bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a quadrivalent inactivated vaccine for the protection of cattle against diseases due to common viral infections : research report
Authors: Patel J.R.
Published: August 2012

Efficacy of an inactivated quadrivalent vaccine containing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, parainfluenza type 3 (PI3) virus, bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was assessed in naive bovine calves to evaluate short-term (4-18 weeks) and long-term (24-38 weeks) protection following the basic intramuscular vaccination regime of 2 inoculations a month apart. Vaccination was staggered between the long-term and the short-term groups by about 5 months so that both groups, along with a matched group of 6 unvaccinated (control) calves, could be challenged at the same time. Sequential challenges at intervals of 3-8 weeks were done in the order: IBR virus (intranasally, IN), PI3 virus (IN and intratracheally, IT), pestiviruses (IN) and BRSV (IN and IT). The IBR virus challenge produced febrile rhinotracheitis (FRT) in control calves but both the severity and the duration of FRT was significantly reduced in both vaccinated groups. The amount and the duration of IBR virus shed by the vaccinated groups was significantly reduced compared to the control group. Although PI3 virus, pooled pestivirus and BRSV challenges did not result in a noteworthy disease, challenge virus shedding (amount and duration) from the upper (all 3 viruses) and the lower (BRSV) respiratory tracts was significantly reduced in vaccinated groups. After pestivirus challenge, sera and leukocytes from all control calves were infectious for 6-9 days whereas virus was recovered only from leukocytes in vaccinated calves and only for 1.6-2.7 days. Thus a standard course of the quadrivalent vaccine afforded a significant protection against IBR virus, PI3 virus, BVDV and BRSV for at least 6 months.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia in a Staffordshire bull terrier : clinical communication
Authors: De Scally M. , Lobetti R.G. , Van Wilpe E.
Published: August 2012

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a diverse group of inherited structural and functional abnormalities of the respiratory and other cilia, which results in recurrent respiratory tract infections. Primary ciliary dyskinesia was diagnosed in a 14-week old Staffordshire bull terrier that had a history of respiratory disease from 7 weeks of age. Pneumonia was diagnosed on thoracic radiographs and transtracheal aspirate. Transmission electron microscopy of the bronchi and trachea indicated the presence of both primary and secondary ciliary dyskinesia. The most prominent primary defects consisted of absent inner dyneim arms, absent radial spokes and absence of the central microtubules. These defects accounted for 62 % of the total number of cross-sections screened. Non-specific ciliary abnormalities encountered most often were compound cilia, swollen cilia, addition / deletion of peripheral doublets and disorganised axonemes (26 %). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of PCD described in the Staffordshire bull terrier and the first report of PCD in South Africa.
Knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding trypanosomosis control in tsetse-infested areas of Uganda
Authors: Magona J.W. , Walubengo J. , Olaho-Mukani W.
Published: August 2012

Apilot survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted in Tororo and Busia districts of Uganda on the knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control, in order to understand factors that hindered their full participation. A total of 81 cattle owners was randomly selected and interviewed, of which 92.5 % were aware of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis and 87.6%recognised animal trypanosomosis as a problem in the area. Most cattle owners were aware of tsetse fly trapping (76.5 %), isometamidium chloride use (55.5 %), diminazene aceturate use (48 %) and pour-on applications (18.5 %). However, knowledge did not coincide with the application of control measures. Despite the widespread awareness, tsetse fly trapping and pour-on applications were used by only a small percentage of cattle owners (7.5 % applied tsetse fly trapping while 76.5%were aware of it; 1.2%applied pour-oninsecticides while 18.5%were aware of them). Differences between awareness and application were highly significant for tsetse fly trapping (c2=67.8, d.f.=1, P0.001) and pour-on applications (c2=10.8, d.f.=1, P0.05), but not for isometamidium chloride use (c2 = 0.08, d.f. = 1, P = 0.77) and diminazene aceturate use (c2 = 0.00, d.f. = 1, P = 1.00). Most cattle owners (97.5 %) were willing to participate in future control programmes, but preferred participating on a group basis (85.2 %) rather than individually (14.8 %). The 4 most favoured control options in order of importance were: fly traps supplied by the government and maintained by cattle owners; contribution of labour by cattle owners for trap deployment; self-financing of trypanocidal drugs and self-financing of pour-on insecticide. The control options that should be selected in order to elicit full participation by cattle owners are discussed.
Effect of mastitis on macro-minerals of bovine milk and blood serum in Sudan
Authors: El Zubeir I.E.M. , ElOwni O.A.O. , Mohamed G.E.
Published: August 2012

Milk and blood serum from clinically mastitis infected, subclinically mastitis infected and healthy Friesian cows (15 samples from each of 3 groups) were evaluated for macrominerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus). The milk from cows infected with subclinical mastitis revealed a significant decrease in potassium (P 0.001) and a significant increase in sodium and phosphorus content (P 0.01). Similarly, the milk from cows with the clinical form of the disease showed a significant increase in sodium (P 0.001) and a significant decrease in potassium, magnesium (P 0.001) and calcium (P 0.01). Comparison of healthy cow's milk with that from cows with subclinical mastitis revealed a highly significant increase in sodium (P 0.001). Comparison of healthy cow's milk with that of clinically mastitic milk showed a highly significant decrease in levels of calcium, magnesium (P 0.001) and potassium (P 0.01). However, sodium increased highly significantly (P 0.001). Comparison of macro-minerals in milk from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis revealed a significant decrease in potassium contents (P 0.05) compared with that of healthy cows. Potassium levels were found to decrease significantly (P 0.05) in subclinically infected cow's blood serum. However, calcium and phosphorus showed a significant decrease (P 0.01) in blood serum samples from the clinically infected cows.
Post-anaesthetic myelomalacia in a horse : clinical communication
Authors: Joubert K.E. , Duncan N. , Murray S.E.
Published: August 2012

This article describes a rare neurological complication of anaesthesia in a 2 year-old Clydesdale colt undergoing castration. Anaesthesia was induced with glyceryl guaiacol ether and ketamine and maintained with halothane. Following an uneventful anaesthetic of 40 minutes, the horse recovered from anaesthesia in a padded recovery stall. After approximately 70 minutes in the recovery stall, the horse attempted to stand and adopted a dog sitting position. One hundred and fifty minutes later, the horse became distressed and was sedated with xylazine. Clinical examination of the horse did not reveal any evidence of myositis or fractures. A neurological examination revealed an intact anal reflex, deep pain response in the hind legs, tail tone and voluntary movement of the hind legs was possible. The horse deteriorated neurologically over the next 24 hours and was euthanased on humane grounds. The horse was submitted for necropsy. Gross pathology was unremarkable except for a small amount of haemorrhage around the right kidney. Histopathology revealed no abnormalities in any muscle groups or peripheral nerves. Congestion and axonal swelling of the spinal cord was evident from T16 to S1. Ischaemic neurons were evident from L 1 to L 6. The most prominent lesions were at L4 and L5. A diagnosis of myelomalacia was made. This is a rare complication of anaesthesia in horses with 9 case studies appearing in the literature since 1979. This is the 1st case to be reported in South Africa. The speculated pathophysiology and risk factors for this complication are discussed.
First report of suspected ethylene glycol poisoning in 2 dogs in South Africa : clinical communication
Authors: Keller N. , Goddard A.
Published: August 2012

Ethylene glycol (anti-freeze) toxicity is a serious emergency in both veterinary and human medicine. Ethylene glycol (E/G) is the active anti-freeze principle in radiator water additives. It is odourless, colourless and has a sweet taste. As little as 5 mℓ or 20 mℓ is sufficient to kill a cat or a dog, respectively. Ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed and metabolised in the liver to oxalate, which is deposited as calcium oxalate in the kidneys causing irreversible damage. This report describes 2 dogs that were suspected to have ingested ethylene glycol. The report contains a description of the 3 stages of ethylene glycol toxicity as well as a short discussion of the treatment. Public awareness about the dangers of anti-freeze will help in limiting exposure of pets and humans to this potentially fatal toxin. Veterinarians need to be aware of anti-freeze toxicity as delayed recognition and treatment will lead to the death of the patient.
The pharmacokinetics of diminazene aceturate after intramuscular administration in healthy dogs
Authors: Miller D.M. , Swan G.E. , Lobetti R.G. , Jacobson L.S.
Published: August 2012

The pharmacokinetics of diminazene aceturate following intramuscular (i.m.) administration at 4.2 mg/kg was evaluated in 8 healthy German Shepherd dogs. Blood samples were collected at 19 intervals over a period of 21 days. Diminazene plasma concentrations were measured using a validated HPLC method with UV detection and a sensitivity of 25 ng/m . The in vitro and in vivo binding of diminazene to blood elements was additionally determined. Diminazene pharmacokinetics showed a large inter-individual variation after i.m. administration. It had a short absorption half-life (K01-HL of 0.11 + 0.18 h), resulting in a Cmax of 1849 + 268.7 ng/mℓ at Tmax of 0.37 h and a mean overall elimination half-life (T1/2ÃŸ) of 5.31 + 3.89 h. A terminal half-life of 27.5 + 25.0 h was measured. At 1 h after i.m. injection, 75% of the diminazene in whole blood was in the plasma fraction. The results of this study indicate that diminazene is rapidly distributed and sequestered into the liver, followed by a slower terminal phase during which diminazene is both redistributed to the peripheral tissues and/or renally excreted. It is recommended that diminazene administered i.m. at 4.2 mg/kg should not be repeated within a 21-day period.
Parasitological Society of Southern Africa - 33rd Annual Congress : conference abstracts
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

The following are abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 33rd Annual Congress of the Parasitological Society of Southern Africa (PARSA), 12–15 September 2004, Manyane, Pilansberg National Park.
Nephro-cutaneous fistula in a dog : clinical communication
Authors: Lobetti R.G. , Irvine-Smith G.S.
Published: August 2012

Nephro-cutaneous fistula, although reported in humans, has not been reported in the dog. Inhumansthe majority of cases develop in patients with a history of previous renal surgery, renal trauma, renal tumours, or chronic urinary tract infection with abscess formation. The dog in this report developed a nephro-cutaneous fistula secondary to a traumatic induced renal abscess with formation of a draining sinus tract to the exterior of the body. The animal underwent simple nephrectomy, which resulted in complete resolution of the fistula.
Pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and pneumoretroperitoneum following endoscopic retrieval of a tracheal foreign body from a cat : clinical communication
Authors: Zambelli A.B.
Published: August 2012

6-year-old entire male cat was presented with a 1-week history of severe dyspnoea without coughing. Upon auscultation, an inspiratory and particularly pronounced expiratory wheeze was noted, with severe dyspnoea. The minimum database was normal. Plain thoracic radiographs showed signs of a mural or intraluminal intrathoracic (1-T4) tracheal narrowing. A dynamic collapsing trachea was ruled out using fluoroscopy. Bronchoscopy was performed and a dark green and brown spiculated foreign object was found just cranial to the carina. Following removal, the cat rapidly developed extensive truncal subcutaneous emphysema and oxygen-responsive dyspnoea and cyanosis. Follow-up radiographs demonstrated unilateral pneumothorax and lung collapse, marked pneumomediastinum and dissection of air through the tracheal wall. A thoracic drain was placed and the pneumothorax resolved rapidly. Follow-up radiographs demonstrated resolution of pneumothorax and development of extensive retroperitoneal air. The cat made an uneventful recovery. The foreign object was the calyx and stem of a flower. This article emphasises the importance of diagnostic imaging in the dyspnoeic patient, both for confirming initial suspicions of respiratory tract disease, and in managing and charting post-therapy resolution or complications.
A method for determining the extent of thermal burns in elephants
Authors: Shakespeare A. , Strydom S.
Published: August 2012

A practical method was developed to assess the extent of burns suffered by elephants caught in bush fires. In developing this method, the surface areas of the different body parts of juvenile, subadult and adult elephants were first determined using standard equations, and then expressed as a percentage of the total body surface area. When viewed from a distance, the burnt proportion of all body segments is estimated, converted to percentages of total body surface area, and then summed to determine the extent of burns suffered.
Phylogenetic analysis to define feline immunodeficiency virus subtypes in 31 domestic cats in South Africa
Authors: Kann R. , Seddon J. , Kyaw-Tanner M. , Schoeman J.P. , Schoeman T. , Meers J.
Published: August 2012

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a lentivirus, is an important pathogen of domestic cats around the world and has many similarities to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A characteristic of these lentiviruses is their extensive genetic diversity, which has been an obstacle in the development of successful vaccines. Of the FIV genes, the envelope gene is the most variable and sequence differences in a portion of this gene have been used to define 5 FIV subtypes (A, B, C, D and E). In this study, the proviral DNA sequence of the V3-V5 region of the envelope gene was determined in blood samples from 31 FIV positive cats from 4 different regions of South Africa. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the presence of both subtypes A and C, with subtype A predominating. These findings contribute to the understanding of the genetic diversity of FIV.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings of a metastatic chemodectoma in a dog : clinical communication
Authors: Naudé S.H. , Miller D.B.
Published: August 2012

A 6-year-old, male, Collie-cross was presented with a non-weight bearing right thoracic limb lameness, right m.deltoideus, m.infraspinatus and m.supraspinatus atrophy, and severe neck pain with spasm of the cervical epaxial muscles. MRI revealed complete destruction of the 5th and 6th cervical vertebral bodies with lateral extradural spinal cord compression at the level of the 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. These lesions were very clearly demonstrated on magnetic resonance images, while only subtle changes were seen on survey radiographs. Post mortem investigation revealed a large heart base chemodectoma with multiple smaller tumours in the cranial mediastinum and a single tumour nodule on the thoracic aorta. The 5th cervical vertebral body had necrotic, haemorrhagic and lytic changes. Histopathology of the heart base tumour, the nodules in the cranial mediastinum and on the thoracic aorta and samples from the 5th cervical vertebra confirmed the presence of a malignant aortic or carotid body tumour originating from the chemoreceptor organs. Diagnostic imaging features and post mortem findings are described. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the magnetic resonance features of a metastatic chemodectoma in a dog.
Index, Volume 77 - 2006 : subject / Indeks, Jaargang 77 - 2006 : onderwerp
Authors: Subject Index
Published: August 2012

Index, Volume 77 - 2006 : subject / Indeks, Jaargang 77 - 2006 : onderwerp
The elevated serum urea : creatinine ratio in canine babesiosis in South Africa is not of renal origin
Authors: De Scally M.P. , Leisewitz A.L. , Lobetti R.G. , Thompson P.N.
Published: August 2012

Pigmented serum, usually due to free haemoglobin and/or bilirubin, is a common finding in dogs with babesiosis, resulting in interference with all biochemical tests that rely on photochemistry. This is particularly true of urea and creatinine determinations, complicating the diagnosis of acute renal failure, which is a serious complication of babesiosis. A disproportionately raised serum urea concentration of unknown origin occurs in severely anaemic canine babesiosis patients and gives rise to an increased serum urea:creatinine ratio. The assay for cystatin-C, an excellent measure of glomerular filtration rate, is unaffected by free serum haemoglobin, and due to its different intrinsic origins, is free of influence by the metabolic derangements and organ pathology, other than renal disease, encountered in canine babesiosis. Serum cystatin-C was used to compare the concentrations of serum urea and serum creatinine in dogs with the severely anaemic form of canine babesiosis as well as a canine babesiosis-free reference group. Mean serum urea and mean serum urea:creatinine ratio were significantly elevated in the babesia-infected group relative to the reference population in this study. Mean serum creatinine and mean serum cystatin-C were within the reference ranges. Therefore an elevated urea:creatinine ratio in canine babesiosis in the presence of a normal serum creatinine concentration is considered to be caused by an elevated serum urea concentration and is most likely of non-renal origin. Serum creatinine was therefore as specific a measure of renal function as serum cystatin-C in canine babesiosis in this study. The sensitivity of serum creatinine as a measure of renal function was not established by this study. Serum urea, however, proved to be of little use compared to serum cystatin-C and serum creatinine. Serum urea should therefore not be used to diagnose renal failure in canine babesiosis.
Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine or midazolam in combination with ketamine or tiletamine / zolazepam for the immobilisation of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Stegmann G.F. , Jago M.
Published: August 2012

Captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) scheduled for either general health examination or dental surgery were immobilised with combinations of medetomidine-ketamine (K/DET, n = 19), midazolam-ketamine (K/MID, n = 4) or medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam (Z/DET, n=5). Induction time and arterial blood pressure was not statistically significantly (P 0.05) different between treatment groups. Transient seizures were observed in the K/DET treated animals during induction. Hypertension was present in all groups during anaesthesia with mean(+SD) systolic pressure of 30.7+5.0 kPa for the K/DET group, 27.7+ 2.7 kPa for the K/MID group, and 33.1+4.6 kPa for the Z/DET group. Heart rate was statistically significantly (P 0.05) lower in the K/DET group (69 + 13.2 beats/min) compared to the K/MID group (97 + 22.6 beats/min), and ventilation rate was statistically significantly (P 0.05) lower in the K/MID group (15 + 0.0 breaths/min) compared with the K/DET group (21+4.6). A metabolic acidosis and hypoxia were observed during anaesthesia when breathing air. Oxygen (O2) administration resulted in a statistically significant (P 0.05) increase in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (hypercapnoea), arterial partial pressure of O2, and % oxyhaemoglobin saturation.
Gross morphological features of plexus brachialis in the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)
Authors: Cevik-Demirkan A. , Ozdemir V. , Demirkan I. , Turkmenoglu I.
Published: August 2012

This study documents the detailed features of the morphological structure and the innervation areas of the plexus brachialis in the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). The animals (5 female and 5 male) were euthanased with ketamine hydrocloride and xylazine hydrocloride combination, 60 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively. Skin, muscles and nerves were dissected under a stereo-microscope. The brachial plexus of the chinchilla is formed by rami ventrales of C5-C8, T1 and T2, and possesses a single truncus. The subscapular nerve is formed by the rami of the spinal nerves originating from C6 (one thin ramus) and C7 (one thick and 2 thin rami). These nerves innervate the subscapular and teres minor muscles. The long thoracic nerve, before joining with the brachial plexus, obtains branches from C6 and C7 in 5 cadavers (3 male, 2 female), from C7 in 4 cadavers (2 male, 2 female) and from C6-C8 in only 1 female cadaver. These nerves disperse in variable combinations to form the extrinsic and intrinstic named, nerves of the thoracic limb. An undefined nerve branch originates from the rami ventrales of C7, C8 and T1 spinal nerves enter the coracobrachial muscle.
Some fungi, zearalenone and other mycotoxins in chicken rations, stock feedstuffs, lucerne and pasture grasses in the communal farming area of Rhenosterkop in South Africa
Authors: Naicker D. , Marais G.J. , Van den Berg H. , Masango M.G.
Published: August 2012

Mycotoxins may be present in feeds without any visible signs of mould contamination. There is a need for rapid and accurate measurement of mycotoxins for purposes of continual monitoring and identification of high risk commodities. Samples from commercial chicken feed (maize kernels), cattle feed (lucerne, grass and hay) and milk were analysed for the presence of certain mycotoxins and cultured for fungi. Results of fungal profiles showed that most samples were contaminated by moulds belonging to the genera, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucor, Phoma and Rhizopus. All the chicken feed samples tested contained mycotoxins either below the recommended safe levels for poultry or below the detection limits of the ELISA tests. However, samples of grass contained levels of zearalenone greater than the allowable concentration for dairy and beef cattle (250 ppm), which may be linked to the presence of Fusarium scirpi identified in the fungal profiles. The levels of AFM1 were below the detection limits of the ELISA tests, which may be attributed to the low levels of aflatoxins found in the feed (grass) samples. The presence of the fungus in samples analysed is not evidence for the presence of mycotoxins.
Tusklessness and tusk fractures in free-ranging African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Steenkamp G. , Ferreira S.M. , Bester M.N.
Published: August 2012

The incidence of tusklessness varies between free-ranging African elephant populations. Sex-linked genetic drift predicts 2 outcomes - the condition becomes fixed and sex-specific incidences diverge when populations are small and/or heavily poached. By contrast, for large and intact populations, tusklessness diminishes and there is no variation between sexes. We tested these predictions by comparing sex-specific incidences between 15 populations: a small one with a skewed founder effect towards tusklessness; 5 that had experienced intense levels of poaching; 2 that had been subjected to non-selective culling and 7 that are relatively pristine. Patterns of rainfall were studied of tusk fractures amongst these populations to correct for any effect that acquired tusklessness may have on our predictions. The incidence of tusk fractures was related to annual rainfall, but the mechanism that leads to an increase of the condition in drier areas was not clear. Incidences of tusk fractures in free-ranging populations implied that the frequency of acquired bilateral tusklessness is low and should not affect our results. All males had tusks. Tusklessness in females was high in the small skewed founder population and some of those where there was a history of poaching. The incidence is expected to decline if the residual population is large.
Building capacity for improved veterinary epidemiosurveillance in southern Africa : report
Authors: Bamhare C. , Thomson G. , Latif A. , Mulumba M. , Chisembele C. , Derah N. , Mataa L. , Mokopasetso M. , Dlamini P. , Jamal S. , De Klerk G. , Letuka O. , Chikungwa P. , Mumba T. , Dombolo E.F. , Wanda G. , Munstermann S. , Van Schalkwyk L. , Gummow B. , Hendrickx G. , Berkvens D. , Marcotty T. , Thys E. , Van den Bossche P.
Published: August 2012

A workshop to produce recommendations on training requirements for improved epidemiosurveillance of livestock diseases in southern Africa was organised at the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases in the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Pretoria. It was attended by 23 persons representing 10 different southern African countries. The majority of the participants were actively involved in veterinary epidemiosurveillance and many of them were members of the SADC Epidemiology and Informatics Subcommittee. Discussions focused on (i) epidemiosurveillance networks and their 2 main components, i.e. (ii) diagnosis and (iii) information flow. The debates were guided by 3 questions; (i) what are the requirements for an effective network, (ii) what cannot be achieved with existing capacity and (iii) how can the current capacity be improved.Workshop participants developed lists of realistic capacity building needs, which were divided into structural needs and training requirements. Structural needs mainly concerned communication means and quality assurance. With regard to training, the need for appropriate continuing education of all actors at the various disease management levels (non-professional, para-professional, professional) was expressed. Special emphasis was put on capacity building at the lowest level, i.e. the livestock owner and the para-professionals at the community level. At the international level, it was felt that special emphasis should be put on building capacity to improve the understanding of international agreements on trade in animals and animal products and to improve the capacity of negotiating such agreements.
Strictly Scientific and Practical Sense. A century of the Central Veterinary Institute in the Netherlands, 1904-2004, P Verhoef (editor-in-chief and author of Part I); J M van Leeuwen and P H Bool (eds Part II) : book review
Authors: Bigalke R.D.
Published: August 2012

The sister institute of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in the Netherlands, which can be referred to as a Central Veterinary Institute although it has experienced several name changes, became 100 years old in 2004. To commemorate this centenary, a team consisting of 2 retired scientists and a librarian, who had served the Institute faithfully over many decades (the 'History Project Foundation'), conceptualised and organised the production and publication of a splendid memorial book in Dutch that appeared in 2006 and was appropriately introduced to the Dutch veterinary and agricultural communities at 2 glittering ceremonies.
The occurrence of dermatosparaxis in a commercial Drakensberger cattle herd in South Africa : article
Authors: Holm D.E. , Van Wilpe E. , Harper C.K. , Duncan N.M.
Published: August 2012

Dermatosparaxis is a heritable collagen dysplasia causing skin extensibility and fragility. In Belgian Blue cattle this mutation has been described as a 3 base pair (bp) change followed by a 17 bp deletion in the gene coding for procollagen 1 N-Proteinase (pNPI). An outbreak in a commercial Drakensberger herd in South Africa followed the introduction in late 2000 of a 3-year-old bull that developed skin lesions in 2001 and was culled in 2002. Some of his offspring were similarly affected, 1 of which was kept as a breeding bull after his sire's death. Two affected calves were referred to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital in October 2005. Detailed examination revealed only skin abnormalities limited to the lateral extremities of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis, viz. either acute lacerations of varying sizes, slow healing defects or thin scars in chronic cases. During a subsequent farm visit, 13 animals with similar wounds were seen in the herd of 146 animals. Electron microscopic examination of skin biopsies revealed haphazard arrangement and loose packing of dermal collagen fibrils within collagen fibres. The fibrils showed size variation and slightly irregular outlines on cross-section, consistent with mild dermatosparaxis. DNA samples of affected calves were analysed using primers designed to amplify the region of the pNPI gene that contained the mutation described in Belgian Blue cattle, but this mutation could not be demonstrated in any of the animals tested. It is concluded that a form of dermatosparaxis with a different gene mutation from that described in Belgian Blue cattle exists in Drakensberger cattle in South Africa. This possibly also explains the milder and more delayed clinical signs and the milder dermal collagen ultrastructural abnormalities.
Occurrence of Theileria parva infection in cattle on a farm in the Ladysmith district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa : article
Authors: Thompson B.E. , Latifa A.A. , Oosthuizen M.C. , Troskie M. , Penzhorn B.L.
Published: August 2012

Theileria parva causes widespread morbidity and mortality in cattle in endemic regions. An outbreak of theileriosis occurred on a farm near Ladysmith in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, which is not a declared Corridor disease-infected area. A survey of Red Brangus cattle from all age groups and areas of the farm was performed. Transmission of the parasite from infected animals on the farm to susceptible animals by tick transmission and tick-stabilate injection, was attempted. The survey indicated high numbers of animals with antibody titres to T. parva but only 6 infected animals, based on real-time PCR and RLB analysis. The transmission experiments failed to transmit the parasite. The study shows the difficulty in elucidating a source of infection and determining the dynamics of new infections in a herd where multiple possible sources are present and treatment with tetracyclines has taken place.
A comparison of the oral application and injection routes using the Onderstepoort Biological Products Fowl Typhoid vaccine, its safety, efficacy and duration of protection in commercial laying hens : article
Authors: Purchase C. , Picard J. , McDonald R. , Bisschop S.P.R.
Published: August 2012

This study was undertaken to establish whether the Onderstepoort Biological Products Fowl Typhoid (OBPft) vaccine registered as an injectable vaccine was effective and safe when administered orally to commercial layers. Its efficacy and duration of protection were compared with application by intramuscular injection. Commercial brown layer hens were used as they were found to be highly susceptible to Salmonella gallinarum infections. In the vaccine safety trial birds were euthanased at timed intervals spanning 4 weeks post-vaccination. Necropsies were performed and samples were taken and tested. No clinical signs or mortalities could be attributed to the OBPft vaccine nor could active shedding of the vaccine strain be detected. Slight pathological changes were noted with both routes of vaccination; however, these changes were transient, returning to normal within the observation period. The injected groups showed a better serological response with the rapid serum plate agglutination (RSPA) test than the orally vaccinated groups. In the duration of protection trial, birds were challenged at 3-8-week intervals post-vaccination. All unvaccinated birds died. Protection 8 and 16 weeks after vaccination was above 60 %, by 24 weeks after challenge, the vaccine protection was below 30 %. It was found that there was no significant difference (P 0.05) in the protection offered by either the oral or injected route of vaccination with the OBPft vaccine.
Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Beijing strain) infection in a stray dog : clinical communication
Authors: Parsons S.D.C. , Gous T.A. , Warren R.M. , Van Helden P.D.
Published: August 2012

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in dogs is rarely reported and has not previously been documented in South Africa. A case of a stray Maltese crossbreed dog with extensive multifocal pulmonary tuberculosis due to M. tuberculosis is described. Pulmonary granulomas in this case were poorly encapsulated and contained large numbers of acid-fast bacteria, highlighting the potential for infected companion animals to excrete the pathogen. Treatment of canine tuberculosis is generally not advised, and for this reason, euthanasia of diseased animals must be advocated in most instances. Physicians and veterinarians must be aware that companion animals with active disease caused by M. tuberculosis could act as a potential source of infection.
Limb fracture during recovery from general anaesthesia : an often tragic complication of equine anaesthesia : clinical communication
Authors: Dzikiti T.B. , Bester L. , Cilliers I. , Carstens A. , Stegmann G.F. , Hubert J.
Published: August 2012

A 10-year-old Thoroughbred mare was presented for lameness of the left hindlimb as a result of an apical fracture of the lateral proximal sesamoid bone. The mare was ultimately euthanased after suffering catastrophic fractures of the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones of the contra-lateral hindlimb during an uncoordinated attempt to rise during recovery from general anaesthesia after undergoing arthroscopic surgery. The case report focuses mostly on horse anaesthesia-related mortality, anaesthetic procedure in the horse, possible causes of fractures in horses during recovery and ways in which rate of occurrence of these fractures can be minimised.
Lack of correlation between the electrical conductivity of milk and the blood progesterone levels in cows : short communication
Authors: Aydin M. , Risvanli A. , Timurkan H. , Kaygusuzoglu E.
Published: August 2012

A study was conducted to investigate the possibility of measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of cow's milk as a practical and cost-effective means of determining oestrus in cows. Prostaglandin injections were used to synchronise the oestrous cycle of 15 cows. From the onset of oestrus, milk and blood samples were collected from each cow every 2nd day over a period of 22 days. A portable, commercially available instrument was used to measure the EC of the milk. The blood progesterone levels were determined by means of an enzyme immuno-assay method. No correlation was found between the EC of milk and the blood progesterone levels of the cows tested. Electrical conductivity measurements of milk are of no value in determining the onset of oestrus in cows.
First isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from faecal and milk specimens from Anatolian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalus) in Turkey
Authors: Seker E. , Yardimci H.
Published: August 2012

Three hundred rectal faecal samples and 213 raw milk samples obtained from the tanks and containers were examined using standard cultural methods. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated from 11 (3.7 %) of 300 faecal samples and 3 (1.4 %) of 213 raw milk samples. It was determined that 8 (73 %) of E. coli O157:H7 strains isolated from faecal samples originated from water buffaloes younger than 2 years of age and 3 (27 %) from 2-year-old and older water buffaloes. This is the 1st isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from faecal and milk samples of water buffaloes in Turkey.
Changes in sheep oesophageal diameter and function during Geigeria ornativa (vermeerbos) poisoning and subsequent recovery : research communication
Authors: Snyman L.D. , Carstens A. , Schultz R.A. , Joubert J.P.J. , Labuschagne L.
Published: August 2012

Changes in the oesophageal diameter and function together with changes in body weight, feed intake and the cardiac pulmonary flow index were investigated during experimentally induced poisoning with Geigeria ornativa and subsequent recovery. This was performed under varying conditions for individual sheep. Results showed an increase in the oesophageal diameter index (ODI) during vermeersiekte, accompanied with a decrease in oesophageal function (OF). Cessation of G. ornativa intake resulted in a considerable although incomplete recovery of the ODI. Recovery of the OF for the different sheep, however, varied between 0 and 100 %. Detrimental changes in the oesophageal diameter and function were also measured in sheep receiving only subclinical doses of G. ornativa. Decreases in body weight and feed intake commenced 1 to 3 weeks before the onset of vermeersiekte, while indications of a decline in these 2 parameters were also noticed with ingestion of subclinical amounts of G. ornativa. An increase in the cardiac pulmonary flow index (CPFI) to a value indicating the onset of heart failure was found in 1 of the sheep showing clinical signs of vermeersiekte. The CPFI returned to normal after termination of G. ornativa intake.
Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of acepromazine, midazolam, butorphanol, acepromazine-butorphanol and midazolam-butorphanol on propofol anaesthesia in goats
Authors: Dzikitia T.B. , Stegmanna G.F. , Hellebrekers L.J. , Auer R.E.J. , Dzikiti L.N.
Published: August 2012

The sedative, propofol-sparing and cardiopulmonary effects of acepromazine, midazolam, butorphanol and combinations of butorphanol with acepromazine or midazolam in goats were evaluated. Six healthy Boer - Indigenous African crossbreed goats were by randomised cross-over designated to 6 groups: Group SAL that received saline, Group ACE that received acepromazine, Group MID that received midazolam, Group BUT that received butorphanol, Group ACEBUT that received acepromazine and butorphanol and Group MIDBUT that received midazolam and butorphanol as premedication agents intramuscularly on different occasions at least 3 weeks apart. The degree of sedation was assessed 20 minutes after administration of the premedication agents. Thirty minutes after premedication, the dose of propofol required for induction of anaesthesia adequate to allow placement of an endotracheal tube was determined. Cardiovascular, respiratory and arterial blood-gas parameters were assessed up to 30 minutes after induction of general anaesthesia. Acepromazine and midazolam produced significant sedation when administered alone, but premedication regimens incorporating butorphanol produced inconsistent results. The dose of propofol required for induction of anaesthesia was significantly reduced in goats that received midazolam alone, or midazolam combined with either acepromazine or butorphanol. The quality of induction of anaesthesia was good in all groups, including the control group. Cardiovascular, respiratory and blood-gas parameters were within normal limits in all groups and not significantly different between or within all groups. In conclusion: sedation with midazolam alone, or midazolam combined with either acepromazine or butorphanol significantly reduces the induction dose of propofol with minimal cardiopulmonary effects in goats.
Trends in udder health and emerging mastitogenic pathogens in South African dairy herds
Authors: Petzer I.M. , Karzis J. , Watermeyer J.C. , Van der Schans T.J. , Van Reenen R.
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse the results of milk samples obtained from South African dairy herds during the period 1996 to April 2007 in order to identify possible trends in isolates of microorganisms and their pathogenicity under field conditions. Milk samples were obtained from 7 of the 9 provinces in South Africa where there are low numbers of dairy cows. Although there is scientific limitation to a country wide survey, such as the variation in herd size, management skills, parity, milk yield, milking frequency and other parameters, the size of this database helps to give a fair indication of general udder health in South Africa. Cytology and routine bacteriology were performed on 379 000 milk samples of lactating cows and bacteriology on 11 946 samples from non-lactating cows. According to the results obtained, mastitis did not decrease in South Africa over the test period. The prevalence of mastitis and teat canal infection was lowest in 2002. Mastitis and teat canal infection increased from 2002 to 2006 from 8.1 % and 24.1 % to 15.4 and 30.0 % respectively. The percentage of mastitogenic pathogens isolated from cows over these years also varied. Previously unknown or almost eradicated mastitogenic pathogens such as αβ haemolytic Staphylococcus aureus which is thought to be of human origin, Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus canis were responsible for numerous mastitis outbreaks seen in the test samples. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequently isolated bacteria in milk samples from both lactating and dry cows, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Although Staphylococcus aureus remained the principal mastitogenic pathogen in South Africa, owing to its chronic nature and resultant economic losses, most cases of mastitis were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. This finding increases the importance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (formerly described as a minor pathogen) significantly. Isolations of Streptococcus agalactiae peaked between 2000 and 2005 and decreased again by 2007. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates increased from 2002 and were still on the increase in 2007. Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Enterococcus canis were isolated more frequently from milk samples of lactating cows compared with dry cows, while Enterococcus faecalis was isolated more frequently from dry cow samples.
Cardiovascular effects of lumbar epidural anaesthesia in isoflurane-anaesthetised pigs during surgical removal of the liver
Authors: Stegmann G.F.
Published: August 2012

In humans the combined administration of epidural anaesthesia and inhalation anaesthesia may result in cardiovascular instability associated with decreases in heart rate and blood pressure. Anaesthesia was induced with a combination of midazolam / ketamine in 18 female pigs with a mean body weight of 24.9±5.9 kg scheduled for surgical removal of the liver. After tracheal intubation, anaesthesia was maintained on a circle rebreathing circuit with isoflurane. Epidural anaesthesia was administered with ropivacaine (AL-group, n=8) at 0.2 mℓ / kg of a 7.5 mg / mℓ solution to the anaesthetised animals. The A-group (n = 10) received isoflurane anaesthesia only. The vaporiser was set at 2.5 % for the A-group and 1.5 % for the AL-group. Heart rate, invasive systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were monitored. Comparisons were made between treatments and within treatments comparing variables during surgical preparation and abdominal surgery. Differences between treatments were not statistically significant (P 0.05) during surgical preparation or during abdominal surgery. For within treatment groups, the differences between surgical preparation and abdominal surgery were statistically significant (P 0.05) for heart rate in the A-group, but not statistically significant (P 0.05) for the other variables. It is concluded that abdominal surgery may be associated with statistically significant changes in heart rate in isoflurane-anaesthetised pigs and that the combined administration of epidural ropivacaine may prevent statistically significant changes in HR during abdominal surgery.
Atlas of small animal dermatology, L. Ackerman : book review
Authors: Schroeder H.
Published: August 2012

The Atlas of small animal dermatology by well-known dermatologist Lowell Ackerman is a practical dermatology guide for everyday use in a small animal practice.
Parasitological Society of Southern Africa 36th Annual Congress of the Parasitological Society of Southern Africa (PARSA), 18-20 September 2007 : conference abstracts
Authors: Editorial The
Published: August 2012

The following are abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 36th Annual Congress of the Parasitological Society of Southern Africa (PARSA), 18-20 September 2007, Pestana Kruger Lodge, Malelane, South Africa
Prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis and quality of milk on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania
Authors: Mdegela R.H. , Ryoba R. , Karimuribo E.D. , Phiri E.J. , Loken T. , Reksen O. , Mtengeti E. , Urio N.A.
Published: August 2012

A cross sectional study was conducted during October and November 2006 on 69 smallholder dairy farms with lactating cows in Mvomero and Njombe districts Tanzania, to determine the prevalence of mastitis and to assess the milk quality on the study farms. Clinical mastitis was investigated using clinical changes of udder and milk at animal level. Cow-side California Mastitis Test (CMT) and microbiological cultures were used to assess subclinical mastitis at quarter level. Milk quality was determined on bulk milk samples at herd level using alcohol and acidity tests, butter fat content, total solids, ash content as well as Delvotest® for antimicrobial residues. Overall prevalence of clinical mastitis at herd level in both districts was 21.7 % (n = 69). Based on CMT, prevalence of subclinical mastitis at animal level was 51.6 % (n = 91). Prevalence of bacterial isolates at animal level was 35.2 % (n = 91) while for fungal it was 16.7 % (n = 90). Based on CMT results, prevalence of subclinical mastitis at quarter level was 30 % (n = 353), while for bacteria and fungi it was 16 % and 6 % respectively. Contamination of milk with antimicrobial residues was 4.5 % (n =67). The milk quality parameters for most of the milk samples were within acceptable levels. Findings in this study have demonstrated high prevalence of subclinical mastitis that may contribute to low productivity of dairy cattle in both districts. About 20 % of CMT subclinical cases had no involvement of microbial pathogens that suggested the need for minimal interventions with antimicrobial agents. These findings call for use of udder disinfectants and improved milking hygiene as intervention strategies to control mastitis on the smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania.
A retrospective study of chronic nasal disease in 75 dogs
Authors: Lobetti R.G.
Published: August 2012

Chronic nasal disease is a common problem in dogs. To determine the aetiology, a retrospective study in 75 dogs with persistent and chronic nasal disease was done. All dogs were evaluated by means of survey nasal radiographs, antegrade and retrograde rhinoscopy, bacterial and fungal cultures, and histopathology. A definitive diagnosis was made in 74/75 cases (98.6 %). Nasal neoplasia was the most common diagnosis (46.7 %), median age 108 months, followed by lympho-plasmacytic rhinitis (20 %), median age 112 months, and fungal rhinitis (10.7 %), median age 53.5 months. Other diagnoses included nasal foreign body (5.3 %), median age 51 months, and primary bacterial rhinitis (6.7 %), median age 116.5 months. Rare aetiologies identified were nasal polyps, granulomatous rhinitis, oro-nasal fistula and naso-pharyngeal stenosis. This study showed that by using a structured combination of survey radiography, rhinoscopy, cultures and histopathology, a diagnosis could be made in dogs with chronic nasal disease.