bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates Traumatic Vertebral Fracture Healing by Coupling Proliferation of Type H Microvessels
Authors: Wu Suiyi , Xu Ximing , Sun Jingchuan , Zhang Yao , Shi Jiangang , Xu Tianming
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Patients with traumatic vertebral fractures often have major associated postoperative morbidities such as healing failure and kyphosis. Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) has been found to promote bone fracture healing. The objectives of our study were to determine whether low‐intensity pulsed US could promote traumatic vertebral fracture healing and to explore its inner mechanisms.

Methods

A rat model of traumatic vertebral fracture was created and treated with low‐intensity pulsed US after surgery. At 4 weeks after surgery, radiographic, micro‐computed tomography, and 3‐dimensional reconstruction were used to assess the radiologic healing status; a histologic analysis was performed to evaluate the pathologic process and relationship between osteogenesis and type H microvessels.

Results

Well‐remodeled trabecular meshworks were found in the low‐intensity pulsed US treatment group compared to the control group. Micro‐computed tomography and 3‐dimensional reconstruction revealed more and thicker trabeculae after low‐intensity pulsed US treatment. Abundant chondrocytes, a newly formed bone marrow cavity, trabeculae, and microvessels were formed at the fracture sites. More osterix‐positive osteoblasts were circling the newly formed bone meshwork and were situated at the interface of chondrocytes in the low‐intensity pulsed US treatment group. Type H microvessels were spreading around the newly formed trabecula, bone marrow cavity, osteoblasts, and interface of chondrocytes, with a larger mean vascular density in the low‐intensity pulsed US group.

Conclusions

Low‐intensity pulsed US could accelerate traumatic vertebral fracture healing by temporally and spatially increasing chondrogenesis and osteoblast‐induced osteogenesis coupled with angiogenesis of type H microvessels in a rat model of traumatic vertebral fracture.
Evaluation of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament via Stress Sonography in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Populations
Authors: Mizrahi Daniel J. , Nazarian Levon N. , Parker Laurence
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Sonography during externally applied stress has the potential to identify ligamentous instability, but diagnostic parameters for the most commonly sprained ankle ligament, the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), have not yet been established. The purpose of this study was to determine normative values of the change in the length of the ATFL in an asymptomatic population during manual stress sonography and to compare these values to those in patients with clinical findings of anterolateral ankle instability.

Methods

Sonography of the ATFL at rest and with maximally applied manual stress was performed bilaterally in 20 asymptomatic volunteers from each of three 10‐year age groups from 20 to 50 years. Data were compared to those for 34 patients retrospectively identified who underwent stress sonography of the ATFL for clinical signs and symptoms of chronic anterolateral ankle instability.

Results

In the asymptomatic population (10 men and 10 women), for men, the mean change in ATFL length between stress and neutral positions was 0.44 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32–0.57 mm). For women, it was 0.43 mm (95% CI, 0.31–0.55 mm). The difference in laxity between sexes was not significant (P = .85). In the symptomatic population, the mean ATFL length difference between stress and neutral positions was 1.26 mm (95% CI, 0.97–1.55 mm). A t test comparing the mean change in ATFL length showed a statistically significant increase in laxity in the symptomatic group (P < .0001).

Conclusions

The normal ATFL shows minimal laxity in both men and women on stress sonography, with significantly greater laxity among patients with ankle instability. Given these findings, stress sonography may have an important role in the imaging diagnosis of anterolateral ankle instability.
Functional study of a novel missense single‐nucleotide variant of NUP107 in two daughters of Mexican origin with premature ovarian insufficiency
Authors: Ren Yu , Diao Feiyang , Katari Sunita , Yatsenko Svetlana , Jiang Huaiyang , Wood‐Trageser Michelle A. , Rajkovic Aleksandar
Published: January 2018

Background

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder that usually presents with amenorrhea, atrophic ovaries, and low estrogen. Most cases of HH are idiopathic and nonsyndromic. Nucleoporin 107 (NUP107), a protein involved in transport between cytoplasm and nucleus with putative roles in meiosis/mitosis progression, was recently implicated as a cause of HH. We identified a NUP107 genetic variant in a nonconsanguineous family with two sisters affected with primary amenorrhea and HH, and generated a mouse model that carried the human variant.

Methods

We performed a high‐resolution X‐chromosome microarray and whole exome sequencing on parents and two sisters with HH to identify pathogenic variants. We generated a mouse model of candidate NUP107 variant using CRISPR/Cas9.

Results

Whole exome sequencing identified a novel and rare missense variant in the NUP107 gene (c.1063C>T, p.R355C) in both sisters with HH. In order to determine functional significance of this variant, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the human variant into the mouse genome. Mice with the homolog of the R355C variant, as well as the nine base pairs deletion in Nup107 had female subfertility.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that NUP107 R355C variant falls in the category of variant of unknown significance as the cause of HH and infertility.
Pedal curves of frontals in the Euclidean plane
Authors: Li Yanlin , Pei Donghe
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we will give the definition of the pedal curves of frontals and investigate the geometric properties of these curves in the Euclidean plane. We obtain that pedal curves of frontals in the Euclidean plane are also frontals. We further discuss the connections between singular points of the pedal curves and inflexion points of frontals in the Euclidean plane.
A discussion paper on stigmatizing features of diabetes
Authors: Abdoli Samereh , Doosti Irani Mehri , Hardy Lynda R. , Funnell Martha
Published: January 2018

Aim

This manuscript aims to describe stigmatizing features of diabetes.

Design

This article presents a narrative review of literature pertaining to stigma surrounding diabetes in different contexts.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed and Web of Science for qualitative studies published between 2007–2017. The search was completed using various combinations of diabetes, T1DM, T2DM, stigma, social/public stigma, internalized/self‐stigma, stigmatization and diabetes‐related stigma in English. The reviewers then independently reviewed the eligible studies (N = 18) to extract data.

Results

From the 18 studies included in this narrative review, seven features related to stigma in diabetes were identified. People with diabetes were most notably considered and stigmatized as being “sick,” “death reminder,” “rejected marriage candidate,” “self‐inflicting,” “contagiousness,” “requiring a dietary modification” and “drunk or drug abuser.”
The Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (Nips) Model: Theory and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Blum Gabriela S. , Rauthmann John F. , Göllner Richard , Lischetzke Tanja , Schmitt Manfred
Published: January 2018

Despite the broad consensus in psychology that human behaviour is influenced by the interaction between characteristics of the person and characteristics of the situation, not much is known about the precise shape of this person–situation (P × S) interaction. To address this issue, we introduce and test the nonlinear interaction of person and situation (NIPS) model. The NIPS model can be applied to explain contradictory research results, offers a more accurate prediction of behaviour, and can be applied to any trait. In three studies and with three different analytical approaches, we test the NIPS model and its implications. In the pre–study, we test whether variability in participants’ behaviour is smaller in extreme aggression–provoking and jealousy–inducing situations than in moderate situations, suggesting the effect of ‘strong’ situations at the extremes of the situation continuum. In Studies 1 and 2, we test the nonlinear relation between person and situation variables in predicting behaviour in within–subject designs and provide support for the predictions of the NIPS model. Future lines of research with the NIPS model are discussed. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
Habit‐tic cough: Presentation and outcome with simple reassurance
Authors: Wright Marie F. A. , Balfour‐Lynn Ian M.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Our therapeutic approach to a habit/tic cough is simple reassurance in a single consultation. To quality assure our practice, we followed up children to determine outcomes at least 3 months after diagnosis.

Design

Consecutive children diagnosed over 6 years were studied. Medical records were analyzed retrospectively and parents answered a scripted verbal survey.

Results

Fifty‐five patients were diagnosed (median age 9.9 years), with a median cough duration of 3 months (IQR 2‐7.5 months, range up to 3 years). In 51/55 (93%) cases, cough was absent during sleep. 51/55 (93%) received prior medications with median 3 therapeutic trials, none of which resolved the cough. Follow‐up was possible in 39/55 (71%) children after a median duration of 1.9 years. In 32/39 (82%), the cough had resolved completely (59% within 4 weeks, including 12% on the day), and it improved in 6/39 (15%). In the 26/39 (67%) parents who said they believed the diagnosis, there was 96% resolution of the cough, versus the 13/39 (33%) who were sceptical or disbelieving, when there was only 54% resolution. 7/39 (18%) children were later diagnosed with a tic disorder, functional symptoms, or a behavioural/psychiatric disorder.

Conclusions

Habit cough can be diagnosed from the characteristic history; the crucial question is whether the cough disappears during sleep. We have shown successful long term outcomes following a single consultation with simple reassurance, but it is important that the child and parents believe the explanation. It is not uncommon for subsequent tic disorders or behavioral issues to emerge.
Global prevalence of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction in childhood: A meta‐analysis
Authors: de Aguiar Karine B. , Anzolin Marina , Zhang Linjie
Published: January 2018

Aim

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the global prevalence of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in children and adolescents.

Method

We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Virtual Health Library‐BIREME from inception to December 23, 2017. We selected observational studies that reported the prevalence of EIB (diagnosed by exercise challenge test) in children and adolescents aged 5‐18 years. We conducted random‐effects meta‐analyses to estimate the pooled prevalence of EIB and 95% CI.

Results

We included 66 studies (55 696 participants, 5670 cases of EIB) in the review, of which 33 in general population of children and adolescents, 10 in child and adolescent athletes and 23 in children and adolescents with asthma. The global mean prevalence of EIB in the general population of children and adolescents was 9% (IC95%: 8‐10%), with a higher rate (12%) in Asia‐Pacific and America. The mean prevalence of EIB was 15% (95% CI: 9‐21%) in child and adolescent athletes, and 46% (95% CI: 39‐53%) in children and adolescents with asthma. We estimated that, globally, around 16.5 million (95% CI: 15‐18 million) children and adolescents up to 18 years of age may have EIB.

Conclusion

EIB in childhood should be considered as a global public health problem that needs more attention. The substantial heterogeneity between studies highlights the need for evidence‐based guidelines for diagnosis of EIB in this age group.
AC Electric Field Assisted Pressureless Sintering Zirconia: 3 mol% Yttria Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Carvalho Sabrina G. M. , Muccillo Eliana N. S. , Muccillo Reginaldo
Published: January 2018

3 mol% yttria ionic conductors are sintered by applying AC electric fields with frequencies in the 0.5–1.0 kHz range at 1100 °C. The sintering experiments are conducted in pressed pellets positioned between platinum electrodes inside a dilatometer furnace. The dilatometer is modified in order to allow for the simultaneous monitoring of thickness shrinkage, electric voltage, and current across the pellet. The results show that the higher the frequency of the electric field, the higher the attained shrinkage and the apparent density of the pellets. Increasing the frequency of the applied electric field leads to an increase in the Joule heating promoted by the electric current pulse through the polycrystalline ceramic sample. A higher frequency therefore leads to higher amount of thermal energy delivered to the sample, favoring enhanced densification. The ionic resistivity decreases in pellets sintered with increasing frequency of the applied electric field. We suggest that Joule heating favors pore elimination and the removal of chemical species at the space charge region, inhibiting the blocking of oxide ions at the interfaces.
The Influence of Annealing Temperature on Amorphous Indium‐Zinc‐Tungsten Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Fu Ruofan , Yang Jianwen , Chang Wei‐Chiao , Chang Wei‐Cheng , Chang Chien‐Min , Lin Dong , Zhang Qun , Liu Po‐Tsun , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: January 2018

In this paper, the influence of annealing temperature on amorphous indium‐zinc‐tungsten‐oxide (a‐IZWO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is investigated. As the annealing temperature increases, the IZWO films maintain an amorphous state, which is conducive to the uniformity of the TFT. The field effect mobility of the device increases as a function of annealing temperature and reaches 16.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 300 °C, along with an on/off current ratio of 1.6 × 108. Meanwhile, the corresponding positive bias stability is improved, as confirmed by the fact that the threshold voltage shift value reduces to 0.4 V after being stressed for 1500 s. This result can be ascribed to the decrease in electrons captured by the deep defects in a‐IZWO TFTs.
Yeasts of the soil – obscure but precious
Authors: Yurkov Andrey M.
Published: January 2018

Pioneering studies performed in the nineteenth century demonstrated that yeasts are present in below‐ground sources. Soils were regarded more as a reservoir for yeasts that reside in habitats above it. Later studies showed that yeast communities in soils are taxonomically diverse and different from those above‐ground. Soil yeasts possess extraordinary adaptations that allow them to survive in a wide range of environmental conditions. A few species are promising sources of yeast oils and have been used in agriculture as potential antagonists of soil‐borne plant pathogens or as plant growth promoters. Yeasts have been studied mainly in managed soils such as vineyards, orchards and agricultural fields, and to a lesser extent under forests and grasslands. Our knowledge of soil yeasts is further biased towards temperate and boreal forests, whereas data from Africa, the Americas and Asia are scarce. Although soil yeast communities are often species‐poor in a single sample, they are more diverse on the biotope level. Soil yeasts display pronounced endemism along with a surprisingly high proportion of currently unidentified species. However, like other soil inhabitants, yeasts are threatened by habitat alterations owing to anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, deforestation and urbanization. In view of the rapid decline of many natural habitats, the study of soil yeasts in undisturbed or low‐managed biotopes is extremely valuable. The purpose of this review is to encourage researchers, both biologists and soil scientists, to include soil yeasts in future studies.
A mild case of molybdenum cofactor deficiency defines an alternative route of MOCS1 protein maturation
Authors: Mayr Simon Julius , Sass Jörn Oliver , Vry Julia , Kirschner Janbernd , Mader Irina , Hövener Jan‐Bernd , Reiss Jochen , Santamaria‐Araujo José Angel , Schwarz Günter , Grünert Sarah Catharina
Published: January 2018

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism, which results from mutations in genes involved in Moco biosynthesis. Moco serves as a cofactor of several enzymes, including sulfite oxidase. MoCD is clinically characterized by intractable seizures and severe, rapidly progressing neurodegeneration leading to death in early childhood in the majority of known cases. Here we report a patient with an unusual late disease onset and mild phenotype, characterized by a lack of seizures, normal early development, a decline triggered by febrile illness and a subsequent dystonic movement disorder. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous c.1338delG MOCS1 mutation causing a frameshift (p.S442fs) with a premature termination of the MOCS1AB translation product at position 477 lacking the entire MOCS1B domain. Surprisingly, urine analysis detected trace amounts (1% of control) of the Moco degradation product urothione, suggesting a residual Moco synthesis in the patient, which was consistent with the mild clinical presentation. Therefore, we performed bioinformatic analysis of the patient's mutated MOCS1 transcript and found a potential Kozak‐sequence downstream of the mutation site providing the possibility of an independent expression of a MOCS1B protein. Following the expression of the patient's MOCS1 cDNA in HEK293 cells we detected two proteins: a truncated MOCS1AB protein and a 22.4 kDa protein representing MOCS1B. Functional studies of both proteins confirmed activity of MOCS1B, but not of the truncated MOCS1AB. This finding demonstrates an unusual mechanism of translation re‐initiation in the MOCS1 transcript, which results in trace amounts of functional MOCS1B protein being sufficient to partially protect the patient from the most severe symptoms of MoCD.
The impact of parity on life course blood pressure trajectories: the HUNT study in Norway
Authors: Haug Eirin B. , Horn Julie , Markovitz Amanda Rose , Fraser Abigail , Macdonald-Wallis Corrie , Tilling Kate , Romundstad Pål Richard , Rich-Edwards Janet Wilson , Åsvold Bjørn Olav
Published: January 2018

The drop in blood pressure during pregnancy may persist postpartum, but the impact of pregnancy on blood pressure across the life course is not known. In this study we examined blood pressure trajectories for women in the years preceding and following pregnancy and compared life course trajectories of blood pressure for parous and nulliparous women. We linked information on all women who participated in the population-based, longitudinal HUNT Study, Norway with pregnancy information from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. A total of 23,438 women were included with up to 3 blood pressure measurements per woman. Blood pressure trajectories were compared using a mixed effects linear spline model. Before first pregnancy, women who later gave birth had similar mean blood pressure to women who never gave birth. Women who delivered experienced a drop after their first birth of − 3.32 mmHg (95% CI, − 3.93, − 2.71) and − 1.98 mmHg (95% CI, − 2.43, − 1.53) in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Subsequent pregnancies were associated with smaller reductions. These pregnancy-related reductions in blood pressure led to persistent differences in mean blood pressure, and at age 50, parous women still had lower systolic (− 1.93 mmHg; 95% CI, − 3.33, − 0.53) and diastolic (− 1.36 mmHg; 95% CI, − 2.26, − 0.46) blood pressure compared to nulliparous women. The findings suggest that the first pregnancy and, to a lesser extent, successive pregnancies are associated with lasting and clinically relevant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Inequality and fiscal policies in Uruguay by race
Authors: Bucheli Marisa , Rossi Maximo , Amábile Florencia
Published: January 2018

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of fiscal policy by race, disaggregating to consider Uruguayans with primarily European, African and indigenous ancestry. We perform an incidence analysis, an estimation of the effect of fiscal policy on the poverty exit rate and an assessment of the impact on the average ethno-racial gaps. The findings support the idea that fiscal policy reduces (but does not eliminate) ethnic gaps. This result is led by health care and educational transfers, and to a lesser degree by direct transfers. We do not consider quality issues with public services, which may affect the estimated narrowing of gaps. Finally, we find that Afro-descendants and indigenous individuals do not capture the full potential of education transfers because of their high drop-out rate.
Genetic Counseling in the Era of Genomics: What's all the Fuss about?
Authors: Brett Gemma R , Wilkins Ella J , Creed Emma T , West Kirsty , Jarmolowicz Anna , Valente Giulia M , Prawer Yael , Lynch Elly , Macciocca Ivan
Published: January 2018

As genomic sequencing becomes more widely available in clinical settings for diagnostic purposes, a number of genetic counseling issues are gaining precedence. The ability to manage these issues will be paramount as genetic and non‐genetic healthcare professionals navigate the complexities of using genomic technologies to facilitate diagnosis and inform patient management. Counseling issues arising when counseling for diagnostic genomic sequencing were identified by four genetic counselors with 10 years of collective experience providing genetic counseling in this setting. These issues were discussed and refined at a meeting of genetic counselors working in clinical genomics settings in Melbourne, Australia. Emerging counseling issues, or variations of established counseling issues, were identified from the issues raised. Illustrative cases were selected where pre‐ and post‐test genetic counseling was provided in clinical settings to individuals who received singleton or trio WES with targeted analysis. Counseling issues discussed in this paper include a reappraisal of how genetic counselors manage hope in the genomic era, informed consent for secondary use of genomic data, clinical reanalysis of genomic data, unexpected or unsolicited secondary findings, and trio sequencing. The authors seek to contribute to the evolving understanding of genetic counseling for diagnostic genomic sequencing through considering the applicability of existing genetic counseling competencies to managing emerging counseling issues and discussing genetic counseling practice implications.
Twin Pregnancy in Bicornuate Uterus–One Fetus in Each Horn
Authors: Ilyas Mohd , Dar Mohammad Saleem , Rafiq Suhail , Khan Insha
Published: January 2018

A 32-year old primigravida female of approximately 20 weeks gestation by her last menstrual period (spontaneous conception) was referred for anomaly scan. The ultrasonography revealed two uterine horns separated by thick (12 mm) uterine tissue with a fetus (average Gestational age 22 weeks each) in each horn.
Recognizability for sequences of morphisms
Authors: BERTHÉ VALÉRIE , STEINER WOLFGANG , THUSWALDNER JÖRG M. , YASSAWI REEM
Published: January 2018

We investigate different notions of recognizability for a free monoid morphism
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}:{\mathcal{A}}^{\ast }\rightarrow {\mathcal{B}}^{\ast }$
. Full recognizability occurs when each (aperiodic) point in
${\mathcal{B}}^{\mathbb{Z}}$
admits at most one tiling with words
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(a)$
,
$a\in {\mathcal{A}}$
. This is stronger than the classical notion of recognizability of a substitution
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}:{\mathcal{A}}^{\ast }\rightarrow {\mathcal{A}}^{\ast }$
, where the tiling must be compatible with the language of the substitution. We show that if
$|{\mathcal{A}}|=2$
, or if
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$
’s incidence matrix has rank
$|{\mathcal{A}}|$
, or if
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$
is permutative, then
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$
is fully recognizable. Next we investigate the classical notion of recognizability and improve earlier results of Mossé [Puissances de mots et reconnaissabilité des points fixes d’une substitution. Theoret. Comput. Sci.
99(2) (1992), 327–334] and Bezuglyi et al [Aperiodic substitution systems and their Bratteli diagrams. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.
29(1) (2009), 37–72], by showing that any substitution is recognizable for aperiodic points in its substitutive shift. Finally we define recognizability and also eventual recognizability for sequences of morphisms which define an
$S$
-adic shift. We prove that a sequence of morphisms on alphabets of bounded size, such that compositions of consecutive morphisms are growing on all letters, is eventually recognizable for aperiodic points. We provide examples of eventually recognizable, but not recognizable, sequences of morphisms, and sequences of morphisms which are not eventually recognizable. As an application, for a recognizable sequence of morphisms, we obtain an almost everywhere bijective correspondence between the
$S$
-adic shift it generates, and the measurable Bratteli–Vershik dynamical system that it defines.
Test flattening in the larger foraminifer Heterostegina depressa: predicting bathymetry from axial sections
Authors: Eder Wolfgang , Hohenegger Johann , Briguglio Antonino
Published: January 2018

Previous attempts to quantify the test-flattening trend in Heterostegina depressa with water depth have been rather unsuccessful. Due to its broad depth distribution, H. depressa is a perfect model species to calibrate test flattening as a bathymetric signal for fossil assemblages. This might enable us to better reconstruct paleoenvironments of fossil communities of larger foraminifera or even provide clues to the degree of transport in allochthonous deposits. In this study, we used growth-independent functions to describe the change of test thickness throughout ontogeny. Four growth-invariant characters, deriving from these functions, clearly quantify a transition of individuals with thicker to thinner central parts along the water-depth gradient. This transition is probably controlled by light intensity, because the photosymbionts of H. depressa (diatoms) are most effective at low irradiation levels. Thus, specimens at shallower depths grow thicker to reduce light penetration, whereas specimens living deeper than the light optimum increase their surface by flattening to obtain better exposure to light.
An Elliptic PDE with Convex Solutions
Authors: Warren Jon
Published: January 2018

Using a mixture of classical and probabilistic techniques, we investigate the convexity of solutions to the elliptic partial differential equation associated with a certain generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.
Presentation of automated procedural guidance in surgical simulation: results of two randomised controlled trials
Authors: Wijewickrema S , Zhou Y , Ioannou I , Copson B , Piromchai P , Yu C , Briggs R , Bailey J , Kennedy G , O'Leary S
Published: January 2018

Objective:

To investigate the effectiveness and usability of automated procedural guidance during virtual temporal bone surgery.

Methods:

Two randomised controlled trials were performed to evaluate the effectiveness, for medical students, of two presentation modalities of automated real-time procedural guidance in virtual reality simulation: full and step-by-step visual presentation of drillable areas. Presentation modality effectiveness was determined through a comparison of participants’ dissection quality, evaluated by a blinded otologist, using a validated assessment scale.

Results:

While the provision of automated guidance on procedure improved performance (full presentation, p = 0.03; step-by-step presentation, p < 0.001), usage of the two different presentation modalities was vastly different (full presentation, 3.73 per cent; step-by-step presentation, 60.40 per cent).

Conclusion:

Automated procedural guidance in virtual temporal bone surgery is effective in improving trainee performance. Step-by-step presentation of procedural guidance was engaging, and therefore more likely to be used by the participants.
Innovative assessment of aviation English in a virtual world: Windows into cognitive and metacognitive strategies
Authors: Park Moonyoung
Published: January 2018

Aviation English proficiency is a core competency in the global air traffic controller profession. There is, however, growing concern about the current ineffective paper-based assessment methods and the severe lack of interactive online testing for such a critical profession, one that should be ideally assessed in an authentic task and situation (Alderson, 2010; Douglas, 2013). The tests, which lack validity and authenticity, cannot capture how knowledge of aviation English communication and strategic competence are used through valid means and, therefore, inevitably fail to predict how test takers actually perform in the target language use situations (Douglas, 2000). In the present study, the researcher examines the potential use of verbal report data produced by test takers interacting in a virtual testing environment. The research seeks to answer two specific questions: (a) What types of strategies are used in the virtual aviation English task performance? and (b) How can the assessed strategies be interpreted in relation to test takers’ performance? The analysis of the test takers’ verbal reports from stimulated recalls indicates that various cognitive, metacognitive, and communication strategies were used while performing the Virtual Interactive Tasks for Aviation English Assessment, and that there is a positive relationship between the total number of cognitive and metacognitive strategies adopted and the test scores. The findings suggest that the use of an immersive interface and simulated tasks in a virtual world could provide language learners with more authentic opportunities to perform the target tasks and promote strategic, as well as linguistic, competence.
Managing multimodal data in virtual world research for language learning
Authors: Palomeque Cristina , Pujolà Joan-Tomàs
Published: January 2018

The study of multimodality in communication has attracted the attention of researchers studying online multimodal environments such as virtual worlds. Specifically, 3D virtual worlds have especially attracted the interest of educators and academics due to the multiplicity of verbal channels, which are often comprised of text and voice channels, as well as their 3D graphical interface, allowing for the study of non-verbal modes. This study offers a multilayered transcription method called the Multi-Modal MUVE Method or 3M Method (Palomeque, 2016; Pujolà & Palomeque, 2010) to account for the different modes present in the 3D virtual world of Second Life. This method works at two levels: the macro and the micro level. The macro level is a bird’s-eye view representation of the whole session as it fits into one page. This enables the researcher to grasp the essence of the class and to identify interesting sequences for analysis. The micro level consists of three transcripts to account for the different communication modes as well as the interface activity that occurs in the virtual world of Second Life. This paper will review the challenges when dealing with multimodal analysis in virtual worlds and how the multimodal data were analyzed and interpreted by using a multilayered multimodal method of analysis (3M transcription). Examples will be provided in the study to show how different modes of communication were used by participants in the virtual world of Second Life to create meaning or to avoid communication breakdowns.
Expanding the breadth of Medicare: learning from Australia
Authors: Duckett Stephen
Published: January 2018

The design of Australia’s Medicare programme was based on the Canadian scheme, adapted somewhat to take account of differences in the constitutional division of powers in the two countries and differences in history. The key elements are very similar: access to hospital services without charge being the core similarity, universal coverage for necessary medical services, albeit with a variable co-payment in Australia, the other. But there are significant differences between the two countries in health programmes – whether or not they are labelled as ‘Medicare’. This paper discusses four areas where Canada could potentially learn from Australia in a positive way. First, Australia has had a national Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme for almost 70 years. Second, there have been hesitant extensions to Australia’s Medicare to address the increasing prevalence of people with chronic conditions – extensions which include some payments for allied health professionals, ‘care coordination’ payments, and exploration of ‘health care homes’. Third, Australia has a much more extensive system of support for older people to live in their homes or to move into supported residential care. Fourth, Australia has gone further in driving efficiency in the hospital sector than has Canada. Finally, the paper examines aspects of the Australian health care system that Canada should avoid, including the very high level of out-of-pocket costs, and the role of private acute inpatient provision.
Gezielte Entwicklung von Advanced Practice Nurse-Rollen für spezifische Patient(inn)engruppen in einem Schweizer Universitätsspital
Authors: Spichiger Elisabeth , Zumstein-Shaha Maya , Schubert Maria , Herrmann Luzia
Published: January 2018

Zusammenfassung.Hintergrund: Um den zukünftigen Bedarf der Bevölkerung an medizinischen Leistungen abzudecken, sind neue Versorgungsmodelle gefragt. Der Aufbau von Advanced Nursing Practice (ANP) bietet eine Möglichkeit, diesen Herausforderungen mit neuen Angeboten zu begegnen. Im Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern werden seit 2011 ANP-Angebote und entsprechende Advanced Practice Nurse-Rollen aufgebaut. Ziel: Es wird angestrebt, innovative und evidenzbasierte ANP-Angebote zu entwickeln, um die Versorgung für spezifische Patient(inn)engruppen und ihre Angehörigen auszubauen und mehr Sicherheit sowie bessere Ergebnisse zu erreichen. Methode: ANP-Angebote werden im Rahmen von Projekten, in enger Zusammenarbeit von Klinik und Bereich Fachentwicklung (BFE) der Direktion Pflege entwickelt. Zur Evaluation werden Struktur-, Prozess- und Ergebnisdaten erhoben. Ergebnisse: Heute sind fünf ANP-Angebote etabliert, acht weitere befinden sich im Aufbau. Die meisten Angebote sind auf eine langfristige Betreuung von Patient(inn)en mit chronischen Erkrankungen und ihre Angehörigen ausgerichtet. Zehn APN haben Anstellungen von 10 % bis 80 %, drei führen ein ANP-Team. Sie arbeiten zu über 50 % in der direkten klinischen Praxis, primär beratend. Ein ANP-Netzwerk verbindet APN und BFE, um Synergien und Austausch zu fördern. Schlussfolgerungen: Herausfordernd bei der Entwicklung von ANP-Angeboten sind oft die Ressourcen. Wesentlich für den nachhaltigen Erfolg sind ein adäquater Stellenumfang, die Unterstützung durch die Klinikleitung, das spitalweit gültige Konzept und der Aufbau im Rahmen von Projekten.
Suppression of the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by the soil microbiota
Authors: Svenningsen Nanna B , Watts-Williams Stephanie J , Joner Erik J , Battini Fabio , Efthymiou Aikaterini , Cruz-Paredes Carla , Nybroe Ole , Jakobsen Iver
Published: January 2018

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonise roots of most plants; their extra-radical mycelium (ERM) extends into the soil and acquires nutrients for the plant. The ERM coexists with soil microbial communities and it is unresolved whether these communities stimulate or suppress the ERM activity. This work studied the prevalence of suppressed ERM activity and identified main components behind the suppression. ERM activity was determined by quantifying ERM-mediated P uptake from radioisotope-labelled unsterile soil into plants, and compared to soil physicochemical characteristics and soil microbiome composition. ERM activity varied considerably and was greatly suppressed in 4 of 21 soils. Suppression was mitigated by soil pasteurisation and had a dominating biotic component. AMF-suppressive soils had high abundances of Acidobacteria, and other bacterial taxa being putative fungal antagonists. Suppression was also associated with low soil pH, but this effect was likely indirect, as the relative abundance of, e.g., Acidobacteria decreased after liming. Suppression could not be transferred by adding small amounts of suppressive soil to conducive soil, and thus appeared to involve the common action of several taxa. The presence of AMF antagonists resembles the phenomenon of disease-suppressive soils and implies that ecosystem services of AMF will depend strongly on the specific soil microbiome.
The cytomegalovirus protein US31 induces inflammation through mono-macrophages in systemic lupus erythematosus by promoting NF-κB2 activation
Authors: Guo Gangqiang , Ye Sisi , Xie Shangdan , Ye Lele , Lin Cong , Yang Min , Shi Xinyu , Wang Fangyan , Li Baoqing , Li Ming , Chen Chaosheng , Zhang Lifang , Zhang Huidi , Xue Xiangyang
Published: January 2018

It has been hypothesized that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, especially in monocyte and CD34 (+) myeloid cells, acts as a important regulator of immune system to promote inflammation in multiple autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the HCMV gene expression profiles in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of SLE patients and demonstrate the effect and mechanism of viral gene associated with SLE in mono-macrophages functions. Using two RNA-Seq techniques in combination with RT-PCR, 11 viral genes mainly associated with latent HCMV infection were identified in the PBMCs of SLE patients. Among these viral genes, US31 with previously unknown function was highly expressed in the PBMCs of SLE patients compared to healthy controls. Analysis of function indicated that US31 expression could induce inflammation in monocyte and macrophage and stimulate macrophage differentiation toward an M1 macrophage phenotype. Screening via protein chips in combination with bioinformatic analysis and consequent detection of mono-macrophages function indicates that the direct interaction between US31 and NF-κB2 contributed the NF-kB2 activation. Consequent analysis indicated US31 directly interacted with NF-κB2, contribute to the polyubiquitination of the phosphorylated p100 and consequent activation of NF-κB2. Taken together, our data uncovered a previously unknown role of the HCMV protein US31 in inducing NF-κB-mediated mono-macrophage inflammation in the pathogenesis and development of SLE. Our findings provide a foundation for the continued investigation of novel therapeutic targets for SLE patients.
Differential effects of reticulophagy and mitophagy on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Pang Lijun , Liu Kai , Liu Daojie , Lv Fudong , Zang Yunjin , Xie Fang , Yin Jiming , Shi Ying , Wang Yanjun , Chen Dexi
Published: January 2018

Autophagy affects the pathological progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the precise role of autophagy in NAFLD remains unclear. In this study, we want to identify the role of autophagy including reticulophagy and mitophagy in NAFLD pathogenesis. When HepG2 cells were treated with 400 μM oleic acid (OA), increased reticulophagy was induced 8 h after treatment, which correlated with an anti-apoptotic response as shown by the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, an increase in BCL-2 expression, and the downregulation of OA-induced lipotoxicity. When treated with OA for 24 h, DRAM expression-dependent mitophagy resulted in increased apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Inhibition of reticulophagy aggravated and increased lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis 8 h after treatment; however, the inhibition of mitophagy decreased hepatocyte apoptosis after 24 h of OA treatment. Results from the analysis of patient liver samples showed that autophagic flux increased in patients with mild or severe NAFL. PI3K/AKT phosphorylation was observed only in samples from patients with low-grade steatosis, whereas DRAM expression was increased in samples from patients with high-grade steatosis. Together, our results demonstrate that reticulophagy and mitophagy are independent, sequential events that influence NAFLD progression, which opens new avenues for investigating new therapeutics in NAFLD.
Induced neural stem cell-derived astrocytes modulate complement activation and mediate neuroprotection following closed head injury
Authors: Gao Mou , Dong Qin , Lu Yingzhou , Yao Hui , Zou Mingming , Yang Yang , Zhu Jianwei , Yang Zhijun , Xu Minhui , Xu Ruxiang
Published: January 2018

The complement system is a crucial component of immunity, and its activation has critical roles in neuroinflammatory response and cellular damage following closed head injury (CHI). We previously demonstrated that systemically injected induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) could modulate complement activation to ameliorate neuronal apoptosis in mouse CHI models. However, it remains unknown whether iNSC derivatives can regulate complement activation. In the present study, after CHI mouse serum treatment, we found dramatic decreases in the cellular viabilities of differentiated iNSCs. Interestingly, following CHI mouse serum treatment, the death of astrocytes derived from iNSCs which were pre-treated with CHI mouse serum was significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the deposition of C3 (C3d) and C5b-9 in these astrocytes was substantially reduced. Remarkably, we detected increased expression of complement receptor type 1-related protein y (Crry) in these astrocytes. Moreover, these astrocytes could reduce the numbers of apoptotic neurons via Crry expression post-CHI mouse serum treatment. Additionally, intracerebral-transplanted iNSCs, pre-treated with CHI mouse serum, significantly increased the levels of Crry expression in astrocytes to reduce the accumulation of C3d and C9 and the death of neurons in the brains of CHI mice. In summary, iNSCs receiving CHI mouse serum pre-treatment could enhance the expression of Crry in iNSC-derived astrocytes to modulate complement activation and mediate neuroprotection following CHI.
Type IX secretion system PorM and gliding machinery GldM form arches spanning the periplasmic space
Authors: Leone Philippe , Roche Jennifer , Vincent Maxence S. , Tran Quang Hieu , Desmyter Aline , Cascales Eric , Kellenberger Christine , Cambillau Christian , Roussel Alain
Published: January 2018

Type IX secretion system (T9SS), exclusively present in the Bacteroidetes phylum, has been studied mainly in Flavobacterium johnsoniae and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Among the 18 genes, essential for T9SS function, a group of four, porK-N (P. gingivalis) or gldK-N (F. johnsoniae) belongs to a co-transcribed operon that expresses the T9SS core membrane complex. The central component of this complex, PorM (or GldM), is anchored in the inner membrane by a trans-membrane helix and interacts through the outer membrane PorK-N complex. There is a complete lack of available atomic structures for any component of T9SS, including the PorKLMN complex. Here we report the crystal structure of the GldM and PorM periplasmic domains. Dimeric GldM and PorM, each contain four domains of ~180-Å length that span most of the periplasmic space. These and previously reported results allow us to propose a model of the T9SS core membrane complex as well as its functional behavior.
HTLV-1 Tax plugs and freezes UPF1 helicase leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay inhibition
Authors: Fiorini Francesca , Robin Jean-Philippe , Kanaan Joanne , Borowiak Malgorzata , Croquette Vincent , Le Hir Hervé , Jalinot Pierre , Mocquet Vincent
Published: January 2018

Up-Frameshift Suppressor 1 Homolog (UPF1) is a key factor for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a cellular process that can actively degrade mRNAs. Here, we study NMD inhibition during infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) and characterise the influence of the retroviral Tax factor on UPF1 activity. Tax interacts with the central helicase core domain of UPF1 and might plug the RNA channel of UPF1, reducing its affinity for nucleic acids. Furthermore, using a single-molecule approach, we show that the sequential interaction of Tax with a RNA-bound UPF1 freezes UPF1: this latter is less sensitive to the presence of ATP and shows translocation defects, highlighting the importance of this feature for NMD. These mechanistic insights reveal how HTLV-1 hijacks the central component of NMD to ensure expression of its own genome.
The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region
Authors: Mittnik Alissa , Wang Chuan-Chao , Pfrengle Saskia , Daubaras Mantas , Zariņa Gunita , Hallgren Fredrik , Allmäe Raili , Khartanovich Valery , Moiseyev Vyacheslav , Tõrv Mari , Furtwängler Anja , Andrades Valtueña Aida , Feldman Michal , Economou Christos , Oinonen Markku , Vasks Andrejs , Balanovska Elena , Reich David , Jankauskas Rimantas , Haak Wolfgang , Schiffels Stephan , Krause Johannes
Published: January 2018

While the series of events that shaped the transition between foraging societies and food producers are well described for Central and Southern Europe, genetic evidence from Northern Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea is still sparse. Here, we report genome-wide DNA data from 38 ancient North Europeans ranging from ~9500 to 2200 years before present. Our analysis provides genetic evidence that hunter-gatherers settled Scandinavia via two routes. We reveal that the first Scandinavian farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Mesolithic Western hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers during the Early and Middle Neolithic. The arrival of steppe pastoralists in the Late Neolithic introduced a major shift in economy and mediated the spread of a new ancestry associated with the Corded Ware Complex in Northern Europe.
A clean and membrane-free chlor-alkali process with decoupled Cl2 and H2/NaOH production
Authors: Hou Mengyan , Chen Long , Guo Zhaowei , Dong Xiaoli , Wang Yonggang , Xia Yongyao
Published: January 2018

Existing chlor-alkali processes generally use asbestos, mercury or fluorine-containing ion-exchange membranes to separate the simultaneous chlorine production on the anode and hydrogen production on the cathode, and form sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte. Here, using the Na+de-intercalation/intercalation of a Na0.44MnO2electrode as a redox mediator, we decouple the chlor-alkali process into two independent steps: a H2production step with the NaOH formation in the electrolyte and a Cl2production step. The first step involves a cathodic H2evolution reaction (H2O → H2) and an anodic Na+de-intercalation reaction (Na0.44MnO2 → Na0.44−xMnO2), during which NaOH is produced in the electrolyte solution. The second step depends on a cathodic Na+intercalation reaction (Na0.44−xMnO2 → Na0.44MnO2) and an anodic Cl2production (Cl → Cl2). The cycle of the two steps provides a membrane-free process, which is potentially a promising direction for developing clean chlor-alkali technology.