bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating Global Ocean Heat Content Changes in the Upper 1800 m since 1950 and the Influence of Climatology Choice*
Authors: Lyman John M. , Johnson Gregory C.
Published: November 2013

Ocean heat content anomalies are analyzed from 1950 to 2011 in five distinct depth layers (0–100, 100–300, 300–700, 700–900, and 900–1800 m). These layers correspond to historic increases in common maximum sampling depths of ocean temperature measurements with time, as different instruments—mechanical bathythermograph (MBT), shallow expendable bathythermograph (XBT), deep XBT, early sometimes shallower Argo profiling floats, and recent Argo floats capable of worldwide sampling to 2000 m—have come into widespread use. This vertical separation of maps allows computation of annual ocean heat content anomalies and their sampling uncertainties back to 1950 while taking account of in situ sampling advances and changing sampling patterns. The 0–100-m layer is measured over 50% of the globe annually starting in 1956, the 100–300-m layer starting in 1967, the 300–700-m layer starting in 1983, and the deepest two layers considered here starting in 2003 and 2004, during the implementation of Argo. Furthermore, global ocean heat uptake estimates since 1950 depend strongly on assumptions made concerning changes in undersampled or unsampled ocean regions. If unsampled areas are assumed to have zero anomalies and are included in the global integrals, the choice of climatological reference from which anomalies are estimated can strongly influence the global integral values and their trend: the sparser the sampling and the bigger the mean difference between climatological and actual values, the larger the influence.
Instability of the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent
Authors: Chang Y.-L. , Oey L.-Y.
Published: November 2013

The North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) has a weak eastward velocity near the surface, but the region is populated with eddies. Studies have shown that the STCC is baroclinically unstable with a peak growth rate of 0.015 day−1 in March, and the ~60-day growth time has been used to explain the peak eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in May observed from satellites. It is argued here that this growth time from previously published normal-mode instability analyses is too slow. Growth rates calculated from an initial-value problem without the normal-mode assumption are found to be 1.5 to 2 times faster and at shorter wavelengths, due to the existence of (i) nonmodal solutions and (ii) sea surface temperature front in the mixed layer in winter. At interannual time scales it is shown that because of rapid surface adjustments, the STCC geostrophic shear, hence also the instability growth, is approximately in phase with surface forcing, leading to EKE modulation that peaks approximately 10 months later. However, the EKE can only be partially explained by this mechanism of modulation by baroclinic instability. It is suggested that the unexplained variance may be caused additionally by modulation of the EKE by dissipation.
Assimilating MTSAT-Derived Humidity in Nowcasting Sea Fog over the Yellow Sea
Authors: Wang Yongming , Gao Shanhong , Fu Gang , Sun Jilin , Zhang Suping
Published: November 2013

An extended three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) method based on the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) is developed to assimilate satellite-derived humidity from sea fog at its initial stage over the Yellow Sea. The sea fog properties, including its horizontal distribution and thickness, are retrieved empirically from the infrared and visible cloud imageries of the Multifunctional Transport Satellite (MTSAT). Assuming a relative humidity of 100% in fog, the MTSAT-derived humidity is assimilated by the extended 3DVAR assimilation method. Two sea fog cases, one spread widely over the Yellow Sea and the other spread narrowly along the coast, are first studied in detail with a suite of experiments. For the widespread-fog case, the assimilation of MTSAT-derived information significantly improves the forecast of the sea fog area, increasing the probability of detection and equitable threat scores by about 20% and 15%, respectively. The improvement is attributed to a more realistic representation of the marine boundary layer (MBL) and better descriptions of moisture and temperature profiles. For the narrowly spread coastal case, the model completely fails to reproduce the sea fog event without the assimilation of MTSAT-derived humidity. The extended 3DVAR assimilation method is then applied to 10 more sea fog cases to further evaluate its effect on the model simulations. The results reveal that the assimilation of MTSAT-derived humidity not only improves sea fog forecasts but also provides better moisture and temperature structure information in the MBL.
Correlation Between Ankle Brachial Index and Coronary Artery Disease Severity in Elderly Egyptians
Authors: Amer Moatasem S. , Tawfik Heba Mohamed , Elmoteleb Ayman M. Abd , Maamoun Manar M. A.
Published: November 2013

We investigated the association between ankle brachial index (ABI) and coronary heart disease (CHD) severity in elderly Egyptians using different measures. We conducted a case–control study from November 2010 to June 2012 including 200 male and female patients with ischemia ≥60 years who were divided into 100 cases and 100 controls according to ABI and redivided according to age. They underwent coronary angiography followed by ABI measurement using a hand-held Doppler. The CHD severity was estimated using the SYNTAX and Jeopardy scores and number of diseased vessels, which increased significantly in patients with peripheral artery disease ( P < .001) for all. All 3 measures had strong negative correlation with ABI ( P ≤ .001 for Jeopardy, <.001 for SYNTAX scores, and .004 for number of diseased vessels) and were correlated with each other. We concluded that ABI can reflect CHD severity in elderly Egyptians.
Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function in Normotensive Type 2 Diabetic Patients With or Without Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: Didangelos Triantafyllos P. , Arsos Georgios , Karamitsos Theodoros , Iliadis Fotios , Papageorgiou Athanasios , Moralidis Efstratios , Athyros Vasilios
Published: November 2013

We investigated the relation between diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) and left ventricular (LV) function in 59 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) free of coronary artery disease (CAD) or hypertension. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy was established by ≥2 abnormal autonomic nervous function tests. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions were assessed by resting radionuclide ventriculography. Compared with non-DAN patients (n = 24), patients with DAN (n = 35) had an increased adjusted atrial contribution to ventricular filling (A/V%, 30.1% ± 8.2% vs 26.5% ± 5.1%; P = .031), suggestive of diastolic dysfunction (DD). There were no differences between the 2 groups in peak filling rate, first 1/3 filling fraction, ejection fraction, cardiac output, and cardiac index. Patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy had an increased heart rate (77.8 ± 6.3 vs 69.3 ± 3.3 bpm; P < .0001) and a higher rest LV workload (10 072 ± 1165 vs 8606 ± 1075 bpm mm Hg; P < .0001). Patients with DAN T2DM without CAD or hypertension have DD, increased A/V index, and a higher LV working load than non-DAN patients.
Norethisterone interference in testosterone assays
Authors: Jeffery Jinny , MacKenzie Finlay , Beckett Geoff , Perry Les , Ayling Ruth
Published: November 2013

Background

This article describes three patients in whom measured serum testosterone concentrations were found to be artifactually high due to interference from norethisterone medication. This interference was investigated further by distributing samples containing norethisterone through an external quality assessment scheme.

Methods

Serum samples containing different concentrations of norethisterone were distributed to participants in the UK external quality assessment scheme (UK NEQAS) for female testosterone in order to assess the degree of interference from norethisterone in different commercially available immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for measurement of testosterone.

Results

The results have shown that apparent serum testosterone concentrations in excess of 5 nmol/L may be obtained using the Roche E170 Modular immunoassay method for samples collected from patients taking norethisterone medication and this interference can be reproduced by adding norethisterone to serum samples.

Conclusions

Although the biggest interference is seen with the Roche system, there is a small effect in the Siemens ADVIA Centaur assay and some of the other immunoassays may also be affected to a much lesser extent. Norethisterone does not interfere in testosterone measurements obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Emigrants and the onset of civil war
Authors: Miller Gina Lei , Ritter Emily Hencken
Published: November 2013

We propose that emigrants affect the likelihood of civil war onset in their state of origin by influencing the willingness of individuals to join rebel movements and the probability that the state and rebels will be unable to reach a mutually acceptable bargain to avoid conflict in three ways. First, migrants communicating with actors at home facilitate valid comparisons between the effects of policies in the home state as compared to policies in the host state enacted on a similar group, creating new motivation to join collective challenges against the state. Second, migrants send remittances, providing resources that can be used in collective challenges that are particularly difficult for states to anticipate, making the outbreak of conflict more likely. Finally, migrants publicize information about conditions in their home state while living in the host state, reducing home government uncertainty such that conflict is less likely to occur. We test these hypotheses on an international dataset and find support for each of our predicted mechanisms.
Comparison of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of conductive single jersey fabrics with coaxial transmission line and free space measurement techniques
Authors: Tezel Serkan , Kavuşturan Yasemin , Vandenbosch Guy AE , Volski Vladimir
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study is to investigate the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of thin and lightweight knitted fabrics that are suitable for casual wear like t-shirts. For the purpose of having a low production cost, metal/cotton conductive composite yarns are produced by a yarn doubling technique, involving stainless steel wires (35 μm, 50 μm) or copper wires (50 μm, 70 μm) and Ne30/1, Ne40/1, Ne60/2, Ne80/2 count cotton yarns. Single jersey fabrics are knitted on an E20 circular knitting machine with the same machine settings. Coaxial transmission line and free space measurement (by using an anechoic chamber) techniques are used for the EMSE measurements in the frequency range of 100 MHz–1.5 GHz and 1 GHz–18 GHz respectively. The free space measurement technique test results reveal that single jersey knitted fabrics have EMSE ability for the electric field polarization in the same direction as the main direction of the conductive metal wires in the fabric. It is observed that all single jersey fabric structures have more than 7 dB (80% or better) EMSE for GSM-850 and GSM-900 cellular phone communication bands according to coaxial transmission line equipment test results. SNK test results of both test methods reveal that, while 100% cotton fabrics do not have EMSE ability, cotton yarn count is highly significant on the EMSE of single jersey fabrics with conductive composite yarns. Fabrics with two-ply fine cotton yarns (Ne60/2 and Ne80/2) have higher EMSE values than the fabrics with one-ply cotton yarn of the same yarn count (Ne30/1 and Ne40/1).
Coloration of polyamide fibers in an aqueous solution by Maillard reaction
Authors: Ohe Takeru , Yoshimura Yurika
Published: November 2013

Polyamide fibers, such as wool, silk, and nylon fibers, could be colored in an aqueous solution containing reducing sugars, similar to the coloration of various foods containing both protein and reducing sugars, by the Maillard reaction. For example, the color of the wool fibers reacted with xylose, one of the reducing sugars, was changed in succession from beige to yellow to orange with the reaction time. Further examination of the reaction conditions, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, types of reducing sugar and their concentration, enabled deep coloration, such as brown. Furthermore, the properties of the colored fibers, such as mechanical strength and hygroscopicity, were also investigated here.
Multi-parametric micro-mechanical dating of single fibers coming from ancient flax textiles
Authors: Fanti Giulio , Malfi Pierandrea
Published: November 2013

A new micro-mechanical method for textiles dating was applied to flax fabrics. Notwithstanding that environmental factors like temperature and humidity can influence the mechanical parameters of ancient textiles, the method shows a relatively stable trend if some previous analysis is done to eliminate degraded samples. This method is based on a multi-parametric analysis of single fibers tested on a proper machine designed and calibrated for the purpose. Single fibers mounted on special supports are submitted to mechanical test consisting of multiple stress–strain cycles. The parameters sensitive to aging are tensile strength, Young modulus, and loss factor, the last two evaluated during particular phases of loading cycles. Five different calibration curves relating age to these mechanical parameters are determined by using a series of eleven textiles of known age from 3250 BC to 2000 AD that passed a proper pre-selection. The resulting age of the textiles derives from a combination of five independent dating. The relatively small number of textiles used for the analysis, due to the fact that it is not easy to find ancient textiles, gave results that can be improved by future analyses addressed to test a larger number of samples. For the moment, the relative standard uncertainty of the method is about 200 years but future test could reduce this uncertainty. This relatively simple method can also be useful to museums which wish to date themselves ancient textiles at low cost.
A pilot-scale nonwoven roll goods manufacturing process reduces microbial burden to pharmacopeia acceptance levels for non-sterile hygiene applications
Authors: Hinchliffe Doug J , Lucca Anthony De , Condon Brian , O’Regan Janet , Clemmons Julie , Zeng Linghe , Byler Richard K , Reynolds Michael , Allen Hiram , Cintron Michael Santiago , Madison Crista
Published: November 2013

A total of seven source fiber types were selected for use in the manufacturing of nonwoven roll goods: polyester; polypropylene; rayon; greige cotton from two sources; mechanically cleaned greige cotton; and scoured and bleached cotton. The microbial burden of each source fiber was measured as a preliminary assessment of microbial contamination using heterotrophic spread plate counts. Greige cotton fibers exhibited the highest levels of total microbial contamination, which were reduced by both storage time and trash removal in the form of mechanical cleaning. Changes in microbial burden levels were measured at each step in the nonwoven manufacturing process. The hydroentanglement process resulted in the greatest overall reduction in microbial burden with no detectable levels of aerobic microbial contamination present on any of the final hydroentangled roll goods regardless of the source fiber. No detectable levels of aerobic microbial regrowth were observed on any fabrics despite storage time or ambient storage conditions. Analysis of suspended solids present in hydroentanglement effluents collected during fabric production revealed significantly less suspended solids from synthetic fibers compared to all cotton fiber types. The study provided insight and potential guidelines that could be incorporated into a nonwoven processing line to ensure specific sterility requirements are met for various converters in end-uses such as hygiene and medical applications.
Coccidioidomycosis masquerading as skeletal tuberculosis: an imported case and review of coccidioidomycosis in India
Authors: Capoor Malini R , Sen Bishwaroop , Varshney Parul , Verghese Mathew , Shivaprakash M R , Chakrabarti Arunaloke
Published: November 2013

We describe a possible imported case of osteo-articular coccidioidomycosis in India. Culture of the computed tomography-guided aspirate revealed the growth of Coccidioides spp., which was identified as Coccidioides posadasii by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA . He was successfully treated with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole. All the previous published reports of coccidioidomycosis cases diagnosed in India are also reviewed in order to increase the awareness of this disease in non-endemic areas.
Confronting Workplace Bullying
Authors: McKay Ruth B.
Published: November 2013

Organizational awareness and responses to workplace bullying is in a state of change and innovation. While employees are gaining awareness, organizations are unable or unwilling to change rapidly enough for employee needs. This paper examines the dynamic between agency (individual influence) and structure (organizational forces) as applied to workplace bullying in a public organization. A case example involving the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is included to explore the organizational impediments, particularly resulting from structure, in addressing workplace bullying.
Detection of the human endogenous retrovirus ERV3-encoded Env-protein in human tissues using antibody-based proteomics
Authors: Fei Chen , Atterby Christina , Edqvist Per-Henrik , Pontén Fredrik , Zhang Wei Wei , Larsson Erik , Ryan Frank P
Published: November 2013

Objectives

There is growing evidence to suggest that human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have contributed to human evolution, being expressed in development, normal physiology and disease. A key difficulty in the scientific evaluation of this potential viral contribution is the accurate demonstration of virally expressed protein in specific human cells and tissues. In this study, we have adopted the endogenous retrovirus, ERV3, as our test model in developing a reliable high-capacity methodology for the expression of such endogenous retrovirus-coded protein.

Design

Two affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies to ERV3 Env-encoded protein were generated to detect the corresponding protein expression pattern in specific human cells, tissues and organs.

Participants

Sampling included normal tissues from 144 individuals ranging from childhood to old age. This included more than forty different tissues and organs and some 216 different cancer tissues representing the twenty commonest forms of human cancer.

Setting

The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.

Main Outcome Measures

The potential expression at likely physiological level of the ERV3Env encoded protein in a wide range of human cells, tissues and organs.

Results

We found that ERV3 encoded Env protein is expressed at substantive levels in placenta, testis, adrenal gland, corpus luteum, Fallopian tubes, sebaceous glands, astrocytes, bronchial epithelium and the ducts of the salivary glands. Substantive expression was also seen in a variety of epithelial cells as well as cells known to undergo fusion in inflammation and in normal physiology, including fused macrophages, myocardium and striated muscle. This contrasted strongly with the low levels expressed in other tissues types. These findings suggest that this virus plays a significant role in human physiology and may also play a possible role in disease.

Conclusion

This technique can now be extended to the study of other HERV genomes within the human chromosomes that may have contributed to human evolution, physiology and disease.
Systematic analysis of funding awarded for norovirus research to institutions in the United Kingdom, 1997–2010
Authors: Head Michael G , Fitchett Joseph R , Atun Rifat
Published: November 2013

Objectives

Norovirus infections pose great economic and disease burden to health systems around the world. This study quantifies the investments in norovirus research awarded to UK institutions over a 14-year time period.

Design

A systematic analysis of public and philanthropic infectious disease research investments awarded to UK institutions between 1997 and 2010.

Participants

None

Setting

UK institutions carrying out infectious disease research.

Main outcome measures

Total funding for infectious disease research, total funding for norovirus research, position of norovirus research along the R&D value chain.

Results

The total dataset consisted of 6165 studies with sum funding of £2.6 billion. Twelve norovirus studies were identified with a total funding of £5.1 million, 0.2% of the total dataset. Of these, eight were categorized as pre-clinical, three as intervention studies and one as implementation research. Median funding was £200,620.

Conclusions

Research funding for norovirus infections in the UK appears to be unacceptably low, given the burden of disease and disability produced by these infections. There is a clear need for new research initiatives along the R&D value chain: from pre-clinical through to implementation research, including trials to assess cost-effectiveness of infection control policies as well as clinical, public health and environmental interventions in hospitals, congregate settings and in the community.
Can Opportunity Emerge From Disarray? An Examination of Exploration and Exploitation Following Star Scientist Turnover
Authors: Tzabbar Daniel , Kehoe Rebecca R.
Published: November 2013

How do the specific characteristics of a departing star influence the effects of the star’s turnover on a firm’s innovation processes? Proposing a contingency model of key employee turnover, we argue and demonstrate that the individual characteristics of a star scientist who exits a firm determine the effects of the star’s turnover for the organization. Based on a longitudinal study of star scientist turnover in the biotechnology industry (1972-2003), we show that while star turnover disrupts existing innovation routines and thus decreases exploitation, this “shock” creates opportunities for the firm to search beyond existing knowledge boundaries, thereby increasing exploration. However, these effects are moderated by the departing star’s innovative and collaborative involvement within the firm. Specifically, the results indicate that a departing star’s innovative involvement strengthens the negative effects and weakens the positive effects of the star’s turnover on exploitation and exploration in the firm, respectively. On the other hand, a departing star’s collaborative involvement within a firm strengthens the negative effect of the star’s exit on exploitation but increases the positive effect of star turnover on exploration, thereby fostering opportunities for technological renewal. We suggest therefore that the prognosis for firms losing stars may vary, and may not always be dire. Our findings indicate that the short-term and long-term value of human capital is contingent on the social mechanisms surrounding its utilization. Thus, we offer a redirection for research and extend the resource-based view and human capital theory by introducing a resource dependence perspective into this theoretical context.
An unsupervised cascade learning scheme for ‘cluster-theme keywords’ structure extraction from scientific papers
Authors: Ren Feiliang
Published: November 2013

The large amount of scientific papers provides a convenient way for users to know the latest research progress of a specific research topic. However, the large volume and the diverse research themes hiding among these papers usually hinder users from conveniently locating the specific papers that they are interested in. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel unsupervised cascade learning scheme that aims to extract a ‘ cluster-theme keywords’ structure from the related papers of a research topic so as to help users locate their research interests quickly. Our approach first selects some representative papers for a research topic. It then clusters these selected papers into several small clusters with the help of a domain ontology. It finally extracts some theme keywords for each cluster. Our approach not only greatly reduces the time-consuming and labour-intensive paper-seeking process for users, but also comprehensively displays the diverse themes of a research topic. We conducted extensive experiments to evaluate our proposed approach. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, which produces promising results.
Static analysis and exponential random graph modelling for micro-blog network
Authors: Yang Dong-Hui , Yu Guang
Published: November 2013

Social network analysis has been used to study complex networks by analysing their static structure and the dynamic changes. Although one of the newer forms of social media, micro-blogs have quickly become one of the most popular communication platforms. This popularity accounts for, in part, an increase in the scientific interest in micro-blogs and their users. In this paper, we chose as our test bed diabetes-related posts from the Chinese micro-blog Sina Weibo. We calculated the degree, average shortest path, betweenness and clustering coefficient of the Sian Weibo network to analyse its static structure. We demonstrate the characteristic results of average degree, diameter and clustering coefficient of diabetes micro-blog static structure. More importantly, we introduce a general model for micro-blog with directed network data, Exponential-family Random Graph Models (ERGMs). Meanwhile, we illustrate the utility for estimating, analysing and simulating micro-blog network. We also provide a goodness-of-fit approach to capture and reproduce the structure of the fitted micro-blog network. Parameter estimation of the model, similarity results of simulated networks and observed networks, and goodness of fit analysis for the micro-blog network all illustrate that ERGMs are excellent methods for deeply capturing complex network structures.
Diagnosis Change in Voice‐Disordered Patients Evaluated by Primary Care and/or Otolaryngology: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Dinan Michaela A. , Roy Nelson , Kim Jaewhan , Courey Mark
Published: November 2013

Objective

Accurate diagnosis of a voice disorder is an essential first step toward its appropriate treatment. We examined differences in laryngeal diagnosis over time in outpatients evaluated by primary care physicians (PCPs) and/or otolaryngologists.

Study Design and Setting

Retrospective analysis of data from a large, national administrative US claims database.

Subjects and Methods

Patients with laryngeal disorders based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2008, with at least 2 outpatient visits by a PCP and/or otolaryngologist and continuously enrolled for 12 months were included. The initial and final laryngeal diagnoses were tabulated.

Results

Of approximately 55 million individuals, 29,501 met inclusion criteria. More than half the patients in the PCP to otolaryngology group and one‐third of the otolaryngology to otolaryngology group had different laryngeal diagnoses over time. Three‐fourths of patients with an initial acute laryngitis diagnosis in the PCP to otolaryngology group and half of the otolaryngology to otolaryngology group had a different final laryngeal diagnosis. Of patients with a final laryngeal cancer diagnosis, one‐fourth of the otolaryngology to otolaryngology group had an initial diagnosis of nonspecific dysphonia, and one‐fifth of the PCP to otolaryngology group had an initial diagnosis of acute laryngitis.

Conclusion

Differential diagnosis of voice disorders often evolves over time. The impact on treatment and health care utilization are important areas of future study.
Extensive vascular and valvular involvement in Gaucher disease
Authors: Altunbas Gokhan , Ercan Suleyman , Inanç Ibrahim Halil , Ozer Orhan , Kervancıoğlu Selim , Davutoğlu Vedat
Published: November 2013

A 17-year-old patient with type III Gaucher disease was hospitalized for recurrent syncope. Echocardiography showed calcified aortic and mitral stenosis. Three-dimensional computed tomography showed severely calcified plaques on the ascending aorta, arcus, and abdominal aorta. On follow-up, palpitations and syncope were triggered by emotional stress, followed by severe bradycardia that was resulted in cardiogenic shock; the patient died after 8 h despite all efforts. Gaucher disease should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of a young patient with extensive vascular and valvular calcification. Patients with symptomatic severe valvular disease must be referred for early surgery.
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortoiliac vein fistula
Authors: Gyoten Takayuki , Doi Toshio , Yamashita Akio , Fukahara Kazuaki , Kotoh Keiju , Yoshimura Naoki
Published: November 2013

A 67-year-old man was admitted with severe abdominal pain and back pain. Computed tomography showed an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (8.4 × 8.3 cm) and a large retroperitoneal hematoma. Immediately afterwards, the patient suffered circulatory collapse and was rushed to the operating theater. A fistula communicating with the left iliac vein was found. It was repaired with a Dacron patch while balloon-tipped catheters controlled the bleeding. The abdominal aortic aneurysm was replaced with a bifurcated graft. The postoperative course was uneventful. There have been few reports of successful repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with aortoiliac arteriovenous fistula.
Book Review: 23 things they don’t tell you about capitalism
Authors: Harris Geoff
Published: November 2013

Ha-Joon Chang, 23 things they don’t tell you about capitalism, 2011, pp. 286, ISBN 9780141047973. Pounds sterling 9.99. London: Penguin.
Of discourses, stakeholders and advocacy coalitions in media policy: Tracing negotiations towards the new management contract of Flemish public broadcaster VRT
Authors: Van den Bulck Hilde , Donders Karen
Published: November 2013

Taking the run-up to the 2012–2016 management contract between Flemish public service broadcaster VRT and the Flemish government as a case study, this article analyses the role of the digital technology argument in debates and negotiations regarding the position of public service broadcasting (PSB) in the era of media convergence. It discusses the outcome of the 2011 contract negotiations as the result of the relative position and impact of different actors by means of a stakeholder analysis and advocacy coalition framework. Results suggest, first, that beneath surface discussions about PSB and new media are economic arguments and logics. They show, second, that two advocacy coalitions can be identified and that the negotiations’ outcome reflects a rupture of ties in the advocacy coalition between right-wing political parties and private media companies, favouring a market failure perspective, to the benefit of the advocacy coalition promoting the social responsibility perspective, reflected in the eventual 2012–2016 management contract.
Common and Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Animal Shelter
Authors: Pesavento P. A. , Murphy B. G.
Published: November 2013

The beneficial role that animal shelters play is unquestionable. An estimated 3 to 4 million animals are cared for or placed in homes each year, and most shelters promote public health and support responsible pet ownership. It is, nonetheless, inevitable that shelters are prime examples of anthropogenic biological instability: even well-run shelters often house transient, displaced, and mixed populations of animals. Many of these animals have received minimal to no prior health care, and some have a history of scavenging or predation to survive. Overcrowding and poor shelter conditions further magnify these inherent risks to create individual, intraspecies, and interspecies stress and provide an environment conducive to exposure to numerous potentially collaborative pathogens. All of these factors can contribute to the evolution and emergence of new pathogens or to alterations in virulence of endemic pathogens. While it is not possible to effectively anticipate the timing or the pathogen type in emergence events, their sites of origin are less enigmatic, and pathologists and diagnosticians who work with sheltered animal populations have recognized several such events in the past decade. This article first considers the contribution of the shelter environment to canine and feline disease. This is followed by summaries of recent research on the pathogenesis of common shelter pathogens, as well as research that has led to the discovery of novel or emerging diseases and the methods that are used for their diagnosis and discovery. For the infectious agents that commonly affect sheltered dogs and cats, including canine distemper virus, canine influenza virus, Streptococcus spp, parvoviruses, feline herpesvirus, feline caliciviruses, and feline infectious peritonitis virus, we present familiar as well as newly recognized lesions associated with infection. Preliminary studies on recently discovered viruses like canine circovirus, canine bocavirus, and feline norovirus indicate that these pathogens can cause or contribute to canine and feline disease.
Headache as a risk factor for dementia: A prospective population-based study
Authors: Hagen Knut , Stordal Eystein , Linde Mattias , Steiner Timothy J , Zwart John-Anker , Stovner Lars Jacob
Published: November 2013

Background

Headache has not been established as a risk factor for dementia. The aim of this study was to determine whether any headache was associated with subsequent development of vascular dementia (VaD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or other types of dementia.

Methods

This prospective population-based cohort study used baseline data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 2) performed during 1995–1997 and, from the same Norwegian county, a register of cases diagnosed with dementia during 1997–2010. Participants aged ≥20 years who responded to headache questions in HUNT 2 were categorized (headache free; with any headache; with migraine; with nonmigrainous headache). Hazard ratios (HRs) for later inclusion in the dementia register were estimated using Cox regression analysis.

Results

Of 51,383 participants providing headache data in HUNT 2, 378 appeared in the dementia register during the follow-up period. Compared to those who were headache free, participants with any headache had increased risk of VaD ( n = 63) (multivariate-adjusted HR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.4–3.8, p = 0.002) and of mixed dementia (VaD and AD ( n = 52)) (adjusted HR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.5, p = 0.018). There was no association between any headache and later development of AD ( n = 180).

Conclusion

In this prospective population-based cohort study, any headache was a risk factor for development of VaD.
Macro- and micro-interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite under hygrothermal treatments
Authors: Gu Yizhuo , Liu Hongxin , Li Min , Li Yanxia , Zhang Zuoguang
Published: November 2013

Short beam shear test and single-fiber fragmentation test with an energy-based model were employed to investigate the changes of interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites under hygrothermal treatments, including 70℃ water immersion, boiling water immersion and re-drying. Scanning electron microscope pictures of shear fracture section in short beam shear and polarized photos at first fiber break in single-fiber fragmentation test were used to analyze the failure mode at interphase region before and after water aging. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between macro- and micro-interfacial properties were compared for two kinds of carbon fiber composites. The experimental results show the consistency of interfacial hygrothermal resistance based on the results from short beam shear and single-fiber fragmentation test. The resin tensile modulus, interlaminar shear strength from short beam shear and interfacial fracture energy from single-fiber fragmentation test all decrease after water aging and recovery to certain extents in re-drying treatment. The failure mode is different for different treated samples, especially showing irreversible change after boiling water immersion. Moreover, the obvious differences between the retention rates of interfacial fracture energy and those of interlaminar shear strength indicate the discrepancy between the micro-interfacial property and the macro-interfacial property on hygrothermal resistance.
Fabrication of nonbiofouling metal stent and in vitro studies on its hemocompatibility
Authors: Wang Xiaobo , Miao Jingjing , Zhao Haolin , Mao Chun , Chen Xiaoqiang , Shen Jian
Published: November 2013

In recent years, there has been increasing interest for the surface modification of biomaterials in order to improve their surface properties. The bare metal stents surface based on 3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propane sulfonate polymers has shown an excellent antifouling and blood compatibility by using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Surface structure, morphology, wettability, and element content were characterized by scanning electronic microscope, static water contact angles measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement, respectively. The results showed zwitterionic brushes were successfully fabricated on bare metal stents. The blood compatibility of bare metal stents before and after modification was evaluated by platelet adhesion tests, hemolysis assay, morphological changes of red blood cells, coagulation time tests, plasma recalcification time assay, complement activation, and platelet activation at molecular level. Moreover, the cytotoxicity was also to be characterized. All assays showed after the modification with zwitterionic brush the metal stents displayed a property of excellent blood compatibility and low cytotoxicity.
Queer Women in the Hookup Scene
Authors: Rupp Leila J. , Taylor Verta , Regev-Messalem Shiri , Fogarty Alison C.K. , England Paula
Published: November 2013

The college hookup scene is a profoundly gendered and heteronormative sexual field. Yet the party and bar scene that gives rise to hookups also fosters the practice of women kissing other women in public, generally to the enjoyment of male onlookers, and sometimes facilitates threesomes involving same-sex sexual behavior between women. In this article, we argue that the hookup scene serves as an opportunity structure to explore same-sex attractions and, at least for some women, to later verify bisexual, lesbian, or queer sexual identities. Based on quantitative and qualitative data and combining queer theory and identity theory, we offer a new interpretation of women’s same-sex practices in the hookup culture. Our analysis contributes to gender theory by demonstrating the utility of identity theory for understanding how non-normative gender and sexual identities are negotiated within heteronormatively structured fields.
Mentoring Across Family-Owned Businesses
Authors: Distelberg Brian John , Schwarz Thomas V.
Published: November 2013

Nearly three decades of research on mentoring has offered empirically supported processes in developing a mentoring relationship. Yet the application of mentoring within family businesses has received little exploration. Since much of the current mentoring literature is focused on general workplace mentoring, it is not clear how the multidimensional and interdependent systems within family businesses might complicate the translation of the existing literature to family business populations. This study examines interorganizational family business mentoring relationships to determine whether there are any issues which differentiate it from the existing mentoring research findings.
Sustaining the Family Business With Minimal Financial Rewards
Authors: Glover Jane L. , Reay Trish
Published: November 2013

We engaged in a multicase comparative study exploring how family farm businesses continue when economic returns are minimal. We analyzed strategic approaches used by 20 family dairy farms operating in the United Kingdom and identified four different strategic behaviors chosen by the family farm businesses—diversifying the business, maximizing debt, sacrificing family needs, and compromising. Each strategy allows the firm to survive, but has consequences for the family, the business, or both. Our study contributes to the socioemotional wealth literature by showing how emotional attachment to the business can influence firm decision making.
Managing Family Conflict Over Career Decisions
Authors: Ma Pei-Wen Winnie , Desai Uttara , George Login S. , Filippo Alyssa A. San , Varon Samantha
Published: November 2013

Conflict over career decisions is a main source of intergenerational conflict among Asian American families. This qualitative study explored the topic using consensual qualitative research methodology in a sample of eight Asian Americans. Results indicated that participants experienced feelings of guilt and indebtedness due to conflicting values, traditions, and expectations. Most participants dealt with parental disapproval regarding their career choice by seeking advice from friends and relatives. Participants employed many strategies to earn approval such as educating parents about their chosen career, seeking honors, and compromising between personal desires and parental expectations. Implications for career counseling and research are discussed.
The nonlinear disturbance observer-based control for small rotary-wing unmanned aircraft
Authors: Lei Xusheng , Lu Pei , Liu Fang
Published: November 2013

As a complex system, control performance of small rotary-wing unmanned aircraft is easily affected by measurement errors and environment disturbances. This paper proposes a nonlinear disturbance observer-based control to improve control performance. The constant and harmonic disturbance that is generated by the exogenous system with modeling perturbation can be estimated and rejected effectively. The random disturbance with certain bound can be reduced by the feedback control. By solving linear matrix inequality, the parameters for feedback control and nonlinear disturbance observer can be selected simultaneously. Therefore, the system stability can be guaranteed and the control performance can be improved effectively. The effectiveness of the nonlinear disturbance observer-based control is proved by a series of flight tests. Compared with feedback control, the disturbance observer-based control yields a better tracking performance in the presence of disturbances.
Nakagami imaging for detecting thermal lesions induced by high-intensity focused ultrasound in tissue
Authors: Rangraz Parisa , Behnam Hamid , Tavakkoli Jahan
Published: November 2013

High-intensity focused ultrasound induces focalized tissue coagulation by increasing the tissue temperature in a tight focal region. Several methods have been proposed to monitor high-intensity focused ultrasound–induced thermal lesions. Currently, ultrasound imaging techniques that are clinically used for monitoring high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment are standard pulse–echo B-mode ultrasound imaging, ultrasound temperature estimation, and elastography-based methods. On the contrary, the efficacy of two-dimensional Nakagami parametric imaging based on the distribution of the ultrasound backscattered signals to quantify properties of soft tissue has recently been evaluated. In this study, ultrasound radio frequency echo signals from ex vivo tissue samples were acquired before and after high-intensity focused ultrasound exposures and then their Nakagami parameter and scaling parameter of Nakagami distribution were estimated. These parameters were used to detect high-intensity focused ultrasound–induced thermal lesions. Also, the effects of changing the acoustic power of the high-intensity focused ultrasound transducer on the Nakagami parameters were studied. The results obtained suggest that the Nakagami distribution’s scaling and Nakagami parameters can effectively be used to detect high-intensity focused ultrasound–induced thermal lesions in tissue ex vivo. These parameters can also be used to understand the degree of change in tissue caused by high-intensity focused ultrasound exposures, which could be interpreted as a measure of degree of variability in scatterer concentration in various parts of the high-intensity focused ultrasound lesion.
National Differences in Environmental Concern and Performance Are Predicted by Country Age
Authors: Hershfield Hal E. , Bang H. Min , Weber Elke U.
Published: November 2013

There are obvious economic predictors of ability and willingness to invest in environmental sustainability. Yet, given that environmental decisions represent trade-offs between present sacrifices and uncertain future benefits, psychological factors may also play a role in country-level environmental behavior. Gott’s principle suggests that citizens may use perceptions of their country’s age to predict its future continuation, with longer pasts predicting longer futures. Using country- and individual-level analyses, we examined whether longer perceived pasts result in longer perceived futures, which in turn motivate concern for continued environmental quality. Study 1 found that older countries scored higher on an environmental performance index, even when the analysis controlled for country-level differences in gross domestic product and governance. Study 2 showed that when the United States was framed as an old country (vs. a young one), participants were willing to donate more money to an environmental organization. The findings suggest that framing a country as a long-standing entity may effectively prompt proenvironmental behavior.
Religion and Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Neuberg Steven L. , Warner Carolyn M. , Mistler Stephen A. , Berlin Anna , Hill Eric D. , Johnson Jordan D. , Filip-Crawford Gabrielle , Millsap Roger E. , Thomas George , Winkelman Michael , Broome Benjamin J. , Taylor Thomas J. , Schober Juliane
Published: November 2013

How might religion shape intergroup conflict? We tested whether religious infusion—the extent to which religious rituals and discourse permeate the everyday activities of groups and their members—moderated the effects of two factors known to increase intergroup conflict: competition for limited resources and incompatibility of values held by potentially conflicting groups. We used data from the Global Group Relations Project to investigate 194 groups (e.g., ethnic, religious, national) at 97 sites around the world. When religion was infused in group life, groups were especially prejudiced against those groups that held incompatible values, and they were likely to discriminate against such groups. Moreover, whereas disadvantaged groups with low levels of religious infusion typically avoided directing aggression against their resource-rich and powerful counterparts, disadvantaged groups with high levels of religious infusion directed significant aggression against them—despite the significant tangible costs to the disadvantaged groups potentially posed by enacting such aggression. This research suggests mechanisms through which religion may increase intergroup conflict and introduces an innovative method for performing nuanced, cross-societal research.