bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MIGRATION OF THE INTRAUTERINE DEVICE TO THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
Authors: Rahmonov D. A. , Rashidov F. Sh. , Kalmykov E. L. , Marizoeva M. M. , Bobdjonova O. B. , Bokiyev F. B. , Amonov Sh. Sh. , Sadriev O. N.
Published: September 2017

The aim: demonstration of our experience of surgical treatment of patients with migrated intrauterine device (IUD) into the abdominal cavity.

The results of surgical treatment of migrated IUDs in the pelvic cavity are summarized in 17 women. The average age of the patients was 33,23,4 years. The timing of implantation of the IUDs varied from 10 days to 24 months. In all cases, the intra operational finding was T-shaped a copper device.

The reason behind the women's consultation was an increase in pain syndrome in the lesser pelvis (n=15), dysuric phenomenon (n=1) and the onset of pregnancy (n=1). Perforation of the uterus and migration of the spiral occurred from 10 days to 2 years after its implantation. All patients were operated laparoscopicaly.

The average duration of operations was 45,510,5 minutes. In the postoperative period there were no complications from the pelvic organs and postoperative wounds. The period of hospitalization of patients was 3,50,7 days. In all cases there was a regression of clinical signs and recovery. In one pregnant patient (gestation period 5-6 weeks) the pregnancy proceeded without particular pathological abnormalities and resulted in the birth of a full-term child.

Laparoscopic removal of the IUD migrating from the uterine cavity to the abdominal cavity is the method of choice in the treatment of this group of patients, avoiding development of intra- and postoperative complications and a shorter length of stay in the hospital. The effectiveness of the procedure reaches 100%. The most common cause of complication of the IUD is the perforation of the uterus during its implantation.
Pulmonary hemodynamics and alveolar oxygenation in healthy dogs anesthetized with propofol or isoflurane during one-lung ventilation in a closed-thoracic experimental model
Authors: Floriano Beatriz P. , Trein Thomas A. , Wagatsuma Juliana T. , Ferreira Joana Z. , Pinho Renata H. , Santos Paulo S. P. , Oliva Valéria N. L. S.
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE To assess pulmonary hemodynamics and alveolar oxygenation in dogs anesthetized with propofol or isoflurane during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in a closed-thoracic experimental model.

ANIMALS 6 healthy Beagles.

PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized with each of 3 protocols (constant rate IV infusion of propofol [0.4 to 1.0 mg/kg/min], isoflurane at the minimum alveolar concentration [MAC], and isoflurane 1.5 MAC), with a 7-day washout period between anesthetic sessions. During each session, dogs were intubated with a double-lumen endotracheal tube, positioned in right lateral recumbency, and administered atracurium (0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg, IV, q 30 min) to allow mechanical ventilation throughout a 2-hour observation period. Dogs underwent two-lung ventilation for 30 minutes, OLV of the right lung for 1 hour, and two-lung ventilation for another 30 minutes. Pulmonary hemodynamic and blood gas variables were evaluated at predetermined times and compared among protocols and over time within each protocol.

RESULTS Alveolar oxygenation was not impaired, and mean heart rate and pulmonary artery pressure and occlusion pressure were similar among the 3 protocols. One-lung ventilation caused a significant increase in the arteriovenous shunt fraction only when dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane at 1.5 MAC. Dogs developed respiratory acidosis, which was exacerbated by OLV, during all anesthetic sessions.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated pulmonary hemodynamics and alveolar oxygenation during OLV in a closed-thoracic model were similar regardless of whether dogs were anesthetized with propofol or isoflurane. One-lung ventilation can be successfully performed in dogs by use of a double-lumen endotracheal tube and either propofol or isoflurane.
Effect of plant density on yield and physiological characteristics of six canola cultivars
Authors: Nasiri Anaz , Samdaliri Morteza , Shirani Rad Amirhossein , Shahsavari Nasser , Mosavi Kale Amirabbas , Jabbari Hamid
Published: September 2017

An experiment was performed in the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran to study the influence of plant densities on physiological traits of six canola cultivars. Treatment conditions included three different plant densities (40, 60, and 80 plants m-2) for triplicates of six canola cultivars, namely, Ahamadi, Opera, Okapi, L72, Karaj1, and Sw102. Results indicated that L72 cultivar exhibited the highest yield at the lowest plant density (40 plants m-2). For all cultivars, both plant densities of 60 and 80 plants m-2 resulted in lower relative water content than 40 plants m-2. Proline and carbohydrate content significantly increased with increasing plant densities. The highest proline content was obtained from L72 under the highest plant density, whereas the lowest was also detected in this cultivar at the lowest plant density. All cultivars grown at the lowest density showed higher amounts of photosynthetic pigments chlorophylls a and b than those at the highest density. Glucosinolate increased with increasing plant densities, with L72 yielding the highest quantity when grown at the highest density. In conclusion, a density of 40 plants m-2 is recommended for growing L72 in this region.
Desain Konseptual Speech Recognition di Komunikasi Pesawat untuk Mengurangi Kesalahan Komunikasi Penerbangan
Authors: Widiastuti Nur Oktaviani
Published: September 2017

Penyebab utama kecelakaan penerbangan adalah human error (55%) dengan salah satu penyebab adalah miskomunikasi. Miskomunikasi menjadi penyebab kasus kecelakaan terbesar di dunia seperti kecelakaan antara Pan Am dan KLM, Garuda dengan nomor penerbangan 152, dan kecelakaan yang baru-baru ini terjadi antara Batik Air dan Transnusa. Selain itu, KNKT pernah mengalami kebingungan saat menginvestigasi cockpit recorder Air Asia QZ8501. Saat miskomunikasi terjadi, instruksi sering kali sulit dipahami dan diperlukan pengulangan komunikasi, yang mempersempit waktu pengambilan tindakan. Penelitian ini ingin mengembangkan konsep speech recognition dengan sistem voice sign and text untuk prosedur pengecekan komunikasi kru penerbangan. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah kajian pustaka dan perancangan sistem. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah penambahan prosedur komunikasi dengan sign dan teks yang diperoleh dengan bantuan speech recognition. Pesan teks berasal dari ucapan yang diterjemahkan oleh speech recognition menjadi teks, kemudian teks akan diubah menjadi sign. Lalu sign dan teks akan ditampilkan dan dilihat langsung oleh pilot. Dengan penambahan sistem sign dan teks disamping komunikasi melalui suara diharapkan kesalahan dapat diminimalisir, pengambilan keputusan dapat dilakukan dengan cepat, dan kecelakaan dapat dihindari.

[Speech Recognition Conceptual Design in Aircraft Communications to Reduce Flight Communication Mistake] The main cause of aviation accidents is the human error (55%) in which one of its factor is the miscommunication. Miscommunication involved in the most accidents in the world including Pan Am and KLM accident, Garuda flight 152 (the biggest accident in Indonesia), and that was recently occurred between Batik Air and Transnusa Airline. Moreover, NTSC was confused when investigating the Air Asia QZ8501 cockpit recorder. When miscommunication occurs, the repetition of communication is prominently required due to the difficulty in understanding the instruction, which later narrowed the time to take any action. This study is intended to develop the concept of speech recognition with voice sign and text system for flight crew communication checking procedure. The methodology that is used in this research is the combining of literature review and system design. The results of this study is the addition of communication procedure by means of sign and text that obtained from speech recognition process. The text is produced from the translation of voice by speech recognition and converted into sign afterwards. Both of sign and text will be displayed, thus can be seen by the pilot. In addition to communication by voice, the implementation of sign and text is expected in minimalizing the error, supporting faster decision making, and avoiding the accident.
Analisis Flutter Pada Uji Model Separuh Sayap Pesawat N219 di Terowongan Angin Kecepatan Rendah
Authors: Syamsuar Sayuti , Kusni Muhamad , Suksmono Adityo , Saputro Muhamad Ivan Aji
Published: September 2017

Fenomena flutter akan terjadi apabila ada gaya dan momen aerodinamika yang berinteraksi berlebihan di permukaan sayap di dalam terowongan angin atau pesawat sesungguhnya. Sayap akan bergetar dan berosilasi bertambah besar menuju ke keadaan tidak stabil. Osilasi osilasi membuat osilasi yang lebih besar terjadi sehingga frekuensi dan damping pada daerah kecepatan tertentu dengan mudah terlihat apabila terjadi flutter pada model separuh sayap. Penelitian ini, digunakan model separuh sayap dari pesawat N219 yang di uji pada terowongan angin kecepatan rendah BBTA3, kawasan Puspiptek, Serpong. Kecepatan flutter terjadi pada 40,5 m/s pada hasil analisis komputasional dan hasil pengujian di terowongan angin sebesar 40,83 m/s.

[The Analysis of Half Wing Flutter Test N219 Aircraft Model in The Low Speed Wind Tunnel] The flutter phenomenon will occur when the aerodynamic force and moment excessively interacted on the wing surface, whether it takes place in the wind tunnel or on the real aircraft. The wing will vibrate and oscillate towards an unstable condition. Each oscillation will subsequently build a greater one until the damping and frequency on a certain speed range can be seen easily when flutter occur on the half wing model. On this research, the half wing model of N219 aircraft was tested in the low speed wind tunnel of BBTA3, Puspitek Serpong. The flutter speed occurred at 40,5 m/s based on computational analysis while the wind tunnel result is at the speed of 40,83 m/s.
TRANSFORMAÇÕES NA CONCEPÇÃO UNIVERSAL E INDIVIDUAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS POR MEIO DAS PERSPECTIVAS NORMATIVAS DOS POVOS INDÍGENAS E TRIBAIS
Authors: Franco Fernanda Cristina
Published: September 2017

O trabalho busca fazer uma relação entre o fenômeno da pós-modernidade e a natureza dos Direitos Humanos, mais especificamente entre a influência das novas perspectivas pós-modernas no entendimento dos Direitos Humanos. O objetivo é problematizaraté que ponto as mudanças intensas de paradigmas teóricos e políticos reverberaram na compreensão dessas duas dimensõese quais os desafios de respostas edesdobramentos deste cenárioque influenciam diretamenteas relações sociais e jurídicasna sociedade contemporânea.
Spectral bi-directional reflectance of snow and glacier ice measured in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
Authors: Winther Jan-Gunnar
Published: September 2017

Visible and near-infrared spectral reflectances of snow and superimposed ice were measured in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, during the 1992-93 austral summer. Spectral-reflectance curves of both snow and superimposed ice remain high ( > 80%) in the visible region. A pronounced decrease in reflectance appears in the near-infrared, especially for superimposed ice. Superimposed ice with a 1 cm thick surface layer of ice-bound snow crystals had a considerably higher reflectance than superimposed ice containing only a few snow crystals. Furthermore, these data prove that snow and superimposed ice reflect solar radiation specularly and suggest that the anisotropy strengthens with increasing wavelengths. Integrated in-situ reflectances corresponding to Landsat TM bands 1-4 show that TM band 1 is least affected, whereas TM band 4 is most affected by anisotropy. Furthermore, the anisotropy increases with increasing off-nadir viewing angles up to an angle corresponding to 90°-θs(θs= solar elevation). For a 15° off-nadir sensor-observation angle, the average snow reflectance for TM bands 1--4 is about 10% higher than at nadir. Similarly, the apparent reflectance can be more than 50% higher than the nadir reflectance for larger observation angles. Consequently, if satellite-derived reflectances are going to be considered as absolute values, a topographic-correction model is needed to correct for the effects of anisotropy.
Electrical conductivity method (ECM) stratigraphic dating of the Byrd Station ice core, Antarctica
Authors: Hammer C.U. , clausen H.B. , Langway C.C.
Published: September 2017

A continuous ECM profile (strong acid concentration) has been measured along the 2191 m of ice core recovered at Byrd Station, Antarctica, in 1968. The ECM profile reveals continuous and systematic seasonal changes which are used for dating the ice core back to 50 000 bp. Hammer and others: ECM stratigraphic dating of Byrd Station ice core, Antarctica
c axes from radar depolarization experiments at Upstream B Camp, Antarctica, in 1991–92
Authors: Liu C. , Bentley C. R. , Lord N. E.
Published: September 2017

Thirty-nine 50 MHz radar polarization experiments were performedin 1991–92 near Upstream B Camp, Antarctica, along two lines perpendicular to flow,1.4 and 2 km long and 900 m apart. For each of the experiments, which were at 100m intervals, the receiving antenna was held fixed, alternately parallel and perpendicular to flow, while the transmitting antenna was rotated in 15° increments through a full circle twice, once for each orientation of the receiving antenna. The data consist ofecho-amplitude measurements from the bottom of the ice. Assuming a model of the ice sheet as a crystalline medium with axial symmetry, the azimuths of the symmetry axis and the cosines of the phase shifts between extraordinary and ordinary waves can beestimated from the variations in amplitude with orientation of the transmitting antenna. The results from bottom echoes show an abrupt change in the axis of symmetry in a distance of only 100m. This suggests that the experimental lines crossthe boundary between two blocks of ice with different stress histories.
Ice Stream C, Antarctica, sticky spots detected by microearthquake monitoring
Authors: Anandakrishnan S. , Alley R. B.
Published: September 2017

Microearthquakes at the base of slow-moving Ice Stream C occur many times more frequently than at the base of fast-moving Ice Stream B. We suggest that the microearthquake source sites are so-called “sticky spots”, defined as limited zones of stronger Subglacial material interspersed within a weaker matrix. The fault-plane area of the microearthquakes (O (102m2)) is therefore a measure of the size of the sticky spots. The spatial density of the microearthquakes (O (10 km-2)) is a measure of the distribution of sticky spots.

The average stress drop associated with these microearthquakes is consistent with an ice-stream bed model of weak subglacial till interspersed with stronger zones that support much or all of the basal shear stress. We infer a weak inter-sticky-spot material by the large distances (O (103 m)), relative to fault radius, to which the microearthquake stress change is transmitted.
Seasonal variations of major ionic concentration levels in drifting-snow samples obtained from east Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Osada Kazuo
Published: September 2017

Drifting-snow samples were collected at Mizuho Station (74°42' S, 44°20' E, 2230 m a.s.1.) from February to October 1986 and along traverse routes in east Dronning Maud Land (1800-3000 m a.s.1.), East Antarctica, from October 1986 to January 1987. The typical sampling interval was about once a week but two sets of intensive sampling were made at the end of February and November at between 2 h and 1 d intervals

Measurements for CI-, NO3,SO42and Na+ were made on the drifting-snow samples by ion chromatography. Oxygen-isotope ratios were .also measured .on the samples. Concentrations levels ofNO3-and SO4-show distinctive seasonal variations: high in summer (4.6 neq g-1 for NO3 and 3.3 neq g1 for SO42) and low in winter during mid-March to mid-November(1.0 neq g1 for NO3 and 0.5 neq g1 for SO42). Results obtained at Mizuho Station show that the transition from the summer high values to winter low values takes about 20 d for NO3 and SO42-.The variations in Cl and Na+ concentration levels are small in both autumn and spring (averages are about 1 neq g-l) with greater variability throughout the rest of the year. The intensive sampling data set shows that there is considerable variability within a day with NO3 and SO42- concentration levels up to about a factor of 4 associated with a 10%0 change in 3180 ratios.
An 80 year record of retreat of the Koettlitz Ice Tongue, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Authors: Gow Anthony J. , Govoni John W.
Published: September 2017

A survey of ice-front changes since 1910–13 shows that the Koettlitz Ice Tongue, located along the western shore of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, has undergone significant retreat during the past 80 years. The ice front in 1910–13 was located 5 km in front of the Dailey Islands. Today, only two of the six Dailey Islands remain connected to the Koettlitz Ice Tongue. The most recent break-out of ice is believed to have occurred in 1979 or 1980, resulting in an estimated loss of 80 km2 of ice. Based on the current position of the ice front, it is estimated that a minimum of 300 km of ice has called off the Koettlitz Ice Tongue during the 80 year period that has elapsed since the ice front was first mapped in 1910–13.
Evaluation of strain rates on Ice Stream B, Antarctica, obtained using GPS phase measurements
Authors: Hulbe Christina L. , Whillans Ian M.
Published: September 2017

The “stop-and-go” kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) technique was used to survey 270 stations twice within a 25 km by 10 km strain grid on the surface of Ice Stream B. One or two geodetic quality receivers operated as reference pivots, while two similar receivers traveled to grid stations. Each station was occupied for 25s. The method is rapid and reliable. Each survey was completed within 2 weeks. Calculated horizontal strain rates are accurate to 1%. Relative vertical velocities are accurate to 20 mm km1 a-1. Maps of the four horizontal velocity gradients, relative vertical velocity and surface elevation are presented. The vertical velocity pattern is used to identify the part of the topography that forms stationary waves and that which is migrating. No strong quantitative link is found between the pattern in horizontal strain rate and surface topography. In particular, there is no evidence that the topography is relaxing toward isostasy. None of the “weir-type” sticky spots, which are commonly observed with other glaciers, is found but there could be two of the “submerged-boulder type”, which cause lateral flow diversion. Evidence for “hot stripes” and zones of preferred crystal orientation is not found.
Surface-velocity field of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Bindschadler R. A. , Fahnestock M. A. , Skvarca P. , Scambos T. A.
Published: September 2017

Three satellite images of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf arc used to derive velocity fields for the periods 1975–86 and 1986 89. Substantial increases in the speed of the ice between these periods are detected to a high degree of confidence. Ice which entered the ice shelf between Fothergill Point and Cape Worsley and ice from Drygalski Glacier has accelerated by approximately 15% over the measurement period. Ice from Bombardier and Dinsmoor Glaciers also exhibits acceleration but by a lesser amount. These accelerations may be the result of either significant retreat experienced by the ice shelf during this period or warming in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Velocities measured by surface survey over a 15 d period in 1991 indicate a slower velocity than the image-derived velocities in the limited region of overlap. These differences appear to be systematic and may be the result of uncontrolled errors in the surface survey. Limited control of one image could also contribute to some of these differences.
Formation and disintegration of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Huybrechts Philippe
Published: September 2017

A model of the Antarctic ice sheet has been used to simulate the ice sheet in warmer climates, in order to investigate what kind of ice-sheet geometries one can reasonably expect under what kind of climatic conditions and to discover which physical mechanisms may be involved to explain them. The results of these experiments reveal the considerable stability of; in particular, the East Antarctic ice sheet. It would require a temperature rise of between 17 and 20 K above present levels to remove this ice sheet from the subglacial basins in the interior of the continent and of 25 K to melt down the Antarctic ice sheet completely. For a temperature rise below 5 K, the model actually predicts a larger Antarctic ice sheet than today as a result of increased snowfall, whereas the west Antarctic ice sheet was round not to survive temperatures more than 8–10 K above present values. Furthermore, basal temperature conditions in these experiments point to the problems involved in raising the base of the ice sheet to the pressure-melting point over the large areas necessary to consider the possibility of sliding instability. These results bear on a lively debate regarding the late Cenozoic glacial history of Antarctica. Particularly, based on these findings, it is difficult to reconcile a highly variable East Antarctic ice sheet until the Pliocene with modest warming recorded in, for instance, the deep-sea records for the late Neogene.
The oceanic environment beneath the northwest Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Robinson Allan , Makinson Keith , Nicholls Keith
Published: September 2017

Oceanographic data have been obtained from beneath the Ronne Ice Shelf at a site on the southeastern side of a sea-floor trough, the Ronne Depression. The data consist of 5 d of conductivity temperature depth (CTD) profiling and a long-term temperature record from a thermistor cable. The water column was found to be composed of two layers: a cold buoyant layer of lce Shelf Water (ISW) overlying a layer of unmodified Western Shelf Water (WSW).

A change in the water column was observed on the last day of profiling, the WSW layer thinning, a cold intrusion appearing directly above the WSW and the ISW becoming colder. In addition, on three profiles the ISW cooled further and increased in salinity, becoming apparently statically unstable. The temperature record from the thermistor cable confirms that the ISW layer occasionally becomes colder. with greater variation in temperature than seen on the CTD profiles. These low temperatures and high salinities arc interpreted as indicating that water containing ice crystals in suspension has been advected beneath the site.
Melting and freezing beneath ice shelves: implications from a three-dimensional ocean-circulation model
Authors: Determann J. , Gerdes R.
Published: September 2017

The thermohaline circulation below a regularly shaped ice shelf comparable in dimensions to the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, is investigated by means of a three-dimensional primitive-equation model. To handle the strongly inclined ocean surface as well as the bottom topography, we use scaled coordinates in the vertical direction. Preliminary results of two model versions containing open and closed open-ocean boundaries, respectively, prove the internal circulation is almost independent of the hydrography outside the ice shelf.

Merely driven by the pressure-dependence of the sea-water freezing point (-0.000753 K dbar-1), a stationary circulation pattern evolves, forced by the buoyancy flux due to melting and freezing. The redistribution of ice from deep to shallow ice-shelf drafts resembles the ice-pump mechanism. Its strength depends on the ice-thickness gradients, namely, the differences of the freezing point at the ice-shelf base. As simulated melting and accumulation rates convincingly reproduce the interactions observed at the base of the Ronne Ice Shelf, the present model can act as a tool coupling ice-ocean dynamics.
A digital elevation model of the Antarctic ice sheet derived from ERS-1 altimeter data and comparison with terrestrial measurements
Authors: Bamber Jonathan L.
Published: September 2017

The launch of ERS-1 provides coverage, by satellite altimetry, of 80% of the Antarctic ice sheet, allowing topographic mapping of areas which previously had a dearth of accurate elevation data. Four 35 d repeat cycles of fastdelivery altimeter data were used in this study, comprising a total of approximately 1000000 height estimates. About 40% of these were rejected during a careful filtering procedure designed to remove erroneous values caused by poor tracking or complete loss of the returned echo. The OSU-91A geopotential model was used to convert ellipsoidal elevations to geoidal values. Corrections for surface slope were applied and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was produced with a grid spacing of 20km.

The precision of the data was assessed from an analysis of crossing points of ascending and descending tracks. For 43864 cross-overs, the standard deviation was 6.8m. Regional biases associated with geoid, orbit and topography-induced errors reduce the accuracy of the height measurements. This was assessed by a comparison with ground-survey data. The DEM was compared with a 700km levelling survey, with an accuracy ranging from 1 to 5m, from the Lambert Glacier basin region (≈73° S, 55° E). The mean difference was found to be-1.6m with a standard deviation of 14m. A similar result was obtained for a 600km traverse line in Wilkes Land (75° S,≈1l0° E).

The DEM was then compared with a digitized version of the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) Antarctic folio map. This map was derived from orthometric measurements of surface elevation, primarily from pressure altimetry. Differences in excess of 300 m were observed between the two data sets. Only 37% of the region covered showed agreement to better than 50m, and a significant proportion ofthis was composed of the Ross and Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelves. The largest discrepancies occurred in marginal areas where there is poor coverage by both satellite altimetry and terrestrial data. Inland, significant differences were also found.
Studies on microparticles contained in medium-depth ice cores retrieved from east Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
Authors: Higashi Akira , Fujii Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2017

SEM observations of microparticles in ice-core samples retrieved by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in east Dronning Maud Land have been carried out since 1987. Morphology and elemental composition by EDS of many microparticles taken from various depths of the 700 m Mizuho ice core were compared with each other and with those of stratospheric microparticles in NASA Cosmic Dust Catalogs and microparticles hitherto found in deep ice cores retrieved in Antarctica. Number concentrations of microparticles were measured on all samples throughout the 700 m Mizuho ice core. Remarkable fluctuations found in the depth profile of the concentration seem to coincide with cold climates indicated by δ18O of the same core. Compositional analysis of volcanic ash at a depth of 500.7 m in the Mizuho ice core, dated at approximately 6000 years BP, indicates that the ash originated from the South Sandwich Islands.
An empirical relation between overburden pressure and firn density
Authors: Hitoshi Shoji Takao Kameda , Kawada Kunio , Watanabe Okitsugu , Clausen Henrik B.
Published: September 2017

Two empirical equations for firn densification have been obtained,considering firn porosity as a function of overburden pressure. In the first equation, thereduction ratio of porosity in firn is assumed to be proportional to the increasing ratioof overburden pressure and the mth power of the porosity. The porosity exponent m should be close to -2, so as to have a best-fit with 14 depth-density profiles fromGreenland and Antarctica. In the second equation, the reduction ratio of porosity wasassumed to increase proportionally to the increment of overburden pressure and thenth power of the porosity. The most satisfactory values of the exponent range from -1 to 1. It has been suggested that firn density, determined primarily by overburdenpressure and firn temperature, contribute to a lesser degree.
Characteristics of bubble volumes in firn-ice transition layers of ice cores from polar ice sheets
Authors: Kameda Takao , Naruse Renji
Published: September 2017

The air-bubble formation process has been studied experimentally by using five ice cores from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Bubble volumes in firn-ice samples were measured by a classical method based on Boyle Mariotte's law for an ideal gas. It was found that the bubble volume varies with depth as a function of bulk density in the firn-ice transition layer, which is represented by an exponential function of firn density. Air bubbles start to form rapidly at a bulk density of 0.763–0.797 Mg m-3. This density (ρib) seems to be correlated with the ice temperature in the ice sheets; ρib increases with a decrease in the ice temperature. Vb shows the maximum value in the density range 0.819–0.832 Mg m-3. The corresponding porosity of the density ranges between 0.110 and 0.097. This porosity does not seem to correlate with ice temperature or accumulation rate at the coring site. These characteristics of firn densities probably affect the amount of entrapped air in glacier ice (total air content) in polar ice sheets.
A New Compliance-function-shapeoriented Robust Approach for Volume-constrained Continuous Topology Optimization with Uncertain Loading Directions
Authors: Csébfalvi Anikó
Published: September 2017

The paper presents a new compliance-function-shape-oriented robust approach for the volume-constrained continuous topology optimization with uncertain loading directions. The pure set-based algorithm try to rearrange (take away) some amount of the material volume, originally used to minimize the nominal-compliance, to make a more balanced compliance-function-shape on the set of feasible directions which is less sensitive to the directional fluctuation. The objective is the area of the compliance function shape defined on the set of feasible directions. The area-minimal shape searching process is controlled by the maximum allowable increase of the nominal-compliance. The result will be a more robust compliance function shape which can be characterized by a higher nominal-compliance but a smaller curvature about it in any direction. Using the terminology of the classical variational problems, the proposed approach can be classified as a curve-length or surface-area minimizing inner-value problem where the inner condition, namely the maximum allowable increase of the nominal-compliance, expressed as a percentage of the original nominal compliance, the searching domain is defined implicitly as integration limits in the objective formulation and a usual equality relation is used to prescribe the allowable material volume expressed as a percentage of the total material volume. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the viability and efficiency of the proposed robust approach.
Department of Internal Affairs: England and the Countryside
Authors: Wild Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates the vexed question of the ‘Condition of England’ via an examination of ‘England’ as an entity in the period's poetry, its non-fiction topographical and nature writing, and lastly in that most Edwardian of literary forms, the country-house novel. It first traces the contested notions of England and Englishness that appeared in Edwardian verse. While the characteristic mode of the era's poetry is pastoral and nostalgic, writers such as Kipling defined a model of England that might provide a rallying cry to stimulate the defence of a battered and vulnerable post-war nation. The chapter then explores the ways in which topographical writers repackaged England for a largely armchair urban audience. Finally, the chapter examines one of those key classes of Englishness: the country house, which was used to explore the question of England's inheritance.
Afterword
Authors: Wild Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This concluding chapter first turns to Virginia Woolf's famous remark that ‘on or about December 1910 human character changed’. It examines the problems inherent in taking too seriously Virginia Woolf's tongue-in-cheek claim for December 1910 as a starting point for artistic development in Britain in the twentieth century. The lasting influence of these inflexible interpretations of Woolf's thesis has hampered our understanding of what lies on the other side of this putative watershed. The chapter then re-examines the designation of this period's literature as ‘Edwardian’, and lays out the potentially problematic and misleading nature of this label before conceding that, despite the label's shortcomings, the term ‘Edwardian’ still has its uses.
Conclusion
Authors: Guha Malini
Published: September 2017

This concluding chapter considers the film London River (2009), which tells a specifically London-based story that addresses racialized forms of strife under the banner of “The War on Terror,” but also evokes traces of other cities and other histories. London River provides a comparative lens for thinking about the migratory history of Paris in relation to the racialized sentiments and subsequent politics affiliated with the city of London. The combination of the two results in an altered presentation of both “village” and “inhospitable” London and longstanding London imaginaries become global in their scope. The chapter ultimately develops parallel interrogations of what constitutes the “global” in the global cinematic city and “the world” in critical accounts of world cinema.
The Afterglow of Abbotsford: John Macrone, Celebrity Culture, and Commemoration
Authors: Hughes Gillian
Published: September 2017

In this essay, Gillian Hughes describes the efforts of Scott's family to control his posthumous image by the publication of Lockhart's authorised life and the reissue of Scott's poems and novels. She situates Macrone's work in the context of its composition, when Scott, even in death, dominated the Anglophone literary world, a subject of unique fascination to readers and writers alike.
Preface
Authors: Macrone John
Published: September 2017

The author presents himself at the bar of public opinion with fear and trembling,1 and an overwhelming consciousness of his own inability to do justice to the task he has allotted to himself. He is well aware of the many qualifications required to be brought forward in a compilation of this description, and, once for all, he tells the critical reader that if he expects to find in the succeeding pages the cunning of the master workman displayed by the tyro, he will be sadly mistaken; but one thing he can promise to those whose partiality for the author may tempt them to favor him with a fair hearing, and that is ...
Introduction
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: September 2017

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. However, as a result of its success, the research tradition now faces an entirely new challenge: Where to from here? How can research in code-switching continue to be relevant and interesting now it has largely achieved its original purpose? This chapter outlines the case for a new direction in research in code-switching, foregrounds the need for mainstreaming bilingualism studies and suggests an inductive perspective, based on Conversation Analysis, as the right methodology for this new research direction. The chapter also outlines the organisation of the book as based on the notion of text as colony.
An inductive perspective on bilingualism as interactional practices
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: September 2017

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. Now that code-switching has been rehabilitated, the research tradition faces an entirely new challenge, namely that of its continued relevance. This book argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, bilingualism must be seen as consisting of diverse interactional practices and be investigated as such. This chapter outlines a methodology, described as an inductive perspective, which can be used in describing interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages and illustrates it initially by means of a monolingual example. The monolingual practice described in the chapter is the use of ‘how are you?’ by doctors to elicit patients’ presenting concerns.
Language choice and appositive structures in written texts in Rwanda
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: September 2017

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. Now that code-switching has been rehabilitated, the research tradition faces an entirely new challenge, namely that of its continued relevance. This book argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, research should aim to describe specific interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages and outlines a methodology for doing so. This chapter illustrates this methodology by means of a specific case study. It describes the language choice practice of translinguistic apposition as observed in written texts in Rwanda. In Rwanda, authors often construct appositive structures in two languages. In turn, this possibility raises a theoretical as well as a practical issue. At the theoretical level language alternation is observed in “highly regulated texts” and, at the practical level, readers are assumed to be competent in all the languages involved. The chapter argues that the first issue does not actually arise as language alternation is oriented to as deviance and the second is resolved by reference to notion of ascribed linguistic competence in context.
Modern Political Philosophy and Prehistoric Anthropology: Some Preliminary Issues
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

Because this book involves two very different academic disciplines, political philosophy and anthropology, some background about the relevant topics in each one is helpful. In this chapter, Section 1 introduces the relevant political theory. Section 2 discusses some of the anthropological methods and conceptual issues involved in the examination of the evidence relevant to these philosophical arguments. Section 3 discusses how the state and the state of nature are defined in relation to each other. Section 4 addresses some responses this book is likely to receive. Section 5 discusses the relationship between this book and modern indigenous peoples.
John Locke and the Hobbesian Hypothesis: How a Similar Colonial Prejudice Became an Essential Premise in the Most Popular Justification of Private Property Rights
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the role of “the Hobbesian hypothesis” (the claim that “the Lockean proviso” is fulfilled) in the natural rights justification of private property by discussing John Locke’s use of it in his “appropriation” theory. The chapter defines the property-theory version of “the Lockean proviso” as the claim that everyone is better off in a society with private ownership of land and natural resources than they could reasonably expect to be in any society in which land remains a commons as it was for many small-scale stateless peoples in history and prehistory. The chapter defines the property-theory version of “the Hobbesian hypothesis” as the empirical claim that the Lockean proviso is fulfilled by the property rights system: even the least advantage people under the private property system are better off than they could reasonably expect to be in a small-scale society with common land. It argues that any plausible natural rights justification of the private property system relies on this hypothesis as an empirical premise comparing the welfare of disadvantaged people in societies with a well-develop private property system and people in small-scale, stateless societies that treat land as a commons.
The Hobbesian Hypothesis in Nineteenth-Century Political Theory
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter shows how “the Hobbesian hypothesis” (the claim that everyone is better off in a state society with a private property system than they could reasonably expect to be in any society without either of those institutions) appeared in Nineteen-Century Political Theory. As in the Eighteen Century, disagreement about the truth of the hypothesis produced virtually no debate. G. W. F. Hegel, Frédéric Bastiat, and others asserted it with very little supporting evidence. Henry David Thoreau, Herbert Spencer, Henry George, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, John Robert Seeley, Henry Sidgwick, Henry Sumner Maine, and Peter Kropotkin all voiced various levels of scepticism, and some, especially Kropotkin, produced considerable evidence. Yet supporters went on asserting the hypothesis as if it were an unchallengeable and obvious truth.
Nasty and Brutish? an Empirical Assessment of the Violence Hypothesis
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter empirically investigates two hypotheses often used to support the claim that virtually everyone is better off in state society than they could reasonably expect to be in any stateless environment. “The strong violence hypothesis” is the claim that violence in stateless societies is necessarily intolerable. “The weak violence hypothesis” is the claim that violence in stateless societies tends to be higher than in state society. Section 1 uses anthropological and historical evidence to examine violence in prehistoric stateless societies, early states, and contemporary states. Section 2 reviews evidence from modern stateless societies. Section 3 attempts to assemble anthropologists’ consensus view of violence in stateless societies. Section 4 evaluates the strong and weak hypotheses in light of this information, arguing that societies in which sovereignty is most absent maintain the ability to keep violence at tolerable levels. Although it is reasonable to suppose that stateless societies tend to have higher violence than contemporary state societies, some stateless societies have lower violence than some states. Because these findings reject 350 years of accumulated theory of sovereignty, Section 5 briefly discusses how bands are able to maintain peace without state-like institutions. Section 6 concludes.
The Love of the Wolf
Authors: Still Judith
Published: September 2017

Derrida’s The Beast and the Sovereign volume 1 explores above all the political philosophical figure of the animal, and, while sexual difference is repeatedly evoked, little sustained attention is paid to women writers or to the ramifications of woman occupying the place of the animal in a hierarchy with man. This chapter starts with Derrida’s intertexts for the figure of the wolf in a domestic context: Plautus (Asinaria), Montaigne and Rousseau’s Confessions. It then supplements these by focusing on writing of the twentieth century by Cixous, Vivien (The Lady with the She-Wolf), Duffy (The World’s Wife) and Carter (The Bloody Chamber) which evokes the love of the wolf as both desirable and frightening. Tsvetaeva’s writing comes in as an intertext in Cixous’s ‘Love of the Wolf’, in particular her long poem ‘Le Gars’ and her essays on Pushkin. Fairy tales, notably Red Riding Hood, are also key intertexts. The chapter also returns to Derrida’s analysis of Deleuze and Lacan in their specification of the animal against man.
The Savage
Authors: Still Judith
Published: September 2017

This chapter takes up Derrida’s analysis of Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe in The Beast and the Sovereign volume 2, and sets the figure of the savage in the context of eighteenth-century philosophical and proto-ethnographic writing about the New World including Buffon, Jefferson, Maubert de Gouvest and the Encyclopédie. La Fontaine again emerges as an intertext with a fable featuring beavers which highlights the key question whether or not perfectibility divides man from the animal. Other properties that are relevant in this context are choice of diet (in particular cannibalism), bodily adornment (nudity as opposed to clothes, hairiness or hairlessness), living in solitude or in communities, language, sovereignty and naming. The savage is represented on the frontier between the human and the animal – sometimes falling on one side and sometimes on the other.
Wanting Conclusions
Authors: Still Judith
Published: September 2017

This chapter reflects on the work of the book in supplementing Derrida’s writing on animals and the animal-human divide, by widening his focus on the Enlightenment to include a greater range of writings in that period on wolves, savages and slaves. Equally his suggestion that the animal-human boundary always implies or implicates sexual difference is taken beyond the critique of men’s figures (including those of Benjamin cited by Agamben) to incorporate the contribution of women writers. Animal rights philosophers (such as Singer or Regan) emphasize the role of reason in their construction of a case – which Derrida queries for its reliance on a humanist model of rights long used to oppress animals. Insofar as emotion is involved they follow Bentham in highlighting animal suffering, which arouses anger or pity – wanting to avoid sentimentality. However, Haraway or Hearne, for example, focus on case studies of ethical and mutual communication, affection, respect and learning between humans and animals, as well as animal suffering. This relation to otherness, which could include love or friendship, involves both an interrogation of man’s confidence in ascribing properties to himself alone and an openness to the potential or existing properties of any other beings.
Introduction: ‘the lucid atmosphere of fine Cathay’
Authors: Witchard Anne
Published: September 2017

The introduction maps out the place of chinoiserie in the upheavals of early-twentieth century artistic consciousness. As the basic tenets of Realism became increasingly challenged by Modernist questioning, chinoiserie ‘absurdities’ offered the Modernist artist escape from Realism’s transcriptively referential constraints. The term has historically been confined to the decorative arts and critically overlooked as a somewhat moribund style. As a consequence, the continuities between chinoiserie and its role in Modernist ways of looking or seeing have been paid little attention. The introduction will suggest a new theoretical attention to chinoiserie as crucial to the re-visioning of the Modernist eye.