bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmon‐Enhanced Circular Polarization High‐Harmonic Generation from Silicon
Authors: Ren Sheng , Chen Danni , Wang Shiqi , Chen Yongqiang , Hu Rui , Qu Junle , Liu Liwei
Published: August 2024

High harmonics of circular polarization can be directly generated by monochromatic circularly polarized incident light owing to the high density and stable structure of crystal media. If the arrangement of multiple coplanar atoms in the unit structure of the crystal exhibits rotational symmetry, the polarization state of the high harmonics generated from the crystal follows specific selection rules that have been observed in the 2D crystal medium. In addition, the geometric symmetry of the coplanar atom distribution is related to the orientation of cubic crystals. This implies that only the polarization along a specific crystal orientation can achieve a selection of high‐harmonic polarization states. However, this is a very weak process in cubic crystals owing to the attenuation of crystal anisotropy to circularly polarized light and the dependence of the electron transition rate on the crystal orientation. In this study, plasmonic nanoantennas are designed on silicon crystal films to enhance this process. The harmonic emission is more than ten times brighter than that without nanoantennas and conformed to the selection rules for high harmonics. The research results offer a new approach for deep­ultraviolet space filtering, carrier control, and the development of compact extreme­ultraviolet light sources.
Filterless Near‐Infrared Narrowband Photodetectors Based on Mixed Metal Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Liu Jia , Chen Yifu , Zhou Jixuan , Wang Jinxiang , Chen Zhihui , Zhang Lin , Zhou Yu , Ouyang Fangping , Li Hongjian , Xiao Zhengguo , Yang Bin , Yuan Yongbo , He Jun , Lin Yun
Published: August 2024

Iodine‐based Sn‐Pb mixed perovskite single crystals (SCs) are promising candidates for near‐infrared (NIR) narrowband photodetectors due to their low bandgaps. However, they are highly defective when grown in ambient air due to the extremely poor air stability of Sn2+ ions in precursor solutions. It is discovered that the oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ ions not only consumes Sn2+ ions but also increases the precursor solution viscosity. The increased viscosity slows down the solute diffusion and hinders the anisotropic growth of SCs, leading to Sn‐Pb perovskite SCs with curved convex surfaces and unevenly distributed composition. By preventing the solute‐diffusion‐limited growth mode with hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2), high‐quality Sn‐Pb perovskite SCs can be robustly grown in ambient air with low trap density of 6.58 × 109 cm−3 and high carrier mobility‐lifetime product (µτ) of 1.5 × 10−3 cm2 V−1. Accordingly, a series of filterless NIR narrowband photodetectors with gradually tuned detection centers and dual detection modes has been achieved, delivering a maximum external quantum efficiency of 15.2% and detectivity of 1.19 × 1010 Jones.
β,β‐Disubstituted Alkan‐2‐ones from Propargylic Alcohols Combining a Meyer‐Schuster Rearrangement and Asymmetric Alkene Bioreduction
Authors: Escot Lorena , González‐Granda Sergio , Méndez‐Sánchez Daniel , Wang Yu , Hailes Helen C. , Lavandera Iván , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente
Published: August 2024

The combination of a gold(I) N‐heterocyclic carbene complex and an ene‐reductase (ERED) has made possible the synthesis of enantiopure β,β‐disubstituted ketones in a one‐pot concurrent approach. The protocol consists of the Meyer‐Schuster rearrangement of racemic propargylic tertiary alcohols using [1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene]‐[bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)‐imide]gold(I) (IPrAuNTf2), followed by an asymmetric alkene reduction of the α,β‐unsaturated ketone intermediate using the Zymomonas mobilis ERED (NCR‐ERED). The chemoenzymatic cascade was optimised with a model substrate, where E/Z‐isomers both generated the (R)‐ketone, which was rationalised using in silico molecular docking experiments. The cascade was then applied towards the production of a series of (R)‐4‐substituted‐alkan‐2‐ones in enantiopure form in a straightforward manner.
Enhanced Capacitive Deionization of Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Spheres/MOFs Derived Nanocomposites by Interface‐Coating and Space‐Encapsulating Design
Authors: Tang Yijian , Shi Yuxin , Su Yichun , Cao Shuai , Hu Jinliang , Zhou Huijie , Sun Yangyang , Liu Zheng , Zhang Songtao , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: August 2024

Exploring new carbon‐based electrode materials is quite necessary for enhancing capacitive deionization (CDI). Here, hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCSs)/metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) derived carbon materials (NC(M)/HMCSs and NC(M)@HMCSs) are successfully prepared by interface‐coating and space‐encapsulating design, respectively. The obtained NC(M)/HMCSs and NC(M)@HMCSs possess a hierarchical hollow nanoarchitecture with abundant nitrogen doping, high specific surface area, and abundant meso‐/microporous pores. These merits are conducive to rapid ion diffusion and charge transfer during the adsorption process. Compared to NC(M)/HMCSs, NC(M)@HMCSs exhibit superior electrochemical performance due to their better utilization of the internal space of hollow carbon, forming an interconnected 3D framework. In addition, the introduction of Ni ions is more conducive to the synergistic effect between ZIF(M)‐derived carbon and N‐doped carbon shell compared with other ions (Mn, Co, Cu ions). The resultant Ni‐1‐800‐based CDI device exhibits excellent salt adsorption capacity (SAC, 37.82 mg g−1) and good recyclability. This will provide a new direction for the MOF nanoparticle‐driven assembly strategy and the application of hierarchical hollow carbon nanoarchitecture to CDI.
Consumption patterns of fresh and frozen chicken: A Ghanaian food policy perspective
Authors: Tsiboe Francis , Appiah‐Twumasi Mark , Xia Tian , Amanor‐Boadu Vincent
Published: August 2024

Despite the global increase in poultry consumption, there are different preferences for chicken products in different countries. In Ghana, two main categories dominate the market: live/fresh whole chickens and imported frozen chicken parts. This study leverages data from 13,201 households to explore Ghanaian demand dynamics for these products using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. Findings reveal stark differences between the two. Live/fresh whole chickens, considered luxury goods, display a complex interplay with other non‐chicken meat products, cultural festivities, and various sociodemographic factors. Meanwhile, frozen chicken parts, seen as necessities, exhibit different demand shifters and peak consumption periods. Importantly, these two categories emerge as distinct products, signaling to policymakers the need for differentiated strategies. Simulated policy scenarios further emphasize that reducing prices of live/fresh chickens significantly boosts domestic chicken demand more than policies raising prices of frozen parts. However, the broader implications on alternative protein sources differ between the two policy types. We urge policymakers to adopt an integrated approach, considering these nuances, to strengthen Ghana's domestic poultry sector without unintended market disruptions. [EconLit citations: Q11, Q13, Q17, Q18, D12].
Acoustic recognition of predators by mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata): A playback experiment with naïve and experienced subjects
Authors: Sánchez‐Vidal Rafael Omar , Rangel‐Negrín Ariadna , Briseño‐Jaramillo Margarita , Sosa‐López J. Roberto , Dias Pedro A. D.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

When the production of antipredator behaviors is costly, prey is expected to stop displaying such behaviors and lose the ability to recognize extirpated predators. However, the loss or maintenance of predator recognition abilities is conditional on the eco‐evolutionary context of prey. Here, we examined the behavioral responses of naïve and experienced mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) to simulated acoustic cues from natural predators.

Methods

We studied experienced individuals in the Uxpanapa Valley and naïve individuals in Los Tuxtlas (Veracruz, México). Jaguars (Panthera onca) and harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja), the main predators of howler monkeys, are extant in the Uxpanapa Valley but have been extirpated in Los Tuxtlas for approximately 70 and 45 years, respectively. We exposed six naïve and six experienced groups to playbacks of acoustic stimuli from the two predators and a non‐predator control species (plain chachalacas, Ortalis vetula), and recorded the latency, frequency, and duration of antipredation behaviors (n = 127 trials).

Results

In contrast with experienced mantled howler monkeys, naïve subjects did not respond to trials from harpy eagles. However, response patterns were generally similar between naïve and experienced individuals when exposed to jaguar stimuli.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that naïve mantled howler monkeys do not recognize harpy eagle calls, but they respond to jaguar calls in a manner consistent with experienced individuals. These results illustrate how different mechanisms for the recognition of extirpated predators operate within a single species according to evolutionary and ecological experience.
Contributions of the ADNI Biostatistics Core
Authors: Beckett Laurel A. , Saito Naomi , Donohue Michael C. , Harvey Danielle J. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2024

The goal of the Biostatistics Core of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) has been to ensure that sound study designs and statistical methods are used to meet the overall goals of ADNI. We have supported the creation of a well‐validated and well‐curated longitudinal database of clinical and biomarker information on ADNI participants and helped to make this accessible and usable for researchers. We have developed a statistical methodology for characterizing the trajectories of clinical and biomarker change for ADNI participants across the spectrum from cognitively normal to dementia, including multivariate patterns and evidence for heterogeneity in cognitive aging. We have applied these methods and adapted them to improve clinical trial design. ADNI‐4 will offer us a chance to help extend these efforts to a more diverse cohort with an even richer panel of biomarker data to support better knowledge of and treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

Highlights

The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Biostatistics Core provides study design and analytic support to ADNI investigators.

Core members develop and apply novel statistical methodology to work with ADNI data and support clinical trial design.

The Core contributes to the standardization, validation, and harmonization of biomarker data.

The Core serves as a resource to the wider research community to address questions related to the data and study as a whole.
General and Modular Synthesis of Covalent Organic Cages for Efficient Molecular Recognition
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Cui Haoyu , Guo Lingling , Li Bin , Li Jian , Jia Xueshun , Li Chunju
Published: August 2024

Cage‐type structures based on coordination and dynamic covalent chemistry have the characteristics of facile and efficient preparation but poor stability. Chemically stable organic cages, generally involving fragment coupling and multi‐step reactions, are relatively difficult to synthesize. Herein, we offer a general and modular strategy to customize covalent organic cages with diverse skeletons and sizes. First, one skeleton (S) module with three extension (E) modules and three reaction (R) modules are connected by one‐ or two‐step coupling to get the triangular monomer bearing three reaction sites. Then one‐pot Friedel‐Crafts condensation of the monomer and linking module of paraformaldehyde produces the designed organic cages. The cage forming could be regulated by the geometrical configuration of monomeric blocks. The S−E−R angles in the monomer is crucial; only 120° (2,4‐dimethoxyphen as reaction module) or 60° (2,5‐dimethoxyphen as reaction module) angle between S−E−R successfully affords the resulting cages. By the rational design of the three modules, a series of organic cages have been constructed. In addition, the host‐guest properties show that the representative cages could strongly encapsulate neutral aromatic diimide guests driven by solvophobic interactions in polar solvents, giving the highest association constant of (2.58±0.18)×105 M−1.
Evaluating the impact of sodium chloride and iron carbonate ions on gas hydrate formation in Monoethylene Glycol‐enhanced aqueous solutions
Authors: Bloomfield Carys M. , Phan Chi M. , Mohammed Malik M. , Helal Ammar Al
Published: August 2024

The management and prevention of hydrates are crucial for the gas industry. This study delves into the intricate challenges associated with gas hydrate formation, with a specific focus on investigating the impact of corrosion by‐products on prevention strategies. Employing a distinctive methodology, the sapphire pressure–volume temperature (PVT) cell was utilized. Experimental tests were conducted using sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations of 1% and 3% to simulate brine solution levels at the wellhead, incorporating 3% filtrate and unfiltered iron carbonate (FeCO3) as corrosion products associated with the production process. The 1% and 3% salt concentrations were chosen to encompass a broad range of temperature depressions, reflecting common industry standards for simulating realistic environmental conditions. PVT cell test conditions ranged from 80 to 200 bar, with increments of 40 bar. The experiments investigate the effects of common pipeline salts on a monoethylene glycol (MEG)/water mixture in the presence of methane gas at typical industry high‐pressure conditions. The investigation uncovers that the introduction of salts to water, methane, and MEG solutions serves as a hydrate inhibitor, with inhibitory effects directly correlated to salt concentration. While generally hydrate growth inhibition is beneficial in natural gas pipelines, the findings indicate that elevated salt concentrations and lower pressure conditions contribute to the formation of larger hydrates, heightening the risk of surface adhesion and potentially introducing complications in piping equipment, despite the decreased temperature at which these hydrates form due to the inhibitory effects of the salts. In particular, the mixed condition of 3% NaCl and 3% FeCO3 (filtered) has the strongest effect. Examination of hydrate formation temperature and macroscopic observations suggests that the existence of substantial precipitates, as evidenced in the unfiltered FeCO3 sapphire cell experiment, may have the potential to enhance hydrate growth.
Rational design of solid polymer electrolyte membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/lithium salt plasticized with deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Ndruru Sun Theo Constan Lotebulo , Saputra Muhammad Yogi , Zurriyati Zurriyati , Hayati Atika Trisna , Adriana Risda , Muttaqii Muhammad Al , Pramono Edi , Widiarto Sonny , Pasaribu Marvin H. , Widyaningrum Bernadeta Ayu , Nugroho Robertus Wahyu N. , Wahyuningrum Deana , Arcana I Made
Published: August 2024

As a key component for the future high‐safety lithium batteries, solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is gaining an attractive momentum toward large‐scale production due to their remarkable compatibility and processability with electrodes. Further, their excellent performance can be improved using the potential use of plasticizers. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesized from choline chloride (ChCl) and citric acid monohydrate (CAM) demonstrates a promising plasticizer to design good SPE membranes along with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The changes in the surface chemistry of PVA‐based membranes, as determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, confirm the success of DES‐plasticizing effect, where detected by wavenumber shifting around main functional groups such as OH, CO, and COC. Following this, EIS characterization on electrical properties reveals the role of 30 wt% DES in improving the ionic conductivity, with the highest ionic conductivity equivalent to 4.66 × 10−4 S cm−1 and the crystallinity index as high as 41.09%. The presence of LiClO4 and DES significantly reduces mechanical performance, and glass transition of PVA‐based membranes, as characterized by tensile testing and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis. Thus, the presence of DES in PVA and LiClO4 matrices could open another window for designing SPE with novel physicochemical properties.
Effect of different surface modifiers on the flame retardancy of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer/polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide composite systems
Authors: Feng Yu , Wang Hui , Zhang Bingxi , Mo Cao , Dai Yongqiang , Fan Chaoyi , Xu Man
Published: August 2024

Halogen‐free flame‐retardant ethylene‐vinyl acetate/polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide systems are widely used in cable insulations and in sheath materials. The surface modification of magnesium hydroxide is one of the key methods to improve its dispersion and mechanical properties. The effects of different types of interfaces, formed by four surface modifications, namely KH550, KH570, stearic acid, and titanate, on the flame retardancy of composite systems have been investigated in the present study. The results showed that the four surface modifiers formed chemical bonds with the surface of magnesium hydroxide, which promoted the dispersion of particles in the matrix. However, due to the different effects of the various surface modifiers and polymer molecular chains, the interfaces exhibited different chemical structures and physical strengths, which affected the combustion of the composite materials into carbon. Thus, the composites demonstrated different flame‐retardant properties. The surface modifiers KH550, KH570 and titanate can form chemical bonds with the ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer and have, thereby, a strong effect on the interfaces, which resulted in a slow ignition of the materials and the formation of a graphite carbon structure that is advantageous for heat transfer and oxygen insulation. This is conducive to the flame‐retardant performance of the composite systems.
Effect of physical aging on scratch behavior of polycarbonate
Authors: De Noni L. , Zhu X. , Andena L. , Noh K. , Li Y. , Vollenberg P. , Sue H.‐J.
Published: August 2024

Physical aging refers to relaxation of the polymer glassy state toward the amorphous state and this phenomenon affects their physical‐mechanical properties. This work investigates the effect of physical aging on polymer scratch behavior and visibility. It was shown that mechanical properties were significantly modified over the aging time, especially the yield stress, in turn affecting polymer scratch behavior. As a matter of fact, the critical load for the onset of scratch visibility was shown to increase with the aging, thus improving sensitivity of polymer to scratches. Such behavior was strictly related to the yield stress increase with the aging time. The usefulness of the present work is highlighted, and some future perspectives are discussed.
Myostatin's marvels: From muscle regulator to diverse implications in health and disease
Authors: Sharma Sonakshi , Patil Amol S.
Published: August 2024

Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, is a pivotal regulator of skeletal muscle growth in mammals. Its discovery has sparked significant interest due to its multifaceted roles in various physiological processes and its potential therapeutic implications. This review explores the diverse functions of myostatin in skeletal muscle development, maintenance and pathology. We delve into its regulatory mechanisms, including its interaction with other signalling pathways and its modulation by various factors such as microRNAs and mechanical loading. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting myostatin for the treatment of muscle‐related disorders, including cachexia, muscular dystrophy and heart failure. Additionally, we examine the impact of myostatin deficiency on craniofacial morphology and bone development, shedding light on its broader implications beyond muscle biology. Through a comprehensive analysis of the literature, this review underscores the importance of further research into myostatin's intricate roles and therapeutic potential in human health and disease.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of the LTA Precursor Molecule Glc2‐DAG, a Potential Target for Antibiotics
Authors: Kumar Raj , Breukink Eefjan , Weingarth Markus
Published: August 2024

Bacterial infections present a major global health threat, often displaying resistance to various antibiotics. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a vital component of bacterial cell envelopes of Gram‐positive bacteria, crucial for cell integrity, cell division, and host inflammation. Due to its essential role for bacteria, LTA and its biosynthesis are also attractive drug targets, however, there is only scant molecular knowledge on LTA and its precursor molecules in membranes. Here, we report the isolation and molecular characterization of diglucosyldiacylglycerol (Glc2‐DAG), the glycolipid precursor molecule that anchors LTA in the bacterial plasma‐membrane. Using a tailored growth medium and purification protocols, we isolated 13C‐isotope labelled Glc2‐DAG from bacteria, which can then be used for high‐resolution NMR studies. Using solution‐state and solid‐state NMR, we show an in‐depth molecular characterization of Glc2‐DAG, including in native‐like membranes. Our approach may help to identify antibiotics that directly target LTA precursor molecules, and it offers a tool for future investigations into the role of Glc2‐DAG in bacterial physiology.
Analysis of dielectric properties of rice during microwave drying process
Authors: Fan Jinsheng , Sun Tongsheng , Wu Jun , Zheng Le , Tang Hongtu
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

In the process of microwave drying rice, the dielectric property determines the ability of rice to absorb microwave, and the change of dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor has a great influence on the microwave drying of rice. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the change of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of rice.

Findings

This study investigated the intermediate electrical characteristics of rice during microwave drying. It explored their relationship with temperature, water content, and microwave frequency. A mathematical model was developed at frequencies of 2.45 GHz and 500–3000 MHz to predict temperature, water content, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss factor. Additionally, the model predicted the microwave penetration depth based on the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor.

Conclusions

In microwave drying, rice dielectric constant and loss factor increase with temperature and moisture content. However, they follow a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing with frequency. By leveraging these predictable properties, we calculated the microwave penetration depth during drying, providing a new direction for future microwave technology in rice processing.

Significance and Novelty

This study unveiled variations in the dielectric constant and loss factor during rice microwave drying. Employing the mathematical model based on these factors can enhance the efficiency of rice microwave drying by judiciously elevating the drying temperature.
Pillar[n]arene‐Based Fluorescence Turn‐On Chemosensors for the Detection of Spermine, Spermidine, and Cadaverine in Saline Media and Biofluids
Authors: Prabodh Amrutha , Grimm Laura M. , Biswas Pronay Kumar , Mahram Vahideh , Biedermann Frank
Published: August 2024

Polyamines are essential analytes due to their critical role in various biological processes and human health in general. Due to their role as regulators for cell growth and proliferation (putrescine and spermine), as neuroprotectors, gero‐, and cardiovascular protectors (spermidine), and as bacterial growth indicators (cadaverine), rapid, simple, and cost‐effective methods for polyamine detection in biofluids are in demand. The present study focuses on the development and investigation of self‐assembled and fluorescent host⋅dye chemo‐sensors based on sulfonated pillar[5]arene for the specific detection of polyamines. Binding studies, as well as stability and functionality assessments of the turn‐on chemosensors for selective polyamine detection in saline and biologically relevant media, are shown. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the developed chemo‐sensors is demonstrated in biofluids such as human urine and saliva.
Cyanide Linkage Isomerization Induced by Cobalt Oxidation‐State Changes at a Co−Fe Prussian‐Blue Analogue/ZnO Interface
Authors: De Ratnadip , Hermesdorf Marius , Bera Anupam , Phul Ruby , Gawlik Annett , Plentz Jonathan , Oschatz Martin , Karadaş Ferdi , Dietzek‐Ivanšić Benjamin
Published: August 2024

Understanding the interfacial composition in heterostructures is crucial for tailoring heterogenous electrochemical and photoelectrochemical processes. This work aims to elucidate the structure of a series of Co−Fe Prussian blue analogue modified ZnO (PBA/ZnO) electrodes with interface‐sensitive vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy. Our measurements revealed, for the first time, a cyanide linkage isomerism at the PBA/ZnO interface, when the composite is fabricated at elevated temperatures. In situ VSFG spectro‐electrochemistry measurements correlate the CoII→CoIII oxidation with the flip of the bridging CN ligand from Co−NC−Fe coordination mode to a Co−CN−Fe one. Photoluminescence measurements and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that this unprecedented linkage isomerism originates from surface defects, which act as oxidation sites for the PBA. The presence of such surface defects is correlated with the fabrication temperature for PBA/ZnO. Thus, this contribution identifies the interplay between the surface states of the ZnO substrates and the chemical composition of PBA at the ZnO surface, suggesting an easily accessible approach to control the chemical composition of the interface.
Synthesis of Adhesive Polyrotaxanes Through Sequential Self‐Assembly via Supramolecular Interactions and Dynamic Covalent Interactions
Authors: Zhou Xiaohe , Hu Ziqing , Ji Xiaofan
Published: August 2024

Self‐assembly is an effective approach to construct complicated structures. Polyrotaxanes (PRs) as one of the typical polymer types with complex structure, own interlocked structures and dynamic components, in which it results in unique characteristics and functions. Currently, the synthesis of which involves covalent reactions to hinder the development of polyrotaxanes. Herein, we employed supramolecular interactions as well as dynamic covalent bonds to synthesize PRs by sequential self‐assembly. First, we prepared M1 possessing two diamine structures and M2 of a bisammonium salt with two dibenzylammonium (DBA) units modified by two stoppers at its ends, then M1 and M2 self‐assembled into supramolecular polymers stemming from hydrogen bonding of [N+−H ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ O] under high concentrations. After adding 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxaldehyde (M3), the imine bond formation enabled the generation of macrocycles, transforming supramolecular polymers into PRs. Besides, the solution of polyrotaxanes was applied as the adhesive for diverse hard and soft materials. This strategy provides an important approach for synthesizing PRs, accelerating the advances of mechanically interlocked polymers.
Covalent Lysozyme Immobilization on Enzymatic Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Spagnuolo Laura , Micheli Laura , Dufresne Alain , Beneventi Davide , Operamolla Alessandra
Published: August 2024

Nanostructured materials represent promising substrates for biocatalyst immobilization and activation. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), accessible from waste and/or renewable sources, are sustainable and biodegradable, show high specific surface area for anchoring a high number of enzymatic units, and high thermal and mechanical stability. In this work, we present a holistic enzyme‐based approach to functional antibacterial materials by bioconjugation between the lysozyme from chicken egg white and enzymatic cellulose nanocrystals. The neutral CNCs were prepared by endoglucanase hydrolysis from Avicel. We explore the covalent immobilization of lysozyme on enzymatic CNCs and on their TEMPO oxidized derivatives (TO‐CNCs), comparing immobilization yields, material properties, and enzymatic activities. The materials were characterized by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). We demonstrate the higher overall efficiency of the immobilization process carried out on TO‐CNCs, based on the success of covalent bonding and on the stability of the isolated bioconjugates.
Synthesis of Pt‐Rare Earth Metal Alloys and Their Applications
Authors: Tang Ningjing , Wang Hui , Zhang Tao
Published: August 2024

The alloying of platinum (Pt) with rare earth (RE) metals has emerged as a highly promising strategy for enhancing both the activity and stability of catalysts. Consequently, the development of methods for the controlled synthesis of Pt‐RE alloys has received growing attention. This review comprehensively explores diverse synthesis methodologies for Pt‐RE alloys, including physical metallurgy method, chemical reduction method, electrodeposition method, and dealloying method. Additionally, this review summaries the applications of Pt‐RE alloys in various fields. By providing a critical analysis of existing literature and highlighting key challenges and future directions, this review aims to offer valuable insights and serve as a springboard for further advancements in the controlled synthesis and diverse applications of Pt‐RE alloys.
Impact of raw material on thermo‐physical properties of carbon foam
Authors: Al‐Majali Mohammad Rajab , Zhang Mingcong , Al‐Majali Yahya T. , Trembly Jason P.
Published: August 2024

Carbon foam materials are currently used in several industrial and engineering applications due to their outstanding properties. The properties of carbon foam can be altered through the manufacturing processes applied in specific applications. In this paper, we collected and analyzed four samples manufactured by CFOAM and one sample developed by Ohio University (OU) to understand the behaviour of this material and determine its properties. We utilized advanced techniques to experimentally measure and determine the following properties: pore size and volume, porosity, specific surface area, mass, density, and thermal conductivity. Among the samples, the low‐porosity CFOAM (CF35) and the OU sample exhibited higher specific surface areas and densities compared to the others. However, CF35 demonstrated the highest thermal conductivity, while OU displayed the lowest. As a result, CF35 emerges as the optimal choice for applications requiring high‐rate heat transfer, while the remaining CFOAM samples are well‐suited for lightweight applications. Thus, OU foam proves to be a highly suitable candidate for insulation applications such as building sidewalls.
Effects of viscous dissipation, temperature dependent thermal conductivity, and local thermal non‐equilibrium on the heat transfer in a porous channel to Casson fluid
Authors: Kaur Rajvinder , Sharma Sapna , Chandra Avinash
Published: August 2024

The current paper deals with viscous dissipation effects in a permeable (or porous) channel filled with non‐Newtonian Casson fluid by considering the local thermal non‐equilibrium (LTNE) model. The dependency of the effective thermal conductivities of the solid and fluid phases on the respective temperatures has been studied along with the spatially varying Biot number. The Brinkman number Casson fluid parameter , thermal conductivity variation parameter , porosity Darcy number , and the ratio of fluid and solid phase thermal conductivities are the main governing parameters. The Darcy–Brinkman model is employed to govern the fluid flow in permeable media and the velocity profile has been obtained analytically. Moreover, the energy equations for both phases along with suitable boundary conditions are derived and solved with the fourth order boundary value solver. The findings of the current study depict that the Nusselt number increases with the increment in Casson fluid parameter and decreases with the increment in Brinkman number and thermal conductivity variation parameter. Overall, the heat transmission between the solid and fluid phases increases with the decrement in Brinkman number and thermal conductivity variation parameter. On the other hand, the heat transmission between both the phases magnifies by increasing the value of Casson fluid parameter.
Precursor‐Mediated Direct Growth of Defect‐Rich Hierarchical Nanocarbons for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production†
Authors: Sun Xiaoting , Lu Tiantian , Chen Jialei , Li Youzeng , Chen Shan , Liao Xuelong , Liu Ying , Lv Runyu , Wang Huan
Published: August 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Carbon‐based nanomaterials show great potential in selective electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) through two‐electron (2e−) pathway for H2O2 production, which provides an eco‐friendly alternative to industrial energy‐intensive anthraquinone process. However, it still remains challenging to directly construct topological defects, which makes it difficult to study the working mechanism on 2e– ORR. Herein, we propose a precursor‐mediated chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach for direct growth of topological defect‐rich hierarchical nanocarbons. Boric acid (H3BO3) is introduced into the precursor for disturbing the nucleation and growth through decomposing B‐containing species, which can in situ induce the formation of pentagon defects. The topological defect is found to be capable of introducing lattice strain, which can modify the electronic structure of nanocarbons and promote the key intermediate (*OOH) formation, thus greatly enhancing the 2e– ORR performance. Experimentally, the 2e– ORR selectivity shows a positive correlation to the topological defect density, where the average H2O2 selectivity reaches above 90% over a wide potential range with optimized concentration of H3BO3 as mediator. Moreover, in a flow cell, the hierarchical nanocarbons achieve a high H2O2 production rate of 998 mmol·gcatalyst−1·h−1 over 20 h of continuous electrocatalysis with stable current density (>100 mA·cm–2) and Faradaic efficiency (> 90%). This work provides a straightforward method for the synthesis of active metal‐free carbon‐based catalyst for sustainable H2O2 production.
Optimal Revascularization Timing of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Kim Hyo‐Hyun , Lee Myeongjee , Yoo Kyung‐Jong
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major global health concern. However, the optimum timing of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in AMI patients remains controversial. This study investigated the optimal timing of CABG and its impact on postoperative outcomes. We hypothesized that determining the optimal timing of CABG could positively impact postoperative outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide retrospective analysis of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea database, focusing on 1 705 843 adult AMI patients diagnosed between 2007 and 2018 who underwent CABG within 1 year of diagnosis. Patients were categorized based on CABG timing. Primary endpoints included cohort identification and the time interval from AMI diagnosis to CABG. Secondary endpoints encompassed major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and the impact of postoperative medications.

Results

Of the patients, 20 172 underwent CABG. Surgery within 24 h of AMI diagnosis demonstrated the most favorable outcomes, reducing cardiac death, myocardial infarction recurrence, and target vessel revascularization. Delayed CABG within 3 days also outperformed surgery within 1–2 days post‐AMI. Additionally, postoperative aspirin use was associated with improved MACCE outcomes.

Conclusion

CABG within 24 h of AMI diagnosis was associated with significantly minimized myocardial injury, emphasizing the critical role of rapid revascularization. Delayed CABG within 3 days related to better outcomes compared with that of surgery within 1–2 days. These findings provide evidence‐based recommendations for optimizing CABG timing in AMI patients, consequentially reducing morbidity and mortality.
Comprehensive genomic profiling of infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Wu Quanyou , Hu Chunfang , Feng Lin , Yang Xin , Cui Ying , Zhao Huan , Xiao Ting , Guo Huiqin
Published: August 2024

Background

Infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (IFVPTC) exhibits nuclear characteristics typical of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) but demonstrates a follicular growth pattern. The diagnosis of IFVPTC presenting with atypical nuclear features of PTC poses challenges for both preoperative cytopathology and postoperative histopathology. In such cases, molecular markers are needed to serve as diagnostic aids. Given the limited knowledge of IFVPTC's genomic features, this study aimed to characterize its genetic alterations and identify clinically relevant molecular markers.

Methods

Whole‐exome sequencing of 50 IFVPTC tumor–normal pairs identified single‐nucleotide variants, somatic copy number alterations (sCNAs), and subclonal architecture. Key mutations were verified via polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing, whereas valuable biomarkers were validated via immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Results

This study found that endogenous processes rather than exogenous mutagens dominated the shaping of the genome of IFVPTC during tumorigenesis. BRAF V600E was the only common trunk mutation and significantly mutated gene in IFVPTC. Subcloning analysis found that most IFVPTC samples harbored two or more coexisting clones. sCNA analysis revealed that human leukocyte antigen C (HLA‐C) and HLA‐A were significantly amplified. Subsequent IHC investigations indicated that HLA‐C shows promise in averting the misclassification of challenging‐to‐interpret IFVPTC and invasive encapsulated follicular variant of PTC (I‐EFVPTC) as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP). Although there were several similarities between classic PTC and IFVPTC, they differed significantly in their sCNA patterns.

Conclusions

This study provides valuable insights into IFVPTC's genetic alterations and highlights the potential of HLA‐C IHC to distinguish challenging‐to‐interpret IFVPTC and I‐EFVPTC from NIFTP, which will enhance the understanding of its molecular features for improved diagnosis and management.
Bioequivalence and Safety of Generic Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir Compared to a Branded Product: A Randomized, Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Noskov Sergei , Parulya Olesya , Lutskova Lyudmila , Arefeva Anna , Protsenko Ekaterina , Banko Veniamin , Radaeva Kseniia , Matvienko Iuliia , Gefen Maria , Karnakova Polina , Knyazeva Alina , Komarov Timofey , Archakova Olga , Shohin Igor
Published: August 2024

This was an open‐label, randomized, single‐dose, 2‐period, crossover clinical trial with an adaptive design to evaluate the bioequivalence and comparative pharmacokinetics of generic glecaprevir/pibrentasvir versus the brand name product in healthy White male and female volunteers under fed conditions. Safety profiles were also assessed. A total of 56 healthy adult volunteers were enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of either the generic or reference formulation. After a 7‐day washout period, subjects received the alternate product. Blood samples were collected at pre‐specified time points up to 48 hours post‐dosing. Plasma concentrations of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir were determined using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method. The geometric mean ratios of the test to the reference formulation for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration‐time curve from drug administration to the last measurable concentration (AUC0‐t) fell within the predefined bioequivalence range of 80%‐125%. Both formulations demonstrated comparable pharmacokinetic profiles for glecaprevir and pibrentasvir, and can be considered bioequivalent. No adverse events were reported, and both formulations were well tolerated by all participants.
Psychological Factors Protecting Against Suicidality in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Maynard Hannah , Gregory James D. , Davies Andrea , Fox John
Published: August 2024

Objective

Suicide rates in older adults are often the highest of any age group, particularly among high income countries. However, there is a limited understanding of the factors that could protect against suicidality in older age. This systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate the psychological factors that protect against suicidality in older age.

Method

An a priori protocol was established and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022343694). EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Scopus were searched. Papers were quality assessed using the Quality Assessment with Diverse Studies (QuADSs) tool. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Seventeen papers were included and narratively synthesised.

Results

The initial searches identified 10,673 records, resulting in the screening of 5441 records after the removal of duplicates. The protective factors identified were (1) meaning/purpose in life, (2) reasons for living, (3) coping styles, (4) psychological wellbeing, (5) life satisfaction, (6) personality factors, (7) cognitive functioning, and (8) sense of belonging. The factors with the most empirical support were meaning in life, followed by psychological wellbeing and coping responses, such as primary control strategies, and personality traits, such as positive affect and agency. There was also evidence to suggest that the influence of some protective factors, for example meaning in life, may depend upon stage in older life and gender.

Conclusion

This review identified several psychological factors that have been found to protect against suicidal ideation in older adults, representing potential treatment targets for reducing suicide in older adults. Recommendations for future research includes greater use of longitudinal and case–control designs, measuring outcomes across the continuum of suicidality and using samples that allow comparison between younger and older adults and within the spectrum of old age.
Sustainable and Scalable Synthesis of Acetal‐Containing Polyols as a Platform for Circular Polyurethanes
Authors: Schara Patrick , Cristadoro Anna , Sijbesma Rint P. , Tomović Željko
Published: August 2024

Polyurethanes (PUs) are highly versatile polymers widely utilized across industries. However, chemical recycling of PU poses significant challenges due to the harsh conditions required and the formation of complex mixtures of oligomers upon depolymerization. Addressing this inherent lack of recyclability, we developed closed‐loop recyclable PU materials by integrating cleavable acetal groups. We present a sustainable and scalable synthesis method for acetal‐containing polyols (APs) through aldehyde‐diol polycondensation, utilizing reusable heterogeneous catalysts. Three APs with different hydrolytic stabilities depending on the structure of acetal groups were synthesized from formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde with 1,6‐hexanediol (H16). These APs were employed alongside 4,4′‐methylene diisocyanate (MDI) for preparation of PU materials. The resulting PUs exhibited mechanical properties comparable to or surpassing those of conventional PUs, while demonstrating excellent recyclability under acidic conditions. Notably, hydrolysis of PU materials based on acetaldehyde‐derived APs yielded remarkable monomer recovery rates, with 89 % for H16 and 84 % for 4,4′‐methylenedianiline, a precursor to MDI. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated closed‐loop recycling by synthesizing APs from recovered H16, resulting in PU materials with identical properties to the original PU. This achievement highlights the potential for establishing a closed‐loop recycling system for acetal‐containing PUs, contributing to the advancement of a sustainable and circular economy.
Comparison of Claudin‐4, BerEP4, Carcinoembryonic Antigen and MOC31 in Serous Fluids Metastases Demonstrate High Sensitivity of Claudin‐4 at Low Cellularity
Authors: Li Joshua J. X. , Ng Joanna K. M. , Tsang Julia Y. , Tsang Yuen Ting , Mak Ko Fung , Tse Gary M.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Claudin‐4 has been described as a highly sensitive immunocytochemical marker for detection of metastatic carcinoma cells in effusion cytology specimens. This study aims to challenge the performance of claudin‐4 in different types of malignancies and low cellularity specimens, by comparison with other markers in a large cohort of carcinomatous effusion specimens.

Methodology

Cell block preparations from peritoneal and pleural fluid specimens were retrieved, with malignant (carcinoma) diagnoses confirmed by review of hospital diagnosis code and pathology reports. Claudin‐4, BerEP4, CEA, and MOC31 immunocytochemistry were performed and scored by expression proportion and intensity. Tumor cellularity was assessed for subgroup analysis of low cellularity specimens.

Results

Totally 147 specimens (70 pleural, 77 peritoneal) of 68 lung, 62 breast, 9 gynecological, and 7 gastrointestinal carcinomas were retrieved. The average proportion expression of claudin‐4 was highest (89.6%, vs. CEA 40.5%, BerEp4 18.6%, MOC31 16.8%) and the percentage of strong expression was highest for claudin‐4 (72.1%). Expression levels of claudin‐4 were consistently higher than other markers in subgroups of all primary sites. The difference was more significant for low cellularity specimens. High (≥50%) proportion expression was seen for 96.61% of cases for claudin‐4 (vs. BerEp4 8.77%, CEA 46.55%, MOC31 8.77%, p < 0.001). These factors contributed to a low concordance between claudin‐4 and BerEp4, CEA and MOC31 (K = 0.010–0.043).

Conclusion

Claudin‐4 is more sensitive than CEA, BerEp4 and MOC31, suitable for low cellularity specimens of most types of metastatic carcinoma and is a robust immunocytochemical marker for carcinoma that can be used solitarily.