bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuevos datos sobre la biografía e itinerario pastoral de Juan Pérez Bocanegra
Authors: Viola Casalongüe Gabriel
Published: April 2021

Este estudio presenta el elenco de datos biográficos hasta ahora más completos del sacerdote peruano Juan Pérez Bocanegra (ca. 1560-1570 - ca. 1634-1645). Se ofrecen las referencias de su trayectoria eclesiástica: estudios en el seminario de San Antonio Abad (Cusco), párroco de Belén (Cusco), párroco de San Pedro Apóstol de Andahuaylillas, cantor en la Catedral del Cusco y examinador oÀcial de la diócesis en quechua y aimara. Luego de pasar revista a las investigaciones precedentes y a los elementos biográficos de su Ritual formulario e instrucción de curas, de 1631, el autor aporta nuevos datos a partir de documentos inéditos del Cusco y Andahuaylillas
Capillas sepulcrales y lugares de enterramiento de la nobleza limeña
Authors: Patrucco Núñez-Carvallo Sandro
Published: April 2021

El presente artículo se inscribe dentro de una investigación mayor sobre las prácticas frente a la muerte de la nobleza limeña del siglo XVIII. Enfocado en el tema de las capillas y criptas sepulcrales privadas, intenta analizar el consumo conspicuo de estos espacios sacros como forma de asentar su preeminencia social.
La memoria local: Una visión de la historiografía arequipeña
Authors: Espinoza de la Borda Álvaro
Published: April 2021

La mejor comprensión del país requiere de un mayor conocimiento de los pueblos que lo integran. En este sentido, las historias locales contribuirán mucho en ello. Este constituye un panorámico recuento de la historiografía arequipeña que tiene numerosos representantes y variada producción; la que se ha incrementado significativamente en estas últimas décadas con el quehacer de nuevas generaciones de historiadores.
Catalina María Doria y las instituciones carmelitanas en la Lima del siglo XVII
Authors: Rouillon Almeida Denisse
Published: April 2021

La creación en Lima del primer centro carmelitano de formación religiosa sucedió en la primera mitad del siglo XVII. Dicha instauración remite preliminarmente a la reforma de santa Teresa, iniciada en el siglo anterior y reconocida por su decisiva influencia en las ramas femenia y masculina de la orden carmelita. En ese ambiente de renovación eclesiástica se dio la fundación limeña de la primera institución carmelitana, bajo la modalidad de «recogimiento». La presente investigación considera relevante la identificación de quienes intervinieron en la creación de aquel centro de formación religiosa en el Perú, razón por lo que se destaca el fundamental liderazgo de Catalina María Doria, en tanto figura institucional e importante seguidora de santa Teresa de Ávila. En el artículo se refieren la importancia del colegio como centro de educación femenina colonial y origen del primer monasterio de la orden aludida en el virreinato peruano.
El español en los Andes durante la evangelización del Perú colonial desde la perspectiva académica alemana
Authors: Huamanchumo de la Cuba Ofelia
Published: April 2021

Este artículo presenta un recuento de las investigaciones y publicaciones hechas por filólogos e investigadores de universidades alemanas en torno al español que se habló y se escribió en los Andes —una de cuyas variedades se conoce como «español o castellano andino»— en la etapa de la evangelización del Perú de los siglos XVI y XVII, que es el marco tópico y cronológico de los temas revisados en los artículos que comprenden el presente Dossier. Aquí se expondrán de manera resumida: la evolución del interés por el tema del español en América, los métodos impulsados en las investigaciones, las diferentes perspectivas adoptadas y, por último, los principales aportes de los más recientes estudios.
Elementos etnográficos en la crónica soldadesca del Perú del siglo XVI
Authors: Stoll Eva
Published: April 2021

Los sodados cronistas constituyen, dentro de la historiografía indiana, un grupo de autores de gran interés. Esta contibución intenta acercarse a la cuestión de cómo la figura del otro se describe en la crónica soldadesca y qué motivos, argumentos y tradiciones discursivas prevalecen en la representación etnográfica de los conquistadores. Con este objetivo se analizan tres crónicas preruanas del siglo XVI: la Memoria de Juan Ruiz de Arce [ca. 1543], la Relación del Descubrimiento y Conquista de lod Reinos del Piru [1571] de Pedro Pizarro y la Conquista del Perú  [ca. 1565] de Alonso Borregán. Se procura mostrar que, aunque existan tópicos y tendencias evaluadoras típicas de la época, los textos se diferencian no solo en el grado de precisión, sino también en la forma de instrumentalizar el discurso etnográfico.
Un viaje al Cusco. Tres reportajes de Fannie B. Ward para la prensa de Estados Unidos (1891)
Authors: Arrizabalaga Carlos
Published: April 2021

Se presenta la primera traducción al castellano de tres reportajes que tienen como objeto el Cusco y sus sitios arqueológicos, remitidos en 1891 por Fannie B. Ward, una corresponsal norteamericana, a varios periódicos de Estados Unidos. El autor ofrece además notas aclaratorias del texto y un extenso estudio introductorio que ofrece noticias de la vida de la periodista así como explicaciones acerca del contenido de los reportes y del contexto histórico en el que fueron publicados.
Presentación
Authors: Cavieres Figueroa Eduardo
Published: April 2021

El dossier que se presenta en las páginas siguientes, intitulado «La Iglesia y la Independencia en América Latina, particularmente en los casos de Chile y el Perú (Arequipa)», surgió en una reunión de trabajo efectuada en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso en octubre de 2018. Dicha sesión —coloquio— fueel resultado de un acuerdo anterior entre el Programa de Estudios Iberoamericanos (PEI*sur), de dicha universidad y el Centro de Estudios Peruanos (CEP) de la Universidad Católica de San Pablo, Arequipa, y contó, por tanto, con la presencia de académicos de ambas casas.
Predictive Factors for the Effectiveness of Repeated Lines of Transarterial Chemoembolization in the Treatment of Localized Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Breder V. V. , Pitkevich M. Y. , Kosirev V. Y. , Dolgushin B. I. , Virshke E. R. , Dzhanyan I. A. , Laktionov K. K.
Published: April 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. The progression of HCC after previously effective TACE is quite often local. This article describes our experience with repeated TACE in patients with local progression of HCC. We analyzed 125 patients with HCC, for the period from 2009 to 2015. TACE was performed for intrahepatic manifestations of HCC. Progression of HCC after TACE-1 was observed in 88.8 % (n = 111) patients. Disease progression after TACE‑2 was registered in 40 (32 %) patients. TACE‑3 was performed in 8 (6.4 %) patients. The analysis showed that isolated local intrahepatic progression of HCC with the growth of intrahepatic tumor nodes previously subjected to TACE‑1 (without new foci) does not affect OS. The efficiency of re-embolization (TACE‑2) is somewhat lower than for TACE of the first stage. Independent factors of overall survival increase in patients receiving TACE: satisfactory objective status according to ECOG, efficacy of the first stage of TACE, late progression and objective effect after re-embolization.
The Object of Proving in Cases of Transfer of a Foreigner Sentenced to Imprisonment by a Court of the Russian Federation to Serve a Sentence in the State of Which the Convicted Person is a Citizen
Authors: Fedyunin A. A.
Published: April 2021

During the court’s consideration of the questions which are provided in the paragraph 20 Article 397 Code of criminal procedure, the definition of the circumstances, the presence or absence of which is to be determined when making decisions, it is necessary to respect the rights and legitimate interests of not only the convict but also the injured party, as well as the purposes of the punishment. The errors in establishing the circumstances that constitute the fact to be proven in the definite category of cases, lead to the cancellation or changing the court's decision. The complex structure of the subject, its features are conditioned with specifics of the process of proof in this category of cases and the specifics of legal relations that go beyond the legislation of one country. To determine the circumstances included in each of the structural units of the subject of proof, it is necessary to refer both to international legal conventions (General subject of proof) and to international legal treaties between particular States or to the domestic legislation of the Russian Federation (special subject of proof).
Julkisen hallinnon strategia: Näin suomalaista julkista hallintoa uudistetaan 2020-luvulla
Authors: Kaunismaa Eeva , Nerg Päivi , Karhunen Minna , Majava Jarkko
Published: April 2021

Kiihtyvä ilmastokriisi, ikääntyvä ja keskittyvä väestö, digitalisaatio ja sen aiheuttama työn murros sekä globaalistuva ja muuttuva talous haastavat kuitenkin hallinnon rakenteita ja toimenpiteitä, jotka on luotu pääasiassa viime vuosisadan aikana. Lisääntyvät kriisit ja poikkeustilanteet haastavat demokraattisen järjestelmän kykyä toimia ja ohjata yhteiskunnallista kehitystä. Ne nostavat esiin jännitteitä esimerkiksi demokraattisen päätöksenteon ja yli vaalikausien ulottuvien kehityskaarien sekä asiantuntijatiedon ja poliittisen päätöksenteon välille. Siksi tarvitaan uusia tapoja varmistaa hyvinvointi kestävällä tavalla.

Julkisen hallinnon strategia rakentaa suomalaisen hallinnon uudistamisen kehyksen, jotta suomalaisella yhteiskunnalla on valmiuksia kehittää vastauksia tämän vuosikymmenen isoihin periaatteellisiin kysymyksiin ja vahvistaa demokraattisen oikeusvaltion tulevaisuutta. Strategian kuusi päämäärää määrittävät suomalaisen hallinnon uudistamiselle yhteisen suunnan. Sen toimintalinjaukset puolestaan tunnistavat konkreettiset muutoksen kohteet, joilla lisätään hallinnon toimintaedellytyksiä ja kyvykkyyksiä, jotta suomalainen yhteiskunta on valmis vastaamaan tämän vuosikymmenen akuutteihin haasteisiin ja muutoksiin. Nämä molemmat näkökulmat ja uudistamisen tasot tarvitaan, jotta suomalainen hallinto kykenee luomaan kestävää hyvinvointia vielä 2030-luvulla.
Kunta ja muuttuva osallistuminen
Authors: Kurkela Kaisa
Published: April 2021

This is a case study, carried out with a strategy of action research. This study concerns the organizational model of citizen participation in the city of Vantaa.  The research questions are:  What are the incentives for developing citizen participation in municipalities, and how is the multifarious participation carried out in municipality. The data consists of interviews of key actors (8), documents, diaries, and a workshop diary.

An important incentive for development seems to be regulation concerning participation, the general and local discussion concerning democracy and the experiences from already existing variety of participation activities. When it comes to the process of development good pilots and adequate support and activity are important factors. Structural solutions are needed but at the same time there is an attempt to keep participation as resilience as possible. The results conclude, that development of participation can be observed as an institutional change.
An Ayurvedic Approach for Treatment of Fissure in Ano: A Case Report of 32 Year Old Patient
Authors: Alok kumar Diwedi  , Kiran Khandare  , Rakesh Khatana  , Harjodh Singh
Published: April 2021

Anal Fissure is one of the major causes for pain at anal region. In this case report we are presenting case of32 year old male patient came to OPD of Shalya tantra with the chief complains of pain during defectionsince 20days, itching at perianal region since 15 days and bleeding per rectum since 13 days. InterventionIn this case report patient is treated by using Go ghrita for the management of acute fissure in ano. Goghrita was used for local application along with sitz bath.The effectiveness of Go ghrita was assessed bypain bleeding itching and healing. The patient has found effective relief from pain, bleeding, itching atperianal region using Go ghrita which has anti-inflammatory activity, antiulcer activity. The outcome of thismanagement is that Go ghrita is effective in the management of Fissure in ano . Patients who take all followup after treatment will have less chance of symptom reoccurrence.
The Use of Information Gained under RTI Act- 2005 in Forensics and Toxicology- An Indian Perspective
Authors: Ankit Gupta  , Vikas Gupta  , Amar Pal Singh
Published: April 2021

The role of forensic reports are to prove without doubt in the court the cause of death, injury nature of deathor accident but courts till date do not fully rely on forensic reports as evidence. A study conducted in 2011by Supreme Court and High Courts, DNA has played an important role in only 47 cases. Out of these, 23.4%decisions were given by Delhi High Court alone. Furthermore, DNA evidence had been used in merely4.7% murder cases and 2.3% rape and murder. The Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System alsosignifies that the present stage of applicability of forensic science in crime scene investigation is somewhatlow in our country, with only 5-6% of the registered crime cases being referred to the Forensic ScienceLaboratories (FSLs) and Finger Print Bureau put together.Article 20(3) of the Indian constitution states that “No person accused of any offence shall be compelled tobe a witness against himself but the honourable Supreme Court held otherwise. In the case of The State ofBombay vs Kathi Kalu Oghad And Others (AIR 1961), the Supreme Court held that, compelling any personto give any sort of forensic evidence does not violate Article 20(3) of the constitution. The same is givenin Section 73 of the Indian Evidence act, which states that any person can be asked to give the fingerprintor DNA examination even to the accused. Similarly, Section 53 of the criminal procedure code states thata person accused of any crime can be asked to undergo a medical examination if the officers feel that theexamination can provide some evidence to the crime. Further Section 164A of the procedure allows themedical examiner to examine the victim of the rape case within twenty-four-hours of the crime.
Assess the Effectiveness of Information Booklet on the Knowledge of Wet Nursing among Women
Authors: Archana S. Teltumbde  , Arti Fating, Bhavika Folane  , Shrushti Gawande  , Pranjali Gawande  , Kajal Gavale
Published: April 2021

Background: Breast milk is an ideal nutrition for infants. Breast milk contain a perfect combination ofvitamins, protein and fat which is required for the optimum growth of the baby. Wet-nursing is definedas the act of providing breast milk someone else›s child. Objectives of the study: To assess the pretestknowledge regarding wet nursing among women. To assess the post test knowledge regarding wet nursingamong women.To assess the effectiveness of information booklet on the knowledge of women regardingwet nursing. Materials and Methods: 100 samples were selected by purposive sampling technique.preexperimental research design one group pretest and post without control group design was used. Result:In pre-test majority of women 58% of them had good knowledge regarding wet nursing among women.mean percentage of knowledge score was (38.20 %) and in post test majority of antenatal mothers (40%of them had excellent level of knowledge score regarding wet nursing among women.Mean percentage ofknowledge score was (67%). Education and area of residence found to be associated with knowledge ofwet nursing none of the other variable were found significantly related with the knowledge of women.,Conclusion-All the women aware about wet nursing to prevent complication during postnatal periods,.
Biomedical Waste Management in India-A Review
Authors: Deepika Kanyal  , Lata Kanyal Butola  , Ranjit Ambad
Published: April 2021

Biomedical waste is any kind of waste either solid or liquid containing infectious, potentially infectiousmaterials of medical, laboratory or research origin from activities such as diagnosis, prevention & treatmentof diseases. Bio-medical waste has a higher potential of infection and injury to the healthcare worker, patientand the surrounding community. It consists of human anatomical waste, animal waste, microbiology &biotechnology waste, waste sharps, discarded medicines & cytotoxic drugs, soiled waste, liquid waste,incineration ash & chemical wastes. Common generators of biomedical waste include hospitals, clinics,medical & veterinary colleges, blood banks, mortuaries, autopsy centers, biotechnology institutions, researchlaboratories, home health care & funeral homes. Hazardous chemicals & radioactive waste though noninfectious require proper disposal. World Health Organization states that 10% of hospital waste are infectious& 5% are non-infectious but hazardous waste. World Health Organisation has classified medical waste into8 categories which include general, pathological, radioactive, chemical, infectious, sharps, pharmaceuticals& pressurized wastes. In India, Biomedical waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998 along with furtheramendments regulate biomedical waste management. It consists of 6 schedules which includes Categoryof Biomedical waste, Colour coding & type of container, Label for Biomedical waste containers or bagswhich should be non-washable & prominently visible, Label for transport of Biomedical waste containers orbags, Standard for treatment & disposal, Schedule for waste treatment facilities like Incinerator, Autoclave,Microwave System. Operating Standards like combustion efficiency & Emission Standards are defined.The present review article focused on basic issues as definition, categories, problems relating to biomedicalwaste and procedure of handling and disposal method of Biomedical Waste Management.
Compare the Accuracy of IOL Power Calculations Using Ultrasound Biometry and Partial Coherence Laser Interferometry based Optical Biometry
Authors: Dhan Singh Meena  , Himani Sukhadia  , Sanjay Goyal  , Vaibhav Kumar
Published: April 2021

Aims: To compare the accuracy of IOL power calculations using ultrasound biometry and partial coherencelaser interferometry based optical biometryMaterial and Methods: All cases of cataract with no other pathology involved presenting to, ophthalmologydepartment at RNT Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur from august 2018 to December 2019.The patientsare divided into two group 1st group IOL power calculated by optical biometer and 2nd group IOL powercalculated by ultrasound biometry.Results: Significant p-value (0.01) was observed between Group 1 and Group 2 among pre operative andpost-operative VS patients.Conclusion: optical biometry with the AL scan (Nidek) proved to be slightly more accurate than ultrasoundbiometry for IOL power calculation
Quality of Life Among Chronic Liver Disease Patients: An Exploratory Cross Sectional Survey
Authors: Jyoti  , Manisha Saklani  , Jyoti Sarin
Published: April 2021

Background: QOL is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positivefeatures of life. It observes life satisfaction, including everything from physical health, family, education,employment, wealth, religious beliefs, finance and the environment.1 Quality of life has an important statusin patient management suffering from chronic liver disease.Objectives: The present study was done to assess the quality of life among patients suffering from ChronicLiver Diseases.Material and Methods: A descriptive explorative cross-sectional research design was used. Data wascollected from 165 patients using purposive sampling technique. The quality of life Scale (QOLS) was usedto assess the quality of life among chronic liver diseases patient admitted at Institute of Liver and BiliarySciences. MELD and CTP score was used to assess the mortality and survival rate among chronic liverdiseases patient. The study participants and their care givers were informed that the study is harmless; all thegathered data was treated confidentially and used for research purpose only.Results: The results of the study revealed that 0.6 percent of the patients have poor, in 35.2 percent of thepeople have moderate whereas 64.2 percent of the people have good quality of life. In terms of physicalwellbeing of patient 11.52 percent of the people have poor, 73.93 percent have moderate while only 14.55percent have good quality of life. In relation with social wellbeing of the patient 0.61 percent of the peoplehave poor, 27.88 percent have moderate while only 17.51 percent have good quality of life. As per emotionalwellbeing of the patient 3.03 percent of the people have poor, 87.88 percent have moderate while only 9.09percent have good quality of life. In terms of functional wellbeing of patient 3.03 percent of the peoplehave poor, 60 percent have moderate while only 36.97 percent have good quality of life. The quality of lifein terms of cost showed that 11.52 percent of the patient had poor, 73.93 percent had moderate, and 14.55percent of the patient has good quality of life. The quality of life in terms of limitation due to signs andsymptoms showed that 1.21 percent of the patient have poor, 81.82 percent have moderate whereas 16.97percent of the patient had good quality of life. The weak positive correlation (r=0.48) was found betweenMELD and CTP score.Conclusion: The study concluded that only 35.2 percent of the patient have moderate quality of life, morethan half (64.2%) of the patient have good quality of life. So, the effective steps need to be taken to improvethe quality of life among patients with Chronic Liver Diseases.
Study of Sperm Dna Fragmentation Index in Patients from Rural Areas of Wardha Region
Authors: Kanchi S. Goenka  , Akash More  , Mehul Salve  , Deepti Shrivastava
Published: April 2021

Background: Sperm DNA fragmentation test is an advanced test for proper sperm function with respectto semen analysis, as semen analysis is used for motility and morphology assessment, it cannot explainsperm at molecular level and thus SDF test has been introduced to evaluate male fertility. The integrity ofgenetic material in sperm is crucial for successful fertilization & normal embryo development as this willlead to proper transmission of genetic information. Patients having varicocele, recurrent failure of ARTtecniques and improper lifestyle (radiation, smoking, alcohol, BMI, ageing, etc) are considered for spermDNA fragmentation test. SDF test is useful in selecting patients for the ART procedures i.e. IVF/ICSI/IUIand highest pregnancy and live birth outcomes.Objectives:· To predict male infertility with normal semen parameters & its diagnostic values.· To investigate the clinical factors related to sperm DNA fragmentation in male with infertility.· To investigate the rate of sperm DNA fragmentation in male related to improper fertilization, embryodevelopment and recurrent pregnancy loss.Methods: The participants (n=40) with male fertility problems will be included in randomised control trial.All 40 participants will be randomly selected to evaluate their sperm DNA integrity from their respectivesemen samples using sperm chromatin dispersion test.Discussion: Efficiency of the Sperm DNA Fragmentation test is assessed by performing sperm chromatindispersion test on respective processed semen sample using Halosperm G2 test kit.
Clinical Profile of Pediatric Patients with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya
Authors: Kartika Hardiyani  , Taufiq Hidayat  , Alit Utamayasa  , Mahrus Abdur Rahman  , Teddy Ontoseno
Published: April 2021

Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) are classified as Acyanotic or Cyanotic CHD. Prevalence of CHDaccording to various studies is 8-10 per 1000 live births worldwide, 10% of cases became infant mortalityin developing countries. This research aims to study the characteristics and clinical presentations in childrenwith acyanotic CHD in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. A retrospective observational study from children withacyanotic type of CHD from medical record outpatient clinic in the Division of Neonatology and PediatricWard at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital from June to December 2016. Age, sex, heart defect, comorbid andnutritional status were taken from the medical record. The most dominant clinical profile was female witha mean age of 4 years. Atrial Septal Defect was the most common type of left-to-right shunt, followed byVentricular Septal Defect, and Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Pulmonary Stenosis was the most common typeof obstructive lesion, followed by Aortic Stenosis. Complications of acyanotic CHD were dominated byrecurrent respiratory tract infections followed by growth and developmental disorder, and heart failure. Themost common nutritional status was moderate malnutrition.
In Silico Prediction of Potential Compounds of Nigella sativa as Aromatase Agonists and Ability to Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier for treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Kusuma Andriana  , Nurdiana  , Wisnu Barlianto  , I Wayan Arsana Wiayasa  , Masruroh Rahayu
Published: April 2021

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is a chronic neurodegenerative disease which condition ischaracterized by a decline in memory, thinking skills, and the ability to perform basic activities of dailyliving. Study showed that postmenopausal women with AD had a lower aromatase activity (p450 aromatase)in the brain compared to menopausal women without AD. To improve cognitive function in AD patients,Nigella sativa (NS) was found to have a protective effect on memory, and cognitive function. This studytherefore, aimed to investigate in silico prediction of potential compounds of Nigella sativa as aromataseagonists and ability to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) for treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Methods:The data sets used in this study were collected from databases KnapSack Kanaya, PubChem, and PASSserver Way2Drug. HitPick and Autodock Vina was performed. Additionally, the systematic analysisinvolved ADMET, LMMD, and SWISS ADME. Results and Discussions: In silico test results revealed themost promising constituents in 36 active NS compounds that may have potential to reduce the severity ofthe AD, owing to its anti-inflammatory, cytochrome p450 stimulants, free radical scavengers, antioxidants,and immunomodulators. The ability of NS to cross the BBB was proven by admetSAR LMMD with ananalysis average value of 0.91 (from the highest value of 1). Further, NS can trigger cytochrome P450aromatase activity via Quercetin 3-(6’’ ‘’-feruloylglucosyl)-(1->2)-galactosyl-(1->2)-glucoside which has abetter binding affinity value than its control (androstenedione). NS through oleic acid compounds may bindto peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPRAG), similar to Rosiglitazone which may affecttranscription and activation regulation of PPARG. Conclusion: To be concluded, Nigella sativa could beused as a potential medicinal plant for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Leukotrienes and Inflammation –A Review
Authors: Lata Kanyal Butola  , Archana Dhok  , Ranjit Ambad  , Deepika Kanyal  , Roshan Kumar Jha
Published: April 2021

Leukotrienes, together with the prostaglandins and other related compounds, are derived from 20 carbon(eicosa) fatty acids that contain double bonds (enoic). Hence this group of substances is called theeicosanoids. The name leukotriene derives from the original discovery of these substances in white bloodcells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and the fact that they all have in common 4 double bonds (hence the4 subscript), 3 of which are in a conjugated triene structure. Leukotrienes do not exist preformed in cells.They are formed from the breakdown of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated 20 carbon fatty acid. In itsesterified form, arachidonic acid is bound to the phospholipids of the cell membranes. Both immunologicaland non-immunological stimuli can release arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by activatingphospholipase A2. The glucocorticosteroid drugs can inhibit phospholipase A2 and thereby decrease theproduction of all the leukotrienes and hence leukotriene-mediated responses. Generally, inflammation leadsto vasodilation, vascular hyperpermeability, increased blood flow and recruitment of leukocytes to inflamedsites. These events cause enhanced production of cytokines, chemokines, chemical mediators and lipidmediators such as LTs and prostaglandins. Acute inflammation occurs over a short time (seconds, minutesand hours). In contrast, chronic inflammation is a long-lasting inflammatory and immune response thatoccurs over months to years and results in diverse diseases including asthma, allergies, atherosclerosis,arthritis, obesity, cancer and other age-related diseases such as AMD. In this review article we aimed tohighlight the evidence that implicates LTs in physiological function and also in disease processes.
Recent Updates in Female Infertility: A Short Review of Literature
Authors: Lata Kanyal Butola  , Ranjit Ambad  , Anjali Vagga
Published: April 2021

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. It has been estimatedthat 93% of healthy couples practicing unprotected intercourse should except to conceive within 1 year.Females presenting after this time should therefore be regarded as possibly infertile and should be evaluated.Although infertility is considered by some as primarily a woman’s problem, men often contribute to and arealso affected. Infertility problem often arise as a result of hormonal dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis. Human infertility is a complex problem, which has numerous consequences depending on thesociety and cultural background, age, hormone problems, environmental problem, gender, lifestyle, sexualhistory, of the people it affects. Infertility is a global public health concern this is partly due to its complexityin etiology as well as difficulty in preventing, diagnosing and treating it.
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Carrier Status among Indian Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Latha T  , Saraswathi Hebbar  , Baby S Nayak  , Ravishanker N  , Anil K Bhat
Published: April 2021

Infection with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a threat to quality care in the hospital.Asymptomatic colonization of MRSA escalates the burden of infection. The rate of MRSA colonizationamong healthcare workers (HCW) is not homogenous across the globe. Even though there are individualstudy reports on MRSA colonization, no pooled data is available in India. Therefore, it is important toevaluate the problem of MRSA colonization to develop a policy on preventive measures. We performeda systematic review and meta-analysis of MRSA carrier status among Indian HCWs using five databases(Scopus, PubMed-Medline, IndMed, CINAHL and Google-Scholar) from the articles published from 2008to 2017 (10 years). STATA 13.0 with metaprop package in STATA was used to find the rate of colonization.Among 2,349 HCWs, the pooled prevalence of MRSA colonization in throat, nose, axilla, palm, fingertipsand web-spaces was nine percent (CI 6% - 13%; p=0.001, I291.68%). Further, the forest plot of MRSAcolonization in nasal cavity alone was performed, and the prevalence of nasal colonization of MRSA among1,251 Indian HCWs was found to be 11% (CI 5-17%, p=0.001, I2 93.3%). The colonization rate is not veryhigh nor negligible. Therefore, the hospital administrator along with the hospital infection control committeeneeds to formulate a policy on periodic screening and decolonization of HCWs in high-risk areas.
COVID-19 Lockdown Online Education: Impact of WorldWide Pandemic on Nursing Education in India
Authors: Manisha Praharaj  , Kshirabdhi Tanaya
Published: April 2021

Background : The technology has taken over all most all aspects of our life including our education system.The present pandemic COVID 19 has affected the education of nursing students. So many institutions haveadopted online teaching so that students can learn and improve their self-confidence.Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the nursing student’s attitude towards online education andfactors affecting online education.Methods: A total of 780 participants from different nursing institutions of Odisha completed a questionnairebased survey on the impact of pandemic on education of nursing students. A self-structured questionnairewas used to collect data. Participants were selected by convenient sampling method. The demographiccharacteristics were represented by frequencies and percentage. Descriptive statistics for all categoriescalculated based on the responses.Results: Among the participants (n=780), all most all participants 87.9% were females, most participants79.4% of participants were between 18 to 28 years. Among all participants 56.8% are doing Basic Bsc.nursing, 10.1% are continuing Msc Nursing, 29% are in GNM course, and 4.1% are continuing post basicnursing. Maximum of 48.8% are in 1st year. All most all 98.5% of institution conducting online education.39.3% of students have positive attitude and 28.4% of students have negative attitude towards onlineteaching. 72% students have poor internet connection, 52% students have lack of knowledge regardingusing the software, 67% students feel audio was not clear, 56% students feel letters are small to read, 47%participants feel time is not sufficient, 68% participants feel there was interruption during class.Conclusion: The online education has not developed overnight. This system of education adopted by manyhigher educations and in many institutions. Online teaching
Knowledge of Students Regarding COVID-19 Amid its Hasty Expansion
Authors: Manisha Saklani  , Parvinder Kaur  , Jyoti Sarin
Published: April 2021

Background: The pandemic of COVID-19 has been spreading around the world very rapidly and has took aterrible shape. The one of the better ways to deal with this terrible pandemic is to have thorough knowledgeabout it and act consequently.Objectives: The present study aim at assessing and comparing the knowledge of Students about COVID 19and its hasty expansion.Material and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study. Data usingonline structured knowledge questionnaire was collected from 316 participants which was selected usingconvenient sampling technique from selected University of Ambala. The data was collected from studentsof Nursing, Physiotherapy and IT department.Results: The mean age of participants among Nursing was 21.75 + 1.77, 23.43 + 2.62 among physiotherapywhereas 23.22+ 2.28 among IT department. In relations to Gender it was found that most (76 %) of theparticipants were female and only 24 percent were male among Nursing, 66 percent’s participants werefemale, and 34 percent were male among physiotherapy while 56 percent were female and 44 percentwere male in the IT department. 47 percent participants from the Nursing, 40 percent participants fromphysiotherapy and 20 percent participants form IT were having good knowledge. The knowledge scoreamong Nursing Participants ranged from 17 to 46, 15 to 47 among Physiotherapy whereas it was 17 to 47among IT participants. The mean knowledge score of the Nursing participants was 33.84 + 5. 48, 32.91+6.67among physiotherapy and it was 31.63+5.98 among IT. Repeated measure ANOVA was calculated whichshows a statically significant difference (F=1.07, p=0.00) among three groupsConclusion: The study concluded that continuing teaching experience is required to the students regardingpreventive measures as well as change in the treatment regimen
Factors Affecting Natural Illnesses during the Covid-19 Pandemic- Autopsy Findings in a Series of Cases
Authors: Padmini Hannah Noone  , Asma Kausar  , Dayananda R
Published: April 2021

The Covid 19 pandemic brought about many changes. People were stressed, also they didn’t get treatmenton time. Because of this there was worsening of pre-existing disease. There was also increase in stressrelated diseases like myocardial ischemia. Lockdown and sudden change of plans also affected the treatmentof cases. Some cases could also be due to undiagnosed Covid infection, since there is no test that is 100%sensitive and specific to detection of the virus1 especially during the post-mortem period. Here we arediscussing some selected cases which we have come during the period and the autopsy findings thereof. Thisarticle highlights the importance of negating fear and increase awareness. It also conveys the significance ofverbal autopsy as a tool to help certify death.
Bacteriological Profile of Health Care Associated Infection and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Isolates at Picu in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Pawan Kumar Barolia  , Daisy Khera  , Bharat Choudhary  , Vibhor Tak  , Kuldeep Singh  , Vijay Laxmi Nag
Published: April 2021

Background: Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality inPediatric intensive care units (PICUs). The aim was to determine bacteriological profile of HAI and toestablish an antibiogram of isolates in our PICU.Materials and Method: This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Pediatrics (PediatricIntensive Care Unit) of AIIMS, Jodhpur. Data was collected over 2 years from January 2017 to December2018. Among the114 culture positive isolates, 50% (57/114) were gram negative and 22.8% (26/114) weregram positive organisms. Culture positivity for fungal growth was 14 % (17/114) and rest 12.2% (14/114)were contaminants. The most common isolate in gram negative organism was Acinetobacter baumannii andin gram positive organism most common isolates were Enterococcus. Most commonly detected HAI typeswere ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) - 34% (20/59). All gram negative organisms were resistant tocarbepenems except Pseudomonas (100% sensitivity). Among gram positive organisms, methicillin resistantstaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 100% sensitive to gentamicin, amikacin, vancomycin and linezolid.Conclusion: The retrospective study showed that both gram positive and negative bacteria as well as fungalorganisms are responsible for HAIs. Most of the strains were multi drug resistant.
Observational Study to Compare Transdermal Nitroglycerin and Placebo Patch in Enhancing the Post-Operative analgesic Effect of Intrathecal Clonidine with Bupivacaine in Abdominal Hysterectomies
Authors: Pooja Shah  , Kandarp Vyas  , Dinesh K. Chauhan  , Jigisha Mehta
Published: April 2021

Background: Hyperbaric Bupivacaine 0.5% is the most commonly used for spinal anaesthesia.To improve thequality & duration of analgesia many adjuvants have been used.Intrathecal clonidine binds with postsynapticalpha-2 receptors at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord,resulting in anti-nociceptive action.Transdermalnitroglycerin (tNTG) has been found to be converting nitroglycerin to Nitric Oxide(NO),which results inpain modulation in the central and peripheral nervous system by cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate(cGMP)through which the post-operative analgesia effect enhances.Method: Sixty patients Of ASA I/II aged between 20to60 years posted for hysterectomy under spinalanaesthesia were selected.Patients were randomly allotted into 2 equal groups.Group A received:Hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (17.5 mg)+clonidine(50 mcg) + placebo patchGroup B received:hyperbaric bupivacaine0.5% (17.5 mg) + clonidine (50 mcg) + nitroglycerin (tntg)patch(nitroglycerin 25 mg/patch)We have observed onset and duration of sensory.and motor block,two segment regression time, duration ofanalgesia, hemodynamic changes and complication if any.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in demographic data and onset and duration ofmotor and sensory block. Duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in clonidine with tNTG groupas compared to clonidine group with placebo group.Conclusion: Transdermal Nitroglycerin patch with intrathecal clonidine prolonged duration of analgesiawithout any changes in onset and duration of sensory and motor block.
Development of Simulated Educational Joint Mobilization Module Using Leap Motion Controller
Authors: Pooja Shah  , Waqar M. Naqvi  , Sakshi P. Arora
Published: April 2021

Background: Joint mobilization is a complicated task in terms of learning as well as teaching and ischaracterized by great inter subject variability. With reference to the acquisition of skills such as jointmobilisation, only a few studies have investigated the effectiveness of the provision of real-time visualfeedback on a computer screen in terms of students’ ability to establish optimal force and demonstrateadequate performance. There is lack of training in theory and practical skills in mobilization given to thePhysiotherapy students. Thus, an effort has been made in to practice it virtually using Leap Motion Controller.Method: Total 138 participants will be recruited as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A briefexplanation about the study will be given. Participants will be given exposure to the software and modalitybeing used along with demonstration. Followed by, a questionnaire to evaluate the effective learning usingthe System Usability Scale.Conclusion: The results from the study will significantly provide efficacy of the simulative device andevidence on the use of LMC for learning joint mobilization using the System Usability Scale.
Estimation of Sexual Dimorphism by Mesiodistal Dimension of Permanent Maxillary Incisors and Canines
Authors: Pragya Tripathi  , Hardik Singhal  , Rattan Singh  , Sanjoy Das
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Sexual dimorphism is the condition where whether the specific body part or the whole bodyof two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics except for the differences in primarysexual organs. Teeth are helpful in determining the sex, stature, race, age etc. same as bony tissues whenidentification is not possible from rest of the body. Most of the studies conducted earlier are on mandibulardental tissue and literature is sparse on evaluation of maxillary area. We decided to conduct the study onmaxillary teeth.Aims and Objectives. To find the correlation between mesiodistal dimension of permanent maxillaryincisors and canines with the gender.Methods. The study was conducted in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology department, Himalayan Instituteof Medical Sciences, SRHU. The objective of the study was For the study sample of 100 individuals weretaken out of which 50 were male and 50 female, all in the age group of 17-25 years of age. For measuringthe dimension of teeth there comes mesiodistal, Buccolingual, labiolingual, crown heights, diagonal lengthetc. dimensions, but for our study we selected mesiodistal dimension. Subjects were taken according to theinclusion and exclusion criteria. The results were statistically analysed and compared with other studies.Results. The study revealed about the definite association between mesiodistal dimensions of anteriormaxillary permanent teeth and gender.Conclusions: The results showed a positive correlation between the width and sexual dimorphism inmaxillary canines, incisors and other teeth. Male teeth were greater in width as compared to female teethin Indian population. More studies with larger number of subjects would be required to establish a propercorrelation between maxillary dentition and gender.
Incidence of Distant Metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer: A Hospital based Study
Authors: Prakriti Dayal  , Ravikiran Ongole  , Junaid Ahmed  , Ceena Denny E  , Deepali Agrawal
Published: April 2021

Aims and Objectives: To study the incidence of distant metastasis to bone and soft tissues from head andneck cancers and to assess the primary site of head and neck cancer, its clinical staging and its correlationwith the site of distant metastasis.Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients admitted for management of head and neck cancersin Medical and Radiation Oncology for a period of 6 years, were assessed for primary site of the tumour,staging, histopathological diagnosis and the site of distant metastasis.Results: Out of 125 patient records evaluated, the incidence of distant metastasis was 15.2%. Majority ofthe patients (60%) presented at Stage III and IV of the disease. Thyroid and tongue malignancies showed thehighest incidence of distant metastasis and this incidence was most common in the 5th and 6th decades of life.The most common sites of distant metastasis were to the bones (31.6%) and lungs (15.8%).Conclusion: Cancers of the head and neck is typically loco-regional in nature, with metastasis to cervicalnodes. Distant metastasis, though uncommon, may adversely impact the survival and quality of life of thepatient. Understanding the risk factors and incidence for metastatic head and neck cancers may be useful intreatment planning and follow-up protocols for newly diagnosed patients.
Analysis of Risk Management Cycle on Capitation Mechanism at First Level Healthcare Facilities in East Java
Authors: Rachmad Suhanda  , Usman Hadi  , Widodo J. Pudjirahardjo  , Djazuly Chalidyanto
Published: April 2021

The implementation of risk management is an essential function in an organization to control risk. Basedon the preliminary research that has been carried out, only 4.2% of FLHF in East Java implemented thecomplete risk management process, starting from establishing context to evaluating risks. Modificationsof risk management cycle implementation are made by reviewing the opinion of Carroll (2001) and ISO31000:2009. This research aims to analyze the influence between the stages of implementing modified riskmanagement based at 95 FLHF in East Java. The results show that each stage of the capitation mechanismrisk management has a strong significant influence on each other. The results provide recommendation thatFLHF should improve the understanding and awareness of the risks and expected to be able to apply riskmanagement cycle as a whole.
Phonemic restoration of interrupted locally time-reversed speech
Authors: Ueda Kazuo , Ciocca Valter
Published: April 2021

Intelligibility of temporally degraded speech was investigated with locally time-reversed speech (LTR) and its interrupted version (ILTR). Control stimuli comprising interrupted speech (I) were also included. Speech stimuli consisted of 200 Japanese meaningful sentences. In interrupted stimuli, speech segments were alternated with either silent gaps or pink noise bursts. The noise bursts had a level of − 10, 0 or + 10 dB relative to the speech level. Segment duration varied from 20 to 160 ms for ILTR sentences, but was fixed at 160 ms for I sentences. At segment durations between 40 and 80 ms, severe reductions in intelligibility were observed for ILTR sentences, compared with LTR sentences. A substantial improvement in intelligibility (30–33%) was observed when 40-ms silent gaps in ILTR were replaced with 0- and + 10-dB noise. Noise with a level of − 10 dB had no effect on the intelligibility. These findings show that the combined effects of interruptions and temporal reversal of speech segments on intelligibility are greater than the sum of each individual effect. The results also support the idea that illusory continuity induced by high-level noise bursts improves the intelligibility of ILTR and I sentences.