bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the geological source and biological fate of hydrogen in Yellowstone hot springs
Authors: Lindsay Melody R. , Colman Daniel R. , Amenabar Maximiliano J. , Fristad Kirsten E. , Fecteau Kristopher M. , Debes Randall V. , Spear John R. , Shock Everett L. , Hoehler Tori M. , Boyd Eric S.
Published: July 2019

Hydrogen (H2) is enriched in hot springs and can support microbial primary production. Using a series of geochemical proxies, a model to describe variable H2 concentrations in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) hot springs is presented. Interaction between water and crustal iron minerals yields H2 that partition into the vapour phase during decompressional boiling of ascending hydrothermal fluids. Variable vapour input leads to differences in H2 concentration among springs. Analysis of 50 metagenomes from a variety of YNP springs reveals that genes encoding oxidative hydrogenases are enriched in communities inhabiting springs sourced with vapour‐phase gas. Three springs in the Smokejumper (SJ) area of YNP that are sourced with vapour‐phase gas and with the most H2 in YNP were examined to determine the fate of H2. SJ3 had the most H2, the most 16S rRNA gene templates and the greatest abundance of culturable hydrogenotrophic and autotrophic cells of the three springs. Metagenomics and transcriptomics of SJ3 reveal a diverse community comprised of abundant populations expressing genes involved in H2 oxidation and carbon dioxide fixation. These observations suggest a link between geologic processes that generate and source H2 to hot springs and the distribution of organisms that use H2 to generate energy.
10 Social Networks and the Development of Neighborhood Identities in Amache, a WWII Japanese American Internment Camp
Authors: Kamp‐Whittaker April , Clark Bonnie J.
Published: July 2019

In 1942 Japanese Americans from the west coast of the United States were forcibly relocated to incarceration camps scattered across the interior of the country. Constructed by the Army Corp of Engineers and designed to house around 10,000 individuals, these centers followed a rigid, gridded layout that allowed for the rapid construction of what were ostensibly cities. Residential sections were laid out in blocks, each containing barracks buildings to which internees were assigned on arrival. Five seasons of intensive pedestrian survey at the Granada Relocation Center National Historic Landmark, Colorado (also known as Amache), accompanied by extensive oral histories, has determined that these residential blocks became neighborhoods with individual character and personalities. Archaeological and archival data are used to examine the development of neighborhood identities and examine the relative utility of different data sets in identifying social interaction as a proxy for neighborhood identities. Archaeological research at Amache reveals the physical modifications and artifacts found in residential blocks. Distinct differences in densities and types of artifacts along with the development of coordinated blockwide landscaping and centrally located communal features show that internees were developing neighborhood‐based communities. These indicate the role that new social relationships, developed within the confines of camp, along with the influences of existing social ties and sets of behavioral traits, had on the formation of neighborhoods. This chapter uses social network data drawn from historic newspapers to examine the levels of interaction occurring between residents of the same residential block and between different areas of the camp. Social network data will be used to explore the role that social interaction had in the creation and maintenance of neighborhood identities. These different lines of data converge to highlight how neighborhoods defined by distinct sets of activities and residential traits were being formed within the institutional setting of Amache.
The effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets
Authors: Peng Peng , Chen Jiashun , Yao Kang , Yin Yulong , Long Lina , Fang Rejun
Published: July 2019

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide (HiZox) on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets. A total of 128 weaned piglets [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of (6.55 ± 0.25 kg; 21 d of age) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) a corn‐soybean basal diet; (2) basal diet + 3,000 mg/kg conventional ZnO; (3) basal diet + 200 mg/kg HiZox; (4) basal diet + 500 mg/kg HiZox. The experiments lasted for 28 days. Incremental HiZox in the diet increased ADG (linear p = 0.015; quadratic p = 0.043) and ADFI (linear p = 0.027; quadratic p = 0.038), and the diarrhea index decreased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01) as HiZox supplemented increased. Furthermore, supplementation with HiZox increased the amounts of Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum in comparison with that of control treatment or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO treatment, while decreased the populations of Escherichia coli, Clostridium coccoides, and Clostridium. leptum subgroup (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum relative to those in control treatment. The addition of HiZox increased the villus height and villus‐to‐crypt ratio (VC) of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05), while decreased the crypt depth of jejunum (p < 0.05) and tended to reduce the crypt depth of duodenum (p < 0.10) compared with the control treatment. Piglets fed with 500 mg/kg HiZox had lower serum D‐lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) than those fed with basal control diet or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO diet (p < 0.01). The results suggested that supplementation with HiZox modulated intestinal microbial composition and improved intestinal morphology, which may exert protective effects on the integrity of the mucosal barrier function of weaned piglets, was as efficacious as pharmaceutical doses of ZnO in enhancing growth performance, indicating that the HiZox may be a promising alternative to pharmaceutical doses of ZnO.
An adaptive trial design to optimize dose‐schedule regimes with delayed outcomes
Authors: Lin Ruitao , Thall Peter F. , Yuan Ying
Published: July 2019

This paper proposes a two‐stage phase I‐II clinical trial design to optimize dose‐schedule regimes of an experimental agent within ordered disease subgroups in terms of the toxicity‐efficacy trade‐off. The design is motivated by settings where prior biological information indicates it is certain that efficacy will improve with ordinal subgroup level. We formulate a flexible Bayesian hierarchical model to account for associations among subgroups and regimes, and to characterize ordered subgroup effects. Sequentially adaptive decision‐making is complicated by the problem, arising from the motivating application, that efficacy is scored on day 90 and toxicity is evaluated within 30 days from the start of therapy, while the patient accrual rate is fast relative to these outcome evaluation intervals. To deal with this in a practical manner, we take a likelihood‐based approach that treats unobserved toxicity and efficacy outcomes as missing values, and use elicited utilities that quantify the efficacy‐toxicity trade‐off as a decision criterion. Adaptive randomization is used to assign patients to regimes while accounting for subgroups, with randomization probabilities depending on the posterior predictive distributions of utilities. A simulation study is presented to evaluate the design's performance under a variety of scenarios, and to assess its sensitivity to the amount of missing data, the prior, and model misspecification.
Endoluminal negative pressure therapy in colorectal anastomotic leaks
Authors: Popivanov G. I. , Mutafchiyski V. M. , Cirocchi R. , Chipeva S. D. , Vasilev V. V. , Kjossev K. Ts. , Tabakov M. S.
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aim of the present work was to perform an up‐to‐date review of the literature on endoluminal negative pressure therapy for colorectal anastomotic leak.

Method

An electronic search in PubMed and Google Scholar and a manual search without language restrictions were performed on 25 January 2019. Only original series reporting endoluminal negative pressure therapy in colorectal anastomotic leaks were included. The primary outcome was the success rate (complete closure of the abscess cavity). The secondary outcomes were the rates of complications and stoma closure.

Results

Nineteen series with a total of 295 cases were analysed. The median distance of the anastomosis from the anal verge and the size of the abscess were 5.65 cm (4.9–10) and 6.0 cm (5–8.1) respectively. In 84.5% (78%–91%) the stoma was created at the first intervention. Neoadjuvant therapy was performed in 48.6% (3%–60%). Median 7 sponges (2–34) were used with median negative pressure 150 mmHg (125–700) for a median of 31 days (14–127). The success rate was 85.4% (80%–91%) with ileostomy closure in 72.6%. Complications were observed in 19% (13%–25%): abscesses 11.5% and anastomotic stenosis 4.4%. Laparotomy was required in 15% of the complications. The stoma was the only significant predictor for the success of the therapy (0.007, SE 0.004, P = 0.040).

Conclusions

The initial experience looks promising with an 85% success rate, which precludes risky re‐resections with redo anastomosis or Hartmann's procedure. Despite the good initial results, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn because of the small sample size and the lack of high‐quality comparative studies.
Cytomorphological criteria for separation of pulmonary adenocarcinomas from squamous cell carcinomas: A statistical learning approach
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Esebua Magda , Sun Lei , Schmidt Robert L.
Published: July 2019

Background

Current therapy requires separation of non‐small cell carcinomas into adenocarcinomas (AC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). A meta‐analysis has shown a pooled diagnostic sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 95% for the diagnosis of AC. While a number of cytomorphological features have been proposed for separation of AC from SCC, we are unaware of a statistically based analysis of cytomorphological features useful for separation of these two carcinomas. We performed logistic regression analysis of cytological features useful in classifying SCC and AC.

Design

Sixty‐one Papanicolaou‐stained fine needle aspiration specimens (29 AC/32 SCC) were reviewed by two board‐certified cytopathologists for nine features (eccentric nucleoli, vesicular chromatin, prominent nucleoli, vacuolated cytoplasm, 3‐dimensional cell balls, dark non‐transparent chromatin, central nucleoli, single malignant cells and spindle‐shaped cells). All cytological specimens had surgical biopsy results. Inter‐rater agreement was assessed by Cohen's κ. Association between features and AC was determined using hierarchical logistic regression model where feature scores were nested within reviewers. A model to classify cases as SCC or AC was developed and verified by k‐fold verification (k = 5). Classification performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

Observed rater agreement for scored features ranged from 49% to 82%. Kappa scores were clustered in three groups. Raters demonstrated good agreement for prominent nucleoli, vesicular chromatin and eccentric nuclei. Fair agreement was seen for 3‐dimensional cell balls, dark non‐transparent chromatin, and presence of spindle‐shaped cells. Association of features with adenocarcinoma showed four statistically significant associations (P < 0.001) with adenocarcinoma. These features were prominent nucleoli, vesicular chromatin, eccentric nuclei and three‐dimensional cell balls. Spindle‐shaped cells and dark non‐transparent chromatin were negatively associated with adenocarcinoma.

Conclusions

Logistic regression analysis demonstrated six features helpful in separation of AC from SCC. Prominent nucleoli, vesicular chromatin, cell balls and eccentric nucleoli were positively associated with AC and demonstrated a P value of 0.001 or less. The presence of dark, non‐transparent chromatin and spindle‐shaped cells favoured the diagnosis of SCC.
Specialized assertive community treatment intervention for homeless youth with first episode psychosis and substance use disorder: A 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Doré‐Gauthier Virginie , Miron Jean‐Philippe , Jutras‐Aswad Dider , Ouellet‐Plamondon Clairélaine , Abdel‐Baki Amal
Published: July 2019

Aim

No previous study has investigated interventions for homeless youth suffering from first episode psychosis and comorbid substance use disorder (HYPS). An intensive assertive community intervention team (IACIT) offering outreach interventions, housing support as well as integrated care for early psychosis and substance use disorder (SUD) was created in 2012 at the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM). To explore the impact of the addition of an IACIT to an early intervention for psychosis service (EIS) on housing stability, functional and symptomatic outcomes and mental health service use.

Methods

A two‐year longitudinal study comparing the outcome of HYPS receiving combined EIS and IACIT since 2012, to a historical cohort of HYPS receiving EIS only between 2005 and 2011. Socio‐demographic data, housing stability, functioning, illness severity, SUD severity, emergency room visits and hospitalizations were assessed at admission, at 1 month, and every 3 months thereafter.

Results

HYPS receiving EIS + IACIT achieved housing stability more rapidly and spent less time hospitalized than HYPS getting EIS only (RR 2.38, P = .017). HYPS with cocaine misuse were less likely to attain housing stability (RR 0.25, P = .04). No between‐group differences were found for psychiatric symptoms, functioning and SUD outcomes.

Conclusion

The addition of IACIT‐HYPS to EIS was associated with earlier housing stability and reduced total hospitalization days compared to EIS alone.
Plants, position and pollination: Planting arrangement and pollination limitation in a revegetated eucalypt woodland
Authors: McCallum Kimberly P. , Breed Martin F. , Lowe Andrew J. , Paton David C.
Published: July 2019

The spatial arrangement of plants is a key determinant of pollination services in natural ecosystems. Despite this, plant arrangements are rarely considered an important characteristic of revegetated communities and this may be limiting successful pollination dynamics in these re‐created systems. We assessed if aggregated South Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon, F. Muell) had greater pollination success than more dispersed trees by measuring fruit set, seed production and germination in a revegetated eucalypt woodland. The proportion of buds that developed into fruit (fruit set) was similar between aggregated (five flowering Blue Gum within 30 m) and dispersed (no flowering Blue Gum within 30 m) trees (<14%). Aggregated and dispersed trees produced a similar number of seeds per fruit in 2015, when fewer trees flowered and those that flowered produced fewer flowers (ca 8 seeds/fruit). In 2016, when flowering was more abundant, aggregated trees produced more seeds per fruit than dispersed trees (12 seeds/fruit compared to 4 seeds/fruit). Despite differences in seed number, there was no difference in the quality of seed produced, indicating outcrossed pollen was received by both aggregated and dispersed trees. Although outcrossing was likely, this did not prevent pollination limitation, with the addition of outcrossed pollen increasing fruit and seed set for trees in both arrangements. Consequently, we propose that planting individuals of the same species (conspecifics) in clumps, rather than intermixing species, can increase seed set in revegetated eucalypts, particularly in good flowering years. However, aggregated plantings will be most effective if the needs and foraging behaviour of pollinators are also considered, to attract and sustain pollinators in revegetated systems, thereby minimizing the risk of pollination limitation.
Grandparents on the move: a multilevel framework analysis to understand diversity in zero‐generation care arrangements in Switzerland
Authors: WYSS MALIKA , NEDELCU MIHAELA
Published: July 2019

Among the various forms of transnational grandparenting is the engagement of the so‐called zero generation – the transnationally mobile parents of adult migrants – in caring for their grandchildren abroad. It constitutes a distinct kind of intergenerational solidarity within transnational families. By taking migrant families in Switzerland as a case in point, in this article we attempt to broaden the existing research by adopting a comparative, qualitative approach towards understanding the commonalities and differences of childcare organization involving grandparental support in European and non‐European transnational families. By taking into account the main objective and the temporality of grandparents' visits in Switzerland, we identify six different types of childcare arrangements. While these arrangements are shaped by the discriminatory Swiss migration regime, several other institutional, familial, and individual factors help to promote or impede them, or to change their dynamics. Thus, we introduce an innovative, multi‐level, analytical approach towards studying the various ways in which the parents of adult migrants of different nationalities take part in the transnational circulation of care.
Association between cerebral microbleeds and hypertension in the Swedish general population “Good Aging in Skåne” study
Authors: Elmståhl Sölve , Ellström Katarina , Siennicki‐Lantz Arkadiusz , Abul‐Kasim Kasim
Published: July 2019

Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) on MRI are frequent in healthy aging individuals but precede ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and dementia. Different etiologies have been suggested for nonlobar CMB, which have a stronger connection to hypertension (HT) than do lobar CMB. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CMB and the association between nonlobar/lobar CMB and different blood pressure (BP) and HT treatment conditions in a longitudinal, population‐based cohort of the Good Aging in Skåne (GÅS) study. White matter hyperintensities (WMH), CMB, atrophies, and infarctions were identified with brain 3T MRI, and BP parameters were examined in 344 randomly selected subjects between 70 and 87 years old. CMB were observed in 26% of the whole cohort, increasing from 19% of subjects in their 70s to 30% of those over 80 years of age. Of these subjects, 38% had multiple CMB, and 59% had a lobar localization. CMB were associated with severe confluent WMH (odds ratio = 7.02; 2.16‐18.84). Increasing age, being male, and having HT, impaired cognition, or a history of angina pectoris were associated with CMB. Both lobar and nonlobar CMB were associated with HT. Nonlobar CMB were particularly associated with increased BP, pulse pressure, controlled HT, and uncontrolled HT. After controlling for sex and HT, age was no longer a risk factor for CMB In conclusion, sex and HT are the major risk factors for CMB, especially nonlobar CMB, which suggests stricter implementation of recommended guidelines for HT treatment in the elderly.
Metformin mediates induction of miR‐708 to inhibit self‐renewal and chemoresistance of breast cancer stem cells through targeting CD47
Authors: Tan Weige , Tang Hailin , Jiang Xinhua , Ye Feng , Huang Lili , Shi Dingbo , Li Laisheng , Huang Xiaojia , Li Li , Xie Xiaoming , Xie Xinhua
Published: July 2019

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have been considered responsible for cancer progression, recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the mechanisms by which cells acquire self‐renewal and chemoresistance properties are remaining largely unclear. Herein, we evaluated the role of miR‐708 and metformin in BCSCs, and found that the expression of miR‐708 is significantly down‐regulated in BCSCs and tumour tissues, and correlates with chemotherapy response and prognosis. Moreover, miR‐708 markedly inhibits sphere formation, CD44+/CD24− ratio, and tumour initiation and increases chemosensitivity of BCSCs. Mechanistically, miR‐708 directly binds to cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47), and regulates tumour‐associated macrophage‐mediated phagocytosis. On the other hand, CD47 is essential for self‐renewal, tumour initiation and chemoresistance of BCSCs, and correlates with the prognosis of breast cancer patients. In addition, the anti‐type II diabetes drug metformin are found to be involved in the miR‐708/CD47 signalling pathway. Therefore, our study demonstrated that miR‐708 plays an important tumour suppressor role in BCSCs self‐renewal and chemoresistance, and the miR‐708/CD47 regulatory axis may represent a novel therapeutic mechanism of metformin in BCSCs.
Spinal high‐mobility group box‐1 induces long‐lasting mechanical hypersensitivity through the toll‐like receptor 4 and upregulation of interleukin‐1β in activated astrocytes
Authors: Morioka Norimitsu , Miyauchi Kazuki , Miyashita Keita , Kochi Takahiro , Zhang Fang Fang , Nakamura Yoki , Liu Keyue , Wake Hidenori , Hisaoka‐Nakashima Kazue , Nishibori Masahiro , Nakata Yoshihiro
Published: July 2019

Intrathecal treatment with recombinant high‐mobility group box‐1 (rHMGB1) in naïve mice leads to a persistent and significantly decreased hind paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli, suggesting that spinal HMGB1 evokes abnormal pain processing. By contrast, repeated intrathecal treatment with anti‐HMGB1 antibody significantly reverses hind paw mechano‐hypersensitivity in mice with a partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). By contrast, the cellular mechanism by which spinal HMGB1 induces neuropathic pain has yet to be fully elaborated. The current study tested the hypothesis that spinal HMGB1 could induce mechanical hypersensitivity through the activation of specific receptor in glial cells. Intrathecal pretreatment with toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 inhibitors, but not TLR5, receptor for advanced glycation end‐products and C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4 inhibitors, prevented rHMGB1‐evoked mechanical hypersensitivity. Activation of spinal astrocytes appears to be crucial for the mechanism of action of rHMGB1 in naïve mice, as intrathecal pretreatment with astrocytic inhibitors prevented the rHMGB1‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was up‐regulated within activated astrocytes and block of TLR4 prevented the upregulation of IL‐1β. Interleukin‐1β appears to be secreted by activated astrocytes, as IL‐1β neutralizing antibody prevented rHMGB1‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Furthermore, intrathecal pretreatment with either MK801 or gabapentin prevented the rHMGB1‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity, suggesting roles for spinal glutamate and the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor in the mediation of rHMGB1‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Thus, the current findings suggest that spinal HMGB1 upregulates IL‐1β in spinal astrocytes through a TLR4‐dependent pathway and increases glutamatergic nociceptive transduction. These spinal mechanisms could be key steps that maintain neuropathic pain.

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Emergence of structure in mouse embryos: Structural Entropy morphometry applied to digital models of embryonic anatomy
Authors: Waites William , Davies Jamie A.
Published: July 2019

We apply an information‐theoretic measure to anatomical models of the Edinburgh Mouse Atlas Project. Our goal is to quantify the anatomical complexity of the embryo and to understand how this quantity changes as the organism develops through time. Our measure,Structural Entropy, takes into account the geometrical character of the intermingling of tissue types in the embryo. It does this by a mathematical process that effectively imagines a point‐like explorer that starts at an arbitrary place in the 3D structure of the embryo and takes a random path through the embryo, recording the sequence of tissues through which it passes. Consideration of a large number of such paths yields a probability distribution of paths making connections between specific tissue types, andStructural Entropyis calculated from this (mathematical details are given in the main text). We find that Structural Entropy generally decreases (order increases) almost linearly throughout developmental time (4–18 days). There is one `blip’ of increased Structural Entropy across days 7–8: this corresponds to gastrulation. Our results highlight the potential for mathematical techniques to provide insight into the development of anatomical structure, and also the need for further sources of accurate 3D anatomical data to support analyses of this kind.
Roads from Calabria: The Arrighian approach to agrarian political economy
Authors: Bair Jennifer , Harris Kevan , Hough Phillip A.
Published: July 2019

Scholars of agrarian change have long debated the nature of capitalist transition in the countryside, including whether the deepened interlinking of local, national, and transnational economic activities make past trajectories of agrarian transformation unlikely to reoccur in the present. This essay makes the case that Giovanni Arrighi's work has much to add to our understanding of the agrarian question in global historical perspective. We focus in particular on Arrighi's research on trajectories of change in the Calabrian region of southern Italy, and his essay “Capitalist Development in Hostile Environments.” In this piece, Arrighi and co‐author Fortunata Piselli develop two key insights. The first is that the pathways to capitalism are diverse, non‐linear, and historically contingent such that within one country—or, in the case of Italy, a single subnational region—multiple trajectories can be found. The second is that the outcomes of capitalist transition vary based on a country's position in the international hierarchy of wealth, meaning that agrarian transformation is compatible with both economic development and underdevelopment. We describe the three methodological principles that enabled Arrighi to develop his analysis of capitalist transition and explain how the papers collected in this special issue reflect and extend the Arrighian approach to agrarian political economy.
Capitalist miners in feudal Europe: A commentary on Marxist agrarian history
Authors: Graulau Jeannette
Published: July 2019

Marxist agrarian history conceives of medieval mining as a pre‐capitalist and backward economy isolated from all forms of capitalist change. Mining history says otherwise. Evidence confirms that mining labour enjoyed the conditions for an early emancipation from serfdom, rooted in the ascent of a European silver‐based monetary economy from the eleventh century onwards. Feudal lords were caught between Scylla and Charybdis, vulnerable to the rise of free miners and a mining economy that demanded capital outlays. Drawing upon the case study of mining in the feudal principality of Trent, the article briefly sketches the rise of capitalist miners and the conditions that gave them decisive advantages over feudal lords. The article summarizes general arguments and lines of inquiry for opening the field of Marxist agrarian history to the study of mining and extractive economies.
Afterword: Reflections on “Capitalist development in hostile environments”
Authors: Silver Beverly J.
Published: July 2019

This afterword places the long essay “Capitalist Development in Hostile Environments” in the context of Giovanni Arrighi's overall intellectual trajectory. It highlights several crucial theoretical and methodological contributions to debates, including on the relationship between proletarianization and capitalist development, and between labour migration, class formation, and class conflict; on the interrelationship between “internal” and “external” processes in the explanation of social change; and on the distinction between economic progress, “catching‐up” development, and popular welfare. It concludes with a brief discussion of ways in which Arrighi's later theorization of the longue durée evolution of historical capitalism provides a robust conceptual framework for ongoing studies of proletarianization and capitalist development.
Nonassertive Moral Abolitionism
Authors: Dockstader Jason
Published: July 2019

Proponents of moral abolitionism, like Richard Garner, qualify their view as an “assertive” version of the position. They counsel moral realists and anti‐realists alike to accept moral error theory, abolish morality, and encourage others to abolish morality. In response, this paper argues that moral error theorists should abolish morality, but become quiet about such abolition. It offers a quietist or nonassertive version of moral abolitionism. It does so by first clarifying and addressing the arguments for and against assertive moral abolitionism. Second, it develops novel criticisms of assertive moral abolitionism and offers nonassertive moral abolitionism in response. Third, it discusses how various metaethical views might respond to nonassertive moral abolitionism. Its basic claim is that nonassertive moral abolitionism provides superior therapeutic benefits over assertive moral abolitionism and other conserving and reforming approaches to moral discourse.
Inarticulate Forgiveness
Authors: O'Hagan Emer
Published: July 2019

Influentially, Pamela Hieronymi has argued that any account of forgiveness must be both articulate and uncompromising. It must articulate the change in judgment that results in the forgiver's loss of resentment without excusing or justifying the misdeed, and without comprising a commitment to the transgressor's responsibility, the wrongness of the action, and the transgressed person's self‐worth. Non‐articulate accounts of forgiveness, which rely on indirect strategies for reducing resentment (for example, reflecting on the transgressor's bad childhood), are said to fail to explain forgiveness. This paper argues that the articulateness condition is not a necessary condition for forgiveness. It responds to numerous objections advanced against non‐articulate accounts, including the claim that the resentment‐mitigating practices they involve amount to excusing. Appealing to P. F. Strawson's distinction between objective and participant attitudes, it argues that forgivers can take transgressors to be detrimentally causally shaped by their past while holding them to be morally responsible.
Association between access to convenience stores and childhood obesity: A systematic review
Authors: Xin Junguo , Zhao Li , Wu Tong , Zhang Longhao , Li Yan , Xue Hong , Xiao Qian , Wang Ruiou , Xu Peiyao , Visscher Tommy , Ma Xiao , Jia Peng
Published: July 2019

Childhood obesity increases the risk of adulthood obesity and is associated with other adverse health outcomes later in life. It may be influenced by environmental characteristics of neighborhoods where children live, particularly dietary supply–related environmental factors. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence on the association between access to convenience stores and childhood obesity. We searched and filtered relevant literature in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library published before 1 January 2019. Data on the basic characteristics of studies, measures of access to convenience stores, and associations of convenience stores with weight‐related behaviors and outcomes were extracted from 41 included studies. In general, the density of and proximity to convenience stores in children's residential and school neighborhoods were positively associated with unhealthy eating behaviors. However, their associations with children's weight status varied significantly by regions. The association between convenience store access and children's weight status was found to be negative in Canada, rather mixed in the United States and the United Kingdom, and not significant in East Asia. We suggest future research to clearly define the convenience store, better measure the access to convenience store, and also measure children's journey and food purchasing and consumption behaviors, to explain pathways from convenience store access to childhood obesity for designing effective interventions and policies.
Balancing between maintaining and overriding the self: Staff experiences of residents' self‐determination in the palliative phases
Authors: Schenell Ramona , Ozanne Anneli , Strang Susann , Henoch Ingela
Published: July 2019

Aims and objectives

To investigate, from the staff perspective, residents' self‐determination during the palliative phase while in residential care.

Background

Residential care facilities have a high prevalence of palliative care needs and dependency. The ability of residents to make and execute decisions may be hindered by their cognitive and physical limitations. There is a need to investigate how residents' self‐determination is affected during the palliative phase in residential care.

Method

Twenty individual, semi‐structured interviews with Registered Nurses, enrolled nurses and physicians working in residential care facilities were analysed with inductive qualitative content analysis.

Findings

The overarching main theme, Balancing between maintaining and overriding the residents' self, illuminated how strengthened self‐determination affected the residents' self in a positive way, while undermined self‐determination affected the residents' self in a negative way. Factors that strengthened self‐determination were facilitating the residents' own decision making, acting in accordance with the residents' wishes and acting as the residents' spokesperson when necessary. Factors that undermined self‐determination were residents' dependence, others setting the terms, for example, being controlled by routines, insufficient communication, for example, lacking end‐of‐life care planning and others crossing the boundaries of one's personal sphere.

Conclusion

There are serious threats to residents' self‐determination but also strategies to cope with these threats. Physical and cognitive frailty and other people setting the terms hinder both making and executing decisions. However, staff can strengthen residents' self‐determination and assist in the presentation of residents' self by adopting a relational view of autonomy and by taking personal preconditions into account. There is a need to come to terms with the lack of end‐of‐life care planning and to give residents a voice in these matters. Implementing a palliative approach early in the illness trajectory could facilitate communication about end‐of‐life care both within the group of staff and among the residents, relatives and staff.

Implications for practice

To maintain residents' self‐determination and protect their self, staff need knowledge about residents' life stories and personal preconditions. This in turn requires continuity of care and spending time with residents to build relationships. Implementing an early palliative approach with a focus on factors that promote quality of life for each resident might facilitate communication and enhance decision making both in everyday life and in planning for end‐of‐life care.
Genome mapping and molecular markers identification for yield, yield component and fibre quality traits in tetraploid cotton
Authors: Ramesh U. M. , Methre Ramesh , Kumar N. V. M. , Katageri Ishwarappa S. , Gowda S. Anjan , Adiger Sateesh , Yadava Satish Kumar , Lachagari Vijay B. R.
Published: July 2019

The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) across different environments is a prerequisite for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in crop improvement programmes. CottonSNP63k Illumina infinium array was used for genotyping 178 inter‐specific recombinant inbred lines and the parents, and identified 1,667 homozygous polymorphic markers between the parents. Of these, 1,430 markers were used for the construction of linkage map after removing 237 redundant markers. The genetic map spans a total genetic length of 3,149.8 cM with an average marker interval size of 2.2 cM. The phenotypic data from five environments were analysed separately using inclusive composite interval mapping which identified a total of 56 QTL explaining phenotypic variances (PVE) in the range of 8.18%–28.91%. There were 11 and 24 major QTL found for fibre quality and yield components, respectively. A total of 64 QTL were identified through Multi‐Environment Trials analysis, of which 34 recorded QTL × Environment interactions.
Nontraditional arguments for theism
Authors: McIntosh Chad A.
Published: July 2019

I propose a taxonomy of arguments for the existence of God and survey those categories of arguments I identify as nontraditional. I conclude with two general observations about theistic arguments, followed by suggestions for going forward.
Advances in non‐invasive positive airway pressure technology
Authors: Piper Amanda J.
Published: July 2019

Non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) has become the standard of care for patients with a range of respiratory and sleep breathing disorders. Technological advances have enabled the development of several newer modes of automatically adapting NIV suitable for patients with more complex breathing abnormalities that may be difficult to manage effectively with more traditional positive airway pressure therapy. These modes allow for more stable ventilation when fluctuating ventilation requirements occur such as in positional upper airway obstruction or state‐related variations in respiratory mechanics and drive. Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) is designed for patients with periodic breathing and central apnoeas in whom carbon dioxide levels are normal to low, with the goal of therapy to dampen and stabilize ventilation. In contrast, volume‐assured pressure support is used in diagnostic groups characterized by hypoventilation, where targeting an effective level of ventilation irrespective of sleep stage or body position is required. These newer modes have the potential to simplify and optimize ventilation, although at present there is no evidence that they are clinically superior to standard home ventilation techniques. The complexity and differences in algorithms and features of various device brands, along with a limited evidence base documenting longer term outcomes, complicate decisions around which patient phenotypes are best suited to these newer modes. In‐built sensor and data storage capabilities of newer home ventilation devices provide the opportunity for earlier recognition of issues with ventilation and to guide corrective action. Further work is needed to determine how this impacts longer term clinical outcomes.
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Authors: Lu Jianming , Xu Xiaofeng , Greenblatt M. , Jin R. , Tinnemans P. , Licciardello S. , van Delft M. R. , Buhot J. , Chudzinski P. , Hussey N. E.
Published: July 2019

The magnetoresistance of a one-dimensional metal shows marked asymmetry at low temperatures due to the ordering of dark excitons.
Engineering entropy for the inverse design of colloidal crystals from hard shapes
Authors: Geng Yina , van Anders Greg , Dodd Paul M. , Dshemuchadse Julia , Glotzer Sharon C.
Published: July 2019

We design particles to self-assemble into colloidal crystals by directly engineering the emergent crystal entropy.
Battery-free, fully implantable optofluidic cuff system for wireless optogenetic and pharmacological neuromodulation of peripheral nerves
Authors: Zhang Yi , Mickle Aaron D. , Gutruf Philipp , McIlvried Lisa A. , Guo Hexia , Wu Yixin , Golden Judith P. , Xue Yeguang , Grajales-Reyes Jose G. , Wang Xueju , Krishnan Siddharth , Xie Yiwen , Peng Dongsheng , Su Chun-Ju , Zhang Fengyi , Reeder Jonathan T. , Vogt Sherri K. , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A. , Gereau Robert W.
Published: July 2019

A battery-free, soft implantable nerve cuff system provides wireless delivery of light and drugs to modulate nerve activity.
Aorto-oesophageal fistula: a late complication of Boerhaave syndrome
Authors: Chae Raphael P , Johnson Mary Ann , Robinson Domenic , Hii Michael W
Published: July 2019

A 68-year-old woman presented with haematemesis and chest pain 3 months after a spontaneous oesophageal perforation. The patient rapidly progressed to a state of hypovolaemic shock and after resuscitation was found to have aorto-oesophageal fistula on CT aortogram. The patient was treated with a successful thoracic endovascular aortic repair.
Short-term and long-term case-fatality rates for myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke by socioeconomic position and sex: a population-based cohort study in Sweden, 1990–1994 and 2005–2009
Authors: Malki Ninoa , Hägg Sara , Tiikkaja Sanna , Koupil Ilona , Sparén Pär , Ploner Alexander
Published: July 2019

Objective

Case-fatality rates (CFRs) for myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke (IS) have decreased over time due to better prevention, medication and hospital care. It is unclear whether these improvements have been equally distributed according to socioeconomic position (SEP) and sex. The aim of this study is to analyse differences in short-term and long-term CFR for MI and IS by SEP and sex between the periods 1990–1994 to 2005–2009 for the entire Swedish population.

Design

Population-based cohort study based on Swedish national registers.

Methods

We used logistic regression and flexible parametric models to estimate short-term CFR (death before reaching the hospital or on the disease event day) and long-term CFR (1 year case-fatality conditional on surviving short-term) across five distinct SEP groups, as well as CFR differences (CFRDs) between SEP groups for both MI and IS from 1990–1994 to 2005–2009.

Results

Overall short-term CFR for both MI and IS decreased between study periods. For MI, differences in short-term and long-term CFR between the least and most favourable SEP group were generally stable, except in long-term CFR among women; intermediate SEP groups mostly managed to catch up with the most favourable SEP group. For IS, short-term CFRD generally decreased compared with the most favourable group; but long-term CFRD were mostly stable, except for an increase for older subjects.

Conclusion

Despite a general decline in CFR for MI and IS across all SEP groups and both sexes as well as some reductions in CFRD, we found persistent and even increasing CFRD among the least advantaged SEP groups, older patients and women. We speculate that targeted prevention rather than treatment strategies have the potential to reduce these inequalities.
Protocol of a randomised controlled trial in cardiac surgical patients with endothelial dysfunction aimed to prevent postoperative acute kidney injury by administering nitric oxide gas
Authors: Marrazzo Francesco , Spina Stefano , Zadek Francesco , Lama Tenzing , Xu Changhan , Larson Grant , Rezoagli Emanuele , Malhotra Rajeev , Zheng Hui , Bittner Edward A , Shelton Kenneth , Melnitchouk Serguei , Roy Nathalie , Sundt Thoralf M , Riley William D , Williams Purris , Fisher Daniel , Kacmarek Robert M , Thompson Taylor B , Bonventre Joseph , Zapol Warren , Ichinose Fumito , Berra Lorenzo
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in cardiac surgery. Levels of intravascular haemolysis are strongly associated with postoperative AKI and with prolonged (>90 min) use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Ferrous plasma haemoglobin released into the circulation acts as a scavenger of nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial cells. Consequently, the vascular bioavailability of NO is reduced, leading to vasoconstriction and impaired renal function. In patients with cardiovascular risk factors, the endothelium is dysfunctional and cannot replenish the NO deficit. A previous clinical study in young cardiac surgical patients with rheumatic fever, without evidence of endothelial dysfunction, showed that supplementation of NO gas decreases AKI by converting ferrous plasma haemoglobin to ferric methaemoglobin, thus preserving vascular NO. In this current trial, we hypothesised that 24 hours administration of NO gas will reduce AKI following CPB in patients with endothelial dysfunction.

Methods

This is a single-centre, randomised (1:1) controlled, parallel-arm superiority trial that includes patients with endothelial dysfunction, stable kidney function and who are undergoing cardiac surgery procedures with an expected CPB duration >90 min. After randomisation, 80 parts per million (ppm) NO (intervention group) or 80 ppm nitrogen (N2, control group) are added to the gas mixture. Test gases (N2or NO) are delivered during CPB and for 24 hours after surgery. The primary study outcome is the occurrence of AKI among study groups. Key secondary outcomes include AKI severity, occurrence of renal replacement therapy, major adverse kidney events at 6 weeks after surgery and mortality. We are recruiting 250 patients, allowing detection of a 35% AKI relative risk reduction, assuming a two-sided error of 0.05.

Ethics and dissemination

The Partners Human Research Committee approved this trial. Recruitment began in February 2017. Dissemination plans include presentations at scientific conferences, scientific publications and advertising flyers and posters at Massachusetts General Hospital.

Trial registration number

NCT02836899.
Helping people discontinue long-term antidepressants: views of health professionals in UK primary care
Authors: Bowers Hannah M , Williams Samantha J , Geraghty Adam W A , Maund Emma , O’brien Wendy , Leydon Geraldine , May Carl R , Kendrick Tony
Published: July 2019

Objective

The aims of this paper were to identify, characterise and explain clinician factors that shape decision-making around antidepressant discontinuation in UK primary care.

Design

Four focus groups and three interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis.

Participants

Twenty-one general practitioners (GPs), four GP assistants, seven nurses and six community mental health team workers and psychotherapists took part in focus groups and interviews.

Setting

Participants were recruited from seven primary care regions and two National Health Service Trusts providing community mental health services in the South of England.

Results

Participants highlighted a number of barriers and enablers to discussing discontinuation with patients. They held a range of views around responsibility, with some suggesting it was the responsibility of the health professional (HP) to broach the subject, and others suggesting responsibility rested with the patients. HPs were concerned about destabilising the current situation, discussed how continuity and knowing the patient facilitated discontinuation talks, and discussed how confidence in their professional skills and knowledge affected whether they elected to raise discontinuation in consultations.

Conclusions

Findings indicate a need to consider support for HPs in the management of antidepressant medication and discussions of discontinuation in particular. They may also benefit from support around their fears of patient relapse and awareness of when and how to initiate discussions about discontinuation with their patients.