bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary Assessment and Self-monitoring: With Nutrition Applications for Mobile Devices
Authors: Lieffers Jessica R. L. , Hanning Rhona M.
Published: August 2012

Nutrition applications for mobile devices (e.g., personal digital assistants, smartphones) are becoming increasingly accessible and can assist with the difficult task of intake recording for dietary assessment and self-monitoring. This review is a compilation and discussion of research on this tool for dietary intake documentation in healthy populations and those trying to lose weight. The purpose is to compare this tool with conventional methods (e.g., 24-hour recall interviews, paperbased food records). Research databases were searched from January 2000 to April 2011, with the following criteria: healthy or weight loss populations, use of a mobile device nutrition application, and inclusion of at least one of three measures, which were the ability to capture dietary intake in comparison with conventional methods, dietary self-monitoring adherence, and changes in anthropometrics and/or dietary intake. Eighteen studies are discussed. Two application categories were identified: those with which users select food and portion size from databases and those with which users photograph their food. Overall, positive feedback was reported with applications. Both application types had moderate to good correlations for assessing energy and nutrient intakes in comparison with conventional methods. For self-monitoring, applications versus conventional techniques (often paper records) frequently resulted in better self-monitoring adherence, and changes in dietary intake and/or anthropometrics. Nutrition applications for mobile devices have an exciting potential for use in dietetic practice.
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics and Solvable Models
Authors: Bougie Jonathan , Gangopadhyaya Asim , Mallow Jeffry , Rasinariu Constantin
Published: August 2012

We review solvable models within the framework of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSYQM). In SUSYQM, the shape invariance condition insures solvability of quantum mechanical problems. We review shape invariance and its connection to a consequent potential algebra. The additive shape invariance condition is specified by a difference-differential equation; we show that this equation is equivalent to an infinite set of partial differential equations. Solving these equations, we show that the known list of ħ-independent superpotentials is complete. We then describe how these equations could be extended to include superpotentials that do depend on ħ.
Restructuring polymers via nanoconfinement and subsequent release
Authors: Tonelli Alan E
Published: August 2012

During the past several years my students and I have been utilizing certain small-molecule hosts to create nanostructured polymers. This is accomplished by first forming noncovalently bonded inclusion complexes (ICs) between these small-molecule hosts and guest polymers, followed by the careful removal of the host crystalline lattice to obtain a coalesced bulk polymer. We have repeatedly observed that such coalesced polymer samples behave distinctly from those produced from their solutions or melts. Coalesced amorphous homopolymers exhibit higher glass-transition temperatures, while crystallizable homopolymers coalesced from their ICs display higher melting and crystallization temperatures, and sometimes different crystalline polymorphs. When ICs are formed with block copolymers or with two or more different homopolymers, the resulting coalesced samples can exhibit intimate mixing between the copolymer blocks, or between entire homopolymer chains. Each of the distinct behaviors observed for polymers coalesced from their ICs is a consequence of the structural organization of the polymer–host-ICs. Polymer chains in host-IC crystals are confined to occupy narrow channels (diameter ~0.5–1.0 nm) formed by the small-molecule hosts around the included guest polymers during IC crystallization. This results in the separation and high extension of the included guest polymer chains, which leads, following the careful removal of the host molecule lattice, to unique behaviors for the bulk coalesced polymer samples. Apparently, substantial degrees of the extended and unentangled natures of the IC-included chains are retained upon coalescence. In this review we summarize the behaviors and uses of coalesced polymers, and attempt to draw conclusions on the relationship between their behavior and the organization/structures/conformations of the constituent polymer chains achieved upon coalescence from their ICs.
Synthetic routes to isotopologues of acetylated derivatives of deoxynivalenol to be used in stable isotope dilution assays
Authors: Asam S. , Rychlik M.
Published: August 2012

The isomers 3-O-acetyl- and 15-O-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON) are intermediates of deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis. Both compounds are present along with DON in contaminated food and feed, but they are not analysed routinely. This review describes synthetic routes to stable isotope labelled 3-ADON and 15-ADON that can be used as internal standards in stable isotope dilution assays. The label was introduced either as [2H3]-acetyl or [13C2]-acetyl group in all protocols. Regioselective acetylation can be obtained by the use of protection groups or stepwise acetylation and hydrolysis. Advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are discussed.
Masked fumonisins in processed food: co-occurrence of hidden and bound forms and their stability under digestive conditions
Authors: Falavigna C. , Cirlini M. , Galaverna G. , Dall'Asta C.
Published: August 2012

Fumonisins can occur in foodstuffs as free forms (prent, partially hydrolysed, or totally hydrolysed), as covalently bound fumonisins (bound fumonisins) and as non-covalently bound fumonisins (hidden fumonisins). The formation of several covalently bound fumonisin B1 conjugates upon reaction with sugars and/or amino acids has been reported in the literature so far, but occurrence data are still very poor. Since very little is known about the relevance of both hidden and bound fumonisins in processed products, the present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of both masked forms in maize-based food products and to study their stability under digestive conditions. The behaviour of covalently bound fumonisin B1 conjugates upon in vitro digestion was evaluated, demonstrating their stability under these conditions. In addition, the co-occurrence of hidden and bound fumonisins in maize-based food products was investigated by application of both alkaline hydrolysis and simulated in vitro digestion assay. The experiments clearly showed that bound fumonisins were rather stable under the applied conditions, whereas hidden fumonisins released their parent forms.
Fast and reproducible chemical synthesis of zearalenone-14-β,D-glucuronide
Authors: Mikula H. , Hametner C. , Berthiller F. , Warth B. , Krska R. , Adam G. , Fröhlich J.
Published: August 2012

The Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) is mainly converted to the conjugate zearalenone-14-β,D-glucuronide (ZEA-14-GlcA) during phase II detoxification in humans and animals. This metabolite - previously described as zearalenone-4-O-β,D-glucuronide - is excreted via urine and could therefore serve as possible biomarker for ZEA exposure to estimate its intake. Direct determination of this substance is limited by the availability of a reference substance. So far, only the production of small amounts by enzymatic synthesis has been described. In this work, a fast and reproducible protocol for the chemical synthesis of ZEA-14-GlcA was developed, using substituted β-resorcylic acid esters as mycotoxin mimics and different glucuronyl donors for optimising the glycosylation (Königs-Knorr, trifluoroacetimidate method) and the deprotection step. This cost-effective procedure should be easily reproducible in other labs using standard equipment and common reagents.
The use of LC-Orbitrap MS for the detection of Fusarium masked mycotoxins: the case of type A trichothecenes
Authors: Nakagawa H. , Sakamoto S. , Sago Y. , Kushiro M. , Nagashima H.
Published: August 2012

‘Masked mycotoxins’ (mycotoxin glucosides) derived from type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin) were detected in commercially available maize powder reference material. These novel glucosides were identified as T-2 toxin-glucoside (T2-Glc) and HT-2 toxin-glucoside (HT2-Glc) on the basis of accurate mass measurements of characteristic ions and fragmentation patterns using high-resolution liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometric analysis. Although their absolute structures were not clarified, 3-OH glucosylation appeared to be the most probable when considering the structure of T-2 toxin and the fragment profiles of each masked mycotoxin. Concomitant detection of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) in the same material further supports this probability. According to an extrapolation based on the molar ratio DON-3G/DON (0.059), amounts of T2-Glc and HT2-Glc were estimated to be approximately 24 μg/kg and 41 μg/kg, respectively.
Natural occurrence of mycotoxins and their masked forms in food and feed products
Authors: De Boevre M. , Di Mavungu J. Diana , Landschoot S. , Audenaert K. , Eeckhout M. , Maene P. , Haesaert G. , De Saeger S.
Published: August 2012

A total of 174 cereal-based food products, 67 compound feeds and 19 feed raw materials were analysed for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and their respective masked forms, including deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, zearalenone-4-glucoside, α-zearalenol-4-glucoside, β-zearalenol-4-glucoside and zearalenone-4-sulfate. Fibre-enriched bread, bran-enriched bread, cornflakes, popcorn and oatmeal were collected in Belgian supermarkets from April 2010 to October 2011. All food samples analysed were contaminated with an average of 2 to 6 mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms. Feed raw materials that were used in the analysed compound feeds were collected by the manufacturer. Feed raw materials included were beet pulp, sunflower seed meal, soy bean, soy peel, oats, barley, maize germs, maize gluten feed, maize, wheat gluten feed, wheat bran pellets, wheat bran and wheat. Beet pulp, sunflower seed meal, soy bean and soy peel were hardly contaminated. The feed raw materials that were mostly infected with deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and derivatives were maize and its by-products. Also, the glucosylated and sulfated forms occurred in substantial amounts. As well, wheat and its by-products were contaminated with α-zearalenol (wheat gluten feed and wheat bran) and zearalenone (wheat). The contamination pattern and level of feed raw materials were reflected in the corresponding compound feeds.
Simultaneous determination of masked forms of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone after oral dosing in rats by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Veršilovskis A. , Geys J. , Huybrechts B. , Goossens E. , De Saeger S. , Callebaut A.
Published: August 2012

In vivo metabolism of masked or conjugated mycotoxins is poorly documented as standards are not commercially available and indirect analysis using hydrolytic enzymes is difficult to validate and cumbersome. We synthesised zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEA-14G) chemically. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3GlcA) and glucuronides of 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3- and 15-ADON-GlcAs), de-epoxydeoxynivalenol, zearalenone (ZEA), α- and β-zearalenol (α- and β-ZOL) were synthesised using rat microsomes. For the first time three ADON-GlcAs were synthesised: two 3-ADON-GlcAs and one 15-ADON-GlcA. After purification, the masked mycotoxin and the metabolites were characterised by NMR (DON-3GlcA, ZEA-14G) or by full scan MS, MS/MS fragmentation, UV-spectra, β-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase treatment. In a first experiment, rats were fed orally DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G) and ZEA-14G, together with 13C-DON and 13C-ZEA and were sacrificed after 55 minutes. A total of 21 masked metabolites, metabolites and parent mycotoxins were quantified in rat organs. Whereas DON-3G was hardly hydrolysed in the stomach, ZEA was clearly formed from ZEA-14G. In a second experiment, 3- and 15-ADON were given orally to rats. The acetylated forms of DON were hydrolysed in the stomach, in contrast to DON-3G. Rats can directly glucuronidate ADONs without deacetylation. Neither DOM, α- or β-ZOL nor their glucuronides could be quantified. Glucuronidated 3-ADON accumulated in the small intestines, together with DON-3GlcA in rats fed orally with 3- and 15-ADON. These differences in masked mycotoxins metabolism can be important in risk analysis of masked mycotoxins in food and feed.
A design of experiments approach to studying deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside evolution throughout industrial production of wholegrain crackers exploiting LC-MS/MS techniques
Authors: Suman M. , Manzitti A. , Catellani D.
Published: August 2012

Fusarium mycotoxins represent a significant problem in the cereal supply chain, with wheat, maize and barley being the main contaminated crops. Among the Fusarium toxins, the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) is considered to be the most important contaminant in wheat due to its widespread occurrence. To protect consumers from unacceptably high trichothecene intakes in their diets, many countries have set maximum trichothecene levels for cereals and related food commodities. Relatively few studies have considered the loss of trichothecenes during industrial processing and focused on how processing steps may influence their degradation or modification. The aim of the present study is to verify how the DON and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) concentration in wholegrain crackers can be influenced by changes to the technological parameters employed during the fermentation and baking steps, starting with naturally contaminated bran, using a pilot-scale plant and exploiting the power of the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The DON results were then used to generate a preliminary predictive model, suggesting that the baking step represents the most important phase in minimising the native toxin level in crackers.
Immunochemical detection of masked mycotoxins: A short review
Authors: Goryacheva I.Y. , De Saeger S.
Published: August 2012

Mycotoxin derivatives that escape conventional analytical detection of parent (free) forms because their structure has been changed are designated masked mycotoxins. Masking phenomena are due to a defensive response of the host plant or can occur during food processing. Failure to detect masked mycotoxins will lead to a significant underestimation of the mycotoxin content of a particular sample. To date, mainly chromatographic methods were developed for masked mycotoxin determination and quantification. However, for fast screening, it is important to develop on-site methods for detection of masked and parent (free) forms. Although immunochemical methods could provide a simple and economical alternative to chromatography, their use for masked forms is only at the start of development. The key-point for antibody-based methods for masked mycotoxin determination is cross-reactivity of the specific antibody towards masked mycotoxins. If the antibody does not show meaningful affinity for masked forms, they will be latent, and the total content of this mycotoxin will be underestimated. If the antibody shows affinity for masked forms, the sum of free and masked forms will be determined. Currently, neither antibodies nor immuno-based methods were specifically developed for masked mycotoxins, but some enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test-kits and immunoaffinity columns for mycotoxins were evaluated for their detection. This paper describes possible applications of antibody-based techniques for masked mycotoxin detection on the basis of recent literature.
Development, validation and application of an LC-MS/MS based method for the determination of deoxynivalenol and its conjugates in different types of beer
Authors: Malachova A. , Varga E. , Schwartz H. , Krska R. , Berthiller F.
Published: August 2012

After water and tea, beer is the third most popular beverage worldwide. Brewed from malted cereal grains, beer is known to be potentially contaminated with mycotoxins. Some studies have shown that not only the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyl-DON (3-ADON), but also the conjugated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) can be found in beer on a regular basis, albeit usually at low concentrations. The aim of this work was to develop the first triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS based method for the determination of DON, D3G and 3-ADON in beer and to perform an in-house validation. The simple sample preparation includes degassing, precipitation of matrix compounds and reconstitution of the dried-down sample in solvent. Since different kinds of beer exist and method performance parameters will likely differ, we categorised the samples into pale, wheat, dark, bock and non-alcoholic beers, as well as shandies, and validated all six matrices. Although three individual beers for each category were spiked at eight levels prior to sample preparation, the repeatability of the overall method was still excellent with relative standard deviations from 4-16% for all analytes and types of beer. Limits of detection were in the sub- or low-μg/kg range. Apparent recoveries of 60-90% for DON, 39-69% for D3G and 96-124% for 3-ADON were obtained for the different types of beer, with dark and bock beers being the most difficult matrices. To prove the applicability of the method, ten beers of each category were analysed. While average concentrations of 6.6 μg/l for DON and D3G were found, no 3-ADON was detected in any of the samples.
Digestibility and absorption of deoxynivalenol-3-ß-glucoside in in vitro models
Authors: De Nijs M. , Van den Top H.J. , Portier L. , Oegema G. , Kramer E. , Van Egmond H.P. , Hoogenboom L.A.P.
Published: August 2012

Certain mycotoxins may be present in plant materials as their glucosides. The question is whether these glucosides may be hydrolysed into their parent compounds in the gastro-intestinal tract (GI-tract), thus increasing the exposure. Therefore, the potential hydrolysis of deoxynivalenol-3-ß-glucoside (DON-3G) to deoxynivalenol (DON) was assessed in two in vitro models representing the human upper GI-tract (mouth, stomach and small intestine). In a fed digestion model, there was no evidence of release of DON from DON-3G, spiked at a level of 2,778 μg DON- 3G/kg food. This shows that the conditions in the GI-tract do not result in hydrolysis of this glucoside into the original mycotoxin. The absorption and transformation of DON-3G in the small intestine was assessed in an in vitro model with human Caco-2 cells in a Transwell system. No evidence was found for the transformation of DON-3G to DON by the Caco-2 cells in both the apical or basolateral side in 24 hours (cells were exposed to 2.4 nmol DON- 3G/ml medium). However, when DON itself was added to the apical side an amount of 23% of the spiked DON was detected in the basolateral side after 24 hours (cells were exposed to 2.3 nmol/ml medium). In conclusion, no evidence was found in the in vitro experiments for significant elevated exposure of humans to DON, since DON- 3G was not hydrolysed to DON in the digestion model representing the upper part of the GI-tract and DON-3G was not hydrolysed to DON by the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. It was shown that bioavailability of DON-3G in humans may be low as compared to DON since Caco-2 cells did not absorb DON-3G, in contrast to DON.
Effects of different extrusion conditions on the chemical and toxicological fate of fumonisin B1 in maize: a short review
Authors: Jackson L.S. , Voss K.A. , Ryu D.
Published: August 2012

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a common mycotoxin found in maize and maize-based food products. Although FB1 is relatively heat stable and survives most thermal processes, extrusion cooking has been shown to be effective at reducing levels of the toxin in contaminated maize. This review summarises studies on the chemical and toxicological fate of FB1 in maize extruded under different conditions. Overall, these studies indicate that stability of FB1 depends on the extrusion conditions, e.g. temperature and screw speed, and that the presence of reducing sugars augment apparent loss of the toxin. The chemical fate of FB1 was investigated by measuring FB1, hydrolysed FB1, and N-substituted FB1 compounds with a mass balance approach while the relative toxicity was determined by rat feeding trials. FB1 in contaminated grits was reduced by 21-37% and 77-87% in the absence and presence of 10% (w/w) glucose, respectively, during single-screw extrusion. Greater reductions of 64-72% and 89-94% were achieved by twin-screw extrusion. Mass balance analysis showed that most of the FB1 in grits extruded without glucose was recovered as FB1, whereas the FB1-glucose reaction product, N-(deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-fumonisin B1 was the prevalent form after extrusion with glucose. 23 to 38% of FB1 in extruded grits with and without added glucose was bound to component(s) of the maize grits. Only 37-46% of FB1 present in unextruded grits could be recovered as one of the fumonisin species (hydrolysed FB1, N-substituted FB1 compounds) or as matrix-bound forms in extruded grits. Reduced FB1 concentrations in extruded grits and the even lower concentrations in grits extruded with glucose resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of toxicity as shown by the less severe apoptotic lesions and sphingolipid effects that were found in the kidneys of rats. In summary, extrusion processing, especially with glucose supplementation, is potentially useful to reduce FB1 concentrations and toxicity of contaminated maize.
Special issue: Masked mycotoxins
Authors: De Saeger Sarah , van Egmond Hans
Published: August 2012

In 1990, Gareis et al. referred to a zearalenone-glycoside as a ‘masked mycotoxin’ to emphasise the fact that this mycotoxin conjugate was not detected by routine analysis of food or feed, but probably contributed to the total mycotoxin content and subsequent effects. Indeed, pigs fed with mixed feed, artificially contaminated with synthesised zearalenone-4-ß-D-glucopyranoside, excreted zearalenone (ZEA) and α-zearalenol in their faeces and urine, demonstrating release of the aglucone during digestion. Earlier, in 1988, Engelhardt et al. demonstrated that wheat and maize cell cultures were able to transform ZEA to the ß-D-glucopyranoside-conjugate as part of their plant metabolism. It is generally known that plants can reduce the toxicity of phytotoxic compounds by chemical modification. This plant detoxification process includes the conjugation of mycotoxins to polar substances such as sugars, amino acids and sulphate, and subsequent storage of the conjugates in cell vacuoles. In 2002, Schneweis et al. described the natural occurrence of zearalenone-4-glucoside in wheat, while in 2005, Berthiller et al. published the first report on the natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) in maize and wheat samples. Since then, research on masked mycotoxins has grown exponentially. Besides plant metabolism, food technological processes also have an impact on the masking mechanism, specifically in cereal-based products in the case of fumonisins (Humpf and Voss, 2004; Dall’Asta et al., 2008) and deoxynivalenol (DON) (Lancova et al., 2008).
Estudantes-Turistas em Busca do Paraíso
Authors: Amorim Marina Alves
Published: August 2012

Este artigo aborda os processos de internacionalização dos estudos, ao procurar compreender porque franceses tomariam a decisão de vir estudar no Brasil, contrariando uma tendência apontada por outros autores, segundo a qual o fluxo de estudantes internacionais tem como destino mais frequente os países ditos do norte. A partir da realização de entrevistas com seis franceses, observou-se que, como a temporada de estudos no Brasil não fornece um diploma ou uma experiência valorizados nos mercados escolar, profissional e social na França, os deslocamentos dos estudantes não fazem parte de um projeto bem consolidado de formação. Ao contrário, o período passado no país é considerado a antítese do trabalho, pois funciona como uma trégua do tempo e do lugar por ele caracterizados, no caso, suas universidades de origem. O que buscam é o alhures, o distante, o diferente, o insólito, a aventura, as férias, o paraíso...
Humboldt revisité : esthétique du danger et histoire culturelle
Authors: Lassus Jean-Marie
Published: August 2012

L’article décrit l’approche de Humboldt par Jaime Labastida, sa relecture des écrits du savant allemand et la réflexion qu’il mène sur sa réception et son image au Mexique et en Amérique latine depuis le XIXème siècle. Loin des récupérations nationalistes des pays qui se le sont appropriés, Humboldt apparaît ainsi davantage comme une figure universelle  et moderne, témoignant d’une indépendance d’esprit par rapport aux politiques officielles. L’interprétation de Labastida montre aussi comment a évolué l’image de Humboldt, de l’explorateur courageux du XIXè siècle à l’homme de Sciences. Elle pose aussi une question très actuelle : celle de l’interpénétration des sciences et des cultures, autre volet de la dimension universelle du savant allemand et de la pensée de Jaime Labastida.
Teatralidad, transcreación y polisistema
Authors: Mirza Roger
Published: August 2012

El trabajo propone considerar cómo la traducción literaria ocupa un lugar central en los polisistemas literarios (Even Zohar) y en el sistema teatral uruguayo, en sus momentos más débiles y es desplazada por adaptaciones más libres a medida que el sistema se consolida, como ha ocurrido en el sistema teatral uruguayo desde los años cincuenta y sesenta hasta nuestros días. Toda traducción es una transcreación, apropiación y transformación del texto de origen, y ese rasgo se acentúa en las traducciones y adaptaciones teatrales (como espectáculos). En el ejemplo de *Chaika* (*La gaviota*) de Chéjov en adaptación de Mariana Percovich, la puesta en escena dialoga con la obra original, fusiona lugares y personajes de ficción con los del contexto de recepción, en un desplazamiento de referencias espaciales y culturales, nominaciones y alusiones geográficas rusas y montevideanas, además de una multiplicación de niveles de ficción, y el estallido del espacio teatral. En ese juego de derivas del sentido, de un texto a otro, de una lengua, una cartografía y una tradición a otra, el espectáculo jerarquiza al mismo tiempo el carácter local de su condición. En esa bilocación que rechaza toda atopia abstracta y generalizadora, se opone a la globalización y el debilitamiento de signos identitarios, en un movimiento de desterriorialización reterritorialización.
De l’exil à l’errance, la diversité des sujets migrants
Authors: Sauvaire Marion
Published: August 2012

À partir de récits d’écrivains caribéens installés au Québec, l’article présente trois figures de migrants correspondant à différentes façons d’envisager l’expérience du déplacement: l’exil, la migrance et l’errance. L’ancrage territorial propre à l’exil est questionné par une forme plus introspective de « migrance », qui interroge autant les contradictions internes du pays d’accueil que la nostalgie du pays perdu. L’épreuve du retour désenchanté au pays natal creuse la distance entre le pays réel et le pays rêvé, cristallisé par la mémoire de la diaspora. En juxtaposant plusieurs espaces en un même lieu, la poétique de l’errance explore les interstices entre le pays réel et le pays rêvé, l’ici et l’ailleurs, le passé et le devenir. L’écrivain migrant crée un espace intermédiaire : le pays intérieur. Ce dernier est soustrait à la réalité des frontières territoriales et élargi vers des itinéraires transaméricains. L’errance refuse ainsi l’alternative entre l’assimilation à l’autre et l’enfermement dans une identité-racine. Les littératures migrantes illustrent comment se recomposent la subjectivité et la socialité contemporaines à partir de la diversité des appartenances, de la plasticité des frontières, et de l’hétérogénéité des postures énonciatives.
Migración y subjetividades de género : rechazo y performances de género en El camino a Ítaca de C. Liscano
Authors: Berlage Pauline
Published: August 2012

Después de presentar muy brevemente la novela de Liscano, definiré el marco teórico en el que este análisis se inscribe, precisando lo que entiendo por “ performance de género ” y su relación con la norma. A través de esta noción, trataremos de entender las razones que explican la migración del personaje principal, Vladimir, un joven uruguayo que se exilia voluntariamente a Europa. Veremos así los distintos modelos de paternidad de los que quiere huir y su reacción frente a cada uno de ellos. Por una parte, Vladimir huye –geográficamente– del modelo de paternidad de sus padres ; pero por otra parte, una vez en Suecia, el inmigrante uruguayo se ve obligado a performar un papel que no consigue aceptar. Esta ambigüedad revela así una angustia existencial generacional agudizada por la migración  ; Vladimir se niega a performar estos modelos aunque cabe subrayar que no rechaza el patriarcado tradicional heterosexual. Por lo tanto, para concluir, analizaremos la relación triangular que el joven inmigrante mantiene con las mujeres, un modelo de masculinidad que vuelve a aparecer casi de manera obsesiva a lo largo de su recorrido migratorio.
Condiciones de aceptabilidad del discurso de un migrante
Authors: Mozejko Danuta Teresa
Published: August 2012

Podría afirmarse que los discursos de los sujetos migrantes son producidos en la tensión entre los condicionamientos en el espacio de origen y los propios del espacio de llegada. En el caso de Gombrowicz esa tensión se agrava ya que la Polonia de la que parte en 1939 desaparece a los pocos meses y se instala un nuevo punto de referencia alrededor de la intelligentsia polaca en el exilio. Entre esas diversas tramas de relaciones en las que participa el autor de Ferdydurke, se ubica el espacio argentino, una transición de 24 años en su trayectoria. ¿ Cómo pensar la legibilidad de un texto cuyos enunciatarios iniciales son tan distintos de los receptores argentinos ? Señalamos al menos tres conjuntos de razones que favorecerían la lectura de Ferdydurke en Argentina : 1. Las características de la obra. 2. La serie de gestos de Gombrowicz vinculables con la gestión de la competencia del agente. 3. Los intereses de los agentes que operan en recepción. Sin embargo, en el caso de Gombrowicz, estas “razones” no resultan suficientes para explicar su valoración en la Argentina y parece necesario sumarles argumentos del orden de lo pasional como movilizadores para la aceptación de su obra.
Identifier et intégrer les groupes non-anglophones dans la Nouvelle-Angleterre coloniale
Authors: Vasquez-Parra Adeline
Published: August 2012

Cet article se concentre sur l’exil acadien dans les colonies de Nouvelle-Angleterre suite au Grand-Dérangement en 1755 et plus particulièrement sur leur arrivée dans la colonie du Massachusetts. Il fait ainsi état de la vision de la société puritaine sur ces premiers réfugiés politiques dans les treize colonies d’Amérique. Cet exode nous apporte-t-il une première approche de la perception des Anglo-américains concernant les migrants non-anglophones ? L’article interrogera les décisions qui ont reflété une plus large vision des rapports sociaux puisqu’elles étaient toutes en lien avec la prévention délinquante et l’hygiène telles qu’appliquées aux indigents. Il se penchera aussi sur l’intégration des Acadiens à la culture Anglo-protestante et surtout, la plupart des refugiés acadiens étant des familles, leur insertion dans les relations de travail et dans le plus vaste système économique alors en place dans le Massachusetts. Les Acadiens s’y sont-ils retrouvés ou ont-ils jeté un regard désapprobateur vis à vis de leur accueil ?
Onetti : Voces y figuras de la inmigración
Authors: Antúnez Olivera Rocío
Published: August 2012

El deseo de ficcionalizar el presente urbano guía el proyecto de escritura en la primera etapa de la obra onettiana, a la cual pertenecen El pozo, Tierra de nadie yvarios cuentos memorables. En las primeras narraciones, Onetti representa una rica gama de relaciones entre criollos e inmigrantes de diversas nacionalidades, que dan a las ciudades rioplatenses una manera de ser propia, basada en la diversidad.
Inmigración francesa y cultura popular
Authors: Risco Ana María
Published: August 2012

Entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, la llegada de inmigrantes europeos a Tucumán, en el norte de Argentina, para realizar trabajos industriales y participar de proyectos urbanos crea la sensación de estar viviendo un crecimiento acelerado de un modo similar a Buenos Aires. Las relaciones de los intelectuales con los jefes de la industria azucarera y con los políticos resultan complejas en este contexto, ya que conforman un campo cultural de elite, a pesar de la heterogeneidad de sus posiciones.El presente trabajo propone indagar sobre los aportes de la inmigración francesa a la composición compleja de la cultura argentina a través del análisis de Fruto sin flor (1921), de Juan B. Terán y reconstruir las complejas relaciones entre cultura de elite y cultura popular a través de la apropiación y de la experimentación con un género masivo como el folletín por miembros de la elite tucumana.
El retorno de Susana Soca
Authors: Litvan Shaw Valentina
Published: August 2012

El retorno de Susana Soca a la crítica uruguaya1 tras varias décadas de silencio es significativo de la actualidad de una figura que, gracias a su revista La Licorne, publicada en dos etapas (París 1947 –Montevideo 1953), representa de manera indiscutible las relaciones literarias transatlánticas de mediados del siglo XX. Y si tras el acontecimiento trágico de su muerte en 1959 Susana Soca quedó relegada del campo literario es, en parte, por el elemento extranjerizante y anacrónico que encarnaba en un momento de aguda conciencia crítica latinoamericana.Pero el lugar de Soca entre dos mundos no se limita a su actividad de editora entre Francia y Uruguay. Mi hipótesis es que el retorno opera también en su poesía y en sus ensayos como un gesto de escritura que da sentido y unidad a toda su obra. El retorno funciona en sus textos como un mecanismo que nos permite comprender el lugar en el que Soca se sitúa, no desde un afuera extranjerizante, sino en la mirada extrañada de quien regresa al origen.
Migraciones y territorios literarios
Authors: Torres Perdigón Andrea
Published: August 2012

Dans ce texte, on analyse le sujet de la migration chez Roberto Bolaño, particulièrement dans son roman 2666. Pour ce faire, on montrera d’abord la relation entre la théorie postcoloniale et le concept de migration, et ensuite quelle est la conception du « migratoire » héritée par les études hispano-américaines. Plus tard, on fera allusion au rapport de Bolaño, en tant qu’auteur, avec le concept de migration, pour proposer ensuite une lecture de la structure de 2666 en tant qu’exploration d’un territoire littéraire particulier. Pour conclure, on décrira les liens entre ce territoire et le projet romantique d’une littérature universelle, en montrant la réinvention de ce projet par la poétique de Bolaño, d’un point de vue contemporain.
Viaje y escritura en Tierras de la memoria de Felisberto Hernández
Authors: Blixen Carina
Published: August 2012

Ce travail cherche à faire émerger deux aspects de l’oeuvre de Felisberto Hernández à travers la métaphore du voyage. D’une part, l’unité perçue à travers la transformation et d’autre part l’importance de la crise des années quarante, suite à laquelle surgit un nouveau projet d’écriture « lente ». Le narrateur descend du « taxi » pour prendre le « train » ou le « tramway ».
L’imagination : zone franche des mondes possibles
Authors: Milleville Alexandra
Published: August 2012

Un mal dévastateur environnant, des désirs d’autre chose, un chat doué de parole, du champagne, et Leopoldo, protagoniste de Bruxelles piano-bar, glisse de Montevideo à Bruxelles. Cet article propose d’étudier la superposition de deux réalités, par le biais de l’imagination, qui ouvrent sur l’infini, par le biais de la création.
« Era otro mundo, ¿ o no ? »
Authors: Cardozo Prieto Marina
Published: August 2012

Este trabajo busca explorar en la visión de uruguayos de izquierda exiliados en Suecia durante la dictadura militar uruguaya (1973-1984), acerca de la sociedad sueca, el modelo socialdemócrata sueco y la socialdemocracia en su conjunto. En primer lugar se considera la visión de los exiliados políticos acerca de la recepción inicial en Suecia; a su vez, se indaga en sus recuerdos en relación al Estado de bienestar, construido en gran medida sobre las bases del pensamiento y la acción de gobierno de la socialdemocracia sueca. Por último, se atisba en las reflexiones de los exiliados de izquierda uruguayos en Suecia en torno a la acción política internacional y local de la socialdemocracia.
Adiponectin Regulates Cutaneous Wound Healing by Promoting Keratinocyte Proliferation and Migration via the ERK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Shibata Sayaka , Tada Yayoi , Asano Yoshihide , Hau Carren S. , Kato Toyoaki , Saeki Hidehisa , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Kubota Naoto , Kadowaki Takashi , Sato Shinichi
Published: August 2012

Diabetic patients are at high risk of developing delayed cutaneous wound healing. Adiponectin plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and is considered to be involved in various pathological conditions associated with diabetes; however, its role in wound repair is unknown. In this study, we elucidated the involvement of adiponectin in cutaneous wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Normal human keratinocytes expressed adiponectin receptors, and adiponectin enhanced proliferation and migration of keratinocytes in vitro. This proliferative and migratory effect of adiponectin was mediated via AdipoR1/AdipoR2 and the ERK signaling pathway. Consistent with in vitro results, wound closure was significantly delayed in adiponectin-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice, and more importantly, keratinocyte proliferation and migration during wound repair were also impaired in adiponectin-deficient mice. Furthermore, both systemic and topical administration of adiponectin ameliorated impaired wound healing in adiponectin-deficient and diabetic db/db mice, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that adiponectin is a potent mediator in the regulation of cutaneous wound healing. We propose that upregulation of systemic and/or local adiponectin levels is a potential and very promising therapeutic approach for dealing with diabetic wounds.
Immune Surveillance Properties of Human NK Cell-Derived Exosomes
Authors: Lugini Luana , Cecchetti Serena , Huber Veronica , Luciani Francesca , Macchia Gianfranco , Spadaro Francesca , Paris Luisa , Abalsamo Laura , Colone Marisa , Molinari Agnese , Podo Franca , Rivoltini Licia , Ramoni Carlo , Fais Stefano
Published: August 2012

Exosomes are nanovesicles released by normal and tumor cells, which are detectable in cell culture supernatant and human biological fluids, such as plasma. Functions of exosomes released by “normal” cells are not well understood. In fact, several studies have been carried out on exosomes derived from hematopoietic cells, but very little is known about NK cell exosomes, despite the importance of these cells in innate and adaptive immunity. In this paper, we report that resting and activated NK cells, freshly isolated from blood of healthy donors, release exosomes expressing typical protein markers of NK cells and containing killer proteins (i.e., Fas ligand and perforin molecules). These nanovesicles display cytotoxic activity against several tumor cell lines and activated, but not resting, immune cells. We also show that NK-derived exosomes undergo uptake by tumor target cells but not by resting PBMC. Exosomes purified from plasma of healthy donors express NK cell markers, including CD56+ and perforin, and exert cytotoxic activity against different human tumor target cells and activated immune cells as well. The results of this study propose an important role of NK cell-derived exosomes in immune surveillance and homeostasis. Moreover, this study supports the use of exosomes as an almost perfect example of biomimetic nanovesicles possibly useful in future therapeutic approaches against various diseases, including tumors.
Tc17 CD8+ T Cells Potentiate Th1-Mediated Autoimmune Diabetes in a Mouse Model
Authors: Saxena Amit , Desbois Sabine , Carrié Nadège , Lawand Myriam , Mars Lennart T. , Liblau Roland S.
Published: August 2012

An increase in IL-17–producing CD8+ T (Tc17) cells has been reported in the peripheral blood of children with recent onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), but their contribution to disease pathogenesis is still unknown. To directly study the pathogenic potential of β cell-specific Tc17 cells, we used an experimental model of T1D based on the expression of the neo-self Ag hemagglutinin (HA) in the β cells of the pancreas. When transferred alone, the IL-17–producing HA-specific CD8+ T cells homed to the pancreatic lymph nodes without causing any pancreatic infiltration or tissue destruction. When transferred together with small numbers of diabetogenic HA-specific CD4+ T cells, a strikingly different phenotype developed. Under these conditions, Tc17 cells sustained disease progression, driving the destruction of β-islet cells, causing hyperglycemia and ultimately death. Disease progression did not correlate with functional or numerical alterations among the HA-specific CD4+ T cells. Rather, the transferred CD8+ T cells accumulated in the pancreatic islets and a considerable fraction converted, under the control of IL-12, to an IFN-γ–producing phenotype. Our data indicate that Tc17 cells are not diabetogenic but can potentiate a Th1-mediated disease. Plasticity of the Tc17 lineage is associated with transition to overt disease in this experimental model of T1D.
Trefoil Factor 2 Negatively Regulates Type 1 Immunity against Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: McBerry Cortez , Egan Charlotte E. , Rani Reena , Yang Yanfen , Wu David , Boespflug Nicholas , Boon Louis , Butcher Barbara , Mirpuri Julie , Hogan Simon P. , Denkers Eric Y. , Aliberti Julio , Herbert De’Broski R.
Published: August 2012

IL-12–mediated type 1 inflammation confers host protection against the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. However, production of IFN-γ, another type 1 inflammatory cytokine, also drives lethality from excessive injury to the intestinal epithelium. As mechanisms that restore epithelial barrier function following infection remain poorly understood, this study investigated the role of trefoil factor 2 (TFF2), a well-established regulator of mucosal tissue repair. Paradoxically, TFF2 antagonized IL-12 release from dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which protected TFF2-deficient (TFF2−/−) mice from T. gondii pathogenesis. Dysregulated intestinal homeostasis in naive TFF2−/− mice correlated with increased IL-12/23p40 levels and enhanced T cell recruitment at baseline. Infected TFF2−/− mice displayed low rates of parasite replication and reduced gut immunopathology, whereas wild-type (WT) mice experienced disseminated infection and lethal ileitis. p38 MAPK activation and IL-12p70 production was more robust from TFF2−/−CD8+ DC compared with WT CD8+ DC and treatment of WT DC with rTFF2 suppressed TLR-induced IL-12/23p40 production. Neutralization of IFN-γ and IL-12 in TFF2−/− animals abrogated resistance shown by enhanced parasite replication and infection-induced morbidity. Hence, TFF2 regulated intestinal barrier function and type 1 cytokine release from myeloid phagocytes, which dictated the outcome of oral T. gondii infection in mice.
TIPE2 Controls Innate Immunity to RNA by Targeting the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase–Rac Pathway
Authors: Sun Honghong , Zhuang Guohong , Chai Lihui , Wang Zhaojun , Johnson Derek , Ma Yuanfang , Chen Youhai H.
Published: August 2012

RNA receptors such as TLR3 and retinoid acid-inducible gene I/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 play essential roles in innate immunity to RNA viruses. However, how innate immunity to RNAs is controlled at the molecular level is not well understood. We describe in this study a new regulatory pathway of anti-RNA immunity that is composed of PI3K, its target GTPase Rac, and the newly described immune regulator TNF-α–induced protein 8 like-2 (TIPE2, or TNFAIP8L2). Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [Poly (I:C)], a dsRNA receptor ligand, activates Rac via its guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam; this leads to the activation of cytokine genes and, paradoxically, downregulation of the Tipe2 gene. TIPE2 is a negative regulator of immunity; its deficiency leads to hyperactivation of the PI3K–Rac pathway as exemplified by enhanced AKT, Rac, P21-activated kinase, and IFN regulatory factor 3 activities. As a consequence, TIPE2 knockout myeloid cells are hyperreactive to Poly (I:C) stimulation, and TIPE2 knockout mice are hypersensitive to Poly (I:C)-induced lethality. These results indicate that TIPE2 controls innate immunity to RNA by targeting the PI3K–Rac pathway. Therefore, manipulating TIPE2 or Rac functions can be effective for controlling RNA viral infections.
CD5-Dependent CK2 Activation Pathway Regulates Threshold for T Cell Anergy
Authors: Sestero Christine M. , McGuire Donald J. , De Sarno Patrizia , Brantley Emily C. , Soldevila Gloria , Axtell Robert C. , Raman Chander
Published: August 2012

CD5 activates casein kinase 2 (CK2), a serine/threonine kinase that constitutively associates with the CK2-binding domain at the end of its cytoplasmic tail. To determine the physiological significance of CD5-dependent CK2 activation in T cells, we generated a knock-in mouse that expresses a CD5 protein containing a microdeletion with selective inability to interact with CK2 (CD5ΔCK2BD). The levels of CD5 on developing and mature T cell populations from CD5ΔCK2BD mice and CD5 wild-type (WT) mice were similar. The thymus of CD5ΔCK2BD mice contained fewer double-positive thymocytes than did that of both CD5WT and CD5 knockout (KO) mice, although the numbers of all other immature and mature T cell populations were unaltered. CD5ΔCK2BD T cells hypoproliferated and exhibited enhanced activation-induced cell death when stimulated with anti-CD3 or cognate peptide in comparison with CD5WT T cells. We also found that functional CD5-dependent CK2 signaling was necessary for efficient differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th2 and Th17 cells, but not Th1 cells. We previously showed that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in CD5KO mice was less severe and delayed in onset than in CD5WT mice. Remarkably, CD5ΔCK2BD mice recapitulated both EAE severity and disease onset of CD5KO mice. Increasing the immunization dose of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55 peptide, a model that mimics high-dose tolerance, led to decreased severity of EAE in CD5WT mice but not in CD5KO or CD5ΔCK2BD mice. This property was recapitulated in in vitro restimulation assays. These results demonstrate that CD5–CK2 signaling sets the threshold for T cell responsiveness and is necessary for efficient generation of Th2 and Th17 cells.