bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The improved dynamic slicing for spectrum-based fault localization
Authors: Cao Heling , Wang Fei , Deng Miaolei , Li Lei
Published: September 2022

Background

Spectrum-based Fault localization have proven to be useful in the process of software testing and debugging. However, how to improve the effectiveness of software fault localization has always been a research hot spot in the field of software engineering. Dynamic slicing can extract program dependencies under certain conditions. Thus, this technology is expected to benefit for locating fault.

Methods

We propose an improved dynamic slicing for spectrum-based fault localization under a general framework. We first obtain the dynamic slice of program execution. Secondly, we construct a mixed slice spectrum matrix from the dynamic slice of each test case and the corresponding test results. Finally, we compute the suspiciousness value of each statement in the mixed-slice spectram matrix.

Results

To verify the performance of our method, we conduct an empirical study on 15 widely used open-source programs. Experimental results show that our approach achieves significant improvement than the compared techniques.

Conclusions

Our approach can reduce approximately 1% to 17.79% of the average cost of code examined significantly.
Detection of COVID-19 using deep learning on x-ray lung images
Authors: Odeh AbdAlRahman , Alomar Ayah , Aljawarneh Shadi
Published: September 2022

COVID-19 is a widespread deadly virus that directly affects the human lungs. The spread of COVID-19 did not stop at humans but also reached animals, so it was necessary to limit it is spread and diagnose cases quickly by applying a quarantine to the infected people. Recently x-ray lung images are used to determine the infection and from here the idea of this research came to use deep learning techniques to analyze x-ray lung images publicly available on Kaggle to possibly detect COVID-19 infection. In this article, we have proposed a method to possibly detect the COVID-19 by analyzing the X-ray images and applying a number of deep learning pre-trained models such as InceptionV3, DenseNet121, ResNet50, and VGG16, and the results are compared to determine the best performance model and accuracy with the least loss for our dataset. Our evaluation results showed that the best performing model for our dataset is ResNet50 with accuracies of 99.99%, 99.50%, and 99.44% for training, validation, and testing respectively followed by DenseNet121, InceptionV3, and finally VGG16.
Funciones de las unidades administrativas de gestión de la libertad religiosa en los países latinoamericanos. Especial referencia en el contexto sanitario del COVID-19
Authors:   Profesor Titular de Derecho Eclesiástico de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, González Sánchez Marcos
Published: September 2022

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar jurídicamente las funciones actuales de las unidades administrativas de gestión del hecho religioso en los países latinoamericanos. En estos últimos cuatro años se han creado nuevos órganos para tratar los asuntos religiosos, otros han cambiado la denominación y algunos han modificado su régimen de funcionamiento. Y queremos dedicar un apartado especial a la labor que han realizado durante la pandemia del Covid-19.
Boas práticas no atendimento de pacientes com restrições religiosas à transfusão sanguínea
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Paraná, Schiocchet Taysa , Mattos de Aragão Suéllyn , de Lima Pack Ewerson Willi ,   Academia Brasileira de Direito Constitucional (ABDConst), dos Santos Antônio Alceu ,   Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa
Published: September 2022

Integrantes da ordem Testemunhas de Jeová podem ter suas convicções religiosas afrontadas no contexto da relação médico-paciente. Isso ocorre quando a elas é administrada, à revelia de vontade, a hemotransfusão, procedimento vedado pela sua crença. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi propor boas práticas que abarquem dialógica e sistematicamente conhecimentos médicos e ético-jurídicos a fim de prevenir ou solucionar conflitos nesse campo. Para isso, o estudo utilizou-se de metodologia qualitativa, de natureza descritiva e exploratória. Como resultado, foram apresentadas quatro medidas clínicas e quatro providências ético-jurídicas capazes de municiar as pessoas envolvidas (pacientes e seus familiares, profissionais de saúde e estabelecimentos hospitalares) de condições concretas para uma condução progressivamente mais adequada das situações conflituosas. A adoção de tais providências possui potencial para reduzir embates, acelerar tratamentos e torná-los mais eficazes, protegendo, no maior grau possível, a dignidade humana e a liberdade religiosa dos pacientes.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Mood States of Junior Residents in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Panda Swati Sagarika , Jaipurkar Raksha , Mishra Rajesh Kumar
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Junior residents of highly demanding clinical specialties, like, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, are an integral part in the functioning of hospitals. They work round the clock donning the role of caregiver as well as learner and are in a constant state of stress. Any alteration in mood while working in intensive set ups like labor room and operation theatre can adversely affect not only the physician’s performance but also patient safety. Aim: To evaluate the effect of sleep deprivation on mood states of junior residents in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department during call duty. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Armed Forces Medical College (tertiary care hospital), Pune, Maharashtra, India, from march 2019 to august 2019. The study included 37 junior residents of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, between age range of 25-40 years. Sleep diary was used to record resident’s sleep patterns, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) was used to assess the day time sleepiness. Profile of Mood States (POMS) score was calculated during pre-call and post-call duty. This data was used to ascertain any changes in mood post-call due to sleep deprivation. Statistical analysis was done using paired Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and p-value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Out of 37 participants, 21 were males and 16 females. There was a significant worsening of post-call POMS score (5.24±27.82) from pre-call score (-6.86±23.70) following call duty associated with a decrease in mean night time sleep (p-value<0.001). Likewise increased KSS score was also noted after call duty (pre-call score was 3.03±1.65 vs post-call score was 5.73±2.05; p-value<0.001). This signifies that mood states are adversely affected by sleep deprivation in these residents. Conclusion: The study showed that there was a significant worsening of mood states due to sleep deprivation during call duties. This also mandates review of efficacy and feasibility of current policy regulating work hour schedule of junior residents in India.
Minimally Invasive Therapy for Smile Correction using Gingivoplasty, Tooth Bleaching and Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: Siqueira Eric Roberto Soares Xavier de , Dias Marlon Ferreira , Oliveira aulo Victor Cardoso de , Lins Cláudio Eufrásio Medeiros , Castro Luís Felipe Espíndola-
Published: September 2022

A multidisciplinary approach and minimally invasive therapies are essentials to obtain effective results from aesthetic dentistry. Minimally invasive dentistry requires minimal intervention for the placement and replacement of restorations. This paper reports a case of 24-year-old female, who was dissatisfied with her dark and unsatisfactory dental restorations. After the clinical examination, it was proposed to perform a gingivoplasty, tooth bleaching and replacement of the unsatisfactory restorations with resin composite. Initially, the gingivoplasty was performed, which consisted of the following steps- periodontal probing, measurement of new zeniths and marking of bleeding points, internal bevelled incision and removal of the gingival collar with periodontal curettes. After healing period, using the combined technique, in-office bleaching was done with 35% hydrogen peroxide followed by three weeks at-home bleaching with 16% carbamide peroxide. The unsatisfactory restorations were replaced with resin composite according to dental substrate. Sequentially, occlusal adjustment, finishing and polishing with sanding discs and felt discs were performed. The multidisciplinary approach in the execution of the treatment was fundamental for the aesthetic harmonisation of the smile, providing health, well-being of the patient and professional satisfaction.
Prevalence of Candida species in Urinary Tract Infections from a Tertiary Care Hospital at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Mishra Neeti , Kumari Dayavanti , Mishra Aditya
Published: September 2022

Introduction: The presence of Candida in urine, called Candiduria. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to this infection and it can cause life-threatening complications. Candida albicans is most common isolate in Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) but in recent years this is shifting to non-albicans groups. Researchers found that azole is the drug of choice against Candida infections but due to excess use of these drugs resistance is developing more frequently for azole group drugs and drug resistant isolates are increasing gradually. A unique virulence factor i.e biofilm production, similarly like bacterial species is a crucial factor which contributes to the resistance against antifungal drugs. Aim: To assess the prevalence of Candida spp. in UTI retrospectively. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted in Department of Microbiology, T.S Misra Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar-Pradesh, India from January 2018 to February 2020. A total of 1576 urine samples were collected from different wards of hospitals and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with age group 0-80 years. Out of 1576 urine samples received, 786 had fungal growth, from which 176 Candida spp. were isolated. Candidauria and Candida UTIs data were collected from Institute's microbiology records retrospectively. The obtained results were statistically analysed in numbers and percentages using MS Excel 2013 version. Result: The prevalence of Candida species was 11.2%. The age group between 21-30 years was more prevalent. Diabetes mellitus was the main co-morbidity factor in Candiduria patients. The incidence rate was high in ICU patients 161 (91.5%) than non ICU patients (8.5%). Most the samples were isolated from general medicine (45.3%) and Obstetrics and Gynaecology department (34.8%) followed by general surgery (15.5%) and pediatric department (4.4%). Conclusion: Present study found the high prevalence of candiduria and the isolates were biofilm producers with increasing resistance against most common drugs fluconazole which is a major concern for the treatment and management aspects. In immunocompromised patients, it is important to identify the species of Candida isolates as well as their antifungal susceptibility pattern to assist the clinicians in treating the patients with candiduria.
Growing Role of Gabapentin in Opioid-Related Overdoses Highlights Misuse Potential and Off-label Prescribing Practices
Authors: Kuehn Bridget M.
Published: September 2022

This Medical News article discusses a trend of gabapentin misuse and harms, including fatal overdoses.
Subconjunctival Nodule in a Patient With Acute Monkeypox
Authors: Foos William , Wroblewski Keith , Ittoop Sabita
Published: September 2022

This case report describes a patient with acute monkeypox with a subconjunctival nodule.
Conjunctivitis in an Individual With Monkeypox
Authors: Ly-Yang Fernando , Miranda-Sánchez Alfonso , Burgos-Blasco Barbara , Fernández-Vigo Jose Ignacio , Gegúndez-Fernández Jose Antonio , Díaz-Valle David
Published: September 2022

This case report describes a case of monkeypox in a patient with HIV presenting with conjunctivitis.
Three Observations for Improving Efforts in Surgical Quality Improvement
Authors: Ko Clifford Y. , Martin Graham , Dixon-Woods Mary
Published: September 2022

This Viewpoint assesses current deficits in surgical quality improvement efforts and describes ways to potentially improve these initiatives for better outcomes.
Structure and Function of the Skin
Authors: McGrath John A. , Uitto Jouni
Published: September 2022

A detailed appreciation of the development, structure and function of human skin is fundamental to understanding diseases that originate in or target the skin. Recent advances in molecular science have provided fascinating new insights into stem cell biology and skin homeostasis as well as disease processes such as inflammation, wound healing, ageing and neoplasia, providing novel opportunities to improve the diagnosis and therapy of skin diseases.
Boosting the Stimulated Emission Properties of Host:Guest Polymer Blends by Inserting Chain Twists in the Host Polymer
Authors: Sun Chen , Bai Lubing , Roldao Juan Carlos , Burgos‐Caminal Andrés , Borrell‐Grueiro Olivia , Lin Jinyi , Huang Wei , Gierschner Johannes , Gawelda Wojciech , Bañares Luis , Cabanillas‐González Juan
Published: September 2022

Conjugated polymer blends coupled by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been widely exploited to achieve optically pumped lasers operating at very low pumping thresholds. Among the plaid of conjugated polymers and molecules exploited for optical gain, fluorene‐based polymers are considered front‐runners, based on their high photoluminescence quantum yields, large optical gain coefficients, and their processability assets in films of high optical quality. Two archetypes of polymers with these properties are poly(9,9‐dioctyl‐fluorene) and its green‐emitting relative poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) that work as excellent FRET‐coupled blends but unexpectedly do not exhibit stimulated emission. In this study, light is shed upon the optical gain limiting factors of these blends. Upon investigating a series of poly(diarylfluorene‐co‐N‐phenyl) polymers bearing a different number of phenyl units inserted between the fluorenes (NPhs, N = 1, 2, 3), important improvements are revealed in the photoluminescence quantum yields and stimulated emission properties, as well as harnessing of exciton‐exciton annihilation. These effects are ascribed to disruption of exciton transport in NPhs motivated by changes in chain conformation and molecular packing upon phenyl‐insertion.
Liquid‐Free, Anti‐Freezing, Solvent‐Resistant, Cellulose‐Derived Ionic Conductive Elastomer for Stretchable Wearable Electronics and Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Lu Chuanwei , Wang Xinyu , Shen Yi , Wang Chunpeng , Wang Jifu , Yong Qiang , Chu Fuxiang
Published: September 2022

The development of flexible conductive elastomers integrating renewable feedstock, splendid mechanical property, and excellent weather resistance is of major interest and challenge. Here, a novel strategy is reported to construct the liquid‐free cellulose‐derived ionic conductive elastomer that is successfully applied in the wearable sensor and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). In this strategy, the ionic conductive elastomer with physical and chemical dual‐crosslinking network is prepared via in situ polymerization of the polymerizable deep eutectic solvent. The construction of dual‐crosslinking network improves the mechanical strength and toughness more than 2 times, and the cellulose contributes to forming the dense hydrogen bond crosslinking network that can improve the recyclability, anti‐freezing, and solvent‐resistance performance. Benefiting from these features, the ionic conductive elastomer is successfully applied in the wearable sensors and TENG for monitoring human motion, and in harvesting mechanical energy to convert into stable electrical outputs to light the LEDs, charge the capacitor, and power the electronic watch. The ionic conductive elastomer maintains reliable sensing and energy harvesting performance even after recycling, soaking in organic solvent, or at low/high temperature. This study paves a promising strategy for fabricating sustainable and multifunction flexible electronics that are suitable for harsh environments.
SERS/NIR‐II Optical Nanoprobes for Multidimensional Tumor Imaging from Living Subjects, Pathology, and Single Cells and Guided NIR‐II Photothermal Therapy
Authors: He Jian , Hua Shiyuan , Zhang Dongxiao , Wang Kai , Chen Xiaoyuan , Zhou Min
Published: September 2022

Molecular imaging‐guided precision photothermal therapy has shown tremendous potential for invasively thermal ablation with solid tumors. However, it is still a pressing clinical need to develop precise and deep‐tissue multi‐scale imaging technologies easily integrated into a single system to boost accurate photothermal treatments. Herein, a SERS/NIR‐II optical nanoprobe assembled by gold nanostars, Raman molecular tags, and silver sulfide quantum dots through silica bridges (named AuDAg2S) is reported that allows the combination of the fingerprint‐style surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging and second region near‐infrared (NIR‐II) in‐depth biological fluorescence imaging. It can also yield strong localized surface plasmon resonance for a satisfactory photothermal conversion efficiency of 67.1% at 1064 nm to effectively kill CT26 colon cancer cells. Moreover, the AuDAg2S nanoprobes can enhance the detection sensitivity up to the picomolar level and increase the depth of the NIR‐II fluorescence signal up to 1 cm under the excitation of the near‐infrared laser. As a result, the AuDAg2S nanoprobes can achieve multidimensional tumor imaging in levels of living subjects, histology, and single cell, and further guided deep NIR‐II photothermal anti‐tumor therapy in vivo. This study offers a promising approach for SERS/NIR‐II whole optical imaging for deep tumor photothermal treatment in future clinical applications.
A Solid–Liquid Composite Lubricating “Nano‐Snowboard” for Long‐Acting Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Qiu Wenjie , Zhao Weiwei , Zhang Ludan , Wang Haimang , Li Ningyu , Chen Kexin , Zhang Hongyu , Wang Yuguang
Published: September 2022

Osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cartilage degeneration. Anti‐inflammatory therapy has limited effects, and effective reduction of cartilage wear through lubrication is essential. In vivo stability and lubricity of commercial lubricants are insufficient, leading to failure of lubricating treatment and progression of osteoarthritis. To address these issues, new therapeutic methods combining anti‐inflammation and stable high‐performance lubrication are developed. Inspired by the sliding mechanism of snowboards, a “nano‐snowboard” by modifying molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with a biomimetic phospholipid polymer poly (dopamine methacrylamide‐co‐2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PDMPC) and loading anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (DS), namely MoS2‐PDMPC‐DS, has been synthesized. MoS2 with a 2D layered structure and photothermal properties, serves as solid lubricant and drug carrier. Meanwhile, the modification of PDMPC on the surface of MOS2 avoids the oxidative denaturation of MoS2 in a physiological environment, forming solid–liquid composite lubrication and improving the lubricity and stability of MoS2 in the joint cavity. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that MoS2‐PDMPC‐DS can stay in the joint cavity for more than one week and exert long‐lasting lubrication and anti‐inflammatory effects to treat osteoarthritis effectively. This solid–liquid composite lubricating nano‐snowboard provides a new idea for synergistic anti‐inflammatory and lubricating treatment of osteoarthritis.
Dynamically Cross‐Linking Soybean Oil and Low‐Molecular‐Weight Polylactic Acid toward Mechanically Robust, Degradable, and Recyclable Supramolecular Plastics
Authors: Fang Xu , Tian Nengan , Hu Wenyuan , Qing Yunan , Wang Hao , Gao Xin , Qin Yanguo , Sun Junqi
Published: September 2022

To promote the sustainable development of society, it is important to develop methods for facile fabrication of bio‐based plastics that are mechanically robust and capable of recycling and completely degrading in soil. In this study, such bio‐based supramolecular plastics are conveniently and cost‐effectively fabricated by cross‐linking epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and low‐molecular‐weight polylactic acid (PLA) (≈2 kDa) with dynamic boroxines. The bio‐based supramolecular plastic, which is denoted as ESO‐PLA, exhibits a tensile strength of ≈43 MPa and is highly flexible and water‐resistant. After being stored in an environment with a 100% relative humidity for 10 days, the tensile strength of the plastic remains higher than polyethylene. Due to the reversibility of boroxines, the ESO‐PLA plastic can be conveniently processed into different shapes and products. Meanwhile, the plastic can be recycled multiple times for repeated usage by either hot‐pressing or solvent‐assisted depolymerization/repolymerization methods. Benefiting from the easy degradation of ESO and low‐molecular‐weight PLA, the breakage of boroxine cross‐links enables rapid and complete degradation of the plastics in soil within 60 days. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo tests prove that the ESO‐PLA plastic exhibits satisfactory biocompatibility, which extends its application in medicine, food, and cosmetics industries.
Single‐Crystal Perovskite Solar Cells Exhibit Close to Half A Millimeter Electron‐Diffusion Length
Authors: Turedi Bekir , Lintangpradipto Muhammad N. , Sandberg Oskar J. , Yazmaciyan Aren , Matt Gebhard J. , Alsalloum Abdullah Y. , Almasabi Khulud , Sakhatskyi Kostiantyn , Yakunin Sergii , Zheng Xiaopeng , Naphade Rounak , Nematulloev Saidkhodzha , Yeddu Vishal , Baran Derya , Armin Ardalan , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Mohammed Omar F. , Bakr Osman M.
Published: September 2022

Single‐crystal halide perovskites exhibit photogenerated‐carriers of high mobility and long lifetime, making them excellent candidates for applications demanding thick semiconductors, such as ionizing radiation detectors, nuclear batteries, and concentrated photovoltaics. However, charge collection depreciates with increasing thickness; therefore, tens to hundreds of volts of external bias is required to extract charges from a thick perovskite layer, leading to a considerable amount of dark current and fast degradation of perovskite absorbers. However, extending the carrier‐diffusion length can mitigate many of the anticipated issues preventing the practical utilization of perovskites in the abovementioned applications. Here, single‐crystal perovskite solar cells that are up to 400 times thicker than state‐of‐the‐art perovskite polycrystalline films are fabricated, yet retain high charge‐collection efficiency in the absence of an external bias. Cells with thicknesses of 110, 214, and 290 µm display power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 20.0, 18.4, and 14.7%, respectively. The remarkable persistence of high PCEs, despite the increase in thickness, is a result of a long electron‐diffusion length in those cells, which was estimated, from the thickness‐dependent short‐circuit current, to be ≈0.45 mm under 1 sun illumination. These results pave the way for adapting perovskite devices to optoelectronic applications in which a thick active layer is essential.
Wettability‐Assisted Process to Shape Organic Crystalline Printed Films
Authors: Sequeira Sara , Martins Verónica , Vilarinho Rui , Cardoso Susana , Moreira Joaquim A. , Alves Helena , Leitao Diana C.
Published: September 2022

The controlled growth of organic crystalline materials in predefined locations still poses a challenge for functional device application such as phototransistors, photoconductors, or photovoltaic solar cells. This work evidences the use of optical lithography and a fluoroalkylsilane to selectively modify the surface energy and how to create a wettability micro‐patterned structure. These are then combined with non‐contact printing of the organic solution providing custom‐shaped films. To deliver printed films with improved morphological quality, key process parameters for high‐performance organic materials are optimized. Particular attention is given to the adjustment of the concentration and solvent mixture to tune the jetting properties, and consequently, slow down the evaporation rate. Continuous films are obtained for an optimized number of droplets and spacing between them. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy imaging confirms the crystalline nature of the printed films and the lack of impurities. To validate the method, rubrene and triisopropylsilylethynyl (TIPS)‐pentacene are tested using two‐terminal optoelectronic devices. TIPS‐pentacene rectangular printed micrometric photosensor presents linear behavior and no hysteresis, reaching 0.33 nA under 18.1 mW cm−2. The structural and optoelectronic characterization is in line with other micro‐patterned examples, opening doors for new industrial applications.
Microfluidic Techniques for Next‐Generation Organoid Systems
Authors: Gong Jing , Li Minghui , Kang Jiahui , Yin Zhiyuan , Cha Zhe , Yang Jun , Xu Haiwei
Published: September 2022

Organoids are 3D multicellular structures derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or adult stem cells (ASCs), which have attracted increasing interest in the fields of drug screening, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine. Despite considerable success in culturing organoids with native microanatomy, challenges to achieving a physiologically relevant microenvironment remain. Complex dynamic feedback between cells and the extracellular matrix and uncontrollable mechano‐physiological cues hamper the further study of organoid systems. Innovative engineering approaches are needed to produce, control, and analyze organoids and their microenvironment. Organoids‐on‐a‐chip, inspired by organs‐on‐a‐chip, presents a major technological breakthrough in providing physiologically relevant environmental parameters. Organoids cultured on a chip recapitulate the anatomical and physiological features of organs during development and disease. In this review, the authors examine how microfluidic approaches integrate biomaterials, microscale technology, and stem cell biology to construct a biomimetic microenvironment that is suitable for building high‐fidelity human organ structures in vitro. Applying engineering techniques in organoids‐on‐a‐chip, such as genome editing and omics analysis, can greatly contribute to a better understanding of molecular pathogenesis. Moreover, the next‐generation organoid culture system may integrate multiple organoids in a single chip device to explore multi‐organoid platforms to fulfill the goal of building 3D organotypic models.
A Facile Method to Prepare Defect‐Sealed Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Membrane on Cu Net for Gas Separation
Authors: Guo Biao , Xu Ruisong , Wang Tonghua , Liu Jinxuan
Published: September 2022

A direct method is reported for the preparation of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membrane on Cu net without any surface modification technologies. The synthetic mechanism can be attributed to the in situ formed Cu‐N interlayer serving as the nucleation sites, which promote the growth of ZIF membrane. The dense polycrystaline membrane shows moderate H2/CH4 separation performance comparable to previous reports. To further eliminate membrane defects, polymer/MOF suspension instead of pure polymer can be used to accurately seal the valley among crystalline grains. As a result, the as‐prepared composite membrane with highly exposed crystal surface shows enhanced H2/CH4 selectivity of 71.0 with little loss in H2 permeance.
Oxygen Vacancies‐Rich TiO2/C Nanofibers with Boron, Nitrogen Dual‐Doping for Ultrafast Sodium Storage
Authors: Huo Jinghao , Ren Yijie , Zhang Guoqiang , Guo Shouwu
Published: September 2022

TiO2 is an intercalation pseudocapacitive material with low potential and minor structural changes during the sodium storage process. However, the intrinsic electronic conductivity and ionic diffusion kinetics are not unsatisfactory for ultrafast sodium storage. Defect engineering plays a pivotal part in improving the sodium storage kinetics of TiO2 anode materials. Now the common defect regulation methods are complicated. Herein, a simple NaBH4 reduction method is proposed to produce rich oxygen vacancies and boron doping in nitrogen‐doped TiO2/C mesoporous nanofibers, and the finally obtained oxygen vacancies (OVs)‐rich TiO2/C nanofibers (TC‐OVs) also build internal vertical channels. This particular structure of TC‐OVs favors fast transport for electrons and ions, resulting in ultrafast rate capability (156 mAh g−1, 2 A g−1) and long lifespan (139 mAh g−1, 1000 cycles, 1.0 A g−1). The inspiring sodium storage performance of TC‐OVs benefits from the high pseudocapacitance contribution (94%, 5.0 mV s−1). This work provides a method to adjust defects and structures of TiO2 electrode materials for ultrafast chemical energy storage.
Artificial Chameleon Skins Active Mimicking Reversible Off/On Structural Colors of Insect Wings
Authors: Zhang Zekun , Wei Boru , Yang Dongpeng , Huang Shaoming
Published: September 2022

In nature, chameleons and insect wings show characteristics of actively tunable and passively off/on structural colors, respectively, which is crucial for them to camouflage and survival. Inspired by these, photonic crystal (PC) gels possessing chameleon's nonclose‐packing structures can actively mimic the reversible off/on characteristics of the structural colors of insect wings are designed. The PC gels with outstanding tailorable, bendable, and twistable properties are prepared by nonclose‐assembling silica particles in polymers and swelling in solvents. Interestingly, the PC gels exhibit high transparency (>95%) in water because of the matching of the refractive index (Δn = 0) but show brilliant and tunable structural colors in other solvents due to the Δn ≠ 0. The switching between the off/on colors can be completed in tens of seconds. Based on these advantages, the PC gels are used to actively camouflage and fabricate invisible patterns that are transparent in water but revealable in other solvents. This work offers a straightforward and efficient way to build PC gels with solvents‐responsive off/on color characteristics, showing great potential in camouflage, anticounterfeiting, and optical devices.
Interaction of Layered Silicates with Biomembranes: Ion Exchangers and Non‐Exchangers
Authors: Cananà Stefania , Pavan Cristina , Bellomo Chiara , Escolano‐Casado Guillermo , Chilla Giuseppe , Lison Dominique , Mino Lorenzo , Turci Francesco
Published: September 2022

Layered silicates (LS, clays) are a composite group of minerals whose industrial interest and technological applications are progressively expanding, spanning from catalysis to biomedicine. However, the compatibility of LS with biological systems is not clear, and mechanistic data about biophysicochemical interactions at the interface of LS and biomembranes are scarce. Here, cell membrane damage, assessed using red blood cells as model membranes, is revealed for kaolin (> 75 wt.% kaolinite, 1:1 layer structure) and bentonite (> 90 wt.% montmorillonite, 1:2 layer structure) particles. The high membranolytic capacity of bentonite (i.e., high ion‐exchanger LS) is the result of the combined contribution of both mineral surface features and sample‐specific cation exchange capacity (CEC). For kaolin (i.e., non‐ion‐exchanger LS), the capacity to damage membranes is primarily due to surface hydroxyl species, that is, silanols and aluminols, exposed at the crystal lattice boundaries. When kaolin is thermally disorganized into amorphous metakaolin, membrane damage is driven by a specific sub‐population of surface hydroxyl species, namely the “nearly free silanols”, previously evidenced on quartz. This study establishes the rationale underlying the interactions between LS particles and membranes and can set the basis for the understanding of interfacial phenomena of LS.
LIPSS for SERS: Metal Coated Direct Laser Written Periodic Nanostructures for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Erkızan Serena Nur , İdikut Fırat , Demirtaş Özge , Goodarzi Arian , Demir Ahmet Kemal , Borra Mona , Pavlov Ihor , Bek Alpan
Published: September 2022

A novel method of fabricating large‐area, low‐cost surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates is introduced which yields densely nanostructured surfaces utilizing laser‐induced periodic surface structuring (LIPSS) of crystalline silicon (Si). Two different interaction regimes yield low spatial frequency (LSFL) and high spatial frequency (HSFL) LIPSS patterns. Nanostructuring of Si surface is followed by deposition of a thin noble metal layer to complete the fabrication procedure. A 50–70 nm thick Ag layer is shown to maximize the SERS performance. The SERS effect is attributed to the electromagnetic field enhancement originating from the nanoscale surface roughness of Si that can be controlled by LSFL and HSFL nature of the structure. The SERS substrates are found to be capable of detecting a Raman analyte down to 10−11 m. SERS performance of the Ag deposited substrates at 532, 660, and 785 nm excitation wavelengths is compared. Both LSFL and HSFL Si surfaces with 70 nm thick Ag are found to exhibit the strongest SERS under 660 nm excitation exhibiting Raman enhancement factors (EFs) as high as 109. The Raman EFs are calculated both by SERS spectra experimentally, and using finite‐elements method simulation of the electric field enhancement where a good agreement is found.
Advanced Colloidal Sensors Enabled by an Out‐of‐Plane Lattice Resonance
Authors: Gupta Vaibhav , Aftenieva Olha , Probst Patrick T. , Sarkar Swagato , Steiner Anja M. , Vogel Nicolas , Fery Andreas , König Tobias A. F.
Published: September 2022

The rational design and dispersion engineering of plasmonic colloid gratings are mainly responsible for advancing refractive index sensors. Herein, a 1D colloidal plasmonic lattice composed of nanoparticle dimer chains fabricated by a combination of interference lithography, soft molding, and colloidal self‐assembly is studied. The bottom‐up approach affords centimeter‐scale arrays of high‐quality colloidal nanoparticles with resonances in the visible range. Demonstrating a special case of collective plasmonic coupling called out‐of‐plane lattice resonance (OPLR) is focused on. Such OPLRs are excited, solely under oblique illumination with transverse magnetic polarization, and these findings with electromagnetic simulations are supported. In addition, it is experimentally found that such resonances are spectrally narrow with a linewidth of 8.08 ± 0.6 nm and have a quality factor of 78.49 ± 5.7, an enhancement by a factor of 11.62 compared with a single particle. The oblique incidence provides field enhancement outside the substrate plane, which is more accessible and sensitive to a surrounding analyte. A simple glycerol–water mixture as a model system to demonstrate this enhanced sensitivity and discuss the potential for a sensing application in an asymmetric refractive index environment is demonstrated. Beyond these sensing applications, this platform has the potential to enhance other processes, such as hot carrier injection or coherent energy transfer.
Dynamic Control of Piezoelectricity Enhancement via Modulation of the Bulk Photovoltaic Effect in a BiFeO3 Thin Film
Authors: Heo Yooun , Zhang Hangbo , Alexe Marin
Published: September 2022

Piezoelectricity, which is an electromechanical effect induced by conversion between mechanical and electrical energy, is one of the key functionalities in ferroelectric oxides. Traditionally, structural engineering in synthesis via a variety of processing control parameters has been a well‐established route to host so‐called morphotropic phase boundaries for enhancing piezoelectricity. However, this involves dealing with synthetical complexity and difficulties of strictly controlling structures and defects. Instead, for simple and in situ control, here, a critical pathway for light‐induced piezoelectricity enhancement and its dynamic control is unveiled in a BiFeO3/DyScO3 thin film by implementing an in‐plane geometry operation, allowing for modulation of the bulk photovoltaic effect. A series of in‐plane length‐dependent piezoresponse force microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy‐based measurements under illumination reveals its strong influence on the photocurrent and photovoltage, consequently revealing a maximum of eightfold increase of the effective piezoelectric coefficient, dzz. Light polarization dependent measurements show sinusoidal behavior of piezoelectricity closely linked to photocurrent variations, leading to a further threefold increase of dzz. Temporal decay measurements reveal persistent behavior of enhanced piezoelectricity after removal of illumination, associated with reemission of photocarriers trapped in sub‐levels. These results pave the way for light‐induced piezoelectricity enhancement compatible with the photovoltaic effect in ferroelectric thin films for multifunctional nano‐optoelectronics.
Construction of fluorescent hyperbranched polysiloxane‐based clusteroluminogens with enhanced quantum yield and efficient cellular lighting
Authors: Bai Tian , Zhang Yunsheng , Wang Lan , Yan Hongxia , Zhou Wenhao
Published: September 2022

Owing to its designability and intrinsic fluorescence, non‐conjugated hyperbranched polysiloxane (HBPSi) has attracted widespread attention in biological filed, while it is still severely restricted by low fluorescence efficiency. So, in this paper, we introduced disulfide into HBPSi improving their luminescence properties and synthesized different molecular weight HBPSi (P1, P2, and P3). Surprisingly, P1 exhibited ultrahigh quantum yield up to 47.81%. Meanwhile, experiments applied with theoretical calculations were employed to explore the fluorescence mechanism, which is attributed to efficient restricting of non‐radiative decay by clusteroluminogens formed with the cooperation of hyperbranched structure and double hydrogen bonding. In addition, the biocompatibility of P1 was verified by co‐culture with MC3T3‐E1 and P1 lighted up mouse fibroblast cells without fluorescent dyes. This work designed a novel fluorescent polymer with ultrahigh fluorescence quantum yield and cell imaging ability, which is promising in visualization diagnosis and treatment of tumor.
Methylprednisolone pulse therapy for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A single‐center retrospective observational study
Authors: Okano Hiromu , Furuya Ryosuke , Niida Shoko , Minami Sakura , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Suzuki Naoya , Otsuka Tsuyoshi , Miyazaki Hiroshi
Published: September 2022

Aim

This study compared the clinical outcomes of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pneumonia treated with high‐dose methylprednisolone and other steroids.

Methods

This retrospective observational study included critically ill COVID‐19 pneumonia adult patients with tracheal intubation treated between April 1, 2020, and September 15, 2021. Of the 46 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 36 received steroid pulse therapy (Group P) and 10 received steroids without pulse therapy (Group NP). Subgroup analyses in Group P by methylprednisolone dose of 1000 or 500 mg for 3 days during intensive care unit stay were carried out. The primary and secondary outcomes were 28‐day mortality and steroid‐associated complications, respectively.

Results

In the Kaplan–Meier curve analysis, there was no difference in the 28‐day survival between P and NP groups (log–rank P = 0.046). Univariate Cox proportional hazard model also showed that Group P had a decreased 28‐day mortality (hazard ratio 0.30; [95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.44]; P < 0.01). After adjusting for covariates (age, sex, remdesivir, baricitinib, and favipiravir), using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, Group P had improved 28‐day mortality (0.50 [0.30–0.85], P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Steroid pulse therapy might improve the 28‐day and in‐hospital mortality in critically ill patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia.
Identifying key factors for coral survival in reef restoration projects using deep learning
Authors: Morand Gaétan , Dixon Simon , Le Berre Thomas
Published: September 2022

Coral restoration has emerged globally as a form of life support for coral reefs, awaiting urgent mitigation of anthropogenic pressures. Yet its efficiency is difficult to assess, as sizeable transplantation programmes handle hundreds of thousands of fragments, with survival rates inherently time intensive to monitor. Owing to limited available data, the influence of most environmental and methodological factors is still unknown.

To address this issue, machine learning and computer vision were used to track individual colonies' survival, in a world first. Fragments from several species of Acropora and Pocillopora were transplanted over 12 sites across two Maldivian atolls. These colonies grew on coral frames, placed between 1 and 30 m deep. Analysis of monitoring pictures provided health and growth data on 77,574 individual coral colonies to inform the influence of genus, depth, initial fragment size, and substrate on their survival.

Among 77,574 fragments, individual survival rate was 31% after 2 years (21% after 4 years), which is much lower than most reported results. Deeper placement was an important success factor for Acropora transplants, but not for Pocillopora. In both genera, smaller initial fragment size was key to increased survival rates. Pocillopora fragments survived better than Acropora fragments at shallow depths (≤7 m), regardless of initial fragment size. Deeper, both genera had similar survival rates, which were influenced by initial fragment size and depth with comparable importance. During the mid‐2019 heat wave, previously transplanted Acropora fragments were 38% more likely to die than Pocillopora fragments.

Overall, the total volume of live coral steadily increased over time, by more than 3.7 × 106 cm3 per year, as the volume increase in surviving fragments more than compensated for the volume loss due to mortality. This finding supports the use of targeted coral restoration to accelerate reef recovery after mass bleaching events.
Field estimates of crayfish mortality associated with passive integrated transponder tagging
Authors: Hamilton Gregor L. , Cooper Taylor L. , Turner Thomas F.
Published: September 2022

Mark–recapture studies of crayfish using internally implanted passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags is a promising method for understanding details of crayfish ecology. The size of crayfish that can be marked is dependent on the size of the PIT tag. Several studies have examined mortality rates associated with the insertion of the smallest currently available PIT tags (Biomark MiniHPT8, 8.4 × 1.4 mm) using different insertion locations and husbandry conditions.

Here, carapace length‐ and sex‐dependent mortality rates were evaluated for three ventral PIT tag insertion locations (central, pleopod and lateral) in a field experiment focusing on the northern crayfish (Faxonius virilis) in the Gila River Basin where it was introduced several decades ago.

The central insertion method was the only treatment group that did not exceed background mortality in two trials for all individuals combined. When evaluated by sex, no insertion method exceeded control mortality in males, and only the lateral insertion method exceeded control mortality in females. The relationship between carapace length and mortality was different depending on the PIT tag insertion location and sex.

Regardless of sex or size, F. virilis responded with lower mortality rates when the PIT tag was inserted using the central insertion method, and this method is preferred for tagging F. virilis of ≥20 mm carapace length.

Crayfish are large‐bodied macroinvertebrate omnivores with important roles in freshwater ecosystems. This article identifies best practices for internal PIT tag placement, provides estimates of mortality associated with tagging, and thereby advances ecological research focused on the conservation of imperilled or sensitive crayfishes. It also provides useful guidance for studies of non‐native crayfish in communities where they have become invasive.
Preparation of PEI‐modified nanoparticles by dopamine self‐polymerization for efficient DNA delivery
Authors: Liu Liang , Yang Zhaojun , Liu Chaobing , Wang Mengying , Chen Xin
Published: September 2022

Achieving efficient and safe gene delivery is of great significance to promote the development of gene therapy. In this work, a polydopamine (PDA) layer was coated on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) by dopamine (DA) self‐polymerization, and then magnetic Fe3O4 NPs were prepared by the Michael addition between amino groups in polyethyleneimine (PEI) and PDA. The prepared Fe3O4 NPs (named Fe3O4@PDA@PEI) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As an efficient and safe gene carrier, the potential of Fe3O4@PDA@PEI was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. The results show that the Fe3O4@PDA@PEI NPs are stable hydrophilic NPs with a particle size of 50–150 nm. It can efficiently condense DNA at low N/P ratios and protect it from nuclease degradation. In addition, the Fe3O4@PDA@PEI NPs have higher safety than PEI. Further, the Fe3O4@PDA@PEI/DNA polyplexes could be effectively absorbed by cells and successfully transfected and exhibit higher cellular uptake and gene transfection efficiency than PEI/DNA polyplexes. The findings indicate that the Fe3O4@PDA@PEI NPs have the potential to be developed into a novel gene vector.
Neue Forschungsergebnisse zu Nass‐in‐Nass geklebten Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken
Authors: Arendt Stephan , Sutter Melf , Breidenbach Marie , Schlag Robert , Schmid Volker
Published: September 2022

Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken (HBV‐Decken) kombinieren die positiven mechanischen Eigenschaften der Werkstoffe Holz und Beton und setzen diese in einem Gesamtbauteil strukturoptimiert ein. Eine gut geplante und ausgeführte HBV‐Decke verfügt über gute Schall‐ und Brandschutzeigenschaften sowie eine geringe Schwingungsneigung. Sichtbares Holz auf der Deckenunterseite wird von Bauherren und Architekten vielfach geschätzt. Der größte Vorteil von HBV‐Decken gegenüber klassischen Stahlbetondecken ist die Reduktion des notwendigen Betonvolumens. Entsprechend geringer ist der CO2‐Ausstoß. Die gleichzeitige Reduktion des Deckeneigengewichts wirkt sich zudem positiv auf die Gründung aus. Die aktuellen Verbindungstechnologien für HBV‐Decken sind vergleichsweise aufwendig und ermöglichen meist nur einen nachgiebigen Verbund von Holz und Beton. In diesem Aufsatz werden neue Forschungsergebnisse zur Herstellung einer HBV‐Decke mittels Nass‐in‐Nass‐Klebung vorgestellt. Basierend auf Schubversuchen an Slip‐Block‐Proben werden wesentliche mechanische Eigenschaften der Klebung und Randbedingungen für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung vorgestellt. Im Anschluss werden Bauteilversuche an geklebten HBV‐Deckenelementen mit bis zu 8 m Spannweite präsentiert. Im letzten Abschnitt dieses Beitrags werden die Herausforderungen starr verbundener HBV‐Decken aus Betonschwinden und klimatischen Einwirkungen diskutiert.