Experimental Analysis of Heavy-Oil Recovery by Alternate Injection of Steam and Solvent (Hydrocarbon/CO2) in Unconsolidated Sand Reservoirs
Authors: Naderi Khosrow , Babadagli Tayfun 
Published: September 2014

This work examines the steam-over-solvent injection in fractured reservoirs (SOS-FR) method--which was originally suggested for heavy-oil/bitumen recovery from oil-wet fractured reservoirs—for unconsolidated sands containing heavy oil. One possible application of the method in such media is the post-cold-heavy-oil-production- with-sands (post-CHOPS) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) considering that the wormholes represent the high-permeability (“fractures”) medium while the unproduced original part of the reservoir is the matrix containing the essential portion of the oil. The methodology used in the experiments and the observations will also provide an insight into the applicability of this method in “homogeneous” oil sands producing under gravity drainage during the alternate injection of solvent and steam (or hot water). The SOS-FR method was initially proposed and tested using high-carbon-number (heptane and above) hydrocarbons for solvent at ambient pressure and temperatures lower than 90ºC for oil-wet consolidated sandstones and carbonates (Al-Bahlani and Babadagli 2008, 2009a; Naderi et al. 2013). Later, lower-carbon number (propane and butane) hydrocarbons were tested at higher pressures and temperatures for consolidated water-wet and oilwet sandstones and carbonates (Naderi and Babadagli 2012a). This study focuses on the unconsolidated sands (water-wet nature) and tests three different types of gases as solvent [propane, butane, and carbon dioxide (CO2)] at high-pressure and-temperature conditions (compatible with a typical heavy-oil-sand deposit in Canada). The use of CO2 as a solvent in this type of process was considered as a lower-cost alternative to more-expensive hydrocarbons and for its permanent-storage potential. Several issues are highly critical in this process. Like other hydrocarbon solvents used under nonisothermal conditions, the recovery process is highly sensitive to pressure and temperature because they determine the miscibility level. Also important is the capability of CO2 to extract matrix oil. Our earlier studies with light oil showed that heavier ends can be extracted if enough time is allowed for CO2 to interact with matrix oil (Trivedi and Babadagli 2009a, 2010). The same needs to be investigated for heavy oils. Another challenge is the inverse proportionality of CO2 solubility with temperature. Steam (or heating) is required to condition oil and decrease its viscosity before CO2 injection, but the temperature should be adjusted critically in order not to sacrifice the CO2 solubility of the oil. To clarify all these points and to determine the optimal application conditions (the duration of each cycle and the CO2 soaking time), we conducted a series of experiments by first soaking core samples saturated with heavy oil in steam, followed by CO2. In the third cycle, steam (or hot water) was injected again to produce upgraded oil in the matrix. The experiments were performed under static conditions (soaking sandpack samples in steam or CO2 chambers) at different temperatures and pressures to determine the optimal application conditions. A similar experimental protocol was followed using propane and butane, and the recovery potential of these hydrocarbon solvents was compared with that of CO2.