bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability, integration and global responsibility: Germany's changing perspectives on national interests
Authors: Gutjahr Lothar
Published: October 2009

During his visit to Berlin, the first American President to give a speech on the eastern side of the Brandenburg Gate proclaimed Germany to be a special partner for his country. President Clinton demanded an extended role, i.e. more responsibilities in international politics, for the Federal Republic.
Raymond Cohen on pacific unions: a response and a reply
Authors: Russett Bruce , Ray James Lee
Published: October 2009

Raymond Cohen ends his ‘reappraisal’ of the democratic-peace proposition by calling it ‘a formula that looks to be the product of both conceptual imprecision and wishful thinking’. Fortunately for the proposition, however, Professor Cohen's glass house is too fragile for him to be safe in throwing stones. Although he raises important issues, the substance of his critique violates some elementary rules of evidence and logic required for any scholarly endeavour, whether historical or social scientific. Specifically, those rules are: (1) Define your terms clearly and consistently; (2) Know your data base—in this case, know your history; (3) Look for probabilities (not mere existence or non-existence) where probabilities are specified theoretically; (4) Observe the other principles of logic.
Entering the future backwards: some reflections on the current international scene
Authors: Spence J. E.
Published: October 2009

The relevance of history

The title of this essay may sound odd, if not inexplicable. ‘Entering the future backwards’ —the quotation comes from the French poet, Paul Valery and it seems to me to have utility in this context in both a theoretical and practical mode. Theoretical, because the term reminds us that as scholars and teachers we have an obligation when we reflect upon a confused and alarming present to think historically, i.e., to ask ourselves what is unique about our current global circumstances. We can only do this by probing the past to determine whether there are any significant parallels which might illustrate an understanding of the present. But the idea that states and statespersons—apart from scholars—enter the future backwards also has some substance: after all, politicians—understandably—confronted by unexpected cataclysmic change attempt to understand that change in terms of traditional assumptions about the structure, process and philosophical bases of international society. They may do it intuitively, but they do it none the less. And this, one might argue, applies to the scholarly community as well.
Simon and Eden at the Foreign Office, 1931–1935
Authors: Dutton David
Published: October 2009

This is according to Protocol. More briefly ‘Dear Anthony meet me at Geneva. Yrs. Cleopatra’

Very few of the figures who held responsibility for the making and direction of British foreign policy in the 1930s did so with much benefit to their subsequent historical reputations. Three of the four men who occupied the post of Foreign Secretary after the General Election of 1931 appeared in the cast list of the ‘Guilty Men’, vilified by the triumvirate of left-wing journalists who wrote under the pseudonym of ‘Cato’ in the dramatic summer of 1940. That vilification has been only partially redeemed by the efforts of later revisionist biographers. Certainly, Sir John Simon, Sir Samuel Hoare and Lord Halifax all left the Foreign Office with their political reputations lower in the public mind than at the time of taking office. The exception to this experience was, of course, the case of Anthony Eden who, at the time of his resignation in February 1938 after more than six years as a member of the National Government, stood, in Churchill's famous words, as the ‘one strong young figure standing up against long, dismal, drawling tides of drift and surrender’. The making of his reputation had begun in the early 1930s when Eden occupied only subordinate office within the administration. Yet an examination of the making of British foreign policy in the years 1931–5 will show that popular perceptions of Eden's position and of an apparently serious rift between him and his departmental superior were somewhat misleading.
A region-building approach to Northern Europe
Authors: Neumann Iver B.
Published: October 2009

This article argues the case for a new approach to the analysis of regions. It highlights how a region is constantly being denned and redefined by its members in a permanent discourse with each member attempting to identify itself at the core of the region. The core is defined in both territorial and functional terms and this definition necessarily involves a manipulation of knowledge and power. This region building approach utilizes the literature on nation-building and the genealogical writings of anti-foundationalists. It does not, however, attempt to place the study of regions in international relations on a new footing or replace what are arguably the two dominant approaches in the existing literature: an ‘inside-out’ approach focusing on cultural integration and an ‘outside-in’ approach focusing on geopolitics. Rather, it aims to extend the ongoing debate by asking questions about how and why the existence of a given region was postulated in the first place, who perpetuates its existence and with what intentions, and how students of regions, by including or excluding certain areas and peoples, help to perpetuate or transform a given region. After sketching the divergent approaches used to analyze regions, the second part of the article identifies how the two dominant approaches have comprehended Northern Europe, and it then uses the region-building approach to criticize and supplement their findings.
Explaining cross-industry variations in trade protection: textiles, clothing and footwear in Canada
Authors: Ramesh M.
Published: October 2009

The high level of protection for the textile, clothing and footwear industries in the developed countries is well recognized in the literature. What is not so well recognized is the significant variations in the level and form of protection accorded them and the crucial role that international forces have played in shaping the variations. The studies that do focus on international factors deal with the largest state and therefore provide little insight into trade protection in smaller states. These shortcomings persist despite the fact that trade protection is perhaps the most intensively studied phenomenon in political economy. This paper attempts to plug these gaps in the literature through the study of textile, clothing and footwear industries in Canada.
The Anschluss
Authors: Danchev Alex
Published: October 2009

Historical analogies

On 2 August 1990, much to everyone's surprise, Hitler invaded Kuwait. The ensuing conflict was mired in history—as Francis Fukuyama might say—or at least in historical analogy. The ruling analogy was with the Second World War; more exactly, with the origins and nature of that war. George Bush's constant reference during the Second Gulf War was Martin Gilbert'sSecond World War, a monumental construction well described as ‘a bleak, desolate evocation of the horrors of war, a modernWaste Land, an unremitting catalogue of killing, atrocity and exiguous survival’. The paperback edition of this exacting volume weighs three pounds. The text runs to 747 pages. Understandably, the President stashed his copy on board Air Force One. ‘I'm reading a book’, he informed an audience in Burlington, Vermont, in October 1990, ‘and it's a book of history, a great, big, thick history of World War II, and there's a parallel between what Hitler did to Poland and what Saddam Hussein has done to Kuwait’. As Paul Fussell has reminded us, the wartime refrain wasRemember Pearl Harbor. “ ‘No one ever shouted or sangRemember Poland’?Not until 1990, that is. Of course, Bush himself had served in that war, as he was not slow to remind the electorate: he flew fifty-eight missions as a pilot in the Pacific. For those who wondered what he knew of Poland, Gilbert's book—at once a chronicle of remembrance and an indictment—told him this:
The Gulf War 1990–1991 and the study of international relations
Authors: Halliday Fred
Published: October 2009

The Gulf crisis of 1990–1991 was, by any standards, one of the more significant international crises of the post-1945 epoch. It involved the mobilization of around one million armed men, the diplomatic involvement of much of the international community, and a war that, for all its limited character, was a significant case of inter-state conflict. In what follows I do not want to dwell on the actual course of this war or to examine in detail specific aspects of the history, not least because the broad outline of what happened is already well known. I do, however, want to look at this conflict in broader perspective, and from two vantage points in particular, each pertinent to the study of international relations (IR).
Rethinking the End of The Cold War
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: October 2009

Like nuclear weapons, the literature on the end of the Cold War continues to proliferate. Much of this work it has to be said has been limited in its depth (if not range) by the simple fact that the structure of the new international order has yet to assume a finished form. Writing meaningfully about a constantly evolving subject is no easy undertaking. There is also the added problem of perspective. In many ways we are still living too close to recent events to say much that is particularly profound about them. Finally, understanding the new world has been made all the more difficult by the sheer scale of the changes that have occurred since 1989. Because of the triple collapse of communism as an ideology, the Soviet Union as a European power, and the USSR as a united country our known political universe has fallen apart. Making sense of the global results is no easy job; indeed it is turning out to be an extraordinarily difficult task—one for which we may not yet have the proper conceptual tools.
Regionalism and conflict management: a framework for analysis
Authors: Alagappa Muthiah
Published: October 2009

Regionalism, and more generally multilateralism, is commanding considerable attention in the policy and intellectual communities. In the security domain, this interest can be traced to a number of developments. One is the regionalization of international security brought about by the dramatic change in the dynamics of the international political system. In the absence of a new overarching and overriding global-level security dynamic, domestic, bilateral and regional dynamics have become more salient and have to be addressed in their own terms. It is now much more necessary and possible, for example, to discuss security in Asia, Europe, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East in regional and sub-regional contexts, quite independent of a global dynamic or developments in other regions. While the interests and linkages arising from the involvement of external powers must still be taken into account, the context is qualitatively different from the Cold War era, when the dynamics of the superpower conflict permeated and in many cases subsumed the local dynamics of conflicts.
Communal conflict as a challenge to international organization: the case of former Yugoslavia
Authors: Roberts Adam
Published: October 2009

Towards the end of the First World War, when allied leaders were considering the future structure of what was to become the League of Nations, Jan Christian Smuts of South Africa wrote:

The animosities and rivalries among the independent Balkan States in the past, which kept that pot boiling, and occasionally boiling over, will serve to remind us that there is the risk of a similar state of affairs on a much larger scale in the New Europe, covered as it will be with small independent States. In the past the Empires kept the peace among the rival nationalities; the League will have to keep the peace among the new States formed from these nationalities. This will impose a task of constant and vigilant supervision on it.
The influence of states and groups of states on and in the Security Council and General Assembly, 1980–94
Authors: Morphet Sally
Published: October 2009

The aim of this paper is to consider the way the main political groups of states, as well as important individual states, promote their interests in the Security Council and, where relevant, the General Assembly. It examines the composition, cohesion, interests and voting behaviour of these states and groups of states (and the way they have changed) between 1980 and 1994. It also discusses how they have used their political assets to increase their power overall within the whole system and how this has affected the development of both the Security Council and the General Assembly as well as their interrelationship.
Nuclearizing NATO, 1957–1959: the ‘Anglo-Saxons’, nuclear sharing and the fourth country problem
Authors: Melissen Jan
Published: October 2009

The spread of nuclear weapons outside the Western world has become the most important nuclear issue since the end of the Cold War. By contrast, the debate about Europe's nuclear strategy has subsided. Nuclear collaboration in Western Europe now seems an unlikely prospect and so too does proliferation, despite instability in the former Soviet Union, and occasional speculation about Germany's nuclear appetite. A very different atmosphere prevailed during the Cold War, when the need for a European nuclear force was endlessly debated, without any prospect of this political demand being fulfilled, and, in the late 1950s and 1960s, several European countries appeared to be at the threshold of obtaining nuclear power.
The Utopian realism of E. H. Carr
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: October 2009

E. H. Carr is a thinker on international affairs who defies easy classification. His best-known work on the subject,The Twenty Years’ Crisis,delivered a powerful realist critique, still resonant today, of the idealist approach to international relations and helped bring about a renewed emphasis on the role of power in international affairs. Less familiar to students of international relations are Carr's more optimistic works. InConditions of PeaceandNationalism and After,written during World War II, he was sanguine about the prospects for a peaceful postwar order and outlined the steps required to bring about that happy state of affairs. The same hopeful themes were sounded in the years after the war inThe Soviet Impact on the Western World, The New Societyand other shorter essays.
The responsibility to educate
Authors: Jones R. E.
Published: October 2009

Some years ago, in a joint affirmation of faith, Professor Walker identified himself as a ‘dissident’ producer of ‘works of thought’ at ‘margins’ distant from ‘all presumptive sovereign centres of interpretation and judgement’. From these remote sites, or heights, he and his critical colleagues aim to exacerbate ‘the crisis of the discipline of international studies’ by upsetting its ‘notions of space, time, and progress’ and thus questioning its status as a ‘discipline’ (pp. 375–6). This particular academic crisis must be understood as one among many others. It is made to connect with ‘a crisis of the human sciences, a crisis of patriarchy, a crisis of governability, a crisis of late industrial society, a generalized crisis of modernity’ (p. 377) to mention but a few. So enormous is this congeries of crises that the ‘possibility of truth is put in doubt’ (p. 378) and ‘words manifestly fail’ (p. 376). An academic without words is without a job. Critical dissidents are not at a loss.
Governmental politics and the Conventional Arms Transfer Talks
Authors: Spear Joanna
Published: October 2009

In 1977 at the instigation of the Carter Administration, the United States and the Soviet Union opened negotiations aimed at concluding an agreement to control conventional arms transfers. Four rounds of talks were held over a period of twelve months and expectations were raised in both countries that the negotiations would be successful. However, at the fourth round of talks these expectations were dashed by the abrupt termination of negotiations. It is the contention of this article that the immediate fate of the talks and the timing of their collapse can be understood only in the context of the bureaucratic battles within the Carter Administration over the issue of arms transfer control and the wider question of relations with the Soviet Union and China.
An ‘international’ theory of inter-ethnic war
Authors: Kaufman Stuart J.
Published: October 2009

Over the years, a number of scholars have noted that ethnic groups in violent conflict act much like states in the international system; James O'Connell describes the dynamics as ‘international relations without safeguards’. Brief observations aside, however, few works actually apply International Relations theory to explain large-scale ethnic violence. While the oversight ought to be surprising, it is easily explained in terms of what International Relations theory calls the ‘level of analysis problem’.
Norms and sanctions: lessons from the socialization of South Africa
Authors: Klotz Audie
Published: October 2009

In response to South Africa's increasingly institutionalized racial discrimination during the postwar years, transnational anti-apartheid activists advocated a vast array of global sanctions. With the formal abolition of apartheid in 1991, sanctions advocates celebrated the apparent success of the international community's efforts in promoting a global norm of racial equality in South Africa. Since similar sanctions are an increasingly popular policy in the post-Cold War world, the South African case offers a useful starting-point for re-evaluating the utility of sanctions as a non-military policy. However, despite the prominent role of a norm of racial equality in anti-apartheid sanctions, both advocates and critics of international sanctions still generally ignore norms analytically. Expanding our conceptual framework beyond the realist assumptions implicit in most sanctions analyses enables us o t understand better why international actors adopt sanctions and how these measures affect target states.
From Stockholm to Rio and beyond: the impact of the environmental movement on the United Nations consultative arrangements for NGOs
Authors: Willetts Peter
Published: October 2009

No account of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 and popularly known as the Earth Summit, would be complete without coverage of the activity of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). They generated debate with the government and in the media in many, perhaps most, countries. They took part in the preparatory work, wrote special reports, joined governmental delegations to Rio and ran a large forum in parallel to the official conference. UN officials have described the role of NGOs as having been ‘unprecedented‘, and that is the general view. It is less widely known that NGOs have been influential at UN conferences for decades and that they were in danger of having less access than normal to the Earth Summit. Far from the situation being ‘unprecedented’, the NGOs made such an impact at Rio because the weight of precedents made it impossible to restrict their numbers and their activities.
Immigration and national identity: constructing the nation
Authors: Doty Roxanne Lynn
Published: October 2009

Prompted by the integration of Europe, Derrida recently posed the following questions. ‘Indeed, to what concept, to what real individual, to what singular entity should this name be assigned today? Who will draw up its borders?’ While this question speaks of the political entity called Europe, it has much broader resonance. It echoes concerns about identity, boundaries, and the relationship between the inside and the outside of political entities, concerns that have not escaped the attention of critical International Relations scholars. Nor are these necessarily new concerns. The situation in post–World War II Britain prompted the same questions Derrida raises about Europe in 1992. To what real individuals, to what singular entity the terms ‘British’ and ‘Britain’ should be assigned was a question that prompted debate, political violence, and a series of increasingly restrictive and, some would suggest, racist immigration policies. The transformation of Britain from an empire to a nation–state was accompanied by a crisis of identity whereby early postwar proclamations that Britain ‘imposed no colour bar restrictions making it difficult for them when they come here’ and that ‘there must be freedom of movement within the British Empire and the Commonwealth’ were, rather quickly, to give way to exclusionary practices and a retreat to ‘little England’.
Europe's monetary malaise: international institutions and domestic policy commitments
Authors: Sandholtz Wayne
Published: October 2009

A yearlong nightmare for the European Monetary System (EMS) began in September 1992. Amid name–calling, finger–pointing, and hand–wringing, the British pound and the Italian lira dropped out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). In succeeding months, virtually every other ERM currency came under attack.1 Three of them—the Spanish peseta, the Portuguese escudo, and the Irish punt—devalued within the system. Three others—the French franc, the Belgian franc, and the Danish krone—avoided devaluation, but only at the price of recurrent and costly rounds of intervention by multiple central banks. Finally, in August 1993, the defenders of the parities surrendered. The twelve EMS countries agreed to expand the fluctuation margins from 2.25 per cent on either side of parity (6 per cent for Spain, Portugal and the UK) to 15 per cent on either side of parity. The wider margins eliminated the potential for speculative attacks, but left the system only the thinnest veneer of exchange rate coordination. This article seeks not to assess the causes of the crisis but rather to explain why the EMS governments did not defuse it with a realignment—the mechanism built into the ERM for precisely such occasions.
Democracies don't fight: a case of the wrong research agenda?
Authors: Macmillan John
Published: October 2009

The contention that ‘democracies don't fight against each other’ has received considerable attention in recent years from academics, policy analysts and world leaders. While the accuracy, significance and implications of the claim are still debated, supporters and critics alike have, virtually without exception, agreed that they are addressing the significant topic: the absence of war between democracies. Both accept the terms of the debate which is to focus upon the existence of a ‘separate peace’ between democracies or liberal states. Supporters of the contention are engaged in devising an explanation of the relationship between democracies/liberal states and peace which ‘needs to explain, simultaneously, both (a) the fact that democratic states have rarely clashed with one another—the democratic peace phenomenon, and (b) the fact that democracies are about as war prone as non–democracies’ in their relations with non–democracies. Critics (mostly Realists) are engaged in refuting the accuracy and challenging the significance of the claim. It is the argument of this article, however, that the concentration upon this agenda is misguided, and that the absence of war between liberal states is but a sub–category of a broader and potentially more significant relationship: a connection between liberalism and peace that is actuallymoreextensive than that apparent in inter–liberal state relations.
Truth and power, monks and technocrats: theory and practice in international relations
Authors: Wallace William
Published: October 2009

‘The study of international relations is not an innocent profession.’1 It is not like the classics, or mathematics, an abstract logical training for the youthful mind. The justification for the place it has gained in the university curriculum rests upon utility, not on aesthetics. The growth of the social sciences in Western universities in the past century, and their remarkable expansion over the past thirty years, has been based upon their perceived contribution to better government, in the broadest sense. ‘The forever explosive relationship between social science and public policy’ has been embedded in the discipline of International Relations from the outset.2
Arms races and other pathetic fallacies: a case for deconstruction
Authors: Gray Colin S.
Published: October 2009

It is only fair to readers that I declare my unusually personal interest in the book that is the principal subject of this review essay. I was a (overall favourable) reviewer of an early version of Plowshares into Swords—albeit for a university press other than the one finally chosen by Grant Hammond—as the author attests in a generous acknowledgement. In addition, and rather more to the point, Hammond suggests strongly that the conceptual provenance of his study owes some debt to a 1971 article of mine. In Hammond's words:
What constitutes the sovereign state?
Authors: Fowler Michael Ross , Bunck Julie Marie
Published: October 2009

One might try to determine just what constitutes a sovereign state empirically, by examining the characteristics of states whose sovereignty is indisputable. All sovereign states, it might be observed, have territory, people, and a government. Curiously, however, cogent standards do not seem to exist either in law or in practice for the dimensions, number of people, or form of government that might be required of a sovereign state. Indeed, a United Nations General Assembly Resolution declared that neither small size, nor remote geographical location, nor limited resources constitutes a valid objection to sovereign statehood.
Robotic magnetic steering and locomotion of capsule endoscope for diagnostic and surgical endoluminal procedures
Authors: Ciuti Gastone , Valdastri Pietro , Menciassi Arianna , Dario Paolo
Published: October 2009

This paper describes a novel approach to capsular endoscopy that takes advantage of active magnetic locomotion in the gastrointestinal tract guided by an anthropomorphic robotic arm. Simulations were performed to select the design parameters allowing an effective and reliable magnetic link between the robot end-effector (endowed with a permanent magnet) and the capsular device (endowed with small permanent magnets). In order to actively monitor the robotic endoluminal system and to efficiently perform diagnostic and surgical medical procedures, a feedback control based on inertial sensing was also implemented. The proposed platform demonstrated to be a reliable solution to move and steer a capsular device in a slightly insufflated gastrointestinal lumen.
ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTION-FREE DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR HETEROSKEDASTIC TIME SERIES MODELS
Authors: Escanciano J. Carlos
Published: October 2009

This article investigates model checks for a class of possibly nonlinear heteroskedastic time series models, including but not restricted to ARMA-GARCH models. We propose omnibus tests based on functionals of certain weighted standardized residual empirical processes. The new tests are asymptotically distribution-free, suitable when the conditioning set is infinite-dimensional, and consistent against a class of Pitman’s local alternatives converging at the parametric raten−1/2, withnthe sample size. A Monte Carlo study shows that the simulated level of the proposed tests is close to the asymptotic level already for moderate sample sizes and that tests have a satisfactory power performance. Finally, we illustrate our methodology with an application to the well-known S&P 500 daily stock index. The paper also contains an asymptotic uniform expansion for weighted residual empirical processes when initial conditions are considered, a result of independent interest.
ANALYZING THE RANDOM COEFFICIENT MODEL NONPARAMETRICALLY
Authors: Hoderlein Stefan , Klemelä Jussi , Mammen Enno
Published: October 2009

Linearity in a causal relationship between a dependent variable and a set of regressors is a common assumption throughout economics. In this paper we consider the case when the coefficients in this relationship are random and distributed independently from the regressors. Our aim is to identify and estimate the distribution of the coefficients nonparametrically. We propose a kernel-based estimator for the joint probability density of the coefficients. Although this estimator shares certain features with standard nonparametric kernel density estimators, it also differs in some important characteristics that are due to the very different setup we are considering. Most importantly, the kernel is nonstandard and derives from the theory of Radon transforms. Consequently, we call our estimator the Radon transform estimator (RTE). We establish the large sample behavior of this estimator—in particular, rate optimality and asymptotic distribution. In addition, we extend the basic model to cover extensions, including endogenous regressors and additional controls. Finally, we analyze the properties of the estimator in finite samples by a simulation study, as well as an application to consumer demand using British household data.
UNIT ROOT AND COINTEGRATING LIMIT THEORY WHEN INITIALIZATION IS IN THE INFINITE PAST
Authors: Phillips Peter C.B. , Magdalinos Tassos
Published: October 2009

It is well known that unit root limit distributions are sensitive to initial conditions in the distant past. If the distant past initialization is extended to the infinite past, the initial condition dominates the limit theory, producing a faster rate of convergence, a limiting Cauchy distribution for the least squares coefficient, and a limit normal distribution for thet-ratio. This amounts to the tail of the unit root process wagging the dog of the unit root limit theory. These simple results apply in the case of a univariate autoregression with no intercept. The limit theory for vector unit root regression and cointegrating regression is affected but is no longer dominated by infinite past initializations. The latter contribute to the limiting distribution of the least squares estimator and produce a singularity in the limit theory, but do not change the principal rate of convergence. Usual cointegrating regression theory and inference continue to hold in spite of the degeneracy in the limit theory and are therefore robust to initial conditions that extend to the infinite past.
INFERENCE ON NONPARAMETRICALLY TRENDING TIME SERIES WITH FRACTIONAL ERRORS
Authors: Robinson P.M.
Published: October 2009

The central limit theorem for nonparametric kernel estimates of a smooth trend, with linearly generated errors, indicates asymptotic independence and homoskedasticity across fixed points, irrespective of whether disturbances have short memory, long memory, or antipersistence. However, the asymptotic variance depends on the kernel function in a way that varies across these three circumstances, and in the latter two it involves a double integral that cannot necessarily be evaluated in closed form. For a particular class of kernels, we obtain analytic formulas. We discuss extensions to more general settings, including ones involving possible cross-sectional or spatial dependence.
TESTING FOR GENERAL FRACTIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE TIME DOMAIN
Authors: Hassler Uwe , Rodrigues Paulo M.M. , Rubia Antonio
Published: October 2009

We propose a family of least-squares–based testing procedures that look to detect general forms of fractional integration at the long-run and/or the cyclical component of a time series, and that are asymptotically equivalent to Lagrange multiplier tests. Our setting extends Robinson’s (1994) results to allow for short memory in a regression framework and generalizes the procedures in Agiakloglou and Newbold (1994), Tanaka (1999), and Breitung and Hassler (2002) by allowing for single or multiple fractional unit roots at any frequency in [0,π]. Our testing procedure can be easily implemented in practical settings and is flexible enough to account for a broad family of long- and short-memory specifications, including ARMA and/or GARCH-type dynamics, among others. Furthermore, these tests have power against different types of alternative hypotheses and enable inference to be conducted under critical values drawn from a standard chi-square distribution, irrespective of the long-memory parameters.
NONPARAMETRIC SPECIFICATION TESTING FOR NONLINEAR TIME SERIES WITH NONSTATIONARITY
Authors: Gao Jiti , King Maxwell , Lu Zudi , Tjøstheim Dag
Published: October 2009

This paper considers a nonparametric time series regression model with a nonstationary regressor. We construct a nonparametric test for whether the regression is of a known parametric form indexed by a vector of unknown parameters. We establish the asymptotic distribution of the proposed test statistic. Both the setting and the results differ from earlier work on nonparametric time series regression with stationarity. In addition, we develop a bootstrap simulation scheme for the selection of suitable bandwidth parameters involved in the kernel test as well as the choice of simulated critical values. An example of implementation is given to show that the proposed test works in practice.
Brief CBT-I for Insomnia Comorbid with Social Phobia: A Case Study
Authors: Tang Nicole K. Y.
Published: October 2009

Background: Despite an obvious link between social anxiety and acute state of insomnia, chronic types of sleep disturbances in people with social phobia have so far received limited research/clinical attention. This case report aims to illustrate the possibility of rectifying sleep disturbances comorbid with social phobia, using a brief cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Method: Treatment involved five sessions of CBT-I provided individually on a weekly basis. Major treatment components included psychoeducation, sleep restriction therapy, stimulus control and cognitive restructuring. Results: Treatment effects were assessed using sleep diary and questionnaires over the course of the treatment and at ~9 month follow-up. The results were encouraging with all targeted sleep parameters demonstrating improvements that met dual criteria for clinical significance. The gains were well maintained even at ~9 months after treatment. These improvements in sleep were accompanied by a reduction in sleep-related anxiety and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep. Whilst the patient also reported a corresponding improvement in daytime functioning and general anxiety, no gains were observed in depression and social anxiety. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential benefits of incorporating brief CBT-I into existing treatments for social phobia and encourage further research on the intricate relationship between sleep, mood and social anxiety.
Verbs of motion in L1 Russian of Russian–English bilinguals
Authors: PAVLENKO ANETA
Published: October 2009

This study examines the motion lexicon in narratives elicited from Russian–English bilinguals. Lexical choices made by the participants are compared to those made by native speakers of Russian and English in narratives elicited by the same stimuli. The analysis of bilinguals’ narratives shows that lexicalization of motion is not subject to L2 influence in these bilinguals. A few instances of L2 influence on L1 uncovered in the data are used to discuss the forms L1 attrition might take in the Russian motion lexicon.
L2-induced changes in the L1 of Germans living in the Netherlands
Authors: RIBBERT ANNE , KUIKEN FOLKERT
Published: October 2009

This article reports on an investigation of changes in the grammatical competence of Germans living in the Netherlands. The participants (N = 52) were asked to give their judgments on the grammaticality of infinitive clauses in German. The judgments of this group were compared to those of a control group that lived in Germany and did not have contact with Dutch. The results revealed significant changes in the participants’ L1, which indicate transfer from the cognate L2, Dutch. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that L2-induced changes can occur after a relatively short period of time, at least in the case of cognate languages.
“Die Muttersprache vergisst man nicht” – or do you? A case study in L1 attrition and its (partial) reversal,
Authors: STOLBERG DORIS , MÜNCH ALEXANDRA
Published: October 2009

Is it possible to undo or reverse language attrition? In other words, has there been, in the case of attrition, a permanent change with respect to the speaker's L1 knowledge, or do we only see temporary effects on the control of that knowledge? It is proposed here that the concept of attrition should include the temporary loss of language skills since it is, so far, not clear whether or to what extent once-acquired linguistic abilities can be permanently lost at all, particularly with respect to an L1. A reversal in the development of attrition after renewed contact with the L1 can support the claim that a decrease in L1 proficiency can betemporary, and that it is theaccessibilityof items and structures that is affected by attrition rather than the L1 knowledge (competence) itself. Our primary research interest in the present study is to analyze what skills and features are recoverable and what phenomena persist, (possibly) indicating permanent loss.
EELS of Niobium and Stoichiometric Niobium-Oxide Phases—Part II: Quantification
Authors: Bach David , Schneider Reinhard , Gerthsen Dagmar
Published: October 2009

A comprehensive electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) study of niobium (Nb) and stable Nb-oxide phases (NbO, NbO2, Nb2O5) was carried out. Part II of this work is devoted to quantitative EELS by means of experimental k-factors derived from the intensity ratio of the O-K edge and the Nb-M4,5 or Nb-M2,3 edges for all three stable Nb-oxides. The precision and accuracy of the quantification are investigated with respect to the influence of intensity-measurement energy windows, background subtraction, and sample thickness. Integration-window widths allowing optimum accuracy are determined. Owing to background-subtraction errors, the Nb-M4,5 edges rather than Nb-M2,3 are preferred for quantification. Different approaches are applied to improve the precision with regard to thickness-related errors. Thus, a precision up to ±1.5% is achieved by averaging spectra from all three reference oxides to determine a k-factor using Nb-M4,5. Using the experimental k-factor, the determination of atomic concentration ratios CNb/CO in the range of 0.4 (Nb2O5) to 1 (NbO) was found to be possible with an accuracy of 0.6% (relative deviation between measured and nominal composition), whereas ratios of calculated partial ionization cross sections lead to less accurate results.
Shelf‐derived iron inputs drive biological productivity in the southern Drake Passage
Authors: Dulaiova H. , Ardelan M. V. , Henderson P. B. , Charette M. A.
Published: October 2009

In the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts interact with shelf waters facilitating lateral transport of shelf‐derived components such as iron into high‐nutrient offshore regions. To trace these shelf‐derived components and estimate lateral mixing rates of shelf water, we used naturally occurring radium isotopes. Short‐lived radium isotopes were used to quantify the rates of shelf water entrainment while Fe/228Ra ratios were used to calculate the Fe flux. In the summer of 2006 we found rapid mixing and significant lateral iron export, namely, a dissolved iron flux of 1.1 × 105 mol d−1 and total acid leachable iron flux of 1.1 × 106 mol d−1 all of which is transported in the mixed layer from the shelf region offshore. This dissolved iron flux is significant, especially considering that the bloom observed in the offshore region (0.5–2 mg chl a m−3) had an iron demand of 1.1 to 4 × 105 mol Fe. Net vertical export fluxes of particulate Fe derived from 234Th/238U disequilibrium and Fe/234Th ratios accounted for only about 25% of the dissolved iron flux. On the other hand, vertical upward mixing of iron rich deeper waters provided only 7% of the lateral dissolved iron flux. We found that similarly to other studies in iron‐fertilized regions of the Southern Ocean, lateral fluxes overwhelm vertical inputs and vertical export from the water column and support significant phytoplankton blooms in the offshore regions of the Drake Passage.
Roles of marine ice, rheology, and fracture in the flow and stability of the Brunt/Stancomb‐Wills Ice Shelf
Authors: Khazendar A. , Rignot E. , Larour E.
Published: October 2009

Marine ice, sometimes as part of an ice mélange, significantly affects ice shelf flow and ice fracture. The highly heterogeneous structure of the Brunt/Stancomb‐Wills Ice Shelf (BSW) system in the east Weddell Sea offers a rare setting for uncovering the difference in rheology between meteoric and marine ice. Here, we use data assimilation to infer the rheology of the Brunt/Stancomb‐Wills Ice Shelf by an inverse control method that combines interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements with numerical modeling. We then apply the inferred rheology to support the hypothesis attributing the observed 1970s ice shelf flow acceleration to a change in the stiffness of the ice mélange area connecting Brunt proper with Stancomb‐Wills and to examine the consequences of frontal rift propagation. We conclude that while the Brunt/Stancomb‐Wills system is currently not susceptible to extreme fragmentation similar to that of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in 2002, our inverse and forward modeling results emphasize its vulnerability to destabilization by relatively rapid changes in the ice mélange properties, resulting from the interaction of its marine ice component with ocean water, or by the further propagation of a frontal rift.
A kinetic model of the ionospheric return currents
Authors: Garcia G. , Forme F.
Published: October 2009

We present a 1D kinetic model of the collisional low altitude auroral ionosphere: the electrons drift through a gas composed of ions and neutrals under the influence of a parallel electric field. We take into account electron/ion (e/i) and electron/electron (e/e) collisions. A Monte‐Carlo method is used to simulate with the electron/neutral (e/n) collisions. In order to take into account the temporal evolution, we introduce a feedback on the electric field. We impose a current density and calculate the corresponding electric field. The current density is divergence free. We show that the Electron Distribution Functions (EDF) are non Maxwellian. We calculate an effective conductivity that takes into account the kinetic effects. The modelled conductivity is larger by 30% than the classical one. This work reveals the importance of kinetic models and gives access to the conductivity profile, which are useful to study the ionospheric currents.
Optical and particle observations of type B red aurora
Authors: Ebihara Y. , Sakanoi T. , Asamura K. , Hirahara M. , Ieda A.
Published: October 2009

Aurora occasionally exhibits short‐lived appearance of a bright red border at the bottom of an auroral arc, band, or curtain. This is called a type B red aurora. Based on simultaneous measurements of auroral emissions from N2 1PG (“red” aurora) and O (1S) (“green” aurora) as well as incident electrons by the Reimei satellite, we show the following two individual observations. Energy flux and average energy of incident electrons (1) were not always higher in the red‐dominated aurora than in the green‐dominated aurora, and (2) were not correlated with the intensity of “green” auroras, but with the intensity of “red” auroras. These observational facts suggest that for the reddening of auroras, intense electron precipitation is unnecessary. A rapid movement, or appearance of electron precipitation is sufficient for the reddening because of the difference in lifetimes of N2 1PG and O (1S).
Fore‐arc deformation controls frequency‐size distribution of megathrust earthquakes in subduction zones
Authors: Rosenau Matthias , Oncken Onno
Published: October 2009

Seismotectonic deformation in subduction zones seems to follow rather simple spatiotemporal patterns with fore‐arc basins overlying the areas of large slip during quasiperiodic megathrust earthquakes. To study the possible coupling between long‐term deformation and earthquake behavior, we use compressive granular wedges overlying a rate‐ and state‐dependent frictional interface as analogue models of subduction zone fore arcs overlying a seismogenic megathrust. For different seismogenic zone geometries, we analyze deformation time series with respect to the accumulation of permanent strain and frequency‐size distributions of episodic slip events equivalent to great (M > 8) earthquakes. We observe that permanent deformation in the wedges localizes at the periphery of unstable slip at depth over tens of simulated seismic cycles. For updip‐limited seismogenic zone models, this leads to structural wedge segmentation characterized by an elastic domain overlying the zone of unstable basal slip. Along with the evolution of segmentation the frequency‐size distributions of episodic slip events develop from more random, Gutenberg‐Richter‐like events (b value ∼0.6) toward more periodic, characteristic events (b value <0.1). Corresponding coefficients of variation (Cv) of recurrence intervals decrease from Cv ≈ 0.6 in deforming wedges to Cv ≈ 0.3 in segmented wedges. From the experiments we thus infer a positive feedback between fore‐arc tectonics and megathrust seismogenesis which brings the system from a stochastic to a more deterministic state. Our experimental observations imply that the quasiperiodic recurrence of great subduction earthquakes evident from existing earthquake records is a long‐term feature intrinsically related to the seismotectonic segmentation of the fore‐arc wedges.
Reconstructions of the coastal impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Khao Lak area, Thailand
Authors: Mård Karlsson Johanna , Skelton Alasdair , Sandén Michael , Ioualalen Mansour , Kaewbanjak Narongrit , Pophet Nuttita , Asavanant Jack , von Matern Axel
Published: October 2009

Khao Lak, SW Thailand was severely affected by the tsunami on 26 December 2004. Here we present reconstructions of its coastal impact in this area. These are based on (1) eyewitness reports alone and (2) eyewitness reports supported by videos and photos of the tsunami and the damage it caused, field measurements, and satellite imagery. On the basis of eyewitness reports, we estimated that the sea began retreating at 1000 local time (LT) and, based also on photos, that the tsunami arrived at 1026–1029 LT. On the basis of videos of the tsunami, we estimated an offshore wave direction of 083 ± 3° and on the basis of the paths by which eyewitnesses were carried, we estimated an onshore direction of 088 ± 6°. On the basis of videos, we calculated that the velocity of the wavefront on its final approach was 33 ± 4 km/h. We obtained tsunami heights of 7.3 ± 0.8 m (relative to ground level) on the basis of eyewitness reports and 8.0 ± 0.6 m (relative to mean sea level) on the basis of field and photographic data. On the basis of eyewitness reports and photos, we concluded that Khao Lak experienced at least two main waves with a period >40 min. From eyewitness reports and satellite imagery, we measured maximum inundation ≤0.5 km in the southern part of the area, which is confined by a steeply sloping hinterland, and ≤1.5 km in the more gently sloping northern part. Comparison between these reconstructions supports the reliability of eyewitness reports as a source of quantitative data, and comparison with the numerical simulation by Ioualalen et al. (2007) supports the validity of the simulation.