bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ‘New’ Allele, Kpc, at the Kelt Complex Locus
Authors: Yamaguchi H. , Okubo Y. , Seno Taiko , Matsushita K. , Daniels G. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four Kp(a‐b‐) Japanese sisters, the product of a consanguineous mating, have otherwise normal Kell antigens. Kpc, a ‘new’ allele of Kpa and Kpb is the most probable background.
Recognition of a Non‐HLA‐ABC Antigen Present on B and T Lymphocytes and Monocytes only Detectable with the Indirect Immunofluorescence Test
Authors: Décary F. , Verheugt F. W. A. , van Helden‐Henningheim L. , von Riesz E. , van Gelder R. Schreuder , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr. , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The serum of a 39–year‐old male under long‐term platelet transfusion therapy for hypoplastic anemia with thrombocytopenia was investigated for the presence of leukocyte and platelet antibodies after the patient had received platelet concentrates from more than 700 random donors. The serological studies of his serum revealed: (1) the absence of plateletreactive antibodies; (2) the absence of agglutinating or cytotoxic antibodies against leukocytes; (3) the presence of at least two granulocyte‐specific antibodies, one with the specificity anti‐NA2 and the other with an undefined specificity, both only detectable by indirect immunofluorescence, and (4) the presence of cytotoxic‐negative fluorescence‐positive peripheral‐blood‐mononuclear‐cell‐reactive antibodies, not directed against HLA‐A, B or C antigens. The significance and implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Mechanisms of Vasomotor Reactions in the Use of SPPS
Authors: Culliver Helen A. , Penington David G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Vasomotor reactions have been reported during infusions of stable plasma protein solutions (SPPS). Possible mechanisms of this phenomenon have been studied using rabbit ear vein preparations. Most samples of SPPS were found inactive but could be activated by proteolytic enzymes. Two factors appear to be responsible: one has kinin‐like properties and the other behaves as kininogen. The latter could be activated by proteases released from both granulocytes and platelets and it is suggested that such activation may occur in clinical use. The bioassay employed in this study provides a basis for modifications in production of SPPS to eliminate these factors.
Preparation of Factor VIII‐Deficient Plasma by Immunoadsorption
Authors: Furlan M. , Felix R. , Beck E. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An immunoadsorbent was prepared by coupling rabbit and human antibodies against human factor VIII to Sepharose CL‐2B. The resulting insoluble antibodies completely removed factor VIII and fibrinogen from normal human citrate plasma. Other coagulation factors were satisfactorily recovered in the eluted plasma. Following addition of fibrinogen, the factor VIII‐deficient plasma was used for calibration of the one‐stage factor VIII assay and compared with the hemophilic plasma. Parallel straight lines were obtained in the log‐log plot against VIII:C, indicating that the artificial reagent can be used as a substitute for hemophilic plasma in determination of factor VIII procoagulant activity. The immunoadsorbent can be regenerated and repeatedly used for affinity chromatography binding of factor VIII.
Red Cell Enzyme Activities and Properties of Mutant Pyruvate Kinase after Long‐Term Storage of Red Cells in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Fujii H. , Miwa S. , Ishida Y. , Oda E. , Nakatsuji T. , Miura Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. After 8 months of storage of normal red cells in liquid nitrogen, red cell enzyme activities were essentially unchanged, except for triose phosphate isomerase which was reduced by about half. Mutant pyruvate kinase (PK), PK Tokyo I, showed no changes in kinetic or electrophoretic properties after 8 months of storage. These findings indicate that red cells stored for a long term in liquid nitrogen can still be used for the study of mutant PK.
Functional and Developmental Compartments of Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Kung Patrick C. , Goldstein Gideon
Published: March 2009

Hybridoma technology has made it possible to prepare a range of antibodies which define developmental and functional compartments of the T lymphocyte lineage in man. The feasibility of achieving this aim, and some immediate clinical applications, are illustrated in this report on seven monoclonal antibodies from seven selected hybridoma clones, which are shown to define subclasses of human T cells according to their immune function and developmental rank.
Heterophile Antibodies in the Serum of Children with Nephrotic Syndrome1
Authors: Satoh Paul S. , Elberg Alfredo J. , Fleming William E. , Baluarte H. Jorge , Gruskin Alan B.
Published: March 2009

Serum of children with the nephrotic syndrome contained high titers of a (19s) IgM antibody against sheep, horse, guinea pig, rat, and rabbit red blood cells but not against cow red blood cells. There was high correlation between high titers of antisheep antibodies and active nephrotic syndrome in the children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. The antibody differed from the Paul‐Bunnell antibody found in patients with infectious mononucleosis and from the anti‐Forssman, Hangautziu‐Deicher antibody found in patients with horse serum sickness. Rabbit red blood cells completely absorbed the antibody, but horse or guinea pig red blood cells removed only the anti‐Forssman activity.
Monoclonal Anti‐A from a Hybrid‐Myeloma: Evaluation as a Blood Grouping Reagent
Authors: Voak D. , Sacks S. , Alderson T. , Takei F. , Lennox E. , Jarvis J. , Milstein C. , Darnborough J.
Published: March 2009

A monoclonal anti‐A antibody has been evaluated and found suitable for use as a potent routine ABO grouping reagent, without the use of additives. The IgM anti‐A (MH2/6D4) is secreted into the tissue culture supernatant by a permanent line of cloned cells derived by fusion of anti‐A producing spleen cells and a mouse myeloma cell line. This is a costeffective reagent which should reduce production costs by over 50%. This reagent has the advantages inherent in monoclonal antibodies among them the availability of unlimited quantities of unvarying antibody of known properties.
Suppression of Early Rhesus Sensitization by Passive Anti‐D Immunoglobulin:Suppression of Early Rhesus Sensitization
Authors: Tovey L. A. Derrick , Scott James S.
Published: March 2009

Anti‐D immunoglobulin is an effective prophylactic against rhesus isoimmunization. It is generally regarded as ineffective once antibody production has developed though there have been a number of inconclusive reports suggesting it may suppress early sensitization. Anti‐D (100μg) was given after delivery of a rhesus (D) positive child to a rhesus (D) negative mother who was shown to have anti‐D antibodies at that time by five tests on two separate specimens in two different laboratories and by a weakly positive direct anti‐globulin test on the cord blood. In a further pregnancy with a rhesus (D) positive child no antibody was detected by multiple tests including enzyme technique.
Frequency and Inheritance of the Bxa (Box) Antigen
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Lubenko Anatole , Armitage Susan , Cleghorn Thomas , Jenkins John
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two Bx (a+) families are described, and Bxa is shown to segregate independently from several genetic markers. Anti‐Bxa has so far only been detected as an antibody without an identifiable stimulus.
Effect of Transfusion Regime on Erythropoietin Levels in Refractory Hypoplastic Anaemia
Authors: Napier J.A.F. , Evans J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Erythropoietin measurements were performed in 2 patients with refractory hypoplastic anaemia who required regular blood transfusion. Erythropoietin levels varied inversely with the haemoglobin level consistent with the accepted role of erythropoietin in reflecting the adequacy of tissue oxygenation. A particularly steep rise in erythropoietin occurred when the haemoglobin concentration fell below 8.0 g/dl. This coincided with the deterioration in clinical symptoms necessitating imminent admission for transfusion. Change from a regime involving a 5–6 unit transfusion every 6 weeks to that involving a regular 2 unit per 2 weeks transfusion resulted in a lower and more stable pattern of erythropoietin levels and was also associated with a considerable improvement in general well being.
Detection of Platelet Antibody Using Rosette Technique with Anti‐IgG Antibody‐Coated Polyacrylamide Gel
Authors: Salmassi Sadegh , Yokoyama M. Mitsuo , Maples John A. , Matsui Yoshiki
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Paraformaldehyde‐fixed platelets from normal donors were used for detection of antibody to platelet byin vitrosensitization (indirect method) utilizing rabbit anti‐human IgG heavy chain specific antibody‐coated polyacrylamide gels (Immunobeads). The sensitized platelets formed rosettes with Immunobeads and the positive rosette count was over 30%, while control showed less than 8% when normal sera were used. This method was also applicable for detecting antibody‐sensitized platelets in vivo (direct method) in patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. This method is simple, rapid and reproducible for clinical use. Direct and indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests and a blocking test with anti‐human serum also supported the results of Immunobead rosetting technique.
Detection of Quinidine‐Specific Antibodies with Platelet 125J‐Labeled Staphylococcal Protein A Test
Authors: Kekomäki R. , Rajamäki A. , Myllylä G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Remarkably high titers (80–160) of quinidine‐specific antibodies were detected in the serum of 5 patients with suspected quinidine purpura, when 126I‐labeled staphylococcal protein A was used as the marker of IgG bound onto platelets. During a follow‐up of 3 of the patients, the antibody titers declined.

The antibodies could be detected even when the final drug concentration was reduced from 0.3 to 0.003 mmol/I (i.e. therapeutic levels). The reaction between serum and platelets was independent of the type of quinidine salt used. No cross‐reactivity occurred with quinine.

Heat inactivation of the serum did not decrease the quantity of specific antibodies detected on the platelets. The sedimentation behavior of antiplatelet activity in density gradient centri‐fugation resembled that of 7 S antibodies. When sedimentation was, however, effected on the drug‐serum mixture, the reactivity of 7 S decreased.
Serum Ferritin in the Regulation of Iron Therapy in Blood Donors
Authors: Birgegård Gunnar , Högman Claes , Johansson Anne , Killander Andreas , Simonsson Bengt , Wide Leif
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 12 regular blood donors were selected on the basis of subnormal serum ferritin levels as a criterion for iron deficiency. It was found that all had high transferrin levels but only 5 had subnormal serum iron or transferrin saturation. The donors were given oral iron therapy in a dose of 2,800 mg between each phlebotomy, and the donation interval was standardized to 8 weeks. Test samples were collected every 4th week. After an initial rise in ferritin during the first 2 months, 6 of the donors again had subnormal serum ferritin levels, and the iron dose was therefore doubled after 32 weeks. Following this, all subjects taking the higher dose had normal ferritin values and stainable marrow iron was found at the end of the study, after 92 weeks. 3 subjects did not take the higher dose, had no raised serum ferritin level or stainable hemosiderin. It is concluded that serum ferritin estimation can be used to monitor the therapy in blood donors so that a satisfactory amount of iron is stored.
Adenine Consumption in Stored Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose‐Adenine Blood
Authors: Kreuger A. , Åkerblom O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma adenine concentration was measured in five units of citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine (0.25 mmol/1 adenine) whole blood during storage at +4°C. The adenine levels decreased to 50% in 9–10 days and to approximately 15% in 3 weeks. In spite of this rapid consumption of adenine, the adenosine triphosphate levels were well maintained: almost 100% after 3 weeks and 60% after 6 weeks of storage.
Rate of Rh Immunization after Induced Abortion
Authors: Simonovits I. , Timár Irma , Bajtai G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The occurrence of Rh immunization was investigated in 386 secundigravidae whose first pregnancy was terminated by induced abortion and who were not given anti‐D immunoglobulin after the induced abortion.

Of these, 6 (1.57%) already proved to be seropositive at the beginning of their second pregnancy, another 6 (1.57%) became positive by the end of the second pregnancy, i.e. 3.14% altogether as demonstrated with papain‐treated RBC. If instead the indirect antiglobulin (Coombs) test was used, 3 women (0.77%) proved to be positive at the beginning and 9 (2.31%) at the end of the second pregnancy.

Supposing that 0.5% of the secundigravidae became immunized during the second pregnancy, the rate of immunization after induced abortion in non‐protected cases may be calculated to be 2.64% using the papain technique and 1.81% when the antiglobulin test is applied.
An Improved Thaw‐Siphon Method for the Cryoprecipitate Preparation
Authors: Rang E. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cryoprecipitates were prepared by various techniques including slow‐thaw, rapid‐thaw, thaw‐centrifuge and thaw‐siphon methods. Recoveries of 42.3 ±9.5% for slow‐thaw, 48.8 ±8.8% for rapid‐thaw, 41.3 ±15.8% for thaw‐centrifuge and 67.4 ±8.9% for thaw‐siphon in factor VIII activity were obtained. These results indicated that cryoprecipitate prepared by the thaw‐siphon method had the best recovery of the factor VIII procoagulant activity. However, the final volume of the plasma was rather difficult to control and there was a risk that some factor‐VIII‐containing materials were siphoned with the cryo‐poor plasma, especially approaching the end of the process. A modified thaw‐siphon method was developed which involved stopping the siphon after 60 min, centrifuging and expressing the remaining plasma to a final volume of less than 15 ml. A yield of 67.1 ±9.8% factor VIII activity was obtained. This product is similar to that produced by the original thaw‐siphon method in yield but about half in volume.
The Second Example of Anti‐M1, Antibodies Produced by a Group MN Person
Authors: Molthan Lyndall
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A second example of anti‐M1 antibodies produced by a group MN person has been identified, and the reactions observed confirm the results obtained with the first example. The antibodies react with 17.2% of American black M positive samples. At 25–27°C, the serum reacts strongly with untreated cells; the reactions are weaker with ficin‐treated cells, but are enhanced with neuraminidase‐treated cells. The antibodies are IgM; they were detected in ABO reverse grouping tests.
Quantitative Determination of the HBsAg
Authors: Vranckx R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HBsAg concentrations down to 0.05 mg/ml can be measured by a quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. By a quantitative radioimmunoassay, HBsAg concentrations from 0.001 mg to 1 mg/ml can be measured.
β2‐Microglobulin: Structure, Function and Significance
Authors: Bernier George M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. β2‐Microglobulin is a low molecular weight protein with sequence homology to immunoglobulins. As a portion of the HLA complex this protein is an important cell‐surface structure. Under normal conditions β2‐microglobulin is synthesized and shed by many cells, particularly lymphocytes, and is detectable in the circulation of normal individuals. Because of its small size it is normally filtered readily at the glomerulus and is catabolized by proximal tubular cells of the kidney. Impaired renal function and hyperproduction of β2‐microglobulin are both associated with increased serum levels. A function for β2‐microglobulin as a modulator of lymphocyte surface and as a potential regulator of the immune system is proposed.
A National Blood Transfusion System Integrating a Central Computer Service with Hospital‐Based Minicomputer Routines
Authors: Högman C. F. , Cassemar B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The factors that should be considered in designing an integrated blood transfusion system are outlined. The system work performed by the Committee of Collaborative EDP Assistance in the Swedish Blood Transfusion Service is reviewed to illustrate these points. The system that has been developed is described.
In vitro Tests for Platelet Compatibility
Authors: Cook Lloyd O. , Miller William V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four methods were investigated to determine their suitability as platelet compatibility procedures: leukoagglutination, lymphocytotoxicity, platelet suspension immunofluorescence and platelet enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay. None of the tests were found to reliably predict the 24‐hour‐posttransfusion platelet increment in 8 refractory thrombocytopenic patients judged refractory to random donor platelet therapy.
Recovery, Life Span, and Function of Stored Plateletpheresis Units
Authors: Kahn Richard A. , Staggs Sherry D. , Phillips Gordon L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plateletpheresis units collected using the Haemonetics Model 30 or the IBM 2997 cell separator were stored for 24h at 22 ° C. Autologous recovery and life span measurements averaged 64 ± 13% (1 SD) and 8.9 ± 1.3 (1SD) days. The hemostatic effectiveness of these preparations were satisfactory; the corrected increment 4–6 h and 18–24 posttransfusion was 20,400 and 13,400/μ1/m2, respectively, and the bleeding time showed improvement in each patient. There was no significant difference in these parameters between collection devices.
Studies on the in vivo Elution of 51Cr from Baboon Red Blood Cells1,2,3
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Kuehl Gary V. , Skrabut Eugene M. , Bechthold Duane A. , Vecchione John J. , Harkness Donald R. , Emerson Charles P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four anticoagulant solutions were added to baboon red blood cells prior to labeling with 51Cr to determine how each would influence the distribution of 51Cr within the red blood cells, the loss of 51Cr from the red blood cells after transfusion, and the calculated red cell survival value.

The 51Cr label was detected in the hemoglobin and in the low molecular weight compounds within the red blood cells. The elution of 51Cr from labeled baboon red blood cells following transfusion could not be explained by the distribution of 51Cr between hemoglobin and low molecular weight compounds within the red blood cells.
Elution of Blood Group Antibodies from Red Cells
Authors: Van Oss C.J. , Beckers D. , Engelfriet C.P. , Absolom D.R. , Neumann A. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. By slowly lowering the surface tension of the aqueous medium through the admixture of 47.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and by raising the pH to 9, complete elution of A, D, and K antibodies from sensitized erythrocytes (RBC) could be achieved. The eluates comprising the antibodies were subjected to dialysis to remove the DMSO and to neutralize the pH, and to ultrafiltration to remove the excess water. Recovery of a sizeable proportion of the eluted RBC (of blood groups A and K) proved possible by slow and careful removal of the DMSO with phosphate‐buffered saline containing 2% BSA.
Radioimmunoassay for Hepatitis B ‘e'Antigen and Antibody: Correlations with Viral Replication and Prognostic Value
Authors: Baraldini M. , Facchini A. , Miglio F. , Ramadori G. , Alberti A. , Realdi G.
Published: March 2009

The presence of hepatitis B ‘e’ antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti‐HBe) was evaluated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in various groups of HBsAg‐positive patients. HBeAg was present in the majority of the sera from patients with acute viral hepatitis at the onset of clinical symptoms and disappeared after 1 year. Almost all hemodialysis patients had HBeAg in their sera. 40% of the patients who had chronic active hepatitis and 50% with chronic persistent hepatitis had HBeAg with no relationship to the inflammatory activity of the disease evaluated by the presence of mononuclear infiltration in liver biopsy. The comparison between the presence of HBeAg and Dane particle‐associated DNA‐poly‐merase activity showed that HBeAg was consistently found in almost all the sera which presented DNA‐polymerase activity. HBeAg, as determined by RIA, may therefore be useful in the screening of highly infective patients with elevated viral replication.
IgG Subclasses in Rhesus‐D Immunization. Effects of Weekly Small Volume Plasmapheresis1
Authors: van't Veer‐Korthof E. T. , Niterink J.S.G. , van Nieuwkoop J.A. , Eernisse J.G.
Published: March 2009

The IgG subclass composition was determined of the anti‐D antibodies present in the serum of 22 women who had a history of severe rhesus‐D immunization and who weekly underwent small volume plasmapheresis during their current pregnancy.

There was no correlation between the subclass patterns of IgG anti‐D antibodies and the degree of illness of the child; the good clinical results obtained with the small volume plasmapheresis could not be explained by a consistent change in the anti‐D IgG subclass composition.
Detection of Anti‐Varicella‐Zoster Virus Antibodies in Blood Donors by Automated Passive Haemagglutination
Authors: Chung A. , Naylor D.H.
Published: March 2009

1,219 normal blood donors were screened for anti‐varicella‐zoster virus antibodies by automated passive haemagglutination (APH) on a TechniconTM 15‐channel Auto Analyzer. 98 samples (8%) were positive by APH and 92% of these were shown to have antibody titres ≧ 1/16 by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Parallel testing of an additional 265 donors revealed that 11 (4%) individuals had IFA titres ≧ 1/64 and 6 of these 11 donors were identified by APH. Thus, APH is an effective means of rapidly detecting units of plasma acceptable for production of varicella‐zoster immunoglobulin.
Removal of Thymic‐Derived Lymphocytes during Pheresis Procedures
Authors: Dwyer John M. , Wade Marcia J. , Katz Alfred J.
Published: March 2009

Measurements have been made of the absolute T‐cell loss experienced by normal donors undergoing three methods of pheresis used for the preparation of platelets and/or granulocytes for transfusion. Filtration leukapheresis was associated with a mean loss per donation of 1.7×108 T cells. The technique of intermittent flow centrifugation platelet pheresis resulted in a mean loss per donation of 3 × 109 T cells. When this latter technique was utilized for leukapheresis, with hydroxyethyl starch and prednisone taken 12 h before the donation, the mean loss per donation was 3.9×109 T cells. When an intravenous dose of dexamethasone at the commencement of the procedure was used instead of prednisone for leukapheresis by intermittent flow centrifugation, the mean cell loss per donation was 2.2×109 T cells. We have examined the immediate effects of these procedures on circulating T lymphocytes and their responsiveness to mitogens. The only change of significance was an increased responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin after leukapheresis of the lymphocytes of those donors who had received prednisone. Replacement of T cells appears to be inefficient in adult life and thus functionally important numbers of T lymphocytes may be removed by repeated pheresis procedures. Careful examination of the potential immunological and clinical consequences of repeated pheresis appears warranted.
Purification of Anti‐Lec Antibodies with Specificity for βDGal(1→3)βDGlcNAcO‐ Using a Synthetic Immunoadsorbent
Authors: Pendu J. Le , Lemieux R.U. , Oriol R.
Published: March 2009

Artificial antigens: Antibodies were raised in rabbits with βDGal(13) βDGlcNAc‐BSA and purified by absorption elution on a column of the synthetic oligosaccharide covalently bound to a silicate instead of BSA. The purified antibodies agglutinated specifically erythrocytes from Le (a‐b‐) nonsecretor donors (Lec).

Natural antigens: Antibodies were raised in goats using boiled saliva from O/O, le/le, se/se donors. The population of antibodies which was adsorbed on a column consisting of βDGal(1→3) βDGlcNAc‐O‐R (type 1 chain precursor disaccharide) groupings attached to a silicate was collected and then refined by passage through a column which consisted of similarly immobilized αLFuc(1→2)βDGal(1→3)βDGlcNAc‐(H type 1), βDGal(1→3)‐[αLFuc(1→4)]βDGlcNAc‐(Lea), and βDGal(1→4)βDGlcNAc‐ (type 2 core chain precursor) groupings. The refined antibodies proved to have a reaction pattern with salivas that is the same as that previously reported for anti‐Lec sera.

The data obtained with natural and artificial antigens are thus compatible with the biosynthetic pathway for the formation of the Lewis antigenic determinants proposed by Graham and suggest that the Lec antigen may simply be the type 1 precursor chain which is required for the formation of the Lea, Led and Leb antigenic determinants.
Studies on the Retention of Passively Transferred Antibodies in Man
Authors: Shibata Yasuo , Baba Makoto , Kuniyuki Masayori
Published: March 2009

Measurement of diluted samples of high‐titred antisera to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) proved that the RIA kit can be used quantitatively in a wider range than stated by the manufacturer. Analysis of the blood level of anti‐HBs activities by RIA in a homologous system gave straight declines corresponding to the diffusion and the catabolic phases of human 7 S or 5 S antibody. The half‐life of the intravenously given antibody was calculated from the catabolic decline to 17.7 days for human immunoglobulin or 2.7 days for human F(ab')2 fragment.
Evaluation of Individuals Deferred from Blood Donation for Medical Reasons1
Authors: Blumberg N. , Shah I. , Hoagland J. , Shirer L. , Katz A. J.
Published: March 2009

Modern techniques of blood collection require health screening of donors by non‐physicians using general guidelines. Health problems of concern to the donor and possible loss to future donation of actually healthy individuals are inherent in this acceptance and deferral process. Of the 108,908 donors presenting at the bloodmobiles of a regional blood center from September 1978 to February 1979, 9,542 were deferred. Of these, 1,203 with possible medical problems other than hepatitis, hypertension, or infectious disease were referred to their physician for further information concerning their suitability as donors. Over 80% had irregular pulses or histories suggestive of potential cardiovascular problems. The purpose of this study was to review the evaluation mechanism. Responses for evaluation were received from only 222 out of 1,203 (18%), and of these all but 29 (13%) were granted full permission to donate. Since only one evaluated individual with pulse or cardiovascular findings of possible significance was under the age of 35 years, this age is a reasonable cutoff for such deferrals. The minimum increase in collections with this change in deferral screening would be over 1,000 units per year in Connecticut, and perhaps 60,000 nationwide.
A New Elution Procedure Using Chloroform, a Nonflammable Organic Solvent
Authors: Branch Donald R. , Hian Anita L. Sy Siok , Petz Lawrence D.
Published: March 2009

A new method for eluting red cell antibodies using chloroform has been shown to be effective. The method is similar to ether and xylene techniques but can be completed within 10 min after adequate cell washing. Comparison studies using ether, xylene and chloroform showed that antibodies eluted by chloroform yielded equivalent titration scores. Antibodies within the Ss blood group system were easily eluted using chloroform but not using ether. Also, the chloroform method yielded informative eluates when prepared from red cells of patients with warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug‐induced immune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by ABO or Rh fetal‐maternal incompatibility, or from patients having a positive direct antiglobulin test as a result of alloantibodies stimulated by recent transfusion (‘delayed transfusion reaction’). The advantages of chloroform elution are: (1) chloroform is nonflammable; (2) the eluate is readily obtained from the top layer after centrifugation; (3) no residual solvent remains in the eluate, and (4) the method is rapid.
Improved Assay for Detection of Platelet‐Specific PlA1 Antibodies in Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia1
Authors: Mueller‐Eckhardt C. , Kayser W. , Förster Christa , Mueller‐Eckhardt Gertrud , Ringenberg C.
Published: March 2009

A technique is described which permits the detection of platelet‐specific, noncomplement‐fixing (‘blocking’) PlA1 antibodies in serologically negative sera of mothers from children suffering from neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. The technique consists of (1) antibody enrichment in eluates prepared from maternal serum and PlA1‐positive platelets, and (2) quantitation of antibodies in eluates by the platelet radioactive anti‐IgG test. With this assay, PlA1 antibodies were demonstrated in 6 out of 7 maternal sera, and anti‐A antibodies in one. It proved valuable also for longitudinal studies for periods up to 30 months after delivery.
Determination of Salivary ABH‐Blood Group Antigens by Rocket Affinoelectrophoresis
Authors: Lindqvist Lennart
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A rocket affinoelectrophoretic assay system was used to detect and quantify the human salivary ABH‐blood group antigens of 155 individuals. In this system blood group antigens precipitated as rockets in agarose gels containing different lectins, with the rocket height being correlated to the antigen concentration. This technique was compared with the classical hemagglutination inhibition method for determination of salivary blood group antigens, and it was demonstrated that salivary A, B and H blood group antigens were detected with the lectins from Helix pomatia, Bandeiraea simplicifolia and Ulex europeus, respectively. The technique was rapid and sensitive, with a detection limit of 0.1 μl saliva. This technique can also be used for determination of blood group antigens derived from other body fluids, tissues and cells.
Development of Multiple Antibodies in an Apparently ‘Protected’ Rh D Negative Mother
Authors: Tovey L.A. Derrick , Taverner J.M. , Longster G.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case is described of a group O Rh (D) negative woman who received a blood transfusion after the delivery of her first infant, blood group O Rh (D) negative. In her second pregnancy anti3 was detected, presumably due to the prior transfusion. The second infant was D+S+ and the direct antiglobulin test on this infant's cells was positive. As no anti‐D antibodies were detectable in this pregnancy, the positive antiglobulin test was presumably due to the anti‐S. Anti‐D immunoglobulin was administered after this pregnancy, but in spite of this the mother developed a strong anti‐D antibody. The significance of this ‘failure of protection’ is discussed in relation to the augmenting affect of antibody development during pregnancy.
Automation of Cross‐Matching and Red Cell Antibody Screening
Authors: Wattar B. , Lambermont M. , Govaerts A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This automatic system combines the major cross‐match with screening for allo and autoantibodies. Moreover, the detected antibodies can be identified on a panel of frozen and thawed red blood cells (RBC). The system is made up of two connected samplers, three channels working, respectively, with bromelin PVP, LISP and saline PVP at 4°C, three colorimeters or three red cell autocounters and their recorders. The optimal speed is 50 sample/h and one whole test requires 19 min. Our experience indicates that this automatic system is appreciably more sensitive and much more rapid and efficient than manual techniques. In spite of increased sensitivity, the ratio of rejected bags does not exceed 2.7%.
Complement in CPD‐Stored Blood
Authors: Schiflerli J. A. , Boralessa H. , Howarth H.L. , Whitwam J.G. , Rees A.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We studied complement functions, breakdown of C3 and aggregation of immunoglobulins in whole blood stored in citrate phosphate dextrose at 4°C for up to 3 weeks from 10 normal blood donors. No significant changes in total haemolytic complement (CH50) and alternative pathway haemolytic complement activity were detected. However, the complement‐mediated capacity of the sera to solubilise a pre‐formed immune precipitate decreased significantly at 2 and 3 weeks (p<0.02 at 2 weeks, p< 0.003 at 3 weeks). No C3 conversion could be detected by immunoelectrophoresis but alteration in C3 was attested by a significant increase in breakdown products of C3 by 1 week (p< 0.002) and all were above the normal range after 3 weeks (p< 0.0001). No aggregation of immunoglobulins could be detected using two immune complex assays.
The Serology of Sda Effects of Transfusion and Pregnancy
Authors: Spitalnik Steven , Cox Mary T. , Spennacchio Janice , Guenther Rita , Blumberg Neil
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Pre‐ and posttransfusion antibody titers were performed on 6 patients with anti‐Sda transfused with incompatible blood. In 3 of these patients a significant rise in IgG antibody titer was found. The data suggest that in occasional patients the Sda antigen does evoke a secondary immune response. We evaluated 245 pregnant women for the presence of Sda and found that 30% were Sd(a‐). This incidence was significantly higher than that found in normal blood donors (4%), but was lower than that described in previous reports. We found that 22% of pregnant women in their first trimester were Sd(a‐) whereas at term 36% were Sd(a‐). These significantly different incidences of antigen positivity suggest decreased antigen expression with progressing pregnancy, as seen in the Lewis system. No difference was found in the incidence of anti‐Sda between pregnant women, either during their first trimester or at term, and normal donors.
Therapeutic Apheresis: Applications and Future Directions
Authors: Kennedy Melanie S. , Domen Ronald E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The past 10–15 years have been witness to major technological achievements in the field of therapeutic apheresis. Concurrently, a large number of diseases, primarily with an immunological basis, have been treated with apheresis. In this paper, we review the various applications of therapeutic apheresis, adverse reactions associated with the mode of therapy, and future research directions. Several representative diseases are also discussed in detail.
A Critical Assessment of Fibronectin's Opsonic Role for Bacteria and Microaggregates
Authors: Doran Jan Eva
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Within recent years, the physiological roles of fibronectin (Fn) have begun to be elucidated. This review examines Fn's opsonic capabilities with respect to bacteria and microparticulates. Fn's ability to promote the phagocytosis of these targets by monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils is discussed in detail, as are the possible mechanisms through which Fn mediates these interactions. The controversies concerning the physiological importance of Fn for host homeostasis and its use as an indicator of reticuloendothelial system function are also addressed in this review.
Evaluation of Intravenous Immune Serum Globulin in Immune Thrombocytopenia: Preliminary Results
Authors: Carroll Robert R.
Published: March 2009

Due to difficult clinical problems caused or aggravated by the presence of severe thrombocytopenia, 4 patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) refractory to conventional regimens were treated with intravenous gamma‐globulin. One patient had a lasting remission, 2 others had a partial or brief response, and 1 patient had no improvement in platelet count.
Various Immunoglobulin Preparations for Intravenous Use
Authors: Morell Andreas
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In recent years, a number of intraveous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations have become available, primarily in Europe. Since these preparations differ in their physical, chemical and biologic properties, the physician is frequently presented with difficulties in selecting an appropriate product. Until now, in vitro studies have been the only reliable source of evaluating these preparations. This paper describes the commercially available IVIG preparations and assesses the properties of each.
Diminishing Morbidity and Mortality of Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Tutschka Peter J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The reasons for the operational failure of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) are familiar and varied. They are the following: nonmarrow toxicity of the preparative regimen, marrow toxicity of the preparative regimen, acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), opportunistic infections, especially viral infections and recurrence of hematologic malignancy in the case of transplants for leukemia. This review examines operational failure of BMT and presents measures for its prevention.
Synthetic Oxygen Transport Fluids Based on Perfluorochemicals: Applications in Medicine and Biology
Authors: Lowe Kenneth C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Recent advances in the development and assessment of synthetic oxygen transport fluids based on perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are reviewed. The basic properties of PFCs are outlined, together with the selection criteria for biomedical applications. PFCs must be emulsified for intravascular use and attention is focussed on the formulation and biocompatibility testing of both first‐ and second‐generation emulsions and their components in man and other species. The multidisciplinary applications for PFCs in medicine and basic biomedical research are described, including the clinical use of Fluosol‐DA 20% as an oxygen‐carrying perfusate in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
Investigation of an Outbreak of Hepatitis A in Irish Haemophilia A Patients
Authors: Lawlor E. , Johnson Z. , Thornton L. , Temperley I.
Published: March 2009

Since 1990, Irish haemophilia A patients have been treated with solvent‐detergent(SD)‐treated virally inactivated high‐purity factor VIII concentrate prepared from plasma from Irish voluntary non‐remunerated donors. In 1992, 13 haemophilia A patients developed clinical hepatitis A and a further 17 patients showed serological evidence of recent infection by hepatitis A. All but 3 of these patients had had recent exposure to SD‐treated product. A case‐control study is underway to determine whether these cases represent transmission through product or environmentally acquired hepatitis A.
Failure to Detect Hepatitis A Virus RNA in Factor VIII Concentrates Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction: Results of a Preliminary Study
Authors: McOmish F. , Yap P.L. , Hart H. , Peerlinck K. , Burns S.M. , Simmonds P.
Published: March 2009

The transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection to recipients of some batches of Factor VIII has recently been reported. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of HAV RNA in factor VIII concentrates. Primer sequences used were derived from a consensus of published sequences in the 5′ non coding region; a nested PCR was used to increase sensitivity and specificity and the resulting fragment was 151 base pairs in length. The PCR was initially validated in clinical samples and only IgM anti‐HAV positive patient samples and a sample of liver tissue from a patient who required liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis A were HAV PCR positive. Other samples tested included those that were IgG anti‐HAV positive; these were found to be PCR negative. In an investigation of coagulation factor VIII concentrates by HAV PCR, 40 batches of solvent/detergent‐treated high‐purity concentrate from four different manufacturers, including one batch of factor VIII possibly implicated in HAV transmission, and a further 3 batches of monoclonal antibody purified factor VIII were all HAV PCR negative. Gel chromatography material, before and after use in factor VIII purification, and eluates from this material were also negative for HAV RNA. Our preliminary results therefore suggest that either the contamination of factor VIII concentrates by HAV RNA is an extremely rare event or that the PCR is insufficiently sensitive to detect an infective HAV dose since each batch of factor VIII concentrate would have been derived from a plasma pool consisting of 10,000 donations, or more and the resulting concentration of virus may be 102 or less.
Absence of Serological Surrogate Markers forTrypanosoma‐cruzi‐Infected Blood Donors
Authors: Wendel S. , Biagini S.
Published: March 2009

Specific serological screening tests forTrypanosoma‐cruzi‐infected donors are not yet available and thus not routinely performed in North America. With the recent increase of Latin‐American immigration to North America and Europe, there is a risk of transmission by blood products. In this study, we evaluated the possibility whether any of the serological screening tests currently recommended by the AABB could be used as a surrogate marker for this protozoarium. A group of 26,365 blood donors (male = 21,053 and female = 5,312) was analysed for the correlation ofT. cruziantibodies (TcAb) with other serological markers (HIV, HBsAg, ALT, HTLV‐I/II, HCV, Anti‐HBc, syphilis and unexpected hemoglobins other than A1, A2and F). Association could be demonstrated only between syphilis and TcAb in the female group (p = 0.005), but the low number of donors found with this association (n = 4) renders the effect of this correlation very small. A higher prevalence of TcAb was found in older age groups, with even gender distribution (p<0.05), however, donors aged more than 54 years also represent a minority of the donor pool (4.83%) and the detection of positive donors in this age group also has a minor preventive effect on transfusion‐transmitted Chagas disease. We conclude that when infected blood donors must be detected, specific serological screening for TcAb is essential and that currently no surrogate marker can be considered for detectingT. cruzi‐infected blood donors.
Haemoglobin‐Based Red Cell Substitutes: Current Status
Authors: Ogden Jill E. , Donald Shirley L. Mac
Published: March 2009

Chemically modified haemoglobin solutions represent a potential alternative to the transfusion of donor blood. The theoretical advantages of these products include an oxygen delivery potential greater than that of conventional plasma expanders, prolonged shelf‐life, universal compatibility and the absence of pathogenic viruses. Principal concerns have been safety issues including renal toxicity, coagulopathy and vasoactivity. The proposed indications for these solutions are primarily resuscitation of patients in haemorrhagic shock and perioperative haemodilution during elective surgery. Three products have now undergone phase I safety trials in human subjects and phase II safety and efficacy trials are planned in the near future.
Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Is Not Detectable with Nested Double Polymerase Chain Reaction in Healthy Blood Donors
Authors: Urushibara Noriko , Kwon Kil‐Won , Takahashi Tsuneo A. , Sekiguchi Sadayoshi
Published: March 2009

The PCR method was introduced to detect cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA from 189 peripheral blood samples of volunteer donors. We adopted the nested double PCR method with primers specific for immediate early gene 1 followed by electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. This nested double PCR method was sensitive enough to detect approximately a single copy of CMV DNA. However, we failed to obtain positive amplification of CMV DNA from any of these donor samples. In contrast, CMV DNA could be detected in all 3 tested immunocompromised patients who had undergone bone marrow transplantation. These results support our previous report that the frequency of CMV DNA is of an order lower than 1 copy/105 leucocytes in the peripheral blood of healthy seropositive individuals.
Blood Exchance — A Rescue Procedure for Complicated Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Eisenman Arie , Baruch Yaacob , Shechter Yael , Oren Ilana
Published: March 2009

Falciparum malaria is the most hazardous form of malaria. Its high degree of parasitemia interferes with vital functions of most organs and is directly responsible for its high rate of mortality and morbidity. Quinine and other antimalarial drugs are relatively slow acting and not always effective due to the growing resistance developed by Plasmodium toward these drugs. Another emergency modality, which would remove the parasitic burden quickly and effectively, is thus much needed. We present a case of a 51‐year‐old sailor, who was admitted to the hospital because of complicated falciparum malaria. His situation deteriorated rapidly into a desparate stage, despite the various intensive treatments and quinine. He soon developed a systemic inflammatory response syndrome manifested as cerebral malaria, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation. An emergency blood exchange reversed the situation dramatically, and the patient recovered completely. It is recommended that any doctor, both in endemic and in non endemic areas, dealing with blood transfusions or infectious diseases, should be acquainted with this life‐saving modality, regardless of the controversy still surrounding this subject.
Soluble HLA Class I and Class II Concentrations in Factor VIII and PCC Preparations
Authors: Westhoff Ulrike , Grosse‐Wilde Hans
Published: March 2009

Soluble HLA class 1 (sHLA‐CI) and class II (sHLA‐CII) molecules were quantitated in 11 commercially available factor VIII and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) preparations by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In 4 preparations, we detected traces of sHLA‐CI (0.01–0.07 mg/l), and in 7 hemostatic preparations small amounts of sHLA‐CII molecules (0.02–0.28 mg/l). The concentrations of these contaminant molecules are unequivocally below the mean values of sHLA in human plasma (sHLA‐CI: 1.01±0.72 mg/l; sHLA‐CII: 1.53±2.44mg/l). Based on the total amount of chronically administered factor VIII or PCC, contaminating sHLA molecules may be in principle able to exert immunomodulatory effects in patients treated with such preparations.
Cryopreservation Modifies Flow‐Cytometric Analysis of Hemopoietic Cells
Authors: Rosillo M. C. , Ortuño F. , Rivera J. , Moraleda J. M. , Vicente V.
Published: March 2009

Although cryopreservation of human bone marrow has become very common in modern medicine, the knowledge on the effects of this procedure on hemopoietic cells is still limited. We herein have investigated whether the process of concentrating of human bone marrow to its buffy coat, the exposure to the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoide (DMSO), and/or the rate of controlled freezing/thawing procedures modifies the flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow cells. We found that both the exposure of marrow cells to DMSO and/or the freezing procedure significantly modifies both the relative proportions of hemopoietic cell subsets and the intensity of expression of certain surface antigens. Thus, percentages of cells expressing CD7, CD13, CD33 and CD34, were found to be lower in both cryopreserved buffy coat and buffy coat merely exposed to DMSO, in comparison to those in untreated coat samples. Moreover, the intensity of the surface expression of CD33 decreased in cells exposed to DMSO, and further in cryopreserved samples. By contrast, the intensity of the CD19 antigen was higher in the last groups of samples than in the buffy coat or the unfractionated human bone marrow. Our present results suggest that flow‐cytometric analysis of cryopreserved human bone marrow cells is not fully equivalent to that corresponding to fresh bone marrow or its fractionated buffy coat.