bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross-Validating Measures of Global Religious Intolerance: Comparing Coded State Department Reports with Survey Data and Expert Opinion
Authors: Grim Brian J. , Wike Richard
Published: November 2009

We address a pressing substantive issue as well as evaluate several methodologies in this article. Substantively, we ask whether the U.S. State Department has a clear understanding of the level of cross-national religious intolerance that triggers daily headlines around the globe. Methodologically, we ask whether data on social attitudes coded from systematic qualitative reports can reliably represent cross-national public opinion. We empirically address these questions by comparing cross-national levels of religious intolerance coded from the State Department's annual international religious freedom reports with relevant population survey data from the World Values Survey and the Pew Research Center, as well as with data from written interviews of country experts conducted by the Hudson Institute. The results indicate that the understanding of social religious intolerance embodied in the State Department reports is comparable with the results of population surveys and individual expert opinion. Methodologically, this suggests that cross-national public opinion survey data can be cross-validated with coded data from systematic qualitative analysis as well as with expert opinion.
Time-dependent analysis of low VDD program operation in double-gate SONOS memories by full-band Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Giusi G. , Iannaccone G. , Ravaioli U.
Published: November 2009

In this paper, we investigate warm electron injection (WEI) as a mechanism for NOR programming of double-gate SONOS memories through two dimensional (2D) full-band Monte Carlo simulations. WEI is characterized by an applied VDS smaller than 3.15 V, so that electrons cannot easily accumulate a kinetic energy larger than the height of the Si/SiO2 barrier. We perform a time-dependent simulation of the program operation where the local gate current density is computed with a continuum-based method and is adiabatically separated from the 2D full Monte Carlo simulation used to obtain the electron distribution in the phase space. Trapping and detrapping from the nitride layer is taken into account by using a simplified Shockley–Read–Hall model. In this way, we are able to compute the time evolution of the charge stored in the nitride layer and of the threshold voltages corresponding to forward and reverse biases. We show that WEI is a viable option for NOR programming in order to reduce power supply and preserve reliability and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor logic level compatibility. With the limitations of our adopted physical model, our results confirm the experimental observation showing that WEI provides a well localized trapped charge and offers interesting perspectives for multilevel and dual bit operation, even in devices with negligible short channel effects.
Demonstration of a highly coherent 13.9 nm x-ray laser from a silver tape target
Authors: Nishikino Masaharu , Ochi Yoshihiro , Hasegawa Noboru , Kawachi Tetsuya , Yamatani Hiroshi , Ohba Toshiyuki , Kaihori Takeshi , Nagashima Keisuke
Published: November 2009

A highly coherent 13.9 nm x-ray laser (XRL) is generated under an oscillator-amplifier configuration using a new tape target system and a driver laser system with a 0.1 Hz repetition rate. The output energy is comparable to the XRL generated with a silver-deposited slab target, and the pointing stability using the new tape target system is better than conventional slab targets.
An optimized full-configuration-interaction nuclear orbital approach to a “hard-core” interaction problem: Application to (H3e)N–Cl2(B) clusters (N≤4)
Authors: de Lara-Castells M. P. , Villarreal P. , Delgado-Barrio G. , Mitrushchenkov A. O.
Published: November 2009

An efficient full-configuration-interaction nuclear orbital treatment has been recently developed as a benchmark quantum-chemistry-like method to calculate ground and excited “solvent” energies and wave functions in small doped ΔEest clusters (N≤4) [M. P. de Lara-Castells, G. Delgado-Barrio, P. Villarreal, and A. O. Mitrushchenkov, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 221101 (2006)]. Additional methodological and computational details of the implementation, which uses an iterative Jacobi–Davidson diagonalization algorithm to properly address the inherent “hard-core” He–He interaction problem, are described here. The convergence of total energies, average pair He–He interaction energies, and relevant one- and two-body properties upon increasing the angular part of the one-particle basis set (expanded in spherical harmonics) has been analyzed, considering Cl2 as the dopant and a semiempirical model (T-shaped) He–Cl2(B) potential. Converged results are used to analyze global energetic and structural aspects as well as the configuration makeup of the wave functions, associated with the ground and low-lying “solvent” excited states. Our study reveals that besides the fermionic nature of H3e atoms, key roles in determining total binding energies and wave-function structures are played by the strong repulsive core of the He–He potential as well as its very weak attractive region, the most stable arrangement somehow departing from the one of N He atoms equally spaced on equatorial “ring” around the dopant. The present results for N=4 fermions indicates the structural “pairing” of two H3e atoms at opposite sides on a broad “belt” around the dopant, executing a sort of asymmetric umbrella motion. This pairing is a compromise between maximizing the H3e–H3e and the He-dopant attractions, and suppressing at the same time the “hard-core” repulsion. Although the He–He attractive interaction is rather weak, its contribution to the total energy is found to scale as a power of three and it thus increasingly affects the pair density distributions as the cluster grows in size.
Enhanced nonvolatile resistive switching in dilutely cobalt doped TiO2
Authors: Bogle Kashinath A. , Bachhav Mukesh N. , Deo Meenal S. , Valanoor Nagarajan , Ogale Satishchandra B.
Published: November 2009

Incorporation of dilute concentration of dopant having a valence state different than that of the host cation enables controlled incorporation proximity vacancy defects for local charge balance. Since nonvolatile resistive switching is a phenomenon tied to such defects, it can be expected to be influenced by dilute doping. In this work, we demonstrate that enhanced nonvolatile resistive switching is realized in dilutely cobalt doped TiO2 films grown at room temperature. We provide essential characterizations and analyses. We suggest that the oxygen vacancies in the proximity of immobile dopants provide well distributed anchors for the development of systematic filamentary tracks.
On morphosyntactic change in Bulgarian
Authors: Mladenova Olga M.
Published: November 2009

The existence of a connection between the loss of case inflection and the emergence of overt definiteness in Bulgarian can be supported with arguments of various weight. Among them are: (i) The comparison with parallel developments in Germanic and Romance, (ii) the ability of articles to perpetuate case distinctions after case marking on nouns and adjectives has been obliterated, (iii) their capacity to take over functions formerly performed by case, (iv) the participation of both processes in the analyticity-syntheticity cycle, (v) their involvement in the pendulum between hypo- and hyper-determination, and (vi) the parallel sequence of their implementation among noun classes defined by animacy, gender and number. I argue that the similarities of implementation between the two diachronic processes should be explained in terms of three interrelated variables: markedness, perceptual salience and frequency. The conclusions reached fit in with the predictions of the Usage-Based Model of Change espoused by Bybee and Phillips and those of Andersen’s Markedness Theory of Linguistic Change and show the potential of these models for the analysis of the core issues of the Balkan Sprachbund.
Masked morphological priming of compound constituents
Authors: Fiorentino Robert , Fund-Reznicek Ella
Published: November 2009

Recent masked priming studies suggest that complex words are rapidly segmented into potential morphological constituents during initial visual word recognition. Much of this evidence involves affixation or other formally regular operations, leaving open the question of whether these effects rely heavily on the identification of a closed-class affix or other formal regularity. In two masked priming experiments with English transparent and opaque bimorphemic compound primes consisting solely of open-class morphemes, we find significant constituent priming, but no significant priming for purely orthographic overlap. We conclude that masked morphological priming generalizes across word-formation types to include compounds with no affix or other regular form. These results provide new evidence for across-the-board morphological-level segmentation during visual word recognition and for morpheme-based compound processing.
Frequency and analogical effects in the spelling of full-form and sublexical homophonous patterns by 12 year-old children
Authors: Sandra Dominiek , Abbenyen Lien Van
Published: November 2009

Two experiments in which 12-year old children had to spell Dutch inflected verb forms are reported. Both experiments focus on homophone dominance, i.e., the fact that spellers tend to make more intrusion errors on the lower-frequency form than on the higher-frequency one. Homophone-induced errors are studied at the level of full forms in Experiment 1 and at the sublexical level in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1 the children had to fill out two types of verb forms with homophones in their 1st (verb-final d) and 3rd person (verb-final dt) singular present tense. In both types the two verb forms had a very low frequency but the 1st person homophone of one type had the same spelling as a noun or adjective ending in d, or ended in such a word. The children made significantly more d intrusions on the 3rd person of these verbs than on the 3rd person of control verbs. In Experiment 2 three types of past tenses with stem-final d and suffix de had to be filled out, differing in the type of orthographic cluster preceding the stem-d. The pattern of results supports an account in which phonologically similar verbs are activated by the sublexical word-final sound sequence, which gives rise to intrusion errors when that sequence is homophonous between past tenses ending in de and dde. As the same phenomenon manifests itself at the levels of full forms and sublexical patterns, a model that automatically captures systematic correspondences between phonological and orthographic representations can best explain these findings. Connectionist and exemplar accounts are the prime candidates for such an explanation. Words-and-rules models, on the other hand, have several problems explaining the data.
Deficiency in activation-induced cytidine deaminase promotes systemic autoimmunity inlprmice on a C57BL/6 background
Authors: Chen L , Guo L , Tian J , Zheng B , Han S
Published: November 2009

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is a prerequisite for immunoglobulin (Ig) class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, which is critical for antibody affinity maturation. IgM and IgG autoantibodies are characteristic of the systemic autoimmune disorders such as lupus. However, the relative contributions of hypermutated high-affinity IgG antibodies and germline-encoded IgM antibodies to systemic autoimmunity are not defined fully. The role of AID in autoimmunity is unclear. The current study used AID-deficient mice to investigate the role of AID in the development and pathogenesis of murine lupus. C57BL/6 mice deficient in both Fas and AID were generated. Compared to their AID-competent littermates, AID−/− lymphoproliferative (lpr) mice produced significantly elevated levels of IgM autoreactive antibodies with enhanced germinal centre (GC) response, developed more advanced splenomegaly and exhibited more severe glomerulonephritis. Thus, AID may play an important role in the negative regulation of systemic autoimmune manifestations in murine lupus. The results also indicate that hypermutated high-affinity IgG antibodies are not necessary for the development of autoimmune syndrome in lpr mice on a C57BL/6 background.
Quality of life and health‐related utility analysis of adults with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis treated with tacrolimus ointment vs. topical corticosteroids
Authors: Poole CD , Chambers C , Allsopp R , Currie CJ
Published: November 2009

Background  The purpose of this study was to measure change in quality of life (QoL) and estimate health‐related utility in adults with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis (AD) following the use of either tacrolimus ointment or topical corticosteroids.

Methods  Data were analysed from a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial comparing the treatment of adults with moderate and severe AD with either tacrolimus ointment or a standard corticosteroid regimen. Following randomisation, patients applied their medication twice‐daily for 6 months. Monthly assessments determined response and QoL. Health‐related utility (EQ5Dindex) was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation from SF‐12 responses via a published mapping algorithm.

Results  At baseline, estimated utility data were available for 926 (95%) of the intention‐to‐treat patients, 57% of whom had AD of moderate severity (43% severe). The mean age at baseline was 32.5 years (SD ± 11.8), 46.2% were male, with a mean EQ5Dindex for moderate cases of 0.770 (SD ± 0.157), and 0.665 (SD ± 0.225) for those with severe disease (P < 0.001). Patients treated with tacrolimus ointment showed significantly greater improvement in all but one domain of the SF‐36. At baseline, there was no difference in estimated utility between the two groups; however, a difference in utility in favour of tacrolimus ointment emerged after 1 month’s treatment (0.849 vs. 0.820; P = 0.004). Over the 6‐month study period, the mean, marginal utility difference between the study arms was 0.032 U (utility) in favour of tacrolimus (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  Treatment with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment rather than a standard topical corticosteroid ointment regimen was associated with clinically significant, incremental improvement in QoL, sustained over a 6‐month period. A within‐trial cost‐utility estimate based on study medication cost alone suggests that tacrolimus ointment is highly cost‐effective given existing willingness‐to‐pay thresholds.
Stem cells in the adult rat spinal cord: plasticity after injury and treadmill training exercise
Authors: Foret Ariane , Quertainmont Renaud , Botman Olivier , Bouhy Delphine , Amabili Philippe , Brook Gary , Schoenen Jean , Franzen Rachelle
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 762–772.

Ependymal cells located around the central canal of the adult spinal cord are considered as a source of neural stem cells (NSCs) and represent an interesting pool of endogenous stem cells for repair strategies. Physical exercise is known to increase ependymal cell proliferation, while improving functional recovery. In this work, we further characterized those endogenous NSCs within the normal and injured adult rat spinal cord and investigated the effects of treadmill training using immunohistochemical and behavioral studies. In uninjured untrained rats, Sox‐2, a NSC marker, was detected in all ependymal cells of the central canal, and also scattered throughout the parenchyma of the spinal cord. Within the lesion, Sox‐2 expression increased transiently, while the number of nestin‐positive ependymal cells increased with a concomitant enhancement of proliferation, as indicated by the mitotic markers Ki67 and bromo‐deoxyuridine. Exercise, which improved functional recovery and autonomous micturition, maintained nestin expression in both injured and uninjured spinal cords, with a positive correlation between locomotor recovery and the number of nestin‐positive cells.
Poor Prognosis of Acute Stroke Patients Denied Thrombolysis Due to Early CT Findings
Authors: Joshi Nishith , Chaturvedi Seemant , Coplin William M.
Published: November 2009

Objectives. Whether acute stroke patients with major early infarct signs on computed tomography (CT) should be treated with intravenous (IV) thrombolysis remains controversial. The authors sought to define the outcomes in 5 consecutive patients who were not treated with IV thrombolysis, according to established guidelines. Methods. The authors retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of a consecutive series of 5 patients evaluated by an acute stroke team at a university medical center and who were denied IV tissue plasminogen activator due to early CT changes. Results. Five patients with a median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 22 (range 20—28) were evaluated. Despite aggressive care (e.g., hemicraniectomy), 2 patients died owing to herniation, 1 patient died of cardiac causes, and neither of the 2 surviving patients achieved a 3‐month Rankin score below 4 (moderately severe disability). Conclusions. Given the poor prognosis of patients with hemispheric stroke and early CT changes, alternative treatment modalities such as intra‐arterial thrombolysis, early hemicraniectomy, and neuroprotective therapy should be vigorously pursued.
Solitary Intramedullary Neurosarcoidosis: Role of MRI in Early Detection
Authors: Hayat Ghazala R. , Walton Timothy P. , Smith Kenneth R. , Martin David S. , Manepalli Anantha N.
Published: November 2009

Background. Intramedullary neurosarcoidosis may be the first manifestation of the disease and may mimic a tumor clinically and radiographically. Two patients who presented with cervical intramedullary lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were found to have neurosarcoidosis. Clinical presentation. Two patients with negative past medical history presented with progressive myelopathic features, and intramedullary cervical lesions were detected on MRI scan; the diagnosis was made on biopsy of the lesions. Early therapeutic intervention led to a favorable outcome. Conclusion. Intramedullary neurosarcoidosis, especially in the cervical cord, can be the initial presentation of the disease, mimicking a tumor. MRI scan, biopsy, and, in fewer cases, angiotensin‐converting enzyme levels can help with the diagnosis and may lead to a favorable outcome.
Lack of Relation Between Severity of Stroke and Severity of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Lesions in Taiwanese First‐Ever Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Tan Teng‐Yeow , Chang Ku‐Chou , Liou Chia‐Wei , Reynolds Patrick S. , Tegeler Charles H.
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. The authors attempt to determine whether hemodynamically significant extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) lesions correlate with the severity of first‐ever hemispheric ischemic stroke. Methods. Carotid duplex was used to evaluate carotid arteries. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was used to describe the severity of the stroke and was stratified as follows: 1–6 = mild, 7–15 = moderate, >15 = severe. Duplex findings were categorized according to velocity criteria into <50% stenosis if ICA peak systolic velocity (PSV) (cm/s) <140 and >50% stenosis if ICA PSV >140 or ratio of ICA and common carotid artery in PSV >2. No detectable flow at ICA was considered occlusion. Stroke subtype was classified according to TOAST criteria. Results. Two hundred nineteen consecutive patients were enrolled, including 127 with mild, 65 with moderate, and 27 with severe stroke. The prevalence of ICA stenosis >50% in each group was 3.6%, 1.4%, 0.9%, respectively. Two patients in the severe group had total ICA occlusion. The overall prevalence of significant ICA lesions was 6.8%. Conclusions. There is no positive correlation of stroke severity with the severity of duplex findings, which may be due to low prevalence of significant ICA lesions or other stroke mechanisms. Most of the patients had mild stroke, and the majority had ICA stenosis <50%. Small‐vessel occlusion tended to have mild severity of stroke. Intracranial artery lesions or other factors causing stroke in Taiwanese should be investigated. Given the low incidence of significant extracranial carotid disease in symptomatic Taiwanese stroke patients, routine screening of symptomatic Taiwanese for extracranial carotid artery disease does not provide enough information to determine stroke mechanism, and transcranial Doppler should be added to the screening tests.
Lessons from Latin America's neo‐liberal experiment: An overview of labour and social policies since the 1980s
Authors: FRAILE Lydia
Published: November 2009

Introducing the six country studies that follow, this analytical overview shows that the social and labour policies inspired by the Washington Consensus – implemented across much of Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s – consistently failed to deliver the expected improvements. Labour flexibilization, decentralization of collective bargaining, pension privatization and other measures to increase market provision of welfare typically resulted in growing informality, widening inequalities and shrinking social protection coverage, while also failing to stimulate employment growth. But the lessons have been learned: many such policies have recently been reconsidered and there are signs that a more balanced policy approach may be emerging in Latin America.
Accounting for the Unaccountable: Lesbianism and the History of Sexuality in Eighteenth‐Century Britain
Authors: Binhammer Katherine
Published: November 2009

What is the history of sexuality a history of? This article provides an overview of scholarship in the field of 18th‐century studies and the history of sexuality, paying particular attention to the exemplary case of female same sex desire in order to explore the hermeneutical problems faced by this area of study. Unlike, for example, the history of women which has its object of study defined within its title, the history of sexuality is, in many ways, a history without a proper object. Is it a history of sexual practices such as prostitution, homosexuality or adultery? Is it a history of sexual identities like the sodomite, the sadist or the virgin? This essay argues that it is a history of ideas and ideologies surrounding sexuality’s discursive significance and reads how what we know about the past is grounded in our present cultural understandings of sexuality. Concentrating on the history of lesbianism and the emergence of a bourgeois discourse of heteronormativity in the 18th century, the article demonstrates how what we know about sex in the past is determined by who speaks, from where, and when.
Fasting Upregulates PPARα Target Genes in Brain and Influences Pituitary Hormone Expression in a PPARα Dependent Manner
Authors: König Bettina , Rauer Christine , Rosenbaum Susann , Brandsch Corinna , Eder Klaus , Stangl Gabriele I.
Published: November 2009

PPARα
is a lipid‐activable transcription factor that mediates the adaptive response to
fasting. Recent data indicate an important role of brain PPARα in physiological functions.
However, it has not yet been shown whether PPARα
in brain can be activated in the fasting state. Here we demonstrate that fasting of rats increased mRNA concentrations of typical
PPARα target genes implicated in β‐oxidation of fatty acids (acyl‐CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1, medium chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase) and ketogenesis
(mitochondrial 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase) in pituitary gland and partially also in frontal cortex and diencephalon compared to nonfasted animals. These data strongly indicate that fasting activates PPARα in brain and pituitary gland. Furthermore,
pituitary prolactin and luteinizing hormone‐β
mRNA concentrations were increased upon
fasting in wild‐type mice but not in mice lacking PPARα. For proopiomelanocortin and thyrotropin‐β, genotype‐specific differences in pituitary mRNA concentrations were
observed. Thus, PPARα seems to be involved in transcriptional regulation of pituitary hormones.
Targeted Drug and Gene Delivery Systems for Lung Cancer Therapy
Authors: Sundaram Sneha , Trivedi Ruchit , Durairaj Chandrasekar , Ramesh Rajagopal , Ambati Balamurali K. , Kompella Uday B.
Published: November 2009

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of a novel docetaxel derivative of deslorelin, a luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, and its combination in vivo with RGD peptide conjugated nanoparticles encapsulating an antiangiogenic, anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intraceptor (Flt23k; RGD-Flt23k-NP) in H1299 lung cancer cells and/or xenografts in athymic nude BALB/c mice.

Experimental Design: The in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the deslorelin-docetaxel conjugate was evaluated in H1299 cells and xenografts in athymic nude mice. Coadministration of deslorelin-docetaxel conjugate and RGD-Flt23k-NP was tested in vivo in mice. Tumor inhibition, apoptosis, and VEGF inhibition were estimated in each of the treatment groups.

Results: The conjugate enhanced in vitro docetaxel efficacy by 13-fold in H1299 cells compared with docetaxel at 24 hours, and this effect was inhibited following reduction of LHRH receptor expression by an antisense oligonucleotide. Combination of the conjugate with the RGD-Flt23k-NP in vivo resulted in an 82- and 15-fold tumor growth inhibition on day 39 following repeated weekly i.v. injections and a single intratumoral (i.t.) injection, respectively. These effects were significantly greater than individual targeted therapies or docetaxel alone. Similarly, apoptotic indices for the combination therapy were 14% and 10% in the i.v. and i.t. groups, respectively, and higher than the individual therapies. Combination therapy groups exhibited greater VEGF inhibition in both the i.v. and i.t. groups.

Conclusions: Docetaxel efficacy was enhanced by LHRH receptor–targeted deslorelin conjugate and further improved by combination with targeted antiangiogenic nanoparticle gene therapy. Combination of novel targeted therapeutic approaches described here provides an attractive alternative to the current treatment options for lung cancer therapy. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7299–308)
Timing Patterns in French
Authors: Grompton Andrew
Published: November 2009

The observed timing pattern of an utterance reflects a number of linguistic factors, including rate of utterance, accent, and phonological units such as segment, syllable, stress group, phonological phrase, etc. This investigation seeks to isolate the durational correlates of accent and of the higher-level phonological units. An experimental method is adopted which enables the effects of the other, extraneous factors (rate of utterance, etc.) to be filtered out. Once this has been done, the results show consistent durational correlates for the units phonological word, phonological phrase, etc., but none for accent. An abstract timing pattern for French utterances is proposed.
Creation Myths and the Visual Arts: An Ongoing Dialogue between Word and Image
Authors: Schipper Mineke
Published: November 2009

Even though in most arts faculties the verbal and the material arts are usually studied separately, they are closely connected in mutually clarifying ways. The various contributions to this issue demonstrate convincingly how relevant it is to study verbal and visual artistic expressions of creation myths in combination. In practical terms, the first step is to describe the connections and functions of the specific material and verbal genres concerned. African oral myths about the origin of black and white people and wooden sculptures referred to as colons are a case in point. The function of the myth was to explain the origin of racial difference and to answer the question why white people were wealthier and more powerful than black people. The sculptures served to re-appropriate the power and prestige lost to the colonizer in new ways. The example illustrates how the two artistic genres had different functions and played complementary roles in people's dealing with Europe's colonial presence in Africa.
Visualizing Creation in Ancient Greece
Authors: Stafford Emma
Published: November 2009

There is very little direct representation of acts of creation in Greek art. This paper examines the visual potential of the extended creation narrative first related by Hesiod, focusing on the handful of episodes which are to be found in the visual arts—the births of Aphrodite and Athene, Zeus's slaying of Typhon and the Gigantomachy—while attempting to account for their selection. It also considers the remarkable lack of an authoritative account of the creation of mankind in the archaic and classical periods, and the relatively late development of Prometheus's role as man's creator, which contrasts with the much earlier establishment of traditions concerning local “first men” and the creation of the first woman, Pandora.
Evangeline's Mission: Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Unitarianism in Longfellow's Evangeline
Authors: Higgins Andrew
Published: November 2009

Though Evangeline has long been considered simply a love story, this article reads the poem as one deeply involved in both the theological and cultural struggles between the Catholic and Protestant churches in the antebellum period. The essay argues that Longfellow's poem about the Acadian Expulsion of 1755 imagines those Catholic refugees as successful immigrants to America. Further, the article argues that Longfellow's vision of Philadelphia at the end of the poem is that of an ideal, ecumenical Christian community, in which Catholicism is able to coexist with various Protestant churches. Thus the poem counters anti-Catholic nativist rhetoric that portrayed Catholics as fundamentally foreign and a threat to the Republic. However, the ecumenical nature of this vision is limited by the fact that Longfellow cannot imagine a fully-realized Catholic Church in the United States; his Catholic community lacks ecclesiastical hierarchy. As such, it reflects Longfellow's connection to the Unitarian Moralists, as group of Harvard Unitarians who sought to transform other denominations rather than to convert individuals to Unitarianism.
Activity Comparison of MCM-41 and V-MCM-4 Catalysts for Ethanol Selective Oxidation and DRIFTS Analysis
Authors: Gucbilmez Yesim , Dogu Timur , Balci Suna
Published: November 2009

The activity of a V-MCM-41 catalyst with a V/Si molar ratio of 0.04 was compared with the activity of a pure MCM-41 catalyst and some DRIFTS studies were performed in order to understand the mechanism of selective oxidation of ethanol. V-MCM-41 was found to be much more active than pure MCM-41, favouring the formation of high amounts of ethylene over 300°C. MCM-41, on the other hand, was found to favour the formation of acetaldehyde over ethylene at all studied temperatures. It was shown by reaction findings that over V-MCM-41, ethylene was produced mainly in the presence of gas phase oxygen whereas acetaldehyde was produced using the lattice oxygen even in the absence of gas phase oxygen. DRIFTS studies indicated the formation of acetaldehyde molecules from acetate-like surface species which were formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from the ?-carbon of chemisorbed ethoxy species by the help of the lattice oxygen. On the other hand, removal of a hydrogen atom from the ?-carbon of the ethoxy species, in the presence of gas phase oxygen, resulted in the formation of vinyl-like surface species which then yielded ethylene molecules.
The Telling My Story Quilting Workshop: Innovative Group Work with Older African American Women Transitioning Out of Homelessness
Authors: Washington Olivia G.M. , Moxley David P. , Garriott Lois Jean
Published: November 2009

This article examines the use of a quilting workshop as a strategy for helping older African American women address the consequences of their homeless experience. In this examination, four studies are addressed: the original, the re-analysis, the interviews, and the quilting intervention. The relationship of quilting to group work and social support is described, and the use of quilting in the Telling My Story homeless research project is demonstrated. The researchers used the lay definition of quilting that implies the general meaning of attaching many disparate and unique pieces of material together into a whole. The researchers also describe the relevance of the group work method inherent in the quilting workshop in helping women successfully transition out of homelessness and progress in their recovery from its consequences.
Regional differences in performance of Canadian-bred apple cultivars and implications for breeding
Authors: Hampson Cheryl R , McNew R. , Cline J. , Embree C. , Embree C. , Zandstra J. , Wilson K.
Published: November 2009

To evaluate their commercial potential in several major production regions of Canada, 10 Canadian breeding selections and two standard cultivars of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) were planted at four locations: one in British Columbia, two in Ontario and one in Nova Scotia. Subsidiary objectives of the trial were to determine whether wider testing of promising apple selections was warranted, and to accumulate information to help guide breeders in selecting apples for widespread adaptation. At each site the planting was arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight replicates. Individual trees were the unit of replication. Data were collected for 7 yr (5 cropping years). The measures of orchard performance recorded were: tree survival, trunk-cross sectional area, final tree height and canopy spread, precocity, times of bloom and harvest, yield, yield efficiency, and average fruit size. The effects of location, genotype and genotype × location interaction were statistically significant for all response variables. The two standard cultivars, Royal Gala and Summerland McIntosh, were intermediate to high in precocity, tree vigour, yield and fruit size. No single cultivar was superior in these characteristics at all locations. Among the test selections, S23-06-153 and 8S-27-43 had the most consistently good performance with regard to tree survival, tree vigour, yield, yield efficiency, pre-harvest fruit drop and fruit size. 8S6923 (Aurora Golden Gala™) and Silken also performed well, except that fruit size was smaller in eastern Canada. Many of the selections took fewer days to reach maturity in Nova Scotia and Ontario than they did in British Columbia. The results obtained suggest that regional testing is highly desirable for characteristics such as tree survival, yield, pre-harvest drop and climatic suitability (e.g. dates of bloom and harvest), all of which profoundly affect the commercial desirability of the cultivar. If the present results can be generalized, breeding and selection of new genotypes at one location are probably adequate for tree vigour, relative order of bloom and harvest, and precocity, despite the genotype × environment interaction demonstated. For these characteristics, the modest changes in rank among cultivars from location to location do not have great practical or economic consequences. Selection at one location may also be effective for fruit size and percentage of over colour, if the breeder takes location effects into account (smaller fruit in Ontario and Nova Scotia, less colour on early-harvest apples in British Columbia). Key words: Fruit breeding, cultivar testing
Semiconductor‐Gold Nanocomposite Catalysts for the Efficient Three‐Component Coupling of Aldehyde, Amine and Alkyne in Water
Authors: Chng Leng Leng , Yang Jun , Wei Yifeng , Ying Jackie Y.
Published: November 2009

An efficient heterogeneous lead sulfide‐gold catalyst has been successfully developed for the synthesis of propargylic amines via a three‐component coupling reaction of aldehyde, amine and alkyne in water. The process is simple and applicable to a diverse range of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, amines and alkynes. Furthermore, the catalyst is stable to air and water, and can be easily recovered and reused.
The malleable bicultural consumer: effects of cultural contexts on aesthetic judgments
Authors: Chattaraman Veena , Rudd Nancy A. , Lennon Sharron J.
Published: November 2009

Grounded in the cognitive framework of processing fluency, this study proposes further support for the experiential perspective in aesthetics by positing that aesthetic response to the same object may be malleable, depending on how the symbolic properties of the object interact with different cultural contexts which either facilitate or debilitate the processing experience of the perceiver. The study employed an Internet experiment to test the hypotheses among 105 female Hispanic college‐aged students enrolled at a large midwestern university. The findings revealed that symbolic attributes of products interact with cultural contexts to affect aesthetic judgments of (Hispanic) consumers. Aesthetic judgments were more positive when evaluating culturally symbolic product attributes after exposure to congruent contextual cues that facilitate fluent processing. The study furnishes support for the impact of environment/context on consumer behavior and aesthetic judgment, thus establishing further support for the cognitive framework of conceptual fluency in explaining aesthetic response. The study also contributes to recent literature on “frame‐switching” among bicultural consumers by suggesting that these consumers navigate between competing cultural frames in response to visual primes, with resultant shifts in aesthetic judgments. Important marketing insights emerge from these findings.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Trypanothione Reductase as a Drug Target in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Spinks Daniel , Shanks Emma J. , Cleghorn Laura A. T. , McElroy Stuart , Jones Deuan , James Daniel , Fairlamb Alan H. , Frearson Julie A. , Wyatt Paul G. , Gilbert Ian H.
Published: November 2009

There is an urgent need for new drugs for the treatment of tropical parasitic diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis, which is caused by Trypanosoma brucei. The enzyme trypanothione reductase (TryR) is a potential drug target within these organisms. Herein we report the screening of a 62 000 compound library against T. brucei TryR. Further work was undertaken to optimise potency and selectivity of two novel‐compound series arising from the enzymatic and whole parasite screens and mammalian cell counterscreens. Both of these series, containing either a quinoline or pyrimidinopyrazine scaffold, yielded low micromolar inhibitors of the enzyme and growth of the parasite. The challenges of inhibiting TryR with druglike molecules is discussed.
Chemical Synthesis and Proinflammatory Responses of Monophosphoryl Lipid A Adjuvant Candidates
Authors: Maiti Kaustabh K. , DeCastro Michael , Abdel‐Aal El‐Sayed Abu‐Baker M. , Foote Matthew I. , Wolfert Margreet A. , Boons Geert‐Jan
Published: November 2009

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are structural components of the outer‐surface membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria, trigger innate immune responses through activation of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). Such responses may be exploited for the development of adjuvants and in particular monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) obtained by controlled hydrolysis of LPS of Salmonella minnesota, exhibits low toxicity yet possesses beneficial immuno‐stimulatory properties. We have developed an efficient synthetic approach for the preparation of a major component of MPLA (1), which has as a key feature the use of allyloxycarbonates (Alloc) as permanent protecting groups for the C‐3 and C‐4 hydroxy groups of the proximal glucosamine unit. The latter protecting groups greatly facilitated deprotection of the fully assembled compound. Furthermore, the amino functions were protected as N‐2,2,2‐trichloroethoxycarbamates (Troc), which performed efficient neighboring‐group participation to give selectively 1,2‐trans‐glycosides and could easily be removed under mild conditions without affecting the permanent Alloc carbonates and anomeric dimethylthexylsilyl (TDS) ether. The synthetic methodology was also employed for the preparation of a monophosphoryl lipid A (2) derivative that has the anomeric center of the proximal sugar modified as a methyl glycoside. Compound 1 was not able to induce cytokine production in mouse macrophages whereas methyl glycoside 2 displayed activity, however it has a lower potency and efficacy than lipid A obtained by controlled hydrolysis S. minnesota. This indicates compound 2 is an attractive candidate for adjuvant development and that 1 is not the active substance of MPLA obtained by controlled hydrolysis of LPS.
Some new results on 1‐rotational 2‐factorizations of the complete graph
Authors: Traetta Tommaso
Published: November 2009

It is known that a necessary condition for the existence of a 1‐rotational 2‐factorization of the complete graph K2n+1 under the action of a group G of order 2n is that the involutions of G are pairwise conjugate. Is this condition also sufficient? The complete answer is still unknown. Adapting the composition technique shown in Buratti and Rinaldi, J Combin Des, 16 (2008), 87–100, we give a positive answer for new classes of groups; for example, the groups G whose involutions lie in the same conjugacy class and having a normal subgroup whose order is the greatest odd divisor of |G|. In particular, every group of order 4t+2 gives a positive answer. Finally, we show that such a composition technique provides 2‐factorizations with a rich group of automorphisms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 18: 237–247, 2010
Polarized Raman scattering and infrared spectroscopy of a natural manganocolumbite single crystal
Authors: Moreira R. L. , Rubinger C. P. L. , Krambrock K. , Dias A.
Published: November 2009

A well‐ordered natural manganocolumbite single crystal of high quality was used as a prototype for the first determination of the polarized optical phonon modes of materials with the columbite structure. Electron microprobe and X‐ray diffraction characterizations determined the chemical formula as Mn0.60Fe0.40(Nb0.80Ta0.20)2O6, a cationic ordering of 81%, and the crystal structure as belonging to the Pbcn group. Polarized Raman and infrared‐reflectivity spectroscopies on oriented samples allowed us to discern 50 of the 54 predicted gerade (Raman) modes and 31 of the 38 predicted ungerade (infrared) modes for the columbite structure. The selection rules were verified, and polarization leaks only due to slight sample misorientation, confirming the high purity, ordering and quality of the material. From the polar phonon spectra, intrinsic dielectric merit factors < εr> = 29.2 and < Qu × f> of 64 THz were determined, showing adequate values for designing applications in microwave circuitry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman study of structural disorder in ZnO nanopowders
Authors: Šćepanović M. , Grujić‐Brojčin M. , Vojisavljević K. , Bernik S. , Srećković T.
Published: November 2009

Raman scattering spectroscopy has been used for the characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained by mechanical activation in a high‐energy vibro‐mill and planetary ball mill. Raman modes observed in spectra of nonactivated sample are assigned to Raman spectra of the ZnO monocrystal, while the spectra of mechanically activated samples point out to the structural and stoichiometric changes, depending on the milling time and the choice of equipment. Observed redshift and peak broadening of the E2high and E1 (LO) first‐order Raman modes are attributed to increased disorder induced by mechanical milling, followed by the effects of phonon confinement due to correlation length decrease. The additional modes identified in Raman spectra of activated ZnO samples are related to the surface optical phonon modes, due to the intrinsic surface defects and presence of ZrO2as extrinsic defects introduced by milling in zirconia vials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced gastric cancer in the middle one‐third of the stomach: Should surgenos perform total gastrectomy?
Authors: Jang You‐Jin , Park Man‐Sik , Kim Jong‐Han , Park Sung‐Soo , Park Seung‐Heum , Kim Seung‐Joo , Kim Chong‐Suk , Mok Young‐Jae
Published: November 2009

Background and Objectives

To determine which optimal surgical procedure for middle‐third advanced gastric cancer (AGC) based on comparative study of the long‐term prognosis between total gastrectomy (TG) and distal gastrectomy (DG).

Methods

Between March 1993 and December 2005, 402 patients with middle‐third AGC who underwent gastric resection were enrolled in this study. We analyzed the long‐term prognosis according to the length of the proximal resection margin (PRM) and the extent of gastric resection, and determined independent prognostic factors.

Results

TG was performed in 244 patients (60.7%) and DG was performed in 158 patients (39.3%). There were no significant differences in the 5‐year survival rates according to the length of PRM. The 5‐year survival rates of patients who underwent DG were significantly higher than the rates of the patients who underwent TG in curative cases (67.8% vs. 58.4%, P = 0.037). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the stage‐stratified survival rates according to the extent of gastric resection. Multivariate analysis revealed that surgical curability, extent of lymphadenectomy, and stage were independent prognostic factors.

Conclusion

If curative resection can be performed, the long‐term prognosis of patients with middle‐third AGC was not affected by the length of PRM or the extent of gastric resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:451–456. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pluronic/Polyethylenimine Shell Crosslinked Nanocapsules with Embedded Magnetite Nanocrystals for Magnetically Triggered Delivery of siRNA
Authors: Lee Kyuri , Bae Ki Hyun , Lee Yuhan , Lee Soo Hyeon , Ahn Cheol‐Hee , Park Tae Gwan
Published: November 2009

Pluronic/polyethylenimine shell crosslinked nanocapsules with embedded magnetite nanocrystals (PPMCs) were developed for magnetically triggered delivery of siRNA. The positively charged PPMCs formed stable nanosized polyelectrolyte complexes via electrostatic interactions with negatively charged siRNA‐polyethylene glycol conjugate (siRNA‐s‐s‐PEG) that was linked via a cleavable disulfide linkage. PPMC/siRNA‐s‐s‐PEG polyelectrolyte complexes were efficiently taken up by cancer cells upon exposure to a magnet, thereby enhancing intracellular uptake and silencing effect of siRNA. The present study suggests that these novel nanomaterials could be potentially utilized for magnetically triggered delivery of various nucleic acid‐based therapeutic agents.

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Morphology and Thermal Characteristics of Polyethylene Nanocomposites Made Using Montmorillonite‐Supported Cp2ZrCl2 and Ni‐Diimine Precatalysts
Authors: Shin Sang‐Young A. , Simon Leonardo C. , Soares João B. P. , Scholz Günter , McKenna Timothy F.
Published: November 2009

Bis(cyclopentadienyl)‐zirconium dichloride (Cp2ZrCl2) and (1,4‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐acenaphthenediimine) dichloronickel (Ni‐diimine) were supported on montmorillonite (MMT) pretreated with triisobutylaluminum and 10‐undecence‐1‐ol to produce in situ polyethylene–clay nanocomposites in a gas‐phase reactor. The development of the nanocomposite morphology was investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. During polymerization, the MMT layers were partially exfoliated by the growing polymer chains, starting from the openings of the clay galleries, but intercalation and exfoliation occurred only to a certain extent. The thermal properties of the nanocomposites we also analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

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