bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malignant and Benign Mass Segmentation in Mammograms Using Active Contour Methods
Authors: Ciecholewski Marcin
Published: November 2017

The correct segmentation of tumours can simplify formulate the diagnostic hypothesis, particularly in cases of irregular shapes, with fuzzy margins or spicules growing into the surrounding tissue, which are more likely to be malignant. In this study, the following active contour methods were used to segment the masses: an edge–based active contour model using an inflation/deflation force with a damping coefficient (EM), a geometric active contour model (GAC) and an active contour without edges (ACWE). The preprocessing techniques presented in this publication are to reduce noise and at the same time amplify uniform areas of images in order to improve segmentation results. In addition, the use of image sampling by bicubic interpolation was tested to shorten the evolution time of active contour methods. The experiments used a test set composed of 100 cases taken from two publicly available databases: Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) and Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database. The qualitative assessment concerned the ability to formulate an adequate diagnostic hypothesis and, for the individual methods (malignant and benign cases together), it amounted to at least: 81% (EM), 76% (GAC), and 69% (ACWE). The quantitative test consisted of measuring the following indexes: overlap value (OV) and extra fraction (EF). The OV of the segmentation for malignant and benign cases had the following average values: 0.81 ∓ 0.10 (EM), 0.79 ∓ 0.09 (GAC), 0.76 ∓ 0.18 (ACWE). The average values of the EF index, in turn, amounted to: 0.07 ∓ 0.06 (EM), 0.07 ∓ 0.05 (GAC) 0.34 ∓ 0.32 (ACWE). The qualitative and quantitative results obtained are the best for EM and are comparable or better than for other methods presented in the literature.
Nervous Communications In The Upper Limb. A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Ferreira Arquez Humberto
Published: November 2017

Background: Anatomical variations of the terminal branches of the brachial plexus in terms of communication between nerves at the level of upper limb have been reported, these communications were median and musculocutaneous nerve, median and ulnar nerve, radial and ulnar nerve (at level humeral), but communications between the radial and ulnar nerve at level of the forearm are very rare.

Methods and Findings: 34 upper extremities of 15 male and 2 females embalmed adults cadavers in the laboratory of Morphology of the University of Pamplona. The upper limbs were studied serially during the years 2013-2016. Of the 34 upper limbs studied in the Laboratory of Mor­phology of the University of Pamplona, in a 75 year-old male cadaver anatomical variations were found, dissected carefully and morphological details were photographed, these variations consisted of nervous communications between median and musculocutaneous nerve in the arm, median and ulnar nerve in the forearm, radial and ulnar nerve in the forearm.

Conclusions: Knowledge of these communications is of clinical significance. Surgical, therapeutic and diagnostically invasive procedures require extreme caution to prevent lesions of the anastomotic branches.
Analytic Model for Tangential YORP
Authors: Golubov Oleksiy
Published: November 2017

The tangential YORP effect (TYORP) plays a significant role in the dynamical evolution of asteroids, and up to now has only been studied numerically. This paper describes the first analytic model of the TYORP effect. Although the model rests on numerous physical and mathematical simplifications, the final analytic expression for TYORP is found to be in agreement with the results of rigorous numeric simulations to the accuracy of several tens of percent. The analytic expression obtained is used to estimate the TYORP produced by the non-flat surface of regolith—a contribution to TYORP that has never been considered. It is found that the contribution to TYORP arising from regolith can be comparable to the conventional TYORP produced by boulders. Then, the analytic expression is fitted with a log-normal function and used to integrate TYORP over all boulder sizes. The general trend of TYORP for multiple boulders appears qualitatively similar to the trend of one boulder, and it also demonstrates a maximal TYORP at some particular rotation rate. The expression obtained for integrated TYORP may be instrumental for simulations of the evolution of asteroids subject to TYORP. The physical origin of TYORP is discussed in light of the constructed analytic model.
Polynomial Apodizers for Centrally Obscured Vortex Coronagraphs
Authors: Fogarty Kevin , Pueyo Laurent , Mazoyer Johan , N’Diaye Mamadou
Published: November 2017

Several coronagraph designs have been proposed over the last two decades to directly image exoplanets. Among these designs, vector vortex coronagraphs provide theoretically perfect starlight cancellation along with small inner working angles when deployed on telescopes with unobstructed pupils. However, current and planned space missions and ground-based extremely large telescopes present complex pupil geometries, including large central obscurations caused by secondary mirrors, which prevent vortex coronagraphs from rejecting on-axis sources entirely. Recent solutions combining the vortex phase mask with a ring-apodized pupil have been proposed to circumvent this issue, but provide a limited throughput for vortex charges

. We present pupil plane apodizations for charge 2, 4, and 6 vector vortex coronagraphs that compensate for pupil geometries with circularly symmetric central obstructions caused by on-axis secondary mirrors. These apodizations are derived analytically and allow vortex coronagraphs to retain theoretically perfect nulling in the presence of obstructed pupils. For a charge 4 vortex, we design polynomial apodization functions assuming a grayscale apodizing filter that represent a substantial gain in throughput over the ring-apodized vortex coronagraph design, while for a charge 6 vortex, we design polynomial apodized vortex coronagraphs that have

total energy throughput for the entire range of central obscuration sizes studied. We propose methods for optimizing apodizations produced with either grayscale apodizing filters or shaped mirrors. We conclude by demonstrating how this design may be combined with apodizations numerically optimized for struts and primary mirror segment gaps to design terrestrial exoplanet imagers for complex pupils.
Precise Masses in the WASP-47 System
Authors: Vanderburg Andrew , Becker Juliette C. , Buchhave Lars A. , Mortier Annelies , Lopez Eric , Malavolta Luca , Haywood Raphaëlle D. , Latham David W. , Charbonneau David , López-Morales Mercedes , Adams Fred C. , Bonomo Aldo Stefano , Bouchy François , Cameron Andrew Collier , Cosentino Rosario , Fabrizio Luca Di , Dumusque Xavier , Fiorenzano Aldo , Harutyunyan Avet , Johnson John Asher , Lorenzi Vania , Lovis Christophe , Mayor Michel , Micela Giusi , Molinari Emilio , Pedani Marco , Pepe Francesco , Piotto Giampaolo , Phillips David , Rice Ken , Sasselov Dimitar , Ségransan Damien , Sozzetti Alessandro , Udry Stéphane , Watson Chris
Published: November 2017

We present precise radial velocity observations of WASP-47, a star known to host a hot Jupiter, a distant Jovian companion, and, uniquely, two additional transiting planets in short-period orbits: a super-Earth in a ≈19 hr orbit, and a Neptune in a ≈9 day orbit. We analyze our observations from the HARPS-N spectrograph along with previously published data to measure the most precise planet masses yet for this system. When combined with new stellar parameters and reanalyzed transit photometry, our mass measurements place strong constraints on the compositions of the two small planets. We find that, unlike most other ultra-short-period planets, the inner planet, WASP-47 e, has a mass (6.83 ± 0.66

) and a radius (1.810 ± 0.027

) that are inconsistent with an Earth-like composition. Instead, WASP-47 e likely has a volatile-rich envelope surrounding an Earth-like core and mantle. We also perform a dynamical analysis to constrain the orbital inclination of WASP-47 c, the outer Jovian planet. This planet likely orbits close to the plane of the inner three planets, suggesting a quiet dynamical history for the system. Our dynamical constraints also imply that WASP-47 c is much more likely to transit than a geometric calculation would suggest. We calculate a transit probability for WASP-47 c of about 10%, more than an order of magnitude larger than the geometric transit probability of 0.6%.
Dynamical Evolution Induced by Planet Nine
Authors: Batygin Konstantin , Morbidelli Alessandro
Published: November 2017

The observational census of trans-Neptunian objects with semimajor axes greater than

exhibits unexpected orbital structure that is most readily attributed to gravitational perturbations induced by a yet-undetected, massive planet. Although the capacity of this planet to (i) reproduce the observed clustering of distant orbits in physical space, (ii) facilitate the dynamical detachment of their perihelia from Neptune, and (iii) excite a population of long-period centaurs to extreme inclinations is well-established through numerical experiments, a coherent theoretical description of the dynamical mechanisms responsible for these effects remains elusive. In this work, we characterize the dynamical processes at play from semi-analytic grounds. We begin by considering a purely secular model of orbital evolution induced by Planet Nine and show that it is at odds with the ensuing stability of distant objects. Instead, the long-term survival of the clustered population of long-period Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) is enabled by a web of mean-motion resonances driven by Planet Nine. Then, by taking a compact-form approach to perturbation theory, we show that it is the secular dynamics embedded within these resonances that regulate the orbital confinement and perihelion detachment of distant KBOs. Finally, we demonstrate that the onset of large-amplitude oscillations of the orbital inclinations is accomplished through the capture of low-inclination objects into a high-order secular resonance, and we identify the specific harmonic that drives the evolution. In light of the developed qualitative understanding of the governing dynamics, we offer an updated interpretation of the current observational data set within the broader theoretical framework of the Planet Nine hypothesis.
The Horizontal Branch Population of NGC 1851 as Revealed by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT)
Authors: Subramaniam Annapurni , Sahu Snehalata , Postma Joseph E. , Côté Patrick , Hutchings J. B. , Darukhanawalla N. , Chung Chul , Tandon S. N. , Rao N. Kameswara , George K. , Ghosh S. K. , Girish V. , Mohan R. , Murthy J. , Pati A. K. , Sankarasubramanian K. , Stalin C. S. , Choudhury S.
Published: November 2017

We present the UV photometry of the globular cluster NGC 1851 using images acquired with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) onboard the ASTROSAT satellite. Point-spread function fitting photometric data derived from images in two far-UV (FUV) filters and one near-UV (NUV) filter are used to construct color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs), in combination with HST and ground-based optical photometry. In the FUV, we detect only the bluest part of the cluster horizontal branch (HB); in the NUV, we detect the full extent of the HB, including the red HB, blue HB, and a small number of RR Lyrae stars. UV variability was detected in 18 RR Lyrae stars, and three new variables were also detected in the central region. The UV/optical CMDs are then compared with isochrones of different age and metallicity (generated using Padova and BaSTI models) and synthetic HB (using helium-enhanced Y
2 models). We are able to identify two populations among the HB stars, which are found to have either an age range of 10–12 Gyr, or a range in Y
ini of 0.23–0.28, for a metallicity of [Fe/H] = −1.2 to −1.3. These estimations from the UV CMDs are consistent with those from optical studies. The almost-complete sample of the HB stars tends to show a marginal difference in spatial/azimuthal distribution among the blue and red HB stars. Thus, this study showcases the capability of UVIT, with its excellent resolution and large field of view, to study the hot stellar population in Galactic globular clusters.
The Magnetar Model for Type I Superluminous Supernovae. I. Bayesian Analysis of the Full Multicolor Light-curve Sample with MOSFiT
Authors: Nicholl Matt , Guillochon James , Berger Edo
Published: November 2017

We use the new Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients to model 38 hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe). We fit their multicolor light curves with a magnetar spin-down model and present posterior distributions of magnetar and ejecta parameters. The color evolution can be fit with a simple absorbed blackbody. The medians (1σranges) for key parameters are spin period 2.4 ms (1.2–4 ms), magnetic fieldG (G), ejecta mass 4.8(2.2–12.9), and kinetic energyerg (erg). This significantly narrows the parameter space compared to our uninformed priors, showing that although the magnetar model is flexible, the parameter space relevant to SLSNe is well constrained by existing data. The requirement that the instantaneous engine power is ∼1044erg at the light-curve peak necessitates either large rotational energy (ms), or more commonly that the spin-down and diffusion timescales be well matched. We find no evidence for separate populations of fast- and slow-declining SLSNe, which instead form a continuum in light-curve widths and inferred parameters. Variations in the spectra are explained through differences in spin-down power and photospheric radii at maximum light. We find no significant correlations between model parameters and host galaxy properties. Comparing our posteriors to stellar evolution models, we show that SLSNe require rapidly rotating (fastest 10%) massive stars (), which is consistent with their observed rate. High mass, low metallicity, and likely binary interaction all serve to maintain rapid rotation essential for magnetar formation. By reproducing the full set of light curves, our posteriors can inform photometric searches for SLSNe in future surveys.
The High-frequency Radio Emission of the Galactic Center Magnetar SGR J1745–29 during a Transitional Period
Authors: Gelfand Joseph D. , Ransom Scott , Kouveliotou Chryssa , Granot Jonathan , van der Horst Alexander J. , Zhang Guobao , Göğüş Ersin , Roberts Mallory S. E. , Ali Hend Al
Published: November 2017

The origin of the high-frequency radio emission detected from several magnetars is poorly understood. In this paper, we report the

∼
40

GHz

properties of SGR J1745−29 measured using Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) and Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) observations between 2013 October 26 and 2014 May 31. Our analysis of a Q-band (45 GHz) GBT observation on 2014 April 10 resulted in the earliest detection of pulsed radio emission at high frequencies (

≳
20

GHz

); we found that the average pulse has a singly peaked profile with width

∼
75

ms

(∼2% of the

3.764

s

pulse period) and an average pulsed flux density of ∼100 mJy. We also detected very bright, short

(
<
10

ms
)

single pulses during ∼70% of this neutron star’s rotations, and the peak flux densities of these bright pulses follow the same log-normal distribution as measured at 8.5 GHz. Additionally, our analysis of contemporaneous JVLA observations suggest that its 41/44 GHz flux density varied between ∼1–4 mJy during this period, with a

∼
2
×

change observed on ∼20 minute timescales during a JVLA observation on 2014 May 10. Such a drastic change over short timescales is inconsistent with the radio emission resulting from a shock powered by the magnetar’s supersonic motion through the surrounding medium, but consistent with pulsed emission generated in its magnetosphere.
Numerical Simulations of Gaseous Disks Generated from Collisional Cascades at the Roche Limits of White Dwarf Stars
Authors: Kenyon Scott J. , Bromley Benjamin C.
Published: November 2017

We consider the long-term evolution of gaseous disks fed by the vaporization of small particles produced in a collisional cascade inside the Roche limit of a 0.6 

white dwarf. Adding solids with radius

 at a constant rate

into a narrow annulus leads to two distinct types of evolution. When

, the cascade generates a fairly steady accretion disk where the mass transfer rate of gas onto the white dwarf is roughly

and the mass in gas is

g, where T
0 is the temperature of the gas near the Roche limit and α is the dimensionless viscosity parameter. If

, the system alternates between high states with large mass transfer rates and low states with negligible accretion. Although either mode of evolution adds significant amounts of metals to the white dwarf photosphere, none of our calculations yield a vertically thin ensemble of solids inside the Roche limit. X-ray observations can place limits on the mass transfer rate and test this model for metallic line white dwarfs.
Microlensing of Extremely Magnified Stars near Caustics of Galaxy Clusters
Authors: Venumadhav Tejaswi , Dai Liang , Miralda-Escudé Jordi
Published: November 2017

Recent observations of lensed galaxies at cosmological distances have detected individual stars that are extremely magnified when crossing the caustics of lensing clusters. In idealized cluster lenses with smooth mass distributions, two images of a star of radius R approaching a caustic brighten as

and reach a peak magnification

before merging on the critical curve. We show that a mass fraction (

) in microlenses inevitably disrupts the smooth caustic into a network of corrugated microcaustics and produces light curves with numerous peaks. Using analytical calculations and numerical simulations, we derive the characteristic width of the network, caustic-crossing frequencies, and peak magnifications. For the lens parameters of a recent detection and a population of intracluster stars with

, we find a source-plane width of

for the caustic network, which spans

on the image plane. A source star takes

years to cross this width, with a total of

crossings, each one lasting for

with typical peak magnifications of

. The exquisite sensitivity of caustic-crossing events to the granularity of the lens-mass distribution makes them ideal probes of dark matter components, such as compact halo objects and ultralight axion dark matter.
Interstellar Pickup Ion Observations to 38 au
Authors: McComas D. J. , Zirnstein E. J. , Bzowski M. , Elliott H. A. , Randol B. , Schwadron N. A. , Sokół J. M. , Szalay J. R. , Olkin C. , Spencer J. , Stern A. , Weaver H.
Published: November 2017

We provide the first direct observations of interstellar H+ and He+ pickup ions in the solar wind from 22 to 38 au. We use the Vasyliunas and Siscoe model functional form to quantify the pickup ion distributions, and while the fit parameters generally lie outside their physically expected ranges, this form allows fits that quantify variations in the pickup H+ properties with distance. By ∼20 au, the pickup ions already provide the dominant internal pressure in the solar wind. We determine the radial trends and extrapolate them to the termination shock at ∼90 au, where the pickup H+ to core solar wind density reaches ∼0.14. The pickup H+ temperature and thermal pressure increase from 22 to 38 au, indicating additional heating of the pickup ions. This produces very large extrapolated ratios of pickup H+ to solar wind temperature and pressure, and an extrapolated ratio of the pickup ion pressure to the solar wind dynamic pressure at the termination shock of ∼0.16. Such a large ratio has profound implications for moderating the termination shock and the overall outer heliospheric interaction. We also identify suprathermal tails in the H+ spectra and complex features in the He+ spectra, likely indicating variations in the pickup ion history and processing. Finally, we discover enhancements in both H+ and He+ populations just below their cutoff energies, which may be associated with enhanced local pickup. This study serves to document the release and serves as a citable reference of these pickup ion data for broad community use and analysis.
Minimal Disease Activity as a Treatment Target in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Gossec Laure , McGonagle Dennis , Korotaeva Tatiana , Lubrano Ennio , de Miguel Eugenio , Østergaard Mikkel , Behrens Frank
Published: November 2017

As in other inflammatory rheumatic diseases, the objective of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) treatment is the achievement of a defined target. Recent recommendations propose aiming for remission or low disease activity; however, a consensual definition of remission is lacking. A state of minimal disease activity (MDA) has been established and is defined by low activity assessed by tender/swollen joint counts, tender entheseal points, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index or body surface area, patient pain and global activity visual analog scale, and functional evaluation by Health Assessment Questionnaire. Since its development, MDA has been used increasingly in studies and clinical trials. In this article, the potential use of MDA as a treatment target in PsA is reviewed. The frequencies of MDA achievement with biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are summarized based on data from registries, observational studies, and clinical trials. Predictors and the prognostic effect of attaining MDA are also evaluated.
More Consistent Antimalarial Intake in First 5 Years of Disease Is Associated with Better Prognosis in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Pakchotanon Rattapol , Gladman Dafna D. , Su Jiandong , Urowitz Murray B.
Published: November 2017

Objective.

To examine whether more consistent use of antimalarial agents (AM) leads to better results in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods.

From a longitudinal cohort study, we identified inception patients with a minimum of 5 years of followup. They were divided into 3 groups: patients who took AM > 60% of the time (group A), those who took AM < 60% of the time (group B), and those who did not receive AM (group C) during the first 5 years of followup. Outcomes included increase in Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI), flare, achieving low disease activity (LDA), adjusted mean Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000, cumulative doses of steroids (CMS), and AM-related retinal toxicity. Regression analysis models were constructed to identify predictors of the outcomes.

Results.

There were 459 patients identified: 236 (51.4%) in group A, 88 (19.2%) in group B, and 135 (29.4%) in group C. The changes in SDI, flare event, and CMS were significantly lower in group A, which more often achieved LDA. Multivariable analysis revealed that the patients in group A had a lower risk of increasing SDI and were more likely to achieve LDA at Year 5 compared to the patients in group C. Patients taking AM had lower CMS over the 5 years of followup. There was only 1 patient with AM-related retinal toxicity in each group.

Conclusion.

More consistent use of an AM over the first 5 years of SLE is associated with better outcomes.
The Sex Influence on Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors and Remission in Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Lubrano Ennio , Perrotta Fabio Massimo , Manara Maria , D’Angelo Salvatore , Addimanda Olga , Ramonda Roberta , Punzi Leonardo , Olivieri Ignazio , Salvarani Carlo , Marchesoni Antonio
Published: November 2017

Objective.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex on response to treatment and disease remission in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

Methods.

In this retrospective multicenter study, patients with axSpA, according to the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society (ASAS) criteria for axSpA, and treated with adalimumab, etanercept, golimumab, or infliximab, were studied. We compared clinical characteristics, patient-reported outcomes, disease activity, function, and response to treatment in male and female patients with this disease.

Results.

Three hundred forty patients with axSpA (270 with ankylosing spondylitis, 19 with psoriatic arthritis with axial involvement, and 51 with nonradiographic axSpA) were studied. Male subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of grade IV sacroiliitis, higher levels of serum C-reactive protein, lower Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score, and fatigue when compared with females. Further, Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the rate of partial remission, ASAS40 response, and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) major improvement, but not ASDAS inactive disease, were significantly lower in female patients.

Conclusion.

Our data suggest that female sex was associated with a lower rate of response to treatment and of disease remission in patients with axSpA treated with antitumor necrosis factor-α drugs.
L'évolution des techniques
Authors: Deutsch Jean-Claude , Vullierme Martine
Published: November 2017

Résumé Plusieurs facteurs ont joué un rôle prédominant dans le développement technologique du domaine de l’eau : le progrès scientifique et technique en général, la prise en compte du consommateur, la montée en puissance des préoccupations liées à l’environnement et l’acceptabilité de plus en plus limitée des risques. Dans le domaine de l’eau potable, l’urgence rend aujourd’hui nécessaire d’agir sur deux tableaux : prévenir et traiter. Dans le premier tableau, on trouve les programmes d’intervention tel Ferti-Mieux, la reconstitution du processus naturel des eaux à travers le sol, traiter directement la ressource, et localiser et évaluer du mieux possible les risques de pollution sur le bassin d’apport de la ressource. Dans le deuxième tableau, des évolutions importantes du traitement sont à noter : de purement chimique au départ, au biologique aujourd’hui, en passant par le physico-chimique les principales technologies employées sont : le report de désinfection en fin de filière, les traitements d’affinage, les membranes. Dans le domaine de l’assainissement, le problème principal lié au traitement des eaux usées est l’élimination des boues. En revanche, en ce qui concerne les eaux pluviales, des innovations importantes ont été réalisées ces dernières années dans le cadre de trois approches nouvelles : la gestion en temps réel, les techniques alternatives et la gestion du risque. La prise de décision est au cœur d’un contexte de plus en plus complexe dans le domaine de la gestion de l’eau.
L'aménagement de nouveaux terminaux à conteneurs et le renouvellement de la problématique flux-territoire dans les ports de la Rangée Nord
Authors: Lavaud-Letilleul Valérie
Published: November 2017

Résumé La période de construction des zones industrialo-portuaires (ZIP) s’est achevée en Europe dans les années 1970 ; les plus grands projets d’aménagement engagés dans les grands ports européens depuis le début des années 1990 concernent des terminaux à conteneurs. Ils marquent une nouvelle étape dans le domaine de l’aménagement portuaire et correspondent à une nouvelle problématique flux/territoire. Les autorités portuaires doivent faire face, d’un côté, aux exigences des armateurs et des méga-manutentionnaires internationaux et, de l’autre, à la diminution des budgets publics consacrés aux infrastructures de transport et à l’élévation des critères en matière d’environnement et d’emploi visant le bien-être des populations locales. La situation diffère cependant beaucoup d’un port à l’autre. La comparaison du processus de planification et des choix adoptés à Rotterdam, pour la construction de la Maasvlakte 2, et à Anvers, pour celle du Deurganck Dock, montre que cela s’explique en grande partie par les politiques nationale et communautaire adoptées dans le domaine. Se pose alors la question des nouvelles formes de concurrence qui naissent de ces choix et des recompositions spatiales qu’ils impliquent, ainsi que de la nécessité d’un éventuel arbitrage par les instances communautaires.
Quelques aspects historiques de la notion de réseau
Authors: Parrochia Daniel
Published: November 2017

Résumé Notre ambition, dans cet article, est tout à fait modeste. Il s’agit de présenter, comme notre titre l’indique, quelques aspects historiques de la notion de réseau. Cette entreprise n’est pas la première du genre. Nous avons, naguère, en un temps où la notion de réseau était moins en vogue qu’aujourd’hui, contribué à mettre cette histoire en lumière. Depuis, Pierre Musso a, à plusieurs reprises, développé une critique très utile des représentations auxquelles elle a donné lieu. Toutefois, comme Hegel l’a montré, des représentations de concepts ne sont pas des concepts, c’est pourquoi la mythologie, l’art, la religion, ne sont pas des moyens adéquats pour l’expression de la pensée. De plus, nous entendons nous limiter, pour l’essentiel, à l’histoire du noyau rationnel de cette notion, sans prétendre évidemment, dans la limite de l’espace qui nous est imparti, à l’exhaustivité. Soucieux de montrer de façon claire comment la notion de réseau s’est peu à peu dégagé du halo d’images et d’obstacles épistémologiques qui l’entouraient, nous irons de ses aspects préhistoriques (le réseau comme filet) à ses usages effectifs dans la théorie des graphes et des réseaux de transport en montrant comment, de l’organisation de la matière à celle du territoire puis des moyens de communication, cette notion s’est avérée, peu à peu indispensable pour décrire les sociétés contemporaines où, selon une thèse célèbre de Mac Luhan, les échanges et la re-production deviennent aussi importants, sinon plus, que l’appareil productif lui-même.
L'innovation péricentrale dans l'industrie automobile : une gestion territoriale du risque de résistance au changement
Authors: Layan Jean-Bernard
Published: November 2017

Résumé Depuis 30 ans émergent en périphérie immédiate des grands blocs régionaux de nouveaux pays constructeurs d’automobiles : Espagne, Mexique, République tchèque, Turquie etc. Les produits assemblés dans ces nouveaux espaces sont très souvent à la pointe de l’innovation et résultent surtout de process pionniers du point de vue organisationnel. L’existence de telles innovations organisationnelles en périphérie cadre mal avec les schémas traditionnels de l’analyse économique de la spécialisation internationale. Elle est en revanche plus compréhensible si l’on tient compte des aspects assurantiels des stratégies territoriales des constructeurs. Ceux-ci trouvent en périphérie des conditions favorables à la mise en place de changements organisationnels radicaux qui, en attaquant les statuts professionnels et en brouillant le cadre institutionnel du travail du personnel, risqueraient de se heurter à la résistance des salariés des usines centrales.
La rue africaine, territoire de l'informel ?
Authors: Steck Jean-Fabien
Published: November 2017

Résumé Le développement des petites activités commerciales et artisanales urbaines appartenant à ce que l’on a pris coutume d’appeler l’informel s’accompagne le plus souvent d’une importante occupation de la rue, sous diverses formes ambulantes et sédentaires, temporaires et permanentes. Cette occupation de la rue est liée à ce que cette dernière représente : un espace public, visible et ouvert ; une disponibilité foncière ; un axe de circulation. À travers des exemples pris à Abidjan et à Lomé, cet article décrit cette appropriation de la rue par les activités de l’informel, analyse l’utilisation qui est faite du conflit encombrement marchand de la rue/continuité des fonctions circulatoires et interroge les politiques urbaines, programmatiques, gestionnaires et régulatrices dont la rue est l’objet en tant que territoire de l’informel.
Intercommunalité, transports urbains et pouvoir d'agglomération. Cinq trajectoires urbaines
Authors: Gallez Caroline
Published: November 2017

Résumé À la suite du vaste mouvement de recomposition intercommunale en France issu de la loi Chevènement (1999), le secteur des transports urbains a connu d’importants changements institutionnels. Le succès des communautés d’agglomération, dotées de moyens financiers et de compétences renforcées (notamment dans les domaines de l’aménagement de l’espace, du développement économique et de l’organisation des transports urbains) explique l’ampleur des évolutions observées : entre 1998 et 2003, près de 60% des autorités organisatrices des transports urbains ont changé de statut, 40% d’entre elles étant désormais des communautés d’agglomération. En nous appuyant sur les études diachroniques de cinq agglomérations françaises (Rennes, Saint-Étienne, Valenciennes, Caen et Saint-Brieuc), nous nous sommes intéressés aux conséquences de ces évolutions sur l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre des politiques de transports urbains. Ces observations de terrain attestent tout d’abord de la diversité des situations concernant le rôle des transports publics dans l’émergence ou dans la consolidation du pouvoir d’agglomération. Dans tous les cas, y compris lorsque les collectivités décident de maintenir une gestion sectorielle des transports publics, les logiques de réseaux tendent à être marginalisées face aux stratégies politiques territoriales. Différents indices témoignent de ces évolutions : l’adaptation des périmètres de transport aux frontières des nouvelles intercommunalités, le renforcement des capacités d’expertise et la quête d’autonomie des autorités organisatrices ou encore l’inscription territoriale des débats autour des transports publics urbains. Cette politisation des enjeux ne s’accompagne pas toujours d’une plus grande transversalité de l’action publique, comme en atteste la difficulté des nouvelles intercommunalités à se saisir de l’ensemble des moyens d’action sur les déplacements. Ainsi la segmentation des politiques sectorielles est-elle ancrée dans des modes de représentation et des pratiques anciennes que la création d’institutions aux compétences intégrées ne suffit pas (encore) à faire évoluer.
Les projets des agglomérations en matière de transport : représentations, projets, conflits et stratégie de « détournement » des réseaux
Authors: Reigner Hélène , Hernandez Frédérique
Published: November 2017

Résumé La perspective adoptée ici nous a permis d’interroger la « panne de problématisation » (Offner, 2006) en matière de politiques locales de transport et de déplacement. Ce qui est mis en avant, c’est la non explicitation, par les agglomérations, de la globalité de leur projet, de leurs stratégies et de leurs priorités. En effet, mis côte à côte, la cartographie des multiples projets, à première vue épars, portés par les représentants des agglomérations (Aix-en-Provence, Aubagne et Grenoble) dessine un modèle cohérent bien qu’implicite, d’organisation des déplacements. Ce modèle générique d’organisation de la circulation permet aux agglomérations, en quête d’attractivité, de combiner, à leur échelle, accessibilité et protection vis-à-vis de l’automobile. Cependant, les agglomérations ne sont que partiellement maîtresses des réseaux qui traversent et structurent leur territoire. La concrétisation de ce modèle générique se heurte à d’autres représentations du territoire, et donc à d’autres représentations de l’usage des réseaux, portées par d’autres acteurs, agissant à d’autres échelles. Ainsi, l’enjeu central, bien qu’implicite, pour les représentants des agglomérations, consiste à construire une représentation de la ville et des réseaux de transport qu’elle accueille, qui accule les gestionnaires du réseau de type autoroutier à l’évolution urbaine de l’usage de ce réseau. Ce faisant, ces voiries peuvent être utilisées pour concrétiser le projet urbain des agglomérations. Plutôt que d’expliciter leur projet et ses implications à différentes échelles, au risque d’entrer en conflit frontal avec les autres gestionnaires du réseau, notamment l’État, les agglomérations développent des stratégies, projet par projet, de façon à « détourner » l’usage des réseaux dont elles ne sont pas gestionnaires. Au total, adopter une démarche compréhensive pour saisir le point de vue des agglomérations conduit à relativiser les critiques relatives aux politiques de transport et de déplacement tant en termes de déficit de problématisation que d’inefficacité des procédures.
Les frontières du « Ciel Unique Européen ».
Authors: Beyer Antoine
Published: November 2017

Résumé L’article propose une géographie des frontières aériennes de l’Europe. Il montre comment celle-ci résulte de la combinaison d’options techniques et de données politiques. Dans un contexte d’intégration politique et sous la pression de trafics croissants, la partition traditionnelle de l’espace aérien évolue aujourd’hui dans l’UE selon des critères fonctionnels de moins en moins liés au tracé des frontières nationales. L’adoption en 2004 d’un nouveau cadre législatif communautaire et les efforts de coordination technique conduisent ainsi à transformer la carte du ciel. Les nouveaux dispositifs poussent au rapprochement des acteurs au sein d’instances de contrôle transnationales et partagées entre vols commerciaux et militaires. À terme, c’est l’ensemble de l’espace aérien continental qui devrait être redécoupé en régions fonctionnelles d’information en vol ou FAB ( Functional Airspace Blocks ), largement détachées des espaces nationaux au sol. Dans cette perspective, l’article cherche à répondre à deux interrogations : comprendre sur quelles bases se définissent les contours de ces régions aériennes émergentes, voir comment l’évolution de la notion de frontière aérienne peut éclairer les modalités de construction territoriale de l’UE.
Implementation of Bus Rapid Transit infrastructure : conflicts, meanings and contradictions in the defense of the streets of Santiago de Chile
Authors: Figueroa Martínez Cristhian
Published: November 2017

Les rues font actuellement l’objet de pressions sociale et économique mettant en cause leur conception et leur fonctionnement. À Santiago du Chili, la complexe mise en œuvre d’un nouveau système de transport public en 2007 (Transantiago) a donné lieu à l’élaboration de plusieurs projets visant à ajuster la structure traditionnelle de la rue aux besoins liés au nouveau système de bus à haut niveau de service ( Bus Rapid Transit – BRT). Cependant, toutes les propositions ont engendré des conflits sociaux qui ont chaque fois abouti au même résultat: la prise en compte des demandes sociales au détriment des attentes de l’État central. Cet article vise à caractériser ces conflits, en identifiant les acteurs impliqués, leurs prises de position et la manière dont celles-ci ont évolué dans le temps. Il conclut sur les multiples significations que les populations attribuent à la rue et sur l’incapacité de l’État central à communiquer ses idées et objectifs.
Chronique d'une transition énergétique en tension : l'universalisation inachevée du réseau de gaz naturel à Istanbul
Authors: Arik Elvan
Published: November 2017

Jusqu’à présent les études disponibles sur les réseaux de gaz naturel n’ont guère contribué à appréhender les mutations des modes de gestion urbaine survenues dans les métropoles émergentes. Pourtant, les choix politiques orientés vers le développement de ce système énergétique considéré comme plus propre et efficace comparé aux systèmes précédents basés essentiellement sur l’utilisation de combustibles traditionnels (bois, charbon, LPG, combustibles organiques), entraînent ces villes dans une transition énergétique. Celle-ci se caractérise par l’introduction d’une nouvelle ressource énergétique qui est à l’origine d’une modification de certaines pratiques domestiques (en l’occurrence, dans notre cas d’étude, les pratiques thermiques et culinaires). Nous nous proposons dans cet article, à partir du cas du réseau de gaz naturel qui s’est développé dans la métropole d’Istanbul, d’étudier l’ensemble des tensions inhérentes à cette situation de changement. L’analyse sociopolitique et territoriale du déploiement de ce réseau, qui nous permet d’évaluer l’universalisation effective du service, nous pousse dans le cas présent à décentrer notre regard de la question de l’accès à l’infrastructure à celle des usages du service.
Des pratiques citoyennes en régime industriel : les courts-circuits du compost
Authors: Dumain Aurélie , Rocher Laurence
Published: November 2017

L’article porte sur le développement des pratiques de compostage collectif, analysé à partir d’une étude ethnographique menée dans l’agglomération lyonnaise. Il décrit comment des pratiques de détournement des matières fermentescibles des flux de déchets initiées par des habitants et des associations, tendent à être reconnues et institutionnalisées tout en faisant l’objet d’une régulation assez poussée. Cet article propose une analyse des régimes de circulation des déchets à partir d’une observation des opérations par lesquelles des acteurs s’organisent pour faire circuler d’une autre manière les déchets organiques, les détourner d’un régime de circulation qualifié d’« industriel » et les introduire dans un autre circuit, qu’il s’agit de faire advenir, défini comme « proche » et « militant ». Nous montrons comment la mise en circulation de ces matières consiste à « court-circuiter » le système sociotechnique établi de la gestion des déchets, tout en s’y ajustant, et combien à travers la dimension matérielle de ces déchets sont engagés des circuits multiples et imbriqués : d’ordre financier, éthique, écologique, social et politique.
Effect of PR toxin on THP1 and Caco-2 cells: anin vitro study
Authors: Hymery N. , Puel O. , Tadrist S. , Canlet C. , Le Scouarnec H. , Coton E. , Coton M.
Published: November 2017

Penicillium roqueforti produces mycotoxins including PR toxin, which is a food and feed contaminant. In this study, PR toxin was purified from culture material of thePenicillium roqueforti F43-1 strain. Toxic effects were evaluated in undifferentiated human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and THP-1 monocytic immune cells. To understand the mechanisms involved in PR-toxin toxicity, cell death and pro-inflammatory gene expression were studied. In addition, PR toxin degradation was assessed. Cytotoxicity studies showed a dose-dependent effect of PR toxin and the calculated mean cytotoxic concentration (IC50) concentrations were for Caco-2 and THP-1 cells >12.5 and 0.83 μM, respectively. Gene expression studies showed that tumour necrosis factor-α expression was significantly increased after 24 h exposure to 312 μM PR toxin. PR toxin induced necrosis on THP-1 cells after 3 h exposure. In the cell culture system, the PR toxin showed a 10-fold reduction in PR toxin concentration within 48 h, indicating that PR toxin was degraded by THP-1. To conclude, PR toxin appears to be one of the most cytotoxicP. roqueforti mycotoxins on Caco-2 and/or THP-1 cells and induces in THP-1 cells both necrosis and an inflammatory response.
The Development of Indonesian POS Tagging System for Computer-aided Independent Language Learning
Authors: Muljono Muljono , Afini Umriya , Supriyanto Catur , Nugroho Raden Arief
Published: November 2017

Word processing tool is a basic need in learning a language. One of the word processors needed by a language learner is part of speech (POS) tagging. While many POS Tagging tools for Indonesian language have been developed, no systems have been addressed specifically for language learners. This paper presents a study on an Indonesian part of speech (POS) tagging system developed as one of word processing tools for language learners. We use resources from previous Indonesian POS tagging research, such as MorphInd for the morphological analysis and IPOSTagger for part of speech tagging. Objective and subjective tests are employed to evaluate this system. In the objective test the part of speech tagging results use a system model developed from IPOSTagger in combination with MorphInd as the morphological analyzer, and compared with the results of part of speech tagging produced from the original IPOSTagger system model. The results show that the part of speech tagging accuracy using this system model is higher than other models. For its subjective evaluation, Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is used to the 24 participating respondents. The MOS results obtained reach 3,61 for test-1, 3,87 for test-2, and 3,72 for test-3. From the results, we expect that this POS tagging system could be used to help language learners in their Indonesian language self-learning process.
 Inclusão social: percepção das famílias de um município do oeste de santa catarina / Social inclusion: the perception of families from a municipality of western santa catarina
Authors: Rossetto Marchetti Júlia , Navas Sanches Próspero Elisete , Vendruscolo Carine
Published: November 2017

O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as percepções de famílias em fase de aquisição, quanto à sua inclusão social na comunidade em que vivem. Inquérito de base populacional com 101 famílias, por meio de visitas domiciliares e aplicação de um instrumento que contemplou variáveis de diversas naturezas quanto à inclusão social. As entrevistas foram realizadas no período de julho a setembro de 2012 no município de Palmitos, Santa Catarina. A análise foi de cluster (agrupamento). Os respondentes avaliaram como “boa” e “regular” as questões que mediam a percepção familiar sobre o exercício da cidadania. “Muito boa” foi a percepção sobre o apoio que recebem de algumas redes sociais. A renda familiar foi o maior motivo de descontentamento. Quanto aos serviços de saúde, a avaliação das Unidades Básicas de Saúde foi predominantemente positiva, ao contrário da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, avaliada com baixo desempenho. As questões de saneamento básico também receberam avaliação negativa. Diante dos resultados, deve-se considerar a importância do trabalho interdisciplinar, do esforço coletivo dos profissionais de saúde, da intersetorialidade, com ação imediata, fundamentais para promover a saúde e melhorar a qualidade de vida da população assistida.
Investigation of Friction Coefficient for Twaron-Reinforced Brake Shoe Materials
Authors: Demirhan Yusuf Ziya , Kus Recai
Published: November 2017

After the adverse effects of asbestos used in brake shoes on vehicles were come up, the researches on ecological shoe material have been carried out by many researchers. From this point forth, four different twaron-reinforced composite materials, which could be brake shoes, were produced in this study. Samples were produced in double acting press at a pressure of 100 MPa at 160°C by mixing the components used in powder form in a mixer. The samples were cured at 160°C for 6 hours. After curing, produced samples and those taken from commercial shoes were compared by performing hardness pin-on-disc wear tests (ASTM G99-95). When the results are evaluated in terms of hardness, it was observed that 20% twaron-reinforced sample has the highest hardness (116,88 Rockwell-R), but when evaluated in terms of friction, it was seen that while 5% twaron-reinforced sample satisfies highest friction coefficient, 10% twaron-reinforced sample exhibits close values to the commercial brake shoe at varying loads and showed a stable friction performance.
Crushing Response of Green Square Honeycomb Structure from Sugar Palm & PLA
Authors: Ansari Zahidah , Rejab Mohd Ruzaimi Mat , Bachtiar Dandi , Siregar Januar Parlaungan
Published: November 2017

Experiment investigation were conducted on square honeycomb structure made out of sugar palm reinforced polylactic acid (PLA). This paper investigate the compression and tensile properties of new and recycled sugar palm/PLA composite. Short fiber were obtain by crushing and then mix with PLA before being hot pressed at 180°C. The 3mm plate were then developed into sandwich square honeycomb structure. The result show small decrement in strength pattern.