bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labour Market Integration and Public Perceptions of Immigrants: A Comparison between Germany and Spain During the Economic Crisis
Authors: Godenau Dirk , Vogel Dita , Kovacheva Vesela , Wu Yan
Published: November 2020

Since the start of the global economic downturn,GermanyandSpainhave experienced highly-divergent impacts of the crisis on the labour market in general and on immigrant workers in particular. This can be mainly explained by looking at the economic growth patterns prior to the crisis. Spain’s higher, more labour-intensive growth was enabled by growth in the labour supply that was fuelled by immigration and fostered by a de facto permissive immigration policy, while restrictive migration policy prevented growth in labour supply in Germany and encouraged more capital-intensive growth in which both Germans with a low level of skills, and immigrants in particular, found it difficult to integrate. We therefore argue that institutional features of the labour market promoted these patterns. The high level of importance of the temporary and informal labour market segments inSpainwhich were hit hardest by the crisis placed immigrant workers and young workers in a vulnerable position.The economic crisis has made parts of the population more sceptical about immigration in both countries. However, there appear to be no links between the severity of the crisis and public debates on migration. Although Spain was definitely hit harder by the crisis than Germany, and immigrants were affected more severely, public debates on migration and integration issues seem to be at least as fierce in Germany as in Spain. The legacy of past migrations and migration policies exerts a more significant influence on the public perception of migration as a risk than economic factors do.
Can You Relate? The Importance of Need Satisfaction for the Quality and Progressive Union Formation Process of Intimate Relationships
Authors: Schmahl Franziska , Walper Sabine
Published: November 2020

This article deals with the significance of autonomy and relatedness as central needs in intimate relationships. It examines the influences of need satisfaction on relationship quality and progressive union formation (“institutionalisation”) processes of intimate relationships. Using a random sample of 1,914 couples in a longitudinal, dyadic survey design, we ascertained the actor and partner effects of autonomy and relatedness on relationship quality and the union formation process. A cluster analysis resulted in four types of relationship need satisfaction, distinguished by high values in both domains, high values in only one of the domains, or low need satisfaction in both domains. Balanced fulfilment of autonomy and relatedness predicts the comparatively highest values of relationship satisfaction and future orientation (commitment). Moreover, low need satisfaction in relationships reduces the progress of union formation processes (cohabitation, marriage, childbirth). Women demonstrate more intense actor and partner effects of relationship need satisfaction than men.
Fertility and Commuting Behaviour in Germany
Authors: Huinink Johannes , Feldhaus Michael
Published: November 2020

Fertility behaviour is closely related to other dimensions of the individual life course, which are strongly interrelated themselves. Regarding the impact of job-related spatial mobility, empirical findings show a negative correlation between having children and commuting, particularly for women. Up to now, fertility intentions have not been thoroughly investigated in this respect. Longitudinal studies are lacking, too. In this paper, the effects of commuting arrangements of men and women on the intention of having a child within the next two years as well as the probability of realising this intention are addressed. The assumption is, that after accounting for other important factors (employment status, level of qualification, type of consensual union, number of children, residential mobility), medium- and long-distance commuting is negatively related to the fertility intention of women and its realisation. For men, effects are assumed to be nonexistent or even slightly positive. Longitudinal data from the first three waves of the German “Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics” (pairfam) are used to test the hypotheses.Firstly, a cross-sectional, multivariate probit-regression (with correlated errors) on the intention to have a child within two years, on being childless and on medium- and long- distance commuting is applied. The model shows no significant correlation between commuting and the intention to have a child; it does however show a correlation between medium- and long distance commuting and the probability of women to be childless. Secondly, a longitudinal difference model on changing fertility intentions between panel wave 1 and wave 3 is estimated. For women, a positive effect can be found of interrupting medium- and long-distance commuting or, surprisingly, continuing medium- and long-distance commuting on the intention to have a child within two years. Thirdly, for men and women who reported a fertility intention in the first wave, a longitudinal Heckman-selection probit-regression on the probability of having a child between wave 1 and wave 3 is estimated. It shows negative effects of medium- and long-distance commuting on having a child. Taken together, these findings support the assumption that commuting plays a characteristically different role in different phases of the fertility-related decision process.
Relations between Grandparents and Grandchildren in the Context of the Family System
Authors: Arránz Becker Oliver , Steinbach Anja
Published: November 2020

The demographic change which has taken place in recent decades, and in particular the considerable increase in life expectancy, has resulted in intergenerational relationships that are lasting much longer. Despite the increase in people’s median age at first child birth, members of different generations now have the opportunity to live together for periods that are unparalleled in human history. Especially the medical and technical progress has led to grandparents being increasingly capable in both health and cognitive terms at an advanced age that they provide active support for their children and grandchildren in many ways. This article addresses the question to what extent the relationship potentials - also against the background of modernisation processes within society (e.g. increasing demands as to mobility, problems in reconciling family and work) - are transformed into actual support by grandparents for the grandchildren’s generation. The analyses are based on data from the parents of the primary respondents (“anchor persons”) in the German Family Panel (Beziehungs- und Familienpanel - pairfam, 2nd wave 2009/2010, parents’ questionnaire) with a grandchild aged between 8 and 15. The significance of various factors influencing the strength of relationships between grandparents and their grandchildren is empirically examined. Firstly, social-structural characteristics and family-related attitudes on the part of the members of the various generations are considered, and secondly, various family members’ personal and social resources. All in all, it is revealed that grandparent-grandchild relationships are largely independent from personal resources such as employment status, but that they are associated with social resources, that is the relationships between grandparents and parents, as well as with grandparents’ partnership status. Moreover, there are pronounced regional differences (i.e., stronger grandparent-grandchild relations in Eastern Germany) and a positive impact of familialism.
Migration in the Face of Unemployment and Unemployment Risk: a Case Study of Temporal and Regional Effects
Authors: Kley Stefanie
Published: November 2020

This article employs an elaborated model of migration decision-making and behaviour to analyse the influence of individually experienced unemployment and unemployment risk. Following a contrast group design, respondents from two cities inGermanywith different levels of economic prosperity are compared using event history data from a tailor-made panel study. According to a micro-economic approach to migration it is expected that respondents living in an economically deprived city are more likely to decide in favour of migration and actually move compared to those living in a prosperous city because they often perceive opportunities as better elsewhere than at their current place of residence. Moreover, perceiving a risk of becoming unemployed in the near future might trigger migration decision-making more in a deprived city because difficulties to find a new job at the place of residence are anticipated. On the other hand, the new household economics approach and the theory of social networks stress the importance of the meso level. Individuals seldom decide in favour or against migration solely; the family rather makes joint decisions. Former research revealed that for unemployed people social networks are a major source for social support and are therefore especially important. There is evidence that in deprived regions social networks deter individuals stronger from moving than in others. These theoretical considerations and findings lead to the expectation that once people are unemployed they seldom leave deprived regions, what is at odds with the expectations from micro-economic theory.The analyses reveal that the perceived risk of becoming unemployed indeed triggers migration decision-making, but exclusively in the deprived city, whereas people who are already unemployed do not consider or plan leaving the city more often than employed people. Nevertheless, having a partner, children and family at the place of residence might outweigh the impact of a perceived unemployment risk on migration decision-making. When it comes to putting migration plans into action, it is found that the unemployed living in the deprived city are significantly more often constrained from moving compared to the unemployed living in the prosperous city. The analyses suggest that a concentration of social networks at the place of residence primarily accounts for this effect.
Adapt and Cope: Strategies for Safeguarding the Quality of Life in a Shrinking Ageing Region
Authors: Steinführer Annett , Küpper Patrick , Tautz Alexandra
Published: November 2020

This article examines the adaptation and coping strategies that are in place to safeguard the quality of life in a shrinking ageing region. In particular, it is investigated which resources are available to local policy-makers and the older population in order to pursue this goal. Following an introduction to the debate of regional science about demographic change and its consequences, we introduce a theoretical differentiation between adaptation and coping. Adaptation strategies refer to the decision-makers who provide or are involved in organising public service facilities. Coping strategies and capacities refer to the customers and users affected by the changes. The population is not only passively affected by changes in public services, but also actively grapples with changed levels of infrastructure and takes up measures to safeguard their own quality of life. Empirically, we employ the results of semi-structured interviews with local and regional key persons and group interviews with elderly inhabitants of two small towns in the Harz region. The region under study is among the most ageing rural areas in Germany. Its demographic characteristics are based on many years of selective out-migration and partially age-selective in-migration. The research results reveal many measures and strategies which have been developed and employed by the different actor groups when faced with tangible problems. However, they have not been planned with a long term perspective. The availability of economic and social resources (human resources and investment funds on the part of administrations, financial resources and social networks on the part of the older population) is the chief differentiating and often limiting factor for the success of these measures and strategies. This article comes to the conclusion that adaptation and coping will remain processes for safeguarding the quality of life in shrinking ageing regions for the longer term. In addition to the targeted effects, the unintended consequences of today’s adaptation strategies will also influence the level and the design of future public services.
Affection and Conflict in Intergenerational Relationships of Women in Sixteen Areas in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America
Authors: Nauck Bernhard
Published: November 2020

Studies of intergenerational solidarity in affluent societies suggest that relationships between generations consist simultaneously of both emotional closeness and conflicts. This analysis extends the standard model of intergenerational relationships, which until now has been applied only to countries with bilineal kinship systems, to culturally and economically diverse areas with varying kinship systems. Latent class analysis was applied to measure affection and conflict in the ongoing relationships of young and middle-aged women with their mothers (7,522 relationship pairs) and fathers (5,338 relationship pairs). The empirical analysis was based on standardised oral interviews with mothers from areas in China, Indonesia, North and South India, South Africa, Palestine, Israel, Turkey, Russia, Estonia, Poland, East and West Germany, France, Jamaica, and the United States (n = 8,756). The best fitting model of relationship differences consisted of four latent classes: „amicable“ (45 percent), “detached“ (28 percent), “ambivalent” (22 percent), and “disharmonious“ (5 percent). Based on a cross-culturally largely invariant measurement model, results revealed significantly different distributions for fathers and mothers and across areas. Multinomial three-level regression analysis was used to analyse the complex cross-level interdependence of area effects, individual characteristics, and the respective relationship on class membership. In patrilineal societies, relationships of women with their biological parents are more likely to be ambivalent, less likely to be detached, and very likely to become disharmonious in case of spatial proximity. In affluent societies, the relationships are less likely to be disharmonious and most likely to be harmonious. Whereas the frequency of contact decreases the likelihood of detached or disharmonious relationships in affluent societies, functional exchange with the parents increases the likelihood of disharmonious relationships.
Der Eintritt in die nachelterliche Familienphase
Authors: Wawrzyniak Barbara
Published: November 2020

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Eintritt in die nachelterliche Familienphase, also die familiäre Situation, bei der alle Kinder aus dem elterlichen Haushalt ausgezogen sind. Zum einen wird dieser Eintritt zeitlich im Lebensverlauf positioniert und zum anderen das Übergangsrisiko untersucht. Mit Hilfe von Paneldaten (3 Erhebungswellen) über einen Zeitraum von 40 Jahren einer Kohorte ehemaliger nordrhein-westfälischer Gymnasiasten wird mittels eines ereignisanalytischen Verfahrens (Cox-Regression) analysiert, welche Faktoren den Übergang beschleunigen bzw. verlangsamen. Es zeigt sich, dass die private Lebensbiografie (insbesondere das Alter beim eigenen Auszug, das Alter bei der Geburt des ersten Kindes und die Kinderzahl) der Eltern einen hohen Einfluss auf den Eintrittszeitpunkt besitzt, während der berufliche Werdegang keinen Effekt hat. Darüber hinaus verzögern Söhne den Übergang, während ein Studium und eine Berufstätigkeit der Kinder diesen beschleunigen.
Marriage, Norm Orientation and Leaving the Parental Home: Turkish Immigrant and Native Families in Germany
Authors: Windzio Michael , Aybek Can M.
Published: November 2020

This article investigates differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the timing of leaving their parental homes in Germany. By using event history models, it is shown that leaving the parental home is closely linked to the intervening life-event of marriage, particularly among Turkish women. Moreover, there are interaction effects of religious norm orientation with gender which differ between native Germans and Turkish immigrants. In contrast to Turkish immigrants, the linkage of marriage and leaving home became much weaker over birth-cohorts with time in the group of German women. Finally, analyses of sequence patterns also show remarkable differences between native Germans and Turkish immigrants in the process of leaving home. Religious norm orientation turns out to be less important in the Turkish group than in the native German group.
Governance Indicators and Responsiveness to Population Decline: School Closures in Practice and Discourse in Saxony-Anhalt
Authors: Bartl Walter , Sackmann Reinhold
Published: November 2020

The subject of this analysis is the practice of school closures, since it constitutes a key response to demographic decline and is usually hotly disputed in regional discussions on demographic change. Our research is guided by two questions: How do political and administrative responses to demographic decline emerge? How is the practice of school closure publicly portrayed and discussed in the newspapers? We assume that in democratic welfare regimes, the spatial allocation of school infrastructures is mediated by the use of key administrative indicators allowing the calculation and public deliberation of questions related to education infrastructure policy. However, in transformation societies, a democratic political culture of “governing by numbers” only develops as a result of collective learning processes in which the participants acquire what we refer to as “democratic numeracy”. In the stratified German school system, social prestige is conferred unequally among the different school types, with the grammar school (Gymnasium) being the most prestigious school type. It is therefore likely that the elements of the school system are not affected equally by policy responses to demographic decline and public attention, which results in spatial inequalities. Empirically, the article follows a mixed-methods approach, whilst emphasising a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of school closures in the regional press of Saxony-Anhalt from 1990 to 2014. The results show that, in the transformation process, the relevance of indicator-based governance of the school infrastructure increases both in practice and in discourse. However, as the participants gain in democratic numeracy, the use of numbers becomes politicised. With respect to the pattern of school closures, grammar schools receive a disproportionately large share of public attention. This has a positive effect on their survival chances and diminishes differences in spatial distances between grammar schools and integrated secondary schools.
Growth-based Theories for Declining Regions? A Note on Conceptualisations of Demographic Change for Regional Economic Development
Authors: Matuschewski Anke , Leick Birgit , Demuth Marcel
Published: November 2020

This article aims to critically assess the economic growth paradigm, which typically underlies most approaches to regional policymaking for demographic change. While population losses, ageing and outmigration – i.e. phenomena that are addressed as demographic change – have become a matter of urgency for many European regions, most regional economic development theories remain silent about the population decline affecting the economic growth and development prospects of regions. Consequently, regional policies usually rely on the concept of economic growth, yet neglect the complexity and importance of demographic change and how it relates to the economic sphere. Due to this lack in nuance, we argue that regional policymaking fails to design adequate policy support for regions facing persistent demographic change and economic stagnation or decline as a result. Based on these observations, the paper examines a selection of regional economic development theories in search for alternative concepts of growth and development in the context of demographic change. To this aim, globalisation peripheries are introduced as a fruitful conceptual point of reference and, in combination with endogenous regional development theories, discussed as an alternative approach for regional policymaking.
The Fertility Transition Revisited: A Cohort Perspective
Authors: Frejka Tomas
Published: November 2020

This paper deals with the fertility transition, one of the two essential components of the demographic transition. The analysis demonstrates that by applying the cohort perspective new insights are obtained about how the fertility transition unfolded. Within the overall framework of the fertility transition there were four distinct pathways of fertility trends. Combining these findings with those of other scholars shows that the demographic transition has not yet led to an equilibrium of relatively stable low mortality and stable low fertility.The four fertility transition pathways are the following: (1) The Western fertility transition pathway characterized by major cohort total fertility rate (CTFR) fluctuations; (2) the South European fertility transition pathway characterized by an almost uninterrupted CTFR decline; (3) the Central and East European fertility transition pathway characterized by stable CTFRs in the 1920s to 1950s cohorts and a decline in the 1960s and 1970s cohorts; (4) the East and South-East Asia fertility transition pathway characterized by a late start in the mid-20th century with rapidly declining CTFRs.The exploration of societal conditions shaping fertility trends in the 19th and 20th centuries confirms Notestein’s conclusions that the causes are a complex combination of “technological, social, economic, and political developments” as well as cultural and ideational effects, and that it is “impossible to be precise about the various causal factors”. At times the primary factors were economic, as in the Great Depression of the 1930s and the 1960s post-war prosperity in Western countries. However, these economic factors also had many political, cultural, social, policy and other important facets. In Central and Eastern Europe the primary factors during the era of state socialism were the political system and social policies. The patriarchal nature of societies was the prime factor shaping fertility trends in Southern Europe and in East and South-East Asia.
Reurbanisation in Postsocialist Europe – A Comparative View of Eastern Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic
Authors: Haase Annegret , Wolff Manuel , Špačková Petra , Radzimski Adam
Published: November 2020

Since the 1990s, reurbanisation has become an increasingly frequent trajectory for urban development. Many formerly shrinking cities have been able to stabilise their population or even see new growth. Especially prominent in regions like Germany and the UK, but also observed across the whole continent, a lively debate on reurbanisation has developed as a reality of today’s, and a potential trajectory for tomorrow’s, cities in Europe.Postsocialist Europe has not so far been central in the reurbanisation debate, either empirically or theoretically. Subsequently, the postsocialist experience is missing in the discourse and the existing body of evidence. There is, however, some evidence that Czech and Polish cities are also seeing signs of new inner-city growth and a trend towards core city stabilisation.Against this background, the paper scrutinises the issues of reurbanisation and new growth after the shrinking of postsocialist cities. The paper uses the approach of a contrastive comparison between cities in eastern Germany, where reurbanisation has developed as the predominant trajectory for many large cities, and for cities in Poland and the Czech Republic, where this trend is considerably less prominent. It analyses the development of reurbanisation in these cities and their urban regions over the last few decades, its characteristics and the determinants triggering or impeding it. The paper includes data on a national scale as well as from relevant case studies of cities and their urban regions.It argues, among other things, that there is no “postsocialist model” with regard to influencing factors for reurbanisation. Eastern Germany, due to its specific postsocialist situation and transformation trajectory, can be viewed as an “outlier” or “hybrid” which exhibits characteristics typical of postsocialist and western welfare contexts and which is seeing especially dynamic reurbanisation after a phase of extreme shrinkage. Although there are clear signs of inner-city reurbanisation in Polish and Czech cities as well, it seems relatively unlikely that this process will reach the same high levels as in East German cities within the coming years. * This article belongs to a special issue on reurbanisation.
Fertility Intentions across Immigrant Generations in Sweden. Do Patterns of Adaptation Differ by Gender and Origin?
Authors: Carlsson Erik
Published: November 2020

In being representative of individuals’ demographic value orientations, fertility preferences provide information about immigrants’ adaptation to family formation patterns in the destination country at a deeper, ideational level than actual fertility does. Using data from Wave 1 of the Swedish GGS from 2012/2013 (n=3,932), this study compares the first, 1.5, and second generations with either one or two foreign-born parent(s) to Swedes without an immigrant background by gender and across origins. Binary logistic regression is used to compare the propensity to state a positive fertility intention, and partial proportional odds models are used to analyse differences across four ordinal intention categories (definitely/probably yes/no). Results show a general tendency towards convergence from the relatively positive intentions of the first generation to levels closer to non-immigrants in later generations, although complete convergence is only found for the second generation with one foreign-born parent. There are gender differences, with women being similar to non-immigrants by the 1.5 generation, while there is no clear intergenerational trend for men. Among origin groups, convergence is evident among Eastern Europeans and “other non-Europeans”, while Westerners already are similar to non-immigrants in the first generation, and Middle Easterners/North Africans display no clear intergenerational trend. This study contributes to the understanding of immigrant fertility by showing that there often is intergenerational adaptation at the ideational (i.e. preference) level, that the pace and extent of convergence vary by gender and across origins, and that group-level patterns found for fertility intentions do not always match those found in earlier research on fertility behaviour.

 

*    This article belongs to a special issue on migrant fertility.
Women’s Attitudes toward Assisted Reproductive Technologies – A Pilot Study among Migrant Minorities and Non-migrants in Germany
Authors: Haug Sonja , Milewski Nadja
Published: November 2020

This study examines attitudes toward assisted reproductive technologies (ART) among immigrant women and non-migrants in Germany. The social relevance of ART is increasing in Western countries due to overall low birth rates, a high rate of childlessness, and a gap between the desired and the actual numbers of children. Previous literature has been scarce, however, on attitudes toward ART, and immigrant minorities have rarely been included in studies on ART.Our working hypotheses are drawn from theoretical considerations on political socialisation and cultural integration. The analysis is based on data collected in a pilot study in 2014 and 2015. The sample includes 960 women aged 18 to 50 living in Germany. About 81 percent of the sample are immigrants who originate from Turkey, Poland, the Balkan countries, or countries of the (Russian) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). We study the social norm to use ART to have a child, the personal attitude of whether a woman would use ART herself, and the methods that they would consider for their own use.Our results show that ART is overall socially acceptable, and the majority of women said that they would use it if necessary. There is significant variation between the origin groups, however. Non-migrants show the lowest acceptance rates and migrants from Poland and Turkey the highest approval. There is also variation in the ART procedures considered for use with the migrants more approving of heterologous methods than non-migrants. The differences between the origin groups diminish only partly when controlling for further explanatory variables, i.e. gender-role attitudes, religiosity, and socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.We conclude that attitudes toward ART are shaped less by socio-demographic characteristics, but rather by cultural factors and the socialization in the migrants’ countries of origin. The diversity in attitudes toward ART by cultural background should be acknowledged in research and public discourses on ART as well as in regulating policies. * This article belongs to a special issue on migrant fertility.
Why Do Lone Mothers Fare Worse than Lone Fathers? Lone Parenthood and Welfare Benefit Receipt in Germany
Authors: Geisler Esther , Kreyenfeld Michaela
Published: November 2020

This article uses data from the German microcensuses of 2007 and 2012 to examine gender differences in welfare reliance among lone parents. Binary logistic regression was employed as the method of analysis. We show that the risk of welfare benefit receipt is lower among lone fathers than lone mothers. We also find that these gender differences can be partially explained by the socio-economic characteristics of lone fathers; compared to lone mothers, lone fathers are, on average, better educated and more likely to be living with older children. Gender differences decreased over time among parents who have never married, but remained constant among divorced parents. We present a discussion of our findings in light of recent policy reforms, in particular the reform of the German Maintenance Law of 2008, which curbed the ability of a divorced parent to collect support from an ex-spouse.
Editorial on the Special Issue “New Aspects on Migrant Populations in Europe: Norms, Attitudes and Intentions in Fertility and Family Planning”
Authors: Milewski Nadja , Mussino Eleonora
Published: November 2020

This paper reviews the most recent literature on the fertility of migrant populations in Europe. In a systematic review of 21 peer-reviewed journals, we found that the literature has focused almost exclusively on actual behaviours related to the quantum and timing of births; it primarily investigates the determinants of demographic behaviour related to the structural integration of migrants. Previous literature on the demographic behaviour of migrants in Europe used factors related to culture more as a residual explanation for group differences, but it barely addressed their role specifically. The aim of our Special Issue is to draw attention to the normative side of fertility and to include aspects of reproductive health and family planning in the picture – both aspects are related to culture. This paper includes a short introduction to the articles contained in this Special Issue and proposes recommendations for future research.
How Well Can the Migration Component of Regional Population Change be Predicted? A Machine Learning Approach Applied to German Municipalities
Authors: Weber Hannes
Published: November 2020

For several decades, demographic forecasts had predicted that the majority of Germany’s cities and rural areas would experience population decline in the early 21st century. Instead, recent trends show a growing population size in three out of every four German districts. As a result, there are currently severe shortages of housing and childcare in regions that were projected to decline but have instead grown in recent years. Other regions, by contrast, continue to lose young people in particular. Most of these differences between regions stem from within-country as well as international migration. An important question for both regional demographic research as well as local policy-makers is thus how well net migration rates in cities and rural districts can be predicted several years into the future. In this study, we develop models that predict migration (both within-country as well as international migration) at the level of municipalities for two demographic groups, namely young people aged 18 to 24 years, and families (people aged 30 to 49 years and underage children). We collect data on economic, demographic and other characteristics such as distances to large cities or universities for around 3,000 German municipalities (Gemeinden). The model is trained on a subset of these data from the period 2005-2009 and predicts net migration rates among young people on an unseen test dataset in the future (i.e. for the period 2011-2015). The results show that the model can predict future net migration by young people aged 18 to 24 years reasonably well (R² > 0.5), although there were quite significant changes during the period under study, for example refugee immigration to Germany. Family migration, on the other hand, cannot be predicted equally well (R² = 0.25). Some important lessons emerge concerning the predictability of regional and international migration and the usefulness of demographic forecasts for local policy-makers.
The Retrograde Limb of the Internal Mammary Artery: An Alternative Inflow Option for Free Flap Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Hahn Hyung Min , Cha Bohwan , Lee Il Jae
Published: November 2020

Autologous breast reconstruction using a free flap is a popular option for breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The internal mammary system is the recipient of choice in autologous breast reconstruction. We present our experience utilizing the caudal limb of the internal mammary artery as the recipient artery. A 44-year-old female patient with invasive ductal carcinoma in her right breast received total mastectomy and reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap was planned. During the operation, arterial insufficiency occurred three times; therefore, we decided to change the plan and to perform anastomosis to the caudal limb of the internal mammary artery. Retrograde blood flow of the internal mammary artery was successfully achieved. Immediate postoperative and long-term outcomes of the flap were satisfactory. This inflow option may be useful in cases with arterial insufficiency on conventional anastomosis or in cases with bipedicled or stacked flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction.
Carrying offspring: An unknown behavior of armadillos
Authors: Soibelzon Esteban
Published: November 2020

Los armadillos son los únicos mamíferos que poseen regiones acorazadas que protegen su cabeza, cuerpo y cola. Se distribuyen exclusivamente en América. La reproducción es estacional y ocurre entre el fin del invierno y durante toda la primavera y verano del hemisferio sur (septiembre a marzo). Durante la época reproductiva es común que dos a cuatro machos persigan una hembra e intenten copular con ella, luego de esto la hembra es la que se encarga de cuidar a las crías. El conocimiento sobre cuidados parentales en armadillos es prácticamente nulo. En esta contribución se describe por primera vez, a través de registros fotográficos y de video, el acarreo de crías por parte de adultos de Chaetophractus villosus y Zaedyus pichiy en diferentes regiones de Argentina y Chile, obtenidas mayormente a través de ciencia ciudadana. En todos los casos las crías fueron tomadas con la boca del adulto y del brazo derecho o izquierdo (húmero) o del borde del escudo pectoral. El hecho de que estos casos se encuentran separados temporal y geográficamente, sumado a que ha sido observado en diferentes especies, permite suponer que se trata de un comportamiento reproductivo usual en armadillos. Finalmente, es importante realzar la importancia de la ciencia ciudadana como base para la obtención de información biológica, especialmente sobre especies raras o sobre comportamientos desconocidos.
Care of the surgical patient—part 2: oral anticoagulants
Authors: Ford Claire , Robertson Matthew
Published: November 2020

Part two of this series on the care of the surgical patient introduces readers to some of the additional risks associated with patients who are undergoing surgery and taking oral anticoagulants. It explores the use of vitamin K antagonists and heparin. Some of the management strategies and additional considerations that need to be addressed during the perioperative care continuum will also be discussed.
Supporting recovery from COVID-19
Authors: Alexandra Barley Elizabeth , Coghlan Beverly
Published: November 2020

COVID-19 is a new disease. Most research into the disease has focused on prevention of viral spread and treatment, but little is known about how patients recover. Nurses, whether in hospital, the community or in primary care, have a key role in supporting recovery from COVID-19. In this article, direct evidence from studies of COVID-19, and indirect evidence from studies of infections caused by other coronaviruses (eg SARS, MERS) and of the ICU experience are explored to identify the potential course of recovery and areas where nurses can help. Most people will have an uncomplicated recovery. However, it appears that a more complicated recovery is likely to be associated with severe disease. A minority, possibly those needing hospitalisation, and/or with pre-existing physical or psychological comorbidities, may experience long-term physical effects, fatigue and mental health difficulties. The support that nurses, as part of a multidisciplinary team, can provide to facilitate recovery is discussed.
Cortrak feeding tube placement: accuracy of the ‘GI flexure system’ versus manufacturer guidance
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Manara Alex , Brown Jules , Sayer Kaylee , Clemente Rowan , Toher Deirdre
Published: November 2020

Electromagnetic (EM) guided enteral tube placement may reduce lung misplacement to almost zero in expert centres, but more than 60 undetected misplacements had occurred by 2016 resulting in major morbidity or death. Aim: Determine the accuracy of manufacturer guidance in trace interpretation against what is referred to as the ‘GI flexure system’. Methods: The authors prospectively observed the accuracy of the ‘GI flexure system’ of trace interpretation against manufacturer guidance in primary nasointestinal (NI) tube placements. Findings: Contrary to manufacturer guidance, 33% of traces deviated >5 cm from the sagittal midline and 26.5% were oesophageal when entering the lower left quadrant, incorrectly indicating lung and gastric placement, respectively. Conversely, the GI flexure system identified ≥99.4% of GI traces when they reached the gastric body flexure; 100% at the superior duodenal flexure. All lung misplacements were identified by the absence of GI flexures. Conclusion: Current manufacturer guidance should be updated to the GI flexure system of interpretation.
Helping nurses to provide optimum care in the second wave of the pandemic
Authors: Glasper Alan
Published: November 2020

Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper, from the University of Southampton, discusses a King's Fund review that investigates how workplace transformations can enhance the delivery of compassionate and high-quality care
Considering care in context
Authors: Foster Sam
Published: November 2020

Sam Foster, Chief Nurse, Oxford University Hospitals, reflects on the need for regulators to take into account the care context, particularly with some trusts under more pressure than others from a second wave of COVID-19
Prey species and prey selection of dholes at three different sites in Thailand
Authors: CHARASPET KHWANRUTAI , Sukmasuang Ronglarp - , KHOEWSREE NORASET , PLA-ARD MANANYA , CHANACHAI YUWALUK
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Charaspet K, Sukmasuang R, Khoewsree N, Pla-ard M, Chanachai Y. 2020. Prey species and prey selection of dholes at three different sites in Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 5248-5262. The study of prey species and prey selection of Dholes at 3 different sites was conducted at Khao Yai National Park, Salak Pra, and Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries from 2013 to 2020. Information on Dhole prey at the sites was collected from the residues of dhole scats, from which the selection index, the relative biomass of the prey, and the relative amounts of the consumed prey were calculated. The data were collected simultaneously with the use of camera traps at each site. The study revealed that there were 13 species of Dhole prey with body weight over 5 kg. The result indicated that there were 7 species of even-toed ungulates. The relative biomass of even-toed ungulates ranged between 76.78 - 90.50% of the total biomass of all the Dholes’ consumed prey for all study sites. The dietary diversity index unveiled a similar index in all areas, which proved the adequacy of the analyzed scats. However, the Niche breadth index, which indicates the relevance of prey selection and prey species to the appearances of the prey at each site, was found to be high at Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Khao Yai National Park, while the index was found to be low at Salak Pra Wildlife Sanctuary. The results revealed that Dholes consumed viverrid species and Malayan porcupine more often at the site where there were large carnivores. The recommendation from this study was the conservation and restoration of the ungulate populations, the main prey, as it greatly affects the conservation of the Dhole populations in Thailand.  Grassland and salt lick sites, water sources improvements are also important to promote prey population. The conservation of wildlife prey by releasing them to nature, as currently conducted, has an effect on the increase of Dholes’ prey species.
Spatio-temporal variability of temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration of sea surface in Bali Strait, Indonesia
Authors: Wijaya Adi , ZAKIYAH UMI , SAMBAH ABU BAKAR , SETYOHADI DADUK
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Wijaya A, Zakiyah U, Sambah AB, Setyohadi D. 2020. Spatio-temporal variability of temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration of sea surface in Bali Strait, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5283-5290. The Bali Strait is influenced by seasonal and inter-annual systems. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are climate variabilities that affect water conditions. The knowledge about influence of ENSO and IOD variations on the fertility of waters in the Bali Strait is still lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of seasonal and inter-annual variability on the variability of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Chlorophyll-a (SSC) in the Bali Strait. This study applied SST and SSC data collected from the Aqua/Terra MODIS satellite, as well as the ENSO and IOD indices during March 2000-December 2019. The results described that the effect of ENSO on SST and SSC was low and IOD on SST and SSC was quite high. The effect was quite high between IOD and SST anomaly of-0.401. Seasonal variations indicate the abundance of high SSC and low SST in the southeast monsoon (JJA) which characterizes upwelling. Meanwhile, in the northwest monsoon (DJF), SSC was low and SST was high which characterizes downwelling. This condition cannot separate from the monsoonal process that occurred in the Bali Strait. The inter-annual variation showed that in the strong El Nino period and IOD (+) triggers a negative SST anomaly and a positive SSC results in strong upwelling, while in the strong La Nina period and strong IOD (-) triggers a positive SST anomaly and a negative SSC results in downwelling. The inter-annual variability of SSC influenced by IOD rather than ENSO. This condition indicates that the ENSO/IOD event changes the period of SSC concentration.
Species richness and longitudinal distribution of crustaceans in the Logawa River, Banyumas, Indonesia
Authors: Sastranegara Moh. Husein , KUSBIYANTO KUSBIYANTO , PULUNGSARI ANASTASIA ENDANG
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Sastranegara MH, Kusbiyanto, Pulungsari AE. 2020. Species richness and longitudinal distribution of crustaceans in the Logawa River, Banyumas, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5322-5330. The Logawa River originates in a forest on Slamet Mountain and empties into the Serayu River. In this river, crustaceans play an important role as river macrobenthos. This research aimed to evaluate the species richness and longitudinal distribution of crustaceans. The research method was a stratified random sampling technique at eight stations with five replicates. Crustacean samples were collected using a Surber net, and water samples were taken with a water sampler. The results showed that there were six species of Decapoda in the river. Of these six species, three were shrimps and three were crabs. In longitudinal distribution, the shrimp Macrobrachium idae could be categorized as a cosmopolitan species that inhabited all stations, although there were several river branches before Stations IV (Cangkring Stream), V (Mengaji Stream), and VI (Banjaran Stream), bedrock substrate at Station I, high ammonia at all stations and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) between Stations IV and VIII. The crab Varuna litterata was found only at Station VI. In general, the species richness decreased after Station IV due to COD from the riverside. This was caused by human activities such as stone and sand excavation and overfishing in the habitat. The upstream habitat with its bedrock substrate was not suitable for decapods, except for cosmopolitan species.
Swampy rice lines for iron toxicity tolerance and yield components performance under inland swamp at Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia
Authors: MARUAPEY AJANG , WICAKSANA NOLADI , KARUNIAWAN AGUNG , WINDARSIH GUT , Wikan Utami Dwinita
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Maruapey A, Wicaksana N, Karuniawan A, Utami DW, Windarsih G. 2020. Swampy rice lines performance for iron toxicity tolerance and yield components under inland swamp at Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5394-5402. The extensification of sub-optimal lowland farming strategy is expected to support the increase of rice production. Based on the efforts, the development of tolerant rice varieties to Fe-toxicity to be used in the swampy land area is one of the approaches for increasing rice production. Currently, promising rice lines that are tolerant to Fe-toxicity has been developed using molecular breeding approach for inland swampy area. The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of 15 promising rice lines that have various genetic backgrounds in inland swamp in Sorong, West Papua. The field experiment was conducted during the second rice planting season (August 2018 to February 2019) to evaluate the performance of the promising rice lines to the morpho-agronomic performance under the lowland swamp conditions. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 4 m x 5 m square plots, with 25 cm x 25 cm planting distance and 3 replications. The results revealed that most of the lines had good performances on the Fe-toxicity tolerance, based on bronzing, root length, and biomass characters. The G1 line had the best performance on yield component characters, especially the panicle length. This line also had the highest grain yield (6.15 ton.ha-1) followed by the next promising line of G7 (5.92 ton.ha-1). The genetic performance of these lines showed that they contained IRT (Iron Regulation Transporter) alleles that contributed to partitioning the Fe tolerance mechanism.