bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of 2% Chlorhexidine on the Bond Strength of Two Different Obturating Materials
Authors: Dinesh K , Murthy BV Sreenivasa , Narayana Indiresha H , Hegde Swaroop , Madhu KS , Nagaraja Shruthi
Published: June 2014

The bond strength of ActiV GP and gutta-percha/AH plus after using 2% CHX as final rinse was evaluated in this study. According to the final irrigation regimen forty roots were divided into two groups (n = 20) randomly Group 1—5 ml of 17% EDTA; Group 2—5 ml of 17% EDTA followed by 5 ml of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). Based on the obturation system the two groups were further subdivided into two subgroups (n = 10). The roots were horizontally sectioned from the coronal and midthird sections for measuring the push-out bond strength. CHX/AH Plus (2.795 ± 0.42 MPa) and EDTA/ActiV GP (1.489 ± 0.117 MPa) recorded the highest and lowest mean bond strength values respectively. It was concluded that when 2% CHX was used as a final irrigation rinse the bond strength of both guttapercha/AH Plus and ActiV GP obturation system improved significantly.

How to cite this article

Dinesh K, Murthy BVS, Narayana IH, hegde S, Madhu SK, Nagaraja S. The effect of 2% chlorhexidine on the bond strength of two different obturating materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(1):82-85.
Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach to Restore Deep Horizontally Fractured Maxillary Central Incisor
Authors: Nimbalkar-Patil Smita P , Karandikar Aamod B
Published: June 2014

This case report demonstrates sequential Periodontic, Orthodontic and Prosthodontic treatment modalities to save and restore deep horizontally fractured maxillary central incisor. The location of fracture was deep in the mucosa which reveals less than 2 mm of tooth structure to receive the crown. The procedures like surgical crown lengthening, endodontic post placement, orthodontic forced eruption, core build-up and metal-ceramic crown restoration were sequentially performed to conserve the fractured tooth. Forced eruption is preferred to surgical removal of supporting alveolar bone, since forced eruption preserves the biologic width, maintains esthetics, and at the same time exposes sound tooth structure for the placement of restorative margins.

How to cite this article

Patil PG, Nimbalkar-Patil SP, Karandikar AB. Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach to Restore Deep Horizontally Fractured Maxillary Central Incisor. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(1):112-115.
The public health impact of industrial disasters
Authors: Keim, MD Mark E.
Published: June 2014

The recent Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Japanese earthquake/tsunami radiation disaster have increased public concerns regarding the public health impact of industrial disasters. Industrial disasters are known to impose a unique set of challenges for public health emergency response. There are critical gaps in scientific knowledge regarding assessment and control of public health disasters related to industrial releases of hazardous materials. There is also a fundamental lack of familiarity regarding industrial disasters among the public health and medical communities, in general. There are few sources in the current public health literature that review this disaster phenomenon in a comprehensive manner. This article offers a review of the public health impact and unique considerations related to industrial disasters.
Comparative study of physiological and anatomical triage in major incidents using a new simulation model
Authors: Montán, RN Kristina Lennquist , Khorram-Manesh, MD, PhD Amir , Örtenwall, MD, PhD Per , Lennquist, MD, PhD Sten
Published: June 2014

Objectives: To develop and evaluate a simulation model making it possible to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of different triage methods; to compare the results of physiological and anatomical triage performed by medical staff with different levels of skills with the use of this model.Design and outcome measures: A simulation model was created based on patient cards giving sufficient physiological data as a base for physiological triage and anatomical data as description of findings at exposure, providing a base for anatomical triage. Three groups with different skills in disaster medicine, nurse students (n = 23), ambulance nurses (n = 20), and surgeons (n = 30), performed triage based on the patient cards. The outcome was given as potential avoidable mortality.The results of the triage for the two methods were compared to the result of the same triage performed by an expert group.Results: Differences in triage: Within the groups, the difference between the two triage methods was only significant for the surgeons (p 0.001), who had a better result using the anatomical triage. For the “physiological triage,” there were no significant differences between the three groups. Regarding the results for the “anatomical triage,” there were significant differences between both the nurse students and the surgeons (p 0.001) and the ambulance nurses and the surgeons (p 0.05). Results in distribution of patients and potential avoidable mortality: Within the groups, the difference between the two methods was significant for all the groups (nurse students, p 0.01; ambulance nurses, p 0.01; and surgeons, p 0.001). They all had a better outcome with anatomical triage (nurse students, 6.1 percent; ambulance nurses, 6.1 percent; and surgeons 19.5 percent less mortality than physiological triage). The group that made the best outcome from physiological triage was the ambulance nurses who had a significantly better result than both nurse students (p 0.01) and surgeons (p 0.001). The mean mortality rate for ambulance nurses was 31.1 percent, nurse students, 37 percent, and surgeons was 38.1 percent. Regarding the anatomical triage, there was a significant difference (p 0.001) between the groups of nurse students (30.9 percent mortality) and surgeons (18.9 percent mortality). The differences between the rest of the groups were also significant (p 0.05).Conclusions: The model developed for this study made it possible to compare different methods of triage and also triage performed by staff of different levels of training and experience. Anatomical triage for all test groups in this study gave significantly better results than physiological triage regarding calculated outcome and this difference increased with increasing experience.
ICU triage: The potential legal liability of withdrawing ICU care during a catastrophic event
Authors: Mareiniss, MD, JD Darren P. , Levy, MD, JD Frederick , Regan, MD Linda
Published: June 2014

In the event of a catastrophic disaster, healthcare resources may be completely overwhelmed. To address this, the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has recommended using “crisis standards of care” during such an event.These standards would recommend allocating scarce medical resources to do the greatest good for the greatest number of patients.In a dire catastrophic event, such standards may include the allocation of intensive care unit (ICU) resources to maximize patient survival.Triage protocols that seek to efficiently allocate ICU resources during a disaster have been reviewed by the Institute of Medicine. Such protocols suggest the exclusion of patients with high mortality or high resource requirements from ICU care to do the most good for the greatest number of patients. In extreme circumstances, these protocols recommend withdrawing ICU resources from sicker patients in favor of more salvageable patients.However, if providers were to follow the earlier protocols in a disaster and withdraw and reallocate ICU care, criminal or civil liability could result. Two legal solutions to avoid this potential for liability have been suggested in this article.
Results of in-hospital triage in 17 mass casualty trainings: Underestimation of life-threatening injuries and need for re-triage
Authors: Kleber, MD Christian , Cwojdzinski Detlef , Strehl Markus , Poloczek, MD, MPH Stefan , Haas, MD Norbert P.
Published: June 2014

Background: In-hospital triage is the key factor for successful management of an overwhelming number of patients in lack of treatment capacity. The main goal of in-hospital triage is to identify casualties with life-threatening injuries and to allocate immediate medical aid. For the first time, we evaluate the quality of in-hospital triage in the German capital Berlin.Methods: In this prospective observational study of 17 unheralded external mass casualty trainings for Berlin disaster hospitals in 2010/2011, we analyzed the in-hospital triage of 601 rouged casualty actors. Evaluation was performed by structured external survey and interview of the casualty actors after the disaster training. In 93 percent (n = 558), complete data were available and suitable for statistical analysis.Results: The primary triage category was allocated correctly to 61 percent (n = 338) of the simulated injury severity. The following measurements were performed: anamnesis in 77 percent, physical examination 71 percent, blood pressure in 68 percent, heart rate in 61 percent, and oxygen saturation in 25 percent. Additive radiological diagnostics were used: 38 percent X-ray, 16 percent computer tomography, and 7 percent ultrasound. On an average, 1.6 ± 1.2 diagnostic tools were used to allocate injury severity to rouged casualties. Of all the rouged casualties, 24 percent overtriage and 16 percent undertriage were observed. Overtriage was significantly infrequent in level I trauma centers (p = 0.03). Of the patients with life-threatening injuries, 18 percent was undertriaged. Of the 62 percent with secondary right allocation to triage category, re-triage was only used in 4 percent.Conclusion: The accuracy of in-hospital triage is low (61 percent). Predominately, the problem of overtriage (24 percent) due to insufficient triage training in contrast to undertriage (16 percent) occurs. The diagnostic triage adjuncts, ultrasound and re-triage, should be routinely used to lower the rate of undetected life threat in mass casualty incidents. Furthermore, a standardized training program and triage algorithm for in-hospital triage should be established.
A pan-European study of capabilities to manage mass casualties from the release of chemical agents: The MASH project
Authors: Baker, FRCA David J. , Murray, FRCP Virginia S. G. , Carli, MD Pierre A.
Published: June 2014

The European Union (EU) Mass Casualties and Health (MASH) project that ran between 2008 and 2010 was designed to study the management of mass casualties from chemical and radiological releases and associated health implications. One area of study for this project concerned arrangements within EU Member States for the management of mass casualties following a chemical release. This was undertaken via a confidential online questionnaire that was sent to selected points of contact throughout the EU. Responses were obtained from 18 states from respondents holding senior positions in chemical planning and incident response. Information gathered shows a lack of uniformity within the EU about the organization of responses to chemical releases and the provision of medical care. This article presents the overall findings of the study demonstrating differences between countries on planning and organization, decontamination, prehospital emergency medical responses, clinical diagnoses, and therapy and aftercare. Although there may be an understandable reluctance from national respondents to share information on security and other grounds, the findings, nevertheless, revealed substantial differences between current planning and operational responses within the EU states for the management of mass chemical casualties. The existing international networks for response to radiation incidents are not yet matched by equivalent networks for chemical responses yet sufficient information was available from the study to identify potential deficiencies, identify common casualty management pathways, and to make recommendations for future operations within the EU. Improvements in awareness and training and the application of modern information and communications will help to remedy this situation. Specialized advanced life support and other medical care for chemical casualties appear lacking in some countries. A program of specialized training and action are required to apply the findings revealed by the MASH study into a unified cross-border emergency medical response.
Gleaning data from disaster: A hospital-based data mining method to study all-hazard triage after a chemical disaster
Authors: Craig, PhD, MS, BS Jean B. , Culley, PhD, MPH, MS, RN, CWOCN Joan M. , Tavakoli, DrPH, MPH, ME Abbas S. , Svendsen, PhD, MS, BS Erik R.
Published: June 2014

Objective: To describe the methods of evaluating currently available triage models for their efficacy in appropriately triaging the surge of patients after an all-hazards disaster.Design: A method was developed for evaluating currently available triage models using extracted data from medical records of the victims from the Graniteville chlorine disaster.Setting: On January 6, 2005, a freight train carrying three tanker cars of liquid chlorine was inadvertently switched onto an industrial spur in central Graniteville, SC. The train then crashed into a parked locomotive and derailed. This caused one of the chlorine tankers to rupture and immediately release ~60 tons of chlorine. Chlorine gas infiltrated the town with a population of 7,000.Participants: This research focuses on the victims who received emergency care in South Carolina.Results: With our data mapping and decision tree logic, the authors were successful in using the available extracted clinical data to estimate triage categories for use in our study.Conclusions: The methodology outlined in this article shows the potential use of well-designed secondary analysis methods to improve mass casualty research.The steps are reliable and repeatable and can easily be extended or applied to other disaster datasets.
Risk factors for mortality in landslide- and flood-affected populations in Uganda
Authors: Agrawal, MSPH, MPA, Shreya , Gorokhovich, MA, PhD Yuri , Doocy, PhD Shannon
Published: June 2014

Objective: Assess mortality risk factors including age, sex, and disaster type, in the March 2010 floods and landslides in Eastern Uganda and to compare time period, cause, location, and receipt of medical care among landslide and flood fatalities.Design: A stratified cluster survey was conducted of 802 affected households in community and camp locations.Setting: Flood and landslide affected populations in the East Uganda the districts of Baduda and Butaleja.Respondents: Adult household members in 802 households were surveyed regarding household member deaths in the floods and landslides areas.Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was the odds of death associated with age, sex, and disaster type (flood or landslide). The secondary outcome measure was the odds of event (landslide or flood) among fatalities associated with sex, age, time period of death, and cause of death.Results: The odds of death were significantly higher in landslide affected populations than in flood affected populations (OR 3.06, 95% CI 2.20-4.25, p 0.001). Time period of death (p = 0.016), type of death (p 0.001), death after seeking medical care (p = 0.033), month of death (p 0.001), and cause of death (p 0.001) were significantly associated with increased odds of death due to landslides as compared to floods.Conclusion: More deaths occurred due to landslides than floods, and landslide deaths were more immediate, with a majority occurring on the day of the event. Females and younger age groups faced a greater risk of death from the landslide than the flood.
Italian medical students and disaster medicine: Awareness and formative needs
Authors: Ragazzoni, MD Luca , Ingrassia, MD, PhD Pier Luigi , Gugliotta, MD Gianluca , Tengattini, MD Marco , Franc, MD, FCFP.EM Jeffrey Michael , Corte, MD Francesco Della
Published: June 2014

Objective: Over the last century, the number of disasters has increased. Many governments and scientific institutions agree that disaster medicine education should be included in the standard medical curriculum. Italian medical students’ perceptions of mass casualty incidents and disasters and whether—and if so to what extent—such topics are part of their academic program were investigated.Design, setting, and participants: A Web-based survey was disseminated to all students registered with the national medical students’ association (Segretariato Italiano Studenti Medicina), a member of the International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations. The survey consisted of 14 questions divided into four sections.Results: Six hundred thirty-nine medical students completed the survey; 38.7 percent had never heard about disaster medicine; 90.9 percent had never attended elective academic courses on disaster medicine; 87.6 percent had never attended nonacademic courses on disaster medicine; 91.4 percent would welcome the introduction of a course on disaster medicine in their core curriculum; and 94.1 percent considered a knowledge of disaster medicine important for their future career.Conclusions: Most of the students surveyed had never attended courses on disaster medicine during their medical school program. However, respondents would like to increase their knowledge in this area and would welcome the introduction of specific courses into the standard medical curriculum.
Effective purpose in transnational humanitarian healthcare providers
Authors: Perry, PhD, RN Donna J.
Published: June 2014

Objective: To advance knowledge regarding the education and support needs of staff deployed to international settings from a US academic medical center (AMC).Design: A qualitative approach rooted in phenomenology called, Transcendental Method for Research with Human Subjects was used. A flexible interview guide was used to guide participants into self-reflection about the decision to participate in global healthcare, educational preparation, field experiences, and return.Setting: The study was conducted at a US AMC.Participants: Sample size was 15 and included nurses, physicians, and therapists who had participated in disaster and/or developmental humanitarian global health deployments. Purposive sampling with a maximum variation approach was used along with snowball sampling. Sample size was determined by reaching horizonal understanding of participants.Main outcome measures: The study sought to elicit and analyze responses from participants in an open-ended manner.Results: Analysis revealed the following seven themes: a) the yearning to relieve suffering, b) getting ready, c) making a difference, d) bad things happening to wonderful people, e) challenging and sustaining factors, f) dialectical alienation, and g) knowing what really matters. The concept of “effective purpose” emerged from interpretation of these themes.Conclusions: Most participants found their experiences to be beneficial and meaningful but faced challenges in the field. Knowledge and skills varied among providers. Education and support are critical for healthcare professionals who engage in transnational healthcare. Recommendations for staff preparation are provided.
Innovations in point-of-care testing for enhanced United States disaster caches
Authors: Curtis, BS Corbin M. , Louie, PhD, FACB Richard F. , Vy, BS John H. , Ferguson, BS William J. , Lam Mandy , Truong Anh-Thu , Rust, PhD Michael J. , Kost, MD, PhD, MS, FACB Gerald J.
Published: June 2014

Objective: To describe, innovate, recommend, and foster the implementation of point-of-care (POC) testing in disaster caches to enhance crisis standards of care and to improve triage, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and management of victims and volunteers in complex emergencies and disasters.Design and settings: The authors compared POC testing in United States disaster caches to commercially available POC testing to enhance the caches and to reflect current state-of-the-art diagnostic capabilities. The authors also provided recommendations based on literature review and knowledge from newly developed POC technologies from the UC Davis Pointof-Care Technologies Center.Results: Presently, US POC testing caches comprise chemistry/electrolytes, pregnancy, hemoglobin, cardiac biomarkers, hematology, fecal occult blood, drugs of abuse, liver function, blood gases, and limited infectious diseases. Deficiencies with existing POC tests for cardiac biomarkers, hematology, and infectious diseases should be eliminated. POC resources can be customized for pandemics, complex emergencies, or disasters based on geographic location and potential infectious diseases. Additionally, a new thermally stabilized container can help alleviate environmental stresses that reduce test quality.Conclusions: Innovations in POC technologies can improve response preparedness with enhanced diagnostic capabilities. Several innovations, such as the i-STAT® Wireless, OraQuick ADVANCE® HIV-1/2, VereTrop™ Lab-on-a-Chip, and new compact hematology analyzers will improve test clusters that facilitate evidence-based decision making and crisis standards of care during US national disaster responses. Additionally, strategic resources and operator training should be globally harmonized to improve the efficiency of international responses.
Trauma-Focused Early Intensive Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (TF-EICBI) in children and adolescent survivors of suicide bombing attacks (SBAs). A preliminary study
Authors: Leor, MD Agnes , Dolberg, MD Orna T. , Eshel, PhD Shira Pagorek , Yagil, PhD Yaron , Schreiber, MD Shaul
Published: June 2014

Objectives: To describe and evaluate the impact of an early intervention (Trauma-Focused Early Intensive Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, TF-EICBI) in children and adolescents who were victims of suicide bombing attacks (SBAs) in Israel.Design: Description of an intervention and preliminary experience in its use.Setting: An acute trauma center of a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit in a Department of Psychiatry of a university-affiliated medical center.Participants: Ten children and adolescents who were victims of SBAs and underwent early interventions (EIG) were compared to 11 adolescent victims who received no intervention (NEIG).The EIG included all the children and adolescent survivors of various SBAs that had occurred during 1 year who presented to our hospital after the TF-EICBI was implemented (June 2001). The NEIG comprised all adolescents girls 18 years of age at follow-up who survived one SBA (at the “Dolphinarium” Discotheque) before the TF-EICBI was available.Main outcome measures: At the time of the 1-year post-SBA follow-up, all 21 subjects were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis 1 DSMIII R Disorders (SCID), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).Results: One (10 percent) EI subject and four (36.4 percent) NEI subjects had post-traumatic stress disorder. The mean CBCL total score and most of the mean CBCL behavior problem scores were significantly higher (p 0.021) among the NEI group members.Conclusions: Intervention was effective in preventing and lowering mental morbidity of children and adolescents after SBAs.
Syrian revolution: A field hospital under attack
Authors: Hasanin, MD Ahmed , Mukhtar, MD Ahmed , Mokhtar, MD Ali , Radwan, MD Ahmed
Published: June 2014

Background: Syrian revolution that began on March 15, 2011 represents not only a political crisis but also a humanitarian one where many relief attempts for saving civil injured were tried.Methods: A secret field hospital organized by the medical Arab union was set in Al-Bab town in the district of Aleppo. Egyptian volunteer physicians were the operating team who reached Syria through the Turkish border. Medical supplies were delivered from Turkey and medical equipments were taken from the government hospital which was not running at that time. Many Syrian volunteers helped in running this field hospital most of them were non-medical personnel who were trained to help in some medical purposes.Results: Total number of cases referred to the hospital was 75. Surgical intervention was needed for 28 patients. Most common procedures needed were vascular procedures (32 percent), orthopedic procedures (32 percent), and abdominal exploration (25 percent). Median injury severity score (ISS) for admitted patients were 21 with interquartile range (14-21). Two patients died intraoperatively due to massive bleeding.Conclusion: Setting up a field hospital in such an area with unsafe conditions needs good communication with medical and relief organizations in the site of crisis, selection of a location as near as possible to the Turkish border, developing a convenient triaging plan, and training nonmedical volunteers to do simple tasks.
A review of rapid-onset opioids for breakthrough pain in patients with cancer
Authors: Simon, RPh, MD Steven M. , Schwartzberg, MD, FACP Lee S.
Published: June 2014

Pain management in patients with cancer remains suboptimal. Breakthrough pain (BTP) is characterized by abrupt onset of severe pain in a background of otherwise stable managed pain and presents a substantial burden to patients, as it disrupts activities and quality of life. Rapid-onset opioids (ROOs), with an appropriate onset and duration of effect, provide new options for effective and well-tolerated management of BTP. All currently available ROOs are various formulations of transmucosal immediate-release fentanyl (TIRF) and, although they were originally developed and approved for use in children before painful procedures, are only approved for use in opioid-tolerant adult patients with cancer and BTP. The formulation options include oral lozenge, buccal tablet, buccal film, sublingual tablet, nasal spray, and a sublingual spray; each has practical considerations that vary with the product and route of administration. All have the common advantage of rapid entry into the systemic circulation via transmucosal absorption, avoiding hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism and allowing a rapid onset of action that rivals intravenous injections. Rapid onset and short duration of action allow good patient control of analgesia. The pharmacokinetic and analgesic properties of ROOs may allow reduction of the total opioid burden and associated adverse effects, while still providing effective pain relief. The shared TIRF risk evaluation and mitigation strategy program implemented in March 2012 has simplified enrollment and administration of these products to help mitigate the risks of abuse and misuse and to help ensure safe use in patients with cancer suffering from BTP.
Selective Attention to Threat is Specific to Delusions in First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Bendall Sarah , Lim Michelle H. , Alvarez-Jimenez Mario , Hulbert Carol A. , McGorry Patrick D. , Jackson Henry J.
Published: June 2014

People diagnosed with a psychotic disorder show a selective attention to threat bias. However, it is unknown whether this attentional bias is specifically related to delusions or more generally to psychosis since the absence of the bias has not been established in people with psychosis (without delusions). It is also unknown when this bias develops in the course of psychotic disorder. These issues are investigated in people with first episode psychosis (FEP). The Stroop task was administered to three participant groups: a FEP group with current delusions (n = 31), a FEP group without current delusions (n = 11), and a non-psychiatric control group (n = 25). The FEP with delusions group showed a selective attention to threat words compared to the other groups (p = .02). Selective attention to threat is specifically related to delusions, is present early in the course of psychosis and may be candidate for new cognitive-behavioural therapies to treat medication-resistant delusions.
Associations between Perceived Parental Overprotection, Experiential Avoidance, and Anxiety
Authors: Fulton Jessica J. , Kiel Elizabeth J. , Tull Matthew T. , Gratz Kim L.
Published: June 2014

There has recently been increased attention focused on understanding the mechanisms through which parenting practices relate to anxiety in adulthood. Theoretical and empirical literature suggests that emotion regulation difficulties, particularly the use of avoidant regulation strategies, may be one such mechanism. Thus, this cross-sectional study investigated the mediating role of experiential avoidance in the relation between perceived parental overprotection and anxiety in young adulthood. A sample of 382 undergraduates completed questionnaires assessing the constructs of interest. Results indicate that perceived parental overprotection was significantly uniquely associated with anxiety symptom severity. Furthermore, results provide support for a model in which experiential avoidance mediates the association between perceived parental overprotection and anxiety. Findings of the present study highlight one potential mechanism underlying the association between early caregiving experiences and anxiety in young adulthood, suggesting that efforts to avoid internal experiences may play a role in the pathogenesis of anxiety. Findings are interpreted and discussed in the context of study limitations.
Intolerance of Uncertainty and Immediate Decision-Making in High-Risk Situations
Authors: Jensen Dane , Kind Alexandra Jacowitz , Morrison Amanda S. , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: June 2014

Given evidence that individuals high in intolerance of uncertainty (IU; the tendency to experience unknown outcomes as unacceptably threatening) exhibit poorer decision-making strategies and are more behaviorally inhibited in unpredictable situations than those low in IU, the present study sought to elucidate the relationship between IU and decision-making by studying confidence and speed in making repeated decisions in high-risk scenarios with an immediate threat given limited but changing information. Seventy undergraduates high or low in IU completed a repeated decision-making task involving hypothetical risk scenarios and rated their confidence in their decisions, given first two options or then three options from which to select. Response times for each decision were recorded. Individuals high in IU became less confident in their decisions across blocks of decision-making trials, whereas individuals low in IU became more confident in their decisions. Response times did not significantly differ between high IU and low IU individuals. However, individuals high in IU tended to be less likely to change their decision when presented with new information and an additional response option than participants low in IU, although this trend fell just short of statistical significance. Implications for the role of IU in the maintenance of anxiety and depression are discussed.
Convective transport of very short lived bromocarbons to the stratosphere
Authors: Liang Q. , Atlas E. , Blake D. , Dorf M. , Pfeilsticker K. , Schauffler S.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We use the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Chemistry Climate Model (GEOSCCM) to quantify the contribution of the two most important brominated very short lived substances (VSLSs), bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), to stratospheric bromine and its sensitivity to convection strength. Model simulations suggest that the most active transport of VSLSs from the marine boundary layer through the tropopause occurs over the tropical Indian Ocean, the tropical western Pacific, and off the Pacific coast of Mexico. Together, convective lofting of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 and their degradation products supplies ~8 ppt total bromine to the base of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL, ~150 hPa), similar to the amount of VSLS organic bromine available in the marine boundary layer (~7.8–8.4 ppt) in the active convective lofting regions mentioned above. Of the total ~8 ppt VSLS bromine that enters the base of the TTL at ~150 hPa, half is in the form of organic source gases and half in the form of inorganic product gases. Only a small portion (<10%) of the VSLS-originated bromine is removed via wet scavenging in the TTL before reaching the lower stratosphere. On average, globally, CHBr3 and CH2Br2 together contribute ~7.7 pptv to the present-day inorganic bromine in the stratosphere. However, varying model deep-convection strength between maximum (strongest) and minimum (weakest) convection conditions can introduce a ~2.6 pptv uncertainty in the contribution of VSLSs to inorganic bromine in the stratosphere (BryVSLS). Contrary to conventional wisdom, the minimum convection condition leads to a larger BryVSLS as the reduced scavenging in soluble product gases, and thus a significant increase in product gas injection (2–3 ppt), greatly exceeds the relatively minor decrease in source gas injection (a few 10ths ppt).
Estimating Asian terrestrial carbon fluxes from CONTRAIL aircraft and surface CO2 observations for the period 2006–2010
Authors: Zhang H. F. , Chen B. Z. , van der Laan-Luijk I. T. , Machida T. , Matsueda H. , Sawa Y. , Fukuyama Y. , Langenfelds R. , van der Schoot M. , Xu G. , Yan J. W. , Cheng M. L. , Zhou L. X. , Tans P. P. , Peters W.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Current estimates of the terrestrial carbon fluxes in Asia show large uncertainties particularly in the boreal and mid-latitudes and in China. In this paper, we present an updated carbon flux estimate for Asia ("Asia" refers to lands as far west as the Urals and is divided into boreal Eurasia, temperate Eurasia and tropical Asia based on TransCom regions) by introducing aircraft CO2 measurements from the CONTRAIL (Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airline) program into an inversion modeling system based on the CarbonTracker framework. We estimated the averaged annual total Asian terrestrial land CO2 sink was about −1.56 Pg C yr−1 over the period 2006–2010, which offsets about one-third of the fossil fuel emission from Asia (+4.15 Pg C yr−1). The uncertainty of the terrestrial uptake estimate was derived from a set of sensitivity tests and ranged from −1.07 to −1.80 Pg C yr−1, comparable to the formal Gaussian error of ±1.18 Pg C yr−1 (1-sigma). The largest sink was found in forests, predominantly in coniferous forests (−0.64 ± 0.70 Pg C yr−1) and mixed forests (−0.14 ± 0.27 Pg C yr−1); and the second and third large carbon sinks were found in grass/shrub lands and croplands, accounting for −0.44 ± 0.48 Pg C yr−1 and −0.20 ± 0.48 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The carbon fluxes per ecosystem type have large a priori Gaussian uncertainties, and the reduction of uncertainty based on assimilation of sparse observations over Asia is modest (8.7–25.5%) for most individual ecosystems. The ecosystem flux adjustments follow the detailed a priori spatial patterns by design, which further increases the reliance on the a priori biosphere exchange model. The peak-to-peak amplitude of inter-annual variability (IAV) was 0.57 Pg C yr−1 ranging from −1.71 Pg C yr−1 to −2.28 Pg C yr−1. The IAV analysis reveals that the Asian CO2 sink was sensitive to climate variations, with the lowest uptake in 2010 concurrent with a summer flood and autumn drought and the largest CO2 sink in 2009 owing to favorable temperature and plentiful precipitation conditions. We also found the inclusion of the CONTRAIL data in the inversion modeling system reduced the uncertainty by 11% over the whole Asian region, with a large reduction in the southeast of boreal Eurasia, southeast of temperate Eurasia and most tropical Asian areas.
A rapid method to derive horizontal distributions of trace gases and aerosols near the surface using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Y. , Li A. , Xie P. H. , Wagner T. , Chen H. , Liu W. Q. , Liu J. G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We apply a novel experimental procedure for the rapid measurement of the average volume mixing ratios (VMRs) and horizontal distributions of trace gases such as NO2, SO2, and HCHO in the boundary layer, which was recently suggested by Sinreich et al. (2013). The method is based on two-dimensional scanning multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). It makes use of two facts (Sinreich et al., 2013): first, the light path for observations at 1° elevation angle traverses mainly air masses located close to the ground (typically < 200 m); second, the light path length can be calculated using the simultaneous measured absorption of the oxygen dimer O4. Thus, the average value of the trace gas VMR in the atmospheric layer between the surface and the particular altitude, for which this observation was sensitive, can be calculated. Compared to the originally proposed method, we introduce several important modifications and improvements: We apply the method only to measurements at 1° elevation angle (besides zenith view), for which the uncertainties of the retrieved values of the VMRs and surface extinctions are especially small. Using only 1° elevation angle for off-axis observation also allows an increased temporal resolution. We determine (and apply) correction factors (and their uncertainties) directly as function of the measured O4 absorption. Finally, the method is extended to trace gases analysed at other wavelengths and also to the retrieval of aerosol extinction. Depending on atmospheric visibility, the typical uncertainty of the results ranges from about 20% to 30%. We apply the rapid method to observations of a newly-developed ground-based multifunctional passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy (GM-DOAS) instrument in the north-west outskirts near Hefei in China. We report NO2, SO2, and HCHO VMRs and aerosol extinction for four azimuth angles and compare these results with those from simultaneous long-path DOAS observations. Good agreement is found (squares of the correlation coefficients for NO2, SO2, and HCHO were 0.92, 0.85, and 0.60, respectively), verifying the reliability of this novel method. Similar agreement is found for the comparison of the aerosol extinction with results from visibility meters. Future studies may conduct measurements using a larger number of azimuth angles to increase the spatial resolution.
Forms of organic phosphorus in wetland soils
Authors: Cheesman A. W. , Turner B. L. , Reddy K. R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Phosphorus (P) cycling in freshwater wetlands is dominated by biological mechanisms, yet there has been no comprehensive examination of the forms of biogenic P (i.e. forms derived from biological activity) in wetland soils. We used solution 31P NMR spectroscopy to identify and quantify P forms in surface soils of 28 palustrine wetlands spanning a range of climatic, hydro-geomorphic and vegetation types. Total P concentrations ranged between 51 and 3516 μg P g
Centennial-scale variability of the Southern Hemisphere westerly wind belt in the eastern Pacific over the past two millennia
Authors: Koffman B. G. , Kreutz K. J. , Breton D. J. , Kane E. J. , Winski D. A. , Birkel S. D. , Kurbatov A. V. , Handley M. J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We present the first high-resolution (sub-annual) dust particle data set from West Antarctica, developed from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide deep ice core (79.468° S, 112.086° W), and use it to reconstruct changes in atmospheric circulation over the past 2400 years. We find a background dust flux of ~4 mg m−2 year−1 and a mode particle size of 5–8 μm diameter. Through comparing the WAIS Divide record with other Antarctic ice core particle records, we observe that coastal and lower-elevation sites have higher dust fluxes and coarser particle size distributions (PSDs) than sites on the East Antarctic plateau, suggesting input from local dust sources at these lower-elevation sites. In order to explore the use of the WAIS Divide dust PSD as a proxy for past atmospheric circulation, we make quantitative comparisons between both mid-latitude zonal wind speed and West Antarctic meridional wind speed and the dust size record, finding significant positive interannual relationships. We find that the dust PSD is related to mid-latitude zonal wind speed via cyclonic activity in the Amundsen Sea region. Using our PSD record, and through comparison with spatially distributed climate reconstructions from the Southern Hemisphere (SH) middle and high latitudes, we infer that the SH westerlies occupied a more southerly position from circa 1050 to 1400 CE (Common Era), coinciding with the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Subsequently, at ca. 1430 CE, the wind belt shifted equatorward, where it remained until the mid-to-late twentieth century. We find covariability between reconstructions of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the mid-latitude westerly winds in the eastern Pacific, suggesting that centennial-scale circulation changes in this region are strongly influenced by the tropical Pacific. Further, we observe increased coarse particle deposition over the past 50 years, consistent with observations that the SH westerlies have been shifting southward and intensifying in recent decades.
The impact of aerosol optical depth assimilation on aerosol forecasts and radiative effects during a wild fire event over the United States
Authors: Chen D. , Liu Z. , Schwartz C. S. , Lin H.-C. , Cetola J. D. , Gu Y. , Xue L.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation three-dimensional variational data assimilation (DA) system coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model was utilized to improve aerosol forecasts and study aerosol direct and semi-direct radiative feedbacks during a US wild fire event. Assimilation of MODIS total 550 nm aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals clearly improved WRF/Chem forecasts of surface PM2.5 and organic carbon (OC) compared to the corresponding forecasts without aerosol data assimilation. The scattering aerosols in the fire downwind region typically cooled layers both above and below the aerosol layer and suppressed convection and clouds, which led to an average 2% precipitation decease during the fire week. This study demonstrated that even with no input of fire emissions, AOD DA improved the aerosol forecasts and allowed a more realistic model simulation of aerosol radiative effects.
Temporal variations and change in forest fire danger in Europe for 1960–2012
Authors: Venäläinen A. , Korhonen N. , Hyvärinen O. , Koutsias N. , Xystrakis F. , Urbieta I. R. , Moreno J. M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Understanding how fire weather danger indices changed in the past and how such changes affected forest fire activity is important in a changing climate. We used the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI), calculated from two reanalysis data sets, ERA-40 and ERA Interim, to examine the temporal variation of forest fire danger in Europe in 1960–2012. Additionally, we used national forest fire statistics from Greece, Spain and Finland to examine the relationship between fire danger and fires. There is no obvious trend in fire danger for the time period covered by ERA-40 (1960–1999), whereas for the period 1980–2012 covered by ERA Interim, the mean FWI shows an increasing trend for southern and eastern Europe which is significant at the 99% confidence level. The cross correlations calculated at the national level in Greece, Spain and Finland between total area burned and mean FWI of the current season is of the order of 0.6, demonstrating the extent to which the current fire-season weather can explain forest fires. To summarize, fire risk is multifaceted, and while climate is a major determinant, other factors can contribute to it, either positively or negatively.
Considering hazard estimation uncertain in urban resilience strategies
Authors: Barroca B. , Bernardara P. , Girard S. , Mazo G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Urbanization has led to a concentration of both persons and property, which increases the potential degree of damage liable to occur in crisis situations. Urban areas have become increasingly complex socio-technical systems where the inextricable tangle of activities, networks and territories enables disruptions propagate rather than being disseminated. In risk anticipation, measures of prevention and anticipation are generally defined by using hazard modelling. The relevance of this approach may be subject to discussion (Zevenbergen et al., 2011) particularly in view of the large number of uncertainties that make hazard evaluation so difficult. For this reason, uncertainty analysis is initially called upon in a theoretical approach before any applied approach. Generally, the uncertainty under study is not assessed in hydrological studies. This uncertainty is related to the choice of evaluation model used for extreme values. This application has been used on the territory of the town of Besançon in eastern France. Strategic orientations for territorial resilience are presented taking account of the high levels of uncertainty concerning estimates for possible flow-rates. Adapting urban systems is becoming a~priority for urban resilience; this adaptation must take several spatial and temporal scales into consideration. This concerns both increasing the existing city's resilience in the face of risks, but also guiding actions wherever new urban developments are created.
Open space suitability analysis for emergency shelter after an earthquake
Authors: Anhorn J. , Khazai B.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In an emergency situation shelter space is crucial for people affected by natural hazards. Emergency planners in disaster relief and mass care can greatly benefit from a sound methodology that identifies suitable shelter areas and sites where shelter services need to be improved. A methodology to rank suitability of open spaces for contingency planning and placement of shelter in the immediate aftermath of a disaster is introduced. The Open Space Suitability Index (OSSI) uses the combination of two different measures: a qualitative evaluation criterion for the suitability and manageability of open spaces to be used as shelter sites, and a second quantitative criterion using a capacitated accessibility analysis based on network analysis. For the qualitative assessment, implementation issues, environmental considerations, and basic utility supply are the main categories to rank candidate shelter sites. Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to reveal spatial patterns of shelter demand. Advantages and limitations of this method are discussed on the basis of a case study in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC). According to the results, out of 410 open spaces under investigation, 12.2% have to be considered not suitable (Category D and E) while 10.7% are Category A and 17.6% are Category B. Almost two third (59.5%) are fairly suitable (Category C).
Forecasting the mixed layer depth in the north east Atlantic: an ensemble approach, with uncertainties based on data from operational oceanic systems
Authors: Drillet Y. , Lellouche J. M. , Levier B. , Drévillon M. , Le Galloudec O. , Reffray G. , Regnier C. , Greiner E. , Clavier M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Operational systems operated by Mercator Océan provide daily ocean forecasts, and combining these forecasts we can produce ensemble forecast and uncertainty estimates. This study focuses on the mixed layer depth in the North East Atlantic near the Porcupine Abyssal Plain for May 2013. This period is of interest for several reasons: (1) four Mercator Océan operational systems provide daily forecasts at a horizontal resolution of 1/4°, 1/12° and 1/36° with different physics; (2) glider deployment under the OSMOSIS project provides observation of the changes in mixed layer depth; (3) the ocean stratifies in May, but mixing events induced by gale force wind are observed and forecasted by the systems. A statistical approach and forecast error quantification for each system and for the combined products are presented. Skill scores indicate that forecasts are in any case better than persistence, and temporal correlations between forecast and observations are greater than 0.8 even for the 4 day forecast. The impact of atmospheric forecast error, and for the wind field in particular, is also quantified in terms of the forecast time delay and the intensity of mixing or stratification events.