bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Strength of Binary Dislocation Junctions in fcc Crystals
Authors: Verdhan Naisheel , Kapoor Rajeev
Published: January 2014

Discrete dislocation dynamics were used to determine the relative strengths of binary dislocation junctions in fcc crystals. Equilibrium junctions of different types Lomer, glissile, coplanar, and collinear were formed by allowing parallel dislocations of unequal length to react. The strengths were determined from the computed minimum strain rate versus the applied shear stress plots. The collinear configuration was found to be the strongest and coplanar the weakest. It was seen that the glissile junction could exist as two variants depending on which parent slip system the shear stress is applied. One variant of the glissile junction was found to be as strong as the collinear configuration.
Germinoma in the Internal Auditory Canal Mimicking a Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Martín-Hernández Rubén , Macías-Rodríguez Diego Hernando , Muñoz-Herrera Ángel , Del Pozo-de Dios Juan Carlos , Cruz-Ruiz Santiago Santa , Batuecas-Caletrío Ángel
Published: January 2014

The appearance of a primary germinoma in the central nervous system but not on or near the midline or within the brain is exceptional. It may occur at any age; however, it is rare in patients over 50 years old. Only a handful of cases of germinomas located in the cerebellopontine angle were presented, but to our knowledge, there has been no description of an isolated germinoma in the internal auditory canal. We report a case of germinoma in the internal auditory canal in a 51-year-old man simulating the clinical and radiological characteristics of a vestibular schwannoma.
Adsorption of Molecular Gases on Silver/Carbon Nanotube Composites at Low Temperatures and Low Pressures
Authors: Barberio M. , Barone P. , Stranges F. , Romano R. A. , Xu F. , Bonanno A.
Published: January 2014

We present an experimental study adsorption of molecular gases (N2, H2, O2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNT doped with Ag at low temperatures (35 K) and pressures (10−6 Torr) using the temperature programmed desorption technique. Our results show that the desorption kinetics is of the first order; furthermore comparative measurements indicate that Ag/MWCNTs have an adsorption capacity higher than that of a pure sample suggesting that these composites are good candidates as gas cryosorbers for applications in cryopumps or sensor of latest generation.
The Application of Thermal Solar Energy to High Temperature Processes: Case Study of the Synthesis of Alumina from Boehmite
Authors: Padilla Isabel , López-Delgado Aurora , López-Andrés Sol , Álvarez Marta , Galindo Roberto , Vazquez-Vaamonde Alfonso J.
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining alumina from boehmite using a free, clean, and unlimited power source as the solar energy. Boehmite was obtained by hydrothermal treatment of a hazardous waste coming from aluminum slag milling. The waste is considered as a hazardous substance because of it releasing toxic gases (hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide) in the presence of water. The as-obtained boehmite was transformed into alumina, in air atmosphere, using a solar energy concentrator (Fresnel lens). The solar installation provides a power density of 260 W·cm−2which allows reaching temperatures upper than 1000°C at few minutes of exposure. Tests were performed at different periods of time that ranged between 5 and 90 min. The percentage of transformation of boehmite into alumina was followed by the water content of samples after solar radiation exposure. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Metastable aluminas started to appear at 5 min and the crystalline and stable phase corundum at 10 min of solar radiation exposure.
Pb Neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological Effects of Lead Toxicity
Authors: Mason Lisa H. , Harp Jordan P. , Han Dong Y.
Published: January 2014

Neurotoxicity is a term used to describe neurophysiological changes caused by exposure to toxic agents. Such exposure can result in neurocognitive symptoms and/or psychiatric disturbances. Common toxic agents include heavy metals, drugs, organophosphates, bacterial, and animal neurotoxins. Among heavy metal exposures, lead exposure is one of the most common exposures that can lead to significant neuropsychological and functional decline in humans. In this review, neurotoxic lead exposure's pathophysiology, etiology, and epidemiology are explored. In addition, commonly associated neuropsychological difficulties in intelligence, memory, executive functioning, attention, processing speed, language, visuospatial skills, motor skills, and affect/mood are explored.
Median Nerve to Biceps Nerve Transfer to Restore Elbow Flexion in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy
Authors: Al-Qattan M. M. , Al-Kharfy T. M.
Published: January 2014

Median nerve to biceps nerve transfer in the arm has been reported only in adults. The following paper reports on 10 cases of this transfer in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. All patients had upper palsy (ERb’s or extended ERb’s palsy) and presented to the author late (13–19 months of age) with poor or no recovery of elbow flexion. Following the nerve transfer, nine children recovered elbow flexion (a score of 6 in one child and a score of 7 in eight children by the Toronto scale). The remaining child did not recover elbow flexion.
Amendment ofTephrosiaImproved Fallows with Inorganic Fertilizers Improves Soil Chemical Properties, N Uptake, and Maize Yield in Malawi
Authors: Munthali Maggie G. , Gachene Charles K. K. , Sileshi Gudeta W. , Karanja Nancy K.
Published: January 2014

Maize production in Malawi is limited mainly by low soil N and P. Improved fallows of N-fixing legumes such asTephrosiaandSesbaniaoffer options for improving soil fertility particularly N supply. The interactions ofTephrosiafallows and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties, N uptake, and maize yields were evaluated at Chitedze Research Station in Malawi. The results indicated that the level of organic matter and pH increased in all the treatments except for the control. Total N remained almost unchanged while available P decreased in all plots amended withT. vogeliibut increased inT. candidaplots where inorganic P was applied. Exchangeable K increased in all the plots irrespective of the type of amendment. The interaction of N and P fertilizers withT. vogeliifallows significantly increased the grain yield. The treatment that received 45 kg N ha−1and 20 kg P ha−1produced significantly higher grain yields (6.8 t ha−1) than all the other treatments except where 68 kg N ha−1and 30 kg P ha−1were applied which gave 6.5 t ha−1of maize grain.T. candidafallows alone or in combination with N and P fertilizers did not significantly affect grain yield. However,T. candidafallows alone can raise maize grain yield by 300% over the no-input control. Based on these results we conclude that high quality residues such asT. candidaandT. vogeliican be used as sources of nutrients to improve crop yields and soil fertility in N-limited soils. However, inorganic P fertilizer is needed due to the low soil available P levels.
Primary Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Lung with Cerebellar Metastasis Showing Full Response to Cisplatin and Docetaxel Therapy
Authors: Kocas Onur , Selcukbiricik Fatih , Bilici Ahmet , Kanıtez Metin , Yildiz Serdar , Avci Suna , Tanik Canan
Published: January 2014

Introduction. Primary signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the lung is a very rare disease. We describe a new case of primary SRCC of the lung with cerebellar metastasis, which responded well to the therapeutic approach with cisplatin and docetaxel.Case Report. A 41-year-old female patient (nonsmoker) was consulted to our oncology outpatient clinic after cerebellar metastasectomy. The histopathological diagnosis was SRCC metastasis. The primary tumor was unknown. The PET-CT imaging showed a hypermetabolic mass in the right middle lobe of the lung and hypermetabolic mediastinal lymph node stations. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy showed no evidence of gastrointestinal system tumor. The clinical diagnosis of primary SRCC of the lung was made and the administration of six rounds of cisplatin and docetaxel treatment was planned. After the chemotherapy the PET-CT scan to evaluate the therapy response showed full metabolic regression of the primary tumor and the mediastinal lymph nodes. There was no evidence of new metastasis.Conclusion. Primary SRCC of the lung is a very rare disease with poor prognosis. There are not many cases in literature and no standardized chemotherapy protocols. Cisplatin and docetaxel may be a good treatment option.
Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Arm after Minor Trauma in a Patient with Optimal Range of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Titolo Paolo , Milani Patrizia , Panero Bernardino , Ciclamini Davide , Colzani Giulia , Artiaco Stefano
Published: January 2014

Compartment syndrome of the arm is a rare event that can be subsequent to trauma or other pathological and physical conditions. At the arm the thin and elastic fascia may allow accumulation of blood more than in other districts, especially in patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy. We describe a rare case of an acute compartment syndrome of the arm after minor trauma with partial biceps brachii rupture in a patient with warfarin therapy and optimal value of INR. Prompt diagnosis and surgical decompression helped to avoid the occurrence of complications with a satisfying recovery of arm function.
Platelet NOX, a novel target for anti-thrombotic treatment
Authors: Pignatelli Pasquale , Violi Francesco
Published: January 2014

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that reactive oxidant species (ROS) including O2
−, OH− or H2O2 act as second messengers to activate platelets via 1) calcium mobilisation, 2) nitric oxide (NO) inac-tivation, and 3) interaction with arachidonic to give formation of isoprostanes. Among the enzymes generating ROS formation NOX2, the catalytic core of NADPH oxidase (NOX), plays a prominent role as shown by the almost absent ROS production by platelets taken from patients with hereditary deficiency of NOX2. Experimental and clinical studies provided evidence that NOX2 is implicated in platelet activation. Thus, impaired platelet activation has been detected in patients with NOX2 hereditary deficiency. Similarly, normal platelets added with NOX2 specific inhibitors disclosed impaired platelet activation along with ROS down-regulation. Accordingly, animals prone to atherosclerosis treated with apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, showed reduced platelet adhesion and atherosclerotic plaque. Furthermore, a significant association between NOX2 up-regulation and platelet activation has been detected in patients at athero-thrombotic risk, but a cause-effect relationship needs to be established. These findings may represent a rationale to plan interventional trials with NOX inhibitors to establish if blocking NOX2 or other NOX isoforms may represent a novel anti-platelet approach.
Decomposing Decision Components in the Stop-signal Task: A Model-based Approach to Individual Differences in Inhibitory Control
Authors: White Corey N. , Congdon Eliza , Mumford Jeanette A. , Karlsgodt Katherine H. , Sabb Fred W. , Freimer Nelson B. , London Edythe D. , Cannon Tyrone D. , Bilder Robert M. , Poldrack Russell A.
Published: January 2014

The stop-signal task, in which participants must inhibit prepotent responses, has been used to identify neural systems that vary with individual differences in inhibitory control. To explore how these differences relate to other aspects of decision making, a drift-diffusion model of simple decisions was fitted to stop-signal task data from go trials to extract measures of caution, motor execution time, and stimulus processing speed for each of 123 participants. These values were used to probe fMRI data to explore individual differences in neural activation. Faster processing of the go stimulus correlated with greater activation in the right frontal pole for both go and stop trials. On stop trials, stimulus processing speed also correlated with regions implicated in inhibitory control, including the right inferior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, and BG. Individual differences in motor execution time correlated with activation of the right parietal cortex. These findings suggest a robust relationship between the speed of stimulus processing and inhibitory processing at the neural level. This model-based approach provides novel insight into the interrelationships among decision components involved in inhibitory control and raises interesting questions about strategic adjustments in performance and inhibitory deficits associated with psychopathology.
Medial-lateral Organization of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: Rich Erin L. , Wallis Jonathan D.
Published: January 2014

Emerging evidence suggests that specific cognitive functions localize to different subregions of OFC, but the nature of these functional distinctions remains unclear. One prominent theory, derived from human neuroimaging, proposes that different stimulus valences are processed in separate orbital regions, with medial and lateral OFC processing positive and negative stimuli, respectively. Thus far, neurophysiology data have not supported this theory. We attempted to reconcile these accounts by recording neural activity from the full medial-lateral extent of the orbital surface in monkeys receiving rewards and punishments via gain or loss of secondary reinforcement. We found no convincing evidence for valence selectivity in any orbital region. Instead, we report differences between neurons in central OFC and those on the inferior-lateral orbital convexity, in that they encoded different sources of value information provided by the behavioral task. Neurons in inferior convexity encoded the value of external stimuli, whereas those in OFC encoded value information derived from the structure of the behavioral task. We interpret these results in light of recent theories of OFC function and propose that these distinctions, not valence selectivity, may shed light on a fundamental organizing principle for value processing in orbital cortex.
Four Pseudopoda species (Araneae: Sparassidae) from southern China
Authors: QUAN DAN , ZHONG YANG , LIU JIE
Published: January 2014

Four species of the genus Pseudopoda are recorded from southern China. Three new species are described: Pseudopoda bicruris sp. nov. (male, female; Hainan Province), Pseudopoda mediana sp. nov. (male, female; Hainan Province), Pseudopoda tiantangensis sp. nov. (male, female; Hubei Province). The female of Pseudopoda lushanensis (Wang, 1990) from Jiangxi Province is described for the first time.
Double-Diffusive Recipes. Part II: Layer-Merging Events
Authors: Radko T. , Flanagan J. D. , Stellmach S. , Timmermans M.-L.
Published: January 2014

This study explores the dynamics of thermohaline staircases: well-defined stepped structures in temperature and salinity profiles, commonly observed in regions of active double diffusion. The evolution of staircases in time is frequently characterized by spontaneous layer-merging events. These phenomena, the authors argue, are essential in regulating the equilibrium layer thickness in fully developed staircases. The pattern and mechanics of merging events are explained using a combination of analytical considerations, direct numerical simulations, and data analysis. The theoretical merger model is based on the stability analysis for a series of identical steps and pertains to both forms of double diffusion: diffusive convection and salt fingering. The conceptual significance of the proposed model lies in its ability to describe merging events without assuming from the outset specific power laws for the vertical transport of heat and salt—the approach adopted by earlier merging models. The analysis of direct numerical simulations indicates that merging models based on the four-thirds flux laws offer adequate qualitative description of the evolutionary patterns but are less accurate than models that do not rely on such laws. Specific examples considered in this paper include the evolution of layers in the diffusive staircase in the Beaufort Gyre of the Arctic Ocean.
Common Variants of Apolipoprotein E and Cholesteryl Ester Transport Protein Genes in Male Patients With Coronary Heart Disease and Variable Body Mass Index
Authors: Kolovou Genovefa D. , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. , Kolovou Vana , Vasiliadis Ioannis , Giannakopoulou Vasiliki , Diakoumakou Olga , Katsiki Niki , Mavrogeni Sophie
Published: January 2014

Plasma lipids are major risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and apolipoprotein (apo) E genes are involved in lipoprotein metabolism, thus affecting plasma lipid and lipoproteins levels. Furthermore, such polymorphisms have been associated with susceptibility to CHD and obesity. We evaluated the influence of the gene polymorphisms of CETP TaqIB (B1, B2) and I405V (V, I) and apo E (∊2,∊3,∊4) on lipid levels, according to body mass index (BMI) in Greek men with CHD. The TaqIB (B1, B2) polymorphism affected plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in overweight men with CHD, whereas the I405V (V, I) polymorphism affected triglyceride concentrations in normal weight men. No correlation was found between BMI and apo E polymorphisms. Large prospective studies are required to investigate the relationships of CETP and apo E polymorphisms with lipids, BMI, and CHD susceptibility.
Talking peace
Authors: Wallensteen Peter , Svensson Isak
Published: January 2014

Mediation, as a means to end armed conflicts, has gained prominence particularly in the past 25 years. This article reviews peace mediation research to date, with a particular focus on quantitative studies as well as on significant theoretical and conceptual works. The growing literature on international mediation has made considerable progress towards understanding the conditions under which mediation processes help bring armed conflicts to peaceful ends. Still, the field of international mediation faces a number of problems. In this article, we aim to identify findings on mediation frequency, strategies, bias, and coordination as well as on trends in defining success. Although previous research has generated important insights, there are still unresolved issues and discrepancies which future mediation research needs to explore. Many of the challenges that the field faces could be managed by giving greater attention to accumulative knowledge production, more disaggregated analysis, and a closer dialogue between policy and research.
Onset of complications following cervical manipulation due to malpractice in osteopathic treatment: A case report
Authors: Cicconi Michela , Mangiulli Tatiana , Bolino Giorgio
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study is to correlate cervical disc herniation with manipulation performed by a non-physician osteopath on a patient complaining of neck pain. The authors report a case in which a woman – treated with osteopathic spinal manipulation – developed cervical-brachial neuralgia following the cervical disc herniation. The patient then underwent surgery and was followed by physiotherapists. A clinical condition characterized by limitation of neck mobility, with pain and sensory deficit in the right arm and II–III fingers, still persists. The patient consulted the authors to establish whether cervical disc herniation could be attributed to manipulation. Adverse events or side effects of spinal manipulative therapy are relatively common and usually benign. Most of these side effects are mild or moderate, but sometimes they can be severe. Cervical manipulation can provoke complications less often than thoracic or lumbar manipulation. Furthermore, many diseases can be absolutely and relatively contraindicated to osteopathic treatment. Therefore, the knowledge of a patient’s clinical conditions is essential before starting a manipulative treatment; otherwise the osteopath could be accused of malpractice. It is the authors’ opinion that a cause–effect relationship exists between the manipulative treatment and the development of disc herniation.
Regional Selective Assistance in Scotland: Does it make a difference to plant productivity?
Authors: Moffat John
Published: January 2014

This paper examines whether receipt of a Regional Selective Assistance (RSA) grant has a causal impact on plant total factor productivity (TFP). To tackle the problem of self-selection into the treatment group, propensity score matching is employed. In order to control for the endogeneity of other variables in the model, estimations are performed using the system GMM estimator. The results show that for low technology manufacturing, receipt of an RSA grant leads to a fall in TFP.
Geographies of governance: How place matters in urban regeneration policies
Authors: Parés Marc , Martí-Costa Marc , Blanco Ismael
Published: January 2014

Neoliberal accounts of local governance have paid insufficient attention to variation in the forms of urban governance and urban policies across local regimes. On the basis of a comparison of eight deprived neighbourhoods in Catalonia (Spain) where the same regional programme of urban regeneration has been carried out, this paper explores the significance of place when it comes to understanding the adoption of different models of urban governance. In Spain, the combination of a high autonomy of local government and a very strong tradition of neighbourhood associations has resulted in both local authorities and community organisations playing a very important role in local policy-making. Local structural and agency factors are both essential to understanding why models of urban governance and regeneration change from place to place. The paper concludes that neighbourhood type, size of municipality, social capital and previous conflicts are crucial for the understanding of urban governance geographies.
An Integrated, Acceptance-Based Behavioral Approach for Depression With Social Anxiety
Authors: Dalrymple Kristy L. , Morgan Theresa A. , Lipschitz Jessica M. , Martinez Jennifer H. , Tepe Elizabeth , Zimmerman Mark
Published: January 2014

Depression and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are highly comorbid, resulting in greater severity and functional impairment compared with each disorder alone. Although recently transdiagnostic treatments have been developed, no known treatments have addressed this comorbidity pattern specifically. Preliminary support exists for acceptance-based approaches for depression and SAD separately, and they may be more efficacious for comorbid depression and anxiety compared with traditional cognitive-behavioral approaches. The aim of the current study was to develop and pilot test an integrated acceptance-based behavioral treatment for depression and comorbid SAD. Participants included 38 patients seeking pharmacotherapy at an outpatient psychiatry practice, who received 16 individual sessions of the therapy. Results showed significant improvement in symptoms, functioning, and processes from pre- to post-treatment, as well as high satisfaction with the treatment. These results support the preliminary acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of this treatment in a typical outpatient psychiatry practice, and suggest that further research on this treatment in larger randomized trials is warranted.
Direct Behavior Rating
Authors: Harrison Sayward E. , Riley-Tillman T. Chris , Chafouleas Sandra M.
Published: January 2014

Direct behavior rating (DBR) offers users a flexible, feasible method for the collection of behavioral data. Previous research has supported the validity of using DBR to rate three target behaviors: academic engagement, disruptive behavior, and compliance. However, the effect of the base rate of behavior on rater accuracy has not been established. In addition, although teachers report frequent use of DBR-like tools, little is known about what type of training is necessary to ensure accurate usage. The present study sought to determine (a) whether training with practice and feedback improves rater accuracy when rating academic engagement, disruptive behavior, and compliance and (b) whether rater accuracy varies at low, medium, and high levels of these behaviors. Participants ( N = 67) were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions: brief familiarization, brief training with practice and feedback, or extensive training with practice and feedback. Following training, participants watched videos of elementary students and rated behavior with DBRs. Results indicated that practice with feedback improved rater accuracy for disruptive behavior but not for the behaviors of academic engagement and compliance. In addition, rater accuracy was found to vary significantly at different levels of behavior. Academic engagement was rated most accurately when high rates of the behavior were displayed. Disruptive behavior and compliance were rated most accurately at low or high base rates, while raters had more difficulty rating medium levels of behaviors. Limitations, implications, and future directions for research are discussed.
Tainted Altruism
Authors: Newman George E. , Cain Daylian M.
Published: January 2014

In four experiments, we found that the presence of self-interest in the charitable domain was seen as tainting: People evaluated efforts that realized both charitable and personal benefits as worse than analogous behaviors that produced no charitable benefit. This tainted-altruism effect was observed in a variety of contexts and extended to both moral evaluations of other agents and participants’ own behavioral intentions (e.g., reported willingness to hire someone or purchase a company’s products). This effect did not seem to be driven by expectations that profits would be realized at the direct cost of charitable benefits, or the explicit use of charity as a means to an end. Rather, we found that it was related to the accessibility of different counterfactuals: When someone was charitable for self-interested reasons, people considered his or her behavior in the absence of self-interest, ultimately concluding that the person did not behave as altruistically as he or she could have. However, when someone was only selfish, people did not spontaneously consider whether the person could have been more altruistic.
On a methodology for component selection in modular branding: An industrial pilot study
Authors: Borjesson Fredrik , Fancher Robert , Sellgren Ulf
Published: January 2014

Performing modularization of a product family with multiple brands is a complex task that must integrate and balance a wide range of contradicting and ambiguous aspects, such as product performance, customer expectations, supplier alliances, and corporate business strategies. Furthermore, decisions on balancing these aspects that also change with time have to deal with a high degree of uncertainty. No general methodology for modular branding has currently been published. A methodology with that aim is proposed and prototyped in a real but anonymized industrial case. The presented task is to select standard original equipment manufacturer engines for six brands of self-propelled walk-behind lawn mowers. Selection is based on a set of calculated utility scores and known costs. The utility of an engine with a certain performance level and set of features is specific to each brand. This article presents a first step in developing a general methodology for modular branding and the organizational learnings of using the proposed methodology in an industrial setting.
The Hyaline Vascular Type of Castleman’s Disease of the Ovary
Authors: Hatanaka Kazuhito , Yoshioka Takako , Tasaki Takashi , Tanimoto Akihide
Published: January 2014

Castleman’s disease in the pelvic cavity is rare. We present a 72-year-old woman with hyaline vascular type of Castleman’s disease of the right ovary. Right ovarian enlargement was detected in the medical examination. Computed tomography revealed a solid mass, measured 2.5 cm in size, in the right ovary. A bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Morphologically, lymphoid follicles with regressed germinal centers (GCs) were surrounded by a broad mantle zone composed of concentric rings of small lymphocytes, and the hyalinized blood vessels with plump endothelial cells penetrated radially into GCs. Proliferation of follicular dendritic cells, which were positive for CD21 and epidermal growth factor receptor, were detected in GCs and mantle zone. No other lesions were found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of hyaline vascular type of Castleman’s disease of ovarian primary.
‘I sort of balance it out’. Living with facial acne in emerging adulthood
Authors: Prior Jess , Khadaroo Ameerah
Published: January 2014

Many emerging adults live with mild-to-moderate visible facial acne, but little is known about their experiences. A qualitative interview study was conducted with 11 adults aged 18–22 years, which aimed to explore the meaning of living with visible acne. A thematic analysis revealed three superordinate themes: coping strategies, self-perceptions and interpersonal relationships. Results revealed the utility of researching visible acne in emerging adulthood, including the use of multiple coping strategies. Health psychologists need to consider individual differences for young adults who are living with a visible difference. The importance of the peer group and family is also explicated.
Youth collective activism through social media: The role of collective efficacy
Authors: Velasquez Alcides , LaRose Robert
Published: January 2014

The relationship between social media use and youth’s political participation has been extensively studied. However, explanations for youth’s online collective political activism have been less explored. Previous studies have used the concept of internal political efficacy to examine the relationship between social media and political participation. However, this concept only explains individual political participation, while many political actions are performed collectively. Based on Social Cognitive theory this study propounds the concepts of online political self- and collective efficacy and explores their relationship to online collective political activism. Findings of a survey of members of three activist groups of a US Mid-Western university ( n = 222) suggest that a correspondence exists between efficacy perceptions and the level of agency at which the political activities are performed online. Also, online collective efficacy perceptions influence individuals’ participation in online collective actions, but this relationship is moderated by the perceived interdependence of the actions.
The power of private foundations: Rockefeller and Gates in the struggle against malaria
Authors: Eckl Julian
Published: January 2014

This article investigates the rationale that informs the global engagement of private foundations and addresses the question of to what extent and in what way they have the power to (autonomously) shape global social and health policy in line with their convictions even when others disagree or could be expected to disagree. Following a conceptual discussion of power and taking malaria policy as the basis of a historical comparison between the Rockefeller Foundation and the Gates Foundation, the article shows that private foundations are impressively successful in promoting their vision of social and health problems while downplaying potential conflicts and passing over alternatives to their policy prescriptions. Moreover, the foundations can draw on their status as private actors in order to assert autonomy for their own actions even though their ultimate goal is to affect the policies of others – those of the public sector in particular. While the foundations’ power is originally based on their monetary resources that often serve as leverage for the mobilization of external resources, their funding of research and interventions helps them in the long run to even develop authority in their field of engagement. With a view to malaria policy it is noteworthy that both foundations analysed were successful in shaping policy in line with their convictions but limited their take on the malaria problem to ‘safe issues’ and marginalized other perspectives. In particular, they promoted a biomedical rather than a social understanding of health problems, they preferred time-limited investments over sustained spending, and they favoured solutions that promised readily recognizable results. Both foundations brought this biomedical-managerial frame to its logical end when they developed a preoccupation with malaria eradication and shaped global policies accordingly while others pointed at the less obvious dangers and problems of this seemingly persuasive approach.
Evitable Conflicts, Inevitable Technologies? The Science and Fiction of Robotic Warfare and IHL
Authors: Kerr Ian , Szilagyi Katie
Published: January 2014

This article contributes to a special symposium on science fiction and international law, examining the blurry lines between science and fiction in the policy discussions concerning the military use of lethal autonomous robots. In response to projects that attempt to build military robots that comport with international humanitarian law [IHL], we investigate whether and how the introduction of lethal autonomous robots might skew international humanitarian norms. Although IHL purports to be a technologically-neutral approach to calculating a proportionate, discriminate, and militarily necessary response, we contend that it permits a deterministic mode of thinking, expanding the scope of that which is perceived of as “necessary” once the technology is adopted. Consequently, we argue, even if lethal autonomous robots comport with IHL, they will operate as a force multiplier of military necessity, thus skewing the proportionality metric and amplifying new forms of destructive, lethal force.
Extravasation injuries: a review
Authors: Goutos I. , Cogswell L. K. , Giele H.
Published: January 2014

Extravasation injuries are common emergencies in clinical practice. If they are not recognized and treated promptly, they can lead to deleterious functional and cosmetic outcomes. There is a vast range of agents involved in these injuries and marked paucity of evidence to support their specific management. Following an extensive literature review, we outline management principles for clinicians involved in the care of patients with extravasation injuries. Key parameters in deciding appropriate management plans include the volume/toxicity of the agent, the necrosis interval of the injury, patient-related factors, as well as the facilities and expertise available in the setting of individual cases of extravasation.
The two faces of Nikephoros Phokas
Authors: Morris Rosemary
Published: January 2014

Liutprand of Cremona’s description of Nikephoros Phokas was probably conditioned more by the wounds to his amour propre inflicted by Byzantine court officials than by any disinterested analysis of the emperor’s character, but it is a judgement which has influenced much of the subsequent writing on Nikephoros’ reign.
The Chalke gate, the construction of the past, and the Trier ivory
Authors: Brubaker Leslie
Published: January 2014

The vestibule to the Great Palace of the Byzantine emperors was called the Chalke (ή Χαλκῆ = bronze) gate, a name that the twelfth-century historians George Kedrenos and John Zonaras explain as deriving from the bronze roof-tiles but which their contemporary Niketas Choniates ascribed to its great bronze doors. Which, if either, of these attributions is correct is a moot point: by the time they were recorded, the name Chalke had been attached to the structure for over half a millennium.
La Belle Epoque
Authors: Laver James
Published: January 2014

It was a happy notion on the part of the Costume Society to devote a symposium to La Belle Epoque. The phrase is now generally accepted as covering a period of about twenty-five years, from 1890 to the outbreak of World War I, and although it was by no means "belle" in some of its aspects, it does appear, from many points of view, to have been one of those "enchanted islands in the sea of Time" to which we look back with nostalgia. It has been called the triumph of "High Life", the last good time of the upper classes, the "Garden Party and Casino Period" when English summers were without a cloud and when winter came — well! there was always "Monty".
The Classical Influence on the Cut, Construction and Decoration of Women's Dress c.1785-1820
Authors: Arnold Janet
Published: January 2014

At the end of the eighteenth century the classical influence, which had been seen earlier in the style of furniture and architecture, began to affect women's dress in two ways. The first was that of cut and construction; the second was concerned with the decoration of the fabric.
Liberty, Equality and Antiquity. Dress 1785-1820
Authors: Squire Geoffrey
Published: January 2014

Any discussion of fashion – whether it is the fashion in dress, or the fashion in any of the arts – must always, I believe, take into account the two levels at which fashion seems to exist. The level of what is actually achieved in fact; and the level of the imagination, which through the visual and literary arts can show us the ideal standard. I believe that it is essential to view these arts, not as approximate records of what had been seen and experienced by artists, but as a record of what the period had intended. A statement of possibilities, rather than a comment on achievement.
‘And at the Plastron Push’: The Historical Development of Fencing Kit
Authors: Malcolm-Davies Jane
Published: January 2014

This paper was given at the Costume Society Symposium, Royal Annouries Museum, 2 July 1999
Grave Structures and Altars: Archaeological Traces of Bronze Age Eschatological Conceptions
Authors: Kaliff Anders
Published: January 2014

Mortuary practice can be interpreted as a system of rituals based on people's perceptions of life and death. There is a great deal to suggest the prehistoric find sites we usually call cemeteries also had an important function as ritual sites. Several types of structure occurring at cemeteries from the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age in southern Scandinavia favour a broader interpretation of these sites. This article is based on the results of the excavated ritual and burial site at Ringeby in Kvillinge parish, Östergötland, an excavation which was undertaken with the express purpose of studying the archaeology of religion. The article also includes a general discussion of the concept of ‘grave’ and different types of structure which can be interpreted as places for cults.
The sun and the Rösaring ceremonial road
Authors: Pásztor Emília , Roslund Curt , Näsström Britt-Mari , Robertson Heather
Published: January 2014

A well-built roadway from the early Viking Age at the Rösaring archaeological site in central Sweden is assumed by archaeologists to have been used for processions. The road is here examined in relation to its environment, the sun and the moon, the Milky Way and the rainbow. The aim was to extend landscape archaeology to include natural phenomena and their impact on prehistoric monuments as an aid to conventional archaeology. The play of sunlight over the road at noon was found to be particularly spectacular at midwinter and well-suited for enhancing the performance of rites which could have taken place at a large mound at the south end of the road, possibly in connection with the cult of the Norse fertility god Freyr.
Separate worlds? Interpretation of the different material patterns in the archipelago and the surrounding mainland areas of east-central Sweden in the Stone Age
Authors: Åkerlund Agneta
Published: January 2014

This paper draws attention to the fact that east-central Sweden consisted of an extensive archipelago throughout the Stone Age. An image of the Mesolithic cultural landscape is beginning to take shape, since a large number of sites have been found and excavated in recent years. The remains of the sub-regions on the mainland and at the inner margin of the archipelago are interpreted as reflecting changes in material culture without any corresponding change further out. In considering why people of some sub-regions were more susceptible to new ideas than those of others, the specific physical setting and the strong social order prevailing in fishing and seal-hunting communities are regarded as factors which prevent rapid changes.
Migration and ethnicity in prehistoric Cyprus: Technology ashabitus
Authors: Frankel David
Published: January 2014

During the third millennium cal BC, there were major changes in many aspects of Cypriot material culture, technology and economy which characterize the division between the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age on the island. Many innovations can be traced to Anatolian antecedents. These include a very wide array of domestic as well as agricultural and industrial technologies. Their nature and range make it possible to argue strongly for the movement of people to the island, rather than for other mechanisms of technology transfer and culture change. This identification of an intrusive group, with distinctive patterns of behaviour (habitus), opens up questions of prehistoric ethnicity, and the processes by which the initial maintenance of different lifeways by indigenous and settler communities eventually gave way to a common cultural system.
Island identities: ritual, travel and the creation of difference in Neolithic Malta
Authors: Robb John
Published: January 2014

Malta's Neolithic megalithic ‘temples’, unique in the Mediterranean, provide a striking challenge to the archaeological imagination. Most explanations have employed a simple functionalism: the temples resulted from Malta's insularity. Such explanations lack the theoretical grounding provided by studies of agency and meaning, and they do not sufficiently account for Malta's pattern of integration into and differentiation from a central Mediterranean regional culture. I argue that: (a) contextual evidence suggests that the temples created settings for rites emphasizing local origins and identity; (b) even in periods of greatest cultural difference, the Maltese had contacts with nearby societies, and Maltese travellers probably recognized cultural differences in important ritual practices; and (c) when ritual practitioners began reinterpreting a common heritage of meanings to create the temple rites, they also created a new island identity based on these rites. In effect, after two millennia of cultural similarity to their neighbours, the Neolithic Maltesecreateda cultural island, perhaps in reaction to changes in the constitution of society sweeping Europe in the fourth millennium BC. The result was an island of cultural difference similar in scale and, perhaps, origin to many other archaeologically unique settings such as Val Camonica, the Morbihan, Stonehenge, and Chaco Canyon.
Temper for the sake of coherence: Analyses of bone- and chaff-tempered ceramics from Iron Age Scandinavia
Authors: Stilborg Ole
Published: January 2014

Temper is an essential element in pottery making in many parts of the world and in large parts of prehistory. Furthermore, it readily lends itself to qualitative and quantitative study without advanced equipment. Since all non-plastic materials in theory may be used as temper, variations in the choice of type and quality (amount, grain size) are important indications of craft traditions, functional differences and contacts between different areas. Even other, more elusive considerations might lie behind the choice of temper. Like the bride who should wear something new, something old, something borrowed and something blue, the tempering of pottery may include materials which allude to other objects or situations, thus establishing a coherence between the pot and other phenomena. Some new examples of special tempering with bone and chaff in pottery from the Iron Age in Scandinavia are presented for discussion.
The Physical Metallurgy of Nuclear Fuel Elements in Sweden.
Authors: Östberg G.
Published: January 2014

This review is the first of a series on the natianal contribution to knowledge on the physical metallurgy of nuclear fuel elements in various ccuntries. Here published Swedish work on the microstructure, and related praperties af fuel-element materials is examined agiainst the Internatianal backgraund with regard :to its relevance to the develapment of nuclea power in this oauntry. The materials dealt with are uranium metal, U02, plutonium, Zircalay-2 and other zirconium alloys, stainless steels, nickel-base allays, and some other special cladding materials. The review highlights those achievements which may be considered as pioneer efforts of original contributions to the advancement of the technalagy of nuclear fuel elements.
Self-Irradiation Damage in Actinide Metals and Alloys
Authors: Mortimer M. J. , Marples J. A. C. , Lee J. A.
Published: January 2014

This review covers the effects of self-irradiation damage on the physical properties of the α-emitting actinide metals Th, Pa, U, Np, and Pu and some of their alloys: compounds are not considered. The damage to the lattice caused by the α-particles and recoiling nuclei anneals out below room temperature so that the experiments have to be carried out at cryogenic temperatures, mainly in liquid helium. The properties that have been studied include resistivity, length, lattice parameters, thermal conductivity, and specific heat. Most work has been done on the resistivities. These increase with time, showing an exponential approach to saturation after some thousands of hours. In addition to the main exponential law, smaller exponential terms can be separated in some cases, indicating that more than one damage mechanism occurs. The lengths and lattice parameters also saturate exponentially. For most materials these increase but the metastable phases β- and δ-plutonium contract with time. Because the α-particle and, particularly, the recoiling nucleus have only short ranges in these metals, large numbers of atoms are displaced from the lattice in a small volume. The defects are thus not independent of each other, and this, combined with the complex electronic and crystal structures of the actinides, makes calculations on the detailed structure of the defects very difficult. The subject has therefore been approached from a phenomenological standpoint.
Aluminium Foil Production
Authors: Kerth W. , Amann E. , Raber X. , Weber H.
Published: January 2014

The increasing use of aluminium foil in packaging and other areas is outlined. The principal section on aluminium foil production contains a general description of how foil is made, then, under them ore specific headings that follow, deals with roll force and torque requirements in foil rolling, the effect of rolling speed, roll dimensions, the minimum thickness that can be rolled, friction in the roll-gap, and trends in foil rolling. The separating and annealing of converter foil are then discussed. In the section on the properties of aluminium foil, the strength and ductility offoil, surface appearance, porosity, flatness and thickness tolerances, and the suitability for conversion treatments are considered. The foil conversion processes and the properties of plain and· converted foils are then reviewed from the standpoint of packaging applications. The review concludes with remarks on the energy requirements for packaging materials.