bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of colloidal SiO2 and inhibitor on the solid deposit formation in geothermal water of low hardness
Authors: Stankovic Novica , Purenovic Milovan , Randjelovic Marjan , Purenovic Jelena
Published: October 2010

Low solubility of SiO2 and its occurrence in geothermal waters in the form of
ionic, colloidal and suspended state are the main cause of the solid deposit
occurrence. Certain chemical types of silica, under the influence of Fe2+,
Al3+, F?, OH- ions and other micro-constituents, and due to significantly
decreased solubility of SiO2, stimulate nucleation, particle growth and solid
deposit formation. The aim of this paper is to inhibit the process of
nucleation and solid deposit formation by adding originally designed
inhibitor in the form of an emulsion, when the total concentration of the
present and added colloidal SiO2 is beyond the solubility limit (120 mg/dm3).
By turbidimetric, SEM, EDS and XRD analysis, the processes of solid deposit
formation were investigated in Vranjska Banja (Serbia) spa geothermal water
source (water hardness of 4?dH), and theoretical and practical conclusions
were made.
Increasing and Decreasing Returns and Losses in Mutual Information Feature Subset Selection
Authors: Van Dijck Gert , Van Hulle Marc M.
Published: October 2010

Mutual information between a target variable and a feature subset is extensively used as a feature subset selection criterion. This work contributes to a more thorough understanding of the evolution of the mutual information as a function of the number of features selected. We describe decreasing returns and increasing returns behavior in sequential forward search and increasing losses and decreasing losses behavior in sequential backward search. We derive conditions under which the decreasing returns and the increasing losses behavior hold and prove the occurrence of this behavior in some Bayesian networks. The decreasing returns behavior implies that the mutual information is concave as a function of the number of features selected, whereas the increasing returns behavior implies this function is convex. The increasing returns and decreasing losses behavior are proven to occur in an XOR hypercube.
Information Sharing and Environmental Policies
Authors: Antoniou Fabio , Koundouri Phoebe , Tsakiris Nikos
Published: October 2010

Based on the assumption that in a standard eco-dumping model governments are uncertain about future product demand and allowing governments to obtain information from firms, we examine governments’ and firms’ incentives to share information. We show that when governments regulate polluting firms through emission standards, then governments and firms will reach an agreement concerning information sharing. The opposite holds when governments regulate pollution through emission taxes.
Aryl Polyphosphonates: Useful Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polymers
Authors: Chen Li , Wang Yu-Zhong
Published: October 2010

Aryl polyphosphonates (ArPPN) have been demonstrated to function in wide applications as flame retardants for different polymer materials, including thermosets, polycarbonate, polyesters and polyamides, particularly due to their satisfactory thermal stability compared to aliphatic flame retardants, and to their desirable flow behavior observed during the processing of polymeric materials. This paper provides a brief overview of the main developments in ArPPN and their derivatives for flame-retarding polymeric materials, primarily based on the authors’ research work and the literature published over the last two decades. The synthetic chemistry of these compounds is discussed along with their thermal stabilities and flame-retardant properties. The possible mechanisms of ArPPN and their derivatives containing hetero elements, which exhibit a synergistic effect with phosphorus, are also discussed.
Characterization and Online Detection of Surfactin Isomers Based on HPLC-MSn Analyses and Their Inhibitory Effects on the Overproduction of Nitric Oxide and the Release of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-Induced Macrophages
Authors: Tang Jin-Shan , Zhao Feng , Gao Hao , Dai Yi , Yao Zhi-Hong , Hong Kui , Li Jia , Ye Wen-Cai , Yao Xin-Sheng
Published: October 2010

A rapid method for characterization and online detection of surfactin isomers was developed based on HPLC-MSn (n = 1, 2, 3) analyses, and many surfactin isomers were detected and characterized from the bioactive fraction of the mangrove bacterium Bacillus sp. Inhibitory activities of surfactin isomers on the overproduction of nitric oxide and the release of TNF-a and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages were systematically investigated. It was revealed that the surfactin isomers showed strong inhibitory properties on the overproduction of nitric oxide and the release of IL-6 on LPS-induced murine macrophage cell RAW264.7 with IC50 values ranging from 1.0 to 7.0 mM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that the existence of the free carboxyl group in the structure of surfactin isomers was crucial. These findings will be very helpful for the development of this novel kind of natural product as new anti-inflammatory agents.
Antiviral Lead Compounds from Marine Sponges
Authors: Sagar Sunil , Kaur Mandeep , Minneman Kenneth P.
Published: October 2010

Marine sponges are currently one of the richest sources of pharmacologically active compounds found in the marine environment. These bioactive molecules are often secondary metabolites, whose main function is to enable and/or modulate cellular communication and defense. They are usually produced by functional enzyme clusters in sponges and/or their associated symbiotic microorganisms. Natural product lead compounds from sponges have often been found to be promising pharmaceutical agents. Several of them have successfully been approved as antiviral agents for clinical use or have been advanced to the late stages of clinical trials. Most of these drugs are used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The most important antiviral lead of marine origin reported thus far is nucleoside Ara-A (vidarabine) isolated from sponge Tethya crypta. It inhibits viral DNA polymerase and DNA synthesis of herpes, vaccinica and varicella zoster viruses. However due to the discovery of new types of viruses and emergence of drug resistant strains, it is necessary to develop new antiviral lead compounds continuously. Several sponge derived antiviral lead compounds which are hopedto be developed as future drugs are discussed in this review. Supply problems are usually the major bottleneck to the development of these compounds as drugs during clinical trials. However advances in the field of metagenomics and high throughput microbial cultivation has raised the possibility that these techniques could lead to the cost-effective large scale production of such compounds. Perspectives on biotechnological methods with respect to marine drug development are also discussed.
Flavan-3-ol Compounds from Wine Wastes with in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Scola Gustavo , Conte Danusa , Wilmsen Dalla-Santa Spada Patrícia , Dani Caroline , Vanderlinde Regina , Funchal Claudia , Salvador Mirian
Published: October 2010

It has been suggested that the dietary intake of antioxidant supplements could be a useful strategy to reduce the incidence of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The aim of present work is to study the possibility to obtain compounds with antioxidant activity from wine wastes using water as solvent. Results have shown that it is possible to obtain flavan-3-ol compounds from wine wastes both from V. vinifera (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) and V. labrusca (cv. Bordo and Isabella) species. The main phenolic compounds found in the extracts were catechin and epicatechin, followed by procyanidin B3, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, gallic acid, epigallocatechin, and procyanidin B4. All flavan-3-ol extracts showed significant in vitro and in vivo activities. It was found that the extracts were able to prevent lipid and protein oxidative damage in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus tissues of rats. Although further studies are necessary, these flavan-3-ol extracts show potential to be used to reduce the incidence of degenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Beneficial Effects of Tianeptine on Hippocampus-Dependent Long-Term Memory and Stress-Induced Alterations of Brain Structure and Function
Authors: Zoladz Phillip R. , Muñoz Carmen , Diamond David M.
Published: October 2010

Tianeptine is a well-described antidepressant which has been shown to prevent stress from producing deleterious effects on brain structure and function. Preclinical studies have shown that tianeptine blocks stress-induced alterations of neuronal morphology and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, tianeptine prevents stress from impairing learning and memory, and, importantly, demonstrates memory-enhancing properties in the absence of stress. Recent research has indicated that tianeptine works by normalizing glutamatergic neurotransmission, a mechanism of action that may underlie its effectiveness as an antidepressant. These findings emphasize the value in focusing on the mechanisms of action of tianeptine, and specifically, the glutamatergic system, in the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies in the treatment of depression.
A Data Compression Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on an Optimal Order Estimation Model and Distributed Coding
Authors: Jiang Peng , Li Sheng-Qiang
Published: October 2010

In many wireless sensor network applications, the possibility of exceptions occurring is relatively small, so in a normal situation, data obtained at sequential time points by the same node are time correlated, while, spatial correlation may exist in data obtained at the same time by adjacent nodes. A great deal of node energy will be wasted if data which include time and space correlation is transmitted. Therefore, this paper proposes a data compression algorithm for wireless sensor networks based on optimal order estimation and distributed coding. Sinks can obtain correlation parameters based on optimal order estimation by exploring time and space redundancy included in data which is obtained by sensors. Then the sink restores all data based on time and space correlation parameters and only a little necessary data needs to be transmitted by nodes. Because of the decrease of redundancy, the average energy cost per node will be reduced and the life of the wireless sensor network will obviously be extended as a result.
A Sensor Network Data Compression Algorithm Based on Suboptimal Clustering and Virtual Landmark Routing Within Clusters
Authors: Jiang Peng , Li Shengqiang
Published: October 2010

A kind of data compression algorithm for sensor networks based on suboptimal clustering and virtual landmark routing within clusters is proposed in this paper. Firstly, temporal redundancy existing in data obtained by the same node in sequential instants can be eliminated. Then sensor networks nodes will be clustered. Virtual node landmarks in clusters can be established based on cluster heads. Routing in clusters can be realized by combining a greedy algorithm and a flooding algorithm. Thirdly, a global structure tree based on cluster heads will be established. During the course of data transmissions from nodes to cluster heads and from cluster heads to sink, the spatial redundancy existing in the data will be eliminated. Only part of the raw data needs to be transmitted from nodes to sink, and all raw data can be recovered in the sink based on a compression code and part of the raw data. Consequently, node energy can be saved, largely because transmission of redundant data can be avoided. As a result the overall performance of the sensor network can obviously be improved.
Electro‐Quasistatic Analysis of an Electrostatic Induction Micromotor Using the Cell Method
Authors: Monzón-Verona José Miguel , Santana-Martín Francisco Jorge , García–Alonso Santiago , Montiel-Nelson Juan Antonio
Published: October 2010

An electro-quasistatic analysis of an induction micromotor has been realized by using the Cell Method. We employed the direct Finite Formulation (FF) of the electromagnetic laws, hence, avoiding a further discretization. The Cell Method (CM) is used for solving the field equations at the entire domain (2D space) of the micromotor. We have reformulated the field laws in a direct FF and analyzed physical quantities to make explicit the relationship between magnitudes and laws. We applied a primal-dual barycentric discretization of the 2D space. The electric potential has been calculated on each node of the primal mesh using CM. For verification purpose, an analytical electric potential equation is introduced as reference. In frequency domain, results demonstrate the error in calculating potential quantity is neglected (
Friend Spleen Focus-Forming Virus Activates the Tyrosine Kinase sf-Stk and the Transcription Factor PU.1 to Cause a Multi-Stage Erythroleukemia in Mice
Authors: Cmarik Joan , Ruscetti Sandra
Published: October 2010

Hematological malignancies in humans typically involve two types of genetic changes: those that promote hematopoietic cell proliferation and survival (often the result of activation of tyrosine kinases) and those that impair hematopoietic cell differentiation (often the result of changes in transcription factors). The multi-stage erythroleukemia induced in mice by Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) is an excellent animal model for studying the molecular basis for both of these changes. Significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis for the multi-stage erythroleukemia induced by Friend SFFV. In the first stage of leukemia, the envelope protein encoded by SFFV interacts with and activates the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor and the receptor tyrosine kinase sf-Stk in erythroid cells, causing their Epo-independent proliferation, differentiation and survival. In the second stage, SFFV integration into the Sfpi1 locus activates the myeloid transcription factor PU.1, blocking erythroid cell differentiation, and in conjunction with the loss of p53 tumor suppressor activity, results in the outgrowth of malignant cells. In this review, we discuss the current level of understanding of how SFFV alters the growth and differentiation of erythroid cells and results in the development of erythroleukemia. Our knowledge of how SFFV causes erythroleukemia in mice may give us clues as to how the highly related human retrovirus XMRV causes malignancies in humans.
Rhétorique et syntaxe. Une figure chimérique : l'énallage
Authors: Clerico Geneviève
Published: October 2010

NOTES 1 Tout en sachant qu'une autre «première édition» datant de 1562 celle de 1587, qui regroupe en réalité, par la volonté de l'auteur un ensemble beaucoup plus vaste de textes divers. 2 Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences du Langage, article «Grammaire Générale», p. 17. 4 Ibid. p. 109. 5 P. 164 r O•

6 N. M. L., p. 532, éd. de 1656. 7 Sanctius, Opera omnia, tome l, p. 385. 8 Le De Arte dicendi de Sanctius date de 1556. 9 Ce choix est apparemment antithétique de celui de Du Marsais dans son Traité des Tropes puisque l'étude de ces derniers faisait partie intégrante de son projet grammatical. Mais les grammairiens du XVIe siècle se révèlent très soucieux de maintenir un cloisonnement idéal qui devait les préserver de ce qu'ils nommaient la «corruption des buts et des méthodes de la dialectique. 10 P. 607, éd. de 1656.

Il Ibid. 12 N. M. L., p. 533. 13 Langages, nO 50. «Quelques principes pour l'étude des cas, avec application à l'ablatif latin».

14 «Pour l'analyse des fonctions casuelles: le génitif latin», in Problèmes de Linguistique générale, l, chap. 12. 15 M. Sanchez Barrado, La elipsis segun el Brocense, p. 13. 16 P. 60 de la trad. fr. de Language, Payot, 1953. pourrait servir de point de référence, nous continuons à mentionner 3 P. 108 de l'éd. de 1550. arts», et qui découlait en particulier du complet renouvellement des
Préposition, cas et syntaxe latine dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Colombat Bernard
Published: October 2010

Bernard COLOMBAT: Préposition, cas et syntaxe latine dans l' «Encyclopédie». This paper aims at studying how Du Marsais and Beauzée consider the system of Latin cases in the numerous grammatical articles dealing with this language in < d'Encyclopédie». For them case must be studied in conjunction with the preposition. A preliminary study of the connections established between case and preposition throughout the history of Latin grammar shows the emergence of this part of speech: having long been considered as a simple intermediate element, in Sanctius the preposition becomes an essential component. For Du Marsais, case is the sign of a relation between words, and so is the preposition. The difficulty springs from the co-occurrent use of the

pr~ position and case which, according to Du Marsais, cannot be «governed» by the preposition. So, it must be admitted that any case, after a preposition, loses the value it has when used on its own. Beauzée bases his analysis on different grounds: it cannot be admitted that case could have a primitive purpose and at the same time could be arbitrarily related to such and such a preposition. The solution consists in distinguishing «adverbial» cases, equivalent to prepositional phrases, and «completive» cases which can only be connected to a preposition. In this way Beauzée relationalizes the description of the case system in Latin, which seemed partial1y inconsistent to his predecessor.
Court de Gébelin (1725-1784) et le comparatisme : deux textes inédits
Authors: Auroux Sylvain , Boes Anne , Porset Charles
Published: October 2010

S. AUROUX, A. BOES, avec la collaboration de Ch. PORSET: Court de Géhelin (1 725-1 784) et le comparatisme. Deux textes inédits. This paper deals with manuscripts from the French Protestant Antoine Court de Gébelin (1725-1 784), one of the first scholars to have developed a historical and comparative approach to world languages

(Monde primitif, 1773-1784), before the great compilations of Hervas (1 784, 1800-1805) AdelungjVater (1806-1807) and Balbi (1826). With these two texts we have material that enables us to construct elements of a seriaI history of the comparative method. The first text (which deals with the Tahitian language and assumes its Malaysian origin) is particularly important for this purpose: it exists in three different versions and we can replace · it in the wider context of a whole series on this topic (Reeland, De Brosses, Pereire, Humboldt, Buschmann). In the introduction we give a probable date for the texts and an essay on Court's methodology. Our epistemological approach is influenced by Lakatos' scientific research programmes. After a description of Court'g programme, the characteristic feature of which is the assertion of a universal, organic and · primitive language, we attempt to answer the question of its failure. We assert that the rejection by later comparatism of such a hypothesis cannot be based on empirical falsification. Court's theory is an empirical one, and the scholar refers to facts which largely confirm it. Each of the three versions deals with new facts which support the claim to the primitive language and also new assertions on the relationship between particular languages. But one cannot at the same time collect facts for the universal connection between languages and empirical evidence for localized language grouping. This epistemological contradiction is the main reason which explains Court's failure and perhaps the new directions taken at the outset of the nineteenth century.
R. Rask (1787-1832) et la transcription des langues amérindiennes — Une lettre inédite à J. Pickering
Authors: Rousseau Jean
Published: October 2010

Jean ROUSSEAU: R. RA8K (1 787-1832) et la transcription des langues amérindiennes -une lettre inédite à J. Pickering. The basis for this article is a hitherto unpublished letter from Rasmus Rask (1787-1832) to the Americanist John Pickering (17771846), bearing the date 29th October 1831. It is to be found in the twelfth volume of John Pickering's Papers in John Pickering House, Salem. The letter deals with the problem of transcribing the sounds of aIl the languages of the world into the Latin alphabet. Rask com pares his systems for transcribing, drawn up more particularly for the European and Asian languages, with the one put forward by Pickering for the Amerindian languages. In the numerous notes the editor provides a running commentary of the text, relating how it came to be written and giving a detailed analysis of the debate on transcription initiated by Sir William Jones for the Asian languages.
Bréal, la sémantique et Saussure
Authors: Aarsleff Hans
Published: October 2010

Hans AARSLEFF: Bréal, la sémantique et Saussure. This essay presents an extension of arguments 1 have advanced in essays on «Bréal vs. Schleicher» and «Taine and Saussure». It is devoted to Bréal's linguistic thought, based both on the late Essai de sémantique and on his earlier essays, dating from the late 1860' s, on the same subject. The essay argues that Bréal's ' sémantique' is a ' linguistique générale', and that it was directed against Schleicher's organicism and its consequences. Bréal shifted the emphasis to the mindbound nature of language and linguistic processes, and in this context he developed concepts that recur in Saussure's linguistic thought as presented in the Cours. Thus we find in Bréal a conceptualization that includes such Saussurean concepts as diachrony, synchrony, valeur, structure, binary opposition, and syntagmatics. The essay argues that Saussure owed a substantial debt to Bréal. It is further argued that Bréal's thought is an expression of the late 19th-century reaction against the residue of romantic thought in scholarship. This turn of mind is best known under the term already then used: le réalisme.
Introduction
Authors: Hordé Tristan , Désirat Claude
Published: October 2010

Introduction (Cl. Désirat & T. Hordé) The history of sciences often reduces the Ideologists (D. de Tracy, F. Thurot, Volney, etc...) to being, linguistica1ly, the defenders of the then moribund " Grammaire Générale". This special issue of H. E. L. shows that a1though it was never a unified doctrine, either in the sciences of language or in philosophy, Ideology has defined certain metatheorica1 principles (" Ideology is the theory of theories", wrote D. de Tracy) of the organization and the development of the human sciences, at the basis of which grammar, or more precisely, the semiolo · gical component of Ideology (as in Degerando for instance) acts as the epistemological pattern. It is on such principles that the Ideologists, very close to government from 1795 to the Empire, relied when they planned and in part implemented the basis of a school system and of an institutional organization of the sciences (cf. in particular Cabanis and Destutt de Tracy). In linguistics, they not oruy defended " Grammaire Générale" (Tracy tired to include in his Elemens d1deologie the ana1ysis of Beauzée and Condillac) but a1so continued the French anthropological movement in which the comparison of languages was linked with an historica1 and/ or geographical wiewpoint. They also originated a research in the history of linguistics (like Thurot and Volney). All this now opens up a rich field of research for the historians of the language sciences, whose task should be to revea1 the existence and nature of French linguistics in the first half of the nineteenth century, which for decades had Iain hidden beneath the huge number of French school grammars and the success of German comparative grammar.
La grammaire idéologique et sa place dans l'histoire de la grammaire philosophique
Authors: Baum Richard
Published: October 2010

La grammaire idéologique et sa place dans l'histoire de la grammaire philosophique

(R. Baum). The author begins with a statement by F. Thurot (1796) in his preliminary discourse on the Hermes of Harris; according to this statement, the best account of Aristotle's theory is contained in the treatise entitled Hermêneia.

The history of universal grammar depends on the Stagirite's interpretation of natural language. The Ideologists inherited this tradition, which is briefly outlined by the author. As a result, this appoach shows how the stability and success of the " Grammaire Générale" stems from a centuries-old organization of the parts of speech which accords for the most part with the Indo-European languages, as shown by Benveniste in his treatment of Aristotle.
Le pouvoir du verbe
Authors: Delesalle Simone , Désirat Claude
Published: October 2010

Le pouvoir du verbe (S. Delesalle & Cl. Désirat) This article concerns a crucial point of grammatical theory, Le. the analysis of predicates, showing that the descriptive principles used by the grammarians who are contemporaries of Ideology should be classified less in their support for or their opposition to certain doctrines than in respect of the various fields of human sciences related to linguistic research. Destutt de Tracy continuing philosophical grarnmar, tends toward a kind of functionalism that combines all grammatical and semantic categories -noun, verb, adjective -as so many modalities of the subject's existence. In his research on Semitic languages and civilizations, as well as in his desire for unifying the different kinds of writing, Volney takes up the analyses in Arabic grammar where the verb dominates the nominal categories. The work that originated from these two positions contains severa! aspects that are related to Port-Royal and Humboldt and lead to divergent propositions not only in grammar (particularly on word-order), but also on the origin and function of language.
Idéologie et langue des calculs
Authors: Auroux Sylvain
Published: October 2010

Idéologie et langues des calculs (S. Auroux) From a summary of the texts in which the principal ldeologists (Destutt, Garat, de Gérando, Maine de Biran) react to Condi1lac's treatise La Langue des calculs, the author attempts to show how a unanimous refusaI of the mathematization of logic led the Ideologists to adopt a position that showed down development in this feld.
Changer la langue
Authors: Branca Sonia
Published: October 2010

Changer la langue (S. Branca) This article shows how the Ideologists at the same time theorists of the sign and grammarians, treated the problems of Usage, of its socio-historical determinations, and of the intervention of scholars and politicians in the field of linguistic change. Is it possible or advisable to improve languages in order to regulate social relations, to provide new sciences with a solid terminological foundation, and finally to ensure by means of a perfect language the transmission of knowledge?
La néologie
Authors: Dougnac Françoise
Published: October 2010

La néologie (F. Dougnac) Relying on the preface written in 1798 by Garat for the fifth edition the Dictionnaire de l'Académie, the author takes on the problem of neology. After the French Revolution, the improvement of language is a crucial question; the · theoretical foundations of this project are examined with respect to the works of Butet and Mercier (an enemy of the Ideologists). Mention is made of research done in the same field.
La question de l'histoire de la langue et du comparatisme
Authors: Hordé Tristan , Désirat Claude , Auroux Sylvain
Published: October 2010

La question de l'histoire des langues et du comparatisme (S. Auroux, Cl. Désirat, T. Hordé) Comparative grammar and the historical study of languages appear to oppose the traditional " grammaire générale", as is shown by the difference between the bibliographies in Thurot's historical article on grammar (1796) and Volney's text on " l'Etude philosophique des langues" (1819). The authors try to prove that Volney has of the subject of language the same conception as Destutt. They study Volney's contribution to the development of linguistic research in France (Académie Celtique, alphabet universel, prix Volney).
Les Idéologues et le style
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Claude
Published: October 2010

Le style (J.-Cl. Chevalier) For the Ideologists, scientific discourse, judged to be simple and trude, is the stylistic model for the new society which should be based on reason. Idealistically, then, rhetoric merges with grammar, and grammatical analysis merges with stylistic analysis. But the disorder in social relations, the expression of emotions troubles the transparent link between signs and ideas; therefore a perfect language appears impossible. Nevertheless, thanks to its proper characteristics and above all to the dynamic reform of French society, the French language is more

likely to lend itself to the pure and efficient style of scientific discourse.
Les concours de l'Institut en sciences politiques
Authors: Staum Martin S.
Published: October 2010

Statistical approach to the " Concours de l'Institut" concerning language and mind (topics, authors, etc...).

Les premiers périodiques linguistiques français (1784-1840) (S. Auroux, F. Dougnac, T. Hordé) Inventory of French periodicals on language, from the Journal de la langue Française by U. Domergue. down to the Journal de la langue française et des langues en général, which became the organ of the Société de Linguistique.

six of those periodicals are described, with a brief analysis of their content and orientation; introduction on the usefulness of that type of work which had until now been absent in the history of linguistics.
Circulaires sur l'enseignement de la grammaire
Authors: Désirat Claude , Hordé Tristan
Published: October 2010

Circulaires du ministère de 11ntérieur sur l'enseignement de la grammaire (Cl. Désirat, T. Hordé) Under this title are presented two unpublished circulars from the

Ministère de 11ntérieur, dated the year VII (1799), which il1uminate the Ideologists' influence on the organization of the teaching of grammar and literature during the le Republic.
Idéologie et langage en Italie
Authors: Formigari Lia
Published: October 2010

Ideologie et langage en Italie (L. Formigari) The author notes the influence of the Ideologists, after that of Condillac, on linguistic studies in Italy, in spite of the suspicion aroused by the materalist views that are supposed to accompany their philosophical positions. As early as 1796, there appears a trend of thought close to Ideology, which aims at theorizing on the relationship between language, society and culture. This was a fundamental problem for a country that had not yet found its linguistic or political unity. The substantial bibliography in this article brings up numerous points concerning research on the influence of the Ideologists.
L'ellipse chez Apollonius Dyscole
Authors: Lallot Jean
Published: October 2010

JEAN LALLOT: Ellipsis in Apollonius Dyscolos. Ellipsis and pleonasm are viewed as symmetrical with respect to a middle state, normal discourse. In this pathological view of language, the trouble may be considered mild because excess and lack are properties of the signifiant only, while the signifié remains unaffected. Diagnosing ellipsis implies a grammatical doctrine, which is based on the notion of the internaI rationality of language -as the middle state does not coincide with piûse usage. Exaroples of ellipsis and function of the contexte
L'ellipse dans la tradition rhétorique grecque
Authors: Chanet Anne-Marie
Published: October 2010

ANNE-MARIE CHANET: Ellipsis in Greek rhetorical tradition. For Aristotle, ellipsis is a gap in a line of argument: a point which is essential for the argument is missing. As a trope, it appears rather late in the rhetorical tradition: it is closer to the grammarians' ellipsis than to the logicians'. It is in fact a non-homogeneous category, as shown (better than by the definitions) by the examples and by the glosses that comment upon them. The authors do not specify the norm which serves as a basis to determine the existence of ellipsis (i.e. gap, incompleteness), but it generally seems to be grammatical theory rather than common usage.
Le schéma "addition, soustraction, mutation, métathèse" dans les textes anciens
Authors: Desbordes Françoise
Published: October 2010

FRANÇOISE DESBORDES: A study of the formula «addition, subtraction, mutation, metathesis» in ancient theoretical texts. Study of the formula and its variants in ancient theoretical texts. Origin of the linear formula and model of the operations that apply to writing. Ellipsis as a «gap» with respect to «sermo rectus». Recurrence of the model at various levels: theories of spelling, barbarism, solecism, rhetorical «figures», and the role played by ellipsis in syntaxe This study also includes a terminological clarification and deals with the difficulties that result from the use of the formula when the items concerned are words. Thinking out the implications that surround the notion of ellipsis in antiquity is not pointless for modern Iinguistics since the notion is still used in a way which does not seem ta be basically different.
Roger Bacon et le problème du sujet sous-entendu
Authors: Rosier-Catach Irène
Published: October 2010

IRÈNE ROSIER: Roger Bacon and the ellipsis of the subject. The speculative grammar of the Modists, which appears around the middle of the XIIth century, rejects the study of rhetorical figures and focuses on the forms of simple and canonical discourse. On the other hand, although Roger Bacon, one of the major figures of the century, is one of the immediate grammatical forerunners of the Modists, his Summa grammatica only deals with figures. This point of view, however, does not keep him from engaging in the quest for basic rules: since each figure raises a double question -what is the «vice» and what is the «ratio excusans» a

rule must first be set up in order to show subsequently how it may have been violated. This paper deals mainly with the problem of the ellipsis of the subject, a point which is at the crossroads of logic and grammar and which is treated differently by the two disciplines. The questions are: is cu" it a complete sentence, is there a type of semantic completeness distinct from morpho-syntactic completeness, is it the nominative form of the noun, or the pronoun, which is understood, what distinguishes the currit structure from ille cu" it, what kinds of words can or should be reconstructed when the subject is not explicit, etc. This leads to a discussion of the notion of «supposition», an ambiguous term which denotes both a word, with the function of grammatical subject, and an object, that is to say what a noun refers to.
L'ellipse et La syntaxe du relatif latin dans La grammaire "causiste"
Authors: Colombat Bernard
Published: October 2010

on the treatment of the Latin (object) noun clause? This study helps to clarify the views of a few grammarians on ellipsis as well as on movement and attraction and to state the problem of the relation between ellipsis and gloss.
Gérondif et adjectif verbal dans La grammaire de l 'ellipse aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles
Authors: Lecointre Claire
Published: October 2010

CLAIRE LECOINTRE: The analysis of nominal verb forms in XVlth and XVllth Sanctius-type latin grammars. Expressions which are difficult to analyze can often be interpreted with the help of sentences which are considered as equivalent, and the structure of which is clear. Certain XVIth and XVIIth century grammarians who support the theories of Sanctius, use such equivalencies as a method of reasoning, basing themselves on the parallelism they postulate between form and function. This allows them to find a grammatical level where the expressions of the nearly always figurative colloquial language are made explicit. This article tries to show the types of reasoning used in Sanctius-type latin grammars, through the analysis of the nominal verb forms they propose.
L'ellipse dans la tradition rhétorique française de 1675 à 1765
Authors: Le Guern Michel
Published: October 2010

MICHEL LE GUERN: Ellipsis in French Rhetoric from 1675 to 1765. French rhetoric in the classical age is divided into two main trends: traditional rhetoric, which goes back to Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, and sometimes St Augustine;. innovative rhetoric, based on the philosophical study of language, mainly exemplified by the oratorian priest Bernard Lamy. Ellipsis is one of the points on which the two trends differ. The word ellipsis itself hardly occurs in the rhetorical treatises that stem from the traditional school. This lack of interest is quite understandable in a type of rhetoric oriented towards abundance, repetitive emphasis and amplification. For Bernard Lamy, on the other hand, ellipsis is bath a figure of grammar and a figure of rhetoric, in a conception of language where figures are the linguistic expression of passion. Only in 1765, with Crevier, did the traditional trend integrate Lamy's views into its approach ta ellipsis.
Une version transformationnelle de l'ellipse: l'effacement chez Harris
Authors: Fuchs Catherine
Published: October 2010

CATHERINE FUCHS: A transformational version of ellipsis: deletion in Harris' syntaxe The state of Harris's theory referred to here is presented in Notes du Cours de Syntaxe (1976). Although the word «ellipsis» does not appear explicitly, it is clear that sorne transformations, in particular the deletion transformations, deal with ellipsis phenomena. A brief review of the various types of deletion set up by Harris raises the following questions: (i) the limits ofellipsis? (cf. link to transformations other than deletion) (li) the interpretation of the ellipsis phenomenon? (cf. the notion of weak information content); (iii) the conditions of ellipsis? (cf. univocal recoverability -but problem of the ambiguity of sorne ellipses); (iv) the theoretical status of ellipsis? (a linguistic fact or a metalinguistic tool of analysis -hence in particular the problem of the paraphrastic properties of the relation between an elliptic structure and its developped counterpart).
L'ellipse et les relatives
Authors: Bastuji Jacqueline
Published: October 2010

JACQUELINE BASTUJI: Ellipsis in relative clauses. The analysis by ellipsis of formally missing items is a touchstone for grammatical and linguistic theories. Since the relative clause of the Indo-European languages is not a universal structure, the absence of a «relative pronoun» cannot be treated as ellipsis in the languages that do not have the «antecedent NP + relative S» structure (Chinese and Turkish for instance), even though these languages have the operation of relativization defined as the embedding of an S (NP + VP) with all its constituents under an NP. Consequently, ellipsis of the relative pronoun (e. g. in object position in English) or of the antecedent NP (in French of Latin) is a possible solution only for the languages that require as part of their system that there should be a relation of redundant co-reference between the antecedentNP and the anaphoric element in the relative clause. Ellipsis of the relative pronoun seems to be syntactically constrained while ellipsis of the antecedent seems to be connected to a set of conditions that are syntactic as weIl as semantic. We reject the traditional idea of a relation between an antecedent which is already present and the relative clause and suggest that relativization be treated as the adjunction through predication of a property to an (empty or filled) N or NP, the property being specified by the relative clause which is of the form: S includes x. As the variable x is anempty place, ellipsis is out of the question. By a process of place filling, structures that are at first potential can be turned into a range of varied syntactic configurations.
Ellipses grammaticales et anaphores
Authors: Ronat Mitsou
Published: October 2010

(a) that it is indeed reasonable to compare grammatical ellipses to the general process of anaphora; (b) that it is also reasonable not to see aIl cases of ellipsis as a unified phenomenon; (c) but that there are a number of counter-examples to the mixed hypotheses (of the Hankamer and Sag type). On the other and, the criteria put forward by J.-e. Milner (Ordres et raisons de langue, Seuil, 1982) for the noun/ pronoun relations seem to open up the possibility of a new mixed hypothesis which has a further advantage: it generalizes to intonational anaphora, which 1 have called prosodic binding in previous work.
Ellipse et sens littéral chez Searle
Authors: Bègue Dominique
Published: October 2010

DOMINIQUE BEGUE: Ellipsis and literal meaning in SearIe's theory. Searle puts forward the idea that the postulates constitutive of meaning are basically incomplete and suggests that there is no such thing as a «zero or context» for an utterance. This annihilates Frege's contrast between potential reference and actual reference. Searle is thus led to distinguish two types of ellipsis connected to the speaker's activity: contextual ellipsis and contingent ellipsis. Contingent ellipsis is linked to the definition of the postulates that constitute meaning. Similarly, Searle is led to distinguish between «contingent» presupposition and contextual presupposition. Besides the reformulation of presupposition theory, Searle's questioning the existence of literal meaning compels him to take a stand on the relation between language and truth. Such a position, clearly deducible from Searle's proposals, eventually casts doubt on the linguistic specificity of the linguist's present field of study.
L'ellipse ou la maîtrise du manque
Authors: Haroche Cl. , Maingueneau Dominique
Published: October 2010

that assign an interpretation to deep empty structures. As a result, where as emptiness used to be relegated to the borders, now the · aim is paradoxically to grant it a necessity within the same borders. There, however, is the rub for the requirement of completeness and consistency of linguistic description: can gaps be set up as a natural class? Can language itself account for the rifts it encompasses?
L'ellipse : phénomène discursif et métalinguistique
Authors: Tamba-Mecz Irène
Published: October 2010

IRÈNE TAMBA: Ellipsis: a discourse and a metalinguistic phenomenon. The notion of ellipsis covers heterogeneous facts whose limits are unclear. It is therefore necessary. to list and briefly describe the data that are generally analyzed as ellipsis so as to reach a classification. Moreover, sorne facts that are not traditionally considered to be cases of ellipsis rnay be seen as such. How should the scope of the notion be defined? A few criteria are suggested: they are based on the level of analysis of the cases of ellipsis and on the notion of ellipsis itself, considered as suppression, omission or suspension. The aim is to deterrnine whether it is possible to give the notion a theoretical status or if, on the contrary, it covers unconnected points of view linked to historically dated views. The paper ernphasizes the relation between ellipsis and paraphrastic reformulation and the connection of ellipsis to syntax and semantics as well as to the speaker's attitude and to linguistic rnetalanguage.
Un paradigme de problèmes pour une étude historique de l'ellipse
Authors: E. Bartlett Barrie
Published: October 2010

BARRIE E. BARTLETT: A paradigm of problems for a historical study of ellipsis. Ellipsis, as a phenomenon of surface structure, poses at least two problems: recoverability and the theoretical status of what is recovered. If ellipsis is considered as the set of a set partitioning both occurring and non-occurring forms, it is possible to define the various ways in which ellipsis has been perceived in the history of ellipsis and to attribute theoretical status to the variety of interpretations. In short, ellipsis enters into paradigmatic relations that can be accounted for either in well-founded theoretical terms or on a ad-hoc basis; such an analysis provides a basis for the evaluation of so-called theories of ellipsis.
Théorie de la signification et théorie de la nomination
Authors: Clementz François
Published: October 2010

François Clementz: Meaning Theory and Naming Theory. It is the contention of this article that Russell's views on meaning and reference should be approached from the standpoint of the

nomen/ nominatum relationship, which The Principles of Mathematies

regarded as paradigmatic for · the more generalquestion of how language is tied to reality. At the same time, Russell's twofold account of naming provides a good illustration of the kind of espistemological requirements the principle of acquaintance places upon the philosophy of language. The final section of the article tries to appraise Russell's contribution to the semantic theory of proper names, beyond his well-known thesis that «ordinary» proper names are truncated or telescoped descriptions.
Counterpartese, counterpartese*, counterpartese D
Authors: Mondadori Fabrizio
Published: October 2010

Fabrizio Mondadori: Counterpartese, Counterpartese*, Counterpartesen · «Counterpartese, Counterpartese*, CounterparteseD» is a c. ritical examination of some aspects of David Lewis' Counterpart Theory. 1 first briefly discuss the main points of Lewis' theory, and examine, and dismiss, two superficially convincing, but in fact unsatisfactory, objections to it. Then 1 take up the question of how the notion of a counterpart and that of possibility de re are related, and of whether or not Lewis' theory provides a correct interpretation of ordinary modal discourse: my conclusion is that it fails to account for what 1 calI the literal de re status of modality de re, quite independently of whether it is evaluated inside, or outside, the context of realism about possible worlds. 1 discuss, next, a rather intriguing trait of the notion of possibility that realism about possible worlds involves: i. e., that «possible» in «possible world» expresses a relative, and not an absolute, property of a world. 1 show, finally, that, depending on the notion of an essential property it employs, Counterpart Theory can easily accommodate such divergent metaphysical doctrines as indeterminism and superessentialism.
La logique intensionnelle et l'héritage de Frege en sémantique
Authors: Engel Pascal
Published: October 2010

Pascal Engel: Intensional Logic and the Fregean Heritage in Semantics. Although Frege's logic and «semantics» inspired most later developments, neither Carnap nor Church, who used fregean ideas to build their systems, were faithful to these. The fregean heritage has been distorted in two ways: intensional logic obliterates the distinction between concepts and objects, and Frege recommends an extensional · treatment of logic. This paper tries to restate the fregean doctrine of functions by using combinatory logic, and defends the «neo-fregean» point of view of a logical semantics based on Tarski's theory of truth and Davidson's programme for the semantics of natural language.
Présupposition et intension
Authors: Raccah Pierre-Yves
Published: October 2010

Pierre-Yves Raccah: Presupposition and Intension. ln this paper, I argue for the adequacy of formal approaches to the description of meaning, even in cases of expressions conveying conventionaI implicature. By formal approaches, I mean frameworks intended to account for sentence meaning, and meeting the conditions of compositionnality, autonomy towards knowledge and beliefs about the world, and modularity. I first show that presupposition, instead of being considered as a relation between a sentence (or an utterance) and another sentence (or, at best, a proposition), should rather be seen as a relation between a sentence and a meaning. Besides avoiding the presupposition-entailment paradox, this position is shown to allow a compositionnal treatment of presupposition, using, for instance, Karttunen and Peters' tools. 1 then give the bases of a «representation al semantics», that aims at freeing semantic description from both speakers» intentions and truth conditions. 1 conclude with a couple of examples of semantic analyses for sentences containing intensional verbs such as «savoir» or «espérer», and show how these analyses fulfill the task they were ascribed. Some questions are left open as to the generalization of this treatment to other intensional cases, and as to the exact shape meaning representations should have.