bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics contributes to the pathogenesis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Launay Nathalie , Lopez-Erauskin Jone , Bianchi Patrizia , Guha Sanjib , Parameswaran Janani , Coppa Andrea , Torreni Lorenzo , Schlüter Agatha , Fourcade Stéphane , Paredes-Fuentes Abraham J , Artuch Rafael , Casasnovas Carlos , Ruiz Montserrat , Pujol Aurora
Published: May 2024

The peroxisomal disease adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by loss of the transporter of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), ABCD1. An excess of VLCFAs disrupts essential homeostatic functions crucial for axonal maintenance, including redox metabolism, glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. As mitochondrial function and morphology are intertwined, we set out to investigate the role of mitochondrial dynamics in X-ALD models.

Using quantitative 3D transmission electron microscopy, we revealed mitochondrial fragmentation in corticospinal axons in Abcd1− mice. In patient fibroblasts, an excess of VLCFAs triggers mitochondrial fragmentation through the redox-dependent phosphorylation of DRP1 (DRP1S616). The blockade of DRP1-driven fission by the peptide P110 effectively preserved mitochondrial morphology. Furthermore, mRNA inhibition of DRP1 not only prevented mitochondrial fragmentation but also protected axonal health in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of X-ALD, underscoring DRP1 as a potential therapeutic target.

Elevated levels of circulating cell-free mtDNA in patients’ CSF align this leukodystrophy with primary mitochondrial disorders. Our findings underscore the intricate interplay between peroxisomal dysfunction, mitochondrial dynamics and axonal integrity in X-ALD, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Skin fragility and wound management in Ehlers–Danlos syndromes: a report by the International Consortium on Ehlers–Danlos Syndromes and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders Skin Working Group
Authors: Angwin Chloe , Doolan Brent J , Hausser Ingrid , Labine Barry , Lavallee Mark , Mackay Donald , Pope F Michael , Seneviratne Suranjith L , Winship Ingrid , Burrows Nigel P
Published: May 2024

The Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDSs) are a heterogeneous group of heritable connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility and generalized tissue fragility. In all types of EDS, skin wound healing is impaired to a variable degree. Additional support through wound management plans may help to improve these outcomes; however, there is a paucity of evidence regarding clinical management of skin fragility and wounds in EDS. This paper aims to review current evidence and provide recommendations for management of skin wounds in EDS types. Preventative measures to avoid skin injury are strongly recommended, including avoidance of high-impact sports and use of appropriate protection such as shin guards. Bruising is common, and some types of EDS are associated with haematoma formation, with management including compression bandages and consideration of pharmacological therapy. Skin fragility and tears should be managed with a focus on protection of remaining tissue, avoidance of wound tension and low-adherence dressings to avoid further injury. This paper provides clear recommendations to address skin management for this group of patients. It highlights the lack of good-quality published data to support treatment decisions.
Unprecedented guidewire entrapment salvaged by combined rotational atherectomy and ‘Twist-wire’ technique: a case report
Authors: Wong Siu-Fung , Chow Hiu-Cheong , Chung Tak-Shun
Published: May 2024

Background

Coronary guidewire entrapment is not an uncommon complication of percutaneous coronary intervention, especially in the setting of complex coronary anatomy. Core wire fracture with uncoiling of spring wire represents a catastrophic complication, posing great technical difficulty in percutaneous retrieval.

Case summary

The patient was a 50-year-old Asian male with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular impairment. Coronary angiography showed severe left main and triple-vessel disease. Coronary artery bypass graft was declined due to high surgical risk. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed under mechanical circulatory support. However, it was complicated with guidewire entrapment and unravelling with deformity of the newly implanted stent in the left anterior descending artery. The complication was successfully bailed out by rotational atherectomy and the novel intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and enhanced stent visualization (ESV) system guided ‘Twist-wire’ technique. Complete wire fragments retrieval was achieved with excellent final angiographic and IVUS results immediately after procedure and at 4-month follow-up angiography.

Discussion

This case represents a rare phenomenon of branch point protrusion of stent causing guidewire-stent edge entanglement. A novel ‘Twist-wire’ technique with IVUS and ESV guidance was highlighted to allow successful retrieval of fluoroscopically invisible uncoiled wire filaments.
Patterns of genomic variation reveal a single evolutionary origin of the wild allotetraploid Mimulus sookensis
Authors: Whitener Makenzie R , Mangelson Hayley , Sweigart Andrea L
Published: May 2024

Polyploidy occurs across the tree of life and is especially common in plants. Because newly formed cytotypes are often incompatible with their progenitors, polyploidy is also said to trigger “instantaneous” speciation. If a polyploid can self-fertilize or reproduce asexually, it is even possible for one individual to produce an entirely new lineage, but how often this scenario occurs is unclear. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of the wild allotetraploid Mimulus sookensis, which was formed through hybridization between self-compatible, diploid species in the Mimulus guttatus complex. We generate a chromosome-scale reference assembly for M. sookensis and define its distinct subgenomes. Despite previous reports suggesting multiple origins of this highly selfing polyploid, we discover patterns of population genomic variation that provide unambiguous support for a single origin. One M. sookensis subgenome is clearly derived from the selfer Mimulus nasutus, which organellar variation suggests is the maternal progenitor. The ancestor of the other subgenome is less certain, but it shares variation with both Mimulus decorus and M. guttatus, two outcrossing diploids with geographic ranges that overlap broadly with M. sookensis. This study establishes M. sookensis as an example of instantaneous speciation, likely facilitated by the polyploid’s predisposition to self-fertilize.
Apolipoprotein ɛ4 Is Associated With Increased Risk of Fall- and Fracture-Related Hospitalization: The Perth Longitudinal Study of Ageing Women
Authors: Pratt Jedd , Dalla Via Jack , Sale Craig , Gebre Abadi K , Stephan Blossom C M , Laws Simon , Zhu Kun , Lim Wai H , Prince Richard L , Lewis Joshua R , Sim Marc
Published: May 2024

Apolipoprotein ɛ4 (APOE ɛ4) may be a genetic risk factor for reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle function, which could have implications for fall and fracture risk. We examined the association between APOE ɛ4 status and long-term fall- and fracture-related hospitalization risk in older women. A total of 1 276 community-dwelling women from the Perth Longitudinal Study of Aging Women (mean age ± SD = 75.2 ± 2.7 years) were included. At baseline, women underwent APOE genotyping and detailed phenotyping for covariates including prevalent falls and fractures, as well as health and lifestyle factors. The association between APOE ɛ4 and fall-, any fracture-, and hip fracture-related hospitalizations, obtained over 14.5 years from linked health records, was examined using multivariable-adjusted Cox-proportional hazard models. Over 14.5 years, 507 (39.7%) women experienced a fall-related hospitalization and 360 (28.2%) women experienced a fracture-related hospitalization, including 143 (11.2%) attributed to a hip fracture. In multivariable-adjusted models, compared to noncarriers, APOE ɛ4 carriers (n = 297, 23.3%) had greater risk for a fall- (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48, 95% CI: 1.22–1.81), fracture- (HR 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01–1.63), or hip fracture-related hospitalization (HR 1.83, 95% CI: 1.29–2.61). The estimates remained similar when specific fall and fracture risk factors (fear of falling, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, grip strength, timed up-and-go, hip BMD, vitamin K status, prevalent diabetes, HbA1c, cholesterol, and abbreviated mental test score) were added to the multivariable model. In conclusion, APOE ɛ4 is a potential risk factor for fall- and fracture-related hospitalization in community-dwelling older women. Screening for APOE ɛ4 could provide clinicians an opportunity to direct higher-risk individuals to appropriate intervention strategies.
The Importance of Including Long COVID Outcomes When Developing Novel Treatments for Acute COVID-19
Authors: Connor Chloe , Taylor Holly A
Published: May 2024

Amid efforts to develop effective treatments for acute COVID-19, there is growing recognition of the need to address long COVID as a key outcome measure. We argue there are 7 compelling reasons to include long COVID measurements in clincal trials investigating acute COVID-19 treatments: (1) Long COVID is not rare. (2) Long COVID is debilitating to individuals and has a high societal cost. (3) Those at high risk of severe COVID-19 are also at higher risk of developing long COVID if they are infected with COVID-19. (4) Treatments for acute COVID-19 may reduce the risk of long COVID. (5) Measures exist to track long COVID. (6) Long COVID considerations are potentially important for acute COVID-19 treatment decision making. (7) Deaths and hospitalizations due to COVID-19 are increasingly rare. While not every trial needs to include assessments of long COVID, it is worth the research burden to include assessments where possible, as this could facilitate the uptake of acute COVID-19 treatments that lessen the societal burden of long COVID.
Intermittent water stress favors microbial traits that better help wheat under drought
Authors: Schmidt Ruth Lydia , Azarbad Hamed , Bainard Luke , Tremblay Julien , Yergeau Etienne
Published: May 2024

Microorganisms can improve plant resistance to drought through various mechanisms, such as the production of plant hormones, osmolytes, antioxidants, and exopolysaccharides. It is, however, unclear how previous exposure to water stress affects the functional capacity of the soil microbial community to help plants resist drought. We compared two soils that had either a continuous or intermittent water stress history (WSH) for almost 40 years. We grew wheat in these soils and subjected it to water stress, after which we collected the rhizosphere soil and shotgun sequenced its metagenome. Wheat growing in soil with an intermittent WSH maintained a higher biomass when subjected to water stress. Genes related to indole-acetic acid and osmolyte production were more abundant in the metagenome of the soil with an intermittent WSH as compared to the soil with a continuous WSH. We suggest that an intermittent WSH selects traits beneficial for life under water stress.
Why Ethics Makes Gaming Enjoyable
Authors: Cooper Martin
Published: May 2024

Far from being a handbrake that's applied to creative energy, Professor Catherine Flick tells Martin Cooper MBCS about how ethics has been shaping stories and games since the industry's very earliest days.
Mentoring and Where Art Meets Tech
Authors: Yetim Adem
Published: May 2024

Adem Yetim FBCS provides a comprehensive guide to mentoring in the era of digital artistry and technological innovation, exploring the integral role of Web3 and NFTs in shaping future creatives.
BCS in the News: February to April 24
Authors: Penketh Claire
Published: May 2024

From deepfakes and professional standards to AI's electoral impact and the spring budget, the BCS Policy and Press team have worked tirelessly on all of this and more throughout spring 2024. Claire Penketh reports.
What AI Thinks About Sustainability
Authors: Fischer Isabel , Chhaparia Priyanka , Arora Bimal , Preuss Lutz , Ako-Adounvo Marie-Dolores
Published: May 2024

While generative AI tools are good at replicating patterns to generate text, fully replicating human reasoning around sustainability is a whole other ball game. A team of five academic writers have their say.
Futurology
Authors: Lucas Matt
Published: May 2024

Matt Lucas FBCS gives some personal predictions about the use of AI in the creative industry.
Career Insight: Search Professional
Authors: Powell Grant
Published: May 2024

Amey Dharwadker, AI Engineering Manager at Meta and winner of BCS Search Professional of the Year 2023, shares career insights with Grant Powell MBCS.
Internet-Enabled Torque Wrenches and BCS Impact
Authors: Runciman Brian
Published: May 2024

Professor James Davenport FBCS has been awarded a BCS Honorary Fellowship. Brian Runciman MBCS spoke to him about his work with BCS, his academic achievements, and what BCS has meant to him.
‘Twas Ever Thus
Authors: Runciman Brian
Published: May 2024

ITNOW's Editor In Chief, Brian Runciman MBCS, looks through the annals of history and reflects on how even in computing, the more things change the more they stay the same.
Evaluating the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of three synthetic antimicrobial Citropin analogs and their ability to fight against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
Authors: Salvado Matheus Gomes , André Lialyz Soares Pereira , Pereira Renata Freire Alves , Pinheiro Felipe Ramos , Barbosa Beatriz das Chagas , Scaffo Julia Chaves , Pereira Aramis José , Arakaki Daniela Granja , Xing Huihua , de Oliveira Kelly Mari Pires , de Andrade dos Santos João Víctor , Sachs Daniela , Aguiar-Alves Fabio , Conda-Sheridan Martin , Penna Bruno
Published: May 2024

Aims

We developed three new analogs of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) Citropin 1.1: DAN-1–13, AJP-1–1, and HHX-2–28, and tested their potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus and S. pseudintermedius. Potential cytotoxic or hemolytic effects were determined using cultured human keratinocytes and erythrocytes to determine their safety.

Methods and results

To assess the antimicrobial activity of each compound, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible strains of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius. Activity against newly formed and mature biofilms was determined in two clinical isolates using spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All three compounds exhibited antimicrobial and bactericidal activity against all studied S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius strains, with MICs ranging from 4–32 μg ml−1 and MBCs ranging from 8–128 μg ml−1. Subinhibitory concentrations of all compounds also showed ant-biofilm activity in the two tested isolates. All compounds exhibited limited cytotoxic and hemolytic activity.

Conclusions

Novel analogs of Citropin 1.1 exhibit antimicrobial and bactericidal activities against S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates and inhibit the biofilm formation of these bacteria.
Deaf/hard of hearing students’ experiences with higher education’s real-time captioning services
Authors: Jolly Aaron J , Macfarlane Cassidy E , Barker Brittan A
Published: May 2024

Real-time captions appear to be an effective tool in assisting deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) college students’ access information and communication in certain classroom settings. However, there is limited knowledge of DHH students’ direct experiences with real-time captioning services. In this study, we gathered narratives from 15 DHH college students across the United States about their experiences with real-time captioning services in college. We analyzed the stories using thematic narrative analysis and uncovered 4 types that students told about their experiences. The story types were (a) stories of overcoming obstacles, (b) stories of resignation, (c) pragmatic stories, and (d) stories of personal connection. These story types reveal that although many students eventually experience effective communication access through real-time captioning services, they can initially struggle to overcome barriers to using the services successfully. Making time and space to listen to DHH students’ narratives can teach educators and professionals how to support these students and resolve barriers before they arise.
Impact of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on maize yield in humid tropical zones of Central Africa
Authors: Agbodzavu Komi Mawufe , Nanga Nanga Samuel , Abang Albert Fomumbod , Fotso-Kuate Apollin , Bamba Zoumana , Masso Cargele , Fiaboe Komi Kouma Mokpokpo
Published: May 2024

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, became the most important maize pest in Africa in 2016, with management based on chemical pesticides. High yield losses across the continent were predicted based on farmers’ perceptions, but existing agroecological differences were not considered. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, experiments were conducted to assess fall armyworm damage and yield losses in maize farms with and without treatment. The study included 2 seasons in the Kipopo wetland in 2020 and 2021, one rainy season in Kanyameshi in 2021, 2 rainy seasons in Mulungu in 2020 and 2021, and one season in a wetland on the Bishibiru site in 2020. In addition, the research was also conducted at 4 sites in Cameroon from September to December 2020 and from March to July 2021. High levels of damage incidences were recorded, but the density of larvae per plant was low, with low to moderate levels of damage severities in different seasons and sites. Treatment significantly reduced the number of fall armyworm larvae and their damage severity. However, the high infestation levels did not significantly reduce yield. Cost–benefit ratios were either negative or, in most cases, less than 1. In the best case, the use of pesticides only allowed the recovery of the amount used for the intervention. We discussed the implications of these findings for fall armyworm management in humid tropical agroecology.
Protection and Assistance to the Family: Interpreting and Applying Article 10 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights from Learnt and Lived Experiences
Authors: Casla Koldo , Barker Lyle
Published: May 2024

This article conceptualizes and operationalizes the right to protection and assistance to the family (Article 10 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) in relation to child protection services in England and the removal of children from birth families that are deemed to pose a risk to them. It identifies the differences between the social right to protection and assistance to the family and the more commonly known civil right to private and family life. The article merges doctrinal analysis of international human rights law with a peer-led methodology of socio-legal research reliant on issue prioritization and observations from social workers, families in poverty—primarily mothers—and young people who have experience of the care system. The process aims to respect all different forms of knowledge and to challenge the epistemic injustices that result from the systematic silencing of people in poverty. Besides this epistemic value, lived experience can illuminate the academic and practitioner understanding of the main problems facing people in poverty. In particular, in relation to the right to protection and assistance to the family, lived experience can shed light on the human impact of prejudice and the lack of adequate material support.
Right to Food Cities: the Role of Local Governments in the Fight against Hunger
Authors: Morris Katie
Published: May 2024

The state-centric nature of international law has been recognized as a severe barrier to the realization of human rights since the outset and remains a concern today across the globe. However, the dominant space the state has historically occupied within the field as duty-bearer, deemed almost exclusively responsible for citizens’ enjoyment of rights, faces a small yet by no means insignificant challenge in the form of human rights cities. While there is a rich literature surrounding municipalities whose local governments embrace non-discrimination, participatory democracy and other human rights principles, a distinct, yet equally fascinating development is the trend in cities who have committed to the furtherance of a singular right. One such phenomenon which has yet to receive significant attention within the academy is the rise in right to food cities in the UK, referring to those which have joined the campaign for domestic recognition of the right. In light of the UK government’s deep-seated resistance to the right, this article explores the advent of right to food cities/municipalities and their potential as an alternative means of targeting hunger and food insecurity within the state. While it is recognized that each individual initiative may only have a localized impact, it is argued that their collective force should not be dismissed at this early stage—their calls for change are only likely to increase in fervour as the effects of the cost-of-living crisis upon the population worsen.
Immunotherapy in Alzheimer’s disease: focusing on the efficacy of gantenerumab on amyloid-β clearance and cognitive decline
Authors: Azargoonjahromi Ali
Published: May 2024

Gantenerumab, a human monoclonal antibody (mAb), has been thought of as a potential agent to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by specifically targeting regions of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide sequence. Aβ protein accumulation in the brain leads to amyloid plaques, causing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and neurotransmitter dysfunction, thereby causing cognitive decline in AD. Gantenerumab involves disrupting Aβ aggregation and promoting the breakdown of larger Aβ aggregates into smaller fragments, which facilitates the action of Aβ-degrading enzymes in the brain, thus slowing down the progression of AD. Moreover, Gantenerumab acts as an opsonin, coating Aβ plaques and enhancing their recognition by immune cells, which, combined with its ability to improve the activity of microglia, makes it an intriguing candidate for promoting Aβ plaque clearance. Indeed, the multifaceted effects of Gantenerumab, including Aβ disaggregation, enhanced immune recognition, and improved microglia activity, may position it as a promising therapeutic approach for AD. Of note, reports suggest that Gantenerumab, albeit its capacity to reduce or eliminate Aβ, has not demonstrated effectiveness in reducing cognitive decline. This review, after providing an overview of immunotherapy approaches that target Aβ in AD, explores the efficacy of Gantenerumab in reducing Aβ levels and cognitive decline.
A generalist regulator: MYB transcription factors regulate the biosynthesis of active compounds in medicinal plants
Authors: Tong Yuqing , Xue Jianping , Li Qizhang , Zhang Lei
Published: May 2024

Medicinal plants are rich in a variety of secondary metabolites with therapeutic value. However, the yields of these metabolites are generally very low, making their extraction both time-consuming and labour-intensive. Transcription factor-targeted secondary metabolic engineering can efficiently regulate the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. v-Myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) transcription factors are involved in regulating various morphological and developmental processes, responses to stress, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. This review discusses the biological functions and transcription regulation mechanisms of MYB transcription factors and summarizes research progress concerning MYB transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis of representative active components. In the transcriptional regulatory network, MYB transcription factors regulate multiple synthase genes to mediate the biosynthesis of active compounds. This work will serve as a reference for an in-depth analysis of the MYB transcription factor family in medicinal plants.
ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 promotes auxin signalling by regulating SHY2 expression to control primary root growth in response to dehydration stress
Authors: Mandal Drishti , Datta Saptarshi , Mitra Sicon , Nag Chaudhuri Ronita
Published: May 2024

Plants combat dehydration stress through different strategies including root architectural changes. Here we show that when exposed to varying levels of dehydration stress, primary root growth in Arabidopsis is modulated by regulating root meristem activity. Abscisic acid (ABA) in concert with auxin signalling adjust primary root growth according to stress levels. ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3), an ABA-responsive transcription factor, stands at the intersection of ABA and auxin signalling and fine-tunes primary root growth in response to dehydration stress. Under low ABA or dehydration stress, induction of ABI3 expression promotes auxin signalling by decreasing expression of SHY2, a negative regulator of auxin response. This further enhances the expression of auxin transporter gene PIN1 and cell cycle gene CYCB1;1, resulting in an increase in primary root meristem size and root length. Higher levels of dehydration stress or ABA repress ABI3 expression and promote ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) expression. This elevates SHY2 expression, thereby impairing primary root meristem activity and retarding root growth. Notably, ABI5 can promote SHY2 expression only in the absence of ABI3. Such ABA concentration-dependent expression of ABI3 therefore functions as a regulatory sensor of dehydration stress levels and orchestrates primary root growth by coordinating its downstream regulation.
Numerical expressive power of logical languages with cardinality comparison
Authors: Fu Xiaoxuan , Zhao Zhiguang
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we investigate the numerical expressive power of various logical languages, encompassing fragments of Presburger Arithmetic (PbA), monadic second-order logic with counting with respect to finite domains (MSO$^{\phi }(\#)$) and shallow second-order graded modal logic with counting with respect to image-finite frames (SOGML$^{\textsf{s},\phi }$(#)). We show that in their respective existential fragments, the $1$-free fragment of PbA, the =-free fragment of MSO$^{\phi }(\#)$ and the graded modality-free fragment of SOGML$^{\textsf{s},\phi }$(#) possess equivalent numerical expressive power, specifically defining strongly semilinear sets. When adding universal quantifiers or adding $1$, = and graded modality to these three languages, the resulting definable sets become semilinear sets.
On non-detection of gamma-ray bursts in three compact binary merger events detected by LIGO
Authors: Mazwi Luyanda , Razzaque Soebur , Nyadzani Lutendo
Published: May 2024

The joint detection of the gravitational wave (GW) event GW170817 and the short-duration gamma-ray burst (SGRB) event GRB 170817A, marked the beginning of GW multimessenger astronomy and confirmed that binary neutron star mergers are progenitors of at least some SGRBs. An estimated joint detection rate of 0.3–1.7 per year between the LIGO-Hanford, LIGO-Livingston, and Virgo GW network at design sensitivity, and the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor was predicted. However, to date, the GW170817/GRB 170817A joint detection has been the only event of its kind so far. Taking into account that SGRBs are narrowly beamed and are emitted perpendicular to the orbital plane of the binary system, we propose that previous mergers involving neutron stars, were orientated such that observation of the emitted SGRB along this narrow jet was not possible. To support this hypothesis we have estimated the inclination of the binary systems for previously detected Binary Neutron Star (BNS) and Black Hole Neutron Star (BHNS) mergers through GW analysis. This analysis was performed using bilby, a python based Bayesian inference library, to estimate the inclination of the BNS events GW170817 and GW190425, and the BHNS events GW190917_114630 and GW200115_042309. The results obtained in this study indicate that these binaries may have had inclinations greater than 33° with respect to the line of sight from Earth, an upper limit on the viewing angle set from observations of GRB 170817A. This then suggests that the observation of the emitted SGRB from these past mergers might not have been possible.
A multi-trait GWAS identifies novel genes influencing albuminuria
Authors: Tsao Hsiao-Mei , Lai Tai-Shuan , Chang Yi-Cheng , Hsiung Chia-Ni , Tsai I-Jung , Chou Yu-Hsiang , Wu Vin-Cent , Lin Shuei-Liong , Chen Yung-Ming
Published: May 2024

Background

Albuminuria is common and is associated with increased risks of end-stage kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases, yet its underlying mechanism remains obscure. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for albuminuria did not consider gene pleiotropy and primarily focused on European ancestry populations. This study adopted a multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) approach to jointly analyze two vital kidney traits, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) to identify and prioritize the genes associated with UACR.

Methods

Data from the Taiwan Biobank from 2012 to 2023 were analyzed. GWAS of UACR and eGFR were performed separately and the summary statistics from these GWAS were jointly analyzed using MTAG. The polygenic risk scores (PRS) of UACR were constructed for validation. The UACR-associated loci were further fine-mapped and prioritized based on their deleteriousness, eQTL associations and relatedness to Mendelian kidney diseases.

Results

MTAG analysis of the UACR revealed 15 genetic loci, including 12 novel loci. The PRS for UACR was significantly associated with urinary albumin level (P < .001) and microalbuminuria (P = .001–.045). A list of priority genes was generated. Twelve genes with high priority included the albumin endocytic receptor gene LRP2 and ciliary gene IFT172.

Conclusions

The findings of this multi-trait GWAS suggest that primary cilia play a role in sensing mechanical stimuli, leading to albumin endocytosis. The priority list of genes warrants further translational investigation to reduce albuminuria.
Pleasure and Satisfaction as Predictors of Future Cigarette and E-cigarette Use: A Novel Two-Stage Modeling Approach
Authors: Hedeker Donald , Brooks Julia , Diviak Kathleen , Jao Nancy , Mermelstein Robin J
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Subjective experience of e-cigarettes may be an important factor in helping people who use combustible cigarettes switch completely to e-cigarettes to reduce harm from smoking. This paper describes a novel two-stage analysis using pleasure and satisfaction responses from ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of both cigarette and e-cigarette use to predict future cigarette and e-cigarette tobacco use.

Aims and Methods

This observational study included adult users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes who provided 7 days of EMA, capturing cigarette and e-cigarette use, followed by biweekly reports of cigarette and e-cigarette use over 1 year. Participants were 279 adults who provided both cigarette and e-cigarette responses during the EMA. We employed a two-stage analytic approach in which EMA data were used to predict subsequent levels of cigarette and e-cigarette use. In the first stage, EMA responses to cigarette and e-cigarette events were modeled via a mixed-effects location scale model to yield summaries of participants’ means and variability on event-related ratings of pleasure and satisfaction. These EMA summaries served as predictors in the second stage analysis of the biweekly post-EMA longitudinal cigarette and e-cigarette use data.

Results

EMA pleasure and satisfaction ratings were similar for both products and predicted both longitudinal cigarette and e-cigarette use, even after controlling for baseline cigarette and e-cigarette dependence. Relatively higher levels of satisfaction with e-cigarettes were associated with greater decreases in cigarette use over time.

Conclusions

Pleasure and satisfaction are important predictors of subsequent cigarette and e-cigarette use.

Implications

Experienced subjective pleasure and satisfaction from e-cigarettes relative to cigarettes may be an important factor in helping individuals who smoke to switch completely to e-cigarettes as a harm reduction approach. In order to help sustain complete product switching and reduce dual use or relapse to smoking, e-cigarettes may need to deliver more satisfaction to the user compared to that experienced from cigarettes.
Promoting healthy school food environments and nutrition in Canada: a systematic review of interventions, policies, and programs
Authors: Carducci Bianca , Dominguez Georgia , Kidd Emily , Oh Christina , Jain Reena , Khan Amira , Bhutta Zulfiqar A
Published: May 2024

Context

The school food environment is a critical interface for child and adolescent nutrition, and there is a need to understand existing literature on Canadian school food environments to identify equity gaps and opportunities, and empower decision-makers to plan for future action.

Objective

Literature on Canadian school food and nutrition interventions, policies, programs, and their effects on diets and nutritional status are synthesized and appraised in this systematic review.

Data Sources

A search strategy was developed for each database used (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, Cochrane Collaboration, Canadian Electronic Library, BiblioMap), with a combination of free text and controlled vocabulary, for articles published from 1990 to 2021. Unpublished data and grey literature were also searched.

Data Extraction

Quantitative and qualitative studies with an observational or intervention study design, reviews, or program evaluations conducted in Canadian schools with participants aged 5–19.9 years were included. Key study characteristics and risk of bias were extracted independently by 2 investigators using a standardized tool.

Data Analysis

A total of 298 articles were included (n = 192 peer reviewed and 106 from the grey literature), which were mostly conducted in Ontario (n = 52), British Columbia (n = 43), and Nova Scotia (n = 28). Twenty-four interventions, 5 nonevaluated programs, and 1 policy involved Indigenous populations. Overall, 86 articles measured and reported on effectiveness outcomes, including dietary intake; anthropometry; knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and physical activity. The literature remains largely heterogenous and primarily focused on nutrition education programs that use subjective assessments to infer changes in nutrition. A key facilitator to implementation and sustainability was community engagement, whereas key barriers were staff capacity, access to resources and funding, and consistent leadership.

Conclusions

This review provides insight into Canadian school food and nutrition interventions, programs, and policies and uncovers important evidence gaps that require careful examination for future evaluations. Governments must create supportive environments that optimize nutrition for children and adolescents through equitable policies and programs.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022303255.
Concluding Observations
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: May 2024

This concluding chapter reiterates the main lines of argument of the monograph. The author emphasizes how states have become cosmopolitan actors in their own right. Doctrinally speaking, they have notably justified their interventions through reliance on expansive interpretations of the time-worn principle of territoriality. This capaciousness of territoriality triggers a quest for alternative grounds to justify particular jurisdictional assertions. The author concludes that restrained and contingent unilateralism has its rightful place in the architecture of global governance. Such unilateralism should not be considered as holding the multilateral process hostage but rather as a welcome tool to overcome the tyranny of consent and address its anti-commons streak.
Vagueness and relative truth
Authors: Iacona Andrea
Published: May 2024

According to a view called ‘nihilism’, sentences containing vague expressions cannot strictly speaking be true or false, because they lack definite truth conditions. While most theorists of vagueness tend to regard nihilism as a hopeless view, a few isolated attempts have been made to defend it. This paper aims to develop such attempts in a new direction by showing how nihilism, once properly spelled out, can meet three crucial explanatory challenges that, respectively, concern truth, assertibility, and communication.
Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Antiracism Research in Physical Therapy Over the Last 25 Years: A Scoping Review
Authors: Rowley K Michael , Ky An , Matthews Ndidiamaka D
Published: May 2024

Objective

Discussions of the root causes of health disparities and educational inequities often neglect to identify racism as a primary factor. Researchers must take a systems perspective to identify the effects of racism and other forms of systemic oppression on health. It is unclear to what extent this perspective exists in the physical therapy research literature. We conducted a scoping review to quantify and describe the volume of research in physical therapy pertaining to diversity, equity, and inclusion specifically examining race and/or ethnicity and references racism or antiracism.

Methods

A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases for articles published between 1997 and 2021 was conducted. Articles were screened to ensure they were focused exclusively or primarily on physical therapy and used diversity, equity, and inclusion terms in the context of personal identity factors. This resulted in 158 relevant articles. Each was tagged with an article type and personal identity factor focus.

Results

A majority of the included articles were descriptive/observational in nature. The included articles explored various personal identity factors, with race and ethnicity being the most common focus followed by culture, disability, and socioeconomic status. A small proportion of articles explicitly discussed racism or antiracism.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the need in physical therapy research for greater attention to racism as a fundamental cause of health disparities and educational inequities. Addressing this gap is crucial for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion within the field and ultimately achieving optimal health outcomes for marginalized populations.

Impact

Including consideration of racism and other forms of systemic oppression in the motivation, design, and interpretation of research in physical therapy will help to make more visible the root causes of inequity and improve our ability to develop effective, multi-level interventions.
A molecular survey of zoonotic pathogens of public health importance in rodents/shrews and their ectoparasites trapped in Puducherry, India
Authors: Eikenbary Brenna , Devaraju Panneer , Chakkravarthi Aravindasamy , Sihag Krishan Kumar , Nathan Terence , Thangaraj Gowdham , Srinivasan Lakshmy , Kumar Ashwani
Published: May 2024

Background

Globally, India has a high zoonotic disease burden and lacks surveillance data in humans and animals. Rodents are known reservoirs for many zoonotic diseases and their synanthropic behavior poses a great public health threat.

Methods

In this study, trapped rodents/shrews from randomly selected villages within Puducherry, India, and their ectoparasites were screened for zoonotic pathogens, namely, Orientia tsutsugamushi, other pathogenic rickettsiae, Leptospira spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Coxiella burnetii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using conventional PCR. A total of 58 rodents/shrews were trapped from 11 villages. The species trapped were Suncus murinus (49/58, 84.48%), Rattus rattus (8/58, 13.79%) and Rattus norvegicus (1/58, 1.72%). All ectoparasites collected were identified as mites and its infestation rate was 46.55% (27/58).

Results

Real-time PCR targeting the 47 kDa gene of O. tsutsugamushi revealed positivity in one rodent and one shrew (3.45%) and two mite pools (7.41%). Conventional PCR targeting the 56 kDa gene revealed positivity in one shrew and two mite pools and the phylogenetic analysis of all three amplicons indicated the circulation of the Gilliam-related serotype. MRSA was detected in the alimentary tract of a shrew (1/32, 3.13%). Leptospira spp., Rickettsia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Co. burnetii tested negative.

Conclusions

The detection of zoonotic pathogens within reservoir hosts and vectors poses a risk of transmission to humans. This study signifies the need for zoonotic pathogen surveillance in synanthropic rodents/shrews.
Recovery of Alternaria brassicicola from Chopped, Bagged Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica)
Authors: Toporek Sean M. , Reich Joelle , Keinath Anthony P.
Published: May 2024

Alternaria brassicicola was found on pieces of chopped, bagged kale held 1 week beyond the typical postharvest storage period. Three of 11 Alternaria isolates were identified as A. brassicicola based on species-specific primers and multilocus genotyping with the translation elongation factor 1-alpha, RNA polymerase second largest subunit, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene regions. Four isolates of A. alternata and four isolates comprising two unidentified species also were found. A. brassicicola also was found in a production field on the same farm. In the greenhouse, only A. brassicicola isolates caused disease on inoculated kale plants. As previously reported, A. brassicicola isolates had larger colony diameters on semiselective Chen and Wu medium than the nonpathogenic isolates. Black spot caused by A. brassicicola on kale leaves in the field can lead to black spot on harvested kale.
Rhexocercosporidium matricariae sp. nov.: A New Pathogen on the Medicinal Plant Matricaria recutita
Authors: Götz Monika , Sommerfeld Katja , Gärber Ute , Braun Uwe , Ashrafi Samad
Published: May 2024

A new disease was observed on chamomile plants (Matricaria recutita) in various commercially cultivated fields in 2016 and 2017 in Germany. From symptomatic stems and leaves, the fungal species described here was isolated repeatedly. Kochʼs postulates using in planta experiments were fulfilled by inoculation of chamomile plants proving the fungus to be the causal agent of the disease. Morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses using internal transcribed spacer, large subunit, and translation elongation factor-1α sequences suggested that the fungus represents a new species within the genus Rhexocercosporidium (Helotiales). The data are presented together with a description of the growth parameters and comprehensive illustrations of the new species, Rhexocercosporidium matricariae. All species so far assigned to Rhexocercosporidium are compared and discussed. The combination Rhexocercosporidium microsporum is validated.
Mitochondria transplantation alleviates cardiomyocytes apoptosis through inhibiting AMPKα‐mTOR mediated excessive autophagy
Authors: Jin Ning , Zhang Mengyao , Zhou Li , Jin Shanshan , Cheng Haiqin , Li Xuewei , Shi Yaqian , Xiang Tong , Zhang Zongxiao , Liu Zhizhen , Zhao Hong , Xie Jun
Published: May 2024

The disruption of mitochondria homeostasis can impair the contractile function of cardiomyocytes, leading to cardiac dysfunction and an increased risk of heart failure. This study introduces a pioneering therapeutic strategy employing mitochondria derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hu‐MSC) (MSC‐Mito) for heart failure treatment. Initially, we isolated MSC‐Mito, confirming their functionality. Subsequently, we monitored the process of single mitochondria transplantation into recipient cells and observed a time‐dependent uptake of mitochondria in vivo. Evidence of human‐specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in murine cardiomyocytes was observed after MSC‐Mito transplantation. Employing a doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced heart failure model, we demonstrated that MSC‐Mito transplantation could safeguard cardiac function and avert cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating metabolic compatibility between hu‐MSC‐derived mitochondria and recipient mitochondria. Finally, through RNA sequencing and validation experiments, we discovered that MSC‐Mito transplantation potentially exerted cardioprotection by reinstating ATP production and curtailing AMPKα‐mTOR‐mediated excessive autophagy.
Factors Associated With Infection in Patients With Combined Pelvic Ring and Bladder Injuries
Authors: Olszewski Nathan P. , Sliepka Joseph , Bigham Joseph J. , Firoozabadi Reza , Githens Michael J. , Routt Milton “Chip” , Kleweno Conor P.
Published: May 2024

OBJECTIVES:

To identify the infection rate in patients with combined pelvic ring and bladder injuries. Secondary aims included identifying treatment and injury factors associated with infection.

METHODS:

Design:

Retrospective review.

Setting:

Single Level I Tertiary Academic Center.

Patients Selection Criteria:

All patients over a 12-year period with combined pelvic ring and bladder injuries were evaluated. Exclusion criteria were nonoperative management of the pelvic ring, isolated posterior fixation, and follow-up <90 days.

Outcome Measure and Comparisons:

Primary outcome measured was deep infection of the anterior pelvis requiring surgical irrigation and debridement.

RESULTS:

In total, 106 patients with anterior stabilization of the pelvis in the setting of a bladder injury were included. Seven patients (6.6%) developed a deep infection and required surgical debridement within 90 days. Patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation with plating of the anterior pelvis and acute concomitant bladder repair had an infection rate of 2.2% (1/43). Patients undergoing closed reduction and anterior fixation with either external fixation or percutaneous rami screw after bladder repair had an infection rate of 17.6% (3/17). There was a higher infection rate among patients with combined intraperitoneal (IP) and extraperitoneal (EP) bladder injuries (23%) when compared with those with isolated EP (3.8%) or IP (9.1%) bladder injuries (P = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS:

Acute open reduction and internal fixation of the anterior pelvis in patients with combined pelvic ring and bladder injuries has a low infection rate. Patients with combined IP and EP bladder injuries are at increased risk of infection compared with those with isolated IP and EP injuries.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Guided Growth With Minifragment Plates for Angular Deformities in the Distal Radius in Skeletally Immature Patients. Preliminary Results
Authors: Soler-Jimenez Antonio , Gonzalez-Herranz Pedro , Pensado-Señoris Natalia
Published: May 2024

Introduction:

Growth modulation allows correction of progressive ulnar deviation of the distal radius in skeletally immature patients, which may occur as a consequence of various pathologies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the radiographic results and complication rate in a series of patients treated with minifragment plates.

Methods:

The medical records of 12 patients who underwent guided growth with a minifragment plate on the radial aspect of the distal radius as a consequence of angular deformities in the distal radius were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, radiographic changes, and complication rate were analyzed.

Results:

A total of 14 wrists and forearms were evaluated. The mean age at which surgery was performed was 10.5 years (interquartile range: 9.0 to 11.3). The average time between placement and removal of the material was 28.7 months (SD: 8,89). In each case, a general improvement of the radiographic parameters was obtained. There were 3 postoperative complications, but only 1 of them required reintervention (broken metaphyseal screw).

Conclusions:

Hemiepiphysiodesis using a minifragment plate is a treatment that respects the surgical anatomy and offers an alternative surgical option for angular deformities of the distal radius in children.

Level of evidence:

Level IV