bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppression of the Transoceanic Slave Trade
Authors: Suzuki Hideaki
Published: February 2022

Since the last quarter of the 18th century, the suppression of the transoceanic slave trade had been under way. A popular movement became active in Britain, while a number of US states abolished the trade in the last quarter of the 18th century. Denmark abolished the trade completely in 1803, Britain in 1807, and the United States in 1808. After the Congress of Vienna, the British took the initiative in creating a network of bilateral and multilateral treaties to legalize naval suppression of the slave trade in the Atlantic, and, accordingly, Britain, the United States, France, and Portugal stationed naval squadrons off the African coast. From the 1840s onwards, another network to suppress slave supply was formed with African rulers, those agreements providing in some cases both justification and the practical basis for European territorial expansion in Atlantic Africa. The Europeans’ antislave-trade activity caused the Atlantic African economy to shift toward so-called legitimate commerce, and, since the 1960s, evaluation of that economic transition has been at the core of debate among historians of West Africa.

In the 1810s in the Indian Ocean, similar progress toward suppression of the slave trade took place almost simultaneously with that of its Atlantic counterpart, although progress was much quicker in the Atlantic. In fact, the suppression campaign in the Indian Ocean, which began with various treaties concluded by the British with local polities, gathered full force only from the 1860s. Interestingly, in Indian Ocean Africa the relationship between the suppression of the slave trade and imperial territorial occupation was more distant than on Africa’s Atlantic rim.

The suppression of the transoceanic slave trade cannot be understood without a multifaceted perspective, because this subject is connected to and so must be integrated with various fields, including naval, political, economic, legal, and social history. The transoceanic slave trade must therefore be located within a much wider context.
Inclusive Medicine and Medical Education: Increasing the Number of Clinicians With Disabilities
Authors: Petersen Kristina , Sheets Zoie , Singh Satendra , Jawadi Zina , Michael Dawn , Meeks Lisa
Published: February 2022

For two decades, leaders in medical education have emphasized the importance of increasing diversity within the physician workforce to better reflect the general population, including people with disabilities. Historically, the barriers in medical education for the inclusion of learners with disabilities have been many. As we progress through the early 21st century, researchers are seeking to reduce or eliminate these barriers to improve access to medical school education by readily putting forth the value of disability as diversity. Inclusive and accessible learning environments for those with disabilities benefit all learners. Carrying these findings into the healthcare profession brings further evidence to show the concordance between patients and physicians with disabilities through the lived experiences of being a patient with increased empathy and patient-focused care. With the inclusion of learners and practitioners with disabilities, their lived experiences, and allies contributing to the environments and standards in medical education and the medical profession, significant contributions for equitable opportunities and improvements can be made that ultimately benefit all.
The Strategic Model of Terrorism
Authors: Abrahms Max , Mroszczyk Joseph
Published: February 2022

Within political science, the strategic model is the dominant paradigm for understanding terrorism. The strategic model of terrorism posits that people turn to terrorism because of its effectiveness in pressuring government concessions. The strategic model Is a specific type of rational actor model with intellectual roots in bargaining theory, which emphasizes in the field of international relations how violence enhances the credibility of threats under anarchy, elevating the odds of government compliance. The strategic model is stronger theoretically than empirically. Terrorism indeed enhances the credibility of threats by demonstrating that nonstate actors possess the will and means to inflict physical pain for political noncompliance. Under anarchy, targets cannot otherwise be certain that aggrieved nonstate actors have the ability and intent to impose physical costs for maintaining the political status quo; the use of terrorist violence against civilians enhances the credibility of the threat by leaving no doubt that withholding concessions to the perpetrators will be costly. Although terrorism enhances the credibility of the threat under anarchy, the empirical record demonstrates that terrorist violence is generally ineffective—even counterproductive—at coercing government concessions. Not only is terrorism highly correlated with political failure, but this form of violence appears to lower the likelihood of government compliance, often by empowering hardliners most opposed to political accommodation. This finding holds across a variety of methodological approaches, raising questions about why terrorism underperforms as a coercive tactic despite enhancing the credibility of nonstate threats.
West African Acheulean
Authors: Thiam Djibril , Mesfin Isis
Published: February 2022

Although the data are incomplete, the Acheulean seems to occupy the longest share of the prehistoric period of West Africa. Whereas some sites suggest the arrival of the first hominids beginning in the Early Pleistocene, the majority of the Acheulean sites show evidence of activity throughout almost the entirety of the Mid-Pleistocene. From the Sahel to tropical forests, numerous valleys in nearly every West African country have offered up lithic artifacts dated to the Acheulean. The available data from the primary regions that have been studied suggest a colonization of the coastal and forest zones, of the Senegal River Basin as well as the Falémé Valley, of Niger, the Adrar in Mauritania, the Tilemsi, the Volta, and Lake Chad. However, this idea is based primarily on the continuous geographic repartition of “Acheulean localities” defined in this article as the entire collection of areas in which only a few artifacts attributed to the Acheulean on the basis of typological criteria have been found. On the other hand, the “Acheulean sites,” which are very scarce, are defined here as places where excavations have taken place or as the area layout of significant collections. The repartition of Acheulean sites and localities marked by this geography bears witness to the adaptation of human groups to a great, mosaic-like diversity of environments.
Global Buddhism
Authors: Reinke Jens
Published: February 2022

The notion of a global Buddhism refers to the many ways in which Buddhism in its plurality plays out under, as well as is taking part in, the conditions of globalization. The relationship between Buddhism and globalization is complex and multifaceted. The English terms religion and Buddhism as generic categories are in fact themselves a product of globalization, particularly in its earlier, colonial phase. But colonialism has not only produced increased transnational exchanges and connections between the colonized countries of Asia and the West, it has also facilitated enhanced connectivity and mutual awareness among the different Buddhist traditions within Asia. Modernist Asian Buddhists actively negotiated the global flows of colonial modernity and applied them to their own agenda, thereby shaping the emergence of modern national Buddhist traditions. In the second half of the 20th century, the economic and political restructuring of the globe and the resulting liberalization of migration laws in countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia facilitated the global expansion of nationalized Asian Buddhist traditions. The growing tourism industry, but also the emergence of counterculture movements in the West, led at the same time to the increased popularization of Buddhism in non-Asian cultural contexts. From the late 20th century on, ongoing global and inner-Asian exchange and integration, together with the development of the Internet and the diversification of mass media, further continue to shape the globalization of Buddhism. Buddhism, as it is practiced in the 21st century, is a producer of globalization, while it is at the same time a product of globalization.
Interrogatives in the Romance Languages
Authors: Munaro Nicola
Published: February 2022

This article investigates the structural properties of interrogative clauses in the Romance languages. Interrogative clauses are typically produced by the speaker in order to elicit information from the addressee; depending on the kind of information requested by the speaker, one can distinguish between two basic types of interrogatives: polar interrogatives and constituent interrogatives. In Romance main polar interrogatives, the interrogative interpretation of the utterance may be triggered only by prosodic means, through a final raising tone. While main polar interrogatives may employ different morphosyntactic strategies, embedded polar interrogatives display a greater degree of uniformity and are invariably introduced by the interrogative complementizer. As for constituent interrogatives, across Romance we find languages employing different strategies: Beside the ordinary fronting of the wh-item in the sentence-initial position, we also find wh-clefting, in which the sentence-initial wh-item is followed by an inflected copula and the complementizer; wh-in situ, with the wh-item appearing in sentence-internal position; wh-doubling, with two wh-items appearing, one in sentence-initial position and the other in sentence-internal position; and multiple wh-fronting, with both wh-items sitting in a left-peripheral position. In nonstandard questions the wh-item is obligatorily fronted, even in the languages that allow for wh-in situ in standard questions.
Psycholinguistic Research on Inflectional Morphology in the Romance Languages
Authors: Marzi Claudia , Pirrelli Vito
Published: February 2022

Over the past decades, psycholinguistic aspects of word processing have made a considerable impact on views of language theory and language architecture. In the quest for the principles governing the ways human speakers perceive, store, access, and produce words, inflection issues have provided a challenging realm of scientific inquiry, and a battlefield for radically opposing views. It is somewhat ironic that some of the most influential cognitive models of inflection have long been based on evidence from an inflectionally impoverished language like English, where the notions of inflectional regularity, (de)composability, predictability, phonological complexity, and default productivity appear to be mutually implied. An analysis of more “complex” inflection systems such as those of Romance languages shows that this mutual implication is not a universal property of inflection, but a contingency of poorly contrastive, nearly isolating inflection systems. Far from presenting minor faults in a solid, theoretical edifice, Romance evidence appears to call into question the subdivision of labor between rules and exceptions, the on-line processing vs. long-term memory dichotomy, and the distinction between morphological processes and lexical representations. A dynamic, learning-based view of inflection is more compatible with this data, whereby morphological structure is an emergent property of the ways inflected forms are processed and stored, grounded in universal principles of lexical self-organization and their neuro-functional correlates.
Community Violence and Mental Health
Authors: Marshall Selena , Gordon Michele
Published: February 2022

Social-ecological inspections into community violence advance our understanding of a single story of violence solely within urban communities, to a more critical discourse of examination. Undoubtedly, the environmental and social determinants of community violence influence variances in community health and dimensions of overall quality of life. Community violence is systemic, with compounded intergenerational effects rooted in racism, discrimination, and marginalization. The reality of daily violence and repeated traumas that many communities experience requires an urgent, multilevel response. Advocacy efforts must be directed at dismantling the structural components within communities that support social disengagement and a culture of normative violence. Community-engagement interventions that are respective of trauma-informed care and community building, have numerous implications for bridging micro- and macro-level social work practices.
The Life Model of Social Work Practice: A Macro View
Authors: Gitterman Alex , Knight Carolyn
Published: February 2022

From its earliest days and roots in the Settlement House and Charity Organization Society movements, the social work profession has debated whether its focus should be on social change in the pursuit of social justice or on treatment in pursuit of social functioning. The Life Model of social work practice integrates these two approaches to improving the lives and functioning of individuals, families, groups, and communities into a coherent whole. Professional skills and strategies of life-modeled social work practice empower clients to address life stressors and overcome traumatic experiences. Life-modeled social workers also develop the skills needed to influence organizations to be more responsive to clients’ needs, mobilize communities to engage in collective action, and advocate for legislative and regulatory policies that promote social justice.
3. God and nature
Authors: Dixon Thomas , Shapiro Adam R.
Published: February 2022

The questions of what natural laws are, how we discover them, whether they shed any light on moral or theological truths, or whether there are phenomena that cannot be explained naturally sit at the centre of what many take to be the most fundamental question about science and religion. ‘God and nature’ examines how believers and sceptics explain and interpret the phenomena we observe in the world around us. What events are attributable to the natural course of events, and what, if anything, is beyond natural explanation? In particular, this chapter explores the tradition of natural theology, the practice of seeking evidence about the divine through the empirical study of nature. Natural theology served to mediate between those who claimed that miraculous revelation was the only source of truth about the divine and those who denied that any ethical or theological truths could be known.
Sincast: a computational framework to predict cell identities in single-cell transcriptomes using bulk atlases as references
Authors: Deng Yidi , Choi Jarny , Lê Cao Kim-Anh
Published: February 2022

Characterizing the molecular identity of a cell is an essential step in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis. Numerous tools exist for predicting cell identity using single-cell reference atlases. However, many challenges remain, including correcting for inherent batch effects between reference and query data andinsufficient phenotype data from the reference. One solution is to project single-cell data onto established bulk reference atlases to leverage their rich phenotype information. Sincast is a computational framework to query scRNA-seq data by projection onto bulk reference atlases. Prior to projection, single-cell data are transformed to be directly comparable to bulk data, either with pseudo-bulk aggregation or graph-based imputation to address sparse single-cell expression profiles. Sincast avoids batch effect correction, and cell identity is predicted along a continuum to highlight new cell states not found in the reference atlas. In several case study scenarios, we show that Sincast projects single cells into the correct biological niches in the expression space of the bulk reference atlas. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our imputation approach that was specifically developed for querying scRNA-seq data based on bulk reference atlases. We show that Sincast is an efficient and powerful tool for single-cell profiling that will facilitate downstream analysis of scRNA-seq data.
Inferior mesenteric artery embolization ahead of rectal cancer surgery: AMIREMBOL pilot study
Authors: Frandon Julien , Berny Laure , Prudhomme Michel , de Forges Hélène , Serrand Chris , de Oliveira Fabien , Beregi Jean Paul , Bertrand Martin M
Published: February 2022

Ischaemic conditioning in rectal cancer surgery by preoperative embolization of the inferior mesenteric artery is feasible and safe. It seems to protect from ischaemic stress during the surgical procedure.
Repeat hepatic resection versus percutaneous ablation for the treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis
Authors: Yuan Bao-Hong , Zhu Yan-Kun , Zou Xu-Ming , Zhou Hao-Dong , Li Ru-Hong , Zhong Jian-Hong
Published: February 2022

Background

The efficacy of repeat hepatic resection (rHR) in the treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma compared with radiofrequency or microwave ablation after resection of the primary tumour remains controversial. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the safety and efficacy of these procedures.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched to identify related studies published before 10 October 2021. Overall and recurrence-free survival after different treatments were compared based on pooled hazard ratios with a random-effects model.

Results

Two randomized clinical trials and 28 observational studies were included, involving 1961 and 2787 patients who underwent rHR and ablation respectively. Median perioperative mortality in both groups was zero but patients in the rHR group had higher median morbidity rates (17.0 per cent) than those in the ablation group (3.3 per cent). rHR achieved significantly longer recurrence-free survival than ablation (HR 0.79, 95 per cent c.i. 0.70 to 0.89, P < 0.001), while both groups had similar overall survival (HR 0.93, 95 per cent c.i. 0.83 to 1.04, P = 0.18).

Conclusion

rHR and ablation based on radio- or microwaves are associated with similar overall survival in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after resection of the primary tumour.
On The Axioms Of Common Meadows: Fracterm Calculus, Flattening And Incompleteness
Authors: Bergstra Jan A , Tucker John V
Published: February 2022

Common meadows are arithmetic structures with inverse or division, made total on $0$ by a flag $\bot $ for ease of calculation. We examine some axiomatizations of common meadows to clarify their relationship with commutative rings and serve different theoretical agendas. A common meadow fracterm calculus is a special form of the equational axiomatization of common meadows, originally based on the use of division on the rational numbers. We study axioms that allow the basic process of simplifying complex expressions involving division. A useful axiomatic extension of the common meadow fracterm calculus imposes the requirement that the characteristic of common meadows be zero (using a simple infinite scheme of closed equations). It is known that these axioms are complete for the full equational theory of common cancellation meadows of characteristic $0$. Here, we show that these axioms do not prove all conditional equations which hold in all common cancellation meadows of characteristic $0$.
Cardiopulmonary assessment prior to returning to high-hazard occupations post-symptomatic COVID-19 infection: a position statement of the Aviation and Occupational Cardiology Task Force of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology
Authors: Rienks Rienk , Holdsworth David , Davos Constantinos H , Halle Martin , Bennett Alexander , Parati Gianfranco , Guettler Norbert , Nicol Edward D
Published: February 2022

This article provides an overview of the recommendations of the Aviation and Occupational Cardiology Task Force of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology on returning individuals to work in high-hazard occupations (such as flying, diving, and workplaces that are remote from healthcare facilities) following symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. This process requires exclusion of significant underlying cardiopulmonary disease and this consensus statement (from experts across the field) outlines the appropriate screening and investigative processes that should be undertaken. The recommended response is based on simple screening in primary healthcare to determine those at risk, followed by first line investigations, including an exercise capacity assessment, to identify the small proportion of individuals who may have circulatory, pulmonary, or mixed disease. These individuals can then receive more advanced, targeted investigations. This statement provides a pragmatic, evidence-based approach for those (in all occupations) to assess employee health and capacity prior to a return to work following severe disease, or while continuing to experience significant post-COVID-19 symptoms (so-called ‘long-COVID’ or post-COVID-19 syndrome).
Broad-spectrum in vitro activity of macrophage infectivity potentiator inhibitors against Gram-negative bacteria and Leishmania major
Authors: Iwasaki Jua , Lorimer Donald D. , Vivoli-Vega Mirella , Kibble Emily A. , Peacock Christopher S. , Abendroth Jan , Mayclin Stephen J. , Dranow David M. , Pierce Phillip G. , Fox David , Lewis Maria , Bzdyl Nicole M. , Kristensen Sofie S. , Inglis Timothy J. J. , Kahler Charlene M. , Bond Charles S. , Hasenkopf Anja , Seufert Florian , Schmitz Jens , Marshall Laura E. , Scott Andrew E. , Norville Isobel H. , Myler Peter J. , Holzgrabe Ulrike , Harmer Nicholas J. , Sarkar-Tyson Mitali
Published: February 2022

Background

The macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein, which belongs to the immunophilin superfamily, is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) enzyme. Mip has been shown to be important for virulence in a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. It has previously been demonstrated that small-molecule compounds designed to target Mip from the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei bind at the site of enzymatic activity of the protein, inhibiting the in vitro activity of Mip.

Objectives

In this study, co-crystallography experiments with recombinant B. pseudomallei Mip (BpMip) protein and Mip inhibitors, biochemical analysis and computational modelling were used to predict the efficacy of lead compounds for broad-spectrum activity against other pathogens.

Methods

Binding activity of three lead compounds targeting BpMip was verified using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The determination of crystal structures of BpMip in complex with these compounds, together with molecular modelling and in vitro assays, was used to determine whether the compounds have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogens.

Results

Of the three lead small-molecule compounds, two were effective in inhibiting the PPIase activity of Mip proteins from Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Leishmania major. The compounds also reduced the intracellular burden of these pathogens using in vitro cell infection assays.

Conclusions

These results indicate that Mip is a novel antivirulence target that can be inhibited using small-molecule compounds that prove to be promising broad-spectrum drug candidates in vitro. Further optimization of compounds is required for in vivo evaluation and future clinical applications.
Pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
Authors: Upton Caryn M , Steele Chanel I , Maartens Gary , Diacon Andreas H , Wiesner Lubbe , Dooley Kelly E
Published: February 2022

Background

With current treatment options most patients with CNS TB develop severe disability or die. Drug-resistant tuberculous meningitis is nearly uniformly fatal. Novel treatment strategies are needed. Bedaquiline, a potent anti-TB drug, has been reported to be absent from CSF in a single report.

Objectives

To explore the pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline and its M2 metabolite in the CSF of patients with pulmonary TB.

Patients and methods

Individuals with rifampicin-resistant pulmonary TB established on a 24 week course of treatment with bedaquiline underwent a lumbar puncture along with multiple blood sample collections over 24 h for CSF and plasma pharmacokinetic assessment, respectively. To capture the expected low bedaquiline and M2 concentrations (due to high protein binding in plasma) we optimized CSF collection and storage methods in vitro before concentrations were quantified via liquid chromatography with tandem MS.

Results

Seven male participants were enrolled, two with HIV coinfection. Using LoBind® tubes lined with a 5% BSA solution, bedaquiline and M2 could be accurately measured in CSF. Bedaquiline and M2 were present in all patients at all timepoints at concentrations similar to the estimated unbound fractions in plasma.

Conclusions

Bedaquiline and M2 penetrate freely into the CSF of pulmonary TB patients with a presumably intact blood–brain barrier. Clinical studies are urgently needed to determine whether bedaquiline can contribute meaningfully to the treatment of CNS TB.
A nested algorithm of truss topology optimization for maximum plastic shakedown loading capacity
Authors: Li Kai , Cheng Gengdong
Published: February 2022

This paper proposes a nested algorithm for truss topology optimization under plastic shakedown theory, which aims at maximizing the shakedown loading capacity. The nested algorithm consists of shakedown analysis and sensitivity-based optimization. Analytical sensitivity of shakedown load with respect to the design variables is derived in a concise form for the first time in conjunction with the adjoint variable scheme. A primal-dual shakedown algorithm is implemented for the determination of the shakedown load limit of structures and adjoint variables needed in the sensitivity analysis. The ground structure approach is applied to formulate the optimization problem for determining the optimized topology and cross-sections of the truss structure. Based on the analytical sensitivity above, the nested algorithm of truss structure topology optimization can be done efficiently by a gradient-based mathematical programming algorithm. Through independent shakedown analysis and optimization processes, the proposed approach facilitates the computation scale and efficiency for large-scale structure optimization design. Several numerical examples involving two- and three-dimensional truss illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
ZmPRD1 is essential for double-strand break formation, but is not required for bipolar spindle assembly during maize meiosis
Authors: Wang Yazhong , Wang Yan , Zang Jie , Chen Huabang , He Yan
Published: February 2022

Homologs of PUTATIVE RECOMBINATION INITIATION DEFECT 1 (PRD1) are known to be essential for meiotic double-strand break (DSB) formation in mouse (Mus musculus), Arabidopsis, and rice (Oryza sativa). Recent research has shown that rice PRD1 also plays an unanticipated role in meiotic bipolar spindle assembly, revealing that PRD1 has multiple functions in plant meiosis. In this study, we characterize the meiotic function of PRD1 in maize (Zea mays; ZmPRD1). Our results show that Zmprd1 mutant plants display normal vegetative growth but have complete male and female sterility. Meiotic DSB formation is fully abolished in mutant meiocytes, leading to failure in homologous pairing, synapsis, and recombination. ZmPRD1 exhibits a different pattern of chromosome localization compared to its rice homologs. The ZmPRD1 protein interacts with several DSB-forming proteins, but does not directly interact with the kinetochore proteins REC8 and SGO1. Possibly as a result of this, there are no significant abnormalities of bipolar spindle assembly in Zmprd1 meiocytes. Overall, our results demonstrate that ZmPRD1 is essential for DSB formation and homologous recombination in maize meiosis. However, the recently-identified function of PRD1 in bipolar spindle assembly during rice meiosis is not conserved in maize.
A formalization of abstract argumentation in higher-order logic
Authors: Steen Alexander , Fuenmayor David
Published: February 2022

We present an approach for representing abstract argumentation frameworks based on an encoding into classical higher-order logic. This provides a uniform framework for computer-assisted assessment of abstract argumentation frameworks using interactive and automated reasoning tools. This enables the formal analysis and verification of meta-theoretical properties as well as the flexible generation of extensions and labellings with respect to well-known argumentation semantics.
Skills for Getting Started
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Dick-Siskin Leah P. , Bilbrey Ann Choryan , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2022

The research literature on preventing premature dropout from psychotherapy demonstrates that providers can do much to increase the likelihood that clients will remain in treatment long enough to benefit. Important therapeutic actions include clinicians explaining the therapy approach, setting expectations for treatment length, directly linking treatment approach to presenting problems, instilling hope, and asking for and responding to feedback to build the therapeutic alliance. This first personalized workbook module of Treating Later-Life Depression: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach supports the work by therapists with their middle-aged and older clients to begin treatment. Easy-to-read, large-print Learn pages are selected by practitioners to help aging clients develop positive expectations for treatment, understand depression, identify values and strengths, explore intersecting multicultural identities, personalize the CBT model, develop therapy goals, shape expectations for how change happens, and recognize the importance of home practice. Practice forms are provided for use between sessions to support this initial phase of treatment. The experience of psychotherapy is heavily shaped by social contexts and environments. Practitioners are encouraged to apply strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients.
Skills for Managing Chronic Pain
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Dick-Siskin Leah P. , Bilbrey Ann Choryan , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2022

There are a number of health conditions experienced by middle-aged and older adults that lead to persistent pain. Chronic pain and depression are bidirectionally related - chronic pain contributes to the development of later-life depression, and depression increases the difficulty of implementing pain management strategies. This personalized workbook module of Treating Later-Life Depression: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach promotes skills to manage chronic pain and support daily living that is consistent with personal values and life goals. Easy-to-read, large-print Learn pages are selected by behavioral health clinicians to help aging clients understand and apply the gate control theory of pain to regulate emotions, thoughts and behaviors that increase pain perceptions and disrupt value-based living. Together with their provider, clients choose specific Practice forms for use between sessions to practice, remember, and use these skills. The experience of chronic pain is embedded within social contexts and environments. Practitioners are encouraged to apply strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients.
Skills for Living with Loss
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Dick-Siskin Leah P. , Bilbrey Ann Choryan , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2022

Deaths become more common with increasing age, including the deaths of pets, close friends, parents, siblings, and life partners. Other important losses can be related to retirement, declining health (of the client or someone they care for), a move, and/or loss of roles/activities that have been important parts of personal identity for middle-aged and older adults. This personalized workbook module of Treating Later-Life Depression: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach provides flexible clinical tools for mental health interventions with aging clients who are grieving different types of loss, with or without significant depressive symptomatology. Easy-to-read, large-print Learn pages are selected by behavioral health clinicians to support the clinical tasks of being present to and normalizing common grief reactions. Practice forms are available to use between sessions to support clients’ grieving processes and management of daily life tasks. Grief reactions are embedded within social contexts and environments. Practitioners are encouraged to apply grief therapy strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients.
Psychotherapy Modifications with Aging Clients
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2022

Age-related adaptations to individual and group psychotherapy, as well as within integrated primary care practice, generally involve contextual modifications—in other words, the “how” of implementing specific change strategies. This chapter provides tips and strategies for providers conducting therapy sessions with depressed clients across the second half of life (i.e., individuals in their 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s). Specific challenges that arise in working with some aging clients are discussed, followed by potential remedies, including within the context of telehealth. Practitioners are encouraged to apply recommended strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients.
Module 3: Skills for Doing: Values-Based Living and Solving Problems
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2022

Considerable research done over the past 50 years has shown that as individuals become more actively engaged in daily life, depressive symptoms decrease. Thus, increasing daily rewarding, meaningful, and valued activities is a priority in treatment for depression. This chapter supports providers as they implement behavioral activation and problem-solving strategies consistent with clients’ personal values and strengths. The clinician’s focus should be on helping aging clients understand the role of activities in depression, engage in positive daily activities, and apply the steps of problem solving to anticipate and remove barriers. This chapter also describes the Practice forms provided for clients’ use between psychotherapy and integrated primary care sessions to remember and use these skills. This chapter directs practitioners to apply specific strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients, including within the context of telehealth.
Module 11: Skills for Wrapping Up: Finishing Treatment
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2022

This chapter supports providers as they use flexible clinical tools for the psychotherapy termination process with middle-aged and older adults. Termination issues covered include the therapy relationship, review of skills learned, planning for future stressful situations, and recognizing signs of relapse. This chapter also describes the Practice forms that clients can use to develop a maintenance guide that supports daily living consistent with personal values and life goals after therapy has ended. Psychotherapy relationships and termination processes are embedded within social contexts and environments. This chapter directs practitioners to apply specific strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients, including within the context of telehealth.
Module 5: Skills for Brain Health: Healthy Cognitive Aging
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2022

This chapter supports providers as they help middle-aged and older adults manage age-related changes in cognitive functioning and engage in daily living that is consistent with their personal values and life goals. This chapter describes the relevant Learn pages and Practice forms provided in the client workbook, focused on helping aging clients understand cognitive aging, engage in brain-healthy habits, navigate health care, manage medications, and consider whether to complete a cognitive evaluation. The experience of cognitive aging is embedded within social contexts and environments. This chapter directs clinicians to apply recommended strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients, including within the context of telehealth.
Module 9: Skills for Living with Loss: Bereavement and Grief
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2022

Middle-aged and older adults experience the deaths of pets, friends, parents, siblings, and life partners. Other losses are related to retirement, declining health, moves, and loss of roles that have been important parts of personal identity. This chapter suggests clinical tools to support clients’ grieving processes and management of daily life while living with loss. Clinical tasks include being present to and normalizing common grief reactions. This chapter describes the Practice forms provided in the workbook for aging clients’ use between psychotherapy and integrated primary care sessions to remember and use these skills. Clinicians are encouraged to apply recommended grief therapy strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients, including within the context of telehealth.
Session 4: Developing a Master Plan
Authors: Weersing V. Robin , Gonzalez Araceli , Rozenman Michelle
Published: February 2022

Chapter 4 (Session 4) marks an important point in Brief Behavioral Therapy (BBT) because it sets the stage for rest of the sessions in BBT. In addition to reviewing skills from previous sessions, this session highlights avoidance as an unhelpful habit and helps youth understand how facing stressful situations head-on in a step-by-step way can be a helpful response that will ultimately decrease stress and negative emotions. This chapter will help youth select major treatment goals and begin developing the Master Plan with the help of the therapist. A Master Plan is a list of tasks that the youth will complete over time to help them face stressful situations. Before youths try these tasks on their own, they will practice together with the therapist.
The Final Session: Onward and Upward!
Authors: Weersing V. Robin , Gonzalez Araceli , Rozenman Michelle
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 outlines the final session of Brief Behavioral Therapy (BBT), which reviews everything youth have accomplished in BBT, reviews the main ideas covered in BBT, and plans out ways to manage stress in the future. Specifically, youth will review skills they learned in BBT for coping with stress and daily hassles, plan long-term goals, establish healthy habits and social support, think about upcoming big changes, and discuss a plan in the event that difficulties arise in the future. The handouts and worksheets in this chapter are designed to help ensure that youth end BBT with the understanding that the most helpful way to respond to stress is to face the things that are difficult and that they can use the skills they’ve learned to tolerate negative feelings, solve problems, and make plans for action that involve taking small steps toward dealing with stress.
Brief Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Youth
Authors: Weersing V. Robin , Gonzalez Araceli , Rozenman Michelle
Published: February 2022

Taken together, anxiety and depression are the most common mental health problems across the lifespan, with most adults dating the onset of their struggles to childhood and adolescence. The Brief Behavioral Therapy (BBT) program for youth is a transdiagnostic intervention for anxiety and depression designed to efficiently treat the cluster of internalizing symptoms most commonly seen in childhood and adolescence: feeling stressed, sad, bad, nervous, worried, moody, irritable, or scared. BBT works by targeting core processes implicated in both anxiety and depression. In BBT, youth learn to reduce their avoidance of situations that produce negative feelings and increase their approach toward and engagement with sources of reward and meaning. Of note, the BBT model eliminates cognitive restructuring, a central ingredient in cognitive-behavioral therapies for depression and anxiety. BBT is intended to be briefer and less complex to learn and to teach as compared to alternate transdiagnostic and disorder-specific interventions for pediatric anxiety and depression. This volume is the Therapist Guide, designed to be used in combination with the BBT Workbook for youth and families. Each session in this guide builds on skills taught in the previous session, and each session has matching material in the Workbook. The Therapist Guide also includes supplemental material for working with less common clinical situations and therapist reflection exercises designed to mimic the supervision style of research studies using BBT. Overall, the BBT program has been found to significantly reduce symptoms and improve functioning in daily life for youths with anxiety and depression.
Sessions 5 Through 11: Implementing the Master Plan
Authors: Weersing V. Robin , Gonzalez Araceli , Rozenman Michelle
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 describes implementation of the Master Plan that will begin Session 5 and continue for the remainder of treatment until the second to last session (typically anywhere from Session 8 to Session 11 depending on treatment progress). Each session primarily consists of in-session practice of items on the Master Plan with detailed planning for implementing the Master Plan between therapy sessions (and in the youth’s daily life). This chapter and the accompanying appendix provide material to guide the therapist, including sample Master Plans, suggestions for tailoring the Master Plan for different symptom presentations, tips for successful implementation and calibration of difficulty level, ongoing use of Problem-Solving PLANS to address challenges, guidance for parent involvement, and anticipation of treatment termination. Additionally, this chapter describes the Therapist Reflection Worksheet as a tool to help the therapist with treatment planning.
Final Session: Relapse Prevention
Authors: Weersing V. Robin , Gonzalez Araceli , Rozenman Michelle
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 outlines the final session of BBT, which reviews progress and conducts relapse prevention. The therapist, youth, and parent will review skills acquired for coping with stress, symptoms, and negative life events. In addition, the therapist will celebrate progress toward treatment goals and highlight accomplishments while linking improvement to an increase in approach behavior. Relapse prevention involves discussion of long-term goals, addressing remaining symptoms that were not targeted in BBT, establishing healthy habits and social support, anticipating upcoming stressors, and discussing a plan in the event that difficulties arise in the future. This will help ensure that youth end BBT with the understanding that the most helpful way to respond to stress is to face the things that are difficult, that they can tolerate negative feelings, and that they can do the things they want and need to do in the future with these skills even when they feel stressed.
Positive Behavioral Support
Authors: Bowring Darren , Toogood Sandy
Published: February 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with an increased risk of challenging behavior (CB). Positive behavioral support (PBS) is a multicomponent framework that aims to promote quality of life and reduce levels of CB. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the theoretical basis of PBS and its origins and to describe the interventions that together form the PBS framework model. Research on PBS will be presented which has historically focused on adults with intellectual disabilities including those with ASD. Emerging evidence from meta-analytic reviews and recent research studies will be described that demonstrate that PBS is effective at reducing levels of CB. Finally, a case study example is provided of how PBS was used to address a high-risk self-injurious behavior in an individual with ASD.
Schema Therapy
Authors: Vuijk Richard , Genderen Hannie van , Geurts Hilde M. , Arntz Arnoud
Published: February 2022

This chapter outlines schema therapy (ST) as a treatment possibility for adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid personality disorder (PD). The chapter begins with some key considerations concerning the therapeutic relationship and the differential diagnosis of ASD versus PD. ST is introduced, followed by a summary of empirical findings about personality characteristics in people with ASD including both weaknesses (i.e., pathology) and strengths. A summary is provided of the empirical studies examining ST concepts and treatment programs for adults with ASD (and comorbid PD). The chapter concludes with a case study exemplifying the ST approach.
Compassion-Focused Therapy
Authors: Acland James , Spain Debbie
Published: February 2022

People with autism commonly experience psychosocial and systemic risk factors that increase their vulnerability for developing internalizing and externalizing disorders, self-criticism, and shame-based difficulties. Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) is a relatively new talking therapy, informed by a theoretical evolutionary model that categorizes emotions into threat, drive, and soothing systems. CFT aims to reduce self-condemnation and judgment and enhance capacity for self-kindness and compassion to and from others, and incorporates elements of other evidence-based therapies, including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), schema therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches. This chapter provides an overview of theory underpinning CFT and the research evidence base, and it outlines mainstay therapeutic interventions and techniques. A case study is described, exemplifying therapy stages and autism-relevant adaptations.
SCM and In-patient Care
Authors: Swift Elaine , Roper Louise , Quayle Genevieve , Strom Kathryn , Everett Jill
Published: February 2022

This chapter illustrates how structured clinical management (SCM) in in-patient mental healthcare settings enhances an effective care programme whilst also supporting the in-patient environment. The chapter uses acute in-patient wards for adults and a female low secure unit as examples. In-patient treatment is not recommended as a primary treatment or treatment of choice for people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Despite the different functions of acute and low secure wards, admission to either may be necessary to reduce risk to self and others in people diagnosed with personality disorder. Key strengths of SCM are its adaptability, its accessibility to practitioners in terms of understanding the model, and its straightforward, problem-focused approach.
Adapting Structured Clinical Management for People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Everett Jill , Oliver Mark , Cummings Katie
Published: February 2022

This chapter summarizes how structured clinical management (SCM) has been adapted as an intervention for people with intellectual disabilities (ID). There is no current guidance or qualitative or quantitative reports in the literature about SCM for people with ID. This chapter combines definitional, philosophical, structural, political, cultural, and practical/clinical elements that can inform thinking about SCM in ID and provides a framework for adapting the available materials and piloting them with ID service users. The chapter is structured in two main parts: the first lays out these contextual elements, the second gives some examples of the adaptations made to the SCM workbooks to make them more accessible and acceptable to an ID population.