bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organotin compounds: from kinetics to stereochemistry and antitumour activities
Authors: Gielen Marcel , Biesemans Monique , Willem Rudolph
Published: March 2005

An overview is given of the research performed by the authors at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, including the kinetics, stereochemistry and mechanism of SE2 reactions at a saturated carbon atom, the synthesis of chiral organotin compounds and their configurational and optical stability, the fluxionality of trigonal bipyramidal metal atoms and the stereochemistry of SN2 reactions at tetrahedrally substituted P, Si, Ge, Sn atoms, the cytotoxicity of many series of organotin compounds and the structure and reactivity of organotin salicylaldoximate clusters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of dimethyl‐ and di‐n‐butyltin(IV) 2,3‐pyridinedicarboxylate in solution and in the solid state
Authors: García‐Zarracino Reyes , Höpfl Herbert
Published: March 2005

Potassium 2,3‐pyridinedicarboxylate (K2pdc) has been reacted with dimethyl‐ and di‐n‐butyltin(IV) dichloride to give complexes with polymeric structures: [Me2Sn‐µ2‐pdc]n (1) and [nBu2Sn‐µ2‐pdc]n (2). IR, NMR (1H, 119Sn) spectroscopic and X‐ray crystallographic studies of 1 and 2 proved the expected 1:1 stoichiometric composition of the complexes. In solution compounds 1 and 2 have either cyclooligomeric or polymeric structures with a coordination number of 7 for the tin atoms. In polar solvents rapid exchange reactions of coordinated solvent molecules take place at the tin centers. In the solid state, polymeric helicoidal structures are found, in which one solvent molecule is coordinated to each tin atom. For 1 the DMSO adduct was characterized and, interestingly, in the case of 2 two different solid‐state structures having very similar three‐dimensional structures and crystal lattice parameters, but different solvent molecules coordinated to the tin atoms (H2O and MeOH), could be isolated. The solid‐state structures of 1‐DMSO, 2‐H2O and 2‐MeOH differ in the number of units required for a complete turn of the helix (two for 1‐DMSO, three for 2‐H2O and 2‐MeOH), which may be explained by the different steric requirements of the organic substituents at the tin centers (R = Me for 1‐DMSO, R = nBu for 2‐H2O and 2‐MeOH) and the fact that different solvent molecules are coordinated to them. In all three cases the crystal lattices contain small voids that are filled with either the backbones of the coordinated solvent molecules and/or disordered, uncoordinated solvent molecules. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of chiral organotins suitable for the preparation of asymmetric heterogeneous catalysts
Authors: Faraoni M. Belén , Ayala Alicia D. , Vetere Virginia , Casella Mónica L. , Ferretti Osmar A. , Podestá Julio C.
Published: March 2005

A key step in the preparation of asymmetric heterogeneous catalysts based on silica‐supported rhodium and platinum chemically modified with chiral organotins, is the synthesis of optically pure tin derivatives. We report on the synthetic pathways leading to the synthesis of (−)‐menthyltin derivatives without the formation of epimerization by‐products. The physical properties (including full 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectra) of the new compounds, containing between one and three (−)‐menthyl ligands attached to the tin atom, are reported. The preparation of two catalysts based on silica‐supported rhodium and platinum chemically modified with (−)‐menthyldiphenylmethyltin, as well as some studies on the catalytic hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate, are also described. These studies show that the reductions lead to (R)‐ and (S)‐ethyl lactates as the only products, that the (S) enantiomer was the isomer formed preferentially, and that the degree of conversion observed using both catalytic systems was almost quantitative (97–100%). The enantiomeric excesses observed were in the range 7–8%. One important advantage of these catalytic systems is their stability. Recycling of the used catalysts is possible, without any loss in the degree of conversion or enantiomeric excess. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Enantioenriched (E)‐Allylsilanes by Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Bis‐Silylation: 1,3‐Chirality Transfer and Enantioenrichment via Dimer Formation
Authors: Suginome Michinori , Iwanami Taisuke , Ohmori Yutaka , Matsumoto Akira , Ito Yoshihiko
Published: March 2005

Highly enantioenriched (E)‐allylsilanes have been synthesized from optically active allylic alcohols on the basis of Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular bis‐silylation followed by highly stereospecific SiO elimination reactions. The method involves three steps: 1) O‐disilanylation of the allylic alcohols with chlorodisilanes, 2) intramolecular bis‐silylation in the presence of a 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl isocyanide/[Pd(acac)2] (acac=acetylacetonate) catalyst at 110 °C, and 3) treatment of the reaction mixture with organolithium reagents. The overall transformation proceeds with nearly complete conservation of the enantiopurity of the starting allyl alcohols by transposition of the CC bond. For instance, (R)‐(E)‐3‐decen‐2‐ol (99.6–99.7 % ee) produced (S)‐(E)‐4‐(organosilyl)‐2‐decene of 98.8–99.4 % ee for a variety of silyl groups, including Me3Si, Me2PhSi, tBuMe2Si, Et3Si, and iPr3Si. In the bis‐silylation step, the initially formed trans‐1,2‐oxasiletanes immediately dimerize to stereoselectively give 1,5‐dioxa‐2,6‐disilacyclooctanes, which are isolated in high yield by carrying out the reaction at 70 °C. The eight‐membered ring compounds undergo thermal extrusion of (E)‐allylsilanes in high yield at 110 °C, along with formation of 1,3‐dioxa‐2,5‐disilacyclohexane derivatives. These in turn undergo a Peterson‐type elimination by treatment with nucleophiles such as BuLi and PhLi to give the (E)‐allylsilanes. All of the steps involved in the sequence proceed with extremely high stereoselectivity and stereospecificity, leading to almost complete 1,3‐chirality transfer through the overall transformation. The dimerization step, which forms diastereomeric intermediates, allows the synthesis of a highly enantioenriched allylsilane (99.4 % ee) from an optically active allylic alcohol with lower enantiopurity (79.2 % ee) by enrichment of enantiopurity. A general method for the determination of the enantiomeric excesses of (E)‐allylsilanes is also described in detail.
Preparative Manipulation of Gold Nanoparticles by Reversible Binding to a Polymeric Solid Support
Authors: Abed Ovadia , Vaskevich Alexander , Arad‐Yellin Rina , Shanzer Abraham , Rubinstein Israel
Published: March 2005

A preparative scheme is presented for controlled modification of gold nanoparticles (NPs) by using reversible binding to a polymeric solid support through boronic acid chemistry. Octanethiol‐capped Au NPs were bound to a boronic acid functionalized resin by custom‐synthesized bifunctional linker molecules. The NPs were chemically released from the resin to the solution, with one (or a few) linker molecules embedded in their capping layer. This was confirmed by rebinding the linker‐derivatized NPs to a boronic resin, exploiting the reversibility of the boronic acid/diol chemistry. The same scheme was employed to demonstrate a new method for affinity separation of NPs by means of a solid‐phase reaction. The use of boronic acid provides versatility and chemical reversibility, while the polymeric solid support affords the separation and preparative aspects. The method presented here may be useful in various facets of NP handling, manipulation, and separation.
Sequestered Plutonium: [PuIV{5LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO)}2]—The First Structurally Characterized Plutonium Hydroxypyridonate Complex
Authors: Gorden Anne E. V. , Shuh David K. , Tiedemann Bryan E. F. , Wilson Richard E. , Xu Jide , Raymond Kenneth N.
Published: March 2005

The first single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of a hydroxypyridonate plutonium(IV) complex is presented, that of the tetradentate ligand 5LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO) with PuIV. The [PuIV{5LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO)}2] complex crystallizes in the space groupPna21with the asymmetric unit cell containing two unique eight‐coordinate plutonium complexes and one perchlorate anion. According to shape measure analysis, the geometry of both Pu centers is closest to a bicapped trigonal prism (C2vsymmetry, for Pu 1:S(C2v)=13.48°,S(D4d)=15.43°,S(D4d)=16.10°). The average bond length for the PuO(phenolic) is 2.31(4) Å, whereas the PuO(amide) distances are slightly longer, averaging 2.40(2) Å. The preparative chemistry of this compound and the implications of the structure are discussed.
Response and resistance in 300 patients with BCR‐ABL–positive leukemias treated with imatinib in a single center
Authors: Lahaye Tanja , Riehm Birte , Berger Ute , Paschka Peter , Müller Martin C. , Kreil Sebastian , Merx Kirsten , Schwindel Uwe , Schoch Claudia , Hehlmann Rüdiger , Hochhaus Andreas
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

The advent of imatinib has considerably changed the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Early studies demonstrated high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses in all phases of the disease after limited observation periods.

METHODS

The authors evaluated long‐term outcome, rates of response, and resistance in 300 patients with BCR‐ABL–positive leukemias (CML in chronic phase after failure to respond to interferon‐alpha [CP], n = 139; accelerated phase [AP], n = 80; myeloid blast crisis [BC], n = 76; lymphoid BC and Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, n = 5) who entered clinical trials with imatinib in a single center after an observation time of 4.5 years.

RESULTS

In CP, hematologic remission was achieved in 97% and major (MCR) and complete cytogenetic remission (CCR) in 61% and 49% of patients, respectively. The chance to achieve MCR was higher in patients commencing imatinib earlier in the course of CML. In AP, the median survival period after the start of imatinib was 44 months, and MCR and CCR were observed in 31% and 26% of patients, respectively. In myeloid BC, the median survival period after the start of imatinib and after diagnosis of BC was 6 and 9 months, respectively. Hematologic resistance occurred in 25%, 41%, and 92% of patients in CP, AP, and myeloid BC, respectively, and was associated with BCR‐ABL mutations in 45% of patients and with clonal evolution in 58% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The data emphasized the need for a prolonged follow‐up of patients treated with imatinib to define the clinical potential of the drug and to establish methods to optimize therapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Rainfall monitoring systems over an urban area: the city of Rome
Authors: Russo Fabio , Napolitano Francesco , Gorgucci Eugenio
Published: March 2005

In small catchments a very high space–time rainfall resolution is needed in order to obtain, with sufficient accuracy, flash flood nowcasting as well as monitoring of sewer systems. In this light, a radar meteorology campaign was conducted during the fall of 2001, over the city of Rome (Italy), using measurements collected by the polarimetric Doppler radar Polar 55C located in the south‐east of the city at a distance of 15 km from the downtown and by a network consisting of 32 tipping bucket raingauges. A comparative analysis of the rainfall fields obtained using two interpolation methods (inverse‐distance and kriging) with those obtained using radar rainfall measurements was performed. The overall performance of the different methods was evaluated using objective functions. Errors depending on the gauge density were weighed by changing the number of raingauges considered in the reconstructed rainfall fields. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty analysis of the influence of rainfall time resolution in the modelling of urban drainage systems
Authors: Aronica Giuseppe , Freni Gabriele , Oliveri Elisa
Published: March 2005

In urban drainage modelling, rainfall temporal variability can be considered as one of the most critical knowledge elements when dealing with rainfall–runoff models input data. The rainfall data temporal resolution usually available for practical applications is often lower than that requested for the rainfall–runoff simulation in urban areas, greatly compromising model accuracy. The present paper evaluates the influence of rainfall temporal resolution on the uncertainty of the response of rainfall–runoff modelling in urban environments.

Analyses have been carried out using historical rainfall–discharge data collected for about 10 years in Parco d'Orleans experimental catchment (Palermo, Italy). The historical rainfall data have been taken as a reference rainfall, and resampled data have been obtained through a rescaling procedure with variable temporal windows. The shape comparison between ‘true’ and rescaled rainfall data has been carried out using a non‐dimensional performance index. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out, applying two different rainfall–runoff models, using the recorded data and the resampled events. The results of the simulations were used to derive, for both models, the cumulative probabilities of peak discharges conditioned on the observation according to the GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) methodology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of tipping‐bucket raingauge measurement errors on design rainfall for urban‐scale applications
Authors: Molini A. , Lanza L. G. , La Barbera P.
Published: March 2005

The tipping‐bucket rain gauge is known to underestimate rainfall at high intensities because of the rain water amount that is lost during the tipping movement of the bucket. The related biases are known as systematic mechanical errors and, since their effect increases with rain intensity, have a significant influence on the derived statistics of rainfall extremes. A correction procedure for rain intensity data sets is proposed in this paper based on the dynamic calibration of the gauge at both fine and coarse resolution, either in direct form or after proper downscaling of the available figures. The effect of systematic mechanical errors on the assessment of design rainfall for urban‐scale applications is quantified based on two rain‐rate data sets recorded at very different resolutions in time. A random cascade downscaling algorithm is used for the processing of coarse‐resolution data so that correction can be applied at suitable time scales. The resulting depth–duration–frequency curves obtained from the original and corrected data sets are used to quantify the impact of uncorrected rain‐intensity measurements on design rainfall and the related statistical parameters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of urbanization on the diurnal rainfall pattern in Houston
Authors: Burian Steven J. , Shepherd J. Marshall
Published: March 2005

Data from 19 raingauges located within and nearby Houston were analysed to quantify the impact of urbanization of the Houston metropolitan area on the local diurnal rainfall pattern. The average annual and warm‐season diurnal rainfall patterns were determined for one time period when Houston was relatively small and likely would not have had a significant effect on meteorological processes (1940–58) and for a second, more recent, time period after Houston had become a major metropolitan area (1984–99). The diurnal rainfall patterns within the hypothesized urban‐affected region and an upwind control region were compared for the pre‐ and post‐urban time periods. Results indicated that the diurnal rainfall distribution in the urban area is much different than that found for the upwind and downwind adjacent regions for the 1984 to 1999 time period. For an average warm season from 1984 to 1999, the urban area and downwind urban‐impacted region registered 59% and 30% respectively greater rainfall amounts from noon to midnight than an upwind control region. Moreover, the urban area had approximately 80% more recorded rainfall occurrences between noon and midnight during the warm season than surrounding areas. Comparison of the pre‐ and post‐urban rainfall patterns indicated that the diurnal rainfall distribution has changed in southeast Texas. The changes are most significant in the urban area, especially for the afternoon time increments during the warm season. The average warm‐season rainfall amount registered in the urban area increased by 25% from the pre‐ to the post‐urban time period, while the amount in the upwind control region decreased by 8%. The majority of the increase was observed for the noon to 4 p.m. and 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. time increments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irregular elliptic surfaces of degree 12 in projective fourspace
Authors: Abo Hirotachi , Ranestad Kristian
Published: March 2005

So far a few families of smooth irregular surfaces are known to exist in ℙ4 up to pullbacks by suitable finite morphisms from ℙ4 onto ℙ4 itself. In this paper we present two different constructions of irregular smooth minimal elliptic surfaces of degree 12 in ℙ4. The first is a monad construction while the other uses liaison. The family constructed via liaison includes the surfaces of the first family as a special case. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the boundedness of some potential‐type operators with oscillating kernels
Authors: Karasev Denis N. , Nogin Vladimir A.
Published: March 2005

We consider a class of multidimensional potential‐type operators with kernels that have singularities at the origin and on the unit sphere and that are oscillating at infinity. We describe some convex sets in the (1/p, 1/q)‐plane for which these operators are bounded from Lp into Lq and indicate domains where they are not bounded. We also reveal some effects which show that oscillation and singularities of the kernels may strongly influence on the picture of boundedness of the operators under consideration. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Maximality properties for isometric interpolating sequences and sequences of trivial points in the spectrum of H∞
Authors: Mortini Raymond
Published: March 2005

Let (xn) be an isometric interpolating sequence or a sequence of trivial points in the spectrum of H∞. It is shown that either every cluster point of that sequence has a maximal support set or there exists y ∈ M(H∞+C) such that the support of xn is contained in the support of y for infinitely many n. Similar results for Gleason parts are obtained, too. We also investigate the H∞‐convex hulls of countable unions of support sets and show that whenever supp x ⊂ supp y and x /∈ $ \overline {P(y)} $, then the H∞‐convex hull of supp x does not meet $ \overline {P(y)} $. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry as a powerful tool in clinical diagnosis and biomarker discovery
Authors: Kolch Walter , Neusüß Christian , Pelzing Matthias , Mischak Harald
Published: March 2005

Proteome analysis is now emerging as key technology for deciphering biological processes and the discovery of biomarkers for diseases from tissues and body fluids. The complexity and wide dynamic range of protein expression poses a formidable challenge to both peptide separation technologies and mass spectrometry (MS). Here we review the efforts that have been undertaken to date, focussing on capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE‐MS). We discuss CE‐MS from an application point of view evaluating its merits and vices in regard to biomarker discovery and clinical applications. As examples, we present the use of CE‐MS for the determination of protein patterns in urine, serum, and other body fluids. Finally, the benefits and limitations of CE‐MS for the analysis of proteins in clinical samples are discussed against the background of alternative technologies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:959–977, 2005
Non‐movement disorder heralds symptoms of Machado‐Joseph disease years before ataxia
Authors: D'Abreu Anelyssa , Friedman Joseph , Coskun Jim
Published: March 2005

We describe three patients with the Machado‐Joseph disease (MJD) genetic abnormality who had non‐movement disorder neurological symptoms or signs that preceded the gait ataxia by several years. This implies that some clinical manifestations other than ataxia may be considered part of the herald symptoms of MJD, especially in the setting of a positive family history. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Student portfolios: An alternative way of encouraging and evaluating student learning
Authors: Parker White Carmel
Published: March 2005

Student portfolios are an alternative authentic assessment method that invites active student learning and provides an opportunity for instructors to tailor assessment strategies based on student‐learning outcomes.
Using practice tests on a regular basis to improve student learning
Authors: Snooks Margaret K
Published: March 2005

Daily practice tests over assigned reading followed immediately by class discussion can improve learning and grades.
Nonlinear random vibrations of a rotating shaft
Authors: Dimentberg M.F.
Published: March 2005

Bending vibrations of a rotating shaft due to external random excitation are considered for the case of potential instability of the shaft's linear model due to presence of internal or “rotating” damping. A two‐degree‐of‐freedom model with nonlinear elastic restoring forces is studied. An explicit expression is obtained for a stationary joint probability density of displacements and velocities as an exact analytical solution to the corresponding Fokker‐Planck‐Kolmogorov equation. The results are used to develop criterion for on‐line detection of instability for the operating shaft from its measured response.
Elastic‐plastic analysis of annular disks with nonlinear strain‐hardening under external pressure
Authors: You X.Y. , You L.H. , Zhang J.J.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, a simple and effective method is presented to deal with elastic‐plastic problems of annular disks with a nonlinear strain‐hardening material behaviour under external pressure. The governing equation is derived from the deformation theory of plasticity, von Mises' yield criterion, and the nonlinear strain‐hardening stress‐strain relation. The truncated Taylor's expansion is employed to solve the governing equation. A comparison is made among the proposed method, existing analytical approaches and finite element method for annular disks with constant and variable thickness under external pressure. Excellent agreement is found between the proposed approach and finite element analysis.
The preventive and therapeutic effects of two school mental health programs
Authors: Glidewell John C. , Gildea Margaret C. -L. , Kaufman Mildred K.
Published: March 2005

In 30 classrooms randomly assigned to experimental conditions, effects on mothers' reports of behavior symptoms were compared for (a) a parent education program; (b) an in‐school program of consultation, counseling, training, and referral; and (c) control classrooms. A sample of 426 families were followed for 30 months from the child's entry into third grade. A simple unweighted count of the number of symptoms reported in a home interview had adequate validity, good reliability, low reactivity, and intrinsic significance. Both programs had significant preventive and therapeutic effects on boys but not on girls. Effects were immediate in the upper middle class families, delayed in the lower class families.
An assessment of the dimensionality of moos' social climate scale
Authors: Wilkinson Leland
Published: March 2005

A revised form of the Social Climate Scale (SCS) containing nine of the 14 subscales was given to 145 staff and 143 boys at a state training school for delinquents. A first principal factor was extracted from the item‐correlation matrices for staff and boys, respectively. This factor was named Value, because of its representation of an evaluative item dimension. A factor model was used to test whether this Value factor might account for the significant subscale intercorrelations found in these samples. Maximum likelihood factor analysis of the subscale correlation matrices for both groups provided the test for this model. Through a least‐squares rotation procedure on the maximum likelihood factor loadings, the Value factor was identified as the source of most of the subscale dependence. Implications for validation of the SCS and other related questionnaires by Moos are discussed.
Evaluation of project reentry
Authors: Mann Philip A.
Published: March 2005

This report describes a project designed to return to regular classrooms a group of rural poor elementary schoolchildren who were suspected of having been misplaced in special classes for the educable mentally retarded. At the end of the 3‐year project, more than half the children were returned to regular classrooms, with proportionately more boys than girls being returned. The total sample of Project students gained significantly in verbal IQ over the course of the project, compared with a sample of students who remained in special education classes. The implications of the project for research, intervention programs, and educational practices are discussed.
Individual differences and task structure in the performance of a behavior setting: An experimental evaluation of Barker's manning theory
Authors: PerkinS David V.
Published: March 2005

Barker's theory of “undermanning” has attracted interest for its potential applications to a variety of problems in community psychology, although to date little attention has been given to mediating factors such as individual differences and the organizational structure of the setting task. The present study crossed two levels each of manning, task structure, and manipulated “competence” over 56 independent replications of a laboratory‐based behavior setting. Direct observations of subject behavior confirmed that participants in undermanned settings worked harder, held more different positions, performed more difficult and more important jobs, and spent more time in the task‐related areas of the setting, than did subjects in overmanned groups. However, interactions with the task and competence factors attenuated several of the manning effects, and undermanning's hypothesized influences on the subjective experiences of setting occupants were not found.
Social support: Its structure and impact on marital disruption
Authors: Caldwell Robert A. , Bloom Bernard L.
Published: March 2005

Availability of social support has been hypothesized to play a role in influencing adjustment to marital disruption either directly or by moderating the debilitating effects of stress. Yet previous research has not adequately conceptualized or measured the nature and availability of social support. In an effort to learn more about the structure and impact of social support as it relates to marital disruption, 50 newly separated men and women were interviewed at 2 months and again at 8 months after their separations. The structure of social support was found to include (a) several important sources of support, including family, friends, and the larger community; (b) an index of social activity; and (c) a sense of satisfaction with present marital status. Although the stress associated with separation was positively related to poorer adjustment, certain aspects of social support were found to moderate this relationship.
Economic indicators of mental health service utilization in rural Appalachia
Authors: Banziger George , Smith Richard K. , Foos David
Published: March 2005

This exploratory study examined the relative predictive strengths of selected economic factors (welfare cases, banking activity, unemployment, retail sales, motor vehicle sales) for utilization of mental health services (hotline calls, intake at community mental health centers and admissions at mental hospitals) over a 78‐month period in rural Appalachia. Monthly data were tested for autocorrelation and adjusted for seasonality and inflation. Regression analyses indicated that (a) economic factors did account for a considerable portion of variance in mental health factors; (b) these factors predicted mental hospital admissions and hotline calls; (c) strengths of these relationships were quite consistent across the areas sampled, but the directions sometimes were different; (d) welfare factors were the best predictors of utilization; (e) Aid to Families with Dependent Children was generally the best single predictor of utilization, especially when mental health factors were lagged by 3 months. A causative model describing the decision‐making process involved in the utilization of mental health services was presented.
Student perception of school environment and its relationship to mood, achievement, popularity, and adjustment
Authors: Wright Stephanie , Cowen Emory L.
Published: March 2005

This study examined relationships between student perceptions of classroom environment and mood, achievement, popularity, and adjustment, both for students in general and for “problem” (i.e., acting‐out, anxious, and unpopular) children. Subjects included 511 fifth‐ and sixth‐grade students from 23 classes in four suburban schools. Class environment was assessed by responses to a short form of the Classroom Environment Scale (CES). Students also completed mood adjective checklists and peer sociometric ratings. Reading and arithmetic report card grades and achievement test scores were recorded for the school year, and teachers submitted adjustment ratings for all students. Classes, rather than students, were used as the main unit of analysis. For classes in general, high perceived Order and Organization and Affiliation related to greater student popularity. Relationships between perceptions of class environment and the dependent measures were stronger for problem students. For that group, high perceived Order and Organization, Affiliation, and Innovation related to positive mood, greater peer popularity, and teacher ratings indicating more positive adjustment.
Mental health status among Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans, and Non‐Hispanic whites
Authors: Shrout Patrick E. , Canino Glorisa J. , Bird Hector R. , Rubio-Stipec Maritza , Bravo Milagros , Burnam M. Audrey
Published: March 2005

Compared mental health characteristics of island Puerto Ricans to three groups from the Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study: Mexican American immigrants, U.S.‐born Mexican Americans, and Non‐Hispanic whites. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used to obtain both diagnostic and symptom scale information about affective disorders, alcohol abuse/dependence, somatization, phobic disorder, and psychotic disorder. Mexican American immigrants had the fewest mental health problems of all groups. Puerto Ricans had more somatization disorder, but less affective and alcohol disorders than U.S‐born Mexican Americans or non‐Hispanic whites. Results are considered in the light of selection factors, relative disadvantage of groups and methodological problems.
The relationship between social support and maternal behaviors and attitudes: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Andresen Pamela A. , Telleen Sharon L.
Published: March 2005

Used meta‐analysis to analyze 66 studies that evaluated the relationship between social support available to the mother and maternal behaviors and attitudes. Investigators sampled relatively homogeneous populations of white, middle‐class, married mothers of young children without physical or mental disabilities. A variety of instruments were used to assess key study variables. Significant correlations existed between both emotional and material support and maternal behaviors. Implications of these findings for funding of family support programs and for professionals working with mothers are discussed.
Detection of SYT-SSX Rearrangements in Synovial Sarcomas by Real-Time One-Step RT-PCR
Authors: Nikiforova Marina N. , Groen Pamela , Mutema George , Nikiforov Yuri E. , Witte David
Published: March 2005

Synovial sarcomas are aggressive tumors of adolescent and young adults that account for up to 10% of soft tissue sarcomas. Cytogenetically, they are characterized by translocation t(X;18), which is found in more than 95% of tumors. In most cases, it results in fusion of the SYT gene with the SSX1 or SSX2 gene, thus creating SYT-SSX1 or SYT-SSX2 rearrangement. The 2 types of gene fusion have been correlated with histologic variants and prognosis of synovial sarcomas. In this study, we developed a simple and rapid method for the simultaneous detection of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 rearrangements by using a LightCycler real-time one-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology (Roche). Oligonucleotide probes were designed so that the donor probe would span a fusion point and the acceptor probe would be complementary to the SSX1 sequence but have 2 nucleotide mismatches with SSX2 sequence. Such a design allows simultaneous amplification of 2 types of rearrangement in the same reaction but distinguishes them based on differences in melting temperature detected by melting curve analysis after PCR. With this method, 27 tumors (9 synovial sarcomas and 18 nonsynovial sarcomas) were studied and showed SYT-SSX1 rearrangement in 6 cases and SYT-SSX2 in 3 cases. These results had complete correlation with the finding of conventional RT-PCR and direct sequencing. In conclusion, we have developed a fast, accurate, and simple method for the detection of 2 major types of SYT-SSX rearrangement by using LightCycler RT-PCR and melting curve analysis.
Pediatric Renal Carcinoma Associated with Xp11.2 Translocations/TFE3 Gene Fusions and Clinicopathologic Associations
Authors: Altinok G. , Kattar M.M. , Mohamed A. , Poulik J. , Grignon D. , Rabah R.
Published: March 2005

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are rare in children and studies of their subtypes and clinicopathologic associations are limited to small series. We identified 8 patients with RCC treated at our institution between 1981 and 2003, reviewed their clinicopathologic features, cytogenetics findings, and evaluated the status of TFE3 expression by immunohistochemistry and numerical chromosomal alterations by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization on paraffin-embedded tissue. These 8 patients (5 female and 3 male) had diploidy, and 5 had morphologic features compatible with the recently described RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions and demonstrated nuclear labeling for TFE3 protein by immunohistochemistry. The translocation was confirmed in 2 of these 5 patients by conventional cytogenetics. One case was a high-grade nonpapillary RCC and the other was compatible with type 2 papillary RCC. Four patients showed at least 1 chromosomal gain including trisomy 7 and/or trisomy 17. None of the tumors from male patients showed evidence of loss of the Y chromosome, but 2 patients showed numerical abnormalities of X chromosome +add(X). Two patients had sickle cell disease, and 1 of these also had stage IV-S neuroblastoma. This study suggests that many cases of RCC in children reported under the terms “papillary” and “clear cell” likely represent Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion-associated RCC. It also emphasizes the unusual associations of RCC with neuroblastoma and sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, which need further study.
Secondary heat hyperalgesia induced by melittin in humans
Authors: Sumikura Hiroyuki , Andersen Ole K. , Drewes Asbjorn M. , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars
Published: March 2005

Melittin, which is a principal protein of honeybee venom, can induce mechanical hyperalgesia in humans. The characteristics of the melittin induced mechanical hyperalgesia are quantitatively and qualitatively different from those evoked by capsaicin. The aim of the present study was to investigate in detail secondary heat hyperalgesia induced by melittin in humans. In six healthy volunteers, 10 μg of melittin was injected intradermally on the volar forearm, and VAS score to radiant heat stimuli (focused light from a xenon lamp) was assessed around the injection site 5, 30, and 60 min after injection. For normalization purposes, a pain rating index was calculated as the individual heat evoked VAS scores obtained after melittin divided by the individual baseline VAS scores. A two‐way ANOVA revealed a significant increase of the pain rating index over time (F = 3.6; P = 0.03). The pain rating index at 60 min was significantly larger than at 5 min (P = 0.04) and at 30 min (P = 0.03). These results demonstrated slowly developing secondary heat hyperalgesia after injection of melittin. A possible contribution of peripheral inflammatory responses to the manifestation of secondary heat hyperalgesia is suggested, which in reality render the distinction between the primary and secondary area of heat hyperalgesia unnecessary.
SKN1, a novel plant defensin‐sensitivity gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is implicated in sphingolipid biosynthesis
Authors: Thevissen Karin , Idkowiak-Baldys Jola , Im Yang-Ju , Takemoto Jon , François Isabelle E.J.A. , Ferket Kathelijne K.A. , Aerts An M. , Meert Els M.K. , Winderickx Joris , Roosen Johnny , Cammue Bruno P.A.
Published: March 2005

The antifungal plant defensin DmAMP1 interacts with the fungal sphingolipid mannosyl diinositolphosphoryl ceramide (M(IP)2C) and induces fungal growth inhibition. We have identified SKN1, besides the M(IP)2C‐biosynthesis gene IPT1, as a novel DmAMP1‐sensitivity gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. SKN1 was previously shown to be a KRE6 homologue, which is involved in β‐1,6‐glucan biosynthesis. We demonstrate that a Δskn1 mutant lacks M(IP)2C. Interestingly, overexpression of either IPT1 or SKN1 complemented the skn1 mutation, conferred sensitivity to DmAMP1, and resulted in M(IP)2C levels comparable to the wild type. These results show that SKN1, together with IPT1, is involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae.
Cold exposure differently influences mitochondrial energy efficiency in rat liver and skeletal muscle
Authors: Mollica Maria Pina , Lionetti Lillà , Crescenzo Raffaella , Tasso Rosaria , Barletta Antonio , Liverini Giovanna , Iossa Susanna
Published: March 2005

This study deals with mitochondrial energy efficiency in liver and skeletal muscle mitochondria in 15 days cold exposed rats. Cold exposure strongly increases the sensitivity to uncoupling by added palmitate of skeletal muscle but not liver mitochondria, while mitochondrial energy coupling in the absence of fatty acids is only slightly affected by cold in liver and skeletal muscle. In addition, uncoupling protein 3 content does not follow changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial coupling. It is therefore concluded that skeletal muscle could play a direct thermogenic role based on fatty acid‐induced mild uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Myomectomy during cesarean section
Authors: Kaymak O. , Ustunyurt E. , Okyay R.E. , Kalyoncu S. , Mollamahmutoglu L.
Published: March 2005

Objective

To evaluate the outcome of myomectomy during cesarean section and to compare it with a control group.

Materials and methods

Using a retrospective case‐control design; 40 patients who underwent myomectomy at time of cesarean delivery were compared with the control group consisted of 80 patients with myomas who underwent cesarean delivery alone.

Results

The mean size of fibroids removed was 8.1±4.7 cm (range, 3–25 cm). In control group it was 5.7±2.7 cm (range, 2–14 cm). The incidence of hemorrhage in the study group was 12.5% as compared with 11.3% in the control group (p>0.05). There was also no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative fewer and frequency of blood transfusion between myomectomy and control groups (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Myomectomy during cesarean section is not always a hazardous procedure and it can be performed without significant complications by experienced obstetricians.
Advocating for cervical cancer prevention
Authors: Sherris J. , Agurto I. , Arrossi S. , Dzuba I. , Gaffikin L. , Herdman C. , Limpaphayom K. , Luciani S.
Published: March 2005

Cervical cancer is a significant health problem among women in developing countries. Contributing to the cervical cancer health burden in many countries is a lack of understanding and political will to address the problem. Broad‐based advocacy efforts that draw on research and program findings from developing‐country settings are key to gaining program and policy support, as are cost‐effectiveness analyses based on these findings. The Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) has undertaken advocacy efforts at the international, regional, national, and local levels to raise awareness and understanding of the problem (and workable solutions), galvanize funders and governments to take action, and engage local stakeholders in ensuring program success. ACCP experience demonstrates the role that evidence‐based advocacy efforts play in the ultimate success of cervical cancer prevention programs, particularly when new screening and treatment approaches—and, ultimately, radically new approaches such as a human papillomavirus vaccine—are available.
Preventing cervical cancer in low‐resource settings: How far have we come and what does the future hold?
Authors: Tsu V.D. , Pollack A.E.
Published: March 2005

The Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) came together in 1999 to answer key research questions and to advocate for greater global and national interest in reducing the heavy burden of morbidity and mortality caused by this preventable disease. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI), and human papillomavirus (HPV) tests have been shown to be viable alternatives to traditional cytology. ACCP experience confirmed that cryotherapy is a safe and effective method that is acceptable to women and can be delivered by a range of health providers, including nonphysicians. Programs can maximize coverage by accommodating local needs and involving community leaders and women in planning and implementation. Advocacy efforts have led to significant policy changes and galvanized support for cervical cancer prevention. Despite the prospect of new HPV vaccines, screening will be needed for at least the next 30–40 years. Our experience has shown that with creativity, flexibility, and well‐focused use of resources, the inequitable burden of cervical cancer borne by women in poor countries can be sharply reduced.
The Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 1955–2005: Its Historic Milestones and Evolutionary Changes
Authors: Shah Mary Ann
Published: March 2005

From its very inception, the Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health (JMWH) played a critical role in fostering and documenting major shifts in the professional landscape of midwifery through its editorial content. This article traces the history and evolution of JMWH, commemorates its rich heritage and monumental growth over the last half century, highlights issues that have transcended its 50‐year history, and acknowledges the contributions of its leadership … past and present.
Presidential Priorities: 50 Years of Wisdom as the Basis of an Action Agenda for the Next Half‐Century
Authors: Fullerton Judith , Schuiling Kerri Durnell , Sipe Theresa Ann
Published: March 2005

Each of the living presidents of the American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM), past and current, was asked to select one or more issues that were of particular importance during her term(s) in office. Some of the issues identified by the presidents were amenable to review using existing quantitative data; this article presents those findings. The substantial increase in growth of ACNM membership in the 1980s and 1990s as well as the plateau that occurred at the beginning of the 21st century is documented. The relationship between ACNM and the professions of nursing, medicine, and other public health providers is illustrated. The increase in the number of Certified Nurse‐Midwife/Certified Midwife (CNM/CM) education programs and the evolution and current profile of curriculum models are discussed. Finally, expansion of the scope of midwifery practice and the growing number of opportunities for entrepreneurial practice are presented in terms of current practice profiles, practice sites and settings, various employer‐employee relationships, and the variety of financial reimbursement streams. This article is intended to complement the broader body of information about ACNM's history, and particularly, to supplement the richness of information derived from the qualitative and historical research inquiries conducted by others.
The Development of the Community‐Based Nurse‐Midwifery Education Program: An Innovation in Distance Learning
Authors: Osborne Kathryn , Stone Susan , Ernst Eunice (Kitty)
Published: March 2005

Since the inception of nurse‐midwifery education 80 years ago, educators have looked for ways in which to educate enough nurse‐midwives. The application of distance learning to nurse‐midwifery education expanded opportunities for a greater number of students to have access to an education in nurse midwifery. The story of the Community‐based Nurse‐midwifery Education Program is presented as an exemplar.
A new approach for the Martell 3‐D method of measuring polyethylene wear without requiring the cross‐table lateral films
Authors: Bragdon Charles R. , Martell John M. , Estok Daniel M. , Greene Meridith E. , Malchau Henrik , Harris William H.
Published: March 2005

Due to the uneven and often inadequate quality of cross‐table lateral hip radiographs, many radiographic studies of femoral head penetration into polyethylene in total hip arthroplasty are limited to the two‐dimensional measurement of femoral head penetration using the A/P film only. We postulated that the use of two oblique frontal projections at 90° to each other would improve the three‐dimensional evaluation. Using an established hip phantom, the idealized accuracy and precision of the three‐dimensional Martell method was evaluated, contrasting the standard A/P and cross‐table lateral projections versus a pair of oblique projections by four independent readers.

Accuracy and precision resulting from the use of two oblique projections (average accuracy ±63 μm, precision ±26 μm) were similar to that obtained using the conventional A/P and cross‐table lateral views (accuracy ±54 μm, precision ±22 μm), though the results of the two oblique views were slightly more variable. These observations suggest that by using two oblique A/P projections, the major disadvantage of using the cross‐table lateral films, namely the variable quality of the images, is avoided. Perhaps, therefore, the utility and availability of three‐dimensional data in comparable clinical studies may be improved. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rabbit knee joint biomechanics: Motion analysis and modeling of forces during hopping
Authors: Gushue David L. , Houck Jeff , Lerner Amy L.
Published: March 2005

Although the rabbit hindlimb has been commonly used as an experimental animal model for studies of osteoarthritis, bone growth and fracture healing, the in vivo biomechanics of the rabbit knee joint have not been quantified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic and kinetic patterns during hopping of the adult rabbit, and to develop a model to estimate the joint contact force distribution between the tibial plateaus. Force platform data and three‐dimensional motion analysis using infrared markers mounted on intracortical bone pins were combined to calculate the knee and ankle joint intersegmental forces and moments. A statically determinate model was developed to predict muscle, ligament and tibiofemoral joint contact forces during the stance phase of hopping. Variations in hindlimb kinematics permitted the identification of two landing patterns, that could be distinguished by variations in the magnitude of the external knee abduction moment. During hopping, the prevalence of an external abduction moment led to the prediction of higher joint contact forces passing through the lateral compartment as compared to the medial compartment of the knee joint. These results represent critical data on the in vivo biomechanics of the rabbit knee joint, which allow for comparisons to both other experimental animal models and the human knee, and may provide further insight into the relationships between mechanical loading, osteoarthritis, bone growth, and fracture healing. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.