bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological Assessment Of Late-Life Depression
Authors: Gorp Wilfred G Van , Root, James C , Sackeim Harold A
Published: November 2023

The incidence and prevalence of mental disorders, specifically depression, in the general population has received considerable attention given their social, financial, and vocational impact. With respect to depressive disorders, U.S. statistics combined from the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study of the early 1980s and the National Co-morbidity Survey (NCS) of the early 1990s have produced a best estimate of a 6.5% 1-year prevalence for major depressive episodes, 5.3% for unipolar major depression, and 1.6% for dysthymia (Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, 1999). Depressive spectrum disorders continue to evidence high prevalence rates in our elderly population. For older adults, aged 65 and over, prevalence rates have been estimated as 3.8% for a major depressive episode, 3.7% for unipolar major depression, and 1.6% for dysthymia. Given that the makeup of our population is projected to become increasingly older in coming decades, the understanding and treatment of depressive spectrum disorders in the elderly is especially significant.
Stimulants
Authors: Nelson J Craig
Published: November 2023

The use of stimulants in psychiatry has a long history. In fact, amphetamine has been in continuous use for a longer period than any other Food and Drug Administration-approved psychotropic agent. Although the stimulants currently have a limited role in the treatment of depression, it has been suggested that they may be particularly useful in older depressed patients (Murray and Cassem, 1998; Wittenborn, 1982). In part, the utility of these drugs in late life may relate to their potential value in depressed patients with medical illness. This chapter will review the historical development of these agents, their mechanism of action, their pharmacokinetics, the evidence base for their efficacy, their side effects, and finally, issues related to their clinical use.
White On Arrival
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Immigrating to the United States, Italians, like all others arriving on America’s shores, were made to fill out a standardized immigration form. In the box for race, they faced two choices: North Italian or South Italian. On the line requesting information on color, they wrote simply “white.” By World War II, the only option they had for race and color questions was “white.” This identification is suggestive of the many ways in which Italians became white on arrival in the United States, as Thomas A. Guglielmo demonstrates in this prize-winning book. While many suffered from racial prejudice and discrimination, they were nonetheless viewed as white, with all the privileges this color classification bestowed, in the corridors of American power--from judges to journalists, from organized labor to politicians, from race scientists to realtors. Taking the mass Italian immigration of the late 19th century as his starting point and drawing on dozens of oral histories and a diverse array of primary sources in English and Italian, Guglielmo focuses on how perceptions of Italians’ race and color were shaped in one of America’s great centers of immigration and labor, Chicago. His account skillfully weaves together the major events of Chicago immigrant history--the “Chicago Color Riot” of 1919, the rise of Italian organized crime, and the rise of industrial unionism--with national and international events--such as the rise of fascism and the Italian-Ethiopian War of 1935-36--to present the story of how Italians approached, learned, and lived race. By tracking their evolving position in the city’s racial hierarchy, Guglielmo reveals the impact of racial classification--both formal and informal--on immigrants’ abilities to acquire homes and jobs, start families, and gain opportunities in America. Carefully drawing the distinction between race and color, Guglielmo argues that whiteness proved Italians’ most valuable asset for making it in America. Even so, Italians were reluctant to identify themselves explicitly as white until World War II. By separating examples of discrimination against Italians from the economic and social advantages they accrued from their acceptance as whites, Guglielmo counters the claims of many ethnic Americans that hard work alone enabled their extraordinary success, especially when compared to non-white groups whose upward mobility languished. A compelling story, White on Arrival contains profound implications for our understanding of race and ethnic acculturation in the United States, as well as twentieth-century immigration, urban, and political history.
Connectedness in the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Admittedly, it is perilous at best to generalize about work and “the workplace.” My workplace experience as a law professor, for example, would seem to have little in common with that of the fast-food server, the automobile assembly worker, the hospital orderly, or the file clerk. My experience shares little even with that of the urban public school teacher across Morningside Park or of the maintenance worker at my own law school. There are vast differences in pay, working conditions, status, authority, autonomy, and satisfaction from one job to another—differences that matter here, and to which chapter 3 is largely devoted. But it is necessary, as well as possible, to begin this account by considering some common features of workplace interaction.

The workplace is, to begin with, one site of social connectedness that is claiming somewhat more rather than less of people’s time. To be more specific: While adult men’s work week and age of retirement have both declined slightly, women’s commitment to the workforce—both their hours of work and the number of years they spend in the workforce—have increased dramatically over the past several decades.
From ‘The Workplace” to Workplaces
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

“The workplace,” as described so far, is an intensely social environment. Coworkers routinely cooperate in doing the work itself—the most literal meaning of “working together.” They socialize informally during the workday and sometimes afterward. They discuss shared terms and conditions of employment and are sometimes moved to make common cause and to seek a collective voice in these matters. Some modicum of cooperation, sociability, and communication about shared work conditions is virtually endemic to “the workplace” as we know it. But there are plainly many different kinds of workplaces and many different kinds of jobs, and they vary enormously in their hospitality to each of these forms of human interaction. So, too, workplaces are changing to meet the challenges of a dynamic and increasingly global market. Do the actual workplaces of the twenty-first century look anything like “the workplace” I have described? Do they foster the kinds of social ties on which I stake my claims here?
Working Together Across Racial Lines
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Who are the co-workers with whom we cooperate, communicate, commiserate, and sometimes militate? As we have begun to see, they often come from different neighborhoods and from different cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. In particular, the workplace is the single most frequent site of close and ongoing interaction between black and white adults. That is not to say that most work­ places are highly diverse. On the contrary, many workplaces are overwhelmingly white or thoroughly segmented along racial lines. Discriminatory hiring, firing, evaluations, and placement, as well as harassment and social isolation, persist and plague the work lives of the underrepresented and less powerful minority group members. But the claim advanced here is a relative one: Integration appears to have proceeded further and more smoothly in the workplace than, for example, in neighborhoods and schools. I suggest some possible explanations for that relative success before turning to the consequences of interracial interaction at the workplace for social attitudes and social relations outside the workplace.
Why Do Firms Differ? The Theory of the Knowledge-Creating Firm
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Toyama Ryoko
Published: November 2023

Why do firms differ? This simple question is a central concern for scholars who study the theory of the firm (Nelson, 1991). Within the same industry there may be many different kinds of firms, all presumably competing with each other. Is this because some firms are doing the right thing and some are not? That cannot be the answer, for quite different firms in the same industry can be successful. We believe that the answer to the simple question lies at the heart of this book. In this chapter we will examine the intellectual basis for viewing firms as knowledge-creating organizations and provide examples of successful knowledge-creating firms. The discussion must necessarily balance theory with applications, and the reader may want to read this chapter twice, first to get a sense of the theoretical underpinnings of knowledge creation, and again, after reading other chapters, to deepen his or her understanding of the subject. Management thinkers have proposed a number of theories to explain differences in firms’ structures and performances. The positioning school ex- plains firm differences by pointing to the difficulties in entering an industry or a strategic group. Firms that want to move to a more profitable industry or segment are prevented from doing so by high entry or mobility barriers. The resource-based view explains firm differences in terms of the difficulties that firms have in imitating or acquiring resources. Firms that want to acquire the resources which give other firms a competitive advantage are prevented from doing so because such resources are impossible or too costly to acquire.
Human Resources Management and Knowledge Creation
Authors: Osterloh Margit
Published: November 2023

Peter Drucker stated that less than one fifth of the workforce nowadays consists of blue-collar workers doing manual work, while white-collar workers doing knowledge work make up two fifths of the workforce. Yet, when it comes to our understanding of a knowledge worker’s productivity, we are ‘‘in the year 2000 roughly where we were in the year 1900 in terms of productivity of the manual worker’’ (Drucker, 1999, p. 83). If companies could enhance productivity of knowledge workers in the twenty- first century as much as they did that of manual workers in the twentieth century, the payoffs would be astronomical.
Southeast Asia in World History
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

This book will sketch an outline of Southeast Asian history from earliest times to the present, showing how the diverse political, economic, social, and cultural patterns developed over several thousand years and the role played by the region in the larger world. Approximately one third will be devoted to the centuries before 1500 CE, when civilizations and kingdoms emerged and some Southeast Asians became active in Asian and Pacific maritime trade networks. It will discuss the connections to India and China, the great kingdoms such as Angkor, the maritime trade, and the emergence of diverse cultural traditions, including the Theravada Buddhist, Islamic, and Vietnamese realms. Another third covers the period of Western expansion and colonization between 1500 and 1941, when various Western nations began to gradually influence and then reshape the region and Southeast Asians became more deeply involved with world trade. This includes an extensive discussion of the impact of colonialism on Southeast Asian societies, cultures, economies and politics. The final third examines the rise of nationalism and independence movements, decolonization, the wars in Indochina, and the links between past, present, and future.
Crime, Law, and the Community: Dynamics of Incarceration in New York City
Authors: Fagan Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Random Family (LeBlanc 2003) tells the story of a tangled family and social network of young people in New York City in which prison threads through their lives since childhood. Early on, we meet a young man named Cesar, who sold small amounts of crack and heroin in the streets near his home in the Bronx. During one of his many spells in jail, Cesar sees his father pushing a cafeteria cart in the Rikers Island Correctional Facility, New York City’s jail. Cesar had not seen his father in many years, but he was not very surprised to see him there. This was neither Cesar’s first time at Rikers, nor his first time in jail, and the same was true of his father. Cesar was at Rikers awaiting transfer to a prison in upstate New York, one of several prison spells he would face within his first three decades of life. In addition to seeing his father in jail, Cesar often encountered childhood friends from his Bronx neighborhood as he moved through the state’s prisons.
Umbilical Cord
Authors: Blackburn Will
Published: November 2023

The umbilical cord is composed of elements derived from the primitive (primary) yolk sac (allantois and vitelline duct), the connecting (body) stalk, and the amnion. The primary yolk sac is lined with endoderm and forms the central portion of the embryonic gut (Fig. 35-1). In the caudal part of the embryonic gut, the allantois appears as an outpouching (evagination) that extends ultimately as a small duct into the connecting stalk mes- enchyme (Fig. 35-1). Along its course, a portion of the allantois develops into the urinary bladder; the portion between the bladder and the connecting stalk will become the urachus, and the attending “allantoic blood vessels” will become the left and right umbilical arteries.
Gender, Language, and Modernity: Toward an Effective History of “Japanese Women’s Language”
Authors: Inoue Miyako
Published: November 2023

Japanese women’s language” is a socially powerful truth. I mean by this not that the phrase refers to the empirical speech patterns of women. Rather, I mean that “Japanese women’s language” is a critical cultural category and an unavoidable part of practical social knowledge in contemporary Japan. The phrase names a space of discourse in which the Japanese woman is objectified, evaluated, studied, staged, and normalized through her imputed language use and is thus rendered into a knowable and unified object. Doxic statements, such as “Women speak more politely than men” and “Women are not capable of speaking logically,” are commonly heard in daily conversation. Scholars, too, have produced a highly reflexive and abstract—therefore privileged—knowledge of how women speak (differently from men); they have systematically located female-male differentiation at all levels of the language: phonology, semantics, morphology, syntax, speech acts, discourse (in the technical linguistic sense), as well as prosodic features such as pitch, and they have explained how female-specific values, attributes, and social roles are registered in speech forms and in the management of conversation.
“Let’s Dress a Little Girlishly!” or “Conquer Short Pants!”: Constructing Gendered Communities in Fashion Magazines for Young People
Authors: Nakamura Momoko
Published: November 2023

Like all forms of mass communication, fashion magazines for young people use language to construct the identity of their readership. This identity is both imaginary and specific. Texts for mass audiences such as magazines often assume target readers and use language so as to communicate to them. In the process, the imaginary reader is constructed as having particular interests, values, and experiences—that is, as having a particular identity. Actual readers have choices to make about whether they will use the identity of an imaginary reader as a resource to construct their own identities.
Women and Words: The Status of Sexist Language in Japan as Seen through Contemporary Dictionary Definitions and Media Discourse
Authors: Endo Orie , Shibamoto Smith Janet S
Published: November 2023

One often hears the argument that in order to eliminate sexist language, it is first necessary to eliminate sexism; as long as there is sexism, it is useless to problematize sexist language alone. However, I argue that the existence of sexist language supports and reproduces sexist attitudes and it is, thus, essential to problematize sexist language itself. In this chapter, I focus on three of the many derogatory words used to describe women in Japanese. I examine their treatment both in a sample of Japanese language dictionaries and, more briefly, in the media. While the use of sexist expressions in the media has decreased considerably over time, in dictionaries the treatment of many sexist words remains largely unchanged. Although media have their own shaping effects on the public understanding of gender (see chapters 6 and 7, this volume), they must, ultimately, attract and retain their audience; not surprisingly, then, popular media are found to be more responsive than dictionaries to social change. Lexicographers, however, are experts who authenticate the words and word meanings we use (Gal 1989). As authenticators of symbolic capital (Bourdieu 1977), they have a different relation of symbolic power vis-à-vis the public and tend toward a conservative vision of word meaning and usage. One thinks, in this vein, of dictionaries as offering such authoritative information about lexical items as “correct” pronunciation, meaning, orthography, etymology, usage, and the like.
Farm Women’s Professional Discourse in Ibaraki
Authors: Sunaoshi Yukako
Published: November 2023

Recent studies on language and gender in Japanese (e.g., Okamoto 1995, Inoue 2002, chapter 3, this volume) suggest that “Japanese women’s language” as characterized in terms of a set of linguistic features in Standard Japanese (SJ) is in fact a prescribed norm and thus does not represent the way Japanese women actually use language. While this realization is an important step in the study of women’s language use in Japanese, it must also be pointed out that we still know relatively little about the real language practice of Japanese women and men, who are socially diverse and heterogeneous, and that its investigation entails a consideration of how gender interacts with other social variables, such as region, class, and occupation.
The Allure Of Toxic Leaders
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

Toxic leaders--such as Ken Lay at Enron or Al Dunlap ("Chainsaw Al") at Sunbeam, or Slobodan Milosevic in Yugoslavia--have always been with us, and many books explain what makes them tick. But in The Allure of Toxic Leaders, Jean Lipman-Blumen explains what makes the followers tick, exploring why we tolerate--and remain steadfastly loyal to--leaders who are destructive to their organizations, their employees, their nations, and their constituents. Why do we knowingly follow, seldom unseat, frequently prefer, and sometimes even create toxic leaders? Lipman-Blumen argues that these leaders appeal to our deepest needs, playing on our anxieties and fears, on our yearnings for security, high self-esteem, and significance, and on our desire for noble enterprises and immortality. The author explores how psychological needs--such as the desire to be at the heart of the action, to be an insider--can often make us susceptible to toxic leaders. She describes how followers inadvertently keep themselves in line by a set of insidious control myths that they internalize. In addition, outside forces--such as economic depressions, political upheavals, or a crisis in the company--can increase our anxiety and our longing for charismatic leaders. Equally important, Lipman-Blumen shows how followers, mired in the swamp of toxic leadership, can learn critical lessons for the future and survive in the meantime. She discusses how to confront, reform, undermine, blow the whistle on, or oust a toxic leader. And she suggests how we can diminish our need for strong leaders, identify "reluctant leaders" among competent followers, and even nurture the leader within ourselves. Toxic leaders first charm, but then manipulate, mistreat, weaken, and ultimately devastate their followers. The Allure of Toxic Leaders tells us how to recognize these leaders and identify the germ of toxicity within their "noble" visions before it's too late.
Defining Creole
Authors: Mcwhorter John h.
Published: November 2023

A conventional wisdom among creolists is that creole is a sociohistorical term only: that creole languages share a particular history entailing adults rapidly acquiring a language usually under conditions of subordination, but that structurally they are indistinguishable from other languages. The articles by John H. McWhorter collected in this volume demonstrate that this is in fact untrue. Creole languages, while complex and nuanced as all human languages are, are delineable from older languages as the result of their having come into existence only a few centuries ago. Then adults learn a language under untutored conditions, they abbreviate its structure, focusing upon features vital to communication and shaving away most of the features useless to communication that bedevil those acquiring the language non-natively. When they utilize their rendition of the language consistently enough to create a brand-new one, this new creation naturally evinces evidence of its youth: specifically, a much lower degree of the random accretions typical in older languages, which only develop over vast periods of time. The articles constitute a case for this thesis based on both broad, cross-creole ranges of data and focused expositions referring to single creole languages. The book presents a general case for a theory of language contact and creolization in which not only transfer from source languages but also structural reduction plays a central role, based on facts whose marginality of address in creole studies has arisen from issues sociopolitical as well as scientific. For several decades the very definition of the term creole has been elusive even among creole specialists. This book attempts to forge a path beyond the inter- and intra-disciplinary misunderstandings and stalemates that have resulted from this, and to demonstrate the place that creoles might occupy in other linguistic subfields, including typology, language contact, and syntactic theory.
Venture Capital and Corporate Governance
Authors: Allen Franklin , Song Wei-ling
Published: November 2023

In the United States, venture capital has been particularly important in many new industries at the initial stage. It accounts for about two thirds of the private-sector external equity financing of high-technology firms (see Freear and Wetzel, 1994). Venture capital differs from standard forms of financing in that there is a much greater involvement of the providers of funds than is the case with other forms of lending (such as bank loans) in an attempt to avoid the problems arising from asymmetric information. Lenders are also concerned about resolving the uncertainty of cash flows. The absence of collateral means they cannot simply leave the entrepreneurs to their own devices-they must ensure that resources are not squandered if they are to try and earn a return on their investment.
Corporate Governance, Public Policy, and Private Investment Decisions, 2002
Authors: Crist William Dale
Published: November 2023

The fact that shareholders did not have any genuine say in the operation of US corporations, and that corporate management was accountable only to the board of directors, who, practically speaking, were accountable only to themselves, was pointed out by scholars as early as 1932 (Berle and Means, 1968). Nevertheless, by 1934, and again in 1940, Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, the founders of fundamental stock analysis, made the observation that an investor should take just as much care in being a stockholder as in becoming a stockholder (Graham and Dodd, 1940, p. 594). In the eyes of corporate management and the public in general, this academic plea for stockholder participation obviously was way before its time. Forty years later, the economic historian Alfred Chandler, Jr. made it very clear that US corporations were controlled by corporate management and not by stockholders, either directly or indirectly (Chandler, 1977).
The Legacy Of Fischer Black
Authors: Lehmann Bruce N
Published: November 2023

Fischer Black was a remarkable social scientist, one whose contributions range from the lofty perch of highbrow theory to the trenches of practical application. The papers represented in this work span the same range, the contributions of a remarkable array of financial economists who embody in different ways Fischer’s ideal of insight from economic theory that both guides and is rooted in the kind of detailed observation of relevant aspects of actual financial markets. It is hoped that readers find this volume to be both a fitting tribute and a stimulus to further research. After all, the advancement of economic science remained a constant goal throughout Fischer’s remarkable career in the many and disparate venues in which he plies his trade.
The People Themselves
Authors: Kramer Larry D
Published: November 2023

The United States Constitution is the foundational document of the longest and most successful democratic experiment in modern human history. It not only serves as the legal bedrock for the world’s most powerful nation-state but also, more broadly, reflects that nation’s fundamental commitments as a society. Who then has the authority to interpret a blueprint of such extraordinary influence? Americans have come to treat the Constitution as somehow beyond the purview, even the competence, of the average American citizen. Only lawyers, judges, and academics are deemed fit to state what exactly the Constitution means. This elitist reliance on expert judgement is a radical and troublesome departure from the founding fathers’ intent. America’s Founding generation, in darling contrast, embraced a political ideology that celebrated the central role of the “the people” in supplying government with its energy and direction, an ideal that remained at all times in the forefront of their thinking-Federalist and Anti-Federalist alike. In this groundbreaking interpretation of America’s founding and of its entire system of judicial review, Larry Kramer reveals that the colonists fought for and birthed a very different system—and held a very different understanding of citizenship—than Americans believe to be the norm today. “Popular sovreignty” was no historical abstraction nor was the notion of “the people” invoked largely as a flip rhetorical convenience on the campaign trail. Important trials and the prospective passage of the influentional legislation such as the Alien Act—which granted a president the power to imprison or even deport immigrants—were met with vigorous public debate. The outcomes were greeted with celebratory feasts and bonfires, or riotous resistance. In short, Americans drew a clear parallel between the law and the lived reality of their daily existence. Theis self-sovreignty in law as much as politics was active not abstract. With this book, Larry Kramer vaults to the forefront of Constitutional interpretation. In the process, he rekindles the original spark of “we the people”, inviting every citizen to join him in enlivening the seemingly deadened sensibilities that mark the relationship between Americans and their constitutional past, present, and future.
Surviving Transformation
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

How did a major corporation manage to turn itself around while Wall Street and others continued to predict its slow death? The answer may surprise you, and it provides a model for corporate transformation for any company or government agency operating in a world of accelerating change. The company is General Motors, and this book tells how it was able to change the way important decisions were made, leading to resurgence in business across its many product lines. At the beginning of the 1990s, GM was perceived by nearly everyone as falling behind its competitors at an alarming rate. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, though, the company had come storming back with successful new automobiles and new business concepts that captured new markets, while simultaneously holding on to many of its existing customers. What GM did is not just the story of a single automaker, but rather a compelling insight into an approach for any business organization that is faced with the need for a true transformation. As many companies have discovered, efforts at transformation too often fail. GM#x2019;s successful transformation illustrates the importance of management#x2019;s ability to change its mindset and make the tough decisions that revitalize business with bold new products and business concepts. At the heart of successful transformation is the imagination, courage and leadership required to visualize the kind of company an organization wants to become and then work toward that goal. With the destination set and understood by those who will need to implement the changes, decision-makers find it less difficult to overcome impediments to achieving their goal while finding creative ways of doing what may seem impossible. The lessons from GMs turnaround can help any business organization change and keep pace with today#x2019;s turbulent marketplace.
Adverse Events, Stress, and Litigation
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R
Published: November 2023

What is it like to be sued for medical malpractice? Bad medical outcomes traumatize patients but they also traumatize physicians. The litigation that often follows is a profoundly human, rather than just a legal experience. Although every physician’s case is different, this book shows how each case goes through the same judicial stages of complaint, discovery, depositions, motions, and delays that lead to trial, settlement, or being dropped. It also gives doctors an understanding of how lawyers think and work to help defendants. Written by a physician and a lawyer, the book provides unique insights—through real-life stories—into the personal experience of litigation as well as recommendations for dealing with each of the legal process. It also includes up-to-date reviews of HIPAA legislation, the controversial subject of disclosure, and recent developments in the law affecting medical practitioners. Only about thirty percent of plaintiffs win their cases against doctors, but the journey from bedside to witness stand tests both the personal character and the professional skills of those accused. This well-documented book will help doctors understand and navigate the legal system while honouring their own ideals and emerging changed but stronger from the experience.
Reflection on the Problem of “Dirty Hands”
Authors: Elshtain Jean Bethke
Published: November 2023

Torture invariably appears on the “never” list of the “forbiddens” of human politics. Genocide tops that list but torture follows close behind. There are good reasons for this. Brutal regimes historically, like Stalin’s Soviet Union and Hitler’s Nazi Germany, used torture as a routine dimension of the state apparatus. Enemies or alleged enemies of those two evil regimes were often tortured for the sadistic pleasure of it—not to get useful information. For torture was used primarily against internal foes of the regime. Torture was also widespread in Argentina at the time of its so-called dirty war in the late 1970s—before the restoration of constitutionalism in 1982. In my discussions with the “Mothers of the Disappeared” who had lost children to the military juntas, torture was listed as the most horrible thing imaginable that their children had suffered prior to their outright killing. One mother of three “disappeared” told me that she couldn’t bear the thought that her children’s last memories on earth were of being tortured. That final image of another human being torturing you, and doing so with sadistic pleasure, prior to taking your last breath, was too much for her to bear. Her health broke, and she never recovered either her health or her faith in humanity.
American Interrogation
Authors: Skolnick Jerome H
Published: November 2023

Citizens of the United States do not usually consider torture to be a feature of the nation’s heritage. But it is there, hidden by other labels. Slaves were whipped as punishment for offenses, real or imaginary. After the Civil War and into the 1930s, the public torments of Southern “lynchings” were inflicted on black men in the interests of upholding a racist social order. And when “Negroes” were arrested they were “frequently beaten in the wagon on the way to jail or later when they are already safely locked up.” Whether the rhetorically powerful word “torture” should be applied to instances of painful abuse permitted on the basis of a caste status is open to question. The horror of the institution of slavery is that slaves no have lawful claim against the brutal punishments or sexual crimes of their owners. And, as I will discuss later, in the case of Brown v. Mississippi (and other famous southern cases of that era, such as Screws v. U.S.), neither did Southern blacks in the first half of the twentieth century have legal redress for the crimes committed against them by police.
The Prohibition on Torture and the Limits of the Law
Authors: Gross Oren
Published: November 2023

The debate about the moral and legal nature of the prohibition on torture is often conducted as if there is no middle ground. One may support an absolute ban on torture, a ban that applies in times of peace as well as in times of great calamity. Alternatively, one may believe that the duty not to torture, even if generally desirable and laudable, does not apply in certain exceptional circumstances, or, even if it does apply, is overridden, canceled, or trumped by competing values. Absolutists—those who believe that an unconditional ban on torture ought to apply without exception regardless of circumstances—frequently base their position on deontological grounds, that is, they assess the intrinsic moral value of things independent of their consequences. For them, torture is inherently wrong. It is an evil that can never be justified or excused. It violates the physical and mental integrity of the person subjected to it, negates her autonomy and humanity, and deprives her of human dignity. It reduces her to a mere object, a body, from which information is to be extracted, while coercing her to act in a manner that may be contrary to her most fundamental beliefs, values, and interests. Torture is also wrong because of its depraving and corrupting effects on individual torturers as well as on society at large. Hence, under no circumstances should such actions be morally acceptable or legally allowed.
Red Blood Cell Genes and Malaria
Authors: Weatherall David
Published: November 2023

Because malaria has long been and continues to be one of the major killers of mankind, and because these parasites spend a critical period of their complex life cycles within red blood cells, it is not surprising that genetic variation in the structure or function of these cells that is deleterious to the parasite has come under intense selection. Indeed, there is now very strong evidence that selective evolutionary pressure of this kind explains why the genetic disorders of the red cell are by far the most common monogenic diseases in man. This chapter briefly describes the common inherited red cell conditions that seem to have come under selection by different forms of malaria, as well as the relevant human loci and their common mutations (table 8.1), and outlines what is known about how these interactions are mediated. Readers who wish to explore particular aspects in more detail, particularly the original sources on which many of its present concepts are based, are referred to a monograph and several more extensive reviews (Weatherall and Clegg, 2001a, 2001b, 2002; Nagel 2001; Luzzatto et al., 2001; Cooke and Hill, 2001; Roberts et al., 2004).
The Origins of Paper Money in China
Authors: Glahn Richard Von
Published: November 2023

China’s heritage of coining money is as venerable as that of the Mediterranean world. By the time the first unified empire was founded in late third century B.c., use of money had become fundamental to Chinese economic life. Yet from ancient times the monetary system of China diverged substantially from the traditions of the Mediterranean region and west Asia. In the West, monetary standards were based on precious metals. Silver coin predominated within domestic trade, but gold coin prevailed as the monetary standard of international trade. The high and stable value of gold across time and space endowed it with enormous symbolic power as a measure of value invulnerable to manipulation by any state or ruler. Even today the notion of a “gold standard” connotes a stability of real value that transcends dollars, euros, yen, or any state-issued currency. In China, the monetary system of the imperial era was based not on precious metals but on bronze coin. In Western thought, money made from base metals like copper (or even silver) was seen as readily susceptible to fiscal chicanery at the hands of administrators who constantly sought to debase their coins, trying to circulate them at a nominal value greater than their substantive worth. Bronze coin was regarded as a primitive form of money and its low unit value testified to the lack of commercial development within the economy.
Just Marriage
Authors: Shanley Mary Lyndon
Published: November 2023

From the ground breaking legal decisions on gay marriage to the promotion of marriage for low-income families, the “sacred institution” of marriage has turned into a public battleground. Who should be allowed to marry and is marriage a public or private act? Should marriage be abandoned completely? Or should marriage be redefined as a civil institution that promotes sexual and racial equality? As the fierce national debate over same-sex marriage and civil unions continues, Mary Lyndon Shanley argues that while the state should continue to play a role in regulating personal relations, the law must be fundamentally reformed if marriage is to become a more just institution. Fourteen prominent writers and thinkers respond, including Nancy F. Cott, William N. Eskridge, Jr., Amitai Etzioni, Martha Albertson Fineman, and Cass R. Sunstein.
Just Marriage:On The Public Importance Of Private Unions
Authors: Shanley Mary Lyndon
Published: November 2023

American conservatives pride themselves on moral clarity. And that clarity is nowhere greater than on the topic of marriage and family. The essentials of marriage are, they say, well defined: it unites a man and a woman; it provides the foundation for a family that may include biological or adopted children; it assigns different roles to men and women; and it is a union for life, indissoluble except for the most grievous offenses. These essentials are, according to conservatives, not a product of the vagaries of social convention or contingent cultural choices but are instead given by nature, scripture, or tradition. Moreover, preserving them is intrinsically good for individuals and has great public benefits: marriage is the foundation of society, and a strong foundation will protect against society’s ills, from crime to poverty.
Cardiac Development
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

This is the only in-depth, single author survey of heart development. It will provide a more systematic, up-to-date synthesis of the subject than any other volume, spanning the range from classical anatomical studies to recent findings in molecular biology. It also covers topics that are often omitted from discussions of heart development, such as myocardial function, cardiac innervation, and conduction development and clinical correlates will be discussed throughout. The book is beautifully illustrated by Karen Waldo, an artist who has collaborated with Dr. Kirby for many years.
Functional Developmental Biology of the Myocardium
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

Much of the biochemistry and physiology as well as morphology of heart development has been studied most rigorously in avian species, particularly the chick embryo because, like mammals, they have four-chambered hearts. With the advent of new technologies, mouse and zebrafish embryos have become important models particularly for genetic studies of early morphogenesis. However, detailed physiological studies remain difficult in these species and much of what is known in development still relies on results from the chick embryo. In the chick, development of various systems in the heart and muscle appears to be somewhat accelerated compared with that in mammals. This is not surprising considering that the chick must emerge on its own from its shell and must be able to function autonomously very quickly to survive. Small mammalian species have been used particularly in studies of later development including rat, rabbit, and now the mouse. In these species, the neonates are quite helpless at birth and development of mechanisms involved in cardiac contractile function is much delayed compared with that in humans. The rate of development in humans appears to fall somewhere between the chick and these mammalian species. It is important to note that regardless of variations in the rate of development, the cellular mechanisms necessary for generating rhythmic contractile force in mature hearts are qualitatively the same for birds and mammals. The specific proteins involved are highly conserved among these species with a very high degree of amino acid sequence identity.
Development of the Poles of the Heart
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

Although it may seem odd to have a chapter devoted to the poles of the heart, the junction of the ends of the heart with the rest of the body during development is a dynamic relationship and one that has been under appreciated. Normal development of these junctions is critical for normally connected venous inflow and arterial outflow, and many heart defects are the result of incorrect connections at the venous or arterial pole. An important function of the poles is that they provide an entryway for new cells to be added to the heart including myocardial, endocardial, mesenchymal, and neural cells. They provide access to the endocardial and cardiac jelly layers located beneath the myocardium. This is especially important in the outflow tract, where little mesenchyme is available from any other source. The original mapping studies to identify the cardiogenic fields were done in embryo culture systems to allow access to gastrulation stage embryos. Embryos cultured in this manner have a limited lifespan that does not extend through the looping period, and it is just before and during the looping period that the final myocardial cells are added to the venous and arterial poles, respectively. New studies of both the inflow and outflow reveal a rich contribution of cells to each of the cardiac poles.
Endocardium, Cardiac Cushions, and Valve Development
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

The endocardium develops from endothelial cells that form bilaterally paired tubes by the process of vasculogenesis. These bilateral tubes fuse in the midline to form a single tubular cardiac intravascular compartment. The midline endothelial tube lies beneath the foregut endoderm and is covered ventrally by the splanchnic mesoderm that is open toward the ventral pharynx in a W or U shape until the two sides fuse dorsally to become a complete myocardial layer of the tubular heart (Fig. 9.1). An important feature of the endocardium is that it gives rise to all of the cushion mesenchyme in the atrioventricular canal and proximal outflow tract by a process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation. This cushion tissue functions as a one-way valve during contraction of the tubular heart and is critical for formation of the atrioventricular valves. The mesenchyme that gives rise to the semilunar valves in the outflow tract is from a mixture of cushion mesenchyme derived from endocardial epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, neural crest, and pharyngeal mesenchyme. Because of the mixing of cell types in the semilunar valves, their development is covered more completely in Chapter 11.
Overview
Authors: May George Cheney Juliet Roper,And Steve
Published: November 2023

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) risks the same practical and linguistic fate as other trends in business and popular culture. “Green marketing” is but one fairly recent example. By being applied to a host of situations, the term “cor- porate social responsibility” can lose its cutting edge. When it is used in disingenuous ways, it suffers cooptation. Through sheer overuse, the term becomes analogous to worthless currency. We are fully aware of these possibilities, just as we are of critiques from the Left and the Right. From the perspective of neoliberal economics, CSR is wrong-headed: a violation of the principles of free enterprise and a confusion of roles of the private, governmental, and nonprofit sectors. From the Left, CSR is viewed as at best a public relations strategy for complacency and control; at worst, an illusion arising from an oxymoron—a misunderstanding of the social potential of the corporate form (Doane, 2005; Frankental, 2001). From either perspective, as well as from several between them, CSR has enough of a history of debate and discussion be- hind it to merit a wide-ranging and nuanced treatment. That is what this book is about.
Progressing from Corporate Social Responsibility to Brand Integrity
Authors: McIntosh Malcolm
Published: November 2023

The decade from 1995 to 2005 was significant for corporate social responsibility (CSR). The year 2005 was 10 years since Shell’s annus horribilis and their debacle over the disposal of the Brent Spar oil rig in the North Sea and 10 years since they were implicated in the death of Ken Saro-Wiwa, a Nigerian human rights activist who was murdered by his government for protesting about the distribution of revenues from what was perceived to be Shell’s damaging extrication of oil from the Ogoni region of Nigeria.
Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Communication
Authors: Deetz Stanley
Published: November 2023

Both corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate governance have become major international issues. Many of the reasons for this appear in this volume. Only a few are reviewed here. The more central interest is in showing the intertwined nature of governance, responsibility, and the quality of social and economic choices.
Activism, Risk, and Communicational Politics
Authors: Knight Graham
Published: November 2023

By the late 1990s, Nike, the global sportswear giant, had acquired a reputation not only for marketing success based on creative advertising and celebrity athletic endorsements but also for producing its merchandise in third-world sweatshops. This second half of Nike’s reputation was due in no small measure to the efforts of a growing, transnational social movement mobilized against sweatshop labor practices, particularly in the global apparel and footwear industries.
Corporate Environmentalism
Authors: Bullis Connie , Ie Fumiko
Published: November 2023

Although King’s comments were directed largely to the feminist movement, we might well heed her thoughts as we approach issues of corporate responsibility. As we consider the social contracts under which corporations operate, King reminds us that it is pointless to focus solely on the social system without considering how that system is related to the natural system.