bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Breast‐Feeding with and without Formula Use on the Risk of Obesity at 4 Years of Age
Authors: Bogen Debra L. , Hanusa Barbara H. , Whitaker Robert C.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the minimal duration of breast‐feeding required to protect against later obesity, whether the concurrent use of formula lessened any protective effect of breast‐feeding, and what maternal or child characteristics might modify the association between breast‐feeding and child obesity.

Research Methods and Procedures: This was a retrospective cohort study. Participants were 73, 458 white and black low‐income children followed from birth through 4 years of age. Obesity at age 4 years was defined as measured BMI ≥ 95th percentile. Feeding exposure was based on breast‐feeding duration and the age of formula initiation. Covariates were obtained from the children's birth certificates.

Results: At age 4 years, the prevalence of obesity was 11.5%. Only 16% of children were breast‐fed 8 weeks or longer. Breast‐feeding was associated with a reduced risk of obesity only in white children whose mothers had not smoked in pregnancy. In this subgroup, the reduction in obesity risk (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval), compared with those never breast‐fed, occurred only for children who were breast‐fed at least 16 weeks without formula (0.71, 0.56 to 0.92) or at least 26 weeks with concurrent formula (0.70, 0.61 to 0.81). Among whites whose mothers smoked in pregnancy and among blacks, breast‐feeding was not associated with a reduced risk of obesity at age 4 years.

Discussion: In a population of low‐income children, breast‐feeding was associated with a reduced risk of obesity at age 4 years only among whites whose mothers did not smoke in pregnancy and only when breast‐feeding continued for at least 16 weeks without formula or at least 26 weeks with formula.
Do Psychosocial Variables Predict Weight Loss or Mental Health after Obesity Surgery? A Systematic Review
Authors: Herpertz S. , Kielmann R. , Wolf A.M. , Hebebrand J. , Senf W.
Published: April 2008

Objective: The objective of this study was to present a systematic review of psychological and psychosocial predictors of weight loss and mental health after bariatric surgery. This systematic review included all controlled and noncontrolled trials of the last 2 decades with either a retrospective or prospective design and a follow‐up period of at least 1 year.

Research Methods and Procedures: The relevant literature was identified by a search of computerized databases. All articles published in English and German between 1980 and 2002 were reviewed.

Results: Using the above inclusion/exclusion criteria, 29 articles were identified focusing on psychosocial predictors of weight loss and mental health after obesity surgery.

Discussion: Personality traits have no predictive value for the postoperative course of weight or mental state. Apart from serious psychiatric disorders including personality disorders, psychiatric comorbidity seems to be of more predictive value for mental and physical well‐being as two essential aspects of quality of life than for weight loss postsurgery. However, depressive and anxiety symptoms as correlates of psychological stress with regard to obesity seem to be positive predictors of weight loss postsurgery. The severity of the symptoms or the disorder is more relevant for the outcome of obesity surgery than the specificity of the symptoms. It is also not solely the consumption of distinct “forbidden” foods, such as sweets or soft drinks, but rather a general hypercaloric eating behavior, either as an expression of the patient's inadequate compliance or a dysregulation in energy balance, which is associated with a poor weight loss postsurgery.
S 23521 Decreases Food Intake and Body Weight Gain in Diet‐Induced Obese Rats
Authors: Claret Marc , Corominola Helena , Canals Ignasi , Nadal Belén , Chavanieu Alain , Pfeiffer Bruno , Renard Pierre , Gorostiaga Carmen , Delagrange Philippe , Grassy Gérard , Gomis Ramon
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate the effect of S 23521, a new glucagon‐like peptide‐1‐(7‐36) amide analogue, on food intake and body weight gain in obese rats, as well as on gene expression of several proteins involved in energy homeostasis.

Research Methods and Procedures: Lean and diet‐induced obese rats were treated with either S 23521 or vehicle. S 23521 was given either intraperitoneally (10 or 100 μg/kg) or subcutaneously (100 μg/kg) for 14 and 20 days, respectively. Because the low‐dose treatment did not affect food intake and body weight, the subcutaneous treatment at high dose was selected to test the effect on selected end‐points.

Results: Treated obese rats significantly decreased their cumulative energy intake in relation to vehicle‐treated counterparts (3401 ± 65 vs. 3898 ± 72 kcal/kg per 20 days; p < 0.05). Moreover, their body weight gain was reduced by 110%, adiposity was reduced by 20%, and plasma triglyceride levels were reduced by 38%. The treatment also improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of obese rats. Regarding gene expression, no changes in uncoupling protein‐1, uncoupling protein‐3, leptin, resistin, and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ were observed.

Discussion: S 23521 is an effective glucagon‐like peptide‐1‐(7‐36) amide analogue, which induced a decrease in energy intake, body weight, and adiposity in a rat model of diet‐induced obesity. In addition, the treatment also improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of obese rats. These results strongly support S 23521 as a putative molecule for the treatment of obesity.
Evaluation of a Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Method for Mouse Whole Body Composition Analysis
Authors: Tinsley Frank C. , Taicher Gersh Z. , Heiman Mark L.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate applicability, precision, and accuracy of a new quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) analysis for whole body composition of conscious live mice.

Research Methods and Procedures: Repeated measures of body composition were made by QMR, DXA, and classic chemical analysis of carcass using live and dead mice with different body compositions. Caloric lean and dense diets were used to produce changes in body composition. In addition, different strains of mice representing widely diverse populations were analyzed.

Results: Precision was found to be better for QMR than for DXA. The coefficient of variation for fat ranged from 0.34% to 0.71% compared with 3.06% to 12.60% for DXA. Changes in body composition in response to dietary manipulation were easily detected using QMR. An increase in fat mass of 0.6 gram after 1 week (p < 0.01) was demonstrated in the absence of hyperphagia or a change in mean body weight.

Discussion: QMR and DXA detected similar fat content, but the improved precision afforded by QMR compared with DXA and chemical analysis allowed detection of a significant difference in body fat after 7 days of consuming a diet rich in fat even though average body weight did not significantly change. QMR provides a very precise, accurate, fast, and easy‐to‐use method for determining fat and lean tissue of mice without the need for anesthesia. Its ability to detect differences with great precision should be of value when characterizing phenotype and studying regulation of body composition brought about by pharmacological and dietary interventions in energy homeostasis.
Quantitative Body Composition Analysis in Awake Mice and Rats by Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry
Authors: Künnecke Basil , Verry Philippe , Bénardeau Agnès , Von Kienlin Markus
Published: April 2008

Objective: Magnetic resonance (MR) relaxometry has recently been introduced for noninvasive body composition analysis in awake mice. The purpose of the present study was to extend the method to rats and to introduce calibration procedures that render MR relaxometry fully quantitative.

Research Methods and Procedures: Proton T2 MR relaxometry at 4.7 Tesla was used for body composition analyses in 700 awake mice and 400 rats of different strains and conditions. Relaxograms calculated from the signal decays observed with multi‐spin‐echo acquisition provided well‐separated contributions of tissue water and fat. Analysis of fat composition was carried out in vivo using 13C‐MR spectroscopy. Evolution of body composition in rats was assessed during drug treatment.

Results: MR relaxometry for noninvasive body composition analysis in laboratory rodents was implemented on a standard MR scanner, and a throughput of >30 animals per hour was achieved. Excellent linearity and reproducibility with coefficients of variance as low as 2.5% and 1.7% were obtained in mice and rats, respectively. The lean mass‐to‐water ratio (mice, 1.35 ± 0.03; rats, 1.39 ± 0.04) and the proton density of fat (mice, 8.1 ± 0.2; rats, 8.9 ± 0.2 g/mol) were determined from cross‐sectional data. Fat composition analysis by 13C‐MR spectroscopy corroborated these findings and yielded information on the average acyl chain length (16.3 ± 1.6) and contributions of saturated (27 ± 3%), monounsaturated (22 ± 2%), and polyunsaturated (51 ± 3%) fatty acids. Longitudinal assessments in rats treated with sibutramine and dexfenfluramine showed dose‐related changes in body composition.

Discussion: T2 MR relaxometry backed by solid calibration provides a powerful means for rapid quantitative body composition analysis in awake mice and rats that is suitable for serial investigations in pharmaceutical research.
Trends in the Association between Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in U.S. Adults: 1971 to 2000
Authors: Zhang Qi , Wang Youfa
Published: April 2008

Objective: To study the secular trends in the disparity of obesity across socioeconomic status (SES) groups among U.S. adults.

Research Methods and Procedures: We used national representative data collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 1971 to 1974, 1976 to 1980, 1988 to 1994, and 1999 to 2000 from 28, 543 adults 20 to 60 years old. Obesity was defined based on BMI calculated using measured weight and height. Trends in the relationship between obesity and education levels were analyzed controlling for age, gender, and ethnicity.

Results: The disparity in obesity across SES (less than high school, high school, and college or above to indicate low, medium, and high SES, respectively) has decreased over the past 3 decades. In National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I (1971 to 1974), there was as much as a 50% relative difference in the obesity prevalence across the three groups, but by 1999 to 2000, it decreased to 14%. This trend was more pronounced in women. The trends of diminishing disparities in obesity were also revealed by our logistic and linear regression analyses. The odds ratio converged to 1 from the 1970s to 2000. In most sociodemographic groups, the relationship between BMI and SES (coefficients) has been weakened over time.

Discussion: The association between SES and obesity has been weakened over the past 3 decades, when the prevalence of obesity increased dramatically. There are considerable variations in the changes in the associations across gender and ethnic groups. Our findings suggest that individual characteristics are not likely the main cause of the current obesity epidemic in the U.S., whereas social‐environmental factors play an important role. Strategies for obesity prevention and management should target all SES groups from a societal perspective.
Topiramate: Long‐Term Maintenance of Weight Loss Induced by a Low‐Calorie Diet in Obese Subjects
Authors: Astrup Arne , Caterson Ian , Zelissen Pierre , Guy‐Grand Bernard , Carruba Michele , Levy Brian , Sun Xiang , Fitchet Martin ,   OBES‐004 Study Group
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the safety and efficacy of topiramate (TPM) for maintaining weight following a low‐calorie diet.

Research Methods and Procedures: Obese subjects (30 ≤ BMI < 50 kg/m2) 18 to 75 years old received a low‐calorie diet for 8 weeks. Those who lost ≥8% of their initial weight received TPM (96 or 192 mg/d) or placebo; all were on a lifestyle modification plan. Sixty weeks of medication were planned. Sponsor ended study early to develop a new controlled‐release formulation with the potential to enhance tolerability and simplify dosing in this patient population. Efficacy was analyzed in subjects who completed 44 weeks of treatment before study termination.

Results: Of the 701 subjects enrolled, 80% lost ≥8% of their initial body weight and were randomized; 293 were analyzed for efficacy. Most withdrawals were due to premature termination of the study. Subjects receiving TPM lost 15.4% (96 mg/d) and 16.5% (192 mg/d) of their enrollment weight by week 44, compared with 8.9% in the placebo group (p< 0.001). Subjects on TPM continued to lose weight after the run‐in, whereas those on placebo regained weight. Significantly more TPM subjects lost 5%, 10%, or 15% of their randomization weight than placebo. Most adverse events were related to the central nervous system.

Discussion: During a treatment period of 44 weeks, TPM was generally well tolerated, and subjects maintained weight loss initially achieved by a low‐calorie diet—and produced additional clinically significant weight loss beyond that achieved by a low‐calorie diet.
Physical, Behavioral, and Body Image Characteristics in a Tri‐Racial Group of Adolescent Girls
Authors: Perry Arlette C. , Rosenblatt Evelyn B. , Wang Xuewen
Published: April 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate physical characteristics, nutrient intake, physical activity level, and body image in white (CC), African‐American (AA), and Hispanic‐American (HA) female adolescents.

Research Methods and Procedures: High school volunteers were solicited for this study. Self‐reported information was used to determine subject characteristics, family income, physical activity, body image, and nutrient intake. Physical evaluations were used to determine body mass index, percent body fat, fat distribution, resting heart rate, and blood pressure (BP).

Results: Results showed that AA girls displayed significantly higher diastolic BP than HA girls (p = 0.029). CC adolescents showed greater physical activity (p = 0.010) and lower adiposity than HA adolescents (p = 0.048), as well as lower subscapular skinfold than AA adolescents (p = 0.018). AA adolescents selected a higher ideal body size than CC girls (p = 0.038). There was also a significant difference in percentage carbohydrates (p < 0.034) and cholesterol consumed (p < 0.016) among groups, with CC girls showing the highest values for carbohydrates and lowest values for cholesterol intake among groups.

Discussion: Given our findings of higher adiposity and lower physical activity levels in HA adolescents and greater diastolic BP levels and subscapular skinfold in AA adolescents, more interventions should be targeted toward improving health‐related variables among minority populations.
Are Sexual Dissatisfaction and Sexual Abuse Associated with Obesity? A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Adolfsson Birgitta , Elofsson Stig , Rössner Stephan , Undén Anna‐Lena
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate whether there is any association between obesity and sexual satisfaction and sexual abuse in a normal population.

Research Methods and Procedures: A representative sample of 2810 subjects from a population study was interviewed about sexual satisfaction, sexual abuse, and life satisfaction. The answers from normal weight, overweight, and obese participants were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results: Data were presented separately for two age groups, 18 to 49 and 50 to 74 years, and gender. The older group of obese men reported a greater decrease of sexual desire compared with 5 years prior than normal weight men [odds ratios (OR), 2.44; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4 to 4.3]. The older group of overweight men reported involuntary participation in sexual activities more often than normal weight men (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.8). Although older overweight and obese women were diagnosed with a lingering disease (defined as >1 month) more often than normal weight women (overweight: OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.4; obese: OR, 4.45; 95% CI, 1.7 to 11.5), there was no difference between BMI groups in satisfaction with physical health.

Discussion: Overweight and obese groups seem to be heterogeneous with respect to sexual satisfaction and experiences of sexual abuse. No significant differences were detected between BMI groups, which does not exclude the possibility of significant differences between BMI groups among patients seeking medical attention.
Parent‐Child Feeding Strategies and Their Relationships to Child Eating and Weight Status
Authors: Faith Myles S. , Scanlon Kelley S. , Birch Leann L. , Francis Lori A. , Sherry Bettylou
Published: April 2008

Parental feeding styles may promote overeating or overweight in children. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken to summarize the associations between parental feeding styles and child eating and weight status. Twenty‐two studies were identified. We systematically coded study attributes and outcomes and tested for patterns of association. Nineteen studies (86%) reported at least one significant association between parental feeding style and child outcome, although study methodology and results varied considerably. Studies measuring parental feeding restriction, as opposed to general feeding control or another feeding domain, were more likely to report positive associations with child eating and weight status. Certain associations differed by gender and by outcome measurement (e.g., rate of eating as opposed to total energy intake). Parental feeding restriction, but no other feeding domain, was associated with increased child eating and weight status. Longitudinal studies are needed to test underlying causal pathways, including bidirectional causal models, and to substantiate findings in the presence of other obesity risk factors.
Gender‐Specific Association of a Perilipin Gene Haplotype with Obesity Risk in a White Population
Authors: Qi Lu , Shen Haiqing , Larson Ilona , Schaefer Ernst J. , Greenberg Andrew S. , Tregouet David A. , Corella Dolores , Ordovas Jose M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Perilipin is a class of protein‐coating lipid droplets in adipocytes and steroidogenic cells. Our purpose was to examine the association between common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the perilipin (PLIN) locus and obesity, as well as related phenotypes, in unrelated American adults.

Research Methods and Procedures: Four PLIN SNPs (PLIN 6209T>C, 11482G>A, 13041A>G, and 14995A>T) were typed in 734 white subjects (373 men and 361 women) attending a residential lifestyle intervention program. The baseline anthropometric and biochemical measures were used. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.

Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that, in women, two of the SNPs (13041A>G, and 14995A>T) were significantly associated with percentage body fat (p = 0.016 for 13041A>G and p = 0.010 for 14995A>T) and waist circumference (p = 0.020 for 13041A>G and p = 0.045 for 14995A>T). Moreover, haplotype analysis using these two SNPs indicated that haplotypes A/T and G/T were both associated with significantly increased obesity risk (odds ratio = 1.76, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.90 for haplotype A/T, and odds ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.82 for haplotype G/T) when compared with haplotype A/A. No significant associations between PLIN variations and obesity were found in men.

Discussion: Our data support the hypothesis that the PLIN locus may be a significant genetic determinant for obesity risk in whites and that women are more sensitive to the genetic effects of perilipin than men.
A New Dental Approach for Reducing Food Intake
Authors: Walden Heather M. , Martin Corby K. , Ortego Lauren E. , Ryan Donna H. , Williamson Donald A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: A behavioral recommendation for weight loss is reduction of size of bites of food. This “proof of concept” study tested the efficacy of a new, patented, dental approach, the DDS System, for reducing food intake. This removable tool is inserted into the upper palate of the mouth, reducing the size of the oral cavity, thereby potentially reducing bite size.

Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐two adults (18 to 65 years) with BMI between 27 and 40 were randomly assigned to the control or experimental conditions. Participants ate all meals and stayed between meals at a research center. Day 1 served as baseline for both groups. On Day 2, experimental participants utilized the tool during meals. Changes in subjective ratings of hunger and satiety were measured using visual analog scales before and after each meal.

Results: Food intake difference scores were calculated for each participant (Day 2 − Day 1). Analysis of covariance on difference scores, using baseline as a covariate, showed that the experimental group ate significantly less (p < 0.05) on the second day (M = −659.2 kcal/d) compared with the control group (M = −125.9 kcal/d). Analysis of covariance, with ratings on Day 1 as a covariate, revealed that the experimental and control group did not differ on visual analog scale difference scores (premeal − postmeal) from Day 1 to Day 2.

Discussion: These findings suggest that use of this tool during meals significantly reduced food intake. This reduction of food intake was not associated with changes in ratings of hunger or satiety.
Child‐Specific Thoracic Gas Volume Prediction Equations for Air‐Displacement Plethysmography
Authors: Fields David A. , Hull Holly R. , Cheline A.J. , Yao Manjiang , Higgins Paul B.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To develop child‐specific thoracic gas volume (TGV) prediction equations for use in air‐displacement plethysmography in 6‐ to 17‐year‐old children.

Research Methods and Procedures: Study 1 developed TGV prediction equations using anthropometric variables after completing a measured TGV and air‐displacement plethysmography test in 224 healthy boys and girls (11.2 ± 3.2 years, 45.3 ± 18.7 kg, 149.9 ± 18.5 cm). Study 2 cross‐validated the prediction equations in a separate cohort of 62 healthy boys and girls (11.2 ± 3.4 years, 44.2 ± 15.3 kg, 149.4 ± 19.3 cm).

Results: In Study 1 (development of TGV prediction equations), the quadratic relationship using height as the independent variable and the measured TGV as the dependent variable yielded the highest adjusted R2 and the lowest SE of estimate in both genders, thus producing the following prediction equations: TGV = 0.00056 × H2 − 0.12422 × H + 8.15194 (boys) and TGV = 0.00044 × H2 − 0.09220 × H + 6.00305 (girls). In Study 2 (cross‐validation), no significant difference between the predicted and measured TGVs (−0.018 ± 0.377 liters) was observed. The regression between the measured TGV and the predicted TGV yielded a slope and intercept that did not significantly differ from the line of identity. Prediction accuracy was good as indicated by a high R2 (0.862) and low SE of estimate (0.369 liters).

Discussion: The new child‐specific TGV prediction equations accurately, precisely, and without bias estimated the actual TGV of 6‐ to 17‐year‐old children.
Multiple Dimensions of Socioeconomic Position and Obesity among Employees: The Helsinki Health Study
Authors: Laaksonen Mikko , Sarlio‐Lähteenkorva Sirpa , Lahelma Eero
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine socioeconomic differences in obesity using several different socioeconomic indicators, ranging from childhood socioeconomic environment and adult socioeconomic status to material resources and economic satisfaction.

Research Methods and Procedures: The data derived from the Helsinki Health Study baseline surveys in 2000 and 2001. Respondents to postal surveys were middle‐aged employees of the City of Helsinki (4, 975 women and 1, 252 men, response rate 68%). Associations between eight socioeconomic indicators and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), calculated from self‐reported data, were examined by fitting a series of logistic regression models.

Results: In women, all socioeconomic indicators except household income and economic satisfaction were associated with obesity. Parental education and childhood economic difficulties, i.e., socioeconomic conditions in childhood, remained associated with obesity after adjusting for all indicators of current socioeconomic position. Indicators of adult socioeconomic status, own education and occupational class, were no longer associated with obesity when childhood socioeconomic conditions were adjusted for. Home ownership and economic difficulties were associated with obesity after full adjustments. In men, the findings paralleled those among women, but few associations reached statistical significance.

Discussion: Obesity was associated with several dimensions of socioeconomic position. Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with obesity independently of the various indicators of current socioeconomic position. Associations between obesity and both educational level and occupational class disappeared after adjustment for other indicators of socioeconomic position. This suggests that the variation observed in the prevalence of obesity by these key socioeconomic indicators may reflect differences in the related material resources.
Ability of the Actiwatch Accelerometer to Predict Free‐Living Energy Expenditure in Young Children
Authors: Lopez‐Alarcon Mardya , Merrifield Jaime , Fields David A. , Hilario‐Hailey Tena , Franklin Frank A. , Shewchuk Richard M. , Oster Robert A. , Gower Barbara A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether activity counts obtained with the Actiwatch monitor are associated with total expenditure and body composition in young children.

Research Methods and Procedures: Actiwatch activity monitors were tested in 29 children 4 to 6 years old under field conditions over eight days. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was assessed with the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique. Correlation analyses were used to identify variables related to energy expenditure and percentage body fat. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the variance in TEE and percentage body fat explained by activity counts after adjusting for relevant covariates.

Results: Both average total daily activity counts (658, 816 ± 201, 657) and the pattern of activity were highly variable among subjects. TEE was significantly related to lean body mass (r = 0.45) and age (r = 0.48; p < 0.05 for both). Activity counts alone were not associated with TEE. In multiple linear regression analyses, TEE was independently associated with only lean body mass. Percentage fat mass was independently associated with body weight, being a girl, and being white, but not with average total activity counts.

Discussion: Activity counts obtained with the Actiwatch under free‐living conditions do not reflect TEE in 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children and are not correlated with percentage fat mass. Therefore, average total activity counts obtained with the Actiwatch may be of limited value in identifying children at risk for becoming obese.
Overweight, Obesity, and Binge Eating in a Non‐clinical Sample of Five Brazilian Cities
Authors: Siqueira Kamile S. , Appolinario Jose C. , Sichieri Rosely
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate the relationship between obesity/overweight and binge eating episodes (BEEs) in a large nonclinical population.

Research Methods and Procedures: Consumers at shopping centers in five Brazilian cities (N = 2858) who participated in an overweight prevention program were interviewed and had weight and height measured to calculate BMI.

Results: Prevalence of overweight (BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) was 46.6% for men and 36.6% for women. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was about two‐thirds of the prevalence of overweight. BEEs (subjects who binged one or more times per week over the last 3 months) in normal‐weight individuals was 1.4% for men and 3.9% for women, whereas in overweight/obese, these prevalences were 6.5% and 5.5%, respectively (p < 0.01). After adjustment for age, socioeconomic variables, and childhood obesity, those who reported BEEs had an odds ratio of being overweight/obese of 3.31 (95% confidence interval: 1.11 to 9.85) for men and 1.73 (95% confidence interval: 1.05 to 2.84) for women.

Discussion: These findings indicate a strong association between episodes of binge eating and overweight/obesity, mainly among men.
The Intra‐ and Inter‐instrument Reliability of DXA Based on Ex Vivo Soft Tissue Measurements
Authors: Guo Yan , Franks Paul W. , Brookshire Thomas , Tataranni P. Antonio
Published: April 2008

Objective: Comparison of ex‐vivo soft tissue measurements using the GE/Lunar pencil (DPX‐L; GE/Lunar Co., Madison, WI) and fan beam (Prodigy dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometers (DXA) GE/Lunar Co.).

Research Methods and Procedures: Intra‐instrument reliability was assessed by repeatedly scanning soft tissue phantoms for lean tissue (water) and fat tissue (methanol) using one DPX‐L and two identical Prodigy DXAs at fast, medium, and slow scan modes. For each machine, 10 scans of each phantom were performed at each scan speed. The number of scans per instrument totaled 60. Data were analyzed using ANOVA to ascertain whether scan speed affected the intra‐instrument reliability and to test whether soft tissue measurements differed among instruments. Percentage fat (phantom density) was the outcome variable.

Results: Intra‐instrument reliability, expressed as coefficient of variation, ranged between 0.7% and 5.2% for the DPX‐L and 0.4% and 4.5% for the Prodigy, with the lowest coefficients of variation observed when scanning the fat tissue phantom. Scan speed also affected the intra‐instrument reliability (p < 0.01). Furthermore, differences in the measurement of percentage body fat for both the lean and fat tissue phantoms were observed among all three absorptiometers (all p < 0.01). After adjusting for scan speed, differences persisted for all three instruments.

Discussion: Intra‐ and inter‐instrument reliability of DXA machines, even those from the same manufacturer, remains unpredictable. Thus, when measuring body composition using DXA, it is important to consider that even in the absence of measurement bias, the use of different DXA machines, particularly when using a variety of speed settings, will increase the residual error around the true value.
Visceral Fat Accumulation as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Von Hafe Pedro , Pina Francisco , Pérez Ana , Tavares Margarida , Barros Henrique
Published: April 2008

Objective: No clear association between obesity or body fat distribution and prostate cancer has been shown. We investigated the relation between visceral fat accumulation as measured by computed tomography (CT) and the occurrence of prostate cancer.

Research Methods and Procedures: We compared body fat distribution assessed by a direct method (CT) in 63 prostate cancer cases with 63 age‐matched healthy community controls. A CT scan at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra was performed in all participants.

Results: Patients presented a significantly higher mean total abdominal fat area (509.2 ± 226.1 vs. 334.3 ± 132.9 cm2,p< 0.001), mostly because of a higher mean visceral fat area (VF; 324.7 ± 145.6 vs. 177.4 ± 88.4 cm2,p< 0.001) and a significantly higher mean ratio between visceral and subcutaneous fat areas (V/S ratio; 1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.2 ± 0.4,p< 0.001). A significantly higher risk of prostate cancer was found for participants with higher VF (odds ratio = 4.6; 95% confidence interval = 2.6 to 8.2 per SD increase) and V/S ratio (odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 2.3 to 11.0 per SD increase).

Discussion: These results suggest a role for visceral obesity, quantified by CT, as a risk factor for prostate cancer. The action of the adipocytokines secreted by visceral fat cells, steroid hormone disturbances, and increased levels of insulin or other hormones noted in visceral obesity may explain this association.
Regulation of Peptide YY Levels by Age, Hormonal, and Nutritional Status
Authors: Tovar Sulay A. , Seoane Luisa M. , Caminos Jorge E. , Nogueiras Rubén , Casanueva Felipe F. , Diéguez Carlos
Published: April 2008

Objective: Peptide YY (PYY) 3‐36 has recently been recognized as an important gut hormone that influences food intake. Peripheral injections of PYY 3‐36 in rats inhibit food intake in experimental animals as well as in lean and obese human subjects. This hormone has been suggested as an attractive therapeutic option for obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of age, sex, thyroid status, growth hormone (GH), pregnancy, and food restriction on PYY levels in rat.

Research Methods and Procedures: We determined plasma PYY levels in all experimental sets.

Results: PYY levels were influenced by age, with the highest hormone levels achieved in early postnatal life (day 10) and decreasing thereafter. PYY levels were also dependent on thyroid hormone status being decreased in hyperthyroid rats. Exogenous GH administration led to a clear‐cut decrease in PYY levels in both normal and GH‐deficient rats. Acute food deprivation or chronic food restriction led to decreased PYY levels in virgin and pregnant rats. In pregnant rats with food available ad libitum, PYY levels were enhanced at late gestation.

Discussion: Our observations indicate that PYY levels are influenced by age, thyroid hormones, and GH. These data indicate that PYY could be involved in the changes of food intake associated with these conditions. The PYY levels observed in acute and chronic food‐restricted rats indicate that, in situations of decreased energy intake, the lower PYY levels could serve to disinhibit central pathways and facilitate food intake.
Lack of Evidence for a Major Gene in the Mendelian Transmission of BMI in Chinese
Authors: Liu Peng‐Yuan , Li Yu‐Mei , Li Miao‐Xin , Malkin Ida , Qin Yue‐Juan , Chen Xiang‐Ding , Liu Yong‐Jun , Deng Hong‐Wen
Published: April 2008

Objectives: To determine the heritability of BMI and to examine the mode of inheritance of BMI variation in Chinese.

Research Methods and Procedures: Familial correlation and complex segregation analyses for BMI were undertaken in a Chinese sample composed of 392 nuclear families, with 1190 total individuals.

Results: A moderate heritability was found for BMI (h2 = 0.419‐0.492). The obtained results do not support a major gene for BMI in our samples. BMI may be inherited in a complex and non‐Mendelian manner in Chinese.

Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that identification of specific genes for BMI in Chinese, at least within the same data set, is a serious challenge because of the lack of evidence of a major gene for BMI in our Chinese sample.
Weight Loss Expectations in Obese Patients Seeking Treatment at Medical Centers
Authors: Dalle Grave Riccardo , Calugi Simona , Magri Flavia , Cuzzolaro Massimo , Dall'Aglio Elisabetta , Lucchin Lucio , Melchionda Nazario , Marchesini Giulio ,   QUOVADIS Study Group
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate weight loss expectations (expected 1‐year BMI loss, dream BMI, and maximum acceptable BMI) in obese patients seeking treatment and to examine whether expectations differ by sex, weight, diet and weight history, age, psychological factors, and primary motivations for weight loss.

Research Methods and Procedures: 1891 obese patients seeking treatment in 25 Italian medical centers (1473 women; age, 44.7 ± 11.0 years; BMI, 38.2 ± 6.5 kg/m2) were evaluated. Diet and weight history, weight loss expectations, and primary motivation for seeking treatment (health or improving appearance) were systematically recorded. Psychiatric distress, binge eating, and body image dissatisfaction were tested by self‐administered questionnaires (Symptom CheckList‐90, Binge Eating Scale, and Body Uneasiness Test).

Results: In 1011 cases (53.4%), 1‐year expected BMI loss was ≥9 kg/m2, dream BMI was 26.0 ± 3.4 kg/m2 (corresponding to a 32% loss), and maximum acceptable BMI was 29.3 ± 4.4 kg/m2 (−23%). BMI and age were the strongest predictors of weight goals. Weight loss necessary to reach the desired targets was largely in excess of weight loss observed during previous dieting. Psychiatric distress, body dissatisfaction, and binge eating did not predict weight loss expectations. The primary motivation for weight loss was concern for future or present health; women seeking treatment to improve appearance had a lower grade of obesity, were younger, and had first attempted weight loss at a younger age.

Discussion: Obese Italian patients had unrealistic weight loss expectations. There were significant disparities between patients’ perceptions and physicians’ weight loss recommendations of desirable treatment outcome.
Carbohydrate—Fat Interactions and Obesity Examined by a Two‐Compartment Computer Model
Authors: Flatt Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2008

Objective: A systems dynamics computer model was developed to examine how the interactions between carbohydrate and fat metabolism influence body weight regulation. It reflects the operation of a two reservoir‐system: one representing the body's limited glycogen, and the other, its large fat reserves. The outflows from the reservoirs correspond to the oxidation of glucose and fat, whose relative contributions are affected by the size of the prevailing glycogen and fat reserves. Together, they meet the body's energy expenditure. Replenishments occur three times per day, in portions restoring total glycogen content to specific levels. A parameter mimicking the action of insulin is necessary to create realistic responses.

Research Methods and Procedures: The model was run for 125‐day periods to establish the degree of adiposity for which rates of fat oxidation become commensurate with fat intake and the influence thereon of various dietary, environmental, lifestyle, and inherited variables.

Results: Equivalent degrees of adiposity can be sustained under a variety of conditions. For instance, the impact on steady‐state body fat contents of a 10% increase or decrease in the energy provided by dietary fat is offset by a 26‐gram decrease or increase in mean glycogen levels.

Discussion: Environmental factors such as food diversity, palatability, and availability can be expected to raise the range within which glycogen levels are habitually maintained. This restrains fat oxidation, until expansion of the fat mass is sufficient to promote fat oxidation to a rate commensurate with dietary fat intake. This metabolic leverage can explain why increased food offerings tend to raise the prevalence of obesity.
Cut‐off Point of BMI and Obesity‐Related Comorbidities and Mortality in Middle‐Aged Koreans
Authors: Oh Sang Woo , Shin Soon‐Ae , Yun Young Ho , Yoo Taiwoo , Huh Bong‐Yul
Published: April 2008

Objective: The need for a lower BMI to classify overweight in Asian populations has been controversial. Using both disease and mortality outcomes, we investigated whether lower BMI cut‐off points are appropriate for identifying increased health risk in Koreans.

Research Methods and Procedures: We conducted a cohort study among 773, 915 men and women from 30 to 59 years old with 8‐ to 10‐year follow‐up periods. Primary outcomes were change of obesity prevalence, obesity‐related disease incidence, and all‐cause mortality.

Results: Prevalence of overweight (BMI of 25.0‐29.9) has steadily increased (1.3% annually), whereas obesity (BMI ≥ 30) showed a lower prevalence and only a slight increase (0.1%‐0.2% annually). Our study revealed that dose‐response relationships exist between obesity and related disease incidences (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia) beginning at lower BMI levels than previously reported. Compared with those in the healthy weight range, Koreans with a BMI ≥ 25 were not at greater risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia than has been reported for whites in similar studies. Obesity‐related all‐cause mortality also did not seem so different from that of whites.

Discussion: Our findings did not support the use of a lower BMI cut‐off point for defining overweight in Koreans compared with whites for the purpose of identifying different risks. However, populations with BMI ≥ 25 are rapidly increasing and have substantial risks of diseases. To preempt the rapid increases in obesity and related health problems that are occurring in Western countries, Korea should consider using a BMI of 25 as an action point for obesity prevention and control interventions.
Development of Overweight Associated with Childbearing Depends on Smoking Habit: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Authors: Gunderson Erica P. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Lewis Cora E. , Tsai Ai‐Lin , Sternfeld Barbara , West Delia Smith , Sidney Steve
Published: April 2008

Objective: To prospectively evaluate whether childbearing leads to development of overweight in women and to evaluate the role of other known risk factors.

Research Methods and Procedures: A prospective, multicenter observational study, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study from 1986 to 1996, examined subjects at baseline and in follow‐up years 2, 5, 7, and 10. Included were 998 (328 black and 670 white) nulliparous women, age 18‐30 years, who were not overweight at baseline. Relative odds for incident overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) associated with parity change (0, 1, or 2+) and risk factors were estimated using discrete‐time survival models adjusted for baseline and time‐dependent covariates.

Results: Parity change‐association with development of overweight depended on smoking habit (interaction,p< 0.001). In multivariate adjusted models, 1 and 2+ births vs. 0, respectively, were associated with increased risk for development of overweight among never smokers [odds ratio (OR) = 2.66; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.80, 3.93, and 2.10, 95% CI: 1.24, 3.56] and decreased risk among current smokers (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.96, and 0.36, 95% CI: 0.08, 1.65). Risk was increased for black vs. white race (OR = 3.49; 95% CI: 2.59, 4.69), frequent weight cycling (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.04), and high school education or less (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.50, 3.26) and was decreased for highest physical activity quartile (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.90).

Discussion: Childbearing contributes to development of overweight in nonsmokers but not in smokers, where development of overweight is less likely in women who bear children. Race, education, and behaviors are important factors in development of overweight in young women.
Abdominal Obesity and Expression of Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
Authors: van der Kallen Carla J. H. , Voors‐Pette Christine , de Bruin Tjerk W. A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate the role of abdominal and body obesity on the prevalence of hyperlipidemia, in particular, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and high apolipoprotein B levels, in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) relatives and their spouses.

Research Methods and Procedures: In FCHL relatives (n = 618) and spouses (n = 297), prevalence data of hyperlipidemia and high apolipoprotein B levels and their age and gender‐corrected odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for sex‐adjusted categories of waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference, and BMI.

Results: Increments of BMI, waist circumference, and WHR increased the frequency of hyperlipidemia. In the whole study population (relatives and spouses combined), frequency of hypertriglyceridemia showed a significant interaction only between WHR categories and FCHL. This was studied further after stratification of relatives by multivariable logistic regression analyses corrected for age and gender. Predominant expression of hypertriglyceridemia was observed with higher categories of WHR in FCHL relatives (prevalence up to 57.6%, OR 8.48 in highest vs. lowest WHR category, p < 0.001) but not in spouses (up to 32.9%, OR 1.05 in highest vs. lowest WHR category, not significant).

Discussion: Both in spouses and FCHL relatives, increments in BMI and waist circumference increased the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. Specifically, in FCHL relatives, WHR was the most informative determinant of the expression of hyperlipidemia, in particular, hypertriglyceridemia. The data indicate that FCHL develops against a background of abdominal obesity.
Role of Insulin and Free Fatty Acids in the Regulation of ob Gene Expression and Plasma Leptin in Normal Rats
Authors: Pagano Claudio , Dorigo Alberto , Nisoli Enzo , Tonello Cristina , Calcagno Alessandra , Tami Valeria , Granzotto Marnie , Carruba Michele O. , Federspil Giovanni , Vettor Roberto
Published: April 2008

Objective: It is under debate whether free fatty acids (FFAs) play an independent role in the regulation of adipose cell functions. In this study, we evaluated whether leptin secretion induced by FFA is due directly to an increased FFA availability or whether it is mediated by insulin levels.

Research Methods and Procedures: To test this hypothesis, we compared the effects of six different experimental designs, with different FFA and insulin levels, on plasma leptin: euglycemic clamp, euglycemic clamp + FFA infusion, FFA infusion alone, FFA + somatostatin infusion, somatostatin infusion alone, and saline infusion.

Results: Our results showed that euglycemic clamp, FFA infusion, or both in combination induced a similar increment of circulating leptin (3.31 ± 0.30, 3.40 ± 0.90, and 3.35 ± 0.80 ng/mL, respectively). Moreover, the inhibition of FFA‐induced insulin increase by means of somatostatin infusion completely abolished the rise of leptin in response to FFA (1.05 ± 0.30 vs. 3.40 ± 0.90 ng/mL, p < 0.001).

Discussion: In conclusion, our data showed that the effects of high FFA levels on plasma leptin were mediated by the rise of insulin concentration. These data confirm a major role for insulin in the regulation of leptin secretion from rat adipose tissue and support the hypothesis that leptin secretion is coupled to net triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue.
Relationships between Insulin Sensitivity and Measures of Body Fat in Asymptomatic Men and Women
Authors: Sierra‐Johnson Justo , Johnson Bruce D. , Bailey Kent R. , Turner Stephen T.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To assess whether measures of body fat by DXA scanning can improve prediction of insulin sensitivity (SI) beyond what is possible with traditional measures, such as BMI, waist circumference, and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR).

Research Methods and Procedures: Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 256 asymptomatic non‐Hispanic white subjects from Rochester, MN (age 19‐60 years; 123 men and 133 women) to determine the SI index by Bergman's minimal model technique. Height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured for calculation of BMI and WHR; DXA was used to determine fat in the head, upper body, abdomen, and lower body. Linear regression was used to assess their relationships with SI after sex stratification and adjustment for age.

Results: After controlling for age, increases in traditional and DXA measures of fat were consistently associated with smaller declines in SI among women than among men. In men, after controlling for age, all of the predictive information of SI was provided by waist circumference (additional R2 = 0.39, p < 0.001); none of the DXA measures improved the ability to predict SI. In women, after adjustment for age, BMI, and WHR, the only DXA measure that improved the prediction of SI was percentage head fat (additional R2 = 0.03, p < 0.001).

Discussion: Equivalent increases in most measures of body fat had lesser impact on SI in women than in men. In both sexes, the predictive information provided by DXA measures is approximately equal to, but not additive to, that provided by simpler, traditional measures.