bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Rh Prophylaxis
Authors: Pollack W. , Ascari W. Q. , Kochesky R. J. , O'Connor R. R. , Ho T. Y. , Tripodi D.
Published: October 2009

One hundred and seventy‐eight (178) Rh‐negative volunteers, distributed into a treated and control series of six groups each, were studied to establish: (i) approximately 70 per cent of Rh‐negative individuals are susceptible to being immunized by a single injection of Rh‐positive blood; (ii) that, for immunologically susceptible individuals, the frequency of immunization increases with the volume of Rh‐positive erythrocytes administered; and (iii) that a possible relationship exists between potency of Rh immune globulin and effectivity. This relationship can be used to calculate an effective dose of Rh immune globulin in the treatment of large feto‐maternal hemorrhages or accidental tranfusions of Rh‐positive blood to Rh‐negative women.
Fibroblast Colony Formation from Monolayer Cultures of Blood Cells
Authors: Luria E. A. , Panasyuk A. F. , Friedenstein A. Y.
Published: October 2009

The quantitative method of measuring fibroblast precursors in populations of hematopoietic cells demonstrates that their concentration in blood does not depend on the number of heart punctures during blood collection. This means that fibroblast colonies, originating in monolayer cultures of blood cells, develop from circulating blood cells. From the indices of 3H‐thymidine labeling it is calculated that the mean generation time for fibroblasts in seven and 11‐day cultures is 34 to 43 hours and that the proliferative pool in fibroblast colonies is not less than 84 and 79 per cent respectively. The concentration of fibroblast precursors among nucleated cells of peripheral blood of guinea pigs ranges between 0.2 and 2 × 10‐5.
Transfusion‐induced Malaria
Authors: Dover A. S. , Schultz M. G.
Published: October 2009

Since 1958, 37 cases of transfusion‐induced malaria have been reported in the United States; 27 of them occurred in the past five years. This increase is related to the recent marked increase in imported cases from Vietnam; 13 of the 21 identified infective donors were servicemen who had recently returned from Vietnam. There has also been a significant increase in the percentage of cases that are due to the malignant species, Plasmodium falciparum. This increase in transfusion‐induced malaria warrants a re‐examination of the standards now in use to prevent the transmission of malaria from prospective blood donors.
Low Molecular Weight Dextran and Matching by Enzyme Technics
Authors: Murray S. , Dewar P. J.
Published: October 2009

Infusion of Low Molecular Weight Dextran (LMWD) can result in the serum of a patient causing aggregation of red blood cells if enzyme technics are used for subsequent crossmatching for blood transfusion. LMWD infusion is not likely to obscure the demonstration of an antibody in the patient's serum. Experiments in vitro designed to assess the extent of the effect of LMWD on various enzyme technics are described.
The Long‐term Preservation of Bone Marrow
Authors: O'Grady L. F. , Lewis J. P.
Published: October 2009

Murine bone marrow has been preserved for two years and tested for its ability to repopulate the hematopoietic tissues of an irradiated mouse. We have shown that marrow suspended in 12 per cent glycerol and stored at ‐ 196 C retains its repopulating potential, its differentiating capacity, and its ability to undergo selfrenewal. DMSO and temperature of solid CO2 were less efficient.

Technics used for the banking of human marrow must rely upon experience gained from studies in other mammals. In vitro assays applicable to both human and animal marrows have suggested that DMSO and ‐ 80 C are satisfactory for marrow preservation. Using more specific assays in the mouse we have shown this combination to be ineffective and suggest that glycerol is a superior cryoprotectant and ‐196 C a more optimal storage temperature for the banking of human marrow.
Anti‐Joa: An Antibody Defining a High‐frequency Erythrocyte Antigen
Authors: Jensen L. , Scott E. P. , Marsh W. L. , MacIlroy M. , Rosenfield R. E. , Brancato P. , Fay A. F.
Published: October 2009

A “new” antibody, named anti‐Joa, defining a high‐frequency erythrocyte antigen has been found in the sera of two Negro patients. The two bloods are mutually compatible but a large number of other erythrocyte samples lacking common antigens are Jo(a+). A sibling of one patient is Jo(a+) but no other family studies were possible.

Anti‐Joa reacted with 3,000 group O but otherwise unselected blood samples, mostly from Caucasians, and with 768 blood samples from Negroes.
The Value of a Salaried Hospital Recruiter for Blood Donors
Authors: Chapman R. G. , Blevins A.
Published: October 2009

The employment of a salaried individual for recruitment of blood donors to replace blood transfused to patients at the Denver Veterans Administration Hospital has resulted in an average increase of 1,566 units of blood replaced per year since 1966. The recruitment program is described and results compared to the nearby Colorado General Hospital which has the same physician staff and similar sources of patients. The latter hospital, without a similar donor recruitment program during this period showed no improvement in amount of voluntary blood replacement. This very successful approach to donor recruitment at the Denver Veterans Hospital has more than offset the cost of the program to the hospital.
U. S. Licensed Blood Banks
Authors: Lacerte J. M. , Kane V. M. , Cohen P.
Published: October 2009

Blood and plasma samples submitted by U. S. licensed blood banks to the Division of Biologics Standards from 1962 to 1970 were analyzed to determine the source and extent of errors considered exceptions to the Public Health Service Regulations. Of 4,206 samples evaluated, 34 per cent had labeling deficiencies. Deficiencies in expiration dates, blood volumes, shipping temperatures, seals, containers, contents, and pilot tubes averaged from 4.0 to 7.7 per cent for each deficiency. Errors in grouping and typing averaged 0.3 per cent. These data are presented to identify the problem areas and to alert blood banks where improvements should be made.
Platelet Aggregation in Blood Donors
Authors: Schwartz A. D.
Published: October 2009

One hundred eighteen consecutive volunteer donors to a Red Cross Mobile Collecting Center were questioned about ingestion of medication prior to blood donation. Blood samples were collected from each donor and platelet aggregation measured. Forty‐three (36%) gave a history of having taken a drug known to affect platelet function, the most common of which was acetylsalicylic acid. Of these, 88 per cent had abnormal platelet aggregation. A total of 59 per cent of the blood donors were found to have abnormal aggregation. When 50 control subjects were asked one week prior to testing not to take any medication, only one had abnormal aggregation. This study indicates that in our area the majority of blood donors have abnormal platelet aggregation due to ingestion of medication.
Analysis and Optimization of a Regional Blood Bank Distribution Process
Authors: Yahnke D. P. , Rimm A. A. , Mundt C. J. , Aster R. H. , Hurst T. M.
Published: October 2009

Using data collected by an automated blood inventory and information system, an in‐depth description of the functioning of a 31‐hospital regional blood bank system for a 10‐month period is presented. A total of 43,514 units of blood were included in this analysis. The following factors which affect the blood distribution process were studied: (1) recycling of blood units; (2) blood types; and (3) hospital inventory levels.

It was found that blood recycling allows management flexibility and apparently is important in reducing blood outdating. It was shown that rare blood types are utilized differently from other types and consequently require special management practices for effective use. Ordering and recycling in the system differed greatly from hospital to hospital. The ratio of average daily inventory/average daily transfusions, was used to evaluate efficiency of hospital blood banks. In addition to analyzing those factors associated with the blood distribution process in a regional system, this study demonstrated types of information that can be derived from an automated data acquisition system.
Evaluation of Methods for the Preparation of HL‐A Antigen‐Poor Blood
Authors: Polesky H. F. , McCullough J. , Helgeson M. A. , Nelson C.
Published: October 2009

More than 85 per cent of the leukocytes are removed from blood by dextran or Plasmagel sedimentation and by both high and low glycerol freeze‐thaw technics. Larger numbers of white cells and platelets remain in bloods processed by inverted centrifugation, saline washing, and agglomeration without freezing. Cytoglomeration is the least efficient method of removing HL‐A antigens from frozen blood. Units prepared by this and other freezing methods contain nonviable leukocytes which may or may not be antigenic.
Laboratory Evaluation of Normal Donors Undergoing Leukapheresis on the Continuous Flow Centrifuge
Authors: McCullough J. , Fortuny I. E.
Published: October 2009

Leukapheresis with the continuous flow centrifuge for leukocyte collection from normal donors is becoming widely utilized. Thus, it is important to establish guidelines for the laboratory evaluation of donors. Forty‐nine normal donors underwent 120 different leukaphereses and the following variables were studied before and after each procedure: hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocyte count and differential, platelet count, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, plasma hemoglobin, and blood culture. No unexpected laboratory results were encountered.

On the basis of these studies, hemoglobin or hematocrit and partial thromboplastin time are necessary as a minimum. Total leukocyte differential count, platelet count, and serum calcium may be added but are optional. These laboratory studies must be combined with a thorough history, and the leukocyte unit once collected should undergo pretransfusion testing and compatibility testing similar to other blood products.
Fetal Cell Counting as a Guide to Prevention of Rh Sensitization
Authors: Clayton E. M. , Birdwell E. D. , Gregory M. G.
Published: October 2009

Administration of a standard dose of Rh immune globulin in the immediate postpartum period is adequate to protect 93 per cent of the Rh negative mothers that would otherwise become sensitized. It is now possible by utilizing fetal cell counts to identify those patients in which the standard dose of immune globulin is inadequate for protection. A method for easy and accurate identification of potential failures is described.
The Second Example of Anti‐Bea Causing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: McCreary J. , MacIlroy M. , Courtenay D. G. , Ohmart D. L.
Published: October 2009

The second example of anti‐Bea which caused hemolytic disease of the newborn is reported. Confirmation was made by using the cells and serum of the original Berrens family. The antibody was stimulated by pregnancy only. Three of four children are Be(a+) and two had hemolytic disease of the newborn. No genetic relationship of Bea with any other blood group system has been revealed.
Bacteriological Study of Platelet Concentrates Stored at 22 C and 4 C
Authors: Mallin W. S. , Reuss D. T. , Bracke J. W. , Roberts S. C. , Moore G. L.
Published: October 2009

Samples of platelet concentrate prepared by double plasmapheresis of volunteers were stored at 4 C and 22 C for four to ten days and cultured from 0072 hours on brain heart infusion media, thioglycolate broth, and tryptic soy broth and incubated at 22 and 37 C for 21 days.

A closed system was used for 42 units and a limited entry system involving pooling of platelet concentrates was used for 68 units. All 110 units were negative for bacterial contamination at both 4 C and room temperature, based on cultures using multiple media under maximized growth conditions for anaerobic as well as aerobic bacteria.

Platelet concentrates handled in both a closed system and a limited entry system and stored up to at least 72 hours at room temperature remained free of bacterial contamination and appeared safe for transfusion.
A Positive Donor‐Recipient Identification System for a Regional Blood Transfusion Service
Authors: Chambers R. W. , Rubin M. I. , Rath C. E. , Sandler S. G. , Ball J. H.
Published: October 2009

A positive donor recipient identification system for a transfusion service has been developed. Donor and recipient identification are established by a human and machine readable number. The recipient ID system utilizes the standard hospital ID bracelet and a series of numerical thermal encoding transfer devices for vacutainer tubes and donor unit ID bag tags. The donor identity is maintained by prenumbered vacutainer pilot tubes and a separate donor unit bag tag.
Preliminary Screening and Tentative Identification of HL‐A Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in a Hospital Blood Bank
Authors: Shaw J. F.
Published: October 2009

A rapid procedure for screening and tentatively identifying lymphocytotoxic antibodies and the practical application of this procedure in a hospital blood bank is described.
Studies of Platelet Concentrates Stored at 22 C and 4 C
Authors: Becker G. A. , Tuccelli M. , Kunicki T. , Chalos M. K. , Aster R. H.
Published: October 2009

As measured by stability of pH, aggregability, and structure, concentrated platelets are better preserved for 72 hours at 4 C than at 22 C. While survival in vivo, as determined with 51Cr, of platelets stored at room temperature is extremely variable, survival of platelets stored at 4 C is invariably shortened to two to three days. In the treatment of bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients, however, platelets kept at 4 C for 24 to 72 hours are superior to those kept at 22 C with respect to their capacity to shorten the bleeding time and effect hemostasis. The relative ineffectiveness of platelets kept at 22 C for 72 hours appears to be the result of a functional defect which develops during storage at ambient temperature.

We suggest that until a means is found to prevent the functional abnormality which develops during storage at 22 C., platelet concentrates should be refrigerated if they are to be stored for 24 hours or longer prior to being transfused.
Exchange Transfusion with ACD‐Adenine Blood. A Follow‐up Study
Authors: Kreuger A. O.
Published: October 2009

Twenty‐seven children had received neonatal exchange transfusions (one to seven times) with ACD‐adenine red cell concentrate containing 7 mg adenine per 100 ml of blood. They were evaluated in a follow‐up study at about five years of age. The examination comprised a history and physical examination, routine blood and urine examination, urine culture, serum creatinine and pitressin test. In no case could any renal damage be demonstrated. No correlation was found between the number of transfusions with ACD‐adenine blood and the values of serum creatinine and pitressin test.
Australia Antigen and Antibody in Blood Donors and Patients with Blood Disorders
Authors: Hsia S. , Chen S. C. , Shen F. C. , Shih B. Y.
Published: October 2009

Screening for Australia antigen (HBAg) and antibody (HBAb) in normal blood donors and patients with blood disorders or leprosy was performed by both immunodiffusion and complement fixation. HBAg was detected among blood donors, but patients with blood disorders had significantly higher HBAg incidence. HBAb was found to be distinctive in patients with blood disorders. A considerable number of patients were found to have both HBAg and HBAb in their blood. Quantitative measurement of positive HBAg and HBAb was simultaneously made with complement fixation.
Rapid Plasma Exchange with the Continuous Flow Centrifuge
Authors: McCullough J. , Fortuny I. E. , Kennedy B. J. , Edson J. R. , Branda R. F. , Jacob Harry S.
Published: October 2009

Four cases are described in which rapid exchange of large volumes of plasma (3.8–7.1 liters) was performed with the continuous flow centrifuge and unmodified fresh frozen plasma. Emphasis of this report is on the procedures used and the laboratory evaluation of the effects of plasma exchange.

The patients received from 1,000 to 4,900 units of heparin and 628 to 1,299 ml of ACD during the procedure but no hemorrhagic complications were encountered. Supplementary calcium was administered to two patients and no clinical complications caused by hypocalcemia were observed. Serum potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were slightly decreased following plasma exchange, and hypernatremia did not occur. With careful evaluation and monitoring of patients, rapid plasma exchange with the continuous flow centrifuge appears to be practical and safe for the patient.
The Rhesus Monkey as a Model for Evaluation of the Preservation of Stored Whole Blood
Authors: Button L. N. , Garcia F. G. , Kevy S. V.
Published: October 2009

Blood was collected into Acid Citrate Dextrose solution (ACD) from a group of 20 large, adult rhesus monkeys. In ten of the experiments, the blood was labeled immediately with radioisotopes and reinfused into the donor monkeys. The other ten blood units were stored at 4 C for 21 days, then tabled and infused into the donor monkeys. In vitro determinations were made immediately after collection and at the end of the storage period and compared with the results obtained in stored human blood.

The ten fresh blood infusions had a mean survival of 101.3 per cent with an average half time of 10.4 days. The 21 (lay‐old bloods had a mean survival of 73.7 per cent (S.D. = 5.1%) with an average half time of 11.3 days. The average red blood cell survival of 123 human blood units stored 21 days and reinfused into their donors had an average red cell survival of 81.0 per cent (S.D. = 8.6%). The determinations in rhesus blood and human blood were comparable.

These data strongly suggest that in vivo studies done in the rhesus monkey may be substituted for those performed in man to evaluate red cell preservation.
A Method for Preservation of Papainized and Rh‐Sensitized Red Cells
Authors: Dale I.
Published: October 2009

Papainized red blood cells and red blood cells sensitized with Rh antibodies were stored at 4 C in Alsever's solution containing inosine. The papainized cells were used for detection of Rh antibodies. The cells sensitized with anti‐D were used for the positive control of the antiglobulin reaction. When stored for no more than three weeks, the preserved cells gave reactions almost identical to those obtained with freshly prepared cells.
Anomalous ABO Grouping Due to a New Serum Factor Reactive with a Reagent Coloring Material
Authors: Jones T. E. , Ayrton A. S. , Blajchman M. A.
Published: October 2009

The blood of a patient with infectious mononucleosis was investigated when a discrepancy was noted between cell and serum grouping. The red blood cells of the patient were reactive with a commercial anti‐B. Her serum strongly agglutinated group A and group B cells. Anti‐B from four other commercial sources and from ten normal group A donors did not agglutinate the patient's cells.

The coloring material in the commercial anti‐B with which the patient's cells reacted is yellow #5 tartrazine. The patient's serum agglutinated normal group O cells on the addition of this dye. No other example of this factor has been found in routine blood grouping or in testing the serum from 30 further patients with infectious mononucleosis.
A Note on the Hidden Added Costs of RIA Test Adoption
Authors: Pegels C. C. , Seagle J. P.
Published: October 2009

This brief communication shows how adoption of the Radio Immune Assay (RIA) test will increase outdating of blood and also increase the average age of blood used for transfusion. The results are based on the assumption that each test will take approximately one day and that a random draw issuing policy will be applied to both free and crossmatched blood.
Comparison of Inverted Centrifugation, Saline Washing, and Dextran Sedimentation in the Preparation of Leukocyte‐Poor Red Cells
Authors: Tenczar F. J.
Published: October 2009

Three methods (inverted centrifugation; inverted centrifugation followed by continuous‐flow washing in 5 per cent dextrose‐saline; and dextran sedimentation followed by continuous‐flow washing in 5 per cent dextrose‐saline) were evaluated for the preparation of leukocyte‐poor red blood cells. Residual leukocyte contents were 0.32, 0.40, and 0.16 billion per 100 g of erythrocytes and erythrocyte losses were 24, 42, and 35 per cent, respectively, for the three methods. The mean removal of leukocytes per unit after inverted centrifugation was 80 per cent. Continuous‐flow washing after inverted centrifugation did not remove additional leukocytes. Dextran sedimentation removed a mean 92 per cent of leukocytes. Residual dextran was not detected in the terminal wash solution. These findings suggest dextran sedimentation may be useful for preparing leukocyte‐poor red blood cells for preventing sensitization to leukocytes in high risk recipients such as transplantation candidates.
Simple Methods for Production of HL‐A Antigen Poor Red Blood Cells
Authors: Miller W. V. , Wilson M. J. , Kalb H. J.
Published: October 2009

Six simple methods for the production of HL‐A antigen poor blood were compared. By combinations of conventional filtration and centrifugation technics, it was possible to remove more than 95 per cent of platelets and leukocytes, which compares favorably to frozen, washed erythrocyte products. Double centrifugation (upright, then inverted) allowed recovery of all components with excellent removal of leukocytes and platelets and low erythrocyte loss. A special inverted plasma expressor shortened preparation time significantly.
Leukocyte Contamination of Red Cells in Leukocyte‐Poor and Frozen‐Deglycerolized Units
Authors: Perkins H. A. , Senecal I. , Howell E.
Published: October 2009

Red blood cell recovery was better and removal of white cells equally good when units were centrifuged briefly in an upright position as compared to more prolonged centrifugation in an inverted position. Nylon fiber filtration left more white cells than did differential centrifugation; a combination of the two technics provided the smallest amount of white cell contamination. Red blood cells frozen and deglycerolized by the original Huggins process had as many leukocytes as those prepared by differential centrifugation. The current Huggins process left more white cells than did the original method.

Removal of white cells from blood frozen and deglycerolized by the Huggins process was better in a continuous flow centrifuge than in the Cytoglomerator. Platelet removal was less complete than that of white cells by either technic. Preliminary results with CPD blood do not appear significantly different from those with ACD blood.
Uptake and Retention of Adenine Moiety by Stored Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: DeVenuto F. , Wilson S. M. , Shields C. E.
Published: October 2009

Tritium‐labeled adenine was added to freshly collected human blood and at selected storage intervals the distribution of the adenine moiety between plasma and erythrocytes was determined. The retention of the radioactive label by erythrocytes was studied by repeated extractions with isotonic saline. The results show that the adenine moiety, which is utilized for net synthesis of various nucleotides, does not appear to be in a steady‐state equilibrium between plasma and red cells. With increasing time of storage, the equilibrium is shifted toward the erythrocytes which reach a maximum radioactive content at 21 days of storage. Specific association of the adenine moiety with red cell populations of different density, investigated by density distribution of erythrocytes with polyester mixtures of known specific gravity, shows that cell populations of low density (young cells) have a high specific activity.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Anti‐D
Authors: Adams J. , Moore V. K. , Issitt P. D.
Published: October 2009

A case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the “warm” antibody type is described. The patient is of Rh Phenotype D+, C+, E‐, c‐, e+ for a probable Rh genotype of R1R1. During the first 19 weeks of the course of the study, his serum and eluates made from his red blood cells were found to contain a potent, autoreactive, anti‐D and, at times, a second, weaker antibody. The second antibody reacted with all test cells available except Rhnull. At the end of the eight‐month period of study, the eluate was found to be nonreactive with Rhnull and LW‐negative cells. Apparently as the autoimmune disease progressed, the specificity of the causative antibody changed.
Autologous Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery: A Case Report of a Patient with a Rare Antibody
Authors: Verska J. J. , Larson N. L.
Published: October 2009

Open heart operations are sometimes performed without donor blood because of religious beliefs of the patient. A medical reason for performing surgery without donor blood occurs when the patient has an antibody to which no available donor blood is compatible. In the case reported, two units of blood were removed from the patient during a 48‐hour period prior to an aortic valve replacement. These were transfused to him postoperatively with good results.
Another Pitfall in Blood Group Testing for Nonpaternity
Authors: Sussman L. N. , Solomon R.
Published: October 2009

A pitfall in testing for nonpaternity, heretofore not encountered, is described. Errors caused by admixture of donor's blood following an exchange transfusion resulted in false exclusion of paternity. The need for an adequate history is emphasized.
Determination of Costs and Charges for Laboratory Tests—A Computer Approach for the Hospital Blood Bank
Authors: Klionsky B. , Boccella I. M. , Sheth U. M.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a computerized method for determining and maintaining a rational system of costs and charges for individual tests in a hospital laboratory blood bank. The program is designed to accommodate readily to change and to provide for ease of correction by the user. It permits a fair distribution of charges for tests relative to costs and provides a powerful tool for laboratory management. The principles involved and much of the computer programming are readily applicable to other units of the hospital laboratory. Indeed, this approach to laboratory management should not stand in isolation, but should be best implemented as part of an overall revision of all charges within the hospital.
Distribution of Fresher Blood in a Statewide Blood Program
Authors: Katz A. J. , Morse E. E.
Published: October 2009

A change in distribution policy by a central blood bank resulted in greater than three days of additional shelf life of blood at hospitals. This change in distribution policy was temporally associated with a decrease in statewide outdating from 11.9 to 9.2 per cent. The magnitude of the decrease in outdating is similar to that predicted by theoretical studies of the effect of longer shelf life of blood. It is suggested that the prolonged shelf life of blood at hospitals was causal to reduced outdating. This experience, taken with the theoretical studies, indicates that a central blood bank can make a major, beneficial impact on hospital outdating by distributing blood on a date closer to its date of collection.
Factors Influencing the 24‐Hour Posttransfusion Survival and the Oxygen Transport Function of Previously Frozen Red Cells Preserved with 40 Per Cent W/V Glycerol and Frozen at —80 C
Authors: Valeri C. R.
Published: October 2009

A 6.2 M glycerol solution was added directly to concentrated red blood cells before storage at — 80 C for at least two and one‐half years. The glycerol was removed from the thawed red blood cells by one of four different washing procedures, and the washed cells were stored at 4 C for an additional 24 hours before transfusion. Recovery in vitro was about 90 per cent, and the posttransfusion survival was about 85 per cent. The CPD anticoagulant maintained the oxygen transport much better than ACD during storage of the red blood cells at 4 C for one week prior to freezing. Results were similar whether glycerolized red blood cells were washed in reusable stainless steel bowls, disposable polycarbonate bowls, or collapsible disposable polyvinylchloride plastic bags. The composition of the wash solution had no significant effect on the posttransfusion survival or oxygen transport function. When the washed red blood cells were stored in a sodium chloride‐glucose‐phosphate solution at 4 C for 24 hours before transfusion, the 24‐hour posttransfusion survival and oxygen transport function was satisfactory. Freeze‐preservation of red blood cells with hematocrits of about 40 V per cent and postthaw storage at 4 C for 24 hours resulted in an accumulation of supernatant hemoglobin and extracellular potassium. At the time of transfusion, the red blood cells were concentrated by centrifugation, the supernatant medium was removed, and the hematocrit adjusted to 70 V per cent.
The Influence of Dialysis in 2‐Mercaptoethanol Reduction of Erythrocyte Antibodies
Authors: Rosner E. R. , Pirofsky B. , Sheth K.
Published: October 2009

Sera obtained from 103 normal individuals of blood group O, A, and B were tested in dialyzed and undialyzed 2‐mercaptoethanol reduction procedures. The same results were obtained with both technics with 94 per cent of anti‐A and/or anti‐B antibodies tested. In addition, identical results were obtained by both methods with 31 incomplete erythrocyte antibodies. The two reduction procedures had a similar range of sensitivity. It is suggested that dialysis is not necessary when 2‐mercaptoethanol reduction is employed to differentiate between IgG and IgM antibodies.
Pseudomonas Septicemia in Neutropenic Dogs I. Treatment with Granulocyte Transfusions
Authors: Epstein R. B. , Waxman F. J. , Bennett B. T. , Andersen B. R.
Published: October 2009

A canine model was developed for the study of Pseudomonas septicemia in the leukopenic host. Dogs rendered leukopenic by the intravenous administration of cyclophosphamide were challenged intravenously with 107 pseudomonas. An initial period of apparently unimpaired bacterial clearance was followed by a second wave of bacteremia beginning within 24 hours. All leukopenic dogs died during this second phase, in contrast to normal animals which cleared the bacteria and remained well thereafter. Granulocytes suitable for transfusion purposes were obtained by a technique of continuous leukofiltration through nylon columns. The infusion of such granulocyte preparations in quantities of 2 to 15 × 109 cells resulted in a demonstrable reduction in circulating numbers of bacteria in septic dogs. The system provides a model for the further study of the natural course of Pseudomonas sepsis in the leukopenic host, as well as a means for evaluating various modes of therapy.
Complement‐Fixing Antibodies to the AD‐169 Strain of Cytomegalovirus in Banked Blood
Authors: Monif G. R. G. , Adams W. R. , Flory L. F.
Published: October 2009

One thousand consecutive units of blood, on which donor data could be obtained, were titered for the presence of complement‐fixing (CF) antibodies to the AD‐169 strain of cytomegalovirus. Twenty‐one per cent of the units had a positive titer at a significant level. Blood obtained through commercial sources had a distinctly higher incidence of specific antibody than that obtained from a predominantly student population. Because of the high incidence of CF antibodies to the cytomegaloviruses, a decision to exclude blood from use in transfusion would seriously affect the already critical blood shortage. However, the fact that use of such blood for transfusion is associated with significant danger (especially in certain critical patient populations) makes it important that further studies be carried out to provide the data necessary for a wise decision.
Unnecessary Albumin Therapy in a Jaundiced Patient
Authors: Peters R. W. , Myhre B. A. , Ellis R. R. , Fu P. C.
Published: October 2009

A 40 year‐old woman with obstructive jaundice due to carcinoma of the head of the pancreas is presented. Chemical determinations on the patient's jaundiced serum, using an organic dye‐binding method showed a low albumin determination which led to infusion of six units of salt poor albumin. Subsequent studies of albumin by electrophoresis using the pretransfusion specimen showed a normal quantity of albumin. Caution is urged in the transfusion of albumin to jaundiced patients, since the dye‐binding technique is in common use in the automated chemistry panel.
Hepatitis Carriers Among Soldiers Who Have Returned from Vietnam. Australia Antigen Studies
Authors: Blumberg B. S. , London W. T. , Sutnick A. I. , Camp F. R. , Luzzio A. J. , Conte N. F.
Published: October 2009

Australia antigen (HBAg) or antibody (HBAb) was detected by immunodiffusion in 17 of 803 Vietnam returnees, but in none of 846 recruits. It is estimated that about 58,000 hepatitis carriers will have been added to the population by servicemen returning from Vietnam. A past history of hepatitis appeared to be no more common among those with Australia antigen (HBAg) or antibody (HBAb) than in those in whom they were not found. It is recommended that all servicemen returning from Southeast Asia be tested to detect asymptomatic hepatitis carriers.
Blood Component Calculator
Authors: Tenczar F. J. , Best W. R.
Published: October 2009

A pocket linear slide calculator for determining the erythrocyte and plasma‐ACD content, the weight of plasma‐ACD to remove for packed red cells and the weight of erythrocytes to remove for leukocyte‐poor red cells, and the absolute cell contents (leukocyte and platelet) for a blood component is described. The calculator's convenience and accuracy are enhanced by using the observed net weight and hematocrit of the individual component rather than estimated average values.
Evaluation of Commercial Antiglobulin Sera Over a Two‐Year Period. Part II. Anti‐IgG and Anti‐IgM Levels and Undesirable Contaminating Antibodies
Authors: Issitt P. D. , Issitt C. H. , Wilkinson S. L.
Published: October 2009

Antiglobulin sera, from nine different manufacturers, have been tested over a two‐year period for their ability to detect different nonagglutinating, lgG and IgM blood group antibodies and for the presence of undesirable antibodies that cause the agglutination of nonglobulin coated red blood cells. There are not so many differences in anti‐IgG levels among the sera as there are differences in anticomplement levels. Over the two‐year period, there have been, in general, increases in the amounts of anti‐IgM antibodies in the sera tested. Several of the sera, apparently prepared by dilution of raw rabbit serum and not by adsorption, contain antibodies that cause the agglutination of red blood cells not coated with IgG, IgM, or any of the components of complement.
Coagulation Studies After Transfusion of Hydroxyethyl Starch Protected Frozen Blood in Primates
Authors: Weatherbee L. , Spencer H. H. , Knorpp C. T. , Lindenauer S. M. , Gikas P. W. , Thompson N. W.
Published: October 2009

This study evaluates the effects of the transfusion of frozen‐thawed blood protected by hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on shocked monkeys. Particular attention is directed toward the study of coagulation in view of previous reports of coagulopathies caused by hydroxyethyl starch. In vivo studies were done in 13 shocked monkeys that received either homologous or autologous blood which had been frozen and thawed with 14 per cent HES as the cryoprotective agent. Multiple coagulation studies were obtained on the monkeys, and histopatho‐logical evaluations were performed. There was no evidence of increased bleeding or bleeding tendencies in the monkeys transfused with HES preserved blood. Serum chemistry values were not significantly altered in animals that received blood preserved by HES nor in those that received large quantities of HES alone. Histopathological examination of biopsy and autopsy material demonstrated no changes which could be related to hydroxyethyl starch.
Bacteriocidal Properties of Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Myhre B. A. , Walker L. J. , White M. L.
Published: October 2009

Platelet concentrates were contaminated with predetermined numbers of bacteria isolated from patients. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudo‐monas aeruginosa organisms were killed if the number introduced was less than 103. when 104 through 106 organisms were added, their growth was depressed for 24 hours and then slowly resumed. If more than 107 organisms were used, a slow and progressive growth occurred. After the concentrates were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, slow progressive growth occurred regardless of the size of the inoculum. Cultures taken from sample phlebotomies performed on a few donors showed that the number and type of organisms released into the blood during the venepuncture are such that they could usually, but not always, be inactivated by the bacteriocidal property of the platelet packs. This bacteriocidal property will usually allow the platelet packs to be stored at room temperature for considerable amounts of time with relative safety. Bacterial growth will normally occur only when the number of organisms introduced during the venepuncture is quite large, and growth will usually occur during the first 24 hours.
Automated Blood Typing of Patients
Authors: Taswell H. F. , Nicholson L. L. , Cochran M. L.
Published: October 2009

The 15‐channel Technicon blood typing machine is shown to be equally useful for patient and donor blood typing. It provides increased accuracy as well as increased speed and economy. Test capabilities are broadened by permitting additional simultaneous determinations such as the automated reagin test for syphilis or tests for additional erythrocyte antigens. Automated antibody screening, performed on the blood typing machine in conjunction with patient typing, was found to be of limited use because it failed to detect as much as 60 per cent of some clinically significant antibodies.
Cooling Mattress Induced Acute Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: NieJadlik D. C. , Lozner E. L.
Published: October 2009

We have reported a patient with Mycoplasma pneumonia, cold agglutinins, and a hemolytic anemia which was probably secondary to vigorous treatment of hyperpyrexia by a cooling mattress. Physicians caring for patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia should be alerted to the potential untoward effect of a cooling mattress on an individual with a high titer of cold agglutinins.
Procurement and Identification of HL‐A Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in Sera of Nonpregnant, Multiparous Blood Donors
Authors: Rodey G. E. , Kunicki J. , Anderson J. , Aster R. H.
Published: October 2009

An efficient procedure for large‐scale screening of nonpregnant multiparous blood donor sera is described. Yield of useful HL‐A reagents in this population compares favorably to yields obtained from screening pregnant women near term. The advantages of screening nonpregnant donors include stable antibody titers, ease of procurement, and the willingness of voluntary blood donors to return for plasmapheresis.
Platelet Concentrates: Sterility of 400 Single Units Stored at Room Temperature
Authors: Wrenn H. E. , Speicher C. E.
Published: October 2009

Four hundred single platelet concentrates were prepared and stored at room temperature for 72 to 96 hours. Triple cultures of each concentrate at varying incubation temperatures revealed only four positive cultures. The Corynebacterium species and Staphylococcus species, coagulase negative, were the only organisms identified and were regarded as contaminants. No transfusion reactions of bacterial origin were observed in transfusing 10,024 other single platelet concentrates. Room temperature preparation and storage of single platelet con‐cenrates is a safe and practical procedure.
Combined Maternal Erythrocyte Autosensitization and Materno‐Fetal Jka Incompatibility
Authors: Dorner I. , Moore J. A. , Chaplin H.
Published: October 2009

A black woman in the second month of her fourth pregnancy was found to have moderately strong autosensitization of her own erythrocytes (RBC) by C3d (α2D); at the same time, anti‐Jka was detected in her serum. At term she delivered a healthy Jka‐positive ABO‐compatible infant whose RBC were very strongly coated by C3d. Anti‐Jka was demonstrable in maternal and cord serum at a titer of 1/64, and in an eluate from the newborn infant's washed RBC at a titer of 1/8. Despite very strong RBC C3d sensitization and the persistence of free anti‐Jka in the infant's circulation for at least six weeks postpartum, no evidence for hemolytic disease of the newborn developed. The infant's benign course is discussed in relation to 16 reports of maternofetal Kidd isosensitization in pregnancy.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Hodgkin's Disease Associated with Anti‐IT
Authors: Garratty G. , Petz L. D. , Wallerstein R. O. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: October 2009

In this study, three cases of Hodgkin's disease with autoimmune hemolytic anemia are described. The IgG autoantibodies in each case were shown to have IT specificity. There is only one other case of an IgG anti‐IT described in the literature and that also was present in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. No other examples of anti‐IT were found in studies which included 50 cases of Hodgkin's disease with negative direct antiglobulin tests, three cases with positive direct antiglobulin test but no hemolysis, and 70 cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, either idiopathic or secondary to other diseases of the reticuloendothelial system. Fetal, cord and adult cells were tested with anti‐IT, anti‐I and anti‐i in an attempt to show the development of IT relative to i and I.
Storage, Rejuvenation, and Restorage of Human Red Cells for Periods up to 56 Days
Authors: Moore G. L. , Failla M. L. , Blake B. H. , Gray J. L. , Manalo F. W.
Published: October 2009

Human red blood cells may be stored at 4 C for periods up to 56 days and then successfully rejuvenated. The rejuvenated red blood cells have nearly normal levels of ATP and 2,3‐DPG and retain these elevated levels for at least four days following rejuvenation. This greatly increases the usefulness of stored red blood cells, both in terms of reclaiming the red blood cells for freezing and in rejuvenation to extend the period of 4 C stored blood to 42 or 56 days.
Increased Efficiency of Leukocyte Collection from Patients with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Wheeler T. G. , McCredie K. B. , Freireich E. J. , Daniels T. V.
Published: October 2009

The continuous flow centrifuge extracorporeal circulating system presently used for the collection of large quantities of leukocytes from patients with leukemia has been modified to increase operating efficiency. A feedback loop was designed and incorporated into the system, which has increased the efficiency of collecting leukocytes from 31 to 47 per cent. This improvement has reduced the treatment time required for a given patient.
Contamination of Cord Blood with Maternal Blood During Delivery
Authors: Milam J. D. , Reeves A. E. , Bush R. W. , Gardner H. L.
Published: October 2009

Mixed field agglutination was observed during the ABO grouping of two infants and in the Rh typing of another when using cord blood. Retyping of the babies' blood was performed with blood obtained by heel stick. Kleihauer stains were performed on cord blood smears in two cases. The additional studies revealed that the cord was contaminated with maternal blood in each case. It is postulated that contamination may occur by either of two mechanisms: 1) Maternal blood on the exterior of the umbilical cord may inadvertently drip into the collection container; or 2) during labor maternal blood may enter cord vessels because of retroplacental hemorrhage and rents in the placenta.

Cord blood mixed with maternal blood may lead to mistyping of the infant, and because of the absence of preformed alloagglutinins in the newborn misgrouping may not be detected by compatibility testing.
The Composition of Several Commercial Rapid Tube and Saline Anti‐D Reagents
Authors: Howard P. L. , Dopp S. L.
Published: October 2009

The albumin concentration in five commercially available slide and rapid tube anti‐D sera varied from 15.4 to 21.9 gm/dl and in saline anti‐D reagents varied from 2.64 to 5.14 gm/dl. In both rapid tube and saline anti‐D sera, the predominant immunoglobulin class was Ig‐G. The anti‐D activity of saline anti‐D sera resided in both the Ig‐G and Ig‐M classes.
The Effect of Ascorbate and Dihydroxyacetone on the 2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate and ATP Levels of Stored Human Red Cells
Authors: Wood L. , Beutler E.
Published: October 2009

Fifty ml aliquots of blood were stored in modified CPD‐adenine preservative solutions at pH 4.8, 5.6, and 7.0 containing either dihydroxyacetone alone, ascorbic acid alone, or a combination of both. Red blood cell ATP and 2,3‐DPG determinations showed that the effect of dihydroxyacetone and ascorbic acid were synergistic at all pH levels, and that even at the lowest pH levels excellent 23‐DPG maintenance was observed. A reciprocal relationship existed between 2,3‐DPG and ATP maintenance. Studies in 500 ml units of blood containing both dihydroxyacetone and ascorbate gave similar results to those in 50 ml aliquots. There was excellent maintenance of 2,3‐DPG levels throughout the 28‐day storage period.
Further Evaluation of a Latex Agglutination Test for Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Perkins H. A. , Perkins S. L. , Vyas G. N.
Published: October 2009

A latex test for detection of Hepatitis B Antigen (HBAg) has been demonstrated to have sensitivity equivalent to counterelectrophoresis, but an unacceptable frequency of false‐positive results. The false‐positive rate can be reduced to approximately 3 per cent by heating the test serum for 10 minutes at 60 C. The remaining false positives are largely caused by antiglobulin antibodies in the test serum. Although the test is unacceptable for routine HBAg testing in its present form, its speed and simplicity would make it a useful technique for selection of the safer units when fresh blood components must be transfused prior to completion of the more time‐consuming tests.
Hematologic Parameters and Transfusion: Weekly Summary by Computer
Authors: Buchholz D. H. , Hooper J. K. , Yamamoto L. A.
Published: October 2009

A convenient computerized method for recording daily patient hematologic parameters and response to blood component administration is in use at the Baltimore Cancer Research Center. The system utilizes two input documents; on one form daily blood counts are typed with machine‐readable characters. The second form records details of blood component infusion and recipient response to transfusion. The patient identification and date are typewritten on the second form; all oher information is entered by blackening selected preprinted squares (“mark‐sense”) corresponding to numerical or descriptive information. Optical character recognition equipment scans both input documents to provide data to the computer. A weekly summary is prepared with a high‐speed line printer. Cumulative files of these weekly reports allow rapid evaluation of patient hematologic status in relation to chemotherapeutic treatment of disease and response to transfusion. All data are stored on magnetic tape to allow easy retrospective access to specific information related to both routine and investigational types of blood component therapy.
A Perspective of Soviet Blood Banking
Authors: Cohen E.
Published: October 2009

Soviet blood banking of fresh cellular blood components, as well as other blood products or pertinent hematology, is reviewed at two major centers, the Order of Lenin Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Moscow, and the Leningrad Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Leningrad. During two scientific exchange visits, in 1969 and 1973, clinical and research activities were reviewed. Scientific publications pertinent to the work of the individual scientists or groups visited are summarized, with bibliographic references. Professional contact is described with Soviet exchange scientists in the U.S. Brief visits to only two major institutions profoundly limit any study. However, the report provides evidence that Soviet blood bankers have some of the same problems of procurement, storage, and utilization of blood.