bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental health system financing in developing countries: Policy questions and research responses
Authors: Chisholm Dan
Published: May 2019

To what extent does previous and existing health economics research directly address key health system financing issues facing mental health services in developing countries? By mapping WHO's health systems framework onto mental health, three key financing questions for mental health are identified: the sufficiency of resources for mental health; the protection of individuals or households against the economic consequences of mental ill-health; and the efficient use of available resources for mental health. Research efforts to date have mainly focused on the evaluation of intervention costs in relation to mental health outcomes (the efficiency question). There is a need to achieve a greater balance between economic analysis (aimed at identifying best buys) versus financial planning (scaling up the delivery or implementation of interventions shown to be cost-effective). In addition, a better understanding and clearer articulation of the negative impact of mental disorders at the household level is needed, together with ways of alleviating financial burden via appropriate and affordable pre-payment financing mechanisms.
Short-term depressive symptoms and 30-day prognosis of hospitalized patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes; the Greek Study of Acute Coronary Syndromes (GREECS)
Authors: Pitsavos Christos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. , Arapi Sophia , Giannopoulos George , Masoura Constandina , Tsiamis Eleftherios , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: May 2019

Aims– We evaluated whether short-term depressive symptoms are associated with the 30-day prognosis of hospitalized patients presented with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).Methods– A sample of 6 hospitals located in Greek urban and rural regions was selected. From October 2003 to September 2004, we recorded the non-fatal admissions of ACS. Assessment of depressive symptoms, during past month, was based on the CES-D scale (Radloff S., 1977).Results– 2172 patients were included in the study (1649, 76% were males). The mean CES-D score was 13.5±12 in male patients and 13.6±12 in females (p=0.89). Compared to patients with angina those who had non-Q-wave MI or Q-wave MI had higher CES-D score (12.3±11.6 vs. 15.3±12.8 vs. 13.2±11.9, p=0.001). The number of events during the first 30-day following discharge was 9.2% in males and 9.7% in females. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that 1-unit increase in CES-D was associated with 10% higher odds (95% CI 1.09–1.12) of re-current events (death or re-hospitalization), after adjusting for various socio-demographic, lifestyle and clinical factors.Conclusion– We revealed that short-term depressive symptoms are related to more severe disease and a worsen 30-day prognosis of patients hospitalized for ACS.

Declaration of Interest: None.
Sleep self-report measures: a literature review
Authors: Martoni Monica , Biagi Manuela
Published: May 2019

Aim – The widespread diffusion of sleep disorders (in particular, insomnia) in the general population and the presence of sleep complaints in many mental disorders and physical illnesses justifies an interest in their assessment and treatment, still today commonly underestimated. This study aims to describe the inexpensive and relatively easy-to-use self-report measures of sleep available in literature. Method – A literature search was conducted throughout the electronic literature database “Pubmed”, selecting the pertinent articles published up to December 2006. Results – The recovered material takes the following fields into account: aspect of sleep measured, statistical population, structure, time frame, sub-scales and psychometric properties. International literature presents somewhat heterogeneous sleep self-evaluation tools, which mainly measure sleep quality and the specific causes of sleep interference. As for the Italian context, the recovered material is somewhat modest, taking into account the number of publications. Conclusions – the critical points met in this review have led us to underline the characteristics of a hypothetical tool for sleep assessment to include in routine diagnoses.

Declaration of Interest: The authors have received no fees or other financial support potentially in conflict of interest with this scientific work.
Which community care for patients with schizophrenic disorders? Packages of Care provided by Departments of Mental Health in Lombardy (Italy)
Authors: Lora Antonio , Cosentino Ugo , Gandini Anna , Zocchetti Carlo
Published: May 2019

Aims– The treatment of schizophrenic disorders is the most important challenge for community care. The analysis focuses on packages of care provided to 23.602 patients with a ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenic disorder and treated in 2001 by the Departments of Mental Health in Lombardy, Italy.Methods– Packages of care refer to a mix of treatments provided to each patient during the year by different settings. Direct costs of the packages were calculated. Linear Discriminant Analysis has been used to link socio-demographic and diagnostic sub-groups of the patients to packages of care.Results– People with schizophrenic disorders received relatively few care packages: only four packages involved more than 5%. Two thirds of the patients received only care provided by Community Mental Health Centres. In the other two packages with a percentage over 5%, the activity was provided by CMHCs, jointly with General Hospitals or Day Care Facilities. Complex care packages were rare (only 6%). As well as the intensity, also the variety of care provided by CMHCs increased with the complexity of care packages. In Lombardy more than half of the resources were spent for schizophrenia. The range of the costs per package was very wide. LDA failed to link characteristics of the patients to packages of care.Conclusions– Care packages are useful tools to understand better how mental health system works, how resources have been spent and to point out problems in the quality of care.

Declaration of Interest: None.
Implementing local projects to reduce the stigma of mental illness
Authors: Warner Richard
Published: May 2019

This editorial describes strategies used and the lessons learned in implementing two local anti-stigma projects. The WPA Programme to Reduce Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia established projects to fight stigma in 20 countries, using social-marketing techniques to enhance their effectiveness. First steps at each site were to establish an action committee and conduct a survey of perceived stigma. Based on survey results, the action committees selected a few homogeneous and accessible target groups, such as employers, and criminal justice personnel. Messages and media were selected, tested, and refined. Guidelines are provided for setting up a consumer (service-user) speakers' bureau and for establishing a media-watch organization, which can lobby news and entertainment media to exclude negative portrayals of people with mental illness. Improvements in knowledge about mental illness were effected in high school students and criminal justice personnel. Positive changes in attitude towards people with mental illness were achieved with high school students, but were more difficult to achieve with police officers. Local antistigma projects can be effective in reducing stigma and relatively inexpensive. The involvement of consumers is important in working with police officers. Project organizers should be on the lookout for useful changes that can become permanent.
Does HIV serostatus affect outcomes of dually diagnosed opiate dependents in residential treatment?
Authors: Carrà Giuseppe , Montomoli Cristina , Monti Maria Cristina , Clerici Massimo
Published: May 2019

Backgroung– Little is known about specific treatment needs of mentally ill clients abusing substances and infected by HIV. The major gap concerns residential programmes.Aims– To explore differences in outcomes between seropositive and seronegative dually diagnosed opiate dependent clients who participated in a residential therapy programme.Methods– Data were gathered on 154 clients treated in a therapeutic community in Milan between October 1999 and September 2004. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to study the association between HIV serostatus and outcome.Results– At 12-month follow-up, seropositive clients were more likely to relapse.Conclusions– The impact of HIV seropositivity on behavioural outcomes should be taken into consideration when planning residential programmes for the HIV (+) dually diagnosed population. Further research could test the need of incorporating dedicated treatments into existing programmes.

Declaration of interest: None.
Sichere Pharmakotherapie im Notfall
Authors: Koppenberg Joachim , Ittner Karl-Peter , Albrecht Roland , Bucher Michael
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Pharmakotherapie im Notfall ist eine der am häufigsten eingeleiteten ärztlichen Massnahmen. Gleichzeitig ist eine Pharmakotherapie im Notfall auch immer eine potenziell gefährliche Aktion. Medikationsfehler zählen sogar zu den am häufigsten registrierten Fehlern in der Medizin. Aufgrund der speziellen Umstände in der Notfallmedizin bedarf es besonderer Vorkehrungen, um die Sicherheit der Arzneimitteltherapie zu gewährleisten. Dieser Artikel stellt neben den wichtigen Hintergrundinformationen anerkannte und in der täglichen Routine anwendbare Handlungsanweisungen zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit in der Pharmakotherapie dar.
Die Weitergabe von Traumata und Schuldverstrickungen zwischen den Generationen
Authors: Moré Angela
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Der Text setzt sich nach einem kurzen historischen Abriss zur Entstehung der Erkenntnisse über transgenerationale Übertragungen mit aktuellen Auffassungen zu psychischem Trauma und verschiedenen Formen der Traumatisierung auseinander. Im Zentrum steht die Frage nach den psychischen Mechanismen der unbewussten Weitergabe von nicht verarbeiteten Traumata. Die Autorin verweist auf Zusammenhänge mit körpersprachlicher und affektiver Kommunikation, beginnend in der frühen Kindheit, und auf die Bedeutung von szenischem Erinnern und Verstehen nonverbaler Mitteilungen. Dabei werden auch unterschiedliche Reaktionen bei Nachkommen von Überlebenden des Holocaust oder Folteropfern und bei Nachkommen von Täter/innen in den Blick genommen. Abschliessend werden einige Schlussfolgerungen für die klinische Praxis vorgestellt.
Chemotherapie-freie Behandlung von hämatologischen Neoplasien: Zukunftstraum oder beginnende Realität?
Authors: Ring Alexander , Müller Antonia M. S.
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Hämatologische Neoplasien sind eine heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen, denen eine klonale Expansion unreifer, dysfunktionaler Blutzellpopulationen zugrunde liegt. Durch Chemotherapie kann in einem Teil der Patienten eine Langzeitremission erzielt werden, Nebenwirkungen sind jedoch oft schwerwiegend und Rezidive häufig. Dass das Immunsystem stärkste Aktivität gegen Tumorzellen haben kann, ist aus dem Bereich der allogenen Stammzelltransplantation gut bekannt. Entsprechend werden seit Längerem verschiedene immunologische Therapieansätze zur Bekämpfung maligner Erkrankungen verfolgt. Neue Generationen antikörper- und zellbasierter Therapien führen zu exzellenten Remissionsraten, die Kombination verschiedener Technologien kulminiert heute in der Verbindung der gezielten Spezifität antikörperähnlicher Moleküle mit der Effizienz von Immuneffektorzellen durch den Einsatz genetisch veränderter T-Zellen. Daten zu Langzeitremissionen und Langzeitfolgen müssen noch reifen, um Wirksamkeit und Umsetzbarkeit, besonders prolongierter Therapien, abschliessend zu bewerten.
New Evidences on Anomalous Phenomenon of Buildings in Regulating Urban Climate From Observations in Beijing, China
Authors: Kuang Wenhui
Published: May 2019

Urban buildings and parks play an important role in regulating urban climate and ecosystem services. Diurnal air temperature range (DTRa) of rocklike buildings is commonsensically regarded as higher due to no latent heat from evapotranspiration and its smaller thermal inertia compared to wet soil. Therefore, the building DTRa is supposed to be higher than that of parks due to its building fabric. However, we found an opposite phenomenon (smaller building DTRa than that of parks), and the underlying mechanisms explaining this phenomenon are unclear. Here we conducted, in Beijing (China), a long‐term observational campaign of standard meteorological variables and radiation/energy fluxes to provide a new valuable evidence (a part of external energy) to explain this phenomenon. The observations indicated external heat energies from horizontal advection and anthropogenic heat sources. We found a significantly lower building DTRa than that of parks (ΔDTRa =2.53±1.93 °C), with a maximum difference of 3.54±1.96 °C in autumn; which was mainly attributed to higher daily minimum air temperature. We also found the large differences in air temperature contribution between the buildings and the parks happened mainly at night. The external heat sources of the building contributed 16.71% to the nighttime air temperature, which was higher than that of the parks (8.39%). The more indoor and outdoor anthropogenic heat sources in the building footprints were the major cause of the slower decrease in Tmin. The comparison between buildings and parks can be extensively applied to analyzing the effects of urbanization on climate.
How Do Modeling Decisions Affect the Spread Among Hydrologic Climate Change Projections? Exploring a Large Ensemble of Simulations Across a Diversity of Hydroclimates
Authors: Chegwidden Oriana S. , Nijssen Bart , Rupp David E. , Arnold Jeffrey R. , Clark Martyn P. , Hamman Joseph J. , Kao Shih‐Chieh , Mao Yixin , Mizukami Naoki , Mote Philip W. , Pan Ming , Pytlak Erik , Xiao Mu
Published: May 2019

Methodological choices can have strong effects on projections of climate change impacts on hydrology. In this study, we investigate the ways in which four different steps in the modeling chain influence the spread in projected changes of different aspects of hydrology. To form the basis of these analyses, we constructed an ensemble of 160 simulations from permutations of two Representative Concentration Pathways, 10 global climate models, two downscaling methods, and four hydrologic model implementations. The study is situated in the Pacific Northwest of North America, which has relevance to a diverse, multinational cast of stakeholders. We analyze the effects of each modeling decision on changes in gridded hydrologic variables of snow water equivalent and runoff, as well as streamflow at point locations. Results show that the choice of representative concentration pathway or global climate model is the driving contributor to the spread in annual streamflow volume and timing. On the other hand, hydrologic model implementation explains most of the spread in changes in low flows. Finally, by grouping the results by climate region the results have the potential to be generalized beyond the Pacific Northwest. Future hydrologic impact assessments can use these results to better tailor their modeling efforts.
Exposing the Distributions and Elemental Associations of Scavenged Particulate Phases in the Ocean Using Basin‐Scale Multi‐Element Data Sets
Authors: Ohnemus Daniel C. , Torrie Renee , Twining Benjamin S.
Published: May 2019

The GEOTRACES program has greatly increased basin‐scale concentration measurements for a large number of elements in the ocean, both constraining external sources and internal sinks and exposing complex internal cycles of trace elements. Our conceptual frameworks for marine trace element cycling, however, often remain simplified as the production and remineralization of phytoplankton biomass. Despite their complexity, or perhaps because of it, trace element cycles are often predominantly considered as an extension of traditional Redfield macronutrient ratios to C or P. Here we utilize extensive data sets of particulate trace element concentrations from GEOTRACES section cruises in the South Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans to look for evidence of the internal cycles of multiple trace elements without requiring normalization to phytoplankton biomass. Using both traditional and expanded power law regression analyses and multi‐element factor analysis, we expose the internal distributions of six authigenic, biogenic, and lithogenic particulate phases and their multi‐element associations. Critically, no particulate trace element is observed to behave identically to P. Observations include a scavenged Fe phase with a slight surface maximum, which increases linearly with depth below ~ 300 m and which appears to co‐scavenge Cu, V, and La. Particulate Co is found to be associated with phytoplankton, Mn‐biooxides just below the mixed layer, and with a putative heterotrophic phase observed in the surface and at depth. We present an expanded conceptual framework for particulate trace element cycling that has explicit roles for these multiple particulate phases.
The Influence of Phenocrysts on Degassing in Crystal‐Bearing Magmas With Rhyolitic Groundmass Melts
Authors: deGraffenried R. L. , Larsen J. F. , Graham N. A. , Cashman K. V.
Published: May 2019

The porosity at which a magma becomes permeable (i.e., the percolation threshold; ϕc) is important for magma degassing; it is also poorly constrained in crystal‐bearing systems. To address this, we conduct high pressure‐temperature decompression experiments on water‐saturated rhyolitic melts with variable crystal contents. We find that crystal‐bearing run products become permeable at ~55‐vol.% vesicularity (crystal free), a value that is similar to that found in decompression‐crystallization experiments using basaltic andesite compositions. Our results provide insight into controls on the eruption styles of hydrous, crystal‐bearing magmas in general and controls on pulsatory Vulcanian behavior, in particular.
Localized Ionization Hypothesis for Transient Ionospheric Layers
Authors: Crismani M. M. J. , Deighan J. , Schneider N. M. , Plane J. M. C. , Withers P. , Halekas J. , Chaffin M. , Jain S.
Published: May 2019

The persistent two‐peaked vertical structure of the Martian ionosphere is created by extreme and far ultraviolet radiation whose energies, respectively, determine their ionization altitude. A third low‐altitude transient layer (previously referred to as M3 or Mm) has been observed by radio occultation techniques and attributed to meteor ablation. However, recent remote sensing and in situ observations disfavor a meteoric origin. Here we propose an alternative hypothesis for these apparent layers associated with impact ionization from penetrating solar wind ions, previously observed as proton aurora. Localized ionization, occurring nonglobally at a given altitude range, breaks the symmetry assumed by the radio occultation technique, and creates electron layers apparently lower in the ionosphere than their true altitude. This may occur when the upstream bow shock is altered by a radial interplanetary magnetic field configuration, which allows the solar wind to penetrate directly into the thermosphere. This localized ionization hypothesis provides an explanation for apparent layers' wide variation in heights and their transient behavior. Moreover, this hypothesis is testable with new observations by the Mars Atmospheric and Volatile EvolutioN Radio Occultation Science Experiment in future Mars years. This hypothesis has implications for the ionospheres of Venus and Titan, where similar transient layers have been observed.
The Effect of Oxygen on the Limiting H+ Flux in the Topside Ionosphere
Authors: Krall J. , Huba J. D.
Published: May 2019

The Naval Research Laboratory Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI2) ionosphere/plasmasphere code is used to examine the physics of ionosphere outflow from the topside ionosphere during poststorm plasmasphere refilling. We find that refilling rates increase with increasing oxygen density for low solar activity (F10.7<150). At high solar activity (F10.7 > 180) refilling rates decrease slightly with increasing nO because O‐O+ collisions limit the density of O+ that is the source of the H+ outflow. Modeled outflows agree closely with the Richards and Torr (1985) analytic expression for the limiting H+ escape flux. Results show that refilling is sensitive to the O density, a factor that is not explicit in the Richards and Torr (1985) formula.
Interplate Coupling Distribution Along the Nankai Trough in Southwest Japan Estimated From the Block Motion Model Based on Onshore GNSS and Seafloor GNSS/A Observations
Authors: Kimura Hiroshi , Tadokoro Keiichi , Ito Takeo
Published: May 2019

Along the Nankai Trough of southwest Japan, large‐magnitude interplate earthquakes (M > 8) have occurred repeatedly, with recurrence intervals of approximately 100 years. It is essential to estimate more precisely the spatial distribution of interplate coupling; that is, along‐strike and along‐dip heterogeneity of the coupling ratio defined as the slip deficit rate divided by the plate convergence rate, for understanding the mechanisms and/or assessing the potential of future mega interplate earthquakes in this region. Recently, the seafloor Global Navigation Satellite System‐Acoustic (GNSS/A) combination technique observation network has been extended, and we can now obtain crustal displacement fields for both onshore and offshore regions. In this study, we estimate interplate coupling distribution along the Nankai Trough using both seafloor GNSS/A and onshore GNSS data with the block motion model, minimizing the spatial variations of modeling uncertainties of coupling estimates. Seafloor GNSS/A data depict very strong coupling near the trough axis off of Tokai, as well as trough‐parallel heterogeneity in interplate coupling at the shallow plate interface. Using the block motion model confirmed that observed crustal deformation above the deep plate interface in SW Japan is dominated by rigid block motion rather than elastic response to slip deficit on the deep plate interface of the subducting Philippine Sea plate. The minimization of spatial variations for the modeling uncertainties of coupling estimates helps us to estimate the coupling distribution with nearly homogeneous uncertainties between offshore and onshore regions, which is useful for evaluation of interplate earthquakes and/or tsunamis hazards.
Does In Situ State of Stress Affect Fracture Flow in Crystalline Settings?
Authors: Mattila Jussi , Follin Sven
Published: May 2019

Whether in situ state of stress affects fracture flow in approximately 1‐km‐deep crystalline rock setting is investigated by analyzing a unique fracture database, consisting of 193,698 discrete fractures out of which 6,223 were detected as flowing during steady state pumping. The database is based on fracture data acquired in deep surface‐based holes drilled during the site investigations for underground high‐level spent nuclear fuel repositories in Finland and Sweden. By computing effective normal and shear stress magnitudes on the planes of all identified fractures, we show that the probability for critically stressed fractures to be flowing is low and low normal stress values provide a slightly better indicator for fracture flow. Our results further show that at shallow settings, fracture criticality is driven by low normal stresses as the distributions of shear stress values for flowing and nonflowing fractures are very similar. The results also show that the effect of in situ stress on fracture flow is relatively low and in situ stress or its associated derivatives (shear and normal stresses) cannot be used directly in a deterministic manner for the prediction of fracture flow. As a consequence, if hydromechanical concepts are invoked for modeling fracture flow, a probabilistic approach is needed. In such an approach, we emphasize the role of low normal stresses over the concept of critically stressed fractures, as the use of normal stresses does not require the selection of a certain friction coefficient value, defining the boundary between critical and noncritical fractures.
Speleoseismological Constraints on Ground Shaking Threshold and Seismogenic Sources in the Pollino Range (Calabria, Southern Italy)
Authors: Ferranti Luigi , Pace Bruno , Valentini Alessandro , Montagna Paolo , Pons‐Branchu Edwige , Tisnérat‐Laborde Nadine , Maschio Laura
Published: May 2019

Speleoseismological research carried out in the Pollino Range (Calabria, southern Italy), an area of alleged seismic gap in the active extensional belt running along the Southern Apennines, has placed constraints on the recurrence of M > 6 earthquakes, on the expected ground shaking threshold and on definition of seismogenic sources in the region. Radiometric (U‐Th, AMS‐14C, and bulk‐14C) dating of before and after deformation layers from collapsed or tilted cave speleothems indicates that six speleoseismic events have occurred in the area during the last ~42 ka, with a mean recurrence of ~5.6 ka. Based on the in situ measured geometry and laboratory determined mechanical properties of speleothems and using an ad hoc seismogenic source model for northern Calabria, which involved both normal and strike‐slip faults, we evaluate the seismic hazard at the cave sites. The numerical models to compute the ground horizontal acceleration threshold for speleothem failure was tested against intact and currently growing stalactites. The inferred age of these stalactites calibrated using established average speleothem growth rates of 0.3–1.2 cm/ka, ranges from ~0.7 to ~10 ka, with most of them younger than ~5.6 ka. Results show that the ~0.8‐ to 1.0‐g peak ground acceleration threshold estimated for collapsed speleothems every 5.6 ka was achieved during strong (M > 6) and close (epicentral distance < 12 km) earthquakes. Considering a mean speleoseismic event recurrence of 5.6 ka and that no speleoseismic shaking has occurred in the last 5.5 ka, the probability of occurrence of an M > 6 event in the area in the next few centuries is quite high.
Makassar Strait Throughflow Seasonal and Interannual Variability: An Overview
Authors: Gordon Arnold L. , Napitu Asmi , Huber Bruce A. , Gruenburg Laura K. , Pujiana Kandaga , Agustiadi Teguh , Kuswardani Anastasia , Mbay Nurman , Setiawan Agus
Published: May 2019

The Makassar Strait throughflow of ~12–13 Sv, representing ~77% of the total Indonesian Throughflow, displays fluctuations over a broad range of time scales, from intraseasonal to seasonal (monsoonal) and interannual scales. We now have 13.3 years of Makassar throughflow observations: November 1996 to early July 1998; January 2004 to August 2011; and August 2013 to August 2017. Strong southward transport is evident during boreal summer, modulated by an ENSO interannual signal, with weaker southward flow and a deeper subsurface velocity maximum during El Niño; stronger southward flow with a shallower velocity maximum during La Niña. Accordingly, the southward heat flux, a product of the along‐channel current and temperature profiles, is significantly larger in summer and slightly larger during La Niña. The southward flow relaxed in 2014 and more so in 2015/2016, similar though not as extreme as during the strong El Niño event of 1997. In 2017, the throughflow increased to ~20 Sv. Since 2016, the deep layer, 300‐ to 760‐m southward transport increases, almost doubling to ~7.5 Sv. From mid‐2016 into early 2017, the transports above 300 m and below 300 m are about equal, whereas previously, the ratio was about 2.7:1. Near zero or northward flow occurs in the upper 100 m during boreal winter, albeit with interannual variability. Particularly strong winter reversals were observed in 2014/2015 and 2016/2017, the latter being the strongest winter reversal revealed in the entire Makassar time series.
Evolution of Sea Surface Salinity Anomalies in the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean During 2010–2011 Influenced by a Negative IOD Event
Authors: Sun Qiwei , Du Yan , Zhang Yuhong , Feng Ming , Chowdary Jasti S. , Chi Jianwei , Qiu Shuang , Yu Weidong
Published: May 2019

Using Argo observations and Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean data sets, this study investigates the sea surface salinity (SSS) variability and its relationship with ocean dynamics in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean (SWTIO) associated with the 2010 negative Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) event. The results show that the ocean circulation in the tropical southern Indian Ocean (IO) significantly contributes to the SSS anomalies during the evolution of the negative IOD event. The anomalous eastward current advected the high‐salinity water into the eastern equatorial IO during July–October 2010. Then the positive SSS anomalies expanded southward to 6–8°S due to the southeastward mean seasonal currents in the eastern equatorial IO during November–December 2010. A salinity budget analysis has been used to identify key processes in contributing to the SSS variations in the SWTIO. The decreased precipitation in the western and central equatorial IO leads to high SSS anomalies from January to April 2011. Then the anomalous southwestward currents transport the higher SSS water from the eastern equatorial IO to the SWTIO until May–June 2011. At the same time, the upwelling Rossby waves shoal the thermocline and mixed layer depth, bringing high‐salinity subsurface water to the surface layer and cooling the sea surface temperature, which further depresses local precipitation to provide a positive feedback for the SSS increase.
Variations in Rates of Biological Production in the Beaufort Gyre as the Arctic Changes: Rates From 2011 to 2016
Authors: Ji Brenda Y. , Sandwith Zoe O. , Williams William J. , Diaconescu Oana , Ji Rubao , Li Yun , Van Scoy Emma , Yamamoto‐Kawai Michiyo , Zimmermann Sarah , Stanley Rachel H. R.
Published: May 2019

The Arctic Ocean is experiencing profound environmental changes as the climate warms. Understanding how these changes will affect Arctic biological productivity is key for predicting future Arctic ecosystems and the global CO2balance. Here we use in situ gas measurements to quantify rates of gross oxygen production (GOP, total photosynthesis) and net community production (NCP, net CO2drawdown by the biological pump) in the mixed layer in summer or fall from 2011 to 2016 in the Beaufort Gyre. NCP and GOP show spatial and temporal variations with higher values linked with lower concentrations of sea ice and increased upper ocean stratification. Mean rates of GOP range from 8 ± 1 to 54 ± 9 mmol O2·m−2·d−1with the highest mean rates occurring in summer of 2012. Mean rates of NCP ranged from 1.3 ± 0.2 to 2.9 ± 0.5 mmol O2·m−2·d−1. The mean ratio of NCP/GOP, a measure of how efficiently the ecosystem is recycling its nutrients, ranged from 0.04 to 0.17, similar to ratios observed at lower latitudes. Additionally, a large increase in total photosynthesis that occurred in 2012, a year of historically low sea ice coverage, persisted for many years. Taken together, these data provide one of the most complete characterizations of interannual variations of biological productivity in this climatically important region, can serve as a baseline for future changes in rates of production, and give an intriguing glimpse of how this region of the Arctic may respond to future lack of sea ice.
Revised Global Wave Number Spectra From Recent Altimeter Observations
Authors: Vergara Oscar , Morrow Rosemary , Pujol Isabelle , Dibarboure Gérald , Ubelmann Clément
Published: May 2019

Global sea surface height wave number spectra are revisited using the most recent, lower‐noise satellite altimeter missions from Saral/AltiKa and Sentinel‐3 and compared to Jason‐2 wave number spectra. Spectral preprocessing is configured to minimize the spectral slope distortion in the mesoscale wavelength range. A geographically variable wavelength range is used to calculate the spectral slopes, taking into account the regional eddy length scales based on the local Rossby radius. This dynamical wavelength range increases the spectral slope by 0.5 in middle to high latitudes, compared to a fixed wavelength range, and by ‐1.0 to 1.0 in different regions of the intertropical band. Using this dynamical wavelength range, mean sea surface height wave number spectra for these lower‐noise missions exhibit low slope values (k‐2) in the intertropical band, values of k‐11/3 in the midlatitudes, and reaches k‐5 in the subpolar regions and the Antarctic circumpolar current. An important seasonality is also revealed, with mesoscale spectral slope amplitudes decreasing in winter by 0.5 to 1.5 compared to summer, for the middle‐ to high‐energy regions. A phase‐locked internal tide correction is tested but has only a small impact on the spectral slope estimates when using the dynamical wavelength range.
Effect of Energetic Electron Precipitation on the Northern Polar Vortex: Explaining the QBO Modulation via Control of Meridional Circulation
Authors: Salminen A. , Asikainen T. , Maliniemi V. , Mursula K.
Published: May 2019

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) affects the high‐latitude middle atmosphere by producing NOX compounds that destroy ozone. Earlier studies have shown that in the wintertime polar stratosphere, increased EEP enhances the westerly wind surrounding the pole, the polar vortex. This EEP effect has been found to depend on the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) of equatorial winds, but the mechanism behind this modulation has so far remained unresolved. In this study we examine the atmospheric effect of EEP and its modulation by QBO using the corrected electron flux measurements by NOAA/POES satellites and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data of zonal wind, temperature, and ozone in winter months of 1980–2016. We verify the EEP‐related strengthening of the polar vortex, warming (cooling) in the upper (lower) stratosphere and a reduction of ozone mass mixing ratio in the polar stratosphere. We also verify that the EEP effect is stronger and more significant especially in late winter, when the QBO at 30 hPa is easterly. We find here that the difference in the EEP effect between the two QBO phases is largest using a roughly 6‐month lag for QBO. We demonstrate that ozone mass mixing ratio in the lower polar stratosphere, a proxy for the strength of Brewer‐Dobson circulation, is also larger during QBO‐E than QBO‐W, with the difference maximizing when the QBO is lagged by 6 months. Our findings indicate that the modulation of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation by QBO controls how the EEP affects the polar vortex.
Influence of Black Carbon Aerosol on the Atmospheric Instability
Authors: Talukdar Shamitaksha , Venkat Ratnam M. , Ravikiran V. , Chakraborty Rohit
Published: May 2019

To date, influence of aerosols on the atmospheric stability and hence on the convection/precipitation is not well understood. From the detailed analysis carried out using high‐accuracy radiosonde and Aethalometer measurements, a significant decrease in the convective available potential energy has been noticed in association with the increase in surface concentration of black carbon (BC) for a restricted range of precipitable water vapor and under similar environmental background (wind speed, direction, and cloud cover) over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), a tropical rural site in southern peninsular India. A number of case studies along with statistical analysis indicate a notable perturbation in the temperature profile associated with high‐surface BC concentration conditions compared to the regional mean concentration of the same. A discernible fall in the temperature lapse rate within and above the local boundary layer in association with the higher BC concentration has been observed, which in turn reduces the available potential energy for convection decreasing the positive buoyancy required for a rising moist air parcel. This observation has been noticed over a nonurban location, but the phenomenon is not location dependent and is more applicable to the urban regions where BC concentration is likely to be much higher.
Capillary Length and Field Capacity in Draining Soil Profiles
Authors: Aldrees A. , Nachabe M.
Published: May 2019

The capillary length (λs) and time (ts) are dynamic scalars that emerge routinely in the infiltration problem when gravitational and pressure gradients forces are involved. During drainage, however, capillary gradients oppose gravity and retain soil moisture close to surface. In this case, the pull of capillary gradients increases with drainage time and offsets gravity resulting in a quasi‐hydrostatic pressure distribution and negligibly small drainage flux in the profile. In this paper, it is proposed to anchor the dynamic concept of field capacity—the attainment of a small negligible drainage flux—in the physics of soil moisture redistribution as influenced by gravity and capillary forces. Similar to infiltration, this dynamic approach grounds the concept of field capacity in soil hydrology and allows its estimation from readily measured intrinsic physical characteristics such as λs, ts, and Ks. Finally, we exploit an analytical solution by Broadbridge and White (1988, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i001p00145) to track the drainage front as soil water redistributes in an initially saturated soil profile. While initially large, the downward migrating drainage front decelerates with time reaching near steady state condition at t ≈ 1,000ts. Quasi‐hydrostatic pressure matric head and water content profiles develop above the drainage front.
Risks and Causes of Population Exposure to Cumulative Fine Particulate (PM2.5) Pollution in China
Authors: Han Lijian , Zhou Weiqi , Pickett Steward T. A. , Li Weifeng , Qian Yuguo
Published: May 2019

China's policy on atmospheric pollution is changeable in recent years. The single‐year estimated population exposure to air pollution is widely used in China where has the largest population and the heaviest fine particulate (PM2.5) pollution worldwide. However, the single‐year estimate introduces considerable uncertainty and loses consideration on multiyear cumulative exposure, thus may underestimate the burden of disease and mislead decisions regarding environmental conservation. We thus estimate the cumulative population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from 2000 to 2015. Areas with PM2.5 > 35 μg/m3 within China's territory increased from an average of 39% (2000–2005) to 42% (2006–2015), causing 471.6 million population at 58.8 × 104 km2 were exposed to 16 years' cumulative exposure to PM2.5 > 35 μg/m3. The migrant population contributed a major proportion of the increased population exposure, especially in East China's rapidly urbanizing areas. Cumulative population exposure to air pollution would provide a better understanding on the long‐term health risk and may suggest to a long, stable, and effective environmental protection regulation and policy should be carried out in China.
The Infrastructure Trolley Problem: Positioning Safe‐to‐fail Infrastructure for Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Kim Yeowon , Chester Mikhail V. , Eisenberg Daniel A. , Redman Charles L.
Published: May 2019

Motivated by the need for cities to prepare for and adapt to climate change, we advance the paradigm of safe‐to‐fail by focusing on the decision dilemmas and the consideration of infrastructure failure consequences in developing infrastructure. Infrastructures are largely designed as fail‐safe; that is, they are not intended to fail, and when failure happens, the consequences are severe. Safe‐to‐fail has been recently presented as the antithesis of fail‐safe, without any specific guidance of what the paradigm is or how to apply it. There is an emerging need for stakeholders, including policy makers, planners, engineers, utilities, and communities to understand infrastructure failures, bring their knowledge into the infrastructure development process, and help adapt cities to unpredictable and changing climate risks. We frame safe‐to‐fail as an infrastructure development paradigm that internalizes the consequences of infrastructure failure in the development process. This framing of safe‐to‐fail further reveals an emerging “infrastructure trolley problem” where the adaptive capacity of some regions is improved at the expense of others. We demonstrate practical dilemmas in developing infrastructure under nonstationary climate and guide managing trade‐offs in the prioritization of different consequences of infrastructure failure.
Sharing Data Helps Puerto Ricans Rebound After Hurricane Maria
Authors: Hart Julia , Bandaragoda Christina , Ramirez-Toro Graciela
Published: May 2019

Recent hurricane seasons left many communities wondering if this is this the new normal. Digital infrastructure designed for citizen data collection may help these communities increase resilience.
Strain Rate Distribution in South‐Central Tibet From Two Decades of InSAR and GPS
Authors: Wang Hua , Wright Tim J. , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Peng Lincai
Published: May 2019

The degree to which deformation and seismicity is focused on major mapped structures remains a key unknown in assessing seismic hazards and testing continental deformation models. Here we combine 208 Global Positioning System (GPS) velocities with 12‐track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) rate maps to form high‐resolution velocity and strain rate fields for south‐central Tibet. Our results show that deformation is not evenly distributed across the region. We find a few zones with high strain rates, most notably the Yutian‐Zhongba strain rate zone. However, the average of the strain rates is similar within and outside the mapped fault zones. In addition, the slip rates are low on all the conjugate strike‐slip faults widespread in central Tibet. The observations are difficult to reconcile with time‐invariant block models or with continuum models that lack mechanisms for strain localization. Our results support arguments that the most robust estimates of seismic hazard should integrate seismicity catalogues, active fault maps, and geodetic strain rate models.
Melting Experiments on Liquidus Phase Relations in the Fe‐S‐O Ternary System Under Core Pressures
Authors: Yokoo Shunpei , Hirose Kei , Sinmyo Ryosuke , Tagawa Shoh
Published: May 2019

Melting experiments on the Fe‐S‐O ternary system were performed to 208 GPa in a laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell. Compositions of liquids and coexisting solids in recovered samples were examined using a field‐emission‐type electron microprobe. The results demonstrate that the ternary eutectic point shifts toward the oxygen‐rich, sulfur‐poor side with increasing pressure, in accordance with changes in eutectic liquid compositions in the Fe‐O and Fe‐S binary systems. We also found that solid Fe crystallizing from liquid Fe‐S‐O does not include oxygen, while the partitioning of sulfur into solid Fe is enhanced with increasing pressure. These indicate that oxygen‐rich, sulfur‐poor liquid crystallizes Fe at the inner core boundary; however, it makes a large density difference between the liquid and solid core, which is inconsistent with observations. Alternatively, we found that a range of C‐bearing, S‐poor/O‐rich liquids account for the density and velocity in the outer core and the density in the inner core.
The 2017–2018 Maple Creek Earthquake Sequence in Yellowstone National Park, USA
Authors: Pang Guanning , Koper Keith D. , Hale J. Mark , Burlacu Relu , Farrell Jamie , Smith Robert B.
Published: May 2019

We explore the detailed spatiotemporal evolution of 3,345 earthquakes that occurred near Maple Creek, Yellowstone, for the time period of 12 June 2017 to 13 March 2018. We generate high‐accuracy relocations and near source VP/VS ratios using 4.4 million P wave and S wave differential travel times derived from waveform cross correlation. The hypocenters can be subdivided geographically into two major subpopulations: a northern cluster with planar structures striking mainly NW‐SE and a southern cluster with planar structures striking mainly E‐W. We observe VP/VS ratios of 1.39–1.66 in the northern cluster and a steady ratio of 1.50 in the southern cluster, suggesting the presence of CO2‐filled cracks. We interpret the northern earthquake cluster primarily as long‐lived aftershocks of the 1959 Mw 7.2 Hebgen Lake earthquake but with some influence of magmatic fluids. We interpret the southern earthquake cluster as a more classic, swarm‐like sequence induced primarily by the migration of magmatic fluids.
Modeling a Transient Secondary Paleolunar Atmosphere: 3‐D Simulations and Analysis
Authors: Aleinov I. , Way M. J. , Harman C. , Tsigaridis K. , Wolf E. T. , Gronoff G.
Published: May 2019

The lunar history of water deposition, loss, and transport postaccretion has become an important consideration in relation to the possibility of a human outpost on the Moon. Very recent work has shown that a secondary primordial atmosphere of up to 10 mbar could have been emplaced ∼3.5×109 years ago due to volcanic outgassing from the maria. Using a zero‐dimensional chemistry model, we demonstrate the temperature dependence of the resulting major atmospheric components (CO or CO2). We use a three‐dimensional general circulation model to test the viability of such an atmosphere and derive its climatological characteristics. Based on these results, we then conjecture on its capability to transport volatiles outgassed from the maria to the permanently shadowed regions at the poles. Our preliminary results demonstrate that atmospheres as low as 1 mbar are viable and that permanent cold trapping of volatiles is only possible at the poles.
Source Complexity of the 2015 Mw 4.0 Guthrie, Oklahoma Earthquake
Authors: Wu Qimin , Chen Xiaowei , Abercrombie Rachel E.
Published: May 2019

We demonstrate the complex source process of a potentially induced Mw 4.0 earthquake near Guthrie, Oklahoma. Relative source time functions (RSTFs), retrieved using a time domain empirical Green's function (EGF) deconvolution method, show clear evidence of rupture complexity with the presence of multiple pulses and systematic azimuthal variations. Directivity analysis reveals a well‐defined rupture propagation at ~120° toward the southeast. Detailed modeling of the RSTFs results in a four‐subevent model spanning ~1 s in time and ~1.5 km in space, in which the earthquake ruptured four successive slip episodes unilaterally to the southeast. Multiple EGF spectral ratio analysis also shows significant complexity as evidenced by azimuth‐dependent deviations from the omega‐square (Brune) model. The observations of the concentration of early aftershocks at the periphery of the inferred rupture model along the rupture direction and amplified ground motions at stations to the southeast can both be well explained by the directivity effect.
EMIC Waves Converted From Equatorial Noise Due to M/Q = 2 Ions in the Plasmasphere: Observations From Van Allen Probes and Arase
Authors: Miyoshi Y. , Matsuda S. , Kurita S. , Nomura K. , Keika K. , Shoji M. , Kitamura N. , Kasahara Y. , Matsuoka A. , Shinohara I. , Shiokawa K. , Machida S. , Santolik O. , Boardsen S. A. , Horne R. B. , Wygant J. F.
Published: May 2019

Equatorial noise (EN) emissions are observed inside and outside the plasmapause. EN emissions are referred to as magnetosonic mode waves. Using data from Van Allen Probes and Arase, we found conversion from EN emissions to electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the plasmasphere and in the topside ionosphere. A low‐frequency part of EN emissions becomes EMIC waves through branch splitting of EN emissions, and the mode conversion from EN to EMIC waves occurs around the frequency of M/Q = 2 (deuteron and/or alpha particles) cyclotron frequency. These processes result in plasmaspheric EMIC waves. We investigated the ion composition ratio by characteristic frequencies of EN emissions and EMIC waves and obtained ion composition ratios. We found that the maximum composition ratio of M/Q = 2 ions is ~10% below 3,000 km. The quantitative estimation of the ion composition will contribute to improving the plasma model of the deep plasmasphere and the topside ionosphere.