bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: THE FORMATION OF BICYCLIC Γ‐LACTONES FROM Γ‐BROMOALKYLIDENE MALONATES
Authors: GULBRANDSEN T. , KOLSAKER P.
Published: April 2016

Der Bromalkylidenmalonester (I) reagiert mit den Aryldiazomethanen (II) bzw. Diazomethan zu den Pyrazolinen (III) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURAL ANALOGS OF IBOTENIC ACID. SYNTHESES OF 4‐METHYLHOMOIBOTENIC ACID AND AMPA, INCLUDING THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF AMPA, MONOHYDRATE
Authors: HONORE T. , LAURIDSEN J.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Methoxy‐dimethyl‐isoxazol (I) wird mit LiN(iPr)2 das 5‐Lithiomethyl‐Derivat erzeugt und mit Diethyloxalat zu dem Ketoester (II) umgesetzt, dessen Oxim (IIIa) zu dem Aminoester (IIIb) reduziert wird; durch Deblockierung mit HBr und anschließende Behandlung mit Et3N erhält man aus (IIIb) Homoibotensäure (IIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF THE PHTHALOCYANINE DIANION: THE DEMETALATION OF DILITHIUM PHTHALOCYANINE
Authors: MARTIN K. A. , STILLMAN M. J.
Published: April 2016

Anhand absorptionsspektroskopischer Untersuchun ‐ gen wird gezeigt, daß bei der Demetallierung von Dilithium‐Phthalocyanin durch destilliertes Wasser in Gegenwart schwach koordinierter Lösungsmittel wie Dimethylacetamid und DMSO metallfreie Spezies gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRROLYL COMPLEXES OF THE EARLY TRANSITION METALS. 1. SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (η5‐C5H5)2TI(η1‐NC4H4)2, (η5‐C5H5)2ZR(η1‐NC4H4)2, AND (NA(THF)6)2(ZR(η1‐NC4H4)6)
Authors: BYNUM R. V. , HUNTER W. E. , ROGERS R. D. , ATWOOD J. L.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der Cyclopentadienylmetallchloride (I) mit Pyrrolylnatrium in THF bei Raumtemp. liefert die beiden Titelverbindungen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LEWIS BASE ADDUCTS OF ETHYLGALLIUM TETRACARBONYLIRON, BN(C2H5)GAFE(CO)4 (B = LEWIS BASE)
Authors: CYMBALUK T. H. , ERNST R. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion von Fe(CO)5 mit 1% Na‐Amalgam in Gegenwart von Benzophenon liefert in 90% Ausb. Na2Fe(CO)4, das mit Ethylgalliumdiiodid bei ‐78°C in THF ein THF‐Addukt liefert, das mit N‐Donatorliganden die luftempfindlichen Produkte (I) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: CLEAVAGE OF DNA BY COORDINATION COMPLEXES. SUPEROXIDE FORMATION IN THE OXIDATION OF 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINE‐CUPROUS COMPLEXES BY OXYGEN ‐ RELEVANCE TO DNA‐CLEAVAGE REACTION
Authors: GRAHAM D. R. , MARSHALL L. E. , REICH K. A. , SIGMAN D. S.
Published: April 2016

Anhand von spektroskopischen Untersuchungen in Gegenwart des Farbstoffes Nitroblautetrazolium wird der Mechanismus der Spaltreaktion untersucht, wobei ein direkter Beweis für die Bildung des Superoxidions in der Oxidation des Bis‐ [phenanthrolin]‐Cu(I)‐Komplexes, erzeugt in situ aus der Reduktion des Cu(II)‐Analogen mit Thiolen, erbracht wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SILVER(I) COMPLEXES WITH N‐PROTECTED AMINO ACIDS
Authors: ANTOLINI L. , MENABUE L. , SALADINI M. , MORINI P.
Published: April 2016

Wäßrige oder methanolische Lösungen von AgNO3 oder AgClO4 reagieren mit den Na‐Salzen der N‐Acetyl‐ und N‐Benzoylderivate von Glycin, α‐ und β‐Alanin, Valin, Leucin und Tryptophan zu 1:1‐Komp1exen.
ChemInform Abstract: INVERSE SUBSTRATES. IX. AMIDINOPHENYL ESTERS DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES AS TRYPSIN SUBSTRATES
Authors: FUJIOKA T. , TANIZAWA K. , NAKAYAMA H. , KANAOKA Y.
Published: April 2016

Es werden verschiedene Methoden zur Herstellung der Amidinophenylester von Aminosäuren aufgeführt, wobei der Schutz der Amidin‐Funktion insbesondere durch die Benzyloxycarbonylgruppe und ihre Abspaltung durch katalytische Hydrierung vorgenommen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DL‐SEPTICINE
Authors: IWASHITA T. , SUZUKI M. , KUSUMI T. , KAKISAWA H.
Published: April 2016

Die Cycloadditionsreaktion von Pyrrolin‐N‐oxid (I) mit dem Bis‐(dimethoxyphenyl)‐butadien (II) liefert zwei stereoisomere Addukte (III) und (IV), von denen (III) bei der Umsetzung mit Zink/Eisessig jedoch nicht zu dem erwarteten Ringschluß führt, sondern (V) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ANTHRACYCLINONES VIA O‐QUINODIMETHANS
Authors: FARINA F. , PRIMO J. , TORRES T.
Published: April 2016

Das aus dem Anthrachinon (I) durch Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion mit Butadien (II) hergestellte Addukt (III) wird durch Acetylierung, nachfolgende katalytische Hydrierung und anschließende Oxidation mit Chromsäure in das tetracyclische Diacetoxychjnon (VI) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLID‐STATE KINETICS OF LANTHANUM ALUMINUM OXIDE (LAAL11O18)
Authors: ROPP R. C. , CARROLL B.
Published: April 2016

Die zu LaAlu O18 führende Festkörperreaktion zwischen La2O3 und Al2O3 läuft in den Stufen A und B ab.
ChemInform Abstract: ARENE‐METAL COMPLEXES. 13. REACTION OF SUBSTITUTED (BENZENE)TRICARBONYLCHROMIUM COMPLEXES WITH N‐BUTYLLITHIUM
Authors: CARD R. J. , TRAHANOVSKY W. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus den substituierten Komplexen (I) werden die Substitutionsprodukte (II) erhalten; die Isomerenverteilung wird bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF 2‐HALO‐N‐ALLYLANILINES TO INDOLES VIA PALLADIUM(0) OXIDATIVE ADDITION‐INSERTION REACTIONS
Authors: ODLE R. , BLEVINS B. , RATCLIFF M. , HEGEDUS L. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus den 2‐Halogen‐N‐allyl‐anilinen (I) entstehen mit Pd(O) über die Zwischenstufen (II) und (III) die 3‐Methyl‐indole (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPOUNDS WITH APPARENT ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY. PART V. HYDRAZONE DERIVATIVES OF 6‐SUBSTITUTED 5‐FORMYLIMIDAZO(2,1‐B)THIAZOLES AND 2,3‐DIHYDRO‐5‐FORMYLIMIDAZO(2,1‐B)THIAZOLES
Authors: ANDREANI A. , RAMBALDI M. , BONAZZI D.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung von 5Formyl‐imidazo‐thiazolen (I) bzw. (III) mit Thiosemicarbazid bzw. Tosylhydrazin erhält man die Hydrazone (II) bzw. (IV), die keine signifikante antileukämische Wirkung haben.
ChemInform Abstract: A MILD AND FACILE SYNTHESIS OF ALKYL‐ AND ALKYLPHOSPHONYL DICHLORIDES UNDER NEUTRAL CONDITIONS. REACTION OF BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL) PHOSPHONATES WITH PHOSPHORUS(V) CHLORIDE
Authors: MORITA T. , OKAMOTO Y. , SAKURAI H.
Published: April 2016

Phosphonsäuredialkylester (I) werden über die Trimethylsilylverbindungen (III) glatt und in hohen Ausbeuten in die Phosphonyldichloride (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIC ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. PART XV. 4‐TERT‐BUTYL‐2,6,7‐TRIOXA‐1‐PHOSPHABICYCLO(2.2.2)OCTANE AND ITS OXIDE
Authors: EDMUNDSON R. S. , FORTH C. I.
Published: April 2016

Der durch Ozonolyse aus Dimethylpenten erhältliche Aldehyd (I) reagiert mit Formaldehyd (II) zum Triol (III), das mit Triethylphosphit (IV) zum bicyclischen Phosphit (V) umgeestert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF 1‐METHYLIMIDAZOLINE‐2(3H)‐THIONE
Authors: RAPER E. S. , O'NEILL M. E. , DANIELS J. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelkomplexe (I) und (II) wurden mit 35‐55% Ausb. durch Reaktion der Ni‐Salze mit dem Liganden in wasserfreiem EtOH dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF N,O‐DIACYL‐N‐TERT‐BUTYLHYDROXYLAMINES
Authors: UCHIDA Y. , HASHIMOTO Y. , KOZUKA S.
Published: April 2016

Die aus dem Hydroxylamin (I) mit einem Überschuß der Aroylchloride (II) erhaltenen N,O‐Diaroyl‐ Derivate (III) liefern bei Thermolyse in Tetralin die Benzamide (IV), die Carbonsäuren (V) und als Tetralin‐Abkömmlinge das Bitetralyl (VI) und das Dihydronaphthalin (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF 2,3‐DIPHENYLTHIIRENE 1,1‐DIOXIDE WITH NUCLEOPHILES
Authors: JARVIS B. B. , STAHLY G. P.
Published: April 2016

In Gegenwart von Kronenether erhält man aus 2,3‐Diphenylthiiren‐l ,l‐dioxid (I) neben Diphenylacetylen (II) das Sulfonylfluorid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF TRIFLIC ANHYDRIDE WITH GRIGNARD REAGENTS. OXIDIZING PROPERTIES OF TRIFLIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: CREARY X.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Grignardverbindungen (I) erhält man mit Trifluorsulfonsäureanhydrid (II) Mischungen aus den Halogeniden (III) und den Trifluormethylsulfonen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF “DINAPHTHYLDIQUINHYDRONE”
Authors: WITTMANN H. , JELLER H.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) wird mit den Aminen (II) zu den Anilinochinonen (III) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: IN SITU ALKYLATION OF 2‐FORMYL‐1,3‐DITHIANE
Authors: WILSON S. R. , MATHEW J.
Published: April 2016

1,3‐Dithian (I) kann nach Metallierung im Eintopfverfahren mit Dimethylformamid und 3‐Bromcyclohexen (II) zum Cyclohexenyl‐formyl‐dithian (III) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHOLE (2 + 2) AND (4 + 2) DIMERIZATIONS AROUND METAL CARBONYL MOIETIES. STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF A NEW TYPE OF EXO (4 + 2) DIMERS
Authors: SANTINI C. C. , FISCHER J. , MATHEY F. , MITSCHLER A.
Published: April 2016

Die UV‐Bestrahlung von Gemischen der 3,4‐Dimethylphosphole (I) und der Hexacarbonyle (II) führt neben den klassischen Komplexen (III) zu den Produkten (IV), in denen Diels‐Alder‐ [4 + 2]‐Phospholdimere als Chelatliganden fungieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF METALLACYCLOPENTANES CONTAINING TWO METALS IN THE RING. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION TO CYCLOPROPANE AND LIGAND‐INDUCED CONVERSION TO STABLE MONONUCLEAR METALLACYCLOPENTANONES
Authors: THEOPOLD K. H. , BERGMAN R. G.
Published: April 2016

Während die Umsetzung des Radikalanions (II) mit MeI zur Bildung von (I) führt, bewirkt die Zugabe von 1,3‐Diiodopropan durch intramolekulare Dialkylierung die Bildung des stabilen Dimetallacyclopentans (III), das durch IR‐, NMR‐ und MS‐Daten charakterisiert wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOMOLYBDATE (MOS42‐) AND THIOMOLYBDATE (MOOS32‐) AS STRUCTURALLY VERSATILE AND BIOCHEMICALLY INTERESTING LIGANDS IN CRYSTALLINE COPPER AND IRON MULTINUCLEAR COMPLEXES
Authors: MUELLER A. + , BOEGGE H. + , TOELLE H.‐G. + , JOSTES R. , SCHIMANSKI U. , DARTMANN M.
Published: April 2016

Die Komplexe (I) und (II) werden durch Umsetzung wäßriger Lösungen von Cs2MoOS3 bzw. (NH4)2 M084 mit CuCl2 ‐ 2 H2O in Gegenwart von PPh3 in Methylenchlorid und der Komplex (III) aus (Ph4P)2MoS4, FeClz ‐4 H2O und [PhCH2 ‐NMe3]Cl in Acetonitril in Form reiner Kristalle erhalten (Ausb‐Angabe in Gramm).
ChemInform Abstract: INTERACTION OF CIS‐DIAQUODIAMMINEPLATINUM DINITRATE WITH RIBOSE DINUCLEOSIDE MONOPHOSPHATES
Authors: CHOTTARD J. C. , GIRAULT J. P. , CHOTTARD G. , LALLEMAND J. Y. , MANSUY D.
Published: April 2016

Die Chelatbildung des Pt‐Tite1komplexes mit den drei Homodinueleosiden von Inosin, Guanin und Adenin und den zwei Heterodinucleosiden von Guanin oder Adenin und Cytosin in wäßriger Lösung wird mittels 1 H‐NMR‐ und CD‐Analysen sowie chromatographiseher Methoden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: MIMOCIN, A NEW ISOQUINOLINEQUINONE ANTIBIOTIC
Authors: KUBO A. , NAKAHARA S. , IWATA R. , TAKAHASHI K. , ARAI T.
Published: April 2016

Für Mimocin wird die Struktur (V) sichergestellt, u.a. durch eine unabhängige Synthese aus dem Isochinolin‐chinon (I) in der angegebenen Weise.
ChemInform Abstract: Me2Zn‐Mediated Catalytic Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Addition of TosMIC to Ketones.
Authors: Keeri Abdul Raheem , Gualandi Andrea , Mazzanti Andrea , Lewinski Janusz , Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: April 2016

The asymmetric addition of tosylmethyl isocyanide to unactivated ketones affords oxazolines via aldol addition/cyclization with excellent yields, high enantioselectivities, and complete diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu and Cu‐Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis
Authors: Gawande Manoj B. , Goswami Anandarup , Felpin Francois‐Xavier , Asefa Tewodros , Huang Xiaoxi , Silva Rafael , Zou Xiaoxin , Zboril Radek , Varma Rajender S.
Published: April 2016

Review: 800 refs.
High Plasma Levels of Gremlin‐1 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, but Not Their Ratio, Indicate an Increased Risk for Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Müller Karin A.L. , Rath Dominik , Schmid Martina , Schoenleber Heiko , Gawaz Meinrad , Geisler Tobias , Müller Iris I.
Published: April 2016

Background

Chronic inflammation promotes atherosclerosis and is a prognostic factor in coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are at risk for progressive atherosclerosis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key player in atherosclerosis, mediating pro‐inflammatory responses. Its endogenous antagonist Gremlin‐1 inhibits foam‐cell formation and atheroprogression by binding MIF, neutralizing its proatherosclerotic functions.

Hypothesis

Plasma levels of MIF and Gremlin‐1 correlate with the stability of CAD in patients with DM2.

Method

We assessed plasma levels of Gremlin‐1 and MIF in 198 nondiabetic and 88 diabetic patients with symptomatic CAD using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

Plasma levels of Gremlin‐1 were higher DM2 patients (278.8 ± 16.6 vs 224.7 ± 6.7 ng/mL; P = 0.001). MIF levels were elevated but not significantly increased in DM2 (P = 0.098). Interestingly, we found that Gremlin‐1 plasma levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP; n = 53) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS; n = 35) compared with nondiabetic patients with SAP (P = 0.008 and P = 0.011, respectively). MIF levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with ACS compared with SAP (P < 0.001). Although the single plasma parameters showed an association with DM2 and CAD status, we could not confirm that the Gremlin‐1/MIF ratio is significantly different in patients stratified by DM2 and CAD (P = 0.072). Hence, Gremlin‐1/MIF ratio was significantly lower in patients with ACS compared with SAP (1.1 ± 0.1 vs 4.4 ± 1.1; P = 0.003).

Conclusions

Diabetic patients with ACS show increased levels of Gremlin‐1 and MIF, leading to unfavorable Gremlin‐1/MIF ratios. However, DM2 alone is not associated with low Gremlin‐1/MIF ratios.
Investigation of Electroactive and Antibacterial Properties of Polyethersulfone Membranes Blended With Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Ozay Yasin , Dizge Nadir , Gulsen Habibe Elif , Akarsu Ceyhun , Harputlu Ersan , Ozer Erman , Unyayar Ali , Ocakoglu Kasim
Published: April 2016

In this study, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized by sonochemical reduction of copper(II) hydrazine carboxylate complex in an aqueous medium. Asymmetric neat polyethersulfone (PES) and PES/CuNPs nanocomposite membranes were prepared via phase inversion method by dispersing copper nanoparticles in the PES casting solutions. X‐ray diffraction and particle size distribution analyses were applied to characterize the CuNPs. Moreover, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), conductive atomic force microscopy (C‐AFM), contact angle goniometry, and four‐point probe techniques were used to investigate the physical and morphological properties of the PES/CuNPs nanocomposite membranes. Synthesized CuNPs were added into the casting solution at different concentrations. The effect of CuNPs concentration (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%, w/w) was tested on morphological changes and antibacterial properties of the prepared membranes. These copper nanoparticle composite membranes hold great promise in the engineering field for the production of sensors and self‐cleaning membranes.
The evolution of whisker‐mediated somatosensation in mammals: Sensory processing in barrelless S1 cortex of a marsupial, Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Ramamurthy Deepa L. , Krubitzer Leah A.
Published: April 2016

Movable tactile sensors in the form of whiskers are present in most mammals, but sensory coding in the cortical whisker representation has been studied almost exclusively in mice and rats. Many species that possess whiskers lack the modular “barrel” organization found in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice and rats, but it is unclear how whisker‐related input is represented in these species. We used single‐unit extracellular recording techniques to characterize receptive fields and response properties in S1 of Monodelphis domestica (short‐tailed opossum), a nocturnal, terrestrial marsupial that shared its last common ancestor with placental mammals over 160 million years ago. Short‐tailed opossums lack barrels and septa in S1 but show active whisking behavior similar to that of mice and rats. Most neurons in short‐tailed opossum S1 exhibited multiwhisker receptive fields, including a single best whisker (BW) and lower magnitude responses to the deflection of surrounding whiskers. Mean tuning width was similar to that reported for mice and rats. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical receptive fields were present. Neurons tuned to ventral whiskers tended to show broad tuning along the rostrocaudal axis. Thus, despite the absence of barrels, most receptive field properties were similar to those reported for mice and rats. However, unlike those species, S1 neuronal responses to BW and surround whisker deflection showed comparable latencies in short‐tailed opossums. This dissimilarity suggests that some aspects of barrel cortex function may not generalize to tactile processing across mammalian species and may be related to differences in the architecture of the whisker‐to‐cortex pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3587–3613, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ hybridization analyses of claustrum‐enriched genes in marmosets
Authors: Watakabe Akiya
Published: April 2016

The claustrum/endopiriform nucleus is a unique structure that sits between the striatum and the cerebral cortex. Recent genome‐wide mapping of gene expression in mice identified various genes concentrated in this structure, suggesting a requirement for a special set of genes for its function. In situ hybridization histochemistry was performed for such “claustrum‐enriched” genes in the marmoset brain. In marmosets, nurr1 and netrinG2 genes exhibited highly concentrated expression in the claustrum and endopiriform nucleus, as well as in a subpopulation of layer 6 neurons across the entire cortex, consistent with their expression patterns as described in macaques. Cux2 showed enriched expression in the upper layers (layers 2–4) and the claustrum/endopiriform nucleus. GNG2 was expressed strongly in the claustrum/endopiriform nucleus, but was abundant across cortical areas in a ventral high‐dorsal low gradient. Latexin was detected in the claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus, but not in cortical regions. GNB4 and Tmem163 genes were both concentrated in the claustrum/endopiriform nucleus, as reported in mice, but their cortical expression in the marmoset differed from the mouse pattern. Thus, the gene set required for the claustrum appears to be broadly conserved across species, despite various differences that suggest species‐specific differentiation of brain architecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1442–1458, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards a comprehensive atlas of cortical connections in a primate brain: Mapping tracer injection studies of the common marmoset into a reference digital template
Authors: Majka Piotr , Chaplin Tristan A. , Yu Hsin‐Hao , Tolpygo Alexander , Mitra Partha P. , Wójcik Daniel K. , Rosa Marcello G.P.
Published: April 2016

The marmoset is an emerging animal model for large‐scale attempts to understand primate brain connectivity, but achieving this aim requires the development and validation of procedures for normalization and integration of results from many neuroanatomical experiments. Here we describe a computational pipeline for coregistration of retrograde tracing data on connections of cortical areas into a 3D marmoset brain template, generated from Nissl‐stained sections. The procedure results in a series of spatial transformations that are applied to the coordinates of labeled neurons in the different cases, bringing them into common stereotaxic space. We applied this procedure to 17 injections, placed in the frontal lobe of nine marmosets as part of earlier studies. Visualizations of cortical patterns of connections revealed by these injections are supplied as Supplementary Materials. Comparison between the results of the automated and human‐based processing of these cases reveals that the centers of injection sites can be reconstructed, on average, to within 0.6 mm of coordinates estimated by an experienced neuroanatomist. Moreover, cell counts obtained in different areas by the automated approach are highly correlated (r = 0.83) with those obtained by an expert, who examined in detail histological sections for each individual. The present procedure enables comparison and visualization of large datasets, which in turn opens the way for integration and analysis of results from many animals. Its versatility, including applicability to archival materials, may reduce the number of additional experiments required to produce the first detailed cortical connectome of a primate brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2161–2181, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retinal pigment epithelial integrity is compromised in the developing albino mouse retina
Authors: Iwai‐Takekoshi Lena , Ramos Anna , Schaler Ari , Weinreb Samuel , Blazeski Richard , Mason Carol
Published: April 2016

In the developing murine eye, melanin synthesis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) coincides with neurogenesis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Disruption of pigmentation in the albino RPE is associated with delayed neurogenesis in the ventrotemporal retina, the source of ipsilateral RGCs, and a reduced ipsilateral RGC projection. To begin to unravel how melanogenesis and the RPE regulate RGC neurogenesis and cell subpopulation specification, we compared the features of albino and pigmented mouse RPE cells during the period of RGC neurogenesis (embryonic day, E, 12.5 to 18.5) when the RPE is closely apposed to developing RGC precursors. At E12.5 and E15.5, although albino and pigmented RPE cells express RPE markers Otx2 and Mitf similarly, albino RPE cells are irregularly shaped and have fewer melanosomes compared with pigmented RPE cells. The adherens junction protein P‐cadherin appears loosely distributed within the albino RPE cells rather than tightly localized on the cell membrane, as in pigmented RPE. Connexin 43 (gap junction protein) is expressed in pigmented and albino RPE cells at E13.5 but at E15.5 albino RPE cells have fewer small connexin 43 puncta, and a larger fraction of phosphorylated connexin 43 at serine 368. These results suggest that the lack of pigment in the RPE results in impaired RPE cell integrity and communication via gap junctions between RPE and neural retina during RGC neurogenesis. Our findings should pave the way for further investigation of the role of RPE in regulating RGC development toward achieving proper RGC axon decussation. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3696–3716, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Hybridization in Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Wang Kai , Yu Weichang
Published: April 2016

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is widely used in cytogenetics to determine the localization of DNA sequences on target chromosomes, to provide visible information regarding the physical position of DNA sequences, to determine the abundance and distribution of repetitive sequences that comprise a large proportion of genomes, and to determine the relative chromosome positions of multiple sequences in physical mapping. By mapping on extended chromatin fibers, fiber‐FISH can be used to determine the structure and organization of genes or DNA sequences with a high resolution (to a few kilobases). The protocols described here will provide procedures of FISH on metaphase chromosomes and extended chromatin fibers of rice (Oryza sativa). © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Soluble Sugar and Starch Extraction and Quantification from Maize (Zea mays) Leaves
Authors: Leach Kristen A. , Braun David M.
Published: April 2016

An easy‐to‐perform protocol for isolating and quantifying soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch from maize (Zea mays) leaf tissue is described. The method has been optimized to extract non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) from frozen, finely ground tissue in a methanol:chloroform:water solution. Three rounds of tissue extraction for 30 min each at 50°C provide quantitative recovery of soluble sugars. The use of alternative extraction solvents is discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these solvents. Additionally, we provide two support protocols. The first quantifies the isolated NSC via commercially available enzymatic kits that couple the amount of each specific sugar to the production of NADPH, which is detected using equipment readily available to most laboratories. The second describes the preparation of a purification column to remove strongly charged or hydrophobic molecules from the extracted sugar solution, which is required prior to quantification with high‐pressure liquid chromatography or high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography. The protocols are robust and easily adapted for use in measuring NSC extracted from other plant species or tissues, making them ideal for new users. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Graphene in an Electro‐Fenton System: In Situ Generation of H2O2 for the Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Chen Chen‐Yu , Tang Cheng , Wang Hao‐Fan , Chen Cheng‐Meng , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Huang Xia , Zhang Qiang
Published: April 2016

Fenton oxidation using an aqueous mixture of Fe2+ and H2O2 is a promising environmental remediation strategy. However, the difficulty of storage and shipment of concentrated H2O2 and the generation of iron sludge limit its broad application. Therefore, highly efficient and cost‐effective electrocatalysts are in great need. Herein, a graphene catalyst is proposed for the electro‐Fenton process, in which H2O2 is generated in situ by the two‐electron reduction of the dissolved O2 on the cathode and then decomposes to generate .OH in acidic solution with Fe2+. The π bond of the oxygen is broken whereas the σ bond is generally preserved on the metal‐free reduced graphene oxide owing to the high free energy change. Consequently, the oxygen is reduced to H2O2 through a two‐electron pathway. The thermally reduced graphene with a high specific surface area (308.8 m2 g−1) and a large oxygen content (10.3 at %) exhibits excellent reactivity for the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction to H2O2. A highly efficient peroxide yield (64.2 %) and a remarkable decolorization of methylene blue (12 mg L−1) of over 97 % in 160 min are obtained. The degradation of methylene blue with hydroxyl radicals generated in situ is described by a pseudo first‐order kinetics model. This provides a proof‐of‐concept of an environmentally friendly electro‐Fenton process using graphene for the oxygen reduction reaction in an acidic solution to generate H2O2.
In Situ Coating of Li[Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2 Particles to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing
Authors: Loeffler Nicholas , Kim Guk‐Tae , Mueller Franziska , Diemant Thomas , Kim Jae‐Kwang , Behm R. Jürgen , Passerini Stefano
Published: April 2016

The aqueous processing of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) electrodes has the potential to notably decrease the battery processing costs and paves the way for a sustainable and environmentally benign production (and recycling) of electrochemical energy storage devices. Although this concept has already been adopted for the industrial production of LIB graphite anodes, the performance decay of cathode electrodes based on transition metal oxides processed in aqueous environments is still an open issue. In this study, we show that the addition of small quantities of phosphoric acid into the cathodic slurry yields Li[Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2 electrodes that have an outstanding electrochemical performance in lithium‐ion cells.
Directional genetic differentiation and relative migration
Authors: Sundqvist Lisa , Keenan Kevin , Zackrisson Martin , Prodöhl Paulo , Kleinhans David
Published: April 2016

Understanding the population structure and patterns of gene flow within species is of fundamental importance to the study of evolution. In the fields of population and evolutionary genetics, measures of genetic differentiation are commonly used to gather this information. One potential caveat is that these measures assume gene flow to be symmetric. However, asymmetric gene flow is common in nature, especially in systems driven by physical processes such as wind or water currents. As information about levels of asymmetric gene flow among populations is essential for the correct interpretation of the distribution of contemporary genetic diversity within species, this should not be overlooked. To obtain information on asymmetric migration patterns from genetic data, complex models based on maximum‐likelihood or Bayesian approaches generally need to be employed, often at great computational cost. Here, a new simpler and more efficient approach for understanding gene flow patterns is presented. This approach allows the estimation of directional components of genetic divergence between pairs of populations at low computational effort, using any of the classical or modern measures of genetic differentiation. These directional measures of genetic differentiation can further be used to calculate directional relative migration and to detect asymmetries in gene flow patterns. This can be done in a user‐friendly web application called divMigrate‐online introduced in this study. Using simulated data sets with known gene flow regimes, we demonstrate that the method is capable of resolving complex migration patterns under a range of study designs.
Transcriptome response to temperature stress in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Authors: Xiao Rong , Wang Liang , Cao Yingshuai , Zhang Guren
Published: April 2016

The wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata is a dominant predator in paddy ecosystem and an important biological control agent of rice pests. Temperature represents a primary factor influencing its biology and behavior, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. To understand the response of P. pseudoannulata to temperature stress, we performed comparative transcriptome analyses of spider adults exposed to 10°C and 40°C for 12 h. We obtained 67,725 assembled unigenes, 21,765 of which were annotated in P. pseudoannulata transcriptome libraries, and identified 905 and 834 genes significantly up‐ or down‐regulated by temperature stress. Functional categorization revealed the differential regulation of transcription, signal transduction, and metabolism processes. Calcium signaling pathway and metabolic pathway involving respiratory chain components played important roles in adapting to low temperature, whereas at high temperature, oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism were critical. Differentially expressed ribosomal protein genes contributed to temperature stress adaptation, and heat shock genes were significantly up‐regulated. This study represents the first report of transcriptome identification related to the Araneae species in response to temperature stress. These results will greatly facilitate our understanding of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of spiders in response to temperature stress.
The soil and plant biogeochemistry sampling design for The National Ecological Observatory Network
Authors: Hinckley Eve‐Lyn S. , Bonan Gordon B. , Bowen Gabriel J. , Colman Benjamin P. , Duffy Paul A. , Goodale Christine L. , Houlton Benjamin Z. , Marín‐Spiotta Erika , Ogle Kiona , Ollinger Scott V. , Paul Eldor A. , Vitousek Peter M. , Weathers Kathleen C. , Williams David G.
Published: April 2016

Human impacts on biogeochemical cycles are evident around the world, from changes to forest structure and function due to atmospheric deposition, to eutrophication of surface waters from agricultural effluent, and increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) will contribute to understanding human effects on biogeochemical cycles from local to continental scales. The broad NEON biogeochemistry measurement design focuses on measuring atmospheric deposition of reactive mineral compounds and CO2 fluxes, ecosystem carbon (C) and nutrient stocks, and surface water chemistry across 20 eco‐climatic domains within the United States for 30 yr. Herein, we present the rationale and plan for the ground‐based measurements of C and nutrients in soils and plants based on overarching or “high‐level” requirements agreed upon by the National Science Foundation and NEON. The resulting design incorporates early recommendations by expert review teams, as well as recent input from the larger natural sciences community that went into the formation and interpretation of the requirements, respectively. NEON's efforts will focus on a suite of data streams that will enable end‐users to study and predict changes to biogeochemical cycling and transfers within and across air, land, and water systems at regional to continental scales. At each NEON site, there will be an initial, one‐time effort to survey soil properties to 1 m (including soil texture, bulk density, pH, baseline chemistry) and vegetation community structure and diversity. A sampling program will follow, focused on capturing long‐term trends in soil C, nitrogen (N), and sulfur stocks, isotopic composition (of C and N), soil N transformation rates, phosphorus pools, and plant tissue chemistry and isotopic composition (of C and N). To this end, NEON will conduct extensive measurements of soils and plants within stratified random plots distributed across each site. The resulting data will be a new resource for members of the scientific community interested in addressing questions about long‐term changes in continental‐scale biogeochemical cycles, and is predicted to inspire further process‐based research.
Soil organic nitrogen endows invasive Solidago canadensis with greater advantages in low‐phosphorus conditions
Authors: Yu Hong‐Wei , Yang Jian‐Xia , Gao Yan , He Wei‐Ming
Published: April 2016

Although the importance of soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) has long been recognized in plant nutrition, no study has addressed how soil organic N and P contribute to the success of invasive plants. To do so, we conducted two experiments in which invasive Solidago canadensis and native S. decurrens were either subjected to five amino acids or subjected to organic and inorganic N treatments (i.e., five amino acids and five ratios of nitrate to ammonium) under two P levels. In the first experiment, S. canadensis and S. decurrens grew taller when five amino acids were supplied than when no N was supplied, suggesting both species can use soil amino acids as N sources. In a second experiment, S. canadensis grew larger and taller than S. decurrens in the presence of organic and inorganic N, and organic N exhibited greater positive effects on the growth advantage of S. canadensis relative to S. decurrens than inorganic N; P levels influenced the effects of organic N on plant growth through changing biomass allocation and leaf chlorophyll. These results suggest that organic N and inorganic N may differentially contribute to the growth advantage of invasive species. Considering plant organic N economy is necessary to elucidate invasion mechanisms and expand plant strategies.
Local colonization‐extinction dynamics of a tree‐killing bark beetle during a large‐scale outbreak
Authors: Kärvemo S. , Johansson V. , Schroeder M. , Ranius T.
Published: April 2016

Forest pest insects may cause large‐scale tree growth reductions and tree mortality during outbreaks. The large‐scale development of outbreaks has frequently been studied, while the colonization‐extinction dynamics during outbreaks is less known. We study the colonization‐extinction dynamics of a severe tree‐killing bark beetle,Ips typographus, during an outbreak across a 130 000 ha forest landscape in southern Sweden. We recorded annual colonization and extinction events in 1 ha pixels across the landscape by helicopter surveys during three consecutive years, and modeled colonization and extinction probabilities based on focal pixel quality, local population size, connectivity to surrounding beetle populations, and tree composition in the surrounding landscape. The local populations had a high turnover; 81–93% of all occupied pixels were the result of colonizations in the same year and the annual extinction rates were 84–90%. The colonization probability increased and the extinction probability decreased with increasing spruce (host‐tree) volume in focal pixels and the connectivity. The fitted spatial scaling parameter of the connectivity measure suggested that the colonization probability was mainly affected by the number of surrounding occupied pixels within a few hundred meters. The colonization probability also decreased with increasing volume of birch (a nonhost) in the focal pixel, while the extinction probability decreased with increasing local population size. In conclusion, the local population size and quality of the focal pixel explained more of the colonization and extinction probability than the connectivity and composition of surrounding forest. The distribution of tree‐killing bark beetles during outbreaks can be patchy and highly dynamic. Two reasons for this are the increased probability of successful attacks when exceeding a critical attack density and the fragmented distribution of large spruce volumes throughout the forest landscape.
Rapidly shifting elevational distributions of passerine species parallel vegetation change in the subarctic
Authors: Mizel Jeremy D. , Schmidt Joshua H. , Mcintyre Carol L. , Roland Carl A.
Published: April 2016

Despite predictions of poleward and upslope shifts in the distribution of breeding passerines under climate change, studies often report variable responses with some species shifting opposite of the expected direction and others showing range stability. While changes in climate could affect distribution directly, passerines show strong preferences for particular structural vegetation characteristics, suggesting that long‐term changes in vegetation may mediate a species' distributional response to climate, and consequently, may be responsible for the observed heterogeneity. We assessed changes in the elevational distribution and occupancy probability of 17 passerine species in Denali National Park, Alaska, from 1995 to 2013 across an elevational gradient containing multiple topographically defined ecotones (treeline and shrubline). An upward distributional shift was pervasive among shrub‐tundra species, corresponding with observed expansion of shrub cover at higher elevations. Forest‐associated passerines showed a weaker response as a group with some species showing range stability or retraction, while others exhibited modest expansions that were consistent with an advancing treeline ecotone. Denali's mean summer temperature increased significantly over the past century, but remained relatively stable over our study period, implying that longer term changes in climate indirectly influenced bird distribution through changes in woody vegetation. Further, heterogeneity in the response of forest‐associated species was consistent with a slower rate of forest development and expansion as compared with shrub colonization. Together, our results indicate that the elevational range dynamics of passerines may be related to species‐specific associations with different vegetation communities and variation across these vegetation communities in the timescale over which distributional change is occurring.
Effects of climate change on phenologies and distributions of bumble bees and the plants they visit
Authors: Pyke Graham H. , Thomson James D. , Inouye David W. , Miller Timothy J.
Published: April 2016

Surveys of bumble bees and the plants they visit, carried out in 1974 near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Colorado, were repeated in 2007, thus permitting the testing of hypotheses arising from observed climate change over the intervening 33‐yr period. As expected, given an increase in average air temperature with climate warming and a declining temperature with increasing elevation, there have been significant shifts toward higher elevation for queens or workers or both, for most bumble bee species, for bumble bee queens when species are combined, and for two focal plant species, with no significant downward shifts. However, contrary to our hypotheses, we failed to observe significant altitudinal changes for some bumble bee species and most plant species, and observed changes in elevation were often less than the upward shift of 317 m required to maintain average temperature. As expected, community flowering phenology shifted toward earlier in the season throughout our study area, but bumble bee phenology generally did not change, resulting in decreased synchrony between bees and plants. However, we were unable to confirm the narrower expectation that phenologies of bumble bee workers and community flowering coincided in 1974 but not in 2007. As expected, because of reduced synchrony between bumble bees and community flowering, bumble bee abundance was reduced in 2007 compared with 1974. Hence, climate change in our study area has apparently resulted primarily in reduced abundance and upward shift in distribution for bumble bees and shift toward earlier seasonality for plant flowering. Quantitative disagreements between climate change expectations and our observations warrant further investigation.
Species and functional trait turnover in response to broad‐scale change and an invasive species
Authors: Hewitt Judi E , Norkko Joanna , Kauppi Laura , Villnäs Anna , Norkko Alf
Published: April 2016

While beta diversity has been implicated as a key factor in controlling resilience of communities to stressors, lack of long‐term data sets has limited the study of temporal dynamics of beta diversity. With a time series at two sites in excess of 40 yr, we investigated turnover of both species and functional traits in a system stressed by eutrophication and overfishing and undergoing climate change and invasion. The two sites, although located near to each other, differ in water depth (20 cf. 35 m), but both sites have displayed increased abundances of an invasive polychaete since 1990. We tested two hypotheses related to the effect of an invasive species; that taxa richness and turnover would decrease, and trait richness would increase post invasion and that trait turnover would increase between arrival and establishment of the invasive. Generally, we observed different dynamics at the two sites and responses not consistent with our hypotheses. We detected an increase in taxa richness at both sites and an increase in taxa turnover and number of traits at one site only. Trait turnover was higher prior to the invasion, although again only at one site. Disjunctive responses between species and trait turnover occurred, with the invader contributing in a nonrandom fashion to trait turnover. The lack of strong, consistent responses to the arrival and establishment of the invasive, and the decrease in trait turnover, suggests that effects of invasives are not only system‐ and species‐dependent, but also depend on community dynamics of the invaded site, in particular the assembly processes, and historical context.
Elemental concentrations in the frass of saproxylic insects suggest a role in micronutrient cycling
Authors: Chen Yi‐an , Forschler Brian T.
Published: April 2016

Concentrations of 22 elements in pinewood were compared with that in frass produced by insects representing the following taxa:Reticulitermesspp. (Rhinotermitidae), Zootermopsis nevadensis(Termopsidae), Incisitermes snyderi(Kalotermitidae), Hylotrupesspp. (Cerambycidae),Heterobostrychusspp. (Bostrichidae), Lyctusspp. (Bostrichidae),and representatives of the family Ptinidae (formerly Anobiidae). Twenty elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sr, and Zn) were measured using inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES), whereas carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen percentages were measured using aCHNautoanalyzer. Chromium was the only element present at a statistically lower concentration in all frass types compared to pinewood. A comparison of pinewood to frass from those taxa that fed on pine revealed thatReticulitermes frass contained significantly higher levels of 15 elements,Zootermopsis10, Ptinidae 5,Incisitermes4, andHylotrupes 1. OnlyIncisitermesfrass showed a significantly higher percent carbon than pinewood andReticulitermes,Zootermopsis, and Ptinidae showed significantly higher percent nitrogen. Examination of percent approximate digestibility (PAD) indicated thatReticulitermesfrass had 14 elements that were ≥200% more concentrated than found in pinewood, whereasZootermopsishad 6,Lyctus5, ptinid 4,HylotrupesandHeterobostrychus3, andIncisitermesnone. This survey of elements in frass indicates that saproxylic insects are, for the most part, not sequestrating but rather recycling (releasing) the store of micronutrients in wood biomass, with the greatest potential contribution to soil nutrient cycles attributable to subterranean termites.
Lake Baikal amphipods under climate change: thermal constraints and ecological consequences
Authors: Jakob Lena , Axenov‐Gribanov Denis V. , Gurkov Anton N. , Ginzburg Michael , Bedulina Daria S. , Timofeyev Maxim A. , Luckenbach Till , Lucassen Magnus , Sartoris Franz J. , Pörtner Hans‐O.
Published: April 2016

Lake Baikal, the world's most voluminous freshwater lake, has experienced unprecedented warming during the last decades. A uniquely diverse amphipod fauna inhabits the littoral zone and can serve as a model system to identify the role of thermal tolerance under climate change. This study aimed to identify sublethal thermal constraints in two of the most abundant endemic Baikal amphipods, Eulimnogammarus verrucosus and Eulimnogammarus cyaneus, and Gammarus lacustris, a ubiquitous gammarid of the Holarctic. As the latter is only found in some shallow isolated bays of the lake, we further addressed the question whether rising temperatures could promote the widespread invasion of this non‐endemic species into the littoral zone. Animals were exposed to gradual temperature increases (4 week, 0.8 °C/d; 24 h, 1 °C/h) starting from the reported annual mean temperature of the Baikal littoral (6 °C). Within the framework of oxygen‐ and capacity‐limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT), we used a nonlinear regression approach to determine the points at which the changing temperature‐dependence of relevant physiological processes indicates the onset of limitation. Limitations in ventilation representing the first limits of thermal tolerance (pejus (= “getting worse”) temperatures (Tp)) were recorded at 10.6 (95% confidence interval; 9.5, 11.7), 19.1 (17.9, 20.2), and 21.1 (19.8, 22.4) °C in E. verrucosus, E. cyaneus, and G. lacustris, respectively. Field observations revealed that E. verrucosus retreated from the upper littoral to deeper and cooler waters once its Tp was surpassed, identifying Tp as the ecological thermal boundary. Constraints in oxygen consumption at higher than critical temperatures (Tc) led to an exponential increase in mortality in all species. Exposure to short‐term warming resulted in higher threshold values, consistent with a time dependence of thermal tolerance. In conclusion, species‐specific limits to oxygen supply capacity are likely key in the onset of constraining (beyond pejus) and then life‐threatening (beyond critical) conditions. Ecological consequences of these limits are mediated through behavioral plasticity in E. verrucosus. However, similar upper thermal limits in E. cyaneus (endemic, Baikal) and G. lacustris (ubiquitous, Holarctic) indicate that the potential invader G. lacustris would not necessarily benefit from rising temperatures. Secondary effects of increasing temperatures remain to be investigated.