bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteoblast recruitment to sites of bone formation in skeletal development, homeostasis, and regeneration
Authors: Dirckx Naomi , Van Hul Matthias , Maes Christa
Published: October 2015

During endochondral bone development, bone‐forming osteoblasts have to colonize the regions of cartilage that will be replaced by bone. In adulthood, bone remodeling and repair require osteogenic cells to reach the sites that need to be rebuilt, as a prerequisite for skeletal health. A failure of osteoblasts to reach the sites in need of bone formation may contribute to impaired fracture repair. Conversely, stimulation of osteogenic cell recruitment may be a promising osteo‐anabolic strategy to improve bone formation in low bone mass disorders such as osteoporosis and in bone regeneration applications. Yet, still relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling osteogenic cell recruitment to sites of bone formation. In vitro, several secreted growth factors have been shown to induce osteogenic cell migration. Recent studies have started to shed light on the role of such chemotactic signals in the regulation of osteoblast recruitment during bone remodeling. Moreover, trafficking of osteogenic cells during endochondral bone development and repair was visualized in vivo by lineage tracing, revealing that the capacity of osteoblast lineage cells to move into new bone centers is largely confined to undifferentiated osteoprogenitors, and coupled to angiogenic invasion of the bone‐modeling cartilage intermediate. It is well known that the presence of blood vessels is absolutely required for bone formation, and that a close spatial and temporal relationship exists between osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Studies using genetically modified mouse models have identified some of the molecular constituents of this osteogenic–angiogenic coupling. This article reviews the current knowledge on the process of osteoblast lineage cell recruitment to sites of active bone formation in skeletal development, remodeling, and repair, considering the role of chemo‐attractants for osteogenic cells and the interplay between osteogenesis and angiogenesis in the control of bone formation. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 99:170–191, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resections for gastric carcinoma
Authors: Hyun M-H , Lee C-H , Kim H-J , Tong Y , Park S-S
Published: October 2015

Background

Robot-assisted gastrectomy (RAG) has been developed in the hope of improving surgical quality and overcoming the limitations of conventional laparoscopically assisted gastrectomy (LAG) and open gastrectomy (OG) for gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of evidence in support of these ideals.

Methods

A systematic review of the three operation types (RAG, LAG and OG) was carried out to evaluate short-term outcomes including duration of operation, retrieved lymph nodes, estimated blood loss, resection margin status, technical postoperative complications and hospital stay.

Results

Nine non-randomized observational clinical studies involving 7200 patients satisfied the eligibility criteria. RAG was associated with longer operating times than LAG and OG (weighted mean difference 61·99 and 65·73 min respectively; P ≤ 0·001). The number of retrieved lymph nodes and the resection margin length in RAG were comparable with those of LAG and OG. Estimated blood loss was significantly less in RAG than in OG (P = 0·002), but not LAG. Mean hospital stay for RAG was similar to that for LAG (P = 0·14). In contrast, hospital stay was significantly shorter, by a mean of 2·18 days, for RAG compared with OG (P < 0·001). Postoperative complications were similar for all three operative approaches.

Conclusion

Short-term oncological outcomes of RAG were comparable with those of the other approaches. LAG was a shorter procedure and less expensive than RAG. Future studies involving RAG should focus on minimizing duration of operation and reducing cost.
Treatment of PCB‐Laden Transformer Oil with Polyethylene Glycols and Alkaline Hydroxide
Authors: Ryoo Keon Sang , Choi Jong‐Ha , Hong Yong Pyo
Published: October 2015

The direct disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oil by polyethylene glycols (PEGs) under basic condition is reported. The transformer oil containing PCBs was treated by the required amounts of PEGs and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for different reaction times and temperatures. Complete reaction produces aryl PEGs, which are the products of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The relative efficiencies of the PCB treatment process were assessed in terms of destruction and removal efficiency (DRE, %). At the experimental conditions of 100 °C and 7 h, 125 °C and 3 h, and 150 °C and 1 h, average DREs of PCBs better than 99.9999% were attained. In studying the chemical reaction of PCBs with PEG/KOH, it was confirmed that the process led to less chlorinated PCBs through a stepwise process with the successive elimination of chlorines. Particularly, the least chlorinated PCBs such as mono‐ and di‐PCBs were not produced in our study. Furthermore, the treated transformer oil can be reused through simple segregating procedures.
Microstructure and Properties of BaTiO3 Ferroelectric Films Prepared by DC Micro Arc Oxidation
Authors: Wang Min , Zhang Guoge , Li Wenfang , Wang Xiaojun
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we report the preparation of BaTiO3
(BT) ferroelectric films from barium hydroxide via micro arc oxidation (MAO) with additives. The BaTiO3
film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), micro‐Raman spectroscopy, precision LCR measurements, and a Radiant Precision LC material analyzer. The results showed that the BT film was mainly composed of tetragonal‐phase BaTiO3
, and the BT film was smooth, dense, and crack‐free. At the frequency of 100 Hz, the film was found to possess a high dielectric constant of 245.3 and a low dielectric loss (tan δ) of 0.039. Compared with the BT film prepared without additives, the MAO‐prepared film showed an increase of 61.1% in dielectric constant and a decrease of 59.4% in dielectric loss (tan δ). The BT film exhibited a saturated P–E hysteresis loop at room temperature.
Measuring corporate environmental performance: the trade‐offs of sustainability ratings
Authors: Delmas Magali , Blass Vered Doctori
Published: October 2015

Socially responsible investing (SRI) represents an investment process that reflects environmental and social preferences. The financial industry is in a unique position to move corporations towards corporate sustainability. However, there is often little transparency regarding the metrics used to evaluate corporate social and environmental performance and the trade‐offs involved in the evaluation. In this paper we discuss the various trade‐offs of sustainability screening methodologies. We show that the rating of companies varies significantly according to whether the screening is based on toxic releases and regulatory compliance or on the quality of environmental policy and disclosure. We base our analysis on the evaluation of the performance of 15 firms in the chemical sector. The analysis indicates that firms that have the most advanced reporting and environmental management practices tend also to have higher levels of toxic releases and lower environmental compliance. We provide methodological recommendations to help stakeholders evaluate corporate environmental performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Woven coronary arteries: A detailed review
Authors: Joseph Shamfa C. , D'antoni Anthony V. , Tubbs R. Shane , Gielecki Jerzy , Loukas Marios
Published: October 2015

A woven coronary artery is a rare congenital vascular variation that involves the separation of the artery into several thin channels, which later merge distally to form a single lumen. This mesh of intertwining small vessels may occur anywhere along the vessel and may be present in multiple coronaries. Although generally a benign incidental finding, there have been reported cases of associated ischemia, thrombus and atherosclerotic plaque formation and complications with cardiac intervention procedures. In this review, we have analyzed and compiled all the reported data pertaining to woven coronary arteries and highlighted its relevance to clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 29:502–507, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does personality matter in exercise participation?
Authors: Yap Sheau‐Fen , Lee Christina Kwai Choi
Published: October 2015

This research extends previous work by demonstrating how the relationships between social cognition and exercise are influenced by different personality types. The theory of planned behaviour forms the basis of our theoretical model, and the Big Five personality framework was used to determine personality types. Data were collected from a quota sample of 512 Malaysian adults. The results suggest that an individual's personality can prevent him or her from exercising. For example, an extrovert is likely to be driven by affect and self‐confidence in their capability to exercise, and thus are more likely to participate in exercise. Those who are more conscientious (and less neurotic) feel more in control and thus possess a greater ability to exercise in comparison with their less conscientious and more neurotic counterparts. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering personality factors in exercise research and caution us about underestimating the relationship between perceived control, attitude and its potential behavioural outcomes that could lead to a misinterpretation of its true impact. Our core contribution lies in identifying the underlying causes of social cognition differences in a moderating capacity, which has potential to yield important theoretical and practical implications. This study sets the ground for social marketers to improve their understanding of exercise behaviour and, in turn, consumer welfare. Ultimately, they could be in a better position to develop effective health intervention and educational programmes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delineation of G‐Quadruplex Alkylation Sites Mediated by 3,6‐Bis(1‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridinium iodide)carbazole‐Aniline Mustard Conjugates
Authors: Chen Chien‐Han , Hu Tsung‐Hao , Huang Tzu‐Chiao , Chen Ying‐Lan , Chen Yet‐Ran , Cheng Chien‐Chung , Chen Chao‐Tsen
Published: October 2015

A new G‐quadruplex (G‐4)‐directing alkylating agent BMVC‐C3M was designed and synthesized to integrate 3,6‐bis(1‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridinium iodide)carbazole (BMVC) with aniline mustard. Various telomeric G‐4 structures (hybrid‐2 type and antiparallel) and an oncogene promoter, c‐MYC (parallel), were constructed to react with BMVC‐C3M, yielding 35 % alkylation yield toward G‐4 DNA over other DNA categories (<6 %) and high specificity under competition conditions. Analysis of the intact alkylation adducts by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI‐MS) revealed the stepwise DNA alkylation mechanism of aniline mustard for the first time. Furthermore, the monoalkylation sites and intrastrand cross‐linking sites were determined and found to be dependent on G‐4 topology based on the results of footprinting analysis in combination with mass spectroscopic techniques and in silico modeling. The results indicated that BMVC‐C3M preferentially alkylated at A15 (H26), G12 (H24), and G2 (c‐MYC), respectively, as monoalkylated adducts and formed A15–C3M–A21 (H26), G12–C3M–G4 (H24), and G2–C3M–G4/G17 (c‐MYC), respectively, as cross‐linked dialkylated adducts. Collectively, the stability and site‐selective cross‐linking capacity of BMVC‐C3M provides a credible tool for the structural and functional characterization of G‐4 DNAs in biological systems.
Propargyl resin derived from biosynthesized oligophenols for the application of high temperature composite matrix
Authors: Huang Chuanjin , Wang Mingcun
Published: October 2015

A novel addition‐cure‐type propargyloligophenol resin for high‐temperature usage was prepared via a two‐step process: Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed oxidation polymerization of phenols to oligophenols, and Williamson etherification of oligophenols to propargyloligophenols. Propargyloligophenols possess an ideal processability for composite manufacture, i.e. good solubility, low melting point (< 50 °C), and thermal curability. As shown by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), propargyloligophenol resin upon heating experiences a broad thermal exothermic peak in the range of 175–300 °C peaking at around 260 °C. The cured resin is high‐temperature resistant with an initial decomposition temperature > 400 °C and an anaerobic char yield > 60 % at 700 °C. The mechanical properties of glass fabric‐reinforced propargyloligophenol laminate were superior to those of conventional phenolic resins. The results showed that propargyloligophenol resin is a prospective polymeric matrix for high temperature composites.
Removal of linear and monobranched alkane from aviation gasoline by 5A zeolite adsorption for octane number enhancement
Authors: Chen Kai , Sun Ting , Xiang Hai
Published: October 2015

Due to continued concern about effects of tetraethyl lead (TEL) emission on the environment and human health, the complete removal of TEL from aviation gasoline (avgas) is a desirable pursuit. In order to maintain high antiknock performance of avgas, an advanced adsorption method was developed using 5A zeolite to remove linear and monobranched alkane from avgas for octane number enhancement. An experimental study of single, binary, and quaternary adsorption of octane isomers on a fixed bed reactor was performed in this work. The effects of partial pressure, operating temperature, and initial mixture composition on breakthrough curves and sorption selectivity were thoroughly studied. At fixed partial pressure, normal octane was the strongest‐adsorbed component, followed by 2‐methylheptane, 2, 5‐dimethylhexane, and 2, 2, 4‐trimethylpentane. Adsorption capacity of all components increased with increased partial pressure and decreased with increased operating temperature. However, for all binary mixtures studied in this work, the sorption selectivity decreased as total pressure increased. At equimolar concentrations the normal and monobranched isomers were preferentially adsorbed, while when the volume percentages of the isomers were different, the adsorption of the isomer with the higher volume ratio was favoured. The quaternary breakthrough curves for octane isomers at 473 K with each component having partial pressure of 0.15 kPa also indicated the feasibility of simultaneous removal of normal and monobranched isomers from a multiple‐component mixture by this 5A zeolite.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Dehydrogenative α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes with Benzylic Compounds
Authors: Huang Fen , Xu Lubin , Xiao Jian
Published: October 2015

The highly enantioselective cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of aldehydes with benzylic compounds has been developed as an efficient and rapid protocol for synthesis of enantioriched α‐alkylated aldehydes.
Amide conjugates of the DO3A‐N‐(α‐amino)propionate ligand: leads for stable, high relaxivity contrast agents for MRI?
Authors: Ferreira Miguel F. , Martins André F. , Martins Catarina I. O. , Ferreira Paula M. , Tóth Éva , Rodrigues Tiago B. , Calle Daniel , Cerdan Sebastian , López‐Larrubia Pilar , Martins José A. , Geraldes Carlos F. G. C.
Published: October 2015

A novel synthetic methodology for preparing amide conjugates of the DO3A‐N‐(α‐amino)propionate chelator is described, using the synthesis of the DO3A‐N‐(α‐benzoylamido)propionate chelator as an illustrative example. The model Gd[DO3A‐N‐(α‐benzoylamido)propionate] chelate displays accelerated water exchange, stability in a wide pH range and inertness towards transmetallation by Zn2+. The Gd[DO3A‐N‐(α‐benzoylamido)propionate] complex is mainly excreted via the kidneys, producing a significant increase in the kidney medulla/cortex enhancement ratio in MR images of Wistar rats, reflecting probably its higher lipophilicity compared with Gd(DTPA). The results presented suggest that Gd[DO3A‐N‐(α‐amido)propionate] chelates can be valuable leads for preparing potentially safe high relaxivity MRI contrast agents. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
18F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI in the follow‐up of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ghanooni Rose , Delpierre Isabelle , Magremanne Michèle , Vervaet Catherine , Dumarey Nicolas , Remmelink Myriam , Lacroix Simon , Trotta Nicola , Hassid Sergio , Goldman Serge
Published: October 2015

We evaluated the diagnostic performance of 18F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI for the assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) relapse. Since early treatment might prevent inoperable relapse, we also evaluated THE performance of early unenhanced 18F‐FDG PET/CT in residual tumor detection. The study was prospectively performed on 32 patients who underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI before treatment and at 4 and 12 months after treatment. 18F‐FDG PET/CT was also performed 2 weeks after the end of radiotherapy. Histopathology or a minimum of 18 months follow‐up were used as gold standard. Before treatment 18F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI detected all primary tumors except for two limited vocal fold lesions (sensitivity 94%). MRI was more sensitive than 18F‐FDG PET/CT for the detection of local extension sites (sensitivity 75 vs 58%), but at the cost of a higher rate of false positive results (positive predictive value 74 vs 86%). For relapse detection at 4 months, sensitivity was significantly higher for 18F‐FDG PET/CT (92%) than for MRI (70%), but the diagnostic performances were not significantly different at 12 months. For the detection of residual malignant tissue 2 weeks post‐radiotherapy, sensitivity and specificity of 18F‐FDG PET/CT were respectively 86 and 85% (SUV cut‐off value 5.8). 18F‐FDG PET/CT is effective in the differentiation between residual tumor and radiation‐induced changes, as early as 2 weeks after treatment of a primary HNSCC. For follow‐up, performance of 18F‐FDG PET/CT and MRI are similar except for a higher sensitivity of 18F‐FDG PET/CT at 4 months. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diet quality of cancer survivors and noncancer individuals: Results from a national survey
Authors: Zhang Fang Fang , Liu Shanshan , John Esther M. , Must Aviva , Demark‐Wahnefried Wendy
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Patterns of poor nutritional intake may exacerbate the elevated morbidity experienced by cancer survivors. It remains unclear whether cancer survivors adhere to existing dietary guidelines and whether survivors' diets differ from those of individuals without cancer over the long term.

METHODS

The authors evaluated dietary intake and quality in 1533 adult cancer survivors who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2010 compared with dietary intake and quality in 3075 individuals who had no history of cancer and were matched to the cancer survivors by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Dietary intake was assessed using 24‐hour dietary recalls. The 2010 Healthy Eating Index (HEI‐2010) was used to evaluate diet quality.

RESULTS

The mean ± standard deviation HEI‐2010 total score was 47.2 ± 0.5 in the cancer survivors and 48.3 ± 0.4 in the noncancer group (P = .03). Compared with the noncancer group, cancer survivors had a significantly lower score for empty calories (13.6 vs 14.4; P = .001), which corresponded to worse adherence to dietary intake of calories from solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars. Cancer survivors also had significantly lower dietary intake of fiber than the noncancer group (15.0 vs 15.9 g per day; P = .02). In relation to recommended intake, survivors' mean dietary intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, potassium, fiber, and calcium was 31%, 47%, 55%, 60%, and 73%, respectively; whereas their mean dietary intake of saturated fat and sodium was 112% and 133%, respectively, of the recommended intake.

CONCLUSIONS

Cancer survivors had poor adherence to the US Department of Agriculture 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and their intake patterns were worse than those in the general population for empty calories and fiber. Cancer 2015;121:4212–4221. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Cytology nomenclature and 2015 World Health Organization classification of lung cancer
Authors: Zakowski Maureen F.
Published: October 2015

The recommendations of the 2015 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors are examined and discussed in terms of cytologic diagnoses.
Ventricular fiber optimization utilizing the branching structure
Authors: Washio Takumi , Yoneda Kazunori , Okada Jun‐ichi , Kariya Taro , Sugiura Seiryo , Hisada Toshiaki
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we propose an algorithm that optimizes the ventricular fiber structure of the human heart. A number of histological studies and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging analyses have revealed that the myocardial fiber forms a right‐handed helix at the endocardium. However, the fiber formation changes its orientation as a function of transmural depth, becoming a left‐handed helix at the epicardium. To determine how nature can construct such a structure, which obtains surprising pumping performance, we introduce macroscopic modeling of the branching structure of cardiac myocytes in our finite element ventricular model and utilize this in an optimization process. We put a set of multidirectional fibers around a central fiber orientation at each point of the ventricle walls and simulate heartbeats by generating contraction forces along each of these directions. We examine two optimization processes using the workloads or impulses measured in these directions to update the central fiber orientation. Both processes improve the pumping performance towards an optimal value within several tens of heartbeats, starting from an almost‐flat fiber orientation. However, compared with the workload optimization, the impulse optimization produces better agreement with experimental studies on transmural changes of fiber helix angle, streamline patterns of characteristic helical structures, and temporal changes in strain. Furthermore, the impulse optimization is robust under geometrical changes of the heart and tends to homogenize various mechanical factors such as the stretch and stretch rate along the fiber orientation, the contraction force, and energy consumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophysiology
Authors: Griffith Boyce E. , Peskin Charles S.
Published: October 2015

Electrical signaling is a fast mode of communication for cells within an organism. We are concerned here with the formulation and analysis of mathematical models that are used to describe this important class of physiological processes. These models generally take the form of partial differential equations that are descendants of those introduced by Hodgkin and Huxley to describe the propagation of an action potential along the squid giant axon. We review that work here and then go on to describe more recent variations on the Hodgkin‐Huxley theme, including the three‐dimensional bidomain (and monodomain) equations for cardiac electrophysiology, multiscale models for the heart that take cellular structure into account near the action potential wavefront, and finally a more detailed reformulation of electrophysiology in terms of electrodiffusion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Handling and Sensing of Single Enzyme Molecules: From Fluorescence Detection towards Nanoscale Electrical Measurements
Authors: Mathwig Klaus , Chi Qijin , Lemay Serge G. , Rassaei Liza
Published: October 2015

Classical methods to study single enzyme molecules have provided valuable information about the distribution of conformational heterogeneities, reaction mechanisms, and transients in enzymatic reactions when individual molecules instead of an averaging ensemble are studied. Here, we highlight major advances in all‐electrical single enzyme studies with a focus on recent micro‐ and nanofluidic tools, which offer new ways of handling and studying small numbers of molecules or even single enzyme molecules. We particularly emphasize nanofluidic devices, which enable the integration of electrochemical transduction and detection.
Improved Performance of Ru/γ‐Al2O3 Catalysts in the Selective Methanation of CO in CO2‐Rich Reformate Gases upon Transient Exposure to Water‐Containing Reaction Gas
Authors: Abdel‐Mageed Ali M. , Widmann Daniel , Eckle Stephan , Behm R. Jürgen
Published: October 2015

To better understand the role of water in the selective methanation of CO in CO2‐rich reformate gases on Ru/Al2O3 catalysts, the influence of exposing these catalysts to H2O‐rich reformate gases on their reaction characteristics in transient experiments was investigated by employing kinetic and in situ spectroscopic measurements as well as ex situ catalyst characterization. Transient exposure of the ruthenium catalyst to wet reaction gas (5 or 15 % H2O) results in significantly enhanced activity and selectivity for CO methanation in subsequent reactions in dry reformate compared with activation and reaction in dry reformate directly. Operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy results reveal that this is in accordance with a significant decrease in ruthenium particle size, which is stable during subsequent reaction in dry reformate. The implications of these data and additional results from in situ IR spectroscopy on the role and influence of H2O on the reaction, also in technical applications, are discussed.
Long‐Range π‐Conjugation in Phenothiazine‐containing Donor–Acceptor Dyes for Application in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Antony Mini P. , Moehl Thomas , Wielopolski Mateusz , Moser Jacques‐E. , Nair Shantikumar , Yu Yong‐Jae , Kim Jong‐Hyung , Kay Kwang‐Yol , Jung Young‐Sam , Yoon Kyung Byung , Grätzel Carole , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael
Published: October 2015

Four organic donor–π‐bridge–acceptor dyes containing phenothiazine as a spacer and cyanoacrylic acid as an acceptor were synthesized and tested as sensitizers in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The influence of iodide‐ and cobalt‐based redox electrolytes on the photovoltaic device performance was investigated. In these new dyes, systematic π‐conjugation was extended by inserting one or two phenothiazine moieties and investigated within the context of the resulting photoinduced charge‐transfer properties. A detailed investigation, including transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical methods, provided important information on the role of extended π‐conjugation on the photophysical properties and photovoltaic device performance. Overall, the results showed that the extension of π‐conjugation by one phenothiazine unit resulted in the best device performance owing to reduced recombination rates, whereas extension by two phenothiazine units reduced dye adsorption on TiO2 probably owing to the increase in molecular size. The performance of the dyes in DSCs was found to be a complex interaction between dye structure and size.
Disturbed hypoxic responses as a pathogenic mechanism of diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Catrina Sergiu‐Bogdan , Zheng Xiaowei
Published: October 2015

Diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is a chronic complication of diabetes that is characterized by impaired wound healing in the lower extremities. DFU remains a major clinical challenge because of poor understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms. Impaired wound healing in diabetes is characterized by decreased angiogenesis, reduced bone marrow‐derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) recruitment, and decreased fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that increased hypoxic conditions and impaired cellular responses to hypoxia are essential pathogenic factors of delayed wound healing in DFU. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1, a heterodimer of HIF‐1α and HIF‐1β) is a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis that mediates the adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia by regulating the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, metabolic changes, proliferation, migration, and cell survival. However, HIF‐1 signalling is inhibited in diabetes as a result of hyperglycaemia‐induced HIF‐1α destabilization and functional repression. Increasing HIF‐1α expression and activity using various approaches promotes angiogenesis, EPC recruitment, and granulation, thereby improving wound healing in experimental diabetes. The mechanisms underlying HIF‐1α regulation in diabetes and the therapeutic strategies targeting HIF‐1 signalling for the treatment of diabetic wounds are discussed in this review. Further investigations of the pathways involved in HIF‐1α regulation in diabetes are required to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying impaired wound healing in diabetes and to provide a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches to treat DFU. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there still a place for Achilles tendon lengthening?
Authors: Tagoe Mark T. , Reeves Neil D. , Bowling Frank L.
Published: October 2015

Patients with diabetes and ankle equinus are at particularly high risk for forefoot ulceration because of the development of high forefoot pressures. Stiffness in the triceps surae muscles and tendons are thought to be largely responsible for equinus in patients with diabetes and underpins the surgical rationale for Achilles tendon lengthening (ATL) procedures to alleviate this deformity and reduce ulcer risk. The established/traditional surgical approach is the triple hemisection along the length of the Achilles tendon. Although the percutaneous approach has been successful in achieving increases in ankle dorsiflexion >30°, the tendon rupture risk has led to some surgeons looking at alternative approaches. The gastrocnemius aponeurosis may be considered as an alternative because of the Achilles tendon's poor blood supply. ATL procedures are a balance between achieving adequate tendon lengthening and minimizing tendon rupture risk during or after surgery. After ATL surgery, the first 7 days should involve reduced loading and protected range of motion to avoid rupture, after which gradual reintroduction to loading should be encouraged to increase tendon strength. In summary, there is a moderate level of evidence to support surgical intervention for ankle joint equinus in patients with diabetes and forefoot ulceration that is non‐responsive to other conservative treatments. Areas of caution for ATL procedures include the risk for overcorrection, tendon rupture and the tendon's poor blood supply. Further prospective randomized control trials are required to confirm the benefits of ATL procedures over conservative care and the most optimal anatomical sites for surgical intervention. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warning coloration can be disruptive: aposematic marginal wing patterning in the wood tiger moth
Authors: Honma Atsushi , Mappes Johanna , Valkonen Janne K.
Published: October 2015

Warning (aposematic) and cryptic colorations appear to be mutually incompatible because the primary function of the former is to increase detectability, whereas the function of the latter is to decrease it. Disruptive coloration is a type of crypsis in which the color pattern breaks up the outline of the prey, thus hindering its detection. This delusion can work even when the prey's pattern elements are highly contrasting; thus, it is possible for an animal's coloration to combine both warning and disruptive functions. The coloration of the wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis) is such that the moth is conspicuous when it rests on vegetation, but when it feigns death and drops to the grass‐ and litter‐covered ground, it is hard to detect. This death‐feigning behavior therefore immediately switches the function of its coloration from signaling to camouflage. We experimentally tested whether the forewing patterning of wood tiger moths could function as disruptive coloration against certain backgrounds. Using actual forewing patterns of wood tiger moths, we crafted artificial paper moths and placed them on a background image resembling a natural litter and grass background. We manipulated the disruptiveness of the wing pattern so that all (marginal pattern) or none (nonmarginal pattern) of the markings extended to the edge of the wing. Paper moths, each with a hidden palatable food item, were offered to great tits (Parus major) in a large aviary where the birds could search for and attack the “moths” according to their detectability. The results showed that prey items with the disruptive marginal pattern were attacked less often than prey without it. However, the disruptive function was apparent only when the prey was brighter than the background. These results suggest that warning coloration and disruptive coloration can work in concert and that the moth, by feigning death, can switch the function of its coloration from warning to disruptive.
Ocean acidification and temperature increase impact mussel shell shape and thickness: problematic for protection?
Authors: Fitzer Susan C. , Vittert Liberty , Bowman Adrian , Kamenos Nicholas A. , Phoenix Vernon R. , Cusack Maggie
Published: October 2015

Ocean acidification threatens organisms that produce calcium carbonate shells by potentially generating an under‐saturated carbonate environment. Resultant reduced calcification and growth, and subsequent dissolution of exoskeletons, would raise concerns over the ability of the shell to provide protection for the marine organism under ocean acidification and increased temperatures. We examined the impact of combined ocean acidification and temperature increase on shell formation of the economically important edible mussel Mytilus edulis. Shell growth and thickness along with a shell thickness index and shape analysis were determined. The ability of M. edulis to produce a functional protective shell after 9 months of experimental culture under ocean acidification and increasing temperatures (380, 550, 750, 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750, 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C) was assessed. Mussel shells grown under ocean acidification conditions displayed significant reductions in shell aragonite thickness, shell thickness index, and changes to shell shape (750, 1000 μatm pCO2) compared to those shells grown under ambient conditions (380 μatm pCO2). Ocean acidification resulted in rounder, flatter mussel shells with thinner aragonite layers likely to be more vulnerable to fracture under changing environments and predation. The changes in shape presented here could present a compensatory mechanism to enhance protection against predators and changing environments under ocean acidification when mussels are unable to grow thicker shells. Here, we present the first assessment of mussel shell shape to determine implications for functional protection under ocean acidification.
Selective integration of local‐feature detector by boosting for pedestrian detection
Authors: Nishida Kenji , Kurita Takio
Published: October 2015

An example‐based classification algorithm for pedestrian detection is presented. The classifier integrates component‐based classifiers according to the AdaBoost algorithm. A probability estimate by a kernel‐SVM is used for the outputs of base learners, which are independently trained for local features. The base learners are determined by selecting the optimal local feature according to sample weights determined by the boosting algorithm with cross‐validation. Our method was applied to the MIT CBCL pedestrian image database, and 54 subregions were extracted from each image as local features. The experimental results showed a good classification ratio for unlearned samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(4): 12–22, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21195
Effect of polymer ablation gas on arc quenching properties around current zero
Authors: Onchi Toshiyuki , Tanaka Yasunori , Uesugi Yoshihiko
Published: October 2015

The influence of polymer ablation on arc properties such as the temperature distribution and arc conductance in the current decay process was investigated by numerical approaches. A numerical thermofluid model was developed for a simplified circuit breaker with POM or PTFE ablation. In this model, thermal plasma‐polymer solid coupling phenomena such as melting and evaporation were taken into account without any empirical model based on measurements, unlike other existing numerical thermofluid models. The dominant process for the decay of arc conductance was examined by changing the thermodynamic parameters such as the melting and boiling temperatures of solid polymers, or the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the ablation gas. It was found that the gas density, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of the ablation gas were more effective for decaying arc conductance than any other thermodynamic parameters. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(3): 32–45, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22274
Observations on the Steric Impact of N‐ and S‐Donor Scorpionate Ligands
Authors: Steel Graham , Rajasekharan‐Nair Rajeev , Stepek Iain A. , Kennedy Alan R. , Reglinski John , Spicer Mark D.
Published: October 2015

A comparison is made between the steric influences of a range of zinc hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borates and zinc hydrotris(thioimidazolyl)borates ([Zn(TpR)Cl], [Zn(TmR)Cl]; R = Me, iPr, Ph, tBu) by using inverse cone angle analysis. The study combines the crystallographic analysis of [Zn(TmiPr)Cl] and [Zn(TmPh)Cl] with the data previously deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. Despite efforts to manipulate the reactive pocket around the metal centre in M(TmR) complexes, the incorporation of sterically confining substituents onto the framework seems to have a minimal effect at the metal centre unless the group attached is very large.
One‐Pot Silyl Ketene Acetal‐Formation Mukaiyama–Mannich Additions to Imines Mediated by Trimethylsilyl Trifluoro­methanesulfonate
Authors: Wade Downey C. , Ingersoll Jared A. , Glist Hadleigh M. , Dombrowski Carolyn M. , Barnett Adam T.
Published: October 2015

In the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and trialkylamine base, thioesters are readily converted into silyl ketene acetals in situ and undergo Mukaiyama–Mannich addition to N‐phenylimines in one pot. The silyl triflate appears to play two roles, activating both the thioester and the imine. This process also works well when thioesters are replaced with amides, esters, or ketones. Products are isolated as desilylated anilines without the necessity of a deprotection step. Yields range from 65 to 99 %.
Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Glucose Based on Ni@Pt Core‐shell Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon
Authors: Mei He , Wu Wenqin , Yu Beibei , Wu Huimin , Wang Shengfu , Zhang Xiuhua , Xia Qinghua
Published: October 2015

In this work, Ni@Pt core‐shell nanoparticles with diameter of 3–4 nm and thin Pt shell was synthesized by a successive reduction approach using carbon as support to develop high‐performance non‐enzymatic glucose sensor. The resulting electrochemical sensor displayed good catalytic activity toward glucose oxidation, presenting a high current density of 66.9 µA mM−1 cm−2 at an applied potential of −0.1 V. It showed a wide linear range of 0.1–30.1 mM and the limit of detection was down to 30 µM (S/N=3). Notably, it was found that the proposed sensor exhibited good selectivity to avoid the interference from ascorbic acid, uric acid, fructose and acetamidophenol. Furthermore, the feasibility of the as‐prepared non‐enzymatic glucose sensor in the determination of glucose in serum samples was successfully implemented.
High‐Energy Storage Density and Efficiency of (1−x)[0.94 NBT–0.06 BT]–xST Lead‐Free Ceramics
Authors: Cao Wenping , Li Weili , Zhang Tiandong , Sheng Jie , Hou Yafei , Feng Yu , Yu Yang , Fei Weidong
Published: October 2015

Using the component materials barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT), strontium titanate (SrTiO3, ST), and sodium bismuth titanate [(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3, NBT], anti‐ferroelectric lead‐free ceramics of (1−x)[0.94NBT–0.06BT]–xST have been fabricated using conventional techniques. The microstructure, electrical properties, and energy‐storage performance of the obtained ceramics were investigated in detail. It was determined that the addition of ST can enhance the difference between the maximum polarization (Pmax) and remnant polarization (Pr), resulting in the improvement of the energy‐storage properties. The maximum recoverable energy density of 0.98 J cm−3 with a relatively high efficiency of 82 % was achieved under 90 kV cm−1 at x=0.30, which also displayed excellent energy‐storage stability in the temperature range from room temperature to 120 °C.
Fouling control using temperature responsive N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) membranes
Authors: Chede Sneha , Escobar Isabel C.
Published: October 2015

Membrane fouling occurs when there is reversible or irreversible accumulation of macrosolutes present in the water on the membrane surface or within the pores. Membrane cleaning and eventual replacement due to fouling can add to the operational costs of membrane systems. Reversible fouling can be minimized by crossflow operation and/or backflushing. On the other hand, irreversible fouling cannot be minimized during operation, often requires chemical cleaning, and may result in permanent flux decline. Among irreversible foulants, natural organic matter (NOM) is considered to be a major contributor. NOM is composed of a wide range of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components; hence, any stagnant hydrophobic or hydrophilic membrane has the potential to become fouled. Therefore, a dynamic membrane able to alternate between being hydrophobic and hydrophilic was proposed to foul less. The purpose of this study was to cast low fouling stimuli‐responsive membranes made of cellulose acetate (CA) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm). NIPAAm is a stimuli‐responsive polymer, which offers the potential to reversibly collapse or expand the membrane as a function of changes in temperature. Membranes were cast using phase inversion, were characterized chemically and morphologically, and were used to filter bovine serum albumin (BSA), lipase and humic acid. Flux studies were conducted at alternating cold and hot temperature cycles. CA‐NIPAAm membranes displayed on average higher fluxes during operation and lower protein and humic accumulation on their surfaces as compared to regular CA membranes. CA‐NIPAAm membranes also showed higher flux recoveries as compared to CA membranes. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 416–427, 2016
Comprehensive analysis on influencing factors of composite regeneration performance of a diesel particulate filter
Authors: Zuo Qingsong , Zhang Daming , E Jiaqiang , Gong Jinke
Published: October 2015

In order to effectively improve the composite regeneration performance of the diesel particulate filter in vehicle, a fuzzy gray correlation analysis model based on the composite regeneration influencing factors of diesel particulate filter was established using the cosine value of fuzzy membership and Euclidean distance formula. And, on the basis of experimental data from three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation, the fuzzy gray correlation analysis on important degree of characteristic indexes, which has influence on the composite regeneration performance of diesel particulate filter, was conducted. Moreover, the method of Lagrange function was used to solve the fuzzy gray affiliate degree based on the results of this fuzzy gray correlation analysis. The effectiveness indexes of overall performance of the diesel particulate filter composite regeneration time, regeneration peak temperature and regeneration efficiency were also obtained. The results showed that the amount of ceria‐based additive had the greatest influence on the regeneration time among all the characteristic performance indexes of diesel particulate filter composite regeneration. Similarly, it could be concluded that the exhaust oxygen concentration and exhaust temperature respectively had the greatest influence on the regeneration peak temperature and regeneration efficiency. In addition, the regeneration time had the greatest influence on the overall performance of diesel particulate filter composite regeneration while the regeneration efficiency took the second place and the influence of the regeneration peak temperature was the minimum. The results of this article showed theoretical significance and reference value for optimization analysis and control of diesel particulate filter composite regeneration process. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 882–890, 2016
Direct and indirect effects of petroleum production activities on the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) as a surrogate for the dunes sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus)
Authors: Weir Scott M. , Knox Ami , Talent Larry G. , Anderson Todd A. , Salice Christopher J.
Published: October 2015

The dunes sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus) is a habitat specialist of conservation concern limited to shin oak sand dune systems of New Mexico and Texas (USA). Because much of the dunes sagebrush lizard's habitat occurs in areas of high oil and gas production, there may be direct and indirect effects of these activities. The congeneric Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) was used as a surrogate species to determine direct effects of 2 contaminants associated with oil and gas drilling activities in the Permian Basin (NM and TX, USA): herbicide formulations (Krovar and Quest) and hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). Lizards were exposed to 2 concentrations of H2S (30 ppm or 90 ppm) and herbicide formulations (1× or 2× label application rate) representing high-end exposure scenarios. Sublethal behavioral endpoints were evaluated, including sprint speed and time to prey detection and capture. Neither H2S nor herbicide formulations caused significant behavioral effects compared to controls. To understand potential indirect effects of oil and gas drilling on the prey base, terrestrial invertebrate biomass and order diversity were quantified at impacted sites to compare with nonimpacted sites. A significant decrease in biomass was found at impacted sites, but no significant effects on diversity. The results suggest little risk from direct toxic effects, but the potential for indirect effects should be further explored. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1276–1283. © 2015 SETAC
Dividend‐Rollover Effect and the Ad Hoc Black‐Scholes Model
Authors: Choi Youngsoo , Jordan Steven J. , Ok Soonchan
Published: October 2015

One of the most widely used option‐valuation models among practitioners is the ad hoc Black‐Scholes (AHBS) model. The main contribution of this study is methodological. We carefully consider three dividend strategies (No dividend, Implied‐forward dividend, and Actual dividend) for the AHBS model to investigate their effect on pricing errors. We suggest a new dividend strategy, implied‐forward dividend, which incorporates expectational information on dividends embedded in option prices. We demonstrate that our implied‐forward dividend strategy produces more consistent estimates between in‐sample market and model option prices. More importantly our new implied‐forward dividend strategy makes more accurate out‐of‐sample forecasts for one‐day or one‐week ahead prices.

Second, we document that both a “Return‐volatility” Smile and a “Return‐pricing Error” Smile exist. From these return characteristics, we make two conclusions: (1) the return dependency of implied volatility is an important explanatory variable and should be controlled to reduce the pricing error of an AHBS model, and (2) it is important for the hedging horizon to be based on return size, that is, the larger the contemporaneous return, the more frequent an option issuer must rebalance the option's hedge. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 32:742‐772, 2012