bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia Middle East Region: Global Trends and Local Implications
Authors: Ramahi Tarik M.
Published: June 2011

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and in most countries outside sub-Saharan Africa. The root causes of this modern epidemic are sedentary stressful urban lifestyles and high-calorie diets rich in saturated fats, salt, and simple sugars. Although the mortality from CVD has long peaked in most developed countries, its prevalence continues to rise because of improved survival and aging of the populations, placing tremendous strains on health care financing in some of these countries. In most Asian and Middle Eastern countries, outside East Asia, prevalence of CVD and its risk factors are high and still rising, while the rising mortality is among the highest in the world. As the predominantly young populations of these countries age, they face inadequate health care systems without assured financial coverage. Effective measures are therefore urgently needed to combat the epidemic of CVD. Comprehensive preventive measures are essential to curb the spread of this epidemic, while health care systems should be structured on the basis of locally derived data to provide adequate affordable care to the ever increasing pools of patients with CVD.
Screening Strategy for Type 2 Diabetes in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Saadi Hussein , Nagelkerke Nicolaas , Al-Kaabi Jumaa , Afandi Bachar , Al-Maskari Fatima , Kazam Elsadig
Published: June 2011

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) among Emirati nationals is one of the highest in the world. The recently released United Arab Emirates National DM guidelines call for screening all adults aged 30 years and more. The authors explored the need for such a modification of current American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines. They also considered the prevalence rates for undiagnosed DM based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) versus glycohemoglobin (HbA 1c) ≥ 6.5% in a population-based sample of 296 adult Emirati participants. In the low-risk ADA category, defined by age <45 years and BMI <25, only 1 of 68 (1.5%) participants was diagnosed with DM. The overall rate of DM based on HbA1c was lower than that based on OGTT (10.1% versus 14.2%; P < .05). The authors conclude that the ADA guidelines are adequate for screening in this high-risk population. They also find high discordance between HbA1c and OGTT.
Water Availability and Quality in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: Implications for Public Health
Authors: Sherif Mohsen
Published: June 2011

Environmental problems and their potential impacts on public health vary in scale and time depending on the level and nature of pollutants. Although water is regarded as the source of all kinds of life on earth, it also acts as an efficient carrier of pollutants. Contamination of drinking water, agricultural water, or recreational water by infectious pathogens, chemical pollutants, or others can have significant impacts on public health. During the past few decades, waterborne diseases continued to spread and the health risks continued to increase. The correlation between water resources and public health is more evident in arid regions. This article discusses the availability of water resources in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries and elaborates on the possible impacts of water resources on public health. It emphasizes the importance of preservation of water quality and prevention of waterborne diseases, which could be achieved through a coordinated effort from diverse groups and disciplines.
The Next Generation of Public Health Approaches to Asthma in Asia and the Middle East
Authors: Van Sickle David
Published: June 2011

Chronic respiratory diseases now affect more than half a billion people worldwide and their importance as a global health problem has risen dramatically in recent years, prompting intense epidemiological investigation and the launch of numerous initiatives. Across Asia and the Middle East, a variety of environmental exposures increase the risk for the onset or exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease, resulting in a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality. This article outlines new possibilities for public health surveillance of environmental exposures and chronic respiratory disease built around an emerging model of participatory public health: a decentralized approach that involves citizens in the collection and analysis of data, harnesses pervasive technology such as mobile phones and distributed sensors, and provides an open platform for public-private collaboration.
Ideas, Institutions, and Interests in the Global Governance of Epidemics in Asia
Authors: Yoon Sungwon
Published: June 2011

Recent policy debates provide mounting evidence that global governance of epidemics in Asia is evolving with the rise of new actors, agendas, and programs to address the transnational nature of public health emergencies. However, there have been relatively few studies that address the question of why certain public health approaches are preferred. Drawing on the case studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome and H5N1 avian influenza, this article sets out to answer 2 questions about global governance of epidemics in Asia: What set of ideas characterizes the form of global governance of epidemics in Asia? Why does it prevail while other alternatives fall by the wayside? The central argument in this article is that the global public health agenda and action by policy communities are not only shaped by empirical realities of public health but are also the result of the contending sets of interests and concerns.
Strengthening Health Research Capacity From Within Samoa
Authors: Suaalii-Sauni Tamasailau , Aiavao Fulisia , Faafeu-Hope Eseta , Sopoaga Tai , Paul Charlotte , Righarts Antoinette , McCool Judith , Nina Kirifi-Alai Tofilau , Hill Philip , Fuatai Fonoti Lafitai I.
Published: June 2011

This article reflects on the challenges of strengthening health research capacity from within Samoa. It examines the status of health research and related curricula in Samoa and discusses the outcomes of a new postgraduate applied social and health research methods course taught in Samoa for the first time from 5 January to 12 February 2010 by the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago in collaboration with the Centre for Samoan Studies, National University of Samoa. The article argues that collaborative health research courses such as this methods paper can fill a curriculum gap in New Zealand and Samoa and contribute directly toward strengthening Samoa health research capacity in ways that benefit both Samoa and New Zealand. This initiative can be a flagship for strategies operating from within Samoa that can build real win-win type partnerships. These can be ably led by Samoans for the ultimate development of an affordable and sustainable quality health and education infrastructure for Samoa.
Dental Health Status and Treatment Needs in the Infantry Regiment of the Malaysian Territorial Army
Authors: Jasmin Borhan , Jaafar Nasruddin
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to determine the dental health status and treatment needs of personnel in the Infantry Regiment of the Malaysian Territorial Army (TA).This cross-sectional study involved stratified and systematic random sampling with a total sample size of 300. Dental health status and treatment needs were assessed using the standard WHO oral assessment criteria (1997). The prevalence of caries experience was 96% (mean ± SD DMFT [decayed, missing, filled teeth] = 8.0 ± 5.5). Active decay prevalence was high (85%; mean ± SD = 3.6 ± 3.1) indicating high unmet treatment need. Missing teeth prevalence was high (69%; mean ± SD = 2.8 ± 3.7). Filled teeth prevalence was low (56%, mean ± SD = 1.5 ± 2.0). In all, 90% of participants required some form of dental treatment, of whom 85% required restorative treatment, 5% advanced restorative treatment, 36.7% extractions, and 45.3% prosthetic treatment. These findings suggest that there was a high need for dental treatment in the Infantry Battalions of Malaysian TA Regiments and the service must be made available to cater to the needs.
Climate Change, Aeroallergens, Natural Particulates, and Human Health in Australia: State of the Science and Policy
Authors: Beggs Paul John , Margaret Bennett Charmian
Published: June 2011

The objective of this article is to systematically review and assess what is known about the impacts of climate change on aeroallergens and other naturally derived particulates, and the associated human health impacts, and to examine responses to these in Australia, focusing on adaptation. Prior research was searched using several general and discipline-specific research databases. The review concludes that whereas there is little original research on the impacts of climate change on aeroallergens and other naturally derived particulates in Australia, or the human health consequences of these, research from overseas suggests that these impacts may be adverse and of considerable magnitude. More research is required to assess the impacts of climate change on these airborne particles and associated diseases in Australia and other parts of the Asia-Pacific. There are important policy implications of this review. There is a need for enhanced monitoring of the atmospheric environment and associated health conditions in Australia. Education about climate change and human health in general, and air quality and related diseases specifically, is required for the community, health professionals, and others. Improvements are needed in the preparedness of infrastructure, such as health care facilities and early warning systems, particularly for aeroallergens, and all of these adaptive policy responses require further research.
Climate Change Adaptation at the Intersection of Food and Health
Authors: Edwards Ferne , Dixon Jane , Friel Sharon , Hall Gillian , Larsen Kirsten , Lockie Stewart , Wood Beverley , Lawrence Mark , Hanigan Ivan , Hogan Anthony , Hattersley Libby
Published: June 2011

Nutritious, safe, affordable, and enjoyable food is a fundamental prerequisite for health. As a nation, Australia is currently classified as food secure with the domestic production exceeding domestic consumption of most major food groups. The domestic system is almost self-sufficient in terms of nutritious plant foods, although these foods have seen steady higher price increases relative to other foods, with nutrition equity implications. However, the viability of Australia’s food security sits counter to the continued presence of a stable and supportive climate. This article reviews the current state of science concerning the interface between climate change, food systems, and human health to reveal the key issues that must be addressed if Australia is to advance human health and sustainable food systems under a changing climate.
Determinants of Adherence to Iron/Folate Supplementation During Pregnancy in Two Provinces in Cambodia
Authors: Lacerte Pierre , Pradipasen Mandhana , Temcharoen Paradee , Imamee Nirat , Vorapongsathorn Thavatchai
Published: June 2011

Iron supplementation can effectively control and prevent anemia in pregnancy. However, limited adherence is thought to be a major reason for the low effectiveness of iron supplementation programs.This research describes the factors influencing the adherence to iron/folate supplementation during pregnancy in Siem Reap and Kampong Cham provinces in Cambodia.Triangulation method, combining the quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, was performed for this study. A total of 177 women who gave birth during the year prior to the interview were selected for the quantitative survey. Ten women who gave birth during the year prior to the interview and 10 pregnant women were interviewed in-depth for the qualitative data.The χ2 test and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. The findings showed an adherence rate of 47%. The logistic regression revealed that the number of supplements received, number of prenatal visits, and access to antenatal care were determinants of adherence ( P < .05). In conclusion, access to and follow-up of antenatal care were considered elements essential to improve iron/folate supplementation. Community-based interventions, such as nutrition education and distribution of supplements, should be prioritized in the interventions to improve adherence in Cambodia.
Trends in Socioeconomic and Nutritional Status of Children Younger Than 6 Years in India
Authors: Bharati Susmita , Pal Manoranjan , Chakrabarty Suman , Bharati Premananda
Published: June 2011

The main aims of this study are to find out the trends in the ( a) prevalence of undernutrition and severe anemia and ( b) degree of association of undernutrition and severe anemia in children younger than 6 years in India with some socioeconomic variables. Using the Reproductive and Child Health Survey data, z score of weight for age and hemoglobin status were analyzed to understand the state and agewise variation and their association with the sociodemographic variables through logistic regression. The prevalence of malnutrition according to both the criteria was first seen to increase, attain a maximum value at some age between 12 and 48 months, and then decrease. Statewise distribution showed a close link between the stage of development and the prevalence of malnutrition—prevalence rate being less for developed states. The rates were also less for the Northeastern states of India. The regression analysis clearly points out that children with illiterate mothers, of lower age groups, or from low standard of living households are more prone to become malnourished. The economic growth alone is not sufficient for substantially reducing malnutrition. It is necessary to improve the rate of literacy, especially of women, to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition and anemia among children. It is not only economic development but also overall human development that is needed in India.
Risk of Aplastic Anemia and Pesticide and Other Chemical Exposures
Authors: Prihartono Nurhayati , Kriebel David , Woskie Susan , Thetkhathuek Anamai , Sripaung Nalinee , Padungtod Chantana , Kaufman David
Published: June 2011

Risk of aplastic anemia (AA) from occupational exposures to pesticides and industrial chemicals was evaluated in a hospital-based case control study in Thailand (541 cases of AA and 2261 controls). Exposure data were obtained via participants’ self-reports and by experts’ assessments and the data from these 2 exposure assessment methods were compared. There was an increased risk of AA associated with several classes of pesticides measured by either self-report or expert assessment. The strongest associations were seen in those whose exposures were identified both by self-report and by expert assessment. Comparing very high/high to no exposure, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were as follows: for organophosphates 3.20 (1.87-5.46), carbamates 4.75 (1.92-11.75), organochlorines 6.04 (1.31-27.84), and paraquat 2.17 (1.11-4.25). There were correlations among the pesticides because many types were used in the same job, so it was not possible to determine whether these risks were independent or because of confounding of one by another.
Stimulating Action to Improve Nutrition (How to Make Community Nutritional Assessment Lead to Changes)
Authors: Jelliffe DB , Jelliffe EF Patrice
Published: June 2011

Public health action does not automatically follow the presentation to appropriate authorities of the results of community surveys, including those to assess the prevalence and cause of malnutrition. To stimulate action, results have to be presented in various levels of sophistication for different audiences. Such results need to be given with suggestions for potential solutions within local financial and ecological constraints and with realistic recognition of political issues and priorities.
Individual and Corporate Responsibily in Health Promotion: A Personal View
Authors: Armstrong B K
Published: June 2011

The balance of individual and corporate responsibility in health promotion is considered. It is concluded that, if left to their own devices, individuals have a very limited capacity to make choices relevant to their health; a government that seeks to obtain social justice for its constituency has the right to regulate any behaviour that may detract from the objective of maximum Health for All; governments should act to control health hazards, foster balance in behaviours that has both health benefits and health hazards to offer, and promote behaviours that are wholly beneficial; and that the exercise of individual choice for health requires a situation in which the best choice follows as the most natural consequence of these surroundings-surroundings which, for most part, are determined as much by others, including governments, as by individuals themselves.
Determination of Metabolites (Including Thioethers) of Mutagens and/or Carcinogens as Exposure Indicators
Authors: Ikeda M
Published: June 2011

Biological assessment of exposure to environmental hazards offers the potential for: (1) evaluation of exposure to prevent health impairment and (2) early detection of health effects. Two main methods of assessment can be used: (1) evaluation of the biological specimen for the exposed chemical or its metabolites and (2) measurement of the biological or clinical effects. There has been rapid improvement in the sensitivity of analytical techniques in the last decade and biological specimens of trace quantity can now be used for routine determinations. In this paper the current practice for monitoring populations exposed to benzene, styrene trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and to some mutagens/ carcinogens are described. The practical concerns associated with routine urinary analyses, such as sample collection, sample preparation and interpretation of results are also discussed.
The Thermal Comfort of Sedentary Workers
Authors: Foo S C , Phoon WO
Published: June 2011

Two hundred and eighty-five Office workers were surveyed and the micro-climatic conditions in which they worked were measured to evaluate their preferred temperature. About 78% of workers considered the natural tropical climate uncomfortable. However, 76% to 87% of workers in airconditioned Offices approved of their thermal environment if its temperature ranged from 21°C to 27°C. Many workers who felt that the temperature produced a neutral thermal sensation in the body as a whole, tended to complain that their heads were too warm and at the same time their limbs too cool. About 60% of workers in airconditioned Offices were exposed to an air temperature of less than 24°C. Present data suggest that an air temperature of 27°C would be comfortable for more than 80% of workers.
Leadership in Health for All in Developing Countries: Quo Vadis?
Authors: Banta JE
Published: June 2011

Health For All by the Year 2000 and enhancing child survival are goals of the world health community. However, attainment of these goals will occur only if there is leadership that mobilises effectively the social and technical forces required to do the job. Focusing on this endeavour and choosing the correct direction require understanding of the basic principles together with a systems approach to effective public health practice, which is the raison detre for health leadership. A review of the elements of the system and the ultimate focus of the Health for All strategy is presented
Zinc Content in Japanese Food and Estimated Average Daily Intake
Authors: Teramoto K , Horiguchi S , Ninomiya K
Published: June 2011

The zinc content of 284 types of 1, 693 food items commonly eaten by the Japanese was measured and a zinc content table was prepared based on the Food Standard Composition Table (4th edition). A good correlation was found between the values calculated using this table and the zinc content of 15 cooked meals. This table provides an estimate of the zinc intake in the average diet of Japanese people. Urban adult inhabitants were asked about the foods they had eaten using the 24-hour recall method and the average daily zinc intake was calculated to be 10.8 mg for males and 9.5 mg for females.
The Effect of Demographic Changes on Road Accident Fatality Rates: Japan 1970-1980
Authors: McLean AJ , Heyworth JS
Published: June 2011

The effect of changes in the age distribution of the Japanese population from 1970 to 1980 was investigated to determine whether they played a role in the halving of the road accident death rate in Japan during that decade. This was done by applying the 1980 age-specific death rates to a population having the 1970 age distribution in percentage terms. Substantial changes in the percentage of the population in specific age groups during the 1970s resulted in major, but opposing, changes in the overall road accident death rate. When combined with the effect of an increase in the percentage of the elderly in the population, the overall effect of changes in the population distribution on the road accident death rate was negligible. In the absence of other changes, the ageing of the Japanese population is likely to lead to an increase of about 10% in the overall road accident death rate by the year 2000.
Reducing Physician and Social Worker Conflict — The Use of Time and Task Analysis
Authors: Gross AM , Gross J
Published: June 2011

Despite much preparation, friction between physicians and social workers resulted when social workers began working in primary health care clinics. The successful use of task and time analysis is described as a proposed method for reducing this problem that might affect social workers in other team settings.
Endemic Goitre in Highland Villages in Northern Thailand
Authors: Jacobs BB
Published: June 2011

Prevalence of goitre was recorded in seven hill tribe villages in Mae Hong Son Province in Northern Thailand. The prevalence rate ranged from 26% to 75% with 47% of the 874 people in the sample having goitre. The prevalence and size of goitre increased with age; a 75% rate was observed in individuals under the age of 40 years. There was no association of prevalence with altitude of residence or with ethnicity. However, socio-economic level was a possible source of variation in prevalence between ethnic groups within the most accessible and best developed village (Sob Pong). No cretins were observed in these villages nor in any of the 26 nearby villages with endemic goitre. There was no evidence that cretins were hidden or subjected to passive Infanticide. In the villages that had any measures to combat iodine deficiency, the measures were inadequate and reflected a lack of knowledge in both the providers and recipients of health care. A successful programme to eradicate iodine deficiency and its accompanying diseases will require careful planning, monitoring and evaluation with the individuality of each village taken into account.
A Microcomputer Program for the Indirect Standardisation of Rates and Proportions
Authors: Koh D , Lee J
Published: June 2011

Indirect standardisation is a statistical method for the adjustment of confounding bias in the comparison of rates and proportions. This article describes a microcomputer program, written in BASIC, to carry out the computations for the Indirect standardisation method. The program outputs the crude rate, covariates-adjusted rate and standardised mortality/morbidity ratio (SMR) and its confidence limits for each comparison group. The program listing and other pertinent information on the use of the program are available from the authors.
Neurobehavioural Symptoms Among Workers Occupationally Exposed to Toluene
Authors: Foo SC , Phoon WO , Lee J
Published: June 2011

Symptoms of memory loss, unstable mood and some somatic complaints were experienced more frequently among women workers in an electronic factory exposed to toluene than in unexposed female assembly workers in the same factory. Personal exposure levels of toluene ranged from 49 ppm to 140 ppm. Neurobehavioural symptoms were significantly more in the group exposed to higher levels as compared to the control group or group exposed to lower levels.
Community Based Health Care in the Philippine Highlands: The Hanunuo Mangyans of Mindoro
Authors: Osteria TS , Okamura JY
Published: June 2011

The feasibility and effectiveness of community participation in the planning and delivery of health care services among the Hanunuo Mangyans in the Philippine highlands is described. The Hanunuo are swidden cultivators and one of seven indigenous ethnic minorities in the forested interior of Mindoro island. Previous Mangyan studies have shown that they have poor health, are generally malnourished and continually susceptible to communicable diseases. The need to develop viable strategies to counter their health problems is pressing since Mindoro suffers from insufficient health care facilities and personnel, and health services are rarely available to Mangyans. Baseline surveys on the health and nutritional status of the Hanunuo population in the project site indicated that the following illnesses are most prevalent: upper respiratory tract infection, skin diseases, parasitism, anaemia and malaria. The more significant health problems of the Hanunuo include poor environmental sanitation, lack of medical personnel and drugs, inadequate knowledge of curative and preventive care, lack of adequate prenatal care, poor nutritional status and lack of health education. Also described are the participation of the community in project planning and decision making, the training workshops and resource manual for the community volunteers, the coverage areas and assigned tasks of the health workers, and the organisation of village health committees.
A Community Based Approach in Developing Health Policies: Implications for Asia-Pacific Nations
Authors: Koseki LK
Published: June 2011

This article describes the conceptual framework and methodology through which the State of Hawaii formulated its health policies in keeping with the National 1990 Health Objectives. In light of the need of other members of the world community of nations to pursue such a path in achieving the WHO Goal of Health For All (HFA) by the year 2000 as articulated at Alma Ata ten years ago, the strategy and community development process described represents a potential model for consideration in the quest by other countries to formulate health goals, strategies and an action plan.
A Comparative Study of Japanese and British BCG Vaccine Strains in Newborn Infants
Authors: Goh Teh , Low M , Chen CH , Tan TH
Published: June 2011

A prospective study on the British and Japanese BCG vaccines in newborn infants was carried out in which 317 and 285 infants were randomly allocated and vaccinated with the British and Japanese BCG vaccines, respectively. Four follow-up examinations were carried out with an average of 98% of the study cohort attending all sessions.

About half the infants did not produce any visible response at the end of the first week. All, by the end of the third month, had characteristic BCG scars with an average diameter of 4.6 mm. A Mantoux test was carried out at six months. A mean skin induration of 7.2 mm (SD 5.3 mm) was recorded. Significantly higher proportions of infants given Japanese BCG were found to be tuberculin convertors (74.7%) when compared to those given British BCG (51.4%). Breast-feeding practices and the mothers' tuberculin status did not influence markedly their infants response to tuberculin.
Fenuafala Health Survey: The Ecology of Health and Disease on a Coral Atoll Village
Authors: Rapaport Moshe
Published: June 2011

The atoll community of Fenuafala was surveyed during July-August, 1987. A disproportionate demographic structure was found: There was a large, young population with an uneven sex distribution in the adolescent cohorts. Adoption of relatives was frequent. Employment varied according to sex, with women restricted from horticulture, fisheries, and hard labour. The use of alcohol and tobacco was common. Causes of mortality included cancer, heart failure, meningitis, alcoholism, and accidents. Bacterial and fungal skin infections were prevalent. There were several cases of congenital disorders. Malaria, leprosy, and most other tropical diseases were absent. However, there was a single case of filariasis. Musculoskeletal disorders were numerous and more common among women. Falls from trees have resulted in serious sequelae including epilepsy and death. Hypertension, diabetes, and gout appear to be on the increase, but angina and myocardial infarction were not reported. There were also cases of epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.
Epidemiological Transition In Asian Countries and Related Health Policy Issues
Authors: Phoon W. O.
Published: June 2011

The transition in morbidity and mortality from largely communicable diseases to largely non-communicable diseases has been effected in many Asian countries, particularly those which are newly-industrializing. Consequently, significant changes in national health policies have been made to cope with new problems such as the increasing numbers of old people, occupational diseases, accidents and cancer. AIDS, hepatitis B and the “tropical diseases” should, however, remind un that communicable diseases are still very important in Asian countries.
Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among Women in a Shoe Factory in Korea
Authors: Lee Se-Hoon , Lee Byung-Kook , Lee Kwang-Mook , Cho Kyu-Sang , Inoue Osamu , Seiji Kazunori , Ikeda Masayuki
Published: June 2011

One hundred and sixty five Korean women in a shoe factory in Masan, Korea were evaluated on hepatitis B virus infection by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in 1986. The participants were women of child-bearing ages, mostly in 20's and 30's. About two thirds (105/165) of the subjects had serological evidence of past or present hepatitis B virus infection, and 17% (28/165) were HBsAg-positive. In view of possible risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus, further epidemiological study was considered necessary to establish preventive measures.
Issues in Environmental Epidemiological Research: The Example of Environmental Lead and Health
Authors: McMichael A. J.
Published: June 2011

Modern environmental epidemiology encompasses the “traditional” area of physico-chemical hazards, along with health hazards in the societal environment (e.g. noise, stress, social organisation), and, increasingly, supranational problems (e.g. ozone depletion, global warming). As governments undertake environmental management, improved quantitative estimates of environmental risks to health are needed. Methodological difficulties of environmental epidemiological research include problems of exposure measurement, of estimating exposure at the level of the individual, and of detecting relatively small effects (particularly at low exposure levels).

The health hazards of occupational lead exposure are well documented. The health hazards of environmental exposure to lead, within the general population, remain a focus of continuing epidemiological research. Indeed, the reported adverse effects upon the developing central nervous system of young children are now central to public health debate about environmental lead exposure standards. Recent evidence from cohort studies in several countries indicates adverse effects of environmental lead exposure upon early childhood mental development. In South Australia, a cohort study of children born in a lead smelter community, Port Pirie, has revealed evidence of such an effect. After controlling for many potential confounding factors (social, behavioural, family, and medical), cumulative postnatal lead exposure was found to be weakly associated with an adverse effect upon mental development at age two years and, more strongly, at age four years.

The relations between environmental epidemiological research and public health policy are discussed.
Patterns of Pesticide Usage by Cereal Crop Farmers in Western Australia
Authors: Spickett JT , Dolin PJ , Phillips MR , Priestley CJM
Published: June 2011

In Western Australia there has been an increase in the use of herbicides in recent years due to a change in farming practices. This change, together with more general public concern over exposure to chemicals, has resulted in farmers expressing concern over the possible long term health effects from exposure to herbicides. As part of a long term study of the possible health effects from such exposure, a survey was carried out to establish the extent of pesticide use within the cereal farming community of Western Australia. Of the 9, 408 properties surveyed, 2, 921 responses were received which represents a 32.2% response rate.

The results indicate that a wide range of chemicals are used as insecticides, fumigants, seed dressings, seed pickles, herbicides, and rodent poisons. At the time of the survey in 1985, products containing prespruf and 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) were the most popular insecticide, and products containing diquat, diclofop-methyl, chlorsulfuron and glyphosate as activeingredients represented the four most popular herbicides.
Pattern of Medical Care Services Utilization in Fiji
Authors: Tomari Tsutomu , Yanagihashi Tsuguo , Wakisaka Ichiro , Hatano Hiromichi , de Asa Virgilio , Pathik Bhupendra , Balgovind Jai Ram , Satoh Masami
Published: June 2011

The present study was designed to analyze sociodemographic and health related factors that influence the utilization of medical care services in Fiji by using the method of discriminant function. Some sociodemographic and health related independent variables had significant effects on the two patterns of modern and traditional medical services utilization. Discriminant function coefficients for sex, age and race are large enough to suggest the importance of discriminating between two patterns of medical care utilization. This suggests that traditional medical service is coexistent with modern medicine in Fiji and might play an extremely important role in providing health care for rural communities in the same way as modern medicine.
Socioeconomic and Health Programme Effects Upon the Behavioral Management of Diarrhoeal Disease in Northeast Thailand
Authors: Thongkrajai Earmpom , Thongkrajai Pramote , Stoeckel John , Na-nakhon Somsong , Karenjanabutr Busara , Sirivatanamethanont Jirapa
Published: June 2011

This study investigates the effects of socioeconomic and health programme factors on preventive and curative health behaviors and assesses the impact of preventive health behaviors on the incidence of diarrhoea among children under five years of age. Methodological approaches included focus groups to uncover local definitions of diarrhoeal disease, a baseline survey which collected data on maternal preventive health behaviors for 1, 364 children, and a monitoring system which collected data on the incidence of diarrhoea and on maternal curative behaviors among the same group of children. Results indicate that socioeconomic status and exposure to health programmes showed significant relationships with selected maternal preventive behaviors. Children whose mothers washed their hands before breastfeeding, gave their child food immediately after cooking and warmed foods each time before meals had significantly lower proportions with diarrhoea than children of mothers who did not practice these behaviors, and 70 percent of the children with diarrhoea were exposed to high risk of severe dehydration and related health complications. Implications of these findings for health programmes are discussed.
Motor Vehicle Injuries in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Shiow-Ing , Malison Michael D.
Published: June 2011

In Taiwan, motor vehicle fatalities have increased significantly in the past two decades and are now a leading cause of mortality, especially among younger age groups. In this paper, we review vital statistics and hospital morbidity data to provide an overview of the problem of motor vehicle injuries in Taiwan and make several suggestions for improving injury surveillance.
Tobacco Smoking Among 847 Residents of East Beijing, People's Republic of China
Authors: Cheng Iris S , Ernster Virginia L , Guan-qing He
Published: June 2011

A survey of 847 residents aged 15 and older of East Beijing, People's Republic of China was conducted to determine smoking prevalence, patterns of smoking behavior and related attitudes (response rate=99.6%). The overall age-adjusted smoking prevalence was 32.2% (56.6% among men and 11.4% among women). Smoking prevalence was highest in the age groups under 45 among males and in the age groups over 45 among females. The most commonly smoked cigarettes were domestically manufactured, unfiltered brands high in tar and nicotine content. Most respondents were aware of the deleterious effects of smoking, and the majority felt that current antismoking measures were effective in discouraging smoking. Health policy implications are discussed in the context of various social practices in China that encourage cigarette smoking.
An Epidemiologic Study on Differences in Health Status Between Employed Men and Women in Hawaii
Authors: Kodama Arthur M , Halfon Siman-Tov , Chung Chin S
Published: June 2011

Differences in health status between employed men and employed women were examined. 56, 203 participants in a stratified random sample of Hawaii's adult population were interviewed during 1981-1986 in the Hawaii Health Surveillance Program. Multiple regression analysis controlling for sociodemographic and occupational variables showed that although the differences were small, employed women reported more health problems than employed men, especially acute conditions and those requiring more hospital services. The findings of this study indicate a need for further study to understand the nature of the observed differences and to develop relevant preventive programs.
Profile of Kala-azar in North India
Authors: Aggarwal Praveen , Wali Jyoti Prakash
Published: June 2011

One hundred twenty-nine cases of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)seen over a thirteen year period in a nonendemic area at a referral medical center in north India are described. The epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of these patients are presented. A large number of patients came from nonendemic areas and showed some unusual clinical and laboratory features. Use of sodium antimony gluconate led to relapse in approximately 34 percent of cases. Lack of awareness of the occurrence in a nonendemic area and the unusual manifestations may cause considerable difficulties in establishing the diagnosis.
The Role of Third World Universities in Health Development
Authors: Bryant John H.
Published: June 2011

The need for a pro-active role for universities in the Third World in health development is identified as one of the important frontiers of international health. The questions of how to combine scientific objectivity with involvement in social problems are examined, using the experience of the Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan as an example. The need for a clear and explicit value base to guide the university in its engagement with the problems of its society is stressed. The Third World university must serve the purposes of both absorbing advances in science and benefiting those who live at the social and geographic periphery of the country.
Capacity Building for the Health Sector in Africa
Authors: Shepperd James D.
Published: June 2011

Experiences in South Asia and Africa are compared, and a critical need for development of institutional capacities in Africa is identified. It is argued that in addition to investment in essential health services, there is a need for concerted effort among leaders in African governments, donor organizations, universities and professional bodies to develop a comprehensive plan of action for capacity development in the health sector.
The Research and Development Agenda for Cancer Prevention and Education in Australia
Authors: Owen Neville , Hiller Janet , Woodward Alistair
Published: June 2011

In Australia the most important preventable causes of cancer, in order of importance, are tobacco smoking, diet, obesity, sunlight exposure, alcohol consumption and occupational exposure to carcinogens. We review and discuss these causes and their potential preventability and discuss three broad strategies in cancer prevention: public health policy and legislation, screening, and education and behavior change. In each of these broad areas, current research evidence and relevant approaches to research and development are considered. Six areas of research and development priority for cancer prevention and education are suggested: cigarette smoking (particularly among children and adolescents); protection of the skin from exposure to strong sunlight; screening; dietary choices; occupational exposures; and the social and environmental context of cancer prevention. All of these strategies and concerns will not apply to every country in the Asia-Pacific region but may be useful as guidelines and as a stimulus for determining particular local priorities.
Observations on the Ecology of Salmonella waycross and Salmonella typhimurium on Guam
Authors: Haddock Robert L. , Gangarosa Eugene J. , Nocon Florencia A. , Murlin Alma M.
Published: June 2011

A period of high incidence of human Salmonella infections on the island of Guam saw the emergence of S.waycross as the most commonly isolated serotype as well as a concurrent decreasing proportion of isolates due to S.typhimurium. Predation of local rodents by an introduced snake is believed to account for the decreased prevalence of S.typhimurium infections, but reasons for the increased prevalence of S.waycross infections are unknown.
Acute Poisoning: A Major Health Concern in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando Dulitha N , Fernando Ravindra
Published: June 2011

The importance of acute poisoning as a cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries has been highlighted in recent times. This study discusses the utilization of routinely collected data from hospitals for background information required in planning and implemeting preventive programs. The high prevalence of poisoning and its distribution countrywide were highlighted by the routinely collected data, while the retrospective study of hospital admissions identified the wide range of toxic agents and age and sex differentials in the pattern of poisoning. Even though the overall case fatality rate was 7.6 %, there was wide variation among the different toxic agents.
A Profile Of Australian Women Practicing Breast Self-Examination
Authors: Yelland Michael J. , Rice Dorte E. , Ward Ann E. , Bain Christopher , Siskind Victor , Schofieid Frank
Published: June 2011

Breast self-examination (BSE) and medical breast examination practices were studied in a group of 1, 103 women without diagnosed breast cancer, randomly sampled to conform in age and social status with breast cancer cases from the population of Brisbane, Australia between 1981 and 1985. Relationships between these practices and sociodemographic factors, breast cancer risk indicators, health related behaviors and source of knowledge about BSE were analyzed. Overall, 63% of women reported performing BSE. BSE was practiced frequently (monthly or more). BSE frequency was only weakly associated with breast cancer risk indicators. It was more strongly linked with age, the 20-44 year group being more likely to examine their breasts occasionally and the women 65 years and over being less likely to examine their breasts. Married women were the most likely to practice BSE frequently and widowed or single women most likely never to practice. Women who underwent cervical smear testing were more likely to perform BSE than those who did not have smear tests. Women who learned BSE from their doctors as opposed to other sources practiced BSE more frequently and were more likely to practice BSE exactly as taught.
Health Related Practices and Chronic Illness in Korea
Authors: Kim Kong-Hyun , Shin Hai Rim , Nakama Hidenori , Fujita Masami
Published: June 2011

This research was carried out to determine the degree of association between health related practices and chronic illness and to Identify their cumulative effects on physical health status among Koreans using data collected through a nationwide sample survey. The sample consisted of 5, 021 adults aged 20-59 selected through a stratified cluster random sampling method. The response rate was 99%. The survey was conducted from 30 October through 9 December 1989. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression procedures were employed for analyses. This research corroborates studies carried out in Alameda County, California which demonstrated that desirable health related practices are positively related to physical health status. The relationships of these practices were indicated to be cumulative and independent.
Health-related Behaviors in Korea: Smoking, Drinking, and Perinatal Care
Authors: Chung Moon Ho , Chung Kyung Kyoon , Chung Chin Sik , Raymond Jonathan S
Published: June 2011

The prevalence of major health-related behaviors and the relationship of these factors with selected sociodemographic factors were studied in South Korea. Subjects studied were household heads and their wives from 989 households. Age-standardized prevalences of smoking were 74.8% and 2.9% for men and women respectively, with no urban-rural difference. There was a tendency of younger or less-educated men smoking more heavily. The prevalence of use of alcoholic drinks were 79.8% and 26.0% for men and women respectively. More drinking was associated with a younger age and higher level of education. The mean prevalences of prenatal care, clinic or hospital delivery, and breastfeeding were 75.0%, 62.6%, and 75.2% respectively in the urban area, whereas the corresponding rates were 63.0%, 50.9%, and 81.1% in the rural area. Higher rates in prenatal care and hospital delivery were associated with a younger age and higher educational level, while breastfeeding showed the opposite trend.
Utilization of Medically-trained Birth Attendants in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Hlady W Gary , Fauveau Vincent A , Khan SA , Chakraborty J , Yunus M
Published: June 2011

Using case-control methodology, this study compared the characteristics of women who requested medically-trained birth attendants at home with those who did not, in order to identify constraints to service delivery and suggest program changes to increase service utilization in a rural area of Bangladesh. By several different measures, prior contact with medical professionals were much more common among cases than controls, with the greatest differences observed in the frequency of antenatal visits. At least one antenatal visit was the strongest predictor that a woman would call a medically-trained birth attendant, though primiparity, proximity to the provider, previous contact with the clinic, and education (both of the mother and her spouse) were also predictive. Recommendations include increasing contact through antenatal visits, and extending midwife coverage through training and supervision of traditional birth attendants. This study demonstrates the usefulness of case-control methodology in evaluating health care utilization.
Perinatal Outcome amongst the Malays in an Urban Hospital
Authors: Arumugam Kulenthran
Published: June 2011

National data show that the perinatal mortality amongst the Malays is higher than that of the Chinese but less than that of the Indians. These figures include data from both urban and rural areas. In the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, however, the perinatal mortality amongst the Malays was found to be the lowest; an odds-ratio of 0.72 (95% confidence limits; 0.59-0.87; P< 0.0005) when compared to the non-Malays. This occurred despite a significantly higher parity amongst the Malays. The Malays in this group of patients however, had a significantly better social class distribution.