bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An automated instrument for human STR identification: Design, characterization, and experimental validation
Authors: Hurth Cedric , Smith Stanley D. , Nordquist Alan R. , Lenigk Ralf , Duane Brett , Nguyen David , Surve Amol , Hopwood Andrew J. , Estes Matthew D. , Yang Jianing , Cai Zhi , Chen Xiaojia , Lee‐Edghill John G. , Moran Nina , Elliott Keith , Tully Gillian , Zenhausern Frederic
Published: October 2010

The microfluidic integration of an entire DNA analysis workflow on a fully integrated miniaturized instrument is reported using lab‐on‐a‐chip automation to perform DNA fingerprinting compatible with CODIS standard relevant to the forensic community. The instrument aims to improve the cost, duration, and ease of use to perform a “sample‐to‐profile” analysis with no need for human intervention. The present publication describes the operation of the three major components of the system: the electronic control components, the microfluidic cartridge and CE microchip, and the optical excitation/detection module. Experimental details are given to characterize the level of performance, stability, reliability, accuracy, and sensitivity of the prototype system. A typical temperature profile from a PCR amplification process and an electropherogram of a commercial size standard (GeneScan 500™, Applied Biosystems) separation are shown to assess the relevance of the instrument to forensic applications. Finally, we present a profile from an automated integrated run where lysed cells from a buccal swab were introduced in the system and no further human intervention was required to complete the analysis.
Cognitive processing of emotions in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Torres Sandra , Guerra Marina Prista , Lencastre Leonor , Roma‐Torres António , Brandão Isabel , Queirós Cristina , Vieira Filipa
Published: October 2010

Objective

This study attempts to explore the cognitive processing of emotions in anorexia nervosa (AN), based on the study of emotions felt and the assessment of meta‐emotional abilities.

Method

Eighty patients with AN and a control group of 80 healthy female participants were screened for anxiety, depression and alexithymia and completed an experimental task designed to analyse the emotional experience and meta‐emotional abilities.

Results

Despite presenting higher levels of alexithymia, participants with AN demonstrated they were able to imagine emotions in hypothetical situations and to identify and label them. The group of patients with AN revealed feeling more intense and internally based negative emotions in comparison with the control group, but this emotional pattern tends to occur in situations associated with food and weight.

Conclusions

Findings on meta‐emotional abilities suggested no global deficit in emotional processing, but rather, specific sensitivities pertaining to situations relevant to AN. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Distribution network costs under different penetration levels of distributed generation
Authors: Cossent Rafael , Olmos Luis , Gómez Tomás , Mateo Carlos , Frías Pablo
Published: October 2010

Nowadays, the amount of distributed generation (DG) connected to distribution networks is increasing significantly. In a European context, one of the main drivers for this growth is the support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES) and combined heat and power (CHP) plants. Hence, these DG units mostly consist of non‐controllable generation. Distribution is a regulated activity which is, at least, legally and functionally unbundled from the generation activity. These issues, together with the fact that distribution networks were not originally designed to accommodate generation, pose significant challenges on distribution network planning and operation. One of the major concerns of distribution system operators (DSOs) is the impact that large penetration levels of DG may have on distribution network costs. This paper presents a quantification of the impact of DG on distribution network costs in three real distribution areas. Different scenarios of demand and generation have been analysed for each region. Two possible situations are taken into account in each scenario: maximum net demand and maximum net generation. The computation of the distribution network costs was carried out by means of two large‐scale distribution planning models called reference network models (RNMs). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probabilistic power system stabilizer design with consideration of optimal siting using recursive Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Wang Z. , Chung C.Y. , Wong K.P. , Gan Deqiang , Xue Y.
Published: October 2010

This paper proposes an approach for the probabilistic power system stabilizer (PSS) design problem with consideration of optimal siting of the PSSs under multiple operating conditions. The design problem is first formulated as a combinational optimization problem which contains discrete and continuous variables. The paper then develops a recursive Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve the design problem. An integer‐binary mixed coding scheme and a partially matched crossover (PMX) operator are applied for the recursive GA for performance enhancement. The effectiveness of the proposed recursive GA approach for probabilistic PSS design scheme is demonstrated on two test systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient numerical method for RANS/LES turbulent simulations using subfilter scale stress transport equations
Authors: Chaouat Bruno
Published: October 2010

We propose a numerical method for performing hybrid non‐zonal RANS/LES simulations by using a subfilter scale stress transport model in the framework of finite volume technique. The turbulent equations are derived from the new partial integrated transport modeling (PITM) method. The PITM method has been initially developed for devising subfilter energy models based on the viscosity concept (Theoretical Computational Fluid Dynamics 2005; 18:443–468), and has been then extended to subfilter stress models relying on second‐moment closures (Physics of Fluids 2005; 17(6); Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 2009; 30:602–616; Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 2007; 21(3):201–229.). The numerical method put in place is developed in a general framework of large eddy simulations and can be applied to almost all subfilter scale models based on transport equations of subfilter scale turbulent quantities. In this work, we have developed specific numerical schemes for solving the turbulent transport equations of compressible flows including the density, velocity, energy, subfilter scale turbulent stresses and subfilter scale dissipation rate that are strongly coupled together. When performing LES or VLES simulations, this coupling between the motion and turbulent equations poses some numerical problems because the subfilter scale turbulent stresses and dissipation rate are more fluctuating in time and space than in the case of RANS computations, so that a specific numerical treatment has been proposed. In this framework, new implicit iterative algorithms in time are especially developed for solving the unsteady equations of the turbulent energy, stresses and dissipation rate by ensuring the positivity of the normal stresses at each step of the computation. We show that the convective fluxes resulting from the volume technique including the main and turbulent variables can be computed by an approximate Riemann solver using new tensorial operators. The numerical solver is calibrated on the decay of isotropic spectrum and on the well‐known fully turbulent channel flow for assessing the performances of the numerical method. Then, we perform numerical simulations of the turbulent channel flow over periodic hills on coarse and medium grids. This flow encountered in aeronautical applications is of complex physics as it is governed by interacting turbulence mechanisms associated with separation, recirculation and reattachment. As a result, it is found that the proposed numerical method used in conjunction with the subfilter stress model performs fairly well with these turbulent flows on different grids. From a practical point of view, this numerical method can be easily implemented in CFD codes for tackling engineering applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compressible air flow through a collapsing liquid cavity
Authors: Gekle Stephan , Gordillo José Manuel
Published: October 2010

We present a multiscale approach to simulate the impact of a solid object on a liquid surface: upon impact a thin liquid sheet is thrown upwards all around the rim of the impactor while in its wake a large surface cavity forms. Under the influence of hydrostatic pressure the cavity immediately starts to collapse and eventually closes in a single point from which a thin, needle‐like jet is ejected. The existing numerical treatments of liquid impact either consider the surrounding air as an incompressible fluid or neglect air effects altogether. In contrast, our approach couples a boundary‐integral method for the liquid with a Roe scheme for the gas domain and is thus able to handle the fully compressible gas stream that is pushed out of the collapsing impact cavity. Taking into account that air compressibility is crucial, since, as we show in this work, the impact crater collapses so violently that the air flow through the cavity neck attains supersonic velocities already at cavity diameters larger than 1 mm. Our computational results are validated through corresponding experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unsteady flow and heat transfer past an axisymmetric permeable shrinking sheet with radiation effect
Authors: Ali F. M. , Nazar R. , Arifin N. M. , Pop I.
Published: October 2010

In this paper, the problem of unsteady axisymmetric boundary layer flow and heat transfer induced by a permeable shrinking sheet in the presence of radiation effect is studied. The transformed boundary layer equations are solved numerically by an implicit finite‐difference scheme known as the Keller‐box method. The influence of radiation, unsteadiness and mass suction parameters on the reduced skin friction coefficient f′′(0) and the heat transfer coefficient −θ′(0), as well as the velocity and temperature profiles are presented and discussed in detail. It is found that dual solutions exist and suction parameter delays the separation of boundary layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of mass transfer to micropolar fluid flow past a stenosed artery
Authors: Ikbal Md. A. , Chakravarty S. , Sarifuddin  , Mandal P. K.
Published: October 2010

A mathematical model of unsteady non‐Newtonian blood flow together with the mass transfer through constricted arteries has been developed. The mass transport refers to the movement of atherogenic molecules, i.e. blood‐borne components, such as low‐density lipoproteins from flowing blood into the arterial walls or vice versa. The flowing blood is represented as the suspension of all erythrocytes assumed to be Eringen's micropolar fluid and the arterial wall is considered to be rigid having cosine‐shaped stenosis in its lumen. The mass transfer to blood is controlled by the convection–diffusion equation. The governing equations of motion accompanied by the appropriate choice of the boundary conditions are solved numerically by Marker and Cell method and the results obtained are checked for numerical stability with the desired degree of accuracy. The quantitative analysis carried out finally includes the respective profiles of the flow‐field and the mass concentration along with their distributions over the entire arterial segment as well. The key factors, such as the wall shear stress and Sherwood number, are also examined for further quantitative insight into the flow and the mass transport phenomena through arterial stenosis. The present results show consistency with several existing results in the literature which substantiate sufficiently to validate the applicability of the model under consideration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal radiation effects on the flow and heat transfer in a liquid film on an unsteady stretching sheet
Authors: Mahmoud Mostafa A. A.
Published: October 2010

The influence of thermal radiation on the flow and heat transfer within Newtonian liquid film over an unsteady stretching sheet with and without thermocapillarity is examined. The governing non‐linear partial differential equations describing the problem are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation, which is solved numerically for different values of the thermal radiation parameter and the thermocapillarity parameter. The results show that the dimensionless velocity, the film thickness and the local Nusselt number increase as the thermocapillarity parameter increases, while the free surface temperature decreases with increasing the thermocapillarity parameter. Also, both the dimensionless temperature and the free surface temperature increase and the local Nusselt number decreases as the thermal radiation parameter increases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simultaneous analysis of gradual and abrupt changes in Canadian low streamflows
Authors: Ehsanzadeh Eghbal , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. , Saley Hadiza M.
Published: October 2010

In most studies, trend detection is performed under the assumption of a monotonic trend. However, natural processes and, in particular, hydro‐climatic variables may not conform to this assumption. This study performs a simultaneous evaluation of gradual and abrupt changes in Canadian low streamflows using a modified Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test and a Bayesian multiple change‐point detection model. Statistical analysis, using the whole record of observation (under a monotonic trend assumption), shows that winter and summer low flows are dominated by upward and downward trends, respectively. Overall, about 20% of low flows are characterized by significant trends, where ∼80% of detected significant trends are upward (downward) for winter (summer) season. Change‐point analysis shows that over 50% of low‐flow time series experienced at least one abrupt change in mean or in direction of trend, of which ∼50% occurred in 1980s with a mode in 1987. Analysis of segmented time series based on a common change‐point date indicates a reduced number of significant trends, which is attributed to first, the change in nonstationarity behaviour of low flows leading to less trend‐type changes in the last few decades; and second, the false detection of trends when the sample data are characterized by shifts in mean. Depending on whether the monotonic trend assumption holds, the on‐site and regional interpretation of results may vary (e.g. winter low flow) or even lead to contradictory conclusions (e.g. summer low flow). Trend analysis of last two decades of streamflows shows that (1) winter low flows are increasing in eastern Canada and southern British Columbia, whereas they are decreasing in western Canada; (2) summer low flows are increasing in central Canada, southern British Columbia and Newfoundland, whereas they are decreasing in Yukon and northern British Columbia and also in eastern Ontario and Quebec. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of the solute transfer in a conceptual unsaturated zone scheme: a case study of the Seine River basin
Authors: Philippe Elodie , Habets Florence , Ledoux Emmanuel , Goblet Patrick , Viennot Pascal , Mary Bruno
Published: October 2010

For predicting the evolution of solute concentrations in groundwater and testing the impact of remediation policies, a coupling between the agronomical model STICS and the hydrogeological model MODCOU was implemented. When applied to the Seine River basin, this model accurately represents the temporal evolution of average nitrate concentrations in the aquifer, but with large local errors.

We propose an improvement to the simple unsaturated zone (UZ) scheme NonsatSW used in STICS–MODCOU. The modifications are based on a comparison with the mechanistic model Metis considered as a reference as it solves Richards' equation. A more realistic saturation profile and a varying percolation rate are integrated in NonsatSW. This new model, named NonsatVG, is assessed by comparing it with NonsatSW and Metis. In an ideal case, NonsatVG generates a solute transfer and a dispersion closer to that of Metis than of NonsatSW. In real cases, without additional calibration, NonsatVG and Metis simulate better the average transfer velocities of the observed nitrate profiles.

Furthermore, modifications in NonsatVG give a direct relationship between the depth of the water table and the saturation profile. We obtain, therefore, as in Metis, an evolution of the solute transfer velocity depending on the piezometric level. These dynamics are not simulated in NonsatSW.

Despite a modified water transfer through the UZ, NonsatVG is also as valid as NonsatSW in the modelling of water transfer to the saturated zone.

Finally, an application to the Seine basin shows that solute transfer velocities are lower with NonsatVG than with NonsatSW, but are in better agreement with literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental goals and talk with toddlers
Authors: Rowe Meredith L. , Casillas Allison
Published: October 2010

Myriad studies support a relation between parental beliefs and behaviours. This study adds to the literature by focusing on the specific relationship between parental goals and their communication with toddlers. Do parents with different goals talk about different topics with their children? Parents' goals for their 30‐month olds were gathered using semi‐structured interviews with 47 primary caregivers, whereas the topics of conversations that took place during interactions were investigated via coding videotapes of observations in the home. Parents' short‐ and long‐term goals spanned several areas, including educational, social–emotional, developmental and pragmatic goals. Parental utterances most frequently focused on pragmatic issues, followed by play and academic topics. Parents who mentioned long‐term educational goals devoted more of their talk to academic topics and less to pragmatic topics, controlling for socio‐economic status. Thus, parental goals differ and these differences relate to the conversations parents engage in with their children. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of 3‐amino‐4,6‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine in heterocyclic synthesis
Authors: Gouda Moustafa A.
Published: October 2010

This review describe the synthesis and reactions of 3‐amino‐4,6‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine as building block for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized heterocyclic compounds with pharmacological interest. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 2011.
Synthesis of new derivatives of 3‐aryl‐1,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4′,3′:1,2]pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,3,4]oxadiazines as potential antiproliferative agents
Authors: Bakavoli Mehdi , Rahimizadeh Mohammad , Shiri Ali , Akbarzadeh Marzieh , Mousavi Seyed‐Hadi , Tayarani‐Najaran Zahra , Atapour‐Mashhad Hoda , Nikpour Mohsen
Published: October 2010

Starting from pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,3,4]oxadiazines (3a, 3b, 3c), a synthetic pathway to [1,2,4]triazolo[4′,3′:1,2]pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,3,4]oxadiazines (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i) is described. The reaction of pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,3,4]oxadiazines (3a, 3b, 3c) with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding hydrazino derivatives (4a, 4b, 4c). Further treatment of these compounds with different orthoesters in acetic acid gave the corresponding [1,2,4]triazolo[4′,3′:1,2]pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,3,4]oxadiazines (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i). Compound (3a) and (5b), as examples, were tested on different cancer cell lines including HeLa, MCF‐7, and HepG2. Malignant cells were cultured in DMEM medium and incubated with different concentrations of the titled compounds. Cell viability was quantitated by MTT assay. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis and growth regulatory activity of pyrazolesulfanyl‐ and isoxazolesulfanyl‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazoles and their azinyl derivatives
Authors: Eliazyan Karine A. , Shahbazyan Lusya V. , Pivazyan Vergush A. , Yengoyan Aleksandr P.
Published: October 2010

By cyclocondensation of 3‐(1H‐[1,2,4]triazol‐3‐ylsulfanyl)‐pentane‐2,4‐dion with hydroxylamine, hydrazine, methylhidrazine, and arylsulfonyl‐hydrazides, the 3‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐isoxazol‐4‐ylsulfanyl)‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazole (2) and 3‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐1‐R‐pyrazol‐4‐ylsulfanyl)‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazoles (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) are synthesized. Under the action of quaternary ammonium salts of azines with limited heating in acetone they form a series of compounds (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h), which molecules simultaneously contain three different heterocyclic rings. Structures of compounds were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The plants growth regulatory activities of compounds 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h were investigated. Data of biological tests testify that these compounds can be of interest to search for new growth stimulators. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Precipitation dynamics in southern Spain: trends and cycles
Authors: Ruiz Sinoga Jose Damian , Garcia Marin Ramón , Martinez Murillo Juan Francisco , Gabarron Galeote Miguel Angel
Published: October 2010

The temporal variability of precipitation in southern Spain was analysed to detect trends and cycles. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether there has been a decrease in precipitation in southern Spain and (2) to evaluate if any decrease is related to temporal cycles or is a well‐defined trend. The study was based on analysis of data series from nine monitoring stations in the Andalusia area of the Spanish Mediterranean. The Pettit test and temporal variability analyses were carried out using the temporal databases (1960–2006) from the selected stations. The results indicate that (1) there were significant differences in precipitation throughout the study period based on the location of the stations; (2) a negative trend in precipitation was observed for the east coast and inland stations, and an increasing trend in precipitation was observed for stations on the west coast; and (3) a general decreasing trend in seasonal precipitation, especially in winter, autumn, and spring, was observed for all stations except those on the west coast. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Layer‐by‐layer self‐assembled multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/silica microsphere composites as stationary phase for high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Liang Xiaojing , Liu Shujuan , Liu Hongmei , Liu Xia , Jiang Shengxiang
Published: October 2010

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were layer‐by‐layer assembled onto silica microspheres to form MWCNTs/SiO2 composites and were characterized by surface analysis, elemental analysis, and contact angle. The composite was used as a stationary phase in HPLC for the separation of many kinds of aromatic compounds. The separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) affected by the number of MWCNTs layers on SiO2 was investigated. Retention times and resolutions of PAHs were affected by the assembled layer of MWCNTs and the type of organic additive in the mobile phase. When the MWCNTs layer increased to 5 (MWCNTs/SiO2‐5), PAHs can be completely separated. Aromatic compounds with different substituents can be well separated when only water was used as the eluent on the MWCNTs/SiO2‐5 column. Decreasing the pH of the eluent can increase the retention factors of organic acids. Organic amines can also be separated with acetonitrile as organic additive, which were eluted in the order of the electronic cloud density of their aromatic rings. Comparing the MWCNTs/SiO2‐5 column with a commercial HPLC column, it was clearly shown that the commercial column exhibited the characteristic of hydrophobicity, and the MWNCTs/SiO2‐5 column exhibited the characteristic of a large π‐electron system.
Carbon nanotubes‐assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for enhanced separation of human serum proteins and application in liverish diagnosis
Authors: Jiang Fubin , Wang Yanan , Hu Xinfang , Shao Na , Na Na , Delanghe Joris R. , Ouyang Jin
Published: October 2010

The application of pore‐gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PG‐PAGE) incorporated with carbon nanotube modified by Triton X‐100 and carboxylation so as to improve the separation of human serum proteins is reported. The novel PG‐PAGE was made by adding water‐soluble single‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) when preparing the polyacrylamide gel. Significant improvements in separation of complement C3 protein and haptoglobin (Hp) in human serum were achieved. It was estimated that the interactions between the hydrophilic groups on the proteins and the surface of the CNTs result in different adsorption kinetics of complement C3 and Hp subtype on the nanoparticles incorporated in the gel, thus enhancing the separation of the two proteins in serum. This new CNT matrix‐assisted PG‐PAGE method for enhanced separation of complement C3 and Hp in human serum was successfully applied to distinguish the samples from liverish patients and healthy people.
Selectivity issues in targeted metabolomics: Separation of phosphorylated carbohydrate isomers by mixed‐mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion exchange chromatography
Authors: Hinterwirth Helmut , Lämmerhofer Michael , Preinerstorfer Beatrix , Gargano Andrea , Reischl Roland , Bicker Wolfgang , Trapp Oliver , Brecker Lothar , Lindner Wolfgang
Published: October 2010

Phosphorylated carbohydrates are important intracellular metabolites and thus of prime interest in metabolomics research. Complications in their analysis arise from the existence of structural isomers that do have similar fragmentation patterns in MS/MS and are hard to resolve chromatographically. Herein, we present selective methods for the liquid chromatographic separation of sugar phosphates, such as hexose and pentose phosphates, 2‐ and 3‐phosphoglycerate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate, as well as glucosamine 1‐ and 6‐phosphate utilizing mixed‐mode chromatography with reversed‐phase/weak anion‐exchangers and a charged aerosol detector. The best results were obtained when the reversed‐phase/weak anion‐exchanger column was operated under hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography elution conditions. The effects of various chromatographic parameters were examined and are discussed on the basis of a simple stoichiometric displacement model for explaining ion‐exchange processes. Employed acidic conditions have led to the complete separation of α‐ and β‐anomers of glucose 6‐phosphate at low temperature. The anomers coeluted in a single peak at elevated temperatures (>40°C) (peak coalescence), while at intermediate temperatures on‐column interconversion with a plateau in‐between resolved anomer peaks was observed with apparent reaction rate constants between 0.1 and 27.8×10−4 s−1. Dynamic HPLC under specified conditions enabled to investigate mutarotation of phosphorylated carbohydrates, their interconversion kinetics, and energy barriers for interconversion. A complex mixture of six hexose phosphate structural isomers could be resolved almost completely.
Surface‐modified TiO2 nanoparticles as affinity probes and as matrices for the rapid analysis of phosphopeptides and proteins in MALDI‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Ke Yaotang , Kailasa Suresh Kumar , Wu Hui‐Fen , Nawaz Mohd
Published: October 2010

We utilized three different types of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) namely TiO2‐dopamine, TiO2‐CdS and bare TiO2 NPs as multifunctional nanoprobes for the rapid enrichment of phosphopeptides from tryptic digests of α‐ and β‐casein, milk and egg white using a simplified procedure in MALDI‐TOF‐MS. Surface‐modified TiO2 NPs serve as effective matrices for the analysis of peptides (gramicidin D, HW6, leucine‐enkephalin and methionine‐enkephalin) and proteins (cytochrome c and myoglobin) in MALDI‐TOF‐MS. In the surface‐modified TiO2 NPs‐based MALDI mass spectra of these analytes (phosphopetides, peptides and proteins), we found that TiO2‐dopamine and bare TiO2 NPs provided an efficient platform for the selective and rapid enrichment of phosphopeptides and TiO2‐CdS NPs efficiently acted as the matrix for background‐free detection of peptides and proteins with improved resolution in MALDI‐MS. We found that the upper detectable mass range is 17 000 Da using TiO2‐CdS NPs as the matrix. The approach is simple and straightforward for the rapid analysis of phosphopeptides, peptides and proteins by MALDI‐MS in proteome research.
Sicilian lemon oil: Composition of volatile and oxygen heterocyclic fractions and enantiomeric distribution of volatile components
Authors: Dugo Paola , Ragonese Carla , Russo Marina , Sciarrone Danilo , Santi Luca , Cotroneo Antonella , Mondello Luigi
Published: October 2010

A total of 92 samples of Sicilian lemon oils (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) produced from September 2008 to June 2009, industrially cold‐pressed by different extraction techniques (Brown Oil Extractor and Food Machinery Corporation), were analyzed by GC‐flame ionization detector (FID) and GC/MS‐LRI to investigate the volatile fraction; by RP‐HPLC/PDA to determine the non‐volatile components and by enantio‐GC‐FID to determine the enantiomeric ratios of 12 volatile components. This study provides a detailed investigation on the composition of Sicilian lemon essential oils industrially produced during a productive season, with the aim to recognize quality parameters for the characterization of this product. The results obtained are discussed to evaluate seasonal variation, influence of the extraction techniques, and are compared with those obtained for samples produced during different seasons.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer efficiency: How can it be improved through nuclear remodeling and reprogramming?
Authors: Whitworth Kristin M. , Prather Randall S.
Published: October 2010

Fertile offspring from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the goal of most cloning laboratories. For this process to be successful, a number of events must occur correctly. First the donor nucleus must be in a state that is amenable to remodeling and subsequent genomic reprogramming. The nucleus must be introduced into an oocyte cytoplasm that is capable of facilitating the nuclear remodeling. The oocyte must then be adequately stimulated to initiate development. Finally the resulting embryo must be cultured in an environment that is compatible with the development of that particular embryo. Much has been learned about the incredible changes that occur to a nucleus after it is placed in the cytoplasm of an oocyte. While we think that we are gaining an understanding of the reorganization that occurs to proteins in the donor nucleus, the process of cloning is still very inefficient. Below we will introduce the procedures for SCNT, discuss nuclear remodeling and reprogramming, and review techniques that may improve reprogramming. Finally we will briefly touch on other aspects of SCNT that may improve the development of cloned embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77:1001–1015, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo viscoelastic properties of the brain in normal pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Streitberger Kaspar‐Josche , Wiener Edzard , Hoffmann Jan , Freimann Florian Baptist , Klatt Dieter , Braun Jürgen , Lin Kui , McLaughlin Joyce , Sprung Christian , Klingebiel Randolf , Sack Ingolf
Published: October 2010

Nearly half a century after the first report of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), the pathophysiological cause of the disease still remains unclear. Several theories about the cause and development of NPH emphasize disease‐related alterations of the mechanical properties of the brain. MR elastography (MRE) uniquely allows the measurement of viscoelastic constants of the living brain without intervention. In this study, 20 patients (mean age, 69.1 years; nine men, 11 women) with idiopathic (n = 15) and secondary (n = 5) NPH were examined by cerebral multifrequency MRE and compared with 25 healthy volunteers (mean age, 62.1 years; 10 men, 15 women). Viscoelastic constants related to the stiffness (µ) and micromechanical connectivity (α) of brain tissue were derived from the dynamics of storage and loss moduli within the experimentally achieved frequency range of 25–62.5 Hz. In patients with NPH, both storage and loss moduli decreased, corresponding to a softening of brain tissue of about 20% compared with healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). This loss of rigidity was accompanied by a decreasing α parameter (9%, p < 0.001), indicating an alteration in the microstructural connectivity of brain tissue during NPH. This disease‐related decrease in viscoelastic constants was even more pronounced in the periventricular region of the brain. The results demonstrate distinct tissue degradation associated with NPH. Further studies are required to investigate the source of mechanical tissue damage as a potential cause of NPH‐related ventricular expansions and clinical symptoms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo diffusion tensor MRI of the mouse retina: a noninvasive visualization of tissue organization
Authors: Chen Junjie , Wang Qing , Chen Shiming , Wickline Samuel A. , Song Sheng‐Kwei
Published: October 2010

Diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) is a method for the noninvasive assessment of cellular organization and integrity in vivo. In this study, in vivo DTI was performed to demonstrate its ability to reflect photoreceptor cell alignment in adult C57BL/6 wild‐type mice. Age‐matched retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mice were employed as a negative control, i.e. loss of the photoreceptor cell layer. In wild‐type mice, DTI‐estimated cell alignment suggests that the MR‐detected outer retinal layer comprises cells aligning perpendicular to the retinal surface, consistent with the known organization of photoreceptor cells. The MR‐detected outer retinal layer exhibits a lower apparent diffusion coefficient and higher fractional anisotropy than the other two MR‐detected retinal layers (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). In rd1 mice, the remaining MR‐detected retinal layer exhibits different cell alignment, apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy from that of the MR‐detected outer retinal layer in wild‐type mice (p < 0.05 for all comparisons), reflecting the degeneration of photoreceptor cells in rd1 mouse retina. Overall, our findings suggest that in vivo DTI assessment of mouse retina with normal physiology or degenerative pathology is feasible. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in activity and interest in the third and fourth age: Associations with health, functioning and depressive symptoms
Authors: Adams Kathryn Betts , Roberts Amy Restorick , Cole Marilyn B.
Published: October 2010

This study examines the changes in activity investment among older adults and the role of these changes in the relationship between health limitations and depression. Residents of six senior living facilities (N = 178) completed questionnaires including the Geriatric Depression Scale, health and functioning measures and the Revised Change in Activity and Interest Index (CAII‐R) which measures self‐perceived changes in the level of investment in social and leisure activities among older adults. Respondents indicated more disengagement from CAII‐R subscales Active Instrumental (AI) and Active Social (AS) and increased engagement in Passive Social Spiritual. Fourth Age adults (age 80+) reported greater reductions in AI than Third Age adults (age 64–79). Reduced AS investment had the strongest association with depression and mediated the relationship between poor health or functioning and depression. These categories of activity may guide occupational therapy practitioners and other health providers in selecting the focus of intervention for older clients according to their identified life stage. The study provides evidence of distinct differences in interests within the parameters of normal aging and a baseline from which to assess the impact of illness and disability on the activity choices for clients in different life stages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicine‐taking behaviour in schizophrenia – part 2
Authors: Feetam Celia L , Roberts Hannah
Published: October 2010

In the second of two articles, Celia Feetam and Hannah Roberts discuss treatment variables that may influence medicine‐taking behaviour in schizophrenia and the interventions that have been proposed to improve it. Part 1 of the series appeared in the July August 2010 issue of Progress. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Mood disorders: pearls of wisdom from a lifetime of observation
Authors: Titmarsh Steve , Angst Jules
Published: October 2010

Professor Jules Angst provided a fascinating account of some of the work that has led him to challenge fundamental thinking about bipolar disorder in his Keynote Lecture on the classification, course and treatment of mood disorders, at the ninth Latest Advances in Psychiatry Symposium in London in March 2010. Steve Titmarsh had the privilege of listening and here provides a brief overview. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Computational methods for identifying a layered allosteric regulatory mechanism for ALS‐causing mutations of Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase 1
Authors: Schuyler Adam D. , Carlson Heather A. , Feldman Eva L.
Published: October 2010

The most prominent form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS, Lou Gehrig's Disease) is caused by mutations of Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). SOD1 maintains antioxidant activity under fALS causing mutations, suggesting that the mutations introduce a new, toxic, function. There are 100+ such known mutations that are chemically diverse and spatially distributed across the structure. The common phenotype leads us to propose an allosteric regulatory mechanism hypothesis: SOD1 mutants alter the correlated dynamics of the structure and differentially signal across an inherent allosteric network, thereby driving the disease mechanism at varying rates of efficiency. Two recently developed computational methods for identifying allosteric control sites are applied to the wild type crystal structure, 4 fALS mutant crystal structures, 20 computationally generated fALS mutants and 1 computationally generated non‐fALS mutant. The ensemble of mutant structures is used to generate an ensemble of dynamics, from which two allosteric control networks are identified. One network is connected to the catalytic site and thus may be involved in the natural antioxidant function. The second allosteric control network has a locus bordering the dimer interface and thus may serve as a mechanism to modulate dimer stability. Though the toxic function of mutated SOD1 is unknown and likely due to several contributing factors, this study explains how diverse mutations give rise to a common function. This new paradigm for allostery controlled function has broad implications across allosteric systems and may lead to the identification of the key chemical activity of SOD1‐linked ALS. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes with ppm level of impurities
Authors: Kuznetsov V. L. , Elumeeva K. V. , Ishchenko A. V. , Beylina N. Yu. , Stepashkin A. A. , Moseenkov S. I. , Plyasova L. M. , Molina I. Yu. , Romanenko A. I. , Anikeeva O. B. , Tkachev E. N.
Published: October 2010

Here multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) of different average diameters with ppm level purity were produced by a low temperature C2H4 pyrolysis on Fe‐Co type catalysts combined with forthcoming graphitization at 2200–2800 °C in argon flow. Annealed nanotubes were characterized with X‐ray fluorescent analysis, BET surface measurements, HR TEM, X‐ray diffraction, DTA analysis, and measurements of temperature and magnetic field dependences of conductivity. The graphitization of MWNT results in removal of residual catalyst metal impurities, reduction of the wall defects, and closure of nanotube tips. It was found that extent of these effects depends on MWNT diameters. It was proposed that the graphitization is caused by a significant thermal displacement and diffusion of carbon atoms at temperatures higher the Debye temperature.
Hybrid functionals and electronic structure of high‐pressure phase of CdO
Authors: Joshi K. B. , Paliwal U. , Sharma B. K.
Published: October 2010

The electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) of B2‐phase cadmium oxide (CdO) are computed following the first‐principles linear combination of atomic orbitals method applying the CRYSTAL code. The PBE correlation functional coupled with Becke's ansatz for exchange is considered for calculations. The electronic band structure and DOS are examined considering HF, B3LYP and hybrid schemes. Hybrid functionals are used with 25, 15, 10 and 5% mixing of Fock exchange with PBE‐GGA. Depending on the correlation functionals, and different mixings in the hybrid schemes, B2‐phase CdO may have an indirect positive band gap, a negative band gap or a zero gap. The effect of pd repulsion originating from pd hybridisation is visible in the calculated band structures.
The dependence of convection‐related parameters on surface and boundary‐layer conditions over complex terrain
Authors: Kalthoff N. , Kohler M. , Barthlott C. , Adler B. , Mobbs S.D. , Corsmeier U. , Träumner K. , Foken T. , Eigenmann R. , Krauss L. , Khodayar S. , Di Girolamo P.
Published: October 2010

The field campaign ‘Convective and Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study’ (COPS) was performed in south‐western Germany and eastern France in summer 2007. Within the COPS context this study focused on the process chain of soil moisture, surface fluxes, conditions of the convective boundary layer (CBL), and convection‐related parameters.

The results were different for valley and mountain sites. Only in the Rhine valley did the ratios of sensible and latent heat to the net radiation at the surface, H0/Q0 and E0/Q0 respectively, reveal a weak dependence on soil moisture. H0/Q0 was lower and E0/Q0 was higher at higher soil moisture. The correlation of the diurnal increase of the equivalent potential temperature, Θe, with the energy supplied by H0 and E0 was found to be lower for higher surface inhomogeneity. Furthermore, only a weak dependence of the CBL depth on the sensible surface heat flux was found for valley sites and was non‐existent for the mountain crest.

The convective indices in the whole COPS domain were found to depend on Θe in the CBL. The absolute values of conditional and potential instability are not necessarily the decisive parameters for convection to occur, because highest instability was observed in the Rhine valley while convection was preferably initiated over the mountains. Convective inhibition (CIN) was positively correlated with the capping strength and negatively with the CBL height: the higher the CBL, the lower the upper threshold of CIN. The frequency of low CIN was higher in the Black Forest mountains than in the Rhine valley, which facilitates convection initiation over the mountain sites. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
CMV in critically ill patients: pathogen or bystander?
Authors: Limaye Ajit P. , Boeckh Michael
Published: October 2010

Despite broad variability in study populations, methodologies for CMV detection, and analytic methods used, multiple studies have documented frequent CMV infection in non‐immunocompromised adults with critical illness due to a variety of causes. Higher rates of CMV infection in studies of seropositive patients suggest that reactivation of latent infection rather than primary infection is the main mechanism in this setting. Risk factors for CMV reactivation (other than seropositivity) have not been clearly defined and there does not appear to be a consistent association with severity of illness. Furthermore, CMV reactivation in this setting has been associated with important adverse clinical outcomes, including increased duration of mechanical ventilation, longer length of stay and all‐cause mortality. There are several biologically plausible mechanisms that could link CMV reactivation with adverse outcomes, including: direct lung injury (CMV pneumonia), amplification of inflammation systemically and within the lung, or predisposition to other nosocomial infections, but clinical data in the ICU setting are limited. Further observational studies are unlikely to significantly advance our understanding of the role of CMV in critically ill patients. Given the significant impact of critical illness, limited current therapeutic options, the availability of generally well‐tolerated antiviral options for CMV, and the clinical data supporting a possible pathogenic role for CMV, there is a strong rationale for a randomised controlled trial of CMV prevention as a novel means of improving the outcomes of critically ill patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role‐based authentication protocol
Authors: Yao Hongyan
Published: October 2010

The paper proposes a new role‐based authentication protocol, which is different from identity‐based authentication model. The protocol does not disclose any unique identifier that is bound to user's identity. By verifying user's role the protocol can convince service the user is valid and his role is acceptable. Protocol can achieve the goal of authentication and meet identity privacy requirement at the same time. Protocol analysis indicates the protocol is easy to cooperate with role‐based authorization and is safer than multi‐server authentication schema. Simulation proves the protocol satisfies both authentication and identity privacy requirements. Protocol is safe and easy to realize. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of a‐Si (N+)/c‐Si (P) hetero‐junction solar cell through AFORS‐HET simulation
Authors: Wang J. Q. , Meng F. Y. , Fang Z. D. , Ye Q. H.
Published: October 2010

In this paper, a TCO/a‐Si(N+)/a‐Si(i)/c‐Si(P)/Al‐BSF(P+) structure hetero‐junction (HJ) cell model is developed. With AFORS‐HET V3.0, we investigate the influence of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) emitter and amorphous silicon (a‐Si)/crystalline silicon (c‐Si) interface defects on the HJ cell performance. Through modulating a‐Si(N+) emitter doping concentration and band offset at a‐Si/c‐Si interface, a maximum width value of 103 nm inversion layer is observed in the c‐Si(P) side. For 1 Ω.cm c‐Si (P) substrate, emitter doping of over 1 × 1020 cm−3 is necessary for achieving a high‐efficiency a‐Si/c‐Si HJ cell. Furthermore, defects at a‐Si(N+)/c‐Si(P) interface severely affect the open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current density (Jsc) of the cell. Meanwhile, simulation indicates that Voc is more sensitive to interface defect density (Dit) than Jsc. A thin a‐Si(i) layer between a‐Si(N+) and c‐Si(P) does induce great improvement in Voc of TCO/a‐Si(N+)/a‐Si(i)/c‐Si(P)/Al‐BSF(P+) cell. As a result, high cell efficiency of 22.27% is achieved for a‐Si(N+)/c‐Si(P) HJ Cell with optimized parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.