bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“As Corny as Kansas in August, As Restless as a Willow in a Windstorm”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Gerald Mast offers a rich critical survey that focuses on Rodgers and Hammerstein’s popular quintet (Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and /, and The Sound of Music) and their film adaptations. He displaces Sondheim with Hammerstein as the primogenitor of the “concept” musical (“Hammerstein was the first American to devise a concept for a musical and to write every show within it”), while at the same time challenging the widely accepted notion that Rodgers and Hammerstein’s shows are totally integrated (“their shows do not integrate music and dramatic action so much as music and character”). He also shows through example how R&H tie up “a complicated plot” in short second acts “with very little musical twine” and how they modify the standard thirty-two bar song forms and remove “the essential distinction between verse and refrain” in their songs. Throughout his survey Mast addresses the larger cultural contexts and argues that R&H contained “musical debates on the pressing legal and social issues facing the American public and American public policy:’ Mast is tough on the first four R&H films, Oklahoma! in 1955, Carousel and The King and I in 1956, and South Pacific in 1958, displaying particular antipathy toward Carousel, “the worst of the lot:’ For Mast, “these four Rodgers and Hammerstein films reject the entire history of the filmusical, especially the powerful relationship of space to music:’ On the other hand he finds much to praise in The Sound of Music (1965), crediting director Robert Wise for converting Hammerstein’s “verbal poetry into visual imagery, freely intercutting images and telescoping space while characters sang;’ and making the lives of its characters “inseparable from the scenic surroundings:’*
“Richard Rodgers Is Calling”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Before Rodgers selected her to star as the African American in Paris in No Strings (1962), Diahann Carroll (1935-) had made her Broadway and Hollywood debuts at the age of nineteen in Harold Arlen’s House of Flowers and the film version of Hammerstein’s Carmen Jones. Her work in No Strings led to the first Tony {American Theatre Wing Prize) awarded to a black actress in a leading role (shared with Anna Maria Alberghetti for Carnival) and her pathbreaking title role in Julia (1968-71), the first television series to star an African American. Younger television viewers may recall her stint as a wickedly beautiful villainess in the popular soap opera Dynasty {1984). In Diahann, Carroll makes several serious accusations against Rodgers. She quotes him in a homophobic slur against his first lyricist, she recalls his callous acceptance of a patron’s racism and attendance at a theater party from which, as a black woman, Carroll was excluded, and blames Rodgers for at least tacitly agreeing to the selection of a nonblack actress to play the lead of a projected No Strings film (the film was never made). By the time Carroll’s memoir appeared, Rodgers was no longer alive to defend himself. The following decade, his biographer, William Hyland, while acknowledging Rodgers’s reticence and perhaps discomfort at fully confronting Hart’s homosexuality, considered Rodgers’s alleged disparaging remark “highly implausible.” As recently as the American Masters PBS profile on Rodgers, ‘‘The Sweetest Sounds” {2001), Carroll has publicly denied a sexual affair. Biographer Meryle Secrest, however, presents evidence from photographs and interviews to suggest that Rodgers was at the very least emotionally involved with his leading lady during the development and rehearsals of No Strings [Secrest, Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers {New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001)].
“Introduction” to The Rodgers and Hart Song Book
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Although in the previous “self interview” Rodgers described Hart as his “favorite blight and partner”-as well as “a source of permanent irritation”-in his Introduction to the first edition of The Rodgers and Hart Song Book he writes that in twenty-five years the two “never had a single personal argument with each other” (Rodgers does, however, acknowledge “furious, blasphemous, and frequent” battles “over words”). From the beginning of their partnership Rodgers learned that his collaborator had a pyrotechnical grasp of interior rhymes, so-called feminine rhymes, triple rhymes, and false rhymes. Despite this early demonstration of “pin-wheel brilliance; Rodgers believes that Hart did his best work in the increasingly emotional, philosophical, tender, and deeper lyrics of the later years. Rodgers also demonstrates his pride that as early as 1920 (in the precociously Freudian “You Can’t Fool Your Dreams”) he and Hart were prepared to continuously tackle new subjects, both in their individual songs and in the shows themselves. Heywood Broun in reviewing our first show, Poor Little Ritz Girl, in 1920 said that it was obvious that the lyric writer “had his ear to the ground and not to the nearest stage door.” He might have said that again in 1943 had he been able to review the revival of Connecticut Yankee. If the reader will examine the words of “To Keep My Love Alive,” written nearly twenty-five years after Heywood Braun’s review, he will find the same inability on Larry’s part to succumb to a cliche or to rhyme any way but brilliantly.
“Pal Joey: History of a ‘Heel’ “
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Rodgers’s retrospective on Pal Joey appeared a few days before its Broadway revival. Hart’s favorite, Pal Joey was only the second Rodgers and Hart show to receive this treatment (the first was the considerably revised 1943 return of A Connecticut Yankee [1927]). The Pal Joey revival would earn further distinction as one of the first revivals to surpass its original run. While some prefer the score-rich Babes in Arms, the ballet-rich On Your Toes, or the endlessly clever Shakespeare adaptation, The Boys from Syracuse, Pa/Joey has at least since Atkinson’s “retraction” (reprinted in Part 11) received high marks for its treatment of adult themes, including a “disreputable character” in the title role. Rodgers also discusses the recent history of the belated hit song, “Bewitched,” the successful studio album, and the summer stock performances, all of which created interest in a new production.
“Introduction” (with Oscar Hammerstein) to The Rodgers and Hammerstein Song Book
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In a fittingly collaborative “Introduction” to their Song Book Rodgers and Hammerstein characterize the musical theater as “not much less complex than war.” To make their case, they offer four solutions to “the problem involved in trying to make the semantic expression and the musical thought meet, each one valid by itself and both satisfactory and complete in combination: The musical examples, illustrated in Rodgers’s hand, include “It Might as Well Be Spring” from State Fair (also singled out in Musical Stages to demonstrate how music can match a text, in this case a state of restlessness), ‘‘The Surrey with the Fringe on Top” from Oklahoma!, and two from South Pacific, “A Wonderful Guy” and “Younger Than Springtime: Occasionally words are written to match an already created melody, but even here the music must be appropriate to the content and intent of the situation. Some years ago this composer sat one evening improvising at the piano. A tune came to him which one of his daughters liked. He made a note of it and eventually played it for this lyric writer. He remembered it. Then came the time when we were writing the score of South Pacific and had difficulty creating a song that satisfied us for the situation in which Joe Cable, the marine lieutenant, makes love to the young native girl. Any hint of sophistication would have been vulgar and inappropriate. But the lyric writer remembered the little tune the composer had played for him, and the words he wrote were as innocent and unspoiled as the two charming people who sang them.
“Hammerstein: “Words by Rodgers”
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The New York Times Magazine published Rodgers’s panegyric two days before Hammerstein’s sixty-fifth birthday, one month before his death. On this poignant occasion Rodgers publicly shed his characteristic reserve and expressed his appreciation for the man with whom he shared close to eighteen productive and joyous years. Among the highlights of this tribute is Rodgers’s description, upon first hearing Show Boat, of being “shaken both by the beauty of Jerome Kern’s score and by the emotional and intellectual. He’s never been accused of being rude or dishonest or intolerant. His mind and his heart have given enormous pleasure and comfort to millions of people. There remains only one more thing to point out on Oscar’s sixty-fifth birthday and that is that for the last sixty-five years he’s been having an absolutely wonderful time himself. I congratulate him. Richard Rodgers has written eight Broadway musical plays with Oscar Hammerstein II since their first-and memorable-success, Oklahoma! was produced in r943. [Tagline by New York Times Magazine editor]
On History as Common Sense
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

History is the most democratic of subjects taught at a university. I first fully came to appreciate that when I was doing my doctorate at Yale and took a course called “Historiography” from the distinguished historian of early modern England, J. H. Hexter. Jack Hexter was a small-I’m tempted to say gnome-like—man who had a reputation among students as being kind of curmudgeonly. He was one of those professors you either loved or hated. Those students who hated him suspected he took secret delight in their suffering. Those of us who loved him—and I use the term “love” loosely here—thought pretty much the same thing. We just figured his seminars were uncommonly challenging and enlightening and imagined the suffering was good for us.
Slavery
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

Every southern state had a slave code, or, as it was referred to in the 1857 digest of the Laws of the State of Mississippi, “An Act in Relation to Slaves, Free Negroes and Mulattoes.” Most of the ninety-three articles in the Mississippi act were concerned with defining the property rights of slaveholders and designating procedures for dealing with slaves and free blacks accused of crimes. But a total of five articles, numbered 4 through 8 in the legislation, outlined the “Duties of Masters towards Slaves”
Down To Earth
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

A tour de force of writing and analysis, Down to Earth offers a sweeping history of our nation, one that for the first time places the environment at the very center of our story. Writing with marvelous clarity, historian Ted Steinberg sweeps across the centuries, re-envisioning the story of America as he recounts how the environment has played a key role in virtually every social, economic, and political development. Ranging from the colonists' attempts to impose order on the land to the modern efforts to sell the wilderness as a consumer good, packaged in national parks and Alaskan cruises, Steinberg reminds readers that many critical episodes in our history were, in fact, environmental events: the California Gold Rush, for example, or the great migration of African Americans to the North in the early twentieth century (in part the consequence of an insect infestation). Equally important, Steinberg highlights the ways in which we have envisioned nature, attempting to reshape and control it--from Thomas Jefferson's surveying plan that divided the national landscape into a grid, to the transformation of animals, crops, and even water into commodities (New Englanders started trading water rights by the early nineteenth century). From the Pilgrims to Disney World, Steinberg's narrative abounds with fascinating details and often disturbing insights into our interaction with the natural world. Few books truly change the way we see the past. Down to Earth is one of them: a vivid narrative that reveals the environment to be a powerful force in our history--a force that must be examined if we are truly to understand ourselves.
Cells, Aging, and Human Disease
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

Cells, Aging, and Human Disease is the first book to explore aging all the way from genes to clinical application, analyzing the fundamental cellular changes which underlie human age-related disease. With over 4,000 references, this text explores both the fundamental processes of human aging and the tissue-by-tissue pathology, detailing both breaking research and current state-of-the-art clinical interventions in aging and age-related disease. Far from merely sharing a common onset late in the lifespan, age-related diseases are linked by fundamental common characteristics at the genetic and cellular levels. Emphasizing human cell mechanisms, the first section presents and analyzes our current knowledege of telomere biology and cell senescence. In superb academic detail, the text brings the reader up to date on telomere maintenance, telomerase dynamics, and current research on cell senescence--and the general model--cell senescence as the central component in human senescence and cancer. For each human malignancy, the chapter reviews and analyzes all available data on telomeres and telomerase, as well as summarizing current work on their clinical application in both diagnosis and cancer therapy. The second edition, oriented by organs and tissues, explores the actual physiological impact of cell senescence and aging on clinical disease. After a summary of the literature on early aging syndromes--the progerias--the text reviews aging diseases (Alzheimer's dementia, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, immune aging, presbyopia, sarcopenia, etc.) in the context of the tissues in which they occur. Each of the ten clinical chapters--skin, cardiovascular system, bone and joints, hematopoetic and immune systems, endocrine, CNS, renal, muscle, GI, and eyes--examines what we know of their pathology, the role of cell sensescence, and medical interventions, both current and potential.
Cell Senescence
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

Cell senescence appears carefully arranged as cells divide; aging appears to be a more haphazard affair. For cells, this has prompted a semantic distinction between aging and senescence, but organisms may age or senesce without fear of scholarly argument.
The Theater of Disorder
Authors: Wenegrat Brant
Published: November 2023

In As You Like It, William Shakespeare likened the world to a stage and people to “mere players.” Four hundred years later, many social scientists appear to have taken him literally. In social psychology, sociology, and anthropology, social life is frequently likened to theater and specific social interactions to performances. People are said to use cues, play roles, and manage and stage the impressions they hope to make on others.
Anthropological and Historical Studies
Authors: Wenegrat Brant
Published: November 2023

Medical anthropologists and historians have described a number of” culture­ bound” syndromes, disorders found only in certain cultures or during certain eras. Many of these appear to be illness roles. Since anthropologists and historians have long made a point of addressing the functions such illnesses serve, their study can help to illustrate how people use illness behavior. Several themes emerge with respect to these disorders. First, enactments of culture-bound syndromes are used to obtain attention and care that would otherwise not be forthcoming. They are also used to seek redress for grievances that cannot be stated directly. They may also serve as a ticket to membership in groups. Enactments of culture-bound syndromes may be used to excuse misbehavior or to gain relief from work and other burdens, and some­ times they are used to allow the patient to harm other people. Consistent with these functions, culture-bound syndromes are generally enacted by those who lack power to meet their needs more directly and by those who are not allowed to directly express their anger, hostility, or frustration, whether because of their station or because their society is decorous and strict.
Playing the Hypnotic Game
Authors: Wenegrat Brant
Published: November 2023

Many patients who present with modern or premodern illness roles in Europe and North America have proven highly responsive to hypnotic commands (see chapters S through 7). Belief that hypnosis manifests a special state of mind has fostered the conclusion that these roles are real disorders. Charcot, for instance, thought that hypnotic responsiveness was proof of a brain disorder in his grand hysterics. Modern authors cite response to hypnotic commands as evidence that patients with ostensible multiple personality disorder (MPD) are prone to dissociation. In this chapter, by contrast, I cite evidence that hypnosis is just role playing. According to this view, hypnotist and subject collude to enact a drama in which something out of the ordinary only appears to happen. The reason that patients with illness roles respond to hypnotic commands is that role-playing talents and aptitudes predispose to both illness enactments and hypnotic responsiveness. By way of analogy, actors selected for skill in playing the part of Lear (producing illness enactments) are likely to do a passable job playing the part of Hamlet (responding to hypnotic cues).
Frameworks, Models, and Rationales
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers an introduction to the motivation for evaluating health pro motion programs. It begins by defining health promotion programs and evaluation, then discusses rationales for conducting evaluations as well as the barriers one may encounter. To plan health promotion programs, researchers and practioners have created many frameworks for organizing evaluation activities in specific settings. In the second part of this chapter. a general framework for evaluating health promotion programs is presented that is similar to frameworks discussed (Green and Kreuter. 1991) elsewhere. The different phases and com ponents within this framework are explained, as is the distinction between frame works, models, and theories.
Health Promotion Interventions
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

The purpose of health promotion program evaluation is to determine the effectiveness of interventions designed to promote healthy behavior. This chapter de scribes these interventions, their scope, and their terminology. A wide variety of health promotion programs have been conducted in many settings over the past four decades. This chapter provides a description of these different intervention strategies, and the conditions that must be met for them to be successful.
Behavior Change Theory
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

Some people think evaluation is an applied activity, lacking theoretical richness. The evaluation process is improved, however, when conducted with a theoretical perspective. Theory helps establish program goals and objectives, and pro vides guidance on how to measure them. A theoretical perspective should be plicitly stated to guide the program and its evaluation. It may sometimes be necessary for the researcher to disentangle this theoretical perspective if it is not explicitly stated. Theory attempts to explain people’s behavior and the factors that motivate changing it. Thus, theory provides the basis for effective program development and meaningful program evaluation.
Advanced Design and Statistical Topics
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on some advanced design and statistical topics that expand the evaluators toolbox. Eight topics are presented; some require certain types of data while others offer different analysis strategies. The first section provides a description of stepwise regression, followed by a discussion of statistical procedures for three wave data (e.g., baseline, midpoint, and follow-up). The third section introduces path analysis and structural equation modeling, used to analyze multiple dependent variables. The fourth section explains event history analysis, which is used to study time-varying and time-constant covariates and censored data. The next section presents time series analysis used to study count data from multiple time points (usually more than 30). This is followed by a re view of meta-analysis procedures and its use in evaluation. Data weighting procedures used for comparing data to an external standard, or to make samples comparable, are then discussed. Finally cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis is explained.
Consciousness and Cognition
Authors: Thau Michael
Published: November 2023

Our thinking about consciousness and cognition is dominated by a certain very natural conception. This conception dictates what we take the fundamental questions about consciousness and cognition to be as well as the form that their answers must take. In this book, Michael Thau shows that, despite its naturalness, this conception begins with and depends upon a few fundamental errors. Exorcising these errors requires that we completely reconceive the nature of both consciousness and cognition as well as the fundamental problems each poses. Thau proceeds by discussing three famous and important philosophical puzzles - Spectrum Inversion, Frege's Puzzle, and Black-and-White Mary - each of which concerns some aspect of either consciousness or cognition. It has gone unnoticed that at a certain important level of generality, each of these puzzles presents the very same problem and, in bringing out this common problem, the errors in our natural conception of consciousness and cognition are also brought out. Thau's book will appeal to the casual reader interested in the proper solution of these puzzles and the nature of consciousness and cognition. The discussion of Frege's puzzle also contains important insights about the nature of linguistic communication and, hence, anyone interested in the fundamental questions in philosophy of language will also want to read the book.
When Science Offers Salvation
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Biomedical research today has a high public profile, largely because of patient advocacy. Following in the footsteps of HIV/AIDS activists, advocates representing an array of patient groups are now vocal partners in the research enterprise. This book shows how advocates have transformed health research, often - but not always - for the better. Dresser is the first to examine patient advocacy through the lens of research ethics. She exposes the bright and dark sides of patients’ expanded opportunities to enroll in clinical trials and join researchers in planning and evaluating studies. She considers the virtues and drawbacks of giving patients more influence over how the government invests its research dollars. She argues that advocates should do more to promote ethical human studies and responsible media reporting about research. Patient advocates can help make research more ethical, but advocacy raises ethical issues of its own. This book clearly and vividly recounts the advocacy contribution to research and explores the thorny ethical issues facing research advocates.
Fairness In Allocating Government Research Funds
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Why the demand? The subcommittee has a sizable role in determining the research budget for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Increased financial support for biomedical research is a primary advocacy goal, and advocates hope an appearance before the subcommittee will yield more funding for their constituents. Moreover, because the federal government uses tax dollars to support biomedical research, advocates can make a persuasive case that officials have a moral responsibility to distribute research resources fairly and equitably. Legal requirements and political pressures to engage in open deliberation also make federal officials a prime advocacy target.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Developmental Instability
Authors: Graham John H , Emlen John M , Freeman D Carl
Published: November 2023

The classical theory of developmental instability is a theory of linear dynamics. According to this view, developmental instability results from the additive accumulation of small developmental errors. Because these errors were thought to be additive and linear, fluctuating asymmetry, which is the most common measure of developmental instability, came to be defined as the variance of normally distributed errors of development. But developmental processes are complex, dynamical, and profoundly nonlinear. Consequently, one should not expect a developmental system to respond to stress in a simple linear fashion, nor should one expect strictly normal asymmetry distributions. Here, we discuss a theory of developmental instability rooted in nonlinear dynamics. This theory is consistent with a variety of data and observations.
The Adaptive Basis of Developmental InstabiIity: A Hypothesis and Its Implications
Authors: Emlen John M , Freeman D Carl , Graham John H
Published: November 2023

Despite a burgeoning of interest and a corresponding deluge of literature, both the meaning and utility of developmental instability measures remain clouded and controversial. The primary reason is simple: scientists understandably are reluctant to apply developmental instability as an indicator of stress, or of anything at all for that matter, without a proper understanding of what causes it (or resists it). This chapter deals with its causes. Developmental instability (DI) is “the result of processes that disturb development along a developmental trajectory” (Nijhout and Davidowitz, chapter 1, this volume). It is, in other words, the disruptions in development caused by environmental (external and internal) disturbances. The prevailing view is that these disruptions are random in nature, that is, can be thought of as “noise.” Thus, we should be able to view development as a deterministic pathway around which there exists a random walk generated by environmental disturbances. In such manner, otherwise perfectly symmetric structures are thrown out of symmetry, providing us a marker of DI. What constitute the “steps” in this random walk? We begin at the cellular level. Here, because of the small size scales involved, we find an easily countable number of molecules of any one chemical species, making biochemical process rates subject to simple sampling probability (see also Klingenberg, chapter 2, this volume). But variation due to differential sampling is independent of environmental perturbations; for DI to reflect environmental disturbances, there must be something more.
Does an Individual Asymmetry Parameter Exist? A Meta-analysis
Authors: Polak Michal , Moller Anders Pape , Gangestad Steven W , Kroeger David E , Manning John T , Thornhill Randy
Published: November 2023

Developmental stability is the result of processes that resist small, random, disturbances inherent to development. C. H. Waddington (1957), a pioneer in the development of this concept, referred to developmental stability as an “equilibrium-property” of an organism, controlled by mechanisms that promote “lack of noisiness in development.” The degree of developmental stability of bilaterally paired, symmetrical traits, may be inferred from the measurement of the subtle, random, differences in trait size between the two sides of the body, socalled fluctuating asymmetry (FA) (Ludwig 1932; Van Valen 1962; Palmer and Strobeck 1986). Fluctuating asymmetry reflects the integrity of the developmental process because both components of these paired, otherwise symmetrical structures are the product of the same genotype.
The Evolution of Philopatry and Dispersal Homing Versus Straying in Salmonids
Authors: Hendry Andrew P , Castric Vincent , Kinnison Michael T , Quinn Thomas P
Published: November 2023

Many animals reproduce at the same site as their parents, a phenomenon called philopatry. In some cases, philopatry can be the simple result of geographic isolation or limited movement ability. In other cases, philopatry can be strong even when migratory movements take individuals far from their natal site. We must therefore seek explanations for philopatry through selective factors that favor return to natal sites rather than non-natal sites. The tendency for philopatry in any population or species is balanced to varying degrees by some dispersal to non-natal sites, with some groups showing high philopatry and low dispersal and others low philopatry and high dispersal. Again, some of this variation may be the result of varying isolation or movement ability, whereas some can only be explained through natural selection. Our goal in the present chapter is to use data from salmonids to evaluate theories for how selection might influence the evolution of philopatry and dispersal. Philopatry can be evaluated at a variety of spatial scales, ranging from precise nest locations to broad geographic areas. We focus on philopatry to spatially discrete locations that are predictably occupied by breeding aggregations. These aggregations often correspond to “populations”: groups of individuals that breed together and are at least partially reproductively isolated from other such groups. By “reproductive isolation,” we here mean that the different groups are not freely interbreeding within or between generations (i.e., not panmictic). Many factors can contribute to reproductive isolation (Dobzhansky 1937; Mayr 1963; Schluter 2000). “Extrinsic” isolation is caused by geographic barriers that severely limit movement between populations. This category does not apply to populations in separate physical locations as long as movement among them remains possible. Extrinsic isolation is of limited interest here because philopatry has been imposed on the organisms rather than evolving in response to selection. “Intrinsic” isolation is caused by features of organisms that limit gene flow between aggregations, even in the absence of strict geo graphic barriers.
Salmonid Breeding Systems
Authors: Fleming Ian A , Reynolds John D
Published: November 2023

Sexual reproduction often involves substantial amounts of time and resources devoted to competition for mates, courtship, and mate choice. These behaviors may be underpinned by elaborate physical traits, such as acute sensory systems, bright color patterns, gawdy ornaments, and formidable weapons. The evolution of these characteristics has attracted a great deal of attention from behavioral ecologists over the past two decades, with a particular interest in tradeoffs with other aspects of life histories, as well as benefits to either sex. This research has enhanced our understanding of many aspects of the evolution of breeding systems. In this chapter, we will explore the diversity of sexual selection and breeding systems exhibited by various species and populations of salmonids. The word “diversity” appears often in this book, thanks to the tendency of salmonids to be divided into small, genetically isolated populations, thereby evolving rapidly in response to local selection pressures. As reproductive behavior is intimately linked to life histories, we should not be surprised to find that the diversity of salmonid life histories is matched by a diversity of breeding systems. By “breed ing system’’, we are referring to parental care and sexual selection, including the numbers of mates obtained by both sexes and the manner in which they are obtained through competition for mates and resources, courtship, and mate choice (Emlen and Oring 1977, Reynolds 1996, Reynolds and Gage 2002).
Evolution of Chinook Salmon Life History under Size-Selective Harvest
Authors: Hard Jeffrey J
Published: November 2023

The consequences of selection for phenotypic diversity have important implications for conserving life history variation, especially in exploited species like Pacific salmon. Life histories reflect evolutionary processes that affect variation in fitness within populations and subsequently result in local adaptations that can lead to divergence among populations (Roff 1992, 2002; Stearns 1992). Williams’ (1966a) description of fitness as “effective design for reproductive survival” may be construed as a reference to the consequences of variation in life history. The evolutionary processes that mold life history involve many traits, some of which are likely to interact in their expression. A comprehensive analysis of life history evolution therefore requires recognition that evolution involves multiple traits and that multiple traits contribute to adaptation. Genetic correlations among life history traits, due to pleiotropic gene effects or to linkage, may constrain the genetic repertoire available to populations for adaptive evolution, at least in the short term. If so, these correlations would restrict the ability of selection to simultaneously optimize all traits with respect to fitness. Dickerson (1955) referred to such constraints as “genetic slippage,” a phenomenon Dingle (1984) called the “cost of correlation.” On the other hand, genetic correlations that reinforce selection on a particular trait may accelerate evolutionary responses. Any evolutionary constraints imposed by correlations among traits may be short-lived and thereby not preclude the independent evolution of correlated traits (Via and Lande 1985; Zeng 1988; Hard et al. 1993). However, to what extent evolutionary constraints imposed by genetic correlations among traits limit the evolutionary pathways that populations have available to them has received little attention empirically (but see Etterson and Shaw 2001). In this chapter, I evaluate some potential effects of size-selective harvest of chinook salmon on life history evolution in this species to determine how correlations among traits might affect evolutionary responses to harvest. I apply available genetic data to models that predict short-term responses of correlated traits to selection, and show how directional and disruptive selection on a single trait affect life history patterns when stabilizing selection on size is sufficiently strong. These analyses rely on a quantitative genetic approach to emphasize the importance of considering relationships among traits in evaluating response to selection on life history.
Conservation Units and Preserving Diversity
Authors: Ford Michael J
Published: November 2023

A major theme in conservation biology is the preservation of diversity. An aspect of this problem that has received considerable attention is how to prioritize conservation of biological diversity below the species level. Many species are subdivided into populations that vary with respect to their genetic or phenotypic characteristics or the habitats they occupy. The taxonomy of some species groups may also be uncertain or out of date, which means that named subspecies and even species may be poor indicators of biological diversity. This diversity and uncertainty poses a challenge for conservation biologists, because a logical first step toward in conservation is describing what is available to be conserved. To address the problem of categorizing intraspecific diversity, Ryder (1986) first developed the concept of an “Evolutionarily Significant Unit” (ESU), which he defined as a taxonomic unit below the species level that captures a major component of the diversity within the species. Since then, there have been numerous attempts to define ESUs, or other conservation units, more precisely. A representative selection of these concepts is summarized below.
The Empire Strikes Out Imperial Russia, “National’, Identit;y, and Iheories of Empire
Authors: Suny Ronald Grigor
Published: November 2023

At The Time When Russia,Politicians re-employed the term derzhava (Great Power) to provide a vision of a future Russia, Western writers resurrected the metaphor of “empire” to describe the former Soviet Union, and even post-Soviet Russia.Earlier uses of “empire” either referred to the external relationship between the USSR and its East European dependencies or, if used for the internal relations between Moscow and the non-Russian peoples, usually had a highly partisan valence and signaled to the reader a conservative, anti-Soviet interpretation of nationality policy.Consistent with Ronald Reagan’s references to the USSR as the “Evil Empire,” “empire” applied to states that were considered internally repressive and externally expansionist. But, in the late 1980s, with the rise of nationalist and separatist movements within the Soviet Union, the term was used more widely as a seemingly transparent empirical description of a particular form of multinational state.As political scientist Mark R. Beissinger noted, “What once was routinely referred to as a state suddenly came to be universally condemned as an empire.”Though free of any theorization at first, the concept of a “Soviet empire” implied a state that had lost its legitimacy and was destined to collapse. Rather than expansion, implosion was heightened. Beissinger pointed to the circular nature of this label: “The general consensus now appears to be that the Soviet Union was an empire and therefore it broke up. However, it is also routinely referred to as an empire precisely because it did break up.”5 This sense of the lack of legitimacy and disposition to disintegration continues to be part of the imperial metaphor, but those examining the policies ofYeltsin’s Russia toward the so-called Near Abroad in recent years have once again employed “empire” in its original expansionist meaning.
An Affirmative Action Empire The Soviet Union as the Highest Form ef Imperialism
Authors: Martin Terry
Published: November 2023

Russia’S New Revolutionary Government was the first of the old European multiethnic states to confront the rising tide of nationalism and respond by systematically promoting the national consciousness of its ethnic minorities and by establishing for them many of the characteristic institutional forms of the nation-state.The Bolshevik strategy was to assume leadership over what now appeared to be the inevitable process of decolonization and to carry it out in a manner that would preserve the territorial integrity of the old Russian empire and enable the construction of a new centralized, socialist state. To that end, the Soviet state created not just a dozen large national republics but tens of thousands of national territories scattered across the entire expanse of the Soviet Union. New national elites were trained and promoted to leadership positions in the government, schools, and industrial enterprises of these newly formed territories. In each territory, the national language was declared the official language of government. In dozens of cases, this necessitated the creation of a written language where one did not yet exist. The Soviet state financed the mass production of books, journals, newspapers, movies, operas, museums, folk music ensembles, and other cultural output in the non-Russian languages. Nothing comparable to it had been attempted before, and, with the possible exception of India, no multiethnic state has subsequently matched the scope of Soviet affirmative action.
Nationalizing Backwardness Gender, Empire, and Uzbek Identity
Authors: Northrop Douglas
Published: November 2023

In The Modern Sense “Nations” are a very recent creation in the ethnic, cultural, and linguistic mosaic of Central Asia. How did they form? Perhaps oddly, Bolshevik leaders of the early Soviet period may have been the most directly responsible parties. Recent work by Yuri Slezkine, Ronald Suny, and others has argued that Bolshevik power, despite its “internationalist” pretensions, helped not only to prevent the fading away of nations but even to create them where none had existed before. A study of the struggle over family life in early Soviet Uzbekistan shows one way in which such nation-building took place on Stalin’s watch.
The Simple Flute
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

Drawing from his highly praised French work, Une simple flute, distinguished flutist and teacher Michel Debost has compiled a useful and imaginative introduction to playing the flute. This alphabetically arranged compendium of advice and insight covers essential topics such as breathing, articulation, and tone, but also explores “jawboning,” “finger phrasing,” “the little devils,” and other quirky and vexing aspects of flute playing. Full of practical advice on technique and axioms that lend moral support during tough practice sessions, The Simple Flute will be a welcome addition to any serious or novice flutist’s library. In addition, the book includes original exercises such as “Debost’s Scale Game,” making it an excellent resource for flute teachers. Debost concludes each essay with “In a nutshell” and “Please refer to” boxes that make the book easy to browse, dog-ear, and return to again and again. Offering concise, common-sense solutions for flutists of all levels, this book is an ideal reference guide on flute performance.
Accompaniment
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

The phrase “collaborative playing” has a politically correct ring that gives accompaniment the stigma of menial labor. Likewise, the plumbing at your school is no longer in the care of the traditional janitor; it is kept in condition by a maintenance technician. But let us call a cat a cat. Accompaniment is not a dirty word. If I accompany you to the movies or to a concert, it is not to carry your books or your popcorn, it is to share a moment and an experience. Our best reward, as musicians, is sharing great works with others— in the orchestra, in the band, in a small group or with a keyboard. When we look forward to a performance, we have to be ready.
Acoustics
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

One of the most obstinate complaints I heard from musicians during my orchestral life (besides moaning about the conductors) was that the acoustics of the hall were too much this, too little that, and in general not flattering enough. Flutists, like other players, are so preoccupied by their sound that often they are unable or unwilling to have an objective ear. They “look” at themselves play without listening. My opinion is that we must play, regardless. Few people play the rehearsal like the concert. The hall itself resonates differently with and without an audience. The only option is to adapt on the spot to the concert venue. In other words, musicians should have their ears twenty feet away, as it were, and they should “play the hall.” The return is what they must assess. A dead-sounding studio will do justice to the cascades of notes in an allegro that would be totally drowned out at the same tempo in a church. The same studio flattens the delicious inflections of an adagio played in a church, whose reverberation will increase further the sensual pleasure of the flutist and perhaps of the audience. We must therefore adapt tempi to venues.
Tonguing
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

There is almost a holy war over showing the tip of the tongue. Some say never, never. Others say ever, ever. According to learned opinions, French tonguing is faster (better?) because the language is dryer and more glib than English. There might be some truth to that. The best tonguing comes to those who practice. There is no gimmick. If your work is productive and satisfactory, who cares if you put your tongue between your lips or in your backpack? Tonguing covers many distinct actions: the onset of the tone (attack), and single, composite single, double, triple, and composite triple tonguing. Confusion often exists between the onset of the sound (attack) and the action of the tongue in repeated staccato. First, a simple principle: air hitting the breaking edge of the embouchure hole creates turbulence, which is the physical source of the flute sound. Second, air has a natural tendency to scatter as soon as it is not channeled. And third, focus is the best angle of attack, neither too tight nor too open.
Warm-Ups
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

I take issue, with all due respect, with the term “warm-up.” I do agree that if this activity makes one feel good, then, by all means, do it. Yet warm-ups are more an affair of nerves than of muscles. If flute playing were a muscular activity like running or weight lifting, I would be the first to recommend stretching and aerobics. But it is my opinion that long-term practice and short-term mental concentration are a better tool to dominate our nerves. You should be able to play at short notice without warm-ups. Practice is a long-term investment. The hours preceding the performance are for thinking about the meaning of the music, its character, and its content. It is too late to correct instrumental flaws. It works just as well to read the score without playing it, or go over the memorizing mentally, and to save one’s energy and concentration. Better still, read a book, look at pictures for an hour in a museum, or even go to a movie. In a word, reflect. Another practical reason for not being dependent on warm-ups: at school, the time slot for band or orchestra rehearsal might be between classes. Your private lesson may be right after you get home. When you enter professional life, you have to drive from one gig to the next and play. The day you have to play is often the one you have the least time to warm-up. When I hear that you should do warm-ups for thirty or forty-five minutes before playing, I find that totally unrealistic. We have to develop our playing in order to function at the drop of a cleaning rod regardless of the size of our shoes or what we have eaten. The public (and the conductor) are not interested in the fact that you barely made it on time and did not go through your rituals.
Conclusion
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: November 2023

The story of Madame Butterfly has had tremendous cultural power far beyond the period covered in this book. Innumerable Euro-American cultural texts—ranging from literature, art, theater, opera, and film, to political documents, journalism, and scholarly research— have drawn upon Madame Butterfly to construct and reconstruct a gendered and sexualized vision of East-West relations.
Reactions Of Monocyclic And Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds With N03 Radicals
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg
Published: November 2023

The gas-phase reactions of aromatic compounds with the N0 3 radical are only significant as a tropospheric loss process for compounds containing unsaturated > C=C < bonds in the substituent groups (e.g., styrene and acenaphthylene and related compounds) and for phenolic compounds (e.g., phenol and cresols). Analogous to the OH-radical reactions (see chapter II), the gas-phase reactions of the N03 radical with organic compounds appear to proceed by three pathways: (1) initial addition of the N03 radical to the carbon atoms of the aromatic ring to form an “NOraromatic adduct”; (2) H-atom abstraction from the C-H or 0-H bonds in the substituent group(s); or (3) N03-radical addition to the carbon atoms of > C=C < bonds in the substituent groups (Atkinson, 1991b). The data presently available indicate that the N03-radical addition pathway to the aromatic ring is reversible, with back-decomposition of the NO aromatic adduct dominating the atmospheric fate of the adduct (Atkinson, 1991b).