bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSDUCTION OF RESISTANCE TO SOME MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS INSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Pattee P. A. , Baldwin J. N.
Published: January 2020

Pattee, P. A. (Iowa State University, Ames)and J. N. Baldwin. Transduction of resistance to some macrolide antibiotics inStaphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol.84:1049–1055. 1962.—By use of phage 80 of the International Typing Series, propagated on appropriate strains ofStaphylococcus aureus, two related markers controlling resistance to certain macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin) were transduced among a variety of strains ofS. aureus. Unlike the markers controlling penicillinase production and resistance to chlortetracycline and novobiocin, the determinants of resistance to the macrolide antibiotics were transduced at normal frequencies (at least 300 transductants per 109phage) only to certain of the recipient strains. One of the markers studied appears to control an inducible enzyme system which is specifically induced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin and which controls resistance to erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin. The other marker examined confers resistance to erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin, and shows no evidence of being dependent upon an inducible mechanism.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IV
Authors: Gottlieb David , Carter H. E. , Robbins P. W. , Burg R. W.
Published: January 2020

Gottlieb, David
(University of Illinois, Urbana), H. E.
Carter, P. W. Robbins, and R. W. Burg
. Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol. IV. Incorporation of carbon
14
-labeled precursors. J. Bacteriol.
84:
888–895. 1962.—Metabolism of
dl
-phenylalanine stimulated antibiotic synthesis by
Streptomyces venezuelae
, and resulted in the fixation of carbons 1 and 2 into the carbonyl group of chloramphenicol. It probably occurs by the oxidation of these carbons to carbon dioxide, followed by incorporation. Carbon 3 and the adjacent ring carbon were found in the dichloromethyl and the carbonyl carbons, respectively, of the dichloroacetyl portion of the molecule. The phenyl group of the amino acid is not transferred to the ring in chloramphenicol. Another stimulatory amino acid,
dl
-norleucine, contributed carbon 2 only as the carbonyl carbon.
dl
-Leucine is metabolized so that two adjacent carbons appear as the carbons in the dichloroacetyl moiety of the antibiotic. From acetic acid, carbon 1 is found only in the carbonyl group of chloramphenicol; carbon 2 of the acid is more generally distributed among the ring and side chain of the
p
-nitrophenylserinol part of the antibiotic, but is in greatest concentration in the dichloroacetyl fraction. Formic acid and carbon dioxide also are transformed only to the carbonyl group. Glycerol, the main source of metabolized carbon in the medium, has a general role and contributes to all parts of the molecule. In addition, it has a specific role in supplying an intact three-carbon fragment which enters into the molecule of chloramphenicol as a unit.
STREPTOCOCCAL L-FORMS IV
Authors: Panos Charles
Published: January 2020

Panos, Charles(University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, and Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.). Streptococcal L-forms. IV. Comparison of the metabolic rates of aStreptococcusand derived L-form. J. Bacteriol.84:921–928. 1962.—Glycolytic rates of hexoses, amino sugars, pentoses, two-carbon compounds, and certain intermediates of glycolysis and the adaptive response to glucose of a group AStreptococcusand its derived L-form were compared. It was found that removal of the streptococcal cell wall did not result in the loss of the homolactic characteristic of the parent coccus or in a marked increase in the metabolism of certain glycolytic intermediates by the L-form. It was shown that (i) a major difference exists between the coccus and its L-form in the metabolism of glucosamine andN-acetylglucosamine; (ii) apparently, a loss of selectivity and internal control occurred in the transformation to the L-form; and (iii) this form, unlike the parent coccus, displayed an adaptive response to glucose. These data were not the result of an internal loss of essential cofactors or enzymes by diffusion from within the L-form. Nor could they be accounted for by dry-weight differences due to loss of the streptococcal cell wall. Finally, it was observed that the sonically disintegrated L-form in 0.5mNaCl was capable of a glycolytic activity of 46% of that of the total intact culture. These data suggest that the conversion of a streptococcus to the L-form is accompanied by an alteration in carbohydrate metabolism as well as the loss of the cell wall. Previously reported data are in agreement with these findings and support the conclusion that the resulting form is not merely a bacterial cell without a rigid cell wall.
KINETICS OF CELL INFECTION AND PENETRATION BY THE VIRUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
Authors: Thorne H. V.
Published: January 2020

Thorne
, H. V. (Research Institute, Animal Virus Diseases, Pirbright, England). Kinetics of cell infection and penetration by the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Bacteriol.
84:
929–942. 1962.—The kinetics of cell infection by the virus of foot-and-mouth disease were determined, using acidification to pH 5.7 to eliminate virus from the system and to stop the reaction at required times. The infection curve was sigmoidal in form with an initial lag stage followed by a linear region of slope, at moderate concentrations, proportional to the virus and cell concentrations. The infection rate was very small below 15 C but increased rapidly with increasing temperature. Cell infection was 90% complete in about 3 min at 37 C and about 20 min at 25 C. By comparison with kinetic equations derived for a simple model of the infection process, adsorption and penetration rate constants were calculated. The adsorption rate constants were of the same order as those obtained from direct measurements of virus adsorption. The half-time for the penetration reaction was about 30 sec at 37 C and 6 min at 20 C; the rate decreased to near zero values below 15 C. The energy of activation for penetration was 24,000 cal/mole.
ISOCITRATE LYASE AND MALATE SYNTHASE IN
PSEUDOMONAS INDIGOFERA
II
Authors: Howes William V. , McFadden Bruce A.
Published: January 2020

Howes, William
V. (Washington State University, Pullman)
and Bruce A. McFadden
. Isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in
Pseudomonas indigofera
. II. Enzyme changes during the phase of adjustment and the early exponential phase. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1222–1227. 1962.—The differential rates of synthesis (DRS) of malate synthase and isocitrate lyase were investigated at 30 C during the phase of adjustment (lag) and the early exponential phase in
Pseudomonas indigofera
. Cells grown on ethanol-acetate-yeast extract or succinate-yeast extract were added to a medium containing ethanol or succinate, and the DRS of each enzyme was followed. A reproducible decline in both enzymatic activities occurred after inoculation when a lag in growth was observed. To define the DRS occurring after this decline, a new parameter, ε, was defined and calculated for linear segments of a DRS plot. Certain variations of ε during DRS suggested that a balance between induction (or derepression) and repression controls, in part at least, malate synthase and isocitrate lyase levels. Effects of chloramphenicol upon enzyme synthesis after the period of expected decline were studied. No degradation or synthesis of malate synthase occurred in the presence of chloramphenicol, although, after degradation, slight synthesis of isocitrate lyase occurred. Acetate, butyrate, ethanol, glyoxylate, and isocitrate did not stimulate production of either enzyme in nongrowing cultures of high cell density. In fact, some degradation of each enzyme occurred.
GENETIC HOMOLOGY BETWEEN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
K-12 AND
SALMONELLA
Authors: Falkow Stanley , Rownd R. , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2020

Falkow, Stanley
(Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
Robert Rownd, and L. S. Baron
. Genetic homology between
Escherichia coli
K-12 and
Salmonella
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1303–1312. 1962.—Recombinant analysis and interrupted mating procedures, in conjunction with molecular hybridization experiments, demonstrated that the genetic homology between
Escherichia
and
Salmonella
is incomplete. The most likely explanation of this incomplete homology is imperfect pairing between the deoxyribonucleic acid molecules of the two species. Despite the inhomologies, there is ample evidence that the order and distance of the genetic characters on the
Salmonella
chromosome are identical to those of
Escherichia
.
PROTOPLAST MEMBRANE OF
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Shockman Gerald D. , Kolb Joseph J. , Bakay Bohdan , Conover Margaret J. , Toennies Gerrit
Published: January 2020

Shockman, Gerald
D. (Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Joseph J. Kolb, Bohdan Bakay, Margaret J. Conover, and Gerrit Toennies
. Protoplast membrane of
Streptococcus faecalis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
168–176. 1963.—The membrane fraction of
Streptococcus faecalis
(ATCC 9790) was isolated and purified, by a variety of procedures, from cultures that were grown under closely controlled conditions of physiological age and nutrition. The most satisfactory method required the use of lysozyme-to-cell ratios below 0.01 and the intermediate formation of protoplasts in osmotically protective media. Amino acid analyses of three of the membrane preparations indicated a characteristic and constant, but not unusual, pattern; 42% of the membranes from threonine-depleted and 49 to 55% of the membranes from log-phase cultures were accounted for as protein. Significant quantities of
d
-alanine or
d
-aspartic acid were not detected, indicating the absence of contaminating cell-wall substance. Essentially, all of the nitrogen was accounted for as amino acids. The lipid content of membranes from stationary-phase threonine-depleted (36%) and valine-depleted (40%) cultures was significantly higher than the corresponding fraction of exponential-phase cultures (28%). The phosphorus content of the membrane lipid was relatively constant (2.8 to 3.0%), and the nitrogen content was extremely low (0.12 to 0.26%). Thus, changes in the composition of the membrane fraction occurred during the transition of log-phase cells into threonine- or valine-depleted cells.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN EXOCELLULAR NUCLEASE OF
SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Eaves George N. , Jeffries Charles D.
Published: January 2020

Eaves, George
N. (Wayne State University College of Medicine, Detroit, Mich.)
and Charles D. Jeffries
. Isolation and properties of an exocellular nuclease of
Serratia marcescens
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
273–278. 1963.—The exocellular nuclease of
Serratia marcescens
, isolated by anion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex, depolymerized deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and the polynucleotide which is refractory to pancreatic ribonuclease activity. The enzyme was tentatively classified as a nonspecific phosphodiesterase. Magnesium was essential for activity, which was optimal at pH 8.8. The purified enzyme was completely inactivated by heating at 50 C for 15 min.
EFFECTS OF THE GRAM STAIN ON MICROSPHERES FROM THERMAL POLYAMINO ACIDS
Authors: Fox Sidney W. , Yuyama Shuhei
Published: January 2020

Fox, Sidney
W. (The Florida State University, Tallahassee)
and Shuhei Yuyama
. Effects of the Gram stain on microspheres from thermal polyamino acids. J. Bacteriol.
85:
279–283. 1963.—Microspheres produced from acid proteinoid accept the Gram stain. The stain is negative, but microspheres produced from mixtures containing a sufficient proportion of lysine proteinoid stain positive. Microspheres produced from mixtures containing the appropriate proportions contain individuals which stain positive and others which stain negative.
MECHANISM OF PROTECTION OF CELLS BY SPERMINE AGAINST LYSOZYME-INDUCED LYSIS
Authors: Grossowicz Nathan , Ariel Miriam
Published: January 2020

Grossowicz, Nathan
(Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel)
and Miriam Ariel
. Mechanism of protection of cells by spermine against lysozyme-induced lysis. J. Bacteriol.
85:
293–300. 1963.—Spermine (1 to 5 × 10
−3
m
) was found to prevent lysis of
Micrococcus lysodeikticus
cells by lysozyme. This protection is due to the rapid and efficient stabilization by spermine of the protoplasts formed by lysozyme, and not to interference with the enzymatic activity. This conclusion concerning the spermine effect is based on chemical and microscopic evidence: (i) the amount of hexosamine, released from lysozyme-treated cells, was equal to or even higher in the presence of spermine than in its absence; (ii) microscopic and electron microscopic pictures showed clearly that the spermine-protected structures resembled protoplasts. On the other hand, the “spermine protoplasts” showed a high stability against hypotonic conditions in comparison with “sucrose protoplasts.” The spermine-protoplast complex was very stable and could not be destroyed by water and various agents (NaCl, KCl, MgCl
2
, cadaverine, and putrescine). A number of bases such as histamine,
d
-histidine, and streptomycin exhibited an effect similar to that of spermine, while diamines like cadaverine, putrescine, basic amino acids (lysine, arginine,
l
-histidine), as well as cations like magnesium, were virtually inactive.
SEROLOGY OFLISTERIA MONOCYTOGENESI
Authors: Girard Kenneth F. , Sbarra Anthony J. , Bardawil Wadi A.
Published: January 2020

Girard, KennethF. (St. Margaret's Hospital, Boston, Mass.),Anthony J. Sbarra, and Wadi A. Bardawil. Serology ofListeria monocytogenes. I. Characteristics of the soluble hemolysin. J. Bacteriol.85:349–355. 1963.—Our results clearly demonstrate thatListeria monocytogenes(strain 9-125) produces a soluble hemolysin. Such hemolysin is completely precipitated out of sterile culture filtrates by 60% saturation with ammonium sulfate at 5 C, and virtually all of the hemolytic activity resides in the so-called “euglobulin” fraction. The protein nature of this hemolysin is further indicated by its nondialyzable property, heat lability, susceptibility to proteolysis by trypsin, and antigenicity in the full sense. Paper electrophoresis indicates that the isolated active fraction migrates as a γ-type globulin. A procedure for determiningListeriaantihemolysin levels in sera adapted from a method commonly employed for quantitating antistreptolysin O is described. The relative value of anti-Listeriahemolysin titration as a possible serological aid in diagnosis remains to be determined and is presently under investigation.
RELATION OF STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION IN BACTERIAL O ANTIGENS II
Authors: Nowotny Alois
Published: January 2020

Nowotny, Alois(City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.). Relation of structure to function in bacterial O antigens. II. Fractionation of lipids present in Boivin-type endotoxin ofSerratia marcescens. J. Bacteriol.85:427–435, 1963.—Methods for liberation of lipids from their endotoxic O antigen were investigated. In the case of endotoxin isolated from a chromogenicSerratia marcescens, best results were obtained with diluted formic acid. The crude lipid mixture consisted of at least 16 different components, which were analyzed by paper chromatography. Good separation was achieved by silicic acid-impregnated paper. Lipids were stained with metachromatico-toluidine blue. Solubility of the crude lipid mixture was studied in different organic solvents. Preparative fractionation was developed utilizing various organic solvents on the basis of solubility differences of the lipid components. Pure fractions were obtained by silicic acid column chromatography. Since none of the lipid liberation methods so far developed can produce undegraded lipids free from split products and remnants of cell-wall polysaccharides, their usefulness is limited in comparing the chemical structure of the liberated lipid with that of the lipid intact in the cell wall. The liberation procedures cause changes within the lipid structure itself, which in turn would alter whatever potential ability it might have to elicit certain biological reactions.
PRODUCTION OF AN INTERFERON BY L CELLS INFECTED WITH WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Lockart Royce Z.
Published: January 2020

Lockart, Royce Z., Jr. (The University of Texas, Austin). Production of an interferon by L cells infected with Western equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Bacteriol.85:556–566. 1963.—Two strains of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEE), WEE (L+) and WEE (L−), which differed with respect to their cytopathogenicity for L cells were isolated. Both strains reproduced in L cells, and both induced the production of an interferon distinct from virus particles. L-cell monolayers were protected from degeneration by prior addition of interferon. By use of the absence of cytopathic effects (CPE) as an end point, interferon content was assayed. Monolayers failing to show CPE consistently produced less than 2% as much virus as control monolayers, indicating that virus synthesis was also inhibited. The use of this assay method was facilitated by the use of horse serum that appeared to contain antibodies against WEE and that permitted interferon to act selectively in the presence of active virus. It was found that interferon was produced during the time in which active virus was produced, and not significantly later. No interferon could be found in fluids from cells treated with inactive virus, although these are known to act as interfering agents. Interferon production was inhibited by pretreatment of L cells with sufficient amounts of interferon. It is concluded that interferon production is closely connected with WEE virus synthesis in L cells. The question is raised as to whether interferon need be a necessary intermediate for interference in L cells.
MICROBIOLOGICAL DISSIMILATION OF TRICARBALLYLATE AND
TRANS
-ACONITATE
Authors: Altekar W. W. , Rao M. R. Raghavendra
Published: January 2020

Altekar
, W. W. (National Chemical Laboratory, Poona, India)
and M. R. Raghavendra Rao
. Microbiological dissimilation of tricarballylate and
trans
-aconitate. J. Bacteriol.
85:
604–613. 1963.—Two fluorescent pseudomonads capable of metabolizing tricarballylate and
trans
-aconitate were isolated by the soil-enrichment culture technique. These and some other species of bacteria were tested for their ability to utilize for growth the salts of many di- and tricarboxylic acids. Alloisocitrate and mesaconate were not utilized by any of the ten strains tested; only two strains grew on tricarballylate and itaconate.
trans
-Aconitate was utilized by many strains which had not been previously exposed to this compound. The resting cells of two strains could adapt to oxidize two acids (tricarballylate and
trans
-aconitate), and this induction was chloramphenicol-sensitive. The tricarballylate-grown cells were simultaneously induced to oxidize
trans
-aconitate and other tricarboxylates, whereas the
trans
-aconitate-grown cells were not induced to oxidize tricarballylate, and their subsequent induction was inhibited by chloramphenicol. This
trans
-aconitate or tricarballylate. But tricarballylate dehydrogenase was present only in tricarballylate-grown cells. The cell-free extracts of the two organisms contained the enzymes of the Krebs cycle and isocitritase. These enzymes are most probably operative during growth on and oxidation of these two acids as sole carbon sources.
EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE COLONIAL GROWTH OF PATHOGENIC LEPTOSPIRAE
Authors: Yanagawa R. , Hiramune T. , Fujita J.
Published: January 2020

Yanagawa
, R. (National Institute of Animal Health, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan),
T. Hiramune, and J. Fujita
. Effects of carbon dioxide on the colonial growth of pathogenic leptospirae. J. Bacteriol.
85:
875–880. 1963.—The growth of colonies of pathogenic leptospirae was examined in air of various CO
2
concentrations, ranging from air from which CO
2
was absorbed to air with 20% CO
2
added, and was compared with the growth of other microorganisms of the genera
Mycoplasma, Brucella, Vibrio, Erysipelothrix, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Sarcina, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Escherichia
, and
Bacillus
. The colonial growth of the 24 strains of pathogenic leptospirae examined was similar to that of other organisms in that the growth was negative in air from which naturally contained CO
2
had been absorbed, the growth tended to be inhibited in 5 to 20% CO
2
in proportion to the CO
2
concentration, and good colonial growth of leptospirae was obtained in a relatively narrow range of CO
2
concentration (from the normal amount in air to around 1%). The growth of some leptospirae was accelerated in 1% CO
2
, but not that of the strains of
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
, which required a lower range of CO
2
, and of
L. canicola
. The CO
2
requirement of pathogenic leptospirae was similar, to some extent, to that of
Mycoplasma mycoides
, but was not so high as that of
Brucella abortus
. Incorporation of C
14
O
2
was demonstrated in leptospirae.
MORPHOLOGY OF
TREPONEMA MICRODENTIUM
AS REVEALED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ULTRATHIN SECTIONS
Authors: Listgarten M. A. , Loesche W. J. , Socransky S. S.
Published: January 2020

Listgarten
, M. A. (Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Forsyth Dental Infirmary, Boston, Mass.), W. J.
Loesche, and S. S. Socransky
. Morphology of
Treponema microdentium
as revealed by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. J. Bacteriol.
85:
932–939. 1963.—Broth cultures of a strain of
Treponema microdentium
were harvested on Millipore filters, fixed in osmic acid, and sectioned for electron microscopy. The sections revealed that the spirochetes had an axial filament, made up of two fibrils approximately 150 A in diameter, which was situated between an external envelope approximately 140 A in thickness and a protoplasmic cylinder. The protoplasmic cylinder had a cross-sectional diameter of 100 to 200 mμ, and was surrounded by a double “membrane” consisting of two 40-A electron-dense structures separated by a 45-A space. Cross-sections of spirochetal “granules” revealed that the limiting membrane was continuous with the outer envelope of the spirochetes, and surrounded the protoplasmic cylinder and axial filament.
ACTION OF FORMALDEHYDE ON MICROORGANISMS I
Authors: Neely W. Brock
Published: January 2020

Neely, W. Brock
(The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.). Action of formaldehyde on microorganisms. I. Correlation of activity with formaldehyde metabolism. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1028–1031. 1963.—The action of formaldehyde in concentrations sublethal for the culture appeared to be at least twofold. The first phase caused a drop in viability, followed by a second phase where bacteriostatic conditions existed. During both these intervals, formaldehyde was being metabolized. As soon as the organism had lowered the formaldehyde concentration to a critical level, the normal growth cycle was resumed, with a resultant increase in cell population.
DUAL NATURE OF RESISTANCE MECHANISMS AS REVEALED BY STUDIES OF ANTHRAX SEPTICEMIA
Authors: Klein Frederick , Haines Bertram W. , Mahlandt Bill G. , DeArmon Ira A. , Lincoln Ralph E.
Published: January 2020

Klein, Frederick
(Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
Bertram W. Haines, Bill G. Mahlandt, Ira A. DeArmon, Jr., and Ralph E. Lincoln
. Dual nature of resistance mechanisms as revealed by studies of anthrax septicemia. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1032–1038. 1963.—From studies of septicemic anthrax, resistance was described in relation to toxin and to growth of bacilli. This description was based on the observations that the terminal concentrations of bacilli in the blood were influenced primarily by the susceptibility of the host to toxin, whereas the death-response time of the host was dependent on both resistance to bacilli and toxin susceptibility. Resistance to the establishment and growth of infecting organisms and susceptibility to the toxin produced by growth of the bacilli are separate aspects of pathogenesis. A complete description of pathogenesis must accordingly treat of both these phenomena as individual entities.
IDENTIFICATION OF GROWTH STIMULANTS FOR
STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS
Authors: Koburger J. A. , Speck M. L. , Aurand L. W.
Published: January 2020

Koburger
, J. A. (North Carolina State College, Raleigh), M. L.
Speck, and L. W. Aurand
. Identification of growth stimulants for
Streptococcus lactis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1051–1055. 1963—The growth of
Streptococcus lactis
in milk was accelerated by pancreas extract, and three distinct components that were detected by bioautography were isolated and identified. These were purified by precipitation with silver ions, and their silver salts were regenerated in acidic solution. After adsorption and elution from characoal, contaminating alpha-amino compounds were destroyed by treatment with ninhydrin. Final purification was by chromatography. Identification of the purified fractions was by paper chromatography, and by ultraviolet and infrared spectra. The active compounds were found to be inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenine.
TURBIDITY CHANGE DURING GLUCOSE PERMEATION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Rogers Dexter , Yu Shon-Hua
Published: January 2020

Rogers, Dexter
(Utah State University, Logan)
and Shon-Hua Yu
. Turbidity change during glucose permeation in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1141–1149. 1963.—In contrast to the normal turbidity decrease, which was observed at pH 5.5, the turbidity of suspensions of
Escherichia coli
strain A (Weigle) increased during uptake of glucose permease substrates when uptake was studied at pH 6.5. Although the turbidity increase at pH 6.5 was the reverse of the expected change, it correlated with the uptake of substrate. During the later phase of permeation at pH 6.5, both uptake of substrate and turbidity change were reversed. We suggest that the observed turbidity response indicated the accumulation of substrate at the cell membrane when the mechanism for releasing substrate to the cytoplasm was inhibited at pH 6.5. Under this condition, uptake of substrate did not cause swelling because the substrate was osmotically inactive, since it may have been bound to the membrane. Permeability was observed to be susceptible to modification by prior treatment with substrate, by aging in the presence of chloramphenicol, and by treatment with dinitrophenol. Permeation and turbidity change are discussed in terms of a proposed phosphorylative mechanism of glucose transport.
CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM FOR SOME MICROAEROPHILIC VIBRIOS
Authors: Fletcher R. D. , Plastridge W. N.
Published: January 2020

Fletcher
, R. D. (University of Connecticut, Storrs)
and W. N. Plastridge
. Chemically defined medium for some microaerophilic vibrios. J. Bacteriol.
85:
992–995. 1963.—The medium described supported growth of 22 of 26 catalase-positive, H
2
S-negative vibrios (
Vibrio fetus
). The strains used were isolated from cattle, chickens, man, sheep, and swine; 10 failed to grow in thiol medium plus 1% glycine (group I), and 16 were glycine-tolerant (group II). Growth on the defined medium was compared with growth on yeast extract agar, blood agar, and thiol agar. Four of the group I strains failed to grow on the defined medium, and growth of seven of the group II strains equaled or exceeded growth obtained on the compared media. Use of synthetic media for determining growth requirements and for possible classification of vibrios is discussed.
METABOLISM OF ω-AMINO ACIDS V
Authors: Hardman John K. , Stadtman Thressa C.
Published: January 2020

Hardman, JohnK. (National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.)and Thressa C. Stadtman. Metabolism of ω-amino acids. V. Energetics of the γ-aminobutyrate fermentation byClostridium aminobutyricum. J. Bacteriol.85:1326–1333. 1963.—Clostridium aminobutyricumutilizes γ-aminobutyrate as its sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source, producing ammonia, acetate, and butyrate as a result of this fermentation. Coenzyme A (CoA)-transferase, phosphotransacetylase, and acetokinase activities have been demonstrated in crude extracts of the organism; the coupling of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes to the fermentation reactions provides a mechanism wherebyC. aminobutyricumcan obtain energy, in the form of adenosine triphosphate, from the decomposition of γ-aminobutyrate. Indirect evidence of additional phosphorylation, at the electron-transport level, has been obtained from molar growth yield studies and from the inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol of butyrate synthesis from γ-aminobutyrate and from crotonyl-CoA.
PHAGE ISOLATED FROM LYSOGENIC
BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
Authors: Buck C. A. , Anacker R. L. , Newman F. S. , Eisenstark A.
Published: January 2020

Buck
, C. A. (Kansas State University, Manhattan), R. L.
Anacker, F. S. Newman, and A. Eisenstark
. Phage isolated from lysogenic
Bacillus anthracis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1423–1430. 1963.—
Bacillus anthracis
cultures (a total of 311) were obtained from several laboratories throughout the world; 139 of these were screened for the presence of lysogenic organisms. Phage particles were obtained from 25 of these cultures. The host range of five of these phages, plus that of phage gamma, was tested against 246
B. anthracis
cultures plus 64 other
Bacillus
strains. The results show that phage might be useful in the identification of
B. anthracis
, although two non-
B. anthracis
cultures were lysed. Also, the diversity of host range indicated that a phage-typing scheme for epidemiological studies might be feasible. Several lysogenic cultures were sensitive to the phage that they liberated, indicating a dismune phenomenon. Also, some lysogenic cells liberated two distinct kinds of phage. Other phage properties, such as morphology, plaque morphology, burst time, and serological relationship, are described.
EFFECT OF INORGANIC CATIONS ON BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF ANIONIC SURFACTANTS
Authors: Voss J. G.
Published: January 2020

Voss, J. G. (Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio). Effect of inorganic cations on bactericidal activity of anionic surfactants. J. Bacteriol.86:207–211. 1963.—The bactericidal effectiveness of two alkyl benzene sulfonates and of three other types of anionic surfactants againstStaphylococcus aureusis increased in the presence of low concentrations of divalent cations, especially alkaline earths and metals of group IIB of the periodic table. The cations may act by decreasing the negative charge at the cell surface and increasing adsorption of the surfactant anions, leading to damage to the cytoplasmic membrane and death of the cell. Increased adsorption of surfactant is also found withEscherichia coli, but does not lead to death of the cell.
ACCUMULATION OF INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATE IN
AEROBACTER AEROGENES
II
Authors: Harold F. M. , Sylvan Susan
Published: January 2020

Harold
, F. M. (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.)
and Susan Sylvan
. Accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate in
Aerobacter aerogenes
. II. Environmental control and the role of sulfur compounds. J. Bacteriol.
86:
222–231. 1963.—The accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate in
Aerobacter aerogenes
was shown to be a function of the growth medium. In low-phosphate medium, polyphosphate accumulated whenever nucleic acid synthesis ceased due to a nutritional deficiency, regardless of its nature. In high-phosphate medium polyphosphate accumulation was induced only by sulfur starvation. Polyphosphate accumulation could thus be induced or suppressed at will by manipulation of the sulfur and phosphorus content of the medium. The specific requirement for sulfur starvation was traced to the presence of an intracellular inhibitor of polyphosphate accumulation. This was depleted during sulfur starvation and replenished when sulfate was restored. The inhibitor was identified as oxidized glutathione or a closely related compound. Suppression of polyphosphate accumulation required the simultaneous presence of a high exogenous phosphate concentration and a high intracellular glutathione level. Suppression of polyphosphate accumulation resulted in a constant polyphosphate level, due to a steady state of polyphosphate synthesis and degradation. The former continued at half the original rate while the latter was sharply accelerated. The synthetic and degradative phases of polyphosphate metabolism could be completely dissociated by inhibitors of energy generation. It is proposed that the primary effect of glutathione plus phosphate is the stimulation of polyphosphate degradation. Polyphosphate synthesis appears to be a general consequence of the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, but net accumulation may be obscured by concurrent degradation.
ACTION OF FORMALDEHYDE ON MICROORGANISMS III
Authors: Neely W. Brock
Published: January 2020

Neely, W. Brock
(The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.). Action of formaldehyde on microorganisms. III. Bactericidal action of sublethal concentrations of formaldehyde on
Aerobacter aerogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
445–448. 1963.—Bacteriostatic concentrations of formaldehyde were found to be bactericidal during the initial growth period. This bactericidal activity was due to the primary induction of unbalanced growth by formaldehyde. The subsequent formation of 1,3-thiazane-4-carboxylic acid prevented the synthesis of methionine. This dual activity of formaldehyde resulted in an inhibition of both nuclear and cytoplasmic syntheses, and created the normal bacteriostatic condition that has been observed before with sublethal concentrations of formaldehyde.
TRANSDUCTION OF
BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
AND
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
BY EACH OF TWO PHAGES
Authors: Taylor Martha J. , Thorne Curtis B.
Published: January 2020

Taylor, Martha
J. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)
and Curtis B. Thorne
. Transduction of
Bacillus licheniformis
and
Bacillus subtilis
by each of two phages. J. Bacteriol.
86:
452–461. 1963.—A second transducing bacteriophage, designated SP-15, was isolated from the same soil-sample culture filtrate that supplied the
Bacillus subtilis
transducing phage, SP-10, reported earlier from this laboratory. SP-10 and SP-15 differ serologically and in several other respects, but share the ability to propagate on
B. subtilis
W-23-S
r
(streptomycin-resistant) and
B. licheniformis
ATCC 9945a, and to mediate general transduction in either species when propagated homologously. Attempts to transduce between the species have failed. SP-10 forms plaques readily on both W-23-S
r
and 9945a; SP-15 forms minute plaques on W-23-S
r
and has shown no evidence of any lytic activity on 9945a. Maximal recoveries of prototrophic colonies from mixtures of SP-10 with auxotrophs of either W-23-S
r
or 9945a were obtained only when excess phage was neutralized by post-transduction treatment with specific phage antiserum. Such treatment was not necessary for maximal recovery of transductants effected by SP-15. Unlike SP-10, SP-15 propagated on W-23-S
r
did not transduce
B. subtilis
168 (indole
−
). SP-15 transduced
B. licheniformis
more efficiently than did SP-10. Neither phage was able to transduce
B. licheniformis
as efficiently as it transduced
B. subtilis
. The differing influences of multiplicity of infection were compared for the two phages in both species.
INDUCTION OF α-AMYLASE OF
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
BY MALTODEXTRINS
Authors: Welker N. E. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Welker
, N. E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio)
and L. Leon Campbell
. Induction of α-amylase of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
by maltodextrins. J. Bacteriol.
86:
687–691. 1963.—Technical-grade maltose contained 3.5% glucose, 0.5% maltotriose, and 2.5% of the higher molecular weight maltodextrins. The first five homologues (maltose being the first in the series) of the maltodextrin series were isolated and purified. Each member of the series was found to be chromatographically pure. The physical and chemical properties were determined. It was shown that the contaminating maltodextrins found in technical grade maltose were linear (1–4 linked) polymers of glucose, ranging from maltotriose to maltohexaose. The addition of maltose, maltotriose, maltohexaose, maltopentaose, and maltotetraose (all at 10
−4
m
) to cultures growing in a chemically defined medium resulted in a stimulation in the differential rate of α-amylase synthesis by 1.2, 1.6, 1.9, 2.3, and 3.0 times that of the sucrose control, while glucose had no effect. The induction data indicate that
Bacillus stearothermophilus
1503–4 is a partial constitutive strain with respect to α-amylase synthesis.
STEROLS AS COMPONENTS IN THE MATING REACTION OF
HANSENULA WINGEI
Authors: Hunt D. E. , Carpenter P. L.
Published: January 2020

Hunt
, D. E. (Charles V. Chapin Hospital, Providence, R.I.)
and P. L. Carpenter
. Sterols as components in the mating reaction of
Hansenula wingei
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
845–847. 1963.—Agglutinative mating strains 5 and 21 of the yeast
Hansenula wingei
did not agglutinate after the cells of these two strains were treated with nystatin. The agglutination-inhibiting action of this antibiotic could not be reversed by washing, or heating, or washing and heating the cells. When cells of the two mating types, which had not been treated with nystatin, were heated and washed three times with a chloroform-ethanol (1:3, v/v) solution, the agglutination reaction was reduced significantly. If unwashed cells of mating strain 5 were tested for agglutination with chloroform-ethanol washed cells of mating strain 21, normal agglutination occurred readily. The reciprocal of this agglutination test also resulted in normal agglutination. Evidence is presented that the factor(s) required for the mating reaction in
H. wingei
can be supplied by either strain, and sterols or related compounds have an active role in the mating reaction.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEXTRANSUCRASE SYNTHESIS BY A LACTOBACILLUS
Authors: Dunican L. K. , Seeley H. W.
Published: January 2020

Dunican
, L. K. (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York),
and H. W. Seeley, Jr.
Temperature-sensitive dextransucrase synthesis by a lactobacillus. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1079–1083. 1963.—Dextran synthesis was found to be temperature-dependent in
Lactobacillus
strain RWM-13. Dextran was not formed above 37 C, although growth of cells occurred up to 42 C. Logarithmically growing cells transferred from 30 C to 40 C ceased producing dextran while growth decreased nominally. An examination of the extracts of cells broken by sonic treatment showed that as the temperature of growth was increased above 37 C the production of dextransucrase decreased. By use of an inhibitor of invertase, 10
−4
m
AgNO
3
, it was shown that invertase replaced dextransucrase activity at temperatures above 37 C. In contrast to dextransucrase in
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
, the enzyme in
Lactobacillus
strain RWM-13 was constitutive and thus resembled that of
Streptococcus bovis
. Thermosensitivity of dextransucrase synthesis has not been observed in
Leuconostoc
or
Streptococcus
.
VARIANTS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS: ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND FACTORS INFLUENCING PLAQUE FORMATION
Authors: Rapp Fred
Published: January 2020

Rapp, Fred(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.). Variants of herpes simplex virus: isolation, characterization, and factors influencing plaque formation. J. Bacteriol.86:985–991. 1963.—Variants of herpes simplex virus were isolated which differed in plaque size and in virulence for rabbits and mice. Keratitis on the rabbit cornea and generalized disease were associated with the large, but not the small, plaque variants. The large plaque variants were about as neurovirulent as was the parent strain for weanling mice, but the majority of the small plaque variants were only 1% as virulent for mice as was the parent virus. Agar inhibited the formation of plaques by the parent strain and all variants tested; development of plaques was retarded and the number of plaques was approximately 60% less than those developing under an overlay in which methyl cellulose had been substituted for the agar. Rabbit kidney cells and human embryonic lung fibroblasts were more sensitive than mouse embryo fibrolasts to infection with all variants tested.
PURIFICATION OF TYPE B STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN
Authors: Frea James I. , McCoy Elizabeth , Strong F. M.
Published: January 2020

Frea, James
I. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
Elizabeth McCoy, and F. M. Strong
. Purification of type B staphylococcal enterotoxin. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1308–1313. 1963.—A procedure for the production and isolation of type B staphylococcal enterotoxin in yields up to 4 mg per liter of toxic culture is presented.
Staphylococcus aureus
S6 was grown in shake flask cultures at 37 C for 24 hr in a medium consisting of 2% Hy-Case S.F., 0.3% yeast extract, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, and thiamine. Cells were removed by centrifugation and the supernatant fluid was concentrated by dialysis against polyethylene glycol. Enterotoxin was isolated from the concentrate by ethanol precipitation, gel filtration on a G-100 Sephadex column, and Sephadex-column electrophoresis. The purified toxin was identical to type B reference enterotoxin on both disc electrophoresis and Ouchterlony gel diffusion. It contained no carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids, gave positive tests for protein; and contained 11.6% N. The preparation showed no coagulase, alpha-hemolysin, or deoxyribonuclease activity. Emesis in monkeys resulted when the experimental toxin was injected at the rate of 0.26 μg of N per kg of body weight.
HEMOLYSIS OF RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES BY PURIFIED STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-TOXIN III
Authors: Madoff Morton A. , Cooper Louis Z. , Weinstein Louis
Published: January 2020

Madoff, Morton
A. (New England Center Hospital, Boston, Mass.),
Louis Z. Cooper, and Louis Weinstein
. Hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin. III. Potassium release. J. Bacteriol.
87:
145–149. 1964.—The reaction between staphylococcal alpha-toxin and erythrocytes was characterized by rapid release of K
+
from the cells, early in the prelytic period; 50 to 75% of this loss occurred before leakage of hemoglobin was detectable. The addition of specific antitoxin early enough in the reaction to inhibit gross hemolysis also inhibited cation release. The presence of sucrose or polyethylene glycol prevented hemoglobin release, but was without effect on K
+
leak. These observations suggest that K
+
loss is a more specific indication of the progress of the reaction between alpha-toxin and erythrocytes than is the release of hemoglobin.
ANAEROBIC ENDOGENOUS METABOLISM IN
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Walker D. J. , Forrest W. W.
Published: January 2020

Walker
, D. J. (CSIRO, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia),
and W. W. Forrest
. Endogenous metabolism in
Streptococcus faecalis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
256–262. 1964.—Washed suspensions of
Streptococcus faecalis
incubated in phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) under anaerobic conditions released amino acids into the suspending medium. Little or no carbohydrate was released in soluble form, and no acid production could be detected. Cell lipid was stable, and only a small amount of nucleotide (material absorbing at 260 mμ) was released. Estimates of total carbon produced in soluble form showed that this could be almost entirely accounted for as amino acid. Over the short period during which amino acid was produced (up to 5 hr), the glycolytic activity of the cells remained fairly constant, and fell slowly thereafter to low values in 24 to 48 hr; the rate of fall depended on cell concentration. Whereas exogenous sources of energy protected against loss of glycolytic activity, arsenate, hydroxylamine, or replacement of phosphate by other buffers accelerated loss of glycolytic activity. Restoration of glycolytic activity in aged cells could be achieved by incubation with amino acids plus an energy source, with concurrent synthesis of protein but no apparent growth. Ammonium ion was not effective in protecting or restoring glycolytic activity. The nature of changes which took place during endogenous metabolism are discussed.
METABOLISM OF DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS IN
ACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Authors: Benziman Moshe , Abeliovitz A.
Published: January 2020

Benziman, Moshe
(The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel),
and A. Abeliovitz
. Metabolism of dicarboxylic acids in
Acetobacter xylinum
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
270–277. 1964.—During the oxidation of fumarate or
l
-malate by whole cells or extracts of
Acetobacter xylinum
grown on succinate, a keto acid accumulated in the medium in considerable amounts. This acid was identified as oxaloacetic acid (OAA). No accumulation of OAA was observed when succinate served as substrate. These phenomena could be explained by the kinetics of malate, succinate, and OAA oxidation. OAA did not inhibit malate oxidation, even when present at high concentrations. When cells were incubated with OAA or fumarate in the presence of C
14
O
2
, only the beta-carboxyl of residual OAA was found to be labeled. Evidence was obtained indicating that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are not directly involved in malate oxidation by cell-free extracts. The results suggest that malate oxidation in
A. xylinum
is irreversible, and is catalyzed by an enzyme which is not NAD- or NADP-linked.
PIGMENTATION AND TAXONOMY OF THE GENUSXANTHOMONAS
Authors: Starr Mortimer P. , Stephens William L.
Published: January 2020

Starr, MortimerP. (University of California, Davis),and William L. Stephens. Pigmentation and taxonomy of the genusXanthomonas. J. Bacteriol.87:293–302. 1964.—The colonies formed by phytopathogenic bacteria of the genusXanthomonasare typically yellow in color. This chromogenesis stems from the presence in all yellow xanthomonads of a particular carotenoid pigment. This unique “Xanthomonas-carotenoid,” which has not been found in any yellow nonxanthomonad, is characterized herein to the extent required for its recognition by relatively simple screening procedures. In general, the occurrence of a carotenoid “alcohol” with absorption maxima at 418, 437, and 463 mμ (petroleum ether)—in a gram-negative, polarly-flagellated, oxidative, rod-shaped bacterium—would suggest placement of that microorganism in the genusXanthomonas.
RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS OF
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
SPORES AND SPORULATING CELLS
Authors: Doi Roy H. , Igarashi Richard T.
Published: January 2020

Doi, Roy
H. (Syracuse University, Syracuse N.Y.),
and Richard T. Igarashi
. Ribonucleic acids of
Bacillus subtilus
spores and sporulating cells. J. Bacteriol.
87:
323–328. 1964.—The ribonucleic acids (RNA) of
Bacillus subtilis
spores were analyzed for their size and base composition. Soluble and ribosomal RNA identical to those found in vegetative cells were present in spores. A base ratio difference was observed between the 16s and 23s ribosomal RNA. The 16s RNA had a higher cytidylate and lower adenylate base composition. The ratio of soluble of ribosomal RNA in spores was 30%, in contrast to 15% in vegetative cells, and may be related to their difference in biosynthetic activity. Although active synthesis of informational RNA occurred prior to endospore formation, no detectable level of informational RNA was found in spores. The informational RNA was shown to have the same base composition as that of
B. subtilis
deoxyribonucleic acid. The compositional difference between spore and vegetative cell RNA appeared to be strictly quantitative.