bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Inverse Scattering Transform for the Benjamin–Ono Equation
Authors: Kaup D. J. , Matsuno Y.
Published: March 2003

We extend the inverse scattering transform (IST) for the Benjamin–Ono (BO) equation, given by A. S. Fokas and M. J. Ablowitz (Stud. Appl. Math. 68:1, 1983), in two important ways. First, we restrict the IST to purely real potentials, in which case the scattering data and the inverse scattering equations simplify. Second, we extend the analysis of the asymptotics of the Jost functions and the scattering data to include the nongeneric classes of potentials, which include, but may not be limited to, all N‐soliton solutions. In the process, we also study the adjoint equation of the eigenvalue problem for the BO equation, from which, for real potentials, we find a very simple relation between the two reflection coefficients (the functions β(λ) and f(λ)) introduced by Fokas and Ablowitz. Furthermore, we show that the reflection coefficient also defines a phase shift, which can be interpreted as the phase shift between the left Jost function and the right Jost function. This phase shift leads to an analogy of Levinson's theorem, as well as a condition on the number of possible bound states that can be contained in the initial data. For both generic and nongeneric potentials, we detail the asymptotics of the Jost functions and the scattering data. In particular, we are able to give improved asymptotics for nongeneric potentials in the limit of a vanishing spectral parameter. We also study the structure of the scattering data and the Jost functions for pure soliton solutions, which are examples of nongeneric potentials. We obtain remarkably simple solutions for these Jost functions, and they demonstrate the different asymptotics that nongeneric potentials possess. Last, we show how to obtain the infinity of conserved quantities from one of the Jost functions of the BO equation and how to obtain these conserved quantities in terms of the various moments of the scattering data.
On One‐Parameter Families of Painlevé III
Authors: Mansfield Elizabeth L. , Webster Helen N.
Published: March 2003

Albrecht, Mansfield, and Milne developed a direct method with which one can calculate special integrals of polynomial type (also known as one‐parameter family conditions, Darboux polynomials, eigenpolynomials, or algebraic invariant curves) for nonlinear ordinary differential equations of polynomial type. We apply this method to the third Painlevé equation and prove that for the generic case, the set of known one‐parameter family conditions is complete.
Multisymplectic Relative Equilibria, Multiphase Wavetrains, and Coupled NLS Equations
Authors: Bridges Thomas J. , Laine‐Pearson Fiona E.
Published: March 2003

The article begins with a geometric formulation of two‐phase wavetrain solutions of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. It is shown that these solutions come in natural four‐parameter families, associated with symmetry, and a geometric instability condition can be deduced from the parameter structure that generalizes Roskes' instability criterion. It is then shown that this geometric structure is universal in the sense that it does not depend on the particular equation, only on the structure of the equations. The theory also extends to the case without symmetry, where small divisors may be present, but gives a new formal geometric framework for multiphase wavetrains.
The Onset of Linear Instabilities in a Solid Combustion Model
Authors: Yu J. , Gross L. K.
Published: March 2003

This article concerns the onset of linear instability in a simple model of solid combustion in a semi‐infinite two‐dimensional strip of width l. The free boundary problem that describes the model involves initial and boundary conditions, including a nonlinear kinetic condition at the interface. The linear problem governing perturbations to a basic solution is solved by the method of images with the reaction front perturbation satisfying an integro‐differential equation. This equation is then solved using Laplace transforms. Finally, we perform a stability analysis for the model by studying the solution of the reaction front perturbation. The inclusion of initial conditions enables us to show the development of linear instability from arbitrary initial small disturbances.
The Role of the Special Educational Needs Co‐ordinator: Looking Forward
Authors: Farrell Michael
Published: March 2003

Michael Farrell continues our ongoing debate into the roles of special educational needs co‐ordinators. He reviews the literature, research and legislation to date and concludes there are now massive expectations from a wide variety of sources. However, he notes encouraging signs that indicate a more manageable role is in the offing.
Reforming Policy and Provision for Dyslexic Students in Higher Education: Towards a National Code of Practice
Authors: Pumfrey Peter D.
Published: March 2003

Peter Pumfrey continues a discussion, previously aired in this journal, about provision for dyslexic students in higher education. He argues that it is time we moved towards a more coherent national policy to support talented disabled students including those who are dyslexic. However, he has doubts as to whether this can be sufficiently funded given the pressure on university budgets.
The National Literacy Strategy and dyslexia: a Comparison of Teaching Methods and Materials
Authors: Piotrowski Judith , Reason Rea
Published: March 2003

Combining expertise in primary and special education, the authors consider the potential of the NLS to prevent and alleviate learning difficulties of a dyslexic nature. They evaluate the usefulness of published teaching materials in terms of eight questions based on learning theory relevant to reading acquisition. They conclude that general schemes focusing on phonological development would provide an ideal basis for inclusive practices if they contained explicit guidance on ‘assessing to teach’ and the principles and practices of ‘mastery learning’, i.e. on planned repetition and revision that ensures retention of what has been learnt.
Overt vs. Covert Movements
Authors: Kayne Richard S.
Published: March 2003

In a number of cases (involving, e.g., negation, only, reverse scope of some and every, ACD) where covert (LF) phrasal movement has been postulated, it is possible and advantageous to dispense with covert movement (including feature raising) and replace it with a combination of overt movements of phonetically realized phrases.

The strongest interpretation of this conclusion is that the cases explicitly considered are typical. UG leaves no choice: Scope must be expressed hierarchically, there are no covert LF phrasal movements permitted by UG, and neither can the effect of covert phrasal movement be achieved by feature raising. Scope reflects the interaction of merger and overt movement.
Two Types of Impersonal Sentences in Spanish: Locative and Dative Subjects
Authors: Fernández‐Soriano Olga
Published: March 2003

This paper gives further support for the claim that the EPP feature in T and ψ‐features agreement/nominative Case assignment can be fulfilled by different elements. Some Spanish impersonal sentences will be analyzed that contain predicates selecting for a locative or dative as an external argument. The predicates under study are of two types: stative and eventive. The existential verb haber (which incorporates a locative clitic in the present tense verbal morphology) belongs to the first type. The verbs suceder, ocurrir, ‘to happen’, as well as meteorological verbs, belong to the second class. Data regarding word order, idiom formation, existential interpretation, raising, extraction from coordinate structures, and nominalization show that with these impersonal predicates the locative/dative PPs behave as real subjects, and contrast with those which appear in locative‐inversion constructions, which involve anteposition of an internal argument. It will be shown that these arguments bear quirky Case and are generated in the highest node in the extended VP projection.
Questions and Question‐word Incorporating Quantifiers in Malayalam
Authors: Jayaseelan K. A.
Published: March 2003

The Malayalam conjunctive suffix ‐um and disjunctive suffix ‐oo, when suffixed to (a phrase containing) a “question word,” yield (respectively) a universal quantifier and an existential quantifier. A “question word” (I assume) signifies a variable (Nishigauchi 1990); and a conjunction/disjunction operator applied to a variable interprets it as an “infinite conjunction/disjunction” (the meaning of a universal/existential quantifier). The operator “applies to” a question word by “association with focus” (Rooth 1985). Malayalam has the disjunctive ‐oo at the end of a question. Universally (I claim), questions contain a disjunction operator generated as the head of ForceP (of the “more finely articulated C” of Rizzi 1997). From this position it applies to question words by association with focus, yielding question interpretations that (I show) capture the semanticists' intuition that wh‐phrases are existential quantifiers. Association with focus yields a satisfactory account of wh‐in‐situ, and I show that it must apply even to wh‐in‐C.
Correlative Conjunctions and Events: A Reply to a Reply
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: March 2003

Tsohatzidis (2001) attempts to “dispute the central thesis” of Progovac 1999 that correlative both induces a multiple–event interpretation whereas noncorrelative counterparts are ambiguous or vague between single–event and multiple–event readings. As far as I can see, there can be three types of counterexamples to Progovac: (i) noncorrelative constructions necessarily involving multiple–event interpretations (with no independent factor excluding single–event interpretations); (ii) correlative coordination involving single–event interpretations; and (iii) pairs in which noncorrelative coordination permits multiple–event interpretation but the correlative counterparts only have single–event interpretation. The alleged counterexamples offered in Tsohatzidis are only of types (i) and (ii). On closer inspection, it turns out that the alleged type (i) counterexamples are not true counterexamples because they involve an independent factor, and that the alleged type (ii) counterexamples can be analyzed as involving multiple events. Tsohatzidis's attempt to dispute the claim in Progovac thus fails.
Is There a Place for Me? Role Models and Academic Identity among White Students and Students of Color
Authors: Zirkel Sabrina
Published: March 2003

Role models have long been thought to play an important role in young peoples’ development. The present study explores the ways that race- and gender-matched role models can provide young people with a greater sense of the opportunities available to them in the world. A longitudinal study of young adolescents (N = 80) revealed that students who reported having at least one race- and gender-matched role model at the beginning of the study performed better academically up to 24 months later, reported more achievement-oriented goals, enjoyed achievement-relevant activities to a greater degree, thought more about their futures, and looked up to adults rather than peers more often than did students without a race- and gender-matched role model. These effects held only for race- and gender-matched role models—not for non-matched role models. Finally, the results held irrespective of the educational achievements of the specific role model. Data are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of the ways that young people become invested in academic pursuits and the means by which we might be able to assist goal development among young people.
Conflict amid Community: The Micropolitics of Teacher Collaboration
Authors: Achinstein Betty
Published: March 2003

A major reform surge that began in the mid-1980s has generated a renewed interest in fostering teacher community or collaboration as a means to counter isolation, improve teacher practice and student learning, build a common vision for schooling, and foster collective action around school reform. The term community often conjures images of a culture of consensus, shared values, and social cohesion. Yet, in practice, when teachers collaborate, they run headlong into enormous conflicts over professional beliefs and practices. In their optimism about caring and supportive communities, advocates often underplay the role of diversity, dissent, and disagreement in community life, leaving practitioners ill-prepared and conceptions of collaboration underexplored. This article draws on micropolitical and organizational theory to examine teacher communities. Building from case studies of two urban, public middle schools, this article shows that when teachers enact collaborative reforms in the name of community, what emerges is often conflict. The study challenges current thinking on community by showing that conflict is not only central to community, but how teachers manage conflicts, whether they suppress or embrace their differences, defines the community borders and ultimately the potential for organizational learning and change.
How Do District Management and Implementation Strategies Relate to the Quality of the Professional Development that Districts Provide to Teachers?
Authors: Desimone Laura , Porter Andrew C. , Birman Beatrice F. , Garet Michael S. , Yoon Kwang Suk
Published: March 2003

This study examines the policy mechanisms and processes that districts can use to provide high-quality in-service professional development for teachers. The findings are based on a national probability sample of district professional development coordinators in districts that received federal funding from the Eisenhower Professional Development Program. We found that certain management/implementation strategies, such as aligning professional development to standards and assessments, continuous improvement efforts, and teacher involvement in planning, are associated with the provision of higher quality professional development for teachers. Characteristics of high-quality professional development are taken from the research literature and include active learning opportunities, duration, collective participation (e.g., participation of teachers from the same department, grade level, or school), and type of activity (e.g., traditional workshop vs. a more reform-oriented approach, such as teacher networks or study groups.) Thus, in the context of an evaluation of the nation's largest investment in teachers’ professional development, this study provides empirical support, from a national probability sample of Eisenhower district coordinators, for the link between federal policies and strategies of support, implementation, and the quality of teachers’ professional development.
“I Had Never Been Exposed to Teaching like That”: Progressive Teacher Education at Bank Street during the 1930s
Authors: Grinberg Jaime Gerardo Alberto
Published: March 2003

What happens in a teacher education program when control is neither exercised by formal professional or state standards nor by traditional dominant “disabling” market influences (Labaree, 1994)? To answer this question, the focus of this paper is on looking at teacher education through the lenses of pedagogical practices and discourses not in traditional institutions such as normal schools, colleges, and universities but in an alternative institution. Thus, this paper presents detailed accounts and analyzes the practice of the preparation of teachers in a progressive program during the 1930s in New York at Bank Street College of Education. Mostly, these accounts are grounded in the participants’ perspectives, providing data about how this progressive teacher-education program was experienced, and in particular on Lucy Sprague Mitchell's teaching based on data especially composed to describe two courses: (1)Environment (a mix of what today can be called social foundations and social studies methods) and (2)Language (mostly about the writing process).

Bank Street, initially called the Cooperative for Student Teachers and intrinsically connected with experimental schools and a well-known institution among practitioners and progressive educators, was formed in 1930, which were times with heavy ideological discussion given the social and economic American and international contexts. Teaching at Bank Street centered on making experience a subject matter of study, while making connections between learning about children, the self, the world (the social contexts), and schooling, to foster progressive practices in the classroom. This case about pedagogical practices suggest a need to pay closer attention to the teaching of progressive teachers as an important aspect of learning to teach and teacher education improvement beyond dominant discussions about standards, organization, regulations and control of teacher education. This paper shows that it was possible to have a highly intellectual and inquiry-oriented teacher-education program, with a rigorous study of experience, with passion to understand children, subject matter, social contexts, and the self, and with a commitment to justice.
A Role for Statistics in International Cricket
Authors: Duckworth Frank
Published: March 2003

The Duckworth/Lewis method for adjusting scores in rain‐interrupted one‐day cricket matches is in current use throughout the world. This article outlines how it works and how it came to be adopted by the cricket authorities.
Once Upon a Time – Including an Unlikely Tale of Shocking Increase in Deaths as Electricity Sales Rise
Authors: Tyrrell Sidney
Published: March 2003

Several data sets displaying seasonality provide examples for time series analysis.
Correlations May Surprise
Authors: Hutchinson Paul
Published: March 2003

This short note gives some counter‐intuitive correlations.
What is a Seminar? Two Views of the Same Course
Authors: Holladay Carl R. , Johnson Luke T.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a methodology for a feminist theology of education based on reflection of women's educational experience in light of historical and contemporary theological works, especially the writing of Julian of Norwich. It argues for hospitality as a metaphor for theological education and suggests an understanding of the student, teacher, and environment of education that can create hospitality in the classroom.
Mortimer Adler, Paulo Freire, and Teaching Theology in a Democracy
Authors: Malcolm Lois
Published: March 2003

In view of the current attention being given to “practices,” this paper argues that Mortimer Adler and Paulo Freire have developed pedagogical practices that are relevant for the task of teaching theology in a democracy. Emphasizing the connection between education and democratic life, both reject a facile relativism or pragmatism, on the one hand, and an uncritical adherence to either a traditionalist or revolutionary agenda, on the other. Indeed, both present their pedagogies not simply as a means for advocating certain types of religious and ethical practice (whether traditional or revolutionary) but as a means for critically examining those practices in light of the truth and justice – and for believers, the reality of God – they presuppose. This essay examines precisely how they do this and what their relevance might be for the teaching of theology in a democracy where the co‐existence of competing religious and ethical claims is a given.
Teaching Religion Religiously: A Dialogue
Authors: Webb Stephen H. , Placher William C.
Published: March 2003

Two theologians teaching religion at the same college engage in a dialogue about differences in their understandings of teaching religion in order to explore serious pedagogical and theological issues. Their reflections on their teaching touch on issues of learning goals, institutional identity, student freedom, faculty self‐revelation, and the liberal arts that most teachers of religion face. Along the way, they explore the relation of pedagogy to theological topics like grace and ecclesiology. We invite readers to join the conversation begun in this article by engaging Webb, Placher, and one another through the public discussion list we've created for this article on the Wabash Center Discussion Forum at http://ntweb.wabash.edu/wcdiscus/.
Embodied Pedagogy: The Body and Teaching Theology
Authors: Jordon Sherry
Published: March 2003

This essay is a reflection on my own experience of teaching undergraduates in light of research on proxemics (social and personal space) and kinesics (body language). I discuss ways to structure classroom space to encourage interaction and discussion, using Edward Hall's distinctions between three types of space (fixed feature, semi‐fixed feature, and informal). I explain the importance of body language in verbal communication and describe how I use my own body to illustrate and reinforce what I say in class. I then offer strategies to incorporate students' bodies in the learning process. I conclude by arguing that embodied pedagogy calls us to look beyond the classroom and to acknowledge the importance of our bodies in all aspects of our lives.
A Teacher’s Life: An Interview with Raymond B. Williams
Authors: Warford Malcolm , Huffaker Lucinda
Published: March 2003

Raymond B. Williams, Professor Emeritus of Religion at Wabash College, founding Director of the Wabash Center for Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion, long–time member of the Executive Board of the American Academy of Religion, and founding editor of the journal Teaching Theology and Religion, has moved on to what will no doubt be a very active retirement. An interview with Williams was conducted by Malcolm Warford to be published in a venue unknown to the subject, thus enabling Warford to capture the spontaneous, unguarded vocational narrative of this private, humble scholar–teacher. After Warford transcribed and edited the interview, Lucinda Huffaker, co–editor of Teaching Theology and Religion, inserted commentary to set out themes and emphases on teaching and learning (desig. – LAH). As an autobiography, the article is both a window and a mirror – revealing both the formative influences in one professor’s life and providing readers with an opportunity for reflective comparison with their own vocational paths and identities.
The Politics Of Resemblance: Ethnicity, Trademarks, Head‐Hunting
Authors: Harrison Simon
Published: March 2003

This article questions the assumption that shared culture, or affiliation to shared cultural symbols, is necessarily a source of social cohesion, and that ethnic divisions are associated specifically with perceptions or attributions of difference. I argue that shared cultural symbolism can give rise to competition over its ownership or use, and that this competition can play an important role in defining ethnic boundaries, by creating what might be called relationships of conflictual resemblance between the two sides. Such conflicts are analogous in a number of respects to disputes over the ownership and use of commercial trademarks, and reveal the same underlying conceptions of ‘proprietary’ identity.
Smoke Rising from the Villages of the Dead: Seasonal Patterns of Mood in a Papua New Guinea Society
Authors: Harrison Simon
Published: March 2003

This article discusses seasonal patterns of mood in a Papua New Guinea society, showing how these are connected with beliefs relating to cosmology and the afterlife, and with more abstract conceptions of personhood, sociality, and attachment. The argument suggests that cultural factors may play an important role in mediating the influences of seasonal changes on everyday moods, and that such moods may be complex socio‐cultural constructs.
Responsibility, Taboos and ‘The Freedom to do Otherwise’ in Ankarana, Northern Madagascar
Authors: Walsh Andrew
Published: March 2003

Drawing inspiration from Barry Barnes’s recent depiction of societies as ‘systems of responsibilities’, this article discusses the ways in which taboos in the Ankarana region of northern Madagascar indicate the mutual responsibility of people and the traditional authorities that they recognize. It is argued that people who respect taboos associated with a traditional polity in this region indicate how they are at once responsible to the sacred entities on which this polity centres and responsible for their preservation.
The bwili or ‘flying tricksters’ of Malakula: a critical discussion of recent debates on rock art, ethnography and shamanisms
Authors: Wallis Robert J.
Published: March 2003

The use of ‘shamanism’ and/or neuropsychology in the interpretation of rock art imagery has been much contested, with opinions often polarized between so–called ‘shamaniacs’ and ‘shamanophobes’ who support or oppose these lines of enquiry, respectively. Ethnographic analyses have, arguably, suffered most in this controversy. In this article I explore Layard’s ethnography of the bwili or ‘flying tricksters’ of Malakula, Melanesia, to interpret rock art in the northwest of the island – in the same region and, apparently, of the same era as Layard’s bwili. In contrast to uncritical shamaniac interpretations and their misleading equation of ‘entoptics = shamanism’, and as a challenge to the criticisms of shamanophobes, I theorize the term ‘shamanisms’, scrutinize Layard’s ethnography, and critically apply Lewis–Williams and Dowson’s (1988) neuropsychological model to interpret the rock art of northwest Malakula. The article therefore seeks to reinstate these approaches – ethnography and neuropsychology – as complementary elements in the interpretation of rock art.
Endogenous Agricultural Development in Western Europe
Authors: Bowler Ian
Published: March 2003

The contemporary regional development of agriculture is commonly interpreted as a variable spatial response to exogenous pressures exerted by the globalisation of the farm sector. However, farm families and networks of institutions in interaction have the capacity to generate endogenous processes in regional agricultural development. This interpretation is explored in the context of farm diversification (alternative farm enterprises – AFE) in five lagging regions of the European Union – West of Ireland, Highlands of Scotland, northern Pennines of England, Massif Central of France, and West‐Central Greece. The varying regional development of farm diversification is explored through an analysis of ‘paths of farm business development’, ‘institutional thickness’ and the relationship between farm families and networked institutions. The analysis identifies a selective failure of ‘functional connectivity’ between farm families involved in endogenous agricultural development and regional institutional networks for rural development.
Encountering different territorialities: political fragmentation of the sami homeland
Authors: Karppi Kristiina
Published: March 2003

Territoriality is approached in this paper by examining the changing relationship between the small group of indigenous Sami people and the nation–states in which they reside. The Sami have for centuries been a geographically peripheral northern group, but they have nevertheless experienced altering conditions of state border demarcations and nationalistic ideologies. The flexible system of Sami villages, siidas, has had a fundamentally different approach to territoriality than the states with their fixed boundary conception. This difference is discussed by using three case studies from the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The examination indicates that it is possible for these different territorialities to meet and co–exist if the state’s interests are not compromised. Furthermore, it suggests that the northern region–building processes, such as Barents and Northern Dimension, could benefit from such a flexible territoriality approach.
National innovation systems, firm strategy, and enabling mobile communications: the case of Nokia
Authors: Leinbach Thomas R. , Brunn Stanley D.
Published: March 2003

An important element of the growing e–economy is the emergence of firms in the telecommunications sector and the ways in which these are evolving, competing and attempting to capture markets based on strategic goals. A key aspect is the ‘wireless’ or ‘mobile’ telephony phenomenon, which has attracted users across the globe and is gaining importance as new developments linking it to the internet are realised. Utilising the perspectives of competitive advantage and national innovation systems theory, our work examines the evolution of Nokia’s mobile phones and mobile, fixed and internet protocol (IP) networks divisions. The success of the firm can be attributed to a variety of factors. Among the most important are employment of the innovative industrial cluster concept, networking, and state promotion of an emerging information and communication technology (ICT) cluster through the liberalisation of the telephony market. Within the firm itself identification of core competencies (digital signal processing, electronics manufacturing, software platforms and architectures) and the development of niche markets has been important. A major factor in the success has been the ability to evolve technology and to place leading edge innovative products in the market in a timely fashion.
Integrating GIS and Data Visualization Tools for Distributed Hydrologic Modeling
Authors: Paniconi Claudio , Kleinfeldt Sally , Deckmyn Jonathan , Giacomelli Andrea
Published: March 2003

Distributed hydrologic models are an integral component of spatial decision support systems for watershed management. At these basin (and larger) scales, a common problem in hydrology and other environmental sciences arises from the need to cope with the increasingly sophisticated models and software tools that are used in the management, processing, and analysis of large volumes of data collected from advanced in situ and remote monitoring instruments. The diversity of these tools, and the need for experts and non‐experts alike to be able to easily use them, suggests a non‐trivial integration problem of building customized systems from disparate (and in many cases proprietary) components. In this paper we address the systems integration problem within the context of a study of surface‐subsurface‐atmosphere interactions involving soil moisture remote sensing and hydrologic simulation. The simple early steps that were taken highlight the role of the different components and tools in the integration effort. An alternative approach is presented for creating an integrated system, based on a data flow model with the modular components linked within a flexible framework. An example is developed based on established systems integration techniques from the field of computer aided design.
Developing a Virtual Reality User Interface (VRUI) for Geographic Information Retrieval on the Internet
Authors: Brown Ian
Published: March 2003

The exponential growth of the World Wide Web provides the potential for greatly enhanced dissemination of global data‐sets and information. However, the concurrent rise in data supply also means that new tools are required for information retrieval beyond the conventional graphical user‐interface (GUI). This paper reviews the development of web‐based GIS functionality and demonstrates how the multi‐dimensional capabilities of VR tools can bring enhanced data exploration and visualisation onto the Internet by providing a more powerful 3D user‐interface to identify and query data‐sets. One key to the development of such interactive tools is the link between the Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) and the JAVA platform, which together allow dynamic 3D content to be accessed through a web browser. Exploration of large diverse data‐sets is demonstrated by a prototype system allowing the integration of terrain‐based geoscience data‐sets for scientific visualisation and education. The current limitations of the technology are discussed and further suggestions are made to improve the information content of the Internet.
A Computational Method for Estimating the Demand of Retail Stores on a Street Network and its Implementation in GIS
Authors: Okabe Atsuyuki , Okunuki Kei‐ichi
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a computational method for estimating the demand of retail stores on a street network using GIS. First, the ‘network Huff model’ is formulated on a network with the shortest‐path distance as an extension of the ordinary Huff model (which assumes a continuous plane with Euclidean distance). Second, using this model, a formula for estimating the demand is derived. This estimation formula is similar to that with the ordinary Huff model, but it has an advantage in that the formula exactly computes the demand on a network. Third, a practical method for computing the formula is developed. Finally, a method of implementing this computational method in a GIS environment is shown.
Integration of Space Syntax into GIS: New Perspectives for Urban Morphology
Authors: Jiang Bin , Claramunt Christophe
Published: March 2003

The research field of transportation demand forecasting has started to focus on disaggregate travel behavior and micro‐simulation models. To create data infrastructure, disaggregate trip surveys are conducted and large numbers of observations are collected. To efficiently exploit these surveys, the transfer of the individual trip data to a GIS must start with the development of a solid conceptual data model that fully captures the semantic richness of the application domain and emphasizes its spatio‐temporal properties. This paper presents a data modeling process that is based on a combination of complex system theory and the object‐oriented paradigm and produced an object‐oriented spatio‐temporal data model. Main domain entities are modeled as highly structured classes. They encapsulate a memory of their time bound connections and states. Observation data sets are sampled from the origin‐destination survey conducted in the Québec region in 1991. This survey incorporated street networks and activity places. The model was smoothly implemented into a proof‐of‐concept database prototype hosted by an object‐oriented GIS shell. The prototype offers a means to navigate through a nested hierarchy of objects, providing a description of an individual’s travel behavior over space and time. The objects have a solid conceptual basis and can meet the needs of scientific research such as hypothesis formulation, simulation, forecasting and induction.
Indefinite Pronouns, Polarity, and Related Phenomena in Classical Armenian: A Study Based on the Old Armenian Gospels
Authors: Klein Jared S.
Published: March 2003

Classical Armenian possesses two series of indefinite pronouns, one in ‐k‘, the other in ‐mn. The first is employed for the most part in contexts where English any appears, the second where English employs some. The distinction is therefore essentially one of polarity sensitivity, the forms in ‐k‘ being negative‐polarity items (NPIs), those in ‐mn positive‐polarity items (PPIs). As in English, the NPIs are employed also as generalizing or free‐choice indefinites; but a host of other features, including minimal‐value quantification, scalarity, and despecification are involved as well in the Classical Armenian ‐k‘‐forms.
Variation in the Romance infinitive: the case of the southern Calabrian inflected infinitive
Authors: Ledgeway Adam
Published: March 2003

In the present article we shall reconsider the category infinitive in Romance and, in particular, examine the variation in function and form exhibited by the various species of Romance infinitive. Despite a number of differences, the range of variation exhibited by such infinitival forms is not unconstrained. Rather, basing ourselves on a proper understanding of the formal properties of such infinitival forms, it is possible to define a macrocategory of infinitive, within which all the various species of Romance infinitive may be felicitously subsumed. In the light of such a definition of the category of Romance infinitive, we shall propose a new candidate for infinitival status from the dialects spoken in southern Calabria, which are traditionally described as making very little use of the infinitive, regularly using in its place finite clauses on a par with the indigenous Greek dialects of this region. It is these same finite clauses that we shall argue are, in fact, inflected infinitival constructions. Though a controversial hypothesis, departing considerably from standard accounts, it will be demonstrated that traditional analyses like those of Rohlfs (1969: 717; 1972) have long obscured the real facts behind such constructions. Instead, it emerges from the analysis presented here that such clauses are, at least in synchronic terms, most definitely Romance in character, thereby confuting traditional claims (see Joseph 1983) that continue to characterise the modern dialects of southern Calabria as partaking in the widespread Balkan feature of infinitive‐loss.
A New Explanation of the Name of London
Authors: Coates Richard
Published: March 2003

The history of attempts to explain the name of London is charted, and it is concluded that none of them succeeds in making any headway with the problem. A tentative new solution is proposed which explains it as a probably Celtic place‐name derived from a Celticized river‐name originally forming part of the Old European stratum of European toponymy, in the sense established by Hans Krahe. Topographical arguments are used to support the proposal, as well as arguments from pre‐English naming patterns for rivers and their estuaries. The proposed etymology also succeeds in accounting for the Middle Welsh name of the city,Llundein, without any of the special pleading associated with current explanations.
The syntactic and semiotic status of direct quotes, with reference to french
Authors: Hansen Maj‐Britt Mosegaard
Published: March 2003

The present paper investigates the syntactic and semiotic status of direct quotes, using examples mainly from French. Their status as both direct objects and subordinate clauses has frequently been questioned in the literature. I propose that, although it is necessary to make a distinction between ‘canonical’, i.e. syntactically dependent, direct reports and ‘free’ direct reports, the above‐mentioned controversy is based on a insufficient consideration of the data, and that the crucial difference between direct and indirect speech is not of a syntactic nature, but is a difference in semiotic status, direct quotes representing a fully grammaticalized form of code‐switching. Finally, I argue that a semiotically‐oriented grammar is needed to account adequately for the form and meaning of direct quotation.
Nominal composition in Mycenaean Greek
Authors: Meissner Torsten , Tribulato Olga
Published: March 2003

Nominal composition is an extremely productive means of word formation in Ancient Greek. Little has been written about it in English. Therefore, the present article gives a short introduction to nominal composition in this language in general before moving on to the earliest attested stage of the language, Mycenaean. An overview of nominal compounds of Mycenaean Greek is given and a classification attempted. Thereafter, issues in their phonology and morphology are discussed and both the similarities with and differences to later Greek established. It is concluded that Mycenaean, while preserving some archaic types, is already far advanced in the development of nominal composition typical for Greek.
Intellectual Property Rights in China: The Changing Political Economy of Chinese–American Interests
Authors: La Croix Sumner J. , Eby Konan Denise
Published: March 2003

We review the evolution of modern Chinese intellectual property right (IPR) laws and enforcement and explore economic and political forces involved in international conflicts over Chinese IPR protection. Our analysis considers why the US and China moved from conflict to cooperation over intellectual property rights. Structural and institutional aspects of the political economy of IPRs within each country are considered, and data on Chinese‐US trade in intellectual property‐intensive goods are examined. We conclude that although enforcement of IPRs within China continues to be relatively weak, Chinese IPR institutions are converging on those in the OECD nations.
New Bilateralism in the Asia–Pacific
Authors: Lloyd Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews recent changes in the geographic pattern of regional trading agreements (RTAs), focusing on examples from the Asia–Pacific area. The general pattern is one of new bilateral agreements combined with a trend towards continentalism. The new trend towards bilateralism can be explained largely by a fear of countries being excluded from their major markets as other countries secure preferential and superior access to these markets. This pattern is creating many intersections between RTAs with consequential multi–tiered preferences and multiple systems of trade rules. Viewed dynamically, however, this pattern may have positive effects on world trade. It mitigates the effects of large continental RTAs and may lead to coalescence or enlargement of RTAs. The paper reviews models which ask the important question as to whether this process will progress all the way to free trade for the world economy.
Catching up with Europe: Speakers and Functions of English in Hungary
Authors: Petzold Ruth , Berns Margie
Published: March 2003

In several studies it has been shown that, since the political and economic changes precipitated by the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989, English in the ‘new’ Hungary is in great demand and the number of its uses and users is expanding (e.g. Halasz, 1993; Medgyes, 1993; Petzold, 1994). This paper discusses the functional range of English and its penetration into Hungarian society and shows that in just a few years English has become an essential tool for modernization and economic development and a significant medium in the tourist and entertainment industries as well as education, and that need for the use of English in the workplace has had a major impact on its learning, especially in Budapest. The data is drawn from Petzold's comprehensive study of English in the capital city (1994). The authors offer an account of the sociolinguistic contexts of English in Hungary and provide insights into the reasons why Hungarians regard English proficiency as vital to their country's efforts to catch up with its more prosperous neighbors to the west.
Stress and duration in three varieties of English
Authors: Peng Long , Ann Jean
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates stress placement in the English of Spanish speakers, Nigerian English and Singapore English. This investigation reveals that they have in common several patterns of stress placement that are distinct from British or American English. We show that these patterns cannot be accounted for by transfer. A different explanation is suggested, one that explains the recurrent patterns in terms of English vowel duration. It is proposed that in determining stress in multisyllabic words, L2 speakers assess the duration of syllable nuclei and assign stress to the syllable containing the longest vowel. In contrast with transfer, which holds L2 speakers' first languages responsible, this proposal attributes the distinct patterns of stress placement to the target language, making possible a unified account of the shared patterns in the three varieties of English. As L2 speakers, regardless of their first languages, grapple with the same target language, it should have a similar effect, giving rise to the common patterns of stress placement in the three varieties of English.
Gender and usage patterns of English in South African urban and rural contexts
Authors: Kadt Elizabeth de
Published: March 2003

Relatively little attention has been paid to gender issues in the investigation of world Englishes, in spite of their common focus, over the past twenty years, on the analysis of (hidden) ways in which power is exercised in society. Recent studies in gender and language have begun to reveal ways in which gender contributes to linguistic pluralism and diversity in post‐colonial societies. This paper draws on studies of gender and bilingualism by Gal (1978, 1979) and Burton et al. (1994), to investigate ways in which acquisition and usage patterns of English as an additional language in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, may be gendered. It extends work done for a Masters thesis (Appalraju, 1999), which first recognised and explored the gendered nature of English acquisition and usage patterns of school pupils from a rural environment. These data are contrasted with English usage patterns of Zulu‐speaking pupils at an urban school. The two sets of results are interpreted in terms of the construction of gender identities, to explore ways in which gender identities may be changing in modernising contexts, and to reveal gender as one hitherto neglected factor which is impacting on the current spread of English as an additional language.
Black South African English: A new English? Observations from a phonetic viewpoint
Authors: Wissing Daan
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the extent to which users of Black South African English (BSAE) command the vowel system of English. One mother‐tongue speaker each of English, Southern Sotho and Zulu read a set of stimulus words representing various monophthong contrasts in standard South African English. Three groups of subjects participated as listeners in an experiment on English vowel perception. These include (1) 21 Southern Sotho speakers and 21 Zulu speakers, (2) 41 Arabic speakers, and (3) 20 Afrikaans speakers. The Arabic and Afrikaans speakers were used in the experiment for comparative purposes. Overall the results indicate a general lack of command of the vowel contrasts of Standard South African English by the speakers of Bantu languages. The same holds but to a lesser extent for the other two groups of listeners. Further analysis reveals that the Southern Sotho‐ and Zulu‐speaking listeners process the long vowel/short vowel contrast differently from contrasts based on vowel quality differences. In the concluding section, the results are interpreted against the backdrop of current theories of second language acquisition. The evidence supports transfer‐based explanations for phonological acquisition, since the vowels that the first language and target language of the speakers share are perceived more accurately than those that the languages do not share. In addition, the results are discussed in relation to the question whether BSAE is an interlanguage, or a fully‐fledged new English. On the face of current evidence, it seems that the mesolectal form of BSAE could be viewed as an interlanguage rather than as a new English, but one that has as yet to develop into a more stable alternative to the standard variety of South African English.
Stress placement in Tswana English: the makings of a coherent system
Authors: Rooy Bertus Van
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates stress placement in one variety of Black South African English (BSAE), namely Tswana English. Current research points to two possible hypotheses about stress in BSAE. The penult‐hypothesis holds that the penult syllable is stressed in BSAE, while the random‐hypothesis suggests that a variety of stress assignment strategies are employed by BSAE speakers, without the possibility of predicting stress placement. A data corpus of 333 polysyllabic words was analysed in detail to determine the properties of the Tswana English stress system. These properties were subsequently interpreted by means of Optimality Theory. The major conclusion is that stress is stored lexically in function words, but a coherent system of ranked constraints exists for content words. These constraints account for a very high percentage of the observed data. Both the penult‐ and random‐hypotheses are rejected. It is shown that stress is attracted by the penult, but superheavy final syllables may attract stress to the final syllable, while the presence of certain suffixes may attract stress to the antepenult.