bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parentalité, familles recomposées… et décomposées
Authors: Gachnochi Georges
Published: September 2023

Autour du thème de la décomposition familiale, effective ou redoutée, l’auteur présente trois situations :

Une jeune adolescente, suivie pendant de nombreuses années, abandonnée par son père biologique puis par un père de substitution. Après une succession de passages à l’acte et une hospitalisation pour idées suicidaires, elle se stabilise progressivement, grâce notamment au transfert très positif sur le psychiatre qui la suit. En quelques années, l’évolution apparaît favorable.

On présente ensuite l’histoire d’Henriette, psychologue, dont le père, rejeté par ses beaux-parents, a quitté la mère et l’enfant quand elle avait 5 ans. Elle-même a divorcé quand son fils était bébé. À l’issue d’une longue analyse, elle retrouve son père et connaît son histoire. Son fils tend à reproduire l’instabilité familiale mais, par de discrets conseils, Henriette lui évite cette reproduction de l’histoire familiale.

Puis est exposé le cas de Karine, 15 ans, vivant en foyer, qui était sur le point de voir satisfaite sa demande de « changement de sexe ». Après l’intervention psychothérapique et institutionnelle de la psychologue du foyer, elle renonce. Elle s’épanouit dans une activité de dessinatrice dont elle envisage de faire une profession.

Les commentaires proposés ensuite s’articulent d’abord autour de l’idée de l’oubli de l’apport freudien, notamment la bisexualité psychique.

Chez les adolescents en crise, le maintien d’une relation positive avec des soignants est essentiel.

Puis est envisagée la « compulsion de répétition transgénérationnelle », et notamment les introjections, incorporations qui gouvernent certains comportements.
Vécu mélancolique et altération de la sexualité chez les femmes mastectomisées avec cancer du sein
Authors: Dong Thierry , Magne Fongang Alvy Gislaine , Njifon Nsangou Hassan
Published: September 2023

Dans les suites d’un cancer de sein, la mastectomie engendre d’importants bouleversements dans la vie des femmes. Touchant le sein, organe visible de la féminité, zone érogène stratégique et très investi dans les relations sexuelles, cette intervention est susceptible d’entrainer chez cette dernière des souffrances psychologiques considérables. Cet article présente le vécu de trois femmes mastectomisées, rencontrées dans un service d’oncologie au Cameroun. Par le biais de la méthode clinique, des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés à l’aide d’un guide d’entretien avec ces femmes. Les données recueillies ont été retranscrites puis analysées via la technique d’analyse thématique des données en tenant compte du vécu spécifique de chaque femme. L’analyse des données recueillies met en avant un vécu « mélancolique » du sein perdu qui se manifeste par un tableau clinique fait de : culpabilité, tristesse, repli sur soi, ruminations anxieuses, perte de l’estime de soi et altération du vécu sexuel. Ces résultats rendent comptent de la nécessité d’un soutien psychologique de la femme mastectomisée.
Pregnancy in a Patient with Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Severe Restrictive Lung Disease
Authors: Alamri Lamia A. , Foxx Alexandra M. , Dwan Robyn L. , Sorabella Laura E. , Patel Soha S.
Published: September 2023

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease that is often associated with chronic respiratory failure. Few cases have described the antepartum and postpartum course in patients with severely compromised respiratory status.

We present a case of a 24-year-old nullipara with a history of SMA type II complicated by surgically corrected kyphoscoliosis and severe restrictive lung disease. Her pregnancy was complicated by progressively worsening dyspnea resulting in increased use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, ultimately leading to indicated premature delivery at 28 weeks' gestation via cesarean section under general anesthesia.

Women with SMA and severe restrictive lung disease are at high risk of premature delivery secondary to worsening respiratory status. A multidisciplinary approach is vital in treating these patients.
Photoinduced Metal-Free Arylboration of Unactivated Alkenes: Synthesis of Indoline Boronic Ester
Authors: Lu Ji , He Yangsen , Wei Jun , Ren Lixu , Li Daling , Pan Xianchao , Yang Lin , Wang Jun , Wei Siping
Published: September 2023

The environmentally benign synthesis of indoline boronic esters, especially through a way of arylboration to alkenes, remains a challenge due to the use of transition metals or high-temperature conditions. We described a photoinduced metal-free arylboration of unactivated alkenes for the synthesis of indoline boronic esters and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline boronic ester in good yields. This approach showed good compatibility and great efficiency for a range of allylphenylamines as well as alkylamine. Remarkably, this transformation also suggested that the base is not necessary for photosensitizer-free diboron reagent mediated mild generation of aryl radical. Furthermore, compared to previously reported methods, this approach is mild and environmentally benign.
Is There a Genetic Relationship between Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Meningioma? A Case Report of the Analyses of Three Genes
Authors: Surme Mehmet Besir , Demir Fatih , Erol Deniz , Kaplan Metin
Published: September 2023

Meningiomas are the most common tumors of the central nervous system, and they are generally slow growing and benign. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a life-threatening ltype of cancer that involves the accumulation of peripheral blood vessels and immature cells in the bone marrow. Genetic mutations play an important role in the etiology of both diseases. Therefore, in the case herein presented, we investigated the meningioma 1 (MN1), nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) genes for possible genetic mutations. A 27-year-old female with a chief complaint of headache and history of lllALL presented with a mass in the left frontal lobe. The pathological analysis revealed a fibroblastic meningioma. However, the three genes were found to be normal in the analysis. In light of these findings, we did not encounter any evidence of a genetic relationship between meningioma and ALL in the present study.
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Is the Time Until Intervention Related to Minor Disabilities in 6 Months?
Authors: Tebelskis Yuri , Rabelo Nícollas Nunes , Pipek Leonardo Zumerkorn , Telles João Paulo Mota , Barbosa Guilherme Bitencourt , Barbat Natalia Camargo , Coelho Antônio Carlos Samaia da Silva , Yoshikawa Marcia Harumy , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , Figueiredo Eberval Gadelha
Published: September 2023

Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages (aSAHs) account for 5% of all strokes, an appalling number when it comes to the second most common cause of death worldwide. The basis of the treatment is clinical support and either endovascular or surgical intervention. The purpose of the present study is to analyze if the time from the onset of the thunderclap headache until treatment intervention is related to the degree of disability after 6 months.

Methods In the present prospective observational study, data were collected from all patients (n = 223) admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of aSAH. Patients whose data were missing or who missed the follow-up after 6 months were excluded. Then, the number of days from the thunderclap headache until the surgical intervention (Delta T) was obtained. The degree of disability was evaluated using standardized scales, Rankin Scale (RS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), at the time of discharge as well as 6 months later. Then, the RS and GOS were correlated with Delta T.

Results An average of 6.8 days was found from the onset of symptoms to the intervention, the average age was 54 years old, 73% were women and 55% were smokers. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale on admission was 13. The mean score on the Hunt and Hess scale was 2.1. From the radiological point of view, the mean size of the aneurysm was 6 mm, and the modified Fisher Scale was 3.1. Of the total number of patients at the end of the study (n = 78), 50 underwent microsurgical treatment (63%). Rankin scale at discharge was 1.9 and GOS was 4.5, with no statistically significant change at 6 months. Analyzing the data distribution using linear regression, no statistically significant correlation was found between the time until treatment and disability using RS and GOS (p > 0.05). The same results were found even analyzing age subgroups (≤ 45 years old, 45 to 55 years old, 55 to 70 years old, and > 70 years old with a p-value > 0.05).

Conclusions The present study suggests that there is no linear correlation between Delta T and disability at 6 months for the population studied. However, more studies are needed to assess whether these findings may be present in other populations, especially with a shorter time from symptoms to intervention, since the greatest risk of rebleeding occurs in the first 3 days after the event.
External Validation of a Clinical Nomogram for Predicting Intracranial Hematoma Following Head Computed Tomography in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Jongjit Apisorn , Tunthanathip Thara
Published: September 2023

Introduction Over-investigation of head computed tomography (CT) has been observed in children with TBI. Long-term effects from a head CT brain scan have been addressed and those should be balanced. A nomogram is a simple prediction tool that has been reported for predicting intracranial injuries following a head CT of the brain in TBI children in literature. This study aims to validate the performance of the nomogram using unseen data. Additionally, the secondary objective aims to estimate the net benefit of the nomogram by decision curve analysis (DCA).

Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study with 64 children who suffered from traumatic brain injury (TBI) and underwent a CT of the brain. Nomogram's scores were assigned according to various variables in each patient; therefore sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy and F1 score were estimated by the cross-tabulation of the actual results and the predicted results. Additionally, the benefits of a nomogram were compared with “None” and “All” protocols using DCA.

Results There were 64 children with TBI who underwent a head CT in the present study. From the cross-tabulation, the nomogram had a sensitivity of 0.60 (95%CI 0.29–0.90), specificity of 0.96 (0.91–1.0), PPV of 0.75 (0.44–1.0), NPV of 0.92 (0.86–0.99), accuracy of 0.90 (0.83–0.97), and an F1 score of 0.66 (0.59–0.73). Also, the area under the curve was 0.78 which was defined as acceptable performance. For the DCA at 0.1 high-risk threshold, the net benefit of the nomogram was 0.75, whereas the “All” protocol had the net benefit of 0.40 which was obviously different.

Conclusion A nomogram is a suitable method as an alternative prediction tool in general practice that has advantages over other protocols.
Retinoic acid drives intestine-specific adaptation of effector ILC2s originating from distant sites
Authors: Shaikh Nikhat , Waterhölter Alex , Gnirck Ann-Christin , Becker Martina , Adamiak Virginia , Henneken Lena , Wunderlich Malte , Hartmann Wiebke , Linnemann Lara , Huber Tobias B. , Krebs Christian F. , Panzer Ulf , Locksley Richard M. , Wilhelm Christoph , Breloer Minka , Turner Jan-Eric
Published: September 2023

Adaptation of immune cells to tissue-specific microenvironments is a crucial process in homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we show that murine effector type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) from various organs are equally effective in repopulating ILC2 niches in other anatomical locations where they adapt tissue-specific phenotypes of target organs. Single-cell transcriptomics of ILC2 populations revealed upregulation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling in ILC2s during adaptation to the small intestinal microenvironment, and RA signaling mediated reprogramming of kidney effector ILC2s toward the small intestinal phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of intestinal ILC2 adaptation by blocking RA signaling impaired worm expulsion during Strongyloides ratti infection, indicating functional importance of ILC2 tissue imprinting. In conclusion, this study highlights that effector ILC2s retain the ability to adapt to changing tissue-specific microenvironments, enabling them to exert tissue-specific functions, such as promoting control of intestinal helminth infections.
For whom the B(c)ell tolls: CXCL4 AIDs human autoimmunity
Authors: Tangye Stuart G.
Published: September 2023

In this issue of JEM, Çakan et al. (2023. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20230944) explore a CXCL4-mediated mechanism by which TLRs cause autoimmunity in human B cells, breaching bone marrow tolerance.
A robust adaptive-thresholding primal-dual sparse recovery for THz imaging
Authors: Tianhe Wang , Ming Jiang , Jinshan Ding , Yuhong Zhang , Zhong Xu
Published: September 2023

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system is a powerful tool in material spectral analysis and non-destructive testing (NDT). However, the data acquisition is time-consuming due to the point-by-point scanning process, which leads to limitations in THz imaging applications. In this paper, a robust adaptive-thresholding primal-dual sparse recovery (APSR) method is proposed to reconstruct high-resolution THz images and reduce the acquisition time. A sparsity averaging dictionary, which is a concatenate of multiple bases, is applied to improve the robustness and generalization. A reweighted

ℓ
1

scheme is also adopted to enhance the sparse solution. As a crucial consideration in the sparse recovery method, we propose a robust adaptive threshold estimator based on the median absolute deviation in the sense that the final threshold determines the reconstruction quality and the convergence rate. Meanwhile, together with the Nesterov acceleration technique, a large threshold can be applied at the beginning of the iteration to help accelerate the convergence. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the APSR method can reconstruct THz images with robustness even with low SNR (of 30 dB) and low sampling rate (of 30%) compared to conventional methods. In the real THz-TDS system, our proposed sparse imaging method can successfully recover a composite object with much fewer THz spectra and reduces the acquisition time to 30% at the cost of a relative error of 2.5%, demonstrating the efficiency of our proposed method and the penetrating ability of THz technology in the NDT applications.
Ellipsometry, transmission, and photoluminescence characterization of Mn-doped ITO thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering
Authors: Kaveh Masoud , Lawrence David , Bender Scott , Hirt Daniel , Riffe William , Constantin Costel
Published: September 2023

Manganese-doped indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films (0–12.8 at% Mn) were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of the films were studied. Optical characterization was emphasized and included ellipsometry, transmission, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Features of the energy band structure of ITO and Mn-ITO were extracted from PL spectra and Tauc analyses of absorption data. We concluded that the fundamental bandgap of ITO is ∼2.8 eV. A separate deep valence band, ∼0.8 eV below the valence band maximum, was confirmed to be involved in higher energy optical absorption and emission transitions. Both of these observations were consistent with recent published theoretical studies and spectroscopic measurements (XPS, XES, etc). Mn addition was found to result in a decrease of the transition energies. Additionally, Burstein–Moss shifts were observed.
A quasi-Poisson structure on the multiplicative Grothendieck–Springer resolution
Authors: Bălibanu Ana
Published: September 2023

In this note we show that the multiplicative Grothendieck– Springer space has a natural quasi-Poisson structure. The associated group-valued moment map is the resolution morphism, and the quasi-Hamiltonian leaves are the connected components of the preimages of Steinberg fibers. This is a multiplicative analogue of the standard Poisson structure on the additive Grothendieck–Springer resolution, and an explicit illustration of a more general procedure of reduction along Dirac realizations which was developed in recent work of the author and Mayrand.
Progress in astrophysics with Type 1a supernovae
Authors: Battini Umberto , Gibson Brad , Murphy Alex
Published: September 2023

Umberto Battino, Brad Gibson and Alex Murphy report on the RAS Specialist Discussion Meeting entitled ‘2nd Meeting on Progress in Astrophysics with Type-Ia Supernovae (PATIAS-2)’
Automated detection of apoptotic bodies and cells in label-free time-lapse high-throughput video microscopy using deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Wu Kwan-Ling , Martinez-Paniagua Melisa , Reichel Kate , Menon Prashant S , Deo Shravani , Roysam Badrinath , Varadarajan Navin
Published: September 2023

Motivation

Reliable label-free methods are needed for detecting and profiling apoptotic events in time-lapse cell–cell interaction assays. Prior studies relied on fluorescent markers of apoptosis, e.g. Annexin-V, that provide an inconsistent and late indication of apoptotic onset for human melanoma cells. Our motivation is to improve the detection of apoptosis by directly detecting apoptotic bodies in a label-free manner.

Results

Our trained ResNet50 network identified nanowells containing apoptotic bodies with 92% accuracy and predicted the onset of apoptosis with an error of one frame (5 min/frame). Our apoptotic body segmentation yielded an IoU accuracy of 75%, allowing associative identification of apoptotic cells. Our method detected apoptosis events, 70% of which were not detected by Annexin-V staining.

Availability and implementation

Open-source code and sample data provided at https://github.com/kwu14victor/ApoBDproject.
Extracellular glutamate and GABA transients at the transition from interictal spiking to seizures
Authors: Shimoda Yoshiteru , Leite Marco , Graham Robert T , Marvin Jonathan S , Hasseman Jeremy , Kolb Ilya , Looger Loren L , Magloire Vincent , Kullmann Dimitri M
Published: September 2023

Focal epilepsy is associated with intermittent brief population discharges (interictal spikes), which resemble sentinel spikes that often occur at the onset of seizures. Why interictal spikes self-terminate whilst seizures persist and propagate is incompletely understood. We used fluorescent glutamate and GABA sensors in an awake rodent model of neocortical seizures to resolve the spatiotemporal evolution of both neurotransmitters in the extracellular space. Interictal spikes were accompanied by brief glutamate transients which were maximal at the initiation site and rapidly propagated centrifugally. GABA transients lasted longer than glutamate transients and were maximal ∼1.5 mm from the focus where they propagated centripetally. Prior to seizure initiation GABA transients were attenuated, whilst glutamate transients increased, consistent with a progressive failure of local inhibitory restraint. As seizures increased in frequency, there was a gradual increase in the spatial extent of spike-associated glutamate transients associated with interictal spikes. Neurotransmitter imaging thus reveals a progressive collapse of an annulus of feed-forward GABA release, allowing seizures to escape from local inhibitory restraint.
Trade Disruption, Industrialisation, and the Setting Sun of British Colonial Rule in India
Authors: Bonfatti Roberto , Brey Björn
Published: September 2023

Colonial trade prompted the colonies to specialise in primary products. Did this eliminate industrialisation opportunities in the colonies, and did it make them more politically dependent on the coloniser? To answer these questions, we examine the impact of the World War I trade shock on industrial growth and support for the anti-colonial movement in India. We find that districts more exposed to a drop in imports experienced faster industrial growth in 1911–1921, thereafter remaining on a higher level of industrial employment. All evidence points to an increase in Indian productivities as the reason for this, suggesting that liberal trade policies may not have been optimal for colonial India. We also find that districts, which industrialised faster thanks to WWI were more likely to support the Indian National Congress. This is consistent with the view that specialisation in primary products made the colonies more politically dependent on the coloniser.
Know your rights! A field experiment on legal knowledge, property rights, and investment in Kenya
Authors: Aberra Adam , Chemin Matthieu
Published: September 2023

Knowledge of the laws is needed for them to have an impact. In this article, we test the effects of disseminating legal knowledge, carefully designed to the particular circumstances of small-scale farmers living with uncertain property rights on their land. We find that greater legal knowledge increases the security of property rights and investment on the land (JEL K4, O1).
Epidemiology and burden of dengue fever in the United States: a systematic review
Authors: Chen Lin H , Marti Carlos , Diaz Perez Clemente , Jackson Bianca M , Simon Alyssa M , Lu Mei
Published: September 2023

Background

Dengue is currently a global concern. The range of dengue vectors is expanding with climate change, yet United States of America (USA) studies on dengue epidemiology and burden are limited. This systematic review sought to characterize the epidemiology and disease burden of dengue within the USA.

Methods

Studies evaluating travel-related and endemic dengue in US states and territories were identified and qualitatively summarized. Commentaries and studies on ex-US cases were excluded. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Center of Health Sciences Information, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched through January 2022.

Results

116 studies were included. In US states, dengue incidence was generally low, with spikes occurring in recent years in 2013–16 (0.17–0.31 cases/100,000) and peaking in 2019 (0.35 cases/100,000). Most cases (94%, n = 7895, 2010–21) were travel related. Dengue was more common in Puerto Rico (cumulative average: 200 cases/100,000, 1980–2015); in 2010–21, 99.9% of cases were locally acquired. There were <50 severe cases in US states (2010–17); fatal cases were even rarer. Severe cases in Puerto Rico peaked in 1998 (n = 173) and 2021 (n = 76). Besides lower income, risk factors in US states included having birds in residence, suggesting unspecified environmental characteristics favourable to dengue vectors. Commonly reported symptoms included fever, headache and rash; median disease duration was 3.5–11 days. Hospitalization rates increased following 2009 World Health Organization disease classification changes (pre-2009: 0–54%; post-2009: 14–75%); median length of stay was 2.7–8 days (Puerto Rico) and 2–3 days (US states). Hospitalization costs/case (2010 USD) were$14 350 (US states),$1764–$5497 (Puerto Rico) and$4207 (US Virgin Islands). In Puerto Rico, average days missed were 0.2–5.3 (work) and 2.5 (school).

Conclusions

Though dengue risk is ongoing, treatments are limited, and dengue's economic burden is high. There is an urgent need for additional preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Tensor Decomposition-based Feature Extraction and Classification to Detect Natural Selection from Genomic Data
Authors: Amin Md Ruhul , Hasan Mahmudul , Arnab Sandipan Paul , DeGiorgio Michael
Published: September 2023

Inferences of adaptive events are important for learning about traits, such as human digestion of lactose after infancy and the rapid spread of viral variants. Early efforts toward identifying footprints of natural selection from genomic data involved development of summary statistic and likelihood methods. However, such techniques are grounded in simple patterns or theoretical models that limit the complexity of settings they can explore. Due to the renaissance in artificial intelligence, machine learning methods have taken center stage in recent efforts to detect natural selection, with strategies such as convolutional neural networks applied to images of haplotypes. Yet, limitations of such techniques include estimation of large numbers of model parameters under nonconvex settings and feature identification without regard to location within an image. An alternative approach is to use tensor decomposition to extract features from multidimensional data although preserving the latent structure of the data, and to feed these features to machine learning models. Here, we adopt this framework and present a novel approach termed T-REx, which extracts features from images of haplotypes across sampled individuals using tensor decomposition, and then makes predictions from these features using classical machine learning methods. As a proof of concept, we explore the performance of T-REx on simulated neutral and selective sweep scenarios and find that it has high power and accuracy to discriminate sweeps from neutrality, robustness to common technical hurdles, and easy visualization of feature importance. Therefore, T-REx is a powerful addition to the toolkit for detecting adaptive processes from genomic data.
COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Del Vecchio Lucia , Balafa Olga , Dounousi Evangelia , Ekart Robert , Fernandez Beatriz Fernandez , Mark Patrick B , Sarafidis Pantelis , Valdivielso Jose M , Ferro Charles J , Mallamaci Francesca
Published: September 2023

Millions of people worldwide have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Affected patients are at high risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease for several reasons. Among various comorbidities, CKD is associated with the more severe forms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This is particularly true for patients receiving dialysis or for kidney recipients. From the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several CV complications have been observed in affected subjects, spanning acute inflammatory manifestations, CV events, thrombotic episodes and arrythmias. Several pathogenetic mechanisms have been hypothesized, including direct cytopathic viral effects on the myocardium, endothelial damage and hypercoagulability. This spectrum of disease can occur during the acute phase of the infection, but also months after recovery. This review is focussed on the CV complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with particular interest in their implications for the CKD population.
Rev–Rev Response Element Activity Selection Bias at the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission Bottleneck
Authors: Jackson Patrick E H , Holsey Jordan , Turse Lauren , Hammarskjold Marie-Louise , Rekosh David
Published: September 2023

Background

Sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is inefficient and results in selection of viral variants based on incompletely understood factors. Functional variation in the Rev–Rev response element (RRE) regulatory axis of HIV affect replication kinetics and relative expression of viral proteins. We explored whether differences in this axis among viral isolates affect transmission fitness.

Methods

HIV sequences were identified from nine female-to-male transmission pairs. Using a rapid flow cytometric assay, we analyzed Rev-RRE functional activity of primary isolates.

Results

Rev-RRE activity was significantly lower in recipient viruses compared with corresponding donor viruses. In most transmission events, recipient virus Rev-RRE activity clustered at the extreme low end of the range of donor virus activity.

Conclusions

These data indicate selection pressure on the Rev-RRE axis during female-to-male sexual transmission. Variation in Rev-RRE activity may permit viral adaptation to different fitness landscapes and could play an important role in HIV pathogenesis.
Morality as the Enduring Basis of Public Opinion
Authors: Ben-Nun Bloom Pazit
Published: September 2023

This chapter shows the immense progress made in the last decade in the study of morality in public opinion and discusses some of the complexities of the morality–politics nexus. It starts by reviewing the plethora of theoretical definitions for morality in politics, and then probes how morality might serve as the basis of public opinion by examining how it translates into political attitudes. Next, the chapter reviews the main findings in this burgeoning literature. It describes the links between moral attitudes and ideology and, in particular, possible ideological asymmetry in moral thinking, and moves to review the role of morality as a source of elite rhetoric, a vehicle for political activism, a driver of extremism and polarization, and a key dimension in voter evaluations of politicians. This is followed by a discussion of measurement, and finally concludes with thoughts about the future of the field.
Prejudice and Politics
Authors: Kinder Donald R.
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews the literature on the intersection between prejudice and politics, focused largely on prejudice and politics in the United States. The first two sections of the chapter spell out the meaning of “race” and then “prejudice.” The next section reviews what we have learned recently about the decline of biological racism, the meaning and measurement of modern racism, and the growing interest in the political relevance of implicit racism. The following section, and the heart of the chapter, summarizes evidence on the part played by prejudice in shaping the political lives of Americans on consequential matters. The final section considers, in light of recent events in the United States (and elsewhere in the developed world), the prospects for democracy in a society divided by race.
Political Decision-Making
Authors: Lau Richard R. , Redlawsk David P.
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides a general framework for studying individual political decision-making that applies to both everyday citizens and to political elites. Focusing primarily on mass behavior, it presents this framework within a broader cognitive perspective of humans as limited-capacity information processors who have developed at least two quite distinct modes of processing, one preconscious, automatic, low effort, and extremely fast (System 1); the other conscious, volitional, high effect, and relatively slow (System 2). After a brief foray into rational choice theory, the chapter spends much more time with behavioral decision theory and its bounded rationality perspective on how people normally cope with their cognitive limits. The strengths and weaknesses of various methods for studying decision-making are reviewed. Four broad types of decision strategies are discussed: dispassionate, confirmatory, fast and frugal, and intuitive. The effects of integral and incidental emotions on decision-making are also reviewed. The chapter concludes by considering the effects of decision strategy on decision quality and learning.
Biomolecular condensates in plant RNA silencing: insights into formation, function, and stress responses
Authors: Li Qi , Liu Yang , Zhang Xiaoming
Published: September 2023

Biomolecular condensates are dynamic structures formed through diverse mechanisms, including liquid-liquid phase separation. These condensates have emerged as crucial regulators of cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, enabling the compartmentalization of specific biological reactions while allowing for dynamic exchange of molecules with the surrounding environment. RNA silencing, a conserved gene regulatory mechanism mediated by small RNAs (sRNAs), plays pivotal roles in various biological processes. Multiple types of biomolecular condensate, including dicing bodies, processing bodies, small interfering RNA bodies, and Cajal bodies, have been identified as key players in RNA silencing pathways. These biomolecular condensates provide spatial compartmentation for the biogenesis, loading, action, and turnover of small RNAs. Moreover, they actively respond to stresses, such as viral infections, and modulate RNA silencing activities during stress responses. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding of dicing bodies and other biomolecular condensates involved in RNA silencing. We explore their formation, roles in RNA silencing, and contributions to antiviral resistance responses. This comprehensive overview provides insights into the functional significance of biomolecular condensates in RNA silencing and expands our understanding of their roles in gene expression and stress responses in plants.
Deciphering the structure, function, and mechanism of lysine acetyltransferase cGNAT2 in cyanobacteria
Authors: Jia Kun , Yang Mingkun , Liu Xin , Zhang Qi , Cao Gaoxiang , Ge Feng , Zhao Jindong
Published: September 2023

Lysine acetylation is a conserved regulatory posttranslational protein modification that is performed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs). By catalyzing the transfer of acetyl groups to substrate proteins, KATs play critical regulatory roles in all domains of life; however, no KATs have yet been identified in cyanobacteria. Here, we tested all predicted KATs in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (Syn7002) and demonstrated that A1596, which we named cyanobacterial Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (cGNAT2), can catalyze lysine acetylation in vivo and in vitro. Eight amino acid residues were identified as the key residues in the putative active site of cGNAT2, as indicated by structural simulation and site-directed mutagenesis. The loss of cGNAT2 altered both growth and photosynthetic electron transport in Syn7002. In addition, quantitative analysis of the lysine acetylome identified 548 endogenous substrates of cGNAT2 in Syn7002. We further demonstrated that cGNAT2 can acetylate NAD(P)H dehydrogenase J (NdhJ) in vivo and in vitro, with the inability to acetylate K89 residues, thus decreasing NdhJ activity and affecting both growth and electron transport in Syn7002. In summary, this study identified a KAT in cyanobacteria and revealed that cGNAT2 regulates growth and photosynthesis in Syn7002 through an acetylation-mediated mechanism.
Mitochondrial VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ANION CHANNEL 3 regulates stomatal closure by abscisic acid signaling
Authors: Qin Haixia , Yang Wenqi , Liu Zile , Ouyang Yi , Wang Xiao , Duan Haiyang , Zhao Bing , Wang Shujie , Zhang Junli , Chang Yuankai , Jiang Kun , Yu Ke , Zhang Xuebin
Published: September 2023

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), stomatal closure mediated by abscisic acid (ABA) is redundantly controlled by ABA receptor family proteins (PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1 [PYR1]/PYR1-LIKE [PYLs]) and subclass III SUCROSE NONFERMENTING 1 (SNF1)-RELATED PROTEIN KINASES 2 (SnRK2s). Among these proteins, the roles of PYR1, PYL2, and SnRK2.6 are more dominant. A recent discovery showed that ABA-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria promotes stomatal closure. By analyzing stomatal movements in an array of single and higher order mutants, we revealed that the mitochondrial protein VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ANION CHANNEL 3 (VDAC3) jointly regulates ABA-mediated stomatal closure with a specialized set of PYLs and SnRK2s by affecting cellular and mitochondrial ROS accumulation. VDAC3 interacted with 9 PYLs and all 3 subclass III SnRK2s. Single mutation in VDAC3, PYLs (except PYR1 and PYL2), or SnRK2.2/2.3 had little effect on ABA-mediated stomatal closure. However, knocking out PYR1, PYL1/2/4/8, or SnRK2.2/2.3 in vdac3 mutants resulted in significantly delayed or attenuated ABA-mediated stomatal closure, despite the presence of other PYLs or SnRK2s conferring redundant functions. We found that cellular and mitochondrial accumulation of ROS induced by ABA was altered in vdac3pyl1 mutants. Moreover, H2O2 treatment restored ABA-induced stomatal closure in mutants with decreased stomatal sensitivity to ABA. Our work reveals that VDAC3 ensures redundant control of ABA-mediated stomatal closure by canonical ABA signaling components.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: an overview
Authors: Kaddoura Rasha , Cader Fathima Aaysha , Ahmed Ashraf , Alasnag Mirvat
Published: September 2023

The prevalence of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) has increased over the last decades in young adults presenting with acute coronary syndrome. Although the diagnostic tools, including intracoronary imaging, have permitted a more accurate diagnosis of SCAD, the prognosis and overall outcomes remain dismal. Furthermore, the disproportionate sex distribution affecting more women and the underdiagnosis in many parts of the world render this pathology a persistent clinical challenge, particularly since the management remains largely supportive with a limited and controversial role for percutaneous or surgical interventions. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature on SCAD and to provide insights into the gaps in knowledge and areas requiring further investigation.
Adalimumab serum levels and anti-drug antibodies: associations to treatment response and drug survival in inflammatory joint diseases
Authors: Jyssum Ingrid , Gehin Johanna E , Sexton Joseph , Kristianslund Eirik Klami , Hu Yi , Warren David John , Kvien Tore K , Haavardsholm Espen A , Syversen Silje Watterdal , Bolstad Nils , Goll Guro Løvik
Published: September 2023

Objectives

To explore associations between serum adalimumab level, treatment response and drug survival in order to identify optimal drug levels for therapeutic drug monitoring of adalimumab. Also, to assess the occurrence and risk factors of anti-drug antibody (ADAb) formation.

Methods

Non-trough adalimumab and ADAb levels were measured by automated fluorescence assays in serum collected after 3 months of adalimumab treatment in patients with RA, PsA or axial SpA (axSpA) included in the observational NOR-DMARD study. Treatment response was evaluated after 3 months and drug survival was evaluated during long-term follow-up.

Results

In 340 patients (97 RA, 69 PsA, 174 axSpA), the median adalimumab level was 7.3 mg/l (interquartile range 4.0–10.3). A total of 33 (10%) patients developed ADAbs. Findings were comparable across diagnoses. In RA and PsA, adalimumab levels ≥6.0 mg/l were associated with treatment response [odds ratio (OR) 2.2 (95% CI 1.0, 4.4)] and improved drug survival [hazard ratio 0.49 (95% CI 0.27, 0.80)]. In axSpA, a therapeutic level could not be identified, but higher adalimumab levels were associated with response. Factors associated with ADAb formation were previous bDMARD use, no methotrexate comedication and the use of adalimumab originator compared with GP2017.

Conclusion

Higher adalimumab levels were associated with a better response and improved drug survival for all diagnoses, with a suggested lower threshold of 6.0 mg/l for RA/PsA. This finding, the large variability in drug levels among patients receiving standard adalimumab dose and the high proportion of patients developing ADAbs encourages further investigations into the potential role of therapeutic drug monitoring of adalimumab.
Global Genetic Diversity of Tobacco Ringspot Virus Including Newly Reported Isolates from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Oklahoma
Authors: Ferguson Connor , Ali Akhtar
Published: September 2023

Cotton is one of the most salient cash crops globally and in the United States. Lately, several virus-like diseases have been reported from cotton in the United States such as the tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) in Oklahoma. TRSV has been reported from various hosts worldwide with minimal phylogenetic examination. In this study, complete genome sequences of four TRSV isolates from cotton were isolated, and the genetic diversity was investigated along with additional available TRSV isolates retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete RNA1 and RNA2 sequences distributed all TRSV isolates into three major phylogenetic clades exhibiting a differential clade composition depending on the segment. The TRSV cotton isolates exhibited differential grouping between the RNA1 and RNA2 analyses. Additionally, monophyletic subclades of isolates appeared to be conserved between both segments. Thirty-five recombination events in RNA1 and 23 in RNA2 were identified with implications in the variation of the phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, multiple hypotheses of TRSV evolution were generated based on the phylogenetic analyses, but to test them, more complete genomes of TRSV will be needed. This study provides the first complete genome analysis of TRSV isolates infecting cotton in the United States and a detailed analysis of global TRSV isolates.
Acquired factor XIII deficiency
Authors: Duranteau Olivier , Tatar Guney , Demulder Anne , Tuna Turgay
Published: September 2023

Acquired factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a very rare haemostatic defect that can be either immune (rare development of an autoantibody targeting FXIII epitopes) or nonimmune (diminished synthesis or increased consumption of the same factor). The aim of this study is to review the symptomatology, the diagnostic method used, but above all to determine the most frequently used and potentially most effective treatment for acquired FXIII deficiency.

PubMed, Medline, embase/Ovid databases were queried from 1 January 2012 to 3 April 2022. Data extraction was performed using the keywords ‘Acquired FXIII deficiency.’

The systematic search identified 474 records. After screening titles and abstracts, only 36 articles met the eligibility criteria.

The mean age of all patients was 57.6 [range, 1–84] years. The male to female ratio was 35 : 25.

The majority of cases described were due an autoimmune reaction with antibody production (24 manuscripts), only six manuscripts described consumption. The most prevalent symptoms were local haematoma (31).

Six cases died, two from haemorrhagic shock, two from haemorrhagic stroke, one from respiratory distress, and 1 from septic shock.

Given the patient outcomes, this review confirms that the most appropriate treatment consists of one of the following elements or a combination of several of these elements: FXIII concentrate, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, rituximab for autoimmune cases, and FXIII concentrate supplementation only in case of consumption.
The clinical and financial burden of nonhepatocellular carcinoma focal lesions detected during the surveillance of patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Nahon Pierre , Layese Richard , Ganne-Carrié Nathalie , Moins Cécile , N’Kontchou Gisèle , Chaffaut Cendrine , Ronot Maxime , Audureau Etienne , Durand-Zaleski Isabelle , Natella Pierre-André ,   for the ANRS CO12 CirVir and CIRRAL groups
Published: September 2023

Background and Aims:

HCC surveillance is challenged by the detection of hepatic focal lesions (HFLs) of other types. This study aimed to describe the incidence, characteristics, outcomes, and costs of non-HCC HFL detected during surveillance.

Approach and Results:

We retrospectively analyzed nonstandardized workup performed in French patients included in HCC surveillance programs recruited in 57 French tertiary centers (ANRS CirVir and CIRRAL cohorts, HCC 2000 trial). The overall cost of workup was evaluated, with an estimation of an average cost per patient for the entire population and per lesion detected. A total of 3295 patients were followed up for 59.8 months, 391 (11.9%) patients developed HCCs (5-year incidence: 12.1%), and 633 (19.2%) developed non-HCC HFLs (5-year incidence: 21.8%). Characterization of non-HCC HFL required a median additional of 0.7 exams per year. A total of 11.8% of non-HCC HFLs were not confirmed on recall procedures, and 19.6% of non-HCC HFLs remained undetermined. A definite diagnosis of benign liver lesions was made in 65.1%, and malignant tumors were diagnosed in 3.5%. The survival of patients with benign or undetermined non-HCC HFL was similar to that of patients who never developed any HFL (5-year survival 92% vs. 88%, p = 0.07). The average cost of the diagnostic workup was 1087€ for non-HCC HFL and €1572 for HCC.

Conclusions:

Non-HCC HFLs are frequently detected in patients with cirrhosis, and do not impact prognosis, but trigger substantial costs. This burden must be considered in cost-effectiveness analyses of future personalized surveillance strategies.
Expanding MATCH-Type Wellness Program to Improve Adolescent Health Outcomes
Authors: Mendoza Ivan D. , Thompson Jacob M. , Kielb Elizabeth , Conzelmann Lena , Hicks Emily , Savaiano Dennis A.
Published: September 2023

MATCH (Motivating Adolescents with Technology to CHOOSE Health) is an online, interdisciplinary wellness program targeted at improving adolescent nutrition that teachers can easily incorporate into existing curricula. The shift from childhood to adolescence is characterized by rapid increases in autonomy of nutritional intake. Given that dietary habits established in adolescence often persist into adulthood, effective nutrition education programs during this period are of particular relevance. Although there are a vast number of existing nutrition education programs aimed at adolescents, we explain why MATCH and similar programs should be expanded across the United States to improve adolescent health outcomes including obesity prevention.
Impact on Emergency Department Interventions After Implementing a Guideline Based on the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network Prediction Rule for Identifying Low-Risk Febrile Infants 29 to 60 Days Old
Authors: Mukherjee Gargi , Orenstein Evan , Jain Shabnam , Hames Nicole
Published: September 2023

Background

The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) prediction rule identifies febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection (SBI). However, its impact on avoidable interventions in the emergency department remains unknown.

Objective

To study the impact on lumbar puncture (LP) performance, empiric antibiotic use, and admissions after implementing a febrile infant clinical practice guideline for infants aged 29 to 60 days based on the PECARN prediction rule in the pediatric emergency department.

Methods

This single center preintervention to postintervention study included infants 29 to 60 days old who presented with a chief complaint of fever from November 2018 to November 2021 and were assessed for SBI via blood culture and either urinalysis or urine culture. A new clinical practice guideline based on the PECARN prediction rule was implemented on December 2019. Lumbar puncture attempts, antibiotic administration, and admissions were compared preimplementation and postimplementation and in subgroups of low- and high-risk patients.

Results

Of 1597 (PRE: 785, POST: 812) infants presenting with fever, 1032 (PRE: 500, POST: 532) met inclusion criteria. Adoption of guideline recommendations (measured as procalcitonin order rate) was 89.7% in eligible infants postimplementation. Overall, there was a significant decrease in LPs (PRE: 30.6%, POST: 22.6%, P < 0.05) and no significant change in antibiotics or admissions. Among low-risk infants, there was a significant reduction in LPs (PRE: 17.2%, POST: 4.4%, P < 0.05) and antibiotics (PRE: 14.5%, POST: 4.1%; P < 0.05). There was no change in missed SBI (PRE: 3, POST: 2, P = 0.65). No cases of missed meningitis preimplementation or postimplementation were observed.

Conclusions

After implementation of a guideline based on the PECARN prediction rule, we observed a reduction of LPs and antibiotics in low-risk infants. Overall, a decrease in LPs was observed, whereas antibiotic use and admissions remained unchanged.