bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychometric approach of the revised illness perception questionnaire for oral health (IPQ‐R‐OH) in patients with periodontal disease
Authors: Mafla Ana C. , Herrera‐López Harvey M. , Villalobos‐Galvis Fredy H.
Published: September 2018

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the validated Spanish version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised for Oral Health (IPQ‐R‐OH) in patients with periodontal disease.

Methods

We used the IPQ‐R‐OH, a 36‐item self‐report scale. This study was carried out using data from 517 patients with periodontal disease attending the dental clinic at the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Pasto, Colombia. A three‐parameter logistic model (3PL) for polytomous response was calculated to evaluate a model of individuals' responses. The McDonald's Omega (Ω ≥ 0.60) coefficient and composite reliability were used to determine the internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the fit of the hypothesized seven‐factor model, and the configural invariance was tested to estimate the structure in each sex group.

Results

The slope, location, and guessing parameters determined reasonable accurate items according to item response theory analysis. The internal consistency coefficients of each factor ranged from 0.62 to 0.93 (McDonald's Omega) and 0.66 to 0.87 (composite reliability). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a seven‐factor model (χ2S‐B = 2572.165; χ2S‐B/(573) = 4.489,P < 0.01; non‐normed fit index = 0.950; CFI = 0.950; root means square error of approximation = 0.055 (90% confidence interval [0.052 – 0.059]); standardized root mean residual = 0.080 and Akaike information criteria = 1426.165. The seven factors loaded similarly to the original IPQ‐R scale. Multigroup CFA analysis results supported factor invariance across the sex groups.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the IPQ‐R‐OH has adequate reliability and construct factorial validity; therefore, it could be a valuable instrument in screening illness perceptions in patients with periodontal disease.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Surface‐Active Properties of Carboxylbetaine and Sulfobetaine Surfactants based on Vegetable Oil
Authors: Xu Yeming , Zhang Xiaoxu , Zhao Huanxia , Chen Wen , Yan Xindi , Liu Hongqin , Liu Changyao , Xu Baocai
Published: September 2018

A novel series of carboxylbetaine‐type and sulfobetaine‐type zwitterionic surfactants (castor oil amidoethyl betaine, castor oil amidoethyl sulfobetaine [CAAS], cottonseed oil amidoethyl betaine, and cottonseed oil amidoethyl sulfobetaine [COAS]) were synthesized via the reactions of nonedible vegetable oils (castor oil and cottonseed oil) with dimethylaminoethylamine, followed by the reaction with sodium chloroacetate and sodium 2‐hydroxy‐3‐chloropropane sulfonate, respectively. Their chemical structures were confirmed using the electrospray ionization mass spectrum (ESI‐MS) and infrared (IR) spectra. The surface activities of the prepared compounds were measured by surface tension. It was noticed that the sulfobetaine‐type surfactants in aqueous solution performed slightly better at reducing surface tension than the carboxylbetaine‐type surfactants. Meanwhile, the synthesized surfactants possess a broad range of isoelectric points, superior foam properties, and exhibit some antibacterial activity on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.
Carbon Dioxide–Derived Poly(propylene carbonate) as a Matrix for Composites and Nanocomposites: Performances and Applications
Authors: Muthuraj Rajendran , Mekonnen Tizazu
Published: September 2018

The conversion of CO2into polymers such as poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) can contribute to the reduction of dependence on fossil fuel resourced polymers. PPC is a polymer synthesized from the catalyzed copolymerization between CO2and propylene oxide. The global demand for renewable and biodegradable polymers coupled with the recent success in catalysis for the copolymerization of CO2with epoxides has paved the way for an increased interest and growth in PPC polymers. On the contrary, the extensive utilization of PPC in many applications is still challenging due to its poor thermal stability, mechanical strength, and dimensional stability. Thus, many research efforts currently focus on improving these limitations. On the other hand, polymer processing and application development efforts have continued to utilize the existing PPC. This article presents a comprehensive review of PPC polymer as a matrix component of polymer composites and nanocomposites. Progress in current research on PPC‐based material applications, including industrial packaging, electromagnetic shielding, energy storage, and biomedical applications are included. A critical review of the biodegradability, compostability, and overall sustainability of PPC is also conducted. Finally, challenges that limit the extensive use of such materials, and future research and development directions are highlighted.
Dynamic softening mechanism of 30 % SiCp/2024Al composite during hot deformation process
Authors: Wang A.Q. , Liu S.Y. , Xie J.P. , Ma D.Q.
Published: September 2018

Using Gleeb‐1500D simulator, the isothermal compression tests of 30 % SiCp/2024Al (volume fraction) are conducted at a temperature range of 623 K ‐ 773 K and a strain rate range of 0.01 s‐1 ‐ 10 s‐1. The softening mechanism of composites during hot deformation has been proposed based on the Zener‐Hollomon parameter Z, deformation temperature T and microstructure analysis. Cross slip of dislocation plays a dominant role under the conditions of lnZ≥59.634 and T≤673 K. While, deformation mechanisms such as cross slip, climb of dislocation and unzipping of the three dimensional dislocation network play a joint role when lnZ≤61.933 and T≥623 K. Particularly, dynamic recrystallization occurred when lnZ≤55.669 and T≥723 K. The cross slip, climb and unzipping of dislocation and dynamic recrystallization are the main softening mechanisms. The role of the dynamic recrystallization mechanisms become more significant and the critical strain of dynamic recrystallization decrease with the decrease of lnZ. Dynamic recrystallization nucleation mechanisms are mainly constituted of the subgrain combination and the bulging of the grain boundary.
ZNF326 promotes a malignant phenotype of breast cancer by interacting with DBC1
Authors: Yu Xinmiao , Wang Minghao , Han Qiang , Zhang Xiupeng , Mao Xiaoyun , Wang Xu , Li Xiaoying , Ma Wei , Jin Feng
Published: September 2018

The biological role and underlying mechanism of action of zinc‐finger protein 326 (ZNF326) in malignant tumors, including breast cancer, are still not clear. In this study, we detected high expression of ZNF326 in breast cancer specimens (60/111, 54.1%) and breast cancer cell lines (7/7); the expression level of ZNF326 was inversely associated with advanced pTNM stage (P = 0.002), positive lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004), poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer (P = 0.0097), and ER/PR/Her2 status (P = 0.013). Meanwhile, the ectopic expression of ZNF326 significantly upregulated MMP7, EMT‐related proteins (Snail and Slug), and cell cycle‐related proteins (cyclinA2 and cyclinB1); downregulated E‐cadherin expression; and promoted the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, co‐immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays both demonstrated that ZNF326 interacted with deleted in breast cancer‐1 (DBC1) in breast cancer cells. Additionally, DBC1 knockdown eliminated the up‐regulation of MMP7, EMT‐related proteins, and cell cycle‐related proteins as well as the enhanced proliferation and invasiveness induced by ZNF326. Therefore, we concluded that ZNF326 is highly expressed in breast cancer, is associated with poor prognosis, and plays a vital role in promoting the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells by interacting with DBC1.
Optimal management of reusable functional blocks in 5G superfluid networks
Authors: Chiaraviglio Luca , Amorosi Lavinia , Blefari‐Melazzi Nicola , Dell'Olmo Paolo , Shojafar Mohammad , Salsano Stefano
Published: September 2018

We consider the problem of managing a 5G network composed of virtualized entities, called reusable functional blocks (RFBs), as proposed by the Horizon 2020 SUPERFLUIDITY project. The RFBs are used to decompose network functions and services and are deployed on top of physical nodes, in order to realize the 5G functionalities. After formally modeling the RFBs in a 5G network, as well as the physical nodes hosting them, we formulate the problem of managing the 5G network through the RFBs, in order to satisfy different key performance indicators to users. In particular, we focus either on the maximization of the amount of downlink throughput sent to users or on the minimization of the number of powered‐on physical nodes. We then consider different scenarios to evaluate the proposed formulations. Our results show that, when an RFB‐based approach is put into place, a high level of flexibility and dynamicity is achieved. In particular, the RFBs can be shared, moved, and rearranged based on the network conditions. As a result, the downlink throughput can be extremely high, ie, more than 150 Mbps per user on average when the throughput maximization is pursued and more than 100 Mbps on average when the goal is the minimization of the number of powered‐on physical nodes.
Spectral collocation methods for nonlinear weakly singular Volterra integro‐differential equations
Authors: Shi Xiulian , Wei Yunxia , Huang Fenglin
Published: September 2018

In this paper, a spectral collocation approximation is proposed for neutral and nonlinear weakly singular Volterra integro‐differential equations (VIDEs) with non‐smooth solutions. We use some suitable variable transformations to change the original equation into a new equation, so that the solution of the resulting equation possesses better regularity, and the the Jacobi orthogonal polynomial theory can be applied conveniently. Under reasonable assumptions on the nonlinearity, we carry out a rigorous error analysis in L∞ norm and weighted L2 norm. To perform the numerical simulations, some test examples (linear and nonlinear) are considered with nonsmooth solutions, and numerical results are presented. Further more, the comparative study of the proposed methods with some existing numerical methods is provided.
The Chirality Chain in Valine: How the Configuration at the Cα Position through the OcisC′CαN Torsional System Leads to Distortion of the Planar Group CαC′(Ocis)Otrans to a Flat Tetrahedron
Authors: Brunner Henri , Tsuno Takashi
Published: September 2018

Solid‐state structures, based on a Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) search, show that there is a CαN/C′Ocis attraction in the torsional system OcisC′CαN of valine, causing a chirality chain. The Cα configuration controls the chirality of the rotation around the C′−Cα bond, which in turn induces a distortion of the planar unit CαC′(O)O to a flat asymmetric tetrahedron. Conformational “reactions” take place in an energy profile with respect to clockwise and counterclockwise rotation around the C′−Cα bond as well as stretching and flattening of the tetrahedron. The molecular property CαN/C′Ocis attraction of valine is maintained in its di‐ and tripeptides.
Comparison of privacy consciousness between Japanese and Taiwanese
Authors: Tabata Naoya , Sato Hirotsune , Ninomiya Katsumi , Yamamoto Chika
Published: September 2018

This study compared privacy consciousness between Japanese (n = 211) and Taiwanese (n = 308) high school students, who responded to the Privacy Consciousness Scale. Results indicated that Taiwanese students had higher privacy consciousness for the self and others than Japanese students.
Schreiben und Rechnen mit Atomen
Authors: Bernien Hannes , Omran Ahmed
Published: September 2018

Wir befinden uns derzeit auf dem spannenden Weg vom einzelnen Quantensystem zu gut kontrollierten, großen Quanten‐Vielteilchensystemen. Die Suche nach Systemen und Methoden, die eine solche Skalierung ermöglichen, ist eine enorme Herausforderung. Ein vielversprechender Weg sind mit optischen Pinzetten manipulierbare Atomketten. Mit einem akustooptischen Deflektor, der über einen Mix aus Radiofrequenzsignalen angesteuert wird, kann man viele optische Pinzetten in einer Reihe zugleich erzeugen. In einer Hochvakuumzelle lassen sich somit ultrakalte Atome fangen und zu einer Kette anordnen. Durch Anregung in stark polarisierbare Rydberg‐Zustände kann man die gefangenen Atome miteinander wechselwirken lassen. Die Atomketten dienen als Quantensimulatoren und erlauben es, grundlegende Effekte wie Quantenphasenübergänge zu untersuchen. Ein Ziel ist es, Quantentechnologien weiter zu entwickeln und Quantencomputer zu realisieren. Systeme mit rund 50 Quantenbits sind bereits demonstriert worden.
Child Poverty and Youth Unemployment in Palestine
Authors: Abu‐Ras Wahiba , Mohamed Rozena A.
Published: September 2018

Poverty has been defined as a set of risk factors that damage an individual's mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual development. However, the debate about the effects of poverty on the growth, development, and health of Palestinian youth and children specifically is as much involved with the culture and the economics of poverty as it is with the political context of poverty. This article examines the overall levels, trends, and negative effects of poverty among Palestinian children and youth, identifying the drivers of poverty since the Israeli occupation and its effects on the children and youth residing in the West Bank and Gaza. In addition, it demonstrates the strong links between the political and economic environment and poverty among family and children as well as individual well‐being in the West Bank and Gaza. By examining this important topic, it identifies the main reasons for poverty and clarifies the process by which the Israeli occupation and policies have transformed the Palestinian social and economic structures, thereby adding more constraints on the Palestinian people and government. The time period covered includes the expansion of Israeli occupation, the resultant economic and political hardship, and the rise of the Palestinian intifada as well as the current anti‐poverty programs in place.
Child Poverty and Youth Unemployment in Turkey
Authors: Bayırbağ Mustafa Kemal , Göksel Asuman , Çelik Coşku
Published: September 2018

This article investigates the nature, causes, and consequences of child poverty and youth unemployment in Turkey, which is a transition country between the East and the West. It is argued that this in‐betweenness leads to a gap between the intended goals and outcomes of relevant policies. The article places a special emphasis on how the post‐1980 neoliberal turn has shaped the policy orientation of successive governments, and transformed the nature of child poverty and youth unemployment in Turkey, making the socioeconomic inequalities worse while concentrating these problems into major urban centers. It is observed that Turkey still does not have a long‐term policy outlook regarding the future of child poverty and youth unemployment, such that those two issues could be treated as parts of the same problem. The same observation is also made about the related policy implementation structure. It is concluded that there is a need for a comprehensive approach, taking into account the needs and problems of the individual at different stages of life as a whole; paying attention to the interdependencies across the outcomes of state intervention in different policy areas; and ensuring policy coordination within and across currently fragmented policy implementation structures in different fields.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Flexible, Stable, and Transparent MoS2 Quantum Dots‐Polyvinyl Alcohol Sensing Film
Authors: Song Shanliang , Wang Xiaojie , Wang Chuanxi , Wen Zhuoqi , Yang Yizhou , Liu Hou , Yang Minghui , Lin Quan
Published: September 2018

The transparent light emitting molybdenum disulfide quantum dots‐polyvinyl alcohol (MoS2 QDs‐PVA) polymer composite film with high optical performance is fabricated through a drop‐coating method. Particularly, the functional composite film possesses good transparency and flexibility, and it can be easily rolled into any shape. Moreover, the film shows mechanical stability, stretchability, and high thermal and storage stability. Importantly, the values of pH can be imparted directly by the fluorescence color changes of the MoS2 QDs‐PVA film without the further complex instruments, and the MoS2 QDs‐PVA film has a good reproducibility of pHs. The pH test paper is also utilized for visual sensing of pH in the bacterial culture solution, and satisfactory results are obtained. It is believed that the transparency and foldable light‐emitting MoS2 QDs‐PVA polymer composite film can bring a bright prospect in the field of development of functional films emitting various fluorescent colors, and they have great potential applications in the sensing area.
Theoretical and experimental evidence of conformational transformation in stereoisomers of nucleoside analogues
Authors: Hernández‐Hernández Luis Alberto , Yi Ruiqin , Cleaves Henderson James , Fuentes‐Cabrera Miguel , Sumpter Bobby G. , Hernández‐Hernández Arturo , Rangel Eduardo , Vallejo Emmanuel
Published: September 2018

A theoretical and experimental characterization of N(1)‐(2′,3′‐dihydroxypropil)thymine (DHPT), a potential prebiotic nucleoside analogue of 5‐methyluridine, is performed. A proposed methodology based on a solvation method was used to study conformational transformations of the different low‐energy conformers of DHPT according to time‐dependent IR spectroscopy. NMR and CD spectroscopy provides additional evidence of these transformations. The conformational transformations appear to be due to solvent and DHPT interactions. This highlights the importance of experimental conditions on conformer ratio equilibrium, in particular, the interpretation of experimental conditions used for determining the stereoisomers' absolute configuration.
Disaster Response After Extreme Events in Taiwan: The Influence of Formal Institutions on Inter‐Organizational Interaction
Authors: Wang Wen‐Jiun
Published: September 2018

The performance of a disaster response system is related to its capacity to facilitate interaction and situational awareness among the organizations that respond to a disaster event. In line with the assumption that formal institutions have an impact on the organization and performance of a country's disaster management system, governments around the world have sought to improve their disaster management capacities through the promulgation of laws and regulations. The literature, however, is limited in its ability to explain the effect that formal institutions have on the emergence of inter‐organizational interactions in disaster response contexts. This article explores how formal institutions, shaped by legal institutions and information technology, influenced inter‐organizational interactions after two disaster events in Taiwan: The ChiChi Earthquake in 1999 and Typhoon Morakot in 2009. Through a content analysis of newspaper articles and qualitative interviews with decision makers involved in these events, this study identifies how formal institutions facilitated and inhibited inter‐organizational interaction under uncertain and emergent situations. This study not only contributes to the development of institutional and disaster management theory, it also provides policymakers with insights into how to strengthen the capacity of their disaster management systems.
Approximating individual interactions in compartmental system dynamics models
Authors: Lamberson P. J.
Published: September 2018

This paper introduces an approach known as a “pair approximation” developed in physics and mathematical biology that captures some of the effects of network structure in a compartmental system dynamics (CSD) model without substantially increasing model complexity or computational efficiency. We describe the approach using a familiar example: the standard SIS model from epidemiology that underpins many models from the marketing and innovation diffusion literature. We show that the pair approximation better approximates the results of an agent‐based simulation than the standard CSD. The model provides insights regarding the epidemic threshold, with implications for halting the spread of a disease or encouraging the spread of a product, that cannot be obtained from the standard CSD. We further illustrate the technique through the development of two new CSD models: a model of social contagion, SIS2, that allows for “social recovery,” and a model of technology adoption with local network effects.

Copyright © 2018 System Dynamics Society
Highly Active Amino‐Modified MCM‐41‐Supported Zinc Catalyst for Acetylene Hydration to Acetaldehyde
Authors: Wang Qinqin , Zhu Mingyuan , Zhang Haiyang , Xu Caixia , Dai Bin , Zhang Jinli
Published: September 2018

A simple and effective method was used to prepare amino‐functionalized MCM‐41 by the chemical grafting method; the active zinc components were immobilized onto the surface of amino‐modified MCM‐41 as catalyst for the acetylene hydration reaction. The influences from the amino group additions were investigated using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Tellersurface area analysis, transmission electron microscopy, temperature programmed desorption of NH3 analysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The results showed that the Zn/NH2–MCM‐41 catalyst displayed a high catalytic performance, with about 90.0% C2H2 conversion and over 90.0% acetaldehyde selectivity. The analysis results indicate that the introduction of amino groups could enhance the interaction between metal and support as well as enrich the support with more Zn species that were better dispersed. These results provided a basis for the development of other potential supports for the acetylene hydration reaction.
Ultrathin Metal Crystals: Growth on Supported Graphene Surfaces and Applications
Authors: Chae Soo Sang , Jang Seunghun , Lee Wonki , Jung Du Won , Lee Keun Ho , Kim Jung Dong , Jeong Dohyeon , Chang Hyunju , Hwang Jun Yeon , Lee Jeong‐O.
Published: September 2018

Controlled nucleation and growth of metal clusters in metal deposition processes is a long‐standing issue for thin‐film‐based electronic devices. When metal atoms are deposited on solid surfaces, unintended defects sites always lead to a heterogeneous nucleation, resulting in a spatially nonuniform nucleation with irregular growth rates for individual nuclei, resulting in a rough film that requires a thicker film to be deposited to reach the percolation threshold. In the present study, it is shown that substrate‐supported graphene promotes the lateral 2D growth of metal atoms on the graphene. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that 2D metallic single crystals are grown epitaxially on supported graphene surfaces while a pristine graphene layer hardly yields any metal nucleation. A surface energy barrier calculation based on density functional theory predicts a suppression of diffusion of metal atoms on electronically perturbed graphene (supported graphene). 2D single Au crystals grown on supported graphene surfaces exhibit unusual near‐infrared plasmonic resonance, and the unique 2D growth of metal crystals and self‐healing nature of graphene lead to the formation of ultrathin, semitransparent, and biodegradable metallic thin films that could be utilized in various biomedical applications.
Printing with Satellite Droplets
Authors: Zhang Yanzhen , Li Dege , Liu Yonghong , Wittstock Gunther
Published: September 2018

Despite their specific methodologies, all current noncontact printing techniques such as inkjet printing (IJP), involve the break‐up of a liquid meniscus during the separation of the ink droplet from the bulk ink reservoir. Often, the break‐up of a liquid meniscus results in the formation of one or more satellite droplet whose volumes are several orders of magnitude smaller than the primary droplet. Many attempts are directed to suppress or control the formation of satellite droplets because they blur the printing result. For the first time, a simple mechanism by which a single satellite droplet is exclusively formed and directed to the substrate by a gas stream while the primary droplet remains attached to a metal rod used for controlling the formation and break‐up of the meniscus is reported. High printing resolution is demonstrated by satellite droplets printing (SDP) without the need for small orifices which are prone to clogging. Furthermore, the droplet generation from a large orifice enables SDP to handle viscous inks which has remained challenging for traditional IJP.
An Assessment of the Forward‐Looking Hypothesis of the Demand for Cigarettes
Authors: Kaestner Robert , Callison Kevin
Published: September 2018

In this article, we develop a model of the demand for cigarettes that incorporates forward‐looking behavior related to the adverse health consequences of smoking and the addictive nature of cigarettes. The model results in several testable hypotheses that we use to examine the extent to which smokers exhibit forward‐looking behavior. Results of our study are generally supportive of the notion that smokers behave in a forward‐looking manner.
Development of nontarget wildlife exclusion devices for small mammal trap protection
Authors: Roden‐Reynolds Patrick , Hummell Grace , Machtinger Erika T. , Li Andrew Y.
Published: September 2018

Trapping small mammals is often required for life‐history studies, evaluating predator–prey interactions, or assessing zoonotic disease. However, preventing disturbance from nontarget wildlife such as raccoons (Procyon lotor) and eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) is a significant challenge. Our goal was to produce a protective exclusion device that would protect Sherman live traps from nontarget wildlife interference while enabling low‐cost and efficient small mammal captures. At the U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Center West in Beltsville, Maryland, USA, during 2017, we created and compared 2 types of exclusion devices—a modified Havahart® and a raccoon exclusion device (RED)—for efficacy of reducing disturbance to Sherman box traps, and on resulting small mammal capture rates. Modified Havahart® and REDs were similarly successful at reducing disturbance by raccoons. There was more disturbance by eastern gray squirrels with the REDs, but small mammal capture rates in the REDs did not differ from the modified Havahart®; each trap protection type reduced nontarget disturbance by approximately 50%. The modified Havahart® device was >5 times more expensive to produce than the RED; therefore, the RED offers a low‐cost and effective way to reduce nontarget interference with small mammal trapping efforts. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Partially buried conveyor belt to allow vehicular access across wildlife fencing
Authors: Adcock Zachary C. , Godley J. Steve , MacLaren Andrew R. , Sirsi Shashwat , Forstner Michael R. J.
Published: September 2018

Researchers and managers often need vehicular access into areas fenced to protect wildlife, but commonly used vehicle crossings often are cumbersome, cost‐prohibitive, or inadequate at restricting target taxa. We describe a cost‐effective method using partially buried conveyor belt, which is flexible and sturdy enough to allow convenient and frequent vehicular passage across wildlife fencing while not compromising the integrity of the barrier or harming the target species. We have no evidence of any target taxa (i.e., tortoises, freshwater turtles, toads) breaching a conveyor belt barrier from projects in central Florida (2005–2012), Guadalupe County, Texas (2014–2018), or Robertson County, Texas (2014). The proposed technique is unlikely to prevent large‐bodied, saltatory, climbing, or arboreal taxa from crossing a wildlife barrier. However, this technique is applicable to many small vertebrates and any taxa for which silt‐fencing or other similar semipermanent barriers are appropriate. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Understanding what we mean by portfolio training in music
Authors: Latukefu Lotte , Ginsborg Jane
Published: September 2018

Although musicians have always had portfolio careers, the discourse in conservatoires around training musicians specifically for portfolio careers is relatively new. This is partly because of increasing opportunities in the workplace for entrepreneurial and multi-faceted musicians and partly – in the UK at least – because of educational policy and practice. This article incorporates narratives provided by professional portfolio musicians and students and teachers at a single conservatoire in the UK, to illustrate disjunctures between the expectations fostered by conservatoires undergoing changes in their culture and the lived experiences of teachers and students responding, in real time, to changes both within the conservatoire and in the wider society. One of the key findings of the research is that teachers and students have qualitatively different conceptions of what it means for students to be trained for portfolio careers. The paper concludes by considering the implications of their different understandings for initiatives to reform conservatoire curricula.
Thickness and Stacking Sequence Determination of Exfoliated Dichalcogenides (1T-TaS2, 2H-MoS2) Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hovden Robert , Liu Pengzi , Schnitzer Noah , Tsen Adam W. , Liu Yu , Lu Wenjian , Sun Yuping , Kourkoutis Lena F.
Published: September 2018

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted interest due to their promise for future electronic and optoelectronic technologies. As one approaches the two-dimensional (2D) limit, thickness and local topology can greatly influence the macroscopic properties of a material. To understand the unique behavior of TMDs it is therefore important to identify the number of atomic layers and their stacking in a sample. The goal of this work is to extract the thickness and stacking sequence of TMDs directly by matching experimentally recorded high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope images and convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns to quantum mechanical, multislice scattering simulations. Advantageously, CBED approaches do not require a resolved lattice in real space and are capable of neglecting the thickness contribution of amorphous surface layers. Here we demonstrate the crystal thickness can be determined from CBED in exfoliated 1T-TaS2 and 2H-MoS2 to within a single layer for ultrathin ≲9 layers and ±1 atomic layer (or better) in thicker specimens while also revealing information about stacking order—even when the crystal structure is unresolved in real space.
Local Arctic Air Pollution: A Neglected but Serious Problem
Authors: Schmale J. , Arnold S. R. , Law K. S. , Thorp T. , Anenberg S. , Simpson W. R. , Mao J. , Pratt K. A.
Published: September 2018

Air pollution in the Arctic caused by local emission sources is a challenge that is important but often overlooked. Local Arctic air pollution can be severe and significantly exceed air quality standards, impairing public health and affecting ecosystems. Specifically in the wintertime, pollution can accumulate under inversion layers. However, neither the contributing emission sources are well identified and quantified nor the relevant atmospheric mechanisms forming pollution are well understood. In the summer, boreal forest fires cause high levels of atmospheric pollution. Despite the often high exposure to air pollution, there are neither specific epidemiological nor toxicological health impact studies in the Arctic. Hence, effects on the local population are difficult to estimate at present. Socioeconomic development of the Arctic is already occurring and expected to be significant in the future. Arctic destination shipping is likely to increase with the development of natural resource extraction, and tourism might expand. Such development will not only lead to growth in the population living in the Arctic but will likely increase emission types and magnitudes. Present‐day inventories show a large spread in the amount and location of emissions representing a significant source of uncertainty in model predictions that often deviate significantly from observations. This is a challenge for modeling studies that aim to assess the impacts of within Arctic air pollution. Prognoses for the future are hence even more difficult, given the additional uncertainty of estimating emissions based on future Arctic economic development scenarios.
Paleomagnetism in Lake Pannon: Problems, Pitfalls, and Progress in Using Iron Sulfides for Magnetostratigraphy
Authors: Kelder Nick A. , Sant Karin , Dekkers Mark J. , Magyar Imre , van Dijk Gijs A. , Lathouwers Ymke Z. , Sztanó Orsolya , Krijgsman Wout
Published: September 2018

Dating of upper Miocene sediments of the Pannonian Basin (Hungary) has proven difficult due to the endemic nature of biota, scarcity of reliable radio isotopic data, and generally inconsistent magnetostratigraphic results. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) is mostly residing in greigite (Fe3S4), which complicates NRM interpretation. We reinvestigate the viability of these sediments for magnetostratigraphy using samples from recently drilled well cores (PAET‐30 and PAET‐34) from the Paks region. Significant intervals of the cores contain composite NRM behavior. Thermal demagnetization results include multipolarity (M‐type) samples consisting of a low‐temperature (LT, above ~120 °C), a medium‐temperature (MT), and a high‐temperature (HT) component, within distinct temperature ranges and all exhibiting dual polarities. The LT and HT components have the same polarity and are antiparallel to the MT component. Rock magnetic and scanning electron microscopy results indicate that all magnetic components reside in authigenic greigite. The LT and HT components represent the characteristic remanent magnetization and are of early diagenetic origin. The MT component records a late diagenetic overprint. Alternating field demagnetization cannot resolve the individual components: it yields polarities corresponding to the dominant component resulting in erratic polarity patterns. Interpretation of LT and HT components allows a reasonably robust magnetostratigraphic correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale with the base of PAET‐30 at ~8.4 Ma and its top at ~6.8 Ma (average sedimentation rate of ~30 cm/kyr). The base of PAET‐34 is correlated to ~9 Ma and its top to ~6.8 Ma (average sedimentation rate of 27 cm/kyr).
Reconstructing Solar Wind Inhomogeneous Structures From Stereoscopic Observations in White Light: Small Transients Along the Sun‐Earth Line
Authors: Li Xiaolei , Wang Yuming , Liu Rui , Shen Chenglong , Zhang Quanhao , Zhuang Bin , Liu Jiajia , Chi Yutian
Published: September 2018

The Heliospheric Imagers (HI) onboard the two spacecraft of the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) provided white‐light images of transients in the solar wind from dual perspectives from 2007 to 2014. In this paper, we develop a new method to identify and locate the transients automatically from simultaneous images from the two inner telescopes, known as HI‐1, based on a correlation analysis. Correlation coefficient (cc) maps along the Sun‐Earth line are constructed for the period from 1 January 2010 to 28 February 2011. From the maps, transients propagating along the Sun‐Earth line are identified, and a 27‐day periodic pattern is revealed, especially for small‐scale transients. Such a periodicity in the transient pattern is consistent with the rotation of the Sun's global magnetic structure and the periodic crossing of the streamer structures and slow solar wind across the Sun‐Earth line, and this substantiates the reliability of our method and the high degree of association between the small‐scale transients of the slow solar wind and the coronal streamers. Besides, it is suggested by the cc map that small‐scale transients along the Sun‐Earth line are more frequent than large‐scale transients by a factor of at least 2, and that they quickly diffused into background solar wind within about 40 Rs in terms of the signal‐to‐noise ratio of white‐light emissions. The method provides a new tool to reconstruct inhomogeneous structures in the heliosphere from multiple perspectives.
Dust Detection via Voltage Power Spectroscopy on a CubeSat in Earth's Ionosphere
Authors: Maj Ronald , Cairns Iver H.
Published: September 2018

Dust detection is an important area of research, especially for determining the space environment in Earth orbit. Satellites such as the GPS constellation are vital for millions of people everyday and dust impacts on spacecraft can lead to catastrophic failure when particles are large enough (Caswell et al., 1995, https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-743X(95)99843-G). However, dust particles micron‐sized or smaller can be detected due to the plasma cloud that is released from their impact (Meyer‐Vernet, 1983, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA088iA10p08081). We investigate the practicality of using voltage power spectroscopy on a CubeSat with dipole antennas to measure the dust particles from such collisions and to characterize the Earth's ionosphere from 300‐ to 1,500‐km altitude. We find that the average power spectrum due to dust from space debris and interplanetary sources is at least 6 orders of magnitude smaller than the shot noise spectrum. Within 10 s of a 2009 Iridium‐COSMOS type satellite collision the average power spectrum due to dust impacts is at least 8 orders of magnitude smaller. Detection using the power spectrum is only possible for large enough single‐particle impact events, which are rare. For the average spectrum to be 3 times larger than the shot noise spectrum, the particle would need to be at least 5.4, 4.0, and 3.2 μm in diameter for a polar orbit at 300‐, 800‐, and 1,500‐km altitude, respectively, which corresponds to one hit every 2,150, 110, and 225 min, respectively. Direct time domain observation of the voltage signal of dust impact plasma clouds would be a more effective method for measuring dust particles in the ionosphere.
Smoothing of Fault Slip Surfaces by Scale‐Invariant Wear
Authors: Dascher‐Cousineau Kelian , Kirkpatrick James D. , Cooke Michele L.
Published: September 2018

Previous field observations suggest that fault slip surface roughness may decrease with slip. However, measurements have yet to confidently isolate the effect of slip from other possible controls, such as lithology or tectonic setting. We describe the evolution of slip surfaces in normal faults in SE Utah that cut well‐sorted, high‐porosity sandstones and accommodated regional extension at 1‐ to 4‐km depth. Tight controls on fault offset and uniform tectonic history allowed us to isolate the effect of slip during early stages of faulting (0‐ to 55‐m slip). Slip surfaces progress from rough joints and deformation bands toward smooth, continuous, and mirror‐like surfaces with increasing slip. We collected 123 scans of pristine slip surfaces, which measure surface geometry from micrometers to meters in length scale. Results indicate that slip surface roughness is systematically smoother than joint surfaces and deformation band edges. Over the best resolved length scales (0.1–10 mm), we observe roughness decreases with slip according to a power law with exponent −1 in the slip direction. Slip‐perpendicular profiles, though rougher, exhibit the same smoothing trend. The Hurst scaling exponent does not change with slip. These observations require wear to be multiscale. Boundary element method models suggest that mechanical wear of completely mated surfaces occurs by asperity failure and that the wear rate depends on the aspect ratio of asperities. These results indicate that at large slip, asperity failure at all length scales can cause slip surfaces to smooth while maintaining the fractal geometry characteristic of faults.
High Summertime Aerosol Loadings Over the Arabian Sea and Their Transport Pathways
Authors: Jin Qinjian , Wei Jiangfeng , Pu Bing , Yang Zong‐Liang , Parajuli Sagar Prasad
Published: September 2018

Satellite observations show high aerosol loadings over the Arabian Sea in boreal summer, which have great impacts on the Indian monsoon due to absorbing dust aerosols. However, the compositions, origins, transport pathways, and decadal trends of these aerosols have not been well studied. In this study, using multiple satellite retrievals, a back trajectory model, and reanalysis data, we found that (1) aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Arabian Sea and Arabian Peninsula have a summer peak and dust aerosols dominate the AOD; aerosol reanalysis data tend to considerably underestimate dust AOD compared to satellite data, indicating challenges of extracting dust from total AOD; (2) aerosols over the Arabian Sea are largely transported from South and East Arabian Peninsula by cyclonic winds in the lower troposphere (850 hPa) and from Iran–Afghanistan–Pakistan by anticyclonic winds in the middle troposphere (500 hPa); (3) both case studies and composite analyses show that extremely high aerosol loadings over the Arabian Sea is associated with an abnormally low pressure over the Arabian Sea and the Middle East; and (4) significant positive trends in AOD over the Arabian Peninsula and the Arabian Sea exist during 2000–2011 but disappear during 2000–2016, indicating a strong interdecadal variability of dust activities. This study revealed pathways linking dust emissions in the Middle East to high summertime AOD over the Arabian Sea and identified the atmospheric conditions favorable for dust emissions and transport.
Population Density and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Population-Based Study in 13 Countries or Regions in Asia-Pacific
Authors: Ng Siew C. , Kaplan Gilaad G. , Tang Whitney , Banerjee Rupa , Adigopula Bhargavi , Underwood Fox E. , Tanyingoh Divine , Wei Shu-Chen , Lin Wei-Chen , Lin Hung-Hsin , Li Jin , Bell Sally , Niewiadomski Olga , Kamm Michael A. , Zeng Zhirong , Chen Minhu , Hu Pinjin , Ong David , Ooi Choon Jin , Ling Khoon-Lin , Miao Yinglei , Miao Jiarong , Janaka de Silva H. , Niriella Madunil , Aniwan Satimai , Limsrivilai Julajak , Pisespongsa Pises , Wu Kaichun , Yang Hong , Ng Ka Kei , Yu Hon Ho , Wang Yufang , Ouyang Qin , Abdullah Murdani , Simadibrata Marcellus , Gunawan Jeffri , Hilmi Ida , Lee Goh Khean , Cao Qian , Sheng Hong , Ong-Go Arlinking , Chong Vui Heng , Ching Jessica Y. L. , Wu Justin C. Y. , Chan Francis K. L. , Sung Joseph J. Y.
Published: September 2018

INTRODUCTION:

Living in an urban environment may increase the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is unclear if this observation is seen globally. We conducted a population-based study to assess the relationship between urbanization and incidence of IBD in the Asia-Pacific region.

METHODS:

Newly diagnosed IBD cases between 2011 and 2013 from 13 countries or regions in Asia-Pacific were included. Incidence was calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI) and pooled using random-effects model. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess incidence rates and their association with population density, latitude, and longitude.

RESULTS:

We identified 1175 ulcerative colitis (UC), 656 Crohn’s disease (CD), and 37 IBD undetermined (IBD-U). Mean annual IBD incidence per 100 000 was 1.50 (95% CI: 1.43–1.57). India (9.31; 95% CI: 8.38–10.31) and China (3.64; 95% CI, 2.97–4.42) had the highest IBD incidence in Asia. Incidence of overall IBD (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.01–4.76]) and CD (IRR: 3.28; 95% CI: 1.83–9.12) was higher across 19 areas of Asia with a higher population density. In China, incidence of IBD (IRR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.10–5.16) and UC (IRR: 2.63; 95% CI: 1.2–5.8) was positively associated with gross domestic product. A south-to-north disease gradient (IRR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91–0.98) was observed for IBD incidence and a west-to-east gradient (IRR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05–1.24) was observed for CD incidence in China. This study received IRB approval.

CONCLUSIONS:

Regions in Asia with a high population density had a higher CD and UC incidence. Coastal areas within China had higher IBD incidence. With increasing urbanization and a shift from rural areas to cities, disease incidence may continue to climb in Asia.
Mapping molecular landmarks of human skeletal ontogeny and pluripotent stem cell-derived articular chondrocytes
Authors: Ferguson Gabriel B. , Van Handel Ben , Bay Maxwell , Fiziev Petko , Org Tonis , Lee Siyoung , Shkhyan Ruzanna , Banks Nicholas W. , Scheinberg Mila , Wu Ling , Saitta Biagio , Elphingstone Joseph , Larson A. Noelle , Riester Scott M. , Pyle April D. , Bernthal Nicholas M. , Mikkola Hanna KA , Ernst Jason , van Wijnen Andre J. , Bonaguidi Michael , Evseenko Denis
Published: September 2018

Tissue-specific gene expression defines cellular identity and function, but knowledge of early human development is limited, hampering application of cell-based therapies. Here we profiled 5 distinct cell types at a single fetal stage, as well as chondrocytes at 4 stages in vivo and 2 stages during in vitro differentiation. Network analysis delineated five tissue-specific gene modules; these modules and chromatin state analysis defined broad similarities in gene expression during cartilage specification and maturation in vitro and in vivo, including early expression and progressive silencing of muscle- and bone-specific genes. Finally, ontogenetic analysis of freshly isolated and pluripotent stem cell-derived articular chondrocytes identified that integrin alpha 4 defines 2 subsets of functionally and molecularly distinct chondrocytes characterized by their gene expression, osteochondral potential in vitro and proliferative signature in vivo. These analyses provide new insight into human musculoskeletal development and provide an essential comparative resource for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
High-throughput chromatin accessibility profiling at single-cell resolution
Authors: Mezger Anja , Klemm Sandy , Mann Ishminder , Brower Kara , Mir Alain , Bostick Magnolia , Farmer Andrew , Fordyce Polly , Linnarsson Sten , Greenleaf William
Published: September 2018

Here we develop a high-throughput single-cell ATAC-seq (assay for transposition of accessible chromatin) method to measure physical access to DNA in whole cells. Our approach integrates fluorescence imaging and addressable reagent deposition across a massively parallel (5184) nano-well array, yielding a nearly 20-fold improvement in throughput (up to ~1800 cells/chip, 4–5 h on-chip processing time) and library preparation cost (~81¢ per cell) compared to prior microfluidic implementations. We apply this method to measure regulatory variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and show robust, de novo clustering of single cells by hematopoietic cell type.
Liquid-state quantitative SERS analyzer on self-ordered metal liquid-like plasmonic arrays
Authors: Tian Li , Su Mengke , Yu Fanfan , Xu Yue , Li Xiaoyun , Li Lei , Liu Honglin , Tan Weihong
Published: September 2018

Liquid interfacial plasmonic platform is emerging for new sensors, catalysis, and tunable optical devices, but also promises an alternative for practical applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Here we show that vigorous mixing of chloroform with citrate-capped gold nanorod sols triggers the rapid self-assembly of three-dimensional plasmonic arrays at the chloroform/water (O/W) interface and produces a self-healing metal liquid-like brilliant golden droplet. The O phase itself generates stable SERS fingerprints and is a good homogeneous internal standard for quantitative analysis. This platform presents reversible O/W encasing in a common cuvette determined just by surface wettability of the container. Both O-in-W and W-in-O platforms exhibit excellent SERS sensitivity and reproducibility for different analytes by the use of a portable Raman device. It paves the way toward a practical and quantitative liquid-state SERS analyzer, likened to a simple UV–Vis spectrometer, that is far superior to typical solid substrate-based or nanoparticle sol-based analysis.