bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chapman‐Enskog Expansion and the QuantumHydrodynamic Model for Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Gardner Carl L. , Ringhofer Christian
Published: September 2007

A “smooth” quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model for semiconductor devices is
derived by a Chapman‐Enskog expansion of the Wigner‐Boltzmann equation which can
handle in a mathematically rigorous way the discontinuities in the classical potential
energy which occur at heterojunction barriers in quantum semiconductor devices. A
dispersive quantum contribution to the heat flux term in the QHD model is introduced.
Investigation of the Local ForceApproximation in Numerical DeviceSimulation by Full‐bandMonte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Jungemann C. , Neinhüs B. , Meinerzhagen B.
Published: September 2007

The critical assumptions in the drift‐diffusion model are the local force approximation
and the use of the Einstein relation under nonequilibrium conditions. The validity of
these two approximations is investigated by full‐band Monte Carlo simulation for a
SiGe‐HBT. It is found that neither the local force approximation nor the Einstein
relation holds. Even Einstein relations generalized with the local temperature fail under
quasiballistic transport conditions, indicating that the energy transport and hydrodynamic
approach are also problematic.
Strain‐Dependence of Electron Transport in BulkSi and Deep‐Submicron MOSFETs
Authors: Bufler F. M. , Yoder P. D. , Fichtner W.
Published: September 2007

The strain‐dependence of electron transport in bulk Si and deep‐submicron MOSFETs
is investigated by full‐band Monte Carlo simulation. On the bulk level, the drift velocity
at medium field strengths is still enhanced above Ge‐contents of 20% in the substrate,
where the low‐field mobility is already saturated, while the saturation velocity remains
unchanged under strain. In an n‐MOSFET with a metallurgical channel length of
50nm, the saturation drain current is enhanced by up to 11%, but this maximum
improvement is essentially already achieved at a Ge‐content of 20% emphasizing the
role of the low‐field mobility as a key indicator of device performance in the deep‐submicron
regime.
Numerical Studies of Miniband Conductionin Quasi‐One‐Dimensional Superlattices
Authors: Mori N. , Hamaguchi C. , Eaves L. , Main P. C.
Published: September 2007

Monte Carlo simulations of electron motion in GaAs/A1As superlattices with narrow
mini‐band width are performed to investigate the effect of a strong magnetic field on
miniband conduction. In the quantum limit at low temperatures when the cyclotron
energy exceeds the miniband width, the miniband conduction is found to exhibit a
strong suppression. This results from the quasi‐one‐dimensional states formed in the
quantum limit and the restricted range of the scattering processes available to the
conduction electrons. A small shoulder on the lower electric field side of the main peak
is also found in marked contrast with Esaki‐Tsu and Ignatov models.
Wigner Function Methods in Modeling of Switchingin Resonant Tunneling Devices
Authors: Grubin H. L. , Buggeln R. C.
Published: September 2007

Issues associated with modeling of quantum devices within the framework of the
transient Wigner equation are addressed. Of particular importance is the structure of
the Wigner function, hysteresis, and device switching time, whose value is determined by
the large signal device properties.
Monte Carlo Modeling of Wurtzite and 4H PhaseSemiconducting Materials
Authors: Brennan K. F. , Bellotti E. , Farahmand M. , Nilsson H.-E. , Ruden P. P. , Zhang Y.
Published: September 2007

We present a discussion of the complexities encountered in particle simulation models
for noncubic symmetry semiconductors, focusing on the wurtzite and 4H polytypes
of GaN and SiC. We have identified three general issues, band structure, scattering
mechanisms, and band intersections, which in our opinion, constitute the most important
modifications to conventional Monte Carlo simulators for cubic symmetry
semiconductors. It is found that the band intersection points present the greatest
modeling challenge. We discuss the effect of band intersections on the transport
dynamics and our initial attempts at treating transport near these points. Comparison to
experimental data is also made.
Program, Erase and Retention Timesof Thin‐oxide Flash‐EEPROMs
Authors: Iannaccone G. , Gennai S.
Published: September 2007

We present an investigation of the process of charging and discharging of the floating
gate of thin oxide Flash EEPROMs based on a fully quantum mechanical approach to
transport in the vertical direction. Our approach allows us to compute program, erase,
and retention times as a function of the gate stack structure, and applied voltages.
Simulation of Enhanced Interface TrappingDue to Carrier Dynamics in Warped ValenceBands in SiGe Devices
Authors: Barker J. R. , Watling J. R.
Published: September 2007

Much of the potential of SiGe for p‐MOSFET application is reduced by the lower than
expected hole mobilities which are likely to be lowered by interface roughness scattering.
The present paper analyses a hitherto unrecognised enhancement of interface scattering
and trapping process which arises from the complex hole dynamics in the warped heavy
hole band.
Three‐dimensional Spectral Solutionof Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Trellakis A. , Ravaioli U.
Published: September 2007

We present a fast and robust method for the full‐band solution of Schrödinger′s
equation on a grid, with the goal of achieving a more complete description of high
energy states and realistic temperatures. Using Fast Fourier Transforms, Schrödinger′s
equation in the one band approximation can be expressed as an iterative eigenvalue
problem for arbitrary shapes of the conduction band. The resulting eigenvalue problem
can then be solved using Krylov subspace methods as Arnoldi iteration. We demonstrate
the algorithm by presenting an example concerning non‐parabolic effects in an
ultra‐small Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor quantum cavity at room‐temperature. For
this structure, we show that the non‐parabolicity of the conduction band results in a
significant lowering of high‐energy electronic states.
The Deterministic Circuit Model for Noise Influenceon the Averaged Transient Responses of Large‐scaleNonlinear ICs Analyzed with Itô′s StochasticDifferential Equations
Authors: Willander Magnus , Mamontov Yevgeny , Vincent Jonathan
Published: September 2007

The second‐order nonrandom ordinary differential equation (ODE) system derived as
the noise‐source‐aware model for expectations of solutions of Itô′s stochastic
differential equation (ISDE) system is discussed in connection with large‐scale
integrated circuits (ICs). The work explains the reason why the new model consistently
allows for the noise‐induced phenomena in the expectations, namely, stochastic
resonance, stochastic linearization, stochastic self‐oscillations and stochastic chaos. The
case of stochastic resonance is considered as an example. In spite of the fact that the
above second‐order model is more complex than the nonrandom first‐order IC ODE
system for the expectations commonly used in engineering, an efficient practical
technique for its implementation is proposed. The corresponding predicted computing
time is only in 2.5 times greater than in the case of the first‐order model which does not
include any noise‐source influence upon the expectations of the modelled IC responses.
Prospective Randomized Comparison of Coronary Bypass Grafting With Minimal Extracorporeal Circulation System (MECC) Versus Off-Pump Coronary Surgery
Authors: Mazzei Valerio , Nasso Giuseppe , Salamone Giovanni , Castorino Filippo , Tommasini Antonello , Anselmi Amedeo
Published: September 2007

Background—

We aimed to evaluate the clinical results and biocompatibility of the minimal extracorporeal circulation system (MECC) compared with off-pump coronary revascularization (OPCABG).

Methods and Results—

In a prospective randomized study, 150 patients underwent coronary surgery with the use of MECC and 150 underwent OPCABG. End points were (1) circulating markers of inflammation and organ injury, (2) operative results, and (3) outcome at 1-year follow-up. Operative mortality and morbidity were comparable between the groups. Release of inflammatory markers was similar between groups at all time points (peak interleukin-6 167.2±13.5 versus 181±6.5 pg/mL,
P
=0.14, OPCABG versus MECC group, respectively). Peak creatine kinase was 419.3±103.5 versus 326±84.2 mg/dL (
P
=0.28), and peak S-100 protein was 0.13±0.08 versus 0.29±0.1 pg/mL (
P
=0.058, OPCABG versus MECC group, respectively). Length of hospital stay and use of blood products were similar between groups. Two cases of angina recurrence at 1 year in the MECC group were observed versus 5 cases observed in the OPCABG group (
P
=0.44). A residual perfusion defect at myocardial nuclear scan was less frequent among patients in the MECC group (3 versus 9 cases,
P
=0.14; odds ratio 0.32, 95% confidence interval 0.07 to 1.32). Six (OPCABG group) versus 3 (MECC group) coronary grafts were occluded or severely stenotic at 1 year (
P
=0.33, odds ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.09 to 2.14).

Conclusions—

Clinical results of coronary revascularization with MECC are optimal when this procedure is performed by experienced teams. Postoperative morbidity is comparable to that with OPCABG. MECC is associated with little pump-related systemic and organ injury. It may achieve the benefits of OPCABG (less morbidity in high-risk patients) while facilitating complete revascularization in the case of complex lesions unsuitable for OPCABG.
Between Reason and Sensation: Antipodean Artists and Climate Change
Authors: Randerson Janine
Published: September 2007

The author, drawing on her experience as a New Zealand artist who has collaborated with meteorologists, suggests that artists may enter climate change discourse by translating (or mis-translating) scientific method into sensory affect. She examines three recent art projects from Australasia that draw on natural phenomena: her own Anemocinegraph (2006–2007), Nola Farman's working prototype The Ice Tower (1998) and Out-of-Sync's ongoing on-line project, Talking about the Weather. The author cites Herbert Marcuse's 1972 essay “Nature and Revolution,” which argues that sensation is the process that binds us materially and socially to the world.
Electoral Systems and Electoral Misconduct
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: September 2007

This article is a cross-national study of the impact of electoral system design on electoral misconduct. It argues that elections held in single-member districts (SMD) under plurality and majority rule are more likely to be the object of malpractice than those run under proportional representation (PR). Two reasons are advanced in support of this argument: Candidates in SMD systems have more to gain from individual efforts to manipulate elections than is the case for candidates in PR contests; and malfeasance is more efficient under SMD rules, in that the number of votes that must be altered to change the outcome is typically smaller than it is under PR. This hypothesis is tested and confirmed on a new data set of electoral manipulation in 24 postcommunist countries between 1995 and 2004. The proportion of seats elected in SMDs is found to be positively associated with levels of electoral misconduct, controlling for a variety of contextual factors.
The Mass Media's Political Agenda-Setting Power
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soroka Stuart , Nuytemans Michiel
Published: September 2007

Do mass media determine or codetermine the political agenda? Available answers on this question are mixed and contradictory. Results vary in terms of the type of political agenda under scrutiny, the kind of media taken into account, and the type of issues covered. This article enhances knowledge of the media's political agenda-setting power by addressing each of these topics, drawing on extensive longitudinal measures of issue attentiveness in media, Parliament, and government in Belgium in the 1990s. Relying on time-series, cross-section analyses, the authors ascertain that although Belgium is characterized by a closed political system, the media do to some extent determine the agenda of Parliament and government. There is systematic variation in media effects, however. Newspapers exert more influence than does television, Parliament is somewhat more likely to follow media than government, and media effects are larger for certain issues (law and order, environment) than for others (foreign policy, economic issues).
Therapeutic Neuropsychological Assessment: A Humanistic Model and Case Example
Authors: Gorske Tad T.
Published: September 2007

One of the challenges the field of clinical neuropsychology faces is to develop an assessment process that is relevant to the needs of patients and referral sources and responsive to those needs. One method for meeting this need is for psychologists and neuropsychologists to extend their services to develop clinical interventions that serve to enhance patients' cognitive and emotional well-being. Feedback to patients from the results of neuropsychological tests is an intervention that is considered an important part of the assessment process, and there is evidence that direct feedback has positive therapeutic effects for patients. Although many authors have provided suggestions and principles for conducting neuropsychological test feedback, there is no agreed-on conceptual framework for doing so. The following article presents a humanistic model for providing feedback from the results of neuropsychological tests and a case example of its application with a young woman suffering from a brain tumor.
Partnership consultation and employer domination in two British life and pensions firms
Authors: Samuel Peter
Published: September 2007

Partnership agreements between employers and trade unions usually establish joint consultation committees for union representatives and managers to discuss workplace issues. According to conventional wisdom dominant employers use consultation under the rubric of partnership to reduce union influence and effectiveness.This article tests this assumption through a longitudinal study of new joint consultation committees introduced as part of partnership agreements in two employer dominant British life and pensions firms. Ineffective consultation in one firm reflected a conflictual industrial relations climate and management seeking retrenchment. In the other firm effective consultation developed notwithstanding employer dominance due to a more cooperative industrial relations climate, a history of cooperative management-union relations and management motives for adaptation. The findings suggest that consultation under partnership agreements enables effective union influence in such circumstances.
Constructing habitus: the negotiation of moral encounters at Telekom
Authors: O'Mahoney Joe
Published: September 2007

This article uses Bourdieu's concept of habitus and a relational view of agency to illuminate the role of the actor in negotiating moral norms in organizations. Drawing upon case-study evidence from a major start-up company, the article illustrates how power, time and agency intertwine in a series of `moral encounters'. It is argued that the outcomes of these reflexive negotiations feed into the creation of dispositions which inform the creation and interpretation of subsequent action.
Silence, Condoms, and Masculinity
Authors: Castro-Vázquez Genaro , Kishi Izumi
Published: September 2007

To investigate how some Japanese graduate students understand their masculine identity and negotiate sexual encounters and condom use, the authors interviewed sixty twenty-four-year-old to twenty-six-year-old heterosexual men during the summer of 1997. They used a set of three interviews covering three areas: home, school and/or job, and sexual life. In talking about sexual encounters and decision making about contraception, they found that male's responsibility and protection are considered the main reasons for keeping decisions under their control. Allusions to sexuality as an act closely related to reproduction make condoms to be regarded as a barrier, which negates the pleasure of sex and interferes with arousal. The authors did not find any reference to “safer sex.” Inaccurate information and ignorance about methods of contraception seemed to be constant. The association of condoms with contraception seemed to deny the possibilities of condoms as protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Menstrual knowledge and practices amongst secondary school girls in lle lfe, Nigeria
Authors: Abioye-Kuteyi E.A.
Published: September 2007

The menstrual knowledge and practices of 352 randomly selected healthy Nigerian schoolgirls were studied. 187 (53.1 %) had attained menarche. 40% of subjects were deficient in knowledge about menstruation. Although menstrual knowledge was higher in post-menarcheal girls, 10% of these were totally ignorant about menses and 84% were not psychologically prepared for the first menses. Girls' menstrual knowledge was positively associated with parental education. The major source of menstrual information was the family. Although more than half of the girls menstruated regularly, 66.3 %, used insanitary materials as menstrual absorbent. The mean duration of menstrual flow was 4.32 ± 1.15 days (mean ± SD) with a range of 3 - 7 days in 95.2% of the study population.

There is an acute need for education and psychological preparation of girls for menstruation well ahead of menarche.
Oedema in childhood
Authors: Leung A.K.C. , Robson W.L.M.
Published: September 2007

Oedema is a common childhood problem with important public health implications. It is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space which might result from a decrease in intravascular oncotic pressure, an increase in intravascular hydrostatic pres sure, an increase in capillary permeability or impaired lymphatic drainage. Renal sodium retention is an important factor in gener alised oedema. This article reviews the pathophysiology and aetiology of oedema in children and suggests an approach to evalu ation, diagnosis and management of the problem.
Cloud cuckoo land: a tale with a message
Authors: Millard Peter H.
Published: September 2007

Up and down the country, wherever you may be, performance comparison is what you see Peer review, some people say, really ought to go away Here a thoughtful tale is told, to remind you all about days of old What you see is what you get, for my story is not finished yet Fashions come and fashions go, we always reap the seeds we sow Cuckoos come and cuckoos go, into my story you must go
Home safety
Authors: Stewart Jill
Published: September 2007

There are more accidents in the home than many other environments, yet there is no duty on local authorities to promote domes tic safety per se and the discretionary powers under the Home Safety Act 1961 are rarely used. The local authority remit in safe hous ing is therefore largely through housing enforcement and grant led activity. The main statutory controls available to local authori ties in addressing home safety are found under various Housing Acts, in particular the statutory standard of fitness for habitation, which can provide remedy for some, although not all, potential home accidents.

There are many potential hazards in the home which current legislation fails to address. This is one reason why a new stan dard of assessing domestic conditions - the Housing Health and Safety Rating System- is currently being considered. This new sys tem seeks to change the current emphasis on a 'materials and construction specification' type approach to a system based on known domestic hazards and their reduction ('per formance specification') although there remains much debate around the subject.

This paper considers the current and pro posed systems and other opportunities avail able to local authorities in addressing the major area of home safety.
Health determinants and podiatry
Authors: Brodie Brian S.
Published: September 2007

Public health and podiatry have a natural union both through historical development and a shared interest in prevention. Podiatry is considered in terms of health determinants such as income, social support, education and environment. The author considers that podiatry has a constructive role to play in the improvement of health and well-being in terms of the previously unrecog nised relationship of the profession to the deter minants of health and population health promo tion.
Lessons to be learned: a case study approach Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Dewan Madhu , Rasshid Mohammad , Elmalik Elfadil Ma , Ansari Mohammad Amin , Morad Nader
Published: September 2007

Primary paraganglioma arises in frequently in the uri nary bladder. We present here the clinicopathologi cal, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural find ings in a 23-year-old Saudi female. She was hospi talised because of gross haematuria over the previ ous seven days. The intravenous urogram revealed a filling defect in the urinary bladder. Cystoscopy dis closed a non-papillary tumour arising from the roof of the bladder neck. Transurethral resection was, accordingly, performed - but marked fluctuation in blood pressure was observed during the procedure. The histopathological findings of trabeculae and small nests of plump oval to spindle cells with a clear to acidophilic cytoplasm, forming an organoid pat tern and demonstrating inconspicuous mitotic activ ity, were diagnostic of paraganglioma of the urinary bladder; the diagnosis was confirmed by means of immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. The endocrine markers chromogranin A and neu ron-specific enolase were positive in chief cells; sus tentacular cells at the periphery of neoplastic cell clusters were positive for S-100 protein. Neurosecre tory granules were identified by electron microscop ic examination. It is emphasised that, currently, there are no anatomico-pathological criteria to distinguish benign and malignant forms of the disease. Post-sur gical recovery was uneventful in this case. Recurrence and metastases, though infrequent, have been report ed in the literature; therefore, radiation therapy may be an important adjunct - and long-term follow-up is mandatory.
A guide to HACCP and function catering
Authors: Worsfold D.
Published: September 2007

Catering for large functions presents many potential problems associated with the advanced preparation and storage of large quantities of food which then must be safely transported, regenerated, displayed and served in venues that are often not designed for the purpose. A hygiene management system based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles will help ensure the food safety of catering functions.

Hazards associated with different function ser vice styles were identified by questioning caterers and by observing catering functions. An approach to risk assessment of hazards was considered and controls recommended for use in function catering were given, together with appropriate monitoring tech niques. A simple format for documenting the HACCP system was provided. It was recommended that caterers evaluate existing prerequisite hygiene programmes (sanitation and pest control) to ensure that they support the HACCP system.
Injuries in Sport
Authors: Muckle David Sutherland
Published: September 2007

Whatever sport is considered the basic requirements of speed, strength, endurance and skill are common factors; each may be hampered by a prolonged absence from sport through injury. Recent advances in treatment are based on the following principles: injuries should be seen as soon as possible, diagnosis should be accurate, immobilisation should be for as short a time as possible, treatment should be intensive.
Grass Pollen Concentrations in the U.K
Authors: Allan Fay , Davies R.R. , Fuller E. , Gibson G.L. , Jackson Felicity A. , Mullins J. , Pollitt W.E. , Powell J. , Warnock D.W.
Published: September 2007

A CENSUS of grass pollen concentrations was under taken at 9 sites throughout the U.K. in 1977. Large differences were noted between concentrations on indi vidual days and peak concentrations occurred later at the Northern sites.
Pediculosis among Rural School children in Kelang, Selangor, Malaysia and their Susceptibility to Malathion, Carbaryl, Perigen and Kerosene
Authors: Sinniah B. , Shekhar Chandka , Ramphal L. , Senan P.
Published: September 2007

A HIGH prevalence rate (41.5%) for head louse infestation has been recorded among rural school-children in Selangor, Malaysia. Distribu tion of the ecto-parasite among the three main ethnic groups (Indians 51.8%, Malays 42%, and Chinese 27.3%) was also studied. The prevalence rate de pended on the length of hair and sex of the person involved.

Treatment with 0.2% and 0.5% Malathion resulted in immediate success rate of 79.2% and 91.5%. Treatment with Carbaryl resulted in an immediate success rate of 100% at dosages of 0.6% and above.

Perigen applied at a dosage of 0.1% gave an immediate success rate of 97.6% whereas kerosene applied undiluted showed a success rate of 87.5%. No side reactions were recorded with any of the insecti cides used, with the exception of kerosene.
Mothers' Beliefs as to Causation and Prevention of Birth Defects in lle-lfe, Nigeria
Authors: Ojofeitimi E.O. , Elegbe I.
Published: September 2007

TYPE OF birth defects ever seen or heard of and beliefs as to the causation and means of prevent ing the defects were investigated among 225 newly delivered and nursing mothers by interview schedule. The results indicated that the most common birth defect seen or heard of was extra digits (poly- dactyly) or missing digits (dactyly) on the hand or foot. Other commonly birth defects reported in order of frequency were amputated leg or hand at birth, webbed fingers or toes, cleft palate, and excessively big head (hydrocephalus). Evil power due to jealous neigh bours, witchcraft or sorcery, God's will and pregnant mothers walking at midday or midnight were perceived by the mothers to cause birth defects. Avoidance of walking at midday and midnight during pregnancy, wrapping of sharp objects such as pins, or stones on the dress during pregnancy, praying to God and going to the herbalists were the major responses as to means of averting birth defects. The roles of professional health workers and educators to educate the public as to causes and prevention of birth defects through an effective health education programme are highlighted in the text.
A Retrospective Estimate of Some Vital Statistics for British Indian Ocean Territory 1965-1973
Authors: Grainger C.R.
Published: September 2007

FOR THE civilian population British Indian Ocean Territory had only a short existence from its found ing in 1965 to 1976 when three of the islands reverted to Seychelles sovereignty. Most of the civilian population had left the islands by early 1973. Social conditions on the islands were probably very similar to those existing on equivalent islands in other territories but because of limited administrative services there were no published statistics at the time. The analysis of birth and death certificates now in Seychelles allowed a retrospective estimate to be made of some of the vital statistics.

The main causes of mortality and morbidity were diseases amenable to simple preventive measures which were not applied probably due to lack of knowledge on the part of the population of the islands. If at any time in the future a civilian population returns to the islands basic sanitation and hygiene should be given a high priority by the Administration.
Effect of Work on Health — Community Perceptions in Zimbabwe
Authors: Chinemana Frances Anne
Published: September 2007

A HOUSEHOLD survey investigating attitudes towards health and illness was conducted in rural and urban areas of Zimbabwe between 1981 and 1982. Evidence suggests that many health problems are perceived to arise from occupational factors, amongst both men and women. This is confined not only to those working in the industrial sector, but also includes those engaged in the informal sector and those who 'work' at home. It is argued that the situation calls for a broader definition of 'occupational health' to be introduced.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Nigeria
Authors: Elegbe I.A. , Salawu L. , Adeyemo A.O.
Published: September 2007

TO DETERMINE the epidemiological significance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with respect to the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary tuberculosis in Ile- Ife, Nigeria, the medical records of all patients with positive Mantoux tests, stained sputum smears positive for acid fast bacilli and who had chest radiographs showing yidence of tuberculosis, between 1976 and 1980, were determined. Pulmonary tuberculosis was found to occur in both sexes and in all age groups. The highest incidence was recorded among people aged 45 years and above. Overall, there were more males, 465 (51.8%) compared to 433 (48.2%) females. The results also showed that more cases of tuberculosis were reported and treated during the rainy season than at the dry season.
Drug hoarding in a Jerusalem community
Authors: Slater P.E. , Ellencweig A.Y. , Braun M. , Yishai O. , Hozmi N. , Benadiba E. , Benarroch F. , Yachin S.
Published: September 2007

We carried out a drug hoarding survey of an Israeli urban neighbourhood. Large quantities of drugs were stored by most families, particularly families with children and the elderly. The commonest drugs held were analgesics-antipyretics, but cardioactive drugs, antibiotics and cough preparations were also held in large numbers. Two-thirds of drugs held were not in current use. Drug-labelling was illegible, although most patients knew the purpose of the drugs they kept. Expiration dates were absent from most drug packages. Drug packaging and storage in families with children was generally unsafe. Physicians and pharmacists have the responsibility to educate patients to store drugs correctly and to use stored drugs safely.
Candidiasis In Nigerian Students
Authors: Elegre Isaac A. , Juba A.
Published: September 2007

WABBED SPECIMENS from the following ana tomical sites - skin, nasal, oral, rectal and vaginal were examined for their concentration of Candida albicans and the relationship of each count to the anatomical sites, microscopy results, Polymorphonuclear leukocytes concentrations and candidiasis.

A total of 1,000 specimens were analysed by wet mount, microscopy, and culture from undergraduate female students whose ages ranged between 18 and 30 years. It was observed that 45.5% of the total specimens was positive for Candida albicans using the cultural technique. There was a statistical significant difference P <0.05 in the isolation rate of the three identification techniques and the recovery of Candida albicans from the various anatomical sites. Vaginal specimens recorded the largest number of positive cultures with 136(30.0%) of the total 454 positive cultures. 128(94.1%) of the total positive vaginal specimens had counts in excess of 103 CFU/ml.

A significant correllation (P<0.001) was noted among the concentration of yeast cells from the various anatomical sites. Furthermore, the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the concentration of yeast cells from the various body sites was statistically significant (P<0.001).
Occupational Health and Safety in a Newly Industrializing Country
Authors: Jinadu M.K.
Published: September 2007

IN THIS case study, a four-year record review of notifi able industrial disease and accidents was undertaken in Oyo State of Nigeria with an objective of evaluating the administrative effectiveness of occupational health and safety programme in the country.

Incidence rate of notifiable industrial accidents was quite high — 18.2/103 workers. The rate was higher in the construction workers — 20.1/103 — than in the manufacturing workers — 16.3/103. Yet, few of the accidents were notified and compensated for under the workmen's Compensation Act. The amount of financial compensation received by the few compensated workers was out of tune with socio-economic realities of the country. Throughout the period of the study not a single notifiable occupational disease was diagnosed and noti fied. Reasons were advanced for non-compliance with safety laws and ineffectiveness of the occupational health and safety system.
Training Public Health Engineers in Developing Countries
Authors: Diamant B.Z.
Published: September 2007

THE SHORTAGE of public health engineers in the developing countries is the most acute and urgent among all other health disciplines. The inauguration of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade 1981-1990 by the United Nations in November 1980, followed by a soaring demand for public health engineers, has further aggravated the situation.

The conventional public health engineering training system, that is practised in almost all higher learning institutions, including those located in the Third World, consists of a graduate course in civil engineering, followed by a post-graduate course in public health engineering. This system that has been functioning quite satisfactorily in the developed countries, has failed to produce these required engineers in the developing countries. The appropriate training technology for public health en gineers, discussed in this paper, that has been successfully experienced in Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria, can provide a sound solution for the acute shortage problem. This solution is based on the performance of the whole training at the graduate level only in a Department of Environmental Engineering, established in the Faculty of Engineering.

Developing countries universities that provide engine ering studies, should adopt this solution in order to eliminate the long-term problem of acute shortage in public health engineers in these countries.
First Year Health Activities in a Northern Territory of Australia High School: Role of the School Nurse
Authors: Saint-Yves Marguerite
Published: September 2007

THE HEALTH Activities undertaken by a school nurse employed in a Northern Territory High School are described and assessed in relation to the current role of the school nurse. Present and proposed roles are considered.
Health Status of Elderly in Hong Kong Sheltered Housing
Authors: Woo Jean , Ho S.C. , Teoh R. , Donnan S.P.B. , Vallance-Owen J.
Published: September 2007

AMULTIDIMENSIONAL assessment including socioeconomic, functional, physical, mental, and dietary status of the elderly living in shel tered housing was undertaken, in order to formulate a policy to provide adequate primary health care aimed at improving the quality of life. Method of assessment consisted of questionnaires, physical examination, urine testing, anthropometric measurements, respirat ory function and blood tests. Four hundred and twenty- eight (96%) of the residents, all aged 60 and above, were interviewed. Improvement in the following areas were considered desirable:

(1) Although sheltered housing with adequate health care support is a good arrangement for elderly with low income without relatives, adequate living space is necessary to avoid conflict among tenants;

(2) Low cost or free health care services should be made more available to the elderly. The health visitor has an important role to play in ensuring that chronic diseases continued to be treated and in supervising such treatment;

(3) Regular supervision of those with impaired mental function, and visits at intervals for those who are depressed should be arranged;

(4) Dietary advice on increasing the consumption of calcium — containing foods and vitamin B com plex supplementation should be considered.
Height and Weight Comparison of Children in New Zealand and the United States
Authors: Jordan Thomas E. , Silva Phil A.
Published: September 2007

HEIGHT AND weight data from two perinatal cohorts in the United States and in New Zealand are presented. All data were gathered as a part of prospective longitudinal inquiries known as the St. Louis Baby Study and the Dunedin Multi disciplinary Health and Development Study.

Of note is the fact that inquiry has used individual children as the focus of inquiry, rather than group mem bership such as attending the same school or church. Excluded from analyses for the purpose of this report are children of non-European origin such as Maori or Black children.

Data are reported metrically for height and weight and percentiles conform to international usage for the purpose of reporting. In general both groups of children are similar in initial height and weight, in the course of development at subsequent ages to 10 years, and also in the matter of increments in height and weight.
Taste discrimination of traditional and 'health' modified recipes
Authors: Chauhan Jaya
Published: September 2007

BEEF STEW and sponge cake were prepared util ising traditional recipes and recipes modified in accordance with NACNE, National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education guidelines (1983).Triangle tests were performed to determine whether subjects could discriminate between samples prepared using the traditional recipes. Thirty subjects (15 men and 15 women) participated. No significant differences could be established between the traditional and modified stew or sponge cake in terms of eating quality. Modification of traditional recipes by reducing sugar, fat and salt and increasing the fibre content without affecting the overall sensory quality that the consumer expects is an ideal way of achieving recommended dietary goals.
Maternal Influences on Birth Weight
Authors: Abdulaziz Al-Sekait Mohammed
Published: September 2007

THE BIRTH weight of 2,848 singleton babies delivered Al-Medina District hospitals was studied. The mean birth weight of Al-Medina babies was 3.26 Kg. (SD 0.44), the males with mean birth weight of 3.32 Kg. (SD 0.45), and were signifi cantly heavier than females with a mean birth weight of 3.20 Kg. (SD 0.42). The incidence of low birth weight was 7.0 per cent. The birth weight was found to increase consistently with maternal age, parity, and height. Birth weight was significantly higher for babies of non consanguineous parents.
HIV Infection and South-West General Practitioners
Authors: Wood Neil , Whitfield Michael J. , Bailey David J.
Published: September 2007

GENERAL PRACTITIONERS in the Severn Faculty of the Royal College of General Prac titioners were asked about their knowledge and practice in dealing with HIV infected patients. 62% responded to our anonymous questionnaire. Overall, four-fifths of the doctors expressed confidence in their ability to advise HIV antibody positive patients on sexual activity, drug abuse and domestic activities. Only 61% were confident of their ability to advise such patients on pregnancy. Differences in screening policy and measures of awareness were related to location of practice by county within the Region and to the presence of HIV infected patients on individual lists. The findings are discussed in relation to previous surveys of general practitioners in the UK.
Farm Accidents in an Irish County
Authors: Doyle Y. , Moore A.
Published: September 2007

BETWEEN 1977-87, 17 farm accident deaths were recorded in a county of population 52,379 in the north-east of Ireland. In 1986, a further 150 non-fatal cases were recorded in the county during a national survey of non-fatal farm accidents. Tractors were the commonest cause of fatal and non-fatal accidents and the latter were frequently serious. Although 63% of fatal, and 60% of non-fatal accidents occurred to farmers, 31% of fatal and 15% of non-fatal cases were farmer's children, and these were mainly under 12 years old. The commonest age group of fatal cases was between 1-15 years, and of non-fatal cases between 46-60 years. The latter age group is repre sentative of the national age group of Irish farmers.

There were fewer than three deaths in this series which were beyond the control of the deceased or their gaurdian, and many non-fatal accidents were associated with risk taking by the deceased. The very low profile afforded farm safety at all levels in Ireland is inappro priate as there is no evidence that farm accidents have decreased either in number or severity in recent years. Examples of non-accidental deaths on the farm are presented to illustrate the need for personal alarm systems for the elderly farmer; furthermore, a 'dis tressed farmer' scheme run by farming interests is recommended for farmers whose social isolation and financial worries have become an unbearable burden to them.
Infant Feeding Pattern and Weaning Practices in Kuwait
Authors: Amine Ezzat K. , Al-Awadi Fawzia , Rabie Mohamed
Published: September 2007

ASURVEY was carried out to investigate infant feeding pattern and weaning practices in Kuwait. The study covered 2833 mothers of children less than three years old. The results showed that 60.6% of the infants were breast-fed, 14.0% were bottle-fed and 25.4% received mixed feeding. The mean duration of breast feeding was 5.8 months and varied from 9.5 to 4.3 months among illiterate and educated mothers respectively. The results also showed that older mothers were more likely to breast-feed their infants for a longer duration. On the contrary, mothers from high-income families were less likely to practise breast- feeding. In addition, the study revealed that 37.4% of the infants were weaned suddenly; the reasons for weaning were stated as: insufficient milk (30.7%), new pregnancy (14.7%), infant reaching weaning age (12.3%), mothers' sickness (12.0%), infant refusal (10.6%) and mothers' desire (6.6%).
Appendicitis in Soweto, South Africa: Traditional Healers and Hospitalization
Authors: Walker A.R.P. , Walker B.F. , Manetsi B. , Tsotetsi N.G. , Segal I.
Published: September 2007

APPENDICITIS IS near absent in rural blacks in Africa, and even in urban areas it remains very uncommon. Since the disease is new, and, moreover, potentially dangerous, a study was made of the antecedent history of 97 patients with proven appendicitis. Information was acquired concerning visits, and treatments and history, of (1) 34 patients who went first to traditional healers, and (2) 63 patients who sought orthodox medical attention. Of healers' treatments, none was beneficial; patients were ulti mately directed, or decided to go to the hospital. Throughout Africa, traditional healers are held in high esteem and very extensively patronized. Accordingly, in both rural and in urban areas, concerted endeavours must be made by health authorities to promote recognition by healers of those diseases, acute or malignant, for which patients should be told to seek immediate medical attention.
Chemical Quality of Drinking Water in Bahrain
Authors: Musaiger Abdulrahman O. , Khunji Zakaria A.
Published: September 2007

CHEMICAL quality of five types of water used for drinking purposes in Bahrain were studied. There are three main sources of drinking water: tap, private treated, and bottled waters. The findings revealed that tap water had highest level of all chemicals studies (except silica) compared to other waters. Sodium level in tap water ranged from 100 to 545.9 mg/l, with an average of 309.4 mg/l. This average exceeds the drinking water standard as recommended by WHO (200 mg/l), making this water unsuitable for hypertensive people. Average level of fluoride ranged from 0.28 in carbonated mineral water to 0.85 mg/l in tap water. The high usage of bottled mineral water for dnnking purposes may deprive the public, especially the children, from one of the protective elements (fluoride) for dental caries. This disease is highly prevalent in Bahrain. A programme to control chemi cal quality of drinking water in the country is highly recommended.
Psychosocial Rehabilitation: The Role of the Psychiatric Nurse
Authors: Whitfield William , Gibson Colin
Published: September 2007

THE roles and functions of Nurses working in Rehabilitation Psychiatry are varied and com plex, new challenges are arising out of historical and emerging contexts. This paper explores problems faced by the Psychiatric Nurse and explains some of the functions and roles that contribute to the rehabilitation process.
Anthropometric Measurements in Rural School Children
Authors: Khan Asif Z. , Singh N.I. , Hasan S.B. , Sinha S.N. , Zaheer M.
Published: September 2007

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS of 1012 rural school-going children, selected ran domly, were performed. There were 776 males and 236 females in the age group of 5-15 years. The values of weight and height were recorded for every child in the study sample. Age and sex break-up was studied and compared with the ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) standard.

The comparison made separately for boys and girls showed that the values for both sexes and in all age groups were less than the ICMR standard. The majority (83.6%) of the children belonged to the middle and low social class according to the modified Prasad's classification. An inference is, therefore, drawn that rural school children of middle and low socio-economic status are shorter and lighter as com pared with even their own counterparts on whom the ICMR values are based.

The state of health of school-going children in India is far from satisfactory despite the fact that school health programmes along with other nutritional pro grammes have been in operation for several decades. School-going children constitute a sizeable section of India's population, i.e. about 27%, which is easily accessible and also receptive.

An early and convenient method of assessing nutri tional and socio-economic status of growing children is anthropometry. Physical growth, in terms of weight and height, is considered an important parameter reflecting the pattern of growth and development in a community. In the developing countries, the growing children by and large are depnved of good nutrition on account of their poor socio-economic status, ignorance and lack of health promotional facilities. This nutritio nal deprivation results in relative stunting of growth.
The Effect of the Consumption of Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on the Growth of Rats and the Implications for Human Populations
Authors: McPherson Lorna L.
Published: September 2007

RAW RED Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) at a level as low as 1% of diet have been shown to cause death in rats in two weeks. Beans cooked at 100° for 30 mins, and incorporated at a level as high as 20% of diet do not retard growth when tested against casein. However, when beans which have cooked at 70° for 30 mins are incorporated growth retardation is almost as great as that which occurs when raw beans are fed. The small amount of lectin present in beans cooked at 70° might be responsible for this effect.
Blood Transfusion and AIDS in the USA
Authors: Greatbatch Wilson , Holmes William
Published: September 2007

WE have examined data for 3518 cases of transfusion-acquired AIDS (TA-AIDS) onsets as reported to the USA Centers for Disease Control (CDC) through 30 June 1990. We discarded 1077 of these records because of missing or uncertain date of infection. We present here infection and onset data on the remaining 2441 cases in a Rees Plot of year of onset vs. year of infection. This is probably the only class of AIDS patients for whom the date of infection is reasonably ascertainable. Also the large number of cases which we present, by cohorts of year of infection, should be useful for epidemiology and for public health planning purposes.
The Health Effects of Aluminium — A Review
Authors: Cooke K. , Gould M.H.
Published: September 2007

THIS REVIEW covers the occurrence of alumi nium in soil, air, water and food. In addition, aluminium levels in body tissues and its move ment within the body have been considered. The adverse effects of aluminium that have been reported in recent years include Alzheimer's disease, dementia and hyperactivity and learning disorders in children.