bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoreactivity of Bis-retinoid A2E Complexed with a Model Protein in Selected Model Systems
Authors: Furso Justyna , Zadlo Andrzej , Szewczyk Grzegorz , Sarna Tadeusz J.
Published: October 2020

The bis-retinoid N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E) is formed as a byproduct of visual cycle in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It contributes to golden-yellow fluorescence of the age pigment lipofuscin, which accumulates in RPE. Lipofuscin can generate a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon blue-light excitation. Although in model systems photoreactivity of A2E has been determined to be low, this bis-retinoid exhibited significant phototoxicity in RPE cells in vitro. Although the mechanism of A2E-mediated phototoxicity remains mostly unknown, we hypothesize that formation of A2E-adducts with different biomolecules may play an important role. In this study, we investigated the photochemical reactivity of A2E and its complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) using UV–Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, EPR-spin trapping, EPR-oximetry, time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence, and the fluorogenic CBA probe. Our data show that A2E after complexation with this model protein photogenerated an increased level of ROS, particularly singlet oxygen. We also demonstrated the ability of A2E to oxidize BSA upon excitation with blue light in aqueous model systems. The data suggest that pyridinium bis-retinoid could oxidatively modify cellular proteins under physiological conditions.
Transformation of Lowland Rainforest into Oil-palm Plantations and use of Fire alter Topsoil and Litter Silicon Pools and Fluxes
Authors: von der Lühe Barbara , Pauli Laura , Greenshields Britta , Hughes Harold J. , Tjoa Aiyen , Sauer Daniela
Published: October 2020

The effects of land use and fire on ecosystem silicon (Si) cycling has been largely disregarded so far. We investigated the impacts of land use and fire on Si release from topsoils and litter of lowland rainforest and oil-palm plantations in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Lower concentrations of Si in amorphous silica (ASi) were found in oil-palm plantation topsoils (2.8 ± 0.7 mg g− 1) compared to rainforest (3.5 ± 0.8 mg g− 1). Higher total Si concentrations were detected in litter from oil-palm frond piles (22.8 ± 4.6 mg g− 1) compared to rainforest litter (12.7 ± 2.2 mg g− 1). To test the impact of fire, materials were burned at 300 °C and 500 °C and were shaken with untreated samples in simulated rainwater for 28 h. Untreated oil-palm topsoils showed a significantly lower Si release (p≤ 0.05) compared to rainforest. The fire treatments resulted in an increased Si release into simulated rainwater. Si release from oil-palm topsoils and litter increased by a factor of 6 and 9 (500 °C), respectively, and Si release from rainforest topsoils and litter by a factor of 3 and 9 (500 °C). Differences between land use were related to initial ASi and litter Si concentrations, and to losses of soil organic matter during burning. We conclude that transformation of rainforest into oil palm plantations could be an important and immediate Si source after a fire event but may indirectly lead to a decrease in the long-term Si availability to plants.
Demographic, physiological, psychological, and on-ice performance indicators predict plus/minus status of recreational ice hockey players across a season
Authors: Nigg Claudio R. , Gessner Andreas , Nigg Carina , Giurgiu Marco , Neumann Rainer
Published: October 2020

Little is known about physical, physiological, and psychological performance indicators predicting recreational athletes’ performance. This information may motivate players to become more active and inform coaches where to focus to build confidence, cohesion, and cooperation. This study investigated which performance indicators were related to the plus-minus statistic in German recreational ice hockey players (n = 20 players; 1 female; mean age = 36.25 ± 12.91 years; height = 178.85 ± 8.64 cm; weight = 81.36 ± 12.89 kg; mean years of ice hockey experience = 5.68 ± 8.93) over a season. Anthropometrics, psychological and on-ice performance data were collected mid-season and plus-minus were recorded after each game. Due to the small sample size, significance interpretations are not meaningful; therefore, Cohen’s guidelines were used for r = 0.2 (small), r = 0.5 (medium) and r = 0.8 (large). Medium size positive correlations of plus/minus were found for push-ups (r = 0.52) and squats (r = 0.37). Small positive correlations were found for shot speed (r = 0.33), competitiveness orientation (r = 0.28), and years on team (r = 0.23). Small negative correlations were found for win orientation (r = −0.30), body mass index (r = −0.28), task cohesion (r = −0.24), and percent body fat (r = −0.20). Some performance and psychological indicators are related to recreational ice hockey players’ plus-minus statistic over a season. Coaches and players of recreational teams should focus on muscular strength and endurance, shooting speed, body composition, and enjoying the challenge of competition while lowering their win orientation.
Finding new creative solutions is a key component in world-class competitive bouldering
Authors: Künzell Stefan , Thomiczek Johannes , Winkler Marvin , Augste Claudia
Published: October 2020

Bouldering is a sport climbing discipline in which short, extremely difficult climbing routes, so-called boulder problems, have to be mastered. Besides excellent physical condition, the ability to read a boulder and to generate motor solutions for the boulder problem is probably a performance-determining factor. In a full survey of all participants of the 2017 Bouldering World Cups we investigated how athletes deal with an unsuccessful first attempt. We distinguish between follow-up attempts in which athletes retry the same solution as before and follow-up attempts in which they find a new solution. We could show that the success rate of new solutions is substantially higher than the repetition of the old solution. Furthermore, there is a correlation with the frequency of finding new solutions and the position in the world ranking. We conclude that the ability to create several solutions for boulder problems is a very important component of performance in bouldering.
Advanced aeroelastic robust stability analysis with structural uncertainties
Authors: Süelözgen Özge
Published: October 2020

Robust flutter analysis described in this paper is based on the robust control theory framework. Therefore, a time-domain linear fractional transformation representation of the perturbed aeroelastic system is modeled. Then, the robust stability is analyzed by means of the structured singular value$$\mu$$μ, which is defined as an alternative measure of robustness. Robust flutter analysis deals with aeroelastic (or aeroservoelastic) stability analysis taking structural dynamics, aerodynamics and/or unmodeled system dynamics uncertainties into account. Flutter is a well-known dynamic aeroelastic instability phenomenon caused by an interaction between structural vibrations and unsteady aerodynamic forces, whereby the level of vibration may trigger large amplitudes, eventually leading to catastrophic failure of the structure. The primary motivation of the robust flutter analysis is that this method allows the computation of the worst-case flutter velocity which can support, for example, the flight test program by a valuable robust flutter boundary. This paper addresses the issue of an approach for aeroelastic robust stability analysis with structural uncertainties with respect to physical symmetric and asymmetric stiffness perturbations on the wing structure by means of tuning beams.
Bioeconomy imaginaries: A review of forest-related social science literature
Authors: Holmgren Sara , D’Amato Dalia , Giurca Alexandru
Published: October 2020

This review article examines how social science literature co-produces various imaginaries of forest-based bioeconomy transformations and pathways for reaching desired ends. Based on an analysis of 59 research articles, we find that despite a growing number of social sciences studies on the forest-based bioeconomy, much of the research tends to replicate a bioeconomy imaginary articulated in EU and national bioeconomy policies and strategies. Accordingly, the research primarily reproduces a weak approach to sustainability, which prioritize economic growth and competitiveness. Expectations are largely directed at national and regional corporate interests and forest industrial renewal, while the state has a supportive rather than restricting role. We discuss the findings against the role of social sciences, and conclude that social science scholars may adopt various strategies if interested in opening up forest-based policy debates and offer alternative imaginaries of sustainable bioeconomy transformations.
The utility of fused airborne laser scanning and multispectral data for improved wind damage risk assessment over a managed forest landscape in Finland
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Ranjith , Packalen Petteri , Ikonen Veli-Pekka , Räty Janne , Venäläinen Ari , Laapas Mikko , Pirinen Pentti , Peltola Heli
Published: October 2020

Key message

The potential of airborne laser scanning (ALS) and multispectral remote sensing data to aid in generating improved wind damage risk maps over large forested areas is demonstrated. This article outlines a framework to generate such maps, primarily utilizing the horizontal structural information contained in the ALS data. Validation was done over an area in Eastern Finland that had experienced sporadic wind damage.

Context

Wind is the most prominent disturbance element for Finnish forests. Hence, tools are needed to generate wind damage risk maps for large forested areas, and their possible changes under planned silvicultural operations.

Aims

(1) How effective are ALS-based forest variables (e.g. distance to upwind forest stand edge, gap size) for identifying high wind damage risk areas? (2) Can robust estimates of predicted critical wind speeds for uprooting of trees be derived from these variables? (3) Can these critical wind speed estimates be improved using wind multipliers, which factor in topography and terrain roughness effects?

Methods

We first outline a framework to generate several wind damage risk–related parameters from remote sensing data (ALS + multispectral). Then, we assess if such parameters have predictive power. That is, whether they help differentiate between damaged and background points. This verification exercise used 42 wind damaged points spread over a large area.

Results

Parameters derived from remote sensing data are shown to have predictive power. Risk models based on critical wind speeds are not that robust, but show potential for improvement.

Conclusion

Overall, this work described a framework to get several wind risk–related parameters from remote sensing data. These parameters are shown to have potential in generating wind damage risk maps over large forested areas.
Anticancer Activities and Mechanism of Action of Nagilactones, a Group of Terpenoid Lactones Isolated from Podocarpus Species
Authors: Bailly Christian
Published: October 2020

Nagilactones are tetracyclic natural products isolated from various Podocarpus species. These lactone-based compounds display a range of pharmacological effects, including antifungal, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities reviewed here. The most active derivatives, such as nagilactones C, E and F, exhibit potent anticancer activities against different cancer cell lines and tumor models. A comprehensive analysis of their mechanism of action indicates that their anticancer activity mainly derives from three complementary action: (i) a drug-induced inhibition of cell proliferation coupled with a cell cycle perturbation and induction of apoptosis, (ii) a blockade of the epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition contributing to an inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion and (iii) a capacity to modulate the PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Different molecular effectors have been implicated in the antitumor activity, chiefly the AP-1 pathway blocked upon activation of the JNK/c-Jun axis. Nag-C is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis binding to eukaryotic ribosomes and inhibition of different protein kinases, such as RIOK2 and JAK2, has been postulated with Nag-E. The literature survey on nagilactones highlights the therapeutic potential of these little-known terpenoids. The mechanistic analysis also provides useful information for structurally related compounds (podolactones, oidiolactones, inumakilactones) isolated from Podocarpus plants.
Germline multigene panel testing revealed a BRCA2 pathogenic variant in a patient with suspected Lynch syndrome
Authors: Yoshihama Tomoko , Hirasawa Akira , Sugano Kokichi , Yoshida Teruhiko , Ushiama Mineko , Ueki Arisa , Akahane Tomoko , Nanki Yoshiko , Sakai Kensuke , Makabe Takeshi , Yamagami Wataru , Susumu Nobuyuki , Kameyama Kaori , Kosaki Kenjiro , Aoki Daisuke
Published: October 2020

There has been a rapid advance in germline multigene panel testing by next-generation sequencing, and it is being widely used in clinical settings. A 56-year-old woman suspected of having Lynch syndrome was identified as a BRCA2 pathogenic variant carrier by multigene panel testing. The patient was diagnosed with endometrial cancer at the age of 39 years, and total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy were performed at the age of 49 years; however, bilateral oophorectomy was not performed at that time. As she had a family history of colorectal cancer and a history of endometrial cancer, Lynch syndrome was suspected. However, germline multigene panel testing revealed a pathogenic BRCA2 variant rather than pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes. In this case, with conventional genetic risk assessment, we were unable to determine whether the patient had a high risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer; thus, germline multigene panel testing may provide valuable information to improve disease management strategies for patients in clinical settings. Particularly, germline multigene panel testing may be useful for detecting hereditary tumor syndromes if a patient does not present with a typical family history of cancer.
Chlorpyrifos removal: Nb/boron-doped diamond anode coupled with solid polymer electrolyte and ultrasound irradiation
Authors: Tasca Andrea Luca , Clematis Davide , Panizza Marco , Vitolo Sandra , Puccini Monica
Published: October 2020

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide, acaricide and miticide used worldwide for the control of soil-borne insect pests. It must be considered as a substance of growing concern, given its use, toxicity, environmental occurrence, and potential for regional to long-range atmospheric transport. Considering the incomplete removal attained by conventional water treatment processes, we investigated the efficiency of electrolytic radicals production and sonoelectrolysis on the degradation of the pesticide. The treatment has been conducted in a novel electrochemical reactor, equipped with a boron-doped diamond anode and a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Different current intensity and times have been tested and coupled with sonication at 40 kHz. Up to 69% of chlorpyrifos was completely removed in 10 min by electrolysis operated at 0.1 mA, while 12.5% and 5.4% was converted into the treatment intermediates 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and diethyl (3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphate, respectively. Ultrasound irradiation did not enhance the removal efficiency, likely due to mass transport limitations, while the energy consumption increased from 8.68∙10− 6 to 9.34∙10− 4 kWh µg− 1 removed. Further research is encouraged, given the promising processing by the SPE technology of low conductivity solutions, as pharmaceuticals streams, as well as the potential for water and in-situ groundwater remediation from different emerging pollutants as phytosanitary and personal care products.
Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review
Authors: Bontemps Bastien , Vercruyssen Fabrice , Gruet Mathieu , Louis Julien
Published: October 2020

Downhill running (DR) is a whole-body exercise model that is used to investigate the physiological consequences of eccentric muscle actions and/or exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). In a sporting context, DR sections can be part of running disciplines (off-road and road running) and can accentuate EIMD, leading to a reduction in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) better inform on the acute and delayed physiological effects of DR; (2) identify and discuss, using a comprehensive approach, the DR characteristics that affect the physiological responses to DR and their potential interactions; (3) provide the current state of evidence on preventive and in-situ strategies to better adapt to DR. Key findings of this review show that DR may have an impact on exercise performance by altering muscle structure and function due to EIMD. In the majority of studies, EIMD are assessed through isometric maximal voluntary contraction, blood creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness, with DR characteristics (slope, exercise duration, and running speed) acting as the main influencing factors. In previous studies, the median (25th percentile, Q1; 75th percentile, Q3) slope, exercise duration, and running speed were − 12% (− 15%; − 10%), 40 min (30 min; 45 min) and 11.3 km h−1 (9.8 km h−1; 12.9 km h−1), respectively. Regardless of DR characteristics, people the least accustomed to DR generally experienced the most EIMD. There is growing evidence to suggest that preventive strategies that consist of prior exposure to DR are the most effective to better tolerate DR. The effectiveness of in-situ strategies such as lower limb compression garments and specific footwear remains to be confirmed. Our review finally highlights important discrepancies between studies in the assessment of EIMD, DR protocols and populations, which prevent drawing firm conclusions on factors that most influence the response to DR, and adaptive strategies to DR.
The application of inter-satellite links connectivity schemes in various satellite navigation systems for orbit and clock corrections determination: simulation study
Authors: Kur Tomasz , Liwosz Tomasz , Kalarus Maciej
Published: October 2020

Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) are intended to improve precision of orbit determination and satellite clock estimation. The ISLs provide a precise pseudorange measurements between satellites in a specific constellation. The study is a preparatory assessment of exploitation of seven connectivity schemes in the terms of the precise orbit determination for three types of constellations—Galileo-like with 24 satellites on three orbital planes, GPS-like with 24 satellites on six orbital planes, and GPS with real positions. The first part of the study focused on detailed analysis of the various ISL connectivity schemes, considering the geometry of ISL observations. The selected results of ranging were examined in the context of the precise orbit determination based on weighted least squares adjustment. The second part of the analysis was based on simulated measurements with two approaches. First approach focuses on geometrical dependencies and the second is performed with ISL measurement biases estimation. It was found that the use of the ISL technique with GNSS measurements in orbit determination improves the results by reducing the RMS error in the along-track and cross-track components. Choice of connectivity schemes does not have a significant impact on the total results of orbit determination, but give different contribution to particular components. Introducing constant bias in ISL measurements occurs in slightly worse estimation results. However, the relations between connectivity schemes is very similar to approach without simulation of ISL bias, the differences are at the level of 10%. Satellite and station clock estimation errors are almost equal for all used connectivity schemes. Results of clocks are also not influenced by ISL bias. This study showed that the ISL technique is a highly promising addition for future generations of satellite navigation systems and that sequential and ring connectivity schemes can be recommended for use in future navigation constellations.
The ferrocenium/ferrocene couple: a versatile redox switch
Authors: Fabbrizzi Luigi
Published: October 2020

Woodward and co-workers in 1952 characterised the unique structural features of ferrocene (the first sandwich compound), demonstrated its aromatic nature and observed that on treatment with mild oxidising agents (aqueous Ag2SO4, p-benzoquinone in organic solvents) the orange solution of ferrocene (Fc) turned blue due to the formation of ferrocenium (Fc+). A few months later, the one-electron Fc/Fc+ redox change was characterised polarographically by Page and Wilkinson with E1/2 = 0.31 V vs SCE (0.56 V vs NHE) in ethanol/water 9:1. Since then ferrocene has become an icon of organometallic electrochemistry. Owing to the stability of its molecular framework, to the ease of functionalisation at the cyclopentadienyl rings and to the fast, reversible and kinetically uncomplicated Fc/Fc+ redox change, ferrocene has been used as a building block for the design of switchable functional systems. In this review, we will consider (1) electrochemical sensors for metal ions, anions and metal–anion pairs operating through the Fc/Fc+ redox change, (2) ferrocene-based redox switches of fluorescence and (3) cross-transport of electrons and anions through a liquid membrane mediated by lipophilic ferrocene derivatives.

Graphic abstract
Women and the Holy City
Authors: Ben Shitrit Lihi
Published: October 2020

Jerusalem's Temple Mount/al-Haram al-Sharif is the holiest place in the world for Jews, the third holiest place for Muslims and a constant feature in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Yet the gendered dimensions of inter-communal disputes over sacred space in Jerusalem, as well as in other holy places around the world, have been largely neglected, as have women's roles in these site-specific conflicts. An implicit association of women with peaceful politics and syncretic religious practices has obscured the fact that women are often key actors in inter-communal contestation of holy places. This study looks to three contemporary women's movements in and around Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade: Women for the Temple - a Jewish Orthodox movement for access to Temple Mount; The Murabitat - Muslim women activists devoted to the protection of Al-Aqsa Mosque from Jewish claims; and Women of the Wall - a Jewish feminist mobilization against restrictive gender regulations at the Western Wall. Lihi Ben-Shitrit demonstrates how attention to gender and to women's engagement in conflict over sacred places is essential for understanding what makes contested sacred sites increasingly 'indivisible' for parties in the inter-communal context.
Recognition
Authors: Honneth Axel
Published: October 2020

The idea that we are mutually dependent on the recognition of our peers is at least as old as modernity. Across Europe, this idea has been understood in different ways from the very beginning, according to each country's different cultural and political conditions. This stimulating study explores the complex history and multiple associations of the idea of 'Recognition' in Britain, France and Germany. Demonstrating the role of 'recognition' in the production of important political ideas, Axel Honneth explores how our dependence on the recognition of others is sometimes viewed as the source of all modern, egalitarian morality, sometimes as a means for fostering socially beneficial behavior, and sometimes as a threat to 'true' individuality. By exploring this fundamental concept in our modern political and social self-understanding, Honneth thus offers an alternative view of the philosophical discourse of modernity.
Towards a European Health Data Ecosystem
Authors: IACOB Nadina , SIMONELLI Felice
Published: October 2020

The digital health ecosystem is rife with opportunities to improve healthcare through data-driven services in the European Union (EU). The value of health data, in the multiple forms in which they come (from health records to lifestyle data collected by smartphones or wearables), can truly emerge when they are allowed to flow in the ecosystem within a governance framework supported by all relevant stakeholders, with trust as the common and clear thread underpinning it. The coronavirus pandemic has provided an additional impetus for change, showing the importance of coordination and adequate communication between Member States and quality data to inform decision-making. Significant challenges remain, however, in order to achieve a fully integrated European digital health ecosystem, including: (1) the potentially diverging rules set by Member States at the national level and the need for an EU framework for the secondary use of health data; (2) the need for transparency and accountability for sustaining a data-sharing framework involving public authorities, research organisations, industry and citizens; and (3) the need for interoperable data and processes. Taking stock of these challenges, this article puts forward policy recommendations to enable the provision of pan-European data-driven healthcare services and to build a transparent and trustworthy framework for citizens.
Modal analysis of dielectric barrier discharge-based argon cold plasma jet
Authors: Deepak G. Divya , Joshi N. K. , Prakash Ram
Published: October 2020

In this study, an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge-based argon plasma jet has been modeled using COMSOL Multiphysics, which is based on the finite element method. The fluid dynamics and plasma modules of COMSOL Multiphysics code have been used for the modeling of the plasma jet. The plasma parameters, such as electron density, electron temperature, and electrical potential, have been examined by varying the electrical parameters, that is, supply voltage and supply frequency for both cases of static and with the flow of argon gas. The argon gas flow rate was fixed at 1 l/min. Ring electrode arrangement is subjected to a range of supply frequencies (10–25 kHz) and supply voltages (3.5–6 kV). The experimental results of the ring electrode configuration have been compared with the simulation analysis results. These results help in establishing an optimized operating range of the dielectric barrier discharge-based cold plasma jet in the glow discharge regime without arcing phenomenon. For the applied voltage and supply frequency parameters examined in this work, the discharge was found to be consistently homogeneous and displayed the characteristics of atmospheric pressure glow discharge.
Numerical investigation of radiation ablation and acceleration of high-density carbon foils
Authors: Chen Peng , Hu Ronghao , Zhou Hao , Tao Zhihao , Gao Guilong , He Kai , Wang Tao , Tian Jinshou , Yi Tao , Lv Meng
Published: October 2020

The ablation and acceleration of diamond-like high-density carbon foils irradiated by thermal X-ray radiations are investigated with radiation hydrodynamics simulations. The time-dependent front of the ablation wave is given numerically for radiation temperatures in the range of 100–300 eV. The mass ablation rates and ablation pressures can be derived or implied from the coordinates of ablation fronts, which agree well with reported experiment results of high-density carbon with radiation temperatures Trad in the range of 160–260 eV. It is also found that the $T_{{\rm rad}}^3$ scaling law for ablation rates does not apply to Trad above 260 eV. The trajectories of targets and hydrodynamic efficiencies for different target thicknesses can be derived from the coordinates of ablation fronts using a rocket model and the results agree well with simulations. The peak hydrodynamic efficiencies of the acceleration process are investigated for different foil thicknesses and radiation temperatures. Higher radiation temperatures and target thicknesses result in higher hydrodynamic efficiencies. The simulation results are useful for the design of fusion capsules.
Dietary patterns and glycaemic control among Qatari adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Alaradi Marwa , Ouagueni Asma , Khatib Rim , Attieh Grace , Bawadi Hiba , Shi Zumin
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To assess the association between dietary patterns and glycaemic control among Qatari adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis using data from the Qatar Biobank Study. Poor glycaemic control was defined as HbA1c ≥7·0 %. Dietary patterns were constructed using factor analysis based on habitual food intake assessed by a FFQ. Medication use was based on self-report. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association.

Setting:

Qatar.

Participants:

Adults aged ≥18 years (n 1000) with known diabetes.

Result:

The mean age of the participants was 52·3 (sd 11·5) years. Overall, the prevalence of poor glycaemic control was 57·6 %, and 27·7 % of the participants were insulin users. Three dietary patterns were identified. The modern dietary pattern (high intake of fast food, croissants, white bread and cheese) was inversely associated with poor glycaemic control. The sd increments of the modern pattern had OR for poor glycaemic control of 0·86 (95 % CI 0·68, 1·08) in men and 0·76 (95 % CI 0·61, 0·95) in women. There was a significant interaction between the modern pattern and diabetes medication in men but not in women. In men without diabetes medication, the modern pattern was positively associated with poor glycaemic control with an OR of 2·35 (95 % CI 1·13, 4·87).

Conclusions:

Male diabetes patients took medication to control diabetes but ate more unhealthy food. In men who were not taking diabetes medication, modern dietary pattern was associated with poor glycaemic control. Promoting healthy eating should be encouraged especially among those under diabetes medication.
Sodium menu labelling: priorities for research and policy
Authors: Alexander Eleanore , Rutkow Lainie , Gudzune Kimberly A , Cohen Joanna E , McGinty Emma E
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To understand the different Na menu labelling approaches that have been considered by state and local policymakers in the USA and to summarise the evidence on the relationship between Na menu labelling and Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers.

Design:

Proposed and enacted Na menu labelling laws at the state and local levels were reviewed using legal databases and an online search, and a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted on the relationship between Na menu labelling and Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers.

Setting:

Local and state jurisdictions in the USA

Participants:

Not applicable.

Results:

Between 2000 and 2020, thirty-eight laws – eleven at the local level and twenty-seven at the state level – were proposed to require Na labelling of restaurant menu items. By 2020, eight laws were enacted requiring chain restaurants to label the Na content of menu items. Five studies were identified that evaluated the impact of Na menu labelling on Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers in the USA. The studies had mixed results: two studies showed a statistically significant association between Na menu labelling and reduced Na content of menu items; three showed no effects.

Conclusion:

Data suggest that Na menu labelling may reduce Na in restaurant menu items, but further rigorous research evaluating Na menu labelling effects on Na content of menu items, as well as on the Na content in menu items purchased by consumers, is needed.
The spectral evolution of cool white dwarfs
Authors: Blouin Simon , Dufour Patrick
Published: October 2020

Empirically characterizing the spectral evolution of cool white dwarfs is a prerequisite to understanding the physical processes that shape the evolution of these old objects. However, the high photospheric densities of cool helium-rich atmospheres seriously complicate the study of those stars. We have recently developed an updated atmosphere code that is appropriate for high densities and that can model any cool white dwarf (including DZs and DQpecs). Here, we present recent advances in our understanding of the spectral evolution of cool white dwarfs that were made possible thanks to these improved models. We discuss in particular the evolution of the hydrogen-rich to helium-rich ratio at low effective temperatures as well as the DQ→ DQpec transition.
The completeness of Gaia-selected samples of white dwarfs
Authors: Oswalt Terry D. , Holberg Jay B. , Sion Edward M.
Published: October 2020

The Gaia DR2 has dramatically increased the ability to detect faint nearby white dwarfs. The census of the local white dwarf population has recently been extended from 25 pc to 50 pc, effectively increasing the sample by roughly an order of magnitude. Here we examine the completeness of this new sample as a function of variables such as apparent magnitude, distance, proper motion, photometric color index, unresolved components, etc.
Continuous gravitational waves from magnetized white dwarfs
Authors: Kalita Surajit , Mukhopadhyay Banibrata
Published: October 2020

Recent evidence of super-Chandrasekhar white dwarfs (WDs), from the observations of over-luminous type Ia supernovae (SNeIa), has been a great astrophysical discovery. However, no such massive WDs have so far been observed directly as their luminosities are generally quite low. Hence it immediately raises the question of whether there is any possibility of detecting them directly. The search for super-Chandrasekhar WDs is very important as SNeIa are used as standard candles in cosmology. In this article, we show that continuous gravitational wave can allow us to detect such super-Chandrasekhar WDs directly.
Near-infrared observations of dusty white dwarfs
Authors: Rogers Laura K. , Xu Siyi , Bonsor Amy , Hodgkin Simon , Su Kate Y. L. , von Hippel Ted , Jura Michael
Published: October 2020

Abstarct

Planetary material in the atmospheres of white dwarfs is thought to be scattered inwards from outer planetary systems. Dusty emission in the infrared traces the accretion. As the scattering of many small asteroids is a stochastic process, variability in the infrared emission is predicted. We report a 3 year near-infrared (J, H and K) monitoring campaign of 34 dusty, polluted white dwarfs which aims to search for dust emission variability. We find all white dwarfs have consistent near-infrared fluxes, implying the excess emission is stable. This suggests tidal disruption events which lead to large variabilities are rare and quick (<1 year) and become stable within a few years. For WD 0408–041, the system that shows both increases and decreases in dust emission over 11 years, our K band data suggest a potential colour change associated with the dust emission that needs further confirmation.
Corona, ‚harte‘ Szenen und Drogenhilfe – Zwischenergebnisse einer laufenden qualitativen Erhebung
Authors: Werse Bernd , Klaus Luise
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Erfassung der Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf Menschen, die kompulsiv ‚harte‘ Drogen konsumieren sowie auf Mitarbeitende der Drogenhilfe. Methodik: Es wurde eine Form der qualitativen Online-Erhebung angewandt, in deren Rahmen Mitarbeitende der Drogenhilfe Leitfragen mittels E-Mail, Sprach- oder Textnachrichten beantworteten. Bisher konnten 50 Antworten aus 26 deutschen Städten einbezogen werden. Zwischenergebnisse: Die Stimmung der Konsumierenden von „harten“ Drogen hat sich nach Einschätzung der befragten Mitarbeitenden von Suchthilfeeinrichtungen überwiegend verschlechtert, u. a. durch ungünstigere Bedingungen für Hilfsangebote. Die generellen Lebensbedingungen für Konsumierende sind in erster Linie durch verschärften Geldmangel erschwert. Der Drogenmarkt wurde nur teilweise durch die Corona-Einschränkungen beeinflusst, wobei sich illegal gehandelte Medikamente stärker verteuert haben als illegale Substanzen. Die Drogenhilfe hat ihre Angebote aufgrund der Ausgangsbeschränkungen, Abstands- und Hygieneregeln stark eingeschränkt und musste zu Beginn der Krise teils mit einem Mangel an Schutzmaterialien umgehen. Oft, aber nicht immer, wurden Take-Home-Regelungen für Substitution ausgeweitet. Es wurde berichtet, dass Konsumierende teilweise Probleme hatten, Abstands- und Hygieneregeln einzuhalten. Fazit: Die aktuelle Pandemie hat sowohl für Konsumierende als auch Drogenhilfepersonal deutliche Herausforderungen und Belastungen mit sich gebracht. Es wird deutlich, dass hier weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht, u. a. was Praxis und Auswirkungen der Substitution betrifft.
Coronakrise und Suchtmedizin: Ein Praxisbericht
Authors: Walcher Stephan
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Ausgangslage: Die Bedrohung durch Covid-19 hat die Welt – und ganz besonders die der Drogengebraucher – erheblich verändert. Suchtmittel waren plötzlich schlecht verfügbar, Substitution, Suchthilfe und Einrichtungen der Suchtmedizin nur noch eingeschränkt zugänglich. Die engen Lebensbedingungen, der Lockdown und der oft schlechte Gesundheitszustand der Konsumenten führten zu großer Sorge unter Patienten, Helfern und Ärzten. Maßnahmen: Nach kurzem Zögern wurde schnell reagiert, und – soweit die schlechte Materialausstattung das zuließ – Eigen- und Fremdschutz eingerichtet. Die Fachgesellschaften erreichten bessere medizinische und politische Rahmenbedingungen, Infektionsschutz, Take-Home-Verordnung, Testkapazitäten und virtuelle Sprechstunden bzw. Teamkonferenzen wurden ausgebaut – und bisher konnten größere Infektionscluster in dieser Patientengruppe vermieden werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Einige dieser Veränderungen werden bleiben – und unser Zusammenleben nachhaltig beeinflussen. Wir haben jedenfalls viel Erfahrung im Krisenmanagement gewonnen – und das vertrauensvolle Verhältnis zu unseren Patienten intensiviert. Gute Suchtarbeit ist Beziehungsarbeit: das hat diese Krise nur bestätigt!
Alkoholkonsum in Deutschland und Europa während der SARS-CoV-2 Pandemie
Authors: Manthey Jakob , Kilian Carolin , Schomerus Georg , Kraus Ludwig , Rehm Jürgen , Schulte Bernd
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war, die Veränderung des Alkoholkonsums während der SARS-CoV-2 Pandemie in Deutschland zu untersuchen und mit derer anderer europäischer Länder zu vergleichen. Methodik: Analyse von soziodemographischen und sozioökonomischen Daten sowie Angaben zur Veränderung des Alkoholkonsums seit der Pandemie in einer europaweiten Onlinebefragung (n=40.064) aus 21 Ländern. Zur Anpassung an die Bevölkerungsverteilung in den Ländern erfolgte eine Gewichtung anhand von Geschlecht, Alter und Bildungsabschluss. Ergebnisse: Seit Beginn der Pandemie wurde im Mittel weniger Alkohol getrunken. Der Rückgang des Konsums ist vor allem auf eine Reduktion der Gelegenheiten zum Rauschtrinken zurückzuführen. Der Alkoholkonsum ist in Deutschland weniger stark als in anderen Europäischen Ländern zurückgegangen. Gründe dafür sind Zunahmen im Alkoholkonsum bei Frauen sowie bei Personen, die negative Auswirkungen in Beruf und Finanzen erlebt haben und bei Personen mit riskanten Konsummustern. Schlussfolgerungen: Um den negativen Folgen des in Teilgruppen verstärkten Alkoholkonsums während der Pandemie entgegenzuwirken, sollte die Verfügbarkeit von Alkohol durch eine sinnvolle Besteuerung reduziert sowie eine Ausweitung routinemäßiger Alkoholscreenings in der allgemeinärztlichen Versorgung umgesetzt werden.
Firearm Access and Suicidal Crises Among Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness in the United States
Authors: Fulginiti Anthony , Hsu Hsun-Ta , Call Jarrod , Petering Robin , Santa Maria Diane , Shelton Jama , Narendorf Sarah C. , Ferguson Kristin M. , Bender Kimberly , Barman-Adhikari Anamika
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Background: Young adults experiencing homelessness (YAEH) report high rates of suicidal crises. Having access to firearms during suicidal crises elevates risk of death by suicide. Yet, no known information exists about firearm access among YAEH. Aims: We aimed to examine the proportion of participants who had firearm access, as well as the association between past-year suicidal crises and firearm access among participants. Method: We recruited 1,426 YAEH (18–26 years old) from homelessness service settings in seven US cities. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between past-year suicidal crises and firearm access. Results: One third of the sample reported having easy firearm access. YAEH who experienced suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were more likely to report firearm access. Limitations: Results from this cross-sectional study cannot be causally interpreted nor generalized to all YAEH. Conclusion: A substantial segment of YAEH had easy firearm access and it was more common for YAEH with suicidal crises to have firearm access. Reducing firearm access should be part of suicide prevention planning for YAEH in the US but requires comprehensive and innovative solutions.
Social Media Responses to Online Suicide-Related News Articles
Authors: Edwards Tiana , Torok Michelle , McGillivray Lauren , Ford Trinn , Mok Katherine , Li Emily , Larsen Mark E.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Background: Responsible media reporting of suicide is important to prevent contagion effects. Online media reporting is increasingly becoming the primary source of news information for many people. Aims: This study aimed to assess compliance with responsible media reporting guidelines, and whether social media responses were associated with compliance. Method: A random sample of Australian digital news articles over a 9-month period were coded for compliance to Mindframe suicide reporting guidelines. Social media responses (number of shares and number of comments) were collected via Facebook. Results: From the sample of 275 articles, articles were compliant with a median of seven of the nine recommendations. Articles compliant with more than seven recommendations were shared more frequently (median: 93 vs. 38 shares, p = .017) but no difference was observed in the number of comments (median: 0 vs. 0, p = .340). Limitations: Other factors associated with individual events and articles are also likely to contribute to the response on social media. Although no difference in the number of comments was observed, the nature of these comments may differ. Conclusion: Improved understanding of how to maximize dissemination of positive messages may help minimize contagion effects.
Review of Aviation Safety Databases to Identify Information	Discrepancies Experienced on the Flight Deck
Authors: Carstens Deborah S. , Pittorie Warren P. , Carroll Meredith B. , Sanchez Paige L.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Aeronautical decision-making on the flight deck requires pilots to reconcile and make decisions using information from a range of different sources, sometimes with limited knowledge of associated levels of accuracy, integrity, and reliability. A review of four aviation safety databases identified information discrepancies experienced by general aviation and airline pilots. The analysis captured current trends in (a) the information discrepancies that pilots experience on the flight deck, (b) how pilots are responding, and (c) what are the resulting performance and safety impacts. Research implications and future research suggestions are also discussed.
Authigenic Ferrimagnetic Iron Sulfide Preservation Due to Nonsteady State Diagenesis: A Perspective From Perseverance Drift, Northwestern Weddell Sea
Authors: Reilly Brendan T. , McCormick Michael L. , Brachfeld Stefanie A. , Haley Brian A.
Published: October 2020

We document magnetic mineral diagenesis with high‐resolution magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis, isothermal remanent magnetization, and other rock magnetic measurements through a shallow sulfate‐methane transition (SMT) at Perseverance Drift—a high‐accumulation rate Holocene biosiliceous Antarctic marine sediment deposit. The structure of the SMT is defined with porewater measurements from the same core, allowing direct comparison. Dissolution of the detrital (titano)magnetite assemblage, with preferential dissolution of stochiometric magnetite, occurs in the upper SMT. Higher coercivity magnetic minerals dissolve more slowly, continuing to dissolve through the entire SMT and could be a source of ferric iron for microbial respiration following exhaustion of porewater sulfate, as suggested by accumulation of porewater ferrous iron below the SMT. Superparamagnetic ferrimagnetic mineral enrichment/depletion occurs in three phases through the SMT and is coupled tightly to the availability of dissolved ferrous iron relative to dissolved sulfide. High concentrations of authigenic remanence‐bearing iron sulfides, including greigite and hexagonal 3C pyrrhotite, which can be detected using remanence parameters but not in‐field concentration dependent parameters, accumulate in a transient horizon at the base of the SMT during this early diagenesis, where sulfide is present but limited relative to dissolved ferrous iron. Formation of this remanence‐bearing iron sulfide horizon is likely facilitated by continued iron reduction through the SMT. Nonsteady state perturbations that shift the porewater profile, such as changes in carbon flux or sedimentation rate, can lead to preservation of these transient horizons, much like well documented preservation of manganese oxide layers in marine sediments following similar shifts to porewater profiles.
Dayside Polar Cap Density Enhancements Formed During Substorms
Authors: Goodwin L. V. , Nishimura Y. , Coster A. J. , Zhang S. , Nishitani N. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Anderson B. J. , Zhang Q.‐H.
Published: October 2020

The formation of polar cap density enhancements, such as tongues‐of‐ionization (TOIs), are often attributed to enhanced dayside reconnection and convection due to solar wind changes. However, ionospheric poleward moving density enhancements can also form in the absence of changes in the solar wind. This study examines how TOI and patch events that are not triggered by solar wind changes relate to magnetospheric processes, specifically substorms. Based on total electron content and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) observations, we find substorms that occur at the same time as TOIs are associated with sudden enhancements in dayside poleward flows during the substorm expansion phase. Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) observations also show enhanced field‐aligned currents (FACs) that extend into the dayside ionosphere during this period. We suggest that the global enhancement of FACs and convection during these substorms are the drivers of these TOIs by enhancing dayside convection and transporting high‐density lower‐latitude plasma into the polar cap. However, we also find that not all substorms are coincident with polar cap density enhancements. A superposed epoch study showed that the AL index for TOIs during substorms is not particularly stronger than substorms without TOIs, but epoch studies of AMPERE observations do show events with TOIs to have a higher total FAC on both the dayside and nightside. Our results show the importance of TOI formation during substorms when solar wind drivers are absent, and the importance of considering substorms in the global current system. This work also shows the need to incorporate substorms into models of high‐latitude global convection and currents.