bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material properties of the dentate maxilla
Authors: Peterson Jill , Wang Qian , Dechow Paul C.
Published: August 2006

The aim of this study was to determine regional variability of material properties in the dentate maxilla. Cortical samples were removed from 15 sites of 15 adult dentate fresh‐frozen maxillas. Cortical thickness, density, elastic properties, and the direction of greatest stiffness were obtained. Results showed that cortical bone in the alveolar region tended to be thicker, less dense, and less stiff. Cortical bone from the body of the maxilla was thinner, denser, and stiffer. Palatal cortical bone was intermediate in some features but overall was more similar to cortical bone from the alveolar region. The principal axes of stiffness varied regionally. The regions with the greatest consistency were the alveolar area and the frontomaxillary pillar, where the grain of the cortical bone was aligned vertically from the incisors to the medial external aspect of the orbit. Elastic properties in the human maxilla, especially the orientation of the principal axes of stiffness, were more variable than in the mandible. Incorporation of these properties into finite‐element models should improve their accuracy and reliability. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:962–972, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One‐pot synthesis of amino‐alcohols using a de‐novo transketolase and β‐alanine: Pyruvate transaminase pathway in Escherichia coli
Authors: Ingram C.U. , Bommer M. , Smith M.E.B. , Dalby P.A. , Ward J.M. , Hailes H.C. , Lye G.J.
Published: August 2006

Biocatalysis continues to emerge as a powerful technique for the efficient synthesis of optically pure pharmaceuticals that are difficult to access via conventional chemistry. The power of biocatalysis can be enhanced if two or more reactions can be achieved by a single whole cell biocatalyst containing a pathway designed de‐novo to facilitate a required synthetic sequence. The enzymes transketolase (TK) and transaminase (TAm) respectively catalyze asymmetric carboncarbon bond formation and amine group addition to suitable substrate molecules. The ability of a transaminase to accept the product of the transketolase reaction can allow the two catalysts to be employed in series to create chiral amino‐alcohols from achiral substrates. As proof of principle, the β‐alanine: pyruvate aminotransferase (β‐A:P TAm) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been cloned, to create plasmid pQR428, for overexpression in E.coli strain BL21gold(DE3). Production of the β‐A:P TAm alongside the native transketolase (overexpressed from plasmid pQR411), in a single E.coli host, has created a novel biocatalyst capable of the synthesis of chiral amino alcohols via a synthetic two‐step pathway. The feasibility of using the biocatalyst has been demonstrated by the formation of a single diastereoisomer of 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐butanetriol (ABT) product, in up to 21% mol/mol yield, by the β‐A:P TAm, via transamination of L‐erythrulose synthesized by TK, from achiral substrates glycolaldehyde (GA) and β‐hydroxypyruvate (β‐HPA). ABT synthesis was achieved in a one‐pot process, using either whole cells of the dual plasmid strain or cell lysate, while the dual alcohol‐amine functionality of ABT makes it an excellent synthon for many pharmaceutical syntheses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 559–569. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of high cell density fed‐batch fermentations involving both induced and non‐induced recombinant Escherichia coli under well‐mixed small‐scale and simulated poorly mixed large‐scale conditions
Authors: Hewitt Christopher J. , Onyeaka Helen , Lewis Gareth , Taylor Ian W. , Nienow Alvin W.
Published: August 2006

In this work, multi‐parameter flow cytometric techniques, coupled with dual colour fluorescent staining, have been used to study the metabolic consequences of inclusion body formation in high cell density fed‐batch cultures of the recombinant E. coli strain MSD3735, producing the IPTG inducible model mammalian protein, AP50. Further, we report on the development of the scale‐down, two compartment (STR + PFR) experimental simulation model to study, for the first time, the effect of a changing microenvironment with respect to three of the major spatial heterogeneities that may be associated with large‐scale bioprocessing (pH, glucose and dissolved oxygen concentration) on a recombinant bacterial system. Using various time points for induction and various scale‐down configurations, it has been shown that inclusion body formation is followed immediately by a detrimental progressive change in individual cell physiological state with respect to both cytoplasmic membrane polarisation and permeability, resulting in a lower final biomass yield. However, the extent of this change was found to be dependent on whether the AP50 protein was induced or not, on the time of induction and on which combination of heterogeneities was being simulated. From this and previous work, it is clear that the scale‐down two‐compartment model can be used to study the impact of genetically modifying an organism to produce inclusion bodies and any range and combination of potential heterogeneities known to exist at the large scale. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 495–505. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An innovative online VFA monitoring system for the anerobic process, based on headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Boe Kanokwan , Batstone Damien John , Angelidaki Irini
Published: August 2006

A new method for online measurement of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in anerobic digesters has been developed based on headspace gas chromatography (HSGC). The method applies ex situ VFA stripping with variable headspace volume and gas analysis by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection (GC‐FID). In each extraction, digester sample was acidified with H3PO4 and NaHSO4, then heated to strip the VFA into the gas phase. The gas was sampled in a low friction glass syringe before injected into the GC for measurement. The system has been tested for online monitoring of a lab‐scale CSTR reactor treating manure for more than 6 months and has shown good agreement with off‐line analysis. The system is capable of measuring individual VFA components. This is of advantage since specific VFA components such as propionic and butyric acid can give extra information about the process status. Another important advantage of this sensor is that there is no filtration, which makes possible application in high solids environments. The system can thus be easily applied in a full‐scale biogas reactor by connecting the system to the liquid circulation loop to obtain fresh sample from the reactor. Local calibration is needed but automatic calibration is also possible using standard addition method. Sampling duration is 25–40 min, depending on the washing duration, and sensor response is 10 min. This is appropriate for full‐scale reactors, since dynamics within most biogas reactors are of the order of several hours. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:712–721. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A typology of motor vehicle consumers using motives for leasing versus financing
Authors: Trocchia Philip J. , Beatty Sharon E. , Hill William W.
Published: August 2006

Previous consumer research suggests that individuals who finance high‐cost items tend to differ from those who lease the same items. Some differences are economic, such as income and wealth, while other dissimilarities involve non‐economic issues such as personal preferences. We employ non‐hierarchical cluster analysis to create consumer segments of motor vehicle lessees and financers based on motives for leasing versus financing and demographics. Five segments were uncovered. Lessees predominate in two categories: budget gourmets and automotive hedonists. Another two categories, utility seekers and basic transportation seekers, are mainly comprised of financers. The final group, mature luxury seekers, consists of a roughly equal mix of lessees and financers. Differences between the segments are addressed here, along with a discussion of findings and implications.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some men like it black, some women like it pink: consumer implications of differences in male and female website design
Authors: Moss Gloria , Gunn Rod , Heller Jonathan
Published: August 2006

The World Wide Web doubles in size roughly every 2–3 months and dramatic claims are made about the effectiveness of Web‐based commercial efforts. The centrality of non‐price mechanisms of differentiation to the perception, enjoyment and ease of use felt using websites is acknowledged but the only statistically rigorous studies of factors such as form and content have been conducted within a universalist paradigm of aesthetics. This paper reports on an interactionist approach to web aesthetics involving an analysis of 60 male‐ and female‐produced websites. The analysis reveals statistically significant differences between the male‐ and female‐produced websites on 13 out of the 23 factors analysed. These differences span issues of navigation as well as linguistic and visual content. The paper argues that the appeal of websites can be maximised if they mirror the needs and interests of their target populations and that websites targeted at male or female dominated markets need to reflect the aesthetic diversity found in the male‐ and female‐produced websites analysed here. It also presents information on the demographics of the IT profession, showing that there is a potential imbalance between the percentage of women involved online and those involved in the IT profession. This suggests that the male domination of the IT profession could be a barrier to the effective mirroring of female Website preferences.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobilizing the hijab: Islamic identity negotiation in the context of a matchmaking website
Authors: Zwick Detlev , Chelariu Cristian
Published: August 2006

This article explores the intended use and meaning of the hijab as a personal branding tool for Muslim users of an online matchmaking service. We analyze the motivations of male and female Muslim consumers for mobilizing the symbolism of the hijab as they construct online identities. We ask whether including information about ‘willingness to wear the hijab’ is motivated primarily by a desire to comply to normative rules of conduct or by an instrumental attitude driven by a desire to effectively build and communicate a personal online brand. Our results indicate that the meaning of the hijab is not fixed and uncontested but is dependent on the historical and social context of insertion. In the context of an online matchmaking site, the motivation to mobilize the hijab is predominantly instrumental. In addition, women are more likely to use the hijab for personal branding than men, whose motivation to mobilize the veil's cultural and traditional symbolism prevails. In accordance with previous research, we find that a higher degree of education reduces the likelihood of men and women to use the hijab in order to conform to community norms.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hexosamine induction of oxidative stress, hypertrophy and laminin expression in renal mesangial cells: effect of the anti‐oxidant α‐lipoic acid
Authors: Singh Lalit P. , Cheng Davis W. , Kowluru Renu , Levi Edi , Jiang Yan
Published: August 2006

We have previously shown that one of the potential mediators of the deleterious effects of high glucose on extracellular matrix protein (ECM) expression in renal mesangial cells is its metabolic flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Here, we investigate further whether the hexosamines induce oxidative stress, cell‐cycle arrest and ECM expression using SV‐40‐transformed rat mesangial (MES) cells and whether the anti‐oxidant α‐lipoic acid will reverse some of these effects. Culturing renal MES cells with high glucose (HG, 25 mM) or glucosamine (GlcN, 1.5 mM) for 48 h stimulates laminin γ1 subunit expression significantly ∼1.5 ± 0.2‐ and 1.9 ± 0.3‐fold, respectively, when compared to low glucose (LG, 5 mM). Similarly, HG and GlcN increase the level of G0/G1 cell‐cycle progression factor cyclin D1 significantly ∼1.7 ± 0.2‐ and 1.4 ± 0.04‐fold, respectively, versus LG (p < 0.01 for both). Azaserine, an inhibitor of glutamine:fruc‐6‐PO4 amidotransferase (GFAT) in the HBP, blocks the HG‐induced expression of laminin γ1 and cyclin D1, but not GlcN's effect because it exerts its metabolic function distal to GFAT. HG and GlcN also elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, pro‐apoptotic caspase‐3 activity, and lead to mesangial cell death as revealed by TUNEL and Live/Dead assays. FACS analysis of cell‐cycle progression shows that the cells are arrested at G1 phase; however, they undergo cell growth and hypertrophy as the RNA/DNA ratio is significantly (p < 0.05) increased in HG or GlcN‐treated cells relative to LG. The anti‐oxidant α‐lipoic acid (150 µM) reverses ROS generation and mesangial cell death induced by HG and GlcN. Alpha‐lipoic acid also reduces HG and GlcN‐induced laminin γ1 and cyclin D1 expression in MES cells. In addition, induction of diabetes in rats by streptozotocin (STZ) increases both laminin γ1 and cyclin D1 expression in the renal cortex and treatment of the diabetic rats with α‐lipoic acid (400 mg kg−1 body weight) reduces the level of both proteins significantly (p < 0.05) when compared to untreated diabetic rats. These results support the hypothesis that the hexosamine pathway mediates mesangial cell oxidative stress, ECM expression and apoptosis. Anti‐oxidant α‐lipoic acid reverses the effects of high glucose, hexosamine and diabetes on oxidative stress and ECM expression in mesangial cells and rat kidney. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of aminoguanidine against cholestatic liver injury in rats
Authors: Yilmaz Mehmet , Ara Cengiz , Isik Burak , Karadag Neşe , Yilmaz Sezai , Polat Alattin , Coban Sacit , Duzova Halil
Published: August 2006

We investigated the protective role of aminoguanidine (AG) in rat liver injury induced by chronic biliary obstruction. Secondary biliary cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation for 14 days. Swiss albino rats were divided into three groups: Common bile duct ligated (CBDL) rats; Group A, CBDL rats treated with AG as Group B and simple laparotomy group known as the Sham group; Group C. Group B received 200 mg/kg of AG intraperitoneally daily throughout 14 days. The present data showed decreased gama glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the AG treated rats, when compared with CBDL rats (p < 0.05). In the AG treated rats, tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower than that in CBDL rats (p < 0.001). Although the levels of glutathione (GSH) in AG treated rats were higher and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were lower than that in CBDL rats, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The levels of interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were significantly lower and although the levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were lower in AG treated rats than that in CBDL rats, the difference was not statistically significant. Administration of AG in the rats with biliary obstruction resulted in inhibition of ductular proliferation and portal inflammation. The present study demonstrates that intraperitoneal administration of AG in CBDL rats maintains antioxidant defenses, reduces liver oxidative and cytokine damage and ductular proliferation and portal inflammation. This effect of AG may be useful in the preservation of liver injury in cholestasis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid peroxidation in ovariectomized and pinealectomized rats: the effects of estradiol and progesterone supplementation
Authors: Oztekin Esma , Baltaci Abdulkerim Kasim , Tiftik Ali Muhtar , Mogulkoc Rasim
Published: August 2006

In the present study, we investigated the effect of estradiol and progesterone supplementation on oxidant and antioxidant parameters of renal tissue in ovariectomized and pinealectomized rats. The study was carried out on 36 adult, Spraque–Dawley strain female rats, 6 months of age and weighing 200–250 g. The rats were divided into six groups, each group included six rats:

Group 1: Sham‐ovariectomized (Sham‐Ovx)

Group 2: Ovariectomized (Ovx)

Group 3: Ovx and estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) supplemented (Ovx+E‐P)

Group 4: Ovariectomized and sham pinealectomy (Ovx+sham Pnx)

Group 5: Ovariectomized+Pinealectomized (Ovx+Pnx)

Group 6: Ovariectomized+Pinealectomized+Hormone Supplemented group (Ovx+Pnx+E‐P)

The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) were analysed in renal tissues of rats.

The highest and the lowest levels of MDA were determined in Groups 5 and 1 respectively (p < 0.001). However, GSH and GSH‐Px levels demonstrated statistically important decreases in groups 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.001). The findings of this study demonstrate that ovariectomy leads to oxidative damage in renal tissue. Pinealectomy in addition to ovariectomy greatly increases the oxidative damage. However, female sex hormones supplementations to the Ovx and/or Ovx+Pnx rats protected against lipid peroxidation by activating the antioxidant system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Side Chain Mediated Electronic Contact between a Tetrahydro‐4H‐thiopyran‐4‐ylidene‐Appended Polythiophene and CdTe Quantum Dots
Authors: van Beek Rick , Zoombelt Arjan P. , Jenneskens Leonardus W. , van Walree Cornelis A. , de Mello Donegá Celso , Veldman Dirk , Janssen René A. J.
Published: August 2006

The properties of a mixed CdTe quantum dot/tetrahydro‐4H‐thiopyran‐4‐ylidene‐functionalized polythiophene system are reported. This system was prepared by exposing trioctylphosphine (TOP)‐capped CdTe quantum dots to the polythiophene in solution. Strong fluorescence emission quenching and shortening of the fluorescence emission lifetimes of both the polythiophene and the quantum dots occur when they are mixed, indicating the occurrence of photoinduced charge separation. Photoinduced absorption spectroscopy reveals a considerable decrease in the population of the polythiophene triplet excited state in the mixed system. These results demonstrate that between the quantum dots and the polythiophene there is both physical and electronic contact, which is mediated by the tetrahydro‐4H‐thiopyran‐4‐ylidene side chains.
Quasilinear Molecule par Excellence, SrCl2: Structure from High‐Temperature Gas‐Phase Electron Diffraction and Quantum‐Chemical Calculations—Computed Structures of SrCl2⋅Argon Complexes
Authors: Varga Zoltán , Lanza Giuseppe , Minichino Camilla , Hargittai Magdolna
Published: August 2006

The molecular geometry of strontium dichloride has been determined by high‐temperature electron diffraction (ED) and computational techniques. The computation at the MP2 level of theory yields a shallow bending potential with a barrier of about 0.1 kcal mol−1 at the linear configuration. The experimentally determined thermal average SrCl bond length, rg, is 2.625±0.010 Å and the bond angle, ∢a, is 142.4±4.0°. There is excellent agreement between the equilibrium bond lengths estimated from the experimental data, 2.607±0.013 Å, and computed at different levels of theory and basis sets, 2.605±0.006 Å. Based on anharmonic analyses of the symmetric and asymmetric stretching as well as the bending motions of the molecule, we estimated the thermal average structure from the computation for the temperature of the ED experiment. In order to emulate the effect of the matrix environment on the measured vibrational frequencies, a series of complexes with argon atoms, SrCl2⋅Arn (n=1–7), with different geometrical arrangements were calculated. The complexes with six or seven argon atoms approximate the interaction best and the computed frequencies of these molecules are closer to the experimental ones than those computed for the free SrCl2 molecule.
Unique {H(SiR3)2}, (H2SiR3), H(HSiR3), and (H2)SiR3Ligand Sets Supported by the {Fe(Cp)(L)} Platform (L=CO, PR3)
Authors: Vyboishchikov Sergei F. , Nikonov Georgii I.
Published: August 2006

This work deals with the type and incidence of nonclassical SiH and HH interactions in a family of silylhydride complexes [Fe(Cp)(OC)(SiMenCl3−n)H(X)] (X=SiMenCl3−n, H, Me,n=0–3) and [Fe(Cp)(Me3P)(SiMenCl3−n)2H] (n=0–3). DFT calculations complemented by atom‐in‐molecule analysis and calculations of NMR hydrogen–silicon coupling constants revealed a surprising diversity of nonclassical SiH and HH interligand interactions. The compounds [Fe(Cp)(L)(SiMenCl3−n)2H] (L=CO, PMe3;n=0–3) exhibit an unusual distortion from the ideal piano‐stool geometry in that the silyl ligands are strongly shifted toward the hydride and there is a strong trend towards flattening of the {FeSi2H} fragment. Such a distortion leads to short SiH contacts (range 2.030–2.075 Å) and large Mayer bond orders. A novel feature of these extended SiH interactions is that they are rather insensitive towards the substitution at the silicon atom and the orientation of the silyl ligand relatively the FeH bond. NMR spectroscopy and bonding features of the related complexes [Fe(Cp)(OC)(SiMenCl3−n)H(Me)] (n=0–3) allow for their rationalization as usual η2‐SiH silane σ‐complexes. The series of “dihydride” complexes [Fe(Cp)(OC)(SiMenCl3−n)H2] (n=0–3) is different from the previous two families in that the type of interligand interactions strongly depends on the substitution on silicon. They can be classified either as usual dihydrogen complexes, for example, [Fe(Cp)(OC)(SiMe2Cl)(η2‐H2)], or as compounds with nonclassical HSi interactions, for example, [Fe(Cp)(OC)(H)2(SiMe3)] (16). These nonclassical interligand interactions are characterized by increased negativeJ(H,Si) (e.g. −27.5 Hz) and increasedJ(H,H) (e.g. 67.7 Hz).
The Domino Chemistry Approach to Molecular Complexity: Competing Domino Processes Modulated by the Substitution Pattern
Authors: Safir Imad , Castellote Isabel , Porcel Susana , Kaoudi Talbi , Birlirakis Nicolas , Toupet Loïc , Arseniyadis Siméon
Published: August 2006

Oxidative cleavage with lead tetraacetate results in the synthesis of different oxygen heterocycles starting from the same unsaturated 1,2‐diol of type I by tuning of the substitution pattern at the angular position. When this compound bears a functional substituent, such as an alkoxy, ester, alkenyl, or simply a hydrogen, more than one reaction pathway are in competition. The process allows for the selective formation of three different complex ring systems, by the appropriate choice of the angular substituent, leading to either a ring‐expanded type 1, ring‐retained type 2, or domino products 3.
Phane Properties of [2.2]Paracyclophane/Dehydrobenzoannulene Hybrids
Authors: Hinrichs Heino , Boydston Andrew J. , Jones Peter G. , Hess Kirsten , Herges Rainer , Haley Michael M. , Hopf Henning
Published: August 2006

A series of [2.2]paracyclophane/dehydrobenzo[14]annulene (PC/DBA) hybrids (hydrocarbons 5, 6, 9, 10 b, and 10 c), [2.2]paracyclophane/dehydro[14]annulene (PC/DA) hybrids (7 and 8) and suitable model systems (11, 12, and 33) has been synthesized. Comparison of the electronic absorption spectra in each series of compounds provides further insight into the global communication between the decks in the [2.2]paracyclophane unit.
Excellent survival, cancer type, and Nottingham grade after atypical lobular hyperplasia on initial breast biopsy
Authors: McLaren Bernadette K. , Schuyler Peggy A. , Sanders Melinda E. , Jensen Roy A. , Simpson Jean F. , Dupont William D. , Page David L.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND.

Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) is associated with a 10% to 20% risk of subsequent invasive carcinoma, primarily in the ipsilateral breast. Nottingham grading, special tumor types, and survival after invasive cancer diagnosis were analyzed consistently for the first time.

METHODS.

A longitudinal follow‐up study of 252 women who underwent 261 benign surgical biopsies between 1950 and 1985 with a diagnosis of ALH was undertaken. Subsequent invasive breast cancers were graded and subtyped based on histologic features and the cohort assessed for cancer survival.

RESULTS.

Forty‐eight (19%) women developed invasive breast cancer at an average of 15.1 years. Twenty (42%) of the tumors were special subtype tumors with good prognosis. By an average of 13 years after invasive cancer diagnosis, 2 (10%) of 20 women with special type and variant tumors had died of breast cancer, compared with 9 (32%) of 28 women with tumors of no special type (24 tumors) or an unknown type (4 tumors). Only 1 patient with a tumor of low Nottingham grade died of breast cancer.

CONCLUSIONS.

ALH is a nonobligate cancer precursor associated with a moderate risk of breast cancer and predicts that later cancers are associated with overall excellent survival. Nearly half of the subsequent cancers show classic or variant patterns of special types with a good prognosis and the majority are of low or intermediate combined histologic grade. Treatment of women with ALH should be influenced by their modest elevation in breast cancer risk and the good prognosis and low mortality of many of these cancers. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Toxicity and outcome of a phase II trial of taxane‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 3‐dimensional, conformal, accelerated radiotherapy in locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Rojas Ana M. , Lyn Basil E. , Wilson Elena M. , Williams Frances J. , Shah Nihal , Dickson Jeanette , Saunders Michele I.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to evaluate prospectively the acute and late adverse effects of taxane/carboplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 3‐dimensional, conformal radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

Forty‐two patients were entered into a nonrandomized Phase II study of continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) week‐end less (CHARTWEL) to a dose of 60 grays (Gy). Three cycles of chemotherapy were given over 9 weeks before radiotherapy. Dose escalation with paclitaxel was from 150 mg/m2 to 225 mg/m2. Systemic toxicity to chemotherapy was monitored throughout. Radiation‐induced, early, adverse effects were assessed during the first 9 weeks from the start of radiotherapy, and late effects were assessed from 3 months onward. Overall survival, disease‐free survival, and locoregional tumor control also were monitored.

RESULTS

Twenty percent of patients failed to receive chemotherapy as planned, primarily because of neutropenia. The incidence of Dische Dictionary Grade ≥2 and Grade ≥3 dysphagia was 57.5% and 10%, respectively, with an average duration of 1.2 weeks and 1.5 days, respectively. By 9 weeks, <3% of patients were symptomatic; and, eventually, all acute reactions were healed, and there has been no evidence of consequential damage. At 6 months, the actuarial incidence of moderate‐to‐severe pneumonitis was 10%. During this time, all patients were free of severe pulmonary complications. Actuarial estimates of Grade ≥2 late lung dysfunction were 3% at 1 year, 10% at 2 years, and remained at this level thereafter. The actuarial 3‐year locoregional control and overall survival rates were 54% and 45%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by 3‐dimensional, conformal CHARTWEL 60‐Gy radiotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC was feasible and was tolerated well. Historic comparisons indicated that locoregional tumor control is not compromised by the use of conformal techniques. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Linear accelerator radiosurgery for pituitary macroadenomas
Authors: Voges Juergen , Kocher Martin , Runge Matthias , Poggenborg Jorg , Lehrke Ralph , Lenartz Doris , Maarouf Mohammad , Gouni‐Berthold Ioanna , Krone Wilhelm , Muller Rolf‐Peter , Sturm Volker
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND.

A prospective study was conducted to assess the efficacy and side effects of linear accelerator (LINAC)‐based radiosurgery (RS) performed with a reduced dose of therapeutic radiation for patients with surgically inaccessible pituitary macroadenomas.

METHODS.

From August 1990 through January 2004, 175 patients with pituitary macroadenomas were treated with LINAC‐RS according to a prospective protocol. To minimize the risk for radiation‐induced damage of the pituitary function, the therapeutic dose to be applied was limited to 20 grays.

RESULTS.

Among 175 patients, 142 patients who had a minimum follow‐up of 12 months (mean ± standard deviation, 81.9 ± 37.2 months) were included in the current study. The local tumor control rate was 96.5%, and the tumor response rate was 32.4%. The mean time (± standard deviation) from LINAC‐RS to normalization of pathologic hormone secretion was 36.2 ± 24.0 months. The probability for normalization was 34.3% at 3 years and 51.1% at 5 years. The frequency of endocrine cure (defined as the normalization of hormone secretion without specific medication intake) was 35.2% (mean ± standard deviation time to cure, 42.1 ± 25.0 months). Patients with Cushing disease had a statistically significant greater chance of achieving a cure (P = .001). Side effects of LINAC‐RS were deterioration of anterior pituitary function (12.3%), radiation‐induced tissue damage (2.8%), and radiation‐induced neuropathy (1.4%).

CONCLUSIONS.

LINAC‐RS using a lower therapeutic radiation dose achieved local tumor control and normalization or cure of hormone secretion comparable to the results achieved with γ‐knife RS. Compared with the latter, the time to normalization or endocrine cure was delayed, most probably as a result of dose reduction. However, the lower therapeutic radiation dose did not prevent radiation‐induced damage of pituitary function completely. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The influence of family history on breast cancer risk in women with biopsy‐confirmed benign breast disease
Authors: Collins Laura C. , Baer Heather J. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Connolly James L. , Colditz Graham A. , Schnitt Stuart J.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND

An association between histologic category of benign breast disease (BBD) and breast cancer risk has been well documented. However, the influence of a positive family history (FH) on breast cancer risk among women with biopsy‐confirmed BBD is less certain.

METHODS

The authors conducted a nested case–control study of BBD and breast cancer risk among 2005 women who were enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study. Cases were women with breast cancer who had a previous benign breast biopsy (n = 395 women). Controls were women who also had previous biopsy‐confirmed BBD but were free from breast cancer at the time the corresponding case was diagnosed (n = 1610 women). BBD slides were reviewed and categorized as either nonproliferative lesions, proliferative lesions without atypia, or atypical hyperplasia (AH).

RESULTS

Compared with women who had nonproliferative lesions and no FH, women who had proliferative lesions without atypia and a positive FH had a higher breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.61–3.70) than women with no FH (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.12–2.06; P = .07). Among women who had AH, the OR for the development of breast cancer was 4.38 (95% CI, 2.93–6.55) for those with no FH and 5.37 (95% CI, 3.01–9.58) for those with a positive FH (P = .57). There was no significant interaction between the type of BBD and FH (P = .74).

CONCLUSIONS

A positive FH of breast cancer slightly increased the breast cancer risk among women who had proliferative lesions without atypia. The increase in risk of breast cancer associated with FH was not significant among women who had AH. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Regulation of the Neurofibromatosis 2 gene promoter expression during embryonic development
Authors: Akhmametyeva Elena M. , Mihaylova Maria M. , Luo Huijun , Kharzai Sadeq , Welling D. Bradley , Chang Long‐Sheng
Published: August 2006

Mutations in the Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene are associated with predisposition to vestibular schwannomas, spinal schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas. Presently, how NF2 is expressed during embryonic development and in the tissues affected by neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) has not been well defined. To examine NF2 expression in vivo, we generated transgenic mice carrying a 2.4‐kb NF2 promoter driving β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) with a nuclear localization signal. Whole‐mount embryo staining revealed that the NF2 promoter directed β‐gal expression as early as embryonic day E5.5. Strong expression was detected at E6.5 in the embryonic ectoderm containing many mitotic cells. β‐gal staining was also found in parts of embryonic endoderm and mesoderm. The β‐gal staining pattern in the embryonic tissues was corroborated by in situ hybridization analysis of endogenous Nf2 RNA expression. Importantly, we observed strong NF2 promoter activity in the developing brain and in sites containing migrating cells including the neural tube closure, branchial arches, dorsal aorta, and paraaortic splanchnopleura. Furthermore, we noted a transient change of NF2 promoter activity during neural crest cell migration. While little β‐gal activity was detected in premigratory neural crest cells at the dorsal ridge region of the neural fold, significant activity was seen in the neural crest cells already migrating away from the dorsal neural tube. In addition, we detected considerable NF2 promoter activity in various NF2‐affected tissues such as acoustic ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, spinal ganglia, optic chiasma, the ependymal cell‐containing tela choroidea, and the pigmented epithelium of the retina. The NF2 promoter expression pattern during embryogenesis suggests a specific regulation of the NF2 gene during neural crest cell migration and further supports the role of merlin in cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation during development. Developmental Dynamics 235:2771–2785, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in gravitational force cause changes in gene expression in the lens of developing zebrafish
Authors: Shimada Naoko , Moorman Stephen J.
Published: August 2006

Gravity has been a constant physical factor during the evolution and development of life on Earth. We have been studying effects of simulated microgravity on gene expression in transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing gfp under the influence of gene‐specific promoters. In this study, we assessed the effect of microgravity on the expression of the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene in lens during development using transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing gfp under the control of hsp70 promoter/enhancer. Hsp70:gfp expression was up‐regulated (45%) compared with controls during the developmental period that included the lens differentiation stage. This increase was lens specific, because the entire embryo showed only a 4% increase in gfp expression. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the hsp70:gfp expression recapitulated endogenous hsp70 mRNA expression. Hypergravity exposure also increased hsp70 expression during the same period. In situ hybridization analysis for two lens‐specific crystallin genes revealed that neither micro‐ nor hypergravity affected the expression level of βB1‐crystallin, a non‐hsp gene used as a marker for lens differentiation. However, hypergravity changed the expression level of αA‐crystallin, a member of the small hsp gene family. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) assay analysis showed that altered‐gravity (Δg) decreased apoptosis in lens during the same period and the decrease correlated with the up‐regulation of hsp70 expression, suggesting that elimination of nuclei from differentiating lens fiber cells was suppressed probably through hsp70 up‐regulation. These results support the idea that Δg influences hsp70 expression and differentiation in lens‐specific and developmental period specific manners and that hsp family genes play a specific role in the response to Δg. Developmental Dynamics 235:2686–2694, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The molecular setup of the avian head mesoderm and its implication for craniofacial myogenesis
Authors: Bothe Ingo , Dietrich Susanne
Published: August 2006

The head mesoderm is the mesodermal tissue on either side of the brain, from forebrain to hindbrain levels, and gives rise to the genuine head muscles. Its relatedness to the more posterior paraxial mesoderm, the somites, which generate the muscles of the trunk, is conversely debated. To gain insight into the molecular setup of the head mesoderm, its similarity or dissimilarity to the somitic mesoderm, and the implications of its setup for the progress of muscle formation, we investigated the expression of markers (1) for mesoderm segmentation and boundary formation, (2) for regional specification and somitogenesis and (3) for the positive and negative control of myogenic differentiation. We show that the head mesoderm is molecularly distinct from somites. It is not segmented; even the boundary to the first somite is ill‐defined. Importantly, the head mesoderm lacks the transcription factors driving muscle differentiation while genes suppressing differentiation and promoting cell proliferation are expressed. These factors show anteroposteriorly and dorsoventrally regionalised but overlapping expression. Notably, expression extends into the areas that actively contribute to the heart, overlapping with the expression of cardiac markers. Developmental Dynamics 235:2845–2860, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal expression and function of the Drosophila sox gene Dichaete during oogenesis
Authors: Mukherjee Ashim , Melnattur Krishna V. , Zhang Mao , Nambu John R.
Published: August 2006

Members of the Sox family of DNA‐binding HMG domain proteins have been shown to regulate gene transcription in a wide range of developmental processes, including sex determination, neurogenesis, and chondrogenesis. However, little is known about their potential functions in developing germline tissues. In Drosophila, the Sox protein Dichaete (a.k.a., Fish‐hook) is a member of the SoxB subgroup whose HMG domain shares strong sequence similarity to that of vertebrate Sox2. Dichaete exhibits dynamic expression in embryonic and larval stages and has pleiotropic functions in a variety of tissues. In this study, we extend analyses of Dichaete function and show that expression of Dichaete protein is detected in the developing oocyte during early to mid stages of oogenesis. Strikingly, Dichaete exhibits cytoplasmic distribution and is not detected in the oocyte nucleus. Germline mosaic analyses revealed that the Dichaete gene has maternal functions that influence dorsal/ventral patterning of the egg chamber. Dichaete mutant eggs exhibit defects in formation of the dorsal appendages, differentiation of dorsal/anterior follicle cells, and mislocalization of Gurken protein and gurken mRNA. Dichaete protein was shown to possess RNA‐binding capabilities, suggesting a direct post‐transcriptional role in regulating RNA functions. Developmental Dynamics 235:2828–2835, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced sensitivity and stability in two‐color in situ hybridization by means of a novel chromagenic substrate combination
Authors: Hurtado Romulo , Mikawa Takashi
Published: August 2006

Double in situ hybridization analysis is a fundamental technique for studying the expression of two genes with high temporal and spatial resolution. However, due to the lack of sensitivity in current detection methods, this approach is powerful only when at least one transcript is abundantly expressed. Here, we report a new enzyme/chromagenic substrate combination that provides sufficient sensitivity for detecting two less abundant transcripts and stability for subsequent paraffin sectioning. Developmental Dynamics 235:2811–2816, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microarray analysis of Tbx5‐induced genes expressed in the developing heart
Authors: Plageman Timothy F. , Yutzey Katherine E.
Published: August 2006

Tbx5 is a member of the T‐box family of transcription factors and is associated with Holt–Oram syndrome (HOS), a congenital disorder characterized by heart and limb defects. Although implicated in several processes during development, only a few genes regulated by Tbx5 have been reported. To identify candidate genes regulated by Tbx5 during heart development, a microarray approach was used. A cardiac‐derived mouse cell line (1H) was infected with adenoviruses expressing Tbx5 or β‐galactosidase and RNA was isolated for analysis using an Affymetrix gene chip representing over 39,000 transcripts. Real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction confirmed Tbx5 induction of a subset of the genes, includingnppa,photoreceptor cadherin,brain creatine kinase,hairy/enhancer‐of‐split related 2, andgelsolin. In situ hybridization analysis indicated overlapping expression of these genes withtbx5in the embryonic mouse heart. In addition, the effect of HOS‐associated mutations on the ability of Tbx5 to induce target gene expression was evaluated. Together, these data identify several genes induced by Tbx5 that are potentially important during cardiac development. These genes represent new candidate gene targets of Tbx5 that may be related to congenital heart malformations associated with HOS. Developmental Dynamics 235:2868–2880, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Redox Behavior of a Manganese Porphyrin Complexed with Per‐O‐methylated β‐Cyclodextrin in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kano Koji , Kitagishi Hiroaki , Sone Yumiko , Nakazawa Nami , Kodera Masahito
Published: August 2006

[5,10,15,20‐Tetrakis(p‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato]manganese(III) in its diaqua form [(H2O)2MnIII(tpps)] forms a complex with heptakis(2,3,6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (TMe‐β‐CD) to afford a stable 2:1 host–guest inclusion complex whose binding constants, K1 and K2, in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and 25 °C are 8.1 × 105 and 2.8 × 104 M–1, respectively. [(H2O)2MnIII(tpps)] dissociates into the monohydroxo complex [(H2O)(OH–)MnIII(tpps)] above pH 11 (pKa = 11.9) when incorporated into the TMe‐β‐CD cavities. The pKa value of [(H2O)2MnIII(tpps)] in the absence of TMe‐β‐CD is 12.4, which suggests that the monohydroxo form without a net charge on the central porphyrin is stabilized by complexation with TMe‐β‐CD. In an aqueous alkaline solution of TMe‐β‐CD, [(H2O)(OH–)MnIII(tpps)] is autoreduced to[(H2O)MnII(tpps)] by an electron transfer from bound OH– to MnIII. TMe‐β‐CD stabilizes the low‐valent [(H2O)MnII(tpps)]. For example, the rate of autoxidation of [(H2O)MnII(tpps)] in the presence of TMe‐β‐CD at pH 7.0 was reduced by a factor of 2.8 × 104 as compared with the rate without TMe‐β‐CD. The redox potentials (E1/2) of [Mn(tpps)] were measured by spectroelectrochemical methods. The E1/2 values in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 in the absence and the presence of TMe‐β‐CD are –211 and –108 mV (vs. NHE), respectively. TMe‐β‐CD causes a positive shift of E1/2, which indicates the stabilization of low‐valent [(H2O)MnII(tpps)] by TMe‐β‐CD against autoxidation. These electrochemical data, as well as the thermodynamic ones, give the K1K2 values for complexation of [(H2O)MnII(tpps)] with TMe‐β‐CD to be 1.2 × 1012 M–2,while that for [(H2O)2MnIII(tpps)] is 2.3 × 1010 M–2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Metal‐Dependent Formation of Mononuclear Complexes and M2L2 Mesocates with Schiff‐Base Ligands
Authors: Fielden John , Long De‐Liang , Evans Cameron , Cronin Leroy
Published: August 2006

The coordination chemistry of the tetradentate pyridylN‐donor ligands r‐1‐hydroxy‐t‐3,t‐5‐bis{[(2‐pyridinyl)methylene]amino}cyclohexane (DDOP) and r‐1‐hydroxy‐t‐3,t‐5‐bis{[(E)‐(6‐methyl‐2‐pyridinyl)methylene]amino}cyclohexane(DDMOP) has been investigated with the d10 metal centres silver(I) and cadmium(II). These conformationally flexible ligands offer two coordination modes; either a mononucleating tetradentate coordination pocket or a bridging bis(bidentate) chelate. Hence, reaction with CdII produced six‐coordinate mononuclear complexes whose compositions were determined by X‐ray crystallography as [Cd(DDOP)(NO3)2] (1) and [Cd(DDMOP)(Cl)2]·MeOH (2), while AgI led to the four‐coordinate dinuclear mesocate structures [{Ag(DDOP)}2](CF3SO3)2 (3) and [{Ag(DDMOP)}2](CF3SO3)2·0.5MeOH (4). It is thought that the mononuclear, octahedral complexes in the case of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) result from the energetic stabilisation gained through two extra coordinate bonds, while in the case of silver(I) the lower propensity of the metal centre for six‐coordination causes the ligand to retain its energetically preferred dinucleating conformation and to form the mesocates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of Hydrated and Dehydrated Organotin Cations
Authors: Chandrasekhar Vadapalli , Boomishankar Ramamoorthy , Gopal Kandasamy , Sasikumar Palani , Singh Puja , Steiner Alexander , Zacchini Stefano
Published: August 2006

Monomeric organotin dications {[nBu2Sn(H2O)4]2+·2C6H5SO3–} and {[nBu2Sn(H2O)4]2+·1,5‐C10H6(SO3–)2} have been synthesized by the reaction of [nBu2SnO]n and the corresponding arylsulfonic acid. Dodecanuclear organooxotin macrocations {[(nBuSn)12(μ3‐O)14(μ2‐OH)6]2+·2RSO3–} (R = C6H5; 2,5‐Me2C6H3) have been synthesized by the reaction of nBuSn(O)(OH) and the corresponding arylsulfonic acid. The X‐ray crystal structure of one of the dodecanuclear cages is reported. These organotin cations have been shown to be effective catalysts in acetylation and transacetylation reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A General and Facile One‐Step Synthesis of Imido–Titanium(IV) Complexes: Application to the Synthesis of Compounds Containing Functionalized or Chiral Imido Ligands and Bimetallic Diimido Architectures
Authors: Lorber Christian , Choukroun Robert , Vendier Laure
Published: August 2006

One‐pot reactions of Ti(NMe2)4 with a wide range of primary alkyl, aryl, and silylamines RNH2 in the presence of excess chlorotrimethylsilane produced the corresponding imido–titanium(IV) complexes [Ti(=NR)Cl2(NHMe2)2] (1a–j), in which R = tBu, 1‐adamantane, Ph3C, Ph3Si, Ph, 2,6‐iPr2–C6H3, 2,6‐Cl2–C6H3, 2,6‐Br2–4‐Me–C6H2, C6F5, and 3,5‐(F3C)2–C6H3. This general synthesis, which starts from commercially available reagents, represents a simple and direct route to imido complexes. Reaction of complexes 1 with pyridine afforded the six‐coordinate tris‐pyridine adducts [Ti(=NR)Cl2(Py)3] (2). Another advantage of this method is its tolerance to other functional groups; complexes that contain halides, ether, dialkylamino, cyano, ethynyl, olefin, and nitro substituents on the imido moiety have been prepared. The use of enantiomerically pure primary amines affords the first group of titanium complexes that contain chiral imido groups, and the use of diamines produces diimido complexes. Alternatively, CH3I has been used as an alkylating agent to generate titanium–imido complexes of the type [Ti(NR)I2(THF)2]2. All compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. Some of the compounds were also analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Chelating Phosphane–Boranes as Hemilabile Ligands – Synthesis of[Mn(CO)3(η2‐H3B·dppm)][BArF4] and [Mn(CO)4(η1‐H3B·dppm)][BArF4]
Authors: Merle Nicolas , Frost Christopher G. , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Willis Michael C. , Weller Andrew S.
Published: August 2006

Manganese complexes bearing the chelating phosphane–borane ligand H3B·dppm [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane] have been prepared. Addition of H3B·dppm to Mn(CO)5Br using Na[BArF4] as a halide‐abstracting reagent affords [Mn(CO)3(η2‐H3B·dppm)][BArF4] (1). This reacts with CO to open the bidentate borane to afford [Mn(CO)4(η1‐H3B·dppm)][BArF4] (2) in which the borane is now bound in a monodentate manner. The CO addition is reversible, and placing 2 under vacuum (hours) regenerates 1 quantitatively, demonstrating that the chelating phosphane–boranes can act as hemilabile ligands. The complexes 1 and 2 have been fully characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)