bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematics of the 3(RPSP)-S Fully Spherical Parallel Manipulator by Means of Screw Theory
Authors: Gallardo-Alvarado Jaime , Rodriguez-Castro Ramon , Perez-Gonzalez Luciano , Aguilar-Najera Carlos R.
Published: June 2018

In this work, the kinematics of a spherical parallel manipulator composed of three peripheral limbs equipped with linear actuators and a passive center shaft is approached by means of the theory of screws. The displacement analysis is carried out solving closure equations, which are obtained upon simple linear combinations of the components of two unit vectors describing the orientation of the moving platform. After, the input-output equations of velocity and acceleration of the spherical parallel manipulator are systematically obtained by resorting to reciprocal-screw theory. This strategy avoids the computation of the passive joint velocity and acceleration rates of the robot manipulator. Numerical examples illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
A Temperature Drift Compensation Method for Pulsed Eddy Current Technology
Authors: Lei Biting , Yi Pengxing , Li Yahui , Xiang Jiayun
Published: June 2018

Pulsed eddy current (PEC) technology is another important non-contact nondestructive testing technology for defect detection. However, the temperature drift of the exciting coil has a considerable influence on the precision of PEC testing. The objective of this study is to investigate the temperature drift effect and reduce its impact. The temperature drift effect is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The temperature drift effect on the peak-to-peak values of the output signal is investigated, and a temperature compensation method is proposed to reduce the effect of temperature variation. The results show that temperature drift has a negative impact on PEC testing and the temperature compensation method can effectively reduce the effect of temperature drift.
Scenario Analysis of Urban Road Transportation Energy Demand and GHG Emissions in China—A Case Study for Chongqing
Authors: Tan Xianchun , Zeng Yuan , Gu Baihe , Wang Yi , Xu Baoguang
Published: June 2018

This study, using Chongqing City of China as an example, predicts the future motor vehicle population using the Gompertz Model and the motorcycle population using the piecewise regression model, and predicts and analyzes fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of motor vehicles from 2016 to 2035 based on the bottom-up method under different scenarios of improving the fuel economy of conventional vehicles, promoting alternative fuel vehicles, and the mixed policy of the above two policy options. The results indicate that the total population of motor vehicles in Chongqing will increase from 4.61 million in 2015 to 10.15 million in 2035. In the business-as-usual scenario, the road-transportation energy demand in Chongqing will keep increasing from 2015 and will peak in 2030, before it begins to decline by 2035. The trends for the tank to wheel (TTW) and well to wheel (WTW) GHG emissions are similar to that of energy demand. The WTW GHG emissions will increase from 24.9 Mt CO2e in 2016 to 50.5 Mt CO2e in 2030 and will then gradually decline to 48.9 Mt CO2e in 2035. Under the policy scenarios of improving fuel economy of conventional fuel passenger cars, promoting alternative fuel vehicles, and their mixed policy, direct energy consumption and TTW and WTW GHG emissions from 2016 to 2035 will be reduced to different levels. It is also found that the two types of policies have a hedging effect on the direct energy-consumption saving, TTW, and WTW GHG emission reductions. Sensitivity analysis of key parameters and policy settings is conducted to investigate the impact of their changes on the vehicle population projection, direct energy demand, and WTW GHG emissions. Some policy implications are suggested to provide reference for the formulation and adjustment of Chongqing’s, or even China’s, low-carbon road transportation policies in the future based on the analysis results.
The Parker Instability with Cosmic-Ray Streaming
Authors: Heintz Evan , Zweibel Ellen G.
Published: June 2018

Recent studies have found that cosmic-ray transport plays an important role in feedback processes such as star formation and the launching of galactic winds. Although cosmic-ray buoyancy is widely held to be a destabilizing force in galactic disks, the effect of cosmic-ray transport on the stability of stratified systems has yet to be analyzed. We perform a stability analysis of a stratified layer for three different cosmic-ray transport models: decoupled (Classic Parker), coupled with γ

c
 = 4/3 but not streaming (Modified Parker), and finally coupled with streaming at the Alfvén speed. When the compressibility of the cosmic rays is decreased the system becomes much more stable, but the addition of cosmic-ray streaming to the Parker instability severely destabilizes it. Through comparison of these three cases and analysis of the work contributions for the perturbed quantities of each system, we demonstrate that cosmic-ray heating of the gas is responsible for the destabilization of the system. We find that a 3D system is unstable over a larger range of wavelengths than the 2D system. Therefore, the Parker instability with cosmic-ray streaming may play an important role in cosmic-ray feedback.
The Discovery of a New Massive Molecular Gas Component Associated with the Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J02399-0136
Authors: Frayer David T. , Maddalena Ronald J. , Ivison R. J. , Smail Ian , Blain Andrew W. , Bout Paul Vanden
Published: June 2018

We present CO(1–0), CO(3–2), and CO(7–6) observations using the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) of the z = 2.8 submillimeter galaxy SMM J02399−0136. This was the first submillimeter-selected galaxy discovered and remains an archetype of the class, comprising a merger of several massive and active components, including a quasar-luminosity AGN and a highly obscured, gas-rich starburst spread over a ∼25 kpc extent. The GBT CO(1–0) line profile is comprised of two distinct velocity components separated by about 600 km s−1 and suggests the presence of a new component of molecular gas that had not been previously identified. The CO(3–2) observations with ALMA show that this new component, designated W1, is associated with a large extended structure stretching 13 kpc westward from the AGN. W1 is not detected in the ALMA CO(7–6) data, implying that this gas has much lower CO excitation than the central starburst regions, which are bright in CO(7–6). The molecular gas mass of W1 is about 30% of the total molecular gas mass in the system, depending on the CO-to-H2 conversion factor. W1 is arguably a merger remnant; alternatively, it could be a massive molecular outflow associated with the AGN, or perhaps inflowing metal-enriched molecular gas fueling the ongoing activity.
"Ms. Marvel," Tumblr, and the industrial logics of identity in digital spaces
Authors: Cox Christopher M.
Published: June 2018

This essay examines fan interactions on "The All-New Ms. Marvel Backstage Pass," a Tumblr site initiated by Marvel Comics to promote the Ms. Marvel (2014–) comic book. I conceive of this site as a space in which racial, ethnic, and gendered identity dimensions can be uniquely articulated in accordance with identity markers of the Ms. Marvel character, a female teenage Pakistani American Muslim. These articulations are possible due to Tumblr's unique affordances as a mediator of fandom formation—affordances that are both technological and social. For Ms. Marvel fans, Tumblr affords opportunities for intertexual and paratextual productivity, orienting emerging fans into broader rites and practices of fandom participation and specific forms of identity expression undertaken in accordance with identity vectors of Ms. Marvel, its creators, and its fans. For Marvel Comics, fan activities on "The All-New Ms. Marvel Backstage Pass" are a source of promotional labor inflected with the veneer of authenticity, providing the company with a centralized means of instigating fannish promotion and emboldening an emergent audience that corresponds to institutional desires for audience diversification. This Tumblr therefore brokers the economic and institutional drives of Marvel Comics and the cultural drives of an emergent diversified fandom.
Constructing the Model of Aboriginal Tribal Social Enterprises from the Concept of Social Economic Enterprises
Authors: Liu Hsiao-Ming , Yen Shang-Yung
Published: June 2018

Taiwan's aboriginal tribes have long been affected by political forces and market economy model, and the aboriginal people living in remote mountainous areas with lack of information have met with a lot of economic and social problems and challenges such as loss of land and traditional culture, aging population and stagnation of tribal industry development. Therefore, the original self-sufficient tribes began to prone to “poverty”, and this is one of the most critical social issues for Taiwan to cope with. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of "social economy" in the aboriginal tribes, to develop and restore the sharing economic cooperation model, to increase collective interests and to set up tribal social enterprises, so as to address the crucial social issues.This study will adopt the method and experience of socio-economic analysis to study the action plan of Seediq, a division of Taiwanese aboriginals, and their experience of social and economic organization and operation, and reflection on the social enterprise system. The main research is to explore the social economy in the Meixi tribe, the status quo and future development, and how to employ social innovation to promote the tribal social enterprise planning and business model.
From Committees of RUSA: Best Historical Materials
Authors: History Section Historical Materials Committee RUSA
Published: June 2018

The RUSA History Section’s Historical Materials Committee follows an established method to identify the best materials for the year. The process uses standardized criteria, a broad, national call for nominations, and the work of committee members to review and select from the nominations. The 2017 Best Historical Materials’ list is a mix of digital archives, collections, indexes, and print bibliographies that promote the research of unique, rich, and specialized collections. All resources were last reviewed on December 9, 2017.—Editor
Book Review: Marketing Your Library’s Electronic Resources
Authors: Rubenstein Ellen
Published: June 2018

Marketing library sources and services is an ongoing venture that entices patrons into the library. Often marketing is associated with library activities such as storytimes, arts and crafts programs, and musical events. Although patrons may be aware that, in addition to physical books, they can obtain a range of electronic information through the library, they may be less aware of just how extensive that body of information is. As authors Kennedy and LaGuardia note in their preface, patrons would be much more likely to use digital resources if they knew what was available and how their specific needs and interests could be met.
Book Review: Beauty around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia
Authors: Marien Stacey
Published: June 2018

Kenny is an assistant professor of anthropology at Missouri State University with research experience in East and West Africa. Nichols is a professor of Spanish at Drury University with her research specializing in cultures of Latin America. Nichols has also co-written Pop Culture in Latin American and the Caribbean (ABC-CLIO, 2015) and authored a chapter on beauty in Venezuela for the book The Body Beautiful? Identity, Performance, Fashion and the Contemporary Female Body (Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2015). Both authors have taught extensively on the topic of beauty and bodies (xi).
Sensuous proximity in research methods with expert teams, media sports, and esports practices
Authors: Witkowski Emma
Published: June 2018

This paper examines epistemological issues in game studies research, specifically exploring qualitative research approaches to networked, expert computer game teams who engage in esports practices. Expert teams deliver their expert practice in part through interembodied sensitivities to sensorial team-based phenomena, which is made across multiple bodies and machines in the process of play. Drawing on fieldwork with World of Warcraft Arena tournament esports teams and research methods orientations from games studies, sensuous ethnography, and sports studies, a position of sensuous proximity in games research is explored and developed as a suite of research guidelines for engaging with esports teams high performance practices. I suggest a research approach that involves differing lenses and stances in the study of embodied team play, and varying scales of sensuous proximity to the layers of expert team practices that augmens the notion of playing research in game studies.
CAPACITY OF ACCREDITED TESTING LABORATORIES FOR FOOD IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN 2017 IN RELATION TO THE FIELDS OF ACCREDITATION
Authors: GOLIĆ Bojan , NEDIĆ Drago , DOJČINOVIĆ Slobodan
Published: June 2018

Accreditation refers to the formal recognition that a conformityassessment body (laboratory) is competent to conduct conformity assessmentactivities according to internationally accepted rules. The accreditation ofconformity assessment bodies in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is implemented bythe Institute for Accreditation of B&H (BATA). Accreditation provides confidence inthe laboratory test results and it is carried out according to the standard BAS EN ISO/ IEC 17025: 2006. Test laboratories for food in a wider sense include laboratoriesdealing with food, animal feed, drinking and swabs. The aim of the test is to determinethe capacities of accredited test laboratories for food in B&H in relation to the fieldof examination or the field of accreditation. This enables a clear insight into thereadiness of test food labs to respond to food control requirements in order to protectthe health of animals and humans. During 2017, 29 food laboratories were accreditedin Bosnia and Herzegovina, 8 in Republika Srpska, and 21 in the Federation ofB&H. Out of 13 accredited testing areas in B&H, laboratories in Republika Srpskaaccredited 10 fields (76.90%), while laboratories in the Federation of B&H accredited13 areas (100%). When it comes to different food testing fields, B&H has capacities inthe form of accredited laboratories to respond to these requirements, and especiallyimportant capacities are those for physicochemical food and water testing andmicrobiological food testing (over 55% of accredited laboratories). They are followedby microbiological testings of animal feed and water and toxicological testing ofresidues and contaminants in food (over 30% of accredited laboratories).
CAPACITY OF ACCREDITED DIAGNOSTIC TESTING VETERINARY LABORATORIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN 2017, FROM THE STANDPOINT OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE, IN RELATION TO FIELDS OF ACCREDITATION
Authors: GOLIĆ Bojan , NEDIĆ Drago , DOJČINOVIĆ Slobodan
Published: June 2018

Accreditation refers to the formal recognition that a confirmity assessmentbody (laboratory) is competent to conduct confirmity assessment activities accordingto internationally accepted rules. The accreditation of conformity assessment bodiesin Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is implemented by the Institute for Accreditationof B&H (BATA). Accreditation provides confidence in the laboratory test results.Veterinary laboratories for diagnostic testing refer to laboratories for testingmaterials of animal origin.The aim of the study is to determine the capacity of accredited diagnostic veterinarylaboratories for diagnotic testing in B&H in relation to the field of examination orthe scope of accreditation.This enables a clear insight into the capacity of diagnostic veterinary laboratoriesto respond to animal health control requirements in order to protect animal andhuman health.During 2017, six diagnostic veterinary laboratories were accredited in Bosnia andHerzegovina, three in Republika Srpska and three in the Federation of B&H.Of the seven accredited fields of testing in B&H, laboratories in Rebublika Srpskaaccredited all seven fields (100%), while laboratories in the Federation of B&Haccredited six fields (85.70%). The veterinary laboratories for diagnostic testing inB&H accredited a total of 42 different test methods. In the RS 30 test methods wereaccredited (71.40%), while in the Federation of B&H there are 31 accredited testmethods (81.60%).When it comes to various fields of veterinary diagnostic tests, B&H has thecapacity concerning accredited laboratories to respond to the reqirements , capacitiesof particular significance are those for serological (100% accredited laboratories),bacteriological (66.70% of accredited laboratories) and parasitological tests (50% ofaccredited laboratories). In relation to the total number of test methods regardingtype of animals, the most test method are accredited for diagnosis of cattle diseases(in the RS 36.70%, in the FB&H 38.70%, and at the B&H level 33.30%), they arefollowed by the methods for diagnosis of sheep and goat diseases and bird diseases.
Political Business Cycles and Russian Elections, or the Manipulations of ‘Chudar’
Authors: TREISMAN DANIEL , GIMPELSON VLADIMIR
Published: July 2002

Political business cycle theories tend to focus on one policy instrument or macroeconomic lever at a time. Efforts to find empirical evidence of opportunistic business cycles have turned up rather meagre results. We suggest that these facts may be related. If ways of manipulating the economy to win votes are thought of as substitutes, with changing relative costs, one would expect rational policy makers to switch between them in different periods as costs change. We illustrate this argument with a discussion of Russia. In Russia, four nationwide votes have been held since 1993. We deduce the set of policies that a rational, behind-the-scenes strategist – the ‘Chudar’ of the title – would recommend to an incumbent who believes the voters to vote retrospectively. We show that the expectations are borne out closely in the actual macroeconomic data.
Political Culture Versus Rational Choice: Explaining Responses to Transition in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Authors: WHITEFIELD STEPHEN , EVANS GEOFFREY
Published: July 2002

There has been considerable disagreement among political scientists over the relative merits of political culture versus rational choice explanations of democratic and liberal norms and commitments. However, empirical tests of their relative explanatory power using quantitative evidence have been in short supply. This article employs national probability sample surveys conducted in 1994 to assess differences between Czechs and Slovaks in the expression of democratic norms and liberal attitudes with respect to economic, political, social and ethnic issues. The applicability of an explanation focusing on long-standing cultural differences between the two countries is compared with a rational choice explanation based on national differences in their recent experiences of political and economic transition. It is shown that differences in the expression of support for marketization and democracy in the two countries can be explained relatively parsimoniously in rational choice terms. The explanatory contribution of political culture appears to relate only to a narrow range of attitudes and values.
DEBT, DAMAGES AND RESTITUTION
Authors: BEATON J. , TOLHURST G.
Published: July 2002

StoczniaGdanska SA v. Latvian Shipping Co. [1998] 1 W. L. R. 574 concerned six contracts to “design, build, complete and deliver” six ships. The buyers were to pay 20 per cent. of the price after receiving notice that the keel had been laid. The contract gave the seller the right to terminate if payments were not made and to retain any instalments paid and, if it terminated, to sell the vessel whether completed or not. Keels were laid for vessels 1 and 2 but the buyers failed to pay and the seller terminated. It then renumbered the keels, gave notice for payment under the third and fourth contracts, terminated those contracts when payment was not forthcoming, and renumbered the keels again and gave notice for payment under the fifth and sixth contracts. It then exercised its right of sale, appropriating the keels to a contract with a third party. As well as damages, the seller claimed the 20 per cent. instalments under all six contracts.
The Fox and the Raven: The European Union and Hungary Renegotiate the Margins of “Europe”
Authors: Böröcz József
Published: July 2002

A series of diplomatic exchanges has recently unfolded between the Hungarian government and the Commission of the European Union. The stakes are historic for the Hungarian side. Hungary formally applied for full membership in the European Union on March 31, 1994, the first country to announce such intentions among the successor states of the former Soviet bloc. Two years later, the Commission sent a lengthy questionnaire about the “state of the applicant” to all—by then, ten—central and east European applicant states. The Hungarian side filed its comprehensive response three months after the receipt of the questionnaire. The Commission waited until all responses were in and acknowledged the Hungarian answer in a document, issued another year later, whose purpose was to determine whether to recommend that the EU Council should start negotiations with the individual candidate countries about full membership.
PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES
Authors: RILEY JANET
Published: July 2002

Instructions are given for the presentation of the results of statistical analyses in Experimental Agriculture. Statistical codes accepted by the journal are defined. Appropriate styles of presentation are illustrated for estimated parameters and variances for a selection of standard statistical analyses. The value of presentations of results of significance tests is discussed. Formats for acceptable tables and graphs are shown. References to further guiding texts are included for non-standard situations.
Estimation of additive, dominance and epistatic variance components using finite locus models implemented with a single-site Gibbs and a descent graph sampler
Authors: DU F.-X. , HOESCHELE I.
Published: July 2002

In a previous contribution, we implemented a finite locus model (FLM) for estimating additive and
dominance genetic variances via a Bayesian method and a single-site Gibbs sampler. We observed
a dependency of dominance variance estimates on locus number in the analysis FLM. Here, we
extended the FLM to include two-locus epistasis, and implemented the analysis with two genotype
samplers (Gibbs and descent graph) and three different priors for genetic effects (uniform and
variable across loci, uniform and constant across loci, and normal). Phenotypic data were
simulated for two pedigrees with 6300 and 12300 individuals in closed populations, using several
different, non-additive genetic models. Replications of these data were analysed with FLMs
differing in the number of loci. Simulation results indicate that the dependency of non-additive
genetic variance estimates on locus number persisted in all implementation strategies we
investigated. However, this dependency was considerably diminished with normal priors for genetic
effects as compared with uniform priors (constant or variable across loci). Descent graph sampling
of genotypes modestly improved variance components estimation compared with Gibbs sampling.
Moreover, a larger pedigree produced considerably better variance components estimation,
suggesting this dependency might originate from data insufficiency. As the FLM represents an
appealing alternative to the infinitesimal model for genetic parameter estimation and for inclusion
of polygenic background variation in QTL mapping analyses, further improvements are warranted
and might be achieved via improvement of the sampler or treatment of the number of loci as an
unknown.
Why is there so little intragenic linkage disequilibrium in humans ?
Authors: PRZEWORSKI MOLLY , WALL JEFFREY D.
Published: July 2002

The efficient design of association mapping studies relies on a knowledge of the rate of decay of linkage disequilibrium with distance. This rate depends on the population recombination rate, C. An estimate of C for humans is usually obtained from a comparison of physical and genetic maps, assuming an effective population size of approximately 104. We demonstrate that under both a constant population size model and a model of long-term exponential growth, there is evidence for more recombination in polymorphism data than is expected from this estimate. An important contribution of gene conversion to meiotic recombination helps to explain our observation, but does not appear to be sufficient. The occurrence of multiple hits at CpG sites and the presence of population structure are not explanations.
On the mapping of quantitative trait loci at marker and non-marker locations
Authors: WALLING GRANT A. , HALEY CHRIS S. , PEREZ-ENCISO MIGUEL , THOMPSON ROBIN , VISSCHER PETER M.
Published: July 2002

Previous studies have noted that the estimated positions of a large proportion of mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) coincide with marker locations and have suggested that this indicates a bias in the mapping methodology. In this study we predict the expected proportion of QTLs with positions estimated to be at the location of a marker and further examine the problem using simulated data. The results show that the higher proportion of putative QTLs estimated to be at marker positions compared with non-marker positions is an expected consequence of the estimation methods. The study initially focused on a single interval with no QTLs and was extended to include multiple intervals and QTLs of large effect. Further, the study demonstrated that the larger proportion of estimated QTL positions at the location of markers was not unique to linear regression mapping. Maximum likelihood produced similar results, although the accumulation of positional estimates at outermost markers was reduced when regions outside the linkage group were also considered. The bias towards marker positions is greatest under the null hypothesis of no QTLs or when QTL effects are small. This study discusses the impact the findings could have on the calculation of thresholds and confidence intervals produced by bootstrap methods.
Linkage disequilibrium, mutational analysis and natural
selection in the repetitive region of the clock gene, period, in
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: ROSATO EZIO , PEIXOTO ALEXANDRE A. , COSTA RODOLFO , KYRIACOU CHARALAMBOS P.
Published: July 2002

We have used the method of disequilibrium pattern analysis to
examine associations between the
threonine-glycine (Thr-Gly) encoding repeat region of the clock gene
period (per) of Drosophila
melanogaster, and polymorphic sites both upstream and downstream of
the repeat, in a number of
European fly populations. The results are consistent with the view that
selection may be operating
on various haplotypes which share the Thr-Gly length alleles encoding
17, 20 and 23 dipeptide
pairs, and that the repeat itself may be the focus for selection.
These conclusions lend support to a
number of other population and behavioural investigations which
have provided evidence that
selection is acting on the Thr-Gly region. The linkage analysis was
also used to infer an approximate mutation rate (μ) for the repeat, of
10−5<μ<4×10−5
per gamete per generation.
Direct measurements of the mutation rate using the polymerase chain
reaction in a pedigree
analysis of tens of thousands of individuals do not contradict this
value. Consequently, the Thr-Gly repeat does not have a mutation rate
that is as high as some of the non-coding minisatellites,
but it is several orders of magnitude higher than the nucleotide
substitution rate. The implications
of this elevated mutation rate for linkage disequilibria and selection are discussed.
Bayesian estimation of range for microsatellite loci
Authors: STEFANINI FEDERICO M. , FELDMAN MARCUS W.
Published: July 2002

Microsatellite loci have become important in population genetics because of their high level of
polymorphism in natural populations, very frequent occurrence throughout the genome, and
apparently high mutation rate. Observed repeat numbers (alleles size) in natural populations and
expectations based on computer simulations suggest that the range of repeat numbers at a
microsatellite locus is restricted. This range is a key parameter that should be properly estimated in
order to proceed with calculations of divergence times in phylogenetic studies and to better
investigate the within- and between-population variability. The ‘plug-in’ estimate of range based
on the minimum and maximum value observed in a sample is not satisfactory because of the
relatively large number of alleles in comparison with typical sample sizes. In this paper, a set of
data from 30 dinucleotide microsatellite loci is analysed under the assumption of independence
among loci. Bayesian inference on range for one locus is obtained by assuming that constraints on
range values exist as sharp bounds. Closed-form calculations and robustness revealed by our
analysis suggest that the proposed Bayesian approach might be routinely used by researchers to
classify microsatellite loci according to the estimated value of their allelic range.
Formation of wehrlites through dehydration of metabasalt
xenoliths in layered gabbros of the Noe-Nygaard Intrusion,
Southeast Greenland
Authors: BERNSTEIN STEFAN , BIRD DENNIS K.
Published: July 2002

The Noe-Nygaard Intrusion is a 4 × 2.5 km stock composed of layered gabbros and
wehrlites within the Precambrian basement of the coastal mountains west of the Kialineq Plutonic
Complex. Transgressive relationships to Tertiary mafic dykes and the occurrence of abundant
metabasaltic xenoliths signify a Tertiary age for the intrusion. The intrusion is characterized by alternating
zones of gabbro and wehrlite; gabbro is both intruded and replaced by wehrlite, and the
wehrlite zones are characterized by abundant metabasaltic xenoliths. Based on 87Sr/86Sr ratios, mica,
olivine and oxide gabbros are all cumulates, crystallized at different differentiation stages from a common
parental magma. Field relations, together with similarities in strontium isotope ratios, and in the
major and rare earth element (REE) mineral chemistry between gabbros and wehrlites, indicate that
the wehrlite bodies were formed by the dissolution of plagioclase from a gabbro cumulate mush by
H2O derived from dehydration and the partial assimilation of metabasaltic xenoliths. In terms of their
REE characteristics, melts from which the Noe-Nygaard Intrusion crystallized are within the compositional
range of melts for other early Tertiary mafic/ultramafic complexes of East Greenland.
However, they were generated at a greater mean melting pressure, and have less radiogenic strontium
isotope ratios than the nearby Imilik mafic/ultramafic complex, supporting existing models for mantle
heterogeneity at the time of continental break-up. The abundance of metabasaltic xenoliths in the
Noe-Nygaard Intrusion provides further evidence for the lateral extent of the North Atlantic flood
basalt province, which onshore has been mostly removed by glacial erosion south of 68° N in
Greenland.
Platinum-group mineralization in the Tertiary Igneous
Province: new data from Mull and Skye, Scottish Inner Hebrides, UK
Authors: PIRRIE D. , POWER M. R. , ANDERSEN J. C. Ø. , BUTCHER A. R.
Published: July 2002

In recent years, platinum-group mineral deposits have been reported from several of the
Tertiary igneous complexes in East Greenland. These intrusions form part of the same igneous
province as the Tertiary igneous centres in northwest Scotland, and recent work confirmed the
presence of abundant platinum-group minerals in the Rum Central Complex. In this paper we report
for the first time the presence of abundant and diverse platinum-group minerals from the Tertiary Ben
Buie intrusion on Mull and the Cuillin Complex of Skye, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. The platinum-group
minerals in the Ben Buie intrusion are associated with chromitite layers in ultramafic cumulates.
The grains are small (1–2 μm), locally very abundant, and dominated by Pd–Bi–Te–Sb phases. In the
Peridotite Series of the Cuillin Complex, the platinum-group minerals are dominated by laurite
commonly enclosed within chromite or silicate. A combined orthomagmatic–hydromagmatic origin is
proposed for the mineralization. However, the style and type of mineralization differs between each of
the igneous centres. Platinum-group element mineralization is a ubiquitous feature of the Tertiary
Igneous Province in northwest Scotland and in Greenland and is intimately linked to the regional
tectonic setting.
THE IRISH ‘INDEPENDENTS’ AND VISCOUNT LISLE’S LIEUTENANCY OF IRELAND
Authors: LITTLE PATRICK
Published: July 2002

This article examines the influence of a distinct Irish Protestant faction on parliamentarian policy-making in the mid-1640s – the Irish Independents. These men were not merely clients of parliament’s lord lieutenant, Viscount Lisle, but formed a group with consistent personnel and policies, which can be traced back to the ‘Boyle group’ in the Irish council of the 1620s and 1630s. In the 1640s they came into an alliance with the English Independents, based on common hostility to the Presbyterian party, the Scots, and the supporters of Ormond and Inchiquin in Ireland. This coalition was, however, inherently unstable. Faced with equivocation at Westminster, where Ireland had always been low on the list of priorities, from December 1646 the Irish Independents were forced to take charge of parliament’s Irish policy, and many of the initiatives previously attributed to Lisle in 1646–7 can more properly be laid at their door. In conclusion, it is suggested that the Irish Independents represent a radical strain in Irish Protestantism, which supported Ireland’s closer integration into an ‘English Empire’, and which would see its fulfilment in the unionist agenda developed in the 1650s.
A NEW SOURCE FOR MORE'S ‘UTOPIA’
Authors: PARRISH JOHN MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

In a letter to Erasmus dated 3 September 1516, Thomas More wrote:

‘I am sending you

my “Nowhere”, which is nowhere well written’.

More's use of the Latin word

‘nusquam’ in this sentence (not

‘Utopia’, as one might have expected) made explicit

what would have been apparent to any reader of the book with a knowledge
of Greek:

that the island of Utopia which the character Raphael Hythloday describes
is

‘nowhere’. The name ‘Utopia’, those

readers would have known, was a compound of

the Greek adverb ‘ou’, meaning ‘not’,

with the noun ‘topos’, or ‘place’.

The non-existence

of Utopia operates throughout the work as a joke with at least two dimensions.

On one level, the story Hythloday tells is ostensibly presented

as fact, whereas humanist

readers with a knowledge of Greek would have known it to be fiction.

But additionally,

Hythloday's argument (against the objections to communism voiced

by ‘More’) that

communal living really does work in Utopia is ironically undercut by the
fact that

Utopia is nowhere at all. Why More should choose to make

this second joke is in a way

the most fundamental question for the interpretation of Utopia,

for if we do not

understand why More thinks it is important that the commonwealth Hythloday

describes is ‘nowhere’, we will not be able to

understand what More is doing in the work as a whole.
LAND, LEADERSHIP, CULTURE, AND
EMIGRATION: SOME PROBLEMS IN
CHARTIST HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: MESSNER ANDREW
Published: July 2002

In 1996 Miles Taylor published an historiographical review of Chartism in which he
argued that our understanding of the movement has stagnated since the publication of important
research by Gareth Stedman Jones and Dorothy Thompson in 1983–4. Taylor suggests that the new
cultural history of politics (or the ‘linguistic turn’) is to blame
for this ‘impasse’, and argues that
scholars should consolidate the work of Stedman Jones and Thompson. I argue that Chartist
historians should continue to engage with contemporary approaches. The new political history sheds
light on some persistent problems of interpretation which Taylor passes over. It also raises the
possibility of extending the study of Chartism into the colonial realm, an area historians have not yet
seriously broached. In conclusion, a sketch is given of the significance of Chartist political culture in
one episode of protest in the Australian colony of Victoria in 1853.
Growth potential of buds of two contrasting cultivars of white clover during winter and early spring
Authors: CORBEL G. , ROBIN Ch. , GUCKERT A.
Published: July 2002

In order to compare the growth potential of buds of two contrasting cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (cv. AberHerald and Grasslands Huia) during the winter–early spring period, we adapted a method to assess the potential for activity of shoot buds and root primordia. The growth potential was evaluated following the excision of individual stolon nodes sampled in the field, from experimental plots located in the eastern part of France. Two populations of nodes were sampled: (i) the youngest node emerged from the apical bud (node 1), (ii) the third node behind the apex (node 3). The excised nodes were placed in controlled conditions and the outgrowth of axillary buds and roots was recorded every day for a week. The study demonstrated a seasonal influence on the potential for activity of axillary buds and root primordia, particularly for buds at node 3. The proportion of potentially active shoot and root buds was less than 50% at the end of March, and then increased from end of March to reach 80% in April. The data indicated a genetic variation in potential for outgrowth during winter. AberHerald had a higher percentage of potentially active buds than Huia during winter, irrespective of the node position. Moreover AberHerald buds had faster rates of outgrowth than Huia buds. Differences between cultivars in winter survival and potential for growth in spring were linked to identified cultivars' differences in developmental characteristics of buds.
Energy and protein utilization for maintenance and growth in Omani ram lambs in hot climates. II. Composition of tissue growth and nitrogen metabolism
Authors: EARLY R. J. , MAHGOUB O. , LU C. D.
Published: July 2002

The effects of dietary energy concentration on tissue composition and nitrogen metabolism were determined by comparative slaughter and nitrogen balance trials in Omani male lambs during the hot summer months (July to October; maximum temperature 48 °C). Weaned lambs (n = 10 per diet) were fed on one of three isonitrogenous (160 CP g/kg DM) diets that contained low (9·98 MJ/kg DM), medium (10·3 MJ/kg DM) and high (11·4 MJ/kg DM) metabolizable energy contents. An initial slaughter group of 10 animals was used to estimate the initial body composition. Treatment animals were slaughtered at 113–114 days. Increasing dietary energy concentrations resulted in a progressive increase in empty body, carcass and non-carcass water, protein and fat contents. Increasing dietary energy concentrations also resulted in a greater deposition of energy in carcass fat and a reduced deposition of energy in carcass protein. Dietary energy concentration did not affect the distribution of energy between protein and fat within empty body and non-carcass tissues. Ratios of energy to empty body, carcass or non-carcass weight were not affected by dietary energy concentrations and averaged 17·1, 18·2 and 15·9 MJ/kg respectively. These data indicate that more energy is required to deposit carcass tissues than non-carcass tissues. Nitrogen balance trials (feed N–faecal N–urinary N) conducted midway through the experiment indicated that dietary energy concentration had no effect on nitrogen digestibility or nitrogen retention. However, nitrogen retention determined by comparative slaughter showed that animals fed the low energy diet retained significantly less empty body nitrogen compared to animals fed the high energy diet. Thus, nitrogen retention determined by nitrogen balance trials overestimated direct measurements of nitrogen retention determined by comparative slaughter and this overestimation was greater on the low energy diet.
Micronutrient status of a group of soils in Canterbury,

New Zealand, as measured by extraction with EDTA,

DTPA and HCl, and its relationship with plant

response to applied Cu and Zn
Authors: HAYNES R. J.
Published: July 2002

The Cu, Zn and Mn status of 44 fields from the Canterbury

region of New Zealand under winter

wheat was investigated in Spring 1993. Micronutrient status was assessed

using EDTA, DTPA and

HCl as extractants. The Mn status of soils was generally high and unaffected

by soil development.

However, when samples were separated according to soil series, it was found

that extractable Cu and

Zn levels in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers

generally decreased with increasing soil

development (increasing soil age and annual rainfall). Twenty-three percent

of fields had EDTA-extractable Cu levels

<1 μg g−1

whilst 34% had EDTA-extractable Zn levels <1 μg g−1.

Twenty-two of the soils were used in a glasshouse experiment in which

wheat was grown in the soils

with or without the addition of added Cu and/or Zn. Plant dry

matter responses to added Cu were

recorded in soils with extractable Cu levels

<1·1 μg g−1 EDTA,

0·4 μg g−1 DTPA and 0·9 μg g−1

HCl. Responses to added Zn occurred in soils with extractable Zn levels

<0·8 μg g−1 EDTA,

0·25 μg g−1 DTPA and 1·4 μg g−1

HCl. Significant linear correlations were found between EDTA-, DTPA- and

HCl-extractable Cu and Zn and Cu and Zn uptake respectively by wheat. Correlation

coefficients

were closer for Cu than for Zn uptake. It was concluded that many sites

on the more strongly

developed soils of the Canterbury Plains are potentially deficient in

Cu and/or Zn and that these can

be identified using conventional micronutrient soil tests.
The sensitivity of n-alkane analysis to measurement
error: implications for use in the study of diet composition
Authors: NEWMAN J. A. , CRIBARI-NETO F. , JENSEN M. J.
Published: July 2002

It is possible to estimate diet composition from an analysis of
n-alkanes in the faeces of ruminant
animals. The method requires the estimation of the concentrations of n-alkanes
in the plants and
faeces and then the solving of a system of simultaneous equations. There
are at least three places in
which significant measurement error may be introduced. First, there may
be error in the determination
of the concentrations of the n-alkanes in the herbage. This error may be
the result of analytical error
in the chemical analysis, or in the gathering of the representative sample
of herbage. In either case,
error in this estimate may be particularly important, since this estimate
is not independently repeated
for each animal in the study, but is conducted once and used throughout
the study. Error may also
be introduced in the estimates of digestibility of the n-alkanes themselves.
The n-alkane method might
be ideal if in fact the n-alkanes were completely indigestible –
they are not and, furthermore, they are
differentially digestible. Lastly, there may be measurement error in the
estimate of the n-alkane
concentrations in the faeces, which utilize the same analytical procedures
that are used on the
herbage. That is, if measurement error exists in the herbage estimates,
it is quite possible that it also
exists in the faeces estimates. We address these issues through the use
of Monte Carlo simulation to
investigate the likely effects of measurement error on diet composition
and digestibility estimates
obtained using the n-alkane method. Our results suggest the following conclusions:
(1) in the face of
any sort of measurement error, estimates of digestibility are likely to
be unreliable; (2) when
measurement error exists, one of the diet components will usually be under-estimated
and the other
will usually be over-estimated; (3) any sort of progressive bias in the
n-alkane recovery estimates will
probably have large and very significant effects on the results; and (4)
if measurement error in the
estimates of the n-alkane concentrations in the herbage and in the faeces
are similar in expectation,
then their effects tend to cancel each other out.
Effects of seasonal variation in temperature and
cultivar on yield and yield determination of irrigated
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) during the dry season
in the Sahel of West Africa
Authors: NTARE B. R. , WILLIAMS J. H. , NDUNGURU B. J.
Published: July 2002

In the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa there is potential for
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
to be grown as a dry-season crop where irrigation is available. However,
there are substantial
variations in the temperatures during the post-rainy season that can be
expected to influence growth
and yield. An experiment at the ICRISAT Sahelian Centre was done in order
to study the effect of
sowing date on phenology, yield and the processes of yield determination
for four groundnut cultivars
under irrigation in the dry seasons of 1990/91 and 1991/92. Starting
on 15 November, eight sowing
dates at 2-weekly intervals were tested. Sowing date significantly affected
phenology (time to
emergence, flowering and maturity) with groundnut sown in November/December
taking the longest
time to reach these phenological stages. November and December sowings
gave the highest pod yield
within each year, despite the lowest crop growth rates (B), and
yield declined progressively as sowing
occurred later (50% decrease by March) despite increasing B. The
observed responses appear to have
been due to the effect of temperature differences during the pod-filling
phase on partitioning.
Partitioning (p) to pods was optimized at c. 30 C, with
some indication of cultivar differences in
partitioning response to temperature. Across all the environments, cultivars
displayed substantial
differences in yield stability. When sown late, yields were low and lines
with high partitioning were
the best. When sown early in the post-rainy season, cultivars with a high
B value were the better
choices. Plant habit differences and B suggest that radiation
interception was a limitation to yield,
particularly when the crops were sown in the cool months of the year. However,
haulm yield and crop
growth rates were not consistently affected by sowing date across the years,
and cultivars
demonstrated different degrees of stability for B. It is concluded
that where pod has a price advantage
over fodder, irrigated groundnut for the dry season should be sown in November
to allow the crop
to develop under the relatively cool temperatures that maximize pod yield.
Further agronomic
research is suggested to maximize B for individual cultivars for
given sowing dates.