bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties be replacement for antibiotics in broiler production?
Authors: Sharifi S D , Khorsandi S , Khadem A A , Salehi A
Published: June 2019

Antibiotics have been used for 50 years to enhance growth performance and to prevent disease in poultry production. Recently, most of the antibacterial growth promoters have been banned because the feeding of antibiotics is risky due not only cross-resistance but also to multiple resistances. Plants (especially herbs) have been used as food and medicinal purposes and some of them have played a significant role in maintaining human health and improving the quality of human life for thousands of years. Herbs or products containing plant extracts, essential oils or main components of the essential oil are among the alternative growth promoters that are already being used in practice. (Acamovic and Brooker, 2005; Ocak et al., 2008). There is evidence suggesting that herbs, spices, and various plant extracts have appetizing, digestion-stimulating and antimicrobial properties. But, there is only limited evidence about whether the inclusion as a solid herb material would have the growth promoting effects in live birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of dietary dry peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), Cumin (Cuminum L.), Milfoil (Achellia millefolium L.) and poley (Teucrium Polium L.) on the performance of broiler.
Effect of prebiotic on lipid profile of broiler chicks
Authors: Amirdahri S , Janmohammadi H , Taghizadeh A , Estakhri R
Published: June 2019

Research on poultry genetics, feeding and management for BWG and FCR resulted in fast growth but decreased the quality of poultry products as modern fast growing broilers have been found to contain higher amount of abdominal fat (Chambers et al, 1981). Most recently considerable attention has been paid to test the potency of growth promo ants on altering lipid metabolism, because, Word Health Organization suggest that excess fat deposition is undesirable in human body. Recent report suggested that feeding of chicory beta fructans; a prebiotic reduced the serum cholesterol and abdominal fat of broiler chicken. The present study was undertaken to study the effect of Aspergillus meal prebiotic (Fermacto) on abdominal fat, serum total cholesterol, HDL and triglyceride levels in low protein diets.
Effects of addition of Natuzyme® to broiler diets containing different levels of canola meal
Authors: Mousavi S N , Nadalian M , Lotfollahian H , Noori M
Published: June 2019

Canola meal (CM) is a suitable protein source in poultry diets, although it contains a number of antinutritive factors including non-starch polysaccharides and phytic acid. These factors can limit inclusion rate of canola meal in poultry diets (Kocher et al., 2000). The negative correlation between NSP levels and nutritive value of the diet has been demonstrated in poultry (Choct and Annison, 1990). In addition to reducing the availability of phosphorus to birds, phytates are also associated with a number of antinutritional effects, largely because they can chelate divalent cations and reduce protein availability (Ravindran et al., 1995). Successful use of enzymes in cereal-based diets has stimulated interest in the application of enzymes to target the vegetable protein components of poultry diets as well. The current study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the effects of a multi-enzyme on performance and serum thyroid hormone concentrations of broilers fed rations in which soybean meal was replaced by CM.
The effect of different lightning programs on reproductive performance of native turkeys
Authors: Shakooryi S M , Ghezeljeh E Abdi , Mesgaran M Danesh , Mirghelenj S A
Published: June 2019

Lighting is very important for turkey production, because their life period is longer than poultry (Nixey 1994). One of the important effects of lighting is to change the time of sexual maturity in pullets. Classen et al. (1994) concluded that constant light causes an increase incidence of leg problem and metabolic disorders. With lighting programs and lighting intensity, time of sexual maturation can be modified. Because there is little information about lighting programs in native turkey production in Iran, the aim of this research is determining the best lighting program for native turkey production.
The effect of increasing levels of fish oil on immune responses of broiler chickens
Authors: Al-Khalifa H , Givens D I , Rymer C , Yaqoob P , Juniper D
Published: June 2019

There has been interest in the enrichment of poultry meat with long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as a means of increasing the low consumption of these acids by humans consuming western diets. There is some concern, however, that at high levels of consumption, n-3 PUFA may have detrimental effects on immune function. However, research to date shows that strong controversy surrounds this immunomodulation. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary long chain PUFA on aspects of immune function in broiler chickens.
Effect of dietary Phytase and NSP-degrading enzymes in diets containing rape seed meal on broiler performance
Authors: Ghorbani M R , Fayazi J , Chaji M , Roshanfekr H
Published: June 2019

In comparison to 44% crude protein of soybean meal (SBM), the protein content of rapeseed meal (RSM) is about 35-40% and has a physiologically suitable amino acid combination in animal nutrition, but RSM contains nutritionally unfavourable substances such as glucosinolates, sinapin, tannin, phytate and non starch polysaccharides (NSP) (Kocher et al., 2000). Enzymes have the potential to be used in diets contain antinutritional factors that hinder nutrient availability. NSPs include cellulose, B-glucans, arabinoxylans, and pectins that may increase viscosity of digesta and cause a decrease in nutrient digestibility and performance of broiler chickens. Phytase activity from digestive secretions, some feed ingredients, resident bacteria, exogenous microorganisms, or both resident bacteria and exogenous microorganisms is present in the digestive tract of broiler chickens (Kornegay, 2001), but its efficiency at a practical level is very low. It is accepted that broilers lack sufficient levels of phytase activity to effectively hydrolyse the phytate molecule. Phytate-bound P is not well digested, so inorganic P is added to broiler diets that increased feed costs (Lescoat et al., 2005). The purpose of this study was to investigate the replacement value of SBM with locally grown RSM and two types of enzymes (NSP-degrading and phytase) on performance of broiler chickens.
Climate change, biochar and carbon sequestration; the potential role for livestock in this scenario?
Authors: Preston T R
Published: June 2019

Carbon sequestration is seen by many scientists and politicians to be the answer to the problems of both global warming and future supplies of energy. Two main strategies are being considered. One requires the stripping out of carbon dioxide from the waste gases of power stations using coal as feedstock and storing it underground or under the sea bed. The other approach, which is the subject of this paper, is based on experiences in Amazonia thousands of years ago, in which indigenous tribes “created” soil by enriching it with charcoal and human and animal residues (Glazer 2007). “Terra preta” as it was called has been found to have multiple properties. The carbon derived from the charcoal is not oxidized by soil micro-organisms, hence its capacity to “sequester” carbon; of equal importance are properties ranging from being a source of soil nutrients per se and enhancement of the utilization of nutrients that may be added, especially nitrogen (Lehmann et al. 2006).
Current theories on the pathophysiology of equine laminitis – the link between the gut and foot
Authors: Elliott J
Published: June 2019

Equine laminitis is a painful debilitating condition that seems to be a product of domestication of horses associated with the practice of feeding carbohydrate rich pasture in excess of requirements, particularly in ponies. We have been working on the hypothesis that caecal bacteria, when presented with carbohydrate in large quantities tend to ferment this. Fermentation by gram positive bacteria is associated with a fall in pH of the caecal liquor. As a means of providing themselves with increased intracellular buffering capacity, these bacteria produce amino acid decarboxylase enzymes which convert amino acids present in the caecal fluid into primary amines which can act as intracellular buffers. The reason we thought this might be the case was that foods formed by bacterial fermentation processes (e.g. cheese and wines) have a high content of amines. Primary amines derived from some amino acids have vasoactive properties. In the 1960s it was recognised that human patients taking drugs that inhibit the metabolism of amines (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) could suffer from severe hypertensive crises if they ate cheese or drank red wines with high tyramine content. This so called ‘cheese effect’ is the result of the indirect sympathomimetic effect of tyramine which displaces norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings leading to a rise in blood pressure. Monoamine oxidase enzymes present in the epithelial cells lining the gut wall and in liver cells normally protect individuals from suffering these hypertensive crises. We wondered whether amines released from the gut in response to ingestion of excessive amounts of carbohydrate might lead to a similar reaction in ponies whereby dietary amines caused vasoconstriction of the digital vasculature, leading to the prodromal phases of laminitis.
Collective Decision-Making in International Governance
Authors: Meyer Timothy
Published: June 2019

The traditional treaty, conceived of as a contract between states, is in decline. Recent climate change negotiations have produced nonbinding instruments such as the Copenhagen and Cancun Accords; the financial crisis prompted governments to negotiate Basel III, a nonbinding framework for global banking regulation; the nonbinding Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are developed countries’ primary rules governing the conduct of transnational businesses. Clouds loom on the horizon even in those areas in which the treaty’s prominence continues, such as investment and trade law. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has not reached a major agreement among its members since its founding twenty years ago, and some states have withdrawn from bilateral investment treaties or the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and National of Other States (better known as the ICSID Convention).
Custom and Treaties as Interchangeable Instruments of National Policy
Authors: Szewczyk Bart M. J.
Published: June 2019

As treaties decline, customary international law can be an important mechanism of international cooperation over the medium term. There are increasingly fewer treaties ratified by the United States, with a record-low number of five in 2009–2012, and fewer multilateral treaties adopted worldwide. Yet, the demand for global rules and standards has not abated. Thus, for many international questions where treaties are not available as a source of new rules, customary international law may serve as an interchangeable instrument of national policy.
Elephant Poaching and Ivory Trafficking as a Threat to the Peace
Authors: Peters Anne
Published: June 2019

The two African states Democratic Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic have been struck by civil war enmeshed with military involvement of neighbouring states. The ongoing conflicts have been fuelled by the fight over the countries’ natural resources, ranging from diamonds over gold to ivory. Since the end of the 1990s, the UN Security Council and other UN bodies have been dealing with the conflicts in Congo, and have been trying to bring to an end and to sanction the serious violations of human rights and of IHL that have been committed by all sides in those conflicts. The international community’s attempt to come to grips with the so-called “blood diamonds”, inter alia through a multi-stakeholder process and certification scheme is well known. With two resolutions of January 2014, the UN Security Council addresses the destabilizing effects of the illegal exploitation of wildlife.
The Potential Impact on Investment Arbitration of the ILC’s Work on Customary International Law
Authors: Sharpe Jeremy K.
Published: June 2019

A primary goal of the International Law Commission’s work on the identification of customary international law is to offer “guidance to those called upon to identify the existence of a rule of customary international law,” particularly national court judges. The ILC report, however, should be no less useful to participants in international adjudication. The report’s impact might be particularly significant in investment arbitration, which, given the field’s growing importance and impact, could greatly facilitate the ILC’s principal mandate of promoting the “progressive development of international law.”

Investment arbitration is proving hugely significant for the development of international law. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development reported that, at the end of last year, there were 568 known cases brought under international investment agreements, including 57 cases brought in 2013 alone. There have been 98 different State respondents, including the United States, which reportedly is the ninth most frequent respondent State.
A Crossroads in the Fight against Human Trafficking? Let’s take the Structural Route: A Response to Janie Chuang
Authors: Bravo Karen E.
Published: June 2019

Even ten years ago, the phrase “human trafficking” might have evoked blank stares in many circles. Today, the existence of a contemporary trade in human beings has blossomed fully into public awareness. Discussion of and expositions about human traffickingappear not only in sensationalist media reports, but also in many other arenas, such as film dramas, documentaries, books and articles by scholars from a variety of disciplines, activist NGO websites, and legislative chambers across the globe.

However, some legal scholars as well as other scholars in the human trafficking sphere admit to a growing unease. Why? There is the sense that the label is a mushrooming monster that encompasses or swallows up all forms of human exploitation, identifies or creates stereotypical bad guys and innocent victims, and yet leaves relatively untouched the root causes of the exploitation.
The Place of Dinosaurs in the History of Life
Authors: Russell Dale A.
Published: June 2019

If one were to ask a group of paleontologists “How do dinosaurs fit into the history of life on Earth?” the answers would all be different. The question is so big that it surpasses the vision of a single person, and the answers would be as diverse as those of the blind men describing an elephant from its parts. The answer which follows is also from someone who cannot see the whole “elephant.” It is so simple that it is surely grossly inadequate, like lamely describing the hypnotically beautiful appearance of the Earth from space as spherical.
Wear Surfaces on the Teeth of Tyrannosaurs
Authors: Farlow James O. , Brinkman Daniel L.
Published: June 2019

Large theropod dinosaurs like tyrannosaurs were the biggest land-living predators in earth history. Because of this, there has been considerable interest in reconstructing the paleobiology of these immense carnivores (Bakker, 1986; Bakker et al., 1988; Paul, 1988; Molnar and Farlow, 1990; Farlow et al., 1991; Abler, 1992; Farlow, 1993, in press; Horner and Lessem, 1993). In the present paper we consider a topic relevant to interpretations of how tyrannosaurs used their teeth during feeding: the incidence of wear surfaces on tyrannosaur teeth.
Terramegathermy in the Time of the Titans: Restoring the Metabolics of Colossal Dinosaurs
Authors: Paul Gregory S. , Leahy Guy D.
Published: June 2019

Among dinosaurs, megadinosaurs (those over one tonne) have been considered among the best candidates for having had low metabolic rates (LoMRs). Spotila et al (1991) argued that big dinosaurs were gigantotherms that shared thermal characteristics with the large leatherback sea turtle, and Dodson (1991) suggested that giant dinosaurs lived in the slow lane compared to giant mammals. Coulson (1979), Bennett (1991) and Ruben (1991) restored big dinosaurs as “good reptiles” powered by bursts of reptilian hyperanaerobiosis rather than the sustained tachyaerobiosis that powers birds and mammals. Farlow (1990) suggested that large dinosaurs were “damned good reptiles” with fluctuating metabolic rates (MRs), and in 1993 he argued that dinosaurs used a combination of rapid reproduction and intermediate metabolic rates (InMRs) to grow bigger than land mammals. All the above workers, and McNab (1983) and Dunham et al. (1989), have modeled big dinosaurs as LoMR or InMR inertial homeotherms that maintained constant body temperatures on a daily basis.
Hunting Ancient Dragons in China and Canada
Authors: Currie Philip J.
Published: June 2019

I was eleven years old when I read a book by Roy Chapman Andrews (1953) that changed my life. It was a book about dinosaurs, those magnificent animals that had captured my interest when I was even younger. But more significantly, the book was about looking for the remains of these ancient dragons in the Gobi Desert of China and Mongolia, and for the first time I learned that there was a potential career in hunting dinosaurs. The day I read the book was the day I decided to become a paleontologist. But in my wildest dreams I never imagined that I would follow in the footsteps of Andrews and end up in the Gobi Desert.
The Search for an Extinction Event
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M.
Published: June 2019

Death of an organism is a very personal event. The extinction of a species is viewed as catastrophic, only if one is a member of that species. In fact, the extinction of a species simply represents the sum total of deaths of individuals within the species during a time interval in which the rate of death exceeds the rate of recruitment of new individuals. That is, the population size within the species declines to the point that the unit is no longer reproductively viable.
Molecules and Evolutionary History
Authors: Collins Allen G.
Published: June 2019

Paleontologists learn and tell the history of life; it is our job. You might suspect that paleontologists spend most of their time studying fossils. While fossils are an important source of information for the paleontologist, other types of evidence can also tell us about biological history. For instance, the rocks themselves provide important information, especially about past climates. It makes perfect sense that organisms are more easily understood if you know the environment in which they lived. A third important source of information is all around us. The organisms alive today are the current products of the various processes of evolution that have been at work for more than three billion years. Organisms carry the legacy of their histories with them, in their anatomy, behavior, and genes. By studying and comparing living organisms, we learn about the past. Advances in technology have made the abundant historical information contained in biological molecules, chiefly genes and their RNA and protein products, easier to obtain. Thus, it is not too surprising to see today's paleontologist setting about his or her business with a rock hammer in one hand and a pipettor in the other.
Ribosomal RNA Sequences and the Early History of the Metazoa
Authors: Raff Rudolf A.
Published: June 2019

The problems of resolving phylogenetic relationships change with increasing evolutionary distance: very widely separated organisms, which share few phylogenetically helpful morphological features pose the greatest difficulties. Thus, the resolution of relationships between animal phyla and classes present some of the most challenging problems in systematic zoology and paleontology. Traditionally, relationships have been inferred on the basis of comparative anatomy, embryology, and the paleontological record. However, phyla are established on the basis of the unique features of their body plans, and have few shared derived characters to unite them. Even when similar features are available, homology can still be uncertain. The fossil record has been largely unavailable to provide the needed continuity of structure to establish such homologies between phyla and most classes. Generally, the best data for connecting major groups have come from detailed embryological data. But, even there, many ambiguous situations and conflicts of interpretation remain, and these problems are pervasive over a wide range of animal groups, both with and without extensive fossil records.
Amphibia: Disparity and Diversification of Early Tetrapods
Authors: Fracasso Michael A.
Published: June 2019

Fossils conventionally classified as amphibians comprise a diverse, paraphyletic assemblage of roughly 15 distinctive lineages (=clades; Figure 1) of non–amniote tetrapods whose phylogenetic interrelationships continue to defy resolution (Carroll, 1992; Figure 2). The historical accumulation of morphological data, new paleontological discoveries, better understanding of characters and transformation series, and refinement of rigorous cladistic analytical methodology have stimulated a resurgence of interest in the phylogenetics of early tetrapods (Bolt, 1991; Bolt and Lombard, 1991; Clack, 1988, 1991; Duellman, 1988; Gauthier et al., 1988b; Lombard and Bolt, 1988; Milner, 1988, 1990, 1993; Panchen, 1991; Panchen and Smithson, 1987, 1988; Smithson, 1985; Trueb and Cloutier, 1991a, 1991b). However, most investigations have done little more than substantiate the distinctiveness of the major non–amniote tetrapod clades and clarify within–clade relationships. Differences in parsimony between alternative phylogenies proposed for the early lineages are generally too minor to consider any as strongly corroborated (Carroll, 1990, 1992; e.g. Panchen and Smithson, 1988).
On the Origin of Birds and of Avian Flight
Authors: Ostrom John H.
Published: June 2019

In recent years, one of the most exciting and important revelations in all of paleontology has been clarification of many of the details surrounding the question of the origin of birds. This has been a persistant enigma for centuries. Today, it is perhaps the hottest topic among challenges before us and it appears closer to a near unanimous opinion than ever before.
The Radiation of Placental Mammals
Authors: Novacek Michael J.
Published: June 2019

The placental or eutherian mammals comprise about twenty living orders and several extinct ones. The morphological and adaptive range of this group is extraordinary; diversification has produced lineages as varied as humans and their primate relatives, flying bats, swimming whales, ant-eating anteaters, pangolins and aardvarks, a baroque extravagance of horned, antlered, and trunk-nosed herbivores (ungulates), as well as the supremely diverse rats, mice, beavers and porcupines of the order Rodentia. Such adaptive diversity, and the emergence of thousands of living and fossil species, apparently resulted from a radiation beginning in the late Mesozoic between 65 and 80 million years ago (Novacek, 1990). This explosive radiation (Figure 1) is one of the more intriguing chapters of vertebrate history, and the problem has attracted interest from unusually varied perspectives. As a result, eutherian mammals are known from a rapidly growing molecular database, as well as a wealth of morphological characters and a comparatively enriched fossil record. The interplay of molecular and morphological investigation is more apparent in the case of placental mammals that in any other vertebrates, perhaps more than in any other group of organisms.
Mammalian Evolution
Authors: Prothero Donald R.
Published: June 2019

The evolution of certain mammalian lineages has become the favorite examples of nearly every introductory textbook in historical geology, paleontology, and evolutionary biology. The evolution of the horse is the most frequently used, since it emerged in 1851 and has been reproduced many times in nearly 150 years (see Gould, 1987, and MacFadden, 1992). Occasionally, one sees a revival of one of Osborn's (1929) evolutionary sequences of brontotheres, and some books may show a sequence of mammoths and mastodonts. In most historical geology books, the discussion of fossil mammals usually consists of just these selected examples, since the authors seem to think that a fuller account of Cenozoic mammal evolution is beyond the level of their readers. Children's books, trade books, and museum displays typically show little more than the evolution of the horse and few selected pictures of spectacular beasts such as saber-toothed cats, ground sloths, mammoths, and the gigantic hornless rhinocerosParaceratherium(called by the obsolete namesBaluchitheriumorIndricotheriumin virtually every caption). Given these conditions, one cannot fault students or the general public for thinking that only horses have a good fossil record, or that there are no other well-studied groups of fossil mammals.
Demographic Seasonality
Authors: Fellman Johan
Published: June 2019

The seasonality of demographic data has been of great interest. It depends mainly on the climatic conditions, and the findings may vary from study to study. Commonly, the studies are based on monthly data. Thepopulation at riskplays a central role. For births or deaths over short periods, the population at risk is proportional to the lengths of the months. Hence, one must analyze the number of births (and deaths) per day. If one studies the seasonality of multiple maternities, the population at risk is the total monthly number of confinements and the number of multiple maternities in a given month must be compared with the monthly number of all maternities. Consequently, when one considers the monthly rates of multiple maternities, the monthly number of births is eliminated and one obtains an unaffected seasonality measure of the rates. In general, comparisons between the seasonality of different data sets presuppose standardization of the data to indices with common means, mainly 100. If one assumes seasonality as ‘non-flatness’ throughout a year, a chi-squared test would be an option, but this test calculates only the heterogeneity and the same test statistic can be obtained for data sets with extreme values occurring in consecutive months or in separate months. Hence, chi-squared tests for seasonality are weak because of this arbitrariness and cannot be considered a model test. When seasonal models are applied, one must pay special attention to how well the applied model fits the data. If the goodness of fit is poor, nonsignificant models obtained can erroneously lead to statements that the seasonality is slight, although the observed seasonal fluctuations are marked. In this study, we investigate how the application of seasonal models can be applied to different demographic variables.
Die Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale-Situational (CDS-S) zur Erfassung von situationsabhängigem Depersonalisationserleben
Authors: Schweden Tabea L. K. , C. Konrad Annika , Hoyer Jürgen
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Depersonalisations- / Derealisationssymptome sind während der Konfrontation mit angstbesetzten Reizen oder Situationen häufig. Zur Erfassung dieses situationsbezogenen Depersonalisationserlebens wurde die Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale adaptiert. Die psychometrischen Gütekriterien der CDS-Situational (CDS-S) wurden in 2 Studien untersucht. 53 Patientinnen und Patienten mit Sozialer Angststörung und 32 gesunde Kontrollprobandinnen und Kontrollprobanden führten zweimal im Abstand von 4 Monaten den Trier Social Stress Test durch und schätzten anschließend die Schwere der Depersonalisation / Derealisation (CDS-S) und der Angst während des Tests ein. Ferner bearbeiteten 26 Studierende mit Prüfungsangst und 43 Studierende ohne Prüfungsangst die CDS-S direkt nach einer mündlichen Prüfung sowie 7 Tage später. Je nach Studie waren Cronbachs α (α ≥ .88), Item-Trennschärfen, Split-Half-Reliabilität ( rtt ≥ .74) und Retest-Reliabilität ( rtt = .40 – .88) zufriedenstellend bis sehr gut. Die Überprüfung der Veränderungssensitivität, Konstruktvalidität und faktoriellen Validität ergab zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. Die CDS-S erfasste in 2 Studien situationsbezogenes Depersonalisations- / Derealisationserleben hinreichend reliabel und valide und ist zur Messung von Depersonalisations- / Derealisationssymptomen im sozialen und Leistungskontext zu empfehlen.
A Statistical Study of the Force Balance and Structure in the Flux Ropes in Mercury's Magnetotail
Authors: Zhao J. T. , Sun W.‐J. , Zong Q. G. , Slavin J. A. , Zhou X. Z. , Dewey R. M. , Poh G. K. , Raines J. M.
Published: June 2019

This study presents a statistical investigation of the force balance and structures in the flux ropes in Mercury's magnetotail plasma sheet by using the measurements of MErcury Surface, Space ENviroment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER). One hundred sixty‐eight flux ropes were identified from the 14 hot seasons of MESSENGER from 11 March 2011 to 30 April 2015, and 143 of them show clear magnetic field enhancements with the core field being ≥20% higher than the background magnetic field. The investigation on the force balance of these 143 flux ropes shows that magnetic pressure gradient force cannot be solely balanced by magnetic tension force, implying that thermal plasma pressure gradient force cannot be neglected in the flux ropes. We employ a non‐force‐free model considering the contribution of thermal pressure to resolve the physical properties of flux ropes in Mercury's magnetotail. Twenty‐eight flux ropes are obtained through the fitting to the non‐force‐free model. The flux ropes are found to be consistent with the flattened structures, in which the mean semimajor is ∼851 km and semiminor is ∼333 km, both are several times the local proton inertial length. The average core field is estimated to be ∼57.5 nT, and flux content is ∼0.019 MWb, much larger than the previous results obtained from force‐free flux rope model. The importance of thermal pressure gradient in the force balance of the flux ropes and the flattened structure indicates that the flux ropes in Mercury's magnetotail plasma sheet are mostly in early stage of the evolution, and still contain enough plasma to affect their magnetic structures.
Links Between the Large‐Scale Circulation and Daily Air Quality Over Central Eastern China During Winter
Authors: Ge Wanru , Yin Yuening , Wright Jonathon S. , Huang Wenyu , Jia Beixi , Wang Yuxuan , Yang Zifan
Published: June 2019

We examine relationships between day‐to‐day variations in the large‐scale atmospheric circulation and the occurrence, intensity, and duration of haze during several recent winters, beginning with a focused examination of Beijing in 2013–2017 and then evaluating the extent to which the findings applied to other urban areas in China in 2015–2017. Composite analysis for Beijing indicates that haze preferentially occurred when the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM; based on potential vorticity) and Siberian High (SH; based on sea level pressure) were weak. Daily variations in EAWM and SH are cross‐correlated but have different relationships with conditions that affect haze development. EAWM is more strongly anticorrelated with boundary layer humidity, suggesting a greater influence on particulate growth. SH, by contrast, has stronger relationships with thermodynamic stability and near‐surface wind speed. A linear combination of these two indices provides a simple but effective indicator of heightened pollution risk over much of central eastern China. The particular value of the EAWM index is supported by its applicability to a broader area and its links to air quality in Beijing during the winter of 2017–2018. Clean conditions during November–February coincided with a persistent strong EAWM despite the SH deviating little from its climatology. The EAWM weakened in March, when air quality reverted to conditions typical of the previous four winters. These results confirm and help to clarify links between the large‐scale circulation and air quality at daily to weekly time scales and provide an empirical foundation for evaluating models used to simulate air quality in this region.
Mountain Ecosystems and Communities Face Challenges Worldwide
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: June 2019

An unprecedented global assessment examines climate, economic, and governance threats to mountain systems and the benefits they provide, suggesting pathways toward sustainability.
Uncertainties in Trends of Young Hot Spot Tracks
Authors: Wang Chengzu , Gordon Richard G. , Zhang Tuo , Zheng Lin
Published: June 2019

Uncertainties in trends of hot spot tracks are investigated using a relationship between trend uncertainty and the mapview dimensions of a hot spot track. Prior estimates of Δt (the time span averaged in estimating the trend of a hot spot track), combined with an observed average track width of σwidth = 33 km, indicate that uncertainties in track trend are larger than estimated before, especially for hot spot tracks on slow‐moving lithosphere. Measured values of σwidth of different hot spot tracks differ insignificantly from one another. Track widths show no significant differences between oceanic and continental tracks and between tracks of deep plumes and tracks of shallow plumes. We find that motion between groups of hot spots on different plates is slow. Nominal speeds vary from 0 to 6 mm/a with a lower bound of zero and upper bounds of 4 to 13 mm/a for the eight best constrained hot spot groups.
Joint Inversion of Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity, Particle Motion, and Teleseismic Body Wave Data for Sedimentary Structures
Authors: Li Guoliang , Niu Fenglin , Yang Yingjie , Tao Kai
Published: June 2019

Mapping seismic structures of sedimentary basins is of great importance to better evaluate energy resources and seismic hazards. In this study, we develop a joint Bayesian Monte Carlo nonlinear inversion method that utilizes the complementary nature of Rayleigh wave phase velocity, Rayleigh wave particle motion, and teleseismic P wave in responding to sedimentary structures. Synthetic tests demonstrate that our joint inversion can retrieve the input sedimentary models better than inversions with surface or body wave data alone. We apply our method to waveform data of two broadband stations inside the Songliao Basin in northeast China to invert for sedimentary structures beneath the two stations. We verify our results by successfully isolating the Moho P‐to‐S conversion from sediment reverberations in surface receiver functions with a wavefield‐downward‐continuation technique. We further demonstrate that we can extend our method to single‐station inversions by excluding the Rayleigh wave phase velocity in the inversion.
Impacts of Different Types of ENSO Events on Thermocline Variability in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Yang G. , Liu L. , Zhao X. , Li Y. , Duan Y. , Liu B. , Huang K. , Yu W.
Published: June 2019

Remarkable interannual variability in the thermocline depth in the southern tropical Indian Ocean (STIO) is analyzed using reanalysis data during 1980–2017. Previous studies have shown that the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a significant relationship with thermocline depth anomalies in this region. We find that both the eastern‐Pacific (EP) and central‐Pacific (CP) ENSO have important impacts on the STIO thermocline variation. The positive and negative phases of thermocline anomalies in the STIO are induced by asymmetric forcings from the two phases of ENSO. EP‐El Niño and CP‐La Niña events tend to induce larger thermocline depth anomalies in the STIO. Equatorial westerly and STIO anticyclonic winds during EP‐El Niño events can induce downwelling Rossby waves that extend far toward the western Indian Ocean, which dominates the westward propagation of thermocline anomalies, while upwelling Rossby waves during CP‐La Niña events cannot extend that far west.
Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances and Ionospheric Perturbations Associated With Solar Flares in September 2017
Authors: Zhang Shun‐Rong , Coster Anthea J. , Erickson Philip J. , Goncharenko Larisa P. , Rideout William , Vierinen Juha
Published: June 2019

Solar flares provide strong impulsive radiation and energy injection to the sunlit upper atmosphere. The impact on the ionosphere is immense in spatial scale, and therefore, it is not immediately evident if dramatically elevated neutral heating can lead to excitation of acoustic gravity waves. Using primary observations from Global Navigation Satellite System differential TEC (total electron content) over the continental United States, this paper presents postflare ionospheric observations associated with three X‐class flares on 6, 7, and 10 September 2017. Postflare ionospheric changes had two significant morphological characteristics: (1) A few minutes after the X9.3 flare peak on 6 September, clear traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) fronts emanated near the sunrise terminator with alignment parallel to its direction—TIDs propagated predominantly eastward into the dayside with a 150 m/s phase speed and a ∼30‐min period; (2) synchronized differential TEC oscillations over continental United States with ∼60‐min periodicity and damping amplitude over time, following all three X‐class flares. Postflare ionospheric oscillation spectra exhibited significantly enhanced amplitudes and changes of periodicities (including the appearance of the 60‐min oscillations). The Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar observed large ionospheric up‐welling occurring nearly simultaneously as detected TIDs at the X9.3 flare peak, with up to 80 m/s enhancements in vertical drift at 500 km lasting for ∼30 min. Results suggest that significant solar flare heating and associated dynamical effects may be an important factor in TID/acoustic gravity wave excitation.
Characteristics of Mars UV Dayglow Emissions From Atomic Oxygen at 130.4 and 135.6 nm: MAVEN/IUVS Limb Observations and Modeling
Authors: Ritter B. , Gérard J.‐C. , Gkouvelis L. , Hubert B. , Jain S.K. , Schneider N.M.
Published: June 2019

We present an overview of two Martian Years (MYs) oxygen dayglow limb observations of the ultraviolet (UV) emissions at 130.4 and 135.6 nm. The data have been collected with the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. We use solar flux measurements of EUVM on board MAVEN to remove the solar‐induced variation and show the variations of the maximum limb brightness and altitude with season, solar zenith angle, and latitude, which reflects the strong variability of the Martian atmosphere. The 130.4‐ and 135.6‐nm peak brightness and altitudes are strongly correlated and behave similarly. Both emissions are modeled for selected data using Monte Carlo codes to calculate emissions arising from electron impact on O and CO2. Additional radiative transfer calculations are made to analyze the optically thick 130.4‐nm emission. Model atmospheres from the Mars Climate Database serve as input. Both simulated limb profiles are in good agreement with the observations despite some deviations. We furthermore show that the observed 130.4‐nm brightness is dominated by resonance scattering of the solar multiplet with a contribution (15–20%) by electron impact on O. Over 95% of the excitation at 135.6 nm arises from electron impact on O. Simulations indicate that the limb brightness is dependent on the oxygen and CO2 content, while the peak emission altitude is mainly driven by the CO2 content because of absorption processes. We deduce [O]/[CO2] mixing ratios of 3.1% and 3.0% at 130 km for data sets collected at LS = 350° in Martian years 32 and 33.
Energy Partitioning in Granular Flow Depends on Mineralogy via Nanoscale Plastic Work
Authors: Taylor S. E. , Brodsky E. E.
Published: June 2019

Granular materials are central to a wide range of geologic concerns, but until now there has been no experimental or theoretical exploration of the relative influence of material characteristics typical of geological flows on overall rheology. Shearing samples from 50–300 rad/s under constant pressure 3.5 kPa, we measure dilation and fluctuation energy and establish what combination of parameters best predicts flow behavior. In fast granular flows, dilation results from fluctuation energy, but their precise relationship depends on dissipative processes. The best predictor of dissipation is characteristic length of plastic displacement, δ. Flows that have greater plastic deformation within grains (higher δ) dilate more for a given increase in fluctuation energy. This counterintuitive result likely stems from the reduced efficiency of energy transfer to more distant parts of the shear flow. The fact that mineralogy's effect on high‐velocity granular flows is captured by the material's propensity to absorb energy through plastic damage or release energy through fracture is useful for understanding energy partitioning in granular flows and predicting the shear behavior of a wide range of geological materials.
Complex Response of Sediment Phosphorus to Land Use and Management Within a River Network
Authors: Kreiling R. M. , Thoms M. C. , Bartsch L. A. , Richardson W. B. , Christensen V. G.
Published: June 2019

Rivers affected by anthropogenic nutrient inputs can retain some of the phosphorus (P) load through sediment retention and burial. Determining the influence of land use and management on sediment P concentrations and P retention in fluvial ecosystems is challenging because of different stressors operating at multiple spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we sought to determine how land use and management influenced sediment P concentrations and P retention within a river network draining a watershed modified by mixed land use activities, the Fox River, Wisconsin, USA. Results show that current land use had no detectable effect on sediment P concentrations and only a small potential effect on P retention capacity. However, sites draining predominantly forested areas were associated with riverbed sediments less saturated in P, whereas sites draining mainly agricultural areas were more likely to release sediment‐bound P. Current management actions, including the implementation of best management practices, had a small positive effect on P retention capacity but had no observed effect on sediment P concentrations. Our results suggest that fine riverbed sediment throughout the Fox River network is saturated with P and has the capability to release P when water column P concentrations are low. These P‐saturated riverbed sediments represent a potential legacy effect of past land use disturbances on P dynamics in the Fox River network.
North Atlantic Evidence for a Unipolar Icehouse Climate State at the Eocene‐Oligocene Transition
Authors: Spray James F. , Bohaty Steven M. , Davies Andrew , Bailey Ian , Romans Brian W. , Cooper Matthew J. , Milton James A. , Wilson Paul A.
Published: June 2019

Earth's climate transitioned from a warm unglaciated state to a colder glaciated “icehouse” state during the Cenozoic. Extensive ice sheets were first sustained on Antarctica at the Eocene‐Oligocene Transition (EOT, ~34 Ma), but there is intense debate over whether Northern Hemisphere ice sheets developed simultaneously at this time or tens of millions of years later. Here we report on EOT‐age sediments that contain detrital sand from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Sites U1406 and U1411 on the Newfoundland margin. These sites are ideally located to test competing hypotheses of the extent of Arctic glaciation, being situated in the North Atlantic's “iceberg alley” where icebergs, calved from both the Greenland Ice Sheet today, and the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene, are concentrated by the Labrador Current and deposit continentally derived detritus. Here we show that detrital sand grains present in these EOT‐aged sediments from the Newfoundland margin, initially interpreted to represent ice rafting, were sourced from the midlatitudes of North America. We find that these grains were transported to the western North Atlantic by fluvial and downslope processes, not icebergs, and were subsequently reworked and deposited by deep‐water contour currents on the Newfoundland margin. Our findings are inconsistent with the presence of extensive ice sheets on southern and western Greenland and the northeastern Canadian Arctic. This contradicts extensive bipolar glaciation at the EOT. The unipolar icehouse arose because of contrasting latitudinal continental configurations at the poles, requiring more intense Cenozoic climatic deterioration to trigger extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
Ethical Considerations in Medication-Related Roles for Pediatric Primary Care Psychologists
Authors: Shahidullah Jeffrey D. , Hostutler Cody A. , Forman Susan G.
Published: June 2019

Objective: There is a high prevalence of child and adolescent behavioral health needs that present in primary care, and these issues are commonly addressed using psychotropic medications. Although several collaborative and integrated psychotropic medication models have been proposed, there has been limited discussion of the complex ethical considerations related to these roles. Methods: This article examines ethical considerations that may occur related to medication-related roles for pediatric primary care psychologists, such as those described by Shahidullah, Hostutler, and Stancin (2018) in a recent volume of Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology. Results: This article delineates the use of decision-making models that may be helpful in adhering to best practice clinical and ethical guidelines within the interprofessional context of integrated primary care. Conclusions: Ethical principles, standards, guidelines, models, and competencies developed for psychologists and physicians, as well as those developed for interprofessional practice, are used in discussing case illustrations involving psychotropic medication management within integrated practices.

Implications for Impact Statement

Pediatric primary care psychologists undertaking collaborative medication-related roles with physicians are increasingly viewed as a necessary role to improve the standard of care to children and adolescents. Key ethical considerations include scope of practice and problem solving around treatment planning and implementation in conjunction with the physician, family, and patient. This article provides practitioners with a review of important ethical considerations, decision-making models, and clinical tools to facilitate adherence to best practice clinical and ethical guidelines within the interprofessional context of integrated primary care.