bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A historical reconstruction of cropland in China from 1900 to 2016
Authors: Yu Zhen , Jin Xiaobin , Miao Lijuan , Yang Xuhong
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A spatially-explicit cropland distribution time-series dataset is the basis for the accurate assessment of biogeochemical processes in terrestrial ecosystems and their feedback to the climate system; however, this type of dataset is lacking in China. Existing cropland maps have a coarse resolution, are intermittently covered, or the data are inconsistent. We reconstructed a continuously covered cropland distribution dataset in China spanning from 1900 to 2016 by assimilating multiple data sources. In total, national cropland acreage expanded from 77.72 Mha in 1900 to the peak of 151.00 Mha in 1979, but it consistently decreased thereafter to 134.92 Mha in 2016. The cropland was primarily distributed in three historically cultivated plains in China: the Sichuan Plain, the Northern China Plain, and the Northeast China Plain. Cropland abandonment was approximately 29.90 Mha; it was mainly concentrated in the Northern China Plain and the Sichuan Plain and occurred during the 1990–2010 period. Cropland expansion was over 74.30 Mha; it was primarily found in the southeast, northern central, and northeast regions of China and occurred before 1950. In comparison, the national total and spatial-distribution of cropland in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) were distorted during the period of 1960–1980 due to the biased signal from the Chinese Agricultural Yearbook. We advocate that newly reconstructed cropland data, in which the bias has been corrected, should be used as the updated data for regional and global assessments, such as greenhouse gas emission accountings and food production simulations. The cropland dataset is available via an open-data repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13356680) (Yu et al., 2020).
Error estimate for fluxgate magnetometer in-flight calibration on a spinning spacecraft
Authors: Narita Yasuhito , Plaschke Ferdinand , Magnes Werner , Fischer David , Schmid Daniel
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Fluxgate magnetometers are widely used
for in situ magnetic field measurements in the context of
geophysical and solar system studies.
Like in most experimental studies, magnetic field measurements
using the fluxgate magnetometers are constrained
by the associated uncertainties.
To evaluate the performance of magnetometers,
the measurement uncertainties of
calibrated magnetic field data are quantitatively
studied for a spinning spacecraft.
The uncertainties are derived analytically by
perturbing the calibration parameters
and are simplified into the first-order expression
including the offset errors and the coupling of
calibration parameter errors with the ambient magnetic field.
The error study shows how the uncertainty sources
combine through the calibration process.
The final error depends
on (1) the magnitude of the magnetic field
with respect to the offset error and
(2) the angle of the magnetic field to the spacecraft spin axis.
The offset uncertainties are the major factor
in a low-field environment, while the angle uncertainties
(rotation angle in the spin plane, sensor non-orthogonality,
and sensor misalignment to the spacecraft reference directions)
become more important in a high-field environment
in a proportional way to the magnetic field.
The error formulas serve as a useful tool
in designing high-precision magnetometers
in future spacecraft missions
as well as in data analysis methods in geophysical
and solar system science.
Near-real-time automated classification of seismic signals of slope failures with continuous random forests
Authors: Wenner Michaela , Hibert Clément , van Herwijnen Alec , Meier Lorenz , Walter Fabian
Published: January 2021

Abstract. In mountainous areas, rockfalls, rock avalanches, and debris flows constitute a risk to human life and property. Seismology has proven a useful tool to monitor such mass movements, while increasing data volumes and availability of real-time data streams demand new solutions for automatic signal classification. Ideally, seismic monitoring arrays have large apertures and record a significant number of mass movements to train detection algorithms. However, this is rarely the case, as a result of cost and time constraints and the rare occurrence of catastrophic mass movements. Here, we use the supervised random forest algorithm to classify windowed seismic data on a continuous data stream. We investigate algorithm performance for signal classification into noise (NO), slope failure (SF), and earthquake (EQ) classes and explore the influence of non-ideal though commonly encountered conditions: poor network coverage, imbalanced data sets, and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). To this end we use data from two separate locations in the Swiss Alps: data set (i), recorded at Illgraben, contains signals of several dozen slope failures with low SNR; data set (ii), recorded at Pizzo Cengalo, contains only five slope failure events albeit with higher SNR. The low SNR of slope failure events in data set (i) leads to a classification accuracy of 70 % for SF, with the largest confusion between NO and SF. Although data set (ii) is highly imbalanced, lowering the prediction threshold for slope failures leads to a prediction accuracy of 80 % for SF, with the largest confusion between SF and EQ. Standard techniques to mitigate training data imbalance do not increase prediction accuracy. The classifier of data set (ii) is then used to train a model for the classification of 176 d of continuous seismic recordings containing four slope failure events. The model classifies eight events as slope failures, of which two are snow avalanches, and one is a rock-slope failure. The other events are local or regional earthquakes. By including earthquake detection of a permanent seismic station at 131 km distance to the test site into the decision-making process, all earthquakes falsely classified as slope failures can be excluded. Our study shows that, even for limited training data and non-optimal network geometry, machine learning algorithms applied to high-quality seismic records can be used to monitor mass movements automatically.
Las comunidades energéticas en Grecia
Authors: Fajardo García Gemma , Frantzeskaki Maria
Published: January 2021

Grecia ha dado un importante impulso a la Economía Social y Solidaria a partir de 2011 con la aprobación de diversas normas que regulan este sector. Entre otras, y siguiendo de cerca los trabajos llevados a cabo por las instituciones europeas, Grecia ha regulado por vez primera en Europa, las comunidades energéticas. Estas se definen como cooperativas civiles que tienen como objeto exclusivo promover la economía social y solidaria y la innovación en el sector energético; la lucha contra la pobreza energética y la promoción de la energía sostenible, la producción, almacenamiento, autoconsumo, distribución y suministro de energía; aumentar la autosuficiencia energética y la seguridad en los municipios de las islas; así como la mejora de la eficiente energética en el uso final, en el ámbito local y regional, a través de sus actividades en el sector de las fuentes de energía renovable, la cogeneración de energía eléctrica de alta eficiencia, del uso racional de la energía, de la eficiencia energética, del transporte sostenible, de la gestión de la demanda y la producción, distribución y suministro de energía. En este trabajo hemos querido conocer esa regulación pionera de las comunidades energéticas, la problemática que genera su concepción como cooperativa, los diversos modelos de comunidades energéticas que podrían desarrollarse de conformidad con su exclusivo objeto social, y las experiencias que se han dado hasta el momento, así como sus principales características.
The Video-Urodynamic and Electrophysiological Characteristics in Patients With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Wang Zhaoxia , Deng Han , Li Xing , Liao Limin
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To investigate the video-urodynamic and pelvic floor electrophysiological characteristics in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods: This retrospective reviewed the clinical records, urodynamic and pelvic floor electrophysiological data of 647 patients with traumatic SCI and out of spinal shock. Patients were classified based on American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale and urodynamic findings.Results: Of the 647 patients, detrusor overactivity (DO) with or without detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) was found in 79.5%, 61%, 35.2%, 35%, and 19.2% of patients with cervical, thoracic (T1–9), thoracic (T10–12), lumbar, and conical cauda injury, respectively. Other patients manifested detrusor areflexia (DA). Patients with DO and/or DSD had a longer duration of SCI at each injury level than patients with DA. In suprasacral injury patients with DA, 63.0% (58 of 92) had a normal bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) response. Compared with patients without bladder sensation (BS), bladder capacity during urine leakage was far higher in those with BS. The manifestation of BCR and somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) was associated with the level of injury.Conclusions: This study showed a significant correlation between the level of SCI and video-urodynamic findings, but clinical examination cannot by predict bladder function; urodynamic testing is also necessary. In addition, the role of BCR and SEP for guiding bladder management is limited. Moreover, BS is important for urinary control in patients with traumatic SCI.
Changes in Prevalence and Treatment Pattern of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Korea
Authors: Jo Jung Ki , Shinn Sung Ho , Kim Kyu Shik , Moon Hong Sang
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and negatively affects the quality of life. We aimed to investigate the treatment pattern of BPH in South Korea.Methods: Information on treatment modalities and diagnoses of BPH was obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-Aged Patient Sample. Data on BPH patients aged ≥60 years from 2012 to 2016 were obtained. We surveyed the treatment pattern of BPH, including the types of drugs used and surgeries performed, according to the type of institution.Results: In this study, 18,260–24,657 BPH patients treated between 2012 and 2016 were included. The number of patients showed an increasing pattern, and drug therapy was the major treatment method used for BPH (98.77%). Moreover, the pattern of increased pharmacotherapy use for BPH was reinforced by the increasing number of patients. Prescription of α-blockers only was dominant in this cohort (45.7%). Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was the most commonly used surgical treatment for BPH (53.6%), but it showed a decreasing pattern over time. In contrast, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) showed an increase from 19.4% to 39.7%.Conclusions: The most common treatment for BPH was drug therapy, predominantly only α-blocker therapy. The surgical treatment trend has changed from TURP to HoLEP.
Discretionary power as a political weapon against foreigners
Authors: Spire Alexis
Published: January 2021

The administrative practices of officials who process the admission of immigrants show severe variations in the ways in which migration policy is enforced on the ground. For the author, inequality of treatment lies in the very hierarchy of tasks and services of what he dubs, following Pierre Bourdieu, the immigration "field". According to the author, the governments’ securitizing priorities favour the sort of suspicion towards foreigners that the media then reproduces, thus authorizing so-called street-level bureaucrats to act with great leeway with regard to immigrants. Under pressure, governments implement what the author calls a "trompe-l’oeil policy" that explores the ambivalence between international and domestic law: while the state enforces repressive laws that apparently comply with fundamental human rights, it leaves to low-ranking civil servants enough discretion to make those rights ineffective. This point is the author’s central contention. The arbitrariness of these officials is neither contingent nor accidental: it actually constitutes a purposive "front-line policy" to enlarge the discretionary power of street-level bureaucrats in charge of regulating admissions. Unequal treatment comes in three flavours in this context. First, officials are asked to ensure that each right granted to a foreigner will not threaten the national order, which means the economic, social and political order. They are therefore in a position to judge the suitability of each application in view of their own arbitrary interpretation of what such "threats" consist of. The question of discretionary power is in this way intimately linked to the problem of equality before the law. Second, the scarcity of material and human resources allocated to services in charge of welcoming migrants starkly contrasts with the expenditure incurred to deport foreigners. Inequality also arises from how agents perceive users and the leeway they have to implement the law. Third, inequality is related to foreigners’ abilities and means to challenge discretionary power, especially through the legal tools they use or through legal intermediaries. The author thus concludes that such "front-line policy" has increasingly been used as a weapon against migrants, especially since the early 2000s, when immigration and detention policies were generalized in France. More broadly, in Europe as well as in United States, immigration reforms have made greater use of detention and focused on enforcement rather than on hosting programs and services for asylum seekers. But they have also strengthened the role of legal intermediaries. Hence the need to investigate how discretionary power is challenged as it sheds light on the power relations between states and migrants.
Keywords: foreigners, discretion, sociology, participant observation, front-line policy, illegalism, jobs, insecurity, legal intermediaries
Loving Sovereignty: Political Mysticism, Seyh Galib, and Giorgio Agamben
Authors: Camoglu Arif
Published: January 2021

Centering on the poetry of Şeyh Galib (1757–1799), this article considers Ottoman imperial sovereignty in tandem with the discourse of mysticism that underpinned it. A key rhetorical device that enables the abstraction of the politics of empire in this discourse is the metaphor of the beloved sovereign. In the mystical writing of Galib, this metaphor gives a spiritual edge to the authority of the sultan and expands the reach of his power beyond its physical limits. The metaphor of the beloved sovereign neutralizes sovereignty as it turns submission into an act of love, a voluntary abandonment of political agency. To elucidate this obscured dimension of power in Galib’s mysticism, I draw on Giorgio Agamben’s notion of “potentiality.” Proposing that one must pay heed to potentiality in order to dig into “the ontological root of every political power,” Agamben considers “love” the proper medium of a potential resistance to sovereignty. Galib’s poetry, on the other hand, illuminates that which is not addressed in this analogy: love can occasion a commitment to sovereignty that forces itself upon the subject as an “ontological” condition, in the way Agamben terms it. I suggest that the metaphor of the beloved sovereign in Galib’s poetry cautions against the sovereign’s own “potential” to claim vulnerability and exploit love to consolidate its power.
Comparative Literature: The View from Appalachia
Authors: Nyawalo Mich Yonah
Published: January 2021

Upper level undergraduate classes as well as graduate seminars often provide the opportunity for some teaching faculty to not only incorporate their current research into their teaching but also develop and experiment with different concepts, which later find their way in published articles or books. However, for others, the classroom is not just a space that enables one to brainstorm ideas for future publication on a given subject; instead, the process of designing a syllabus, the selection of a theme, the decision to highlight or mitigate specific voices, experiences, and representations in order to achieve specific learning outcomes constitute, in and of themselves, the focal subject of analysis. It is by examining the ongoing construction and reconstruction of a syllabus from a Comparative Queer Theory and Literature course that this article examines the invisibility of Appalachian and Kenyan queer identities in prevailing theoretical visualizations of queer spaces across cultural contexts. In particular, the article analyzes how specific Kenyan and Appalachian texts employ similar rhetorical strategies to contest heteronationalist and metronormative narratives that have been used to efface the visibility of queer subjectivities and practices within the local cultural milieus from which they stem.
Brother Journalist: Tom Wolfe and the Serapions
Authors: Kharitonov Dmitry Vladimir
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this article is to analyze a peculiar case of a creative appropriation, made possible by a combination of coincidences, readings, and misconceptions during the time Tom Wolfe (1930–2018), future bestselling author, reformer of American journalism, and controversial public intellectual spent at Yale as a graduate student in the 1950s. This appropriation appears to have been generated by a confluence of factors that impressed itself on Wolfe’s mind. He referred to this confluence as “the Serapion Brothers” and repeatedly confessed to having been influenced by this group. The Serapions, according to him, were experimental, avant-garde Soviet writers, heirs to French Symbolism, who wrote about the Russian Revolution in a highly unconventional manner. Critics took Wolfe’s incorrect statements at face value; the far-reaching influence was noted but never looked into. In fact, this influence seems to have stemmed from a source misunderstood by Wolfe himself, making his authoritative work resonate with a different element of Russian modernist tradition and informing his theory of the New Journalism. Wolfe’s professed realism was dominated by aesthetic and differed in the way of engaging the reader’s subjectivity from the European tradition that he claimed to have followed.
ESTRATEGIAS DIGITALES UTILIZADAS POR 7 EMPRESAS DURANTE EL COVID-19: ESTUDIO DE CASOS
Authors: Suárez Blanco Macarena
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo 7 empresarios que desempeñan su actividad en el departamento de Maldonado (Uruguay) han incursionado en el uso de herramientas digitales para poder hacer frente a la emergencia sanitaria causada por el COVID19, y poder seguir trabajando durante la misma y en la “nueva normalidad”. Con este objetivo nos proponemos estudiar noticias locales y globales sobre el impacto de la emergencia sanitaria en Uruguay, bibliografía especializada sobre el uso de redes sociales y la capacidad de adaptación de las empresas frente a la incertidumbre para intentar comprender las formas de innovar y comunicarse con los clientes que han implementados diversos empresarios para no cerrar sus locales durante la emergencia sanitaria. En conclusión, en los testimonios de casos se han visualizado diversas formas de adaptación e innovación en los negocios para poder captar al cliente, comunicarse con ellos por los diversos medios y poder operar con todas las medidas sanitarias y de seguridad.
PRIMERA FASE: LA INCIDENCIA DEL CAPITAL INTELECTUAL Y “NETWORKING”, SOBRE LA CAPACIDAD EMPRENDEDORA DE LOS INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES, EGRESADOS DE UNITEC-FM (2007 Y 2008)
Authors: Argueta Moreno Jesús David
Published: January 2021

En esta investigación, se consideró el análisis de las variables denominadas como: Capital Intelectual y “Networking” como posibles causales del incremento en la Capacidad Emprendedora, de los Ingenieros Industriales egresados de la Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana (UNITEC) en los años 2007 y 2008 en el campus de Francisco Morazán. Esta pesquisa, replica en el análisis realizado por el Docente Roberto Olmos de la Universidad de Madrid, en el año 2013, sobre profesionales (exempleados) de empresas multinacionales y su capacidad emprendedora después de dejar de laboral en estas organizaciones.  Cabe señalar que este análisis cuestiona la universalidad del modelo denominado como: “Potencial Emprendedor” de Roberto Olmos en el contexto hondureño.
Importancia, genética y evolución del café en Honduras y el mundo
Authors: Enríquez Jean Pierre , Retes-Cálix Rodrigo Fernando , Vásquez-Reyes Emil Floricia
Published: January 2021

Introducción: El café es uno de los cultivos más importantes mundialmente, posicionándose en el segundo lugar después del petróleo crudo. A partir de 1850, el café se comenzó a expandir con la promoción de los colonos europeos. El café representa una actividad económica importante en Centroamérica, representando alrededor del 10% de la producción mundial. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica que se centró en identificar información relacionada con el cultivo de café. Desarrollo: Se cree que Etiopía es el lugar de nacimiento original del café. Hay dos especies principales del cultivo de café: Arabica y Robusta.  La filogenia molecular de las especies de café se basa en 28,800 polimorfismos de nucleótido unido definiendo relaciones entre las especies. Por otro lado, la producción de café ha sido un pilar fundamental para la economía de Honduras, posicionándose como el mayor exportador de café de Centroamérica y el quinto en el mundo. Conclusión: Por la importancia del café en el mundo y en Honduras, es importante destacar el papel de la biotecnología en el desarrollo de variedades resistentes a diferentes plagas y enfermedades, garantizando una producción sostenible del cultivo.
América Latina: Una historia de violencia heredada. Revisión bibliográfica
Authors: Ortega Marín Blanca Andrea
Published: January 2021

Introducción: América Latina a cinco décadas de seguir las políticas económicas y fiscales del Fondo Monetario Internacional y del Banco Mundial, que la llevarían al crecimiento y desarrollo y en las que los Estados-gobiernos se centraron para construir la democracia, sin tener el efecto deseado, al contrario, la región está viviendo en la violencia más profunda y creciente, sumado al reto de la COVID-19. Objetivo: Conocer las causas que originaron esta situación, que afecta a la población vulnerable, que sufre la violencia en varios entornos y con efectos diversos. Metodología: Cualitativa (1970-2020); en lo histórico, económico, social, de desarrollo, de crecimiento y bienestar en la región, siguiendo los postulados de Amartya Sen del año 2000 con relación al ejercicio de las libertades de la población y su bienestar. Se prefirieron las revisiones, estados del arte, estudios y análisis. Resultados: Se encontró que el modelo económico colapsó desde 1980 pues fundamentó su base económica solo en los recursos naturales. Continuó la dependencia externa. Las políticas económicas, fiscales y asistenciales tampoco fueron efectivas. La población se quedó sin educación y empleo, generando migración creciente, pobreza extrema y vulnerabilidad. Centroamérica es la zona más golpeada ya que sus habitantes son mayoritariamente rurales e indígenas. Actualmente se sigue el mismo modelo. Regresó la violencia de las fuerzas policiales y esta se detonó también en la población como mecanismo de defensa y sobrevivencia. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos demuestran el fracaso del modelo; las políticas nunca consideraron la capacidad contributiva real, ni las demandas de educación, empleo, seguridad y bienestar. Finalmente, los efectos de la pandemia en la región, corroboran lo endeble del sistema de salud, la fragilidad de las economías y a nivel social, el inminente incremento de población vulnerable con futuro incierto.
Asfixia por obstrucción de vía aérea con cuerpo extraño: hallazgos en autopsia médico legal
Authors: Guerra Karla , Vásquez Arely
Published: January 2021

Femenina, de 14 meses de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos personales, que inició sintomatología de resfrió común, manejada en su hogar con remedios caseros, presentando súbitamente al séptimo día del inicio de los síntomas, dificultad respiratoria y cianosis generalizada. Fue llevada de emergencia a clínica periférica, donde al ser evaluada, presentó saturación de oxígeno en sangre de 45%, por lo que fue referida a emergencia de pediatría de un hospital nacional donde se recibió en mal estado general, con enfisema subcutáneo y bradicardia; se intubó obteniendo contenido gástrico líquido, presentó falla multiorgánica, se realizaron maniobras de resucitación cardiopulmonar, no se logró estabilizar y falleció. Se remitió a autopsia médico legal, en la cual se encontró; obstrucción de vía aérea superior, congestión ocular, cianosis de labios y uñas, congestión visceral generalizada y de los huesos del cráneo. Alteraciones relevantes encontradas: presencia de cuerpo extraño (una semilla de frijol crudo) obturando la tráquea (Figura 1A). Después de la autopsia se concluyó que la causa de muerte era compatible con asfixia por obstrucción de vía aérea superior por cuerpo extraño y se determinó que la manera de la muerte fue accidental.
Terapias farmacológicas utilizadas en el tratamiento de la COVID-19. Revisión bibliográfica
Authors: Sosa Lilian , Ponce Henry , Rodríguez Fredy , Orellana Karen , Cerrato Dennis
Published: January 2021

A finales del año 2019, surgió en China un brote de una enfermedad causada por un nuevo coronavirus conocido internacionalmente como COVID-19, propagándose por todo el mundo y declarada como pandemia en marzo del año 2020. Este virus ocasiona enfermedades respiratorias que van desde síntomas muy leves hasta cuadros severos, pudiendo ocasionar la muerte del paciente. No obstante, el marcado aumento en la comprensión del virus y la enfermedad ha permitido el desarrollo de pruebas diagnósticas, actuales ensayos in-vitro y ensayos clínicos de fármacos, así como vacunas y medidas de control epidemiológico. En el presente artículo, realizamos una revisión de la información disponible en bases de datos como: Pubmed, MedlinePlus, EMBASE o Scopus, Cochrane Library, LILACS, índice Médico Español (IME), entre otras, hasta junio del presente año, para conocer más acerca del patógeno, transmisión, síntomas, diagnóstico, patogénesis y centrándonos en los tratamientos farmacológicos mayoritariamente estudiados a nivel mundial.
Orçamento ou Patrimônio? Análise de Desempenho dos Municípios Paranaenses no Contexto da Transição do Modelo Orçamentário para o Modelo Patrimonialista da Contabilidade Pública
Authors: Silva Thaís Alves da , Sanches Simone Letícia Raimundini
Published: January 2021

A análise conjunta do desempenho orçamentário e patrimonial dos municípios eleva a qualidade das informações em poder da sociedade, possibilitando o exercício da cidadania no controle da gestão dos recursos públicos e do patrimônio dos governos. Assim, este estudo analisou a existência de diferença significativa entre o desempenho do setor público paranaense mensurado por indicadores de resultado Orçamentário e Patrimonial, no contexto da transição entre os regimes de reconhecimento de receitas e despesas públicas. Avaliou também se o desempenho difere entre os municípios conforme o porte populacional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória, ex-post-facto e documental que, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, avaliou o desempenho de 359 municípios paranaenses no exercício financeiro de 2015. Constatou que a maioria dos municípios elaborou orçamentos com Resultado de Previsão Inicial superavitário, mas com déficit no Resultado de Previsão Atualizado. O Resultado de Execução Orçamentária foi superavitário, porém, em muitos municípios, superado pela Margem Bruta Orçamentária, pela Margem Bruta Patrimonial e pelo Retorno Patrimonial. Ademais, somente a Margem Bruta Orçamentária apresentou estatisticamente, tendência distinta em função do porte municipal. Contribuiu, sobretudo, por demonstrar estatisticamente que as receitas e despesas governamentais reconhecidas segundo o Regime de Competência Integral produzem resultados significativamente diferentes daqueles apurados segundo o Regime Orçamentário (ou Misto), indicando que a ocorrência de superávit orçamentário expressivo não é necessariamente acompanhada do acréscimo patrimonial de igual valor; do mesmo modo, a existência de déficit orçamentário não configura, em regra, redução do patrimônio público. Em suma, esclareceu aos usuários da informação contábil pública as vantagens e limitações do uso desses indicadores, e a relevância de considerar a disparidade entre o Modelo Orçamentário e Patrimonialista no processo decisório e para Accountability.
PERCEPÇÃO DOS ALUNOS DO CURSO DE CIÊNCIAS CONTÁBEIS SOBRE O ESTÁGIO CURRICULAR OBRIGATÓRIO
Authors: Alcântara Caio Cesar Violin , Marques Kelly Cristina Mucio , Marques Claudio
Published: January 2021

A proposta deste trabalho foi verificar, na percepção dos estagiários, se as expectativas atribuídas ao estágio foram efetivamente alcançadas. O estudo buscou responder a questão de pesquisa: Como são percebidas as expectativas sobre o estágio curricular supervisionado pelos acadêmicos do curso de Ciências Contábeis? A pesquisa tem caráter descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa realizada por meio de levantamento. Foram aplicados questionários aos acadêmicos da Universidade Estadual de Maringá da segunda, da terceira e da quarta séries do curso de Ciências Contábeis que já realizaram o estágio curricular obrigatório, chegando a uma amostra final de 98 respondentes. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste t para amostras pareadas. Os resultados mostram que, em geral, as expectativas dos estagiários quanto ao estágio foram alcançadas. Especialmente as relacionadas com as habilidades de comunicação e relacionamento interpessoal, a preparação profissional e a experiência prática para a escolha da carreira e a possibilidade de conhecimento da estrutura das empresas e da prática contábil. Os estudantes consideraram a realização do estágio uma experiência importante para a sequência da carreira de contador. Observou-se também a dificuldade por parte dos alunos em relacionar as teorias adquiridas em sala de aula com a prática no local de trabalho. A implicação desse resultado é mostrar um panorama de pontos em que o estágio supervisionado obrigatório está funcionando e sendo percebido pelos estagiários como bons e, por outro lado, daqueles pontos que merecem maior atenção.
2020/46 Interim relief granted for employee who used union to lodge grievance over coronavirus measures (UK)
Authors: Hopper David
Published: January 2021

2020/46 Interim relief granted for employee who used union to lodge grievance over coronavirus measures (UK)

This case involved an employee who claimed that he was unfairly dismissed for using a trade union to bring a grievance over measures his employer had taken on account of the coronavirus pandemic. The Employment Tribunal (ET) found that he was likely to be able to show at the full hearing of the case that this was an automatically unfair dismissal on grounds of his trade union membership or activities. It awarded the remedy of ‘interim relief’, ordering the employer immediately to reinstate him pending the full trial of the matter. The ET’s decision might signal a potential rise in claims for interim relief in future cases.
2020/50 Transfer-related contractual changes void even if beneficial for employees (UK)
Authors: Dafydd Lisa
Published: January 2021

2020/50 Transfer-related contractual changes void even if beneficial for employees (UK)

The Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) has ruled that the provision under the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (TUPE) which renders changes to employees’ terms and conditions void if they are made because of the transfer applies to changes that are advantageous as well as detrimental to employees. On the facts of the case, this meant that owner-directors who had made significant improvements to their own employment terms before a TUPE transfer could not enforce these against the transferee employer.
2020/51 Compensating untaken leave in case of termination without good cause – preliminary questions asked (AT)
Authors: Schedle Maria
Published: January 2021

2020/51 Compensating untaken leave in case of termination without good cause – preliminary questions asked (AT)

The Austrian Supreme Court has asked preliminary questions about the lawfulness of Section 10(2) of the Austrian Law on Annual Leave which stipulates that an employee is not entitled to an allowance in lieu of annual leave in respect to the current (last) working year if they terminate the employment relationship prematurely without good cause.
Culinary and Medicinal Mushrooms: Insight into Growing Technologies
Authors: Zięba Piotr , Sękara Agnieszka , Sułkowska-Ziaja Katarzyna , Muszyńska Bożena
Published: January 2021

Humans have used mushrooms from the beginning of their history. However, during the last few decades, the market demand for these fruiting bodies has increased significantly owing to the spread in the capabilities of culinary and pharmacological exploitation. Natural mushroom resources have become insufficient to meet the support needs. Therefore, traditional methods of extensive cultivation as well as modern technologies have been exploited to develop effective growing recommendations for dozens of economically important mushroom species. Mushrooms can decompose a wide range of organic materials, including organic waste. They play a fundamental role in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. The challenge is a proper substrate composition, including bio-fortified essential elements, and the application of growing conditions to enable a continuous supply of fruiting bodies of market quality and stabilized chemical composition. Many mushroom species are used for food preparation. Moreover, they are treated as functional foods, because they have health benefits beyond their nutritional value, and are used as natural medicines in many countries. Owing to the rapid development of mushroom farming, we reviewed the growing technologies used worldwide for mushroom species developed for food, processing, and pharmacological industries.
Disruptive Innovation Within the Legal Services Ecosystem
Authors: Billings Donald G. , Campbell Douglas G.
Published: January 2021

Many law firms have done little to address the opportunities and threats presented by potentially disruptive technology (DT), such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that some law firm leaders use to address the potentially detrimental influences of DT on their organizations. The systems approach to management was employed as the conceptual framework. Data were collected from 6 participants at 2 international law firms with offices in California, using semi-structured interviews and organizational artifacts. Data were analyzed using inductive and deductive coding and thematic analysis, resulting in 4 themes: (1) recognizing the legal ecosystem and legal firms are open systems, but organizational subsystems often function as semi-closed systems; (2) acknowledging that while DT represents the most significant potential challenge in the near future, the immediate challenge is improving technology, which requires organizational adjustments; (3) recognizing the need for firms to invest more heavily in innovation generation activities; and (4) realizing the need for increased utilization of augmenting technologies, such as AI or ML, to streamline non-advisory outputs. The findings of this study suggest that, while DI may pose a moderate threat, there are also significant advantages to adopting DI as a formal aspect of organizational strategy. The results of this study may contribute to social change by outlining ways in which firms can lower costs to clients while increasing access to legal services for those in underserved communities.
INFLUENCE OF THE POSITION OF THE MANDIBLE
ON STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS WITHIN THE STRUCTURES
OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
Authors: Ryniewicz Anna M. , Mazur Konrad , Bojko Łukasz , Ryniewicz Wojciech
Published: January 2021

A model of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was developed using the finite element method (FEM). The
aim of the procedure is to identify reduced stresses and resultant displacements in the TMJ and to evaluate
the transfer of contact loads for the three articulation states of the mandible that represent the activity of the
joint. The study mapped the layered structure of the bio-bearing with different strength parameters of the
tissues and synovial fluid. The model was loaded with the forces generated by the mandibular abduction
muscles during chewing. Our method allowed for the assessment of the transfer of physiological loads within
the temporomandibular joint. It enabled the functional analysis of the articular disc and articular surfaces
when lubricating with the synovial fluid and showed compressive stimulation of bone structures. Under load
transfer conditions, the maximum values of reduced stresses are located not in the immediate friction zone,
but in the structures of the compact and spongy bone.
Buckling and bending properties
of aluminium plate with
multiple cracks
Authors: Mohmmed J.H. , Mahmood N.Y. , Ali M. , Zainulabdeen A.A.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: In this paper, the bending strength and buckling stability of (AA 7075-T6)
aluminium plate weakened by many transverse cracks, which located at different positions,
subjected to concentrated loads applied at the ends were analysed.
Design/methodology/approach: Numerical modelling and calculation by the finite
element method (ANSYS Package), for the critical load of bending and compression panel
were estimated.
Findings: It found that the variation of the critical stress in bending and buckling is
proportional to the crack conditions (no. of crack and location). In general, the critical load
in bending and buckling decreases with increasing the crack number in structure.
Research limitations/implications: For both bending and buckling, two transverse
cracks on one face of plate is more stable than two transverse cracks on opposite faces.
Practical implications: In addition, many experimental tests were carried out by using an
INSTRON test machine to obtain the buckling critical loads, where the experimental results
were compared with the ones of the finite element method. Furthermore, bending strength
was calculated theoretically for the cracked panel.
Originality/value: Comparison between the experimental and numerical (FE based model)
data and between the theoretical and nu-merical (FE based model) data for buckling and
bending strength respectively indicate the precise and the simplicity of the developed
models to determine the critical loads in such cases.
Analysis of the influence of particle and poplar fibres share on selected properties of particle-fibre boards
Authors: Zaraziński Karol , Boruszewski Piotr
Published: January 2021

Analysis of the influence of particle and poplar fibres share on selected properties of particle-fibre boards. As a part of the study, one-layer particle-fibre boards with 12 mm thick and of average density 650 kg/m3 were manufactured from plantation poplar ‘Hybrid 275’ wood.. For the control variant a typical industrial raw material (pine wood) was used. The following properties were determined for the boards: modulus of rapture (MOR), density profile, modulus of elasticity at static bending (MOE), internal bond (IB), thickness swelling (TS) after 2h and 24h soaking in water. On the basis of conducted study, it was found that the addition of poplar fibers to particle-fibre boards in most cases has a positive effect on the values of determined properties – an increase in strength was noted, except for internal bond (IB). In the case of thickness swelling of the boards after 24 h soaking in water, it was noted that with the increase in the share of poplar fibers in the boards, the value of the tested property decreased (which was not clear in the case of thickness swelling of boards after 2 h soaking in water).
Pharmaceutical Data Integrity: issues, challenges and proposed solutions for manufacturers and inspectors
Authors: Chong Hock Sia , Tay Vernon , Sachdeva Vimal , Lai Wah Chan
Published: January 2021

Data Integrity, which is data deemed Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, Accurate, Complete, Consistent, Enduring, and Available (ALCOA-plus), has been the focus of the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. With the growing use of computerized systems and rising prevalence of outsourcing manufacturing processes, ensuring data integrity is becoming more challenging in an increasingly complex pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. To address this issue, multiple legislation and guidance documents such as ‘Data Integrity and Compliance with CGMP Guidance for Industry’ from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ‘GxP’ Data Integrity Guidance and Definitions from the UK Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), and ‘Guidance on Good Data and Record Management Practices’ from the World Health Organization (WHO), have been published in recent years. However, with rising data integrity issues observed by FDA, WHO, MHRA and other pharmaceutical inspectors even after these guidance documents have been published, their overall effectiveness is yet to be determined. This paper compares and evaluates the legislation and guidance currently in existence; and discusses some of the potential challenges pharmaceutical manufacturers face in maintaining data integrity with such legislation and guidance in place. It appears that these legislation and guidance are insufficient in maintaining data integrity in the industry when used alone. Last, but not least, this paper also reviews other solutions, such as the need for a company culture of integrity, a good database management system, education and training, robust quality agreements between contract givers and acceptors, and performance of effective audits and inspections, to aid in maintaining data integrity in the manufacturing industry. These proposed solutions, if successfully implemented, can address the issues associated with data integrity, and raise the standard of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical manufacturing worldwide.
Bláha, Obrdlík a Eubank: brněnské kontakty s americkými sociology v souvislostech mezinárodní sociologie
Authors: Skovajsa Marek
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the relations of the interwar sociologists in Brno with their American colleagues and international sociology in general. It describes the international contacts of Inocenc Arnošt Bláha and Antonín Obrdlík in the 1930s with a special focus on the professional and personal liaison between these two and American sociologist Earle Edward Eubank. These contacts are subsequently located within an imperfect, but genuine homology that existed between Czech sociology on the one hand and American and international sociology on the other. Previous research has shown that inside the international sociology of the 1930s, which centred around the Institut International de Sociologie (IIS), the eclectic French sociologists who controlled the IIS allied with American detractors of scientism, whereas their principal opponents, the Durkheimians, were close to the sociologists at the University of Chicago. In terms of their international networks and their substantive positions, Bláha’s Brno group was part of the anti-scientist alliance, whereas the sociologists in Prague displayed an affinity for the Chicago School in particular. To substantiate this claim, the paper shows that the American networks of Obrdlík and Otakar Machotka (Prague), both Rockefeller fellows and later exiles in the US, were highly consistent with the observed divisions in American and international sociology.
The Red and the Black
Authors: Høgsbjerg Christian ,   Caribbean Philosophical Association
Published: January 2021

This paper seeks to situate the idea and intellectual narrative of “world revolution” in its modern historical context, tracing it back to the age of democratic revolution in the late eighteenth century, and then developed by great revolutionary thinkers like Marx and Engels. It examines the possible limitations of Marx and Engels’s vision of world revolution with respect to the Third World as a result of their European intellectual formation in the tradition of the Enlightenment, and examines the charge of “Eurocentrism” advanced by post-colonialist theorists among others against classical Marxism. It then explores the inspiration of the Russian Revolution for those fighting racism and imperialism, and how black radicals brought their revolutionary narratives of black liberation into communist narratives for the first time in its aftermath. The essay then discusses C.L.R. James’s pioneering 1937 history of the Comintern, World Revolution, among other things a theoretical intervention into the debates raging among socialist black radicals during the 1930s, and critically examines the charge of “Eurocentrism” often levelled at World Revolution.
Indeterminacy as Indecision, Lecture I: Vagueness and Communication
Authors: MacFarlane John ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: January 2021

I can say that a building is tall and you can understand me, even if neither of us has any clear idea exactly how tall a building must be in order to count as tall. This mundane fact poses a problem for the view that successful communication consists in the hearer’s recognition of the proposition a speaker intends to assert. The problem cannot be solved by the epistemicist’s usual appeal to anti-individualism, because the extensions of vague words like ‘tall’ are contextually fluid and can be constrained significantly by speakers’ intentions. The problem can be seen as a special case of a more general problem concerning what King has called “felicitous underspecification.” Traditional theories of vagueness offer nothing that can help with this problem. Appeals to diagonalization do not help either. A more radical solution is needed.
Indeterminacy as Indecision, Lecture III: Indeterminacy as Indecision
Authors: MacFarlane John ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: January 2021

This lecture presents my own solution to the problem posed in Lecture I. Instead of a new theory of speech acts, it offers a new theory of the contents expressed by vague assertions, along the lines of the plan expressivism Allan Gibbard has advocated for normative language. On this view, the mental states we express in uttering vague sentences have a dual direction of fit: they jointly constrain the doxastic possibilities we recognize and our practical plans about how to draw boundaries. With this story in hand, I reconsider some of the traditional topics connected with vagueness: bivalence, the sorites paradox, higher-order vagueness, and the nature of vague thought. I conclude by arguing that the expressivist account can explain, as its rivals cannot, what makes vague language useful.
Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Authors: Ballarin Francesco , Yamasaki Takeshi
Published: January 2021

A new monospecific genus belonging to the family Linyphiidae Blackwell, 1859, Nihonella gen. nov., is described using an integrative taxonomic approach based on the species N. chika gen. et sp. nov. The new genus is endemic to Western Honshu, Japan, and it shows distinctive genitalic and somatic characters of other genera of the subfamily Erigoninae Emerton, 1882. Nihonella gen. nov. is found only in the twilight and transition zones of caves in Okayama and Nara Prefectures. The phylogenetic position of Nihonella gen. nov. within the subfamily Erigoninae, and its relationship as a sister clade of the species of the group of Savignia Blackwell, 1833 (sensu Millidge 1977), is discussed on the basis of both, morphological and molecular evidence.