bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matrix metalloproteinase 8 deficiency in mice exacerbates inflammatory arthritis through delayed neutrophil apoptosis and reduced caspase 11 expression
Authors: Cox Jennifer H. , Starr Amanda E. , Kappelhoff Reinhild , Yan Rendi , Roberts Clive R. , Overall Christopher M.
Published: November 2010

Objective

Neutrophil accumulation is balanced by both cell infiltration and cell clearance, the controls of which are pivotal in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Of the neutrophil‐specific proteases, matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP‐8; also known as neutrophil collagenase or collagenase 2) is traditionally viewed as being crucial for collagen degradation and hence cell migration and infiltration. This study was undertaken to examine the role of MMP‐8 in a murine model of spontaneous RA.

Methods

MMP‐8−/− mice were backcrossed onto the Fas‐defective MRL/lpr background, a mouse strain characterized by systemic autoimmunity including spontaneous autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis was induced with Freund's complete adjuvant and clinical disease and histologic parameters were assessed.

Results

MMP‐8−/− mice had earlier and more severe joint inflammation than their MMP‐8+/+ counterparts, coupled with a massive accumulation of neutrophils in synovial tissue, an unexpected result considering the commonly held view that MMP‐8 has important extracellular matrix–degradative functions. Protease and protease inhibitor analysis of MMP‐8−/− mouse neutrophils by CLIP‐CHIP microarray revealed very little additional change in protease levels except for low expression of the apoptosis initiator caspase 11. This was confirmed at the protein level in unstimulated, lipopolysaccharide‐treated, and interferon‐γ–treated MMP‐8−/− mouse neutrophils. Downstream of caspase 11, the activity of the apoptosis executioner caspase 3 was consequently reduced in MMP‐8−/− mouse neutrophils, translating to reduced neutrophil apoptosis and cell accumulation compared with wild‐type mouse cells.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that MMP‐8 is not essential for neutrophil migration in arthritis and likely other autoimmune diseases. Rather, MMP‐8 is important for normal rates of neutrophil apoptosis and hence regulates cell clearance. Because MMP‐8 deficiency leads to an exaggerated accumulation of neutrophil infiltrates due to delayed apoptosis and concurrent pathologic changes associated with dramatically increased neutrophil infiltration, MMP‐8 is antiinflammatory and therefore a drug antitarget in the treatment of arthritis.
My dog's cheeks: A PBL project on collagen for cell biology and genetics courses
Authors: Casla Alberto Vicario , Zubiaga Isabel Smith
Published: November 2010

Students often have an oversimplified view of biological facts, which may hinder subsequent understanding when conceptual complexity gives rise to cognitive conflicts. To avoid this situation here, we present a PBL approach for the analysis of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS), which integrates a variety of topics in cell biology, genetics, and molecular biology, and it is used to illustrate the inherent complexities in some classical biological concepts. Students of two different courses analyze phenotypic, cellular, and molecular characteristics of EDS. Effect of mutations on collagen synthesis on collagen genes' expression and regulation or on connective tissues is reviewed and discussed. Information retrieval is used to develop students' skills in web‐based molecular biology tools. Student interest and motivation is increased with the development of diagnostic protocols for a tissue biopsy and for an EDS causing mutation. Expected learning outcomes after completion of the project are also presented. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 410‐415, 2010
Inside protein structures: Teaching in three dimensions
Authors: Berry Colin , Baker Matthew D.
Published: November 2010

Teaching students about the structure and function of proteins is central to Biochemistry, but it is often extremely difficult to impart an understanding of complex three‐dimensional relationships when using two‐dimensional projection screens. The ready availability of both high‐quality molecular visualization software and programs capable of generating anaglyph images makes it possible to bring spatial relationships to life with three‐dimensional images using standard projection facilities and inexpensive red/cyan glasses; 3D graphical representations make a simple, economical, and effective addition to the graphical tools used in teaching Biochemistry. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 425‐429, 2010
A simple laboratory practical to illustrate RNA mediated gene interference using drosophila cell culture
Authors: Buluwela Laki , Kamalati Tahereh , Photiou Andy , Heathcote Dean A. , Jones Michael D. , Ali Simak
Published: November 2010

RNA mediated gene interference (RNAi) is now a key tool in eukaryotic cell and molecular biology research. This article describes a five session laboratory practical, spread over a seven day period, to introduce and illustrate the technique. During the exercise, students working in small groups purify PCR products that encode in vitro transcription promoters fused to sequences from Drosophila genes of the Rho/Rac GTPase family. These DNA templates are then used to synthesize double stranded RNAs (dsRNA), which are subsequently used to transfect Drosophila Kc embryonic cells. The resulting RNAi produces simple cellular phenotypes that are observed following fluorescent histochemical staining. These phenotypes are ultimately related to gene ontology data that the students generate through a bioinformatic analysis of the sequences transcribed into dsRNA. Taken together, this laboratory exercise provides “hands on” experience of RNAi in a class setting and provides a framework for the in‐depth discussion of how this technique can be applied to studies of gene function. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 393‐399, 2010
Gender performance differences in biochemistry
Authors: Rauschenberger Matthew M. , Sweeder Ryan D.
Published: November 2010

This study examined the historical performance of students at Michigan State University in a two‐part biochemistry series Biochem I (n = 5,900) and Biochem II (n = 5,214) for students enrolled from 1997 to 2009. Multiple linear regressions predicted 54.9–87.5% of the variance in student from Biochem I grade and 53.8–76.1% of the variance in student from Biochem II grade. Overall, the student's cumulative GPA has the primary influence on their biochemistry grade in Biochem I for all models whereas either cumulative GPA or Biochem I performance has the primary influence on Biochem II grade. These factors were far more influential than any other predictors as their β values were larger (5–10 times larger depending on the model). However, the gender of the student was also statistically significant for Biochem I and more than half of our Biochem II models with female students always predicted lower than their equivalent male counterparts. Biochemistry majors were also found to perform better in Biochem I. Interestingly, grades earned in prerequisite courses such as introductory biology, chemistry, or organic chemistry and ethnicity provided no additional predictive ability about students' performance in biochemistry. Enrollment in an honors college or science residential college had little direct impact on performance in biochemistry. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 380‐384, 2010
Conscript: RasMol to PyMOL script converter
Authors: Mottarella Scott E. , Rosa Mario , Bangura Abdul , Bernstein Herbert J. , Craig Paul A.
Published: November 2010

The aim of the Structural Biology Extensible Visualization Scripting Language (SBEVSL) project is to allow users who are experts in one scripting language to use that language in a second molecular visualization environment without requiring the user to learn a new scripting language. ConSCRIPT, the first SBEVSL release, is a plug‐in for PyMOL that accepts RasMol scripting commands either as premade scripts or as line‐by‐line entries from PyMOL's own command line. The plug‐in is available for download at http://sourceforge.net/projects/sbevsl/files in the ConSCRIPT folder. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 419‐422, 2010
Problem‐solving test: Attenuation: A mechanism to regulate bacterial tryptophan biosynthesis
Authors: Szeberényi József
Published: November 2010

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: tryptophan, transcription unit, operon, trp repressor, corepressor, operator, promoter, palindrome, initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription, open reading frame, coupled transcription/translation, chromosome–polysome complex. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 416‐418, 2010
Comparisons of SPORL and dilute acid pretreatments for sugar and ethanol productions from aspen
Authors: Tian S. , Zhu W. , Gleisner R. , Pan X.J. , Zhu J.Y.
Published: November 2010

This study reports comparative evaluations of sugar and ethanol production from a native aspen (Populus tremuloides) between sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) and dilute acid (DA) pretreatments. All aqueous pretreatments were carried out in a laboratory wood pulping digester using wood chips at 170°C with a liquid to oven dry (od) wood ratio (L/W) of 3:1 at two levels of acid charge on wood of 0.56 and 1.11%. Sodium bisulfite charge on od wood was 0 for DA and 1.5 or 3.0% for SPORL. All substrates produced by both pretreatments (except DA with pretreatment duration of 0) had good enzymatic digestibility of over 80%. However, SPORL produced higher enzymatic digestibility than its corresponding DA pretreatment for all the experiments conducted. As a result, SPORL produced higher ethanol yield from simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulosic substrate than its corresponding DA pretreatment. SPORL was more effective than its corresponding DA pretreatment in reducing energy consumption for postpretreatment wood chip size‐reduction. SPORL, with lower energy input and higher sugar and ethanol yield, produced higher sugar and ethanol production energy efficiencies than the corresponding DA pretreatment. Published 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
A Pentiptycene‐Derived Molecular Brake: Photochemical E→Z and Electrochemical Z→E Switching of an Enone Module
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chen , Sun Wei‐Ting , Lu Hsiu‐Feng , Chao Ito , Huang Guan‐Jhih , Lin Ying‐Chih , Huang Shou‐Ling , Huang Hsin‐Hau , Lin Yan‐Duo , Yang Jye‐Shane
Published: November 2010

The synthesis and brakelike performance of a new molecular system (1) consisting of a pentiptycene rotor and a 2‐methyleneindanone brake are reported. The rotation kinetics of the rotor was probed by both variable‐temperature 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, and the switching between the brake‐on and brake‐off states was conducted by a combination of photochemical and electrochemical isomerization. Because of the greater steric hindrance between the rotor and the brake units in the Z form ((Z)‐1) than in the E form ((E)‐1), rotation of the rotor is slowed down 500‐fold at room temperature (298 K) on going from (E)‐1 to (Z)‐1, corresponding to the brake‐off and brake‐on states, respectively. The (E)‐1→(Z)‐1 photoisomerization in acetonitrile is efficient and reaches an (E)‐1/(Z)‐1 ratio of 11:89 in the photostationary state upon excitation at 290 nm, attributable to a much larger isomerization quantum efficiency for (E)‐1 versus (Z)‐1. An efficient (Z)‐1→(E)‐1 isomerization (96 %) was also achieved by electrochemical treatment through the radical anionic intermediates. Consequently, the reversibility of the E–Z switching of 1 is as high as 85 %. The repeated E–Z switching of 1 with alternating photochemical and electrochemical treatments is also demonstrated.
Bulky Guanidinato Nickel(I) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Isomerization, and Reactivity Studies
Authors: Jones Cameron , Schulten Christian , Fohlmeister Lea , Stasch Andreas , Murray Keith S. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Kohl Stuart , Ertem Mehmed Z. , Gagliardi Laura , Cramer Christopher J.
Published: November 2010

Reactions of lithium complexes of the bulky guanidinates [{(Dip)N}2CNR2]− (Dip=C6H3iPr2‐2,6; R=C6H11 (Giso−) or iPr (Priso−), with NiBr2 have afforded the nickel(II) complexes [{Ni(L)(μ‐Br)}2] (L=Giso− or Priso−), the latter of which was crystallographically characterized. Reduction of [{Ni(Priso)(μ‐Br)}2] with elemental potassium in benzene or toluene afforded the diamagnetic species [{Ni(Priso)}2(μ‐C6H5R)] (R=H or Me), which were shown, by X‐ray crystallographic studies, to possess nonplanar bridging arene ligands that are partially reduced. A similar reduction of [{Ni(Priso)(μ‐Br)}2] in cyclohexane yielded a mixture of the isomeric complexes [{Ni(μ‐κ1‐N‐,η2‐Dip‐Priso)}2] and [{Ni(μ‐κ2‐N,N′‐Priso)}2], both of which were structurally characterized. These complexes were also formed through arene elimination processes if [{Ni(Priso)}2(μ‐C6H5R)] (R=H or Me) were dissolved in hexane. In that solvent, diamagnetic [{Ni(μ‐κ1‐N‐,η2‐Dip‐Priso)}2] was found to slowly convert to paramagnetic [{Ni(μ‐κ2‐N,N′‐Priso)}2], suggesting that the latter is the thermodynamic isomer. Computational analysis of a model of [{Ni(μ‐κ2‐N,N′‐Priso)}2] showed it to have a NiNi bond that has a multiconfigurational electronic structure. An analogous copper(I) complex [{Cu(μ‐κ2‐N,N′‐Giso)}2] was prepared, structurally authenticated, and found, by a theoretical study, to have a negligible Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu bonding interaction. The reactivity of [{Ni(Priso)}2(μ‐C6H5Me)] and [{Ni(μ‐κ2‐N,N′‐Priso)}2] towards a range of small molecules was examined and this gave rise to diamagnetic complexes [{Ni(Priso)(μ‐CO)}2] and [{Ni(Priso)(μ‐N3)}2]. Taken as a whole, this study highlights similarities between bulky guanidinate ligands and the β‐diketiminate ligand class, but shows the former to have greater coordinative flexibility.
Theoretical Study on the Azido‐cyclization of 3,6‐Di(azido)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine
Authors: Zhou Yang , Long Xinping , Shu Yuanjie
Published: November 2010

The reactions of azido‐cyclization in 3,6‐di(azido)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine were studied by B3LYP hybrid density functional method. The geometries of the reactants, transition states and products were optimized, and the conformation of the initial reactant was determined by IR spectra. In addition, the nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) indices were used to discuss the aromaticity of the products. Moreover, solvent effects were investigated. Results show that the polar solvent DMSO can hardly influence the activation barriers of all the reaction paths; however, it can stabilize the products. Since the activation barriers of azido‐rotation are far less than that of the rate‐determining step (the cyclization of second azido), the products are most probably the mixtures of two isomers (DAT2c and DAT2c').
Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Titanosilicate as an Adsorbent for Toxic Metal Ions
Authors: Syed Javad Ahmadi , Hamid Sepehrian , Syed Waqifhusain , Hossein Faghihian , Hadi Alighanbari
Published: November 2010

Hexagonal mesoporous titanosilicates (Ti‐MCM‐41) have been prepared using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the structure directing agent under the mild alkaline conditions. Powder X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen gas sorption, FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry analysis of samples have confirmed that well ordered MCM‐41 type mesoporous materials were prepared. The potential of removing toxic metal ions from waste waters using mesoporous titanosilicates was evaluated. Separation of CoII‐UVI, CsI‐UVI and SmIII‐UVI has been developed on columns of this adsorbent.
Pt/ZrO2: An Efficient Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of Toluene in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Mohammad Sadiq , Mohammad Ilyas
Published: November 2010

The heterogeneous oxidation of toluene in aqueous medium has been investigated. Artificially contaminated water with aromatic compound (toluene) was exposed to a simple platinized zirconia (1% Pt/ZrO2) catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. This selective oxidation of toluene to benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid provides a step for removing toluene from wastewater or converting it into less harmful substances. Different parameters, e.g. the reaction time, temperature, pressure, the amount of catalyst and agitation, etc influenced the toluene conversion and selectivity. Typical batch reactor kinetic data were obtained and fitted to the classical Langmuir‐Hinshelwood model, Mars‐van Krevelen model as well as to the Eley‐Rideal model of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. The Eley‐Rideal model was found to give a better fit. 1% Pt/ZrO2 was observed to be the most active for oxidation of toluene at 333 K in oxygenated atmosphere [p(O2) ca. 101 kPa] with a nominal stirring speed ≧900 r/min. It was found that catalytic oxidation may be an effective method for the removal of volatile organic compounds from aqueous solutions and comparable to other advanced oxidation processes.
Simulation and Evaluation of the Silicon‐Micromachined Columns for Gas Chromatography
Authors: Sun Jianhai , Cui Dafu , Cai Haoyuan , Chen Xing , Li Hui , Du Lidong
Published: November 2010

In this paper, the impact of airflow velocity and pressure in the two popular configuration gas chromatography (GC) column channels (the serpentine channel and the spiral channel) was simulated and evaluated using ANSYS dynamic analysis. The simulated result of airflow velocity and pressure distribution in the Gas chromatography (GC) channel shows that the impact in the spiral channel corner is smaller than that in the serpentine channel corner. So, the spiral channel columns were fabricated based on the MEMS technology and the stationary phase OV‐1 was coated using a dynamic procedure. The separation performance of the 3 m non‐polar GC column shows perfect separation efficiency for the non‐polar components, the microfabricated GC column yields 7100 theoretical plate, and the analysis time is less than 200 s.
A novel one‐step synthesis of Gd3+‐incorporated mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles for use as an efficient MRI contrast agent
Authors: Shao Yuan‐Zhi , Liu Li‐Zhi , Song Shu‐qin , Cao Ri‐hui , Liu Huan , Cui Chun‐yan , Li Xing , Bie Meng‐Jie , Li Li
Published: November 2010

Molecular imaging has generated a demand for more sensitive contrast agents for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We synthesized, by a novel one‐step method, Gd3+ incorporated mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles, Gd2O3@SiO2, for use as an efficient contrast agent. The prepared nanoparticles were also coated with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA). The size, morphology, composition and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of the nanoparticles were evaluated. The Gd2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles possess intragranular network morphology with a uniform size distribution and an average size of approximately 20–40 nm. The PLGA‐coated nanoparticles were spherical or near‐spherical in shape with a diameter of approximately 120 nm, a smooth surface, and neither aggregation nor adhesion tendencies. No free Gd ions were detected to dissociate from Gd2O3@SiO2 even up to the limit (<0.03 mg/l) of the ICP equipment (IRIS Advantage). Our theoretical computation based on density functional theory (using DMol3, Materials Studio) revealed that the Gd2O3 molecules are fully absorbed on the interface of mesoporous SiO2 with a stable state of lower energy. Both Gd2O3@SiO2 and PLGA‐coated Gd2O3@SiO2 samples have a larger T1 relaxivitiy than commercial gadolinium diethylene triaminepentaacetate (Gd‐DTPA). In vitro and in vivo MR images using the Gd2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles were observed with a 1.5 T clinical MR scanner and compared with the images using Gd‐DTPA. The Gd2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles display a better magnetic property than commercial Gd‐DTPA. In vivo MR imaging demonstrated that the nanoparticles were mainly distributed in the liver. Strong enhancement was also detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE‐2 xenografted tumors. The Gd2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles are not only potential candidates for highly efficient contrast agents for MR imaging, but also might be developed into potent targeted probes for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Update on mammography trends
Authors: Breen Nancy , Gentleman Jane F. , Schiller Jeannine S.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

Mammography screening allows for the early detection of breast cancer, which helps reduce mortality from breast cancer, especially in women aged 50 to 69 years. For this report, the authors updated a previous analysis of trends in mammography using newly available data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

METHODS:

NHIS data from 2008 were used to update trends in rates of US women who had a mammogram within the 2 years before their interview, and 2 methods of calculating rates were compared. The authors focused particularly on the 2000, 2005, and 2008 mammography rates for women aged ≥40 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 64 years, and ≥65 years according to selected sociodemographic and healthcare access characteristics.

RESULTS:

For women aged 50 to 64 years and ≥65 years, the patterns were similar: Rates rose rapidly from 1987 to 2000, declined, or were stable and then declined, from 2000 to 2005, and increased from 2005 to 2008. Rates for women aged 40 to 49 years rose rapidly from 1987 to 1992 and were relatively stable through 2008. There were large increases in mammography rates among immigrants who had been in the United States for <10 years, non‐Hispanic Asian women, and women aged ≥65 years who were without ambulatory care insurance.

CONCLUSIONS:

Overall, mammography rates did not continue to decline between 2005 and 2008. Even so, in 2008, the percentage of women aged ≥40 years who had a recent mammogram fell below the Healthy People 2010 objective of 70%, which was met in 2000. However, women aged 50 to 64 years exceeded the Healthy People objective in 2000, 2005, and 2008; and some groups with very low mammography rates currently are catching up. These are important public health achievements. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Tropospheric Aqueous‐Phase Free‐Radical Chemistry: Radical Sources, Spectra, Reaction Kinetics and Prediction Tools
Authors: Herrmann Hartmut , Hoffmann Dirk , Schaefer Thomas , Bräuer Peter , Tilgner Andreas
Published: November 2010

The most important radicals which need to be considered for the description of chemical conversion processes in tropospheric aqueous systems are the hydroxyl radical (OH), the nitrate radical (NO3) and sulphur‐containing radicals such as the sulphate radical (SO4−). For each of the three radicals their generation and their properties are discussed first in the corresponding sections. The main focus herein is to summarize newly published aqueous‐phase kinetic data on OH, NO3 and SO4− radical reactions relevant for the description of multiphase tropospheric chemistry. The data compilation builds up on earlier datasets published in the literature. Since the last review in 2003 (H. Herrmann, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4691–4716) more than hundred new rate constants are available from literature. In case of larger discrepancies between novel and already published rate constants the available kinetic data for these reactions are discussed and recommendations are provided when possible. As many OH kinetic data are obtained by means of the thiocyanate (SCN−) system in competition kinetic measurements of OH radical reactions this system is reviewed in a subchapter of this review. Available rate constants for the reaction sequence following the reaction of OH+SCN− are summarized. Newly published data since 2003 have been considered and averaged rate constants are calculated. Applying competition kinetics measurements usually the formation of the radical anion (SCN)2− is monitored directly by absorption measurements. Within this subchapter available absorption spectra of the (SCN)2− radical anion from the last five decades are presented. Based on these spectra an averaged (SCN)2− spectrum was calculated. In the last years different estimation methods for aqueous phase kinetic data of radical reactions have been developed and published. Such methods are often essential to estimate kinetic data which are not accessible from the literature. Approaches for rate constant prediction include empirical correlations as well as structure activity relationships (SAR) either with or without the usage of quantum chemical descriptors. Recently published estimation methods for OH, NO3 and SO4− radical reactions in aqueous solution are finally summarized, compared and discussed.
Kinetic and Mechanistic study of the Reactions of O(1D2) with HCN and CH3CN
Authors: Strekowski Rafal S. , Nicovich J. Michael , Wine Paul H.
Published: November 2010

A laser flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence (LFP‐RF) technique is employed to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of O(1D2) with HCN [reaction (1)] and CH3CN [reaction (2)] as a function of temperature over the range 193–430 K. The experiments involve time‐resolved RF detection of O(3PJ) or H(2S1/2) following LFP of O3/X/He mixtures (X=HCN or CH3CN), some of which also contain N2, H2, and/or NO2. Measured rate coefficients for total removal of O(1D2) by HCN and CH3CN are well‐described by the following Arrhenius expressions (units are 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): k1(T)=1.08exp(+105/T) and k2(T)=2.54exp(−24/T). Temperature‐dependent product yields of O(3PJ), k1a/k1 and k2a/k2 are well‐described by the following Arrhenius‐type expressions: k1a/k1=0.150exp(+200/T) and k2a/k2=0.0269 exp(+137/T). The H(2S1/2) yield from reaction (2) is found to be 0.16±0.03 independent of temperature (200–423 K). Large 298 K yields of H(2S1/2), 0.68±0.12 produced per O(1D2) destroyed by HCN, are observed for reaction (1). However, observed kinetics suggest that only about half of detected H(2S1/2) is generated as a primary product of the O(1D2)+HCN reaction, with the remainder generated via a fast secondary reaction. The implications of the reported kinetic and mechanistic results for understanding the atmospheric chemistry of HCN and CH3CN are discussed.
G Protein‐Coupled Receptors and the G Protein Family
Authors: Ulloa‐Aguirre Alfredo , Conn P. Michael
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Structure of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors

General Features

Ligand‐Binding Domain

G Protein‐Coupling Domain

The Heterotrimeric G‐Protein Family

General Features

G Protein‐Regulatory Cycle

Structural and Functional Relationships of Gα‐Subunit

Gβγ Structure and Function

Regulatory Mechanisms

Mechanisms that Regulate Receptor Function

G Protein‐Mediated Regulatory Mechanisms
Regulation of G Protein–Coupled Receptors
Authors: Penn Raymond B. , Benovic Jeffrey L.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Signaling Via G Protein–Coupled Receptor Pathways

G Protein–Coupled Receptors

G Proteins

Effectors

Mechanisms of G Protein–Coupled Receptor Regulation

Classification of Desensitization

The Beta‐Adrenergic Receptor and Rhodopsin Signaling Pathways: Model Systems of GPR Signaling and Regulation

Receptor Phosphorylation And Uncoupling: Rapid Desensitization

Receptor Sequestration

Receptor Down‐Regulation

Receptor Polymorphisms

Sensitization

Desensitization of Other GPR Pathways
Calcium Signaling Systems
Authors: Stojilkovic Stanko S.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Voltage‐Dependent Calcium‐Signaling System

Voltage‐Gated Calcium Channels

Basal Pacemaker Activity

Agonist‐Induced Modulation of Pacemaker Activity

Calcium Mobilization–Dependent Signaling System

Inositol (1,4,5)‐Triphosphate (IP3) and IP3Receptor (IP3R) Channels

cADP Ribose and RyR Channels

Calcium Pumps

Intracellular Calcium Buffers

Calcium Entry Controlled by Calcium Mobilization

Capacitative Calcium Entry

Voltage‐Gated Calcium Entry

Temporal and Spatial Organization of Calcium Signals

Local and Global Calcium Spikes

Cell Specificity of Calcium Signaling

Receptor Specificity of Calcium Signaling

Concentration‐Dependent Regulation

Intraorganelle Calcium Signaling

Amplification and Synchronization of Calcium Signals

Purinergic Receptor Channels

Gap Junction Channels

Cellular Functions of Calcium Signals

Calcium‐Controlled Enzymes

Calcium‐Controlled Channels

Calcium Signaling and Exocytosis

Mitochondrial Functions and Calcium Signals

Nuclear Functions and Calcium Signals
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Regulation of Gene Transcription
Authors: Montminy Marc , Ferreri Kevin
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

cAMP‐Response Element–Binding/Activating Transcription Factor Proteins

Regulation of Phosphorylation of cAMP‐Response Element–Binding/Activating Transcription Factor Proteins

Mechanism and Modulation of cAMP‐Response Element–Binding/Activating Transcription Factor Activity

Constitutive Activity: Q‐Rich Domains

Inducible Activity: Kinase‐Inducible Domain

Dimerization: Basic Leucine Zipper Domain

New Functions for cAMP‐Response Element–Binding/Activating Transcription Factor Proteins

cAMP‐Response Element–Binding Protein/Activating Transcription Factor Factors and the Cell Cycle

cAMP‐Response Element–Binding Protein and Memory

Conclusion
Role of Pulsatility in Hormonal Action
Authors: Murray‐Mcintosh Rosalind P.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Rhythmicity, Cyclicity, and Organization of Function

Context of Pulsatile Events

Mathematical Models With the Properties of Biological Rhythms

Modeling of Endocrine Systems to Show Rhythmic Behavior

Pulses as Signals

Experimental Studies in Endocrine Pulsatility

Hypothalamic Studies

Pulses of Pituitary Hormones in Peripheral Blood

Pulsatility in Stimulation of End Organ Responses

Cellular Studies

Analysis of Time Series of Hormone Concentrations

What Is a Pulse?

Considerations in Analyzing Biological Pulses

Methods of Analyzing Pulses

Conclusion
Regulation of Glucose Transporters by Insulin and Exercise: Cellular Effects and Implications for Diabetes
Authors: Klip Amira , Marette Andre
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Properties of the Glucose Transporter Families

The GLUT Family

Acute Regulation of Glucose Transporters by Insulin‐Responsive Tissues

The Glucose Transporter Recruitment Hypothesis

Insulin‐Responsive Glucose Transporters

Testing and Verification of the Recruitment Hypothesis

Biochemical Characteristics of The Glut‐4‐Containing Organelle

Resident Proteins

Proteins Involved in Vesicle Docking and Fusion

Low‐Molecular‐Weight G Proteins

Insulin Signals Involved in The Mobilization of Glucose Transporters

Testing the Participation of a Signaling Pathway

Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Insulin on the Glucose Transporters

Regulation of Glucose Transporters by Exercise

Effects of Exercise In Vivo: Roles of Hypoxia, Blood Flow, and Muscle Fiber Composition

Glucose Transporters in Exercised Muscles

Signaling Mechanism of Contraction‐Induced Glucose Transport

Glucose Transporters in Diabetes

Glucose Transporters in Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Glucose Transporters in Obesity and Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Proposed Mechanisms Leading to Impaired GLUT‐4 Translocation in Diabetes

GLUT‐4 Translocation Defect: Primary or Acquired?

Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs on Glucose Transporters

Lessons from the Manipulation of Glucose‐Transporter Expression by Transgenic Mouse Approaches and Natural Mutations

GLUT‐1 Overexpression in Muscle

GLUT‐4 Overexpression in Tissues of Natural Expression

Selective Overexpression of GLUT‐4 in Muscle

GLUT‐4 Overexpression in Fat

GLUT‐4 Ablation

A Naturally Occurring Genetic Abnormality in GLUT‐1 Expression

Concluding Remarks
Insulin and Protein Metabolism
Authors: Wolfe Robert R. , Volpi Elena
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Molecular Basis of Insulin Action on Protein Metabolism

Protein Synthesis

Protein Breakdown

Transmembrane Amino Acid Transport

Physiological Effects of Insulin at the Whole‐Body Level

Effects of Insulin on Muscle Tissue

Physiological Effects of Insulin on Other Tissues

Liver

Gut

Heart

Skin

Effect of Insulin on Transport in vivo

Insulin Resistance

Diabetes

Critical Illness

Exercise

Conclusion
Regulation of Muscle Glucose Uptake In Vivo
Authors: Mandarino Lawrence J. , Bonadonna Riccardo C. , Mcguinness Owen P. , Halseth Amy E. , Wasserman David H.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Methodologies for Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake

Theories of Metabolic Control

Kinetic Theory of Intact Organs

Arteriovenous Differences

Muscle Biopsies

Positron Emission Tomography

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Multiple Tracer Dilution Technique

Measurement of Whole Body Glucose Metabolism

Mechanism of Insulin Action at Skeletal Muscle

Insulin Signaling In Vivo

Glucose Transport and Phosphorylation in Skeletal Muscle

Glycogen Synthesis, Glycolysis, and Glucose Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle

Effect of Insulin on Blood Flow

Transport of Insulin Across the Endothelial Barrier Time‐Limiting Steps in Insulin Action

Modulation of Insulin‐Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake by Nonesterified Fatty Acid Availability

Exercise and Muscle Glucose Uptake

Mechanism of the Exercise‐Induced Increase in Muscle Glucose Uptake

Modulation of Glucose Uptake by the Working Muscle by the Internal Milieu

Muscle Glucose Uptake in the Postexercise State

Conclusion
Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 and the Endocrine Pancreas
Authors: Maggs David G. , Sherwin Robert S.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 and Pancreatic Islet Growth, Development, and Regeneration

Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 and Regulation of Pancreatic Islet Function

Insulin‐like Growth Factor Binding Proteins and The Pancreatic Islet
The Aging Pancreas: Effects of Aging on Insulin Secretion and Action
Authors: Evans William J. , Farrell Peter A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Age and Body Composition

Association of Age to Fasting Glucose and Insulin

Insulin Action (Animal Studies)

Maturation and Glucose Transport

GLUT‐4 and Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase

Insulin Action (Human Studies)

Abdominal Obesity and Free Fatty Acids

Blood Flow

Physical Activity

Effects of Diet

Insulin Secretion

Pancreatic Morphology

Insulin Secretion and Free Fatty Acids

Relationship with Circulating Glucose and Age

Glucose Clamp Studies

Insulin Clearance

Insulin Secretion at The Organ, Islet and Single‐Cell Level

Insulin Secretion In Situ

Insulin Secretion from Isolated Islets of Langerhans

Insulin Secretion from Single Beta Cells

Insulin Genes

Single Cell Secretion

Glucagon

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Amylin

Somatostatin

Conclusion
Type I Diabetes Mellitus (Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)
Authors: Rizza Robert A. , Jensen Michael D. , Nair K. Sreekumaran
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Pathogenesis of Type I Diabetes

Effect of Type I Diabetes on Carbohydrate Metabolism

Insulin Secretion and Action

Postabsorptive and Postprandial Carbohydrate Metabolism

Effects of Type I Diabetes and Its Treatment on Fatty Acid Metabolism

Adipose Tissue

Postabsorptive FFA Metabolism

Postprandial FFA Availability

Effects of Exercise on Adipose Tissue Lipolysis

Regulation of Lipolysis During Hypoglycemia

Effects Of Type I Diabetes on Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Body Protein Mass, Amino Acid Levels and Nitrogen Balance

Effect of Insulin on Protein Balance and Interaction of Insulin with Other Hormones and Substrates

Effects of Insulin on Whole‐Body Protein Dynamics

Effect of Insulin on Amino Acid Transamination

Effect of Insulin on Regional Protein Dynamics

Effect of Insulin on the Synthesis Rates of Specific Proteins

Impact of Type I Diabetes on Protein Metabolism
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cusi Kenneth , Defronzo Ralph A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Insulin Secretion in T2DM

Fasting Insulin Concentration

Glucose‐Stimulated Insulin Secretion

Other Abnormalities in Insulin Secretion in T2DM

Mechanisms of Impaired Insulin Secretion

Glucose Toxicity

Lipotoxicity

Other Mechanisms of Impaired Insulin Secretion in T2DM

Impaired Insulin Secretion: Primary Genetic Defect Responsible for Type 2 Diabetes

Prospective Studies

Studies in First‐Degree Relatives

Studies in Twins

Subjects with History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Hypersecretion of Insulin as the Cause of Type 2 Diabetes: A New Hypothesis

Summary: Insulin Secretion in T2DM

Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes

Site of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes

Fasting Hyperglycemia: Role of Pancreas, Muscle and Liver

Postprandial Hyperglycemia: Lessons from the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Dynamic Interaction Between Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Cellular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes

Overview of Insulin Action

Insulin Receptor/Insulin Receptor Signal Transduction Defects

Glucose Transport

Glucose Phosphorylation

Glycogen Synthesis

Glycolysis/Glucose Oxidation

Metabolic, Hemodynamic, Endocrine, and Cytokine Abnormalities in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Glucose Toxicity

Lipid Oxidation and Insulin Resistance

Skeletal Muscle Capillary Density, Fiber Type and Endothelial Transport

Blood Flow

Amylin and Calcitonin Gene‐Related Peptide

Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Alpha

Acquired Determinants of Insulin Resistance

Summary of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Genetic Defects

Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Summary and Synthesis

Primary Defect in Insulin Sensitivity

Primary Defect in Insulin Secretion?

Combined Defects in Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion

Conclusion
Insulin Resistance, Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia, and Coronary Heart Disease: Syndrome X Revisited
Authors: Reaven Gerald M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Terminology

Insulin Resistance Versus Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia

Nature Versus Nurture in The Development of Syndrome X

Ethnicity

Obesity: Overall and Regional

Habitual Physical Activity

Smoking

Alcohol

Glucose Intolerance

Dyslipidemia

Relationship between Insulin Resistance, Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia, Increased Hepatic VLDL‐TG Secretion and Hypertriglyceridemia

Abnormalities Associated with Hypertriglyceridemia

Hemostatic System

Syndrome X and High Blood Pressure

Uric Acid

Microalbuminuria is not The “Cause” of Syndrome X!

Conclusion: Syndrome X and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Glucose Intolerance

Hypertriglyceridemia

Hypertension
Multiple origins of the cortical gamma rhythm
Authors: Whittington Miles A. , Cunningham Mark O. , LeBeau Fiona E.N. , Racca Claudia , Traub Roger D.
Published: November 2010

Gamma rhythms (30–80 Hz) are a near‐ubiquitous feature of neuronal population activity in mammalian cortices. Their dynamic properties permit the synchronization of neuronal responses to sensory input within spatially distributed networks, transient formation of local neuronal “cell assemblies,” and coherent response patterns essential for intercortical regional communication. Each of these phenomena form part of a working hypothesis for cognitive function in cortex. All forms of physiological gamma rhythm are inhibition based, being characterized by rhythmic trains of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in populations of principal neurons. It is these repeating periods of relative enhancement and attenuation of the responsivity of major cell groups in cortex that provides a temporal structure shared across many millions of neurons. However, when considering the origins of these repeating trains of inhibitory events considerable divergence is seen depending on cortical region studied and mode of activation of gamma rhythm generating networks. Here, we review the evidence for involvement of multiple subtypes of interneuron and focus on different modes of activation of these cells. We conclude that most massively parallel brain regions have different mechanisms of gamma rhythm generation, that different mechanisms have distinct functional correlates, and that switching between different local modes of gamma generation may be an effective way to direct cortical communication streams. Finally, we suggest that developmental disruption of the endophenotype for certain subsets of gamma‐generating interneuron may underlie cognitive deficit in psychiatric illness. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 92–106, 2011
Three groups of interneurons account for nearly 100% of neocortical GABAergic neurons
Authors: Rudy Bernardo , Fishell Gordon , Lee SooHyun , Hjerling‐Leffler Jens
Published: November 2010

An understanding of the diversity of cortical GABAergic interneurons is critical to understand the function of the cerebral cortex. Recent data suggest that neurons expressing three markers, the Ca2+‐binding protein parvalbumin (PV), the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST), and the ionotropic serotonin receptor 5HT3a (5HT3aR) account for nearly 100% of neocortical interneurons. Interneurons expressing each of these markers have a different embryological origin. Each group includes several types of interneurons that differ in morphological and electrophysiological properties and likely have different functions in the cortical circuit. The PV group accounts for ∼40% of GABAergic neurons and includes fast spiking basket cells and chandelier cells. The SST group, which represents ∼30% of GABAergic neurons, includes the Martinotti cells and a set of neurons that specifically target layerIV. The 5HT3aR group, which also accounts for ∼30% of the total interneuronal population, is heterogeneous and includes all of the neurons that express the neuropeptide VIP, as well as an equally numerous subgroup of neurons that do not express VIP and includes neurogliaform cells. The universal modulation of these neurons by serotonin and acetylcholine via ionotropic receptors suggests that they might be involved in shaping cortical circuits during specific brain states andbehavioral contexts. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 45–61, 2011
Red Phosphorescence in RuII Complexes of a Tridentate N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand Incorporating Tetrahydropyrimidine
Authors: Friese Viviane , Nag Samik , Wang Jianhua , Santoni Marie‐Pierre , Rodrigue‐Witchel Alexandre , Hanan Garry S. , Schaper Frank
Published: November 2010

A new N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand N,N′‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐tetrahydropyrimidinium hexafluorophosphate (1) has been synthesized and characterized. Its homoleptic RuII complex 2 exhibits a more facile oxidation (+1.17 V vs. SCE) relative to the prototypical [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (+1.32 V vs. SCE) complex (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine). The heteroleptic RuII complex 3, incorporating 1 and 4′‐p‐tolyl‐tpy, also displays a more positive oxidising potential (+1.28 V vs. SCE) than [Ru(tpy)2]2+. The X‐ray crystal structures of complexes 2 and 3 confirm the meridional tridentate coordination of ligand 1 to RuII. The Ru–C bond length is shorter in heteroleptic complex 3 [1.901(7) Å] than in homoleptic complex 2 [1.969(2) Å and 1.972(3) Å]. The complexes display broad metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer absorption bands in the visible region (2: λmax = 440 and 470 nm; 3: λmax = 440 and 473 nm), and their solid‐state emission is redshifted (2: λmax = 753 nm; 3: λmax = 735 nm) considerably relative to that of [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (λmax = 620 nm).
Recent developments in the methodology and application of MEEKC
Authors: Ryan Richie , McEvoy Eamon , Sheila Donegan  , Power Joe , Altria Kevin
Published: November 2010

MEEKC is an electrodriven separation technique that utilises the unique properties of a microemulsion (ME) as a background electrolyte to achieve separation of a diverse range of solutes. MEs are composed of nanometre‐sized oil droplets suspended in aqueous buffer, which is commonly referred to as oil‐in‐water ME. The droplets are stabilised by the presence of both a surfactant and co‐surfactant. The use of water‐in‐oil MEs in MEEKC has also been investigated. This review details the advances in MEEKC‐based separations from the period June 2008 – June 2010. Areas covered include online sample concentration, suppressed electroosmosis MEEKC, chiral separations, MEEKC‐MS, MEEKC‐ICP‐MS and ME structure characterisation. The review also includes a fundamental introduction to MEEKC, along with a review of recent applications.
Recent advances in CE‐MS: Synergy of wet chemistry and instrumentation innovations
Authors: Pantůčková Pavla , Gebauer Petr , Boček Petr , Křivánková Ludmila
Published: November 2010

CE with MS detection is a hyphenated technique which greatly improves the ability of CE to deal with real samples, especially with those coming from biology and medicine, where the target analytes are present as trace amounts in very complex matrices. CE‐MS is now almost a routine technique performed on commercially available instruments. It faces currently a tremendous development of the technique itself as well as of its wide application area. Great interest in CE‐MS is reflected in the scientific literature by many original research articles and also by numerous reviews. The review presented here has a general scope and belongs to a series of regularly published reviews on the topic. It covers the literature from the last 2 years, since January 2008 till June 2010. It brings a critical selection of related literature sorted into groups reflecting the main topics of actual scientific interest: (i) innovations in CE‐ESI‐MS, (ii) use of alternative interfaces, and (iii) ways to enhance sensitivity. Special attention is paid to novel electrolyte systems amenable to CE‐MS including nonvolatile BGEs, to advanced CE separation principles such as MEKC, MEEKC, chiral CE, and to the use of preconcentration techniques.
Recent advances in the MS analysis of glycoproteins: Theoretical considerations
Authors: Lazar Iulia M. , Lazar Alexandru C. , Cortes Diego F. , Kabulski Jarod L.
Published: November 2010

Protein glycosylation is involved in a broad range of biological processes that regulate protein function and control cell fate. As aberrant glycosylation has been found to be implicated in numerous diseases, the study and large‐scale characterization of protein glycosylation is of great interest not only to the biological and biomedical research community, but also to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. Due to the complex chemical structure and differing chemical properties of the protein/peptide and glycan moieties, the analysis and structural characterization of glycoproteins has been proven to be a difficult task. Large‐scale endeavors have been further limited by the dynamic outcome of the glycosylation process itself, and, occasionally, by the low abundance of glycoproteins in biological samples. Recent advances in MS instrumentation and progress in miniaturized technologies for sample handling, enrichment and separation, have resulted in robust and compelling analysis strategies that effectively address the challenges of the glycoproteome. This review summarizes the key steps that are involved in the development of efficient glycoproteomic analysis methods, and the latest innovations that led to successful strategies for the characterization of glycoproteins and their corresponding glycans. As a follow‐up to this work, we review innovative capillary and microfluidic‐MS workflows for the identification, sequencing and characterization of glycoconjugates.