bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charitable Schools as a Social Welfare Project in the Ming Dynasty
Authors: Lidén Johanna
Published: July 2022

This article aims at discussing charitable schools in the Ming dynasty, which was one form of primary schooling beside the village schools. Focus is on their aims, founders, teachers, and students, as well as what is possible to infer from the material about the content of studies and the pedagogy. Furthermore, the relation between Neo-Confucianism and primary schooling will be discussed. Several well-known works have been written on the higher levels of education and the examination system, but lower levels such as village schools and charitable schools are still not sufficiently studied. In the present article, I argue that the charitable school as a school form is a part of larger charitable projects established by local officials to improve social welfare. The locations of those schools were not necessarily in rural areas as was the case with the village schools, but more often in urban areas. However, the aims were the same, that is, to transform poor boys into well-behaving and morally good adults and to make them literate, most likely in that order, that is, moral transformation first and practical skills next.
Wood Identification: A Tool for Preservation of Indigenous Architecture of Traditional Houses in Ifugao, Philippines
Authors: Mendoza Rosalie C. , Romano Arlene D. , Dulnuan Eulalie D. , Bulong Marissa P. , Malabrigo Pastor L. , Habito Consuelo D.L.
Published: July 2022

Traditional wooden houses are an integral part of the identity of the majestic Ifugao rice terrace landscape as the architectural heritage of the indigenous Ifugao people. These traditional houses function as family residences and serve as rice granaries, refuge, and special housing for unmarried people in the community. In as much as the materials used for the construction of the traditional house are sourced from the surrounding wood lots and communal forests, the traditional house serves as an important record of the history and value of indigenous and endemic trees found in the central Cordillera mountain range. This study identified 206 traditional houses in Kiangan town, and from these houses, transverse sections of house parts from the dismantled and standing houses were examined. Thirty-two species of mostly indigenous and endemic trees were used to construct traditional houses across four periods: (1) before 1931, (2) 1931–1960, (3) 1961–1990 and (4) 1991–2020. The Ifugaos consistently utilized the preferred wood species such as Amugawon (Vitex parviflora), Udyo (Pterocarpus indicus), and Itangan (Weinmannia luzoniensis) for traditional house construction. Wood species such as Yakal (Shorea astylosa), Gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were also identified from recently constructed houses. The disappearance of certain premium hardwoods and a shift to commonly available but less quality wood is noticeable, as the former were over-utilized but never mass-propagated. Finally, a conservation planning workshop on traditional houses was organized among local homeowners, barangay, and municipal officials, agreeing on the following points: (a) creation of an ordinance to protect and conserve existing traditional houses; (b) development of information, education, and communication materials on the importance of traditional houses; and (c) enhanced collaboration and cooperation among stakeholders.
A revised subgeneric classification of Trillium (Parideae, Melanthiaceae)
Authors: LAMPLEY JAYNE A. , GEREAU ROY , FLODEN AARON , SCHILLING EDWARD E.
Published: July 2022

Results of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that the previous separation of Trillium into two subgenera based on pedicellate or sessile flowers is untenable. An updated infrageneric classification is presented recognising four subgenera in the genus, consistent with phylogenetic analyses. The three clades of pedicellate-flowered species are recognised here as subgenera: subgen. Trillium, Delostylis and newly named Callipetalon. The fourth, Trillium subgen. Sessilia, includes all sessile-flowered species. Orthographic considerations necessitate corrections to two previously published subgeneric names: Delostylium and Sessilium should be Delostylis and Sessilia.
A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil
Authors: GONELLA PAULO MINATEL , SANO PAULO TAKEO , RIVADAVIA FERNANDO , FLEISCHMANN ANDREAS
Published: July 2022

A synopsis of the Drosera (Droseraceae) species occurring in Brazil is here presented, providing tools for taxonomic identification and summarizing data as a basis for future studies on diversity and conservation of the genus in the country. Thirty-three taxa, comprising 32 species and a nothotaxon, are recognized for the Brazilian territory. We present an identification key, and, for each taxon, we provide a succint description, a differential diagnosis, notes on distribution, habitat, phenology, conservation status, and a list of representative specimens. Drosera hirtella var. lutescens is lectotypified and raised to species status, lectotypes are further designated for other 18 names, and a neotype is designated for D. intermedia var. tenuis. Drosera species are recorded from all Brazilian states, Minas Gerais being the richest with a total of 21 species. The campos rupestres of eastern Brazil are recognized as the main center of Drosera species diversity in the Neotropics, with 23 species, 13 of which are endemic. Twelve out of the 32 recognized species are considered threatened with extinction (37.5%), reinforcing the Brazilian responsibility for the conservation of global Droseraceae diversity.
Studies on subfamily Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae) with description of three new species from the genera Agrilinus Mulsant & Rey, 1869, Gilletianus Balthasar, 1933 and Trichiorhyssemus Clouët, 1901
Authors: MINKINA ŁUKASZ
Published: July 2022

Three new species of Aphodiinae are described: Agrilinus matusiaki Minkina, new species from China, Gilletianus miurai Minkina, new species from Indonesia and Trichiorhyssemus immaturus Minkina, new species from China. Generic assignment of Agrilinus inexspectatus (Balthasar, 1935) is briefly discussed.

                Agrilinus matusiaki Minkina, new species is described, illustrated and compared with the most similar species not only from genus Agrilinus Mulsant & Rey, 1869, but also with the somewhat similar Carinaulus Tesař, 1945. Gilletianus miurai Minkina, new species is described, illustrated and compared with the most similar species G. sundainsulanus Ochi, Kon & Kawahara, 2014. Some new or revised distribution records of the genus Gilletianus Balthasar, 1933 are given. Trichiorhyssemus immaturus Minkina, new species is described and illustrated. The newly described species has characters intermediate between the genera Trichiorhyssemus Clouët, 1901 and Neotrichiorhyssemus Rakovič & Král, 1997 and because of this the limits of these genera are discussed.
The Impact of Land Surface Properties on Haboobs and Dust Lofting
Authors: Bukowski Jennie , van den Heever Susan C.
Published: July 2022

Haboobs are dust storms formed by strong surface winds in convective storm outflow boundaries, or cold pools, which can loft large quantities of mineral dust as they propagate. Both cold pools and the dust they loft are impacted by land surface properties resulting in complex surface interactions on haboobs. As a result of these additional complexities brought about by surface interactions, it is unclear which surface parameters and physical processes are important for predicting haboob intensity and dust concentrations. Here we applied the Morris one-at-a-time (MOAT) global sensitivity statistical method to an ensemble of 120 idealized simulations of daytime and nighttime haboobs to investigate the land surface properties that affect both dust mobilization and cold pool dynamics. MOAT identifies and ranks the importance of different input factors, which for the prediction of haboob strength and dust concentrations are 1) initial cold pool temperature, 2) surface type (vegetation), 3) soil type (clay content), and 4) soil moisture. The underlying physical mechanisms driving these feedbacks were then analyzed using a traditional one-at-a-time factor analysis. Time of day is significant for determining boundary layer height and dissipation via surface fluxes, leading to shallower, more intense cold pools/haboobs at night. Most of the land parameters modify the cold pool through impacts on surface fluxes, while surface type is dominated by roughness length effects. By ranking the importance of these surface factors, we have identified which variables are most sensitive and must be constrained via observations and data assimilation in numerical dust prediction models.
Detecting Nonequilibrium States in Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Wacławczyk Marta , Nowak Jakub L. , Siebert Holger , Malinowski Szymon P.
Published: July 2022

In this work we show how to retrieve information about temporal changes of turbulence in the atmosphere based on in situ wind velocity measurements performed by aircraft. We focus on the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer high-resolution data taken by a helicopter-borne platform Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System (ACTOS). We calculate two nondimensional indicators, the dissipation factor and the integral-to-Taylor-scale ratio, and study their dependence on the Taylor-scale-based Reynolds number. By analyzing these results, we can identify regions where turbulence is in its stationary state and regions where turbulence decays in time or, on the contrary, becomes stronger. We can also detect nonequilibrium turbulence states, which indicate the presence of rapidly changing external conditions.

Significance Statement

The purpose of this work is to retrieve new information on turbulence in the atmosphere. We consider data from a field study based on in situ observations from a measurement payload below a slow-flying helicopter. We show that it is possible to retrieve information on temporal tendencies in a given region from such measurements. We attempt to estimate whether turbulence is in its stationary state, or possibly, turbulence decays due to insufficient production, or, on the contrary, becomes stronger. Such information provide useful knowledge of small-scale processes in the atmospheric boundary layer and can be used to improve their parameterizations.
The Relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Silk Road Pattern in Summer
Authors: Hong Xiaowei , Lu Riyu , Chen Shangfeng , Li Shuanglin
Published: July 2022

The Silk Road pattern (SRP), which is the leading mode of upper-tropospheric meridional wind anomalies over midlatitude Eurasia, has been widely used to explain the impacts of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) on East Asian climate. However, the relationship between the SNAO and SRP has not been fully elaborated yet. This study classifies the SNAO into two categories according to whether it is closely associated with the SRP or not: the strongly linked category and weakly linked category, on the interannual time scale. The SNAO of the strongly linked category features a concentrated and significant southern pole over the northwestern Europe, and corresponding significant negative (positive) precipitation and upper-tropospheric wind convergence (divergence) anomalies over the northwestern Europe. The wind convergence (divergence) anomalies directly induce the positive (negative) planetary vortex stretching anomalies, which contribute overwhelmingly to positive (negative) Rossby wave source anomalies of the northwestern Europe. These Rossby wave source anomalies, acting as disturbances, further inspire circulation anomalies of surrounding regions, including meridional wind anomalies over the Caspian Sea, which are crucial for the SRP formation. As a result, the downstream SRP is triggered. All these essential features responsible for a strong SNAO–SRP linkage are weak for the weakly linked category. The SNAO–SRP correspondence on the interdecadal time scale is also discussed, and generally similar results are found. Results suggest the importance of shapes for the SNAO southern pole (including the location, the space extent, and the intensity) in determining whether the SNAO can closely link the SRP. Therefore, the shape of the SNAO southern pole should be involved in the discussion of the SNAO’s remote impacts.
The Application of PiCCO-guided Fluid Resuscitation in Patients With Traumatic Shock
Authors: Ni Xun , Liu Xiao-Juan , Ding Ting-Ting
Published: July 2022

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of pulse contour cardiac output (PiCCO) in patients with traumatic shock.

Methods

Seventy-eight patients with traumatic shock were included and grouped. The control group (CG, n = 39) underwent fluid resuscitation through transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) monitoring, and the research group (RG, n = 39) received PiCCO-guided fluid resuscitation.

Results

The mechanical ventilation time, duration of vasoactive drug use, and duration of stay in the intensive care unit were lower in the RG compared to the CG (P < .05). At 72 h after fluid resuscitation, the mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure in the RG were higher than those in the CG (P < .05). The stroke volume variation and distensibility index of the inferior vena cava were lower at 72 h after fluid resuscitation, but the levels of extravascular lung water, global end-diastolic volume index, and intrathoracic blood volume index were higher in the RG (P < .05). The levels of endothelial 1, nitrogen monoxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 72 h after fluid resuscitation in the RG were lower than those in the CG (P < .05).

Conclusion

PiCCO-guided liquid resuscitation may help to accurately evaluate the volumetric parameters, alleviate symptoms of ischemia and hypoxia, regulate hemodynamics and blood gas analysis, reduce inflammatory reactions, improve endothelial functions, and effectively guide the usage of vascular active drugs.
Queen Caroline’s Umbilical Hernia
Authors: Nakayama Don K.
Published: July 2022

Never a monarch nor head of state, Queen Caroline of Ansbach (1683-1737) is among the legendary women rulers of England and Great Britain alongside Queens Elizabeth I and II, Queen Victoria, and Lady Margaret Thatcher. As queen consort, she was the acknowledged power behind the throne of her husband, King George II (1683-1760), working with Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of England. George accepted her intellectual superiority and backstage dominance even before he acceded to the throne in 1727. “[He had] no pretensions toward intellect and [was] basically interested in little more than military glory, political power, and a wife who would do her duty by providing him with male heirs,” wrote popular historian John Van de Kiste. After they were wed in 1705, Caroline carried out her task with a remarkable fecundity: a male heir, Frederick Louis, in 1707, followed by Anne (1709), Amelia (1711), Caroline (1713), George William (1717), William (1721), Mary (1723), and Louise (1724). With good reason she believed that her influence over George came from his sexual attraction to her. It was a conceit that proved to be her undoing as she strove to hide from common knowledge an unsightly umbilical hernia. The rupture caused her death in 1737 at age 54. It strangulated, perforated, and spilled feculent succus entericus and fetid fluid onto the royal bed, a vivid example of the consequences of an untreated surgical condition.
Comparative Functional Effect of Alternative Surgical Techniques Used in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Xavier Rui , Azeredo-Lopes Sofia , Menger Dirk Jan , Carvalho Henrique Cyrne de , Spratley Jorge
Published: July 2022

Rhinoplasty makes use of a combination of surgical techniques selected to address the specific requirements of each individual nose. Several different surgical techniques may be used for addressing each section of the nose, with possible different functional effects.

Objective:

The purpose of this investigation is to compare the functional effect of the different surgical techniques used for addressing each section of the nose.

Methods:

Prospective study of 57 consecutive rhinoplasty patients. Patients were evaluated with peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF), Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for nasal obstruction before and 1 year after rhinoplasty. Additionally, esthetic evaluation of the nose was obtained with Rhinoplasty Outcomes Evaluation (ROE). According to the surgical technique used to address each portion of the nose, groups of patients were created and the functional improvement of these groups was compared.

Results:

Using the TukeyHSD multiple pairwise-comparison test, the estimated difference of the increase of PNIF between using spreader grafts and using spreader flaps was 94.9 (95% CI 24.3, 165.5, P = .004) between spreader grafts and neither grafts or flaps was 79.2 (95% CI 5.8, 152.6, P = .03), between spreader grafts and bilateral spreader flaps plus a unilateral spreader graft was 90.2 (95% CI 22.1, 158.2, P = .005). In all other portions of the nose, no significant difference was found in the functional improvement between different surgical techniques.

Conclusions:

Spreader grafts increase PNIF more significantly than other surgical techniques used for dorsal mid-vault reconstruction. Spreader grafts should be preferred over other techniques whenever an improvement of nasal airflow is required. No significant differences were found between the functional effect of alternative techniques used in other sections of the nose. Additional cohort studies will be necessary to further confirm data from this investigation.
Clinical Features and Headache Diagnoses in Patients With Chief Complaint of Craniofacial Pain
Authors: Plawecki Andrea M. , Saleem Abdulmalik , Zvirbulis Dace , Peterson Edward L. , Yoo Frederick , Ali Ashhar , Craig John R.
Published: July 2022

Objectives:

Investigate the use of nasal endoscopy, sinus imaging, and neurologic evaluation in patients presenting to a rhinologist primarily for craniofacial pain.

Methods:

This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive outpatients presenting to a rhinologist between 2016 and 2019 with chief complaints of craniofacial pain with or without other sinonasal symptoms, who were then referred to and evaluated by headache specialists. Data analyzed included sinusitis symptoms, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores (and facial pain subscores), pain location, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography (CT) findings, and headache diagnoses made by headache specialists.

Results:

Of the 134 patients with prominent craniofacial pain, the majority of patients were diagnosed with migraine (50%) or tension-type (22%) headache, followed by multiple other non-sinogenic headache disorders. Approximately 5% of patients had headaches attributed to sinusitis. Amongst all patients, 90% had negative nasal endoscopies. Patients with negative endoscopies were significantly less likely to report smell loss ( P = .003) compared to those with positive endoscopies. Poor agreement was demonstrated between self-reported pain locations and sinus findings on CT (kappa values < 0.20). Negative nasal endoscopy showed high concurrence with negative CT findings (80%-97%).

Conclusions:

Patients presenting with chief complaints of craniofacial pain generally met criteria for various non-sinogenic headache disorders. Nasal endoscopy was negative in 90% of patients, and CT demonstrated poor agreement with pain locations. Nasal endoscopy and CT shared high concurrence rates for negative sinus findings. The value of nasal endoscopy over sinus imaging in craniofacial pain evaluation should be explored in future studies.
Factors Associated with Growth in India’s International Reserves: VECM Analysis
Authors: Sreeram Latha , Sayed Samie Ahmed
Published: July 2022

This study empirically examines the determinants of India’s international reserves in the long run and in the short run with seven other macroeconomic variables using the vector error correction model. The Johansen co-integration results indicate a positive long-run relationship between international reserves holdings and broad money M3 and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and negative relationship with external debt. The Granger causality test outcome also verifies the results, demonstrating that increase in broad money supply and FDI inflows are the reason for the accumulation in international reserves in India in the long run. M3 demonstrated a higher influence on international reserves suggesting that monetary policy is used widely in regulating the international reserves in India. This study also estimated the short-run dynamics and the tendency of the variables to reinstate to its long-run equilibrium. The error correction term coefficient entails a moderately low level of adjustment of international reserves holding, indicating that it is the other reason that the level of international reserves holding in India is high in the short run.

JEL Codes: E51, F31, F41
Meaning in Stressful Experiences and Coping Across Cultures
Authors: Ji Li-Jun , Yap Suhui , Khei Zhi Ao Mark , Wang Xinqiang , Chang Baorui , Shang Samantha Xiao , Cai Huajian
Published: July 2022

We report three studies to examine how culture may influence people’s tendency to see meaning in stressful experiences (MISE), as well as their coping responses. Using a newly developed MISE scale with established measurement invariance across both cultures, we found that Chinese participants were more likely than Euro-Canadians to see meaning in stressful experiences (Studies 1 and 2), to adopt acceptance and positive reframing coping styles (Study 1), and to respond more positively to the COVID-19 pandemic (Study 2). To establish a causal link between MISE and coping, we primed MISE in Study 3 with Chinese participants and found an increase in resilient coping. The research highlights the important roles of culture and meaning making in coping.
The Experience of LGBTQ+ Identity as Spiritual Identity
Authors: Machado Silvio
Published: July 2022

Owing to widespread condemnation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ+) people among many mainstream religious and spiritual traditions, evidence suggests that many LGBTQ+ individuals face considerable conflict related to spiritual and religious identity. Some LGBTQ+ individuals manage to reconcile their LGBTQ+ and spiritual identities, while others even view their LGBTQ+ identity as a spiritual one. This qualitative research study focused on the experience of LGBTQ+ identity as spiritual identity. Ten participants were interviewed via email by the researcher, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The data were organized into three primary themes, each comprised of three to four subthemes. Findings indicated that LGBTQ+ identity as spiritual identity is experienced as a sense of connection and capacity for connection, a set of unique perspectives on various aspects of life, and a sense of having varied spiritual roles to play in the world. These findings and their limitations are discussed, along with suggestions for future research.
The Relationship Between Special Education Placement and High School Outcomes
Authors: Cole Sandi M. , Murphy Hardy R. , Frisby Michael B. , Robinson James
Published: July 2022

Propensity score matching was used to create intervention and comparison groups to compare academic outcomes of students with disabilities in the U.S. state of Indiana placed in more inclusive settings with those placed in less inclusive settings. Student and school demographic and outcome data were analyzed from the eighth grade in 2013 through graduation in 2018. Students with disabilities spending 80% more time in inclusive classrooms did better in reading and math than peers spending more time in special education classrooms. The study shows differences in diploma types of students in more inclusive settings than those in less inclusive settings, indicating that students in inclusive settings engage in more rigorous course of study and are more prepared for successful post-secondary educational and employment opportunities.
Lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin levels in peripheral blood from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) of different age groups
Authors: Voloshina Evgeniya V , Ustyugov Yakov Yu , Aleksandrov Aleksey A , Dzheliya Apsuana B , Oganova Marina A
Published: July 2022

Immunotoxicity assessment is an important part of non-clinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. The reference ranges of evaluated parameters, which depend on the sex, age and geographical origin of animals, play a significant role in interpreting the study results. The aim of this study was to determine the reference ranges of parameters commonly used for non-clinical immunotoxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) of different ages. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD16/56+ lymphocytes, and the serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G and E in clinically healthy cynomolgus monkeys of both sexes and different ages (37–104 months) were analysed. The lymphocyte subsets were assessed by flow cytometry and serum immunoglobulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis showed a weak rank correlation of CD3+, CD20+ lymphocyte levels with the ages of female and male cynomolgus monkeys, and no significant correlation with age for the combined data of both sexes. The serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G and E did not have a significant rank correlation with age for the combined data of both sexes, whereas IgA levels in females and IgG levels in males were weakly correlated with age. Overall, these results justify the use of animals aged three to eight years for non-clinical immunotoxicity evaluation of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. It is important to avoid the formation of animal groups with extreme ages (three years or eight years) in one group during randomization.
Executive Functions, Physical Abilities, and Their Relationship with Tactical Performance in Young Soccer Players
Authors: Carnevale Daniel , Elferink-Gemser Marije , Filgueiras Alberto , Huijgen Barbara , Andrade Caique , Castellano Julia , SiIva Davi , Vasconcellos Fabrício
Published: July 2022

While tactical performance in soccer is associated with the players’ and teams’ collective actions in the context of game stimuli, how tactical performance relates to players’ executive functions (EFs) and physical abilities should be examined. In this study, we examined these relationships among 81 Under-15 male soccer players who underwent tactical evaluation (FUT-SAT), EF tests (i.e.,(Stop-Signal Test and Design Fluency Test)), and physical tests (i.e.,(Maturity Offset, Yoyo Endurance Test II, Sargent Jump Test, and Sprint Test)). Multiple linear regression modeling with the stepwise method showed that approximately 48% of overall game tactical performance variance was explained by inhibitory control, biological maturation, and sprint capacity ( p = .004; d = .54; r2 = .479), whereas 35% of offensive tactical performance variance was explained by the same dimensions ( p = .001; d = .91; r2 = .353). In addition, approximately 28% of defensive tactical performance variance was explained by cognitive flexibility and aerobic resistance ( p = .007; d = .39; r2 = .280). These results reflect the combined importance of EFs and physical abilities for tactical performance in young soccer players, suggesting that these abilities may be targets for training when trying to improve young players’ performance.
Optimization of complex-geometry high-rise buildings based on wind load analysis
Authors: Estrado Erron , Turrin Michela , Eigenraam Peter
Published: July 2022

As technology advances, architects often employ innovative, non-standard shapes in their designs for the fast-growing number of high-rise buildings. Conversely, climate change is bringing about an increasing number of dangerous wind events causing damage to buildings and their surroundings. These factors further complicate the already difficult field of structural wind analysis. Current methods for calculating structural wind response, such as the Eurocode, do not provide methods for unconventional building shapes or, in the case of physical wind tunnel test and in-depth computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, they are prohibitively expensive and time-consuming. Thus, wind load analysis is often relegated to late in the design process. This paper presents the development of a computational method to analyze the effect of wind on the structural behavior of a 3D building model and optimize the external geometry to reduce those effects at an early design phase. It combines CFD, finite-element analysis (FEA), and an optimization algorithm in the popular parametric design tool, Grasshopper. This allows it to be used in an early design stage for performance-based design exploration in complement to the more traditional late-stage methods outlined above. After developing the method and testing the timeliness and precision of the CFD, and FEA portions on case study buildings, the tool was able to output an optimal geometry as well as a database of improved geometric options with their corresponding performance for the wind loading.
The commonification of the public under new municipalism: Commons–state institutions in Naples and Barcelona
Authors: Bianchi Iolanda
Published: July 2022

The transformation of local state institutions by way of the paradigm of the common – the creation of commons–state institutions – has become one of the strategies of new municipalist practices. It is an attempt to overcome two crises: the crises of both the privatised and the bureaucratic state forms. It aims to take back the production and distribution of the ‘public’ by the state and to democratise this process. The article analyses the discursive use and material implementation of the paradigm of the common in the transformation of local state institutions, and how contested meanings attributed to it by different actors may influence the definition of commons–state institutions. It analyses two new municipalist contexts, Naples and Barcelona, and examines the common-inspired transformation of their local public services: water services and sociocultural facilities, respectively. It argues that commons–state institutions are negotiated institutional configurations that emerge from the synthesis of the situated and experimental interpretation of the paradigm of the common shared by (different segments of) state and civil society actors, and whose governance needs to be adequately and openly codified to make them robust and enduring.
Buscopan or Glucagon for Endoscopic Cannulation of Ampulla of Vater?
Authors: Hannigan B F , Avery S , Axon A T R , Thompson R P H
Published: July 2022

The number of intravenous injections of hyoscine-N-butylbromide (Buscopan) or glucagon required to maintain relaxation of the duodenum during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were compared in a double blind trial of 55 patients. There was no significant difference in the number of injections. Serum amylase levels after the use of both relaxants were compared in 50 patients undergoing ERCP. No significant difference in the levels of hyperamylasaemia were found.
Chronic Perianal Pain: An Unsolved Problem
Authors: Neill M E , Swash M
Published: July 2022

Thirty-five patients with chronic anal pain of obscure origin are described. This syndrome is ill-defined and treatment is unsatisfactory. There is a high incidence of sciatica and of damage to the pelvic floor musculature, but although the pain has features consistent with a neuralgia, its cause is unknown.
Work of the Clinical Psychologist in General Practice: Preliminary Communication
Authors: France Richard , Robson Meredith
Published: July 2022

A randomized, controlled trial to assess the value of a health centre-based clinical psychology service is described. Outcome is measured by means of (1) psychosocial rating scales; (2) drug costs; and (3) the costs of relevant hospital referrals. At the end of the first year, the six general practitioners had admitted 239 patients to the trial and of these 81 had been followed up for 34 weeks after entry. This preliminary report reviews the data obtained from these patients. The main finding is a tendency, which reaches statistical significance at some points, for those patients with access to a clinical psychologist to improve more rapidly on the psychosocial measures than the controls.
Saline Flush: A Simple Method of Reducing Diazepam-Induced Thrombophlebitis
Authors: Dutt M K , Thompson R P H
Published: July 2022

Five hundred outpatients undergoing endoscopy were admitted into a controlled trial comparing the incidence of thrombophlebitis following intravenous diazepam administered in the usual way, with the effects of either a saline flush following the diazepam or diluting the drug with the patient's own blood before injection (‘barbotage’). The results were assessed using a questionnaire completed by patients two weeks after endoscopy; 80% replied. A saline flush reduced the incidence of local side effects, particularly pain ( P < 0.05). ‘Barbotage’ gave the highest incidence of side effects. Saline flush is therefore recommended as a means of reducing the thrombophlebitis which may follow intravenous diazepam.
Chlamydia Infection in Ducks: Preliminary Communication
Authors: Bracewell C D , Bevan B J
Published: July 2022

Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from cloacal swab pools from ducks in processing plants, and from cloacal and conjunctival swab pools from ducks on farms, in a small proportion of the samples examined. These isolates were difficult to passage. This difficulty was partly overcome by the use of emetine as the cell growth inhibitor. The direct complement fixation (CF) test was modified for testing duck sera by using complement at the low dose of 1.5 units. By this method, positive titres were demonstrated in experimentally prepared duck antisera, and in some of the samples collected from breeding and fattening ducks.
Smoking and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Authors: Taha A , Ball K P , Illingworth R D
Published: July 2022

An enquiry was made into the smoking habits of 199 patients who had survived a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Information was obtained from 189, giving a 95% response rate. Those with a cerebral aneurysm had on average smoked considerably more cigarettes daily than those with arteriovenous malformations (AVM) or with normal angiographic findings (NAF) whose smoking habits were similar to those of the UK population. SAH due to cerebral aneurysm should be considered another smoking-related disease.
Audit in a Diabetic Clinic
Authors: Child D F , Williams C P
Published: July 2022

Diabetic control was assessed in 82 established insulin-dependent diabetics using a microcapillary system for home preprandial blood glucose sampling. At initial assessment control in the majority (62%) was found to be unsatisfactory (at least 1 preprandial blood glucose greater than 13.0 mmol/l or frequent and severe hypoglycaemia). Sixty-three of these patients were assessed on more than one occasion. Only 24% were satisfactorily controlled at their first assessment, but this proportion had risen to 60% after 12 months. The ability of patients to perform unsupervised blood glucose levels using Ames Glucometers or BM-Glycemie 20–800 test strips was also assessed: 86% of the meter results were within one-third of the laboratory-based results, but there was evidence of bias towards the under-reading of higher glucose values using BM-Glycemie 20–800 test strips. Random blood glucose estimations performed in the diabetic clinic were of little value.
Cementless Fixation of the Tibial Component for the ICLH Knee
Authors: Freeman M A R , Blaha J D , Bradley G W , Insler H P
Published: July 2022

The use of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement in joint replacement surgery is not without drawbacks. Certain hazards have been appreciated and the bone cement interface may not be as stable in the long run as was once felt. This paper reports the results in 52 knees which were replaced using the uncemented ICLH (Imperial College/London Hospital) tibial component; the average follow up was two years (range six months to four years). The results were compiled with regard to pain as well as clinical examination and X-ray evaluation. The results were comparable to those achieved in knees replaced using bone cement. Roentgenographic evaluation revealed no evidence of loosening nor sinkage of any of these prostheses. Considerations in the development of a knee prosthesis to be utilized without bone cement and the operative technique employed to implant such a prosthesis are presented. The merits of such a system are discussed.
Calcium Metabolism during Rifampicin and Isoniazid Therapy for Tuberculosis
Authors: Perry W , Erooga M A , Brown J , Stamp T C B
Published: July 2022

Calcium metabolism was studied in 83 patients during eighteen months' rifampicin and isoniazid therapy for tuberculosis by measurements including calcium, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC). Five out of 52 Indian patients in the series were found to have osteomalacia, a prevalence probably no higher than in the Asian population in the UK at large. Moreover, osteomalacia responded to physiological supplementation with vitamin D. One European out of 31 had osteomalacia due to low vitamin D intake. Serum calcium was compared in 17 patients before and after six months of antituberculous chemotherapy but no significant difference was detected ( P>0.1). Two Indian patients were in positive calcium balance with low to normal plasma 25-HCC levels, indicating that an effect on 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D activity during therapy was unlikely. It is concluded that rifampicin when combined with isoniazid has no significant effect on calcium metabolism over an eighteen-month treatment period.
Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Haemangioma
Authors: Mitchell A , Fellows G J , Smith J C
Published: July 2022

Three cases of renal haemangioma presenting with haematuria are reported. Each was investigated by angiography and treated successfully by partial nephrectomy.
Urographic Appearances in Renal Failure Due to Intraluminal Ureteric Obstruction
Authors: Davies Peter
Published: July 2022

With reference to a series of 13 patients, the urographic signs seen in the conditions of acute, post-acute, chronic and acute-on-chronic obstruction are described. These are seen in a relatively pure form in patients with renal failure due to ureteric calculi. Patients in renal failure with acute, post-acute, or acute-on-chronic obstruction are anuric or oliguric; patients with chronic obstruction due to bilateral ureteric stones are polyuric. After removal of the stones the urine output returns to normal in cases of acute obstruction, is reduced in chronic obstruction but is increased in post-acute obstruction. A further case is described which illustrates the importance of recognizing post-acute obstruction unaccompanied by pain: The kidney may be completely obstructed and so be destroyed. The different types of obstruction are recognized by considering the nephrographic and pyelographic signs together with the presence or absence of pain.
Hospital Admissions for Abdominal Pain in Childhood
Authors: Crossley R B
Published: July 2022

From January to March 1980, a consecutive sample of 50 children admitted to hospital with acute abdominal pain provisionally diagnosed as appendicitis but who recovered spontaneously without a specific physical diagnosis was studied. The instruments used were a standardized parental interview and Rutter A(2) and B(2) questionnaires which are designed as screening devices to explore levels of emotional adjustment in children. A comparison was made with 43 children (controls) matched for sex and age from the same schools. Forty children suffering from acute appendicitis were studied in the same way. A significantly increased number of children in the nonspecific group obtained abnormal scores on the Rutter Scales compared with the control group ( P < 0.025). An unexpectedly large number (31%) of boys suffering from acute appendicitis obtained abnormal scores on the Rutter Scales. Postal follow up three months following discharge from hospital indicated that 8 (16%) of the nonspecific group were incapacitated to the extent of missing school. During the study, 15 children had a normal appendix removed at operation. Seven of them showed a significant degree of maladjustment.
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate with and without Continuous Irrigation
Authors: Notley Richard G
Published: July 2022

Four hundred patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate have been studied. An intermittent irrigation resectoscope was used in 200, and a continuous irrigation resectoscope in the remainder. The merits and demerits of continuous irrigation resection are discussed in the light of the results of these operations. The conclusion reached is that the continuous irrigation resectoscope has considerable advantages over the intermittent flow instrument. These advantages are most evident in the difficult operation, or in operations on the larger prostate, as well as in the tuition and demonstration of endoscopic surgery.
Management of Minor Medical Problems and Trauma: General Practice or Hospital?
Authors: Myers Paul
Published: July 2022

An assessment of the problems for which 1000 consecutive patients attended an accident and emergency department of a district general hospital showed that 54.2% could have been treated by a general practitioner. Amongst 150 patients attending hospital for minor problems between the hours of 09:00 and 19:00 on weekdays, the main reason given for not going to a GP was their impression that only in hospital could the required treatment be provided. A postal survey of 50 GPs found that they tended to avoid regularly handling certain specified minor problems which often present to hospital. The current trend away from the community management of such problems is discussed. It is suggested that improving patient education and GPs' incentives, while decreasing list sizes and expanding the primary care team, may encourage the management by GPs of trivial trauma and minor medical problems.
Intrathoracic Complications of Amoebic Liver Abscess
Authors: Adeyemo Adebayo O , Aderounmu Adebimpe
Published: July 2022

Amoebiasis is a world-wide parasitic infestation but is more prevalent and virulent in warm countries. Of 33 patients with amoebic liver abscess (ALA) seen over a 5-year period, 24 had intrathoracic complications. Management consisted mainly of the administration of the antiamoebic agent metronidazole (Flagyl), repeated needle aspiration of ALA and surgical drainage when aspiration failed. Closed tube thoracostomy was the preferred management of amoebic empyema. Associated cerebral involvement in 4 cases improved with parenteral metronidazole. Pericardial amoebic abscess claimed 100% mortality in our series.
Painful Extremities and Neurological Disorder in Essential Thrombocythaemia
Authors: Martin Edward A , Lavin Patrick J , Thompson Alan J
Published: July 2022

Six of 20 patients with essential thrombocythaemia had neurological features and 8 had peripheral vascular symptoms. Four had cerebrovascular ischaemia or stroke and 3 had gangrene. Pain in the extremities may be a striking symptom in this disorder.
Primary Care in Two Cultures
Authors: Martin Edwin
Published: July 2022

Differences were found between primary care as practised by the same doctor in Saudi Arabia and England within a twelve-month period. Many of these differences reflect demographic and cultural divergence between the two communities. Other factors suggested to explain areas of divergence were the administrative differences, systems of audit, language and empathy problems.
Hypokalaemia: Bartter's Syndrome or Pseudo-Bartter's Syndrome?
Authors: Robb J D , Delargy M A , Nolan Marie , Tomkin G H
Published: July 2022

The difficulties in the diagnosis of hypokalaemia are often considerable. This paper reports three patients who presented with hypokalaemia. Investigations are described which may help to distinguish Bartter's syndrome from pseudo-Bartter's syndrome.
Assessment of Sutures for Use in Colonic Surgery: An Experimental Study
Authors: Durdey P , Bucknall T E
Published: July 2022

Following injury, normal colon takes approximately 30 days to regain full breaking strength. This healing period can be lengthened by local infection. Colonic anastomoses are likely to be contaminated by intraluminal organisms, and suture material in such a situation is known to potentiate the development of sepsis. Experiments were designed to evaluate six suture materials used in colonic surgery to determine which retained adequate tensile strength and which excited least inflammatory response. The results indicate that absorbable sutures, with the exception of polydioxanone, lose strength too rapidly for use alone. Braided materials, notably silk, produce a prolonged tissue response and harbour bacteria. Monofilament materials are unreactive and appear least likely to delay healing. Polydioxanone, which is monofilament and absorbable, is recommended for use in the colon.
Controlled Study of Self-Exposure Treatment for Phobics: Preliminary Communication
Authors: Ghosh A , Marks I M , Carr A C
Published: July 2022

Patients with phobic disorder (mainly agoraphobics) of minimum one year duration were treated by self-administered exposure in vivo treatment. Seventyone patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (A) book-instructed, (B) computer-instructed, or (C) therapist-instructed. All three groups improved significantly to a similar extent on various phobic measures at the end of the treatment and maintained their treatment gains at 6-month follow up. Mean clinicians' time spent with each patient was 40 minutes, 4.2 hours and 3.2 hours in group A, B and C respectively. Similar small numbers of patients defaulted from each group.
Cigarette Smoking Increases White Blood Cell Aggregation in Whole Blood
Authors: Bridges A B , Hill A , Belch J J F
Published: July 2022

We studied the effect of chronic cigarette smoking on white blood cell aggregation, increased aggregation predisposes to microvascular occlusion and damage. Current smokers had significantly increased white blood cell aggregation when compared with non smokers. The presence of chronically activated white blood cells in current smokers may be relevant in the pathogenesis of ischaemic vascular disease.
The Adequacy of Cervical Spine Radiographs in the Accident and Emergency Department
Authors: Moulton C , Griffiths P D
Published: July 2022

One hundred and twenty radiographs of the cervical spine were performed at the request of the Accident and Emergency (A & E) department over a 6 week period. These consecutive films were reviewed for adequacy of anatomical demonstration of the complete cervical spine. The initial series of three films presented to the A & E staff achieved this objective in only 55% of cases overall, although further radiographic examinations requested before the patient left the department raised this figure to 75% for the lateral view and to 70% for the combined anteroposterior (AP) views. From the data it can be predicted that if every patient whose first 3 films were inadequate had received further investigation, the cervical spine would have been well visualized on approximately 90% of radiographs in each plane. The availability of radiologists for advice and their involvement with senior A & E staff in teaching are important factors in improving this situation.