bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Off-Peak International Tourists to New Zealand
Authors: Krakover Shaul , Cukier Judith
Published: May 2008

Tourism analysts, attempting to stretch the tourism season, may benefit from a detailed characterization of the typical off-season tourist. This study investigates characteristics of foreign individual tourists (FITs) visiting New Zealand during the postpeak shoulder season. Methodologically, the study provides an example of a single sample seasonal variation investigation. Data collected in a well-targeted field survey reveal that a large proportion of the tourists tend to be free of commitments both to workplace or children and their length of stay is longer than average. Several statistically significant differences were found between those who deliberately chose to travel during the postpeak season and those who preferred to travel during the peak season but had to postpone their trip to the shoulder season.
Heritage Tourism: Historic Preservationist Attitude and the Heritage Site—A Case Study of William Faulkner's Homeplace
Authors: Kaufman Tammie J. , Severt Denver E.
Published: May 2008

This research analyzes the historic preservationist attitude and its effect on heritage site selection. By studying historic preservationist attitude and how it affects individuals in their selection of heritage sites, planners will be better able to comprehend what these individuals
expect from their visit, enabling them to capture a larger share of the heritage tourist market. A survey consisting of a historic preservationist attitude scale, services sought scale, and historic site preference scale was distributed at William Faulkner's home "Rowan Oak" in Oxford, Mississippi.
The findings indicate there are differences based upon historic preservationist attitude and the experience and services sought at heritage sites by different types of tourists.
Promoting Sustainability Through Increased Community Involvement: The Shangri-La Ecotourism Demonstration Project
Authors: Morais Duarte B. , Zhu Cheng , Dong Erwei , Yang Guihua
Published: May 2008

Tourism in Yunnan has a short history; however, many destinations in this region already exhibit substantial cultural and natural degradation. The increased awareness of these negative tourism impacts has led Yunnan's provincial government to sponsor the Shangri-La Ecotourism Demonstration
Project (SLED); a project focused on promoting sustainable development of ecotourism in Shangri-La with involvement of the host community. This article describes the SLED project's limitations and accomplishments. The first stage of the project explored factors constraining local residents
from becoming involved in the tourism industry and outlined strategies and policies necessary to overcome those constraints. The second stage addressed infrastructure improvements, training of villagers in basic hospitality skills, and the introduction of key tourism policies. A follow-up
assessment revealed that the project interventions resulted in increased awareness for the need to preserve local culture and the natural environment. Moreover, the project interventions helped in some instances to bring villagers together to work collaboratively on tourism-related projects.
Contrary to this, however, pressures from the tourism retail and lodging sectors and lack of support by the local government led to environmental and cultural degradation, unfair distribution of economic gains, and conflict between community segments.
Betting on Casino Tourism in Asia: Singapore's Integrated Resorts
Authors: Henderson Joan
Published: May 2008

This article deals with the subject of casinos as a tourist attraction and tourism development tool within an Asian context. It focuses on the case of Singapore, where approval has been granted for two new integrated resorts that will include casino facilities, reversing a long-standing ban. The decision, its underlying imperatives, and implications are discussed with reference to wider regional trends. These suggest that the number of casino resorts will increase and feature more prominently in tourism development and marketing strategies. However, concerns are also identified about the limitations of casino tourism and its adverse impacts. Careful planning and management are essential in order to realize potential rewards and mitigate possible damage. These questions and other aspects of casino tourism warrant further study in view of the sector's anticipated expansion and a research agenda for the future is proposed.
Measuring Destination Image: Do the Existing Scales Work?
Authors: Deslandes Derrick D. , Goldsmith Ronald E. , Bonn Mark , Joseph Sacha
Published: May 2008

Although numerous destination image scales have been developed, little empirical research has been published that evaluates the reliability and validity of these measures. This article begins this process by describing a study using data from a convenience sample of 187 students comparing
three different image measurement scales using a multitrait-multimethod analysis developed by Campbell and Fiske in 1959. The study compared three states—Texas, Washington, and New York—across each of the three scales. The scales generally had acceptable though inconsistent levels
of reliability, but were problematic in respect of convergent validity. A destination image scale for theory testing purposes is suggested.
Sustainable Innovations at Tourist Destinatons
Authors: Krozer Yoram , Christensen-Redzepovic Else
Published: May 2008

This article discusses how and why tourist destination can generate income without risking environmental degradation. It is based on a small island in the Netherlands that attracted mass tourism, generated high income, and satisfied tourists' and experts' opinions about environmental quality of the island over the past century. General lessons are drawn. The key in the development has been the community's strategy that presented the environment as a destination of high value. The strategy enabled regulations and sustainable innovations to maintain environmental quality as a common good of the island. Stakeholders opt for use of environment in marketing, better facilities, cleaner and safer mobility, and agrotourism. Tests in water saving and marketing indicate benefits of the options. A model on innovators' decision making shows how community determines sustainability of the destination.
Effects of the Sars Crisis on the Economic Contribution of Tourism to Australia
Authors: Dwyer Larry , Forsyth Peter , Spurr Ray
Published: May 2008

In a context of uncertainty over traveler security, tourism experienced two major crises in 2003—the Iraq War and SARS. While the relative impacts of a complex array of impacts on travel decision making are almost impossible to dissect, this article explores the economic effects
of the SARS crisis on tourism to Australia. Although the crisis resulted in less inbound tourism, it also has lead to reduced outbound tourism. The net economic impacts on the nation depend upon the extent to which cancelled or postponed outbound travel are allocated to savings, to domestic
tourism, or to the purchases of other goods and services. Using a computable general equilibrium model of the Australian economy, simulations of the impacts of the events suggest that the net effects were not as severe as were perceived by tourism stakeholders.
Stakeholder Response Strategies to Climate Change Impacts on the Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Tourism Destinations
Authors: Scanlon Nancy Loman
Published: May 2008

This study addresses climate change impacts on the sustainability of environmental assets and the economic benefits of such to tourism destinations. Representing an increasing percentage of national, regional, and local economics, this impact becomes important measured in tax income,
employment rates, and financial multiplier effects. Impact on the sustainability of the environment of a destination and the inconsistent availability of natural resources for recreational purposes is identified in terms of climatic change in Central Europe. This study offers strategies to
assist tourism destinations in responding to key issues of climate change; the frequency of unpredictable weather patterns, changing trends in visitor destination selection, and the challenge to deliver a consistent visitor "experience."
Understanding Tourism Crisis: Case Studies of Bali and Phuket
Authors: Gurtner Yetta
Published: May 2008

With the scale and abundance of recent crises, effective destination management has become a highly topical issue within the tourism industry. Risk management is generally promoted as a valuable method of hazard reduction, yet the planning capability of any destination is only truly
determined in real conditions of duress. An integrated crisis management approach extends beyond strategies of prevention and preparation to actively facilitate comprehensive response, recovery, and resilience strategies. Case studies of authentic tourism crisis can assist in understanding
and providing practical lessons for reducing vulnerability and sustained adversity. Although the recent tourism crises experienced by both Bali and Phuket were "triggered" by separate and distinctive events, analysis of the subsequent issues and concerns demonstrate the benefits of a more
proactive and integrated approach to destination management strategies.
Tourism in a Small Community: Risks and Benefits
Authors: Jago Leo , Fredline Liz , Deery Margaret
Published: May 2008

This article presents the findings from a Sustainable Tourism Co-operative Research Centre study into the risks associated with the impacts of tourism on the quality of life of residents in a small community in the Australian state of Tasmania. This state is known for its pristine environment
and potential difficulty in coping with large numbers of visitors to popular areas. One of the icon regions in the state is the Coles Bay town and the adjacent Freycinet National Park. This research investigates community attitudes to tourism and the potential benefits and risks to this iconic
region if the tourism levels are not managed. It discusses the development of indictors to monitor these risks and the problems associated with tourism development. The article provides details of the findings from the community workshops and a survey to the community's ratepayers. In so doing,
the article elaborates on the community perceptions of tourism and the potential risk to both the environment and the community well-being.
Proactive Crises Management Tools: Ecolabel and Green Globe 21 Experiences from New Zealand
Authors: Schott Christian
Published: May 2008

This article addresses the theme of crisis management in tourism by adopting a proactive rather than a reactive perspective. As such, it examines ecolabels as one of the proactive mitigation mechanisms with the capacity to contribute to the creation of a more sustainable future. Specifically,
ecolabels are examined in the context of New Zealand with the aim of providing a better understanding of consumer attitudes and levels of awareness. The findings are generated by a questionnaire survey of international and domestic visitors to Wellington and reveal awareness levels of ecolabels
to be small and ecolabel knowledge to be inherently confused. An in-depth examination of the most widely represented ecolabel, Green Globe 21, produced similarly sobering results. However, in the context of previous studies these findings can be regarded as encouraging because the level of
awareness reported by international visitors appears to have increased over the last 2 years. Exploring the notion of "greenwash" as a potential inhibitor to greater ecolabel uptake, the majority of respondents report no distrust, thus suggesting that consumer skepticism of ecolabels may be
overestimated.
Post-Tsunami Tourism Strategies for the Maldives
Authors: Carlsen Jack
Published: May 2008

This article describes the impacts on the tourism industry in the Maldives following the tsunami of December 26th, 2004 and the formulation of strategies for tourism in response to the disaster. An application of lessons learned from previous disasters that have impacted on tourism,
including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Bali bombings, provides the basis for developing short-, medium-, and long-term tourism strategies for the Maldives. A generic framework and set of key issues for destinations facing disaster situations was presented in a workshop
with key stakeholders in the Maldives. The fieldwork was facilitated by the Maldives Association of Tourism Industry during January and February 2005 at a critical point for the tourism industry, just 1 month after the disaster. Key stakeholders in the Maldives tourism industry, including
government representatives, resort managers, and members of the Maldives Chamber of Commerce & Industry, were engaged and tourism strategies and actions were developed. In addition, an initial assessment of the physical and financial impact of the tsunami based on primary and secondary
sources was undertaken to support the case for funding and implementation of the tourism strategies identified. Specific short-, medium-, and long-term strategies and actions are listed, including a short-term communications strategy to project primary and solidarity messages to tourists and
travel intermediaries (airlines, travel agents, and tour operators). An assessment of the effectiveness of the communications strategy, as indicated by the monthly changes in international visitor arrivals for the first half of 2005, provides insights into the diversity of market responses
that can follow a natural disaster.
Analyzing the Risk of Drowning at Surf Beaches
Authors: Morgan Damian
Published: May 2008

A clear understanding of the nature of risk in outdoor adventure tourism activities will assist the development of injury prevention strategies and so increase tourist safety. Using the example of surf beach drowning, a risk analysis process is outlined to identify the source and nature
of hazards and related risks inherent to this setting. The process applies Haddon's Matrix to identify candidate risk factors related to either participants engaged in water-based activities or the surf beach environment. Causal risk factors are then distinguished using a risk balloon analogy.
The final phase of the process assesses whether causal risk factors are modifiable for the purpose of developing injury prevention programs.
Knowledge Management for Tourism Crises and Disasters
Authors: Mistilis Nina , Sheldon Pauline
Published: May 2008

This article focuses on the need for destinations to create a knowledge-based system to assist with crisis and disaster management. After laying out the unique needs of the tourism industry for knowledge when disaster strikes, the article describes a knowledge framework designed to
assist in such situations. This framework suggests three separate knowledge bases to deal with the three stages of a disaster. Knowledge Base 1, the precrisis stage, deals with knowledge retrieval and storage; Knowledge Base 2, the stage during the crisis, deals with knowledge processing;
and Knowledge Base 3, the postcrisis stage, deals with knowledge dissemination. The contents of each knowledge base are identified in detail and a recommendation for public sector leadership in implementation of such a system is discussed.
Mega-Events and the "Showcase" Effect: Investigating the Moderating Influence of Exposure to the 2004 Olympic Games Telecast and Interest in the Olympic Movement—An Australian Perspective
Authors: Hede Anne-Marie
Published: May 2008

Survey-based research explored the moderating effects of "exposure" to the Australian free-to-air telecast of Athens 2004 and "interest" in Olympic Games in developing behavioral intentions to visit Greece in the future. Differences were found between groups with low and high levels
of exposure to the telecast, and also between groups with high levels of interest in the Olympic Games, but these were only marginal. When the combinatorial influences of these two variables were considered simultaneously, their effects were generally synergistic. The article calls for further
research on this area of mega-events, as the results, while of significance, provide food to continue the broader debate on the role of mega-events in developing tourism to their host destinations after their staging.
Playing, Watching, and Participating: Identifying the Role of Sport in Canadian Domestic Travel
Authors: Carmichael Barbara , Smith Wayne , Canally Culum
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this article is to investigate and analyze the characteristics of domestic tourists in Canada who either participated in sports or attended sporting events. Secondary data analysis using a subset of the 2000 Canadian Travel Survey (CTS) person trip file was used in this study. These data were analyzed in an exploratory attempt to test out a conceptualization of sport tourism and develop a typology of sport-related tourists based on their activities profiles. Cluster analysis revealed four types of sport-related tourists: the "Focused Sport Tourist," the "VFR Sport Tourist," the "Urban Vacationist," and the "Outdoor Vacationist." These groups were found to be diverse in relation to their demographic, activity, and trip characteristic profiles. However, there is significant overlap between the group characteristics when they are applied to the conceptual model. It is recommended that future studies explore the varying profiles of these sport-related tourists.
The Influence of Policy Makers' Perceptions on Sport–Tourism Policy Development
Authors: Weed Mike
Published: May 2008

There has been a range of previous research that has commented on structural and cultural factors that influence liaison between sport and tourism agencies. Such research has also highlighted the importance of the perceptions, attitudes, and understandings of policy makers in determining
sport–tourism liaison. This article draws on interviews with national and regional policy makers for sport and for tourism in the UK to illustrate the perceptions of such policy makers of their own and other agencies' roles and potential influence in relation to sports tourism. It also
highlights the ways in which policy makers understand the nature and extent of the sport–tourism link. The article shows that policy makers generally have a very narrow conception of the sport–tourism link and largely believe that agencies other than their own should be responsible
for the development of sports tourism. In conclusion, the article locates the influence of policy makers' perceptions within a broader model of sport–tourism policy development.
Impact of Olympic Spectator Safety Perception and Security Concerns on Travel Decisions
Authors: Neirotti Lisa Delpy , Hilliard Tyra W.
Published: May 2008

Attendance at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games did not reach levels comparable to previous Summer Games. Public speculation on the low attendance blamed high travel expense, media emphasis on construction delays, and time poverty. This study illustrates that at least one of the
factors influencing the decision to attend the Olympic Games was safety and security perceptions. This article uses data collected from spectators at the 2004 Olympic Games to address the role of safety and security issues on the event attendee's decision-making process as well as attendee
satisfaction with the event security. Sixty-six percent of those surveyed at the Olympic Games said that security was somewhat to very important in their decision to attend the 2004 Summer Games. Only 4% indicated that security was the most important factor in their decision. Additionally,
over 28% of respondents indicated that they personally knew of someone who did not attend the 2004 Olympic Games due to security concerns. Security was important to those people who actually chose to attend the 2004 Olympic Games, and future research should be conducted to determine how security
concerns may have deterred those who ultimately chose not to attend the 2004 Olympic Games or future events. This article extends previous research on Olympic spectator motivations and perceptions.
Economic Impact of Sport Events: A Reassessment
Authors: Dwyer Larry , Forsyth Peter , Spurr Ray
Published: May 2008

Governments are spending increasing amounts to attract and host sporting events in the belief that they generate significant additional economic activity and jobs. Current practice is to measure the economic impact of events through the use of multipliers that are derived from Input–Output
(I-O) models. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) techniques are now preferred to I-O models because of their superior ability to reflect resource constraints and feedback effects across the economy. The authors have applied a CGE model of the Australian and New South Wales state economies
to examine a selected event, the Qantas Australian (Motor Racing) Grand Prix. The results are compared with projections using an I-O approach. The CGE analysis estimates impacts on gross product that are half of those projected by the I-O analysis for the host state and 20% of the I-O projections
for the Australian economy as a whole. The article then discusses the distinction between the impacts and net benefits of events. Finally, the article discusses the institutional framework required for a more rigorous assessment of economic impacts of sport events, making some general observations
about event strategies and evaluation internationally.
Security, Perceived Safety, and Event Attendee Enjoyment at the 2003 Rugby World Cup
Authors: Taylor Tracy , Toohey Kristine
Published: May 2008

International sport event organizers around the world have placed considerations of terrorism high on their planning and risk management agendas since September 11, 2001. Increased public awareness about the threat of terrorism and associated safety concerns have led to increased security,
especially for large multicountry international events. To date there has been limited empirical research on the relationship between sport event attendance and the impact of terrorism, with the exception of the body of work on the 1972 Olympic Games. In this article the authors outline the
extensive antiterrorism security measures taken at the 2003 Rugby World Cup held in Australia. To determine the impact of these measures, event attendees were surveyed to determine the extent to which terrorism influenced event attendees' motivations, perceptions of safety, and level of enjoyment.
The results indicate that security measures were perceived as sufficient and attendees were generally not deterred by the threat of terrorism. The heightened security enhanced the event experience for some attendees, with only a small minority reporting a negative impact on satisfaction. Suggestions
for further research and practice are discussed.
Put Me in the Zoo! A Laddering Study of Zoo Visitor Motives
Authors: Klenosky David B. , Saunders Carol D.
Published: May 2008

Understanding why people visit zoos and other nature-oriented attractions is critically important for developing exhibits and programming, as well as promoting the attraction to potential visitor markets. Means–end theory and its associated methodology known as laddering provide
a useful framework for characterizing the relationships between the attributes of a choice option (such as a visitor attraction), the consequences (i.e., the benefits or costs/risks) associated with those attributes, and the personal values those consequences help reinforce. The present research
uses this means–end perspective to explore the factors influencing people's decisions to visit a zoological park. A total of 138 visitors to Brookfield Zoo (a large conservation-oriented zoological park located near Chicago, Illinois) were intercepted onsite and asked by trained interviewers
why they chose to visit the zoo that day. The interviewing technique known as laddering was then used to link the attributes of the zoo that influenced the decision to visit, to the consequences and personal values important to the visitor. Analyses of the resulting data provides an effective
complement to traditional approaches for studying zoo visitation motives, and suggests actionable recommendations for managerial practice and future research efforts.
Indigenous Wildlife Interpretation at Australian Zoos and Wildlife Parks
Authors: Zeppel Heather , Muloin Sue
Published: May 2008

This article evaluates indigenous wildlife interpretation at captive wildlife attractions in Australia. The sites included 13 wildlife parks/sanctuaries or zoos, one aquarium, and three indigenous-owned emu or crocodile farms. Telephone interviews were conducted with 35 managers (9
indigenous) and 26 indigenous staff at wildlife attractions that included verbal or written indigenous interpretation of wildlife. The indigenous guides verbally presented both traditional uses and personal stories about Australian wildlife followed by Aboriginal "Dreaming" or creation stories
about totemic animal species. Nonindigenous staff explained traditional indigenous uses of wildlife followed by biological facts and species information. According to staff, tourists benefit from the inclusion of indigenous content at captive wildlife attractions by giving additional value
or worth to the experience, broadening their mind, dispelling myths, learning/education about indigenous cultures, novelty and excitement for visitors, increasing cultural awareness, and developing more positive attitudes towards indigenous people. Managers and staff support the employment
of indigenous guides to provide interpretive tours and talks at captive wildlife attractions. Key issues for wildlife parks and zoos to develop and present indigenous cultural knowledge through wildlife interpretation are identified.
Understanding Visitor Experiences in Captive, Controlled, and Noncaptive Wildlife-Based Tourism Settings
Authors: Moscardo Gianna
Published: May 2008

There is considerable debate about the ethics of captive wildlife-based setting such as zoos and aquaria, and there is concern about the negative impacts wildlife watchers can have on animals in both captive and noncaptive settings. An important claim made by both captive wildlife-based
tourist attractions and those who support wildlife viewing in noncaptive settings is that these wildlife experiences provide opportunities to encourage visitors to develop greater wildlife conservation awareness. This claim is, however, largely untested in any setting and there has been very
little research comparing visitors and their experiences across different types of wildlife-based tourism. This study compared wildlife-based tourism attractions in three different groups—captive, controlled, and noncaptive—in terms of visitor profiles, encounters with wildlife,
images of wildlife, and learning about the wildlife. The results indicated significant and substantial differences between the three types of setting on many of the variables analyzed. Overall the results provide little support for the claims that any wildlife-based tourism experiences enhance
wildlife conservation awareness.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships Between Hygiene Factors, Motivators, Satisfaction, and Response Among Visitors to Zoos and Aquaria
Authors: Jensen Jan Møller
Published: May 2008

Drawing on Herzberg's two-factor theory, this article suggests that visitors to attractions base their overall evaluation or satisfaction with an experience on their consideration of two types of aspects referred to as either "motivators" or "hygienes." The application of Herzberg's
two-factor theory to an attraction context suggests "motivators" to come from the experience itself (e.g., entertainment, educational events, socializing), while more peripheral elements like parking, eating, and toilet facilities may constitute "hygiene" factors. A conceptual model and corresponding
hypotheses are proposed. The conceptual model is translated into a LISREL model, and the hypotheses are tested using survey data from visitors to a zoo and an aquarium in Denmark. The findings show that negative experiences with hygiene factors have a negative effect on the visitors' perceived
quality of the core experience, thereby indirectly creating less satisfied customers with less intention to revisit the attraction or recommend friends and relatives to visit the attraction. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed at the end of the article.
Managed to be Wild: Species Recovery, Island Restoration, and Nature-Based Tourism in New Zealand
Authors: Shelton Eric J. , Tucker Hazel
Published: May 2008

New Zealand and its sub-Antarctic dependencies had an abundance of birdlife, endemic flora, and invertebrates but no terrestrial mammals before the arrival of Homo sapiens. Subsequent mammalian imports have severely adversely affected the endemic and native fauna and flora. In
response to the impossibility of nationwide mammalian predator eradication, endangered species are transferred to relatively safe environments: either offshore islands or "mainland islands." Individuals of species at risk in their traditional environments can be transferred to one or more
of these islands. New Zealand has pioneered this form of restoration program and substantial nature-based tourism occurs in these settings. Traditional binaries such as captive/free and captivity/wild are problematic because these descriptors do not capture the nature and range of the possible
environments and experiences provided by "islands." It is proposed that a more useful descriptive and analytic framework involves focusing on the matrix of power relationships that exist between native and endemic fauna and flora, introduced fauna and flora, and groups of humans. Furthermore,
it is argued that such a focus usefully reformulates longstanding controversies within conservation, highlights the utility of a restoration narrative, and promotes the development of sustainable nature-based tourism.
Roles of the Modern Zoo: Conflicting or Complementary?
Authors: Mason Peter
Published: May 2008

Zoos are important urban-based visitor attractions. It is generally accepted that they have multiple roles: entertainment, education, scientific research, and species preservation. However, it has been argued that these roles are not compatible. The establishment of other forms of animal
attractions and the emergence of many other attractions for day visitors in urban areas has meant that the role of traditional zoos in the 21st century is being challenged. This article used survey research at Wellington Zoo in New Zealand to explore visitor demographics and their understanding
of the zoo's roles. Ninety percent of visitors were from New Zealand. The percentage nonlocal domestic visitors had increased compared to previous zoo surveys, suggesting a growing importance of tourist visits. Visitors perceived that education was the single most important role of the zoo,
but recreation was also viewed as a major role. A majority of visitors indicated that the zoo had important roles in the areas of conservation and breeding animals, but a large minority (approximately 35%) was not aware of these roles. Although the zoo's roles of education and entertainment
appeared not be in conflict, the lack of awareness by a large minority of the zoo's conservation role has implications for both marketing and management at the zoo, as well as raising wider issues about the future of the traditional zoo.
Do Zoo Visitors Attend to Conservation Messages? A Case Study of an Elephant Exhibit
Authors: Smith Liam , Broad Sue
Published: May 2008

The Trail of the Elephants (ToE) exhibit at Melbourne Zoo in Australia is an example of a new immersion-style exhibit where visitors are immersed in surroundings that represent the type of environment where the observed animal is found in nature. One of the key objectives of ToE is
to provide visitors with multiple learning opportunities, particularly about conservation issues. As such, ToE was chosen as a case study to explore the relationship between delivery of conservation messages and how visitors direct their attention to these messages. Analysis revealed that
exhibit stay and attention times in ToE were substantially longer than other stay and attention times reported at similar exhibits, and suggestions were made to explain the differences.
Public Awareness, Education, and Marine Mammals in Captivity
Authors: Jiang Yixing , Lück Michael , Parsons E. C. M.
Published: May 2008

Increasing popularity of marine parks as tourist attractions brought with it a number of concerns. Considerable attention has been paid to investigate issues, such as the ethics of keeping marine mammals in captivity, welfare of captive marine mammals, and the educational and conservational
abilities of marine parks. Little research has been conducted to explore the public's awareness and opinions of these issues. Public awareness is an important tool to understand the quality of a marine park's products and services. This study was designed to investigate the public's awareness
of welfare of captive marine mammals, educational and conservational purposes of marine parks, and to examine public awareness and opinions of Dunlap and Van Liere's New Environmental Paradigm. A total of 120 respondents from St. Catharines, Canada completed either a visitor or a nonvisitor
questionnaire. Results indicated that most people were aware of the issues of welfare of captive marine mammals and educational opportunities offered by marine parks, but showed less awareness of the conservational issues. However, results also indicated that respondents were well aware of,
and agree with, the concerns expressed in the New Environmental Paradigm.
Exposing the Tourist Value Proposition of Zoos and Aquaria
Authors: Fraser John , Gruber Sarah , Condon Kathleen
Published: May 2008

The world's urban population has few opportunities for contact with real wild nature and little chance to develop a connection with nature in everyday life. To redress this problem in Western culture, major urban zoos are attempting to bridge the deficit in nature experience by constructing
more simulated nature experiences as part of the animal viewing opportunity. The tourist value proposition in urban zoos, however, may not be in the simulated experience of artificial nature, but in the very real and authentic encounter with live "wild" animals and the contemplation of how
our human society relates to the biological world. This article explores how zoo visitors describe their engagement with wildlife, how zoos provoke consideration of personal ethical relationships to nature, and how zoos connect an urban public to the natural world. This article builds on the
biophilia hypothesis by considering the sociological attributes of zoo visiting and how the novel experience of encountering captive wild animals helps to develop environmental awareness. The article explores how a poetry installation at one urban zoo served to evidence this awareness in visitor
comments, about conservation, personal connections to nature, and one aspect of the restorative role zoos offer. It is suggested that the uniqueness of live animals in the zoo is a forum for individuals to question the continuity between self and the natural world.
A Pathway to Minimal Impact Wildlife Viewing?
Authors: Hughes Michael , Carlsen Jack
Published: May 2008

As the agency responsible for managing human interactions with wildlife in Western Australia, the Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) is faced with a complex issue. Wildlife is a significant component of the nature-based dominated tourism market in Western Australia.
Tourists appear to expect naturalistic, easily accessible, close encounters with appealing wildlife, preferably in areas resembling a wilderness. Meeting this demand may result in serious risks to both tourists and the wildlife they seek to interact with. The legally driven conservation mandate
of CALM operates to minimize impacts on natural areas and wildlife. Wildlife tourism demand is focused on opportunities for accessible experiences, preferably with close interaction and rare species. Somehow, a balance must be struck between the legal and ethical requirement to minimize risk
to wildlife and human welfare while maximizing tourism market opportunities. This article presents a study of one way in which CALM has acted to ensure access to wildlife while attempting to minimize negative impacts.
The Demand for Zoos and Aquariums
Authors: Cain Louis , Meritt, Dennis
Published: May 2008

We estimate a demand equation using cross-sectional data from accredited zoos and aquariums in the US supplied by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums augmented with data from federal government sources. Among the most important findings is that demand is price inelastic, particularly
among the not-for-profit institutions. Also, the size of the institution matters. The institutions with the largest budgets draw the most visitors. We argue that, in spite of changes in income, population, leisure activities, and other variables that affect the quantity demanded, the structure
of demand has been remarkably stable during more than three decades of significant supply-side change. Finally, using information from visitor surveys, we argue that the most common visitors are families with young children, a finding that has ramifications for these institutions' collection,
education, and construction strategies.
Corporate Social Responsibility of Large Urban Museums: The Contribution of Volunteer Programs
Authors: Edwards Deborah
Published: May 2008

Out of a growing concern about the erosion of social infrastructure has come an increase in pressure on business to take up more of the responsibility to invest in building strong communities. While many tourism organizations have been slow to involve themselves in any long-term and
meaningful way with communities, the volunteer programs of large Australian museums unintentionally create partnerships of engagement, participation, and involvement between the museum and their urban communities. These volunteer programs represent a contribution to corporate social responsibility
(CSR). Drawing on the author's previous work, the CSR literature, and museum reports and information posted on the Internet, this article discusses why and how this occurs. First, the article explores the relationship between CSR and social capital. Second, the contribution that museums make
to social capital through their volunteer programs is outlined. Third, it is considered whether museums could do more in terms of their CSR and volunteer programs. Finally, suggestions are made for the way in which museums can continue to fulfill and advance their CSR activities. Museums,
in acknowledging and documenting the CSR activities of their volunteer programs, can improve CSR outcomes and enhance the social and economic outcomes for both the community and the museum.
Corporate Social Responsibility at Tourism Destinations: Toward a Social License to Operate
Authors: Williams Peter , Gill Alison , Ponsford Ian
Published: May 2008

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a term increasingly employed to denote ethical behavior with respect to various shareholder, employee, consumer, supplier, and competitor stakeholder groups. It is often shaped and expressed through community engagement strategies in which firms
reach out to these groups to address societal concerns as well as corporate objectives. Little research probes how CSR relationships are initiated and evolve in tourism destinations. This article outlines the key theoretical foundations of CSR and illustrates how these concepts may be translated
into stakeholder engagement strategies in mountain resort destinations. It uses empirical research findings from case studies of CSR relationships between Intrawest, a large North American resort corporation, and stakeholders in two Canadian mountain tourism destinations. It is argued that
the extent to which these CSR strategies are employed is a function of both in situ stakeholder saliency and the ability of community stakeholders to provide what has been referred to as a "social license to operate."
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: CSR, Film, and Tourism. Two Cases of Filming in a Small Community
Authors: Beeton Sue
Published: May 2008

This article reports on an element of an ongoing research project undertaken since 1999 in relation to the effects of film-induced tourism on a small community based in North Yorkshire, England, namely Goathland. Goathland is better known to TV audiences around the world as the village
of Aidensfield in the long-running series, Heartbeat. Its railway station and heritage train was also used as Hogwarts Station in the Harry Potter movies. Both the TV series and the movie have been extremely popular and increased the number as well as altered the "type" of tourist
visiting Goathland, which is set in a national park with a resident population of 300. However, the extent of responsibility taken by the respective film companies in terms of the related tourism to the village is significantly different, particularly in relation to community engagement and
opportunities for that community to commercialize its exposure as a film site to visitors. This article considers these differences in terms of each organization's demonstrated corporate social responsibility (CSR) to Goathland.
Corporate Social Responsibility Within the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Deery Margaret , Jago Leo , Stewart Michael
Published: May 2008

This article presents the findings from a survey of employees at a five-star hotel over a number of years. The instrument used in the study examines employee responses on important components of corporate social responsibility (CSR) with regard to these key stakeholders. In particular,
employees were asked to rate their perceptions on issues such as access to training and new work roles, various aspects of work life and the work environment, and the level of commitment they felt towards the organization. The findings suggest that while the hotel appears to have a low level
of employee turnover, there is dissatisfaction with job security, the level of commitment from the hotel to the employees, and access to adequate equipment to do their jobs properly. Each of these areas, however, offers an opportunity for management of the hotel to improve its level of CSR
to the employees.
Stakeholder Involvement, Culture, and Accountability in the Blackstone Valley of New England, USA: A Work in Progress
Authors: Billington Robert , Cadoppi Veronica , Carter Natalie
Published: May 2008

Following its historical rise and fall, America's first industrialized polluted landscape garnered federal and local support to remedy its near destruction. Today, the Blackstone Valley is a pragmatic example of translating theory into practice. The Blackstone Valley Tourism Council,
since its inception in 1985, has applied leadership, innovation, and commitment to its mission and innovative sustainable tourism place-making principles in its work. This dedication to its destination, aligned with principles from the World Tourism Organization, United Nations Environmental
Programme & World Tourism Organization, and the Geotourism principles of the National Geographic Society, Center for Sustainable Destinations, has led the way for the Blackstone Valley to become a sustainable tourism destination. The Tourism Council has worked to preserve and enhance the
Valley's environment, respect the sociocultural authenticity of the communities, and provide economic growth to all stakeholders. Social responsibility from all sectors of the community has led the Valley to find its direction, follow its vision, and share it with others along the way. The
Blackstone Valley Tourism Council continues to fulfill the vision of sustainable tourism through the Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development Laboratory. The Laboratory's purpose is to share the Tourism Council's experience in developing planned sustainable tourism with local, regional,
state, provincial, and worldwide tourism leaders, and community stakeholders seeking to develop viable and successful destinations.
Ethical Issues in Collaboration in the Aviation Industry
Authors: Ravinder Ravi
Published: May 2008

This article examines competitive activity within the airline industry and in its interrelationships with other supplier firms, particularly airports. Competitive activity is reviewed using an ethics-based approach; in particular, it investigates airline–airport relationships,
bilateral Air Service Agreements, and airline alliances. Recognizing the economic rationale for such relationships, this article concludes that the first two activities may pose ethical questions in that they could disbenefit key stakeholders of the communities in which they operate. The article
concludes with a telos that could underpin a privatized aviation industry operating in a liberalized market environment and at the same time operating in "the public interest."
A Case Study of Hilton Environmental Reporting as a Tool of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Bohdanowicz Paulina
Published: May 2008

The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has recently reached the agenda of tourism businesses, and many of the hotel corporations are declaring their environmental and social responsibilities. This article presents a case study of the on-going CSR-related initiative at Hilton International and Scandic—the Hilton Environmental Reporting (HER) system. In order to improve the monitoring of performance of its facilities, Hilton corporate management decided to create HER, an environmental reporting and benchmarking system for all its facilities. This article reports on the history, criteria, and procedures within this computerized reporting tool created by Addsystems. The development and implementation process of the upgraded version of the system is also presented. This process brought to light a number of aspects that need to be addressed while developing such systems (i.e., the need for proper technical and IT support, training, and data verification, as well as strong and continuous management support). This knowledge could be used to help other tourism and hotel businesses develop their own reporting, monitoring, and benchmarking schemes within the CSR concept.
Corporate Responsibility as Essential to Sustainable Tourism Yield
Authors: Dwyer Larry , Jago Leo , Deery Marg , Fredline Liz
Published: May 2008

In parallel with the development by other social scientists of the philosophy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and, relatedly, triple bottom line reporting, tourism researchers have been developing indicators of tourism yield. The notion of "sustainable yield" includes the dimensions
of economic, social, and environmental yield. This article first discusses the link between these developments highlighting the results of the authors' attempts to develop financial, social, and environmental measures of tourism yield. It discusses these measures with regard to specific tourist
markets. It also discusses the challenges faced in converting these independent measures into an overall measure or index of "sustainable yield" consistent with CSR reporting.