bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME THOUGHTS ON THEODECTAS’MAVSOLVS
Authors: Sims Thomas
Published: May 2020

TheSudatells us the following about the elder Theodectas, the Phaselian orator and tragedian:

Θεοδέκτης, Ἀριστάνδρου, Φασηλίτης ἐκ Λυκίας, ῥήτωρ, τραπεὶς δὲ ἐπὶ τραγῳδίας, μαθητὴς Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἰσοκράτους καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους. οὗτος καὶ ὁ Ἐρυθραῖος Ναυκράτης καὶ Ἰσοκράτης ὁ ῥήτωρ, ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης, καὶ Θεόπομπος, ἐπὶ τῆς ρϛ́ ὀλυμπιάδος εἶπον ἐπιτάφιον ἐπὶ Μαυσώλῳ, Ἀρτεμισίας τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ προτρεψαμένης. καὶ ἐνίκησε μάλιστα εὐδοκιμήσας ἐν ᾗ εἶπε τραγῳδίᾳ. ἄλλοι δέ φασι Θεόπομπον ἔχειν τὰ πρωτεῖα. δράματα δὲ ἐδίδαξε ν́. τελευτᾷ δὲ ἐν Ἀθήναις ἐτῶν ἑνὸς καὶ μ́, ἔτι τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ περιόντος. ἔγραψε δὲ καὶ τέχνην ῥητορικὴν ἐν μέτρωι, καὶ ἄλλα τινα καταλογάδην.

Theodectas, son of Aristander, from Phaselis in Lycia, an orator, then he turned to tragedy, a pupil of Plato, Isocrates and Aristotle. This man [that is, Theodectas] and Naucrates from Erythrae and Isocrates the orator from Apollonia and Theopompus, in the 106th Olympiad [356/5–353/2b.c.], gave funeral speeches for Mausolus, at the instigation of his widow Artemisia. And [Theodectas] won, gaining great honour in the tragedy which he spoke. Others, however, say that Theopompus won first prize. He [that is, Theodectas] produced fifty plays. He died in Athens at the age of 41, being survived by his father. He also wrote anArt of Rhetoricin verse, and some other works in prose.
Entire solutions of a variation of the eikonal equation and related PDEs
Authors: Lü Feng
Published: May 2020

The aim of this paper is twofold. The first aim is to describe the entire solutions of the partial differential equation (PDE) $u_{z_1}^2+2Bu_{z_1}u_{z_2}+u_{z_2}^2=e^g$, where B is a constant and g is a polynomial or an entire function in $\mathbb {C}^2$. The second aim is to consider the entire solutions of another PDE, which is a generalization of the well-known PDE of tubular surfaces.
COMPETITIVE IMPERIALISM IN THE EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: KALMAN JULIE
Published: May 2020

Historians of empire are well aware of the importance of finding moments and spaces of connectedness between empires. The question of how to do so meaningfully remains open. This article brings to light a significant moment of imperial connectedness, through imperial contest. It tells the story of the humiliating expulsion of the British consul John Falcon from the strategic Mediterranean port of Algiers, during the Napoleonic wars. Both France and Britain sought to establish an informal imperial presence in the regency of Algiers, for access to the grain that both needed – France for its southern regions and armies, and Britain for the supply of its Mediterranean base in Gibraltar. The consuls of both powers were obliged to deal with a Jewish trading house that acted as middleman, both in trade and in diplomatic relations in the regency: the House of Bacri and Busnach. As the two powers competed, and sought to shut one another out, they attributed failures and frustrations to this trading house. Through French and British perceptions of Falcon's expulsion, and both powers’ understanding of the role of the trading house in events, this article offers a picture of imperial connection, bringing together middlemen, diplomacy, and international relations.
Bankrupt: Financial Life in Late Mandate Palestine
Authors: Mitter Sreemati
Published: May 2020

In the late 1930s, the first independent Arab banks in Palestine, the Arab Bank and the Arab Agricultural Bank, sued customers who had defaulted on loans in an attempt to maintain solvency. Their indebted customers, unable to pay, fought back to prevent their lands from being foreclosed and sold to Zionist buyers. Each party claimed that its position was consistent with, indeed essential to, the anti-Zionist nationalist cause. The story of these pioneering Arab banks and their legal battles with their customers in the wake of the 1936-1939 revolt provides insight into Arab financial life in Mandate Palestine. It reveals the banks’ struggles to survive; complicates notions of Arab-Palestinian landlessness and indebtedness; and argues that political and economic exigencies, not reductive notions of collaboration or patriotism, produced the banks’ antagonistic relationship with their customers, whereby the survival of one came at the expense of the other.
Rebel Groups, International Humanitarian Law, and Civil War Outcomes in the Post-Cold War Era
Authors: Stanton Jessica A.
Published: May 2020

Do rebel group violations of international humanitarian law during civil war—in particular, attacks on noncombatant civilians—affect conflict outcomes? I argue that in the post-Cold War era, rebel groups that donottarget civilians have used the framework of international humanitarian law to appeal for diplomatic support from Western governments and intergovernmental organizations. However, rebel group appeals for international diplomatic support are most likely to be effective when the rebel group can contrast its own restraint toward civilians with the government's abuses. Rebel groups that donottarget civilians in the face of government abuses, therefore, are likely to be able to translate increased international diplomatic support into more favorable conflict outcomes. Using original cross-national data on rebel group violence against civilians in all civil wars from 1989 to 2010, I show that rebel groups that exercise restraint toward civilians in the face of government violence are more likely to secure favorable conflict outcomes. I also probe the causal mechanism linking rebel group behavior to conflict outcomes, showing that when a rebel group exercises restraint toward civilians and the government commits atrocities, Western governments and intergovernmental organizations are more likely to take coercive diplomatic action against the government. The evidence shows that rebel groups can translate this increased diplomatic support into favorable political outcomes.
Trans-Imperial Anarchism: Cooperatist communalist theory and practice in imperial Japan
Authors: KRAMM ROBERT
Published: May 2020

This article investigates anarchist theory and practice in 1920s and 1930s imperial Japan. It deliberately focuses on concepts and interventions by a rather unknown group—the Nōson Seinen Sha—to highlight a global consciousness even among those anarchists in imperial Japan who did not become famous for their cosmopolitan adventures. Their trans-imperial anarchism emerged from a modern critique of the present and engagement with cooperatist communalist ideas and experiences in Asia, Russia, and Western Europe. Anarchists theorized and implemented new forms of living that challenged the forces of capitalism, imperialism, and increasing militarism. In doing so, they simultaneously positioned themselves against established conservative and fascist agrarianism as well as Marxist dogmatism in the socialist movement. Despite their repression by the imperial state, they offered a radical, universalist, yet pragmatic way of being in autarkic farming village communes that corresponded with similar ideas and movements worldwide.
Improved Motion Planning of Humanoid Robots Using Bacterial Foraging Optimization
Authors: Muni Manoj Kumar , Parhi Dayal R. , Kumar Priyadarshi Biplab
Published: May 2020

This paper emphasizes on Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm for effective and efficient navigation of humanoid NAO, which uses the foraging quality of bacteria Escherichia coli for getting shortest path between two locations in minimum time. The Gaussian cost function assigned to both attractant and repellent profile of bacterium performs a major role in obtaining the best path between any two locations. Mathematical formulations have been performed to design the control architecture for humanoid navigation using the proposed methodology. The developed approach has been tested in a simulation platform, and the simulation results have been validated in an experimental platform. Here, motion planning for both single and multiple humanoid robots on a common platform has been performed by integrating a petri-net architecture for multiple humanoid navigation. Finally, the results obtained from both the platforms are compared in terms of suitable navigational parameters, and proper agreements have been observed with minimal amount of error limits.
Geospatial and hot spot analysis of paediatric tuberculosis infection in Bohol, Philippines
Authors: Leining L. M. , Gatchalian S. R. , Gunter S. M. , Castillo-Carandang N. T. , Mandalakas A. M. , Cruz A. T. , McCormick J. B. , Murray K. O.
Published: May 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) in children is a critical public health issue. In Bohol, Philippines, we found a high tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive prevalence (weighted prevalence = 6.4%) among 5476 children (<15 years) from 184 villages, with geographically isolated communities having prevalence as high as 29%. Therefore, we conducted a geospatial and hot spot analysis to examine the association between villages with high TST-positive prevalence (⩾6.5%) and access to medical care (distance (in kilometres and minutes of travel time) to the municipal Rural Health Units (RHU)), access to healthcare resources (distance to Provincial Health Office (PHO)) and socioeconomic determinants of health. Hot spot analysis revealed significant clusters of TST-positive prevalence in villages farthest from the PHO. Based on univariate analysis, the following variables associated with high prevalence were included in the multivariate model: minutes of travel time to the PHO, distance to the PHO, island villages and total deprivation based on socioeconomic indicators. In the final model, only distance to PHO in minutes was significant (P = 0.005). When evaluated further, greater than 1-hour drive significantly increased risk for TST-positivity (P = 0.003). Distance to healthcare resources likely increases the risk of TB transmission within the community. Expanding TB control efforts to geographically isolated areas is critical.
Developmental antecedents of social anhedonia: The roles of early temperament and sex
Authors: Mumper Emma E. , Finsaas Megan C. , Goldstein Brandon L. , Gooding Diane C. , Klein Daniel N.
Published: May 2020

Social anhedonia is well established as a transdiagnostic factor, but little is known about its development. This study examined whether temperament and parenting in early childhood predict social anhedonia in early adolescence. We also explored whether the relationships between early predictors and social anhedonia are moderated by a child's sex. A community sample of children participated in laboratory observations of temperament and parenting practices at age 3 (n= 275). The participants returned at age 12 and completed the Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale–Child Version (ACIPS-C). Our results indicated that, at age 3, lower observed sociability predicted higher levels of social anhedonia at age 12. These associations were moderated by child sex, such that males with diminished sociability reported greater social anhedonia. These findings indicate that predictors of early adolescent social anhedonia are evident as early as 3 years of age. However, these effects were evident only for males, suggesting that the pathways to social anhedonia in early adolescence differ as a function of sex.
Reducing facial dynamics’ speed during speech enhances attention to mouth in children with autism spectrum disorder: An eye-tracking study
Authors: Gepner Bruno , Godde Anaïs , Charrier Aurore , Carvalho Nicolas , Tardif Carole
Published: May 2020

Facial movements of others during verbal and social interaction are often too rapid to be faced and/or processed in time by numerous children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which could contribute to their face-to-face interaction peculiarities. We wish here to measure the effect of reducing the speed of one's facial dynamics on the visual exploration of the face by children with ASD. Twenty-three children with ASD and 29 typically-developing control children matched for chronological age passively viewed a video of a speaker telling a story at various velocities, i.e., a real-time speed and two slowed-down speeds. The visual scene was divided into four areas of interest (AOI): face, mouth, eyes, and outside the face. With an eye-tracking system, we measured the percentage of total fixation duration per AOI and the number and mean duration of the visual fixations made on each AOI. In children with ASD, the mean duration of visual fixations on the mouth region, which correlated with their verbal level, increased at slowed-down velocity compared with the real-time one, a finding which parallels a result also found in the control children. These findings strengthen the therapeutic potential of slowness for enhancing verbal and language abilities in children with ASD.
Transgenerational Trauma, Shared Vulnerability and Interconnectedness in Zina Rohan’sThe Small Book
Authors: Pellicer-Ortín Silvia
Published: May 2020

This article aims at showing that extreme situations, such as wars, can reveal a common human vulnerability, which thus leads to a lack of sovereignty affecting all the agents implied in the traumatic episode. In Zina Rohan’s 2010 novel,The Small Book, this shared vulnerability crosses time and space boundaries by connecting coetaneous characters and their subsequent generations through inherited traumatic memories. These connections lead Rohan to blur the boundaries between what we may understand as victims and perpetrators of trauma. Thus, drawing on significant theories within the fields of trauma and memory studies as well as on conceptions about human vulnerability and interconnectedness, the main aim of this study is to analyse the key narrative mechanisms used by this British–Jewish author in order to represent the shared vulnerability and exposure to trauma that reigns during war and post-war times.
Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts in patients with obsessive-compulsive tic-related disorder vs obsessive-compulsive disorder: results of a multicenter Italian study
Authors: Benatti Beatrice , Ferrari Silvia , Grancini Benedetta , Girone Nicolaja , Briguglio Matteo , Marazziti Donatella , Mucci Federico , Dell’Osso Liliana , Gambini Orsola , Demartini Benedetta , Tundo Antonio , Necci Roberta , De Berardis Domenico , Galentino Roberta , De Michele Sara , Albert Umberto , Rigardetto Sylvia , Maina Giuseppe , Grassi Giacomo , Pallanti Stefano , Amerio Andrea , Amore Mario , Priori Alberto , Servello Domenico , Viganò Caterina , Bosi Monica , Colombo Anna , Porta Mauro , Dell’Osso Bernardo
Published: May 2020

Background

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorder (TD) represent highly disabling, chronic and often comorbid psychiatric conditions. While recent studies showed a high risk of suicide for patients with OCD, little is known about those patients with comorbid TD (OCTD). Aim of this study was to characterize suicidal behaviors among patients with OCD and OCTD.

Methods

Three hundred and thirteen outpatients with OCD (n = 157) and OCTD (n = 156) were recruited from nine different psychiatric Italian departments and assessed using an ad-hoc developed questionnaire investigating, among other domains, suicide attempt (SA) and ideation (SI). The sample was divided into four subgroups: OCD with SA (OCD-SA), OCD without SA (OCD-noSA), OCTD with SA (OCTD-SA), and OCTD without SA (OCTD-noSA).

Results

No differences between groups were found in terms of SI, while SA rates were significantly higher in patients with OCTD compared to patients with OCD. OCTD-SA group showed a significant male prevalence and higher unemployment rates compared to OCD-SA and OCD-noSA sample. Both OCTD-groups showed an earlier age of psychiatric comorbidity onset (other than TD) compared to the OCD-SA sample. Moreover, patients with OCTD-SA showed higher rates of other psychiatric comorbidities and positive psychiatric family history compared to the OCD-SA group and to the OCD-noSA groups. OCTD-SA and OCD-SA samples showed higher rates of antipsychotics therapies and treatment resistance compared to OCD-noSA groups.

Conclusions

Patients with OCTD vs with OCD showed a significantly higher rate of SA with no differences in SI. In particular, OCTD-SA group showed different unfavorable epidemiological and clinical features which need to be confirmed in future prospective studies.
HATE SPEECH LAWS: EXPRESSIVE POWER IS NOT THE ANSWER
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime
Published: May 2020

According to the influential “expressive” argument for hate speech laws, legal restrictions on hate speech are justified, in significant part, because they powerfully express opposition to hate speech. Yet the expressive argument faces a challenge: why couldn't we communicate opposition to hate speech via counterspeech, rather than bans? I argue that the expressive argument cannot address this challenge satisfactorily. Specifically, I examine three considerations that purport to explain bans’ expressive distinctiveness: considerations of strength; considerations of directness; and considerations of complicity. These considerations either fail to establish that bans are expressively superior to counterspeech, or presuppose that bans successfully deter hate speech. This result severely undercuts the expressive argument's appeal. First, contrary to what its proponents suggest, this argument fails to circumvent the protracted empirical controversies surrounding bans’ effectiveness as deterrents. Second, the expressive argument appears redundant, because bans are expressively distinctive only insofar as hate speech is already suppressed.
Exploring emotions and cognitions in hoarding: a Q-methodology analysis
Authors: Postlethwaite Adam , Kellett Stephen , Simmonds-Buckley Nathan
Published: May 2020

Background:

The cognitions and emotions of people prone to hoarding are key components of the dominant cognitive behavioural model of hoarding disorder.

Aims:

This study sought to use Q-methodology to explore the thoughts and feelings of people that are prone to hoarding, to identify whether distinct clusters of participants could be found.

Method:

A 49-statement Q-set was generated following thematic analysis of initial interviews (n= 2) and a review of relevant measures and literature. Forty-one participants with problematic hoarding met various study inclusion criteria and completed the Q-sort (either online or offline). A by-person factor analysis was conducted and subsequent participant clusters compared on psychometric measures of mood, anxiety, hoarding and time taken on the online task as proxy for impulsivity.

Results:

Four distinct participant clusters were found constituting 34/41 (82.92%) of the participants, as the Q-sorts ofn= 7 participants failed to cluster. The four clusters found were ‘overwhelmed’ (n= 11 participants); ‘aware of consequences’ (n= 13 participants); ‘object complexity’ (n= 6 participants) and ‘object–affect fusion’ (n= 4 participants). The clusters did not markedly differ with regard to hoarding severity, anxiety, depression or impulsivity.

Conclusions:

Whilst the participant clusters reflect extant research evidence, they also reveal significant heterogeneity and so prompt the need for further research investigating emotional and cognitive differences between people prone to hoarding.
The acceptability and feasibility of group cognitive behavioural therapy for older adults with generalised anxiety disorder
Authors: Hall Jo , Kellett Stephen , Kaur Bains Manreesh , Stonebank Heather , Scott Shonagh
Published: May 2020

Background:

Group psychotherapy for older adults with generalised anxiety disorder is an under-researched area.

Aim:

This report describes a mixed method evaluation of the acceptability and feasibility of an Overcoming Worry Group.

Method:

The Overcoming Worry Group was a novel adaptation of a cognitive behavioural therapy protocol targeting intolerance-of-uncertainty for generalised anxiety disorder, tailored for delivery to older adults in a group setting (n = 13).

Results:

The adapted protocol was found to be acceptable and feasible, and treatment outcomes observed were encouraging.

Conclusions:

This proof-of-concept study provides evidence for an Overcoming Worry Group as an acceptable and feasible group treatment for older adults with generalised anxiety disorder.
Polyglossic Malabar: Arabi-Malayalam and the Muhiyuddinmala in the age of transition (1600s–1750s)
Authors: YASSER ARAFATH P. K.
Published: May 2020

This article examines the relations between trade, faith, and textual traditions in early modern Indian Ocean region and the birth of Arabi-Malayalam, a new system of writing which has facilitated the growth of a vernacular Islamic textual tradition in Malabar since the seventeenth century. As a transliterated scriptorial-literary tradition, Arabi-Malayalam emerged out of the polyglossic lingual sphere of the Malabar Coast, and remains as one of the important legacies of social and religious interactions in precolonial south Asia. The first part of this article examines the social, epistemic and normative reasons that led to the scriptorial birth of Arabi-Malayalam, moving beyond a handful of Malayalam writings that locate its origin in the social and economic necessities of Arab traders in the early centuries of Islam. The second part looks at the complex relationship between Muslim scribes and their vernacular audience in the aftermath of Portuguese violence and destruction of Calicut—one of the largest Indian Ocean ports before the sixteenth century. This part focuses on Qadi Muhammed bin Abdul Aziz and hisMuhiyuddinmala, the first identifiable text in Arabi-Malayalam, examining how theMuhiyuddinmalarepresents a transition from classical Arabic theological episteme to the vernacular-popular poetic discourse which changed the pietistic behaviour of the Mappila Muslims of Malabar.
School readiness to adopt a school-based adolescent nutrition intervention in urban Indonesia
Authors: Octaria Yessi , Apriningsih Apriningsih , Dwiriani Cesilia M , Februhartanty Judhiastuty
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To identify school community readiness to adopt a school-based adolescent nutrition intervention.

Design:

Cross-sectional study: mixed-methods design. The community readiness model was used to guide instrument development and qualitative analysis. Quantitative data are presented using descriptive statistics. Each statement was rated on a seven-point Likert scale, thereby producing scores between 1 (strongly disagree) and 7 (strongly agree).

Setting:

Ten of the twenty current public secondary schools in Bogor, Indonesia.

Participants:

Ninety teachers and ten school principals.

Results:

Eating behaviour problem awareness was present among all participants; awareness of efforts to improve eating habits was also present, but these efforts were perceived as having low efficacy; support from the City Education Authority and Health Authority was present, but the support type did not match the perceived needs; nutrition education had not been implemented across the entire school community due to competing priorities; existing nutrition policies did not provide concrete scenarios and clear guidelines for nutrition-friendly schools; the availability and accessibility of healthy foods at schools were considered to be key factors in improved adolescent nutrition; positive attitudes existed among respondents towards the implementation of various nutrition programmes, and the median and mode were seven in all types of school-based intervention.

Conclusions:

The school community readiness level regarding school-based adolescent nutrition interventions is currently in the action phase, implying that community leaders have begun organising efforts to address issues in adolescent nutrition and are aware of their consequences. Future support should be directed towards improving existing efforts and offering concrete ideas and clear policy guidelines for implementation.
Glyphosate: environmental fate and impact
Authors: Duke Stephen O.
Published: May 2020

Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide, which has contributed to concerns about its environmental impact. Compared with most other herbicides, glyphosate has a half-life in soil and water that is relatively short (averaging about 30 d in temperate climates), mostly due to microbial degradation. Its primary microbial product, aminomethylphosphonic acid, is slightly more persistent than glyphosate. In soil, glyphosate is virtually biologically inactive due to its strong binding to soil components. Glyphosate does not bioaccumulate in organisms, largely due to its high water solubility. Glyphosate-resistant crops have greatly facilitated reduced-tillage agriculture, thereby reducing soil loss, soil compaction, carbon dioxide emissions, and fossil fuel use. Agricultural economists have projected that loss of glyphosate would result in increased cropping area, some gained by deforestation, and an increase in environmental impact quotient of weed management. Some drift doses of glyphosate to non-target plants can cause increased plant growth (hormesis) and/or increased susceptibility to plant pathogens, although these non-target effects are not well documented. The preponderance of evidence confirms that glyphosate does not harm plants by interfering with mineral nutrition and that it has no agriculturally significant effects on soil microbiota. Glyphosate has a lower environmental impact quotient than most synthetic herbicide alternatives.
Current situation regarding herbicide regulation and public perception in South America
Authors: Camargo Edinalvo Rabaioli , Zapiola Maria Luz , Avila Luis Antonio de , Garcia Milton Alejandro , Plaza Guido , Gazziero Dionísio , Hoyos Veronica
Published: May 2020

South American countries are important agricultural players worldwide. Pesticides are key components of their production systems and, in some cases, complement environmentally sound systems, such as no-till, which contributes to preserving soil productivity. In this review, presented in the symposium Global Perspective on Herbicides Being Banned during the 2019 Weed Science Society of America meeting, we describe the regulatory framework and current situation of restricted and banned herbicides in South America. We also discuss where the pressure for herbicide bans is coming from and the opportunities for improving herbicide use and public perception. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay were chosen as representative countries of the region. They all have regulatory systems in place for pesticide registration and reevaluation based on science. Glyphosate, paraquat, and some 2,4-D formulations are in the spotlight. Glyphosate is being reevaluated in Brazil and, although banned within the city limits in some cities in Argentina and Uruguay, it can still be used in agriculture. Paraquat is prohibited for aerial applications in Colombia and is the only herbicide that needs a professional prescription in Uruguay. It was reevaluated in Brazil, resulting in a use-restriction phase in effect until 2020, when it will be permanently banned. Ester formulations of 2,4-D have been banned in Brazil since the early 2000s and have restrictions in some provinces in Argentina, where 2,4-D butyl and isobutyl esters will be prohibited starting April 2021. In Uruguay, atrazine is the only herbicide banned for agricultural use. The regulatory frameworks ensure that herbicides on the market are effective and safe. Reevaluation is an important part of the system and is conducted when there are reasonable concerns. There are opportunities to continue training pesticide handlers and applicators and to communicate the importance of adopting the best management practices where herbicides are part of the production system.
Numerical Modeling of Dike Propagation Out of Continuously and Episodically Growing Midcrustal Magma Chambers
Authors: Chen Yanying , Nabelek Peter I.
Published: May 2020

In the continental crust, the probability of dike propagation out of magma chambers is governed by thermal, rheological, and pressure conditions of magma chamber‐wall rock systems. Incremental injection of melt into an average‐size, laccolith‐shaped, midcrustal magma chamber produces a volume of mobile magma at the bottom of the chamber that has the potential to escape as dikes through the upper, immobile portion of the chamber and the roof. Here we numerically model the conditions needed for dike propagation out of a magma chamber during continuous and episodic injections of melt into the chamber. The roles of magma buoyancy and overpressure from melt injections in generating dikes are explored within 1.78 × 104 to 1.78 × 108 Pa·s range of magma viscosities (μmag), 10 to 40 GPa range of elastic moduli (E) of the immobile top portion of the magma chamber, and 10 and 20 kyr durations of chamber growth. During episodic, high‐flux melt injections (tens of km3/yr), magma overpressure can reach >100 MPa and initiate dike propagation even when μmag and E are near the high ends of the examined ranges. The probability of generating dikes diminishes when the injection flux is lower. Continuous low‐flux injections favor magma accumulation because injection overpressure never exceeds 20 MPa. During either continuous or episodic growth of magma chamber, there is never a sufficient amount of mobile magma in the chamber for dikes to be induced by magma buoyancy alone.
Simulations of Electron Flux Oscillations as Observed by MagEIS in Response to Broadband ULF Waves
Authors: Sarris Theodore E. , Li Xinlin , Temerin Michael , Zhao Hong , Khoo Leng Ying , Turner Drew L. , Liu Wenlong , Claudepierre Seth G.
Published: May 2020

Coherent electron flux oscillations of hundreds of keV are often observed by the Van Allen Probes in the magnetosphere during quiet times in association with ultralow frequency (ULF) waves. They are observed in the form of periodic flux fluctuations, with a drift frequency that is energy dependent, but are not associated with drift echoes following storm‐ or substorm‐related energetic particle injections. Instead, they are associated with the resonant interaction of electrons with ULF waves and are an indication of ongoing electron radial diffusion. To investigate details of such flux oscillations, particle‐tracing simulations are conducted under the effect of realistic, broadband ULF electric and consistent magnetic fluctuations. Virtual detectors are simulated along spacecraft orbits and the results are compared to measurements. Through a parametric study, it is found that the width of electron energy channels is a critical parameter affecting the observed amplitude of flux oscillations, with narrower energy channel widths enabling the observation of higher‐amplitude flux oscillations; this potentially explains why such features were not observed regularly before the Van Allen Probes era, as previous spacecraft generally had lower energy resolution, which only enabled the observation of large‐amplitude drift echoes following a storm or substorm. Results are confirmed using the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) ultrahigh energy resolution data. Energy width effects are quantified through a parametric simulation study that matches flux oscillation observations during a period that is characterized by extremely quiet conditions, where the Van Allen Probes observed flux oscillations over multiple days.
A Reassessment of the Chronostratigraphy of Late Miocene C3–C4 Transitions
Authors: Tauxe L. , Feakins S. J.
Published: May 2020

Combining magnetostratigraphic and carbon isotopic data for the late Miocene can provide a temporal framework for an isotopic shift first documented in soil carbonate nodules of northern Pakistan. The shift has been interpreted as a change in vegetation from trees and shrubs (using the C3 photosynthetic pathway) to grassland (using the C4 pathway). The cause of the event has been hotly debated and its timing is close to a shift in carbon isotopes in the marine realm. Further understanding depends critically on chronology. Unfortunately, temporal calibration of the various records published over decades relied on different time scales. To address the lack of a consistent chronology, we have reevaluated the constraints for the carbon isotopic shifts recorded from the Indian subcontinent. These show a diachronous transition ranging in age from about 7.8 Ma in Pakistan to as late at 6 Ma in Nepal. The record from IODP Expedition 355 Site U1457, drilled on the Indus fan shows that the transition in peninsular India began at about 7.2 Ma. Similar records from the African margin saw an earlier shift to C4 dominance starting around 10 Ma and those from Australia and South America transitioned later, during the Pliocene. The diachroneity around the globe does not invalidate pCO2 as a driver, but is consistent with it being one of several drivers of the global C4 expansion.
Neural regulation of energy and bone homeostasis by the synaptic adhesion molecule Calsyntenin-3
Authors: Kim Sung-Jin , Jeong Yong Taek , Jeong Se Rok , Park Munsu , Go Hye Sun , Kim Mi Young , Seong Je Kyung , Kim Ki Woo , Seo Jeong Taeg , Kim Chul Hoon , Lee Ji Hyun , Moon Seok Jun
Published: May 2020

Neuronal regulation of energy and bone metabolism is important for body homeostasis. Many studies have emphasized the importance of synaptic adhesion molecules in the formation of synapses, but their roles in physiology still await further characterization. Here, we found that the synaptic adhesion molecule Calsyntenin-3 (CLSTN3) regulates energy and bone homeostasis.Clstn3global knockout mice show reduced body mass with improved leptin sensitivity and increased energy expenditure compared to their wild-type littermates. In addition,Clstn3knockout mice show reduced marrow volume and cortical bone mass without alteration of trabecular bone microarchitecture. This reduced bone mass is not bone cell-autonomous because neither osteoblast- nor osteoclast-specificClstn3knockout mice show bone defects; similarly, in vitro cultures of bothClstn3knockout osteoblasts and osteoclasts do not show any defects. These reduced body and bone mass phenotypes can be attributed instead to neuronal CLSTN3 because they are recapitulated by pan-neuronal but not sympathetic neuron-specific deletion ofClstn3. This study reveals novel physiological functions of neuronalClstn3as a key regulator of energy and bone homeostasis.
Uncovering the hidden diversity of litter-decomposition mechanisms in mushroom-forming fungi
Authors: Floudas Dimitrios , Bentzer Johan , Ahrén Dag , Johansson Tomas , Persson Per , Tunlid Anders
Published: May 2020

Litter decomposing Agaricales play key role in terrestrial carbon cycling, but little is known about their decomposition mechanisms. We assembled datasets of 42 gene families involved in plant-cell-wall decomposition from seven newly sequenced litter decomposers and 35 other Agaricomycotina members, mostly white-rot and brown-rot species. Using sequence similarity and phylogenetics, we split the families into phylogroups and compared their gene composition across nutritional strategies. Subsequently, we used Raman spectroscopy to examine the ability of litter decomposers, white-rot fungi, and brown-rot fungi to decompose crystalline cellulose. Both litter decomposers and white-rot fungi share the enzymatic cellulose decomposition, whereas brown-rot fungi possess a distinct mechanism that disrupts cellulose crystallinity. However, litter decomposers and white-rot fungi differ with respect to hemicellulose and lignin degradation phylogroups, suggesting adaptation of the former group to the litter environment. Litter decomposers show high phylogroup diversity, which is indicative of high functional versatility within the group, whereas a set of white-rot species shows adaptation to bulk-wood decomposition. In both groups, we detected species that have unique characteristics associated with hitherto unknown adaptations to diverse wood and litter substrates. Our results suggest that the terms white-rot fungi and litter decomposers mask a much larger functional diversity.
The untapped potential of ascites in ovarian cancer research and treatment
Authors: Ford Caroline Elizabeth , Werner Bonnita , Hacker Neville Frederick , Warton Kristina
Published: May 2020

The build-up of fluid in the peritoneal cavity—ascites—is a hallmark of ovarian cancer, the most lethal of all gynaecological malignancies. This remarkable fluid, which contains a variety of cellular and acellular components, is known to contribute to patient morbidity and mortality by facilitating metastasis and contributing to chemoresistance, but remains largely under-researched. In this review, we will critically analyse the evidence associating ascites with metastasis and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer and provide an update on research in the field. We will argue the case for ascites as a unique and accessible substrate for tracking tumour progression and for translational research that will enhance our understanding of this cancer and lead to improvements in patient outcomes.
Does multiparametric imaging with 18F-FDG-PET/MRI capture spatial variation in immunohistochemical cancer biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma?
Authors: Rasmussen Jacob H. , Olin Anders , Lelkaitis Giedrius , Hansen Adam E. , Andersen Flemming L. , Johannesen Helle H. , Kjær Andreas , Vogelius Ivan R. , Specht Lena , Bentzen Søren M. , Wessel Irene , von Buchwald Christian , Fischer Barbara M.
Published: May 2020

Background

The purpose of this study is to test if functional multiparametric imaging with 18F-FDG-PET/MRI correlates spatially with immunohistochemical biomarker status within a lesion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and also whether a biopsy with the highest FDG uptake was more likely to have the highest PD-L1 expression or the highest percentage of vital tumour cells (VTC) compared with a random biopsy.

Methods

Thirty-one patients with HNSCC were scanned on an integrated PET/MRI scanner with FDG prior to surgery in this prospective study. Imaging was quantified with SUV, ADC and Ktrans. A 3D-morphometric MRI scan of the specimen was used to co-register the patient and the specimen scans. All specimens were sectioned in consecutive slices, and slices from six different locations were selected randomly from each tumour. Core biopsies were performed to construct TMA blocks for IHC staining with the ten predefined biomarkers. The spatial correlation was assessed with a partial correlation analysis.

Results

Twenty-eight patients with a total of 33 lesions were eligible for further analysis. There were significant correlations between the three imaging biomarkers and some of the IHC biomarkers. Moreover, a biopsy taken from the most FDG-avid part of the tumour did not have a statistically significantly higher probability of higher PD-L1 expression or VTC, compared with a random biopsy.

Conclusion

We found statistically significant correlations between functional imaging parameters and key molecular cancer markers.
SOX1 promotes differentiation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by activating retinoid metabolic pathway
Authors: Lei Xin-Xing , Liu Yun , Wang Jin-Xing , Cai Qian , Yan Min , He Hui-Ping , Liu Quentin , Long Zi-Jie , Guan Zhong
Published: May 2020

Undifferentiation is a key feature of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which presents as a unique opportunity for intervention by differentiation therapy. In this study, we found that SOX1 inhibited proliferation, promoted differentiation, and induced senescence of NPC cells, which depended on its transcriptional function. RNA-Seq-profiling analysis showed that multiple undifferentiated markers of keratin family, including KRT5, KRT13, and KRT19, were reduced in SOX1 overexpressed NPC cells. Interestingly, gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed genes in SOX1 overexpressed cells were enriched in extracellular functions. The data of LC/MS untargeted metabolomics showed that the content of retinoids in SOX1 overexpressed cells and culture medium was both higher than that in the control group. Subsequently, we screened mRNA level of genes in retinoic acid (RA) signaling or metabolic pathway and found that the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases was significantly decreased. Furtherly, UGT2B7 could rescue the differentiation induced by SOX1 overexpression. Inhibition of UGTs by demethylzeylasteral (T-96) could mimic SOX1 to promote the differentiation of NPC cells. Thus, we described a mechanism by which SOX1 regulated the differentiation of NPC cells by activating retinoid metabolic pathway, providing a potential target for differentiation therapy of NPC.
The USP10-HDAC6 axis confers cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer lacking wild-type p53
Authors: Hu Chen , Zhang Mu , Moses Niko , Hu Cong-li , Polin Lisa , Chen Wei , Jang Hyejeong , Heyza Joshua , Malysa Agnes , Caruso Joseph A. , Xiang Shengyan , Patrick Steve , Stemmer Paul , Lou Zhenkun , Bai Wenlong , Wang Chuangui , Bepler Gerold , Zhang Xiaohong Mary
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10) stabilizes both tumor suppressors and oncogenes in a context-dependent manner. However, the nature of USP10’s role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. By analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we have shown that high levels of USP10 are associated with poor overall survival in NSCLC with mutant p53, but not with wild-type p53. Consistently, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of USP10 dramatically reduces the growth of lung cancer xenografts lacking wild-type p53 and sensitizes them to cisplatin. Mechanistically, USP10 interacts with, deubiquitinates, and stabilizes oncogenic protein histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Furthermore, reintroducing either USP10 or HDAC6 into a USP10-knockdown NSCLC H1299 cell line with null-p53 renders cisplatin resistance. This result suggests the existence of a “USP10-HDAC6-cisplatin resistance” axis. Clinically, we have found a positive correlation between USP10 and HDAC6 expression in a cohort of NSCLC patient samples. Moreover, we have shown that high levels of USP10 mRNA correlate with poor overall survival in a cohort of advanced NSCLC patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy. Overall, our studies suggest that USP10 could be a potential biomarker for predicting patient response to platinum, and that targeting USP10 could sensitize lung cancer patients lacking wild-type p53 to platinum-based therapy.
CRIF1 overexpression facilitates tumor growth and metastasis through inducing ROS/NFκB pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chang Hulin , Li Juntang , Qu Kai , Wan Yong , Liu Sinan , Zheng Wei , Zhang Zhiyong , Liu Chang
Published: May 2020

CR6-interacting factor 1 (Crif1) is a mitochondrial protein which is required for the assembly of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. Our bioinformatics analysis based on Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed an aberrant overexpression of CRIF1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the clinical significance and biological functions of CRIF1 are still unclear in this malignancy. Here, we report that CRIF1 is frequently overexpressed in HCC cells mainly due to the downregulation of miR-497-5p, which is associated with poor prognosis of patients with HCC. CRIF1-promoted HCC growth and metastasis by suppressing cell apoptosis and inducing cell cycle progression and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, increased mitochondrial ROS production and consequently activation of the NFκB signaling pathway was found to be involved in the promotion of growth and metastasis by CRIF1 in HCC cells. In summary, CRIF1 plays an oncogenic role in HCC progression through activating ROS/NFKB pathway, implying CRIF1 as a potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target in HCC.
ZHX2 drives cell growth and migration via activating MEK/ERK signal and induces Sunitinib resistance by regulating the autophagy in clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Liangsong , Ding Rong , Yan Hao , Zhang Jin , Lin Zongming
Published: May 2020

Zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2 (ZHX2) was found as a novel VHL substrate target, and acted as an oncogenic driver in ccRCC. However, the detailed mechanism of ZHX2 in ccRCC development remains elusive, and no research has focused on studying ZHX2 in drug resistance yet. A tissue microarray with 358 ccRCC samples was used to determine the expression of ZHX2 in ccRCC patients. VHL-deficient cell line 786-O and VHL-normal cell line CAKI-1 was used for lineage reprogramming by transfecting with lentivirus. The in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed with these new cell lines to determine the mechanism of ZHX2 in ccRCC development and drug resistance. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that ZHX2 was not highly expressed in ccRCC tumor tissues, only 33.2% (119/358) patients have high ZHX2 expression. However, high ZHX2 was significantly associated with advanced Fuhrman grade (p = 0.004), and proved to be an independent prognosis factor for progression-free survival (p = 0.0003), while there is no significant correlation with overall survival. We further discovered that ZHX2 overexpression could increase VEGF secretion and transcriptional activate the MEK/ERK1/2 and promote its downstream targets. We also found ZHX2 overexpression induce Sunitinib resistance though activating autophagy and the combination treatment of Sunitinib and Chloroquine could significantly rescue the phenomenon. In summary, these results indicate that ZHX2 drivers cell growth, migration though increase VEGF expression, and transcriptional activate MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and could induce Sunitinib resistance by regulating self-protective autophagy, these may provide new insight in advanced ccRCC treatment.
Differential effectiveness of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in 2D/3D culture according to cell differentiation, p53 status and mitochondrial respiration in liver cancer cells
Authors: Rodríguez-Hernández María A. , Chapresto-Garzón Raquel , Cadenas Miryam , Navarro-Villarán Elena , Negrete María , Gómez-Bravo Miguel A. , Victor Victor M. , Padillo Francisco J. , Muntané Jordi
Published: May 2020

Sorafenib and Regorafenib are the recommended first- and second-line therapies in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Lenvatinib and Cabozantinib have shown non-inferior antitumoral activities compared with the corresponding recommended therapies. The clinical trials have established recommended doses for each treatment that lead different blood concentrations in patients for Sorafenib (10 µM), Regorafenib (1 µM), Lenvatinib (0.1 µM), and Cabozantinib (1 µM). However, very low response rates are observed in patients attributed to intrinsic resistances or upregulation of survival signaling. The aim of the study was the comparative dose–response analysis of the drugs (0–100 µM) in well-differentiated (HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7), moderately (SNU423), and poorly (SNU449) differentiated liver cancer cells in 2D/3D cultures. Cells harbors wild-type p53 (HepG2), non-sense p53 mutation (Hep3B), inframe p53 gene deletion (SNU423), and p53 point mutation (Huh7 and SNU449). The administration of regular used in vitro dose (10 µM) in 3D and 2D cultures, as well as the dose–response analysis in 2D cultures showed Sorafenib and Regorafenib were increasingly effective in reducing cell proliferation, and inducing apoptosis in well-differentiated and expressing wild-type p53 in HCC cells. Lenvatinib and Cabozantinib were particularly effective in moderately to poorly differentiated cells with mutated or lacking p53 that have lower basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP, and maximal respiration capacity than observed in differentiated HCC cells. Sorafenib and Regorafenib downregulated, and Lenvatinib and Cabozantinib upregulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor receptor (c-Met) in HepG2 cells. Conclusions: Sorafenib and Regorafenib were especially active in well-differentiated cells, with wild-type p53 and increased mitochondrial respiration. By contrast, Lenvatinib and Cabozantinib appeared more effective in moderately to poorly differentiated cells with mutated p53 and low mitochondrial respiration. The development of strategies that allow us to deliver increased doses in tumors might potentially enhance the effectiveness of the treatments.