bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art, science and the staying power of the beat in Bring in ’Da Noise, Bring in ’Da Funk
Authors: Anderson Sheri , Pitts Cody Ross
Published: September 2012

This study finds that Bring in ‘Da Noise, Bring in ‘Da Funk: A Tap/Rap Discourse on the Staying Power of the Beat blurs the boundaries of art and science, embodying the physical equation Bring in P=W/Δt, in which power is attained via working to maintain ‘the Beat’
throughout the history of diaspora Africans in America. Using similar physical relationships, fluctuations in personal/collective empowerment can be attributed to such variables as work and force. As work is directly proportional to force, we explore applications of Newton’s second law,
and identify several positive and negative forces. In Bring in ’Da Noise, Bring in ’Da Funk, the human body, through dance, struggles to thrust the positive force of the Beat against such negative forces as loss of freedom, prejudice and urbanization in order to generate and maintain
power over time.
Rob Marshall’s Nine: A film musical disaster or a celebration of failure?
Authors: Pritchard Arthur
Published: September 2012

Rob Marshall’s 2009 film of the Maury Yeston musical Nine (1982) received generally unfavourable reviews, and unlike his earlier adaptation of the hit musical Chicago (2002), it failed either to excite audiences or to rekindle the flame of the Hollywood film musical. This article
considers some of Marshall’s choices in making the film, exploring his homage to Federico Fellini (whose own film 8½ was the influence for the original stage musical). It suggests that because the songs disrupt the narrative flow, and the unsympathetic lead character Guido lacks
the backbone to make his project succeed, Marshall’s work is a deliberate inversion of film musical tradition.
Reviews
Authors: Sladen Simon , Chandler David , Laird Paul R.
Published: September 2012

CREATING PANTOMIME, JOYCE BRANAGH AND KEITH ORTON (2011) Ramsbury: The Crowood Press, 208 pp., ISBN: 978-1-84797-255-2, p/bk, £16.99

WILLIAM VINCENT WALLACE: COMPOSER, VIRTUOSO AND ADVENTURER, ANDREW LAMB (2012) West Byfleet: Fullers Wood Press, x+237 pp., ISBN: 978-0-9524149-7-1,
p/bk, £25.00

WEST SIDE STORY: CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON AN AMERICAN MUSICAL, ELIZABETH A. WELLS (2011) Lanham (Maryland), Toronto, Plymouth (UK): Scarecrow Press, xiii+312 pp., ISBN: 978-0-8108-7666-8, h/bk, $39.95
Enhancing the effectiveness of androgen deprivation in prostate cancer by inducing Filamin A nuclear localization
Authors: Mooso Benjamin A , Vinall Ruth L , Tepper Clifford G , Savoy Rosalinda M , Cheung Jean P , Singh Sheetal , Siddiqui Salma , Wang Yu , Bedolla Roble G , Martinez Anthony , Mudryj Maria , Kung Hsing-Jien , deVere White Ralph W , Ghosh Paramita M
Published: September 2012

As prostate cancer (CaP) is regulated by androgen receptor (AR) activity, metastatic CaP is treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Despite initial response, patients on ADT eventually progress to castration-resistant CaP (CRPC), which is currently incurable. We previously showed that cleavage of the 280 kDa structural protein Filamin A (FlnA) to a 90 kDa fragment, and nuclear localization of the cleaved product, sensitized CRPC cells to ADT. Hence, treatment promoting FlnA nuclear localization would enhance androgen responsiveness. Here, we show that FlnA nuclear localization induced apoptosis in CRPC cells during ADT, identifying it as a treatment tool in advanced CaP. Significantly, the natural product genistein combined polysaccharide (GCP) had a similar effect. Investigation of the mechanism of GCP-induced apoptosis showed that GCP induced FlnA cleavage and nuclear localization and that apoptosis resulting from GCP treatment was mediated by FlnA nuclear localization. Two main components of GCP are genistein and daidzein: the ability of GCP to induce G2 arrest was due to genistein whereas sensitivity to ADT stemmed from daidzein; hence, both were needed to mediate GCP's effects. FlnA cleavage is regulated by its phosphorylation; we show that ADT enhanced FlnA phosphorylation, which prevented its cleavage, whereas GCP inhibited FlnA phosphorylation, thereby sensitizing CaP cells to ADT. In a mouse model of CaP recurrence, GCP, but not vehicle, impeded relapse following castration, indicating that GCP, when administered with ADT, interrupted the development of CRPC. These results demonstrate the efficacy of GCP in promoting FlnA nuclear localization and enhancing androgen responsiveness in CaP.
Quickness of sensitive clays
Authors: Thakur V. , Degago S. A.
Published: September 2012

Sensitive clays are often presented as materials that become semi-liquid when subjected to remoulding. Consequently, such clays are considered to constitute a major threat to nearby infrastructures due to their susceptibility to flow slides. However, the term ‘sensitive clay’ encompasses a wide range of clays depicting significant variations in engineering behaviours such as the remoulded shear strength (cur). Therefore, a key question is whether all sensitive clays have the same potential to create flow slide and the significance of cur for occurrence of flow slide. The authors believe that one of the major challenges related to understanding the cur of sensitive clays is physical understanding of the parameter itself. This paper presents a laboratory procedure, referred to as a quickness test, which provides a quantitative description of remoulded behaviour of sensitive clays in terms of a numerical value called quickness (Q). The quickness test was used to demonstrate why sensitive clays with cur > 1·0 kPa are not susceptible to flow slides after an initial slide. Based on this preliminary study, it is possible to state that a Q < 15% or cur > 1·0 kPa seems to be the threshold limit where the extent of slide is limited to the initial slide.
Trends in US Older Adult Disability: Exploring Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
Authors: Lin Shih-Fan , Beck Audrey N. , Finch Brian K. , Hummer Robert A. , Master Ryan K.
Published: September 2012

Objectives. We elucidated how US late-life disability prevalence has changed over the past 3 decades.

Methods. We examined activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability trends by using age–period–cohort (APC) models among older adults aged 70 years or older who responded to the National Health Interview Survey between 1982 and 2009. We fitted logistic regressions for ADL and IADL disabilities and for each of the 3 APC trends with 2 models: unadjusted and fully adjusted for age, period, cohort, and sociodemographic variables.

Results. The unadjusted and adjusted period trends showed a substantial decline in IADL disability, and ADL disability remained stable across time. Unadjusted cohort trends for both outcomes also showed continual declines across successive cohorts; however, increasing cohort trends were evident in the adjusted models.

Conclusions. More recent cohorts of US older adults are becoming more disabled, net of aging and period effects. The net upward cohort trends in ADL and IADL disabilities remain unexplained. Further studies should explore cohort-specific determinants contributing to the increase of cohort-based disability among US older adults.
New Jersey’s HIV Exposure Law and the HIV-Related Attitudes, Beliefs, and Sexual and Seropositive Status Disclosure Behaviors of Persons Living With HIV
Authors: Galletly Carol L. , Glasman Laura R. , Pinkerton Steven D. , DiFranceisco Wayne
Published: September 2012

Objectives. We explored associations between awareness of New Jersey’s HIV exposure law and the HIV-related attitudes, beliefs, and sexual and seropositive status disclosure behaviors of HIV-positive persons.

Methods. A statewide convenience sample (n = 479) completed anonymous written surveys during 2010. We recruited participants through networks of community-based organizations in the state’s 9 health sectors. The survey assessed participants' awareness of New Jersey's HIV exposure law, their sexual and serostatus disclosure behavior in the past year, and their HIV-related attitudes and beliefs. We compared responses of participants who were and were not aware of the law through univariate analyses.

Results. Fifty-one percent of participants knew about the HIV exposure law. This awareness was not associated with increased sexual abstinence, condom use with most recent partner, or seropositive status disclosure. Contrary to hypotheses, persons who were unaware of the law experienced greater stigma and were less comfortable with positive serostatus disclosure.

Conclusions. Criminializing nondisclosure of HIV serostatus does not reduce sexual risk behavior. Although the laws do not appear to increase stigma, they are also not likely to reduce HIV transmission.
Up in Smoke: Vanishing Evidence of Tobacco Disparities in the Institute of Medicine’s Report on Sexual and Gender Minority Health
Authors: Lee Joseph G. L. , Blosnich John R. , Melvin Cathy L.
Published: September 2012

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a groundbreaking report on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health in 2011, finding limited evidence of tobacco disparities. We examined IOM search terms and used 2 systematic reviews to identify 71 articles on LGBT tobacco use. The IOM omitted standard tobacco-related search terms. The report also omitted references to studies on LGBT tobacco use (n = 56), some with rigorous designs. The IOM report may underestimate LGBT tobacco use compared with general population use.
To Flourish or Not: Positive Mental Health and All-Cause Mortality
Authors: Keyes Corey L. M. , Simoes Eduardo J.
Published: September 2012

Objectives. We investigated whether positive mental health predicts all-cause mortality.

Methods. Data were from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study (n = 3032), which at baseline in 1995 measured positive mental health (flourishing and not) and past-year mental illness (major depressive episode, panic attacks, and generalized anxiety disorders), and linked respondents with National Death Index records in a 10-year follow-up ending in 2005. Covariates were age, gender, race, education, any past-year mental illness, smoking, physical inactivity, physical diseases, and physical disease risk factors.

Results. A total of 6.3% of participants died during the study period. The final and fully adjusted odds ratio of mortality was 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 2.62; P = .05) for adults who were not flourishing, relative to participants with flourishing mental health. Age, gender, race, education, smoking, physical inactivity, cardiovascular disease, and HIV/AIDS were significant predictors of death during the study period.

Conclusions. The absence of positive mental health increased the probability of all-cause mortality for men and women at all ages after adjustment for known causes of death.
Primary Care and Public Health Services Integration in Brazil’s Unified Health System
Authors: Pinto Rogério M. , Wall Melanie , Yu Gary , Penido Cláudia , Schmidt Clecy
Published: September 2012

Objectives. We examined associations between transdisciplinary collaboration, evidence-based practice, and primary care and public health services integration in Brazil’s Family Health Strategy. We aimed to identify practices that facilitate service integration and evidence-based practice.

Methods. We collected cross-sectional data from community health workers, nurses, and physicians (n = 262). We used structural equation modeling to assess providers’ service integration and evidence-based practice engagement operationalized as latent factors. Predictors included endorsement of team meetings, access to and consultations with colleagues, familiarity with community, and previous research experience.

Results. Providers’ familiarity with community and team meetings positively influenced evidence-based practice engagement and service integration. More experienced providers reported more integration and engagement. Physicians reported less integration than did community health workers. Black providers reported less evidence-based practice engagement than did Pardo (mixed races) providers. After accounting for all variables, evidence-based practice engagement and service integration were moderately correlated.

Conclusions. Age and race of providers, transdisciplinary collaboration, and familiarity with the community are significant variables that should inform design and implementation of provider training. Promising practices that facilitate service integration in Brazil may be used in other countries.
With the Best Intentions: Lead Research and the Challenge to Public Health
Authors: Rosner David , Markowitz Gerald
Published: September 2012

In 2001, Maryland’s court of appeals was asked to decide whether researchers at Johns Hopkins University had engaged in unethical research on children. During the 1990s, Johns Hopkins’s Kennedy Krieger Institute had studied 108 African American children, aged 6 months to 6 years, to find an inexpensive and “practical” means to ameliorate lead poisoning. We have outlined the arguments in the case and the conundrum faced by public health researchers as they confront new threats to our health from environmental and industrial insults. We examined the case in light of contemporary public health ideology, which prioritizes harm reduction over the historical goals of prevention. As new synthetic toxins—such as bisphenyl A, polychlorinated biphenyls, other chlorinated hydrocarbons, tobacco, vinyl, and asbestos—are discovered to be biologically disruptive and disease producing at low levels, lead provides a window into the troubling dilemmas public health will have to confront in the future.
Stability of Chokeberry Bioactive Polyphenols during Juice Processing and Stabilization of a Polyphenol-Rich Material from the By-Product
Authors: Mayer-Miebach Esther , Adamiuk Marta , Behsnilian Diana
Published: September 2012

Chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa) are nowadays believed to exhibit potential cardioprotective and antidiabetic effects principally due to their high content in bioactive phenolic compounds. The stability of the phenolic compounds was studied during different stages of a juice production line and a method for the valorization of pomace was evaluated. Samples were taken from a commercial juice production plant, extracted and analyzed for phenolic constituents and antioxidant potential. Prototypes of functional food ingredients were produced from the pomace by wet milling and micro-milling. Alongside juice processing, the contents of phenolic berry constituents did not vary to a great extent and the overall antioxidant activity increased by about 34%. A high quality juice and a by-product still rich in polyphenols resulted from the process. The phenolic compounds content and the overall antioxidant activity remained stable when milling and micro-milling the pomace. During coarse milling, extractability of total phenolic compounds increased significantly (40% to 50%). Nanosized materials with averaged particle sizes (x50,0) of about 90 nm were obtained by micro-milling. These materials showed significantly enhanced extractability of total phenolic compounds (25%) and total phenolic acid (30%), as well as antioxidant activity (35%), with unchanged contents of total procyanidins and anthocyanins contents.
Double Muscling in Cattle: Genes, Husbandry, Carcasses and Meat
Authors: Fiems Leo O.
Published: September 2012

Molecular biology has enabled the identification of the mechanisms whereby inactive myostatin increases skeletal muscle growth in double-muscled (DM) animals. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Mutations make the myostatin gene inactive, resulting in muscle hypertrophy. The relationship between the different characteristics of DM cattle are defined with possible consequences for livestock husbandry. The extremely high carcass yield of DM animals coincides with a reduction in the size of most vital organs. As a consequence, DM animals may be more susceptible to respiratory disease, urolithiasis, lameness, nutritional stress, heat stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Their feed intake capacity is reduced, necessitating a diet with a greater nutrient density. The modified myofiber type is responsible for a lower capillary density, and it induces a more glycolytic metabolism. There are associated changes for the living animal and post-mortem metabolism alterations, requiring appropriate slaughter conditions to maintain a high meat quality. Intramuscular fat content is low, and it is characterized by more unsaturated fatty acids, providing healthier meat for the consumer. It may not always be easy to find a balance between the different disciplines underlying the livestock husbandry of DM animals to realize a good performance and health and meat quality.
A Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products Inhibits Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis in Rat Cardiomyocytes via the Mitochondrial Pathway
Authors: Guo Caixia , Zeng Xiangjun , Song Juanjuan , Zhang Min , Wang Hongxia , Xu Xiaowei , Du Fenghe , Chen Buxing
Published: September 2012

Severe myocardial dysfunction and tissue damage resulting from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a common clinical scenario in patients with certain types of heart diseases and therapies such as thrombolysis, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, and cardiac transplantation. The underlining mechanism of endogenous cardiac protection after I/R injury has been a focus of current research. Growing evidences suggests that soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) has a cardioprotective effect; however, its role in I/R injury remains unclear. We hypothesized that exogenous administration of sRAGE during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induces cardioprotection by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis via multiple signals, involving mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), mitochondrial cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes underwent hypoxia for 3-h followed by 2-h reoxygenation or were treated with sRAGE for 10 min before H/R. Compared with H/R alone, sRAGE pretreatment reduced H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis from 27.9% ± 5.9% to 9.4% ± 0.7% (p < 0.05). In addition, sRAGE treatment significantly inhibited H/R-induced mitochondrial depolarization and mPTP opening, reduced mitochondrial cytochrome c leakage, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, and decreased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. Therefore, we conclude that the exogenous administration of sRAGE during H/R is involved in cardioprotection by inhibiting apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, which, if further confirmed in vivo, may have important clinical implications during H/R.
Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Algerian Honey
Authors: Khalil Md. Ibrahim , Moniruzzaman Mohammed , Boukraâ Laïd , Benhanifia Mokhtar , Islam Md. Asiful , Islam Md. Nazmul , Sulaiman Siti Amrah , Gan Siew Hua
Published: September 2012

The aim of the present study was to characterize the physical, biochemical and antioxidant properties of Algerian honey samples (n = 4). Physical parameters, such as pH, moisture content, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), color intensity, total sugar and sucrose content were measured. Several biochemical and antioxidant tests were performed to determine the antioxidant properties of the honey samples. The mean pH was 3.84 ± 0.01, and moisture the content was 13.21 ± 0.16%. The mean EC was 0.636 ± 0.001, and the mean TDS was 316.92 ± 0.92. The mean color was 120.58 ± 0.64 mm Pfund, and the mean 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content was 21.49 mg/kg. The mean total sugar and reducing sugar contents were 67.03 ± 0.68 g/mL and 64.72 ± 0.52 g/g, respectively. The mean sucrose content was 2.29 ± 0.65%. High mean values of phenolic (459.83 ± 1.92 mg gallic acid/kg), flavonoid (54.23 ± 0.62 mg catechin/kg), ascorbic acid (159.70 ± 0.78 mg/kg), AEAC (278.15 ± 4.34 mg/kg), protein (3381.83 ± 6.19 mg/kg) and proline (2131.47 ± 0.90) contents, as well as DPPH (39.57% ± 4.18) and FRAP activities [337.77 ± 1.01 µM Fe (II)/100 g], were also detected, indicating that Algerian honey has a high antioxidant potential. Strong positive correlations were found between flavonoid, proline and ascorbic acid contents and color intensity with DPPH and FRAP values. Thus, the present study revealed that Algerian honey is a good source of antioxidants.
Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Identification of Cytotoxic Compounds from Gymnosperma glutinosum Leaves
Authors: Quintanilla-Licea Ramiro , Morado-Castillo Rolando , Gomez-Flores Ricardo , Laatsch Hartmut , Verde-Star María Julia , Hernández-Martínez Humberto , Tamez-Guerra Patricia , Tamez-Guerra Reyes , Rodríguez-Padilla Cristina
Published: September 2012

Bioassay-guided fractionation of hexane extracts of Gymnosperma glutinosum (Asteraceae) leaves, collected in North Mexico, afforded the known compounds hentriacontane (1) and (+)-13S,14R,15-trihydroxy-ent-labd-7-ene (2), as well as the new ent-labdane diterpene (−)-13S,14R,15-trihydroxy-7-oxo-ent-labd-8(9)-ene (3). In addition, D-glycero-D-galactoheptitol (4) was isolated from the methanolic extract of this plant. Their structures were established on the basis of high-field 1D- and 2D NMR methods supported by HR-MS data. The cytotoxic activity was determined by using the in vitro L5178Y-R lymphoma murine model. Hentriacontane (1) and the new ent-labdane 3 showed weak cytotoxicity, whereas the ent-labdane 2 showed significant (p < 0.05) and concentration dependent cytotoxicity (up to 78%) against L5178Y-R cells at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 250 µg/mL.
Poor Knowledge and Practices Related to Iodine Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation in Australian Women: Pre- and Post-Iodine Fortification
Authors: Charlton Karen , Yeatman Heather , Lucas Catherine , Axford Samantha , Gemming Luke , Houweling Fiona , Goodfellow Alison , Ma Gary
Published: September 2012

A before-after review was undertaken to assess whether knowledge and practices related to iodine nutrition, supplementation and fortification has improved in Australian women since the introduction of mandatory iodine fortification in 2009. Surveys of pregnant (n = 139) and non-pregnant (n = 75) women in 2007–2008 are compared with surveys of pregnant (n = 147) and lactating women (n = 60) one to two years post-fortification in a regional area of New South Wales, Australia. A self-administered questionnaire was completed and dietary intake of iodine was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. A generally poor knowledge about the role and sources of iodine in the diet remained after fortification. Post-fortification, iodine-containing supplements were being taken by 60% (up from 20% pre-fortification) and 45% of pregnant and lactating women, respectively. Dairy foods were the highest contributors to dietary iodine intake (57%–62%). A low intake of fish and seafood resulted in this food group contributing only 3%–8% of total intake. A low level of public awareness regarding the role of iodine in health supports the need for public health strategies in addition to fortification, such as an accompanying consumer education campaign, increased uptake of supplementation, and on-going monitoring.
Assessing the Geographic Expression of Urban Sustainability: A Scenario Based Approach Incorporating Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis
Authors: Kropp Walter W. , Lein James K.
Published: September 2012

Urban sustainability involves a re-examination of urban development including environmental, social and economic policies and practices that acknowledge the role of cities in global environmental change. However, sustainability remains a broadly defined concept that has been applied to mean everything from environmental protection, social cohesion, economic growth, neighborhood design, alternative energy, and green building design. To guide sustainability initiatives and assess progress toward more sustainable development patterns this construct requires a means to place this concept into a decision-centric context where change can be evaluated and the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of technological development, and institutional programs can be made more consistent with future as well as present needs. In this study the problem of sustainability assessment was examined and a method that couples scenario analysis with spatial multicriteria decision analysis was introduced. The integration of a spatial multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) model for sustainable development with scenario planning resulted in an interpretation of sustainability that is more appropriate for local conditions and useful when exploring sustainability’s semantic uncertainties, particularly those alternate perspectives that influence future environments.
Can Community-Based tourism enterprises alleviate poverty? toward a new organization
Authors: Malatji Mathekga Isaac , Mtapuri Oliver
Published: September 2012

Recently tourism in general and community-based tourism in particular are being touted as means to generate income and alleviate poverty. This article attempts to investigate the extent to which community-based tourism enterprises (CBTEs) are able to alleviate poverty using data gathered
from four CBTEs in Mopani District Municipality of the limpopo in South Africa. The study is essentially qualitative in design. Face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. A thematic approach was used to analyze them. The study shows that the types of jobs
that were created by the CBTEs now are low-level, menial, nonpermanent types of jobs. The poor absorptive capacity of new labor of these enterprises means that many people in the community remain unemployed for as long as alternative modes of employment are not found. However, communities
learned about conservation, cooking and knitting, and community-building practices. A key contribution of this article is a new Social learning and Change (SlC) organization as a necessary form of tourism organization to meet the challenges of developing countries in their quest to alleviate
poverty using CBTE as strategy. It is an SlC initiative (perhaps a new CBO), consisting of multiple players. It may involve the creation of civic corporation/civic NGO/civic government consistent with SlC in which the issue and not the organization matters. It is about job creation, community
cohesion, community development, inclusion, and empowerment.
State Representations of the Other: The Case of China's Matriarchy
Authors: Wang Yasong (Alex) , Morais Duarte B.
Published: September 2012

Previous tourism representation research has primarily adopted an essentialist's approach in interpreting the construction of the self in contrast to the Other and treated both Other and self as holistic entities. Contrary to previous research, the current study takes a postmodern epistemology
to uncover the complex and fluid nature of the construction of a Chinese identity through official tourism representations of the matriarchal Mosuo. Forty-six articles published between 1990 and 2010 in major Chinese newspapers were collected and analyzed with Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).
Three major themes (i.e., feminized Other, economic growth, and authenticity) are identified and the analysis of the themes exposes the differentiating and dynamic nature in the construction of self identity in the state representations of the Mosuo people. Such results demonstrate the necessity
of taking a more critical and nuanced approach in the examination of how states use tourism representations to construct national identities.
Community-Based Tourism: An Exploration of the Concept(s) from a Political Perspective
Authors: Giampiccoli Andrea , Mtapuri Oliver
Published: September 2012

Tourism is always seen as a viable alternative means of boosting development in developing countries. Similarly, community-based tourism (CBT) is generally associated with development in poor, especially rural, communities. This article first presents CBT as a possible community development
tool, exploring its conceptual and historical evolution, and then offers solutions for enhancing the opportunities and capacity of CBT in facilitating rural community development. To that end, a definition of community and notions of development are proposed, and a community development strategy,
based on issues of empowerment, self-reliance, and sustainability, is explored. Special attention is given to local context issues in relation to community development. In addition, the origin and evolution of the CBT concept, and the linkages between the concept and alternative development
paradigms from the 1970s are explored, including the notions of empowerment and self-reliance. This article makes two contributions. Firstly, it proposes that the current meaning of CBT does not coincide with the original concept of CBT because the contemporary policy milieu has changed. Secondly,
it presents different CBT typologies in line with contemporary CBT concept(s) and issues of community development.
Severity of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Karachi: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mehmood Amber , Ejaz Kiran , Ahmed Tauqeer
Published: September 2012

Introduction: Plasmodium vivax malaria affects billions of people annually. This study aimed to note the presentations and complications and subsequently to identify the determinants of in-patient hospital care of P. vivax malaria patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Severity of the shock was also assessed using a shock index. Methodology: This study descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Emergency Department of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. All adult patients with a positive P. vivax peripheral film and/or immunochromatography admitted through the department were studied during 2009. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Keeping the length of stay at a cut-off of 48 hours after admission, the independent Student-t test was applied. Level of significance was taken at 0.05. Results: A total of 97 patients were included in the study. Fever was the most common presentation. A significant number of patients had nonspecific complaints, but tachycardia, altered mental status, and adult respiratory distress syndrome were important findings. Mean shock index was 1 (SD 0.26). Common reasons for admission were thrombocytopenia and dehydration. Some patients were admitted for more than 48 hours. Complications included pneumonia and bleeding requiring platelet transfusion. Conclusion: This study highlights that the debilitating impact of P. vivax malaria remains high. Although the effects of severe vivax malaria can be contained through aggressive resuscitation and specific therapy, sensitivity and awareness of this complicated course must be highlighted among caregivers.
Outcomes of treatment in 50 cases with spinal brucellosis in Babol, Northern Iran
Authors: Smailnejad Gangi Seyed Mokhtar , Hasanjani Roushan Mohammad Reza , Janmohammadi Nasser , Mehraeen Raheleh , Soleimani Amiri Mohammad Jafar , Khalilian Elham
Published: September 2012

Introduction: Duration of treatment for brucellar spondylitis in endemic regions is controversial. This study describes the outcome of treatment in 50 cases of brucellar spondylitis in Iran. Methodology: From April 2001 to September 2010, we treated 20, 13, 11 and 6 cases with doxycycline plus rifampin (DR), streptomycin plus doxycycline plus rifampin (SDR), cotrimoxazole plus doxycycline plus rifampin (CDR), and gentamicin plus doxycycline plus rifampin (GDR), respectively. Gentamicin and streptomycin were administered for 14 days and the other agents for 3 months. When complete clinical response was not achieved, therapy was continued. All patients were followed for one year. The Kaplan Meier method and the log rank test were used to compare the duration of therapy between SDR plus GDR patients with those treated with CDR or DR. Results: Eight (45%), 10 (76.9%), 7 (63.3%) and 6 (100%) cases treated for three months were cured with DR, SDR, CDR and GDR, respectively. Nine (45%), 4 (36.4%) and two (22.2%) were cured after four months with DR, CDR and SDR, respectively. Mean duration of therapy in the SDR plus GDR, CDR and DR was 3.26±0.17, 3.36±0.15 and 3.9±0.23 months, respectively (p=0.49 and p=0.015, respectively). Three cases with epidural or paravertebral abscesses recovered after six months. Relapse occurred in one (9.1%) and two (10%) cases treated with CDR and DR, respectively. Conclusions: Brucellar spondylitis could be treated using different combinations of antimicrobials especially with a regimen containing aminoglycoside for four months; patients with epidural or paravertebral abscesses require longer treatment times.
Serological trail of Brucella infection in an urban slum population in Brazil
Authors: Angel Martha Olivera , Ristow Paula , Ko Albert Icksang , Di–Lorenzo Cecilia
Published: September 2012

Introduction: Brucellosis is a re-emerging zoonosis with new cases reported each year in many Latin American countries, but it is mostly under-recognized. This study presents a serological investigation of infection with Brucella abortus and Brucella canis in a poor urban community in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Methodology: Human sera (n = 180) were randomly selected from 3,171 samples taken from healthy individuals during 2003-2004 and tested with C-ELISA for B. abortus and I-ELISA for B. canis. Results: Thirteen percent (24/180) of the individuals were positive for B. abortus and 4.6 % (8/174) were positive for B. canis. Among the variables studied only age (older than 45 years) appeared to be a risk factor for the detection of Brucella antibodies. Conclusion: These results indicate the presence of Brucella infection in this settlement and highlight the need to understand the epidemiology of infection under these circumstances to establish the necessary measures for surveillance and control.
ZAP-70+ B Cell Subset Influences Response to B Cell Depletion Therapy and Early Repopulation in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: GREMESE ELISA , TOLUSSO BARBARA , FEDELE ANNA LAURA , CANESTRI SILVIA , ALIVERNINI STEFANO , FERRACCIOLI GIANFRANCO
Published: September 2012

Objective.

To define the role of ZAP-70+ B cells (CD19+/ZAP-70+) as a biomarker of response to B cell depletion therapy (BCDT), their relationship with clinical outcome, and their behavior during repopulation of peripheral blood in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Thirty-one patients with RA underwent BCDT and were followed for 12 months. Disease activity was assessed with the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria. Cytofluorimetric analysis of peripheral blood B cell subsets at baseline and at 6- and 12-month intervals after BCDT was performed using surface markers (CD45, CD3, CD56, CD19, IgD, CD38, CD27) and intracellular ZAP-70.

Results.

A moderate/good EULAR response was achieved in 66.6% of the RA cohort. The baseline percentage of CD19+/ZAP-70+ cells was lower in good responder patients (1.8% ± 1.7%) compared to poor responders (5.6% ± 4.9%; p = 0.02). A decrease of plasmablasts (IgD-CD27+CD38+) and pre-switch memory (IgD+CD27+) B cells occurred after BCDT. Recovery of B cells in peripheral blood after the first course of BCDT was characterized by the reappearance of B cell subtypes that showed a naive, activated phenotype, coupled with a decrease in memory cells. B cells carrying intracytoplasmic ZAP-70 increased significantly from the baseline value of 4.4% ± 4.5% to 12.4% ± 9.2% (p = 0.001) at the 6-month and to 9.4% ± 6.4% (p = 0.002) at the 12-month followup.

Conclusion.

Baseline percentage of CD19+/ZAP-70+ cells is associated with the clinical outcome after BCDT in patients with RA. Depletion of plasmablasts and pre-switch memory B cells and increase of CD19+/ZAP-70+ cells are features of the recovery of the B cell pool after BCDT.
Giant Cell Arteritis with or without Aortitis at Diagnosis. A Retrospective Study of 22 Patients with Longterm Followup
Authors: ESPITIA OLIVIER , NÉEL ANTOINE , LEUX CHRISTOPHE , CONNAULT JÉROME , ESPITIA-THIBAULT ALEXANDRA , PONGE THIERRY , DUPAS BENOIT , BARRIER JACQUES H. , HAMIDOU MOHAMED A. , AGARD CHRISTIAN
Published: September 2012

Objective.

Studies have shown that aortitis may be present in half the patients with recent-onset giant cell arteritis (GCA). We assessed whether aortitis at diagnosis affects longterm outcome in patients with GCA.

Methods.

We retrospectively analyzed the longterm outcome of a prospective cohort of 22 patients with biopsy-proven GCA who all had aortic computed tomography (CT) evaluation at the time of diagnosis of GCA between May 1998 and November 1999. Longterm outcome, especially vascular events such as aortic aneurysm, mortality, relapses of GCA, and requirement for steroids, was assessed in 2011 by chart review and patient/physician interviews.

Results.

At disease onset, 10/22 patients had aortitis on CT scan. Patients with and without aortitis had similar baseline characteristics, including cardiovascular risk profile. At the time of the study, 12/22 (57%) patients had died. Vascular causes of death were more frequent in patients with aortitis (5/7 vs 0/5; p = 0.02). A higher number of vascular events was noted in patients with aortitis (mean events per patient 1.33 vs 0.25; p = 0.009). Stroke was more frequent in patients with aortitis. These patients seemed to exhibit a more chronic or relapsing disease course, and they were less likely to completely discontinue steroid therapy (p = 0.009, log-rank test).

Conclusion.

Our study suggests for the first time that inflammatory aortic involvement present at onset of GCA could predict a more chronic/relapsing course of GCA, with higher steroid requirements and an increased risk for vascular events in the long term.
La science en débat en Amérique latine
Authors: Feld Adrian , Kreimer Pablo
Published: September 2012

Entre la fin des années 1960 et le début des années 1970 un large courant critique sur le rôle des sciences et des technologies apparaît à travers le monde. De même, en Argentine, ce mouvement s’est traduit dès 1968 et 1969 par la création d’espaces institutionnels pour le débat et la production des connaissances sur les sciences et les technologies. La confrontation d’idées a mis en évidence un processus de politisation de la science qui entraînait des sens bien différents : d’un côté, un courant « modéré » qui cherchait des outils analytiques et normatifs pour la mise en place des politiques publiques de S&T et, d’un autre côté, les « radicaux » qui impulsaient l’intégration des sciences et des technologies dans la politique tout court. Cet article propose de se concentrer sur le courant radical, dont le représentant le plus saillant fut Oscar Varsavsky, ce qui nous permet d’analyser : a) le processus de « politisation/radicalisation » de la science émergeant vers la fin des années 1960 ; b) les principaux points de confrontation entre les positions politiques et épistémologiques de Varsavsky et d’autres acteurs importants de l’époque ; c) l’émergence de nouveaux canaux de diffusion des débats sur les sciences et les technologies, comme la revue Ciencia Nueva et les échanges autour de la relation « science-idéologie » ; d) l’adoption et la réinterprétation du discours de Varsavsky de la part des organisations politico-syndicales de l’époque.
La reconfiguration du domaine de la lithotripsie extracorporelle
Authors: Arellano Hernández Antonio
Published: September 2012

Dans ce travail, il s’agit d’avancer l’étude de la reconfiguration des collaborations dans la production de connaissances technoscientifiques, à partir d’une double approche : sur un plan conceptuel et méthodologique, on analyse la capacité épistémologique de trois approches représentatives pour aborder des mutations de la production scientifique, à savoir : l’idée de l’interdisciplinarité, celle d’objet-frontière et celle de traduction. Sur le plan empirique, on analyse les données d’une étude ethnographique d’un cas de travail collaboratif, entre une équipe de physiciens des ondes de choc et une équipe de médecins urologues, pour l’intégration d’un domaine technoscientifique nommé lithotripsie extracorporelle au regard de la capacité épistémologique de ces approches, afin d’améliorer la compréhension du travail technoscientifique collaboratif.
Mobilité scientifique et réflexivité des chercheurs
Authors: Spivak L’hoste Ana , Hubert Matthieu
Published: September 2012

Cet article se propose de contribuer aux débats concernant la circulation des scientifiques à partir de récits de trajectoires professionnelles de chercheurs argentins. La proposition consiste à cartographier les parcours géographiques et institutionnels de deux physiciens tout au long de leur carrière, et à analyser les façons de penser, valoriser et faire de la recherche qui résultent, au moins en partie, de ces parcours. Elle pose l’hypothèse que les déplacements des scientifiques mettent en circulation des modes de production de connaissances. Ces derniers sont constitués de pratiques, de valeurs et d’identifications collectives et institutionnelles, qui participent des processus de production de connaissances. Ils positionnent les chercheurs au regard de leur activité, en créant des différences à propos de ce qu’ils produisent, leurs objectifs et leurs regards sur leur contexte de travail. À partir de ces analyses, nous discutons un des axes explicatifs de la mobilité scientifique, la distinction entre centre(s) et périphérie(s), et nous proposons de nouveaux axes de réflexion pour approfondir l’analyse de la relation entre mobilité scientifique et modes de production de connaissances.
Circulación y conexión mundial de saberes
Authors: Arellano Hernández Antonio , Arvanitis Rigas , Vinck Dominique
Published: September 2012

Los autores plasman como en América Latina surge la institucionalización de la investigación científica y tecnológica en América latina y dando lugar a cuestionamientos y debates de política científica. Esta evolución fue el objeto de estudio. Entonces, el texto de cuenta de como emergen y se desarrollan los estudios sociales sobre las ciencias en América latina desde los años 1950 con la construcción de un pensamiento latinoamericano original sobre la ciencia y la tecnología (PLACTS), la formación de los primeros grupos de investigación de estudios sociales sobre las ciencias y tecnologías (CTS) trabajando sobre las disciplinas científicas y produciedo diagnósticos sobre el estado de las ciencias, luego la institucionalización de esos estudios CTS y la consolidación de los grupos de investigación dando lugar a nuevos enfoques mediante los cuales se ha tenido estudios de las condiciones del desarrollo científico en un contexto periférico, de la utilidad social y local de los conocimientos científicos y tecnológicos, de los procesos de re-significación de los conocimientos establecidos, de la creación de nuevas relaciones entre investigación-industria y el surgimiento de políticas de investigación. Por último se muestra como los investigadores latinoamericanos ahora cuestionan las articulaciones entre saberes locales y saberes mundializados, entre actividades y política locales y redes mundiales, el papel de los conocimientos tecnológicos en América latina en un mundo globalizado, y plantean un cuestionamiento reflexivo sobre el rol de la investigación producida por los CTS en las sociedades latinoamericanas.
The Spatially Interactive Literature Analysis System Study Tool
Authors: Moore Alyssa K. , Larsen Lillian I. , Sinton Diana Stuart
Published: September 2012

The integration of spatial technologies with humanistic approaches to scholarship is expanding and creating new opportunities and challenges for students. Documenting information about source material is a fundamental step of the historical research process. Traditional geospatial data documentation is maintained within standardized metadata forms, but these are not well suited for documenting historical sources and are cumbersome for people new to GIS and metadata. The Spatially Interactive Literature Analysis System Study Tool (SILAS.ST) addresses this and other usage issues for students in undergraduate humanities courses. Through customized toolbars and map templates designed to be used with Esri software, SILAS.ST lowers the barriers to understanding the parameters of spatial datasets while at the same time models the processes of historical inquiry, documentation, and communication of research results. The use of natural language and focused prompts help students begin to understand complex mapping topics such as authorship, relevance, purpose, and uncertainty. This prototype tool aids in the introduction of digital mapping technologies to humanities students.
Analysis of Tourist Behavior Based on Tracking Data Collected by GPS
Authors: Bernadó Oriol , Bigorra Albert , Pérez Yolanda , Russo Antonio P. , Clave Salvador Anton
Published: September 2012

The chapter presents the design and validation of this comprehensive methodology, and the early results from a test application in the historical centre of the World Heritage city of Tarragona, a semi-enclosed area with unpredictable patterns of tourism mobility that typically suffer from congestion and flow management problems.
The Role of GIS in City Competitiveness
Authors: Rahaman Khan R. , Lourenço Júlia M.
Published: September 2012

Virtually every city and region is engaged in activities to improve their relative global competitiveness. The Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the powerful tools of information storage and information access, providing spatial data to different stakeholders and cities across the world. This chapter will highlight the role of GIS technology in empirical assessment of the competition among cities or regions, using a variety of data assembled by many different individuals, businesses, and institutions. This valuable information can be used in decision-making by stakeholders who are taking part in the competition and can be disseminated, accessed, and updated in a dynamic way. This chapter discusses the origins of urban competitiveness, dynamics and functions of competition, and current and future research possibilities made possible by GIS.
Concepts and Standardization in Areas Relating to Competence
Authors: Grant Simon , Young Rowin
Published: September 2012

This paper reviews terminology, motivation, history and current work in areas relating to skill or competence. Many useful services, clarifying pathways within and from education to employment, self-assessment, and selection would be facilitated by better standardization of the format in which related definitions are represented, and also by a standard approach to representing the structured sets often called frameworks. To be effective, information models underlying interoperability specifications must be based on common conceptual models; the authors propose one such model as a work in progress. The authors see the way forward as reaching greater consensus about the components of competence, including intended learning outcomes, agreement on a model for frameworks allowing reuse of and comparison between components in and between frameworks, and investigation of how requirements and claims for skill and competence can be coordinated in the light of common practice in recruitment.