bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Population Study of the Tasmanian "Commercial" Scallop, Notovola meridionalis (Tate) (Lamellibranchiata, Pectinidae)
Authors: Fairbridge WS
Published: November 2005

The "commercial" scallop supports a dredge fishery in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel, Tasmania. There is probably a genetically homogeneous population in this area, and the juveniles possibly move from bed to bed, but the adult scallops form discrete, stable communities. The statistical history of the fishery reveals a marked decline in the availability of scallops since some time between 1941 and 1945. A more exact slatement cannot be made because fishing efforts in war time were not comparable in efficiency with those made before and since. Furthermore, before 1941 a second species of scallop was also fished, but not distinguished in the catch records. The rings in the shell are formed annually and can thus be used for age determination. This can be demonstrated directly in young scallops by comparing the growth at the edge of the shell at successive seasons of the year. In older scallops the growth increments are too small to compare in the same way; the evidence of the annual character of the rings is here mainly indirect, although in its totality convincing. There is distinct variation in growth rate between different beds, and apparent variation between different age-groups from the same bed. The age and size composition of the stocks were studied from samples taken from several representative beds from 1944 to 1949. The age composition studies showed that the year-classes produced in the period extending approximately from 1939 to 1941 predominated, and that very little recruitment had occurred since that period; the results of the size composition studies confirmed this. Scallop fishermen agreed that snlall scallops had been unusually scarce in the Channel for many years. It is concluded that the scallop population is suffering primarily from a severe long-term shortage of recruits, the cause of which, although apparently natural, is unknown; and secondarily from overfishing, as the fishermen exhaust, one after another, the aging, isolated subpopulations of adults on the different beds. Unless ample numbers of recruits soon reappear, the fishery may come to an end. (Since Mr. Fairbridge wrote this paper some beds of juvenile scallops have been located. Although the beds are not large, their presence indicates that the Channel population is still reproducing and that there could be a return to years of good recruit broods.)
A Survey of the Western Coastal Dune Lakes of the North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Cunningham BT , Moar NT , Torrie AW , Parr PJ
Published: November 2005

A biological survey of 26 lakes of the western dune series of the North Island was made during the summers of 1949 and 1950. At each lake a shore-line and bathymetric survey was made and contour maps have been prepared. Temperature and transparency measurements were also taken. Analysis for essential chemicals, particularly oxygen, was made. Thermal stratification and deoxygenation of the hypolimnion was found in five lakes. Details of emergent and submerged aquatic plants have been included on the contour maps. Qualitative and quantitative samples were taken of plankton and bottom fauna. The present stocks of fish were examined and waterfowl were noted. All the lakes with an outlet supported eels. The Northland series contained no stocks of game fish, but in the Wellington series limited stocks of perch and trout occurred.
Transformation of breast cells by truncated neurokinin-1 receptor is secondary to activation by preprotachykinin-A peptides
Authors: Patel Hiral J. , Ramkissoon Shakti H. , Patel Prem S. , Rameshwar Pranela
Published: November 2005

Breast cancer remains the cancer with the highest mortality among women in the United States. Peptides derived from the oncogenic
Tac1
gene (full transcript: βPPT-A) stimulate the proliferation of breast cancer cells (BCCs) via seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled neurokinin 1 (NK1) and NK2 receptors. The
NK1
gene could generate full-length (NK1-FL) and truncated (NK1-Tr) transcripts. NK1-Tr lacks 100 residues in their cytoplasmic end, could couple to G proteins, and shows reduced efficiency with respect to internalization and desensitization. This study reports on a role of NK1-Tr in the transformation of nontumorigenic breast cells, and investigates whether
Tac1
expression is linked to the generation of NK1-Tr. Western blots and Northern analyses showed coexpressions of NK1-Tr and NK1-FL in BCCs (cell lines and primary cells from patients with different stages of breast cancer). Stable transfections of βPPT-A or NK1-Tr expression vectors in nontumorigenic cells showed each induces the expression of the other, consequently resulting in a transformed phenotype. Analyses with microarrays indicate similar patterns of cytokine production by NK1-Tr transfectants and BCCs, but not NK1-FL transfectants. These observations indicate tumor-promoting properties by NK1-Tr, but not NK1-FL. Overall, the oncogenic property of
Tac1
in breast cells involves concomitant expression of NK1-Tr and vice versa, consequently leading to the production of cytokines with growth promoting functions.
Admissible measures in one dimension
Authors: Björn Jana , Buckley Stephen , Keith Stephen
Published: November 2005

In this note we show that

p

p\mspace {1mu}

-admissible measures in one dimension (i.e. doubling measures admitting a

p

p\mspace {1mu}

-Poincaré inequality) are precisely the Muckenhoupt

A
p

A_p

-weights.
Multiple positive solutions of singular problems by variational methods
Authors: Agarwal Ravi , Perera Kanishka , O’Regan Donal
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this paper is to use an appropriate variational framework to obtain positive solutions of some singular boundary value problems.
Eventual arm and leg widths in cocharacters of P. I. Algebras
Authors: Berele Allan
Published: November 2005

Given a p.i. algebra

A
A

, we study which partitions

λ
\lambda

correspond to characters with non-zero multiplicities in the cocharacter sequence of

A
A

. We define the

ω
0

(
A
)

\omega _0(A)

, the eventual arm width to be the maximal

d
d

so that such

λ
\lambda

can have

d
d

parts arbitrarily large, and

ω
1

(
A
)

\omega _1(A)

to be the maximum

h
h

so that the conjugate

λ
′

\lambda ’

could have

h
h

arbitrarily large parts. Our main result is that for any

A
A

,

ω
0

(
A
)
≥

ω
1

(
A
)

\omega _0(A)\ge \omega _1(A)

.
Eigenvalues of the Laplacian acting on 𝑝-forms and metric conformal deformations
Authors: Colbois Bruno , El Soufi Ahmad
Published: November 2005

Let

(
M
,
g
)

(M,g)

be a compact connected orientable Riemannian manifold of dimension

n
≥
4

n\ge 4

and let

λ

k
,
p

(
g
)

\lambda _{k,p} (g)

be the

k
k

-th positive eigenvalue of the Laplacian

Δ

g
,
p

=
d

d
∗

+

d
∗

d

\Delta _{g,p}=dd^*+d^*d

acting on differential forms of degree

p
p

on

M
M

. We prove that the metric

g
g

can be conformally deformed to a metric

g
′

g’

, having the same volume as

g
g

, with arbitrarily large

λ

1
,
p

(

g
′

)

\lambda _{1,p} (g’)

for all

p
∈
[
2
,
n
−
2
]

p\in [2,n-2]

. Note that for the other values of

p
p

, that is

p
=
0
,
1
,
n
−
1

p=0, 1, n-1

and

n
n

, one can deduce from the literature that,

∀
k
>
0

\forall k >0

, the

k
k

-th eigenvalue

λ

k
,
p

\lambda _{k,p}

is uniformly bounded on any conformal class of metrics of fixed volume on

M
M

. For

p
=
1

p=1

, we show that, for any positive integer

N
N

, there exists a metric

g

N

g_{_N}

conformal to

g
g

such that,

∀
k
≤
N

\forall k\le N

,
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="lamda Subscript k comma 1 Baseline left-parenthesis g Subscript Sub Subscript upper N Subscript Baseline right-parenthesis equals lamda Subscript k comma 0 Baseline left-parenthesis g Subscript Sub Subscript upper N Subscript Baseline right-parenthesis">

λ

k
,
1

(

g

N

)
=

λ

k
,
0

(

g

N

)

\lambda _{k,1} (g_{_N}) =\lambda _{k,0} (g_{_N})

, that is, the first

N
N

eigenforms of

Δ

g

N

,
1

\Delta _{g_{_{N},1}}

are all exact forms.
Monotonicity and existence of periodic orbits for projected dynamical systems on Hilbert spaces
Authors: Cojocaru Monica-Gabriela
Published: November 2005

We present here results about the existence of periodic orbits for projected dynamical systems (PDS) under Minty-Browder monotonicity conditions. The results are formulated in the general context of a Hilbert space of arbitrary (finite or infinite) dimension. The existence of periodic orbits for such PDS is deduced by means of nonlinear analysis, using a fixed point approach. It is also shown how occurrence of periodic orbits is intimately related to that of critical points (equilibria) of a PDS in certain cases.
Trivial units for group rings over rings of algebraic integers
Authors: Herman Allen , Li Yuanlin
Published: November 2005

Let

G
G

be a nontrivial torsion group and

R
R

be the ring of integers of an algebraic number field. The necessary and sufficient conditions are given under which

R
G

RG

has only trivial units.
Functional calculus and *-regularity of a class of Banach algebras
Authors: Leung Chi-Wai , Ng Chi-Keung
Published: November 2005

Suppose that

(
A
,
G
,
α
)

(A,G,\alpha )

is a

C
∗

C^*

-dynamical system such that

G
G

is of polynomial growth. If

A
A

is finite dimensional, we show that any element in

K
(
G
;
A
)

K(G;A)

has slow growth and that

L
1

(
G
,
A
)

L^1(G, A)

is

∗
*

-regular. Furthermore, if

G
G

is discrete and

π
\pi

is a “nice representation” of

A
A

, we define a new Banach

∗
*

-algebra

l

π

1

(
G
,
A
)

l^1_{\pi }(G, A)

which coincides with

l
1

(
G
;
A
)

l^1(G;A)

when

A
A

is finite dimensional. We also show that any element in

K
(
G
;
A
)

K(G;A)

has slow growth and

l

π

1

(
G
,
A
)

l^1_{\pi }(G, A)

is

∗
*

-regular.
Maps into complex space
Authors: Jacobowitz Howard
Published: November 2005

If the dimension of

M
M

is denoted by

2
k
−
1

2k-1

or

2
k

2k

, then a generic map

F
:
M
→

C
k

F:M\to C^k

satisfies

d

F
1

∧
…
∧
d

F
k

≠
0

dF_1\wedge \ldots \wedge dF_k \neq 0

, while in certain cases there is no map

F
:
M
→

C

k
+
1

F: M\to C^{k+1}

that satisfies

d

F
1

∧
…
∧
d

F

k
+
1

≠
0

dF_1\wedge \ldots \wedge dF_{k+1} \neq 0

.
On mixing and completely mixing properties of positive 𝐿¹-contractions of finite von Neumann algebras
Authors: Mukhamedov Farruh , Temir Seyit , Akin Hasan
Published: November 2005

Akcoglu and Suchaston proved the following result: Let

T
:

L
1

(
X
,

F

,
μ
)
→

L
1

(
X
,

F

,
μ
)

T: L^1(X,{\mathcal F},\mu )\to L^1(X,{\mathcal F},\mu )

be a positive contraction. Assume that for

z
∈

L
1

(
X
,

F

,
μ
)

z\in L^1(X,{\mathcal F},\mu )

the sequence

(

T
n

z
)

(T^nz)

converges weakly in

L
1

(
X
,

F

,
μ
)

L^1(X,{\mathcal F},\mu )

. Then either

lim

n
→
∞

‖

T
n

z
‖
=
0

\lim \limits _{n\to \infty }\|T^nz\|=0

or there exists a positive function

h
∈

L
1

(
X
,

F

,
μ
)

h\in L^1(X,{\mathcal F},\mu )

,

h
≠
0

h\neq 0

such that

T
h
=
h

Th=h

. In the paper we prove an extension of this result in a finite von Neumann algebra setting, and as a consequence we obtain that if a positive contraction of a noncommutative

L
1

L^1

-space has no nonzero positive invariant element, then its mixing property implies the completely mixing property.
Lifts of 𝐶_{∞}- and 𝐿_{∞}-morphisms to 𝐺_{∞}-morphisms
Authors: Ginot Grégory , Halbout Gilles
Published: November 2005

Let

g

2

\mathfrak {g}_2

be the Hochschild complex of cochains on

C
∞

(

R

n

)

C^\infty (\mathbb {R}^n)

and let

g

1

\mathfrak {g}_1

be the space of multivector fields on

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

. In this paper we prove that given any

G
∞

G_\infty

-structure (i.e. Gerstenhaber algebra up to homotopy structure) on

g

2

\mathfrak {g}_2

, and any

C
∞

C_\infty

-morphism

φ
\varphi

(i.e. morphism of a commutative, associative algebra up to homotopy) between

g

1

\mathfrak {g}_1

and

g

2

\mathfrak {g}_2

, there exists a

G
∞

G_\infty

-morphism

Φ
\Phi

between

g

1

\mathfrak {g}_1

and

g

2

\mathfrak {g}_2

that restricts to

φ
\varphi

. We also show that any

L
∞

L_\infty

-morphism (i.e. morphism of a Lie algebra up to homotopy), in particular the one constructed by Kontsevich, can be deformed into a

G
∞

G_\infty

-morphism, using Tamarkin’s method for any

G
∞

G_\infty

-structure on

g

2

\mathfrak {g}_2

. We also show that any two of such

G
∞

G_\infty

-morphisms are homotopic.
Non-commutative positive kernels and their matrix evaluations
Authors: Kalyuzhnyĭ-Verbovetzkiĭ Dmitry , Vinnikov Victor
Published: November 2005

We show that a formal power series in

2
N

2N

non-commuting indeterminates is a positive non-commutative kernel if and only if the kernel on

N
N

-tuples of matrices of any size obtained from this series by matrix substitution is positive. We present two versions of this result related to different classes of matrix substitutions. In the general case we consider substitutions of jointly nilpotent

N
N

-tuples of matrices, and thus the question of convergence does not arise. In the “convergent” case we consider substitutions of

N
N

-tuples of matrices from a neighborhood of zero where the series converges. Moreover, in the first case the result can be improved: the positivity of a non-commutative kernel is guaranteed by the positivity of its values on the diagonal, i.e., on pairs of coinciding jointly nilpotent

N
N

-tuples of matrices. In particular this yields an analogue of a recent result of Helton on non-commutative sums-of-squares representations for the class of hereditary non-commutative polynomials. We show by an example that the improved formulation does not apply in the “convergent” case.
The amenability and non-amenability of skew fields
Authors: Elek Gábor
Published: November 2005

We investigate the amenability of skew field extensions of the complex numbers. We prove that all skew fields of finite Gelfand-Kirillov transcendence degree are amenable. However there are both amenable and non-amenable finitely generated skew fields of infinite Gelfand-Kirillov transcendence degree.
Stability of wavelet frames with matrix dilations
Authors: Christensen Ole , Sun Wenchang
Published: November 2005

Under certain assumptions we show that a wavelet frame
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-brace tau left-parenthesis upper A Subscript j Baseline comma b Subscript j comma k Baseline right-parenthesis psi right-brace Subscript j comma k element-of double-struck upper Z Baseline colon equals left-brace StartAbsoluteValue det upper A Subscript j Baseline EndAbsoluteValue Superscript negative 1 slash 2 Baseline psi left-parenthesis upper A Subscript j Superscript negative 1 Baseline left-parenthesis x minus b Subscript j comma k Baseline right-parenthesis right-parenthesis right-brace Subscript j comma k element-of double-struck upper Z">

{
τ
(

A
j

,

b

j
,
k

)
ψ

}

j
,
k
∈

Z

:=
{

|

det

A
j

|

−
1

/

2

ψ
(

A
j

−
1

(
x
−

b

j
,
k

)
)

}

j
,
k
∈

Z

\{\tau (A_j,b_{j,k})\psi \}_{j,k\in \mathbb {Z}}:= \{|\det A_j |^{-1/2} \psi (A_j^{-1}(x-b_{j,k}))\}_{j,k\in \mathbb {Z}}

\]
in

L
2

(

R

d

)

L^2(\mathbb {R}^d)

remains a frame when the dilation matrices

A
j

A_j

and the translation parameters

b

j
,
k

b_{j,k}

are perturbed. As a special case of our result, we obtain that if
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-brace tau left-parenthesis upper A Superscript j Baseline comma upper A Superscript j Baseline upper B n right-parenthesis psi right-brace Subscript j element-of double-struck upper Z comma n element-of double-struck upper Z Sub Superscript d">

{
τ
(

A
j

,

A
j

B
n
)
ψ

}

j
∈

Z

,
n
∈

Z

d

\{\tau (A^j,A^jBn)\psi \}_{j\in \mathbb {Z},n\in \mathbb {Z}^d}

is a frame for an expansive matrix

A
A

and an invertible matrix

B
B

, then
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-brace tau left-parenthesis upper A prime Subscript j Baseline comma upper A Superscript j Baseline upper B lamda Subscript n Baseline right-parenthesis psi right-brace Subscript j element-of double-struck upper Z comma n element-of double-struck upper Z Sub Superscript d">

{
τ
(

A
j
′

,

A
j

B

λ
n

)
ψ

}

j
∈

Z

,
n
∈

Z

d

\{\tau (A_j^\prime ,A^jB\lambda _n)\psi \}_{j\in \mathbb {Z}, n\in \mathbb {Z}^d}

is a frame if

‖

A

−
j

A
j
′

−
I

‖
2

≤
ε

\|A^{-j}A’_j - I\|_2\le \varepsilon

and

‖

λ
n

−
n

‖

∞

≤
η

\|\lambda _n - n\|_{\infty } \le \eta

for sufficiently small

ε
,
η
>
0

\varepsilon , \eta >0

.
Global approximation of CR functions on Bloom-Graham model graphs in ℂⁿ
Authors: Boggess Albert , Jupiter Daniel
Published: November 2005

We define a class of generic CR submanifolds of

C

n

\mathbb {C}^n

of real codimension

d
d

,

1
≤
d
≤
n

1\leq d\leq n

, called the Bloom-Graham model graphs, whose graphing functions are partially decoupled in their dependence on the variables in the real directions. We prove a global version of the Baouendi-Treves CR approximation theorem for Bloom-Graham model graphs with a polynomial growth assumption on their graphing functions.
The set of common fixed points of a one-parameter continuous semigroup of mappings is 𝐹\big(𝑇(1)\big)∩𝐹\big(𝑇(√2)\big)
Authors: Suzuki Tomonari
Published: November 2005

In this paper we prove the following theorem: Let

{
T
(
t
)
:
t
≥
0
}

\{ T(t) : t \geq 0 \}

be a one-parameter continuous semigroup of mappings on a subset

C
C

of a Banach space

E
E

. The set of all fixed points of

T
(
t
)

T(t)

is denoted by

F

(

T
(
t
)

)

F \big ( T(t) \big )

for each

t
≥
0

t \geq 0

. Then
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="intersection Underscript t greater-than-or-equal-to 0 Endscripts upper F left-parenthesis upper T left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis right-parenthesis equals upper F left-parenthesis upper T left-parenthesis 1 right-parenthesis right-parenthesis intersection upper F left-parenthesis upper T left-parenthesis StartRoot 2 EndRoot right-parenthesis right-parenthesis">

⋂

t
≥
0

F

(

T
(
t
)

)

=
F

(

T
(
1
)

)

∩
F

(

T
(

2

)

)

\bigcap _{t \geq 0} F \big ( T(t) \big ) = F \big ( T(1) \big ) \cap F \big ( T(\sqrt 2) \big )

\]
holds. Using this theorem, we discuss convergence theorems to a common fixed point of

{
T
(
t
)
:
t
≥
0
}

\{ T(t) : t \geq 0 \}

.
A note on a symmetry result for traveling waves in cylinders
Authors: Kenig C. , Merle F.
Published: November 2005

We prove in this note that all bounded traveling waves, in cylinders, of some

N
N

-dimensional viscous conservation laws are symmetric.
Generalized interpolation in 𝐻^{∞} with a complexity constraint
Authors: Byrnes Christopher , Georgiou Tryphon , Lindquist Anders , Megretski Alexander
Published: November 2005

In a seminal paper, Sarason generalized some classical interpolation problems forH∞H^\inftyfunctions on the unit disc to problems concerning lifting ontoH2H^2of an operatorTTthat is defined onK=H2⊖ϕH2\mathcal {K} =H^2\ominus \phi H^2(ϕ\phiis an inner function) and commutes with the (compressed) shiftSS. In particular, he showed that interpolants (i.e.,f∈H∞f\in H^\inftysuch thatf(S)=Tf(S)=T) having norm equal to‖T‖\|T\|exist, and that in certain cases such anffis unique and can be expressed as a fractionf=b/af=b/awitha,b∈Ka,b\in \mathcal {K}. In this paper, we study interpolants that are such fractions ofK\mathcal {K}functions and are bounded in norm by11(assuming that‖T‖>1\|T\|>1, in which case they always exist). We parameterize the collection of all such pairs(a,b)∈K×K(a,b)\in \mathcal {K}\times \mathcal {K}and show that each interpolant of this type can be determined as the unique minimum of a convex functional. Our motivation stems from the relevance of classical interpolation to circuit theory, systems theory, and signal processing, whereϕ\phiis typically a finite Blaschke product, and where the quotient representation is a physically meaningful complexity constraint.
The integral cohomology of the Bianchi groups
Authors: Berkove Ethan
Published: November 2005

We calculate the integral cohomology ring structure for various members of the Bianchi group family. The main tools we use are the Bockstein spectral sequence and a long exact sequence derived from Bass-Serre theory.
Complex symmetric operators and applications
Authors: Garcia Stephan , Putinar Mihai
Published: November 2005

We study a few classes of Hilbert space operators whose matrix representations are complex symmetric with respect to a preferred orthonormal basis. The existence of this additional symmetry has notable implications and, in particular, it explains from a unifying point of view some classical results. We explore applications of this symmetry to Jordan canonical models, self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators, rank-one unitary perturbations of the compressed shift, Darlington synthesis and matrix-valued inner functions, and free bounded analytic interpolation in the disk.
Brownian intersection local times: Exponential moments and law of large masses
Authors: König Wolfgang , Mörters Peter
Published: November 2005

Consider

p
p

independent Brownian motions in

R

d

\mathbb {R}^d

, each running up to its first exit time from an open domain

B
B

, and their intersection local time

ℓ
\ell

as a measure on

B
B

. We give a sharp criterion for the finiteness of exponential moments,
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-struck upper E left-bracket exp left-parenthesis sigma-summation Underscript i equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts mathematical left-angle phi Subscript i Baseline comma script l mathematical right-angle Superscript 1 slash p Baseline right-parenthesis right-bracket comma">

E

[

exp
⁡

(

∑

i
=
1

n

⟨

φ
i

,
ℓ

⟩

1

/

p

)

]

,

\mathbb {E}\Big [\exp \Big (\sum _{i=1}^n \langle \varphi _i, \ell \rangle ^{1/p}\Big ) \Big ],

\]
where

φ
1

,
…
,

φ
n

\varphi _1, \dots , \varphi _n

are nonnegative, bounded functions with compact support in 

B
B

. We also derive a law of large numbers for intersection local time conditioned to have large total mass.
Quivers with relations arising from clusters (𝐴_{𝑛} case)
Authors: Caldero P. , Chapoton F. , Schiffler R.
Published: November 2005

Cluster algebras were introduced by S. Fomin and A. Zelevinsky in connection with dual canonical bases. Let

U
U

be a cluster algebra of type

A
n

A_n

. We associate to each cluster

C
C

of

U
U

an abelian category

C

C

\mathcal {C}_C

such that the indecomposable objects of

C

C

\mathcal {C}_C

are in natural correspondence with the cluster variables of

U
U

which are not in

C
C

. We give an algebraic realization and a geometric realization of

C

C

\mathcal {C}_C

. Then, we generalize the “denominator theorem” of Fomin and Zelevinsky to any cluster.
Invariants, Boolean algebras and ACA₀⁺
Authors: Shore Richard
Published: November 2005

The sentences asserting the existence of invariants for mathematical structures are usually third order ones. We develop a general approach to analyzing the strength of such statements in second order arithmetic in the spirit of reverse mathematics. We discuss a number of simple examples that are equivalent to ACA

0

_{0}

. Our major results are that the existence of elementary equivalence invariants for Boolean algebras and isomorphism invariants for dense Boolean algebras are both of the same strength as ACA

0

+

_{0}^{+}

. This system corresponds to the assertion that

X

(
ω
)

X^{(\omega )}

(the arithmetic jump of

X
X

) exists for every set

X
X

. These are essentially the first theorems known to be of this proof theoretic strength. The proof begins with an analogous result about these invariants on recursive (dense) Boolean algebras coding

0

(
ω
)

0^{(\omega )}

.
Integral geometry and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem in constant curvature spaces
Authors: Solanes Gil
Published: November 2005

We give an integral-geometric proof of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for hypersurfaces in constant curvature spaces. As a tool, we obtain variation formulas in integral geometry with interest in its own.
Contact reduction and groupoid actions
Authors: Zambon Marco , Zhu Chenchang
Published: November 2005

We introduce a new method to perform reduction of contact manifolds that extends Willett’s and Albert’s results. To carry out our reduction procedure all we need is a complete Jacobi map

J
:
M
→

Γ
0

J:M \rightarrow \Gamma _0

from a contact manifold to a Jacobi manifold. This naturally generates the action of the contact groupoid of

Γ
0

\Gamma _0

on

M
M

, and we show that the quotients of fibers

J

−
1

(
x
)

J^{-1}(x)

by suitable Lie subgroups

Γ
x

\Gamma _x

are either contact or locally conformal symplectic manifolds with structures induced by the one on

M
M

. We show that Willett’s reduced spaces are prequantizations of our reduced spaces; hence the former are completely determined by the latter. Since a symplectic manifold is prequantizable iff the symplectic form is integral, this explains why Willett’s reduction can be performed only at distinguished points. As an application we obtain Kostant’s prequantizations of coadjoint orbits. Finally we present several examples where we obtain classical contact manifolds as reduced spaces.
Invariant pre-foliations for non-resonant non-uniformly hyperbolic systems
Authors: Fontich Ernest , de la Llave Rafael , Martín Pau
Published: November 2005

Given an orbit whose linearization has invariant subspaces satisfying some non-resonance conditions in the exponential rates of growth, we prove existence of invariant manifolds tangent to these subspaces. The exponential rates of growth can be understood either in the sense of Lyapunov exponents or in the sense of exponential dichotomies. These manifolds can correspond to “slow manifolds”, which characterize the asymptotic convergence. Let

{

x
i

}

i
∈

N

\{x_i\}_{i \in \mathbb {N}}

be a regular orbit of a

C
2

C^2

dynamical system

f
f

. Let

S
S

be a subset of its Lyapunov exponents. Assume that all the Lyapunov exponents in

S
S

are negative and that the sums of Lyapunov exponents in

S
S

do not agree with any Lyapunov exponent in the complement of

S
.

S.

Denote by

E

x
i

S

E^S_{x_i}

the linear spaces spanned by the spaces associated to the Lyapunov exponents in

S
.

S.

We show that there are smooth manifolds

W

x
i

S

W^S_{x_i}

such that

f
(

W

x
i

S

)
⊂

W

x

i
+
1

S

f(W^S_{x_i}) \subset W^S_{x_{i+1}}

and

T

x
i

W

x
i

S

=

E

x
i

S

T_{x_i} W^S_{x_i} = E^S_{x_i}

. We establish the same results for orbits satisfying dichotomies and whose rates of growth satisfy similar non-resonance conditions. These systems of invariant manifolds are not, in general, a foliation.
RhoA GTPase Regulates M-Cadherin Activity and Myoblast Fusion
Authors: Charrasse Sophie , Comunale Franck , Grumbach Yaël , Poulat Francis , Blangy Anne , Gauthier-Rouvière Cécile
Published: November 2005

The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins plays critical roles during myogenesis induction. To elucidate their role later during myogenesis, we have analyzed RhoA function during myoblast fusion into myotubes. We find that RhoA activity is rapidly and transiently increased when cells are shifted into differentiation medium and then is decreased until myoblast fusion. RhoA activity must be down-regulated to allow fusion, because expression of a constitutively active form of RhoA (RhoAV14) inhibits this process. RhoAV14 perturbs the expression and localization of M-cadherin, a member of the Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule family that has an essential role in skeletal muscle cell differentiation. This mutant does not affect N-cadherin and other proteins involved in myoblast fusion, β1-integrin and ADAM12. Active RhoA induces the entry of M-cadherin into a degradative pathway and thus decreases its stability in correlation with the monoubiquitination of M-cadherin. Moreover, p120 catenin association with M-cadherin is decreased in RhoAV14-expressing cells, which is partially reverted by the inhibition of the RhoA effector Rho-associated kinase ROCK. ROCK inhibition also restores M-cadherin accumulation at the cell-cell contact sites. We propose that the sustained activation of the RhoA pathway inhibits myoblast fusion through the regulation of p120 activity, which controls cadherin internalization and degradation.
Nudel Contributes to Microtubule Anchoring at the Mother Centriole and Is Involved in Both Dynein-dependent and -independent Centrosomal Protein Assembly
Authors: Guo Jing , Yang Zhenye , Song Wei , Chen Qi , Wang Fubin , Zhang Qiangge , Zhu Xueliang
Published: November 2005

The centrosome is the major microtubule-organizing center in animal cells. Although the cytoplasmic dynein regulator Nudel interacts with centrosomes, its role herein remains unclear. Here, we show that in Cos7 cells Nudel is a mother centriole protein with rapid turnover independent of dynein activity. During centriole duplication, Nudel targets to the new mother centriole later than ninein but earlier than dynactin. Its centrosome localization requires a C-terminal region that is essential for associations with dynein, dynactin, pericentriolar material (PCM)-1, pericentrin, and γ-tubulin. Overexpression of a mutant Nudel lacking this region, a treatment previously shown to inactivate dynein, dislocates centrosomal Lis1, dynactin, and PCM-1, with little influence on pericentrin and γ-tubulin in Cos7 and HeLa cells. Silencing Nudel in HeLa cells markedly decreases centrosomal targeting of all the aforementioned proteins. Silencing Nudel also represses centrosomal MT nucleation and anchoring. Furthermore, Nudel can interact with pericentrin independently of dynein. Our current results suggest that Nudel plays a role in both dynein-mediated centripetal transport of dynactin, Lis1, and PCM-1 as well as in dynein-independent centrosomal targeting of pericentrin and γ-tubulin. Moreover, Nudel seems to tether dynactin and dynein to the mother centriole for MT anchoring.
Prox1 Promotes Lineage-specific Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor-3 in Lymphatic Endothelium: A Role for FGF Signaling in Lymphangiogenesis
Authors: Shin Jay W. , Min Michael , Larrieu-Lahargue Fréderic , Canron Xavier , Kunstfeld Rainer , Nguyen Lynh , Henderson Janet E. , Bikfalvi Andreas , Detmar Michael , Hong Young-Kwon
Published: November 2005

Fibroblast growth factors play important roles in angiogenesis, but their functions in lymphangiogenesis remain poorly understood. The homeodomain transcription factor Prox1 is essential for development of the lymphatic system by specifying lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) fate. Here, we identify fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR)-3 as a novel Prox1 target gene. Ectopic overexpression of Prox1 in blood vascular endothelial cells up-regulates FGFR-3. Prox1 induces the expression of the IIIc isoform, which we also found to be the major isoform of FGFR-3 expressed in LECs. This transcriptional activation is mediated by a direct binding of Prox1 to newly identified Prox1-response elements in the FGFR-3 promoter. Consistently, FGFR-3 is up-regulated in Prox1-positive newly formed lymphatic vessels during embryogenesis and its lymphatic-specific expression is maintained throughout development. We also found that FGF-1 and FGF-2 promote proliferation, migration, and survival of cultured LECs without involvement of vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-3. We show that FGF-2 binds to low- and high-affinity receptors on LECs and is efficiently internalized and processed. Moreover, functional inhibition of FGFR-3 using small interfering RNA represses LEC proliferation. Together, these results indicate that FGFR-3 is an initial target of Prox1 during the lymphatic cell fate specification and that FGF signaling may play an important role in lymphatic vessel development.
Phospholipase D2 Is Required for Efficient Endocytic Recycling of Transferrin Receptors
Authors: Padrón David , Tall Renee D. , Roth Michael G.
Published: November 2005

RNA interference-mediated depletion of phospholipase D2 (PLD2), but not PLD1, inhibited recycling of transferrin receptors in HeLa cells, whereas the internalization rate was unaffected by depletion of either PLD. Although reduction of both PLD isoforms inhibits PLD activity stimulated by phorbol 12-myristic 13-acetate, only depletion of PLD2 decreased nonstimulated activity. Cells with reduced PLD2 accumulated a greater fraction of transferrin receptors in a perinuclear compartment that was positive for Rab11, a marker of recycling endosomes. EFA6, an exchange factor for Arf6, has been proposed to stimulate the recycling of transferrin receptors. Thus, one consequence of EFA6 overexpression would be a reduction of the internal pool of receptors. We confirmed this observation in control HeLa cells; however, overexpression of EFA6 failed to decrease the internal pool of transferrin receptors that accumulate in cells previously depleted of PLD2. These observations suggest that either PLD2 is required for a constitutive Arf6-mediated recycling pathway or in the absence of PLD2 transferrin receptors accumulate in recycling endosomes that are not responsive to overexpression of EFA6.
Arp10p Is a Pointed-End-associated Component of Yeast Dynactin
Authors: Clark Sean W. , Rose Mark D.
Published: November 2005

In metazoans, dynein-dependent vesicle transport is mediated by dynactin, containing an actin-related protein, Arp1p, together with a cargo-selection complex containing a second actin-related protein, Arp11. Paradoxically, in budding yeast, models of dynactin function imply an interaction with membranes, whereas the lack of microtubule-based vesicle transport implies the absence of a cargo-selection complex. Using both genetic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that Arp10p is the functional yeast homologue of Arp11, suggesting the possible existence of a pointed-end complex in yeast. Specifically, Arp10p interacts with Arp1p and other dynactin subunits and is dependent on Arp1p for stability. Conversely, Arp10p stabilizes the dynactin complex by association with the Arp1p filament pointed end. Using a novel hRAS-Arp1p one-hybrid assay, we show that Arp1p associates with the plasma membrane dependent on dynactin subunits, but independent of dynein, and sensitive to cell wall damage. We directly show the association of Arp1p with not only the plasma membrane but also with a less dense membrane fraction. Based on the hRAS-Arp1p assay, loss of Arp10p enhances the apparent association of dynactin with the plasma membrane and suppresses the loss of signaling conferred by cell wall damage.
INVESTMENT IN PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE EFFECTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: KELLER KATARINA R. I.
Published: November 2005

This author analyzes the effects of primary, secondary, and higher education on per capita growth for flow measures of education: enrollment rates, public expenditures, and expenditures per student. Worldwide panels since 1960 and developing and developed country subsamples are examined. Secondary and higher education enrollment rates and expenditures per student in lower education stages and primary overall demonstrate significance. Public higher education expenditures overall and per student are disadvantageous. This study recommends raising enrollment rates and prioritizing public expenditures toward lower education stages, while ensuring that expenditures per student keep up with increases in student cohorts. Indirect effects of education are explored. (JELO11,H52,I28)
HOW IMPORTANT ARE CAPITAL AND TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH?
Authors: BAIER SCOTT L. , DWYER GERALD P. , TAMURA ROBERT
Published: November 2005

We examine the relative importance of the growth of physical and human capital and the growth of total factor productivity (TFP) using newly organized data on 145 countries that spans more than 100 years for 23 of these countries. For all countries, only 14% of average output growth per worker is associated with TFP growth. We use priors from theories to construct estimates of the relative importance of the variances of aggregate input growth and TFP growth across countries. Much of the importance of the variance of TFP growth across countries is associated with negative TFP growth. (JEL O47, O50, O57, O30, N10)
EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT AND INTRAFIRM MOBILITY
Authors: CHAN WILLIAM
Published: November 2005

In Chan (1996), I suggest that a contest between internal and external candidates for a position within a firm is generally biased in favor of the former to maintain work incentive for existing workers. This implies that a successful external candidate tends to be superior in ability relative to internally promoted colleagues and therefore enjoys a higher probability of subsequent promotion. Moreover, this effect tends to diminish up the hierarchy if external competition is more of a threat at lower job levels. Analyzing personnel data from a U.S. financial corporation, I find consistent support for this hypothesis. (JEL J00, J41)
LESSONS FROM A FAILED AIRLINE AUCTION
Authors: MEISTER J. PATRICK , ANDERSON KYLE J.
Published: November 2005

In 1995, USAir placed itself for sale in an English auction. Interestingly, no bids were placed. This does not imply that the available firm is not a valuable acquisition. If losing reduces profits, firms wish to avoid a profit‐reducing bidding war. However, in a sealed‐bid auction (with no credible nonparticipation commitments), firms place profit‐reducing bids in equilibrium. Also, a novelty of our analysis is the specification of the loser's profit rising with the price that the winner pays. This highlights an important explanation of bidding wars because a firm may bid simply to make the eventual winner pay a higher price. (JEL L1, L9)
TRACKING CUSTOMER SEARCH TO PRICE DISCRIMINATE
Authors: DECK CARY A. , WILSON BART J.
Published: November 2005

The electronic technologies of the Internet make it possible for sellers to track potential customers and discriminate between the informed and uninformed. In this article, we report an experiment that investigates the market impact of firms tracking customers and offering discriminatory prices based on search history. We find that consumers, on average, face the same prices when sellers have the ability to track customers and price discriminate as when sellers post a single price for all buyers. However, informed buyers receive lower prices when sellers can detect buyer search, whereas uninformed buyers receive lower prices when firms cannot track customers. (JEL D43, L13, C92)
AtNAC2, a transcription factor downstream of ethylene and auxin signaling pathways, is involved in salt stress response and lateral root development
Authors: He Xin‐Jian , Mu Rui‐Ling , Cao Wan‐Hong , Zhang Zhi‐Gang , Zhang Jin‐Song , Chen Shou‐Yi
Published: November 2005

An NAC‐type transcription factor gene AtNAC2 was identified from Arabidopsis thaliana when expression patterns of the genes from a microarray analysis were examined. The AtNAC2 expression was induced by salt stress and this induction was reduced in magnitude in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing tobacco ethylene receptor gene NTHK1. AtNAC2 is localized in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. It can form a homodimer in yeast. AtNAC2 was highly expressed in roots and flowers, but less expressed in other organs examined. In addition to the salt induction, the AtNAC2 can also be induced by abscisic acid (ABA), ACC and NAA. The salt induction was enhanced in the ethylene overproducer mutant eto1‐1, but suppressed in the ethylene‐insensitive mutants etr1‐1 and ein2‐1, and in the auxin‐insensitive mutant tir1‐1when compared with that in wild‐type plants. However, the salt induction of AtNAC2 was not significantly affected in the ABA‐insensitive mutants abi2‐1, abi3‐1 and abi4‐1. These results indicate that the salt response of AtNAC2 requires ethylene signaling and auxin signaling pathways but does not require ABI2, ABI3 and ABI4, intermediates of the ABA signaling pathway. Overexpression of AtNAC2 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants resulted in promotion of lateral root development. AtNAC2 also promoted or inhibited downstream gene expressions. These results indicate that AtNAC2 may be a transcription factor incorporating the environmental and endogenous stimuli into the process of plant lateral root development.
Abscisic acid‐activated SNRK2 protein kinases function in the gene‐regulation pathway of ABA signal transduction by phosphorylating ABA response element‐binding factors
Authors: Kobayashi Yuhko , Murata Michiharu , Minami Hideyuki , Yamamoto Shuhei , Kagaya Yasuaki , Hobo Tokunori , Yamamoto Akiko , Hattori Tsukaho
Published: November 2005

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces gene expression via the ABA‐response element (ABRE) present in the promoters of ABA‐regulated genes. A group of bZIP proteins have been identified as ABRE‐binding factors (ABFs) that activate transcription through this cis element. A rice ABF, TRAB1, has been shown to be activated via ABA‐dependent phosphorylation. While a large number of signalling factors have been identified that are involved in stomatal regulation by ABA, relatively less is known about the ABA‐signalling pathway that leads to gene expression. We have shown recently that three members of the rice SnRK2 protein kinase family, SAPK8, SAPK9 and SAPK10, are activated by ABA signal as well as by hyperosmotic stress. Here we show that transient overexpression in cultured cell protoplasts of these ABA‐activated SnRK2 protein kinases leads to the activation of an ABRE‐regulated promoter, suggesting that these kinases are involved in the gene‐regulation pathway of ABA signalling. We further show several lines of evidence that these ABA‐activated SnRK2 protein kinases directly phosphorylate TRAB1 in response to ABA. Kinetic analysis of SAPK10 activation and TRAB1 phosphorylation indicated that the latter immediately followed the former. TRAB1 was found to be phosphorylated not only in response to ABA, but also in response to hyperosmotic stress, which was interpreted as the consequence of phosphorylation of TRAB1 by hyperosmotically activated SAPKs. Physical interaction between TRAB1 and SAPK10 in vivo was demonstrated by a co‐immunoprecipitation experiment. Finally, TRAB1 was phosphorylated in vitro by the ABA‐activated SnRK2 protein kinases at Ser102, which is phosphorylated in vivo in response to ABA and is critical for the activation function.
Effects of intranasal fluticasone and salmeterol on allergen‐induced nasal responses
Authors: Parameswaran K. , Fanat A. , O'Byrne P. M.
Published: November 2005

Background:  Combination of inhaled steroid and long‐acting beta‐agonists has synergistic effects in asthma.

Objective:  To investigate whether nasal corticosteroid and long‐acting beta‐agonists have synergistic effects on allergen‐induced nasal responses.

Methods:  The effects of intranasal treatment with fluticasone p‐MDI (50 μg bid), salmeterol p‐MDI (25 μg bid), their combination, and placebo, on nasal symptoms, eosinophil differential cell count and albumin in nasal lavage fluid (measures of inflammation and leakage respectively) and nasal electrical potential difference (measure of epithelial integrity) were studied in 11 atopic subjects with rhinitis, in a randomized, partially‐blinded, 4‐period, cross‐over study. The measurements were made at baseline, at the end of 1 week of treatment, and immediately after a nasal allergen provocation.

Results:  Allergen‐induced sneeze, postnasal drip and nasal obstruction were significantly reduced by fluticasone, but not by salmeterol. Eosinophil count in postallergen nasal lavage fluid was significantly less after fluticasone (median 1.9%, IQR 4.6) and salmeterol treatment (median 2.5%, IQR 8.5) compared with placebo (median 12.5%, IQR 27.9). Compared with placebo, both fluticasone and salmeterol attenuated allergen‐induced change in nasal potential (mean change from baseline −18.5, +0.4 and −7.2% respectively) and the increase in nasal albumin (median 154, 119 and 130 ng/ml respectively). Combination treatment did not have any additional benefits over the individual therapies.

Conclusions:  Although salmeterol has anti‐inflammatory properties, intranasal salmeterol or its combination with fluticasone do not offer any added benefit over intranasal fluticasone alone for allergen‐induced nasal responses.
Pen ch 13 allergen induces secretion of mediators and degradation of occludin protein of human lung epithelial cells
Authors: Tai H.‐Y. , Tam M. F. , Chou H. , Peng H.‐J. , Su S.‐N. , Perng D.‐W. , Shen H.‐D.
Published: November 2005

Background:  Alkaline serine proteases from six prevalent airborne Penicillium and Aspergillus species have been identified as a group of major allergens (group 13). After entering human airways, the allergens are in initial contacts with respiratory epithelial cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate interactions between the Pen ch 13 allergen from P. chrysogenum and human lung epithelial cells.

Methods:  A549 cells, 16HBE14o‐ cells and primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpC) were exposed to purified Pen ch 13 and mediators released into culture supernatants were assayed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Cleavage of occludin in 16HBE14o‐ cells was analysed by immunofluorescent staining of whole cells and immunoblot analysis of whole cell extracts. Fragments generated by incubating Pen ch 13 and a synthetic peptide carrying the occludin sequence were analysed by mass spectrometry.

Results:  Pen ch 13 induced productions of prostaglandin‐E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)‐8 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 by A549 cells, 16HBE14o‐ cells and primary cultures of HBEpC. The protease activity of Pen ch 13 is needed for the induction of PGE2, IL‐8, TGF‐β1 and cyclo‐oxygenase (COX)‐2 expression. A tight junction protein occludin of 16HBE14o‐ cells can be cleaved by Pen ch 13 at Gln202 and Gln211 which are within the second extracellular domain of the protein.

Conclusion:  Pen ch 13 may contribute to asthma by damaging the barrier formed by the airway epithelium and stimulating the release of mediators that orchestrate local immune responses and inflammatory process from HBEpC.
EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF guideline: management of urticaria
Authors: Zuberbier T. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Canonica W. , Grattan C. E. H. , Greaves M. W. , Henz B. M. , Kapp A. , Kozel M. M. A. , Maurer M. , Merk H. F. , Schäfer T. , Simon D. , Vena G. A. , Wedi B.
Published: November 2005

This guideline is the result of a consensus reached during a panel discussion at the second International Consensus Meeting on Urticara, Urticaria 2004, a joint initiative of the EAACI Dermatology Section and GA2LEN. Urticaria has a profound impact on the quality of life, and effective treatment is therefore required. The recommended first line treatment are nonsedating H1 antihistamines. They have proven to be effective in double‐blind controlled studies, but dosages increased up to fourfold over the recommended doses may be necessary. However, for different urticaria subtypes and in view of individual variation in the course of the disease and response to treatment, additional or alternative therapies may be required. Immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporin A and corticosteroids are not recommended for long‐term treatment due to unavoidable severe adverse effects. This guideline was, in addition, accepted by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) and formally approved by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS).