bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The urban commodity futures of the Olympics: Examining the multiscalar processes of the Games
Authors: Trubina Elena
Published: June 2019

This paper seeks to establish the theoretical concept of ‘urban commodity futures’ by drawing on David Harvey’s account of the contradictions of capitalism and Wladimir Andreff’s analysis of Olympic bidding as a monopolist allocation process based on auctioning in the context of asymmetrical information. ‘Urban commodity futures’ are shown to be a process of urban change both enabled by and formative of the boosters of ‘the next big thing in the city’. The discursive performativity of visions of the urban future generated by the boosters both creates new and reproduces existing possibilities for profitable manipulation of the public sector. The boosters unite geographically disparate markets in the global auction of assets and ambitions by establishing specific connections between places through bidding competitions and by capitalizing on existing contradictions. The bidding itself becomes an auction in which urban commodity futures are traded to strengthen the links between local capital and transnational corporations. When considered in light of ‘urban commodity futures’, the case of the 2014 Winter Games offers a stimulating inversion of some narratives of the Games, whereby developing countries are presented as striving to ‘earn’ the global community’s attention.
Assessment of Urban Railway Transit Driver Workload and Fatigue under Real Working Conditions
Authors: Huang Yuan-chun , Li Lan-peng , Liu Zhi-gang , Zhu Hai-yan , Zhu Lin
Published: June 2019

This paper describes an experiment conducted to establish a workload model by employing physiological methods to measure driver workload and fatigue under real working conditions. Experienced healthy metro drivers were selected as subjects; they performed normal schedules during which simultaneous electrocardiogram (ECG) recording was used to assess their levels of fatigue. Then, subjective workload assessment and reaction time tests were conducted during each break interval to monitor the drivers’ physiological and psychological performance. Based on task analysis, driving workload models with time weight parameters of four types of tasks were established and the workload real-time changes during different shifts were evaluated. The results demonstrate that workload tends to increase over time and it is significantly higher during manual driving mode than autonomous mode ( p = 0.015 < 0.05). Driving fatigue occurs earlier in the night shift than in the day shift according to ECG spectrum analysis results. Although the results of reaction time tests show no significance ( p = 0.917 > 0.05), the increase in the number of reaction errors after fatigue driving indicates a reduction in drivers’ cognitive ability. Regression analysis shows a significant regression relationship with a mutual incentive effect between workload and fatigue in three shifts ( R2 > 0.4). These will be used as a future reference for fatigue research and to help develop reasonable schedules to ensure operational safety.
Using Augmented Reality Flashcards to Learn Vocabulary in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Chen Ruo Wei , Chan Kan Kan
Published: June 2019

Augmented Reality (AR) flashcards have emerged as an important educational resource for language learning. However, there is limited research on its application in early childhood education. This article aims to explore the technology’s value in early childhood education by comparing it with traditional paper flashcards. To that end, a study was conducted in which 98 children, aged between 5 and 6 years, and four teachers, all from a Macau kindergarten, took part. One group of children had animal-related vocabulary using AR flashcards, while another group used traditional flashcards. To measure the effectiveness of the two approaches, the children underwent pre- and posttests on their vocabulary and the teachers were interviewed. For the data analysis, paired-sample t tests and independent-sample t tests were utilized, and the level of effect was measured. The results showed that both AR and traditional flashcards could significantly improve children’s vocabulary learning and that there was no significant difference in effectiveness between the AR and traditional flashcard methods. The teachers indicated that the children enjoyed the AR learning activities, but that there were certain challenges associated with using AR flashcards in a kindergarten setting.
A Design Model for Using Virtual Reality in Behavioral Skills Training
Authors: Çakiroğlu Ünal , Gökoğlu Seyfullah
Published: June 2019

This study suggests a design model for developing virtual reality (VR)-based learning environments which can be used for basic behavioral skills training. VR-Based Fire Safety Training Environment (VR-FST) was designed considering the principles of the persuasive technology. Following the suggested model, VR-FST was setup by integrating head-mounted display and joysticks on the Second Life. Evaluations through participants’ perspectives indicated that the VR-FST environment designed through the proposed model framework can provide high presence and the participants who use the environment perceived the VR-FST as realistic. The results indicate that the learning environments based on the VR-FST model can improve fire safety behavioral skills. It is thought that behavioral skills including danger can be safely delivered by employing the behavioral skills training approach, especially for young children. Current limitations and future refinements as well as suggestions for practitioners and researchers are also included.
Educational Technology and Its Contributions in Students’ Focus and Attention Regarding Augmented Reality Environments and the Use of Sensors
Authors: Bos Andreia S. , Herpich Fabrício , Kuhn Igor , Guarese Renan L. M. , Tarouco Liane M. R. , Zaro Milton A. , Pizzato Michelle , Wives Leandro
Published: June 2019

In the course of a teaching and learning process, different cognitive skills are required for a student. Attention is an important variable to be measured, since it plays a fundamental role in the accumulation of information with the stimulus of the learner’s memory in the course of the assimilation of knowledge. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the influence of augmented reality (AR) used as a tool for educational content in student concentration when compared with the use of traditional teaching and learning technologies. User attention was monitored through an electroencephalography sensor while performing an educational task using either an AR or a traditional interface. This presented favorable results, since it was possible to identify an increase in student attention during the interaction with the AR application, as opposed to its conventional counterpart.
Effect of Mobile Augmented Reality on Learning Performance, Motivation, and Math Anxiety in a Math Course
Authors: Chen Yu-ching
Published: June 2019

Motivation and math anxiety are crucial in performance and satisfaction, and augmented reality (AR) may be a useful tool in enhancing these factors because it provides users with interesting visual experiences. Since related empirical research is limited in investigating the effects of using free mobile AR apps integrating Keller’s ARCS (attention-relevance-confidence-satisfaction) motivation model on learning motivation, anxiety, and outcomes between students with different levels of anxiety in primary math education, this study investigated whether mobile AR differently affected learning, motivation, and math anxiety between students with high and low anxiety. The results showed that the AR group performed better than the non-AR group, and high-anxiety learners in the AR group outperformed in algebra and geometry. The AR group had higher motivation based on Keller’s ARCS model. The high-anxiety learners had higher confidence and satisfaction and lower anxiety when learning using mobile AR. The AR users were satisfied with ease of use, usefulness, playfulness, and benefit from exploration and hands-on experiences. Moreover, high-anxiety users in the AR group had higher perceptions of exploration, hands-on experiences, and playfulness. This study includes the participants’ experience in adopting mobile AR for their learning and discusses its constraints.
Rounding Cape Horn in 1826 and 1836: The personal accounts of two French explorers
Authors: Dyer Colin
Published: June 2019

This is the first English translation of the day-by-day accounts of French explorers Hyacinthe de Bougainville and Auguste Vaillant who rounded Cape Horn in 1826 and 1836 respectively, but in different directions and seasons. Bougainville took what is usually considered to be the easier route and season, sailing from Valparaiso to Rio in summer. Vaillant sailed against the elements from Rio to Valparaiso in winter. Both explorers present details of their experiences and indicate the time they took to complete their journey.
Advancing trade with China: The Eastern and Australian Mail Steam Company and the 1873–1880 mail contract
Authors: Guoth Nicholas
Published: June 2019

The Eastern and Australian Mail Steam Company altered the dynamics of sea transport between China and Australia in the late nineteenth century. From 1873 to 1880, this shipping company initiated a new, regular, and permanent route between China and Australia that assisted in the development of stronger trade relationships. The company fulfilled this on the back of a mail contract with the Queensland government. What transpired during the mail contract, its impacts, and its legacies have left an indelible, though unrecognised, positive mark on Australia’s trade relationships with China. As such, Eastern and Australian were one of the pioneers in brokering regular international trade routes for colonial Australian merchants and governments. They also became an integral element in the eventual transition from sail to steam, not only along the China-Australia route but also for all Australian international shipping.
Government policy and the rise of a national shipping industry: Korea’s experience, 1967–1999
Authors: Kim S. June
Published: June 2019

In 2017, Koreans controlled 1,656 vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 80,976,874 deadweight (dwt), placing Korea as the world’s seventh largest shipowning country. Given that Korean-owned tonnage stood at just 1.3m dwt in 1970, this represented a remarkable rate of growth over less than half a century. This article focuses on the years from 1967 to 1999 and aims to prove that government policy was one of the key causal factors in the rapid increase in Korean shipping. The paper is organised into four main parts. In the first section, the role of the government in the development of the economy is assessed, while Section 2 focuses on state policies designed to promote the shipping industry in Korea. Section 3 highlights the rise of Korean shipping from 1967 to 1999, and the final part considers the wider implications of the role of government policy in the development of the shipping industry.
Understanding the Challenges of Induction of Lactation and Relactation for Non-Gestating Spanish Mothers
Authors: Cazorla-Ortiz Gemma , Galbany-Estragués Paola , Obregón-Gutiérrez Noemí , Goberna-Tricas Josefina
Published: June 2019

Background

Induced lactation and relactation are the processes that enable breastfeeding in non-gestating mothers.

Research aim

The aim of this study was to describe and interpret the challenges faced by mothers who undergo induced breastfeeding and relactation for adopted infants, infants born via surrogacy, and infants born to same-sex female partners.

Methods

A qualitative study was performed using in-depth interviews conducted with Spanish women ( N = 9) who had decided to undergo induced lactation or relactation. The data were collected between October 2014 and May 2017. The length of the study was due to the difficulty in locating and recruiting the sample. Interviews were transcribed and coded with the ATLAS.ti v.7.5.7 software. We performed a deductive thematic analysis, creating categories based on the interview questions, which we developed on the basis of previous literature about induced lactation and relactation.

Results

Participants described the following challenges: the physical hardships of the process; breastfeeding problems; difficulty with accessing information about induced lactation or relactation; and lack of support from health professionals. Breastfeeding periods lasted from 1.5 months to 4 years. Participants reported that breastfeeding increased the closeness between the mother and child and that this feeling of closeness tended to decrease after breastfeeding cessation.

Conclusion

We offer data and analysis that can improve our understanding of the lived experiences of women undergoing the process of relactation or induced lactation and may help guide intervention strategies to support women in this situation.
A three-step synthetic extraction algorithm for transmission lines
Authors: Zhang Dongsheng , Wang Jing , Han Rongjuan , Tian Aifen
Published: June 2019

The combination of vision and unmanned aerial vehicle is an economic and effective solution for transmission line inspection. The key in the process of transmission line inspection is real-time extraction and recognition of transmission lines regardless of the complicated background. The horizontal and vertical disturbances are numerous in the complicated natural background. At the same time, transmission line crossing and different shooting angles of unmanned aerial vehicle lead to the phenomenon of overlapping lines, which makes it more difficult to extract and track transmission lines. Therefore, a three-step synthetic extraction algorithm for transmission lines is proposed in the article. Firstly, in view of the edge extraction problem of the image, a complementary edge feature extraction algorithm combining the Sobel operator with the Log operator is proposed to solve the problems such as discontinuous and uneven edges and low-detection efficiency caused by the general Canny operator for edge detection. Secondly, in view of the line feature extraction, a coarse-fine directional optimization algorithm is proposed. The horizontal and vertical interferences of the extraction of transmission lines under complex background and the problem of line crossing in the image are eliminated. The algorithm has higher detection effect and efficiency than Hough transform. Finally, a similarity determination mechanism is proposed to merge the adjacent lines, which avoids the loss of the tracking line caused by overlapping lines in the image. A quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle is used to carry out the experiment of transmission line detection in the article. The experimental results demonstrate that the three-step method of line extraction is more effective and efficient than the current algorithms.
Load sharing characteristic of a power-integrated gearbox in a hydraulic top-drive system
Authors: Sun Youhong , Shi Yuanling , Yao Zongwei , Wang Qingyan
Published: June 2019

With the increase in drilling depth, a slight conical pendulum movement of drilling strings causes the external drilling load becoming a non-negligible excitation source. The phenomenon of unique load sharing would be generated by irregular external load, which has complex influence on cyclic and axial symmetry of a power integrated gearbox. Bearing wear, which brings high frequency unpredictable vibration into the transmission system, is likely to occur because of the specific drive mode of the hydraulic top-drive system applied in well drilling. A systematic model combining the finite element method and the multi-body dynamics of a power-integrated gearbox simulation system is developed in this study with the characteristics of the power system, external load, driving forces, gear mesh stiffness, and bearing support stiffness taken into consideration. The load sharing characteristics of the power-integrated gearbox in a hydraulic top-drive system are numerically investigated. Moreover, the effects of gear mesh stiffness, bearing support stiffness, lateral load, and bearing clearance on the load sharing characteristics are systematically examined. Analysis results show that the dynamic process must be considered to achieve a comprehensive evaluation of the load sharing characteristics of a power-integrated gearbox. Evaluation results indicate that lateral load is the factor that influence the load sharing factor of the power-integrated gearbox most significantly, based on which, predictions can be safely made so that some additional mechanisms might be a practical option to diminish that effect.
Computational simulation of the multiphasic degeneration of the bone-cartilage unit during osteoarthritis via indentation and unconfined compression tests
Authors: Sajjadinia Seyed Shayan , Haghpanahi Mohammad , Razi Mohammad
Published: June 2019

It has been experimentally proposed that the discrete regions of articular cartilage, along with different subchondral bone tissues, known as the bone-cartilage unit, are biomechanically altered during osteoarthritis degeneration. However, a computational framework capturing all of the dominant changes in the multiphasic parameters has not yet been developed. This article proposes a new finite element model of the bone-cartilage unit by combining several validated, nonlinear, depth-dependent, fibril-reinforced, and swelling models, which can computationally simulate the variations in the dominant parameters during osteoarthritis degeneration by indentation and unconfined compression tests. The mentioned dominant parameters include the proteoglycan depletion, collagen fibrillar softening, permeability, and fluid fraction increase for approximately non-advanced osteoarthritis. The results depict the importance of subchondral bone tissues in fluid distribution within the bone-cartilage units by decreasing the fluid permeation and pressure (up to a maximum of 100 kPa) during osteoarthritis, supporting the notion that subchondral bones might play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, the osteoarthritis composition-based studies shed light on the significant biomechanical role of the calcified cartilage, which experienced a maximum change of 70 kPa in stress, together with relative load contributions of articular cartilage constituents during osteoarthritis, in which the osmotic pressure bore around 70% of the loads after degeneration. To conclude, the new insights provided by the results reveal the significance of the multiphasic osteoarthritis simulation and demonstrate the functionality of the proposed bone-cartilage unit model.
Cooperation and Learning in Unfamiliar Situations
Authors: McAuliffe William H. B. , Burton-Chellew Maxwell N. , McCullough Michael E.
Published: June 2019

Human social life is rife with uncertainty. In any given encounter, one can wonder whether cooperation will generate future benefits. Many people appear to resolve this dilemma by initially cooperating, perhaps because (a) encounters in everyday life often have future consequences, and (b) the costs of alienating oneself from long-term social partners often outweighed the short-term benefits of acting selfishly over our evolutionary history. However, because cooperating with other people does not always advance self-interest, people might also learn to withhold cooperation in certain situations. Here, we review evidence for two ideas: that people (a) initially cooperate or not depending on the incentives that are typically available in their daily lives and (b) also learn through experience to adjust their cooperation on the basis of the incentives of unfamiliar situations. We compare these claims with the widespread view that anonymously helping strangers in laboratory settings is motivated by altruistic desires. We conclude that the evidence is more consistent with the idea that people stop cooperating in unfamiliar situations because they learn that it does not help them, either financially or through social approval.
Finding a Voice: Silence and its Significance for Transitional Justice
Authors: Clark Janine Natalya
Published: June 2019

On the surface at least, silence appears to have no obvious or legitimate place within transitional justice. The latter is about voice and about truth-telling, about creating a factual record of what happened. The core aim of the article, however, is to demonstrate that silence is highly relevant to transitional justice. To develop this argument, it explores two possible and interrelated functions of silence – as a form of resistance and as a survival strategy. Conceptualizing silence as a form of absence, and emphasizing a dialectical relationship between silence as being and becoming, the article underlines the transformative possibilities of silence and their significance for transitional justice. In particular, silence can aid in the development of more agentic and contextually sensitive ways of dealing with the past. A major challenge for transitional justice, thus, is to find ways of allowing silence to ‘speak’.
E‐learning in advanced cardiac life support: Outcome and attitude among healthcare professionals
Authors: Arithra Abdullah Ariff , Nor Junainah , Baladas Jeewadas , Tg Hamzah Tg Mohd Azimin , Tuan Kamauzaman Tuan Hairulnizam , Md Noh Abu Yazid , Rahman Andey
Published: June 2019

Background:

Advanced cardiac life support provides healthcare professionals with knowledge and skills needed in dealing with cardiac emergencies. By incorporating e‐learning in advanced cardiac life support courses, it allows for easier accessibility of learning materials and a more personalized learning schedule at a lower overall cost.

Objectives:

This study aims to compare the outcome of e‐learning advanced cardiac life support versus conventional advanced cardiac life support among healthcare professionals and determine their attitude on e‐learning.

Methods:

A total of 96 candidates attending advanced cardiac life support courses in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia between January 2016 and May 2017 were included in the study. In total, 48 candidates were enrolled on each arm. Candidates in conventional advanced cardiac life support undertook a 2‐day face‐to‐face course. Participants in e‐learning advanced cardiac life support completed 6 h of online lecture videos prior to 1‐day modified face‐to‐face course. All candidates were assessed by pre‐ and post‐course multiple‐choice questions and practical cardiac arrest simulation test. Only post‐course and cardiac arrest simulation test marks contribute to the passing or failure of the candidates.

Results:

Candidates in e‐learning advanced cardiac life support courses had higher mean scores on the pre‐course multiple‐choice questions (69.1, SD: 19.1) compared to those in conventional advanced cardiac life support courses (58.6, SD: 16.6, p < 0.001). The cardiac arrest simulation test pass rate on e‐learning advanced cardiac life support was higher than conventional advanced cardiac life support courses although statistically not significant (95.8% vs 87.5%; p = 0.134). The overall pass rate was 93.8% for e‐learning advanced cardiac life support versus 83.3% in conventional advanced cardiac life support (p = 0.099). A majority of the candidates had positive attitude towards e‐learning.

Conclusion:

E‐learning advanced cardiac life support courses demonstrated better results in terms of knowledge compared to conventional advanced cardiac life support, with equivalent skill scores. Shorter course duration, lesser cost and participants’ satisfaction were the added benefits. Further study can be done to explore the utilization of e‐learning materials among healthcare professionals and its other advantages.
Analysis of influencing factors in emergency management based on an integrated methodology
Authors: Liu Xiaodi , Wang Zengwen , Zhang Shitao , Liu Jiashu
Published: June 2019

Various emergencies are happening frequently in recent years, causing great loss of life and property. Therefore, it has become imperative to improve emergency management. Considering that the performance of emergency management could be affected by many different factors, it is hard to improve all the factors under the condition of limited resources. One approach that works well is to optimize the key factors that affect emergency management. To this end, an integrated method based on fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) and Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient is presented in this article to determine the critical risk factors in emergency management. First, the causal relationships between the risk factors influencing emergency management are determined according to expert opinions. To verify if the survey results from experts are reliable, an item-average correlation test based on Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient is performed. Then, two scenarios are designed and the FCM method is utilized to identifying the critical risk factors of emergency management. Finally, five critical factors are figured out, and the efficiency of emergency management could be enhanced by optimizing these five factors. In addition, a comparative analysis is also conducted to validate the advantages of the proposed method.
Explaining the “Certification Gap” for Different Types of Oil Palm Smallholders in Riau Province, Indonesia
Authors: Hutabarat Sakti , Slingerland Maja , Dries Liesbeth
Published: June 2019

Indonesia is the world’s largest producer of palm oil, and its smallholder oil palm plantations involve more than 2.3 million farmers. The rapid expansion of the oil palm area, and resulting negative environmental and social impacts, has increased the demand for sustainability certification for palm oil products. This study investigates whether different types of smallholders face different barriers in complying with certification standards. The study uses survey data from 829 smallholders in Riau, Sumatra. First, an assessment is made of the gap between current management practices and practices required by Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil standards for different types of smallholders. Second, the article explores explanations for the gap between current and required practices. Finally, an investigation is made of the different starting points of different types of smallholders. Results indicate that the diversity between smallholders affects their prospects for certification. To date, this diversity in smallholders has not been taken into account in the application of Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil standards. This can help to explain the limited success of smallholder certifications in Indonesia.
Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Cancer-Associated Thrombosis Management. Where Do We Stand in 2019?
Authors: Ramacciotti Eduardo , Agati Leandro B. , Caffaro Roberto Augusto , Volpiani Giuliano G. , Lopes Renato D. , Comerota Anthony J. , Fareed Jawed
Published: June 2019

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are now widely used for the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) that now includes cancer-associated thrombosis. This review summarizes recent data on VTE prophylaxis and treatment, new challenges, guidelines, and updates as well as the current place for DOACs on the emerging cancer-associated VTE management landscape.
Multirate control of nonlinear robotic manipulators with network structure under bounded disturbances
Authors: Ghasemzadeh Ebli H. , Nekoui Mohammad Ali
Published: June 2019

This paper investigates a novel nonlinear multirate controller for robotic manipulators exposed to communication constraints and external disturbances. An improved tracking control methodology using an estimated discrete-time model of the robot is presented in this paper. The input-to-state stability of the sampled-data dynamics of the robot is preserved for both single-rate and multirate samplings. The obtained outcomes demonstrate that the sampled-data structure can stabilize the robotic manipulator when the continuous-time controller is not valid in the presence of communication networks. The output sampled measures of the robot provide piecewise signals for the controller, and the input to the plant results from a time-driven zero order hold device. In this paper, the discontinuous Lyapunov-based method is proposed to reject time variant and bounded disturbances. This is a novel controller design that can lead to the exact trajectory following without having details of the nonlinear dynamics of the robot. The main target is improving the accuracy of tracking ability of the robot manipulator to follow a reference input affected by constant bounded disturbances. Simulation results performed on a two degrees of freedom manipulator indicate that under proper assumptions, accurate trajectory tracking, and disturbance rejection at the input can be obtained by using the proposed structure. The example also demonstrates that the proposed multirate controller can successfully stabilize the robotic system.
Feline non-regenerative anemia: Diagnostic and treatment recommendations
Authors: Winzelberg Olson Sarah , Hohenhaus Ann E
Published: June 2019

Practical relevance:

Non-regenerative anemia, or anemia with reticulocytopenia, is a daily diagnosis in feline practice.

Clinical challenges:

The disease processes underlying non-regenerative anemia are many and diverse. A major diagnostic evaluation may be required to correctly diagnose and treat the underlying cause.

Audience:

All veterinarians caring for cats will face the diagnostic and therapeutic challenge of non-regenerative anemia. Readers will benefit from the review of diagnostic testing and therapeutic options for non-regenerative anemia.

Evidence base:

This review summarizes the currently available literature informing diagnostic and treatment recommendations related to non-regenerative anemia. The evidence available to support the recommendations in this review is graded as low and includes predominantly expert opinion, case reports and cases series, on which the authors’ interpretation/consensus is based.
Feline abdominal ultrasonography: what’s normal? what’s abnormal? Hepatic vascular anomalies
Authors: Griffin Sally
Published: June 2019

Practical relevance:

Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Although hepatic vascular anomalies are less common than disorders of the hepatic parenchyma and biliary tree, our understanding and recognition of these is gradually increasing with advancements in ultrasound technology and image quality.

Clinical challenges:

Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variation and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced. In addition, some views may be obscured by overlying structures; for example, the termination of a shunt entering the left phrenic or azygous veins is often difficut to see due to the high probability of lung passing between the shunt and the transducer as the cat breathes.

Equipment:

Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience.

Aim:

This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the appearance of various hepatic vascular anomalies. It is aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound and is accompanied by high-resolution images. Ultrasound of the liver and biliary tree were discussed in articles published in January and May 2019, respectively.

Evidence base:

Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author’s own clinical experience.
Buckling analysis of the SSCC composite sandwich cylindrical panel under axial compression
Authors: Lopatin Alexander V , Morozov Evgeny V
Published: June 2019

Analytical solution of the buckling problem for a composite cylindrical sandwich panel subjected to axial load is presented in the paper. The straight longitudinal edges of the panel are fully clamped, and the curved sides are simply supported. This loading results in the biaxial compression of the panel. The buckling analysis is performed using the equations of the engineering theory of laminated cylindrical shells, taking into account the transverse shear deformations. The system of linearized buckling equations is derived in terms of unknown displacements, deflection, and angles of rotation of the normal to the middle surface of the panel. The equations are solved by combining the Levy and Galerkin methods. In this approach, the deformed panel was approximated by trigonometry and beam functions. The analytical formula for the critical load has been derived and verified using finite-element analysis. Based on this formula, the influence of Poisson’s effect on the value of buckling load has been studied. Design application of the formula is demonstrated for a specified value of the critical load.
Dissociable cognitive patterns related to depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Leavitt Victoria M , Brandstadter Rachel , Fabian Michelle , Katz Sand Ilana , Klineova Sylvia , Krieger Stephen , Lewis Christina , Lublin Fred , Miller Aaron , Pelle Gabrielle , Buyukturkoglu Korhan , De Jager Phillip L , Li Peipei , Riley Claire S , Tsapanou Angeliki , Sumowski James F
Published: June 2019

Background:

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently present with depression and anxiety, as well as cognitive impairment, challenging clinicians to disentangle interrelationships among these symptoms.

Objective:

To identify cognitive functions associated with anxiety and depression in MS.

Methods:

Mood and cognition were measured in 185 recently diagnosed patients (Reserve Against Disability in Early Multiple Sclerosis (RADIEMS) cohort), and an independent validation sample (MEM CONNECT cohort, n = 70). Partial correlations evaluated relationships of cognition to anxiety and depression controlling for age, sex, education, and premorbid verbal intelligence.

Results:

In RADIEMS cohort, lower anxiety was associated with better nonverbal memory ( rp = –0.220, p = 0.003) and lower depression to better attention/processing speed ( rp = –0.241, p = 0.001). Consistently, in MEM CONNECT cohort, lower anxiety was associated with better nonverbal memory ( rp = –0.271, p = 0.028) and lower depression to better attention/processing speed ( rp = –0.367, p = 0.002). Relationships were unchanged after controlling for T2 lesion volume and fatigue.

Conclusion:

Consistent mood–cognition relationships were identified in two independent cohorts of MS patients, suggesting that cognitive correlates of anxiety and depression are separable. This dissociation may support more precise models to inform treatment development. Treatment of mood symptoms may mitigate effects on cognition and/or treatment of cognition may mitigate effects on mood.
Monitoring treatment harm in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A freedom-of-information study of National Health Service specialist centres in England
Authors: McPhee Graham , Baldwin Adrian , Kindlon Tom , Hughes Brian M
Published: June 2019

The use of graded exercise therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome has attracted considerable controversy. This controversy relates not only to the disputed evidence for treatment efficacy but also to widespread reports from patients that graded exercise therapy, in particular, has caused them harm. We surveyed the National Health Service–affiliated myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome specialist clinics in England to assess how harms following treatment are detected and to examine how patients are warned about the potential for harms. We sent 57 clinics standardised information requests under the United Kingdom’s Freedom of Information Act. Data were received from 38 clinics. Clinics were highly inconsistent in their approaches to the issue of treatment-related harm. They placed little or no focus on the potential for treatment-related harm in their written information for patients and for staff. Furthermore, no clinic reported any cases of treatment-related harm, despite acknowledging that many patients dropped out of treatment. In light of these findings, we recommend that clinics develop standardised protocols for anticipating, recording, and remedying harms, and that these protocols allow for therapies to be discontinued immediately whenever harm is identified.
Marital privilege: Bias against divorced patients in medical decision-making
Authors: Marotta Satia A. , Ladin Keren
Published: June 2019

Social support consists of the emotional, informational, and instrumental resources we receive from others, and buffers against negative health outcomes. However, as an eligibility criterion for scarce medical resources, such as organ transplants, it can be vague, subjective, and vulnerable to bias. In three studies, we examine bias associated with marital status, and assess whether those with nonspousal relationships with their caregivers (e.g., divorcees) and those without documented primary caregivers experience bias in transplant listing evaluations. We found evidence of bias against those with nonspousal relationships with their caregivers. Divorced patients were perceived as having less durable and adequate social support than those who were married to their caregivers. Divorced patients were also perceived as less deserving of a transplant and were less likely to be recommended for transplant wait-listing. Recommendations for avoiding bias in social support evaluations are discussed.
The ‘Police Change Manager’: Exploring a new leadership paradigm for policing
Authors: Smith Richard
Published: June 2019

The pace, complexity and extent of change in policing are unyielding. Therefore, police leaders must be capable and effective leaders of change. This article provides an exploratory analysis of the experience of police leaders who are responsible for delivering transformational and enduring change, through data collected during a recent study in an urban English police force. The findings show that although positive steps are being taken to improve the way in which change activity is managed and implemented, there is still some way to go. A disconnect was identified between those who are leading change within the headquarters function and their capability to do so. The need to ‘lead for today’ while also ‘leading for tomorrow’ is identified as a key tension at executive level. The article tests the hypotheses that leading change is a specialism of police leadership that should be recognised as such. Implementing the role of the ‘Police Change Manager’ is proposed as the approach by which a more capable and successful change function might be established. The article concludes with recommendations for maturing the approach to change in policing and proposes opportunities for further research.
Comparing conspicuous consumption across different experiential products: Culture and leisure
Authors: Bronner Fred , de Hoog Robert
Published: June 2019

Consumer behavior recently underwent three main developments: a shift from material purchases to immaterial experiences, a shift from signaling status and wealth by means of consumer behavior to signaling identity, and increased social visibility due to the growing importance of social media. These trends did arouse a renewed interest in the concept of conspicuous consumption in the area of experiential purchases. Seven different types of experiential purchases are compared as regards the role of conspicuous consumption: the main summer holiday and participation in six different types of cultural events. In the culture study, the same measurement tools were used as in the leisure study. It was found that conspicuous consumption plays a role in these types of purchases. This holds true for status demonstration as well as for identity demonstration. However, there are substantial differences between the different types of cultural events. Conspicuous consumption is important to those who attend festivals, classical music concerts, and pop concerts and is of minor importance as regards going to movies. Based on these findings, we propose a tentative theory about the relationship between conspicuous consumption and type of experiential purchase. Practical implications for marketing are sketched out. In cultural marketing for museums, the performing arts, and cinema, attention should be paid not only to the quality of the event for the self-experience, but also to its status and identity-signaling potential to relevant others.
Risk prediction tools in cardiovascular disease prevention: A report from the ESC Prevention of CVD Programme led by the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) in collaboration with the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA) and the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions (ACNAP)
Authors: Rossello Xavier , Dorresteijn Jannick AN , Janssen Arne , Lambrinou Ekaterini , Scherrenberg Martijn , Bonnefoy-Cudraz Eric , Cobain Mark , Piepoli Massimo F , Visseren Frank LJ , Dendale Paul
Published: June 2019

Risk assessment and risk prediction have become essential in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Even though risk prediction tools are recommended in the European guidelines, they are not adequately implemented in clinical practice. Risk prediction tools are meant to estimate prognosis in an unbiased and reliable way and to provide objective information on outcome probabilities. They support informed treatment decisions about the initiation or adjustment of preventive medication. Risk prediction tools facilitate risk communication to the patient and their family, and this may increase commitment and motivation to improve their health. Over the years many risk algorithms have been developed to predict 10-year cardiovascular mortality or lifetime risk in different populations, such as in healthy individuals, patients with established cardiovascular disease and patients with diabetes mellitus. Each risk algorithm has its own limitations, so different algorithms should be used in different patient populations. Risk algorithms are made available for use in clinical practice by means of – usually interactive and online available – tools. To help the clinician to choose the right tool for the right patient, a summary of available tools is provided. When choosing a tool, physicians should consider medical history, geographical region, clinical guidelines and additional risk measures among other things. Currently, the U-prevent.com website is the only risk prediction tool providing prediction algorithms for all patient categories, and its implementation in clinical practice is suggested/advised by the European Association of Preventive Cardiology.
qmodel: A command for fitting parametric quantile models
Authors: Bottai Matteo , Orsini Nicola
Published: June 2019

In this article, we introduce the qmodel command, which fits parametric models for the conditional quantile function of an outcome variable given covariates. Ordinary quantile regression, implemented in the qreg command, is a popular, simple type of parametric quantile model. It is widely used but known to yield erratic estimates that often lead to uncertain inferences. Parametric quantile models overcome these limitations and extend modeling of conditional quantile functions beyond ordinary quantile regression. These models are flexible and efficient. qmodel can estimate virtually any possible linear or nonlinear parametric model because it allows the user to specify any combination of qmodel-specific built-in functions, standard mathematical and statistical functions, and substitutable expressions. We illustrate the potential of parametric quantile models and the use of the qmodel command and its postestimation commands through realand simulated-data examples that commonly arise in epidemiological and pharmacological research. In addition, this article may give insight into the close connection that exists between quantile functions and the true mathematical laws that generate data.
Statistical analysis of the item-count technique using Stata
Authors: Tsai Chi-lin
Published: June 2019

In this article, I review recent developments of the item-count technique (also known as the unmatched-count or list-experiment technique) and introduce a new package, kict, for statistical analysis of the item-count data. This package contains four commands: kict deff performs a diagnostic test to detect the violation of an assumption underlying the item-count technique. kict ls and kict ml perform least-squares estimation and maximum likelihood estimation, respectively. Each encompasses a number of estimators, offering great flexibility for data analysis. kict pfci is a postestimation command for producing confidence intervals with better coverage based on profile likelihood. The development of the item-count technique is still ongoing. I will continue to update the kict package accordingly.
Outdoor Recreation in Israel from the Early 1950s to the 1970s: From Nation Building to Landscape Consumption
Authors: Alon-Mozes Tal
Published: June 2019

This article explores outdoor recreation planning in Israel between the early 1950s and the 1970s as a unique example of state-initiated modern recreation planning that was influenced by western trends. Based on relevant plans and documents, it argues that recreation planning in Israel was an integral part of the nation building project aimed at cultivating place attachment toward the local landscape. Early state planning in this realm was initially based on the supply of attractive amenities but was followed by a demand for recreation-directed planning leading to consumption models based on abstract predictions.
Optimal deployment for anti-submarine operations with time-dependent strategies
Authors: Laan Corine M , Barros Ana Isabel , Boucherie Richard J , Monsuur Herman , Noordkamp Wouter
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we consider the optimal deployment of multiple assets in anti-submarine warfare (ASW) operations with time-dependent strategies. We model this as a zero-sum game that takes place over a finite time horizon. An agent, representing multiple assets, in an ASW operation, decides on the allocation of these assets (e.g., one or more frigates and helicopters) to prevent an intruder, an enemy submarine, from attacking a moving high-value unit (HVU), e.g., a tanker ship. Hereby, the agent aims to prevent an intruder, an enemy submarine, from attacking a moving HVU, e.g., a tanker ship. The intruder is deciding on a route that minimizes the detection probability given the agent’s strategy. We first consider a game model where a part of the agent’s strategy, namely the complete strategy of a frigate, is known to the intruder; and second, we consider a sequential game approach where the exact location of the frigate becomes known to the intruder at the start of each time interval. For both approaches, we construct (integer) linear programs, give complexity results, and use an algorithmic approach to determine optimal strategies. Finally, we explore the added value of this approach in comparison to a traditional ASW simulation model.