bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viver e sobreviver numa Área de Proteção Ambiental: o caso da pequena agricultura familiar em uma das comunidades rurais da APA de Guaraqueçaba
Authors: Dumora Catherine
Published: July 2014

Este artigo analisa a vivência cotidiana das populações que estão diretamente envolvidas com a questãodas contradições constitutivas da noção de desenvolvimento sustentável, percebidas através da tensãoentre “sustentabilidade” ambiental e “sustentabilidade” social. Uma abordagem antropológica – centradanas estratégias concretas desenvolvidas pelos pequenos agricultores familiares da região de Guaraqueçaba,cujo interesse é o de continuar a viver e guardar a esperança de um futuro em um contexto em queeles têm o sentimento de que não se dá mais lugar para eles – coloca em evidência que eles são, nessasituação, largamente empurrados para a clandestinidade, situação incontornável para sua sobrevivência.O estudo mostra o divórcio entre duas visões do desenvolvimento sustentável: aquela da populaçãolocal que pensa a sustentabilidade em termos da sua subsistência e aquela das instituições que aplicama legislação dando prioridade à preservação ambiental.
Biocombustíveis: como a universidade brasileira participa da produção de conhecimentos e na definição de incentivos e diretrizes para o setor?
Authors: Pavesi Alessandra , Farias Carmen Roselaine Oliveira , Torres de Oliveira Haydée
Published: July 2014

Neste artigo, são discutidos os resultados de indagações sobre a contribuição de instituições brasileirasde educação superior para o desenvolvimento do setor sucro-alcooleiro. Esses resultados revelam que auniversidade tende a colocar sua expertise a serviço de um modelo de desenvolvimento insustentável,antes que a propiciar oportunidades para uma aprendizagem social ativa, indispensável para propor novasdefinições e soluções para os problemas da civilização contemporânea.
Coari: Petróleo e Sustentabilidade – um exemplo amazônico
Authors: Almeida Wagner Santos de , Souza Newton Moreira de
Published: July 2014

A exploração econômica de hidrocarbonetos na Província Petrolífera de Urucu, localizada em umenclave que dista 280 km da sede do município de Coari/AM, acontece em uma das áreas de maiorsensibilidade ambiental do planeta, a floresta amazônica. O município de Coari, graças à exploraçãoeconômica em seu território, vem experimentando transformações significativas no uso do seu solo. Oobjetivo da pesquisa foi diagnosticar, sob a ótica do desenvolvimento sustentável, o contexto políticoe institucional no qual essa exploração econômica vem acontecendo, desde o seu início, em 1987, atéo ano de 2005, e diagnosticar, também, quais foram as principais transformações na cobertura de seusolo, fruto dessa exploração petrolífera. A metodologia, no que tange à variação espacial da coberturado solo, empregou técnicas de geoprocessamento e de processamento de imagens digitais de sensoresremotos orbitais, abrangendo um período de 17 anos de imageamento da área de estudo. Também foramrealizados diagnósticos utilizando indicadores sociais, econômicos e políticos, bem como dados obtidosdurante os trabalhos de campo nas entrevistas realizadas com os principais atores sociais. A metodologiaelaborou cenários prospectivos, tendenciais-inerciais e normativos, relacionados com a exploração dehidrocarbonetos. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da metodologia proposta permitiram diagnosticara ocorrência de impactos ambientais significativos, resultantes tanto das atividades de exploração dehidrocarbonetos como da expansão antrópica na área urbana do município. Por sua vez, a exploraçãode hidrocarbonetos motivou que a população do município mais do que dobrasse em um período de 16anos, com um acentuado comprometimento da infra-estrutura municipal e da qualidade de vida local,em um processo de expansão ainda contínuo. Os principais atores sociais, com poder decisório, nãoproporcionam mecanismos que garantam a justiça intergeracional à população de Coari, o principal atorsocial pelo critério de proximidade do empreendimento. Os recursos financeiros significativos oriundosdas participações governamentais decorrentes da exploração de hidrocarbonetos não impedem que seapresentem baixos índices de qualidade de vida e poucas alternativas de sustentabilidade. A pesquisasugere ações e políticas indutoras, que podem contribuir para reverter o atual quadro de insustentabilidadede Coari, de tal forma que independa do previsível esgotamento das reservas de hidrocarbonetos em seu território.
“Conviver com a seca”: contribuição da Articulação do Semi-Árido/ASA para o desenvolvimento sustentável
Authors: Duque Ghislaine
Published: July 2014

A região semi-árida do Brasil coloca imensos desafios para o desenvolvimento sustentável: as característicasedafo-climáticas, sem dúvida, mas, muito mais, a preponderância de uma política baseada, de umlado, nos princípios da revolução verde e no incentivo ao agronegócio, e, do outro, no assistencialismopara os pobres do campo. Contra o paradigma da “luta contra a seca”, concretizada pela construção degrandes reservatórios de água, sua distribuição por carro pipa – gerador de dependência – e seu uso parairrigação – causando danos ao meio ambiente, os agricultores familiares e suas entidades, organizadosna Articulação do Semi-Árido/ASA, reclamam-se do princípio da “convivência com a seca”. Resgatame divulgam experiências nascidas do saber popular, aprimoradas no diálogo com o saber científico, etransformam as mesmas em referências para propor ao poder público um modelo diferente de políticaspúblicas. Assim nasceu o Programa de Formação e Mobilização para Convivência no Semi-Árido:um Milhão de Cisternas Rurais (P1MC), seguido do Programa Uma Terra e Duas Águas (P1+2). Asestratégias camponesas de diversificação das atividades, a constituição de reservas de água, forrageme sementes e os princípios da agroecologia estão na base do modelo de desenvolvimento proposto pelaASA. O processo metodológico desenvolvido suscita o protagonismo camponês e sua organização,garantias para a sustentabilidade do processo.
A nova ruralidade: globalização, camponeses e os paradoxos das paisagens
Authors: Hecht Susanna
Published: July 2014

O desmatamento ocupa a maior parte das manchetes da imprensa, mas também há processos de expansãoflorestal espalhados pela América Latina que não têm a mesma visibilidade. Este artigo explora o porquêdeste processo ser tão invisível e discute algumas das teorias utilizadas para se entender a recuperaçãoflorestal. O artigo também examina uma série de estudos de caso. A globalização desempenha um papelcada vez mais importante na estruturação das economias rurais. O trabalho analisa, ainda, como asvárias formas de integração global, desde remessas, transferências do estado, capacitação, mercados,até ideologias de identidade e territorialidade, produziram recuperação florestal em paisagens rurais e camponesas.
O fim dos riscos?
Authors: Gilbert Claude
Published: July 2014

No espaço de algumas déeadas, profundas mudanças se produziram no tratamento dos perigos suscdíveis de aktar as coktividades humanas. Se, desde o fim do século XIX, assistia-se a uma progressào continua no sentido de tratar tais perigos como riscos, constata-se atualmente um desgaste deste procedimento que, em múltiplos niveis (técnico, científico, econômico, politico), permitia admitir certas formas de controlá-los. Tudo parece élctivamente indicar que o trabalho de domesticação dos perigoscoktin)s, empreendido através da generalização da noção de risco, tenha chegado a seus limites. As razôes desta situação são diversas. E verdade que a própria natureza dos perigos mudou signilicativamente, tornando mais probkmática sua abordagem sob a forma de riscos. Mas a dificuldade de tratar os novos perigos no âmbito da idéia de gestão de riscos kvou ú exploração de outras modalidades de tratamentodestes perigos, especialmente por novos atores que se mobilizam ao redor destas questôes que tendem aser consideradas agora como questôes de sociedade.
Justiça ambiental e construção social do risco
Authors: Acselrad Henri
Published: July 2014

1\ ação coletiva contra uma ordem ambiental tida por injusta manifesta-se simultaneamente em dois planos: a) no plano da distribuição objetiva dos efeitos ambientais das prátieas sociais. que exprime a diferença de poder sobre os reeursos ambientais entre os distintos grupos soeiais; e b) no plano diseursivo, no qual vigoram distintos esquemas de representação do mundo. do ambiente. da justiça ete. E neste último plano que eoloea-se emjogo a legitimidade do padrão de distribuição do poder sobre os reeursosambientais. O presente trabalho procura analisar o modo eomo os movimentos por justiça ambiental operam nos planos prátieo e diseursivo. reeusando a reprodução da desigualdade de poder e denuneiando as relações de dominação assoeiadas à imposição desigual de danos ambientais.
Riscos coletivos e impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde humana e ambiental: um estudo piloto de saúde ocupacional
Authors: Lima Jaime S. , Moreira Josino C. , Jacob Silvana C. , Araújo Alberto J. , Soares Mônica O. , Kubota Alexandre H. , Monassa Marcos C. , Amaral Alexandre M. , Markowitz Steven
Published: July 2014

Este artigo mostra os resultados obtidos em um projeto de avaliação do impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre uma comunidade agrícola do cstado do Rio dc Janciro ativamcntc cnvolvida com o uso dc pcsticidas. A abordagem utilizada foi de avaliaçào de riscos ocupacionais e coletivos. já que além do grupo de trabalhadores ocupacionalmente cxpostos aos agrotóxicos. também foi avaliado um grupo de crianças ejovens da comunidade. alguns dos quais também trabalhadores rurais. Os resultados obtidos demonstram claramente que ocorre superexposição aos pesticidas utilizados. evidenciando agravos nào só à saúde das populações expostas. mas também ao meio ambiente.
Riscos alimentares: novos desafios para a sociologia ambiental e a teoria social
Authors: Guivant Julia S.
Published: July 2014

Neste artigo são analisadas as alternativas propostas por corrcntes construtivistas dentro da sociologiaambiental c por teorias sociais recentes (teoria da estruturação, da sociedade global de riscos e teoria doator-rede) referentes ao problema de como lidar socialmente com riscos de graves conseqüências, como osalimentares (BSE e transgênicos). Um dos pontos comuns na bibliografia aqui considerada é a crítica àsanálises técnicas e quantitativas sobre riscos ambientais e tecnológicos. dominantes internacionalmentena de1inição. avaliação e controle dos riscos. Estas análises ignorariam que tanto a~ causa~ dos danos comoa magnitude de suas conseqüências estão mediadas por experiências e interações sociais, assim como pornão reconhecerem a existência de diferentes racionalidades inlluenciando as percepções de riscos. Esteargumento levanta a questão sobre como envolver os leigos em debates que têm sido monopolizadospelos peritos. Nas sugestões apresentadas e discutidas no artigo, podem ser identificados diversosproblemas (idealização do conhecimento leigo como mais apropriado que o perito, generalizações a partirdo contexto europeu etc.). Finalmente. resgata-se a contribuição de recentes trabalhos na teoria do ator-rede que, numa aproximação com a sociologia ambientaL jélrlmilam critérios mais viáveis para responderaos desafios colocados pelos riscos alimentares.
Gerenciamento de riscos ambientais
Authors: Serpa Ricardo Rodrigues
Published: July 2014

i\ ocorrência dc acidcntcs ambicntais cnvolvendo produtos perigosos tem sido objeto de preocupaçàotanto por parte dos governos. como por parte das comunidades. estas cada vez mais conscientes daimportância das questões ambientais. Ocorrências como as de Seveso (Itália. 1976). Cidade do Mb;ieo (Mb.:ico. 1984). Bhopal (India. 1984) e Exxon Valdez (i\lasca. 1989). entre outras. desencadearam umasérie de açiles e programas voltados para a prevenç,lo de acidentes maiores. bem como para a preparaçãodas comunidades para o enfi'entamento dessas siluaçiles emergenciais. No Brasil. embora as questõesambientais tenham sido de particular interesse nos últimos anos. em especial no tocante aos avançosobtidos no campo legal. 11<\0 se dispile de uma política específica voltada para o gerenciamento dos riscosambientais. O presente trabalho apresenta os principais programas internacionais relacionados com ogerenciamento dos riscos. associados aos acidentes ambientais. além de apresentar uma análise crítica dotema no Brasi I.
Resenhando o debate sobre justiça ambiental: produção teórica, breve acervo de casos e criação da rede brasileira de justiça ambiental
Authors: Herculano Selene
Published: July 2014

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Agroecologia: paradigma para tempos futuros ou resistência para o tempo presente?
Authors: Almeida Jalcione
Published: July 2014

Este é um ensaio que tenta "problematizar" a prática agroecológica, particularmente no que se refere aoseu potencial de transformar o social através de um movimento capaz de provocar alterações mais profundas nas formas de produção e de vida na agricultura e em sociedade. Além de apresentar e discutir seus limites, este trabalho também reflete sobre as potencialidades da agroecologia enquanto movimentosocial.
Evolução das redes profissionais de agricultores e formas de assessoria em agricultura biológica: quais os desafios para o desenvolvimento? O caso da Bretanha
Authors: Ruault Claire
Published: July 2014

O importante desenvolvimento que conhece atualmente a agricultura biológica tem por conseqüência umarecomposição das redes de relações profissionais dos agricultores ligada à chegada de "novos" agricultoresbiológicos e ao aumento do crédito acordado a esse modo de produçao no interior dos organismos profissionais agrícolas; além de uma evoluçao da posição ocupada pela agricultura biológica no campo do desenvolvimento agrícola, marcada pelo aumento da oferta de assessoria aos agricultores bios. Trata-se de mostrar, através do estudo das redes de relaçoes profissionais em diversas sub-regioes (départements)' dooeste da França, o que caracteriza hoje as formas de organizaçao social do trabalho na agricultura biológica ede interrogar seu papel emtomo de duas questoes: o modo como qual os agricultores tomam parte (ou tentamguardar uma certa autonomia) na evolução das formas de produção e de introdução de seus produtos no mercado e o modo como são geridas as diversas "maneiras de exercer a profissão de agricultor" que caracterizam a agricultura biológica e as condições segundo as quais ela pode sermantida. A ênfase é colocada sobre a importância do multipertencimento dos agricultores bios e sobre o papel complementar que têm as diferentes redes (rede local de vizinhança, redes microrregionais ou departamentais específicas aos agricultores bios) como suporte de elaboração de conhecimentos e de tratamento de questões que se põem concretamente aos agricultores frente às mudanças em curso. Tomando como base o desenvolvimento agrícola emplena estruturação, é em tomo destas mesmas questões que procura-se interrogar, paralelamente e de maneiraprospectiva, as práticas de assessoria e as maneiras de apoiar aos agricultores bios, tendo em vista o surgimento de novos desafios na distribuição das funçoes e dos papéis dos agentes entre os diferentes orgarusmos.
Math for Real: The Top Speed for Humans
Authors: King Alessandra
Published: July 2014

The running speed of athletes provides the real-life tie-in to this computation activity.
La condición de la imagen digital. De la iconoclastia del net.art al nuevo régimen visual del artista-semionauta.
Authors: Alcalá Mellado José Ramón
Published: July 2014

¿Vivimos realmente hoy esa cultura iconoclasta que proponían los net-artistas en los 90? ¿Ha terminado por imponerse un régimen de la realidad pleno de visualidad electrónica a esa cultura y arte anti-visuales que proponía el net art? ¿Se seguirán proponiendo mensajes icónicos, llenando el mundo de comunicación visual “caliente”? ¿Se liberarán por fin los artistas profesionales de seguir siendo los responsables de producir nuevas imágenes, pasando el testigo a los usuarios amateurs de la Red? ¿Cuál será entonces la nueva tarea de aquellos? ¿Cuál es el papel que hemos de reasignarle a la imagen? Estas cuestiones, centrales en el debate artístico actual, son el punto de partida del autor para proponer un modelo alternativo de análisis historiográfico de estas nuevas prácticas artísticas que han surgido con el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la imagen desde el inicio de la segunda mitad del siglo XX que sea verdaderamente eficaz.
Antiabecedarian Desires: Odd Narratology and Digital Textuality
Authors: Azcárate Asunción López-Varela
Published: July 2014

Los sistemas de escritura rompen barreras temporales y permiten compartir conocimiento y preservarlo. Como si fuesen organismos vivos, las estructuras narratológicas que conforman la comunicación textual crecen a partir de principios de orden y formas de codificación cuyas raíces retroceden hasta un proto-alfabeto de origen semítico. Sin embargo, la historia literaria incluye muchos ejemplos que, cual virus, han buscado quebrantar el cuerpo de la textualidad alfabética. Este ensayo estudia tres artistas fundamentales, James Joyce, Jorge Luis Borges,William Burroughs, junto con varias obras contemporáneas de literatura electrónica. Todos ellos ponen en cuestión los principios organizativos alfabéticos y anticipan el debate sobre la importancia o no de las estructuras lineales en los sistemas de representación.
Problem-Based Learning in Telecommunications: Internship-Like Course Bridging the Gap between the Classroom and Industry
Authors: Božić Marija , Čizmić Svetlana , Šumarac-Pavlović Agana , Escalas-Tramullas M. Teresa
Published: July 2014

Engineering is about dealing with open-ended and/or ill-structured problems. During their studies, engineering students are expected to handle well-defined problem solving confidently but they should be faced with ill-structured problem solving as well in order to prepare for the workplace. The objective of the internship-like course that we have designed and implemented is to provide students with a workspace simulation environment where they will be exposed to ill-structured engineering problems. This scheme has been found to enhance students' problem solving and soft skills, and students reported a significant increase in their self-confidence. In this article we describe the experience of three courses conducted in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at the School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Belgrade. We report on the issues and challenges of the learning experiences, students' perception of the course benefits and their motivation to attend it.
A Systematic Review of Ultrasound-Guided and Non–Ultrasound-Guided Therapeutic Injections to Treat Morton's Neuroma
Authors: Morgan Peter , Monaghan Wendy , Richards Simon
Published: July 2014

Background

Morton's neuroma is a frequently painful condition of the forefoot, causing patients to seek medical care to alleviate symptoms. A plethora of therapeutic options is available, some of which include injection therapies. Researchers have investigated injection therapy for Morton's neuroma, and latterly the evidence base has been augmented with methods that use diagnostic ultrasound as a vehicle to deliver the injectate under image guidance for additional accuracy. To date, there seems to be no consensus that ultrasound-guided injections provide better therapeutic outcomes than nonguided injections for the treatment of Morton's neuroma.

Methods

A systematic review was chosen because this method can undertake such a process. The review process identified 13 key papers using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, which then underwent methodological quality assessment using a pretested Quality Index. A narrative synthesis of the review findings is presented in light of the heterogeneity of the data from the extraction process.

Results

This systematic review provides an argument that ultrasound guidance can produce better short- and long-term pain relief for corticosteroid injections, can reduce the need for additional procedures in a series of sclerosing alcohol injections, can reduce the surgical referral rate, and can add efficacy to a single injection.

Conclusions

Ultrasound guidance should be considered for injection therapy in the management of Morton's neuroma.
Digital and Interdigital Corns
Authors: Brousseau-Foley Magali , Cantin Vincent
Published: July 2014

Digital and interdigital corns are common painful foot conditions encountered by podiatrists during the course of their practice. These corns can often be treated with conservative techniques, although they tend to eventually recur. Currently, no single treatment exists that is efficient, long-lasting, minimally invasive, and easy to administer. This article describes two cases where hyaluronic acid gel injections were used to improve symptoms associated with digital and interdigital corns located in a nonweightbearing area. Both patients tolerated the intervention well and showed considerable improvement of their condition for a substantial period of time after the intervention without developing adverse reactions. Hyaluronic acid gel injections could very well represent an interesting therapeutic alternative for digital and interdigital corns located in nonweightbearing areas.
The Faculty Bibliography Project at the NYU School of Medicine
Authors: Vieira Dorice , McGowan Richard , McCrillis Aileen , Lamb Ian , Larson Catherine , Bakker Theodora , Spore Stuart
Published: July 2014

INTRODUCTION This paper describes the development of the New York University Health Sciences Library’s Faculty Bibliography. DESCRIPTION Since 2000, the NYU Health Sciences Library’s Faculty Bibliography project has systematically tracked publications of the NYU School of Medicine faculty. The project has grown to a significant institutional service making prominent contributions to the School of Medicine’s public web presence and to advanced productivity metrics. Migrating from Gopher to EndNote to MySQL, the Faculty Bibliography harvests data from multiple abstracting and indexing resources and uses sophisticated quality assurance methodologies. At present the Faculty Bibliography tracks over 228,000 publications of well over 13,000 faculty, including faculties of the NYU Colleges of Dentistry and Nursing. Both technical and social engineering aspects of the project’s success are discussed; the project’s role in deepening professional contact between the Library, clinical and research faculty, and School administration is stressed. NEXT STEPS The Library currently envisions broadening coverage to include faculty engaged in scientific and medical publishing from other schools and colleges at NYU. We also anticipate significant improvements in the project’s methodology once the ORCID initiative takes root.
Biogas
Authors: Nyns Edmond‐Jacques , Nikolausz Marcell , Liebetrau Jan
Published: July 2014

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties of Biogas3.Biological Methanogenesis4.Technical Application of Anaerobic Digestion5.Feedstock for Anaerobic Digestion6.Process Parameters for Stable, Efficient Operation7.Environmental Impact of AD8.Storage, Pretreatment, Upgrading, and Uses of Biogas
Measurement of thermal conductivity of omphacite, jadeite, and diopside up to 14 GPa and 1000 K: Implication for the role of eclogite in subduction slab
Authors: Wang Chao , Yoneda Akira , Osako Masahiro , Ito Eiji , Yoshino Takashi , Jin Zhenmin
Published: July 2014

Thermal conductivity and diffusivity for three pyroxenes, omphacite, jadeite, and diopside, were determined up to 14 GPa and 1000 K in the Kawai‐type multianvil apparatus via the pulse heating method. Measurements for omphacite are characterized by much lower thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity than those of its two end‐members of jadeite and diopside, presumably because of the complex substitution of four cations (Na+1, Ca+2, Al+3, and Mg+2) in omphacite. Therefore, simple arithmetic averaging is unsuitable for estimating thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the jadeite‐diopside solid solution system. The thermal property of eclogite was estimated from those of garnet and omphacite. The thermal conductivity of eclogite is much smaller than that of harzburgite, which is assumed to compose of 80% olivine and 20% enstatite, implying that subducted oceanic crust impedes thermal conduction from the hotter wedge mantle to the subducting slab. Thermal structure simulation results show that temperature of the subduction zone is about 50°C decreased when the effect of oceanic crust is included.
Multimetallic Iridium‐Tin (Ir‐Sn3) Catalyst in N‐Acyliminium Ion Chemistry: Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Isoindolinones via Intra‐ and Intermolecular Amidoalkylation Reaction
Authors: Maity Arnab Kumar , Roy Sujit
Published: July 2014

The multimetallic iridium‐tritin (Ir‐Sn3) complex [Cp*Ir(SnCl3)2{SnCl2(H2O)2}] (1) proved to be a highly effective catalyst towards COH bond activation of γ‐hydroxylactams, leading to a nucleophilic substitution reaction known as the α‐amidoalkylation reaction. Catalyst 1 can be easily synthesized from the reaction of (pentamethylcyclocyclopentadienyl)iridium dichloride dimer {[Cp*IrCl2]2} and tin(II) dichloride (SnCl2). In terms of catalyst loading, reaction conditions and yields of the product formed, 1 is found to be superior compared to classical Lewis acid catalysts. Different carbon (arenes, heteroarenes, allyltrimethylsilane, 1,3‐dicarbonyls) and heteroatom (alcohols, thiols, amides and sulfonamides) nucleophiles have been successfully employed in the intramolecular and intermolecular alkylations, as well as in heterocyclization reactions. In the majority of cases good to excellent yields of 3‐substituted isoindolinones and 5‐substituted pyrrolidin‐2‐ones have been obtained. Besides, the reactions are also atom economical and salt free. It is proposed that the multimetallic Ir‐Sn3 catalyst behaves as a mild and selective Lewis acid to activate the γ‐hydroxylactam towards the formation of the N‐acyliminium ion; the latter being trapped by potent nucleophiles leading to the desired products.

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An Efficient Tin‐Free Route to Small Molecules Based on Silole‐Modified Pentathiophenes for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Qing‐Cai , Fu Wei‐Fei , Wang Hong‐Yu , Wu Xiao‐Feng , Wan Jun‐Hua , Shi Min‐Min , Chen Hong‐Zheng
Published: July 2014

A acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) molecule based on a silole‐modified pentathiophene (SiPTA) electron‐donor unit and two diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) acceptor units, DPP2(SiPTA), was designed and synthesized. An unsymmetrical molecule with D–A structure, DPP‐SiPTA, was also synthesized for comparison. Both molecules were synthesized using an environmentally friendly Suzuki coupling protocol, which was modified to avoid ring‐opening of the silole under basic conditions. The D–A design has an obvious effect on the electronic structure of these compounds. The D–A–D‐structured DPP2(SiPTA) has a much lower band gap and HOMO than D–A‐structured DPP‐SiPTA. Furthermore, the molecular symmetry significantly influenced crystallinity. Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on DPP2(SiPTA)/PC71BM (1:5, w/w; PC71BM=[6,6]‐phenyl C71‐butyric acid methyl ester) have a power conversion efficiency of 2.36 % with an open‐circuit voltage of up to 0.84 V, which, as expected, is much higher than that of the recently reported OSCs based on DPP2(NPTA) (0.71 V), in which pyrrole‐modified pentathiophene (NPTA) is the donor unit.
Spatiotemporal Changes of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Detected by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Bülter Heinz , Peters Fabian , Schwenzel Julian , Wittstock Gunther
Published: July 2014

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium‐ion batteries separates the highly reductive lithiated graphite from reducible electrolyte components. It is critical for the performance, durability, and safe operation of batteries. In situ imaging of the SEI is demonstrated using the feedback mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐dimethoxy benzene as mediator. The formation of the SEI is indicated by a decrease of the mediator regeneration rate. Prolonged imaging of the same region revealed fluctuation of the passivating properties on time scales between 2 min and 20 h with an inhomogeneous distribution over the sample. The implications of the approach for in situ assessment of local SEI properties on graphite electrodes are discussed with respect to studying the influence of mechanical stress on SEI reliability and the mode of action of electrolyte additives aiming at improving SEI properties.
Tumor‐Targeting of EGFR Inhibitors by Hypoxia‐Mediated Activation
Authors: Karnthaler‐Benbakka Claudia , Groza Diana , Kryeziu Kushtrim , Pichler Verena , Roller Alexander , Berger Walter , Heffeter Petra , Kowol Christian R.
Published: July 2014

The development of receptor tyrosine‐kinase inhibitors (TKIs) was a major step forward in cancer treatment. However, the therapy with TKIs is limited by strong side effects and drug resistance. The aim of this study was the design of novel epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors that are specifically activated in malignant tissue. Thus, a CoIII‐based prodrug strategy for the targeted release of an EGFR inhibitor triggered by hypoxia in the solid tumor was used. New inhibitors with chelating moieties were prepared and tested for their EGFR‐inhibitory potential. The most promising candidate was coupled to CoIII and the biological activity tested in cell culture. Indeed, hypoxic activation and subsequent EGFR inhibition was proven. Finally, the compound was tested in vivo, also revealing potent anticancer activity.
Exact Sampling of a Linear Interval Predictor
Authors: Combastel Christophe
Published: July 2014

Recent advances in the design of interval observers have made it possible to ensure the non‐divergence of the computed state bounds from the stability of LTI systems under bounded inputs, with no need for additional monotony assumptions. Time‐varying changes of coordinates can be used to that purpose. Most of the related works result in either continuous‐time or discrete‐time interval dynamics. This paper proposes a constructive algorithm to compute the exact sampled response of a linear interval predictor under bounded inputs, gives a stability equivalence result and discusses the design of interval observers. The exact sampling requires held input bounds but the uncertain input itself needs not to be held. A numerical example exhibiting an oscillatory behavior illustrates the main results.
Impaired fasting glucose: a predictor of reduced survival in patients with heart failure
Authors: Gotsman Israel , Shauer Ayelet , Lotan Chaim , Keren Andre
Published: July 2014

Aims

Glucose abnormalities are associated with heart failure (HF), are increasingly prevalent, and may have an impact on outcome. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of fasting glucose levels on clinical outcome in patients with HF.

Methods and results

Patients with a diagnosis of HF as coded at a health maintenance organization in Jerusalem, Israel were evaluated retrospectively. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined as fasting plasma glucose levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL. All patients were followed for cardiac‐related hospitalizations and death. A total of 6067 HF patients were included. Mean follow‐up was 487 days; mean age 75 ± 13 years; 48% of the patients (n = 2,942) had diabetes; and 11.9% (n = 722) had IFG. Overall survival during the follow‐up was 82.5%. Cox regression analysis after adjustment for significant predictors including age, gender, ischaemic heart disease, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, body mass index, glomerular filtration rate, serum urea, sodium, and haemoglobin levels demonstrated that patients with diabetes and IFG had a very similar outcome. Both were significant predictors of reduced survival compared with ‘normal’ glucose levels (fasting glucose levels between 92 and 99 mg/dL) [diabetes, hazard ratio (HR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.86, P = 0.01; IFG, HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.13–2.15, P < 0.01]. Diabetes and IFG were also predictors of increased cardiac‐related hospitalizations (diabetes HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.16–1.48, P < 0.001; IFG, HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00–1.35, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Diabetes and IFG are common in patients with HF and have a similar effect on outcome including survival and cardiac hospitalizations. Glucose abnormalities including subclinical diabetes confer significant risk in patients with HF.
Exploring the Protein Folding Dynamics of Beta3s with Two‐Dimensional Ultraviolet (2DUV) Spectroscopy
Authors: Lai Zaizhi , Jiang Jun , Mukamel Shaul , Wang Jin
Published: July 2014

Ultraviolet (UV) spectra of proteins originate from electronic excitations of their backbone chromophore and aromatic side chains and provide a sensitive probe of the secondary structure. Recently developed femtosecond lasers allow multidimensional spectroscopy to be extended into the UV regime. Two‐dimensional UV (2DUV) techniques, with short pulses, provide a promising tool to study the structures and dynamics of proteins. We combined 2DUV spectroscopy and molecular dynamics generated free energy profiles to simulate the protein electronic transitions and UV photon echo signals to monitor the protein folding process of the small protein Beta3s. Near‐ultraviolet (NUV) and far‐ultraviolet (FUV) signals illustrate the variation of the 2D correlation plots when the protein evolves along the underlying free energy landscape. Chiral polarization configurations of the NUV and FUV pulses are sensitive to protein structural evolution. This work provides a protocol for applying multidimensional UV spectroscopy to study protein folding.
Functionalization of Quinazolin‐4‐Ones Part 2#: Reactivity of 2‐Amino‐3, 4, 5, or 6‐Nitrobenzoic Acids with Triphenylphosphine Thiocyanate, Alkyl Isothiocyanates, and Further Derivatization Reactions
Authors: Heppell Jacob T. , Al‐Rawi Jasim M. A.
Published: July 2014

2‐amino‐3, 4, 5, or 6‐nitrobenzoic acids were reacted with PPh3(SCN)2 and alkyl isothiocyanates to give 5, 6, 7, or 8‐nitro‐2‐thioxo‐3‐substituted quinazolin‐4‐ones, respectively. The position of the nitro group was found to have significant influence on the outcome of the reactions. Similarly, the nature of the substituent at position 8 (NO2, NH2, NH(C═O)CH3) in 8‐substituted‐2‐methylthio quinazolin‐4‐ones was also found to significantly influence their reactivity towards morpholine. A selection of the products were also tested for in vitro antibacterial activity but little activity was observed.
Synthesis of Some Novel Cyclooctane‐Fused‐Heterocycles with Anticipated Biological Activities
Authors: Nassar E. , El‐Farargy A. F. , Abdelrazek F. M.
Published: July 2014

Claisen‐Schmidt condensation of furan‐2‐carboxaldehyde 1 with cyclooctanone 2 afforded smoothly the bischalcone: 2,8‐bis((furan‐2‐yl)methylene)cyclooctanone 3. Compound 3 was allowed to react with different organic reagents through 1,2 and 1,4 cycloaddition reactions to afford the cyclooctane‐fused heterocyclic compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 17a, 17b, 17c in good yields. The structures of all the new compounds were elucidated and deduced from their elemental analyses as well as the spectral data.
Varicella‐zoster virus‐specific, cell‐mediated immunity with interferon‐gamma release assay after vaccination of college students with no or intermediate IgG antibody response
Authors: Terada Kihei , Itoh Yuri , Fujii Akihide , Kitagawa Seiko , Ogita Satoko , Ouchi Kazunobu
Published: July 2014

This study measured Varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) specific cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) and antibodies to clarify immune response after vaccination in 68 college students with negative or intermediate IgG antibody status. The enrolled numbers of negative, intermediate, and positive VZV‐IgG antibody were 27, 41, and 28 students, respectively. The positive rates of CMI were 3.7% (1/27), 41.5% (17/41), and 96.4% (27/28) before vaccination, respectively. After vaccination, the IgG antibody titers became significantly higher in the intermediate IgG group compared to those in the negative IgG group (P < 0.01), but CMI did not differ significantly between the two groups. Ninety‐three percent (38/41) of the intermediate IgG antibody group and 41% (11/27) of the negative IgG antibody group became positive for the IgG antibody after vaccination (P < 0.0001). When subjects were divided into negative, intermediate, and positive CMI by interferon‐gamma values before vaccination, the IgG antibody and interferon‐gamma values increased significantly in the positive CMI group compared to the negative CMI group after vaccination (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). All (17/17) of positive CMI group and 61% (27/44) of negative CMI group became positive for the IgG antibody after vaccination (P < 0.01). Ninety‐four percent (16/17) of positive CMI group and 59% (28/44) of negative CMI group became positive for CMI after vaccination (P < 0.05). Ninety‐six percent (22/23) of the subjects with a history of vaccination became IgG seropositive after a second dose of vaccination, but 22% (5/23) of them remained negative for CMI. CMI is valuable information to identify potential non‐responders to vaccination and to predict risk of clinical VZV infection. J. Med. Virol. 87:350–356, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal control of noncollaborative servers in two‐stage tandem queueing systems
Authors: Pandelis Dimitrios G.
Published: July 2014

We consider two‐stage tandem queueing systems with dedicated servers in each station and a flexible server that is trained to serve both stations. We assume no arrivals, exponential service times, and linear holding costs for jobs present in the system. We study the optimal dynamic assignment of servers to jobs assuming a noncollaborative work discipline with idling and preemptions allowed. For larger holding costs in the first station, we show that (i) nonidling policies are optimal and (ii) if the flexible server is not faster than the dedicated servers, the optimal server allocation strategy has a threshold‐type structure. For all other cases, we provide numerical results that support the optimality of threshold‐type policies. Our numerical experiments also indicate that when the flexible server is faster than the dedicated server of the second station, the optimal policy may have counterintuitive properties, which is not the case when a collaborative service discipline is assumed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 435–446, 2014
An interactive approach to multicriteria sorting for quasiconcave value functions
Authors: Ulu Canan , Köksalan Murat
Published: July 2014

In this article, we develop an interactive algorithm to place alternatives in ordered preference classes for a decision maker (DM) with an increasing quasiconcave value function. Such value functions are quite general in that they include linear and concave value functions. Our aim is to elicit sorting information from the DM as few times as possible; our algorithm places other alternatives using previous responses from the DM utilizing properties of quasiconcave value functions. As an application, we sort 81 global MBA programs into preference classes using criteria such as alumni career progress, idea generation, and diversity. We study the performance of our proposed algorithm, when we change the number of criteria, number of alternatives, and introduce response errors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 447–457, 2014
Effects of chemical surface pretreatment on tensile properties of a single glass fiber and the glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite
Authors: Safi Somayeh , Zadhoush Ali , Masoomi Mahmood
Published: July 2014

The aim of this article is to determine the effect of surface pretreatments, prior to the silanization, on the structure and tensile properties of the glass fibers and their epoxy composites. Commercial glass fibers were washed with acetone to remove the soluble portion of sizing, calcinated for the removal of organic matter, activated for surface silanol regeneration, and silanizated with glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS). Tensile test was carried out. The morphology of pretreated glass fibers and the fracture surfaces of the epoxy composites were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that both apparent modulus and strength of a single glass fiber and the glass fiber/epoxy resin composites strongly depend on the fiber surface pretreatments. The acetone treatment did not change appreciably the composition and tensile properties of glass fibers, but there was a weak interface between fibers and matrix. In calcinated and acid activated fibers, the two competitive effects was observed: (1) degradation of the fibers themselves and (2) improved interfacial adhesion between the glass fibers and the epoxy matrix, once the samples was silanizated. The ATR‐FTIR results show that the surface content of SiOH increases as reflected by the increasing of the SiO band, resulting in an interaction between silane coupling agent and glass fiber. POLYM. COMPOS., 91–100, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Antibiotic prescribing by telephone in primary care
Authors: Ewen Edward , Willey Vincent J. , Kolm Paul , McGhan William F. , Drees Marci
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Little is known about the contribution of telephone‐based prescribing on overall antibiotic utilization. The objective of this study was to determine the extent and characteristics of telephone‐based antibiotic prescribing in teaching and non‐teaching primary care practices.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included all patients (n = 114 610) cared for by teaching and non‐teaching internal medicine, pediatrics, family practice, and obstetrics/gynecology practices (n = 19) affiliated with a large US healthcare system during 2006–2010 and using a common electronic medical record. Rates and types of antibiotics prescribed by teaching and non‐teaching practices via telephone contact and office visit were compared among the overall cohort. All telephone‐related prescriptions during 2008 underwent chart review to determine indications for antibiotic prescribing.

Results

Overall, 28.9 antibiotic prescriptions were issued per 100 patient‐years, with 63 418 total antibiotic prescriptions and 7876 (12.4%) generated after telephone contact. Telephone‐based prescribing increased steadily from 2.2 to 4.2 per 100 patient‐years during the study period. Both telephone‐based and office‐based antibiotic prescribing were higher in non‐teaching practices. Of 1790 antibiotics prescribed by telephone during 2008, the majority were for urinary tract infection (28.3%), sinusitis (20.1%), and unspecified upper respiratory infection (URI, 15.0%).

Conclusions

Overall, one in every eight antibiotics was prescribed via telephone encounter. These data highlight the need to include the impact of this practice in analysis of outcomes associated with outpatient antibiotic prescribing and to incorporate telephonic prescribing into guidelines facilitating appropriate antibiotic use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐maturity levels: achieving CMMI ML‐5 in a consultancy company
Authors: Grossi Lucas , Calvo‐Manzano Jose A. , San Feliu Tomas
Published: July 2014

Most organizations that use the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) stop their process improvement journey at Maturity Level 3 or less. The discussion about CMMI high‐maturity levels has always been controversial, going most of the times through the consideration of return of investment, provider selection, and interpretation issues. Achieving Level 5 is not an easy task; it derives a lot of steps during the way. This article will show an example of the implementation of Level 5 in a consultancy company in two constellations: development and service. It depicts the example in steps, to help the understanding of the whole process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vers une compréhension nationaliste de la naturalisation au Canada ? Analyse des changements récents en matière d’octroi de la citoyenneté dans le contexte canadien
Authors: Winter Elke , Sauvageau Marie-Michèle
Published: July 2014

Le Canada peut se vanter d’avoir un des taux de naturalisation les plus élevés au monde. Dans les derniers cinq ans, une série de modifications aux règles de la citoyenneté ont été instaurées, dont la majorité touche directement le processus de naturalisation. Adoptant une approche sociologique, nous proposons de répondre à la question suivante : La naturalisation au Canada au début du vingt-et-unième siècle, reste-elle aussi « libérale » qu’elle l’était dans les années 1990 ou, au contraire, tourne-t-elle, comme dans beaucoup de pays d’Europe, à la re-nationalisation ? Nos résultats suggèrent qu’il est difficile de conclure à un véritable changement de régime depuis l’arrivée du Parti conservateur au pouvoir, étant donné la portée réelle de la majorité de ces changements. Toutefois, la présence d’un discours de plus en plus identitaire et protecteur face à une façon spécifique d’être Canadien témoigne d’une nouvelle rhétorique autour de la citoyenneté canadienne, rhétorique qui se rapproche d’une conception « nationaliste » de la naturalisation.
In Search of “Fellow Pilgrims”: Radical Protestants and Transconfessional Exchanges in Europe and the British Atlantic, c. 1670–1730
Authors: Bouldin Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

The mobility and literacy of many seventeenth- and eighteenth-century dissenters allowed for the circulation of people and ideas throughout Europe, the British Isles, and colonial North America. This article focuses on the interactions of dissenting groups who flourished in the half century between the Restoration and the Great Awakening, such as English Philadelphians, French Prophets, radical German Pietists, Quakers, Bourignonians, and Labadists. It considers how a push for further reforms, particularly those arising from the context of late seventeenth-century millenarianism, served as a catalyst for radical Protestants to seek out other dissenters with the goal of uniting communities of reformers across linguistic, confessional, and geographic boundaries. Dissenters facilitated their endeavors through the development of new sites of sociability, a reliance on implicit codes of expected behavior, and the circulation of manuscript and printed texts. By relying on mechanisms of the public sphere, they carried out esoteric conversations and critical debates about radical Protestantism.
Surgical outcomes of malignant sinonasal tumours: open versus endoscopic surgical approaches
Authors: Saedi B , Aghili M , Motiee M , Valadkhani S , Niazi A B , Safavi A
Published: July 2014

Background:

Sinonasal malignancies are rare tumours, which can be resected using an open or endoscopic approach. The current study evaluated the outcome of both approaches.

Methods:

A total of 160 patients with malignant nasal tumours were evaluated in an academic tertiary care hospital. The patients were allocated to ‘open’ or ‘endoscopic’ surgery groups, based on the surgical approach employed. The following data were evaluated and compared: patient and tumour characteristics; oncological treatments; and oncological outcomes, including complications, surgical margin, recurrence, overall survival and disease-free survival.

Results:

The maxillary sinus was the most common tumour location and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histopathology-based diagnosis. Younger patients had lower grades of tumour. Higher survival rates were significantly related to lower tumour stages in both surgery groups. There were no differences between the two relatively similar groups in terms of surgical margin, the need for adjunctive therapy, and recurrence and survival rates. In addition, multivariate logistical regression analysis indicated no correlations between the type of surgical approach employed and the rates of recurrence and complications.

Conclusion:

Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal malignancies is comparable to the conventional open approach in carefully selected patients.