bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pandemic Crisis
Authors: Dufort Christophe Roux , Clément Mary-Lieta
Published: May 2022

This chapter aims to explore the tragic nature of pandemics in order to discover their inexorable, insurmountable, and irremediable nature and the strategies adopted by managers when they were trapped by this kind of event, which is beyond their control and understanding. Through accumulated knowledge of the Greek tragedy as proposed by scholars of classical literature philosophers, this chapter highlights unsuspected facets of pandemics and their management. Greek tragedy provides an opportunity to view pandemics under a new light, as it features characters grappling with forces beyond their control and conflicting dilemmas that can only be resolved by heart-breaking decisions and sacrifice, leading to despair and terror. This angle opens up new avenues for defining crises and creating a development model of a tragic crisis that highlights the behaviours and strategies of government decision-makers in times of pandemics in particular.
How COVID-19 Is Shaking Up Pharmacy
Authors: Luc Bergeron , Darveau Martin
Published: May 2022

Just like almost every field of activity, the pharmacy world has been turned upside down by the COVID-19 pandemic on multiple levels. Therapeutic and ethical challenges inevitably arise in such a context. Social media are also playing an important part in the dissemination of information. Yet this information is often raw and unfiltered and not always correctly interpreted, which could lead to misuse of drugs and potential unexpected shortages. COVID-19 is also bringing critical challenges in terms of logistics: for example, unplanned drug shortages, management of inventories both on an institutional and regional (or national) levels, and the absence of stockpiles or pandemic planning. Pharmacists and pharmacy staff are also not immune to developing the infection. Challenges in the maintenance of activities and also standards of care both in community and hospital pharmacy are arising in a pandemic context, with pharmacists and other staff members getting infected and having to leave for some time. Because of the present context and their magnitude, these challenges have several impacts on the mission, work organization, and core value of pharmacy departments. In this chapter, we review some of the impacts COVID-19 has had on three components of the practice of pharmacy: ethics and the use of drugs in a pandemic context, challenges regarding logistics, and the impact on pharmaceutical care.
Force Majeure in International Law during a Pandemic
Authors: Bjorklund Andrea K.
Published: May 2022

Immediately after the COVID-19 crisis hit, questions about its effect on the performance of contractual obligations arose. One of the potential defences to the performance of contractual obligations is force majeure, a doctrine found in most municipal laws that excuses or arrests contractual obligations due to an external event—the ‘Act of God’ that is the force majeure event—or follow-on effects, whether factual or legal, that render performance impossible. Force majeure is also known in public international law; a state can raise force majeure as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness that obviates its obligation for the duration of the event. In both public international law and in the relationship between private entities, the requirements for the successful invocation of force majeure are difficult to satisfy; this is because excusing performance violates the doctrine of pacta sunt servanda, the sanctity of contractual or treaty obligations. This chapter will concentrate on the ways that the pandemic illustrates the possibilities, and shortcomings, of a force majeure defence.
The Place of Tort Law
Authors: Bussani Mauro , Sebok Anthony J. , Infantino Marta
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the main features of tort law in the common law and civil law systems surveyed in the book—namely, England, the United States, France, Germany, and Italy. On the assumption that changes in civil litigation, as well as social, economic, and cultural developments are key to grasp the commonalities and differences in the ideas and architectures that underpin civil liability, the chapter delves into these jurisdictions’ social history and legal culture. The chapter also provides a concise overview of each legal system’s general tort law architecture, approach to civil liability (especially vis-à-vis contractual remedies), tort law theories and doctrines, style of reasoning, and litigation rates.
Negligence (and Strict Liability)
Authors: Bussani Mauro , Sebok Anthony J. , Infantino Marta
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on negligence and its relationship with no-fault liability regimes. In particular, the chapter explores three issues that deserve the spotlight in the comparative law perspective, insofar as they highlight a common trend dictated by the similarities of cultural approaches, in spite of technical differences. First, the chapter addresses and criticizes the traditional and still widespread understanding of the elements of the tort cause of action as separate and independent variables with a distinctive role of their own—what is herein called the “modular” approach. Secondly, the chapter explores and challenges the normative view according to which, under a rule of fault liability, a person’s behavior should conform to the standard of care expected of the so-called reasonable person, a fictitious individual traditionally endowed with conventional knowledge, average musculature, normal reactions, commonplace skills, and ordinary intelligence and memory. Thirdly, the chapter describes and unveils the many techniques through which the boundary between fault and strict liability are shaped by courts, and analyses the techniques courts use to incorporate negligence into strict liability and vice versa.
Recovery of Secondary Victims for Economic Harm and Emotional Distress
Authors: Bussani Mauro , Sebok Anthony J. , Infantino Marta
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on recovery for economic and non-economic damages by secondary victims, that is, by plaintiffs who claim compensation for the indirect economic and non-economic harm they suffered as the indirect result of a physical injury to somebody else’s person or property. It analyzes in particular two of the most typical illustrations in which the problem of secondary victims’ harm arises: that of family members pursuing recovery for the indirect pecuniary and emotional harm caused by the death of their loved ones, and that of the nervous shock suffered by bystanders who witness an accident. As the chapter shows, in the latter, there is a significant divergence between the tort law systems studied in the book.
A New Megasport Legacy
Authors: Spalding Andrew
Published: May 2022

Though the Qatar 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup is for many a symbol of long-standing corruption and human rights problems, the event may actually represent something entirely new. Megasports are now demonstrating a capacity to leave what this book calls a human rights and anti-corruption legacy: norms, practices, policies, or laws that have application beyond sport, are likely to endure after the event, and the implementation of which is accelerated by hosting the event. In the 2010s, Brazil’s hosting of the FIFA Men’s World Cup and Summer Olympics, and then South Korea’s hosting of the Winter Olympics, left what this book calls reactive, accidental, and one-dimensional anti-corruption legacies. Most would be shocked to find that Qatar now moves this legacy concept forward, undertaking to create megasports’ first intentional and proactive human rights legacy. The first and perhaps best opportunity to build a proactive, intentional, and two-dimensional human rights and anti-corruption legacy lies in France as it prepares to host the 2024 Paris Summer Olympics while implementing new landmark anti-corruption and human rights laws. The concept may still advance in Australia and New Zealand (2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup) and Italy (2026 Milan Cortina Winter Olympics). However, the United Bid of Canada, the United States, and Mexico has promised the first proactive, intentional, and two-dimensional human rights and anti-corruption (“HRAC”) legacy around the 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup. This book analyzes existing megasport policies and practices, then suggests reforms to acknowledge and support these new legacies.
The First Intentional Legacy: Qatar
Authors: Spalding Andrew
Published: May 2022

Qatar’s unexpected winning of the rights to host the 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup has produced an equally unexpected result: the first intentional and proactive megasport human rights legacy. Though Qatar’s success immediately elicited allegations of bribery, these would soon be dwarfed by a bigger problem: systemic labor rights abuses of an extraordinarily large migrant labor population. Qatar’s initial thoughts on the prospects of a labor rights legacy accelerated after an onslaught of international criticism and pressure from human rights observers, journalists, and ultimately the International Labour Organization. While such criticism was not unprecedented, Qatar responded in an unprecedented way. Megasport organizers, in collaboration with the national government and the ILO, deliberately undertook to build a megasport legacy of human rights reforms. Through interviews with Qatari officials and stakeholders, and access to nonpublic documents, this chapter describes the unique political, economic, and cultural conditions in Qatar that precipitated this uncommon megasport result. It then describes how the external pressure produced reforms, and their likely legacy. It identifies three “levers” by which the mega sporting event produced these prospective legacies: the spotlight, the laboratory, and the ripple effect. It concludes with the challenges that remain to ensure these reforms mature into enduring legacies. Ultimately, while Qatar is likely creating the first intentional and proactive megasport human rights legacy, it remains one-dimensional in its near-exclusive focus on human rights. Opportunities for legacies that are proactive and intentional, and that address both human rights and anti-corruption dimensions, come with subsequent hosts.
On Site
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

On Site: Methods for Site-Specific Performance Creation is written for artists and students at all levels who wish to explore the artistic and production processes of making sited works. The book covers specific, practical strategies for an array of issues to consider before, during, and after embarking upon a project: selecting a site, researching and exploring a site for inspiration and content, considering differences in urban and natural environments, procuring permits, designing the audience experience, defining key production roles, and building effective collaborations with different artists. It also suggests techniques to generate site-inspired production elements such as sound/music, costumes, lighting, and media. The book includes helpful chapters on project budgeting, contract negotiation, fundraising, marketing, documentation, and assessment, useful to everyone involved in productions. On Site is a guide designed to make site work practical, intentional, and attainable. Based on the author’s career spanning over 30 years of site creation, the book also includes the voices of over 24 other artists, producers, and writers who share their perspectives and experience on the many topics covered. On Site is a clearly written resource that will become a well-worn reference for anyone interested in the creative process and discovering the power of site-specific works.
Permissions, Permits, and Insurance
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses issues and strategies to gain access to and official permission to use sites. Identifying the right person and asking the most effective questions are central to starting the process: understanding the motivations of a particular site owner or institution and coming to initial meetings fully prepared; knowing not only your own needs for your proposed production but having an understanding of the site’s previous history and its aims and mission; knowing who has jurisdiction over a site and whether the site is subject to certain regulations, such as ordinances affecting sound or possible requirements for street closures. The chapter ends with a short discussion on producing site performances without permits and explores reasons for and against such a decision.
Planning Your Planning Budget
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter serves as a guide to developing a working project budget that you can use for preproduction planning and fundraising. It identifies specific production needs as you create your artistic plan by requiring that you think through contingencies, scenarios, and cost implications. The chapter explains how to build a generic budget, line by line, for a site-specific production. It discusses the responsibilities of your dual roles as lead artist and producer—filling out each line item including your fee, fees for collaborators, performers, production personnel—along with strategies to avoid fee disparities. A listing of production costs, marketing expenses, and documentation and administration needs rounds out the chapter. A planning budget is a clear example of your priorities and is a roadmap for fundraising and long-term sustainability.
Fundraising for Your Artistic Plan
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter covers several strategies for fundraising in the performing arts. It describes the five phases of fundraising: research, preparation, making the ask, cultivation, and acknowledgment. It discusses what motivates grant-making institutions to make awards and how the choice of the site itself can aid fundraising. Strategies for expanding your personal donor pool, the pros and cons of benefit events, and methods for utilizing online fundraising tools (crowdfunding) are described in detail. The differences between public and private foundations, strategies for approaching private individuals and securing corporate sponsorship, and the possibilities of acquiring in-kind donations and services are all covered in this chapter.
Collaboration and Collaborative Elements
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines four possible artistic collaborative relationships: One artistic director, with the lead artist responsible for creating and establishing the creative vision from which all collaborators work to realize the work. Equal partnership involving two collaborators, in which two collaborative partners share all the responsibilities of creating the artistic vision, making decisions together and assigning tasks to any additional collaborating artists. Cooperative with three or more collaborators, which involves more than two people who form a collaborative group to create the artistic concept; each member of the group contributes to its vision and no one person within the group takes the lead or credit above anyone else. Independent structure that allows each artist within the collaboration to work wholly independently of others, the only likely shared decisions being the length of the work (for time-based arts), number of performers (for costumes), and perhaps the size of the venue (for technical issues and possible set designs); all elements are brought together during the week of technical rehearsals. The chapter describes strategies for selecting a collaborator, such as researching an artist’s past achievements, asking what motivates an artist’s creation process, and exploring working styles and methods. It also details strategies for working with four specific collaborating artists: sound/music (composer/sound designer), costumes, lighting, and media. The roles of each of these artistic disciplines within the context of a site-specific project are discussed.
Populist Governments and Their Logic
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on populism in power, distinguishing between populists in government and populism as “the government” (controlling all key institutions). We ask whether the authoritarian logic of populism fosters a change of regimes of constitutional democracy. We argue that once they enter government, populist politicians typically engage in regime change, in three stages. In government they hybridize democratic polities by introducing authoritarian practices into the framework of institutions. As “the government” they tend to create a distinctive populist hybrid that is neither a democratic nor an authoritarian regime. Populist hybrid regimes can morph into full authoritarianism—where elections can no longer be lost and the prerogative state takes over. But such a regime would be at best pseudo-populist. We will call it populist dictatorship to indicate its continuity with the previous types, as well as its form of discoursive self-justification. Each transition raises threshold issues (conceptually and empirically) that we try to address. We engage critically with the literature on illiberal democracy, delegative democracy, and competitive authoritarianism.
The Rise and Slow Retreat of American Systemic Leadership
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter initially covers the decline literature, in which the positions of both declinists and anti-declinists are criticized and a third position is advanced. Summarily, it is argued that the United States has been in relative decline as a system leader ever since its rise to pre-eminence in 1945. That is the norm in rise-and-fall dynamics. But the concentration of material power in the US rise was so much greater than those of its predecessors that the decline trajectory has been gradual and uneven. Yet that too is not uncommon in the annals of systemic leadership that began to emerge some 500 years ago. This interpretation of systemic leadership differentiates between global and regional systems, a distinction that became significant after a global layer of interactions appeared in the 1490s. Although international relations observers do not always make this distinction, it makes a difference in how one perceives contemporary world politics.
To Be Inca or Not to Be Inca?
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores three different discourses on the prehistory of Ecuadorian music, from the Inca supporters, namely, composers Pedro Pablo Traversari and Sixto María Durán, to the Inca detractors such as Segundo Luis Moreno. The first two wrote about the origins of Ecuadorian music following European music histories of the time, without calling into question the real extension of the Inca legacy. Traversari not only supported the system proposed by the d’Harcourts, but even claimed that he discovered the pentatonic system before Alomía Robles. Sixto María Durán based his understandings of Inca music on a lecture-recital Alomía Robles gave in Quito in 1917. Segundo Luis Moreno accepted the same musical principles as his colleagues as representations not of Inca music, but of an Andean indigenous music that already preceded Inca ruling (sustaining the myth of the Kingdom of Quito) and challenged the pentatonic system proposed by the d’Harcourts. These two historical approaches have nonetheless produced compositions with a similar mix of indigenous pentatonic (considered Inca or generally Andean depending on the composer) and European techniques.
How to Define and Measure the Dark Side in Business
Authors: Brummel Bradley J. , Osborn Seth A.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the diversity of approaches that can be used to measure the dark side of human personality at work from three approaches: self-report, other-report, and business outcomes. With breadth of coverage as a priority, this chapter spans both traditional scientific measures and informal narrative-driven ways of understanding the dark side. The self-report approach covers self-report personality scales, clinical scales, workplace behavior, and identity narratives. The other-report approach covers other-report personality scales, clinical measures and diagnoses, workplace behavior, performance management, and reputational narratives. The business metrics approach covers policy violations, employment actions, and financial outcomes. Each subsection contains a description of the measurement approach, examples, strengths and limitations, and implications for research and practice. This overview is presented to help readers organize their conceptual framework of the disparate methods and perspectives that have been used to understand the dark side at work.
The Dark and Destructive Side of Leadership
Authors: Einarsen Ståle Valvatne , Fosse Thomas Hol
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines a behavioral perspective for understanding destructive forms of leadership. The authors define different forms of harmful leadership practices, present and discuss different behaviors, and illustrate how the same individual may display both constructive and destructive behaviors. Next, the authors explore the prevalence of various forms of destructive leadership behavior before discussing strategies to prevent and intervene with destructive leadership. A behavioral perspective focuses on leaders’ actions and can help inform leaders, their superiors, subordinates, and management consultants about behaviors that are detrimental and illegitimate in their role as a leader. Preventive strategies and interventions discussed focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention on individual, organizational, and societal levels. The authors outline a wide range of possible measures that can be used to counteract the occurrence and aftermath of destructive leadership practices.
From Freud to a Modern Theory of Dark-Side Leadership
Authors: Lusk Derek
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the history of the dark side to its origin in Romantic Era philosophy, where philosophers began to uncover unconscious motivations that exist beneath the surface of everyday life. Sigmund Freud leveraged these philosophical ideas to create a psychoanalytic theory that identified powerful hidden impulses and an internal conflict between individuals and society. However, Freud and his followers were overly pessimistic about human nature. They conceptualized people as deeply selfish at the core and, therefore, they overlooked other motivations that facilitate human performance. This chapter separates Freudian fact from fiction to outline four unconscious motivations that form the foundation of human psychology and leadership effectiveness. This chapter also argues that effective leaders temper the dark side of extreme motivations and leadership behaviors, enabling them to match their leadership style to the situation.
Taming the Dark Side and Bringing Out the Light
Authors: Lewis Robert E. , Bayless Julia
Published: May 2022

Employees who are identified as having high potential constitute the “next wave” of senior organizational leaders. As such, a critical goal for many organizations is their accurate identification and focused development. This chapter reviews the state of research on high-potential selection and development and explores how bright- and dark-side characteristics can be assessed and managed to facilitate success. The authors find that many of the selection and development interventions commonly endorsed in the research literature are also leveraged in the high-potential processes of many organizations but need to be adapted or focused to best address the specific characteristics of high potentials.
Introduction
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: May 2022

The introduction of the book sets out the present state of constitutional remedies in US federal courts by contrasting two different recent cases. In one case, a victim of police violence received no hearing at all, despite being badly hurt by actions that were very likely illegal. In the second case, a law firm challenged antifraud regulation, expressing the hypothetical concern that the president might not be able to fire the relevant regulator consistent with the Constitution. That case received a hearing and prevailed. These cases, the introduction explains, show a deep schism in the present system of constitutional remedies. It argues that these differences have to be understood in light of the deeper structure and history of courts in the United States.
Profile 1: Jennifer Leaning, M.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Jennifer Leaning has made many extraordinary contributions as a witness to human rights violations in war-torn countries, as an educator and researcher on the health impacts of war, as an advocate for human rights, as a contributor to public policy, and as an organizational leader. She has researched and written about the protection of civilians, early warning of humanitarian crises, mass displacement, sexual violence, international humanitarian law, and the public health response to war....
Profile 7: Debby Guha-Sapir, Ph.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Be open to possibility. Take opportunities. Learn from experience. And translate science into policy and action. These maxims have guided Dr. Debby Guha-Sapir, who over the past three decades has been—and continues to be—a leader in developing the discipline of conflict and disaster epidemiology.

After receiving her Ph.D. in epidemiology from the University of Louvain in Belgium, Dr. Guha-Sapir was employed there as a junior researcher. The professor she was assisting offered her a choice between stable, well-paid work inputting research data and exploring opportunities to apply her epidemiology skills in the wake of disasters in other countries. When she learned that Médecins Sans Frontières was seeking an epidemiologist to investigate the impact of famine in Chad, she took that opportunity....
Profile 9: Rohini Haar, M.D., M.P.H.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

As Rohini Haar, an emergency medicine physician who has worked extensively on war-related and human rights issues in many low- and middle-income countries, will tell you, there is no standard career path for doing this work. But finding inspiring mentors and finding—and creating—opportunities to participate are critically important....
Profile 11: Samantha Nutt, M.D., M.Sc.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

In medical school, Samantha Nutt developed a strong commitment to women’s health as a way of supporting women’s rights. But she was frustrated with the medical paradigm, which focuses on treating disease rather than on promoting health. So she went on to complete her family practice certification and her specialization in public health, with a focus on global health....
Determining the Health Impacts of War
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes and provides numerous examples of approaches to determining morbidity and mortality due to war. It enumerates the multiple reasons why it is necessary to determine these impacts in a timely manner, including assessing the needs of affected populations, reducing the impacts of war, and helping to end war. The chapter describes major challenges to determining the health impacts of war, such as difficult locations, inadequate data systems, political and socioeconomic instability, forced migration, reporting inaccuracies and biases, and distant and indirect health consequences. The chapter describes rapid assessments and provides an illustrative example. It defines and describes public health surveillance and provides an illustrative example. It describes various types of epidemiological studies (cross-sectional studies, retrospective cohort studies, and prospective cohort studies), including their strengths and their limitations, and provides examples from the Iraq War and other armed conflicts.
Profile 14: Leslie (Les) Roberts, Ph.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Les Roberts’s career is an example of following one’s inner compass and seeing where it will take you. As he was growing up, he thought he would become a high school physics teacher or maybe an accountant. But after going in 1984 to teach in Kenya—an experience that opened his eyes to poverty and misogyny in low-income countries—he changed his career goals....
Technology for Unleashing Creativity
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This book makes a case for creativity and technology in music education that are skills often put to the side in spite of learners’ musicianship skills. Bridging the gap between music in and out of school is an important aspect of becoming a lifelong learner of music. Throughout, the book gives practical tips and lessons to help bridge the divide and help facilitators and learners explore creativity and technology in innovative ways through the informal learning approach. Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs), notation software, online apps, sound gear, and coding are explored and evaluated for their strengths and drawbacks to help learners unleash their creativity.
Tech for Facilitating Creativity with Small Ensembles
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins with an overview of the gear needed to run a live show of any variety of small group from rock bands, to cyphers, virtual instrument bands, or jazz bands. Troubleshooting issues that commonly occur during the use of sound systems are given attention. Cables and microphones are compared and discussed. How to approach creativity using technology with a variety of ensemble types is explored with a particular focus on how to get a jam session going with a popular music ensemble. Soundpainting is explored as a possibility for creating authentic jam-like sessions for orchestras or bands when using technology.
The planning theory of individual and shared intentional agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents planning theories of individual temporally extended agency and of shared intentional agency. It highlights norms of plan rationality and the framework-providing roles of prior, partial plans. Following a strategy of sufficiency, it describes—in the spirit of work of H. P. Grice—a plan-theoretic construction of shared intention. This construction involves each publicly and interdependently intending the joint activity by way of the intentions of each, meshing subplans, and mutual responsiveness. This chapter highlights the interplay of this construction with norms of plan rationality. It discusses complexities in extending this model to larger scale cases. It introduces the idea of authority according shared intention. And it defends a weaker connection between shared intention and mutual obligation than that proposed by Margaret Gilbert.
Institutional intentional agents
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter moves from institutional intention to institutional intentional agency. Institutional intentions are robust with respect to changes in participating individuals. Further—drawing on Frankfurt’s idea of an agent’s standpoint—robust institutional intentions can be central to an institutional standpoint whose functioning can constitute the intentional agency of that institution. This is a path between collapsing institutional intentional agency into shared intentional agency and requiring a dense holistic institutional subject. The account is offered as a constructive, not eliminative, reduction of institutional agency. Given the possibility of disagreement and partiality within an institution, an institution may be rationally guided by an institutional intention and act intentionally even though it does not act for a reason of its own. And the theory helps articulate multiple ways in which rule-guided organized institutions can involve, or fail to involve, social unity.
Introduction
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the ongoing American experiment in guaranteeing religious freedom to all through law. It summarizes the founding principles of religious freedom forged from 1776 to 1791 and the four eras of religious freedom jurisprudence in the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1791 to 1940, the Court offered little First Amendment protection, finding no free exercise or establishment clause violations. From 1940 to 1990, the Court applied the religion clauses rigorously to review the laws of federal, state, and local governments alike, finding numerous violations. From 1990 to 2015, the Court relaxed its free exercise and establishment clause review, favoring statutory and state protections of religion that it enforced strictly. In its most recent cases, however, the Court has begun to strengthen its free exercise protections for religious individuals and groups that have challenged public health, sexual liberty, and educational funding decisions that have discriminated against religion.
The Theology and Politics of the Religion Clauses
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter summarizes the four major views on religious freedom that dominated the eighteenth-century American founding era. We label these views Puritan, Evangelical, Enlightenment, and Civic Republican. Exponents of these four positions often found common cause and used common language, particularly during the constitutional convention and ratification debates from 1776 to 1791. Yet each group offered its own distinct teachings on religious freedom and had its own preferences for how to implement religious freedom in state and federal laws. Together, these groups held up the four corners of a wide canopy of opinions about religious freedom in eighteenth-century American. The founders’ original intent or understanding of religious freedom cannot be reduced to any one of these four views. It must be sought in the tensions among them and in the general principles of religious freedom that emerged from their interaction.
The Essential Rights and Liberties of Religion
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter distils the six main interlinking principles of religious freedom collectively embraced by the eighteenth-century American founders – liberty of conscience, free exercise of religion, religious pluralism, religious equality, separation of church and state, and disestablishment of (at least a national) religion. It shows the different and sometimes competing logics that the founders used to support these principles, and the expression and application of these principles in the new state constitutions of the 1770s and 1780s. The chapter traces the roots and routes of these religious freedom principles in the earlier Western legal tradition, but also shows how the principles of religious equality for all peaceable faiths and no establishment of any religion by law were largely new creations and distinctive features of the American constitutional experiment.
Modern Establishment Law
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a concise account of the basic procedural and other features of cases involving the First Amendment’s establishment clause. It carefully reviews the clause’s text and describes the various justiciability and other doctrines, including “standing,” that govern the resolution of such cases. The chapter introduces and reviews the variety of approaches the Supreme Court has taken when resolving different factual categories of cases. These approaches include separationism, accommodationism, neutrality, endorsement, coercion, equal treatment, and tradition. This chapter sets up the subsequent three chapters (Chapters 9, 10, and 11) by previewing the evolution and development of the Court’s doctrines in a range of factual contexts.
The Politics of Early Years and Family Policy Investments in North America
Authors: Prentice Susan , White Linda A.
Published: May 2022

The chapter examines the North American variant of social investment, focusing on early years and family policy investments in the United States and Canada. Political, economic, and institutional factors differentiate both countries from European and even other liberal welfare states. These include a policy paradigm rooted in a liberal welfare state tradition, an electoral system governed by single-member plurality voting that has historically permitted largely centrist-conservative governments to win elected office, a largely two-party and increasingly ideologically polarized party system in the United States (and a more moderate two-party-plus system in Canada), and decentralized decision-making under federalism. The chapter also examines the key factors that contribute to variation between and within Canada and the United States including Québec exceptionalism, stronger social democratic party influence in Canada, along with more influential civil society actors including organized labor unions, women’s groups, and childcare advocacy organizations. In the United States, in contrast, the relatively weaker trade unions and the stronger conservative social movements and organized interests, including conservative family organizations, claim a large part of the policy space.
Breakout from the Asylum of Conformity
Authors: O’Leary James
Published: May 2022

The chapter establishes Anyone Can Whistle (1964) as a watershed work in Stephen Sondheim’s career, a work that the composer considered to be the breakout score in which he discovered his voice, despite the generally negative reception and subsequent critical neglect the show has received. Using archival sources, this chapter begins by examining the dramaturgical principles that Sondheim and Arthur Laurents were developing in the early 1960s, first in the play Invitation to a March (1960) and then in Anyone Can Whistle. Both shows leveled a broad critique against “conformist” postwar society, arguing that familiar cultural values and virtues had become subtle forms of control, even within an ostensibly democratic society. Next, the chapter describes how Sondheim translated these ideas into a musical idiom by focusing on his harmonic and formal innovations in these scores. Ultimately, the chapter outlines the ways in which Sondheim carried these dramaturgical and compositional ideas with him in his later works, forging a style that testified to his critical, nonconformist thought by standing apart from Broadway convention while also avoiding mere cool, cerebral, or cynical detachment.
Sunday in the Park with Sondheim, Lapine, Seurat, and Babbitt
Authors: Housez Lara E.
Published: May 2022

The chapter offers a highly detailed analysis of Sunday in the Park with George and reveals the intricate connections that exist at seemingly every level between the first and second acts in this musical by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. The chapter examines the origins of these large-scale similarities and unpacks their significances as expressions and extensions of Georges Seurat’s painting, Un dimanche après-midi à l’Île de la Grande Jatte (A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte). It also identifies parallels between Seurat’s techniques and theories, particularly chromoluminarism, and a variety of aspects of the script and score, and it traces Sondheim’s penchant for creating intricate designs, in part, to his compositional studies with Milton Babbitt.
Culminating Developments
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the politics of executive-centered partisanship as it played out during the presidencies of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The pathologies traced in earlier chapters reached a troubling stage during President Obama’s tenure, but it reached a hazardous culmination during the campaign and administration of Donald Trump. These presidencies are defined by their embrace of movement-style politics, administrative unilateralism, and presidential policymaking. Far from realizing the pragmatic, transcendent leadership that presidentialists once envisioned, Obama and Trump demonstrate how the exercise of presidential power now exacerbates the country’s partisan divide. This chapter, while comparative, places greater emphasis on Donald Trump’s administration and offers further evidence of conservative “state-building,” which is especially volatile in the current party system.
Murder Most Foul, 1960–1975
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 4 further unspools the historical thread for covert action. It focuses initially on the Eisenhower administration’s adoption of assassination as a means of advancing US interests in Africa. On the heels of a chilling initiative in the Congo came the first major setback for covert action in the modern era, a paramilitary operation at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba during the Kennedy administration. This chapter examines the many CIA assassination attempts against the life of Cuba’s leader, Fidel Castro. All of them failed, even when the CIA hired US mobsters as professional hitmen—a low moral point in the US government’s choices of foreign policy options. The chapter also examines efforts by the Nixon administration to overthrow the regime of Salvador Allende in Chile.
A New Approach to Covert Action, 1975–2000
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

The capsule history of the Third Option continues in Chapter 5. Among the important clandestine interventions probed here are the Reagan administration’s strong embrace of this approach in Iran, Nicaragua, Afghanistan (against the Soviet Red Army), and Poland. Covert actions after 1975 were subjected to new laws and guidelines, most notably the Hughes-Ryan Act. This law required formal presidential approval of covert actions—no more plausible denial—as well as reports to congressional oversight committees. Some semblance of democracy had now entered the secret side of America’s foreign policy activities. Despite these new rules, though, the Reagan administration brought the CIA to its lowest point with the Iran-contra scandal of the mid-1980s.
Legal Foundations
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

In Chapter 7, the legal foundations for the Third Option are perused: the set of executive orders and statutes that have shaped America’s hidden interventions abroad. At first, these official guidelines were flimsy and based solely on executive orders, until covert action was finally addressed in a series of landmark laws enacted from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s—some three decades after the CIA launched its first clandestine operations in 1947. Even in the aftermath of enacting these unprecedented intelligence oversight laws, ambiguities have persisted over the proper legal boundaries for the Third Option. Moreover, from time to time, presidential administrations have chosen simply to ignore the established statutory limits. These forms of the “imperial presidency” represent a deeply troubling failure of democracy within the most concealed recesses of America’s government.
On Extant Definitions
Authors: Parietti Guido
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the basic terms of conceptual analysis, which will inform the rest of the work, rejecting the widespread tendency to construct concepts instrumentally or teleologically. The chapter examines previous attempts to define “power”— focusing on the works of Robert Dahl, Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, Steven Lukes, Michel Foucault, and Peter Morriss, which have all become classics in the “power debate”—explaining how and why they failed to capture our concept. The chapter then defends the relevance of attempting a conceptual definition from possible objections—here chiefly represented by Mark Haugaard—concerning circular definitions and conceptual pluralism, which, if not refuted as they shall be, could render moot the inquiry pursued throughout the book.
Power and Political Theory
Authors: Parietti Guido
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the implications of understanding the concept of power for political philosophy. If political science largely reduces possibility to necessity by employing probability to establish causality, theorists and philosophers show a parallel tendency to use normative teleologies to keep the unpredictability of politics under control. The tendency to reduce power to its negative aspects and oppose it to freedom is discussed and criticized, with particular attention to the conceptual incongruities produced by the prevailing “liberal” (broadly meant) framework. Then, critical theory’s opposite but parallel attempt to write positive normative connotations into “power” is examined through the examples of Habermas and Forst. Both “negative” and “positive” views of power are shown to misunderstand the concept of power and its relation with normativity, ultimately by reiterating different conflation with the idea of potentiality.
Building Healthy Relationships to End Violence
Authors: Barth Richard P. , Johnson-Motoyama Michelle , Jonson-Reid Melissa , Kulkarni Shanti J. , Herrenkohl Todd I. , Holmes Megan R. , Aymer Samuel R. , Kohl Patricia L.
Published: May 2022

The chapter addresses violence prevention opportunities related to child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and community violence. Healthy relationships are an antidote to violence. Social work has a long history of strengthening dyadic, family, and community relationships, and these are valuable for preventing and curtailing violence. This chapter provides a framework for centering relationships at the heart of our national fight against violence, and offers an array of ideas for macro and interpersonal practices that social workers—and their allies—can use to reduce violence. These interventions must also be trauma informed and should empower victims, including policies that improve household resources and access to affordable housing, the broader use of safety assessments in working with couples using violence, and using relationship-strengthening strategies safely, such as counseling, mediation, and restorative practices.
Islam and the Arab Revolutions
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

The Arab revolutions of 2011 were a transformative moment in the modern history of the Middle East, as people rose up against long-standing autocrats throughout the region to call for "bread, freedom and dignity." With the passage of time, results have been decidedly mixed, with initial success stories like Tunisia contrasting with the emergence of even more repressive dictatorships in places like Egypt, with the backing of several Gulf states. Focusing primarily on Egypt, this book considers a relatively understudied dimension of these revolutions: the role of prominent religious scholars, known as the ulama. While pro-revolutionary ulama justified activism against authoritarian regimes, counter-revolutionary scholars provided religious backing for repression, and in some cases the mass murder of unarmed protestors. Usaama al-Azami traces the public engagements and religious pronouncements of several prominent ulama in the region, including Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib, Ali Gomaa, Abdullah bin Bayyah, and Hamza Yusuf, to explore their role in either championing the Arab revolutions or supporting their repression. He concludes that while a minority of noted scholars have enthusiastically endorsed the counter-revolutions, their approach is attributable less to premodern theology and more to their distinctly modern commitment to the authoritarian state.
Qaradawi and the Egyptian Revolution
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the Qatar-based Egyptian Yusuf al-Qaradawi's interventions in the lead up to, during and after the Egyptian revolution of early 2011. As with his interventions following the successful Tunisian revolution, Qaradawi justifies peaceful revolutionary protest in Egypt against its long-term dictator Hosni Mubarak. As in the Tunisian case, Qaradawi does this through extensive citations from the Qur'an and hadith that signal Islam's opposition to tyrannical rule. Yet, shortly after the successful ouster of Mubarak, Qaradawi expresses his opposition towards similar protests that had erupted in Bahrain complicating his erstwhile reputation as a pro-revolutionary and pro-democracy scholar. Qaradawi also levels pointed criticisms at establishment scholars in Egypt, considered in the next chapter, who offer Islamic justifications for the legitimacy of Mubarak's rule and oppose the protests against him on religious grounds.