parameters such as the weight used to compress the sliver/roving passing between the groove-tongue disks of the instrument and the measuring speed and measuring length of the sliver or roving in the tests. The results indicate that these parameters do not considerably affect the results.
Predicting the Degree of Toxicity of Effluent from Reactive Dye Mixtures
Authors: Kwok W.Y. , Xin J.H. , Sin K.M.
Published: March 2008

Environmental and public health issues associated with dyes and their effluents are problematic areas for any dyehouse. If the toxicity and color of dyeing effluent can be predicted quantitatively before dyeing, one can select suitable dyes to reduce envi ronmental pollution. This study examines the acute toxicity of dyes and associated auxiliaries in terms of EC50, and these data are used to predict the toxicity of the dyeing effluent. The prediction accuracy is satisfactory when some statistical ap proaches, such as linear and nonlinear regression, are used. Furthermore, in order to make the toxicity data much easier to understand and much more directly comparable with each other, a toxicity index has been created according to the EC50 values in this study. Incorporating the toxicity information of the dyes with a computer color matching system permits the prediction of effluent toxicity generated by colorant recipes. This should assist colorists to select a "greener" formula while satisfying basic color quality requirements and will let colorists know well ahead of time the impact of toxicity from the effluent on the environment.
Tribologic Phenomena During Wear of Fibrous Structures
Authors: Fontaine Stéphane , Bueno Marie-Ange , Renner Marc
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this work is the permanent, i.e., wash-resistant, improvement of the hand of polyester microfilament fabrics obtained by two kinds of abrasive sanding. Controlled wear is provided, and modifications of the surface state of a twill fabric are characterized during a complete tribologic study of three specific textile wear systems. Modifications of the surface state, transverse compression properties, and hairiness are then measured at different steps of the treatment. Results provide the basis for a matrix formalization of the evolution of tribologic phenomena when the size and density of abrasive particles, the real contact area between particles, and the worn fabric and sliding wear distance change.
Automatic Recognition of Woven Fabric Patterns by an Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Boong Soo Jeon  , Ji Hyun Bae  , Suh Moon W.
Published: March 2008

A neural network and image processing technology are introduced for classifying woven fabric patterns. An autocorrelation function is used to determine one weave repeat of the fabric. The reflected fabric image is captured and digitized by the computer system. The learning vector quantization algorithm as a learning rule of the artificial neural network enables recognition of woven fabric types more effectively. The results demon strate that three fundamental weave types can be classified accurately, and structural parameters such as yarn spacing, its variance, and the ratio of warp spacing to weft spacing can also be obtained.
Modeling Polymer Air Drawing in the Melt Blowing Nonwoven Process
Authors: Chen Ting , Huang Xiubao
Published: March 2008

An air drawing model of a polymer in a melt blowing process is presented and solved by introducing the numerical computation results of the air jet flow field of the dual slot die. The model's prediction of fiber diameter tallies well with the experimental data. The effects of processing and die design parameters on fiber diameter are discussed. A lower polymer flow rate, higher initial polymer temperature, higher initial air velocity, higher initial air temperature, smaller angle between the slot and the spinneret axis, smaller width of the die head, and larger width of the slot can all yield finer fibers.
Objective Classification of Fabric Pilling Based on the Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform
Authors: Palmer Stuart , Xungai Wang
Published: March 2008

A number of methods for automated objective ratings of fabric pilling based on image analysis are described in the literature. The periodic structure of fabrics makes them suitable candidates for frequency domain analysis. We propose a new method of frequency domain analysis based on the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform to objectively measure pilling intensity in sample images. We present a preliminary evaluation of the proposed method based on analysis of two series of standard pilling evaluation test images. The initial results suggest that the proposed method is feasible, and that the ability of the method to discriminate between levels of pilling intensity depends on the wavelet analysis scale being closely matched to the fabric interyarn pitch. We also present a heuristic method for optimal selection of an analysis wavelet and associated analysis scale.
Forming Random Nonwoven Webs with the Static Method
Authors: Hsing Wen-Hao , Kao Kuo-Ting
Published: March 2008

This study is about random fiber arrangements of the roller card in nonwovens processed by different voltages and electrode panel shapes. Samples are hot pressed, then photographed by a microscope. According to the results, changing the shape of the electrode panel can provide better random effects when the same voltage is used. The results indicate that the best panel shape has circular holes and is positioned between the cylinder and doffer. The optimum random effect occurs when the original panel is electrified with 2 kV between the cylinder and the doffer, or the panel with circular holes is electrified with 20 kV and placed over the conveyer belt.
Effects of Bond Roll Pattern and Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of Polyethylene Nonwovens
Authors: Smith K. , Ogale A.A. , Maugans R. , Walsh L.K. , Patel R.M.
Published: March 2008

This paper investigates the effects of bond roll pattern and bonding temperature on the microstructure, tensile properties, flexural rigidity, and abrasion of polyethylene (PE) nonwovens. Bond roll variables include percent bond area, bond point concentration, and side-wall angle. Temperature greatly affects nonwoven mechanical properties. Of the various bond roll variables, bond point concentration significantly affects the elongation and flexural rigidity of PE nonwovens, whereas the side-wall angle affects tenacity. Microstructure analysis indicates that PE nonwovens fail by disintegration of the bond area rather than by fibers breaking at the bond perimeter. A one-dimensional, unsteady-state heat conduction model of the area under a bond point confirms that partial melting occurs in the center of thermally bonded areas.
Compression of Plain Knitted Fabrics Predicted from Yam Properties and Fabric Geometry
Authors: Aung Kyaw Soe  , Matsuo Tatsuki , Takahashi Masaoki , Nakajima Masaru
Published: March 2008

This work proposes a simple theoretical model for plain knitted fabric compression. The work assumes that plain knit compression can be obtained from a combination of piled layer (PL) yarn compression and single layer (SL) yarn compression with a contribution factor depending on the fabric geometry. Experiments involve compression of plain knitted fabrics made from 2/19 and 2/29 tex cotton and 2/43 tex cashmere yams and their compression properties. The relation between compressional energy and cover factor is also investigated. A comparison of the experimental pressure-displacement curves of the fabrics and those calcu lated based on the theoretical model using the experimental compression data of the yarns shows that the model is acceptable for explaining plain knit compression. This model can be considered as a basic step toward improving the knowledge of knitted fabric compression as it relates to yarn compression and fabric geometry.
Evaluating Single Fiber and Fiber Bundle Tensile Curves
Authors: Yu Weidong , Gyan Haojin , Postle Ron
Published: March 2008

Most research on estimations of fiber bundle tensile curves from single fiber tensile properties is based on knowledge of the frequency density distribution of fiber breaking extension and the linear elastic spring constant. Such research focuses on cotton fibers and fiber bundles. On the other hand, there are few methods to predict the tenacity of single wool fibers from fiber bundle tensile curves. Using characteristics of specific stress-strain curves from both single fiber and fiber bundle tensile testing, new theoretical calculations to estimate the tenacity and breaking extension distribution of single fibers from bundle tensile curves are described in detail for wool fibers. The experimental results show that these algorithms are effective and reliable for such evaluations, the experimental and estimated results obtained from the TENSOR fiber bundle tests and the SIFAN single fiber measurements agree with each other, and single fiber tenacity or even its urve can be evaluated using the tail of the bundle tensile curve.
Structural and Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics Employing Peirce's Model
Authors: Boong Soo Jeon  , So Yeon Chun  , Cheol Jae Hong
Published: March 2008

Peirce's model is newly studied to predict the structural and mechanical properties of woven fabrics. The study concerns various fabric structures made from different yarns of cotton, wool, and polyester, and weave structures of plain, twill, satin, and mat. Weave structures and fabric relaxation cause changes in the yam diameter and fabric crimp. Therefore, the diameters of warp and weft yams in Peirce's model are newly defined to determine effective yarn diameters. When the modified diameters are used to predict the structural and mechanical properties of the fabric, the predicted values show excellent agreement with the measured ones. The more relaxed the fabrics are, the more applicable is Peirce's model to predicting fabric thickness and tensile behavior.
Retro-Reflection of Round Fibers
Authors: Haiquan Zhang  , Weidong Gao  , Hua Qiu
Published: March 2008

Optical properties of round fibers are studied analytically and experimentally. By means of geometric optics and luminosity, the surface reflection, internal surface reflection, and transmission light of fibers are analyzed with a nearly ideal fiber, a glass rod. The angle and intensity of light scattered from a round glass rod is measured. The distribution scope of the surface reflection is 360°, and the distribution of the intensity takes the shape of an M. The scope of transmission is greater than 180°, the distribution shape of the intensity is a bell, and the maximum intensity is in the same direction as the incidence light. The distribution of internal surface reflection is narrow, the distribution of the intensity has a U shape, and the intensity reaches the maximum at the borderline. The scope of internal surface reflection decreases with the increasing refractive index of the fibers. When the index is 2, the direction of the internal surface reflection points to the light source, and it is not related to the incident angle of light.
Reaction Efficiency for Cellulose Cationization Using 3-Chloro-2- Hydroxypropyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Hashem Mohamed , Hauser Peter , Smith Brent
Published: March 2008

A major cost factor of cationizing cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC) is the reaction efficiency, which is less than perfect due to a competing hydrolysis reaction. The efficiency of the cationization reaction sequence is analyzed in terms of chemical kinetics, and experimental results are presented for several reaction methods including pad-batch, pad-steam, pad-dry-steam, exhaust, and pad-dry- cure. The effects of CHTAC and alkali concentrations, additives to the treatment bath, pretreatments, time, temperature, reaction method, and sequence of events are investigated in terms of percent fixation of CHTAC. In addition, data are presented for the reaction in non-aqueous solvents.
A Class of Stripe-Free Color and Weave Effects
Authors: Dawson R.M.
Published: March 2008

Repeat diagrams for,color and wea e effects in two colors that have both colors in every row and column can be obtained from weave diagrams representing one fabric laid on top of another. A very simple relation is found between the fabric layer in which a thread will occur in such a weave diagram and the color that has to be assigned to it for an effect repeat to be identical to that weave diagram. In general only this one arrangement of yam colors can give the required effect, and there are always weaves with which it c be realized. Some characteristics of such effects are then considered.
Antibacterial Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Chitosan
Authors: Zhang Zitao , Chen Liang , Ji Jinmin , Huang Yanliu , Chen Donghui
Published: March 2008

Chitosan is used to treat cotton fabrics to impart antibacterial activities. The effect of concentration, molecular weight, and degree of deacetylation of chitosan on antibacterial , activity to Escherichia coli and the Hay bacillus is investigated. Bacteria reduction is evaluated using the modified Quinn method. Escherichia coli is effectively inhibited at 0.3 g/l chitosan solution and the Hay bacillus at 0.5 g/l. To bond chitosan to fabric chemically, glutaric dialdehyde is chosen as the crosslinking agent. Cotton fabrics treated with glutaric dialdehyde and chitosan show a good ability to inhibit bacteria reproduction. IR spectra of the surface of cotton fabrics and SEM pictures of fibers are presented.
Dyeing Properties of Blends of Wool/Modified Polyester Fibers- Effects of Temperature
Authors: Zhao Guo Liang , Wu Rongrui , Curiskis John , Deboos Alan
Published: March 2008

Two modified polyester fibers (EDDP and ECDP) are blended with wool and dyed with two different disperse dyes. The effects of temperature on the dye uptake of the modified polyesters and the staining of wool are investigated. Dye uptakes for EDDP and ECDP are greater than that for normal polyester (NPET) over the whole temperature range studied. Deeper shades are obtained on EDDP and ECDP, even when dyeing occurs at the boil. Compared to the wool/NPET blend, staining of wool by disperse dye is significantly reduced when the wool is dyed together with the modified polyesters. Color fastness to washing of shades on the two modified polyesters is poorer than that for NPET. Color fastness to washing on EDDP and ECDP also decreases as the dyeing temperature increases. ' Color fastness of disperse dyes on the wool component dyed with modified polyesters is better than that dyed with conventional polyester.
Printing Cationized Cotton with Direct Dyes
Authors: Kanik Mehmet , Hauser Peter J.
Published: March 2008

This paper investigates improved direct dye printing of cotton by cationization. For the cationization, a 100% cotton woven fabric is pretreated with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride by a cold pad-batch method. All printing conditions are constant, and four different direct dyes are used to print both unmodified and cationized cotton fabrics. The effects of cationic reagent concentration, steaming time, dye concentration, color yields, colorimetric properties, fastness properties, staining of the white ground, and penetration behavior are evaluated. This research reveals that printing with direct dyes on cationic cotton is a very simple, cost effective printing method with high wet fastness properties.
Tensile Performance of Nonsterile Suture Monofilaments Affected by Test Conditions
Authors: Heward A.G. , Laing R.M. , Carr D.J. , Niven B.E.
Published: March 2008

Selection of a suture material typically depends on its tensile properties, but in the absence of an international standard test method, a comparison of properties is problem atic. A series of experiments is conducted to determine the tensile performance of non-knotted and knotted non-sterile suture monofilaments, and the effect of test conditions on this performance. Using the ear and cut loop technique, the factorial experiment includes three gauge lengths, three crosshead speeds, three non-sterile suture monofila ments, and five knot configurations. Each combination of variables is replicated five times. Different test conditions affect the ultimate strain and tenacity of both knotted and non-knotted monofilaments. Ultimate strain values are lower with increasing gauge length (when tested at the same crosshead speed) and crosshead speed (when tested at the same gauge length). All monofilaments are characterized by higher tenacity values with in creasing gauge length (at the same crosshead speed) and lower tenacity values with increasing crosshead speed (at the same gauge length). Load-extension curves and visual images of selected monofilament sutures are provided.
Preparation, Characterization, and Performance of Conductive Fabrics: Cotton + PANi
Authors: Bhat N.V. , Seshadri D.T. , Radhakrishnan S.
Published: March 2008

Conductive cotton + PANi fabrics are prepared by in-situ chemical oxidative polymer ization of aniline using ammonium persulphate as the oxidant by a process of diffusion polymerization in a mixed bath. These fabrics are characterized by elemental analysis, XRF, ATR-FTIR, WAXD, SEM, DSC, and two-probe conductivity. Sorption properties are studied by measuring the weight uptake before and after reaction. The composite fabrics are studied for their performance after repeated washing, and tested for their flame retardancy, EMI shielding, and gas sensing properties.
Mapping of Spin Finish Oils on Nylon 66 Fibers
Authors: Hild D.N. , Obendorf S.K. , Fok W.Y.
Published: March 2008

Mapping the distribution of spin finish oils on nylon carpet fibers is the focus of this investigation. Nylon 66 fibers of two modification ratios, 2.4 and 3.0, manufactured for the carpet industry, are compared to similar fibers pulled from dyed and finished carpet tufts. Fibers are treated with osmium tetraoxide to provide contrast in scanning electron microscopy. After wet processes of dyeing and finishing, the carpet fibers have a significantly lower amount of finish, but the concentration of oil on the carpet fibers is 47% that of the raw fiber. Higher relative concentrations of finish oil components are found at the fiber core compared to the surface. The finish is believed to diffuse into the core during application on the melt spinning line, and the morphology of the fibers in the core allows retention of more residual finish oil components. Capillary action appears to be a driving force for wicking of finish in this application system, because significantly higher relative concentrations of oil are found in the valleys compared to the tips of the multilobal fibers. Side-to-side variations exist in the finish distribution, which are attrib uted to the single applicator system, where the finish has to wick around the fibers and diffuse through them to coat the side opposite the applicator.
Neural Networks: An Alternative Solution for Statistically Based Parameter Prediction
Authors: Desai J.V. , Kane C.D. , Bandyopadhayay B.
Published: March 2008

Over the past years, research has attempted to relate fiber properties with yarn prop erties, and many regression equations have been developed to accomplish this. The complexities of multiple regression equations put limits on their universal acceptance. Neural networks with better nonlinear mapping have also been used to develop such relationships. Our statistical data analysis of a few yarn properties will determine the suitability of neural networks for such textile applications.