bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic DNA Structures
Authors: Zhang Yingwei , Pan Victor , Li Xue , Yang Xueqin , Li Haofei , Wang Pengfei , Ke Yonggang
Published: April 2019

Dynamic DNA structures, a type of DNA construct built using programmable DNA self‐assembly, have the capability to reconfigure their conformations in response to environmental stimulation. A general strategy to design dynamic DNA structures is to integrate reconfigurable elements into conventional static DNA structures that may be assembled from a variety of methods including DNA origami and DNA tiles. Commonly used reconfigurable elements range from strand displacement reactions, special structural motifs, target‐binding DNA aptamers, and base stacking components, to DNA conformational change domains, etc. Morphological changes of dynamic DNA structures may be visualized by imaging techniques or may be translated to other detectable readout signals (e.g., fluorescence). Owing to their programmable capability of recognizing environmental cues with high specificity, dynamic DNA structures embody the epitome of robust and versatile systems that hold great promise in sensing and imaging biological analytes, in delivering molecular cargos, and in building programmable systems that are able to conduct sophisticated tasks.
Legal Status, Gender, and Economic Incorporation of Senegalese Migrants in France, Italy, and Spain
Authors: Vickstrom Erik R.
Published: April 2019

The economic integration of migrants is a major concern for policy makers, as is the legal status of immigrants in the labor market. While immigration-control legislation that confers residence and work authorization should theoretically mediate migrants’ access to the labor force, the presence and economic activity of millions of undocumented migrants in different receiving countries indicates that irregular legal status is often not a barrier to work. Indeed, some research suggests that immigrants are able to find work precisely because of their irregular status, which removes most legal recourse against exploitation by unscrupulous employers (Portes 1978). Migrants are thus assumed to have economic motivations for their migration and to work in the destination economy regardless of their legal status.
Stand and environmental data from Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus sylvestris L. plantations in Spain
Authors: Bueis Teresa , Turrión María-Belén , Bravo Felipe
Published: April 2019

Key message

This data set provides valuable environmental information aboutPinus halepensisandPinus sylvestrisplantations in Spain. An array of 74 physical, chemical and biochemical soil (organic horizon and 10 cm topsoil), climatic, physiographic and stand variables from 32P. halepensisand 77 variables from 35P. sylvestrisplantations are provided. Dataset access is athttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1294607. Associated metadata is available athttps://agroenvgeo.data.inra.fr/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/b769554a-2e62-414a-9392-ebd307f0c76f.
Vectorized Clay Nanoparticles in Therapy and Diagnosis
Authors: Choi Goeun , Piao Huiyan , Eom Sairan , Choy Jin-Ho
Published: April 2019

Over the past several decades, clay minerals have been applied in various bio-fields such as drug and drug additives, animal medicine and feed additives, cosmetics, biosensors, etc. Among various research areas, however, the medical application of clay minerals is an emerging field not only in academia but also in industry. In particular, cationic and anionic clays have long been considered as drug delivery vehicles for developing advanced drug delivery systems (DDSs), which is the most important of the various research fields including new drugs and medicines, in vitro and in vivo diagnostics, implants, biocompatible materials, etc., in nanomedicine. These applications are obviously related to global issues such as improvements in welfare and quality of life with life expectancy increasing. Many scientists, therefore, in various disciplines, such as clay mineralogy, material chemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and medical science, have been endeavoring to find solutions to such global issues. One of the strategic approaches is probably to explore new drugs possessing intrinsic therapeutic effects or to develop advanced materials with theranostic functions. With this is mind, discussions of examples of cationic and anionic clays with bio- and medical applications based on nanomedicine are relevant. In this tutorial review, nanomedicine based on clay minerals are described in terms of synthetic strategies of clay nanohybrids, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, biocompatibility, oral and injectable medications, diagnostics, theranosis, etc.
International Relations—Still an American Social Science?: Toward Diversity in International Thought. Edited by Robert M. A. Crawford and Darryl S. L. Jarvis. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. 394p. $88.50 cloth, $29.95 paper.
Authors: Dunne Timothy
Published: April 2019

Early accounts of the development of the discipline of international relations (IR) attribute causal significance to changes in the “real” world. In this respect, historigraphy was a reflection in history's looking glass, such that World War I created idealism, and World War II prompted the revival of realism. The editors of International Relations—Still and American Social Science? remind us that the identity of the discipline is also a reflection of geopolitical and cultural circumstances. The sixteen essays seek to reawaken the question of the identity of the discipline and how this has been transmitted and contested. There is no doubt that the book will be widely read and is likely to find its way onto many postgraduate course lists. It is also likely to find critics and supporters in fairly equal number, which is reason alone to applaud the labors of the editors.
State Learning and International Change. Andrew Farkas. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998. 208p. $50.00.
Authors: Gartzke Erik
Published: April 2019

Learning would seem to be a natural topic for the academic study of international politics. Interest in dynamic processes, however, and in learning, in particular, has been uneven, while the impact of contributions to date has been mixed. State Learning and International Change provides a thorough, thoughtful application of a complex biological learning model to international politics. The text is engaging and well written. Modeling and philosophy of science issues are addressed with aplomb and humor. For example, the author refers to the residue from social Darwinist applications of biological models to social science as “pesky,” discusses stocasticity and pleiotropy with reference to striped and spotted cross-eyed bandersnatches, and mentions “deranged mutant-killer-monster snow goons” as a possible method of biological selection, all in the space of a few pages (pp. 59–67).
Deterrence and Security in the 21st Century: China, Britain, France, and the Enduring Legacy of the Nuclear Revolution. By Avery Goldstein. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000. 356p. $49.50.
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: April 2019

Clausewitz once observed that in war everything is simple, but the simplest things are very complicated. This seems to apply doubly so to nuclear deterrence. The principle is very simple: A potential enemy is persuaded not to do anything rash by the prospect of devastating retaliation. But it soon gets complicated. What difference does it make if the idea is not only to protect the homeland but also allies? As potential enemies acquire their own means of devastating retaliation, issues of preemption arise, and this requires close attention to the details of force structure. How varied, overwhelming, and surprising need the attacker be, especially if there is little interest in preemption? How much need the defender disperse, conceal, or protect forces, or develop antimissile defenses, just in case the other side is contemplating preemption? What happens if both sides are contemplating preemption at the same time? Can understandings, tacit or negotiated, between potential enemies ease the dangers of a crisis getting out of hand?
Globalization of Japan: Japanese Sakoku Mentality and U.S. Efforts to Open Japan. By Mayumi Itoh. New York: St. Martin's, 1998. 256p. $45.00.
Authors: Calder Kent E.
Published: April 2019

The tide of globalization that has swept the world political economy over the past two decades is clearly a development of epic importance. Given Japan's economic scale—one-seventh of global GNP and more than one-quarter of world savings—its ability and inclination to respond is likewise a subject of broad international concern. Yet, the debate on Japan's evolving political-economic course has so far yielded far more heat than light.
LIPSCHITZ-TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS IN BANACH ALGEBRAS
Authors: DRAGOMIR SILVESTRU SEVER
Published: April 2019

In this paper we provide some bounds for the quantity$\Vert f(y)-f(x)\Vert$, where$f:D\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$is an analytic function on the domain$D\subset \mathbb{C}$and$x$,$y\in {\mathcal{B}}$, a Banach algebra, with the spectra$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(x)$,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(y)\subset D$. Applications for the exponential and logarithmic functions on the Banach algebra${\mathcal{B}}$are also given.
Development and validation of an individual sustainable diet index in the NutriNet-Santé study cohort
Authors: Seconda Louise , Baudry Julia , Pointereau Philippe , Lacour Camille , Langevin Brigitte , Hercberg Serge , Lairon Denis , Allès Benjamin , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle
Published: April 2019

In the current context of unsustainable food systems, we aimed to develop and validate an index, the sustainable diet index (SDI), assessing the sustainability of dietary patterns, including multidimensional individual indicators of sustainability. Based on the FAO’s definition of sustainable diets, the SDI includes seven indicators categorised into four standardised sub-indexes, respectively, environmental, nutritional, economic and sociocultural. The index (range: 4–20) was obtained by summing the sub-indexes. We computed the SDI for 29 388 participants in the NutriNet-Santé cohort study, estimated its validity and identified potential socio-demographic or lifestyle differences across the SDI quintile. In our sample, the SDI (mean=12·10/20; 95 % CI 12·07, 12·13) was highly correlated to all the sub-indexes that exerted substantial influence on the participants’ ranking. The environmental and economical sub-indexes were the most and less correlated with the SDI (PearsonR20·66 and 0·52, respectively). Dietary patterns of participants with a high SDI (considered as more sustainable) were concordant with the already published sustainable diets. Participants with high SDI scores were more often women (24 %), post-secondary graduates (22 %) and vegetarians or vegans (7 %), without obesity (16 %). Finally, the SDI could be a useful tool to easily assess the sustainability-related changes in dietary patterns, estimate the association with long-term health outcomes and help guide future public health policies.
Cenomanian and lower Turonian relative chronology and palaeoenvironmental framework of the Nouader site (Aures Basin, Northeastern Algeria)
Authors: Bensekhria Aida , Marmi Ramdane , Yahiaoui Abdelouahab
Published: April 2019

The lower–upper Cenomanian boundaries interval of the Nouader site in the Aures Basin (NE Algeria) has been studied for the first time using the association of two particularly effective taxonomic groups, one macrofossil (ammonites), and the other microfossil (foraminifera). The study section is divided into two formations (Fahdene and Bahloul) and one member (Annaba). Biostratigraphicaly, six ammonite biozones and five foraminiferan biozones were identified and calibrated. The ammonite fauna allows recognition of the lower CenomanianMantelliceras mantelliZone, the upper lower CenomanianMantelliceras dixoniZone, the succeeding lower middle CenomanianCunningtoniceras inermeZone, theAcanthoceras rhotomagenseZone and its subzones ofTurrilites costatusandTurrilites acutus, followed by the upper middle CenomanianAcanthoceras amphibolumZone, the lower upper CenomanianEucalycoceras pentagonumZone and finally the lower TuronianPseudaspidoceras flexuosumZone. The foraminiferan biozones are respectively:Thalmanninella brotzeniZone,Thalmanninella reicheliZone,Rotalipora cushmaniZone,Whiteinella archaeocretaceaZone andHelvetoglobotruncana helveticaZone. Among 14 ammonite zones in the Tethyan domain versus 11 in the Boreal domain, seven are common to both domains. For the planktonic foraminifera the Tethyan domain has five zones, the Boreal domain also has five, with five in common. The succession of index species occurs in the same order in both Tethyan (NE Algeria and Central Tunisia) and Boreal realms (East and NW Europe). Furthermore, the supposed depositional setting is interpreted as a calm and relatively deep environment which can be located around the middle to the external platform.
ABU BAKR IBN AL-MUNDHIR, AMPUTATION, AND THE ART OF IJTIHĀD
Authors: Lucas Scott C.
Published: April 2019

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THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIHRIST: IBN AL-NADIM AS HISTORIAN OF ISLAMIC LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS
Authors: Stewart Devin
Published: April 2019

An examination of the structure of the Fihrist reveals a number of principles of organization on which
Ibn al-Nadim drew in compiling and arranging his work, chief among which is that of chronology.
A close reading of the fifth and sixth maqamacr;las of the Fihrist, dedicated to Islamic theology
and law, respectively, indicates that they present not only a taxonomy of the theological and
legal schools in Ibn al-Nadimiacute;s environment in Baghdad during the Buwayhid period but also
chronologically arrange histories of the foundations of those schools of thought. This original
conception is one indication of the value of the Fihrist as an intellectual history of the first four
Islamic centuries from the point of view of an Imami Shiءi, Muءtazili thinker.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIHRIST: IBN AL-NADIM AS HISTORIAN OF ISLAMIC LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS
Authors: Stewart Devin
Published: April 2019

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PRISON TALK: THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD'S INTERNAL STRUGGLE DURING GAMAL ABDEL NASSER'S PERSECUTION, 1954 TO 1971
Authors: Zollner Barbara
Published: April 2019

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RECONSIDERING STATE, PARTY, AND SOCIETY IN EARLY REPUBLICAN TURKEY: POLITICS OF PETITIONING
Authors: Akın Yiğit
Published: April 2019

This article examines the language, content, role, and historical significance of petitions written
by ordinary people to the secretary-general of the Republican People's Party in the 1920s and
1930s. Given the highly authoritarian circumstances in which other forms of expressing popular
opinion were suppressed, petition writing was one of the few modes of interaction between the
bureaucratic/political elites and the people. Although petitioning was an effective mechanism for
the Kemalist elite to gain insight into attitudes toward the new regime, people who lacked control
over bureaucratic malfeasance and injustice used petitions to involve the political elite in their
everyday concerns in order to have their demands fulfilled and justice restored. Through various
strategies, petitioners mediated and/or transformed the regime's nationalist and populist discourse
to further their own interests. In this sense, the founding principles and the master narrative of
the regime turned into a discursive field in which the meanings of “state,” “nation,” and “citizen”
were being constantly redefined and contested. Petitions prove that in early republican Turkey
there was a much more complicated, multilayered, multifaceted relationship between the people
and state and party authorities than has previously been assumed.
FREE SPEECH IN WEBLOGISTAN? THE OFFLINE CONSEQUENCES OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION
Authors: Bucar Elizabeth M. , Fazaeli Roja
Published: April 2019

The irruption of Persian-language blogging since 2001, known to its participants as Weblogistan, has been accompanied by enthusiastic claims that blogs are promoting previously nonexistent forms of expression in Iran. In the past few years, however, Iranian bloggers have faced increased scrutiny from Iranian authorities. This article explores what the political, offline consequences of online communication in Weblogistan tell us about the relationship among cyberspace, politics, and Islam in Iran. Drawing on archived blog entries, interviews, and Persian-language print media, we discuss the arrest of three bloggers in 2004 within the context of legal, religious, and cultural pressures exerted on Weblogistan. Revising McLuhan's “the medium is the message” by showing how local conditions affect the medium, we argue for a holistic understanding of Iranian blogging as (1) an emergent medium of communication (2) situated within a particular political context.
The Need for the Statutory Introduction of the Concept of “Matrimonial Property” in Nigeria
Authors: Efe Chinedu Justin
Published: April 2019

This article demonstrates how the application of the ordinary rules of property law in the determination of the property rights of spouses in Nigeria has been unfair to a financially weaker spouse (usually the wife). It calls for reconsideration of the present matrimonial property rights arrangement between a husband and a wife in Nigeria. It argues in favour of the statutory introduction of the concept of “matrimonial property” in Nigeria to apply both during marriage and at divorce. To give some background, reference is made to the South African matrimonial property system of community of property and the accrual system. The article proposes that a special category of property, known as “matrimonial property” and which emphasizes the equal proprietary rights of spouses, is recognized.
The Financial Condition of Parish Priests in late Eighteenth-Century Malta
Authors: CIAPPARA FRANS
Published: April 2019

Parish priests in late eighteenth-century Malta often grumbled about their poverty, but their excuses
were generally self-serving and related to the financial demands of their bishop; like incumbents in
mainland Europe, they were not in a bad financial situation. Their relative affluence was a result
of revenues such as tithes, mass legacies and surplice fees. In small communities this income may
have been tiny, but parish priests were not entirely dependent on parochial revenues, since they were
generally drawn from middle-rank families and might possess personal wealth in addition.
Double-blind, randomised controlled trial on the efficacy of saline nasal irrigation with sodium hyaluronate after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Mozzanica F , Preti A , Gera R , Bulgheroni C , Cardella A , Albera A , Collurà F , Mevio N , Dragonetti A , Schindler A , Milanesi U , Ottaviani F
Published: April 2019

Objective

There is a growing interest in sodium hyaluronate for the clinical management of patients who undergo functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis, because of the mucosal regenerative properties of this macromolecule. However, its role in post-operative care is still debated. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium hyaluronate administered via nasal irrigation with saline, in the post-operative period, after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Methods

A multicentric, prospective, randomised, double-blind, parallel group study was conducted on 56 consecutive patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps. Group 1 received the standard therapy of normal saline; group 2 received saline plus sodium hyaluronate.

Results

Both objective and subjective measurements, in terms of endoscopic appearance and patient-reported satisfaction, were significantly better in group 2 compared to group 1.

Conclusion

Sodium hyaluronate may be a useful adjunct to nasal saline irrigation in the early post-operative period following functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
The role of bioactives in energy metabolism and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Bordoni A. , Boesch C. , Malpuech-Brugère C. , Orfila C. , Tomás-Cobos L.
Published: April 2019

Some food bioactives potentially exert anti-obesity effects. Anthocyanins (ACN), catechins, β-glucan (BG) andn-3 long chain PUFA (LCPUFA) are among the most promising candidates and have been considered as a strategy for the development of functional foods counteracting body weight gain. At present, clinical trials, reviews and meta-analyses addressing anti-obesity effects of various bioactives or bioactive-rich foods show contradictory results. Abdominal obesity is an important criterion for metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnosis along with glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Food bioactives are supposed to exert beneficial effects on these parameters, therefore representing alternative therapy approaches for the treatment of MetS. This review summarises outcomes on MetS biomarkers in recent clinical trials supplementing ACN, catechins, BG andn-3 LCPUFA, focusing mainly on anti-obesity effects. Overall, it is clear that the level of evidence for the effectiveness varies not only among the different bioactives but also among the different putative health benefits suggested for the same bioactive. Limited evidence may be due to the low number of controlled intervention trials or to inconsistencies in trial design, i.e. duration, dose and/or the method of bioactive supplementation (extracts, supplements, rich or enriched food). At present, the question ‘Are bioactives effective in weight management and prevention of metabolic syndrome?’ remains inconclusive. Thus, a common effort to harmonise the study design of intervention trials focusing on the most promising bioactive molecules is urgently needed to strengthen the evidence of their potential in the treatment of obesity, MetS and related diseases.
The imam's knowledge and the Quran according to al-Fadl b. Shādhān al-Nīsābūrī (d. 260 A.H./874 A.D.)
Authors: BAYHOM-DAOU TAMIMA
Published: April 2019

This article examines material that points to the existence in pre-classical Imamism of views on the subject of the imam's knowledge and the related question of sources (usūl) of Imami law, which are at variance with the views attested in the classical sources. The evidence shows that al-Fadl b. Shādhān refuted the possibility of divine inspiration for the imam and maintained that the imam's religious knowledge was based entirely on transmission from the Prophet and restricted to the Quran (a complete and perfect source) and its interpretation. It also provides a strong indication that the doctrine of tahrif and the idea of a ‘complete’ ‘Alid codex had originally served to support the claim that the imams’ teachings were based entirely on the Quran. Other evidence examined here suggests that al-Fadl's views are likely to have been representative of the ‘orthodox’ (viz. the legalist and non-ghuluww) position in early Imamism.
Some research notes on Carl A. Trocki's publication Opium, empire and the global political economy
Authors: KLIMBURG ALEXANDER
Published: April 2019

Carl A. Trocki's 1999 publication Opium, empire and the global political economy (London: Routledge) is in many ways an important work. His thesis that ‘Without opium there would have been no empire’ is controversial. However, the purpose of this research note is not to refute Trocki's thesis, or indeed to present a new one, but rather to examine Trocki's use of primary documentation, where some difficulties emerge. Not only are some of his East India Company (EIC) documents quoted incorrectly or used out of context, but a limited further study of the same documents sheds some doubt on Trocki's interpretation of the opium trade. Some of the papers quoted even offer intriguing insights into the nature of the EIC's opium monopoly. The issue of opium smuggling (and illicit opium production) within India was ignored by Trocki, although one of his main documents discusses the issue at length. Concern over opium smuggling within India (and by Indians) and its inevitability constituted the main moral basis of the EIC opium monopoly.
Kinetic and Dynamic Modeling of Single ActuatorWave-Like Robot
Authors: Feng Ruoyu , Zhang Peng , Li Junfeng , Baoyin Hexi
Published: April 2019

In this study, the kinematics and dynamics of a single actuator wave (SAW)-like robot are explored. Comprising a helical spine and links, SAW has the potential for miniaturization. A kinematic model for SAW is firstly established, and the dynamic equation of motion is derived based on Kane’s method. For validation, the motion of SAW is simulated using both MATLAB and ADAMS, and the comparison of results demonstrates the effectiveness of the theoretical models. Then the inverse dynamic analysis is performed to reveal the power consumption. Finally, robot prototypes are developed and tested to confirm the robot velocity predicted by simulations.
OPTIMAL SELECTION OF THE k-TH BEST CANDIDATE
Authors: Lin Yi-Shen , Hsiau Shoou-Ren , Yao Yi-Ching
Published: April 2019

In the subject of optimal stopping, the classical secretary problem is concerned with optimally selecting the best of n candidates when their relative ranks are observed sequentially. This problem has been extended to optimally selecting the kth best candidate for k ≥ 2. While the optimal stopping rule for k=1,2 (and all n ≥ 2) is known to be of threshold type (involving one threshold), we solve the case k=3 (and all n ≥ 3) by deriving an explicit optimal stopping rule that involves two thresholds. We also prove several inequalities for p(k, n), the maximum probability of selecting the k-th best of n candidates. It is shown that (i) p(1, n) = p(n, n) > p(k, n) for 1<k<n, (ii) p(k, n) ≥ p(k, n + 1), (iii) p(k, n) ≥ p(k + 1, n + 1) and (iv) p(k, ∞): = lim n→∞p(k, n) is decreasing in k.
To Serve the People: Income, Region and Citizen Attitudes towards Governance in China (2003–2016)
Authors: Turiel Jesse , Cunningham Edward , Saich Anthony
Published: April 2019

Through use of a unique, multi-year public opinion survey, this paper seeks to measure changes in self-reported governmental satisfaction among Chinese citizens between 2003 and 2016. Despite the persistence of vast socio-economic and regional inequalities, we find evidence that low-income citizens and residents living in China's less-developed inland provinces have actually reported comparatively greater increases in satisfaction since 2003. These results, which we term the “income effect” and “region effect” respectively, are more pronounced at the county and township levels of government, which are most responsible for public service provision. Our findings also show that the satisfaction gap between privileged and more marginalized populations in China is beginning to close, in large part owing to efforts by the Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping administrations to rebalance the gains of economic growth and shift resources towards the populations most overlooked during China's first few decades of reform.
Mechanochemical synthesis of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks
Authors: Barreda Omar , Lorzing Gregory R. , Bloch Eric D.
Published: April 2019

Powder X-ray diffraction was used to monitor the solvent-free synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) via mechanochemical methods. For four isophthalic acid-based, alkoxide-functionalized organic ligands, optimal milling times were found to vary from 12 to 48 min. This work confirms that mechanochemical synthesis routes can be utilized to afford highly-crystalline, 2D MOFs.
Inhibitory control and emotion dysregulation: A framework for research on anxiety
Authors: Cardinale Elise M. , Subar Anni R. , Brotman Melissa A. , Leibenluft Ellen , Kircanski Katharina , Pine Daniel S.
Published: April 2019

While emotional dysregulation is a broad construct, the current paper adopts a narrow approach to facilitate translational neuroscience research on pediatric anxiety. The paper first presents data on an adapted version of the antisaccade task and then integrates these data into a research framework. Data on an adapted version of the antisaccade task were collected in 57 youth, including 35 seeking treatment for an anxiety disorder. Associations were examined between performance on the antisaccade task and (a) age, (b) performance on other cognitive-control tasks (i.e., the stop-signal delay and flanker tasks), and (c) level of anxiety symptoms. Better performance on the antisaccade task occurred in older relative to younger subjects and correlated with better performance on the flanker task. Across the 57 youth, higher levels of anxiety correlated with shorter latency for correct antisaccades. These data can be placed within a three-step framework for translational neuroscience research. In the first step, a narrow index of emotion dysregulation is targeted. In the second step, this narrow index is linked to other correlated indicators of the same underlying narrow latent construct. In the third and final step, associations are examined with clinical outcomes and response to treatment.
EXCAVATION OF AN OBSIDIAN CRAFT WORKSHOP AT TEOTIHUACAN, MEXICO
Authors: Hirth Kenneth G. , Carballo David M. , Dennison Mark , Carr Sean , Imfeld Sarah , Dyrdahl Eric
Published: April 2019

The original research by the Teotihuacan Mapping Project (TMP) identified a large number of obsidian workshops within Teotihuacan based on surface concentrations of production debris. Clark (1986b) questioned the validity of these identifications and called for subsurface excavation to confirm the presence of in situ workshop locales. This article summarizes the results from the excavation of one of the obsidian workshops identified in the Tlajinga district of Teotihuacan at Compound 17:S3E1 (Compound 17). We describe the excavations, discuss the lithic technology, and examine the subsurface contexts in terms of what they tell us about in situ obsidian craft activity. Excavations confirm that Compound 17 was a locus of large-scale obsidian craft production during the Classic period. While only a single test case, these results suggest that surface remains at Teotihuacan can be a useful guide in identifying craft production areas when they are confirmed through subsurface testing.
Surgical management of congenital cardiac defects in neonates and young infants born with extremely low weight
Authors: Kawata Hiroaki , Kishimoto Hidefumi , Miura Takuya , Nakajima Tohru , Kitajima Hiroyuki
Published: April 2019

Surgical treatment of cardiac defects in infants born with extremely low weight is sometimes required during the neonatal period. Optimal timing of these operations has yet to be clarified. With this in mind, we reviewed our experience of surgical treatment for 29 infants born with extremely low weight between 1994 and 2001. The main surgical procedures were ligation of a patent arterial duct in 26, a Brock procedure in 2, and ligation of an aorto-pulmonary window in 1 infant. The age at operation ranged from 5 to 57 days, with a median of 30 days, and weighed from 506 to 902 g, with a median of 710 g. There were no deaths. For the 2 infants undergoing the Brock procedure, the reduced systemic blood flow also necessitated closure of the arterial duct. For almost all the 26 infants with a patent arterial duct, indomethacin was given as the initial therapy, but the duct had not closed completely. Increased symptomatology just before the operation due to reduced systemic blood flow, such as decreased cerebral blood flow, decreased urine output, and intestinal ischemia, mandated the earlier surgical ligation (r = −0.576, p = 0.004). The youngest infant needed an infusion of catecholamines perioperatively to maintain stable hemodynamic conditions (r = 0.554, p = 0.003). In 4 infants, including the youngest 2, steroids were administered intravenously just after the ligation. Our results suggest that reduced systemic blood flow is the main indication of surgical repair in infants born with extremely low weight. Even for one in whom the supply of pulmonary blood is dependent on the arterial duct, early reconstruction of the pulmonary arterial pathways, using the Brock procedure, followed by ligation of the duct, is required. Acute adrenal insufficiency should not be overlooked just after the surgery, particularly in the youngest patients.
Abstracts for the British Congenital Cardiac Association Annual Meeting: The Barbican, London, 24–25 November 2005: Poster Presentations: Transcatheter closure of ventricle-pulmonary artery communications after cavopulmonary shunt or Fontan procedure
Authors: Desai T. , Wright J. G. C. , Dhillon R. , Stumper O.
Published: April 2019

Background: Ventricle-pulmonary artery connections are rare in patients after the Fontan procedure. However, these can cause significant long term problems. Hence the catheter occlusion of the anterograde flow in these patients would be beneficial. Further, in patients with a cavopulmonary shunt anterograde pulmonary blood flow is frequently maintained, but, in some patients, can cause significant volume loading of the heart or can complicate the subsequent Fontan procedure. Objective: To evaluate the use of interventional catheter closure of a ventricle-pulmonary artery communication in the setting of a cavopulmonary shunt or after the Fontan procedure. Patients and methods:This was a retrospective study at a tertiary referral centre. Eight patients (Age: 1.5–18 years, mean 7.8 years) underwent transcatheter closure of a ventricle-pulmonary artery communication. Indications were cardiac failure or persistent pleural effusions after cavopulmonary shunt (n = 2) or after Fontan (n = 3) and abolishing the volume load of the single ventricle prior to Fontan completion (n = 3). Results: Devices used were 17 mm Rashkind Umbrella device (n = 1), Amplatzer PDA device (n = 7) and Amplatzer ASD device (n = 1). One patient required two devices. There were no procedural complications. All 3 patients with prolonged pleural effusions (1 post CP shunt and 2 post Fontan) showed complete resolution of effusions between 4 and 10 days after catheter closure. Two patients underwent transcatheter occlusion for progressive ventricular dilatation and cardiac failure. The first patient was post Fontan and showed gradual improvement in ventricular function. The second patient after CP shunt died 48 hours post intervention (non procedure related cardiac death). Three patients underwent catheter closure to off-load the systemic ventricle prior to the Fontan procedure. The device had to be removed prior to release in 1 patient, due to unsatisfactory position. All 3 patients underwent successful completion of Fontan 6 weeks to 3 months post catheter. Conclusions: Transcatheter closure of ventricle-pulmonary artery communication is a safe and effective technique in the treatment of selected patients after CP shunt or Fontan procedure with early or late complications due to inappropriate pulmonary blood flow. This intervention should also be considered prior to the Fontan procedure in selected patients with ventricular overload.
Perceptions of, and Practices for Coping with, Heat Exposure among Male Arab Pilgrims to the Hajj, 1436
Authors: Al Mayahi Zayid K. , Ali Kabbash Ibrahim
Published: April 2019

Background:

The problems associated with exposure to excessive heat are a key health concern throughout the world, and are likely to become increasingly important as Earth’s climate warms. Heat exposure is particularly problematic when large groups of people gather, but there is relatively little literature on the subject. Islam requires all adherents who are able to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca (Saudi Arabia), known as the Hajj. This can result in huge numbers of pilgrims travelling to Mecca in the summer months, during which the temperatures can be very high, and to undertake physically demanding activities.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to identify the perception level of heat-related health issues and the coping behaviors adopted by pilgrims in the face of excessive heat exposure.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mecca, Saudi Arabia among male Arab pilgrims performing Hajj of the Islamic calendar year 1436 (Summer 2015). Sample was divided into two strata: domestic pilgrims and international Arabs. A total of 14 camps were selected randomly, seven from each stratum. A total of 412 participants completed the questionnaire.

Results:

Mean age was 43.48 (SD = 13.42) years. Majority of pilgrims had never performed Hajj before (68.2%). Almost 89.5% among pilgrims more than 40 years of age had more water intake compared to only 76.5% for people under 40 years. Only 7.3% of educated people used to go out at noon time, and almost two-fold of pilgrims with lower educational level did so (15.4%). Approximately 51.8% among those who were aware of Mecca’s weather used cotton clothes, compared to 36.0% among pilgrims unaware of Mecca’s weather.

Conclusion:

This study reveals the extent of pilgrims’ understanding of, and abilities to cope with, excessive heat and also suggests coping strategies and options for improved understanding of heat-related health issues world-wide.

Al Mayahi ZK, Ali Kabbash I. Perceptions of, and practices for coping with, heat exposure among male Arab pilgrims to the Hajj, 1436. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(2):161–174
Characteristics Associated with First Aid and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training and Use in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Franklin Richard C. , Watt Kerrianne , Aitken Peter , Brown Lawrence H. , Leggat Peter A.
Published: April 2019

Introduction:

First aid, particularly bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), is an important element in the chain of survival. However, little is known about what influences populations to undertake first aid/CPR training, update their training, and use of the training.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of people who have first aid/CPR training, those who have updated their training, and use of these skills.

Methods:

As part of the 2011 state-wide, computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) survey of people over 18 years of age living in Queensland, Australia, stratified by gender and age group, three questions about first aid training, re-training, and skill uses were explored.

Results:

Of the 1,277 respondents, 73.2% reported having undertaken some first aid/CPR training and 39.5% of those respondents had used their first aid/CPR skills. The majority of respondents (56.7%) had not updated their first aid/CPR skills in the past three years, and an additional 2.5% had never updated their skills. People who did not progress beyond year 10 in school and those in lower income groups were less likely to have undertaken first aid/CPR training. Males and people in lower income groups were less likely to have recently updated their first aid/CPR training. People with chronic health problems were in a unique demographic sub-group; they were less likely to have undertaken first aid/CPR training but more likely to have administered first aid/CPR.

Conclusion:

Training initiatives that target people on the basis of education level, income group, and the existence of chronic health problems might be one strategy for improving bystander CPR rates when cardiac arrest occurs in the home.

Franklin RC, Watt K, Aitken P, Brown LH, Leggat PA. Characteristics associated with first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and use in Queensland, Australia. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(2):155–160
The Challenges of the Health Care Providers in Refugee Settings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kavukcu Nurtaç , Altıntaş Kerim Hakan
Published: April 2019

Background:

All over the world, migration is affecting millions of people who either choose or are forced to leave their countries of origin. Health is considered to be one of the important aspects of migration that is highly influenced by the circumstances created by mobility within or across countries. In the context of forced migration, it is well-established that refugees are susceptible to various diseases and other health conditions which might occur or deteriorate based on the health systems and health care provision in receiving countries. There is a considerable amount of research on the challenges encountered by refugees in receiving countries, in terms of health care systems and services. However, there seems to be little focus on the health care providers’ perspectives of the challenges in health care provision in refugee settings. This review aims to explore some of the articles discussing the challenging issues surrounding refugee health from a provider’s perspective.

Methods:

A systematic review was conducted through five main online databases: Medline (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA); Science Direct (Elsevier; Amsterdam, Netherlands); Scopus (Elsevier; Amsterdam, Netherlands); Sage (Sage Publications; Thousand Oaks, California USA); and Google Scholar (Google Inc.; Mountain View, California USA), including only the articles published in English. In addition, grey literature resources available online were used.

Results:

Forty-eight articles were included in this review, mainly based on the amount of emphasis they placed on providers’ viewpoints in refugee health settings. Most of the articles were retrieved based on their availability in the databases which Hacettepe University (Ankara, Turkey) is subscribed to. Almost all of the articles mentioned the challenges caused by linguistic and cultural barriers, and some focused on providers’ limited knowledge and skills, as well as inefficient health care systems. There was little emphasis on ethical discussions, and the physical and emotional impact of caring for refugees on health care professionals. In the few articles discussing ethical and personal dimensions, issues concerning stress, burnout, and safety risks were found to be the recurring themes.

Conclusions:

Evidence gathered suggests that the challenges faced by health care providers involve a variety of factors that are specific to health care settings involving refugees, such as linguistic and cultural barriers, and a lack of proper support and training. It seems that the challenges that health care providers face in refugee settings could be further investigated both from professional and personal aspects for a better understanding of refugee health care.

Kavukcu N, Altıntaş KH. The challenges of the health care providers in refugee settings: a systematic review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(2):188–196
Control and Collaboration: Simulating the Logic of Violence in Civil War for Political Science Students
Authors: Mosinger Eric
Published: April 2019

This article outlines a classroom simulation of Kalyvas’s control–collaboration model of violence in civil war. Although central to conflict studies, the control–collaboration model has not been previously simulated so that it may be taught in an intuitive manner to advanced undergraduate students. The simulation presents students with strategic choices available to both armed actors and noncombatants in a contested village. The simulation captures three core elements of the control–collaboration model: (1) the joint production of violence by combatants and noncombatants; (2) the concentration of selective violence in zones of partial control; and (3) the disjuncture between a conflict’s master and local cleavages.
SWITCHING TO GOOD POLICY? THE CASE OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN INFLATION TARGETERS
Authors: Drygalla Andrej
Published: April 2019

The paper analyzes how actual monetary policy changed following the official adoption of inflation targeting in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland and how it affected the volatilities of important macroeconomic variables in the years thereafter. To disentangle the effects of the policy shift from exogenous changes in the volatilities of these variables, a Markov-switching dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is estimated that allows for regime switches in the policy parameters and the volatilities of shocks hitting the economies. Whereas estimation results reveal periods of high and low volatility for all three economies, the presence of different policy regimes is supported by the underlying data for the Czech Republic and Poland, only. In both economies, monetary policy switched from weak and unsystematic to strong and systematic responses to inflation dynamics. Simulation results suggest that the policy shifts of both central banks successfully reduced inflation volatility in the following years. The observed reduction in output volatility, on the other hand, is attributed more to a reduction in the size of external shocks.
ARE MAJORITY MINORITY DISTRICTS TOO SAFE?
Authors: Davis Brandon R.
Published: April 2019

How does gerrymandering affect intraparty and interparty electoral competition in state legislatures? Research has shown that electoral competition produces better representation and that descriptive representation positively affects substantive representation or policy outcomes. However, other studies have found an ever increasing incumbency advantage. I argue that the incumbency advantage within Majority Minority Districts is significant and distinct from that of majority White Democrat and Republican districts. I estimate levels of intraparty and interparty competition among Majority Minority Districts, majority White Democrat districts, and majority White Republican districts in the state legislature of Alabama. I use majority White Democrat districts as an intraparty comparison group because of African American’s statistically high support for the Democrat Party. Using three separate measures of competitiveness, I find racial gerrymandering in Alabama has a significant andsui generisnegative effect on competition within Majority Minority Districts, compared to majority White districts.
Preeclampsia link to gestational hypoxia
Authors: Tong W. , Giussani D. A.
Published: April 2019

Complications of pregnancy remain key drivers of morbidity and mortality, affecting the health of both the mother and her offspring in the short and long term. There is lack of detailed understanding of the pathways involved in the pathology and pathogenesis of compromised pregnancy, as well as a shortfall of effective prognostic, diagnostic and treatment options. In many complications of pregnancy, such as in preeclampsia, there is an increase in uteroplacental vascular resistance. However, the cause and effect relationship between placental dysfunction and adverse outcomes in the mother and her offspring remains uncertain. In this review, we aim to highlight the value of gestational hypoxia-induced complications of pregnancy in elucidating underlying molecular pathways and in assessing candidate therapeutic options for these complex disorders. Chronic maternal hypoxia not only mimics the placental pathology associated with obstetric syndromes like gestational hypertension at morphological, molecular and functional levels, but also recapitulates key symptoms that occur as maternal and fetal clinical manifestations of these pregnancy disorders. We propose that gestational hypoxia provides a useful model to study the inter-relationship between placental dysfunction and adverse outcomes in the mother and her offspring in a wide array of examples of complicated pregnancy, such as in preeclampsia.
Patientenedukation in der Pflege – Themensammlung &	Unterrichtsvorschläge (Teil 2)
Authors: Zegelin Angelika , Sunder Nadine , Segmüller Tanja
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Im ersten Teil dieser Artikelserie (Heft 5 / 2018) wurden die theoretischen Grundlagen, Beweggründe und Erfordernisse der Übernahme der Patienten- und Familienedukation durch professionell Pflegende sowie deren genuine Spezifität und Fundierung herausgestellt. In diesem Teil werden Strategien und Prozesse der pflegebezogenen Patienten- und Familienedukation anhand von konkreten Beispielen beschrieben. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie Patientenedukation im pflegerischen Alltag mittels Information und Schulung gelingen kann.